bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparity in the Diagnosis of Obesity among People with Diabetes
Authors: Neal Diane , Magwood Gayenell , Jenkins Carolyn , Hossler Charles L
Published: January 2007

Studies have suggested that many of the estimated 30.5% of all adults, and 54.8% of adults with diabetes, who have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater do not have a diagnosis of obesity. The records of 265 people with diabetes in the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) 2010 Charleston community were audited for race, sex, BMI, and a documentation of obesity, to determine the likelihood of a diagnosis of obesity for people with BMI of 30 or greater, based on race and sex. Significant differences in diagnosis were observed by race, with three times as many records of obese White people with diabetes containing a diagnosis of obesity as of diabetic African Americans. Disparities in prevalence of obesity based on a BMI of 30 or greater were observed as well, with a higher proportion of African Americans meeting the criteria. Studies suggest that these disparities may contribute to the increased burden of disease experienced by African Americans with diabetes.
Assessing Resource Environments to Target Prevention Interventions in Community Chronic Disease Control
Authors: Sloane David , Nascimento Lori , Flynn Gwendolyn , Lewis LaVonna , Guinyard Joyce Jones , Galloway-Gilliam Lark , Diamant Allison L , Yancey Antronette K
Published: January 2007

The recent emphasis in public health and medicine on the environmental determinants of chronic illness has created the need for a more comprehensive way to assess barriers and facilitators of healthy living. This paper reports on the approach taken by a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-funded project whose goal is to reduce disparities in diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Los Angeles' African American communities. Findings from this community-based participatory research project suggest that while location is an important variable in evaluating nutritional and physical activity resources, quality and price considerations are at least as useful. We argue that every community or neighborhood is located within a resource environment for medical care, recreation, food, and other health-promoting or health-compromising goods and services that affect the lives and health of its residents.
The Idea of Human Rights as Perceived in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Aral Berdal
Published: January 2007

Although human rights doctrine has primarily been a product of Western history, non-Western conceptions and interpretations of issues which we may today link with "human rights" can undoubtedly enrich the debates on this topic. The Ottoman system prioritized the benefits of collectivities rather than those of individuals, and emphasized justice rather than freedom. This paper argues that both the Ottoman sultan as well as the courts took great care to observe the Shariah law, understood of course from a Sunni perspective, which accorded extensive rights to the individual, Muslim and non-Muslim alike. These rights included the right to life, property, fair trial, and social protection, as well as specific rights for women. Contrary to some claims, the state in the Ottoman case did not seek to take control of the "public sphere" unless politics set in. It is only after the Tanzimat reforms of the nineteenth century, influenced primarily by European laws and institutions, that the state came to predominate the public sphere, thus narrowing the scope for civic action.
Human Rights of Religious Minorities and of Women in the Middle East
Authors: Ghanea-Hercock Nazila
Published: January 2007

This article considers the human rights situation of religious minorities living in the Muslim Middle East. It notes the common thread of human rights abuses that they face, and analyzes this in the light of Muslim legal concepts and standards. The article then explores whether or not the improvement of the human rights situation of religious minorities in the Middle East could be attempted from within a Muslim religious framework. Can the emancipatory interpretation of Islamic traditions and laws be used to eliminate the obstacles to the realization of their rights? This examination is carried out in the light of the literature and activism on the promotion of the rights of women under Muslim and Middle Eastern rule.
Guns and Human Rights: Major Powers, Global Arms Transfers, and Human Rights Violations
Authors: Yanik Lerna K
Published: January 2007

In the recent past, there have been countless instances of arms transfers to countries with problematic human rights records, many of which have been cited in the reports of various advocacy groups. However, so far, the amount of research classifying these flows has been limited. This study examines the trends between 1999 and 2003 in arms transfer to countries with poor human rights records, as well as the reasons for continuation of these transfers. It puts forward two major arguments for these transfers to such countries. First, the national and international codes ostensibly "prohibiting" transfers to these countries are crafted in a way that eventually plays into the hands of the countries and manufacturers that want to transfer. Second, the end of the Cold War has turned the arms transfer market into a buyer's market more than ever. The declining domestic military spending experienced in most of the seller countries has forced arms manufacturers to pursue markets beyond their borders, sometimes even illegally and illicitly.
Towards Design of Clarifying Equity Messages in Mathematics Reform
Authors: Matthews Lou Edward
Published: January 2007

The introduction of the No Child Left Behind has brought renewed national attention to the persistence of achievement gaps in education and , in particularly, has challenged the mathematics education community to revisit its long stated commitment to removing achievement disparities in school mathematics. Longstanding equity messages in mathematics reform as encapsulated in the hallmark slogan, mathematics for all, have been articulated and widely circulated in reform documents over the last 20 years, but not well incorporated into many of the mathematics classrooms comprised of minority students, multi-language speakers, and students with disabilities. Employing an engineering mindset to frame the article, the purpose of this article is to illuminate some of the problematic features of equity articulation over the last 20 years, examine perspectives from two recent national meetings in Maryland and Washington, DC, and offer perspectives towards the design of a reconceptualized, more robust equity message. Seven constraints have been extracted from these perspectives. The constraints range from utilizing an outcome-focused definition of equity and an articulation of condition-based inequities, to incorporating a critical base of research and pedagogy. These constraints are discussed and future directions and applications for design are posed.
Shooting for the Stars: A Case Study of the Mathematics Achievement and Career Attainment of an African American Male High School Student
Authors: Thompson LaTasha R , Lewis Bradford F.
Published: January 2007

The mathematics success of African American male adolescents has been given limited attention. Most often, African American males are viewed in terms of their failure as opposed to their success. This tendency to focus almost exclusively on African American failure is a debilitating feature of extant literature and it constrains our understanding of African American mathematics achievement. Malik Williams is one case that stands in opposition to the norm. Realizing the importance of advanced mathematics to his college and career goals, Malik petitioned his principal to have a Pre-Calculus/Calculus course offered at his school. This article documents the story of Malik's success and in so doing, identifies key themes that inform current understanding of the mathematics achievement and career attainment of African American male students.
Between the Personal and the Universal: Asian American Solo Performance from the 1970s to the 1990s
Authors: Lee Esther Kim
Published: January 2007

This article surveys the history of Asian American solo performance from the 1970s to the 1990s by examining the approaches, goals, and styles of five representative artists: Winston Tong, Lane Nishikawa, Jude Narita, Dan Kwong, and Denise Uyehara. Using a broadly chronological trajectory, the article explores major modes of theatrical representation that have shaped Asian American solo performance. In particular, it focuses on how solo performance has been utilized in association with avant-garde art, conventional acting, autobiographical storytelling, and embodiment of an "authentic" Asian American experience.
Antebellum African Americans, Public Commemoration, and the Haitian Revolution: A Problem of Historical Mythmaking
Authors: Kachun Mitchell A. (Mitchell Alan)
Published: January 2007

The slave uprising and revolution in the French colony of Saint Domingue between 1791 and 1804 created the modern era's first black republic and sent shock waves through the Atlantic World. Haiti's example of self-liberation and independent governance inspired African Americans seeking their own freedom, and the event and its heroes were widely admired and written about by antebellum black activists. Of the various events antebellum black Americans publicly commemorated, however, the absence of any public demonstrations commemorating the Haitian Revolution is conspicuous, if not surprising. Given the horror with which white Americans viewed events on Saint Domingue, black Americans realized that publicly identifying with the bloody slave revolution would both alienate the very people whose support they needed, and exacerbate white violence against black public celebrations and black communities.

Nonetheless, numerous scholars have asserted the existence of antebellum African American commemorations of the Haitian Revolution without ever documenting an actual observance publicly commemorating that event. This essay reviews the secondary historical literature that has promulgated the inaccurate claim that black Americans commemorated the Haitian Revolution, traces the evidentiary trail relating to the ostensible celebrations, and discusses the issue's implications for historical practice. Like other recent scholarly debates in antebellum African American history regarding documentation and reliability of sources, this case cautions researchers against the hasty embrace of interpretations that validate one's affective attachments to historical subjects, and argues for more skeptical and critical readings of both primary and secondary sources.
Leibniz's Endgame and the Ladies of the Courts
Authors: Brown Gregory
Published: January 2007

In 1676 Leibniz reluctantly left Paris, headed for Hanover, to take up the position of counselor and librarian to Johann Friedrich, duke of BrunswickâLÃ¼neburgâCalenberg. He was to remain in the employ of a succession of dukes and electors of Hanoverâthe last being Georg Ludwig, who became George I of England in 1714âuntil his death in November 1716. During this time he also became a familiar at the court in Berlin of the elector of Brandenburg (later King of Prussia) and at the imperial court in Vienna. This paper traces the important relationships that developed between Leibniz and a number of the ladies of these courts.
Russian Democracy in Eclipse: What the Elections Tell Us
Authors: McFaul Michael , Petrov Nikolai
Published: January 2007

Abstract: The December 2003 parliamentary and the March 2004 presidential elections witnessed worrisomely lopsided victories for incumbent president Vladimir Putin and the Kremlin-backed United Russia party. These victories were assisted by an unlevel electoral playing field. Russiaâs political system has become less pluralistic on Putinâs watch. During his first term, Putin did little to strengthen democratic institutions and much to weaken them. These antidemocratic political âreformsâ made it more difficult for opponents of the regime to compete effectively in the 2003-2004 electoral cycle. Nevertheless, these ballots also demonstrated the extent to which elections in Russia have become thoroughly institutionalized, and that they make more difficult the consolidation of authoritarianism.
The Quality of Democracy: Freedom as the Foundation
Authors: Beetham David
Published: January 2007

Abstract: The paper begins by exploring the conceptual links between freedom, rights and democracy, and the institutional arrangements necessary to guarantee civil and political rights and fundamental freedoms in a democracy. It then sets out a procedure for assessing the quality of a country’s democracy in four successive steps: defining the appropriate democratic ‘goods’; identifying standards of best practice as a benchmark for the attainment of each of these ‘goods’; analyzing the typical modes of subversion which may prevent their attainment; and exploring possible agencies of protection against these subversions. After applying each of these steps to the subject of civil and political rights, the paper concludes with a reservation about the limits of purely institutional indicators.
The Quality of Democracy: The Ambiguous Virtues of Accountability
Authors: Schmitter Philippe C.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: In the last ten years there has been a veritable explosion of scholarly concern with the notion of political accountability. Predictably, once a concept has been identified and accorded sufficient theoretical or practical priority, analysts focus more critical attention upon its meaning(s) and begin to try to measure it empirically. In this paper, I first try to elaborate the intrinsically ambiguous, not to say contradictory, elements that are contained within the concept of accountability. Then, I make a few suggestions about measuring it in the broader context of assessing the quality of democracy. Obviously, this entails the (disputable) hypothesis that the more politically accountable that rulers are to citizens, the higher will be the quality (or, better, the qualities) of democracy. It also follows that the better that representatives/politicians are at their ambiguous role in intermediating between citizens and rulers, the higher will be the qualities of democracy.
Elections in India: Behind the Congress Comeback
Authors: Wilkinson Steven
Published: January 2007

This article examines the effects of the unexpected defeat of India's Bharatiya Janata Party-National Democratic Alliance in the May 2004 general elections. The Congress-United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won, not because of opposition to economic liberalization or its Hindu nationalist agenda, but because the Congress made much better alliances with regional parties. The new coalition government's ability to enact significant economic reforms or make real progress on the Kashmir issue or in peace talks with Pakistan will be limited however, though we can expect to see a reduction in Hindu-Muslim violence over the next five years.
The End of Postcommunism in Romania
Authors: Gross Peter , Tismaneanu Vladimir
Published: January 2007

The 2004 parliamentary and presidential elections saw the defeat of the former communists who ruled Romania for most of the period since the fall of communism. The outcome of the presidential election surprised many, with outgoing president Ion Iliescu replaced not by the favored Prime Minister Adrian Năstase of the ruling Social Democratic Party (PSD), but by Bucharest mayor Traian Băsescu of the opposition Justice and Truth Alliance (DA). The country now has a democratic and pro-European government; the question is whether this new government will be able to break with the semi-authoritarian habits of its postcommunist predecessors and tackle persistent problems such as pervasive corruption and lack of transparency and accountability.
The Rise of "Muslim Democracy"
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: January 2007

In recent years "Muslim democracy" has emerged as a new political reality in a number of Muslim countries with open politics to define the role of Islam in democracy. Muslim democracy evokes the legacy of Christian Democratic parties of Europe in that it is an electoral platform that seeks to dominate the middle by integrating Muslim values into broader socioeconomic demands. Muslim democracy is not a platform for religious reform nor a theoretical construct, but rather the product of politics on the ground and the give-and-take of electoral politics. Muslim democracy has taken shape in the political process by Islamist parties such as Turkey's AKP, and non-religious parties such as Pakistan's PML. It provides a model for pragmatic change with broader influence across the Muslim world.
Ukraineâs Orange Revolution: Kuchmaâs Failed Authoritarianism
Authors: Way Lucan A.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: While most accounts of the orange revolution have focused on the truly remarkable display of mass protest, there is another side to the orange revolution that has received much less attention. The fall of competitive authoritarian rule under Kuchma was first the product of severe weaknesses in the regime and the Presidentâs failure to keep his own allies in line. The vast majority of the opposition had been in the Presidentâs camp just a few years before the dramatic events of late 2004. Fragmentation at the top in turn led to the breakdown of authoritarian state institutions and the eventual collapse of Kuchmaâs rule.
Gender, Labor, and Globalization in Historical Perspective: European Spinsters in the International Textile Industry, 1750-1900
Authors: Maynes Mary Jo
Published: January 2007

Current debates about globalization often treat it as a
late-twentieth-century phenomenon. But many of the characteristics of
the contemporary global economy are continuations of older trends:
accelerating substitution of globally marketed products for local
products, the rapid growth of the labor force producing goods and services
for the international market, and the complex mediation of local and
regional economic conditions within global power relations. One of the
most significant aspects of globalization from a feminist point of view
is its disruption of local gender divisions of labor and its impact
on women's wage labor. The history of Europe's spinning industry as
it moved from cottage to factory between 1750 and 1900 puts a new spin
(so to speak) on accounts of globalization and gender. Europe's early
industrial capitalist development brought regions of Europe into and out
of production for globalizing markets through selective investment and
disinvestments. Then, as now, women's work, and in particular the work of
young women, played a key role in the region's "economic development."
"Boundless Possibilities": Home Sewing and the Meanings of Women's Domestic Work in the United States, 1890-1930
Authors: Gordon Sarah A
Published: January 2007

This article examines home sewing as both gendered labor and pleasurable art while addressing multiple understandings of women's domestic work. As mass-produced clothing became accessible and desirable and more women worked outside the home, fewer women sewed out of necessity. Nevertheless, sewing continued to resonate with understandings of feminine work, economic need, gender roles, cultural traditions, and artistic pleasure. Depending on the circumstances, dressmaking could be a chore or a choice, a survival skill or a means of personal expression. As social and economic circumstances shifted, home sewing moved beyond its functional role to become a way to articulate personal tastes and challenge assumptions about femininity, family, race, and class.
The "Average Housewife" in Post-World War II Italy
Authors: Tasca Luisa , Hilwig Stuart
Published: January 2007

This article examines the figure of the housewife and domestic work in post-World War II Italy. Fascism promoted two images of the housewife: the middle-class, urban homemaker inspired by American conceptions of "home economics," and the "rural farmwife" destined to prevail during the thirties. These two images offer both continuity and disjuncture with the image of the housewife in the post-1945 period. The social and economic context in postwar Italy favored the diffusion of the image of the full-time homemaker, an effect of the family policies promoted by the two principal political parties. Instruction manuals on home economics appeared in great numbers during the 1950s and 1960s. Examining these manuals prompts the following questions: How was the role of the woman in the home defined? What was her relationship with the world beyond the family? How was she supposed to perform her work? Domestic work expands in these decades to a few ultimate practices, becoming a totalizing mission and a value in itself, but resulting in the exclusion of women from any large-scale participation and activity in the life of the nation.
"We Were Not Ladies": Gender, Class, and a Women's Auxiliary's Battle for Mining Unionism
Authors: Merithew Caroline Waldron
Published: January 2007

"We Were Not Ladies" uses the 1930s dual union fight between the United Mine Workers of America and the Progressive Miners to challenge the historiography on women's auxiliaries in the United States. While most labor and women's historians have focused on the traditional and supporting roles that non-wage-earning women played in male unions, I show a more radical side to working-class housewives' activism. Through the Women's Auxiliary of the Progressive Miners, coal miners' daughters and wives recognized that conventional gender roles could neither gain them political and economic power in their communities, nor could these roles encompass their evolving political consciousness. Because the mine union wars of the early 1930s opened up an opportunity for women to understand and rearticulate their identities, the episode provides a critical historical vantage on the gendering of class in the rural industrial multiracial heartland. Auxiliary women were engaged in a new "class struggle" that went beyond the traditional female spheres of home and family. This episode of dual unionism is significant not only because women became active in the movement but also because it exposes the contradictory ways that class and gender intersected and were understood by male and female actors.
Oversight of Research Involving the Dead
Authors: Wicclair Mark R , DeVita Michael A
Published: January 2007

Research involving the dead, especially heart-beating cadavers, may facilitate the testing of potentially revolutionary and life-saving medical treatments. However, to ensure that such research is conducted ethically, it is essential to: (1) identify appropriate standards for this research and (2) assign institutional responsibility and a mechanism for oversight. Protocols for research involving the dead should be reviewed by a special committee and assessed according to nine standards intended to ensure scientific merit, to protect deceased patients and their families, and to promote institutional integrity and responsibility. Federal regulation of research involving the dead will foster appropriate standards and, equally importantly, help establish the acceptability of such research.
"This Year -- Richmond!": The 1936 Meeting of the American Library Association
Authors: Preer Jean L
Published: January 2007

At ALA's 1936 conference in Richmond, Virginia, librarians faced issues of professional identity, technological advance, and societal change. Meeting in the South and led by southerner Louis Round Wilson, attendees focused on the extension library service to rural, underserved areas. Meeting in Richmond, librarians confronted the realities of racial segregation and its implications for ALA. The Richmond conference launched ALA's quest for federal aid, favored by southern librarians, and prompted adoption of a policy on race, favored by northern ones. New technologies displayed at the conference offered means to transcend regional differences and enlarge the audience for public library service.
European Integration: Are Romanian Libraries Ready?
Authors: Anghelescu Hermina G. B
Published: January 2007

Romania is scheduled to join the European Union in January 2007. This paper examines Romanian libraries' readiness for integration into the Western European library network from various perspectives: collections, services, library science education, infrastructure, staffing, and professional engagement. Since the demise of the Communist regime in December 1989 Romanian libraries have been striving to overcome the Communist legacy, which consists of poor infrastructure, dated collections, restricted access to information, lack of modern equipment, and inadequate information and communication technologies. During the fifteen-year post-Communist period some progress has been made. However, Romanian libraries and their services, along with Romanian library and information science education, are lagging behind their counterparts in Western Europe. More commitment on behalf of the bodies that oversee libraries and adequate budgets from the funding agencies would lead to improvements on the library scene in Romania and would contribute to the attenuation of the East-West divide, preparing libraries in this country to operate according to Western European standards.
African American Women's Writings in the Woman's Building Library
Authors: Gautier Amina
Published: January 2007

This article surveys six African American women whose work was represented in the Woman's Building Library exhibit at the Columbian Exposition: Elleanor Eldridge, Victoria Earle, A. Julia Foote, Frances Harper, Henrietta Cordelia Ray, and T. T Purvis. These women's writings cover a variety of genres and styles from novels, short stories, poems, sketches, autobiographies, rhymes, and essays that address such topics as suffrage, partnership, a woman's marital rights, and black enterprise and entrepreneurship.
Uncle Tom's Cabin at the World's Columbian Exposition
Authors: Hochman Barbara
Published: January 2007

The framing of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the Columbian Exposition raises questions about the appeal of Stowe's novel for postâCivil War readers. I tackle those questions by considering the governing conception behind the Stowe exhibit and then analyzing dramatic differences in two American editions included in the Woman's Library. In the Stowe display, as in other contexts throughout the 1890s, Uncle Tom's Cabin was employed to support a self-congratulatory narrative of moral and social progress in U.S. culture while subtly outlining a program of continued subordination as the proper place for African Americans.
Symmetrical Womanhood: Poetry in the Woman's Building Library
Authors: Sorby Angela
Published: January 2007

Late-nineteenth-century women poets shed midcentury sentimentality unevenly and at some cost, losing a sense of privacy, a (Christian) frame of reference, and an "imagined community" of women who sharedtheir worldview. They also gained more public, secular, and professional sources of identity. The exact nature of this postsentimental self was unclear. Postsentimental poets often wrote in the "genteel tradition," which trumpeted eternal truth and beauty while working from aposition of subjective instability. Ultimately, their verses must be seenas powerfully fluid and transitional, registering (like the Woman'sBuilding Library) women's struggle to inhabit more public formsof authority.
A Planned City Comes of Age: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana Today
Authors: Irazabal Clara
Published: January 2007

In the 1960s, planners from MIT and Harvard, supported by an interdisciplinary group, were invited by the Venezuelan government to interact with national professionals to create a "growth pole" in the southern part of the country. A city named Ciudad Guayana was founded in 1961. The planning process that followed was extensively documented by this group of American scholars and their counterparts in Venezuela. Probably the strongest critique to this process has been presented by the American anthropologist Lisa Peattie who, in Planning: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana (1987), unveils the unbridgeable gap between the "platonic city" designed by the planners based on the development paradigm, and the "aristotelian city" that unfolded in reality. This study investigates national and local politics in the planning, decision-making, and building practices of the city, and their definite imprint on its urban form and quality of life. Emphasis is placed on the last 15 years, and particularly the period since 1999, when Hugo Ch�vezFr�as assumed the presidency of Venezuela.

En la d�cada de 1960, un grupo interdisciplinario de planificadores del MIT y Harvard fueron invitados por el gobierno nacional Venezolano a trabajar rec�procamente con profesionales Venezolanos para crear un "polo de desarrollo" en la parte sur del pa�s. Como consecuencia de este proceso, se (re)fund� una ciudad en 1961 llamada Ciudad Guayana. El proceso de planificaci�n que sigui� fue documentado extensivamente por este grupo de expertos Estadounidenses y sus contrapartes en Venezuela. Probablemente la cr�tica m�s fuerte a este proceso, presentada por la antrop�loga estadounidense Lisa Peattie en Planning: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana (1987), revela la significativa brecha entre la "ciudad Plat�nica" dise�ada por los proyectistas con base en el paradigma de "desarrollo", y la "ciudad Aristot�lica" que se despleg� en la realidad. Este art�culo investiga la pol�tica local y nacional en la toma de decisiones y las pr�cticas de desarrollo urbano en Ciudad Guayana, y su impacto en la forma urbana y en la calidad de vida en la ciudad. El �nfasis se pone en los �ltimos 15 a�os, y particularmente desde 1999, cuando Hugo Ch�vez Fr�as asumi� la presidencia de Venezuela.
The Nonunity of VP-Preposing
Authors: Baltin Mark R. (Mark Reuben)
Published: January 2007

This article shows that a VP in English is only a VP at the outset of a derivation, and that VP preposing in English is in fact preposing of the internal arguments of the verb, followed by remnant movement of the original VP, making English and German (Muller 1998) more similar than they might appear at first glance. The evidence for the nonconstituency of the verb and its original arguments inpreposed position comes from its solutionto what has beentermed Pesetsky's paradox, in that an object of a preposed VP can bind into an adverbial at the end of a sentence, creating an apparent conflict between the assumptions that binding requires c-command and that only constituents move. This article also provides evidence for c-command as the prominence constraint on binding, rather than o-command (Pollard & Sag 1994) or f-command (Dalrymple 1999).
Health Libraries as Joint Use Libraries: Serving Medical Practitioners and Students
Authors: Dorrington L. F
Published: January 2007

Libraries, whether medical or healthcare, in higher education (HE) institutions or the National Health Service (NHS), provide services to all types of healthcare students and professionals. Many of these are delivered through contracts, in the form of service-level agreements, between the two key organizations. The challenge to librarians is ensuring that users are provided with access to the resources they need and the skills to use those resources to the benefit of a patient-centered environment. External drivers such as developments in education, a continuously modernizing health service, and new technology have infiuenced the development of services. Issues regarding the access to electronic information for the different user groups still exist. Librarians have to support the differing user groups, who may have varying levels of computer and library skills, and provide skills training on a wide variety of resources from their own institution and from nationally provided content.
Joint Use Libraries: Implementing a Pilot Community/School Library Project in a Remote Rural Area in South Africa
Authors: Le Roux Sophia , Hendrikz Francois
Published: January 2007

The research of a postgraduate study into joint use libraries internationally led to the development of a proposed model for a commu-nity-school library relevant for South African conditions. This model was proposed to the Provincial Library and Information Service of Mpumalanga. Based on the requirements to successfully implement the model, the rural community of Maphotla was selected as a pilot site. The proposal coincided with the building of a new library. The framework of the research was used as a guide to draft a project plan that was used during implementation. During implementation of the plan, minor changes were required for practical reasons. Although the implementation of the model is in its beginning stages, it already has proved to be successful in relation to factors such as school participation, learners participation in library activities during and after school, and the participation of various other role players. It is envisaged to implement the model in other areas where there is a dearth of public and school libraries to improve access to libraries and information.
Beyond a Comparison of Two Distinct Things; or, What Students of Literature Gain from a Cognitive Linguistic Approach to Metaphor
Authors: Tapia Elena
Published: January 2007

Referring to data from senior seminars involving textual analysis of novels and short stories, the author discusses the advantages undergraduates enjoy studying literature through a cognitive linguistic approach. Some methodology described contrasts traditional views, which posit objective and preexisting similarities in metaphor, with cognitive linguistic views of nonobjective, non-pre-existing similarities. The latter facilitates close readings of texts, because metaphorical systems—theoretically traceable to embodied and/or cultural experiences—intuitively make sense to students. The author shares pedagogical implications such as students' heightened awareness of language (e.g., detecting bias in metaphor) as well as the linguistic and classroom methodologies used.
Pitfalls of Intellection: Pedagogical Concerns on Mount Athos
Authors: Sarris Marios
Published: January 2007

This paper is based on the findings of social anthropological fieldwork which was carried out in one of the principal monasteries of Mount Athos between June 1991 and January 1993. In the article, I explore the logic of pedagogical concerns on Mt. Athos, and compare it with that of western monastic models. By briefly revisiting the historic rift between the Greek and Latin Churches, I seek to highlight some of the deeper theological foundations on which the Athonite attitude to education rests. More specifically, I concentrate on the importance which ritual participation acquires in the socialization of Athonite novices, and discuss the implications which this has for the religi ous life of Orthodox Greeks. I also dwell upon the anti-intellectualist attitudes that one often encounters on Athos, and examine the social implications which this orientation has for coenobitic life on the Mountain.
Modern Disturbances: On the Ambiguities of Archaeology
Authors: Lucas Gavin
Published: January 2007

This paper discusses the relationship between modernity and archaeology from two directions. The first half examines the historical development of archaeology in relation to the concept of prehistory where prehistory is viewed not as a chronological period but an ontological condition, defined by a dialectical tension between discourse and materiality. The second half explores this dialectic through archaeological approaches to the modern world, especially the present, and argues for a greater need to frame archaeological practice as cultural performance. In particular, it is suggested that archaeology be viewed as an engagement with the unconstituted present, where historicity is affirmed as an act of cultural production which should be socially situated at all levels of practice.
Archaeology's Place in Modernity
Authors: Thomas Julian
Published: January 2007

It is widely acknowledged that the practice of archaeology emerged in the modern period. However, this article makes the more radical claim that modernity represents the ground of the possibility of archaeology. Archaeology is deeply connected with modes of thought, forms of organization, and social practices that are distinctively modern. So ironically, archaeology studies past worlds through an intellectual apparatus that is thoroughly embedded in the present. In this essay, the various strands of archaeologyÕs debt to modernity are investigated, and it is suggested that the discipline can aspire to a ÒcountermodernÓ position by embracing considerations of meaning, ethics, politics, and rhetoric.
"In Praise of the Present": Adolf Loos on Style and Fashion
Authors: McBride Patrizia C
Published: January 2007

This article examines the discourse on beauty, style, and fashion developed by Viennese architect and essayist Adolf Loos between the 1890s and the 1920s. Contrary to conventional understanding, it argues that Loos's critique of contemporary architectural and fashion styles should not be read as contributing to the discourse of lost authenticity and estranged identity, which is identified with Viennese modernism. Instead, this essay draws on Loos's passionate endorsement of contemporary fashion in order to reconstruct his optimistic vision of modernity, which he saw peopled by individuals whose identity is inscribed on a discursive surface and lacks the depth of metaphysical substance.
The Neobaroque in Djuna Barnes
Authors: Kaup Monika
Published: January 2007

The case I make is that the key to Djuna Barnes's notoriously ornate, circular, obscure, hyperbolic style is the neobaroque, a category that refers to the recuperation of the "obsolete" styles, forms, and themes of the historical baroque by twentieth-century writers, both in Europe and the Americas. The baroque, Europe's first, pre-Enlightenment modernity, an alternate modernity and reason later vilified by the Enlightenment and Positivism as an aberration, is recovered when Enlightenment master narratives of reason and progress themselves enter into crisis. The neobaroque can establish a conversation between various critical orientations of Barnes criticism (formalist, feminist, and new historicist readings), as well as offer a transnational perspective on Barnes's modernism.
The Threat of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Lydall Jean
Published: January 2007

Objective: To make a preliminary assessment of HIV/AIDS risk among the Hamar and other ethnic groups in South Omo Zone.
Methods: This broadly based anthropological study is based on more than three decades of field study experience within South Omo Zone. It involves various research methods ranging from in-depth, tape-recorded interviews to films, and focuses mainly on the Hamar area.
Results: The completion of an all-weather road to the South Omo region in the early 1980s resulted in, among other things, the arrival of many people from other parts of Ethiopia. Along with the increased urbanization came alcoholism, commercial sex, and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Although no HIV surveys have yet been carried out, there is increasing evidence that the virus is spreading among Hamar and other ethnic groups. The author's intimate knowledge of the South Omo Zone and her tape-recorded conversations with Hamar men and women indicate the limited knowledge and concern about AIDS among the population.
Recommendations: Multidisciplinary survey teams urgently need to raise local awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS using culturally appropriate methods, and to identify and reduce high-risk behaviors to prevent the spread of the epidemic.
The UGDP Controversy: thirty-four years of contentious ambiguity laid to rest
Authors: Schwartz Theodore B , Meinert Curtis L
Published: January 2007

The University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP), launched in 1960, was an early placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial devised to determine which, if any, of the treatments for type 2 diabetes was efficacious. Because of an excess of cardiac deaths in patients treated with tolbutamide, a sulfonylurea drug, investigators terminated this limb of the study. This decision was met with strong resistance from the parent drug company and many in the medical community. Subsequent clinical studies both supported and conflicted with the UDGP findings, so that the controversy has persisted. A rationale for sulfonylurea-induced cardiotoxicity emerged with the observation that these drugs block ischemic preconditioning, a protective maneuver that reduces myocardial damage after temporary blockage of coronary blood flow; this action of sulfonylureas provided laboratory support for the UGDP findings. The development of newer sulfonylurea drugs that do not block ischemic preconditioning has rendered the UGDP controversy moot and has preserved a place for sulfonylureas in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Hobbes's Explicated Fables and the Legacy of the Ancients
Authors: Hillyer Richard
Published: January 2007

A transitional text in other respects as well, De Cive differs from Hobbes's earlier Elements of Law and later Leviathan by claiming points of agreement between his own political philosophy and that embodied allegorically in the fables of classical antiquity (as explicated by himself). Though he did not begin with and subsequently abandoned this unconvincing approach, it reveals how late in his intellectual development he was still tempted to find some way of establishing classical precedents for his views, and thereby calls into question his frequent assessment as an arch-modern.
Navigating the Point of No Return: Organizational Implications of Digitization in Special Collections
Authors: Sutton Shan
Published: January 2007

The digitization of archival materials is becoming a fundamental duty
of special collections in academic libraries. This article examines
organizational trends that have emerged at selected academic libraries
in support of digital initiatives in special collections, with an
emphasis on collaboration between special collections and digital
library departments.
A Radical Step: Implementing A Critical Information Literacy Model
Authors: Swanson Troy A
Published: January 2007

The weakness of the print-based bibliographic instruction model is its
focus on format of the information source over the type of information
the source contains. Drawing from the critical literacy movement in the
education literature, this article presents an example of a critical
information literacy model as applied to the research paper component
of a first-year composition course. In this model, students work from
their own experiences as they are prepared to make predictive judgments
about the information they will need.
The Depth and Breadth of Google Scholar: An Empirical Study
Authors: Neuhaus Chris , Neuhaus Ellen , Asher Alan , Wrede Clint
Published: January 2007

The introduction of Google Scholar in November 2004 was accompanied by fanfare, skepticism, and numerous questions about the scope and coverage of this database. Nearly one year after its inception, many of these questions remain unanswered. This study compares the contents of 47 different databases with that of Google Scholar. Included in this investigation are tests for Google Scholar publication date and publication language bias, as well as a study of upload frequency. Tests show Google Scholar's current strengths to be coverage of science and medical databases, open access databases, and single publisher databases. Current weaknesses include lack of coverage of social science and humanities databases and an English language bias.
Instrumental and Constitutive Rhetoric in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
Authors: Leff Michael C , Utley Ebony A
Published: January 2007

Traditional conceptions of rhetorical ethos treat character exclusively as an instrument of persuasion, but the persona of the rhetor often functions as a means of constituting the self in relation to a complex network of social and cultural relationships. This generative function of character becomes especially important in cases where suppressed groups attempt to find rhetorical means to alter their circumstances. Using Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" as a case study, we argue that the text develops a complex and nuanced construction of King's character. This construct allows King to criticize his target audience without alienating himself from it and also allows the "eavesdropping" black audience to discover a model for reconstructing their own sense of agency. This constitutive dimension of character occurs simultaneously and in intimate connection with its use as an instrument of persuasion concerning specific issues. Based on this case, we argue that rigid distinctions between instrumental and constitutive functions of rhetoric are misleading and that rhetorical critics should regard the constitution of self and the instrumental uses of character as a fluid relationship.
Operation Enduring Analogy: World War II, the War on Terror, and the Uses of Historical Memory
Authors: Noon David Hoogland
Published: January 2007

Since 1999, George W. Bush has consistently evoked the legacy of the "greatest generation." Moreover, since September 11, 2001, Bush's use of World War II analogies has intensified. Such analogies capitalize on post-Cold War historical memory and lend credibility to the war on terrorism, yet they characterize the world in a simple, dualistic fashion that evades a critical engagement with history.
Institution and Imprimatur: Institutional Rhetoric and the Failure of the Catholic Church's Pastoral Letter on Homosexuality
Authors: Lynch John
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the Catholic Church's pastoral letter on homosexuality, Always Our Children. While its primary audience was the parents of gays and lesbians, the letter also had to address gay and lesbian Catholics and conservative bishops. A key task for the letter was acquiring the imprimatur, or silent assent, of bishops. The letter used three strategies to attain this assent: strict definition of purpose, an almost exclusive use of previous institutional rhetoric as supporting material, and the deflection of responsibility for the issue at hand onto outside groups. The letter ultimately failed to persuade its audiences and was revised because of tensions in its characterization of gays and lesbians.
Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public
Authors: Tonn Mari Boor
Published: January 2007

This essay interrogates "conversation," "dialogue," and the language of therapy as framing devices for various public deliberative processes in the 1990s and since. Although "conversation" and "dialogue" are often trumpeted as a means to restore civility, egalitarianism, and community into the public sphere, this essay argues that these communication modes, coupled with the language of therapy in which they frequently have been couched, are problematic as paradigms for conflict and problem resolution on public issues. The essay argues, first, that a conversational model for deliberation may impede rather than further democratic goals, and, second, that conversation may function as a therapeutic substitute for policy formation necessary to remedy social ills.
The Declining "Equity" of American Higher Education
Authors: Astin Alexander W , Oseguera Leticia
Published: January 2007

An analysis of three decades of data from national samples of entering college freshmen reveals that (a) there are substantial socioeconomic inequities in access to the most selective U.S. colleges and universities and that (b) American higher education is more socioeconomically stratified today than at any time during the past three decades. The increasing concentration of high-SES students in the most selective institutions appears to have come primarily at the expense of middle-SES students.