bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural drivers and social protection: mechanisms of HIV risk and HIV prevention for South African adolescents
Authors: Cluver Lucie Dale , Orkin Frederick Mark , Meinck Franziska , Boyes Mark Edward , Sherr Lorraine
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Social protection is high on the HIV‐prevention agenda for youth in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, questions remain: How do unconditional cash transfers work? What is the effect of augmenting cash provision with social care? And can “cash plus care” social protection reduce risks for adolescents most vulnerable to infection? This study tackles these questions by first identifying mediated pathways to adolescent HIV risks and then examining potential main and moderating effects of social protection in South Africa.

Methods

This study was a prospective observational study of 3515 10‐to‐17‐year‐olds (56.7% female; 96.8% one‐year retention). Within randomly selected census areas in four rural and urban districts in two South African provinces, all homes with a resident adolescent were sampled between 2009/2010 and 2011/2012. Measures included 1) potential structural drivers of HIV infection such as poverty and community violence; 2) HIV risk behaviours; 3) hypothesized psychosocial mediating factors; and 4) types of social protection involving cash and care. Using gender‐disaggregated analyses, longitudinal mediation models were tested for potential main and moderating effects of social protection.

Results

Structural drivers were associated with increased onset of adolescent HIV risk behaviour (p<0.001, B=0.06, SE=0.01), fully mediated by increased psychosocial problems. Both cash and care aspects of social protection were associated with reductions in HIV risk behaviour and psychosocial deprivations. In addition, cash social protection moderated risk pathways: for adolescent girls and boys experiencing more acute structural deprivation, social protection had the greatest associations with HIV risk prevention (e.g. moderation effects for girls: B=−0.08, p<0.002 between structural deprivation and psychosocial problems, and B=−0.07, p<0.001 between psychosocial problems and HIV risk behaviour).

Conclusions

Adolescents with the greatest structural deprivation are at higher risk of HIV, but social protection has the greatest prevention effects for the most vulnerable. Social protection comprising unconditional cash plus care was associated with reduced risk pathways through moderation and main effects, respectively. Our findings suggest the importance of social protection within a combination package of HIV‐prevention approaches.
Evolutionary diversification of the trypanosome haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor from an ancestral haemoglobin receptor
Authors: Lane-Serff Harriet , MacGregor Paula , Peacock Lori , Macleod Olivia JS , Kay Christopher , Gibson Wendy , Higgins Matthew K , Carrington Mark
Published: April 2016

The haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor of the African trypanosome species, Trypanosoma brucei, is expressed when the parasite is in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, allowing it to acquire haem through the uptake of haptoglobin-haemoglobin complexes. Here we show that in Trypanosoma congolense this receptor is instead expressed in the epimastigote developmental stage that occurs in the tsetse fly, where it acts as a haemoglobin receptor. We also present the structure of the T. congolense receptor in complex with haemoglobin. This allows us to propose an evolutionary history for this receptor, charting the structural and cellular changes that took place as it adapted from a role in the insect to a new role in the mammalian host.
GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers with periodic gain structures
Authors: Matsui Kenjo , Kozuka Yugo , Ikeyama Kazuki , Horikawa Kosuke , Furuta Takashi , Akagi Takanobu , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Iwaya Motoaki , Akasaki Isamu
Published: April 2016

We have achieved room-temperature CW operations of GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with periodic gain structures (PGSs). The PGS-VCSEL consisted of 4.5λ-thick optical cavity length and two GaInN 5-quantum-well (QW) active regions separated with a Mg-doped GaN intermediate layer. The uniform carrier injection into the two active regions was also investigated using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It is found that the use of an optimum Mg concentration in the intermediate layers improves the uniform carrier injection in the two active regions. From these results, we realized the CW operation of VCSELs with PGSs grown on AlInN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The VCSEL under CW operation showed a threshold current density of 16.5 kA/cm2 and its operation wavelength was 409.9 nm.
A produção de software por enfermeiros para utilização na assistência ao paciente Software production by nurses for use in patient care
Authors: Di Carlantonio Lucilia Feliciano Marques , Freitas Luiz Célio Martins , Fontes Débora Matos de Azevedo , Silva Cristiana Fialho Braz da , Santiago Luiz Carlos
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica referente às estratégias utilizadas para produção de software por enfermeiros para a aplicação na assistência ao paciente, através de uma revisão da literatura publicada entre 1985 e 2013 e sintetizar os achados. Método: Revisão integrativa, busca de artigos ocorreu de forma online, em língua inglesa, portuguesa e espanhola.  Nas bases de dados, LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE, IBECS, WEB OF SCIENCE e SCOPUS, onde os descritores foram aplicados individualmente e posteriormente cruzados, por fim aplicados os filtros de idioma e período, delimitando a busca.  Resultados: Constatou-se que a maioria dos softwares produzidos por enfermeiros foi direcionada à área educacional. Foram encontrados apenas dezessete estudos sobre o tema em questão, dos quais 52% apresentaram força de impacto elevada. Conclusão: Nesta era de tecnologia, esta produção ainda pode ser considerada muito pequena. Descritores: Software, Informática em Enfermagem, Informática em Saúde, Tecnologia.
Humanização do cuidado nas unidades de terapia intensiva: revisão integrativa Humanization care in intensive care units: integrative review
Authors: Reis Camila Calhau Andrade , Sena Edite Lago da Silva , Fernandes Marcos Henrique
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: Identificar o que a literatura científica nacional tem abordado acerca da humanização do cuidado nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva em bases de dados online no período de 2009 a 2013. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada através do acesso às bases: LILACS e BDENF, utilizando os descritores “humanização da assistência” e “Unidades de Terapia Intensiva”. Resultados: Seis estudos foram selecionados. Os resultados evidenciaram que a humanização no cuidado contribui de maneira significativa na recuperação do paciente em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Entretanto, há dificuldades de efetivação a serem superadas, sobretudo, relacionadas a questões do paciente e seus familiares, da equipe de enfermagem e das instituições de saúde. Conclusão: Há necessidade de capacitação e sensibilização dos profissionais, incremento de investimentos na formação, gestão institucional e do cuidado para melhorias na assistência ao paciente crítico.  Descritores: Humanização da assistência; unidades de terapia intensiva; assistência à saúde.
Atendimento pré - hospitalar móvel: identificando agravos à saúde da pessoa idosa Mobile pre hospital attendance: identification aggravations for the elderly person
Authors: Patrício Anna Cláudia Freire de Araújo , Santos Jiovana de Souza , De Albuquerque Karla Fernandes , Alves Karoline de Lima , Duarte Marcella Costa Souto , Pérez Vera Lúcia de Almeida Becerra
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: investigar agravos à saúde que acometem idosos, envolvendo a prestação de socorro pelo atendimento pré hospitalar móvel na cidade de João Pessoa-PB. Método: pesquisa documental, quantitativa com 240 prontuários de idosos com 75,5±9,5 anos, sendo 54,6% (131) mulheres, atendidos pelo respectivo serviço. Dados coletados mediante questionário semi estruturado, em setembro de 2012. Resultados: constatou-se que 69,2% (166) das ocorrências são clínicas; 18,8% (45) ocorrências de quedas no mesmo nível; 9,6% (23) hipertensão essencial. Conclusão: espera-se que o estudo possa consubstanciar medidas de intervenções específicas direcionadas a assistência prestada ao idoso, um caminho para promoção da saúde, implementação de ações preventivas destas ocorrências, visto que grande parte delas são passíveis de prevenção. Descritores: Serviços de atendimento, Urgência, Idoso, Doença.
Cateter central de inserção periférica: utilização no vale do paraíba paulista Peripherally inserted central catheter: the use in vale do paraíba paulista
Authors: Von Jakitsch Camila Bomfim , Carvalho Denise Pereira de Lima , Posso Maria Belém Salazar , Machado Regimar Carla , Giaretta Vânia Maria Araújo
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: Verificar juntamente aos Estabelecimentos Assistenciais de Saúde do Vale do Paraíba Paulista a utilização do cateter PICC, de que forma, desde quando o fazem e os profissionais envolvidos no processo. Métodos: Observacional, descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Elaborou-se um questionário para coleta de dados e realizou-se pré-teste com três voluntários. A amostra constituiu-se de 10 instituições de saúde. Resultados: O Cateter PICC é utilizado por 70% da amostra que apresentou: uso de protocolos para todo o processo, investimento em treinamento para a equipe, controle de complicações, utilização do profissional enfermeiro para a inserção e remoção do dispositivo e ampla utilização em suas UTIs. A minoria utiliza a punção guiada por imagem para inserção do dispositivo. Conclusão: O PICC é amplamente utilizado desde o ano de 2005. A competência do enfermeiro habilitado é reconhecida, sendo este profissional o responsável pela atuação frente a este dispositivo. Descritores: Cateteres de Demora, Cateterismo Periférico, Enfermagem.
Ocorrência de quedas entre idosos institucionalizados: prevalência, causas e consequências Occurrence of falls among elderly institutionalized: prevalence, causes and consequences
Authors: Alves Ana Honorato Cantalice , De Araújo Patrício Anna Cláudia Freire , Fernandes Karla de Albuquerque , Duarte Marcella Costa Souto , Santos Jiovana de Souza , De Oliveira Michelle Salles
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência, causas e consequências relacionadas à ocorrência de quedas entre idosos institucionalizados. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 15 idosos que residem e foram vítimas de quedas em uma instituição de longa permanência no municipio de João Pessoa-PB. Utilizado um instrumento com indagações sociodemográficas e perguntas referentes a quedas. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, CAAE34521414200005176. Resultados: Dos idosos 80%(12) tinham sofrido três ou mais quedas, a principal causa de queda (46,7%) fraqueza/distúrbios de equilíbrio e marcha; 60% apresentaram ferimentos graves, 40% fraturas e 93,3% estavam sozinhos no momento da queda. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos corroboram para o desenvolvimento de ações educativas quanto aos riscos de quedas no intuito de sanar os fatores existentes. Descritores: Envelhecimento; Idoso; Acidentes por quedas; Prevenção de acidentes.
Fatores de risco para lesão de córnea em pacientes criticos na terapia intensiva: uma revisão integrativa Risk factors for injury in the cornea in critical patients in intensive care: an integrative review
Authors: Oliveira Rafaela Silva , Fernandes Ana Paula Nunes de Lima , Botarelli Fabiane Rocha , Araújo Jéssica Naiara de Medeiros , Barreto Vanessa Pinheiro , Vitor Allyne Fortes
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: Sumarizar o conteúdo científico produzido sobre os fatores de risco para lesão na córnea em pacientes críticos na terapia intensiva. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada através do questionamento: quais fatores de risco estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento da lesão na córnea em pacientes críticos na terapia intensiva? Pesquisou-se nas bases de dados BDENF, LILACS, SciELO e MEDLINE. A coleta foi realizada segundo protocolo de pesquisa, de janeiro a abril de 2014. Resultados: Os fatores de risco encontrados relacionam-se ao comprometimento dos mecanismos de defesa, assistência ventilatória, nível de consciência, gravidade e instabilidade hemodinâmica e uso de medicações específicas. Conclusão: Constatou-se a escassez de produções científicas sobre a temática em nosso país, o que torna imperativo a urgente investigação em nossa realidade para demonstrar a problemática deste agravo.
Evidências para o cuidado de Enfermagem na avaliação do Risco Coronariano em Pacientes Hospitalizados Evidence for nursing care in the evaluation of coronary risk in hospitalized patients
Authors: Rosa Randson Souza , Macedo Darlyane Antunes , De Oliveira Bruno Gonçalves , Bomfim Eliane dos Santos , Casotti Cezar Augusto , Prado Ivanete Fernandes do
Published: April 2016

Objetivo: discutir as evidências científicas sobre risco coronariano em pacientes hospitalizados de desenvolver um infarto agudo do miocardio nos próximos dez anos. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo de corte transversal. A amostra foi constituída por 42 pacientes hospitalizados. Os dados foram coletados no período de maio a junho de 2013. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado da Bahia (protocolo 266.907). Resultados: foi verificado que 42,5% dos hospitalizados apresentam um alto risco para desenvolver infarto agudo do miocárdio nos próximos 10 anos. Conclusão: observou-se que existem pacientes hospitalizados com idade avançada que apresentam risco coronariano. Assim, sugere-se que a equipe de enfermagem promova a implantação de cuidados direcionados aos pacientes crônicos potencialmente vulneráveis ao infarto agudo do miocárdio. Descritores: Risco Coronariano. Fatores de Risco. Cuidados de Enfermagem.
Wind‐induced variability of estuarine circulation in a tidally energetic inlet with curvature
Authors: Purkiani Kaveh , Becherer Johannes , Klingbeil Knut , Burchard Hans
Published: April 2016

In numerous studies, the functioning of estuarine circulation has been investigated, under idealized conditions, by means of numerical models. This has led to a deep understanding of the theory of estuarine residual flows. However, the question as to how estuarine circulation is established in real estuaries, in response to their topographical and forcing characteristics, remains. The present study uses a highly accurate three‐dimensional numerical model simulation to calculate estuarine circulation in a curved, tidally energetic channel of the Wadden Sea in the southeastern North Sea. The specific momentum balance of this curved inlet shows an approximate pressure‐gradient—frictional balance in the longitudinal direction and a pressure gradient—centrifugal balance in the lateral direction. A local Wedderburn number is introduced to quantify the varying contributions of wind stress and gravitational forcing on estuarine circulation. A total exchange flow (TEF) analysis is combined with an analysis of the intensity of the vertical overturning circulation to understand the dynamics of estuarine exchange in this inlet. The results show how established forcing mechanisms of residual circulation, such as horizontal buoyancy gradients and wind stress, act in a combined way. In general, the strength of estuarine circulation is always positively correlated with wind stress, with frequent reversals of residual flow for wind stress directed toward higher buoyancy. Only during calm weather conditions are longitudinal and lateral estuarine circulation highly correlated with the respective buoyancy gradients.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Authors: Sojka Dorothy K , Piersma Sytse J , Yokoyama Wayne M
Published: April 2016

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system. They are a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes found in the spleen and circulating in the blood, but there are also noncirculating tissue‐resident NK cells in certain organs. NK cells were first discovered because they can kill tumour cells. However, it is less well appreciated that they are also critical in the host defence against infections, particularly against viruses, and help orchestrate a productive immune response involving not only innate immunity but also adaptive immunity. To perform these functions, they express (1) a variety of cell surface receptors to recognise their cellular targets and activate (or not) target killing and cytokine production and (2) cytokine receptors that also stimulate secretion of other cytokines.

Key Concepts

NK cells are innate lymphocytes that can kill tumour and infected cells and produce cytokines.

NK‐cell killing is guided by the ‘missing‐self’ hypothesis whereby target cells expressing normal surface levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are spared, whereas target cells with decreased levels of MHC class I (missing‐self) are killed.

NK‐cell killing is due to the balance and integration of signals from NK‐cell inhibitory receptors for target cell MHC class I molecules and activation receptors that recognise ligands expressed on target cells.

Mouse and human NK‐cell receptors for MHC class I molecules belong to two different structural types, as an outstanding example of convergent evolution.

NK cells are related to innate lymphoid cells (ILCs).

Several organs contain noncirculating tissue‐resident NK cells and conventional NK cells that represent circulating NK cells found in blood and spleen.
Ecology of Mutualisms
Authors: Guimarães Paulo R , Pires Mathias M , Marquitti Flavia MD , Raimundo Rafael LG
Published: April 2016

Mutualisms are interactions among individuals of different species that benefit both sides and encompass a wide diversity of interspecific exchanges of resources or services. The effects of mutualisms pervade multiple levels of biological organisation. At the individual level, mutualisms provide fitness benefits for interacting partners, creating novel metabolic pathways and providing dispersal services, trophic rewards or defence against natural enemies. At the population level, the positive effects of mutualisms have the potential to increase population densities above the limits imposed by resource availability. At the community level, mutualisms form networks of interacting species that impact the persistence of local populations as well as their evolutionary and ecological dynamics. The broader implications of mutualisms to biodiversity are illustrated by the fact that mutualistic interactions are the backbone of species‐rich ecological communities, such as tropical rainforests and coral reefs, and by how mutualisms fueled the spreading of humankind around the world.

Key Concepts

Mutualisms are ecological interactions among individuals of different species that result in positive net benefits for both sides.

Individuals of most species are involved in mutualistic interactions.

The natural history of mutualisms is highly diverse, ranging from short‐term associations among partners to interactions in which individuals are biologically attached for most of their lives.

Some mutualisms are symbiotic, that is, individuals show tight biological integration, but symbiosis and mutualisms are not synonyms.

All animals, plants and fungi are built on mutualisms between eukaryote cells and intracellular symbionts that have became organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Mutualisms have the potential to create positive feedbacks leading to large population densities, but these effects are offset by other ecological interactions, such as competition and predation, and also by the costs of mutualisms.

Reciprocal specialisation is rare in species‐rich mutualisms.

At the community level, mutualisms form multispecies ecological networks that show recurrent structural patterns.

A variety of structural patterns observed in mutualistic networks have disparate effects on system dynamics, which can affect the long‐term persistence of species and communities.

The most diverse ecosystems on Earth are shaped by mutualistic interactions.
Prefoldins
Authors: Chávez Sebastián , Puerto‐Camacho Pilar
Published: April 2016

Accurate folding is essential for the proper function of proteins. Prefoldin is one of the chaperoning factors that contribute to protein folding in archaea and eukaryotes. Although it still has maintained its heterohexameric jellyfish‐like structure, it has undergone a progressive diversification throughout evolution, which has ended up with the appearance of the prefoldin‐like complex. This evolutionary change parallels an increasing specificity for substrate recognition, from general binding to unfolded polypeptides in archaea to the highly specific recognition of certain substrates in eukaryotes. Prefoldin action on unfolded polypeptides contributes to its solubilisation
in vitro
, but acts mainly
in vivo
as a cochaperone, by transferring nascent polypeptides to class‐II chaperonins. This role of prefoldin is particularly relevant in the assembly of actin filaments and microtubules. In addition to this function, prefoldins also play important roles in the assembly of other multimeric complexes, protein quality control, transcription factors regulation and chromatin dynamics.

Key Concepts

Prefoldins are heterohexameric jellyfish‐like complexes present in archaea and eukaryotes.

Prefoldin acts as a cochaperone and facilitates the supply of unfolded or partially folded substrates to class II chaperonins.

Archaeal prefoldin recognises a wide range of unfolded substrates, whereas eukaryotic prefoldin is highly specific.

The best‐known role of eukaryotic prefoldin is the cotranslational transfer of nascent actin and tubulin monomers to cytoplasmic class‐II chaperonins for proper folding.

Canonical prefoldin also plays functional roles related to gene expression and chromatin dynamics in the nucleus.

The prefoldin‐like complex exists only in eukaryotes and is involved in the assembly of multimeric protein complexes, such as nuclear RNA polymerases and phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase‐related protein kinases like mTOR.
Genetics of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Guillén‐Guío Beatriz , Acosta‐Herrera Marialbert , Villar Jesús , Flores Carlos
Published: April 2016

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a diffuse lung inflammation leading to an acute hypoxemia, is a complex syndrome induced by a systemic inflammatory response commonly caused by severe infections or trauma. Despite the heterogeneous mechanisms underlying disease causality, genetic risk factors involved in ARDS susceptibility and outcomes are being identified. However, a full characterisation of the genetic architecture of this syndrome remains to be completed. Novel ‘omics’ tools have the promise for recognising ARDS subtypes, which will allow the identification of novel risk factors that will translate into individualised patient management and treatments, potentially leading to better individual prognosis. An important direction for future research is to encourage the use of large and well‐characterised samples, ensure that patients of diverse ancestry are included in genetic studies and establish the clinical utility of risk variants identified for prevention, therapy or risk stratification.

Key Concepts

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a major cause of death in adult intensive care units, with an overall hospital mortality of about 40%.

Clinical trials and animal models indicate that mechanical ventilation using low tidal volumes remains one of the few proven interventions to reduce ARDS mortality.

ARDS is a complex syndrome with a large phenotypic variation.

Association studies have been widely used to find genetic variants involved in ARDS susceptibility and outcome, and several genes have been associated with ARDS, including
IL6
,
IL10
,
VEGFA
,
ACE
,
MBL2
,
IL1RN
and
NAMPT
.
Professional Experience and Referencing Context Explain Variance in Use of Spatial Frames of Reference
Authors: Hüther Lisa , Müller Tanja , Spada Hans
Published: April 2016

The location of objects in relation to other objects can be perceived of and communicated in different ways. Assuming that variance in spatial Frame of Reference (FoR) use may be explained by practical professional requirements, we reasoned that medical professionals may increasingly use the intrinsic FoR which because of its observer‐independence is less prone to misunderstandings than relative FoRs. We compared FoR‐use of beginner and advanced medical students (n = 142) to that of law students (n = 191) using 40 ambiguous referencing tasks. We found that medical students applied the intrinsic FoR more frequently than law students in a medical yet not in a generic context. Beginners did not differ from advanced students. Within contexts, individuals were highly consistent in their FoR‐use. Investigation of latencies indicates that processing of the intrinsic FoR becomes easier with practice. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Decarboxylative Alkynylation of α,α‐Difluoroarylacetic Acids under Transition Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Siyu , Sun Suyan , Yang Fan , Zhu Weiguo , Zhu Yu , Wu Yusheng , Wu Yangjie
Published: April 2016

An efficient and generally applicable protocol for decarboxylative coupling of α,α‐difluoroarylacetic acids with ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents has been developed, affording α,α‐difluoromethylated alkynes bearing various functional groups in moderate to excellent yields. Remarkably, this potassium persulfate (K2S2O8)‐promoted reaction employs water as solvent under transition metal‐free conditions, thus providing a green synthetic approach to α,α‐difluoromethylated alkynes.

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Enantioselective Carbene Cascade: An Effective Approach to Cyclopentadienes and Applications in Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Wang Xiangbo , Zhou Yunfei , Qiu Lihua , Yao Ruwei , Zheng Yang , Zhang Cheng , Bao Xiaoguang , Xu Xinfang
Published: April 2016

An asymmetric carbene cascade reaction, which proceeds through carbene/alkyne metathesis and formal (3+2) cycloaddition and converts alkynyl‐tethered enol diazoacetates to chiral bicyclic cyclopentadienes, is presented; and no catalytic asymmetric version of these carbene cascade transformations has been disclosed so far. The proton signals of the cyclopropene intermediates are observed in the mechanism study, which clearly demonstrate the reaction pathways. In addition, these products are intercepted via Diels–Alder reactions to provide bridged polycyclic structures in high yields and enantioselectivities.

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(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative [4+2] Annulation of NH Imines with Alkynes: Straightforward Synthesis of Multisubstituted Isoquinolines
Authors: Zhang Shang‐Shi , Liu Xu‐Ge , Chen Shi‐Yong , Tan Dong‐Hang , Jiang Chun‐Yong , Wu Jia‐Qiang , Li Qingjiang , Wang Honggen
Published: April 2016

A synthetic method for isoquinoline synthesis via a [4+2] annulation of NH imines with alkynes using the high‐valent (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III) [Cp*Co(III)] catalyst is described. Cerium(IV) sulfate was found to be an efficient oxidant in lieu of the commonly used copper or silver salts. Broad substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and generally good yields were observed.

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Boosting Power Density of Microbial Fuel Cells with 3D Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Aerogel Electrode
Authors: Yang Yang , Liu Tianyu , Zhu Xun , Zhang Feng , Ye Dingding , Liao Qiang , Li Yat
Published: April 2016

A 3D nitrogen‐doped graphene aerogel (N‐GA) as an anode material for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is reported. Electron microscopy images reveal that the N‐GA possesses hierarchical porous structure that allows efficient diffusion of both bacterial cells and electron mediators in the interior space of 3D electrode, and thus, the colonization of bacterial communities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements further show that nitrogen doping considerably reduces the charge transfer resistance and internal resistance of GA, which helps to enhance the MFC power density. Importantly, the dual‐chamber milliliter‐scale MFC with N‐GA anode yields an outstanding volumetric power density of 225 ± 12 W m−3 normalized to the total volume of the anodic chamber (750 ± 40 W m−3 normalized to the volume of the anode). These power densities are the highest values report for milliliter‐scale MFCs with similar chamber size (25 mL) under the similar measurement conditions. The 3D N‐GA electrode shows great promise for improving the power generation of MFC devices.
Mapping the Social World of Classrooms: A Multi‐Level, Multi‐Reporter Approach to Social Processes and Behavioral Engagement
Authors: Kim Ha Yeon , Cappella Elise
Published: April 2016

Understanding the social context of classrooms has been a central goal of research focused on the promotion of academic development. Building on the current literature on classroom social settings and guided by a risk and protection framework, this study examines the unique and combined contribution of individual relationships and quality of classroom interactions on behavioral engagement among low‐income Latino students in kindergarten to fifth grade (N = 111). Findings indicate that individual relationships with teachers and peers and classroom quality, each independently predicted behavioral engagement. Moreover, high‐quality classrooms buffered the negative influence of students’ difficulties in individual relationships on behavioral engagement. Findings illuminate the need to consider multiple layers of social classroom relationships and interactions and suggest the potential benefit of targeting classroom quality as a mechanism for improving behavioral engagement in urban elementary schools.
Moyamoya disease and artery tortuosity as rare phenotypes in a patient with an elastin mutation
Authors: Ishiwata Tsukasa , Tanabe Nobuhiro , Shigeta Ayako , Yokota Hajime , Tsushima Kenji , Terada Jiro , Sakao Seiichiro , Morisaki Hiroko , Morisaki Takayuki , Tatsumi Koichiro
Published: April 2016

Sporadic and familial elastin mutations can occur in large vessel stenosis such as supravalvular aortic stenosis and narrowing of the descending aorta. However, there are very few reports regarding the arteriopathy of cerebral, pulmonary or abdominal arteries in elastin mutations. We herein report the case of a Japanese female patient presenting with multiple arteriopathy including moyamoya disease, a tortuosity of abdominal arteries and pulmonary hypertension due to peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. This case suggests the possible progression of cerebral arteriopathy including moyamoya disease in patients with elastin mutations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrazelluläre Visualisierung der Entstehung von Poly(ADP‐Ribose) mit bioorthogonal funktionalisierten NAD+‐Analoga
Authors: Wallrodt Sarah , Buntz Annette , Wang Yan , Zumbusch Andreas , Marx Andreas
Published: April 2016

Poly(ADP‐ribos)ylierung (PARylierung) ist eine wichtige posttranslationale Proteinmodifikation und ein bedeutender Signalweg in fast allen Eukaryoten. Grundlegende Prozesse, wie DNA‐Reparatur und Transkription, werden von diesem kurzlebigen Polymer und seiner Wechselwirkung mit Proteinen gesteuert. ADP‐Ribosyltransferasen (ARTs) erzeugen komplizierte ADP‐Riboseketten aus NAD+ an diversen Akzeptorproteinen, weshalb die Erforschung der PARylierung auf molekularer Ebene anspruchsvoll ist. Hier präsentieren wir die Entwicklung bioorthogonal funktionalisierter NAD+‐Analoga für die In‐vitro‐ und In‐cellulo‐Detektion der PARylierung. Für die intrazelluläre Visualisierung der PARylierung, zeitgleich und in zwei Farben, eignen sich besonders an Position 2 modifizierte NAD+‐Analoga. Diese geben Einblick in das Substratspektrum der ARTs und werden durch schnelles optisches sowie mehrfarbiges Auslesen von PARylierungen zur Aufklärung der biologischen Funktionen dieser Prozesse beitragen.
Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Benzofuran‐2‐ones to Alkyl 2‐Phthalimidoacrylates: Modeling Structure–Stereoselectivity Relationships with Steric and Electronic Parameters
Authors: Yang Chen , Zhang En‐Ge , Li Xin , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: April 2016

A highly predictive model to correlate the steric and electronic parameters of tertiary amine thiourea catalysts with the stereoselectivity of Michael reactions of 3‐substituted benzofuranones and alkyl 2‐phthalimidoacrylates is described. As predicted, new 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl‐ and methyl‐substituted tertiary amine thioureas turned out to be highly suitable catalysts for this reaction and enabled the synthesis of enantioenriched α‐amino acid derivatives with 1,3‐nonadjacent stereogenic centers.
Electrical conductivity and mechanical performance of multiwalled CNT‐filled polyvinyl chloride composites subjected to tensile load
Authors: Yazdani Hessam , Smith Benjamin E , Hatami Kianoosh
Published: April 2016

This article reports a study on the strain‐sensitive conductivity (tensoresistivity) and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PVC/MWCNT) composites subjected to tensile loading at different strain rates for potential use in sensor‐enabled geosynthetics and other applications involving electrically conductive polymer composites. Results indicate that adding 0.5 wt % MWCNT to the composite results in 57% reduction in its ultimate (failure) strain and a fivefold increase in its tensile modulus while leaving its ultimate strength almost unchanged. Laser scanning confocal microscopy is used to investigate the microscopic failure mechanism of the composite and how it contributes to the strain‐sensitive conductivity of the composites. It is observed that tensile fractures are initiated from inside the largest bundles between 18% and 36% strain and continue through further fractal‐like fracturing in smaller bundles. Gauge factors (e.g., 3.17) comparable to or exceeding those of typical strain gauges are obtained for the composite, indicating its strong potential for structural performance monitoring and damage detection applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43665.
Mechanical and open hole tensile properties of self‐reinforced PET composites with recycled PET fiber reinforcement
Authors: Wu Chang‐Mou , Lai Wen‐You
Published: April 2016

The tensile strength of notched composites is an important factor for composite structural design. However, no literature is available on the notch sensitivity of self‐reinforced polymer composites. In this study, self‐reinforced recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (srrPET) composites were produced by film stacking from fabrics composed of double covered uncommingled yarns (DCUY). Composite specimens were subjected to uniaxial tensile, flexural, and Izod impact tests and the related results compared with earlier ones achieved on srPET composites reinforced with nonrecycled technical PET fibers. Effects of open circular holes on the tensile strength of srrPETs were studied at various width‐to‐hole diameter (W/D) ratios of the specimens. In the open hole tensile (OHT) measurements bilinear (yielding followed by post‐yield hardening) stress–strain curves were recorded. The srrPET composites had extremely high yield strength retention (up to 142%) and high breaking strength retention (up to 81%) due to the superior ductile nature of the srrPETs, which induces plastic yielding near the hole thereby reducing the stress concentration effect. The results proved that srrPET composites are tough, ductile notch‐insensitive materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43682.
Conformal electrodeposition of poly(phenylene oxide) on TiO2 nanotube arrays with high performance for lithium ion battery
Authors: Duan Jixiang , Hou Hongying , Liu Xianxi , Liao Qishu , Liu Song , Meng Ruijin , Hao Zhenliang , Yao Yuan
Published: April 2016

In order to improve electrochemical performances of lithium ion battery (LIB), electrochemical integration of the membrane with the electrode was accomplished by conformal electrodeposition of poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) on three‐dimensional (3D) oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2NT). The as‐synthesized PPO/TiO2NT membrane/electrode was investigated in terms of AC impedance, XPS, SEM, EDX, galvanostatic charge/discharge, rate performance, and cycle stability. As expected, PPO was indeed combined with TiO2NT via conformal electrodeposition; furthermore, the integrated PPO/TiO2NT membrane/electrode delivered much better rate performance than the traditional membrane/electrode, mainly attributed to large area of membrane/electrode/electrolyte, short ionic diffusion paths and fast ionic transport. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43685.
Polymer‐based nucleation for chemical vapour deposition of diamond
Authors: Domonkos Mária , Ižák Tibor , Kromka Alexander , Varga Marián
Published: April 2016

Chemical vapour deposition of diamond on foreign substrates is hindered due to its high surface energy. Therefore, nucleation treatment has to be employed to initialize the formation of diamond crystals. This article deals with diamond growth on silicon substrates coated with three types of polymers: (i) polystyrene (PS), (ii) polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA), and (iii) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were applied in different forms, i.e., microspheres (PS, PLGA), monolayers (PLGA), multilayers (PLGA, PLGA/PS), and composites with embedded diamond nanoparticles (PLGA, PVA). Thin polymers and microsphere monolayers did not contribute to the diamond nucleation and/or growth. A thicker continuous polymer film (>750 nm) or thin polymer/microsphere layer led to a homogeneous and dense formation of diamond grains. In the case of nucleation using polymer composites, where the thin polymer film serves as a 3D carrier matrix for embedded diamond nanoparticles, a comparable nucleation density to the well‐established ultrasonic seeding method was achieved. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43688.
Quercetin and curcumin in nanofibers of polycaprolactone and poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate): Assessment of in vitro antioxidant activity
Authors: da Silva Uebel Lívia , Angelica Schmatz Daiane , Goettems Kuntzler Suelen , Lima Dora Cristiana , Luiza Muccillo‐Baisch Ana , Alberto Vieira Costa Jorge , Greque de Morais Michele
Published: April 2016

Polymeric nanofibers are materials that can be used as scaffolds in tissue engineering. Quercetin and curcumin are antioxidants because of scavenge free radicals and chelate metal ions properties, protecting tissues of lipid peroxidation. The objective of this study was to develop a scaffold with potential antioxidant activity that was produced from nanofibers consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and a blend of PCL/poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHB‐HV) with the addition of quercetin or curcumin as the bioactive compound. Curcumin and quercetin were integrated into the solution at a concentration of 3%. The electrospun nanofibers were characterized using calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, and the addition of bioactive compounds did not alter the thermal properties of the biomaterial. The antioxidant activity of scaffolds with the active compounds was evaluated by hydrate 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) methods. The scaffolds with PCL and PCL/PHB‐HV blend with quercetin exhibited higher antioxidant activity than curcumin with both methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43712.
The blood supply to the canine middle ear
Authors: Stevens‐Sparks Cathryn , Jarrett Keith , McNulty Margaret A. , Strain George M.
Published: April 2016

Current descriptions of the anatomy of the blood supply to the canine middle ear are either incomplete or inconsistent, particularly in regards to the vascular branches in close proximity to the temporomandibular articulation (TMJ). To further investigate this blood supply, dissections (n = 9), corrosion casts (n = 4), and computed tomography (n = 8) of canine temporal regions/ears were performed. The goal of this study was to identify and describe branches of the external carotid and maxillary arteries in close proximity to the TMJ that supply the middle ear of the dog. Specific focus was placed on the constancy and origin of the canine rostral tympanic artery since this artery was anticipated to arise from the maxillary artery and enter a foramen at the medial aspect of the mandibular fossa adjacent to the TMJ. New anatomical variations of three canine arteries are described in this study. (1) The rostral tympanic artery is a branch of the temporomandibular ramus and is accommodated by a small foramen located within a depression medial to the temporomandibular joint. (2) A pharyngeal branch of the caudal deep temporal artery was identified. (3) The origin of the caudal auricular artery occurred opposite the lingual artery in 25.8% of dissected specimens, contrary to published descriptions. Anat Rec, 299:907–917, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectroscopy and molecular docking study on the interaction of daidzein and genistein with pepsin
Authors: Nan Guanjun , Wang Ping , Sun Jing , Lv Jianhua , Ding Meiwen , Yang Liu , Li Yiping , Yang Guangde
Published: April 2016

The interaction of pepsin with daidzein (Dai) or genistein (Gen) was investigated using spectroscopic techniques under simulated physiological conditions. Dai and Gen can quench the fluorescence of pepsin and the quenching mechanism was a static process. The binding site number n and apparent binding constant K were measured at different temperatures. The thermodynamic parameters ΔΗ, ΔG and ΔS were calculated. The results indicated that van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond formation played major roles in the interaction of Dai or Gen with pepsin. The binding distance between pepsin and Dai or Gen was calculated according to energy transfer theory. The results of synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that the microenvironment and conformation of pepsin were changed. UV absorption and 3D fluorescence spectra showed that the binding interaction disturbed the microenvironment of amino acid residues and induced conformational changes in pepsin. Molecular docking results showed that Dai and Gen entered into the hydrophobic cavity of pepsin and two hydrogen bonds formed between Dai or Gen and pepsin. The results demonstrated that the interaction behavior between Dai and Gen with pepsin was slightly different, which denoted that the 5‐hydroxyl group of Gen, to a certain extent, had an effect on ligand binding to proteins. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Das Geheimnisdes Storchenflugs
Authors: Eder Heinrich , Fiedler Wolfgang , Neuhäuser Markus
Published: April 2016

Mittels des lasergestützten Zielverfolgungssystems VECTOR IV wurden zahlreiche Flugbahnvermessungen von im freien Flug gleitenden Störchen durchgeführt. Aus den Messdaten konnten die Gleitbahnen rekonstruiert sowie die arteigenen Flug‐ und Sinkgeschwindigkeiten berechnet werden. Darüber hinaus wurden zahlreiche morphometrische Untersuchungen, wie Bestimmungen der Flügelspannweite und der Flügelstreckung im Flug mittels photographischer Verfahren sowie die Gewichtsbestimmung von 36 erwachsenen Störchen mittels einer Außenwaage durchgeführt. Außerdem wurden einzelne Schwungfedern im Windkanal vermessen. Aus den Flugbahnvermessungen und den morphometrischen Daten ließ sich durch mathematische Verfahren der Widerstand anteilig als induzierter Widerstand und nicht induzierter Widerstand (Reibungswiderstand) bestimmen. Verglichen mit einem idealen ebenen Flugzeugflügel weisen Störche im Segelflug bei voll aufgefächerter Spaltflügelkaskade einen rd. 20 % geringeren induzierten Widerstand auf.
Escherichia coli – ein Darmbakterium wird zum Weltstar
Authors: Tetsch Larissa
Published: April 2016

Als Erstbesiedler des menschlichen Darms ebnet E. coli den Weg für die obligat anaerobe Darmflora und verhindert die Ansiedlung pathogener Keime. Diese Schutzwirkung machen sich probiotische Arzneimittel mit lebenden E. coli‐Zellen zunutze. Seit der Geburtsstunde der Gentechnik entwickelte sich das Bakterium zum Modellorganismus der Forschung und dient heute zur Produktion unzähliger rekombinanter Proteine wie Hormone und Antikörper.
Die Zippammer – mediterraner Charaktervogel in steilen Weinbergslagen
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: April 2016

Die trockenwarmen, steinigen Weinberge am Rhein und seinen Nebenflüssen sind geprägt von einer Reihe wärmeliebender Tier‐ und Pflanzenarten, deren Verbreitungsschwerpunkt im Mittelmeerraum liegt. Dazu zählen beispielsweise Mauereidechse (Podarcis muralis) und Felsenahorn (Acer monspessulanum). Regelmäßiger Begleiter auf Wanderungen durch diese einzigartigen Landschaften ist auch die Zippammer (Emberiza cia), die von den felsigen Gebirgs‐ und Steppenregionen Südeuropas bis hierher vorkommt.
“Arctic apples” – transgene Äpfel, die nicht braun werden
Authors: Högermann Christiane
Published: April 2016

In Kanada und den USA stehen gentechnisch veränderte Äpfel vor der Markteinführung, bei denen durch Manipulation der entsprechenden RNA‐Sequenzen die Bildung der Phenoloxidase blockiert wird. Dieses Enzym führt infolge der Oxidation mit Luftsauerstoffradikalen zum Braunwerden der Apfelschnitze.
Scharf kalkulierende Jäger
Authors: Sander Johannes
Published: April 2016

Carnivore Pflanzen bessern ihre Nährstoffversorgung durch das Einfangen und Verdauen von Tieren auf. Da dieser Prozess aber auch Kosten verursacht, müssen die Pflanzen sehr wirtschaftlich vorgehen – zum Beispiel, indem sie die Menge an Verdauungsenzymen genau an die jeweilige Beute anpassen. Wie sie dies machen, wurde jetzt am Beispiel der Venusfliegenfalle untersucht.
Siedeverzug – die unterschätzte Gefahr
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: April 2016

Kennen Sie das? Wieder einmal haben Sie vor lauter Arbeit vergessen, Ihren Tee zu trinken und er steht jetzt kalt auf dem Schreibtisch. Kein Problem – es gibt ja die Mikrowelle im Aufenthaltsraum. Gespannt beobachten Sie das gefüllte Teeglas. Nach wenigen Minuten nehmen Sie den Tee vorsichtig mit einem Tuch heraus. Komisch. Keine Blubberbläschen zu sehen, obwohl er siedend heiß sein müsste. Was Sie jetzt auf keinen Fall tun sollten – das Glas schwenken und Luft auf die Flüssigkeitsoberfläche pusten. Sonst ... whhhooaaamm!
A simultaneous determination method for 5‐fluorouracil and its metabolites in human plasma with linear range adjusted by in‐source collision‐induced dissociation using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ishii Hideaki , Shimada Miki , Yamaguchi Hiroaki , Mano Nariyasu
Published: April 2016

We applied a new technique for quantitative linear range shift using in‐source collision‐induced dissociation (CID) to complex biological fluids to demonstrate its utility. The technique was used in a simultaneous quantitative determination method of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), an anticancer drug for various solid tumors, and its metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS). To control adverse effects after administration of 5‐FU, it is important to monitor the plasma concentration of 5‐FU and its metabolites; however, no simultaneous determination method has yet been reported because of vastly different physical and chemical properties of compounds. We developed a new analytical method for simultaneously determining 5‐FU and its metabolites in human plasma by LC/ESI‐MS/MS coupled with the technique for quantitative linear range shift using in‐source CID. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography using a stationary phase with zwitterionic functional groups, phosphorylcholine, was suitable for separation of 5‐FU from its nucleoside and interfering endogenous materials. The addition of glycerin into acetonitrile‐rich eluent after LC separation improved the ESI‐MS response of high polar analytes. Based on the validation results, linear range shifts by in‐source CID is the reliable technique even with complex biological samples such as plasma. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.