bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Gibbs Energy of Dioxouranium Transfer at an Electrified Liquid|Liquid Interface Supported on a Microhole
Authors: Stockmann Tom J. , Olaya Astrid J. , Méndez Manuel A. , Girault Hubert H. , Ding Zhifeng
Published: October 2011

Herein is reported the determination of the Gibbs energy of dioxouranium (UO22+) transfer across an interface between two immiscible electrolytic solutions (ITIES), water and 1,2‐dichloroethane, that was supported at a 25 µm diameter microhole, by means of linear sweep voltammetry. Through the use of minimal to no supporting electrolyte, this technique is able to observe ion transfer (IT) of extremely hydrophilic ions voltammetrically. As the applied potential in the aqueous phase became increasingly positive the UO22+ ions were driven into the organic phase resulting in IT. The standard transfer potential, Δwoϕ°′ was determined to be 0.865 V through a novel curve fitting methodology applied directly to the voltammogram. The Gibbs energy of transfer was calculated to be 167 kJ⋅mol−1. Additionally, the kinetics of IT was explored using a Butler–Volmer model through finite element analysis, whereby the voltammetric current response owning to migration effects in the experimental CVs was approximated in the overlaid, simulated CVs using slow reaction kinetics.
Unsteady flow of viscous fluid over the vacillate stretching cylinder
Authors: Munawar Sufian , Mehmood Ahmer , Ali Asif
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we consider the unsteady boundary layer flow of an incompressible viscous fluid produced by periodic motion of an elastic cylinder. The number of independent variables involved in the governing partial differential equations is reduced by using the similarity transformation. The transformed equations are then solved numerically with the help of a finite difference scheme by altering the semi‐infinite domain to a finite domain. The numerical results are compared with a previously published work and a good agreement is achieved. The imperative parameters rising in the governing equations because of the effects of oscillations and the curvature are St (Strouhal number), Re (Reynolds number), and ϵ (amplitude of oscillations). The effects of these parameters on the vacillating velocity and the skin friction are discussed through graphs and tables. The large values of Re correspond to small curvature, so for large Reynolds number the solution approaches to that of the stretching flat plate case. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medication review software to improve the accuracy of outpatient medication histories: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lesselroth Blake J. , Dorr David A. , Adams Kathleen , Church Victoria , Adams Shawn , Mazur Dennis , Russ Yelizaveta , Felder Robert , Douglas David M.
Published: October 2011

Medication‐prescribing errors generated at interfaces‐in‐care are the most common cause of preventable health care errors and contribute substantially to adverse patient outcomes. For this reason, standardized medication reconciliation (MR) processes need to be inserted at these interfaces. However, MR is an inherently complex task, and little data exist to inform system‐based operationalization. The Portland Informatics Center addressed this challenge by creating an electronic patient‐directed multimedia survey to automate the medication history collection. This article describes a research protocol designed to compare the software's medication discrepancy detection rate with traditional history collection strategies. For this randomized, controlled, single‐blind trial, participants are randomly allocated into one of two groups: the control group reviews a paper list printed from the electronic record, whereas the intervention group uses a computer‐assisted reconciliation survey that includes display of visual data (i.e., medication pictures). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pediatric hospitalists' influences on education and career plans
Authors: Daru Jennifer A. , Holmes Alison , Starmer Amy J. , Aquino Julia , Rauch Daniel A.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

Pediatric hospitalist (PH) presence is rapidly increasing, yet little is known about pediatric resident exposure to hospitalists, or how this affects resident education/career decisions.

OBJECTIVES:

To determine resident exposure to pediatric hospitalists; examine resident opinions regarding hospitalists' roles; examine resident opinion of hospital medicine career training needs; explore how resident exposure to hospitalists affects career choices.

METHODS:

Survey of random sample of 300 residents from the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Residents database.

RESULTS:

Two‐hundred seventy‐nine pediatric residents surveyed; 120(43%) responded with variance by question; 90% work with hospitalists during residency. Of this national sample, 82% cite hospitalists as enhancing education. A majority (64%) believe pediatric hospitalists are better than primary care physicians at caring for complex inpatients; 28% felt PH provided better care for routine admissions. Over one‐third surveyed are considering a career in Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM); 7% plan to enter the field upon graduation. Residents cited opportunities to participate in education, flexible hours, and better salaries as the top 3 reasons to become a hospitalist. Ten percent felt there was no difference between resident and hospitalist positions; 21% see PHM as a short‐term job without long‐term potential. Of residents entering Primary Care, a majority (59%) stated that the availability of hospitalists would positively influence their choice of a practice position; 7% said they were “less likely to choose to practice Primary Care Pediatrics because of hospitalists.”

CONCLUSIONS:

PH have a role in physician training. While PHM has become a career consideration for trainees, more work needs to be done to improve the perception of PHM as a viable long‐term career. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Molecular battle between host and bacterium: recognition in innate immunity
Authors: Bardoel Bart W. , van Strijp Jos A. G.
Published: October 2011

During infection, our innate immune system is the first line of defense and has evolved to clear invading bacteria immediately. To do so, recognition is the key element. However, how does the innate immune system distinguish self from nonself, and how does it recognize all bacteria (estimated to be far over a million species)? The answer lies in the recognition of evolutionary conserved structures. In this review, we approach this phenomenon from the bacterial perspective. What are the evolutionary conserved structures in bacteria, and what strategies are there in the human innate immune system to sense these structures? We illustrate most examples both at the functional as well as at the molecular level. Furthermore, we highlight how pathogenic bacteria can evade this recognition to survive better in the human host which in turn can result in life‐threatening diseases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐dimensional surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrate: Au nanoparticle supramolecular self‐assembly in anodic aluminum oxide template
Authors: Wang Xinnan , Xu Shuping , Li Haibo , Tao Jinlong , Zhao Bing , Xu Weiqing
Published: October 2011

A three‐dimensional surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate via the self‐assembly of properly sized Au nanoparticles in anodic aluminum oxide templates was designed and prepared. Au nanoparticles first underwent hydrophobic surface modification. Then, the hydrophobic Au nanoparticles self‐assembled, aggregated and formed many hot spots in the anodic aluminum oxide templates through a supramolecular interaction. We chose thiophenol as a probe molecule to evaluate the SERS enhancement ability of this three‐dimensional substrate. The enhancement factor was calculated to be 4.6 × 106 under the radiation of a 785‐nm laser. By further comparing SERS signals from different points on the same substrate, we confirmed that this substrate possessed good reproducibility and could be applied for SERS detection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER FRACTIONS IN A VINEYARD SOIL
Authors: Fernández‐Calviño D. , Garrido‐Rodríguez B. , López‐Periago J. E. , Paradelo M. , Arias‐Estévez M.
Published: October 2011

The aim of this work is to assess the effect of planting patterns on the spatial distribution of total copper and other Cu fractions in vineyard soils. Both classical and geostatistical tools were used for the study. The soil of the plot had a loam texture and was strongly acid. The mean total Cu concentration (CuT) was 368 mg kg−1. The mean value of potential available fractions was 188 mg kg−1 for CuEDTA and 122 mg kg−1 for CuDPTA, whereas the mean exchangeable Cu (CuEX) was 5·2 mg kg−1. All Cu measurements exhibited a wide variation. These values are very high compared with those found in non‐polluted soils, and they can affect the soil, plants and microorganisms. The best correlation for CuEX was with soil pH, whereas for CuEDTA, CuDPTA, and CuT, the best correlation was with soil organic carbon. Directional semivariograms were fitted with a spherical model (parallel to plant rows) and a periodic model (perpendicular) showing a dependence on orientation and distance. All Cu measurements were higher along plant rows than among them, finding a periodic pattern in the variance for the normal direction from plant rows. However, in site‐specific management, it is crucial not only to describe the pattern of variation but also to estimate the Cu content in the soil. Copper concentration maps were estimated by kriging interpolation. These maps show a higher Cu accumulation along the cultivated rows than the uncultivated rows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of strain concentration in Si micro system technology by X‐ray dynamical diffraction
Authors: Saka Takashi
Published: October 2011

Long‐range strain in nearly perfect crystalline materials can be detected by X‐ray dynamical diffraction. Long‐range strain due to uniform bending or torsion is undetectable by the conventional method, but can be detected by rotating the specimens along the scattering vector. This method was applied to Si micro systems, and local strain concentrations were clearly revealed by X‐ray topography.
Statistical aspects in comparative benefit‐risk assessment: challenges and opportunities for pharmaceutical statisticians
Authors: Quartey George , Wang Jixian
Published: October 2011

Benefit–risk assessment is a fundamental element of drug development with the aim to strengthen decision making for the benefit of public health. Appropriate benefit‐risk assessment can provide useful information for proactive intervention in health care settings, which could save lives, reduce litigation, improve patient safety and health care outcomes, and furthermore, lower overall health care costs. Recent development in this area presents challenges and opportunities to statisticians in the pharmaceutical industry. We review the development and examine statistical issues in comparative benefit‐risk assessment. We argue that a structured benefit‐risk assessment should be a multi‐disciplinary effort involving experts in clinical science, safety assessment, decision science, health economics, epidemiology and statistics. Well planned and conducted analyses with clear consideration on benefit and risk are critical for appropriate benefit–risk assessment. Pharmaceutical statisticians should extend their knowledge to relevant areas such as pharmaco‐epidemiology, decision analysis, modeling, and simulation to play an increasingly important role in comparative benefit–risk assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring and reducing the impact of the operating system kernel on end‐to‐end latencies in synchronous packet switched networks
Authors: Welponer Michele , Abeni Luca , Marchetto Guido , Cigno Renato Lo
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an evaluation of the impact of the so‐called operating system (OS) latencies on the performance of a synchronous network based on global time coordination. The concept of end‐to‐end latency was first defined by extending the concept of latency used to evaluate the performance of real‐time systems and the end‐to‐end latency provided by a general‐purpose OS was measured as a benchmark. Finally, real‐time techniques were used to reduce the worst‐case values of such a latency, showing how a gateway between synchronous and asynchronous networks can be implemented by using commercial‐off‐the‐shelf hardware and a proper software stack (based on a real‐time version of Linux). The use of a real‐time OS is still a nontrivial task, which requires experience and the analysis of the specific application to devise the proper techniques to be applied. This work dissects the problem of OS‐to‐network data transfer (and vice versa) identifying the key sources of latencies and delay jitter, and solving each problem with the application of a proper technique. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological changes of starch granules during grain filling and seed germination in wheat
Authors: Li Chun Yan , Li Cheng , Lu Zhen Xiang , Li Wei Hua , Cao Lian Pu
Published: October 2011

In this study, the morphological changes of wheat starch granules during grain filling and seed germination were observed under scanning electron microscopy. Until 3 days post anthesis (DPA), the pericarp tissue was the major site of starch deposited. From 6 DPA, the size and the number of granules in endosperm gradually increased. The “double disk structure”, “pin holes”, and “equatorial groove” at the surfaces of the granules were observed during grain filling, these micro‐structural features might aid the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch granules during seed germination. The equatorial groove of granule was more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis than the flat surface.
Effect of base-flow variation in noise amplifiers: the flat-plate boundary layer
Authors: Brandt Luca , Sipp Denis , Pralits Jan O. , Marquet Olivier
Published: October 2011

Non-modal analysis determines the potential for energy amplification in stable flows. The latter is quantified in the frequency domain by the singular values of the resolvent operator. The present work extends previous analysis on the effect of base-flow modifications on flow stability by considering the sensitivity of the flow non-modal behaviour. Using a variational technique, we derive an analytical expression for the gradient of a singular value with respect to base-flow modifications and show how it depends on the singular vectors of the resolvent operator, also denoted the optimal forcing and optimal response of the flow. As an application, we examine zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers where the different instability mechanisms of wall-bounded shear flows are all at work. The effect of the component-type non-normality of the linearized Navier–Stokes operator, which concentrates the optimal forcing and response on different components, is first studied in the case of a parallel boundary layer. The effect of the convective-type non-normality of the linearized Navier–Stokes operator, which separates the spatial support of the structures of the optimal forcing and response, is studied in the case of a spatially evolving boundary layer. The results clearly indicate that base-flow modifications have a strong impact on the Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) instability mechanism whereas the amplification of streamwise streaks is a very robust process. This is explained by simply examining the expression for the gradient of the resolvent norm. It is shown that the sensitive region of the lift-up (LU) instability spreads out all over the flat plate and even upstream of it, whereas it is reduced to the region between branch I and branch II for the TS waves.
Evolution of the ejecta sheet from the impact of a drop with a deep pool
Authors: Zhang L. V. , Toole J. , Fezzaa K. , Deegan R. D.
Published: October 2011

We used optical and X-ray imaging to observe the formation of jets from the impact of a single drop with a deep layer of the same liquid. For high Reynolds number there are two distinct jets: the thin, fast and early-emerging ejecta; and the slow, thick and late-emerging lamella. For low Reynolds number the two jets merge into a single continuous jet, the structure of which is determined by the distinct contributions of the lamella and the ejecta. We measured the emergence time, position and speed of the ejecta sheet, and find that these scale as power laws with the impact speed and the viscosity. We identified the origin of secondary droplets with the breakup of the lamella and the ejecta jets, and show that the size of the droplets is not a good indicator of their origin.
Life review therapy for older adults with moderate depressive symptomatology: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial
Authors: Korte J. , Bohlmeijer E. T. , Cappeliez P. , Smit F. , Westerhof G. J.
Published: October 2011

Background

Although there is substantial evidence for the efficacy of life review therapy as an early treatment of depression in later life, its effectiveness in natural settings has not been studied. The present study evaluates an intervention based on life review and narrative therapy in a large multi-site, pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Method

Life review therapy was compared with care as usual. The primary outcome was depressive symptoms; secondary outcomes were anxiety symptoms, positive mental health, quality of life, and current major depressive episode (MDE). To identify groups for whom the intervention was particularly effective, moderator analyses were carried out (on sociodemographic variables, personality traits, reminiscence functions, clinically relevant depressive and anxiety symptoms, and past MDEs).

Results

Compared with care as usual (n=102), life review therapy (n=100) was effective in reducing depressive symptoms, at post-treatment (d=0.60,B=−5.3,p<0.001), at 3-month follow-up (d=0.50,B=−5.0,p<0.001) and for the intervention also at 9-month follow-up (t=5.7,p<0.001). The likelihood of a clinically significant change in depressive symptoms was significantly higher [odds ratio (OR) 3.77,p<0.001 at post-treatment; OR 3.76,p<0.001 at the 3-month follow-up]. Small significant effects were found for symptoms of anxiety and positive mental health. Moderator analyses showed only two significant moderators, the personality trait of extraversion and the reminiscence function of boredom reduction.

Conclusions

This study shows the effectiveness of life review therapy as an early intervention for depression in an ecologically valid context, supporting its applicability to a broad target group. The intervention is also effective in reducing anxiety symptoms and strengthening positive mental health.
Epistemic normativity from the reasoner's viewpoint
Authors: Proust Joëlle
Published: October 2011

Elqayam & Evans (E&E) are focused on the normative judgments used by theorists to characterize subjects' performances (e.g. in terms of logic or probability theory). They ignore the fact, however, that subjects themselves have an independent ability to evaluate their own reasoning performance, and that this ability plays a major role in controlling their first-order reasoning tasks.
Undisputed norms and normal errors in human thinking
Authors: Girotto Vittorio
Published: October 2011

This commentary questions Elqayam & Evans' (E&E's) claims that thinking tasks are doomed to have multiple normative readings and that only applied research allows normative evaluations. In fact, some tasks have just one undisputed normative reading, and not only pathological gamblers but also normal individuals sometimes need normative guidance. To conclude, normative evaluations are inevitable in the investigation of human thinking.
The unbearable lightness of “Thinking”: Moving beyond simple concepts of thinking, rationality, and hypothesis testing
Authors: Brase Gary L. , Shanteau James
Published: October 2011

Three correctives can get researchers out of the trap of constructing unitary theories of “thinking”: (1) Strong inference methods largely avoid problems associated with universal prescriptive normativism; (2) theories must recognize that significant modularity of cognitive processes is antithetical to general accounts of thinking; and (3) consideration of the domain-specificity of rationality render many of the present article's issues moot.
Editorial
Authors: SPRUCE GARY , BURNARD PAMELA
Published: October 2011

The past 20 years have seen ongoing changes to the musical landscape of everyday life and growing evidence of the power of music and its ubiquity in our lives. The music education community, both academic and professional, are becoming increasingly aware of the need to rethink and change practices of teaching and learning that are likely to be beneficial to all. Knowing that across nations and cultures music accompanies the lives of 3.5-year-olds to 85-year-olds for over 80% of the time makes it all the more important that the topics of research that are featured in this final issue for 2011 reflect an international line up of studies originating from Spain, China, New Zealand, Africa, Australia and Britain. Echoing BJME's original aims ‘to strengthen connections between research and practice’ several articles reflect the rise in prominence of practitioners who undertake research as a means of informing practice and professional development.
‘I'm not sure if I can . . . but I want to sing!’ Research on singing as a soloist through the art of improvising verses
Authors: Casals Albert , Vilar Mercè , Ayats Jaume
Published: October 2011

Singing individually is both a necessary activity within the music class and an essential part of the cultural activity of improvising verses through singing. In this article we show how the introduction of this activity in the educational system of Catalonia has made it possible to obtain positive results with regard to participation in singing, especially solo singing. The analysis of the data also shows how this type of singing activity has a positive effect on negative attitudes towards singing derived from western perceptions of who or who isn't competent to sing, depending on gender, age and social status.
High Dimensional Integer Ambiguity Resolution: A First Comparison between LAMBDA and Bernese
Authors: Li Bofeng , Teunissen Peter J.G.
Published: October 2011

The LAMBDA method for integer least-squares ambiguity resolution has been widely used in a great variety of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications. The popularity of this method stems from its numerical efficiency and its guaranteed optimality in the sense of maximising the success probability of integer ambiguity estimation. In the past two decades, the LAMBDA method has been typically used in cases where the number of ambiguities is less than several tens. With the advent of denser network processing and the availability of multi-frequency, multi-GNSS systems, it is important to understand LAMBDA's performance in high dimensional spaces. In this contribution, we will address this issue using real GPS data based on the Bernese software. We have embedded the LAMBDA method into the Bernese software and compared their ambiguity resolution performances. Twelve day dual-frequency GPS data with a sampling interval of 30 s was used in the experiment, which was collected from a network of 19 stations in the Perth area of Western Australia with an average baseline length of 380 km. Different experimental scenarios were examined and tested with different observation spans, which represent the different ambiguity dimensions. The results showed that LAMBDA is still efficient even when the number of ambiguities is more than 100, and that the baseline repeatability obtained with the ambiguities resolved from the LAMBDA method agreed well with that of Bernese. Therefore, for future dense network processing, the easy-to-use LAMBDA method should be considered as an alternative to baseline-per-baseline methods as those used in e.g. the Bernese software.
The Stratification of Social Citizenship: Gender and Federalism in the Formation of Old Age Insurance and Aid to Dependent Children
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: October 2011

Recently, scholars have shown that welfare state development, across nations, has often incorporated social groups in distinct ways that stratify and divide the citizenry.1 Citizenship has become stratified in terms of gender as policymakers have treated men and women differently in the policymaking process, perpetuating ascribed roles and institutionalizing gender inequality. The American welfare state that was fashioned in the New Deal has long been regarded as a “two-tiered” system that divided men and women as “social citizens,” incorporating them into distinct types of programs for economic security and welfare. How was such stratification of citizenship created in the course of the policymaking process? Some scholars have surmised that policymakers' ideas about gender were responsible for gendered outcomes; others have suggested that preexisting institutional arrangements foreordained the “two-tiered” results. Neither of these approaches, however, has offered an adequate explanation.
William Gibbs McAdoo, the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and the Origins of the Public-Authority Model of Government Action
Authors: Radford Gail
Published: October 2011

American government officials experimented with a variety of tools for public administration in the early twentieth century. The regulatory commission became the best known of these new institutional forms, but another Progressive Era innovation with profound and ambiguous implications for U.S. political development was the government-sponsored corporation. Often called “public corporations,” these instrumentalities were created to carry out public purposes, but they were established as separate legal entities to function outside the standard departmental structure of government (and its organizational principles and restrictions). Today, these structures are most prolific at the state and municipal level, where they are generally termed “public authorities.” Since World War II they have been the fastest growing kind of government unit, with, at present, around ten thousand in existence. While everyone perceives these institutions as important players in local affairs, even well-informed citizens are frequently puzzled when it comes to knowing exactly what they are or what they do.
Dry Compulsions: Prohibition and the Creation of State-Level Enforcement Agencies
Authors: Szymanski Ann-Marie
Published: October 2011

During July 1910, antiliquor activists hired twenty-three private detectives to raid three illicit saloons in Newark, Ohio. Deputized by the mayor of a nearby town, these agents sought to serve “search and seizure” warrants, which authorized them to confiscate liquor as evidence of illegal sales. In doing so, they assumed the duties of the Newark police, who had refused to enforce county prohibition. But their actions only led to tragedy.
Reagan and Jackson: Parallels in Political Time
Authors: Resnick David , Thomas Norman C.
Published: October 2011

There is widespread agreement among scholars that Franklin D. Roosevelt created the modern presidency, and he serves as their paradigm of successful presidential leadership. James MacGregor Burns, Richard Neustadt, Clinton Rossiter, and others who took their cues from them found in FDR the ideal heroic president. He combined extensive and sustained popularity, partisan support, skillful power-sensitive bargaining and persuasion, adept use of the prerogatives of the office, and consummate performance of the multiple roles of the president to make the American constitutional system work.
Federalism Vindicated: University Desegregation in South Carolina and Alabama, 1962–1963
Authors: Synnott Marcia G.
Published: October 2011

By the 1950s, two contrasting strategies of white leadership were emerging in the South: “massive resistance” and “moderation.” Both were equally committed in principle to a defense of segregation, but they employed different tactics: The former trumpeted “defiance,” the later counseled “delay.” The strategists of-“massive resistance,” who for a decade largely dominated politics in Alabama and Mississippi, were convinced that any concession, even a tactical one, would be a dangerous break in the dike of segregation. They believed that defiance could deter the federal government from enforcing the university desegregation decisions and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954; 1955). On the other hand, the strategists of “moderation,” who gained political ascendancy in South Carolina, maneuvered within the law, first to postpone implementation of Brown, and then to determine the minimum amount of desegregation that blacks would accept, which would not at the same time inflame white racists. In effect, they used skillful tactics of delay to “moderate” both white racism and black aspirations. Ultimately, they were more successful in achieving their objectives than the resisters, because they avoided sweeping federal interventions.
Managing Armageddon: The Truman Administration, Atomic War, and the National Security Resources Board
Authors: Funigiello Philip J.
Published: October 2011

“How shall we be governed in an atomic war? Who will make the decisions for defense and survival, and what compulsions will support their peremptory execution? What will be the measure of our cherished liberties?” Clinton L. Rossiter, the distinguished authority on the Constitution, asked these questions at the height of the cold war, a time when relations with the Soviet Union had become very troubled and, at home, red-baiting political campaigns, intolerance, fear, and repression had destroyed much of the liberalism of the New Deal.
Labor Unions, Employee Benefits, and the Privatization of the American Welfare State
Authors: Stevens Beth
Published: October 2011

The “exceptional” nature of American politics has been a favorite theme of scholars since Tocqueville. One of the more famous “exceptions” has been the distinctive development of its welfare state. The United States has perennially been portrayed as the laggard among advanced industrial societies. Indeed, it adopted public pension and insurance programs at a later date than most European societies, and its programs cover smaller portions of the population and address fewer social problems.
Paying Up: The Price of the Vietnam War
Authors: Galambos Louis
Published: October 2011

Robert S. McNamara recently raised a stir about America's involvement in the Vietnam War.In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, his personal apology for his role as Secretary of Defense (1961–68) during the first phase of the war, shot to the top of the best-seller lists. But the author was surely more interested in uncovering some forgiveness, some sympathy for his plight, than he was in royalties. If so, he certainly must be disappointed. What McNamara uncovered beneath the surface of current events were several generations of Americans who still have powerful emotions about the war and still hate the leaders—McNamara included—who guided the nation into that debacle.
The Presidents Politics Made
Authors: Neely Mark E.
Published: October 2011

At one time, political science greatly influenced the writing of American history. Pioneers of “the new political history” brought critical elections theory, roll-call analysis, the idea of party systems, and a model of ethno-cultural voting to bear on the Jacksonian era, the problem of the coming of the Civil War, Gilded Age politics, and Progressivism in ways that permanently altered interpretation. The influence of political science is not very great now. Political history itself shriveled before the New Social History. Massive energies were applied to writing the history of people who could not vote during most or all of the nineteenth century. The old political models soon had a nonbehaviorist rival, born and bred within the discipline of history itself, the idea of a persistent and transforming “republican ideology,” first and most powerfully described by Bernard Bailyn in 1967. Even within political history, the old models of voting behavior borrowed from political science left an implausible and unsatisfying gulf between voting and platform, political behavior and belief, practice and ideology. The disciplines turned inward again.
The Rising Hegemony of Mass Opinion
Authors: Quirk Paul J. , Hinchliffe Joseph
Published: October 2011

The Founding Fathers warned about the dangers of an “excess of democracy” and designed the Constitution in large part with a view toward preventing it. Judging from most commentary on American politics, with respect to most of the intervening two hundred years, they need't have worried: The mass public has only occasionally been a dominant force in national policy making. Elites, although often responding to broad public concerns, have usually defined the specific directions of policy change.
The False Dawn of Poor-Law Reform: Nixon, Carter, and the Quest for a Guaranteed Income
Authors: O'Connor Alice
Published: October 2011

In August 1969, President Richard M. Nixon approached the American people with a radical proposal to do what the federal government had never done before: guarantee a minimum level of income for every American family unable to provide one for itself. Eight years later, in August 1977, President Jimmy Carter announced a similar proposal for a federal guarantee of income, this time along with an expansion of public works jobs. Like Nixon before him, Carter soon abandoned his bill, and with it the quest for a federal income guarantee. Thus, inconclusively, ended a decade-long struggle to replace the nation's uncoordinated, incomplete collection of welfare programs with a single, comprehensive system of federal relief. This struggle took place against a backdrop of economic stagnation and demographic change that sent social spending soaring and made existing poor-relief arrangements seem increasingly obsolete. It also tapped into growing taxpayer resentment and a rising tide of popular animosity toward welfare. In part for these reasons, the quest for a guaranteed income marked the end of an era of liberal government activism against poverty, and ushered in a new era of poor-law reform. Welfare, not poverty, was the social problem of the 1970s. And the idea of a guaranteed income was the solution embraced by a new, more chastened and conservative, ideological center.
Politics as Social Learning: Policy Experts, Political Mobilization, and AIDS Preventive Policy
Authors: Kaufman Jason Andrew
Published: October 2011

In a world increasingly dominated by high technology and esoteric scientific knowledge it is not surprising that political scientists and sociologists have begun to ask what role experts and specialists play in the policymaking process. Inaugurated almost a century ago by Weber's seminal essay on bureaucracy and the rationalization of authority, this issue was subsequently developed out of neo-Marxist debates over the relative autonomy of the state into a more explicitly state-centered perspective. Though state-centered theorists have not abandoned pluralism altogether, bureaucrats and policy experts have increasingly taken center stage in policy analyses. These state actors are portrayed as “policy experts,” free from political pressure, focused on making policy recommendations based on the most up-to-date knowledge of the field. Instead of pursuing votes and campaign money, policy experts seek the most efficient answers to social problems, a rationalized process of positivistic scientific inquiry and experiential learning. In most areas of public policymaking, this boils down to the reductive analysis of prior, presumably analogous, policy outcomes, drawing lessons for the future from the successes and failures of the past. Seen from this perspective, policymaking is portrayed as “a deliberate attempt to adjust the goals or techniques of policy in response to past experience and new information.” History thus not only transforms state capacities (as in historical institutionalist accounts) but alsodirectlyeffects the ways in which policymakers think about social problems. Political scientists refer to this as a “social learning” process.
Policy History and the Sublime Immodesty of the Middle-Aged Professor
Authors: Alchon Guy
Published: October 2011

The idea of policy history arises from an awareness of“something missing.” In the view of some social scientists, politics and public policy too often have been treated ahistorically by their disciplines, with evidence subordinated to theory. For some historians, the apparent waning of disciplinary interest in political history has been similarly distorting. Because of these things, social scientists, political historians, and more than a few social historians increasingly function as “policy historians,”as scholars especially alive to the vagaries and contingency of public policy and its history.
Engineers, Science, and the Public Interest: Water Resources Planning in the Atchafalaya Basin
Authors: Reuss Martin
Published: October 2011

The work of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Atchafalaya (Uh-CHAFF-a-LIE-uh) Basin in southern Louisiana is an especially revealing example of the problems facing government agencies trying to balance conflicting economic and environmental demands. The basin contains precious wetlands and wildlife and major economic resources such as oil, gas, timber, and fish. It is also the center of one of the most hydrologically dynamic areas in the world. For the Corps, the basin serves as a vital part of the flood-control system for the entire lower Mississippi Valley. The problem was to reconcile this purpose with the continuing need for resource exploitation and increased concern for protecting the environment. In the Atchafalaya Basin, science proved its limitations and the art of politics its worth. This was a natural laboratory that taught engineers and environmentalists alike.
Foreign Policy: Ideological and Human Rights Factors
Authors: Gibney Mark P.
Published: October 2011

The Berlin Wall is down; the Cold War is finally over. With the stunning victory by the United Nations forces in the Persian Gulf, President George Bush has proclaimed a “new world order.” Bush provides this description of the old world: “Until now, the world we've known has been a world divided—a world of barbed wire and concrete block, conflict and cold war.
The Evolution of Federal Transit Policy
Authors: Adler Sy
Published: October 2011

The first major piece of national transit legislation was enacted in 1964. By 1969 the Urban Mass Transportation Administration was the subject of a highly critical analysis by staff investigators for a Congressional Appropriations Committee, and in the early 1970s industry analysts sharply critiqued the rationality of urban transit policy in general. In 1981 the Comptroller General of the U.S. reported to Congress that the demand for transit subsidies was approaching crisis proportions. The U.S. government has come to play a greater role in the transit industry than do most European counterparts, provides more passenger subsidy per ride than any other country, and, though transit is everywhere subsidized, the U.S. federal government subsidizes a greater share of industry costs than most other national governments. This article examines the circumstances under which this particular industry-government relationship developed. As part of this industrial policy discussion, the article also looks at the culture of discourse that was present during the early intervention period and that has been characteristic of the transit policy community since that time.
Joel Spingarn's “Constructive Programme” and the Wartime Antilynching Bill of 1918
Authors: Ellis Mark
Published: October 2011

In the summer of 1918, the white chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Major Joel E. Spingarn, called for urgent congressional action on mob violence. He seized the opportunity of a post in the Military Intelligence Branch (MIB) of the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C., to put forward a “constructive programme,” the central idea of which was the passage of a bill to make lynching in wartime a federal offense. Attempting to exploit the peculiar circumstances of the national emergency and the expansion of federal powers during World War I, Spingarn also proposed a series of more modest initiatives designed to lessen discrimination and raise black morale. The official reaction to the arguments he advanced in support of his program sheds light on the reluctance of the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson to develop a policy on race relations. It also suggests some of the problems and hazards facing a would-be reformer working from within.
Secular Schools? Religious Practices in New York and Viginia Public Schools Since World War II
Authors: Dierenfield Bruce J.
Published: October 2011

Scholars examining the controversy over church-state relations in the modern era have concentrated almost exclusively on its constitutional aspects. This is to be expected since the U.S. Supreme Court has handed down epic decisions that have drawn an increasingly sharper picture of the First Amendment's guideline concerning the government's involvement in religion. The Court did, in fact, lead the way in establishing or reestablishing the doctrine called “separation of church and state.” But the Court touched off a furious debate within the states that has intermittently yet persistently influenced public policy since the early 1960s. It is time that scholars examine more closely the participants outside of the Court.
Government Policy Toward the Automobile Industry: Social Constraints, Economic Conditions, and Interest-Group Power
Authors: Luger Stan
Published: October 2011

The changing patterns of federal government policy toward the automobile industry provide fruitful material for analyzing how economic power is translated into political power. Government policy toward the auto industry involves an extensive number of decision-making points, and policy-makers are confronted with the nation's largest industry and the largest industrial corporation in the country (GM). This article examines government policy toward the auto industry from 1918 to 1988, focusing on the social constraints limiting the industry's political influence and the economic conditions that increase the vulnerability of government officials to industry lobbying.
Total recall
Authors: Hunter Philip
Published: October 2011

New research reveals that long‐term memory is not entirely stable and can be modified or potentially erased. These insights open new therapeutic possibilities for a range of memory‐related diseases and disorders.
Defective trafficking of cone photoreceptor CNG channels induces the unfolded protein response and ER-stress-associated cell death
Authors: Duricka Deborah L. , Brown R. Lane , Varnum Michael D.
Published: October 2011

Mutations that perturb the function of photoreceptor CNG (cyclic nucleotide-gated) channels are associated with several human retinal disorders, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to photoreceptor dysfunction and degeneration remain unclear. Many loss-of-function mutations result in intracellular accumulation of CNG channel subunits. Accumulation of proteins in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is known to cause ER stress and trigger the UPR (unfolded protein response), an evolutionarily conserved cellular programme that results in either adaptation via increased protein processing capacity or apoptotic cell death. We hypothesize that defective trafficking of cone photoreceptor CNG channels can induce UPR-mediated cell death. To test this idea, CNGA3 subunits bearing the R563H and Q655X mutations were expressed in photoreceptor-derived 661W cells with CNGB3 subunits. Compared with wild-type, R563H and Q655X subunits displayed altered degradation rates and/or were retained in the ER. ER retention was associated with increased expression of UPR-related markers of ER stress and with decreased cell viability. Chemical and pharmacological chaperones {TUDCA (tauroursodeoxycholate sodium salt), 4-PBA (sodium 4-phenylbutyrate) and the cGMP analogue CPT-cGMP [8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP]} differentially reduced degradation and/or promoted plasma-membrane localization of defective subunits. Improved subunit maturation was concordant with reduced expression of ER-stress markers and improved viability of cells expressing localization-defective channels. These results indicate that ER stress can arise from expression of localization-defective CNG channels, and may represent a contributing factor for photoreceptor degeneration.
A perturbation method for solving the micro-region heat transfer problem
Authors: Benselama Adel M. , Harmand Souad , Sefiane Khellil
Published: October 2011

A perturbation method is proposed and used to model the two-dimensional equations governing evaporation in the micro-region of a meniscus on a heated substrate. The novelty of the method lies in the choice of the physical quantities which are used to describe the hydrodynamic and heat transfer phenomena. The chosen quantities are the pressure jump function across the liquid-vapor interface and a modified-shape function. The problem is thus transformed into a set of decoupled initial-value sub-problems that can be solved recursively from lower to higher orders. This approach represents many advantages compared with existing theories. The model is then applied, accounting for the effect of gravity, to describe the micro-region shape and heat transfer. The results obtained following this approach are then validated against those given in literature. The comparison demonstrated the validity of the developed model as well as its wider range of applicability. The influence of the interaction between liquid, vapor, and the solid substrates (mainly through the dispersion constant) as well as gravity on heat transfer and meniscus shape is also discussed. In particular, it is found that although gravity affects the shape of the micro-region and the apparent contact angle, it has no significant effect on the magnitude and distribution of the evaporation flux.
Head-on collision of dust acoustic solitary waves in a four-component dusty plasma with nonthermal ions
Authors: Ghosh Uday Narayan , Roy Kaushik , Chatterjee Prasanta
Published: October 2011

The head-on collision of dust acoustic solitary waves in a four-component unmagnetized dusty plasma with Boltzmann distributed electrons, nonthermal ions, and negatively charged dust grains as well as positively charged dust grains is investigated using the extended Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo method. The effects of the ratio of electron temperature to ion temperature and the ratio of the positively charged dust grains mass to the negatively charged dust grains mass on the phase shift are studied. It is found that the presence of nonthermal ions plays a significant role on the collision of dust acoustic solitary waves. This study would be useful for investigations of plasma behavior in different regions of space, viz., cometary tails, upper and lower mesosphere, Jupiter’s magnetosphere, etc.
Numerical investigation on operation mode influenced by external frequency in atmospheric pressure barrier discharge
Authors: Wang Qi , Sun Jizhong , Wang Dezhen
Published: October 2011

The influence of external driving frequency on the discharge mode in the dielectric barrier discharge was investigated with a two-dimensional, self-consistent fluid model. The simulation results show that the helium discharge exhibits three operation modes: Townsend, homogeneous glow, and local glow discharges from the lower frequency (1 kHz) to the higher frequency (100 kHz) under discharge parameters specified in this work. The discharge operates in a Townsend mode when the driving frequency varies from 1 to about 7 kHz; while it exhibits homogenous glow characteristics in an approximate range from 7 to 65 kHz; when the external frequency exceeds 65 kHz, it turns into a local glow discharge. The effects of external driving frequency on the discharge mode were revealed and the physical reasons were discussed.