bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recipes for Successful Sustainability: Empirical Organizational Configurations for Strong Corporate Environmental Performance
Authors: Walker Kent , Ni Na , Dyck Bruno
Published: July 2013

We examine 45 existing case studies of firms with strong corporate environmental performance (CEP) to empirically identify four organizational configurations for successful sustainability. These four configurations represent different combinations of variables describing a firm's external environment, organizational structure, and its strategy‐related activities. More specifically, these configurations vary in having a benign or challenging external environment, a mechanistic or organic structure, a low‐cost or differentiation strategy, hands‐on or hands‐off participation by the top management team, high or low consideration given to stakeholders, and a short‐ or long‐term time orientation. Taken together the four organizational configurations introduce an understanding of equifinality for achieving CEP. In other words, given an adequate variety of ingredients, there are multiple recipes for successful sustainability. Implications for scholars, practitioners and policy‐makers and other stakeholders are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
PD‐1 as a potential target in cancer therapy
Authors: McDermott David F. , Atkins Michael B.
Published: July 2013

Recently, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the host response to tumors has led to the identification of checkpoint signaling pathways involved in limiting the anticancer immune response. One of the most critical checkpoint pathways responsible for mediating tumor‐induced immune suppression is the programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) pathway, normally involved in promoting tolerance and preventing tissue damage in settings of chronic inflammation. Many human solid tumors express PD ligand 1 (PD‐L1), and this is often associated with a worse prognosis. Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes from patients with cancer typically express PD‐1 and have impaired antitumor functionality. Proof‐of‐concept has come from several preclinical studies in which blockade of PD‐1 or PD‐L1 enhanced T‐cell function and tumor cell lysis. Three monoclonal antibodies against PD‐1, and one against PD‐L1, have reported phase 1 data. All four agents have shown encouraging preliminary activity, and those that have been evaluated in larger patient populations appear to have encouraging safety profiles. Additional data are eagerly awaited. This review summarizes emerging clinical data and potential of PD‐1 pathway–targeted antibodies in development. If subsequent investigations confirm the initial results, it is conceivable that agents blocking the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway will prove valuable additions to the growing armamentarium of targeted immunotherapeutic agents.
Unraveling the Interaction between the LPS O‐Antigen of Burkholderia anthina and the 5D8 Monoclonal Antibody by Using a Multidisciplinary Chemical Approach, with Synthesis, NMR, and Molecular Modeling Methods
Authors: Marchetti Roberta , Canales Angeles , Lanzetta Rosa , Nilsson Inga , Vogel Christian , Reed Dana E. , AuCoin David P. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Molinaro Antonio , Silipo Alba
Published: July 2013

The interaction between the O‐chain from the lipopolysaccharide from Burkholderia anthina and a lipopolysaccharide‐specific monoclonal antibody (5D8) has been studied at high resolution by NMR spectroscopy. In particular, the 5D8‐bound epitope of the saccharide entity has been unraveled by a combination of saturation transfer difference (STD) and transferred NOESY (tr‐NOESY) experiments performed on the 5D8/polysaccharide complex. To dissect the fine details of the molecular recognition events, further experiments with simpler carbohydrate ligands were carried out. Thus, experiments were also performed with ad hoc synthesized trisaccharide and hexasaccharide O‐antigen repeating units. By using this multidisciplinary approach (chemical synthesis, NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation), determination of the binding epitope and the contribution to the binding of the sugar units composing the O‐chain have been determined.
A perioperative uncontrollable bleeding in an elderly patient with acquired hemophilia A: a case report
Authors: Cortegiani Andrea , Russotto Vincenzo , Foresta Grazia , Montalto Francesca , Strano Maria Teresa , Raineri Santi Maurizio , Giarratano Antonino
Published: July 2013

Key Clinical Message

Acquired hemophilia A should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of perioperative bleeding in patients without any apparent reason for activated partial thromboplastin time prolongation.
Nonlinear mixture‐wise expansion approach to underdetermined blind separation of nonnegative dependent sources
Authors: Kopriva Ivica , Jerić Ivanka , Brkljačić Lidija
Published: July 2013

Underdetermined blind separation of nonnegative dependent sources consists in decomposing a set of observed mixed signals into greater number of original nonnegative and dependent component (source) signals. That is an important problem for which very few algorithms exist. It is also practically relevant for contemporary metabolic profiling of biological samples, such as biomarker identification studies, where sources (a.k.a. pure components or analytes) are aimed to be extracted from mass spectra of complex multicomponent mixtures. This paper presents a method for underdetermined blind separation of nonnegative dependent sources. The method performs nonlinear mixture‐wise mapping of observed data in high‐dimensional reproducible kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) of functions and sparseness‐constrained nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) therein. Thus, the original problem is converted into new one with increased number of mixtures, increased number of dependent sources, and higher‐order (error) terms generated by nonlinear mapping. Provided that amplitudes of original components are sparsely distributed, which is the case for mass spectra of analytes, sparseness‐constrained NMF in RKHS yields, with significant probability, improved accuracy relative to the case when the same NMF algorithm is performed on the original problem. The method is exemplified on numerical and experimental examples related respectively to extraction of 10 dependent components from five mixtures and to extraction of 10 dependent analytes from mass spectra of two to five mixtures. Thereby, analytes mimic complexity of components expected to be found in biological samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an Improved Rhodium Catalyst for Z‐Selective Anti‐Markovnikov Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Wei Siping , Pedroni Julia , Meißner Antje , Lumbroso Alexandre , Drexler Hans‐Joachim , Heller Detlef , Breit Bernhard
Published: July 2013

To develop more active catalysts for the rhodium‐catalyzed addition of carboxylic acids to terminal alkynes furnishing anti‐Markovnikov Z enol esters, a thorough study of the rhodium complexes involved was performed. A number of rhodium complexes were characterized by NMR, ESI‐MS, and X‐ray analysis and applied as catalysts for the title reaction. The systematic investigations revealed that the presence of chloride ions decreased the catalyst activity. Conversely, generating and applying a mixture of two rhodium species, namely, [Rh(DPPMP)2][H(benzoate)2] (DPPMP=diphenylphosphinomethylpyridine) and [{Rh(COD)(μ2‐benzoate)}2], provided a significantly more active catalyst. Furthermore, the addition of a catalytic amount of base (Cs2CO3) had an additional accelerating effect. This higher catalyst activity allowed the reaction time to be reduced from 16 to 1–4 h while maintaining high selectivity. Studies on the substrate scope revealed that the new catalysts have greater functional‐group compatibility.
A Study of 5‐(1,2,4‐Triazol‐C‐yl)tetrazol‐1‐ols: Combining the Benefits of Different Heterocycles for the Design of Energetic Materials
Authors: Dippold Alexander A. , Izsák Dániel , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: July 2013

The synthesis and full structural and spectroscopic characterization of three 5‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐C‐yl)tetrazol‐1‐ol compounds with selected energetic moieties including nitrimino (5), nitro (6) and azido (7) groups are reported. The influence of those energetic moieties as well as the CC connection of a tetrazol‐1‐ol and a 1,2,4‐triazole on structural and energetic properties has been investigated. All compounds were well characterized by various means, including IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and DSC. The molecular structures of 5–8 were determined in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The standard heats of formation were calculated on the CBS‐4M level of theory utilizing the atomization energy method, revealing highly positive values for all compounds. The detonation parameters were calculated with the EXPLO5 program and compared to the common secondary explosive RDX. Additionally, sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined.
Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amination and Allylic Amination of Alkenes
Authors: Liwosz Timothy W. , Chemler Sherry R.
Published: July 2013

Enamines and enamides are useful synthetic intermediates and common components of bioactive compounds. A new protocol for their direct synthesis by a net alkene CH amination and allylic amination by using catalytic CuII in the presence of MnO2 is reported. Reactions between N‐aryl sulfonamides and vinyl arenes furnish enamides, allylic amines, indoles, benzothiazine dioxides, and dibenzazepines directly and efficiently. Control experiments further showed that MnO2 alone can promote the reaction in the absence of a copper salt, albeit with lower efficiency. Mechanistic probes support the involvement of nitrogen‐radical intermediates. This method is ideal for the synthesis of enamides from 1,1‐disubstituted vinyl arenes, which are uncommon substrates in existing oxidative amination protocols.
Stereoselective Toxicity and Metabolism of Lactofen in Primary Hepatocytes From Rat
Authors: Wang Xinru , Diao Jinling , Shen Zhigang , Zhu Wentao , Zhang Ping , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: July 2013

The stereoselective metabolism of lactofen in primary rat hepatocytes was studied using a chiral high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Rac‐lactofen and its two enantiomers, S‐(+)‐ and R‐(−)‐lactofen, as well as two of its major metabolites, acifluorfen, S‐(+)‐ and R‐(−)‐desethyl lactofen, were used as substrates,. The single and joint cytotoxicity of parent compounds and the metabolites were assessed by coincubation with rat hepatocytes as target cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In hepatocyte incubations, S‐(+)‐lactofen was degraded more rapidly than R‐(−)‐lactofen, and a stereospecific formation of S‐(+)‐desethyl lactofen was detected. Metabolism of lactofen to desethyl lactofen was processed with the retention of configuration, and the achiral compound, acifluorfen, was the shared metabolite generated from both S‐(+)‐ and R‐(−)‐lactofen. There was no chiral conversion of lactofen or desethyl lactofen enantiomers during the incubation. For the cytotoxicity research, the calculated EC50 values indicated that when being applied individually, the parent compound was less toxic than its metabolites, while the combination with metabolites enhanced its cytotoxic effects. The data presented here would be helpful for a more comprehensive assessment of the ecotoxicological and environmental risks of lactofen. Chirality 25:743–750, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrafast NMR T1 Relaxation Measurements: Probing Molecular Properties in Real Time
Authors: Smith Pieter E. S. , Donovan Kevin J. , Szekely Or , Baias Maria , Frydman Lucio
Published: July 2013

The longitudinal relaxation properties of NMR active nuclei carry useful information about the site‐specific chemical environments and about the mobility of molecular fragments. Molecular mobility is in turn a key parameter reporting both on stable properties, such as size, as well as on dynamic ones, such as transient interactions and irreversible aggregation. In order to fully investigate the latter, a fast sampling of the relaxation parameters of transiently formed molecular species may be needed. Nevertheless, the acquisition of longitudinal relaxation data is typically slow, being limited by the requirement that the time for which the nucleus relaxes be varied incrementally until a complete build‐up curve is generated. Recently, a number of single‐shot‐inversion‐recovery methods have been developed capable of alleviating this need; still, these may be challenged by either spectral resolution restrictions or when coping with very fast relaxing nuclei. Here, we present a new experiment to measure the T1s of multiple nuclear spins that experience fast longitudinal relaxation, while retaining full high‐resolution chemical shift information. Good agreement is observed between T1s measured with conventional means and T1s measured using the new technique. The method is applied to the real‐time investigation of the reaction between D‐xylose and sodium borate, which is in turn elucidated with the aid of ancillary ultrafast and conventional 2D TOCSY measurements.
Redox‐Mediated Synthesis of Functionalised Graphene: A Strategy towards 2D Multifunctional Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion Applications
Authors: Unni Sreekuttan M. , Bhange Siddheshwar N. , Anothumakkool Bihag , Kurungot Sreekumar
Published: July 2013

A simple, one‐step synthetic route for developing a two‐dimensional multifunctional electrocatalyst is reported, by the functionalisation of graphene using oxidised ethylenedioxythiophene (O‐EDOT). The mutually assisted redox reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and EDOT facilitates the reduction of GO to graphene with a concomitant deposition of O‐EDOT on the surface of the graphene. The oxidised surface of GO catalyses the reaction without using an added reducing agent, so a controlled and uniform deposition of O‐EDOT is ensured on the surface of graphene, which essentially prevents the restacking of the layers. UV/Visible, IR, Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy give valid evidence for the reduction and functionalisation of graphene sheets. The functional groups present on the surface of graphene are found to tune the physical and chemical properties of graphene. Consequently, the functionalised material displays enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of oxygen to water and I3− to I− relative to pristine graphene. These distinct property characteristics make the material a versatile cathode electrocatalyst for both alkaline anion‐exchange membrane fuel cells and dye‐sensitised solar cells.
The Pharmacobiotic Potential of the Gastrointestinal Tract Micro‐Biometabolome–Probiotic Connect: A Brief Commentary
Authors: Vitetta Luis , Alford Hollie
Published: July 2013

Given that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) mucosa is one of the most metabolically active tissues, basic research spanning over the last three decades has also recognized that the idea that microbes are to be eliminated at all costs is flawed. This research has significantly redefined the exchanges between gut‐dwelling microbes and vertebrates by recognizing that the microbial active cohort and its mammalian host have shared critical coevolutionary metabolic interactions that span millennia. As such, the GIT microbiome may also be the site for the production of novel molecules that exhibit therapeutic efficacy, realizing a long held notion that the GIT commensal cohort is a site for pharmacobiotic activity. Indeed basic and clinical research aimed at manipulating the GIT microbiota demonstrates the potential that exists in the microbiological production of nutra‐pharmaceuticals. In this commentary/brief review we develop a hypothesis that multi‐strain probiotics can influence the commensal microbiota in the GIT in a beneficial manner by upregulating the pharmacobiotic potential of the microbial cohort. Furthermore, we illustrate this with a biologically plausible posit for the beneficial use of a multi‐strain probiotic to prevent and treat Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea. As such we further posit in this review that microbial cohorts (e.g., in the GIT) present bacterial communities with an overwhelming accuracy at identifying pathogens/pathogenic states than do current diagnostic methodologies; this then plausibly leading to future microbe directed site‐specific therapeutics.
Do elevations in temperature, CO2, and nutrient availability modify belowground carbon gain and root morphology in artificially defoliated silver birch seedlings?
Authors: Huttunen Liisa , Saravesi Karita , Markkola Annamari , Niemelä Pekka
Published: July 2013

Climate warming increases the risk of insect defoliation in boreal forests. Losses in photosynthetically active surfaces cause reduction in net primary productivity and often compromise carbon reserves of trees. The concurrent effects of climate change and removal of foliage on root growth responses and carbohydrate dynamics are poorly understood, especially in tree seedlings. We investigated if exposures to different combinations of elevated temperature, CO2, and nutrient availability modify belowground carbon gain and root morphology in artificially defoliated 1‐year‐old silver birches (Betula pendula). We quantified nonstructural carbohydrates (insoluble starch as a storage compound; soluble sucrose, fructose, and glucose) singly and in combination in fine roots of plants under winter dormancy. Also the total mass, fine root proportion, water content, and length of roots were defined. We hypothesized that the measured properties are lower in defoliated birch seedlings that grow with ample resources than with scarce resources. On average, fertilization markedly decreased both the proportion and the carbohydrate concentrations of fine roots in all seedlings, whereas the effect of fertilization on root water content and dry mass was the opposite. However, defoliation mitigated the effect of fertilization on the root water content, as well as on the proportion of fine roots and their carbohydrate concentrations by reversing the outcomes. Elevation in temperature decreased and elevation in CO2 increased the absolute contents of total nonstructural carbohydrates, whereas fertilization alleviated both these effects. Also the root length and mass increased by CO2 elevation. This confirms that surplus carbon in birch tissues is used as a substrate for storage compounds and for cell wall synthesis. To conclude, our results indicate that some, but not all elements of climate change alter belowground carbon gain and root morphology in defoliated silver birch seedlings.
Flexible mate choice when mates are rare and time is short
Authors: Tinghitella Robin M. , Weigel Emily G. , Head Megan , Boughman Janette W.
Published: July 2013

Female mate choice is much more dynamic than we once thought. Mating decisions depend on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and these two may interact with one another. In this study, we investigate how responses to the social mating environment (extrinsic) change as individuals age (intrinsic). We first conducted a field survey to examine the extent of natural variation in mate availability in a population of threespine sticklebacks. We then manipulated the sex ratio in the laboratory to determine the impact of variation in mate availability on sexual signaling, competition, and mating decisions that are made throughout life. Field surveys revealed within season heterogeneity in mate availability across breeding sites, providing evidence for the variation necessary for the evolution of plastic preferences. In our laboratory study, males from both female‐biased and male‐biased treatments invested most in sexual signaling late in life, although they competed most early in life. Females became more responsive to courtship over time, and those experiencing female‐biased, but not male‐biased sex ratios, relaxed their mating decisions late in life. Our results suggest that social experience and age interact to affect sexual signaling and female mating decisions. Flexible behavior could mediate the potentially negative effects of environmental change on population viability, allowing reproductive success even when preferred mates are rare.
Community patterns of the small riverine benthos within and between two contrasting glacier catchments
Authors: Eisendle‐Flöckner Ursula , Jersabek Christian D. , Kirchmair Martin , Hashold Kerstin , Traunspurger Walter
Published: July 2013

Ongoing glacial retreat is expected to lead to numerous changes in glacier‐fed rivers. This study documents the development of community composition of the hitherto widely neglected micro‐ and meiobenthos (MMB: bacteria, fungi, algae, protists, and meiofauna) in glacier rivers in response to the distinct habitat conditions driven by different stages of (de)glacierization. Our model is based on the glacier catchments of the Möll River (MC) and Kleinelendbach stream (KC), in the Austrian Alps, with 60% and 25% glacierization and glacier retreats of 403 and 26 m, respectively, since 1998. Analyses of overall catchment diversity and resemblance patterns showed that neither intense glacierization nor rapid deglacierization were predominant MMB determinants. This was ascribed to the specific environmental conditions at the MC, where the rapidly retreating Pasterze glacier has formed a harsh unstable proglacial, but also a benign floodplain area, with the former suppressing and the latter supporting the structural development of the MMB. Comparisons of similarly aged riverine habitats of the MC proglacial and the KC main channel further evidenced developmental suppression of the MMB (64 taxa) by the rapidly retreating MC glacier, unlike the moderate glacial retreat in the KC (130 taxa). Habitat conditions interacting with melt periods explained the differences in MMB resemblance patterns, which themselves differentially reflected the spatiotemporal habitat settings imposed by the different glacier activities. The varying glacial influences were represented by a glaciality index (GIm) based on water temperature, electrical conductivity, and stream bed stability. The taxonomic richness of nematodes, rotifers, algae, and diatoms was distinctly related to this index, as were most MMB abundances. However, the strongest relationships to the GIm were those of nematode abundances and maturity. Our observations highlight the intense response of the MMB to ongoing glacier retreat and the utility of a simple index to reveal such patterns.
Understanding the contribution of habitats and regional variation to long‐term population trends in tricolored blackbirds
Authors: Graves Emily E. , Holyoak Marcel , Rodd Kelsey T. , Meese Robert J.
Published: July 2013

Population trends represent a minimum amount of information required to assess the conservation status of a species. However, understanding and detecting trends can be complicated by variation among habitats and regions, and by dispersal connecting habitats through source‐sink dynamics. We analyzed trends in breeding populations between habitats and regions to better understand the overall dynamics of a species' decline. Specifically, we analyzed historical trends in breeding populations of tricolored blackbirds (Agelaius tricolor) using breeding records from 1907 to 2009. The species breeds itinerantly and ephemerally uses multiple habitat types and breeding areas, which make interpretation of trends complex. We found overall abundance declines of 63% between 1935 and 1975. Since 1980 overall declines became nonsignificant and obscure despite large amounts of data from 1980 to 2009. Temporal trends differed between breeding habitat types and were associated with regional differences in population declines. A new habitat, triticale crops (a wheat‐rye hybrid grain) produced colonies 40× larger, on average, than other breeding habitats, and contributed to a change in regional distribution since it primarily occurred in a single region. The mechanism for such an effect is not clear, but could represent the local availability of foodstuffs in the landscape rather than something specific to triticale crops. While variation in trends among habitats clearly occurred, they could not easily be ascribed to source‐sink dynamics, ecological traps, habitat selection or other detailed ecological mechanisms. Nonetheless, such exchanges provide valuable information to guide management of dynamic systems.
Coupling hydraulic and biological measurements highlights the key influence of algal biofilm on infiltration basin performance
Authors: Gette‐Bouvarot Morgane , Mermillod‐Blondin Florian , Angulo‐Jaramillo Rafael , Delolme Cécile , Lemoine Damien , Lassabatere Laurent , Loizeau Sébastien , Volatier Laurence
Published: July 2013

Infiltration basins are increasingly used in urban areas for flood protection, groundwater recharge and storm water disposal. However, their operation is often affected by clogging, leading to degraded infiltration. The aim of this work was to evaluate the respective influences of sediment deposition and biofilm biomass on the deterioration of hydraulic performances in two infiltration basins used for groundwater recharge. Samples were collected by coring in the two basins. Grain size distribution (with and without organic matter), bacterial and algal biomasses, and microbial activity were measured at three depths from the soil surface (0–1 cm, 2–3 cm and 10–14 cm). In parallel, in situ single‐ring infiltration tests were performed before and after removal of the top layer (0–1 cm). The results showed considerably reduced permeability due to clogging of the top sedimentary layer in the two basins. The highest reduction of permeability was measured in the basin colonized by the largest algal biomass. The proportions of fine mineral particles (<63 µm) were comparable in the two basins and could not explain their differences in saturated hydraulic conductivities. In addition, the relationships between biological and hydraulic parameters highlighted a threshold effect of algal biomass on the structure of the pore network, possibly explaining the decrease in infiltration. This original link between hydraulic and microbial characteristics suggests that algal biofilm growth had a major impact on the hydraulic performance of the infiltration basins. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transpiration and water relations of evergreen shrub species on an artificial landform for mine waste storage versus an adjacent natural site in semi‐arid Western Australia
Authors: Gwenzi Willis , Hinz Christoph , Bleby Timothy M. , Veneklaas Erik J.
Published: July 2013

In water‐limited environments, transpiration may minimize deep drainage on engineered covers used for hazardous waste disposal. However, comparative studies investigating plant ecophysiology and water use on engineered covers and natural sites are limited. Water use patterns and plant–water relations of evergreen shrubs were monitored in semi‐arid Western Australia to (1) investigate the response of plant–water relations and shrub transpiration to soil moisture changes and (2) quantify stand transpiration and its contribution to the water balance. The shrubs showed conservative (<20 cm hr−1) but persistent transpiration. Differential response to rainfall pulses was evident among species; sap velocity for Acacia bivenosa and Acacia inaequilatera increased by 20–103% (p < 0·05) after rainfall events exceeding 15 mm but declined rapidly to pre‐storm levels. On the contrary, sap velocity for Acacia pruinocarpa increased by 61% after large pulse (83 and 127 mm) associated with cyclonic activity and remained high (10–15 cm hr−1) thereafter. These transpiration patterns suggested contrasting rooting patterns among the species. Sap velocity was low (<20 mm hr−1) for all species, even when moisture was readily available. Annual shrub transpiration was 65 (engineered cover) and 81 mm (natural shrubland), accounting for 16 and 20% of annual rainfall (395 mm). Stand characteristics, plant ecophysiology and shrub transpiration were comparable for both sites, demonstrating the importance of using topsoil as a growth medium and seedbank in revegetation. Overall, the study provided insights on ecophysiological behaviour of artificial landforms, and the first empirical evidence suggesting rapid and successful restoration of mined lands can be achieved under semi‐arid conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on a Wind Turbine Generating System that Employs a Thyristor Inverter
Authors: Nishikata Shoji , Tatsuta Fujio
Published: July 2013

A new wind turbine generating system that employs a current‐source thyristor inverter is proposed, and the steady‐state and dynamic performances for a practical system are discussed. The proposed system is essentially based on the shaft generator system that is widely used in large ships, and it has many features such as high reliability and generation of output power of high quality. It is shown that electric power with constant frequency and voltage with low distortion can be obtained by using this novel system despite the changes in the velocity of natural wind. A dynamic model of the system is also developed, and a good agreement between simulated and experimental performances is obtained, thereby confirming the validity of the model.
Evaluation of Design Method for Engine Output Power and Battery Energy Capacity for Lithium‐Ion Battery Hybrid Diesel Railway Vehicles
Authors: Shiraki Naoki , Kondo Keiichiro
Published: July 2013

Diesel engine lithium‐ion battery hybrid vehicles are attracting attention because the energy consumption during their operation and exhaust emissions can be reduced considerably. However, a reasonably accurate method of designing the engine power and battery energy has not yet been proposed, although the above‐mentioned type of traction system can help in realizing an environment‐friendly railway vehicle. In this paper, a design method for the battery energy capacity and engine output power is proposed in the case of a control strategy in which the sum of the kinetic energy of the vehicle and the battery energy is maintained constant. The proposed method is verified by the velocity/state of charge of the battery charts obtained in experimental tests. The proposed design method can be used to develop environment‐friendly railway traction systems for nonelectrified sections.
Synthesis and Copper(II)‐Complexation Properties of an Unusual Macrocyclic Structure Containing α/β‐Amino Acids and Anomeric Sugar β‐Amino Acid
Authors: Felten Anne‐Sophie , Pellegrini‐Moïse Nadia , Selmeczi Katalin , Henry Bernard , Chapleur Yves
Published: July 2013

A 16‐membered macrocycle containing histidine, β‐alanine, and an anomeric sugar β‐amino acid was synthesised using a stepwise procedure starting from an exo‐glycal derivative. This new macrocyclic structure contains an unusual carbonic carbamic anhydride moiety that was spontaneously formed upon saponification of the C‐terminus ester group by attack of the resulting carboxylate group on the N‐terminal benzyloxycarbonyl protecting group. This macrocyclic ligand formed a 1:1 complex with copper(II) ions in aqueous solution at basic pH. A structural study of this complex in solution was undertaken by UV/Vis, and paramagnetic 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. These spectroscopic data strongly suggest a {3 × Namide, NIm} equatorial donor set around the copper(II) ion, the fourth amide nitrogen being inaccessible for coordination, probably due to the rigid structure imposed by the sugar unit and the anhydride moiety.
Copper‐Catalyzed Amidation of Acids Using Formamides as the Amine Source
Authors: Xie Ye‐Xiang , Song Ren‐Jie , Yang Xu‐Heng , Xiang Jian‐Nan , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: July 2013

Copper‐catalyzed amidation of acids with formamides or acetamide for the selective synthesis of amides with the aid of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane as the ligand and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant is presented. This method is highly compatible with a wide range of acids, including alkyl acids, aryl acids, α,β‐unsaturated acids, and amino acids.
Recent Advances in the Catalytic Enantioselective Reformatsky Reaction
Authors: Fernández‐Ibáñez M. Ángeles , Maciá Beatriz , Alonso Diego A. , Pastor Isidro M.
Published: July 2013

This paper reviews the present state of the catalytic enantioselective Reformatsky reaction. Advancements in asymmetric versions of this reaction have recently led to a considerable extension of its scope and applicability, principally due to the use of highly active chiral ligands and very specific reaction conditions.
Voltammetric Determination of Purine Bases Using a Carbon Electrode Modified With Hybrid Silica Film
Authors: Rozhanchuk Tetiana , Mariia Velychko , Titov Maksim , Tananaiko Oksana
Published: July 2013

Hybrid silica films containing cation‐exchange polyelectrolytes were designed and used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for voltammetric determination of purine bases. Hybrid silica‐polyelectrolyte films synthesised in the presence of adenine as structure directed component have demonstrated enhanced sorption capacity to purine base. The anodic peaks of adenine and guanine at a hybrid film‐modified GCE were observed at +1.55 and +1.1 V, respectively, in phosphate buffer solution at pH 3.5. Oxidation currents of adenine and guanine were proportional to their concentration in the range of 0.02–0.50 mM, with a detection limit of 0.015 mM. The developed method was used to determine adenine in adenosine triphosphate and purine bases in hydrolyzed solutions of DNA and demonstrated good metrological characteristics.
In‐Sample and Out‐of‐Sample Prediction of stock Market Bubbles: Cross‐Sectional Evidence
Authors: Herwartz Helmut , Kholodilin Konstantin A.
Published: July 2013

We evaluate the informational content of ex post and ex ante predictors of periods of excess stock (market) valuation. For a cross‐section comprising 10 OECD economies and a time span of at most 40 years, alternative binary chronologies of price bubble periods are determined. Using these chronologies as dependent processes and a set of macroeconomic and financial variables as explanatory variables, panel logit regressions are carried out. With model estimates at hand, both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample forecasts are made. The set of 13 potential predictors is classified in measures of macroeconomic or monetary performance, stock market characteristics and descriptors of capital valuation. The latter, in particular the price‐to‐book ratio, turn out to have strongest in‐sample and out‐of‐sample explanatory content for the emergence of price bubbles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Neuro‐wavelet Model for the Short‐Term Forecasting of High‐Frequency Time Series of Stock Returns
Authors: Ortega Luis , Khashanah Khaldoun
Published: July 2013

We propose a wavelet neural network (neuro‐wavelet) model for the short‐term forecast of stock returns from high‐frequency financial data. The proposed hybrid model combines the capability of wavelets and neural networks to capture non‐stationary nonlinear attributes embedded in financial time series. A comparison study was performed on the predictive power of two econometric models and four recurrent neural network topologies. Several statistical measures were applied to the predictions and standard errors to evaluate the performance of all models. A Jordan net that used as input the coefficients resulting from a non‐decimated wavelet‐based multi‐resolution decomposition of an exogenous signal showed a consistent superior forecasting performance. Reasonable forecasting accuracy for the one‐, three‐ and five step‐ahead horizons was achieved by the proposed model. The procedure used to build the neuro‐wavelet model is reusable and can be applied to any high‐frequency financial series to specify the model characteristics associated with that particular series. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction in an Unbalanced Nested Error Components Panel Data Model
Authors: Baltagi Badi H. , Pirotte Alain
Published: July 2013

This paper derives the best linear unbiased predictor for an unbalanced nested error components panel data model. This predictor is useful in many econometric applications that are usually based on unbalanced panel data and have a nested (hierarchical) structure. Examples include predicting student performance in a class in a school, or house prices in a neighborhood in a county or a state. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that this predictor is better in root mean square error performance than the usual fixed‐ or random‐effects predictors ignoring the nested structure of the data. This is applied to forecasting the productivity of public capital in the private sector using nested panel data of 48 contiguous American states. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do Option Strategy Traders Have a Disadvantage? Evidence from the Australian Options Market
Authors: Flint Anthony , Lepone Andrew , Yang Jin Young
Published: July 2013

This study measures the magnitude of execution costs of outright options and options which constitute strategies (“strategy‐linked options”), and examines if any differences in execution costs between these two groups is attributable to differences in market making costs on the Australian Options Market. Results reveal that execution costs for tailor‐made strategy‐linked options are greater than outright options. Also, this study provides evidence that the disadvantage of tailor‐made strategy‐linked options over outright options is driven by market makers' hedging costs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:838–852, 2014
Millimeter‐level precision in a seafloor geodesy experiment at the Discovery transform fault, East Pacific Rise
Authors: McGuire Jeffrey J. , Collins John A.
Published: July 2013

Direct‐path acoustic ranging is a promising seafloor geodetic technique for continuous high‐resolution monitoring of geodynamical process such as fault slip and magma intrusion. Here we report on a yearlong acoustic ranging experiment conducted across the discovery transform fault at ∼4°S on the East Pacific Rise. The ranging instruments utilized a novel acoustic signal designed to enhance precision. We find that, after correcting for variations in sound speed at the path end‐points, the ranging measurements have a precision of ∼1 mm over baselines approaching 1 km in length. The primary difficulty in this particular experiment was with the physical stability of the benchmarks, which were deployed free fall from a ship. Despite the stability issues, it appears that the portion of the transform fault that the array covered was locked during the year of our survey. The primary obstacle to continuous, high sample rate, high‐precision geodetic monitoring of oceanic ridges and transform faults is now limited to the construction of geodetic monuments that are well anchored into bedrock.
Revising the spectral method as applied to modeling mantle dynamics
Authors: Petrunin A. G. , Kaban M. K. , Rogozhina I. , Trubitsyn V.
Published: July 2013

The observed geoid, dynamic topography, and surface plate velocities are controlled by various factors such as density and viscosity variations in the Earth's mantle and strength of the lithosphere. Previous studies have shown that the geoid signal cannot be resolved in details within the framework of a simplified model of the mantle flow considering only radial viscosity variations. Thus, a modeling technique handling both radial and lateral variations of viscosity and other parameters should be used. The spectral method provides a high‐accuracy semianalytical solution of the Navier‐Stokes and Poisson equations when viscosity is only depth (radially) dependent. In this study, we present the numerical approach, built up on the substantially revised method originally proposed by Zhang and Christensen (1993), for solving the Navier‐Stokes equation in the spectral domain with lateral variations of viscosity (LVV). This approach incorporates a number of numerical algorithms providing efficient calculations of the instantaneous Stokes flow in the sphere and taking into account the effects of LVV, self gravitation, and compressibility. In contrast to the traditionally used propagator method, our approach suggests a continuous integration over depth without introducing internal interfaces. Various numerical tests have been employed to test accuracy and efficiency of the proposed technique. Benchmarking of the code shows its ability to solve the mantle convection problems implying strong LVV with high resolution.
Consequences of poor representation of Arctic sea‐ice albedo and cloud‐radiation interactions in the CMIP5 model ensemble
Authors: Karlsson J. , Svensson G.
Published: July 2013

Clouds significantly influence the Arctic surface energy budget and a realistic representation of this impact is a key for proper simulation of the present‐day and future climate. Considerable across‐model spread in cloud variables remains in the fifth phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project ensemble and partly explains the substantial across‐model spread in the surface radiative effect of the clouds. In summer, the extensive model differences in sea‐ice albedo, which sets the potential of the cloud‐albedo effect, are strongly positively correlated to their cloud radiative effect. This indicates that the model's sea‐ice albedo not only determines the amount, but also the sign of its cloud radiative effect. The analysis further suggests that the present‐day annual amplitude of sea‐ice cover depends inversely on the model's sea‐ice albedo. Given the present‐day across‐model spread in sea‐ice albedo and coverage, a transition to a summer ice‐free Arctic ocean translates to a model‐span of increased surface shortwave absorption of about 75 W m−2.
Modeling evidence that ozone depletion has impacted extreme precipitation in the austral summer
Authors: Kang S. M. , Polvani L. M. , Fyfe J. C. , Son S.‐W. , Sigmond M. , P. Correa G. J.
Published: July 2013

The impacts of stratospheric ozone depletion on the extremes of daily precipitation in the austral summer are explored using two global climate models. Both models indicate that stratospheric ozone losses since the late 1970s may have increased the frequency and intensity of very heavy precipitation in austral summer over southern high and subtropical latitudes, and may have decreased the frequency and intensity over southern midlatitudes. This hemispheric wide pattern of extreme precipitation response projects strongly onto a previously identified pattern of seasonal mean precipitation response, both of which are shown to be likely of dynamic rather than thermodynamic origin.
Critical assessment and validation of a time‐integrating fluvial suspended sediment sampler
Authors: Perks Matthew T. , Warburton Jeff , Bracken Louise
Published: July 2013

Delivery of fine sediment to fluvial systems is of considerable concern given the physical and ecological impacts of elevated levels in drainage networks. Although it is possible to measure the transfer of fine sediment at high frequency by using a range of surrogate and automated technologies, the demands for assessing sediment flux and sediment properties at multiple spatially distributed locations across catchments can often not be met using established sampling techniques. The time‐integrated mass‐flux sampler (TIMS) has the potential to bridge this gap and further our understanding of fine sediment delivery in fluvial systems. However, these devices have undergone limited testing in the field. The aim of this paper was to provide a critical validation of TIMS as a technique for assessing fluvial fine sediment transfer. Fine sediment flux and sediment properties were assessed over 2 years with individual sampling periods of approximately 30 days. Underestimation of sediment flux ranged between 66% and 99% demonstrating that TIMS is unsuitable for assessing absolute sediment loads. However, assessment of relative efficiency showed that six of seven samplers produced statistically strong relationships with the reference sediment load (P < 0.05). Aggregated data from all sites produced a highly significant relationship between reference and TIMS loads (R2 = 0.80; P < 0.001) demonstrating TIMS may be suitable for characterizing patterns of suspended sediment transfer. Testing also illustrated a consistency in sediment properties between multiple samplers in the same channel cross section. TIMS offers a useful means of assessing spatial and temporal patterns of fine sediment transfer across catchments where expensive monitoring frameworks cannot be commissioned. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of ONO-5334 on Bone Mineral Density and Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: 2-Year Results From the OCEAN Study
Authors: Eastell Richard , Nagase Shinichi , Small Maria , Boonen Steven , Spector Tim , Ohyama Michiyo , Kuwayama Tomohiro , Deacon Steve
Published: July 2013

Cathepsin K inhibitors, such as ONO-5334, are being developed for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, their relative effects on bone resorption and formation, and how quickly the effects resolve after treatment cessation, are uncertain. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of 24-month treatment with ONO-5334 and to assess the effect of treatment cessation over 2 months. We studied 197 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia with one fragility fracture. Patients were randomized to ONO-5334 50 mg twice daily, 100 mg or 300 mg once daily, alendronate 70 mg once weekly (positive control), or placebo for 24 months. After 24 months, all ONO-5334 doses were associated with increased bone mineral density (BMD) for lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck (p < 0.001). ONO-5334 300 mg significantly suppressed the bone-resorption markers urinary (u) NTX and serum and uCTX-I throughout 24 months of treatment and to a similar extent as alendronate; other resorption marker levels remained similar to placebo (fDPD for ONO-5334 300 mg qd) or were increased (ICTP, TRAP5b, all ONO-5334 doses). Levels of B-ALP and PINP were suppressed in all groups (including placebo) for approximately 6 months but then increased for ONO-5334 to close to baseline levels by 12 to 24 months. On treatment cessation, there were increases above baseline in uCTX-I, uNTX, and TRAP5b, and decreases in ICTP and fDPD. There were no clinically relevant safety concerns. Cathepsin K inhibition with ONO-5334 resulted in decreases in most resorption markers over 2 years but did not decrease most bone formation markers. This was associated with an increase in BMD; the effect on biochemical markers was rapidly reversible on treatment cessation. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.