bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity and productivity of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes in biogeochemically distinct regions of the South East Pacific Ocean
Authors: Rii Yoshimi M. , Duhamel Solange , Bidigare Robert R. , Karl David M. , Repeta Daniel J. , Church Matthew J.
Published: January 2016

Picophytoplankton, including photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPE) and unicellular cyanobacteria, are important contributors to plankton biomass and primary productivity. In this study, phytoplankton composition and rates of carbon fixation were examined across a large trophic gradient in the South East Pacific Ocean (SEP) using a suite of approaches: photosynthetic pigments, rates of 14C‐primary productivity, and phylogenetic analyses of partial 18S rRNA genes PCR amplified and sequenced from flow cytometrically sorted cells. While phytoplankton >10 μm (diatoms and dinoflagellates) were prevalent in the upwelling region off the Chilean coast, picophytoplankton consistently accounted for 55–92% of the total chlorophyll a inventories and >60% of 14C‐primary productivity throughout the sampling region. Estimates of rates of 14C‐primary productivity derived from flow cytometric sorting of radiolabeled cells revealed that the contributions of PPE and Prochlorococcus to euphotic zone depth‐integrated picoplankton productivity were nearly equivalent (ranging 36–57%) along the transect, with PPE comprising a larger share of picoplankton productivity than cyanobacteria in the well‐lit (>15% surface irradiance) region compared with in the lower regions (1–7% surface irradiance) of the euphotic zone. 18S rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed the taxonomic identities of PPE; e.g., Mamiellophyceae (Ostreococcus) were the dominant PPE in the upwelling‐influenced waters, while members of the Chrysophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Pelagophyceae, and Prasinophyceae Clades VII and IX flourished in the oligotrophic South Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Our results suggest that, despite low numerical abundance in comparison to cyanobacteria, diverse members of PPE are significant contributors to carbon cycling across biogeochemically distinct regions of the SEP.
Strong linkages between DOM optical properties and main clades of aquatic bacteria
Authors: Amaral Valentina , Graeber Daniel , Calliari Danilo , Alonso Cecilia
Published: January 2016

Despite considerable research on the linkages between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacteria, it is not yet clear how the abundance of the main aquatic clades relates to DOM composition in natural aquatic systems. We evaluated this relation using PARAFAC modeling of excitation–emission fluorescence spectroscopy and spectroscopic indexes to characterize DOM composition, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, to quantify the major bacterial groups in a subtropical lagoon. The DOM exhibited marked temporal variations in concentration, molecular weight, aromaticity, color, degree of humification, and freshness, and proportion of the three different fluorescent components identified. All major bacterial clades (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Cytophaga‐Flavobacteria) were significantly linked to DOM concentration and/or composition, being those crucial factors for modeling their abundance in situ. The combination and significance of the factors was specific for each bacterial group, strongly indicating that they behave as coherent and distinctive units. Cytophaga‐Flavobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the groups which correlated with more DOM properties. Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria abundances were significantly explained by low or high dissolved organic carbon concentrations, respectively. The significant relationships between DOM properties and the main bacterial groups delineated a profile of each group regarding DOM preferences/dislikes, in agreement with evidence derived from genome analysis to single‐cell substrate uptake. These results highlight the specificities of the main bacterial clades, providing support for a functional classification of the bacterioplankton regarding DOM processing at the level of bacterial classes.
Measuring the distribution, abundance, and biovolume of zooplankton in an oligotrophic freshwater lake with a 710 kHz scientific echosounder
Authors: Warren Joseph D. , Leach Taylor H. , Williamson Craig E.
Published: January 2016

Acoustic surveys of the distribution and abundance of freshwater zooplankton were conducted in Lake Giles, an oligotrophic freshwater lake. Volume backscatter data from a 710 kHz scientific echosounder were converted to high‐resolution spatial and temporal numerical density estimates of small zooplankton. Vertical net tows of a 153 μm mesh closing bongo net at multiple depth intervals provided both identification of the types and sizes (0.5–1.5 mm length) of crustacean zooplankton present in the lake as well as an independent measurement of zooplankton numerical density. Net and acoustic estimates of zooplankton abundance, biovolume, and distribution were very similar. The improved resolution of the high‐frequency acoustic sampling provides insight into several aspects of freshwater zooplankton ecology including: separation of migrating and non‐migrating zooplankton, high resolution measurements of in situ zooplankton biovolume, calculation of in situ vertical velocities of migrating zooplankton, and fine‐scale (sub‐meter) horizontal and vertical zooplankton distribution during daytime, nighttime, and vertical migration events. These methods allow for more detailed and accurate estimates of zooplankton distribution than traditional net sampling methods can provide, including determining the total abundance of organisms within a specific habitat. They also provide higher resolution data in both space and time of smaller zooplankton taxa than have been measured previously in freshwater ecosystems.
Short time efficacy and safety of focused monopolar radiofrequency device for labial laxity improvement—noninvasive labia tissue tightening. A prospective cohort study
Authors: Fistonić Ivan , Sorta Bilajac Turina Iva , Fistonić Nikola , Marton Ingrid
Published: January 2016

Background and Objective

To evaluate safety and efficacy of focused monopolar radio frequency (RF) device for non‐invasive labia tissue tightening and improvement of labial laxity.

Methods

This prospective cohort study participants were 17 female subjects aged between 27 and 56 years with lax skin at the labia area. All subjects received four consecutive treatments at 7‐day intervals with RF device (Exilis Protege IntimaR, BTL Industries Inc., Boston, MA). The primary efficacy outcome measure was defined as one or more point improvement on 1–4 scale for vulva appearance determined by three blinded evaluators. Digital photographs were taken at the baseline and 1 month after the last treatment. Sexual gratification was assessed with Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI) and patient discomfort by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

Results

An average 2.9 (of maximum 4) points improvement rate in vulvar appearance was observed (P < 0.01). Mean of the total FSFI score enhanced from initial 75–87% (P < 0.001). Resultant 4.7 (18%) points increase was achieved. Ninety four percent of subjects reported mild to none discomfort during the treatment. No adverse events during the study course were reported.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates the positive effect of focused monopolar RF device for non‐invasive labia tissue tightening. The treatment is effective and safe with high patient satisfaction. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:254–259, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Successful treatment of two pediatric port wine stains in darker skin types using 595 nm laser
Authors: Bae Yoon‐Soo Cindy , Ng Elise , Geronemus Roy G.
Published: January 2016

Background and Objective

Port wine stain (PWS) is a congenital vascular malformation of skin involving post‐capillary venules, which commonly occurs on the face. While successful treatment has been reported with Caucasian, Hispanic, and Asian skin, physicians have battled treating these progressive lesions in patients of darker skin color, as the targeted chromophore (hemoglobin) shares a similar absorption coefficient as melanin. There are no reports of favorable outcomes in African–American children or adults. Although treatment in darker skin types has been previously discouraged we present a case series of patients of African descent with port wine stains treated using a pulsed‐dye laser (Vbeam Perfecta, Candela Laser,Wayland, Mass) with significant improvement and no complications.

Study Design/Material and Methods

Presentation of two pediatric patients of African descent (skin types 4 and 5) ages 1 month and 4 years old seen and treated in our office using a pulsed‐dye laser until resolution. Laser parameters were spot size 10 mm; fluence 7–8.25 J/cm2; wavelength 595 nm; pulse duration 1.5 Millisecond with dynamic cooling.

Results

Resolution of the port wine stain without complication.

Conclusion

This early approach represents a new and safe therapeutic option for treating port wine stains in this patient population. To our knowledge, the successful use of pulsed dye laser for the treatment of port wine stain in patients of African descent without complications has not yet been reported. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:339–342, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The antibacterial effect of sinoporphyrin sodium photodynamic therapy on Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and biofilm cultures
Authors: Mai Bingjie , Wang Xiaobing , Liu Quanhong , Leung Albert Wingnang , Wang Xinliang , Xu Chuanshan , Wang Pan
Published: January 2016

Background and Objectives

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are important causes of nosocomial and medical‐device‐related infections. Photodynamic treatment (PDT) has been proposed as an alternative approach for the inactivation of bacteria. Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) is a newly identified photosensitizer and has high photo‐sensitivity when used in PDT. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of DVDMS mediated PDT on S. aureus planktonic and biofilm cultures.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The uptake of DVDMS in S. aureus was evaluated according to photometry after alkali lysis. Then bacteria were incubated with DVDMS and exposed to light treatment. After PDT treatment, counting colony‐forming units (CFU) was applied to estimate the bactericidal effect. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was detected by flow cytometry. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed to assess the disruption of biofilm.

Results

With the incubation time increased, the relative fluorescence intensity of DVDMS in bacteria increased and reached peak at 75 minutes. DVDMS alone did not produce significant toxicity compared with the untreated group, while, remarkable survival decrease was observed in PDT groups in a dose‐dependent manner. More than 90% of the bacteria were effectively killed by the combined treatment of 2 µM DVDMS with 10 J/cm2 light irradiation, and 4‐log reduction in CFU was observed after 5 µM DVDMS treatment followed by 100 J/cm2 light irradiation. Intracellular ROS level was significantly enhanced after PDT treatment. The disruption of biofilm was confirmed by SEM, suggesting DVDMS‐PDT effectively damaged the biofilm.

Conclusion

These results indicate DVDMS‐PDT presents significant bactericidal activity. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:400–408, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3D printing‐assisted fabrication of double‐layered optical tissue phantoms for laser tattoo treatments
Authors: Kim Hanna , Hau Nguyen Trung , Chae Yu‐Gyeong , Lee Byeong‐il , Kang Hyun Wook
Published: January 2016

Background and Objective

Artificial skin phantoms have been developed as an alternative tissue for human skin experiments due to convenient use and easy storage. However, fabricating both thin (∼100 μm) epidermis and relatively thick dermis is often cumbersome, and most developed phantoms have hardly reflected specific human skin types. The objective of this study was to fabricate skin phantoms with 3D printing technique to emulate various human skin types (I–VI) along with the corresponding optical and mechanical properties for laser tattoo removal.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Both gelatin and agar powders were mixed with coffee and TiO2 particles to fabricate skin phantoms with materials properties for various skin types (I–VI). A 3D printer was employed to precisely control the thickness of each phantom for epidermis and dermis layers. A number of concentrations of the coffee and TiO2 particles were used to determine the degree of absorption and scattering effects in various skin types. The optical properties between 500 and 1,000 nm for the fabricated phantoms were measured by double‐integrating spheres with an inverse adding‐doubling (IAD) algorithm. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and rheometer were also utilized to evaluate optical (absorption and reduced scattering coefficients) and mechanical properties (compression modulus) of the fabricated phantoms, respectively.

Results

Visible color inspections presented that the skin phantoms for types I, III, and VI similarly emulated the color space of the human skin types. The optical property measurements demonstrated that the absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs′) coefficients decreased with wavelengths. Compared to the human skin type VI, a dermis phantom represented quite equivalent values of μa and μs′ whereas an epidermis phantom showed up to 30% lower μa but almost identical μs′ over the wavelengths. The OCT measurements confirmed that the thicknesses of the epidermis and the dermis phantoms were measured to be 138.50 ± 0.01 μm and 0.81 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. The mechanical properties of the phantoms mixed with the agar volume of 40% yielded a compression modulus of 83.7 ± 14.8 kPa, which well corresponded to that of human forearm skin (50–95 kPa).

Conclusion

The 3D printing technique was able to reliably fabricate the double‐layered phantoms emulating a variety of skin types (I–VI) along with the comparable optical and mechanical properties. Further investigations will incorporate artificial chromophores into the fabricated skin phantoms to reliably evaluate the new therapeutic wavelengths for laser tattoo removal. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:392–399, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased blood flow in keloids and adjacent skin revealed by laser speckle contrast imaging
Authors: Liu Qingliang , Wang Xiaojun , Jia Yihong , Long Xiao , Yu Nanze , Wang Youbin , Chen Bo
Published: January 2016

Background and Objectives

Keloids are fibroproliferative lesions of unknown origin that are characterized by increased collagen deposition. Vascularization may play a role in the pathogenesis of keloids, but existing reports are contradictory. Thus, we assessed perfusion within keloids and surrounding skin using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Twenty‐one patients with 61 untreated keloids were enrolled into this study. LSCI was used to evaluate blood flow in the keloids and surrounding skin. Three regions of interest were manually defined: keloids (K), skin adjacent to keloids (A), and nonadjacent skin separated by at least 0.3 cm from the edge of the keloids (N). Mean perfusion in each of these regions was determined and ratios (K/N, A/N) were calculated.

Results

Significantly higher perfusion was noted in keloids and adjacent skin compared with nonadjacent skin (P < 0.05). The mean values (95% confidence intervals) of the ratios were: K/N = 2.41 (2.28–2.54) and A/N = 1.33 (1.28–1.37). A heterogeneous perfusion map was frequently observed. Mean perfusion in keloids and nonadjacent skin in the chest region was significantly higher than that on the back (P < 0.05). There was no statistical signficant difference in K/N at different locations (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Perfusion values in keloids and adjacent skin were significantly higher than those in nonadjacent skin. LSCI may be a suitable and useful way of assessing perfusion in keloids. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:360–364, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biocompatible Size‐Defined Dendrimer–Albumin Binding Protein Hybrid Materials as a Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Maly Jan , Stanek Ondrej , Frolik Jan , Maly Marek , Ennen Franka , Appelhans Dietmar , Semeradtova Alena , Wrobel Dominika , Stofik Marcel , Knapova Tereza , Kuchar Milan , Stastna Lucie Cervenkova , Cermak Jan , Sebo Peter , Maly Petr
Published: January 2016

For the design of a biohybrid structure as a ligand‐tailored drug delivery system (DDS), it is highly sophisticated to fabricate a DDS based on smoothly controllable conjugation steps. This article reports on the synthesis and the characterization of biohybrid conjugates based on noncovalent conjugation between a multivalent biotinylated and PEGylated poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer and a tetrameric streptavidin‐small protein binding scaffold. This protein binding scaffold (SA‐ABDwt) possesses nM affinity toward human serum albumin (HSA). Thus, well‐defined biohybrid structures, finalized by binding of one or two HSA molecules, are available at each conjugation step in a controlled molar ratio. Overall, these biohybrid assemblies can be used for (i) a controlled modification of dendrimers with the HSA molecules to increase their blood‐circulation half‐life and passive accumulation in tumor; (ii) rendering dendrimers a specific affinity to various ligands based on mutated ABD domain, thus replacing tedious dendrimer–antibody covalent coupling and purification procedures.

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Effects of Grafting Density and Film Thickness on the Adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to Poly(2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) and Poly(poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate) Brushes
Authors: Ibanescu Sorin‐Alexandru , Nowakowska Justyna , Khanna Nina , Landmann Regine , Klok Harm‐Anton
Published: January 2016

Thin polymer films that prevent the adhesion of bacteria are of interest as coatings for the development of infection‐resistant biomaterials. This study investigates the influence of grafting density and film thickness on the adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to poly(poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate) (PPEGMA) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brushes prepared via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP). These brushes are compared with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brushes, which are obtained by grafting PEG onto an epoxide‐modified substrate. Except for very low grafting densities (ρ = 1%), crystal violet staining experiments show that the PHEMA and PPEGMA brushes are equally effective as the PEG‐modified surfaces in preventing S. epidermis adhesion and do not reveal any significant variations as a function of film thickness or grafting density. These results indicate that brushes generated by SI‐ATRP are an attractive alternative to grafted‐onto PEG films for the preparation of surface coatings that resist bacterial adhesion.

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Polymicrobial Biofilm Inhibition Effects of Acetate‐Buffered Chitosan Sponge Delivery Device
Authors: Jennings Jessica Amber , Beenken Karen E. , Parker Ashley C. , Smith James Keaton , Courtney Harry S. , Smeltzer Mark S. , Haggard Warren O.
Published: January 2016

Polymicrobial biofilm‐associated implant infections present a challenging clinical problem. Through modifications of lyophilized chitosan sponges, degradable drug delivery devices for antibiotic solution have been fabricated for prevention and treatment of contaminated musculoskeletal wounds. Elution of amikacin, vancomycin, or a combination of both follows a burst release pattern with vancomycin released above minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus for 72 h and amikacin released above inhibitory concentrations for Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 3 h. Delivery of a vancomycin, amikacin, or a combination of both reduces biofilm formation on polytetrafluoroethylene catheters in an in vivo model of contamination. Release of dual antibiotics from sponges is more effective at preventing biofilm formation than single‐loaded chitosan sponges. Treatment of pre‐formed biofilm with high‐dose antibiotic release from chitosan sponges shows minimal reduction after 48 h. These results demonstrate infection‐preventive efficacy for antibiotic‐loaded sponges, as well as the need for modifications in the development of advanced materials to enhance treatment efficacy in removing established biofilm.

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Characteristic and magnetic properties of Ni1–xZnxFe2O4 ferrites
Authors: Sahin M. , Misirli C. , Aras M.
Published: January 2016

Ferrites are magnetic ceramic materials which have additional metallic ion in ferrous oxide compounds. Ferrites are usually classified as soft or hard ferrites. In this study, characteristics and magnetic properties of magnetic materials having NiO1–xZnOxFe2O4 structure were investigated. Mechanical mixing of high purity NiO, ZnO and Fe2O3 powders were done to obtain homogenous NiO1–xZnOxFe2O4 powder mixture for x = 0.15, x = 0.50 and x = 0.85. These powder mixtures were pressed using hydraulic press machine and then subjected to sintering at same temperatures of 1000 °C for 1 hour. Obtained specimens were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique for the investigation of structural analysis; magnetic properties were determined using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). However, effects of composition, specimens and Zn% element in magnetic materials after energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence on maximum magnetic moment (Ms) were analyzed using Taguchi orthogonal array design of experiments technique. The study indicates that Zn% element is the main process parameter that has the highest statistical influence on maximum magnetic moment. However, another parameter, composition, also has a significant effect on maximum magnetic moment. Then, Zn‐content was found to have a significant influence on the magnetic properties of the system.
Ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Rissentwicklung während des Feuerverzinkens
Authors: Bozorgian B. , Beyer J. , Oechsner M.
Published: January 2016

Feuerverzinken ist eine sehr effektive Methode zum Schutz der Bauteile vor Korrosion. Allerdings besteht die Gefahr, dass sich während des Feuerverzinkens im Bauteil Risse bilden. Mit zunehmender Zinkbad‐Temperatur wächst die Gefahr der Rissbildung. In diesem Artikel wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Beginns der Rissbildung während des Feuerverzinkens vorgestellt. Mit dieser Methode kann anhand von wenigen Versuchen eine Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Grenze (Energie Grenze) bestimmt werden, unterhalb der keine flüssigmetallinduzierte Rissbildung (LMAC) während der instationären Phase des Feuerverzinkens entstehen kann.
Deep Brain Stimulation Battery Longevity: Comparison of Monopolar Versus Bipolar Stimulation Modes
Authors: Almeida Leonardo , Rawal Pawan V. , Ditty Benjamin , Smelser Bryan L. , Huang He , Okun Michael S. , Guthrie Barton L. , Walker Harrison C.
Published: January 2016

Background

DBS is an effective treatment for movement disorders, but it is relatively complex, invasive, and costly. Little is known about whether stimulation mode alters pulse generator (battery) longevity in routine clinical care. The aim of this study was to compare battery longevity during monopolar versus bipolar stimulation in patients who underwent DBS for movement disorders.

Methods

We evaluated 2,902 programming adjustments and calculated the average stimulator settings for 393 batteries in 200 unique patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). We classified the pulse generators into different stimulation modes (monopolar, bipolar, tripolar, and double monopolar) and compared battery longevity with Kaplan–Meier's survival analyses using the log‐rank test. We exclusively implanted the Medtronic 3387 lead with adjacent electrode contacts separated by 1.5 mm.

Results

Mean pulse generator longevity was 47.6 ± 1.6 months regardless of diagnosis or stimulation mode. Bipolar stimulation mode was associated with greater longevity than monopolar stimulation (56.1 ± 3.4 vs. 44.2 ± 2.1 months; P = 0.006). This effect was most pronounced when stimulation parameters were at low‐to‐moderate intensity settings. Double monopolar configuration was associated with less pulse generator longevity than conventional stimulation modes (37.8 ± 5.6 vs. 49.7 ± 1.9; P = 0.014).

Conclusion

Implanted pulse generators initially programmed in bipolar mode provided 1 year of additional battery longevity versus monopolar mode in this large, retrospective series of patients with ET and PD. Given satisfactory efficacy for motor symptoms, bipolar stimulation mode is a feasible alternative programming strategy at the initiation of DBS therapy.
The Accessibility of Parkinson's Disease Medication in Kenya: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Mokaya Jolynne , Dotchin Catherine L. , Gray William K. , Hooker Juzar , Walker Richard W.
Published: January 2016

Background

There is a dearth of knowledge about the availability and affordability of the different drug treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) across sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). We aimed to determine the availability and affordability of drugs for treating PD in Kenya.

Methods

A facility‐based survey was conducted in selected medicine outlets (pharmacies) in what were formerly the headquarter towns of the eight provinces of Kenya. We used the World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology to obtain data for drugs used to treat PD. Unit price for each drug was obtained.

Results

Forty‐eight outlets were visited in total, six in each of Kenya's eight provinces. Levodopa (L‐dopa) was available in only 24 (50.0%) outlets. Only one public pharmacy sold l‐dopa (14 were private and nine were other types of outlet). Ergot‐derived dopamine agonists (DAs) and anticholinergics were available in 37 and 35 outlets, respectively. Monoamine‐oxidase inhibitors, non‐ergot‐derived DAs, and catechol‐O‐methyl transferase inhibitors were available in four, two and zero outlets, respectively. Mean cost of 100 l‐dopa tablets was $48.2, though costs varied widely (range, $28.2–$82.4). Only five outlets considered l‐dopa affordable, all of which sold 100 tablets for less than $31.

Conclusion

There is a lack of availability of PD drugs in Kenya, particularly in public pharmacies, where costs are generally lower. Few pharmacists consider the drugs available to be affordable. If PD is to be effectively managed in Kenya, then strategies are needed to increase the availability and affordability of medication.
Ultrasound as Diagnostic Tool for Diaphragmatic Myoclonus
Authors: Ramos Vesper Fe Marie Llaneza , Considine Elaine , Karp Barbara I. , Lungu Codrin , Alter Katharine , Hallett Mark
Published: January 2016

Background

Diaphragmatic myoclonus is a rare disorder of repetitive diaphragmatic contractions, acknowledged to be a spectrum that includes psychogenic features. Electromyography has been the diagnostic tool most commonly used in the literature.

Methods

To test whether we could perform a noninvasive technique to delineate the diaphragm as the source of abnormal movements and demonstrate distractibility and entrainability, we used B‐mode ultrasound in a patient with diaphragmatic myoclonus.

Results

Ultrasound imaging clearly delineated the diaphragm as the source of her abdominal movements. We were able to demonstrate entrainability of the diaphragm to hand tapping to a prescribed rhythm set by the examiner.

Conclusions

We recommend the use of ultrasound as a noninvasive, convenient diagnostic tool for further studies of diaphragmatic myoclonus. We agree with previous findings that diaphragmatic myoclonus may be a functional movement disorder, as evidenced by distractibility and entrainability demonstrated on real‐time video with ultrasonography.
Evaluating the Link Between Dopaminergic Treatment, Gait Impairment, and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Ehgoetz Martens Kaylena A. , Ellard Colin G. , Almeida Quincy J.
Published: January 2016

Background

Anxiety is the most under‐recognized nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), yet it is unclear whether motor impairment exacerbates anxiety observed in PD, or vice versa. The current study examined: (1) whether movement (i.e., walking vs. standing) elevates distress in PD; (2) how dopaminergic treatment influences anxiety specifically while walking; and (3) whether these responses are worse in PD patients with gait impairments (compared to those without).

Methods

Twenty healthy control participants (HC), 17 PD participants without gait impairments (PD‐GI), and 14 PD participants with gait impairments (PD+GI) performed two tasks (stand vs. walk) in two virtual environments: (1) LOW threat; (2) HIGH threat. This protocol was completed in on and off dopaminergic states (to evaluate the effect of exacerbating motor symptoms).

Results

PD+GI reported greater levels of anxiety compared to PD‐GI and HC overall. All participants reported greater levels of anxiety and had higher skin conductance levels (SCLs) when walking compared to standing. The HIGH threat condition also generated greater levels of anxiety in all participants, compared to LOW threat, especially when required to walk. Notably, only PD+GI reported greater levels of anxiety when walking compared to standing in the LOW threat environment. Dopaminergic medication reduced self‐reported levels of anxiety, but did not significantly change SCL.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence that movement exacerbates anxiety in all older adults, but is particularly influential in those with gait impairments, which emphasizes the importance of optimally treating movement impairments as a method of reducing movement driven anxiety.
Case–Control and Family‐Based Association Study of Specific PTPRD Variants in Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Gan‐Or Ziv , Zhou Sirui , Johnson Amelie , Montplaisir Jacques Y. , Allen Richard P. , Earley Christopher J. , Desautels Alex , Dion Patrick A. , Xiong Lan , Rouleau Guy A.
Published: January 2016

Background

The exact genetic causes within each of the known restless legs syndrome (RLS) loci are still unknown. Recently, it was suggested that an intronic protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type δ (PTPRD) single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (reference SNP no. rs2381970) is associated with its expression, which may lead to RLS and other related phenotypes. Another study identified 3 nonsynonymous PTPRD variants in familial RLS cases: p.Q447E (a residue change from glutamine to glutamic acid at position 447), p.T781A (a residue change from threonine to alanine at position 781), and p.R995C (a residue change from arginine to cysteine at position 995).

Methods

Two cohorts of sporadic RLS, a French‐Canadian cohort and a cohort from the United States, with a total of 577 patients and 455 controls, and an additional familial RLS cohort with a total of 635 individuals (140 families) were genotyped for these 4 variants (rs2381970, p.Q447E, p.T781A, and p.R995C) by using specific TaqMan probes, and the effects of each variant as well as haplotypes were analyzed.

Results

None of the 4 PTPRD‐specific variants or haplotypes that were tested were associated with RLS in the case–control cohorts or in the familial cohort. The frequencies of the rs2381970 variant in the French‐Canadian and US cohorts were 0.07 and 0.04, respectively, and their frequencies in the respective control populations were 0.06 and 0.04, respectively (P > 0.4 for both). Similar results were obtained for the 3 nonsynonymous variants.

Conclusions

Although the PTPRD gene is well established as an RLS‐associated locus, the rs2381970 SNP and the 3 nonsynonymous PTPRD variants are not likely to cause or affect the risk for developing RLS in the study population. More studies in other populations are needed to determine their potential role in RLS.
On the effective viscosity of a periodic suspension – analysis of primal and dual formulations for Newtonian and non‐Newtonian solvents
Authors: Schneider Matti
Published: January 2016

Computer simulations of the injection molding process of fiber‐reinforced plastics critically depend on the accuracy of the constitutive models. Of prime importance for the process simulation is the precise knowledge of the viscosity. Industrial applications generally feature both high shear rates and high fiber volume fractions. Thus, both the shear‐thinning behavior of the melt and the strong anisotropic effects induced by the fibers play a dominant role. Unfortunately, the viscosity cannot be determined experimentally in its full anisotropy, and analytical models cease to be accurate for the high fiber volume fractions in question. Computing the effective viscosity by a simplified homogenization approach serves as a possible remedy. This paper is devoted to the analysis of a cell problem determining the effective viscosity. We provide primal as well as dual formulations and prove corresponding existence and uniqueness theorems for Newtonian and Carreau fluids in suitable Sobolev spaces. In the Newtonian regime, the primal formulation leads to a saddle point problem, whereas a dual formulation can be obtained in terms of a coercive and symmetric bilinear form. This observation has deep implications for numerical formulations. As a by‐product, we obtain the invertibility of the effective viscosity, considered as a function, mapping the macroscopic shear rate to the macroscopic shear stress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A click chemistry approach identifies target proteins of xanthohumol
Authors: Brodziak‐Jarosz Lidia , Fujikawa Yuuta , Pastor‐Flores Daniel , Kasikci Sonay , Jirásek Petr , Pitzl Sebastian , Owen Robert W. , Klika Karel D. , Gerhäuser Clarissa , Amslinger Sabine , Dick Tobias P.
Published: January 2016

Scope

Many phytochemicals with beneficial pharmacological properties contain electrophilic sites, e.g. α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl (enone) groups. There is increasing evidence that many biological effects of electrophilic compounds depend on covalent conjugation to reactive protein thiols. For example, the reaction of electrophiles with cysteinyl residues of the sensor protein Keap1 activates the cell‐protective Nrf2 response. Thus it is of interest to identify more generally the proteins to which small molecule electrophiles bind covalently.

Methods and results

Here we use a Click chemistry approach to identify target proteins of the chemopreventive phytochemical xanthohumol (XN), an enone‐containing chalcone from hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Using an alkynylated analog of XN (XN‐alkyne), we purified covalent protein‐electrophile conjugates from cell lysates. We confirm the previously described conjugation of XN to Keap1. One of the newly identified candidate target proteins is glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). We confirm that XN attenuates intracellular G6PDH activity at low micromolar concentrations.

Conclusion

We find support for the notion that XN modulates multiple pathways and processes by covalent modification of proteins with reactive cysteines.
Differential effects of Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate containing supplements on correcting skeletal defects in a Down syndrome mouse model
Authors: Abeysekera Irushi , Thomas Jared , Georgiadis Taxiarchis M. , Berman Alycia G. , Hammond Max A. , Dria Karl J. , Wallace Joseph M. , Roper Randall J.
Published: January 2016

Scope

Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is characterized by a spectrum of phenotypes including skeletal abnormalities. The Ts65Dn DS mouse model exhibits similar skeletal phenotypes as humans with DS. DYRK1A, a kinase encoded on Hsa21, has been linked to deficiencies in bone homeostasis in DS mice and individuals with DS. Treatment with Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a known inhibitor of Dyrk1a, improves some skeletal abnormalities associated with DS in mice. EGCG supplements are widely available but the effectiveness of different EGCG‐containing supplements has not been well studied.

Methods and results

Six commercially available supplements containing EGCG were analyzed, and two of these supplements were compared with pure EGCG for their impact on skeletal deficits in a DS mouse model. The results demonstrate differential effects of commercial supplements on correcting skeletal abnormalities in Ts65Dn mice. Different EGCG‐containing supplements display differences in degradation, polyphenol content, and effects on trisomic bone.

Conclusion

This work suggests that the dose of EGCG and composition of EGCG‐containing supplements may be important in correcting skeletal deficits associated with DS. Careful analyses of these parameters may lead to a better understanding of how to improve skeletal and other deficits that impair individuals with DS.
Conformation analysis of d‐glucaric acid in deuterium oxide by NMR based on its JHH and JCH coupling constants
Authors: Enomoto‐Rogers Yukiko , Masaki Hisaharu , Ito Tetsuya , Furihata Kazuo , Iwata Tadahisa
Published: January 2016

d‐Glucaric acid (GA) is an aldaric acid and consists of an asymmetric acyclic sugar backbone with a carboxyl group positioned at either end of its structure (i.e., the C1 and C6 positions). The purpose of this study was to conduct a conformation analysis of flexible GA as a solution in deuterium oxide by NMR spectroscopy, based on J‐resolved conformation analysis using proton–proton (3JHH) and proton–carbon (2JCH and 3JCH) coupling constants, as well as nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). The 2JCH and 3JCH coupling constants were measured using the J‐resolved heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) NMR technique. NOESY correlation experiments indicated that H2 and H5 were in close proximity, despite the fact that these protons were separated by too large distance in the fully extended form of the chain structure to provide a NOESY correlation. The validities of the three possible conformers along the three different bonds (i.e., C2C3, C3C4, and C4C5) were evaluated sequentially based on the J‐coupling values and the NOESY correlations. The results of these analyses suggested that there were three dominant conformers of GA, including conformer 1, which was H2H3:gauche, H3H4:anti, and H4H5:gauche; conformer 2, which was H2H3:gauche, H3H4:anti, and H4H5:anti; and conformer 3, which was H2H3:gauche, H3H4: gauche, and H4H5:anti. These results also suggested that all three of these conformers exist in equilibrium with each other. Lastly, the results of the current study suggested that the conformational structures of GA in solution were ‘bent’ rather than being fully extended. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac MR elastography of the mouse: Initial results
Authors: Liu Yifei , Royston Thomas J. , Klatt Dieter , Lewandowski E. Douglas
Published: January 2016

Purpose

Many cardiovascular diseases are associated with abnormal function of myocardial contractility or dilatability, which is related to elasticity changes of the myocardium over the cardiac cycle. The mouse is a common animal model in studies of the progression of various cardiomyopathies. We introduce a novel noninvasive approach using microscopic scale MR elastography (MRE) to measure the myocardium stiffness change during the cardiac cycle on a mouse model.

Methods

A harmonic mechanical wave of 400 Hz was introduced into the mouse body. An electrocardiograph‐gated and respiratory‐gated fractional encoding cine‐MRE pulse sequence was applied to encode the resulting oscillatory motion on a short‐axis slice of the heart. Five healthy mice (age range, 3–13.5 mo) were examined. The weighted summation effective stiffness of the left ventricle wall during the cardiac cycle was estimated.

Results

The ratio of stiffness at end diastole and end systole was 0.5–0.67. Additionally, variation in shear wave amplitude in the left ventricle wall throughout the cardiac cycle was measured and found to correlate with estimates of stiffness variation.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing cardiac MRE on a mouse model. Magn Reson Med 76:1879–1886, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Effect of temporal resolution and serial autocorrelations in event‐related functional MRI
Authors: Sahib Ashish Kaul , Mathiak Klaus , Erb Michael , Elshahabi Adham , Klamer Silke , Scheffler Klaus , Focke Niels K , Ethofer Thomas
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To assess the impact of colored noise on statistics in event‐related functional MRI (fMRI) (visual stimulation using checkerboards) acquired by simultaneous multislice imaging enabling repetition times (TRs) between 2.64 to 0.26 s.

Methods

T‐values within the visual cortex obtained with analysis tools that assume a first‐order autoregressive plus white noise process (AR(1)+w) with a fixed AR coefficient versus higher‐order AR models with spatially varying AR coefficients were compared. In addition, dependency of T‐values on correction of physiological noise (respiration, heart rate) was evaluated.

Results

Optimal statistical power was obtained for a TR of 0.33 s, but T‐values as obtained by AR(1)+w models were strongly dependent on the predefined AR coefficients in fMRI with short TRs which required higher‐order AR models to achieve stable statistics. Direct estimation of AR coefficients revealed the highest values within the default mode network while physiological noise had little influence on statistics in cortical structures.

Conclusion

Colored noise in event‐related fMRI obtained at short TRs originates mainly from neural sources and calls for more sophisticated correction of serial autocorrelations which cannot be achieved with standard methods relying on AR(1)+w models with globally fixed AR coefficients. Magn Reson Med 76:1805–1813, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Matrix pencil decomposition of time‐resolved proton MRI for robust and improved assessment of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion
Authors: Bauman Grzegorz , Bieri Oliver
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To present an improved and robust method of pulmonary function assessment from time‐resolved proton MRI using a matrix pencil (MP) method in combination with a linear least squares analysis.

Methods

Simulations of the signal time course in lung parenchyma were performed to compare the accuracy of Fourier decomposition (FD) and MP methods for the estimation of respiratory and cardiac amplitudes. Series of two‐dimensional time‐resolved lung images were acquired in healthy volunteers at 1.5 T using ultra‐fast steady‐state free precession. Qualitative lung ventilation‐ and perfusion‐weighted images as well as a quantitative map of fractional ventilation, perfusion, and blood arrival time were calculated using the proposed MP method and compared with the contemporary FD technique. A region‐of‐interest analysis was performed on the quantitative data.

Results

The signal analysis performed using MP decomposition resulted in reduced variability of the estimated respiratory and cardiac amplitudes in comparison with FD for both simulated and in vivo data.

Conclusion

MP decomposition provides an automatic, robust, and more accurate estimation of amplitudes of respiratory and cardiac signal modulations in the lung parenchyma than the contemporary FD technique. Magn Reson Med 77:336–342, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient gradient calibration based on diffusion MRI
Authors: Teh Irvin , Maguire Mahon L. , Schneider Jürgen E.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To propose a method for calibrating gradient systems and correcting gradient nonlinearities based on diffusion MRI measurements.

Methods

The gradient scaling in x, y, and z were first offset by up to 5% from precalibrated values to simulate a poorly calibrated system. Diffusion MRI data were acquired in a phantom filled with cyclooctane, and corrections for gradient scaling errors and nonlinearity were determined. The calibration was assessed with diffusion tensor imaging and independently validated with high resolution anatomical MRI of a second structured phantom.

Results

The errors in apparent diffusion coefficients along orthogonal axes ranged from −9.2% ± 0.4% to + 8.8% ± 0.7% before calibration and −0.5% ± 0.4% to + 0.8% ± 0.3% after calibration. Concurrently, fractional anisotropy decreased from 0.14 ± 0.03 to 0.03 ± 0.01. Errors in geometric measurements in x, y and z ranged from −5.5% to + 4.5% precalibration and were likewise reduced to −0.97% to + 0.23% postcalibration. Image distortions from gradient nonlinearity were markedly reduced.

Conclusion

Periodic gradient calibration is an integral part of quality assurance in MRI. The proposed approach is both accurate and efficient, can be setup with readily available materials, and improves accuracy in both anatomical and diffusion MRI to within ±1%. Magn Reson Med 77:170–179, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
F2 in Kunststoffen und Lasern
Authors: van Bonn Rolf , Feinäugle Mathias
Published: January 2016

Vom kleinen Lackierbetrieb bis zum Weltkonzern: Die Industrie setzt täglich große Mengen elementares Fluorgas ein – für Laser, Oberflächenbehandlung von Kunststoffen und Ausgangsstoffe der Atomenergie.
Klebstoff für den Leichtbau
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: January 2016

Der Meyer‐Galow‐Preis für Wirtschaftschemie geht an die Entwickler eines Zweikomponenten‐Polyurethanstrukturklebers für die Automobilindustrie.
Efficacy and safety of two administration modes of an intra‐detrusor injection of 750 units dysport® (abobotulinumtoxinA) in patients suffering from refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO): A randomised placebo‐controlled phase IIa study
Authors: Denys Pierre , Del Popolo Giulio , Amarenco Gerard , Karsenty Gilles , Le Berre Philippe , Padrazzi Bruno , Picaut Philippe ,   On Behalf of the Dysport Study Group
Published: January 2016

Aims

Assess the efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®) in adult patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO).

Methods

This Phase IIa, international, multicentre, double‐blind, randomised, placebo controlled, pilot study enrolled 47 patients with NDO and urinary incontinence resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients were treated with 15 intra‐detrusor injections of Dysport 750 U or the equivalent placebo (n = 16 and 7) or 30 injections of Dysport 750 U or the equivalent placebo (n = 17 and 7). Primary endpoint was change from baseline in mean number of daily incontinence episode frequency (IEF) at day 84. Secondary endpoints included change from baseline in urodynamic parameters and quality of life (QOL). A safety assessment was also conducted.

Results

Adjusted mean changes from baseline in IEF were −3.2 (−76%) and −1.7 (−15%) for 15 injections Dysport and placebo groups, respectively, (P = 0.1103) and −3.2 (−88%) and −2.6 (−73%) for 30 injections Dysport and placebo groups, respectively, (P = 0.0686). Statistically significant improvements in maximum cystometric capacity, maximum detrusor pressure and volume at first contraction were reported in the Dysport groups compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Improvements in QOL were reported. Three muscle weakness episodes were reported as serious adverse events in two tetraplegic and one paraplegic patient, all in the 15 injections Dysport group.

Conclusions

Both 15 and 30 injections administration modes of Dysport decreased daily IEF and resulted in significant improvements in urodynamic parameters in NDO patients with MS or SCI. Reduction to 15 injection sites did not appear to be associated with any impact on efficacy. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:457–462, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.