bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of lamina I spinomedullary and spinothalamic neurons in the cat
Authors: Andrew David , Krout Karl E. , Craig A.D. (Bud)
Published: March 2003

We characterized spinomedullary neurons that project to the ventrolateral portion of the medulla that receives lamina I terminations in two sets of experiments in the cat. First, their distribution was examined using single unilateral iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin subunit B. The injection sites were characterized by microelectrode recordings from nociceptive‐ and thermoreceptive‐specific units, indicative of lamina I input. The spinomedullary neurons were symmetrically distributed bilaterally, predominantly (63–69%) in lamina I but also in laminae V–VIII and the thoracic lateral horn (intermediolateral cell column). In horizontal sections, spinomedullary lamina I neurons included all three main morphological types described earlier. Second, spinomedullary and spinothalamic neurons were compared in retrograde double‐labeling experiments. Different combinations of tracers were injected in the right thalamus and the left or right ventrolateral medulla (guided by recordings). The numbers of spinomedullary and spinothalamic neurons on the left side were comparable, and the segmental and laminar distributions were similar, except that a greater proportion of spinomedullary neurons originated from thoracic segments. However, the proportion of double‐labeled neurons was consistently ∼1%, indicating that spinomedullary and spinothalamic pathways arise from separate subpopulations. Spinomedullary neurons were more ventrally located within lamina I than spinothalamic neurons. A significantly greater proportion of spinomedullary neurons had fusiform somata (49% vs. 36%). These observations indicate that lamina I is the major source of spinal input to this portion of the ventrolateral medulla, that the projection includes several morphological types of inputs, and that this projection is distinct from the spinothalamic projection. These findings are consistent with the concept that lamina I projections constitute an ascending homeostatic afferent pathway relating the physiological condition of the body. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:257–271, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration
Authors: Dervan Adrian G. , Roberts Barry L.
Published: March 2003

After transection, the spinal cord of the eel Anguilla quickly regrows and reconnects, and function recovers. We describe here the changes in the central canal region that accompany this regeneration by using serial semithin plastic sections and immunohistochemistry. The progress of axonal regrowth was followed in material labeled with DiI. The canal of the uninjured cord is surrounded by four cell types: S‐100‐immunopositive ependymocytes, S‐100‐ and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐immunopositive tanycytes, vimentin‐immunopositive dorsally located cells, and lateral and ventral liquor‐contacting neurons, which label for either γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). After cord transection, a new central canal forms rapidly as small groups of cells at the leading edges of the transection create flat “plates” that serve as templates for subsequent formation of the lateral and dorsal walls. Profile counts and 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry indicate that these cells are dividing rapidly during the first 20 days of the repair process. The newly formed canal, which bridges the transection by day 10 but is not complete until about day 20, is greatly enlarged (≤100 times) and is dominated by ependymocytes that are vimentin immunopositive, but cells expressing GABA, TH, and GFAP do not appear until days 11, 13, and 16, respectively. The proliferating ependyma do not provide a supportive scaffold for the regrowing axons, inasmuch as some have crossed the bridge before the canal has formed. However, their modified phenotype suggests a role, possibly trophic, for the central canal region following injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:293–306, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendritic orientation and laminar architecture in the rabbit auditory thalamus
Authors: Cetas Justin S. , Price Robin O. , Crowe Jennifer , Velenovsky David S. , McMullen Nathaniel T.
Published: March 2003

A laminar organization composed of the dendritic fields of principal neurons and afferent axonal arbors has been proposed as the anatomical substrate for the frequency map at several levels of the mammalian central auditory system, including the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body (MGB). In contrast to the auditory thalamus in most mammals, the ventral division of the rabbit medial geniculate body (MGV) has cellular laminae visible in routine Nissl stains, allowing a direct comparison of the laminar organization with the dendritic architecture and frequency organization. In total 30 presumptive relay neurons in the MGV were labeled with the juxtacellular recording method, and their dendritic arbors were fully reconstructed from serial sections with the aid of a computer microscope. The spatial organization of MGV dendritic fields was analyzed using the dendritic prism, dendritic stick, and fan‐in projection methods. Quantitative spatial analyses revealed that, for MGV neurons in the central pars lateralis subdivision, the major axis of the dendritic fields (∼29° relative to the horizontal plane) was closely aligned with that of the Nissl laminae (∼25°). Both were oriented orthogonally to the tonotopic axis. In contrast, cells in the pars ovoidea had their major axis of orientation parallel to the anteroposterior axis of the brain. Although a bitufted dendritic field was the norm, it was not uncommon for MGV neurons to have pronounced spatial asymmetries in their dendritic fields. A model is presented that incorporates cellular laminae and oriented dendritic growth to form frequency‐related slabs within the MGV. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:307–317, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normal chiasmatic routing of uncrossed projections from the ventrotemporal retina in albino Xenopus frogs
Authors: Grant Simon , Waller William , Bhalla Ashish , Kennard Christopher
Published: March 2003

Albino mammals lacking melanin in the embryonic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have abnormal retinal decussation patterns at the optic chiasm: their uncrossed projections are smaller and arise from fewer, more peripheral temporal retinal ganglion cells than in con‐specific wild‐types. To determine whether these abnormalities generalize to nonmammalian mutants, we used anterograde and retrograde labeling methods to compare the distribution of retinal projections to the thalamus in adult normal and albino Xenopus frogs. In both pigmentation phenotypes, crossed retinal terminations covered ∼80% of the neuropil of Bellonci (nB) and corpus geniculatum thalamicum (cgt) and uncrossed inputs occupied, respectively, approximately 75% and 25% of these two main visual centers. In the wild‐type frogs and in the albinos, ganglion cells giving rise to the crossed projections were distributed throughout the retina, whereas ipsilaterally projecting cells were confined to a specific ventrotemporal retinal division. This region comprised ∼40% of the total retinal area, was bordered by a well‐defined line of decussation, and contained an average of ∼3,000 ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells of equivalent soma sizes in the two pigmentation phenotypes. In summary, we found no evidence of chiasmatic misrouting in the uncrossed retinothalamic projections of albino Xenopus, even though these pathways are substantial in normal frogs and share features in common with mammalian retinogeniculate projections. Our findings suggest that congenital RPE melanin deficiency results in major defects in the development of the retina and its central projections only in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:425–439, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
External inputs, stable equilibria and complete stability of CNNs
Authors: Li Xue Mei , Huang Li Hong , Wu Jianhong
Published: March 2003

We construct two cellular neural networks (CNNs) of three cells to show that a CNN can have stable equilibria, but is not completely stable and that the complete stability of CNN depends on the choice of external inputs. These phenomena cannot occur for two‐cell CNNs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐needle aspiration of leiomyosarcoma: A correlative cytohistopathological study of 96 tumors in 68 patients
Authors: Klijanienko Jerzy , Caillaud Jean‐Michel , Lagacé Réal , Vielh Philippe
Published: March 2003

To better define the cytological features of various leiomyosarcoma (LMS) variants, we reviewed the fine‐needle aspiration material and the corresponding histologic sections of 96 tumors in 68 patients. Histological variants of LMS were as follows: 80 (83.3%) were of the classical/usual, seven (7.3%) were epithelioid, and nine (9.4%) were myxoid. Review of original cytology reports showed that 23 (24%) tumors were diagnosed as LMS and 69 (71.8%) as other types of malignancies. Two (2.1%) cases were reported as suspicious and two (2.1%) were unsatisfactory. The classical variants of LMS were characterized cytologically by various proportions of spindle‐shaped, cohesive, small‐ or large‐sized cells arranged in parallel alignment. Large spindle, round, binucleated, giant cells with intracytoplasmic granulations were frequently seen. Blunt‐ended nuclei, intranuclear inclusions and mitotic figures were occasionally seen, as well as stromal fragments. The epithelioid tumors were composed of an admixture of small and large, spindle‐shaped and round cells, also arranged in parallel alignment. Tumor cells with granular cytoplasm, blunt‐ended nuclei, intranuclear inclusions, mitotic figures, fibrous or myxoid stroma were not observed. The myxoid tumors disclosed large amounts of background myxoid matrix containing large spindle‐shaped and giant cells. Entities such as leiomyoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, monophasic synovial sarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of LMS of the classical type. Epithelioid leiomyoma may share similar cytological features with epithelioid LMS. The cytological features of the myxoid variant of LMS can be easily confused with other types of benign and malignant mesenchymal tumors depicting degenerative myxoid changes and/or a myxoid matrix component. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:119–125. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marginal zone and mantle cell lymphomas: Assessment of cytomorphology in subtyping small B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Murphy Bettina A. , Meda Brenton A. , Buss David H. , Geisinger Kim R.
Published: March 2003

The diagnosis of malignant lymphomas by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is increasing in utilization. The cytomorphologic distinction among the small B‐cell lymphomas may be quite difficult. We are unaware of anyone who has compared directly mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) in FNAB. Our major goal was to examine the cytomorphologic attributes of MCL and MZL and to look for features distinctive of or suggestive of either neoplasm. Seven immunophenotypic MCL and seven immunophenotypic MZL aspirates were evaluated for a number of cytomorphologic features in direct smears. Features favoring MCL include a relatively monomorphic cellular population, prominent nuclear membrane contour irregularities, and mitotic figures. Conversely, a polymorphic cellular population suggested MZL. However, due to extensive overlap of specific cytologic features, the two lymphomas cannot be definitively distinguished based solely on cytomorphology. Although there are cytomorphologic attributes suggestive of either MCL or MZL, considerable overlap exists. Based on an individual case basis, the distinction cannot be made reliably by morphology alone; ancillary studies, e.g., immunophenotyping, are essential. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:126–130. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology and immunocytochemistry in the diagnosis of 24 gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A quick, reliable diagnostic method
Authors: Lozano Maria D. , Rodriguez J. , Algarra Salvador Martín , Panizo Angel , Sola Jesús J. , Pardo Javier
Published: March 2003

The diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is generally established on histopathologic examination of surgical specimens. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA), performed under the guidance of ultrasound or computed tomography, is being used with increasing frequency in an attempt to diagnose primary and/or metastatic GISTs before surgery. The present study was undertaken to characterize the cytological appearance of these tumors and to assess the role of cytology, together with immunocytochemistry (ICC), in the diagnosis of GISTs. Twenty‐four GISTs diagnosed by FNA cytology at our institution have been reviewed. Immunocytochemical studies with c‐kit and CD34 were performed in all cases on current or archival Papanicolaou‐stained smears. All cases stained with c‐kit, and 19 reacted with CD34. Cytomorphology and immunocytochemical characteristics are discussed. Our results confirm the utility of FNA together with ICC in the diagnosis of primary and/or metastatic GISTs. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:131–135. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide release, EDHF, and the role of potassium channels in coronary circulation
Authors: He Guo‐Wei
Published: March 2003

The endothelium relaxes vascular smooth muscle cells through at least three factors: nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI2), and endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). In the coronary circulation, we have conducted a series of experiments to study: 1) the inhibitory effects of NOS on the production of NO under stimulated status; 2) whether EDHF plays a role in either large or microarteries; 3) the cellular membrane potential hyperpolarization linked with relaxation; 4) the potassium channels involved in EDHF‐mediated relaxation and hyperpolarization; and 5) EDHF‐function related to open‐heart surgery. In porcine coronary arteries, NO release was directly measured by electrochemical methods using an NO‐specific electrode and an NO meter. The cellular membrane potential of smooth muscle cells was measured electrophysiologically by using a microelectrode in both large and small coronary arteries. Isometric force recording was used to study relaxations in organ chambers for large arteries and in myograph for microarteries. This article reviews these aspects. A) In large arteries pretreated with indomethacin, bradykinin (BK) evoked a rise in [NO] from 5.5±2.4 nM to 105.0±19.6 nM and hyperpolarization. L‐NNA treatment significantly reduced the BK‐stimulated rise in [NO] to 32.1±11.3 nM but did not affect hyperpolarization. B) Oxyhemoglobin eliminated indomethacin and L‐NNA‐resistant rise in [NO] but not relaxation (42.3±4.4%) and repolarization (−40±2 mV) by BK. C) Tetraethylammonium, charybdotoxin, iberiotoxin, and apamin, used alone or in combination, partially decreased the BK‐induced responses. D) EDHF‐mediated relaxation and hyperpolarization are reduced by exposure to hyperkalemic cardioplegia. We conclude: i) that in porcine coronary large and microarteries, both EDHF and NO play important role in the endothelium‐dependent relaxation; ii) that NOS inhibitors reduce but do not completely eliminate NO production; iii) that Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (BKCa and SKCa) play an important role in mediating the BK‐induced responses; and iv) that EDHF‐function can be protected by pharmacological methods. Drug. Dev. Res. 58:23–27, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin receptor as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary vascular remodeling
Authors: Wang Huailiang
Published: March 2003

Pulmonary hypertension can be caused in most mammalian species by numerous serotonergic drugs. That the 5‐HT1B/1D‐receptor agonist sumatriptan demonstrated a potent vasopressor response in the pulmonary circulation in human subjects suggests that the 5‐HT1B/1D receptor may be involved in the vasoconstriction of human pulmonary arteries. Both 5‐HT1B‐ and 5‐HT1D‐receptor mRNA exist in the trigeminal ganglion. Only 5‐HT1B receptor mRNA expression was detected in pulmonary artery smooth muscle. A higher level of 5‐HT1B receptor mRNA expression existed in the pulmonary artery from the monocrotaline‐induced chronic pulmonary hypertensive rat, which was found to be associated with a higher vasoconstrictor effect to 5‐HT. The 5‐HT1B receptor mediates pulmonary vasoconstriction and the enhanced expression of 5‐HT1B receptor mRNA is closely related to the augmentation of 5‐HT‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Therefore, serotonin may be a mediator of pulmonary hypertension via 5‐HT1B receptor‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. The enhanced expression of 5‐HT1B receptor mRNA is closely related to the augmentation of 5‐HT‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, suggesting that the 5‐HT1B receptor is one of the important mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension; this may provide a novel and potential therapeutic target for this disease. Drug Dev. Res. 58:69–73, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmural dispersion of action potential duration and heterogeneous changes in L‐type calcium current in rabbit heart three months after myocardial infarction
Authors: Ma Jie , Li Yang , Zhang Cun‐Tai , Xiao Jian‐Ming , Lu Zai‐Ying
Published: March 2003

The transmural dispersion of APD (TD‐APD) and heterogeneous changes in L‐type calcium current (ICa.L) in rabbit hearts were examined 3 months after myocardial infarction. Compared to the control group, APDs of cells from the epimyocyte, midmyocyte, and endomyocyte layers remote from the infarct site were all lengthened: TD‐APD was increased (288.32±19.56 ms vs. 210.32±17.43 ms in the control group; P<0.05). No significant differences in APD or TD‐APD were observed between the sham‐operated and control groups (P>0.05). Compared to the control group, ICa.L density was decreased in the infarct group, the reduction being most prominent in cells from the endomyocyte layer (from 16.12±1.60 pA·pF‐1 to 8.73±0.06 pA·pF‐1, decreased 45.82%), with reductions in cells from the midmyocyte and epimyocyte layers of 39.72% and 37.01%, respectively. There was no significant difference in ICa.L density between the sham‐operated and control groups (P>0.05). Drug Dev. Res. 58:122–124, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of endothelin‐1 mRNA antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on ischemic arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts
Authors: Yuan Wen‐Jun , Qiu Jing‐Wei , Lin Li , Pan Xiu‐Jie , Ren An‐Jing , Chen Hong , Tang Chao‐Shu
Published: March 2003

The role of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in acute ischemic arrhythmia is controversial. To illustrate the involvement of cardiac ET‐1 in ischemic arrhythmia, the effects of ET‐1 mRNA antisense oligodeoxy‐nucleotides (AS‐ODNs) on acute ischemic arrhythmia were observed. ET‐1 AS‐ODN was injected i.v. in rats 2 h before the experimental procedure and the ischemic arrhythmia caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was observed in the isolated perfused heart. The results show that: 1) In normal perfused rat hearts, a small number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) were observed and neither ventricular tachycardia (VT) nor heart arrest occurred. 2) LAD occlusion elicited various ischemic arrhythmias in isolated hearts. No differences in the incidences or numbers of the arrhythmias were found between isolated hearts which had received normal saline (NS) and those which had received ET‐1 ODNs (sense‐ODN and scrambled‐ODN) in vivo. VT occurred in all hearts and the percentage of heart arrest was 33.3% in the NS group, 12.5% in the sense‐ODN group, and 25% in the scrambled ODN group. 3) ET‐1 AS‐ODN dose‐dependently decreased the incidence of VT, the arrhythmia score, the numbers of single VEBs and VT, and no heart arrest was observed in the hearts pretreated with ET‐1 AS‐ODN. These results demonstrated a contributory role for endogenous ET‐1 in the genesis of ischemic arrhythmia in this rat heart model of arrhythmia. Drug Dev. Res. 58:138–144, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of parental deprivation on the behavioral development in Octodon degus: Modulation by maternal vocalizations
Authors: Braun Katharina , Kremz Petra , Wetzel Wolfram , Wagner Thomas , Poeggel Gerd
Published: March 2003

Repeated separation from the family during very early stages of life is a stressful emotional experience which induces a variety of neuronal and synaptic changes in limbic cortical areas that may be related to behavioral alterations. First, we investigated whether repeated parental separation and handling, without separation from the family, leads to altered spontaneous exploratory behavior in a novel environment (open field test) in 8‐day‐old Octodon degus. Second, we tested whether the parentally deprived and handled animals display different stimulus‐evoked exploratory behaviors in a modified open field version, in which a positive emotional stimulus, the maternal call, was presented. In the open field test a significant influence of previous emotional experience was found for the parameters of running, rearing, and vocalization. Parentally deprived degus displayed increased horizontal (running) and vertical (rearing) motoric activities, but decreased vocalization, compared to normal and handled controls. The presentation of maternal vocalizations significantly modified running, vocalization, and grooming activities, which in the case of running activity was dependent on previous emotional experience. Both deprivation‐induced locomotor hyperactivity together with the reduced behavioral response towards a familiar acoustic emotional signal are similar to behavioral disturbances observed in human attachment disorders. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 237–245, 2003.
Latent inhibition of conditioned odor potentiation of startle: A developmental analysis
Authors: Richardson Rick , Fan Michelle , Parnas A. Sophie
Published: March 2003

We conducted a two‐part study of age and latent inhibition in the rat. In the first part of the study, rats given odor–shock pairings at 23 or 75 days of age exhibited a potentiated startle response in the presence of the odor the following day. This effect did not occur in rats trained at 16 or 20 days of age. Odor pre‐exposure on the day prior to conditioning markedly reduced the odor potentiation of startle effect in 23‐ and 75‐day‐old rats but had no effect in 16 and 20‐day‐olds. In the second part of the study, rats were pre‐exposed to the odor at 16 or 20 days of age and then conditioned at 23 days of age. When tested the day after conditioning, these pre‐exposed rats exhibited a disruption in the odor potentiation of startle effect. We compare our results with other studies of latent inhibition, and with recent studies on whether conditioned responses are appropriate to the animal's age at training or their age at test. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 261–268, 2003.
Reinstatement maintains a memory in human infants for 1½ years
Authors: Hartshorn Kristin
Published: March 2003

This study tested the proposition of Campbell and Jaynes (1966) that reinstatement is the mechanism by which early memories are maintained over a significant period of development. In four progressive replications, 6‐month‐old human infants learned to move a miniature train around a track by lever‐pressing. They received a brief reinstatement at 7, 8, 9, 12, and 18 months of age and a final retention test at 2 years of age. Although 6‐month‐olds usually remember this task for only 2 weeks, after five reinstatements they exhibited significant retention 1½ years later. Untrained yoked controls that received the same reinstatement regimen exhibited no retention after any delay. These findings reveal that the immaturity of the brain at the time of encoding is not the rate‐limiting step in whether infants remember over the long term. Rather, as long as infants periodically encounter a nonverbal reminder, they can maintain early memories over a significant period of development. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 269–282, 2003.
Dynamic spatiotemporal expression of LIM genes and cofactors in the embryonic and postnatal cerebral cortex
Authors: Bulchand Sarada , Subramanian Lakshmi , Tole Shubha
Published: March 2003

LIM‐Homeodomain (LIM‐HD) genes encode a family of transcription factors known to be involved in development and patterning in several systems. Previously, we have shown that LIM‐HD gene Lhx2 is required for the formation of a crucial boundary in the dorsal telencephalon (Bulchand et al. [2001] Mech Dev 100:165–175). To further explore the role of LIM‐HD genes as well as the broader LIM gene family in dorsal telencephalic development, we examined the expression pattern of the members of this gene family and their cofactors in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Transcription factor activity of the LIM‐HD proteins requires the formation of a tetrameric complex consisting of two LIM‐HD molecules linked by a dimer of cofactor (Clim) molecules. LIM‐only (Lmo) proteins can interfere with this process by competing for the cofactors. LIM‐HD protein function, thus, can be modulated by the presence of the appropriate Clim or Lmo molecules. At least 13 LIM‐HD, 4 Lmo, and 2 Clim genes have been identified in the mouse. Several of these genes exhibit complex spatiotemporal patterns spanning different stages of cortical development, from embryonic to postnatal ages. Noteworthy features of the expression patterns include delineation of boundaries within the developing cortex, up‐ or down‐regulation during formation of selected cortical layers, and a striking complementarity of expression of several members consistent with specific functions in cortical development. Significantly, in some cases, Lmo or Clim gene expression is robust where no LIM‐HD gene expression is detectable. These results suggest multiple and distinct roles for LIM‐HD, Lmo, and Clim genes in cortical development, and also support a LIM‐HD–independent role for some Lmo and Clim members. Development Dynamics, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac neural crest in zebrafish embryos contributes to myocardial cell lineage and early heart function
Authors: Li Yin‐Xiong , Zdanowicz Marzena , Young Lori , Kumiski Donna , Leatherbury Linda , Kirby Margaret L.
Published: March 2003

Myocardial dysfunction is evident within hours after ablation of the cardiac neural crest in chick embryos, suggesting a role for neural crest in myocardial maturation that is separate from its role in outflow septation. This role could be conserved in an animal that does not have a divided systemic and pulmonary circulation, such as zebrafish. To test this hypothesis, we used cell marking to identify the axial level of neural crest that migrates to the heart in zebrafish embryos. Unlike the chick and mouse, the zebrafish cardiac neural crest does not originate from the axial level of the somites. The region of neural crest cranial to somite 1 was found to contribute cells to the heart. Cells from the cardiac neural crest migrated to the myocardial wall of the heart tube, where some of them expressed a myocardial phenotype. Laser ablation of the cardiac premigratory neural crest at the three‐ to four‐somite stage resulted in loss of the neural crest cells migrating to the heart as shown by the absence of AP2‐ and HNK1‐expressing cells and failure of the heart tube to undergo looping. Myocardial function was assessed 24 hr after the cardiac neural crest ablation in a subpopulation of embryos with normal heart rate. Decreased stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output were observed, indicating a more severe functional deficit in cardiac neural crest‐ablated zebrafish embryos compared with neural crest–ablated chick embryos. These results suggest a new role for cardiac neural crest cells in vertebrate cardiac development and are the first report of a myocardial cell lineage for neural crest derivatives. Developmental Dynamics 226:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of exposure with response prevention in cognitive–behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: Three‐year follow‐up results
Authors: Carter Frances A. , McIntosh Virginia V. W. , Joyce Peter R. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: March 2003

Background

Previous studies have not reported the longer‐term outcome of exposure‐based treatments for bulimia nervosa. The current study evaluated the 3‐year outcome of a randomized clinical trial that compared the additive efficacy of exposure‐based versus nonexposure‐based behavioral treatments (BT) with a core of cognitive–behavior therapy (CBT).

Methods

One hundred thirteen women participated in the original treatment trial and attended a 3‐year follow‐up assessment. Eating disorder diagnoses and primary, secondary, and tertiary outcome measures were assessed. The impact of treatment completion on symptomatology and the stability of treatment effects over time were evaluated.

Results

At the 3‐year follow‐up, 85% of the sample had no current diagnosis of bulimia nervosa and 69% had no current eating disorder diagnoses of any sort. Failure to complete CBT was associated with inferior outcome. No clear advantages were evident for participants who completed BT in addition to CBT. For subjects who did complete both CBT and BT, outcome was mostly stable from posttreatment to follow‐up. No differential effects were found for exposure versus nonexposure‐based treatments at 3‐year follow‐up.

Discussion

The results of the current study compare favorably with other treatment outcome studies for bulimia nervosa and suggest that treatment gains are maintained after 3 years. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 127–135, 2003.
Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: A 6–24‐month follow‐up study
Authors: Sutandar‐Pinnock Kalam , Blake Woodside D. , Carter Jacqueline C. , Olmsted Marion P. , Kaplan Allan S.
Published: March 2003

Objective

This study examined the relationship between perfectionism and outcome in anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

Seventy‐three patients received inpatient treatment for AN. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) at admission to (n = 55), at discharge (n = 27), and at a median of 15.9 months (n = 49) after inpatient treatment. At follow‐up, participants also completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and their scores were compared with those of healthy controls.

Results

EDI Perfectionism was associated with illness status. A lower EDI Perfectionism score at admission was associated with a better response to treatment, which was subsequently associated with better outcome at follow‐up. Both the good and poor outcome groups had significantly higher MPS total perfectionism scores than healthy controls.

Discussion

The EDI measures an aspect of perfectionism that is sensitive to illness status, whereas the MPS is less dependent on clinical state and may reflect a common personality trait that persists with remission of disease. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 225–229, 2003.
Respiratory muscle weakness and anorexia nervosa
Authors: Birmingham C. Laird , Tan Adrienne O.
Published: March 2003

Background

Nutritional recovery in anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with improved exercise tolerance.

Method

We describe the investigation of a male with AN. Despite nutritional recovery, he complained of impaired exercise tolerance.

Results

Respiratory muscle weakness was demonstrated as the cause of the impaired exercise tolerance.

Discussion

Weakness of the muscles of respiration results from prolonged malnutrition. The diaphragmatic muscle may be slower to recover than other muscles. This can cause impaired exercise tolerance due to shortness of breath on exertion, despite nutritional recovery. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 230–233, 2003.
Conformity and dietary disinhibition: A test of the ego‐strength model of self‐regulation
Authors: Kahan Dana , Polivy Janet , Herman C. Peter
Published: March 2003

Objective

Ego‐strength depletion was examined as an explanation for dietary disinhibition in restrained eaters. We predicted that the depletion of ego strength resulting from having to choose whether to conform would undermine dietary restraint.

Method

Participants completed an Asch‐type conformity task, after which they completed a taste‐rating task in which food intake was measured.

Results

As predicted, restrained eaters who repeatedly exercised choice ate significantly more than did restrained eaters who did not exercise choice.

Discussion

An ego‐strength model of dietary restraint is discussed. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 165–171, 2003.
Determination of cost‐effective preventive maintenance schedule for a telecommunication software system
Authors: Dohi Tadashi , Kaio Naoto , Osaki Shunji
Published: March 2003

This paper considers a telecommunication software system and discusses a stochastic model to determine the optimal software rejuvenation schedule based on the cost‐effectiveness. The stochastic behavior of the system under consideration is described by using a semi‐Markov process, and the optimal rejuvenation schedule that maximizes the cost‐effectiveness is derived. In addition, a non‐parametric statistical algorithm for estimating the optimal rejuvenation schedule when the system fault data are given is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(7): 41–50, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10041
Toll‐like receptor 4 expression levels determine the degree of LPS‐susceptibility in mice
Authors: Kalis Christoph , Kanzler Benoit , Lembo Annalisa , Poltorak Alexander , Galanos Chris , Freudenberg Marina A.
Published: March 2003

C57BL/10ScCr (Cr) mice carry a deletion of the Toll‐like receptor 4 (tlr4) gene (i.e. they are tlr40/0) and are thus refractory to LPS effects. Insertion of wild‐type tlr4 transgene into the tlr40/0 Cr germ line endowed LPS susceptibility in the two transgenic lines created, indicating that TLR4 is the only limiting factor for LPS responsiveness in Cr mice. The absolute levels of tlr4 mRNA expressed by the heterozygous transgenic (tlr4Tr/0), wild‐type C57BL/10ScSn (Sn) (tlr4+/+) and heterozygous F1 (Sn × Cr) (tlr4+/0) mice varied markedly. However, the pattern of distribution of expression in the different organs was the same in all strains. In different biological assays (B cell mitogenicity, cytokine induction and lethal toxicity) the degree of LPS response obtained in the different strains of mice correlated with the levels of tlr4 mRNA expression. In macrophages, investigation of the LPS‐induced cytokine (IL‐6) response revealed a linear relationship between the response and the logarithm of TLR4–MD‐2 levels.
Requirement for Q226, but not multiple charged residues, in the class I MHC CD loop/D strand for TCR‐activated CD8 accessory function
Authors: Durairaj Micheal , Sharma Ranjana , Varghese Jay C. , Kane Kevin P.
Published: March 2003

Activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes typically begins with recognition of class I MHC‐peptide complexes by the TCR and CD8 as a coreceptor. In its coreceptor role, CD8 binds thesame class I‐peptide antigen complex as the TCR, enhancing the strength of TCR‐class I interaction. Subsequent to initial TCR engagement, CD8 acts as an accessory molecule by binding any properly conformed class I molecules on the target cell surface, leading to CD8‐mediated adhesion and cosignaling functions. We expressed and isolated a number of mutant class I molecules in which one or moreacidic or polar residues in the class I α3 domain CD loop and D strand region, or α2 domain were altered. Using solid phase CTL adhesion and degranulation assays with isolated class I molecules, we demonstrate that multiple acidic residues in the α3 domain, although involved in CD8 coreceptor interaction, are not required for TCR‐activated CD8 accessory interactions. Instead, we show that Q226, a polar group on the end of the CD loop, is required for TCR‐activated CD8 accessory functions. These results indicate that CD8 coreceptor and accessory interactions differ substantially and suggest that TCR activation results in changes that alter the structural constraints for CD8 accessory interactions.
Alefacept selectively promotes NK cell‐mediated deletion of CD45R0+ human T cells
Authors: Cooper Joanne C. , Morgan Geoffrey , Harding Susanne , Subramanyam Meena , Majeau Gerard R. , Moulder Kevin , Alexander Denis R.
Published: March 2003

Modulation of the immune response using immunoglobulin fusion proteins has shown great promise for clinical immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. Alefacept is an immunoglobulin fusion protein composed of the first extracellular domain of human LFA‐3 fused to the hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains of human IgG1. Alefacept has previously been reported to inhibit T cell proliferation. Here, we analyzed the effects of alefacept on lymphocytes in vitro and characterized the role of autologous NK cells in its mechanism of action. Alefacept, but not a CH2 binding mutant of Alefacept, inhibited CD3‐induced T cell proliferation only in the presence of live NK cells, consistent with an important role for FcγR engagement. Alefacept caused preferential depletion of CD69+CD45R0+CD25+ T cell subsets. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that alefacept, but not the CH2 binding mutant, induced NK cell‐mediated death of activated T cells and sorting into CD45R0+ and CD45RA+ subpopulations showed that lymphocyte deletion occurred preferentially in the CD45R0+ subset. Activated CD45R0+ cells expressed higher levels of CD2 than CD45R0– cells, providing a possible explanation for the selective targeting of this subset. Our results suggest that selective targeting of CD45R0+ T cells by NK cells represents a potential therapeutic mechanism of action of alefacept.
Artificial‐infection protocols allow immunodetection of novel Borrelia burgdorferi antigens suitable as vaccine candidates against Lyme disease
Authors: Wallich Reinhard , Jahraus Oliver , Stehle Thomas , Tran Thi Thanh Thao , Brenner Christiane , Hofmann Heidelore , Gern Lise , Simon Markus M.
Published: March 2003

Vaccination with recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi provides excellent antibody‐mediated protection against challenge with the pathogen in animal models and in humans. However, the bactericidal antibodies are ineffective in the reservoir host, since OspA is expressed by spirochetes only in the vector, but rarely, if at all, in mammals. Using an artificially generated immune serum (anti‐108 spirochetes) with high protective potential for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment, we have now isolated from an expression library of B. burgdorferi (strain ZS7) three novel genes, zs7.a36, zs7.a66 and zs7.a68. All three genes are located, together with ospA/B, on the linear plasmid lp54, and are expressed in vitro and in ticks. At least temporarily two of them, ZS7.A36 and ZS7.A66, are also expressed during infection. The respective natural antigens are poorly immunogenic ininfected normal mice but elicited antibodies in Lyme disease patients. We show that recombinant preparations of ZS7.A36, ZS7.A66 and ZS7.A68 induce functional antibodies in rabbits capable of protecting immunodeficient mice against subsequent experimental infection. These findings suggest that all three recombinant antigens represent potential candidates for a ‘second generation’ vaccine to prevent and/or cure Lyme disease.
Dominant effector memory characteristics, capacity for dynamic adaptive expansion, and sex bias in the innate Vα24 NKT cell compartment
Authors: Sandberg Johan K. , Bhardwaj Nina , Nixon Douglas F.
Published: March 2003

Vα24 natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate immune cells that recognize self and nonself glycolipids presented by CD1d molecules, and play immunoregulatory roles in autoimmunity and tumorimmunity. We have investigated the circulating Vα24 NKT cells in a large cohort of human subjects. CCR7– CD45RO+ effector memory cells dominated both CD4+ and CD4 NKT subsets, while a minority displayed a central memory phenotype. CD4– central memory NKT cells, however, were atypical in that they largely lacked CD62L expression. Overall, CD4– NKT cells displayed a functional phenotype with effector characteristics, while the CD4+ subset appeared immunoregulatory. Interestingly, NKT cell numbers in blood varied widely between subjects, and elevated numbers of these cells were much more common in women than in men. The CD4+ subset dominated the NKT cell compartment in both sexes, while circulating NKT cell numbers above 0.1% were associated with an expanded CD4– subset. Although NKT cell numbers were generally stable over time, we describe a dynamic fivefold expansion that was associated with a skewing of the NKT CD4+:CD4– ratio that persisted after numbers returned to base line. Thus, the two NKT cell subsets display different properties and dynamics that will influence theirfunction as innate immunoregulatory and effector cells.
Metal‐Assisted Hybridization of Oligonucleotides, Evaluation of Circular 2′‐O‐Me RNA as Ligands for the TAR RNA Target
Authors: Zapata Laurence , Bathany Katell , Schmitter Jean‐Marie , Moreau Serge
Published: March 2003

Two complementary oligonucleotides were conjugated with terpyridine ligands at their nearby 5′‐ and 3′‐ends. Addition of a stoichiometric amount of a transition metal (Zn2+, Fe2+) resulted in a large increase in the melting temperature of the duplex. The conjugation of TPY to stem‐loop oligomers provided an efficient procedure for the cyclisation of the oligomer after the addition of metal ions. Such a short stem‐loop oligomer was designed to target the HIV‐1 TAR RNA through loop−loop interactions. The addition of Zn2+ ions yielded a good ligand (Kd = 30 nM) for this RNA structural element. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Structural Determination of the O‐Specific Chain of the Lipopolysaccharide Fraction from the Alkaliphilic Bacterium Halomonas magadii Strain 21 MI
Authors: de Castro Cristina , Molinaro Antonio , Wallace Andrew , Grant William D. , Parrilli Michelangelo
Published: March 2003

The complete structure of one of the O‐specific polysaccharide components from the soda lake bacterium Halomonas magadii is described. The structural determination, which was achieved by chemical, spectroscopic, and computational analysis, indicates a novel trisaccharide repeating unit made up of glucose and two units of 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐guluronic acid: ⇄4)‐α‐L‐GulpNAcA‐(1⇄6)‐α‐D‐Glcp‐(1⇄4)‐α‐L‐GulpNAcA‐(1⇄ (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Tandem Olefin Migration/Aldol and Mannich‐Type Reactions in Water and Protic Solvents
Authors: Wang Mingwen , Yang Xiao‐Fan , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: March 2003

Cross‐coupling between 3‐buten‐2‐ol (2) and aldehyde in the presence of a catalytic amount of [RuCl2(PPh3)3] has been developed, through a tandem olefin migration/aldol reaction in a water/toluene mixture. The presence of In(OAc)3 promoted the aldol reaction with α‐vinylbenzyl alcohol (4) and aldehyde, while treatment of 3‐buten‐2‐ol (2) with imines generated Mannich‐type reaction products; syn isomers were formed as the major diastereomers for the aldol products 3a−3g and 5a−5e and the Mannich products 7a−7g. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of 1,3‐Difunctionalized Cyclopentenes and 1,3,5‐Trifunctionalized Cyclohexanes by Silicon‐Induced Domino Reactions
Authors: Tries Frank , Schaumann Ernst
Published: March 2003

A novel domino process based on a 1,4‐C⇄O shift of a silyl group (4 ⇄ 3) and a Michael‐induced ring‐closure reaction (3 ⇄ 2) is investigated. Specifically, attack of carbanions 5 on vinyloxiranes 6 usually occurs on the oxirane unit to give the desired silyl shift. When starting from vinyloxiranes 6a and 6b, however, the reaction stops at this stage to give silyl ethers 7. Sulfur (6c) or silicon activation (6d−f) of the C=C unit is required to yield cyclopentenes 1a−d. Analogously, carbanion 5a and allyloxiranes 15 give cyclization products 19−22, particularly if the ring‐closure step is supported by silicon substitution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The Influence of Heteroatoms on the Extent of Double Bond Pyramidalization
Authors: Can Hatice , Zahn Dirk , Balci Metin , Brickmann Jürgen
Published: March 2003

The origin of double bond pyramidalization in the series of norbornene and norbornadiene derivatives and the effect of heteroatoms on the magnitude of the double bond bending are reported. For this purpose, equilibrium geometries, vibrational frequencies, and NBO second‐order perturbation energies were calculated by use of B3LYP/6‐31G** level wave functions. The optimized geometric parameters calculated for norbornadiene are in good agreement with the available experimental results. NBO second‐order perturbation analysis has been used to evaluate the effect of hyperconjugative interactions on double bond pyramidalization. In the second part of this study, the interaction of singlet oxygen with 4,5‐dioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.02,7.09,14]pentadeca‐2(7),9,11,13‐tetraene (15) and 4,5,15‐trioxatetracyclo[6.6.1.02,7.09,14]pentadeca‐2(7),9,11,13‐tetraene (16) has been studied at the B3LYP/6‐31G** level. In the case of addition of singlet oxygen to 15, 4,5,16‐trioxapentacyclo[6.6.1.12,7.02,7.09,14]hexadeca‐9,11,13‐triene (17) is produced. It was found that the reaction of singlet oxygen addition to the double bond in 16 does not occur. The degree of pyramidalization in this molecule is similar to the analog 12 {4,5,11‐trioxatricyclo[6.2.1.02,7]undeca‐2(7),9‐diene}, in which singlet oxygen addition takes place. The reasons of the lack of chemical reactivity with singlet oxygen in 16 are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Multiculturalism and acculturation: views of Dutch and Turkish–Dutch
Authors: Arends‐Tóth Judit , Vijver Fons J. R. Van De
Published: March 2003

The psychological component of immigration in the Netherlands was studied by comparing views on multiculturalism and acculturation orientation of Turkish migrants between Dutch majority (N=1565) and Turkish–Dutch minority (N=185) members. Multiculturalism was measured with an adaptation of the Multicultural Ideology Scale (Berry & Kalin, 1995); acculturation orientation was investigated in different domains of life. The results revealed that Dutch on average had a neutral attitude towards multiculturalism in the Netherlands while Turkish–Dutch showed a more positive attitude. Regarding the acculturation strategies, Dutch adults preferred assimilation above integration of Turkish migrants in all life domains. Turkish–Dutch adults made a distinction in public and private domains: integration was preferred in public domains, and separation in private domains. In public domains both cultural groups agreed that Turkish migrants should adapt to the Dutch culture. In private domains there was no agreement at all in the views of Dutch and Turkish–Dutch. These results suggest that the views on acculturation and multiculturalism differ substantially for majority and minority group members. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.