bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Flexibility: A New Perspective on the Design of Manufacturing and Service Operations
Authors: Iravani Seyed M. , Van Oyen Mark P. , Sims Katharine T.
Published: February 2005

In this paper, we present a new perspective on flexibility in manufacturing and service operations by exploring a type of operational flexibility that we term “structural flexibility (SF).” We focus on strategic-level issues of how flexibility can be created by using multipurpose resources such as cross-trained labor, flexible machines, or flexible factories. The proposed structural flexibility method uses the structure of the capability pattern to generate indices that quantify the ability of a system to respond to variability in its environment. Simulations of serial and parallel queueing networks provide evidence that this index is useful in predicting the performance rank of alternative designs for implementing multifunctionality in the face of variability. The proposed methodology supports managerial insight into structural design of manufacturing and service systems at the strategic level.
Identification in Face-to-Face, Hybrid, and Pure Virtual Teams: Untangling the Contradictions
Authors: Fiol C. Marlene , O'Connor Edward J.
Published: February 2005

Identification is a person's sense of belonging with a social category. Identification in virtual organizational teams is thought to be especially desirable because it provides the glue that can promote group cohesion despite the relative lack of face-to-face interaction. Though research on virtual teams is exploding, it has not systematically identified the antecedents or moderators of the process by which identification develops, leaving a number of gaps and apparent contradictions. The purpose of this paper is to begin to untangle the contradictions and address some of the gaps by tracing the mechanisms and moderating processes through which identification develops in hybrid and pure virtual settings, and the ways that these processes differ from face-to-face settings.
The Negotiation Dance: Time, Culture, and Behavioral Sequences in Negotiation
Authors: Adair Wendi L. , Brett Jeanne M.
Published: February 2005

We propose a normative model of transactional negotiation in which cooperative and competitive behaviors wax and wane across four stages: relational positioning, identifying the problem, generating solutions, and reaching agreement. Based on a classic proposition of communicative flexibility in high-context cultures, we propose culture-specific dyadic movements within and across these stages. Our sample included 102 high-context dyads from Russia, Japan, Hong Kong, and Thailand; 89 low-context dyads from Germany, Israel, Sweden, and the United States; and 45 United States–Hong Kong and United States–Japan mixed-context dyads. Dyads negotiated a complex, 90-minute transaction with integrative potential. We audiotaped, transcribed, and coded their negotiations for sequences of information and influence behaviors. The unit of analysis was the action-response sequence. Results confirmed that the pattern of sequences varied across the four stages and the frequency of particular sequences varied with culture. We suggest that negotiators can use this model to manage the evolution and strategic focus of their negotiation, especially during the first two stages, when the use of influence-information sequences and reciprocal-information sequences generate the groundwork for joint gains.
Enacting Integrated Information Technology: A Human Agency Perspective
Authors: Boudreau Marie-Claude , Robey Daniel
Published: February 2005

Recent perspectives on organizational change have emphasized human agency, more than technology or structure, to explain empirical outcomes resulting from the use of information technologies in organizations. Yet, newer technologies such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems continue to be associated with the agenda of organizational transformation, largely because they are assumed to constrain human action. We report an interpretive case study of an ERP system after its implementation in a large government agency. Despite the transformation agenda accompanying the new system, users initially chose to avoid using it as much as possible (inertia) and later to work around system constraints in unintended ways (reinvention). We explain the change in enactments with the concept of improvised learning, which was motivated by social influence from project leaders, “power users,” and peers. Our results are consistent with arguments regarding the enactment of information technology in organizations and with temporal views of human agency. We conclude that an integrated technology like ERP, which potentially represents a “hard” constraint on human agency, can be resisted and reinvented in use.
Notes on the Evolution of a Research Community: Organization Studies in Anglophone North America, 1945–2000
Authors: Augier Mie , March James G. , Sullivan Bilian Ni
Published: February 2005

Since the Second World War, the field of organizations studies has grown substantially in the number of researchers, number of publications, and amount of research produced. It has moved from being a combination of established disciplines to becoming a quasi-discipline of its own, with its own journals and professional associations. It has established a standardized set of ancestors, a stylized history. It has solidified an academic home in business schools. This history has implications for understanding both the future of organizations research and the social dynamics of the development of scholarly communities.
Should I Keep a Secret? The Effects of Trade Secret Protection Procedures on Employees' Obligations to Protect Trade Secrets
Authors: Hannah David R.
Published: February 2005

Organizations' trade secrets (which can be chemical formulae, recipes, customer files, machinery designs, or many other types of information) are often valuable, enduring sources of competitive advantage. In this study, the influence of organizations' formal efforts to protect trade secrets on employees' beliefs about their obligations to protect those secrets was investigated. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered by means of survey interviews with 111 employees of two high-tech organizations. Employees' obligations were influenced by their levels of familiarity with, and their perceptions of the enforcement of, two types of trade secret protection procedures (TSPPs): trade secret access restriction procedures (ARs) and trade secret handling procedures (HPs). Employees' levels of familiarity with ARs were negatively related to their felt obligations to protect trade secrets, but the opposite was true for HPs: Employees' levels of familiarity with HPs were positively related to the obligations they felt to protect trade secrets. For both types of TSPPs, the relationship between familiarity and felt obligations was moderated by employees' perceptions of the degree to which the TSPPs were enforced.
The compatibility of ceramic bone graft substitutes as allograft extenders for use in impaction grafting of the femur
Authors: Blom A. W. , Cunningham J. L. , Hughes G. , Lawes T. J. , Smith N. , Blunn G. , Learmonth I. D. , Goodship A. E.
Published: February 2005

This study investigates the use of porous biphasic ceramics as graft extenders in impaction grafting of the femur during revision hip surgery.

Impaction grafting of the femur was performed in four groups of sheep. Group one received pure allograft, group two 50% allograft and 50% BoneSave, group three 50% allograft and 50% BoneSave type 2 and group four 10% allograft and 90% BoneSave as the graft material. Function was assessed using an index of pre- and post-operative peak vertical ground reaction force ratios. Changes in bone mineral density were measured by dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning. Loosening and subsidence were assessed radiographically and by histological examination of the explanted specimens.

There was no statistically significant difference between the four groups after 18 months of unrestricted functional loading for all outcome measures.
Primary stability of various forms of osteosynthesis in the treatment of fractures of the proximal tibia
Authors: Mueller C. A. , Eingartner C. , Schreitmueller E. , Rupp S. , Goldhahn J. , Schuler F. , Weise K. , Pfister U. , Suedkamp N. P.
Published: February 2005

The treatment of fractures of the proximal tibia is complex and makes great demands on the implants used. Our study aimed to identify what levels of primary stability could be achieved with various forms of osteosynthesis in the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the proximal tibia. Pairs of human tibiae were investigated. An unstable fracture was simulated by creating a defect at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction. Six implants were tested in a uniaxial testing device (Instron) using the quasi-static and displacement-controlled modes and the force-displacement curve was recorded. The movements of each fragment and of the implant were recorded video-optically (MacReflex, Qualysis). Axial deviations were evaluated at 300 N.

The results show that the nailing systems tolerated the highest forces. The lowest axial deviations in varus and valgus were also found for the nailing systems; the highest axial deviations were recorded for the buttress plate and the less invasive stabilising system (LISS). In terms of rotational displacement the LISS was better than the buttress plate.

In summary, it was found that higher loads were better tolerated by centrally placed load carriers than by eccentrically placed ones. In the case of the latter, it appears advantageous to use additive procedures for medial buttressing in the early phase.
Double-crush syndrome after acetabular fractures
Authors: Giannoudis P. V. , Da Costa A. A. , Raman R. , Mohamed A. K. , Smith R. M.
Published: February 2005

Injury to the sciatic nerve is one of the more serious complications of acetabular fracture and traumatic dislocation of the hip, both in the short and long term. We have reviewed prospectively patients, treated in our unit, for acetabular fractures who had concomitant injury to the sciatic nerve, with the aim of predicting the functional outcome after these injuries.

Of 136 patients who underwent stabilisation of acetabular fractures, there were 27 (19.9%) with neurological injury. At initial presentation, 13 patients had a complete foot-drop, ten had weakness of the foot and four had burning pain and altered sensation over the dorsum of the foot. Serial electromyography (EMG) studies were performed and the degree of functional recovery was monitored using the grading system of the Medical Research Council. In nine patients with a foot-drop, there was evidence of a proximal acetabular (sciatic) and a distal knee (neck of fibula) nerve lesion, the double-crush syndrome.

At the final follow-up, clinical examination and EMG studies showed full recovery in five of the ten patients with initial muscle weakness, and complete resolution in all four patients with sensory symptoms (burning pain and hyperaesthesia). There was improvement of functional capacity (motor and sensory) in two patients who presented initially with complete foot-drop. In the remaining 11 with foot-drop at presentation, including all nine with the double-crush lesion, there was no improvement in function at a mean follow-up of 4.3 years.
Pre-coated femoral components in hybrid total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Ito H. , Matsuno T. , Minami A.
Published: February 2005

We present the medium-term results of hybrid total hip arthroplasties using pre-coated stems with a second-generation cementing technique. The 128 hips in 111 patients (18 men and 93 women) were followed up at a mean of 11 years after surgery. The mean age at the time of surgery was 61 years. Both components of one hip were removed at ten months after surgery for infection. None of the other 127 femoral components showed possible, probable, or definite loosening at the most recent follow-up. Five acetabular components were revised for aseptic loosening, recurrent dislocation, or displacement of the polyethylene liner from the metal shell. The mean Harris hip score at follow-up was 84 points. A pre-coated femoral component with a second-generation cementing technique provides good clinical function and survival in the medium term.
Epidural steroid injection for nerve root compression
Authors: Wilson-MacDonald J. , Burt G. , Griffin D. , Glynn C.
Published: February 2005

We have assessed whether an epidural steroid injection is effective in the treatment of symptoms due to compression of a nerve root in the lumbar spine by carrying out a prospective, randomised, controlled trial in which patients received either an epidural steroid injection or an intramuscular injection of local anaesthetic and steroid. We assessed a total of 93 patients according to the Oxford pain chart and the Oswestry disability index and followed up for a minimum of two years. All the patients had been categorised as potential candidates for surgery.

There was a significant reduction in pain early on in those having an epidural steroid injection but no difference in the long term between the two groups. The rate of subsequent operation in the groups was similar.
Total knee arthroplasty in stiff knees after previous infection
Authors: Bae D. K. , Yoon K. H. , Kim H. S. , Song S. J.
Published: February 2005

Between July 1986 and August 1996, we performed 32 total knee arthroplasties (TKA) on 32 patients with partially or completely ankylosed knees secondary to infection. Their mean age at surgery was 40 years (20 to 63) and the mean follow-up was ten years (5 to 13). The mean post-operative range of movement was 75.3° (30 to 115) in those with complete and 98.7° (60 to 130) in those with partial ankylosis. The mean Hospital for Special Surgery knee score increased from 57 to 86 points post-operatively. There were complications in four knees (12.5%), which included superficial infection (one), deep infection (one), supracondylar femoral fracture (one) and transient palsy of the common peroneal nerve (one). Although TKA in the ankylosed knee is technically demanding and has a considerable rate of complications, reasonable restoration of function can be obtained by careful selection of patients, meticulous surgical technique, and aggressive rehabilitation.
Functional outcome after fracture of both bones of the forearm
Authors: Goldfarb C. A. , Ricci W. M. , Tull F. , Ray D. , Borrelli J.
Published: February 2005

Our aim was to correlate the health status with objective and radiological outcomes in patients treated by open reduction and internal fixation for fractures of both bones of the forearm.

We assessed 23 patients (24 fractures) subjectively, objectively and radiologically at a mean of 34 months (11 to 72). Subjective assessment used the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) and musculoskeletal functional attachment (MFA) questionnaires. The range of movement of the forearm and wrist, grip and pinch strength were measured objectively and standardised radiographs were evaluated.

In general, patients reported good overall function based on the DASH (mean 12; range 0 to 42) and MFA (mean 19; range 0 to 51) scores. However, pronation and grip and pinch strength were significantly decreased (p < 0.005). These deficiencies correlated with poorer subjective outcomes.

Operative stabilisation of fractures of the radius and ulna led to a reliably acceptable functional outcome. However, despite these generally satisfactory results, the outcome scores worsened with reduction in the range of movement of the forearm and wrist.
Comparison of total and partial traumatic tears of the subscapularis tendon
Authors: Kreuz P. C. , Remiger A. , Lahm A. , Herget G. , Gächter A.
Published: February 2005

We treated surgically 16 shoulders with an isolated traumatic rupture of the subscapularis tendon over a six-year period. Nine patients had a total and seven a partial tear of the subscapularis tendon. Repair was undertaken through a small deltopectoral groove approach. The mean Constant score improved in total tears from 38.7 to 89.3 points (p = 0.003) and in partial tears from 50.7 to 87.9 points (p = 0.008). The total tears were significantly more improved by surgery than the partial tears (p = 0.001). The delay between trauma and surgery was inversely proportional to the improvement in the Constant score suggesting that early diagnosis and surgical repair improves outcome.
Early results of primary Birmingham hip resurfacings
Authors: Back D. L. , Dalziel R. , Young D. , Shimmin A.
Published: February 2005

We describe the experience with the first consecutive 230 Birmingham hip resurfacings at our centre. At a mean follow-up of three years (25 to 52 months) survivorship was 99.14% with revision in one patient for a loose acetabular component and one death from unrelated causes. One patient developed a fracture of the femoral neck at six weeks which united unremarkably after a period of non-weight-bearing. The Harris hip score improved from a mean of 62.54 (8 to 92) to 97.74 (61 to 100). The mean flexion improved from 91.52° (25 to 140) to 110.41° (80 to 145).

Most patients (97%) considered the outcome to be good or excellent. Our preliminary experience with this implant is encouraging and the results are superior to the earlier generation of resurfacings for the same length of follow-up.
Anterior decompression and fusion for multiple thoracic disc herniation
Authors: Ohnishi K. , Miyamoto K. , Kanamori Y. , Kodama H. , Hosoe H. , Shimizu K.
Published: February 2005

Multiple thoracic disc herniations are rare and there are few reports in the literature. Between December 1998 and July 2002, we operated on 12 patients with multiple thoracic disc herniations. All underwent an anterior decompression and fusion through a transthoracic approach. The clinical outcomes were assessed using the Frankel neurological classification and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score. Under the Frankel classification, two patients improved by two grades (C to E), one patient improved by one grade (C to D), while nine patients who had been classified as grade D did not change. The JOA scores improved significantly after surgery with a mean recovery rate of 44.8% ± 24.5%. Overall, clinical outcomes were excellent in two patients, good in two, fair in six and unchanged in two. Our results indicate that anterior decompression and fusion for multiple thoracic disc herniations through a transthoracic approach can provide satisfactory results.
The blood supply of the common peroneal nerve in the popliteal fossa
Authors: Kadiyala R. K. , Ramirez A. , Taylor A.E. , Saltzman C. L. , Cassell M. D.
Published: February 2005

We investigated the blood supply of the common peroneal nerve. Dissection of 19 lower limbs, including six with intra-vascular injection of latex, allowed gross and microscopic measurements to be made of the blood supply of the common peroneal nerve in the popliteal fossa. This showed that a long segment of the nerve in the vicinity of the fibular neck contained only a few intraneural vessels of fine calibre. By contrast, the tibial nerve received an abundant supply from a constant series of vessels arising directly from the popliteal and posterior tibial arteries.

The susceptibility of the common peroneal nerve to injury from a variety of causes and its lack of response to operative treatment may be explained by the tenuous nature of its intrinsic blood supply.
Internal fixation for displaced fractures of the femoral neck
Authors: Heetveld M. J. , Raaymakers E. L. F. B. , van Eck-Smit B. L. , van Walsum A. D. P. , Luitse J. S. K.
Published: February 2005

The results of meta-analysis show a revision rate of 33% for internal fixation of displaced fractures of the femoral neck, mostly because of nonunion. Osteopenia and osteoporosis are highly prevalent in elderly patients. Bone density has been shown to correlate with the intrinsic stability of the fixation of the fracture in cadaver and retrospective studies. We aimed to confirm or refute this finding in a clinical setting.

We performed a prospective, multicentre study of 111 active patients over 60 years of age with a displaced fracture of the femoral neck which was eligible for internal fixation. The bone density of the femoral neck was measured pre-operatively by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The patients were divided into two groups namely, those with osteopenia (66%, mean T-score −1.6) and those with osteoporosis (34%, mean T-score −3.0). Age (p = 0.47), gender (p = 0.67), delay to surgery (p = 0.07), the angle of the fracture (p = 0.33) and the type of implant (p = 0.48) were similar in both groups.

Revision to arthroplasty was performed in 41% of osteopenic and 42% of osteoporotic patients (p = 0.87). Morbidity (p = 0.60) and mortality were similar in both groups (p = 0.65). Our findings show that the clinical outcome of internal fixation for displaced fractures of the femoral neck does not depend on bone density and that pre-operative DEXA is not useful.
Rang retractors for sciatic notch exposure during pelvic osteotomy
Authors: Thomas S. , Theologis T. , Wainwright A. M.
Published: February 2005

We present simple but effective retractors used in pairs to expose the sciatic notch during Salter innominate osteotomy. We have found them to be useful for a wide range of procedures requiring similar exposure. We present them here in tribute to the memory of the designer Mercer Rang.
Sciatic neurostenalgia: caused by total hip arthroplasty, cured by late neurolysis
Authors: Montgomery A. S. , Birch R. , Malone A.
Published: February 2005

We describe a patient with a painful sciatic neuropathy after total hip arthroplasty. Treatment was confined to neuroleptic and analgesic agents until neurolysis at seven years abolished pain and restored function.
Treatment of pathological fracture of the femur due to diffuse haemangioma in the lower limb
Authors: Eimori K. , Ogose A. , Hotta T. , Kawashima H. , Omori G. , Endo N.
Published: February 2005

We describe two patients with a diffuse haemangioma of the lower limb complicated by pathological fracture of the femoral shaft, one of whom was treated by a bone graft and immobilisation in a cast, and the other by external fixation and injection of bone marrow. A review of the literature identified difficulty in control of bleeding and obtaining bony union.
Serious Psychiatric Symptoms after Chloroquine Treatment following Experimental Malaria Infection
Authors: Telgt Denise S , van der Ven Andre J , Schimmer Barbara , Droogleever-Fortuyn Han A , Sauerwein Robert W
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To report serious psychiatric symptoms after standard chloroquine treatment following human malaria infection induced for research.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 34-year-old healthy woman volunteered to participate in a study of malaria treatment. She was infected on day 0 with a chloroquine-susceptible strain of Plasmodium falciparum and was treated with a standard 3-day course of chloroquine from day 9 onward, following a positive blood smear (parasitemia 0.001%). On day 10, the blood smear became negative. On day 11, she developed a psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, most probably caused by chloroquine use, with symptoms of depersonalization and anxiety. The diagnosis of delirium was considered but ruled out because of clear consciousness with lack of diurnal fluctuations. She refused to take antipsychotic medication. Three weeks later, the woman still encountered serious concentration problems. All complaints gradually subsided over the next 4 months, after which she felt completely recovered. Plasma chloroquine concentrations were within the therapeutic range.

DISCUSSION:

Chloroquine may achieve high concentrations in the brain and has a long half-life. As quinolines, the antimalarials may have the same pathologic activity as the fluoroquinolone antibiotics in acting as N-methyl-D-aspartate agonists and γ-aminobutyric acid antagonists. Application of the Naranjo probability scale indicated that, in this patient, chloroquine was the probable cause of the serious psychiatric symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our unique observation demonstrates that serious psychiatric symptoms can emerge as a rare occurrence during standard chloroquine therapy. This adverse effect may persist for several months.
Seasonal Distribution of Yearling Masu Salmon Released from the Sea of Japan Side of Southwestern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Ando Daisei , Miyamoto Mahito , Kasugai Kiyoshi , Miyakoshi Yasuyuki , Nagata Mitsuhiro
Published: February 2005

We investigated the seasonal distribution and migration patterns of hatchery-reared masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou in the area surrounding Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. From 1993 to 1999, we tagged and released 313,000 yearling masu salmon smolts into the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan adjacent to southwestern Hokkaido. From May of the release year through July of the following year, a total of 1,693 fish were recaptured in the coastal waters of northern Japan. Just after their release, masu salmon juveniles had two migration routes; one group moved northward along the western side of Hokkaido in the Sea of Japan, while the second group passed through the Tsugaru Strait and then moved eastward into the Pacific Ocean. It was estimated that both groups reached the Sea of Okhotsk at 30–40 d postrelease. The summer distribution of tagged fish was unknown because none were recaptured. Young fish appeared in the Sea of Okhotsk again in autumn and then migrated southward, retracing the above two routes. They reached the Tsugaru Strait and Pacific coastal waters ranging from the northeastern Shimokita Peninsula in Honshu to the Iburi district of Hokkaido. Tagged masu salmon juveniles were recaptured in these areas until the following March, which indicates that these sites were the most important overwintering areas. Adult fish rapidly returned to the area of release from April to June. Our results suggest that hatchery masu salmon migrated in the coastal waters of northern Japan within a relatively short period.
Lack of Evidence of Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus in a Prospective Cohort Study of Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Alary Michel , Joly Jean R. , Vincelette Jean , Lavoie René , Turmel Bruno , Remis Robert S.
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We studied the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the ongoing Omega Cohort Study of men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods. From January to September 2001, consenting men (n = 1085) attending a follow-up visit to the ongoing Omega Cohort Study were tested for HCV. If the test results were positive for HCV, we compared them with test results from previous serum samples collected from the time of entry into the original cohort study to determine the time of infection.

Results. HCV prevalence at entry was 2.9% and was strongly associated with injection drug use (32.9% vs 0.3%, P<.0001). Only 1 seroconversion was identified in 2653 person-years of follow-up (incidence rate = 0.038 per 100 person-years). The seroconverter was an active injection drug user who reported needle sharing.

Conclusions. Sexual transmission of HCV among MSM appears to be rare.
Health Care Policy Issues as a Result of the Genetic Revolution: Implications for Public Health
Authors: Ojha Rohit P. , Thertulien Raymond
Published: February 2005

The genetic revolution has spawned 4 distinct issues of universal importance to health care policy and society: genetic privacy, regulation and standardization of genetic tests, gene patenting, and education.

Adequate policy advancements for these 4 areas are lacking. Stringent controls must be placed on individual health records to prevent their misuse. Genetic testing within the clinical setting should undergo thorough evaluation before it is implemented. Regulations are needed to prevent the monopolization of DNA sequences.

Society and health care professionals must be educated about the scope of genetic testing because current trends indicate that genetic and molecular assessments are destined to become a routine component of health care.
Moderate Alcohol Use and Depression in Young Adults: Findings From a National Longitudinal Study
Authors: Paschall Mallie J. , Freisthler Bridget , Lipton Robert I.
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We examined the association between moderate alcohol use and depressive mood among young adults before and after adjustment for demographic, health, and socioeconomic factors that may act as confounders.

Methods. We analyzed 2 waves of interview data collected from 13892 young adults who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to compare frequency of depressive symptoms in moderate drinkers with frequency of symptoms in young adults in other alcohol use categories.

Results. With adjustment for health and socioeconomic factors, frequency of depressive symptoms were similar among moderate drinkers, lifetime and long-term abstainers, and heavy/heavier moderate drinkers but remained significantly higher among heavy drinkers.

Conclusions. Moderate alcohol use may have no effect on depression in young adults relative to abstinence from alcohol use.
Natural Mentoring Relationships and Adolescent Health: Evidence From a National Study
Authors: DuBois David L. , Silverthorn Naida
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We used nationally representative data to examine the impact of natural (or informal) mentoring relationships on health-related outcomes among older adolescents and young adults.

Methods. We examined outcomes from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health as a function of whether or not respondents reported a mentoring relationship. Logistic regression was used with control for demographic variables, previous level of functioning, and individual and environmental risk.

Results. Respondents who reported a mentoring relationship were more likely to exhibit favorable outcomes relating to education/work (completing high school, college attendance, working ≥ 10 hours a week), reduced problem behavior (gang membership, hurting others in physical fights, risk taking), psychological well-being (heightened self-esteem, life satisfaction), and health (physical activity level, birth control use). However, effects of exposure to individual and environmental risk factors generally were larger in magnitude than protective effects associated with mentoring.

Conclusions. These findings suggest a broad and multifaceted impact of mentoring relationships on adolescent health. However, mentoring relationships alone are not enough to meet the needs of at-risk youths and therefore should be incorporated into more comprehensive interventions.
The Influence of Breast Self-Examination on Subsequent Mammography Participation
Authors: Jelinski Susan E. , Maxwell Colleen J. , Onysko Jay , Bancej Christina M.
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We evaluated whether breast self-examination (BSE) influences subsequent mammography participation.

Methods. We evaluated associations between BSE and subsequent mammography participation, adjusting for baseline screening behaviors and sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle characteristics, among women aged 40 years and older using data from the longitudinal Canadian National Population Health Survey.

Results. Regular performance of BSE at baseline was not associated with receipt of a recent mammogram at follow-up among all women (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.75, 1.35) or with mammography uptake among the subgroup of women reporting never use at baseline (adjusted OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.50, 1.22).

Conclusions. The lack of association between performance of BSE and subsequent mammography participation suggests that not recommending BSE is unlikely to influence mammography participation.
Biological Basis of Determinants of Health
Authors: Bortz Walter M.
Published: February 2005

Clinical medicine and health policy planning find common cause as they seek to define the determinants of health. There is substantial recent interest in the social ecology in which health is embedded. However, biology is where these contributing environmental factors are translated.

I provide a new conceptual framework for the biological determinants of health. The old public health rubric of host, agent, and environment as the features that define the root elements of health is an impoverished scheme, because it does not represent our new appreciation of genetic and aging contributions to phenotypic health. I propose genes, external agency, internal agency, and aging as more operationally helpful determinants that effectively describe the biological experience of the organism.

This scheme has the advantage of differentiating those agencies that are practically approachable, and therefore deserving of increased attention and investment, and those that are currently intractable.
In Their Own Words: Lessons Learned From Those Exposed to Anthrax
Authors: Blanchard Janice C. , Haywood Yolanda , Stein Bradley D. , Tanielian Terri L. , Stoto Michael , Lurie Nicole
Published: February 2005

Objectives. We evaluated perceptions of workers at the US Postal Service Brentwood Processing and Distribution Center and US Senate employees regarding public health responses to the anthrax mailings of October 2001. We generated recommendations for improving responses to bioterrorism on the basis of the perceptions we recorded.

Methods. Transcripts from focus groups conducted with Brentwood and US Senate employees were examined, and qualitative analysis identified common domains.

Results. Brentwood focus groups consisted of 36 participants (97% African American and 19% hearing impaired). US Senate focus groups consisted of 7 participants (71% White and 0% hearing impaired). The focus groups revealed that participants’ trust in public health agencies had eroded and that this erosion could threaten the effectiveness of communication during future public health emergencies. Among Brentwood participants, lack of trust involved the perception that unfair treatment on the basis of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status had occurred; among US Senate participants, it derived from perceptions of inconsistent and disorganized messages.

Conclusions. Effective communication during a public health emergency depends on the provision of clear messages and close involvement of the affected community. Diverse populations may require individualized approaches to ensure that messages are delivered appropriately. Special attention should be given to those who face barriers to traditional modes of communication.
Implementation of a Smoke-Free Policy on School Premises and Tobacco Control as a Priority Among Municipal Health Promotion Activities: Nationwide Survey in Japan
Authors: Kayaba Kazunori , Wakabayashi Chihiro , Kunisawa Naoko , Shinmura Hiromi , Yanagawa Hiroshi
Published: February 2005

We conducted a nationwide survey to evaluate the effect of implementing a smoke-free policy in municipalities that forbid teachers to smoke on school premises. Questionnaires were mailed to 3207 municipalities throughout Japan. After we adjusted for population size and the standardized mortality ratio for male lung cancer, we found that assigning a high priority to tobacco control in municipal health promotion activities was significantly associated with implementation of school tobacco-control policies (odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval=1.24, 1.81).
Effectiveness of School Programs in Preventing Childhood Obesity: A Multilevel Comparison
Authors: Veugelers Paul J. , Fitzgerald Angela L.
Published: February 2005

Objectives. In light of the alarming increase in childhood obesity and lack of evidence for the effectiveness of school programs, we studied the effects of school programs in regard to preventing excess body weight.

Methods. In 2003, we surveyed 5200 grade 5 students along with their parents and school principals. We measured height and weight, assessed dietary intake, and collected information on physical and sedentary activities. We compared excess body weight, diet, and physical activity across schools with and without nutrition programs using multilevel regression methods while adjusting for gender and socioeconomic characteristics of parents and residential neighborhoods.

Results. Students from schools participating in a coordinated program that incorporated recommendations for school-based healthy eating programs exhibited significantly lower rates of overweight and obesity, had healthier diets, and reported more physical activities than students from schools without nutrition programs.

Conclusions. Our finding that school programs are effective in preventing childhood obesity supports the need for broader implementation of successful programs, which will reduce childhood obesity and, in the longer term, comorbid conditions and health care spending.
Exemptions to School Immunization Requirements: The Role of School-Level Requirements, Policies, and Procedures
Authors: Salmon Daniel A. , Omer Saad B. , Moulton Lawrence H. , Stokley Shannon , deHart M. Patricia , Lett Susan , Norman Bryan , Teret Stephen , Halsey Neal A.
Published: February 2005

Objectives. Our goal was to determine whether school-level variability in implementation of immunization requirements is associated with the likelihood of a child having received an exemption to school immunization requirements.

Methods. We surveyed 1000 school immunization personnel in Colorado, Massachusetts, Missouri, and Washington. We explored associations between school implementation of immunization requirements and the likelihood of a child having an exemption using logistic regression models.

Results. School policies associated with an increased likelihood of children having exemptions included lack of provision of written instructions for completing the school immunization requirement before enrollment, administrative procedures making it easier to claim an exemption, and granting of philosophical exemptions. In the 2 states we surveyed where philosophical exemptions are not authorized (Massachusetts and Missouri), 17.0% and 18.1% of schools reported permitting philosophical exemptions.

Conclusions. Inconsistencies in the interpretation and implementation of school immunization laws contribute to variability in rates of exemptions. School policies should be reviewed to ensure consistency with the intent of state laws.
Fall-Induced Deaths Among Elderly People
Authors: Kannus Pekka , Parkkari Jari , Niemi Seppo , Palvanen Mika
Published: February 2005

Falls and fall-induced injuries in older people are a major public health problem in modern societies with aging populations. Injury is the fifth leading cause of death in older adults, and most of these fatal injuries are related to falls.

We have assessed the nationwide trends in fall-induced deaths of older people in Finland for more than 3 decades (1971–2002), and the results showed that the number of fall-induced deaths among elderly Finns is clearly increasing, especially among men.
Helper‐Dependent Adenoviral Vectors
Authors: Oka Kazuhiro , Chan Lawrence
Published: February 2005

The helper‐dependent adenovirus (HDAd) is a recently developed adenovirus‐based vector with an improved safety profile and long‐term transgene expression. In this unit, a basic procedure for HDAd production using the Cre‐loxP system is presented. Amplification and large‐scale production of the vector can be done in both adherent and suspension cell culture systems. Included are protocols for Southern blot analysis to monitor vector amplification, slot blot assay to determine the infectious titer of the purified HDAd, and real‐time PCR to detect helper virus contamination in the preparation.
Human Mutation Databases
Authors: Horaitis Ourania , Cotton Richard G.H.
Published: February 2005

The first part of this unit compares general and locus‐specific mutation databases. The second section deals with submitting data. The third part provides guidance for accessing mutation data. The final section offers advice on database construction.
Basics of Digital Microscopy
Authors: Bernas Tytus
Published: February 2005

Digital microscopy combines the equipment of classic light microscopy with a computerized imaging system, i.e., a digital camera. This technique comprises image formation by optics, image registration by a camera, and saving of image data in a computer file. This chapter describes limitations that are particular to each of these processes, including optical resolution, efficiency of image registration, and characteristics of image file formats. Knowledge with regard to these limitations serves, in turn, to help construct a set of guidelines aimed at optimization of digital microscopic imaging.
Time‐Lapse Microscopy Approaches to Track Cell Cycle Progression at the Single‐Cell Level
Authors: Errington Rachel J. , Marquez Nuria , Chappell Sally C. , Wiltshire Marie , Smith Paul J.
Published: February 2005

Time‐lapse microscopy can be described as the repeated collection of a field of view from a microscope at discrete time intervals. The duration of the time interval defines the temporal resolution, which in turn characterizes the type of event detected. This unit describes the implementation of time‐lapse microscopy to link initial cell cycle position during acute exposures to anti‐cancer agents with anti‐proliferative consequences for individual cells. The approach incorporates fundamental concepts arising from the ability to capture simple video sequences of cells from which it is possible to extract kinetic descriptors that reflect the interplay of mitosis and cell death in the growth of an unsynchronized tumor population. Utilizing a multi‐well format enables the user to test different drug derivatives, multiple dose ranges, or cell cultures with unique genetic backgrounds. The objective of this unit is to present a generic methodology for capturing time‐lapse sequences and subsequently mining the data for comprehensive event analysis.
A comparative study of the fine structure of the trophoblast in several hemochorial placentas
Authors: Enders Allen C.
Published: February 2005

Portions of the labyrinth or villi of placentas from late pregnancy from nine species in four orders of mammals were examined with the electron microscope. Pronounced patterns of layering of the trophoblast were found in these placentas which were all of the hemochorial type. The laboratory rat, laboratory mouse, hamster, and deer mouse have three layers of trophoblast between the maternal blood space and fetal vessels (hemotrichorial), the rabbit two layers (hemodichorial), the guinea pig and chipmunk one layer (labyrinthine hemomonochorial), and the human and armadillo one layer (villous hemomonochorial).

The outer layer of trophoblast of the hemotrichorial placentas (the layer next to the maternal blood) is cellular, but the next two layers are apparently syncytial and are closely apposed to one another. The outer layer of the rabbit placenta is syncytial, while the inner layer contains some pockets of cells. In all of the hemomonochorial placentas examined, the continuous layer of trophoblast was syncytial. It was found that the surface layer of trophoblast of all the placentas studied is rich in granular endoplasmic reticulum, whereas in subsequent layers this element is less abundant. All of the placentas show both surface and basal modifications of trophoblast, but caveolae (pinocytotic vesicles) were found to be most commonly located in crypts, pockets, or other regions somewhat removed from the surface. It is suggested that an area of relative stasis of maternal plasma may be important for absorption of some substances by the placenta.
Osmium impregnation of the Golgi apparatus
Authors: Friend Daniel S. , Murray Michael J.
Published: February 2005

The Golgi complex consists of a heterogeneous assemblage of small vesicles, larger vacuoles and characteristic packets of flattened cisternae morphologically distinct from other membranous organelles of the cytoplasm. It is polarized with respect to its position in the cell and also shows recognizable polarity in the arrangement of structural components within the complex. This polarity holds for cells in which the Golgi complex seems to have quite different functions, such as in the epithelial cells of mouse epididymis and of Brunner's gland, and plasma cells in the lamina propria of the intestine examined in this study. The present investigation employs a classical method for impregnation of the Golgi apparatus with the objective of more accurately localizing with the electron microscope the sites of osmium reduction within this heterogeneous organelle and of comparing the distribution of these sites with morphological indications of polarization within the Golgi lamellar systems. The osmium impregnation procedure generally used in this study consisted of fixing the tissues in 1.3% osmium tetroxide buffered with s‐collidine followed by osmication in 2% aqueous osmium tetroxide for 40 hours at 40°C. After osmication the three cell types studied consistently exhibited a selective localization of osmium in the cisternae and vesicles on one side of the Golgi complex. The observations that only the outer vesicles and cisternae contain osmium while other cytologically similar elements under the same conditions do not, emphasizes the heterogeneous, bipolar nature of the Golgi apparatus. The substances responsible for osmium reduction are quite dependent on the local environment provided are apparently formed during the prolonged phase of the exposure of the tissue to osmium and are most likely localized at the inner face of the membrane of the outer cisternae and vesicles.
On the cytology and cytochemistry of the opossum's bronchial glands
Authors: Sorokin Sergei Pitirimovitch
Published: February 2005

The numerous compound acinar, mixed, bronchial glands of the opossum's lungs collectively provide a large surface for secretion. The secretory materials are made by two types of cells located in the acini and smaller ducts. Mucus is produced by mucous cells that are similar to those found elsewhere. A fluid of unknown composition appears to be secreted by hydrotic cells. The acini are encircled by myoepithelium and the larger ducts are lined by morphologically unspecialized cells. The hydrotic cell, a type of “special serous cell,” is cytologically the most interesting of the elements present. It is not appreciably basophilic and lacks secretion granules, but it is rich in glycogen and contains many mitochondria with high succinoxidase activity. The basal surface is divided into irregular compartments by grooves, some of which are occupied by processes from stellate myoepithelial cells. The apical surface is villous and extends far down the sides of the cell as intercellular canaliculi. This surface has adenosine triphosphatase activity and is contacted by the agranular reticulum and numerous small vesicles in the subjacent cytoplasm. The bronchial glands are classified in the discussion, and special features of the hydrotic cells are compared with those possessed by other types of cells that engage in ion‐segregation or ion‐secretion. The glands are thought to assist in temperature regulation.