bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of coastal vulnerability to climate change hazards at the regional scale: the case study of the North Adriatic Sea
Authors: Torresan S. , Critto A. , Rizzi J. , Marcomini A.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Sea level rise, changes in storms and wave climate as a consequence of global climate change are expected to increase the size and magnitude of flooded and eroding coastal areas, thus having profound impacts on coastal communities and ecosystems. River deltas, beaches, estuaries and lagoons are considered particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, which should be studied at the regional/local scale. This paper presents a regional vulnerability assessment (RVA) methodology developed to analyse site-specific spatial information on coastal vulnerability to the envisaged effects of global climate change, and assist coastal communities in operational coastal management and conservation. The main aim of the RVA is to identify key vulnerable receptors (i.e. natural and human ecosystems) in the considered region and localize vulnerable hot spot areas, which could be considered as homogeneous geographic sites for the definition of adaptation strategies. The application of the RVA methodology is based on a heterogeneous subset of bio-geophysical and socio-economic vulnerability indicators (e.g. coastal topography, geomorphology, presence and distribution of vegetation cover, location of artificial protection), which are a measure of the potential harm from a range of climate-related impacts (e.g. sea level rise inundation, storm surge flooding, coastal erosion). Based on a system of numerical weights and scores, the RVA provides relative vulnerability maps that allow to prioritize more vulnerable areas and targets of different climate-related impacts in the examined region and to support the identification of suitable areas for human settlements, infrastructures and economic activities, providing a basis for coastal zoning and land use planning. The implementation, performance and results of the methodology for the coastal area of the North Adriatic Sea (Italy) are fully described in the paper.
Three-dimensional earthquake analysis of roller-compacted concrete dams
Authors: Kartal M. E.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Ground motion effect on a roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams in the earthquake zone should be taken into account for the most critical conditions. This study presents three-dimensional earthquake response of a RCC dam considering geometrical non-linearity. Besides, material and connection non-linearity are also taken into consideration in the time-history analyses. Bilinear and multilinear kinematic hardening material models are utilized in the materially non-linear analyses for concrete and foundation rock respectively. The contraction joints inside the dam blocks and dam–foundation–reservoir interaction are modeled by the contact elements. The hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures of the reservoir water are modeled with the fluid finite elements based on the Lagrangian approach. The gravity and hydrostatic pressure effects are employed as initial condition before the strong ground motion. In the earthquake analyses, viscous dampers are defined in the finite element model to represent infinite boundary conditions. According to numerical solutions, horizontal displacements increase under hydrodynamic pressure. Besides, those also increase in the materially non-linear analyses of the dam. In addition, while the principle stress components by the hydrodynamic pressure effect the reservoir water, those decrease in the materially non-linear time-history analyses.
Greenland Ice Sheet contribution to sea-level rise from a new-generation ice-sheet model
Authors: Gillet-Chaulet F. , Gagliardini O. , Seddik H. , Nodet M. , Durand G. , Ritz C. , Zwinger T. , Greve R. , Vaughan D. G.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Over the last two decades, the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has been losing mass at an increasing rate, enhancing its contribution to sea-level rise. The recent increases in ice loss appear to be due to changes in both the surface mass balance of the ice sheet and ice discharge (ice flux to the ocean). Rapid ice flow directly affects the discharge, but also alters ice-sheet geometry and so affects climate and surface mass balance. The most usual ice-sheet models only represent rapid ice flow in an approximate fashion and, as a consequence, have never explicitly addressed the role of ice discharge on the total GrIS mass balance, especially at the scale of individual outlet glaciers. Here, we present a new-generation prognostic ice-sheet model which reproduces the current patterns of rapid ice flow. This requires three essential developments: the complete solution of the full system of equations governing ice deformation; an unstructured mesh to usefully resolve outlet glaciers and the use of inverse methods to better constrain poorly known parameters using observations. The modelled ice discharge is in good agreement with observations on the continental scale and for individual outlets. By conducting perturbation experiments, we investigate how current ice loss will endure over the next century. Although we find that increasing ablation tends to reduce outflow and on its own has a stabilising effect, if destabilisation processes maintain themselves over time, current increases in the rate of ice loss are likely to continue.
Short communication. A review on the efficacy tests and risk analyses conducted on Chondrostereum purpureum, a potential biocontrol agent, in Finland
Authors: Hantula J. , Hamberg L. , Vartiamäki H. , Korhonen K. , Uotila A.
Published: July 2012

Hardwood sprouting is a problem in forest regeneration areas, under electric lines, on roadsides and railways. In Finland, isolates of Chondrostereum purpureum were screened by field experiments for their efficiency to control sprouting. The proportion of dead stumps with the best isolates exceeded 80% on birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens), and C. purpureum was also found to affect the sprouting of aspen (Populus tremula) and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia). The risks of C. purpureum based biocontrol were evaluated by population genetic analysis. It showed that C. purpureum is a geographically undifferentiated species that does not reproduce clonally. The risk of infection of non-target trees was found to be highest in early spring. These findings suggest that the risks of using C. purpureum in biocontrol are small.
Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria species associated with Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease on Eucalyptus globulus in Portugal
Authors: Silva M. de Castro , Machado H. , Neves L. , Araujo C. , Phillips A.
Published: July 2012

Plantations of Eucalyptus globulus represent the main source of wood for the pulp and paper industry in Portugal and are affected by the complex of Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria species (Mycosphaerella leaf disease), which is an important foliage disease worldwide. This disease affect mainly young trees with juvenile-phase foliage, causing premature defoliation, decreased growth and wood production. Species of Mycosphaerella sensu lato reported on eucalypts in Portugal are M. communis, M. heimii, M. lateralis, M. madeirae, M. marksii M. walkeri, T. africana, T. molleriana, T. nubilosa and T. parva. In order to complete the survey, symptomatic leaves were collected from Eucalyptus globulus plantations. Morphological and molecular characterization was used to give an indication of the species occurrence and most frequent species (T. nubilosa) and the composition of the MLD complex that did not change after the latest review.
Susceptibility of Pinus nigra and Cedrus libani to Turkish Gremmeniella abietina isolates
Authors: Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi H. T. , Oskay F. , Lehtijarvi A.
Published: July 2012

Gremmeniella abietina causes shoot dieback and stem cankers on conifers throughout Northern hemisphere. The aim of this study was to investigate the virulence of Turkish G. abietina isolates in a field experiment. The lower branches of 15-20-year-old P. nigra and C. libani in a plantation site at 1,050 m a.s.l. in Isparta were inoculated at 1-2-month intervals during September-January. Five isolates obtained from high altitude mountainous forests were used. Each isolate was inoculated into two branches per tree and repeated ten times on both tree species at each inoculation date. The branches were sampled at the end of February, and in August, and lesion lengths in the inner bark measured. The mean lesion length on P. nigra and C libani were 10.6 ± 0.8 and 3.8 ± 0.2 mm in February and 17.6 ± 1.4 and 7.8 ± 0.8 mm in August, respectively. Differences in the mean lesion length between the isolates were small. Nevertheless, there were significant differences between the isolates on P. nigra in November and January inoculations, and on C. libani at all four inoculation times. The mean lesion lengths for all isolates at both sampling dates was the highest (p < 0.01) in December inoculations for both P. nigra (22.0 ± 1.9 February; 32.9 ± 2.9 August) and C. libani (5.6 ± 0.7; 11.3 ± 1.2). There was no difference between the September and January inoculations on P. nigra, despite the almost six-fold difference in incubation period. During the December inoculations, the trees were most likely in winter dormancy, i.e. unable to defend themselves, which would explain the large lesions.
Genetic variation in seedling water-use efficiency of Patagonian Cypress populations from contrasting precipitation regimes assessed through carbon isotope discrimination
Authors: Pastorino M. J. , Aparicio A. G. , Marchelli P. , Gallo L. A.
Published: July 2012

Water-use efficiency (WUE) is a physiological parameter that plays a significant role in the evolutionary dynamics of many forest tree species. It can be estimated indirectly through carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). In general, plants of more arid origins have lower values of Δ. In order to study the degree of genetic control of this parameter and the genetic variation in Δ of Patagonian Cypress seedlings, three Argentinean natural populations chosen to represent two contrasting precipitation regimes were sampled in a common garden trial. The dry situation was represented by two neighboring marginal forest patches from the steppe, while the humid condition was represented by a population with 1,200 mm higher mean annual precipitation. Height (H) and Δ were measured in 246 five-year-old seedlings from 41 open-pollinated families. The factor ‘family’ had a significant effect on both variables; however heritability for Δ was found not to be significant in two out of the three populations. This could be explained by low sample size in one of them and by a real evolutionary effect in the other. An inverse association between H and Δ was verified, which is interpreted as evidence of an adaptation process at the intra-population level. The studied populations were not shown to discriminate carbon isotopes differently; hence evidence of adaptation to current environmental conditions could not be obtained. On the other hand, the arid populations proved to be quite different in terms of genetic variation, which seems to be the consequence of genetic drift and isolation.
Biological fire prevention method: Evaluating the effects of goat grazing on the fire-prone mediterranean scrub
Authors: Mancilla Leytón J. M. , Martín Vicente Á.
Published: July 2012

The effect of goat grazing on the shrubby understory of a pine forest in Doñana Natural Park was evaluated using non-destructive measures of vegetation volume over a period of twenty-four months. After establishing grazing exclusion fenced plots 350 adult Payoyas goats were introduced. Vegetation was sampled before the introduction of goats and afterwards twice a year, using the point intercept method and thereby obtaining data of height, frequency, cover and biovolume of species. After two years the total biovolume of the vegetation of the ungrazed area had increased significantly by 32.9%, while at grazed area, vegetation biovolume decreased significantly by 23.1%, leading to a significant decrease in mean height of the species. Although the number of species remained unchanged throughout the study, significant changes in their relative abundance were found in grazed area. The different responses of scrub species to grazing can be used as a tool to control species sensitive to grazing in shrubby forested areas. Significant reduction of total biovolume due to a reduction in vegetation height will help to reduce fire risk, thus contributing to the conservation of Mediterranean woodlands and forests while also fulfilling an important role in the economic and social lives of the rural population of Mediterranean countries.
A model for predicting the growth of Eucalyptus globulus seedling stands in Bolivia
Authors: Guzmán G. , Morales M. , Pukkala T. , De Miguel S.
Published: July 2012

Eucalyptus globulus is one of the most planted species in the Inter-Andean Valleys of Bolivia, where growing conditions are different from most places where eucalypts have been studied. This prevents a straightforward utilization of models fitted elsewhere. In this study a distance-independent individual-tree growth model for E. globulus plantations in Bolivia was developed based on data from 67 permanent sample plots. The model consists of sub-models for dominant height, tree diameter increment, height-diameter relationship and survival. According to model-based simulations, the mean annual increment with the optimal rotation length is about 13 m3 ha–1 yr–1 on medium-quality sites and 18 m3 ha–1 yr–1on the best sites. A suitable rotation length for maximizing wood production is approximately 30 years on medium sites and 20 years on the most productive sites. The developed models provide valuable information for further studies on optimizing the management and evaluating alternative management regimes for the species.
Towards the sustainable management of thuya (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.) Mast.) forests in Tunisia: models for main tree attributes
Authors: Calama R. , Sánchez-González M. , Garchi S. , Ammari Y. , Cañellas I. , Tahar S.
Published: July 2012

The thuya (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.) Mast.) forests are one of the most important ecosystems in semiarid environments in north-western Africa, providing important economic profit and social services to local populations. However, lack of tools aiding sustainable management of these forests is detected. In the present work models for the main tree attributes as total height, crown diameter, height to crown base and stem form are developed for the species, using data from a net of plots installed in JbelLattrech region, in the NE Tunisia. Presented models allow characterizing the actual state and timber production of forests by using variables measured in typical forest inventories and conform a preliminary step for the future development of dynamic growth models.
Environmental campaigns against forest companies: What are the campaigns trying to achieve?
Authors: Gritten D. , González-Olabarría J.R. , Mola-Yudego B. , Dominguez G.
Published: July 2012

Campaigns by environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) can have far reaching consequences in determining the policies of governments and corporations. This paper examines campaigns targeting forestry companies to determine what makes a successful campaign. Over forty ENGOs completed a questionnaire defining what they perceive to constitute a successful campaign. The responses were analysed using Analytical Hierarchy Process. The results showed that campaigns by ENGOs have two main targets: changes in laws and the target group implementing the campaign’s recommendation(s). Achieving these targets, for most, constitute a successful campaign. Subsequently, representatives of seven ENGOs were questioned to attain their perspectives of the results in comparison to campaigns they are conducting against forest enterprises. They supported the results of the questionnaire, but also felt that there are various other factors that need to be considered (e.g. the campaign’s timeframe and the possibility of having hidden targets) that increase the issue’s complexity.
Physical-chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Organic Strawberries Conserved with Biofilms and Refrigeration
Authors: Campos Raquel Pires , Kwiatkowski Angela , Tonhi Carolina Dario , Clemente Edmar
Published: July 2012

Biodegrabable and edible coatings were applied on fresh strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch), ‘Camarosa cultivar’, produced in organic system and stored at 10ºC for nine days. Color, mass loss, incidence of rottenness and chemical analyses contents was evaluated. Suspension of cassava starch and grains of kefir milk reduced evolution of fruit coloration when compared uncoated fruits. Treatment associated cassava starch and kefir liquid resulted in a lower rottenness incidence and less mass loss of the fruits, is therefore recommended for postharvest organic strawberries. Anthocyanin and titrable acidity contents increased during storage, regardless of the treatments in general.
The Inhibition of Uric Acid Formation Catalyzed by Xanthine Oxidase Properties of the Alkyl Caffeates and Cardol
Authors: Masuoka Noriyoshi , Nihei Ken-ichi , Masuoka Takayoshi , Kuroda Kouhei , Sasaki Kenji , Kubo Isao
Published: July 2012

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors may serve as therapeutic agents for hyperuricaemia and/or oxidative stress. From our continuing investigation, we proposed that some inhibitors for reactions catalyzed by xanthine oxidase consisted of a head portion and a tail portion and that each portion had different functions for inhibition. In a previous study on the effect of alkyl gallates on the uric acid formation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase it was shown that the alkyl chain length needs to be longer than C6 to exert inhibitory activity. In the current study, compounds having different head portions, alkyl caffeates, alkyl protocatechuates, alkyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoates, 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalkanoates and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylalkanoates were prepared, and their effects on the uric acid formation were examined. A series of alkyl caffeates (C1-C10) was demonstrated effective in inhibiting the uric acid formation, and the inhibitory activity increased by increasing the alkyl chain length. However, none of the other compounds was effective in inhibiting the uric acid formation. These results indicate that head portions in these compounds are important for the inhibition of uric acid formation and require further a specific structural feature to elicit the inhibitory activity.
The Effects of Extracts of Lantana camara (L.) and Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) on the Population Dynamics of Plutella xylostella, Brevicoryne brassicae and Hellula undalis on Cabbage
Authors: Baidoo P. K. , Adam J. I.
Published: July 2012

The effects of ethanolic extract of neem, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), seeds and petroleum ether extract of Lantana camara leaves (Verbenaceae) on the populations of three cabbage pests, Plutella xylostella, Brevicoryne brassicae and Hellula undalis were studied. The study was conducted between January and April 2008. Extracts of the two plants were sprayed on cabbage plants to control these pests. A standard synthetic chemical insecticide (Mektin) was used as reference product. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated four times. The effects of plant extracts on the population dynamics of the pests’ species, the level of infestation and yield were assessed. Significantly more of the pests infested the control plants than the treated plants (P< 0.01). The mean weight of cabbage heads on the sprayed plots was significantly heavier than that of the control unsprayed plots. The use of A. indica seeds and L. camara leaf extracts increased yield by 37.05% and 25.80%, respectively. Spraying the cabbage plants with the plant extracts significantly reduced the numbers of pests compared with the control plants. The use of these plant extracts can be incorporated into an overall control programme of these pests.
Connecting and protecting? Comparing predictors of self-disclosure and privacy settings use between adolescents and adults
Authors: Walrave Michel , Vanwesenbeeck Ini , Heirman Wannes
Published: July 2012

The present study serves two purposes. First, we explore how adolescents and adults approach the disclosure of personal information and the application of privacy settings on social network sites (SNS). Second, we investigate whether the factors that predict these two privacy-management strategies differ for adolescents and adults. To achieve the goals of this study, an online survey was conducted among a sample of 1484 SNS users ranging in age from 10 to 65 years. In addition to gender and age, we investigated the following predictors: frequency of and motives for SNS use, trust in other users, peer influence and concerns related to privacy and contact risks. The results show that adolescents disclose more personal data and apply more lenient privacy settings to these data than adults do. Several factors were found to affect disclosure and profile-access management, with differences between adolescents and adults in some cases. Finally, we discuss implications emerging from the study’s findings.
Sexually Explicit User-Generated Content: Understanding Motivations and Behaviors using Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Sirianni Joseph M. , Vishwanath Arun
Published: July 2012

Technological advances by Web 2.0 media and mobile phones have recently enabled users to become producers of their own media content. Users are able to create and share photos and videos with speed and ease. A much different trend has emerged with these new technological affordances, though. Individuals are utilizing this new media and are creating and sharing sexually explicit user-generated content (SEUGC) of themselves. Four hundred undergraduate students completed an online survey to assess their likelihood to create and share SEUGC in the future. Social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) was the framework used to analyze the factors that propel this behavior. Results suggest the influence of viewing pornography, sexual self-efficacy, and entertainment and arousal outcomes as triggers and motivators for engaging in this behavior. The model also revealed a desensitization effect towards negative consequences that might occur from creating and sharing SEUGC.
Defining Accountability in A Network Society
Authors: Painter-Morland Mollie
Published: July 2012

This paper challenges some of the basic epistemological assumptions that underpin our current conceptions of accountability. Recent legislative developments like Sarbanes-Oxley attempt to enhance accountability in the business environment through the employment of checks and balances and the threat of individual liability. This kind of legalistic strategy still seems to assume the existence of an individual agent who employs moral principles to come to decisions in a deliberate, impartial manner. This paper will emphasize that moral decision-making often does not take place in this manner, but is rather a tacit process of sensing what the appropriate behavior would be. Accountability, both with respect to individuals and organizations, is less a matter of “accounting for” a set of concrete assets, than a question of being accountable to a set of internal and external stakeholders, or in terms of the tacit sense of moral propriety that develops among business associates and colleagues over time.
Les nouveaux visages du vieillissement de la population française
Authors: Bourdelais Patrice
Published: July 2012

Les démographes français ont inventé la notion de vieillissement de la population dans un contexte politique et culturel particulier. Les connotations de cette notion sont si pernicieuses qu'elles pèsent jusqu'à nos jours sur notre perception de l'âge de la vieillesse. Or les changements survenus dans cet âge rendent non pertinente toute analyse du vieillissement démographique fondée sur un seuil d'âge immuable. Au cours des trente dernières années, la santé des sexagénaires, leur place dans la succession des générations, leurs capacités économiques et leur rôle social ont changé. Il convient d'en tenir compte dans l'étude de l'évolution des structures par âge, d'éviter que la catégorie statistique définisse la réalité humaine qu'elle était censée contribuer à décrire. La mise au point d'un seuil d'âge évolutif d'entrée dans la vieillesse permet de montrer que le vieillissement de la population observé traditionnellement n'est qu'une apparence, sans consistance sociale. En revanche, les progrès réalisés depuis trente ans quant à la mortalité après 35 ans ont accentué les disparités sociales et amplifié des représentations divergentes de l'âge de la retraite.
Liens familiaux et vieillissement au Canada : constantes et changements des trois dernières décennies
Authors: Connidis Ingrid Arnet
Published: July 2012

Cet article présente des données des recensements canadiens et de l'Enquête sociale générale de Statistique Canada sur la taille des familles, l'évolution des statuts matrimoniaux et la participation à la main-d'œuvre au Canada de 1961 à 1991. Parmi les principales tendances, on note une diminution de la proportion de familles de 0, 1 ou 5 enfants et plus ; la plupart des familles continuent d'avoir 2 ou 3 enfants, fait souvent occulté par le déclin du taux de natalité, qui se situe actuellement à 1,7. Par ailleurs, la proportion de divorcés progresse, mais reste relativement faible, tout comme la proportion de célibataires, tandis que la part des gens mariés a augmenté et celle des veufs diminué, grâce à l'amélioration de l'espérance de vie. On constate aussi que la plupart des Canadiens adultes ont des frères et des sœurs, source de soutien que l'on est porté à oublier si l'on ne tient compte que de la famille nucléaire. Enfin, les taux d'activité féminins ont grimpé radicalement mais plafonnent aux âges supérieurs. Chez les hommes, la présence des 55-64 ans dans la main-d'œuvre diminue, en raison du phénomène de la retraite anticipée, volontaire ou forcée. L'auteur dégage les éléments de stabilité et de changement qui ressortent de ces tendances et leurs conséquences futures.
Vieillesse et indigence. À propos des prémisses des historiens de la vieillesse au Canada
Authors: Montigny Edgar-André
Published: July 2012

Les historiens canadiens ont à peu près exclusivement traité des personnes âgées dans le cadre de travaux sur des institutions du XIXe siècle (tels les «maisons d'industrie», où les pauvres étaient accueillis et mis au travail, et les hospices) ou sur le développement des systèmes de protection sociale au XXe siècle. Dans leurs textes, les vieux apparaissent comme des personnes sans ressources, dépendant des soins et de l'aide financière d'autrui. Si les historiens débattent de l'efficacité des mesures de soutien successives du dernier siècle et demi, ils sont peu nombreux à remettre en question le postulat selon lequel, avant la mise en place des pensions de vieillesse, la majorité des personnes âgées étaient pauvres au Canada. L'auteur analyse les raisons qui ont mis les pauvres au premier plan des travaux d'histoire et soutient qu'en leur consacrant toute leur attention, les historiens ont négligé la plus grande partie de la population âgée, qui n'était ni indigente ni dépendante. Ce faisant, ils ont faussé, sans doute involontairement, l'image que nous nous faisons des personnes âgées d'autrefois et de leur rôle au sein de la société canadienne.
La prise en charge des parents âgés en Grande-Bretagne : perspectives sociologiques
Authors: Phillipson Chris
Published: July 2012

L'auteur examine les travaux sur les modèles de prise en charge familiale en Grande-Bretagne. Il rappelle les principaux changements démographiques qui modifient le contexte du soin, notamment l'augmentation du nombre de personnes très âgées. Il aborde ensuite les transformations de la structure des ménages, soulignant le déclin de la cohabitation entre enfants et veufs ou veuves âgés. Il s'avère que les personnes âgées, malgré leur propension croissante à vivre seules, entretiennent de nombreux contacts avec les membres de leur famille. Les réseaux de soutien mis en lumière par la sociologie et l'anthropologie sociale sont analysés, puis certains résultats de recherche sur le soin informel sont mis en rapport avec le débat plus large sur les nouvelles valeurs et attentes des personnes âgées et des familles à l'égard de l'organisation et de la responsabilité des soins. Pourtant la prise en charge, fardeau toujours inégalement réparti, reste le lot des membres féminins des familles. Ce déséquilibre a été aggravé durant les années 1980 et 1990 par le développement d'un système d'économie mixte qui étend ses ramifications jusque dans le domaine du soin. En conclusion, l'auteur propose des thèmes à approfondir à l'occasion de futures recherches.
Le soutien des familles canadiennes à leurs membres vieillissants : changements de contexte
Authors: Rosenthal Carolyn J.
Published: July 2012

Le contexte dans lequel les familles canadiennes assument la prise en charge de leurs membres vieillissants a évolué. Aujourd'hui, en conséquence des transformations familiales des vingt à trente dernières années, beaucoup de gens d'âge mûr ont encore au moins un de leurs parents; les personnes et les couples âgés préfèrent continuer de vivre dans leur logement; le divorce et la monoparentalité se répandent, les femmes sont nombreuses sur le marché du travail; aussi parle-t-on couramment, pour décrire la situation des adultes responsables à la fois de leurs enfants et de leurs parents âgés, du phénomène de la génération « sandwich ». L'auteur analyse l'impact de ces changements sur le soutien familial. Elle aborde ensuite l'évolution du cadre politique de la prise en charge, en particulier celle des programmes de soins de santé et de soins de longue durée. Les principaux éléments mis en évidence sont la mise en veilleuse des soins institutionnels et le virage communautaire, la volonté de plus en plus affirmée des gouvernements de confier, pour des raisons idéologiques, la charge des soins aux familles, et les réductions budgétaires qui permettent difficilement de maintenir l'offre de services à un niveau adéquat. Alors que les familles ont de moins en moins la capacité d'assurer des soins exigeants et souvent spécialisés, on compte de plus en plus sur elles pour faire fonctionner le sytème de soins communautaires qui est en train de se mettre en place.
On ne vieillit plus aujourd’hui de la même façon
Authors: Ulysse Pierre-Joseph , Lesemann Frédéric
Published: July 2012

L'institution de l'État providence a été marquée par la création de toute une série de programmes sociaux destinés à améliorer les conditions de vie des personnes âgées. Ces développements majeurs ont consacré l'institutionnalisation du vieillissement en induisant une association formelle entre l'âge de 60 ou 65 ans et l'entrée dans la vieillesse. La situation financière, sanitaire et sociale des personnes âgées a toutefois considérablement évolué au cours des trente dernières années. On ne vieillit plus aujourd'hui de la même façon qu'hier. Il est donc devenu légitime de questionner la viabilité des politiques du vieillissement et leur capacité de répondre adéquatement aux nouveaux besoins des personnes âgées. Cet article synthétise une revue de littérature effectuée sur ce thème et qui a pour principal centre d'intérêt le Canada. Elle inclut aussi d'autres pays.
Community Unionism in Africa: The Case of Mozambique
Authors: Dibben Pauline , Nadin Sara
Published: July 2012

Analysis of findings suggests that community unionism is vibrant within Mozambique. Trade union engagement with the main community organization representing the informal economy appears to be a key element of its revitalization strategy; both parties are benefiting from the relationship, and it appears to be sustainable. However, certain questions arise regarding its longer-term viability. Firstly, ASSOTSI represents those working illegally, while the OTM focuses on workers in formal employment. Secondly, OTM has a close relationship with the government due to its socialist past, yet ASSOTSI has a more tentative relationship with the government. Thirdly, ASSOTSI represents only African workers. Furthermore, senior figures in the OTM now seem to be re-considering the value of sustaining an affiliate model that includes all of the informal economy (including both owners and workers), and instead are contemplating setting up a union to represent informal sector workers.

This article draws on in-depth research to investigate how community unionism has been employed in Mozambique, an emerging economy in Africa. In doing so, it asks whether engagement with community organizations is characterized by a strategic or piecemeal approach, the degree to which there are mutual benefits for the trade union and the community organization, and whether the relationship is sustainable in the longer term.

Against the background of liberalization, privatization and financial crisis, unions face a declining number of core members. In emerging economies such as Mozambique, the formal sector now constitutes around eight percent of the working population, while around seventy-five per cent of the workforce is in the informal sector, with the remainder being unemployed. In many countries, unions have sought to engage these workers through “community unionism.”
The Chinese Medical Doctor Association: A New Industrial Relations Actor in China’s Health Services?
Authors: Cao Xuebing
Published: July 2012

This research marks a new attempt to examine the development of new industrial relations actors in contemporary China. It appears that the CMDA has the potential to convert members’ common pursuit into action, albeit with different strengths and patterns compared with its Western counterparts. However, the process of mobilizing doctors is likely to be challenged by China’s unitary industrial relations system. For Chinese doctors, the question is how to convert constant work-related discontent and conflict into an institutional response, and how much freedom the CMDA can be given. Follow-up observation is needed to assess the impact of the CMDA’s continuous expansion in the industrial relations system in China’s health services.

Findings suggest that currently the CMDA is neither an independent union organization, nor a new industrial relations actor within Chinese health services due to its structural weakness and political limitations. Unlike its Western counterparts, the CMDA does not have high levels of social and economic power to control licenses and access to the medical profession. However, the prospect remains that the CMDA may be more active within the industrial relations system if doctors’ social capital and group identity can be further strengthened.

This paper examines possibilities and difficulties for the Chinese Medical Doctor Association (CMDA) to become a new industrial relations actor in China’s health services. It attempts to provide evidence on whether the CMDA functions in similar ways as its Western counterparts in mobilizing members. Aiming at filling the research gap in Chinese professional organizations’ involvement in the industrial relations process, this paper discusses the CMDA’s potential and the challenges of becoming a union organization. Data were collected through 39 semi-structured interviews with supplementation of documentary evidence from the government, doctors’ professional societies, hospitals and trade unions.
L’effet de l’habilitation sur la performance adaptative des employés
Authors: Charbonnier-Voirin Audrey , Akremi Assâad El
Published: July 2012

Les résultats d’une étude menée auprès de 390 employés, obtenus à l’aide de la méthode des équations structurelles, mettent en lumière une influence positive de l’habilitation du supérieur sur la performance adaptative des subordonnés. Les résultats montrent également que la perception d’un soutien de la direction favorise la réussite de l’habilitation du supérieur, en agissant comme une ressource émotionnelle valorisée par les employés dans leur stratégie d’adaptation.

Si les recherches antérieures ont généralement focalisé leur attention sur les antécédents individuels de la performance adaptative, l’étude de l’influence des pratiques managériales sur ce type de performance est en revanche délaissée. Dans cette perspective, l’objectif de cet article est d’explorer l’effet de l’habilitation du supérieur (managerial empowerment) sur la performance adaptative au travail, processus visant à accroître l’étendue du pouvoir des individus et leurs capacités à contrôler leur travail. Les cas d’échec des pratiques d’habilitation nous conduisent également à étudier les conditions sous lesquelles ces pratiques peuvent faciliter le développement de la performance adaptative.

Face à la complexification des situations de travail, la capacité des employés à apprendre de nouvelles compétences, à interagir avec divers acteurs et à s’adapter à de nouveaux contextes est devenue essentielle pour la compétitivité des entreprises. Ces comportements au travail, regroupés sous le nom de performance adaptative, sont désormais considérés comme un facteur crucial pour permettre aux organisations d’atteindre leurs objectifs dans un environnement marqué par le changement continu, la complexité et l’incertitude. Ce construit est encore peu étudié.
1945 : trois « intrigues » de Georges Sadoul
Authors: Albera François
Published: July 2012

Le grand historien du cinéma Georges Sadoul a longtemps joui d’une réputation qui dispensait d’examiner son entreprise avec un oeil critique. Jacques Deslandes inaugura ce réexamen avec sévérité s’agissant du premier tome de l’Histoire générale du cinéma, puis la « nouvelle histoire du cinéma », issue du Congrès de Brighton de 1978, marqua son commencement par le rejet dans un même ensemble indifférencié des « historiens classiques » — dont Sadoul — que Comolli avait quelques années plus tôt entrepris d’aborder sous l’angle idéologique. La réflexion historiographique ne peut cependant se contenter de tels partages, qui ont fini par araser la singularité de démarches historiennes fort différentes que sont celles de Ramsaye, Pasinetti, Sadoul, Toeplitz, Mitry et bien d’autres. On s’efforcera ici de donner un aperçu de la complexité de l’entreprise sadoulienne par l’examen de trois « objets historiques » traités par l’historien dans l’immédiat après-guerre, trois objets dont la dominante appartient pour chacun à un champ distinct : historique (l’invention), langagier (l’école de Brighton), critique (le réalisme poétique). Cet article entend par là contribuer à définir le travail de Sadoul dans l’ordre de ce que Michel de Certeau a appelé l’« opération historiographique ».
Film Festival/Film History: The Impact of Film Festivals on Cinema Historiography. Il cinema ritrovato and beyond1
Authors: Di Chiara Francesco , Re Valentina
Published: July 2012

The aim of this essay is to offer some coordinates for the analysis of the impact of film festivals on cinema historiography. Although film festivals have had a pivotal role in film studies since the 1940s in determining various aspects of research interests, both on a critical and theoretical level, it is only in recent years that they have gathered academic attention as an autonomous research field. Moreover, even among most studies of film festivals, the relationship between film festivals and cinematic historiography seems to have been overlooked. This essay is conceived, therefore, as a provisional contribution, attempting to delineate the scope of the topic and set some parameters for further research. After defining what we mean by the impact of film festivals on cinema historiography, we try to construct a conceptual framework, capable of examining how the strategies deployed by film festivals—such as their structure, schedules, published materials and round tables, as well as their identification of a target audience—implicitly highlight the potential impact of film festivals on cinema historiography. To exemplify our theoretical statements, we refer to different kinds of film festivals and, more particularly, make a few remarks about a very particular case, Il cinema ritrovato in Bologna.
L’histoire du cinéma n’existe pas
Authors: Aumont Jacques
Published: July 2012

En énonçant que « l’histoire du cinéma n’existe pas », on n’entend ni dénier ni dénigrer l’important travail accompli depuis plusieurs décennies par des historiens. On peut toujours soupçonner l’histoire de n’être pas assez bien faite, mais dans le texte qui suit, c’est sur « cinéma » que portera le soupçon. Ce mot, en effet, désigne un objet hétérogène (et même, plusieurs objets) : de la pratique privée à la pratique spectaculaire, des industries (celle des appareils, celle des films, fort différentes) aux commerces. Dans tous les cas, les difficultés sont de deux ordres : d’une part, le cinéma a toujours été, même lâchement, rattaché à l’art ; or, l’histoire de l’art ne saurait offrir un modèle incontestable, loin de là, car elle est surtout remarquable par ses apories. D’autre part, et plus essentiellement, le cinéma consiste en images, dont la variété est infinie et qui se manifestent comme présence à un sujet humain : ni de cette variété, ni de ces phénomènes subjectifs, il n’est réellement possible de faire l’histoire. L’historien du cinéma doit donc déterminer la pertinence de son travail tout en ayant à l’esprit ces difficultés.
Consolider la dimension civile. Le maillon clé des opérations de paix
Authors: Morin David , Tremblay-Champagne Étienne
Published: July 2012

Au cours des dernières décennies, la dimension civile est devenue un maillon essentiel des opérations de paix. En 2010, l’onu déployait 20 000 civils dans des missions de paix, tandis que l’ue et l’osce faisaient appel à 2 000 et 3 000 civils. Cette dimension se situe aussi au coeur de la Force africaine en attente de l’Union africaine. Cet article dresse un état des lieux préliminaire du renforcement des capacités civiles pour les opérations de paix ; un sujet assez peu étudié par la littérature, sinon à travers le prisme plus global de la consolidation de la paix. À cette fin, il revient sur le concept de « dimension civile » en considérant l’évolution du maintien de la paix, puis analyse son émergence lente et laborieuse. Enfin, il décrit certains des principaux défis opérationnels liés à son développement.
Le soldat de la paix. Une brève comparaison des trajectoires canadienne et américaine
Authors: Rondeau Maxime
Published: July 2012

Cet article aborde la question des attitudes et des perceptions des militaires par rapport aux opérations de paix. En comparant les cas canadien et américain, tout en se basant sur la littérature portant sur les facteurs institutionnels et individuels, cet article propose quelques pistes de réflexion sur la place qu’occupent les opérations de paix et les opérations autres que la guerre dans les activités des organisations militaires.
Survey of industrial optimized adaptive control
Authors: Martín‐Sánchez Juan M. , Lemos João M. , Rodellar José
Published: July 2012

This survey paper aims, to present in a systematic way, the ‘state‐of‐the‐art’ of a class of so called optimized adaptive control methodologies, where adaptive systems theory is complemented by optimal control theory. It is based on literature published since 1958 and emphasizes results with proven industrial relevance. After recalling previous adaptive systems, results that had prepared the ground for the new ideas, the analysis departs from the work on adaptive predictive control in the mid 1970s, which provided the conceptual basis for the development of this kind of technique. Well‐known design methods, both from the stability and optimization perspectives, along with their results, are interpreted in an intuitive way in order to understand how control law and the adaptive mechanism complement each other to produce mature controllers that can reliably solve the industrial process dynamic stabilization problem. Surveys of industrial applications from both design perspectives are presented and industrial products based on optimized adaptive control are cited. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Properties of Monofilament Entangled Materials
Authors: Courtois Loïc , Maire Eric , Perez Michel , Rodney David , Bouaziz Olivier , Brechet Yves
Published: July 2012

Monofilament entangled materials are a new type of materials with promising mechanical properties. They are made of a single wire randomly packed into a finite volume whose dimensions are much larger than the wire length, thus providing many self‐contacts. Their complex internal architecture is investigated using X‐ray tomography. The evolution of the number of contacts per unit volume, as well as of the density profiles, is monitored during a compression test in order to link the microstructural evolution of the sample to its mechanical behavior. This material exhibits very interesting properties in terms of vibration damping.
Tail State‐Assisted Charge Injection and Recombination at the Electron‐Collecting Interface of P3HT:PCBM Bulk‐Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Wang He , Shah Manas , Ganesan Venkat , Chabinyc Michael L. , Loo Yueh‐Lin
Published: July 2012

The systematic insertion of thin films of P3HT and PCBM at the electron‐ and hole‐collecting interfaces, respectively, in bulk‐heterojunction polymer solar cells results in different extents of reduction in device characteristics, with the insertion of P3HT at the electron‐collecting interface being less disruptive to the output currents compared to the insertion of PCBM at the hole‐collecting interface. This asymmetry is attributed to differences in the tail state‐assisted charge injection and recombination at the active layer‐electrode interfaces. P3HT exhibits a higher density of tail states compared to PCBM; holes in these tail states can thus easily recombine with electrons at the electron‐collection interface during device operation. This process is subsequently compensated by the injection of holes from the cathode into these tail states, which collectively enables net current flow through the polymer solar cell. The study presented herein thus provides a plausible explanation for why preferential segregation of P3HT to the cathode interface is inconsequential to device characteristics in P3HT:PCBM bulk‐heterojunction solar cells.
Practical Large‐Scale Synthesis of the Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitor BI 201335
Authors: Busacca Carl A. , Wei Xudong , Haddad Nizar , Kapadia Suresh , Lorenz Jon. C. , Saha Anjan K. , Varsolona Richard J. , Berkenbusch Thilo , Campbell Scot C. , Farina Vittorio , Feng XuWu , Gonnella Nina C. , Grinberg Nelu , Jones Paul‐James , Lee Heewon , Li Zhibin , Niemeier Oliver , Samstag Wendelin , Sarvestani Max , Schroeder Juergen , Smoliga John , Spinelli Earl M. , Vitous Jana , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: July 2012

A concise synthetic route for large‐scale manufacture of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitor BI 201335 has been developed. A convergent synthetic design was achieved by using three advanced intermediates: a densely functionalized thiazole‐quinoline, a hydroxyproline‐containing dipeptide acid, and an optically pure vinylcyclopropane. Only three subsequent synthetic steps were then required for the final assembly of this complex target. The first step is a critical CO bond formation to join the heterocycle and the peptidic portion of the molecule, which was done by using a newly‐designed heterocyclic sulfone. The second step uses an inexpensive peptide coupling of the aminocyclopropane and ester saponification, then recrystallization completes the route. This economical and practical process is suitable for large scale production of BI 201335, requires no protecting groups or chromatography, and every isolated intermediate is a crystalline solid.