bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Civil Contingencies Act 2004
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim
Published: November 2023

The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 marks an important recognition of the increasingly vital agendas of risk and resilience within our society. The United Kingdom has long had legislation dealing with limited types of risk in certain situations. Most prominent and controversial has been the recent legislation about terrorism, but there have also existed other statutes to deal with problems such as; debilitating industrial strikes; power and water supply emergencies; and food chain disasters. However, more recent disturbing events, namely; the fuel strikes of 2000; the catastrophic terrorist attacks of 2001 and threat of further attack through chemical and biological weapons; the foot and mouth outbreak of 2001; and climate change with its associated risks of floods and drought; have rendered a more comprehensive approach to risk and resilience within the United Kingdom essential. This book provides a detailed exploration of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 and its supporting documentation. It describes and analyses recent changes by providing a full commentary on all parts of the Act - Part I covers the planning aspects and Part II explores the more reactive and controversial regulatory emergency powers. Part III deals with the implementation of the Act including management structures and resources and the operational and organisational concerns which the legislation is intended to address. The theoretical and legislative contexts of the Act are also examined, including its impacts on constitutional and human rights issues. The commentary provides a vital understanding of the civil protection and emergency response functions in the UK, and the appendices include the full text of the Act together with other official documentation.
Emergency Powers: Part II of The Act
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim
Published: November 2023

Part II confers a power on Her Majesty to make regulations if an ‘emergency’ has occurred or is about to occur. In this way, Part II moves the focus of the Act towards the action phase and away from the planning phase under Part I. The new laws undoubtedly advance the old Emergency Powers Acts by offering ‘greater flexibility, proportionality, deployability and robustness’ as well as ‘definitions and procedures more suited to the nature of the possible risks and threats that the UK may face in the twenty-first century’.
Constitutional Issues
Authors: Walker Clive , Broderick Jim
Published: November 2023

The next three chapters will seek to draw together from different Parts of the Act the themes of principle, policy, and implementation which make it so controversial. The first two highlight constitutional principle. As for this chapter, the core question, as raised in Chapter 2, is how emergency powers can be instituted without providing ‘any exploitable opportunity to misuse emergency powers and potentially, in a worst case scenario, allow for the dismantling of democracy.’ The same questions can be asked of judicial review and other forms of independent scrutiny.
Grounds For Restitution
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

It is not sufficient, for a claim in unjust enrichment, to establish that the defendant was enriched at the claimant’s expense. All of us, every day, routinely act in ways which benefit others and yet generate no right to restitution against them. A claimant must do more to establish that the defendant’s enrichment is an unjust enrichment—an enrichment which the defendant cannot be permitted to retain. The required inquiry is not an unfocused, free-ranging investigation into the justice, between the parties or more generally, of allowing the defendant to retain the enrichment.
Practical Points
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

CPR rules 16.2 and 16.4 and the accompanying Practice Direction provide that the claimant’s Particulars of Claim must contain a concise statement of the nature of the claim, of the facts on which the claimant relies, and of the remedy sought by the claimant.A party who seeks the remedy of subrogation to a creditor’s extinguished rights should therefore state this in his statements of case, and should further state why the facts on which he relies entitle him to the remedy.
Creditors Of Trustees
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Watterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

Trusts are not entities endowed with legal personality. They cannot own property, enter contracts, or owe legal liabilities. To trusts lawyers this is obvious. To business people—and to the commercial and financial lawyers who advise them—it can come as a surprise. They are sometimes apt to assume—mistakenly—that when a trustee enters a contract with a creditor while managing the trust affairs, the contract will constitute a binding obligation on the trust, and the trust assets will be directly available to satisfy the creditor in the event of default.
Elicitation as Experimental Phonology: Thlantlang Lai Tonology
Authors: Hyman Larry M
Published: November 2023

The field of phonology has changed a great deal over the past several decades, not just conceptually, but also in terms of methodology. Throughout the structuralist and generative eras it was not only acceptable but, in fact, standard, for phonologists to acquire their information from two sources: (i) primary data derived from the field or ‘informant sessions’ (ii) secondary data derived from written sources, most likely based in turn on the same kind of primary data.
The View from Children’s Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Snyder William
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I provide a practical, hands-on guide to working with children’s spontaneous speech. I will carefully avoid assuming any prior experience with this type of research, for the sake of readers coming from other backgrounds. For readers who are already experienced in this area, the following points are likely to be the most interesting: I will advocate a number of “best practices”, some of which are far from universal in the field. And the results of the practical exercise that occupies the bulk of the chapter will provide important evidence for my claim of grammatical conservatism in children’s spontaneous speech (see Section 2.1.3).
Statistical Methods for Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Snyder William
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I review some of the methods available for statistical hypothesis testing in a longitudinal study of spontaneous speech. I begin with methods to test a prediction of concurrent acquisition, and then turn to predictions of ordered acquisition. Finally I work through an example from some of my own research, testing the prediction that bare root compounding will be acquired prior to, or at the same time as, but never significantly later than, the English verb–particle construction.
Your competitors
Authors: Sherer Peter D
Published: November 2023

Strategists search out information to understand their rivals with the aim of defending and strengthening their firms’ competitive positioning. In industries with numerous firms and many actual and potential rivals, gaining an understanding of rivalry presents a formidable challenge. The legal sector represents a prime example of this. To meet the challenge, I advocate using the theoretical insights and statistical tools that are found in the academic field of business strategy, specifically the approach known as the strategic group perspective. This approach to mapping the competitive space of large US law firms provides guidance on understanding the rivalry that exists among firms at a point in time and over time.
The Patient’s Perspective
Authors: Newell Ozzie
Published: November 2023

In the ‘dedicated upheaval,’ which is the NHS, every day produces political spin and sound-bites, presented as Department of Health (DoH) policy. These are concerned mainly with reforms of the NHS and with targets of one kind or another, but are rarely about outcomes for patients. They do, however, offer myriad headings designed, it is said, to put patients at the centre of health care, the place where they should always have been. So, NHS policies present us with the Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) Agenda, Partnership Working, Patient-centred Care, a Choice Agendafor patients, and now, a Patient-led NHS. These reforms, we are told, are necessary to improve the delivery of health care and to ensure patient involvement. In his letter to the Chairs and Chief Executives of Health and Social Care, dated 13 December 2005, which outlined the updated ‘framework for Health Reforms’, Sir Nigel Crisp, the chief executive of the NHS, stated that there will be ‘More Choice and a much stronger voice for patients’. Unfortunately, as yet, it seems that such cultural reforms have no real commitment or support from front-line healthcare professionals. This is most probably due to the lack of financial resources required for committed support to become a reality. In the majority of cases, patient involvement is still a ‘tick box’ exercise, tokenistic, and patronizing in approach. However, I am pleased to say that this is not so for the hospital with which I am closely aligned, and I am encouraged and delighted to have been asked to contribute by providing a chapter written from a patient’s viewpoint.
Introduction
Authors: Gaertner Wulf
Published: November 2023

Social choice theory is an analysis of collective decision making. The theory of social choice starts out from the articulated opinions or values of the members of a given community or the citizens of a given society and attempts to derive a collective verdict or statement. Such a situation can be called direct democracy, where public actions are determined directly by the members of society. Another form of democratic government is also possible and, actually, more frequent in modern societies, viz. representative government where public actions lie in the hands of public officials who are elected by citizens.
Majority decision under restricted domains
Authors: Gaertner Wulf
Published: November 2023

We have seen in Chapter 2 that any social welfare function satisfying unrestricted domain and the weak Pareto condition as well as Arrow ‘s independence condition and the requirement that the generated social relation be an ordering is doomed to be dictatorial. As already mentioned in Chapter 2, Arrow considered these conditions as necessary requirements in the sense that they express both rationality and the doctrines of citizens ‘ sovereignty in a very general way.
A few steps beyond
Authors: Gaertner Wulf
Published: November 2023

In this last chapter, we want to go a little beyond a primer in social choice theory. Going beyond means that the issues discussed on the following pages perhaps do not belong to the ‘core ‘ of social choice theory, though they tackle interesting and important problems and each of them has been witnessing, without any doubt, a very involved discussion over the last 15–20 years. Going beyond also means that in at least one of the three items that we wish to cover, the formal analysis gets quite involved if done properly.
Complementation Strategies in Dyirbal
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

In 1972, I published a description of Dyirbal which described every grammatical pattern in a corpus of forty texts and much other material. A linguist who read the grammar wrote and asked why there was no mention of complement clauses. I knew about complement clauses in English and other languages, and I also knew the grammar of Dyirbal. The language simply has no complement clauses; that is, it has no clauses functioning as core arguments in a higher clause.
Summary Assessment— An Overview
Authors: Scott Katharine
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of what summary assessment is and sets out the circumstances in which it is appropriate. Many of the issues introduced in this chapter are developed in more depth later on in the book. The summary assessment of costs is the procedure by which a court, having made an order about which party should pay the costs, assesses immediately the amount of costs to be paid under the order instead of ordering fixed costs or detailed assessment. By comparison, detailed assessment is the procedure by which the amount of costs is decided by a costs officer (at a discrete hearing) in accordance with CPR Rule 47. Fixed costs are costs that are awarded in accordance with CPR Rule 45 or 46. The summary assessment of costs is carried out at the end of a hearing. The party who is awarded its costs (the receiving party) will have their statement of costs assessed by the judge. Any argument that can be raised at a fully contested detailed assessment hearing can also be raised at a summary assessment. There are, however, two important differences. The first is that the time allotted by the court for dealing with the issue of costs on a summary basis is short. This means that any arguments a party wishes to raise must be presented in such a way as to allow the court to deal with them quickly. The second difference is that neither party is under an obligation to put the other party on notice as to the points they wish to raise. Both of these factors make it even more important that the practitioner is well prepared.
The Summary Assessment Hearing
Authors: Scott Katharine
Published: November 2023

Once the court has made the costs order, the summary assessment itself can begin. This is the procedure by which the court determines the amount of the costs due from the paying party to the receiving party. This chapter explains the procedure that is adopted at hearings and examines the substantive issues that are most commonly argued at summary assessments. The issues occur in the chapter in the order in which they should be raised at the summary assessment. This chapter does not, however, deal with issues that may arise in relation to the funding of a claim (typically by way of a CFA). As these issues can be complex and as they are not relevant to all summary assessments, they have been addressed separately in Chapter 6. All the parties and the judge should have a copy of all statements of costs before the summary assessment begins. Copies of any other relevant materials prepared in accordance with the preparation checklists in Chapter 9 must also be made available to the opposing party and the judge. Ordinarily the judge will want to hear from the paying party first so that the issues between the parties can be identified. The receiving party will of course be given an opportunity to respond to each of the issues raised. It is up to the judge whether he hears the paying party make submissions in relation to all the points in issue at one go, or whether he requires each issue to be responded to before going onto the next. A summary assessment hearing is, by its very nature, short. Parties must be ready to deal with the issues they wish to raise succinctly. Arguments need to be marshalled into a sensible order and in such a way as to make the best use of the time available. Thus any submissions that go to the overall recovery of costs (such as submissions relating to the solicitor client retainer, or the enforceability of a CFA, proportionality or costs estimates) should be raised first. Next, arguments over the level of fee earner or the hourly rate claimed should be attacked, and then individual items on the bill. The last matter that should be dealt with by the court is the assessment of any uplift claimed by the receiving party.
Safe Haven? The Bonga Refugee Scheme
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

After a series of partially chaotic scenarios extending over the best part of the previous six or seven years, Bonga was an ordered and organized place. The decision to establish this new refugee scheme upstream from Gambela and Karmi, primarily and in the first instance for the Uduk, was made in an agreement between the UNHCR and the Ethiopian government in October 1992.
Dance, Music, and Poetry
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

I suddenly heard of the revival of what I had assumed a ‘mythical’ dance, the barangul, in Bonga in 1994. I had never seen it before, and in fact was firmly told in the 1960s it was obsolete. It was quite a surprise, thirty years after my original fieldwork, to be called out to hear the music of this ‘antique’ form and see the dance. A key lyric is the one quoted above. This catchy song can be ‘read’ on three levels.
Categorization Of Territories; Territorial Scope Of The Extradition Act 2003
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

Historically English extradition law provided different schemes of extradition for different categories of requesting country. In broad terms these categories were foreign states; colonies; and designated Commonwealth countries. The EA 1870 governed extradition from the UK to foreign states, and the Fugitive Offenders Act 1881 (replaced by the Fugitive Offenders Act 1967) governed extradition within the Empire and later the Commonwealth. The EA 1989 repealed the EA 1870 and the Fugitive Offenders Act 1967. Under the EA 1989 requests for extradition by European countries, designated Commonwealth countries, and colonies were dealt with under Part III of the 1989 Act.
Introduction To International Cooperation In Criminal Matters
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B
Published: November 2023

In United States of America v Cotroni (1989) 48 CCC (3d) 193, 215, La Forest J of the Supreme Court of Canada said: The investigation, prosecution and suppression of crime for the protection of the citizen and the maintenance of peace and public order is an important goal of all organized societies. The pursuit of that goal cannot realistically be confined within national boundaries. That has long been the case, but it is increasingly evident today. This Part examines the means by which the UK gives effect to this important principle of public policy. It considers the law governing mutual assistance in criminal matters, that is to say, the means by which the UK assists and seeks the assistance of foreign states in the investigation and prosecution of criminal offences.
Innovation, Learning, and Macro-institutional Change: The Limits of the Market Model as an Organizing Principle for Research Systems
Authors: Georghiou Luke
Published: November 2023

Current conventional wisdom is that research and innovation policies should be designed on the basis of the ‘systems of innovation’ approach (Freeman 1987; Lundvall 1992). This aims to go beyond the familiar market-failure rationales for public policy that have dominated thinking since the 1980s, and that have their origins in the seminal work of Arrow (1962). Rather than focus on the public-good nature of science and the issue of spillovers, the ‘systems failure’ approach is focused upon the importance of institutions and the linkages between them (Metcalfe 1995; Smith 2000). However, much more attention has been paid to some parts of the system than to others, and little to the overall dynamics.
What’s New? General Patterns of Planned Macro-institutional Change
Authors: Campbell John L
Published: November 2023

Institutional analysis has been revitalized during the last twenty-five years or so. Its long history stretches back at least to the work of Max Weber, Karl Polanyi, E´mile Durkheim, and other social scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. But today there are vast new literatures in sociology, political science, and economics that build on these older traditions; Jerald Hage reviews some of them in the introduction to this section of the volume. Many of these literatures seek to ex- plain how institutions constrain behavior, create incentives, influence decision-making and, in turn, affect a wide variety of social phenomena, including economic performance, technological innovation, politics, and more.
Conclusion
Authors: Hage Jerald , Meeus Marius T H
Published: November 2023

This book began with the claim that there is a need for a new theory of innovation. Its chapters are pieces of the puzzle that is a multi-level, multi-sector theory of knowledge production and innovation. This final chapter begins the task of putting together the pieces that make up that new theory. This book looked first at current theory’s critique of innovation in the organizational sociology and management literatures; this final chapter summarizes how those contributions dealt with these criticisms, corrects the basic ideas in the theory, changes the definitions of the key concepts of complexity, integration and high-risk strategies, and adds others.
Burglary and Related Offences
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw
Published: November 2023

The law relating to burglary and other breaking offences contained in the Larceny Act 1916, ss 24–7, was unnecessarily complex and involved excessively technical distinctions between a ‘bewildering series of offences’.1 The Theft Act 1968 effected a considerable simplification of the law. The Act eliminated entirely the concept of ‘breaking’, which was a requisite of burglary, and most forms of house-breaking under the Larceny Act.
Handling Stolen Goods and Related Offences
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw
Published: November 2023

English law provides a specific offence of handling and has, since the nineteenth century, treated this conduct as an independent crime rather than one of being an ‘accessory after the fact’ to theft.1 The offence created by s 22 replaced both the indictable offences under the Larceny Act 1916, s 33 and the summary offences under the Larceny Act 1861, s 97. Section 22 provides:

(1) A person handles stolen goods if (otherwise than in the course of the stealing) knowing or believing them to be stolen goods he dishonestly receives the goods, or dishonestly undertakes or assists in their retention, removal, disposal or realisation by or for the benefi t of another person, or if he arranges to do so.
In Defense of Happiness: Why Policymakers Should Care about Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Kesebir Pelin , Diener Ed
Published: November 2023

James Madison, the statesman regarded as the father of the United States Constitution, writes in Federalist 51 that a good government implies two things: first, fidelity to the object of government, which is the happiness of the people; and second, a knowledge of the means by which that object can be attained. For a long time, policymakers have assumed that continuous economic progress embodies the primary means by which that object could be attained, which in turn, led economic indicators such as GDP and its various proxies to acquire immense stature.
Agents Of Infection
Authors: Greenwood David
Published: November 2023

Before the ‘germ theory ‘ took hold towards the end of the nineteenth century, the concept of infection and its spread had no doubt puzzled humankind since the dawn of reflective thought. Problems became evermore acute as settlements were founded, towns and cities grew, civilizations emerged, and trade routes began to offer the paths for unexpected visitations of epidemic disease (1). The unmistakable but apparently random transmission of disease between family members, communities, and their domestic animals was attributed to retribution from the gods, activities of malign spirits, or noxious emanations (miasmata) arising from stagnant pools and marshes, middens, decaying corpses, or other environmental sources.
Wonder Drugs
Authors: Greenwood David
Published: November 2023

Successful though the sulphonamides were in curing previously untreatable bacterial infections, nothing could have prepared the world for penicillin. Several hundred times as active as sulphonamides against streptococci (including pneumococci), staphylococci, gonococci, and meningococci among other bacteria, and—aside from idiosyncratic hypersensitivity— virtually free from side effects, it was the nearest thing before or since to the magic bullet of which Ehrlich had dreamed. Indeed the reliability and safety, when used in the treatment of syphilis, was so much greater than that of Ehrlich ‘s Salvarsan that penicillin effectively superseded it overnight once its activity had been formally established.
Progress Against Parasites
Authors: Greenwood David
Published: November 2023

The triumphant progress made in the treatment of bacterial infection in the quarter century that followed the appearance of the first sulphonamide in 1935 obscured the continuing inability of doctors to treat effectively other types of infection. In reality, by 1960—when there was (premature) talk in the air of an end to infectious diseases—relatively little had been achieved in improving the prospects for the many millions of people throughout the world suffering from parasitic, fungal, or viral disease. It is a melancholy truth that, until recently, serious parasitic diseases such as African sleeping sickness, kala-azar, and bilharzia, which afflict countless numbers of sufferers in developing countries, were— and sometimes still are—treated with arsenical and antimonial preparations of which Paracelsus would have approved.
Disruptive Legal Technologies
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

I am often asked what technologies, techniques, and applications of information technology (IT) are most significant for lawyers of today. Underlying this question, more often than not, is a grim sense of foreboding rather than a refreshing enthusiasm. Many more lawyers are inclined to set up fortifications to protect themselves from new developments than to rush forward and embrace them. In any event, I respond directly to the query in the discussion that follows, largely in this chapter, concerning those technologies that I call ‘disruptive legal technologies’.
Conclusion—the Future of Lawyers
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

The future for lawyers could be prosperous or disastrous. The arguments and findings of this book can support either end game. I predict that lawyers who are unwilling to change their working practices and extend their range of services will, in the coming decade, struggle to survive. Meanwhile, those who embrace new technologies and novel ways of sourcing legal work are likely to trade successfully for many years yet, even if they are not occupied with the law jobs that most law schools currently anticipate for their graduates.
I.Atmospheric Pollution
Authors: González-Calatayud* Alexandra
Published: November 2023

2006 started with not one, but two new reports by the European Environment Agency (EEA) on Europe ‘s unsustainable transport trends. Both of them high-light the urgent need to tackle vehicle pollution, firstly, through the draft Euro 5, which was published by the European Commission (Commission) in 2005 and, secondly, through the decision on how to continue the voluntary agreement with car manufacturers on CO2 emissions from new cars, which will expire in 2008. :e other focal point should be the :ematic Strategy on Air Pollution and its accompanying Proposal for a new Air Quality Directive in the European Union (EU), this Strategy and its lack of ambition being one of the major disappointments in 2005.
IV.Chemicals
Authors: Molyneux* Candido Garcia
Published: November 2023

In the middle of an icy chemicals labyrinth, a new European Chemicals Agency has been left with the mission of subduing the REACH Minotaur, but will this Agency even be able to survive? After more than seven years of discussions, 2006 was the year the European Parliament (EP) and the Council finally adopted Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and establishing a European Chemicals Agency (REACH Regulation). Its adoption was accompanied by the highest expectations as a measure that ‘may prove to be one of the most significant measures that [the European Union] has ever taken ‘ and that will become ‘some of the most advanced legislation in the world ‘.
VII.Water
Authors: Stallworthy* Mark
Published: November 2023

:e year 2006 saw further progress in updating legislative coverage in the aquatic policy field, particularly in support of the gradual, staged progress towards full implementation of Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy (Water Framework Directive). :e range of protection strategies pursued reflects the need for synergies to be accorded with the Framework Directive. :ese legislative themes have included in particular a newly updated and extended Bathing Water Directive, as well as considerable progress towards finalizing the shape and content of proposed Directives to establish further dangerous substance controls for both ground-waters and surface waters.
I.Introduction
Authors: Etty Thijs
Published: November 2023

:is Reviews of Books chapter explores recent environmental law scholarship in three distinct subsections. Firstly, in Section II, two review articles explore the state of the art literature in the policy areas of the law of the sea (analysed through the lens of positive political theory), by Katrina Wyman, and sustainable development law, by Marie-Claire Cordonnier Segger and Ravi Shankar Kuar Singh). Secondly, in Section III, a further selection of noteworthy recent publications on topical issues in European and international environmental law and policy is critically discussed by a panel of established European and North-American scholars, in their respective areas of expertise.
III. Book Reviews
Authors: Davies Peter
Published: November 2023

:e year 2006 saw further progress in updating legislative coverage in the aquatic policy field, particularly in support of the gradual, staged progress towards full implementation of Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy (Water Framework Directive). :e range of protection strategies pursued reflects the need for synergies to be accorded with the Framework Directive. :ese legislative themes have included in particular a newly updated and extended Bathing Water Directive, as well as considerable progress towards finalizing the shape and content of proposed Directives to establish further dangerous substance controls for both ground-waters and surface waters.
What is epilepsy?
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain and is comparatively common.

It can occur in anyone, at any age: no one is immune.

It is conventionally divided into those seizures that:

Start in the midbrain—primary generalized.

Start in the grey matter (the cerebral cortex)—partial seizures.

Start in the cortex and spread to the midbrain—secondarily generalized.

Partial seizures are simple if consciousness is retained, complex if not.
The physical causes and emotional triggers of epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

A woman who suddenly develops, or eventually realises that she has, a potentially life changing and frightening condition like epilepsy will want to know why, and will turn to her doctor for support and information. Unfortunately, although epilepsy is common, we often do not know why a particular individual has acquired it. Indeed, a British study (in adult patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy) failed to find an identifiable cause for the epilepsy (after careful searching by acknowledged experts) in over 60%.
Labour, birth, and the immediate aftermath in women with epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet
Published: November 2023

Labour may be natural, induced, speeded up, or circumvented.

Labour, and its immediate aftermath, is the most likely time to have a seizure but this can almost invariably be prevented with a little thought.

Women with epilepsy often fear labour and 'losing control'.

They shouldn't have the baby at home—despite its advantages.

Take a copy of a summary of your epilepsy care with you (unless shared clinic).

Take some of your epilepsy medication with you and make sure you get it on time

Make sure the obstetric unit knows what to do if you have a seizure (there should be a plan).

Make sure there is a plan in case of frequent vomiting in labour.
Germany
Authors: Haag Dr Hendrik , Peglow Oliver
Published: November 2023

According to section 241 I Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch—BGB), the legal term ‘receivable’ is defi ned as the creditor’s right to demand performance from the debtor. This performance can mean the payment of money, but also any other act or omission which need not necessarily have a fi nancial value. Once existent, receivables may be transferred, pursuant to section 398 Civil Code (BGB), by contract from one creditor to another creditor, who will take its place and thus will forthwith be entitled to demand performance from the debtor.
Indonesia
Authors: Nurmansyah Emir , Deradjat Agus Ahadi
Published: November 2023

Under Indonesian law, receivables are simply defi ned as rights to receive payment. Any right to receive payments from whatever sources can generally be classifi ed as receivables. Receivables are considered as in rem rights under Indonesian law and therefore can be subject to a security interest.
Kuwait
Authors: Kohina Jasmin Paurus
Published: November 2023

The term receivables has not been defi ned under Kuwaiti laws. The concept of receivables is used widely in the profession of accountancy to mean book debts or something which is due or owing to a person or entity. The signifi cance of taking proper security is to ensure that the creditor, upon the insolvency of the debtor, will rank in priority to other unsecured creditors. Equality among creditors may result in causing a detriment to some of them in case of insolvency of the debtor. Hence, the purpose of taking a special security in accordance with the provisions of the law will ensure that the secured creditor has priority over other unsecured creditors.
Scotland
Authors: Stephen Bruce
Published: November 2023

Scots law does not attribute a particular technical meaning to receivables. Books debts are a class of receivable in Scotland and there is often debate over what is or is not a book debt, partly due to accounting treatment and partly due to security registration requirements which in the Scottish context relate only to security over book debt receivables and not receivables generally. Another example of a receivable is the obligation to pay rent being a receivable in the hands of the landlord. Essentially, all receivables constitute obligations to pay. They are generally assumed to be under contractual arrangements although there are examples of statutory receivables being used as collateral for funding arrangements (eg NHS prescription reimbursement payments).
Ukraine
Authors: Gregirchak Yaroslav
Published: November 2023

The term ‘receivables’ as such is not defi ned in the primary legal sources comprising Ukraine’s secured transactions regime. Nonetheless, in accounting legislation the term ‘receivables’ is generally defi ned as a ‘total amount of indebtedness owed to an enterprise … by legal entities and individuals … and which entitles an enterprise to claim from such parties’ monetary funds, their equivalents or other assets’. To the extent ‘receivables’ are viewed in Ukraine as the universality of claims owing to an enterprise, they belong to the legal category of the ‘right of monetary claim’ defi ned to mean circumstances when one party is entitled to demand fulfi lment of a payment obligation from one or several parties.
Talking with other health professionals and patients’ families
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

Clinical communication is often conceived as being only about doctors talking with their patients. How-ever, just as important is communication with other doctors, with other healthcare professionals, with other professionals such as social workers, managers and lawyers, and with patients’ families. One major trend in healthcare generally is an increasing flexibility in the workforce: the breaking down of previous occupational barriers and the opening up of new opportunities for the development of skills to fill perceived shortages. For example, the number and diversity of specialist nurse practitioners, GPs with ‘a special interest’ in specific types of patient, and new occupations such as non-medically qualifled ‘surgical care practitioners’ have increased to undertake tasks that previously were the sole reserve of doctors (Sanders & Harrison, 2008). These developments again underline the need for effective team working.
Talking with people from other cultures
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

Often when people talk about ‘culture’ – the customs and institutions of a particular group of people – they only think in terms of black and minority ethnic (BME) people. However, culture is not something that only other people have. We are all the products of a distinct and unique culture, whether we ascribe to our own culture’s values or not. It is easy to be blind to the influence of your own culture, and to see your own world view as ‘universal’, ‘natural’, or ‘taken for granted’ in comparison with the views of other cultures, which by comparison seem exotic, strange, or bizarre.

Miner (1956), writing in the journal American Anthropologist, described a tribe called the ‘Nacirema’, who lived in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles.
Giving information and managing uncertainty
Authors: Washer Peter
Published: November 2023

Taking a medical history, where you gather information and explore the patient’s agenda, is given a great deal of prominence in medical education. However, the second part of the medical interview, where doctors give information, explain diagnoses and treatments, make decisions, and agree future management, is arguably neglected (Elwyn et al., 1999b). As a result, research suggests that doctors may be less proflcient in the skills required for giving information. For example, one Danish study contrasted simulated patient interviews between 22 students in the last semester of medical school and 23 experienced senior registrars with little or no training in communication. They found that both groups were lacking skills in terms of giving information, and both groups informed patients in a doctor-centred fashion with little regard for the patient’s understanding, views, and emotions (Aspegren & Lonberg-Masden, 2005).
Timing
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark
Published: November 2023

Delays in taking action both by a PR and a trustee are a frequent source of complaint. Even where the is not justified, it will sour relations with the . Postponement of actions that are can have genuine reasons behind them and it is good practice to explain this when a beneficiary may not readily see the . If any delay is looked at, in terms of justification to a beneficiary, most delays will not occur.
The Assessment of Damages
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark
Published: November 2023

Sometimes, the assessment of damages will take place separately from the trial of the issue of liability, for example where a preliminary issue has been ordered on the question of liability. However, both parties need to undertake an assessment of the likely damages at the outset, not just because the likely value of the claim has to be specified when going through the process of the pre-action protocol, but also so that it is possible to attempt to settle the claim at an early stage, and the parties are clear what they are fighting over. It is also, of course, vitally important to ensure that some loss has actually been suffered by the person bringing the claim.
Mitigation and the Interrelation With Other Claims
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark
Published: November 2023

The basic rule is that a claimant must mitigate their loss, and this area of the law has attained great importance as far as professional negligence cases are concerned. It is often the first thought of insurers to advisors in any of the contexts discussed in this book to see if the problem which has arisen can be undone. A distinction has to be drawn between cases where the claimant has a duty to mitigate and failure to do so will affect the damages which he or she can claim, and cases where it may be possible to put right what has happened and desirable that that course should be followed, but there is no duty on the claimant to do so.
Beyond Consent: Applying Alter Ego and Arbitration Doctrines to Bind Sovereign Parents
Authors: Tyler Timothy , Kovarsky Lee , Stewar Rebecca
Published: November 2023

“‘Piercing’ seems to happen freakishly. Like lightning, it is rare, severe, and unprincipled.” This paper will analyze the way veil-piercing law in the United States interacts with sovereign corporate parenthood and how that interaction affects international arbitration. Until recently, two veil-piercing questions had developed along distinct threads: (1) under what circumstances a non-signatory third party may be bound to arbitrate as the “alter ego” of the signatory; and (2) how “veil-piercing,” or “alter ego” doctrine, should accommodate the unique attributes of sovereign corporate parents. Those threads intersected in Bridas v. Turkmenistan, which recently concluded after two rounds of litigation in the United States Court of Appeals.
Extension of the Arbitration Clause to Non-Signatories Under French Law
Authors: Mayer Pierre
Published: November 2023

The focus of this paper on French arbitration law is not capricious: indeed, French law is particularly favorable to the extension of the arbitration clause to non-signatories in a variety of situations. A significant advantageous element is the fact that French law does not require the arbitration clause to be signed, provided that there is at least a written document into which the clause is incorporated. The fact that an individual or company did not sign the contract containing the arbitration clause is not, therefore, in and of itself an obstacle to that individual or company being considered as a party to that clause.
The Manifold Respondent: Multiparty Issues Involving States in Investor-State Arbitration
Authors: Lowe Vaughan
Published: November 2023

The subject of this section of the volume is multiparty issues in investor-state arbitration. The focus is very much upon the problems arising from multiple claimants. There is, understandably, an assumption that since everyone is suing the Republic of Utopia, the Republic of Utopia is a single entity, and that problems of multiplicity do not arise in relation to the respondent. I have one central point to make. It is that states are not monolithic institutions, and that this fact must be borne in mind when planning for the practicalities of international arbitration.
Introduction: Markets, Information, and Social Action
Authors: Preda Alex
Published: November 2023

One cloudy day in March, 2008, I overheard a conversation between two students on the campus where I work, as we all were queuing in front of a cash machine. One of the students, tightly clutching a geography handbook, asked the other whether she had heard about the attack on the bank we were queuing in front of. And no, it wasn’t a terrorist attack: it was a speculative attack. Apparently, the day before, financial traders had launched a coordinated attack on the share price of that bank, one of the biggest in the country. Within less than 30 minutes, the price went down 17 per cent (Kollewe 2008). A couple of days before, Bear Stearns, the fifth largest US investment bank, had been bought by JP Morgan for $2 per share, down from over $120 only six months earlier. During those days, the prime spot on the front page of newspapers and on TV news channels was taken by worldwide markets still falling, in spite of the Federal Reserve having injected hundreds of billions of dollars.
Markets
Authors: Preda Alex
Published: November 2023

The Salizada San Moisè, one of Venice’s most elegant streets, is also one of the places where African peddlers align in a row every day, displaying their merchandise on blue plastic sacks rolled out on the pavement (the sacks also serve for transporting their wares). They do this right in front of the über-elegant fashion stores which line both sides of the street. While the peddlers’ merchandise selection is rather limited (mostly handbags, sun- glasses, sometimes watches as well), it is also an exact copy of some of the handbags and sunglasses sold inside the stores bearing the names of well- known designer houses. The items sold inside have price tags starting at about one thousand euros for a modest handbag, and very quickly working their way up into the rarefied zone of several thousands. (You have to look hard to discover the prices on minuscule lists in the shop windows.) The same handbag model sold by the peddlers will go for maybe about fifty euros— and even less, if one bargains harder.
Agents or Trustees? International Courts in their Political Context (2008)
Authors: Alter Karen J
Published: November 2023

Delegation of interpretive authority to International Courts is expanding exponentially. In 1985 there were seven international legal bodies meeting the Project on International Courts and Tribunal’s (PICT) definition of an international court, meaning: (1) a permanent institution, (2) composed of independent judges, (3) that adjudicate disputes between two or more entities, one of which is a state or international organization, (4) working on the basis of predetermined rules of procedure, and (5) rendering decisions that are binding (Alter book manuscript in progress: Chapter 1).¹ Today there are 26 international courts that meet this definition and they are increasingly active, having issued 69 per cent of their over 15,000 decisions, opinions, and rulings since 1990 (see Table 2.1 in Chapter 2).
Market Power in Consumer Goods Industries
Authors: Steiner* Robert L
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a unified theoretical framework to estimate market power in consumer goods industries with differentiated products. In the industry to be described, consumer goods manufacturers buy from upstream suppliers and resell to downstream retailers who resell to household consumers. Horizontal competition takes place between firms at the same stage and vertical competition between firms at successive stages. The consumer goods manufacturer’s horizontal market share is the firm’s share of category sales denominated in manufacturer’s (factory) prices and typically represented by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). The manufacturer’s vertical downstream market share equals 1 s retailers’ percentage gross margins, which determines the manufacturer’s share of his brand’s retail price. The manufacturer’s vertical upstream market share equals 1 s its suppliers’ percentage gross margins, which determines the manufacturer’s share of its suppliers selling price and is the manufacturer’s invoice cost. Under this definition firms have both horizontal and vertical market shares and compete both horizontally and vertically.