bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inferring regulatory change from gene expression: the confounding effects of tissue scaling
Authors: Montgomery Stephen H. , Mank Judith E.
Published: August 2016

Comparative studies of gene expression are often designed with the aim of identifying regulatory changes associated with phenotypic variation. In recent years, large‐scale transcriptome sequencing methods have increasingly been applied to nonmodel organisms to ask important ecological or evolutionary questions. Although experimental design varies, many of these studies have been based on RNA libraries obtained from heterogeneous tissue samples, for example homogenized whole bodies. Comparisons between groups of samples that vary in tissue composition can introduce sufficient variation in RNA abundance to produce patterns of differential expression that are mistakenly interpreted as evidence of regulatory differences. Here, we present a simple model that demonstrates this effect. The model describes the relationship between transcript abundance and tissue composition in a two‐tissue system, and how this relationship varies under different scaling relationships. Using a range of biologically realistic variables, including real biological examples, to parameterize the model we highlight the potentially severe influence of tissue scaling on relative transcript abundance. We use these results to identify key aspects of experimental design and analysis that can help to limit the influence of tissue scaling on the inference of regulatory difference from comparative studies of gene expression.
Sex‐related differences in reactivity of cerebral arterioles during moderate exercise training
Authors: Arrick Denise M. , Li Chun , Mayhan William G.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Our goals were to determine the influence of sex on reactivity of cerebral arterioles and whether MExT could influence sex‐related differences in reactivity of cerebral arterioles.

Materials and Methods

Responses of cerebral arterioles were measured in Sed and MExT adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats to eNOS‐dependent (ADP), nNOS‐dependent (NMDA), and NOS‐independent (nitroglycerin) agonists before and following L‐NMMA. In addition, protein expression for eNOS and nNOS was determined.

Results

NOS‐dependent vasodilation was enhanced in Sed and MExT female rats compared to their male counterparts. L‐NMMA produced a greater decrease in baseline diameter of arterioles in females compared to males, and produced less inhibition of NOS‐dependent vasodilation in females. Expression of eNOS protein was significantly increased in Sed female when compared to Sed male rats; nNOS protein was similar in Sed males and females, but increased in MExT females.

Conclusions

The findings from this study indicate that while NOS‐dependent vascular reactivity is increased in females, MExT does not alter vasodilation in males or females. These studies provide insights into the influence of sex and MExT on the cerebral microcirculation and may have implications regarding mechanisms that protect the brain in females compared to males.
A Measure of Proficiency or Short‐Term Memory? Validation of an Elicited Imitation Test for SLA Research
Authors: KIM YOUJIN , TRACY–VENTURA NICOLE , JUNG YEONJOO
Published: August 2016

Elicited imitation requires listeners to listen and repeat sentences as accurately as possible. In second language acquisition (SLA) research it has been used for a variety of purposes. Recently, versions of the same elicited imitation test (EIT) have been created in 6 languages with the purpose of measuring second language proficiency (Ortega et al., ; Tracy–Ventura et al., 2014; Wu & Ortega, ). The validity of these EITs has been tested, and results are promising. However, questions remain regarding the extent to which EIT performance is mediated by learners’ memory span. The current study validates a new Korean EIT following the Ortega et al. () design and, as part of that, investigates the potential role of phonological short‐term memory in test performance. Korean as a second language learners (N = 66) took the following tests over 2 days: the Korean EIT, the listening section of the standardized Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK), a speaking test, and a forward digit span test in their first language. Results indicated significant positive correlations between EIT scores and the various proficiency measures, but a weak and nonsignificant correlation between the EIT and forward digit span scores. Together, these results provide support for this EIT as a valid and reliable proficiency measure for use in SLA research.
Chloroplast‐associated metabolic functions influence the susceptibility of maize to Ustilago maydis
Authors: Kretschmer Matthias , Croll Daniel , Kronstad James W.
Published: August 2016

Biotrophic fungal pathogens must evade or suppress plant defence responses to establish a compatible interaction in living host tissue. In addition, metabolic changes during disease reflect both the impact of nutrient acquisition by the fungus to support proliferation and the integration of metabolism with the plant defence response. In this study, we used transcriptome analyses to predict that the chloroplast and associated functions are important for symptom formation by the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis on maize. We tested our prediction by examining the impact on disease of a genetic defect (whirly1) in chloroplast function. In addition, we examined whether disease was influenced by inhibition of glutamine synthetase by glufosinate (impacting amino acid biosynthesis) or inhibition of 3‐phosphoshikimate 1‐carboxyvinyltransferase by glyphosate (influencing secondary metabolism). All of these perturbations increased the severity of disease, thus suggesting a contribution to resistance. Overall, these findings provide a framework for understanding the components of host metabolism that benefit the plant versus the pathogen during a biotrophic interaction. They also reinforce the emerging importance of the chloroplast as a mediator of plant defence.
Maize susceptibility to Ustilago maydis is influenced by genetic and chemical perturbation of carbohydrate allocation
Authors: Kretschmer Matthias , Croll Daniel , Kronstad James W.
Published: August 2016

The ability of biotrophic fungi to metabolically adapt to the host environment is a critical factor in fungal diseases of crop plants. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome of maize tumours induced by Ustilago maydis to identify key features underlying metabolic shifts during disease. Among other metabolic changes, this analysis highlighted modifications during infection in the transcriptional regulation of carbohydrate allocation and starch metabolism. We confirmed the relevance of these changes by establishing that symptom development was altered in an id1 (indeterminate1) mutant that showed increased accumulation of sucrose as well as being defective in the vegetative to reproductive transition. We further established the relevance of specific metabolic functions related to carbohydrate allocation by assaying disease in su1 (sugary1) mutant plants with altered starch metabolism and in plants treated with glucose, sucrose and silver nitrate during infection. We propose that specific regulatory and metabolic changes influence the balance between susceptibility and resistance by altering carbon allocation to promote fungal growth or to influence plant defence. Taken together, these studies reveal key aspects of metabolism that are critical for biotrophic adaptation during the maize–U. maydis interaction.
Taxonomic notes on the genus Piper (Piperaceae)
Authors: Suwanphakdee Chalermpol , Simpson David A. , Hodkinson Trevor R. , Chantaranothai Pranom
Published: August 2016

Sixteen lectotypifications of Asian Piper species are provided. Piper argyrites, P. baccatum, P. leptostachyum, P. majusculum, P. peepuloides, P. quinqueangulatum and P. sulcatum are accepted as species and many new synonyms are proposed. Useful diagnostic characters are described and geographical distribution data of each species are provided.
C–reactive protein levels and the association of carotid artery calcification with tooth loss
Authors: Thanakun S , Pornprasertsuk‐Damrongsri S , Izumi Y
Published: August 2016

Objectives

The relationship between carotid artery calcification (CAC) and tooth loss was investigated and its association with inflammatory mediator levels was evaluated.

Subjects and methods

Ninety–two participants were examined for health and periodontal status. Panoramic radiographs were obtained for CAC identification. C‐reactive protein (CRP), intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM–1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM–1) levels were measured.

Results

Fifteen participants (16.3%) had CAC, 12 (80.0%) of whom were female. Mean age of participants with CAC was 55.3 ± 12.2 years, while that of participants without CAC was 48.9 ± 9.4 years. Median number of tooth loss in participants with CAC was 11, whereas that of individuals without CAC was 3 (P = 0.008). Age and presence of CAC were associated with the number of tooth loss, independent of health status (β = 0.452, P = <0.001 and β = 0.257, P = 0.005). Based on CRP levels, 10 participants (71.4%) were at intermediate risk of coronary heart disease (range, 1.0–2.3 μg ml−1), while four participants (28.6%) were at low risk (<1.0 μg ml−1). CRP, ICAM–1, or VCAM–1 levels were not significantly related to the presence of CAC or tooth loss.

Conclusions

Patients with higher tooth loss have a greater prevalence of CAC. Patients with CAC should be referred for medical consultation.
Decision‐Making Experiences of Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Authors: GREEN ARIEL R. , JENKINS AMY , MASOUDI FREDERICK A. , MAGID DAVID J. , KUTNER JEAN S. , LEFF BRUCE , MATLOCK DANIEL D.
Published: August 2016

Background

When patients are not adequately engaged in decision making, they may be at risk of decision regret. Our objective was to explore patients’ perceptions of their decision‐making experiences related to implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs).

Methods

Cross‐sectional, mailed survey of 412 patients who received an ICD without cardiac resynchronization therapy for any indication between 2006 and 2009. Patients were asked about decision participation and decision regret.

Results

A total of 295 patients with ICDs responded (72% response rate). Overall, 79% reported that they were as involved in the decision as they wanted. However, 28% reported that they were not told of the option of not getting an ICD and 37% did not remember being asked if they wanted an ICD. In total, 19% reported not wanting their ICD at the time of implantation. Those who did not want the ICD were younger (<65 years; 74% vs 43%, P < 0.001), had higher decision regret (31/100 vs 11/100, P < 0.001), and reported less participation in decision making (the doctor “totally” made the decision, 9% vs 3%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

A considerable number of ICD recipients recalled not wanting their ICD at the time of implantation. While these findings may be prone to recall bias, they likely identify opportunities to improve ICD decision making.
Past, Present, and Future of Informed Consent in Pain and Genomics Research: Challenges Facing Global Medical Community
Authors: Compagnone Christian , Schatman Michael E. , Rauck Richard L. , Van Zundert Jan , Kraus Monika , Primorac Dragan , Williams Frances , Allegri Massimo , Saccani Jordi Gloria , Fanelli Guido ,   Pain‐Omics Group
Published: August 2016

In recent decades, there has been a revision of the role of institutional review boards with the intention of protecting human subjects from harm and exploitation in research. Informed consent aims to protect the subject by explaining all of the benefits and risks associated with a specific research project. To date, there has not been a review published analyzing issues of informed consent in research in the field of genetic/Omics in subjects with chronic pain, and the current review aims to fill that gap in the ethical aspects of such investigation. Despite the extensive discussion on ethical challenges unique to the field of genetic/Omics, this is the first attempt at addressing ethical challenges regarding Informed Consent Forms for pain research as the primary focus. We see this contribution as an important one, for while ethical issues are too often ignored in pain research in general, the numerous arising ethical issues that are unique to pain genetic/Omics suggest that researchers in the field need to pay even greater attention to the rights of subjects/patients. This article presents the work of the Ethic Committee of the Pain‐Omics Group (www.painomics.eu), a consortium of 11 centers that is running the Pain‐Omics project funded by the European Community in the 7th Framework Program theme (HEALTH.2013.2.2.1‐5—Understanding and controlling pain). The Ethic Committee is composed of 1 member of each group of the consortium as well as key opinion leaders in the field of ethics and pain more generally.
Adaptation of the cockroachBlattella germanicato human habitats: circadian and noncircadian factors
Authors: Chung Chen‐Yo , Chang Chun‐Che , Lee How‐Jing
Published: August 2016

To survive, an animal must respond to the environmental stimuli (Zeitgebers) precisely coinciding with a 24‐h light/dark cycle. In human habitats, both natural and artificial Zeitgebers intermingle, entraining the circadian clocks of animals. Whether a circadian clock can respond to Zeitgebers effectively is closely related to the level of adaptive competitiveness. In the present review, the German cockroach (Blattella germanicaL.) is compared with the double‐striped cockroach (Blattella bisignataBrunner von Wattenwyl) and the reasons whyB. germanicais a more competitive dweller than its sibling species in human habitats are discussed. For example, sensitive adjustment of circadian clocks allows a maleB. germanicato coordinate itself to the changes of daily light/dark cycles more efficiently; by contrast, it takes maleB. bisignatamore than 3 days to adjust. In a given dark phase, maleB. germanicaappear more to be resistant thanB. bisignatato interference from light pulses. Ovary‐dependent masking factors enable femaleB. germanicato take advantage of the light phase to feed or mate, during which time a femaleB. bisignatatypically remains inert. Furthermore, the gregariousness levels, fertilization and hatching rates, as well as mating behaviours of both cockroach species are compared. All of these comparisons suggest thatB. germanicasurpassesB. bisignatawith respect to adapting to the artificial constraints within human habitats as a result of the adoption of an integrated strategy consisting of circadian and noncircadian approaches.
Circadian rhythm in mRNA expression of the glutathione synthesis gene Gclc is controlled by peripheral glial clocks in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Chow Eileen S. , Long Dani M. , Giebultowicz Jadwiga M.
Published: August 2016

Circadian coordination of metabolism, physiology and behaviour is found in all living kingdoms. Clock genes are transcriptional regulators, and their rhythmic activities generate daily rhythms in clock‐controlled genes that result in cellular and organismal rhythms. Insects provide numerous examples of rhythms in behaviour and reproduction, although less is known about control of metabolic processes by circadian clocks in insects. Recent data suggest that several pathways involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress may be modulated by the circadian system, including genes involved in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. Specifically, rhythmic expression of the gene encoding the catalytic subunit (Gclc) of the rate‐limiting GSH biosynthetic enzyme is detected in Drosophila melanogaster heads. The present study aims to determine which clocks in the fly multi‐oscillatory circadian system are responsible for Gclc rhythms. Genetic disruption of tissue‐specific clocks in D. melanogaster reveals that transcriptional rhythms in Gclc mRNA levels occur independently of the central pacemaker neurones because these rhythms persist in the heads of behaviourally arrhythmic flies with a disabled central clock but intact peripheral clocks. Disrupting the clock specifically in glial cells abolishes rhythmic expression of Gclc, suggesting that glia play an important role in Gclc transcriptional regulation, which may contribute to maintaining homeostasis in the fly nervous system.
Spatio‐temporal patterns in pollination of deceptive Aristolochia rotunda L. (Aristolochiaceae)
Authors: Oelschlägel B. , von Tschirnhaus M. , Nuss M. , Nikolić T. , Wanke S. , Dötterl S. , Neinhuis C.
Published: August 2016

Pollination success of highly specialised flowers is susceptible to fluctuations of the pollinator fauna. Mediterranean Aristolochia rotunda has deceptive trap flowers exhibiting a highly specialised pollination system. The sole pollinators are kleptoparasitic flies in search of food. This study investigates these pollinators on a spatio‐temporal scale and the impact of weather conditions on their availability. Two potential strategies of the plants to cope with pollinator limitation, i.e. autonomous selfing and an increased floral life span, were tested.

A total of 6156 flowers were investigated for entrapped pollinators in 10 Croatian populations. Availability of the main pollinator was correlated to meteorological data. Artificial pollination experiments were conducted and the floral life span was recorded in two populations according to pollinator availability.

Trachysiphonella ruficeps (Chloropidae) was identified as dominant pollinator, along with less abundant species of Chloropidae, Ceratopogonidae and Milichiidae. Pollinator compositions varied among populations. Weather conditions 15–30 days before pollination had a significant effect on availability of the main pollinator. Flowers were not autonomously selfing, and the floral life span exhibited considerable plasticity depending on pollinator availability.

A. rotunda flowers rely on insect pollen vectors. Plants are specialised on a guild of kleptoparasitic flies, rather than on a single species. Pollinator variability may result in differing selection pressures among populations. The availability/abundance of pollinators depends on weather conditions during their larval development. Flowers show a prolonged trapping flower stage that likely increases outcrossing success during periods of pollinator limitation.
“Who” should be focused? The influence of focus status on pronoun resolution
Authors: Xu Xiaodong , Zhou Xiaolin
Published: August 2016

Focus is assumed to be able to enhance the salience of a focused constituent and thereby facilitate the interpretation of a pronoun that refers to a focused antecedent relative to an unfocused antecedent. To assess how discourse‐based focus structure influences the interpretation of a pronoun and whether this process is modulated by the grammatical role of the antecedent, we conducted an ERP study in which the focus status of a pronoun's potential antecedents was manipulated by means of a wh‐question‐answer structure. We found that, relative to those in the focused position, pronouns referring to antecedents in the unfocused position evoked enhanced positive responses in both early (180–230 ms) and late time windows (400–800 ms). Moreover, while a larger positivity was evoked by object‐referring pronouns compared to subject‐referring pronouns in the 400–800 ms time window over the right hemisphere, there was no effect of grammatical role in the 180–230 ms time window. These findings indicate that, while the initial stage of pronoun resolution is modulated by focus information assigned via a wh‐question structure, integration of the pronoun and its antecedent into a coherent discourse representation at the later stage could be constrained by various factors, including the focus status and possibly the grammatical role of the antecedent.
The Dynamics of Adolescent Depression: An Instrumental Variable Quantile Regression with Fixed Effects Approach
Authors: Contoyannis Paul , Li Jinhu
Published: August 2016

The paper employs a recently developed instrumental variable approach for the estimation of dynamic quantile regression models with fixed effects to model the dynamics of health outcomes. Our proposed estimator not only allows us to control for individual-specific heterogeneity via fixed effects in the dynamic quantile regression framework but may also reduce the bias that exists in conventional fixed effects estimation of dynamic quantile regression models with small numbers of time periods. Using data on the children of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, we examine the extent of true state dependence in youth depression conditional on unobserved individual heterogeneity and family socio-economic status. Our results suggest that true state dependence in youth depression among the survey respondents is very low and the observed positive association between previous and current depression is mainly due to time invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity.
If Human Rights Mattered
Authors: Coates Rodney D.
Published: August 2016

This article is a response to Judith Blau's () essay, “Human Rights: What the United States Might Learn from the Rest of the World and, Yes, from American Sociology.” Here, I argue that if human rights mattered, then liberty could be assured. And absent human rights, liberty is a sham.
Detection of a novel HLA‐B*46:01 variant, HLA‐B*46:01:22, in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang K. L. , Chen S.‐P. , Lin P. Y.
Published: August 2016

One nucleotide replacement at residue 606 of HLA‐B*46:01:01 results in a new allele, HLA‐B*46:01:22.
Toward Integrative Dynamic Models for Adaptive Perspective Taking
Authors: Duran Nicholas , Dale Rick , Galati Alexia
Published: August 2016

In a matter of mere milliseconds, conversational partners can transform their expectations about the world in a way that accords with another person's perspective. At the same time, in similar situations, the exact opposite also appears to be true. Rather than being at odds, these findings suggest that there are multiple contextual and processing constraints that may guide when and how people consider perspective. These constraints are shaped by a host of factors, including the availability of social and environmental cues, and intrinsic biases and cognitive abilities. To explain how these might be integrated in a new way forward, we turn to an adaptive account of interpersonal interaction. This account draws from basic principles of dynamical systems, principles that we argue are already expressed, both implicitly and explicitly, within a broad landscape of existing research. We then showcase an initial attempt to develop a computational framework to instantiate some of these principles. This framework, consisting of what we argue to be important mechanistic insights rendered by neural network models, is based on a promising and long‐standing approach that has yet to take hold in the current domain. We argue that by bridging this gap, new insights into other theoretical accounts, such as the connections between memory and common ground information, might be revealed.
Clinical outcomes with ABO antibody titer variability in a multicenter study of ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bentall Andrew , R. Barnett A. Nicholas , Braitch Manjit , Kessaris Nicos , McKane Will , Newstead Chas , McHaffie Gavin , Brown Alison , Griffin Sian , Mamode Nizam , Briggs David , Ball Simon
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

ABO blood group‐incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOiKTx) outcomes are good, but complications are more common than in conventional transplantation. Regimens that use extracorporeal antibody removal therapy (EART) and enhanced immunosuppression are guided by titration of ABO blood group antibodies (using hemagglutination [HA] dilution assays), and these assays vary significantly in performance between centers. This study aims to describe the differences in titer measurement and the effect on clinical practice and outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

This multicentre, prospective cohort study of 100 ABOiKTx recipients assessed treatment and outcome data, including HA assay results measured retrospectively in a single central laboratory.

RESULTS

Patient and allograft survival at 1 year was 99% and 94%, respectively. There were significant differences in the number of pretransplantation EART sessions in centers undertaking plasma exchange (PEx), compared with immunoadsorption (IA) (median, 6 vs. 4 sessions; p = 0.007). The pre‐EART HA titer in both groups was the same when centrally assayed. The local HA assay used to guide treatment yielded significantly higher titers in centers undertaking PEx compared with IA (median, 128 vs. 32; p < 0.005). Patients undergoing PEx rather than IA were significantly more likely to suffer postoperative hematoma (12.9% vs. 1.8%; p = 0.05) or any perioperative collection requiring drainage (19.4% vs. 3.6%; p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

The colinearity of HA assay sensitivity with the receipt of PEx and EART limits some conclusions regarding the likely direction of causation. However, the association of differences in clinical practice with recognized perioperative complications of ABOiKTx identifies targets for further investigation and quality improvement.
Metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin in a cat
Authors: Hansen Sonya C. , Smith Annette N. , Kuo Kendon W. , Fish Eric J. , Koehler Jey W. , Martinez‐Romero Gisela , Bacek Lenore M.
Published: August 2016

An 8‐year‐old, female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat was presented to the Auburn University Emergency and Critical Care service for evaluation of pleural effusion and a suspected intrathoracic mass. Computed tomography was performed which confirmed the presence of a large intrathoracic mass, likely heart‐based. Fine‐needle aspirates were obtained and a cytologic diagnosis of a neuroendocrine tumor was made. Treatment with toceranib phosphate was briefly attempted at home by the owners. The cat died at home approximately 6 weeks after diagnosis. Necropsy and subsequent histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin. Aortic body tumors are extremely rare in cats and to the authors’ knowledge, a neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin with distant metastases has not yet been reported in a cat.
Hematologic reference intervals for Rana sylvatica (Lithobates sylvaticus) and effect of infection with Frog Virus 3 (Ranavirus sp., Iridoviridae)
Authors: Forzán María J. , Smith Todd G. , Vanderstichel Raphaël V. , Hogan Natacha S. , Gilroy Cornelia. V.
Published: August 2016

Background

Although the Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica, is used in research on infectious diseases of amphibians, hematologic RIs or response to infection have not been established.

Objectives

The purpose of the study was to determine hematologic RIs for adult Wood Frogs and alterations associated with infection with Frog Virus 3 (FV3, Ranavirus sp.).

Methods

Blood was collected from 40 wild‐caught adult Wood Frogs that had been in captivity for 6 months. Complete (Natt–Herrick solution hemocytometry) and differential (Wright–Giemsa‐stained smears) WBC, RBC, and thrombocyte cell counts, PCV, and automated total cell counts (WBC+RBC+thrombocytes, Sysmex particle counting) were determined. Concordance correlation coefficients determined agreement between hemocytometric and automated total cell counts. Thirteen frogs were orally infected with a lethal dose of 104.43 plaque‐forming units of FV3 and terminally sampled 4, 9, or 14 days postinfection (dpi). Pre‐ and postinfection variables for each frog were compared.

Results

Leukocyte morphology was similar to that of other amphibians and mammals. Lymphocytes were the most numerous WBC. PCV and RBC counts were similar to other frogs in the same family. Agreement was good between hemocytometry and automated total cell counts. Infection with FV3 caused neutrophilia, increase in undifferentiated blast‐like cells, and reduction in the percentage of basophils. Lymphocytes decreased at 4 and 9 dpi but increased at 14 dpi. From 9 dpi onwards, nuclear deterioration and mild toxic change were present in neutrophils; viral cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils.

Conclusion

We provide hematology RIs for Rana sylvatica, and report hematologic changes associated with a lethal FV3 infection.
Translaryngeal percutaneous arytenoid lateralization technique in a canine cadaveric study
Authors: Hardie Robert J.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To describe the technique for translaryngeal percutaneous arytenoid lateralization (TPAL) and the effect on rima glottidis cross‐sectional area using a canine cadaveric model.

Study design

Ex vivo study.

Animals

Canine cadavers (n = 9).

Materials and Methods

With the aid of a laryngoscope, the larynx was visualized and a mattress suture (double‐armed 2‐0 polypropylene) was placed through the right arytenoid cartilage and exited the skin ventral to the jugular vein. The ends of the suture were passed through a button and tied on the skin to lateralize the right arytenoid cartilage. Digital images of the larynx were made before and after suture placement. Mean (±SD) rima glottidis cross‐sectional area (mm2) was calculated from the digital images and values before and after suture placement were compared using a paired t‐test. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Change in cross‐sectional area was expressed as percent increase.

Results

Suture placement and the degree of arytenoid lateralization was relatively consistent in all dogs. Mean (±SD) cross‐sectional area of the rima glottidis was 126.3 mm2 (±7.74) before and 172.1 mm2 (±24.7) after suture placement (P = 0.004). Mean percent increase in cross‐sectional area was 25%.

Conclusion

The TPAL technique was effective at enlarging the rima glottidis in this canine cadaveric model. TPAL is rapid to perform and does not require specialized instrumentation. Results of this study support further investigation of the TPAL technique as an alternative to temporary tracheostomy for dogs in severe respiratory distress due to laryngeal paralysis.
Effect of platelet storage time on platelet measurements: a systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Caram‐Deelder C. , Kreuger A. L. , Jacobse J. , van der Bom J. G. , Middelburg R. A.
Published: August 2016

Background

The storage time of platelet products negatively affects bacterial safety and platelet function. However, low maximum storage time increases outdating of valuable products. Thus, to quantify the effect of platelet storage time on platelet measurements after platelet transfusion, a systematic review and meta‐analyses were performed.

Methods

Reports and meeting abstracts of randomized trials and observational studies, performed in humans, reporting platelet measurements after transfusion of platelet products of different storage times, were selected until February 2016. Meta‐analyses were performed for four different storage time contrasts, each answering a different question. Random‐effects models were used to account for substantial heterogeneity and the weighted mean differences calculated.

Results

Our search strategy yielded 4234 studies of which 46 papers satisfied the inclusion criteria. As judged by the 1‐h corrected count increment, transfusions of fresher platelets compared to stored platelets showed better increment. The weighed mean difference varied from 2·11 (95%CI: 1·51–2·71) to 2·68 (95%CI: 1·92–3·45). For the 24‐h corrected count increment, the weighted mean difference varied from 1·36 (95%CI: 0·12–2·60) to 1·68 (95%CI: 1·07–2·28) depending on the contrast. Recovery and survival of old platelets as percentage of fresh platelets were 81% and 73% for the original definition contrast. For the extended storage contrast, recovery and survival were 75% and 68%.

Conclusions

Fresh platelets were superior to old platelets for all platelet measurements and for all storage time contrasts meta‐analysed.
Refining the risk estimate for transfusion‐transmission of occult hepatitis B virus
Authors: Seed C. R. , Kiely P. , Hoad V. C. , Keller A. J.
Published: August 2016

Background and Objectives

We previously published a model to estimate the residual risk (RR) for occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) in the absence of universal anti‐HBc testing. To incorporate new information on the epidemiology of OBI, we describe model refinements and estimate a more accurate HBV RR due to OBI in Australia.

Materials and Methods

In our original model, the OBI risk, p(OBI), was defined by the rate of ‘non‐detection’ by the HBV DNA screening test in use, p(NAT non‐detection), and the average infectivity of blood components from OBI donors, p(transmission). We revised the model by integrating three refinements: that donations with anti‐HBs levels of >10 IU/l, or donations solely for manufactured plasma products, be excluded from the risk calculation, and an updated estimate of p(transmission).

Results

Refining our OBI RR model resulted in a more than 10‐fold reduction in the reported RR risk to recipients from OBI in our donor population. Based on the use of a common data set, the mean OBI RR risk decreased from 1 in 374 354 donations (95% CI: 1 in 191 940–1 072 681) to 1 in 3 984 033 (95% CI: 1 in 1 146 188–65 268 257) for the refined model.

Conclusion

Our model refinements provide a more realistic measure of the HBV RR in the donor population. Unlike the previous model, the new model demonstrates that the risk of HBV due to OBI in the Australian blood donor population is negligible, and further potentially cost‐ineffective risk management strategies are not currently warranted.
“It's a Student Strike but a People's Struggle”: Class in the 2012 Québec's “Maple Spring”
Authors: Bonin Hugo
Published: August 2016

In 2012, the province of Quebec witnessed the largest and longest student strike in North America of the last fifty years. The objective of this article is twofold: first, present an account of the events as they unraveled, by relying on both first and second‐hand sources, in order to lay the ground for future comparative studies. Second, on a more theoretical level, to assess the class character of the 2012 movement, using the concepts of class relations and class recomposition. While the Printemps Érable might not be at first sight a “classed‐based movement,” a study of more recent mobilizations in Québec helps to shed light on its effect on class relations. By doing so, I hope to engage the conversation on the question of class in contemporary social movements.
Databases of elliptic curves ordered by height and distributions of Selmer groups and ranks
Authors: Balakrishnan Jennifer S. , Ho Wei , Kaplan Nathan , Spicer Simon , Stein William , Weigandt James
Published: August 2016

Most systematic tables of data associated to ranks of elliptic curves order the curves by conductor. Recent developments, led by work of Bhargava and Shankar studying the average sizes of $n$-Selmer groups, have given new upper bounds on the average algebraic rank in families of elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$, ordered by height. We describe databases of elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$, ordered by height, in which we compute ranks and $2$-Selmer group sizes, the distributions of which may also be compared to these theoretical results. A striking new phenomenon that we observe in our database is that the average rank eventually decreases as height increases.
Real multiplication through explicit correspondences
Authors: Kumar Abhinav , Mukamel Ronen E.
Published: August 2016

We compute equations for real multiplication on the divisor classes of genus-2 curves via algebraic correspondences. We do so by implementing van Wamelen’s method for computing equations for endomorphisms of Jacobians on examples drawn from the algebraic models for Hilbert modular surfaces computed by Elkies and Kumar. We also compute a correspondence over the universal family for the Hilbert modular surface of discriminant $5$ and use our equations to prove a conjecture of A. Wright on dynamics over the moduli space of Riemann surfaces.
Reduced memory meet-in-the-middle attack against the NTRU private key
Authors: van Vredendaal Christine
Published: August 2016

NTRU is a public-key cryptosystem introduced at ANTS-III. The two most used techniques in attacking the NTRU private key are meet-in-the-middle attacks and lattice-basis reduction attacks. Howgrave-Graham combined both techniques in 2007 and pointed out that the largest obstacle to attacks is the memory capacity that is required for the meet-in-the-middle phase. In the present paper an algorithm is presented that applies low-memory techniques to find ‘golden’ collisions to Odlyzko’s meet-in-the-middle attack against the NTRU private key. Several aspects of NTRU secret keys and the algorithm are analysed. The running time of the algorithm with a maximum storage capacity of$w$is estimated and experimentally verified. Experiments indicate that decreasing the storage capacity$w$by a factor$1<c<\sqrt{w}$increases the running time by a factor$\sqrt{c}$.
Reducing number field defining polynomials: an application to class group computations
Authors: Gélin Alexandre , Joux Antoine
Published: August 2016

In this paper we describe how to compute smallest monic polynomials that define a given number field $\mathbb{K}$. We make use of the one-to-one correspondence between monic defining polynomials of $\mathbb{K}$ and algebraic integers that generate $\mathbb{K}$. Thus, a smallest polynomial corresponds to a vector in the lattice of integers of $\mathbb{K}$ and this vector is short in some sense. The main idea is to consider weighted coordinates for the vectors of the lattice of integers of $\mathbb{K}$. This allows us to find the desired polynomial by enumerating short vectors in these weighted lattices. In the context of the subexponential algorithm of Biasse and Fieker for computing class groups, this algorithm can be used as a precomputation step that speeds up the rest of the computation. It also widens the applicability of their faster conditional method, which requires a defining polynomial of small height, to a much larger set of number field descriptions.
Computing cardinalities of -curve reductions over finite fields
Authors: Morain François , Scribot Charlotte , Smith Benjamin
Published: August 2016

We present a specialized point-counting algorithm for a class of elliptic curves over $\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}}$ that includes reductions of quadratic $\mathbb{Q}$-curves modulo inert primes and, more generally, any elliptic curve over $\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}}$ with a low-degree isogeny to its Galois conjugate curve. These curves have interesting cryptographic applications. Our algorithm is a variant of the Schoof–Elkies–Atkin (SEA) algorithm, but with a new, lower-degree endomorphism in place of Frobenius. While it has the same asymptotic asymptotic complexity as SEA, our algorithm is much faster in practice.
Character theory approach to Sato–Tate groups
Authors: Shieh Yih-Dar
Published: August 2016

In this article, we propose to use the character theory of compact Lie groups and their orthogonality relations for the study of Frobenius distribution and Sato–Tate groups. The results show the advantages of this new approach in several aspects. With samples of Frobenius ranging in size much smaller than the moment statistic approach, we obtain very good approximation to the expected values of these orthogonality relations, which give useful information about the underlying Sato–Tate groups and strong evidence of the correctness of the generalized Sato–Tate conjecture. In fact, $2^{10}$ to $2^{12}$ points provide satisfactory convergence. Even for $g=2$, the classical approach using moment statistics requires about $2^{30}$ sample points to obtain such information.
Computing Jacobi forms
Authors: Ryan Nathan C. , Sirolli Nicolás , Skoruppa Nils-Peter , Tornaría Gonzalo
Published: August 2016

We describe an implementation for computing holomorphic and skew-holomorphic Jacobi forms of integral weight and scalar index on the full modular group. This implementation is based on formulas derived by one of the authors which express Jacobi forms in terms of modular symbols of elliptic modular forms. Since this method allows a Jacobi eigenform to be generated directly from a given modular eigensymbol without reference to the whole ambient space of Jacobi forms, it makes it possible to compute Jacobi Hecke eigenforms of large index. We illustrate our method with several examples.
Fast heuristic algorithms for computing relations in the class group of a quadratic order, with applications to isogeny evaluation
Authors: Biasse Jean-François , Fieker Claus , Jacobson Michael J.
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we present novel algorithms for finding small relations and ideal factorizations in the ideal class group of an order in an imaginary quadratic field, where both the norms of the prime ideals and the size of the coefficients involved are bounded. We show how our methods can be used to improve the computation of large-degree isogenies and endomorphism rings of elliptic curves defined over finite fields. For these problems, we obtain improved heuristic complexity results in almost all cases and significantly improved performance in practice. The speed-up is especially high in situations where the ideal class group can be computed in advance.
Computing -series of geometrically hyperelliptic curves of genus three
Authors: Harvey David , Massierer Maike , Sutherland Andrew V.
Published: August 2016

Let$C/\mathbf{Q}$be a curve of genus three, given as a double cover of a plane conic. Such a curve is hyperelliptic over the algebraic closure of$\mathbf{Q}$, but may not have a hyperelliptic model of the usual form over$\mathbf{Q}$. We describe an algorithm that computes the local zeta functions of$C$at all odd primes of good reduction up to a prescribed bound$N$. The algorithm relies on an adaptation of the ‘accumulating remainder tree’ to matrices with entries in a quadratic field. We report on an implementation and compare its performance to previous algorithms for the ordinary hyperelliptic case.
Physiological roles of Kv2 channels in entorhinal cortex layer II stellate cells revealed by Guangxitoxin‐1E
Authors: Hönigsperger Christoph , Nigro Maximiliano J. , Storm Johan F.
Published: August 2016

Key points

Kv2 channels underlie delayed‐rectifier potassium currents in various neurons, although their physiological roles often remain elusive. Almost nothing is known about Kv2 channel functions in medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) neurons, which are involved in representing space, memory formation, epilepsy and dementia.

Stellate cells in layer II of the mEC project to the hippocampus and are considered to be space‐representing grid cells. We used the new Kv2 blocker Guangxitoxin‐1E (GTx) to study Kv2 functions in these neurons.

Voltage clamp recordings from mEC stellate cells in rat brain slices showed that GTx inhibited delayed‐rectifier K+ current but not transient A‐type current.

In current clamp, GTx had multiple effects: (i) increasing excitability and bursting at moderate spike rates but reducing firing at high rates; (ii) enhancing after‐depolarizations; (iii) reducing the fast and medium after‐hyperpolarizations; (iv) broadening action potentials; and (v) reducing spike clustering.

GTx is a useful tool for studying Kv2 channels and their functions in neurons.

The medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) is strongly involved in spatial navigation, memory, dementia and epilepsy. Although potassium channels shape neuronal activity, their roles in mEC are largely unknown. We used the new Kv2 blocker Guangxitoxin‐1E (GTx; 10–100 nm) in rat brain slices to investigate Kv2 channel functions in mEC layer II stellate cells (SCs). These neurons project to the hippocampus and are considered to be grid cells representing space. Voltage clamp recordings from SCs nucleated patches showed that GTx inhibited a delayed rectifier K+ current activating beyond –30 mV but not transient A‐type current. In current clamp, GTx (i) had almost no effect on the first action potential but markedly slowed repolarization of late spikes during repetitive firing; (ii) enhanced the after‐depolarization (ADP); (iii) reduced fast and medium after‐hyperpolarizations (AHPs); (iv) strongly enhanced burst firing and increased excitability at moderate spike rates but reduced spiking at high rates; and (v) reduced spike clustering and rebound potentials. The changes in bursting and excitability were related to the altered ADPs and AHPs. Kv2 channels strongly shape the activity of mEC SCs by affecting spike repolarization, after‐potentials, excitability and spike patterns. GTx is a useful tool and may serve to further clarify Kv2 channel functions in neurons. We conclude that Kv2 channels in mEC SCs are important determinants of intrinsic properties that allow these neurons to produce spatial representation. The results of the present study may also be important for the accurate modelling of grid cells.
Analysis of the Vorticity in the Near Wake of a Station Wagon
Authors: Lopez Mejia Omar D. , Ardila Gómez Sergio A. , Blanco Otero David E. , Muñoz Camargo Luis E.
Published: August 2016

A computational study of the turbulent flow around a modified station wagon vehicle is presented in order to predict aerodynamic forces and to understand some details of the near wake. The geometrical model was obtained by a three-dimensional scanning process but excludes some details of the vehicle such as the engine bay, and the underfloor was considered flat. A hybrid mesh (prisms' layers and tetrahedral) was generated with refinements close to the vehicle surface (including the wheels) and the near wake. The simulations were performed in the commercial software ansys fluent at a Reynolds number of 2.7 × 106 based on the wheelbase. Numerical results of the drag coefficient predict values of 0.431 which is considered in fairly good agreement with the experimental result (based on a coastdown test) of 0.404. Contours of velocity, pressure, and eddy viscosity field show some important features of the separated flow in the rear part of the vehicle. A detailed study of the near wake was performed in which the evolution of the vorticity was analyzed in the downstream direction, showing several pairs of counter-rotating vortices generated from the upper part of the A-pillar, wing mirrors, and the fender of the vehicle.
The Wingtip Vortex of a Dimpled Wing With an Endplate
Authors: Beves Christopher C. , Barber Tracie J.
Published: August 2016

Dimples used as sub-boundary layer vortex generators have been shown to reduce wake size at large angles of incidence. The effect these dimples have on wingtip vortices with an endplate is measured via laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) on an inverted Tyrrell026 airfoil (ReC = 0.5 × 105 and chord = 0.075 m) in ground effect in order to determine the flow characteristics for this configuration and to see if previous measurements were performed in a thinner part of the wake due to any potential wake waviness. The strength of the wingtip vortex for the dimpled wing is 10% higher than the “clean” wing immediately downstream. The clean wing has large region of high turbulence throughout the wake, and the dimples reduce this by 50%. The net result is that dimples drastically improve the flow in the wake of the wing and endplate.