bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making sense of shame theory: a psychosocial structure
Authors: Frost Liz
Published: January 2021

Against the background of the multifaceted and various interpretations and definitions of the concept of shame in sociological, psychological, and philosophical literature, Liz Frost, author of this chapter, proposes a systematic classification at which level shame could be considered. This three-part taxonomy she developed in reference to Honneth’s theory of recognition with the expectation of generating an analytical tool for social work theory, reflection, and practice. Three levels are taken into account: political/national, group/social and individual/personal. In each category it will consider how and by whom this type of shame might be generated, some key ideas or arguments within its purview, and some effects and/or practices that it leads to. The importance of the proposed taxonomy is illustrated and clarified on the basis of the phenomenon of ageism.
Sociology of shame: basic theoretical considerations
Authors: Neckel Sighard
Published: January 2021

In his chapter Sighard Neckel points out the social characteristics of shame. This emotion arises from the interweaving of social relationships and presupposes the difference between the self and its ideal image just as much as a violation of the norm before the eyes of others. In this respect shame is tied to sociality, normativity and morality. The author illustrates the structural anchoring of the loss of self-esteem in social conditions. Analogous to the dimensions of status acquisition used in sociology in modern societies, such as material prosperity, knowledge, position in organizations and in informal groups, different social shaming techniques are explained. Neckel shows that social devaluations arise when the work or need of people is not valued. The associated devaluations in material and social terms produce feelings of inferiority – feelings with which the addressees of social work are systematically confronted. The article concludes that individualizing social situations and interpreting social disadvantages as personal failure generate shame and the experience of one’s own unworthiness. It is shame that indicates how heterogeneous respect and recognition can be distributed in society.
Interactions of shame: violence against children in residential care
Authors: Demant Marie , Lorenz Friederike
Published: January 2021

Within their chapter Marie Demant and Friederike Lorenz discuss the role of shame in the context of violence against children in residential care. Their work is based on two empirical projects and includes reports of survivors of sexual violence, who reported their experiences in hearings conducted by the German ‘Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse’, which started its work in 2016. It furthermore includes empirical material from a research project on systematic violence by a team of professionals in a residential care home for children with disabilities. Both perspectives indicate how young people experience shame and humiliation as part of the institutional setting. Furthermore, it shows the negative impact these practices have on children and adolescents in situations of dependency, seeking help, and disclosure. It points out practices of humiliation as a part of the violence and shows to which extent shame can affect the possibilities for young people in these situations to be heard and to get help.
Emotional labour in social work practice and the production of shame
Authors: Schröder Carsten
Published: January 2021

Carsten Schröder, author of this chapter, analyses the production of emotional atmospheres as a part of emotional labour. He argues that emotional labour, as work on their own emotions and the emotions of others, is an integral part of professional social work. He shows examples from a project in which he ethnographically observed social workers within a residential care home. His work focuses on how professional social workers create emotional atmospheres through emotional labour as a part of their interventions. In his example he focuses on the production of an emotional atmosphere that aims to reinforce a rule within the setting of the care home, in order to discipline the young residents. Carsten Schröder points out how harmful the experience of shame can be and raises therefore the question whether these interventions can still be viewed as professional interventions.
Key issues for people with dementia living in rural Ireland: social exclusion, models of care and policy change
Authors: O’Shea Eamon , Walsh Kieran
Published: January 2021

The way we think about older people’s lives at the intersection of dementia and rurality, and our recognition of the importance of their world, is crucial to ensuring the delivery of more effective public supports that can enable them to realise full personhood and citizenship, connected to the people that they love and the places where they live. This chapter uses a social exclusion conceptual framework to unpack complex and multiple challenges facing rural older people with dementia and highlights the importance of adopting a multifaceted holistic approach to support full societal participation. The analysis provides an argument for the recalibration of current dementia policy towards a genuine social production model for rural dwelling people with dementia; one that focuses on supporting them to continue to enjoy active and connected lives in rural communities through practical social policies, such as additional home supports, innovative psychosocial provision and integrated transport arrangements.
Farm-based care: providing meaningful activities in dementia care as an alternative to ‘standard day care’ in the UK
Authors: Marshall Fiona
Published: January 2021

This chapter invites the reader to consider ways in which farm based dementia care may offer alternative ways of engaging in nature among settings such urban day centres. This chapter outlines the importance of sharing innovative practices which may challenge notions of dementia care and aims to provoke debate about diversification in dementia services for all.
Considerations in dementia care for Indigenous populations in Canada
Authors: Jacklin Kristen M. , Chiovitte Jessica M.
Published: January 2021

Over the last decade age-related dementias emerged as a significant health concern for Indigenous populations in Canada. Current research suggest that Indigenous communities hold culturally grounded understandings of dementia that are important in determining health services use and needs. This chapter combines a cultural safety framework with a health equity lens to discuss Indigenous dementia care needs in rural and remote Indigenous communities. Based on qualitative ethnographic data from Canada supported by published accounts of Indigenous experiences with dementia and dementia care internationally, we discuss promising approaches grounded in cultural safety aimed at improving prevention, diagnosis and care practices. Developing Indigenous specific care tools and adapting best practice mainstream approaches to care to adequately address cultural frameworks for dementia and the impacts of colonial trauma are necessary steps in providing decolonized, culturally safe care for Indigenous patients and fundamental to health equity.
Conclusion: navigating 21st-century remote and rural dementia care and a future research agenda
Authors: Farmer Jane , Morgan Debra , Innes Anthea
Published: January 2021

This chapter summarises key themes across rural and remote dementia care internationally. It highlights consistent issues as well as innovations and points to note, across the three areas of policy, practice and research. The chapter concludes there is still significant work to be done in finding and translating new models for providing high quality rural dementia care and thus good experiences for people with dementia, carers and communities. The chapter throws down the gauntlet inviting more research and study in this area.
Outcomes-based contracts in the UK public sector
Authors: Fox Chris , Albertson Kevin
Published: January 2021

A major innovation in public sector commissioning in recent years is the recourse of the state to so called ‘Outcomes-based Contracts’ particularly Payment by Results (PbR) in the UK. A PbR contract contains three elements, a commissioner, a service provider and an outcomes metric. The outcomes metrics is designed, in theory, to align the incentive structures of the commissioner and the service delivery agency so as to achieve efficient results. Thus, PbR is theorised to allow public commissioners to pay a provider of services on the basis of specified outcomes achieved rather than the inputs or outputs delivered. A related innovation is that of Social Impact Bonds (SIBs). SIBs are distinguished from PbR contracts in that they supposedly allow financiers to contribute to the social innovation process by providing working capital. The return on the SIB is calculated using PbR methodology. Compared to a PbR contract, the SIB contract seeks to align the incentive structures, not only of commissioners and providers, but also financiers through an appropriate metrics-based payments scheme. PbR and SIBs have been referred to as key tools for delivering change. In this chapter we set out the theoretical and practical challenges arising from the development and application of PbR and SIBs and consider the evidence of their efficacy or otherwise.
The ‘soft power’ of marketisation: the administrative assembling of Irish youth justice work
Authors: Swirak Katharina
Published: January 2021

This chapter is based on the premise that marketisation extends beyond strategies such as privatisation or monetisation, but encroaches into our life-worlds more subtly. Based on the analysis of recent Irish youth justice policy reforms, it is suggested that softer aspects of marketisation become visible in the way that ‘problems’ or ‘solutions to problems’ are written and talked about. Importantly, this chapter traces how dominant discourses ‘travel’ from sites of administrative governance into the imaginations of front-line workers engaging with young people. It is further argued that the introduction of administrative governance is emblematic of neo-liberalism’s distinct mode of reason with the problematic effect of constructing young people and their families as responsible for their own self-improvement and self-realisation. Through its anti-political nature, administrative governance eschews important considerations relating to the wider contexts of youthful ‘offending’ and the professional field of ‘youth justice work’.
Marketisation and competition in criminal legal aid: implications for access to justice
Authors: Smith Tom , Johnston Ed
Published: January 2021

The right to legal representation is a fundamental right, and arrangements for funding this are crucial to ensuring access to justice for those accused of criminal offences. Criminal legal aid has long been regarded as an entitlement for most citizens, particularly the most economically vulnerable. However, criminal legal aid has been cast in a different light in recent years, viewed not through the lens of welfarism but subjected to neo-liberal values such as cost neutrality, marketisation and managerialism. This was particularly evident in the ‘Transforming Legal Aid’ consultation of 2013, which resurrected the idea of competitive tendering for provision of criminal legal aid services. Although not pursued in full, subsequent changes – including cuts of 8.75% to fees for legal aid lawyers – appear to have significantly affected the scope of criminal legal aid. The number of providers of such services has consistently declined over the past decade and firms have frequently reported significant financial pressure. Arguably, these reforms – justified in neo-liberal terms – have affected access to justice and by extension the quality of justice offered by the Criminal Justice System, CJS. This chapter will examine the market-driven reform of criminal legal aid in recent years, and consider two apparent examples of impact: evidence of an increasing number of litigants-in-person in criminal cases; and the outsourcing of police station work to independent ‘agents’. The chapter will also question some of the apparent contradictions in neo-liberal reform of criminal legal aid, such as the deliberate policy of reducing the size of the provider market; and the ‘false economies’ created by the pursuit of efficiency and economy: goals which are underpinned and enforced by the Criminal Procedure Rules.
Holding private prisons to account: what role for Controllers as ‘the eyes and ears of the state’?
Authors: Hargreaves Joanna , Ludlow Amy
Published: January 2021

The advent of the private sector’s contemporary involvement in prisons in England and Wales saw the creation of a new role – that of the Controller. Controllers are embedded within all privately managed prisons as the ‘eyes and ears’ of the State. They hold the private sector to account on a day-to-day basis, ensuring that private providers deliver on their contractual promises and that the State’s delegated penal power is wielded in accordance with the law. While Controllers occupy an essential theoretical position within the prison accountability landscape, little is known about how Controllers understand and practice their roles and what this might mean for the nature and quality of accountability achieved. Drawing on qualitative data from interviews with Controllers, this chapter explores the vision of accountability pursued by Controllers, their orientations to contract management, and the practical nature and impact of their accountability work. The chapter focuses on the form and significance of Controllers’ relationships with private prison Directors, especially exploring themes of trust and relationality.
A flawed revolution? Interrogating the Transforming Rehabilitation changes in England and Wales through the prism of a Community Justice Court
Authors: Annison Jill , Auburn Tim , Gilling Daniel , Santos Gisella Hanley
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates changes that have taken place in the recent past in relation to interventions with adult offenders in England and Wales, particularly in the context of the application of risk technologies and the increasingly managerial and market-driven set of arrangements. This review draws on criminological frameworks which examine such neo-liberal penal reforms, where social problems have been reframed as crime problems and where the application of the political policy of austerity has brought about the fragmentation and reduction of local services. Quantitative and qualitative data from a 2-year ESRC-funded research project are presented to illustrate and analyse the situations regarding ‘low-level’ offenders, whose cases were heard in a Community Justice Court in a large city in England. Detailed examination of this data reveals a complex picture of offending patterns, social issues and the pre-existing involvement of a wide range of statutory and third-sector agencies, even for many deemed ‘low-risk’ offenders. In many of these cases pathways out of crime seemed elusive, with rehabilitative interventions being framed in terms of penal narratives which emphasised individual responsibility and which denied wider structural problems. This critique raises concerns about the implications and consequences of these issues, particularly in relation to the widescale changes that were brought about by the Transforming Rehabilitation agenda. It argues that for constructive and effective interventions to take place in the field of community sanctions, including the therapeutic justice approach explored here, social justice and a more holistic approach to rehabilitation need to be (re)placed as central pillars of the criminal justice system.
Constructive ambiguity, market imaginaries and the penal voluntary sector in England and Wales
Authors: Corcoran Mary , Maguire Mike , Williams Kate
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws on research findings relating to voluntary sector adaptation to mixed markets in penal services, which coincided with the disruptions of austerity and dislocation in the wider social economy. Based on interviews with senior personnel in the voluntary sector, we demonstrate that they both share and hold divergent views (or ‘imaginaries’) of the ‘rules of engagement’ that pertain to market competition in offender resettlement. The chapter explores three broad strategic responses: (i) a greater tendency towards service diversification and commoditisation; (ii) mergers, acquisitions and seeking a place in larger consortia; (iii) varied dispositions towards market adaptive strategies. We codify the latter along the lines of Hirschman’s options of ‘exit, voice and loyalty’(1970). However, it is shown that individual organisations often combine elements of all three dispositions, and that the overall picture of adaptation in the sector is greatly more complex and nuanced than some commentators have claimed.
Marketisation of women’s organisations in the criminal justice sector
Authors: Cooper Vickie , Mansfield Maureen
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the gendered impacts of the austerity-driven probation reforms, which include the dismantling of community-based services for economically marginalised women and the alarming 131% rise in women recalled to custody. Blame for these deleterious effects has been apportioned to the privatisation of Probation Trusts in England and Wales and the subsequent dominance of ‘Community Rehabilitation Companies’ – where, in practice, larger, cheaper service providers are pushing out smaller, specialist services. Whilst we don’t disagree with this narrative, we argue that the neo-liberal tropes of the gender responsive reform programme – that preceded the privatisation of Probation Trusts – is an important policy context for understanding the contractual inequalities that we are seeing unfold today. The roll out of the gender responsive reform programme marked a key moment in the landscape of women’s voluntary sector as it encouraged them to compete with other voluntary services and prove ‘better value’ for money. This form of marketisation, we argue, has resulted in women’s services attenuating or, at best, compromising the political values and ethics that previously underpinned their ‘specialist’ approach to working with women in the criminal justice system.
The ‘fearsome frowning face of the state’ and ex-prisoners: promoting employment or alienation, anger and perpetual punishment?
Authors: Fletcher Del Roy
Published: January 2021

Wacquant has argued that a transnational political process, comprising harsh penal and social policies, is underway to exert social control over marginal populations created by economic liberalism and welfare state retrenchment. This chapter considers the relevance of Wacquant’s ideas to the UK by drawing upon new primary research which has explored offender experiences of both ‘prisonfare’ and ‘workfare’. It shows how the social atomisation associated with economic liberalism is intensified and institutionalised by prison with dire consequences for the ability of ex-prisoners to display the behaviour necessary to make and sustain a claim for out-of-work benefits. Moreover, the indications are that long-term imprisonment often leaves a legacy of alienation, dependency and conflict which leads to benefit sanctions and further criminal activity.
Introduction
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter sets out the context and significance of this book. Focusing on a decade of austerity, 2008-2018, the challenges facing children’s charities are effectively pushing the sector to crisis point. State funding is reducing whilst demand for services is increasing. This chapter provides an overview of how charities have sought to navigate these testing times.
New Labour, children’s services and the third sector
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

In chapter 1 we provide an overview of the concept of prevention within child welfare, particularly under the New Labour government (1997-2010). Coming to power in 1997, Labour placed considerable focus, and financial investment, on reducing child poverty and social exclusion, and increasing universal early intervention support and coordination between services. The role of the voluntary sector became mainstream in the provision of children’s services, with the launch of several high-profile initiatives. Focusing on the concept of ‘prevention’ within child welfare and building on these shifting understandings of childhood and the concerns for children, this chapter explores how social policy operationalised under the Labour government; from how Labour developed strategies to tackle issues surrounding children and young people who are considered disadvantaged, vulnerable or at risk and how they mobilised the voluntary sector within this response.
The policy and service delivery field of early intervention services
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

In chapter 3, we provide a contemporary policy overview – covering the past decade from 2008-2018 – and how that has translated into practice. We outline the realities of early intervention policy and begin to look at the lived experience of delivering services on the frontline. What is evident is that practice in children’s social care and early intervention is struggling to keep up with the demands and the diversity of demands placed upon services. Voluntary sector and statutory services are facing increasing cuts as thresholds for defining a ‘child in need’ increasingly shift up. Children’s outcomes and the services available to them are widely varied depending on the type of support they require and where they live.
The action imperative to do things differently?
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

Chapter 8, the conclusion of this book discusses the potential way forwards. Children’s services are in crisis and change is an imperative. Traditional institutions such as health, education and social care, are in crisis. Whilst this break down of traditional institutions and subsequent blurring of the boundaries creates significant problems for vulnerable children, it now provides the ‘action imperative’ to develop innovative commissioning responses. We therefore conclude this chapter by proposing commissioning approaches which step outside of the traditional and policy ‘rule bound’ boundaries to find collective solutions. Reflecting on the policy drivers outlined in the UK Civil Society Strategy 2018, collaborative commissioning as a concept is receiving increased attention from policy makers, practitioners and academics alike. As an emerging idea however it is still an unknown. In this concluding chapter we discuss the potential of collaborative commissioning as a way forwards for children’s early intervention services and the continued unknowns surrounding it.
Self-management and the production of habitat: a case study of the Alianza Solidaria Housing Cooperative in Quito
Authors: Riera Hernán Espinoza , Serrano Andrés Cevallos , Rosero Bernardo , Godoy Irina , Marx Janaina
Published: January 2021

During the second half of the twentieth century, Ecuador went through an intense rural-urban migration that drove a significant increase in the demand for housing units. Insufficient government response resulted in great housing deficit in all the cities. Later, this triggered the formation of pro housing organizations across the country, which looked for quick solutions for the poorest working class.
Since the 70s, economic changes driven by the oil boom also contributed to said housing deficit increase along with the growth of urban informality in many cities. Although self-build and self-management housing production fostered urban sprawl over unserved peripheral land, cooperativism became an alternative to tackle the growing scarcity. However, the case of Alianza Solidaria Housing Cooperative stands out among the numerous social organizations that aimed for better living conditions. It developed an alternative for housing production in the periphery of Quito based on a comprehensive vision about habitat, self-management, solidarity-based economy and cooperativism.
The implications of self-build for the social and spatial shape of city-regions: exemplifying the cases of São Paulo and Amsterdam
Authors: D’Ottaviano Camila , Majoor Stan , Pasternak Suzana , Salet Willem
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how the different arrangements of low- and middle-income housing at the micro-level relate to processes of city building at the level of the city-region. We study how the social and economic contestation on the uses of urban land translate into new spatial patterns of urban and regional development. This is concretely done through a comparative case study of a Brazilian and an European city-region. This comparative perspective will sensitize the empirical investigation to the effect of the (changes of) institutional context and regimes on housing arrangements and spatial patterns of city building. A specific focus will be on self-building arrangements as practices that challenge existing formal systems of city building in both cases.
What drives children’s services reform?
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter identifies two overarching narratives on children’s services reform in previous research and makes the case for more in-depth research drawing on public policy theory and data collected through elite interviews. Firstly, policy reforms are often seen to follow high profile child abuse inquiries and associated media generated scandals.
Secondly, the collapse of the post-war social-democratic consensus, and the subsequent dominance of neo-liberal economic and social policies, has also been highlighted as a key driver of reform. It is argued that neither of these perspectives takes full account of party-political differences and ideological tensions in English child welfare policy, or the role of individual policy actors or organisations in driving reform. Drawing on competing theories of the British policy-making process it is argued the roles played by politicians, civil servants and Non-Governmental Organisation (NGOs) need to be considered. Details of the research process including those interviewed is provided.
The Labour leadership and children’s policy
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the development of children’s policy during the early years of the Labour Government focusing on the reform priorities of the Prime Minister Tony Blair and the Chancellor Gordon Brown. Blair’s key children’s policy priorities were education reform and tackling ‘problem’ young people. Alongside this the Brown led Treasury pursued a ‘progressive universal’ approach to reducing child poverty involving reform of tax and benefits and investment in public services. It is argued that the Treasury’s control over the departmental spending review process provided it with a more effective lever to influence policy-making in Whitehall departments compared to No 10. It is also argued that the Treasury turned to representatives of children’s sector NGOs to bolster the case for tackling child poverty within government and to act as an alternative source of policy expertise to departmental civil servants and local statutory agencies perceived to be resistant to reform. It was during this period that the Treasury’s flagship Sure Start programme was initiated.
Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the political drivers of Labour’s structural reforms to English local government through an examination of the Every Child Matters Green Paper and the subsequent passage of the Children Act 2004. It is argued that the initiation of the Green Paper chaired by Paul Boateng, then Chief Secretary to the Treasury, was not a response to the Victoria Climbié Inquiry. Safeguarding and child protection policies did not receive the explicit prioritisation that Lord Laming had called for. Labour’s structural reforms were designed to address concerns relating to the delivery of a broader range of policy priorities incorporating health, education and crime and anti-social behaviour. Moreover, social services and social work were largely overlooked under the new structural arrangements with the focus being primarily on the early intervention and preventative responsibilities of universal services including schools and health service providers. The chapter also discusses the involvement of children’s sector NGOs in the development of Labour’s reforms and how opposition to structural reform was ultimately ignored.
Delivering change for children
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the implementation of Labour’s ‘Change for Children’ programme following the passage of the Children Act 2004 during Blair’s final years as Prime Minister. Under the new structural arrangements every English local authority was required to merge education and children’s social care services to create a single children’s services department under the leadership of a Director of Children’s Services. However, it is argued that tensions between No 10 and the Treasury over social policy and public service reform in this period served to constrain the implementation of the new arrangements. Firstly, Blair’s prioritisation of greater school autonomy pulled against the focus on the integration of children’s services and accountability to children’s services and children’s trusts. Secondly, Blair’s perspective on youth services and the
prioritisation of policies to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour, ran counter to the principle of early intervention and the provision of positive activities for young people under the ECM framework.
The reform of child and family social work
Authors: Purcell Carl
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the development of the Coalition and Conservative Governments’ reform programme for child and family social work. Initially, the new Conservative children’s minister Tim Loughton sought to build on the work of the profession led Social Work Task Force (discussed in chapter 7), belatedly set-up under Labour after the Baby P case. This included the commissioning of the Munro Review of child protection. However, after two years Loughton was replaced as children’s minister and the Secretary of State Michael Gove initiated a new, more centrally driven, reform programme. Key policy developments included the reform of social work training, regulation and a new national ‘learning infrastructure’. Controversial plans to promote the increased outsourcing of child protection services to the private and voluntary sector were also pursued in the face of strong opposition from social work representatives.
Introduction
Authors: McCann Gerard , Ó hAdhmaill Féilim
Published: January 2021

The Introduction, outlines the concepts and ideas contained in the book, showing how the development of universal human rights and international oversight since World War Two has led to profound global changes in thinking about social policy and global development. It argues that geo-political tensions, conflicts, continuing global inequalities, and the struggles of people around the world whose rights have been denied, have all influenced understandings of rights and state responsibilities. In essence, the formulation, interpretation, realisation and enforcement of international human rights are sites of continuing struggle. It shows how the book is organised around a range of different themes relating to international human rights, their application and influence on social policy development, with 20 chapters in three different sections, ‘International Human Rights: Context’, ‘Key Issues for Universal Human Rights-Based Approaches’, ‘Human Rights Approaches to Social Policy Development’.
The European Union and human rights
Authors: McCann Gerard , Makaryshyn Nadia
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 provides a critical perspective on the development of the EU in the Cold War period, the ideological tensions underpinning its operation and its increasing influence on the development of concepts of human rights and their reflection in EU social policy. Issues covered include the tensions between human rights and EU’s ‘pooled sovereignty’, economic, foreign, and migration policies. It discusses the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Pillar of Social Rights, the challenges posed by neoliberalist concepts of ‘free trade’ ‘competition’ and ‘privatisation’. Finally, it looks at the challenges facing the EU as a result of a range of global situations – the banking crisis, refugees fleeing ongoing conflict, migration and globalisation, global inequalities in trade and wealth and global insecurity.
International Humanitarian Law: protecting rights and promoting welfare during war?
Authors: Buttu Diana , hAdhmaill Féilim Ó
Published: January 2021

Chapter 6 discusses the historical development of universal human rights protections during warfare through the establishment of International Humanitarian Law. It critically assesses the challenges posed to such protections by powerful states, geo-political considerations and the changing nature of war and conflict. It examines the operation of the International Criminal Court, the role of the UN Security Council and the geo-political manipulation of the UN by the USA and others, using the case of the Israel/Palestine conflict as but one example. In a world where most armed conflicts now involve non-state actors and casualties are overwhelmingly civilians, it also critically assesses attempts to reform IHL through, for example, the 1977 Protocols and the limitations of such reform.
The right to education
Authors: Mallon Benjamin
Published: January 2021

Chapter 14 critically analyses the idea of education as a universal human right. It outlines existing international human rights mechanisms relevant to education as a right and critically assesses their ability to make that right a reality in a diverse world with different levels of ‘peace’, stability, conflict, cultural and socio-economic contexts. While recognising that the right to education includes all people regardless of age, the chapter mainly focuses on education as a right for children and, in particular, how the right to education for children in developing countries can be affected by violent conflict. In this regard, the work of UNESCO and the influence of Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) are assessed along with a range of other rights mechanisms.
The right to development
Authors: McCloskey Stephen
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses international development and the social, economic and cultural rights most closely associated with it. It critical assesses the contrasting approaches of two development agendas that emerged in the 1980s: (a) the idea of human development as the enhancement of human rights, civil liberties and individual freedoms as encapsulated in the United Nations’ Human Development Report (UNDP, 2000) and economist Amartya Sen’s Development As Freedom (1999); and (b) neoliberalism’s determination that human development, economic and social rights would directly result from the unfettered activities of the market. The chapter discusses the correlation between neoliberalism, austerity and a weakening of social and economic safeguards and development practice. It concludes by asking if the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can help to push back the neoliberal economic model that undermines rights and impedes development.
Conclusion Human rights in a brave new world: the shape of things to come?
Authors: Powell Fred
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the political context of human rights and how it is shaping the future. It argues that human rights constitute the very substance of democracy by conferring a universal set of rights on the citizen, arguing that Hannah Arendt’s famous phrase ‘the right to have rights’ defines the complex relationship between democracy, human rights and civil society. It discusses how human rights embracing both individual liberty and social justice have been historically contested and critically assesses the state of human rights in today’s world along with the potential threats and opportunities for human rights development into the future. The chapter concludes by arguing that the restoration of a universal welfare state, as the embodiment of human rights in a globalised world, arguably should be the priority for the future of democracy in the twenty-first century.
Community care: a brief overview
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2021

This short chapter provides a brief overview of the development of community care. It examines the way that the asylum became an obsolete institution - certainly one that few defenders in the early 1980s. In giving a brief overview of the intellectual underpinnings of community care, the chapter introduces a series of issues such as: deinstitutionalisation and the penal state, community care inquiries and the asylum/community binary that are examined in depth in subsequent chapters. Community care is a complex and highly influential shift in mental health services. As with all policies, there were a series of drivers behind the policy - a combination of progressive idealism that attacked the whole notion that institutions could ever provide humane, dignified care and fiscal conservatism
Deinstitutionalisation and the penal state
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2021

This chapter will explore the relationship between deinstitutionalisation and the increase in the use of imprisonment. The chapter begins with a consideration of the problem of how do we define “mentally disordered offenders” and a brief outline of the Penrose Hypothesis (Penrose, 1939 and 1943) which sought to explain the links between the use of imprisonment and institutionalised psychiatric care. This approach will be used as critical lens to examine policy developments in this area. Broader issues regarding the treatment of mentally disordered offenders will then be discussed. This section will highlight the pressures on the CJS and the way that it has become, in many cases, a de facto provider of mental health care. The argument that deinstitutionalisation has led to the “criminalisation of the mentally ill” will be discussed. The legacy of deinstitutionalisation and the expansion of the penal state will be discussed focusing on contemporary issues in the CJS.
Neoliberalism, advanced marginality and mental health
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2021

This chapter will discuss the broader impact of neoliberal social and welfare policy. In particular, it explores the impacts of increased inequality and the spatial concentration of poverty. These processes are referred to as “advanced marginality”. This concept captures the ways, in which, areas of poverty are surrounded by areas of affluence. In addition, advanced marginality symbolises the processes whereby groups and individuals are effectively excluded in a literal and metaphorical sense from major areas of modern society. This section is influenced by the work of Loic Wacquant (2008a, 2008b, 2009a and 2009b) and his notion of territorial stigmatisation. This is the modern context of community. It then goes on to examine the impact of austerity policies that have been followed since 2010 on both mental health service users and wider mental health provision. The links between poverty and poor mental health are examined below.
Conclusion
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2021

This chapter brings together the main themes of the volume. It argues that deinstitutionalisation and community care should be understood as distinct policies – one should follow on from the other, but this has not happened. These policies which have been adopted across the globe were driven by a combination of fiscal conservatism and progressive idealism. Fiscal conservatism was, for most of the period, the dominant force. Community care has become discredited, but it can be reinvigorated by a call to the progressive idealism that underpinned it.
Non-Binary Genders
Authors: Vincent Ben
Published: January 2021

Methodologically innovative in its use of mixed-media diary research, this timely book offers a focused sociological study of non-binary people’s identities and experiences in the UK. From negotiating a sense of legitimacy when ‘not feeling trans enough’ to how identities can shift over time, it reveals important nuances of diverse gender identities while offering crucial insights into trans-related healthcare inequalities. The findings of this ground-breaking research mark an important contribution to the wider fields of gender studies, LGBTQ scholarship and medical policy.
Reviewing non-binary: where have we come from?
Authors: Vincent Ben
Published: January 2021

Chapter one maps out the scholastic terrain relevant to a sociological consideration of non-binary gender identities. This is divided into three main areas. The first of these covers the relationship between gender diversity and medical practice, the second re-examines older sociological research which didn’t
have the specific concept of non-binary, but acknowledged and
engaged with people and identities (though often only implicitly)
that challenged the gender binary. The third section covers interdisciplinary, 21st century recognition of non-binary people.
Doing and being: my relationship with this work, and how it was done
Authors: Vincent Ben
Published: January 2021

Chapter two continues by covering the methodological details of
the project, including an autoethnographic reflection. More broadly the chapter addresses how methods were chosen, adapted and executed, in addition to the management of ethics, rapport, recruitment and analysis.
Maternal Imprisonment and Family Life
Authors: Booth Natalie
Published: January 2021

Exploring the untold experiences of family members and friends caring for the children of female prisoners in England and Wales, this book sheds light on the collateral damage that incarceration causes those who take over caregiving responsibilities for the children of female prisoners. Providing new qualitative research on the lived experiences of caregiving relatives, alongside theoretically informed and policy-relevant insights, the book shows the difficult and damaging consequences of the ‘family sentence’ they serve. Exploring the stigma, scarce statutory support and policy neglect they face, it offers much-needed evidence to encourage the development of a more inclusive, understanding and family-oriented justice system.
Introduction: Diffusing the politics of human trafficking from Europe to Asia
Authors: Dean Laura A.
Published: January 2021

The introduction examines the politicization of human trafficking in Eurasia and how these politics affect the policy adoption and implementation in this region. The chapter presents a definition for human trafficking and examine the scope and manifestations of the crime in source and destination countries of Eurasia. It discusses the adoption of the Palermo Protocol and explore the patterns of human trafficking dynamics across the region from Europe to Eurasia. Internal and external human trafficking constraints and different gendered and racialized approaches to trafficking policy that make ethnic minorities in the region more vulnerable to human trafficking are also discussed. Victim stereotypes perpetuated in the trafficking policies of Eurasia, have produced their own regional type of ideal victim ‘Natashas’ but increasingly men and children from this region are victims of labor exploitation suggesting that there are factors at play within these countries that encourage human trafficking.
Diffusing human trafficking policy adoption
Authors: Dean Laura A.
Published: January 2021

Chapter Two narrows the focus to a case study analysis of Russia, Latvia, and Ukraine and examines how human trafficking policies diffuse in these three most-similar case studies from Eurasia. The results demonstrate that internal determinants such as state commitment to human trafficking policy and interest group strength are more important to policy adoption than external pressures from the international community. Conversely, state capacity and bureaucratic restructuring impede policy adoption. Instead of identifying international influence as an all-encompassing reason for policy adoption, data suggested that policy adoption was influenced by multifaceted pressures such as the Palermo Protocol, US TIP reports, the Council of Europe, and EU and ultimately country dependent. The chapter argues that policymaking is more nuanced than blind compliance with international treaties, as the literature suggests, and reveals that there is no black box of policymaking because even in authoritarian (Russia) and semi-authoritarian (Ukraine) regimes, policymaking does not occur in a vacuum. This type of policymaking shows that interest groups and policy entrepreneurs work within the constraints of national policymaking to adopt human trafficking policies even in non-democratic political systems.
From normative budget standards to consensual minimum income standards in the UK
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the revival of the fading tradition of minimum income standards for healthy living. It talks about the emerging theoretical frameworks of “basic needs” and “capabilities.” It also draws attention to the growing knowledge about health determinants and international human rights instruments, which helps guide the development of minimum income standards in a more systematic fashion. The chapter reflects on Jonathan Bradshaw's longstanding research career, in which he pioneered budget standards research in the UK, such as promoting the Family Budget Unit and developing the Low Cost but Acceptable and Modest but Adequate standards. It also describes the development of the Minimum Income Standards approach and its subsequent applications in the UK.
The French experience of reference budgets
Authors: Concialdi Pierre
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the French experience of reference budgets in establishing an operational definition of “minimum decent income,” which since has been inspired by the Minimum Income Standards (MIS) methodology developed in the UK. It explains the MIS approach that has been applied extensively in the French context and covered six family types. It also examines the most recent “MIS France” results, which confirms that the basic amount of guaranteed minimum incomes in France is far below the reference budgets for all family types, and yet for the time being. The chapter points out how reference budget research has failed to stir political action and public debate in France. It highlights the main results of the study and related research findings that place reference budgets in the French policy debate.
Measuring needs and setting standards in Singapore
Authors: Ng Kok-Hoe , Neo Yu-Wei , Teo Youyenn , Maulod Ad , Ting Yi-Ting
Published: January 2021

This chapter reports the first “Minimum Income Standards” (MIS) study completed in Singapore, which focused on the needs of older people in order to establish a “basic standard of living in Singapore.” It analyzes the reason behind preferring the term “basic” instead of “minimum” as it avoids biasing the definition towards notions of austerity rather than adequacy. It also discusses the “MIS Singapore” study, which took place in the context of rapid demographic ageing and a social security system lacking transparent benchmarks for adequacy. The chapter mentions MIS Singapore's adaptation of some of UK MIS's approach for Singapore's ethnic diversity and different housing system norms. It clarifies how existing public pension provisions and transfer schemes are inadequate against MIS Singapore.