bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Position Of The International Regime In Contemporary International Law
Authors: Siahaan Rivaldo Ganti Diolan
Published: June 2022

Nowadays, in addition to the existence of countries as exclusive actors in international relations, many are also non-countries that become actors in international relations. Likewise against international regimes, but the status of international regimes in international law is not clear until now. This journal uses normative-based research by using conceptual approach as the backing of research. The results stated that the international regime in a single capacity is not the subject of international law but its embodiment as an international organization that is the subject of international law. The position of international regimes in contemporary international law in the form of cooperation in the form of international treaties can be a source of international law. In the form of institutions in the form of international organizations can be the domiciled subject of international law.
Inkonsistensi Aturan Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pencucian Uang Oleh Korporasi: Perlukah Reformulasi?
Authors: Rosyidah Hanna , Satya Ndharma Bayu , Aulia Zulfa Naya
Published: June 2022

Tindak pidana pencucian uang merupakan suatu kejahatan transnasional yang harus mendapatkan perhatian serius dari para pembuat kebijakan. Tindak pidana ini diatur pada ketentuan di luar KUHP yakni dalam Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 2010 tentang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang. Dalam Undang-Undang tersebut telah terjadi perluasan makna subjek hukum pidana yang tidak terbatas hanya pada manusia saja, melainkan juga pada korporasi. Pada putusan Nomor 84/Pid.B/2018/PN.Dpk, dalam kasus First Travel, Majelis Hakim memberikan hukuman kepada personil pengendali korporasi, namun tidak pada korporasinya. Sehingga hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah telah terjadi inkonsistensi dalam penerapan pertanggungjawaban korporasi, karena dalam pelaksanaannya pertanggungjawaban pidana pencucian uang tersebut masih dilimpahkan kepada personil pengendali korporasi. Hal ini mengakibatkan korporasi sebagai subjek hukum pidana tidak bisa bertanggung jawab penuh atas tindak pidana yang dilakukan. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif serta pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, pendekatan kasus, serta pendekatan komparatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh pertanggungjawaban korporasi menurut Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 2010. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapat keraguan oleh aparat penegak hukum dalam memutus perkara tindak pidana pencucian uang oleh PT. First Anugerah Karya Wisata sehingga belum sepenuhnya melimpahkan pertanggungjawaban kepada korporasi serta dalam Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 2010 yang formulasi pasalnya masih terdapat banyak kelemahan sehingga undang-undang tersebut belum memberikan keseragaman dalam penjatuhan sanksi pidana terhadap korporasi.
E-Islamic Law: Solusi Kulturisasi Hukum Islam sebagai Langkah Menormatifkan Tujuan Hukum Islam Menjadi Hukum Positif
Authors: Sari Winda , Fitriyani Desi
Published: June 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan menunjukkan bahwasanya tujuan hukum Islam sangat tepat diinterpretasikan sehingga harus dimuat menjadi norma dalam hukum positif di Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan studi kepustakaan, dengan pendekatan konseptual. Namun, yang menjadi problematika adalah kulturisasi di masyarakat terkait tujuan hukum islam belumlah masif. Oleh karena itu, penulis menawarkan E-Islamic Law yang merupakan sebuah aplikasi sebagai media kulturisasi yang menjadi solusi untuk menjawab problematika tersebut. Dengan penerapan E-Islamic Law, maka menjadi jembatan sehingga muatan tujuan hukum nantinya dapat menjadi norma hukum positif di Indonesia.
Pers Sebagai Pilar Demokrasi dalam Perspektif Islam
Authors: Collins Josua Satria
Published: June 2022

Demokrasi menjadikan pers sebagai media komunikasi paling efektif. Dalam Islam, Al-Qur’an telah mengatur bagaimana pers harusnya bergerak dan berkembang. Di tengah era digital, keragamaan jaringan komunikasi dan informasi secara alami menantang Pers Islam untuk aktif dan arif. Penulis ingin mencari tahu mengapa pers menjadi bagian penting dalam demokrasi dan bagaimana konsep pers dalam perspektif Islam. Melalui analisa data sekunder, didapati bahwa pers dalam kerangka demokrasi berperan sebagai civic forum, pengawas pemerintah, dan agen mobilisasi dukungan warga. Pers Islam menjadi alat Pendidik (Muaddib), Pelurus Informasi (Musaddid), Pembaharu (Mujaddid), Pemersatu (Muwahid), dan Pejuang (Mujahid). Bila pelaku Pers Islam mampu mempertahankan potensi dan karakternya, maka diharapkan media massa Islam akan tetap kokoh.
Penegakan Hukum terhadap Mafia Karantina COVID-19 Sebagai Pelanggar Undang-Undang Kekarantinaan dan Pelaku Tindak Pidana Pemalsuan
Authors: Kharisma Zul Afiatul , Putri Kristiani Virgi Kusuma
Published: June 2022

Hingga saat ini, kasus positif COVID-19 di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Dalam menanggulanginya pemerintah telah menerapkan berbagai kebijakan yang salah satunya adalah mengenai karantina COVID-19 yang berlandaskan pada Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan. Namun, nyatanya masih terdapat pelanggaran dalam penyelenggarannya. Seperti kasus mafia karantina COVID-19 yang terjadi di Bandara Soekarno Hatta. Dari hasil penelitian, para pelaku diduga telah melakukan pelanggaran terhadap UU Kekarantinaan dan melakukan tindak pidana pemalsuan, serta terdapat ketidak tepatan aparat penegak hukum dalam menjerat para pelaku. Sehingga sanksi yang akan dikenakan pun terbilang ringan dan kurang adil, terutama apabila memperhatikan dampak yang dapat ditimbulkannya.
Pemanfaatan Tanda Tangan Digital Tersertifikasi di Era Pandemi
Authors: Dermawan Rizki
Published: June 2022

Di era digital, beberapa hal menjadi mudah didapatkan. Misalnya apabila bertransaksi dengan E-Commerce maka barang yang dipesan melalui ponsel langsung datang ke konsumen. Begitu pun proses penandatanganan dokumen yang beralih ke digital. Untuk melindungi kegiatan transaksi digital, maka pemerintah telah mengatur pada UU ITE dan turunan lainnya. Pengetahuan mengenai tanda tangan digital sangat diperlukan karena memiliki konsekuensi dan pertanggung jawaban. Tanda tangan digital yang telah tersertifikasi sudah mendapatkan sertifikat elektronik. Masih ada kendala pada penerapan tanda tangan digital dan berharap pemahaman masyarakat mengenai tanda tangan digital semakin baik sehingga mendorong mempermudah kehidupan sehari-hari.
Reformasi Peran Badan Wakaf Indonesia (BWI) dalam Ekosistem Wakaf Nasional sebagai Jalan Menuju Reforma Agraria
Authors: Hatim Ahmad
Published: June 2022

Wakaf merupakan salah satu potensi yang dapat digunakan sebagai upaya menuju Reforma Agraria. Namun faktanya kini pengelolaan wakaf belum dilakukan secara maksimal. BWI sebagai lembaga inti pengembangan wakaf nasional pun memiliki permasalahan dalam pembagian peran didalamnya. Permasalahan peran tersebut yaitu Badan Wakaf Indonesia yang berperan sebagai regulator dan operator sebagaimana tercantum dalam pasal 49 UU Wakaf ternyata menimbulkan benturan kepentingan. Penggabungan dua peran tersebut dalam satu lembaga bernama BWI tentunya membuat BWI tidak efisien dalam pengembangan wakaf yang begitu besar di Indonesia ini. Dengan demikian diperlukan reformasi peran BWI untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang ada sehingga perwakafan nasional semakin optimal dan dapat digunakan sebagai jalan menuju Reforma Agraria agar dapat diakses oleh siapapun dan memberi kemanfaatan seluas-luasnya bagi rakyat.
Penerapan Syarat Sah Perjanjian dan Prinsip Syariah terhadap Perjanjian Asuransi Syariah
Authors: Maheswara Mohamad Yuflih Huda
Published: June 2022

Di tengah suburnya industri asuransi syariah, ramai pula ditemukan gugatan wanprestasi. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis penerapan syarat sah perjanjian berdasarkan KUHPer serta penerapan akad asuransi syariah dalam industri asuransi syariah di Indonesia dengan mengambil studi kasus Anik melawan PT Asuransi Jiwa Generali Indonesia. Adapun dalam menganalisis perkara digunakan penjelasan secara deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk mengonstruksikan sejauh mana perjanjian asuransi syariah menerapkan syarat sah perjanjian dan akad asuransi syariah. Dengan demikian, penulis merekomendasikan penguatan pengawasan yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif.
Syiah Isma’iliyah dan Syiah Itsna ‘Asyariah
Authors: Kemalasari Aisyah Rahadianti Ratna
Published: June 2022

Di dalam penerapan Agama Islam oleh ummatnya, dikenal dua ajaran besar yaitu Sekte Sunni dan Sekte Syiah. Sekte Syiah yang dianggap sebagai aliran sesat dalam penerapan Agama Islam. Adapun sekte ini bisa didapat dan terdiaspora di beberapa negara seperti Iran yang menjadikannya aliran resmi negara, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Syiria, Libanon, Yunani, Inggris, Amerika Utara, Cina dan Uni Soviet. Adapun di dalam tulisan ini, penulis akan mengupas mengenai aliran Syiah Isma’iliyah dan Syiah Itsna ‘Asyariah yang merupakan dua dari sekte Syiah yang termahsyur dan tersebar di beberapa negara-negara yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya. Penulis akan membahas mengenai pengertian, konsep imamah beserta ajaran-ajaran yang dianut oleh dua aliran sekte Syiah tersebut secara detail beserta membahas bagian yang dianggap sesat di dalamnya.
Pemberlakuan Hukum Adat Syariah Aceh Bagi Warga Non Muslim Aceh
Authors: Mafazi Sarwan Saukhi
Published: June 2022

Hukum adat Aceh merupakan hukum adat yang mengacu pada ketentuan Al-Qur’an dan Hadits. Hukum adat Aceh sudah berlaku sejak 19 Desember 2000 dengan alasan untuk mencegah terjadinya pemisahan Aceh dari NKRI dimana gejolak Gerakan Aceh Merdeka sudah mencapai puncaknya. Tetapi dengan diberlakukannya hukum Syariat Islam di Aceh mendapatkan banyak reaksi dari masyarakat. Pro dan kontra mengenai permasalahan tersebut terus dilontarkan oleh kalangan masyarakat yang menganggap bahwa tindakan tersebut termasuk diskriminasi sosial terhadap masyarakat Non-Muslim di Aceh. Dalam pembahasan kali ini, akan dijelaskan bagaimana pemerintah Aceh menjalankan hukum adatnya tanpa adanya tindakan diskriminasi sosial. Pada akhir pembahasan akan disimpulkan bahwa warga Non-Muslim Aceh akan tetap dikenakan aturan tersebut jika perbuatannya tidak diatur dalam hukum nasional atau KUHP.
Applying Subjective Measures to Evaluate Sitting Discomfort: Pertinent Research and Recent Developments
Authors: Khamis N.K. , Md Deros B. , Abdul Khalid M.S.
Published: June 2022

One of the key considerations when sitting particularly for a long period of time, either in the office chair or car seat is comfort. Studies have revealed a high number of reports regarding discomfort and musculoskeletal disorders while sitting in a fixed position. The main objective of this study is to review past and present subjective assessment in published studies in the area of sitting discomfort and find the gap between each study to be applied in future studies. Fifty relevant studies were identified and chosen from electronic databases, dating as far back as 1969. "Seat", "chair", "sit", "comfort", "discomfort" and "assessment" were the keyword search terms for this paper. Past studies demonstrated numerous purposes and techniques of analysing sitting discomfort. They provide better understanding for both researchers and the industry to deal with sitting discomfort issues. Various assessment methods have also been applied in the previous studies. However, they are still areas found in past studies that need to be investigated. Therefore, it is proposed that another assessment is performed to analyse sitting discomfort, by exploring issues derived from this review.
The Key Challenges of Implementing E-Learning in Engineering Training Programs
Authors: Yahaya S.
Published: June 2022

Developing an effective e-learning program is a great challenge since there are several tools, technologies and approaches to be considered. Industry pioneers mainly agree that e-learning will continue to become a driving force in the business sector; but apart from the many issues in designing and developing such a program, the industry is also faced with the challenges in overcoming other problems which will be discussed in this article.
Motorcycle Accident Scenarios and Post-Crash Kinematics of Motorcyclists in Thailand
Authors: Carmai J. , Koetniyom S. , Sungduang W. , Abu Kassim K.A. , Ahmad Y.
Published: June 2022

This paper unveils a classification of motorcycle accident data in Thailand to identify common accident scenarios and impact parameters for multibody dynamics simulation of motorcycle crashes. The simulation results were analysed in terms of kinematics of riders and passengers as well as head impact locations. Motorcycle accident data revealed that rolling over without any contact with other vehicles was the most common scenario, while the side swipe was the most common type of crash involving other vehicles. The majority of accidents involved passenger cars with riders' age ranging between 10-29 years. Serious and severe injuries accounted for 20% of the total number of casualties whereas minor abrasions and bruise accounted for 41%. Four common accident scenarios were identified together with a range of impact speeds, impact angles and impact points to generate impact conditions for multibody simulations. The simulation results revealed two patterns of global kinematics including (i) the rider together with the child pillion passenger were laterally projected towards the other vehicle as the other vehicle hit the lateral side of the motorcycle; and (ii) the rider together with the child pillion were launched forward in the direction of impact when the front wheel of the motorcycle hit the other vehicle. The vehicle hood was found to be the most frequently impacted area by the rider's and child passenger's head. The car windshield was the second most frequently impacted location for the rider's head. For pick-up truck, the passenger window was the second most frequent area of impact. There was a moderate number of A-pillar contact on the car but such a situation was rare for the pick-up truck.
Identifying Blind Spot Zone for Passenger Cars using Grid-Based Technique
Authors: Hashim M.S.M. , Ismail A.H. , Abu Bakar S. , Muhamad Azmi M.S. , Mohamad Razlan Z. , Harun A. , Kamarrudin N.S. , Ibrahim I. , Faizi M.K. , Saad M.A.M. , Rani M.F.H. , Mahayadin A.R. , Rojan M.A. , Azizizol M.S. , Md Isa M.H.
Published: June 2022

A person driving a passenger car depends on the rear view mirror and two side-mounted mirrors to observe the surrounding in order to see vehicles approaching from behind. However, the approaching vehicle may enter a region outside the driver's field of view, making it inconspicuous to the driver. Such a region is known as the blind spot zone (BSZ). Although driving schools emphasize the importance of checking for vehicles in BSZ before attempting to change lane, many fatal collisions have occurred during lane changing. Thus, it is important to understand BSZ particularly its corresponding parameters in order to develop an effective system to detect approaching vehicles and provide warning to the driver. In this paper, a systematic approach using a grid-based technique is proposed to model the BSZ. An experiment was conducted using a commonly used passenger car in Malaysia as a test bed to model the BSZ. Controlled experimental parameters were introduced, and the final results showed that BSZ can be identified using the grid-based technique.
Detection and Warning System for Motorcycle Vehicular Collision Avoidance
Authors: Abdul Rashid M.A. , Yahya W.J. , Ithnin A.M. , Zamzuri H. , Ken T.L. , Ryunosuke S. , Dwijotomo A. , Abu Kassim K.A. , Ahmad Y. , Md Isa M.H. , Mohd Jawi Z.
Published: June 2022

World Health Organisation has determined that South-East Asian region has the highest road traffic death in 2015 involving motorised 2-3 wheelers. Generally, motorcycles are lack of active safety features that capable to prevent road accident. Therefore, this study aims to design and develop active safety features for a motorcycle to prevent a frontal collision through an audible warning to the motorcyclist and detected object when the collision is about to happen. The system should consist of a simple algorithm with a minimum set of hardware. Based on the design criteria for the system, an audible warning will only be given when all three conditions stated below are met. (1) An object is within stopping distance limit, (2) object heading towards the centre of motorcycle and (3) relative velocity of an object might cause a frontal accident. The system called Detection and Warning System for Motorcycle Vehicular Collision Avoidance (DEWAMCA). It is expected that DEWAMCA can assist currently available Blind Spot Detection System (BSDS) to reduce accident involving motorcycles significantly.
Modelling and Validation of Joint Properties for NVH Simulation Model of an Electrified Passenger Vehicle Drivetrain
Authors: Akhtar W. , Brezing A.
Published: June 2022

The constantly changing automotive market, which is characterized by the progressing electrification of vehicles, presents challenges with respect to the acoustic behaviour of powertrains. As indicated frequently, the characteristic noise of electric cars differs from that of conventional drives. In particular, energy dissipation of the assembled housing parts from material and joint damping; is an important aspect. In modelling the NVH behavior of electric vehicles or drivetrains in general, the breakdown of global material and local joint damping is not yet state of the art. Instead, measured global modal damping values from similar constructions are frequently used. Often, a constant degree of damping is defined for all modes. However, moderate changes in the geometry of components or in the load level can lead to severe fluctuations in the damping. In order to improve predictability and to be able to estimate the effects of constructive changes in natural frequency, mode shape, and damping, the goal will be to take into account the global material and local joint damping separately. For that, a local model which is able to take the joint properties into account has to be developed. The analytical based Iwan model for the contact interface was expanded upon to facilitate model updating against forced response measurements on a simple mass spring structure in one dimension and to extend the model from one-dimensional to three-dimensional.
Autonomous Emergency Brake (AEB) for Pedestrian for ASEAN NCAP Safety Rating Consideration: A Review
Authors: Baharuddin M.I. , Khamis N.K. , Abu Kassim K.A. , Mansor M.R.A.
Published: June 2022

Road crossings are considered as an unavoidable part of walking in which the desirable route of pedestrians interacts with vehicles. This interaction may expose the pedestrians to risks or delays. Pedestrian- vehicle collisions are regarded as the most serious type of accidents since they incur high fatality rate of nearly 13 percent. This study has been carried out to fulfil two objectives. First, to identify the contributing factors to road crash, and second, to understand the implementation and effectiveness of a preventive device to reduce road crashes involving pedestrians. Collision avoidance and mitigation systems such as the AEB are intended to reduce accident risks by automatically applying the brakes prior to an accident. Understanding the human action, style and behaviour are the key elements in producing the ideal AEB Pedestrian for the future. This study sheds light on the future direction in the area of road safety by considering preventive actions to reduce the occurrence of road crashes, particularly among pedestrians.
Safety Protocols for Electric Vehicles Crash Tests
Authors: Parera N. , Amor O.
Published: June 2022

Climate change and air pollution in the recent decade have become an increasingly important issue. This has led to the introduction of transportation policies in many countries to make vehicles more efficient by promoting the development and use of Electric Vehicles (EVs). According to the European Automotive Manufacturers Association, the registration of EVs has shown a substantial increase of 160.5%, prompting stakeholders to assume a realistic market share for new electrically chargeable vehicles to be in the range of two to eight percent by 2020 to 2025, based on today's market. Electric and hybrid vehicles are subject to the same passive and active safety standards as fossil fuel engine vehicles and so they have to pass crash tests defined by homologation regulations or other consumer standards such as Euro NCAP. Electric and hybrid vehicles also have to fulfil a few specific extra requirements added to the official standards; as they pose a potential danger after severe crashes due to the risk of electric shock from the battery. In this paper, the internal safety protocol applied for EV crash tests that is used at Applus IDIADA crash test laboratory is described and related with the principal risks of testing EVs. Moreover, an overview of the principal amendments of passive safety standards regarding EVs is presented.
Seatbelt Safety Awareness Among Perlis Drivers: Demographic Differences
Authors: Abu Samah I.H. , Abu Bakar S. , Ramlan S.N. , Abdul Rahim R.T.
Published: June 2022

Some drivers think that seatbelt is not important, and some even not wearing it when driving a car. The awareness of using a seatbelt is questionable around the world. Even there are enough enforcement and rules, people may tend to forget or just ignore it. Some factors can lead or prevent someone from using a seatbelt, somehow the essence is always within the individual itself. This research discovered the seatbelt awareness among drivers that lives in the rural area. This research was done in Perlis, and a cross-sectional design was adopted in this study. The result reveal based on the three different generations and the area of living. Item constructed specifically for this study, and Cronbach Alpha is 0.75. Convenience sampling was done and 100 questionnaires were returned. Overall results showed the level of awareness among people living in Perlis is high, and there is a significant difference between three locations (village, FELDA, and residential area) in awareness level. The result of this study will bring benefits for the enforcement to help them identify areas and specific generations that need more attention.
Factors Affecting Bus Rollover
Authors: Zulkipli Z.H. , Mohd Faudzi S.A. , Abdul Manap A.R.
Published: June 2022

The objectives of this study are to identify factors affecting bus rollover and to study the association between vehicle and environment factors on bus rollover. For analysis, an analytical mathematical model of steady-state vehicle stability for heavy vehicle was used. For the analysis, four parameters were selected namely the super elevation and gradient of road, the track width of the vehicle and the radius of curvature. The design factorial was used to analyse the effect of these four factors to the increase of rollover index. This study has demonstrated the effect of superevelation, gradient, track width of vehicle and radius of curvature to the rollover index of vehicle. It is shown that the most significant factor on rollover index of vehicle is the radius of curvature during manoeuvring.
A Preliminary Study on Motor Vehicle Crash Characteristics Involving Motorcycle and Passenger Vehicle in Malaysia
Authors: Kak D.W. , Zainal Abidin A.N.S.
Published: June 2022

Motorcycle is the primary mode of motor transportation in ASEAN countries including Malaysia. Nonetheless, motorcycle crashes have contributed more than 50% of the total number of fatalities due to motor vehicle crashes. High numbers of fatalities in motor vehicle crashes are a significant concern to Malaysia. On average, the number of fatalities increased by 4% every year. To address this problem, more intervention shall be taken to reduce motorcycle-related motor vehicle crashes. Passenger vehicle is the most frequent crash partner of motorcycle in Malaysia, thus, the characteristics of this kind of crashes shall be studied holistically to understand the contributing factors to crashes involving passenger vehicle and motorcycle. To achieve the objectives, this study has analysed 55 cases of crash involving motorcycle and passenger vehicle, which are obtained from in-depth crash investigation process from June 2016 until July 2017. The in-depth crash investigation has collected and analysed vehicle and site parameters including the crash configuration. It was found that the passenger vehicle was at fault in more than 60% of the investigated cases. The crashes mostly occurred whenever the passenger vehicle was changing lane to the left and was making a right turn in the junction. This indicated that the passenger vehicle drivers were unaware or overestimated the distance between the motorcycle and their vehicle. Therefore, new technology, which can detect the position and distance of motorcycles around the passenger vehicle, can possibly alert the driver from making inaccurate decisions while attempting to change lane or making a right turn.
Establishment of 3D-printed Child Manikins Using Anthropometric Data of 6- and 10-year-old ASEAN Children
Authors: Ahmad Tajudin M.H. , Abu Husain N. , Che Husin S.M. , Mohd Zaki N.I. , Abu Husain M.K. , Adanan A.F. , Zulkifli M.A.R. , Ma’aram A. , Sarip R. , Ahmad Y. , Abu Kassim K.A.
Published: June 2022

The New Car Assessment Programme for Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN NCAP) has been working hard to increase vehicle safety levels in the ASEAN region. To ensure a significant impact on the ASEAN community, few enhancements need to be made to their test methodology and facilities. As an example, ASEAN NCAP is using child manikins with generic build in their vehicle safety assessment. Meanwhile, vehicle manufacturers and product developers are also using these generic references in their product designs such as the seat restraint system, child seat design, etc. For the improvement of vehicle safety especially for the ASEAN region, dedicated manikins with ASEAN anthropometric measurements are necessary. This paper aims to describe the development of 3D-printed manikins based on anthropometric data of ASEAN children aged 6 and 10 years old. The completed prototypes will be tested using a selected vehicle safety assessment (i.e., Child Restraint System installation) and intended to be applied for design refinement of vehicle safety systems.
A Systematic Review on the Autonomous Emergency Steering Assessments and Tests Methodology in ASEAN
Authors: Rasmana S.T. , Adiputra D. , Yahya W.J. , Abdul Rahman M.A. , Dwijotomo A. , Mohammed Ariff M.H. , Abu Husain N.
Published: June 2022

Safety should be the top priority for any automaker - because traffic accidents roughly killed 1.4 million people worldwide, ranking tenth on the World Health Organization's list of leading causes of death. Two decades ago, the focus was on passive safety, where it helps vehicle occupants to survive the crash. However, the frontier in safety innovation has moved beyond airbags and side-impact protection. Today, the frontier is active safety for preventing collisions before they occur. In Euro NCAP 2025 Roadmap, this active safety frontier falls under the primary safety and has become one of the overall safety rating initiatives toward safer cars. The primary safety features four technologies to be assessed, including driver monitoring (2020), automatic emergency steering (2020, 2022), autonomous emergency braking (2020, 2022), and V2x (2024). However, this initiative is partially encapsulated in the ASEAN NCAP Roadmap 2021-2025 under – 'Safety Assist' technological feature. For instance, in the new roadmap, ASEAN NCAP only focuses on Auto Emergency Braking (AEB) technology. This AEB is a feature to alert drivers to an imminent crash and help them use the car's maximum capacity. Therefore, as benchmarked to the EURO NCAP, this paper comprehensively reviews the AES demand, assessments, control, and testing methodology and can be further developed to consolidate for the ASEAN NCAP safety rating schemes.
Revisiting Speed Management Strategies in Malaysia
Authors: Ab Rashid A.A. , Poi A.W.H. , Jawi Z.M. , Abu Kassim K.A.
Published: June 2022

Speed, because of its centrality to mobility, deserves effective management approaches. This review examined the present approaches in Malaysia: speed zoning, enforcement, education, and physical engineering; before putting forward evidence of their limited effectivity. The discussion continued with a proposal for preventive approaches in managing speed. Instead of reactive measures, i.e. curbing the speeding, the proposal clutches on the elimination of room for speeding by advocating for vehicular speed management system – e.g. the intelligent speed adaptation technology, or top speed limiting by design. The potential regulatory mechanism, implementation challenges, and subsequent courses of action to realize the proposal concludes the article.
Road Lights Profiling Based on Road Lighting Setting-Up and Performances
Authors: Prasetijo J. , Mohd Nar M.A. , Mohd Jawi Z. , Ngadiron Z. , Mahyeddin M.E. , Norrizan M. , Abd Latif M.F.
Published: June 2022

Roads and highways are the areas where road accidents commonly occurred, and the number increases during a certain period such as festive breaks. ASEAN NCAP is committed to ensuring the safety of vehicles in Southeast Asia by improving the rating systems and standards of a vehicle such as AEB and AHB. Additionally, efforts on the improvements of street/road lighting performances and facilities (profiling and design) would play an important role in safety along the road stretches since vehicle lighting are strongly correlated with visual effectiveness. Road lighting performance with low hence and low visual quality would contribute to accidents in certain road sections. Therefore, this study experimented with road lighting performance environments by using Luxmeter based on the Euro NCAP (2018) standard and guideline. A reference grid of road light measurement with a 1-meter interval was used to measure lighting performance on each distance interval. Two federal roads in Johor were picked as experiment sites, i.e. FT050 (Jalan Batu Pahat – Ayer Hitam – Kluang) and FT001 (Jalan Johor Bahru – Segamat). FT050 road is a two carriageway with a width average of 2.6 meters, 134- kilometer in length, and the lamp used most was a double arm lamp. FT001 is similar in width (2.6-meter), 992.6-kilometer in length, and used single- arm lamps. The study found that FT050’s lighting performance decreasing at each interval grid while away from the lights at the range of 38 lux to 16 lux, however, FT001's result was decreasing at mid-interval and it increases when approaching mid between the lights at 23 lux – 15 lux – 19 lux. The following study concluded that using single arm lighting systems (by turns) resulting in higher lights (lux) performances and larger (lux) distributions (coverage) on roads. Therefore, the installments of single arm lighting system (by turns) would be considered for lights performance and efficiency concerning the drivers' visibility.
Private Vehicle Roadworthiness Inspection – Towards ELV Realization
Authors: Solah M.S. , Hamzah A. , Ariffin A.H. , Abdul Khalid M.S. , Salleh A.S. , Rahim S.A.S.M. , Abu Kassim K.A.
Published: June 2022

Being one of the most critical sectors worldwide, the rapid increase of automobility has necessitated effective management of End-of- Life Vehicles (ELVs). However, in Malaysia, an ELV policy and initiative is absent from the country's automotive ecosystem which resulted in a proliferation of aged and unsafe vehicles; thus potentially increasing the chance of occupant injury in a crash. The government had already mooted an ELV policy but due to public outcry, the proposed plan for the scrapping of aged vehicles was postponed. This paper aims to provide an overview of a potential private vehicle inspection to be introduced and also the challenges facing the government towards the implementation of the ELV directive in Malaysia. It is believed that the results presented in this paper will be useful to academics, government officials, and researchers to establish strategies for ELV policy in Malaysia effectively via a vehicle roadworthiness inspection.
MyMAP: World’s First Holistic Rating System for Motorcycles
Authors: Zulkipli Z.H. , Alias N.K. , Omar A. , Kak D-W. , Abdul Khalid M.S. , Amir A.S. , Mahmud M.N. , Jawi Z.M. , Abu Kassim K.A.
Published: June 2022

MyMAP is the first of its kind and aims to stimulate healthy competition among motorcycle manufacturers towards safer designs, as well as to give the public more information when considering purchasing a motorcycle. MyMAP is additionally unique to other initiatives in the field as it introduces assessment criteria for the manufacturer's effort towards educating and supporting the buyer on safe riding practices. This paper will discuss the vision, strategies, and challenges faced in establishing the program.
Analysis of Injury Severity involving of Passenger Vehicles’ Occupants in Frontal Impact Collisions
Authors: Mohamad Radzi M.A. , Zainal Abidin A.N.S. , Shabadin A. , Azman N.S. , Mohd Faudzi S.A. , Paiman N.F. , Ahmad Y.
Published: June 2022

In Malaysia, Passenger Vehicles (PV) accounted for the second-highest proportion of vehicles involved in road crashes (13.5%) as well as the total number of casualties (18.6%) after motorcycles. This raised the alarm that a thorough investigation should be conducted on the injury severity of occupants in PV crashes involving frontal impact collisions. The objective of this study is to evaluate injury severity outcome based on the selected crash parameters for the front seat occupants involved in frontal impact collision. The data for this study was sourced from the MIROS crash investigation database (MICARS) from 2007 until 2019, during which MIROS had investigated a total of 975 cases in both East and West Malaysia. After filtering through the cases, a total of 129 frontal impact crashes (PV versus PV) involving 206 PV and 349 front seat occupants were selected for data analysis. From the total number of selected cases, 82 cases were involved in head-on collisions while 47 cases were involved in side-impact collisions. As a result, crash configuration, crush extent, airbag availability, and seatbelt wearing are strongly related to the level of injury severity of frontal seat occupants involved in a frontal impact collision. Meanwhile, collision types and occupant seating position do not appear to be significantly related to the severity of the occupants’ injuries.
An Analysis of Injury Patterns for Drivers Based on Police Reported Frontal Crashes in Malaysia
Authors: Noordin M.N. , Osman H. , Aziz H.A. , Rosli N. , Widia M. , Sukadarin E.H. , Fauzan N.S. , Zadry H.R. , Ab Rashid A.A.
Published: June 2022

Most Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia have a relatively high number of traffic fatalities involving occupants of 4-wheel vehicles. The frontal impact collisions have been identified as the cause of most passenger vehicle occupant deaths. Therefore, a better understanding of real-world frontal crashes is needed in support of decision-making processes for future frontal crash test programs. One of the important elements to examine is the occupant injury patterns based on real-world crashes. Furthermore, different frontal crash configurations may result in different levels of injury severity. The objective of this study is to analyze the driver injury and body part injury levels based on police-reported frontal crashes in Malaysia. Road crash cases from 2015 to 2019 were obtained from Bukit Aman Traffic Investigation and Enforcement Department (JSPT), Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM). 81% of the cases comprised frontal crashes (full width & offset) while the rest involved sideswipe cases. Most of the drivers sustained no injury (70.77%) whereas 11.11%, 8.77%, and 6.87% suffered fatal injury, injury, and severe injury, respectively. The most frequent fatal cases among drivers involved injuries to multiple body regions for both configurations. The chi-square test revealed a significant association between the frontal crash configuration and driver injury level. The average odds ratio for fatality in frontal crashes compared to sideswipe configurations was 6.29. The rate of driver fatality per one crash has also increased marginally over the years. The study findings provide some information to support the recommendation that a full-width configuration is considered in future ASEAN NCAP frontal crash tests. Further research is also needed to fully understand real-world frontal crash impacts in Malaysia.
ROMA’NIN KÜÇÜK ASYA ÜZERİNDEKİ HEGEMONYASINDA MAGNESİA SAVAŞI’NIN ÖNEMİ
Authors: ARI Ali
Published: June 2022

Roma’nın Seleukos Krallığı ile yapmış olduğu Magnesia Savaşı Küçük Asya’nın siyasi-politik durumunun değişimi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Savaş öncesi Küçük Asya ile çok da ilgili gözükmeyen Roma, Seleukosların Avrupa’ya yakınlaşmasıyla Küçük Asya üzerine düşünmeye başlamıştır. Seleukos gibi
güçlü bir krallığın, Roma’nın bir süredir savaş içinde olduğu ve Küçük Asya ile arasında tampon bölge görevinde olan Makedonya ile birlikteliği de Roma açısından önemli bir sorundur. Magnesia Savaşı öncesindeki Roma ile savaş sonrasındaki Roma arasında önemli bir fark vardır. Savaş sonucunda doğuya doğru genişleme politikası edinmeye başlamış ve bunu zamana yayarak stratejik olarak geliştirmiştir. Seleukosların yokluğu ve savaş sonrasında Küçük Asya’daki krallıkların kendisine bağımlı olması Roma’nın Küçük Asya üzerindeki hegemonyasını yaratmasına olanak vermiştir. Seleukosların yenilmesiyle Toros sınırlarına çekilmesi ve Roma’nın onları ortadan kaldırmaması Roma’nın doğu ile kendi toprakları arasında bir tampon bölge oluşturarak Asya’da kalıcılığını sağlamasına dair önemli bir adımdır. Magnesia Savaşı sonrasında zaman içinde Roma “Divide et impera” yani böl ve yönet ilkesiyle hareket ederek doğrudan yönetme anlayışına geçerek tüm sorumlulukları üstüne almış ve gücünü açık bir şekilde ortaya koymuştur.
COVİD-19 SALGINININ PSİKOSOSYAL GÖRÜNÜMLERİ: BİR GÖMÜLÜ TEORİ DENEMESİ
Authors: ARIK Ferhat , AVŞAR ARIK Işıl
Published: June 2022

Bu araştırma, Hatay’da yaşayan ve Covid-19 virüsüne yakalanmış, hastalığı evde veya hastanede geçirerek daha sonrasında iyileşmiş  kişilerin; hastalık öncesi, hastalık sırası ve hastalık sonrası psiko-sosyal durumlarını, toplumsal ilişkilerini ve mekânsal deneyimlerini keşfetmeye odaklanmıştır. Çalışma, “yeni normal” olarak söylemsel karşılığını bulan ve sosyolojik anlamda da “yeni bir toplumsal olgu” olarak ortaya çıkan pandeminin etkilerini ve sonuçlarını keşfetmeye yönelik bir çalışma olduğundan araştırma yöntemi olarak nitel araştırma desenlerinden Gömülü Teori Metodolojisine (GTM) dayanmaktadır. Araştırma amaçlı ve kartopu örneklemesi bir arada kullanılarak yaşları 24-57 arasında değişen 13 kişi ile yapılan görüşmelerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formları kullanılarak elde edilmiş ve yapılandırmacı gömülü teorinin kodlama paradigması kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda kişilerin maske, mesafe ve temizlik şeklindeki hastalık önleyici kurallara uyum gösterdiği, fakat bulaşın yakın çevrelerine yayılması ve çalışma yaşamından kaynaklı birtakım etkilerin çemberin daralması  şeklinde yorumlandığı görülmüştür. Bu nedenle hastalıktan kaçış mümkün olmamıştır. Hastalık sırasında korku ve endişe temalarının ön plana çıktığı ve bunun yakınlara bulaştırma, geride kalanları düşünme şeklinde değişen alt boyutları olduğu görülmüştür. Son olarak hastalığın kişilerde psikolojik, fizyolojik, davranışsal ve sosyal birtakım değişikliklere sebep olduğu görülmüştür.
SEBEPLERİ IŞIĞINDA 1898 ANDİCAN OLAYI; İSYAN MI, BAĞIMSIZLIK HAREKETİ Mİ?
Authors: ÇETİNTAŞ Nurefşan
Published: June 2022

Bu makalede, 1898 yılında Fergana’nın Andican şehrinde Dükçü İşan liderliğinde meydana gelen olay konu alınmıştır. Ayaklanma bölgenin Rus işgalinde olması, Çarlık tarafından uygulanan politikalar, Dükçü İşan’ın kimliği, Kırgızlar gibi birçok etken üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalarda olayın nedenleri üzerine farklı görüşler ortaya konulmuştur. Ortaya koyulan nedenlerde asıl sebebin ne olduğu da tartışılan konulardandır. Bu yazıda olayın amilleri genel itibariyle; Rus Çarlığının iskân ve din politikası, ekonomik bozulma, sosyal-ahlaki bozulma, bağımsızlık düşüncesi çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Ardından ayaklanmanın hazırlık süreci, gelişim aşaması ve sonucuna kısaca değinilmiştir. Ayaklanmanın sonucunda yapılan cezalandırmalar ile ayaklanmaya olan yaklaşımlara da yer verilmiştir. Olayın sebepleri üzerine olan görüşlerden varılan sonuç ile de ayaklanmanın isyan mı yoksa millî bir bağımsızlık mücadelesi olarak mı çıktığı
sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Akabinde isyan ve bağımsızlık kavramları ayrı ayrı incelenmiş, bu doğrultuda olayın nedenleri, süreci, yaşananlar ve sonucu kategorize edilmiştir. Konu üzerindeki görüşler incelendiğinde ayaklanmanın çıkışında katılımcılarda farklı önceliklerin olduğu görülmüştür. Ayaklanmaya yönelik yapılan çalışmalarda da olayın ele alınışı farklılık göstermiştir. Başvurulan çalışmaların değişik nazarlarla değerlendirilmiş olmasına, taraflı bir sonuca varmamak adına dikkat edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda varılan sonuçta; milleri itibariyle ayaklanmanın isyan olduğu bağımsızlık mücadelesi algısının sonradan geliştiği anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak isyan ile bağımsızlık hareketinin birbiri içine geçtiği ve ayrıma gidilmesinin zor olduğu da varılan sonuçlardan birisidir.
1916 TÜRKİSTAN İSYANI BAĞLAMINDA ÇARLIK RUSYA’SININ BASKI VE CEZALANDIRMA POLİTİKASI
Authors: ANTEPLİOĞLU Dilara
Published: June 2022

Çarlık Rusya’nın Türkistan’ı işgali sonrasında, Türkistan’ın farklı bölgelerinde farklı zamanlarda isyan hareketleri yaşanmış ve bu hareketler Rusya tarafından bastırılmıştır. Rus hükûmetinin haksız politikasına ve siyasetine karşı çıkan isyanlardan olan 1916 Türkistan isyanı da tarihî açıdan büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada Çarlık Rusya’nın Türkistan halkı üzerinde uyguladığı baskı ve cezalandırma politikası, 1916 Türkistan isyanının çıkış sebepleri, karakteri ve sonuçları bağlamında ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. 1916 Türkistan isyanının belli bir
merkezi olmasa da halk, onlara önderlik yapan kişilerle birlikte ayaklanmıştır. Tüm Türkistan halkının fark gözetmeksizin topyekûn  şekilde katıldığı, Türkistan’ın sadece belli bir bölgesinde değil hemen her yerinde ortaya çıkan ve Türkistan halkına yapılan sömürge siyasetinin bir sonucu olan isyanın birçok sebebi bulunmakla birlikte, en önemlisi kuşkusuz halkın uğradığı haksızlık ve adaletsizliklerdir. Hem isyanın
hâlihazırda devam ettiği sırada hem de sonrasında Türkistan halkı, isyana katıldıkları gerekçesiyle cezalandırılmış, birçok insan hapse atılmış  ya da öldürülmüş, bu baskı ve zulümden kurtulmak isteyenler ise farklı bölgelere göç etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu göç sırasında ve sonrasında da birçok insan hayatını kaybetmiş, ayaklanmanın bitmesinin ardından geri dönmek isteyenlere ise izin verilmemiştir. İsyanın
bastırılması sonrasında da halk, büyük bir zulme ve baskıya maruz bırakılmış, Çarlık Rusya işgal ettiği Türkistan topraklarında bölge halkının haklı isyanlarına ağır cezalandırmalar ile karşılık vermiştir.
BİR HİTİT KENT TARHUNTAŠŠA
Authors: ERSOY Tuğba
Published: June 2022

M.Ö. 1650’lerden itibaren Anadolu coğrafyası tarihinin en önemli devletlerinden birine ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Hititler olarak bilinen bu devlet gerek kurulduğu gerekse hâkimiyet kurduğu bölgelerde stratejik bir noktada yer almaktadır. Belgelerde rastladığımız birçok kent adından bu kentlerin devletin bünyesine ait özel ya da
normal statülere sahip kentler olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Hitit belgelerinde farklı statülere sahip yüzlerce kent adı geçmektedir. Siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel olarak birbirinden farklı özellikler sergileyen bu kentlerden biri Hitit Kralı II. Muwatalli’nin bir dönem ülkeyi yönettiği Tarhuntašša kentidir. Devletin son dönemleri ile ilgili kaynaklarda adı sıkça geçen kentin önemi II. Muwatalli ile artmış olsa da Hitit devletinin yıkılışına
kadar devam etmiştir. II. Muwatalli’nin Tarhuntašša’yı yeni bir yönetim merkezi olarak belirlemesinin olası nedenleri kentin coğrafi konumu, bölgenin güvenliği, yol ve ticaret ağlarına yakınlığı ve o dönemin siyasi koşullarından uzaklaşma düşüncesidir. Günümüzde Konya civarında olduğu tahmin edilen kentin yeri henüz tespit edilememiştir. Kentin bulunamayışı II. Muwatalli’nin kentte yazdırdığı belgelere ulaşılmasını engellemiş, bu durum Hitit tarihinde büyük bir bilgi eksikliği oluşturmuştur. Tarhuntašša’nın yeni bir merkez olarak seçilmesi devleti ikiye bölen önemli bir sebeptir. Tarhuntašša’nın yeni merkez için seçimi Hitit tarihinde önemli bir
kırılma yaratmıştır. Kralın ölümünden sonra Tarhuntašša kenti ülkenin yönetim merkezi olma statüsünü kaybetmiş II. Muwatalli’nin oğulları tarafından yönetilen önemli bir krallık olarak varlığını devam ettirmiştir. Kent, II. Muwatalli dönemi ve Hitit tarihinin son dönemleri için önemli statüye sahiptir
Counseling Needs of Secondary School Students and Their Learning Disorders
Authors: Haokip Alphonsa Diana , Saroh Tayum
Published: June 2022

The holistic development of a child is attainable in an environment conducive for teaching and learning and Barrell M.(2009) emphasized that the counselling needs of middle students can be addressed through counselling services and constructive learning strategies and methods. Thus, help and support can be availed to the students along their educational journey for their personal, emotional, and psychological growth. The educational setting inclusive of teachers, counsellors, and parents should ensure that holistic education is provided to the students as they undertake their academic endeavours. The learners of secondary schools consist of adolescents who are naive and vulnerable. They need backing to combat the complex challenges of modern life and cope with their pressing academic demands. Rathe (2014) opines that they are possessed by anxiety, mood swings, and intensity of feelings that adversely affect their learning. The present investigation focuses on the counselling needs of secondary students and their learning disorders that have adverse effects on their behaviour and academic performance (Mghweno,2015). This study highlights the need for considering the present educational scenario and the plight of traumatic experiences borne by the students. By exploring the current literature, it analyses studies conducted in India and abroad regarding the importance of establishing student counselling at secondary schools. The findings of the present study revealed how counselling can be instrumental to improve the learning styles of the students and the benefits they could reap from it. Further, the study unfolds the ways and means to tackle learning disorders of the students through counselling.