bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE GENETIC REGULATION OF NK‐ACTIVITY: STUDIES ON CONGENIC MICE WITH B10 OR AKR BACKGROUND
Authors: Klein G. O. , Kärre K. , Klein G. , Kiessling R.
Published: April 2007

Mouse strains differ widely in their natural killer(NK)‐cell activity. In the (A X B6) X A backcross, high reactivity was linked to H‐2b, although non‐H‐2‐linked genes were also demonstrated (Petranyi et al., 1975). Harmon et al. (1977) demonstrated an H‐2Dd‐associated reactivity gene (1977). In the present study, we have tested eleven B10 congenic strains for NK activity. The H‐2Dd strains B10.A, B10.T(6R), B10.S(7R), B10.HTT and B10.D2 were more highly reactive than B10, B10.S, B10.G, B10.A(2R) and B10.BR, which do not carry the d allele at the H‐2D locus. While this confirms the H‐2Dd association of a reactivity gene, an exception was found in the B10.A(5R) strain that was low reactive in spite of the fact that it carries H‐2Dd. This suggests the possibility that the H‐2Dd‐associated gene is outside H‐2, to the right of Tla.

The AKR.H‐2b congenic line had the same low activity as the AKR.H‐2k strain; both were much lower than B6. This suggests either one of two possibilities: the H‐2b‐linked reactivity gene is relatively distant from the H‐2 complex, although localized on chromosome 17 or alternatively, if localized within or in the close neighbourhood of H‐2, it requires non‐H‐2 genes for full expression.

Previously, we have shown that the B6 X DBA/2 F1 hybrid was more highly reactive than either one of its two parental strains (Klein et al., 1978). A similar complementation effect is described in the present paper for the B10.D2 congenic strain. The high reactivity of this line can be due to the combined effect of an H‐2b‐linked gene from DBA/2 and the non‐H‐2 background of B10 or, alternatively, the former, together with an H‐2b‐linked gene from B6 that lies well outside outside the H‐2 locus itself.
HIGH FREQUENCY OF THE PROPERDIN FACTOR Bf F1 AND ITS LINKAGE TO HLA IN FRENCH BASQUES
Authors: Ohayon E. , Mouzon A. de , Hauptmann G. , Klein J. , Abbal M. , Constans J. , Mayer S. , Ducos J.
Published: April 2007

We studied 201 unrelated French Basque individuals for HLA and Bf polymorphisms. The haplotypes of eighty‐seven of them were deduced from family studies. The results show the frequency of theBf F1allele (0.1393) which is the highest one currently reported. They confirm the high frequencies of HLA‐Aw19.2 and B18 previously reported in that population and show that a whole haplotype with strong linkage disequilibria, namelyAw19.2, Cw5, B18, Bf F1, DRw3is frequent. On the other hand, the gene frequency ofBf Sis decreased (0.5497) as compared with the other European Caucasoïd populations, while a slight increase in theBf Fgene frequency (0.2960) appears. These results point out that it is of importance to consider the genetic background in choosing the population where linkage disequilibria are to be studied.
THE PUTATIVE ANTI‐THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES OF GRAVES' DISEASE:I. Gm ALLOTYPES *
Authors: Pepper Barbara , Noel Elke P. , Farid N. R.
Published: April 2007

The hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease is thought to be related to antithyrotropin receptor (TSH‐R) antibodies. In order to study the degree of immunogenetic homogeneity of these antibodies, we carried out Gm typing of ‘receptor‐purified’ IgG from patients with active Graves' disease and controls. The results were compared to those of serum, total IgG and IgG which failed to attach to TSH‐R. We found that in five out of seven Gm heterozygote patients studied the receptor‐purified antibodies were restricted to the products of one haplotype compared to three out of five similar controls. Such eluted antibodies were biologically active. Similar results in terms of immunogenetic restriction and activity were obtained when F(ab)2preparations were used. An unexpected finding was that sera and IgG from normal persons attached to thyroid membranes and that the attachment occurred via F(ab)2. Normal whole serum and ‘receptor‐purified’ IgG and F(2inhibited TSH binding in the receptor assay; however, this inhibition showed no specificity for TSH‐R.
HETEROLOGOUS TUMOUR GROWTH PATTERNS INDUCED IN RELATED MHC ‐ DEFINED CHICKEN LINES BY SEPARATE ISOLATES OF AN AVIAN SARCOMA VIRUS STRAIN
Authors: Cutting J. A. , Watanabe D. H. , Strebel F. R. , Vogt P. K. , McBride R. A.
Published: April 2007

Different patterns of tumour growth resulted from inoculation of separate isolates of the Subgroup C Bratislava 77 strain (B77) of Avian Sarcoma Virus (ASV) into three closely‐related inbred lines of chickens. The major genetic difference between these chicken lines is that each is homozygous for a different MHC haplotype. Since for one of the viral isolates, resistance to progressive tumour growth has been shown to be controlled by MHC‐linked genes, the data presented here suggest that MHC‐controlled tumour rejection operates on viral or cellular determinants different from those which define classical viral group or subgroup specificity.
ERYTHROCYTE GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS OF FOUR SIBLINGS WITH THE RARE BLOOD GROUP p PHENOTYPE AND THEIR PARENTS
Authors: Kundu S. K. , Suzuki A. , Sabo Bernice , McCreary Joan , Niver E. , Harman R. , Marcus D. M.
Published: April 2007

Erythrocytes that exhibit the rare blood group p phenotype lack the P antigen (globotetraosylceramide) and the Pk antigen (globotriaosylceramide). This phenotype is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition and the red cells of heterozygous individuals, parents and children of p persons, are serologically normal but no chemical analyses of their red cells have been reported. We have studied an unusual family in which all five children exhibit the p phenotype. In addition to the abnormalities described previously, the erythrocytes of four siblings had twice the normal concentration of lactotriaoslyceramide and lactoneotetraosylceramide. These cells also contained 3‐5 times as much sialosyllactoneotetraosylceramide and up to a two‐fold increase in GM3 ganglioside. The glycolipids of the parents' erythrocytes were normal. Electrophoretic analysis of the glycoproteins of the proposita's erythrocytes revealed no abnormalities, but her erythrocyte membranes contained approximately 35% less galactosamine than normal red cells. This abnormality resulted from a marked decrease in galactosamine that was soluble in chloroformmethanol. The lipid‐extracted residue, which contained the glycoproteins, had a normal galactosamine content.
HAPLOTYPE STUDY OF THE HLA‐A, B, C AND Bf ASSOCIATIONS BY THE FACTORIAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS: A STUDY OF 325 HAPLOTYPES
Authors: Mayer Simone , Grange* D. , Tongio M. M. , Hauptmann G. , Klein J.
Published: April 2007

The factorial correspondence analysis, which is a descriptive statistical method, was used to study the preferential associations between locus HLA‐A, B, C and Bf alleles. This method does not limit the number ofloci that can be studied and must therefore be considered as an interesting method of studying haplotypic associations within the HLA system.
A NOVEL HYBRID SIALOGLYCOPROTEIN IN Sta POSITIVE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Anstee D. J. , Mawby W. J. , Parsons S. F. , Tanner M. J. A. , Giles C. M.
Published: April 2007

Human erythrocytes expressing the rare blood group MNSs‐related antigen Sta (Stones) have an abnormal hybrid sialoglycoprotein designated (δ‐α)Sta. The abnormal (δ‐α)Sta sialoglycoprotein probably results from chromosomal misalignment with unequal crossing over between the α and δ genes in a manner analogous to that which gives rise to the anti‐Lepore‐type haemoglobins.
MONOCLONAL ANTI‐TYPE 2 H: AN ANTIBODY DETECTING A PRECURSOR OF THE A AND B BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS
Authors: Knowles R. W. , Bai Y. , Daniels G. L. , Watkins Winifred
Published: April 2007

A monoclonal antibody was produced which binds specifically to Type 2 H antigen of the ABO blood group system. The antibody, H11, is an IgM molecule which reacts by direct agglutination of red cells with the same pattern as other anti‐H reagents such as Ulex europaeus lectin. The specificity was determined by inhibition and adsorption with chemically defined oligosaccharides. H11 also reacted with poly(glycosyl)ceramide purified from group O red cells and glycoprotein H purified from human stomach mucosa and meconium. H11 differs from Ulex lectin, however, in that it was not inhibited by saliva from ABH secretor individuals or by glycoprotein H purified from human ovarian cysts or submaxillary glands.
Gm ALLOTYPES AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: Propert, D. N. , Bernad C. C. A. , Simons M. J.
Published: April 2007

Immnoglobulin allotypes (Gm) were analysed in 40 multiple sclerois (MS) patients and the distribution of phenotypes compared to that in 1220 healthy controls. The frequencies of Gm(1) and Gm(1, 2) are significantly increased in the patietns suggesting that the presence of the Gm3;5,13,14haplotype confers a resistance to the development of MS.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN PLASMA α1 → 2 FUCOSYLTRANSFERASE SPECIFIED BY BLOOD GROUP H‐GENE
Authors: Yazawa S. , Furukawa K.
Published: April 2007

A β‐galactoside α1 → 2 fucosyltransferase (H‐enzyme) from human group O plasma which provides H blood group specificity to erythrocyte membranes has been purified approximately 22,000‐fold by chromatography on DEAE‐Sepharose CL‐6B, GDP‐hexanolamine‐Sepharose 4B and SP‐Sephadex C‐50. The molecular weight of the H‐enzyme was estimated to be 150,000 by gel filtration. Human group O erythrocyte membranes which had lost their H blood group activity by the action of α1 → 2 fucosidase were fucosylated by the transferase, and restored the H activity. Radioactive L‐fucose appeared to be incorporated into glycolipid blood group substances of erythrocyte membranes. The activity of the α1 → 2 fucosyltransferase from human plasma, stomach mucosa, erythrocyte membranes and porcine stomach mucosa were specifically inhibited by the rabbit antiserum immunized with the preparation of human plasma H‐enzyme. The anti‐plasma H‐enzyme antiserum did not inhibit the activities of α1 → 3 N‐acetygalactosaminyltransferase (A‐enzyme), α1 → 3 galactosyltransferase (B‐enzyme), and β‐N‐acetylglucosaminide α1 → 3 and α1 → 4 fucosyltransferases from human plasma and stomach mucosa.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE CLASS I ANTIGENS CODED BY THE MHC OF THE RAT (RT1) AND THEIR DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION ON RED BLOOD CELLS AND LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Misra D. N. , Kunz H. W. , Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

Five monoclonal antibodies reacting with class I MHC antigens were produced by fusing lymphocytes from WF (RT1u) rats immunized against DA (RT1a) rats with P3‐X63‐Ag8‐653 myeloma cells. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies with the mAb and the WF anti‐DA alloantiserum demonstrated the presence of four different class I molecules: all four molecules were reactive with the alloantiserum; three of them contained the determinant for mAb 155; two of the latter three molecules shared the determinants for mAb 3, 56 and 60, and one of these two molecules also contained the determinant for mAb 118. The four molecules could be isolated from the antigen preparation by sequential immunodepletion first with 118, next with 3, then with 155 and finally with the alloantiserum or by sequential absorption with affinity columns of Sepharose 4B coupled to the antibodies. The three antigens which were sequentially isolated with the mAb 118, 3, and 155, respectively, were analysed by SDS‐PAGE after digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and they showed differences in peptide patterns. The relative amounts of the antigens expressed on red blood cells and on lymphocytes were different based on the results of sequential isolation and indirect cellular radioimmunoassay: the antigen which reacted with both mAb 3 (and 56 or 60) and 155 was the major class I antigen on red blood cells, and the antigen which reacted with mAb 118, 3 (and 56 or 60) and 155 was the major class I antigen on lymphocytes.
MAP OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX SUBREGIONS INFLUENCING VAGINAL SEPTA FREQUENCY
Authors: Bonner J. J. , Tyan M. L.
Published: April 2007

The frequency of dorso‐ventral vaginal septa (DVS) in mice in influenced by genes associated with the major histocompatibility complex, H‐2. Data shows that two subregions within the H‐2 complex, K‐Eβ and D, have a very strong influence on the frequency, while the Eβ‐S subregion appears to have a weak effect.
HUMAN ‘Ia’ ANTIGEN POPULATIONS DEFINED BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Authors: Sparrow Rosemary L. , McKenzie I. F. C.
Published: April 2007

The relationships between the antigens recognized by four monoclonal anti‐human ‘Ia’‐like antibodies were investigated using sequential immunoprecipitation and capping techniques. Two of the antibodies were ‘monomorphic’ and have previously been shown to recognize epitopes in which carbohydrate residues are involved, whereas the two ‘polymorphic’ antibodies recognized protein‐defined epitopes—one of these epitopes being present on MB+DR‐ molecules. In the absence of an indisputable anti‐DR monoclonal antibody, it was not possible to conclusively verify which ‘Ia’‐encoded antigens were detected by the anti‐‘Ia’‐like monoclonal antibodies. Nevertheless, several firm conclusions could be drawn: (a) so‐called ‘monomorphic’ antibodies do not necessarily react with all ‘Ia’ molecules encoded by a single locus—from the results using the two monomorphic antibodies, B5.1 and 3F1.1, described herein, two populations of antigens being B5.1+3F1.1+ and B5.1+3F1.1‐ were identified; (b) cross‐reactivity of a polymorphic determinant expressed on antigenically‐separable ‘Ia’ molecules was noted—using the two polymorphic antibodies, 26.1 and F5C9, molecules which were 26.1+F5C9+ and 26.1‐F5C9+ were identified; and (c) the data clearly point to the existence of at least two loci coding for ‘Ia’‐like antigens (one of which may or may not be the HLA‐DR locus). Given that polymorphisms can now include protein‐ and carbohydrate‐defined epitopes, that cross‐reactions occur and that the definition of DR itself by monoclonal antibodies is not clear, the complexity of the human ‘Ia’ antgens is apparent.
HLA IN FAMILIAL HODGKIN'S DISEASE
Authors: Conte R. , Lauria F. , Zucchelli P.
Published: April 2007

We report HLA genotypes in four familial cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD), Nodular Sclerosis (NS) histological subtype, where all patients showed B18 antigen. This finding, although statistically not supported, confirms the possible correlation between HD and B18 antigen which carries a high relative risk in international data.
GENETIC CONTROL OF MOUSE ANTIBODY PRODUCTION TO HUMAN THYROGLOBULIN
Authors: Aihara Y. , Sakata S. , Nakamura S. , Kamikubo K. , Tarutani O. , Yamada S. , Tadokoro I. , Okuda K.
Published: April 2007

Genetic control of immune responses in mice against human thyroglobulin was studied using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and passive haemagglutination test. Our results revealed that mice of H‐2a, H‐2d, H‐2q, H‐2k and H‐2r haplotypes were high responders for antibody production to human thyroglobulin, while mice of H‐2b and H‐2s haplotypes were low responders. High responsiveness to human thyroglobulin was transmitted to F1 mice in a dominant fashion. Study of the genetic mapping of the immune responses to human thyroglobulin using various congenic mice showed thatI‐A subregion gene(s) control the immune response to human thyroglobulin.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF A DIVERSE FAMILY OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN‐RELATED RECOGNITION MOLECULES
Authors: Warr, G. W. , Vasta, G. R. , Ledford,and B. E. , Marchalonis J. J.
Published: April 2007

All classes of molecule postulated to play a role in recognition or to have some structural homology to immunoglobulins were compared by the SΔQ index of differences in amino acid composition. The results suggest that there is a wide family of immunoglobulin‐related molecules that includes vertebrate immunoglobulins, T cell receptors, MHC products, C‐reactive proteins, and (some) invertebrate lectins.
HLA AND REPRODUCTION?
Authors: Giphart,and M. J. , D'Amaro J.
Published: April 2007

In mice it has been shown that mating preference is genetically associated with the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). In the present study, an approach is described to study homologous aspects of the MHC in man.After selection of families with one or more children, a given parental HLA antigen was selected and the frequencies of the spouse's HLA antigens were determined. Assuming a random distribution, these frequencies should not be statistically different from those of the total population.Evidence is presented that this distribution is not random for a number of maternal and paternal HLA antigens.
GENETIC CONTROL OF PQ PROLONGATION OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THE MOUSE IMMUNIZED WITH THE KILLED GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Matsunaga K. , Tani K. , Katoh K. , Ishigatsubo Y. , Iwaku T. , Tadokoro,and I. , Okuda K.
Published: April 2007

Genetic control of PQ prolongation of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in the mouse, immunized with killed group A streptococci, was studied by using various congenic mice. Mice of H‐2a, H‐2k and H‐2f haplotypes showed high frequencies of PQ prolongation, while haplotypes of H‐2b, H‐2d and H‐2s showed low frequencies of PQ prolongation. Studies using various recombinant mice revealed that at least one immune‐associated (Ir) gene mapped in the left side of the I‐B subregion. High responsiveness of F1 hybrids of H‐2b and H‐2d, as well as B1O.A(5R) and B10.A(3R), suggests the existence of a complementing gene. In addition, the differences between C3H and CKB, as well as differences between C3H.SW and CWB, indicate that another Ir gene maps in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) coding loci. Repeated injections of anti‐I‐J or anti‐I‐A antisera also modified this PQ prolongation. These results suggested that both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and immunoglobulin (Igh) loci seem to be playing important roles in the pathogenesis of PQ prolongation.
A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY RELATED TO THE HUMAN BLOOD GROUP GERBICH
Authors: Daniels,* G. L. , Banting† G. , Goodfellow† P.
Published: April 2007

The monoclonal antibody, GERO, agglutinated all samples of red cells with the exception of Gerbich‐negative cells of both Ge and Yus types. Using the antiglobulin test, Gerbich‐negative cells reacted as strongly with GERO as did Gerbich‐positive cells.
AN APPROACH TO STUDY IN VITRO THE EXPRESSION OF HLA‐ENCODED GENETIC FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO TUBERCULOID LEPROSY
Authors: Van Eden W. , Elferink D. , Vries R. R. P. De
Published: April 2007

The existence of HLA‐encoded genetic factors controlling susceptibility to tuberculoid leprosy in humans has been firmly established. Furthermore HLA‐DR2 has been recognized as a marker for tuberculoid leprosy in India. At this moment, however, the gene products involved and the mechanism by which they confer susceptibility to tuberculoid leprosy remain only speculative. In an attempt to detectin vitrothe expression of these HLA‐encoded factors, we studied 12 tuberculoid leprosy patients and 22 healthy family members in a lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). All individuals were derived from multi‐case Indian families, previously reported to show the presence of HLA‐linked susceptibility genes. Although the responder‐status of the healthy contact siblings was shown to behave independently from the fact whether they were HLA‐identical with the patient‐siblings or not, some evidence forin vitroexpression of HLA‐DR2 associated factors could be obtained. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the standard LTT seems not to be a test‐system of first choice to detect thein vitroexpression of the genes under study.
LACK OF H‐2Ld LOCUS PRODUCTS ON A BALB/c FIBROSARCOMA EXPRESSING H‐2k‐LIKE ALIEN ANTIGENS
Authors: Ballinari, D. , Pierotti, M. A. , Sensi M. Luisa , Parmiani G.
Published: April 2007

The presence of H‐2Ld antigens was evaluated in methylcholanthrene‐induced BALB/c fibrosarcomas by a varity of approaches. Transplantation experiments showed that BALB/c‐H‐2dm2 mice, a mutant strain whose cells do not express H‐2Ld antigens, after immunization with BALB/c normal tissues developed a resistance to the growth of two tumours (C‐3 and GI‐17), but not to a third neoplasm, C‐1, which is known to have H‐2d‐as well as H‐2k‐like alien antigens. In vitro experiments with cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated against Ld antigens confirmed a loss of Ld antigens on C‐1 but not on C‐3 tumour cells. Serological experiments with an anti‐Ld serum again revealed the presence of H‐2Ld determinants on C‐3 but not on C‐1 cells. Biochemical analysis in SDS‐PAGE of immunoprecipitates obtained by specific anti‐H‐2 sera with NP40 lysates of the tumours studied could detect H‐2Kd, H‐2Dd and H‐2Ld antigens in C‐3 fibrosarcoma cells whereas Kd and Dd were the only H‐2d molecules found in C‐1 lysate along with the H‐2k‐like specificities. The possible genetic mechanisms which may explain this apparent gain and loss modification of the H‐2 profile of C‐1 are discussed.
ADULT TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE INDUCED BY LENTIL LECTIN: III. INDUCTION OF TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE BY LENTIL LECTIN IN MOUSE STRAIN COMBINATIONS WITH DIFFERENT H‐2 DISPARITIES: TOLEROGENIC EFFECT OF H‐2D REGION ANTIGENS
Authors: Hilgert I. , Krištofová H. , Angelisová P. , Kinský R. , Hořejší V.
Published: April 2007

The survival time of skin allografts was investigated in 28 combinations of mouse strains differing at various loci, in adult recipients treated with lentil seed lectin (LCA). The recipients were given 1 mg of LCA daily (i.v. or i.p.) after transplantation of the skin graft. The immunosuppressive effect of LCA was generally inversely related to the conventional strength of the allotransplantation reaction, i.e. the rate of rejection of allografts on untreated recipients. In the case of H‐2D antigenic disparities, the grafts usually survived for more than 100 days. The H‐2A or H‐2K disparity appeared to be relatively resistant to induction of tolerance by LCA treatment. The relative resistance of various H‐2 antigens toward the induction of tolerance by LCA differs to some extent from that observed in experiments on the induction of neonatal tolerance by semiallogeneic lymphocytes as described in literature.
POLYMORPHISM OF THE COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C6 IN JAPANESE
Authors: Tokunaga K. , Yukiyma Y. , Omoto K.
Published: April 2007

Genetic polymorphism of human C6 was investigated in Japanese using isoelectric focusing and a specific haemolytic overlay method. Three common and six rare allotypes were identified. Five of these nine allotypes were reference‐typed by the International Reference Laboratory. Five of the six rare allotypes were considered to be new. The allele frequencies were estimated in the population study as follows: C6 A 0.427, C6 B 0.483 C6 B2 0.076, and the rere alleles (A3, A21, M1, M2, B3, and B4) 0.041.Inheritance of the three common and the two rare (A3 and M1) allotypes was demonstrated in the family study. The patterns obtained by the pretreatment with neuraminidase are presented.
CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ANTIGEN PRESENT ON TESTICULAR CELLS AND PRE‐IMPLANTATION EMBRYOS WHOSE EXPRESSION IS MODIFIED BY THE t12 HAPLOTYPE
Authors: Cheng Cecilia C. , Sege Karin , Alton Althea K. , Bennett Dorothea , Artzt Karen
Published: April 2007

In attempts to identify cell surface molecules specified by lethal genes in the T/t‐complex, we prepared a rabbit antiserum that has cytotoxic activity against testicular cells from males heterozygous for t12, but not against wild type cells. However, anti‐t12 serum immunoprecipitates the same major component, a glycoprotein of mol. wt. 87,000 daltons, from galactose‐labelled C3H.+/t12 testicular cell lysate and from congenic C3H.+/+ lysate, although the gp87 molecule precipitated from +/t12 cells appears to be more highly galactosylated than the +/+ form. The antigen is heavily glycosylated in both genotypes, since when testicular cells are treated with tunicamycin before immunoprecipitation, a protein of 40,000‐42,000 daltons is obtained.Gp87 is also present on pre‐implantation embryos, and on teratocarcinoma cells, but is barely detectable on any adult somatic cells examined. Its expression is developmentally regulated during pre‐implantation stages, but the temporal pattern of its expression appears to be different between wild type and t12 embryos. Thus, we believe we have identified a molecule that may play a role in the differentiation of testicular cells and pre‐implantation embryos, and that is either specified by genes in the t12 haplotype, or responsive in some way to the effects of t12.
FINE SPECIFICITIES OF THE MURINE T CELL RESPONSES TO (GLU LYS ALA) TERPOLYMERS
Authors: Lai Chang‐Hai , Babu Uma Mahesh , Maurer Paul H.
Published: April 2007

The T cell proliferative responses to GLA terpolymers among of H‐2 a, b, d, k, q, r, and s haplotypes are heterogeneous. Following immunization with GLA20, GlA40 and GLA60, mouse T cells reacted well with the three terpolymers. The cross‐reactions of the above T cells to GLA5 decreased as the alanine content in the terpolymers (immunogens) increased, whereas the trend of the cross‐reaction to GA40 did not change. The RIII strain showed no cross‐reaction with GLA5. Only mice of H‐2 haplotypes q and s failed to show cross‐reactions to GA40. Mice of the H‐2q haplotype are genetic non‐responders to GA40, wheras those of the H‐2s haplotype are reponders. Immunization of SJL mice with GA40 mixed with GLA40 led to reduction of the specific T cell reposne to GA40. This reduction of GA40 specific T cell responses in SJL mice by GLA40occurred during the early stage of the immune resonse. The kinetic study showed that is was necessary to inject the GLA40 intraperitoneally at least 7 days before GA40 in order for the reducion to take place. The PETLES and lymph node T cells from DBA/1 mice were found to respond to GLA40 differently, and these cells from SJL mice responded differently to GA40
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS: THE Wrb ANTIGEN IN Sta‐POSITIVE AND DANTU‐POSITIVE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Ridgwell K. , Tanner M. J. A. , Anstee D. J.
Published: April 2007

Immunoprecipitation using a monoclonal antibody showed that the Wrb antigen is present on the abnormal (δ‐α) hybrid sialoglycoprotein of Sta‐positive human erythrocytes but not on the abnormal (δ‐α) hybrid sialoglycoprotein of Dantu‐positive erythrocytes. These results provide further information regarding the nature and location of the Wrb antigen on the normal erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein α.
THE SPECIFIC IgM RESPONSE IN RATS GENETICALLY SELECTED FOR HIGH OR LOW SERUM IgM LEVEL
Authors: Hirsch François , Platteau Bernadette , Bazin Hervé
Published: April 2007

The IgM response to SRBC in a line of rats selected for high serum IgM was higher and lasted longer than that in a line of rats selected for low IgM, while the response to TNP‐LPS was similar at its peak in the two lines but persisted longer in the ‘high’ line. The difference between the lines is therefore more likely to be at the macrophage and/or the T cell level than at the B cell level.
ALIEN ANTIGENS ON TUMOUR CELLS REVISITED
Authors: Pierotti M. A. , Parmiani G.
Published: April 2007

New findings on the detection of alien histocompatibility antigens (AHA) on tumour cells are reviewed. Three points are discussed, namely: (1) isolation and molecular characterization of AHA; (2) frequency of expression of AHA by tumour cells, and (3) mechanisms of expression of AHA. Mechanisms of expressions of AHA are particularly discussed in the light of the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular genetic organization of H‐2 antigens. Gene conversion involving coding or non‐coding sequences might be responsible for the appearance of unexpected H‐2 determinants on cancer cells.
H‐2 CONTROL OF POLYADENYLATED mRNA PRODUCTION IN THE SPLEEN OF MICE INJECTED WITH BRUCELLA ANTIGENS
Authors: Pierrez J. , Guerci O. , Oth D.
Published: April 2007

RNA was extracted from the splenocytes of Brucella abortus antigen stimulated mice and of control mice. The proportion of chromatographically separated polyadenylated 11.2S mRNA, was determined. With the technique used, only stimulated mice exhibited significant amounts of this RNA species. The highest level was reached 1 day after the stimulation, and the decay from this level presented an oscillatory form during the 4 weeks following the injection.

In two different genetic backgrounds, H‐2b mice did not respond to the stimulus, in contrast to H‐2a and H‐2f mice. H‐2b/H‐2f heterozygotes behaved roughly as intermediate between H‐2b and H‐2f mice. This genetic control seems to parallel the genetic control of some Brucella‐induced, thymus‐dependent events previously described.
HLA, IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES AND CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA: A FAMILY STUDY
Authors: Galbraith G. M. P. , Pandey J. P. , Fudenberg H. H. , Ferrara G. B.
Published: April 2007

Investigation of an informative family including two probands with male multiplex retinitis pigmentosa revealed that the putative disease susceptibility loci were not linked to those of HLA. In addition, analysis of immunological data obtained yielded evidence suggestive of X‐linked inheritance of susceptibility to cell‐mediated immune aberration in this family.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LEPROSY AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES: Gm‐A2m AND Km FREQUENCIES IN VIETNAMESE
Authors: Lange Gerda de , Wright Pamela , Eede Peter van , Leeuwen Fred van , Long Hoang, Thuy , Hong Nguyen Thi Diem
Published: April 2007

The relationship between immunoglobulin allotypes and leprosy was studied in 91 unrelated patients and 100 healthy controls from Vietnam. Twenty Vietnamese patients with tuberculosis were also typed for the Gm, A2m and Km allotypes. The results were compared with those from the healthy controls. No significant association was found for the allotypes G1m(z,a,x,f) G2m(n), G3m(g,b), A2m(1,2) and Km(1,3) between the two groups of patients and the controls. Heterogeneity in the distribution of G2m(n), G3m(b), A2m(2) and Km(3) was found when 60 polar‐lepromatous (LL) patients and 27 borderlinetuberculoid (BT) patients were separated out of the 91 leprosy patients. In the LL patients there appeared to be a significantly higher frequency of G2m(n), G3m(b) and A2m(2) in coḿparison with the BT patients (P < 0.05). A significantly lower frequency of Km(3) was found in the LL patients in comparison with the healthy control group (P < 0.05). The frequencies of the Gm‐A2m haplotypes and of the occurrence of the Km(1) and Km(3) in the Vietnamese population were calculated on the basis of the results in the 100 samples of healthy controls. The main haplotype is Gmaf;n;b (frequency 0.676), occurring with A2m1 (0.200), as well as with A2m2 (0.476)
A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY RECOGNIZING HUMAN THY‐ 1: DISTRIBUTION ON HUMAN AND NON‐HUMAN PRIMATE HAEMATOPOIETIC CELLS
Authors: Foon K. A. , Neubauer R. H. , Wikstrand C. J. , Schroff R. W. , Rabin H. , Seeger R. C.
Published: April 2007

A monoclonal antibody designated ‘antibody 390’ (Ab 390) with anti‐human Thy‐1 reactivity was prepared by the hybridoma technique from the splenocytes of BALB/c mice immunized with human fetal brain. This antibody was shown to have anti‐human Thy‐1 reactivity because (1) it precipitated a molecule with a molecular weight of about 24,000 daltons, (2) it had a pattern of reactivity similar to that of previously described anti‐human Thy‐1 antibodies and (3) purified human Thy‐1 antigen specifically inhibited binding of Ab 390 to a known antigen‐positive cell line. It was the intent of this study to investigate the distribution of Thy‐1 on normal and malignant haematopoietic cells in humans and non‐human primates. We show here that Ab 390 did not react with human peripheral blood leucocytes, bone marrow cells or splenocytes by immunofluorescence but did react with subcapsular and cortical fetal thymocytes by peroxidase‐antiperoxidase immunohistology. A section of fetal spleen demonstrated staining of connective tissue and blood vessels and rare reactive lymphocytes. Adult spleen contained Thy‐1‐positive cells surrounding the white pulp and in the marginal zone, but single‐cell suspensions of splenocytes did not react with Ab 390. Ab 390 was tested against a variety of fresh human leukaemia cells and human cell lines and was shown to react with only the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia T cell line RPMI 8402 and HPB‐MLT. Non‐human primate studies revealed reactivity with a number of T cell lines from New World primates (cotton‐topped and red‐bellied marmosets) and peripheral blood granulocytes (owl monkey). Our studies support previous findings that suggest that human Thy‐1 may be a marker for early T lymphocytes in man, and its distribution on non‐human primate T cell lines suggests the same for certain species of non‐human primates. Non consistent with the distribution on human cells was the demonstration of Ab 390 reactivity with owl monkey granuylocytes.
Ir GENE CONTROL OF T AND B CELL RESPONSES TO DETERMINANTS IN (Glu Lys Ala) TERPOLYMERS
Authors: Babu Uma Mahesh , Lai Chang‐Hai , Maurer Paul H.
Published: April 2007

All mice responding to the terpolymer GLA40 make GL, GA and GLA specific antibodies irrespective of their response to GL or GA alone. The mice displayed positive T cell proliferative responses against the homologous terpolymer, but no T cell responses were obtained with GL, which is non‐immunogenic in mice. T cells from GLA immune mice, which are also responders to GA, such as mice of H‐2 haplotypes a, b, d, k and r, could be stimulated by GA. T cells from GLA immune mice of H‐2 haplotypes p and q which are non‐responders to GA could not be stimulated by GA. On the other hand, T cells from H‐2s mice immune to GLA and which are also responders to GA alone could not be stimulated by GA. Thus mice of H‐2 haplotypes p, q and s recognize the terpolymer via ‘GLA' determinants alone, whereas mice of H‐2 haplotypes a, b, d, k and r may recognize both GA and GLA determinants in GLA terpolymer.
THREE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR HUMAN CLASS II ANTIGENS DETECT RT1B‐LINKED POLYMORPHISMS IN RAT B CELLS
Authors: Ogasawara K. , Takenouchi T. , Kasahara M. , Ikeda H. , Okuyama T. , Ishikawa N. , Fujimoto Y. , Mizuno K. , Sato H. , Ishida Y. , Wakisaka A. , Natori T. , Kikuchi Y. , Aizawa M.
Published: April 2007

Three monoclonal antibodies HU‐11, HU‐32, and HU‐33, which recognize two distinct polymorphic determinants of human class II antigens, were found to cross‐react with rat B cells carrying an RT1B region‐associated specificity Ba‐2.6. This is the first report demonstrating that xenoimmune antibodies raised against polymorphic determinants of human class II antigens are able to detect polymorphic determinants of class II antigens in a third party species.
EXPRESSION OF Xg AND THE 12E7 ANTIGEN IN PRIMATES
Authors: Shaw M. A. , Tippett P. , Delhanty J. D. A. , Andrews M. , Goodfellow P.
Published: April 2007

Tests on cells from various non‐human primates showed that expression of the 12E7 antigen is the same on cultured fibroblasts, peripheral blood lymphocytes and red blood cells. No quantitative polymorphism of 12E7 expression was observed in any of the animals tested. Tests on red blood cells of these primates confirm that anti‐Xga and the monoclonal antibody 12E7 define different determinants.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES IN HUNGARIAN GYPSIES
Authors: Van Loghem Erna , Tauszik T. , Hollan Susan , Nijenhuis L. E.
Published: April 2007

The allotypic markers of immunoglobulin heavy chains (Gm, Am and Em allotypes) provide important contributions to the differentiation between populations, and they are informative for tracing racial origin, migration and admixture of isolates and stray groups. The combinedGlm; G2m; G3m; A2m; Emhaplotypes are a highly polymorphic system that is a powerful tool in population genetics because of the existence of haplotypes that are unique for a particular race. In this paper, data on Gypsies living in Hungary are compared with those obtained in other populations, in particular Hindus and non‐Hindus from India. The analysis agrees with anthropological and philological evidence for population movements from Asia to Europe.
Gm AND Km ALLOTYPES IN CHARCOT‐MARIE‐TOOTH DISEASE
Authors: Shannon Barry T. , Williams Lowell L. , Fedrick Joseph A. , Pandey Janardan P.
Published: April 2007

Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes were studied in 46 Caucasian patients with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT). No significant association of Gm and Km phenotypes with CMT was found. Family studies revealed that Gm haplotypes and CMT were not inherited together, thus arguing against the involvement of immunoglobulin allotypes in CMT.
EVIDENCE FROM CAPPING EXPERIMENTS FOR INDEPENDENCE OF THE RT7 ALLOANTIGEN AND THE LEUCOCYTE COMMON ANTIGEN IN THE RAT
Authors: Lubaroff D. M. , Hunt H. D. , Rasmussen G. T.
Published: April 2007

Experiments reported here demonstrate that the RT7 alloantigen and the L‐C antigen are separate and distinct structures on the surface of rat lymphocytes. The distribution of the antigens in different rat strains, including the mutant WF/fz, clearly establish the RT7 antigenic system as a polymorphic diallelic system, whereas the recognized L‐C antigenic determinatn is monomorphic and present on the lymphocytes of all strains tested. These data were obtained using monoclonal antibodies to the antigens in indirect immunoffluorescence experimenta. The two antigens were shown to redistribute (cap) independently of one another on the surface of rat thymocytes. Cells that had been exposed to anti‐L‐C antibody and FITC‐cojugated anti‐Ig followed by anti‐RT7.1 antibody and RITC‐conjugated anti‐Ig demonstrated FITC caps and RITC rings.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: EDWARDS J. H.
Published: April 2007

Book Review in this article

M. W. Strickberger: Genetics. Collier Macmillan, New York, London. 1985. ISBN 0‐02‐418120‐X. Price £l5.95.
ABERRANT MHC ANTIGENS IN A SARCOMA VIRUS‐INDUCED MOUSE TUMOUR
Authors: Schmidt W. , Noll G. , Bevec D. , Henseling U.
Published: April 2007

From a series of mouse sarcomata, newly induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), the DOH cell line was shown to lack expression of syngeneic H‐2Kd and Dk antigens (No11 et al., 1986). It unexpectedly displayed determinants specific for H‐2Kk molecules. Interferon treatment of DOH stimulated the expression of H‐2Kk determinants and also the display of some, but not all, determinants of the syngeneic H‐2Kd molecules. H‐2Dk expression was not stimulated. Southern blot hybridization of genomic DNA digests from DOH cells confirmed the identity of the H‐2K region with that from syngeneic C3H.OH liver cells, but also showed changes in the pattern of restriction fragments that contain class I genes from the D and Qa regions. These results suggest that aberrant MHC class I molecules that carry H‐2Kd‐ and H‐2Kk‐like determinants are expressed by DOH sarcoma cells. These molecules may act as target antigens for turnour‐specific cytotoxic T cells elicited by injection of DOH cells into syngeneic mice.
MANIPULATION OF METASTASIS AND TUMOUR GROWTH BY TRANSFECTION WITH HISTOCOMPATIBILITY CLASS I GENES
Authors: Hammerling G. J. , Klar D. , Katzav S. , Segal S. , Feldman M. , Wallich R. , Hämmerling A.
Published: April 2007

Approximately 50% of fibrosarcomas induced with methylcholanthrene A were found to be defective in H‐2 expression. In tumours which lack H‐2K antigens, H‐2 gene transfection was used to restore H‐2K expression. The de novo expression of H‐2K reduced tumorigenicity and abolished the formation of metastases in syngeneic mice. Expression of H‐2K seems to render the tumour cells immunogenic and leads to effective recognition of the tumour cells by the host immune system.
TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF MHC CLASS II ANTIGEN EXPRESSION ON MOUSE T CELL LINES
Authors: Singh S. K. , Donovan K. A. , David C. S.
Published: April 2007

We have analysed the factors which regulate MHC class II expression in mouse T cell lines. Two such lines, BW 5147 and PLT‐24.2, were used in this study. Using 5‐azacytidine (5 AzaC) we have shown that hypomethylation of DNA can induce class II antigen synthesis in BW 5147. The expression of class II in PLT‐24.2 cells seems to be under a different control mechanism. Southern blot analysis of I‐Aβ gene in PLT‐24.2 suggests that the expression of class II in this cell line is probably the outcome of a gene rearrangement. We hypothesise that insertion of viral long terminal repeats (LTR) next to the class II genes in transformed T cell lines can act as a promoter for the expression of class II antigens.
EXPRESSION OF HLA MOLECULES ON CELLS FROM FRESH EXPLANTS OF HUMAN DIGESTIVE TRACT CANCER
Authors: Garcia‐Espejo R. , Alonso M. C. , Solana R. , Pera C. , Peña J.
Published: April 2007

It has been recently established that there is a correlation between the lack of MHC class I gene expression on murine tumour cells and their ability to grow and metastasize. We have studied the expression of HLA‐ABC and HLA‐DR products on human malignant tumours from the digestive tract using monoclonal antibodies, by indirect immunofluorescence on the cell suspensions obtained from 29 freshly explanted digestive tumours. Our results show that digestive tract cancers have an heterogeneous expression of HLA class I molecules on their surface. Whereas 50% have high levels of expression of these molecules (more than 60% positive cells), 25% have a moderate level of expression (20‐60% positive cells) and 25% have weak expression (less than 20% positive cells).

It has been found that there is a correlation between the level of HLA class I molecule expression and the degree of histological differentiation of a tumour. The absence of MHC class I antigens on human tumour cells, detected in this study, may play a relevant role in oncogenesis, as has been established in experimental models.
PHENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY OF HLA PRODUCTS ON HUMAN MELANOMA CELLS
Authors: Parmiani G. , Taramelli D. , Anichini A. , Andreola S. , Cascinelli N. , Fossati G.
Published: April 2007

The expression of class I and class II HLA antigens has been studied on primary and metastatic human melanomas, and on cell clones derived from the latter. A panel of monoclonal antibodies and flow cytofluorometric analysis were used to evaluate the presence of HLA‐A, B, C and ‐DR, DQ antigens on freshly isolated tumour cells. HLA class I antigens were present on 91% and 93% of primary and metastatic tumours, respectively. Sixty per cent of primary and 50% of metastatic melanomas expressed HLA‐DR antigens, whereas 38% and 21% of cases were positive for HLA‐DQ. A marked heterogeneity was evident among primary and metastatic lesions for expression of class I and II antigens. Similiar findings were obtained by analysing the phenotype of melanoma clones which indicates that a marked antigenic heterogeneity for class I and II HLA antigens occurs even among clones isolated from short‐term cultures of metastatic melanomas.
MODULATION OF THE EXPRESSION OF HLA CLASS II ANTIGENS BY GAMMA INTERFERON AND PHORBOL ESTER TPA ON MYELOID LEUKAEMIC CELL LINES
Authors: Alonso M. C. , Navarrete C. , Solana R. , Ramirez R. , Peña J. , Festenstein H.
Published: April 2007

We investigated the effect of gamma interferon and phorbol ester (TPA), on the expression of HLA class II molecules of myeloid leukaemic cell lines K562, U937, KG‐1, HG60 and ML‐2. Gamma interferon induced the expression of HLA‐DR but not HLA‐DQ on HL‐60 and ML‐2, increased the expression of HLA‐DR and DQ on U937 and induced the expression of HLA‐DQ on KG‐1. TPA treatment did not affect the expression of HLA class II antigens on U937 and KG‐I and induced the expression of HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ on HL‐60 and ML‐2. TPA treatment did not affect the HLA phenotype of K562 but gamma interferon did induce HLA class I molecules. Thus, gamma interferon cannot only increase the expression of HLA products already expressed on the cells but can also induce the de novo synthesis of these molecules on myeloid leukaemic cell lines.
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF CLONED CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE REACTIVITY AGAINST NORMAL AND LEUKAEMIC TARGET CELLS
Authors: Lefever A. V. , Truitt R. L.
Published: April 2007

The kinetics of unrestricted killing of normal and leukaemic lymphocyte target cells by a Qa‐lb‐specific murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone were evaluated in a manner analogous to enzyme kinetic assays in which the effector and target cells corresponded to the enzyme and substrate, respectively. In order to apply the enzyme‐substrate analogy to clonal cytolytic reactions, it was first established that the lytic reactions exhibited initial steady‐state velocity of lysis at the effector and target cell concentrations used. The lytic reaction maintained linearity for velocity of lysis during the first 90 min of incubation, then plateaued. Vmax (the maximal rate of target cell lysis achieved by a given effector population) and K, (the target cell number resulting in 1/2Vmax) values were determined over a wide range of target and effector cell concentrations. Both parameters were found to be directly proportional to the number of effector cells. At a given concentration of cloned CTL, the lytic parameters of Vmax and K, were not significantly different for normal or leukaemic target cells that express Qa‐lb. Additional kinetic parameters for lysis of normal and leukaemic target cells by a cloned CTL were also compared. The lytic efficiency of the CTL clone (i.e. maximal killing rate with an infinite number of targets) and the intrinsic anity between effector and target cells were the same with either normal or leukaemic targets. However, the maximal lysis of target cells at an infinite number of effectors was significantly less for normal compared with leukaemic targets. This suggests that the normal target cells were more heterogeneous in their expression of the target (Qa‐1b, antigen. Enzyme‐like kinetic analysis of cell‐mediated lysis reactions can be useful for comparing the relative affinities of effector and target cells obtained from various sources.
ANTI‐MHC IMMUNITY DETECTED PRIOR TO INTENTIONAL ALLOIMMUNIZATION
Authors: ČErny‐Provaznik R. , Kloosterman T. , Verkerk D. , Mourik P. van , Reboul M. , Frangoulis B. , Pla M. , Ivanyi P.
Published: April 2007

Naturally occurring H‐2‐specific antibodies can be detected rather frequently in sera of non‐alloimmunized mice by sufficiently sensitive techniques (Cerny‐Provaznik et al., 1985a; Cerny‐Provaznik & Ivanyi, 1985). In this report, we summarize our experiences with the preparation of monoclonal anti‐H‐2 antibodies obtained from hybridization experiments from non‐alloimmunized mice. From a total of 30 spleen cell hybridization experiments, we could isolate only four anti‐H‐2 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Two of the m Ab are described in this report. Monoclonal antibody By‐2 is anti‐Kf and mAb By‐3 is anti‐Db, D5. We investigated which conditions favour the isolation of monoclonal H‐2‐specific antibodies from non‐alloimmunized mice. The presence of naturally occurring serum antibodies, the age of the spleen donor mouse or non‐specific B cell stimulation were not critical for the isolation of natural anti‐H‐2 mAb. We hypothesise that the ‘natural’ H‐2‐specific antibodies represent compartments of the B cell repertoire which were triggered by modified or aberrant self‐MHC expression.