bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selecting Information on Job Content or Job Context: The Moderating Effect of One's Own Epistemic Authority
Authors: Ellis Shmuel
Published: August 2006

The study investigated the effect of self‐ascribed epistemic authority (SAEA) on proclivity to choose information either about job content or about job context. Subjects expressed their attitudes toward a job offer on the basis of information either about job content alone or about job content and job context. It was found that in the process of evaluating a job offer, people with different levels of SAEA tended to focus on different kinds of information‐job‐content or job‐context characteristics. The higher the SAEA, the greater was the effect of job‐content characteristics on their evaluation of the job offer. By contrast, when the job‐content characteristics were supplemented with attractive job‐context characteristics, the relationship between SAEA and job‐offer evaluation was low and insignificant. Subjects low on SAEA had relatively low preference for using job‐content characteristics as criteria for job‐offer evaluation.
Children's Decisions About Substance Use: An Application and Extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action1
Authors: Morrison Diane M. , Simpson Edith E. , Gillmore Mary Rogers , Wells Elizabeth A. , Hoppe Marilyn J.
Published: August 2006

This research examines the applicability of Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action (TRA) to intentions to use cigarettes and alcohol among 5th‐ and 6th‐grade students. It also addresses the question of unidimensionality of outcome beliefs and referent norms. Results suggest that the TRA model describes children's decision making well, although the ability of income and race to add to prediction, net of the effects of attitude and perceived norm, are contrary to the theory's prediction. In addition, we find support for multidimensional components of both attitude and norm for both behaviors.
Effects of Alprazolam on Complex Human Functioning1
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Satish Usha , Pogash Rosanne , Gingrich Dennis , Landis J. Richard , Lonardi Lisa , Miller Jill , Severs Walter , Roache John D.
Published: August 2006

Benzodiazepines can reduce anxiety, can have favorable effects upon sleep, and may diminish problems that interfere with patients' quality of life. On the other hand, these drugs can generate transient anterograde amnesia and may diminish aspects of task performance. Research on the impact of alprazolam and other “tranquilizing” drugs has generally focused on tasks that remain below the complex efforts of managerial or professional personnel. Alprazolam‐induced reduction of anxiety under challenging conditions might aid complex task performance, yet anterograde amnesia might interfere. In the present research, managers participated in validated complex simulation tasks. In a double‐blind, dual crossover design, placebo, 0.5 mg, or 1.0 mg alprazolam was administered on 2 occasions during the task day. Drug treatment diminished performance on measures that require sequential actions but improved performance on measures less subject to short term memory but more determined by long‐term style of functioning. Thus, depending on task requirements, positive or negative alteration of performance might occur.
Implications of Racial Diversity in the Supervisor‐Subordinate Relationship
Authors: Jeanquart‐Barone Sandy
Published: August 2006

This study addresses the impact of race on the supervisor‐subordinate relationship. The purpose is to examine this relationship with minority subordinates reporting to both majority and minority group members. Using the subordinates needs framework identified by Baird and Kram (1983), 5 areas were addressed: supervisory support, developmental opportunities, procedural justice, acceptance or assimilation, and discrimination. The results indicated that African American subordinates with White supervisors experience less supervisory support, developmental opportunities, procedural justice, assimilation, and more discrimination than African American subordinates with African American supervisors.
Exploring the Role of Normative‐and Performance‐Based Feedback in Motivational Processes1
Authors: Johnson Debra Steele , Turban Daniel B. , Pieper Kalen F. , Ng Yin Mei
Published: August 2006

We investigated the role of multiple forms of feedback and of alternative measures of motivation in feedback‐goal‐performance processes. Results indicated that when performance‐based and normative‐based feedback are both provided, the two forms of feedback have differential effects on personal goals and intrinsic motivation, supporting our predictions. Moreover, measures of self‐efficacy and personal goals worded in relation to performance were more strongly related to performance‐based feedback, while self‐efficacy and personal goals measures worded in relation to normative information were more strongly related to normative‐based feedback, as predicted. These results highlight the importance of investigating more complex feedback environments and examining the role of alternative measures of motivational variables to increase our understanding of motivational processes.
An Examination of the Relative Impact of Assigned Goals and Self‐Efficacy on Personal Goals and Performance Over Time
Authors: Button Scott B. , Mathieu John E. , Aikin Kathryn J.
Published: August 2006

A model of goal‐setting processes was developed that depicted the influence of previous performance, assigned goals, and self‐efficacy on personal goals and performance. Three levels of assigned goals were manipulated in a counterbalanced fashion across two performance trials. Assigned goals were hypothesized to have a greater influence than self‐efficacy on personal goals for the first trial, whereas efficacy was hypothesized to have a stronger influence than assigned goals on Trial 2 goals. Although the hypothesized model fit fairly well overall, the specific results concerning the relative impact of assigned goal and self‐efficacy were not supported. In general, the observed trends indicated the effects were the opposite of what was expected. Potential explanations for these results and recommendations for future research are offered.
Gender Differences in Supervisors’ Use of Performance Feedback1
Authors: Brewer Neil , Socha Lynne , Potter Rob
Published: August 2006

This study examined whether male and female supervisors differed in their delivery of performance feedback to subordinates. Male and female subjects supervised 2 confederate subordinates whose performance was stable and either above or below average. Supervisors regularly checked each subordinate's performance and could deliver one of several feedback messages. A MANOVA was performed on frequency of specific negative, general negative, specific positive, general positive, and neutral feedback messages, followed by step down analyses to isolate which dependent variables contributed uniquely. Male and female supervisors were distinguished by their use of specific negative feedback. Males were more likely to provide such messages to poorly performing subordinates, a result consistent with suggestions that males are characterized by a more directive leadership style.
Effects of Goal Type on Performance, Task Interest, and Affect Over Time1
Authors: Cellar Douglas F. , Degrendel Donna , Sidle Stuart , Lavine Keith
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding regarding the effects of goal‐setting practices on a wide range of dependent variables over time. Goal type (control group, quality goal, quantity goal, and dual goal) was manipulated across 3 time periods. Goal × Time interactions were predicted such that quantity, effort, task interest, and positive affect would initially be low, but by later trials would be higher in the quantity and dual‐goal conditions compared to the quality goal and control groups. Quality was expected to be greatest in the quality goal condition and to be relatively constant over time. Participants (N= 80) were undergraduates at a large midwestern university. Results indicated some support for our hypotheses in that Goal × Time interactions were found for quantity produced, rated effort, task interest, and positive affect.
Absolute and Relative Biases in Estimations of Personal Risk1
Authors: Rothman Alexander J. , Klein William M. , Weinstein Neil D.
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined the accuracy of personal risk estimates, as determined by comparing mean estimates made by college students with population statistics for college‐educated individuals. Study 1 suggested that optimistic biases (the tendency for people to think they are less at risk than the average person) arise more because people overestimating the average person's risk than because they underestimate their own risk. In Study 2, subjects rated their risk after being presented with risk statistics that were 150%, 100%, or 50% of the true values. Subjects' estimates decreased with decreases in the comparison statistics, as if subjects attempted to preserve their “below‐average” status, but they changed less than did the statistics and were actually pessimistic in comparison to the 50% values. Implications for interventions designed to influence risk perceptions are discussed.
The Impact of Procedural Justice on Opinions of Public Policy: Solid Waste Management as an Example1
Authors: Ebreo Angela , Linn Nancy , Vining Joanne
Published: August 2006

This study assessed the applicability of Tyler and Lind's (1992) relational model of authority to the context of local government policies on solid waste management. Tests of the hypothesized relations proposed by Tyler and Lind, accomplished through structural equation modeling, revealed that our data supported the relations between the various constructs of the model. Perceptions of both process control and relational process were found to be positively related to procedural fairness judgments, while procedural fairness judgments were weakly related to evaluations of government entities. Contrary to our expectations, a similar structural equation model test of an extension of the Tyler and Lind model showed that the model constructs were unrelated to respondents' opinions of public policies. The results also indicated that respondents living in communities with different infrastructures and political climates differed slightly in their perceptions of procedural justice and related constructs, but did not differ in their endorsement of the various solid waste management policies.
Effects of Contact on Children's Attitudes Toward Disability: A Longitudinal Study1
Authors: Maras Pam , Brown Rupert
Published: August 2006

A quasi‐experimental study was conducted on temporal effects of intergroup contact on nondisabled (ND) children's attitudes toward disability. Children from a mainstream primary school were involved in an integration program with children from a school for children with severe learning disabilities (SLD).3 Measures were administered 3 times over a period of 3 months to 26 integrating (experimental) and 24 nonintegrating (control) children. Social orientations in the experimental group became significantly more positive over time, while the control group showed little change. The experimental and control children initially categorized on the basis of gender and disability; subsequently the strategies of the experimental children were more idiosyncratic while the control children still used the same two dimensions.
Erroneous Perceptions in Generating Sequences of Random Events1
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Paquet Claude , Dubé Dominique
Published: August 2006

This paper reports the results of 2 studies that examine the perceptions of individuals attempting to generate random sequences. It was hypothesized that erroneous perceptions dominate probability judgment. The first study demonstrated that subjects verbalized significantly more erroneous than accurate perceptions when generating sequences of random binary events. The second study was designed both to replicate these data and to assess the role of motivation on the frequency of misconceptions. Results showed that the total number of erroneous perceptions again outnumbered accurate perceptions but, motivation did not increase the number of misconceptions. A basic error concerned subjects' inability to consider events as being independent of each other. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed in relation to the psychology of gambling.
Gender‐Role Differences in Decision‐Making Orientations and Decision‐Making Skills1
Authors: Radecki Carmen M. , Jaccard James
Published: August 2006

The relationship between gender role identification and decision making orientations was examined. Decision making was analyzed in terms of decision making orientation (behavioral, cognitive, and emotional) and decision making skills (problem definition and formulation, generation of alternative solutions, choice process, solution implementation, and verification). The results revealed a 2‐factor characterization of general decision making in terms of approach‐avoidance tendencies and self‐appraisals of decision skills. A masculinity model was supported for decision making orientation, with masculinity serving as the only significant predictor. In contrast, an androgyny model was supported for decision making skills, with masculinity and femininity serving as significant predictors.
Initiation and Maintenance of Tobacco Smoking: Changing Personality Correlates in Adolescence and Young Adulthood1
Authors: Stein Judith A. , Newcomb Michael D. , Bentler Peter M.
Published: August 2006

Youthful smokers have been described as extroverted and peer‐involved, whereas older smokers are often characterized as depressed and withdrawn. Recognizing this contradiction, we examined cross‐sectional and prospective associations between smoking and personality and social constructs assessed every 4 years in a sample (N= 461) originally recruited in junior high school. At Time 1, smoking was positively related to good social relations, extroversion, friends' cigarette use, and cheerfulness. At Times 2–4, smoking was positively related to depression and friends' cigarette use, negatively correlated with good Social Relations, and unrelated to extroversion. Cigarette use was stable over time, but least stable between Times 1 and 2. Findings suggest the instability of early social smoking with peers; those who persist may smoke for tension reduction and self‐medication.
A Multimethod Examination of the Male Anabolic Steroid User1
Authors: Schwerin Michael J. , Corcoran Kevin J.
Published: August 2006

The current study examines people's perceptions of a male anabolic steroid (AS) user. Differences in perceptions on the Steroid Perception Questionnaire (SPQ; Schwerin & Corcoran, 1992) were measured. Subjects (N= 399) received 1 of 5 slide presentations: an athletically active individual, a drug‐free, an AS‐using, a cocaine‐using, and a cheating bodybuilder. Results show the AS‐using protagonist significantly different (more negatively rated) than his drug‐free counterparts and similar to the cocaine‐using bodybuilder (p < .05). Differences among presentation protagonists on SPQ dimensions and comparisons to the Schwerin and Corcoran (1992) written‐mode findings are examined further.
Exploring the Links Between Racial Identity Attitudes and Psychological Feelings of Closeness in African American College Students
Authors: Brookins Craig C. , Anyabwile Thabiti M. , Nacoste Rupert
Published: August 2006

The relationship between racial identity attitudes and psychological closeness to various African American groups was examined in 171 African American college students at a predominantly White southeastern university. The data were collected using the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Helms & Parham, 1985), and a scale measuring Perceived Psychological Closeness to African Americans. The closeness scale is a 14‐item instrument that was found to represent (in this sample) psychological closeness to 4 African American groups. Internalized racial identity attitudes indicated positive feelings toward various groups of African Americans. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that internalized racial identity attitudes were predictive of psychological closeness to African Americans, although this varied somewhat depending on the subgroup.
Risk Marker Analysis of Husband‐to‐Wife Violence: A Continuum of Aggression1
Authors: Sugarman David B. , Aldarondo Etiony , Boney‐McCoy Sue
Published: August 2006

To evaluate whether a continuity of aggression assumption underlies husband‐to‐wife violence, an analysis of the 1985 National Family Violence Survey was performed to assess to degree to which highly recognized risk markers discriminate among various levels of husband‐to‐wife violence. Parallel analyses were conducted on men's reports of expressions of violence and women's reports of victimization. Individuals of both genders who reported more extreme forms of violence were more likely to report less extreme violence as well. In addition, several risk markers that discriminated individuals involved in husband‐to‐wife violence exhibited linear associations with the level of violence reported. These linear trends appeared consistent regardless of whether husbands' reports of inflicting violence or wives' reports of being victimized were examined. These results support the assumption that husband‐to‐wife violence lies upon a continuum of severity.
Perceived Believability Among Adolescents of Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs1
Authors: Cecil Heather , Evans Richard I. , Stanley Melinda A.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the extent to which adolescents believe the health warning labels on cigarette packs, and the relationship of current smoking status and gender to the believability ratings. Subjects were 691 students in grades 5 through 12. MANOVAs revealed that, smokers, both male and female, reported significantly less belief in the validity of 3 of the health warning labels than nonsmokers. These findings support prior investigations which indicate that adolescent smokers are less likely to accept the specific health risks associated with smoking than nonsmokers. The results, however, also raise the question as to what value such health warning labels have as a deterrent to cigarette smoking.
Crisis and the Emergence of Charismatic Leadership in Groups: An Experimental Investigation1
Authors: Pillai Rajnandini
Published: August 2006

Existing models of transformational change often highlight the charismatic attributes of leaders. Few approaches focus on the social preconditions which allow charismatic leadership processes to unfold. This research explores the notion that crisis is important to the emergence of charismatic leadership. The findings of a laboratory study indicate that crises foster the emergence of charismatic leaders who are then rated as more effective than group leaders who emerge in noncrisis situations. The implications for current conceptualizations of charismatic leadership processes and their role in frame‐breaking organizational changes are discussed.
Understanding Intentions to Exercise Following a Structured Exercise Program: An Attributional Perspective1
Authors: Courneya Kerry S. , McAuley Edward
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the relationships among perceived outcome, causal attributions, affect, expected success, and intentions to exercise following a structured exercise program. Participants were 105 volunteers who had just completed a 12‐week exercise program. Results indicated that perceived outcome over objective outcome (% attendance) was significantly more important for understanding the attribution process. Interesting interactions indicated that (a) individuals who made personally controllable attributions reported higher positive affect following perceived success, but lower positive affect following perceived failure than those who made personally uncontrollable attributions, and (b) individuals who made external attributions following perceived failure reported higher expected success than those who made internal attributions. Finally, both positive affect and expected success showed positive relationships with intention to exercise following the program. It was suggested that attribution theory may be beneficial to understanding continued exercise following structured exercise programs.
Sense of Control Among Hospital Employees: An Assessment of Choice Process, Empowerment, and Buffering Hypotheses1
Authors: Yoon Jeongkoo , Han Nae‐Chang , Seo Young‐Joon
Published: August 2006

This study examines 3 theoretical arguments explaining employees' sense of control: (a) The choice process hypothesis stipulates that employees' sense of control is a consequence of their choice processes and perceived choice size; (b) the empowerment hypothesis proposes that sense of control results from the empowerment role of social and organizational support which endorse and authorize employees' job activities; and (c) the buffering hypothesis indicates that a successful management of job‐related stressors is the key to greater sense of control, and that social support plays a role in buffering the potential negative influences of job‐related stressors. An assessment of the hypotheses over a sample of 1,585 hospital employees in Korea provided overall support for the choice process hypothesis and partial support for both the empowerment and the buffering hypotheses. We discuss some practical and cross‐cultural research implications of the findings.
The Effects on Layoff Survivors of Their Fellow Survivors' Reactions1
Authors: Brocker Joel , Hurley Rubort , Lee Dewitt Rocki , Wiesenfeld Batia , Grover Steven , Stephan John , Reed Thomas , Martin Christopher
Published: August 2006

A multimethod series of studies examined factors that moderate the effects on layoff survivors of their fellow survivors' reactions. Studies 1 and 2 showed that survivors' work performance was more influenced by the reactions of fellow survivors who were relatively attractive. Study 3 revealed that survivors' work performance and turnover intention were more positively related to the reactions of relatively attractive fellow survivors, but only when the survivors had relatively little communication with their fellow survivors about the layoff; among those who communicated a great deal with fellow survivors about the layoff, work performance, and turnover intention were positively related to their fellow survivors' reactions, regardless of the attractiveness of their fellow survivors. The discussion focuses on theoretical and practical implications, limitations of the studies, and areas for further research.
Who Delivers Justice? Source Perceptions of Procedural Fairness1
Authors: Cobb Anthony T. , Vest Mike , Hills Fred
Published: August 2006

Tyler and Bies (1990) argue that how leaders enact and apply formal procedures can affect perceptions of procedural fairness as much as the formal procedures themselves. This study examined directly the extent to which workers see either formal policies and procedures or their supervisors as the source most responsible for the procedural fairness they receive in their performance evaluations. Group differences in these source perceptions between exempt and nonexempt workers were also explored. Results indicate that workers attribute the responsibility for procedural fairness jointly and independently to both their organization's formal policies and procedures and to their supervisors. Results at the group level of analysis indicate that nonexempt workers perceive formal policies and procedures to be more responsible for procedural fairness than do exempt workers. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Persuasive Appeals and the Reduction of Skin Cancer Risk: The Roles of Appearance Concern, Perceived Benefits of a Tan, and Efficacy Information
Authors: Prentice‐Dunn Steven , Jones Jody L. , Floyd Donna L.
Published: August 2006

This experiment compared the effectiveness of appearance‐based messages focusing on the benefits of tanning and the efficacy of preventive measures on students' intentions to protect themselves against sun‐induced skin damage. Subjects who were high or low on a dispositional measure of appearance concern responded to 1 of 4 essays providing either high or low benefits information, and high or low efficacy information. Overall, subjects low in appearance concern expressed greater intentions to take precautionary measures than did those high in appearance concern. Additionally, the low benefits of tanning message produced greater intentions to take precautions than did the high benefits message. The benefits results suggest 1 mechanism through which sun protection behaviors may be encouraged.
Personal and Organizational Responses to Work‐Nonwork Interface as Related to Organizational Commitment
Authors: Cohen Aaron
Published: August 2006

This research examined how the response of employees and organizations to the mutual influences between work and other domains was related to 2 forms of organizational commitment (OC): commitment to the local unit and commitment to the head office. All 720 employees of a school district in Western Canada were surveyed by mail questionnaires. Three hundred usable questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 42%. The findings showed that nonwork domain variables affected OC. Positive nonwork‐to‐work spillover and organizational responses to nonwork, namely separation and respect, were related to commitment to the head office and individual coping strategies were related to commitment to the local unit. The paper concludes with conceptual implications regarding research on OC.
Before and After the German Reunification: Changes in Observers' Commentaries on Achievements in a Natural Experiment1
Authors: Moeller Jens , Strauss Bernd
Published: August 2006

East Germany (EG) and West Germany (WG) had been divided by the inner‐German frontier for more than 4 decades. In 1989, the frontier fell, and in 1990, East and West Germany were reunified. To study differences in attributional patterns as a consequence of this political change, the attributions of WG TV‐sport commentators during the 1988 and 1992 Olympic Games were analyzed for their frequency and antecedents. Results show an increase in internal and stable attributions after success in contrast to failure attributions; the former to a greater extent in 1992. In 1988 and in 1992, the positive achievements of EG athletes were attributed more often to internal causes than were the positive achievements of WG athletes. In 1992, attributions for EG athletes were more likely to be stable than in 1988.
Intended Sex With Fewer Partners: An Empirical Test of the AIDS Risk Reduction Model Among Injection Drug Users1
Authors: Longshore Douglas , Anglin M. Douglas , Hsieh Shih‐Chao
Published: August 2006

The AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM) is a theory‐based representation of psychosocial processes by which people may attempt to change their HIV risk behavior. This study tests the degree to which hypothesized relationships among ARRM factors are consistent with cross‐sectional data collected from a sample of HIV‐negative injection drug users in Los Angeles, California. The data pertain to users' intentions to reduce HIV transmission risk incurred through sex with multiple partners. Findings conform to ARRM hypotheses in some important respects. In particular, findings suggest that perceived self‐efficacy for sexual risk reduction may be a crucial factor leading to the formation of intentions to change sex‐related HIV risk behavior.
Attributions About Acquaintance Rape: The Role of Alcohol and Individual Differences1
Authors: Stormo Karla J. , Lang Alan R. , Stritzke Werner G. K.
Published: August 2006

Reactions to an acquaintance rape scenario were examined for effects of respondent gender and portrayals of different levels of alcohol intoxication on attributions of responsibility and blame. Comparisons of conditions in which both victim and perpetrator were described as experiencing equivalent levels of intoxication revealed that participants rated the victim as more, but the perpetrator as less, responsible and blameworthy after consuming alcohol‐particularly when drinking was accompanied by clear signs of behavioral impairment. In contrast, when the victim was more intoxicated and impaired than her assailant, intoxication of the perpetrator did not serve to excuse his behavior, but actually incriminated him more. Women generally assigned more blame to the victim. Individual differences in rape myth acceptance also influenced attributions.
The Dimensional Structure of the Perceived Behavioral Control Construct1
Authors: Sparks Paul , Guthrie Carol A. , Shepherd Richard
Published: August 2006

Following concerns in the literature about the conceptualization and operationalization of the perceived behavioral control (PBC) construct within the Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1991). 2 studies were conducted to examine whether questionnaire items explicitly assessing perceived difficulty and perceived control issues would attract a different pattern of responses. In applications of the theory of planned behavior to the reduction of red meat consumption and the reduction of potato chip (French fries) consumption, Principal Components Analysis showed that items reflecting perceived difficulty and items reflecting perceived control loaded onto different components. Furthermore, measures of perceived difficulty and not measures of perceived control contributed independent predictive effects in multiple regressions of respondents' behavioral intentions to make the dietary changes.
Leader‐Member Exchange and Transformational Leadership: An Empirical Examination of Innovative Behaviors in Leader‐Member Dyads
Authors: Basu Raja , Green Stephen G.
Published: August 2006

This paper evoked leader‐member exchange (LMX) and transformational leadership theories to explain innovative behavior in leader‐member dyads. Data from 225 leader‐member dyads in a Fortune 500 manufacturing plant found exchange quality to be positively related to follower autonomy, leader support of followers, and follower commitment to the organization. Further, followers who were supported by their leaders and who were committed to the organization were more likely to be innovative. Also, exchange quality was directly related to innovative behaviors. Contrary to expectations, transformational leadership was negatively related to innovative behaviors of followers.
Ethical Considerations in Social Psychological Research: Is the Bogus Pipeline a Special Case?
Authors: Sigall Harold
Published: August 2006

The ethics of using deception in research are discussed, and Aguinis and Handelsman's (1997) arguments that research using the bogus pipeline (BPL), in particular, is unethical are reviewed and critiqued. Stances that view any deception research as unethical may be reasonable, and lead to the conclusion that BPL research is unethical. However, if the position taken is that deception research may be ethically acceptable, then there is no basis for concluding that BPL research is intrinsically unethical. The same considerations that are taken into account when deciding whether any deception in research is ethical apply to decisions about the ethical appropriateness of using the BPL.
The Unique Ethical Challenges of the Bogus Pipeline Methodology: Let the Data Speak
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Handelsman Mitchell M.
Published: August 2006

Sigall (1997) asserted that the bogus pipeline (BPL) methodology is not a uniquely deceptive technique and, therefore, does not pose unique ethical challenges for social psychology researchers. We argue that empirical research is needed to clarify the controversial issue of the ethics of using the BPL. Results of such a research program will provide guidance for researchers as well as institutional review boards regarding conditions under which the use of the BPL may or may not be ethically justified.
Territorial Defense in Parking Lots: Retaliation Against Waiting Drivers
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Juieng Daniel
Published: August 2006

Three studies showed that drivers leaving a public parking space are territorial even when such behavior is contrary to their goal of leaving. In Study 1 (observations of 200 departing cars), intruded‐upon drivers took longer to leave than nonintruded‐upon drivers. In Study 2, an experiment involving 240 drivers in which level of intrusion and status of intruder were manipulated, drivers took longer to leave when another car was present and when the intruder honked. Males left significantly sooner when intruded upon by a higher rather than lower status car, whereas females' departure times did not differ as a function of the status of the car. There was evidence that distraction might explain some of this effect. In Study 3, individuals who had parked at a mall were asked about how they would react to intruders. Compared to what they believed other people would do, respondents said they would leave faster if the car were just waiting for them to leave but they would take longer to leave if the driver in the car honked at them.
European American Students' Perceptions of Crimes Committed by Five Racial Groups1
Authors: Esqueda Cynthia Willis
Published: August 2006

Past research examined perceptions of crimes believed to be committed by African Americans (Sunnafrank & Fontes, 1983), Hispanics (Bodenhausen, 1990; Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985), and European Americans. Research also indicated stereotypical crime commission results in higher culpability assignment for African Americans (Feild, 1979; Gordon, 1990, 1993; Gordon, Bindrim, McNicholas, & Walden, 1988) and Hispanics (Bodenhausen, 1988, 1990; Bodenhausen & Lightenstein, 1987). This study expanded earlier assessments of perceived crime stereotypicality by examining different crime categories and including additional male racial groups. The groups examined were European Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Results indicated perceptions of crime stereotypicality differed significantly between the groups, confirming earlier results and providing additional insight into consensual beliefs about crime commission. The identified stereotypical crimes will be useful in future research on biased culpability assignment.
The Effect of Catastrophe Potential on the Interpretation of Numerical Probabilities of the Occurrence of Hazards1
Authors: Verplanken Bas
Published: August 2006

Two studies demonstrated that identical numerical probabilities of the occurrence of hazards are judged as higher when these involve potential catastrophes compared to noncatastrophic hazards. Fifteen hazards were presented that involve a potential catastrophe and 15 noncatastrophic hazards. Each hazard was given a numerical probability, which was either 1:10, 1:1,000, or 1:100,000. Numerical probabilities were rated as larger when these concerned hazards that have catastrophe potential compared to the noncatastrophic hazards, also when this effect was controlled for perceived benefits. Similar results were obtained in a second study, which controlled for possible confounds (e.g., base rate). The results suggest that verbal interpretations of numerical probabilities of the occurrence of hazards include more than only probability, for instance one's attitude toward the hazardous activity. Implications for risk communication are discussed.
Winning Charisma and Losing the Presidential Election1
Authors: Pillai Rajnandini , Stites‐Doe Susan , Grewal Dhruv , Meindl James R.
Published: August 2006

This study focuses on voters' perceptions of presidential candidates' charismatic leadership. Competing hypotheses draw from performance‐cue and decision‐making literatures. Results from the panel data indicate that voters' perceptions of the winning candidate remain stable, while their perceptions of the losing candidate's charisma are enhanced after the election.
Place of Birth, Place of Residence, and Concentration in Social Occupations
Authors: Harrison Albert A. , Harrison Holly , Park Sahng Ern
Published: August 2006

To explore the hypothesis that people who migrate across international, provincial, and state borders tend to veer away from occupations that require intense social interaction, demographic data were obtained on 2,638 North Americans who have attained eminence within their chosen fields. Occupations were blind‐coded either as “social” or “nonsocial.” While there were similar concentrations in social occupations among Native Americans (75.00%) and Native Canadians (73.02%), there were successively fewer social occupations among Canadian emigres (59.53%), world (predominantly European) emigres (51.46%), and Asian emigres (40.99%) to the U.S. Findings suggest that Asian Americans' well‐documented tendencies to veer away from lines of work that involve forceful self‐expression reflects a continuous variable rather than a dichotomous variable that sharply separates Asian and North American cultures.
Graphic Representations of Processing Structure: The Time‐Event Matrix
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Satish Usha
Published: August 2006

Science‐wide complexity theory presents strange attractors as lawful outcomes of nonlinear functions. The time‐event matrices used by Streufert and associates to depict human information processing in complex task environments have similar characteristics. The use and construction of these matrices is described. The technique may be useful across sciences to depict the consequences of complex phenomena.
Multiple Goals and Tactical Behaviors in Social Conflicts1
Authors: Ohbuchi Ken‐Ichi , Tedeschi James T.
Published: August 2006

The hypotheses of a multiple goals theory of conflict were supported in a study in which 264 American students reported on a conflict that they had experienced. The results showed that 95% of subjects had more than 1 goal during the conflict; social goals were more strongly activated than resource goals; subjects' tactical behavior was determined by the social goals; and effects of personal and situational variables on tactical choice were mediated by activated goals. Factor analyses identified 6 goals and 4 types of tactics.
To Picture or Not to Picture: Levels of Erotophobia and Breast Self‐Examination Brochure Techniques1
Authors: Labranche Eric R. , Helweg‐Larsen Marie , Byrd Charles E. , Choquette Robert A.
Published: August 2006

People's level of erotophobia influences their acceptance of sexually related situations, including the likelihood of engaging in sexually related health care such as breast self‐examinations (BSE). Female college students (n= 61) completed a measure of erotophobia and read a BSE brochure that either did or did not contain instructional photographs showing a woman's breasts. As hypothesized when the brochure contained photographs, women high in erotophobia felt less competent in giving themselves BSE and were less likely to claim that they did things to improve their health. When the brochure contained no photographs, women low in erotophobia thought that the information was easier to understand and that BSE was more important.
The Effects of Interviewers' Attributional and Reasoning Styles on Hiring Decisions
Authors: De Faria Juliana Renault Pradez , Yoder Carol Y.
Published: August 2006

This research replicated and extended the work of Struthers, Colwill, and Perry (1992) on decision making and reasoning in the interviewing process. Interview transcripts which varied the candidate's past work history, as well as the locus and stability of the stated reason for leaving the previous job, were used as stimuli. Participants rated the likelihood they would hire or reject that candidate for a hypothetical position, as well as their hopefulness and expectations about the candidate's future success. Work history had the greatest impact on interviewers' perception of a candidate, although other attributional inferences were used especially when candidates were viewed favorably.
An Examination of the Relationships Between Personality, Attitudes, and Cognitions Relevant to Alcohol‐Impaired Driving Tendencies1
Authors: Turrisi Rob , Jaccard James , McDonnell Diane
Published: August 2006

Previous research has explored the domain of legal and educational prevention in regard to the phenomena of accidents and injuries caused by drinking and driving. Most investigations of psychological factors attempt to distinguish characteristics of drunk drivers relative to the general driving population or controls matched on driving risk variables. In contrast, the present research concentrated on the examination of the process by which empirically derived personality and general attitudinal constructs operate within a cognitive framework to influence the decision to drive. Four conceptual models were proposed that suggested the presence of direct, indirect, and moderated effects of personality and general attitudinal constructs on cognitions relevant to drunk‐driving tendencies. Support was observed for a model suggesting the presence of indirect, direct, and moderating effects for the general attitudinal construct driving aggression, and support for an indirect effects model for the personality variable emotional control. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of utilizing personality and general attitudinal constructs to improve short term cognitive‐based interventions.
The Relationship Between the Private Self and Helping Victims of AIDS1
Authors: Finlay Krystina A. , Trafimow David
Published: August 2006

Social psychological theory is not often extended into real‐world social contexts. In contrast, the current work applies the concept of increasing the accessibility of the private self (Trafimow, Triandis, & Goto, 1991) to a real‐world situation; namely, helping people with AIDS. The current results show that priming the private self increases actual helping behaviors directed toward victims of AIDS as compared to a no‐prime condition. Furthermore, path analyses show that empathy mediates the prime‐helping relationship. No significant gender differences were observed in self‐reports of empathy toward victims of AIDS, but women generally volunteered to help more than men.
Physical Size Stereotyping as a Mediator of Attributions of Responsibility in an Alleged Date‐Rape Situation1
Authors: Ryckman Richard M. , Graham Suzanne S. , Thornton Bill , Gold Joel A. , Lindner Marc A.
Published: August 2006

This research focuses on male and female observers' attributions of responsibility to a female accuser and a male accused of rape. Observers read 1 of 2 scenarios in which the accuser was either smaller or larger than the accused and then made judgments concerning each person's responsibility for what happened. The data indicated that the larger accuser was considered more responsible than the smaller accuser and the larger accused was perceived to be more responsible than the smaller accused. Females attributed more responsibility and had less sympathy, respect, and liking for the accused, whereas males attributed more responsibility and reported more negative attitudes toward the accuser. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for legal and health‐care professionals.
Social Identity, Relative Deprivation, and Coping With the Threat of Position Loss: A Field Study Among Native Shopkeepers in Amsterdam1
Authors: Ellemers Naomi , BOS ARJAN E. R.
Published: August 2006

The present study investigates how native shopkeepers in Amsterdam respond to the threat experienced by the emergence of immigrant stores. A survey among 101 native shopkeepers confirmed that psychological, rather than instrumental, considerations play an important role. First, perceptions of fraternal deprivation were relatively independent of the amount of egoistical deprivation people perceived. Instead, the experience of fraternal deprivation was related to people's identification as native shopkeepers. Second, egoistical deprivation resulted in negative perceptions of all other entrepreneurs, regardless of their ethnic origin. Third, regardless of perceived egoistical deprivation, native shopkeepers were more likely to discredit immigrant entrepreneurs, as they thought they were more fraternally deprived.
Ethnic Identity, Self‐Esteem, and Values in Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, and African Americans
Authors: Lorenzo‐Hernández José , Ouellette Suzanne C.
Published: August 2006

This study investigates the relationship between ethnic identity, self‐esteem, value orientations, and perceived value congruence in 207 minority students. It also investigates within‐group concordance and cross‐cultural differences in value orientations. Dilemmas were used to measure value orientations and perceived congruence between personal and group values. A version of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (Phinney, 1992) and Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem Scale (1965) were used to measure ethnic identity and self‐esteem, respectively. Ethnic identity was positively related to self‐esteem. The perception of value congruence was not related to ethnic identity or self‐esteem. There was within‐group concordance in the ranking of value solutions. In addition, the groups differed in the strength of ethnic identity, perceived value congruence, and the ranking of the value solutions.
Personality as Predictor of Work‐Related Outcomes: Test of a Mediated Latent Structural Model1
Authors: Day David V. , Bedeian Arthur G. , Conte Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2006

The role of personality in predicting work‐related outcomes was examined using structural equation modeling. Data were taken from a national United States sample (n= 1,098) of accounting professionals. Latent personality constructs based on scales from the California Psychological Inventory (Gough, 1957) were specified and tested in a confirmatory measurement model, along with the attitudinal constructs of communication adequacy, role stress, job satisfaction, and propensity to quit. The results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the hypothesized personality constructs of extraversion, control, and flexibility were adequately supported by the data, as were each of the attitudinal constructs. Results from the tested structural model indicated that personality effects on propensity to quit were fully mediated by role stress and job satisfaction. Results are discussed in terms of successfully modeling completely latent, multifaceted personality constructs and better understanding the propensity to quit.
The Long‐Term Effects of Operation Desert Storm on the Psychological Distress of U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard Veterans1
Authors: Stuart John A. , Bliese Paul D.
Published: August 2006

This study assessed factors related to the long‐term psychological health of a sample of U.S. Army National Guard and Reserve Unit veterans who served during Operation Desert Storm (ODS). In the analysis, general distress symptom measures were obtained and comparisons made from soldiers who deployed to Germany, the Persian Gulf region, and throughout the United States, with soldiers who did not deploy. Elevated symptom levels were found for veterans of the Persian Gulf that could not be explained by variance attributed to demographics, or current life stress events. Reported exposure and the degree of current concern due to petrochemical fires in Kuwait were found to be significantly related to elevated symptom measures beyond the effect of combat‐zone‐related stresses. These findings suggest that a subset of Persian Gulf reserve veterans continue to have elevated levels of distress that are related to oil fire exposure.