bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hsp90 in the continuum of breast ductal carcinogenesis: Evaluation in precursors, preinvasive and ductal carcinoma lesions
Authors: Zagouri Flora , Sergentanis Theodoros N , Nonni Afrodite , Papadimitriou Christos A , Michalopoulos Nikolaos V , Domeyer Philip , Theodoropoulos George , Lazaris Andreas , Patsouris Effstratios , Zogafos Eleni , Pazaiti Anastazia , Zografos George C
Published: July 2010

Background

Hsp90 (heat shock protein90) is a chaperone protein essential for preserving and regulating the function of various cellular proteins. Elevated Hsp90 expression seems to be a trait of breast cancer and may be an integral part of the coping mechanisms that cancer cells exhibit vis-à-vis stress. This manuscript tries to examine the immunohistochemical expression of Hsp90 all along the continuum of breast ductal lesions encompassing ductal hyperplasia without atypia (DHWithoutA), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).

Methods

Tissue specimens were taken from 30 patients with DHWithoutA, 31 patients with ADH, 51 with DCIS and 51 with IDC. Immunohistochemical assessment of Hsp90 was performed both in the lesion and the adjacent normal breast ducts and lobules; the latter serving as control. Concerning Hsp90 assessment the percentage of positive cells and the intensity were separately analyzed. Subsequently, the Allred score was calculated. Post hoc analysis on the correlations between Hsp90 Allred score and possible predictors (grade, nodal status, tumor size, ER Allred score, PR Allred score, c-erbB-2 status and triple negative status) was conducted in IDC.

Results

Hsp90 exhibited mainly cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. Hsp90 Allred score exhibited an increasing trend along the continuum of breast ductal lesions (Spearman's rho = 0.169, p = 0.031). Compared to the adjacent normal ducts and lobules, no statistically significant differences were noted in DHwithoutA, ADH and DCIS. Hsp90 expression (intensity, positive cells, Allred score) was higher in IDC, compared to the adjacent normal tissue. Higher Hsp90 expression was observed in grade 2/3 IDCs (borderline association) and tumors of larger size. At the univariable analysis, higher Hsp90 expression was associated with higher ER Allred score, PR Allred score and c-erbB-2 positivity in IDC. Triple-negative IDCs exhibited significantly lower Hsp90 expression. The multivariable logistic regression model revealed that between the three markers, solely ER Allred score and c-erbB-2 positivity were independently associated with higher Hsp90 expression in IDC.

Conclusion

The above point to significant variability in Hsp90 expression with significant implications upon the effectiveness and limitations of anti-Hsp90 drugs.
miR-183 inhibits TGF-β1-induced apoptosis by downregulation of PDCD4 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Li Jipeng , Fu Hanjiang , Xu Chengwang , Tie Yi , Xing Ruiyun , Zhu Jie , Qin Yide , Sun Zhixian , Zheng Xiaofei
Published: July 2010

Background

In recent years, some miRNAs have been reported to be connected closely with the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma. In our previous studies, a set of miRNAs were revealed to be dysregulated in HCC tissues. However, the functions of these miRNAs in HCC remain largely undefined.

Methods

The expression profiles of miR-183 were compared between HCC tissues and adjacent normal liver tissues using qRT-PCR method. This method was used to screen the potential target genes of miR-183. A luciferase reporter assay was conducted to confirm target association. Finally, the functional effect of miR-183 in hepatoma cells was examined.

Results

Among the 25 HCC samples analyzed, microRNA-183 was significantly up-regulated (twofold to 367-fold) in 17 samples compared with the matching nontumoral liver tissues. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) was identified as the target gene of miR-183. Moreover, PDCD4 is a proapoptotic molecule involved in TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in human HCC cells, we found that miR-183 transfectants were resistant to apoptosis induced by TGF-β1.

Conclusions

We conclude that miR-183 can inhibit apoptosis in human HCC cells by repressing the PDCD4 expression, and miR-183 may play an important role in HCC development.
Ao38, a new cell line from eggs of the black witch moth, Ascalapha odorata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is permissive for AcMNPV infection and produces high levels of recombinant proteins
Authors: Hashimoto Yoshifumi , Zhang Sheng , Blissard Gary W
Published: July 2010

Background

The insect cell line is a critical component in the production of recombinant proteins in the baculovirus expression system and new cell lines hold the promise of increasing both quantity and quality of protein production.

Results

Seventy cell lines were established by single-cell cloning from a primary culture of cells derived from eggs of the black witch moth (Ascalapha odorata; Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Among 8 rapidly growing lines, cell line 38 (Ao38) was selected for further analysis, based on susceptibility to AcMNPV infection and production of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) from a baculovirus expression vector. In comparisons with low-passage High Five (BTI-Tn-5B1-4) cells, infected Ao38 cells produced β-galactosidase and SEAP at levels higher (153% and 150%, respectively) than those measured from High Five cells. Analysis of N-glycans of SEAP produced in Ao38 cells revealed two N-glycosylation sites and glycosylation patterns similar to those reported for High Five and Sf9 cells. Glycopeptide isoforms consisted of pauci- or oligomannose, with and without fucose on N-acetylglucosamine(s) linked to asparagine residues. Estimates of Ao38 cell volume suggest that Ao38 cells are approximately 2.5× larger than Sf9 cells but only approximately 74% of the size of High Five cells. Ao38 cells were highly susceptible to AcMNPV infection, similar to infectivity of Sf9 cells. Production of infectious AcMNPV budded virions from Ao38 cells peaked at approximately 4.5 × 107 IU/ml, exceeding that from High Five cells while lower than that from Sf9 cells. Ao38 cells grew rapidly in stationary culture with a population doubling time of 20.2 hr, and Ao38 cells were readily adapted to serum-free medium (Sf-900III) and to a suspension culture system. Analysis of Ao38 and a parental Ascalapha odorata cell line indicated that these lines were free of the alphanodavirus that was recently identified as an adventitious agent in High Five cell lines.

Conclusions

Ao38 cells represent a highly productive new insect cell line that will be useful for heterologous protein expression and other applications in biotechnology.
Vaccination response to protein and carbohydrate antigens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after rituximab treatment
Authors: Rehnberg Maria , Brisslert Mikael , Amu Sylvie , Zendjanchi Kiandoht , Håwi Gunilla , Bokarewa Maria I
Published: July 2010

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is frequently complicated with infections. The aim of our study was to evaluate vaccination response in patients with RA after B-cell depletion by using rituximab.

Methods

Influenza (Afluria) and pneumococcal polysaccharides (Pneumo23) vaccines were given 6 months after rituximab (post-RTX group, n = 11) or 6 days before rituximab treatment (pre-RTX group; n = 8). RA patients never exposed to RTX composed the control group (n = 10). Vaccine-specific cellular responses were evaluated on day 6 after vaccination, and vaccine-specific humoral responses, on day 21.

Results

On day 6 after vaccination, formation of influenza-specific B cells was lower in post-RTX group as compared with the pre-RTX group and controls (P = 0.04). Polysaccharide-specific B cells were found in 27% to 50%, being equally distributed between the groups. On day 21, the impairment of humoral responses was more pronounced with respect to influenza as compared with the pneumococcal vaccine and affected both IgG and light-chain production. Total absence of influenza-specific IgG production was observed in 55% of the post-RTX group.

Conclusions

RTX compromises cellular and humoral vaccine responses in RA patients. However, repeated RTX treatment or previous anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) treatment did not accentuate these defects.
Diet-induced obesity differentially regulates behavioral, biomechanical, and molecular risk factors for osteoarthritis in mice
Authors: Griffin Timothy M , Fermor Beverley , Huebner Janet L , Kraus Virginia B , Rodriguiz Ramona M , Wetsel William C , Cao Li , Setton Lori A , Guilak Farshid
Published: July 2010

Introduction

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis in both weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing joints. The mechanisms by which obesity influences the structural or symptomatic features of osteoarthritis are not well understood, but may include systemic inflammation associated with increased adiposity. In this study, we examined biomechanical, neurobehavioral, inflammatory, and osteoarthritic changes in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet.

Methods

Female C57BL/6J mice were fed either a 10% kcal fat or a 45% kcal fat diet from 9 to 54 weeks of age. Longitudinal changes in musculoskeletal function and inflammation were compared with endpoint neurobehavioral and osteoarthritic disease states. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine independent associations with diet, percentage body fat, and knee osteoarthritis severity. We also examined healthy porcine cartilage explants treated with physiologic doses of leptin, alone or in combination with IL-1α and palmitic and oleic fatty acids, to determine the effects of leptin on cartilage extracellular matrix homeostasis.

Results

High susceptibility to dietary obesity was associated with increased osteoarthritic changes in the knee and impaired musculoskeletal force generation and motor function compared with controls. A high-fat diet also induced symptomatic characteristics of osteoarthritis, including hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behaviors. Controlling for the effects of diet and percentage body fat with a multivariate model revealed a significant association between knee osteoarthritis severity and serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and IL-1α. Physiologic doses of leptin, in the presence or absence of IL-1α and fatty acids, did not substantially alter extracellular matrix homeostasis in healthy cartilage explants.

Conclusions

These results indicate that diet-induced obesity increases the risk of symptomatic features of osteoarthritis through changes in musculoskeletal function and pain-related behaviors. Furthermore, the independent association of systemic adipokine levels with knee osteoarthritis severity supports a role for adipose-associated inflammation in the molecular pathogenesis of obesity-induced osteoarthritis. Physiologic levels of leptin do not alter extracellular matrix homeostasis in healthy cartilage, suggesting that leptin may be a secondary mediator of osteoarthritis pathogenesis.
“A Wild Taste”: Food and Colonialism in Eighteenth-Century Louisiana
Authors: Lee Dawdy Shannon
Published: July 2010

Using new archaeological data and colonial narratives, I reconstruct the menu of French colonial Louisiana with the aim of showing how the sensual and social experience of eating relates to the political rationalities of colonialism. In Louisiana, food practices enunciated a hierarchy of taste that positively valued Native American foods while showing how easily they could be “civilized” by French cooking practices. Cooking and eating were fundamentally colonial practices, and incorporated colonialism's inherent tensions and contradictions. Food practices were particularly important in French strategies to absorb the native into the colonial body and protect imperial culture against a constant assault on the senses.
Courting Catholicism: Nahua Women and the Catholic Church in Colonial Mexico City
Authors: Truitt Jonathan
Published: July 2010

Using Spanish- and Nahuatl-language sources, this article examines the interaction of Nahua women in Mexico City with the Catholic Church. By examining Nahua women's role in colonial Christianity—their religiosity (as admired by European and indigenous chroniclers), responsibilities in convents, and participation in religious brotherhoods and theatrical performances—their influence in their society becomes apparent. Nahua women's religious responsibilities in Mexico City lay between the officially recognized positions of men in the public arena and women's private responsibilities in the home. This differed from the acknowledged authority women possessed during the precontact period. Though Nahua women suffered a loss of officially sanctioned power, they managed to create other opportunities that empowered them during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
“Whose Injury Is Like Mine?” Emily Brontë, George Eliot, and the Sincere Postures of Suffering Men
Authors: Morrison Kevin A.
Published: July 2010

This article examines representations of gestural and rhetorical modes of male suffering in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights and George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss. It argues that these novels, focusing on the transition from a traditional yeoman economy to a system of capitalist property ownership, present male suffering as authentic and histrionic, indicative of both power and powerlessness, and as an attempt to manage perceived threats to the self. By depicting male psychic pain in this way, Brontë and Eliot attempt to locate the source for the violence men inflict on women in an unreconstructed liberalism—rather than an entrenched cultural hostility—that can be transformed through female sympathy as the basis for reciprocal familial relations. However, Brontë's and Eliot's depictions actually give rise to a paradox in which male authority relies on female sympathy to keep it intact.
The Frankfurt Cases: The Moral of the Stories
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: July 2010

The Frankfurt cases have been thought by some philosophers to show that moral responsibility does not require genuine metaphysical access to alternative possibilities. But various philosophers have rejected this putative “lesson” of the cases, and they have put forward a powerful “Dilemma Defense.” In the last decade or so, many philosophers have been persuaded by the Dilemma Defense that the Frankfurt cases do not show what Frankfurt (and others) thought they show. This essay presents a template for a general strategy of response to the Dilemma Defense. It thus seeks to provide further support for the author's view that the Frankfurt cases help to establish that moral responsibility does not require alternative possibilities.
The Q Factor: Modal Rationalism versus Modal Autonomism
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: July 2010

Type-B materialists (to use David Chalmers's jargon) claim that though zombies are conceivable, they are not metaphysically possible. This article calls this position regarding the relation between metaphysical and epistemic modality “modal autonomism,” as opposed to the “modal rationalism” endorsed by David Chalmers and Frank Jackson, who insist on a deep link between the two forms of modality. This article argues that the defense of modal rationalism presented in Chalmers and Jackson (2001) begs the question against the type-B materialist/modal autonomist.

The argument proceeds as follows. Modal rationalists claim that for all nonphenomenal macro properties, the appropriate supervenience conditional is both necessary and a priori. Hence, type-B materialists must engage in special pleading when they claim that the relevant supervenience conditional for phenomenal properties, expressing the supervenience of the phenomenal on the physical, is necessary but not a priori. However, what Chalmers and Jackson demonstrate, if anything, is that the conditional that includes all the microphysical plus the phenomenal in the antecedent, and nonphenomenal macro facts (such as facts about water and other natural kinds, among other things) in the consequent, is a priori. The question arises why, since facts about water and the like do not metaphysically supervene on the phenomenal facts, is it appropriate to include the phenomenal facts in the antecedent of the relevant supervenience conditional.

This article argues for the following claims: First, that it's crucial to the general semantic framework Chalmers and Jackson defend that they do include the phenomenal facts in the supervenience conditional; without them, the conditional would not be a priori. Second, that the only way to argue from the a priori character of these conditionals to the applicability of modal rationalism to the nonphenomenal cases is to rely either on modal rationalism itself or on the denial of type-B materialism. Obviously, in the context of this argument, either way would beg the question.
Dark Fields of the Republic: Seamus Deane's Sundered Provinces
Authors: Cleary Joe
Published: July 2010

One of the most brilliant and controversial critics to emerge in Ireland in the twentieth century, Seamus Deane has produced a significant body of work that traces with insight and verve the development of modern Irish literature from the eighteenth century to the contemporary moment. This essay elucidates Deane's shifting conceptions of Irish writing and national culture as developed from his early works such as The French Revolution and Enlightenment in England, 1789–1832 and Celtic Revivals through the initial three volumes of The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing up to later works such as Strange Country and Foreign Affections. Informed by a commitment to European and Irish republican values elaborated in the radical Enlightenment and animated by a sometimes bristling engagement with an Ireland transformed by the Troubles in the North and by the culture of late capitalism across the island, Deane's work constitutes an ambitious attempt to situate a peripheral society possessed of a remarkable literature within wider European and postcolonial vectors of reference. Given its conceptual subtlety and grand sweep, Deane's work merits careful attention not just from Irish scholars but from those interested in issues of Enlightenment and national culture, literature and late capitalism, and in the nature of critical intervention in the modern humanities more generally.
“All I Do Is Think About You”: Some Notes on Pragmatist Longing in Recent Literary Study of Amiri Baraka
Authors: Glick Jeremy Matthew
Published: July 2010

This essay examines Amiri Baraka's improvisatory, always changing commitment to literary and performative formal innovation in the service of his radical politics. It charts the coupling of romantic longing with radical political prescription in Baraka's career and suggests a reading of his poem “Nightmare Bush'it Whirl” as a corrective to recent trends in neopragmatist approaches to Baraka studies. As a recording, “Nightmare” interpolates Stevie Wonder's “All I Do” and conflates romantic longing with a catalog of various defeats and anticipated victories in the international socialist and Black radical movement. This essay presents an immanent critique of Richard Poirier's categories as it applies to recent scholarship on Baraka's poetics, including Andrew Epstein's book-length study Beautiful Enemies: Friendship and Postwar American Poetry. It attempts to theorize a critical encounter between Poirier and Baraka by offering up a reading of Poirier's mention of Baraka in the pages of Partisan Review, and it applies Poirier's critical categories to a sampling of Baraka's literary production.
On the Pacific Edge of Catastrophe, or Redemption: California Dreaming in Thomas Pynchon's Inherent Vice
Authors: Wilson Rob
Published: July 2010

Inherent Vice continues Thomas Pynchon's interrogation into California as American edge-site perpetually situated on the brink of catastrophe, metamorphosis, or redemption. In his latest novel, Pynchon labors in the time-honored generic trenches of American “hardboiled fiction” to elaborate the transformative energies of what California still stands for as worlding edge-space, as a temporal promise of social transformation and popular-cultural redemption not quite over. In bleaker plot strands, we witness an American vernacular revolution of pop-carnivalesque energies being infiltrated and hollowed out, as if the utopic energies of the 1960s were foreclosed at birth by the security apparatus of police forces, land development, and the global totality of capital as situated on the Pacific Rim.
A comparison of hepatitis A and hepatitis B measures among vaccinated and susceptible online men who have sex with men
Authors: Gilbert L K , Levandowski B A , Scanlon K E , Peterson R S
Published: July 2010

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) continue to be major health concerns among men who have sex with men (MSM). The Internet both facilitates high-risk sexual encounters and provides opportunities for promoting healthy behaviours. This study compared self-reported HAV and HBV vaccination levels, based on demographics, health characteristics, hepatitis knowledge, attitudes and risk behaviours among MSM using an online survey posted from February through June 2005. Each participant ( n = 968) reported whether they were vaccinated, infected or susceptible for hepatitis A and/or for hepatitis B. Men whose healthcare provider recommended vaccination were 12.91 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.11, 20.55) times more likely to be vaccinated against HAV and 17.93 (95% CI 10.82, 29.70) times more likely to be vaccinated against HBV than those at risk of infection, respectively. These data provide essential information for public health professionals to successfully promote vaccination among members of this population.
Australian men who have sex with men prefer rapid oral HIV testing over conventional blood testing for HIV
Authors: Chen M Y , Bilardi J E , Lee D , Cummings R , Bush M , Fairley C K
Published: July 2010

This study examined the views of 172 community-based Australian men who have sex with men (MSM) on the acceptability and potential uptake of rapid oral testing for HIV in clinic and home-based settings. Men were asked to complete a questionnaire that sought their views on rapid testing for HIV. When asked about which HIV test they would prefer in a clinic setting, 64% indicated a preference for rapid oral HIV testing and 74% indicated that if rapid oral HIV testing was available at a clinic they would test for HIV more frequently. If rapid oral HIV testing was available for home testing, 63% of men indicated it would be likely they would test themselves for HIV and 61% indicated they would test more frequently. Overall, MSM expressed a preference for rapid oral HIV testing and would test more frequently if testing was available for clinic or home use in Australia.
Number of autoantibodies and HLA genotype, more than high titers of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies, predict insulin dependence in latent autoimmune diabetes of adults
Authors: Maioli M , Pes G M , Delitala G , Puddu L , Falorni A , Tolu F , Lampis R , Orrù V , Secchi G , Cicalò A M , Floris R , Madau G F , Pilosu R M , Whalen M , Cucca F
Published: July 2010

Objective

In latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA), the progression into insulin-dependent diabetes is usually faster than in type 2 diabetes (T2D) but the factors influencing this progression are not completely known. In this study, we searched for sensitive markers associated with early development of insulin dependence.

Design

The screening of 5568 T2D patients for glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD65Ab) identified 276 LADA patients (M=131; F=145) and in 251 of them, tyrosine phosphatase-2 (IA-2Ab) and thyroperoxidase autoantibodies (TPOAbs), some clinical features and genotype variation of the main type 1 diabetes (T1D) disease susceptibility loci (HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1) were analyzed.

Results

Four years after the diagnosis of diabetes, high GAD65Ab titer was not significantly associated with faster progression toward insulin deficiency (P=0.104). Patients with GAD65Ab and TPOAb or IA-2Ab or triple positivity for both islet and TPOAbs (GAD65Ab/IA-2Ab/TPOAb) showed a significantly faster disease progression (P=0.002). Among 104 TPOAb-positive LADA patients, 10 received replacement therapy (l-thyroxine), 43 showed high TSH levels (62.7% developed insulin dependence), and 3 had hyperthyroidism treated with methimazole. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant effect on disease progression only for TPOAb (P=0.022), female gender (P=0.036), low body mass index (BMI; P=0.001), and T1D high/intermediate risk HLA-DRB1/DQB1 genotypes grouped (P=0.020).

Conclusions

High GAD65Ab titers per se are not a major risk factor for disease progression in LADA, while the number of positive autoantibodies and HLA DRB1-DQB1 genotypes at high risk for T1D are significant predictors. Moreover, clinical characteristics such as low BMI and female gender are more likely to identify patients who will require insulin therapy within 4 years of diagnosis.
MRI and Withdrawal of Life Support From Newborn Infants With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Wilkinson Dominic
Published: July 2010

The majority of deaths in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) follow decisions to withdraw life-sustaining treatment. Clinicians use prognostic tests including MRI to help determine prognosis and decide whether to consider treatment withdrawal. A recently published meta-analysis provided valuable information on the prognostic utility of magnetic resonance (MR) biomarkers in HIE and suggested, in particular, that proton MR spectroscopy is the most accurate predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome. How should this evidence influence treatment-limitation decisions? In this article I outline serious limitations in existing prognostic studies of HIE, including small sample size, selection bias, vague and overly inclusive outcome assessment, and potential self-fulfilling prophecies. Such limitations make it difficult to answer the most important prognostic question. Reanalysis of published data reveals that severe abnormalities on conventional MRI in the first week have a sensitivity of 71% (95% confidence interval: 59%–91%) and specificity of 84% (95% confidence interval: 68%–93%) for very adverse outcome in infants with moderate encephalopathy. On current evidence, MR biomarkers alone are not sufficiently accurate to direct treatment-limitation decisions. Although there may be a role for using MRI or MR spectroscopy in combination with other prognostic markers to identify infants with very adverse outcome, it is not possible from meta-analysis to define this group clearly. There is an urgent need for improved prognostic research into HIE.
Residency Curriculum Improves Breastfeeding Care
Authors: Feldman-Winter Lori , Barone Lauren , Milcarek Barry , Hunter Krystal , Meek Joan , Morton Jane , Williams Tara , Naylor Audrey , Lawrence Ruth A.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:

Multiple studies have revealed inadequacies in breastfeeding education during residency, and results of recent studies have confirmed that attitudes of practicing pediatricians toward breastfeeding are deteriorating. In this we study evaluated whether a residency curriculum improved physician knowledge, practice patterns, and confidence in providing breastfeeding care and whether implementation of this curriculum was associated with increased breastfeeding rates in patients.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:

A prospective cohort of 417 residents was enrolled in a controlled trial of a novel curriculum developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics in conjunction with experts from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Family Physicians, and Association of Pediatric Program Directors. Six intervention residency programs implemented the curriculum, whereas 7 control programs did not. Residents completed pretests and posttests before and after implementation. Breastfeeding rates were derived from randomly selected medical charts in hospitals and clinics at which residents trained.

RESULTS:

Trained residents were more likely to show improvements in knowledge (odds ratio [OR]: 2.8 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5–5.0]), practice patterns related to breastfeeding (OR: 2.2 [95% CI: 1.3–3.7]), and confidence (OR: 2.4 [95% CI: 1.4–4.1]) than residents at control sites. Infants at the institutions in which the curriculum was implemented were more likely to breastfeed exclusively 6 months after intervention (OR: 4.1 [95% CI: 1.8–9.7]).

CONCLUSIONS:

A targeted breastfeeding curriculum for residents in pediatrics, family medicine, and obstetrics and gynecology improves knowledge, practice patterns, and confidence in breastfeeding management in residents and increases exclusive breastfeeding in their patients. Implementation of this curriculum may similarly benefit other institutions.
Why Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Is Essential: A Case Report
Authors: Adeli Mehdi M. , Buckley Rebecca H.
Published: July 2010

Physicians caring for infants in the first months of life need to know the normal ranges for absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) during that age. Any ALC <2500/μL is potentially pathogenic in early infancy and should be evaluated. We report the case of a 4-month-old white girl with a 2-month history of an oral ulcer, intermittent fever, recurrent otitis, decreased appetite, weight loss, and a new respiratory illness with hypoxemia. She had been in an in-home day care since birth. The patient's primary care physician had seen her frequently and obtained blood counts, but her persistent lymphopenia had not been appreciated. The infant was ultimately diagnosed with T−B−NK+ (lacking both B and T lymphocytes and having primarily natural killer [NK] cells), recombinase-activating gene 2 (RAG2)-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). However, because she had already developed 2 difficult-to-treat viral infections (parainfluenza 3 and adenovirus), she did not survive long enough to receive a bone marrow transplant. Newborn screening would not only have made the diagnosis at birth but would have led to measures to protect her from becoming infected before she could receive a transplant. Newborn screening would also reveal the true incidence of SCID and define the range of conditions characterized by severely impaired T-cell development. Until screening for SCID and other T-cell defects becomes available for all neonates (either by quantifying T-cell receptor excision circles in Guthrie spots or using other tests that quantify T cells), all pediatricians should know the normal range for ALCs according to age. Recognition of the characteristic lymphopenia of SCID can facilitate early diagnosis.
Primary Consumer Body Size and Food-Chain Length in Terrestrial Communities
Authors: Ayal Yoram , Groner Elli
Published: July 2010

Using 21 community food webs, we tested Elton's two hypotheses regarding the main factors limiting food-chain length in terrestrial communities, namely, energy (energy limitation hypothesis—ELH) and body size (size limitation hypothesis—SLH). As predators tend to be larger than their prey, food-chains are size-structured: animal size increases with trophic position. We found a negative correlation between the size of the primary consumer and the length of the chain. Food-chains based on small primary consumers are longer than those based on large primary consumers, and size rather than energetic efficiency is the main contributing factor. We found no correlation between habitat productivity and mean food-chain length. All these findings support the SLH over the ELH. Our results suggest that, as in aquatic communities, a single factor—a predator/prey size-ratio greater than 1—governs the structure of terrestrial communities.
Letter to the Editors: In The Academic Job Market, Will You Be Competitive? A Case Study in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Marshall Jonathon C. , Buttars Paul , Callahan Thomas , Dennehy John J. , Harris D. James , Lunt Bryce , Mika Markus , Shupe Robert
Published: July 2010

Over the last several decades, the percentage of permanent faculty positions at universities has declined significantly. Increasingly, courses are taught by adjunct instructors, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows rather than by permanent faculty members. This creates intense competition for permanent positions. Data summarizing the general qualifications of newly hired first-time professors in permanent jobs are valuable for students contemplating graduate school and academic careers. These data should also help graduate students and postdoctoral fellows set goals that will enable them to be competitive for permanent academic jobs. Here we present data collected in a survey from 181 newly hired faculty members in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology from around the world. We report the average number of publications, courses taught, years as postdoctoral fellows, and research grants received for successful job applicants. Our results indicate an extremely competitive environment for permanent academic jobs in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology.
Violência contra as mulheres por parceiros íntimos: usos de serviços de saúde
Authors: Schraiber Lilia Blima , Barros Cláudia Renata dos Santos , Castilho Euclides Ayres de
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Estimar a associação entre violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) e uso de serviços de atenção primária à saúde em São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com seleção dos serviços por amostragem de conveniência e de mulheres usuárias desses serviços por amostragem do tipo consecutivo. As unidades amostrais finais de 2.674 mulheres de 15 a 49 anos de idade foram categorizadas, segundo a ocorrência e repetição de episódios de qualquer tipo de VPI na vida, como "não", "sim com alguma repetição" e "sim com muita repetição". Por meio de regressão logística polinomial, testou-se a associação entre VPI, uso de serviços de saúde e diagnósticos ou queixas das mulheres usuárias (tipo e frequência de registro), ajustadas pelas variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde sexual e reprodutiva. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma prevalência de 59% de VPI independente de sua repetição. O maior número de consultas mostrou-se associado com VPI repetitiva, após o ajuste dos efeitos de possíveis variáveis de confundimento. Os diagnósticos e/ou queixas de agravos psicoemocionais registrados, mais de uma vez, no último ano, mostraram-se associados com VPI, aumentando sua magnitude com a maior repetição da violência. CONCLUSÕES: É crucial um maior diagnóstico dos casos de VPI entre mulheres usuárias dos serviços de saúde, bem como a implementação de ações que previnam a violência e de cuidado relativamente às necessidades particulares de saúde dessas mulheres. Tais medidas, se adotadas, produzirão impactos também no padrão de uso dos serviços.
Peso ao nascer e obesidade em crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Rossi Camila Elizandra , Vasconcelos Francisco de Assis Guedes de
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Verificar o nível de evidência científica e epidemiológica da hipótese de associação entre peso ao nascer e sobrepeso/obesidade na infância e na adolescência, a partir de revisão sistemática da literatura. MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão sistemática nas bases MedLine/Pubmed, Scielo-Brasil e Lilacs. Adaptou-se a escala de Downs & Black para avaliar a qualidade metodológica dos catorze artigos selecionados. Os artigos foram classificados em duas categorias de análise, de acordo com o índice de desenvolvimento humano do país onde o estudo foi realizado: a) peso ao nascer e sobrepeso/obesidade em países com desenvolvimento humano elevado; e b) peso ao nascer e sobrepeso/obesidade em países com desenvolvimento humano elevado, mas ainda ascendente, e com desenvolvimento humano médio. RESULTADOS: Em ambas as categorias predominou a associação entre elevado peso ao nascer e sobrepeso/obesidade. Além disso, na primeira categoria, um dos sete artigos mostrou que o baixo peso ao nascer foi preditor de maior percentual de gordura corporal e abdominal. Na segunda categoria, três artigos mostraram associação do catch-up growth com sobrepeso/obesidade, e um mostrou o baixo peso ao nascer como fator protetor do sobrepeso (incluindo obesidade). Foram capturados quatro artigos brasileiros, dentre os quais dois não identificaram associação estatisticamente significativa entre peso ao nascer e sobrepeso/obesidade. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: O elevado peso ao nascer apareceu associado ao sobrepeso/obesidade na maioria dos artigos. Há necessidade de se continuar investigando sobre a associação entre o baixo peso ao nascer e sobrepeso/obesidade.
Orientações sobre amamentação: a vantagem do Programa de Saúde da Família em municípios gaúchos com mais de 100.000 habitantes no âmbito do PROESF
Authors: Cruz Suélen Henriques da , Germano Juliana de Araújo , Tomasi Elaine , Facchini Luiz Augusto , Piccini Roberto Xavier , Thumé Elaine
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVOS: Descrever as orientações sobre amamentação fornecidas às gestantes e comparar sua freqüência durante o pré-natal de acordo com o modelo de atenção: Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) ou Tradicional. MÉTODOS: Integrando a pesquisa de avaliação do PROESF/UFPEL (2005), estudou-se mulheres que tiveram filhos nos dois anos anteriores à entrevista, residentes na área de abrangência de 93 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) em 17 municípios gaúchos com mais de 100.000 habitantes. Entre março e maio de 2005, 15 entrevistadores selecionados e capacitados coletaram informações em entrevistas domiciliares de 568 mulheres que fizeram o pré-natal na UBS de sua área de abrangência, através de questionários padronizados e pré-codificados. Na análise dos dados, utilizou-se o teste t para a comparação entre as médias e o teste do qui-quadrado para associação entre as proporções, considerando-se significativas as diferenças com valor p inferior a 0,05. Também foram calculadas as razões de prevalência (RP), com intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Todas as proporções de orientações sobre amamentação foram significativamente mais referidas por moradoras de áreas com PSF do que em moradoras de áreas de UBS tradicionais. Quando as orientações foram analisadas em um escore quantitativo, verificou-se que 18% das mães não receberam nenhuma orientação, 39% receberam pelo menos uma e 43% receberam todas as orientações investigadas e estas proporções foram significativamente diferentes de acordo com o tipo de UBS, em favor do PSF. CONCLUSÕES: Os serviços de atenção primária do PSF mostraram-se mais efetivos no fornecimento de informações sobre amamentação, o que constitui uma vantagem que deve ser incentivada, tanto com a expansão da estratégia, ampliando sua cobertura populacional, quanto recomendando que profissionais vinculados à atenção tradicional possam ser motivados a incluir em seus atendimentos de pré-natal o reforço às orientações preconizadas em aleitamento materno.
Perfil de idosos admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva gerais em Rio Grande, RS: resultados de um estudo de demanda
Authors: Schein Luiz Eduardo C. , Cesar Juraci A.
Published: July 2010

Este estudo teve por objetivo conhecer o perfil do paciente com 60 anos ou mais de idade internado nas duas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) do município de Rio Grande, RS. Utilizando-se de delineamento transversal, entre abril/2007 e março/2008, entrevistadores previamente treinados aplicaram questionário padrão investigando sobre suas características demográficas, socioeconômicas e ambientais, utilização prévia de serviços de saúde e condições clínicas, que em 90% dos casos foram respondidos por familiares. Os 213 idosos hospitalizados neste período provinham, em sua maioria, do próprio município, eram casados, tinham mais de 70 anos, cinco anos de escolaridade, dois ou mais salários mínimos de renda familiar mensal, viviam em casa própria com outras duas pessoas e não possuíam plano de saúde; 88% foram à consulta médica nos últimos seis meses e 56% foram hospitalizados nos últimos 12 meses; metade deles chegaram à UTI inconscientes, por problemas clínicos oriundos da enfermaria do próprio hospital, onde 147 foram submetidos a ventilação mecânica, e 45% do grupo total evoluiu para óbito, em média, no oitavo dia. Estes dados mostram que é possível identificar idosos com maior potencial de internação em UTI também a partir de suas condições socioeconômicas e ambientais.
Consumo abusivo e dependência de álcool em população adulta no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Guimarães Vanessa Valente , Florindo Alex Antônio , Stopa Sheila Rizzato , César Chester Luiz Galvão , Barros Marilisa Berti de Azevedo , Carandina Luana , Goldbaum Moisés
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Descrever as prevalências de consumo abusivo e dependência de álcool em população adulta de 20 a 59 anos no Estado de São Paulo, e suas associações com variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas. MÉTODOS: Inquérito domiciliar do tipo transversal (ISA-SP), em quatro áreas do Estado de São Paulo: a) Região Sudoeste da Grande São Paulo, constituída pelos Municípios de Taboão da Serra, Itapecerica da Serra e Embu; b) Distrito do Butantã, no Município de São Paulo; c) Município de Campinas e; d) Município de Botucatu. Foi considerado consumo abusivo de álcool a ingestão em dia típico de 30 gramas ou mais de etanol para os homens, e 24 gramas ou mais para as mulheres. A dependência de álcool foi caracterizada pelo questionário CAGE. Análises bivariadas e multivariadas dos dados foram realizadas a partir de Modelos de Regressão de Poisson. Todas as análises foram estratificadas por sexo. RESULTADOS: Em 1.646 adultos entrevistados, a prevalência de consumo abusivo de álcool foi de 52,9% no sexo masculino e 26,8% no sexo feminino. Quanto à dependência de álcool, foram observadas duas ou mais respostas positivas no teste CAGE em 14,8% dos homens e em 5,4% das mulheres que relataram consumir álcool. Isto corresponde a uma prevalência populacional de dependência de 10,4% nos homens e 2,6% nas mulheres. O consumo abusivo de álcool no sexo masculino apresentou associação inversa à faixa etária e associação direta à escolaridade e ao tabagismo. No sexo feminino, observou-se associação direta do consumo abusivo de álcool com a escolaridade e o tabagismo, e com as situações conjugais sem companheiro. A dependência de álcool no sexo masculino associou-se a não exercer atividade de trabalho e à baixa escolaridade. No sexo feminino não houve associação do CAGE com nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. CONCLUSÕES: Pela alta prevalência de consumidores e dependentes, é essencial a identificação dos segmentos sociodemográficos mais vulneráveis ao consumo abusivo e dependência de álcool. As associações entre a dependência/abuso e não estar exercendo atividade de trabalho, no sexo masculino, e a maior prevalência em mulheres de escolaridade universitária, sugerem componentes para programas de intervenção e controle.
Earliest evidence of fishflies (Megaloptera: Corydalidae): an exquisitely preserved larva from the Middle Jurassic of China
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhang Haichun
Published: July 2010

Megaloptera is a small order of insects that is very rare in the fossil record.Jurochauliodes ponomarenkoin. gen. n. sp. belonging to Chauliodinae (fishflies) within Corydalidae is described based on three larvae preserved in tuffaceous siltstones from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, China. It is not only the first fossil Megaloptera from China, but also the earliest Corydalidae. It differs fromCretochaulus lacustrisPonomarenko, 1976 in having a large body, head much longer than mandibles, mandibles wide, with a small apical tooth, meso- and metathorax half as long as prothorax, profemora apically widened, abdominal segment IX short, and lateral gills shorter than hind legs. This discovery indicates that fishflies originated at least in the Middle Jurassic.
Effects of habitat patchiness on American lobster movement across a gradient of predation risk and shelter competition
Authors: Hovel Kevin A. , Wahle Richard A.
Published: July 2010

The influence of landscape structure on marine ecological processes is receiving increasing attention. However, few studies conducted in coastal marine habitats have evaluated whether the effects of landscape structure on species interactions and organismal behavior are consistent across the range of an organism, over which landscape context and the strength of species interactions typically vary. American lobster (Homarus americanus) juveniles seek refuge from predators within shallow rocky habitat but make short‐distance movements to forage outside of shelter. We evaluated how the patchiness of cobble habitat influences juvenile lobster movement by conducting mark–recapture experiments on lobsters placed within patchy and contiguous cobble plots in three regions of New England among which risk of predation and intraspecific shelter competition vary (Rhode Island, mid‐coast Maine, and eastern Maine, USA). We also evaluated whether habitat patchiness influenced lobster colonization of plots and whether lobster fidelity to individual shelters corresponds to variability in predator abundance and conspecific density among regions. Cobble patchiness reduced rates of lobster movement in all three regions in 2004 and in two of three regions in 2005, despite large differences in landscape context among regions. Region had much larger effects on lobster colonization than did patchiness, but patchy plots were colonized at higher rates than were contiguous plots where lobster densities were highest. Fidelity to shelter was higher in regions with low conspecific density (Rhode Island and eastern Maine) than in mid‐coast Maine where conspecific density is high and where unmarked lobsters often occupied shelters vacated by marked lobsters. Our results indicate that cobble patchiness influences juvenile lobster movement at small scales, but that the effects of patchiness on movement were consistent across much of the range of the American lobster despite strong regional variation in predator abundance and conspecific density.
Responding to climate change: Adélie Penguins confront astronomical and ocean boundaries
Authors: Ballard Grant , Toniolo Viola , Ainley David G. , Parkinson Claire L. , Arrigo Kevin R. , Trathan Phil N.
Published: July 2010

Long‐distance migration enables many organisms to take advantage of lucrative breeding and feeding opportunities during summer at high latitudes and then to move to lower, more temperate latitudes for the remainder of the year. The latitudinal range of the Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) spans ~22°. Penguins from northern colonies may not migrate, but due to the high latitude of Ross Island colonies, these penguins almost certainly undertake the longest migrations for the species. Previous work has suggested that Adélies require both pack ice and some ambient light at all times of year. Over a three‐year period, which included winters of both extensive and reduced sea ice, we investigated characteristics of migratory routes and wintering locations of Adélie Penguins from two colonies of very different size on Ross Island, Ross Sea, the southernmost colonies for any penguin. We acquired data from 3–16 geolocation sensor tags (GLS) affixed to penguins each year at both Cape Royds and Cape Crozier in 2003–2005. Migrations averaged 12 760 km, with the longest being 17 600 km, and were in part facilitated by pack ice movement. Trip distances varied annually, but not by colony. Penguins rarely traveled north of the main sea‐ice pack, and used areas with high sea‐ice concentration, ranging from 75% to 85%, about 500 km inward from the ice edge. They also used locations where there was some twilight (2–7 h with sun <6° below the horizon). We report the present Adélie Penguin migration pattern and conjecture on how it probably has changed over the past ~12 000 years, as the West Antarctic Ice Sheet withdrew southward across the Ross Sea, a situation that no other Adélie Penguin population has had to confront. As sea ice extent in the Ross Sea sector decreases in the near future, as predicted by climate models, we can expect further changes in the migration patterns of the Ross Sea penguins.