bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrification potential of the car – an estimate from a mid-size Swedish town
Authors: Karlsson Sten , Jonson Emma
Published: May 2018

An electrification of vehicles can contribute to increased energy efficiency and decreased air pollution in urban environments. The high vehicle costs involved, especially for the batteries, means that careful considerations of the options are needed. We have investigated the optimal design and potential for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) under various viability conditions with the help of a data set for individual vehicle movements from a mid-size Swedish town. In the estimates each car is equipped with a battery cost-optimized in size with respect to the individual car movement pattern and charging options expressed as the minimum break time interval required for considering recharging. The resulting optimal battery sizes are relatively small for lower economic viability, but increase with raised charging options. For high economic competitiveness the optimal sizes are larger, but decrease with better recharging possibilities. The results point to a PHEV design strategy with a small battery in an introductory phase and then an increased size when the economic competitiveness is further enhanced. Still the resulting optimal battery size is highly dependent on the specific movement pattern of the individual car. It is now urgent for the continued development, planning, and estimates of proliferation and impact of electrified vehicles that further statistical data, today mostly lacking, for the movement patterns of individual vehicles in various regions are assembled and utilized.
Battery Management Systems for Improving Battery Efficiency in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Liu Yow-Chyi
Published: May 2018

Battery cost and battery capacity are key factors to determine whether or not electric vehicles would be used widely. Having a high energy density, lithium-ion battery can improve the mileage range of electric vehicles, yet the battery cost remains high. Although lead-acid battery has lower energy density than that of lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid battery cost less. Moreover, lithium-ion battery features an excellent discharge characteristic, whereas load current significantly impacts the capacity of lead-acid battery. This paper proposes a novel scheme to improve the efficiency of electric vehicle battery. In addition to connecting lead-acid battery with lithium-ion battery in parallel to the power supply, the proposed method combines their discharge characteristics to optimize the power management in order to improve the efficiency of attery and lower the cost of electric vehicle battery. The experimental result demonstrates that the available capacity can improve 30~50% of the rated capacity of the lead-acid battery.
Double Protection Charger for Li-Ion Battery
Authors: Lu Shuh-Tai , Chen Ren-Her , Sie Wun-Tong , Liu Kuen-Chi
Published: May 2018

A low cost battery charger is introduced in this paper. The charging feature meets the requirement of a Li-Ion rechargeable cell designed for electric vehicles and manufactured by E company. The charger is capable of constant current/constant voltage charging strategy, double over current/voltage protection and automatically offloaded with a sound alarm when the charging current is smaller than about 40mA. A detail circuit diagram and its operation principle are proposed and some experimental results are also given. All devices used in the charger circuit are very common and easily purchased. Because of its simple structure only a few modifications are needed to make one’s own specific charger.
Design and Simulation for Fuel Cell Cathode Air Filter
Authors: Lv Hong , Liu Pai , Cai Shujuan , Yang Daijun , Ma Jianxin
Published: May 2018

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells experience performance degradation, such as reduction in efficiency and life, as a result of poisoning of platinum catalysts by airborne contaminants. The best method for addressing fuel cell air contamination is by the inclusion of adsorptive filtration with a cathode air filter. In this paper, simulation for chemical adsorption behavior of air filter has been studied, which is based on Fluent. The adsorption of SO2 was simulated in the air filter, which structure was designed and optimized for a 5kW fuel cell stack system. Not only the distribution of SO2 capacity with time in filter could be shown, but also the durability of filter can be evaluated. Furthermore, the velocity of flow and pressure drop of filter also were simulated. The simulation study for chemical adsorption and hydrodynamics in fuel cell cathode air filter help to optimize air filter to be durable and effective.
Performance Study of Battery-Powered Electric Vehicles in Macau
Authors: Ching T.W. , Lai Ken , Iong Leo
Published: May 2018

With the growing concerns on price fluctuation, depletion of petroleum resources and global warming, environmental and health issues, there is fast growing interest in electric vehicles (EVs) in Macau. Being a city with small geographical size (29.5km2) limiting the travel range of vehicles, Macau has great potential for EV implementation. There is also a pressing need for researchers and power utilities to develop various infrastructures for EVs and strategies for adapting EVs. In November 2010, the Macau Government announced to promote “green vehicles” by offering tax incentives in acquisition of “energy efficient vehicles”. During past two years, several public test rides and demonstrations of electric bikes, scooters, mini/mid-size sedans and buses were conducted by manufacturers from Europe, Japan, Taiwan and China. Three battery-powered EVs (BEVs) were imported to Macau, one by the power company and the other by a car renting company in April 2010 and had been running in real-world for nearly two years; the third was bought by Macau Government in September 2011. A project was launched to investigate the performance of EV, specifically for sub-tropical environment of Macau. Due to the high temperature and humidity, performance of EVs operated in Macau was yet to be understood. Previous experimental studies conducted in the US, Europe or Japan might not reflect the actual local real-road driving conditions. A BEV was used for experiments and evaluation, while an internal combustion engine (ICE) powered counterpart was used as baseline. This project aimed at the road testing of EVs and evaluation of fuel costs and CO2 reductions when EVs are adopted in Macau area.
Virtual Electric Vehicle Design using Real-world Coupled Realtime Simulation
Authors: Thanheiser Andreas , Kohler Tom , Herzog Hans-Georg
Published: May 2018

Electric Vehicles gain more and more importance in public media as well as in scientific research. At the Department of Energy Conversion Technology a collegiate student project has been established to construct an electric vehicle based on a buggy chassis. Simulation models of the vehicle have been realized to study the system. A test bench for the propulsion system has been built. To use the test bench for hardware-in-the-loop tests of the communication system the ECUs are coupled with the existing test bench. The obtained results will be fed back to the upcoming new vehicle planned for the near future.
Governing and Innovation: the Transition to E-Mobility – A Dutch Perspective
Authors: Van der Steen Martijn , Van Deventer Peter , De Bruijn Hans , Van Twist Mark , Heuvelhof Ernst , Haynes Kingsley , Chen Zhenhua
Published: May 2018

This is an essay approach to develop a discussion about the role government can play in stimulating electric vehicle (EV) diffusion, adoption and deployment in support of larger societal goals such as sustainability and urban livability. This reviews governance strategy in support of electric vehicle innovation in a way that integrate many societal actors, including the market to move forward a project with many spillover benefits. It does this by reference to examples and projects in the Netherlands, the EU and the U.S. that articulate these strategies. This is a Dutch perspective because it is written in that context but it has examples and viewpoints that should have a wider appeal.
Electrification of Off-Road Vehicles: Examining the Feasibility for the Italian Market
Authors: Vellucci Francesco , Pede Giovanni , Ceraolo Massimo , Huria Tarun
Published: May 2018

The study, made by ENEA in cooperation with the University of Pisa as part of the activities supported by the Italian Ministry of Economic Development in the framework of the Program Agreement for the Research on the Electric System, is related to the situation of Italian market and demonstrates the feasibility of the electrification for off-road vehicles and the possibility to realize it by the means of standard modules. The preliminary dimensioning of the standard modules is also reported, defining the main electric characteristics (voltage and capacity) and the type of chemistry: LiFePO4 is proved to be a very effective solution for this kind of application. The activity goes on towards the final design and the realization of demonstrator units.
Development of Fuel Economy Improvement by Using Driving Condition Prediction System for Hybrid Vehicle
Authors: Kim Insup , Park Taesic , Suh Buhmjoo , Kim Seokjoon
Published: May 2018

If the future driving condition such as road information and traffic condition can be predicted, the use of electrical power source will be controlled appropriately in order to improve the fuel economy of Hybrid vehicle. In this paper the algorithm for the driving condition prediction model and the rule-based controller for HEV are developed and verified through simulation and road test. With road information and traffic from 3D navigation, the types of road (uphill, flat or downhill) and the traffic condition (congestion or free driving) can be predicted by the Driving Condition Prediction System (DCPS). The rule-based controller for HEV can determine the control strategy (discharge-oriented, charge-oriented, or normal) depending on the future driving condition. With this technology the system can secure more battery capacity for regenerating when downhill is anticipated and engine can be operated within high efficiency area by discharging battery energy when uphill is anticipated. When congestion is predicted the battery is charged in advance in order to increase electric driving (EV) range and prevent inefficient series-path driving. Compared to the previous study, the methodology to determine future road condition and control strategy of HEV suggested in this paper is simple and fast enough to apply to real-time controller.
Plug-in Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology and Value Analysis
Authors: Fox Matthew , Geller Benjamin , Bradley Thomas , Kalhammer Fritz , Kopf Bruce , Panik Ferdinand
Published: May 2018

Plug-in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PFCVs) offer reduced operating and manufacturing cost when compared to conventional hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCVs), and improved range and refueling time when compared to grid charged Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). As such, PFCVs provide opportunity to combine the advantages and mitigate the limitations of both FCVs and EVs. Although the PFCV concept has been presented conceptually in the past, no quantitative analyses of its prospective technical, environmental and economic characteristics have been performed until recently. Motivated by the basic promise of a new high-efficiency, zero-emission vehicle, the authors have conducted an initial assessment of PFCVs in comparison with FCVs, BEVs and internal combustion engine-battery hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). This study was coordinated by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and supported by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the Southern California Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). The study approach included the identification of representative PFCV, FCV, BEV and PHEV vehicle configurations, the modeling of these configurations, and the determination of their energy use, well-to-wheel carbon dioxide emissions, and cost characteristics. Results show that, with economies of scale, PFCVs can offer a competitive alternative to conventional PHEVs with the added benefits of being 100% petroleum independent and having zero tailpipe emissions. Within the context of PFCVs, a wide range of design freedom is possible; this study suggests that low power fuel cells and high energy batteries provide optimal benefits for environmental and cost metrics. The optimal vehicle can be described as a hydrogen fuel cell, hybrid electric, range-extending vehicle (FCEREV).
Integration of a Folding Electric Two-wheeler Vehicle for a Future Commuting Transportation
Authors: Gudmundsson Bjarni , Larsen Esben
Published: May 2018

The paper issues the development, building and testing of a Folding Electric Motorbike, a lightweight, low cost and all-electric two-wheeler vehicle taking full advantage on today’s city infrastructure. The technology offers drivers to combine transportation methods, lowering cost, and greenhouse gas emission. The paper documents innovative studies on how the technology can be used to explode the today’s transportation system and be used to bridge the gap of today’s challenges and future solutions. The optimum components to be used in the small, lightweight vehicles are selected based on the technology’s functional requirements. The selection of motorbike’s drivetrain components is based on the latest available technology, with respect to economic viability. The technologies first two development stages are described. In the first development stage the vehicle’s functional requirements are defined. This is followed by a feasibility study and a realization on technologies capabilities. The feasibility study is performed by developing, building and evaluating an alpha-prototype vehicle. The research indicate that the possibility of developing a powerful , light-weight, low cost and all-electric two-wheeler vehicle taking full advantage on today’s city infrastructure is very prospective. The alpha-prototype was successfully constructed and is considered to be ready for further laboratory testing and test driving before continuations on a fully designed beta-prototype.
Electric Propulsion in Short Sea Shipping
Authors: Windover Paul , Roy Bryan , Tario Joseph
Published: May 2018

Short sea shipping, the movement of freight along coasts and inland waterways, is more efficient and environmentally friendly for transporting large quantities of product. While marine transport may displace numerous diesel trucks, conventional propulsion systems still rely on petroleum fuels and the old engines found in most freight vessels produce harmful exhausts. An investigation was undertaken to determine the technical, economic, and environmental potential for an electric propulsion system in short sea shipping operations within New York State where numerous waterways provide a marine highway option that can be used for freight transport. Duty cycle information obtained from tugs during real-world operations in the New York City Harbor was used in the analysis. Three drivetrain configurations, a series hybrid-electric tug with energy storage, a series hybrid-electric tug with plug-in capability, and a series hybrid-electric tug with exchangeable energy storage capability were analyzed using the acquired load profiles. Modeling results indicate that the fuel savings is highly dependent on the application. The plug-in configuration is likely to be the most cost effective concept based on the large increase in additional fuel savings for the minimal cost to add this capability. This study shows the value of modeling with real-world duty cycles to estimate system benefits. An ongoing study evaluating the potential benefits of electric propulsion for New York State Canal Corporation maintenance vessels may identify a favorable application for this technology due to the low power requirements and regular recharging opportunities within their operations.
Ethylmethoxyethyl Sulfone Viability for Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Strand Dee , Brune Doug , Uzun Oktay , Kaye Steven , Gering Kevin
Published: May 2018

Development of a practical, low cost high voltage electrolyte to enable lithium ion battery (LIB) operation above 4.5V will enable high energy density cells for vehicle applications. Towards that end, Dow Energy Materials is investing in programs to develop safe, cost-effective, high voltage electrolyte solutions. This effort leverages core capabilities of Dow’s large R&D organization, such as fundamental modeling, low cost synthesis methods, and combinatorial formulation development. A practical solution to a high voltage electrolyte formulation requires all of these elements for success. This multi-faceted approach was utilized by Dow to determine the viability of ethylmethoxyethyl sulfone (EMES) as a high voltage electrolyte in full lithium ion cells.
Bi-level Control Scheme for Vehicle-to-Grid Regulation Services
Authors: Gao Shuang. , Chau K. , Chan C. , Liu Chunhua
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a control scheme of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation for the distribution power grid which integrates renewable generation units. An optimal control algorithm is developed to minimize the total operating cost. The potential for providing frequency regulation when the vehicles are idle is also analyzed. The power output of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is regulated to redistribute the PHEV charging energy and meanwhile provide the grid services. The regulation of PHEV charging load can consume the excessive power from wind generation units during the off-peak time. And with the frequency regulation, the power fluctuation of wind generator can be compensated and therefore stabilize the voltage and frequency. Finally, simulation results verify that the optimal control of V2G power can reduce total operating cost and enhance the voltage stability. Furthermore, the regulation capacity of V2G used for frequency regulation can improve the power quality and facilitate the integration of wind power generators.
Traction Control Method of Hybrid Electric Vehicle based on Multi-Objective Dynamic Coordination Control
Authors: Zhao Feng , Luo Yugong , Li Keqiang
Published: May 2018

The control method of the conventional traction control system on split-μsurfaces improves vehicle acceleration performance, but influences its stability performance. To solve this problem, a hierarchical traction control system for ISG hybrid electric vehicles based on multi-objective dynamic coordination control (MHEVTCS) is proposed. In the upper level controller, a target driving torque calculating strategy based on dynamical sliding mode control is developed. In the lower level controller, such strategies as multi-objective dynamic coordination control strategy, brake torque control strategy based on an inverse model, target engine torque design strategy and torque dynamic coordinate control strategy are proposed. Detailed simulation and hardware-in-loop experiment results show that slipping wheels are controlled quickly, accurately and smoothly by MEHVTCS. MHEVTCS solves the problem of merely pursuing acceleration performance and neglecting stability performance of conventional traction control system.
A High Efficient Energy Converter for a Hybrid Vehicle Concept
Authors: Rinderknecht Frank , Kock Florian
Published: May 2018

This publication deals with the concept, the explanation, the development and the actual measurement results of a free-piston linear generator (FPLG). The free-piston linear generator is able to convert chemical energy into electrical energy by using a combustion process. In this publication the function and the characteristics of the free-piston linear generator will be explained first. Then the surrounding system and its effects on the FPLG are explained. This is important to understand the effect of every subsystem to the FPLG. In the next step the development based of the three base components, the gas spring [7], the linear generator [4] and the combustion [6] will be explained. Each chapter includes actual measurement results generated on a purpose-built test bench. At the end of the publication the current situation of the FPLG development and the further steps are presented.
Multifunctional Optimal Design of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Wheel Motors for Light Electric Vehicles
Authors: Yang Yee-Pien , Lee Chung-Han
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a systematic approach of optimal design for an axial-flux permanent magnet wheel motor to have high torque density for light electric vehicles. First, the winding type and the numbers of slots and poles are determined at the stage of preliminary design. A magnetic circuit model with an effective air-gap distribution is then established for sensitivity analysis and multifunctional optimization. Finally, the finite element analysis is performed for verifying and refining the motor with the best torque density to fulfill design specifications. The theory of maximum torque per ampere is also applied to estimate the torque and power versus speed curves of the resulting wheel motor before it is fabricated.
Weight Reduction Design of In-Wheel type Motor For Power density Improvement
Authors: Chai Seung-Hee , Lee Byeong-Hwa , Hong Jung-Pyo
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with the weight reduction design of In-Wheel type motor for high power density. Accordingly, characteristic and weight of the motor caused by modifying reduction gear ratio are examined. Weight of motor is minimized by modulating the ratio of stack length and external diameter of stator. Then, In-Wheel motor geometry based on the prototype is optimized to get the determined parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) and Finite Element Method (FEM). Optimal design of core usage in rotor is conducted for minimizing weight of motor which has identical characteristic to the prototype. Characteristic analysis is conducted by using equivalent circuit analysis of PM type motor. Through the presented weight of In-Wheel type motor, total weight is reduced to 25%, and power density is improved to 57% from the prototype motor.
Survey on Fault-Tolerant Vehicle Design
Authors: Wanner Daniel , Trigell Annika , Drugge Lars , Jerrelind Jenny
Published: May 2018

Fault-tolerant vehicle design is an emerging inter-disciplinary research domain, which is of increased importance due to the electrification of automotive systems. The goal of fault-tolerant systems is to handle occuring faults under operational condition and enable the driver to get to a safe stop. This paper presents results from an extended survey on fault-tolerant vehicle design. It aims to provide a holistic view on the fault-tolerant aspects of a vehicular system. An overview of fault-tolerant systems in general and their design premises is given as well as the specific aspects related to automotive applications. The paper highlights recent and prospective development of vehicle motion control with integrated chassis control and passive and active fault-tolerant control. Also, fault detection and diagnosis methods are briefly described. The shift on control level of vehicles will be accompanied by basic structural changes within the network architecture. Control architecture as well as communication protocols and topologies are adapted to comply with the electrified automotive systems. Finally, the role of regulations and international standardization to enable fault-tolerant vehicle design is taken into consideration.
10 kW Contactless Power Transfer System for Rapid Charger of Electric Vehicle
Authors: Yamanaka Tomohiro , Kaneko Yasuyoshi , Abe Shigeru , Yasuda Tomio
Published: May 2018

A contactless power transfer system for charging electric vehicles requires a high efficiency, a large air gap, and a good tolerance to lateral misalignment and needs to be compact and lightweight. A double-sided winding 10 kW transformer based on a 1.5 kW H-shaped core transformer was developed for a rapid charger. Even though the transformer capacity was increased, the dimensions of the 10 kW transformer were almost the same as those of the 1.5 kW transformer. In this paper, the design concept for this 10 kW transformer and the results of experimental are described. The transformer was found to exhibit more than 94% efficiency with a mechanical gap of 70mm. Even for gap change and position change, an efficiency of over 92% was maintained. In a contactless power transfer system with a series resonant capacitor, the primary terminal voltage increases with increasing power. This overvoltage may lead to the problem of breakdown voltage of capacitor and the breakdown of winding insulation. To prevent such an overvoltage occurring, it is suggested that the primary winding and the series capacitor are split into two pieces or more respectively, and the split windings and capacitors are alternately connected in a series. Electric vehicles using a contactless power transformer for rapid charging would also uses normal charging. Therefore, the 10 kW transformer was designed to be compatible with the 1.5 kW transformer. Consequently, electric vehicles equipped with the 10 kW transformer can charge even using a 1.5 kW ground transformer, without decrease efficiency.
Optimal Lightweighting in Battery Electric Vehicles
Authors: Hofer Johannes , Wilhelm Erik , Schenler Warren
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an analytic solution to find the optimal amount of lightweighting in a battery electric vehicle (BEV). The additional cost of lightweighting is traded off against the cost savings due to the smaller battery and motor required at constant performance and range. Current technology cost estimates indicate that for a medium sized BEV, optimal glider mass reduction is on the order of 450 kg in 2012 leading to estimated manufacturing cost reductions of 4.9%. Declining powertrain costs are expected to reduce the importance of lightweighting in minimizing BEV cost in the future, and rising electricity costs to increase the gap between the optimal solutions based on minimizing manufacturing versus total costs. The results are strongly dependent on the future development of lightweighting, battery, and electricity costs. The sensitivity of the optimal mass reduction to these critical parameters has been evaluated, and is shown to increase over time.
Trends in Vehicle Concept and Key Technology Development for Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles
Authors: Frieske Benjamin , Kloetzke Matthias , Mauser Florian
Published: May 2018

This paper examines the state-of-the-art and trends in vehicle concept as well as key technology development in the context of electric mobility in a time frame from 2002 until 2012. Thus, an extensive vehicle concept database was designed, covering detailed technical specifications of more than 200 electrified vehicles in 3 different world regions, also considering different stages in vehicle development. By analyzing and comparing over 75 different market- and technology-oriented parameters per vehicle, sophisticated statements for the state-of-the-art and development trends of Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles are identified. Results in this paper illustrate trends for Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicle concept development with a focus on vehicle development stages, vehicle segments and powertrain architectures. On the other hand, state-of-the-art and trends for the development of two electric mobility key technologies are pointed out: Batteries and electric machines. Statements here are made for developments in terms of battery and electric machine technology, installation place, as well as technical parameters like energy capacity and power density. Key results illustrate e.g. a trend towards the use of front and rear axle motors, a more than doubled average electric machine power density with over 1,0kW/kg and an average BEV battery capacity of 19Wh per kg vehicle mass in 2012.
Evaluation of EVs energy consumption influencing factors, driving conditions, auxiliaries use, driver's aggressiveness
Authors: Badin F. , Le Berr F. , Briki H. , Dabadie J-C. , Petit M. , Magand S. , Condemine E.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a simulation study dealing with the influence of different factors on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle (EV). Due to the limited quantity of energy embedded in the battery, EVs are very sensitive to parameters which can influence their energy consumption and then can induce huge variations in their actual range. Among all these factors, driving conditions, auxiliaries' impact, driver's aggressiveness and braking energy recovery strategy are to be considered as the main factors influencing the EV energy consumption. The objective of this paper is thus to simulate and quantify the influence of each factor independently. For this, a virtual EV simulator has been created and validated through EVs experiments on a climatic 4WD chassis dyno in the frame of a project sponsored by the French ADEME and with the help of PSA, Renault and Tazzari car manufacturers. This simulator, validated thanks to a limited number of experimental results, has been then used on a very large range of operating conditions and hypotheses to extrapolate experimental results and help the analyses of influencing factors.
Model-Based Remaining Driving Range Prediction in Electric Vehicles by using Particle Filtering and Markov Chains
Authors: Oliva Javier A. , Weihrauch Christoph , Bertram Torsten
Published: May 2018

The remaining driving range (RDR) has been identified as one of the main obstacles for the success of electric vehicles. Offering the driver accurate information about the RDR reduces the range anxiety and increases the acceptance of electric vehicles. The RDR is a random variable that depends not only on deterministic factors like the vehicle’s weight or the battery’s capacity, but on stochastic factors such as the driving style or the traffic situation. A reliable RDR prediction algorithm must account the inherent uncertainty given by these factors. This paper introduces a model-based approach for predicting the RDR by combining a particle filter with Markov chains. The predicted RDR is represented as a probability distribution which is approximated by a set of weighted particles. Detailed models of the battery, the electric powertrain and the vehicle dynamics are implemented in order to test the prediction algorithm. The prediction is illustrated by means of simulation based experiments for different driving situations and an established prognostic metric is used to evaluate its accuracy. The presented approach aims to provide initial steps towards a solution for generating reliable information regarding the RDR which can be used by driving assistance systems in electric vehicles.
Analysis and Simulation of a novel HEV using a Single Electric Machine
Authors: Zhu Futang , Yin Chengliang , Chen Li , Wang Cunlei
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the design and validation of a novel multi-mode transmission (MMT) for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) using a single electric machine (EM), which implies compact and low cost. The topology of the MMT planetary gearset is the same as that of conventional four speed automatic transmissions. The MMT uses two planetary gearsets and four clutches to combine an engine and an EM with the vehicle, and the EM is operated as a motor or a generator. The MMT realizes five power flow modes, which are developed into sixteen operating modes, including one motor-only mode, four engine-only modes, four compound driving modes, six braking modes, and one charging while parking mode. The single EM HEV solution avoids losses from another EM and extra power electronics which are employed in many existing HEVs. The properly arranged clutches transmit power flow more flexibly, allow direct mechanical power transmission from the engine to the drive shaft, and avoid spin loss for the engine and energy conversion loss for the electric components. The fuel consumption of the proposed hybrid vehicle system is compared with a benchmark vehicle which uses a planetary gearset, two EMs and no clutch. Simulation results under New European Driving Cycle show that the fuel consumption of the proposed HEV is comparable to the benchmark vehicle. Reasons for comparable results are explored, which indicates the fuel economy potential of the new concept.
Development of Regenerative Braking Co-operative Control System for Automatic Transmission-based Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Electronic Wedge Brake
Authors: Ko Jiweon , Ko Sungyeon , Bak Yongsun , Jang Mijeong , Yoo Byoungsoo , Cheon Jaeseung , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: May 2018

This research proposes a regenerative braking co-operative control system for the automatic transmission (AT)-based hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The brake system of the subject HEV consists of the regenerative braking and the electronic wedge brake (EWB) friction braking for the front wheel, and the hydraulic friction braking for the rear wheel. A regenerative braking co-operative control algorithm is suggested for the regenerative braking and friction braking, which distributes the braking torque according to the driver’s demand. A vehicle test was performed to evaluate the proposed braking system and cooperative control algorithm.
Design of a Plugin Split-Parallel Chevrolet Malibu: Control Strategy Development
Authors: Herniter Marc , Chambers Zachariah , Nibert Jon
Published: May 2018

As a selected participant in the EcoCAR2: Plugging In to the Future competition, headline sponsored by General Motors and the US Department of Energy, the Rose-Hulman team has completed the second year of a three year design cycle. This paper focuses on the supervisory control system design completed during year one of the competition including plant model development, control system hardware architecture, control system software architecture, vehicle operational modes, automated testing, and fault detection and mitigation.
Experimental behaviour of Li-ion and supercapacitors cells for HEVs under standardized and tailored-life cycle testing
Authors: Conte Mario , Alessandrini Fabrizio , Pasquali Manlio , Rossi Ennio , Sglavo Vincenzo , Vellucci Francesco
Published: May 2018

A large European Project, named HCV (Hybrid Commercial Vehicles) started in January 2010 with the participation of 18 European organizations (vehicle manufacturers, components integrators and suppliers, and research organizations) and with the scope to develop and demonstrate the next generation of hybrid heavy duty (HD) commercial vehicles by using various types of storage systems. In this project, seven research (AIT, ENEA, University of Pisa) and industrial organizations (IVECO, Volvo, Magna, DimacRed) from various European countries have been working together to experimentally analyse, with electrical and safety tests, the behaviour of Li-ion and supercapacitor cells and modules to support the design and the optimization of the final storage systems to be installed on different HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicles): urban buses and commercial vans. This paper summarizes the experimental work carried out at ENEA and is focussed on electrical and safety tests, which fully characterized the selected storage samples according to conventional and testing procedures, tailored on the technical specifications of the HEV under development. Initially, basic characterization testing, together with safety tests, confirmed the technical performances of the two storage technologies, and, subsequently, project-specific testing, including cycle life and accelerating procedures, verified the behaviour in operating conditions, adapted to the selected HEV. The final results substantiated the suitability of the storage systems in powering the commercial hybrid vehicles under development in HCV project, and gave innovative inputs to the definition and validation of mathematical models and control algorithms, not analysed in this paper, to be used in the BMS (battery management systems) for both storage technologies, suitable for thermal management and overall storage control.
An Integrated Global Philosophy of EV Charging
Authors: Botsford Charles , Edwards Andrea
Published: May 2018

Electric Vehicle (EV) charging methods have evolved over the past two decades to reflect the radical evolution of EVs. In some cases these methods have been of varying usefulness to the EV driver. DC fast charging, which made a brief appearance in the late 90s, is now a valuable EV market enabler, but suffers from the political and technical disagreements of multiple protocols. Globally, EV charging will evolve further to meet the demands of the new consumer EVs and the demands of the EV driver. This paper proposes an integrated global philosophy to meet these demands.
Impact Analysis of Controllable Home Appliances and EVs on Neighbourhood Level Network with Smart Control
Authors: Wu Di , Zeng Haibo , Boulet Benoit
Published: May 2018

With the advance of manufacturing technologies and increasing attention on environment protection, electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to see a fast development. However, large adoption of EVs may impose a high power demand on the grid and may affect the network infrastructures. Controlled power consumption for EV charging and home appliances could help to reduce such pressures on power systems. This paper aims at analyzing the impacts of integration control for EV charging, controllable home appliances, vehicle-to-home (V2H) and home based batteries on neighbourhood level network. Simulation results are presented for Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model S.
The Plug-in Electric Vehicle System from Technologies to Consumers
Authors: Holmes K. John , Mantus Ellen , Kassakian John , Zeitler Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This paper discusses the recent National Academies’ study Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles. The study committee concluded that, if policy makers continue to pursue PEV deployment, continuing federal funding for battery research and purchase tax credits is important to reduce vehicle cost. The committee also considered federal investments in deploying charging infrastructure. It recommended further study to understand the relationship between infrastructure and vehicle deployment and use before additional direct federal investment in charging infrastructure installation.
Charging strategies – implications on the interaction between an electrified road infrastructure and the stationary electricity system
Authors: Taljegard M. , Göransson L. , Odenberger M. , Johnsson F.
Published: May 2018

This study uses a vehicle model together with detailed traffic data of the European route 39 in western Norway to estimate how the electricity demand for an electric road system varies with time and location. The aim is to better understand the impact of an electric road system on the stationary electricity system. The results show that the electricity demand for an E39 electric road system is comparable to a larger industry, potentially increasing the peak power demand in the regional electricity system with only a few percent. Yet, if all main Norwegian roads are electrified, or if vehicles can also charge their batteries while driving, there will be a significant (>10%) addition of electricity demand to the current load.
L’ombre des archives dans les cultures du savoir du XVIIe siècle: les papiers de Samuel Hartlib (v. 1600-1662)
Authors: Greengrass Mark , Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2018

Der Begriff des «Schattens der Archive » spielt eine wichtige Rolle, möchte man die Geschichte der europäischen Kultur verstehen ; dies gilt insbesondere für alle, die über die wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz des 17. Jahrhunderts arbeiten. Diese auf die Archive bezogene Formulierung betrifft mehrere Aspekte. Sie kann zunächst die konzeptuelle Einteilung der Philosophen jener Epoche widerspiegeln, die von der zu unterscheiden ist, nach der spätere Archivare und Bibliothekare ihre Sammlungen geordnet haben. Es gibt einen weiteren «Schatten » , oder besser «Halbschatten » , den des Einflusses, der aus zwei verschiedenen Teilen besteht : dem der Archive, die vollkommen verloren sind, und dem, der sich mittels der anderswo aufbewahrten Archive rekonstruieren lässt. Der Beitrag untersucht diese unterschiedlichen «Schatten » , indem er die Papiere von Samuel Hartlib, einem gelehrten LondonerWissenschaftsvermittler des 17. Jahrhunderts, auswertet.
Assessing network structure with practical sampling methods
Authors: Bobashev Georgiy , Morris R. Joey , Costenbader Elizabeth , Vincent Kyle
Published: May 2018

Using data from an enumerated network of worldwide flight connections between airports, we examine how sampling designs and sample size influence network metrics. Specifically, we apply three types of sampling designs: simple random sampling, nonrandom strategic sampling (i.e., selection of the largest airports), and a variation of snowball sampling. For the latter sampling method, we design what we refer to as a controlled snowball sampling design, which selects nodes in a manner analogous to a respondent-driven sampling design. For each design, we evaluate five commonly used measures of network structure and examine the percentage of total air traffic accounted for by each design. The empirical application shows that (1) the random and controlled snowball sampling designs give rise to more efficient estimates of the true underlying structure, and (2) the strategic sampling method can account for a greater proportion of the total number of passenger movements occurring in the network.
Quantitative Indicators for Country-Level Innovation Ecosystems
Authors: Hogan Michael , Gallaher Michael
Published: May 2018

Innovation has been shown to be a key factor in determining a country’s competitiveness and economic growth potential. Through investments in education and research and development, many developing countries have tried to avoid the “middle income trap” of stagnation by working to create high-value employment opportunities. To better understand country-level readiness to innovate, we have compiled a set of publicly available data indicators and created a data tool to illustrate innovation capabilities and infrastructure by country. Our approach builds on and advances existing national innovation metrics by constructing transparent, publicly sourced indicators that emphasize changes over time and interrelationships between different indicators, as opposed to creating simple indices across groups of indicators. This occasional paper is targeted to an applied audience, explaining the methods used to assemble the data, an overview of the indicators, practical applications of the data, summary statistics, and data limitations. The data are not intended to be a tool for providing answers about innovation, but rather a starting point for future work including market landscaping, country-level diagnostics, and qualitative protocols for research.
Genomic Prediction Using Prior Quantitative Trait Loci Information Reveals a Large Reservoir of Underutilised Blackleg Resistance in Diverse Canola (Brassica napus L.) Lines
Authors: Fikere Mulusew , Barbulescu Denise M. , Malmberg Michelle M. , Shi Fan , Koh Joshua C.O. , Slater Anthony T. , MacLeod Iona M. , Bowman Phillip J. , Salisbury Phillip A. , Spangenberg German C. , Cogan Noel O.I. , Daetwyler Hans D.
Published: May 2018

Genomic prediction is becoming a popular plant breeding method to predict the genetic merit of lines. While some genomic prediction results have been reported in canola, none have been evaluated for blackleg disease. Here, we report genomic prediction for seedling emergence, survival rate, and internal infection), using 532 Spring and Winter canola lines. These lines were phenotyped in two replicated blackleg disease nurseries grown at Wickliffe and Green Lake, Victoria, Australia. A transcriptome genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach revealed 98,054 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after quality control. We assessed various genomic prediction scenarios based on Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP), BayesR and BayesRC, which can make use of prior quantitative trait loci information, via cross‐validation. Clustering based on genomic relationships showed that Winter and Spring lines were genetically distinct, indicating limited gene flow between sets. Genetic correlations within traits between Spring and Winter lines ranged from 0.68 and 0.90 (mean = 0.76). Based on GBLUP in the whole population, moderate to high genomic prediction accuracies were achieved within environments (0.35–0.74) and were reduced across environments (0.28–0.58). Prediction accuracy within the Spring set ranged from 0.30–0.69, and from 0.19–0.71 within the Winter set. The BayesR model resulted in slightly lower accuracy to GBLUP. The proportion of genetic variance explained by known blackleg quantitative trait loci (QTL) was < 30%, indicating that there is a large reservoir of genetic variation in blackleg traits that remains to be discovered, but can be captured with genomic prediction. However, providing prior information of known QTL in the BayesRC method resulted in an increased prediction accuracy for survival and internal infection, particularly with Spring lines. Overall, these promising results indicate that genomic prediction will be a valuable tool to make use of all genetic variation to improve blackleg resistance in canola.
BARRIERS TO REAL ESTATE INVESTMENTS FOR RESIDENTIAL RENTAL PURPOSES: MAPPING OUT THE PROBLEM
Authors: PIRES Adriana S. C. , FERREIRA Fernando A. F. , JALALI Marjan S. , CHANG Hsiao-Chen
Published: May 2018

The recent economic crisis led to significant changes in the real estate market; one of which was a shift toward home rental (rather than buying). Real estate investors have an important role in the growth of the rental market. However, there are often hindrances to investing for residential rental purposes. In order to overcome these barriers, they first need to be identified and understood. With this in mind, the main focus of this investigation was the creation of a conceptual model, through fuzzy cognitive mapping, to identify and understand the cause-and-effect relationships between the factors that represent an obstacle to real estate investments for residential rental purposes. The results show that cognitive maps can be of great use for the structuring of complex decision problems, minimizing the number of factors left out of the decision making process. In particular, the tenant risk behavior, property location and associated costs (for the owner) were identified as the main obstacles to real estate investment rental propose. The practical implications of the model, as well as the advantages and limitations of the process followed, are also discussed.
FROM TOOL-MAKING TO TOOL-USING – AND BACK: RATIONALES FOR ADOPTION AND USE OF LCC
Authors: GLUCH Pernilla , GUSTAFSSON Mathias , BAUMANN Henrikke , LINDAHL Göran
Published: May 2018

Real estate- and property owners’ rationales behind the adoption of Life Cycle Costing (LCC) respectively how LCC is actually used in renovation projects, is investigated through empirical data from a questionnaire survey sent to managers in Swedish real estate organisations. The study shows a positive attitude towards LCC. It is perceived to as a flexible and multi-functional tool with a familiar monetary format. Nevertheless, the study also reveals simplistic and undevel-oped views of how to use LCC. While much research has focused on developing sophisticated LCC tools, the findings indicate that practitioners’ interest in these refinements seems limited. The importance of understanding that LCC is used in a context of multiple and partly competing institutional logics of renovation is emphasised. The paper contributes to a more informed research in development of LCC tools as well as better informed LCC use among real estate and property owners.