bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beclin‐1 Is Required for RANKL‐Induced Osteoclast Differentiation
Authors: Chung Yeon‐Ho , Jang Youngsaeng , Choi Bongkun , Song Da‐Hyun , Lee Eun‐Jin , Kim Sang‐Min , Song Youngsup , Kang Sang‐Wook , Yoon Seung‐Yong , Chang Eun‐Ju
Published: April 2014

Beclin‐1 plays a critical role in autophagy; however, it also contributes to other biological processes in a non‐autophagic manner. Although studies have examined the non‐autophagic role of autophagy proteins in the secretory function of osteoclasts (OC), the role of Beclin‐1 is unclear. Here, we examined the role of Beclin‐1 in OC differentiation, and found that mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) showed increased expression of Beclin‐1 upon RANKL stimulation in a p38‐ and NF‐kappa B‐dependent manner. During OC differentiation, Beclin‐1 localized to the mitochondria, where it was involved in the production of mitochondrial intracellular reactive oxygen species. Knockdown of Beclin‐1 in RANKL‐primed BMMs led to a significant reduction in RANKL‐dependent osteoclastogenesis, which was accompanied by reduced NFATc1 induction. Furthermore, knockdown of Beclin‐1 inhibited RANKL‐mediated activation of JNK and p38, both of which act downstream of reactive oxygen species, resulting in the suppression of NFATc1 induction. Finally, overexpression of constitutively active NFATc1 rescued the phenotype induced by Beclin‐1 knockdown, indicating that Beclin‐1 mediates RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis by regulating NFATc1 expression. These findings show that Beclin‐1 plays a non‐autophagic role in RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species and NFATc1. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1963–1971, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advanced Glycation End Products Induce Lipogenesis: Regulation by Natural Xanthone through Inhibition of ERK and NF‐κB
Authors: Mahali Sidhartha K. , Verma Neeharika , Manna Sunil K.
Published: April 2014

Advanced glycation end products (AGE) accumulate in diabetic patients and aged persons due to high amounts of 3‐ or 4‐carbon derivatives of glucose. Understanding the mechanism of AGE‐mediated signaling leading to these consequences, like oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, etc. and its regulation would be a viable strategy to control diabetic complication and age‐related diseases. We have detected the probable mechanism by which AGE increases lipogenesis, the cause of fatty liver in diabetic patients. AGE increased lipid accumulation in different cells as shown by Oil Red O staining. AGE‐mediated regulation of several transcription factors was determined by gel shift assay. Antioxidants like NAC, PDTC, and vitamin C, except mangiferin, were unable to protect AGE‐induced activation of SREBP and subsequent lipid accumulation. AGE increased the phosphorylation of ERK, and IKK and also DNA binding ability of SREBP, thereby its dependent gene transcription. AGE induces NF‐κB which might suppress PPARγ activity, in turn reducing lipid breakdown and mobilization. Mangiferin not only inhibits AGE‐mediated ROI generation that requires NF‐κB activation, but also inhibits ERK and IKK activity, thereby suppression of SREBP activity and lipogenesis. Mangiferin has shown a double‐edged sword effect to suppress AGE‐mediated ailments by reducing ROI‐mediated responses as antioxidant and inhibiting SREBP activation thereby lipogenesis, suggesting its potential efficacy against diabetes and obesity‐related diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1972–1980, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surgical education using a multi‐viewpoint and multi‐layer three‐dimensional atlas of surgical anatomy (with video)
Authors: Nobuoka Daisuke , Fuji Tomokazu , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Takagi Kosei , Kuise Takashi , Utsumi Masashi , Yoshida Ryuichi , Umeda Yuzo , Shinoura Susumu , Takeda Yoshimasa , Ohtsuka Aiji
Published: April 2014

Background

Trainee surgeons must have a good understanding of surgical anatomy. Especially in the hepatobiliary‐pancreatic field, beginning surgeons often find it difficult to recognize the three‐dimensional structure of the target organ and its complex anatomical correlation with surrounding organs. Conventional anatomy textbooks are not written with the aim of teaching these three‐dimensional structures and complex correlations. We developed a novel teaching atlas of surgical anatomy using a multi‐viewpoint and multi‐layer three‐dimensional camera system.

Methods

Layer‐by‐layer dissection of the upper abdominal organs of a cadaver was performed by expert surgeons. A stereoscopic camera system was used to capture a series of anatomical views. The images were remodeled in a multi‐viewpoint and multi‐layer manner.

Results

Images of each dissection layer could be viewed serially from the appropriate angle, which was tilted up to 90° along the anteroposterior axis. The clinical anatomy specific to the surgical procedure could thus be learned using this atlas system.

Conclusions

Rotatable three‐dimensional panoramic views of local dissection of the upper abdominal organs of a cadaver were developed for educational purposes. Trainee surgeons could use these anatomical images instead of conventional anatomical atlases to learn how to perform surgical procedures such as pancreaticoduodenectomy and major hepatectomy.
Mechanical ventilation in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A review of new strategies for the practicing hospitalist
Authors: Wilson Jennifer G. , Matthay Michael A.
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

The goal of mechanical ventilation in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is to support adequate gas exchange without harming the lungs. How patients are mechanically ventilated can significantly impact their ultimate outcomes.

METHODS

This review focuses on emerging evidence regarding strategies for mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure including: low tidal volume ventilation in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), novel ventilator modes as alternatives to low tidal volume ventilation, adjunctive strategies that may enhance recovery in ARDS, the use of lung‐protective strategies in patients without ARDS, rescue therapies in refractory hypoxemia, and an evidence‐based approach to weaning from mechanical ventilation.

RESULTS

Once a patient is intubated and mechanically ventilated, low tidal volume ventilation remains the best strategy in ARDS. Adjunctive therapies in ARDS include a conservative fluid management strategy, as well as neuromuscular blockade and prone positioning in moderate‐to‐severe disease. There is also emerging evidence that a lung‐protective strategy may benefit non‐ARDS patients. For patients with refractory hypoxemia, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation should be considered. Once the patient demonstrates signs of recovery, the best approach to liberation from mechanical ventilation involves daily spontaneous breathing trials and protocolized assessment of readiness for extubation.

CONCLUSIONS

Prompt recognition of ARDS and use of lung‐protective ventilation, as well as evidence‐based adjunctive therapies, remain the cornerstones of caring for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. In the absence of contraindications, it is reasonable to consider lung‐protective ventilation in non‐ARDS patients as well, though the evidence supporting this practice is less conclusive. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:469–475. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
RETRACTED: Nuclear receptor nur77 promotes cerebral cell apoptosis and induces early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats
Authors: Dai Yuxiang , Zhang Wen , Sun Qing , Zhang Xing , Zhou Xiaoming , Hu Yangchun , Shi Jixin
Published: April 2014

Nur77 is a potent proapoptotic member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that is expressed predominantly in brain tissue. It has been demonstrated that Nur77 mediates apoptosis in multiple organs. Nur77‐mediated early brain injury (EBI) involves a conformational change in BCL‐2 and triggers cytochrome C (cytoC) release resulting in cellular apoptosis. This study investigates whether Nur77 can promote cerebral cell apoptosis after experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: 1) untreated group, 2) treatment control group, and 3) SAH group. The experimental SAH group was divided into four subgroups, corresponding to 12 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr after experimentally induced SAH. It remains unclear whether Nur77 can play an important role during EBI after SAH as a proapoptotic protein in cerebral cells. Cytosporone B (Csn‐B) was used to demonstrate that Nur77 could be enriched and used to aggravate EBI after SAH. Rats treated with Csn‐B were given an intraperitoneal injection (13 mg/kg) 30 min after experimentally induced SAH. We found that Nur77 promotes cerebral cell apoptosis by mediating EBI and triggering a conformational change in BCL‐2, resulting in cytoC release. Nur77 activity, along with cerebral cell apoptosis, peaked at 24 hr after SAH onset. After induction of SAH, an injection of Csn‐B, an agonist for Nur77, enhanced the expression and function of Nur77. In summary, we have demonstrated the proapoptotic effect of Nur77 within cerebral cells, an effect that can be further exacerbated with Csn‐B stimulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decoupling of seasonal temperature and precipitation over the western Pacific during the early mid‐Holocene
Authors: Deng Wenfeng , Wei Gangjian
Published: April 2014

This paper considers seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation over the western Pacific during the early mid‐Holocene through an analysis of seasonal variations in sea surface temperature (SST, reconstructed from coral Sr/Ca ratios) and seawater δ18O (δ18Osw, generated from coral Sr/Ca and δ18O ratios) in both modern corals and fossil corals from the early mid‐Holocene (ca. 6.7–6.5 ka Before Present (BP)). The modern coral, from the northern South China Sea (SCS) in the northwest Pacific, shows relatively negative δ18Osw values during the warmer seasons (May–December), but relatively positive values during the colder seasons (January–April). In contrast, the fossil coral shows relatively negative δ18Osw values during the cold seasons (February–May), but relatively positive values during the warm seasons (June–October). This contrast is also evident in the Vanuatu corals from the southwest Pacific. In detail, the modern coral record shows low δ18Osw values during most of the year, but with a positive δ18Osw peak in October (cold season), while the two early mid‐Holocene corals record a positive δ18Osw peak in February (summer) and a negative peak in August (winter). Seasonal patterns preserved in coral δ18Osw series reflect seasonal variations in precipitation, both in the northern SCS and Vanuatu; consequently, their contrasting seasonal coral δ18Osw variations during the early mid‐Holocene and at present indicate that the configuration of temperature and precipitation during the early mid‐Holocene differed to the present‐day situation. This decoupling of seasonal temperature and precipitation variations occurred over the western Pacific, which means that it was a regional, rather than simply a local climate phenomenon. This seasonal decoupling may have resulted from the synchronous northward shift of both the Intertropical Convergence Zone and South Pacific Convergence Zone during the early mid‐Holocene, which seems to be controlled by orbital forcing.
The climatological relationship between tropical cyclones in the southwest pacific and the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Diamond H. J. , Renwick J. A.
Published: April 2014

The focus of this study is the climatological relationship between southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone (TC) activity and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the interannual time‐scale. It investigates TC seasonal characteristics (e.g. cyclogenesis, track morphology, ex‐tropical transition, and intensity) as modulated by the phase and intensity of the MJO. The approach is novel as in addition to the focus on the intraseasonal variability of TCs there is also a focus on the interannual variability of TCs even though the MJO is an intraseasonal phenomenon. Links between the MJO, the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and TC variability are also investigated. Using the MJO phases defined by Wheeler and Hendon (2004), southwest Pacific TC frequency exhibited a statistically significant decrease during MJO phases 2 and 3, and an increase during phases 6 and 7; and during the positive phase of the SAM, an increased frequency of TCs undergoing extratropical transition was observed. In summary, the results show a clear intraseasonal climatological relationship between specific phases of the MJO with respect to a decreased (increased) frequency of TCs during the paired MJO phases 2–3 (6–7); as well as the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the MJO and SAM with respect to the extratropical transition (ETT) of TCs. During positive phases of the SAM, coincident with weak interannual MJO phases 4–5 and 6–7, there are statistically significant greater frequency percentages of TCs undergoing ETT.
Can Creativity Predict Cognitive Reserve?
Authors: Palmiero Massimiliano , Di Giacomo Dina , Passafiume Domenico
Published: April 2014

Cognitive reserve relies on the ability to effectively cope with aging and brain damage by using alternate processes to approach tasks when standard approaches are no longer available. In this study, the issue if creativity can predict cognitive reserve has been explored. Forty participants (mean age: 61 years) filled out: the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire, the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking in visual and verbal form, Raven's Progressive Matrices (PM38), and the Verbal Judgments Test. The analysis revealed that all indices of verbal creativity were positively correlated with indices of cognitive reserve, except with cognitive reserve related to working activity. However, using the composite score of verbal creativity, all indices of cognitive reserve were predicted, including the index related to working activity. These results show that verbal creativity could be considered as another proxy indicator of cognitive reserve, and open to the hypothesis that verbal creativity enhances cognitive reserve and sustains active aging.
Irradiated rare‐earth‐doped powellite single crystal probed by confocal Raman mapping and transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Wang X. , Panczer G. , de Ligny D. , Motto‐Ros V. , Yu J. , Dussossoy J. L. , Peuget S. , Jóźwik‐Biala I. , Bérerd N. , Jagielski J.
Published: April 2014

The irradiation‐induced damages and structure modifications of rare earths doped powellite single crystal have been precisely studied using optical and electron microscopy techniques, including optical interferometry, confocal micro‐Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The surface of powellite crystal pops out anisotropically after exposing under Ar ion beam, with a saturation swelling value of 2.0% along a‐axis and 1.3% along the c‐axis of powellite at high dose. Raman mapping on focused ion‐beam sections (5 × 3 µm2) perpendicular to the irradiated surface reveals that irradiation damage induces orientation‐dependent compressive stresses in powellite. However, no significant anisotropic effect has been found on the irradiation‐induced structural disorder in powellite. At low dose (0.012 dpa), the main irradiation‐induced defects created in powellite crystal are small defect clusters. By comparison, the dominant kinds of defects in high‐dose (5.0 dpa) sample are dislocations loops and networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of genetic transferrin variants in human serum by high‐resolution capillary zone electrophoresis†
Authors: Caslavska Jitka , Joneli Jeannine , Wanzenried Ursula , Schiess Jeannette , Lanz Christian , Thormann Wolfgang
Published: April 2014

High‐resolution capillary zone electrophoresis in the routine arena with stringent quality assurance is employed for the determination of carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin in human serum. The assay comprises mixing of human serum with a FeIII‐containing solution prior to analysis of the iron‐saturated mixture in a dynamically double‐coated capillary using a commercial buffer at alkaline pH. In contrast to other assays, it provides sufficient resolution for proper recognition of genetic transferrin variants. Analysis of 7290 patient sera revealed 166 isoform patterns that could be assigned to genetic variants, namely, 109 BC, 53 CD, one BD and three CC variants. Several subtypes of transferrin D can be distinguished as they have large enough differences in pI values. Subtypes of transferrin C and B cannot be resolved. However, analysis of the detection time ratios of tetrasialo isoforms of transferrin BC and transferrin CD variants revealed multimodal frequency histograms, indicating the presence of subtypes of transferrin C, B and D. The data gathered over 11 years demonstrate the robustness of the high‐resolution capillary zone electrophoresis assay. This is the first account of a capillary zone electrophoresis based carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin assay with a broad overview on transferrin isoform patterns associated with genetic transferrin variants.
A Smart Drug Delivery System from Charge‐Conversion Polymer–Drug Conjugate for Enhancing Tumor Therapy and Tunable Drug Release
Authors: Huang Hailong , Li Yapeng , Sa Zongpeng , Sun Yuan , Wang Yuzhen , Wang Jingyuan
Published: April 2014

A smart drug delivery system is prepared by citraconylated polyaspartic acid (PASP) derivate–drug conjugate. The conjugate contains two pH‐sensitive groups: citraconic amide and hydrazone linker. Citraconic amide group can enhance tumor therapy efficiency by the extracellular pH‐sensitive charge‐conversion property. Hydrazone linker between polymer and drug can cleave efficiently in the intracellular pH environment. The resulting conjugate shows dual‐pH sensitive properties: extracellular pH‐triggered enhanced tumor targeting and intracellular pH‐triggered drug release. The results of physicochemical properties, intracellular location, and cytotoxicity of conjugate micelles demonstrate that this novel smart drug delivery system can enhance intracellular delivery of drug at a low pH and then release drug rapidly.
The application of targeted mass spectrometry‐based strategies to the detection and localization of post‐translational modifications
Authors: Chicooree Navin , Unwin Richard D. , Griffiths John R.
Published: April 2014

This review describes some of the more interesting and imaginative ways in which mass spectrometry has been utilized to study a number of important post‐translational modifications over the past two decades; from circa 1990 to 2013. A diverse range of modifications is covered, including citrullination, sulfation, hydroxylation and sumoylation. A summary of the biological role of each modification described, along with some brief mechanistic detail, is also included. Emphasis has been placed on strategies specifically aimed at detecting target modifications, as opposed to more serendipitous modification discovery approaches, which rely upon straightforward product ion scanning methods. The authors have intentionally excluded from this review both phosphorylation and glycosylation since these major modifications have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 34: 595–626, 2015.
Auto‐amplification system for prostaglandin F2α in bovine corpus luteum
Authors: Kumagai Asuka , Yoshioka Shin , Sakumoto Ryosuke , Okuda Kiyoshi
Published: April 2014

The bovine corpus luteum (CL) is hypothesized to utilize a local auto‐amplification system for prostaglandin (PG) F2α production. The objective of the present study was to determine if such a PGF2α auto‐amplification system exists in the bovine CL, and if so, which factors regulate it. PGF2α significantly stimulated intra‐luteal PGF2α production in all luteal phases, but did not affect PGE2 production. The stimulatory effect of exogenous PGF2α on CL PGF2α production was lower at the early luteal phase. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), significantly suppressed the PGF2α‐stimulated PGF2α production by luteal tissue, indicating that the PGF2α in the medium was of luteal origin. Consistent with these secreted‐PGF2α profiles, PGF2α receptor (PTGFR) protein expression was higher during the mid and late luteal phases than at early and developing luteal phases. Treatment of cultured bovine luteal cells obtained from the mid‐luteal phase with PGF2α (1 µM) significantly increased the expressions of PTGS2, PGF synthase (PGFS), and carbonyl reductase1 (CBR1) at 24 hr post‐treatment. Together, these results suggest the presence of a local auto‐amplification system for PGF2α mediated by PTGS2, PGFS, and CBR1 in the bovine CL, which may play an important role in luteolysis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 646–654, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using the oaxaca–blinder decomposition as an empirical tool to analyze racial disparities in obesity
Authors: Sen Bisakha
Published: April 2014

Objective

Racial disparities in obesity in the US are often assumed to reflect racial disparities in socio‐economic status, diet and physical‐activity. We present an econometric method that helps examine this by “decomposing” the racial gap in body‐mass index (BMI) into how much can be explained by racial differences in “standard” predictors of BMI, and how much remains unexplained.

Methods

The Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition is widely used in other fields, but remains under‐utilized in the obesity literature. We provide algebraic and graphical illustrations of the decomposition, and further illustrate it with an example using data for white and black respondents in Mississippi and Alabama. BMI is the outcome of interest. Predictor variables include income, education, age, marital status, children, mental health indicators, diet and exercise.

Results

The mean predicted gap in BMI between white and black men is small, statistically insignificant, and can be attributed to racial differences in the predictor variables. The mean predicted gap for women is larger, statistically significant, and <10% of it can be explained by differences in predictor variables. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Conclusion

Wider application of this method is advocated in the obesity literature, to better understand racial disparities in obesity.
How do we dispel the shame experience for patients with diabetes?
Authors: Nash Jen
Published: April 2014

A Archer. Shame and diabetes self‐management. Pages 102–106.
A case control study of use of the Failed Access Score for determination of failed access to structured diabetes care: the WICKED project
Authors: Gillani SMR , Holland MR , Sidhu M , Singh BM
Published: April 2014

Failure of access to structured diabetes care is associated with adverse outcome. There is no known validated data tool to identify access failure and thus we have developed a Failed Access Score (FAS) and have examined its associations.

The FAS is part of the WICKED project (Wolverhampton Interface Care, Knowledge Empowered Diabetes), and consists of three key care processes in diabetes: namely HbA1c, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio and retinal screening. A retrospective case control study in a single GP practice was undertaken on all the patients (n=478) failing two or more parameters over 15 months. They were compared to those with no access failure matched for age, gender, ethnicity and type of diabetes.

Among the 51 cases with a FAS ≥2, two or three process measures were absent in 84% and 16% respectively. Excluding service failure, this was due to non‐attendance in 35% but otherwise associated with other clinical constraints in 41% (mental health, house bound, palliative care, multi‐morbidity) and their deprivation index was significantly higher (p<0.01). Extrapolating to the whole health economy (n=16 644), 2362 (14%) would have a FAS of ≥2 of whom 968 (6%) would have failed access in association with these constraints.

In conclusion, it is possible to identify people who are failing access to structured diabetes care using readily available data calculated as the FAS score. Failed access is not usually due to patient default or disengagement but rather, in almost 65%, either due to significant clinical disadvantage or pure failure of service. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons.
Adults with type 1 diabetes: what factors are associated with disengagement from health services?
Authors: Elders Vera , Keen Andrew , Gold Ann
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to establish the characteristics of adults with type 1 diabetes who disengaged entirely from diabetes care provision.

Those who were classified as disengaged had no recorded HbA1c value in either primary or secondary care during the preceding 15 months. A clinical database was used to identify patients with type 1 diabetes who were disengaged and to generate comparative data on those patients who had at least one HbA1c value recorded in the previous 15 months (classified as engaged).

Of 2772 adults with type 1 diabetes in Grampian, there was no recorded HbA1c value for 229 (8.3%) in the previous 15 months. Those who were disengaged were significantly younger (p<0.001), more commonly experienced clinical levels of anxiety (Fisher's exact test, p=0.0442) and depression (Fisher's exact test, p=0.0474), and at their most recent diabetes appointment had higher recorded HbA1c values (p=0.007). Significantly more males than females were disengaged (9.2% versus 7.0%; Fisher's exact test, p=0.037), and those disengaged more frequently came from the two most deprived categories of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (24.8% versus 18.1%; Fisher's exact test, p=0.005).

A proportion of those disengaged from diabetes care are markedly struggling to self‐manage their condition, and it is difficult to see how they will get the support they need. Innovative methods and systems are required to keep vulnerable adults with type 1 diabetes engaged in services and to re‐engage them if they drop out. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons.
How system changes improve inpatient diabetes care beyond education alone
Authors: Lockett HA , Courtney T , Hinton N , Dougal‐Johnson M , Warren RE
Published: April 2014

Most hospitals have implemented Think Glucose but, despite this, the National Inpatient Diabetes Audit continues to demonstrate that further improvement in inpatient diabetes care is required. We show how process changes through the use of IT systems and audit can improve outcomes beyond health care professional education alone. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons.
Hyperbranched aliphatic polyether esters by ring‐opening polymerization of epoxidized 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate
Authors: Huang Xinhua , Heo Min Seon , Yoo Jin‐Wook , Choi Jin‐Seok , Kim Il
Published: April 2014

A series of biocompatible and degradable hyperbranched polyether esters, poly(2‐hydroxyethyl 2‐methyloxirane‐2‐carboxylate) (pHEMOC) with controlled molecular weight (MW) and polydispersity (PD), have been synthesized via oxyanionic ring‐opening polymerization of HEMOC that was prepared by the epoxidation of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate. pHEMOCs of their MWs ranging from about 500 to 20,000 with their PD values less than 1.5 are obtained simply by controlling 1,1,1‐tris‐hydroxymethylpropane initiator to HEMOC ratio. The pHEMOCs comprised of ether and ester backbones and multiple hydroxyl groups on the core and periphery results in materials that exhibit good degradability and low cytotoxicity, enabling them to be an ideal candidate material for biomedical applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1643–1651
A structural equation model of posttraumatic growth after prostate cancer
Authors: Wilson Bridget , Morris Bronwyn A. , Chambers Suzanne
Published: April 2014

Background

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) encompasses an individual's perception of positive personal changes as a consequence of a traumatic incident. The current study tested a theoretical model of PTG with the inclusion of resilience in the context of cancer survivors.

Methods

Members of a prostate cancer support network were invited to complete a cross‐sectional mail survey (N = 514, 52.8% response; mean age 70.17 years, and time since diagnosis 7.5 years).

Results

Challenge appraisal (β = 0.361), examining core beliefs (β = 0.474), intrusive rumination (β = 0.130), and peer support factors (β = 0.104) had significant direct effects on PTG. Resilience (β = 0.164), challenge appraisal (β = 0.215), distress (β = 0.186), and examining core beliefs (β = 0.105) had significant indirect effects on PTG.

Conclusions

Results support the notion that the appraisal of cancer, disruption of fundamental beliefs, and experience of intrusive cancer‐related rumination are associated with PTG. Additionally, a sense of connection with peers and seeking an understanding of the cancer experience through peers is important for the perception of PTG. Possible indirect pathways were also proposed between resilience and PTG. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative and positive consequences of adolescent cancer 10 years after diagnosis: an interview‐based longitudinal study in Sweden
Authors: Lehmann Vicky , Grönqvist Helena , Engvall Gunn , Ander Malin , Tuinman Marrit A. , Hagedoorn Mariët , Sanderman Robbert , Mattsson Elisabet , von Essen Louise
Published: April 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to provide insight into survivor‐reported negative and positive consequences of cancer during adolescence 10 years after diagnosis and compare these with consequences reported 3 and 4 years after diagnosis.

Methods

Three, 4, and 10 years after diagnosis, survivors of adolescent cancer were interviewed about negative and positive consequences due to their cancer experience. Manifest content analysis was used to identify categories of reported consequences. Categories of consequences 10 years after diagnosis were compared with consequences reported 3 and 4 years after diagnosis.

Results

Seven categories of negative consequences were identified: bodily concerns, existential thoughts about loss and life (new at 10 years), psychological problems, difficulties interacting with others, health worries (new), fertility concerns (new), and frustrations about health care (new); and six categories of positive consequences: positive view of life, positive view of self, compassion for others (new), close relationships, gained knowledge about disease and health care, and financial gains. Consistent with previous time points, bodily concerns were reported most often. The majority of survivors (n = 22) reported both negative and positive consequences of their former disease. Few reported only negative (n = 2) or only positive consequences (n = 4).

Conclusions

Ten years after diagnosis, most survivors reported both negative and positive consequences. New themes, relevant to young adulthood and long‐term survival, were identified. Health care professionals treating young adult survivors may anticipate and address problems regarding physical health, fertility, and health care but may also reinforce positive affect by addressing survivors' positive views of life, sense of self, and close relationships. © 2014 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the limited recognition of inorganic surfaces by short peptides compared with antibodies
Authors: Artzy‐Schnirman Arbel , Abu‐Shah Enas , Dishon Matan , Soifer Hadas , Sivan Yotam , Reiter Yoram , Benhar Itai , Sivan Uri
Published: April 2014

The vast potential applications of biomolecules that bind inorganic surfaces led mostly to the isolation of short peptides that target selectively specific materials. The demonstrated differential affinity toward certain surfaces created the impression that the recognition capacity of short peptides may match that of rigid biomolecules. In the following, we challenge this view by comparing the capacity of antibody molecules to discriminate between the (100) and (111A) facets of a gallium arsenide semiconductor crystal with the capacity of short peptides to do the same. Applying selection from several peptide and single chain phage display libraries, we find a number of antibody molecules that bind preferentially a given crystal facet but fail to isolate, in dozens of attempts, a single peptide capable of such recognition. The experiments underscore the importance of rigidity to the recognition of inorganic flat targets and therefore set limitations on potential applications of short peptides in biomimetics. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase formation, stability, and oxidation in (Ti, Zr, Hf)NiSn half‐Heusler compounds
Authors: Gałązka Krzysztof , Populoh Sascha , Sagarna Leyre , Karvonen Lassi , Xie Wenjie , Beni Alessandra , Schmutz Patrik , Hulliger Jürg , Weidenkaff Anke
Published: April 2014

Thermoelectric half‐Heusler compounds with the nominal composition (Ti0.33Zr0.33Hf0.33)NiSn were synthesized and exposed to operating conditions, i.e., elevated temperatures and oxidizing atmosphere. As‐prepared samples were found to be a stable multiphase system consisting of Ti‐ and (Zr,Hf)‐rich phases with half‐Heusler structure. The influence of an oxidizing atmosphere at elevated temperatures on the sample was studied in‐ and ex situ by optical and electron microscopy and thermal analysis. Exposure to air resulted in surface oxidation starting at T = 545 K. During a defined heat treatment the Ti‐rich phase decomposed while the (Zr,Hf)‐rich phase was stable. In situ Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy experiments confirmed that interfaces, especially grain boundaries, are most prone to phase decomposition.
Investigation of structural and magnetic properties of Heusler Fe2+xMn1−xAl alloys by first principles method
Authors: Buchelnikov V. D. , Zagrebin M. A. , Sokolovskiy V. V. , Taranenko I. A. , Zayak A. T.
Published: April 2014

Heusler alloys Fe2+xMn1−xAl exhibit intricate interplay between structural parameters and a number of competing magnetic states. In this work, we use first principles calculations to investigate crystal lattice relaxation of these alloys and their coupling to the magnetic order, with a particular focus on the tetragonal distortions characterised by the c/a ratio. We find that the calculated equilibrium cubic phase is antiferromagnetic, while a metastable ferrimagnetic state is also present, being higher in energy only by an order of kT, suggesting a close competition of these two magnetic states in real materials. The ferrimagnetic state corresponds better to the experimental data. The tetragonal distortions and the changes of volume alter dramatically the balance in magnetic coupling by favouring the ferromagnetic state. In order to understand this magneto‐structural coupling, we obtained (a, c/a) diagrams that show regions of relative stability of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states Our calculations suggest an opportunity for tuning magnetic properties of Fe2+xMn1−xAl alloys with strain and composition. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectral diffusion in nitride quantum dots: Emission energy dependent linewidths broadening via giant built‐in dipole moments
Authors: Kindel C. , Callsen G. , Kako S. , Kawano T. , Oishi H. , Hönig G. , Schliwa A. , Hoffmann A. , Arakawa Y.
Published: April 2014

We present a study about the origin of the huge emission linewidths broadening commonly observed for wurtzite GaN/AlN quantum dots. Our analysis is based on a statistically significant number of quantum dot spectra measured by an automatized µ‐photoluminescence mapping system applying image recognition techniques. A clear decrease of the single quantum dot emission linewidths is observed with rising overall exciton emission energy. 8‐band k · p based model calculations predict a corresponding decrease of the built‐in exciton dipole moments with increasing emission energy in agreement with the measured behavior for the emission linewidths. Based on this proportionality we explain the particular susceptibility of nitride quantum dots to spectral diffusion causing the linewidth broadening via the linear quantum‐confined Stark effect. This is the first statistical analysis of emission linewidths that identifies the giant excitonic dipole moments as their origin and estimates the native defect‐induced electric field strength to ∼2 MV/m. Our observation is in contrast to less‐polar quantum dot systems as e.g. arsenides that exhibit a naturally lower vulnerability to emission linewidth broadening due to almost negligible exciton dipole moments. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density functional study of hydrogen adsorption and diffusion on Ni‐loaded graphene and graphene oxide
Authors: Li Qingzheng , Wang Houyuan , Xia Haiping , Wei Shihao , Yang Jianhui
Published: April 2014

In this work, we performed density functional calculations to investigate the adsorption and diffusion of hydrogen on Ni‐loaded graphene and single layer graphene oxide (SLGO). We evaluated the feasibility of hydrogen spillover in the presence of Ni4 cluster and the role of oxygen‐containing groups. Our calculations indicate that the hydrogen diffusion is difficult to take place on the Ni/graphene interface due to the stronger NiH bond strength. Further, the chemisorbed H atoms are also hard to diffuse freely on the graphene surface. For the SLGO surface, both hydroxyl and epoxide groups may not facilitate the hydrogen diffusion. Instead, they are readily attracted by the nearby Ni catalyst and hydrogenated to water molecules. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Density functional theory study of p‐chloroaniline adsorption on Pd surfaces and clusters
Authors: He Xiaobo , Lyu Jinghui , Zhou Hu , Zhuang Guilin , Zhong Xing , Wang Jian‐Guo , Li Xiaonian
Published: April 2014

The adsorption mode of aromatic molecules on transition metal surfaces plays a key role in their catalytic transformation. In this study, by means of density functional theory calculations, we systematically investigate the adsorption of p‐chloroaniline on a series of Pd surfaces, including stepped surfaces, flat surfaces, and clusters. The adsorption energies of p‐chloroaniline on these substrates [Pd(221), Pd(211), Pd(111), Pd(100), Pd13‐icosahedral, Pd13‐cubo‐octahedron, Pd55] are −1.90, −2.13, −1.70, −2.11, −2.53, −2.65, −2.23 eV, respectively. Benzene ring is adsorpted on catalyst rather than amine group in p‐chloroaniline molecular. A very good linear relationship is further found between the adsorption energies of p‐chloroaniline and the d‐band center of both Pd surfaces and clusters. The lower of d‐band center of Pd models, the stronger adsorption of p‐chloroaniline on catalysts. In addition, the frontier molecular orbital and density of states analysis explain the adsorption energy sequence: cluster Pd13 > stepped Pd(221) surface > flat Pd(111) surface. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atom probe tomography of nanostructures
Authors: Gnaser Hubert
Published: April 2014

Atom probe tomography (APT) constitutes a rather unique analytical technique for the 3D elemental characterization of solid materials with potentially sub‐nm spatial resolution. APT is, therefore, very well suited for the analysis of a nanostructured specimen such as matrix‐embedded nanoparticles, ultra‐thin films and junctions, grain boundaries, and others. This presentation will emphasize these capabilities, describing three methods of data mining that can be used to fully exploit APT: (i) Visualization of atomic lattice planes in crystalline specimens, (ii) the determination of iso‐concentration surfaces and proximity histograms derived thereof, and (iii) a cluster identification algorithm based on maximum‐atom separations. These approaches will be illustrated by means of different types of samples: a crystalline tungsten specimen, a Fe/Cr/Fe multilayer system, Si nanocrystals embedded in a silicon oxide matrix, and Mg clustering in GaN. The results demonstrate clearly that sub‐nm‐sized structures can be characterized by APT. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virus‐Templated Plasmonic Nanoclusters with Icosahedral Symmetry via Directed Self‐Assembly
Authors: Fontana Jake , Dressick Walter J. , Phelps Jamie , Johnson John E. , Rendell Ronald W. , Sampson Travian , Ratna Banahalli R. , Soto Carissa M.
Published: April 2014

The assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles with precise spatial and orientational order may lead to structures with new electromagnetic properties at optical frequencies. The directed self‐assembly method presented controls the interparticle‐spacing and symmetry of the resulting nanometer‐sized elements in solution. The self‐assembly of three‐dimensional (3D), icosahedral plasmonic nanosclusters (NCs) with resonances at visible wavelengths is demonstrated experimentally. The ideal NCs consist of twelve gold (Au) nanospheres (NSs) attached to thiol groups at predefined locations on the surface of a genetically engineered cowpea mosaic virus with icosahedral symmetry. In situ dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements confirm the NSs assembly on the virus. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) demonstrate the ability of the self‐assembly method to control the nanoscopic symmetry of the bound NSs, which reflects the icosahedral symmetry of the virus. Both, TEM and DLS show that the NCs comprise of a distribution of capsids mostly covered (i.e., 6–12 NS/capsid) with NSs. 3D finite‐element simulations of aqueous suspensions of NCs reproduce the experimental bulk absorbance measurements and major features of the spectra. Simulations results show that the fully assembled NCs give rise to a 10‐fold surface‐averaged enhancement of the local electromagnetic field.
Cancer Stem Cell-Specific Scavenger Receptor CD36 Drives Glioblastoma Progression
Authors: Hale James S. , Otvos Balint , Sinyuk Maksim , Alvarado Alvaro G. , Hitomi Masahiro , Stoltz Kevin , Wu Qiulian , Flavahan William , Levison Bruce , Johansen Mette L. , Schmitt David , Neltner Janna M. , Huang Ping , Ren Bin , Sloan Andrew E. , Silverstein Roy L. , Gladson Candece L. , DiDonato Joseph A. , Brown J. Mark , McIntyre Thomas , Hazen Stanley L. , Horbinski Craig , Rich Jeremy N. , Lathia Justin D.
Published: April 2014

Glioblastoma (GBM) contains a self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cell (CSC) population which contributes to tumor propagation and therapeutic resistance. While the tumor microenvironment is essential to CSC self-renewal, the mechanisms by which CSCs sense and respond to microenvironmental conditions are poorly understood. Scavenger receptors are a broad class of membrane receptors well characterized on immune cells and instrumental in sensing apoptotic cellular debris and modified lipids. Here, we provide evidence that CSCs selectively use the scavenger receptor CD36 to promote their maintenance using patient-derived CSCs and in vivo xenograft models. CD36 expression was observed in GBM cells in addition to previously described cell types including endothelial cells, macrophages, and microglia. CD36 was enriched in CSCs and was able to functionally distinguish self-renewing cells. CD36 was coexpressed with integrin alpha 6 and CD133, previously described CSC markers, and CD36 reduction resulted in concomitant loss of integrin alpha 6 expression, self-renewal, and tumor initiation capacity. We confirmed oxidized phospholipids, ligands of CD36, were present in GBM and found that the proliferation of CSCs, but not non-CSCs, increased with exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. CD36 was an informative biomarker of malignancy and negatively correlated to patient prognosis. These results provide a paradigm for CSCs to thrive by the selective enhanced expression of scavenger receptors, providing survival, and metabolic advantages. Stem Cells  2014;32:1746–1758
Effects of poly(vinyl alcohol) on the performance of sago starch plastic films
Authors: Ismail H. , Zaaba N.F.
Published: April 2014

Sago starch plastic films were prepared by blending with different amounts of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) through casting. A suitable plasticizer was added to the blends. The performance and properties of the films were investigated. From the results obtained, the addition of 3 wt% of PVA gave increases in tensile strength and flexibility. Meanwhile, scanning electron micrographs showed a smooth surface structure for the films. Water resistance properties also increased as the amount of PVA increased, such that there was a reduction in water absorption capability. Conversely, the degradation tendency of the films was reduced as the amount of PVA increased. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 20:72–79, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
An improved k‐ ϵ model applied to a wind turbine wake in atmospheric turbulence
Authors: van der Laan M. Paul , Sørensen Niels N. , Réthoré Pierre‐Elouan , Mann Jakob , Kelly Mark C. , Troldborg Niels , Schepers J. Gerard , Machefaux Ewan
Published: April 2014

An improved k‐ ϵ turbulence model is developed and applied to a single wind turbine wake in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer using a Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes solver. The proposed model includes a flow‐dependent Cμ that is sensitive to high velocity gradients, e.g., at the edge of a wind turbine wake. The modified k‐ ϵ model is compared with the original k‐ ϵ eddy viscosity model, Large‐Eddy Simulations and field measurements using eight test cases. The comparison shows that the velocity wake deficits, predicted by the proposed model are much closer to the ones calculated by the Large‐Eddy Simulation and those observed in the measurements, than predicted by the original k‐ ϵ model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring of intra‐ER free Ca2+
Authors: Gerasimenko Julia V. , Petersen Ole H. , Gerasimenko Oleg V.
Published: April 2014

The importance of calcium signaling in cell health and disease is the major driving force in current research of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and other calcium stores seems to be the crucial factor in the activation of many cellular functions. Significant changes in ER Ca2+ content and dynamics have been implicated in the activation of the ER stress response, abnormal autophagy, and cell death which leads to a variety of pathological conditions. For example, in acute pancreatitis, an inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas caused primarily by bile stones or alcohol, excessive intracellular calcium overload due to Ca2+ release from internal stores followed by store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) leads to the premature activation of digestive proenzymes within pancreatic acinar cells. Recent data show that SOCE channel blockers are capable of substantially reducing the intracellular Ca2+ overload and subsequent cell necrosis without major alteration of ER Ca2+ content. We also demonstrate here that indirect ER measurements can be misleading and only direct intra‐ER Ca2+ monitoring offers reliable conclusions. In this respect, it is essential to summarize the methods available and provide examples of direct measurements of free Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+] in the ER lumen in pancreatic acinar cells. This article is aimed at highlighting the major techniques for monitoring ER Ca2+ with reference to their advantages, limitations, and views for future improvements. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2014,3:63–71. doi: 10.1002/wmts.106

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.