bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young Adult Occupational Achievement
Authors: RINDFUSS RONALD R. , COOKSEY ELIZABETH C. , SUTTERLIN REBECCA L.
Published: March 2007

We examine the stability of occupational expectations during the first 7 years after high school and their correspondence with occupations held at age 30, using data from the Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. Our results show substantial instability in occupational expectations during the late teen years and the early 20s. No matter when expectations are measured, even as late as age 25, fewer than half of the young men and women actually achieve their occupational expectations. When they do not achieve their expectations, the work role occupied at age 30 differs substantially by gender. Men tend to move to higher occupations or become managers; women tend to move down or leave the labor force. Socioeconomic status of family of orientation, high school achievement, and events in the family of procreation all have important effects on the process.
Characterization of Plastic-Bonded Explosives
Authors: Peeters R.L.
Published: March 2007

Current design emphasis in the weapons community requires the deter mination of the mechanical properties of plastic-bonded explosives. These mechanical properties are difficult to determine due to the physical characteristics of high explosives, namely high solids loading with a plastic binder resulting in a stiff and brittle polymeric material. This paper sum marizes the room temperature mechanical and visual characterization of a representative group of plastic-bonded explosives. These materials are: PBX 9501, an HMX-based explosive; 900-10, an inert mockup; and PBX 9502, a TATB-based insensitive explosive.
Effect of Binder Content and Coupling Agents on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy— Aggregate Composites
Authors: Gupta A.K. , Kar B. , Mani P.
Published: March 2007

Epoxy resin—aggregate composites, also known as epoxy concretes, in volving siliceous quartzite aggregates have been investigated for the effect of binder content and silane coupling agents on the mechanical properties. Ef fect of binder content on the mechanical properties shows a maximum in split-tensile strength for 12-14 wt% binder content, for the studied gradings of the aggregates. Optimum value of binder skin-thickness corresponding to the maximum in split-tensile strength is determined according to the method suggested by Gamski. Performance of two silane coupling agents is evaluated for this system. It is also observed that application of silane coupling agent through mixing it directly to the resin-aggregate mix results in sufficient im provement of properties, but this method of application produces less im provement in properties compared to its application as pre-treatment on aggregates.
A Survey of Macroscopic Failure Criteria for Composite Materials
Authors: Tsai Stephen W.
Published: March 2007

Popular failure criteria of fiber-reinforced composite materials are described and compared. These criteria are empirical and should only be judged from the standpoint of the fitness to data and the ease of application. The criteria for orthotropic plies of unidirectional composites are extensions of those for isotropic materials. The quadratic criteria are considered to be the most suitable for both isotropic and composite materials. Macroscopic criteria are essential for design and for providing guidelines for materials improvements. Strictly speaking, failure criteria for multidirectional laminants are valid up to the first-ply failure envelope; i.e., before transverse cracking and delamination occur. Finally, conditions for fully optimized ply properties are easily derived from the quadratic failure criterion.
Large Amplitude Free Flexural Vibration of Structures
Authors: Pandalai K.A.V.
Published: March 2007

First, a brief history of the development of the analyses of large amplitude vibration is given. Second, nonlinearities exhibited by beams, plates, rings, and shells undergoing large amplitude vibrations are discussed. It is shown that, in case of large amplitude vibra tions, the modal equations for multilayered beams and plates are qualitatively the same as the modal equation for shells.
Effects of Thermal Cycling on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of a Space Qualified Epoxy Adhesive
Authors: Sanborn J.A. , Morel D.E.
Published: March 2007

Structural adhesives used for space applications must be able to survive large tempera ture fluctuations while maintaining their mechanical strength. This paper describes a series of experiments performed to document property degradation of Hysol Corps EA 956 epoxy due to temperature extremes experienced in the orbital environment. Testing in cluded tension, lap shear, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Specimens were tested in the "as cast" condition or after 5 to 25 ther mal cycles between -300 and +300°F. Lap shear data were obtained at —300, —65, 0, 150, 225, 300, 375, and 450 ° F. CTE measurements were made from - 300 to + 400 ° F us ing a quartz dilatometer. Changes in the glass transition temperature of the epoxy were measured using DSC. Test data indicate that thermal cycling can produce 5 to 30 percent decrease in mechanical strength depending on the exact test temperature. In both the ther mally cycled and as cast samples the greatest change in mechanical strength occurred above 150 °F. The decrease in strength was especially sharp in the thermally cycled coupons. CTE data indicate that the exact value depends strongly on temperature; three distinct regions are observed when sample strain is plotted as a function of temperature with the CTE increasing with increasing temperature. DSC traces on as cast and thermally cycled samples show that thermal cycling produces a change in the physical structure of the resin resulting in a significant increase in the glass transition temperature of the network.
Delamination Growth in Graphite/Epoxy Composites Subjected to Cyclic Mode III Loading
Authors: Donaldson S.L. , Mall S.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to characterize the delamination growth behavior in a brittle graphite/epoxy composite under a tearing mode III condition. For this purpose, split canti lever beam specimens were tested under static and fatigue loadings. The static tests pro vided the critical strain energy release rate, GIIIC, for mode III. From the fatigue tests, the relationships between delamination growth rate and the corresponding strain energy release rate, GIII, were established for two displacement ratios. The results of the present study under the mode III condition are discussed and compared with their counterparts from previous studies involving mode I and mode II. The present results are also discussed in terms of damage tolerance and durability design considerations in composite structures.
Impact Resistance of Composite Sandwich Plates
Authors: Bernard Michael L. , Lagace Paul A.
Published: March 2007

The impact resistance of composite sandwich plates has been studied ex perimentally. Several panels with [±45/0] s Hercules AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy face- sheets were manufactured with different types of cores: aluminum honeycomb, Nomex honeycomb and Rohacell plastic foam with three different core thicknesses, 3.2 mm, 6.4 mm and 9.6 mm. These panels were impacted at a range of low energy levels (less than 10 joules). X-ray photos were taken to determine the extent of delamination damage, and the panels were sectioned so the location and lengths of delaminations, debonds, and core damage could be determined. Extensive delamination and core damage was found in spec imens with no visible surface damage. Core damage in the Rohacell consisted of cracks in the foam while the damage in the honeycomb consisted of the buckling of cell walls. The largest delaminations were found in the interface between the bottom two plies (-45°/+45°) of the top facesheet.
Determination of Interlaminar Stresses in Composite Laminates under Combined Loads
Authors: Kassapoglou Christos
Published: March 2007

A method to determine the complete state of stress at free edges of com posite laminates under combined loads (uniaxial tension or compression, moment, and out-of-plane shear) is presented. Based on the principle of minimum complementary en ergy, two coupled ordinary differential equations are derived with use of calculus of varia tions. The stresses are determined in closed form and are in good agreement with other solutions published in the literature for uniaxial tension and applied moment. This solu tion is applicable to general laminates with straight free edges and is computationally very efficient.
2-D to 3-D Global/Local Finite Element Analysis of Cross-Ply Composite Laminates
Authors: Muheim Thompson D. , Hayden Griffin O.
Published: March 2007

An example of two-dimensional to three-dimensional global/local finite element analysis of a laminated composite plate with a hole is presented. The "zoom" tech nique of global/local analysis is used, where displacements of the global/local interface from the two-dimensional global model are applied to the edges of the three-dimensional local model. Three different hole diameters, one, three, and six inches, are considered in order to compare the effect of hole size on the three-dimensional stress state around the hole. In addition, three different stacking sequences, [0n/902]s, [90n/0n] s, and [0n/2/90n/2/ 0n/2/90n/2 ]s, are analyzed for the six inch hole case in order to study the effect of stacking sequence. All laminates are 0.1 inch thick, with planar dimensions of 18 by 12 inches, loaded by uniform uniaxial compressive displacements of the ends. The existence of a "critical" hole size, where the interlaminar stresses are maximum, is indicated. Dispersion of plies at the same angle, as opposed to clustering, is found to reduce the magnitude of some interlaminar stress components and increase others. The global/local analysis tech nique is found to yield reasonably economical solutions to problems which would be pro hibitive to analyze completely using three-dimensional finite element analysis alone.
A Probability Neural Network (PNN) Estimator for Improved Reliability of "Noisy" Sensor Data
Authors: Chen C.T. , Leclair Steven R.
Published: March 2007

A self-directed, real-time, material processing system known as Qualita tive Process Automation (QPA) employs a knowledge base for autoclave curing of compos ites which requires information related to the "velocity" (d/dt) and "acceleration" (d2 /dt2) of temperature during the process of curing. The problem with using such information is the susceptibility of sensed data to process noise which results in sporadic, inconsistent and thus unreliable process data. To improve the reliability of "noisy" sensor data and therein the performance of a self-directed, real-time material processing system, an esti mator based on a Probability Neural Net (PNN) was developed. The paper is organized to: first, address the pertinent and distinguishing properties of PNNs, as well as reasons for their use in the QPA autoclave curing application, second, to suggest a methodology for coping with the practical difficulties of PNNs, and finally, to present the computational results of this study. A conclusion section focuses on the identification of other PNN appli cations, and some future PNN research.
An Experimental Study of the Loading Rate Effect on the Crack Growth Behavior in a Composite Solid Propellant
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , Le Minh D. , Liu Chi-Tsich
Published: March 2007

The crack growth behavior in a highly filled composite solid propellant was studied through the use of a centrally cracked strip biaxial specimen. The specimen was tested under a constant crosshead speed at room temperature. In this study, three dif ferent crosshead speeds and two different crack lengths were considered. During the ex periment, a video camera was used to monitor the crack growth and a tape-recorder was used to record the load as a function of time. The raw experimental data (crack length, load, time) together with a response surface equation (relating the normalized stress inten sity factor to the two half crack lengths) were used to calculate the instantaneous crack growth rate and the associated stress intensity factor. The experimental data were analyzed to investigate the effect of crosshead speed on the crack growth behavior in the material. In addition, the local fracture behavior near the crack tip was also investigated and the results were discussed.
Mechanical Behavior and Fracture Mechanism of Thermoplastic Composites with Commingled Yarn
Authors: Fujita Akihiro , Maekawa Zenichiro , Hamada Hiroyuki , Matsuda Masaou , Matsuo Tatsuki
Published: March 2007

Commingled yarn has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties that are experienced when thermoplastic materials are impregnated to reinforce composite materials. Braid is one of the preforming techniques in the reinforcement configuration of composite materials. In this article, tensile properties of thermoplastic braided composites with commingled yarn as structural members are discussed. It is clear that the molding of thermoplastic braided composites with commingled yarn could be performed in compara tively low molding pressure and short holding time. The middle-end-fiber and axial fiber were used to raise the tensile strength of thermoplastic braided composites. Thermoplastic braided composites with the commingled yarn-using glass fiber bundle as middle-end- fiber and axial fiber—had superior tensile properties.
Shrinkage and Warpage Prediction for Injection Molded Components
Authors: Walsh S.F.
Published: March 2007

Shrinkage and warpage analysis is now an important part of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) for injection molded components. The theory behind this anal ysis (including effects of crystallinity, orientation and cooling stress relaxation) is pre sented, along with a number of case studies showing the successful application of this technology.
A Finite Element Analysis of Inplane Thermostructural Behavior of Composite Plates
Authors: Mukherjee Nilanjan , Sinha P.K.
Published: March 2007

A Galerkin finite element procedure is adopted to solve the thermostruc tural problem for generally anisotropic as well as symmetrically laminated composite plates. The two-dimensional temperature field is first computed and subsequently, the quasi-static inplane response of the structure is evaluated. Both steady and transient states are analysed, taking into account all conventional modes of heat transfer and the tempera ture dependence of several thermomechanical properties. Nonlinearity has been tackled with the help of the Euler's backward difference procedure in conjunction with a modified Newton-Raphson scheme for convergence.
The Impact Behavior of Thermoplastic Sheet Composites
Authors: Bigg D.M.
Published: March 2007

Polypropylene sheet composites were produced by both the melt consoli dation and slurry deposition processes. The resulting composites had comparable flexural properties, based on the efficiency of the glass fiber reinforcement, but dissimilar impact strengths. The impact strength of the composites was found to be related to a number of factors, including the degree of adhesion between the polymer and reinforcing glass fibers, the concentration of glass fibers, and the length of the fibers. The impact properties of the melt impregnated composites were quite high. Melt impregnated polypropylene compos ites absorbed up to 257 J/cm during an instrumented falling dart impact test. The impact properties of the slurry formed composites were much less, only 62 J/cm.
Prediction of Shrinkage and Warpage of Fiber Reinforced Thermoset Composite Parts
Authors: Tseng Shi-Chang , Osswald Tim A.
Published: March 2007

One of the most challenging tasks in designing plastic parts, especially those that are fiber reinforced, is to predict shrinkage and warpage of the molded parts. Shrinkage and warpage result from material inhomogeneities caused by flow induced fiber orientation, curing, poor thermal mold lay-out, and processing conditions. Shrinkage and warpage are directly related to residual stresses which result from locally varying strain fields that occur during the curing or solidification stage of a manufacturing process. This paper presents research conducted in modeling, analysis and process simulation of the thermomechanical behavior of compression molded fiber reinforced composite parts. The theory behind shrinkage and warpage of fiber reinforced composite parts is described first, followed by a description of finite element/finite difference simulation of the thermo mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composites during a part's manufacturing process. A coupled temperature and stress simulation program with a three-noded shell element formulation was developed to calculate the residual stress build-up during curing and solidification stages of a compression molding process. The effects of fiber content, part thickness, unsymmetric curing and flow-induced fiber orientation on the shrinkage and warpage of the molded parts are also investigated.
Impact Resistance and Damage Evaluation of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Modified Bismaleimide Composites
Authors: Xian X.J. , Choy C.L.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the impact response and damage mechanisms of carbon fibre composites with modified bismaleimide matrix and compares the results with those for composites with epoxy matrix. Using a drop weight tester the impact force and energy were obtained as functions of displacement. Analysis of the whole impact event leads us to suggest that there are two energy thresholds, one for initial damage and the other for critical damage. Ultrasonic C-scan, X-ray radiography and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the damaged regions. Because of the higher toughness of modified bismaleimide and the improved adhesion between the fibres and matrix, the impact resistance and damage tolerance of bismaleimide matrix composites are sig nificantly higher than those of epoxy matrix composites. The mechanisms for impact en ergy absorption are discussed.
Family Caregivers of Centenarians: Support for the Very Old
Authors: Sanders Gregory F. , Pittman Joe F. , Montgomery James E.
Published: March 2007

This study attempted to identify the role of the "caregiver" in the support network of the very old. Of family caregivers ofpersons over 100 years old, 74 responded to a survey regarding needs and abilities of centenarians, support the caregiver provided, and the caregiver's perceptions of the problems and rewards of care- giving. There was a broad range in the manner in which the caregiver role was performed.
Bedtime Routines: Do They Influence the Sleep of Elderly Women?
Authors: Johnson Julie E.
Published: March 2007

A total of 45 institutionalized and 42 noninstitutionalized women over 65 years of age participated in a study to identify and describe their bedtime routines and nocturnal sleep patterns. Differences and relationships between these routines and patterns according to whether or not the subject was institutionalized were also investigated. Findings suggest that all of the subjects perceived disturbances in their sleep patterns. The majority of subjects also followed a bedtime routine. Women in nursing homes reported the most disturbed sleep patterns regardless of whether or not they followed a bedtime routine. Women who resided in their own homes reported the least disturbed sleep patterns and the most consistent bedtime routines. Findings also suggest that bedtime routines need not be elaborate to provide comfort and promote sleep.
The Gray Peril Mentality and the Impact of Retirement Migration
Authors: Longino Charles F.
Published: March 2007

I explore the idea that retirement migration has a negative impact on the receiving community and state, asserting that there is a cultural notion, a combination of xenophobia and ageism, that could be called the gray peril mentality. This mentality assumes a negative impact of retirement migration in the absence of scientific documentation. I review the research literature for such a negative impact, but find none. I use the counterstream migration between Florida and New York as a case study of assumed negative impact. I suggest research strategies that would verify migration's economic impact. Finally, there is an appeal either to document the gray peril or to change and eliminate the stigma it imposes on older migrants.
Specific Health Conditions and Work-Retirement Status Among the Elderly
Authors: Colsher Patricia L. , Dorfman Lorraine T. , Wallace Robert B.
Published: March 2007

A thorough understanding of the relationship between ill health and retirement requires the investigation of specific illnesses and mediating mechanisms. We examined the relationship between specific major and minor health conditions and work status (retired-health, RH; retired-other, RO; or working, W) in a population- based (N = 3097) study of rural elderly persons. Lifetime history rates of major conditions were typically highest among RHpersons, and differed little between RO and Wpersons. Mean number of major conditions was typically highest among RH persons. RH was associated with poorer self-perceived health, physical functional status, mood, and recall than were RO and W, which did not differfrom each other. RH was also associated with increased prevalence and number of minor conditions among women but not men. Thus RH is preferentially associated with specified major medical conditions, increased number of major and minor health conditions, and quantitative functional and psychological decrements.
Functional Capacity of Hispanic Elderly Immigrants
Authors: Ailinger Rita L.
Published: March 2007

The OARS methodology was used to assess functional capacity in 152 noninstitutionalized Hispanic elderly immigrants. Their economic resources were the most impaired of any functional dimension. Only half of the sample wasfunctioning well in mental health. Although there were no significant gender differences on social resources there were significant differences in economic resources, mental health, physical health, and ADL. Education was predictive of better social and economic resources. Younger people had significantly better function on physical health and ADL. I discuss cultural interpretation of the findings and examine strategies for practice.
Effects of a Water Aerobics Program on the Blood Pressure, Percentage of Body Fat, Weight, and Resting Pulse Rate of Senior Citizens
Authors: Green John Scott
Published: March 2007

Ten men and 18 women aged 57 to 76 participated in a 16-week water exercise class at Rose State College, Oklahoma City. The class met for one hour twice a week for the 16 weeks and was composed of flexibility exercises, aerobic exercises, and cool-down exercises. Pre- and postclass measurements were taken for blood pressure, weight, percentage of body fat, and resting pulse rate and were compared using a paired t-test. Reductions significant at the .05 level were recorded for diastolic blood pressure, weight, and percentage of body fat. There were no significant reductions in systolic blood pressure and resting pulse rate. I concluded that water aerobics is an ideal modality for senior citizens'aerobic exercise because of the favorable changes it produces in the health parameters investigated and because it places little stress on the weight-bearing joints during exercise.
Life Satisfaction and Death Anxiety in Elderly Nursing Home and Public Housing Residents
Authors: Given Jeannette E. , Range Lillian M.
Published: March 2007

To compare life satisfaction and death anxiety in older adults, 30 elderly residents of a public housing apartment complex and 20 nursing home residents completed the Death Anxiety Scale, the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, and a structured interview. Nursing home residents more frequently reported that in five years they expected to be dead, whereas public housing residents more frequently reported that in five years they would be doing about the same thing or nothing. The two groups did not differ on their reported death anxiety or life satisfaction. However, across both groups, those reporting higher life satisfaction also reported lower death anxiety and a more positive attitude toward growing older. It appears that, for the elderly indivcduals in this study, place of residence was not related to their expression of life satisfaction or death anxiety.
A Time-Ordered, Systems Approach to Quality Assurance in Long-Term Care
Authors: Atchley Sheila J.
Published: March 2007

This article clarifies concepts and theories used in quality assurance and their applications and offers a time-ordered conceptual framework for quality assurance standards and indicators, emphasizing the necessity for balance among them. Processes of monitoring and feedback are discussed as major components of quality assurance systems. This time-ordered, systems approach to quality assurance was applied to home care services in Ohio. This theoretical perspective is related to current public policy aimed at nursing home reform.
Emotional Distress and Diagnosis Among Helpseekers: A Comparison of Dementia Caregivers and Older Adults
Authors: Knight Bob
Published: March 2007

Given their 45% prevalence of depression, this study compares caregivers seeking help in coping classes with other older adults seeking help in mood change classes. About half of both groups reported psychological symptoms. Multivariate analyses of variance of Brief Symptom Inventory subscales reveal a strong main effect for diagnosis and no separate effect for caregiver status. Older persons with symptoms appear to use more organized problem-solving coping strategies and experience less conflict with primary supports. Help-seeking caregivers can be divided into two subsets: those who experience emotional distress and those who are doing reasonably well. These results suggest that caregiving may be similar to other stresses of late life.
Factors Influencing Attitude Toward Retirement and Retirement Planning Among Midlife University Employees
Authors: Turner M.Jean , Bailey William C. , Scott Jean Pearson
Published: March 2007

As retirement becomes an extended component of the normative life cycle, understanding factors influencing retirement preparation activities of midlife individuals is important. This study examined the influence of gender, age, marital status, occupational status, educational attainment, income, perceived health, number of children, age of children, and number of dependent children on retirement planning behaviors and attitude toward retirement among 40- to 65-year-old university employees (N = 2,760). The study used regression analysis to determine the demographic variables that differentiated between individuals on four planning scales (financial , home equity, employment, and locational) and in their attitudes toward retirement. The relation ship between financial planning and total family income was the most significant finding. The discussion concludes with policy implications related to assisting midlife individuals in preparation for retirement.
Simulating the Effects on Nonmetropolitan Planning and Service Areas of Changes in the Guidelines for Intrastate Funding Formulae: A Study of Two States
Authors: Coward Raymond T. , Vogel W. Bruce , Duncan R. Paul , Uttaro Robert
Published: March 2007

The 1992 reauthorization of the OlderAmericans Act (OAA) requires the Assistant Secretary on Aging to produce a set of guidelines to aid states in the development of their Intrastate Funding Formula (IFF). The purpose of this investigation was to examine, using two states as case studies, the effects of a preliminary set of guidelines on planning and service areas (PSAs) that vary in the degree to which older adults (60+) in their catchment area live in nonmetropolitan versus metropolitan settings. Dollar amounts allocated to four categories of PSAs were compared with simulations of allocations under three alternative funding strategies. The data from these simulations illustrate that changes in IFF regulations have the potential to cause significant shifts in the distribution of OAA funds. Indeed, given the magnitude of the changes that could occur, there is likely to be considerable controversy within some states as lawmakers and state officials attempt to bnng current IFFs into conformity with new federal regulations.
Attitudes of Nursing Staff Toward Restraint Use in Long-Term Care
Authors: Hill Jean , Schirm Victoria
Published: March 2007

Although legislation has forced discretion in using physical restraints for institutionalized elders, considerable discussion continues about this matter. In particular, decision making around restraint use is not adequately understood. Awareness of the perceptions of nursing staff, who are usually involved in most decisions about restraint use, would be helpful to an understanding of the continued use of restraints. This study examined attitudes held by staff in long-term care settings and explored relationships of education and employment characteristics to physical restraint use. Licensed and unlicensed nursing personnel (N = 140) from 4 long-term care facilities were surveyed using a previously developed questionnaire. Results of stepwise regres sion showed that concerns about resident falls, resident disability, and staff harm explained a large portion of the variation in recommendations regarding restraint use Other findings suggest there is reason to believe improvements in perceptions about restraint use are occurring. Implications for staff education and areas for change in the work environment are provided
Measurement Properties of the Short Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects (MOSES
Authors: Diehl Manfred , Spore Diana L. , Smyer Michael A.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the five-factor measurement model of the abbreviated Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects (MOSES), originally proposed by Pruchno, Kleban, and Resch in 1988. Modifications of the five-factor model were examined and evaluated with regard to their practical significance. A confirmatory second-order factor analysis was performed to examine whether the correlations among the first-order factors were adequately accounted for by a global dysfunction factor. Findings indicated that the proposed measurement model was replicated adequately. Although post hoc modifications resulted in significant improvements in overall model fit, the minor parameters had only a trivial influence on the major parameters of the baseline model. Results from the second-order factor analysis showed that a global dysfunc tion factor accounted adequately for the intercorrelations among the first-order factors.
Primary Care Physicians' Knowledge and Behavior Related to Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Brown Courtney J. , Mutran Elizabeth J. , Sloane Philip D. , Long Kristie M.
Published: March 2007

A national sample of primary care physicians from the American Medical Association database was surveyed to examine primary care physician knowledge and physician practices related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). A previously validated instrument, The University of Alabama at Bir mingham Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Testfor Health Professionals, was used to assess phy sician knowledge. The survey also included questions regarding the frequency of performing di agnostic, treatment, and support behaviors for Alzheimer's patients and families. Scores on the knowledge portion of the questionnaire varied widely, with internists and family practitioners scoring better than general practitioners, and younger physicians scoring higher than older physicians. Overall, primary care physicians made few new diagnoses and infrequently per formed behaviors related to the diagnostic process, treatment, and recommendation of support services. Weak, positive associations werefound between physician level of knowledge and six of the nine AD practice behaviors investigated. Implications of these findings are discussed, and strategies to improve knowledge of physicians caring for people with AD are outlined.
Racial Minorities and Women Workers in a Big City Police Department: A Case Study in the Elusiveness of Affirmative Action
Authors: Hoffman Dennis E. , Little William A. , Perlstein Gary R.
Published: March 2007

The workforce of a city police department is analyzedfor a period in which an affirmative action program was in operation. The goal of parity representation with the available labor force of racial minorities and women workers in the city was not realized in this police department. The problematic nature of "equality of employment" in city police agencies is further clarified by an examination of the employment situation in this department on two levels of explanation.
The Demise of Jolt: The Politics of Being "Scared Straight" in Michigan
Authors: Homant Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Michigan's Department of Corrections recentl y completed an evaluation of Project JOLT, a "Scared Straight" type of program. The evaluation failed to find any' benefits to juveniles from the program, and therefore the department recommended its cancellation. This, in turn, resulted in a public hearing at which this recommendation was challenged b y raising a number of considerations that went beyond the evaluation study. This paper clarifies the debate between the tvo sides and raises some theoretical, methodological, and political issues surrounding the Scared Straight approach.
Crime Prevention Education for Elderly Citizens, Fear of Crime, and Security Conscious Behavior
Authors: Norton Lee
Published: March 2007

Reducing fear of crime and increasing security conscious behavior have always been assumed to be compatible goals of crime prevention education programs for senior citizens. The current research examined the relationships among the impact of crime prevention education, fear of crime, and security conscious behavior for a group of 152 elder/v participants in a crime prevention program in Prince Georges' CountV, Maryland. Significant associations were found among high impact, high fear, and high security conscious behavior. It was concluded that fear of crime might need to be increased initially, or reinforced if it is already high, in order to achieve the program's ultimate goal of increasing securitY conscious behavior.
Sex Differences in the Jail Population: Competing Explanations
Authors: Weisheit Ralph A.
Published: March 2007

Data from the 1978 National Survey of Jail Inmates were used to examine sex differences in local jail populations. In particular, the study focused on the patterns of sex differences in the data which might be expected, depending upon whether the criminal justice system's response to female offenders is based on (a) preferential treatment, (b) paternalism, or (c) equal treatment. It was found that while some sex differences supported preferential treatment arguments and others supported the idea of paternalism, there was no consistent pattern of sex differences and the widest support was provided for the idea that males and females are afforded equal treatment.
Inhibition, Motivation, and Self-Reported Involvement in Drinking and Driving Behavior
Authors: Green Donald E.
Published: March 2007

In spite of the fact that deterrence theory is grounded in a utilitarian perspective that assumes that individuals consider both rewards (motivation) and costs (inhibition) in decisions to engage in illegal behavior, perceptual deterrence research has devoted little attention to individual motivation. This study attempts to assess the relationships between motivators and inhibitors of illegal behavior by testing both additive and interactive models using a random sample of adult respondents from a large Midwestern metropolitan area. Moreover, in response to a continuing controversy over the appropriate design for perceptual deterrence research (that is, cross-sectional vs. longitudinal), this study compares models employing both cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of self-reported drinking and driving behavior. Findings suggest that, regardless of the measure of illegal behavior, an additive model is better able to account for both motivation and inhibition effects than an interactive model. The implications of these results for modern deterrence theory research are also addressed.
Changing the Boundaries of Crime: The Battered Women's Social Movement and the Definition of Wife Abuse as Criminal Activity
Authors: Loseke Donileen R.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the various ways in which public policy is influenced by social problem claims and it examines the unintended consequences of using social problem claims to shape public policy. Two systems for categorizing violence against women are compared: (a) the "wife abuse" category as it was defined by social problem claims-makers seeking to convince the public that the victimization of women is a serious criminal activity and (b) the "domestic disturbance" category used by police to categorize certain types of citizen/police encounters. This paper explores the specific content of these two categories and raises issues about the consequences of changing the boundaries of crime and promoting the arrest of wife abuse offenders.
Listening to the Experts: A National Study of Correctional Administrators' Responses to Prison Overcrowding
Authors: Vaughn Michael S.
Published: March 2007

The population explosion in American prisons in the past decade and the accompanying problems of crowding, disorder, violence, and kindred phenomena have been widely publicized. However, much less is known about the views of correctional administrators regarding these phenomena. This paper presents survey data from the 50 state correctional directors, who were queried about the extent of prison overcrowding in their states and the various administrative responses they have adopted to deal with the problem. The paper also examines the administrators' views regarding alternatives to incarceration and the classes of offenders whom they perceive to be eligible for these incarceration alternatives.
Organizational Conditions that Facilitate an Ethical Defense Posture among Attorneys for the Poor: Observations of a Private Nonprofit Corporation
Authors: Emmelman Debra S.
Published: March 2007

Although many have expressed concern about the quality of defense service provided to indigent defendants, very little has been said regarding the question of what organizational conditions might actually facilitate their proper representation. This article reports some exploratory findings regarding the latter. By comparing others' research findings with observations generated through an ethnographic field study, this article describes how the organizational framework of a private, nonprofit corporation of court-appointed defense attorneys facilitated an ethical defense posture. It concludes that this corporation's organizational design appears to be a more viable model for providing proper defense representation to members of the underclass than other types of indigent defense systems.
The Impact of the "New Penology" on ISP
Authors: Bayens Gerald J. , Manske, Michael W. , Smykla John Ortiz
Published: March 2007

This article provides a critique of Feeley and Simon's claim (1992) that a new transformation in penology is emerging in the United States, vis-a-vis McCorkle and Crank's position (1996) that the transformation is more rhetoric than reality. Data were collected for a 60-day study period, initially to assess intensive supervised probation (ISP) workloads as well as the attitudes of criminal justice work groups toward ISP in "Midwestern County." Data analysis focused on the amount of supervision time, the number of face-to-face contacts, the time spent performing a supervision activity, and the number of drug tests carried out across four levels of offender risk. It was found that in no case did the high-supervision group receive the highest amount of supervision resources per capita. We offer a caveat, however, in terms of risk assessment and of the nature and quality of an ISP officer's supervision.
Land Treatment of Produced Oily Sand: Field Results
Authors: Bleckmann Charles A. , Oxley Mark E. , Wilson Ernest J. , Hayes Kelly W. , Hercyk Neta L.
Published: March 2007

Land treatment techniques successfully treated oily waste generated during the production of crude oil. Over 13 years of safe operations have demonstrated the environmental acceptability of the method. Natural biodegradation processes removed nearly 80% of the applied waste oil. The oily fraction of the waste had an average half-life in the soil of approximately 3 years, with significant variability between years. There was a slight increase in the proportion of heavy hydrocarbons (resins and asphaltenes) in the soil, suggesting the preferential degradation of the lighter constituents. Metals of environmental concern did not accumulate in, or migrate from, the plowzone of the soil. © 1997 ISWA
Revegetation of Waste Fly Ash Lagoons. I. Plant Selection and Surface Amelioration
Authors: Jusaitis Manfred , Pillman Anne
Published: March 2007

Glasshouse and field trials were conducted to select plant species suitable for revegetation of waste fly ash lagoons. Species which demonstrated potential for growth on fly ash or ameliorated fly ash m glasshouse trials were subsequently tested by direct seeding in situ at the Port Augusta power station in South Australia. Xero and halophytes from the families Aizoaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Zygophyllaceae performed optimally in both sets of trials, and species most suited for revegetation and regeneration included Mesembryanthemum aitonis, M. nodiflorum, Atriplex holocarpa, A. lindleyi, A. vesicaria, Enchylaena tomentosa, Halosarcia halocnemoides, H. pergranulata, Scaevola collaris and Nitraria billardierei .

A range of surface amelioration treatments for fly ash lagoons designed to overcome the chemical and physical limitations of fly ash to plant growth, and to reduce the effects of high temperatures, strong winds and low rainfall in the region were also tested. A 50-100-mm surface cover (overlay) of either local sandy topsoil or compost, stabilized with coarse organic mulch, hydromulch or erosion control fabric supported good germination and plant growth. The soil or compost overlay provided a seed bed for initial germination away from the toxic elements of the ash, while the stabilization treatment prevented wind-blown removal of both seed and seed bed, while also conferring some protection to germinating seedlings. © 1997 ISWA
Analysis of Residential Solid Waste At Generation Sites
Authors: Abu Qdais H.A. , Hamoda M.F. , Newham J.
Published: March 2007

An essential preliminary step in municipal solid waste (MSW) management is the accurate determination of the quantities and composition of the wastes. The purpose of this study was to test a procedure for the determination of these parameters at the source of generation (houses), rather than getting such data at transfer stations or disposal sites, as usually done in most previous studies. The average generation rate in kg per capita day-1 and percentages of various components of residential solid waste in Abu Dhabi City were determined by carrying out a statistically designed sampling survey. This survey covered 40 houses with different socio- economic levels and totalled 840 samples. The study showed an average generation rate of 1.76 kg per capita day '. Linear regression analysis revealed that this rate was dependent on the income level with an increase of about 35% for the high income residents over the average rate. The waste contained approximately 50% food waste. Frequency distribution analysis of waste composition data indicated that the food waste component is normally distributed, whereas the other components do not show a normal distribution pattern. © 1997 ISWA
The effect of landfill design and operation practices on waste degradation behavior: a review
Authors: Komilis D.P. , Ham R.K. , Stegmann R.
Published: March 2007

Landfill design and operational practices can be used, sometimes in combination with municipal solid waste (MSW) pretreatment techniques, to control effectively landfill behavior. The effect of specific practices during landfill design and operation on landfill decomposition is an area that has attracted investigation since the 1970s. Work has taken place on practices such as leachate recirculation; layer (or lift) development; and buffer, nutrient, sludge, partially degraded refuse and moisture addition. Much of this work was directed at the use of methane as an energy source. These and other techniques have led to the concept of the bioreactor landfill, in which the goal is to control or enhance decomposition within the landfill, which usually includes enhancement of methane production. This paper discusses techniques that can be implemented either during design or operation of a landfill under the bioreactor landfill concept. Several experiments have shown that a necessary condition for methane enhancement is to overcome or minimize the acid generation phase. Moisture content and flow are known to be important factors affecting degradation but should be considered along with buffer addition if methane enhancement is an objective. In general, the effect of several design or operational techniques on landfill decomposition seems to be a result of interactions between them, rather than individual effects and is often based on the principle of balancing the acid and methane generation stages of decomposition.
From Compliance To Consultation: the Changing Role of the Public Personnel Administrator
Authors: Nalbandian John
Published: March 2007

The public personnel administrator's role is undergoing rapid change as agency managers demand more organizational knowledge of human resources. The traditional role of the personnelist focuses on knowledge of rules, regulations and techniques; emphasizes the values of neutrality and efficiency; finds its source of power in rewards and punishments associated with manipulation of rules and procedures; and finally, adopts a problem-solving orientation to management. In contrast, the consultative role centers on productivity related knowledge; and its source of power grows from expertise related to this knowledge; it values efficiency and effectiveness; and is predisposed to find and identify problems as well as solve them. This transition in professional identity from the compliance to consultative role will both enhance the status of the personnelist who brings valued expert knowledge of human resources to management and will increase organizational effectiveness as agency managers apply this knowledge.
Affirmative Action and Productivity in Law Enforcement Agencies
Authors: Lovrich Nicholas P. , Steel Brent S.
Published: March 2007

The results of a survey of 254 police departments in the United States appear compelling. Whether the criterion be crime containment, successful arrest of wrong-doers, or effective use of public monies, the findings are uniform — to wit, no substantive difference exists in the level of productivity of police departments categorized as to their rate of progress in minority utilization. For all of the plausibility associated with the argument that special procedures for minority recruitment and reten tion will necessarily increase the costs of operation of public agencies, or the belief that any modifica tion of a fully color-blind selection system will compromise the ability of employees to perform their duties, there is virtually no evidence in the data reported here to support these expectations.
The Determinants of Public Employee Union Growth
Authors: Seroka Jim
Published: March 2007

This article identifies and analyzes, by major occupational category, growth trends in local public employee unionization in the United States. Generally, growth of public sector unions has diminished since the early 1970s, and the importance of selected determinants for public sector unionization differs from the pattern found in the private sector. There is also considerable variation in how selected public occupational groups are affected by the general model of public employee union growth. Governmental policy towards unions and the region of the country are the strongest deter minants for predicting local public employee union growth.