bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response Strategies in the Partial Comprehension of Sentences
Authors: Graham Norman C.
Published: July 2017

In a sentence comprehension task subjects had to select a correct picture from an array of four presented immediately after hearing a relevant sentence. Sentences were representative of twelve different grammatical structures and were eight words in length. In each array three incorrect pictures (distractors) were representations of lexical variants of the presented sentence. Each variant was derived from the original sentence by changing a content word in either an initial, middle or terminal location respectively of the sentence.

Three groups of subjects were tested. They were drawn from Nursery Schools, Primary Schools and from Special Schools for the Educationally Subnormal (ESN). All subjects could be regarded as having a pre-school level of language development.

Gross differences in overall error rate between groups were observed though patterns of choices among distractors were the same for all groups. No part of the sentences (in terms of lexical content) appeared to be more vulnerable to information loss than any other. Analysis of successive choices within items showed that failure to comprehend was associated with loss of information about specific lexical items.

Theoretically, results are interpreted in relation to a limited capacity information processing model of speech perception.
A Design for Multivariate Analysis of Language Behaviour and Language Development
Authors: Moerk Ernst L.
Published: July 2017

By means of a short integrative survey of studies of language development the complexity of this area is demonstrated. Consequently, the use of multivariate designs and the concentration upon the performance aspects of verbal behaviour is advocated. The pragmatic and semantic aspects are analysed as the two main dimensions affecting the verbal statement. The pragmatic dimension is subdivided into person variables and variables of the behaviour setting. Further subdivisions of the person variables are made and possibilities to subdivide the other dimensions are suggested.

The theoretical argument is supported by illustrative examples of the verbal behaviour of two young children. The changing composition of the communicative acts of children, which are composed of verbal and non-verbal messages are further analysed and illustrated. It is concluded that the search for language competence has to be a search for a multitude of psychological variables including competence in non-verbal communication and in the evaluation of the information needs of the receiver.
Initial Consonant Groups Function as Units in Word Production
Authors: Claxton Guy L.
Published: July 2017

Subjects were presented with single consonants, consonant-consonant pairs and consonant-vowel pairs, and asked to produce words beginning with these letters. Three presentation methods were used: visual tachistoscopic, acoustic with the letters " spelled ", and acoustic with the letters pronounced as they would be in a word. Latency measures revealed that the acoustic " spelling " condition took longer than the other two, and consonant-vowel took longer than consonant-consonant. These results are interpreted as supporting a conception of verbal memory in which initial consonant clusters are stored as integral units.
Unidentifiable Utterances in Children's Speech
Authors: Lawson Everdina A. , Murray M.R.
Published: July 2017

Junior school children were found to produce unidentifiable utterances in dichotic as well as monotic shadowing. The phenomenon was investigated by providing practice at increased presentation rates of the input and exploring right ear advantages for verbal material. The poor articulation increased with higher input rates and could not be explained by lack of lateralization. An explanation in terms of inadequate monitoring of speech production appeared most appropriate.
The Acoustic Vowel Space of Modern Greek and German
Authors: Jongman Allard , Fourakis Marios , Sereno Joan A.
Published: July 2017

The spectral characteristics of vowels in Modern Greek and German were examined. Four speakers of Modern Greek and three speakers of German produced four repetitions of words containing each vowel of their native language. Measurements of the fundamental frequency and the first three formants were made for each vowel token. These measurements were then transformed into log frequency ratios and plotted as points in the three-dimensional auditory-perceptual space proposed by Miller (1989). Each vowel token was thus represented by one point, and the points corresponding to each vowel category were enclosed in three-dimensional target zones. For the present corpus, these zones differentiate the five vowels of Modern Greek with 100% accuracy, and the fourteen vowels of German with 94% accuracy. Implications for the distribution of common vowels across languages as a function of vowel density are discussed.
Coarticulation in Slow Speech: Durational and Spectral Analysis
Authors: Hertrich Ingo , Ackermann Hermann
Published: July 2017

Durational and spectral measures of anticipatory as well as perseverative coarticulation were obtained from the acoustic speech signal of German sentence utterances produced by six young female speakers at comfortable and at slowed speech rate. The test sentences comprised a systematically varied nonsense word embedded into a carrier phrase. Anticipatory and perseverative coarticulation were characterized by different patterns of durational and spectral features. Inter-speaker variability was considerable, particularly with respect to anticipatory vowel-to-vowel coarticulation. As a rule, slowing of speaking rate resulted in a decrease of perseverative coarticulation in the presence of unchanged anticipatory effects. In conclusion, these data corroborate the suggestion that different mechanisms underlie anticipatory and perseverative coarticulation.
Knittability of Glass Fiber Weft-Knitted Preforms for Composites
Authors: Savci S. , Curiskis J. I. , Pailthorpe M. T.
Published: July 2017

The use of knitting for producing advanced composite structures has seen increasing interest in recent years. However, there is limited information about the interaction of high performance fibers such as glass fibers with the weft knitting process. This paper investigates the relationship between machine settings and the physical properties of glass fiber weft-knitted preforms, including the knittability of glass fibers.
Real-Time Parameter Identification for a Control-Oriented Model of Continuous Infrared Drying of a Wet Fabric
Authors: Slitine M. D. Sounny , Thérien N. , Broadbent A. D.
Published: July 2017

Parameters are determined for a model representing the drying dynamics of a wet fabric continuously passing through an infrared oven using a method involving off-line (batch) data processing, as well as by real-time recursive calculation. Drying trials with the infrared oven under various operational conditions demonstrate the strong nonlinearity of the drying process. Because of this, the model parameters established by off-line (batch) processing do not allow adequate calculation of the observed process responses under other different operating conditions. On the other hand, a method of recursive identification applied to real-time treatment of the readings from the oven provides a model with very satisfactory adaptation to changing operational conditions. The results also show that a simple first-order model represents the dynamic characteristics of the oven just as well as models of higher order, thus providing an important advantage for elaborating an efficient numerical controller for the drying process.
Wicking Properties of Linen Treated with Low Temperature Plasma
Authors: Wong K. K. , Tao X. M. , Yuen C. W. M. , Yeung K. W.
Published: July 2017

The wetting and wicking behavior of linen treated with low-temperature oxygen and argon plasma is presented. Wetting and wicking abilities of plasma treated linen are investigated using contact angles and upward and downward water wicking methods. The downward wicking method is more suitable for distinguishing the effects of plasma treatment under various conditions.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Migration and Staple Yarn Structure
Authors: Huh You , Kim Young Ryul , Ryu Woon Young
Published: July 2017

This study describes a visualization and data analysis method for quantitatively analyzing the migration behavior of staple fiber yarns. The fiber migration of ring spun yarns with different levels of twist is measured and analyzed, and the results confirm the usefulness of the proposed method. The analysis shows reproducibility and generates new information on yarn structure. Furthermore, the data analysis processes are also able to be efficiently automated. The major migration frequency of the fibers along the yarn axis is obtained by frequency analysis. At the same time, the distributions of fiber position and orientation angle of the constituent individual fiber segments, according to the radial position of the yarn cross section, are evaluated. Finally, a parameter, the migration factor, to assess the migration effect as a whole is suggested. The experimental results show that migration reaches a saturation point as yarn twist increases.
Photochemical Decomposition of the Cystine in Wool
Authors: Rutherford Henry A. , Harris Milton
Published: July 2017

The work reported in the present paper is a continua tion of earlier work on the photochemical decomposition of wool. The data confirm the hypothesis that the pri mary action of the radiation, which results in a change in the state of the sulfur and a corresponding lowering of the cystine content, is independent of the moisture in the system. The results indicate, however, that moisture plays an important role in the secondary process, namely that involving the evolution of hydrogen sulfide from the irradiated fibres. It is also shown that decom position of the cystine resulting from thermal reactions under the conditions of these experiments, is negligible.
Vacuum Cross-Linking of Chemically Modified Cotton
Authors: Soignet Donald M. , Benerito Ruth R. , Pilkington Mary W.
Published: July 2017

Cottons containing carboxylic acid groups display good wrinkle recovery properties after the simultaneous application of heat and vacuum. This wrinkle recovery can be removed by soaking the fabric in dilute base which converts the acid to the carboxylate salt. To reintroduce the cross link, as shown by electron microscopy, it is first necessary to convert the salt to the free acid and then subject the fabric to the heat and vacuum treatment. Wrinkle recovery values can be further improved by first treating the cotton to introduce either primary or tertiary amine groups and then treating with chloroacetic acid to introduce the carboxyl groups.

Wrinkle recovery imparted by heat and vacuum is stable to acid and neutral washes. The procedure can also be used to impart and remove creases in fabrics. Because of the prolonged heating, the fabric tends to discolor, but this discoloration can be removed by mild chlorine bleaching without affecting the wrinkle recovery.
Selective Accessibilities of Hydroxyl Groups in the Microstructure of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Rowland S. P. , Roberts E. J. , Wade C. P.
Published: July 2017

The reactions of 2-chloroethyldiethylamine with the hydroxyl groups at C-2, C-3, and C-6 of the d-glucopyranosyl unit of cotton cellulose were investigated as a means of evaluating the relative accessibilities of these hydroxyl groups in heterogeneous reactions of fibrous cellulose. The relative rate constants for reactions of the individual types of hydroxyl groups were determined from reactions of cellulose in solution and from reactions of disordered cellulose in heterogeneous systems. Quantitative determinations of the distributions of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl substituents in the mono-substituted d-glucopyranosyl units involved hydrolysis of the chemically modified cellulose to glucose and substituted glucoses followed by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis.

The relative accessibilities of the hydroxyl groups at C-2 and C-3 vs those at C-6 were estimated for crystalline celluloses by employing the relative rate constants (noted above) together with the experimentally measured distributions of substituents resulting from heterogeneous reactions of crystalline celluloses and appropriate kinetic expressions. The relative accessibilities of the hydroxyl groups at C-2, C-3, and C-6 in cellulose in strong mercerizing media approach those of cellulose in solution. In media of lower concentration of sodium hydroxide (i.e., 4 N or 13.9%), selective accessibilities of the individual types of hydroxyl groups become evident, and these selective accessibilities become pronounced in sodium hydroxide solutions of still lower concentrations (e.g., N and 2 N).
Improved Resilience by Formation of Elastomers inside Cotton Fibers
Authors: Meimoun D. , Parisot A.
Published: July 2017

The introduction of elastomeric substances between the cellulose fibrils and/or histological elements of cotton fibers could lead to wrinkle-resistant cottons. Such substances, polyenes obtained by polymerization in situ after inclusion within the structure, are unable to penetrate the intermolecular structure, but are able to link together the elements of the fiber. This might result in a fiber with greater delayed elastic recovery and reduced permanent set, permitting wrinkle recovery of cotton fabrics to be increased.

The study of optimum reaction parameters resulted in a reproducible process for including the polymer. The location of the polymer has been determined through the development of a new method for revealing the structure of cellulose. The desired mechanical properties of woven treated fabrics are improved, as indicated by various measurements. The first results concerning single fibers seem to corroborate the preceding.
The Fibrillar “Bundling” of Cellulose Molecules in Cotton
Authors: Dolmetsch Hans H. , Dolmetsch Hilde
Published: July 2017

Many problems of the fibrillar system of cotton can be solved with little difficulty with the aid of electron-microscope images of very large bundles. The existence of these “macrofibrils” is, however, controversial, since they cannot be isolated by mechanical structural separation. Attempts are now being made to identify the spiral-shaped striation of the surface of the fiber and by analogy such macrofibrils. By means of a stepwise degradation of the cell wall, fibrillar bundles of this order of magnitude in the secondary wall were found to be the cause of the image; these developed primarily as a result of a buildup of smaller fibrils (macrofibrils) during the formation of the fiber. The decomposition of the macrofibrils in the mechanical isolation test is due to the tensile strength of the overflowing microfibrils, the moderate lateral strength of the macrofibrils and the small difference in density between its core and its boundary zones. They can be isolated without damage by increasing this difference in density or its lateral strength. Their characteristics and origins are described. Microfibrils and elementary fibrils of the three types of wall layers of cotton fiber display significant differences in structure. The origin and time of bundling of the elementary fibrils into the microfibril also vary in these layers.
Beyond Ischemic Heart Disease: Are There other Health Benefits from Drinking Alcohol?
Authors: Ashley Mary Jane , Rehm Jürgen , Bondy Susan , Single Eric , Rankin James
Published: July 2017

Evidence is growing that alcohol consumption confers health benefits beyond protection from ischemic heart disease. We review this evidence with regard to cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, cholelithiasis (gallstones), cognitive functioning, and stress reduction and subjective psychosocial benefits. Other possible benefits are briefly considered. The weight of evidence suggests that low-level alcohol consumption offers some protection against ischemic stroke. The evidence that moderate alcohol consumption protects against diabetes and gallstones is also fairly strong. The possibility of other health benefits cannot be dismissed. For all the conditions considered, more research is indicated. The application of more appropriate statistical techniques, studies of patterns of drinking, and experimental approaches to delineating underlying mechanisms should enable firmer conclusions to be drawn. A better understanding of both the benefits and the risks of alcohol use for individuals and populations will facilitate the development of appropriate program and policy interventions to promote health.
Alcohol Policy Opinions in the United States over a 15-Year Period of Dynamic per Capita Consumption Changes: Implications for Today's Public Health Practice
Authors: Greenfield Thomas K. , Ye Yu , Giesbrecht Norman
Published: July 2017

We examine 1989–2005 trends in United States (US) public opinion using 11 alcohol policy items (seven national telephone surveys) during a dynamic drop in per capita intake until the mid-1990s, followed by the first sustained upturn seen since 1980. In the 2000 U.S. National Alcohol Survey (NAS) survey 14 available policy items were factor analyzed, forming four factor-based scales replicated in 2005. Linear regression examined changing demographic correlates of support for the four policy areas between 2000 and 2005. Several empirically effective policy levers have weak support, which continues to erode. Between 2000 and 2005 support weakened by an average of 1% for all except two policies, both of which declined since 1989. Even support for alcohol warning labels has turned down for the first time since 1989. Implications of the declining endorsement of alcohol policies are discussed, given the upturn in consumption. Community-based strategies are needed to inform the public of benefits of alcohol policies.
Recommendations on Alcohol Consumption: An International Comparison
Authors: Stockley Creina S.
Published: July 2017

Public health policy on alcohol is changing in many countries. This article reviews public health messages with regard to alcohol in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) and highlights the common as well as the different messages delineated. The messages from these four countries are then compared with those of certain other developed and developing countries. Some of the significant differences include definitions of moderate alcohol consumption, the consumption of alcohol by women, underage consumption, and advice to abstainers, which may reflect differences in the characteristics of consumers among countries. Central to the current debate is the concern that incomplete, inconsistent or misleading messages on alcohol consumption could lead to an increase in alcohol abuse, misuse and hence harm, or, conversely, to abstention by particular population groups.
Phosphazene Elastomers for Fuel Service under Arctic Conditions
Authors: Touchet P. , Gatza P. E.
Published: July 2017

Polyphosphazene fluoroelastomers, developed through Government in-house and contractual efforts, exhibit good resistance to aromatic fuels as well as capability for performance at temperatures as low as −57° C. This combination of properties is necessary in fabrication of end items or components for arctic fuel handling equipment and in many other military and civilian applications. These polymers, having a C2-C5 [(CF3CH2, O)2 PN-(HCF2C3F6CH2O)2 PN] ***n configuration, can contain varying degrees of unsaturation (cure sites) and fluorine content.

The inherent heat, fuel, water and low temperature properties of phosphazene rubber are compared with those of commonly used fuel resistant elastomers. These properties are also compared in a study of several structurally modified polymers containing varying amounts of fluorine. Further discussion includes results of a compounding study of two polymer types, wherein experimental design and computerized data analysis are used to ascertain the effects of various cross-linking agents and fillers.
Bone Erosion in Experimental Cholesteatoma — The Effects of Implanted Barriers
Authors: Macri John R. , Chole Richard A.
Published: July 2017

Mongolian gerbils and man are the only animals known to spontaneously develop bone‐eroding aural cholesteatoma. The pathophysiology of bone erosion in cholesteatoma is controversial. The majority of investigators believe that direct contact between cholesteatoma and bone is necessary for erosion to occur. We implanted glass, Silastic, and micropore barriers in the middle ear between the advancing cholesteatoma and cochlea in 50 Mongolian gerbils. The barriers prevented direct contact of cholesteatoma and cochlea but did not inhibit bone erosion. We conclude that transmitted pressure may be responsible for bone erosion in aural cholesteatoma in gerbils.
Remote Monitoring of Evoked Potentials
Authors: Keim Robert J.
Published: July 2017

The clinical value of evoked potential testing is now well established. The general availability of this form of testing is currently limited by cost of the equipment and availability of personnel not only to operate it but also to interpret the results. These limiting factors can be reduced by remote monitoring, a technique that utilizes a data program designed to transmit processed responses via standard telephone lines to a central location. The practicality of this method of testing and the considerations that should be given with regard to development of such a program are discussed.
Hürthle Cell Tumors of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: Saull Sondra C. , Kimmelman Charles P.
Published: July 2017

The head and neck surgeon will occasionally encounter a Hürthle cell tumor in the course of a thyroidectomy. Although well recognized, this cell type is only superficially dealt with in the literature. All cases of Hürthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland seen at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from 1974 to 1982 were reviewed and analyzed with regard to the patient's age, sex, mode of presentation, treatment, and clinical course. The gross and microscopic findings of this histologic variant are described. Treatment recommendations are made based on the data presented and the literature review.
A prospective study of endotracheal tube cytology in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Denneny James C. , Weisman Robert A.
Published: July 2017

A prospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of endotracheal tube contamination by malignant cells in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing bronchoscopy. In 67 consecutive patients, bronchoscopy was performed with a flexible instrument, through or beside the endotracheal tube. Following the procedure, the inside and outside of the tube were washed and the specimens examined cytologically. Fifteen positive (class III to V) cytologic specimens were obtained, all from the outside of the tube. All washings from inside the tube were negative (class I and II). Twelve of the positive cytologic specimens were found in patients with hypopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma, two with carcinoma in the tongue base, and the other primary site was unknown. Two patients with normal chest roentgenograms had positive bronchial and endotracheal tube washings. In both the bronchoscope was passed beside the endotracheal tube. This study provides additional evidence that contamination of the bronchoscope can occur when it is passed directly over a carcinoma of the head and neck.
Treatment of Endolymphatic Hydrops with Cochleosacculotomy
Authors: Montandon Pierre B. , Hausler Rudolf J. , Kimura Robert S.
Published: July 2017

Cochleosacculotomy was performed on 25 patients with Meniere's syndrome. Long‐term relief of vertigo was obtained in 19 out of 23 (82%). Postoperatively dead ears occurred in three cases. The same operation was performed on 12 guinea pigs in which hydrops had been surgically induced by blockage of the endolymphatic duct and sac. All fistulas were healed and cochleosacculotomy did not decrease or prevent the induced endolymphatic hydrops in these animals. Although histologic confirmation of persistent fistulas in human ears is lacking, the relief of vertigo in patients may not be caused by “drainage” but, rather, by a nonspecific effect on the inner ear. Cochleosacculotomy gives results comparable with other nondestructive surgical procedures performed to suppress vertigo in Meniere's syndrome.
A Modified Technique for Tubeless Tracheostomy
Authors: Eliachar Isaac , Levine Sam C. , Tucker Harvey M.
Published: July 2017

The dog is an animal widely used in experiments, and tracheostomy is frequently necessary when laryngeal experiments are carried out. Unfortunately, dogs generally do not tolerate tracheostomy well because the inserted cannula easily becomes displaced or blocked. This article presents a new surgical technique aimed at providing a long‐term, dependable, and safe airway. It is based on previously established, clinically tested principles to avoid local tracheal complications. No essential tissue is removed or irreparably damaged and the procedure is reversible. Flexibility in management of the resultant stoma is possible, allowing either maintenance of maximal patency or gradual closure. Twenty‐one animals were studied for 3‐ and 6‐month periods, and there was no morbidity because of airway obstruction. This technique can reduce loss of valuable experimental animals caused by airway complications. It may also have application in human beings.
A Review of Twenty Congenital Cholesteatomas of the Middle Ear in Children
Authors: Levenson Mark J. , Parisier Simon C. , Chute Patricia , Wenig Shula , Juarbe Charles
Published: July 2017

Cholesteatomas, arising within the middle ear space behind an intact tympanic membrane, have been detected more frequently in recent years. This article reviews 19 children (with a mean age of 4.3 years) who underwent surgery over a 7‐year period for removal of cholesteatomas from behind intact tympanic membranes. Most of these children were referred by pediatricians who had detected an asymptomatic whitish middle ear mass. Many had histories of treatment for otitis media. Patients with similar histories were excluded from the series if there had been a prior perforation, myringotomy, or otologic surgery. In the series, one fourth of the children had associated congenital malformations, and there were 3 times as many boys as girls. In two thirds of the cases, the cholesteatoma was manifested as an anterior‐superior middle ear mass that seemed to arise from the processus cochleariformis, undersurface of malleus area. Many could be removed via an extended anterior tympanotomy operative approach. The results of surgery are reviewed. The possible origins of these localized cholesteatomas are considered. Are they congenital defects that arise from misplaced keratinizing epithelium? Do they arise from mesenchymal cells whose differentiation is stimulated by inflammatory changes within the middle ear?
Value of Radiation Therapy in Addition to Surgery for Cancer of the Head and Neck
Authors: Sadeghi Ahmad , McLaren John , Grist William L. , Tran Luu , Kuisk Hans
Published: July 2017

This historically controlled study evaluates radiation therapy in 119 patients—With squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck—who underwent surgery alone (SA) or surgery plus radiation (S + R). The primary tumor control and nodal control, in patients with negative surgical margins who had surgery alone (SA), were 63% in the oral cavity, 60% in the oropharynx, and 67% in the hypopharynx. The same rates for S + R group and negative surgical margins were 100%, 73%, and 100%. Combining the patients with negative and positive surgical margins, control of the tumor and nodal control were the same in the oral cavity for both treatment groups (41% for SA and 44% for S + R) and increased with the addition of radiation in the oropharynx (30% for SA to 65% for S + R) and hypopharynx (33% for SA to 86% for S + R), in spite of higher percentages of T3 and T4 tumor and positive lymph nodes in the S + R group. The lower control rate in patients who had surgery alone could be due (in part) to inadequate surgery at the primary site (42% local excision) and lack of neck dissection (35% for SA vs. 77% for S + R). Postoperative radiation therapy to the primary site and neck is shown to effectively reduce local recurrence in patients with oral cavity and oropharynx cancer, regardless of surgical margins.
The Violated Neck: Cervical Node Biopsy Prior to Definitive Treatment
Authors: Robbins K. Thomas , Cole Randolph , Marvel Jeffrey , Fields Robert , Wolf Patricia , Goepfert Helmuth
Published: July 2017

The intent of this study was to determine whether open neck biopsy for patients with squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the neck influenced the biologic course of the disease or the response to treatment. One hundred ninety‐two patients, treated over a 10‐year period at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor institute, were reviewed; 102 of the 139 patients, whose primary site of disease was identified prior to definitive treatment, were matched with a control group of 204 patients. The results showed no significant difference in wound complications, neck recurrence, distant metastases, and 5‐year survival. Also, time interval from the biopsy to subsequent treatment and the type of node biopsy did not appear to have any significant detrimental effect. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that, although it is important to refrain from proceeding with an open biopsy until a complete head and neck evaluation has been done, violation of the neck does not signify a poorer prognosis—provided adequate treatment is subsequently given.
A Review of Twenty Congenital Cholesteatomas of the Middle Ear in Children
Authors: Levenson Mark J. , Parisier Simon C. , Chute Patricia , Wenig Shula , Juarbe Charles
Published: July 2017

Cholesteatomas, arising within the middle ear space behind an intact tympanic membrane, have been detected more frequently in recent years. This article reviews 19 children (with a mean age of 4.3 years) who underwent surgery over a 7‐year period for removal of cholesteatomas from behind intact tympanic membranes. Most of these children were referred by pediatricians who had detected an asymptomatic whitish middle ear mass. Many had histories of treatment for otitis media. Patients with similar histories were excluded from the series if there had been a prior perforation, myringotomy, or otologic surgery. In the series, one fourth of the children had associated congenital malformations, and there were 3 times as many boys as girls. In two thirds of the cases, the cholesteatoma was manifested as an anterior‐superior middle ear mass that seemed to arise from the processus cochlearlformis, undersurface of malleus area. Many could be removed via an extended anterior tympanotomy operative approach. The results of surgery are reviewed. The possible origins of these localized cholesteatomas are considered. Are they congenital defects that arise from misplaced keratinizing epithelium? Do they arise from mesenchymal cells whose differentiation is stimulated by inflammatory changes within the middle ear?
Value of Radiation Therapy in Addition to Surgery for Cancer of the Head and Neck
Authors: Sadeghi Ahmad , McLaren John , Grist William L. , Tran Luu , Kuisk Hans
Published: July 2017

This historically controlled study evaluates radiation therapy in 119 patients—with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck—who underwent surgery alone (SA) or surgery plus radiation (S + R). The primary tumor control and nodal control, in patients with negative surgical margins who had surgery alone (SA), were 63% in the oral cavity, 60% in the oropharynx, and 67% in the hypopharynx. The same rates for S + R group and negative surgical margins were 100%, 73%, and 100%. Combining the patients with negative and positive surgical margins, control of the tumor and noddl control were the same in the oral cavity for both treatment groups (41% for SA and 44% for S + R) and increased with the addition of radiation in the oropharynx (30% for SA to 65% for S + R) and hypopharynx (33% for SA to 86% for S + R), in spite of higher percentages of T3 and T4 tumor and positive lymph nodes in the S + R group. The lower control rote in patients who had surgery alone could be due (in part) to inadequate surgery at the primary site (42% local excision) and lack of neck dissection (35% for SA vs. 77% for S + R). Postoperative radiation therapy to the primary site and neck is shown to effectively reduce local recurrence in patients with oral cavity and oropharynx cancer, regardless of surgical margins.
Simultaneous Recording of Noninvasive ECoG and ABR for use in Intraoperative Monitoring
Authors: Lambert Paul R. , Ruth Roger A.
Published: July 2017

Monitoring auditory evoked potentials, especially surface recorded responses (ABR), during neuro‐otologic surgery is being widely used. Recording of the most peripheral components of the ABR with surface electrodes can be difficult, however, in patients with hearing loss. To enhance wave I, a newly designed canal electrode for noninvasive electrocochleography (ECoG) has been used. A small reticulated foam plug is inserted in the ear canal and serves as the electrode. The signal is transduced through a center polyethylene tube. The advantages of this system for ECoG are several: (1) simplified signal presentation, obviating the need for custom ear mold or button transducer; (2) large electrode surface area that lowers impedance and improves signal to noise ratio; and (3) stability of the electrode during manipulations within the surgical field. There are several advantages to supplementing ABR with simultaneous ECoG. First, there is a significant enhancement in wave I amplitude, an important factor when monitoring from hearing impaired patients in an operating room environment. Ability to clearly define wave I permits use of the I‐V interwave interval, which can be a more sensitive parameter than wave V latency alone. Secondly, more rapid feedback on changes in cochlear function is available since, compared to surface recordings alone, fewer responses need to be averaged.
Some Oncologic Considerations in the Treatment of Lip Cancer
Authors: Teichgraeber John F. , Larson David L.
Published: July 2017

We evaluated the treatment and results of 46 patients with lip cancer of commissure origin or extension. The patients were evaluated by clinical stage and pathologic findings. Treatment was predominantly by surgery for T1 and T2 lesions (31 of 37 patients), whereas combined resection and radiation therapy was used for larger tumors. The results showed control of both very large and very small lesions, but T2 lesions had repeated recurrences. We therefore recommended aggressive therapy for T2 and higher classifications of lip cancer with commissure involvement.
Prevalence of Post‐Headshake Nystagmus in Patients with Caloric Deficits and Vertigo
Authors: Goebel Joel A. , Garcia Philip
Published: July 2017

Post‐headshake nystagmus (PHN) has recently been described as a clinically useful physical sign implying uncompensated asymmetric input from the vestibular end organs. A rapid 20‐second headshake and sudden stop produces a jerk nystagmus of 5‐ to 20‐second duration in certain individuals with symptoms suggestive of a peripheral vestibulopathy. This retrospective review of 214 patient evaluations was undertaken to study the associations between post‐headshake nystagmus, caloric deficits after bi‐thermal binaural irrigation, and the presence of vertigo. Both clinical observation of the nystagmus with eyes open (PHN‐OBS) and routine EOG recording with eyes closed (PHN‐EOG) were used. In patients with unilateral caloric deficits, 42% (18 of 43) had PHN‐EOG, compared with 18% (3 of 17) in patients with bilateral dysfunction and 15% (23 of 154) in patients with normal calorics (p < 0.001H). In similar fashion, 26% (32 of 124) of patients with vertigo (recent or past) had PHN‐EOG compared to 13% (12 of 90) of patients without vertigo (p < 0.03). Finally, of 110 cases with both PHN‐EOG and PHN‐OBS performed, 45% (9 of 20) with PHN‐EOG also had PHN‐OBS, as opposed to only 4% (4 of 90) without PHN‐EOG displaying PHN‐OBS (p < 0.0001). We conclude that the prevalence of post‐headshake nystagmus is increased in patients with either a unilateral caloric deficit or a history of true vertigo, and is best detected in the absence of vision.
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line‐Induced Suppression of in vitro Lymphocyte Proliferative Responses
Authors: Lapointe Henry , Lampe Howard , Banerjee Diponkar
Published: July 2017

Tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS) are often difficult to expand in vitro. In some cases this has been attributable to immunosuppression mediated by the elaboration of prostaglandins by either tumor cells or tumor‐infiltrating monocytes. In this laboratory, freshly prepared TILs containing single‐cell suspensions of head and neck tumors displayed both poor proliferation as well as minimal responsiveness to indomethacin‐mediated reversal of immunosuppression. In order to investigate tumor‐mediated immunosuppression further, a system was developed whereby a new cell line of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was used to suppress allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interieukin‐2 (IL‐2). Tumor cells were able to suppress peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) proliferation up to 95%. This suppressive effect was dependent on tumor cell number and was reversible by the use of higher concentrations of PHA, but not by increased concentrations of IL‐2. Suppression was immediate when IL‐2 was used as the stimulus for proliferation, but required extended lymphocyte/tumor cell contact when PHA was used. Flow cytometric analysis of tumor‐exposed and PHA‐stimulated PBMNCs revealed a decrease in both the number of cells expressing IL‐2 receptors as well as the density of IL‐2 receptors per cell. This pattern of suppression, as well as the reversibility of suppression by indomethacin, implicates prostaglandins in the mechanisms by which these tumor cells mediate immunosuppression.
Basaloid‐Squamous Carcinoma of the Palate
Authors: Lovejoy Hugh M. , Matthews Brian L.
Published: July 2017

Basaloid‐squamous carcinoma is a rare, nonsquamous cell tumor presenting in the head and neck that has recently been described. The clinical and histopathologic features of basaloid‐squamous carcinoma derived from the 12 reported cases in the literature, including our case resembling an arteriovenous malformation, are described. The important interaction of the operating surgeon with the surgical pathologist in guiding the extent of the resection is emphasized.
Public Attitude Toward Science and Science Education
Authors: Yager Robert E. , Penick John E.
Published: July 2017

Public support for and interest in various fields, issues, organizations, and situations change. Public support for and interest in science and science education have been studied over a thirty-year period. Yankelovich's work related to science was enlarged to include science education. The public was very supportive of science and science education following the 1957 lauching of the Soviet Sputnik This high level of support is observed again in 1985, presumably because of the relationship of science and technology to economic security. Public support for science and science education was at a low point for the 30 year period in 1975.
Personalizing One's Technological Environment by Communicating with Machines
Authors: Levi Daniel
Published: July 2017

How do people adapt to technology? This study examines one mechanism people may be using to personalize technology—talking to machines. Communicating to machines is similar to other forms of personalization and can be explained using attribution theory. Characteristics of machines (such as relationship to emotions, predictability, and familiarity) may affect people's willingness to communicate. A survey study that examined people's communication to machines showed that people do communicate to some machines, and hypotheses about the characteristics of machines were supported. A second survey study examined the differences between communicating with cars and computers, comparing issues such as frequency, emotionality, and the perceived gender of the machines. Overall, these studies show some of the ways people are adapting to their increasingly computerized, technological environment.
Beyond the Classroom: Implications of the World Wide Web for Educational Policy
Authors: Henry Andrew , Worthington Valerie
Published: July 2017

The infusion of the internet technologies into schools introduces a new instantiation of text into the everyday experiences of students, teachers, and administrators. Given the dialectic interaction between organizations, cognitions, and technologies, hypertext, primarily delivered through interaction with the World Wide Web, will likely have far reaching implications. The decentered, complex, and open nature of hypertext promotes multiculuralism and multivocality, questioning the efficacy of accountability-based learning, the authority of the textbook, a particular interpretation of texts, the curriculum, and the policy that heretofore validated the typical educational experience. This article argues that the result of this challenge will be movement in the direction of more localized and fluid solutions to problems confronting students and educators, and more reliance on expertise from nontraditional sources. Ultimately, the introduction of hypertext into the daily “vocabulary” of education will effect change in the domains of educational policy, organizational structures, and institutional authority.
Science, Technology, and Society on the Eve of the New Century
Authors: Salomon Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2017

No other area of human activity than science and technology has achieved as much intellectually and in terms of technical innovation. Nevertheless, despite these unchallengeable advances, science and technology do not inevitably lead to moral and social progress for humanity: The dreams of reason may also imply nightmares. As this century draws to a close, the most crucial change is occurring in science and technology policy, altering in particular the special status that science has enjoyed since World War II, affecting the conditions under which academic research is carried out, compelling to more collaborative international research efforts and leading at the same time to growing ethical issues at the forefront of choices in relation to the environment, to the new technologies, and even to scientific research per se. Future generations will observe the twists and turns of history partly because of and partly in spite of these choices.
Damage Analysis of Honeycomb Core Composite Sandwich Plate Subjected Low Velocity Impact
Authors: Zheng Qixuan , Li Zhengneng , Wu Di
Published: July 2017

A systematic study on the impact process and damage characteristics of honeycomb core composite sandwich plates were completed on the basis of the ex-study on laminated composite plates. A series of quasi-static transverse indentation tests of composite sandwich plates are carried out to study the contact law of honeycomb core sandwich composites.

An analysis program of the transient dynamic finite element analysis was developed to calculate the impact characteristics of the impactor and the composite sandwich plate, and to predict the damage to the composite sandwich plate during the low velocity impacts process. For estimating the occurrence and the extension of the damage to the composite sandwich plate subjected impact, an impact damage model of the honeycomb core composite sandwich plates was set up and applied in the program. This model consisted of the damage occurring criterion and the damage extension criterion. A simplified criterion of the damage to honeycomb core was proposed in this paper. The results of numerical calculation showed that the impact energy had significant effect on the impact contact face and the damage process of sandwich plates, and the impact characteristics of composite sandwich plate were different from laminated composite plate.

Finally, a series of standard low velocity tests on honeycomb core composite sandwich plates were carried out to demonstrate the analysis results. The comparison between both showed that the predictions agree with the test data fairly well.
Theoretical Forecasting and Experimental Validation of Damage Tolerance and Accumulation in Glass/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Bonora N. , Marchetti M. , Milella P. P.
Published: July 2017

Damage and damage accumulation mechanisms under cyclic loads were studied in orthotropic cross-ply composite laminates realized in S-glass fibers with epoxy resin. Five different basic mechanisms of damage were observed and evaluated making use of x-ray and dye-penetrant nondestructive techniques.

They are: transverse matrix cracks, fiber failure, fiber debonding, intralaminar delamination and random disperse longitudinal cracks. The effects of these different damage mechanisms are revealed through the reduction of the mechanical properties of the composite material. A comprehensive experimental analysis of GFRP and CFRP, with two different lay-ups for each one, was made. Variations of the elastic moduli in two different directions and Poisson's ratio were measured as a function of the number of cycles, for different stress levels, under alternate loads. The basic relations, developed by Talreja et al., which permit the prediction of the reduction of the elastic moduli for a given damage state, were directly related to the number of cycles N and to the stress levels employed in the fatigue tests. Tests to evaluate an eventual frequency effect on damage accumulation processes in composite material were made.

Cumulative damage tests were also conducted to analyse material response under different and alternate load spectra.

A damage index based on residual normalized strain energy ratio, which can describe a global damage state, is also proposed.
Impact Response of Glass Fibre Reinforced Composite Plates
Authors: Habib S. S.
Published: July 2017

Glass fibre reinforced polyester square flat panels were tested under impact loading conditions using drop weight testing machine capable of providing load-time plots. Three different laminates were investigated. The analysis, which is based on the finite element technique, produced good results in predicting the deflection in the panels.
Postbuckling Analysis of Stringer-Stiffened Composite Laminated Cylindrical Panels
Authors: Kim Zoh Gweon , Hong Chang Sun , Kimt Chun Gon
Published: July 2017

The postbuckling behavior of stiffened composite cylindrical panels was studied analytically and experimentally. Progressive failure analysis was implemented for the prediction of failure characteristics and postbuckling ultimate load. For the progressive failure analysis, the maximum stress criterion is applied to the average stress in each layer of all the finite elements. Using the same degenerated three dimensional isoparametric solid element in order to model stiffeners and the skin, the global and the local buckling of the stiffened panel can be depicted exactly. The results show the effects of stiffener location, and various stiffener heights and thickness on the postbuckling behavior of stiffened composite cylindrical panels. The postbuckling ultimate load of stringer-stiffened composite cylindrical panel is not dependent of the initial buckling load, but becomes higher as the stiffener thickness and height increase.
Boundaries, Tolerance Spaces, and Criteria for Conflict Resolutions
Authors: Gale Stephen
Published: July 2017

Using the concepts of a “fuzzy set” and a “tolerance space,” arguments for the respecification of the formal languages associated with the terms “region” and “boundary” are presented. The selection of criteria for conflict resolution are then shown to be dependent on the properties of the language