bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Microbial Detection Methods and Interlaboratory Comparisons during a Peroxide-Nutrient Enhanced in situ Bioreclamation
Authors: Litchfield C. D. , Erkenbrecher C. W. , Matson C. E. , Fish L. S. , Levine A.
Published: May 2018

A Borough water supply was endangered when approximately 1000 gallons of leaded gasoline leaked from an underground storage tank. After free product recovery was completed, an insitu bioreclamation program was started. Research was conducted throughout the course of the cleanup to compare various culture media and procedures for the detection of microorganisms in groundwater. This program also included an interlaboratory evaluation of microbial detection by culture techniques. The plate count data on similar media were the same for the two laboratories. An incubation period of at least 7 and preferably 14 days is necessary. The lack of correlation of ATP with other biomass indicators may reflect unknown stresses on the microbial community and not that ATP cannot be used as a biomass indicator. Finally, AODC in these samples was 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than CFU, but was also frequently lower than the CFU on nutrient agar incubated for 14 days. Of the procedures tested here, plate counts on nutrient agar are a good indicator of the progress of an insitu bioremediation of a petroleum hydrocarbon spill.
Sulfate Reduction in Acidogenic Phase Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Reis M. A. M. , Gonçalves L. M. D. , Carrondo M. J. T.
Published: May 2018

The acidogenic phase of a two-stage anaerobic digestion process using distillery molasses slops effluent with high sulfate concentrations (4.2-5.1 g/l) was investigated. Removal of sulfate was studied at pH 5.8, 6.2, 6.6 and in two different reactors: continuous stirred tank reactor and an upflow fixed film fixed bed reactor. Batch experiments were carried out to obtain the maximum specific growth rates of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) at the above mentioned pH values. The biological sulfate removal increased with pH and so did the acetic acid production from the fermentative bacteria and SRB. For the same pH and hydraulic retention time the sulfate reduction was more efficient in the fixed film reactor than in the CSTR. The soluble sulfides from the sulfate reduction presented at the acidogenic reactor effluent were precipitated before the methanogenic phase to avoid biogas contamination and methanogenic bacteria inhibition; under such conditions, sulfide concentrations in the biogas thus produced were very low and high methane volumetric rates of production were achieved.
Applying Bacteriological Parameters for Evaluating Underground Water Quality
Authors: El-Zanfaly H. T. , Shabaan A. M.
Published: May 2018

A total of 111 water samples were drawn from 15 wells. These samples were subjected to bacteriological examinations to determine the suitability of the monitored wells as source for drinking water. Significant levels of bacterial pollution indicators were detected in the underground water samples during the period of study. Total bacterial counts ranged between 10-104CFU/ml. Faecal streptococci was the most common and detected in 9 6% of water samples. Lower percentages of samples (92, 55 and 45%) were contaminated with total coliforms, faecal coliforms and total clostridia, respectively. Faecal coliforms: faecal streptococci was less than 0.7 in 86% of the examined samples. Anaerobic bacteria were detected in the examined well water samples. Only 101 water samples were tested for anaerobic spore-formers and all showed positive results. Most examined wells do not meet the water quality standards for drinking water. Accordingly, the necessity of controllin bacterial pollution in ground-water through disinfection was clearly confirmed. Testing the underground water for more than one indicator represents an important approach for water quality assurance.
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in the City of Dubrovnik
Authors: Margeta J. , Pupovac J. , Ivančić B.
Published: May 2018

Dubrovnik is the most popular tourist seaside resort in Yugoslavia. The rapid development of tourism has necessitated appropriate environmental protection, particularly with regard to the coastal sea. Consequently, the city has constructed a plant for the treatment of wastewater and a submarine outfall. The characteristics of the sewerage system and the coastal sea meant that the wastewater disposal system required a specific method of construction and treatment. This paper presents the system adopted for Dubrovnik and the methodology used to choose the system. Special attention is paid to the problems and drawbacks which occurred during design and operation of the system, as well as to the measures undertaken afterwards for reconstruction of the system.
Comparison of Centralized versus Decentralized Wastewater Systems for Coastal Tourist Areas
Authors: Väänänen Pentti , Gavrielides Eleftherios
Published: May 2018

A reliable, unobtrusive wastewater collection, treatment and disposal system in tourist areas is a must. In most countries where tourism has rapidly grown, public utilities have not managed to provide sewerage and sewage treatment facilities. As a result of this there are a great number of small sewage treatment plants each serving one hotel or a group of hotels in one area. The next step seems to be to join more and more hotels to one bigger treatment plant - mostly operated by a public utility. This paper discusses the pros and cons of a centralized vs. decentralized treatment system taking into account technical and economic aspects.
Some Environmental Factors Affecting Survival of Fecal Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Seawater
Authors: El-Sharkawi Fahmy , El-Attar L. , Abdel Gawad A. , Molazem S.
Published: May 2018

This study was conducted to determine the effects of certain environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and light, on the die-off of Salmonellatyphi, Salmonellavein, Shigellaflexneri, and Escherichiacoli, examples of fecal pathogens and indicator organisms in water. The survival of these organisms was investigated in different types of water: seawater, filter sterilized seawater, tap water, and normal saline. The organisms were counted every two hours for 8 hours, then daily for up to 7 days. It was found that there was no great difference in the survival times of the organisms tested at temperatures of 25 - 35°C, but at 40°C they died off more rapidly. The salinity of the seawater did not affect the survival time of the Salmonella bacteria. However, Sh.flexneri and E.coli appeared to survive for longer in freshwater than in seawater at temperatures of 30 - 35°C. Daylight, i.e., sunlight, had a deleterious effect on all test organisms, Survival times were shorter when exposed to daylight than in the dark in the different types of water, being from several hours to 24 h compared to several days in the dark. Artificial light had less effect than natural daylight. It was concluded that exposure to sunlight is the most important factor in the self-purification of water polluted due to sewage outfalls.
Recreational Use of the Catchments and Storages of Sydney Water Board (Australia)
Authors: Petrie L. G. , Wrigley J. D.
Published: May 2018

The Water Board has a number of catchment areas under its control. These catchment areas are used to supply water of acceptable quality and quantity to over 3.4 million people. A range of catchment protection measures is applied to these catchment areas depending on distance from and length of time from the offtake points. Several recreation pursuits have been permitted within the terms of the protection measures.

To gain a view of public perception and acceptance the Board in 1986 completed a public review and survey of the present and potential future use of its water supply catchment areas and storages for recreational purposes. The study considered whether community recreational demands were being met and whether some or all of these demands can be satisfied without harming water quality or the environment.

From the study, the Board has concluded that there is both broad community support for its strong protection of the water supply and significant interest in use of additional recreational facilities. Accordingly, the Board has identified a number of additional requested recreational opportunities that can be introduced while maintaining present levels of water quality protection and conservation values.

These additional items include additional nature walks near some of the existing dam picnic areas, escorted tours of the catchment areas, walking trails on catchment perimeters and increased river bank fishing in the Warragamba Catchment Area. Additional facilities are being introduced at Prospect Reservoir in the populated western suburbs of Sydney including a bicycle/jogging/walking track, BMX track, skateboard area and historic lookout and picnic area. These new initiatives will be introduced as part of an ongoing programme of review. Additional future activities will be introduced where possible. The Board however is concerned that no recreational activity should be introduced that is likely to cause future problems with water quality protection. Future introduction of increased water treatment levels will enable a further review of catchment protection policies but the high costs of such treatment will cause the Board to delay those introductions as long as practicable.

In brief, the Board has fully reviewed its present policy on recreational use and has concluded that the general pol icy is appropriate and has strong community support. The implementation of that policy is being modified, however, to provide for acceptable additional facilities for which there is a demonstrated community need.
Effects of Saline Flushing to a Polluted Estuary to Enhance Water Quality Standards
Authors: Nuttall P. M. , Richardson B. J. , Condina P.
Published: May 2018

Kananook Creek, a polluted estuary in urban Victoria,was monitored for water quality data over a seven year period. Prior to saline flushing, low species diversity dominated by high numbers of organic pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrates, phytoplankton blooms and cyanobacterial mats occurred throughout the estuary in clearly defined zones. Low dissolved oxygen levels restricted fish movement. Sand and silt deposition in the estuary prevented submergent aquatic plant colonisation, primarily as a result of the unstable, shifting nature of the substratum.

Subsequent saline flushing at a maximum continuous rate of 150 ML/day saltwater from a coastal waterway improved quality within the water column of the polluted estuary.

Although flushing reduced the incidence of fresh-water species, estuarine fauna and flora rapidly colonised much of Kananook Creek. The incidence of phytoplankton blooms, water discolouration and odour was reduced to the benefit of recreation demands placed upon the creek. Polluted and unstable sediments continued to restrict macroinvertebrate establishment and occasional cessation in flushing for pump maintenance caused a rapid deterioration in water quality.
Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal for Coastal Resort Businesses
Authors: Martin Joseph P. , Zitomer Kenneth J.
Published: May 2018

Onshore commercial or institutional services for the New Jersey barrier island resorts frequently dispose of wastewater onsite, by percolating septic system effluent to the underlying aquifers. However, to protect the groundwater supplying potable water and brackish wetlands, larger onsite systems must now include advanced treatment to remove nitrates. Effluent produced by a mechanical treatment plant at a new nursing home was improved by percolation through a zoned sand mound disposal bed, but operation of the small but complex plant is expensive. Therefore, another system to remove organics and nitrogen was developed for a shopping center, which was expected to have severe seasonal variations in wastewater quality and quantity. Treatment in a series of in-ground and mounded aerobic and anoxic units provides operational economy and flexibility appropriate to resort area commercial establishments.
Biological Aspects of Water Management
Authors: Cook L. G. , Harrower K. M. , Mackey A. P.
Published: May 2018

This paper firstly reviews the microbiological aspects of the accumulation of xenobiotic and non-xenobiotic substances from industrial and domestic waste water treatments, with particular reference to hydrocarbons, pesticides and inorganic plant nutrients. The paper goes on to argue that if water bodies are to be used to establish recreational fisheries as well as for water supply and effluent disposal, then the management aim may need to be one of controlled eutrophy. Ramifications of this proposal are considered. The biological aspects of the impact of other recreational and amenity uses of water bodies on water and environmental quality is briefly described. The paper concludes by discussing the training required by potential water managers.
The Causes of Eye Irritation in Swimming Pools
Authors: Chiswell B. , Wildsoet C. F.
Published: May 2018

The use of chlorine for purification of water in swimming pools is well-established for both private and commercial purposes. Although salt-water chlorination has found sane use in private pools, most of these pools and the larger public pools with high chlorine demands and needs for unequivocal control of water quality, still use hypochlorite or chlorine gas.

It is common to blame eye irritation upon “too much chlorine” in pools, yet there is no conclusive work to verify that pool chlorine is directly responsible for the problem. Indeed, the snail amount of work done so far has mainly looked at chloro-nitrogen compounds as the source of irritation. Little regard has been given to the roles that pool osmolarity and pH might play, or to whether the problem could be associated with the presence of other chloro-compounds such as trihalanethanes.

A review is given of the results of previous work on the problem, and details described of experiments, recently comenced, which aim to identify the factors underlying eye reactions to swimming pool water.
Bacteriological Quality of Swimming Pools
Authors: Ferguson E. H.
Published: May 2018

The bacteriological quality of public & private pools was compared. The private pools, despite lower bather loads had higher counts. The reasons for this are examined & would appear to be related to filter operation or pool cleaning.
Cyanobacterial Toxins in Water
Authors: Codd Geoffrey A. , Bell Steven G. , Brooks William P.
Published: May 2018

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) commonly occur in fresh- and brackish waters and may produce massive annual growths as a consequence of nutrient enrichment from natural waters, agricultural fertilizer run-off, or from domestic/industrial effluents. The cyanobacterial species which dominate these growths typically belong to the genera which produce toxins.

Cyanobacterial toxins cause fatal poisonings of agricultural livestock, wild animals, birds and fish on a world-wide basis. The involvement of the toxins in human health problems has also been inferred in several countries and their presence in drinking water sources is of interest to the drinking water industry. The occurrence and properties of cyanobacterial toxins are discussed here. New methods are being developed for the purification of the toxins and for their recovery and quantification from waters. These include the use of chemical, cytotoxicity and immunological methods to complement the mouse bioassay which has hitherto been used in cyanobacterial toxin studies with laboratory cultures and water samples. Information on the regulation of cyanobacterial toxin production and on the possible biological significance of the toxins in aquatic environments is also presented. A greater awareness of cyanobacterial toxins in waters destined for human use is required.
The Minimisation of Microbiological Hazards Associated with Latrine Wastes
Authors: Wheeler D. , Carroll R. F.
Published: May 2018

Investigations of latrine wastes in Botswana were undertaken to verify that sludge stored in a pit latrine chamber for at least one year does not constitute an unacceptable microbiological hazard on handling or reuse. Levels of faecal bacteria, Ascaris, Taenia, Schistosoma and human enteric viruses in sludges which had been stored for periods of more than one year were compared with levels in improperly stored sludges. In all cases, the importance of long term storage was confirmed. However, it is noted that substantial sociological and educational inputs are required if latrine users are to obtain the maximum health and economic benefits of latrine sanitation and sludge reuse, particularly in cultures where there is traditionally little interest in such practices.
The Effect of Estuary Type Suspended Solids on Survival of E. coli in Saline Waters
Authors: Milne D. P. , Curran J. C. , Findlay J. S. , Crowther J. M. , Wallis S. G.
Published: May 2018

The effect of estuary type suspended solids on E.coli inactivation has been examined in laboratory experiments. The work used artificial seawater, laboratory processed suspended solids and chemostat steady-state E.coli cultures to establish the effect of these physical/chemical parameters on the viability of an E.coli population. Initial E.coli concentrations were 5 × 103. 100ml−1, the temperatures employed were 10°C and 20°C, the suspended solids concentration range was 0 – l00mgl−1, salinity range 10 – 32%o, and the experimental vessels were completely shielded from light.

The introduction of suspended solids at a low concentration (ie 5mgl−1) markedly increased the survival time of E.coli at the higher salinities (ie 32% o and 27%o). Suspended solids at higher concentrations (>12.5mgl−1) provided no additional increase in survival time. At low suspended solids concentrations (≤5mgl−1) decreasing salinity increased survival time; at higher suspended solids concentration (>12.5mgl−1) salinities in excess of a critical value, around 27%o, also increased survival times.
Selection of Indicator Systems for Human Viruses in Polluted Seawater and Shellfish
Authors: Grabow W. O. K. , Idema G. K. , Coubrough P. , Bateman B. W.
Published: May 2018

A total of 610 samples of marine sewage discharges, polluted seawater and shellfish have been analysed for human enteric viruses and indicators of faecal/sewage pollution. Viruses were recovered by ultrafiltration from water samples of up to 10 litres, and by extraction from 50 g samples of shellfish meat. Detection of viruses was by cytopathogenic effect in primary vervet kidney cells. Some samples were tested for rota- and hepatitis A virus antigens using immunosorbent assays. Of the 202 samples from which viruses were cultured, 45% yielded enteroviruses and 87% reoviruses. The ratio of counts of viruses and indicators varied extensively in samples of both seawater and shellfish. Viruses or their antigens were detected in a number of samples which yielded negative results in conventional tests for at least one indicator. The results show that currently used quality criteria based on coliform indicators have shortcomings with regard to viruses. These findings, as well as experience and policies in other parts of the world, were applied in formulating revised quality criteria for seawater used for recreational purposes, and shellfish meat intended for human comsumption. The recommended criteria include limits for human viruses, faecal coliform bacteria, faecal streptococci and coliphages. The test methods used in conjunction with these criteria are considered important, and methods for viruses should be able to detect reoviruses.
An Outbreak of Giardiasis and Amoebiasis at a Ski Resort in Sweden
Authors: Andersson Y. , de Jong B.
Published: May 2018

A large number of tourists contracted gastroenteritis at the end of December 1986 at a ski resort in the north of Sweden. The outbreak was due to the intrusion of sewage in the drinking water reservoir through a spillway overflow connected to the sewer. Sewage polluted the drinking water. One to three days after drinking the polluted water, at least 3,600 persons of 4,000 at risk contracted gastroenteritis. The attack rate was 90%. Giardia lamblia was isolated from 1,480 persons and Entamoeba histolytica from 106. At least 50 persons contracted a double infection with G. lamblia and E. histolytica. G. lamblia cysts were isolated from two points in the water distribution system.
Lead Removal from Contaminated Water by a Mixed Microbial Ecosystem
Authors: Bender J. A. , Archibold E. R. , Ibeanusi V. , Gould J. P.
Published: May 2018

The research reported here explored the advantages of using an integrated ecosystem for the uptake of lead and examined some of the possible mechanisms for the transfer of the metal through the system with eventual binding in the microbial biomass. Strategies were applied to (1) stimulate enhanced production of biomass and consequent lead recovery by simple enrichments of the microbial environment, and (2) increase the microbial tolerance and lead uptake capacity by adaptation of the component species.

The microbial ecosystem employed here was one which arose spontaneously after pond enrichment with silaged grass clippings and moved through a predictable microbial succession. Ecosystem processes and microbial relationships resulted in the mobilization of metal in the soil bed and water column with ultimate deposition in the surface biomass. The stable silage-microbe biomass, floating at the top of the pond, bound the metal for extended periods of time.
Sewage Treatment in Constructed Reed Beds – Danish Experiences
Authors: Brix Hans , Schierup Hans-Henrik
Published: May 2018

The working experiences from twenty-five Danish constructed reed beds are summarised. The removal efficiency with respect to BOD is typically 70-90% after one growing season producing a consistent effluent concentration of less than 20 mg/l. The typical reduction of total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus is 25-50% and 20-40%, respectively. The poor performance with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus can be ascribed to (a) surface run-off (low permeability of the soil) which prevents the sewage from getting into the rhizosphere, and (b) insufficient release of oxygen from the root-system of the reeds to secure a quantitative significant nitrification. The nutrient removal is therefore dependent on the hydraulic loading rate. Only reed beds with loading rates of less than 2 cm/d show a purifying effect in respect of nitrogen and phosphorus better than 50%. The hydraulic permeability of the soil develops slowly, if ever. Even after four growing seasons overland flow predominates, typically forming a pattern covering only a part of the reed bed area. However, as most of the Danish reed beds are constructed on sites with no demand for nutrient removal, the systems function satisfactorily from the point of view of meeting the discharge standards.
Granular Sludge Formation in the Anaerobic Expanded Micro-Carrier Bed Process
Authors: Yoda M. , Kitagawa M. , Miyaji Y.
Published: May 2018

The anaerobic expanded micro-carrier bed (MCB) process, which utilizes fine (50-100 microns) support materials as expanded bed media, was found to have the ability to cultivate granular sludge similar to that formed in the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process. Two laboratory-scale MCB reactors were studied with VFA and glucose wastewaters to clarify the role of the micro-carrier and the influence of substrates on granular sludge formation. Based on these results, a scale-up model with a reactor volume of 800 1 was successfully operated using molasses wastewater to demonstrate the feasibility of granular sludge formation in the MCB process.
Rapid Biological Clean-Up of Soils Contaminated with Lubricating Oil
Authors: Rittmann B. E. , Johnson N. M.
Published: May 2018

An experimental program assessed which mechanisms control the rapid biodegradation of used lubricating oil which contaminates soils. The ultimate goal is to effect a rapid biodegradation before the contaminants in the oil are leached into the groundwater or carried into surface waters with runoff. Large amounts of lubricating-oil-degrading bacteria could be grown in liquid culture, as long as a dispersant was applied to form and maintain an oil-in-water emulsion. Application of the oil-degrading bacteria (up to 4.9 × 108/g soil) significantly increased the initial rate of oil degradation in soil plots. However, the long-term rate of degradation slowed as the more available or more biodegradable components of the oil were removed. The fastest removal rates were obtained when the oil-contaminated soil was put into a water-soil slurry and was inoculated with microorganisms and dispersant. Improved microorganism contact and dispersant effectiveness apparently were responsible for the rapid rates in slurry reactors. The increased rates demonstrated the potential value of adding a large, acclimated inoculum and providing good mixing and dispersion to make the oil more available to the microorganisms.
Wastewater Management in the Automobile Industry
Authors: El-Gohary Fatma A. , Abo-ElEla Sohair I. , Ali Hamdi I.
Published: May 2018

Wastewater from an automobile manufacturing company provides the material of this study. Separate treatment of cyanide-bearing wastes, end-of-pipe effluent and sewage versus collective treatment of the three wastes was evaluated. Experimental results indicated that high quality effluent could be obtained using the two proposed schemes. Furthermore, the initial as well as the current costs for both alternatives were almost the same. However, biological treatment is recommended since it solves the problem of the wastes in the plant using one treatment system which can be easily controlled.
Wastewater Reuse in Landscape and Agricultural Development in Doha, Qatar
Authors: Ahmad Shamim
Published: May 2018

Excessive use of potable water in irrigation can be reduced considerably through treated wastewater reuse specially when fresh water resources in Qatar are scarce and the water supply depends on the limited groundwater and costly desalinated water. In view of the use of treated effluent in irrigation, the infiltration of brackish groundwater into the sewerage system should be eliminated and stringent standards to control leakages should be laid for new construction.

The wastewater treatment methods and the effluent quality in general meet the criteria and standards governing the use of effluent in irrigation of landscape and agriculture. The reuse plan controls pollution by eliminating discharge of the wastewater to the gulf and contributes to the aesthetic and economic value of the area. The development of green areas along the roadside reservations and sidewalks through effluent reuse has been successful.The cultivation of fodder crops and development of forestry through effluent irrigation in agricultural farms far from the centre of population seems feasible and safe. However it is necessary to consider and evaluate the social and religious factors at the planning stage of the reuse schemes. With adequate planning,surviellance programme,health education,training of workers and awareness amongst the population, effluent reuse can be practised with minimum health risk and confidence can be established in the users.
Development of a System for Evaluating Floc Strength
Authors: Bache D. H. , Al-Ani S. H.
Published: May 2018

A scheme is described as a basis for estimating floc strength by hydrodynamic shearing in a turbulent flow. Preliminary theory indicates the need to evaluate the floc size, its porosity (linked to its effective density in water) and the rate of energy dissipation in a turbulent flow (ɛ). The design and calibration of a vertical vibrating water column is described. Force transducer measurements gave estimates of (the average over the column) whereas a calorimetric technique and fluid tracer analysis provided additional information about ɛ as a function of vertical position. Flocs sedimenting through the column are subjected to increasing stress until a major rupture occurs. Preliminary experiments with clay-aluminium flocs provided insight into the factors controlling strength (σ) e.g. coagulant dose, size, and the number of primary particles within the floc (i) such that σ/i decreases with increasing floc diameter.
UK State-of-the-Art – Sewerage Rehabilitation
Authors: Clegg D. , Eadon A. R. , Fiddes D.
Published: May 2018

The problems which led to concern over the state of sewers within the UK in the 1970s are described together with the strategies and methodologies which were developed to allow cost-effective rehabilitation. The current approach is illustrated by reference to practice in two regional water authorities - North West Water and Severn Trent Water. Considerable benefits have accrued from considering entire pipework systems and dealing concurrently with structural, hydraulic and water quality problems. Effort in the future will concentrate on refining the existing methodology and improving business management by developing better measures of levels of service and information systems
System Identification and Control of the Activated Sludge Process by Use of a Statistical Model
Authors: Hiraoka M. , Tsumura K.
Published: May 2018

The authors have been developing a hierarchical control system for the activated sludge process which consists of an upper level system controlling long-term seasonal variations, a control system of intermediate level aiming at optimization of the process and a control system of lower level controlling diurnal changes or hourly fluctuations. The control system using the multi-variable statistical model is one of the most appropriate control systems based on the modern control theory, for applying the lower level control of the activated sludge process. This paper introduces our efforts for developing the reliable data acquisition system, the control experiments applying the AR-model, one of the statistical models which were conducted at a pilot plant and present studies on the system identification and control at a field sewage treatment plant.
Design of Accidental Pollution Alarm Systems
Authors: Philipot J. M. , Coutant J. P. , Mousty P.
Published: May 2018

Water supplies to the Syndicat des Eaux d'Ile de France (Ile de France Water Board) subscribers are provided by Compagnie Generale des Eaux using treated water from three rivers (Seine, Marne, Oise). These rivers cross densely populated, industrial areas and so are exposed to quite significant pollution hazards.

The guarantee of safe supplies involves a monitoring and alarm policy that will enable the various emergency measures provided in water works and pipe networks to be initiated in good time. The methodology of this system is based on the follwing steps:–compilation of accidental pollution history;–inventory of hazardous sites;–study of treatment process response;–location and choice of parameters for the automatic analyzing stations.

A detailed description of this course of action is given in respect of the river Marne which supplies raw water to one of the three main Syndicat des Eaux d'Ile de France plants.
The Application of Information Systems and Telemetry to Operational Management in Anglian Water
Authors: Green J. W. , Page C. , Eastman G. M. , Howes D.
Published: May 2018

An account is given of the development of information systems in Anglian Water to meet the requirements of operational management. Part 1 gives an overview of the new computing network for operations applications, including the Operations Information System, a comprehensive operational job management system, and digital mapping. Part 2 describes the implementation and application of telemetry systems which will eventually extend to over 5500 sites, and Part 3 describes the development of process control modules using telemetry outstations. The implementation of these systems has involved close co-operation between Anglian Water and Logica EIS, and Part 4 gives an account of these developments from the supplier's point of view.
Experiences in Field Testing a Variety of Aeration Equipment in Sweden and in the U.S.A. by Offgas Analysis
Authors: Redmon D. T. , Boyle W. C. , Hellstrom B. G.
Published: May 2018

The background and theory of the offgas analysis procedure used in oxygen transfer testing of diffused aeration tanks is reviewed. Correlation of this method with other applicable procedures in parallel tests is reported. State-of-the-art equipment and accessories are described. Advantages of the procedure are identified, as are precautionary considerations regarding its use. Applications considered appropriate for its employment are delineated. Experience and test results in both Sweden and the U.S.A. on a variety of aeration devices are disclosed.
Ecotoxicological Studies on the Kilian Branch and Delta of the River Danube
Authors: Braginsky L. P. , Komarovsky F Ya , Linnik P. N. , Maslova O. V. , Shcherban E. P.
Published: May 2018

Amounts of priority toxicants (heavy metals, petroleum and petroleum products, surfactants, phenols, organochlorine pesticides) in water, bottom sediments, macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds of the Kilian branch and delta of the River Danube were studied from 1978 to 1985. The bottom sediments and larger organisms were shown to be highly polluted by pesticide residues and heavy metals.

In the water, organochlorine pesticides were almost completely adsorbed on suspended particles, while metals were found both in solution and in the suspended phase, forming high-molecular-weight complex compounds. Accumulation coefficients for DDT in the higher links of trophic chains (i.e., predatory fish, fish-eating birds) were 105 to 106.

Danube river water was found have both acute and chronic toxicity, which was confirmed by biotesting on planktonic crustaceans. Toxicity varied in time and was of a pulsed character.
Studies on the Contamination Status of the Danube River Basin Waters, Measures of Protection, and Rational Exploitation of the Water Resources
Authors: Janković D. V.
Published: May 2018

The water quality of the surface and ground waters, and the characteristics of the aquatic organism communities of the Yugoslav stretch of the River Danube were investigated. River flow rates were estimated according to recorded water levels and the hydrodynamic and morphological characteristics of certain profiles, and by using a mathematical model which included operation of the Djerdap Hydroelectric Power Station (HEPS). During May 1986, water flow rates were 3200 to 6000 m3/s, and in September they were two, times slower. All physical and chemical parameters were determined using standard Yugoslav and German methods (DEV). Regarding the 14 metals analysed, the water samples were satisfactory, while the contents of metals in the pelitic fraction (i.e., diameter ≤ 2 µm) of the sediments indicated the existence of pollution. The pelitic fraction of the sediments was subjected to trace element analysis by an emission spectrographic technique using germanium as the internal standard. The overall precision was ± 12%. Water ecosystem saprobity was estimated according to Pantle-Buck and Roth-schein. The saprobity ranged from beta to alpha-betamesosaprobity. The contents of trace elements in the water, sediment, and aquatic communities indicated the transfer of pollutants between the various ecosystem compartments.
Operational Experiences with the Industrial and Communal Waste Water Treatment System in the District of Linz
Authors: Reichel Gerd E.
Published: May 2018

The waste water treatment system of the central region Linz is described. Because of the construction of the hydroelectric plant in Abwinden-Asten a central sewage treatment plant for 22 communities and the waste waters of the chemical and steel industry was constructed. Purification efficiency in terms of BOD5 is 93 % and 83 % for COD. The anaerobic digested sludge is deposited in lagoons.
Residues of Persistent Organochlorine Compounds in Selected Aquatic Ecosystems of Vojvodina (Yugoslavia)
Authors: Vojinović M. B. , Pavkov S. T. , Buzarov D. D.
Published: May 2018

In this paper, the concentration of a wide range of persistent organochlo-rine compounds α, β,γ, hexachlorocyclohexane Ʃ-HCH, p,p 'DDE, o,p 'DDE, p,p 'DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the aquatic environments of the river Danube, Tisa, Lake Palić, and fish-pond Ečka are reported. The residues of organochlorine insecticides -OCI and PCBs in water, sediments, fish muscle and eggs of aquatic birds were analysed. These data show the serious contamination of selected aquatic ecosystems (Danube, Tisa, Lake Palić and fish-pond Ečka) of Vojvodina. Because of the concentration of these compounds at top levels, fish, eggs of aquatic birds and sediments are an excellent indicator for detecting trace organic compounds whose presence in water would be difficult to measure directly.

The residues of OCI were determined by GC-ECD. Polychlorinated biphenyls -- PCB congeners were quantified by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC-ECD).
Estimation of Environmental Risk Due to Polluted Sediment
Authors: Bogardi I. , Kelly W. E. , Bardossy A. , Stakhiv E. Z.
Published: May 2018

A method is presented to perform a risk-cost evaluation for sediment management applicable to the Danube Basin. Specifically, the environmental risk and the cost due to excavation and disposal of polluted sediment are evaluated and traded off in order to select sound management alternatives. Two main objectives of sediment management are considered: to minimize the cost of management and to minimize the environmental risk thereof. The economically optimal solution may not be realized due to the environmental risk involved. The environmental risk has several components such as human carcinogenic risk, human noncarcinogenic risk, and ecological risk related to a number of species. A trade-off analysis called composite programming is used: 1. to aggregate components of environmental risk considering different sources and compositions of polluted sediment in the river channel and/or reservoirs, 2. to find an alternative of sediment management which provides the best compromise between the cost and environmental risk involved.
Impact of Municipal Wastewater on the Quality of the River Sava
Authors: Tedeschi S.
Published: May 2018

The River Sava is very polluted in certain sections. At times, the dissolved oxygen is completely exhausted (1.0 to 3.0 mg O2/l) resulting in frequent massive fish kills. The water quality has significantly deteriorated during the past few decades, due to the industry developed in the watershed and the increased population in the area. Especially heavy pollution loads come from the greater Zagreb area (153 t BOD5/day). Treating the wastewater from Zagreb could upgrade the water quality of the Sava, and 68 to 72% oxygen saturation could be achieved even under the most unfavourable conditions. Particular attention should be given to the choice of the treatment process, due to the planned construction of multi-purpose reservoirs along the Sava.
Long Term Fate and Transport of Immiscible Aviation Gasoline in the Subsurface Environment
Authors: Ostendorf D. W.
Published: May 2018

We measure and model the concentration of separate phase hydrocarbons downgradient of a 19 year old aviation gasoline spill at the US Coast Guard Air Station in Traverse City, Michigan. The separate phase aviation gasoline is presumed to exist in mobile and residual partitions whose transport is modeled as a simple one dimensional balance of storage, advection, volatilization, and linear sorption. Field calibration suggests a retardation factor of 13.1, while volatilization accounts for about 30% of the originally spilled product, underscoring the importance of these two mechanisms in immiscible gasoline fate and transport studies.
Biodegradation of Btex in Subsurface Materials Contaminated with Gasoline: Granger, Indiana
Authors: Thomas J. M. , Gordy V. R. , Fiorenza S. , Ward C. H.
Published: May 2018

The microbial ecology and potential for biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o- and m-xylene (BTEX) in core materials contaminated with unleaded gasoline were investigated. The site studied was unique because a portion of the contaminated area was biostimulated in a demonstration of the use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source in in situ biorestoration. Two years after termination of the field demonstration, core samples were collected from uncontaminated, contaminated, and biostimulated areas at the site and analyzed for inorganic nutrients, microbial numbers, mineralization potential of glucose, benzene, and toluene using liquid scintillation counting, and biotransformation of BTEX using gas chromatography. The results indicated that the subsurface microflora at the site was active and capable of degrading a variety of compounds. Microbial numbers and contaminant biodegradation potential in samples from the biostimulated area were greater than in uncontaminated and contaminated zones. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene were removed in all core materials, whereas o-xylene was recalcitrant. Mineralization experiments indicated that toluene was mineralized to a greater extent than benzene. These data indicated that the biodegradation potential of the subsurface material from the biostimulated zone, which still contained residual hydrocarbon, remained enhanced for at least 2 yr after the in situ biorestoration process had been terminated.
Anaerobic Digestion and Composting in an Integrated Strategy for Managing Vegetable Residues from Agro-Industries or Sorted Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Cecchi F. , Vallini G. , Mata-Alvarez J.
Published: May 2018

The co-digestion concept to improve the anaerobic digestion of several biological wastes is examined together with the integration of anaerobic digestion and composting biotechnologies. A series of experiments were carried out using the mechanically selected organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The anaerobically digested waste was composted with fresh substrate. The results show that the waste is perfectly stabilized and the pathogen indicators are greatly reduced.
Treatment of Strong Fermentation Wastes by Activated Sludge
Authors: Orhon D. , Ilhan R. , Gökçen S.
Published: May 2018

This paper reports a comprehensive wastewater pollution abatement program implemented at a plant producing pharmaceutical products by fermentation. The production is mainly devoted to tetracycline, oxytetracycline derivatives and to gentamicin sulfate, using different agricultural sources. The studies were undertaken in a context that covered all the principal components necessary for an industrial control program: wastewater characterization and pollution profile, treatability evaluation, description of the most suitable technology. Extensive studies were carried out to assess the treatability characteristics of process wastes as well as waste combinations. Pertinent kinetic constants were determined in lab-scale experiments. The availability of air regularly discharged from the processing plant made an aerobic process an economically attractive treatment system.A fraction of the cooling discharges was mixed with process wastes in the planning and design of the treatment flow scheme (a) to lower the BOD concentration below 2000 mgl−1, and (b) to provide an equalization and buffering capacity for hydraulic and toxic shocks.
Removal of Nutrients and BOD from Soybean Fermentation Wastewater in a Ten-Year-Old Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Okada M. , Terazono K. , Sudo R.
Published: May 2018

Surveys on the performance of nitrogen, phosphorus and BOD removal were carried out in a full-scale conventional, i.e. continuously aerated, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) activated sludge process which was constructed ten years ago, treating wastewater from a small factory producing soybean fermentation products. The old SBR plant, originally designed only for BOD removal, is operated with one cycle per day and aerated continuously for 19 hours per day from the start of working and wastewater inflow followed by sedimentation and decanting the next morning before work. In spite of continuous and a constant rate of aeration, DO increased rapidly immediately after the beginning of aeration, whereas it decreased down to less than 0.5 mg l−1 with the inflow of wastewater. DO increased again after work with little inflow of wastewater. The diurnal fluctuation of DO enhanced both nitrification and denitrification simultaneously in a single tank reactor with continuous aeration and resulted in high performance of nitrogen removal beyond expectation as well as BOD. The anaerobic condition and subsequent increase in DO also enhanced release and luxury uptake of phosphorus, i.e. biological removal of phosphorus. Increase in the strength of wastewater enhanced denitrification without deterioration of BOD removal. Phosphorus removal, however, was deteriorated by insufficient sludge production.
A Rational Approach to the Design of a Rotating Disc System for the Treatment of Black Liquor
Authors: Gönenç I. E. , Ilhan R. , Orhon D.
Published: May 2018

The results of the treatability studies of black-liquor by RDS and evaluation of the applicability of biofilm kinetics into design methodology are presented. Theoretical evaluations verified by the experimental results showed that a bulk half-order and zero-order reaction rate expression could adequately define the overall removal process and provide the desired mechanistic explanation of the system. The experimental results were also used to calculate the kinetic parameters in order to provide design guidelines for practical application. It was determined that the transition from BOD rate limitation to oxygen rate limitation occurred at a BOD to oxygen concentration ratio of approx. 15 promoting the aeration of the RDS as a very important consideration for design and operation. The last part of the study was devoted to the possible calcium build-up in the biofilm. The findings indicated that the reaction products of Ca(HSO3)2 in black liquor had no appreciable effect on the removal rate.
An Overview of the Textile Industry in Turkey – Pollution Profiles and Treatability Characteristics
Authors: Germirli F. , Tünay O. , Orhon D.
Published: May 2018

In this study, a large number of textile plants in Turkey have been studied and evaluated in terms of characteristics and treatability of wastewaters involved as related to relevant production parameters, exhibiting significant differences for each plant. Certain industrial groups have been identified to possess different pollution profiles and treatability specifications within the same subcategory. The results observed lead to conclude that the suhcategorization now in use for the textile industry needs to be reformulated by taking care of the significant components defining the nature of this industry, and it has to show more connection with treatability evaluations.
Sludge Management at the Middlesex County Utilities Authority
Authors: Jacobs Allan , Silver Mary
Published: May 2018

The Middlesex County Utilities Authority (MCUA) currently disposes of sewage sludge at a 106 mile site in the New York Bight. In accordance with New Jersey State law, the ocean disposal of sewage sludge must terminate by March 17, 1991. In 1988 the MCUA initiated a land-based sludge management study to investigate the alternatives that are implementable by this deadline. This study included the evaluation of 24 alternatives, each of which included dewatering and subsequent disposal/reuse. It concluded that dewatering followed by chemical fixation represents a cost-effective, environmentally responsible, implementable reuse alternative for MCUA sludge management.

A pilot study was undertaken to evaluate chemical fixation of MCUA dewatered sludge. The program included constructing test plots at the MCUA operated landfill, and collecting and evaluating data on the physical, chemical, and biological properties. These analyses were intended to determine the acceptability of using chemically fixed MCUA sludge as a supplement to conventional soil for daily and intermediate landfill cover.

With the success of the pilot studies and the State's approval, the design of dewatering and chemical fixation facilities for approximately 192 dry tons per day was initiated early in 1989. This paper presents an overview of the sludge management and pilot studies and the facility design.