bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and γ‐aminobutyric acid on astrogliogenesis through the endocannabinoid system
Authors: Shinjyo Noriko , Piscitelli Fabiana , Verde Roberta , Di Marzo Vincenzo
Published: April 2013

Neural stem cells express cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and the enzymes for the biosynthesis and metabolism of endocannabinoids (eCBs). Here we have studied the role of neural stem cell‐derived eCBs as autonomous regulatory factors during differentiation. First, we examined the effect of an indirect eCB precursor linoleic acid (LA), a major dietary omega‐6 fatty acid, on the eCB system in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with N2 (N2/DF) as monolayer cells. LA upregulated eCB system‐related genes and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), but not anandamide (AEA), levels. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was significantly higher under LA‐enriched conditions, and this effect was inhibited by the cannabinoid receptor type‐1 (CB1) antagonist AM251. Second, the levels of AEA and 2‐AG, as well as of the mRNA of eCB system‐related genes, were measured in NSPCs after γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) treatment. GABA upregulated AEA levels significantly in LA‐enriched cultures and increased the mRNA expression of the 2‐AG‐degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase. These effects of GABA were reproduced under culture conditions using neurobasal media supplemented with B27, which is commonly used for neurosphere culture. GABA stimulated astroglial differentiation in this medium as indicated by increased GFAP levels. This effect was abolished by AM251, suggesting the involvement of AEA and CB1 in GABA‐induced astrogliogenesis. This study highlights the importance of eCB biosynthesis and CB1 signalling in the autonomous regulation of NSPCs and the influence of the eCB system on astrogliogenesis induced by nutritional factors or neurotransmitters, such as LA and GABA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutrient composition of selected indigenous fruits from sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Stadlmayr Barbara , Charrondière U Ruth , Eisenwagen Sandra , Jamnadass Ramni , Kehlenbeck Katja
Published: April 2013

Indigenous fruits constitute an important part of human diets in many sub‐Saharan African countries, particularly in rural areas and during droughts. In order to promote and expand the utilisation of these fruits, knowledge on their nutritional composition is essential. This review presents the results of a literature research of the nutritional composition of ten selected indigenous fruits from sub‐Saharan Africa. Species were selected based on their current importance as well as their future potential for nutrition, processing and cash income generation. Compositional data were compiled and mean values of components per species were calculated. Most papers were compiled for Adansonia digitata (26) and Dacryodes edulis (16), followed by Tamarindus indica (ten), Balanites aegyptiaca (nine), Sclerocarya birrea (nine), Ziziphus mauritiana (nine), Vitex doniana (seven) and Irvingia gabonensis (five), and least for Uapaca kirkiana (three) and Syzygium guineense (three). Fruits were found to be mainly analysed for macronutrients and minerals. Vitamins, apart from vitamin C, were rarely reported. Substantial compositional differences were found among as well as within the different fruit species. The results of this study emphasise the need to generate more high‐quality data on a wider spectrum of components of the selected indigenous fruits in sub‐Saharan Africa. © 2013 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Algebraic Semantics for (\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\bf{\pi }$\end{document})‐Institutions
Authors: Voutsadakis George
Published: April 2013

Various aspects of the work of Blok and Rebagliato on the algebraic semantics for deductive systems are studied in the context of logics formalized as π‐institutions. Three kinds of semantics are surveyed: institution, matrix (system) and algebraic (system) semantics, corresponding, respectively, to the generalized matrix, matrix and algebraic semantics of the theory of sentential logics. After some connections between matrix and algebraic semantics are revealed, it is shown that every (finitary) N‐rule based extension of an N‐rule based π‐institution possessing an algebraic semantics also possesses an algebraic semantics. This result abstracts one of the main theorems of Blok and Rebagliato. An attempt at a Blok‐Rebagliato‐style characterization of those π‐institutions with a mono‐unary category of natural transformations on their sentence functors having an algebraic semantics is also made. Finally, a necessary condition for a π‐institution to possess an algebraic semantics is provided.
Astrocytic Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate Release Regulates the Proliferation of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Hippocampus
Authors: Cao Xiong , Li Liang-Ping , Qin Xi-He , Li Shu-Ji , Zhang Meng , Wang Qian , Hu Hong-Hai , Fang Ying-Ying , Gao Yu-Bo , Li Xiao-Wen , Sun Li-Rong , Xiong Wen-Chao , Gao Tian-Ming , Zhu Xin-Hong
Published: April 2013

Astrocytes are key components of the niche for neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult hippocampus and play a vital role in regulating NSC proliferation and differentiation. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes modulate NSC proliferation have not been identified. Here, we identified adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) as a proliferative factor required for astrocyte-mediated proliferation of NSCs in the adult hippocampus. Our results indicate that ATP is necessary and sufficient for astrocytes to promote NSC proliferation in vitro. The lack of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 and transgenic blockage of vesicular gliotransmission induced deficient ATP release from astrocytes. This deficiency led to a dysfunction in NSC proliferation that could be rescued via the administration of exogenous ATP. Moreover, P2Y1-mediated purinergic signaling is involved in the astrocyte promotion of NSC proliferation. As adult hippocampal neurogenesis is potentially involved in major mood disorder, our results might offer mechanistic insights into this disease.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectroscopic and Magnetically Study of Two Copper(II) Complexes with Pyrazole Ligand
Authors: Davydenko Yuliya M. , Demeshko Serhiy , Pavlenko Vadim A. , Dechert Sebastian , Meyer Franc , Fritsky Igor O.
Published: April 2013

The synthesis and characterization of two new CuII complexes with pyrazole ligands formulated as [Cu3(μ‐Pz)3(μ3‐OH)(Pz)2Cl2][Cu3(μ‐Pz)3(μ3‐OH)(Pz)2Cl2(DMF)]·2DMF (1) and [Cu3(μ‐DMPz)3(DMF)4(OAc)(μ3‐OH)(H2O)]+[Cu3(μ‐DMPz)3(DMF)(NCS)3(μ3‐OH)]– (2) (where Pz = 1H‐pyrazole and DMPz = 3, 5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazole) are reported. The compounds were prepared by the reaction of zero valent copper metal and Pz or DMPz in the dimethylformamide solution in the presence of the different additional components (chloride or thiocyanate ligands). The crystal structures of both compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Both compounds 1 and 2 are hexanuclear clusters comprising from neutral (1) or charged (2) trinuclear triangular fragments Cu3(μ3‐OH)(μ‐Pz)3 of inverse azametallacrowns aza9‐MCCuII‐3 topology. Nevertheless, they exhibit relevant differences in their molecular structures. The magnetic measurement shows the isotropic antiferromagnetic interaction in 2 with J1 = –140 cm–1 for the cationic and J2 = –109 cm–1 (–2JSi·Sj model) for the anionic part of the molecule above 100 K and significant influence of antisymmetric exchange at lower temperatures.
5D maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills in 4D superspace: applications
Authors: McGarrie Moritz
Published: April 2013

Abstract

We reformulate 5D maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills in 4D Superspace, for a manifold with boundaries. We emphasise certain features and conventions necessary to allow for supersymmetric model building applications. Finally we apply the holographic interpretation of a slice of AdS and show how to generate Dirac soft masses between external source fields, as well as kinetic mixing, as a boundary effective action.
Identification of Genetic Counseling Service Delivery Models in Practice: A Report from the NSGC Service Delivery Model Task Force
Authors: Cohen Stephanie A. , Marvin Monica L. , Riley Bronson D. , Vig Hetal S. , Rousseau Julie A. , Gustafson Shanna L.
Published: April 2013

Increasing demand for genetic services has resulted in the need to evaluate current service delivery models (SDMs) and consider approaches that improve access to and efficiency of genetic counseling (GC). This study aimed to describe SDMs currently used by the GC community. The NSGC membership was surveyed regarding the use of four SDMs: in‐person GC, telephone GC, group GC, and telegenetics GC. Variables related to access and components of use were also surveyed, including: appointment availability, time‐per‐patient, number of patients seen, billing, and geographic accessiblity. Seven hundred one usable responses were received. Of these, 54.7 % reported using an in‐person SDM exclusively. The remainder (45.3 %) reported using multiple SDMs. Telephone, group and telegenetics GC were used often or always by 8.0 %, 3.2 % and 2.2 % of respondents, respectively. Those using an in‐person SDM reported the ability to see the highest number of patients per week (p < 0.0001) and were the most likely to bill in some manner (p < 0.0001). Those using telegenetic and telephone GC served patients who lived the furthest away, with 48.3 % and 35.8 %% respectively providing GC to patients who live >4 h away. This study shows that genetic counselors are incorporating SDMs other than traditional in‐person genetic counseling, and are utilizing more than one model. These adaptations show a trend toward shorter wait time and shorter length of appointments. Further study is indicated to analyze benefits and limitations of each individual model and factors influencing the choice to adopt particular models into practice.
Effects of a multimodal exercise program in pedal dexterity and balance: study with Portuguese older adults of different contexts
Authors: Silva João , Vasconcelos Olga , Rodrigues Paula , Carvalho Joana
Published: April 2013

This study investigated the effects of a multimodal exercise program (MEP) on pedal dexterity and balance in two groups of older adult participants (65–92 years of age) from a psychiatric hospital center (HC), a residential care home (RCH), and a daily living center (DLC). The experimental group (EG) trained three times per week for 12 months, and the control group (CG) maintained their normal activities. The Mini-Mental State Examination and the Modified Baecke Questionnaire, as well as the Pedal Dexterity and the Tinetti tests, were applied to all subjects before and after the experimental protocol. Furthermore, the foot preference was controlled using the Lateral Preference Questionnaire proposed by Coren [10]. In the EG, the results from the Pedal Dexterity test showed that both males and females from the RCH and DLC improved their performances after the MEP. In the HC, the males slightly decreased their performance with both feet, contrarily to females. Both males and females from the CG decreased their pedal dexterity performance, namely, with the non-preferred foot. Concerning the Tinetti test, the EG of both males and females from the HC, the RCH (males were better than females regarding the gender factor), and the DLC improved their balance after the MEP. In the CG, no significant effects or interactions were found for any of the context groups.
Structure and Biological Behaviors of Some Metallo Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Adawy Ahmed I. , Khowdiary Mnal M.
Published: April 2013

In this study, different cationic surfactants were prepared by esterification with bromoacetic acid of different fatty alcohols, i.e., dodecyl, tetradecyl and hexadecyl species. The products were then reacted with diphenyl amine, and the resulting tertiary amines were quaternized with benzyl chloride to produce a series of quaternary ammonium salts. The metallocationic surfactants were prepared by complexing the cationic surfactants with nickel and copper chlorides. Surface tension of these surfactants were investigated at different temperatures. The surface parameters including critical micelle concentration (CMC), maximum surface excess (Γmax), minimum surface area (Amin), efficiency (PC20) and effectiveness (πCMC) were studied. The thermodynamic parameters such as the free energy of micellization () and adsorption (), enthalpy (), () and entropy (), () were calculated. FTIR spectra and 1H‐NMR spectra were obtained to confirm the compound structures and purity. In addition, the antimicrobial activities were determined via the inhibition zone diameter of the prepared compounds, which were measured against six strains of a representative group of microorganisms. The results indicate that these metallocationic surfactants exhibit good surface properties and good biological activity on a broad spectrum of microorganisms.
La carrière des publications d'Ettore Majorana: une étude bibliométrique
Authors: Gingras Yves
Published: April 2013

Cet article retrace la carrière des publications d’Ettore Majorana en analysant les citations dont elles ont fait l’objet depuis le début des années 1930. Cette approche met en évidence la redécouverte, au milieu des années 1960, de l’article de 1937 portant sur les particules de spin quelconque et permet d’identifier les personnes à l’origine du travail de promotion de l‘œuvre de Majorana, dont la visibilité s’est accrue depuis le milieu des années 1970. L’étude des co-citations fait voir le réseau conceptuel dans lequel les travaux de Majorana s’insèrent.
Scientisme. Sur rhistoire d'un concept difficile
Authors: Schôttler Peter
Published: April 2013

Aujourd’hui, «scientisme» est un concept péjoratif dans toutes les langues. Mais ne s'agit-il pas plutôt d’une projection qui sert à exploiter la peur de « la science »? L’article développe l’idée que le scientisme est un courant historique qui peut être analysé de manière concrète. Il montre que le concept apparaît au XIXe siècle et reçoit son accentuation négative lorsque le spiritisme « scientifique » d’une part et l’église catholique de l’autre se mettent à combattre les prétentions « exagérées » des sciences de la nature.
The Road to Szigetvár: Ferdinand I's Defense of His Hungarian Border, 1548–1566
Authors: Tracy James
Published: April 2013

Sultan Suleyman the Lawgiver (r. 1520–1566) led six invasions of Hungary during his reign. Although he failed to take Vienna (1529, 1532), by the conclusion of his last campaign in 1566, he had extended Ottoman rule up the Danube as far as Esztergom and beyond. For his part, Ferdinand I sought to consolidate his claim to Hungary by sending armies against cities recently taken by the Ottomans on three occasions; none of these campaigns achieved its objective. In the years between invasions from one side or the other, there were frequent truces and from 1547 a series of peace treaties. Nonetheless,Kleinkriegremained the order of the day along the border. Convention dictated that a certain amount of raiding was tolerable, even in the relatively peaceful seventeenth century, but sixteenth-century “raiding parties” (especially from the Ottoman side) were sometimes large enough to storm and capture important fortresses. In the sixteenth century, castles on either side sent out bands of soldiers to force all peasants within reach to pay taxes to the “rightful” ruler. In the seventeenth century, the Ottomanpaşaof Buda would sometimes request the help of his Habsburg counterpart in collecting the sultan's taxes from border villages.
The use of abuse: Semonides 7
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: April 2013

Semonides 7 is a remarkable poem. At 118 lines it is by far the longest example of early Greek iambus. It is indeed by far the longest non-hexameter poem to survive from before the classical period. What is more this is a poem of whose seventh-century date we can be reasonably confident, and it is not a poem concerned with the mythical world but a poem directly related to everyday life. It has a stronga prioriclaim therefore to the attention of both literary scholars and historians. Yet it is a poem hardly discussed by either. In this paper I shall argue that if we take this poem seriously it can not merely shed light on one specific place and moment in Greek history, and on one particular writer, but should affect the whole way in which we think about relations between men and women in seventh-century Greece and about archaic Greek literature.
How Vergil expanded the Underworld inAeneid6
Authors: Clark Raymond J.
Published: April 2013

In a recent article published in theCQI argued the likelihood that in comparable underworld scenes Vergil modelled Charon's challenge to Aeneas inAeneid6.388–97 on Aeacus' challenge to Heracles in a surviving fragment of the tragedyPirithouscomposed by either Euripides or Critias, and I took the episode to be a reinforcement or a possible modification of E. Norden's suggestion that Aeneas' descent into the Underworld is modelled on acatabasisof Heracles. In the play Aeacus sees a figure approaching him and demands to know of the stranger both his identity and his business in coming. Heracles responds by giving his name and explaining that he has come hither at Eurystheus' command to fetch Cerberus alive from Hades and bring him to Mycenae's gates. Heracles must then have overcome Aeacus. for we next find Theseus and Heracles conversing in the Underworld about Pirithous. Earlier in the play Pirithous had lamented that he still languishes in Hades for having attempted, with Theseus as his accomplice, to carry off from the world below the goddess Persephone to be his bride. In the usual version both heroes are caught and punished in the world below and only Theseus is rescued by Heracles. In this play, however, Heracles now heaps praise upon Theseus for his loyalty in electing to stay with his friend Pirithous in Hades. Heracles then rescues both heroes.
On the Aristotelian paragraph
Authors: Netz Reviel
Published: April 2013

This article takes its starting-point from the intuition that, in some sense, the extant Aristotelian corpus was written in paragraphs. I hasten to explain. First – almost needless to say this explicitly – I do not suggest that the Aristotelian corpus was set out in the indented form we are familiar with from modern editions. Second, and more to the point, I do not have anything to say about the question, whether the text was formally set out divided by theparagraphēmark (a horizontal line used to signal divisions in ancient papyrus rolls). Theparagraphēwas certainly in use in Aristotle's time – he himself refers to it inRhet.1409a20 – although how widespread its use was, we do not know. Nor do we know with any certainty how the ancients themselves conceptualised this mark and its significance. It does seem, however, to have corresponded more to our concept of a full stop than to our concept of a paragraph. Be that as it may, my argument is not about how the text was set out on the space of the page, but about how the text was conceived: in the most general sense, how it was written and read. The Aristotelian corpus may well have been originally, in appearance, just a constant stream of undivided columns on papyri. Yet it had a certain discursive structure which, I suggest, is best approached as that of a paragraph. It is upon this discursive structure of Aristotle's works that I focus in this article.
Gender, politics and subversion in theChreiaiof Machon
Authors: Kurke Leslie
Published: April 2013

I would like to consider the Greek poet Machon, whose extant fragments pose a problem of genre that opens out to a historical problem. At issue is the historical – or at least historicising – reading of literary texts. Machon, who hailed from Corinth or Sicyon, wrote comic dramas andChreiai, anecdotes and witty sayings of Athenian musicians, parasites, and courtesans. All that we have of Machon, and almost all that we know about him, comes from Athenaeus in his discursive, encyclopaedicDeipnosophistai(written in the 2nd or 3rd c. CE). Athenaeus quotes nearly 500 lines of Machon's verses – almost all of it from theChreiai, as well as two very brief fragments from his comedies. As a writer entirely preserved in another author's work, Machon has languished in almost complete obscurity, although his fragments have been scrupulously edited and annotated by A. S. F. Gow.
Diogenes of Oenoanda on Cyrenaic Hedonism
Authors: Sedley David
Published: April 2013

One of the reasons why the past three decades have been an exciting time for historians of Epicureanism has been the revival of work on the Herculaneum papyri – very much a team effort. But another equally good reason has been provided by a remarkable solo act, Martin Ferguson Smith's pioneering work on the second-century AD Epicurean inscription of Diogenes of Oenoanda – the largest of all Greek inscriptions to survive from the ancient world, a key text in the history of Epicurean philosophy, and an extraordinary snapshot of the (literally) monumental scale on which philosophical evangelism could be practised in the Roman empire.

Smith has, almost single-handed, discovered and edited well over 100 new fragments of the inscription. This enabled him in 1993 to publish his comprehensive edition of the augmented inscription. But that was not the end of his labours. Returning to the site of Oenoanda, he has unearthed a substantial body ofnew‘new fragments’, and has hopes of uncovering more in future seasons. A recent batch was published in a 1998 article. In this paper I want to consider just one of them, New Fragment 128, which fills a hole in the existing fr. 33 of Smith's edition. Thanks to this discovery, Smith has been able to supply the line-ends of the missing col. IV, and likewise to join the previously lost line-beginnings of col. V to the already surviving line-ends of that column. In addition, he has been able to make very convincing improvements to his previous readings of column III.
Roman Epic Theatre? Reception, performance, and the poet in Virgil'sAeneid
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: April 2013

Past responses to ancient literature and the reading practices of previous centuries are of central relevance to the contemporary exegesis of Greek and Roman authors. Professional classicists have at last come to recognise this. However, accounts of reception still tend to engage in a traditional form ofNachleben, as they unselfconsciously describe the extent of classical influences on later literary production. This process of influence is not as straightforward as it may first seem. It is often taken for granted in practice, if not in theory, that the movement is in one direction only – from antiquity to some later point - and also that the ancient text which ‘impacts on’ on the culture of a later period is the same ancient text that we apprehend today. Of course it isneverthe same text, even leaving aside the problems of transmission. The interaction between a text and its reception in another place, in another time, in another text, is really a dynamic two-way process. That interaction (which has much in common with intertextuality) involves, or is rather constituted by, our own interpretation of it.
New language for a New Comedy: A linguistic approach to Aristophanes'Plutus
Authors: Willi Andreas
Published: April 2013

Aristophanes'Plutusis often regarded as a dull play. According to two of the leading specialists on Aristophanes in Great Britain, the comedy displays ‘a certain amount of disjointedness in its moral and religious themes, and a certain lack of energy in its humour’, and the modern reader feels a ‘decline in freshness, in verbal agility, in sparkle of wit, in theatrical inventiveness’. Others regret alleged or real inconsistencies, the lack of punning and verbal play, the absence of nearly all choral interludes, a parabasis, and political advice in general, and the dearth of references to historical figures. Thus, the temptation is strong to follow those who read a medical history intoPlutus: Aristophanes, by now sixty-five years old, had grown tired and saved hisespritfor every third or fourth play. But such speculations do not do justice to a poet who did not have to write for a living. Before accepting them, we should first try to explain the change in other ways, admitting thatPlutusmay differ from the earlier plays for generic reasons. On this path, the linguistic analysis ofPlutuswill turn out to be helpful.
Sibylline syllables: The intratextual Aeneid
Authors: Oliensis Ellen
Published: April 2013

As recent scholarship on the poem has demonstrated, theAeneidis punctuated by reiterated episodes of opening. These ruptures, often violently produced, release violence into the world of the poem, prolonging the epic action by postponing its appointed end. The pattern is set in the first book when Aeolus strikes at the mountain that houses the winds, unleashing the storm that drives Aeneas off course, from Italy to Carthage. What is ‘opened’ here is at once something within the poem (the cavernous prison of the winds) and the poem itself, which restarts, as it were, when it seemed on the verge, with Aeneas' approach to Italy, of shutting down. Much valuable work has been done to illuminate and complicate this convergence of the action in the poem with the action of the poem, with one focus being the agency of Juno, a figure especially closely linked here with openings and beginnings.
The development of Latin medical terminology: some working hypotheses
Authors: Langslow David
Published: April 2013

While the Latin technical writers have been, and continue to be, studied by historians of the relevant discipline, scant attention has been devoted by linguists to their technical language. If they have interested philologists and linguists at all, then until recently it was as writers of popular, or ‘vulgar’, Latin, rather than of ‘technical’ Latin. This neglect of Latin technical languages as varieties in their own right reflects a wider reluctance to take technical languages into account in other areas of linguistics. There is a substantial literature devoted to technical languages in isolation, especially to the practical problems of communication in technical contexts, of teaching, translating and standardising technical languages, but coherent treatment of technical words and technical languages in the context of the lexicon or the language as a whole is almost entirely lacking in the standard works on word-formation and semantics.
Ethnicity and early Greek states: historical and material perspectives
Authors: Morgan Catherine
Published: April 2013

This article is an exploration of two distinct but related aspects of political life in the early Greek world, ethnicity (the conscious expression of group identity), and the existence of ethne, a term used very loosely in antiquity and now applied to most forms of state structure other than the polis. It is a review of a problem, namely a tendency to focus on the polis when studying state formation and a consequent need to re-examine certain assumptions about the relationship between material culture and group identity in order to trace ethnos development in the archaeological record. It is also an examination of current and potential avenues of research, illustrated with reference to one particular region, Achaia.
Demosthenes 21 (Against Meidias): democratic abuse
Authors: Wilson Peter J.
Published: April 2013

The title given to speech number twenty-one of Demosthenes at some time in antiquity, although surely not by Demosthenes himself, isΚΑΤΑ ΜΕΙΔΙΟΥ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΚΟΝΔΥΛΟΥ–‘Against Meidias, concerning the punch’. This refers of course to the punch on the cheek which Demosthenes received from Meidias in the very orchestra of the theatre of Dionysos at Athens on the day of the competition in the men's dithyramb, in which Demosthenes waschorēgosfor hisphylē, Pandionis, at the Great Dionysia of 348 B.C. – an act of physical abuse perpetrated under the gaze of ‘more than 30,000 Greeks’ – (that is the Platonic Sokrates' exaggeration, not mine) – in that place and at that time of maximum Athenian self-regard. The act which forms the ostensible basis of Demosthenes' case is thus self-evident: for by the powerful trope of the homogeneity across time and place of the Atheniandēmos, the spectators who were in the theatre on that day are identical to those citizens at the subsequentekklēsiawhich met (also in the theatre) to hear complaints arising from the conduct of individuals at the festival, and they are the same men empanelling the court today. They booed and hissed Meidias in the theatre, passed a preliminary motion against him in theekklēsiaand so, today, their course of action is clear.
Erōsand the eye in theLove-Lettersof Philostratus
Authors: Walker Andrew
Published: April 2013

The close association in the literature of antiquity of seeing with sexual desire inspired the tragic poet Agathon to pun on the similarity between the Greek verb ‘to see’ (ὁρᾶν) and the verb ‘to desire’ (ἐρᾶν), as suggested by a fragment preserved by Zenobius: ἐκ τοῦ γὰρ ἐσορᾶν ἐγένετ' ἀνθρώποις ἐρᾶν. As is the case with many fragments, it is difficult to identify the degree of irony (or seriousness) with which Agathon intended this isolated line, but the passage is repeated (without attribution) in a number of other ancient sources, and it perhaps lays some claim to a measure of ‘folk wisdom’: for human beings the source of erotic desire lies in an act of seeing. In his brief and pithy love-letter ‘To Nicetes’ (Epistle52), which Nauck observes may well draw on the pun of Agathon, the third-century sophist Philostratus would similarly appeal to the association of ὀρᾶν with ἐρᾶν to refute, in an ironic way, two time-honoured maxims abouterōs: that love is a ‘disease’; and that lovers are ‘blind’: οὐ τὀ ἐρᾶν νόσος ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ἐρᾶν· εἰ γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὁρᾶν τὸ ἐρᾶν, τυφλοὶ οἱ μὴ ἐρῶντες.
On condition …: aspect and modality in the history of Greek
Authors: Horrocks Geoffrey
Published: April 2013

It is a commonplace of textbook treatments of mood and modality to point out that many languages employ ‘past tense’ forms to express not only temporal but also modal remoteness (i.e. unreality or potentiality) from the ‘here-and-now’, e.g. Lyons (1977: 809–23), Palmer (1986: 208–15). The same observation, mutatis mutandis, may apply to certain modal forms, which, given an appropriate context, can also refer to the past. The verb forms in English conditional sentences such as that in (1):

(1) If Mary went to the bar, she would drink too much.

provide an excellent example of both types of ‘extended’ usage; cf. the two possible readings of (1) given in (2):

(2)(a) If (ever) Mary went to the bar, she used to drink too much.

(b) If Mary were (ever) to go to the bar, she would drink too much.
Ancient ‘etymology’ and Tibullus: on the classification of ‘etymologies’ and on ‘etymological markers’
Authors: Cairns Francis
Published: April 2013

Ancient ‘etymology’ is now such a well-established modern scholarly interest that a paper about it need no longer be prefaced by an account of its commonest forms or by a justification of its importance, especially in poetry – and that despite the pseudo-etymological nature of many ancient etymologies. For such matters it is sufficient to refer to what have already become the standard works on ancient etymologies and etymologising. If further explanation of the high intellectual status accorded by antiquity to etymologising seems necessary, it can be provided economically by reference to those ancient philosophical theories of language, e.g. that of the Stoics, which held that words are related to the reality (φύσις) of the things which they name, and to the close links which surviving ancient etymological treatises assert between etymology (i.e. derivations) and ‘semantics’ (i.e. meaning). The etymologies most familiar to older classical scholarship are those revolving around proper names; but even before the recent upsurge of interest in ancient etymology there was some awareness of the additional potential for common nouns, verbs and adjectives to be etymologised.
Varius Rufus, Thyestes and the appetites of Antony
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: April 2013

In 29 B.C., at theludi Actiaciheld to celebrate the victory of Octavian over the forces of Antony and Cleopatra, Rome witnessed the first performance of one of the most celebrated of Roman tragedies, theThyestesof Varius Rufus. Later critics are in agreement as to the quality of the piece: Curiatius Maternus in theDialogue on Oratorsof Tacitus rates it equal to theMedeaof Ovid; Quintilian describes it as comparable to any Greek tragedy; Philargyrius in a note toEclogues8.6 goes as far as to dub it the greatest of all tragedies (omnibus tragicis praeferenda). More intriguingly, at least one contemporary was extremely taken with the play, for a note in the eighth-century Codex Parisinus 7530 and the ninth-century Codex Casanatensis 1086 indicates that Varius was paid one million sesterces for his efforts. That that contemporary was the organiser of the Actian games, either Octavian himself or a close associate acting as intermediary, is not in dispute. What is at issue is the political and ideological significance of a tragedy on the theme of Atreus and Thyestes which could make it so valuable a part of the celebration of the victory of the new regime. It is to this problem that this paper is addressed.
The Virgilian paradox: An Epic of Drama and Sentiment
Authors: Conte Gian Biagio
Published: April 2013

Every powerful critical idea is the product of a particular interpretive situation: we could even say, with considerable simplification, that it is the product of a prejudice. Every cultural moment develops its own critical myth (or prejudice), and reasons and interprets within the limits of this horizon. Often it needs only a short time for the myth to wither, the prejudice to decay; we realize that its claims, born of a particular historical perspective and valid only in part, were too high, and that it was not content to accept only this partial validity.

But when a critical myth fades away, not everything is doomed to disappear. There are still positive traces, still a residual value which, once appropriately adjusted and corrected, can be recuperated. To achieve this, a more powerful interpretive system must arise which absorbs the error within a new perspective. Whatever survives the testing may become a new instrument of interpretation, perhaps one destined to last forever – or at least for a little longer (this is how progress is made).
Three emendations
Authors: Campbell A. Y.
Published: April 2013

(a) Aeschylus, P. V. 1. 331 πάντων μετασχὼν καὶ τετολμηκὼς ἐμοί is bad in syntax and inadmissible here in sense (see 1. 234). μετασχεῖν Weil, rec. Wecklein; πόνων Weil, τούτων Wecklein. This reconstruction, which is the general favourite, professes to make the line refer to the present expression of sympathy on the part of Oceanus. But that is quite inconceivable. Zeus does not punish a mortal on the spot, even if it were for mutinous language; and Oceanus has in fact been admonishing the rebel, in twenty-three lines of most orthodox and pious homily. Prometheus himself, on the other hand, denounces Zeus intermittently from ll. 88 to 943 before Zeus even sends Hermes to warn him. As for sympathy, those who within this play openly express keen sympathy with Zeus' victim are Hephaestus, the chorus of Nereids throughout, and (by report at least) the inhabitants, many of them warlike, of all the surrounding countries; cf. also 1. 162. The sympathy of O. is tepid by comparison.

Denniston, C.R. XLVII (1933), 164, and Lawson, Proc. Camb. Philol. Soc. CLIX (1934), II, are not helpful.
Plato's alleged self-criticism in the Parmenides: some recent views
Authors: Peck A. L.
Published: April 2013

During the course of some work on the Parmenides, I found I was coming to a conclusion about the First Part of the dialogue which was at variance with what I supposed to be the traditional and commonly accepted view. It therefore seemed advisable to ascertain precisely what this traditional view was, and what were the arguments in favour of it; and the contents of this paper represent some part of an attempt to do this. As it happens, they also tend to make the writer appear as one playing the part of a Zeno to his own Parmenides, showing that even stranger results follow from the hypotheses of those from whom he differs than from his own.
Morals and Politics in the ‘Oresteia’
Authors: Dodds E. R.
Published: April 2013

When Aeschylus wrote, no distinction between morals and politics had yet been drawn. But in our day the moral and the political element in the Oresteia have usually been examined separately. Thus, for example, Professor Dover, in his thoughtful paper on ‘The Political Aspect of the Eumenides’, makes no attempt to connect this aspect with the moral issues raised in the earlier part of the trilogy. And Sir Richard Livingstone, in his paper on ‘The Problem of the Eumenides’, denied, if I understand him correctly, that any real link exists: ‘The last 350 lines of the Eumenides’, he says bluntly, ‘are not an integral part of the trilogy. They are a loosely connected episode, stitched on its outside.’ If he is right, we may properly ask what motive was so strong, what need so urgent, as to induce the poet thus to botch the conclusion of his masterpiece. And if he is wrong, we should try to prove him wrong by making clear the nature of the link. To explore these alternatives is the chief purpose of the present paper.
On Emending Livy's Fourth Decade
Authors: McDonald A. H.
Published: April 2013

The present text of Livy's Fourth Decade rests upon two main lines of tradition: first, the eleventh-centuryBambergensiswith fourteenth–fifteenth centuryrecentioresand Gelenius' notes (1535) of the lostSpirensis; secondly, Carbachius' recording (1519) of the lostMoguntinus. This paper is concerned with the effect which more recent knowledge of the archetype of the first tradition may have upon emendation of the text. In the light of uncial fragments discovered at Bamberg in 1904 Traube showed thatBambergensisis a direct copy of the fifth-century MS. which they represent. At one step we are back in the world of late Roman scholarship, and one may correctBambergensisin terms of the copying of continuous uncial script.
The Economics of Greek Temple Building
Authors: Burford A. M.
Published: April 2013

This is a subject of great relevance to the proper understanding of the Greek cities' economy. So far, however, it has scarcely been given the attention it deserves in modern discussions. There is, too, a curious ambiguity in the Greeks' attitude to this activity. On the one hand, temple architecture was a public art, and temple building a cultural activity of great importance to Greek society. The patrons of temple building—aristocrats, tyrants, oriental potentates, citizens, or devotees of a Panhellenic cult—all were concerned not only for the end product of temple building, but also in the process itself, for the opportunity it gave of showing to the rest of the community, or to the world, that they had taken part in so complex, unusual, and costly an undertaking. There was merit in the building of temples, as much as in being able to boast their existence, once built.
Homeric professors in the age of the Sophists
Authors: Richardson N. J.
Published: April 2013

At the opening of Plato'sIonSocrates expresses his admiration for the rhapsodic profession in a characteristically ironic way:

I have many times envied you rhapsodes your art. Not only are you always dressed up in a way that accords with the dignity of your profession, and you cut the most imposing figures but you are also required to spend your time on many good poets, and above all on Homer, the best and most divine poet of all; and you must have a detailed knowledge not only of his verses but also of his meaning (διάνοια). All this makes you an object of envy.

Ion agrees, saying this is the aspect of his art which has demanded the greatest effort of him, and he declares:

I think that I am the best exponent of Homer, and neither Metrodorus of Lampsacus nor Stesimbrotus of Thasos nor Glaucon, nor anyone else in the past has ever been able to express so many fine thoughts about Homer as I can.
Did Greek dramatists write stage instructions?
Authors: Taplin O.
Published: April 2013

There is no agreement on the answer to this straight and modest question of textual history. As representative of one extreme I may cite Page's excursus inActors' Interpolations: note ‘the prompt-copy must certainly have contained (among other notes) stage-directions’. He and his allies clearly imply that the original text, whether the dramatist's autograph or some contemporary fair copy, was covered with dozens – indeed hundreds – of stage directions, and that for some reason they were all but eliminated in the course of transmission. For the opposite view I quote David Bain's new book: ‘Such marginalia as we have are for the most part reader's additions and do not constitute part of the paradosis’. In favour of this side is the absence from our texts of all but a handful of the thousands of possible stage directions: on the other hand there is just that smattering in both tragedy and comedy, and they have to be explained.
Timon of Phlius: Pyrrhonist and satirist
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: April 2013

The twentieth century has been so begrudging to Timon of Phlius that he could be forgiven for identifying himself with his misanthropic namesake. About a hundred and fifty of his ‘glänzenden Sillen’ (the phrase is Wilamowitz's) survive, but in Albin Lesky'sGeschichte der griechischen LiteraturTimon gets only a third of the space devoted to Anaximander from whom we possess one possible sentence. Serious work on Timon largely came to a stop with Hermann Diels who edited the fragments and testimonia inPoetarum philosophorum fragmenta(Berlin, 1901), a book which is as difficult to come by as the older and much fuller study of Timon by C. Wachsmuth inSillographorum Graecorum reliquiae(Leipzig, 1885). In spite of his skilful parody of Homer and his Aristophanic versatility in language (some sixty neologisms, many of them comic formations, occur in the fragments), Timon has been ignored by those who give such generous attention to Hellenistic poetry. Many fragments raise at least one major textual difficulty. A new edition and literary study of the material is badly needed.
Where did Italian peasants live?
Authors: Garnsey P.D.A.
Published: April 2013

Until recently this was a question that was not asked. It was not asked because there was a prior question thatwasasked, and that received a negative answer: Did peasant proprietors survive in significant numbers in the late Republic or early Empire?

The consensus of opinion has been that they were always to be found, but that they were relatively few. As the traditional rural economy of which they had been the characteristic feature gave way under the impact of new economic forces, they became a residual phenomenon. Moreover, this development had already occurred by the late second century B.C.

It is to be noted that peasant proprietors, small farmers working the land they owned, rather than free cultivators as a whole, have usually been the object of inquiry. The roles of tenancy in the late Republic and of wage labour in all periods have rarely been positively evaluated. Again, the idea that small ownercultivators, tenant-farmers and day-labourers were overlapping categories in ancient Italy has been little developed in the scholarly literature.
The antiquity of the Greek epic tradition: some new evidence
Authors: Horrocks G.C.
Published: April 2013

Since the decipherment of Linear B a number of scholars have argued, on the basis of supposed Mycenaean survivals in the Homeric poems, that the Greek legendary poetic tradition ran continuously from the Bronze Age through the Dark Age down to the singers of the Ionian towns in the ninth and eighth centuries. However, the directness of the connection between the narrative poetry of the Mycenaean Age, if indeed such existed, and the subsequent development of the Epic in Greece has been called into question. Thus Shipp, for example, has argued that most of the items listed by Chadwick in his articleMycenaean elements in the Homeric dialectin fact left their mark for a time at least on forms of Greek other than that of the Epic, and so could well have entered this tradition in post-Mycenaean times and in some other way than through a direct poetical current from the Bronze Age. A similar conclusion has been reached by Kirk, who has expressed his views forcefully in a series of publications. Consider the following:

The two objective criteria for dating elements within the Homeric poems, namely archaeology and language, require careful handling and reveal less than is generally claimed for them. They enable certain elements to be recognized as having existed as early as the late Bronze Age, but do not necessarily prove that these all passed into the Ionian Epic tradition by the medium of late Bronze Age poetry.
The origins and beginning of Imperial cult at Aphrodisias
Authors: Reynolds J. M.
Published: April 2013

Carian Aphrodisias has been known as a rich site since the eighteenth century from the inscriptions copied there by travellers, transcribing especially off blocks re-used in the city-wall. In the twentieth century excavation has very notably increased our information and has made a quite outstanding contribution to the epigraphy of the city since Professor Kenan Erim began to dig there in the early sixties. It is not simply a matter of numbers; the content of these inscriptions is unusually significant in the additions it makes to knowledge of the ancient world.

Publication of the inscriptions so far has concentrated on the Diocletianic texts, while a great series of documents relating to the city's formal relation with Rome is now in press. I offer here some notes on another aspect of that relationship, the early stages of imperial cult at Aphrodisias.
Curtiana
Authors: Watt W. S.
Published: April 2013

The following editions are referred to: Freinsheim (1639); C. T. Zumpt (1849); Hedicke (1867, 1908); Stangl (1902); Menge-Fried (1911); Rolfe (Loeb edition, 1946); Bardon(Budé edition, 1947-48); K. Müller(text) and H. Schönfeld (German translation) (1954).
The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean
Authors: Cherry John F.
Published: April 2013

It is widely accepted that distinctive polities of an institutional complexity sufficient to consider as ‘states’ first appeared in the Aegean area shortly after c. 2000 B.C. Most scholars would also agree that the origins of these palace-centred societies of Minoan Crete cannot be understood without extensive reference to developments taking place within and beyond the Aegean during a long formative period spanning the late fourth and the whole of the third millennia B.C. Yet that is an era so remote that it lies well beyond the reach of even the most enthusiastic adherent of Homer as a source of information about the Bronze Age, beyond any demonstrable relevance of later Greek memory in myth and legend, well before the period to which the Mycenaean Linear B tablets refer – indeed, before the existence of written records of any sort in the region, at least in a form we can read at present. Such a dearth of documentary evidence, even of a very indirect or secondary character, might seemprima facieto damn the investigation of the emergence of the first states on Greek soil as inherently speculative and, to a degree, that is so; but in many respects the same or similar problems have to be faced in studying the later emergence of the Greek city-state. As Snodgrass has reminded us, the ancient Greek political analysts provide a wide range of ostensibly confident statements about the nature and aetiology of many early legal and religious institutions, yet they have scarcely anything to say about the appearance of the political entity of which they themselves claimed citizenship and they throw very little light on the origins of what they were analyzing. Indeed, he claims ‘it is doubtful how far, if at all, contemporary consciousness of the emergence of a “state” existed.’