bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light‐induced colour changes in dyes and materials
Authors: van Beek H. C. A.
Published: June 2007

The present knowledge of the properties and reactions of photoexcited states of dyes and materials is presented and discussed. It is shown that the most probable result of the absorption of daylight by the majority of coloured products in practical use is the decomposition of the colourless substrate or additives, or their photooxidation. In both reactions, radicals are produced which can convert dyes or coloured pigments into compounds that are colourless or possess a different colour. The conclusions drawn may be useful in the interpretation of anomalous light stabilities of coloured products, and help develop products with improved lightfastness.
A national standardization program for spectrophotometry
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W.
Published: June 2007

The Council for Optical Radiation Measurements proposes, with the collaboration of the National Bureau of Standards, to create and put into operation a national standardization program for ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared wavelength‐range spectrophotometers used for colorimetric and analytical measurements. The purpose of the program is to improve the shockingly poor performance exhibited by a large group of spectrophotometers in a collaborative reference program, shown elsewhere to correspond to about ten times poorer group accuracy than the inherent precision of the instruments. The central concept of the proposed national standardization program is to provide consistency with the NBS of a laboratory's capability for making accurate spectrophotometric measurements, in contrast to the traditional concept of the “traceability” to the NBS of the calibration of a material standard.
Color‐match changes between the fovea and the perifovea
Authors: Viénot Françoise
Published: June 2007

Color matches related to various retinal areas are explored systematically. When viewing a 30° bipartite field, the observer match is a balance between a peripheral and a central match, slightly in favor of the peripheral assessment. The macular pigment is responsible for most of the changes observed between the foveal matches and the peripheral ones. Some quantitative modeling is carried out, and an analysis of variance reveals the existence of additional factors in one of the three observers tested.
The thermochromic properties of the ceramic colour standards
Authors: Compton J. Anne
Published: June 2007

Thermochromism is a reversible change oftransmittance, reflectance, or absorptance induced by a change of temperature. Photochromism is the corresponding effect induced by optical radiation. These effects can occur in the use of reflectance standards, as they may undergo a considerable temperature rise when subjected to the polychromatic irradiation used by many measuring instruments. An investigation of any thermochromic (and photochromic) properties of the twelve Ceramic Colour Standards is described. It is shown that thermochromic effects are only significant to a very small extent in about half of the standards and not at all in the remainder, while there is no evidence of any photochromism.
Geometrical alignment errors in the measurement of prismatic retroreflectors
Authors: Eckerle K. L. , Hsia J. J. , Liggett W. S.
Published: June 2007

Measurements of the coefficient of luminous intensity R for prismatic retroreflectors contain errors due to misalignment of the photometric range and samples. A procedure for assessing these errors has been developed for the two‐orientation hexagon‐cube clear prismatic retrore‐flector that is included in the NBS Measurement Assurance Program (MAP) for retroreflection. This procedure involves experiments in which the geometrical setting of the range is deliberately varied so that the dependence of R on small variations in the geometry can be estimated. These experiments followed a fractional factorial design. Bounds on the uncertainties in the observation angle α, the two components of the entrance angle β1 and β2, and the rotation angle ϵ can be used to bound the corresponding uncertainty in R due to geometrical effects. Results of this experiment are reported along with some repeated measurements of R for an internal NBS MAP. Similar coefficients have been reported previously for retroreflective bead sheeting, and their implication is discussed.
Atdn: Toward a uniform color space
Authors: Benzschawel Terry , Guth S. Lee
Published: June 2007

To derive a uniform chromaticity space for small color differences, we applied compressive intensity‐response functions of the form ρ = In/(σ + In) to each of the four color signals from the T (red vs. green) and D (blue vs. yellow) mechanisms of the ATD vector model for color vision. The values of σ and n for each response were optimized by computer iteration to provide reasonably uniform color spaces (ATDN) for describing the color‐discrimination data of MacAdam [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 32, 246‐274 (1942)] and Pointer [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64, 750–759 (1974)]. To determine how well ATDN accounts for large color differences, we transformed the coordinates of the Munsell renotation system to ATDN space. Origin‐bound radial lines and origin‐centered circles in ATDN are about equivalent to those of CIELAB in approximating iso‐hue and iso‐sat‐uration contours of the Munsell system. A computer program written in BASIC that can be used to transform 1931 CIE X, Y, Z values to points in ATDN space is included as an appendix.
Colour order systems: An introductory review
Authors: Robertson Alan R.
Published: June 2007

The principles on which colour order systems are based are reviewed briefly. The major examples of colour order systems based on colour appearance are listed, and their scales are compared and contrasted.
Matching large color differences with achromatic and chromatic surrounds
Authors: Fuchida T. , Cowan W. B. , Wyszecki Gunter
Published: June 2007

A color‐difference‐matching experiment was carried out using a computer‐interfaced video‐display system. Two reference color stimuli (i) and (j), and one test stimulus (i,j) surrounded by a large achromatic or chromatic stimulus were presented on the video screen. An observer was asked to adjust the test stimulus until he perceived it to have a color precisely “half way” between the colors of the given reference stimuli. A satisfactory half‐way color was the one that produced perceptually equal color differences between (i) and (i,j) and (j) and (i,j) and simultaneously made these color differences as small as possible. Although the given color difference between the test stimuli (i) and (j) was generally quite large (100–200 just‐perceptible color‐difference steps) with the achromatic surround condition, the color‐difference matching required to obtain the desired half‐way color did not present any serious difficulties to the observer. The uncertainty of the chromaticity point of the half‐way color was established by an ellipse of small to moderate size surrounding the mean chromaticity setting. The orientation and shape of the uncertainty ellipse was comparable with the orientation and shape of uncertainty ellipses obtained by other investigators studying color‐difference matching involving much smaller color differences. The unexpected and noteworthy result of the present study lies in the location of the chromaticity point of (i,j) relative to those of (i) and (j) as a function of surround color. The location of (i,j) depends on the saturation of the surround stimulus but not its hue. Some speculative explanations of the observed results are offered.
Simplified method of calculating legendre coefficients for computing optical properties of colorants
Authors: Mehta K. T. , Shah H. S.
Published: June 2007

The Kubelka‐Munk (K‐M) theory is widely used for instrumental colour measurement and colorant formulation in modern colour technology. The K‐M theory is derived with certain assumptions and hence has several limitations. A more rigorous theory called the many‐flux (M‐F) technique was recently proposed by Mudgett and Richards to overcome the limitations of the K‐M theory. Application of the M‐F technique requires lengthy computations and hence is not suitable for industrial organizations for day‐to‐day work. It has been shown that the limitations of the K‐M theory and the complexity of the M‐F technique can be significantly reduced if simple equations are developed to calculate Legendre coefficients. Empirical equations to calculate Legendre coefficients (an/ao, n = 1,2) are developed. The validity and utility of these equations have been confirmed by computing K‐M scattering coefficients and phase functions, and comparing them with those computed using Mie‐theory values. The use of these equations to determine the values of refractive index of colorants is also shown. The work reported in this article simplifies to some extent the computation of reflectance using the M‐F technique and enable the estimation of K‐M scattering coefficients with change in size of pigments. Utility of the proposed equations is established by computing reflectance by the M‐F technique and comparing it with values obtained by using rigorous Mie equations for Legendre coefficients.
Optimum color stimuli in various illuminants
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W.
Published: June 2007

Optimum wavelength composition (monochromatic or compound) and optimum excitation purity (not necessarily maximum) are given for all hues in seven illuminants.
Color‐vision theory and linear models of color vision
Authors: Massof Robert W.
Published: June 2007

This article presents an overview of linear color‐vision models and presents a review of a general vision theory that provides for the derivation of linear models from an initial set of basic assumptions. The general theory specifies that the input and output terms of linear color‐vision models are to be regarded as stimulus and sensory perturbations, respectively, rather than as absolute stimulus and sensory magnitudes. The general theory also specifies that the weighting coefficients of linear color‐vision models correspond to first‐order derivatives of some set of nonlinear functions that represent the state of the visual system. The general theory provides a unifying framework that connects linear color‐vision models with linear models for spatial and temporal aspects of vision.
Formulation of a standard deviate observer by a nonlinear optimization technique
Authors: Ohta Noboru
Published: June 2007

A standard deviate observer (SDO) has been formulated that can predict the average color mismatches of metameric color pairs by 20 Stiles' observers. A nonlinear optimization technique, rather than a statistical analysis, has been employed to derive it. The colorimetric characteristics of the present SDO are compared with those of SDOs previously proposed.
Wavelength discrimination with a chromatically alternating stimulus
Authors: Uchikawa Keiji , Ikeda Mitsuo
Published: June 2007

Wavelength‐discrimination functions were measured with monochromatic stimuli of 410–660 nm at equal luminance of 220 td, presented as temporally alternating fields at the frequencies of 0.5–12.0 Hz. When the alternation frequency was less than 1.0 Hz, wavelength discrimination was the same at all test wavelengths as that obtained by the classical bipartite‐field method. As the frequency was raised, the discrimination thresholds increased more near 450–470 nm than at other wavelengths, and tritanopic‐like wavelength‐discrimination functions were obtained at frequencies higher than 4.0 Hz. Our results may be explained by the notion that the blue‐cone mechanism has poorer temporal resolution than the red‐and green‐cone mechanisms.
Using color to separate reflection components
Authors: Shafer Steven A.
Published: June 2007

In computer vision, the goal of which is to identify objects and their positions by examining images, one of the key steps is computing the surface normal of the visible surface at each point (“pixel”) in the image. Many sources of information are studied, such as outlines ofsuifaces, intensity gradients, object motion, and color. This article presents a method for analyzing a standard color image to determine the amount of interface (“specular”) and body (“diffuse”) reflection at each pixel. The interface reflection represents the highlights from the original image, and the body reflection represents the original image with highlights removed. Such intrinsic images are of interest because the geometric properties of each type of reflection are simpler than the geometric properties of intensity in a black‐and‐white image. The method is based upon a physical model of reflection which states that two distinct types of reflection–interface and body reflection–occur, and that each type can be decomposed into a relative spectral distribution and a geometric scale factor. This model is far more general than typical models used in computer vision and computer graphics, and includes most such models as special cases. In addition, the model does not assume a point light source or uniform illumination distribution over the scene. The properties of tristimulus integration are used to derive a new model of pixel‐value color distribution, and this model is exploited in an algorithm to derive the desired quantities. Suggestions are provided for extending the model to deal with diffuse illumination and for analyzing the two components of reflection.
On the measurement of haze
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W. , Chen Yuan
Published: June 2007

Possible pitfalls and errors in the measurement of haze by ASTM Method D 1003 are pointed out and discussed. This property is an important measure of the optical clarity of plastic films and sheets. Although special hazemeters are usually used for the measurement, it is demonstrated that accurate haze measurements can be performed by using widely available integrating‐sphere spectrophotometers. Additional advantages of obtaining both spectrophotometric and goniophotometric data for the characterization and interpretation of haze are pointed out.
Color aspects of reagents used visually in clinical analysis
Authors: Genshaw M. A.
Published: June 2007

Reagent strips are clinical chemistry tests that are quick and convenient to use. Some require the user to compare the color of a test pad to that of a color chart to obtain an assay result. Quantitative color measurement has great value in the development and use of reagent strips. It permits an accurate assessment of the visual performance of the reagents. Reagents for urine specific gravity, hemoglobin, urobilinogen, and glucose are illustrative of the chemistries and colors of reagent strips. Quantitative visual measurements, computer formulated color charts, and the effects of the illuminant, observer, and background color are discussed.
Development of the 1929 munsell book of color: A historical review
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Billmeyer Fred W.
Published: June 2007

Despite worldwide acceptance and usage of the Munsell color order system, accurate documentation of the experimental conditions associated with the original visual scaling experiments has not existed in the archival literature. Discussion with several coworkers involved in these scaling experiments has enabled us to provide a substantial portion of this documentation.
Finding appropriate colors for color displays
Authors: de Corte W.
Published: June 2007

A new methodology and a supporting algorithm to determine high‐contrast sets of colors for use on a color CRT are described. The method is unique in that the generated colors not only are highly contrasting, but are also ergonomically optimal. Using real data, the performance of the present method is compared to an extended version of the Carter and Carter algorithm. Finally, an integrated methodology is discussed. The latter methodology could simultaneously determine optimal phosphor luminances and chromaticities, as well as optimal values for the ambient chromaticity.
Colour and appearance in nature part II. Colour and appearance of flowering plants and animals
Authors: Hutchings John B.
Published: June 2007

Colour and appearance of flowering plants and animals are discussed in terms of the three driving forces for colouration discussed in Part I. They are: first, the need to absorb incident radiation; second, the combination of reflection properties and visual characteristics; and third, incidental colouration caused because a biochemical, which has been optimised by an organism, happens to be coloured. Pigments and structures have evolved in both plants and animals to optimise colouration. Many flowering plants have evolved in conjunction with different flying creatures to enable pollination to occur. There are only two principles in animal colouration: Either the animal does not want to be seen or he does want to be seen (or does not mind being seen). The mechanisms by which these aims can be achieved are varied. There are three “dimensions” to the visual impact, or total appearance, which one animal has upon another: They are colour, pattern, and behavioural display.
Colour and appearance in nature part III. Color and appearance of homo sapiens
Authors: Hutchings John B.
Published: June 2007

The principles of human colouration are very similar to those applying to other organisms, as outlined in the first and second articles of this series. The races of man are coloured differently for the very good reasons of adaptation to our environment, and any deviation from what is considered our normal colour is a good guide to the state of our wellbeing. Human beings have evolved and adapted to a reproductive sexual environment as well as to a climatological environment. Neanderthal man, at the start of the homo sapiens line, included ceremony and colour in his life pattern, and anthropologists have identified a basic colour triad used in body painting. There are various types of decoration and many motives to use colour, but it seems that body colour and decoration in general have remained vitally important to man's culture, enjoyment, and fear of life through the succeeding ages.
The determination of optical absorption and scattering in translucent porcelain
Authors: Johnston William M. , O'Brien William J. , Tien Tseng‐Ying
Published: June 2007

Reflectance and transmittance theories have been used to calculate the optical absorption and scattering within materials. For these calculations, the incorporation of corrections for interfacial reflections has not been universally applied, and when corrections have been incorporated, the value used for the diffuse internal reflection coefficient has often been based on theoretical considerations. A method of incorporating interfacial‐reflection corrections is presented. The importance of the incorporation of such corrections, with the proper value for the internal reflection coefficient, is clearly demonstrated for both reflectance and transmittance theories. The limitation of transmittance theory to materials with a scattering power (SX) of greater than 0.5 is also demonstrated for collimated illumination, unless an independent determination is made of the internal reflection coefficient.
the scientific aesthetics of charles henry
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G.
Published: June 2007

The question of a fundamental aesthetics and, derivable from it, a harmony based on rational principles, is an old one. A remarkable attempt at an answer is that provided some 100 years ago by the French “psychobiophysicist” Charles Henry (1859–1926). In 1888 he published a color circle and an aesthetic protractor with which a systematic evaluation of colors and forms for their aesthetic qualities was possible. Both the circle and the protractor, were based on Henry's psychophysiological principles of dynamogeny and inhibition. A theory of rhythm was added by Henry related to prime numbers or their reciprocal fractions. Thus, an aesthetics founded upon what Henry considered to be sound scientific principles resulted. Henry's ideas and theories had a considerable impact on contemporary neo‐impressionist artists, particularly George Seurat and Paul Signac.
Increased optical damage resistance of Zr:LiNbO3 crystals
Authors: Sun Liang , Guo Fengyun , Lv Qiang , Yu Haitao , Li Hongtao , Cai Wei , Xu Yuheng , Zhao Liancheng
Published: June 2007

Zr: LiNbO3 crystals has been grown. The crystal composition and phase are analyzed by X‐ray diffration. The optical damage resistance ability of Zr: LiNbO3 crystals is studied by the Sénarmont compensation method and the transmitted beam pattern distortion method. The saturated value of the birefringence change of 6 mol% Zr: LiNbO3 crystal is 1.01×10‐4, which is seven times smaller than that of congruent pure LiNbO3 crystal. The results of UV‐Visible and IR absorption spectra of Zr: LiNbO3 crystals powerfully confirm that the optical damage resistance threshold concentration of the Zr4+ ions doped in LiNbO3 crystals is about 6 mol% in the melt. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of Adducts Formed in the Reactions of 2′‐Deoxyguanosine and Calf Thymus DNA with Glutaraldehyde
Authors: Olsen Raymond , Backman Josefin , Molander Paal , Klika Karel D. , Kronberg Leif
Published: June 2007

Glutaraldehyde (1,5‐pentanedial) is a widely used industrial chemical that has been found to be mutagenic in bacteria and mammalian cells. It has been claimed that glutaraldehyde forms adducts with 2′‐deoxyguanosine, 2′‐deoxyadenosine and 2′‐deoxycytidine, but until recently none of the adducts had been identified. In a very recent contribution from our laboratories, the structures were determined of three glutaraldehyde adducts formed in the reaction with 2′‐deoxyadenosine, and it was shown that one of the adducts is formed in calf thymus DNA. In the current work, we have studied the reaction of glutaraldehyde with 2′‐deoxyguanosine and calf thymus DNA in aqueous buffered solutions. Among the numerous adducts formed in the reaction with 2′‐deoxyguanosine, six compounds were found to be stable and could be isolated by semi‐preparative liquid chromatography and identified by UV absorbance and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric studies. Adduct dG350b, comprising two diastereomers, was found to be derived from one unit of glutaraldehyde which has been transformed to a tetrahydropyran ring so that C‐2 and C‐6 of the ring are attached to N‐1 and N2 of the purine unit resulting in a bridged structure. The adducts dG349a and b are analogous to dG350b, but the oxygen atom in the bridgehead position has been replaced by a nitrogen atom resulting in a piperidine ring. Adducts dG349a and b bear a diastereomeric relationship to one another and were not only separable, but were configurationally assigned. Adduct dG599, also comprising two diastereomers, is similar to dG349a and b, but the nitrogen atom in the piperidine ring in this case is the exocyclic amino nitrogen atom of another 2′‐deoxyguanosine unit. It was found that adducts dG350b and dG349a and b were formed in calf thymus DNA. Plausible mechanisms for the formation of these adducts are presented.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Probing Receptor–Anion Interactions by Ratiometric Chemosensors Containing Pyrrolecarboxamide Interacting Sites
Authors: Chen Chun‐Lin , Lin Tzu‐Pin , Chen Yen‐Shiu , Sun Shih‐Sheng
Published: June 2007

We have designed and synthesized a series of molecular probes integrating both an amide and a pyrrole functionality for anion‐recognition and ‐sensing. The interactions between these probe molecules and various anions have been investigated to elucidate the influence of electronic effects on the anion‐recognition site. Changes in the UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra in the presence of anions reveal that probes 1–5 typically display a strong response to cyanide. Moreover, the appearance of the ratiometric phenomenon upon interaction with anions further enhances spectral differentiation for anion‐sensing. The mechanism for the reaction between the probe molecules and the anions has been further explored by 1H NMR titration experiments. Anions strongly interacting with probes and producing large changes in the UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra during the titration usually result in deprotonation of the amide group, whereas weakly interacting anions initially form hydrogen bonds with amide and pyrrole NH groups followed by deprotonation at higher anion concentrations. The weakest anions, however, form only two or four hydrogen bonds with the amide and pyrrole N–H groups during the titrations. Moreover, both probes 2 and 3 are able to recognize cyanide in a semi‐aqueous environment with extremely high selectivity. The formation of covalently bonded cyanohydrin derivatives from cyanide addition to an electron‐deficient amide carbonyl center is attributed to the effectiveness of probes 2 and 3 in a semi‐aqueous environment.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Optimizing flocculation–sedimentation for regeneration of dual‐alkali flue gas desulphurization scrubbing solution
Authors: Ni Weimin , Wu Zhongbiao , Guan Baohong , Liu Yue , Zhao Weirong , Zheng and Ping
Published: June 2007

A new method was developed to optimize the flocculation–sedimentation process for regeneration of dual‐alkali flue gas desulphurization scrubbing solution. Experimental data of top loading settling of CaSO3 suspended solids (SS) in the slurry were utilized to define the settling velocity curve for solid/liquid separation without a visible mud‐line. The settling velocity curve was employed for identifying the best flocculation conditions to achieve effective regeneration of the scrubbing solution. For the case studied, the optimum flocculant/dose was 4.41 × 10−3 HPAM/SS (mass ratio). While a basic pH enhanced the separation, a high ionic strength had an adverse effect because of the change of ζ potential. The predicted SS removal efficiency for a horizontal sedimentation tank was verified by actual data. This method may be employed for optimizing solid/liquid separation of other high SS feed streams. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2007
The neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in Schwann cells is implicated in remyelination and motor recovery after peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Tomita Koichi , Kubo Tateki , Matsuda Ken , Fujiwara Toshihiro , Yano Kenji , Winograd Jonathan M. , Tohyama Masaya , Hosokawa Ko
Published: June 2007

The function of the p75NTR neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in nervous system regeneration is still controversial. Part of that controversy may be due to the fact that p75NTR is expressed by both neuronal and glial cell types and may have very distinct and even contradictory roles in each population. In this study, to elucidate the in vivo function of p75NTR in Schwann cells during remyelination after peripheral nerve injury, we established a new animal model for p75NTR‐deficient Schwann cell transplantation in nude mice. We performed quantitative assessments of the functional, histological, and electrophysiological recovery after sciatic nerve injury, and compared them with those of the p75NTR(+/+) Schwann cell transplanted animals. At 7–10 weeks after injury, the motor recovery in the p75NTR(−/−) Schwann cell transplanted animals was significantly impaired compared with that in the p75NTR(+/+) Schwann cell transplanted animals. The lower number of the retrogradely labeled motoneurons and the hypomyelination in the p75NTR(−/−) Schwann cell transplanted animals were evident at 6 and 10 weeks after injury. At 10 weeks after injury, the radial growth in the axon caliber was also impaired in the p75NTR(−/−) Schwann cell transplanted animals. Measurement of the amount of myelin proteins and the nerve conduction velocity at 10 weeks after injury reflected these results. In summary, the p75NTR expression in Schwann cells is important for remyelination process, and the motor recovery after injury is impaired due to impaired axonal growth, remyelination, and radial growth in the axon calibers. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity of hepatitis C virus to cyclosporine A depends on nonstructural proteins NS5A and NS5B
Authors: Fernandes Fiona , Poole Daniel S. , Hoover Spencer , Middleton Rannveig , Andrei Adin-Cristian , Gerstner Justin , Striker Rob
Published: June 2007

HCV reoccurs after liver transplantation and increases mortality. Cyclosporine, but not tacrolimus, has potent antiviral effects against HCV replication in cell culture. To determine the conditions, if any, under which HCV is susceptible to cyclosporine

in vivo

, we selected for cyclosporine-resistant mutant HCV

in vitro

. The resulting mutations were mapped to x-ray crystallographic structures and sequence databases. Mutations selected by cyclosporine were clustered in the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS5A and NS5B. Different sets of mutations in NS5A, paired with the same 2 NS5B mutations, conferred different levels of cyclosporine resistance when engineered back into the HCV replicon. Mutations in NS5B are structurally consistent with a proposed model of regulation of RNA binding by cyclophilin B (CyPB). These mutations also highlight a natural polymorphism between different HCV genotypes that correlates with the variation in response to cyclosporine A (CsA) noted in some clinical trials. Replicons engineered to have mutations in only NS5A (

P

≤ 0.0001) or only NS5B (

P

= 0.002) suggest that while both NS5A or NS5B variants alter cyclosporine susceptibility, NS5A has the largest effect.

Conclusion:

Preexisting sequence variation could alter the effect of cyclosporine on HCV

in vivo

. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
An assessment of the irrigation management transfer programme: case study in the Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation scheme in Turkey
Authors: Kuşçu Hayrettin , Demir Ali Osman , Korukçu Abdürrahim
Published: June 2007

In this study, management transfer of the Bursa‐Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation scheme, located in western Turkey, was assessed. The study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the irrigation management transfer programme was assessed using two performance indicators for six years before and after the transfer during the period 1992–2004. According to the results, the relative water supply and irrigation ratio were calculated as 1.5–1.6, 58–62% average values for the years before and after transfer, respectively. It means that relative water supply has not shown any important change before and after the transfer and stays within reasonable levels. On the other hand, although it is not a significant change, the irrigation ratio has increased around 4% after the transfer, which is a reasonable improvement. In the second stage, effects of the transfer were tested and assessed by the Logit model taking farmers perceptions concerning pre‐ and post‐transfer. The probability of the changes in adequacy of irrigation water supplied to the farm, in fairness of water distribution within the system, in frequency of water distribution conflicts, in timeliness of water delivery to the farm, in irrigation fee policy, and in maintenance of drainage canals is significant at the 0.01 level. Also, maintenance of irrigation canals and water control and distribution structures has a positive effect on agreement or disagreement, but is not significant statistically. Adequacy, fairness and timeliness of water distribution regarding irrigation services given by the Mustafakemalpaşa Water Users' Association are not sufficient. Therefore, frequency of water distribution conflicts increased after the transfer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioconjugate recognition molecules to quantum dots as tumor probes
Authors: Liu Tian‐Cai , Wang Jian‐Hao , Wang Hai‐Qiao , Zhang Hai‐Li , Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Hua Xiao‐Feng , Cao Yuan‐Cheng , Zhao Yuan‐Di , Luo Qing‐Ming
Published: June 2007

Transferrin and mouse anti‐human CD71 monoclonal antibody were respectively conjugated covalently to the core/shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots with 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N‐hydrocylsulfo‐succinimide (Sulfo‐NHS). The conjugation worked well and the bioactivities of these macromolecules still remained, which was verified by column filtration, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, and circular dichroism spectrometry. Thus, these two kinds of quantum dot conjugates were used to recognize the tumor cells involved. In case of pseudo positivity, FITC‐labeling secondary antibody IgG was used, and the results showed that as‐prepared fluorescent quantum dot bioprobes were highly specific to tumor cells. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Using strategic analysis to determine why GM‐North America's earnings dropped
Authors: Sopariwala Parvez R.
Published: June 2007

This article illustrates strategic analysis of operating income, which can be used to gain a better understanding of financial statements—in particular, why corporate or segment profits change from one year to the next. Specifically, the article examines the 2001 pretax profit of General Motors Corporation's North American Operations (GMNA), which declined by $4.4 billion compared with that for 2000. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The occurrence of mouldiness in paper pulp
Authors: Beadle Clayton , Stevens Henry P.
Published: June 2007

The Authors called attention to tho occurrence of mould both in paper and in wood fibrcs prcpnrecl for paper niitkinp, and gave the factures observed and the proportions of furfurnl and water extract obtained.
1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 reverses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting chemokine synthesis and monocyte trafficking
Authors: Pedersen Laura B. , Nashold Faye E. , Spach Karen M. , Hayes Colleen E.
Published: June 2007

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease whose pathogenesis involves genetic and environmental risk factors leading to an aberrant, neuroantigen‐specific, CD4+ T cell‐mediated autoimmune response. In support of the hypothesis that vitamin D3 may reduce MS risk and severity, we found that vitamin D3 and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25‐(OH)2D3) inhibited induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS model. To investigate how 1,25‐(OH)2D3 could carry out anti‐inflammatory functions, we administered 1,25‐(OH)2D3 or a placebo to mice with EAE, and subsequently analyzed clinical disease, chemokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and recruitment of dye‐labeled monocytes. The 1,25‐(OH)2D3 treatment significantly reduced clinical EAE severity within 3 days. Sharp declines in chemokines, inducible iNOS, and CD11b+ monocyte recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS) preceded this clinical disease abatement in the 1,25‐(OH)2D3‐treated animals. The 1,25‐(OH)2D3 did not directly and rapidly inhibit chemokine synthesis in vivo or in vitro. Rather, the 1,25‐(OH)2D3 rapidly stimulated activated CD4+ T cell apoptosis in the CNS and spleen. Collectively, these results support a model wherein inflammation stimulates a natural anti‐inflammatory feedback loop. The activated inflammatory cells produce 1,25‐(OH)2D3, and this hormone subsequently enhances the apoptotic death of inflammatory CD4+ T cells, removing the driving force for continued inflammation. In this way, the sunlight‐derived hormone could reduce the risk of chronic CNS inflammation and autoimmune‐mediated neurodegenerative disease. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of phosphoinositide‐3 kinase/Akt pathway by FeSO4 in rat cerebral cortex synaptic endings
Authors: Uranga Romina M. , Mateos Melina V. , Giusto Norma M. , Salvador Gabriela A.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this work was to study the involvement of the phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in synaptic endings incubated under oxidative stress conditions. Synaptosomes purified from rat cerebral cortex were exposed to FeSO4 (50 μM) for different periods of time. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) leakage were significantly affected after 5 min of incubation in the presence of FeSO4, with respect to control conditions. In whole synaptosomes incubated in the presence of [γ‐32P]ATP, phosphoinositide (PPI) labeling was increased after 5 min of Fe2+ exposure. This effect was prevented by the specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Anti‐p85 immunoprecipitates (IPs) obtained from synaptosomes preincubated with Fe2+ (5 min) showed a PI3K activity two‐fold higher than the activity recovered under control conditions. Additionally, Akt activation was temporally coincident with PI3K activation. LY294002 was not able to prevent the LDH leakage and diminution of MTT reduction induced by Fe2+. Our results demonstrate that free iron provokes the early activation of PI3K/Akt pathway, but this activation is not sufficient for protecting synaptic endings from oxidative damage. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Open‐configuration MRI study of femoro‐acetabular impingement
Authors: Yamamura Mitsuyoshi , Miki Hidenobu , Nakamura Nobuo , Murai Masakazu , Yoshikawa Hideki , Sugano Nobuhiko
Published: June 2007

Femoro‐acetabular impingement has been proposed as a causative factor of primary hip osteoarthritis. However, primary osteoarthritis of the hip is infrequent in Japan and other Asian countries, even though the hips of Asians frequently sustain impingement, since the Asian lifestyle commonly requires a larger range of hip motion than the Western lifestyle. Therefore, using open‐configuration MRI, we investigated whether impingement actually occurs during some traditional Japanese hip positions. The hips of 5 healthy Japanese females were examined in 5 sitting postures: 1) sitting straight; 2) bowing while sitting straight; 3) sitting cross‐legged; 4) W‐sitting; and 5) squatting. The impingement point was detected by multiple plane reconstructed (MPR) views along with the acetabular rim depicted circumferentially. Impingement was considered to have occurred when, on MRI, the anterior femoral head‐neck junction approached the acetabular rim and the femoral head was seen to float from the bottom of the acetabulum with the acetabular rim acting as a fulcrum. Impingement was observed in all volunteers in the W‐sitting position, and in 2 of 5 volunteers during squatting. These findings show that impingement occurs frequently during daily Japanese activities. Thus, depending on race, femoro‐acetabular impingement might not always cause primary osteoarthritis of the hip. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1582–1588, 2007
Upper limb muscle imbalance in tennis elbow: A functional and electromyographic assessment
Authors: Alizadehkhaiyat Omid , Fisher Anthony C. , Kemp Graham J. , Vishwanathan Karthik , Frostick Simon P.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate strength, fatigability, and activity of upper limb musculature to elucidate the role of muscular imbalance in the pathophysiology of tennis elbow. Sixteen patients clinically diagnosed with tennis elbow, recruited from a university hospital upper limb orthopedic clinic, were compared with 16 control subjects with no history of upper limb musculoskeletal problem, recruited from university students and staff. Muscle strength was measured for grip, metacarpophalangeal, wrist, and shoulder on both sides. Electromyographic activity (RMS amplitude) and fatigue characteristics (median frequency slope) of five forearm and two shoulder muscles were measured during isometric contraction at 50% maximum voluntary contraction. All strength measurements showed dominance difference in C, but none in TE. In tennis elbow compared to controls, hand/wrist and shoulder strength and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) activity were reduced (p < 0.05), while fatigue was normal. A global upper limb weakness exists in tennis elbow. This may be due to disuse and deconditioning syndrome caused by fear avoidance, and needs to be addressed in prevention and treatment. Activation imbalance among forearm muscles (reduced extensor carpi radialis activity) in tennis elbow, probably due to protective pain‐related inhibition, could lead to a widespread upper limb muscle imbalance. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1651–1657, 2007
Ionic Complexes of Biosynthetic Poly(malic acid) and Poly(glutamic acid) as Prospective Drug‐Delivery Systems
Authors: Portilla‐Arias Jose A. , García‐Alvarez Montserrat , de Ilarduya Antxon Martínez , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián
Published: June 2007

The hydrolytic degradability and erythromycin release from stoichiometric ionic complexes of biotechnological poly(β,L‐malic acid)s and poly(γ,D‐glutamic acid)s with alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants were investigated. The influence of pH, temperature and antibiotic load on hydrolysis rate was examined. It was found that poly(malic acid) complexes degraded by a surface erosion mechanism at a higher rate than poly(glutamic acid) complexes, which eroded in bulk. Erythromycin was lodged in the paraffinic subphase of the complexes and upon aging it was delivered according to a sigmoidal profile that appeared to be independent on the antibiotic load.

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Extrusion Foaming of Semi‐Crystalline PLA and PLA/Thermoplastic Starch Blends
Authors: Mihai Mihaela , Huneault Michel A. , Favis Basil D. , Li Hongbo
Published: June 2007

Low density open‐cell foams were obtained from polylactic acid (PLA) and from blends of PLA with thermoplastic starch (TPS) using CO2as a blowing agent. Two unexpected features were found. First, a 2D cavitation process in the fractured cell walls was unveiled. Elliptical cavities with dimensions in the 100–300 nm range were aligned perpendicular to large cell cracks clearly exhibiting 2D crazing prior to macroscopic cell rupture. Secondly, a significant crystallization rate increase associated with the CO2foaming of PLA was discovered. While the PLA used in this study crystallized very slowly in isothermal crystallization, the PLA foams exhibited up to 15% crystallinity, providing evidence that CO2plasticization and the biaxial stretching upon foam expansion provided conditions that could increase the crystallization rate by several orders of magnitude.

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Thermo‐Mechanical Degradation of LDPE‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Dintcheva Nadka Tzankova , La Mantia Francesco Paolo
Published: June 2007

Thermo‐mechanical degradation of LDPE‐based nanocomposites was studied by mainly investigating the rheological properties. For all of the investigated processing conditions, the viscosity of the nanocomposites was higher than that of the pure‐LDPE matrix, but on increasing the severity of the mixing conditions, the difference between the viscosity of the nano‐filled polymer and that of the pure LDPE decreased. The X‐ray traces of the nanocomposites suggest that intercalation has been achieved during the melt, when less‐severe processing conditions were used. At severe processing conditions (longer mixing time, high temperature and shear stress) the thermo‐mechanical degradation was accelerated, possibly due to the loss of mass from the organoclay galleries. The variations of the viscosity in the presence of two organo‐modified montmorillonite (MMt) clays were compared to the ones observed with a MMt clay at different processing conditions.

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Morphology and High Modulus of Laminated Ultra‐Drawn Polyethylene Films with Biaxial Orientation Prepared by Microwave Heating
Authors: Azuma Mami , Chen Qingyun , Nakano Yumiko , Bin Yuezhen , Mukunoki Itsuo , Kitaura Sadakatsu , Nishikawa Yasuo , Matsuo Masaru
Published: June 2007

To improve the poor mechanical properties of uniaxially ultra‐drawn films along the transverse direction, lamination of two ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/ethylene dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer blend films was carried out in the rectangular elongation direction by a microwave heating method. The characteristics of the successful laminated films were analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The original orientation of the crystallites for the blend films was maintained perfectly after lamination, and the preferential directions intersected each other. The Young's modulus increased symmetrically with respect to the 45 ° direction. This is the first report concerning a drastic improvement of the Young's modulus in the transverse direction for films ultra‐drawn along one direction.

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A winddow display of “municipal research”
Authors: Paxton Edward Thurber
Published: June 2007

Citizens learn what the municipal research bureau does, and incidentally receive some education on what the city provides its people. The cartoons here reproduuced were used in the caampaign.
How Los Angeles is spending her power bonds
Authors: Heinze Carl A.
Published: June 2007

What has been done since the city took over the electric light and power systems.
The democratic party in Philadelphia a study in political pathology
Authors: Macdonald Austin F.
Published: June 2007

The members of the Philadelphia council are all Republicans. There isn't a Democrat among them.
Seattle's vote against city manager plan
Authors: Van Nuys M. H.
Published: June 2007

Politicians and organized Civil Servantss combine to defeat the plan.
The London county council election of last March
Authors: Brooks Robert C.
Published: June 2007

The politics of a lecal election in England and how it is taking on the color of national party alignments.
New court decisions on zoning
Authors: Bassett Edward M.
Published: June 2007

Massachusetts and California report distinct progress; but adverse decisions in Maryland and Missouri emphasize the importance of sound enabling acts.
Principles of administration
Authors: Gulick Luther
Published: June 2007

A comparison of American and English statements regarding principles of administrative organization andd practice.
A realtor talks on city planning and zoning
Authors: Gundlach John H.
Published: June 2007

Excerpts from an address on services which a property manager should perform for his clients, delievered at the Natinal Real Estate Convention.
Regional planning in relation to public administration
Authors: Adams Thomas
Published: June 2007

Mr. Adams recommends co‐operation between local governmental authorities in regional planning, such authorities to be assisted by advisory agencies established by the various states.
The Maryland one‐man civil service commission
Authors: Short Oliver C.
Published: June 2007

Th Conference Committee on Civil Service, in its report published in the January issue of Personnal Studies, could not agree upon any single type of civil service commission as the best. Among those discussed was the one‐man commission, new to the United Stats, but in force in Maryland since 1920.
Giant power. The giant power report of Pennsylvania
Authors: Gray John H.
Published: June 2007

An illuminating review of the “giant power” report of the Pennylvania survey board. Some important phases of the power problem are also discussed.
Municipal elections in 1925
Authors: Macmahon Arthur
Published: June 2007

Results of elections in all cities of 250,000 population or more.
Public utilities. Introducing a new department
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this new department is to discuss and prmote the public aspects of the whole utility problem; to help establish a clearer economic and technical understanding of the industries involved and bring about more definite policies and of methods of conserving the public interest. The department will be devoted to all public aspects of utility organization, operation and control. As to regulation, it will discuss principles and policies, causes of controversy, court decisions, legislative remedies, methods and machinery of control. It will constantly seek to bring out the essential facts, clarify the issues and consolidate sound public views for effective regulation. It will have no bias toward public ownership.

In most of these matters. there are honest differences in point of view. The department will endeavor to give sincere consideration to all disinierested and intelligent opinion. This is the only way by which progress can be made.