bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing a business process model for bridge management
Authors: Harvey J. , Owens P.
Published: October 2008

Waterways in northern Ireland is responsible for managing and maintaining Ireland's navigable inland waterways, as established under the British–Irish Agreement in December 1999. As part of this role, Waterways Ireland manages and maintains bridges and an array of other structures on its seven major waterways in order to fulfil its mission of providing a high-quality recreational environment on the waterways in its care, for the benefit of all. Currently, there are 580 structures over the 1000 km of waterways and their associated branches. Of these, 360 are owned, managed and maintained by Waterways Ireland. Recently, Waterways Ireland initiated a programme to develop a business process model for bridge management. This paper describes the business process model, which comprises a set of logical diagrams, textual descriptions and data elements. These components provide both an overview and an in-depth guide to the procedures involved in managing Waterways Ireland's bridge stock, in a format understood by managers and personnel within Waterways Ireland. The following components of the business process model are discussed here: (a) the set of hierarchical procedures and activities associated with managing bridge structures; (b) textual descriptions of each activity contained within the process procedures; (c) workflow diagrams illustrating interrelated procedures and activities; (d) the range of inputs and outputs associated with each activity, together with a description of the personnel responsible for the undertaking of those activities; (e) key performance indicators, which afford quantifiable measurements that reflect the operational efficiency of the various procedures within the business process model.
Assessment of concrete half-joints using non-linear analysis
Authors: Boothman D. , Leckie S. , MacGregor I. , Brodie A.
Published: October 2008

The Kingston Bridge in Glasgow carries traffic across the River Clyde. Carrying an average of around 180 000 vehicles per day, it is one of the busiest bridges in Europe. The approach ramps to the Kingston Bridge include numerous half-joint geometries. These joints were designed in accordance with standards current in the late 1960s. A recent assessment to more onerous modern codes showed that some of the half-joints were not code compliant. In light of this theoretical inadequacy, a destructive load test was undertaken on a typical half-joint on one of the approach ramps that was being demolished and replaced. The data obtained from the tested half-joint demonstrated significant capacity above that predicted by the assessment codes. The results of the load tests were used to calibrate a non-linear finite-element model of the tested half-joint. Once confidence in the reliability of the non-linear model was established, various derivative models were used to reassess the half-joints in the Kingston Bridge Complex. This approach justified confidence that the half-joints' actual capacities were significantly greater than those calculated from the assessment codes and that they were sufficient to sustain the assessment loading.
Prefabricated vertical drains: a simplified design procedure
Authors: Bellezza I. , Fentini R.
Published: October 2008

The available design procedures for prefabricated vertical drains are discussed and a simple-to-use design equation is derived by which the drain spacing ratio, n, is expressed as an explicit function of the degree of consolidation required time available, and geotechnical properties of the compressible layer. Both smear and well-resistance effects are included in the analysis. The proposed approach does not require the aid of a computer and the drain spacing is calculated avoiding any iterative process or interpolations. The design equation derived in this note can be considered an improvement over the design chart-based procedures as it provides a very accurate value of the drain spacing ratio instead of a graphical estimate. For smear and wellresistance parameters varying in a range of practical interest the results of a validation phase demonstrate that the proposed approach can be effectively used for practical applications. A numerical example is given to illustrate the design procedure.
Reduction of smear effects around PVD using thermo-PVD
Authors: Pothiraksanon C. , Saowapakpiboon J. , Bergado D. T. , Than N. Y.
Published: October 2008

This paper presents the effects of raising the temperature of soft Bangkok clay, up to 90°C, in combination with the performance of prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) during the preloading process called thermo-PVD, as measured in laboratory model tests. For both reconstituted and undisturbed specimens, higher settlements were observed for the soil specimens with thermo-PVD loaded with constant vertical stress. Furthermore, using thermo-PVD, Kh/Ks decreased while the coefficient of horizontal consolidation Ch increased for both the undisturbed and reconstituted specimens, which resulted in an increased rate of consolidation. This behaviour can be attributed to an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of the soil as the soil temperature increased within the smear zone surrounding the PVD. Therefore, using thermo-PVD, which combines a heat source and drainage with the PVD, the drainage performance can be enhanced by reducing the drainage retardation effects in the smear zone around the thermo-PVD.
Field behaviour of granular pile-anchors in expansive soils
Authors: Phanikumar B. R. , Srirama Rao A. , Suresh K.
Published: October 2008

Different innovative foundation techniques have been suggested for controlling the detrimental volume change behaviour of expansive soils. The efficacy of a recent innovation in the form of granular pile-anchors in controlling heave of expansive clay beds and improving the engineering behaviour of the ambient soil has also been reported, based on results obtained from laboratory model tests. Before suggesting granular pileanchor foundations for installation in field practices, however, an in situ study of the behaviour of granular pile-anchors is also required as a support to the laboratory study. This paper describes an extensive field study of the behaviour of granular pile-anchor foundations of expansive clay beds. The field study was performed to study the rate of heave, reduction of heave and variation of heave with radial distance and with depth. Heave was found to be reduced by about 90% upon installation of granular pile-anchors. Final heave was reached in just about half the time required for final heave in the case of an unreinforced expansive clay bed. Improvement in the engineering behaviour of the ambient clay was studied through Proctor needle penetration tests and unconfined compression tests. It was found that a maximum increase of about 120% was observed in penetration resistance in the case of expansive clay beds reinforced with granular pileanchors.
Plasticity applications in reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures
Authors: Prakhya G.
Published: October 2008

The reinforcement computed by the plastic theory in the design and assessment of concrete structures is optimum for most practical cases wherein the serviceability criterion is not required. Where the serviceability criterion is required in terms of crack width, maximum service stress in concrete, minimum compression depths and so on, the reinforcement required will, however, be much higher than that computed using plastic theory. The ratios of steel required from serviceability limit state (SLS) to ultimate limit state (ULS) condition varies with the loading regime and could be in the order of 100 to 200% for some cases. Case studies are presented here to demonstrate such effects wherein non-linear loading regimes were present.
Periodontal Bacterial Profiles in Pregnant Women: Response to Treatment and Associations With Birth Outcomes in the Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy (OPT) Study
Authors: Novak M. John , Novak Karen F. , Hodges James S. , Kirakodu Sreenatha , Govindaswami Meera , DiAngelis Anthony , Buchanan William , Papapanou Panos N. , Michalowicz Bryan S.
Published: October 2008

Background: A recent clinical trial (Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy [OPT] Study) demonstrated that periodontal therapy during pregnancy improved periodontal outcomes but failed to impact preterm birth. The present study evaluated seven target bacteria, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis), Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, in subgingival dental plaque of pregnant women in the OPT Study and their association with birth outcomes.

Methods: Pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive periodontal treatment before 21 weeks’ gestation or after delivery. Subgingival plaque was sampled at baseline (13 to 16 weeks; 6 days of gestation) and at 29 to 32 weeks. We analyzed subgingival plaque samples from women who experienced fetal loss, delivered a live preterm infant (preterm women), or delivered a full‐term infant (full‐term women). Samples were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Associations between preterm birth and bacterial counts and percentages were tested using multiple linear regression.

Results: No significant differences were observed at baseline between preterm and full‐term women for any measured bacterial species or group of species, after accounting for multiple comparisons. Changes in bacterial counts and proportions during pregnancy also were not associated with birth outcomes. In full‐term and preterm women, periodontal therapy significantly reduced (P <0.01) counts of all target species except for A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Conclusions: In pregnant women with periodontitis, non‐surgical periodontal therapy significantly reduced levels of periodontal pathogens. Baseline levels of selected periodontal pathogens or changes in these bacteria resulting from therapy were not associated with preterm birth.
Evaluation of Mandibular Posterior Single Implants With Two Different Surfaces: A 5‐Year Comparative Study
Authors: Jung Ui‐Won , Choi Jung‐Yoo , Kim Chang‐Sung , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Choi Seong‐Ho
Published: October 2008

Background: Anatomic and biomechanical limitations can jeopardize successful single implantation in the mandibular posterior area. To overcome the limitations, the design and the surface of the fixtures were modified. This study evaluated the cumulative survival rate (CSR) of mandibular molars replaced with a sand‐blasted, large‐grit, acid‐etched (SLA) single implant or an anodized (ANO) single implant and examined associated factors, such as the surface treatment, position, and length and diameter of the implants.

Methods: One hundred ninety‐three single implants restored with an SLA implant and 112 single implants restored with an ANO implant in the mandibular molar area were selected from subjects who had visited the Department of Periodontology, Dental Hospital of Yonsei University, from March 2001 through June 2006. In the SLA group, 123 and 70 implants were placed in the first and second molar area, respectively. In the ANO group, 55 and 57 implants were placed in the first and second molar area, respectively. The 1‐ to 6‐year CSR of the SLA and ANO groups was calculated using the life‐table analysis. In addition, associated factors, such as the surface treatment, position, and length and diameter of the implants, were compared and analyzed using the χ2 test (P <0.05).

Results: Two of 193 implants in the SLA group failed, giving a CSR of 98.96%; four of 112 ANO implants failed, giving a CSR of 96.43%. There were no significant differences with regard to the surface treatment, position, and length and diameter of the implants.

Conclusions: Despite the anatomic and biomechanical limitation in the mandibular posterior area, mandibular posterior single implants showed a high CSR during the observation period. Mandibular posterior single implants can be an effective and reliable treatment modality that is not affected by the surface treatment, position, or length and diameter of the implant.
Early Wound Healing Following One‐Stage Dental Implant Placement With and Without Antibiotic Prophylaxis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Khoury Samer B. , Thomas Leslie , Walters John D. , Sheridan John F. , Leblebicioglu Binnaz
Published: October 2008

Background: One‐stage implant placement has clinically acceptable treatment outcomes. Among other advantages, it may allow investigation of early wound healing. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) can be used to detect early changes around implants placed with one‐stage surgical protocol following 1 week of healing.

Methods: Twenty subjects (11 males and nine females; aged 22 to 72 years; two smokers) were included. Exclusion criteria were allergies to amoxicillin and systemic conditions that may affect healing. Subjects had a healthy periodontium and needed a single implant; eight received antibiotic prophylaxis, and 12 served as controls. Clinical healing was evaluated with plaque and gingival indices (PI and GI, respectively). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from the surgical site was obtained prior to the surgery, whereas PICF was collected at the 1‐week visit. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine GCF/PICF interleukin (IL)‐1β and −8 concentrations. Peripheral blood and GCF antibiotic levels were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography.

Results: Postoperative PI and GI were slightly increased. Total GCF and PICF volumes did not show a significant difference between appointments. There was an increase in PICF IL‐1β and −8 levels at 1 week postoperatively. Mean amoxicillin serum concentration was 5.1 ± 2 μg/ml at 1 to 4 hours following the initial dose, whereas GCF amoxicillin levels were below the limit of detection. Antibiotic prophylaxis had a modest effect on clinical indices (PI and GI) and no appreciable effect on biomarkers.

Conclusions: PICF content can be studied as early as 1 week following one‐stage implant placement. The results raise doubts regarding the clinical usefulness of amoxicillin prophylaxis.
The Effects of Selective COX‐2 Inhibitor/Celecoxib and Omega‐3 Fatty Acid on Matrix Metalloproteinases, TIMP‐1, and Laminin‐5γ2‐Chain Immunolocalization in Experimental Periodontitis
Authors: Vardar‐Sengul Saynur , Buduneli Eralp , Turkoglu Oya , Buduneli Nurcan , Atilla Gül , Wahlgren Jaana , Sorsa Timo , Baylas Haluk
Published: October 2008

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in tissue‐destruction mechanisms–associated periodontitis. MMP‐8 and −13 are the predominant collagenases that are important in the extracellular matrix degradation in periodontal tissues. MMP‐14 is a membrane‐type MMP, whereas laminin‐5 indicates basal membrane modification and epithelial induction. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of celecoxib and omega‐3 fatty acid administration on the gingival tissue expression of MMP‐8, −13, and −14, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)‐1, and laminin (Ln)‐5γ2‐chain in rat experimental periodontitis induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]).

Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced in rats by repeated LPS injection. Fifty‐one adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into six study groups: saline control, LPS, LPS + celecoxib, LPS + therapeutic omega‐3 (TO3), prophylactic omega‐3 + LPS + omega‐3 (P+TO3), and LPS + celecoxib + omega‐3 fatty acid. Celecoxib and omega‐3 fatty acid were given as a single agent or as combination therapy for 14 days. On day 15, all rats were sacrificed, and gingival tissues were analyzed immunohistochemically for the expression of MMP‐8, −13, and −14, TIMP‐1, and Ln‐5γ2‐chain. Alveolar bone loss was evaluated morphometrically under a stereomicroscope. Data were tested statistically by Kruskal‐Wallis and Mann‐Whitney tests and Spearman correlation analysis.

Results: Alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in all study groups compared to the saline control group (all P <0.01). MMP‐8 expression was significantly higher in the LPS group than in the saline group (P = 0.001). Very low expression of MMP‐8 was found in the celecoxib, P+TO3, and combination groups. TO3 increased TIMP‐1 expression significantly compared to the LPS group (P <0.05). Individual celecoxib and P+TO3 administration increased MMP‐14 significantly compared to saline control and LPS groups (P <0.05). No significant differences were found among the study groups with regard to Ln‐5γ2‐chain and MMP‐13 expressions (P >0.05).

Conclusions: Selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, prophylactic omega‐3 fatty acid, and a combination of these two agents can inhibit gingival tissue MMP‐8 expression. Moreover, the individual administration of therapeutic omega‐3 may increase gingival TIMP‐1 expression in contrast to no effect on MMP‐8, −13, and −14 expressions in experimental periodontitis. These experimental findings in a rat model of LPS‐induced periodontitis need to be verified by clinical human studies.
Correlates of Periodontal Decline and Biologic Markers in Older Adults
Authors: Swoboda Jessica R. , Kiyak H. Asuman , Darveau Richard , Persson G. Rutger
Published: October 2008

Background: There is limited information on infectious and host responses distinguishing older people with or without active periodontitis. This study measured bacterial and serum cytokine and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in older persons.

Methods: Elders (mean age: 67 years), whose periodontal status had declined most or least (20% worst or 20% best) over 5 years, were enrolled. Two years later, they were classified as periodontally declining (active periodontitis [AP]), if they had at least five teeth with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm, or stable (stable periodontally [SP]), if they did not. Groups were compared with respect to demographics, PD, clinical loss of attachment, subgingival bacteria, serum hsCRP, interleukin (IL)‐1β and −6, and chronic diseases.

Results: Ten AP and 24 SP subjects were identified; 13% of women and 44% of men from the original sample were in the AP group (P <0.05). Most Asians were SP; most whites and all African Americans were classified as having AP (P <0.01). More AP elders had osteoporosis (P <0.01), but the AP and SP groups did not differ with respect to IL‐1β and −6 or hsCRP. Bacterial counts were higher in the AP group for Parvimonas micra (previously Peptostreptococcus micros or Micromonas micros) (7.7 × 105 cells versus 3.8 × 105 cells; P <0.05), Prevotella intermedia (25.7 × 105 cells versus 9.8 × 105 cells; P <0.01), Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) (16.2 × 105 cells versus 8.0 × 105 cells; P <0.05), and Streptococcus mutans (6.2 × 105 cells versus 2.0 × 105 cells; P <0.01). Three risk factors were most predictive of periodontal decline: PD, osteoporosis, and being white or African American.

Conclusion: Periodontal decline was associated with osteoporosis, ethnicity, PD, gender, serum hsCRP, and levels of four bacterial species.
A Pilot Study to Evaluate a Tissue‐Engineered Bilayered Cell Therapy as an Alternative to Tissue From the Palate
Authors: McGuire Michael K. , Scheyer E. Todd , Nunn Martha E. , Lavin Philip T.
Published: October 2008

Background: This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of a tissue‐engineered skin product composed of viable neonatal keratinocytes and fibroblasts and compared it to a free gingival graft (FGG) in a procedure to enhance keratinized tissue (KT) and wound healing around teeth that do not require root coverage.

Methods: Twenty‐five subjects were enrolled who had at least two non‐adjacent teeth in contralateral quadrants exhibiting an insufficient zone of attached gingiva requiring soft tissue grafting where root coverage was not desired. One tooth was randomized to receive an FGG, and the other was randomized to receive bilayered cell therapy (BCT). The amount of KT was measured at baseline and 3 and 6 months, and the texture and color of the grafted tissue were compared to the surrounding tissue at months 1, 3, and 6. A questionnaire was used to determine subject preference at 6 months. Biopsies and persistence studies were performed on a subset of the subjects.

Results: The FGG generated statistically significantly (P <0.001) more KT than the test device (BCT) (4.5 ± 0.80 mm versus 2.4 ± 1.02 mm); no significant difference in recession or clinical attachment level was detected between treatment groups (P = 0.212 and P = 0.448, respectively); and no significant differences were detected at any time point for bleeding on probing (BOP), resistance to muscle pull, or inflammation. The BCT group had significantly better color and texture match with surrounding tissue (P <0.001), and subject preference was significantly greater for the BCT group (P = 0.041). No device‐related adverse events or safety issues occurred during the course of the study.

Conclusions: The tissue‐engineered graft BCT was safe and capable of generating de novo KT without the morbidity and potential clinical difficulties associated with donor‐site surgery. The amount of KT generated with FGG was greater than generated with BCT; however, 24 of 25 test sites demonstrated an increase in KT at 6 months, with more than three‐quarters of the sites yielding ≥2 mm bands of KT.
Er,Cr:YSGG Laser‐Assisted Surgical Treatment of Peri‐Implantitis With 1‐Year Reentry and 18‐Month Follow‐Up
Authors: Azzeh Manal M.
Published: October 2008

Background: Peri‐implantitis may occur because of biologic or mechanical factors. It can be treated by a variety of methods. In the present case report, treatment was attempted by regenerative osseous surgery associated with an erbium, chromium‐doped:yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser.

Methods: A 28‐year‐old, non‐smoking male complained of gum recession around an implant in the area of upper left central incisor. After clinical examination and radiographs, it was found that there was 2 mm recession, a probing depth of 7 mm, mobility grade one, and bone mesially and distally. Regenerative osseous surgery was performed using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2,780 nm) at different settings to open the flap, remove the granulation tissues, perforate the bone, and clean the implant surface. A bone graft and a bioabsorbable membrane were used for bone regeneration. The patient was reevaluated at 3, 6, 12 (with reentry), and 18 months postoperatively.

Results: At 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, there were no reported complications, with probing depths of 3 to 5 mm, <1 mm recession, no bleeding or implant mobility, and good bone formation. Slight pus discharge was present at 12 months. At 18 months postoperatively, probing depth was 2 mm, recession was <1 mm, there was no bleeding, implant mobility, or discharge, and there was better bone formation. The results were satisfactory to the patient and the clinician.

Conclusion: The Er,Cr:YSGG laser enabled regenerative osseous surgery around an implant with no complications and with high patient and clinician satisaction and confidence.
Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on the Oral Microbial Flora in Women: A Case‐Control Study Including Men as Control Subjects
Authors: Fischer Carolin C. , Persson Rigmor E. , Persson G. Rutger
Published: October 2008

Background: Changes in the levels of female sex hormones during the menstrual cycle may cause cyclic differences in subgingival bacterial colonization patterns. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that hormonal changes in the menstrual cycle cause changes in the oral microbiota.

Methods: Bacterial plaque samples were collected in 20 systemically and periodontally healthy women using no hormonal contraceptives (test group) over a period of 6 weeks. Twenty age‐matched systemically and periodontally healthy men were assigned to the control group. Samples were processed by checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization assay, and 74 species were analyzed.

Results: No cyclic pattern of bacterial colonization was identified for any of the 74 species studied in women not using hormonal contraceptives. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) (Y4) was common at the beginning of menstruation (mean: 32%) and increased during the following 2 weeks (36%) in women (P <0.05). No cyclic differences in bacterial presence were found among the men (P values varied between 0.14 and 0.98). Men presented with significantly higher bacterial counts for 40 of 74 species (P <0.001), including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not Porphyromonas gingivalis (P = 0.15) or Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) (P = 0.42).

Conclusions: During a menstruation period, cyclic variation in the subgingival microbiota of periodontally healthy women of child‐bearing age who were not using oral hormonal contraceptives could not be confirmed. Male control subjects presented with higher levels of many species but also without a cyclic pattern.
Bioinformatic Prediction of Leader Genes in Human Periodontitis
Authors: Covani Ugo , Marconcini Simone , Giacomelli Luca , Sivozhelevov Victor , Barone Antonio , Nicolini Claudio
Published: October 2008

Background: Genes involved in different biologic processes form complex interaction networks. However, only a few have a high number of interactions with the other genes in the network. In previous bioinformatics and experimental studies concerning the T lymphocyte cell cycle, these genes were identified and termed “leader genes.” In this work, genes involved in human periodontitis were tentatively identified and ranked according to their number of interactions to obtain a preliminary, broader view of molecular mechanisms of periodontitis and plan targeted experimentation.

Methods: Genes were identified with interrelated queries of several databases. The interactions among these genes were mapped and given a significance score. The weighted number of links (weighted sum of scores for every interaction in which the given gene is involved) was calculated for each gene. Genes were clustered according to this parameter. The genes in the highest cluster were termed leader genes.

Results: Sixty‐one genes involved or potentially involved in periodontitis were identified. Only five were identified as leader genes, whereas 12 others were ranked in an immediately lower cluster. For 10 of 17 genes there is evidence of involvement in periodontitis; seven new genes that are potentially involved in this disease were identified. The involvement in periodontitis has been completely established for only two leader genes.

Conclusions: We applied a validated bioinformatics algorithm to increase our knowledge of molecular mechanisms of periodontitis. Even with the limitations of this ab initio analysis, this theoretical study can suggest ad hoc experimentation targeted on significant genes and, therefore, simpler than mass‐scale molecular genomics. Moreover, the identification of leader genes might suggest new potential risk factors and therapeutic targets.
Bone Remodeling Biomarkers of Periodontal Disease in Saliva
Authors: Frodge Brandon D. , Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Kryscio Richard J. , Thomas Mark V. , Miller Craig S.
Published: October 2008

Background: Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), C‐telopeptide pyridinoline cross‐links of type I collagen (ICTP), and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) have been associated with bone remodeling and periodontal tissue destruction. This study evaluated the level of these biomarkers in saliva with respect to periodontal disease status.

Methods: Levels of TNF‐α in unstimulated whole saliva of 74 adults (35 subjects with moderate to severe periodontal disease and 39 healthy controls) and salivary levels of RANKL and ICTP of a subset of 21 subjects and 21 matched controls were examined using enzyme immunosorbent assays in a case‐control clinical study.

Results: Salivary levels of TNF‐α were detected in all subjects, whereas levels of ICTP and RANKL were detected in only a minority of subjects. Mean salivary levels of TNF‐α were significantly higher in individuals with periodontal disease (mean: 4.33 pg/ml) than in controls (mean: 2.03 pg/ml; P = 0.02), with a maximum level (27.96 pg/ml) observed in periodontitis. Subjects with salivary TNF‐α levels above a threshold of 5.75 pg/ml (i.e., two standard deviations above the mean of the controls) had significantly more sites with bleeding on probing, probing depths ≥4 mm, and attachment loss ≥2 mm (P ≤0.01).

Conclusion: Salivary levels of TNF‐α were elevated in patients who had clinical indicators of periodontitis, suggesting that this biomarker may serve in a panel of salivary biomarkers that could facilitate the screening, diagnosis, and management of periodontal disease.
Effects of Ultrasound on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Cementoblast Lineage Cells
Authors: Inubushi T. , Tanaka E. , Rego E.B. , Kitagawa M. , Kawazoe A. , Ohta A. , Okada H. , Koolstra J.H. , Miyauchi M. , Takata T. , Tanne K.
Published: October 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation on the proliferation and differentiation of cementoblast lineage cells.

Methods: An immortalized human periodontal ligament cell line (HPL) showing immature cementoblastic differentiation was used. Cultured HPL cells were subjected to LIPUS exposure (frequency = 1 MHz; pulsed 1:4; intensity = 30 mW/cm2) or sham exposure for 15 minutes per day. Expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen (Col‐I), runt‐related gene 2 (Runx2), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) mRNA were analyzed with real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Furthermore, ALP activity, collagen synthesis, and protein level of Runx2 were examined after 6 days of LIPUS exposure.

Results: mRNA and protein levels of ALP, Col‐I, and Runx2 were significantly increased by LIPUS exposure compared to controls, whereas BSP, OCN, and OPN mRNA expression could not be detected in HPL cells, irrespective of LIPUS exposure.

Conclusion: LIPUS enhanced ALP activity, collagen synthesis, and Runx2 expression of HPL cells, which provides important insight into the promotion of early cementoblastic differentiation of immature cementoblasts.
Speech Pattern Improvement Following Gingivectomy of Excess Palatal Tissue
Authors: Holtzclaw Dan , Toscano Nicholas
Published: October 2008

Background: Speech disruption secondary to excessive gingival tissue has received scant attention in periodontal literature. Although a few articles have addressed the causes of this condition, documentation and scientific explanation of treatment outcomes are virtually non‐existent. This case report describes speech pattern improvements secondary to periodontal surgery and provides a concise review of linguistic and phonetic literature pertinent to the case.

Methods: A 21‐year‐old white female with a history of gingival abscesses secondary to excessive palatal tissue presented for treatment. Bilateral gingivectomies of palatal tissues were performed with inverse bevel incisions extending distally from teeth #5 and #12 to the maxillary tuberosities, and large wedges of epithelium/connective tissue were excised.

Results: Within the first month of the surgery, the patient noted “changes in the manner in which her tongue contacted the roof of her mouth” and “changes in her speech.” Further anecdotal investigation revealed the patient's enunciation of sounds such as “s,” “sh,” and “k” was greatly improved following the gingivectomy procedure.

Conclusions: Palatometric research clearly demonstrates that the tongue has intimate contact with the lateral aspects of the posterior palate during speech. Gingival excess in this and other palatal locations has the potential to alter linguopalatal contact patterns and disrupt normal speech patterns. Surgical correction of this condition via excisional procedures may improve linguopalatal contact patterns which, in turn, may lead to improved patient speech.
Detection of Periodontal Pathogens in Oral Mucous Membranes of Edentulous Individuals
Authors: Cortelli José Roberto , Aquino Davi Romeiro , Cortelli Sheila Cavalca , Nobre Franco Gilson César , Fernandes Camila Borges , Roman‐Torres Caio Vinícius Gonçalves , Costa Fernando Oliveira
Published: October 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the colonization of Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) in the tongue and cheek of newborns and elderly individuals with no teeth.

Methods: Seventy‐four edentulous subjects were included in this cross‐sectional study. Microbiologic samples were taken from the dorsum of the tongue and cheek mucosa of all individuals and analyzed using a bacterial DNA‐specific polymerase chain reaction.

Results: C. rectus was the most prevalent species in both groups (20.9% in the cheek of newborns, and 77.4% in the tongue of elderly subjects). P. gingivalis and P. intermedia were not detected in any of the 43 newborns; however, P. gingivalis was recovered from the tongue and cheek (3.2%) of elderly individuals, whereas P. intermedia was detected in the tongue (9.6%) and cheek (3.2%) of elderly individuals. T. forsythia was detected in newborns as well as elderly individuals, although the highest prevalence was observed in the tongue of newborns (6.9%) and elderly (9.6%) individuals. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not found in the tongue of newborns, but we observed A. actinomycetemcomitans in the cheek (2.3%) of newborns and in the tongue (12.9%) and cheek (6.4%) of elderly patients.

Conclusions: Although we did not detect P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in newborns, periodontal pathogens could be detected from the oral mucous membranes of edentulous individuals. Our results suggest that major attention should be paid to edentulous individuals as an important measure in the prevention of the initial colonization of natural teeth and dental implants by periodontal pathogens.
Removal Torque and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Bioceramic Grit‐Blasted/Acid‐Etched and Dual Acid‐Etched Implant Surfaces: An Experimental Study in Dogs
Authors: Marin Charles , Granato Rodrigo , Suzuki Marcelo , Gil Jose N. , Piattelli Adriano , Coelho Paulo G.
Published: October 2008

Background: Surface modifications to dental implants have been used in an attempt to accelerate the osseointegration process. The objective of this study was to biomechanically/histomorphometrically evaluate a bioceramic grit‐blasted and acid‐etched surface (BGB/AA; test) versus a dual acid‐etched implant surface (control) in a beagle dog model.

Methods: Control and BGB/AA implants were subjected to a series of physicochemical characterization tools, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and auger photoelectron spectroscopy (APS). The animal model included the placement of 72 implants along the proximal tibiae of six beagle dogs, which remained in place for 2 or 4 weeks. After euthanization, half of the specimens were biomechanically tested (removal torque), and the other half was non‐decalcified processed to slides of ∼30 μm thickness for histomorphologic and histomorphometric (percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact [%BIC]) evaluation. Analysis of variance at the 95% confidence level and the Tukey post hoc test were used for multiple comparisons.

Results: SEM and AFM showed that surface microtextures were qualitatively and quantitatively different and that the BGB/AA surface presented higher submicrometer average roughness values (Ra) and root mean square (RMS) values compared to control surfaces. Ca and P were detected at the BGB/AA surface by APS. Higher degrees of bone organization were observed along the perimeter of the BGB/AA surface compared to control, despite the non‐significant differences in %BIC between the surfaces (P >0.25). Significantly higher removal torque was observed for the BGB/AA implants at both time periods (P <0.0001).

Conclusion: According to the biomechanical and histomorphologic results, early biomechanical fixation was positively affected by the BGB/AA surface compared to the dual‐acid etched surface.
Photodegradation of sulphadimethoxine in water by medium pressure UV lamp
Authors: Lester Y. , Gozlan I. , Avisar D. , Mamane H.
Published: October 2008

The photodegradation rate of sulphadimethoxine (SMT) in water was studied under polychromatic UV light, in a bench scale apparatus. SMT photolysis was carried out at pH levels of 2.5, 6.5 and 10 to study the impact of acid base properties on the degradation of SMT. The highest SMT photolysis fluence based rate was found at pH = 2.5 (k=7.22 × 10−4 cm2/mJ) and the lowest rate at pH = 10 (k=4.72 × 10−4 cm2/mJ), thus the reaction rate decreases with an increase in pH between pH values of 2.5–10. Results indicated that direct photolysis is not satisfactory for degradation of SMT by polychromatic UV lamp as a fluence of approximately 7,000 mJ/cm2 is needed to break down 99% of SMT at pH 6.5. The photodegradation products of SMT were studied at various pH values. Photodegradation of SMT results in dissimilar relative amounts of intermediates formed at different pH values which may exert a photon demand and impact on SMT photodegradation rate.
Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflow Using Retention Treatment Basin Assisted with Polymer Chemical Coagulation
Authors: El‐Gendy Ahmed S. , Li Jian Guo , Biswas Nihar
Published: October 2008

Pilot plant experiments were conducted to examine the performance of a retention treatment basin (RTB) with chemical coagulation using a cationic polymer in the treatment of combined sewer overflow (CSO) for the City of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The pilot plant was operated at surface overflow rates (SORs) up to 1370 m 3/m 2 · d. This study demonstrated that the use of polymer coagulation improved settling characteristics of solids, and allowed the SOR in the RTB to be increased significantly. An optimum polymer dosage to achieve the discharge standards of CSO was determined from the experimental runs. The effluent quality met the Ontario Ministry of the Environment Procedure F‐5‐5 in terms of 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids removals. A flushing box was successfully tested for flushing the collected floatables and sludge from the bottom of the RTB after storm events.
Phosphorus and Heavy Metal Extraction from Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludges Using Microwaves for Generation of Exceptional Quality Biosolids
Authors: Danesh Paymon , Hong Seung M. , Moon Kyong W. , Park Jae K.
Published: October 2008

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the amount of phosphorus and metals in sludge that can be released into solution by microwave irradiation when applied to sludge before anaerobic digestion and determine the effectiveness of subsequent lime precipitation. The fraction of phosphorus in the soluble form increased to 23 to 28% for thickened sludge and to 31 to 38% for unthickened sludge, after raising temperatures by microwave heating to 50 to 70°C. Microwave irradiation also caused the release of arsenic, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium into solution to 33, 15, 13, and 28% for thickened sludge and 63, 61, 37, and 27% for unthickened sludge, respectively. Microwave irradiation has been found to destruct pathogens in sludge to meet Class A biosolids requirements. Therefore, the reduction of phosphorus and metals in biosolids using microwave heating is economically attractive when considered as a secondary benefit to the use of microwave heating to generate Class A biosolids.
Pitfalls of the Paulson Plan
Authors: Carmel Jonathan
Published: October 2008

Jonathan Carmel explains that the auctions on which the Paulson plan relies are no magic bullet, and the problems of adverse selection that are causing the banks trouble could continue after $700 billion is spent.
Effect of Different Laser Devices on the Composition and Microhardness of Dentin
Authors: Çelik E. U. , Ergücü Z. , Türkün L. S. , Türkün M.
Published: October 2008

Clinical Relevance

Both Er:YAG and Er, Cr:YSGG laser systems similarly affected the composition and microhard-ness of dentin.
Shear Bond Strength of Provisional Restoration Materials Repaired with Light-cured Resins
Authors: Chen H-L. , Lai Y-L. , Chou I-C. , Hu C-J. , Lee S-Y.
Published: October 2008

Clinical Relevance

Specific repair resins should be chosen for certain provisional materials, since optimal bond strength can be achieved only when the repair resin has similar chemical components to those of the resin matrix (either methacrylate or bis-acryl) for the provisional restoration.
Marginal Integrity of Partial Ceramic Crowns Within Dentin With Different Luting Techniques and Materials
Authors: Schenke F. , Hiller K-A. , Schmalz G. , Federlin M.
Published: October 2008

Clinical Relevance

Resin coating improves the marginal seal of partial ceramic crowns to dentin compared to conventional luting, especially at the dentin/composite interface. However, the self-adhesive material RelyX Unicem shows significantly better marginal integrity than the other materials tested.
The Effect of Different Restoration Techniques on the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically-treated Molars
Authors: Cobankara F. K. , Unlu N. , Cetin A. R. , Ozkan H. B.
Published: October 2008

Clinical Relevance

To restore endodontically-treated molars, the use of indirect hybrid inlay restorations may be recommended due to their more favorable fracture failure modes compared with amalgam, resin composite and fiber-reinforced resin composite restoration techniques and their greater fracture resistance compared with amalgam restorations.
In Vitro Bonding Performance of Self-etch Adhesives: II—Ultramorphological Evaluation
Authors: Perdigão J. , Lopes M. M. , Gomes G.
Published: October 2008

Clinical Relevance

All-in-one adhesives are being currently used in clinical dentistry. These simplified adhesives result in a deficient infiltration in dentin and deficient enamel etching, which may result in marginal leakage and compromised durability.
The Inhibitory Effect of MI Paste, Fluoride and a Combination of Both on the Progression of Artificial Caries-like Lesions in Enamel
Authors: Pulido M. T. , Wefel J. S. , Hernandez M. M. , Denehy G. E. , Guzman-Armstrong S. , Chalmers J. M. , Qian F.
Published: October 2008

Clinical Relevance

It is important to evaluate the inhibitory effect on lesion progression of CPP-ACP when delivered in a mousse vehicle, commercially known as MI Paste, and compare it to actual remineralization products already established.
Effect of pH on the Wettability and Fluoride Release of an Ion-releasing Resin Composite
Authors: Namen F. M. , Galan J. , De Deus G. , Cabreira R. D. , Filho F. C. S.
Published: October 2008

Clinical Relevance

The effect of pH on the wettability and fluoride release of Ariston pHc was examined. It was determined that this material might interfere with plaque adhesion in the oral environment.
A Philosophy for Restoring Virgin Caries
Authors: Henry D. B.
Published: October 2008

Clinical Relevance

The replacement of failed restorations due to secondary caries is a national problem. This practice often leads to larger restorations that are more complex and have greater potential for tooth loss. The clinical choice of available restorative materials, combined with the operator's skill level, has a profound influence on the life expectancy of a restoration. Subsequently, the life expectancy of a restoration has direct consequences affecting oral health.
Endovascular treatment of extensive cerebral sinus thrombosis
Authors: Newman C. Benjamin , Pakbaz Ramin S. , Nguyen Andrew D. , Kerber Charles W.
Published: October 2008

Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis is an uncommon but potentially lethal event. Although thrombosis accounts for only 1% of all strokes, if it is left untreated patients suffer from continuing headaches, vague neurological complaints, and may even progress to coma and death. New endovascular techniques and technology allow the possibility of more aggressive thrombolysis and thrombectomy in the setting of acute thrombosis. The authors present a case of recanalization of an extensive cerebral thrombosis using a new endovascular retrieval device.
Surgical management of metastatic sarcoma to the brain
Authors: Fox Benjamin D. , Patel Akash , Suki Dima , Rao Ganesh
Published: October 2008

Object

Metastatic sarcoma to the brain is rare and represents a therapeutic challenge due to its relative resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Resection has traditionally been the mainstay of treatment. The authors reviewed a series of patients with metastatic sarcoma to the brain treated surgically to determine outcomes and identify predictors of survival in these patients.

Methods

A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was undertaken on patients undergoing surgery between 1993 and 2005 for metastatic sarcoma to the brain at The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.

Results

During the study period, 62 patients underwent 84 operations for metastatic sarcoma to the brain. The median postoperative overall and progression-free survival rates were 7.5 and 4.7 months, respectively. Fifty-nine (95%) of 62 patients had a gross-total resection. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.2%. The Karnofsky Performance Scale scores at discharge from the hospital and 3 months postoperatively were the same or improved in 50 (85%) of 59 and 26 (51%) of 51, respectively. Overall postcraniotomy survival was 62% at 6 months, 39% at 1 year, 21% at 2 years, and 8% at 5 years. In multivariate and univariate analysis, control of systemic disease, and sarcomas originating from bone, cartilage, or soft tissue were predictors of survival. Patients with control of systemic disease had survival advantage when compared with those who did not. In patients with alveolar soft-part sarcoma, there was a significantly increased survival advantage compared with all other histological subgroups.

Conclusions

The authors' results suggest that in selected patients, resection of metastatic sarcoma to the brain is associated with a relatively low risk of operative death and results in improvement in neurological function. Patients with systemic control of their primary disease and certain histological subtypes (specifically alveolar soft-part sarcoma) have improved overall and progression-free survival.
Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography in presurgical planning for treatment of infratentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Paolini Sergio , Lanzino Giuseppe , Colonnese Claudio , Venditti Eugenio , Cantore Giampaolo , Esposito Vincenzo
Published: October 2008

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with pure leptomeningeal drainage may be cured by simple interruption of their venous side. This report illustrates the cases of 3 patients undergoing surgery for fistulas classified as Borden Type III, involving the posterior cranial fossa. Preoperatively, the surgical anatomy of these lesions was investigated with 3D reformatting of multislice CT angiography, in addition to conventional angiography. Reformatted images clarified the surgical anatomy of the malformation. Reconstructing both the osseous and the vascular structures and simulating the surgical orientation allowed localization of the dural takeoff point of the DAVF's drainage, showing its relationship with osseous landmarks. Precise localization of the DAVF's drainage may help in choosing the most direct and effective approach to treat the malformation. The reported cases could be treated with a standard retrosigmoid exposure, avoiding the need for more complex cranial base approaches.