bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full‐scale dynamic response of an RC building under weak seismic motions using earthquake recordings, ambient vibrations and modelling
Authors: Michel Clotaire , Guéguen Philippe , El Arem Saber , Mazars Jacky , Kotronis Panagiotis
Published: August 2009

In countries with a moderate seismic hazard, the classical methods developed for strong motion prone countries to estimate the seismic behaviour and subsequent vulnerability of existing buildings are often inadequate and not financially realistic. The main goals of this paper are to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding of the seismic building response and the good relevancy of a modal model based on ambient vibrations for estimating the structural deformation under weak earthquakes. We describe the application of an enhanced modal analysis technique (frequency domain decomposition) to process ambient vibration recordings taken at the Grenoble City Hall building (France). The frequencies of ambient vibrations are compared with those of weak earthquakes recorded by the French permanent accelerometric network (RAP) that was installed to monitor the building. The frequency variations of the building under weak earthquakes are shown to be less (∼2%) and therefore ambient vibration frequencies are relevant over the elastic domain of the building. The modal parameters extracted from ambient vibrations are then used to determine the 1D lumped‐mass model in order to reproduce the inter‐storey drift under weak earthquakes and to fix a 3D numerical model that could be used for strong earthquakes. The correlation coefficients between data and synthetic motion are close to 80 and 90% in horizontal directions, for the 1D and 3D modelling, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow of a third grade fluid due to an accelerated disk
Authors: Asghar S. , Hanif Khalid , Hayat T.
Published: August 2009

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow induced by non‐coaxial rotation of porous disk and a third grade fluid at infinity is investigated. The disk is moving with uniform acceleration and rotating with a uniform angular velocity. Numerical solution of the governing nonlinear initial and boundary value problem is obtained. The effects of physical parameters on the velocity profiles are examined in detail. The present study shows that the constant acceleration part has a greater influence than the time part of the assumed variable velocity of the disk. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A σ‐coordinate non‐hydrostatic model with embedded Boussinesq‐type‐like equations for modeling deep‐water waves
Authors: Young Chih‐Chieh , Wu Chin H.
Published: August 2009

A σ‐coordinate non‐hydrostatic model, combined with the embedded Boussinesq‐type‐like equations, a reference velocity, and an adapted top‐layer control, is developed to study the evolution of deep‐water waves. The advantage of using the Boussinesq‐type‐like equations with the reference velocity is to provide an analytical‐based non‐hydrostatic pressure distribution at the top‐layer and to optimize wave dispersion property. The σ‐based non‐hydrostatic model naturally tackles the so‐called overshooting issue in the case of non‐linear steep waves. Efficiency and accuracy of this non‐hydrostatic model in terms of wave dispersion and nonlinearity are critically examined. Overall results show that the newly developed model using a few layers is capable of resolving the evolution of non‐linear deep‐water wave groups. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of IT‐SOFC with Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 Functional Layer at the Interface of Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 Electrolyte and Ni‐Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 Anode
Authors: Ahn J. S. , Yoon H. , Lee K. T. , Camaratta M. A. , Wachsman E. D.
Published: August 2009

In this paper we present results for a high power density IT‐SOFC and a method for dispersing nanosized Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) particles at the GDC electrolyte and Ni‐GDC anode interface. Dispersed nanosized particles were deposited to form an anode functional layer (AFL). Anode supports were prepared by tape casting of large micron‐sized NiO powder and sub micron‐sized GDC powder without pore former. For the cathode a La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 – δ (LSCF)‐GDC composite was used. Without an AFL the open circuit potential (OCP) and the maximum power density were 0.677 V and 407 mW cm–2, respectively, at 650 °C using 30 sccm of hydrogen and air flow‐rate. With an AFL the OCP and the maximum power density increased to 0.796 V and 994 mW cm–2, respectively, at the same temperature. Two point probe impedance measurements revealed that the AFL fabricated by the proposed method not only increased the OCP but also reduced the electrode polarisation by 68%. The effect of gas flow‐rate is also present in this paper. When hydrogen and air flow‐rate is increased to 90 sccm, the sample with AFL obtained 1.57 W cm–2 at 650 °C.
Durability Study of SOFCs Under Cycling Current Load Conditions
Authors: Hagen A. , Hendriksen P. V. , Frandsen H. L. , Thydén K. , Barfod R.
Published: August 2009

In fuel cell applications, the cells must be able to withstand varying operating conditions. Anode supported solid oxide fuel cells were tested under cycling current load in order to determine the durability and possibly identify degradation mechanisms.

At 750 °C and a cycling between zero and 0.75 A cm–2, the cell voltage degradation rate was similar to tests with the corresponding high constant current density. However, by analyzing the impedance spectra it was found that anode degradation was becoming more important when going from constant to cycling conditions. Running the cycling load tests at 850 °C, the cells degraded similarly as under the corresponding constant current load whereas, in some cases, cells failed mechanically after a few hundred hours. These cells did not experience severe additional degradation due to the cycling of the current density until the point of failure. The mechanical failure could be avoided if the cells were sealed to an interconnect rather than directly to an alumina test house.

The degradation is discussed in the light of testing setup and conditions and cycling parameters. A mechanical analysis of the occurring problems is provided as well.
Ex situ Characterisation of Composite Nafion Membranes Containing Zirconium Hydrogen Phosphate
Authors: Rodgers M. P. , Shi Z. , Holdcroft S.
Published: August 2009

Composite membranes were fabricated by the incorporation of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoparticles into Nafion 115® membranes using the exchange method in order to delineate their effect on water retention, water permeation and proton transport. Adjusting the exchange reaction time allowed the fabrication of Nafion/ZrP membranes with ZrP content ranging from 7.8 to 25.0 wt.‐%. A decrease in dimensional stability of the composite membranes upon swelling with water, compared to unmodified Nafion, is found and is attributed to hygroscopic ZrP disrupting the hydrophobic cohesive forces in Nafion. Water content and λ values increase with increasing ZrP for low ZrP contents (<20 wt.‐%), but decrease at higher ZrP contents (>20 wt.‐%). This transition is attributed to ZrP particles increasing in size as ZrP content increases until, at contents >20 wt.‐%, they no longer fit inside the hydrophilic pores of Nafion. ZrP disrupts the proton‐conducting pathway in the membranes resulting in a lowering of proton mobility and proton conductivity. However, the permeance of water vapour through Nafion/ZrP composite membranes are found to be unaffected by ZrP.
Integrative genomics reveals mechanisms of copy number alterations responsible for transcriptional deregulation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Camps Jordi , Tri Nguyen Quang , Padilla‐Nash Hesed M. , Knutsen Turid , McNeil Nicole E. , Wangsa Danny , Hummon Amanda B. , Grade Marian , Ried Thomas , Difilippantonio Michael J.
Published: August 2009

To evaluate the mechanisms and consequences of chromosomal aberrations in colorectal cancer (CRC), we used a combination of spectral karyotyping, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and array‐based global gene expression profiling on 31 primary carcinomas and 15 established cell lines. Importantly, aCGH showed that the genomic profiles of primary tumors are recapitulated in the cell lines. We revealed a preponderance of chromosome breakpoints at sites of copy number variants (CNVs) in the CRC cell lines, a novel mechanism of DNA breakage in cancer. The integration of gene expression and aCGH led to the identification of 157 genes localized within high‐level copy number changes whose transcriptional deregulation was significantly affected across all of the samples, thereby suggesting that these genes play a functional role in CRC. Genomic amplification at 8q24 was the most recurrent event and led to the overexpression of MYC and FAM84B. Copy number dependent gene expression resulted in deregulation of known cancer genes such as APC, FGFR2, and ERBB2. The identification of only 36 genes whose localization near a breakpoint could account for their observed deregulated expression demonstrates that the major mechanism for transcriptional deregulation in CRC is genomic copy number changes resulting from chromosomal aberrations. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a hotspot region on chromosome 12 for amplification in ring chromosomes in atypical lipomatous tumors
Authors: Trombetta Domenico , Mertens Fredrik , Lonoce Angelo , D'Addabbo Pietro , Rennstam Karin , Mandahl Nils , Storlazzi Clelia Tiziana
Published: August 2009

Ring chromosomes are cytogenetic hallmarks of genomic amplification in several bone and soft tissue tumors, in particular atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT). In ALT, the ring chromosomes invariably contain amplified material from the central part of the long arm of chromosome 12, mainly 12q12→15, but often also segments from other chromosomes are involved. Previous studies have shown that one of the recurrent amplicons in ALT, located in 12q13.3‐14.1 and harboring the candidate target genes TSPAN31 and CDK4, often has a sharp centromeric border. To characterize this breakpoint region in more detail, 12 cases of ALT with ring chromosomes were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization. In the seven cases showing a sharply delineated amplicon in 12q13.3‐14.1, the breakpoint region was further investigated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Vectorette PCR. The breakpoints clustered to a 146‐kb region containing 11 genes. Whereas there was no indication that the breakpoints gave rise to fusion genes, in silico analysis revealed that the breakpoint region was enriched for repeated elements that could be important for ring chromosome formation in ALT. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic profiling of pediatric ALK‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: A Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group Study
Authors: Youssif Catrin , Goldenbogen Jan , Hamoudi Rifat , Carreras Joaquim , Viskaduraki Maria , Cui Yu‐xin , Bacon Chris M. , Burke G. A. Amos , Turner Suzanne D.
Published: August 2009

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T‐cell malignancy in which ALK expression is a consequence of the t(2;5) or a variant translocation involving Chromosome 2. For the most part, this disease presents in the pediatric population and most, but not all, patients are successfully treated. Although the t(2;5) product nucleophosmin‐ALK has been extensively studied for its transforming properties, very little is known regarding cooperative genetic mutations that may contribute to lymphomagenesis and may predict survival outcome, specifically in a purely pediatric population. We set out to determine the frequency and positions of genomic imbalances in this relatively rare disease. We collected biopsy material from 15 UK‐resident children with ALK‐expressing ALCL. We performed array comparative genomic hybridization at a resolution of 1 MB using DNA isolated from tumor tissue. Some of the more common genomic gains were confirmed by quantitative PCR. Regions of genomic gain were far more common than losses and were most often detected on chromosomes 1–4, 5–12, 14, and 17, with Chromosome 11 being the most frequent site of genomic imbalances. Patients with 14 or fewer imbalances had a lower overall 3‐year survival (87.5–40%, P = 0.14) as did patients with gains in the regions of DDB1 or BIRC5. A range of genomic imbalances exist in ALK‐expressing ALCL of a pediatric origin, with a greater number associated with poorer overall survival. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infrared reflection spectrometry analysis as a non‐destructive method of characterizing minerals and stone materials in geoarchaeological and archaeometric applications
Authors: Ostrooumov Mikhail
Published: August 2009

The purpose of this paper is to show the benefits and applications of using mid and far infrared reflection spectrometry (IRS) in the analysis of archaeological materials. Infrared spectral databases do not yet exist for rocks and principal minerals. In support of IRS techniques, a catalogue and new spectral database have been created with over 500 infrared reflection spectra in mid and far ranges from more than 250 different archaeological minerals and stone materials. The reflection spectrum serves as a “fingerprint” of all these materials. This new, non‐destructive method is useful for spectrometric identification and crystal chemical characterization of many rocks and minerals commonly found in archaeological contexts. Three brief examples of IRS analysis of archaeological materials are presented as test cases. It is suggested that IRS could and should become a routine approach in geoarchaeology and archaeometry for identification and provenance studies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Holocene alluvial sequences, cumulic soils and fire signatures in the middle Rio Puerco basin at Guadalupe Ruin, New Mexico
Authors: French Charles , Periman Richard , Cummings Linda Scott , Hall Stephen , Goodman‐Elgar Melissa , Boreham Julie
Published: August 2009

We describe a geoarchaeological survey of a 5‐km reach of the Rio Puerco channel and its tributaries, centered on the Guadalupe Ruin, a pueblo of the late 10th–12th centuries A.D. in north‐central New Mexico, with associated pollen, charcoal, micromorphological, and radiocarbon analyses. Severe erosion has drastically bisected the Puerco valley with four primary arroyos entering the western side of the Guadalupe reach of the valley: Tapia, Salado, Guadalupe and “No Name.” We recorded an 11‐m‐tall alluvial sequence marked by four phases of cumulic soil development, interrupted by six major periods of channel entrenchment that occurred at about 4100–3700 B.C. and 2900–2400 B.C., between 2200 B.C. and ca. A.D. 400, pre‐ and post‐ca. A.D. 900–1300, and in the late A.D. 1800s. Relative floodplain stability and associated cumulic soil development occurred prior to ca. 5700 B.C., between ca. 2600 to 2200 B.C. and A.D. 350 and 550, and ca. A.D. 900–1300. Multiple signatures of fires (oxidized sediment and charcoal) were observed in the Arroyo Tapia tributary sequence, especially in deposits dated ca. 6000 and 2600 B.C. These fires may have helped to enhance food resources for game animals by encouraging grass and shrub growth and/or to increase the growth of wild plants and eventually cultigens such as maize. Palynological evidence of maize in the Arroyo Tapia, dated ca. 2600–2200 B.C. may be the earliest thus far identified in the Southwest. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A micromorphological and mineralogical study of site formation processes at the late Pleistocene site of Obi‐Rakhmat, Uzbekistan
Authors: Mallol Carolina , Mentzer Susan M. , Wrinn Patrick J.
Published: August 2009

Site formation processes at the Late Pleistocene rockshelter deposit of Obi‐Rakhmat were reconstructed through soil micromorphology and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The entire sequence has undergone limited diagenesis and is well preserved. The base of the stratified sequence represents a karstic setting with intermittent, low‐energy deposition of autochthonous gravitational debris and anthropogenic material in a wet, muddy environment. These sediments were post‐depositionally affected by episodic waterlogging. The bulk of the sequence overlying the karstic layers comprises a continuous series of primary freshwater spring deposits containing reworked anthropogenic material that was buried penecontemporaneously with calcium carbonate deposition. The top of the sequence is weakly cryoturbated, indicating a periodically cold, wet environment. No alluvial elements that could suggest sediment inputs from the nearby river terraces were documented. A single exogenous layer was identified, representing an episode of colluviation from directly above the rockshelter preceding a major roofspall event. The basal part of the sequence contains slightly reworked anthropogenic remnants of intense activities, including combustion. The anthropogenic elements present in the spring deposits show higher degrees of reworking, suggesting within‐layer translocation. The development of spring activity at the site did not cause humans to abandon the rockshelter; they continued to carry out their activities throughout a changing local environment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of a low‐relief 18th‐century British siege trench using LiDAR vegetation penetration capabilities at Fort Beauséjour–Fort Cumberland National Historic Site, Canada
Authors: Millard Koreen , Burke Charles , Stiff Douglas , Redden Anna
Published: August 2009

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a remote sensing data collection technique, has many applications in the field of archaeology, including aiding in the planning of field campaigns, mapping features beneath forest canopy, and providing an overview of broad, continuous features that may be indistinguishable on the ground. LiDAR was used to create a high‐resolution digital elevation model (DEM) in a heavily vegetated area at Fort Beauséjour–Fort Cumberland National Historic Site, Canada. Previously undiscovered archaeological features were mapped that were related to the siege of the fort in 1755. Features that could not be distinguished on the ground or through aerial photography were identified by overlaying hillshades of the DEM created with artificial illumination from various angles. LiDAR provides accurate digital topographic models with the additional benefit of mapping vertical surfaces in accurate detail below the forest canopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imidazolium‐based phosphinite ionic liquid as reusable catalyst and solvent for one‐pot synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ (thio)ones
Authors: Valizadeh Hassan , Shockravi Abbas
Published: August 2009

A mild and efficient procedure for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐(thio)ones in phosphinite ionic liquid is described. This ionic liquid plays a dual role as both the reaction media and also a catalyst, which can be easily recovered and reused in several runs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:284–288, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20549
Testing the Fetal Origins Hypothesis in a developing country: evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Authors: Nelson Richard E.
Published: August 2009

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic is used as a natural experiment to test the Fetal Origins Hypothesis. This hypothesis states that individual health as well as socioeconomic outcomes, such as educational attainment, employment status, and wages, are affected by the health of that individual while in utero. Repeated cross sections from the Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME), a labor market survey from Brazil, are used to test this hypothesis. I find evidence to support the Fetal Origins Hypothesis. In particular, compared to individuals born in the few years surrounding the Influenza Pandemic, those who were in utero during the pandemic are less likely to be college educated, be employed, have formal employment, or know how to read and have fewer years of schooling and a lower hourly wage. These results underscore the importance of fetal health especially in developing countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postoperative hypocalcemia—The difference a definition makes
Authors: Mehanna Hisham M. , Jain Anurag , Randeva Harpal , Watkinson John , Shaha Ashok
Published: August 2009

Background

Review of the literature reveals considerable variability in the definitions and criteria used for reporting postoperative hypocalcemia. The lack of standardization prevents a meaningful comparison of results and performance locally with the national standard. It also prevents the pooling of data when performing meta‐analysis, and may affect the comparison of research results.

Methods

A literature review was performed to identify the different definitions used to define hypocalcemia in post‐thyroidectomy patients. We analyzed the incidence of hypocalcemia in the same cohort of 202 post thyroidectomy patients using these definitions.

Results

The reported hypocalcemia rates varied from 0% to 46% for the same cohort depending on the definition of hypocalcemia used. Only one‐third of biochemically hypocalcemic patients requested calcium supplementation.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the need for more uniformity and standardization in the definitions used for reporting hypocalcemia rates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
CO2 laser therapy in Tis and T1 glottic cancer: Indications and results
Authors: Rucci Lucio , Romagnoli Paolo , Scala Jacopo
Published: August 2009

Background.

Laser cordectomy for glottic cancer is still hampered by recurrence, which is more frequent upon anterior commissure (AC) involvement. Analysis of results may be a step to improve the efficacy of this therapy for early glottic cancer.

Methods.

In all, 81 patients who underwent surgery with CO2 laser for Tis and T1, AC0 to AC2 glottic carcinoma were followed up to 55 months.

Results.

The incidence of recurrence increased significantly with T and AC classifications. The disease‐free interval decreased with increasing T and AC classifications and with increasing severity of histology, but only the AC classification appeared significant. Recurrences occurred in 5 of 35 patients upon type I and type II cordectomy, in 16 of 24 patients upon type V cordectomy, and never upon type III and IV cordectomy.

Conclusions.

Type I to type IV cordectomy, when indicated, can achieve radical treatment of most T1 glottic cancer. Type V cordectomy requires that any suspicion of cartilage invasion, even microscopic, be excluded. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Outcomes of patients with tonsillar carcinoma treated with post‐tonsillectomy radiation therapy
Authors: Yildirim Gokcen , Morrison William H. , Rosenthal David I. , Sturgis Erich M. , Papadimitrakopoulou Vassiliki A. , Schwartz David L. , Garden Adam S.
Published: August 2009

Background.

Our aim was to evaluate the therapeutic outcomes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil that underwent tonsillectomies followed by radiotherapy.

Methods.

A search of the database maintained within the Department of Radiation Oncology at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center identified 120 patients with carcinoma of the tonsil who were irradiated between 1979 and 2004 following total gross removal of their disease by tonsillectomy.

Results.

Thirty‐six patients had stage III disease and 64 patients had stage IV disease. Only 12 patients received systemic chemotherapy. With median follow‐up of 51 months, the 5‐year local‐regional control rate, recurrence‐free survival rate, and overall survival rates were 97%, 92%, and 86%, respectively.

Conclusion.

Patients who undergo tonsillectomies resulting in total gross removal of their primary disease followed by radiation have excellent outcomes. Our common practice is to deliver 66 Gy to the tonsillar bed. This practice has resulted in extremely high local control rates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Postoperative radiotherapy for primary early oral tongue cancer with pathologic N1 neck
Authors: Chen Tseng‐Cheng , Wang Chi‐Te , Ko Jenq‐Yuh , Lou Pei‐Jen , Yang Tsung‐Lin , Ting Lai‐Lei , Wang Chun‐Wei , Hu Ya‐Ling , Wang Cheng‐Ping
Published: August 2009

Background

The benefit of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for early squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCOT) with pathologic N1 disease remains unclear.

Methods

The medical records of all patients with pathologic T1‐2/N0‐1 SCCOT who underwent wide excision of the primary tumor and neck dissection between 1980 and 2002 were reviewed.

Results

There were 59 patients analyzed, including 28 patients with and 31 patients without PORT. The 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 81.2% and 53% for the patients with and without PORT, respectively (p = .03). The overall 5‐year survival rates were 77% and 70.5% for the patients with and without PORT, respectively (p = .36). Multivariate analyses showed that PORT had the only protective effect (p = .01) and extracapsular spread (ECS) was the only significantly adverse factor for locoregional recurrence (p = .03).

Conclusions

Approximately one‐third of the patients who received only surgery had locoregional recurrence. PORT significantly improved the disease‐free survival. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Impact of demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment factors on swallowing after (chemo)radiotherapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Frowen Jacqui , Cotton Susan , Corry June , Perry Alison
Published: August 2009

Background

This prospective study evaluated the impact of patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and radiotherapy treatment on swallowing before and after radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.

Methods

Eighty‐one patients with head and neck cancer were examined using videofluoroscopy swallowing studies (VFSS) before treatment and again at 3 and 6 months after treatment.

Results

Swallowing was best at baseline, significantly worse 3 months posttreatment, and improved by 6 months posttreatment. Worse swallowing was associated with: living in rural areas; ex‐heavy alcohol consumption; hypopharyngeal tumor site; large (particularly T4) tumors; nonconformal radiotherapy; bilateral radiation to the pharynx; and longer radiotherapy fields. Through the use of multiple regression analysis, previous swallowing was determined to be the most common predictor of swallowing outcomes, followed by T classification, alcohol history, and radiotherapy technique.

Conclusions

The pretreatment and treatment factors that influenced swallowing in this cohort should be considered when planning treatment, in discussing potential side effects with patients, and when developing and testing future treatment techniques. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Never‐smokers, never‐drinkers: Unique clinical subgroup of young patients with head and neck squamous cell cancers
Authors: Harris Stephen L. , Kimple Randall J. , Hayes D. Neil , Couch Marion E. , Rosenman Julian G.
Published: August 2009

Background.

Young patients represent an increasing subgroup with head and neck cancer.

Methods.

Patients between 18 and 39 years of age with newly diagnosed and previously untreated squamous cell cancers were identified.

Results.

Seventy‐eight patients met the selection criteria: 28 patients were never‐smokers/never‐drinkers (NSNDs), and 50 patients reported tobacco or alcohol abuse (smokers and/or drinkers [SD]). NSND patients were diagnosed at a younger median age (31.5 years vs 35.5 years, p = .007), were more likely to be female (75% vs 30%, p < .001) and white (89% vs 60%, p = .006), and were more likely to have tumors of the oral tongue (57% vs 24%, p = .003) and T1 disease (47% vs 20%, p = .01). There was no difference in 10‐year relapse‐free survival, but a suggestion of improved 10‐year overall survival for NSND patients (71% vs 46%, p = .10).

Conclusions.

Young patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) appear to have unique clinical profiles based on history of alcohol and tobacco abuse. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Benefit of measuring basal serum calcitonin to detect medullary thyroid carcinoma in a Danish population with a high prevalence of thyroid nodules
Authors: Hasselgren Martin , Hegedüs Laszlo , Godballe Christian , Bonnema Steen Joop
Published: August 2009

Background

Routine measurement of serum calcitonin to detect medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) continues to be fiercely debated, although less attention has been paid to the positive predictive value (PPV) of this method.

Methods

We collected data from 959 patients with nontoxic nodular goiter; thyroidectomy was performed in 307 of these patients.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients had elevated serum calcitonin; 6 of these patients had MTC detected by the initial diagnostic setup. No additional patient in the cohort was registered in the Danish Thyroid Cancer Database, reflecting that all patients with MTC were classified correctly initially. The sensitivity of serum calcitonin for detection of MTC was 100%, the specificity was 95.3%, the positive predictive value was 15.4%, and the negative predictive value was 100%.

Conclusion

Serum calcitonin has high sensitivity and specificity for detection of MTC. The low PPV might lead to unnecessary thyroid surgery. Thus, the result of serum calcitonin measurement should always be interpreted in the context of other clinical variables. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Programme alignment in higher‐level planning processes: a four‐country case‐study for Sexual and Reproductive Health
Authors: Dodd Rebecca , Huntington Dale , Hill Peter
Published: August 2009

With international development assistance focussed on poverty reduction, national and sector‐wide planning processes have become increasingly important in setting agendas. Sector‐Wide Approaches (SWAps), Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), and other higher level planning processes, including Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) reporting, have required new levels of engagement in national and sectoral planning processes. For Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH), this has had mixed consequences, despite raising the profile of SRH in national planning agendas, and emphasizing the potential of SRH to contribute to the reduction of poverty.

Drawing on case‐study research from four countries, this paper analyzes alignment of SRH policy with higher‐level planning processes. It found that SRH managers are rarely engaged in higher‐level planning processes, and while SRH features prominently in the [health] sections of PRSPs, it is not reflected in other sections, and does not necessarily correspond to more resources. Despite these limitations, these planning processes offer synergies that could improve the contribution of SRH to health sector development and poverty reduction. The paper recommends that local donor organizations, including key UN agencies, offer greater support for SRH programme managers in promoting the pro‐poor and systems‐wide strengths of SRH programmes to planners and policy makers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping with cadmium exposure in various ways: the two Helicid snails Helix pomatia and Cantareus aspersus share the metal transcription factor‐2, but differ in promoter organization and transcription of their Cd‐metallothionein genes
Authors: Höckner M. , Stefanon K. , Schuler D. , Fantur R. , de Vaufleury A. , Dallinger R.
Published: August 2009

Gastropods are able to withstand fluctuating availabilities of nonessential trace elements such as cadmium by induction of Cd‐specific metallothionein isoform (Cd‐MT) expression. As in other species, the induction mechanism involves the binding of metal‐regulatory transcription factors (MTF‐1 or MTF‐2) to metal responsive elements (MREs) in the MT promoter regions. Cd‐dependent transcription of Cd‐MT genes was assessed by quantitative real time PCR in two helicid gastropods, Helix pomatia and Cantareus aspersus, over a period of eight days. The promoter regions of the Cd‐MT genes of the two species were sequenced and compared regarding the position of MREs and other relevant potential transcription factor binding sites (TFBs). Cd‐MT gene transcription is induced after Cd exposure in Helix pomatia and Cantareus aspersus, showing a transient peak in Helix pomatia, contrasting with a persistent induction rate in Cantareus aspersus. Since the existence of MTF‐2 was verified in both species, differing transcription patterns of Cd‐MT genes must be due to functional differences in their metal‐responsive promoter regions. Both promoters contain a proximal cluster of three MREs overlapping with TFBs for the transcriptional regulator Sp1. In contrast to Cantareus aspersus, however, the Cd‐MT gene of Helix pomatia hosts an additional distal MRE overlapping with a Sp1 binding site and a CACCC box. Inhibitory effects of MRE overlapping Sp1 binding sites were observed in other MT genes. We therefore suggest that transient Cd‐MT transcription upon Cd2+ exposure in Helix pomatia may be the result of an inhibitory action of the distal MRE cluster. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:776–787, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large‐scale synthesis of no‐carrier‐added [123I]mIBG, using two different stannylated precursors
Authors: Rossouw Daniel D. , Macheli Lebohang
Published: August 2009

The clinical advantages of no‐carrier‐added (n.c.a) radioiodinated meta‐iodobenzylguanidine ([*I]mIBG) over its carrier‐added (c.a.) analogue have previously been reported. A large‐scale synthesis of n.c.a. [123I]mIBG was therefore investigated in this study, using a slightly adapted literature method. Two bis (t‐butyloxycarbonyl)‐protected (bis‐Boc) stannylated benzylguanidine precursors were prepared. The bis‐Boc‐trimethylstannyl precursor was used to optimize radioiodination conditions. N‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS) was used as oxidant. An HPLC method was developed to monitor radioiodination and de‐protection steps. Amounts of 200 g precursor and 2000 g NCS resulted in HPLC yields of Boc‐protected radioiodinated compounds in excess of 90%. De‐protection was carried out with trifluoroacetic acid at 110°C. A robust solid phase extraction method was developed to purify reaction mixtures. Radiochemical yields at radioactivity levels ranging between 1900 and 3280 MBq were 85±2.2% (n=4). A twice scaled up reaction at 5340 MBq gave a similar yield. Radiochemical purities were in excess of 98% and the specific activity estimated at approximately 1 TBq.µmol−1. Yields obtained from an HPLC‐purified bis‐Boc‐tributylstannyl precursor were generally lower and ranged from 61 to 81%. Results obtained in this study suggest that n.c.a [123I]mIBG could be synthesized on a GBq scale. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wave digital simulation of passive systems in linear state‐space form
Authors: Ochs Karlheinz
Published: August 2009

This paper deals with wave digital modeling of passive state‐space models. The set of differential equations must be of linear state‐space form, but all parameters can be time‐variant and/or nonlinear. For such state‐space models, a canonical internally passive reference circuit is presented and used for deriving wave digital structures. In order to show the usability, special solutions for important basic linear time‐variant models are compared with wave digital simulation results. Moreover, the wave digital modeling of a nonlinear and time‐variant oscillator is discussed. Especially for a lossless oscillator an implementation is proposed, which preserves energy under finite‐arithmetic conditions. This is verified by comparing simulation results with the analytical solution of a gravity pendulum. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal precipitation interpolation at the Valencia region with multivariate methods using geographic and topographic information
Authors: Portalés Cristina , Boronat Nuria , Pardo‐Pascual Josep E. , Balaguer‐Beser Angel
Published: August 2009

The spatial pattern of precipitation is a complex variable that strongly depends on other geographic and topographic factors. As precipitation is usually known only at certain locations, interpolation procedures are needed in order to predict this variable in other regions. The use of multivariate interpolation methods is usually preferred, as secondary variables—generally derived using GIS tools—correlated with precipitation can be included. In this paper, a comparative study on different univariate and multivariate interpolation methodologies is presented. Our study area is centred in the region of Valencia, located to the eastern Spanish Mediterranean coast. The followed methodology can be divided in three steps. First, secondary variables having significant correlations with the precipitation were derived, where the hillsides were used as influence areas of certain variables. Secondly, precipitation was interpolated with different methodologies. Finally, the derived models were compared in terms of predicted errors. Models were achieved for seasonal scales, considering a total of 179 raingauges; data of another 45 raingauges were also used to predict errors. Results prove that there is no ideal method for all the cases but it will depend on one hand, on the number of geographical factors that influence the rainfall and, on the other hand, on the major or minor spatial correlation within the rainfall. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
How Interface innovates with suppliers to create sustainability solutions
Authors: Nelson Eric
Published: August 2009

Becoming a sustainable and restorative company can mean rethinking the basic components of your products. This leading carpet manufacturer's innovations, including those developed in collaboration with key suppliers, have changed the industry and moved the company closer to its sustainability goals. The author explains the company's seven areas of sustainability focus, and the role innovation plays in reducing its negative impact on the environment. He then describes Interface's approach for building supplier commitment and participation in these goals, and examines the firm's partnership with Universal Fibers, which led to the first commercially viable processes for incorporating postindustrial and postconsumer nylon in carpet facing and for salvaging old carpet from end‐of‐life disposal and recycling it into materials for new carpet production. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bon Secours Health System integrates Lean Six Sigma and Knowledge Transfer to drive clinical and operational excellence
Authors: Douglas Sears H.
Published: August 2009

By harnessing accelerated performance improvement and rapid learning across all of its 29 facilities, Bon Secours pursues consistency, integration, quality, and transparency of patient care, even as it leverages the scale and scope of its operations for higher efficiencies. And now it's pursuing the holy grails of standardized care and a single electronic medical record for each patient. Improvement projects linked to performance gaps in balanced scorecard dashboards are executed with Lean Six Sigma methodologies and rapid‐cycle improvement. Communities of Excellence then transfer improvements and replicate proven practices across facilities. This approach is helping fuel two interconnected initiatives: Clinical Transformation, the redesign of workflows—including common order sets and care plans—supported by the new ConnectCare clinical information system, which together aim to standardize 80 percent of patient care across all facilities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of atomic layer deposition to improve the stability of silver substrates for in situ, high‐temperature SERS measurements
Authors: John Joshy F. , Mahurin Shannon , Dai Sheng , Sepaniak Michael J.
Published: August 2009

A method to stabilize silver surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates for in situ, high‐temperature applications is demonstrated. Silver island films grown by thermal evaporation were coated with a thin layer (from 2.5 to 5 nm) of alumina by atomic layer deposition (ALD), which protects and stabilizes the SERS‐active substrate without eliminating the Raman enhancement. The temporal stability of the alumina‐coated silver island films was examined by measurement of the Raman intensity of rhodamine 6G molecules deposited onto bare and alumina‐coated silver substrates over the course of 34 days. The coated substrates showed almost no change in SERS enhancement, while the uncoated substrates exhibited a significant decrease in Raman intensity. To demonstrate the feasibility of the alumina‐coated silver substrate as a probe of adsorbates and reactions at elevated temperatures, an in situ SERS measurement of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate on bare and alumina‐coated silver was performed at temperatures ranging from 25 to 400 °C. ALD deposition of an ultrathin alumina layer significantly improved the thermal stability of the SERS substrate, thus enabling in situ detection of the dehydration of the calcium nitrate tetrahydrate at an elevated temperature. Despite some loss of Raman signal, the coated substrate exhibited greater thermal stability compared to the uncoated substrate. These experiments show that ALD can be used to synthesize stable SERS substrates capable of measuring adsorbates and processes at high temperature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structures and phonon modes of Ba(Ca1/2W1/2)O3, Ba(Ca1/2Mo1/2)O3 and Ba(Sr1/2W1/2)O3 complex perovskites investigated by Raman scattering
Authors: Dias Anderson , Siqueira Kisla P. F. , Moreira Roberto L.
Published: August 2009

This work investigates the crystal structures and phonon modes of Ba(Ca1/2W1/2)O3, Ba(Ca1/2Mo1/2)O3 and Ba(Sr1/2W1/2)O3 perovskites by Raman spectroscopy. The samples were produced by conventional solid‐state processing at 1200 °C. X‐ray diffraction showed that single‐phase homogeneous materials were produced, which are cubic or pseudo‐cubic in symmetry. The existing controversies in the literature for these complex perovskites were investigated by comparing experimental Raman data with group‐theory analysis. Ceramics with Ca and W or Mo were found to be cubic, space group Fm3m. For these materials, four Raman‐active bands were observed and the fitting parameters showed that the Ba(Ca1/2Mo1/2)O3 ceramic presents bands at lower wavenumbers if compared with the Ba(Ca1/2W1/2)O3 sample. For the Ba(Sr1/2W1/2)O3 material, two hypotheses were investigated for monoclinic or triclinic structures. The experimental results showed 12 Raman‐active modes for this ceramic, which is in perfect agreement with the theoretical predictions for a monoclinic (I2/m) structure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure cooking: Real leaders thrive when the chips are down
Authors: Jones Graham
Published: August 2009

The role of the leader involves several principal tasks: creating a compelling vision, coming up with a strategy to achieve that vision, and communicating the vision and strategy to the organization's people. All of this puts the leader in a highly visible position, in which expectations can create enormous pressure. In tough economic times such as the world is experiencing now, this pressure is intensified. Leaders' success in such environments depends largely on the path they choose: to be safe leaders or real leaders.
From technology push, to industrial pull: superplastic forming and diffusion bonding using lasers
Authors: Jocelyn A. , Kar A. , Fanourakis A. , Flower T. , Ackerman M. , Keevil A. , Way J.
Published: August 2009

The process of Superplastic Forming (SPF) has produced a vast number of components, from simple shapes to those with complex geometric features, all to a dimensional accuracy difficult to obtain by traditional sheet metal methods. When used in conjunction with Diffusion Bonding (DB), extraordinarily lightweight, stiff, strong and fatigue enduring components and structures can be manufactured that are virtually impossible to produce by any other means. However, SPF/DB is often criticised as too complicated, expensive, slow and unstable, a reputation that has contributed to its use being largely confined to manufacturing when no other means of production can be found.

Perhaps, the fundamental cause of this negative perception of SPF/DB is the fact that derivatives of mid 18th century hydraulic presses are used, virtually universally, that provide only a single temperature to the work piece, which is heated primarily through conduction, a form of heating which is slow and expensive.

By comparison, modern, electrically efficient, lasers, if used to directly heat the work piece, could transform SPF/DB into a mainstream process and the first choice of designers. This paper compares, and contrasts, the two systems.
Nichtrostende Stähle mit TRIP/TWIP/SBIP‐Effekt
Authors: Weiß A. , Gutte H. , Jahn A. , Scheller P.R.
Published: August 2009

Weltweit verstärken sich die Bemühungen bei der Suche nach kostengünstigen austenitischen Stahlgüten mit hohem Energieabsorptionsvermögen. Dabei zeichnen sich verschiedene Forschungsrichtungen ab, die sich auf Stähle mit TRIP‐, TWIP‐ und SBIP‐Effekt1) oder entsprechenden Kombinationen konzentrieren.

Am Institut für Eisen‐ und Stahltechnologie der TU Bergakademie Freiberg werden nichtrostende austenitische und austenitisch‐martensitische Leichtbaustähle mit hohem Kaltumform‐ und Energieabsorptionsvermögen entwickelt und im Labormaßstab getestet. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften werden wesentlich durch den TRIP‐, TWIP‐ und SBIP‐Effekt beeinflusst. Diese Effekte werden sowohl im warmumgeformten und lösungsgeglühten Zustand als auch im Gusszustand registriert.

Die TRIP/TWIP/SBIP‐Effekte wirken sich auf die Zähigkeits‐ und Festigkeitseigenschaften der nichtrostenden Stähle mit metastabilem Austenit aus. Der TRIP‐Effekt nimmt diesbezüglich eine Sonderstellung ein, die zu einer gleichzeitigen Anhebung von Festigkeit und Zähigkeit führt. Die Beeinflussung des TRIP‐Effekts in diesen Stählen durch verschiedene Legierungselemente, wie z. B. durch Nickel und Mangan stehen deshalb im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen. Aufgrund des angehobenen Eigenschaftsprofils der austenithaltigen Stähle können neue Anwendungen und Einsatzgebiete für diese Stähle erschlossen werden. So wird beispielsweise in dem DFG‐Sonderforschungsvorhaben 799 „TRIP‐Matrix‐Composite”︁ die Eignung der entwickelten Stähle als Komponentengusswerkstoff in umwandlungsverstärkten und zähen Hochleistungskeramikverbundwerkstoffen untersucht.
Das ANSLC Programm zur Abschätzung zyklischer Werkstoffkennwerte
Authors: el Dsoki C. , Hanselka H. , Kaufmann H. , Röbig A.
Published: August 2009

Die betriebsfeste Auslegung von spaltprofilierten Blechbauteilen erfordert geeignete Methoden und Übertragbarkeitskriterien, die für verzweigte Strukturen noch nicht zu Verfügung stehen. Wesentlich hierfür sind die Kenntnisse über das zyklische Werkstoffverhalten. Aus diesem Grund werden die zyklischen Werkstoffkennwerte in Abhängigkeit der Produkteigenschaften (Umformgrad, Gefüge, Oberflächenrauhigkeit, Eigenspannungen) und unterschiedlichen Belastungsparametern ermittelt. Da jedoch die Ermittlung der zyklischen Kennwerte mit hohen Versuchaufwand und Kosten verbunden ist, wird nach Methoden gesucht, diese kostengünstig und schnell zu bestimmen. Ein viel versprechender Ansatz hierfür ist der Einsatz von künstlichen Neuronalen Netzen (KNN) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], da sie in der Lage sind, die Einflüsse aus Fertigungs‐ und Umweltparametern auf die Schwingfestigkeit aus sinnvoll gewählten Eingangsparametern zu generieren. Sie bieten die Möglichkeit, auf erlerntes Wissen zurückzugreifen und somit, auf Basis weniger Versuche ein mehrdimensionales Kennfeld zu erstellen.