bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MRI Image Analysis for Alzheimer’s Disease Detection Using Transfer Learning: VGGNet vs. EfficientNet
Authors: Sandag Green Arther , Djamal Eleonora , Tangka George Morris William , Taju Semmy Wellem
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on developing an effective Alzheimer's disease (AD) classification model using MRI images and transfer learning. This research targets individuals aged 65 and above who are affected by the predominant form of dementia and utilizes an Alzheimer's Disease MRI Image dataset from Kaggle. Model selection involved options like EfficientNetB1, B3, B5, B7, VGG16, and VGG19. Two scenarios with distinct batch sizes (10 and 20) were explored in the model creation process. Evaluation, using a confusion matrix, determined that the EfficientNetB5 model yielded the highest accuracy at 99.22%, surpassing other models such as EfficientNetB1, B3, B7, VGG16, and VGG19. Notably, this research highlights the superior performance of EfficientNet over VGGNet in transfer learning for analyzing Alzheimer's disease MRI images. The study concludes with the implementation of a simple web system for testing model outcomes. Overall, the investigation underscores the efficacy of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) modeling in Alzheimer's disease analysis and identifies EfficientNetB5 as the optimal model for accurate classification.
PENGENALAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) KEPADA SISWA/I SMK NEGERI 1 SORONG
Authors: Lontaan Rolly Junius , Taju Semmy Wellem , Rotikan Reymon
Published: February 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) adalah cabang ilmu komputer yang perkembangan sangat pesat dan sangat membantu kita dalam memecahkan berbagai macam permasalahan dari yang sederhana hingga yang kompleks oleh sebab itu pengenalan AI sangat penting bagi siswa di SMK Karena teknologi ini semakin banyak digunakan di berbagai bidang termasuk pada bidang pendidikan. Sebagai siswa yang memasuki dunia profesional masa depan, pemahaman tentang AI akan sangat berharga dalam mempersiapkan Anda menghadapi perubahan dan tantangan era digital. Dalam pengenalan AI, siswa akan mempelajari tentang aplikasi AI dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, seperti chatbot, dan machine learning. Melalui kegiatan magang siswa di Universitas Klabat Siswa SMK Negeri 1 Sorong diperkenalkan tentang AI untuk mempersiapkan diri dengan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang berkaitan dengan pengembangan keterampilan siswa.
Multimodal abstract concepts: the transformative role of gestures and language
Authors: De Livio Chiara , Borghi Anna M.
Published: February 2025

Although there is growing consensus on the multimodal nature of abstract concepts, research in this field rarely leverages multimodal methods. In this paper, we argue that the investigation of abstract concepts can benefit from integrating pragmatics, psychology, and neuroscience together within more ecological, interactive, and multimodal paradigms. We review studies exploring multimodal interactions—with others, but also with oneself—focusing particularly on the transformative role gestures and prosody might have for the processing of abstract concepts.
Concurrent and Longitudinal Predictors of School Non-Attendance in Autistic Adolescents
Authors: Adams Dawn , Gray K M , Houting Jacquiline den , Paynter Jessica , Melvin Glenn A , Simpson Kate
Published: February 2025

PurposeRecent research has shown that autistic children are reported to have lower school attendance than non-autistic students. School non-attendance can occur for multiple reasons, including attendance at medical/health appointments and school refusal/emotionally based school avoidance. Providing support to improve autistic children’s school attendance requires an understanding of the factors that potentially lead to or influence specific types of school non-attendance. The aim of this study was to identify concurrent and longitudinal school, family, and child factors associated with school non-attendance in autistic children.MethodParents/caregivers who had previously participated in a 6-year longitudinal study were invited to complete a follow-up online survey about their child’s school attendance. Seventy-seven parents of autistic children aged 11–14 years participated.FindingsOver 40% of children had persistent absence (> 10% days) from school. Based on multivariate negative binomial regression models, child anxiety was a significant predictor of days missed for multiple types of school non-attendance. Other factors, including child sensory processing differences, child behavioural and emotional challenges, parent stress, family income, and parent employment, were correlated with specific absence types. child anxiety was the strongest and most consistent longitudinal predictor, with higher child anxiety significantly predicting more days of school non-attendance 3, 4, and 6 years later. InterpretationFindings highlight the importance of considering school, child, and family factors specific to different types of school non-attendance to support autistic children. Identifying factors that lead to child anxiety and preventing/reducing child anxiety early is a potentially promising avenue to support attendance.
Engagement and Burnout in the Classroom – Crossover Effects from Teachers to Students
Authors: Österholm Linda , Widlund Anna , Korhonen Johan
Published: February 2025

This study examined the dynamics of students' school engagement and burnout (exhaustion, cynicism) in primary school, considering both individual and classroom levels, and how teachers' occupational well-being predicted students' well-being across one school year. Data from 679 Finnish primary school students (Grades 4–6) and their teachers across 73 school classes were analyzed using multilevel modeling. The results revealed that student engagement buffered against burnout over time, whereas exhaustion and cynicism were unrelated to later engagement. Teachers’ levels of occupational cynicism negatively predicted their students' engagement across the school year, while teacher exhaustion was shown to positively predict student engagement.
Crossmodal collostructional analysis of English [ADV and ADV] constructions: Multimodal constructions or crossmodal collostructions?
Authors: Kuryu Daiya
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the relationships between a group of English constructions that exhibit similar formal and semantic properties and their accompanying gestures. The target constructions, collectively referred to as the [ADV and ADV] constructions, are divided into two types: the reduplicative adverbial constructions (RACs; over and over, again and again, on and on) and the oppositive adverbial constructions (OACs; back and forth, up and down, in and out). Using a statistical method called crossmodal collostructional analysis, the degree of associations between these constructions and their frequent gestural correlates is quantified to explore whether they are likely to form multimodal constructions. Consequently, it is concluded that some combinations of a target construction and its corresponding gesture are associated strongly enough to be regarded as potential multimodal constructions, whereas others are more like crossmodal collostructions, which are associated combinations of linguistic and gestural constructions but are nonetheless compositional. Lastly, the embodied motivations for the potential multimodal constructions are also discussed by drawing on the notion of exbodiment.
Game-Solving DRL An Introductory Literature Survey of the Last Decade And A Critical Methodological Review
Authors: de Carvalho Gonçalo Hora , Vos Twan
Published: February 2025

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has demonstrated remarkable success in high-dimensional and stochastic environments, with applications ranging from board games to real-time multi-agent systems. However, the field continues to face fundamental methodological challenges, including inconsistencies in benchmarking, a lack of theoretical definitions, and difficulties in generalization. In this paper, we critically examine these limitations and explore whether DRL can be reframed as a general problem-solving methodology. Specifically, we hypothesize that any complex problem can, in principle, be formulated as a game, making it solvable via DRL under the right conditions.We review key advancements in DRL, including techniques such as value prediction functions, policy gradients, and model-based learning approaches like MuZero. Our analysis identifies persistent gaps in current methodologies, such as the reliance on handcrafted reward signals and computational inefficiencies. To address these concerns, we propose a recursive decomposition framework in which complex problems are broken down into sub-problems, each mapped onto a DRL solvable structure. We introduce an extended Markov Decision Process (MDP) formulation incorporating intrinsic motivation and goal representations, allowing for reward-free optimization.Our results suggest that, if DRL can autonomously learn goal representations and intrinsic reward structures, it may serve as a generalizable tool for problem-solving beyond traditional reinforcement learning applications. However, open questions remain regarding computational feasibility, scalability, and the theoretical limits of game-based problem encoding. We conclude by discussing potential future directions, including the need for improved interpretability and a deeper mathematical foundation for DRL as a general AI paradigm.
Fitting to Noise in Regression Discontinuity Designs
Authors: Albada Melle R.
Published: February 2025

The regression discontinuity literature mainly associates overfitting with global high-order polynomial models, suggesting local models with a low polynomial order as a solution. This paper demonstrates that local models can fit to the same noise patterns as global models, even when specified according to best-practice methods. Using experimental benchmark comparisons and three example applications, I show cases where the data-driven bandwidth of the local linear model is excessively small, resulting in estimates similar to those of overfitting global models. The findings in this paper highlight the importance of assessing the risk of fitting to noise. I recommend a three-step approach for practitioners: (1) evaluate how noisy the data is, focusing on the predictive power of the running variable and the density of observations near the cutoff, (2) assess the plausibility of model output, specifically the fitted functional form and the estimated effect size, and (3) conduct targeted robustness tests, including bandwidth sensitivity and placebo cutoff tests.
Mental disorders and having a first child among young adults: a nationwide register-based cohort study
Authors: Golovina Kateryna , Niemi Ripsa , Gutvilig Mai , Jokela Markus , Elovainio Marko , Hakulinen Christian
Published: February 2025

Objective: To examine associations between mental disorders and time to the first childbirth among young people in Finland, and to investigate whether partnership status mediates these associations.Design: A nationwide register-based cohort study.Setting: Primary and secondary healthcare data from Finland.Population or Sample: All individuals born in 1980–1995 who were childless and living in Finland at age 16 (n=1,210,662). Methods: Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between mental disorders and time to the first childbirth. The participants were followed until the birth of a first child, death, emigration, or the end of 2019.Main Outcome Measures: Time to a first live childbirth.Results: Both men and women diagnosed with mental disorders prior to parenthood had a lower likelihood of having their first child compared to those without such diagnoses during the follow-up. People diagnosed with schizophrenia and intellectual disabilities were the least likely to become parents. After controlling for partnership status, these associations attenuated for all mental disorders. Before age 25, substance use, childhood onset, anxiety, or any mental disorders were associated with a higher likelihood of having a first child, but this changed with age, so that after age 30 mental disorders were associated with a lower likelihood of parenthood. Conclusions: Almost all mental disorders were associated with a lower likelihood of having a first child among young people born in 1980–1995. These findings imply that well-functioning mental health services are important from a fertility perspective, which should be considered by policy makers.
From numbers to narratives: Becoming a qualitative researcher in the Global South
Authors: Nguyen-Trung Kien
Published: February 2025

In this paper, I narrate my journey of becoming a qualitative researcher from the Global South. My transformation has been facilitated by five conditions: learning from fieldwork masters to value rapport and context; learning from diverse communities to embrace multiple interpretations and give voice to the marginalized; learning from key methodology literature to gain theoretical foundations; learning to navigate academic writing and publishing to develop resilience and persuasive skills; and learning to be authentic to transform myself as a researcher and human being.
A Dual-Model Handwriting Analysis Pipeline for Dyslexia Screening: Integrating Gemini 2.0 Flash Exp and OpenAI O1 With Logistic Regression
Authors: Fink Nora
Published: February 2025

Dyslexia is a multifaceted learning difficulty that poses significant challenges in reading, spelling, and the associated visual–motor execution of handwriting. Early identification is a key determinant of successful intervention, yet many conventional assessments either rely on subjective ratings of morphological letter features or narrowly focus on text-based errors. This paper describes an integrated pipeline that combines two advanced large language models—Gemini 2.0 Flash Exp for image-based handwriting analysis and OpenAI O1 for text-based spelling assessment—with logistic regression as the transparent and interpretable classifier. Operating on a publicly available dataset of 100 handwriting samples (50 dyslexic and 50 non-dyslexic), the pipeline attained near-perfect discrimination on a validation subset. We discuss how image-driven morphological metrics, such as letter reversals or irregular spacing, and text-driven metrics, such as spelling accuracy or phonetic plausibility, unify into a single multi-cue representation. The logistic regression layer assigns a continuous probability of dyslexia, enabling direct thresholding into normal, suggestive, or highly suggestive categories. While sample size constraints demand further investigation, the approach sets a foundation for multi-cue screening solutions. Future directions involve integrating reading fluency and eye-tracking data into the same pipeline. This paper situates the new approach in relation to existing computational, neurocognitive, and psychoeducational frameworks, paving the way for broader, more objective dyslexia detection tools.
Neo-Lewisian perspectives on consciousness and information
Authors: Lopez Azenet Liora Lopez , Montemayor Carlos
Published: February 2025

This article defends a re-interpretation of Lewis-Nemirow’s response to Jackson’s knowledge argument against physicalism. Lewis and Nemirow argue that when color-omniscient Mary learns what it is like to see colors, what she gains is a new set of abilities to visualize, recognize, and place herself in the perspective of someone who has color experiences. This view is known as the ability hypothesis, and not only has been one influential defense of physicalism but is also the view that Jackson himself came to advocate upon becoming convinced that there was something wrong with his own argument. However, the ability hypothesis must be updated to rectify some important misconceptions about the kind of abilities ascribed to Mary. We argue that these are fundamentally attentional abilities: abilities to direct her attention in new ways. Furthermore, contra the original ability hypothesis, our updated version acknowledges that learning what it is like to see colors gives Mary new information.
Optimized multichannel tDCS protocol for clinical use in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Salehinejad Mohammad Ali , Abdi Marzieh , Dadashi Mohsen , Zolghadriha Ahmad , Salvador Ricardo , Ruffini Giulio , Nitsche Michael A.
Published: February 2025

Application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been increased in neuropsychiatric disorders, especially depression, in the last decade. Despite promising results, the clinical efficacy of tDCS is still under debate and researchers and clinicians try to maximize efficacy by developing optimized/individualized protocols. In this randomized sham-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial, we optimized a stimulation protocol for increasing and decreasing activity in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). 60 patients with major depression were recruited and randomly assigned to active conventional tDCS (N=20), active multichannel tDCS (N=20), or sham tDCS (N=20) groups. Patients in each group received 30 sessions of active or sham tDCS for 5 days per week. In the multichannel optimized tDCS, electrical current was delivered via 7 small electrodes (11 mm in diameter) with 2 mA intensity with a maximum total injected current set to 4.0 mA. In the conventional tDCS (2 mA intensity, electrode size of 35 cm2) and sham Tdcs, anodal and cathodal electrodes were placed over the left and right DLPFC respectively. Symptoms severity (measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale- HDRS, Beck Depression Inventory- BDI-II, and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale- MADRS) were assessed before the intervention, after sessions 10th, 20th, and right after the intervention (session 30th), and 1 and 3 months following the intervention. Compared to the sham group, both active tDCS groups significantly reduced depressive symptoms up to 3 months following the intervention, and the therapeutic effects were observed from session 10th only in the multichannel tDCS groups. Furthermore, the effect size from the optimized multichannel protocol was significantly larger than the conventional tDCS. These data suggest that optimized multichannel tDCS might maximize therapeutic efficacy in major depression.
The ultimate power play in research - partnering with patients, partnering with power
Authors: Richards Dawn P. , Bowden Janelle , Gee Patrick , Haagaard Alex , Kothari Anita , McKinnon Annette , Primeau Codie , Tricco Andrea , Wang Ellen , Woolley Karen , Li Linda
Published: February 2025

BackgroundPatient and public involvement (PPI), also called patient engagement, patient partnership, or consumer involvement, holds potential to change approaches and outcomes in research and healthcare. All research teams have complex power dynamics, including those with patient/public members. We present our perceptions and understandings of power arising from our experiences on health research teams. We suggest ways for members of health research teams to move forward in efforts to minimize power discrepancies.Main BodyAn international group of patients, caregivers, and research allies, we have experienced power dynamics within PPI collaborations and believe they must be challenged to achieve more equitable partnerships. We explore four themes relating to power in no order of importance: 1) Power and tokenism. Tokenism occurs when patient/public perspectives in PPI are mostly ignored, results when power and resources are disproportionately concentrated and can be perpetuated by funding and funding agency infrastructures; 2) PPI as a commodity or product. PPI may be seen or used as a means to extract experiences or validate one’s work without truly involving patients/public contributors in the research design and process. PPI aligns with a broader trend of academic research methodologies grounded in standpoint epistemology (that is, how a person’s social identity influences what they know); 3) The unstable and changing nature of power in PPI. Patient/public partners’ abilities and capacities to engage equally depend on the working environment and on their economic, cultural, social and symbolic (including health) capitals; and, 4) Power amongst patients/public partners. Layers of power exist between and amongst patient/public partners and their networks, which may lead to a lack of diversity in partners and/or bullying, and requires recognizing that not all patient/public partners bring the same experiences, skills or perspectives to research teams. We include practical recommendations for researchers and for patient/public partners to share power more equitably on research teams.ConclusionIn our experiences on health research teams, patient/public partners are often the most vulnerable members of the team who experience the largest power inequities. We hope our reflections and recommendations inspire those holding power on research teams to share that power.
Deep Adaptive Control with Frequency Modulation for Aerospace Robotic Manipulators in Dynamic Object Transportation
Authors: Zhang Ye , Liu Rui , Chu Linyue , Wang Siyu , Deng Xiaoyu , Yu Dezhi , Kang Zhengjian
Published: February 2025

Achieving precise performance in aerospace robotics, particularly when handling unknown payloads in uncertain environments, remains a significant challenge. Traditional model-based control methods are often impractical due to the dynamic nature of aerospace operations. Adaptive control has emerged as a viable alternative, offering the ability to compensate for modeling errors and disturbances. However, conventional adaptive schemes rely on high-gain learning rates to ensure rapid adaptation, which can induce high-frequency oscillations and instability, compromising system safety and precision. To address these limitations, we propose a novel adaptive control framework tailored for nonlinear aerospace robotics applications. Our approach refines the adaptive update law to suppress destabilizing high-frequency components while preserving robust error dynamics. This ensures stable performance even at high-gain learning rates, enabling precise and secure manipulation of dynamic objects in space. Numerical simulations in a zero-gravity environment validate the effectiveness of our method in robot manipulation tasks. Results demonstrate superior performance over conventional approaches, achieving enhanced stability and precision. Our findings contribute to the advancement of adaptive control theory and provide a reliable solution for high-performance aerospace robotics, paving the way for safer and more efficient space missions.
Sensorimotor Account of Multimodal Prosody
Authors: Coulson Seana
Published: February 2025

The temporal signatures that characterize speech—especially its prosodic qualities—are observable in the movements of the hands and bodies of its speakers. A neurobiological account of these prosodic rhythms is thus likely to benefit from insights on the neural coding principles underlying co-speech gestures. Here we consider a role for the information processing capacity of the vestibular system, a sensory system that encodes movements of the body, in the neural representation of prosody. Careful review of the vestibular system’s functional organization as a hierarchical and predictive system, its relevance for rhythmic sound sequences, dynamic attention, and its involvement in vocalization suggests vestibular codes may be important for the neural tracking of speech. As the kinematics and time course of co-speech movements mirror prosodic fluctuations in spoken prosody, we argue that the vestibular system helps encode and decode these prosodic features in multimodal discourse and possibly during auditory speech processing alone.
Are metacognition interventions in young children effective? Evidence from a series of meta-analyses
Authors: Bryce Donna , Eberhart Janina , Ingendahl Franziska
Published: February 2025

A metacognitive learner acts in a planful way, monitors their progress, flexibly adapts their strategies, and reflects on their learning. Unsurprisingly, a metacognitive approach to learning is an important predictor of children’s academic performance and many attempts have been made to promote metacognition in young children. The current meta-analytic study evaluates the impact of such metacognition interventions on outcomes related to self-regulated learning and academic achievement in typically developing pre- and elementary school children. Structural, content-related, and methodological moderators were tested in this study including 349 effect sizes from 67 studies. An overall effectiveness of metacognition interventions was evidenced at immediate post-test g = 0.48 (95% CI [0.35, 0.61]), and at follow-up g = 0.29 (95% CI [0.17, 0.40]). Interestingly, metacognition interventions effectively enhanced children’s self-efficacy only at follow-up, suggesting that the positive impact of these interventions can unfold over a protracted period. For the first time, children’s executive functions were considered as outcome variables and results indicated a positive impact of metacognition interventions on these variables. One notable finding was that interventions that were delivered by teachers or task materials were more effective than interventions that were delivered by researchers for two outcomes related to self-regulated learning. This finding may reflect recent improvements in how teachers and researchers collaborate to develop intervention programs. The study supports and extends existing evidence that young learners benefit from metacognition interventions in myriad ways and provides novel insights relevant for pedagogical practice and theories of self-regulated learning.
Uncovering and targeting individual differences predicting identification with all humanity
Authors: Fowler Zoe , Stone Kathryn , Law Kyle Fiore , Young Liane , Syropoulos Stylianos
Published: February 2025

What features of the individual mind foster a sense that all of humanity is one family? The present work explores the relationship between identification with all humanity (IWAH) and three constructs largely overlooked in related work: perceived moral similarity across humanity, perceived similarity of oneself to animals (PSSA), and hope for society (i.e., social hope). Two studies reveal unique patterns for each construct in predicting IWAH across levels (i.e., community, country, & all humanity): while perceived moral similarity predicts IWAH across levels, social hope predicts IWAH within community and country, and PSSA predicts IWAH globally. Study 2 experimentally manipulated each construct and found that the social hope task increased IWAH across levels. Both perceived moral similarity and PSSA tasks increased IWAH within community, with smaller but similar effects on global IWAH. These findings provide novel insight into causal mechanisms underlying IWAH, with implications for interventions fostering global human identification.
The effects of antenatal depression and SSRI exposure on children: A systematic review
Authors: Gogolu Rubina Fray , Ysbæk-Nielsen Alexander Tobias , Lansner Jon
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Antenatal depression (AD) affects 7-13% of pregnant women and has adverse implications for both mother and child. Treatment of AD often requires pharmacological intervention, typically with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, it remains unclear whether SSRI interventions introduce developmental complications in children that are distinct from those associated with AD. This systematic review aims to investigate the current literature on the effects of AD and prenatal SSRI exposure and its behavioral and neurological consequences for child development.Methods: A systematic review of databases PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Scopus were conducted using the PICO framework. Studies utilizing at least two participants groups, one group of children exposed to AD and another exposed to AD and in utero SSRI exposure, were eligible for inclusion. Screening yielded 14 articles on neurodevelopmental and/or behavioral outcomes.Results: Studies report effects of both prenatal SSRI exposure and AD-only exposure on several measures. Notably, when compared to non-exposed both SSRI and AD-only exposed children displayed alterations in the corticolimbic system, abnormal language development, and increases in internalizing and externalizing problems. Specific to SSRI-exposed children were alterations in the corticothalamic system, lower full-scale IQ, and impairment of psychomotor functioning.Conclusion: This systematic review presents updated information relevant to professionals involved in clinical decision-making. Importantly, potentially confounding effects of AD phenotype, environmental factors and maternal care are difficult to entangle from the effects of SSRIs. Ultimately, more studies with multimodal methods and longitudinal measurements are needed to precisely understand how SSRIs and AD influence development.
Understanding the ‘new’ disruptive behaviour at live music events: The role of group norms
Authors: Lewis Harry M , Drury John , Choudhury Sanjeedah , Doyle Lewis , Eldarwish Hanna , Evans Danielle , Green Fiona , Mills Freya , Wen Zhonghao
Published: February 2025

Recent years have seen multiple reports of disruptive behaviour at live music events, leading many to question the capacity of audiences to regulate their behaviour. This matters both for positive audience experience and for crowd safety. Whilst some previous studies have examined violence in music audiences, there is almost no research looking at the current phenomenon of varied forms of disruption, the psychological antecedents of disruptive behaviour, and potential mitigations. We report three studies addressing these questions experientially, observationally, and statistically, with interviews (n = 27), an ethnographic field study (n performances = 13, n interviews = 44), and a pre-registered questionnaire survey (n = 2,025). Results suggest that audience perceptions of disruption are partly contingent upon perceived group norms. Reports of disruption are more likely to occur where there is normative misalignment between disparate groups in attendance at the same event. Audience members do attempt to regulate each other’s behaviour, based on expectations of support and normative alignment, but some interventions can themselves be disruptive. We offer recommendations to venues and event organisers on how to reduce disruptive behaviour, based on social identity and group norms.
Why Meat-eaters Reject Calls for a Meat-free Diet: Social Norm and Message Source Effects in Two Meat-Eating Cultures
Authors: Thürmer J. Lukas , Bamberg Christoph , Kurapov Anton , Taut Diana , McCrea Sean , Blechert Jens , Eichin Katharina , Sproesser Gudrun
Published: February 2025

Eating meat is central to most cultures but produces substantial personal carbon emissions, contributing to the Climate Crisis. We compare dietary group boundaries as a key impediment to dietary change in two traditional meat-cultures, Ukraine and Romania, and a more modern dietary culture (Germany/Austria). In our pre-registered intercultural experiment, participants read articles either inducing a pro-meat or a pro-veg* norm and were then confronted with critical calls for a meat-free diet, either by a meat-eating or veg* source. We then assessed reaction to the calls as well as hypothetical meal choice. As predicted, calls by a veg* source were consistently rated to be more threatening than the same criticism voiced by meat eaters. Effects on message constructiveness and commenter evaluations differed between cultures. No direct effects on meal choice were observed. Replicating previous research, no norm effects on any of the measures were observed. Cultural similarities and differences are discussed.
The natural history of intelligent systems: toward understanding major transitions in cognitive evolution
Authors: Klimaj Victoria , Safron Adam
Published: February 2025

In this first set of explorations/meditations (of three), we examine major transitions in cognitive evolution and provides a framework for understanding different types of intelligence in naturally evolved systems. Drawing on synthetic perspectives from multiple theorists, we review several key taxonomies of cognitive sophistication, including Dennett's hierarchy of creatures (Darwinian, Skinnerian, Popperian, and Gregorian), Pearl's ladder of causation (association, intervention, and counterfactuals), and Tomasello's evolution of agency (goal-directed, intentional, rational, and socially normative). We place particular emphasis on Tomasello's account, which traces the development of increasingly sophisticated forms of agency from early vertebrates to modern humans. The paper also examines how "unlimited associative learning" may mark critical transitions in cognitive evolution. This review provides groundwork for two subsequent papers exploring social intelligence, human uniqueness, and artificial intelligence. We suggest that understanding these natural histories of intelligence may be crucial for developing artificial systems that can robustly engage in causal reasoning and social interaction. This theoretical synthesis offers insights into both the evolution of natural intelligence and potential pathways for developing artificial agents with sophisticated cognitive capabilities.
What Makes a Good Day?: An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach to the American Time Use Survey
Authors: Folk Dunigan Parker , Henninger Mirka , Dunn Elizabeth
Published: February 2025

What differentiates a happy day from a typical one? Answering this question can help to identify the building blocks of a happy life, but little is known about what makes some days better than others. To identify the ingredients of a good day, we used interpretable machine learning techniques to assess how time spent on over 100 activities predicted whether Americans rated their day as typical or “better than typical.” Using data from the 2013 (N = 9286) and 2021 (N = 6196) waves of the American Time Use Survey, we identified clear tipping points that distinguish better days from typical ones. Socializing was one of the most important activities for having a good day, but beyond 2 hours, additional socializing had little impact. Time spent with friends, in contrast, had an almost boundlessly positive effect. The impact of working was also highly time contingent. We found that working for up to six hours had no impact on whether people rated their day as better than usual. When individuals worked for more than six hours though, the effects rapidly turned negative. Taken together, our results suggest that good days emerge from the constantly shifting value of time; each minute in a day represents a choice between competing opportunities, with clear tipping points when benefits diminish and costs mount.
Metrics as Proxies: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Reasonings Based on Bibliometric Indicators
Authors: Remisiewicz Łukasz
Published: February 2025

The role of bibliometric indicators in research assessment has been widely debated. This article explores how citation-based metrics are interpreted and applied in negative habilitation reviews, combining theoretical insights on citation practices with empirical analysis of review discourse. The theoretical section examines different conceptual frameworks for understanding bibliometric indicators, including essentialist, constructivist, and normative perspectives on citations. It highlights how citation metrics are often assumed to reflect recognition, influence, or research quality, despite growing evidence of their contextual limitations. The empirical section analyzes 174 negative habilitation reviews from four disciplines, identifying distinct patterns in how reviewers incorporate bibliometric data into their assessments. While some reviewers treat citation counts and journal rankings as direct indicators of scholarly impact, others regard them as secondary or complementary tools that require careful contextualization. The findings reveal a lack of standardized bibliometric reasoning, leading to inconsistencies in how candidates’ research contributions are evaluated. The study underscores the need for greater transparency and theoretical awareness in the use of citation-based metrics in peer review, contributing to broader discussions on the reliability and standardization of research evaluation practices.
Environmental Protests and National Identity in a Multinational State: Green Nationalism in the USSR and Modern Russia
Authors: Karatueva E. N.
Published: February 2025

The article is devoted to the study of green nationalism as a so­cio-political phenomenon combining envi­ronmental and nationalist aspects through the analysis of environmental protests in national communities. The paper investigat­ed the evolution and dynamics of environ­mental protests in the republics of the USSR during the period of perestroika, as well as modern environmental movements in Russian regions (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug). The main focus is on how environmental protests are intertwined with nationalist ideas, turning into a tool for political mobi­lization. The research methodology is based on historical, discursive, comparative and content methods of analysis, which made it possible to study the evolution of green nationalism, as well as identify regional features and general patterns of protest ac­tivity. In conclusion, the correlation of green and resource nationalism in the late Soviet and post-Soviet periods is noted. These ar­eas may conflict, but they are able to inte­grate during a period of political mobiliza­tion and defending national interests. The basis for overcoming internal contradictions and strengthening the unity of society in a multinational state can be an identity based on multiethnic, multi-confessional and cul­tural diversity. The main conclusions of the study emphasize that the causes of green nationalism is an important factor in pre­venting the radicalization of political sen­timent in the country. The development of green patriotism as a more constructive and progressive alternative to the development of national communities will help to play a key role in this.
The Civilizational Approach and the Study of Civilizations in Library and Scientometric Analysis
Authors: Sokolov S. V.
Published: February 2025

The article presents the possibilities of library and scientometric analysis in determining the structure, the­matic coverage, leading scientific institu­tions and educational organizations, au­thors and editorial teams of the scientific field of the study of civilizations and the methodology of the civilizational approach. The contribution of Russian authors in the development of this approach and especially the staff of the Russian Academy of Scien­ces, in particular the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Rus­sian Academy of Sciences, is clarified. A comprehensive study of a particular sub­ject area is carried out on the basis of the eLibrary Scientific Electronic Library tool­kit. In the article considerable attention is paid to a new type of search using artificial intelligence (“neuropoisk”), identifying its advantages and disadvantages, as well as defining the subject area of the “civilization­al approach” using the keyword search. The importance of publications on library sci­ence, bibliography and book studies in the development of this topic is analyzed, the prospects for the use of library and sciento- metric analysis are determined.
लू उपन्यासमा विडम्बना {Irony in the Loo novel}
Authors: घर्ती Gharti दुर्गाबहादुर Durgabahadur
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेख नयनराज पाण्डेद्वारा लिखित लू उपन्यासमा प्रयुक्त विडम्बनाको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । यस उपन्यासमा पश्चिमी तराईको एउटा गाउँ पत्थरपुरवालाई कार्यपीठिका बनाइएको छ । समाजका व्यक्तिहरूले भोग्नुपरेका विभिन्न समस्याहरूको समग्रता नै यस उपन्यासको विषयसामग्री हो । विभिन्न पात्रहरूसँग सम्बन्धित घटना भएकाले उपन्यासको कथानक केही विशृङ्खलित जस्तो देखिए पनि तिनीहरूका साझा समस्या पनि छन् । प्राकृतिक प्रकोप, रोग, भोक, अज्ञान, अशिक्षा, अत्याचार, विदेशी हस्तक्षेप जस्ता कुरा सबैका साझा समस्या हुन् । पात्रका चारित्रिक विशेषता, तिनका व्यवहार र विचार विरोधाभासपूर्ण देखापर्दछन् । ती यावत् कुराहरूले उपन्यास विसङ्गतिपूर्ण बन्नपुगेको छ । त्यसप्रकारका विसङ्गतिप्रति उपन्यासमा कटाक्ष गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत उपन्यासमा विडम्बनाको व्यापक प्रयोग गरिएको छ । त्यसको अध्ययन यस लेखको मुख्य अभीष्ट हो । त्यसका लागि सामग्री सङ्कलन पुस्तकालयकार्यबाट गरिएको छ र गुणात्मक पद्धतिअन्तर्गत पाठविश्लेषण विधिमा सामग्रीको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । विडम्बनाको विश्लेषण गर्नका लागि विरोधाभास, विसङ्गति र कटाक्षलाई सूचक बनाइएको छ । समाजमा देखापरेका विरोधाभास र विसङ्गतिप्रति यस उपन्यासले तीव्र कटाक्ष गरेको छ र विडम्बनाको प्रयोगले प्रस्तुत उपन्यास निकै प्रभावोत्पादक बनेको छ भन्ने प्रस्तुत लेखको निष्कर्ष रहेको छ ।
स्वप्नदृष्टि यात्रा–महाकाव्यमा प्रगतिवादी चिन्तन {The Dreaming Journey – Progressive Thought in the Epic}
Authors: निरौला Niraula फणीन्द्रराज Fanindraraj
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेखमा रामप्रसाद ज्ञवालीद्वारा लिखित स्वप्नदृष्टि यात्रा–महाकाव्यको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसमा प्रगतिवादले आत्मसात् गरेका सैद्धान्तिक मान्यतालाई मूल आधार बनाएर नेपाली समाजका साथै चीन तथा उत्तरकोरियाका अनेक घटना तथा परिघटनाहरूको अभिव्यक्तिमा वर्गीय पक्षधरतालाई अनुसरण गरिएको निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । प्रगतिवादले अवलम्बन गर्ने वर्गीय पक्षधरता, वर्गीय उन्मुक्ति, समाज रूपान्तरण आदिको अध्ययन गर्नका लागि पुस्तकालय कार्यबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । गुणात्मक ढाँचाको यस लेखमा प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा स्वप्नदृष्टि महाकाव्यलाई लिइएको छ र यसबाट प्रगतिवादी चिन्तन झल्काउने गुणात्मक प्रकृतिका श्लोकहरू छनोट गरी ती सामग्रीको विश्लेषण र मूल्याङ्कन गरिएको छ र महाकाव्यभित्रका साक्ष्य र तर्कद्वारा अध्ययनमा प्रस्तुत दाबीलाई पुष्टि गरिएको छ । द्वितीयक सामग्रीका रूपमा पाश्चात्य समालोचना तथा प्रगतिवादीवादी मान्यतासँग सम्बन्धित सामग्रीको उपयोग गरिएको छ । महाकाव्यको अध्ययन गर्दा नेपालमा भएका उन्मुक्तिका सङ्घर्षहरू, अमेरिका र जापानले उत्तरकोरियामाथि गरेको पशुवत् क्रूरता र अत्याचारबाट त्यहाँका जनताले पाएको उन्मुक्ति र अन्तर्विरोधका सन्दर्भहरू, चिनियाँ र उत्तरकोरियाली जनताले साम्राज्यवादी एवं विस्तारवादीहरूका विरुद्ध लडेका थुप्रै पक्षहरूको अध्ययनबाट महाकाव्यकारले शोषितपीडित जनताका साथै कमजोर राष्ट्रमाथि शक्तिशाली राष्ट्रबाट भइरहेको अन्याय अत्याचार निर्मूल गरी श्रमजीवी जनताको मुक्तिका लागि वर्गसङ्र्षका माध्यमबाट सत्ताको रूपान्तरण अवश्यम्भावी रहेको वैचारिकी अभिव्यक्त भएको निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।
‘झोला’ कथामा नारीचेतना {Women's consciousness in the story of 'Jhola'}
Authors: ढकाल Dhakal फूलकुमारी Phulkumari
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेखमा नारीचेतनाका आधारमा ‘झोला’ कथाको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । प्राचीन पितृसत्तात्मक समाज व्यवस्थामा नारीले भोग्नुपरेको दु:ख, कष्ट, पीडा तथा नारीको व्यक्तिगत जीवन र जीवन भोगाइका विविध घटनाक्रमहरूले नै कथामा नारीचेतनाको सिर्जना भएको छ । पितृसत्तात्मक समाज व्यवस्थाबाट आक्रान्त नारी जनजीवनको विषय उठानका क्रममा कृतिमा व्यक्त नारीचेतनाको अध्ययन, पितृसत्ताको अध्ययन, पितृसत्ताले नारीमाथि गरेको अन्याय, अत्याचार, शोषण तथा दमनले ल्याएको नारीचेतनालाई केकसरी उठान गरेको छ ? भन्ने कुराको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । पितृसत्तात्मक सामाजिक व्यवस्था तथा त्यसको परिणाम र नारीलाई पुरुषको भोगविलासी वस्तुका रूपमा मात्र उपभोग गरी पशुभन्दा पनि तल्लो दर्जाको स्थान दिइने प्रवृत्तिलाई यस कथामा मुख्य रूपमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ । ‘झोला’ कथामा केकस्ता नारीवादी चिन्तन आएका छन् र तिनको प्रयोग कसरी गरिएको छ ? कथामा व्यक्त नारीवादले के कस्तो किसिमको सन्देश दिन खोजेको छ ? भन्ने कुराको खोजी गर्नु नै यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । त्यही नारीवादी सिद्घान्तका आधारमा मूलत: साहित्य, समाजव्यवस्था र नारीबिचको सम्बन्धलाई पितृसत्तात्मक शोषणको विरोध , पितृसत्ता र नारी उत्पीडन एवं संस्कृति र नारीविद्रोहका माध्यमबाट स्पष्ट रूपमा कथाको अध्ययन र विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अन्त्यमा कथालाई नारीचेतनाको सिद्धान्तका आधारमा यो कथा सफल, प्रभावकारी र सौन्दर्यपूर्ण नै छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
राहुल–यशोधरा संवाद गीतिनाटकमा विरहका अवस्था {Rahul-Yashodhara dialogue situation in Gitinataka}
Authors: पौड्याल Poudyal शालिकराम Shalikram
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेखमा लालगोपाल सुवेदीको राहुल यशोधरा संवाद गीतिनाटकमा पाइने विरहका अवस्थाको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसमा विवेच्य कृतिलाई आधारभूत सामग्रीका रूपमा र सैद्धान्तिक अध्ययनका लागि विविध सन्दर्भ सामग्रीलाई उपयोग गरिएको छ । दुवै प्रकृतिका स्रोतका सामग्रीको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालय कार्यबाट गरिएको छ । रससिद्धान्तअन्तर्गत व्यभिचारीभावमा रहेका भाव तथा साहित्यशास्त्रले स्वीकार गरेका विरहका दशओटा अवस्था अभिलाषा, चिन्ता, स्मृति, गुणकथन, उद्वेग, प्रलाप, उन्माद, जडता, व्याधि, मृत्युलाई आधार मानेर राहुल यशोधरा संवाद गीतिनाटककी मुख्य पात्र यशोधरामा पाइने विरहको अवस्थाको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । गीतिनाटकमा सिद्धार्थले ज्ञानप्राप्तिका लागि गृहत्याग गरेदेखि गृहप्रवेशसम्मका सन्दर्भमा यशोधराले भोगेको र बाँचेको जीवनमा विरहका अवस्थामा देखिएका छन् । शृङ्गार रसको वियोग पक्षमा हृदयको सूक्ष्म भाव तथा वृत्तिको प्रकाशन र प्रेमको शुद्ध रूपको प्रकटीकरण हुने भएकाले यसको परिष्कृत रूपमा विरहको अवस्था पाइन्छ । यस गीतिनाटकमा पनि यशोधराको सिद्धार्थसँग वियोग भएपछि उनको सम्झनामा रहेकी यशोधराको उनीप्रतिको आसक्तिमा विरहको अवस्था देखिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा यशोधराका विरहका अवस्थालाई विवेच्य कृतिबाट सन्दर्भ दिई पुष्टि गर्ने प्रयास गरिएको छ ।
‘गुनासो’ कथामा शृङ्गार र रौद्र रस {Sringar and Rudra Rasa in the story 'Gunaso'}
Authors: जोशी Joshi सरिता Sarita
Published: February 2025

नारीको जीवन भोगाइको सूक्ष्म अध्ययन गरी विविध आयाम र पाटाहरूको गहन विश्लेषण गरिएको गुनासो कथा रसविधान र नारीवादी प्रतिरोध चेतनालाई विषयवस्तु बनाइएको एक सशक्त कथा हो । प्रस्तुत आलेख गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको भएकाले पुस्तकालयबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । शृङ्गार रस र रौद्र रसलाई सैद्धान्तिक रूपमा देखाउँदै कथाको सूक्ष्म विश्लेषण गरिएको छ र विश्लेषणका क्रममा निगमनात्मक, वर्णनात्मक, व्याख्यात्मक विधि अवलम्बन गरेर निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ । पुरुषसत्तात्मक समाजमा पुरुषले महिलालाई केवल उपभोग्य वस्तु ठान्ने र महिलाले हर किसिमका दमन चुपचाप सहनुपर्ने धारणाको कथामा प्रतिरोध गरिएको छ । आलेखमा पूर्वीय नौ रसमध्ये शृङ्गार रस र रौद्र रसका विभिन्न रस सामाग्रीको विश्लेषण गर्दै गुनासो कथामा ती कसरी घटित भएका छन् भन्ने सन्दर्भलाई देखाइएको छ । सूर्य र आर्याको पे्रमसम्बन्ध, तय भएको बिहे छोडेर जानु, मनमुटाव, असमझदारी, एकअर्काप्रति शङ्काको भावना, सूर्यले आर्यालाई गरेको दुव्र्यवहार र सम्बन्ध विच्छेदजस्ता घटनाहरूको विश्लेषण शृङ्गार र रौद्र रसका माध्यमबाट गरिएको छ । सामाजिक र डायस्पोरिक जीवन शैलीलाई विषयवस्त बनाएर सरल र सहज शैलीमा लेखिएको गुनासो कथा आदित्य र आर्याको पे्रमसम्बन्धबाट रति स्थायीभाव हुने शृङ्गार रस र सम्बन्ध विच्छेदको घटनाले रौद्र रस परिपाक अवस्थामा पुगेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
ललितपुर राज्यको शासकवर्गका सांस्कृतिक कार्यमा आपसी अन्तद्र्वन्द्व {Conflict between the ruling classes of Lalitpur state in cultural activities}
Authors: सिलवाल Silwal केशवराज Keshavraj
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेखमा ललितपुरको इतिहासमा शासक वर्गका सांस्कृतिक कार्य, त्यसको प्रयोजन र तिनीहरूबिचको आपसी अन्तरद्वन्द्वबाट सिर्जित परिस्थितिको समाजशास्त्रीय विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नेपालको इतिहासमा किरात र लिच्छिबीकालमा ललितपुर छुट्टै राज्य थिएन । धेरैपछि मल्लकालमा मात्रै ललितपुर छुट्टै राज्य बन्यो, विभिन्न शासक फेरिए र सांस्कृतिक रूपमा समृद्ध भयो । ललितकलामा उत्कृष्ट भएपछि मात्र यसको नाम ललितपुर रहन गएको हो । त्यति बेलाको संस्कृति निर्माणमा शासकको महŒवपूर्ण योगदान हुँदाहुँदै पनि तिनीहरू बिचको अन्तरद्वन्द्वले थुप्रै पटक शक्तिको छिनाझपटी चलेको थियो र राजनीतिक उतारचढाव भएका थिए जसको समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययनको जरुरत पर्दछ । शासक वर्गले निर्माण गरेको संस्कृतिलाई पनि संरचनात्मक प्रकार्यात्मक, द्वन्द्ववादी दृष्टिकोण र साङ्केतिक अन्तक्र्रियाको सिद्धान्तबाट बुझ्न सकिन्छ र संस्कृतिको अध्ययनले समाजको निरन्तरता र विकास बुझ्न महŒवपूर्ण भूमिका निर्वाह गर्दछ । यसका लागि गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचा र वर्णनात्मक तथा विश्लेषणात्मक व्याख्या प्रयोग गरिएको छ । ललितपुरको इतिहासमा शासक वर्गको सांस्कृतिक कार्य र तिनीहरूबिचको अन्तरद्वन्द्वलाई समाजशास्त्रीय सिद्धान्तबाट हेर्दा विभिन्न अस्थिरता र राजनीतिक परिवर्तनबिच पनि ललितपुरले संस्कृतिलाई निरन्तरता दिन सफल देखिन्छ । भूमण्डलीकरणको युगमा समेत जात्रा संस्कृतिलाई कायम राख्न सक्नु नेवार वा ललितपुरवासीको एकता नै हो । बोर्दोउले भनेअनुसार ललितपुरको सांस्कृतिक पुँजी बलियो रहेको छ ।