bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The S. pombe SAGA complex controls the switch from proliferation to sexual differentiation through the opposing roles of its subunits Gcn5 and Spt8
Authors: Helmlinger Dominique , Marguerat Samuel , Villén Judit , Gygi Steven P. , Bähler Jürg , Winston Fred
Published: December 2008

The SAGA complex is a conserved multifunctional coactivator known to play broad roles in eukaryotic transcription. To gain new insights into its functions, we performed biochemical and genetic analyses of SAGA in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Purification of the S. pombe SAGA complex showed that its subunit composition is identical to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of S. pombe SAGA mutants revealed that SAGA has two opposing roles regulating sexual differentiation. First, in nutrient-rich conditions, the SAGA histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 represses ste11+, which encodes the master regulator of the mating pathway. In contrast, the SAGA subunit Spt8 is required for the induction of ste11+ upon nutrient starvation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that these regulatory effects are direct, as SAGA is physically associated with the ste11+ promoter independent of nutrient levels. Genetic tests suggest that nutrient levels do cause a switch in SAGA function, as spt8Δ suppresses gcn5Δ with respect to ste11+ derepression in rich medium, whereas the opposite relationship, gcn5Δ suppression of spt8Δ, occurs during starvation. Thus, SAGA plays distinct roles in the control of the switch from proliferation to differentiation in S. pombe through the dynamic and opposing activities of Gcn5 and Spt8.
De novo fragment assembly with short mate-paired reads: Does the read length matter?
Authors: Chaisson Mark J. , Brinza Dumitru , Pevzner Pavel A.
Published: December 2008

Increasing read length is currently viewed as the crucial condition for fragment assembly with next-generation sequencing technologies. However, introducing mate-paired reads (separated by a gap of length, GapLength) opens a possibility to transform short mate-pairs into long mate-reads of length ≈ GapLength, and thus raises the question as to whether the read length (as opposed to GapLength) even matters. We describe a new tool, EULER-USR, for assembling mate-paired short reads and use it to analyze the question of whether the read length matters. We further complement the ongoing experimental efforts to maximize read length by a new computational approach for increasing the effective read length. While the common practice is to trim the error-prone tails of the reads, we present an approach that substitutes trimming with error correction using repeat graphs. An important and counterintuitive implication of this result is that one may extend sequencing reactions that degrade with length “past their prime” to where the error rate grows above what is normally acceptable for fragment assembly.
Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)Bisphosphate Inhibits K+-Efflux Channel Activity in NT1 Tobacco Cultured Cells
Authors: Ma Xiaohong , Shor Oded , Diminshtein Sofia , Yu Ling , Im Yang Ju , Perera Imara , Lomax Aaron , Boss Wendy F. , Moran Nava
Published: December 2008

In the animal world, the regulation of ion channels by phosphoinositides (PIs) has been investigated extensively, demonstrating a wide range of channels controlled by phosphatidylinositol (4,5)bisphosphate (PtdInsP2). To understand PI regulation of plant ion channels, we examined the in planta effect of PtdInsP2 on the K+-efflux channel of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), NtORK (outward-rectifying K channel). We applied a patch clamp in the whole-cell configuration (with fixed “cytosolic” Ca2+ concentration and pH) to protoplasts isolated from cultured tobacco cells with genetically manipulated plasma membrane levels of PtdInsP2 and cellular inositol (1,4,5)trisphosphate: “Low PIs” had depressed levels of these PIs, and “High PIs” had elevated levels relative to controls. In all of these cells, K channel activity, reflected in the net, steady-state outward K+ currents (IK), was inversely related to the plasma membrane PtdInsP2 level. Consistent with this, short-term manipulations decreasing PtdInsP2 levels in the High PIs, such as pretreatment with the phytohormone abscisic acid (25 μ  m) or neutralizing the bath solution from pH 5.6 to pH 7, increased IK (i.e. NtORK activity). Moreover, increasing PtdInsP2 levels in controls or in abscisic acid-treated high-PI cells, using the specific PI-phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 (2.5–4 μ  m), decreased NtORK activity. In all cases, IK decreases stemmed largely from decreased maximum attainable NtORK channel conductance and partly from shifted voltage dependence of channel gating to more positive potentials, making it more difficult to activate the channels. These results are consistent with NtORK inhibition by the negatively charged PtdInsP2 in the internal plasma membrane leaflet. Such effects are likely to underlie PI signaling in intact plant cells.
The mitochondrial genome sequence and molecular phylogeny of the turkey, Meleagris gallopavo
Authors: Guan X. , Silva P. , Gyenai K. B. , Xu J. , Geng T. , Tu Z. , Samuels D. C. , Smith E. J.
Published: December 2008

The mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) has been little studied in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), a species for which there is no publicly available mtGenome sequence. Here, we used PCR‐based methods with 19 pairs of primers designed from the chicken and other species to develop a complete turkey mtGenome sequence. The entire sequence (16 717 bp) of the turkey mtGenome was obtained, and it exhibited 85% similarity to the chicken mtGenome sequence. Thirteen genes and 24 RNAs (22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs) were annotated. An mtGenome‐based phylogenetic analysis indicated that the turkey is most closely related to the chicken, Gallus gallus, and quail, Corturnix japonica. Given the importance of the mtGenome, the present work adds to the growing genomic resources needed to define the genetic mechanisms that underlie some economically significant traits in the turkey.
Evolutionarily stable oviposition and sex ratio in parasitoid wasps with single‐sex broods
Authors: CROWLEY PHILIP H. , SAEKI YORIKO , SWITZER PAUL V.
Published: December 2008

Abstract 1. The flexibility of hymenopteran sex ratios is well documented, particularly in structured populations featuring sib mating.

2. Using game theoretic models, the present study examines species producing single‐sex broods in which sib mating is unlikely, and focuses on the role of population density in determining evolutionarily stable oviposition strategies.

3. Since only mated females can produce offspring of both sexes while unmated females produce only male offspring, mated females are under selection to produce more females overall to balance the primary sex ratio.

4. As the proportion of all females that are mated should increase with density, offspring sex ratio of mated females is strongly linked to density at low to moderate densities. The present study shows that when density becomes low enough for fewer than half of all females to have mated, then female offspring generate higher fitness.

5. In this low density situation, females may gain a fitness benefit from waiting at their emergence site or from using other costly means to find and mate with males before ovipositing.

6. The predicted correspondence between females waiting at the emergence site and fewer than half of females in the population containing sperm, can be tested empirically, as can the somewhat counter‐intuitive prediction that greater access to males should yield a more male‐biased sex ratio in the offspring of mated females.

7. The present study also indicates how measuring the variance in giving up times by females waiting for males at low density, can provide insight into mechanisms determining waiting times.
Nectar‐providing plants enhance the energetic state of herbivores as well as their parasitoids under field conditions
Authors: WINKLER KARIN , WÄCKERS FELIX , PINTO DELIA M.
Published: December 2008

Abstract 1. The use of flowering vegetation has been widely advocated as a strategy for providing parasitoids and predators with nectar and pollen. However, their herbivorous hosts and prey may exploit floral food sources as well.

2. Previous laboratory studies have shown that not all flower species are equally suitable in providing accessible nectar. Relatively little is known about actual nectar exploitation under field conditions.

3. The present study investigates nectar exploitation by the pest, Plutella xylostella, and its parasitoid, Diadegma semiclausum, under field conditions and examines whether floral nectar exploitation in the field can be predicted based on controlled laboratory studies.

4. Insects were collected from fields bordered by flowering margins containing Fagopyrum esculentum, Lobularia maritima, Anethum graveolens, Centaurea jacea or the grass Lolium perenne (control). Whole insect bodies were individually assayed by HPLC to establish their sugar profile as a measure of the level of energy reserves and the degree of food source use.

5. The average overall sugar content of P. xylostella and D. semiclausum collected in fields bordered by flowering margins was significantly higher than those of individuals collected from grass‐bordered control plots. To the authors’ knowledge, this represents the first demonstration that nectar‐providing plants enhance the energetic state of herbivores under field conditions.

6. In contrast to earlier laboratory studies, the present study did not find elevated sugar contents in P. xylostella and D. semiclausum individuals collected from fields bordered by buckwheat (F. esculentum).

7. The present study shows widespread sugar feeding by both the herbivore and its parasitoid. It also shows that laboratory studies establishing nectar exploitation under controlled conditions can not always be extrapolated to actual exploitation under field conditions. This emphasises the importance of studying field‐collected insects with regard to food source use and nutritional status.
Electron balance during steady‐state production of CH4 and CO2 in anoxic rice soil
Authors: Yao H. , Conrad R.
Published: December 2008

In methanogenic rice‐field soil, organic matter (SOM) is anaerobically fermented to acetate, CO2 and H2 which then serve as substrates for methanogenesis. The whole process is a disproportionation reaction in which part of the SOM is oxidized to CO2 and part is reduced to CH4. We were interested in the electron balance during this process. The rates VCO2 and VCH4 at which CO2 and CH4 are produced by anaerobic degradation of SOM, and the fraction RH2 of the CH4 produced by reduction of CO2 with H2 (as opposed to acetotrophic methanogenesis), depend on (i) the presence or absence of inorganic oxidants and (ii) the electron balance ΔZ. Under pseudo steady‐state conditions, where inorganic oxidants are exhausted and the rate of SOM degradation is small compared with the size of the pool, VCO2, VCH4 and RH2 are constrained by ΔZ. Conversely, ΔZ may be determined from VCO2, VCH4 and RH2, all of which may be independently measured. We measured VCO2 (0.149–0.308 μmol g−1 day−1), VCH4 (0.169–0.466 μmol g−1 day−1) and RH2 (0.19–0.35) in eight soils and obtained values of ΔZ ranging from −0.918 to 0.035 μmol g−1 day−1. The majority (six) were negative, indicating a decrease in the oxidation state of the SOM carbon on degradation. This could be caused by humic acids acting as an electron acceptor and allowing more of the SOM to be oxidized to CO2 rather than reduced to CH4. Direct measurement of SOM carbon oxidation state Z produced values around zero (−0.1 ± 0.1), but is too insensitive to reveal changes of the magnitude of ΔZ.
Seasonal controls on interannual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of a near‐end‐of rotation Douglas‐fir stand in the Pacific Northwest, 1997–2006
Authors: CHEN BAOZHANG , BLACK T. ANDREW , COOPS NICHOLAS C. , KRISHNAN PRAVEENA , JASSAL RACHHPAL , BRÜMMER CHRISTIAN , NESIC ZORAN
Published: December 2008

This study analyzes 9 years of eddy‐covariance (EC) data carried out in a Pacific Northwest Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menzesii) forest (58‐year old in 2007) on the east coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, and characterizes the seasonal and interannual variability in net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Re) and primary climatic controls on these fluxes. The annual values (± SD) of NEP, GPP and Re were 357 ± 51, 2124 ± 125, and 1767 ± 146 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, with ranges of 267–410, 1592–2338, and 1642–2071 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively. Spring to early summer (March–June) accounted for more than 80% of annual NEP while late spring to early autumn (May–August) was mainly responsible for its interannual variability (∼80%). The major drivers of interannual variability in annual carbon (C) fluxes were annual and spring mean air temperatures (Ta) and water deficiency during late summer and autumn (July–October) when this Douglas‐fir forest growth was often water‐limited. Photosynthetically active radiation (Q), and the combination of Q and soil water content (θ) explained 85% and 91% of the variance of monthly GPP, respectively; and 91% and 96% of the variance of monthly Re was explained by Ta and the combination of Ta and θ, respectively. Annual net C sequestration was high during optimally warm and normal precipitation years, but low in unusually warm or severely dry years. Excluding 1998 and 1999, the 2 years strongly affected by an El Niño/La Niña cycle, annual NEP significantly decreased with increasing annual mean Ta. Annual NEP will likely decrease whereas both annual GPP and Re will likely increase if the future climate at the site follows a trend similar to that of the past 40 years.
Fluorescence combined with excised patch: measuring calcium currents in plant cation channels
Authors: Gradogna Antonella , Scholz‐Starke Joachim , Gutla Paul Vijay Kanth , Carpaneto Armando
Published: December 2008

Combined application of the patch–clamp technique and fura‐2 fluorescence detection enables the study of study calcium fluxes or related increases in cytosolic calcium concentration. Here we used the excised patch configuration, focusing the photomultiplier on the tip of the recording pipette where the fluorescent dye was present (FLEP, fluorescence combined with excised patch). This configuration has several advantages, i.e. a lack of delay in loading the fluorophore, of interference by internal calcium buffers and of photobleaching, due to the quasi‐infinite dye reservoir inside the pipette. Upon voltage stimulation of tonoplast patches, sustained and robust fluorescence signals indicated permeation of calcium through the slow vacuolar (SV) channel. Both SV currents and fluorescence signal changes were absent in the presence of SV channel inhibitors and in vacuoles from Arabidopsis tpc1 knockout plants that lack SV channel activity. The fractional calcium currents of this non‐selective cation channel were voltage‐dependent, and were approximately 10% of the total SV currents at elevated positive potentials. Interestingly, calcium permeation could be recorded as the same time as oppositely directed potassium fluxes. These events would have been impossible to detect using patch–clamp measurements alone. Thus, we propose use of the FLEP technique for the study of divalent ion‐selective channels or transporters that may be difficult to access using conventional electrophysiological approaches.
Stimulation of nodulation inMedicago truncatulaby low concentrations of ammonium: quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis of selected genes
Authors: Fei Houman , Vessey J. Kevin
Published: December 2008

Although mineral nitrogen generally has negative effects on nodulation in legume–rhizobia symbioses, low concentrations of ammonium stimulate nodulation in some legumes. In this study, the effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth, nodulation and expression of 2 nitrogen transport and 12 putative nodulation‐related genes of the model symbiosis ofMedicago truncatula – Sinorhizobium melilotiare investigated. After 3 weeks of hydroponic growth, whole‐plant nodulation was enhanced in all the ammonium treatments and up to three‐fold in the 0.5 mMtreatment compared with the zero‐nitrogen control. Specific nodulation (nodules g−1root dry weight) was greatly stimulated in the 0.1 and 0.5 mMtreatments, to a lower extent in the 0.1 mMtreatment, and inhibited in all other treatments. Expression of the 14 selected genes was observed at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h after exposure to rhizobia and nitrogen. Expression of nitrogen transporter genes increased significantly, but responses of the three genes putatively associated with symbiosis signaling/nodule initiation were mixed. There were infrequent responses of genes coding for an ABA‐activated protein kinase or a gibberellin‐regulated protein, but an ethylene‐responsive element‐binding factor showed increased expression in various treatments and sampling times. Three auxin‐responsive genes and three cytokinin‐responsive genes showed varied responses to ammonium and nitrate. This study indicates that low concentrations of ammonium stimulate nodulation inM. truncatula, but the data were inconclusive in verifying the hypothesis that a relatively high ratio of cytokinin to auxin in roots may be an underlying mechanism in this stimulation of nodulation.
An approach for post‐market monitoring of potential environmental effects of Bt‐maize expressing Cry1Ab on natural enemies
Authors: Sanvido O. , Romeis J. , Bigler F.
Published: December 2008

Post‐market monitoring (PMM) consistent with Swiss and European Union legislation should ensure the detection and prevention of adverse effects on the environment possibly deriving from commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops. Insect‐resistant GM crops (such as Bt‐maize) raise particular questions regarding disturbances of biological control functions provided by beneficial insects such as predators and parasitoids (so‐called natural enemies). Consensus among regulators, scientists and the agricultural biotech industry on appropriate PMM plans allowing the detection and possibly prevention of such adverse effects is still lacking. The aims of this study were to identify the necessity for PMM of Bt‐maize expressing Cry1Ab on natural enemies and to develop an appropriate PMM plan. The approach chosen consisted in determining what type of monitoring is most appropriate to address potential effects of Bt‐maize on natural enemies during commercial cultivation. This included identifying whether there remain substantial scientific uncertainties that would support case‐specific monitoring. Existing pre‐market risk assessment data indicate that Bt‐maize (Cry1Ab) comprises a negligible risk for disturbances in biological control functions of natural enemies. As a consequence, a faunistic monitoring of specific groups of natural enemies is not considered an appropriate approach to detect failures in biological control functions. Alternatively, an approach is proposed that consists in indirectly analysing biological control functions by surveying outbreaks of maize herbivores. Unusual herbivore outbreaks could indicate failures in biological control functions of natural enemies. Data could be collected via questionnaires addressed to farmers growing Bt‐maize. Significant correlations between unusual occurrences of specific maize herbivores and the cultivation of Bt‐maize would subsequently need specific studies to determine possible causalities in more detail. The here proposed approach has the advantage of covering different natural enemy groups. It represents a cost‐effective strategy to obtain scientifically sound data as a basis for regulatory decision‐making.
CHYLURIA
Authors: Lloyd‐Davies R. W. , Edwards J. M. , Kinmonth J. B.
Published: December 2008

The clinical features of chyluria have been described and the ztiology, pathology and treatment reviewed and illustrated by case reports.

The commonest ætiological agent remains filariasis. Chylous reflux due to incompetent megalymphatics and primary lymphatic disease is an established but rare cause.

The importance of full investigation is stressed, especially that of pedal lymphangiography. By combination with pyelography, the site of the fistula may be demonstrated.

Direct surgical approach to the communicating lymphatics is effective, and is now the treatment of choice.
RESIDUAL URINE IN YOUNG GIRLS—A HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY
Authors: Hole Roger
Published: December 2008

Idiopathic residual urine in young girls was studied by pressure‐flow methods in conditions as near normal as possible. Its presence is attributed to an intrinsic detrusor failure and not to bladder outflow obstruction.
MEATOPLASTY
Authors: Blandy J. P. , Tresiddek G. C.
Published: December 2008

A simple and reliable method is described for the permanent correction of strictures of the external urinary meatus in the male.
Changes in dipole membrane potential at the mouse blood–brain barrier enhance the transport of99mTechnetium Sestamibi more than inhibiting Abcb1, Abcc1, or Abcg2
Authors: Cattelotte Julie , Tournier Nicolas , Rizzo‐Padoin Nathalie , Schinkel Alfred H. , Scherrmann Jean‐Michel , Cisternino Salvatore
Published: December 2008

Cationic99mTc‐agents like99mTc‐hexakis‐2‐methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99mTc‐MIBI) cannot be used for brain imaging because they do not enter the brain as readily as some uncharged99mTc‐compounds. The mechanism by which cationic99mTc‐agents are transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) remains unclear. We explored99mTc‐MIBI transport byin situmouse brain perfusion to determine the influence of BBB features like the ATP‐binding cassette transporters (Abcb1/P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), Abcc1/Mrp1, and Abcg2/Bcrp), organic cation transporters (Slc22a1‐3/Oct1‐3), the transmembrane potential and the dipole membrane potential. P‐gp reduced99mTc‐MIBI transport across the BBB of P‐gp‐deficient mice 2.2‐fold, as confirmed by PSC833 and GF120918 inhibition. Paradoxically verapamil decreased its transport ‘0.6‐fold’. Reducing the BBB dipole membrane potential with tetraphenylborate or phloretin increased99mTc‐MIBI transport about 12‐ and 20‐fold, respectively. Guanidine, diphenhydramine, and carnitine significantly decreased99mTc‐MIBI transport, but tetraethylammonium did not.99mTc‐MIBI transport at the BBB is restricted by P‐gp but not by Mrp1 or Bcrp. Some organic cations reduced the influx of99mTc‐MIBI into the brain independently of Oct1, 2 and 3, but this could be due to their effect on another cation transporter. The membrane dipole potential of the luminal BBB membrane appeared to be the main factor restricting99mTc‐MIBI permeability.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS AND FUZZY CLUSTERING
Authors: BAXTER M. J.
Published: December 2008

Cluster analysis is widely used in archaeological data analysis. Fuzzy clustering is a more modern technique than methods normally used by archaeologists and has not been much exploited. Applications that have been reported are sometimes unsatisfactory and usually do not exploit the ‘fuzziness’ of the procedure. After a brief review of the more common methods of cluster analysis, fuzzy ideas and fuzzy clustering are discussed. The method is applied to three data sets of different sizes and complexity, to illustrate particular aspects of, and problems in, application. Summarizing results is less easy than for more standard methods, but has the potential to reveal features of the data concealed by other methods.
Three geographers in an archive: positions, predilections and passing comment on transient lives
Authors: Bailey Adrian R , Brace Catherine , Harvey David C
Published: December 2008

Despite the existence of research conducted by geographers eschewing or professing religious faith, the influence of researchers and their methods have yet to receive critical attention within the study of religion. The experience of three geographers working on a three‐year research project suggests that it is vital to reflect upon the inter‐subjective relationships and methodologies used to reconstruct the religious past. How do different subject positions influence our selections from historical records? We also consider whether the spatialities of putatively ‘religious’ archives, whether formally or informally constituted, make a difference to the construction of historiographical knowledge. In attempting to answer these questions, the paper argues that developing an awareness of different types of positionality, vis‐à‐vis religious faith and practice, combined with reflexivity, vis‐à‐vis methodology, can enrich the interpretative reconstruction of the religious past.
Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity during kainic acid–induced limbic cortical seizures in rats
Authors: Hotta Harumi , Koizumi Kiyomi , Stewart Mark
Published: December 2008

We sought to define changes in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity that occur during seizures. We studied kainic acid–induced limbic cortical seizures in urethane‐anesthetized rats using cardiac sympathetic nerve, blood pressure, and electrocardiography (ECG) recordings. We studied changes in ventilation rate before and during seizures. Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity was increased during limbic cortical seizures. The modest increases were similar to changes induced by nitroprusside infusion. The normal relation of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity to ventilation rate was lost during seizure activity. Changes in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity caused by changes in ventilation rate became unpredictable, and could be extreme. We conclude that the modest changes in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity contribute to the predominantly parasympathetic effects on the heart during limbic cortical seizures and periods of asphyxia. Further, ventilation rate changes might be associated with large sudden increases or decreases in cardiac sympathetic outflow during seizures.
Swimming training prevents pentylenetetrazol‐induced inhibition of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity, seizures, and oxidative stress
Authors: Souza Mauren Assis , Oliveira Mauro Schneider , Furian Ana Flávia , Rambo Leonardo Magno , Ribeiro Leandro Rodrigo , Lima Frederico Diniz , Corte Liriana Correa Dalla , Silva Luiz Fernando Almeida , Retamoso Leandro Thies , Corte Cristiane Lenz Dalla , Puntel Gustavo Orione , De Avila Daiana Silva , Soares Félix Alexandre Antunes , Fighera Michele Rechia , De Mello Carlos Fernando , Royes Luiz Fernando Freire
Published: December 2008

Purpose: In the present study we decided to investigate whether physical exercise protects against the electrographic, oxidative, and neurochemical alterations induced by subthreshold to severe convulsive doses of pentyltetrazole (PTZ).

Methods: The effect of swimming training (6 weeks) on convulsive behavior induced by PTZ (30, 45, and 60 mg/kg, i.p.) was measured and different electrographic electroencephalography (EEG) frequencies obtained from freely moving rats. After EEG recordings, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPS), protein carbonyl, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Na+, K+‐ATPase activity, and glutamate uptake were measured in the cerebral cortex of rats.

Results: We showed that physical training increased latency and attenuated the duration of generalized seizures induced by administration of PTZ (45 mg/kg). EEG recordings showed that physical exercise decreased the spike amplitude after PTZ administration (all doses). Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that protection of physical training against PTZ‐induced seizures strongly correlated with NPS content, Na+, K+‐ATPase activity, and glutamate‐uptake maintenance. Physical training also increased SOD activity, NPS content, attenuated ROS generation per se, and was effective against inhibition of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity induced by a subthreshold convulsive dose of PTZ (30 mg/kg). In addition, physical training protected against 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) oxidation, TBARS and protein carbonyl increase, decrease of NPS content, inhibition of SOD and catalase, and inhibition glutamate uptake induced by PTZ.

Conclusions: These data suggest that effective protection of selected targets for free radical damage, such as Na+, K+‐ATPase, elicited by physical training protects against the increase of neuronal excitability and oxidative damage induced by PTZ.
History of the Meetings of the Allied Social Science Associations Since World War II
Authors: Siegfried John J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract

The Allied Social Science Associations is a marketing name for an annual three‐day, citywide conference of about 9,000 economists that is organized, managed, and controlled by the American Economic Association (AEA). AEA invites the participation of about 50 additional (i.e., allied) economics‐related societies that organize the scholarly content of a portion of the ASSA meetings. It is this broader meeting that operates under the ASSA flag. Although the AEA has met periodically with other social science associations since the 19th century, the current format dates back to the 1960s. The convention rotates among approximately 10 large U.S. cities. A centralized staff at AEA headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee has managed the convention since 1986. The ASSA name was first used on the conference program in 1952.
The Role of Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Evaluation of Acute Asthma in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Kwok Maria Y. , Walsh‐Kelly Christine M. , Gorelick Marc H.
Published: December 2008

Objectives:  Fractional excretion of nitric oxide (FENO) has been used as a noninvasive marker to assess and manage chronic asthma in adults and children. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of obtaining FENO concentrations in children treated in the emergency department (ED) for acute asthma exacerbation and to examine the association between FENO concentrations and other measures of acute asthma severity.

Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study of a convenience sample of children 2–18 years old who were seen in an urban ED for acute asthma exacerbation. Using a tidal breathing method with real‐time display, the authors measured FENO concentrations before and 1 hour after the administration of corticosteroids and at discharge from the ED. Outcome measures included pulmonary index score (PIS), hospital admission, and short‐term outcomes (e.g., missed days of school).

Results:  A total of 133 subjects were enrolled. Sixty‐eight percent (95% confidence interval [CI] = 60% to 76%) of the subjects provided adequate breaths for FENO measurement. There was no difference in the median initial FENO concentration among subjects, regardless of the severity of their acute asthma. Most subjects showed no change in their FENO concentrations from the start to the end of treatment. FENO concentrations were not significantly associated with other short‐term outcomes.

Conclusions:  Measurement of FENO is difficult for a large proportion of children with acute asthma exacerbation. FENO concentration during an asthma exacerbation does not correlate with other measures of acute severity and has limited utility in the ED management of acute asthma in children.
Mitochondrial DNA Validation in a State Laboratory*,†
Authors: Jarman Pamela G. , Fentress Sherri L. , Katz Daniel E.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Because of the inception of the FBI Regional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) laboratories, many do not see establishing state/local mtDNA processing laboratories as a priority. Yet there is a long‐term need for mtDNA processing that will exceed the capabilities of the FBI Regional mtDNA laboratories and the few other laboratories that are currently processing mtDNA, and that need can be fulfilled by state/local laboratories. Thus, the DNA Unit of the Delaware Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME‐DNA Unit) completed validation of in‐house mtDNA testing in January 2007. The validation plan for mtDNA processing included the following sections: preliminary research, sensitivity and contamination studies, ExoSAP‐IT®optimization, BigDye®optimization, sequencing and 310 optimization, sample preparation and extraction optimization, heteroplasmy, mixtures, and reproducibility. All sections of the validation were successfully completed, and mtDNA processing of skeletal remains, teeth, and hairs, as well as blood and buccal reference samples was adopted by the OCME‐DNA Unit.
Immunohistochemical expression of multidrug resistance proteins in mature T/NK‐cell lymphomas
Authors: SAGLAM ARZU , HAYRAN MUTLU , UNER AYSEGUL H.
Published: December 2008

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is defined as resistance of tumor cells to a wide spectrum of structurally and functionally unrelated drugs. One of the most important mechanisms in mediating MDR is that involving cellular drug efflux transporters. Drug resistance is a common and formidable obstacle to therapy in mature T/NK‐cell lymphomas and the MDR phenotype is thought to be one of the contributing mechanisms. In this study we assessed the immunohistochemical expression of P‐gp (P‐glycoprotein), MRP‐1 (multidrug resistance associated protein 1), BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein) and LRP (lung resistance protein) in 45 mature T/NK‐cell lymphomas diagnosed at our hospital. We detected P‐gp expression in 31% (13/42), MRP‐1 expression in 74% (31/42), BCRP in 78% (32/ 41) and LRP in 59% (26/44) of the cases. These findings show that our T/NK‐cell lymphoma cases display high frequency of MDR protein expression.
Achromobacter xylosoxidans respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: RASO TIZIANA , BIANCO ORNELLA , GROSSO BIANCA , ZUCCA MARIO , SAVOIA DIANELLA
Published: December 2008

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a ubiquitous Gram‐negative non‐fermenting rod, recently characterized as an emerging pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Its pathogenic potential and prevalent transmission routes are still unclear. This study investigated the PFGE genetic pattern and antimicrobial resistance profile of 42 A. xylosoxidans isolates obtained over 4 years from the respiratory tract of 22 CF patients. By genotypic analysis, 31 isolates were attributed to 8 distinct PFGE patterns (A–H), whereas 11 isolates were not typable because their DNA was not restricted by XbaI and DraI restriction enzymes. The majority of the isolates showed multidrug resistance; imipenem and piperacillin were the most active drugs. During the course of A. xylosoxidans chronic infection forced expiratory volume and body mass index values were not significantly lowered. The demonstration of widespread antibiotic resistance underscores the importance of antibiogram‐directed therapy. Our data suggest that in some cases the infection may have been acquired from other patients or from a common contaminated source. Further epidemiological studies may be important for the design and implementation of prophylactic measures in CF centers.
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation
Authors: PARADA DAVID D. , PEÑA KARLA B. G.
Published: December 2008

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma was described by Thoenes et al. in 1986, and associations with carcinoma of collecting ducts, conventional renal cell carcinoma and sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma have been described. We report a case of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma which showed neuroendocrine differentiation. This is the first known case to be clearly identified as such. The patient was a 56‐year‐old man with constant right flank pain and hematuria; CT scan revealed an 8.5 cm non‐homogeneous mass involving the right kidney. Right radical nephrectomy was performed. The tumor showed a mixture of classical and eosinophilic patterns of chromophobe cell carcinoma. Additionally, it showed insular, glandular and rosetoid‐like formations embedded in a dense eosinophilic hyaline stroma. The cells were cuboid or cylindrical with well‐defined boundaries, finely stippled chromatin and a small nucleolus. The appearance of the cytoplasm varied from faintly eosinophilic to coarsely granular eosinophilic. Immunohistochemically, the neuroendocrine areas were reactive for C‐kit, epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, cytokeratin 7, chromogranin A, neuron‐specific enolase, CD56 and S‐100 protein. Our case represents a typical chromophobe carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. Additionally, the immunohistochemical profile in both types of lesion suggests a common origin from renal tubular cells.
Regulation of Cadherin Trafficking
Authors: Delva Emmanuella , Kowalczyk Andrew P.
Published: December 2008

Cadherins are a large family of cell–cell adhesion molecules that tether cytoskeletal networks of actin and intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane. This function of cadherins promotes tissue organization and integrity, as demonstrated by numerous disease states that are characterized by the loss of cadherin‐based adhesion. However, plasticity in cell adhesion is often required in cellular processes such as tissue patterning during development and epithelial migration during wound healing. Recent work has revealed a pivotal role for various membrane trafficking pathways in regulating cellular transitions between quiescent adhesive states and more dynamic phenotypes. The regulation of cadherins by membrane trafficking is emerging as a key player in this balancing act, and studies are beginning to reveal how this process goes awry in the context of disease. This review summarizes the current understanding of how cadherins are routed and how the interface between cadherins and membrane trafficking pathways regulates cell surface adhesive potential. Particular emphasis is placed on the regulation of cadherin trafficking by catenins and the interplay between growth factor signaling pathways and cadherin endocytosis.
ArfGAP1 Activity and COPI Vesicle Biogenesis
Authors: Beck Rainer , Adolf Frank , Weimer Carolin , Bruegger Britta , Wieland Felix T.
Published: December 2008

Golgi‐derived coat protein I (COPI) vesicles mediate transport in the early secretory pathway. The minimal machinery required for COPI vesicle formation from Golgi membranesin vitroconsists of (i) the hetero‐heptameric protein complex coatomer, (ii) the small guanosine triphosphatase ADP‐ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) and (iii) transmembrane proteins that function as coat receptors, such as p24 proteins. Various and opposing reports exist on a role of ArfGAP1 in COPI vesicle biogenesis. In this study, we show that, in contrast to data in the literature, ArfGAP1 is not required for COPI vesicle formation. To investigate roles of ArfGAP1 in vesicle formation, we titrated the enzyme into a defined reconstitution assay to form and purify COPI vesicles. We find that catalytic amounts of Arf1GAP1 significantly reduce the yield of purified COPI vesicles and that Arf1 rather than ArfGAP1 constitutes a stoichiometric component of the COPI coat. Combining the controversial reports with the results presented in this study, we suggest a novel role for ArfGAP1 in membrane trafficking.
Decreased bone density and treatment in patients with autosomal recessive cutis laxa
Authors: Noordam C , Funke S , Knoers NV , Jira P , Wevers RA , Urban Z , Morava E
Published: December 2008

Aim: Due to the occasional association pathological fractures and osteoporosis we evaluated four patients with cutis laxa syndrome for skeletal anomalies.

Patient/Methods: We prospectively evaluated four patients, a male and a female child and a brother‐sister sib pair, with dysmorphic features, growth delay, joint anomalies, psychomotor retardation and congenital cutis laxa. The clinical features and the family history were suggestive for autosomal recessive cutis laxa syndrome type II, partially overlapping with geroderma ostedysplastica. Skeletal survey, sequential bone density measurements, endocrine and metabolic investigations were performed including N‐ and O‐linked glycosylation analysis. ATP6V0A2 and FBLN5 mutations were ruled out in all patients.

Results: All children were diagnosed with significantly decreased bone density, especially in the lumbar spine, including spontaneous vertebral and rib fractures in three children. Following 24 months of bisphosphonate treatment a total restitution of bone density was observed in three cases and no relapse was detected in the 2‐year follow‐up period. A spontaneous improvement was found in one female during puberty.

Conclusion: Bone disease might occur early in the course in autosomal recessive cutis laxa syndrome. We report on a significant clinical improvement and stabilization in our patients following bisphosphonate therapy. We suggest early, systemic evaluation and follow up of bone density in all children presenting with inherited cutis laxa.
Molar Intrusion with Implants Using a Bite Plane Appliance: A Case Report
Authors: Kato Satoshi , Kato Michiko
Published: December 2008

Background: Orthodontic forces for tooth intrusion ought to be continuous and low, which may be achieved with the help of osseointegrated implants.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to describe a method to intrude supererupted maxillary molars using interarch intrusion mechanics (a bite plane appliance) with implants and to assess anchor implant stability through resonance frequency analysis (RFA; Osstell™, Mentor version 2, Integration Diagnostics AB, Göteborg, Sweden) in comparison with nonanchorage control implants during orthodontic intrusion.

Materials and Methods: A 48‐year‐old female patient was treated with implants (36 and 37 regions, Brånemark Implant System®, MkIII TiUNite™, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden; lengths, 13 and 10 mm; diameter, 5 mm) serving as orthodontic anchorage for intrusion of supraerupted teeth in the maxilla (teeth 26 and 27) using a bite plane appliance. The force of intrusion applied was individual discontinuous bite force in the present case. The control implants were in the sites 45, 46, and 47 with healing abutments out of loading. Stability of both the anchorage and control implants was assessed by RFA from the commencement of orthodontic intrusion (7 months after the first‐stage surgery) to the end of the study (19 months after the first‐stage surgery). Marginal bone height measurements of both implants were performed on radiographs at the same time.

Results: The treatment was completed without complications or abnormalities of the intruded teeth or the opposite anchorage implants. However, implant stability quotient values of the anchored implants obviously changed during the initial 4 months after commencement of intrusion compared with control implants. In the present case, an intrusion of 2.2 mm was achieved in 12 months.

Conclusions: The present method made it possible to intrude molars successfully. However, further studies with more cases are needed to clarify the reliability of the method and determine how to control the bite forces applied as orthodontic load.
Immediate/Early Loading of Zygomatic Implants: Clinical Experiences after 2 to 5 Years of Follow‐up
Authors: Aparicio Carlos , Ouazzani Wafaa , Aparicio Arnau , Fortes Vanessa , Muela Rosa , Pascual Andres , Codesal Maria , Barluenga Natalia , Franch Monica
Published: December 2008

Background: Conventional prosthetic treatment of the edentulous and resorbed maxilla with zygomatic implants is a lengthy procedure. Today, immediate/early loading is a clinical reality and it is possible that such protocols could be used also for zygomatic implants.

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to report on the clinical outcomes of immediate/early loading of zygomatic implants for prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous and severely resorbed maxillary cases.

Materials and Methods: A total of 47 zygomatic and 129 regular implants were placed in 25 consecutive patients with total (N = 23) or partial (N = 2) edentulism in the maxilla. The patients had less than 4 mm of available bone height and width distal to the canine pillars. Straight and angulated abutments and impression copings were attached to the implants during surgery. Impressions and bite registrations were made and 19 patients received a bridge within 24 hours and six patients were rehabilitated within 5 days. Screw‐retained full arch restorations were used in 23 patients and cemented in 2 patients. The patients were instructed for a soft diet during 4 months. Follow‐up controls were performed at 1, 4, and 12 months and thereafter annually. All patients were followed for at least 2 years and up to 5 years in function.

Results: All zygomatic implants were stable during the follow‐up (cumulative survival rate 100%). One regular implant placed in the pterygoid plate failed after 52 months of loading (cumulative survival rate 99.2%). Apart from fracture of one abutment screw and of anterior teeth in five patients, no other complications were noted.

Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it is concluded that immediate/early loading is a viable treatment modality for prosthetic rehabilitation of the severely resorbed maxilla using zygomatic and conventional implants.
Immediate/Early Function of Neoss Implants Placed in Maxillas and Posterior Mandibles: An 18‐Month Prospective Case Series Study
Authors: Bogaerde Leonardo Vanden , Pedretti Giorgio , Sennerby Lars , Meredith Neil
Published: December 2008

Background: An increasing number of studies show that immediate/early function of dental implants can be as successful as two‐stage procedures. However, the results may not be universal for all implant types and it is important that new implants are tested for this treatment modality.

Purpose: The aim was to evaluate an immediate/early function protocol in the maxilla and in the posterior mandible using Neoss implants (Neoss Ltd., Harrogate, UK).

Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients were provided with 69 Neoss implants (4 mm in diameter and 9–15 mm in length) and a provisional bridge within 7 days (mean 4.6 days). Sixteen implants were placed in immediate extraction sites where seven were treated with autologous bone grafts (n = 6) or bone grafts + resorbable membrane (n = 1). A final fixed prosthesis was made 3 to 6 months later. The patients were followed‐up with clinical examinations for 18 months. In addition, the implants were monitored with resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measurements at surgery and after 1, 2, and 6 months. Intraoral radiographs were taken after surgery and after 1, 6, and 18 months.

Results: One implant in an extraction site in the maxilla failed after 1 month, giving a survival rate of 98.5% after 18 months. The mean marginal bone loss was 0.7 mm (SD 0.7) after 18 months. RFA showed a mean implant stability quotient (ISQ) value of 68.1 (SD 8.8) at surgery, which increased to 73.7 (SD 5.7) after 6 months. The primary stability for maxillary and mandibular implants was similar, although mandibular implants showed slightly higher values with time. Implants in extraction sockets showed a lower initial stability than in healed sites, ISQ 65.8 (SD 7.5), which increased to ISQ 67.5 (SD 6.9) after 6 months. The failed implant showed an ISQ of 74 at placement, which decreased to 42 1 month after surgery.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it is concluded that immediate/early function with Neoss implants is a reliable method with an implant survival rate comparable to that of the traditional two‐stage protocol.