bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on food security in the context of climate change from 1980 to 2019
Authors: Sweileh Waleed M.
Published: November 2020

Background

Climate change poses a threat to global food security. Assessing research activity on food security in the presence of climate change is important for policymakers and funding sponsors to make future decisions. The current study aimed to give an overview of research activity on food security in the context of food security.

Methodology

A bibliometric methodology was implemented using the Scopus database for the period from 1980 to 2019. The search strategy utilized the title/abstract search of keywords related to food security and climate change with certain constraints. Bibliometric indicators, frequent author keywords, research themes, and international research collaboration were presented.

Results

The search query retrieved 5960 documents. The last decade of the study period witnessed an increasing trend in both the number of publications and the number of cumulative citations. The top five author keywords were climate change, food security, drought, adaptation, agriculture, and water scarcity. Mapping the retrieved documents showed four general research themes: water security, crop yield, food availability, and health. TheSustainabilityjournal ranked first in terms of productivity while documents published in theGlobal Change Biologyjournal received the highest number of citations per document. At the country level, the USA ranked first in terms of numbers, India ranked first in terms of research productivity per GDP/capita, and the UK ranked first in terms of the number of citations per document. France and the Netherlands had the highest percentage of documents with international authors while India and China had the least. At the regional level, the European region had the highest contribution and the Eastern Mediterranean region had the least contribution. Half of the top-cited documents in the field were review articles and appeared in prestigious journals. At the institutional level, the active list included three Chinese and two American institutions.

Conclusion

Food security under the umbrella of climate change is an emerging global challenge. Research on new technologies to mitigate the impact of climate change on food security is a top priority. Research contribution and collaboration from world regions with limited resources should be encouraged.
Performance Analysis of Intrusion Detection Systems Using a Feature Selection Method on the UNSW-NB15 Dataset
Authors: Kasongo Sydney M. , Sun Yanxia
Published: November 2020

Computer networks intrusion detection systems (IDSs) and intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) are critical aspects that contribute to the success of an organization. Over the past years, IDSs and IPSs using different approaches have been developed and implemented to ensure that computer networks within enterprises are secure, reliable and available. In this paper, we focus on IDSs that are built using machine learning (ML) techniques. IDSs based on ML methods are effective and accurate in detecting networks attacks. However, the performance of these systems decreases for high dimensional data spaces. Therefore, it is crucial to implement an appropriate feature extraction method that can prune some of the features that do not possess a great impact in the classification process. Moreover, many of the ML based IDSs suffer from an increase in false positive rate and a low detection accuracy when the models are trained on highly imbalanced datasets. In this paper, we present an analysis the UNSW-NB15 intrusion detection dataset that will be used for training and testing our models. Moreover, we apply a filter-based feature reduction technique using the XGBoost algorithm. We then implement the following ML approaches using the reduced feature space: Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest-Neighbour (kNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Decision Tree (DT). In our experiments, we considered both the binary and multiclass classification configurations. The results demonstrated that the XGBoost-based feature selection method allows for methods such as the DT to increase its test accuracy from 88.13 to 90.85% for the binary classification scheme.
Successful laparoscopic approach for idiopathic adult colo-colonic intussusception: a case report
Authors: Tatsuta Kyota , Sakata Mayu , Sugiyama Kosuke , Akai Toshiya , Suzuki Katsunori , Suzuki Yuhi , Kawamura Takafumi , Morita Yoshifumi , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro , Kurachi Kiyotaka , Takeuchi Hiroya
Published: November 2020

Background

Adult intussusception is recognized as an abdominal emergency. More than 90% of adult patients with intussusception have distinct causes that are related to benign or malignant tumors. In contrast, idiopathic intussusceptions, which are observed in children, are rare conditions in adult. Especially, colo-colonic idiopathic intussusceptions are rare among them. Surgery is traditionally considered the primary treatment option. Recently, laparoscopic surgery has been reported to be safe and feasible. However, laparoscopic surgical reduction, which is a common procedure in pediatric surgery, is not common in adult intussusception.

Case presentation

We report a 34-year-old man who presented with sudden abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed the target sign in the transverse colon. There was no evidence of bowel obstruction, bowel wall edema, or tumor. We diagnosed idiopathic intussusception and selected laparoscopic procedure because of the strong abdominal pain experienced by the patient. There were no signs of perforation, bowel wall ischemia, or tumor in abdominal cavity. We confirmed idiopathic colo-colonic anterograde intussusception. Laparoscopic surgical reduction was achieved by a combination of delicate direct pressure on the anal side of the transverse colon and gentle pulling on the oral side. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful.

Conclusions

We achieved successful surgical reduction laparoscopically because of an accurate preoperative diagnosis based on characteristic computed tomography features and appropriate surgical technique. Laparoscopic procedure and surgical reduction is considered to be an effective treatment strategy for adult idiopathic intussusceptions with severe symptoms.
Critical appraisal and external validation of a prognostic model for survival of people living with HIV/AIDS who underwent antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Wang Junfeng , Yuan Tanwei , Ling Xuemei , Li Quanmin , Tang Xiaoping , Cai Weiping , Zou Huachun , Li Linghua
Published: November 2020

Background

HIV/AIDS remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Recently, a model has been developed in Wenzhou, China, to predict the survival of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who underwent antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aimed to evaluate the methodological quality and validate the model in an external population-based cohort.

Methods

Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) was used to assess the risk of bias of the Wenzhou model. Data were from the National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program database. We included PLWHA treated between February 2004 and December 2019 in a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou city, China. The endpoint was all-cause deaths and assessed until January 2020. We assessed the discrimination performance of the model by Harrell’s overall C-statistics and time-dependent C-statistics and calibration by comparing observed survival probabilities estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method versus predicted survival probabilities. To assess the potential prediction value of age and gender which were precluded in developing the Wenzhou model, we compared the discriminative ability of the original model with an extended model added with age and gender.

Results

Based on PROBAST, the Wenzhou model was rated as high risk of bias in three out of the four domains (selection of participants, definition of outcome, and methods for statistical analysis) mainly because of the misuse of nested case–control design and propensity score matching. In the external validation analysis, 16758 patients were included, among whom 743 patients died (mortality rate 11.41 per 1000 person-years) during follow-up (median 3.41 years, interquartile range 1.64–5.62). The predictor of HIV viral load was missing in 14361 patients (85.7%). The discriminative ability of the Wenzhou model decreased in the external dataset, with the Harrell’s overall C-statistics being 0.76, and time-dependent C-statistics dropping from 0.81 at 6 months to 0.48 at 10 years after ART initiation. The model consistently underestimated the survival, and the level was 6.23%, 10.02%, and 14.82% at 1, 2, and 3 years after ART initiation, respectively. The overall and time-dependent discriminative ability of the model improved after adding age and gender to the original model.

Conclusion

The Wenzhou prognostic model is at high risk of bias in model development, with inadequate model performance in external validation. Thereby, we could not confirm the validity and extended utility of the Wenzhou model. Future prediction model development and validation studies need to comply with the methodological standards and guidelines specifically developed for prediction models.
Repeated analyses of national clinical audit reports demonstrate improvements in feedback methods
Authors: Khan Tasneem , Alderson Sarah , Francis Jill J. , Lorencatto Fabiana , Grant-Casey John , Stanworth Simon J. , Foy Robbie
Published: November 2020

Background

There is growing interest in the impact of national clinical audit programmes on the quality of healthcare. There is also an evolving evidence-base for enhancing the design and delivery of audit and feedback. We assessed the extent to which a sample of UK national clinical audit feedback reports met a set of good practice criteria over three time points.

Methods

We undertook three cross-sectional content analyses. We developed good practice criteria for the content and delivery of feedback based upon evidence, behavioural theory and expert opinion. We applied these to a feedback reports from 23 national audits listed on the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) website in November 2015. We repeated our assessments in January 2017 for 20 repeat feedback reports, after HQIP had published reporting guidance for national audits, and in August 2019 for a further 14 repeat feedback reports. We verified our assessments, where possible, with audit leads.

Results

Feedback reports consistently included strengths at baseline, including past or planned repeated audit cycles (21; 91%), stating the importance of the topic in relation to patient care (22; 93%), using multi-modal data presentation (23; 100%), and summarising key findings (23; 100%).

We observed improvements over subsequent assessments, so that by 2019, at least 13 out of 14 (93%) feedback reports presented easily identifiable key findings and recommendations, linked recommendations to audit standards, and proposed easily identifiable action plans. Whilst the use of regional comparators did not improve, audit leads highlighted that programmes now provide local data via additional means.

The main shortcoming was the time lag between data collection and feedback; none of the 14 reports assessed in 2019 presented performance data less than 6 months old. Audit leads highlighted that some of these data might be available via programme websites.

Conclusion

We identified increased adherence to good practice in feedback by national clinical audit programmes that may enhance their impact on service delivery and outcomes. There is scope for improvement, especially in the recency of performance data. With further refinements, a criterion-based assessment offers an efficient means of monitoring the quality of national clinical audit feedback reports.
Visual process maps to support implementation efforts: a case example
Authors: Kononowech Jennifer , Landis-Lewis Zach , Carpenter Joan , Ersek Mary , Hogikyan Robert , Levy Cari , Phibbs Ciaran , Scott Winifred , Sales Anne E.
Published: November 2020

Background

Process mapping is often used in quality improvement work to examine current processes and workflow and to identify areas to intervene to improve quality. Our objective in this paper is to describe process maps as a visual means of understanding modifiable behaviors and activities, in this case example to ensure that goals of care conversations are part of admitting a veteran in long-term care settings.

Methods

We completed site visits to 6 VA nursing homes and reviewed their current admission processes. We conducted interviews to document behaviors and activities that occur when a veteran is referred to a long-term care setting, during admission, and during mandatory VA reassessments. We created visualizations of the data using process mapping approaches. Process maps for each site were created to document the admission activities for each VA nursing home and were reviewed by the research team to identify consistencies across sites and to identify potential opportunities for implementing goals of care conversations.

Results

We identified five consistent behaviors that take place when a veteran is referred and admitted in long-term care. These behaviors are assessing, discussing, decision-making, documenting, and re-assessing.

Conclusions

Based on the process maps, it seems feasible that the LST note and order template could be completed along with other routine assessment processes. However, this will require more robust multi-disciplinary collaboration among both prescribing and non-prescribing health care providers. Completing the LST template during the current admission process would increase the likelihood that the template is completed in a timely manner, potentially alleviate the perceived time burden, and help with the provision of veteran-centered care.
Evaluation of endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastric botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of obesity
Authors: Gameel Asmaa , Bahgat Monir , Seif Seham , Habeeb Maha , Abd El-Ghany Mohammed , Altonbary Ahmed Youssef
Published: November 2020

Background

Obesity is rapidly emerging as one of the greatest challenges of human health. Many randomized trials and open-label human studies described conflicting results of gastric intra-muscular injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTA). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance can assure BTA injection into the subserosal layer and muscularis propria of the gastric wall which may optimize the efficacy of injection. The aim of the study is to assess the efficacy and safety of EUS-guided gastric BTA injections in weight reduction for obese subjects.

Results

The present study included 25 patients (2 males and 23 females with mean age 35.84 ± 7.776). For nutrient drink tests, median maximum tolerated volumes (MTVs) decreased from 720 cc (range 480–1680) as a baseline value 2 weeks before BTA injection to 360 cc (range 140–820) at 16 weeks after injection. Mean body weight reduction was 11.92 kg (10.8%) after 16 weeks of BTA injection. Mean body weight continued to decrease during the study period from a baseline value of 110 to 98 kg with significant reduction of mean BMI from baseline value of 41.2 to 36.7 at 16 weeks after BTA injection (p < 0.001). The study was completed without major adverse events.

Conclusion

EUS-guided BTA injection into the antral subserosa and muscularis propria could be an effective technique for weight reduction, or as a bridge for surgery, which can be done safely with minimal complications.

Trial registration

NCT03901040
Tracheostomy tube change during the COVID-19 pandemic: timing and safety considerations
Authors: Zahran Mohamed , Youssef Ahmed
Published: November 2020

Background

The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has become pandemic since it began in late 2019. Tracheostomy is considered an aerosol-generating procedure which increases potential viral exposure to the health care staff.

Main body

Since many patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 underwent tracheostomy, the need for a standardized practice for tracheostomy tube change and care is mandatory. Articles listed in PubMed and guidelines from the otolaryngology societies were reviewed, and the state-of-the-art practice related to the topic is highlighted.

Conclusions

Tracheostomy care in COVID-19 patients requires significant decision-making and preparation to carry out the task in a safe way and eliminate the risk of viral transmission.
Noise types and their attenuation in towed marine seismic: A tutorial
Authors: Hlebnikov Volodya , Elboth Thomas , Vinje Vetle , Gelius Leiv-J.
Published: November 2020

The presence of noise in towed marine seismic data is a long-standing problem. The various types of noise present in marine seismic records are never truly random. Instead, seismic noise is more complex and often challenging to attenuate in seismic data processing. Therefore, we have examined a wide range of real data examples contaminated by different types of noise including swell noise, seismic interference noise, strumming noise, passing vessel noise, vertical particle velocity noise, streamer hit and fishing gear noise, snapping shrimp noise, spike-like noise, cross-feed noise, and streamer-mounted device noise. The noise examples investigated focus only on data acquired with analog group forming. Each noise type is classified based on its origin, coherency, and frequency content. We then determine how the noise component can be effectively attenuated through industry-standard seismic processing techniques. In this tutorial, we avoid presenting the finest details of either the physics of the different types of noise themselves or the noise attenuation algorithms applied. Rather, we focus on presenting the noise problems themselves and find out how well the community is able to address such noise. Our aim is that, based on the provided insights, the geophysical community will be able to gain an appreciation of some of the most common types of noise encountered in marine towed seismic, in the hope to inspire more researchers to focus their attention on noise problems with greater potential industry impact.
Implementation of the Marchenko multiple elimination algorithm
Authors: Thorbecke Jan , Zhang Lele , Wapenaar Kees , Slob Evert
Published: November 2020

The Marchenko multiple elimination (MME) and transmission compensation schemes retrieve primary reflections in the two-way traveltime domain without model information or using adaptive subtraction. Both schemes are derived from projected Marchenko equations and are similar to each other, but they use different time-domain truncation operators. The MME scheme retrieves a new data set without internal multiple reflections. The transmission-compensated Marchenko multiple elimination scheme does the same and additionally compensates for transmission losses in the primary reflections. Both schemes can be solved with an iterative algorithm based on a Neumann series. At each iteration, a convolution or correlation between the projected focusing function and the measured reflection response is performed, and, after each convolution or correlation, a truncation in the time domain is applied. After convergence, the resulting projected focusing function is used for retrieving the transmission-compensated primary reflections and the projected Green’s function is used for the physical primary reflections. We have determined that internal multiples are removed by using time-windowed input data that only contain primary reflections. We evaluate both schemes in detail and develop an iterative implementation that reproduces the presented numerical examples. The software is part of our open-source suite of programs and fits into the Seismic Unix software suite of the Colorado School of Mines.
Discordant GH and IGF-1 Results in Treated Acromegaly: Impact of GH Cutoffs and Mean Values Assessment
Authors: Campana Claudia , Cocchiara Francesco , Corica Giuliana , Nista Federica , Arvigo Marica , Amarù Jessica , Rossi Diego Criminelli , Zona Gianluigi , Ferone Diego , Gatto Federico
Published: November 2020

Context

Discordant growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) values are frequent in acromegaly.

Objective

To evaluate the impact of different GH cutoffs on discordance rate. To investigate whether the mean of consecutive GH measurements impacts discordance rate when matched to the last available IGF-1 value.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

Referral center for pituitary diseases.

Patients

Ninety acromegaly patients with at least 3 consecutive evaluations for GH and IGF-1 using the same assay in the same laboratory (median follow-up 13 years).

Interventions

Multimodal treatment of acromegaly.

Main Outcome Measures

Single fasting GH (GHf) and IGF-1 (IGF-1f). Mean of 3 GH measurements (GHm), collected during consecutive routine patients’ evaluations.

Results

At last evaluation GHf values were 1.99 ± 2.79 µg/L and age-adjusted IGF-1f was 0.86 ± 0.44 × upper limit of normality (mean ± SD). The discordance rate using GHf was 52.2% (cutoff 1 µg/L) and 35.6% (cutoff 2.5 µg/L) (P = 0.025). “High GH” discordance was more common for GHf <1.0 µg/L, while “high IGF-1” was predominant for GHf <2.5 µg/L (P < 0.0001). Using GHm mitigated the impact of GH cutoffs on discordance (GHm <1.0 µg/L: 43.3%; GHm <2.5 µg/L: 38.9%; P = 0.265). At receiver-operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, both GHf and GHm were poor predictors of IGF-1f normalization (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.611 and AUC = 0.645, respectively). The prevalence of disease-related comorbidities did not significantly differ between controlled, discordant, and active disease patients.

Discussion

GH/IGF-1 discordance strongly depends on GH cutoffs. The use of GHm lessen the impact of GH cutoffs. Measurement of fasting GH levels (both GHf and GHm) is a poor predictor of IGF-1f normalization in our cohort.
Impact of Lean Body Mass and Insulin Sensitivity on the IGF-1–Bone Mass Axis in Adolescence: the EPICOM Study
Authors: Jensen Rikke Beck , Bytoft Birgitte , Lohse Zuzana , Johnsen Sine Knorr , Nielsen Morten Frost , Oturai Peter Sandor , Højlund Kurt , Damm Peter , Clausen Tine D , Jensen Dorte M
Published: November 2020

Context

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in the growth of muscle and bone mass and contributes to glucose homeostasis. The offspring of mothers with diabetes during pregnancy have an increased risk of insulin resistance (IR).

Objective

We hypothesized that bone mass was decreased in the offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and that the IGF-1–bone mass relationship would be negatively influenced by IR.

Design

Data from the Epigenetic, Genetic and Environmental Effects on Growth, Metabolism and Cognitive Functions in Offspring of Women with Type 1 Diabetes (EPICOM) study performed from 2012 to 2013 were included.

Setting

This work is a follow-up study of a nationwide register study.

Patients

A total of 278 adolescent index offspring whose mothers had T1D and 303 matched controls were studied.

Main Outcome Measure

Bone mineral content (BMC) determined by a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan and the interaction with IGF-1 and insulin sensitivity were measured.

Results

There was no difference in BMC, bone mineral density, height (SD score [SDS]), or BMC/height between index and control offspring. IGF-1 (SDS) did not differ between the groups but insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (SDS) was higher in index boys compared to controls (B = .31 [95% CI, 0.06-0.57], P = .02). The statistical path analysis showed that IGF-1 predicted BMC/height (B = .24 [95% CI, 0.02-0.45], P = .03), but lean mass was a mediator of this. IGF-1 and the homeostatic model assessment of IR were positively associated (B = .75 [95% CI, 0.37-1.12], P < .001). There was no moderating effect of the interaction between IR and IGF-1 on lean mass in the entire cohort (B = .005 [95% CI, –0.03 to 0.04], P = .81) or when analyzing index cases and controls separately.

Conclusion

We found that lean mass was an intermediary factor in the IGF-1–bone mass relationship in a large cohort of adolescents, and this relationship was not moderated by IR.
Familial Nervous System Tumor Syndromes
Authors: Strowd Roy E. , Plotkin Scott R.
Published: November 2020

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Although sporadic primary neoplasms account for the majority of nervous system tumors, familial nervous system tumor syndromes are important and clinically relevant conditions for the neurologist to understand. This article reviews common inherited nervous system tumor syndromes including neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, schwannomatosis, tuberous sclerosis complex, and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. The epidemiology, genetics, approach to diagnosis, neurologic and nonneurologic manifestations, and management options are reviewed.

RECENT FINDINGS

Awareness of the more common and clinically relevant familial nervous system tumor syndromes is important. These conditions teach us about the underlying biology that drives tumor development in the central and peripheral nervous systems including peripheral nerve sheath tumors (eg, neurofibroma, schwannoma), meningioma, vestibular schwannoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and hemangioblastoma. Knowledge of the clinical manifestations ensures that the neurologist will be able to diagnose these conditions, recommend appropriate surveillance, refer to specialists, and support optimal management. Important discoveries in the role of the underlying genetics have contributed to the launch of several novel drug trials for these tumors, which are changing therapeutic options for patients.

Familial nervous system tumor syndromes are uncommon conditions that require specialized surveillance and management strategies. Coordination across a multidisciplinary team that includes neurologists, neuro-oncologists, radiologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, otolaryngologists, pathologists, neuropsychologists, physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists, and geneticists is necessary for the optimal treatment of these patients.
It takes two to tango – molecular links between plant immunity and brassinosteroid signalling
Authors: Ortiz-Morea Fausto Andres , He Ping , Shan Libo , Russinova Eugenia
Published: November 2020

In response to the invasion of microorganisms, plants actively balance their resources for growth and defence, thus ensuring their survival. The regulatory mechanisms underlying plant immunity and growth operate through complex networks, in which the brassinosteroid phytohormone is one of the central players. In the past decades, a growing number of studies have revealed a multi-layered crosstalk between brassinosteroid-mediated growth and plant immunity. In this Review, by means of the tango metaphor, we immerse ourselves into the intimate relationship between brassinosteroid and plant immune signalling pathways that is tailored by the lifestyle of the pathogen and modulated by other phytohormones. The plasma membrane is the unique stage where brassinosteroid and immune signals are dynamically integrated and where compartmentalization into nanodomains that host distinct protein consortia is crucial for the dance. Shared downstream signalling components and transcription factors relay the tango play to the nucleus to activate the plant defence response and other phytohormonal signalling pathways for the finale. Understanding how brassinosteroid and immune signalling pathways are integrated in plants will help develop strategies to minimize the growth–defence trade-off, a key challenge for crop improvement.
Parotid gland tumors: comparison of conventional and diffusion-weighted MRI findings with histopathological results
Authors: Karaman Can Zafer , Tanyeri Ahmet , Özgür Recep , Öztürk Veli Süha
Published: November 2020

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pathological classification of parotid gland tumors and conventional MRI – diffusion-weighted imaging findings and also contribute the possible effect of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) to diagnosis.

Methods:

60 patients with parotid masses diagnosed using histopathology and/or cytology were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients were evaluated using a 1.5 T MRI. Demographic features, conventional MRI findings, and ADC values (mean, minimum, maximum, and relative) were recorded. MRI findings and ADC values were compared between benign–malignant groups and pleomorphic adenoma vs Warthin’s tumor groups.

Results:

60 tumors (48 benign, 12 malignant) were evaluated in a total of 60 patients (39 males, 21 females). The mean age was 59 (±14, 18–86) years old; the mean lesion size was 26 (±10, 11–61) mm. On the texture of conventional MRI, T2 dominantly hyperintense/with hypointensity signal was seen in 87% of pleomorphic adenomas and T2 dominantly hypointense/with hyperintesity signal was encountered in 64% of all Warthin’s tumors. Seven (28%) Warthin’s tumors were misdiagnosed as pleomorphic adenomas and two others (8%) as malignant tumors. The commonly used mean ADC value was 1.6 ± 0.6 × 10–3 mm2 s−1 for benign tumors, 0.8 ± 0.3 × 10–3 mm2 s−1 for malign tumors, 1 (0.9–1.8) × 10–3 mm2 s−1 for Warthin’s tumors, and 1.9 ± 0.3 × 10–3 mm2 s−1 for pleomorphic adenomas. There was a statistically significant difference in ADC values between benign-malignant tumors and pleomorphic adenomas-Warthin’s tumors.

Conclusions:

Warthin’s tumor may occasionally be misdiagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma and malignant tumor because of variable morphologic features. In addition to benign–malignant differentiation, the added ADC measurement may also be useful for differentiating Warthin’s tumors from pleomorphic adenomas.
The effect of halogen bulb and light-emitting diode light curing units on temperature increase and fibroblast viability
Authors: Memari Trava Georgia , Almeida Santos Juliane , Paula Ramos Lucas , Rosário Estevam dos Santos Pamela Beatriz , Abu Hasna Amjad , Yui Karen Cristina , Bressane Adriano , Dias de Oliveira Luciane , Spalding Marianne
Published: November 2020

Background: This study aimed to compare the temperature increase produced by halogen bulb (HAL) and light-emitting diode (LED) light curing units (LCUs) by irradiating dentin discs (0.5 mm and 1 mm thickness), and to evaluate their cytotoxic effects on fibroblast culture in the presence of dentin discs due to the increasing demand on resin composite restorations and teeth bleaching for esthetic purposes.

Methods: A total of 20 bovine incisors were used to obtain dentin discs and divided into four experimental groups (n=10): HAL0.5: irradiation with halogen-tungsten bulb Curing Light XL 3000 at an intensity of 470 mW/cm2 over a dentin disc of 0.5 mm; LED0.5: irradiation with LED Optilight Max (GNATUS- Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil) at an intensity of 1200 mW/cm2 over a dentin disc of 0.5 mm; HAL1: irradiation as in HAL0.5 but over a dentin disc of 1 mm; LED1: irradiation as in LED0.5 but over a dentin disc of 1 mm. The temperature increase was measured using a digital thermometer and the cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay with a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). Parametric Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey and non-parametric data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis with Conover-Iman for non-parametric data (all with α=0.05).

Results: A significant statistical difference was found between the groups HAL0.5 and HAL1 and both were different of LED0.5 and LED1 which presented higher temperature. All the experimental groups were different of the control group (without irradiation), and promoted reduction of cellular viability.

Conclusions: HAL LCU promoted a lower temperature change in the dentin compared to LED, regardless of the dentin thickness (0.5-1 mm). Both HAL and LED LCUs decreased fibroblast viability; however, LED promoted more significant cytotoxic effects.
Early targeted patent ductus arteriosus treatment in premature neonates using a risk based severity score: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (PDA RCT)
Authors: EL-Khuffash Afif , Bussmann Neidin , Breatnach Colm R. , Smith Aisling , Tully Elizabeth , Griffin Joanna , McCallion Naomi , Corcoran John David , Fernandez Elena , Looi Claudia , Cleary Brian , Franklin Orla , McNamara Patrick J.
Published: November 2020

A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants is associated with increased ventilator dependence and chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular haemorrhage, and poor neurodevelopmental outcome. Randomised controlled trials of early PDA treatment have not established a drop in the aforementioned morbidities. Those trials did not physiologically categorise PDA severity. Incorporating the specific physiological features of a haemodynamic significant PDA may evolve our understanding of this phenomenon, allowing accurate triaging using echocardiography and targeted treatment.  Our group has recently demonstrated that a PDA severity score (PDAsc) derived at 36-48 hours of age can accurately predict the later occurrence of chronic lung disease or death (CLD/Death). Using echocardiography, we assessed PDA characteristics, as well as left ventricular diastolic function and markers of pulmonary overcirculation, and from this formulated a PDAsc. Gestation was also incorporated into the score. We hypothesise that in preterm infants at high risk of developing CLD/Death based on a PDAsc, early treatment with Ibuprofen compared with placebo will result in a reduction in CLD/Death. This is a single centre double-blind two arm randomised controlled trial conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin. Echocardiogram is carried out in the first 36-48 hours of life to identify preterm infants with a PDAsc ≥ 5.0 and these infants are randomised to Ibuprofen or placebo. Primary outcomes are assessed at 36 weeks post menstrual age. This pilot study’s purpose is to assess the feasibility of performing the trial and to obtain preliminary data to calculate a sample size for a definitive multi-centre trial of early PDA treatment using a PDAsc. We aim to recruit a total of 60 infants with a high risk PDA over three years.

Trial Registration: ISRCTN ISRCTN13281214 (26/07/2016) and the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database 2015-004526-33 (03/12/2015).
The basics of the Latin language with medical terminology
Authors: Kupcova Oksana
Published: November 2020

The textbook on the discipline "Fundamentals of the Latin language with medical terminology" contains lexical and grammatical exercises, control and measurement exercises, a Glossary and appendices aimed at developing grammatical, lexical and terminological knowledge and skills, and mastering the basic word-forming models of chemical, pharmaceutical and clinical terminology to the extent necessary for further educational activities. The materials of the manual are suitable both for classroom work under the guidance of a teacher, and for independent work of students during extracurricular time. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For first-year students on the basis of secondary General education and second-year students on the basis of basic General education of secondary medical professional educational organizations studying in the specialties "Nursing", "Medical care", "Midwifery", "Laboratory diagnostics". It can also be used for organizing and conducting classes in clubs or elective courses for students of the 10th and 11th grades of medical and biological-chemical profile in schools, lyceums, gymnasiums.
Deteriorating Employment and Marriage Decline in Japan
Authors: Matsuda Shigeki , Sasaki Takayuki
Published: November 2020

As is the case in Western countries, more Japanese are marrying later or remaining unmarried and are postponing childbearing or staying childless. Previous studies revealed that those individuals who were unable to secure regular employment due to the serious recession between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s, labelled a “lost generation,” had a very low marriage rate. But what about subsequent cohorts? Using a discrete-time logit model to analyse Japanese Life Course Panel Survey data, this study investigates the effects of employment on first marriages between 2007 and 2015, including cohorts after the lost generation. The results indicate that: (a) among men who are classed as non-regular employees, unemployed, or low-income regular employees, the likelihood of first marriage is low due to their weak economic position; and (b) women have a low likelihood of first marriage if they are non-regular employees or unemployed, not because of their employment status but because they have less chance of meeting a romantic partner and also because of their values regarding work and marriage. These explicit gender differences in the findings contradict observations made in contemporary Europe and North America, where a trend towards gender convergence in the effects of employment and earnings on marriage has been identified. The ambivalence towards gender equality in family and the workplace will be discussed to understand why many young Japanese remain single.
TIERRA PRIMITIVA. FLOTACIONES Y ABATIMIENTOS
Authors: Muñoz Jiménez María Teresa
Published: November 2020

Desde finales del siglo XIX algunos pintores, como el francés Paul Gauguin o el alemán Max Pechstein, habían sentido la necesidad de trasladarse físicamente a los lugares en que vivían pueblos primitivos, atraídos por la fuerza de su arte. No contentos con observar las producciones de estas culturas llamadas “primitivas” en los museos etnográficos, muchos artistas de las vanguardias europeas del siglo XX se lanzaron a un conocimiento directo de estas, emprendiendo largos viajes para compartir incluso su modo de vida. El primitivismo fue un ingrediente esencial en la formación de nuevo arte de vanguardia y en su defensa se pronunció de una manera inequívoca una figura tan relevante en la historiografía del arte como Wilhelm Worringer en 1911. En los años cuarenta, el escultor Jorge Oteiza viajó a los Andes colombianos en busca de una estatuaria original, el antropólogo Claude Lévi-Strauss publicó sus obras más importantes sobre las estructuras sociales de las culturas primitivas en los años sesenta y por esos mismos años el arquitecto Aldo van Eyck viajó y posteriormente escribió sobre el pueblo dogón. Todos estos autores se refieren a los mitos desarrollados en estas culturas, que se relacionan directamente con la tierra y con un eventual abatimiento del cielo sobre la tierra. Este escrito trata algunos de los modos en que se concreta esta relación entre lo que flota allá arriba y lo que sucede sobre la superficie del terreno, una relación de enorme importancia para la arquitectura y el arte de nuestro tiempo.
LA CASA DE ÍCARO. REFLEXIONES SOBRE EL PLANO DE LA VIVIENDA
Authors: Trillo Martínez Valentín
Published: November 2020

La relación del plano de la casa con el territorio donde se asienta forma parte de la crítica arquitectónica pasada y presente. Siguiendo una estructura de capítulos en sentido antigravitatorio, este escrito propone una revisión de la cuestión desde la perspectiva de la disciplina del proyecto arquitectónico. Relectura que permita establecer una ponderación entre las razones lógico-constructivas de cada situación y aquellas relativas al alma de quien la habita. La casa como refugio y primera expresión de identidad del ser humano en su relación con el mundo exterior permite aproximarnos a ella desde lecturas relacionadas con la representatividad y la percepción. Los capítulos el plano de la Tierra, línea de flotación, regresión, paisaje de bancales, castillos en el aire e Ícaro ordenan un viaje en ascenso desde aquellas arquitecturas del habitar que decidieron establecerse donde descansan la mayor parte de nuestros antepasados a las que persiguieron situaciones cercanas a los que prefirieron volatizarse en el cielo sin dejar huella.
Translating Polish Fantasy – translational challenges and problems concerning culture‑rooted elements
Authors: Mucha Aleksandra
Published: November 2020

Tłumacząc polską fantasy – wyzwania i problemy tłumaczeniowe związane z elementami kulturowymi

Niniejszy artykuł porusza kwestię trudności i problemów, które może napotkać tłumacz podczas przekładu polskich powieści z gatunku fantasy na język angielski. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na charakterystykę i specyfikę gatunku oraz jego historię w polskiej tradycji literackiej. Druga część artykułu została poświęcona możliwym wyzwaniom towarzyszącym przekładowi gatunku fantasy zaprezentowanym przez Guttfeld [2008] oraz związanym z tłumaczeniem elementów nacechowanych kulturowo omówionym przez Hejwowskiego [2004]. W trzeciej części podano wybrane przykłady elementów kulturowych i ich tłumaczeń zaczerpnięte z dostępnych tłumaczeń powieści fantasy Andrzeja Sapkowskiego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie, jak trudnym wyzwaniem jest tłumaczenie zwiększającego swoją popularność gatunku literackiego, jakim jest fantasy.
INCREASING THE ECOLOGICAL LEVEL OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE CITY OF SOFIA
Authors: Gatovski Iliya
Published: November 2020

The paper explores some of the major factors affecting the environmental friendliness of urban bus transport, with a focus of the modernization of rolling stock and alternative sources of fuel. The surveys are based on an 11-year period, from 2008 to 2019, for which an analysis was made of how much emission reductions in buses with a higher Euro standard are being followed, as in the case of Sofia Motor Transport EAD in Sofia, Bulgaria. As a result, we conclude that transport research and innovation are crucial to ensuring fast, safe and clean transport for citizens and businesses in big cities. The transport sector is more than ever in need of innovative solutions, as the cost of transporting passengers will increase in value and time. This is especially urgent for Bulgaria as the available rolling stock is outdated and in need of renovation.
SELECTED ASPECTS OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS DURING GLOBALIZATION
Authors: Kovacikova Martina , Stofkova Katarina
Published: November 2020

Continuous technological progress makes it possible to use the Internet of Things (IoT) in broader dimensions. Digitization, computerization, and innovation are now key factors for businesses and countries to achieve added value and make progress in competitiveness and attractiveness. These are also optimal conditions for the application of IoT. This study aims to show the status of the implementation of IoT in neighboring countries — the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic — compared to the United Kingdom, which is in the lead. Similarly, the goal was to compare the areas of digitization and informatization to the Networked Readiness Index (NRI), the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), and the Digital Transformation Scoreboards (DTS). Material support for this paper was garnered from the relevant literature. The theoretical basis for issues related to IoT was presented after analyzing secondary sources to determine the current state of the industry and the level of digitization. The those indexes were compared using data from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and the UK. The UK is among the leaders in the field of IoT. The resulting data are presented graphically. Slovak companies that operate mainly in the industrial sector are beginning to discover and implement IoT. More and more cities are adopting this technology. The situation in the UK is already quite far along. During the evaluation of the NRI, DESI, and DTS, Slovakia was ranked lowest, the Czech Republic was ranked slightly higher, and the UK was rated the highest. Comparison of the digitization of the economy and society, and the deployment and use of ICT highlight the need for further development of these areas in the Slovak and Czech republics.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AT YOUNG ADULTS – RISK FACTORS AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Hristova Irinka , Georgieva Despina , Trifonov Krasimir , Belkolev Ivo , Danov Vladimir
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Generally, the myocardial infarction is far more common among the population which is over 45 years. However, on rare occasion it can be seen amongst the younger population such as the above discussed case.

Objective: The report from the case of this overview shows an acute myocardial infarction in a young 28-year-old man, due to thrombotic occlusion that has nothing to do with coagulation problems.  

Methods: The Coronary Angiography is of paramount importance when it comes to reaching a correct diagnosis, and by extension, treatments for such cases. Moreover, the detailed clinical case history further aided in determining the key risk factors.

Results: When it ensues in younger age, the myocardial infarction is associated with significant morbidity, psychological effects and financial limits to the individual and his or her family.

Conclusions: In the examined case we described the contemporary management of a myocardial infraction event, wherein the patient was advised to stop smoking, form a consistent regular exercising physical activity regime, put more conscious effort into having a healthy diet, and reduce stress levels as much as possible.
CAREER ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSITION TO UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION
Authors: Aleksandrova Desislava , Iskrev Dimitar
Published: November 2020

The behavioural dimensions of students' career choices in the process of transition to upper secondary education are of particular pedagogical interest. Studying career attitudes will not only contribute to outlining the status, completeness and effective use of personal pathsbut will also provide efficient means by which the future professional career will be pursued.

The conducted original study included 64 seventh-grade students from educational institutions, typical for the Bulgarian education system. The behavioural dimensions of a career choice, i.e.  Planning and exploration, were studied using a self-evaluation rating scale. It included a series of questions for the respondent, to self-report on the degree of expression of the relevant aspect of their career choice.

The actual expression of career attitudes in seventh-graders is determined by a small number of internal factors (in most cases two) of well-defined nature for each career development component. For the planning part, they are related to specifying the perceptions of career goals and their temporal boundaries. For the exploration part, the factors reflect the nature of the information source, i.e. informal or institutionalized.

The study of the behavioural dimensions of career development forms a basis for conclusions on students' readiness to make informed career choices and their needs in this regard. In this way, the place and role of the school as a socializing institution in the process of personal development are outlined.