bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral Index for Quantifying Leaf Area Index of Winter Wheat by Field Hyperspectral Measurements: A Case Study in Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan
Authors: Tanaka Shinya , Kawamura Kensuke , Maki Masayasu , Muramoto Yasunori , Yoshida Kazuaki , Akiyama Tsuyoshi
Published: April 2015

Timely and nondestructive monitoring of leaf area index (LAI) using remote sensing techniques is crucial for precise and efficient management of crops. In this paper, a new spectral index (SI) for estimating LAI of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is proposed on the basis of field hyperspectral measurements. A simple index based on the empirical relationships between LAIs and SIs of all available two-waveband combinations from hyperspectral data is developed by considering the difference between reflectance values at 760 and 739 nm (DSIR760–R739 = R760 – R739). Among published and newly developed SIs, DSIR760–R739 exhibited a significant and strong linear relationship with LAI and showed outstanding performance in LAI assessments. The permissible bandwidths for broad-band DSIR760–R739 investigated using simulated reflectance were 5 nm for both 760 and 739 nm center wavelengths. The results indicate that the linear regression model based on the narrow-band and broad-band DSIR760–R739 is a simple but accurate method for timely and nondestructive monitoring of LAI.
A Non-Contact Pulse Automatic Positioning Measurement System for Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Chen Ying-Yun , Chang Rong-Seng , Jwo Ko-Wen , Hsu Chung-Chi , Tsao Chu-Pang
Published: April 2015

This study is to construct a non-contact pulse automatic positioning measurement system for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) using optical triangulation measurements. The system consists of a linear laser, a CMOS image sensor and image analysis software. The linear laser is projected on the pulse beat location on the wrists; the CMOS image sensor records the process and the software analyzes the images. The program mainly uses the optical centroid and fast Fourier transform (FFT) principles to calculate centroid changes (pulse amplitude changes) from the images taken by the CMOS image sensor. It returns the positions of cun, guan and chi pulses automatically in terms of the amplitudes and the signals are then transformed from the time domain (time-amplitude) into the frequency domain (frequency-amplitude) via FFT to obtain the waveforms and frequencies of the cun, guan and chi pulses. It successfully extracts the data from the TCM pulse reading and can be a medical aid system for TCM. Combining the advantages of optical measurement and computer automation, this system provides a non-contact, easy to operate, fast in detection and low-cost equipment design.
Development of a HIV-1 Virus Detection System Based on Nanotechnology
Authors: Lee Jin-Ho , Oh Byung-Keun , Choi Jeong-Woo
Published: April 2015

Development of a sensitive and selective detection system for pathogenic viral agents is essential for medical healthcare from diagnostics to therapeutics. However, conventional detection systems are time consuming, resource-intensive and tedious to perform. Hence, the demand for sensitive and selective detection system for virus are highly increasing. To attain this aim, different aspects and techniques have been applied to develop virus sensor with improved sensitivity and selectivity. Here, among those aspects and techniques, this article reviews HIV virus particle detection systems incorporated with nanotechnology to enhance the sensitivity. This review mainly focused on four different detection system including vertically configured electrical detection based on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), electrochemical detection based on direct electron transfer in virus, optical detection system based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using plasmonic nanoparticle.
Mobile Technologies and the Incidence of Cyberbullying in Seven European Countries: Findings from Net Children Go Mobile
Authors: O'Neill Brian , Dinh Thuy
Published: April 2015

The harmful effects of bullying and harassment on children have long been of concern to parents, educators, and policy makers. The online world presents a new environment in which vulnerable children can be victimized and a space where perpetrators find new ways to perform acts of harassment. While online bullying is often considered to be an extension of persistent offline behavior, according to EU Kids Online (2011), the most common form of bullying is in person, face-to-face. With the rise in use of mobile Internet technologies, this balance is changing. Increased levels of use and more time spent online accessed through a variety of devices has increased children’s exposure to a range of online risks, including cyberbullying. This article presents the findings of the Net Children Go Mobile project, a cross-national study of children aged 9–16 in seven European countries. The research builds on the work of EU Kids Online and supports the identification of new trends in children’s online experiences of risk and safety. The study finds that while overall levels of bullying have remained relatively static, levels of online bullying have increased, particularly among younger teens. The relationship between cyberbullying and the use of mobile Internet technologies is examined and factors contributing to increased levels of cyberbullying are highlighted.
Towards Development of a Label for Zero Emission Buildings: A Tool to Evaluate Potential Zero Emission Buildings
Authors: Bühler Devi , Schuetze Thorsten , Junge Ranka
Published: April 2015

The operation of so-called Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB) does not result in harmful emissions to water, soil and air. In contrast, ZEBs produce energy, water and resources. Therefore, the definition of ZEBs in this paper goes well beyond the definition of (Net) Zero Energy Buildings, which focuses primarily on greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. The concept of ZEB is based on the decentralization of urban infrastructure systems on the building level. The aim is to avoid environmental impacts during the building operation through sustainable production, management, consumption, and recycling of resources. In order to facilitate an easy evaluation of ZEBs a ZEB assessment tool needed to be developed. This paper discusses the development of the general framework, the assessment method, and the ZEB Assessment Tool (ZEBAT), which facilitates the evaluation of the environmental performance of potential ZEBs. The exemplary evaluation of selected case studies from Switzerland and South Korea illustrates the method and the practicability of the ZEBAT for the evaluation of potential ZEBs. The holistic integration of environmental performance factors and their specific environmental impacts facilitates the successful application of the ZEBAT independently from the specific use of a building and its geographical location.
How Sustainable is the Increase in the Water Footprint of the Spanish Agricultural Sector? A Provincial Analysis between 1955 and 2005–2010
Authors: Cazcarro Ignacio , Duarte Rosa , Martín-Retortillo Miguel , Pinilla Vicente , Serrano Ana
Published: April 2015

In the context of a relatively scarce water country, the article analyzes the changes in 50 years in the water footprint (WF) in Spain evaluating its sustainability. For that purpose, firstly we make use of the regional information of the water footprints and crop production to estimate the WF of production over the 50 provinces in Spain, looking at the variation between the years 1955 and 2005–2010. The detail in the information of crops (more than 150 of them) statistics allows us to examine the types and origin of changes (in volume produced, shifts towards more or less water intensive crops). Secondly, we estimate sustainability indicators also at the provincial level, which let us evaluate whether this change has created or incremented the risk of physical and economic water stress. Thirdly, we introduce the economic perspective, providing evidence on the infrastructures built and public sector expenditure, as an approximation to the costs of the increases in WF, particularly meaningful for those water stressed areas.
Sustainable Energy Development in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Belloumi Mounir , Alshehry Atef
Published: April 2015

The main objective of this research is to study the role of energy consumption in economic growth in Saudi Arabia over the period of 1971–2012 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration procedure, and based on neoclassical growth, endogenous growth, and ecological-economics viewpoints. Our empirical results show the existence of a cointegrating relationship between the different variables investigated. In addition, all the inputs (conventional and non-conventional) Granger cause economic growth in both the short and long runs. Our findings confirm the energy-led growth hypothesis in the case of Saudi Arabia. Hence, energy conservation policies may deteriorate economic growth in Saudi Arabia if they are not followed by measures that improve energy efficiency, energy saving technologies and encourage the investment and use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energies that can participate in the attenuation of climate changes.
Impact of Rural Domestic Wastewater Irrigation on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Pakchoi and Soil
Authors: Yang Bo , Kong Xiao , Cui Bingjian , Jin Decai , Deng Ye , Zhuang Xuliang , Zhuang Guoqiang , Bai Zhihui
Published: April 2015

Great attention has been paid to the potential of wastewater irrigation as a sustainable water source, particularly due to water scarcity and water pollution issues. However, few studies have focused on its adverse effects and on the health risks it may pose. In this study, the physicochemical properties of soils and plants irrigated with rural domestic wastewater and associated microbiological risks were investigated. The results showed that sewage irrigation could increase the production of vegetables and improve soil fertility. While the nitrate content of plants increased significantly, pathogens on plants and in soils increased after irrigation with raw wastewater. In particular, there was a wide range of pathogenic bacteria in the phyllosphere, which may indicate risks if contaminated vegetables are consumed directly. Treated wastewater irrigation was not significantly different from controls, which were irrigated by tap water; consequently, it can be used as an alternative water resource for agricultural irrigation. The presence of a wide spectrum pathogens in wastewater shows the necessity of long-term monitoring and further evaluation.
Le devenir d’une église romane au XVIIIe siècle : l’exemple de Champ-le-Duc (Vosges)
Authors: Tassin Raphaël
Published: April 2015

La majorité des églises romanes, en Lorraine comme en France, ont subi des transformations au cours de l’époque moderne, qui parfois en modifièrent grandement la physionomie et la structure. L’exemple de l’église de Champ-le-Duc (Vosges), édifiée dans le troisième quart du XIIe siècle, permet d’appréhender de manière concrète ce que sont devenus les édifices cultuels médiévaux au siècle des Lumières. L’étude et l’analyse des différents chantiers connus et documentés à Champ-le-Duc entre 1698 et 1789 montre que les préoccupations générales tournent autour de deux thématiques, pour ainsi dire contradictoires : la volonté de posséder une église paroissiale décente et adaptée aux exigences nouvelles de la liturgie émanant du concile de Trente, et le désir de préserver le témoignage historiquement signifiant d’une époque lointaine mais symboliquement très présente dans l’édifice et dans l’imaginaire collectif.
La Tenture de la Dame à la licorne : nouvelle lecture des armoiries
Authors: Decu Teodorescu Carmen
Published: April 2015

Les armes qui apparaissent sur la tenture de la Dame à la licorne, armes attribuées par les spécialistes à la branche aînée et au chef de la famille Le Viste, constituent dans la réalité une entorse patente aux règles élémentaires de l’héraldique française. Tout en soulignant la faiblesse des arguments ayant contribués à imposer le nom de Jean IV Le Viste en tant que commanditaire de la tenture, cette nouvelle interprétation envisage la probabilité de l’intervention d’un descendant de la branche cadette, Antoine II Le Viste, dans la commande de la Dame à la licorne. En effet, la superposition incorrecte de couleurs à pu être délibérément choisie pour signifier de manière explicite à l’observateur qu’il se trouvait devant un phénomène bien connu, celui de la modification du blason par la pratique des brisures. Une nouvelle lecture des sources semble devoir valider cette hypothèse jadis trop vite écartée.
Fulleropeptide esters as potential self-assembled antioxidants
Authors: Bjelaković Mira S , Kop Tatjana J , Đorđević Jelena , Milić Dragana R
Published: April 2015

The potential use of amphiphilic fullerene derivatives as a bionanomaterial was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the ferrous ion oxidation–xylenol orange (FOX) method. Despite the disrupted delocalization of the π-electronic system over the C60 sphere, its antioxidant capacity remained high for all twelve derivatives. The compounds expressed up to two-fold and 5–12-fold better peroxide quenching capacity as compared to pristine C60 and standard antioxidant vitamin C, respectively. During precipitation and slow evaporation of the solvent, all compounds underwent spontaneous self-assembly giving ordered structures. The size and morphology of the resulting particles depend primarily on the sample concentration, and somewhat on the side chain structure.
Luzonichthys seaver, a new species of Anthiinae (Perciformes, Serranidae) from Pohnpei, Micronesia
Authors: Copus Joshua , Ka'apu-Lyons Cassie , Pyle Richard
Published: April 2015

Luzonichthys seaver, n. sp., is described from two specimens, 42-46 mm standard length (SL) collected from Pohnpei, Micronesia. Collections were made by divers on mixed-gas closed-circuit rebreathers using hand nets at depths of 90-100 m. Luzonichthys seaver is distinct from all other species of the genus in the characters of lateral line scales, gill rakers, pelvic fin length, caudal concavity and coloration. Of the six species of Luzonichthys, it appears to be morphologically most similar to L. earlei and L. whitleyi.
First record of Limnatis paluda (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Praobdellidae) from Kazakhstan, with comments on genetic diversity of Limnatis leeches
Authors: Nakano Takafumi , Dujsebayeva Tatjana , Nishikawa Kanto
Published: April 2015

Sawyer (1986) included three species in the nasal leech genus Limnatis Moquin-Tandon 1827: Limnatis nilotica (Savigny 1822), Limnatis bacescui Manoleli 1972 and Limnatis paluda (Tennent 1859). The first and last species have mainly been identified in Middle Eastern countries (e.g. Kinzelbach and Rückert 1985). The second species has been identified only in Romania Dobruja (Manoleli 1972). Although Limnatis leeches are well known species of endoparasitic leeches, Limnatis nilotica was recorded only once in Kazakhstan (Lukin 1976).

Specimens of the genus Limnatis from Almaty Province, Kazakhstan are identified as Limnatis paluda. This is the first record of Limnatis paluda from Kazakhstan. Mitochondrial COI and 12S data demonstrated that the present specimens are genetically close to an Israeli specimen identified as Limnatis nilotica. In addition, molecular data suggest that some Limnatis specimens whose DNA sequences have been reported were misidentified. According to the observed phylogenetic relationships, the taxonomic status of the known Limnatis species should be revisited.
Immobilization of radioactive waste in cement: Iodine binding by cementitious materials under highly alkaline conditions
Authors: Druteikienė Rūta , Šapolaitė Justina , Ežerinskis Žilvinas , Naujalis Evaldas , Puzas Andrius
Published: April 2015

This work is directed to assess iodine interactions with hardened cement paste (HCP) under highly alkaline conditions (pH > 12) with/without a reductant. For this purpose, a series of Kd (distribution coefficient) experiments using 127I as a tracer were performed. The Kd values of iodine were in the order of 172–1095 mL g–1 in the batch experiment without a reductant, and in the order of 83–92 mL g–1 in the experiment with a reductant. The percentage of iodine leached out from HCP throughout the experiment suggested its very strong binding with cementitious materials. The obtained results allow supposing that chemical speciation of iodine has influence on the interaction of iodine with HCP under highly alkaline conditions.
Lightweight concrete masonry units based on processed granulate of corn cob as aggregate
Authors: Faustino J. , Silva E. , Pinto J. , Soares E. , Cunha V. M.C.F. , Soares S.
Published: April 2015

A research work was performed in order to assess the potential application of processed granulate of corn cob (PCC) as an alternative lightweight aggregate for the manufacturing process of lightweight concrete masonry units (CMU). Therefore, CMU-PCC were prepared in a factory using a typical lightweight concrete mixture for non-structural purposes. Additionally, lightweight concrete masonry units based on a currently applied lightweight aggregate such as expanded clay (CMU-EC) were also manufactured. An experimental work allowed achieving a set of results that suggest that the proposed building product presents interesting material properties within the masonry wall context. Therefore, this unit is promising for both interior and exterior applications. This conclusion is even more relevant considering that corn cob is an agricultural waste product.
Appropriateness criteria of FDG PET/CT in oncology
Authors: Agrawal Archi , Rangarajan Venkatesh
Published: April 2015

18Fluorine-2-fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-glucose (18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) is a well-established functional imaging method widely used in oncology. In this article, we have incorporated the various indications for18 FDG PET/CT in oncology based on available evidence and current guidelines. Growing body of evidence for use of18 FDG PET/CT in select tumors is also discussed. This article attempts to give the reader an overview of the appropriateness of using18 F-FDG PET/CT in various malignancies.
Post-treatment imaging of high-grade gliomas
Authors: Sanghvi Darshana
Published: April 2015

Current standard of care for treatment of newly diagnosed high grade gliomas is surgery followed by concomitant radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) with temozolomide (TMZ). Recently, bevacizumab, an anti - angiogenic agent has also been approved for treatment of recurrent gliomas. Baseline imaging after excision is optimally obtained in the first 24 hours. When baseline postoperative imaging is delayed beyond 24 hours, subacute hemorrhage, subacute ischemia and inflammation at the resection margins render differentiation from residual tumor challenging. Radiation necrosis is a well recognized entity and is differentiated from recurrence based on morphology on structural imaging, presence of lipid - lactate complexes with lack of choline on spectroscopy and low normalized cerebral blood volume (CBV) ratios at perfusion imaging. Novel chemotherapies have lead to the occurrence of interesting but sometimes confusing post treatment imaging appearances including the phenomena of ′pseudoprogression′ and ′pseudoresponse′. Pseudoprogression refers to transient, self resolving focal enhancement mediated by TMZ-induced increased vascular permeability and local inflammatory response. Pathologically, these lesions do not have viable tumor. The lesions stabilize or regress without further treatment and are usually clinically asymptomatic. Pseudoresponse refers to rapid regression of enhancement, perfusion, mass effect and midline shift caused by the anti - angiogenic effect of bevacizumab. It is termed pseudoresponse since biological tumor persists as non-enhancing altered signal. It is important for radiologists to be aware of these entities seen on post treatment imaging of gliomas, as misinterpretation may lead to inappropriate management decisions and prognostication.
Imaging of lung cancer: Implications on staging and management
Authors: Purandare Nilendu C , Rangarajan Venkatesh
Published: April 2015

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Accurate assessment of disease extent is important in deciding the optimal treatment approach. To play an important role in the multidisciplinary management of lung cancer patients, it is necessary that the radiologist understands the principles of staging and the implications of radiological findings on the various staging descriptors and eventual treatment decisions.
Imaging in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Faria Silvana C , Sagebiel Tara , Balachandran Aparna , Devine Catherine , Lal Chandana , Bhosale Priya R
Published: April 2015

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Prognosis depends on patient age, histological grade, depth of myometrial invasion and/or cervical invasion, and the presence of lymph node metastases. Although EC is staged surgically according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) system, preoperative imaging can assist in optimal treatment planning. Several imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used as diagnostic tools for preoperative staging of EC. Recently, positron emission tomography (PET), PET/CT, and PET/MRI have also been used in staging these patients. In this article, we review the value of imaging in diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and detection of recurrent disease in patients with EC.
Role of dynamic CT perfusion study in evaluating various intracranial space-occupying lesions
Authors: Kamble Ravindra B , Jayakumar Peruvumba N , Shivashankar Ravishankar
Published: April 2015

Aims: Differentiating intracranial mass lesions on CT scan is challenging. The purpose of our study was to determine the perfusion parameters in various intracranial space-occupying lesions (ICSOL), differentiate benign and malignant lesions, and differentiate between grades of gliomas. Materials and Methods: We performed CT perfusion (CTP) in 64 patients, with age ranging from 17 to 68 years, having space-occupying lesions in brain and calculated relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). Results: We found significantly lower perfusion in low-grade gliomas as compared to high-grade tumors, lymphoma, and metastases. Similarly in infective lesions, TWT and abscesses showed significantly lower perfusion compared to TOT. In ring enhancing lesions, capsule of TWT showed significantly lower perfusion as compared to abscesses, TOT, and metastases. Conclusion: Thus, in conclusion, infective lesions can be differentiated from tumors like lymphomas, high-grade gliomas, or metastases based on perfusion parameters. The cut off value of rCBV 1.64 can be used to differentiate between low grade and high grade gliomas. However, depending only on perfusion parameters, differentiation between the tumors like lymphomas, high-grade gliomas, and metastases may not be possible.
Morphometric analysis of diameter and relationship of vertebral artery with respect to transverse foramen in Indian population
Authors: Sureka Binit , Mittal Mahesh Kumar , Mittal Aliza , Agarwal Mukul Sinha Kanhaiya , Bhambri Narendra Kumar , Thukral Brij Bhushan
Published: April 2015

Purpose: To study the location, origin, size and relationship of the vertebral artery and the transverse foramina in the lower cervical spine by computed tomographic angiography (CTA) measurements in the Indian population. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of multi-detector CT (MDCT) cerebral angiography scans was done between June 2011 and February 2014. A total of 120 patients were evaluated. The diameter of the vertebral artery (AL) and the shortest distance between the vertebral artery and the medial (M), lateral (L), anterior (A), and posterior (P) borders of transverse foramen were studied. In addition, the shortest distance between the vertebral artery and pedicle (h) was also analyzed. Statistical Analysis: The means and their standard deviations (SD) were calculated in both the sexes. The t-tests were performed to look for significant sexual difference. Results: The largest vertebral artery diameter (AL) was at level C7 on the right side (3.5 ± 0.8) and at the level of C5 on the left side (3.7 ± 0.4). Statistically significant difference between males and females were seen at levels C4, C5, and C7. The diameter of the vertebral artery was smaller in females than males. The L value was greater than other parameters (M, A, P) at the same level in all the measurements. The h value was greatest at C6 level and shortest at C5. Conclusion: CTA is necessary before pedicle screw fixation due to variation in measurements at all levels. The highest potential risk of vertebral artery injury during cervical pedicle screw implantation may be at C5, then at C4, and the safest is at C7.
Real-time ultrasound: Key factor in identifying celiac artery compression syndrome
Authors: Tembey Raina Anil , Bajaj Aneeta S , Wagle Prasad k , Ansari Abdul Samad
Published: April 2015

The median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) or celiac artery compression syndrome (CACS) is a rare entity, presenting clinically with postprandial abdominal pain and weight loss. The diagnosis is made on computed tomography (CT) angiography, which reveals extrinsic compression of the proximal part of the celiac artery by the median arcuate ligament, producing a characteristic hooked appearance. We report a case of the celiac artery compression syndrome, diagnosed by Doppler USG evaluation.
Selecting Spatial Scale of Covariates in Regression Models of Environmental Exposures
Authors: Grant Lauren P. , Gennings Chris , Wheeler David C.
Published: April 2015

Environmental factors or socioeconomic status variables used in regression models to explain environmental chemical exposures or health outcomes are often in practice modeled at the same buffer distance or spatial scale. In this paper, we present four model selection algorithms that select the best spatial scale for each buffer-based or area-level covariate. Contamination of drinking water by nitrate is a growing problem in agricultural areas of the United States, as ingested nitrate can lead to the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds, which are potent carcinogens. We applied our methods to model nitrate levels in private wells in Iowa. We found that environmental variables were selected at different spatial scales and that a model allowing spatial scale to vary across covariates provided the best goodness of fit. Our methods can be applied to investigate the association between environmental risk factors available at multiple spatial scales or buffer distances and measures of disease, including cancers.
Involutions, odd degree extensions and generic splitting
Authors: Black Jodi , Quéguiner-Mathieu Anne
Published: April 2015

Let

q

be a quadratic form over a field

F

and let

L

be a field extension of

F

of odd degree. It is a classical result that if

q_L

is isotropic (resp. hyperbolic) then

q

is isotropic (resp. hyperbolic). In turn, given two quadratic forms

q, q^\prime

over

F

, if

q_L \cong q^\prime_L

then

q \cong q^\prime

. It is natural to ask whether similar results hold for algebras with involution. We give a general overview of recent and important progress on these three questions, with particular attention to the relevance of hyperbolicity, isotropy and isomorphism over some appropriate function field. In addition, we prove the anisotropy property in some new low degree cases.
Comprehensive laboratory and field testing of cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyzers measuring H2O, CO2, CH4 and CO
Authors: Yver Kwok C. , Laurent O. , Guemri A. , Philippon C. , Wastine B. , Rella C. W. , Vuillemin C. , Truong F. , Delmotte M. , Kazan V. , Darding M. , Lebègue B. , Kaiser C. , Ramonet M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. To develop an accurate measurement network of greenhouse gases, instruments in the field need to be stable and precise and thus require infrequent calibrations and a low consumption of consumables. For about ten years, cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) analyzers have been available that meet these stringent requirements for precision and stability. Here, we present the results of tests of CRDS instruments in the laboratory (47 instruments) and in the field (15 instruments). The precision and stability of the measurements are studied. We demonstrate that, thanks to rigorous testing, newer models generally perform better than older models, especially in terms of reproducibility between instruments. In the field, we see the importance of individual diagnostics during the installation phase, and we show the value of calibration and target gases that assess the quality of the data. Finally, we formulate recommendations for use of these analyzers in the field.
Co-variation of metabolic rates and cell-size in coccolithophores
Authors: Aloisi G.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Coccolithophores are sensitive recorders of environmental change. The size of their coccosphere varies in the ocean along gradients of environmental conditions and provides a key for understanding the fate of this important phytoplankton group in the future ocean. But interpreting field changes in coccosphere size in terms of laboratory observations is hard, mainly because the marine signal reflects the response of multiple morphotypes to changes in a combination of environmental variables. In this paper I examine the large corpus of published laboratory experiments with coccolithophores looking for relations between environmental conditions, metabolic rates and cell size (a proxy for coccosphere size). I show that growth, photosynthesis, and to a lesser extent calcification, co-vary with cell size when pCO2, irradiance, temperature, nitrate, phosphate and iron conditions change. With the exception of phosphate and temperature, a change from limiting to non-limiting conditions always results in an increase in cell size. An increase in phosphate or temperature produces the opposite effect. The magnitude of the coccosphere size changes observed in the laboratory is comparable to that observed in the ocean. If the biological reasons behind the environment-metabolism-size link are understood, it will be possible to use coccosphere size changes in the modern ocean and in marine sediments to investigate the fate of coccolithophores in the future ocean. This reasoning can be extended to the size of coccoliths if, as recent experiments are starting to show, coccolith size reacts to environmental change proportionally to coccosphere size. I introduce a simple model that simulates the growth rate and the size of cells forced by nitrate and phosphate concentrations. By considering a simple rule that allocates the energy flow from nutrient acquisition to cell structure (biomass) and cell maturity (biological complexity, eventually leading to cell division), the model is able to reproduce the co-variation of growth rate and cell size observed in the laboratory when these nutrients become limiting. These results support ongoing efforts to interpret coccosphere and coccolith size measurements in the context of climate change.
Albany/FELIX: a parallel, scalable and robust, finite element, first-order Stokes approximation ice sheet solver built for advanced analysis
Authors: Tezaur I. K. , Perego M. , Salinger A. G. , Tuminaro R. S. , Price S. F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. This paper describes a new parallel, scalable and robust finite element based solver for the first-order Stokes momentum balance equations for ice flow. The solver, known as Albany/FELIX, is constructed using the component-based approach to building application codes, in which mature, modular libraries developed as a part of the Trilinos project are combined using abstract interfaces and template-based generic programming, resulting in a final code with access to dozens of algorithmic and advanced analysis capabilities. Following an overview of the relevant partial differential equations and boundary conditions, the numerical methods chosen to discretize the ice flow equations are described, along with their implementation. The results of several verification studies of the model accuracy are presented using (1) new test cases for simplified two-dimensional (2-D) versions of the governing equations derived using the method of manufactured solutions, and (2) canonical ice sheet modeling benchmarks. Model accuracy and convergence with respect to mesh resolution are then studied on problems involving a realistic Greenland ice sheet geometry discretized using hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes. Also explored as a part of this study is the effect of vertical mesh resolution on the solution accuracy and solver performance. The robustness and scalability of our solver on these problems is demonstrated. Lastly, we show that good scalability can be achieved by preconditioning the iterative linear solver using a new algebraic multilevel preconditioner, constructed based on the idea of semi-coarsening.
Tracing glacier changes in Austria from the Little Ice Age to the present using a lidar-based high-resolution glacier inventory in Austria
Authors: Fischer A. , Seiser B. , Stocker Waldhuber M. , Mitterer C. , Abermann J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Glacier inventories provide the basis for further studies on mass balance and volume change, relevant for local hydrological issues as well as for global calculation of sea level rise. In this study, a new Austrian glacier inventory has been compiled, updating data from 1969 (GI 1) and 1998 (GI 2) based on high-resolution lidar digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthophotos dating from 2004 to 2012 (GI 3). To expand the time series of digital glacier inventories in the past, the glacier outlines of the Little Ice Age maximum state (LIA) have been digitalized based on the lidar DEM and orthophotos. The resulting glacier area for GI 3 of 415.11 ± 11.18 km2 is 44% of the LIA area. The annual relative area losses are 0.3% yr−1 for the ~119-year period GI LIA to GI 1 with one period with major glacier advances in the 1920s. From GI 1 to GI 2 (29 years, one advance period of variable length in the 1980s) glacier area decreased by 0.6% yr−1 and from GI 2 to GI 3 (10 years, no advance period) by 1.2% yr−1. Regional variability of the annual relative area loss is highest in the latest period, ranging from 0.3 to 6.19% yr−1. The mean glacier size decreased from 0.69 km2 (GI 1) to 0.46 km2 (GI 3), with 47% of the glaciers being smaller than 0.1 km2 in GI 3 (22%).
A model study of Abrahamsenbreen, a surging glacier in northern Spitsbergen
Authors: Oerlemans J. , van Pelt W. J. J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The climate sensitivity of Abrahamsenbreen, a 20 km long surge-type glacier in northern Spitsbergen, is studied with a simple glacier model. A scheme to describe the surges is included, which makes it possible to account for the effect of surges on the total mass budget of the glacier. A climate reconstruction back to AD 1300, based on ice-core data from Lomonosovfonna and climate records from Longyearbyen, is used to drive the model. The model is calibrated by requesting that it produce the correct Little Ice Age maximum glacier length and simulate the observed magnitude of the 1978 surge. Abrahamsenbreen is strongly out of balance with the current climate. If climatic conditions remain as they were for the period 1989–2010, the glacier will ultimately shrink to a length of about 4 km (but this will take hundreds of years). For a climate change scenario involving a 2 m year−1 rise of the equilibrium line from now onwards, we predict that in the year 2100 Abrahamsenbreen will be about 12 km long. The main effect of a surge is to lower the mean surface elevation and thereby to increase the ablation area, causing a negative perturbation of the mass budget. We found that the occurrence of surges leads to a faster retreat of the glacier in a warming climate. Because of the very small bed slope, Abrahamsenbreen is sensitive to small perturbations in the equilibrium-line altitude. If the equilibrium line were lowered by only 160 m, the glacier would steadily grow into Woodfjorddalen until, after 2000 years, it would reach Woodfjord and calving would slow down the advance. The bed topography of Abrahamsenbreen is not known and was therefore inferred from the slope and length of the glacier. The value of the plasticity parameter needed to do this was varied by +20 and −20%. After recalibration the same climate change experiments were performed, showing that a thinner glacier (higher bedrock in this case) in a warming climate retreats somewhat faster.
Revealing glacier flow and surge dynamics from animated satellite image sequences: examples from the Karakoram
Authors: Paul F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Although animated images are very popular on the Internet, they have so far found only limited use for glaciological applications. With long time-series of satellite images becoming increasingly available and glaciers being well recognized for their rapid changes and variable flow dynamics, animated sequences of multiple satellite images reveal glacier dynamics in a time-lapse mode, making the otherwise slow changes of glacier movement visible and understandable for a wide public. For this study animated image sequences were created from freely available image quick-looks of orthorectified Landsat scenes for four regions in the central Karakoram mountain range. The animations play automatically in a web-browser and might help to demonstrate glacier flow dynamics for educational purposes. The animations revealed highly complex patterns of glacier flow and surge dynamics over a 15-year time period (1998–2013). In contrast to other regions, surging glaciers in the Karakoram are often small (around 10 km2), steep, debris free, and advance for several years at comparably low annual rates (a few hundred m a−1). The advance periods of individual glaciers are generally out of phase, indicating a limited climatic control on their dynamics. On the other hand, nearly all other glaciers in the region are either stable or slightly advancing, indicating balanced or even positive mass budgets over the past few years to decades.
Staircases, Towers, and Castles
Authors: Kara Melike , Eames Cheryl L. , Miller Amanda L. , Chieu Annie
Published: April 2015

Geometric patterns are generalized recursively and explicitly to relate multiple representations modeled by quadratic expressions.
A Refreshingly Rational Approach to the Center of Mass
Authors: Hodgson Theodore , Schultz David
Published: April 2015

Focus on an everyday object connects rational functions with concepts from elementary physics and the world of students' experience.
Procesamiento de inferencias emocionales. Un análisis sobre el efecto de la valencia y la dirección causal mediante una tarea de decisión léxica.
Authors: León Jose A. , Dávalos María T. , Escudero Inmaculada , Olmos Ricardo , Morera Yurena , Froufe Manuel
Published: April 2015

In two experiments we investigated the role that activation of emotional inferences when readers represent fictional characters' emotional states using an affective lexical decision task. Subjects read short stories that described concrete actions. In the first experiment, we analyzed whether the valence (positive or negative) was an important factor of inference´s activation. The results showed that valence was determinant factor in the moment that emotional inference was generated, being the positive valence faster than negative. In the second experiment we studied whether the emotion inference activation was influenced by the causal direction of the story, where the causal direction of the text was manipulated in order to induce towards an emotional inference predictive (the reader looking for a consequence that promote a particular emotion) or inducing an explanatory inference (reader looking for a cause that “explain” a particular emotion). The results suggest that emotional inferences are made online, and that valence and causal directions are two decisive components of emotional trait, but only positive valence increase their processing.
Deberes escolares y rendimiento académico en Educación Primaria
Authors: Valle Antonio , Pan Irene , Núñez José C. , Rosário Pedro , Rodríguez Susana , Regueiro Bibiana
Published: April 2015

This paper analyzes the relationship between homework behavior and academic achievement using a sample of students from the last three years of primary education. The variables associated with student involvement in homework were the amount of homework completed, the time spent on homework, and homework time optimization, while academic achievement was estimated based on the grades in mathematics and foreign language (english). The possible effect of the course and gender when calculating the level of predictive variables concerning the homework on academic achievement was analyzed. The results indicated that the amount of homework done and the optimization of the time dedicated at homework significantly and positively predicted academic performance in both subjects.  However, the amount of time spent on homework was not relevant. Finally, while gender was not statistically significant in predicting academic achievement, the course itself was statistically significant: as the course advances the mathematics achievement tends to diminish.
Coping strategies as mediator variables between explanatory styles and depressive symptoms
Authors: Sanjuan Pilar , Magallares Alejandro
Published: April 2015

The main goal of this study was to analyze the relationships among explanatory styles, coping strategies and depressive symptoms. Path analyses conducted with data of 234 individuals showed that Negative Explanatory Style (tendency to explain negative outcomes through internal, stable, and global causes) had both a positive direct effect on depressive symptoms, and an indirect effect on them through the use of avoidant strategies. On the contrary, Enhancing Explanatory Style (tendency to explain positive outcomes through internal, stable, and global causes) had negative direct and indirect effects on these symptoms, but in this case, the indirect effect occurs through the use of problem solving and positive cognitive restructuring coping and the non-use of avoidant strategies. As a whole, the results suggest that to prevent the onset of depressive symptoms or to reduce them once they appear, enhancing explanatory style and problem solving and positive cognitive restructuring strategies should be promoted.
Priming atencional en patrones visuales jerárquicos: Efectos del nivel atendido, tamaño absoluto y congruencia estimular
Authors: Prieto Antonio , Montoro Pedro Raúl
Published: April 2015

Previous studies on the visual processing of hierarchical stimuli showed that responses to targets presented either in the local or in the global level were faster when the target was presented at the same hierarchical level as the previous trial (sequential priming effect). In the present work, a new attentional priming paradigm was developed in order to explore this sequential effect by means of a within-trial design. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted manipulating attention (selective vs divided), congruency and stimulus size. Results suggested that the main factor underlying the sequential priming effect was the hierarchical level attended, at least in a selective attention task (Experiment 1). In addition, the stimulus size modulated the sequential priming effect in a divided attention task (Experiment 2). Interestingly, the sequential priming effect was only reliable when incongruent stimuli were presented.

Keywords: Priming, selective attention, divided attention, hierarchical stimuli, global/local processing.
Spanish Adaptation of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI). Psychometric properties of the patient and therapist forms (WAI-P and WAI-T)
Authors: Andrade-González Nelson , Fernández-Liria Alberto
Published: April 2015

The working alliance is one of the most widely studied constructs in psychotherapy process research. The purpose of our study was to adapt the patient and therapist forms of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-P and WAI-T) into Spanish. Both measurement instruments were translated into Spanish through a systematic translation process. The psychometric properties of the instruments were evaluated in both a pilot study and a clinical study involving Spanish outpatients with depressive disorders and their therapists. In the clinical study, patients completed the Spanish-language Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) prior to initiating therapy and after the third and tenth psychotherapy sessions. High average scores were obtained with the Spanish-language WAI-P and WAI-T. A large number of individual items correlated satisfactorily with the overall score for the corresponding subscale. Both measures demonstrated excellent reliability (internal consistency) and convergent validity. There were some limitations in the discriminant validity of the measures vs. measures of empathy. Regarding predictive validity, the overall WAI-P and the Task subscale of the WAI-T separately explained a moderate percentage of the variance in patient change in the BDI after the tenth psychotherapy session. These results were satisfactory and consistent with those obtained in studies using the English-language WAI.
Early development of executive functions: A differential study
Authors: Sastre i Riba Sylvia , Fonseca-Pedrero Eduardo , Poch-Olivé María Luisa
Published: April 2015

The ontogeny of executive functions is essential to explain differential and normative developmental trends. Executive functions must be studied from early ages because of their consequences on mental flexibility, monitoring information, planning, and cognitive control. We propose a differential study in alternative developmental courses: typical babies, Down Syndrome babies, and babies with risk-factors at birth (congenital hypothyroidism and low weight). Applying Systematic Observational Methodology, spontaneous babies’ activity was registered. The results indicated that: a) Typical babies showed best shifting, action flexibility to obtain a goal, and results; b) Among risk-babies, the lower efficacy in executive functioning was observed on low birth weight babies, the hypothyroidism ones are closer to the typical babies; c) low birth weight babies showed a good level combining actions, but they obtain less results; d) Down Syndrome babies showed more executive functioning difficulty, lower flexibility, high perseveration and less error detection.
« Si les femmes avaient une voix » : la paix et les affaires internationales dans la revue féminine La Mère Éducatrice (1919-1933)
Authors: Doucet Marie-Michèle
Published: April 2015

Être femme et pacifiste après la Grande Guerre relève du risque ; risque d’être incomprise, risque d’être ignorée ou d’être vue comme cherchant à bouleverser les rôles sexués. Contrairement aux Britanniques et aux Américaines, les femmes françaises n’obtiennent pas le droit de vote après la Première Guerre mondiale et restent exclues des affaires politiques et internationales en raison de leur sexe. Cela n’empêche pas la création d’un mouvement de femmes pour la paix qui cherche à se faire entendre sur les questions internationales. Les journaux et les revues féminines deviennent des domaines d’action à l’intérieur desquels les femmes peuvent échanger et dialoguer entre elles. À partir d’une analyse de la revue féminine et pacifiste « La Mère Éducatrice », nous nous intéresserons à la façon dont ces femmes perçoivent et participent aux affaires mondiales de l’immédiat de l’après-guerre jusqu’à l’échec de la Conférence du Désarmement de 1932.