bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of spring emergence of the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in the Interlake region of Manitoba
Authors: Gregory Patrick T.
Published: August 2008

The period of spring activity of Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis at hibernaculum sites in the Interlake region of Manitoba lasts about [Formula: see text] months. This period is characterized by intense mating activity and a marked excess of males over females. Investigations begun in the spring of 1970 suggest that these two features are closely linked. Males begin emerging in large numbers at the end of April and reach a peak population size by mid-May. Females emerge in smaller numbers throughout the entire spring period and are immediately approached and mated by the males. After mating, the females disperse to the summer habitat. Males remain in the vicinity of the hibernaculum for a longer period, possibly mating several times, and begin to disperse in large numbers in the second half of May, It is suggested that communal denning and differential spring emergence are important aspects of the life-history strategy of these populations.
Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 in rodents in southern Alberta
Authors: Chalmers Gordon A. , Barrett Morley W.
Published: August 2008

In 1972, cysts of Echinococcus multilocularis were observed in two adult Peromyscus maniculatus trapped within 1.8 km of Lethbridge, Alberta. These findings extended the known distribution of this parasite in Alberta and in southwestern Canada.
A biometric study of three strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ciliatea: Hymenostomatida)
Authors: Gates Michael A. , Berger Jacques
Published: August 2008

Application of multivariate and univariate statistical techniques to data for 20 attributes of three strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis demonstrates the morphological uniqueness of each strain. Extension of these techniques to other strains may yield purely morphological criteria for taxonomic discrimination among syngens of this or other "species."
Midsummer observations on the behavior of wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Authors: Stirling Ian
Published: August 2008

Wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were observed from Caswall Tower, Devon Island (74°43′ N; 91°10′ W), from 24 July to 8 August 1973. A total of 602.7 bear hours of observations was recorded. Two types of hunting were observed, stalking and still-hunting. Of 288 hunts observed, 65 (22.6%) were stalks and 233 (77.4%) were still-hunts. All cubs observed hunted, but they exhibited great variety in patience and apparent skill. Scavenging and intraspecific competition for possession of kills were observed. When threatened, adult females with cubs were not subordinate to tears of any other age or sex classes. A diurnal rhythm was recorded in which bears slept most during the latter third of the 24-h cycle and least in the first third. The average of 17 sleeps longer than 60 min was 465 ± 301.3 min.Basking ringed seals (Phoca hispida) alternated between lying flat and raising their heads to look about for predators. The mean duration of the lying and looking phases was 26.3 and 7.0 s respectively (n = 591 and 580). The variation between individual seals was greater than within individuals. If a group of seals hauled out together, all individuals maintained watchful behavior; no single animal acted as a "sentry" for the others.
Predicting the digestibility of winter deer browse from its proximate composition
Authors: Mautz William W. , Silver Helenette , Hayes Haven H.
Published: August 2008

Digestion data obtained from feeding trials with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were analyzed for their relationship to concentration of protein, crude fiber, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and gross energy. Multiple regression analyses showed a significant relationship between digestible dry matter, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, digestible ether extract, digestible nitrogen-free extract, and different combinations of the above-mentioned proximate components. Predictive equations are presented for each of these variables. The multiple regression of digestible energy had a standard error representing ± 9% of the estimated mean, while this value for metabolizable energy was ± 12%. The between-animal variation determined during actual Feeding trials was about ± 15% for deer consuming the same browse. The equation for predicting metabolizable energy should have practical use in providing an estimate of winter browse nutritional quality.
Cephalic sense organs of the parasitic nematode Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893)
Authors: Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

The kinds and distribution of cephalic sense organs of Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) have been determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A total of 18 sense organs occur. All contain the modified endings of sensory dendrites whose cell bodies occur in the region of the nerve ring, some 48 microns (μ) from the head. After noting the number of dendritic endings, their modifications, and the association they make with the cephalic cuticle, it is possible to distinguish five types of sense organs. All of these have a pore through the cuticle, and hence may function as chemoreceptors. One type includes an expanded dendritic ending that contains much dense material between neurotubules, and lies under an infolded flap of cuticle; this ending is probably mechanoreceptive. Hypodermal cells enclose the sensory endings from their tips to a level below their basal bodies, but posteriorly, the dendrites lie freely in the pseudocoelom and form two subdorsal and two sublateral nerves. Just anterior to the circumesophageal nerve ring, the subdorsal nerves unite. These findings are discussed in terms of previous studies.
The Y organ – molting gland problem in decapod Crustacea: the "organ of Madhyastha" and "organ of Carlisle," two putative Y organs
Authors: Sochasky Jeffrey B. , Aiken D. E.
Published: August 2008

Two new "Y organs" were recently described in the antennary segment of the crab Varuna and the crayfish Orconectes. These structures, for which we propose the terms "organ of Madhyastha" and "organ of Carlisle," respectively, are incompatible with the Y organ descriptions of Gabe and are not homologous to the Y organ of the crab Carcinus. Therefore, they cannot justifiably be called Y organs.
Parasitic development of the mermithid nematode Reesimermis nielseni in the larval mosquito Aedes aegypti
Authors: Gordon Roger , Bailey Charles H. , Barber Janette M.
Published: August 2008

Newly hatched Aedes aegypti larvae were experimentally infected with controlled levels of infection of the mermithid nematode Reesimermis nielseni and the development of the parasite was recorded. The nematode increased in length by 18-fold and in width by 16-fold during a relatively short 6- to 8-day parasitic phase. Most of the nematode's growth was restricted to the latter half (3 days) of the infective period. A cuticularized tube, extending posteriorly from the stoma, was present throughout parasitic development. After 3 days infection, the nematode possessed a membrane-bound stichosome containing 16 stichocytes, and a cellular trophosome with storage nutrient granules beginning to accumulate in the intercellular spaces. Between 3 and 4 days infection, the parasite probably molted as its growth rate suddenly increased, its stylet was lost, and a caudal appendage acquired. The stichosome, trophosome, and genital rudiment continued to develop for the rest of the infective period. A discrete granular body of unknown function and containing a large nucleated cell developed anterior to the stichosome. By the 5th and 6th days of infection, the enlarged trophosome, packed with storage globules, almost completely obscured the stichosome and genital rudiment. The nematode does not possess a stylet to facilitate emergence from its host, nor does it appear to molt immediately before emergence. The possible functions of the stichosome and cuticularized tube are discussed.
The ecology of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, in a coastal coniferous forest. III. Stomach-weight variation
Authors: Harling J. , Sadleir R. M. F. S.
Published: August 2008

The frequency distribution of over 600 stomach weights of deer mice showed considerable variation and was highly skewed. Because of the difficulty of defining a "full" stomach, it was not possible to use the weights of stomachs sampled to estimate consumption rates. There were no significant seasonal changes in mean stomach weights over a 3-year study and no relationship between stomach weights and sexual condition was found.
Behavior of adult Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Vision and olfaction in near-orientation and landing
Authors: Bradbury Wayne C. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

The number of simuliids orienting to a CO2 source decreased with distance downwind from the source. The responses of Simuliidae to attractive and non-attractive silhouettes and to CO2 revealed a marked ability of these insects to discriminate between targets during near-orientation on the basis of color, independent of the amount of CO2, and showed that vision was effective between 0 and 180 cm downwind from the CO2 source. Models of long-range, middle-range, and close-range orientation by blackflies are proposed in terms of the sensory inputs to which the flies respond during orientation to attractive targets.
Canadian species of the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae), their identifying characteristics and descriptions of three new species
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

Descriptions, illustrations, distribution, and host affiliations are presented for 12 species of spiral nematodes that occur in Canada, including 3 new species. The only bisexual species, H. cornurus n. sp., is distinguishable from closely related species with a rounded head and ventral tail projection by the development of the head skeleton, length of the spear, width of the lateral field, spicula dimensions, and annulation of the tail terminus, which typically is indented. A prominent labial disc in H. phalerus n. sp. is one of the more important characters that distinguishes it from closer relatives. H. teleductus n. sp. is unique in the posterior position of the dorsal gland duct terminus (14 to 17 μ from the spear knobs) and of the excretory pore, which is well posterior to the esophagointestinal valve. Ranges in dimensions and form within the remaining Canadian species complement other descriptions and provide new information of diagnostic value. A key is presented to facilitate separation of the Canadian species.
On the ultrastructure of the polycercus larva of Paricterotaenia paradoxa (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Crowe D. G. , Burt M. D. B. , Scott J. S.
Published: August 2008

Mature polycercus larvae of Paricterotaenia paradoxa were examined by light and electron microscopy. Although the larvae are of the cysticercoid type, they showed great similarity to the hydatid larvae of Echinococcus granulosus with respect to asexual multiplication and the presence of a PAS-positive layer of tissue that surrounds the larva. The microtriches were found to be of three different forms depending on their location. Two types of secretory products are described, one apparently associated with hook formation and the other apparently neurosecretory, associated with the extensive musculature. The suckers were found to be discrete organs covered by the scolex tegument and enclosed by a membrane contiguous with the basal lamina. The present findings of this unusual type of cestode larva are compared to the more normal cysticercoid and cysticercus larvae described by other workers.
Settlement patterns, territory size, and breeding density in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
Authors: Knapton Richard W. , Krebs John R.
Published: August 2008

In this study we investigated one possible proximate factor underlying year-to-year changes in mean territory size in song sparrows. We tested the hypothesis that birds defend smaller territories if they settle more or less at the same time, than if they settle on territories asynchronously. This idea is supported by some anecdotal field evidence in birds. To carry out the test, we did two types of removal experiments: (a) removing all the territory holders in an area at the same time and (b) removing territory holders one at a time, with 3- to 4-day intervals between each removal. Both types of removal were done in October 1972, coinciding with the fall peak of territorial activity, and in March 1973, coinciding with the spring peak. All the empty territories were rapidly refilled by juveniles that had previously been non-territorial; thus the breeding density of song sparrows is limited by territorial behavior. The replacement males were bird's that had been dominant in winter flocks of juveniles. For the two simultaneous-removal areas, territory size decreased significantly after resettlement, while for the successive-removal and control areas there was no such change. This shows that settlement patterns can influence mean territory size, and may be a proximate mechanism underlying annual fluctuations in size of territories.
A quantitative comparison of the kidneys of the landlocked sea lamprey of the Great Lakes and the anadromous sea lamprey of the Atlantic, Petromyzon marinus L.
Authors: Youson J. H. , Hansen S. J. , Campbell I. M.
Published: August 2008

The length and cross-sectional area of the kidneys and the elongate renal corpuscles in both marine and freshwater lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., increase proportionately as the animal increases in length. The paired kidneys are seldom identical, with one kidney usually longer and of greater cross-sectional area. Marine males demonstrate a larger cross-sectional area of their kidneys and renal corpuscles compared with marine females of similar size. The cross-sectional areas of the renal corpuscles of freshwater and marine animals are not significantly different and hence the amount of filtration surface is the same in the kidneys of both groups of animals. The evolution of the renal corpuscle and the involvement of this structure in osmoregulation in lampreys is discussed.
An analysis of selection at two loci in fluctuating populations of Microtus
Authors: Birdsall D. Alan
Published: August 2008

Indirect estimates of differential early mortality at the transferrin (Tf) and leucine amino-peptidase (LAP) loci in fluctuating populations of Microtus pennsylvanicus have been obtained. Among individuals first captured during decline phases, there were consistent excesses of males heterozygous at the Tf locus. Among individuals first captured during increase phases, there were consistent excesses of males heterozygous at the LAP locus. It is concluded that these observations are attributable to selection.
Branchial water- and blood-flow patterns and the structure of the gill of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii
Authors: Burggren W. W. , McMahon B. R. , Costerton J. W.
Published: August 2008

Water flow within the branchial chamber, blood flow within the gill filaments, and the fine structure of the gill epithelium have been determined in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The epithelium of the podobranch filaments, which is 3.15–8.70 μ thick, represents the blood-to-water diffusion distance. Blood flow within the filament is arranged in a bidirectional system that is first cocurrent and then countercurrent to the flow of water irrigating the gills. Morphological evidence suggests that gas exchange might occur in both directions. Shunting of blood occurs within the gill filament and its significance in countercurrent blood flow and gas exchange is discussed.
Presettlement overharvest of upper Columbia River beaver populations
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Chance David H.
Published: August 2008

Beaver (Castor canadensis) populations of the Pacific Northwest interior underwent a drastic decline from 1835 to 1850, as evidenced by a steady decrease in harvest. There is little evidence that price changes, company trapping policy, losses to rival traders, or social upheaval had a significant effect on the returns from the upper Columbia River basin. The proportion of juveniles increased in harvests from exploited populations because of (1) changes in age structure, (2) reduced trappability of the older age groups, or (3) both of these factors. Certain populations showed evidence of recovery beginning about 1850.
Nutrition of the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus)
Authors: Holter J. B. , Tyler G. , Walski T.
Published: August 2008

Protein and maintenance energy requirements of the adult snowshoe hare in May and June were examined using complete nitrogen and energy balances (respiration calorimetry) and a digestion trial. Isocaloric diets varying from 10 to 26% crude protein were used. Ad libitum dry matter intake of experimental diets was 6.4% of body weight. Metabolic fecal nitrogen was 0.6 g/100 g diet dry matter. Indirect evidence was found that digestible protein requirement of a 1.5-kg hare is 2.6 g/kg metabolic body weight (W0.75) or less. Daily intakes of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy necessary to maintain body energy equilibrium at 18 to 20C with minimal physical activity were determined to be 122, 116, and 91 kcal/kg W0.75, respectively. These data may serve as a first step in estimating maximum carrying capacity of hare habitat provided quantity and nutritive value of applicable natural foods are known.
Morphological changes in the ovaries and other organs of the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy
Authors: Hasler J. F. , Banks E. M.
Published: August 2008

The histology of the ovary and changes in organ weights were studied during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus). Females paired with vasectomized males mated on the average every 10 days. Corpus luteum diameter reached a maximum on day 8 but decreased greatly by day 10 in pseudopregnant females. Corpus luteum diameter in pregnant females reached a maximum by day 14 and had decreased 2 days post partum. Ovaries, preputials, and adrenals increased in weight during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. Implantation occurred during the 5th day post coitus. Corpora albicantia disappeared within 77 days after parturition but placental scars were visible for at least 172 days after parturition.
The energy cycle and thermal tolerance of the starlings (Aves, Sturnidae) in North America
Authors: Johnson Stephen R. , Cowan Ian McTaggart
Published: August 2008

Gross energy intake, excretory energy, and metabolizable energy of both the common starling and the crested myna were obtained at outdoor temperatures through 12 consecutive months. Basal metabolic rates for the two species were determined to be 12.6 and 9.5 cal/g h for starlings and mynas respectively.The thermal response of both species was determined over a range of controlled temperatures between −20 °C and +30 °C, with birds acclimated to the outdoor ambient temperatures of June and November. No seasonal differences were revealed. Starlings were found to have a higher temperature tolerance (above 40 °C) than the crested myna (mean lethal dose (LD50) = 40 °C). The insulating quality of the plumage of the two species was determined by measurements of rate of cooling. Starlings had a relatively lighter total plumage (7% of body weight) than mynas (9.4% of body weight). Even so, the mean insulating value of myna plumage was found to be only 3.4 ± 0.50 × 10−2 cal/g h °C cm2 compared to 6.2 ± 0.50 × 10−2 cal/g h °C cm2 for starling plumage.Mynas were shown to have less tolerance of cold and of heat than the ubiquitous starling.
Aggressive behavior of honeybee workers towards foreign queens and an inconsistency with the stress-pheromone hypothesis
Authors: Ambrose John T.
Published: August 2008

Data which challenge the validity of the stress-pheromone hypothesis of Yadava and Smith (1971a, 1971b) concerning the aggression of workers (Apis mellifera L.) towards foreign queens are presented. Their model does not satisfactorily explain the results obtained when dead queens are introduced to queenright swarms which are subsequently dequeened, resulting in aggressive behavior towards the dead queens.
Avian Haemoproteidae. 4. Description of Haemoproteus telfordi sp. nov., and a review of the haemoproteids of the families Gruidae and Otidae
Authors: Bennett Gordon F. , Forrester Donald J. , Greiner Ellis C. , Campbell A. G.
Published: August 2008

Haemoproteus telfordi sp. nov. is described from the crane, Lissotis melanogaster (Rüppell), from Katanga Province, Zaire. The haemoproteids of the families Gruidae and Otidae are reviewed and redescribed; Haemoproteus antigonis de Mello, 1935 and Haemoproteus balearicae Peirce, 1973 are compared with H. tendeiroi Travassos Santos Dias, 1953 and H. telfordi sp. nov. The hosts and distribution of the haemoproteids of these families are summarized.
Bionomics of Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae White, 1852 on auks (Alcidae) from Newfoundland
Authors: Eveleigh Eldon S. , Threlfall William
Published: August 2008

Two hundred and fifty auks of five species (Alca torda, Uria aalge, Uria lomvia, Cepphus grylle, Fratercula arctica) were collected in Newfoundland in 1972 and 1973, and examined for Ixodes uriae. Ticks were recovered from all the bird species examined except C. grylle. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the burden on adult auks with regard to sex and weight. The distribution of the tick stages on the hosts is presented: adult females prefer the neck, larvae prefer the body regions. The distribution of nymphs varied with the host species. The population structure of the tick on the hosts is recorded. Immature auks are rarely infested.
Antiestrogenic action of clomiphene citrate in goldfish
Authors: Pandey S. , Stacey N.
Published: August 2008

Hypophysectomized goldfish with regressed ovaries were injected with clomiphene citrate. No vitellogenesis was induced in the regressed ovaries. This indicates that clomiphene may be antiestrogenic in goldfish as far as induction of vitellogenesis is concerned.
Migration, growth, and morphogenesis of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea)
Authors: Crichton Vincent Frederick Joseph , Beverley-Burton Mary
Published: August 2008

Larvae of Dracunculus insignis developed to the infective stage in experimentally infected Cyclops vernalis and C. bicuspidatus thomasi kept at 24 C. The first molt occurred at 8–9 days and the second at 13–16 days. Second- and third-stage larvae are briefly described. Infective larvae were administered to raccoon (Procyon lotor) and mink (Mustela vison) and necropsies were performed at predetermined intervals for the determination of the migratory route. In raccoon, third-stage larvae were recovered from the gut wall and mesentery of the abdominal cavity on the 1st day. Larvae were found in the intercostal muscles by the 5th day and in the subcutaneous tissue of the thorax and abdomen by the 7th day. Development to fourth stage was complete by the 19th day. Sexual differences were apparent by the 34th day and worms were present in subcutaneous tissue of the thorax, abdomen, and inguinal region. Male worms were mature at 60 days and females at 65–70 days. Larvigerous females were found in the extremities as early as 120 days post infection. The prepatent period was 354 (309–410) days. Similar results were obtained from mink. Quantitative data on the distribution of worms in various locations within the final host at different times after infection are included.
Population strategies and random environments
Authors: Barclay Hugh
Published: August 2008

It is shown using several models that r and K selection may result from random environmental variation. Probabilities of extinction are derived for both colonizing and well-established species using stochastic models similar to the logistic model, and it is shown that the probability of extinction of a population can be reduced by increasing the birth rate or the carrying capacity or by decreasing the death rate or the effects of the environmental variation on population growth. It is probable that random environmental variation mainly facilitates r selection.
Hormonal stimulation as an aid to artificial insemination in Ambystoma mexicanum
Authors: Trottier Thomas M. , Armstrong John B.
Published: August 2008

A procedure has been developed for artificial insemination of Ambystoma mexicanum that involved hormonal stimulation of both male and female. Ovulation was induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and usually began 18–24 h after the injection. The male was injected with chorionic gonadotropin at the time the female was given FSH. At the time of ovulation, the male was placed with a "dummy" female and spermatophores were produced 10–20 min later. These spermatophores were collected and placed in amphibian culture medium at 4 °C. Sperm remained motile for up to 8 h. About 50% fertilization was obtained with sperm produced in this manner, compared with about 60% in natural inseminations.
Comparison of regional blood distribution in Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) during torpor (summer), hibernation (winter), and arousal
Authors: Rauch Josefine C. , Beatty David D.
Published: August 2008

Regional distribution of blood was determined using 86Rb in torpid (summer), hibernating (winter), and arousing big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus. Heart rates, estimated from electrocardiograms, served as an index of arousal.Measured differences in circulation include higher fractions of the cardiac output being delivered to the myocardium and kidneys of bats in torpor during the summer as compared with those in hibernation during the winter. This suggests a relatively greater work load of the heart and a higher rate of kidney function in bats at low temperatures in summer.Arousal from hibernation in winter (ambient temperature (Ta) = 5 C) requires less time than does arousal from torpor (Ta = 5 C) in summer. Heart rates increase more rapidly and shifts in regional circulation occur at a faster rate during arousal from hibernation. This is related to seasonal differences in amounts of brown fat, the major source of metabolic heat for initiation of rewarming in these bats.
Underwater hearing sensitivity of two ringed seals (Pusa hispida)
Authors: Terhune J. M. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

Minimum audible field, underwater audiograms from 1 to 90 kHz were obtained for two ringed seals (Pusa hispida). The audiograms exhibited a uniform sensitivity, to within ± 7 dB, in the frequency range 1 to 45 kHz. Above 45 kHz the threshold increased at a rate of 60 dB per octave. The lowest threshold was −32 dB relative to 1 μbar (68 dB re 1 μPa) at 16 kHz. The audiograms were similar to those of other phocid seals so far studied.
Seasonal diets of mooneye, Hiodon tergisus, in the Assiniboine River
Authors: Glenn C. L.
Published: August 2008

Stomach analyses of 665 mooneye (Hiodon tergisus) netted from the Assiniboine River during a 12-month period indicate that mooneye fed mainly on insects. Corixids occurred in about 80% of the stomachs that contained food and formed the bulk of the ingesta. Other insects eaten were coleopterans, ephemeropterans, dipterans, odonatans, plecopterans, and hymenopterans. Amphipods, crayfish, and plant materials were other items taken.Mooneye fed during each month of the year but vernal (April–June) and autumnal (September–November) peaks occurred. There were significant seasonal variations in percentages of stomachs with food and in the mean weight of stomach contents. Monthly mean food weights were significantly greater for adult male mooneye during the autumnal peak.
Long-distance dispersal and feeding strategy of the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in the Interlake of Manitoba
Authors: Gregory Patrick T. , Stewart Kenneth W.
Published: August 2008

Previous ecological studies of Thamnophis sirtalis in the Interlake region of Manitoba have concentrated on the spring and fall phases of the annual cycle. This study is an investigation of two aspects of the summer activity of these populations: summer dispersal and feeding habits. Summer dispersal in these animals is highly directional; snakes move south in spring and return north to their hibernation sites in late summer and fall. Large distances are also involved; movements of as much as 17.7 km have been recorded. No explanation of this pattern of dispersal is apparent. Feeding takes place in the summer range only, during June, July, and August. The wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is the most frequently eaten prey species. It is suggested that the short feeding period is the result of a life history strategy which maximizes the efficiency of reproductive activities at the expense of non-reproductive activities.
An immunological study of the embryonic stages of the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio. II. Hatching-stage antigenic patterns
Authors: Law Peter Yin-Hong , Laale Hans
Published: August 2008

Immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion analyses were performed on the supernates of seven developmental stages of the zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio. The analytical agents were unabsorbed rabbit antiserum against hatching-stage extract, rabbit antisera against all stages (except ovary) absorbed with hatching-stage extract, and rabbit antiserum against hatching-stage extract absorbed respectively with extracts from each developmental stage (except ovary).The results are discussed and compared to the prehatching antigenic patterns reported for Brachydanio rerio.
Total glycogen during development of Kerria lacca (Kerr.) (Homoptera: Coccoidea)
Authors: Haque M. S.
Published: August 2008

Glycogen is present in the newly emerged larva of Kerria lacca (Kerr.). In the male lac insect the quantity of glycogen reaches a maximum in the early pupal stage and then declines sharply to a low level in the adult. In the female lac insect the total glycogen content increases regularly up to the adult stage.
Correlations between the amino acid pools of Hymenolepis diminuta and the rat intestine
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: August 2008

The composition of the free and protein amino acid pools of the rat intestine and of 16-day-old Hymenolepis diminuta have been determined at 1000 and 1600 h under ad libitum feeding conditions. The molar concentration (μmol/g dry-wt.) of the total intestinal and worm amino acid pools remained constant through time, although quantitatively individual amino acids differed significantly. All of 16 amino acids determined differed significantly in the comparisons between the intestinal and worm amino acid pools and between the time intervals. There was a high degree of correlation between the time intervals. There was also a high degree of correlation between the intestinal and worm pools based on their quantitative ranking, supporting the conclusion that there is little selective capacity involved in amino acid uptake by H. diminuta.Between 1000 and 1600 h the total worm amino acid pool increased by 73 μmol, mainly as a result of an increase in protein amino acids, indicating that worm protein biosynthesis was not inhibited by the changes in the intestinal pools. As the luminal free amino acid pool averaged only 20 μmol over this period, uptake by the worms would be equivalent to 60% of the luminal pool per hour.This high level of nutritional predation by the worms may be tolerated by the host because of extensive mucosal peptide absorption. A similar ability by the worms may explain why they can also tolerate the extensive amino acid fluctuations and fluxes that have been demonstrated between helminth and lumen.
Breathing movements in the frog Rana pipiens. I. The mechanical events associated with lung and buccal ventilation
Authors: West N. H. , Jones D. R.
Published: August 2008

The normal pattern of breathing movements in Rana pipiens has been studied by recording pressure and volume changes in the buccal cavity and lungs, and electromyograms from the muscles involved in this activity. Two types of breathing movement were obtained, one concerned with ventilation of the buccal cavity (buccal cycles) and the other with lung ventilation (lung cycles). Only in the latter type of movement were the nares and glottis actively involved. During buccal cycles the nares remained open and the glottis closed, so although excursions of the buccal floor were some two-thirds of the magnitude of those occurring during lung cycles, only low pressures were generated. The onset of a lung cycle was signalled by activity in the laryngeal dilator muscle. When the glottis opened, lung pressure and volume decreased, and buccal cavity pressure and volume increased. After closure of the nares, the buccal floor was rapidly elevated by the activity of the breathing muscles and air was forced into the lungs from the buccal cavity. At peak pressure in the lungs and buccal cavity the glottis closed and nares opened. The recovery stroke of the buccal pump was passive. No evidence was found for large pressure differentials between the buccal cavity and lungs when the glottis was open, and air-flow recordings at the external nares showed two phases of flow during each buccal cycle and four phases with each lung ventilation cycle.
Comparison of age composition, growth, and fecundity between two populations each of Fundulus heteroclitus and F. diaphanus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae)
Authors: Fritz E. S. , Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

Age composition, growth rate, length–weight relationship, and fecundity comparisons were made among samples of two cyprinodontid fishes, the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and the banded killifish (F. diaphanus). from brackish water and freshwater sympatric and allopalric populations. Comparisons indicate that growth, both length and weight, of mummichog was not affected by habitation in weakly brackish water, but fecundity was reduced. However, both growth and fecundity of banded killifish were greater in brackish water than in a typical freshwater environment.
Comparative study of ultrastructural morphology of some mouthparts of four haustoriid amphipods
Authors: Ivester M. Susan , Coull Bruce C.
Published: August 2008

Mouthparts of four cooccurring haustoriid amphipods (Neohaustorius schmitzi, Protohaustorius aff. deichmannae, Acanthohaustorius millsi, and Pseudohaustorius caroliniensis) were examined with the scanning electron microscope to determine if structural differences exist between the species. Mandibular palp setation differs in arrangement, size, number, and shape of cup-like comb setae on segment 3. The plates of the maxilliped also differ in the four species. These morphological differences could be an important isolating factor enabling the species to fractionate the food resources within a restricted area.
Sexual differences in the growth of Pteronarcys californica Newport and Pteronarcella badia (Hagen) (Plecoptera)
Authors: Branham J. M. , Hathaway R. R.
Published: August 2008

Two species of Plecoptera, Pteronarcys californica Newport and Pteronarcella badia (Hagen), were collected seasonally from a single site in the Provo River, Utah. Body weights of the living animals were used to distinguish four size classes in each sex of Pteronarcys californica, and one size class for each sex of Pteronarcella badia. Ovaries, fat bodies, and guts were dissected from Pteronarcys californica. Growth of whole animals and of the organs are discussed with regard to life cycle, sexual development, and age. The importance of weight measurements on insects to be used for physiological studies is discussed.
The integumentary melanophore patterns of two teleost species Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Authors: Burton Derek
Published: August 2008

Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pseudopleuronectes americanus possess distinctive melanophore-based patterns associated with marked differences in body form and their respective pelagic and benthic habitats. Both patterns are due, in part, to a combination of two morphologically distinct types of melanophores, and local variations in melanophore size and density and number of melanophore layers. On black-to-white background transfer both patterns have slow and rapid-paling components associated respectively with large and small melanophores of different densities.
Absorption and transport of ferritin and exogenous horseradish peroxidase in the opisthonephric kidney of the sea lamprey. I. The renal corpuscle
Authors: Youson John H.
Published: August 2008

The single, elongate renal corpuscle in the opisthonephros of the sea lamprey deals with exogenous protein tracers in much the same manner as the renal corpuscles in the kidneys of higher vertebrates. Horseradish peroxidase readily diffuses from the capillaries through the mesangium, basement membrane, and slit diaphragms of the visceral epithelium into the urinary space, where it is transported to the tubule. Ferritin diffuses more slowly but follows a similar pathway. Protein tracers which come in contact with the visceral and parietal epithelium, either through diffusion from the circulation or after direct introduction of these substances into the urinary space, are readily absorbed by both types of epithelium. Permeability of the parietal epithelium is suggested by the presence of the tracers in intercellular spaces. The localization of these tracers in the urinary space and epithelial cells both anterior and posterior to the site of their introduction suggests that the elongate glomus is surrounded by a single tortuous urinary space resulting from the continuity of the capsules.
Comparaison de quatre méthodes statistiques pour estimer les niveaux de population du lièvre d'Amérique, Lepus americanus
Authors: Gendron Jean-Clet , Bergeron Jean-Marie
Published: August 2008

Our FORTRAN IV program allowed us to estimate (P > 99%) the population density of the snowshoe hare following the method of linear regression and those of Schnabel and Hayne. This latter method represents the first attempt to estimate the population levels of this rodent. The Lincoln index is the least reliable of the four tests.
Revision of the genus Haplonema Ward and Magath, 1917 (Nematoda: Seuratoidea)
Authors: Arthur J. R. , Margolis L.
Published: August 2008

The systematics and validity of species assigned to the genera Haplonema Ward and Magath, 1917, Cottocomephoronema Layman, 1933, and Ichtyobronema Gnedina and Savina, 1930 are examined. Cottocomephoronema and Ichtyobronema are considered to be synonyms of Haplonema and a diagnosis of this genus is provided. Haplonema immutatum Ward and Magath, 1917 and H. hamulatum Moulton, 1931 are redescribed from type specimens and supplementary material, and their host and geographical distributions are reviewed. Ichtyobronema conoura (von Linstow, 1885) sensu Gnedina and Savina, 1930 (nec Filaria conoura von Linstow, 1885), I. gnedini Sudarikov and Ryzhikov, 1952, and Cottocomephoronema problematica Layman, 1933 are relegated to the synonymy of H. hamulatum Moulton, 1931. Haplonema orthocephalum Dogiel and Akhmerov, 1959 is regarded as a species inquirenda. The present status of other species assigned at various times to Haplonema is summarized.
Avian Leucocytozoidae. I. Morphometric variation in three species of Leucocytozoon and some taxonomic implications
Authors: Bennett Gordon F. , Campbell A. Gillian
Published: August 2008

The variability of nine morphometric parameters of Leucocytozoon simondi, L. dubreuili, and L. fringillinarum was studied with respect to variability (a) within a single bird; (b) within a single bird at different times; (c) between different birds of the same species: (d) between the same species of birds of different populations; and (e) between different species of birds. The results indicated that the variability of the parasites was of the same order of magnitude for all situations studied. Leucocytozoon dubreuili, L. fringillinarum, and the round phase of L. simondi could not be separated on the basis of measurements alone. It was concluded that the morphometric characteristics were not valid criteria for species differentiation. These studies result in the proposed synonymy of Leucocytozoon anseris with L. simondi, and of L. anellobiae, L. bouffardi, L. cambournaci, L. gentili, L. monardi, L. roubaudi, and L. seabrae with L. fringillinarum.
Individual recognition by song in white-throated sparrows. I. Discrimination of songs of neighbors and strangers
Authors: Brooks Ronald J. , Falls J. Bruce
Published: August 2008

Playback of recorded songs of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) to territorial males elicited a stronger response to songs of strangers than to songs of territorial neighbors. Responses to a bird's own song were intermediate. All test songs were played on the territorial boundary adjacent to the neighbor used in the experiment. Peak of response by song occurred in the 1st min after cessation of playback.Two sets of experiments, 3 weeks apart, showed waning of response to neighbors' songs, but no change in response to strangers' songs. This waning progressed steadily over a 6-week period. No decrement was observed when four periods of playback of a neighbor's song were presented within 1 h. Response to a neighbor's song within a 1-h sequence was independent of whether the preceding playback was of a stranger or neighbor. This indicated that discrimination occurred after only one or two renditions of a song.The mechanism of differential response is interpreted as habituation to neighbors' songs. Adaptiveness of this behavior is discussed.
Responsiveness to adult mew calls in young ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis): effects of exposure to calls alone and in the presence of visual imprinting stimuli
Authors: Evans Roger M.
Published: August 2008

Young gulls exposed to a moving silent pendulum subsequently selected the familiar stimulus in a choice test, indicating the suitability of pendulums as visual imprinting stimuli for this species.On their 3rd and 4th days post hatch, imprinted gulls were given 2 h of training exposure to either the visual imprinting stimulus (control), an adult "mew" call, or a combination of the two. Some were trained with the call of another species, Larus bulleri. All birds were tested to determine the effects of training on responsiveness to the mew calls when these were presented alone.During testing, the birds that had received training exposure to the visual stimuli or to both the auditory and visual stimuli responded at relatively high levels to the test calls. Birds that were trained with the auditory stimuli alone responded significantly less to the test calls. These results suggest that responsiveness to parental calls declines upon repeated post-hatch exposure to them, but this decline is ameliorated if the birds are exposed to calls in the presence of visual imprinting stimuli. Further analyses of the data revealed that responsiveness during training tended to be maintained at the highest levels when the conspecific call was presented.
Peripheral neurosecretory cells in some Lepidoptera
Authors: Hinks C. F.
Published: August 2008

A segmental series of peripheral neurosecretory cells was found in larvae of some Lepidoptera. They occur in the thoracic segments and in the first eight abdominal segments, towards the distal end of the transverse nerves. In the thorax, and in abdominal segments 1, 2, and 8 there is usually a single cell, but in abdominal segments 3–7 there are 2–14 cells. The latter have the appearance of small ganglia and lie on the aliform muscles where the transverse nerve divides to innervate the individual muscle fibres. All of the peripheral neurosecretory cells appear to produce the same secretion, some of which is discharged through the transverse nerves and released at the proximal neurohaemal dilations. Other fibers extend distad from the cell bodies and may supply the aliform muscles.
Hypoglycemia in Malathion-treated chick embryos
Authors: Arsenault A. L. , Gibson M. A. , Mader M. E.
Published: August 2008

Chick embryos were exposed to a teratogenic dose of Malathion at the 5-day incubation stage, and the effect of this treatment on blood sugar levels was studied from the 9th day of incubation to hatching. The Malathion caused a decrease in blood sugars and this hypoglycemia persisted throughout the incubation period until day 19.
Nouvelles mentions de trichoptères du Québec et description de Limnephilus nimmoi sp. nov. (Limnephilidae)
Authors: Roy D. , Harper P. P.
Published: August 2008

Examination of 6354 adult Trichoptera in the entomological collection of the Département des Sciences biologiques de l'Université de Montréal revealed 191 species, of which 46 are reported for the first time from Quebec; the geographical distribution of these species is indicated. The description of a new species, Limnephilus nimmoi sp. nov. of the subcentralis group, is also given.
Oxygen consumption of nymphs of Phasganophora capitata (Pictet) (Plecoptera) with respect to body weight and oxygen concentrations
Authors: Kapoor N. N. , Griffiths W.
Published: August 2008

A closed respirometer was used for the measurement of respiratory rates [Formula: see text] of nymphs of Phasganophora capitata (Pictet). Nymphs were found to be conformers since they reduced their oxygen consumption rate when the level of dissolved oxygen in the water was reduced.No significant correlation (P > 0.05) was observed between oxygen consumption and body weight. The metabolic rate [Formula: see text] of nymphs increased less than the body weight or mass.
Insect frontal ganglion: fine structure of its neurosecretory cells in diapause and non-diapause larvae of Diatraea grandiosella
Authors: Yin C.-M. , Chippendale G. M.
Published: August 2008

The fine structure of the neurosecretory (NS) cells of the frontal ganglion (FG) of diapause and non-diapause mature larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, was compared. Two large (15- to 20-μm diam) NS cells are typically found in each FG. Their cytoplasm stained deeply purple with paraldehyde fuchsin and contained granules 1500–2500 Å in diameter. The granules in the NS cells of non-diapause larvae were often associated with Golgi bodies whereas those of the diapause larvae were associated with dilated cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Fewer Golgi bodies were observed in sections of NS cells of the FG of diapause larvae than in those of non-diapause larvae. Sections prepared from diapause larvae obtained conventionally by exposure to low temperatures, and experimentally by treatment with a juvenile hormone mimic, gave similar results.Our findings show that granules accumulate in the perikaryon of the NS cells of the FG of diapause larvae and suggest that the granular endoplasmic reticulum is involved in their formation. The shutdown of the transport of these NS granules from the FG appears to be a factor in some yet to be determined phase of the neuroendocrine regulation of diapause.
The biology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the northwestern Atlantic. IX. Gammarus wilkitzkii Birula, Gammarus stoerensis Reid, and Gammarus mucronatus Say
Authors: Steele D. H. , Steele V. J.
Published: August 2008

Gammarus wilkitzkii is a circumpolar, arctic species found from the Arctic Ocean south to Newfoundland. Females produce a single large brood of large eggs in the autumn or early winter which hatches and is released from April to July. The species matures at a relatively large size.Gammarus stoerensis is an Atlantic amphiboreal species found from eastern Nova Scotia south to Rhode Island. It is a small species and females produce a series of small broods of small eggs between the spring and autumn, but are in the resting stage between then and late winter.Gammarus mucronatus is found from southwestern Newfoundland south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is a small species and produces a low number of small eggs in each of several summer broods.