bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not Wild about Wildlife Protection? The Perceived Harmfulness, Wrongfulness, and Seriousness of Wildlife Crimes
Authors: Wagner Kenneth , Owen Stephen , Burke Tod W.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this research was to explore the perceived harmfulness, wrongfulness, and seriousness of wildlife crimes, such as illegal or unlicensed hunting or fishing. Research questions included how offenses against wildlife are perceived, compared to offenses against persons and property, and how perceptions of harmfulness and wrongfulness impact perceptions of wildlife offense seriousness. A survey modeled after previous studies of crime seriousness was administered to a college student sample. The results showed that wildlife offenses were ranked as less serious, harmful, and wrong than those against persons and property, and also less than those against companion animals and animals on farms. Perceived wrongfulness and harmfulness were significant predictors of perceived seriousness of wildlife offenses, with wrongfulness being the stronger predictor. Results are contextualized within theoretical frameworks that offer insights as to why wildlife crime is not viewed as seriously as other offense types.
Insects as Food in Laos and Thailand
Authors: Müller Andrew
Published: July 2019

Laos and Thailand show a decline of their diverse insect-eating traditions. Despite an urban “entomophagy” revival, respective rural practices are disappearing. In the context of a growing global interest in insects as food, this trend is being problematised as “Westernisation,” supposedly leading to food culture homogenisation. In this paper, I criticise that narrative as being over-simplified and eurocentric. In reporting qualitative empirical data, I argue that the current decline of insect-eating is rooted in local forms of “modernity,” rather than Western-dominated globalisation. In interpreting undeniable homogenisation tendencies, I also highlight the relevance of economically-driven processes, concluding that food culture transformation cannot be explained by one aspect or theory alone.
The Politics of Place-Making in the Records of Buddhist Monasteries in Luoyang
Authors: Luo Manling
Published: July 2019

Although the Luoyang qielan ji (Records of Buddhist Monasteries in Luoyang, ca. 547 CE) by the Northern Wei official Yang Xuanzhi has received much critical attention, existing studies have tended to treat space as mere settings or a given reality. This essay examines an ignored but central issue in the memoir, Yang’s preoccupation with the power and limitations of individuals’ engagements with Luoyang’s space, or place-making. His representations of Northern Wei residents’ place-making activities shed light on his nuanced perceptions of the intersection among place, power, and human agency. The analysis also enables us to better understand the political implications of Yang’s textual reconstruction of Luoyang and the innovative nature of his work.
Phylogenetic relationships of Cacopaurus pestis Thorne, 1943 within representatives of the Tylenchulidae Skarbilovich, 1947 as inferred from ITS and D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S-rRNA sequences
Authors: Mokaram Hesar Abas , Karegar Akbar , Ghaderi Reza
Published: July 2019

The Persian sessile nematode (Cacopaurus pestis) and pin nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.) are sedentary ectoparasitic nematodes associated with many plant species worldwide. In this study, we provide morphological and molecular characterisation of seven populations of C. pestis and eight species of Paratylenchus recovered from north-western Iran. A total of 26 new sequences of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA and ITS rRNA were obtained and used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees. Results of phylogenetic analyses revealed that the subfamilies of Tylenchulidae form well-separated clades, but that the genera Cacopaurus and Paratylenchus (= Gracilacus) in the subfamily Paratylenchinae are clustered in one clade. It appears that the previously used character of “stylet length greater than 40 μm” is not homologous and evolved more than once within the Paratylenchinae.
A Prophetic Call to Repentance
Authors: Grey Jacqueline
Published: July 2019

There has been much debate in biblical scholarship over the alleged “rape” of Bathsheba by David as described in 2 Samuel 11–12. Scholars such as Bailey and Nichol claim that Bathsheba was a consenting partner, while others, including Davidson and Brueggemann, suggest she was a victim of David’s abuse of power. This analysis will explore 2 Samuel 11–12 with a special focus on the themes of power, honor, and shame that emerge in the pericope. These themes are also central to the overall narrative of Samuel. Using literary analysis, I highlight Bathsheba’s isolation and powerlessness as she is “taken” to King David by royal attendants after he has spied her bathing. Bathsheba’s lack of resistance is often compared to the rape of Tamar, which subsequently occurs in the vicinity of the palace in 2 Samuel 13. While Tamar objects to Amnon’s sexual advances in the narrative, Bathsheba does not voice an objection. It is primarily on the basis of her silence that scholars suggest she was a consensual partner. However, there are many differences between Tamar and Bathsheba. Tamar was a daughter of the king and could appeal to relatives in the palace to rescue her from rape. Bathsheba was alone with no one to rescue her. Her silence should not suggest complicity. This is reinforced by the prophetic condemnation by Nathan delivered to King David regarding his abuse of power. While not initially directly accusing the king, the prophet presents a judicial parable to trap the king into condemning himself. Yet, if King David is not corrupted by his power, why does the prophet Nathan need to use a rhetorical strategy to confront him? Convicted and guilty, David repents. The repentance for abuses of power and sexual sin by national leaders is emphasized and modeled by King David. This also provides a model of repentance for the pentecostal community for comparable abuses against victims of power and sexual sin.
A simple method for sexing live larvae of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: R.S. Ramya , M. Mohan , Joshi Sunil
Published: July 2019

Lepidopteran adults can be sexed using different morphological characters because sexual dimorphism is prevalent in most species. But sometimes, necessity arises for the sexual differentiation of immature stages like larvae so that virgin females can be studied. Here, we present a straightforward, reliable, and non-invasive method that permits sexing of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders, 1844) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae during their fourth instar. Male P. gossypiella larvae are identified by their testes, which are visible through the dorsal integument of the abdominal segments. The testes are observed as two dark elliptical bodies, one on either side of the midline of the fifth abdominal segment in the fourth instar of P. gossypiella. Length and width of the individual testes was measured as 653.33 ± 5.68 and 484.89 ± 4.34 μm, respectively, in P. gossypiella. After separation of live male larvae by these characters, they were transferred into separate vials and emerged adults were identified to ascertain correct identification of the males. We observed that all the larvae with dark-coloured testes visible to the naked eye in their fifth abdominal segment during the fourth instar developed into male moths and all other larvae without this character developed into female moths. The visual sexing of male and female larvae of P. gossypiella could save time in separating the sexes to carry out studies on sex-specific responses, hybrid mating, and/or inheritance of insecticide resistance.
The Question of Applicability: EU Law or International Law in Nord Stream 2
Authors: Gragl Paul
Published: July 2019

Seeing that a bilateral agreement between the EU and Russia on the Nord Stream 2 pipeline project is highly unlikely to be concluded due to political considerations, this paper enquires which existing legal regime is applicable to the governing of this pipeline, especially in order to guarantee solidarity and security within the EU energy market through third-party access and unbundling requirements. The question is whether EU law in general (which the Council denies) or international law applies, and if the latter, which specific regime(s): the Energy Charter Treaty, wto law, the law of the sea, or a combination of regimes? Lastly, this paper also investigates whether and to what extent these international law regimes might guarantee the same solidarity and energy security standards as EU law.
The “Lex Nord Stream 2” and its Potential Impact
Authors: Zafoschnig Nina
Published: July 2019

This article examines the proposed amendment to the Third Gas Directive, which extends the applicability of the core principles of EU energy legislation to import pipelines from third countries within EU territory. The article describes the potential impacts of this amendment, in particular regarding the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, and why this amendment can be considered a “Lex Nord Stream 2”. Furthermore, the article gives an overview of the applicable primary and secondary legislation and core principles of EU energy law.
Militant Democracy on the Rise: Consequences of Legal Restrictions on Extreme Speech in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary
Authors: Steuer Max
Published: July 2019

The political discourse on regulation of extreme speech in Central Europe has shifted in favor of militant democracy, an approach which supports enhanced criminal law restrictions on speech. Developing the conceptual framework of the consequences of militant democracy and applying legal and parliamentary discourse analysis, this article shows whether and how the legal restrictions on extreme speech adopted in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary fulfilled the purpose for which they were adopted. The juxtaposition of justifications for restrictions and their application by judiciaries uncovers how extreme speech became normalized and appeared in more sophisticated forms due to the failure of legal militant democratic measures. Thus, it highlights how without reflecting the contextual specifics in the respective countries, restrictive legal regulation may not achieve the very purpose it was adopted for.
A phonetic description of Modern Hebrew consonants and vowels
Authors: Asherov Daniel , Cohen Evan-Gary
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the phonetic inventory of Modern Hebrew. We systematically review the phonetic contrasts that distinguish among consonants and vowels, and highlight cases of inter-speaker variation. The contrasts are illustrated with data from an ultrasound tongue imaging study of a native speaker of Modern Hebrew. We provide tongue shape comparisons based on the ultrasound recordings, as well as present acoustic data in form of spectrograms and amplitudes. We also occasionally provide quantitative data from previous studies.
The phonetics of Modern Hebrew rhotics
Authors: Cohen Evan-Gary , Laks Lior , Savu Carmen
Published: July 2019

This paper investigates manner variation of Israeli Hebrew rhotics with respect to two factors: prosodic position and speaker gender. An acoustic experimental study shows that although the Hebrew rhotic phoneme tends to be a dorsal approximant, it is significantly more likely to undergo fortition in onset position. This fortition is a result of target overshoot, the rhotic subsequently being produced with a greater degree of constriction than that which would have resulted in an approximant, subsequently surfacing as a stop, a fricative, a tap or a trill. Furthermore, in onset position, female speakers show more variation and produce fewer approximants than male speakers.
Consonant co-occurrence restrictions in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Yeverechyahu Hadas
Published: July 2019

The paper presents consonant co-occurrence restrictions in Hebrew, focusing on the influence of the similarity factor. A lexical analysis of Hebrew verbs reveals tendency to avoid similar, close consonants, by showing a highly significant correlation (p<0.0001) between co-occurrence of C1-C2 sequences in the lexicon and similarity factors (based on Frisch et al.’s 2004 model for similarity, adjusted to Hebrew). In other words, the more two consonants are similar to each other, the smaller their chances are to co-occur as C1-C2 in a Hebrew verb. In addition, a major role of place of articulation is observed, such that consonants that share major place of articulation are less likely to co-occur. However, the highly significant correlation between co-occurrences and similarity factors suggests that not only major place of articulation affects the restrictions; otherwise we would wrongly predict no effect in non-homorganic pairs.
Modern Hebrew stress
Authors: Bat-El Outi , Cohen Evan-Gary , Silber-Varod Vered
Published: July 2019

The paper provides a comprehensive description of the phonology and phonetics of Hebrew stress. The distribution of the stress patterns draws a categorial distinction between verbs and nouns, and enhances the typologically uncommon disparity between the most common pattern (final stress) and the default pattern (penultimate stress). As the acoustic studies reveal, the main cue for Hebrew stress is duration, though the duration contrast is eliminated between a phrase final unstressed syllable and the preceding stressed syllable. A second important result of the acoustic studies is that there is no evidence for secondary stress.
Vowel alternation in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Faust Noam
Published: July 2019

This short paper describes the various types of vowel alternations in Modern Hebrew, examining cases in which vowels alternate with Ø, which may be considered as syncope, as well as alternations between two vowels. Motivations for the different alternations are also discussed briefly.
The state of stop–fricative alternation in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Albert Aviad
Published: July 2019

The stops [p, b, k] often alternate with respective fricatives [f, v, χ] in Modern Hebrew (MH). This general pattern was designed to follow the spirantization process of Biblical Hebrew as it was depicted in the Masoretic orthography. While this orthography is retained in MH, its phonological infrastructure is very different from that of Biblical Hebrew, and it cannot support a phonological process of spirantization. This problematic state of affairs has been a source of confusion for many language users, as well as a source of interest for many language researchers. This paper overviews the current state of affairs with respect to the stop-fricative alternation in MH, emphasizing cases of systematic stability and instability. The apparent patterns seem to reflect speakers’ limited yet impressive ability to recruit their native knowledge of morphology and orthography to generalize a pseudo-phonological rule.
Gutturals in General Israeli Hebrew
Authors: Faust Noam
Published: July 2019

Modern Hebrew is written with the traditional Hebrew orthography, which contains several symbols that refer to guttural sounds. However, the pronunciations corresponding to these symbols in Modern Hebrew are not phonetically guttural. This paper is an exhaustive survey of these realizations. It shows that in many cases, there are reasons to think that even though no sound is produced, there is an underlying segment in the position of the historical guttural, and this segment behaves in a predictable manner. That said, alongside this general pattern, there are some effects related to historical gutturals that must be regarded as morpheme-specific, as well as some idiosyncrasies of the different original gutturals.
Loanword phonology in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Cohen Evan-Gary
Published: July 2019

The phonology of loanwords often differs from the phonology of native words in various aspects. These differences are evident in the prosodic structure and even the segmental inventory. The differences between the loanword and native phonology, however, are not necessarily stable, and it is often the case that what originated as phonological structures in loanwords which were illicit in the native vocabulary eventually overrode the native norm, bringing about diachronic change to the phonology of the native words. Hebrew is no exception in this respect. The stress system of loanwords differs from that of native words, with the latter’s system undergoing changes inter alia due to the effect of loanwords (e.g. ante-penultimate stress, immobile stress patterns). The licit syllable structure inventory of native Hebrew words has been expanded to include loaned structures (e.g. complex codas, triconsonantal structures), and the phonemic inventory of Hebrew now includes several consonants originating in loanwords (e.g. ʒ and d͡ʒ).
The Phonology of connected speech in Israeli Hebrew
Authors: Bolozky Shmuel
Published: July 2019

Connected speech is a natural, continuous stream of sounds, as in normal conversation, in which natural phonetically-motivated processes optimize articulation (through assimilation, elision, etc.), but are still constrained by the need to maintain morpho-semantic transparency at the receiving end. This paper discusses connected speech in Israeli Hebrew, based mostly on data from a spoken corpus. The paper starts with consonant assimilation (voicing assimilation and total assimilation), and then concentrates on various reduction phenomena: vowel elision or reduction, elision of consonants (with or without adjacent vowels), and the “expanded” elision of multiple segments and even complete morphemes and words. As long as the entity targeted is frequent enough, it can easily be reconstructed from the context by the hearer. We proceed to discuss prosodic phenomena in connected speech: pre-tonic lengthening, whose scope seems to be expanding today, and rhythmic secondary stress alternation.
Roots of Restraint in War: The Capacities and Limits of Law and the Critical Role of Social Agency in Ameliorating Violence in Armed Conflict
Authors: Stephens Dale
Published: July 2019

International humanitarian law (ihl) primarily applies to govern the conduct of individuals in the most desperate time of human endeavour, namely armed conflict, in order to ameliorate violence. However, understanding how ihl is disseminated, trained and actually applied in the battlespace is, remarkably, a relatively underexplored area. There are countless volumes dedicated to analyzing and parsing the myriad of words and formulas that comprise this burgeoning body of law. However, there is very little empirical analysis undertaken on effective training strategies and even less on tracking nuanced compliance and decision-making processes in actual armed conflict. Against this background, the 2018 icrc study ‘The Roots of Restraint in War’ offers an insightful account of how to best frame training strategies and how to optimize compliance in the battlespace. It consciously adopts an inter-disciplinary approach. It accepts fully the role of social, ethical and moral factors that can orientate decision making in a manner that combines with the applicable law. The goal is restraint in war, of a type that comes not from clinical compliance with complex legal formulas and interpretative rectitude but is derived from a deeper sense of professional self-identity. It acknowledges the risks inherent in its approach and yet, compellingly, offers a blueprint for melding principles of ihl with a sense of personal commitment. Such an approach is to be celebrated for the audacity and courage that it exhibits.
The Digital Geneva Convention
Authors: Jeutner Valentin
Published: July 2019

Microsoft’s 2017 call for a Digital Geneva Convention is a welcome contribution to the debate on how the global technology sector and the international civil society should respond to increased State-led cyberattacks. However, Microsoft’s portrayal of cyberspace as a space devoid of regulation is inaccurate, especially in light of the rules contained in the Tallinn Manual 2.0. Microsoft’s call for the establishment of an international attribution organization overlooks existing international legal mechanisms. The characterization of global technology firms as ‘first responders’ providing services akin to those provided by the Red Cross societies is imperfect since technology companies are, compared to the Red Cross, non-neutral and profit-making enterprises.
A model of the origin of Kra-Dai tones
Authors: SAGART Laurent
Published: July 2019

This paper finds origins for the three Kra-Dai tones in the segmental endings of Proto-Southern Austronesian, the parent language of Kra-Dai and Malayo-Polynesian. The Kra-Dai A category originates in sonorant endings (vowels, semi-vowels, nasals, liquids) and in Proto-Austronesian *-H2, reconstructed by Tsuchida (1976); the B category in *-R and in *-X, a hitherto not reconstructed ending reflected as -h in Amis and in the Bisayan language Aklanon; the C category, in Proto-Austronesian *-H1, reconstructed by Tsuchida. The tonal outcomes of *-s and *-S are described. Kra-Dai sonorant endings in tone C are argued to come from hypothetical Austronesian prototypes in which a sonorant ending was followed by *-s, a suffix of unknown function. Although the present model does not require Kra-Dai to be a daughter of Proto-Austronesian, the building blocks for Kra-Dai tones are shown to be in place during the Formosan phase of Austronesian phonological history.
Islamic Polarisation and the Politics of Exclusion in Ghana: Tijaniyya and Salafist Struggles over Muslim Orthodoxy
Authors: Dumbe Yunus
Published: July 2019

This article explores how the revival of the Tijaniyya and the Salafi movement shaped public discourse about Islam in Ghana. Examining the debates which characterised the religious sphere in the 1990s re-democratisation, the article highlights the power struggle which shaped the relations between the contending Muslim groups. It argues that the recognition of the Tijaniyya movement as a representative for all Muslims during Ghana’s re-democratisation in the 1990s emboldened its sympathisers to adopt repressive measures against the Salafi minority. While the local success of Salafism was often linked to locally specific forms of ethnic, political or generational self-assertion, the shared experience of political disadvantage during this period led to a consolidation of Salafi activities at the national level. Thus, as the Tijaniyya influence was politicised by Government, the ensuing conflicts between Sufi and Salafi groups also led to a politicisation of Salafism from below. Illustrating that intra-Muslim debates and disagreements cannot be divorced from their political context, this study demonstrates that learning to be Muslim in Ghana is deeply embedded in political, ethnic, and intergenerational dynamics.
Disagreeing with a Skeptic from a Contextualist Point of View
Authors: Brendel Elke
Published: July 2019

The paper focuses on the problem of how to account for the phenomena of disagreement and retraction in disputes over skepticism in a contextualist framework. I will argue that nonindexical versions of contextualism are better suited to account for those phenomena than DeRose’s indexical form of contextualism. Furthermore, I will argue against DeRose’s “single scoreboard” semantics and against his solution of ruling that in a dispute over skepticism, both parties to the conversation are expressing something truth-valueless. At the end, I will briefly address the question of whether DeRose’s contextualism combined with his double-safety account and his rule of sensitivity provide an epistemically satisfying answer to the skeptical challenge. It will be argued that by merely explaining (away) the attractiveness of skeptical arguments, DeRose’s contextualism seems to lack the resources to explain some important epistemic issues, as, for example, the question of what knowledge is and when a true belief turns into knowledge.
Convergence and Divergence in the Global Higher Education System: The Conflict between Qualifications and Skills
Authors: Van Damme Dirk
Published: July 2019

Globally, higher education is expanding at an unprecedented pace. But two competing forces seem to be at work. The first is globalization: higher education systems are globalizing, especially through international research networks and global rankings which fuel competition on a global scale. Internationally comparable qualification frameworks, credit transfer, internationalization policies and quality assurance and accreditation arrangements work towards globally exchangeable qualifications. But the second force, driving institutions to deliver skills which are relevant for the national and regional economies, works against convergence. The skills equivalents of national qualifications remain very different across countries. The skills agendas, driven by countries’ position in global value chains, drive unequal outcomes. The consequence is that the global higher education system will remain characterized by huge inequalities, which are perceived as quality differences. Higher education policies need to find a balance between integration in the global higher education order and serving the domestic skills needs.
From the Confucian Tradition to the Digital Era: The Case of Mathematics Teaching in Hong Kong
Authors: Mok Ida Ah Chee
Published: July 2019

Recent years have witnessed an increase in research focused on studying on perspectives of Chinese mathematics instructions. The sustained interest is partly due to the outstanding performances of Chinese students in international studies such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) (Mullis, et al., 2012) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2010); and partly due to the shared interest in comparative studies of instructional practice across different cultural systems. What have we learned about in mathematics classrooms from international studies? Findings of international studies suggest that how the teacher used the tasks so that the cognitive demand of the learning tasks could be sustained is very important. Despite the good performances of Hong Kong students in international studies, there is a gap between traditional classroom practice and the long established goals for promoting generic capacity in mathematics learning; most of the traditional learning tasks in Hong Kong classrooms are apparently routine and serving a demonstrative purpose as a result of the highly competitive systems. Based on triangulation of the findings of the analysis of the mathematics lessons at different levels, the study shown some robust features in the traditional mathematics teaching practice in Hong Kong classrooms in contrast to some innovative scenarios in a special mathematics lesson. Finally, the author re-examines the robust features in the context of curriculum reforms and the cultural context of Confucian tradition.
Lexical Variation among South Florida’s Judeo-Spanish-speaking Sephardim
Authors: Kirschen Bryan
Published: July 2019

This study implements the Leipzig-Jakarta list as a word-elicitation task among speakers (n=20) of Judeo-Spanish in South Florida. Data demonstrate that while entirely different lexemes may be used to express similar meanings for a given token, variation is most demonstrable through phonological processes. An analysis of responses (n=2,000) reveals variation and innovation in the production of vowels (mid-vowel raising, apheresis, prothesis), consonants (de/voicing or palatalization of sibilants, preservation of etymological f–, metathesis), and stress (proparoxytonic vs. oxytonic). Data also reveal that of the basic lexicon in Judeo-Spanish (e.g., function words, body parts, living creatures, etc.), only 5% is of non-Hispanic origin. In addition, this study examines the sociolinguistic organization of Sephardim in South Florida, accounting for the vitality and endangerment of Judeo-Spanish in this diasporic community, while also exemplifying the linguistic ramifications of contact with other languages.
La modernità nel teatro egiziano: l’esempio di Naǧīb al-Rīḥānī
Authors: Suriano Alba Rosa
Published: July 2019

Arab modernity, in theatre, is characterized by the foundational discourse that grew out of the encounter with European theatre and culture. Traditional types of dramatic representation, some even going back to the pre-Islamic period, were largely neglected by authors and critics, between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. They preferred to overlook the influence of popular Arabic theatre and reconnect to the ‘Italian’ theatre. Egyptian playwrights imported the structure of the plays, but they adapted it to the Arabic social context and used it for their own cultural project. This study deals with the themes, the reference samples and the characters, in their relationships with the Egyptian cultural field. After a presentation of the major models in the modern Arab theatre, I will focus on Naǧīb al-Rīḥānī in order to investigate which were the paradigmatic references and characters for one of the main actor and playwright of Egyptian modernity.
The effects of replaced topsoil of different depths on the vegetation and soil properties of reclaimed coal mine spoils in an alpine mining area
Authors: Yang Xinguang , Li Xilai , Shi Mingming , Jin Liqun , Sun Huafang
Published: July 2019

Replacement of topsoil to an appropriate depth is one of the key methods for ecological restoration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of topsoil replacement depth on vegetation and soil properties, and to identify the optimum soil depth for reclamation of coal mine spoils in a cold alpine mining area. We sowed 3 herbaceous species after coal mine spoil heaps were treated with topsoil to 3 depths (0, 20‒25, 40‒45 cm). The variations in vegetation community structure, plant growth, soil properties were measured at different replaced topsoil depths. The correlations between plant and soil properties were analyzed statistically. The results showed species richness, diversity and evenness were not significantly different among different depths of topsoil (P > 0.05). Vegetation coverage, density, height and aboveground biomass increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing topsoil depth. Soil properties did not change significantly with increasing topsoil depth (P > 0.05), but soil organic matter was significantly higher at 40‒45 cm topsoil depth than at other two depths (P < 0.05). All soil properties, with the exception of total potassium, were positively correlated with the plant growth parameters. The 40‒45 cm topsoil depth of replacement should be considered as effective method in reclaiming coal mine spoils. The use of both topsoil replacement to a depth of 40‒45 cm and sowing of suitable herbaceous seeds is found to be an effective restoration strategy. Additionally, fertilization might be used as a substitute for artificial topsoil replacement to improve soil quality and speed up revegetation process by the positive plant-soil interactions.
Mimetic Desire in Dostoevsky’s The Idiot with Continual Reference to René Girard
Authors: Zhernokleyev Denis
Published: July 2019

It is common to see Myshkin, the principal character of Dostoevsky’s The Idiot, as a failed lover and a compassionate saintly figure, who gets entangled in a love triangle but cannot embody it. This paper challenges such a view and argues that Myshkin fully incarnates the violent dynamic of desire that governs the novel. With the help of René Girard’s notion of mimetic desire, the paper explores Myshkin’s relationship with Rogozhin as erotic rivalry. Instead of seeing the two characters as autonomous entities, it is suggested that they should be viewed as doubles, as two poles of the same consciousness. On this view, Myshkin’s compassion and Rogozhin’s lust become two different manifestations of the same desire, united by a conflict of interest, which drives the love triangle towards a violent resolution.
Documenting the Diffusion of the 2016 French Nuit Debout
Authors: Baciocchi Stéphane , Beauguitte Laurent , Blavier Pierre , Lambert Nicolas
Published: July 2019

In the spring of 2016, France saw a major social movement, with strikes and demonstrations, and a new form of protest, the Nuit Debout. Following the Occupy Wall Street and Los Indignados models, open air assemblies started in Paris on March 31 and then spread throughout France and abroad. The dataset presented here provides the exhaustive list of Nuit Debout gatherings that took place in France in April 2016 and an estimation of their audience. The data was gathered by a small multidisciplinary team (geographers, historian and sociologist) who consulted three main sources: a wiki created by the Nuit Debout movement, Facebook pages and groups created by local assemblies, and the regional press. Combining these sources made it possible to identify 1300 assemblies that took place in 215 different locations. The dataset available online is provided with an R script that generates a dynamic map of the Nuit Debout diffusion.
Unowned Free-Roaming Domestic Cats: Reflection of Animal Welfare and Ethical Aspects in Animal Laws in Six European Countries
Authors: Natoli Eugenia , Ziegler Nadja , Dufau Agnés , Pinto Teixeira Maria
Published: July 2019

Besides the population of pet cats, another feline population that has regular and frequent relationships with the human population, is represented by unowned, free-roaming domestic cats. It is incontestable that part of human beings is responsible for the growing number of unwanted cats. The problems raised by the existence of free-roaming cat population range from acoustic and hygienic nuisance (because of loud vocalizations during the breeding season and bad smell due to sprayed urine from tomcats) to public health threat (because of the potential spread of zoonotic diseases and of diseases to pet cats and other species), to predation of wildlife (it can cause disruption of ecosystems). Undoubtedly, unowned free-roaming cat population has to be managed but, in the third millennium, human control strategies have to have an ethical dimension. In this paper, we propose an analysis of the National Laws in France, Spain, UK, Austria, Portugal and Italy. Based on the knowledge of domestic cat behavior, we suggest that when the TNR strategy for controlling domestic cat populations is applied by law in the mentioned countries, the basic needs and welfare of the species are respected.
The nomenclatural status of the generic nomina Epirinus Dejean, 1833 and Epirhinus Agassiz, 1846 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)

Authors: DANIEL GIMO M.
Published: July 2019

The genus Epirinus Dejean, 1833 was established with seven originally included species, none of which was designated as type. Reiche’s (1841) and Janssens’ (1938) designations of a type species for this genus were invalid, but Ferreira’s (1972) subsequent designation of Scarabaeus flagellatus Fabricius, 1775 is valid by virtue of Article 69.2.2, as this author had placed the nomen Scarabaeus granulatus Olivier, 1789, one of the originally included species of Epirinus, in its synonymy: the latter nominal species is therefore the type species of this nominal genus. The unjustified emendation Epirhinus Agassiz, 1846 of Epirinus Dejean, 1833 is nomenclaturally available but invalid, being its junior objective synonym. As for the spelling Epirrhinus introduced by Bedel (1903), it is an incorrect subsequent spelling, devoid of nomenclatural availability.
Biosystematic study of the Egyptian Datura stramonium (Solanaceae)
Authors: HASSAN RANIA A. , AMER WAFAA M.
Published: July 2019

Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) is an annual weed found in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world. The taxonomic identity of this species is still under debate since Linnaeus first published the name. Early on, many varieties and forms were recognized. In Egypt, D. stramonium presents in two forms: the white-flowered ‘stramonium’ form and violet-flowered ‘tatula’ form. Some authors treated D. stramonium and D. tatula as two distinct species, while others included D. tatula within D. stramonium as either a variety or forma. The present study aimed to elucidate the taxonomic identity of both the white ‘stramonium’ and the violet ‘tatula’ forms based on morphological, palynological and cytogenetic studies extended to karyotyping. A taxonomic study of these forms was carried out using 75 morphological and pollen characters. Significant morphological differences were observed; the most important ones were flower and stem colour, in addition to flower and fruit dimensions. The anatomical examination of juvenile-fruit in acropetal transverse sections, revealed the gradual displacement of parietal placentation at the fruit base to axile at the fruit apex. Pollen of both forms showed no significant differences. Cytogenetic results revealed the presence of a diploid chromosome number (2n=2x=24) in both forms, with minor aneuploidy in the ‘tatula’ form. According to the karyotyping, notable differences were found between the two studied forms, including the centromeric index, total genomic length, and intrachromosomal asymmetry index. Morphological and cytogenetic data revealed that the two forms are different enough to be treated taxonomically as two distinct varieties, namely D. stramonium var. stramonium and D. stramonium var. tatula.
Identity and synonymy of Dicroscelio Kieffer and description of Axea, a new genus from tropical Africa and Asia (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Platygastridae)
Authors: YODER MATTHEW J. , VALERIO ALEJANDRO A. , MASNER LUBOMÍR , JOHNSON NORMAN F.
Published: July 2019

Dicroscelio Kieffer is proposed as the senior synonym of Anteromorpha Dodd, Govinda Nixon, Aegyptoscelio Priesner, and Afroscelio Risbec, new synonymies. Members of the genus are found worldwide, but is most diverse in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions. The generic synonymies result in the following new combinations: D. abdominalis (Sundholm), new comb., D. africanus (Risbec), new comb., D. ancillus (Kozlov & Lê), new comb., D. cernatus (Kozlov & Lê), new comb., D. cuberatus (Kozlov & Lê), new comb., D. deccanensis (Sharma), new comb., D. depressus (Galloway), new comb., D. dubiosus (Perkins), new comb., D. ferrierei (Masner), new comb., D. frequens (Priesner), new comb., D. glaber (Sharma), new comb., D. incertus (Nixon), new comb., D. latus (Sundholm), new comb., D. malabaricus (Narendran), new comb., D. nonus (Nixon), new comb., D. obscurus (Sundholm), new comb., D. poussi (Risbec), new comb., D. reus (Nixon), new comb., D. rufipes (Ashmead), new comb., D. tuberculatus (Sharma), new comb., D. ueleensis (Risbec), new comb., D. undinus (Nixon), new comb. Lectotypes are designated for Anteromorpha australica Dodd and Afroscelio poussi Risbec. The name Dicroscelio was misapplied by Masner for an undescribed genus in the tribe Scelionini s.str.; Axea Masner & Johnson n.gen., is formally described, and 16 species are treated: A. adro Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. atai Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. atriceps (Kieffer) n.comb., A. dorothae Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. eshu Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. fisherhala Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. kalanoro Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. kilen Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. mena Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. nommo Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. mwari Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. talana Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. yama Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. yasigi Valerio & Yoder n.sp., A. yurugu Valerio & Yoder n.sp., and A. zanahary Valerio & Yoder n.sp.
Redescription of two species of the genera Encentra and Tabaria (Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) of Colombia
Authors: RENGIFO JULIANA CHAMORRO
Published: July 2019

This is a redescription of Encentra longipes and Tabaria opilioides with the first description of males of both species. New distribution records for Colombia are presented.
A new species of microcaddisfly genus Flintiella Angrisano (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Amazonas State, Brazil
Authors: SANTOS ALLAN PAULO MOREIRA , NESSIMIAN JORGE LUIZ
Published: July 2019

The genus Flintiella was erected by Angrisano (1995) for a species from Argentina and Uruguay. Harris et al. (2002b) reviewed the genus, and described eight species occurring throughout Central and South America. Adults of Flintiella are minute, ranging from 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm in length. The genus is assigned to the tribe Stactobiini and is closely related to Orinocotrichia Harris et al., 2002a. Flintiella and Orinocotrichia share the absence of ocelli, the triangular posterior warts on the head, the elongate apodemes from the anterolateral margin of abdominal segment IX, and the keyhole-like vaginal sclerite of the bursa copulatrix (Harris et al. 2002a; 2002b). Flintiella is distinguished from Orinocotrichia by the structure of the subgenital plate, the presence of a diagonal row of short setae on the forewing, and the anterior position of the vaginal sclerite (Harris et al. 2002b).Currently, only Flintiella astilla Harris et al., 2002b and Flintiella boracea Harris et al., 2002b are recorded from Brazil. Pes (2005) recorded the occurrence of larvae of the genus from Amazonas State. Now, a new species is described from Manaus municipality, Amazonas State, Brazil.
Three new species of the genus Mallinela (Zodariidae: Araneae) from Yunnan Province, China
Authors: WANG QIAO-BING , YIN CHANG-MING , GRISWOLD CHARLES , PENG XIAN-JIN
Published: July 2019

Three new Zodariid spiders of the genus Mallinela Strand, 1906 are described under the names: Mallinela bifurcata sp. nov., Mallinela kunmingensis sp. nov. and Mallinela biumbonalia sp. nov.. Distributional data and illustrations of body and genital organs are provided. All type specimens were collected from Yunnan Province, China.
New species and records of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from the Snake River basin, southeastern Oregon: further delineation of a highly imperiled fauna
Authors: HERSHLER ROBERT , LIU HSIU-PING
Published: July 2019

Here we describe two new species from southeastern Oregon based on morphologic and molecular (mtCOI) evidence. Pyrgulopsis fresti n. sp., commonly known as the “Owyhee hot springsnail” and long considered to be distinct and critically imperiled, lives in thermal springs along a short reach of the Owyhee River above Three Forks. This snail differs from other regional species in its squat shell; penial ornament consisting of a large, disc-shaped ventral gland; absence of a seminal receptacle; and mtCOI sequences. Pyrgulopsis owyheensis n. sp. ranges among five disjunct groups of springs in the Owyhee and Malheur river drainages and is occasionally sympatric with P. fresti. This snail is closely similar to another regional congener, P. intermedia (Tryon, 1865), but is smaller and further differentiated by its typically disjunct inner shell lip, longer and narrower penial filament, more distally positioned ventral gland of penis, and mtCOI sequences. The type locality (Owyhee Spring) population of P. owyheensis is genetically differentiated from the other geographical subunits of this species (1.5–1.8% sequence divergence) and should perhaps be managed as a separate conservation unit. New records are provided for P. intermedia which extends the range of this conservation priority species into the lower Owyhee River basin. We also show that the “Malheur springsnail,” which has been listed in various conservation-related publications and documents, is the same as P. intermedia. This study provides critical information for the conservation of springsnails in southeastern Oregon and underscores the need for additional field surveys in the region.
The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China
Authors: YANG JIAN , CHEN XIAOYONG , YANG JUNXING
Published: July 2019

The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, is clarified and the species redescribed. Three new species previously identified as S. griseus are described: S. nudiventris, from the Lancang Jiang, China; S. heterophysallidos, from the Nanpan Jiang, China; and S. beipanensis, from the upper Beipan Jiang, China. The group comprising Schizothorax griseus, S. nudiventris, S. heterophysallidos and S. beipanensis can be diagnosed from other members of this genus by the absence of an obvious horny sheath on the lower jaw; lower lip developed with three labial lobes in mature individuals; postlabial groove continuous, with a small labial lobe present in the middle of the lower lip; last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, its posterior edge with numerous serrae; and scales absent on ventral surface between pectoral fins in adults (except in S. griseus). Schizothorax griseus differs from S. nudiventris, S. heterophysallidos and S. beipanensis by the presence (vs. absence) of concealed scales in the skin on the ventral surface between the pectoral fins in adults; the presence (vs. absence) of a shallow ethmoidal groove before the nostrils; and having barbels much longer than eye diameter (eye diameter 33.4–93.7 % (vs. 57.2–160.0) of maxillary-barbel length). Schizothorax nudiventris is distinguished from S. heterophysallidos and S. beipanensis in having only the proximal ¾ (vs. entirety) of the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong; pelvic-fin origin opposite or posterior (vs. opposite or anterior) to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; and irregular black spots present (vs. absent) on side of body. Schizothorax heterophysallidos is distinguished from S. griseus, S. nudiventris and S. beipanensis in having a larger posterior chamber of the air bladder (vs. posterior chamber as large as, or slightly larger than, anterior one), length of posterior chamber 3–6 (vs. 2) times length of anterior chamber. Schizothorax beipanensis is distinguished from S. griseus by the absence (vs. presence) of scales on the thorax in mature individuals; absence (vs. presence) of black spots on side of body; and having the maxillary barbel 58.5–120.1 % SL (vs. 33.4–93.7 % SL).
Description of a new species of the genus Nomisia Dalmas, 1921 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Turkey with some faunistical remarks
Authors: SEYYAR OSMAN , AYYILDIZ NUSRET , TOPÇU AYDIN
Published: July 2019

Nomisia anatolica sp. n. is described and illustrated from Turkey. Morphological features and detailed description based on collected material of Nomisia orientalis Dalmas, 1921 are presented. Nomisia negebensis Levy, 1995 is recorded for the first time from Turkey.
The giant purple pedinida new species of Caenopedina (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Pedinidae) from New Zealand and Australia
Authors: ANDERSON OWEN F.
Published: July 2019

Echinoids of the genus Caenopedina are widely distributed in continental shelf and slope waters of tropical to subAntarctic regions. A new species, Caenopedina porphyrogigas sp. nov. is described from temperate and sub-Antarctic areas of New Zealand and southeastern Australia in depths of 350–1200 m. This species is distinctive for the rich brown colour of its spines, purple apical and oral regions, large size, wide interambulacral plates, lack of obvious sexual dimorphism, and few forms of pedicellariae. The first confirmed records outside of the Hawaiian Islands and neighbouring atolls of another species in the genus, C. pulchella, reveal its existence also in northern New Zealand, and C. otagoensis, previously considered endemic to New Zealand is recorded from additional locations in the region as well as from a seamount west of Tasmania. An updated key to the species of Caenopedina is provided to include the four Australasian species most recently described.