bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive Modeling of Huntington's Disease Unfolds Thalamic and Caudate Atrophy Dissociation
Authors: Castro Eduardo , Polosecki Pablo , Pustina Dorian , Wood Andrew , Sampaio Cristina , Cecchi Guillermo A.
Published: September 2022

Background

Atrophy in the striatum is a hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD), including the period before clinical motor diagnosis (before‐CMD), but it extends to other subcortical structures. The study of the covariation of these structures could improve the detection of disease‐related longitudinal progression before‐CMD, provide mechanistic insights of the disease, and potentially be used to obtain accurate prospective estimates of atrophy before‐CMD and early after‐CMD.

Methods

We analyzed data from 337 before‐CMD individuals, 236 healthy control subjects, and 95 early after‐CMD individuals from three studies, and we used nine subcortical regions volumes in two analyses. First, we discriminated before‐CMD from healthy control trajectories by integrating volume changes from these regions. Second, we estimated prospective atrophy before‐CMD and early after‐CMD by considering the influence of a region's present volume over the future volume of another one.

Results

Before‐CMD progression was robustly detected across studies. Indeed, detection of before‐CMD progression improved when multiple structures were integrated, as opposed to analyzing the striatum alone, likely because of the reduced partial correlation between caudate and thalamic volume change before‐CMD. Our multivariate atrophy prediction model found a thalamus–caudate association that is consistent with this pattern, which yields an improved caudate atrophy prediction in early after‐CMD.

Conclusions

This study is the first attempt to validate before‐CMD multivariate subcortical change detection across studies and to do multivariate prospective atrophy prediction in HD. These models achieve improved performance by detecting a dissociation between caudate and thalamic atrophy trajectories, and they provide a possible mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of HD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Wavelet transform of multiplicators and convolutors for ultradistributions
Authors: Singh Abhishek , Raghuthaman Nikhila , Carmichael Richard D.
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we discuss multiplicators and convolutors for ultradistributions. A Calderóns reproducing formula for convolutors is derived. Also, we investigate the wavelet transform on multiplicators and convolutors of ultradistribution space. Further, an inversion formula is established for the wavelet transform and a tabular representation of the spaces along with the operations is also given.
The regulatory breadth index: A new tool for the measurement and comparison of state‐level charity regulation in the United States
Authors: Lott Cindy M. , Shelly Mary L. , Dietz Nathan , Mitchell George E.
Published: September 2022

The bulk of charity regulation in the United States occurs at the state level, yet state‐level charity regulation remains relatively under‐researched within nonprofit scholarship, particularly from a comparative perspective. The complexity and variation in statutory regulation, coupled with the large volume of legal research required to study state‐level charity regulation systematically, has impeded scholarly progress toward a better understanding of the US charitable sector. We address this problem by deriving a state‐level charity regulatory breadth index (RBI) that will enable nonprofit researchers to contextualize state‐level charity research within a broader framework and to incorporate state‐level regulation into analyses across states. Policymakers can also benefit from the ability to benchmark their regulatory regimes against their peers.
Identifying aspects of complex and technological systems in the mental models of students who constructed computational models of electric circuits
Authors: Saba Janan , Langbeheim Elon , Hel‐Or Hagit , Levy Sharona T.
Published: September 2022

Electricity, especially the flow of current, is a challenging topic for students of all ages. This study conceptualizes students' explanation of electric current as a cluster of knowledge elements. These clusters, in turn, represent students' mental models of electric circuits. Thus, this study aims to identify and characterize students' mental models of electric circuits and to determine, through these mental models, how the students' perception of electric circuits changed as they constructed and explored micro‐level computational models. Using clustering methods, we identified five mental models, ranging between a naive technology perspective model and a more advanced complex systems perspective model. We employed a quasi‐experimental, pretest‐intervention‐posttest‐comparison‐group design, comparing the mental model development of 33 students who constructed models of electric conductors using the Much.Matter.in.Motion (MMM) modeling platform, with that of 23 students who learned in a normative curriculum. Both groups completed identical pre‐ and posttest questionnaires, and three students from the experimental group were interviewed before and after the intervention. As expected, we found that students who learned by constructing computational models with the MMM platform exhibited greater shifts in the sophistication of their mental models compared with students who experienced the normative teaching approach.
Herbal medicinal uses and their practices in human health care and livestock from district Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Siddique Zeeshan , Ahmed Hiwa M. , Hussein Khabat Noori , Hassan Khulod Ibraheem , Meena Bashdar I.
Published: September 2022

Background

In light of the increasing need, for global health care, traditional medical knowledge is receiving considerable attention in order to fulfil the public health needs not only for human health but also animal health.

Objectives

Thus, the aim of the study is to explore ethnomedicinal uses of plants in human and livestock health care of the study area.

Methods

Data were gathered through arranged surveys and meeting techniques by focusing on 80 sources in the investigation region during 2018–2020. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices were calculated.

Results

Eighty plant species (33 herbs, 21 shrubs, 24 trees and 2 climbers) belonging to 50 families, distributed in 74 genera, were being used in the study area. Forty‐nine medicinal plants in the treatment of 42 human diseases under 52 natural recipes and 40 plants in 34 livestock diseases under 40 recipes were used, in which 9 plants are used commonly in ethnopharmacy and veterinary medicine. Jaccard index was used to predict the similarity and dissimilarity among cities of Pakistan and reflected the novel use of medicinal plants. Results showed that Boerhavia diffusa, Centella asiatica, Morus nigra, Nasturtium officinale, Rumex hastatus and Sageretia thea have the higher use value (UV). Comparative analysis with other studies strongly reflected the novel use of these plants because of the deep‐rooted and unique sociocultural setup of study area.

Conclusions

Our research shows that the wild plants used in the study area are extremely varied, both in terms of species and function, and folk medicine is one of the main health care systems in the area.
Molecular dynamics simulation study of drugs adsorption in UiO‐66
Authors: Li Jing , Liang Lijun , Zhou Hanxing , Zhang Pengzhen , Kong Zhe , Duan Xing
Published: September 2022

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are novel porous materials that have been extensively used in sensors, catalysis, gas storage and separation, and drug deliver owing to their adjustable pore size, large surface area and high porosity. Among diverse MOFs, UiO‐66 can be a promising carrier for drug delivery due to high porosity and chemical stability. However, the adsorption mechanism of drugs in UiO‐66 has not been identified and need a further investigation. Hence, we utilized molecular dynamic (MD) simulation to investigate the adsorption mechanism of UiO‐66 as drug carriers. The MD simulation of UiO‐66 exhibits the busulfan loading of 80 %, ibuprofen of 20 % and 5‐fluorouracil of 30 %, respectively. We also demonstrated that the host‐guest interaction between UiO‐66 and drugs is dominated by the Van der Waals force. UiO‐66 shows the highest affinity for busulfan compared with ibuprofen and 5‐fluorouracil. In addition, it is certified the linear relation between the adsorption atoms and the interaction energy, which could help us to predict the interaction energy between drugs and UiO‐66 by the contact atoms.
Pinb-D1p is an elite allele for improving end-use quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Chang Siyuan , Chen Qian , Yang Tao , Li Binyong , Xin Mingming , Su Zhenqi , Du Jinkun , Guo Weilong , Hu Zhaorong , Liu Jie , Peng Huiru , Ni Zhongfu , Sun Qixin , Yao Yingyin
Published: September 2022

Key message

We identified ten QTLs controlling SDS-SV trait in a RIL population derived from ND3331 and Zang1817. Pinb-D1p is an elite allele from Tibetan semi‑wild wheat for good end-use quality.

Gluten strength is an important factor for wheat processing and end-product quality and is commonly characterized using the sodium dodecyl sulfate-sedimentation volume (SDS-SV) test. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with wheat SDS-SV traits using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from common wheat line NongDa3331 (ND3331) and Tibetan semi-wild wheat accession Zang1817. We detected 10 QTLs controlling SDS-SV on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 3A, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5D, 6B and 7A, with individual QTLs explaining 2.02% to 15.53% of the phenotypic variation. They included four major QTLs, Qsdss-1A, Qsdss-1B.1, Qsdss-1B.2, and Qsdss-5D, whose effects on SDS-SV were due to the Glu-A1 locus encoding the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit 1Ax1, the 1B/1R translocation, 1Bx7 + 1By8 at the Glu-B1 locus, and the hardness-controlling loci Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1, respectively. We developed KASP markers for the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Pinb-D1 loci. Importantly, we showed for the first time that the hardness allele Pinb-D1p positively affects SDS-SV, making it a good candidate for wheat quality improvement. These results broaden our understanding of the genetic characterization of SDS-SV, and the QTLs identified are potential target regions for fine-mapping and marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Barbaloin: an amazing chemical from the ‘wonder plant’ with multidimensional pharmacological attributes
Authors: Mitra Shreya Sikdar , Ghorai Mimosa , Nandy Samapika , Mukherjee Nobendu , Kumar Manoj , Radha  , Ghosh Arabinda , Jha Niraj Kumar , Proćków Jarosław , Dey Abhijit
Published: September 2022

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. is nicknamed the ‘Miracle plant’ or sometimes as the ‘Wonder plant’. It is a plant that has been used since ancient times for the innumerable health benefits associated with it. It is one of the important plants that has its use in conventional medicinal treatments. It is a perennial succulent, drought-tolerant member of the family Asphodelaceae. There are scores of properties associated with the plant that help in curing various forms of human ailments. Extracts and gels obtained from plants have been shown to be wonderful healers of different conditions, mainly various skin problems. Also, this plant is popular in the cosmetics industry. The underlying properties of the plant are now mainly associated with the natural phytochemicals present in the plant. Diverse groups of phytoingredients are found in the plant, including various phenolics, amino acids, sugars, vitamins, and different other organic compounds, too. One of the primary ingredients found in the plant is the aloin molecule. It is an anthraquinone derivative and exists as an isomer of Aloin A and Aloin B. Barbaloin belonging to the first group is a glucoside of the aloe-emodin anthrone molecule. Various types of pharmacological properties exhibited by the plant can be attributed to this chemical. Few significant ones are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-viral, along with their different immunity-boosting actions. Recently, molecular coupling studies have also found the role of these molecules as a potential cure against the ongoing COVID-19 disease. This study comprehensively focuses on the numerous pharmacological actions of the primary compound barbaloin obtained from the Aloe vera plant along with the mechanism of action and the potent application of these natural molecules under various conditions.
Adolescents’ primary care consultations before and after parental suicide: evidence from population-wide data
Authors: Hart Rannveig K. , Christiansen Solveig Glestad , Reneflot Anne , Hauge Lars Johan
Published: September 2022

Parental bereavement is associated with distress and poorer long-term outcomes among adolescents. Adolescents who lose a parent to suicide fare worse than their peers even before bereavement. Based on the current literature, we cannot distinguish such initial differences from the medium and long-term effect of parental suicide. We study the impact of parental suicide on adolescents’ General Practitioner visits for mental health or psychosocial reasons. Within-individual models account for time-invariant differences between the bereaved and non-bereaved. We investigate if effects differ from the impact of parental death from other causes, and vary with sex and socioeconomic background. Full population data on Norwegian residents aged 10–19 in the period 2006–2015 are drawn from registers (N = 1 405 suicide bereaved, 12 982 bereaved by other causes, and 1 182 819 non-bereaved controls). Records include data on use of health services, parental mortality, and sociodemographic characteristics of parent and child. Mental health consultations increase gradually in the quarters leading up to the parental suicide, significantly more for girls than for boys. Two years prior to bereavement, 2.4% of the subsequently suicide bereaved have a mental health consultation in any given quarter. In the year of bereavement, this increases with 6% points. Health care workers should be aware that boys are less likely to turn to their GP for support before parental bereavement from suicide.
Assume, guarantee or repair: a regular framework for non regular properties
Authors: Frenkel Hadar , Grumberg Orna , Păsăreanu Corina S. , Sheinvald Sarai
Published: September 2022

We present Assume-Guarantee-Repair (AGR)—a novel framework which verifies that a program satisfies a set of properties and also repairs the program in case the verification fails. We consider communicating programs—these are simple C-like programs, extended with synchronous actions over communication channels. Our method, which consists of a learning-based approach to assume–guarantee reasoning, performs verification and repair simultaneously: in every iteration, AGR either makes another step towards proving that the (current) system satisfies the required properties, or alters the system in a way that brings it closer to satisfying the properties. To handle infinite-state systems we build finite abstractions, for which we check the satisfaction of complex properties that contain first-order constraints, using both syntactic and semantic-aware methods. We implemented AGR and evaluated it on various communication protocols. Our experiments present compact proofs of correctness and quick repairs.
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius (L.)), an anonymous fish with great skills
Authors: Olsén K. Håkan , Bonow Madeleine
Published: September 2022

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a cyprinid fish with its natural distribution in Europe and the western part of Asia. Due to its hardiness and unique ability to survive winter anoxia, it has been translocated to small lakes and ponds, and in Northern Europe since medieval times has been used as a food source. Crucian carp was the only fish in the pond that survived anoxia. Small lakes and ponds with winter anoxia result in dense populations of stunted and slender fish. In lakes with other fish species present, the crucians’ numbers and densities are low and they grow to large sizes. In the presence of piscivores such as pike, crucians are deep bodied. The presence of pike-eating crucians, or the pike odors, induce a change in the body form of crucians. The change in body form makes it more difficult for pikes to swallow crucians and the handling time increases. Closely related invasive Carassius species have become a serious threat to crucian carp populations in Central-Eastern Europe and South-Eastern England through competition for space and food resources and hybridization. The crucian carp’s close relationship to goldfish (Carassius auratus), the most studied species concerning sex pheromones, has made it possible to demonstrate that sex pheromones are also present in a wild Carassius species and in their natural environment. The results indicate that two species use the same sex hormonal pheromone system. The crucian carp has become an important model for laboratory studies of olfaction and taste.
Computational advances in polynomial optimization: RAPOSa, a freely available global solver
Authors: González-Rodríguez Brais , Ossorio-Castillo Joaquín , González-Díaz Julio , González-Rueda Ángel M. , Penas David R. , Rodríguez-Martínez Diego
Published: September 2022

In this paper we introduce , a global optimization solver specifically designed for (continuous) polynomial programming problems with box-constrained variables. Written entirely in , is based on the Reformulation-Linearization (Sherali and Tuncbilek in J Glob Optim 103:225–249, 1992). We present a description of the main characteristics of along with a thorough analysis of the impact on its performance of various enhancements discussed in the literature, such as bound tightening and SDP cuts. We also present a comparative study with three of the main state-of-the-art global optimization solvers: , and .
Scarcity in today´s consumer markets: scoping the research landscape by author keywords
Authors: Sun Haoye , Teichert Thorsten
Published: September 2022

Scarcity refers to not having enough of what one needs. This phenomenon has shaped individuals´ life since ancient times, nowadays ranging from daily-life scarcity cues in shopping scenarios to the planet’s resources scarcity to meet the world´s consumer demand. Because of this ubiquity of scarcity, the topic has been attracting attention from scholars and practitioners in different areas. Studies regarding scarcity were conducted across disciplines, based on different assumptions, and focused on distinct study subjects. A lack of mainstream about this topic hindered the convergence of core ideas among different schools of thought. In this article, we take an integrative socio-economic perspective to join diverse findings on scarcity affecting consumer markets, identify topic-specific research questions still to be answered, and provide suggestions for future and integrative research opportunities. A systematic review based on author keywords from 855 publications analyzing scarcity affecting business-consumer interactions serves as a database. Exploratory factor analyses based on author keywords identify shared patterns within and linkages across discourses stemming from various disciplines and theories. Results differentiate distinct research foci in the consumer behavior, socio-political, and other disciplinary research realms. A mapping of these research themes identifies the scarcity-related interplay among consumers, producers, and other stakeholders. Findings point out research directions for future studies at both the research realm level and the interdisciplinary level.
Detection of intracranial aneurysms using deep learning-based CAD system: usefulness of the scores of CNN’s final layer for distinguishing between aneurysm and infundibular dilatation
Authors: Ishihara Makiko , Shiiba Masato , Maruno Hirotaka , Kato Masayuki , Ohmoto-Sekine Yuki , Antoine Choppin , Ouchi Yasuyoshi
Published: September 2022

Purpose

We evaluated the diagnostic performance of a clinically available deep learning-based computer-assisted diagnosis software for detecting unruptured aneurysms (UANs) using magnetic resonance angiography and assessed the functionality of the convolutional neural network (CNN) final layer score for distinguishing between UAN and infundibular dilatation (ID).

Materials and methods

EIRL brain aneurysm (EIRL_BA) was used in this study. The subjects were 117 UAN and/or ID cases including 100 UAN lesions (average sizes of 2.56 ± 1.45 mm) and 40 ID lesions (average sizes of 1.75 ± 0.41 mm) in any of internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, and anterior communicating artery, and 123 normal controls. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of EIRL_BA were determined for UAN and ID or UAN only. Furthermore, the relationship between the lesion category and score was examined using a linear regression analysis model, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess whether the scores represent UAN-like characteristics.

Results

EIRL_BA showed a total of 203 candidates (an average of 1.73/case) in UAN and/or ID cases and 98 candidates (an average of 0.80/case) in normal controls. For diagnosing either UAN/ID, EIRL_BA showed an overall sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 84.2%, and accuracy of 83.7%, resulting in the positive likelihood ratio of 5.0. For diagnosing UAN only, the overall sensitivity of 89.0, specificity of 82.6%, and accuracy of 83.2% resulting in the positive likelihood ratio of 5.1. In a linear regression analysis, the scores significantly increased in the candidates’ first and second ranks in UAN (p < 0.05) but not in ID. An ROC analysis using the score for diagnosing UAN showed an area under the curve of 0.836.

Conclusion

EIRL_BA is applicable for detecting small UAN, and the CNN’s final layer scores may be an effective index for discriminating UAN and ID and representing the likelihood of UAN.
Evaluation of groundwater quality for agricultural under different conditions using water quality indices, partial least squares regression models, and GIS approaches
Authors: Masoud Milad , El Osta Maged , Alqarawy Abdulaziz , Elsayed Salah , Gad Mohamed
Published: September 2022

Evaluating grouLindwater quality and associated hydrochemical properties is critical to manage groundwater resources in arid and semiarid environments. The current study examined groundwater quality and appropriateness for agriculture in the alluvial aquifer of Makkah Al-Mukarramah Province, Saudi Arabia, utilizing several irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs) such as irrigation water quality index (IWQI), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), potential salinity (PS), magnesium hazard (MH), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) assisted by multivariate modeling and GIS tools. One hundred fourteen groundwater wells were evaluated utilizing several physicochemical parameters, which indicating that the primary cation and anion concentrations were as follows: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and Cl− > SO42˗ > HCO3˗ > NO3˗ > CO32˗, respectively, reflecting Ca–HCO3, Na–Cl, and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4 water facies under the stress of evaporation, saltwater intrusion, and reverse ion exchange processes. The IWQI, TDS, SAR, PS, MH, and RSC across two studied regions had mean values of 64.86, 2028.53, 4.98, 26.18, 38.70, and − 14.77, respectively. For example, the computed IWQI model indicated that approximately 31% of samples fell into the no restriction range, implying that salinity tolerance crops should be avoided, while approximately 33% of samples fell into the low to moderate restriction range, and approximately 36% of samples fell into the high to severe restriction range for irrigation, implying that moderate to high salt sensitivity crops should be irrigated in loose soil with no compacted layers. The partial least squares regression model (PLSR) produced a more accurate assessment of six IWQIs based on values of R2 and slope. In Val. datasets, the PLSR model generated strong estimates for six IWQIs with R2 varied from 0.72 to 1.00. There was a good slope value of the linear relationship between measured and predicted for each parameter and the highest slope value (1.00) was shown with RSC. In the PLSR models of six IWQIs, there were no overfitting or underfitting between the measuring, calibrating, and validating datasets. In conclusion, the combination of physicochemical characteristics, WQIs, PLSR, and GIS tools to assess groundwater suitability for irrigation and their regulating variables is beneficial and provides a clear picture of water quality.
Explainable AI lacks regulative reasons: why AI and human decision-making are not equally opaque
Authors: Peters Uwe
Published: September 2022

Many artificial intelligence (AI) systems currently used for decision-making are opaque, i.e., the internal factors that determine their decisions are not fully known to people due to the systems’ computational complexity. In response to this problem, several researchers have argued that human decision-making is equally opaque and since simplifying, reason-giving explanations (rather than exhaustive causal accounts) of a decision are typically viewed as sufficient in the human case, the same should hold for algorithmic decision-making. Here, I contend that this argument overlooks that human decision-making is sometimes significantly more transparent and trustworthy than algorithmic decision-making. This is because when people explain their decisions by giving reasons for them, this frequently prompts those giving the reasons to govern or regulate themselves so as to think and act in ways that confirm their reason reports. AI explanation systems lack this self-regulative feature. Overlooking it when comparing algorithmic and human decision-making can result in underestimations of the transparency of human decision-making and in the development of explainable AI that may mislead people by activating generally warranted beliefs about the regulative dimension of reason-giving.
Strengthening the architectural identity of Makkah Al-Mukarramah’s buildings: an assessment of the impact of laws and regulations
Authors: AL-Zahrani Mesfer Ali M. , Shawky Abou Leila Mohamed M.
Published: September 2022

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s future vision (Vision 2030) focuses on the enhancement of the urban and architectural identity of cities, where in (2022) King Salman Charter for Architecture and Urbanism was issued to improve residents’ quality of life through the establishment of architectural environments that emphasize cultural and environmental heritage while also simulating future developments. Makkah Al-Mukarramah is distinguished by its religious uniqueness being the ground of the Holy Mosque and a set of natural factors, all of this influenced the formation of its distinctive architectural identity over time, However, for the sake of development projects, and expansion of the Haram Al-Sharif, demolition of many of Makkah’s old neighborhoods occurred leading to declining the city’s historical urban fabric, this development was governed by regulations and rules that focusing only on organizational aspects without considering the architectural identity. This crystallizes the research problem in two main points: “What are the regulations and legislation that led to Makkah losing its distinctive architectural identity?” What function may legislation and laws possibly play in the long-term rehabilitation of Makkah’s distinct architectural identity? The purpose of this research is to define the architectural and urban identity, as well as the major factors that influence them. Also, investigate the impact of the urban development of Makkah on the city’s architectural identity. And the extraction of design requirements for the control of architectural identity. The research uses a theoretical approach to understand the principles of architectural identity and character, as well as to measure the influence of laws and regulations on preserving and enhancing the architectural identity. a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the laws and regulations related to the architectural identity of several selected cities; to come at a set of criteria that contribute to preserving the identity, following that, a questionnaire is developed for the opinion of academic architects as well as engineers specialized in this field, to try to find the flaw that caused the loss of character and to make some recommendations to correct the flaws caused by lack of attention to architectural identity.
Components of Good Sex in Young Urban Trans People Assigned Female at Birth: A Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Engelmann Anika J. , Nicklisch Saskia , Nieder Timo O.
Published: September 2022

Background

Prevalence of sexual dissatisfaction and dysfunction is high in trans people, as reflected in lower sexual pleasure scores compared to cis people.

Aim

The aim of this study is to explore components of good sex and sexual pleasure in young, urban trans people assigned female at birth (AFAB).

Methods

16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with young urban AFAB trans people. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Outcomes

Main outcomes were providing participants components of good sex and sexual pleasure.

Results

Regarding components of good sex, the participants of this study described various influences on their ability to relax as well as strategies to increase relaxation during sex. Next to general influences on relaxation, the ability to relax was influenced by the way their partners interacted with them and thus how accepted they felt in their identities and feeling safe. Further, transition and coming-out status, physical and sexual function changes due to hormone therapy and gender affirming surgeries, specific sexual techniques and aids, social constructs and the circumstances in which sex took place were important. Strategies to increase relaxation included using aids such as penis prostheses, preferring certain sexual practices, that is, being more dominant or on eye-level, reducing visual aspects, drinking alcohol, and deconstructing gender and sexual norms.

Clinical Implications

When working with trans clients, inhibitors of relaxation should be assessed and addressed, which could include working on clients believes about trans sexuality, gendered sexual scripts or various techniques to reduce body dysphoria, if present, during sexual practices.

Strengths & Limitations

Following a non-clinical community sampling with no treatment-related dependency between researchers and participants, the sample provides an open access to the participating trans people's sexuality. However, the sample is small, selective, and it includes only able-bodied trans people from Christian religious backgrounds.

Conclusion

Next to sexual problems and dysfunctions, future research on the relationship between medical transition and sexuality should additionally address positive aspects of sexuality, such as sexual pleasure and sexual satisfaction, and its possible function as a resource pre, during and post transition.
Why Humans Fight
Authors: Malešević Siniša
Published: September 2022

Malešević offers a novel sociological answer to the age-old question: 'Why do humans fight?'. Instead of focusing on the motivations of solitary individuals, he emphasises the centrality of the social and historical contexts that make fighting possible. He argues that fighting is not an individual attribute, but a social phenomenon shaped by one's relationships with other people. Drawing on recent scholarship across a variety of academic disciplines as well as his own interviews with the former combatants, Malešević shows that one's willingness to fight is a contextual phenomenon shaped by specific ideological and organisational logic. This book explores the role biology, psychology, economics, ideology, and coercion play in one's experience of fighting, emphasising the cultural and historical variability of combativeness. By drawing from numerous historical and contemporary examples from all over the world, Malešević demonstrates how social pugnacity is a relational and contextual phenomenon that possesses autonomous features.
Storm and Sack
Authors: Daly Gavin
Published: September 2022

During the Peninsular War, Wellington's army stormed and sacked three French-held Spanish towns: Ciudad Rodrigo (1812), Badajoz (1812) and San Sebastian (1813). Storm and Sack is the first major study of British soldiers' violence and restraint towards enemy combatants and civilians in the siege warfare of the Napoleonic era. Using soldiers' letters, diaries and memoirs, Gavin Daly compares and contrasts military practices and attitudes across British sieges spanning three continents, from the Peninsular War in Spain to India and South America. He focuses on siege rituals and laws of war, and uncovering the cultural and emotional history of the storm and sack of towns. This book challenges conventional understandings of the place and nature of sieges in the Napoleonic Wars. It encourages a rethinking of the notorious reputations of the British sacks of this period and their place within the long-term history of customary laws of war and siege violence. Daly reveals a multifaceted story not only of rage, enmity, plunder and atrocity but also of mercy, honour, humanity and moral outrage.
Abstraction in Experimental Design
Authors: Brutger Ryan , Kertzer Joshua D. , Renshon Jonathan , Weiss Chagai M.
Published: September 2022

Political scientists designing experiments often face the question of how abstract or detailed their experimental stimuli should be. Typically, this question is framed in terms of tradeoffs relating to experimental control and generalizability: the more context introduced into studies, the less control, and the more difficulty generalizing the results. Yet, we have reason to question this tradeoff, and there is relatively little systematic evidence to rely on when calibrating the degree of abstraction in studies. We make two contributions. First, we provide a theoretical framework which identifies and considers the consequences of three dimensions of abstraction in experimental design: situational hypotheticality, actor identity, and contextual detail. Second, we field a range of survey experiments, varying these levels of abstraction. We find that situational hypotheticality does not substantively change experimental results, but increased contextual detail dampens treatment effects and the salience of actor identities moderates results in specific situations.
Derivation and validation of a risk assessment model for drug-resistant pathogens in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Rothberg Michael B. , Haessler Sarah , Deshpande Abhishek , Yu Pei-Chun , Lindenauer Peter K. , Zilberberg Marya D. , Higgins Thomas L. , Imrey Peter B.
Published: September 2022

Objective:

To derive and validate a model for risk of resistance to first-line community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapy.

Design:

We developed a logistic regression prediction model from a large multihospital discharge database and validated it versus the Drug Resistance in Pneumonia (DRIP) score in a holdout sample and another hospital system outside that database. Resistance to first-line CAP therapy (quinolone or third generation cephalosporin plus macrolide) was based on blood or respiratory cultures.

Setting:

This study was conducted using data from 177 Premier Healthcare database hospitals and 11 Cleveland Clinic hospitals.

Participants:

Adults hospitalized for CAP.

Exposure:

Risk factors for resistant infection.

Results:

Among 138,762 eligible patients in the Premier database, 12,181 (8.8%) had positive cultures and 5,200 (3.8%) had organisms resistant to CAP therapy. Infection with a resistant organism in the previous year was the strongest predictor of resistance; markers of acute illness (eg, receipt of mechanical ventilation or vasopressors) and chronic illness (eg, pressure ulcer, paralysis) were also associated with resistant infections. Our model outperformed the DRIP score with a C-statistic of 0.71 versus 0.63 for the DRIP score (P < .001) in the Premier holdout sample, and 0.65 versus 0.58 (P < .001) in Cleveland Clinic hospitals. Clinicians at Premier facilities used broad-spectrum antibiotics for 20%–30% of patients. In discriminating between patients with and without resistant infections, physician judgment slightly outperformed the DRIP instrument but not our model.

Conclusions:

Our model predicting infection with a resistant pathogen outperformed both the DRIP score and physician practice in an external validation set. Its integration into practice could reduce unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
On the relationship between turbine thrust and near-wake velocity and vorticity
Authors: Limacher Eric J. , Ding Liuyang , Piqué Alexander , Smits Alexander J. , Hultmark Marcus
Published: September 2022

Vortical impulse theory is used to investigate the relationship between turbine thrust and the near-wake velocity and vorticity fields. Three different hypotheses regarding the near-wake structure allow the derivation of novel expressions for the thrust on a steadily rotating wind turbine, and these are tested using stereoscopic particle-image velocimetry (PIV) data acquired just behind a rotor in a water channel. When one assumes that vortex lines and streamlines are aligned in a rotor-fixed frame of reference, one obtains a PIV-based thrust estimate that fails even to capture the trend of the directly measured thrust, and this failure is attributed to an implicit assumption that most of the generated thrust does useful work. When one neglects the axial gradients of radial velocity, the PIV-based thrust estimate captures the measured thrust trend, but underpredicts its magnitude by approximately

$33\,\%$

. The third and most promising physical proposition treats the trailing vortices as purely ‘rolling’ structures that exhibit zero-strain rate in their cores, with the corresponding thrust estimates in close agreement with direct thrust measurements. This best-performing expression appears as a correction to the classical thrust expression from momentum theory, possessing additional squared-velocity terms that can account for the high-thrust regime of turbine operation that is typically addressed empirically.
The Main Principles of French Public Law: A Comparative Reflection
Authors: Gaillet Aurore
Published: September 2022

This article will be divided into two parts. First, I will demonstrate the importance of comparative law and legal culture by highlighting the “great principles of French public law”. I will then explore some of these major principles, based on the French and German conceptions of law, justice, the State, and democracy.
On the Linguistic Argument for the Adoption of the Library Subject HeadingNoncitizen
Authors: Hartwell Laura M.
Published: September 2022

This linguistic study contributes to the decades-long discussion on the inappropriateness of the Library of Congress Subject Headingillegal aliensby examining its absence in a corpus of US Supreme Court oral arguments and by evaluating automatic translation tool results related to keywords as well as a corpus extract. This linguistic study confirms the ideological bias of theillegal alienssubject heading compared to a plethora of other expressions that legal scholars may use to describe the situations implied under the more neutral umbrella termnoncitizen.The automatic translation results foralienandillegal alienalso support the notion that the termillegal alienis confined to a United States historical context, which hinders its international comprehension as a subject heading.
An Introduction to French Private Law
Authors: Julien Jérôme
Published: September 2022

Private law is usually defined as all the rules of law which govern relationships between private individuals. Thus defined, it is opposite to public law and differentiated from ‘mixed law’ such as criminal law which has aspects of both. Of course, understanding private relationships between individuals, depend to a large extent on the country where they are observed and its history. French individualism (which of course does not exclude the general interest) which is notably embodied by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 is doubtless at the heart of private law—I was going to say private law legislation—and is illustrated by the central place which is reserved for the law of private property. Private law therefore governs all relationships between individuals in all aspects of their lives: their private lives, their business relations, their working relationships, and so on.
The Current Situation Regarding the Relationship Between the French State and the French Public Law
Authors: Séébold Nicolas
Published: September 2022

The State. This concept is impossible to avoid in France because the country built itself on (or around) this idea from the nineteenth century. Although the ‘State’ was initially ignored by the Revolution (which referred to the idea of the ‘sovereign nation’), the Revolution marked the beginning of the French administration which has continued to develop ever since. However, the administration as a remedy for the instability resulting from 1789, was a legal tool which changed with the regimes. An intellectual object was therefore necessary to support it and to guarantee its continuity and stability. This is where the interest in the State lies, if only in its etymological sense.
An Introduction to French Law, an Historical Overview, a Legal Documentary Landscape (12–20th century)
Authors: Garnier Florent
Published: September 2022

The name Antoine de Martres is unknown today to students at Toulouse Capitole University. No doubt other jurists such as Jacques Cujas, Maurice Hauriou and Gabriel Marty are more familiar to them in the amphitheater and the lecture theaters. This is perhaps due to Cujas’ contribution to legal humanism and the doctrinal reflection of the two former deans of the faculty of law.
The Principle of Secularism, a Precious Asset of the Republic and the Basis for Freedom and Citizenship
Authors: Mouannès Hiam
Published: September 2022

To put it into perspective, the principal of secularism in France must be positioned at the intersection of three cardinal pillars: freedom, citizenship and what has founded them historically and what embodies them: the Republic. These three closely intertwined pillars where each supports the other, allows individuals and the national community to flourish, move forward, build, and develop. If one of them breaks down, the whole edifice is destabilized and with it freedoms, including the freedom of worship.
ON THE TWO-PARAMETER ERDŐS–FALCONER DISTANCE PROBLEM IN FINITE FIELDS
Authors: CLÉMENT FRANCOIS , MOJARRAD HOSSEIN NASSAJIAN , PHAM DUC HIEP , SHEN CHUN-YEN
Published: September 2022

Given
$E \subseteq \mathbb {F}_q^d \times \mathbb {F}_q^d$
, with the finite field
$\mathbb {F}_q$
of order q and the integer
$d\,\ge \, 2$
, we define the two-parameter distance set
$\Delta _{d, d}(E)=\{(\|x-y\|, \|z-t\|) : (x, z), (y, t) \in E \}$
. Birklbauer and Iosevich [‘A two-parameter finite field Erdős–Falconer distance problem’, Bull. Hellenic Math. Soc.61 (2017), 21–30] proved that if
$|E| \gg q^{{(3d+1)}/{2}}$
, then
$ |\Delta _{d, d}(E)| = q^2$
. For
$d=2$
, they showed that if
$|E| \gg q^{{10}/{3}}$
, then
$ |\Delta _{2, 2}(E)| \gg q^2$
. In this paper, we give extensions and improvements of these results. Given the diagonal polynomial
$P(x)=\sum _{i=1}^da_ix_i^s\in \mathbb F_q[x_1,\ldots , x_d]$
, the distance induced by P over
$\mathbb {F}_q^d$
is
$\|x-y\|_s:=P(x-y)$
, with the corresponding distance set
$\Delta ^s_{d, d}(E)=\{(\|x-y\|_s, \|z-t\|_s) : (x, z), (y, t) \in E \}$
. We show that if
$|E| \gg q^{{(3d+1)}/{2}}$
, then
$ |\Delta _{d, d}^s(E)| \gg q^2$
. For
$d=2$
and the Euclidean distance, we improve the former result over prime fields by showing that
$ |\Delta _{2,2}(E)| \gg p^2$
for
$|E| \gg p^{{13}/{4}}$
.
Genesis of meta-gabbroic crustal xenoliths found in Neogene/Quaternary alkali olivine basalt, northeastern Iran
Authors: Saadat Saeed , Stern Charles R.
Published: September 2022

Rounded to angular granoblastic textured mafic xenoliths, ranging from ∼1 to 6 cm in dimension, occur together with mantle peridotite xenoliths in a small Neogene/Quaternary alkali basalt cone in northeastern Iran. These crustal xenoliths consist of plagioclase feldspar, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and minor olivine, spinel, titanomagnetite and apatite. Their bulk compositions are similar to tholeiitic basalts and they are interpreted as meta-gabbroic rocks derived from mid- to lower crustal depths of 18 to 30 km. Rb–Sr dating suggests an age of c. 457 ± 95 Ma for these crustal xenoliths, and their geochemistry shows some similarities to Ordovician gabbros that crop out ∼20 km to the west. The data suggest that the gabbroic proto-lithologies of the xenoliths formed by intrusion of mafic magmas into the mid- to lower crust, possibly during extension and magmatism related to the opening of the Hercynian Palaeotethys ocean that separated central and eastern Iran from the Eurasian plate during the Late Palaeozoic.
Practical implications from distinguishing between Pearl blankets and Friston blankets
Authors: Fox Stephen
Published: September 2022

Analysis provided in The Emperor's New Markov Blankets reveals that there is limited potential for practical application of Pearl and Friston blankets. However, Bruineberg and colleagues' analysis includes a simple diagram that has potential to better enable shared understanding of interactions between free energy principle constructs during the design and implementation of biosocial–technical systems.
Scientific realism about Friston blankets without literalism
Authors: Kiverstein Julian , Kirchhoff Michael
Published: September 2022

Bruineberg and colleagues' critique of Friston blankets relies on what we call the “literalist fallacy”: the assumption that in order for Friston blankets to represent real boundaries, biological systems must literally possess or instantiate Markov blankets. We argue that it is important to distinguish a realist view of Friston blankets from the literalist view of Bruineberg and colleagues’ critique.
The map, the territory, and the cartographer: Linking the “pure” formal models to the “murky” material world
Authors: Ciaunica Anna
Published: September 2022

Assigning to Pearl blankets an instrumental, a “pure” formal role, tacitly delegates the thorny question of mapping the “murky” territory to empirical sciences. But this move side-lines the problem, and does not offer a solution to the question: How do we relate the formal properties of an agent's model of the world to the real properties of the world itself?