bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of Beam-Matching between TrueBeam STx and Novalis Tx in Pre-Treatment Quality Assurance Using Portal Dosimetry
Authors: Rojas-López José Alejandro , Venencia Daniel
Published: May 2024

Flexibility and efficiency in a radiotherapy department with different linear accelerators (linacs) can be improved if they are dosimetrically equivalent, and there is no need of plan or patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) modification. From 2012 to 2017, our institution purchased three Novalis Tx and one TrueBeam STx beam-matched accelerators with the same high-resolution multileaf collimator (MLC). They are matched taking as reference dosimetric data from Novalis Tx SN-5479. We showed the importance of beam-matched dosimetric units by the use of electronic portal image device (EPID) and Delta4 PSQA. It was able to treat patients on a different machine than the machine used for PSQA. Depth dose, beam profiles, output factors, dosimetric leaf gap, and MLC transmission were compared for all energies and linacs. PSQA in all linacs for 30 volumetric-modulated arc therapy plans was also compared. Prostate, breast, and head-and-neck cases were selected to consider low, middle, and high plan complexity, respectively. The comparisons were evaluated using EPID and Delta4 phantom. Dosimetric differences between the three Novalis Tx and TrueBeam STx in all energies were lower than 1%. The only significant difference was observed in Novalis EPID in middle complexity when the criterion was tighter in distance. This result could be related with the nonsymmetric dose delivery of semi arcs. In all other cases, there were no differences in two different EPID evaluations. However, TrueBeam EPID values were slightly higher than Novalis EPID values. This could be associated with the high-resolution novel diode detector TrueBeam EPID. The dosimetric data indicated that the Novalis Tx and TrueBeam STx are equivalent. PSQA using EPID and Delta4 phantom showed that there are no dosimetric differences in any of the linacs. These results revealed the flexibility performance in PSQA by beam-matching.
Deep Learning Approach for Analyzing the COVID-19 Chest X-Rays
Authors: Manav Mohini , Goyal Monika , Kumar Anuj , Arya A. K. , Singh Hari , Yadav Arun Kumar
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze the utility of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in medical image analysis. In this study, deep learning (DL) models were used to classify the X-ray into COVID, viral pneumonia, and normal categories.

Materials and Methods

In this study, we have compared the results 9 layers CNN model (9 LC) developed by us with 2 transfer learning models (Visual Geometry Group) 16 and VGG19. Two different datasets used in this study were obtained from the Kaggle database and the Radiodiagnosis department of our institution.

Results

In our study, VGG16 yields the highest accuracy among all three models for different datasets as the Kaggle dataset-94.96% and the department of Radiodiagnosis dataset 85.71%. Although, the precision was found better while using 9 LC and VGG19 for both datasets.

Conclusions

DL can help the radiologists in the speedy prediction of diseases and detecting minor features of the disease which may be missed by the human eye. In the present study, we have used three models, i.e.,, CNN with 9 LCs, VGG16, and VGG19 transfer learning models for the classification of X-ray images with good accuracy and precision. DL may play a key role in analyzing the medical image dataset.
Estimating Absorbed Dose to Breast Adipose Tissue from Mammograms
Authors: Rashid Al Maqsudur , Dhakal Rabin , Moussa Hanna
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Breast cancer usually originates in the glandular tissue of the breast. However, inflamed adipose tissue surrounding glandular tissue may expedite the local growth of cancerous cells. Exposing adipose tissue to radiation during mammography might cause inflammation in adipose tissue. This inflammation depends on the dose, and thus on the energy deposited from the X-ray mammography. Therefore, estimating the absorbed dose to adipose tissue during mammography is essential in breast cancer research.

Materials and Methods

Absorbed dose to adipose tissue in the breast is determined using a new geometrical (semi-elliptical) model and Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code (MCNP6). X-ray mammogram images of patient breasts were taken as the basis of the new compressed breast geometry. The source probability density used in the MCNP6 code was generated from a published X-ray spectrum corresponding to tube voltage and air kerma. The relationship between various mammogram parameters such as peak tube voltage, compressed breast thickness, and adipose tissue weight fraction versus estimated absorbed dose is established for analysis.

Results

Significant influences of adipose tissue weight fraction on absorbed dose were observed.

Conclusion

Estimating the absorbed dose to breast adipose tissue during mammography and patients' degree of obesity are important factors in breast cancer research.
Dosimetric Comparison of Robotic and Linear Accelerator Multi-Leaf Collimator-Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformation
Authors: Kaliyaperumal Venkatesan , Abraham Susan , Veni Maragatha , Banerjee Susovan , Tamilselvan S , Gupta Deepak , Dayanithi K. , Manigandan D. , Mishra Saumyaranjan , Bisht Shyam Singh , Kataria Tejinder
Published: May 2024

Purpose:

To investigate the dosimetric comparison of different collimators which are used in robotic radiosurgery (cyberknife-CK) and linear accelerator (LINAC) for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in arteriovenous malformation (AVM).

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-five AVM patients were planned in CK using FIXED cone, IRIS collimator, and multi-leaf collimator (MLC) based in LINAC. Dosimetric comparison was performed using Paddick conformity index (CIPaddick) and International Commission on Radiation Units and measurements (ICRU) homogeneity index (HIICRU), gradient score (GS), normal brain dose received by 10cc (D10cc) and critical structure (brain stem, optic chiasma, optic nerves) doses. Paired sample t-test was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

Mean treatment volume was 3.16cc (standard deviation ± 4.91cc). No significant deviation (P =0.45, 0.237 for FIXED vs. IRIS and FIXED vs. MLC, respectively) was found in target coverage. For CIPaddick, the mean difference (MD) between FIXED- and MLC-based plans was 0.16(P = 0.001); For HIICRU, difference between FIXED and IRIS was insignificant (0.5, P = 0.823); but, when FIXED versus MLC, the deviation was 7.99% (P = 0.002). In FIXED- and MLC-based plans, significant difference was found in GS70 and GS40 (P < 0.041 and 0.005, respectively). MD between FIXED- and MLC-based plans for normal brain for 5Gy, 10Gy, 12Gy, and 20Gy were 36.08cc (P = 0.009), 7.12cc (P = 0.000), 5.84cc (P = 0.000) and 1.56cc (P = 0.000), respectively. AVM volume <0.7cc should be treated with CK FIXED and >0.7cc were treated by using FIXED or IRIS collimators. AVM volume > 1.4cc can be treated by either LINAC MLC-based SRS or CK.

Conclusion:

Our study shows CK collimator (IRIS and FIXED) could be able to treat brain AVMs in any size. Linac MLC-based SRS has some limitations in terms of conformity and low-dose spillage, and advantages like reduced treatment time and MU.
Repeatability of Small Field Output Factor Measurements with Various Detectors
Authors: Msimang Zakithi Lungile Mpumelelo , der Merwe Debbie van , Maphumulo Nkosingiphile
Published: May 2024

There are well established dosimetry reference standards for broad beams; however, there are no reference standards that can be used for both broad and small fields. The variation of the equivalent square fields and field output factors in small static photon fields when using a synthetic diamond, an electron diode, and ionization chambers (pin point, semiflex, and liquid filled) was investigated over time. Data from this study were compared to the data from other hospitals in the country and standard data sets, i.e., the British Journal of Radiology Supplement No. 25 of 1996 (BJR25) and the Radiological Physics Centre (RPC) 2012 data. The results showed that reliance on one detector and one measurement session, could yield incorrect field output factors (FOFs) for small fields. At least one of the detectors should be a solid state type with published field output correction factors and at least three measurement sessions should be performed for each FOF data point. Comparing measured data with published datasets, like RPC, will assist in verifying data. BJR25 datasets should not be used for S
clin ≤4 cm.
Establishment and Dissemination of Radiological Standards in the Field of Diagnostic Radiology in India
Authors: Panyam Vinatha Sumanth , Rakshit Sougata , Dhole Sanjay Daga , Patil Bhushankumar Jagnnath , Das Amaren Prasanna , Kossery Greeshma Anantharaman , Vilippalil Sathian , Chaudhury Probal
Published: May 2024

Background:

The increased use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic purpose has resulted in an increase in the world population dose. Patient dosimetry in X-ray diagnostic radiology is required to establish diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and to assess the average dose received by organs and tissues. International bodies have recommended DRLs to be based on dosimetric quantities.

Aim:

To cater to the increased requirement for dosimetry in diagnostic radiology, international guidelines are provided to establish and disseminate traceable calibration for dosimeters used in X-ray diagnostic radiology. X-ray diagnostic beams established are standardized using a diagnostic range free-air ionization chamber (DFAIC) (20-150 kV).

Materials and Methods:

Characterization of the DFAIC and determination of the correction factors for the air kerma measurements were evaluated experimentally and by theoretical calculations.

Results:

The paper details the establishment of 18 diagnostic beam qualities using DFAIC along with the associated uncertainties. The overall uncertainty for the air kerma measurements was within ±0.5% at 1 sigma level. Eight diagnostic range air kerma measurements using DFAIC were compared with the medium energy primary standard FAIC (50–300 kV) maintained in the laboratory.

Conclusion:

The air kerma rates agreed within ±1% and are within the overall standard uncertainty of both the chambers at the time of the comparison. Dissemination to the users in the field of diagnostic radiology in the country has been carried out by calibrating their ionization chambers and solid-state detector-based instruments against the DFAIC. The methodology followed to standardize the beams using DFAIC and calibration of dosimeters is presented in this work.
Spinal Anesthesia for a Rh Isommunized Pregnancy with Autologous Blood Transfusion: A Case Report
Authors: Kaur Pragya Preet , Singh Yudhyavir , Kumar Amit , Giridharan Nivedha
Published: May 2024

Autologous blood transfusion is defined as the collection of blood from the patient, either preoperatively or intraoperatively, and its transfusion back to the same patient as and when required. We report a case of a 23-year-old pregnant female, G3P1L1A1, presenting with severe Rh alloimmunization, along with a baby requiring intrauterine transfusion for fetal anemia, planned for elective cesarean section and autologous blood transfusion.
Comparative Evaluation of Two Doses of Phenylephrine Infusion to Prevent Intra-Operative Nausea and Vomiting during Elective Obstetric Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: Bedi Vikram , Jhawer Anchal , Choudhary Santosh , Sharma Sandeep , Pratibha Yadav , Sanghamitra Debbarma
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims:

Hypotension is very common after obstetric spinal anesthesia. Maternal hypotension in turn leads to intra-operative nausea and/or vomiting (IONV). We planned this study to compare the effect of phenylephrine infusion of 25 μg/min and 50 μg/min for preventing IONV in patients undergoing elective lower segment cesarean section.

Material and Methods:

This prospective double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial was conducted on 195 parturients with singleton pregnancy undergoing elective cesarean section under subarachnoid block. Parturients were randomly allocated into three groups, groups C, P25, and P50, to receive normal saline at 15 ml/hour, 100 μg/ml phenylephrine as 15 ml/hour infusion (dose 25 μg/min), and 200 μg/ml phenylephrine as 15 ml/hour infusion (dose 50 μg/min), respectively. Groups were compared with regard to incidence of IONV, rescue mephentermin consumption, hemodynamic parameters, neonatal outcome, and adverse effects. Categorical data were presented as number and compared using Chi-square test. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD and compared using t-test or ANOVA. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Group PE50 experienced a significantly lesser number of episodes of IONV compared to group PE25 and group C (0.09 ± 0.29 versus 0.23 ± 0.42 and 0.55 ± 0.84, respectively; P < 0.05). Group PE50 also required a significantly lesser number of rescue mephentermine for hypotension when compared to groups PE25 and C (0.00 v/s 0.18 ± 1.04 v/s 3.13 ± 5.31, P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in number of patients experiencing IONV between the three groups (32% in PE50, 23% in PE25, 9% in C).

Conclusion:

Infusion of 50 microgram/min phenylephrine is superior to 25 microgram/min infusion and placebo to control IONV with significantly reduced cumulative rescue vasopressor consumption in patients undergoing elective cesarean section under subarachnoid block (SAB).
Segmental Stabilization of Multilevel Noncontiguous Spinal Fracture
Authors: Prasad T. M. Suhruth , Nehal N.
Published: May 2024

A multilevel noncontiguous spinal fracture (MNSF) is defined as a spinal injury at two or more levels separated by single or multiple normal vertebrae. We report a case of MNSF having D6, D11, and D12 fractures with AIS-ASIA B. The patient underwent segmented posterior stabilization from D5 to L1 along with decompression at D11. Secondary or tertiary lesions are always overlooked during preliminary physical examination and investigations. Early diagnosis of these lesions and definitive planning before surgery will prevent complication-related lesions or hardware.
A Purely Lumbar Spinal Neurenteric Cyst with Vertebral Destruction: An Unusual Presentation with Review of Literature
Authors: Shah Het Sanjay , Goyal Sarvesh , Borkar Sachin A.
Published: May 2024

Neurenteric cysts are one of the uncommon differentials for cystic lesions of the spine. Occurring most commonly in the cervical and cervicothoracic regions, purely lumbar neurenteric cysts are extremely rare entities. Here, we describe a case of a 25-year-old female patient who presented with complaints of chronic low back aches and difficulty in walking and underwent surgery. Histopathological examination revealed a neurenteric cyst. We also discuss relevant literature on the embryological, radiological, and clinicopathological aspects of purely lumbar neurenteric cysts.
The frequencies distribution of CYP3A5 rs776746 and ABCB1 rs1045642 polymorphisms in the west Algerian population and relationships with pharmacogenetics
Authors: Ammour Amina , Aberkane Meriem , Boudjema Abdallah , Boughrara Wefa , Mediene Benchekor Sounnia
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Pharmacogenetic markers, such as the ATP Binding Cassette (ABCB1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 enzymes,play a crucial role in personalized medicine by influencing drug efficacy and toxicity based on individuals' or populations'genetic variations.This study aims to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 (rs776746) and ABCB1 (rs1045642) in the West Algerianpopulation and compare the genotypes and allelic distributions with those of various ethnic groups.
Methods: The study involved 472 unrelated healthy subjects from the Western Algerian population. DNA genotyping wasperformed using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. The variants in our population were compared to those in other ethnicgroups available in the 1000 Genomes Project. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated using the chi-square test and theHardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE)
Results: The minor allele frequencies were found to be 0.21 for CYP3A5 6986A and 0.34 for ABCB1 3435T. These frequencieswere similar to those observed in North African populations, while notable differences were observed in comparison to certainCaucasian and African populations.
Conclusion: The difference in the allelic and genotypic distribution of these polymorphisms emphasize the need for dose adjustmentsin drugs metabolized by CYP3A5 and transported by ABCB1 to optimize treatments outcomes.
Keywords: CYP3A5; ABCB1; genetic polymorphism; pharmacogenetics; West Algeria.
Peptide-rich extracts from leaves of Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex. Bureau (Bignoniaceae) with antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality activities
Authors: Nkumah Abraham O. , Kehinde Christianah T. , Oluremi Bolaji B. , Attah Alfred F. , Ogbole Omonike O.
Published: May 2024

Global concerns over antibiotic-resistant microbial pathogens have spurred a quest for innovative, stable, and target-specific molecules like bioactive peptides. This study evaluates the antimicrobial properties and toxicity of peptide-enriched extracts from Newbouldia laevis leaves. Aqueous extraction, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and Phenomenex's Stratum Giant Tube C18-E were used to obtain partly purified fraction (PPF) and crude peptide extracts (CPE). Antimicrobial inhibitory capacity was determined using p-INT dye, with gentamicin and fluconazole as standards. Cytotoxicity was assessed with Artemia salina nauplii. Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism 5 was used in analysing the data. Peptides were detected in CPE and PPF via TLC and modified G-250. PPF demonstrated more efficacy (IC50: 5.89μg/mL to 33.94μg/mL) against bacteria and fungi, with low toxicity (LC50: 5964.87μg/mL for PPFand 1094.20μg/mL for CPE) in the Brine shrimp lethality assay. The study presents the discovery of bioactive peptides from the leaves of Newbouldia laevis. Consequently, bioactive peptides extracted from this plant hold potential as foundational compounds for the development of novel broad-spectrum antibiotics aimed at combating microbial infections.
Synergistic effect of combined multiple plants extract on some blood cell indices of diabetic rats
Authors: Nnadiukwu C.U. , Nnadiukwu T.A. , Ajuru G. , Ogono T.G.
Published: May 2024

This study evaluated the impact of combined therapy of multiple plants extract of Cnestis ferruginea, Xylopia aethiopica, Palisota hirsuta, Scleria sp., Napoleona imperialis, Dialium guineense, Combretum racemosun, Heterotis rotundifolia leaves, stem of Sphenocentrum jollynum stem, and root of Uvaria chamae on blood cell indices of diabetics. Female Wistar rats of 40 – 50 g and fifty-four (54) in number were used for this study. They were assembled into 6 groups of 9 rats each. Group I served as the normal control (NC) while the remaining five groups were induced with diabetes type 2 using high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and asingle dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 35 mg/kg body weight. Group II was the diabetic control (DC) while the other groups (III, IV, V & VI) were orally administered 7.2 mg/kg metformin and the cocktail extract at three different concentrations of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg respectively. Diabetes was established after HFD and STZ administration. Blood cell indices such as platelets, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and differentials were evaluated after twelve weeks of treatment using a hematology auto- analyzer. Results obtained showed that the diabetic control group recorded lower platelets, RBC, WBC, neutrophil and eosinophil as well as higher lymphocyte and monocyte when compared to the groups administered the cocktail extract and other experimental groups. This study revealed that the combined therapy of the multiple plants extract has positive effect on blood cell indices and can be adopted as a blood cell boosting agent.
Geological and geochemical analyses of pegmatites in Egbe, Isanlu (sheet 225), Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Adoze U.J. , Abubakar F. , Ochu G.D. , Danga O.A. , Adamu M.L. , Baba Y.
Published: May 2024

The hitherto pegmatite of the Egbe area has been known to bear valuable economic minerals. They are associated with other rock types including banded gneiss, schist, amphibolite, and granites. These pegmatites and the host rocks were studied in detail to elucidate their petrochemical and geochemical features and also to assess the mineralization of Tantalum- iobium and other minerals. Geological field mapping was done, thin section-petrographic analysis of ten representative rock samples was performed and nineteen whole-rock samples were analyzed for major and trace elements including REES aided by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Boron- Fusion-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), and Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) for Fluorine at Acme Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada. The general structural trend of the area under study is WNW-ESE and foliations of N-S strike were observed in the banded gneiss and schist which also exhibit asymmetric and isoclinals folding respectively. The tantalite-columbite mineralization is associated with the NE-SW trending pegmatite dykes. The mineralized pegmatites are genetically related to the peraluminous S-type granite. The minerals (i.e., Albite, lepidolite and muscovite) extracted from the pegmatites are well enriched in Li, Rb, Cs, Nb and Ta compared to the host rocks. The rare-metal pegmatites exhibit pronounced negative Ce and Eu anomalies and also show weak negative Yb anomalies while the barren pegmatites have positive Ce and weak negative Eu anomalies and exhibit weak positive Yb anomalies. The pegmatites are moderately evolved compared with other highly mineralized pegmatites. The pegmatites from Igbaruku and one from the Okere area are of the rare-metal pegmatite and they are moderately fractionated while the barren pegmatite from Egbe and one from Okere are unfractionated. The economic mineral within the Egbe area is tantalite, with every possibility that the tantalite-columbite enrichment is ferrotantalite-columbite and manganotantalite columbite.
Comparative analysis of three methods for screening for colistin resistant Escherichia coli
Authors: Oseri M.O. , Otokunefor K. , Akomah-Abadaike O.N.
Published: May 2024

The usage of colistin regarded as a drug of last resort has increased tremendously in recent years. This increase has been followed by an increase in the development of colistin resistant bacteria. Due the large size of colistin and its ability to adhere to plastic, the broth microdilution method using a special medium is the recommended testing method. Resource limited settings struggle with this method and employ alternate methods. This study therefore set out to determine colistin resistance in a group of Escherichia coli using three different methods comprised of colistin agar spot test (COL-AS), colistin drop test (COL-DT) and a disc diffusion method. A total of 51 Escherichia coli isolated from wound samples were screened for colistin resistance using the COLAS, COL-DT and colistin disc diffusion methods. Results showed a combined resistance rate of 96.1% among test isolates. Actual resistance rates varied between testing methods giving values of ranging from 37.3%, 66.0% and 88.2% for COL- DT, colistin disc diffusion methods and COL-A respectively. An assessment of test performance showed categorical agreement values and very major error values of 57.1%/36.7% for COL-DT and 63.3%/8.2% for COL-A. Results of this study show a high-level occurrence of colistin resistance among clinical Escherichia coli isolates. Furthermore, it demonstrates the superiority of the colistin agar test to the colistin drop test. It also points at a need to use higher concentrations of colistin in the screening tests.
Evaluation of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations in shrimp (Penaeus monodon), sediment and surrounding water of the Mangrove Swamps, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Efekemo O. , Osuvwe O. C. , Davies I. C.
Published: May 2024

The study focused on the evaluation of the physiochemical and heavy metal concentration in shrimp (P. monodon), sediments and surface water of Ikpukulu, Kalio, and Ogoloma swamps in Okrika Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. The following parameters were examined: temperature, potential hydrogen, electrical conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved oxygen, temperature, and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Cr) in surface water, sediments, and shrimp. The pH values (p > 0.05) did not significantly differ amongst the stations. The three sampling station readings of pH were below WHO and FEPA (standards). The temperature data from the three stations did not show any significant differences (p > 0.05), but when compared to the standards, all of the readings were much lower. Result from Ogoloma showed that it had lowest electrical conductivity ratings of the three stations, although overall, the values were higher than the norms. At Kalio, the highest Total Dissolved Solids value (9348.6 ± 67 mg/L) was recorded. When compared to the standards, the salinity values of the three stations were noticeably higher. For Biological oxygen demand, there was no significant (p>0.05) difference between the three stations, but comparing the values to the standards they were all significantly (p>0.05) lower. Heavy metal analysis showed that in the sediment, Copper concentration at Ogoloma was significantly (p>0.05) higher among the three metals in the three stations. Copper and chromium concentrations in the three stations were much higher than the standard. Among the three metals found in the water at the three stations, copper had the highest quantities; the content of copper in Ogoloma was noticeably greater than the standard. Of the threelocations, Ogoloma exhibited a noticeably greater concentration of copper for Shrimp. Thefindings highlight the necessity for preventative action by pointing to an increase in heavy metalconcentrations in the Mangrove swamp area.
Evaluation of antioxidant potential of crude extract of metabolites from endophytic fungi isolated from Annona senegalensis Pers
Authors: Onah A. I. , Berebon D. P. , Onah E. S. , Ibezim E. C. , Attama A.A., , Nwobodo D. , Ugwu M.C.
Published: May 2024

Degenerative diseases resulting from free radicals can be prevented through the use of natural antioxidants. This study aimed to assess the free radical scavenging potential of the underexplored endophytic fungal metabolites from Annona senegalensis Pers (wild custard apple). Freshly collected root, midrib, and leaf tissues were planted on malt extract agar following surface sterilization with 70% ethanol for 3 minutes, washed twice with distilled water, immersed in a sodium hypochlorite solution (4%) for 5 minutes, and subsequently rinsed with sterile water. Seven endophytic fungi were isolated, and the antioxidant activity of their metabolites was evaluated using the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method, with ascorbic acid serving as a reference antioxidant. The crude extract from the seven endophytic fungal isolates demonstrated concentration- dependent antioxidant activities. LB2 exhibited a strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 38.15 μg/ml. Extracts from RT1 and LB1 showed antioxidant activities, with the highest inhibition of 60% and 65%, respectively, observed at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml. This was compared favorably to ascorbic acid, which exhibited 94% inhibition. This indicates that the crude extract from endophytic fungi isolated from A. senegalensis possesses free radical scavenging properties. Further purification and elucidation of the crude extract will reveal the bioactive compounds responsible for the antioxidant activities.
Remediation of crude oil polluted soil using a combination of macerated cobs of Zea mays and Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Okpa A. M. , Monago-Ighorodje C. C. , Baabel K. , Ezim O. E.
Published: May 2024

This study evaluated the bio-absorptive potentials of Pleurotus ostreatus and macerated cobs of Zea mays in the remediation of crude oil polluted soil. Crude oil contaminated soil was collected from B-Dere community located in Gokana L.G.A, Rivers State and analyzed for physicochemical, Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal. The crude oil polluted soil sample was divided into five parts of 2,000 g each with the following quantity of macerated cobs of Zea mays, P. ostreatus and triton x- 00 added and labeled thus: a) Polluted soil without treatment – cell A (control sample), b) 20ml of triton x-100 - cell B, c) 150 g of macerated cob of Zea mays – cell C, d) 150 g of P. ostreatus – cell D and e) 100 g of macerated cobs of Zea mays and P. ostreatus(i.e. 50 g each) – cell E.Soil samples were collected six (6) weeks after treatment with macerated cobs of Zea mays and P. ostreatus and incubated in sterile plastic bags and transferred to the laboratory for physicochemical, TPH, PAHs and heavy metal analyses. There were significant changes in the mean physico-chemical parameters before remediation (i.e., week 0) and remediation. After 6 weeks of remediation, TPH and PAHs concentration across all the cells were significantly (p< 0.05) reduced. The remediation process led to a notable reduction in TPH, PAHs and heavy metal concentrations suggesting its effectiveness in removal of these toxicants. Thus, the combination method is more effective and can enhance bioremediation process as well as solve the problem of waste management and utilization.
An enhanced Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for the detection of lung cancer using X-Ray image
Authors: Oyovwe B. E. , Edje A. E. , Omede E. , Ogeh C.
Published: May 2024

Lung Cancer is a life-threatening disease which can be diagnosed by Medical Imaging such as X-Ray, MRI, CT Scan etc. This research presented an enhanced model using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to detect lung cancer using X-Ray image. Medical image processing relies heavily on the diagnosis of lung cancer images. It aids doctors in determining the correct diagnosis and management. For many patients, lung cancer ranks among the mostdeadly diseases. Many lives can be saved if cancerous growth is diagnosed early. The purported model was predominantly built on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture and the model was built with enhanced features such as Image Enhancement, Segmenting ROI (Region of Interest), Features Extraction and Nodule Classification. In preprocessing stage, the AMF (Adaptive Median Filter) filtering method was applied to eliminate noise in X-Ray image of the dataset, and quality of X-Ray image was improved with the support of CLAHE (Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization). Secondly, K-means Clustering algorithm was used to extract the relevant feature or Region of Interest (ROI) of the lung field automatically i.e. the model was effectively trained to identify and crop the exact location of the lung field automatically. The model was able to classify the cancer nodule as either Cancerous or Non-Cancerous. The framework worked on C# platform, and used EMGU for detection of the tumour in the lung xray image. Experimental result showed that the developed system was able to detect Lung Cancer with 90.77% accuracy, 86.65% precision and 95.31% Recall/Sensitivity.
Economic evaluation of mineral deposit: A bottom-up approach
Authors: Ononuju F.N. , Nwosu J.I. , Ukaegbu V.U.
Published: May 2024

Proper economic evaluation of a mineral deposit is critical to effective investment decision-making in a mineral project. However, this often requires detailed mine production scheduling to produce a schedule that reflects the actual cash flow when the project comes on stream. Because of the dexterity required for this task many mine planners and explorationist attempt to use statistical formulas that approximate the mine scheduling and value of the project. The mathematical model developed for production scheduling often produces a constant production rate schedule over an approximate life span of the project. In this paper, we have attempted to apply a bottom-up approach that begins with geometrical modelling and equipment deployment pattern to define the number of equipment required for each sequence of operation based on available workfront in the development of each bench. Then, based on the number of equipment and the production rate at each sequence of operations, a production schedule is developed. This production schedule therefore will reflect annual cash flow since it is based on the sequence of operation. Application of this method on the west pit of Itakpe mine shows a considerable net present value and internal rate of return of the deposit compared with the evaluation made using statistical models. The NPV of the west pit was found to be USD621 million as against USD122.41 million using Nwosu’s formula and USD123.85 million Taylor’s formula. The above value of NPV using the proposed method shows the maximum expected NPV of the mineral project-based technical restrictions. An understanding of this value can guide the mineral property owner in decision-making.
Storage implications on the microbiological quality of some locally manufactured pharmaceuticals
Authors: Azuike I.C. , Ogbonna O. , Ire F.S.
Published: May 2024

Pharmaceutical products non-sterile are expected to have a minimal microbial load which must not exceed the limits as stated in pharmacopoeia monographs. This study attempted to evaluate storage implications on the microbiological quality of some non-sterile pharmaceutical products manufactured locally in some states in south east Nigeria. Twenty brands of pharmaceutical products comprising 13 tablets, 5 capsules and 2 suspension procured from patent medicine and local drug markets in Aba and Enugu states were stored at room temperature (25oC) for 6 months. Microbial growth was evaluated at 0 and 6 months using standard microbiological procedures including Total aerobic bacteria plate count, isolation, characterization and identification of microbial contaminants. The results from the study showed that 55% and 30% of the pharmaceutical products had bacteria and fungi contamination at 0 month which increased to 70% and 50% at 6 months storage period respectively. Statistical analysis showed there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in growth of micro-organisms at 6 months for both bacteria and the fungi/moulds (p < 0.05). The isolated bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli while the fungi include Trichosporonasahii, Curvularia bothriochloae, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis. All contaminated samples had microbial counts above the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) acceptabl limit of 103 and 102 CFU/ml for bacteria and fungi respectively. This can be attributed to poor adherence to current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) by the manufacturers. Thus, it is recommended that manufacturers adhere strictly to cGMP and storage conditions stated on these pharmaceutical products followed strictly during distribution and storage to reduce the levels of microbial contamination.
Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis and Adansonia digitata against selected clinical bacteria pathogens
Authors: Udoh I.P. , Eze C.U. , Berebon D.P.
Published: May 2024

The powdered plant parts (bark, stem, and leaf) were extracted with methanol, and cold and hot water using the maceration method. A modified agar well diffusion technique was used for the assessment of the antibacterial activities of the aqueous and methanol extracts of J. tanjorensis and A. digitata. The methanol extract of A. digitata bark gave the highest yield of 75 % while the lowest yield was observed with the cold water extract of A. digitata bark of 33 %. The phytochemical screening showed an abundance of alkaloids, terpernoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannin, glycoside, and phenol. The bark, leaf, and stem of J. tanjorensis and A. digitata showed varying degrees of antibacterial activities. against the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp, and Klebsiella spp) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumonia). The bark, stem, and leaf extract of J. tanjorenis significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited all the pathogens except P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.The result of the minimum bactericidal concentration MBC for the combined extracts of A. digitata and J. tanjorenis subfractions showed that the extracts have greater antibacterial activities at concentrations not lesser than 100 mg/ml. Thus, J. tanjorensis and A. digitata could be used as potent herbal remedies to mitigate the adverse effects of Gram-negative and positive clinical pathogens. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis and Adansonia digitata against selected Clinical bacteria pathogens.
Hydrocarbon production potential of paralic reservoirs from the Niger Delta basin: Evidence from ichnological studies
Authors: Efemena O.O. , Ugwueze C. U
Published: May 2024

Reservoir ichnological study was employed to improve on the inconsistencies and poor interpretation of hydrocarbon-bearing strata within the multipartite maturing terrain of the onshore Niger Delta basin. Ichnofacies characterization revealed two distinctive trace fossil suites that both reflected different feeding behaviours and responses to substrate consistency, which assisted in the high-resolution assessment of facies constituting the paralic reservoirs. Fifteen potential reservoir intervals were subdivided into productive and non-productive as revealed on core slabs as well as well log signatures. Fluctuating river sediment influx has been considered to be detrimental to the colonization of the channel deposits and barrier bars, which resulted in excellent hydrocarbon reservoirs in the study area. The sandstone facies, characterized by sparse bioturbation and extensive bedding, displays imprints of Ophiomorpha, Thalassinoides, and Palaeophycus. The removal of these imprints has minimized subtle heterogeneities, resulting in more uniform reservoir characteristics. This uniformity has favored the accumulation of hydrocarbons within the point bars.Biogenicchurning of bedded sediment generated a poorer sorting index thereby reducing the reservoir quality at 9866-9840ft, 9154-9120ft, and 9090- 060ft depth intervals, which has been interpreted to represent poor reservoir potentials. However, it is advised that future investigations should focus on the forced regressive shoreface and delta front reservoirs of the studied interval for its internal continuity that may contain maximum production potential.
Yaşlının Güçlenmesinde Refah Devleti Politikalarının Önemi
Authors: Baran Aylin Görgün , Taşcı Cansu
Published: May 2024

Yaşlı nüfusunun giderek küresel düzeyde artış göstermesi ve ekonomik krizlerin yaşanması yaşlı yok-sulluğunu artırmakta ve yaşlı refahının düşmesine neden olmaktadır. Devletler tarafından uygun politi-kalar geliştirilemediği için tüm dünyada yaşlı bireyler diğer nüfus gruplarına nazaran birçok haktan yoksun biçimde eşitsiz koşullarda ve yoksulluk içinde yaşamaktadır. Bu durum ülkelerin bu konudaki politikalarını gözden geçirmelerini gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmada yaşlı refahının tesis edilmesi adına hem bireysel hem de kamusal anlamda yaşlı bireylerin refahının arttırılmasında bir güçlenme politikası geliştirmenin önemine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmanın konusu yaşlı refahının arttırılmasında refah devleti politikalarının rolü ve öneminin ne olduğunun araştırılmasına ilişkindir. Bu çalışmanın amacı hangi refah politikalarının yaşlı refahının yükseltilmesinde etkili olduğunu tespit etmektir. Çalışma literatür tarama-sına yönelik bir değerlendirmeyi içermektedir. Makalede, yaşlı refahında hangi kriterlerin rol oynadığı, farklı refah devleti rejimlerinin uygulamalarında göreli olarak en başarılı model ve ülkelerin hangisi olduğu, Türkiye’nin hangi refah modeline dahil edildiği sorularının yanıtı aranmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre 4 ayrı tip refah devleti modellerinde en başarılı modelin “sosyal demokrasi refah devleti” olduğu ve bunun da Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinin uygulamalarında görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Öte yandan Türkiye’nin dağınık ve parçalı olan yaşlı refahı uygulamaları Güney Avrupa Refah Rejimi modeline (GAR Rejimi) denk düştüğü ve uygulamaların büyük ölçüde eşitsizlik ve ayrımcılık içerdiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak Türkiye’de yaşlı refahının yükselmesinde neo-liberal politikaları uygulamak yerine Esping-Andersen’in belirttiği sosyal refah devleti modeli uygulamalarına önem verilmesi gerektiği önerilmiştir.
Problemática Suicida. Un Estudio Descriptivo de los Ingresos por Guardia en Hospital General de la Ciudad de Paraná Entre 2018 y 2022
Authors: Rodríguez Lucas Marcelo , Nesa María Paula , Correa María Fernanda , García Abib Sabrina , Vera Norma María del Rosario , Beltrame María Lucía , Herrero Sofía Elena , Ojeda Mariana
Published: May 2024

La problemática suicida es un problema de salud pública. El presente trabajo se realizó en el contexto de los ingresos por guardia del Hospital San Martín de Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina que tuviese alguno de los siguientes motivos de consulta: intento de suicidio, conductas autolesivas sin intencionalidad de muerte e intentos de suicidio en contexto de consumo problemático de sustancias en el período 2018 – 2022. Los objetivos fueron: describir la frecuencia de motivos de consulta dentro de la problemática suicida en el período 2018-2022; evaluar la asociación entre los motivos de consulta y el año de ingreso; los motivos de consulta y el sexo; los motivos de consulta y la edad de los sujetos; y describir los factores protectores y de riesgo. Se trabajó con 893 historias clínicas, las cuales correspondían a 295 varones (33%) y 598 mujeres (67%) de entre 15 y 93 años (M= 31.16 DS= 14.76). Se utilizó un cuestionario confeccionado por expertos en la temática en salud mental del hospital. Se obtuvieron frecuencias y se calcularon Chi cuadrados de Pearson para evaluar la asociación entre variables categóricas. Se halló asociación entre motivo de consulta y año de ingreso, con aumento de frecuencia de autolesiones sin intencionalidad de muerte en 2022; un aumento de intentos de suicidios en contexto de consumo problemático en 2021. Se observó asociación entre motivo de consulta y edad con un aumento de intento de suicidios en jóvenes y un aumento de autolesiones sin intencionalidad de muerte en la adultez media. Se observó asociación entre motivo de consulta y edad. Como factor de riesgo se destaca la presencia de factores vitales estresantes y como factores protectores se destaca el apoyo familiar, aunque disminuye en adolescentes y jóvenes la escolarización, y el apoyo de pares.
DIGITALNA EKONOMIJA I DIGITALIZACIJA MEDIJA
Authors:   Univerziteta Educons – Fakultet za poslovnu ekonomiju Sremska Kamenica, Cvetanović Slobodan , Ljajić Samir ,   Univerzitet u Novom Pazaru Novi Pazar, Despotović Lena ,   Univerzitet u Valensiji – Fakultet za poslovni menadžment Valensija, Španija
Published: May 2024

Digitalna tehnologija je u ovom veku korenito redizajnirala noseće oblike poslovanja, sisteme obrazovanja, razonode, kao I načine pružanja javnih usluga. Promene su sve očiglednije i radikalnije na nivou pojedinaca, organizacija bez izuzetaka i društva u celini. U rаdu je najpre učinjen pokušaj eksplikacije sadržajne obuhvanosti fenomena digitalizacije, posebno sa aspekta različitih opsega digitalne ekonomije kao nove razvojne paradigme. Potom je fenomen digitalizacije posmatran u svojstvu pokretača savremenog društvenog i ekonomskog razvoja. Detaljno je prezentovana strukturu Indeksa digitalne ekonomije i društva kao pokazatelja dostignutog nivoa digitalizacije zemalja EU. Najzad, istaknute su posebnosti procesa digitalizacije u medijskim organizacijama
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Berbasis Simulasi Terhadap Pengembangan Kreativitas Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Drama Kelas VIII SMP Islam Terampil NWDI Pancor Kopong
Authors: Ramlah H.A. Gani  , Titin Ernawati  , Herman Wijaya
Published: May 2024

Pembelajaran Berbasis Simulasi dalam kurikulum sebagai upaya untuk menciptakan lingkungan pembelajaran yang memotivasi dan memperkaya bagi siswa  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh Pembelajaran Berbasis Simulasi terhadap pengembangan kreativitas siswa dalam pembelajaran drama di kelas VIII SMP Islam Terampil  NWDI Pancor Kopong Tahun Pelajaran 2023/2024. Metode simulasi diterapkan pada kelompok eksperimen sementara metode konvensional digunakan pada kelompok kontrol. Data dikumpulkan melalui pre-test dan post-test serta analisis statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata (mean) pada post-test kelompok eksperimen (74,96) signifikan lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol (69,91). Selain itu, siswa yang menerima pembelajaran berbasis simulasi dikategorikan memiliki kreativitas tinggi, sementara siswa yang menerima pembelajaran konvensional dikategorikan memiliki kreativitas sedang. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa t-hitung (3,045) lebih besar daripada t-tabel (2,014), sehingga hipotesis alternatif (Ha) diterima dan hipotesis nol (Ho) ditolak. Kesimpulan ini mengindikasikan bahwa Pembelajaran Berbasis Simulasi secara efektif mempengaruhi pengembangan kreativitas siswa dalam pembelajaran drama, memberikan bukti empiris yang kuat untuk pendekatan pembelajaran ini dalam meningkatkan prestasi siswa di SMP Islam Terampil NW Pancor Kopong.
Pasivos ambientales del subsector hidrocarburos y sitios impactados: un análisis de su situación actual y perspectiva
Authors: Bazán­-Suárez Daimer E. , Morales­-Ramírez Mirko J. , Rengifo­ Gonzales Livinston , Urday-­Valdivia Gabriela A.
Published: May 2024

El aprovechamiento de hidrocarburos en el Perú inició en 1863, en un contexto en el cual la regulación ambiental era inexistente; como consecuencia, la generación de pasivos ambientales derivados de esta actividad fue abundante. Objetivo.Analizar la situación actual en cuanto a la gestión de los pasivos ambientales del subsector hidrocarburos (en adelante, PASH) y sitios impactados (en adelante, SIM) en el Perú. Metodología. Implicó el análisis de información documental, en gran parte remitida por el Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental (OEFA) y el Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM), mediante el acceso a la información pública. Resultados. La gestión de los PASH y los SIM en el Perú aún se encuentra en una etapa inicial, siendo las acciones de identificación las que presentan un mayor avance respecto a la determinación de responsables y la aprobación de los planes de abandono y planes de rehabilitación. Conclusiones. En lo posterior se requerirán de mayores esfuerzos para lograr un adecuado saneamiento ambiental de estos espacios; lo cual estaría estrechamente ligado al compromiso y la eficacia con la que se desempeñen cada una de las instituciones involucradas.