bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herbicide Evaluation to Control Clematis terniflora Invading Natural Areas in Gainesville, Florida
Authors: Langeland Kenneth , Meisenburg Michael
Published: March 2009

Japanese clematis, a herbaceous to woody vine native to Asia, has been widely used for landscaping in the southeastern United States and is now a naturalized and invasive in Florida. Herbicides that contain the active ingredients fluroxypyr, glyphosate, imazapic, metsulfuron, or triclopyr, applied alone or in combination on a spray-to-wet basis, were evaluated for their effectiveness to control the plant in a natural area of Gainesville, FL. All herbicide treatments provided some level of control 30, 60, and 90 d after application. The most effective herbicide treatments, imazapic 0.6 g ae/L, glyphosate as low as 3.6 g ae/L, triclopyr as low as 3.6 g ae/L, metsulfuron 0.07 g ai/L, and fluroxypyr as low as 1.8 g ae/L, resulted in 72% to 99% control 90 d after application, but were not significantly different from each other. Natural area managers throughout the range of Japanese clematis should be vigilant for this species and remove it whenever encountered. Our results indicate that it can be controlled by foliar application of several herbicides commonly used for management of pest plants in natural areas, but repeat applications will be necessary.
Commentary: Antioxidants for Cancer: New Tricks for an Old Dog?
Authors: Sharifi Nima
Published: March 2009

Traditionally, the main focus of the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oncology is that these species induce DNA damage, leading to a predisposition to cancer. However, it has recently been shown that ROS may have an alternative activity, by modulating tumor cell signaling. Moreover, tumor cell signaling mediated by ROS is readily reversible upon treatment with antioxidants. This emerging evidence on the molecular effects of antioxidants on tumor cells, along with the evidence that the route of administration of antioxidants in earlier clinical trials for cancer could not achieve pharmacologically effective levels, suggests that antioxidants may serve as bona fide signal transduction modifiers for cancer. A re-examination of the current evidence and further study is clearly warranted.
Low level outlets 2: risk assessment
Authors: Brown Alan
Published: March 2009

It has been apparent for some time that there is little consistency of approach in the United Kingdom to the question of low level outlet capacity or valve arrangements. This paper indicates a risk based approach that may be adopted for detailed assessment.
The engineering behaviour of fill materials and its influence on the performance of embankment dams
Authors: Andrew Charles J.
Published: March 2009

This is an abbreviated version of the author's Rankine lecture published in Géotechnique (doi: 10.1680/geot.2008.58.7.541). It contains three main sections dealing with different aspects of the performance of embankment dams: construction deformations of rockfill dams; post-construction deformations of rockfill dams; and deformations of old embankment dams. Work on dams has taken place at the Building Research Establishment (BRE) over many years and in each of these three areas the paper focuses on the results of long-term field monitoring carried out by BRE at a number of dams from which some general conclusions can be drawn.
Maich dam overtopping emergency, Renfrewshire—engineering and emergency response aspects
Authors: Mann Robert , Mackay Alastair
Published: March 2009

An emergency arose at Maich dam, near Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire, Scotland, following severe damage to the dam by overtopping in a flood on 1 August 2008. The danger posed was averted successfully by emptying the reservoir and demolishing the embankment dam in spite of adverse weather. Aspects of the emergency and the response actions taken are described jointly by the authors in their roles of qualified reservoir engineer and emergency planning officer.
Bridging levels of pharmaceuticals in river water with biological community structure in the llobregat river basin (northeast spain)
Authors: Muñoz Isabel , López-Doval Julio C. , Ricart Marta , Villagrasa Marta , Brix Rikke , Geiszinger Anita , Ginebreda Antoni , Guasch Helena , de Alda M. José López , Romaní Anna M. , Sabater Sergi , Barceló Damià
Published: March 2009

A wide range of human pharmaceuticals are present at low concentrations in freshwater systems, particularly in sections of polluted river. These compounds show high biological activity, often associated with a high stability. These characteristics imply a potential impact of these substances on aquatic biota even when present at low environmental concentrations. Low flow conditions in Mediterranean rivers, most of which flow through densely populated areas and are subjected to intensive water use, increase the environmental risk of these emergent compounds. Here, we studied whether pharmaceuticals in river water affect the local benthic community structure (diatoms and invertebrates). For this purpose, we analyzed the occurrence of pharmaceuticals along the Llobregat River and examined the benthic community structure (diatoms and invertebrates) of this system. Some pharmaceutical products in the Llobregat River registered concentrations greater than those cited in the literature. Multivariate analyses revealed a potential causal association between the concentrations of some anti-inflammatories and β-blockers and the abundance and biomass of several benthic invertebrates (Chironomus spp. and Tubifex tubifex). Further interpretation in terms of cause-and-effect relationships is discussed; however, it must be always taken with caution because other pollutants also may have significant contributions. Combined with further community experiments in the laboratory, our approach could be a desirable way to proceed in future risk management decisions.
Effect of 17β-estradiol on the immunocompetence of japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax Japonicus)
Authors: Thilagam Harikrishnan , Gopalakrishnan Singaram , Bo Jun , Wang Ke-Jian
Published: March 2009

Environmental contaminants can interfere with hormonal regulation in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and these contaminants may disrupt the endocrine system of human and other organisms. Evidence is growing that contaminants may be partly responsible for the observed increase of disease in marine organisms by adversely affecting their immunity. Fish are commonly used as sentinel organisms in vertebrate immunotoxicology; however, to date, studies have been undertaken only on a single size group of fish (juvenile/adult) and for acute exposure. In the present study, Lateolabrax japonicus fingerlings and juveniles were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (200 and 2,000 ng/L) of 17β-estradiol (E2) for 30 d under laboratory conditions, and alterations in immune parameters comprising differential leukocyte count, respiratory burst, myeloperoxidase, immunoglobulin levels, serum lysozyme, and bactericidal activity were investigated to establish whether estrogen produced immunomodulation and to understand the effects of long-term exposure on these immune parameters in fish fingerlings and juveniles. The results revealed a significant elevation of respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase, immunoglobulin levels, and differential leukocyte counts of the fish exposed to estrogen compared to the control. The remaining parameters were significantly reduced in the experimental groups when compared to the control. The results indicated that sublethal E2 exposure induced immunomodulation in both fingerling and juvenile L. japonicus, and the changes caused by estrogen might affect the function of immune system in fish.
Rapid Measurement of Field‐Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity for Areal Characterization
Authors: Nimmo John R. , Schmidt Kevin M. , Perkins Kim S. , Stock Jonathan D.
Published: March 2009

To provide an improved methodology for characterizing the field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) over broad areas with extreme spatial variability and ordinary limitations of time and resources, we developed and tested a simplified apparatus and procedure, correcting mathematically for the major deficiencies of the simplified implementation. The methodology includes use of a portable, falling‐head, small‐diameter (∼20 cm) single‐ring infiltrometer and an analytical formula for Kfs that compensates both for nonconstant falling head and for the subsurface radial spreading that unavoidably occurs with small ring size. We applied this method to alluvial fan deposits varying in degree of pedogenic maturity in the arid Mojave National Preserve, California. The measurements are consistent with a more rigorous and time‐consuming Kfs measurement method, produce the expected systematic trends in Kfs when compared among soils of contrasting degrees of pedogenic development, and relate in expected ways to results of widely accepted methods.
Effects of Fractal Fracture Surface Roughness on Borehole Ballooning
Authors: Ozdemirtas M. , Babadagli T. , Kuru E.
Published: March 2009

Borehole ballooning or breathing is commonly observed during drilling through fractured zones. It refers to small, partial, and continuous mud losses and significant rapid mud gains due to annular pressure fluctuations resulting from mud circulation and noncirculation. Better understanding of the factors controlling borehole ballooning and breathing is needed for correct interpretation of the symptoms observed while drilling and to avoid mixing this phenomenon with lost circulation and well kicks. We have developed a two‐dimensional transient model of borehole ballooning or breathing. The model considers the effects of Newtonian fluid rheology, and fracture roughness on the fracture volume change as a function of transient wellbore pressure fluctuations inherent in typical drilling operations. Different types of fracture surface roughness that are commonly observed in sedimentary rocks and the degree of roughness identified by a wide variety of fractal dimensions were considered. The model was solved numerically to investigate the effects of fractures' natural geologic properties (fracture roughness, fracture width, and fracture grid size) on the fluid loss and gain rate between the borehole and the fractured formation. Analyses of the importance of fracture roughness and nonlinear deformation approximations were provided and situations were identified where the roughness starts to become an effective parameter in the process. Rough fractures yielded lower values of fluid loss rate than smooth fractures even though they had the same average aperture. The observations suggested that the scale used in data collection and generating fracture surfaces and apertures is a critical point. Increasing fracture aperture to twice its original value diminished the effects of fracture surface roughness on borehole ballooning.
Multifractal Description of Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms
Authors: Ferreiro J. Paz , Wilson M. , Vázquez E. Vidal
Published: March 2009

The specific surface area (SSA) of a soil is commonly estimated by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation, which implies linearity between applied pressure and volume of adsorbate for a restricted scale range. Dinitrogen adsorption isotherms provide useful data for BET analysis, but they also contain additional information that may render useful a multifractal analysis. The objectives of this work were: (i) to find out if differences in soil use intensity cause changes in SSA assessed by the BET method, and (ii) to evaluate the usefulness of multifractal analysis for characterizing N2 adsorption isotherms also used for SSA determination. The study soils were a Vertisol and a Mollisol from Entre Ríos, Argentina. Treatments included: (i) native land never previously cultivated; (ii) permanent pasture; (iii) crop–pasture rotation; and (iv) continuous cropping. Vertisols had significantly greater SSA than Mollisols. Continuous cropping resulted in significant losses of organic matter (OM) content and aggregate stability decay in both soil types. Losses of OM by land use intensification significantly increased SSA in the Mollisol, but this trend was reversed in the Vertisol. All N2 adsorption isotherms exhibited multifractal behavior. Singularity spectra showed strongly asymmetric concave parabolic shapes with a left‐hand side much wider than the right‐hand one. Entropy dimension, D1, values were in the range 0.357 to 0.558 for the Vertisol and 0.401 to 0.658 for the Mollisol, which indicates that most of the measure concentrates in a small size domain. Several multifractal parameters were significantly different between soil types and soil use intensities.
Modeling Multifractal Features of Soil Particle Size Distributions with Kolmogorov Fragmentation Algorithms
Authors: Martín Miguel Angel , García‐Gutiérrez Carlos , Reyes Miguel
Published: March 2009

We have developed a new type of fragmentation algorithm that was inspired by a theoretical question raised by A.N. Kolmogorov—and still unanswered after 60 yr—regarding the characteristics of fragment size distributions when the size of the fragments, rβ, exhibits a power‐law dependence on the size of the original material, r, with 0 ≤ β ≤ 1. Our fragmentation algorithm uses β and N (which denotes the number of particles produced in the fragmentation) as input parameters and was used for various simulations performed with N values of 2, 3, and 4 and β values from 0 to 1. Simulations with β = 0 resulted in lognormal distributions according to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness‐of‐fit test at a confidence level of 95%. On the other hand, simulations with fractional values of β > 0 gave highly heterogeneous distributions exhibiting multifractal characteristics. Rényi dimensions (Dq) and Hölder exponents [α(q)] at q = 0 and 1 were defined with coefficients of determination R2 > 0.95 in 78.3% of samples. The resulting α(0), box dimension D0, and entropy dimension D1 = α(1) values spanned the ranges 0.55 to 1.82, 0.52 to 1, and 0.48 to 0.94, respectively, and were thus suggestive of a multifractal nature in the simulated fragment size distributions. The multifractal characteristics of the simulated distributions were consistent with similar analyses performed on actual soil particle size distributions. These results suggest that the new algorithm can be useful for modeling natural fragmentation processes.
Combining Spatial Resolutions in the Multiscale Analysis of Soil Pore‐Size Distributions
Authors: Papadopoulos Apostolos , Whitmore Andrew P. , White Rodger P. , Mooney Sacha J. , Bird Nigel R. A.
Published: March 2009

The pore size distribution is widely used to assess the physical quality of soil as an attribute affecting many chemical and biological processes within the soil. These data are commonly inferred indirectly through physical measurements such as water retention curves and Hg porosimetry. Digital image processing and analysis can provide a more direct route to acquire these data. Individual imaging approaches are typically limited, however, in terms of the range of pore sizes that can be identified. As soil processes occur across various scales, a multiscale approach is required to characterize the complexity of their function, which suggests that image data collected by various means must be integrated to allow a holistic understanding. We have developed a simple method for combining pore size distributions of soils acquired by various imaging techniques at different scales to produce a more useful data set for characterizing, assessing, and modeling soil processes. This method is illustrated with a set of local pore size distributions derived from three different image acquisition techniques.
Numerical Evaluation of Uncertainty in Water Retention Parameters and Effect on Predictive Uncertainty
Authors: Pan Feng , Ye Ming , Zhu Jianting , Wu Yu‐Shu , Hu Bill X. , Yu Zhongbo
Published: March 2009

Uncertainty assessment of flow and contaminant transport in the vadose zone entails probability density functions (PDFs) of soil hydraulic parameters. An unconventional maximum likelihood (ML) approach was used in this study to estimate the PDFs of water retention parameters (e.g., van Genuchten α and m) for a situation common in field‐scale modeling where core samples are sparse and prior PDFs of the parameters are unknown. In this situation, the unconventional ML approach approximates the PDFs as multivariate Gaussian. This study developed a method of estimating the mean and covariance of the multivariate Gaussian PDF based on the results of least square methods that can be easily obtained in practice. The developed method was applied to and evaluated through numerical simulation of unsaturated flow and tracer transport at the proposed Yucca Mountain geologic repository. Another focus of this study was to investigate the effect of uncertainty in the water retention parameters on predictive uncertainty. By comparing the predictive uncertainty before and after incorporating random water retention parameters, it was found that the random water retention parameters had limited effects on the mean predictions of the state variables including percolation flux and tracer travel time from the potential repository to the water table. Incorporating the uncertainty in the water retention parameters, however, significantly increased the magnitude and spatial extent of predictive uncertainty of the state variables. In particular, incorporating the random water retention parameters significantly changed the 5th and 95th percentiles of the tracer travel time by tens of thousands of years.
Design and Numerical Analysis of a Button Heat Pulse Probe for Soil Water Content Measurement
Authors: Kamai Tamir , Kluitenberg Gerard J. , Hopmans Jan W.
Published: March 2009

Evaluation of a newly designed button heat pulse probe (BHPP) demonstrated the potential for improved soil water content measurements. Compared with the conventional heat pulse probe (HPP), the BHPP does not use needles, but instead consists of a ring‐shaped 6‐mm‐radius heating element and a central thermistor, both embedded in the face of a plastic disk (6 mm thick and 16 mm in diameter). After calibration of the effective heater–thermistor spacing from temperature response measurements in agar, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to demonstrate the potential advantages of the BHPP. Measurement accuracy and robustness of the BHPP were significantly improved compared with the conventional HPP. Errors associated with needle deflection were eliminated by the design, whereas the water content measurement sensitivity was increased by the central placement of the thermistor. We used inverse modeling with a finite‐element heat transport model to illustrate the increased sensitivity of the BHPP to soil water content measurements.
Changes in Mixed Liquor and Organic Foulant Properties Affect Membrane Fouling for Non‐Nitrifying and Nitrifying Biological Conditions
Authors: Trussell R. Shane , Jang Namjung , Merlo Rion P. , Kim In S. , Hermanowicz Slawomir W. , Jenkins David
Published: March 2009

A submerged membrane bioreactor treated settled municipal wastewater at a non‐nitrifying solids retention time (SRT) condition (2 days) and a nitrifying SRT condition (10 days), to determine the effect of nitrification on mixed liquor properties and membrane fouling. Membrane fouling rates were almost 10 times greater at the 2‐day SRT compared with the 10‐day SRT, and results showed increased concentrations of high‐molecular‐weight organic molecules at the 2‐day SRT. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results of the fouled membrane from the 2‐day SRT exhibited strong peaks for carbohydrates, while the fouled membrane from the 10‐day SRT did not. This is consistent with the fact that, although the total carbohydrate soluble microbial product concentration was highest at the 10‐day SRT, the carbohydrate consisted of mostly low‐molecular‐weight (<1 kDa) molecules, and 97% of this carbohydrate passed through the membrane at the 10‐day SRT.
Adaptive β-Cell Proliferation Is Severely Restricted With Advanced Age
Authors: Rankin Matthew M. , Kushner Jake A.
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

Regeneration of the insulin-secreting β-cells is a fundamental research goal that could benefit patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. β-Cell proliferation can be acutely stimulated by a variety of stimuli in young rodents. However, it is unknown whether this adaptive β-cell regeneration capacity is retained into old age.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We assessed adaptive β-cell proliferation capacity in adult mice across a wide range of ages with a variety of stimuli: partial pancreatectomy, low-dose administration of the β-cell toxin streptozotocin, and exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist. β-Cell proliferation was measured by administration of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in the drinking water.

RESULTS

Basal β-cell proliferation was severely decreased with advanced age. Partial pancreatectomy greatly stimulated β-cell proliferation in young mice but failed to increase β-cell replication in old mice. Streptozotocin stimulated β-cell replication in young mice but had little effect in old mice. Moreover, administration of GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 stimulated β-cell proliferation in young but not in old mice. Surprisingly, adaptive β-cell proliferation capacity was minimal after 12 months of age, which is early middle age for the adult mouse life span.

CONCLUSIONS

Adaptive β-cell proliferation is severely restricted with advanced age in mice, whether stimulated by partial pancreatectomy, low-dose streptozotocin, or exendin-4. Thus, β-cells in middle-aged mice appear to be largely postmitotic. Young rodents may not faithfully model the regenerative capacity of β-cells in mature adult mice.
Peri-Conceptional A1C and Risk of Serious Adverse Pregnancy Outcome in 933 Women With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jensen Dorte M. , Korsholm Lars , Ovesen Per , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Moelsted-Pedersen Lars , Westergaard Jes G. , Moeller Margrethe , Damm Peter
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

To study the association between peri-conceptional A1C and serious adverse pregnancy outcome (congenital malformations and perinatal mortality).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Prospective data were collected in 933 singleton pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS

The risk of serious adverse outcome at different A1C levels was compared with the background population. The risk was significantly higher when peri-conceptional A1C exceeded 6.9%, and the risk tended to increase gradually with increasing A1C. Women with A1C exceeding 10.4% had a very high risk of 16%. Congenital malformation rate increased significantly at A1C above 10.4%, whereas perinatal mortality was increased even at A1C below 6.9%.

CONCLUSIONS

These results support recent guidelines of preconceptional A1C levels <7% in women with type 1 diabetes.
Homophobia and queer belonging in Hungary
Authors: Renkin Hadley Z.
Published: March 2009

Violent attacks on gay and lesbian activities in the public sphere, coupled with verbal aggression against sexual minorities by right-wing politicians in Hungary and other postsocialist countries, illustrate the centrality of sexuality in questions of postsocialist transition. This article discusses the limits of current scholarly interpretations of homophobia in postsocialist countries. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork on LGBT activism in Hungary, it argues that by undertaking public projects that assert multiple forms of identity and community, LGBT people, although often portrayed as passive objects of the changing configurations of power of Hungary's transition, have raised a radical challenge to traditional imaginings of the boundaries between national and transnational meanings. It is this challenge—the proposal of a “queering” of belonging—to which right-wing, nationalist actors have responded with public violence.
Negotiating democracy's gender between Europe and the nation
Authors: Keinz Anika
Published: March 2009

Soon after the collapse of communism, women's rights and gender equality became hotly debated issues in Poland, particularly as they were linked to different interpretations of what the transition to democracy ought to mean. In the context of conservative arguments linking Poland's “return to normalcy” with a return to traditional gender roles and relating feminism to the “foreign” socialist order, women's NGOs and networks in Warsaw started to creatively re-frame their arguments within the terms of Polish tradition. At the same time EUropeanization of gender discourses provided another contested register in which women's rights activists had to negotiate their claims. This article explores how concepts of gender and feminism in Poland have become objects, as much as effects, of powerful political debates, describing a discursive field where national self-understandings and values are negotiated in the context of transition and EU accession. It provides an ethnographic account of the central role played by notions of gender and feminism in imaging democratic citizenship and in producing new subject positions in postsocialist Poland.
Space, power, and prestige in the academic field
Authors: Kosmarski Artyom
Published: March 2009

This article investigates Russia's relationship with the West in the 1990s and 2000s by analyzing changes in a specific segment of the contemporary global economy—the academic sphere. It traces how the social sciences and the humanities in Russia have evolved from relative insularity and hierarchy during the Soviet era to a more complex web of multiple local institutions, setting their own rules, alongside powerful international agents. Assuming that individual trajectories can make objective spatial structures visible, the article analyzes the biographies of three young Russian scholars, collected in 2004 and 2005 during a research project in the anthropology of science. Patterns of academic migration and intellectual exchange with the West are presented here as providing clues to the spatial structure of the Russian scientific field and its place in the global academic economy. The article concludes with a discussion whether these findings may be generalized to other spheres, and applied not only to Russia but to other post-Soviet states caught in-between the First and the Third Worlds.
Why Do Herders Insist on Otor? Maintaining Mobility in Inner Mongolia
Authors: Xie Yina , Li Wenjun
Published: March 2009

Otor is a traditional mobility strategy developed by Mongolian herders to cope with their highly variable and uncertain environment. The Livestock and Rangeland Double-Contract Responsibility System (LRDCRS) implemented in pastoral Inner Mongolia (People's Republic of China during the mid-1980s) has encouraged a settled mode of livestock husbandry within a delimited household rangeland area, depending primarily on fenced pastures. Practical results from the past 20 years indicate that this settled pattern can not completely replace the traditional herd mobility strategy that was anticipated by LRDCRS. A case study from a village in Xilingol Prefecture in Inner Mongolia explores the reasons why herders insist on otor. The paper evaluates the impact of changes in rangeland tenure and social relationships brought by LRDCRS on the herders' ability to access key resources in adverse weather. It is found that otor movement provides herders with the means to maintain livestock husbandry in highly variable and uncertain arid and semi-arid environments. Rangeland semi-privatization results in a loss of de facto guarantee of access to key resources. Faced with barriers to accessing resources, reciprocal bonds are weakened for conducting otor. As a result both sustainable pastoral livelihoods and sustainable use of rangelands are doomed to suffer.
How Pastoralists in Mongolia Perceive Vegetation Changes Caused by Grazing
Authors: Kakinuma Kaoru , Ozaki Takahiro , Takatsuki Seiki , Chuluun Jonjin
Published: March 2009

It is widely recognized that changes in livestock grazing in Mongolia after the early 1990s has increased concerns regarding land management and a need for better management strategies. Traditional knowledge and experiences of the Mongolian pastoralists should be used for such strategies. If pastoralists recognize the seriousness of 'overgrazing' or signs of overgrazing, management can be guided to use this traditional ecological knowledge to develop more effective strategies. This paper describes vegetation changes caused by grazing and how pastoralists assess these changes. We have found that pastoralists use certain types of plants as indicators to assess vegetation changes. They consider 'nariin' (narrow) plants, which often include short grasses and sedges, as good because livestock prefer them. However, most of the interviewed pastoralists thought that the main reason for vegetation degradation is temperature increase, not overgrazing. This case study suggests the usefulness of such interviews together with vegetation surveys.
The Relevance of Owen Lattimore's Writings for Nomadic Pastoralism Research and Development in Inner Asia
Authors: Miller Daniel , Sheehy Dennis
Published: March 2009

Nomadic pastoral systems in Inner Asia are facing sweeping changes. Designing new development models for the sustainable utilization of rangelands requires a better understanding of nomadic pastoral systems. Owen Lattimore's writings, based on his experiences in Inner Asia in the 1920s and 1930s, are a valuable resource for those interested in nomads and pastoral development in Inner Asia. The paper introduces some of Lattimore's work to illustrate their relevance to today's pastoral development challenges. Despite being written 70 years ago, Lattimore's texts are still useful for understanding traditional livestock management practices and provide valuable insight for the sustainable development of the pastoral areas of Inner Asia.
Long-term results with exophthalmos in a surgical series of 30 sphenoorbital meningiomas
Authors: Scarone Pietro , Leclerq Delphine , Héran Françoise , Robert Gilles
Published: March 2009

Object

The authors analyzed the long-term results and radiological aspects of sphenoorbital meningioma (with emphasis on exophthalmos) in a series of 30 patients who underwent resection.

Methods

Data obtained in all 30 patients who underwent surgery for typical sphenoorbital meningioma at the authors' institution between June 1994 and September 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. The exophthalmos index (EI) was measured on preoperative MR images and/or CT scans and compared between the early and last follow-up examinations. All patients were women 35–74 years of age (median 51 years). Exophthalmos was the presenting symptom in 28 patients (93%), and was observed on preoperative MR images in all patients. The median duration of symptoms before surgery was 10 months (2–120 months).

Results

Total resection (Simpson Grade I) was not achieved in these patients because of the impossibility of resecting the dura mater in the superior orbital fissure without causing significant complications. Subtotal resection (Simpson Grade II) was obtained in 90% of patients, and in 3 patients (10%) a portion of the tumor was deliberately left in place because of extensive macroscopic infiltration of the cavernous sinus and/or extraocular muscles (Simpson Grade III). No patient died. Radiological evaluation at a median follow-up of 61 months (range 17–136 months) showed no contrast enhancement in 14 patients (47%), residual contrast enhancement without evolution in 13 (43%), and recurrence (new contrast enhancement) in 3 (10%). The EI was improved at the first radiological follow-up (median 12 months) in 27 patients (90%), and at the last radiological follow-up (median 61 months) in 28 patients (93%). In the interval between the first and final imaging follow-up, the EI improved in only 8 patients (20%), worsened in 15 patients (50%), and showed no variation in 7 patients (30%).

Conclusions

Sphenoorbital meningiomas are insidious tumors with slow progression. Even when exophthalmos is not clinically evident, it is always present on preoperative MR imaging. Total resection is not possible due to superior orbital fissure invasion, but subtotal resection (Simpson Grade II) can assure long-term stability due to the nonevolutive nature of most residual tumors. Exophthalmos improves at early radiological follow-up, but may worsen again as time passes.
Effect of biodegradable fibrin scaffold on survival, migration, and differentiation of transplanted bone marrow stromal cells after cortical injury in rats
Authors: Yasuda Hiroshi , Kuroda Satoshi , Shichinohe Hideo , Kamei Shintaro , Kawamura Ryoichi , Iwasaki Yoshinobu
Published: March 2009

Object

In this study the authors' aim was to assess whether fibrin matrix could act as an injectable, valuable scaffold in bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) transplantation for injured CNS tissue.

Methods

Both clotting time and 3D structure of fibrin matrix were analyzed with various concentrations of fibrinogen and CaCl2. The BMSCs were harvested from green fluorescent protein–transgenic mice and cultured. A cortical lesion was produced in rats by application of a very cold rod to the right cerebral hemisphere. The BMSCs, fibrin matrix, or BMSC–fibrin matrix complex was transplanted into the lesion though a small bur hole 7 days after the insult. Using immunohistochemical analysis, the authors evaluated the survival, migration, and differentiation of the transplanted cells 4 weeks after transplantation.

Results

Based on in vitro observations, the concentrations of fibrinogen and CaCl2 were fixed at 2.5 mg/ml and 2 μM in animal experiments, respectively. Fibrin matrix almost completely disappeared 4 weeks after transplantation. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that fibrin matrix exclusively enhanced the retention of the transplanted cells within the lesion, migration toward the lesion boundary zone, and differentiation into the neurons and perivascular cells.

Conclusions

Injectable fibrin matrix enhanced the survival, migration, and differentiation of the BMSCs transplanted into the cortical lesion in rats. The authors believe that it is one of the promising candidates for a potential, minimally invasive scaffold for CNS disorders. The present findings strongly suggest that such a strategy of tissue engineering could be a therapeutic option for CNS regeneration in patients with CNS injuries.
Bone involvement predicts poor outcome in atypical meningioma
Authors: Gabeau-Lacet Darlene , Aghi Manish , Betensky Rebecca A. , Barker Fred G. , Loeffler Jay S. , Louis David N.
Published: March 2009

Object

The authors identified clinical features associated with progression and death in atypical meningioma (AM).

Methods

Forty-seven cases of primary AM treated at Massachusetts General Hospital were retrospectively evaluated for clinical features. Associations with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were assessed.

Results

The estimated median PFS was 56 months (95% CI 35 months–not estimable). The overall 3- and 5-year PFS rates were 65% (95% CI 44–80%) and 48% (95% CI 26–67%), respectively. The median survival time and 5- and 10-year survival rates were 158 months (95% CI 103 months–not estimable), and 86% (95% CI 69–94%) and 61% (95% CI 35–79%), respectively. Subtotal resection was associated with increased rate of progression compared to gross-total resection (p = 0.05) and trended toward an association with decreased survival (p = 0.09). Bone involvement was associated with an increased rate of disease progression (p = 0.001) and decreased survival (p = 0.04). Bone involvement remained significantly associated with progression after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons (p = 0.008) and in bivariate Cox regression models. Seventy-eight percent of patients with bone involvement at primary diagnosis had tumor recurrence within bone, whereas only 25% of patients without evidence of bone invasion at primary diagnosis experienced osseous recurrence.

Conclusions

Osseous involvement is associated with a poor outcome in patients with AMs; bone assessment is therefore extremely important. Further investigation is warranted to assess the effectiveness of bone resection and/or bone-directed radiation therapy in improving outcome.
Un Consulat de Chine dans la France d'outre-mer
Authors: Trémon Anne-Christine
Published: March 2009

La création du Consulat de la République populaire de Chine (RPC) en Polynésie française s’inscrit dans un contexte d’affirmation de la puissance chinoise dans le Pacifique, sur fond de compétition entre la RPC et la République de Chine (ROC) à Taiwan. On retrouve donc en Polynésie française la question des deux Chine, la RPC tentant de faire reconnaître ses droits de propriété sur le terrain consulaire occupé par la ROC de 1945 à 1965. Les citoyens français descendants des Chinois qui ont immigré durant la période coloniale ont de cette affaire des interprétations diverses, même si le devenir de l’ancien Consulat n’est appréhendé en termes géopolitiques globaux que par une petite minorité d’entre eux. L’analyse menée dans la lignée des développements récents de l’anthropologie globale s’appuie sur une variation scalaire envisagée sous deux angles : si l’apparition du conflit et les tentatives de résolution dont il fait l’objet se jouent aux échelles locale et globale, la définition de l’échelle pertinente est elle-même un enjeu du conflit. L’affaire du terrain consulaire est en outre révélatrice de la manière dont s’opère une conjonction de politiques favorables au maintien des frontières ethniques, dans un contexte de transition hégémonique
Savoirs criminologiques et autochtonie
Authors: Jaccoud Mylène , Brassard Renée
Published: March 2009

Les Autochtones ont été investis et surinvestis par les savoirs savants de diverses disciplines des sciences sociales et humaines. À partir du discours savant produit par la criminologie, nous montrons comment ce savoir a f luctué dans le temps, s’est structuré en fonction d’enjeux liés au maintien de la cohésion de l’ordre juridique et politique de l’État et comment il a constitué les communautés autochtones en groupes particulièrement vulnérables et problématiques.
L'évolution de la délinquance d'après enquêtes de victimation.
Authors: Robert Philippe , Zauberman Renée , Névanen Sophie , Didier Emmanuel
Published: March 2009

Cet article s’attache à construire un indicateur de l’évolution de la délinquance en France au cours des dernières décennies. Il utilise à cette fin les enquêtes nationales de victimation disponibles après avoir explicité tous les préalables nécessaires à cette mise en série. Afin de solidifier l’opération, les auteurs mobilisent également d’autres enquêtes nationales plus ou moins proches de leur objet, ainsi que des enquêtes de victimation régionales ou locales. L’apport de l’article est double: méthodologique quand il parcourt les problèmes à résoudre pour mettre en série les données tirées des enquêtes de victimation; de fond quand il permet un diagnostic sur l’évolution de la délinquance sur le moyen terme.
Requiem pour la guerre à la drogue
Authors: da Agra Cândido
Published: March 2009

On le sait, l’évolution des usages et des systèmes de contrôle des drogues est très différente d’un pays à l’autre. Les expériences actuelles de décriminalisation aussi. L’auteur, se basant sur ses données historiques et empiriques concernant ce qu’il appelle le laboratoire d’expérimentation portugais, soutient que la fin de la guerre à la drogue est arrivée. Peut-on, alors, réguler l’usage des drogues en dehors du droit pénal ? Oui, répondent les données de l’expérimentation portugaise. De plus, l’analyse présentée suggère que la décriminalisation n’a pas entraîné d’augmentation de problèmes soit de santé publique, soit de criminalité.
Partage des bonnes pratiques de développement durable : le cas des PME agroalimentaires du Languedoc-Roussillon
Authors: Temri Leila , Fort Fatiha
Published: March 2009

Résumé Dans cet article, nous présentons une expérience originale menée par des organisations professionnelles pour encourager les PME agroalimentaires régionales à adopter des pratiques de développement durable. La construction collective et la diffusion d’un guide de bonnes pratiques de développement durable sont ainsi considérées comme contribuant à l’institutionnalisation du développement durable, et analysées comme un partage et une réutilisation de connaissances dans le cadre de processus d’innovation. Codes JEL  : Q01, O31, L29, Q13
Le financement par capital risque dans les pme innovantes : le cas specifique des PME innovantes camerounaises
Authors: Bekolo Claude , Beyina Emmanuel
Published: March 2009

Résumé L’endettement bancaire, et le financement informel par la voie des tontines, demeurent les principales sources de financement de l’innovation des petites et moyennes entreprises. Les contraintes de financement de ces entreprises, se situent par rapport à leur dépendance à ces deux modes de financement. Pourtant, d’autres formules de financement existent et peuvent accompagner les PME dans la politique de financement de leurs projets d’innovation. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous proposons un modèle de financement qui se présente comme outil de contrôle et de développement dans les PME. Codes JEL  : L26, L25, M13, O55
Sujet insigne et Ich-Satz.
Authors: de Libera Alain
Published: March 2009

Sujet insigne et Ich-Satz. On étudie ici deux versions de l’interprétation heideggérienne du « sujet cartésien ». La thèse générale formulée dans La métaphysique comme histoire de l’être affirmant que c’est avec Descartes que « pour la première fois subiectum et ego, subjectivité et égoïté (Ichheit) acquièrent une signification identique » comporte en effet au moins deux versions : une version faible, exposée dans Sein und Zeit et les Problèmes fondamentaux de la phénoménologie, et une version forte, formulée notamment dans Schelling. Le traité de 1809 sur l’essence de la liberté humaine et Qu’est-ce qu’une chose ?. Si la version faible se contente de mettre en équation mens humana et subiectum dans l’horizon de la Vorhandenheit, la version forte propose une lecture de l’ ego comme « sujet insigne », fondée sur l’interprération schellingienne du cogito comme Ich-Satz , un des trois principes (avec le principe de contradiction et le principe de raison) permettant de fonder systématiquement la certitude métaphysique. Il s’agit dès lors de montrer dans quelle mesure Heidegger suit l’interprétation schellingienne de la philosophie moderne, et son évaluation des contributions respectives de Descartes, Leibniz et Kant à l’émergence d’un nouveau concept du sujet, déterminé par sa quête de la liberté.
Les deux rêves de Dora : « Y a le feu au lac ! »
Authors: Lacombe Alain
Published: March 2009

Résumé Les dernières lignes de l’exposé du cas, nous rappelle A. Lacombe, sont consacrées, par Freud, à mentionner un point de sa propre insatisfaction (ne pas avoir débarrassé plus radicalement Dora de son mal), et à souligner un élément d’opposition entre les deux rêves de Dora (retour vers le père pour le premier, détachement du père pour le second). Relisant ces deux rêves, A. Lacombe opère, de manière singulière, à partir d’une distinction entre « réalisation de désir  » (comme réalisation d’un sens, au lieu de l’Autre, avec ce que cela comporte de reste, non réalisé) et «  accomplissement de désir  » (qui s’en tiendrait à la dimension de l’acte, du côté du sujet). Cet angle de la réalisation , et son versant de non réalisé , ouvre des perspectives nouvelles, notamment sur la répétition du rêve dans la cure, sur la question de Dora telle qu’elle ne cesse de la poser (avec ce petit point d’interrogation sur lequel nous interpelle l’auteur, ultérieurement ajouté par Dora à un énoncé du deuxième rêve), enfin, sur la dimension de la hâte, reliée par l’auteur au «  pas d’acte sexuel  », au refus du deux du couple, au statut de l’angoisse dans le second rêve, celui dont Freud, précisément, n’a pas pu réaliser l’interprétation. Ce balayage inédit, qui trace comme un nuage de points entre les éléments connus des deux rêves de Dora, s’achève sur l’hypothèse d’un nouage entre la question, non élucidée, du désir que le second rêve réalise, et l’insatisfaction de Freud.
Le corps n'est pas ce que l'on croit
Authors: Bruno Pierre
Published: March 2009

Résumé L’auteur distingue “j’ai un corps” et “je suis un corps” pour aborder l’œuvre du vidéaste portugais Vasco Araujo et particulièrement sa pièce “Far de donna”. A partir de “je suis un corps” en effet, le rapport au corps ne se réduit plus à l’image du corps, mais appréhende celui-ci sans faire l’impasse ni sur les objets qui ne le déterminent qu’en étant prélevés sur lui, notamment la voix et le regard, ni sur sa dimension temporelle qui commence, avant la naissance, dans le mystérieux désir des parents, et se poursuit après la mort dans le rituel de la sépulture.
Influence de la notation éthique sur l'évolution du prix des actions
Authors: Dupré Denis , Girerd-Potin Isabelle , Jimenez-Garces Sonia , Louvet Pascal
Published: March 2009

Résumé L’investissement socialement responsable connaît une croissance rapide ces dernières années, ceci traduisant une préoccupation réelle des investisseurs. Cette étude propose une modélisation théorique formalisant les implications de ce goût nouveau pour l’investissement socialement responsable sur le prix des actions. Nous retraçons les différentes phases d’introduction de l’éthique sur les marchés financiers. Nous montrons, en particulier, que l’émergence d’une notation éthique entraîne une hausse du prix des titres éthiques, et donc une diminution du coût du capital de ces entreprises. Cet avantage peut inciter des entreprises à s’adapter à la demande des investisseurs en adoptant un comportement éthique, et ce jusqu’à ce que la baisse du coût du capital induite s’équilibre avec le coût supporté pour investir dans des programmes de mise en conformité aux normes sociales.
Le modèle du roi sage aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles : Salomon, Alphonse X et Charles V
Authors: Boudet Jean-Patrice
Published: March 2009

RESUME Paradigme du roi sage et juste, Salomon avait aussi, au Moyen Âge, la réputation d’avoir été un roi exorciste et magicien, capable de contraindre les démons à lui obéir. Ce modèle ambivalent a clairement inspiré le roi Alphonse X de Castille (1252-1284) et sa politique de traduction d’ouvrages d’astronomie, d’astrologie et de magie, destinée à percer les secrets de Dieu, de la nature et de son peuple. Mais l’on peut se demander dans quelle mesure ce modèle n’a pas également inspiré le roi de France Charles V (1364-1380) et sa politique de translatio studii, lancée au temps où il n’était encore que dauphin. Une comparaison entre le prologue de la traduction arabo-latine du Quadripartitum de Ptolémée, rédigé par Gilles de Thebaldis, et celui de la traduction latino-française de ce texte, composé par Guillaume Oresme, tous deux édités en annexe à cet article, donne un aperçu des points communs entre les deux démarches et de leurs spécificités.
Louis Ier d'Espagne (1661-1700) : essai sur une virtualité politique
Authors: Lahaye Matthieu
Published: March 2009

RESUME Le Grand Dauphin, fils légitime de Louis XIV (1661-1711), encore appelé Monseigneur, a été au cœur de la crise liée à la succession d’Espagne dans la seconde moitié du XVII e  siècle. En effet, par sa qualité de fils de l’infante Marie-Thérèse, il disposait de droits réels sur une couronne d’Espagne fragilisée par la stérilité et la faiblesse du roi Charles II (1661-1700). Pendant presque quarante ans, Louis XIV utilisa la figure du dauphin pour mener à bien une politique internationale qui reposait sur une idée simple : donner plus de cohérence aux frontières du royaume. Cependant, en 1700, à la mort du souverain espagnol, le dauphin fit pression pour que la France soutienne militairement les droits de Philippe V, son fils cadet, contre l’Europe coalisée. Dès lors, la politique étrangère française devait subir une inflexion majeure. Si depuis 1660, Louis XIV défendait une politique de grandeur nationale sous couvert d’une politique dynastique à laquelle il ne crut jamais vraiment, après 1700, le gouvernement royal, grâce à l’influence du dauphin, s’engageait dans une politique dynastique au nom de la grandeur nationale.