bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to requirement engineering and system design
Authors: Schmiegel Armin U.
Published: June 2023

For the design of energy storage systems, it is important to know the requirements of different stakeholders and to consider them in the system design. Requirements management and systems engineering are important tools. Both methods are described in this chapter. Using the example of an electric screwdriver, the usage of the methods is shown. This is followed by an introduction to the general requirements and system components of storage systems. These apply to all storage systems and can therefore always be used and taken into account in the design.
Twenty Years of IPKat
Authors: Jacob Robin
Published: June 2023

This chapter reflects on the IP world in the pre-IPKat age and the time of The IPKat’s birth in 2003. It looks first at the sparsity of case law sources available to IP lawyers between the 1960s (when the author commenced life as an IP barrister) through to the first years of the new millennium, when The IPKat came on stream, offering a welcome and much-needed resource. The chapter then turns to consider some of the IP cases decided by the author in 2003 (the year he transitioned from the High Court of England and Wales to the Court of Appeal), and picks out some notable IPKat posts of the same year.
IP in the English Court System
Authors: Arnold Richard
Published: June 2023

This chapter surveys the changes which have occurred over the last twenty years in the way IP cases are handled by the English court system. There have been changes in the court system itself; in the judiciary, both full-time and part-time; in procedure and practice; in alternative dispute resolution; in court technology; and in IP litigation itself. Nevertheless, there has been considerable continuity in the way IP cases are handled by the English courts. The story has been one of steady evolution, not revolution. Despite the efforts made to improve the court system, procedure and practice, and court technology, the direction of travel has been towards increasing complexity of IP litigation.
New York Right of Publicity Protects Starlets and Now Ghouls
Authors: Weiss Marie-Andrée
Published: June 2023

Lindsay Lohan was famous in the noughties as an actress and a celebrity with a somewhat turbulent life. This made Lohan part of the zeitgeist and she filed several lawsuits, claiming, unsuccessfully, that a particular advertisement was an infringement of her right to publicity, as protected by New York’s right of publicity statute. This chapter reviews the failed attempt of Lindsay Lohan to extend New York’s right of publicity statute to ‘persona’, a somewhat nebulous concept and thus difficult to protect, even though it may represent, for a plaintiff, the very essence of one’s being. This chapter also reviews recent changes to the New York statute, which now provides post-mortem, descendible, and transferable rights to performers and personalities domiciled in New York State at the time of death and protects the ‘digital replicas’ of such performers and personalities. The New York statute was first signed into law in 1903, at a time when cameras where likely to be used to intrude on someone’s privacy. New technologies create new threats now, and the new law now provides a private right of action to individuals whose likeness has been used to create sexually explicit ‘deepfakes’.
3D Trade Marks: Distinctiveness and Scope of Protection
Authors: Torelli Valentina
Published: June 2023

Three-dimensional trade marks are a category of non-traditional marks. They count for some of the most applied-for marks before the EUIPO. Unfortunately, when the shape of goods or packaging fails to feature additional verbal or figurative elements, three-dimensional trade marks face enormous difficulty in being granted registration and maintaining that registration afterwards. Their distinctiveness is generally challenged on the basis that they are a mere variant of the goods they represent, as their shape does not depart significantly from the norm or customs of the sector. These conditions also affect the scope of protection of three-dimensional trade marks. Accordingly, a stakeholder policy approach to set out a framework for the assessment of distinctiveness of three-dimensional trade marks is certainly desirable.
Context of Use in Colour Marks
Authors: Jacobi Jan
Published: June 2023

In Directive (EU) 2015/2436 colours are specifically mentioned as signs of which a trade mark may consist. Yet, an analysis of several landmark decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as an exploration on the nature of colours and signs, reveals that colours are not evidentially signs. Only in a certain context of use may a colour become a sign. This chapter examines how the context of use should be understood and discusses its consequences for colour marks. The chapter also reflects on decisions by national courts which reveal a different approach with respect to imposing a context of use as a requirement for a colour to be a sign.
Trolls, Sharks, and Privateers: Twenty Years of Patent Assertion Entities
Authors: Sautier Bertrand
Published: June 2023

Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs) have been discussed for more than twenty years and have greatly influenced patent licensing as a whole. The PAEs’ operating model has evolved tremendously and is no longer exclusive to the US. As technology convergence has progressed, a diversification of industries in which PAEs operate has also occurred. The analytical framework proposed in this chapter is based on the functions of patent law, used as a compass to evaluate the patent system through the lens of patent market events. Whilst certain abuses by PAEs are problematic, because they lead to extracting income from acquired patents in disproportionate levels to the value of the patents used, high-quality patents used by PAEs can provide a better incentive for innovation, including by facilitating trade on the secondary patent market.
Cybersecurity Standards and Trade Secrecy in the United States
Authors: Mireles Michael S
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between cybersecurity standards and trade secrecy law in the US. This relationship is critically important because of the proliferation of data breach incidents, including ransomware attacks, and the value of secret information across many industries in the information age . The US has taken a sectoral approach to cybersecurity and over time has required more stringent cybersecurity standards for businesses. Importantly, the heightened cybersecurity standards should result in better trade secret protection; however, some ill-prepared businesses may discover that their purported trade secrets may not be actually or legally protected because of a lapse in compliance with cybersecurity standards.
Punitive Damages for Intellectual Property Rights Infringement in China
Authors: Lu Tian
Published: June 2023

Promoting punitive damages in China for intellectual property rights infringements mainly lies in the expectation of raising infringement costs as a deterrence measure and making up the weak points of the current modalities of remedies. After years of developments, China’s laws have established a preliminarily four-pillar system for punitive damages in intellectual property (IP) disputes, supported by the Civil Code of China, IP laws, the Supreme People’s Court of China’s judicial interpretation, and specific cases. The four-pillar system is still in its initial stage, showing notable contradictions, harsh legislation, and uncertainty in operation. This article provides an overview and critical assessment of China’s IP punitive damages framework and characteristics, which reveals several concerns, including its obstacles in implementation and a lack of attention to the legitimate interests of other parties. This chapter thus proposes that punitive damages, as a quasi-criminal sanction, as well as its scope of application must be much further narrowed and clarified by establishing adequately clear definitions and restraints concerning every aspect. The subsequent institutional designs should better fulfil the social benefits of IP punitive damages as a tool to prevent infringement, rather than being a mere punishment per se.
Unjustified Threats in the Online Space
Authors: Wilson Eleanor
Published: June 2023

Unjustified threats to bring proceedings for intellectual property infringement are restrained by the Intellectual Property (Unjustified Threats) Act 2017 (‘the 2017 Act’). This chapter considers the interplay between that legislation and the reporting and takedown regimes of online selling platforms. Prior to the 2017 Act, the question of that interplay had been considered by the UK courts in a number of interim decisions, but the question was not explored subsequently until a patent decision in 2022. This chapter considers the nature of the various threats to sue in respect of intellectual property infringement made in the online space and argues that takedown notices on online sales platforms constitute threats pursuant to the 2017 Act, and tentatively suggests how takedown regimes could be modified to make it clear whether a threat of litigation is intended.
The Meanings of AI
Authors: Cave Stephen , Dihal Kanta , Hollanek Tomasz , Katsuno Hirofumi , Liu Yang , Taillandier Apolline , White Daniel
Published: June 2023

This chapter investigates and compares the different meanings and connotations of the term ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) across a range of languages. It starts with a brief account of the coining of the term by John McCarthy in 1956 and examines the connotations and cultural histories of ‘intelligence’ and ‘artificial’ in English. It then investigates what happens to those connotations when the term is translated and popularized in non-Anglophone and non-Western cultures. It examines how in some cases, such as many European languages, other cultural-linguistic groups have reproduced these associations; while in others, the English term is widely used, but with wholly different connotations, as in Japan. This chapter investigates the terms used to denote intelligent machines in five language groups—Germanic, Slavonic, Romance, Chinese, Japanese—to elucidate the value-laden character of the terminology and explore its influence on the perceptions of contemporary AI technologies around the globe.
The Android as a New Political Subject
Authors: Lima Eleonora
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores how the new political sensitivity of 1980s Italy found expression through images of androids and cyborgs, embodying a new rebellious subject: fluid, highly technological, urban, and more at ease with pop culture references than with Marxist ones. The most prominent example is the comic strip Ranxerox (1978–1986), whose protagonist is a violent, uninhibited, and amoral android, created by a group of dissident college students as a weapon against the police. Born as an expression of Italian youth counterculture, Ranxerox soon became an internationally acclaimed phenomenon, making it a privileged text to explore the peculiarity of artificial intelligence (AI) narratives in Italy at the dawn of postmodernism and the information society. The chapter first analyses the cultural and political environment that produced the comic and its transnational reception, and then demonstrates how Italian cyberpunk and its peculiar reading of AI and cyborgs stemmed directly from the political experiences of the 1970s.
German Science Fiction Literature Exploring AI
Authors: Esselborn Hans
Published: June 2023

This chapter first outlines relevant German cultural characteristics: enormous interest in science and technology, but also fundamental scepticism about machines. It then distinguishes two phases in the portrayal of artificial intelligence (AI) in German science fiction. From the 1960s, cybernetics and the increasing use of computers inspired Herbert W. Franke to write several innovative texts on supercomputers controlling societies and developing from tool to ally or technocratic ruler. In the twenty-first century, the novels of Dietmar Dath, Andreas Brandhorst, Frank Schätzing, and Thore D. Hansen portray the dangers of self-learning programs, and their awakening to a singularity that can achieve supremacy, but also save the world. All authors describe AI in an ambivalent way, as a slave, tyrant, saviour, or corrupter.
Imaginaries of Technology and Subjectivity
Authors: Areco Macarena
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) is imagined in the science fiction (SF) of contemporary Chilean author Jorge Baradit. Its case studies are three works—Ygdrasil (2005/2019), Trinidad (2007), and Synco (2008/2018)—all set in dystopian contexts where technology is harnessed in the service of a diabolical enterprise designed to enslave human beings. Analysing these works serves to develop a better sense of the nature of Latin American approaches to conceptualizing the current post-Fordist era, in which neoliberalism has come to reign so supreme as to be mistaken for reality itself. Baradit represents technology and AI solely as instruments of alienation and domination. Human beings do not control these technologies, nor do they serve human ends; rather, they are deployed in the service of economic systems pursuing projects whose true masterminds are unknown agents motivated by inscrutable objectives, leading to nothing but slavery and suffering.
AI Oasis?
Authors: Dihal Kanta , Hollanek Tomasz , Rizk Nagla , Weheba Nadine , Cave Stephen
Published: June 2023

While people in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been imagining intelligent machines since the Islamic Golden Age (ninth to fourteenth centuries), Western perceptions of progress influence their hopes and dreams for the future of technology. This chapter maps local visions of technological progress onto the region’s complicated past and contemporary economic and political struggles. We identify several narrative threads as pivotal to the understanding of MENA conceptions of futures with intelligent machines: colonialism, visions of the utopian past (rather than future), national and regional politics, and gender relations. Uncovering these narratives requires a nuanced approach, taking into consideration not only directly expressed stories, but also more elusive imaginaries—embodied by the local start-up ecosystem or online communities, for example. This chapter argues that understanding the soft power of technology as a means of expression, especially as it intersects with voices of resistance, is critical to appreciating AI imaginaries in MENA.
Development and Developmentalism of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Kim So Young
Published: June 2023

The AlphaGo match of March 2016 in South Korea rendered the esoteric technology of artificial intelligence (AI) a household name, with the following four years witnessing a huge outpouring of related policies. This chapter explores the central features of South Korean policy discourse on AI, revealing the imprints of developmental state legacies. Most notably, an instrumentalist understanding of AI has been prevalent in government and business sectors, with AI promoted primarily as a new ‘engine of growth’. Another feature is the re-emergence of the ‘catching-up’ mantra that dominated the nation’s earlier developmental decades. Government policies to build up AI capacities rely heavily on the need to catch up with advanced countries, citing a risk of lagging behind in the global technology wars. The chapter concludes with a brief cross-national analysis of public perceptions of AI, which again shows the strong influence of developmentalism on the public discourse on AI in South Korea.
Sovereignty, International Law, and the Princely States of Colonial South Asia
Authors: Saksena Priyasha
Published: June 2023

This book examines the relationship between colonialism and international law by focusing on debates surrounding the legal status of the ‘princely states’ of colonial South Asia. The princely states were ruled by indigenous rulers and were not considered to be British territory. Instead, they remained subject to British influence exercised through political officers, resulting in enduring controversies over whether they were ‘sovereign states’. This book traces how the language of sovereignty became the discourse for debating the legal status of the princely states and, in this way, mediated the exercise of political power in colonial South Asia. Focusing on the period between the mid-eighteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, it examines how international lawyers, British politicians, colonial officials, rulers and bureaucrats of princely states, and anticolonial nationalists continually redefined the concept of sovereignty. Assertions of sovereignty enabled these players to rely on the vocabulary of international law to resolve questions of legal status, the extent of rights, and the proper exercise of powers, and to construct a political order that was in line with their interests and aspirations. By invoking the vernacular of sovereignty in contrasting ways to support their differing visions of world order, these actors also attempted to reconfigure the boundaries among the spheres of the national, the imperial, and the international. Exploring the disputes and debates over the princely states is, therefore, key to understanding the history of sovereignty, the construction of the modern Indian nation-state, and the scope and stakes of international law itself.
Building the Nation
Authors: Saksena Priyasha
Published: June 2023

This chapter excavates the role that ideas of sovereignty played in the decolonization of South Asia. Many plans for the devolution of power were predicated on divisible sovereignty and advanced frameworks with multiple layers of authority; these included proposals for a loose confederation of the British Indian provinces and the princely states. Even after the partition of British India into the dominions of India and Pakistan, the princely states continued to seek independence or loose association agreements with the new political entities. This chapter traces the manner in which a particular conception of sovereignty—that of exclusive, absolute territoriality, focused on the creation of centralized economic units—became dominant in the years of decolonization, while drowning out visions of these alternative political orders. Instead, a majority of the states were integrated into the dominion of India on account of the demands imposed by developmentalism on the new postcolonial political order resulting in the centralization of sovereign authority. To illustrate this process, this chapter relies on the arguments made by Indian and Hyderabad state officials before the United Nations in relation to a dispute over the state’s legal status and its invasion by the Indian army in 1948. After the withdrawal of Hyderabad’s petition, the princely states disappeared as separate political entities from the South Asian landscape, with the articulation of territorial sovereignty playing a key role in the construction of a unified Indian state space.
Taming Polycentric Governing
Authors: Galán Alexis
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines Global Administrative Law (GAL). GAL’s key contribution to the study of polycentric governing is the claim that many of the processes that are taken place transnationally can be understood as a species of administrative law. Transnational institutions and actors work in similar ways to how domestic administrative agencies operate, even if the exercise of power of these transnational institution and actors differs from how administrative agencies operate within states. The chapter discusses how the reliance on administrative law has a dual purpose. On the one hand, administrative law allows to capture processes that otherwise would be missing from conventional accounts of international law. At the same time, administrative law provides a set of normative tools allowing the evaluation and reform of transnational institution in order to make them more accountable in light of the power that they have accumulated in the last decades. Lastly, the chapter considers some potentially problematic features of GAL such as its Western-centric bias, the possibility of GAL being used as cover for hegemonic projects, and its technocratic liberalism.
Lyric Poetry and Space Exploration from Einstein to the Present
Authors: Greaves Margaret
Published: June 2023

Lyric Poetry and Space Exploration from Einstein to the Present uncovers a surprising relationship between poetry and space science during and after the Cold War. While literature and science seem to occupy different—even opposing—cultural spheres, lyric poetry has been central to the aims of space exploration. NASA, the mainstream media, and pop culture have all called on poetry to exalt and pacify the often militant aims of space exploration. Poets from around the world, meanwhile, have used astronomical figures and discoveries to redress the national and imperial legacies that drove the U.S. and the USSR to the stars. Poets such as Agha Shahid Ali, Elizabeth Bishop, Seamus Heaney, Czesław Miłosz, Adrienne Rich, and Tracy K. Smith use space science to explore the politics of race, sexuality, gender, and national belonging. In the process, they confront the politics of lyric poetry itself, reworking its forms to create cosmopolitan communities that still honor individual identities.
Introduction
Authors: Greaves Margaret
Published: June 2023

The Introduction establishes the historical and theoretical relationship between lyric poetry and extraterrestrial space. The ancient Greek concept of cosmos (meaning both “order” and “universe”) has linked poetic and cosmic design from Western antiquity through the present. In fact, prominent theories of the lyric developed by Mikhail Bakhtin, the New Critics, theorists of the sublime, and poets themselves draw on cosmic metaphors and systems. Cosmos pertains not just to science and aesthetics but also to politics. Tracking cosmic metaphors from the origins of the British Empire through Cold War poetics, the Introduction demonstrates how cosmic metaphors have served to universalize Anglo-American culture. Poems by Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Sumita Chakraborty, and Fatimah Asghar, as well as examples drawn from NASA promotional materials and the television series Star Trek, illuminate a complex aesthetic-political relationship between lyric poetry and space exploration in the postwar era.
The Lyrical Planet
Authors: Greaves Margaret
Published: June 2023

Chapter 1 argues that planet Earth became a new kind of figure in the 1960s—specifically, a lyrical one. From 1967 to 1969, National Geographic, the New York Times, Life, and the Times printed the first photographs of planet Earth accompanied by lines of poetry, in effect training the public to read Earth as a lyric object. Aestheticizing the planet removed it from the flux of history and politics, presenting a globe harmoniously united in an American image. Yet a contrary strain in lyric poetry—its quality of estrangement—reflects a politically disruptive way of relating to planet Earth as a strange, unknowable otherworld. Examining a diverse archive of planetary theory, historiography, popular magazines, astronaut accounts, and poems that lyricize these images, this chapter demonstrates how the lyric came to shape a new cultural imagination of planet Earth.
Analysis of How Lacunae in the Applicable Legal Regimes Can Be Remedied Through Legal Strategies
Authors: Dawson Grant
Published: June 2023

This chapter investigates how the perceived legal lacunae in relation to sea-dumped chemical weapons may be addressed through a variety of legal strategies. Treaties with direct applicability to sea-dumped chemical weapons are legally amenable to amendment, but the lack of political will most likely preclude such amendments from becoming manifest. The legal possibility of adopting a protocol is explored; however, as with amendment, it is unlikely that there is political will for such a new legal instrument to require states to undertake binding obligations to clean up sea-dumped chemical weapons. In respect of treaty modification through state practice, the behaviour of states reveals that the Chemical Weapons Convention’s pre-1985 exemption is firmly intact and has not been interpreted or modified in order to require states to declare and destroy the chemical weapons that they dumped into the Ocean or that are located in marine areas within their jurisdiction or control. The customary international law principles of prevention, precaution, cooperation, and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC) are applicable to the problem of sea-dumped chemical weapons and require states to take action to remedy the situation. Whether states are willing to comply with these legal obligations is another matter.
Conclusion
Authors: Dawson Grant
Published: June 2023

Even though states have expressed the view that it is impermissible to dump chemical weapons into the Ocean as a means of destruction, the Chemical Weapons Convention does not contain a legal obligation for states to recover, declare, and destroy chemical weapons dumped before 1985. There are legal inconsistencies not only within the Chemical Weapons Convention, but also with other treaties, such as UNCLOS, which mandates states to protect and preserve the marine environment. Legal strategies have been examined regarding the manner in which the current situation surrounding sea-dumped chemical weapons may be remedied. Customary international law has also been explored to ascertain whether it may ground mandatory state action on sea-dumped chemical weapons. Attempts to hold states liable for the damage caused by SDCWs may face significant legal, political, and practical obstacles. However, with the development of the law since the dumping of SDCWs took place, states, under the intertemporal rule of international law, may have to reassess the situation in relation to their past dumping and the effects that it is having in the present on the marine environment. In order to facilitate research, cooperation, and funding for the ongoing scientific and technological activities needed to deal with sea-dumped chemical weapons, an international organization could serve as a coordinating agency for programmes in this area. The remediation of sea-dumped chemical weapons may ultimately serve as a model for the cleanup of radioactive waste in the Ocean.
The Social Topography of a Rural Community
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: June 2023

The Social Topography of a Rural Community is the first study of any of the two dozen seventeenth-century English communities which have occupational data recorded in a census and analyses that listing in conjunction with a contemporaneous estate map to offer a pioneering experiment in the spatial history of social and economic relations. The approach taken here is influenced by the ‘spatial turn’ in its emphasis on the endowment of specific spaces with ‘a sense of place’ as they were inhabited and experienced; and on the flow of people, goods, and information through space. The substantive chapters take thirteen of the 176 households in the Warwickshire parish of Chilvers Coton as emblematic of the pattern of social, economic, and spatial relations in the parish, and moves between and through them following the itinerary of the jurors of the manorial court of survey who in December 1684 collected information about the names, ages, and professions of each of the householders and the ages and kin relationships of those who were co-resident with them. The studies of each of these households are in part biographical, structured by narratives of birth, migration, marriage, parenthood, bereavement, and death. They are also, however, spatial and material. Particular attention is paid in each case to the location of the specific household in the landscape and its relationship both to its neighbours and to significant sites of authority, labour, leisure, and sociability in the village. Cumulatively, the project reconstructs the lived experience of economic change in a rural community on the cusp of industrialization.
The Vicarage at All Saints
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: June 2023

A study of the parish clergyman, the Oxford graduate John Perkins, reconstructing his role in the politics of the parish, especially in preaching to his congregation and offering hospitality to his neighbours; analyses the architecture and material culture of the vicarage; notes Perkins’s absence from the testamentary practices in the village, failing either to witness/write wills or to draw up probate inventories; emphasizes the pastoral demands of a geographically extensive and populous parish, but suggests that Perkins was and remained an outsider, more comfortable in his study and in the dining rooms of neighbouring rectories than in the pulpit or around the sickbeds of his dying parishioners; concludes with a close reading of his very detailed probate inventory.
A Nail-Smith’s Cottage in Paradise End
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: June 2023

A study of Christopher Smith, one of seven nail-smiths in the parish. Discusses the origins, nature and significance of nail-making in the West Midlands, especially in those communities close to coal seams and collieries; reconstructs the social relations of production in nail manufacture, a trade which had become a by-word for exploitation by the middle of the seventeenth century; explains the techniques and tools with which Smith would have worked, and the cycle of debt to which he and others like him would have been vulnerable; identifies the ironmonger by whom Smith was employed and the range, quality, and price of nails he would have been expected to make; stresses the opportunities for extra labour and compensation represented by making nails for the newly opened colliery; analyses Smith’s probate inventory to emphasize the precarious living afforded by the nail-making trade; and notes that not long after his demise, his fellow nail-smiths engaged in tumultuous industrial action against their employers.
“Me and My Cause”
Authors: Shortslef Emily
Published: June 2023

This chapter shows that the spectral complaint form captures a tension in early modern moral psychology between classical moral philosophy’s belief in the will’s natural inclination to obey reason, and Reformed theology’s account of an evil concupiscence that compels beyond rational intention and volition. The spectral complaints of A Mirror for Magistrates link tragic falls to irrationality. Hamlet’s scenes of spectral complaint, along with other scenes of animation, highlight the phenomenon of being driven to act by motives that exceed rational intention. Arguing that the play challenges the classical psychic hierarchy of motives in which reason is sovereign, this chapter suggests that in its insistent entertaining of this morally unsettling idea, Hamlet confronts its audience with a culturally disavowed (though rhetorically affirmed) truth about desire, thereby gesturing to an irrational basis for ethical subjectivity.
For All the World
Authors: Harris Amy
Published: June 2023

Charitable support of the poor, ill, enslaved, and dispossessed became central to the Sharps’ sense of self and family identity. Given the Sharps’ strong collective identity, it is not surprising to discover how intertwined their charitable activities were. While Granville’s anti-slavery was well-known then and now, beyond his actions, the siblings participated in formal, institutional philanthropy and informal, personal charity as well as social and political reforms. In some ways these endeavors became outlets for fictive parenting conforming to eighteenth-century notions of paternalism (or maternalism). They continued such work throughout their lives, though after 1790 retirement from business, age, declining health, and death narrowed the scope of their philanthropic and reform activities.
Leaving a Legacy
Authors: Harris Amy
Published: June 2023

Without a tangible legacy in the form of spouses and children, the unmarried and childless Sharps took a more creative and expansive view of genealogy, posterity, and legacy. Their ingenuity influenced the married family members, especially as they aged and realized they would not produce any male heirs and that their daughters and nieces might not marry or have children. In essence, when middle or old age, singleness, and childlessness came together, the combination channeled some of the Sharps’ prodigious energy to crafting a legacy. In the end, the unmarried and childless Sharps created something that transcended boundaries of nuclear families and lineal descent. Over time, singleness came to blur some of the gendered distinctions of kin-keeping as the Sharps worked to shape and preserve their material legacy and values. Ultimately, while the Sharp siblings preserved some hierarchal elements of eighteenth-century genealogical practices, they emphasized shared values and group identity more. The perspective of unmarried or childless family members suggests that eighteenth-century genealogical practices were not always based on status and property, as has sometimes been argued.
Interlude 4 Epitaphs
Authors: Harris Amy
Published: June 2023

A transcription of the Sharp family epitaphs found in churches in Northumberland, Northamptonshire, greater London, and Durham. Most were done at the behest of Catherine Sharp, niece to the famous Sharp siblings. She commissioned them after most of her family members had passed away, as those losses made her keen to memorialize the family. By doing so, she created a geography of family remembrance spread across England.
Prologue
Authors: Lapatin Kenneth
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores diverse definitions of forgery, beyond the simple dichotomy of genuine vs. false, and introduces many different kinds of forgery. These include accidental, partial, beneficial, winking, and rehabilitated forgeries, which, like more common forgeries created deliberately for gain, can, when recognized, function as valuable indices of taste and significant data points in the history of reception. It also examines several tropes in the history of forgery, including forgers’ and dealers’ use of authenticating devices (e.g. deliberate damage, concocted find spots, and false documentation) to give greater credence to their wares; the forger cast as culture hero, who might be required to prove to skeptics that her or his work is, in fact, forged; the roles of the market, aggressive collecting, and competitive scholarship in both the creation and the unmasking of forgeries; and fakes considered somehow to be superior to genuine works.
Forgery, Pseudepigrapha, and Other Typologies of Continuation in Latin Literature
Authors: Garrison Irene Peirano
Published: June 2023

Scholars have often approached pseudepigrapha through a “subtraction” logic, bundling anonymous and pseudonymous texts together as works that do not fit easily into specific categories of literary analysis, all the while continuing to study each text as a discrete unit. This chapter makes an argument for engaging pseudepigrapha on their own terms, interpreting them beyond the absence of critical markers of authorship. If approached not as failed forgeries or appendages, pseudepigrapha have their own powerful story to tell about imitation, reading, and interpretation of canonical works. The chapter goes on to discuss intervention, divertissement, and response as three modalities through which pseudepigrapha engage with canonical texts in a variety of texts from the Appendix Vergiliana and the pseudo-Ovid.
Repetition and Conjunction
Authors: Houghton-Walker Sarah
Published: June 2023

This chapter points out the dominating role of revision in Wordsworth’s poetic praxis. It discusses the vital importance of the idea of connection to Wordsworth, as part of this process of revision. It establishes Wordsworth’s interest in literal connections, but it also traces the linguistic history of the grammatical conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘or’ through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, finding them to be uniquely available for the resistance to fixed meaning and productive ambiguity (which immeasurably transcends more simple vagueness) which is central to Wordsworth’s style. Nineteenth-century syntax, it is argued, is newly enabling and productive in its ability to figure forth the complex relationships which Wordsworth’s verse strains to capture through its reliance on these little words.
Conjunction, Expansion, and Sublimity
Authors: Houghton-Walker Sarah
Published: June 2023

Through close readings, this chapter examines more fully the operation of the conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘or’ in poems by Wordsworth. In particular, it offers readings of ‘We are Seven’, ‘Tintern Abbey’, and the lines on Wordsworth’s juvenile boat-stealing in The Prelude (in their variant forms). These analyses are placed in a context of Wordsworth’s desire for the deep connections of true community. The chapter also finds that these grammatically functional little words are deceptively conducive to the articulation of sublimity in the texts under consideration, and, relatedly, to the possibility of articulating a true or sincere meaning.
Women Peasants in Triple Jeopardy: Conmen as Philanthropists
Authors: Vanashree
Published: June 2023

The notion, ‘India is progressing’, is like a truism, as much true as false, more conspicuously, with regard to the condition of rural women specifically those who are in peasantry. The stories unfold an inclusive spectrum of cultural and political information in probing the outcome of poverty, and illiteracy resulting in the sexual and monetary exploitation of rural women specifically, those lowest in caste hierarchy. What is of conspicuous concern in the two stories is that in a dominantly male-centric rural mores, there is almost no space for women who do not have a male support system. Rural women like Saguna and Shanichari are the worst casualty in matters of land disputes, and land grab, caste clashes, sexual assaults, human trafficking. An absent or a dead husband, meagre means of subsistence, or frail health renders them vulnerable to exploitation. The world they confront is a dissolute arena of roguery, violence, selfishness, cunning, affectations, superstition, and cowardice.
Why Do Rural Poor Continue to Remain Poor and Uneducated?
Authors: Vanashree
Published: June 2023

The elegiac tone of the vignette, ‘Pita’ records the narrator’s reminiscences of his father’s (a school headmaster) disillusionment and death after it is driven home that despite the tall promises of Swaraj, rural education was not likely to seek the attention of the political class. The subsequent long narrative of ‘Shadayantra’ (Conspiracy) invokes the scenario of a government school in Bihar in the decades of the 1990s (post-Mandal), where ‘connection’ is the key to the appointment of the teachers. This lone government school, among three villages, is marked by a tumbling building, no toilet nor conveyance or roads to the school. Teachers’ absenteeism is managed by fraudulent registers. The teacher taught relation is characterized by the habitual use of expletives or caste jibes. Frequent violent thrashing, subjection of girls to explicit sexual gestures—all point out the reasons—why if at all the rural children seek admission, generally dropout. Raag Darbari draws the picture of inept rural education at the higher level with a poker-faced irreverence.
When Hunger Hits the Rural Poor, Aged, and Disabled: The Meal of Mice and Dead Cow
Authors: Vanashree
Published: June 2023

The two stories quintessentially relate to the rural conditions during the times of famine or floods. In the rural Hindi belt, there is a visible number of disabled due to ageing, being accident victims, or suffering from some severe health issues. The first narrative, ‘Bhookh’ (Hunger), renders the humiliating struggle of a disabled Dalit farm labourer for food for his family during the times of incessant heavy rains. Left with no job, no money, he cooks the flesh of a dead cow, for which he is brutally thrashed. In the following, of the same title, a musahar Dalit, peasant, aged, wobbling, head of a family of four children and a widowed daughter-in-law afflicted with severe arthritis has neither employment nor money to buy food. The cooperative shopkeeper withholds the red card of this family, on some pretext, so they are deprived of the government relief. When left with nothing, one evening, they consume rotten meat and vomit and die that night. The death of the entire family is declared as ‘not because of hunger but food poisoning’.
Farmers in Death Row: Farming—Risky, Sisyphean; Usury—Back Breaking
Authors: Vanashree
Published: June 2023

The diverse contexts of the stories let one enter into a very relatable world of peasantry and perceive the entire spectrum of emotional vicissitudes, driving a peasant to take extreme action. Not many of us can measure the labour, strength, stamina, and willpower involved in the farming life. The shrinking income from agriculture and the pressures of inflation in a consumerist society are taking a toll on the small- and middle-level farmers families, so do the vagaries of Indian climate. In order to coax their single crop out of the ground, they need to take credit to procure inputs like seed and fertilizer, even water. It only adds up to mounting debt. The causes of farmer’s suicide probed with sensitivity do not fail to convey that suicides in the peasantry visibly catalysed in the recent decades are a sure indicator of a greater structural drawback, allowed to remain entrenched.
Despoiled Environment: In the Politics of Integrated Development, Money Grows on Trees
Authors: Vanashree
Published: June 2023

The long, meandering story, ‘Umraonagar me Kuchch Din’ traverses through varied cultural and political configurations in the rural India of 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s and concurrently draws the fault lines in the claims made by the champions of development aspiring to push the village to a different level, as rural–urban. The relentless logging in this centuries old forest village with adjoining dense forests reveals the double game behind the show of growth. The narrative attains a semblance of history in recording the insidious techniques with which the contractors, forest officials, development agents, specialists (local and the city-bred), and stakeholders in connivance employ their might and skill to deprive the centuries-old forest village of all its resources. The now denuded, wounded forests, vanished wildlife, receding rivers, and polluted waterways, beyond recognition, still do not seem to matter to most.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Andrew
Published: June 2023

The Introduction sets out the case for seeing Roman religion as an important factor in shaping economic mentalities and actions, but one that scholarship has largely ignored until now. It traces the reasons for this apparent neglect (in contrast to scholarship on the ancient Greek economy, or on the Christian world late antiquity), and points out studies that have begun to explore individual facets of the relationship between religion and the economic sphere. It then sketches a series of themes that it is important to explore: how was religion funded? Where did temple revenues come from and how were they spent? What functions did they serve as economic actors (landowners, banks, civic benefactors)? How did the economics of priesthoods work—were they financially profitable for their holders, or a drain on their resources? To what extent did religion serve to guarantee transactions, promoting trust and lowering transaction costs? A summary of the chapters in the book serves to tie these questions to particular chapters, before setting out some further questions as a possible research agenda for the future.
What Did Religion Cost in Ancient Rome?
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: June 2023

Scholarship on the ancient world has paid little attention to problems of financing religion. The relationship between money and religion has been discussed mainly in the light of two theses that are increasingly seen as discredited: firstly, Max Weber’s thesis that the western capitalist economy is an offspring of protestantism; and secondly the idea that the state is an offspring of the centralizing redistributive function of Mesopotamian temple economies. However, these approaches lack, respectively, (1) detailed analysis of the social and economic history, and (2) consideration of how much money (or goods) religions owned, how they raised the money, and how they were forced to spend it. Ritual is expensive. Where do the resources come from? Is there anything like an intra-religious economy, religious cattle, or quarries? Does an accumulation of capital in the form of land or valuable dedications exist? Will costs be borne by users, participants, or members? Are there cheap and expensive religions? These are not the kinds of question that define the self-image of a religion, but the answers do shape the appearance of religion. The degree of financial autonomy, the possibility to use one’s own funds, the dependency on short-term surplus or on the wealth of others could define the relationship to individuals, groups in society, and institutions of the state, and qualify these relationships in a manner not visible in the standard sources of the history of religion. This chapter explores how much religion cost in ancient Rome and the factors and preferences that shaped religious spending.
Moneychangers in the Temple? Coins and Religion in the Roman World
Authors: Wigg-Wolf David
Published: June 2023

The inherent connection between money and religion in the ancient world is perhaps nowhere better expressed than in the story of Jesus overturning the moneychangers’ tables in the Temple. From the outset, coinage and religion were close companions. One might also note the derivation of the words money / monnaie / Münze etc. from Iuno Moneta, whose temple was originally the site of the Roman mint. This chapter considers several aspects of this intricate relationship, exploring how the relationship between coins and religion developed and changed from the Republic until the Late Empire. Three themes are highlighted: the role of religious content and iconography on coinage, the role of temples as financial institutions, and the use of coins in ritual practices. While the focus is on the Roman world, new work on Late Iron Age and Early Migration Northwest Europe that is blurring the lines between the concepts of permanence and temporality of ritual deposits is also presented, and implications for the Roman period discussed. This investigation highlights differences between the Eastern and Western Empire that can be traced back to pre-Roman practices and traditions.
Cult Economy in the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire
Authors: Horster Marietta
Published: June 2023

Roman colonists and Roman legionaries took an active part in the spread of Roman cult outside Italy. Both intermediaries did not play a major role in Imperial Greece and Asia Minor. Rather, Greek cities and eastern provinces invested into the new cults of Roma and the senate, of Roma and Augustus and later the Imperial cult. It is often presumed that these new cults rivalled the traditional (civic) cults and that by consequence these politically motivated choices created a redirection of resources spend for cult and ritual in Greek cities. This chapter investigates the impact of Roman rule on cult economy in the Eastern provinces in the imperial period. Two aspects of cult economy will be looked at: firstly, the economic conditions and basis of the various cults in a city (the income of leases of landed or other property of the deities, fees of worshippers, priestly obligations and benefactions, other civic funds); and secondly, the quality (wealth) and quantity of the demographic basis of those attested as having invested in and contributed to a cult. Both aspects are addressed with a focus on well documented cities like Athens, Miletus, Ephesus and a few other cities in Greece and Asia Minor.