bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of antibiotic impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads for the treatment of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis in a Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufo‐griseus rufogriseus)
Authors: HARTLEY M P , SANDERSON S
Published: March 2008

Antibiotic impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads were surgically implanted into the mandible of an adult Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus) suffering from chronic mandibular osteomyelitis that had proven refractory to systemic antibiotic treatment. Although a discrete inflammatory mass remained, clinical signs of inappetance and a discharging sinus were alleviated following implantation of the beads. This procedure resulted in a more satisfactory outcome than other methods of treatment used previously for this condition and avoided the problems associated with regular handling and prolonged medication.
Effect of climatic region on the clinical expression of footrot of lesser clinical severity (intermediate footrot) in sheep
Authors: ABBOTT KA , EGERTON JR
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine if the clinical classification of intermediate footrot (IFR) is changed to virulent footrot (VFR) by a transfer of the infected flock to a region where climatic conditions are more favourable for the transmission of the disease.

Design Clinical examination of two groups of Merino wethers infected with IFR; one group of 309 in a region considered less favourable for footrot and another group of 343 at a second site considered more favourable.

Procedures After characterising the form of footrot at the first site, infection was established at the second site by mixing 142 wethers from the first site with 201 unrelated wethers considered to be free of IFR and VFR. Observations of clinical characteristics were made over a 16 month period during which an outbreak of footrot occurred. Clinical assessments were made by inspecting every foot of every sheep at regular intervals and allocating a footscore. Evidence that the same clonal lines of D nodosuswere responsible for the footrot at both sites was provided by serotyping of isolates and using omp gene RFLP as a molecular epidemiological tool.

Results The disease at the first site was classified as IFR because 7% of the sheep developed a maximum footscore (MFS) of 4, the most severe category, despite relatively low rates of transmission. When the outbreak occurred at the second site, which was more suitable for footrot transmission, the maximum proportion of the flock that developed a MFS of 4 was 3.6%, confirming the initial classification of IFR.

Conclusions When a flock infected with IFR was moved to a region where climatic conditions were more favourable for footrot transmission, the clinical classification of the disease remained the same in both the original flock and in sheep exposed to the infection for the first time.
Nested PCR on blood and milk for the detection ofMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisDNA in clinical and subclinical bovine paratuberculosis
Authors: BUERGELT CD , WILLIAMS JE
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the potential of PCR on blood and milk to detect cattle infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosis.

ProcedureA nested PCR method probing for IS900 was developed and compared to ELISA serology in 11 clinically infected and 46 subclinically infected, lactating Holstein cows from a herd with confirmed paratuberculosis (Johne's disease).

ResultsWhen compared to serum ELISA the nested blood‐and milk PCRs were equal in identifying DNA from clinically infected animals. The PCR procedures also gave positive DNA results with some subclinically infected animals when these only gave suspicious or negative results in the ELISA test. Most clinically and subclinically infected animals were detected with milk PCR.

ConclusionSince there may well be a haematological phase in paratuberculosis, nested PCR testing of blood and milk samples shows potential to detect animals subclinically infected withM a paratuberculosis.More subclinically infected animals need to be tested and confirmed infected before estimates of sensitivity and specificity can be made.
Intrauterine and transmammary transmission ofMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisin sheep
Authors: LAMBETH C , REDDACLIFF LA , WINDSOR P , ABBOTT KA , McGREGOR H , WHITTINGTON RJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate intrauterine infection of foetuses withMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisand the presence of infection in mammary secretions of sheep.

DesignA study of 142 late‐pregnant ewes and their foetuses from two heavily infected flocks.

ProcedureInfection of ewes was determined at necropsy by histopathology and culture of tissues and mammary secretions. Antemortem tests (clinical assessment, faecal culture and serology) were also applied. Foetuses from 59 infected ewes and 47 apparently uninfected ewes were examined by culture and histopathology.

ResultsFive of five ewes with clinical ovine Johne's disease had infected foetuses. Only one of 54 subclinically affected ewes, and none of 47 uninfected ewes had an infected foetus.M a paratuberculosiswas cultured from mammary secretions or mammary glands of only two of 76 ewes, both of which were clinical cases and had infected foetuses.

ConclusionAlthough intrauterine or transmammary transmission ofMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosismay occur frequently in clinically affected sheep, these are less common in subclinically infected ewes. Therefore these modes of transmission are unlikely to compromise existing control programs for ovine Johne's disease on most farms, especially if programs include the immediate culling of clinically affected sheep.
A review of drugs and techniques used for sedation and anaesthesia in captive rhinoceros species
Authors: PORTAS TJ
Published: March 2008

Captive rhinoceros species are most frequently sedated and/or anaesthetised with the potent opioid, etorphine hydrochloride in combination with an alpha‐2 adrenoreceptor agonist or the butyrophenone, azaperone. Carfentanil citrate based combinations have also been used to a lesser extent. In recent years butorphanol tartrate based combinations have been used with good success to induce neuroleptanalgesia. Sedation and anaesthesia are complicated by the large size of all rhinoceros species and their sensitivity to potent opioids. Potential complications include respiratory depression, hypoxaemia, hypertension, pulmonary shunting and ventilation/perfusion mismatch. The pharmacology of the principal drugs used for sedating/anaesthetising rhinoceros is reviewed. Techniques for sedating/anaesthetising the various species and potential complications associated with chemical restraint are discussed.
Squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatous stroma in the nasal cavity of a dog
Authors: BOSWARD KL , KESSELL AE , LUCY RJ
Published: March 2008

This is a report of an unusual squamous cell carcinoma in the nasal cavity of a dog. A 13‐year‐old Golden Retriever was presented with a unilateral nasal and ocular discharge. Although a nasal tumour was suspected, initial diagnostic investigations were unrewarding, and, with worsening clinical signs, the dog was euthanased. Necropsy examination confirmed the presence of a nasal tumour that was composed histologically of both a well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma component blending with a predominant spindle cell component. Immunohistochemical staining with anti‐human keratin/cytokeratin (AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2 and broad spectrum cytokeratin), Vimentin, Desmin, smooth muscle actin and S‐100 protein supported a diagnosis of a squamous cell carcinoma with (pseudo) sarcomatous stroma.
Treatment of eight dogs with nasal tumours with alternating doses of doxorubicin and carboplatin in conjunction with oral piroxicam
Authors: LANGOVA V , MUTSAERS AJ , PHILLIPS B , STRAW R
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in the treatment of canine nasal tumours.

DesignRetrospective clinical study

ProcedureEight dogs with histologically confirmed nasal tumours were staged by means of complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, cytological analysis of fine needle aspirate of the regional lymph nodes, thoracic radiographs and computed tomography scan of the nasal cavity. All dogs were treated with alternating doses of doxorubicin, carboplatin and oral piroxicam. All dogs were monitored for side effects of chemotherapy and evaluated for response to treatment by computed tomography scan of the nasal cavity after the first four treatments.

ResultsComplete remission was achieved in four dogs, partial remission occurred in two dogs and two had stable disease on the basis of computed tomography evaluation. There was resolution of clinical signs after one to two doses of chemotherapy in all dogs.

ConclusionsThis chemotherapy protocol was efficacious and well tolerated in this series of eight cases of canine nasal tumours.
Is Chlamydophila felis a significant zoonotic pathogen?
Authors: BROWNING GF
Published: March 2008

Problem
Chlamydophila felisis a common cause of conjunctivitis in cats and in some textbooks is listed as an important zoonotic pathogen. However, there are no published comprehensive reviews assessing the evidence supporting this.

Search and analysis Bibliographic databases and bibliographies of papers and textbooks were searched for all published cases of zoonotic disease associated with chlamydiosis in cats. All published case reports were reviewed to establish the quality of the evidence supporting the association between C felis and zoonotic disease.

Results There are only seven case reports, most of which were published before the development of assays capable of distinguishing C felis from other chlamydial species, implicating this organism in zoonotic disease. None of the three cases of pneumonia and systemic disease described, two of which occurred in immunocompromised patients, can be unambiguously attributed to C felis. Of the four cases of follicular keratoconjunctivitis described, only one, in an immunocompromised patient, could be unambiguously attributed to C felis.

Conclusion While there is evidence that C felis may occasionally cause keratoconjunctivitis in humans, there is little evidence to suggest it can cause serious systemic disease or pneumonia.
Nitrate‐nitrite toxicity in cattle and sheep grazingDactyloctenium radulans(button grass) in stockyards
Authors: McKENZIE RA , RAYNER AC , THOMPSON GK , PIDGEON GF , BURREN BR
Published: March 2008

Hungry cattle and sheep introduced to stockyards containing a dominant or pure growth ofDactyloctenium radulans(button grass) suffered acute nitrate‐nitrite toxicity in four incidents in inland Queensland between 1993 and 2001. Deaths ranged from 16 to 44%. Methaemoglobinaemia was noted at necropsies in all incidents. An aqueous humour sample from one dead steer contained 75 mg nitrate/L and from one dead sheep contained 100 mg nitrate and 50 mg nitrite/L (normal = ca 5 mg nitrate/L). Both lush and dry button grass were toxic. The nitrate content of button grass from within the stockyards ranged from 4.0 to 12.9% as potassium nitrate equivalent in dry matter and from outside the stockyards ranged from <0.2 to 0.4%. These data suggest that urine and faeces in stockyard soil may boost the nitrate content of button grass to a concentration hazardous to hungry ruminants.
Retrospective study of Old World screwworm fly (Chrysomya bezziana) myiasis in 59 dogs in Hong Kong over a one year period
Authors: MCNAE JC , LEWIS SJ
Published: March 2008

This retrospective study examined the case records of Old World screw‐worm fly myiasis in dogs in Hong Kong's New Territories. Myiasis due to OWSWF was identified and treated in 59 dogs at our clinic over a period of 1 year. Signalment, causes of initial wound, and treatments implemented, are reported. All cases recovered from myiasis with a combination of larvae removal and wound debridement, antibiotics, and topical and systemic insecticides. Whilst this parasite is currently exotic to Australia, much of the country is environmentally suitable (tropical and subtropical) for establishment of OWSWF.
Survey for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Australian dairy cattle
Authors: MILINOVICH GJ , TURNER SA , McLENNAN MW , TROTT DJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine whetherTr eponema‐associated papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) occurs in Australian dairy cattle.

DesignMail‐out questionnaire and histological and bacteriological examination of biopsy tissue from suspect PDD lesions.

ProcedureThe questionnaire was mailed to 375 veterinarians to evaluate their knowledge of PDD, determine if they had observed the disease in Australian dairy cattle, and to request biopsy material from suspicious cases. Biopsies were examined for histological and bacteriological evidence of PDD, including for the presence of spirochaetes.

ResultsEighty‐eight replies to the questionnaire were received (23.5%). Of 52 respondents who were aware of PDD as a possible cause of lameness, 26 reported observing the condition in Australian cattle. Of 32 respondents who were unaware of the condition, 6 reported observing lesions that might have been PDD. The majority of reports of PDD‐like lesions came from the southern Australian states, the condition occurring during periods of high rainfall and proving responsive to topical or parenteral application of antimicrobials. Biopsies from five erosive lesions showed histological similarity to PDD whereas biopsies from five proliferative lesions were consistent with chronic inflammation, fibroma or cutaneous papilloma. The presence of spirochaetes was not demonstrated in any of the lesions by histological or bacteriological methods.

ConclusionAnecdotal reports and analysis of biopsy material confirm that a condition similar to PDD does occur sporadically in dairy cattle in southern Australia. However, this condition has so far not been shown to be associated with the presence of spirochaetes in the lesions.
Infection rates in reactors to an absorbed ELISA used in a test and cull program for bovine Johne's disease
Authors: HOLMES IRL , JUBB TF , CALLINAN APL
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the proportion of cattle, whose sera gave positive reactions in a commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bovine Johne's disease, that were confirmed infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis by histology and culture of tissues.

Procedure Dairy cattle (n = 493) from the Echuca district of Victoria, whose sera were positive in the ELISA, were slaughtered at an abattoir where standard specimens were collected for histology and culture. Only if samples were histologically negative were further samples submitted for culture.

Results The proportion of cattle in which infection was confirmed increased from 70.4% in 1996 to 89.4% in 2001 giving an overall confirmation rate of 79.9%. This was mainly because more reactors were confirmed by culture each year, the proportion increasing from 0% in 1997 to 27.5% in 2000 but decreasing to 16.7% in 2001. If all unconfirmed reactors were presumed to be uninfected, the minimum specificity of the ELISA was 99.62%. There were no significant differences between the age groups in the proportion confirmed infected.

Conclusion Confirmation rates and specificity of the ELISA were high when used in a typical JD‐infected Victorian dairy cattle population. Imperfect sensitivity of histology and culture and the selection of reactors which favoured more false positives, means the estimates were probably conservative. Confirmation rates were not affected by age of ELISA reactor.
Cats, Dogs and Veterinarians ‐ Do the numbers stack up?
Authors: Heath Emeritus Professor Trevor
Published: March 2008

This note is intended to focus attention on some trends which, taken together, have the potential to cause major concern to a majority of Australian veterinarians.
Comparison of the analgesic effects of xylazine in sheep via three different administration routes
Authors: GRANT C. , UPTON RN
Published: March 2008

Objective

To examine the influence of administration route on the analgesic effects of identical doses of xylazine in sheep.

Design

A prospective, linear, randomised laboratory study.

Procedure

The analgesic response to the administration of 2.5 mg of the α2 agonist xylazine either intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously was assessed using an analgesia testing method based upon a learned response to a painful electrical stimulus.

Results

Intravenous administration achieved the most rapid onset and highest peak analgesic values of all administration methods, but was characterised by a shorter duration of action (25 min). Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration resulted in a longer duration of action (40 min) and a greater total analgesic response.

Conclusion

For the routine management of acute pain, intramuscular administration provided the best combination of onset, duration and total analgesic response of the routes examined. The absence of adverse side effects, such as sedation, normally associated with the administration of α2 agonists should also encourage the use of this method as a simple and effective means of providing significant analgesia in the sheep.
Effect of breed on anatomy of portosystemic shunts resulting from congenital diseases in dogs and cats: a review of 242 cases
Authors: HUNT GB
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of species and breed on the anatomy of portosystemic vascular anomalies in dogs and cats.

DesignRetrospective study of 233 dogs and nine cats presenting to the University Veterinary Centre, Sydney.

MethodsCase records were evaluated for breed, sex, age, anatomical and histological diagnosis. Cases were included when a portosystemic vascular anomaly resulted from a congenital or developmental abnormality of the liver or portal venous system.

ResultsDisease conditions included single congenital portosystemic shunt with patent portal vasculature (214 dogs, nine cats), portal vein aplasia (nine dogs), multiple acquired shunts resulting from portal vein hypoplasia (seven dogs), biliary atresia (one dog) and microvascular dysplasia (one dog). One Maltese had a single, congenital shunt and multiple acquired shunts resulting from hepatic cirrhosis. Breeds that were significantly over‐represented included the Maltese, Silky Terrier, Australian Cattle Dog, Bichon Frise, Shih Tzu, Miniature Schnauzer, Border Collie, Jack Russell Terrier, Irish Wolfhound and Himalayan cat. Bichon Frise with shunts were significantly more likely to be female than male (12:2, P < 0.001). Two hundred and fourteen dogs (91.4%), and all cats, had shunts that were amenable to attenuation. Inoperable shunts occurred in 19 dogs (8.2%). Fifty six of 61 (92%) operable shunts in large breed dogs were intrahepatic, versus 10/153 (7%) in small breeds (P < 0.0001). Breeds that were not predisposed to portosystemic shunts were significantly more likely to have unusual or inoperable shunts than dogs from predisposed breeds (29% versus 7.6%, P < 0.0001).

No significant relationship between breed and shunt type could be determined in cats.

ConclusionBreed has a significant influence on shunt anatomy in dogs. Animals presenting with signs of portosystemic shunting may suffer from a wide range of operable or inoperable conditions. Veterinarians should be aware that unusual or inoperable shunts are much more likely to occur in breeds that are not predisposed to congenital portosystemic shunts.
Fluoroacetate poisoning in seven domestic dogs
Authors: O'HAGAN BJ
Published: March 2008

Sodium monofluoroacetate, also known as compound 1080, is used in Australia for control of feral and pest species. Poisoning of non‐target species by sodium monofluoroacetate can be difficult to diagnose if there is no history of exposure because clinical signs are non‐specific.

This communication describes the poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate of seven dogs from one property over a period of 3 days. Poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate was confirmed by toxicological analysis of stomach contents, gastric lavage fluid and vomitus from three of the dogs, but the source of the toxin was not found. Six of the seven dogs were Maremmas, and livestock guard animals may be at particular risk of exposure to pest control baiting programs.
Chemical arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints using sodium monoiodoacetate in 104 horses
Authors: DOWLING BA , DART AJ , MATTHEWS SM
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate chemical arthrodesis using sodium monoiodoacetate for treatment of degenerative joint disease of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints.

DesignRetrospective clinical study.

MethodHorses were diagnosed with degenerative joint disease of one or more of the tarsometatarsal or distal inter‐tarsal joints based on history, lameness examination, radi‐ographic findings and, in some cases, response to intra‐artic‐ular anaesthesia or medication. Intra‐articular injections of sodium monoiodoacetate were performed using 23 gauge needles in the sedated, standing horse. Positive contrast arthrography of the distal intertarsal joint was performed in all horses to evaluate needle placement and the presence or absence of communication with other synovial structures. The mean intra‐articular dose of sodium monoiodoacetate was 192 mg. Horses were subject to a graded exercise program commencing 7 to 10 days after treatment. Where possible, follow up lameness examination and radiography was performed at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment.

ResultsAt 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment, respectively, 0/57, 14/55, 41/50, and 29/34 of horses were sound. At 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment, respectively, 5/55, 24/38, 26/30 and 18/18 of horses had radiographic evidence of anky‐losis of treated joints. Post injection pain was marked in 6.7% of horses and significant complications requiring further treatment occurred in 3.8% of horses.

ConclusionsChemical arthrodesis using sodium mono‐iodoacetate was an effective treatment method for degenerative joint disease of the distal tarsal joints. The technique was performed in the sedated standing horse and required minimal equipment. Results were comparable to those achieved following surgical arthrodesis. The risk of significant complications was minimised through good technique using an appropriate injection volume and concentration.
Detection of avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in Victoria
Authors: PEROULIS I , O'RILEY K
Published: March 2008

Objective To isolate and characterise avian paramyx‐oviruses and other haemagglutinating viruses amongst Victorian wild bird populations.

Procedure Tracheal and cloacal material was collected from wild duck, pigeon, quail and other wild birds throughout Victoria. Samples were processed and cultured in embryonating eggs. Viral isolates were characterised based on their haemagglutina‐tion and haemagglutination‐inhibition activity using a panel of specific antisera. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to characterise Newcastle disease virus isolates.

Results Twenty‐five nonpathogenic haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from 605 wild bird samples. The majority were characterised as APMV‐6 or influenza A virus, H3N2. Two isolates were identified and characterised as APMV‐1 (avirulent NDV) based on nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analysis at the F0 cleavage site.

Conclusions Twenty‐five viruses were isolated, none of which resembled progenitor or virulent genotypes. This study provides valuable epidemiological information against which to compare future isolates from outbreaks of disease to determine their origin.
Comparison of one‐step RT‐PCR and a nested PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus in clinical samples
Authors: SHIN YJ , CHO KO , CHO HS , KANG SK , KIM HJ , KIM YH , PARK HS , PARK NY
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of canine distemper virus (CDV) by nested PCR using clinical specimens.

Design A nested PCR was developed, compared to a one‐step RT‐PCR and validated.

ProcedureTwo sets of specific primers for a one‐step RT‐PCR and a nested PCR, targeting a 640 bp fragment and a 297 bp fragment, respectively, were selected from the highly conserved region of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene of CDV. The nested PCR and the one‐step RT‐PCR were used to amplify a part of the CDV NP gene of a CDV vaccinal strain and samples of urine, blood, nasal discharge and saliva from 29 dogs suspected of suffering CD.

Results Both the one‐step RT‐PCR and the nested PCR reacted with the CDV vaccinal strain, but not with canine parvovirus. The expected 640 bp fragment of the NP gene was detected in 11/22 (50.0%) blood, 10/20 (50.0%) urine, 5/25 (20.0%) saliva and 6/27 (22.2%) nasal swab samples by one‐step RT‐PCR, whereas the nested PCR amplified an expected 297 bp fragment of the NP gene in 18/22 (81.8%) blood, 15/20 (75.0%) urine, 14/25 (56%) saliva and 19/27 (70.3%) nasal swab samples.

Conclusion The nested PCR detected CDV in blood, urine, nasal swab and saliva more frequently than did the one‐step RT‐PCR. Therefore, this assay should be a useful aid to ante‐mortem diagnosis of CDV infections in dogs.
Modelling the spread of foot‐and‐mouth disease in Australia
Authors: GARNER MG , BECKETT SD
Published: March 2008

Preparedness for an incursion of an exotic animal disease is of key importance to government, industry, producers and the Australian community. An important aspect of Australia's preparedness for a possible incursion of foot‐and‐mouth disease is investigation into the likely effectiveness and cost‐efficiency of eradication strategies when applied to different regional outbreak scenarios. Disease modelling is a tool that can be used to study diseases such as foot‐and‐mouth disease to better understand potential disease spread and control under different conditions.

The Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry has been involved with epidemiologic simulation modelling for more than 10 years, and has developed a sophisticated spatial model for foot‐and‐mouth disease (AusSpread) that operates within a geographic information system framework. The model accommodates real farm boundary or point‐location data, as well as synthesised data based on agricultural census and land use information. The model also allows for interactions between herds or flocks of different animal species and production type, and considers the role that such interactions are likely to play in the epidemiology of a regional outbreak of foot‐and‐mouth disease. The user can choose mitigations and eradication strategies from those that are currently described in Australia's veterinary emergency plan. The model also allows the user to evaluate the impact of constraints on the availability of resources for mitigations or eradication measures. Outputs include a range of maps and tabulated outbreak statistics describing the geographic extent of the outbreak and its duration, the numbers of affected, slaughtered, and, as relevant, vaccinated herds or flocks, and the cost of control and eradication. Cost‐related outputs are based on budgets of the value of stock and the cost of mitigations, each of which can be varied by the user. These outputs are a valuable resource to assist with policy development and disease management.
Equine endotoxaemia ‐ A state‐of‐the‐art review of therapy
Authors: SYKES BW , FURR MO
Published: March 2008

The pathophysiology of endotoxaemia, a leading cause of death in the horse, is beginning to be understood in greater detail. Endotoxin may be absorbed into the systemic circulation in a number of different ways: most commonly the body's normal defense mechanisms are disrupted or bypassed, or the normal clearance mechanisms overwhelmed. Following this widespread effects are observed, although the most significant are seen in the cardiovascular system. Fever, arterial hypoxaemia and signs of abdominal pain are also common. With increased understanding of the disease new therapeutic agents have become available, however, while the newer agents offer some advantages it is important to recognise that supportive care is the mainstay of treatment for endotoxaemia.

Supportive care consists of aggressive fluid therapy (crystalloid, colloid and hypertonic), the administration of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and, where appropriate, antimicrobials. The principles of supportive care are discussed in detail. Other therapies such as hyperimmune plasma, polymyxin B, pentoxifylline, dimethyl sulfoxide and heparin are commonly used in the treatment of equine endotoxaemia and their use is reviewed here. Furthermore, newer agents such as anti‐tumour necrosis factor antibodies, detergent, activated protein C and insulin, which have yet to gain widespread acceptance but may have an important role in the treatment of endotoxaemia in the future, are examined.
Comparison of girth materials, girth tensions and their effects on performance in racehorses
Authors: BOWERS J , SLOCOMBE RF
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of girth materials and commonly used girth tensions on athletic performance of racehorses and to test the length tension properties of commercially available girths.

ProcedureSeven horses were exercised at speeds to produce 95% of maximal heart rates on 15 occasions using a randomised block design, and girthed with 5 different girths at 3 nominal tensions of 6, 12 or 18 kg. The girths used were a standard elastic race girth, an ‘American’ elastic race girth, an elastic race girth twice the normal width, a standard canvas race girth and a canvas race girth at twice the normal width. Tension in the girth was recorded continuously using an in‐line load cell connected to a physiograph. Horses ran to fatigue on a treadmill inclined at 10% slope. Tensions were measured at peak inhalation (T/inh) and exhalation (T/exh), recorded at rest (rest) and during exercise (ex). An analysis of variance was used to compare the mean run to fatigue times (RTFT) between girth types and tensions, multiple pair‐wise comparisons were then carried out using Tukey's test where significant differences were found.

The length‐tension relationships of five commercially available girths for training and racing of Thoroughbred racehorses were studied by the application of standardized weights in series to multiple samples of each type of girth. Measurements were taken in a controlled environment and analysis of variance was used to compare the means for length‐tension of each girth type.

ResultsThe elastic and the ‘American’ elastic girths produced significantly longer RTFT when compared to the standard canvas girth (P=0.01 and P = 0.001 respectively). Also girths tensioned at Texhrest6 kg and Texhrest12 kg produced significantly longer RTFT than when girthed at Texhrest18 kg (P=0.03 and P = 0.08 respectively).

There were significant differences between the commercially available girth types at each tension (P < 0.05), but differences were not significant between girths of the same type. Girths with an elastic component reached their peak for maximum extension at 14.5 kg and thereafter their extension declined.

ConclusionThe type of girth and the tension at which it is applied affects athletic performance. Lower girth tensions and the use of elastic materials in the girth would appear to optimise performance. However according to this study and our previous study, none of the commercially available girths studied would adequately protect against the potentially detrimental effects of overtightening on athletic performance.
Effect of compliance with recommended calf‐rearing practices on control of bovine Johne's disease
Authors: RIDGE SE , BAKER IM , HANNAH M
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the degree of compliance with recommended management procedures for the control of bovine Johne's disease and study the relationship between aspects of calf management and testing/disease outcomes in the herds.

ProcedureFifty‐four south Gippsland dairy herds participating in the Victorian bovine Johne's disease test and control program were visited between July and November 2002 and an audit of calf rearing practices was conducted. The results of testing completed under the program were analysed for each of the herds. Twenty seven management factors were examined for a relationship with the presence of clinical cases of Johne's disease or cattle with positive ELISA test results that were born after the completion of the second whole herd test. Logistic regression was used to examine the strength of relationships between the management practices and the frequency with which new cases of Johne's disease arose.

Results and conculsionsCalves were removed from their dams within 12 hours of birth in only 17 (31.5%) of the herds. However, in all but one herd the calves were removed within 24 hours of birth. In 42 herds (77.8%) calf rearing facilities were adequately separated from adult cattle and the faeces from adult cattle. In 41 herds (75.9%) calves up to the age of 12 months were grazed on paddocks that were free of manure or effluent from adult cattle. However, in only 10 (18.5%) of the herds were all three of these calf management practices applied. Feeding whole milk containing antibiotic residues, or providing water for calves from birth, were found to have statistically significant associations with an increased occurrence of cases of bovine Johne's disease in the study herds. The practice of allowing cows to calve in a paddock was found to be associated with reduced occurrence of bovine Johne's disease. These associations were still found after analysis that included herd size, the number of clinical cases that had occurred in the herds before the start of testing, the number of animals with positive ELISA tests that were detected at the first test and the number of years of participation in the test and cull program. Early separation of newborn calves from cows and grazing calves under 12 months of age in areas free of adult cattle were not found to be protective against Johne's disease.
The detection of porcine circovirus in the Australian pig herd
Authors: RAYE W. , MUHLING J. , WARFE L. , BUDDLE JR , PALMER C. , WILCOX GE
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine if porcine circovirus (PCV) type 1 (PCV1) or type 2 (PCV2) is present in the Australian pig herd, to conduct preliminary genetic characterisation of any viruses detected, and to determine if there is any obvious virological reason why post‐weaning multisystemic wasting disease (PMWS), associated with PCV infection in other countries, has not been detected in Australia.

Design Serum samples were collected from 14 randomly selected pig farms in Western Australia and used for detection of PCV antibody. Additional samples from one farm were obtained at 2‐week intervals from pigs between 2 and 12 weeks of age to detect any age‐associated variations in prevalence of infection. Veterinary practitioners from four Australian states submitted tissues of dead or unthrifty weaned pigs, and these were examined for evidence of PCV1 and PCV2 infection.

Procedure Sera were tested for antibody to PCV using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Tissues were tested for PCV1 and PCV2 genomic material using a multiplex PCR.

Results PCV antibody was detected in approximately 30% of Western Australian pigs tested. PCV1 DNA was detected in tissue samples from Western Australia, South Australia and New South Wales and PCV2 DNA was detected in tissue samples from Western Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. Sequence analysis of the PCR products indicated the PCV1 and PCV2 present in Australia were very similar to strains in other countries where PMWS is endemic.

Conclusion Both PCV1 and PCV2 are present in Australia and the viruses present appear similar to those in countries with PMWS. The absence of PCV2‐associated PMWS in Australia may be due to absence of essential secondary factors required for PCV2 to produce PMWS.
Knowledge and attitudes of Australian veterinarians to animal abuse and human interpersonal violence
Authors: GREEN P C , GULLONE E
Published: March 2008

A survey of Australian veterinarians was undertaken to assess their amount of knowledge about, and their attitudes towards animal abuse, human violence and the link between the two. Results from the 185 respondents to a questionnaire that was either mailed out or hand delivered revealed a wide variety of definitions and attitudes towards abuse, with the majority of veterinarians recognising the link between human and animal abuse. The overwhelming majority of veterinarians believed that they should intervene in some way when confronted with either animal or human abuse, although most felt ill‐equipped to deal with suspected human abuse. Almost 20% of cases of animal abuse had associated suspected or known human abuse. It is suggested that veterinarians need more resources made available to them to be able to deal more effectively with these situations.
Perspectives on women's issues
Authors: McCoy Elaine
Published: March 2008

Sommaire: La reconnaissance légale des femmes en tant que «personnes» il y a prèsde soixante‐dix ans n'aura pas permis de s'assurer que les politiques et programmes gouvernementaux reflètent la perspective de la femme. Dans cet article, on discute de la nécessité d'une revue permanente et systématique des politiques et programmes pour s'assurer que l'on tient compte comme il se doit de cette perspective et pour encourager la participation feminine aux processus gouvernementaux. En se basant sur l'expérience pratique d'une ancienne députée provinciale qui fut aussi ministre responsable du statut de la femme en alberta, on donne des exemples indiquant la manière dont on pourrait procéder à la réforme. Celle‐ci est tributaire d'un soutien politique existant au plus haut niveau ainsi que de la volonté politique de tenir ces engagements. Malgré les progrès réalisés au cours des années 1980, la période d'austérité budgétaire des années 1990 a souvent sabré davantage dans les programmes touchant les femmes que dans les autres. On en conclut que les gouvernements font monis aujourd'hui pour les femmes qu'il y a une décennie. Cependant, pour assurer la défense du rǒle de la femme dansnotre société, la Famous Five Foundation a été mise sur pied récemment à Calgary, pour assurer le maintien à long terme d'un institut vouéà l'analyse systématique des politiques et programmes sous une perspective féminini.

Abstract: Legal recognition of women as “persons” nearly seventy years ago has not guaranteed that the perspective of women has been reflected in government policies and programs. This paper discusses the need for ongoing and systematic review of government policies and programs to ensure that adequate consideration is given to women's perspective and to encourage women's participation in government processes. Based on the practical experience of a former provincial politician who also served as minister responsible for women in the Alberta cabinet, examples are provided that demonstrate how reform may be brought about. Only through continuing political support at the highest levels, as well as political willingness to act on these commitments, can such reform be sustained. Notwithstanding progress made in the 1980s, the period of budget cutbacks in the 1990s often placed policies and programs that affected women in greater jeopardy than other programs. It is concluded that governments are doing less for women today than they were a decade ago. But, in the spirit of upholding the role of women in society, the Famous Five Foundation was established recently in Calgary, with the long‐term objective of operating an institute dedicated to the systematic review of policies and programs from the perspective of women.
ELECTROMAGNETIC DARK ENERGY
Authors: BECK CHRISTIAN , MACKEY MICHAEL C.
Published: March 2008

We introduce a new model for dark energy in the Universe in which a small cosmological constant is generated by ordinary electromagnetic vacuum energy. The corresponding virtual photons exist at all frequencies but switch from a gravitationally active phase at low frequencies to a gravitationally inactive phase at higher frequencies via a Ginzburg–Landau type of phase transition. Only virtual photons in the gravitationally active state contribute to the cosmological constant. A small vacuum energy density, consistent with astronomical observations, is naturally generated in this model. We propose possible laboratory tests for such a scenario based on phase synchronization in superconductors.
DARK ENERGY AS A RELIC OF THE VACUUM-ENERGY CANCELLATION?
Authors: LECIAN ORCHIDEA MARIA , MONTANI GIOVANNI
Published: March 2008

We analyze the dynamical implications of an exponential Lagrangian density for the gravitational field, as referred to an isotropic FRW Universe. Then, we discuss the features of the generalized de Sitter phase, predicted by the new Friedmann equation. The existence of a consistent de Sitter solution arises only if the ratio between the vacuum energy density and that associated with the fundamental length of the theory acquires a tantalizing negative character. This choice allows us to explain the present Universe dark energy as a relic of the vacuum-energy cancellation due to the cosmological constant intrinsically contained in our scheme. The corresponding scalar-tensor description of the model is addressed too, and the behavior of the scalar field is analyzed for both negative and positive values of the cosmological term. In the first case, the Friedmann equation is studied both in vacuum and in the presence of external matter, while, in the second case, the quantum regime is approached in the framework of "repulsive" properties of the gravitational interaction, as described in recent issues in loop quantum cosmology. In particular, in the vacuum case, we find a pure non-Einsteinian effect, according to which a negative cosmological constant provides an accelerating de Sitter dynamics, in the region where the series expansion of the exponential term does not hold.
Methionine Metabolism and Liver Disease
Authors: Mato José M. , Martínez-Chantar M. Luz , Lu Shelly C.
Published: March 2008

In the early 1930s, Banting and Best, the discoverers of insulin, found that choline could prevent the development of fatty liver disease (steatosis) in pancreatectomized dogs treated with insulin. Later work indicated that in rats and mice, diets deficient in labile methyl groups (choline, methionine, betaine, folate) produced fatty liver and that long-term administration of diets deficient in choline and methionine also caused hepatocellular carcinoma. These experiments not only linked steatosis and diabetes but also provided evidence, for the first time, of the importance of labile methyl group balance to maintain normal liver function. This conclusion is now amply supported by the observation of mice devoid of key enzymes of methionine and folate metabolism and in patients with severe deficiencies in these enzymes. Moreover, treatments with various methionine metabolites in experimental animal models of liver disease show hepatoprotective properties.
Alexithymia and Outcome in Psychotherapy
Authors: Grabe Hans Joergen , Frommer Jörg , Ankerhold Annegret , Ulrich Cornelia , Gröger Ralf , Franke Gabriele Helga , Barnow Sven , Freyberger Harald J. , Spitzer Carsten
Published: March 2008

Background: About 25% of all patients seeking psychotherapeutic treatment are considered to be alexithymic. Alexithymia has been assumed to be negatively associated with therapeutic outcome. On the other hand, it is unclear to which extent alexithymia itself may be modified by psychotherapeutic interventions. Methods: From 414 consecutively admitted inpatients, 297 were followed up after 4 weeks (t1) and after 8–12 weeks (t2) upon discharge. Patients were treated with psychodynamic group therapy in a naturalistic setting. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Symptom Checklist-90 were administered. Results: Twenty-seven percent of the patients were alexithymic (TAS-20 ≧61) at baseline. Multivariate models with repeated measurements indicated significant changes in Global Severity Index of the Symptom Checklist-90 in both alexithymic and nonalexithymic subjects. However, alexithymic subjects had significantly higher Global Severity Index scores than nonalexithymic subjects at t0, t1 and t2 (p < 0.001). The TAS-20 scores demonstrated a high relative stability in the total sample. However, in the alexithymic group, the TAS-20 scores changed considerably from baseline to discharge [66.3 (SD = 4.7) to 55.9 (SD = 9.9); t = 8.69; d.f. = 79; p < 0.001]. Conclusion: The inpatient treatment program including psychodynamic group therapy significantly reduced psychopathological distress and alexithymic features in alexithymic patients. Still, these patients suffered from higher psychopathological distress at discharge than nonalexithymics. Therefore, alexithymic features may negatively affect the long-term outcome.
Incidence of Hospital-Treated Traumatic Brain Injury in the Oslo Population
Authors: Andelic Nada , Sigurdardottir Solrun , Brunborg Cathrine , Roe Cecilie
Published: March 2008

Background: The aim of this prospective, population-based study is to present the incidence of hospital-treated traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Oslo, Norway, and to describe the severity of brain injuries and outcome of the patients’ acute medical care. Methods: Data were obtained from hospital admission registers and medical records from May 2005 to May 2006. The initial severity of TBI was measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale. The region is urban with a population of 534,129. Results: The 445 patients identified represent an annual incidence of 83.3/100,000. The median age was 29 years. The male:female ratio was 1.8:1.0. The highest incidence of TBI hospitalizations was found in the elderly males and the youngest children. The most common causes of TBI were falls (51%) and transport accidents (29.7%). Intracranial lesions were found more often in the elderly. The case fatality rate was 2.0/100 hospitalized patients and was highest in the elderly. Conclusions: The incidence of hospital-treated TBI in this study is considerably lower than that found in previous studies from Norway and Scandinavia. Despite the apparent decline in TBI hospitalization rates, our findings should also draw attention to the need for more effective preventive programmes related to falls. Studies that assess long-term consequences of TBI in elderly patients are also needed.
Patterns of Revision in Online Writing
Authors: Jones John
Published: March 2008

This study examines the revision histories of 10 Wikipedia articles nominated for the site's Featured Article Class (FAC), its highest quality rating, 5 of which achieved FAC and 5 of which did not. The revisions to each article were coded, and the coding results were combined with a descriptive analysis of two representative articles in order to determine revision patterns. All articles in both groups showed a higher percentage of additions of new material compared to deletions and revisions that rearranged the text. Although the FAC articles had roughly equal numbers of content and surface revisions, the non-FAC articles had fewer surface revisions and were dominated by content revisions. Although the unique features of the Wikipedia environment inhibit strict comparisons between these results and those of earlier revision studies, these results suggest revision in this environment places unique structural demands on writers, possibly leading to unique revision patterns.