bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
US and Canadian Pharmacy Residencies and Fellowships: 1995
Authors: Ohri Linda K , Pincus Kelly T , Brantley Helen T
Published: July 2017

Objective:

To report statistical information about pharmacy postgraduate experiential training programs in the US and Canada.

Data Source:

RESFILE-95 database.

Measurements:

A questionnaire is mailed annually to the contact listed for each residency or fellowship in the RESFILE database. The data for this report were entered into the database between June and December 1994. The information obtained on the survey includes (1) program type and accreditation status, (2) primary focus of the program, (3) number of positions, (4) stipend, and (5) availability to BS graduates.

Results:

Six hundred sixty-eight programs are listed in the RESFILE database, including 540 residencies (70% accredited and 30% nonaccredited) and 128 fellowships. Fifty programs are located in Canada. There are a total of 1070 positions available, with a mean of 1.6 positions per program. Pharmacy practice residencies constitute 55% of accredited residencies in the US. General hospital residencies account for 88% of Canadian programs. Primary/ambulatory care residencies are the most common specialty focus. Infectious disease is the most common fellowship focus. The mean stipend for all programs is $24 837. Overall, at least 90% of the responding programs offer specified benefits. Forty-eight percent of the residency programs are available to BS graduates; most fellowships are not. Having completed a previous generalist residency is frequently preferred but often is not required to perform a specialty residency or fellowship.

Conclusions:

The statistical data in this report will be useful to those assessing the role of postgraduate experiential training, institutions in the process of developing a residency or fellowship, and those considering application to enter such programs.
Recent Advances: Antiinfectives
Authors: Briceland Laurie L , Cleary John D , Fletcher Courtney V , Healy Daniel P , Peloquin Charles A
Published: July 2017

Objective:

To update readers on the significant changes in infectious diseases pharmacotherapy.

Data Sources:

An Index Medians and Iowa Drug Information Service search (1993–1994) of English-language literature pertaining to the selected topic areas was performed. Additional information from abstracts presented at scientific meetings were identified by the authors.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All identified studies were screened and those judged relevant to the update were evaluated.

Data Synthesis:

New or clinically significant data since 1992 that related to peptic ulcer disease, microbial resistance (e.g., Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans), immunomodulators, and AIDS were evaluated and compared with previous data.

Conclusions:

There have been several exciting and significant changes in infectious diseases pharmacotherapy evident from this review.
Topical Review: MACI as an Emerging Technology for the Treatment of Talar Osteochondral Lesions
Authors: Dekker Travis J. , Erickson Brandon , Adams Samuel B. , Gross Christopher E.
Published: July 2017

Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is a viable procedure that can be used as both a primary or revision cartilage regenerative procedure in high-functioning individuals without tibiotalar arthritis. Both short-term and midterm follow-up results demonstrate clinical, radiographic, and functional improvements with high rates of return to full activities. Cost remains a chief concern with the use of this technique, but theoretical improvements in the durability of repair with type II cartilage replacement may offer long-term benefits.

Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
High Prevalence of Chronic Pain With Neuropathic Characteristics After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Ankle Fractures
Authors: Rbia Nadia , van der Vlies Cornelis H. , Cleffken Berry I. , Selles Ruud W. , Hovius Steven E. R. , Nijhuis Tim H. J.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Unstable ankle fractures require treatment with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Long-term functional outcome is satisfying in most patients; however, a number of patients have persistent complaints. Superficial nerve complications following ankle surgery may be the cause of chronic pain and disability.

Methods:

In this observational retrospective survey, a cohort of 527 women and men, who underwent ORIF in the period from January 2007 to January 2014, were invited to an online questionnaire. Pain symptoms were assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Douleur Neuropathic en 4 Questions (DN4) Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to present patient characteristics; a logistic regression model was used to analyze prognostic factors of neuropathic pain. A total of 271 patients completed the questionnaire. Mean follow-up period was 5.8 years (±1.9).

Results:

Persistent neuropathic pain symptoms were present in 61 of all patients, and 51 of these patients reported an impaired quality of life caused by their symptoms. In univariate analysis, the following parameters were associated with neuropathic pain: age, hypertension, a thyroid disorder, lower back pain, fracture dislocations, and late complications such as nonunion, posttraumatic arthritis, or osteochondral injury. In multivariate analysis, an age between 40 and 60 years was found to be a significant predictor of neuropathic pain. Hypertension, dislocation, and late complications were significant predictors of persistent pain without neuropathic characteristics.

Conclusion:

The present study demonstrated a prevalence of persistent neuropathic pain symptoms after ORIF for ankle fractures in 23% of the respondents, which caused an impaired health-related quality of life. We identified 4 significant predictors of chronic and neuropathic pain after ORIF. This knowledge may aid the treating surgeon to identify patients who are at increased risk of persistent postoperative neuropathic pain and may affect the treatment of pain in these patients.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Analysis of the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-28 (CTRS-28)
Authors: Erford Bradley T.
Published: July 2017

One hundred and nineteen teachers of 540 normal boys and girls, ages 5 to 10, were administered the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-28 (CTRS-28). Their responses were analyzed to assess the instrument's internal consistency and its construct and criterion-related validity. Principle components analysis revealed a four-factor structure underlying the scale, rather than the three-factor structure originally reported. Internal consistency of the factors ranged from .79 to .95. Convergent validity with similar rating scales was primarily excellent. Norms for newly derived factors and critical analysis of the usefulness of the CTRS-28 were explored.
Assessment of Noncombat, War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology
Authors: Sloan Patrick , Arsenault Linda , Hilsenroth Mark , Harvill Leo
Published: July 2017

This study investigated effectiveness of MMPI-2 PK and PS scales and the Impact of Event (IES) scales in detecting posttraumatic stress symptomatology in 66 Marine reservists exposed to 3 months of war-related stress but no direct fighting in the Persian Gulf. The IES, MMPI-2, and War Stress Interview-Operation Desert Storm (WSI-ODS), administered 90 days later, revealed that 71% of participants experienced one or more symptoms of acute posttraumatic stress for at least 1 month after the Gulf War. PK, PS and IES scores were significantly related to number of symptoms reported and were moderately effective in detecting subclinical levels of war-related stress.
Assessing Student Engagement: A Collaborative Curriculum for Large Lecture Discussion Sections
Authors: Durham Frank D. , Russell Jae-Eun , Van Horne Samuel
Published: July 2017

This study investigated students’ engagement and learning in a large lecture journalism history course based on a revision of its discussion curriculum. The new curriculum incorporated visual media and facilitated collaborative learning in active learning classrooms. Surveys were administered to assess students’ perceptions of the course, including helpfulness of the discussion curriculum, engagement levels, writing self-efficacy, and satisfaction with the course. Performance scores, prior learning data, and demographic information were collected at the end of the semester. The results indicated that the revised curriculum affected students’ engagement in the course positively, contributing to students’ learning outcomes.
A Typology of Sex Offending Against Minors: An Empirical Study of Rape and Molestation Cases in China
Authors: Liang Bin , Hu Ming
Published: July 2017

Efforts to classify sexual offending and offenders continued to evolve over the years based on criteria such as offender and victim characteristics, offender–victim relationships, the nature of sexual offenses, and other situational factors. This current study draws up a typology of sexual offending against minors based on 436 adjudicated rape and child molestation cases in China. Specifically, sexual offending against minors is classified into six major categories, including opportunistic offenses, serial offenses, dating couple offenses, educator abuses, gang/party offenses, and incest offenses. Based on this empirical typology, a number of crime prevention measures are suggested. These suggestions aim at involving multiple players and institutions to focus on education, target hardening, and crime investigation. This study makes a significant contribution to comparative studies in this field, and the results could be potentially applied in other cultures.
Influencing People in the Face to Face Setting: Research Findings and Their Application
Authors: Zander Alvin
Published: July 2017

This paper was presented to the Society of Public Health Educators at their Annual Meeting held in Detroit, Michigan on November 11, 1961.
The General Systems Approach to the Understanding of Groups
Authors: Hearn Gordon
Published: July 2017

This Sixth Annual Dorothy Nyswander Lecture was given April 13, 1962 at the School of Public Health of the University of California at Berkeley, where Dr. Nyswander was Professor of Health Education until her retirement.
Dynamic tomographic studies of interscapular feline injection-site sarcoma: essential or useless practice?
Authors: Longo Maurizio , Zani Davide Danilo , Ferrari Roberta , Bassi Jessica , Andreis Maria Elena , Stefanello Damiano , Giudice Chiara , Grieco Valeria , Liuti Tiziana , Handel Ian , Di Giancamillo Mauro
Published: July 2017

Objectives

Feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs) are soft tissue tumours typically characterised by an interscapular location and highly infiltrative behaviour. CT is considered the modality of choice for FISS staging and double positioning (dynamic approach) was reported to successfully detect the exact extent of infiltration into the muscles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the utility of the dynamic approach in feline patients referred for preoperative staging of interscapular FISS.

Methods

Tumour volume estimates were compared between the ellipsoid and the semi-automated segmentation methods. Two radiologists blinded to the patient coding used images from each position to assess the extent of muscular infiltration. The distance between the neoplasm and the adjacent skeletal structures (scapulae, spinous processes) was recorded in both positions by a single radiologist.

Results

Fifty-nine of 84 neoplasms invaded the adjacent muscular structures, with up to 15 muscles infiltrated. Between the extended and flexed position the average estimated numbers of muscles infiltrated were 1.9 (extended) and 1.84 (flexed) for observer A and 1.89 (extended) and 1.85 (flexed) for observer B. Good agreement between observers was established, with higher tumour volumes detected via the ellipsoid method. Moreover, tumours with smaller volumes showed slightly decreased muscular infiltration. Marked difference in the recorded distance between the skeletal structures and the neoplasm in the two different positions was established (mean ± SD difference spinous processes: 9.74 ± 9.57 mm; mean ± SD difference scapulae: 15.15 ± 11.76 mm).

Conclusions and relevance

A dynamic approach should be used for a complete evaluation of the invasiveness of FISS along with appropriate methodology for tumour volume measurement, which could potentially alter the tomographic estimation of the real dimension of the neoplasms.
2014 Henry Mayer Lecture the Press We Had to Have? Henry Mayer and The Press in Australia: Argument, Reception, Impact
Authors: Goot Murray
Published: July 2017

Published 50 years ago, Henry Mayer's The Press in Australia – still the most comprehensive analysis of Australia's daily papers and their critics – remains a landmark in the study of the Australian press. This article lays out the book's main arguments, recalls the way it was received, and offers an assessment of its impact on teaching in the universities, on academic research and on the newspaper industry.
Public Broadcasting through the Public Sphere: A Reimagining of Public Service Media in New Zealand
Authors: Reid Donald
Published: July 2017

During 2013, the New Zealand government heralded the launch of the Ultra-Fast Broadband (UFB) and Rural Broadband Initiatives (RBI) as significant tools across a range of economic and social policy areas, including the delivery of education and health services and the promotion of development policies for Maori. Conspicuously absent in the associated political discussion was the issue of public service broadcasting and the possibility for internet-based technologies to provide an efficient and cost-effective platform for the production and delivery of non-commercial public service media. The reason for this omission may be due to the governing National Party's historic disregard for public service broadcasting, as demonstrated by its disestablishment of a number of public broadcasting initiatives since 1999. Drawing on a Habermasian theoretical framework and Dan Hind's concept of ‘public commissioning’, the purpose of this article is to outline an alternative system for public service broadcasting based on a series of referenda and on open public debate. I begin by examining the present public broadcasting system and the traditional centrality of the state in governance and gatekeeping issues. I argue that the communicative potential of social media, enabled by universally accessible ultra-fast broadband, could provide an adequate platform for public gatekeeping, with the state having a significantly reduced role. I make the argument that the technological and resourcing mechanisms for such a system already exist, and the required shift in audience culture is already present in the consumption of entertainment and reality TV texts.
Television's Transition to the Internet: Disability Accessibility and Broadband-Based TV in Australia
Authors: Ellis Katie
Published: July 2017

Whereas entertainment has featured negatively in the broader NBN debate currently occurring in Australia, within the disability sector it has been recognised as revolutionary. Government, industry and technical analysts describe digital television, particularly that delivered via broadband, as potentially enabling to people with vision and hearing impairments through the more widespread provision of accessibility features such as audio description and closed captions. This article interrogates the approach to accessibility taken by two case studies of broadband-based television: Netflix and catch-up TV. Netflix, which is not officially available in Australia, is often presented as the future of television, while catch-up services provide an example of the current broadband-based television paradigm in this country. Although accessibility features may be available on broadcast television or DVD release, each of these forms of broadband-based television has either previously (Netflix) or currently (catch-up) stripped accessible functions to stream online. The discussion reflects on both activist interventions of people with disability and the industry standards.
Nostalgia for the New Oldness: Vietnamese Television Dramas and National Belonging
Authors: Nguyen-Thu Giang
Published: July 2017

This article uses the Foucauldian framework of governmentality and the particular concept of dispositif to analyse two Vietnamese television dramas, Hanoian (1996) and The City Stories (2002). I argue that the first drama presents a memory dispositif of the recent wartime to express dissatisfaction about contemporary situations. Meanwhile, the second drama sought to build a ‘new yesterday’ to engage Vietnamese viewers in the ongoing economic transformations.
The ‘Make it Possible’ Multimedia Campaign: Generating a New ‘Everyday’ in Animal Welfare
Authors: Rodan Debbie , Mummery Jane
Published: July 2017

Although livestock welfare issues were once barely visible to mainstream consumers, animal welfare activists now combine traditional public media advocacy with digital media advocacy to spread their campaign message and mobilise consumers. This article examines one attempt to mainstream animal welfare issues: Animals Australia's ‘Make It Possible’ multimedia campaign. Specifically, we contend that the campaign puts into circulation an ‘affective economy’ (Ahmed, 2004a, 2004b) aimed at proposing and entrenching new modes of everyday behaviour. Core affective positions and their circulation in this economy are considered from three interrelated articulations of this campaign: the release of and public response to the YouTube campaign video; Coles' short-lived offering of campaign shopping bags; and public engagement in the ‘My Make It Possible Story’ website. Analysis also opens up broader questions concerning the relationship between online activism and everyday life, asking how articulations in one domain translate to everyday practices.
Bodies under Glass: Gay Dating APPS and the Affect-Image
Authors: Penney Tom
Published: July 2017

There is a rise in the popularity of gay dating apps for smartphones that depict bodies under the glass of screens. The application Grindr is one such system, as well as Hornet, Scruff, Jack'd and many others. Recent literature draws attention to how Grindr perpetuates reductive stereotypes fetishised and consumed by a narcissistic homosexual market. Through Gilles Deleuze's concept of affection-image, I think through how images of bodies on these apps are transmitting or receiving affect. I then discuss some of my own artwork in light of this inquiry, in which I particularly consider the role of judgemental swipe-gestures and how they parallel the treatment of individuals' bodies as objects: disposable, manipulable and exchangeable. Through this artwork and its discussion, I aim to extend critical discourse concerning the treatment and reception of other subjects in gay online communities, as well as the examination of bodies, fetish and sexuality by artists of contemporary media more generally.
Using Digitally Distributed Vulgar Comedy to Reach Young Men with Information about Healthy Sexual Development
Authors: McKee Alan , Walsh Anthony , Watson Anne-Frances
Published: July 2017

Focus groups show that young men do not have available to them the same resources to learn about healthy sexual development as do young women. A collaborative project led by a leading provider of sexuality education aimed to reach young men with information about healthy sexual development by using a genre that focus groups showed they favoured – vulgar comedy. This project raised two important issues. First, comedy is ambivalent – it is by definition not serious or worthy. This challenges health communication, which traditionally favours the clear presentation of correct information. Second, vulgarity can be challenging to the institutions of health communication, which can be concerned that it is inappropriate or offensive. This article addresses these issues and reports on the materials that emerged from the project.
The Glory and the Burden: Teaching a Course on Politics and the Media
Authors: Paletz David L
Published: July 2017

The article describes the genesis, purposes and construction of an innovative course relating politics and the media of communication. Focusing on authority, the course (the glory) is designed to assist students to understand, on the one hand, how and why the media depict authority systems, structures, positions, individual authority wielders, and sanctioned policies in particular ways; and, on the other hand, to understand how public officials in the United States and other nations try to use the mass media to enhance their authority. Feature and “documentary” film, videotapes of television news and political campaign commercials are analyzed for their structures, codes, and possible effects. The success of the course is indicated by the range of quality of original, media-using, student projects.

The teacher of such a course encounters a heavy “burden”. It includes administrative difficulties, technical obstacles, and the unavailability of visual material. Facing such problems directly, the Task Force on Audio-Visual Instruction in Political Science of the American Political Science Association (of which the author was a member) issued a series of sweeping recommendations in the areas of information and evaluation of technological resources and media material production, exhibition, distribution, circulation, and preservation. Most of these recommendations have thus far encountered benign neglect.
Children and Pilot Television Programs
Authors: Noble Grant
Published: July 2017

Video tapes of three Rainbow shows for children were shown to a sample of 102 primary school children. Their responses to questions about liking characters and the programs revealed that less than one third would prefer them to their usual favourite shows. It also emerged that the children identified with both child and adult presenters although more frequently with one child who played a most prominent role. Identification was based on the assumption that a viewer will want to be like and will favour that character above others — both these variables having been measured by responses to the questionnaire.
‘Sesame Street’ & ‘Play School’
Authors: Duck Julie Maree , Noble Grant
Published: July 2017

Sesame Street and Play School are two educational television programs designed basically for the preoperational child, and watched regularly by many young Australians. Although both series have educational intentions, they are markedly different in character. It would thus be useful to know which elements used in these programs are most effective. Thus this study compared and contrasted Sesame Street and Play School as suitable programs for a four year-old target audience. In doing so, differences in four main areas were considered: goals; attention-getting qualities: humour; para-social interaction; and production techniques. It was found that overall Play School was more appropriate for the four year-old child since its producers placed prime importance on matching qualities of the program to the unique cognitive processes of the preoperational child. Both shows do, however, have good qualities and it is suggested that these could perhaps be combined to produce an even better program. However, definite conclusions cannot be reached until more controlled and empirical research is conducted on the effectiveness of the two shows.
Takeovers, Mergers and Australian Newspapers
Authors: Brown Allan
Published: July 2017

The audacious, but unsuccessful, attempt by Rupert Murdoch's News Limited to take over the Melbourne-based Herald and Weekly Times Limited (HWT) has revived the issue of Australian newspaper ownership. This article recounts the hectic events of late November last year, considers their effects upon the internal control of HWT and examines the existing legislative machinery concerning mergers and takeovers of newspaper firms.
Ready When You are
Authors: DeMille
Published: July 2017

If you want to know how to make a big feature movie, or for that matter an educational teaching aid on video tape, then the Resources Unit of the Australian Film and Television School is bound to be able to help you. Over the last few years the Unit has been producing a wide range of films, video tapes and pamphlets dealing with alt aspects of film and television production.
Current Affairs: Commercial Television's Clone Zone
Authors: Albert Carol , Spenceley Liz
Published: July 2017

Over 75% of media audiences in Australia attend to commercial radio and television, so commercial current affairs programs — along with commercial news programs — are probably watched by a majority of people. Yet no systematic studies of these current affairs programs exist. This paper analyzes the content, style and relevance of Brisbane's two commercial current affairs programs. The two programs were found to be remarkably similar in most of their aspects. Both used human interest stories more often than any other type of story — 42% of the week's stories on one program and 52% on the other, were in this category. Both devoted over a third of their stories to local issues — 37% of one and 43% of the other program's stories dealt with such issues. There was a marked contrast between the producers' and the researchers' perceptions of the programs.
African Television News Flow into Australia: A Case Study
Authors: Overton Derek J
Published: July 2017

A six months monitoring, May October 1979, of Tasmanian television news provides insights into the nature of African news. Shortcomings emerge such as the fact that while some regions received extensive attention the coup d'etat in Ghana went totally unreported.

The television international news agencies, Visnews and UPITN are looked at. Though at the time of the monitoring Visnews was a monopoly in international TV news supply, UPITN has now broken into the Australian market. UPITN is of considerable interest to Africanists. Until 1979 it had covert ties with the South African Department of Information.

Since television news reports on Africa dwellon crises, and provide little information of a positive nature, they project a decidedly negative image of Africa to the Australian public.
Issues in Radio Training
Authors: Nash Chris
Published: July 2017

The problem with much media training is the anti-intellectual stance of some media educators, and the vague, unanalytic language used by the practitioners to describe their activities.
The Media in Reagan's America: Bringing Back the ‘Good Old Days’
Authors: Chanter Alaine
Published: July 2017

Irangate has been fascinating for the stream of revelations which have almost daily magnified the seriousness of the scandal A key theme in media coverage of Irangate has been the remarkable fall from grace of President Reagan. But how is it that this grace was bestowed in the first place?
Centralisation and Decentralisation in Japan's ‘Information Society’
Authors: Morris-Suzuki Tessa
Published: July 2017

Not long after midnight on 29 November 1985, a small group of guerillas belonging to the radical organisation Chukaku-ha, slashed the underground communications cables serving the Japan National Railways network in Tokyo and Osaka. They were protesting at government plans to privatise the railway system, but their action was perhaps more important for the way in which it focused attention on a quite different economic and social issue. In a single swift sortie, a handful of people had been able to prevent the movement of some 4.5 million computers, and bring the life of one of the world's largest cities to a temporary halt. Nothing could more effectively have demonstrated the great and growing dependence of contemporary social systems on the communication of information, not only between individual and individual, but also between computer and computer.
Newspaper Full-Text Databases: Implications for Media Analysis
Authors: Putnis Peter
Published: July 2017

In the last decade there has been rapid growth in the availability and use of on-line databases both overseas and in Australia in 1979, 400 databases were listed in the American CUADRA Directory of Online Databases; in 1986, over 3000 were listed. In 1984 there were 67 Australian publicly available databases; by 1986 this had grown to 160 with a further 22 planned (Directory of Australian Databases, 1986). Extensive Australian use of overseas databases became practicable in 1979 when OTC introduced MIDAS, which allowed more economical direct access to the major US systems. Since then large overseas vendors have established offices and agents in Australia: DIALOG in 1979, SDC/ORBIT in 1981. Permagon Info-line and Mead Data Central in 1985.
Audience Research and Sociology: A Rejoinder to Stephen Crook
Authors: Nightingale Virginia
Published: July 2017

I am indebted to Stephen Crook for the opportunity to expand the position I presented in ‘What's Happening to Audience Research?’ (MIA, 39:18–22, 1986). I believe that dramatic changes are occurring in the range and scope of studies of media audiences, and that academic audience research (as opposed to research funded for commercial or administrative purposes) has an important role to play in enabling audiences to better understand their attachment to and involvement in media activities. Recent research which demonstrates such interests include Morely (1980 and 1985) Hobson (1982) Ang (1985) Radway (1984), and Hodge and Tripp (1986).
A Neverending Story? The TV Violence Debate
Authors: Cunningham Stuart
Published: July 2017

This is an edited version of a keynote address at the Broadcasting Standards Authority of New Zealand seminar on TV Violence, Wellington, 30–31 July 1991. A more detailed study of the same topic is published in ‘TV Violence: The Challenge of Public Policy for Cultural Studies’, Cultural Studies Vol 6, No 1 (1992).
Geographic correlation of multiple sclerosis with tick-borne diseases
Authors: Brown James S
Published: July 2017

An arboviral theory of multiple sclerosis (MS) is presented. Although high MS rates correlate with the distribution of certain populations, high rates also correlate with the distribution of Ixodes genus tick viruses. These ticks and viruses are globally distributed by polar-migrating seabirds which are important food sources for island and coastal communities with high MS. Investigation of tick-borne viruses, especially those found in seabirds, in MS is warranted.
Interferon β-1b effects on cytokine mRNA in peripheral mononuclear cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Byskosh PV , Reder AT
Published: July 2017

IFN-β reduces the number and severity of exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (MS), presumably by modifying immune regulation. We used semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to measure mRNA levels for cytokines before and after IFN β-1b therapy. mRNA was extracted from mononuclear cells of nine healthy controls and 31 patients with MS. Before therapy, IL-10 and leukemia inhibitory factor (UF) mRNA levels were elevated in stable MS compared to active MS. Twenty four hours after IFN β-1b treatment, mRNA levels for IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α and UF had not changed. At 1 week, TNF-α mRNA increased and IL-10 and UF mRNA rose in 75% of patients. IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13 and IFN-γ did not change. At 3 months, cytokine mRNA returned to baseline levels. mRNA for the IFN-induced antiviral enzyme, 2, 5-OAS, rose by 24 h, peaked at 1 week, and remained elevated thereafter. Serum triglycerides and liver enzymes rose after therapy. Increased SGPT at 3 months correlated with TNF-α mRNA levels, suggesting that cytokines may cause some side effects of IFN β-1b. Baseline cytokine mRNA levels reflect disease activity, but the therapeutic effect of IFN β-1b does not appear to be explained by changes in cytokine mRNA levels.
Counteracting effect of IFN-β on IFN-γ-induced proliferation of human astrocytes in culture
Authors: Satoh J , Paty DW , Kim SU
Published: July 2017

Recent clinical trials have shown that interferon beta (IFN-β) is effective in reducing exacerbations in relapsing-remitting MS, while interferon gamma (IFN-γ) precipitates the relapses. To investigatge mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of IFN-β and the detrimental effects of IFN-γ in MS, cell growth-regulatory effects of IFNs were examined in astrocyte-enriched cultures isolated from fetal brains of 12–20 weeks' gestation. Treatment with IFN-γ (50 or 500 IU ml-1) stimulated significantly the proliferation of astrocytes in 6 out of 9 culture series examined, while IFN-β (50 or 500 IU ml-1) inhibited the astrocytic proliferation in 3 out of 9 cultures, and IFN-α (50 or 500 IU ml-1) did not affect the proliferation. IFN-β and to a lesser degree IFN-α reduced the astrocytic proliferation induced by IFN-γ-treatment in 8 out of 9 culture series. The counteracting effect of IFN-α/IFN-β against IFN-γ-induced astrocytic proliferation was verified by the DNA content distribution analysis of propidium iodide-labeled cells. The antagonistic effect of IFN-α/IFN-β on the growth-promoting activity of IFN-γ in cultured human astrocytes suggests that interferons serve as growth regulators of astrocytes at sites of reactive gliosis lesions of MS.
The evolutionary relationship among Caucasian MS patients and controls
Authors: Kalman B , Alder H , Bosch UF , Lublin FD , Chatterjee D
Published: July 2017

Previous observations suggest that the mitochondrial (mt)DNA may confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the proportion of affected individuals and the range of contributing mtDNA abnormalities are unknown. To help clarify this question, we analyzed the first hypervariable D-loop sequences of the mtDNA in a group of randomly selected Caucasian MS patients, in MS patients with prominent optic neuritis (PON) and in controls. Phylogenetic analysis of these D-loop sequences revealed that individuals in both groups of patients are generally scattered in the Caucasian phylogeny. However, a small cluster of unrelated MS patients identified by this analysis suggests that a maternal lineage with MS relevant mtDNA sequences may exist, and merits a more comprehensive study.
Lack of CRS Accessibility May Be Strangling Small Hoteliers, the Lifeblood of European Tourism
Authors: Beaver Allan
Published: July 2017

This paper identifies the fragmented nature of accommodation provision in Europe, the majority being in small units. The increasing use by travel agents of Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs) to book hotels is also identified, by the provision of hitherto unpublished statistics. The criteria are detailed by which agents judge the effectiveness of a CRS. Two CRSs which have specialized in small units are described. The needs of both the supply and demand sides are noted and ways in which these may be met are explained. It is suggested that since small hotels are seldom featured on the major Global CRSs, these hotels may lose market share.
Tourism Employment in Bali: A Gender Analysis
Authors: Cukier Judie , Wall Geoffrey
Published: July 2017

This paper examines gender roles in tourism employment in Bali, Indonesia. While tourism has provided both women and men with greater occupational choices, through analyses of employment as front desk workers, as vendors, as kiosk operators and as drivers/guides, it is shown that there is differential access by gender to tourism employment in Bali. Furthermore, in the formal sector, women may be required to have superior qualifications and may be paid less than men in similar positions. At the same time as gaining access to employment outside the home, many women are expected to carry out traditional roles at home and in religious activities.
Databank: The Americas
Authors: Fletcher John , Latham John
Published: July 2017

Tourism activity and economic performance, particularly that in the major tourism generating and receiving countries, are closely linked. The purpose of this section is to provide those indicators which are regarded as being most relevant to international movements and spend. In the first issue of this volume, information relating to the global picture and by region was presented, together with some detail on the most significant nations. Subsequent issues have concentrated on specific world regions – in this case, economic indicators of tourism in the Americas are provided. The main source of data for this edition is the World Tourism Organisation (WTO). Formal definitions associated with the tables presented are often detailed and lengthy and so are not included here. The reader should consult the source material if necessary.
Structural Change in the European Package Tour Industry: UK/German Comparisons
Authors: Gratton Chris , Richards Greg
Published: July 2017

This paper analyses the development of the European package tour market paying particular attention to the two major package tour markets in Europe, the UK and Germany. It shows how both markets show high concentration with the top three firms supplying over half the market. Despite this similarity in market structure, UK and German package tour operators show great differences in conduct and performance. Whereas the UK market is characterized by fierce price competition, low profit margins, and high rates of entry and exit, the German market has none of these characteristics. It is argued that the UK market is a contestable market in Baumol's terms whereas the German market is a stable oligopoly. The competitiveness of the UK market has led firms to concentrate on the home market to protect market share. The oligopolistic nature of the German market has prevented more growth for German firms in their home market and has led to expansion into other European markets. These points are highlighted by an analysis of data from the FVW International survey of European tour operators for the period 1988–1993.
Economic Evaluation of Recreation and Tourism in Natural Areas: A Case Study in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Carlsen Jack
Published: July 2017

Provision of information for the purposes of evaluating and monitoring recreation and tourism land use is a conceptually difficult task for economists and land managers. A range of techniques has been developed since the pioneering work of Clawson and Knetsch in the 1960s to estimate the market value of recreation and tourism in natural areas. These techniques involve a number of conceptual and practical difficulties when used for environmental auditing and evaluation purposes. This article outlines the process of evaluating recreation and tourism on public lands in order to provide information for an environmental audit of the Upper North East region of New South Wales. The range of market and non-market values associated with tourism and recreation on public lands is based on existing studies of the region. The values of commercial production, recreation and tourism on public lands are compared within a structural model (input–output) of the regional economy.
Global Tourism Trends — To 1996
Authors: Bar-On Raphael Raymond
Published: July 2017

International tourism in 1996 has been reported by the World Tourism Organization as 594 million tourist arrivals (excluding day-visitors), 5.3% above 1995, with receipts from international tourism totalling US$423 billion (excluding international fares, including day-visitors), 6.0% above 1995 (in current US$). These are detailed by regions, with the tourist arrivals for the top 40 destinations and receipts and expenditures for the Top Ten countries.
A journey in the field of health: From social psychology to multi-disciplinarity
Authors: Herzlich Claudine
Published: July 2017

“Health psychology” is a newer sub-discipline whose research methodologies, theories, and practices were borrowed from diverse areas of psychology. It appeared later in France than in the United States or United Kingdom. In 1966, I adopted a perspective between anthropology and psycho-sociology of medicine. I never have self-identified as a “Health Psychologist”, continuing to work outside of disciplinary boundary constraints, but studied health questions moving first from psychology (and anthropology), through social psychology to sociology. By the 1980s, I adopted an even broader multi-disciplinary approach to health, as the HIV/AIDS epidemic urgently challenged health researchers/practitioners, in France and worldwide.
The combined impact of social support and perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder and without intellectual disability
Authors: Bishop-Fitzpatrick Lauren , Mazefsky Carla A , Eack Shaun M
Published: July 2017

Identifying modifiable correlates of good quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder is of paramount importance for intervention development as the population of adults with autism spectrum disorder increases. This study sought to examine social support and perceived stress as potential modifiable correlates of quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder. We hypothesized that adults with autism spectrum disorder without co-occurring intellectual disabilities ( N = 40; aged 18–44 years) would report lower levels of social support and quality of life than typical community volunteers who were matched for age, sex, and race ( N = 25). We additionally hypothesized that social support would buffer the effect of perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Results indicated that adults with autism spectrum disorder reported significantly lower levels of social support and quality of life than matched typical community volunteers. In addition, findings showed significant direct effects of social support and perceived stress on quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Social support did not buffer the effect of perceived stress on quality of life. Interventions that teach adults with autism spectrum disorder skills to help them better manage stress and cultivate supportive social relationships have the potential to improve quality of life.
An iterative order determination method for time-series modeling in structural health monitoring
Authors: Rezaiee-Pajand Mohammad , Entezami Alireza , Shariatmadar Hashem
Published: July 2017

Statistical time-series modeling has recently emerged as a promising and applicable methodology to structural health monitoring. In this methodology, an important step is to choose robust and optimal orders of time-series models for extracting damage-sensitive features. In this study, an iterative order determination method is proposed to determine optimal orders based on residual analysis. The proposed technique consists of identifying the best time-series model, determining the maximum orders, and selecting the optimal orders that enable the model to extract uncorrelated residuals. The application of low-pass signal filters to the process of order determination is also evaluated. In a comparative study, the influence of optimal orders on damage is assessed to perceive whether features extracted from optimal models, with and without using low-pass filters, are sensitive to damage. Experimental data of a three-story laboratory frame and a large-scale bridge are applied to demonstrate the performance and capability of the proposed method. Results show that the proposed iterative method is an efficient tool for the determination of optimal orders along with the extraction of uncorrelated residuals.
Experimental study of precast segmental columns with unbonded tendons under cyclic loading
Authors: Li Chao , Hao Hong , Zhang Xihong , Bi Kaiming
Published: July 2017

Precast segmental column has attracted a lot of interests over the past decade. It has become more and more popular in construction industry to achieve fast construction, improve construction quality and reduce environmental impact. Many factors including the energy dissipation bar, number of segments, prestressing force and shear keys could affect the performance of segmental column, but each of previous studies normally focused on investigating one or two of these factors. Since different previous studies used different materials, different structural dimensions, different axial loads and different testing methods, it is difficult to have comprehensive comparisons of the influences of these parameters on the performances of segmental columns. Moreover, limited studies indicated that shear keys had insignificant influences on performances of segmental columns subjected to cyclic loadings, while other studies revealed shear keys contribute to resisting impact loads but could lead to more severe damage due to stress concentration. In this study, cyclic tests were carried out to systematically assess the performance of segmental columns. Special attentions were paid on the influences of shear keys on column responses. Five scaled segmental columns with different designs were tested to study their damage mode, hysteretic behaviour, residual drift and energy dissipation capacity. One monolithic column was also tested as a reference. Test results showed that comparing with the monolithic column, the segmental columns exhibited better ductility and smaller residual drift, indicating better seismic performance, but segmental columns had less loading capacity and absorbed less energy. The influences of different designs including energy dissipation bar between adjacent segments, number of segments, prestressing force level in the tendon and concrete shear key on the seismic performance of segmental column were investigated and discussed.
Organized leisure-time sport participation and academic achievement in preadolescents
Authors: Sævarsson Elvar Smari , Svansdottir Erla , Sveinsson Thorarinn , Asgeirsdottir Tinna Laufey , Arngrimsson Sigurbjorn Arni , Johannsson Erlingur
Published: July 2017

Aims: The aims of this study were to study the correlation between lifestyle-related factors, such as organized leisure-time sport participation (OLSP), cardiorespiratory fitness, and adiposity, and academic achievement among preadolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 248 nine-year-old school children was carried out. OLSP was self-reported with parental assistance, categorized as ≤ 1× a week, 2–3× a week, and ≥ 4× times a week or more. Academic achievement was estimated with results from standardized test scores in Icelandic and math. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated using a maximal cycle ergometer test. The sum of four skinfolds was used to estimate adiposity. Results: Tests of between-subjects effect indicated that OLSP significantly correlated with achievement in math only (F(2,235) = 3.81, p = 0.024). Further analysis showed that the two less active groups had significantly lower scores in math compared to the most active group with OLSP ≥ 4× times a week or more (2–3× times a week, unstandardized coefficient (b) = –4.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) [–7.09, –1.07]; ≤ 1× a week, b = −3.84, 95% CI [–7.59, –0.08]), independent of sex, age, maturity level (age to/from peak height velocity), family structure, and parental education. Neither cardiorespiratory fitness nor adiposity significantly correlated with academic achievements. Conclusions: The study’s result indicates that frequent (four times per week or more often) sport participation is not harmful but may be beneficial to learning. However, further intervention-based study of this topic is needed to determine if this relationship is causal.