bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MR diffusion is sensitive to mechanical loading in human intervertebral disks ex vivo
Authors: Alkalay Ron N. , Burstein Deborah , Westin Carl‐Fredrik , Meier Dominick , Hackney David B.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

To use T2 and diffusion MR to determine the change in the mechanical function of human disks with increased degenerative state.

Materials and Methods

Spatial changes in T2 and diffusion were quantified in five cadaveric human lumbar disks under compressive loads. Regression models were used to investigate the relationship between the change in MR parameters and the disk's dynamic and viscoelastic properties.

Results

Compressive loading caused a significant reduction in the disk's mean diffusivity ([11.3 versus 9.7].10−4.mm2/s, P < 0.001) but little change in T2 (P < 0.05). Diffusivity and T2 were correlated with the disk's dynamic (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) and long‐term viscoelastic (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05) stiffness. Diffusivity but not T2, was correlated with its viscoelastic dampening (r2 = 0.45, P < 0.01) and instantaneous stiffness (r2 = 0.44, P < 0.05). Nucleus diffusivity was significantly higher than the annulus's (−21% to −4%, P < 0.01). MR‐estimated hydration was correlated with the instantaneous viscoelastic stiffness of the nucleus (r2 = 0.35, P < 0.05) and the dynamic (r2 = 0.44, P < 0.05) and long‐term viscoelastic (r2 = 0.42, P < 0.05) stiffness in the annulus. T2 correlated with diffusivity at low load (r2 = 0.66, P < 0.05), but not at high load.

Conclusion

The strong correlations between diffusivity and the rheological assessments of disk mechanics suggest that MR might permit quantitative assessment of disk functional status and structural integrity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:654–664. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of dielectric overlay on microstrip antenna embedded in composite laminated substrates
Authors: Yang S. M. , Hung C.‐C.
Published: June 2014

Composite structures with desire mechanical properties can be tailored to embed microstrip antenna for reducing aerodynamic disturbance in aerospace systems. This work aims at developing a spectral domain model to analyze the effect of dielectric overlay on the performance of microstrip antenna embedded in composite laminated substrates. Analysis shows that antenna performance depends not only on the dielectric overlay but also on the laminate layer's electromagnetic property, fiber direction, and stacking sequence. The common belief that the antenna size will be reduced because of the increase of equivalent permittivity by the dielectric overlay is no longer valid in composite laminated substrates. Of the eight substrates studied, overlay can, in general, reduce antenna radiation efficiency; however, it is found to have favorable effect in substrates with some selected electromagnetic properties and stacking sequence. For example, removing the antenna overlay in [45/−45/−45/45/45/−45] substrate can be counterproductive. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opposite responses of body condition and fertility in adjacent moose populations
Authors: Gingras Janick , Couturier Serge , Côté Steeve D. , Tremblay Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2014

Moose (Alces alces) populations exceed 3 individuals/km2 in some wildlife reserves and parks of northeastern Canada. Heavy browsing pressure at such densities is potentially altering the ecological integrity of forests with eventual negative consequences for moose. We hypothesized that regulation by resources would be limited by the capacity of female moose to modulate their reproductive strategies to maintain high fertility despite a decline in body condition. We observed a 20–33% decline in rump fat thickness in males and females, respectively, from the high density Matane Wildlife Reserve in Eastern Québec in October compared to an adjacent population. We also observed a lower mass of the peroneus group of muscles for males (−3%) and prime‐aged females (−8%) in the Matane Wildlife Reserve than in the adjacent population. Females from the Matane Wildlife Reserve population had a lower twinning ovulation rate (1 out of 20 vs. 7 out of 21 ovulating females in the adjacent population) but >15% higher overall ovulation rate. Our results suggest that female moose can maintain high fertility despite a decline in body condition, by reducing their litter size at ovulation and conserving energy to increase the probability of annual reproduction. The adjustment of female reproductive strategies illustrates the plasticity of moose in response to decreasing habitat quality. We conclude that in the absence of specialist predators, equilibrium with forage is unlikely for large herbivores in the short or mid‐term. Active management of moose populations is likely required to maintain the ecological integrity of boreal forests. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Activation and Deactivation of the Polymerization of Ethylene over rac‐EtInd2ZrCl2 and (nBuCp)2ZrCl2 on an Activating Silica Support
Authors: Tisse Virginie F. , Boisson Christophe , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: June 2014

A study is carried out in order to better understand the kinetic behavior of two different metallocene precursors supported on an activating silica support, and, in particular, to attempt to reduce the significance of catalyst deactivation through the use of different alkylating agents. It is observed that it is difficult to prevent the deactivation of the rac‐EtInd2ZrCl2 sites on the activating support, and, furthermore, the deactivation is accompanied by the disa­ppearance of sites producing the highest‐molecular‐weight polymer. On the contrary, with the (nBuCp)2ZrCl2 precursor, it is possible to manipulate the addition of either tri‐isobutylaluminum (TIBA) or triethylaluminum (TEA) to significantly reduce the deactivation of the catalyst on the activating supports. Finally, the molecular‐weight distribution seems to depend much more on the intrinsic properties of the active sites than on how the active sites are treated.

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Influence of joint position on synergistic muscle activity after fatigue of a single muscle head
Authors: Stutzig Norman , Siebert Tobias
Published: June 2014

Introduction: We investigated synergistic muscle activity after fatigue of a single muscle in different joint positions. Methods: Two experimental groups (n = 12 each) performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) before and after fatiguing the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Neuromuscular tests, including muscle activity during MVC, H‐reflex, and twitch interpolation, were performed. One group completed the experiment in a knee‐extended position with the second group in a knee‐flexed position. Results: In the knee‐flexed position, the muscle activity increased in non‐stimulated synergistic muscles. In contrast, in the knee‐extended position, muscle activity of the synergistic muscles remained unaltered. The MVC force remained unaltered in the flexed position and decreased in the extended position. Conclusions: Synergistic muscles compensate for the fatigued muscle in the flexed position but not in the extended position. Compensation mechanisms seem to depend on joint position. Muscle Nerve 51: 259–267, 2015
Combining MRI and muscle biopsy improves diagnostic accuracy in subacute‐onset idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
Authors: Van De Vlekkert Janneke , Maas Mario , Hoogendijk Jessica E. , De Visser Marianne , Van Schaik Ivo N.
Published: June 2014

Introduction: In 10–20% of patients with subacute‐onset idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), muscle biopsy is normal or shows nonspecific findings. MRI can be used as a triage test before muscle biopsy and as an add‐on test if the biopsy is nondiagnostic. Methods: MRI scans of skeletal muscles and muscle biopsies were evaluated prospectively in 48 patients suspected to have IIM. The interpretations of MRI and muscle biopsy were compared with the definite diagnosis (based on European Neuromuscular Centre criteria and response to corticosteroids). Results: The false negative rate (FNR) of all muscle biopsies was 0.23. Biopsies of a muscle showing hyperintensity on MRI (as triage test) had an FNR of 0.19. The result of MRI as an add‐on test in patients with a nondiagnostic muscle biopsy decreased the FNR from 0.23 to 0.06. Conclusions: We recommend both MRI and muscle biopsy in patients suspected of having IIM. Muscle Nerve 51: 253–258, 2015
Histological correlation of diffusional kurtosis and white matter modeling metrics in cuprizone‐induced corpus callosum demyelination
Authors: Falangola Maria F. , Guilfoyle David N. , Tabesh Ali , Hui Edward S. , Nie Xingju , Jensen Jens H. , Gerum Scott V. , Hu Caixia , LaFrancois John , Collins Heather R. , Helpern Joseph A.
Published: June 2014

The cuprizone mouse model is well established for studying the processes of both demyelination and remyelination in the corpus callosum, and it has been utilized together with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate myelin and axonal pathology. Although some underlying morphological mechanisms contributing to the changes in diffusion tensor (DT) metrics have been identified, the understanding of specific associations between histology and diffusion measures remains limited. Diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) is an extension of DTI that provides metrics of diffusional non‐Gaussianity, for which an associated white matter modeling (WMM) method has been developed. The main goal of the present study was to quantitatively assess the relationships between diffusion measures and histological measures in the mouse model of cuprizone‐induced corpus callosum demyelination. The diffusional kurtosis (DK) and WMM metrics were found to provide additional information that enhances the sensitivity to detect the morphological heterogeneity in the chronic phase of the disease process in the rostral segment of the corpus callosum. Specifically, in the rostral segment, axonal water fraction (d = 2.6; p < 0.0001), radial kurtosis (d = 2.0; p = 0.001) and mean kurtosis (d = 1.5; p = 0.005) showed the most sensitivity between groups with respect to yielding statistically significant p values and high Cohen's d values. These results demonstrate the ability of DK and WMM metrics to detect white mater changes and inflammatory processes associated with cuprizone‐induced demyelination. They also validate, in part, the application of these new WMM metrics for studying neurological diseases, as well as helping to elucidate their biophysical meaning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of an antimicrobial poly(lactic acid) film prepared with poly(ε‐caprolactone) and thymol for active packaging
Authors: Wu Yan , Qin Yuyue , Yuan Minglong , Li Lin , Chen Haiyan , Cao Jianxin , Yang Jiyi
Published: June 2014

Antimicrobial active films based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared with poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and thymol (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt%) by solvent casting methods. The films were characterized by thermal, structural, mechanical, gas barrier, and antimicrobial properties. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the surface of film became rougher with certain porosity when thymol was incorporated into the PLA/PCL blends. Thymol acted as plasticizers, which reduce the intermolecular forces of polymer chains, thus improving the flexibility and extensibility of the films. The addition of PCL into the pure PLA film decreased the glass transition temperature of the films. The presence of thymol decreased the crystallinity of PLA phase, but did not affect the thermal stability of films. Water vapor barrier properties of films slightly decreased with the increase of thymol loading. The antimicrobial properties of thymol containing films showed a significant activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The results indicated the potential of PLA/PCL/thymol composites for applications in antimicrobial packaging. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of reaction parameters on the structure of in situ rubber/silica compounds synthesized via sol–gel reaction
Authors: Miloskovska Elena , Nies Erik , Hristova‐Bogaerds Denka , van Duin Martin , de With Gijsbertus
Published: June 2014

In situ silica was synthesized in three non‐vulcanized rubber matrices, namely natural rubber, styrene‐butadiene rubber, and EPDM (ethylene‐propylene diene ter‐polymer), using the sol–gel method with tetra‐ethoxysilane (TEOS) as silica precursor and hexylamine as catalyst. The effect of the reaction parameters such as the amount of TEOS, the reaction time (15–120 min), and the type of rubber was explored. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the gradient in silica content and particle size over the sample thickness. The diffusion gradient of TEOS and catalyst solution in the rubber matrix responsible for the gradient was studied with Fick's law. An excellent dispersion of silica was obtained for all rubbers, even for the very non‐polar EPDM, without the use of any additives to improve the dispersion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 967–978
Making sense from Big RDF Data: OUSAF for measuring ontology usage
Authors: Ashraf Jamshaid , Hussain Omar Khadeer , Hussain Farookh Khadeer
Published: June 2014

Recent growth and advancements in the Semantic Web have shifted the research focus from being knowledge‐centered to data‐centered. This has led to the increased use of ontologies to structurally represent the data, thereby generating huge amounts of RDF data, which we term Big RDF Data. Nevertheless, the literature lacks the tools to analyze Big RDF Data and make sense of it. Access to such tools would enable pragmatic inputs and insights for users in respect of such tasks as the usage and adoption of Ontologies, their uptake by different users in the community, and the identification of prevalent patterns. This analysis, which we term Ontology Usage, is important from the viewpoint of users who need informed inputs in the various stages of the ontology engineering lifecycle, such as ontology evolution, ontology population, and ontology deployment. In this paper, we propose the Ontology USage Analysis F̌ramework (OUSAF), which performs analysis of Ontology Usage on Big RDF Data and synthesizes the usage knowledge acquired. OUSAF provides a methodological approach to performing the various phases such as identifying, analyzing, representing, and utilizing the Ontology usage results from Big RDF Data. We describe in detail each of those phases and the metrics required to perform the analysis of each phase. The utilization of the OUSAF results obtained by users such as data publishers and ontology developers is demonstrated by a dataset collected in the e‐business domain. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Otkritie Arena: Design of the new Spartak Moscow Stadium
Authors: Ayres Peter , Webster Thomas
Published: June 2014

With the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia in everyone’s sights, international architects and engineers are beginning to grapple with the challenges and complexities of delivering world class stadium designs in unfamiliar territory. In this paper, the authors explain how they have overcome both the technical and regulatory challenges in delivering the engineering design of the Otkritie Arena, the new home of FC Spartak Moscow.

Otkritie‐Arena: Die Gestaltung des neuen Stadions von Spartak Moskau. Langsam, aber sicher gewinnt der FIFA World Cup 2018 in Russland mehr Raum im öffentlichen Bewusstsein. Für Architekten und Ingenieure ist es an der Zeit, sich den Aufgaben und Herausforderungen zu stellen, die der Bau eines Stadions auf Weltniveau in ungewohntem Gebiet mit sich bringt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird berichtet, wie sowohl technische als auch behördliche Hürden bei der Gestaltung und der Konstruktion der Otkritie‐Arena – dem neuen Heimatstadion von Spartak Moskau – zu meistern waren.
A Novel Computational Method for Evaluating Osteochondral Autografts in Distal Radius Reconstruction
Authors: Kollitz Kathleen M. , Huang Jerry I. , Hsu Jennifer W. , Cavanagh Peter R.
Published: June 2014

Background

We describe a novel computational method for assessing the fit of an osteochondral graft. We applied our software to five normal wrist computed tomography (CT) scans to determine the fit of the scaphoid to the lunate fossa of the distal radius.

Methods

CT scans of five wrists were digitally rendered. The capitate facet of the scaphoid was fit to the lunate fossa of the distal radius using custom software based on the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. This approach iteratively determines the optimal position of a model surface to minimize the sum of squares of distances from all points on a target surface. The fit of the two surfaces was reported by calculating the mean residual distance (MRD) between each point on one surface and its nearest neighbor on the other.

Results

The MRD for the five subjects was found to be 0.25 mm, with 82.8–98.3 % of the articular surfaces within 0.5 mm of each other.

Conclusions

We have developed a software algorithm for comparing two articular surfaces to test fit for a proposed joint reconstruction. The software is versatile and may be applied to any bony surface to identify new graft donor sites. The fit assessment renders a richer, three-dimensional understanding of the fit of the graft as compared to traditional two-dimensional assessments. Level of Evidence: Decision analysis, Level V
Between the big blocs: Armenian foreign policy untangled
Authors: Kambeck Michael
Published: June 2014

This paper seeks to shed light upon the foreign policy choices of Armenia today, in particular regarding the recent moves vis-à-vis Russia and the EU. It explains the idea of the policy of complementarity and how this idea was genetically enrooted in the special circumstances of the Republic of Armenia's birth in 1991. Influencing factors in its recent history include its vast diaspora around the world and the conflict with neighbouring Azerbaijan about Nagorno-Karabakh, which strongly intertwines Armenian foreign and economic policy with larger powers outside Armenia. The author analyses the special relationship with Russia and the growing cooperation with the EU. The current geopolitical disputes are occurring between these two large blocs, and they are clearly beyond Armenia's influence. In conclusion, the paper seeks to design a perspective based on rationality, within which the originally sought win-win-win relationship can still be realised for Armenia, Russia and the EU.
Slum Residence and Child Health in Developing Countries
Authors: Fink Günther , Günther Isabel , Hill Kenneth
Published: June 2014

Continued population growth and increasing urbanization have led to the formation of large informal urban settlements in many developing countries in recent decades. The high prevalence of poverty, overcrowding, and poor sanitation observed in these settlements—commonly referred to as “slums”—suggests that slum residence constitutes a major health risk for children. In this article, we use data from 191 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) across 73 developing countries to investigate this concern empirically. Our results indicate that children in slums have better health outcomes than children living in rural areas yet fare worse than children in better-off neighborhoods of the same urban settlements. A large fraction of the observed health differences appears to be explained by pronounced differences in maternal education, household wealth, and access to health services across residential areas. After we control for these characteristics, children growing up in the slums and better-off neighborhoods of towns show levels of morbidity and mortality that are not statistically different from those of children living in rural areas. Compared with rural children, children living in cities (irrespective of slum or formal residence) fare better with respect to mortality and stunting but not with respect to recent illness episodes.
Conscious versus unconscious thinking in the medical domain: the deliberation-without-attention effect examined
Authors: Bonke Benno , Zietse Robert , Norman Geoff , Schmidt Henk G. , Bindels Roger , Mamede Sı´lvia , Rikers Remy
Published: June 2014

Previous studies have shown that with important decisions, unconscious thought has surprisingly led to better choices than conscious thought. The present study challenges this so-called ‘deliberation-without-attention effect’ in the medical domain. In a computerized study, physicians and medical students were asked, after either conscious or unconscious thought, to estimate the 5-year survival probabilities of four fictitious patients with varying medical characteristics. We assumed that experienced physicians would outperform students as a result of their superior knowledge. The central question was whether unconscious thought in this task would lead to better performance in experts or novices, in line with the deliberation-without-attention effect. We created four fictitious male 60-year-old patients, each of whom with signs and symptoms related to likely prognosis, from 12 (Complex) or 4 (Simple) categories. This manipulation resulted in objectively different life expectancies for these patients. Participants (86 experienced physicians and 57 medical students) were randomly allocated to the Simple or Complex condition. Statements were randomly presented for 8 s. Next, each participant assessed the life expectancies after either conscious or unconscious thought. As expected, experienced physicians were better in assessing life expectancies than medical students. No significant differences were found in performance between conscious and unconscious thought, nor did we detect a significant interaction between expertise level and mode of thought. In a medical decision task, unconscious thought did not lead to better performance of experienced physicians or medical students than conscious thought. Our findings do not support the deliberation-without-attention effect.
Correlations between interpersonal and cognitive difficulties: Relationship to suicidal ideation in military suicide attempters
Authors: Shelef L. , Fruchter E. , Mann J.J. , Yacobi A.
Published: June 2014

Background

Understanding suicidal ideation may help develop more effective suicide screening and intervention programs. The interpersonal and the cognitive-deficit theories seek to describe the factors leading to suicidal behavior. In the military setting it is common to find over- and under-reporting of suicidal ideation. This study sought to determine the relationship between these two models and determine to what degree their components can indirectly predict suicidal ideation.

Methods

Suicide attempters (n = 32) were compared with non-suicidal psychologically treated peers (n = 38) and controls (n = 33), matched for sex and age (mean 19.7 years). Pearson's analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the variables from the two models and hierarchal regression analysis was used to determine the explanation of suicidal ideation variance by these variables.

Results

Suicide attempters have more difficulties in problem-solving, negative emotion regulation and burdensomeness compared with their peers (P < .001). These variables are all closely correlated with each other and to suicide ideation (r > ± 0.5; P < .001). Prior suicide attempt, loneliness and burdensomeness together explain 65% (P < .001) of the variance in suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

Suicidal ideation is strongly correlated with components of interpersonal and cognitive difficulties. In addition to assessing current suicidal ideation, clinicians should assess past suicide attempt, loneliness and burdensomeness.
Impact of Contact Isolation on FIM Score Change, FIM Efficiency Score, and Length of Stay in Patients in Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility
Authors: Colorado Berdale , Del Toro David , Tarima Sergey
Published: June 2014

Objectives

To explore the impact of contact isolation on the change in functional independence measure (FIM) score, FIM efficiency score, and length of stay.

Design

Retrospective matched case control study.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital (academic medical center).

Participants

Persons admitted to an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility at a tertiary care hospital from July 2009 through December 2010.

Methods

Retrospective chart review by obtaining patient data regarding contact isolation status, patient demographics, and rehabilitation diagnosis. Two hundred charts were reviewed, which resulted in identification of 20 patients in contact isolation. These patients subsequently were matched to patients not in contact isolation based on age, rehabilitation diagnosis, and type of insurance. Admission and discharge FIM scores were obtained for these 40 study subjects (20 cases and 20 matched controls).

Main Outcome Measurements

The primary study outcome measurements were change in FIM score (discharge FIM score minus admission FIM score), FIM efficiency score (change in FIM score divided by length of stay), and length of stay.

Results

Compared with patients not in contact isolation, patients in contact isolation showed no statistically significant difference in FIM score change, a lower FIM efficiency score (P = .010), and a 39% longer length of stay (P = .017) when adjusting for confounders.

Conclusions

This study identifies contact isolation as a likely variable that is associated with increased length of stay and decreased FIM efficiency score in patients in an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility. Further study is needed to identify the role or mechanisms by which contact isolation is involved in these adverse effects so that interventions may be developed to counteract them.
Get In Motion: An Evaluation of the Reach and Effectiveness of a Physical Activity Telephone Counseling Service for Canadians Living With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Arbour‐Nicitopoulos Kelly P. , Tomasone Jennifer R. , Latimer‐Cheung Amy E. , Martin Ginis Kathleen A.
Published: June 2014

Background

Telephone‐based counseling is an efficacious intervention strategy for maintaining leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) intentions and increasing LTPA behavior among adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, no research has examined the real‐world application of this intervention strategy within the SCI community.

Objective

To assess the individual‐level impact of a previously tested telephone‐based counseling intervention among adults within the SCI community by using the first 2 components of the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework.

Design

A prospective study.

Setting

General community, tertiary care.

Participants

Community‐dwelling adults with SCI (n = 65; 57% men; mean [standard deviation], 50.4 ± 12.8 years; mean (standard deviation) years after injury, 14.5 ± 12.7 years) living in Canada who enrolled in a national telephone‐based counseling service. Of the 65 clients who enrolled, 53 participated in the effectiveness evaluation component of the Get In Motion service.

Intervention

A 6‐month, individualized telephone‐counseling program with a trained exercise counselor. The program was based on a previously tested intervention that used aspects of the Health Action Process Approach model, with a particular focus on developing and strengthening clients' social cognitions for engaging in self‐managed LTPA.

Main Outcome Measurements

On enrollment, all 65 clients completed demographics and staging questionnaires. The 53 clients who participated in the effectiveness evaluation also completed a validated LTPA intentions item, and the 7‐day, self‐report LTPA Questionnaire for People with SCI over the telephone at baseline, and 2, 4, and 6 months.

Results

In terms of the reach of Get In Motion, a total of 65 clients enrolled in the service between June 2008 and June 2011, and were representative of the larger Canadian SCI population on most measured demographic characteristics. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the service showed that, as hypothesized, intentions for engaging in LTPA remained high throughout enrollment (P = .44), with a trend for more clients engaging in moderate‐to‐heavy–intensity LTPA at 6 months (52%) versus baseline (35%) (P = .09).

Conclusions

Telephone‐based counseling is a promising strategy for promoting community‐based LTPA behavior among Canadian adults with SCI. Continued evaluation of all 5 Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework components of Get In Motion will help establish the real‐world impact of this intervention strategy on community‐based LTPA participation within the SCI population.
Three Decades of Citation Classics: The Most Cited Articles in the Field of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Authors: Powell Aaron J. , Conlee Erin M. , Chang Douglas G.
Published: June 2014

With the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation recently celebrating its 75th anniversary, it is an opportune time to assess the impact and influence that physiatric articles and research have had on the field, as well as the greater scientific community. One useful metric of scientific impact is citation count, which is the most common method for analyzing the magnitude of scientific recognition of an individual article. This study presents 2 reading lists of influential physiatric academic journal articles drawn from the Web of Science index based on citation count. The first list contains the top 25 most‐cited articles during the last 3 decades from the American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and PM&R. The second list contains the top 10 articles in 20 different physiatric topical areas. This topical list was generated via an expanded search without limitation of time span or journal. This allowed for the identification of influential physiatric articles not found in the field's 3 major publications from the United States. Although citation index is not a direct measure of quality or importance, it offers one form of quantitative assessment of scientific impact. This assessment contributes to the identification of trends, which illustrate the evolution of scope and focus of physiatry research. The lists of most‐cited articles presented in this review can be used to provide historical context to physiatry's existing body of research, direct future evidence‐based research efforts, and help guide educators as they select resident reading lists or journal club materials.
EPISTEMIC CIRCULARITY, RELIABILISM, AND TRANSMISSION FAILURE
Authors: Bondy Patrick
Published: June 2014

Epistemically circular arguments have been receiving quite a bit of attention in the literature for the past decade or so. Often the goal is to determine whether reliabilists (or other foundationalists) are committed to the legitimacy of epistemically circular arguments. It is often assumed that epistemic circularity is objectionable, though sometimes reliabilists accept that their position entails the legitimacy of some epistemically circular arguments, and then go on to affirm that such arguments really are good ones. My goal in this paper is to argue against the legitimacy of epistemically circular arguments. My strategy is to give an argument against the legitimacy of epistemically circular arguments, which rests on a principle of basis-relative safety, and then to argue that reliabilists do not have the resources to resist the argument. I argue that even if the premises of an epistemically circular argument enjoy reliabilist justification, the argument does not transmit that justification to its conclusion. The main goal of my argument is to show that epistemic circularity is always a bad thing, but it also has the positive consequence that reliabilists are freed from an awkward commitment to the legitimacy of some intuitively bad arguments.
Haematological changes in the laboratory rat Rattus norvegicus infected with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)
Authors: Muñoz-Antoli C. , Cortés A. , Torres D. , Esteban J.G. , Toledo R.
Published: June 2014

To study possible indirect effects of the infection with intestinal helminths, 12 Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) were each experimentally exposed to 100 metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni, and blood samples were taken weekly up to 4 weeks post-exposure for comparison with control rats. Values of haematocrit (HCT), red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin (HGB) and haematimatrix indices, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) were determined. In addition, leucocyte counts, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were analysed. These parameters, including the leucocyte counts, showed no significant differences, except for MCHC at 4 weeks post-exposure. The present results indicate that in rats infected with E. caproni, although eosinophilia did not significantly increase, a significant reduction in MCHC was associated with an increase in the number of RBC.
The association between campylobacteriosis, agriculture and drinking water: a case-case study in a region of British Columbia, Canada, 2005–2009
Authors: GALANIS E. , MAK S. , OTTERSTATTER M. , TAYLOR M. , ZUBEL M. , TAKARO T. K. , KUO M. , MICHEL P.
Published: June 2014

We studied the association between drinking water, agriculture and sporadic human campylobacteriosis in one region of British Columbia (BC), Canada. We compared 2992 cases of campylobacteriosis to 4816 cases of other reportable enteric diseases in 2005–2009 using multivariate regression. Cases were geocoded and assigned drinking water source, rural/urban environment and socioeconomic status (SES) according to the location of their residence using geographical information systems analysis methods. The odds of campylobacteriosis compared to enteric disease controls were higher for individuals serviced by private wells than municipal surface water systems (odds ratio 1·4, 95% confidence interval 1·1–1·8). In rural settings, the odds of campylobacteriosis were higher in November (P = 0·014). The odds of campylobacteriosis were higher in individuals aged ⩾15 years, especially in those with higher SES. In this region of BC, campylobacteriosis risk, compared to other enteric diseases, seems to be mediated by vulnerable drinking water sources and rural factors. Consideration should be given to further support well-water users and to further study the microbiological impact of agriculture on water.
Effects of Immersion Media and Repolishing on Color Stability and Superficial Morphology of Nanofilled Composite Resin
Authors: de Oliveira Ana Luísa Botta Martins , Botta Ana Carolina , Campos Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini , Garcia Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso
Published: June 2014

This study evaluated the influence of fluoride mouth rinses and repolishing on the superficial morphology and color stability of nanofilled resin. About 150 specimens were prepared and polished using aluminum oxide discs for 15 s with a pressure of 2 kg. The experimental groups were divided according to the immersion medium (artificial saliva, 0.5% sodium fluoride, Fluordent Reach, Oral B, Fluorgard) and repolishing procedure (without and with). The specimens were continuously immersed for 1 week. Thereafter, half of each sample was repolished. A color reading was performed after 24 h of immersion in the artificial saliva baseline, after continuous immersion, and after repolishing. The superficial morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a qualitative way. Color change (∆E) data were submitted to a mixed analysis of variance using a Shapiro–Wilk test (p>0.05 for the different immersion media) and Sidak’s test (p<0.05 for the differences between groups). In the interaction between the repolishing and the immersion media, Fluorgard showed a statistical difference between the ∆E values with and without repolishing (p<0.0001). On the SEM observations, both Fluordent Reach and Fluorgard caused degradation of the superficial resinous matrix of the composite after continuous immersion. This matrix was removed after repolishing.
Determining the satisfaction levels of the family members of patients with advanced-stage cancer
Authors: Ozcelik Hanife , Cakmak Deniz Ezgi , Fadiloglu Cicek , Yildirim Yasemin , Uslu Ruchan
Published: June 2014

Objective:

The objective of our study was to determine the satisfaction levels of family members of patients with advanced-stage cancer.

Method:

This descriptive study was conducted in the palliative care and medical oncology clinics of a university hospital in the province of Izmir between April of 2011 and January of 2012. The study sample consisted of a total of 145 family members, who were selected from among the family members of patients with advanced-stage cancer receiving palliative treatment. The study data were obtained using the Patient Description Form and Family Satisfaction Scale during face-to-face interviews with patients.

Results:

Some 67% of patients were female and 33% male, 70% were married, 35% were high school graduates, and 34.5% were housewives. The average total family satisfaction score was 76.87 ± 1.14, and the average scores for the component variables were as follows: information giving 74.37 ± 1.28, availability of care 78.40 ± 1.17, physical care 78.99 ± 1.09, and psychosocial care 74.52 ± 1.30. We found a relationship between the level of satisfaction of family members and (1) gender, (2) occupation, (3) presence of someone supporting the care, and (4) possession of sufficient information about the patient (p < 0.05).

Significance of Results:

Satisfaction levels of participants were determined to be high. We found that family member satisfaction levels were affected by gender and occupation, the existence of someone supporting the care, and possession of sufficient information about the patient.
Palliative care clients' and caregivers' notion of fear and their strategies for overcoming it
Authors: Penman Joy , Ellis Bronwyn
Published: June 2014

Objective:

This paper aims to clarify our understanding of fear and explore the strategies employed by people with life-limiting conditions and their caregivers in addressing the emotion of fear as they journey through the dying process. The role of fear is discussed: different kinds of fear, the tangible and intangible measures by which people manage their fear, and the ways of transcending fear.

Method:

The findings of a larger research project funded by the Australian Department of Health and Ageing are drawn upon. In-depth interviews were conducted with clients and caregivers relating to the psychosocial and emotional issues in palliative care. Secondary analysis was utilized to examine the perceptions of fear in this cohort.

Results:

While there were many other findings, the results highlighted in this paper relate to the notion of fear among interview participants. Interview data showed that people with life-limiting conditions and their caregivers had different types of fear and employed a variety of strategies to deal with fear. Four themes emerged embodying these strategies: calling on their own resilience and inner resources, maintaining human relationships, gaining the ability to “keep one step ahead” in the dying process, and engaging in spirituality and religion.

Significance of results:

The implications of the findings for healthcare professionals are highlighted. The recognition of emotions is embedded in palliative care; healthcare professionals should view the management of emotions as an integral part of professional practice. Addressing fear is essential because unresolved fear can impinge on one's ability to cope. Our paper brings together different perspectives on fear and how vulnerable individuals attempt to cope with it while at the same time providing a view of the challenges confronting healthcare professionals who are engaged with them and committed to optimizing health outcomes for palliative care clients and their caregivers.
HARMONIOUS RULES FOR IDENTITY
Authors: GRIFFITHS OWEN
Published: June 2014

Logical inferentialists claim that the meanings of the logical constants are given by their inference rules. To rule out tonk-like expressions, it is often demanded that pairs of inference rules must be harmonious. The usual inference rules for the identity predicate are not harmonious, but most inferentialists want identity to be logical. Stephen Read has tried to formulate alternative, harmonious inference rules for identity. It will be proved, however, that his rules are precisely as strong as the old rules and that, because the old rules are not harmonious (as Read argues), nor are his. Further, it will be shown that no sound rules will be any improvement. Identity remains in need of satisfactory inferentialist treatment.
ER–mitochondria associations are regulated by the VAPB–PTPIP51 interaction and are disrupted by ALS/FTD-associated TDP-43
Authors: Stoica Radu , De Vos Kurt J. , Paillusson Sébastien , Mueller Sarah , Sancho Rosa M. , Lau Kwok-Fai , Vizcay-Barrena Gema , Lin Wen-Lang , Xu Ya-Fei , Lewis Jada , Dickson Dennis W. , Petrucelli Leonard , Mitchell Jacqueline C. , Shaw Christopher E. , Miller Christopher C. J.
Published: June 2014

Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) form tight structural associations and these facilitate a number of cellular functions. However, the mechanisms by which regions of the ER become tethered to mitochondria are not properly known. Understanding these mechanisms is not just important for comprehending fundamental physiological processes but also for understanding pathogenic processes in some disease states. In particular, disruption to ER–mitochondria associations is linked to some neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that the ER-resident protein VAPB interacts with the mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein-51 (PTPIP51) to regulate ER–mitochondria associations. Moreover, we demonstrate that TDP-43, a protein pathologically linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and fronto-temporal dementia perturbs ER–mitochondria interactions and that this is associated with disruption to the VAPB–PTPIP51 interaction and cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Finally, we show that overexpression of TDP-43 leads to activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and that GSK-3β regulates the VAPB–PTPIP51 interaction. Our results describe a new pathogenic mechanism for TDP-43.
A sample-effective calibration design for multiple components
Authors: Kirsanov Dmitry , Panchuk Vitaly , Agafonova-Moroz Marina , Khaydukova Maria , Lumpov Alexander , Semenov Valentin , Legin Andrey
Published: June 2014

The experimental design of mixtures for multivariate calibration is introduced. The idea of this design is based on uniform distribution of experimental points in a concentration hypercube and does not employ the concept of fixed concentration levels.
An insight into structure and stability of DNA in ionic liquids from molecular dynamics simulation and experimental studies
Authors: Jumbri K. , Abdul Rahman M. B. , Abdulmalek E. , Ahmad H. , Micaelo N. M.
Published: June 2014

Hydration shells on the DNA surface are the main criteria in determining the DNA stability with the weaker hydration shells increasing the binding ability of ionic liquids to DNA.
The distribution of iodide at the sea surface
Authors: Chance Rosie , Baker Alex R. , Carpenter Lucy , Jickells Tim D.
Published: June 2014

An extensive compilation of sea surface iodide concentrations reveals a pronounced latitudinal gradient and associations with temperature, mixing and nitrate.
ROMP (co)polymers with pendent alkyne side groups: post-polymerization modification employing thiol–yne and CuAAC coupling chemistries
Authors: van Hensbergen Johannes A. , Burford Robert P. , Lowe Andrew B.
Published: June 2014

The synthesis of a series of copolymers via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) containing pendent trimethylsilyl-protected alkyne functional groups is described.
Preparations and characterizations of poly-o-toluidine/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Sn(iv) tungstate composite ion exchange thin films and their application as a Pb(ii) selective electrode
Authors: Khan Asif Ali , Shaheen Shakeeba
Published: June 2014

Poly-o-toluidine (POT), poly-o-toluidine (POT)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and poly-o-toluidine (POT)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/Sn(iv) tungstate (ST) thin films were prepared by a solution casting method using polystyrene as a binder.
Nanoporous scaffold for DNA polymerase: pore-size optimisation of mesoporous silica for DNA amplification
Authors: Matsuura Shun-ichi , Baba Tomoya , Chiba Manami , Tsunoda Tatsuo
Published: June 2014

The simple and selective immobilisation of a thermostable DNA polymerase on mesoporous silicas was achieved, and DNA amplification activity was retained under the pore-size regulation of the mesoporous silicas.
Adsorption, photodegradation and antibacterial study of graphene–Fe3O4 nanocomposite for multipurpose water purification application
Authors: Santhosh Chella , Kollu Pratap , Doshi Sejal , Sharma Madhulika , Bahadur Dhirendra , Vanchinathan Mudaliar T. , Saravanan P. , Kim Byeong-Su , Grace Andrews Nirmala
Published: June 2014

Graphene–Fe3O4 (G–Fe3O4) composite was prepared from graphene oxide (GO) and FeCl3·6H2O by a one-step solvothermal route.
A new recyclable 1,4-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)butane ditribromide [bMImB]·(Br3)2ionic liquid reagent for selective bromination of anilines or phenols and α-bromination of alkanones under mild conditions
Authors: Veisi Hojat , Sedrpoushan Alireza , Mohammadi Pourya , Faraji Ali Reza , Sajjadifar Sami
Published: June 2014

1,4-Bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)butane ditribromide [bMImB]·(Br3)2has been synthesized and explored as a new efficient brominating agent.
Copper-templated synthesis of gold microcages for sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity
Authors: Kong Chuncai , Lv Jian , Sun Shaodong , Song Xiaoping , Yang Zhimao
Published: June 2014

Nanoparticle-aggregated Au microcages have been successfully synthesized from sacrificial hollow Cu microstructures, and exhibit remarkable surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid.
Visible light-driven photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical studies of Ag–SnO2 nanocomposites synthesized using an electrochemically active biofilm
Authors: Ansari Sajid Ali , Khan Mohammad Mansoob , Ansari Mohd Omaish , Lee Jintae , Cho Moo Hwan
Published: June 2014

Ag–SnO2 nanocomposites (1 mM and 3 mM) were synthesized in water at room temperature using an electrochemically active biofilm.
Novel green fatty acid-based bis-cyclic carbonates for the synthesis of isocyanate-free poly(hydroxyurethane amide)s
Authors: Maisonneuve Lise , More Arvind S. , Foltran Stéphanie , Alfos Carine , Robert Fréderic , Landais Yannick , Tassaing Thierry , Grau Etienne , Cramail Henri
Published: June 2014

Novel fatty acid-based bis 5-membered carbonates for a non-isocyante route to polyurethanes.
Nitrogen-doped onion-like carbon: a novel and efficient metal-free catalyst for epoxidation reaction
Authors: Lin Yangming , Pan Xiaoli , Qi Wei , Zhang Bingsen , Su Dang Sheng
Published: June 2014

A class of novel carbocatalysts N-OLC exhibits an efficient and durable catalytic performance in the epoxidation reaction.
Synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties of small molecules DMM-TPA[DTS(FBTTh3)3] and TPA[DTS(FBTTh3)3], and their application as donors for bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Cho Nara , Paek Sanghyun , Jeon Jihye , Song Kihyung , Sharma G. D. , Ko Jaejung
Published: June 2014

Two organic small molecules were synthesized, characterized and used as donors along with PC71BM for use in solution-processed bulk heterojunction solar cells. The PCE of the solution-processed SMBHJ solar cells was improved up to 5.16% and 4.70%.
Facile synthesis of highly graphitized porous carbon monoliths with a balance on crystallization and pore-structure
Authors: Tao Shengyang , Wang Yuchao , Shi Da , An Yonglin , Qiu Jieshan , Zhao Yishan , Cao Yan , Zhang Xuefang
Published: June 2014

A facile method to balance the high graphitization and outstanding porous structure in carbon monolithsviananocasting with porous silica.