bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Normalizing flows for domain adaptation when identifying Λ hyperon events
Authors: Kelleher R. , Vossen A.
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on the application of a normalizing flow as a method of domain adaptation when classifying physics data. Normalizing flows offer a way to transform data points between two different distributions. The present study investigates a novel method of transforming latent representations of physics data to a normal distribution and then to a physics distribution again. The final distribution models a simulated distribution. After being transformed, the data can be classified by a neural network trained on labeled simulation data. The present study succeeds in training two normalizing flows that can transform between data (or simulation) and a Gaussian distribution.
Melt electrowriting of poly(ϵ-caprolactone)—poly(ethylene glycol) backbone polymer blend scaffolds with improved hydrophilicity and functionality
Authors: Darroch Conor , Digeronimo Francesco , Asaro Giuseppe , Minsart Manon , Pien Nele , van Vlierberghe Sandra , Monaghan Michael G
Published: June 2024

Melt electrowriting (MEW) is an additive manufacturing technique that harnesses electro-hydrodynamic phenomena to produce 3D-printed fibres with diameters on the scale of 10s of microns. The ability to print at this small scale provides opportunities to create structures with incredibly fine resolution and highly defined morphology. The current gold standard material for MEW is poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL), a polymer with excellent biocompatibility but lacking in chemical groups that can allow intrinsic additional functionality. To provide this functionality while maintaining PCL’s positive attributes, blending was performed with a Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG)-based Acrylate endcapped Urethane-based Precursor (AUP). AUPs are a group of polymers, built on a backbone of existing polymers, which introduce additional functionality by the addition of one or more acrylate groups that terminate the polymer chain of a backbone polymer. By blending with a 20kDa AUP-PEG in small amounts, it is shown that MEW attributes are preserved, producing high-quality meshes. Blends were produced in various PCL:AUP weight ratios (100:0, 90:10 and 0:100) and processed into both solvent-cast films and MEW meshes that were used to characterise the properties of the blends. It was found that the addition of AUP-PEG to PCL significantly increases the hydrophilicity of structures produced with these polymers, and adds swelling capability compared to the non-swelling PCL. The developed blend (90:10) is shown to be processable using MEW, and the quality of manufactured scaffolds is evaluated against pure PCL scaffolds by performing scanning electron microscopy image analysis, with the quality of the novel MEW blend scaffolds showing comparable quality to that of pure PCL. The presence of the functionalisable AUP material on the surface of the developed scaffolds is also confirmed using fluorescence labelling of the acrylate groups. Biocompatibility of the MEW-processable blend was confirmed through a cell viability study, which found a high degree of cytocompatibility.
Memory effects in colloidal motion under confinement and driving
Authors: Straube Arthur V , Höfling Felix
Published: June 2024

The transport of individual particles in inhomogeneous environments is complex and exhibits non-Markovian responses. The latter may be quantified by a memory function within the framework of the linear generalised Langevin equation (GLE). Here, we exemplify the implications of steady driving on the memory function of a colloidal model system for Brownian motion in a corrugated potential landscape, specifically, for one-dimensional motion in a sinusoidal potential. To this end, we consider the overdamped limit of the GLE, which is facilitated by separating the memory function into a singular (Markovian) and a regular (non-Markovian) part. Relying on exact solutions for the investigated model, we show that the random force entering the GLE must display a bias far from equilibrium, which corroborates a recent general prediction. Based on data for the mean-square displacement (MSD) obtained from Brownian dynamics simulations, we estimate the memory function for different driving strengths and show that already moderate driving accelerates the decay of the memory function by several orders of magnitude in time. We find that the memory may persist on much longer timescales than expected from the convergence of the MSD to its long-time asymptote. Furthermore, the functional form of the memory function changes from a monotonic decay to a non-monotonic, damped oscillatory behaviour, which can be understood from a competition of confined motion and depinning. Our analysis of the simulation data further reveals a pronounced non-Gaussianity, which questions the Gaussian approximation of the random force entering the GLE.
Unbiased density computation for stochastic resetting
*
Authors: Kawai Reiichiro
Published: June 2024

We establish a practical means for unbiased computation of the marginal probability density function of the dynamics under stochastic resetting. In contrast to conventional dynamics devoid of resetting, the marginal probability density function under resetting may exhibit cusps and, in multi-dimensions, explosions at reset positions, arising from the compelled displacement of mass. Standard numerical techniques, such as kernel density estimation, fall short in accurately reproducing those characteristics due to their inherent smoothing effects. The proposed unbiased estimation formulas are derived using advanced stochastic calculus in their general formulations, yet their implementation in specific problem settings involves only elementary numerical operations, requiring minimal mathematical expertise and marking the very first instance of a numerical method free from bias in this context. We present numerical results throughout to validate the derived estimation formulas and, more broadly, to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in accurately capturing the irregularities of the marginal probability density function.
A Study on Usage of Treated Wastewater as Resource Management for the Sustainable Development of Al Amerat
Authors: Majid Salim Al Aamri Ahmed , Parameswari K , Gopalakrishnan K , Ihtesham Hussain Mohammed , Said Al Kaabi Khoula , Ali Said Al Alawi Aliya
Published: June 2024

Sustaining life on Earth is dependent upon water as an invaluable resource. Oman is in a semi-arid region where the majority of the water demand is satisfied by the desalination process. The government allocates a substantial budget for both desalination and wastewater treatment processes to develop an advanced infrastructure for water and wastewater treatment projects. One of the cutting-edge technologies that has been developed to treat water is SBR, for the removal of toxic elements, coarse particles, pollutants, etc before the treated wastewater eventually gets discharged into the sea. In the present study, Al-Amerat (Muscat Governorate) has been selected to assess the usage of treated wastewater for various purposes to evaluate the sustainability of the current water resources management. This research focuses on assessing the volume of wastewater produced in the study area to navigate the most sustainable approaches for the management of the treated wastewater such as gardening, agriculture, industrial activities, and groundwater recharge. Future generated wastewater has been quantified considering the forecasted population in 2040 in the study area. Various maps such as geomorphology, land use/land cover maps, and groundwater potential maps were generated using GIS in this study. The water demand for various sectors has been assessed with an estimation of 7%, 20%, and 63% of the total wastewater produced (per day) that can be utilized for groundwater recharge, gardening, and agriculture respectively. This study eases the burden on the desalination process by adopting alternative approaches to enhance the sustainability of the current measures.
Design Ship Fuel Level Prototype Based on LoRa Dragino 915 MHz
Authors: Yuda D P , Amrillah M A , Widjatmoko E N , Yulianto A , Lopulalan P M , Latuheru P M
Published: June 2024

The development of monitoring and control system technology in the shipping industry today is experiencing very rapid development, one of the developing technologies is the fuel monitoring system. The fuel monitoring system is very important in the shipping industry because it relates to shipping operational costs and controls fuel usage during the voyage. Currently, fuel level monitoring is carried out using a sensor that sends data using a cable this has a problem because sending data via cable will have noise which will affect the measurement results. In this study, it will be discussed sending data from sensor measurements without using cables using the LoRa Dragino 915 MHz module, where the LoRa module will be divided into two points, namely LoRa Client and LoRa Server. The results of this study, the ship’s fuel level reading system can function properly and according to the specifications expected. The results of this prototype can read the condition of the fuel level in the fuel tank in real-time. In addition, the communication range between LoRa Client and Lora Server tested in this study can work with a distance of 170 meters in an open space and has a communication distance of 63 meters in a closed room.
The Implementation of the Port Watch Keeping On MV. Striat Mas
Authors: Bustamin  , Djajasasana E E , Limbong S , Rahmatullah
Published: June 2024

Numerous marine casualties endanger the efficient operation of today’s maritime transport and safe maritime operations. This research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of the port watch keeping in accordance with established procedures so that undesirable things do not happen. This type of research used a qualitative descriptive method. This research was carried out on board the MV. Strait Mas from January, 22, 2021 to August, 4, 2022. The research provided a theoretical explanation of the implementation of watch keeping in this research report and this was used as a basis for solve problems that exist during the research process. Understanding the implementation of port watch keeping was the main problem in this research. Qualitative research methods produce descriptive data. This data was obtained from direct interviews and supported by some literatures, which provided a clearer description of the information conveyed. Thus, this method allows a clear explanation of the implementation of watch keeping. The results found that the performance of the hourly service can be expected. When the ship is docked, MV Strait Mas is rendered ineffective. This is due to a lack of established monitoring processes, a lack of accountability for carrying out monitoring activities while the ship is in port, and a lack of good coordination and communication between monitoring officers and the ship’s personnel on duty. It can be concluded that the negligence, poor physical condition, lack of self-confidence, and lack of sense of responsibility made watch keeping on ships ineffective
Analysis of the Impact of Disposal of Oil-Contaminated Ballast Water on Marine Pollution in MT. Bull Kangean
Authors: Sukirno  , Susanti E
Published: June 2024

Ballast water refers to water containing substances, materials, or goods necessary for ship stability, trim control, list (tilt), or pressure. According to the shipping terms dictionary, ballast can also include waste or refuse stored on board. This study aims to analyze the environmental impact of oil-contaminated ballast water disposal on marine pollution in MT. Bull Kangean. Oil spills at sea typically occur due to two reasons: accidental leaks caused by damage to the ship hull or oil tanks (e.g., collisions with coral reefs or sunken objects), and deliberate discharge of used oil from manufacturing equipment, which can lead to environmental contamination and harm to areas designated for oil disposal. The research methodology involves collecting primary data through observations, interviews, and document reviews to understand the impact of oil-contaminated ballast water disposal on marine pollution. Qualitative descriptive methods are employed for data analysis. The findings of this research indicate that the disposal of oil-contaminated ballast water does result in marine pollution. Observations reveal that inadequate supervision by the deck crew regarding ballast water disposal leads to the mixing of oil with the water during the disposal process.
Analysis Of Increasing Lubricating Oil Temperature In Ship Diesel Generators
Authors: Suyuti  , Nurwahidah  , Tona T , Haerani  , Nurwahidah
Published: June 2024

Auxiliary aircraft is a vital part of a ship that is needed as a power plant or generator. In order to avoid more heat, lubricating oil is needed in the form of a chemical substance, in the form of a liquid given between two moving objects to reduce friction, as a protective layer separating the two surfaces in contact. This is due to the operation of the diesel generator which occurs continuously and can cause friction and erosion of the moving parts. So that friction causes changes in material structure which over time can cause heat. However, this condition makes the lubricating oil temperature increase every hour. This qualitative research uses Primary and secondary data collection methods, with observation (field survey), interviews and library research. Based on the results of the analysis, the cause of the increase in lubricating oil temperature is due to the condition of the electromotor of the seawater cooling pump through the bypass faucet not according to the desired pressure, pump bearings have wear and pump gears, then the heat absorption of the L.O Cooler shelf is not optimal due to blockages in the capillary pipes. That the increase in the temperature of the diesel generator lubricating oil above 700 C and the pressure of 2 kg/cm2 during the machinist’s duty hours 00.00-04.00 LT is caused by the diesel generator auxiliary motor having an ineffective Lo Cooler heat absorption capacity, sea water cooling pressure that is less than normal and the presence of pipe connections that leak cooling pipes
Analysis of Failure in The Fire System Alarm on The Ship KL.02 Sultan Hasanuddin
Authors: Basir A , Ansar I , Salim A , Hidayat M
Published: June 2024

International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set regulations governing the installation of fire alarm systems on ships. The basic principle of the control system is to control the system output by comparing the actual output with the desired output. This study aims to determine the causes of false alarms on the fire alarm system on ships and to describe recommendations and solutions for failures in the fire alarm system on ships. This type of research uses a mix of methods by utilizing primary and secondary data. The data is processed by quantitative analysis and qualitative research. The results of this study indicate that the cause of the False Alarm on the Fire Alarm System is caused by the MFCA, Smoke Detector, and Cable Installation. The case that occurred in KL. 02 Sultan Hasanuddin there is no correlation between false alarms on the Fire Alarm System. The Smoke Detector correlation data with the False Alarm Fire Alarm System shows that there is a correlation with the Pearson Correlation of 0.857 > 0.4973.
Analysis of Impacts Due to The Grounding Vessels around Raja Ampat Islands
Authors: Palayukan N , Parenden D , Widarbowo D
Published: June 2024

The author titled “Analysis of Impact Due to The Grounding Vessels around Raja Ampat Island” describes about the socio-economic and cultural impacts that arise as the result of human error in maritime sector. This writing aims to identify the impacts due to the grounding of vessels around Raja Ampat Islands. The author conducted research studies related to several incidents of vessels which crashed the coral reefs and aground around waters of Raja Ampat islands. The writer uses descriptive method and qualitative approach in collecting data by library research, observation, and interview. The data which were collected from various sources of both literatures and information from interview are analysed by qualitative analysis method. The result of this research shows some impacts identified as the result of the grounding vessels around Raja Ampat islands. The social impacts occurred in the form of reduction/loss of coral reef biodiversity and the damage to marine environmental ecosystem. Meanwhile, economically the grounding of these vessels results costs for resolving environmental disputes; environmental damage mitigation and restoration costs; as well as the value of social and cultural ecological benefits for the ecosystem and society of the Raja Ampat islands. Furthermore, economic impact also occur on the vessels which were aground such as costs for towing, repairing the vessel, and compensation for Raja Ampat government.
Assessment of adsorption efficiency of Kaoline-Chitosan composite beads for removal of Ca and As from aqueous solution in lab-scale
Authors: Ho Ngo Anh Dao , Tran Thi Kim Tuyen
Published: June 2024

In this study, Kaoline (CK) and Chitosan (CTS) including water-soluble CTS (WCTS) and acid-soluble CTS (ACTS), were synthesized from commercial materials to produce composite beads which were then employed as adsorbents to investigate the removal of Ca and As from aqueous solutions. Results showed that the adhesion and granular properties of CK-WCTS and CK-ACTS were different, which affected the adsorption efficiency. Specifically, when 0.3 g of adsorbent (i.e., CK-WCTS and CK-ACTS) was used to test with 30 ml aqueous solution containing 380 ± 50 mg/L Ca(II) during 2 hours, the CK-ACTS showed more effective (i.e., Ca(II) removal of 34.73%) as compared to CK-WCTS (i.e., only 2.08%). In the case of As(III) removal, 0.5 g of adsorbent (i.e., pure ACTS and CK-ACTS composite) was applied to test with 50 ml artificial aqueous As (III) solution of 500 ± 50 μg/L during 90 mins of operation. The CK-ACTS composite also showed better performance since the highest removal As efficiency of 72% could be obtained after a contacting time of 45 mins, as compared to that produced by pure ACTS (i.e. As removal of 42.42%). The SEM analysis was also conducted to compare the difference in morphology of pure ACTS and CK-ACTS composite.
Development of low-cost air particulate IoT measurement using HM-3301 sensor
Authors: Yu Kok Hwa , Yen Kin Sam , Leo Choe Peng , Ng Wei Lin , Nie Ying
Published: June 2024

Air quality measurement is essentially important to create a safe and healthier environment. In this study, the accuracy and precision of the Grove HM-3301 sensor were evaluated and compared with the data taken from a standard air quality monitoring meter. Using the low-cost air particulate measuring sensor, the measuring results of the PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 concentration was fairly accurate, with a relative bias smaller than 30 %. The accuracy of the HM-3301 sensor can be improved using single-point calibration, with relative bias reduced to the limit of 13 % as tested in the particle mass concentration limit within 500 μg/m3. With improved accuracy, the air particulate IoT system using the HM-3301 sensor can be employed in practical applications to assess air quality. With a development cost of 90 USD, the PM measurement IoT system is suitable to be applied in monitoring outdoor and indoor air quality.
Water-Energy Nexus Flow Analysis of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Thailand
Authors: Sakti A Y N , Babel S , Laohhasurayotin K , Opaprakasit P
Published: June 2024

The Wastewater Treatment Plant in Thailand plays a vital role in treating raw domestic wastewater. As the demand for treating wastewater grows, the energy requirements associated with treatment processes become essential. This study aims to identify energy-intensive areas in wastewater treatment plants and provide inventory data for the indirect environmental impact. It also determines the suitable opportunities to recover energy from wastewater treatment plants. The water-energy nexus was examined through Material Flow Analysis (MFA) using Substance Flow Analysis (STAN) Software. The wastewater treatment plant is extended to produce water for reuse. System allocation is adopted to separate the treated wastewater and reuse water products. In Thailand, the aeration tank unit is the most energy-intensive. This condition can be explained by operating the aeration tank, which accounts for 33.87% of the total energy demand. The research found that around 0.155 kWh/m3 is needed for treating raw domestic wastewater to meet the effluent standard. The extended treatment for converting the raw wastewater into reuse water requires 0.3286 kWh/m3. Reuse water is beneficial for providing sustainable water resources but requires a 112% energy increase. The plant relies on Thailand’s EGAT Energy Mix (58.09% Natural Gas, 29.01% Lignite, 10.21% Hydropower, 2.52% Diesel, 0.16% Fuel Oil, 0.002% Geothermal Energy and 0.008% remain unidentified). Rather than fully relying on Thailand EGAT, the research suggests renewable energy installations and nutrient recovery options. Solar panels and micro-hydro power generation are promising ideas to install. Moreover, recovering the nutrients from wastewater can address environmental problems and offer valuable resources simultaneously. The findings of this Study provide profound benefits for developing sustainability in wastewater treatment plants.
Ergonomics assessment of loading and unloading bagged cargoes: Case study at Sai Gon Port
Authors: Nguyen P L
Published: June 2024

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a prevalent global health issue, affecting workers in various industries, including port workers. The 28 labor postures are divided into independent manual loading and unloading, coordinated manual loading and unloading, and conveyor loading and unloading. Bagged loading and unloading personnel at Vietnam’s Saigon Port are assessed using OWAS, RULA, and REBA methods. 46.4% of unreasonable postures require further analysis, and 53.6% of exceptional inappropriate positions require adjustment. Replace manual and conveyor belt loading and unloading workgroups based on lifting weight and operational constraints, within a narrow range of recommendations. The chronic risk of MSDs in workers’ appearance is 43%, with an Orebro average score of 100.87±1.21 points, compared to 118,38±1,17 points in the disease group. The average pain location is 4.64±0.23 locations. The most painful positions in the workers were recorded: low back (58%), shoulder (57%), and neck (55%). The 8 main factors that affect the MSDs in objective workers are job satisfaction (10.71%); kneeling frequency (8.61%); positioning loads on the left shoulder (7.43%); hook usage frequency (5.86%); sex life frequency (3.79%); noise impact (3.11%); fatigue (3.02%); the number of working days per week (2.88%).
Traffic emissions before and after development based on traffic impact assessment
Authors: Leong L V , Mohd Shafie S A
Published: June 2024

Traffic impact assessment evaluates the traffic conditions in the vicinity before and after the completion of a new development as new development will generate additional vehicle trips on the road and contribute to a rise in traffic emission. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the impact of the proposed development in Nibong Tebal, Penang, on the existing road network and identify the necessary improvements to ensure all intersections perform satisfactorily. Additionally, the impact of the proposed intersection’s design on fuel consumption and traffic emissions will also be investigated. During morning and evening rush hours, six hours manual vehicle counts were conducted at ten intersections. The collected data is then analyzed to determine the performance of the intersection. The level of service, based on the delay and ratio of volume over capacity of a turning movement, is used as the performance indicator for intersections. This study revealed that the reduction of delay time of more than 100 seconds at signalized intersections can significantly reduce fuel consumption and traffic emissions. In conclusion, a well-designed intersection will facilitate traffic movement and reduce traffic emissions which will eventually reduce the quantity of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere that contribute to global climate change.
Dynamical active particles in the overdamped limit
Authors: Fieguth Diego M
Published: June 2024

Mobile microscopic bodies, such as motile cells, can be modelled phenomenologically as ‘active particles’ which can move against external forces by depleting an internal energy depot. The microscopic mechanisms underlying such ‘active’ behaviour must ultimately obey fundamental physics: energy depots must actually consist of dynamical degrees of freedom, such as chemical reaction coordinates, which in some way couple to the particle’s motional degrees of freedom. As a step towards connecting phenomenological models with microscopic dynamical mechanisms, recent papers have studied the minimalistic dynamical mechanism of a ‘dynamical active particle’, and shown how nonlinear couplings can allow steady energy transfer from depot to motion, even in the presence of weak dissipation. Most real active particles move through viscous environments, however, and are strongly damped. Here we therefore generalize the dynamical active particle into the overdamped regime. We find that its mechanism still operates, and in particular allows the overdamped active particle to travel just as far against friction as the undamped model, by moving at a slower average speed. Our results suggest that active particle phenomenology can indeed be consistent with comprehensible dynamical mechanisms, even in strongly dissipative environments.
Land use patterns influence in the soil microbial composition
Authors: Zong Donglin , Zhou Yefu , Zhou Jing , Hu Xiaokang , Wang Tao
Published: June 2024

Studies on the impact of land-use patterns on soil health and sustainability have indicated that land-use changes and unsuitable agricultural practices are key driving factors in the degradation of soil. However, the impact of land-use patterns on soil microbial diversity is not entirely consistent or known, and the specific effects of environmental factors need to be further considered. This study explored the impact of three different land-use patterns—rotation land (RL), garden land (GL), and uncultivated land (UL)—on soil health in a farming region by analyzing the soil physicochemical properties and the diversity of the soil bacterial and fungal communities. In this study, the results showed that the soil pH of GL was significantly lower than that of RL and UL, total nitrogen was lowest in GL, and available potassium and soil organic carbon were higher in RL and GL than in UL. The impact of the land-use patterns on microbial diversity was somewhat inconsistent, but greater on soil bacteria than fungi, with 17 bacterial and 4 fungal metabolic pathways showing significant differences. In particular, a decrease in the relative abundance of dominant bacteria was observed in GL. The land-use patterns had little impact on fungal functional genes; however, plant pathogen-related fungi were significantly higher in GL than in RL and UL. Overall, these results indicate that while the soil basic nutrients in different land-use patterns were high, long-term single planting (GL) still had a negative impact on the health and sustainability of the soil, especially owing to low soil pH. Therefore, when evaluating the effect of different planting systems on soil health, it is necessary to consider the true effect of local agricultural measures on soil properties and microbial community composition, and monitor for microbial diseases in the field to determine the impact of land-use patterns on crop production.
Development of solid-state hybrid capacitor using carbon nanotube film as current collector
Authors: Woo Dong Uk , Park Young Jin , Cheon Jae Young , Lee Kyunbae , Jung Yeonsu , Kim Patrick Joohyun , Kim Taehoon
Published: June 2024

Structural energy-storage devices are receiving considerable attention because they can simultaneously store electrical energy and provide structural support, thereby offering high volumetric and gravimetric capacities. Although carbon fiber–based materials have been the most popular choice for current collectors, their conductivity and specific surface area are relatively low; this limits the ability to load other active materials on to the current collector. Carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber is a promising alternative for lightweight structural materials because it has a density of less than 1 g cm−3 as well as high strength and electrical conductivity. In this study, we produced a light, strong, and porous CNT film (CNTF) via direct spinning for use as a current collector. The CNTF exhibited a high specific strength compared with Al foil. We also created an activated carbon–lithium titanium oxide hybrid capacitor with the CNTF current collector, which achieved a capacity similar to that of a capacitor having an Al current collector. Furthermore, a planar pouch cell created using a solid polymer electrolyte achieved a capacity of 74.1 mAh g−1, which is comparable to that of coin cells. Thus, our findings highlight the feasibility of CNTF as a material for current collectors and provide a foundation to develop manufacturing processes for structural batteries.
Nonequational stable groups
Authors: Müller Isabel , Sklinos Rizos
Published: June 2024

We introduce a combinatorial criterion for verifying whether a formula is not the conjunction of an equation and a co-equation. Using this, we give a proof for the nonequationality of the free group.

Furthermore, we generalize the latter result to the first-order theory of any free product of groups of the form

G
∗

F

ω

G*\mathbb {F}_{\omega }

.
Maladaptation within the body
Authors: Madgwick Philip G
Published: June 2024

The chapter discusses some of the most persuasive examples of maladaptation from selfish genetic elements, arguing against the ‘parliament of the genes’ to suggest that they have a large impact on organism design. Selfish genetic elements are introduced through examples of meiotic drivers, emphasising their evolutionary longevity and harmfulness to individual fitness. The conclusions of the only book-length review of selfish genetic elements (Genes in Conflict, Burt and Trivers 2006) are critiqued. The widely held view that, in the long run, evolution by natural selection acts ‘for the good of the genome’ (which relies upon the theory of the parliament of the genes) is criticised. An alternative theory of the ‘society of genes’ is developed, arguing that cooperation in the genome does not have to be egalitarian to be successful. Whilst some challenges in detecting and quantifying the costs of selfish genetic elements are identified, the evidence for the society of genes is appraised. Against the parliament of the genes, it is argued that its logic mistakenly assumes that the suppressors of selfish genetic elements are more powerful than they are in reality.
Maladaptive transitions in complexity
Authors: Madgwick Philip G
Published: June 2024

The chapter broadens the attribution of maladaptation to more general traits, arguing that the evolution of complexity increases the risk of maladaptation because major evolutionary transitions use genes in the building blocks of new individualities, despite those genes retaining their evolutionary potential. The widely accepted view that biological complexity is adaptive is challenged on the basis that observable complexity is ambiguous, as an efficient result or an inefficient method. These alternatives are linked to individual- and gene-centred perspectives on evolution by natural selection. The major evolutionary transitions framework is identified as presenting an adaptive explanation of complexity, as contrasted against an alternative nonadaptive explanation. Despite an adaptive premise from the division of labour, the major evolutionary transitions are re-evaluated as a maladaptive explanation of complexity, drawing upon examples of different individualities including eukaryotic cells, multicellularity, and eusociality. Counterarguments from the competition of old and new individualities, the suppression of old individualities, and species selection are discussed. Ultimately, it is argued that complexity is likely to have adaptive and maladaptive elements.
Revisiting the design argument
Authors: Madgwick Philip G
Published: June 2024

The chapter evaluates the impacts of the discovery of evolution by natural selection and the case for maladaptation on Paley’s design argument for the benevolent character of God, arguing that Paley’s design argument still remains tenable. Despite the narratives of many evolutionary biologists including Darwin, the claim that the discovery of evolution by natural selection demolished Paley’s design argument is shown to misunderstand his question. Paley’s natural theology is evaluated, discerning how a scientific solution to the problem of design is pre-emptively dismissed as an unrelated theory of secondary causation. The demolition claims of Darwin and other evolutionary biologists are shown to reduce to the problem of evil, and Paley’s response is presented through the lens of his empirical philosophy and utilitarian ethics. The theological question of design is restated in secular terms. The case for maladaptation poses a greater challenge to Paley’s natural theology. Again, Paley has a pre-emptive response resting on the balance of evidence; even with maladaptation providing some evidence for the malevolence of God, the case of overwhelming benevolence is appraised. Whilst Paley’s design argument remains robust, some aspects of his wider outlook that have become increasingly problematic are discussed, but these are shown to be peripheral to his design argument. Contrary to his wider theology, it is argued that Paley’s natural theology is a foundational philosophy that remains tenable because it is deistic.
A Work in Progress: Women's Status in the Plastic Surgery Workforce and Recommendations for Success
Authors: Benyamein Paige , Sheahan Lucy , Becker Miriam , Ewing Emily , Bajaj Anureet , Gallus Katerina , Gosman Amanda
Published: June 2024

Only 20% of the current plastic surgery workforce is female, but since 2022 most matched applicants in integrated plastic surgery programs have been women. The aim of this study was to examine current practice models among female plastic surgeons, including those outside of academia, as the field continues to evolve. In this study we surveyed female plastic surgeons in different practice models to elicit perspectives, career path advice, characterize and project trends, and provide recommendations for success. A 37-question survey focusing on demographics, practice models, career paths, desire for practice changes, and advice for women trainees was emailed to 1342 members of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and The Aesthetic Society. Chi square analyses compared practice type characteristics (academia, employed roles, private practice), at a significance level of .05. Response rate was 53%. Most respondents were age 35-45, in solo practice, trained in traditional pathways, without fellowships, and lacked female mentors. Private practice surgeons were very satisfied in their career, employed surgeons were moderately satisfied, and academic surgeons were mildly satisfied. Academic surgeons reported a higher number of working hours (>60) and cases per month (20-30) than employed or private practice surgeons. Recommendations for success included seeking female mentorship and enhancing business skills and building a social media platform during training. Results highlight the importance of female mentorship and acquiring business skills, and indicate private practice leads to greater career satisfaction. Training programs should consider accounting for these factors to better promote women's success and improve equity in academic practice.
Artificial intelligence classifies primary progressive aphasia from connected speech
Authors: Rezaii Neguine , Hochberg Daisy , Quimby Megan , Wong Bonnie , Brickhouse Michael , Touroutoglou Alexandra , Dickerson Bradford C , Wolff Phillip
Published: June 2024

Neurodegenerative dementia syndromes, such as primary progressive aphasias (PPA), have traditionally been diagnosed based, in part, on verbal and non-verbal cognitive profiles. Debate continues about whether PPA is best divided into three variants and regarding the most distinctive linguistic features for classifying PPA variants.

In this cross-sectional study, we initially harnessed the capabilities of artificial intelligence and natural language processing to perform unsupervised classification of short, connected speech samples from 78 pateints with PPA. We then used natural language processing to identify linguistic features that best dissociate the three PPA variants.

Large language models discerned three distinct PPA clusters, with 88.5% agreement with independent clinical diagnoses. Patterns of cortical atrophy of three data-driven clusters corresponded to the localization in the clinical diagnostic criteria. In the subsequent supervised classification, 17 distinctive features emerged, including the observation that separating verbs into high- and low-frequency types significantly improved classification accuracy. Using these linguistic features derived from the analysis of short, connected speech samples, we developed a classifier that achieved 97.9% accuracy in classifying the four groups (three PPA variants and healthy controls).

The data-driven section of this study showcases the ability of large language models to find natural partitioning in the speech of patients with PPA consistent with conventional variants. In addition, the work identifies a robust set of language features indicative of each PPA variant, emphasizing the significance of dividing verbs into high- and low-frequency categories. Beyond improving diagnostic accuracy, these findings enhance our understanding of the neurobiology of language processing.
Implementability: a taxonomy of community development approaches
Authors: Higgins Geoff , Muurlink Olav , Caffery Lisa , Taylor Wallace
Published: June 2024

The selection of a community development approach often occurs in an information vacuum, rather than through an evidence-driven alignment with local needs. This study seeks to provide a guide to communities and community development practitioners choosing an approach that is relevant and implementable. The guidance results from a conceptual review of sources describing thirty-three distinct approaches to community development, drawing on an exhaustive scholarly and grey literature search. Five common components (factors relevant when choosing or implementing a community development approach) were identified in the thirty-three community development approaches. From these, three components are especially relevant to communities and community development practitioners: principles that underpin the work; conditions to be met to proceed or succeed; and processes that describe ‘how to’ do the work. The analysis reveals that one approach, Systems Practice, combines all three components, and suggests that more research is required into the relative merit of each component, and to see whether communities are, in practice, combining and hybridizing approaches. The results are presented as a taxonomy to offer broad guidance to community development practitioners, scholars, and policy writers seeking to distinguish between the multiplicity of approaches.
Projecting the Potential Clinical and Economic Impact of HIV Prevention Resource Reallocation in Tennessee
Authors: Borre Ethan D , Ahonkhai Aima A , Chi Kyu-young Kevin , Osman Amna , Thayer Krista , Person Anna K , Weddle Andrea , Flanagan Clare F , Pettit April C , Closs David , Cotton Mia , Agwu Allison L , Cespedes Michelle S , Ciaranello Andrea L , Gonsalves Gregg , Hyle Emily P , Paltiel A David , Freedberg Kenneth A , Neilan Anne M
Published: June 2024

Background

In 2023, Tennessee replaced $6.2 M in US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention funding with state funds to redirect support away from men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TGW), and heterosexual Black women (HSBW) and to prioritize instead first responders (FR), pregnant people (PP), and survivors of sex trafficking (SST).

Methods

We used a simulation model of HIV disease to compare the clinical impact of Current, the present allocation of condoms, preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and HIV testing to CDC priority risk groups (MSM/TGW/HSBW); with Reallocation, funding instead increased HIV testing and linkage of Tennessee-determined priority populations (FR/PP/SST). Key model inputs included baseline condom use (45%–49%), PrEP provision (0.1%–8%), HIV testing frequency (every 2.5–4.8 years), and 30-day HIV care linkage (57%–65%). We assumed Reallocation would reduce condom use (−4%), PrEP provision (−26%), and HIV testing (−47%) in MSM/TGW/HSBW, whereas it would increase HIV testing among FR (+47%) and HIV care linkage (to 100%/90%) among PP/SST.

Results

Reallocation would lead to 166 additional HIV transmissions, 190 additional deaths, and 843 life-years lost over 10 years. HIV testing reductions were most influential in sensitivity analysis; even a 24% reduction would result in 287 more deaths compared to Current. With pessimistic assumptions, we projected 1359 additional HIV transmissions, 712 additional deaths, and 2778 life-years lost over 10 years.

Conclusions

Redirecting HIV prevention funding in Tennessee would greatly harm CDC priority populations while conferring minimal benefits to new priority populations.
Automated titanium fastener for surgical aortic valve replacement—preventive role for infective endocarditis?
Authors: Kahrovic Amila , Herkner Harald , Angleitner Philipp , Werner Paul , Kocher Alfred , Ehrlich Marek , Wiedemann Dominik , Laufer Guenther , Simon Paul , Andreas Martin
Published: June 2024

OBJECTIVES

Evidence on long-term clinical outcomes considering suture-securing techniques used for surgical aortic valve replacement is still uncertain.

METHODS

A total of 1405 patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement between January 2016 and December 2022 were included and grouped according to the suture-securing technique used (automated titanium fastener versus hand-tied knots). The occurrence of infective endocarditis during follow-up was set as the primary study end-point. As secondary study end-points, stroke, all-cause mortality and a composite outcome of either infective endocarditis, stroke, or all-cause mortality were assessed.

RESULTS

The automated titanium fastener was used in 829 (59%) patients, whereas the hand-knot tying technique was used in 576 (41%) patients. The multivariable proportional competing risk regression analysis showed a significantly lower risk of infective endocarditis during follow-up in the automated titanium fastener group (adjusted sub-hazard ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.20–0.94, P = 0.035). The automated titanium fastener group was not associated with an increased risk of mortality or attaining the composite outcome, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.60–1.09, P = 0.169; adjusted hazard ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.63–1.07, P = 0.152). This group was not associated with an increased risk of stroke (adjusted sub-hazard ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.47–1.45, P = 0.504). Also, a significantly lower rate of early-onset infective endocarditis was observed in the automated titanium fastener group, (0.4% vs 1.4%, P = 0.032).

CONCLUSIONS

Suture-securing with an automated titanium fastener device appears to be superior compared to the hand-knot tying technique in terms of lower risk of infective endocarditis.
Liver fibrosis detected by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and its functional correlates in Fontan patients
Authors: Lu Chun-Wei , Wu Chih-Horng , Huang Miao-Tzu , Lee Chee-Seng , Chen Huey-Ling , Lin Ming-Tai , Chiu Shuenn-Nan , Tseng Wei-Chieh , Chen Chun-An , Wang Jou-Kou , Wu Mei-Hwan
Published: June 2024

OBJECTIVES

The evaluation of Fontan-associated liver disease is often challenging. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging can detect hepatic fibrosis from capillary perfusion and diffusion abnormalities from extracellular matrix accumulation. This study investigated its role in the evaluation of liver disease in Fontan patients and explored possible diagnostic methods for early detection of advanced liver fibrosis.

METHODS

Stable adult Fontan patients who could safely be examined with magnetic resonance imaging were enrolled, and blood biomarkers, transient elastography were also examined.

RESULTS

Forty-six patients received diffusion-weighted imaging; and 58.7% were diagnosed with advanced liver fibrosis (severe liver fibrosis, 37.0%, and cirrhosis 21.7%). Two parameters of hepatic dysfunction, platelet counts (Spearman’s ρ: –0.456, P = 0.001) and cholesterol levels (Spearman’s ρ: –0.383, P = 0.009), decreased with increasing severity of fibrosis. Using transient elastography, a cut-off value of 14.2 kPa predicted the presence of advanced liver fibrosis, but with a low positive predictive value. When we included platelet count, cholesterol, post-Fontan years and transient elastography values as a composite, the capability of predicting advanced liver fibrosis was the most satisfactory (C statistic 0.817 ± 0.071, P < 0.001). A cut-off value of 5.0 revealed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 82%.

CONCLUSIONS

In Fontan patients, diffusion-weighted imaging was helpful in detecting liver fibrosis that was correlated with hepatic dysfunction. A simple score was proposed for long-term surveillance and early detection of advanced liver disease in adult Fontan patients. For adult Fontan patients with a calculated score > 5.0, we may consider timely diffusion-weight imaging and early management for liver complications.
Molecular Dating of the Teleost Whole Genome Duplication (3R) Is Compatible With the Expectations of Delayed Rediploidization
Authors: Qi Minbo , Clark James , Moody Edmund R R , Pisani Davide , Donoghue Philip C J
Published: June 2024

Vertebrate evolution has been punctuated by three whole genome duplication events that have been implicated causally in phenotypic evolution, from the origin of phenotypic novelties to explosive diversification. Arguably, the most dramatic of these is the 3R whole genome duplication event associated with the origin of teleost fishes which comprise more than half of all living vertebrate species. However, tests of a causal relationship between whole genome duplication and teleost diversification have proven difficult due to the challenge of establishing the timing of these phenomena. Here we show, based on molecular clock dating of concatenated gene alignments, that the 3R whole genome duplication event occurred in the early–middle Permian (286.18 to 267.20 million years ago; Ma), 52.02 to 12.84 million years (Myr) before the divergence of crown-teleosts in the latest Permian–earliest Late Triassic (254.36 to 234.16 Ma) and long before the major pulses of teleost diversification in Ostariophysi and Percomorpha (56.37 to 100.17 Myr and at least 139.24 to 183.29 Myr later, respectively). The extent of this temporal gap between putative cause and effect precludes 3R as a deterministic driver of teleost diversification. However, these age constraints remain compatible with the expectations of a prolonged rediploidization process following whole genome duplication which, through the effects of chromosome rearrangement and gene loss, remains a viable mechanism to explain the evolution of teleost novelties and diversification.