bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane and Adsorption Processes in the Purification of the Human Pancreatic Secretory Trypsin Inhibitor (hPSTI)
Authors: Paulsen J. , Kroner K. H. , Schütte H. , Szardenings M. , Hustedt H.
Published: July 2012

This paper describes a process for the purification of hPSTI from a recombinant Escherichia coli. The E. coli strain carries the hPSTI‐gene on a multicopy plasmid with the ompA‐leader‐sequence, which results in the secretion of hPSTI into the medium. The separation of the cells and the prepurification were carried out either by ultrafiltration alone, by a combination of cross‐flow microfiltration and ultrafiltration, or by a combination of flocculation and ultrafiltration. The ultrafiltration was followed by three chromatographic steps. After the final purification step hPSTI was homogeneous as judged by SDS‐PAGE (silver stain). Process scale up should be relatively simple.
Der Einfluß des Basismaterials auf die chromatographischen Eigenschaften
Authors: Eisenbeiß F.
Published: July 2012

For certain classes of solutes, especially for basic nitrogen compounds, an unfavorable retention behaviour is observed on alkyl‐silica stationary phases. The adsorption isotherms of such solutes are nonlinear, even at extremely low concentrations, resulting in tailing peaks and concentration dependent residence times of the peak maxima. — During the separation of biological active solutes, such chemically modified silica stationary phases can lead to unspecific interactions or irreversible adsorptions, e.g. of Proteins. — To overcome such unfavorable retention characteristics pretreatment of the silica material with alkalies and/or “end‐capping” of the alkyl silica material have been proposed. — In our work on the development of chromatographic adsorbents we first studied the influence of the silica base material in reversed phase chromatography with alkyl‐modified silicas and basic solutes. We found that the abnormal retention effects can not sufficiently be explained by the effects described in literature of e.g. unreacted silanol groups. An influence of the homogeneity of the silica surface (energetically) was found to be dominant with respect to an undisturbed retention behaviour of the related chemically modified products and compound‐products.
Use of Pervaporation in the Continuous Fermentation of Acetone, Butanol, and Ethanol
Authors: Gudernatsch W. , Mucha H. , Hofmann Th. , Strathmann H. , Chmiel H.
Published: July 2012

The fermentation of organic solvents represents an alternative to the petrochemical production of raw materials for the chemical industry. Because of today's low oil prices, there is no economic incentive to run a biotechnical process for the production of such substances. In near future, however, this situation will be altered in favour of biotechnology by the rising costs of crude oil. At present, new membrane separation processes are available which promise a high optimization potential for bioprocesses. The economics of such bioprocesses may considerably be enhanced by continuous production and selective product removal. — The membrane separation process pervaporation is able to enrich acetone, butanol and ethanol with respect to water. The selectivity of this process bases mainly on the superposition of the thermodynamic liquid‐vapour selectivity, the chemical affinity selectivity, and the kinetic diffusional selectivity of the polymeric materials used. Therefore, the membranes are homogeneous solution‐diffusion membranes. — Pervaporation has a property which is of special interest for a direct coupling to the fermentor: the liquid to be separated is not stressed in any chemical, thermal or mechanical way. This is not the case for all alternative separation processes. — The technical feasibility of this process combination has been demonstrated in continuous fermentation runs. An economical analysis leads to the conclusion that in particular high transmembrane fluxes lower the capital investment costs. Therefore, composite hollow fiber membranes with transmembrane fluxes in the range of 2 kg/(m2 h) and sufficient selectivities have been prepared and characterized.
Study of the Vapour of the Cr ‐ Ge, Cr ‐ Sn, and Cr ‐ Pb Systems: Vapour Composition and Dissociation Energy of the Intermetallic Molecules CrGe, CrGe2, CrSn, and CrPb
Authors: Hilpert K. , Ruthardt K.
Published: July 2012

The equilibrium vapour of the systems Cr ‐ Ge, Cr ‐ Sn, and Cr ‐ Pb was investigated by using Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry in the temperature ranges of 1609 ‐ 1808 K, 1409 ‐ 1641 K, and 1526 ‐ 1745 K, respectively. The gaseous heteronuclear diatomic species CrM (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) were observed in each case in addition to the species Cr, Cr2, Gen, (n = 1 – 9), Sn, (i = 1–5), and Pb, (j = 1 – 4). CrGe2 was the only heteronuclear species detected as being larger than the dimer. The appearance potentials of the ions CrGe+ and CrSn+ were determined by ionization efficiency measurements as 6.71 ± 0.02 and 6.31 ± 0.02 V, respectively. The enthalpy changes of the following dissociation and pressure‐independent isomolecular exchange reactions were evaluated according to the second‐ and third‐law methods:
equation image
The enthalpy of dissociation of the dimer M2 obtained in this work agrees excellently with the values from the literature thereby demonstrating the accuracy of the measurements. The following enthalpies of dissociation and bond energies result for the diatomic heteronuclear species and for CrGe2 in kJ mol−1:
equation image
The different values are discussed.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Extraction of MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2, and ZnCl2 by n‐Octanol at 298.15 K
Authors: Manzurola Emanuel , Apelblat Alexander
Published: July 2012

Partition of MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2 and water between the aqueous phase and n‐octanol at 298.15 K was considered. Extraction of the chlorides is represented by the formation of partially dissociated complexes in the organic phase. The equilibrium constant for the formation of MgCl2(H2O)6(ROH)6 is 1.0·10−5 mol−1 kg; 6.3·10−7 mol−1 kg for CaCl2(H2O)5(ROH)5; 3.1·10−5 mol−1 kg for CuCl2(H2O)4(ROH)2 and 4.1 · 10−3 mol−1 kg for ZnCl2(H2O)3(ROH)3. No detectable quantities for BaCl2 are extracted by n‐octanol. Activities of n‐octanol in the organic phase were evaluated by numerical integration of the Gibbs‐Duhem equation in the ternary systems.
Photoluminescence as an In‐Situ Technique to Determine Solid State and Surface Properties of Semiconductors in an Electrochemical Cell — Application of the “Dead Layer Model”
Authors: Smandek Bernhard , Chmiel Gerd , Gerischer Heinz
Published: July 2012

The quenching of the luminescence anodic of the flat band potential UFB is discussed in terms of the “dead layer” model. Properties of the bulk of the semiconductor can be deduced in this model. Near UFB, the potential dependence can only be explained, if the diffusion of minority carriers and surface recombination is properly taken into account. The relation between photoluminescence and photocurrent is discussed in the framework of this model. As examples, photoluminescence (PL) intensity and photocurrents at n‐GaP, n‐GaAs, n‐CdSe and n‐TiO2 semiconductor electrodes in dependence of the bias were measured in aqueous electrolytes. Absorption coefficients and the rate of surface recombination are derived.
Investigation of Time‐Resolved Molecular Chemiluminescence from SrO(A'1 Π, A1Σ+ ‐ X1Σ+) and Atomic Emission from Sr(53P1 ‐ 51S0) Following Pulsed Dye‐Laser Generation of Sr(53PJ) in the Presence of CO2
Authors: Husain David , Roberts Gareth
Published: July 2012

We present a kinetic study of chemiluminescence from SrO(A1Σ+ ‐ X1Σ+) and SrO(A'1 Π ‐ X1Σ+) following pulsed dye‐laser generation of Sr(5s5p(3PJ)), 1.807 eV above the 5s2(1S0) ground state, in the presence of CO2. This required complementary investigation of the time‐dependence of both the atomic emission profiles at the resonance wavelength of λ = 689.3 nm (Sr(5s5p(3P1)) Σ Sr(5s2(1S0)) + hv) and at wavelengths of various vibronic transitions within the A—X and A'— X band systems of SrO, together with the determination of the quantitative relationship between these using the appropriate time‐dependent equations for atomic and molecular emission. Decay profiles for Sr(53PJ) in the presence of CO2 across the temperature range T = 675—1100 K showed clear exponential decay behaviour, yielding the absolute second order rate constant for total collisional removal of the excited atoms of k1 = (4.7 ± 2.8) Σ 10−10 exp(‐ 33.3 ± 9.9 kJ mol−1 /RT) cm3 molecule −1 s−1. At elevated temperatures, the Arrhenius plot for the removal of Sr(53PJ) displayed upward curvature which is shown to be sensibly consistent with the removal of this atomic state by product SrO(X1Σ+). Chemiluminescence from transitions involving Δv sequences within SrO(A1Σ+ ‐ X1Σ+) and within the v = 0 progression of SrO(A'1Π ‐ X1Σ+) was monitored and analysed across the temperature range 900–1100 K. These molecular chemiluminescence profiles exhibited clear bi‐exponential behaviour which, when compared with the single exponential profiles for Sr(53PJ), were quantitatively shown to be consistent with the E—(E, V) transfer processes: Sr(53PJ) + SrO(X1Σ+) → SrO(A1Σ+, A'1Π, v' = n) + Sr(51S0). Vibrational excitation by this mechanism was observed up to the maximum energetically allowed by the relevant E ‐ (E, V) process. A ‐ X and A'‐ X chemiluminescence was shown to provide kinetic spectroscopic markers in the time‐domain for Sr(53PJ). Estimated vibrational temperatures within SrO(A'1II) indicated some measure of vibrational excitation accompanying energy transfer. The temperature variation of the SrO(A ‐ X) and SrO(A'‐X) emission intensity was demonstrated to be consistent with thermodynamic data for atomic strontium.
Reorientational Motions and Self‐Diffusion of Ions in (NH4)3[InF6] and (NH4)3[GaF6] Crystals as Studied by 1H and 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electrical Conductivity Experiments
Authors: Sasaki Ayako , Furukawa Yoshihiro , Nakamura Daiyu
Published: July 2012

The spin‐lattice relaxation time T1 and the NMR second moment M2 of 1H and 19F nuclei were determined at various temperatures above 77 K for (NH4)3[InF6] and (NH4)3[GaF6] crystals. From the fact that small M2 values observed for both nuclei from fairly low temperatures, it is concluded that the reorientational motions of NH4+ cations and complex anions are activated even below and near room temperatures, respectively, in addition to the onset of translational self‐diffusion of the cations at higher temperatures. The motional parameters of both cations and complex anions in (NH4)3[InF6] crystals were estimated from the analysis of the temperature dependence of T1 observed for both nuclei. The occurrence of ionic self‐diffusion was confirmed by electrical conductivity measurements and the activation energy for the motion was evaluated as 38 and 37–41 kJ mol−1 for the high temperature cubic phase of (NH4)3[InF6] and (NH4)3[GaF6], respectively.
An Experimental Study of the Reactions of CF2(X̃,Ã) Radicals with NO2, N2O, C2H4, C3H6 in the Gas Phase
Authors: Edelbüttel‐Einhaus J. , Hoyermann K. , Rohde G. , Gg. Wagner H. , Hack W.
Published: July 2012

The reactions of CF2 radicals in the ground (X̃) and first electronically excited state (Ã) with NO2, N2O, C2H4 and C3H6 have been studied at low pressure (0.5 ‐ 15 mbar) and room temperature. Two different discharge flow reactors with continuous molecular beam sampling and mass spectrometric detection were used. The products of the reaction (1)

and the rate constant (k1 = (4.53 · 0.9).109 cm3/mol.s) have been determined. For the reaction of CF2(Ã) with NO2 and the other reactions no product formation was observed leading to upper limits for the rate constants of product formation (CF2(X̃) + N2O (3), CF2(X̃) + C2H4 (5), CF2(X̃) + C3H6 (7): k < 5·108 c,3/mol.s) and (CF2(Ã) + NO2 (2), CF2(Ã) + N2O (4), CF2(Ã) + C2H4 (6), CF2(Ã) + C3H6 (8): k < 3·1012 cm3/mol·s).
Absolute Raman Intensities of the Carbonyl Stretching Band in Para Substituted Methyl Benzoates
Authors: Vanderheyden L. , Zeegers‐Huyskens Th.
Published: July 2012

The absolute Raman intensities of the vc=0 band of para substituted methyl benzoates have been measured in CCl4 solution at different excitation frequencies. The intensities depend on a preresonance Raman effect (PRRE) and are correlated with theoretical expressions which describe the dispersion of the Raman intensity as a function of the excitation frequency and the experimental UV frequencies of the compounds, in particular the π→π*1La band. ‐ The Raman intensities free from PRRE are deduced by extrapolating the experimental values to a zero excitation frequency. These extrapolated intensities depend on the electron donating character of the substituents and on the extent of the conjugated system. ‐ The depolarization ratio of the νc=0 band in methyl benzoates increases with the excitation energies, this ratio is higher for the para substituted derivatives.
Persistent and Reversible Photoreduction of 4,4′‐Bipyridinium Ions via Excitation of their Ion‐Pair Charge‐Transfer Complexes with Tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate in the Crystalline State
Authors: Nagamura Toshihiko , Sakai Kenkichi
Published: July 2012

4,4′‐Bipyridinium salts with tetrakis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate showed an ion‐pair charge‐transfer (CT) absorption. Upon excitation of an ion‐pair CT band (λex > 365 nm) in vacuo or under Ar gas, the color of microcrystals changed from pale yellow to blue. From UV/VIS and ESR spectra, such color change was attributed to the formation of 4,4′‐bipyridinium cation radicals by the photo‐induced electron transfer from TFPB‐. 4,4′‐Bipyridinium cation radicals in microcrystals reversibly decayed in an inert atmosphere with a lifetime of 4 h at 20°C and formed again upon CT excitation. The color changes were repeated for many times. Photogenerated cation radicals also disappeared upon dissolution in degassed solvents. Usual tetraphenylborate salts showed only irreversible photoreduction of 4,4′‐bipyridinium ions. These results demonstrated that the reverse reactions between charge‐separated species formed via the excited CT state of TFPB‐ salts were considerably suppressed in microcrystals.
A New Versatile Apparatus for Relaxation Kinetics with Shock Waves
Authors: Krtschil Klaus , Strohbusch Frank
Published: July 2012

A new shock wave apparatus uses the discharge of a high voltage capacitor through an organic electrolyte to generate rectangular pressure pulses of typically 8 MPa amplitude and 80 μsec duration. The apparatus permits the study of fast reactions with relaxation times between a few microseconds and about fifty microseconds in any solvent. Measurements on proton transfer reactions in acetonitrile and water are reported.
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation and Spin Jumping Between Three Unequal Potential Wells
Authors: Latanowicz L. , Pajak Z.
Published: July 2012

Expressions have been derived for relaxation times T1, T1ϱ and dipolar second moment for polycrystalline solids in which nuclei jump between three sites of unequal energy. Relaxation rates appear very sensitive to the potential energies at the sites and to the change of Rik vector length. The expressions derived are applicable for the study of hindered rotation of molecular groups, especially where the interatomic distances are instantaneously changed during the motion. An example of application is provided by hindered rotation of free hydroxyl group of α‐D glucose and β‐D fructose.
2D‐NMR Exchange Spectroscopy — Theory and Applications — Ligand Movements in the Complex [Co(II)([18]crown‐6)(CH3OH)3]++
Authors: Dickert F. L. , Meiβner H. U.
Published: July 2012

The pathways of chemical exchange can be obtained directly by two dimensional NMR‐techniques. For this purpose it is necessary to describe the development of magnetizations under the influence of the NOE‐pulse sequence. The life times of the magnetizations in each chemical site are easily evaluated in an unambiguous way by this procedure from the signals of the 2D‐NMR‐EXCSY spectra. In contrast to 1D‐NMR line shape analysis the kinetic parameters can be extracted from the spectra without knowledge of the natural relaxation rates even in the case of paramagnetic complexes. The applicability of this method is demonstrated for the complex [Co(II)([18]‐crown‐6)(CH3OH)3]++. The mobility of coordinated methanol and the fluctuation of the crown ether were studied. It was shown that the exchange process between two methanol molecules is directly correlated to the crown ether movement.
Adsorption of Olefins on Sc2O3
Authors: Guil J. M. , Masiá A. Pérez , Paniego A. Ruiz
Published: July 2012

Adsorption data of ethene, propene and 1‐butene on a mesoporous Sc2O3 sample are reported. Measurements were carried out in a volumetric apparatus and cover the range 213–373 K, at pressures up to 55 kPa. The theory of the adsorption potential has been applied to correlate adsorption data of olefins. Use has also been made of a multilayer adsorption approach, which takes into account the surface heterogeneity and makes it possible to calculate the parameters of an exponential distribution function of the sites according to their energies. Thermodynamic interfacial quantities (isosteric heat of adsorption and differential molar entropy) are determined from the adsorption data. A relationship between the isosteric heat of adsorption and the energetic parameter of the multilayer adsorption model is established and verified.
Lennard‐Jones (12,6) Potentials for the Non‐Ionic Interaction of Alkali Cations and Halide Anions — A Test of Different Combination Rules
Authors: Wiese Harm , Brickmann Jürgen
Published: July 2012

The validity of Lennard‐Jones (12,6) type potentials as well as that of different combination rules for the potential parameters for the description of nonionic particle interaction in alkali halide systems is tested on the basis of experimental data from 13 alkali halide crystals. For the small ions Li+, Na+ and F− no unique parameter set could be found while for the heavier ions K+, R+, Cl−, Br− and I− the model approach works well. The combination rules of Kong [6] for the calculation of potential parameters of unlike particles from the like particle potentials lead to slightly better results than those due to Lorentz‐Berthelot [5].
Temperature Dependent Lifetime Measurements of Microcrystalline Cr(III) Amine Complexes
Authors: Schmidtke Hans‐Herbert , Biertümpel Ingo , Degen Joachim
Published: July 2012

Radiative decay curves of microcrystalline [Cr(en)3]X3 (X = ClO4, NO3, Br), [Cr(tn)3]Cl3, [Cr(NH3)6](ClO4)3, [Cr(bpy)3](ClO4)3, of Cr3+ doped in [Rh(en)3](ClO4)3 and some of their deuterated analogues which were excited by different light sources are measured at temperatures from 11 to 300 K. The results are evaluated for obtaining lifetimes and decay parameters of Arrhenius plots. The latter supply different linear dependences in the low and the high temperature regime. In the thermally activated region the mechanism can be explained by back intersystem crossing, the activation energy being very sensitive to the symmetry, to slopes and tunneling properties of the nuclear hypersurface of the chromophore depending on the surrounding medium. The absence of a high temperature region for some of the compounds is then due to small increases (10–20%) of activation energy shifting this region to a temperature range (>300K) not accessible for reasonable lifetime measurements. Non‐exponential decay curves are attributed to inequivalent sites as also concluded from time resolved luminescence results.
Study of Electrochemical Properties of Inorganic Precipitation Membranes using Measurements of Electric Current Relaxation under Potentiostatic Conditions
Authors: Bähr G. , Woermann D.
Published: July 2012

BaSO4 precipitation membranes generated in cellophane skins by interdiffusion of equal concentrated aqueous solutions of BaCl2 and K2SO4 exhibit a non‐ohmic electric current characteristic. Measurements of electric current relaxation triggered by jumps of electric potential in foreward and backward bias direction are used to study the possibility to store and recall known small amounts of electric charge in form of mobile ions within the membrane phase. The results give support to the assumption that BaSO4 precipitation membranes have a sandwich like structure composed of a layer of crystallites with cation exchange properties and a layer of crystallites with anion exchange properties. The transference number of the counter ions (tcounter) in these layers depends strongly on the concentration of electrolyte within the precipitation zone which can be increased by pulses of electric current of variable duration passing the membrane in foreward bias direction. tcounter decreases with increasing electrolyte concentration within the precipitation zone. For that reason BaSO4 precipitation membranes cannot be used to store electric charge (in form of mobile ions) without loss even for short periods of time (t < 10 s).
Competitive Dynamics in Forecasting: The Interaction of Skill and Uncertainty
Authors: Evgeniou Theodoros , Fang Lily , Hogarth Robin M. , Karelaia Natalia
Published: July 2012

The outcomes in many competitive tasks depend upon both skill and luck. Behavioral theories on risk taking in tournaments indicate that low‐skilled individuals may have incentives to take more risks than high‐skilled ones. We build on these theories and suggest, in addition, that when luck is more important in determining outcomes, the increase in risk taking is larger for low‐skilled than high‐skilled individuals. We test this hypothesis by analyzing stock analysts' forecasts of companies' earnings per share under market conditions that vary in volatility and thus imply different levels of luck in outcomes. Specifically, noting that forecasts that deviate widely from the consensus—which is observable by the analyst—potentially carry career‐related rewards but also reputational risks, we examine the degree of deviation from consensus exhibited by analysts of different skill levels (measured by both past forecasting accuracy and education) in different market conditions. We find that average deviations from consensus increase as markets become more volatile. At the same time, under conditions of high volatility, low‐skilled analysts exhibit larger increases in deviations from consensus than high‐skilled analysts. These field data results support our hypothesis based on of risk taking in tournaments. We discuss alternative interpretations such as, for example, self‐serving attributions and indicate directions for future research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of docetaxel in rat plasma and its application in the comparative pharmacokinetics of Taxotere and SID530, a novel docetaxel formulation with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Kim Tae Kon , Kim In Sook , Yoo Hye Hyun
Published: July 2012

In this study, a sensitive, simple and reliable method for the quantification of docetaxel in rat plasma was developed and validated using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation, and paclitaxel was used as an internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Gemini C18 column (2.0 × 150 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid–acetonitrile (30:70, v/v). The precursor–product ion pairs used for multiple reaction monitoring were m/z 808.5 → 527.5 (docetaxel) and m/z 854.2 → 286.5 (IS, paclitaxel). A calibration curve for docetaxel was constructed over the range 1–1000 ng/mL. The developed method was specific, precise and accurate, and no matrix effect was observed. The validated method was applied in a comparative pharmacokinetic study in which two docetaxel formulations, SID530, a new parenteral formulation of docetaxel with hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD), and Taxotere, were administered to rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg. For SID530 and Taxotere, the mean C0 values were 1494 and 1818 ng/mL, respectively, and the AUClast values were 837 and 755 h ng/mL, respectively. These two formulations did not show any statistical differences with regard to the pharmacokinetic parameters, thus establishing that the SID530 and Taxotere products are pharmacokinetically comparable in male rats. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power of the “Brief Risk‐resilience Index forSCreening,” a brief pan‐diagnostic web screen for emotional health
Authors: Williams Leanne M. , Cooper Nicholas J. , Wisniewski Stephen R. , Gatt Justine M. , Koslow Stephen H. , Kulkarni Jayashri , DeVarney Savannah , Gordon Evian , John Rush Augustus
Published: July 2012

Few standardized tools are available for time‐efficient screening of emotional health status across diagnostic categories, especially in primary care. We evaluated the 45‐question Brief Risk‐resilience Index forSCreening (BRISC) and the 15‐question mini‐BRISCin identifying poor emotional health and coping capacity across a range of diagnostic groups – compared with a detailed clinical assessment – in a large sample of adult outpatients. Participants 18–60 years of age (n = 1079) recruited from 12 medical research and clinical sites completed the computerized assessments. Three index scores were derived from the fullBRISCand the mini‐BRISC: one for risk (negativity–positivity bias) and two for coping (resilience and social capacity). Summed answers were converted to standardizedz‐scores.BRISCscores were compared with detailed health assessment and diagnostic interview (for current psychiatric, psychological, and neurological conditions) by clinicians at each site according to diagnostic criteria. Clinicians were blinded toBRISCscores. Clinical assessment stratified participants as having “clinical” (n = 435) or “healthy” (n = 644) diagnostic status. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that az‐score threshold of −1.57 on the fullBRISCindex of emotional health provided an optimal classification of “clinical” versus “healthy” status (sensitivity: 81.2%, specificity: 92.7%, positive predictive power: 80.2%, and negative predictive power: 93.1%). Comparable findings were revealed for the mini‐BRISC. Negativity–positivity bias index scores contributed the most to prediction. The negativity–positivity index of emotional health was most sensitive to classifying major depressive disorder (100%), posttraumatic stress disorder (95.8%), and panic disorder (88.7%). TheBRISCand mini‐BRISCboth offer a brief, clinically useful screen to identify individuals at risk of disorders characterized by poor emotion regulation, from those with good emotional health and coping.
Real‐time monitoring of influenza virus production kinetics in HEK293 cell cultures
Authors: Emma Petiot , Kamen Amine
Published: July 2012

There is an increased interest from the vaccine industry to use mammalian cell cultures for influenza vaccine manufacturing. Therefore, it became important to study the influenza infection mechanism, the viral–host interaction, and the replication kinetics from a bioprocessing stand point to maximize the influenza viral production yield in cell culture. In the present work, influenza replication kinetics was studied in HEK293 cells. Two infection conditions were evaluated, a low (0.01) and a high multiplicity of infection (1.0). Critical time points of the viral production cycle (infection, protein synthesis, viral assembly and budding, viral release, and host‐cell death) were identified in small‐scale cell cultures. Additionally, cell growth, viability, and viral titers were monitored in the viral production process. The infection state of the cultivated cell population was assessed by influenza immunolabeling throughout the culture period. Influenza virus production kinetics were also on‐line monitored by dielectric spectroscopy and successfully correlated to real‐time capacitance measures. Overall, this work provided insights into the mechanisms associated with the infection of human HEK293 cell line by the influenza virus and demonstrated, once again, the usefulness of multifrequency scanning permittivity for in‐line monitoring and supervision of cell‐based viral production processes. Published 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2013
Beneficial effect of protracted sterilization of lentils on phytase production by Aspergillus ficuum in solid state fermentation
Authors: Bennett Patrick , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: July 2012

Water addition to the solid substrate preceding autoclaving increased substrate porosity and phytase production in solid state fermentation. In comparison with dry sterilization, the phytase activity increased 6‐, 8.5‐, and 10‐fold when the autoclaving time was 20, 40, and 60 min, respectively. Autoclaving increased the void space of sterilized lentils, and the increase was 16% higher when water was supplemented to the lentils before sterilization. Image analysis of SEM pictures of the solid substrate showed that water supplementation presterilization portended greater micro‐fissure surface area, which also increased with increasing the sterilization time. SEM pictures of the fermentation product showed that fungal growth into the center of the solid substrate was ubiquitous when water was supplemented before sterilization but was absent when water was supplemented post sterilization. Similarly, spore formation on the substrate surface for the presterilization water supplementation samples far exceeded spore formation for samples that received supplementation poststerilization. This evidence suggests that improved mass transfer into the solid substrate resulting from additional pore volume and the formation of micro‐fissures on the substrate surface is responsible for the observed gains in phytase productivity in solid state fermentation. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Regulation of autocrine fibroblast growth factor‐2 signaling by perfusion flow in 3D human mesenchymal stem cell constructs
Authors: Kim Junho , Ma Teng
Published: July 2012

Perfusion bioreactor systems play a crucial role in mitigating nutrient limitation as well as providing biomechanical stimuli and redistributing regulatory macromolecules that influence human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) fate in three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds. As fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) is known to regulate hMSC phenotype, understanding the role of autocrine FGF‐2 signaling in the 3D construct under the different perfusion flow provides important insight into an optimal bioreactor design. To investigate FGF‐2 signaling inhibition in hMSC cultured in the porous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) scaffolds perfused under two flow configurations, PD173074, an FGFR1 inhibitor, was added in growth media after 7 day of pre‐culture and its impact on hMSC proliferation and clonogenicity during the subsequent 7 days of cultivation was analyzed. Compared with control constructs in growth media, the addition of PD173074 resulted in significant reduction in hMSC proliferation and colony formation in both constructs with a more dramatic reduction in the parallel flow constructs. The results demonstrate that autocrine FGF‐2 plays a significant role in 3D scaffold and suggest modulation of the perfusion flow in the bioreactor as a strategy to influence autocrine actions and cell fate in the 3D scaffold. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Vertebral levels of key landmarks in the neck
Authors: Mirjalili S. Ali , McFadden Sarah L. , Buckenham Tim , Stringer Mark D.
Published: July 2012

Vertebral levels of key landmarks in the neck are well documented in anatomy texts but are they accurate? This study aimed to investigate the vertebral levels of the hard palate, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and bifurcation of the common carotid artery (CCA) using computed tomography (CT). After excluding patients with distorting pathology, 52 CT scans of the neck from supine adults with a standardized head position (mean age 63 ± 17 years, range 30–94 years; 21 female) were available for analysis by dual consensus reporting. Only the vertebral level of the hard palate (C1) was consistent with contemporary descriptions. Other landmarks were located most frequently at the following vertebral levels: the center of the body of the hyoid bone at C4 (54% of cases); the superior limit of the laminae of the thyroid cartilage at C4 in women (60%) and C5 in men (52%) (P = 0.02); the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage in the midline anteriorly at C6 in women (37%) and C7 in men (47%) (P = 0.008); and the bifurcation of the left and right common carotid arteries at C3 (left 56%, right 62%). The bifurcation of the CCA was a mean of 1.6 ± 1.2 cm above the superior border of the thyroid laminae. Vertebral levels of key bony/cartilaginous structures in the neck differ from standard descriptions but in the absence of a standardized cervical axial plane have limited value and clinical utility. Clin. Anat. 25:851–857, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alternative marketplaces in the 21st century: Building community through sharing events
Authors: Albinsson Pia A. , Yasanthi Perera B.
Published: July 2012

We examine alternative consumption including collaborative consumption, sharing, and unconsumption (i.e., postconsumption activities such as upcycling, reuse, recycling, etc.) at non‐monetary‐based private and public sharing events including Really Really Free Markets (RRFMs). These alternative marketplaces (RRFMs) were initially organized by the Anarchist Movement as a form of resistance to the capitalist economic model. However, many consumer groups now utilize this model to stage public sharing events as a means of raising awareness about various issues including sustainability and overconsumption. Participants bring, share, and take goods without any expectation of monetary or other exchange. There is limited research on collaborative consumption and sharing in non‐monetary marketplaces. We address this gap by exploring alternative marketplaces, organized by consumers for consumers, utilizing qualitative research methods. Our findings indicate that a sense of community is both a driver of participation and an outcome of these events. Organizers and participants utilize these venues to share knowledge and possessions for various ideological and practical reasons. Our findings also indicate that these events challenge the entrenched notions of exchange and reciprocity. Our research contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of community, collaboration, and changing consumer mindsets to the success of such sharing efforts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermophoretic Coating with Molybdenum Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Boskovic L. , Agranovski I. E.
Published: July 2012

Thermophoretic and electrophoretic coatings are the main viable mechanisms for the coating of objects with nanoparticles. Unlike electrophoretic coating, thermophoretic coating has the advantage that electrically conductive substrates are not a requirement. This paper investigates the thermophoretic deposition and uniformity of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles, generated by a glowing wire generator, on various surfaces at three different flow rates (0.3, 1 and 1.5 L min–1). The quantitative evidence of the presence of particles collected by a suggested thermophoretic precipitator at different flow rates has shown that a uniform distribution of the particles could be achieved across the whole area of the precipitator. SEM and TEM micrographs of the film confirmed that a homogeneous densely packed network of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles was built across the precipitation area at the flow rate of 1.5 L min–1.
Rotational Particle Separator as a Compact Gas Scrubber
Authors: Buruma R. , Brouwers B. , van Kemenade E.
Published: July 2012

The rotational particle separator (RPS) is a compact device capable of separating micron‐sized droplets from gases by centrifugation. Combined with expansion cooling in a turbine at semi‐cryogenic temperatures, it provides the opportunity to remove contaminants like CO2 and H2S from natural gas. Potential advantages of this technique are minimum energy consumption and compactness. To demonstrate its potential, an industrial scale RPS prototype is designed and constructed. Experiments are performed to check its overall performance. Both the hydrodynamic performance and the separation efficiency are satisfactory and correspond to theoretical predictions.
Influences of Environmental and Operational Factors on Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production: A Review
Authors: Mohammadi Parviz , Ibrahim Shaliza , Annuar Mohamad Suffian Mohamad , Ghafari Shahin , Vikineswary Sabaratnam , Zinatizadeh Ali Akbar
Published: July 2012

Hydrogen (H2) is one of renewable energy sources known for its non‐polluting and environmentally friendly nature, as its end combustion product is water (H2O). The biological production of H2 is a less energy intensive alternative where processes can be operated at ambient temperature and pressure. Dark fermentation by bacterial biomass is one of multitude of approaches to produce hydrogen which is known as the cleanest renewable energy and is thus receiving increasing attention worldwide. The present study briefly reviews the biohydrogen production process with special attention on the effects of several environmental and operational factors towards the process. Factors such as organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time, temperature, and pH studied in published reports were compared and their influences are discussed in this work. This review highlights the variations in examined operating ranges for the factors as well as their reported optimum values. Divergent values observed for the environmental/operational factors merit further exploration in this field.
Determination of Selected Endocrine Disrupter Compounds at Trace Levels in Sewage Sludge Samples
Authors: Sönmez Münire Selcen , Muz Melis , Komesli Okan Tarık , Bakırdere Sezgin , Gökçay Celal Ferdi
Published: July 2012

Simultaneous determination of endocrine disrupter compounds (EDCs), namely diltiazem, progesterone, benzylbutylphthalate (BBP), estrone, and carbamazepine (Cbz) were performed by using high performance LC–electrospray tandem MS. The ultrasound‐aided sequential extraction of sludge samples was optimized to increase extraction efficiencies of the analytes; ranging between 93.0–98.3% recovery. The limit of detection values for diltiazem, progesterone, BBP, estrone, and Cbz were found as 0.78, 0.72, 0.24, 0.75, and 0.72 µg/kg, respectively. Sludge samples taken from Ankara Tatlar; Hurma, Lara and Kemer of Antalya, and Middle East Technical University‐vacuum rotating membrane wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) aeration tanks were analyzed for their EDCs contents under optimized conditions. Diltiazem was found in all the samples in the range between 116.4–180.8 ng/g while progesterone and estrone were not detected in any of the samples analyzed with the exception of Tatlar WWTP. The BBP concentration was between beyond detection and 9195.5 ng/g. In addition, Cbz was found in all the samples ranging from 25.6 to 118.8 ng/g.
Soil Net Nitrogen Mineralization in Salt Marshes with Different Flooding Periods in the Yellow River Delta, China
Authors: Gao Haifeng , Bai Junhong , Xiao Rong , Yan Denghua , Huang Laibin , Huang Chen
Published: July 2012

Seasonal variation of inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization of soils were investigated by using in situ incubation method in three wetlands with different flooding periods (i.e., short‐term, seasonal, and tidal flooding) in the Yellow River Delta, China. Results showed that N mineralization in short‐term and seasonal flooding wetlands could be classified into one group. Inorganic nitrogen showed higher concentrations during the period from spring to early summer, and then it decreased after June for short‐term and seasonal flooding wetlands. Net N mineralization rate appeared negative value but sequently increased and reached the positive maximum value during the period from late autumn to early winter. However, in tidal flooding wetland, both inorganic N and N mineralization rate kept relative constant. The effects of inundation due to water and sediment regulation were different on three wetlands. Inorganic N contents in soil decreased in short‐term and seasonal flooding wetlands whereas increased in tidal flooding wetland. The changing tendency of net N mineralization rate was opposite to that of ammonium rate.
Alternate characterization technique for static random‐access memory static noise margin determination
Authors: Merino Jose Luis , Bota Sebastia Antoni , Picos Rodrigo , Segura Jaume
Published: July 2012

The cell static noise margin (SNM) is widely used as a stability criterion for static random‐access memory cells design. This parameter is typically determined through electrical simulations since direct experimental characterization of SNM is not achievable.

In this work, we present a methodology that provides an indirect measurement of the SNM on a per‐cell basis for six‐transistor SRAMs. It is based on combining an Adaptive Neuro‐Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) with circuit‐level cell experimentally measurable parameters as input variables to the tool. We show that it is possible to obtain the SNM for individual memory cells using the same experimental setup and data than that required for shmoo plot measurements. Results confirm that the SNM can be experimentally estimated with a relative error compared with electrical simulations that is below 0.5%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and differentiation properties of neural crest stem cells
Authors: Dupin Elisabeth , Coelho‐Aguiar Juliana M.
Published: July 2012

A wide array of neural and non‐neural cell types arises from the neural crest during vertebrate embryogenesis. The neural crest forms transiently in the dorsal neural primordium to yield migratory cells that will invade nearly all tissues and later, differentiate into bones and cartilages, vascular smooth muscle cells, connective tissues, neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, endocrine cells, and melanocytes. Due to the amazingly diversified array of cell types they generate, the neural crest cells represent an attractive model in the stem cell field. We review here in vivo and in vitro studies of individual cells, which led to the discovery and characterization of neural crest progenitors endowed with multipotency and stem cell properties. We also present an overview of the diverse types, marker expression, and locations of the neural crest‐derived stem cells identified in the vertebrate body, with emphasis on those evidenced recently in mammalian adult tissues. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Image cytometry‐based detection of aneuploidy by fluorescence in situ hybridization in suspension
Authors: Minderman Hans , Humphrey Kristen , Arcadi Jane K. , Wierzbicki Andrzej , Maguire Orla , Wang Eunice S. , Block AnneMarie W. , Sait Sheila N. J. , George Thaddeus C. , Wallace Paul K.
Published: July 2012

Cytogenetic abnormalities are important diagnostic and prognostic criteria for hematologic malignancies. Karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are the conventional methods by which these abnormalities are detected. The sensitivity of these microscopy‐based methods is limited by the abundance of the abnormal cells in the samples and therefore these analyses are commonly not applicable to minimal residual disease (MRD) stages. A flow cytometry‐based imaging approach was developed to detect chromosomal abnormalities following FISH in suspension (FISH‐IS), which enables the automated analysis of several log‐magnitude higher number of cells compared with the microscopy‐based approaches. This study demonstrates the applicability of FISH‐IS for detecting numerical chromosome aberrations, establishes accuracy, and sensitivity of detection compared with conventional FISH, and feasibility to study procured clinical samples of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Male and female healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells hybridized with combinations of chromosome enumeration probes (CEP) 8, X, and Y served as models for disomy, monosomy, and trisomy. The sensitivity of detection of monosomies and trisomies amongst 20,000 analyzed cells was determined to be 1% with a high level of precision. A high correlation (R2 = 0.99) with conventional FISH analysis was found based on the parallel analysis of diagnostic samples procured from 10 AML patients with trisomy 8 (+8). Additionally, FISH‐IS analysis of samples procured at the time of clinical remission demonstrated the presence of residual +8 cells indicating that this approach may be used to detect MRD and associated chromosomal defects. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Polyploidy and chromatin remodeling in hepatocytes from insulin‐dependent diabetic and normoglycemic aged mice
Authors: Ghiraldini Flávia G. , Silva Isabela S. , Mello Maria Luiza S.
Published: July 2012

Changes in polyploidization, chromatin supraorganization, and chromatin accessibility were investigated in hepatocytes collected from adult, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with increasing hyperglycemia and compared with adult normoglycemic controls and 56‐week‐old normoglycemic BALB/c mice. Our goal was to determine the changes in ploidy degrees and chromatin characteristics in mouse hepatocytes that are associated with insulin‐dependent diabetes and to detect similarities in these aspects with those verified with aging, with greater accuracy than previous studies. Image analysis of Feulgen‐stained nuclei revealed changes in ploidy degrees and chromatin supraorganization. Chromatin accessibility was assessed with micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestion. Increased polyploidy was associated with increasing levels of glycemia, and this trend toward polyploidy was found even under normoglycemic conditions in NOD mice. Although high degrees of ploidy were also detected in aged BALB/c mice, the magnitude of polyploidy was not the same magnitude as that in the diabetic mice. While there was increased homogeneity of chromatin packaging with increasing polyploidy under conditions of severe hyperglycemia (and even under conditions of normoglycemia) in NOD mice, an inverse relationship was observed in aged BALB/c mice. Chromatin accessibility to MNase increased under severe hyperglycemia and advanced age, but it was much higher in the diabetic mice. In conclusion, although similarities in polyploidy were observed between the hepatocytes from increasingly hyperglycemic adult mice and those from normoglycemic aged mice, the relationship between chromatin remodeling and increases in ploidy degrees was not the same between the hepatocytes of these two groups. These findings demonstrate that strict similarities between diabetes and aging are not always true at the cellular level. This discordance is likely due to differences in the metabolic state of mouse hepatocytes during aging and diabetic conditions consequent to specificities in their gene regulatory programs. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry