bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Income Under Female Versus Male Control
Authors: BLUMBERG RAE LESSER
Published: March 2007

This article presents a summary of Blumberg's general theory of gender stratification, which emphasizes relative male/female control of economic resources as a main (although not sole) predictor of a broad array of gender stratification consequences. It also reviews evidence from numerous Third World countries that men and women spend income under their control differently—with women holding back less for themselves and spending more on child nutrition and family “basic human needs.” Thus the data indicate that when women lose control of income, what is affected is not only their relative marital/familial power (and self-esteem) but also family well-being. Moreover, evidence is presented that planned Third World development projects that rely on female labor but don't provide women with a return to that labor also are likely to suffer: Women will attempt to reallocate their efforts to tasks yielding income under their own control. In Africa, where women raise most locally marketed/consumed food and usually have specific familial obligations that require them to have independently controlled income, the bypassing of women farmers and undercutting their returns may be an important—albeit unheralded—factor in the region's food crisis. In sum, the Third World data support both the theory of gender stratification and the “relative resources” approach to marital power, and point the way to broadening the U.S. marital/family power debate to include male/female spending patterns.
Determinants of Household Division of Labor
Authors: KAMO YOSHINORI
Published: March 2007

Using data from a large sample of married couples (N = 3,649), this study examines factors that are correlated with the amount of a husband's participation in domestic work. It was hypothesized that both spouses' earnings, work status, sex-role orientations, their power relationship, and the interaction between power and sex-role orientations were related to the husband's relative share in domestic work. The hypothesized relationships were found statistically significant in these data. The pattern of household division of labor apparently is affected not only by both spouses' monetary contributions, but also by their time availabilities, power relations, and ideologies.
Family Structure, Conflict, and Children's Self-Esteem in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: HOLMAN THOMAS B. , WOODROFFE-PATRICK MARION
Published: March 2007

We estimated the effects of family structure on how children perceive whether they are happy or anxious, by means of multiple regression analysis. Our sample was from preadolescent- and early-adolescent youth from the nation of Trinidad and Tobago; we found that single-parent children were less happy than children from two-parent homes even when we controlled for the amount of family conflict. We concluded that family structure was an important variable that should not be dismissed prematurely when attempting to understand child outcomes.
Predicting Parenting Difficulty
Authors: PITTMAN JOE F. , WRIGHT CHERYL A. , LLOYD SALLY A.
Published: March 2007

Path models on random samples of fathers (N = 159) and mothers (N = 275) in Utah examine direct and indirect relations between parenting difficulty and variables reflecting family stressors, social and personal resources, and background characteristics. Parenting difficulty appears to be significantly affected by the stressful characteristics of the parenting environment. Specifically, for both mothers and fathers, the inconvenience of parenting seems to affect parenting difficulty positively. Among fathers, parenting difficulty is also related to financial stress. The availability of privacy in the home appears to affect parenting difficulty indirectly for both parents by reducing the experience of parenting inconvenience. Nonfamily social support variables do not appear to affect aspects of the parenting environment or the level of parenting difficulty. Family size and family life cycle variables are more relevant to mothers than to fathers, since they affect only the mothers' access to privacy.
Adolescent Fertility-Related Behavior in the 1990s
Authors: MILLER BRENT C. , DYK PATRICIA H.
Published: March 2007

This article serves as an introduction to this special issue. It provides an overview for understanding adolescent fertility-related behavior in context, and briefly reviews each of the empirical articles that follow.
Responsibility for Children
Authors: LESLIE LEIGH A. , ANDERSON ELAINE A. , BRANSON MEREDITH P.
Published: March 2007

Using a sample of 60 two-income couples, this study examines the role of gender in taking responsibility for children, testing the effect of spouses' employment hours, wife's relative income, and couple's employment profile. Results indicate that women carry a larger share of the responsibility for children than do men. Only one characteristic of women's employment, the number of hours they are engaged in paid work, affected their level of responsibility, with no couple characteristics contributing to this pattern. Implications of these findings for the strain experienced in the parental role are discussed.
Predicting Parents' Experiences With Coresident Adult Children
Authors: AQUILINO WILLIAM S.
Published: March 2007

This research examined the likelihood of parent-adult child coresidence and the implications of coresidence for the quality of life as perceived by parents. Data from the 1987-1988 National Survey of Families and Households showed that a positive home environment is a strong selection factor in predicting the probability of coresidence. The presence of unlaunched adult children is most likely when families have not been reconstituted through parental remarriage, when parent-child relations are good, and when parents hold favorable attitudes toward the continued support of adult children. After controlling for selection effects, predictions concerning the normative expectedness of the living arrangement, the influence of children's dependency, and parents' social class on parental experiences in the coresident living arrangement were tested. The normative expectedness of the coresident living arrangement, as indicated by the age of coresident adult children, had little impact on parents' experiences. Adult children's economic dependency had a negative impact on parental assessments of the coresident living situation. Middle-class parents reported more negative effects of coresidence than did parents of lower socioeconomic status.
The Fathers' Rights Movement
Authors: BERTOIA CARL , DRAKICH JANICE
Published: March 2007

Family law reforms brought about a new social movement and lobby group—fathers' rights. This article, based on a 2-year study involving participant observation, ethnographic interviews, and document analysis examines the contradictions between the public and private rhetoric of fathers rightists. Thirty-two members from four fathers' rights groups were interviewed about their postdivorce parenting experiences, their personal troubles with family law practices, and their posturing on the fathers' rights' platform. The fatherhood project of family law reform, although viewed as serving all fathers, is primarily driven by fathers' personal stake in the issues and the hope of changing their current situation. The fathers in this study presented a uniform voice in support of the fathers' rights' public image of caring fathers who want men to be recognized as fathers and who are requesting equitable treatment in matters of child custody, support, and access. However, the interviews revealed that individual members did not support the full application of the concept of equality in postdivorce parenting, child care, and responsibilities.
Material Resources, Family Structure Resources, and Husbands' Housework Participation
Authors: SANCHEZ LAURA
Published: March 2007

This cross-national analysis examines whether wives' material resources and family structure resources affect husbands' housework. Logistic regressions analyze data from four Southeast and East Asian countries at varying levels of capitalist development as well as from one late industrialized country (the United States). Resources embodied in employment, education, reproductive decision making, and childbearing are found to have no consistent effects on husbands' regular housework participation. These findings corroborate international studies on the division of family labor that call for more cultural and ideological examinations of housework rather than resource and economic exchange approaches.
Discourses of Agency and Domestic Labor:
Authors: BLAIN JENNY
Published: March 2007

This article uses the concept of family discourse to investigate the systematic structuring of social relations surrounding parents' gendered—often unequal—family responsibilities and practices. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with parents of young children in dual-earner families, the article presents two ways of analyzing parents' accounts of reasons for their division of labor. First, it focuses on how parents use talk to construct rationalizations, myths, and coping mechanisms. Second, it moves beyond an interpretive approach to examine the discursive constitution of parents' talk, identifying four common discourses that run throughout parents' talk of domestic labor: personal preference; abilities of women versus men; roles and socialization; and natural bonding of mother and child. The author maintains that these not only give material for rationalizations but that by structuring perceptions, they enable parents to ascribe meaning to their action and construct new action from this meaning. Discourses of family surround parents and are commonplace in professional speech, media reports, and many other sources. By analyzing talk as discourse, we can reveal something of the institutional embeddedness of parents' practices and how these reconstitute unequal power relations within families.
The Feminization of Poverty in the United States
Authors: STARRELS MARJORIE E. , BOULD SALLY , NICHOLAS LEON J.
Published: March 2007

This article delineates the contribution of gender, race, ethnicity, marital, and parental status to the feminization of poverty. Its analysis of recent published and unpublished census data suggests that gender, race, and ethnicity strongly affect poverty rates. However, parenthood interacts with gender in such a way as to affect only women and to affect White women more than Blacks and Hispanics. By examining these sources of poverty separately, the authors articulate more clearly the forces that have generated rapid feminization of poverty. They also specify trends across White, Black, Puerto Rican, Mexican American, and other Hispanic populations as well as preschool and school-age children in female-householder families. The analysis takes into account a range of factors that have contributed significantly to women's poverty. It also evaluates competing arguments regarding public policies that best alleviate the problem.
The More Things Change...Single Parenting Revisited
Authors: GRINGLAS MARCY , WEINRAUB MARSHA
Published: March 2007

Weinraub and Wolf investigated maternal and preschool child functioning in households headed by solo mothers. Solo mothers—nonadolescent women raising children from birth without a male partner—differed from demographically matched, married counterparts with regard to stress and social supports, yet no differences in child outcomes were observed. Twenty-eight families (70%) from that original sample were reassessed as children entered preadolescence. Child measures included maternal and teacher report of behavior problems, social competence, and academic performance. Maternal measures included parenting, social supports, and stress. According to teachers, preadolescent children of solo mothers had more behavior problems, lower social competence, and poorer school performance than children of married mothers. Solo mothers continued to be less satisfied with emotional supports and reported higher stress. Maternal stress moderated family status effects on child outcome. Longitudinal analyses revealed stability over time for maternal and child variables, with greater vulnerability for children of solo mothers.
Inclusion Planning Strategies: Equalizing Opportunities for Cognitively Disabled Students
Authors: Krajewski Bob , Krajewski Lynn
Published: March 2007

Do high schools help special needs students link with their nondis abled peers? Do we help them feel connected to significant adults? Do we encourage these students to get involved? Do we allow them to grow through the same opportunities other students have? Does high school provide a worthwhile transitional experience for them?
The Right Stuff of Schools: how Our High Schools Can Become better Communities for Our Children
Authors: Sternberg Betty J.
Published: March 2007

Should every high school send a strong message to its students that it is obligated to help students meet their responsibilities to learn and contribute to the school? Should every high school require its students to acknowledge that they have an obligation to gain the full benefit of their high school education? Of course!
The Essential Role of Principals in Monitoring Curriculum Implementation
Authors: Mojkowski Charles
Published: March 2007

If the curriculum is to serve as a dynamic tool for creating high qual ity student learning opportunities, it will require a dynamic, real-time process for learning about its implementation. Shifting the focus to curriculum implementation monitoring will help districts and schools achieve that goal and give a special focus to the principal's instruc tional leadership responsibilities.
Developmentally Responsive Curriculum and Standards-Based Reform: Implications for Middle Level Principals
Authors: Clark Donald C. , Clark Sally N.
Published: March 2007

The need for middle level principals skilled in curricular and instruc tional reform and school restructuring has never been more important. The hope for highly implemented and fully functioning programs lies in the principal's ability to facilitate comprehensive restructuring, restructuring that has broad-based involvement in establishing new visions of teaching and learning and collaborative decision making.
What Effect Does Classroom Use of the Internet Have on the Teacher-Student Relationship?
Authors: Hemenway Merritt V.
Published: March 2007

The Internet is having a powerful impact on our society, but its role in education is just beginning to be developed. One question is of par ticular interest to educators: If students can gather information on such an immense variety of subjects, what happens to the teacher's role in a classroom where the Internet is available as a teaching tool?
The New Look in Principal Preparation Programs
Authors: Lauder Ann
Published: March 2007

Principal preparation programs nationwide are closely analyzing their curricula and responding to the current challenges through meaningful change. This article addresses seven trends in new programs and their role in the success and failure of principals and their ability to affect student achievement.
Teacher Professional Development—The Principal's Critical Role
Authors: Payne Diane , Wolfson Terry
Published: March 2007

Because of the teacher shortage in the United States today, recruiting and retaining highly qualified teachers is a challenging tasks for principals. This article discusses the principal's critical role in supporting teachers’ professional development and offers specific examples based on personal experience.
A Longitudinal Study of Teachers’ Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Block Versus Traditional Scheduling
Authors: Stokes Laura C. , Wilson Joe W.
Published: March 2007

This study compares teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of block scheduling during the first and second year of implementation with their perceptions during the third and fourth year at four high schools. Variables included initial perception, subject area taught, and years of teaching experience. Results show a consistent rating among teachers from year one to year four.
Assessing Mastery of Wish-List Content Standards
Authors: Popham W. James
Published: March 2007

After characterizing most of today's content standards as wish-list curricular aspirations, the author argues that to assess such standards properly, educators must prioritize them. Only those content standards determined to be of the highest priority and also measurable on a per-standard basis should be tested via large-scale assessments. The remaining standards should serve as targets for teachers’ instruction and should be measured by classroom assessments.
Topics: A Roadmap to Standards
Authors: Kendall John
Published: March 2007

The use of topics to organize standards documents is recommended as a way to help teachers access the information they need. Such organizations will simplify planning, offer perspective on students learning, and make cross-disciplinary connections easier. Ways to develop topics are discussed.
The Principal's Leadership Role in Assessment
Authors: Stiggins Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Many principals and teachers have not been given the opportunity to develop the assessment literacy needed to fulfill their assessment responsibilities in standards-driven schools. The principal's role in dealing with this critical gap in professional capabilities is described. Discusses five standards of sound assessment practice for principals to share with teachers to the benefit of their students.
Retaining Special Educators: Comment on Ax, Conderman, and Stephens (2001)
Authors: Cox Lynda
Published: March 2007

Continual opportunities for professional development are essential for retaining teachers, perhaps even more so for special educators. Suggests ways principals can help alleviate the sense of isolation experienced by special educators, which is a contributing factor in their high attrition rate.
How Principals Can Help Teachers with High-Stakes Testing: One Survey's Findings with National Implications
Authors: Kaplan Leslie S. , Owings William A.
Published: March 2007

Surveyed Virginia teachers believe that when instructional best practices occur in their schools, high-stakes tests are taking education in the right direction. Other teachers are not so sure. In times of increasing accountability, students and staff look to principals for direction and inspiration.
Paraeducators as Critical Team Members: Redefining Roles and Responsibilities
Authors: Daniels Vera I. , McBride Arlester
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of the changing and expanding roles of paraeducators, notes the importance of paraeducators as critical team members, offers several ideas that teachers can use to enhance the use of paraeducators in the classroom, and provides some insights for school principals about the benefits of paraeducators and some legal and ethical considerations in their use. Future role definition, function, and opportunities for paraeducators are discussed.
Latino Students: Organizing Schools for Greater Achievement
Authors: Valverde Leonard A. , Scribner Kent P.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides two kinds of information: (1) probable causes that produce the low and underachievement of Latino students and (2) proposed actions that school leaders can take to increase the achievement of Latino students. The potential solutions proposed come from two types of sources: ideas reported in the literature and from interviews with successful principals who have raised achievement scores of Latinos in their schools.
Effective Leadership: Bringing Mentoring and Creativity to the Principalship
Authors: Casavant Marc D. , Cherkowski Sabre
Published: March 2007

In education today there is a growing appreciation for the significance of effective in-school leadership. In addition, one can appreciate the fact that little effort is being made toward improving ways for preparing principals for this critical leadership role. This article explores behaviors that constitute effective leadership and suggests that mentoring combined with creativity have the potential to positively affect leadership styles.
High School Restructuring and Vocational Reform: The Question of “Fit” in Two Schools
Authors: Little Judith Warren , Erbstein Nancy , Walker Laura
Published: March 2007

The relationship between high school restructuring and vocational reform was examined in case studies of two large comprehensive California high schools. Data were collected from various sources. Despite several important differences, the reform processes at the two schools shared certain common conditions; substantial change in the nature and scope of vocational preparation requires schoolwide effort.
What’s New on the Block?
Authors: Jenkins Elaine , Queen J. Allen , Algozzine Bob
Published: March 2007

Despite continuing claims of ineffectiveness and cries for significant educational reform, programs in U.S. high schools remained relatively constant throughout the twentieth century. The latest promise of innovation, block scheduling, has generated significant questions regarding effectiveness and change. Outcomes of a study involving more than 2,000 teachers are discussed with regard to the growing need for sustained in-service preparation in districts moving to the block and the continuing need for research on the effectiveness of block scheduling.
The Forgotten Side of School Finance Equity: The Role of Infrastructure Funding in Student Success
Authors: Crampton Faith E. , Thompson David C. , Vesely Randall S.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, local school districts have shouldered the burden of funding school infrastructure in the name of local control, relying upon local prop erty tax revenues and the willingness of local voters to approve bond issues. Given vast disparities in school districts' property wealth, gross inequities in school facilities will remain without new state or federal funding. With emerg ing research establishing the critical role of the physical environment of schools in student success, adequate and equitable funding of infrastructure takes on new urgency.
C. The Role of Science Education in a Democracy
Authors: Wendt Gerald
Published: March 2007

In this article, Dr. Wendt identifies the four major aspects of science as research, knowledge, applications, and the social force hich it exerts. He discusses each of these in terms of the needs of society and the individual, and in terms of the re sponsibility of the secondary school. He pleads against the common error of empha sizing one or some of these aspects at the expense of the others. In closing, he identi fies the goal of secondary-school science education as the preparation of young people for life in the last quarter of the twentieth century and the first years of the next. He contends that, since no teacher knows the nature of these years to come, the education of young people must prepare them to cope with "constant and inexorable change."
G. Elementary School Science—Implications for High Schools
Authors: Blough Glenn O.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Mr. Blough outlines the present status of—and variations in— elementary-school science education. He then proceeds to suggest to teachers and administrators how they may profit from the increasing science background which high-school pupils bring with them, how they may adapt their science programs to fit.
D. Trends in High School Physics
Authors: Lefler R.W.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Professor Lefler statistically describes the present status of physics instruction in American high schools and points out some of the problem areas. He gives particular attention to the problem of preparation of physics teachers, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The remainder of the article is devoted to a discussion of the outstanding features of today's high-school physics teaching. In this discussion both the good and the poor aspects of the features are brought to light. Included in this treatment are textbooks and workbooks, classroom demonstra tion compared to laboratory experimentation, physics apparatus and materials, audio- visual aids to instruction, library resources, community resources, and the physical layout of rooms for instruction in high-school physics.
C. Modern Science Rooms and Laboratories
Authors: Cahoon Guy P. , Richardson John S.
Published: March 2007

In this article Professors Cahoon and Richardson discuss many factors which should be kept in mind when designing, equipping, or renovating science classrooms and labbratories. Based on the premises that science rooms should be flexible and should provide for a wide variety of learning experience, the writers' recommendation is for serious consideration of multi-purpose rooms, not only serving for classroom and laboratory activities, but also, in many cases, serving multiple science courses. Among the factors discussed are relation of science rooms to those of other subject areas, appearance of science rooms, provisions for audio-visual activities, storage facilities, recent trends in science furniture, utilities needed in science rooms, and provision for use of the resources of the school and community. Throughout the discussion, frequent references are made to the significant economies which can be effected while upgrading the quality of science rooms and laboratories.
E. Using Prepared Instructional Kits and Improvised Equipment
Authors: Davis Hubert J.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Mr. Davis identifies two common shortcomings in science education— over-use of the textbook and over-reliance on teacher demonstrations—and proposes a remedy for each. To extend pupils' learning experience beyond their contacts with their own textbook, he describes the use of teaching kits—collections of printed materials on a given topic which can be borrowed by interested classes. To provide more pupil participation in experimentation, he suggests a wide variety of improvised and inexpensive, yet highly useful, science equipment. He concludes his article with a bibliography of things-to-do publications in experimental science.
E. Science Education Through Television
Authors: Draper Benjamin
Published: March 2007

Mr. Draper opens his article with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of television as an educational medium in general, both in and out of school systems. He follows this with a section aimed specifically at science teaching through tele vision, a section in which he points out and supports the semi-serious contention that "television might well have been invented specifically for the teaching of sci ence." The writer closes his article with a statement of his belief that educators can best make their influence on this new communication medium felt by exploring it and using it to their best advantage, both in the form of specially prepared school telecasts and in the form of commercially available programs.
C. Conservation Education
Authors: Palmer E. Laurence
Published: March 2007

In this article, Professor Palmer sketches the development of programs related to conservation. In this connection, he points out what he considers to be the promise and the failure of the general science movement. He also comments on the problems of preparing teachers who can carry on a forward-looking program of conservation education. The last half of the article is devoted to a commentary on several of the recent publications and programs of conservation education issued by various states and organizations and by individuals. In closing, the writer provides a selected list of persons who would welcome serious correspondence concerning the problems and possibilities of improved conservation education in American schools.
How Camp and Campus Join Forces
Authors: McConagha Glenn L.
Published: March 2007

Must school and lessons for civilian life wait while the boys in Uncle Sam's military forces learn to master the manual of arms and handle the weapons of war? Can men in uniform prepare for war and for peace at the same time? These are questions many draft-age boys and their parents are asking today. And here they may read the answer of an educator in the Department of Defense.
Performance Evaluation of Special Education Administrators: Considerations and Recommendations
Authors: Johnson Lewis R.
Published: March 2007

As changes occur in the administration of special education programs in response to increased team-based program Leadership and manage ment, and shared administrative responsibility for special education programs, revisions in the performance appraisal of special education administrators must be considered.
Legal Responsibilities Toward Students with Disabilities: What Every Administrator Should Know
Authors: Smith Judith Osgood , Colon Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Administrators are crucial to the success or failure of the special edu cation process. They must know the law, for their failure to do so may result in expensive and time-consuming litigation. They should focus on key laws and understand them thoroughly, and keep abreast of spe cial education court decisions. Using this knowledge to avoid inappro priate administrative practices, they can then model positive, appro priate behavior and attitudes.
Students as Documenters: Benefits, Reflections, and Suggestions
Authors: Bechtel Dave , Reed Cynthia
Published: March 2007

School restructuring often calls for modifying the roles and responsi bilities of teachers, students, and administrators, yet most efforts to restructure schools involve educators, rather than students. Changes are made for students, but without the involvement of students. If stu dents are expected to change as a result of school restructuring efforts, they must be involved in determining the changes to be made.
Flow and the Engagement of Talent: Implications for Secondary Schooling
Authors: Whalen Samuel P.
Published: March 2007

Flow Theory proposes that the quality of experience of the individual learner should be an essential criterion by which to judge the efficacy of educational challenge. It also emphasizes that our most powerful expe riences of engagement are shared, in that they draw us into transaction with activities that match our capabilities and interests, and into asso ciation with other learners who share our interests and commitments.
Resolving Conflict and Preventing Violence, School Failure and Dropout, And Related Problem Behaviors
Authors: Elias Maurice J.
Published: March 2007

How can encounters between a student and a disciplinarian become more constructive? How can they take place in such a way that each encounter builds on the previous one? And how can these experiences be combined with others that are more preventive than disciplinary?
Increasing Self-Discipline with the ABC Event Frame
Authors: Wilcox Toni D. , Brigham Frederick J. , Nicolai Blake
Published: March 2007

Students who do not respond to well-managed schoolwide discipline programs are not only less likely to learn than those who are attentive and engaged in academic tasks, but also deprive those around them of opportunities to learn. This article describes the evolution of one approach to addressing the academic and social needs of chronically disruptive students, and the use of functional assessment as a self- monitoring device and key to self-discipline.
High Failure Rates in Required Mathematics Courses: Can a Modified Block Schedule Be Part of the Cure?
Authors: Rettig Michael D. , Canady Robert Lynn
Published: March 2007

Given the diversity in public schools and the growing trend toward requiring the successful completion of Algebra I for graduation, a schedule that allows students to complete this course in different amounts of time may be one key to success.
Breaking Away from Tradition: The Farmington High School Restructuring Experience
Authors: Hackmann Donald G. , Waters David L.
Published: March 2007

Bolstered by the Breaking Ranks recommendation that schools develop flexible scheduling to promote varied uses of instructional time, high schools across the nation are experimenting with alternatives to tradi tional schedules. Here is one school's experience with implementing career pathways, initiating a student advisement program, developing an interdisciplinary curriculum, blocking classes, and detracking courses.
Art Education: Essential for a Balanced Education
Authors: Day Michael D.
Published: March 2007

If art is so pervasive in human existence, why has art traditionally not been regarded as one of the "basic" or "core" subjects in U.S. education ? Why have millions of Americans through the decades completed their formal education without a fundamental understanding of and experiences with art?
The Future of Art Education: Student Learning in the Visual Arts
Authors: Hatfield Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

How can national standards in the visual arts resonate in the rural school—a school operating on a slim budget, or worse? How can art edu cation resound in the inner-city classroom packed with students of var ied backgrounds, languages, and cultures? Or in the suburban school with its emphasis on the sciences and technology, on college preparation?
Putting Art Standards into Practice with Aesthetic Literacy
Authors: Clinard Janice , Foster Lenoar
Published: March 2007

Standards themselves cannot capture the imaginations of teachers or students. Translated into curriculum that actively engages teachers and students, standards can ensure that instruction leads to the achievement of significant skills and knowledge, and that perfor mances and products demonstrate those competencies.
Interdisciplinary Team Teaching: Helping Art Lead Educational Reform
Authors: Hart William I.
Published: March 2007

"Leave art in the primary grades where all it takes is a box of crayons to support the program." How often are educators frustrated with the public's view and lack of support for secondary art education? If art programs are to survive in what is often a hostile environment, careful program and public relations strategies must be employed.
Why Theater Should Be Integrated into the Curriculum
Authors: Martin Anna Marie
Published: March 2007

As we expand our educational goals and purposes to adapt to the needs of our changing society, we should consider the merits of fully integrating theater into the curriculum.
Grading Teachers' Grading Policies
Authors: Friedman Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

What constitutes sound testing and grading strategies? Here is one set of guidelines that principals might find useful when evaluating teach ers. Holding teachers more accountable for their grading practices should have a positive effect on the overall school climate.
Marks of Brain-Based Assessment: A Practical Checklist
Authors: Weber Ellen
Published: March 2007

Recognizing that students learn in various ways and at different rates makes alternative assessment tools imperative. But what are distinguishing marks of effective assessment tools for brain-based learning? What does intelligence-fair assessment look like? And how can we adjust our classroom practices to accommodate multiple ways of knowing, while honoring the demands of curriculum mandates, state requirements, and college entrance expectations?
Cognitive Science and Its Implications for Education
Authors: Kruse Gary D.
Published: March 2007

Knowing the difference between a duet and trio requires far less mental power than judging which group has superior talent. Similarly, asking a 10-year-old to find the sum of two digits will cause him less mental strain than having him explain the purpose of addition. Whether recognizing a fact, carrying out a skill, or making complex judgments, our brains provide us with amazing powers.
Spotting Trends in Accident Reports Can Help To Stop Injuries
Authors: Mitchell Murray
Published: March 2007

Injuries are the single greatest killer of young people in this country. Collecting complete and reliable information about injuries is an important first step in spotting trends and taking steps to stop injuries. Incident reports filed by school nurses may be one of the best sources for analyzing and preventing school injuries.
The School Nurse: Friend to the School Principal, Member of the Administrative Team
Authors: Peña Robert A.
Published: March 2007

School health care programs sustain the physical, psychological, and emotional well-being of students and contribute in great measure to overall cognitive and social development. School principals should involve the school nurse as a valued member of the instructional staff and as an important member of the administrative team.
Block Scheduling in Florida High Schools: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Dow Jeffrey , George Paul
Published: March 2007

A 1997 study of Florida high schools, commissioned by the Florida Educational Research Council, reveals that the block schedule is in place in as many as 200 Florida high schools. Few Florida high schools remain untouched by schedule revisions. Administrators, teachers, stu dents, and parents have been affected by the new scheduling strategy.
Preventing Legal Headaches Through Staff Development: Considerations and Recommendations
Authors: Petzko Vicki Nord
Published: March 2007

In December of 1965 John and Mary Tinker entered a Des Moines high school wearing black armbands in protest against the war in Vietnam. However inconsequential their conduct was to the outcome of the war, it revolutionized educational law in the United States. Since that time, the tensions between the law and the schools have extended far beyond those involving student rights.
What Do You Do When They Call You a Racist?
Authors: Tatum Beverly Daniel
Published: March 2007

Do our students see us seeking out new information, trying to learn more about people different from ourselves? Do they see us initiating cross-racial dialogue at school rather than waiting until there is an incident that requires a reaction? Do they see us modeling positive, mutually respectful interracial relationships with colleagues and par ents ? They should!
Sport and Social Change in the U.S.S.R
Authors: Riordan James
Published: March 2007

In all the state socialist countries sport has explicit functions to perform: for health, hygiene, defence, integration, productivity, military training, and certain foreign policy goals. Sport is seen as a means to change society. It is to this paramount concept that we need to look to understand the place of sport in countries like China and the USSR, Cuba and the German Democratic Republic. On the example of the USSR the author traces the development of sport from the early stress on military training, health, and social integra tion within the old Russian Empire, through the emphasis on sport as an adjunct to the in dustrialisation campaign of the 1930s, to the post-war entry of the USSR into the Olympic Games.
Collective Reaction to Injustice in Intercollegiate Athletics
Authors: Mahony Daniel F.
Published: March 2007

Organizational justice research has suggested that collective action is often necessary to change the distribution of resources. Sheppard, Lewicki, and Minton have identified seven factors that increase the likelihood of collective action. The current study demonstrates that an examination of these seven factors can be useful in explaining why women have been able in recent years to increase their relative share of the resources in intercollegiate athletics. The factors also help explain why the women’s sport teams do not yet receive the same share as the men’s teams. Finally, these factors can be helpful in explaining why student athletes have been largely unsuccessful in increasing their relative share of the resources during a period in which women have experienced some success.
NEO-CORPORATISM: THE POLITICAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CANADIAN AMATEUR SPORT AND FITNESS
Authors: Harvey Jean , Thibault Lucie , Rail Geneviève
Published: March 2007

A number of changes have occurred recently in the administration of fitness and amateur sport in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which the federal government has adopted a neo-corporatist political approach to manage the number of interest groups in both fitness and amateur sport. Our analysis demonstrates that indeed several steps have been taken to ensure the coordination of interest groups in proposed changes to be made to the delivery of fitness and amateur sport. These steps well reflect neo-corporatist trends as they meet the three essential criteria for this political form. Through our assessment of a number of recent government and para-government documents as well as particular changes occurring within government, we explain how neo-corporatism has replaced pluralism in the domain of sport and fitness in Canada.
EXPLAINING THE PRESENCE OF MEN COACHES IN WOMEN'S SPORTS: THE UNCERTAINTY HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Wilkerson Martha
Published: March 2007

This article traces the emergence of men's dominance in coaching and the growth in participants and sport programs for girls in Missouri's high schools from 1972 to the present. Additionally, survey results are presented to indicate desired goals for the girls' programs and preferred traits and qualities for those who coach in them. The empirical patterns revealed by the data are analyzed using the uncertainty hypothesis, which suggests differential advantages of the dominant group when job performance criteria go beyond those which can be measured objectively. This is especially true if, as centrality theory posits, the position—like coaching—requires a great amount of interaction with and control over others.
SPORTS ILLUSTRATED, THE “WAR ON DRUGS,” AND THE ANABOLIC STEROID CONTROL ACT OF 1990
Authors: Denham Bryan E.
Published: March 2007

This study considers the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 in light of the political climate of the late 1980s. A series of Sports Illustrated articles concerning the adverse consequences of steroid use are addressed, as are the broader social forces that may have led Congress to pass legislation classifying steroids as Schedule III controlled substances. Articles from Sports Illustrated appeared in the appendixes of congressional hearings, and several individuals who appeared in those articles were invited to testify. From a theoretical base of agenda building, this study focuses on the relationships between media, policy makers, and everyday news consumers.
MAJOR LEAGUE SOCCER
Authors: Delgado Fernando
Published: March 2007

After more than a decade, a full-time, professional outdoor soccer league—Major League Soccer (MLS)—has returned to the United States. Following the staging of a highly successful World Cup in 1994, soccer supporters in the United States have the opportunity to demonstrate that the game can indeed take its place among the big four of U.S. team sports (baseball, basketball, football, and hockey). There are many obstacles—economic, historical, sociocultural, and ideological—to this goal. This essay will explore the sporting and social tensions that the MLS faces and that its presence may provoke.
Some Methodological Procedures for the Evaluation of Educational Programs for Prevention of Adolescent Alcohol Use and Abuse
Authors: Schlegel Ronald P.
Published: March 2007

An alcohol education program and procedures for its evaluation are described. Various alcohol programs were administered to eighth grade students in ways to reduce Hawthorne effects and other experimental biases. Procedures, which were independently administered from the program delivery, are discussed whereby data were obtained pertaining to process and outcome variables. Obtaining other types of data as well is suggested in order to provide as much information as possible to assist in the interpre tation of results. Finally, various data analyses as well as sample size are considered.
Program Participants' Positive Perceptions
Authors: Scheirer Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

A common dilemma of evaluation researchers, that outcome findings do not confirm program adninistrators' and recipients' perceptions of benefits occurring, is related to a general proposition that participants will have positive perceptions of program effects, regardless of behavioral changes toward program goals. This phenomenon is shown to occur widely, and to be predictable from both behavioral and cognitive social psy chological theory, but has not been previously recognized explicitly. Implications are drawn for the policy planning process and for the methodology of program evaluation.
Deterrence
Authors: Feld Scott L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of an experiment to determine if increased enforcement of sanitation laws improves the cleanliness of city streets. The experiment was conducted over a six-week period in New York City Increasing the number of sanitation policemen was found to decrease the rate of production of litter as measured by daily cleanliness ratings. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.
Traditional and Emerging Definitions of Educational Evaluation
Authors: Jemelka Ron P. , Borich Gary D.
Published: March 2007

Reviews of evaluation literature reveal considerable variance in the conceptual frame works and procedures utilized by evaluators. This disparity can be traced to the lack of a unified undergirding theory of evaluatton. Traditional and emerging definitions of educational evaluation are reviewed followed by presentation of a value-oriented conceptualization of evaluation which synthesizes the ideas of many contemporary evaluation researchers with the earlier notions of educator John Dewey. This concep tualization is offered as an initial attempt to elucidate an adequate underlying theoretical basis for evaluative inquiry. A discussion of the advantages and implications of this value-oriented perspective is presented.
Reporting Ancova Results in Evaluation Settings
Authors: D James L. , Eichelberger R. Tony
Published: March 2007

Evaluators often utilize ANCOVA-type techniques to assess the effects of innovative programs implemented in naturalistic settings. In this paper, design, analysis, and reporting considerations for the application of ANCOVA-type techniques in educational settings are described. Numerous examples are drawnfrom the national Follow Through evaluation, and suggestions for improving reports using ANCOVA-type techniques are presented. The overall perspective is that evaluation reports must be more precise and must indicate the limitations of the methodology used. In doing so, a more balanced description of a program and its effects is presented to the decision maker and to other stakeholders.
Evaluation of a Juvenile Diversion Program
Authors: Lipsey Mark W. , Cordray David S. , Berger Dale E.
Published: March 2007

The evaluation of a juvenile diversion program was approached through the development of multiple lines of evidence bearing on each of the two major program goals: providing a community-based alternative for arrested juveniles who otherwise would have been referred to the juvenile justice system and reducing juvenile delinquency. Convergent results from various measures, research designs, and data stratifications indicated that the program had little success in decreasing referrals to the juvenile justice system but produced a positive delinquency reduction effect (concentrated among less serious offenders). These results are discussed in terms of (1) their significance for the diversion program and (2) the nature of the multiple methodology that produced them.