bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of coagulation–Fenton oxidation and coagulation–adsorption processes in textile and chemical industry mixed wastewater
Authors: Enfiyeci Aysun , Çifçi Deniz İzlen
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

In this study, the treatment of mixed wastewater from textile and chemical industries using coagulation followed by Fenton oxidation or adsorption processes was investigated. In the coagulation process, the effects of pH and coagulant dosage were examined using polyaluminium chloride, FeCl3 and alum. The effects of Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations, pH and oxidation time on Fenton oxidation of coagulated mixed industrial wastewater were also investigated. In the adsorption process, the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage and adsorption time were evaluated using coconut‐based activated carbon (Coconut‐AC) and coal‐based activated carbon (Coal‐AC).

RESULTS

In coagulation, 68.5% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 63.1% total organic carbon (TOC) and 94.3% color removal were achieved with FeCl3 at pH 5 and a coagulant dose of 600 mg L−1. Coagulation–Fenton oxidation resulted in 95.7% COD, 84.1% TOC and 99.0% color removal with 1500 mg L−1 Fe2+ and 6000 mg L−1 H2O2 at pH 3. In the coagulation–adsorption process, 97.5% COD, 95.5% TOC and 99.5% color removal were obtained using Coconut‐AC with an adsorbent dosage of 40 g L−1 at pH 3, while 92.3% COD, 82.4% TOC and 99.2% color removal were obtained with Coal‐AC at pH 3 and an adsorbent dosage of 30 g L−1.

CONCLUSION

Effective treatment of mixed industrial wastewater from the textile and chemical industries can be achieved more quickly using Coconut‐AC for adsorption following coagulation. Conversely, the same removal efficiencies can be reached over a longer duration with Fenton oxidation after coagulation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Augmentation of Solid Tumor Immunotherapy With IL‐12
Authors: Geils Christian , Kathrein Katie L.
Published: December 2024

Immunotherapy describes a class of therapies in which the immune system is manipulated for therapeutic benefit. These treatments include immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and vaccines. For many hematological malignancies, immunotherapy has emerged as an essential treatment component. However, this success has yet to be replicated for solid tumors, which develop advanced physical and molecular mechanisms for suppressing and evading immune destruction. Nevertheless, cytokine immunotherapy presents a potential remedy to these barriers by delivering a proinflammatory immune signal to the tumor and thereby transforming it from immunologically “cold” to “hot.” Interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), one of the most potent proinflammatory cytokines, was initially investigated for this purpose. However, initial murine and human studies in which IL‐12 was administered systemically resulted in dangerous immunotoxicity associated with off‐target immune activation. As a result, recent studies have employed advanced cell and molecular engineering approaches to reduce IL‐12 toxicity while increasing or maintaining its efficacy such that its effective doses can be tolerated in humans. This review highlights such developments and identifies promising future directions.
Development of Broad‐Spectrum β‐Cyclodextrins‐Based Nanomaterials Against Influenza Viruses
Authors: Zwygart Arnaud Charles‐Antoine , Medaglia Chiara , Zhu Yong , Bart Tarbet E. , Jonna Westover , Fage Clément , Le Roy Didier , Roger Thierry , Clément Sophie , Constant Samuel , Huang Song , Stellacci Francesco , Silva Paulo Jacob , Tapparel Caroline
Published: December 2024

In recent decades, epidemics and pandemics have multiplied throughout the world, with viruses generally being the primary responsible agents. Among these, influenza viruses play a key role, as they potentially cause severe respiratory distress, representing a major threat to public health. Our study aims to develop new broad‐spectrum antivirals against influenza to improve the response to viral disease outbreaks. We engineered macromolecules (named CD‐SA) consisting of a β‐cyclodextrin scaffold modified with hydrophobic linkers in the primary face, onto which unitary sialic acid epitopes are covalently grafted to mimic influenza virus−host receptors. We assessed the antiviral efficacy, mechanism of action, and the genetic barrier to resistance of this compound against influenza in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. We demonstrated that CD‐SA, with a unitary SA, without extensive polysaccharides or specific connectivity, acts as a potent virucidal antiviral against several human influenza A and B viruses. Additionally, CD‐SA displayed antiviral activity against SARS‐CoV‐2, a virus that also relies on sialic acid for attachment. We then assessed the genetic barrier to resistance for CD‐SA. While resistance emerged after six passages with CD‐SA alone, the virus remained sensitive through eight passages when co‐treated with interferon‐λ1 (IFN λ1). Finally, we completed the characterization of the antiviral activity by conducting both ex vivo and in vivo studies, demonstrating a potent antiviral effect in human airway epithelia and in a mouse model of infection, higher than that of Oseltamivir, a currently approved anti‐influenza antiviral. The findings presented in this study support the potential therapeutic utility of a novel β‐cyclodextrin‐based nanomaterial for the treatment of influenza infections and potentially other sialic acid‐dependent viruses.
Harnessing Trichoderma asperellum: Tri‐Trophic Interactions for Enhanced Black Gram Growth and Root Rot Resilience
Authors: Vijayakumar Praveen , Appusami Sudha , Anbazhagan Selva Amala , Rajendran Ramjegathesh , Shanmugam Kavitha , Perveen Kahkashan , Bukhari Najat A. , Sayyed Riyaz
Published: December 2024

Root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, a common soil‐borne disease in black gram, is managed with chemical fungicides, leading to toxicity and degradation of beneficial soil microbes. Existing bioagents, like talc formulation, cause leaching, clogging, and reduced productivity. The development of liquid bio‐formulation via drip irrigation is crucial to mitigate biotic stress and maximize yield. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and survivability of liquid formulation of Trichoderma asperellum against root rot and its growth promotion. The results showed that Tv1 effectively inhibited M. phaseolina (66.67%), under in vitro condition. The vigor index of 4025.00 and the spore load of 1 × 108 cfu/mL were recorded from plant growth promotion and spermosphere study @ 5 mL/kg of seeds with formulation. The study found that combined application of seed treatment @ 5 mL/kg of seed and soil application @ 10 mL/L of water significantly reduced disease incidence (9.1%) against control (74.3%), with increased biomass index. There are 32 mVOCs profiled during the tritrophic interaction in roots of black gram and they were up or downregulated, viz., mollugin, pentadecanoic acid, cyclopropaneoctanoic acid, 2‐octyl‐, methyl ester, rhodopin, dodecanoic acid, 1,2,3‐propanetriyl ester by involved in defense mechanism and biosynthetic pathways like jasmonic acid, glyconeogenic and act as acyl‐CoA: acyltransferase 2 inhibitor. The results of this study confirmed that liquid formulation performs better in growth promotion, survivability on seed surface, and managing root rot of black gram compared talc‐based formulation.
Therapeutic Potential of IL‐37 in Cervical Cancer: Suppression of Tumour Progression and Enhancement of CD47‐Mediated Macrophage Phagocytosis
Authors: Feng Yuan , Feng Lianlian , Wang Bingyu , Zhang Teng , Cui Baoxia
Published: December 2024

As a promising therapeutic approach, immunotherapy is being extensively investigated in cervical cancer. Although immunotherapy has been validated to improve progression‐free survival and overall survival in clinical trials, the overall response rate for cervical cancer remains inadequate, necessitating further improvement. Interleukin (IL)‐37, an emerging immunomodulator, exhibits antitumour potentials by inhibiting tumour progression and regulating tumour‐associated macrophage recognition. We found a significant downregulation of IL‐37 expression in cervical cancer, correlated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, the upregulation of IL‐37 expression exhibited a suppressive effect on various tumorigenic processes, suppressing the proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis and angiogenesis of tumour cells. We also found that the upregulation of IL‐37 suppressed cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) expression in tumour cells via suppression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression and phosphorylation, thereby enhancing macrophage recognition and phagocytosis to tumour cells, ultimately reducing immune evasion. Overall, our study highlighted the crucial role of IL‐37 in antitumour efficacy and downregulating the expression of CD47 in tumour cells to reduce immune evasion, suggesting the potential of IL‐37 as a prognostic biomarker in cervical cancer and offering innovative therapeutic strategies to improve cancer treatment outcomes.
Evaluating Donor Morbidity in ALT and TDAP Flaps With Drainless Closure Compared to Conventional Drain Placement
Authors: Lee Dianne Dong Un , Lee Kyeong‐Tae
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Recent trends in reconstructive surgery focus on rapid recovery, questioning the necessity of postoperative drains. Although harvesting perforator flaps causes minimal injury to anatomical structures at donor sites, attempts to omit drains have been limited. This study aimed to assess the safety of not using drains after harvesting the anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforators and the thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flaps.

Methods

All consecutive patients who underwent free ALT or TDAP flap‐based reconstruction between 2020 and 2022 did not have drains placed at the donor site. Their donor morbidities were evaluated, and compared with those who underwent the same operation between 2016 and 2019 with donor drains placed.

Results

The drainless cohort consisting of 202 cases (159 ALT and 43 TDAP flaps) and the control cohort comprising 119 (52 ALT and 67 TDAP flaps) were analyzed. In ALT flap cases, the drainless cohort, apart from a larger flap dimension, exhibited comparable baseline characteristics to the control. The rates of overall donor complications were comparable between the two cohorts (10.1% vs. 11.5%, p = 0.795), as were rates for specific complications including wound dehiscence (p = 0.751) and seroma (p = 0.999). Multivariable analysis revealed no significant association between omitting drains and increased donor complications. Consistent results were obtained in the analysis for cases using TDAP flaps, with no significant difference between drainless and drain‐using groups (p = 0.297).

Conclusions

Omitting drains in the donor site of ALT and TDAP flaps might be safe, not escalading the risks of donor morbidity.
Measurement of optical density of microbes by multi‐light path transmission method
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Gu Carina M. , Xu Sujuan , Wang Hongfeng , Zhao Xiaomin , Gu Lichuan
Published: December 2024

Optical density (OD) is an important indicator of microbial density, and a commonly used variable in growth curves to express the growth of microbial culture. However, OD values show a linear relationship with bacterial concentration only at low concentrations. When the cell density is high, the relationship loses linearity, and serial dilution is needed to obtain readings of better accuracy. Here, we show that measuring OD values using shorter light paths is in close equivalence to measuring OD values of the cell culture with corresponding dilution. By measuring three different light paths simultaneously, accurate OD values can be easily obtained from low to high cell density. Using this method, growth curves of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pichia pastoris are measured with higher accuracy. To further simplify the process, an
L‐shaped cuvette and a corresponding turbidimeter are designed specifically for OD value measurement based on the multi‐light path transmission method.
Improved stability results for neural networks of neutral type with additive time‐varying delays and Markovian jumping parameters
Authors: Sugumar R. , Agalya R. , Ajay D.
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates stability problem for neural networks of neutral type with additive time‐varying delays and Markovian jump parameters. By constructing an improved Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional with triple and four integral terms and applying the free matrix variables in approximating certain integral quadratic terms, applying the free matrix variables in approximating certain integral quadratic terms, we derived the stability condition in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Two numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. The obtained results are compared with the existing results to show the conservativeness.
A nonlocal prior in iterative CT reconstruction
Authors: Shu Ziyu , Entezari Alireza
Published: December 2024

Background

Computed tomography (CT) reconstruction problems are always framed as inverse problems, where the attenuation map of an imaged object is reconstructed from the sinogram measurement. In practice, these inverse problems are often ill‐posed, especially under few‐view and limited‐angle conditions, which makes accurate reconstruction challenging. Existing solutions use regularizations such as total variation to steer reconstruction algorithms to the most plausible result. However, most prevalent regularizations rely on the same priors, such as piecewise constant prior, hindering their ability to collaborate effectively and further boost reconstruction precision.

Purpose

This study aims to overcome the aforementioned challenge a prior previously limited to discrete tomography. This enables more accurate reconstructions when the proposed method is used in conjunction with most existing regularizations as they utilize different priors. The improvements will be demonstrated through experiments conducted under various conditions.

Methods

Inspired by the discrete algebraic reconstruction technique (DART) algorithm for discrete tomography, we find out that pixel grayscale values in CT images are not uniformly distributed and are actually highly clustered. Such discovery can be utilized as a powerful prior for CT reconstruction. In this paper, we leverage the collaborative filtering technique to enable the collaboration of the proposed prior and most existing regularizations, significantly enhancing the reconstruction accuracy.

Results

Our experiments show that the proposed method can work with most existing regularizations and significantly improve the reconstruction quality. Such improvement is most pronounced under limited‐angle and few‐view conditions. Furthermore, the proposed regularization also has the potential for further improvement and can be utilized in other image reconstruction areas.

Conclusions

We propose improving the performance of iterative CT reconstruction algorithms by applying the collaborative filtering technique along with a prior based on the densely clustered distribution of pixel grayscale values in CT images. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed methodology consistently enhances reconstruction accuracy when used in conjunction with most existing regularizations, particularly under few‐view and limited‐angle conditions.
The Role of Hydroxy Substituent Position in Hydroxybenzonitrile Homologs on the Curing Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Cyanate Ester Resins
Authors: Jiang Jun , Tao Xiaofang , Zhao Yiming , Chen Dingding , Yin Changping , Tang Jun , Xing Suli
Published: December 2024

The application of cyanate esters has been greatly limited by their high curing temperatures, which induce residual thermal stress and subsequently degrade their mechanical properties. In this study, hydroxybenzonitrile homologs (HBNx) were developed to reduce curing temperature of bisphenol E cyanate ester (BECE) while improving their mechanical properties. It was found that the position of hydroxy (‐OH) substituent in HBNx had a significant impact on the curing temperature of BECE. Among the homologs, ortho‐hydroxybenzonitrile (HBN2) demonstrated the highest reactivity, as indicated by quantum chemical calculations and confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. As a result, the curing temperature of BECE was effectively reduced from 250°C to 140°C with the addition of 15 wt% HBN2. Additionally, the addition of HBNx improved the mechanical properties of cyanate ester resins and their composites reinforced by quartz fibers (GF). Specifically, the mechanical properties of HBNx/BECE castings remained at high levels, with impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength measured at 38.6 kJ/m2, 94.5, and 100.0 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of GF/HBNx/BECE composites exhibited an overall improvement, with the maximum enhancements in short‐beam shear strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength reaching 78.0%, 27.3%, and 45.1%, respectively. Nevertheless, the hydroxy substituent position in HBNx had a relatively minor impact on these mechanical properties. This study presents a promising strategy for synergistically enhancing both the processability and mechanical properties of CE resins and their composites in a cost‐effective manner.
Percolation theory analysis of nacre‐like bioinspired poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/graphene nanosheets‐iron oxide composites
Authors: Huang Chien‐Lin , Lin En‐Zai , Tung Ping‐Zhang , Xue Ming‐Ru
Published: December 2024

Biomimetic polymer composites with micro/nano‐scale brick‐and‐mortar structures show promise for advancing nacre‐like polymer bioinspired nanocomposites. This study used a solvothermal method to graft MIL‐101 onto graphene oxide (GO), forming GO‐g‐MIL‐101. Subsequent heat treatments at 700 and 900°C under inert gas produced magnetic graphene nanosheets (GNS@Fe) with iron oxide particles. Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) served as the matrix. PTT/GNS@Fe powders were prepared by coagulation then formed into bioinspired PTT/GNS@Fe and PTT/GNS@Fe‐m composites via solvent casting and hot pressing, yielding brick‐and‐mortar structures with and without magnetic alignment. PTT served as the soft phase and GNS@Fe as the hard phase. Rheological and conductivity analysis of PTT bioinspired composites, based on percolation theory, revealed microstructural changes. Results show that magnetic field assistance enhances GNS@Fe alignment in PTT/GNS@Fe‐m composites. With higher GNS@Fe content, reduced interlayer spacing creates a PTT‐GNS@Fe network, where nanoscale confinement limits PTT chain mobility, impacting crystallization. Low GNS@Fe levels promote crystallization, while high levels hinder it, with PTT unable to crystallize in nacre‐like composites above 40 wt% GNS@Fe. Additionally, we tested the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of the PTT/GNS@Fe bioinspired composite system, finding that the shielding efficiency of PTT/GNS@Fe‐m with 40 wt% filler, though affected in magnetism by processing, approaches commercial application levels.

Highlights

Rheological and conductivity analysis via percolation theory.

Percolation analysis revealed microstructures in the nacre‐like composite.

Magnetic self‐assembly in PTT/GNS@Fe‐m led to more oriented structures.

Higher GNS@Fe content reduced spacing, forming PTT‐GNS@Fe networks.

Nanoconfinement and adsorption limited PTT chains, reducing crystallinity.
Weichselian Permafrost Degradation Rate Controlled by the Heat Flow and Effective Porosity—Data From the Spring‐Fed Fens' Deposits in Poland
Authors: Dobrowolski Radosław , Nawrocki Jerzy
Published: December 2024

The results of the determination of bedload sediments in spring peatlands were used to determine the time of complete degradation of Weichselian permafrost at 13 spatially and geologically differentiated sites in Poland. Taking into account significant temporal differences in the termination of this process (from the end of the Late Glacial to the end of the Boreal phase of the Holocene), it was shown that, apart from climatic determinants, the value of the terrestrial heat flow and the effective porosity of the rocks, which control the maximum volume of frozen water, are decisive for the preservation versus degradation of permafrost. This second parameter was calculated for rock profiles drilled near the spring‐fed fens studied. The highest absolute value (0.81) of the Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained for the relationship between the time of permafrost degradation and the effective porosity down to a depth of 200 m, with the exception of one southernmost site. For the same set of sites and the relationship between time of permafrost degradation and heat flow density, the Pearson coefficient (0.62) indicates a moderate degree of correlation.
Prognostic Role of Lung‐Ultrasound Score in Acute Bronchiolitis Patients Treated With High Flow Nasal Cannula: A Prospective Study
Authors: Thabet Farah , Zayani Seyfeddine , Haddad Nawrass , Daya Abir , Nasrallah Cyrine Ben , Chouchane Slaheddine
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a reliable, noninvasive tool for bedside assessment of acute bronchiolitis (AB) in infants. Its role in guiding therapeutic decisions is increasingly recognized.

Aims

This study aimed to determine the predictive value of LUS in identifying infants with AB at risk of HFNC therapy failure.

Materials and Methods

This prospective, single‐center study was conducted in the pediatric department of Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital in Monastir from January 2022 to March 2024. Infants under 12 months hospitalized with moderate to severe AB and requiring HFNC therapy were enrolled. LUS was performed within 3–6 h of HFNC initiation and repeated 24 h later. Clinical and laboratory data, including the Wang score and LUS findings, were analyzed to predict HFNC failure.

Results

Among 124 enrolled infants, 98 (79%) responded successfully to HFNC therapy, while 26 (21%) failed. Baseline characteristics, including age, weight, and clinical symptomes, were comparable between groups, except for a higher Wang score in the failure group (p = 0.008). LUS scores were significantly higher in the failure group on both day 1 and day 2 (p < 0.001), with a more pronounced score progression (p < 0.001). ROC analysis identified a LUS score > 7 on day 1 and > 9 on day 2 as predictive thresholds for HFNC failure. Multivariate analysis confirmed the day 2 LUS score as an independent predictor of HFNC failure (p = 0.022).

Conclusion

LUS is a valuable prognostic tool in infants with AB undergoing HFNC therapy. Incorporating LUS into routine clinical assessments may help predict therapy failure early, allowing timely escalation of care.
Factors Influencing Physiotherapists' Use of Non‐Academic Sources for Technical Information in Brazil
Authors: Nunes Guilherme S. , Machado Anna Carolina O. , Schreiner Rafaela A. , Bronzatti Andressa S. , Wageck Bruna , Weingärtner Bruna Letícia , Haupenthal Alessandro
Published: December 2024

Background and Purpose

The integration of evidence‐based practice (EBP) into clinical decision‐making is crucial for ensuring optimal patient care. However, there are various factors influencing the utilization of academic sources among physiotherapists, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of these dynamics. The present study aimed to investigate the association between personal factors (age, time since graduation, number of patients, and education level), barriers to EBP implementation and perceptions about EBP, and physiotherapists' preference for using non‐academic sources when seeking technical information about physiotherapy.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study involving 610 physiotherapists. Participants completed an online questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, sources of information, barriers to EBP implementation, and perceptions regarding the importance of scientific information in clinical practice. Logistic regression was used to investigate the factors associated with the preference for non‐academic sources of information.

Results

Nearly a quarter of the sample exhibited a preference for non‐academic sources, with age over 34 years, perceived lack of abilities to apply scientific findings, and understanding issues related to EBP being significant associated with the preference of this types of sources of information. Physiotherapists with these characteristics were twice as likely to prefer non‐academic sources when compared to physiotherapists who do not have these characteristics.

Discussion

These findings underscore the importance of enhancing professional competencies in EBP and fostering confidence in utilizing academic sources. While efforts have been made to incorporate EBP promotion in academic curricula, further initiatives are needed to bridge the gap between established knowledge and the competencies required for daily practice. Future studies should continue to explore the role of age in EBP applicability and the adoption of scientific knowledge, aiming to inform targeted interventions and educational programs tailored to the evolving needs of physiotherapy professionals.
Stability of Markovian Jump Bidirectional Associative Memory Neural Networks Under Lévy Noise and Discrete Observation
Authors: Yang Ning , Hu Jun , Chen Dongyan
Published: December 2024

The focus of this paper is to discuss the asymptotic stability and exponential stability problems of Markovian jump bidirectional associative memory neural networks with Lévy noise based on the discrete observation. Compared with the existing literature, this paper gives a weaker assumption regarding Lévy noise intensity functions. Furthermore, for the sake of solving difficulties caused by the discrete observation and Lévy noise, this paper designs a new Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional which not only depends on the discrete observation interval, but also intensity measures. In virtue of the M‐matrix theory, three theorems are obtained ensuring the mean‐square asymptotic stability and mean‐square exponential stability of the trivial solution. Our theorems can not only deal with the discrete observation, but also with constant delays and variable time delays. Ultimately, two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the correctness of our theory findings.
Comparative Evaluation of Multi‐Criteria Decision Making Methods for River Hydromorphology Assessment: Case Study of the Saz‐Çayırova Basin, Türkiye
Authors: Kilic Batuhan , Gülgen Fatih , Çelen Meltem
Published: December 2024

Hydromorphology plays a crucial role in the sustainable management of water resources. It relies on numerous measures based on both qualitative and quantitative observations. The density of data complicates the decision‐making and evaluation processes concerning hydromorphological alterations. This study aims to develop a hydromorphological monitoring methodology for the sustainable management of a river basin subjected to industrial and urban density by analytically evaluating decision‐making approaches. Multi‐criteria decision‐making approaches have been designed to gather and consistently evaluate expert opinions, facilitating the examination of various external factors that impact hydromorphology and integrating these into the decision‐making processes. In this study, three important multi‐criteria decision‐making approaches were compared: the analytical hierarchy process, the best–worst method, and the Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Minimum violation, total deviation, and nonparametric tests were used to determine statistically significant differences among the three approaches and to identify the most effective method. Their impacts on hydromorphology were tested on a river network experiencing industrial and urban pressures. Although the results were similar in representing hydromorphology, the best–worst method proved to be statistically more consistent than the other two approaches.
Soil amendments alter tree growth and wood decay after forest thinning
Authors: Page‐Dumroese Deborah S. , Jurgensen Martin F. , Miller Chris A. , Tirocke Joanne M. , Pierson Derek N. , Mayn Cole , Kimsey Mark J. , Anderson Haley C.
Published: December 2024

Forest soil amendments are increasingly used in western US forests to dispose of unmerchantable woody residues, reduce wildfire risk, and improve soil properties. Our objective was to determine the effect of fertilizer and organic amendments on tree growth and organic matter decomposition after thinning. Treatments were a control, three single soil amendments (wood chips, fertilizer, and biochar), and one combined soil amendment (biochar + fertilizer), each applied after thinning a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) stand. After 10 years, amendment treatments had no effect on tree diameter increment (p = 0.600), but the biochar + fertilizer and wood chip treatments significantly increased height growth (p = 0.006). To estimate belowground biological changes, we used wood stakes made from aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) as an index of microbial activity. Stakes were placed: (1) on top of the litter/amendments, (2) at the interface between the litter/amendments and mineral soil, and (3) vertically inserted into the mineral soil, and stake mass loss was measured over 5 years. Stake mass loss of each species was least on the soil surface and increased with increasing depth. Aspen stakes generally had greater mass loss at all three soil locations in the fertilizer and biochar treatments. In contrast, pine stake mass loss was lower than aspen and less affected by fertilizer. Using thinned tree biomass to create amendments can improve forest productivity by enhancing soil conditions and mitigating wildfire. However, the impact of amendments on tree growth may take decades to be detectable.
Ranking our future: University students' prioritization of Sustainable Development Goals and their connection to nature
Authors: Feucht Viktoria , Dierkes Paul Wilhelm , Kleespies Matthias Winfried
Published: December 2024

Universities are important places to promote the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), because today's students are tomorrow's professionals, who may make important decisions that will impact sustainable development. Given the need for future collaboration across disciplines to achieve the SDGs, we analyzed if there are differences between study programs in how important they perceive each SDG to be and, with a focus on environmental sustainability, how connected they are to nature. An online questionnaire was used to survey students from 18 different programs (n = 1920). We found that: (1) there were significant differences in connection to nature between programs, as well as in how important they rated each SDG, except SDG2; (2) while individual SDGs were more important to some programs than others, there was a general consensus among university students in Germany about which goals are more important to them: SDG2 and SDG6 were perceived as particularly important, in contrast to SDG8, SDG9, SDG10, and SDG17; (3) SDG15 correlated with connection to nature, therefore strengthening students' connection to nature through environmental education could be an effective way to help achieve SDG15; (4) as students generally gave medium to high importance to the ideas of the SDGs, universities should be encouraged to use this as a gateway to increase education on sustainable development and integrate it into all programs.
Clinical Signs and Utility of CT Pet Scan in Eosinophilic Fasciitis?
Authors: Adamson Sarah R. , Su John C. , Ng Sally , Fong Christopher
Published: December 2024

A 61 year old male presented with clinical signs of Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF), a rare connective tissue disease. Early recognition of the diagnosis of EF is essential. Common examination findings are prayer sign and distal limb swelling, induration, venous guttering, and peau d'orange. CT PET scan can be helpful in supporting the diagnosis of EF.
Numerical, Phenotypic and Functional Differences in Human Dermal Resident Memory T Cells Between Reticular Dermal Layers
Authors: Sato Takuya , Asakawa Riko , Ogawa Youichi , Nagasaka Yuka , Kinoshita Manao , Shimada Shinji , Momosawa Akira , Kawamura Tatsuyoshi
Published: December 2024

Background

Resident memory T (TRM) cells and immunosuppressive Foxp3-expressing regulatory TRM (regTRM) cells are present in healthy, non-inflamed and inflamed human skin. Both types of cells are found in both the epidermis and dermis with the dermis being much thicker than the epidermis. However, it is unclear if TRM and regTRM cells differ between reticular dermal layers in terms of number, function or characteristics.

Methods

This study examined numerical, phenotypic and functional differences in TRM and regTRM cells between the upper and lower reticular dermis in healthy, non-inflamed human skin using flow cytometry.

Results

The phenotype and cytokine expressions of both types of cells were similar between reticular dermal layers. However, the cell count of both TRM and regTRM cells was significantly higher in the upper reticular dermis than in the lower reticular dermis.

Conclusions

TRM and regTRM cells are phenotypically and functionally identical between reticular dermal layers. However, both types of cells are more abundant in the upper reticular dermis.
Dual‐functional Nanosized Albumin Facilitates CRISPR‐Cas9‐PAR2 to Mitigate Cytokine Storm via TLR4 and Pyroptosis Signaling
Authors: Li Jianbin , Zheng Dongmei , Qi Shanshan , Mao Canquan , Jiang Yuhong
Published: December 2024

Protease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) widely modulates various cytokine secretions and inflammatory responses, while excessive cytokine releases and immune hyperactivation may trigger cytokine storm. However, the potential participation of PAR2 in cytokine storm remains elusive. CRISPR‐Cas9 as an efficient gene editing tool can be used for investigating the possible function of PAR2. In this study, albumin‐based nanoparticles (hAlbumin/cgPAR2) to protect and deliver CRISPR‐Cas9 for precise gene editing of PAR2 is constructed. Nanosized albumin largely assisted CRISPR‐Cas9‐PAR2 (cgPAR2) to enter cells via scavenger receptor‐mediated endocytosis, and then triggered potent transfection efficiency, consequently stimulating PAR2 knockout in vitro and in vivo. Apart from delivering CRISPR‐Cas9, nanosized albumin could be colocalized with TLR4 on endosome and promote PAR2 deficiency to attenuate TLR4/NF‐κB signaling, exerting the strong inhibitory effect of albumin in inflammatory responses depending on TLR4. Moreover, PAR2 deficiency induced by hAlbumin/cgPAR2 alleviated ERK/STING/NLRP3 signaling and GSDMD‐mediated pyroptosis, consequently inhibiting cytokine storm. Therefore, this study uncovered dual functions of nanosized albumin in delivering CRISPR‐Cas9 and facilitating PAR2 deficiency to prevent cytokine storm. It also uncovered that the significant role of PAR2 in modulating cytokine storm and provided a potential gene therapy strategy for treating this disease.
Linear Interplay Between Raman Shift and Laser Irradiation in Photothermal‐Strained Monoclinic Vanadium Dioxide
Authors: Li Yingbo , Jiang He , Zhang Yanqing , Liu Linjie , Wen Haohua , Zheng Yue , Zhu Wenpeng
Published: December 2024

Vanadium dioxide as a strongly correlated electron material undergoes metal‐insulator phase transitions and ferroelastic domain switching which highly couple to local strain distribution. Understanding the mechanisms and achieving the modulations require precise and high‐resolution characterization of strain in vanadium dioxide. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy is widely used to nondestructively characterize the strain on the surface of materials. However, vanadium dioxide is sensitive to multi‐fields and with multiple physical properties correlated. It is vital and challenging to uncouple the multiple responses of vanadium dioxide to micro‐Raman spectroscopy and achieve precise characterization of strain distribution. Herein, a linear relation between Raman shift and laser irradiation is revealed, which is originated from photothermal strain in monoclinic vanadium dioxide. By linear fitting and extrapolation, the strain‐dependent coefficient is obtained for drifting of Raman shift and the intrinsic Raman shift without strain or laser irradiation, which enables to precisely characterize the strain distribution in vanadium dioxide.
Combining Liposomal Photocatalysts with Whole‐Cell Catalysts for One‐pot Photobiocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Jiaheng , Batista Vasco F. , Hübner René , Vogel Stefan , Wu Changzhu
Published: December 2024

Cooperative photobiocatalytic processes have seen extensive potentials for the synthesis of both bulk and fine chemicals owing to their versatility, eco‐friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. Nevertheless, developing a universal and effective synthetic strategy compatible with both catalytic systems remains challenging. In this study, we explored cationic liposomes as biocompatible photocatalyst encapsulation systems and combined them with bacteria overexpressing enzymes for two‐step and three‐step cascade reactions. Specifically, the water‐soluble photocatalyst anthraquinone‐2‐sulfonate (AQS), which can oxidize benzyl alcohol, is encapsulated within the core of cationic liposomes composed of dioleoyl‐3‐trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and the helper lipid cholesterol. The positive charge on the liposome surface enabled electrostatic interactions with the negative charges on the membrane of Escherichia coli cells. Bacterial cells overexpressing various enzymes, such as Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) and benzaldehyde lyase (BAL), and coated with liposomes enabled the production of added value compounds through cascade reactions with excellent production. These cascades involve CalB‐catalyzed hydrolysis, BAL‐catalyzed condensation, and AQS‐driven photo‐oxidation reactions. Therefore, the strategy offers more possibilities of combining photocatalysis with biocatalysis for recoverability, enhanced mass transfer, and enhanced compatibility in both industrial biotechnology and synthetic chemistry.
Defect Engineering Enhancing Piezoelectric Catalytic Activity of Covalent Organic Framework Matrix Composites for Uranium Removal
Authors: Qi Jia‐Xin , Gong Jing‐Wen , Peng Zhi‐Hai , Zhang Cheng‐Rong , Liu Jin‐Lan , Cai Yuan‐Jun , Chen Xiao‐Juan , Wang Xiao‐Xing , Liang Ru‐Ping , Qiu Jian‐Ding
Published: December 2024

Piezoelectric catalysis is an emerging green strategy, but the existing piezoelectric heterostructures are not sufficient in performance for catalytic reduction of low‐reduction potential uranium under harsh conditions. This study innovatively employs a defect heterogeneous engineering strategy, wherein covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are grown in situ on the surface of zinc oxide (ZnO) via Schiff base reactions, and defects are introduced into the COF shell layer via imine exchange reactions to construct D‐COF@ZnO for piezoelectric catalytic uranium removal. The comprehensive study shows that defect heterogeneous engineering increases the asymmetry induced polarization of the material to promote charge redistribution, and thus significantly improves the activity of piezoelectric catalysis. In addition, defect engineering optimizes the nanosize of D‐COF@ZnO to expose a richer array of active sites, resulting in ultra‐fast U(VI) removal kinetics and ultra‐high removal capacity. In the actual nuclear wastewater settings, D‐COF@ZnO demonstrates outstanding selective removal efficacy for uranium, manifesting its considerable application potential and efficiency superiority. This strategy holds profound implications for facilitating the application of piezoelectric catalytic technology in environmental protection domains such as uranium removal, manifesting its considerable potential and value.
Differential use of tidal delta, shoreline, and neritic habitats by natural- and hatchery-origin juvenile Chinook Salmon
Authors: Beamer Eric M. , Rice Casimir A. , Chamberlin Joshua , Henderson Rich A. , Lomax Daniel P. , Greene Correigh M.
Published: December 2024

Objective

Conservation and recovery efforts for depressed populations of wild Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha are improved by detailed classifications of basic natural history traits for juveniles across habitats. The Skagit River system in northern Puget Sound provides a unique opportunity to study the estuarine ecology of Chinook Salmon since it is home to the healthiest remaining natural-origin Puget Sound Chinook Salmon spawning populations, and despite major anthropogenic habitat changes, the system still has extensive areas of estuarine habitat.

Methods

We evaluated density and length of juvenile natural- and hatchery-origin Chinook Salmon across tidal delta, shallow intertidal, intertidal–subtidal, and neritic habitats in the Skagit River estuary from February to November 2002.

Result

Juvenile Chinook Salmon were captured in all habitats and months sampled, and clear seasonal transitions through habitats were observed, as were habitat and seasonal differences in fish density, length, and relative abundance of hatchery-origin versus natural-origin fish. Natural-origin fish showed a protracted seasonal distribution across all habitats, and the relative abundance of hatchery-origin fish was lowest in the tidal delta and highest in the neritic zone. Mean fork length increased as fish moved downstream and offshore, and hatchery-origin fish were consistently larger than natural-origin fish in all habitats and months. Hatchery-origin fish from multiple source populations were recovered in Skagit Bay, but only individuals from the Skagit River were captured in tidal delta and shallow intertidal habitats, and the likelihood of capture in Skagit Bay was inversely related to the distance from the basin of origin.

Conclusion

These results confirm that an extensive and diverse range of estuarine habitats is used by juvenile Chinook Salmon through much of the year. Contrasts between hatchery- and natural-origin fish suggest that estuaries—especially shallow fringing habitats in the tidal delta and along marine shorelines—are differentially important for natural-origin fish and that the potential for interactions between hatchery- and natural-origin fish differs depending on the habitat and time of year.
Seasonal variability in condition and spatial distribution of Chinook Salmon: Implications for ecosystem-based management
Authors: Freshwater Cameron , King Jackie
Published: December 2024

Objective

Although many Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha populations overlap in nearshore areas prior to spawning migrations, it is unclear how life history diversity influences physical condition and habitat use. Here, we explored multiple dimensions of Chinook Salmon marine ecology. First, does condition differ between immature and mature fish, among stocks, and between wild and hatchery individuals? Second, is abundance correlated with abiotic variables? Third, does habitat use consistently covary with life history stage, stock, and wild versus hatchery rearing history?

Methods

We collected data on Chinook Salmon stock identity, condition, and abundance using a fisheries-independent troll survey along the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. We then fitted generalized additive models and geostatistical generalized linear models to quantify variability in condition, abundance, and spatial distribution.

Result

Fork length and lipid content varied seasonally, with maturation stage, and among stocks but did not differ with rearing history. Although immature fish were initially less lipid rich than mature fish, the lipid content of immature individuals ultimately exceeded that of mature individuals. Chinook Salmon abundance covaried with bottom depth, slope, and sampling date, while diel and tidal effects were weak. Abundance varied among ecological groups by up to an order of magnitude. Chinook Salmon habitat use differed among size-classes and stocks but did not differ with rearing history. The spatial distributions of each size-class changed over summer, consistent with ontogenetic dispersal and variation in the migration timing of spawners.

Conclusion

Seasonal changes in Chinook Salmon condition suggested that immature individuals transition from growth to lipid storage, emphasizing that prey availability may impact overwinter survival. Stock-specific patterns in size, lipid content, and abundance highlighted ecological diversity during marine residence. Although distributions varied seasonally, abundance was greatest in high-relief areas. Finally, our estimated spatial distributions suggest that responses to environmental conditions vary with ontogeny and among populations but not with rearing history.
Critical learner autonomy in the digital language learning context
Authors: Chen Li‐Mei , Liu Chunlei
Published: December 2024

The conventional perspective of learner autonomy aims to cultivate second and foreign language (L2) learners with self‐regulated learning strategies they can use to achieve native‐like communicative competence. While the perspective can equip L2 learners with certain linguistic coding and decoding skills to take charge of their own learning, it ignores “language as a mode of social action” (Keneman, 2016, p. 87). This article argues to expand the narrow, conventional view of learner autonomy to a broader, critical version, which aims to empower L2 learners to be self‐reliant in using the target language as a constructive tool to impact their society instead of simply acquiring native‐like pronunciation and superficial understanding of the target culture. Finally, the article includes pedagogical suggestions for how to promote critical learner autonomy step by step via various digital technologies in the L2 writing classroom. Even though the activities and suggestions seem to fit in the college context, with some adaption these practices can be applied to non‐tertiary contexts as students in the 21st century are increasingly tech‐literate.
Efficacy of Plant Extract‐Based Solutions Compared to Chlorhexidine and Miconazole Shampoo for the Treatment of Superficial Pyoderma in Dogs
Authors: Sheinberg Waisburd Galia , Romero Núñez Camilo , Martin Cordero Alberto , Heredia Cárdenas Rafael , Flores Ortega Ariadna
Published: December 2024

Background

Canine superficial pyoderma (CSP) is common. Antibiotic and potential antiseptic resistance is a rising concern; natural topicals may provide valuable alternative options.

Objectives

Compare natural topicals containing essential oils, plant‐extracted essential fatty acids and N‐acetylcysteine to a medicated shampoo with chlorhexidine, miconazole and micronized silver in treating CSP.

Animals

Thirty dogs diagnosed with CSP, divided into three groups as outlined below.

Materials

Group 1 bathed using a shampoo (PYOclean Shampoo) twice weekly and application of a rinse‐free mousse (PYOclean Mousse) once daily, Group 2 bathed using the same shampoo as above twice weekly and application of a spray (PYOclean Spray) once daily, and Group 3 bathed using a medicated shampoo (Biohex Shampoo) twice weekly.

Methods

Cytology, lesion and pruritus visual analogue (PVAS) scores were evaluated on Days (D) 0, 7 and 15.

Results

All three groups showed decreased polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) on D15. The reduction was significant, and more significant in Groups 1 and 2 (90.48% and 98.93%) compared to Group 3 (85.96%); extracellular cocci (cocci EC) significantly decreased by 92.8% and 93.38% in Groups 1 and 2, whereas decreased by 81% in Group 3 on D15. The number of yeasts on D15 decreased by 90% in Group 3 and 82% and 92%, respectively, in Groups 1 and 2. Lesion scores decreased on D15 by 90.61% and 87.95% in Groups 1 and 2 and by 62.94% in Group 3. PVAS decreased on D15 by 95.78% and 96.75%, respectively, in Groups 1 and 2 and by 69.88% in Group 3.

Conclusion and clinical importance

Efficacy of three natural topicals in treating dogs with superficial pyoderma without adding any systemic antimicrobial drugs was demonstrated. Such solutions can be complementary to medications such as chlorhexidine and miconazole in addressing CSP.