bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEMMES D'AFRIQUE ET DES PAYS MEDITERRANEENS
Authors: STEVENS HELENE , JEAY ANNE‐MARIE
Published: March 2008

La comparaison entre le travail agricole des femmes en Europe méditerranéenne et en Afrique montre que partout les femmes sont responsables, pour une très large part, de la production vivriere, et pour une part non négligeable, des cultures de rente, gérées par leur mari, et pour lesquelles elles constituent une main D'oeuvre à très bon marché.

Elles peuvent être propriétaires de terres ou de bétail, mais le mode D'exploitation en est différent en Europe et en Afrique où la terre appartient généralement à un lignage en nue propriété, et où le bétail est élément D'épargne ou de prestige.

La femme peut exercer des responsibilityés de gestion, mais elle le fait discrètement en Europe, plus ouvertement en Afrique.

La situation des femmes de migrants, chefs D'exploitation par la force des choses, sans formation préalable, se retrouve partout la même.

Le rôle économique des femmes de la campagne est D'autant plus vital que le pays est moins développé.

A comparison between the agricultural work done by women in the Mediterranean area of Europe and in Africa, shows that women are responsible to a large degree for the production of food crops and also to a fairly large extent for the production of cash crops, which are managed by their husbands and for whom they constitute a cheap source of labour.

Women may be owners of land and/or cattle but their possibilities of exploiting these differ between Europe and Africa. In Africa land generally belongs to the community and the use of it may be granted for a given time. Cattle often represents savings or prestige.

Women may have management responsibilities, which they exercise more independently in Africa and more discreetly in Europe.

The situation of migrants' wives, forced by circumstances to take charge of farm management with no previous training for the job, is the same everywhere.

The less developed the country, the more important is the economic role of rural women.

Bei einem Vergleich landwirtschaftlicher Frauenarbeit im europäischen Mittelmeergebiet und in Afrika zeigt es sich, daß die Frauen zum großen Teil überall für die häusliche Nahrungsfrüchteproduktion verantwortlich sind. Sie wirken auch zu einem beträchtlichen Teil bei der Produktion von Markterzeugnissen mit, für deren Anbau jedoch die Männer die Hauptverantwortung tragen und für die die Frauen eine Quelle billiger Arbeitskräfte darstellen.

Frauen können auch Land‐ und Viehbesitzcr sein, jedoch ist die Möglichkeit der Ausnutzung in Europa eine andere als in Afrika. In Afrika gehört das Land oft der Sippe, und Vieh stellt eine Ersparnis‐oder Prestigequelle dar, deren Nutzung für eine gewisse Zeit gewährt wird.

Frauen in Afrika haben vielfach eine größere Eigenverantwortung in Bewirtschaftungsfragen als Frauen in Europa.

Die Rolle der Frauen von Zuwanderern, welche durch die Umstände, ohne vorherige Ausbildung, gezwungen sind, sich mit Landbewirt‐schaftung zu befassen, ist überall die gleiche.

Je unterentwickelter ein Land ist, desto größer ist in der Regel die wirtschaftliche Rolle der Landfrauen.
LES FORMES DE POUVOIR EN AGRICULTURE
Authors: GUTSATZ MICHEL
Published: March 2008

Dans cet article le pouvoir est analysé selon deux axes:

‐ d'un point de vue théorique: l'auteur propose de distinguer le pouvoir social, pouvoir liéà tout acte, et capté par le jeu des hiérarchies par la classe dominante, et le pouvoir autorité, sous forme de flux de dons qui assure, en cascade, les hierarchies de pouvoir telles qu'on les conçoit habituellement.

‐ au plan concret, l'auteur analyse selon cette grille la répartition des pouvoirs en agriculture, plus particulièrement au sein des coopératives. II montre comment les adhérents de ces coopératives sont le plus souvent dépossédés de tout pouvoir lequel est concentré selon les cas entre les mains des administrateurs ou le plus souvent des administratifs.

In this paper, power is analyzed both theoretically and practically, the example chosen being the french agricultural cooperatives:

‐ theoretically: the author proposes to discern social power as being the power created in any act, and “sucked up” by the dominating class through the different social hierarchies, and “power‐authority”, as being a “gift” which secures the existence of these hierarchies.

‐ in french agricultural cooperatives, the author analyses how the cooperatives are deprived of their power which is concentrated in the hands of the administrators or of the paid management, and how this situation ensures the greater part of the economic power of the cooperatives.

In diesem Artikel wird die Macht zweifach analysiert:

‐ unter theoretischem Gesichtspunkt: Der Verfasser schlägt vor, einen Unterschied zu macheri zwischen der Macht im sozialen Bereich und derjenigen im Bereich der Behörden. Erstere äußert sich bei jeder einzelnen Handlung und wird von der herrschenden Klasse unter Ausnutzung der hierarchischen Strukturen vereinnahmt. Letztere funktioniert in Gestalt von regelmäßigen Zuwendungen, die – von oben nach unten ‐ die Hierarchien der Macht, wic sie gewöhnlich verstandcn werdcn, in Gang haltcn.

‐ Auf konkretcr Ebene analysicrt dcr Autor diesem Raster entspre‐chend die Verteilung der Machtbefugnisse in der Landwirtschaft, insbesonders im Bereich der Genossenschaften. Er zeigt, wie die Mitglieder dieser Genossenschaften meist jeglicher Macht entkleidet sind. Diese konzentriert sich, den jeweiligen Fällen entsprechend, entweder bei den Genossenschaftsleitern oder meistens jedoch bei Angestellten der Genossenschaften.
CRISE DU DEVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE
Authors: BOISSEAU PIERRE
Published: March 2008

Les organisations paysannes: relais industricl plus que foyer de promotion des agriculteurs? Les paysans marginalisés par le “progres” s'opposent à un processus mécanique de restructuration des systèmes de production. L'orientation à donner à l'agriculture et à ses institutions suscite un débat intense et confus. De nouveaux syndicats contestent l'hégémonie de la FNSEA; le courant associationniste urbain critique la concentration urbaine et 1'agriculture industrielle; l'intelligentsia “ruraliste”ébauche une croissance plus biologique et décentralisée. En définitive, qu'est ce qu'innover? Adopter ou bien créer?

Farm organisations: rather an out‐post of industry than the centre of the promotion of agricultural interests. Farmers, who, as a result of “progress” are pushed to the outer circles of society, are beginning to oppose the gradual mechanic change in the structure of production‐systems. Such orientation entails confused and strong discussion. New syndicates criticize the power of the “F.N.S.E.A.”: the associationist movement concerning the cities criticize the concentration of people inside cities and industrial agriculture; the “ruralist intelligentzia” starts a growth more biological and decentralized. Finally, what is the meaning of “to innovate”? To adopt or to create?

Bauernorganisationen: eher Auβenstelle der Industrie als Zentrum der Förderung landwirtschaftlicher Interessen. Die infolge des “Fortschritts“ an den Rand der Gesellschaft gedrängten Bauern widersetzen sich einer allmählichen mechanischen Umstrukturierung der Produktionssysteme. Die Frage, in welche Richtung die Landwirtschaft und ihre Institutionen sich entwickeln sollen, regt zu einer intensiven und konfusen Diskussion an. Neue Bauernverbände fechten die Vormachtstcllung der FNSEA1 an; die von verschiedenen städtischen Organisationen vertretene Richtung kritisiert die städtische Ballung und die industrielle Landwirtschaft; die pro‐ländliche Intelligenz entwirft das Bild eines biologischeren und dezentralisierteren Wachstums. Und schlieβlich, was heiβt eigentlich Neuerungen einführen?Übernehmen oder neu schaffen?
THE NEW “AWKWARD CLASS”: THE PEASANT‐WORKER IN POLAND
Authors: KOLANKIEWICZ GEORGE
Published: March 2008

One of the currently most interesting sources of rural sociological research in contemporary Poland is the examination of the socio‐economic and political consequences arising from the co‐existence of a largely privately owned agricultural sector and a state industrial sector. The emergence of the dual‐occupational “peasant‐worker” is just one very important aspect of this phenomenon, and the aim of this paper is to outline some of the problems it creates for both these sectors.

These peasant‐workers fall outside of the state's attempts at incorporating the individual peasant into the planned economy whilst at the same time they are not as responsive nor as dependent as might be desired upon the state's demands in industrial production. Their “awkwardness” is all the greater in that the state does not possess the resources to propel them in one direction or the other.

Un des aspects les plus intéressants àétudier dans la Pologne con‐temporaine est les conséquences socio‐économiques et politiques de la coexistence d'un large secteur privé d'agriculture individuelle et d'un secteur industriel étatique. La double profession du paysan‐ouvrier est un élement important de cette situation et le but de Particle est de préciser quelques‐uns des problémes posés aux deux secteurs.

Les paysans‐ouvriers demeurent en dehors des efforts de l'Etat pour intégrer des agriculteurs individuels à l'économie pianifiée, car leur situation de double dependance ne leur permet pas d'être inclus dans la production industrielle. lis sont “encombrants”, car l'Etat n'a pas les moyens de les orienter dans l'une ou l'autre direction.

Einer der derzeit wohl interessantesten Ansatzpunkte für agrarsoziologische Untersuchungen im heutigen Polen ist die Beobachtung der sozioökonomischen und politischen Folgen, die sich aus dem Nebeneinander eines großteils privatem Agrarsektor und einem staatlichen Industriesektor ergeben. Die Erscheinung der Doppelbeschäf‐tigung “Bauer ‐ Arbeiter” ist nur ein sehr wichtiger Aspekt dieses Phänomens. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, einige der Probleme aufzuzeigen die hierdurch für beide Sektoren entstehen. Diese “Bauern‐Arbeiter” passen nicht in die staatlichen Bemühungen, den “individuellen Bauern” in die Planwirtschaft zu integrieren. Auf der anderen Seite sind diese auch weder so verständnisvoll noch so abhängig, wie dies staatlicherseits für die Anforderungen der industriellen Produktion für wünchenswert erachtet wird. Ihre “Ungeschicklichkeit” ist umso größer, als der Staat nicht über die Mittel verfügt, sie in die eine oder andere Richtung zu lenken.
FARM SUCCESSION IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Authors: FENNELL ROSEMARY
Published: March 2008

Farm succession is an important issue for any farm family, for the future structure of farming and for rural policy makers. Despite this, it is a subject which is surprisingly neglected, particularly in terms of its socio‐economic implications. This article, which is concerned with the European Community, outlines the state of our knowledge as to the possibility of existing farmers having a successor; the attitudes of farmers and their spouses to the continuation of the farm as a separate unit; and the economic factors which affect the level of succession.

The issues raised are of particular interest because so many farmers are already elderly and therefore the question of succession is an immediate one, yet the prospects for farming are uncertain in many regions and on many types of farm. The off‐farm employment opportunities are also limited, which means that family decision‐making is more difficult than some years ago. Brief consideration is also given to the ways in which better information on farm succession could be of value in the formulation of rural policies.

Die Frage der Hofnachfolge ist von Bedeutung für die bäuerliche Familie, für die zukünftige Struktur der Landwirtschaft und für die agrarpolitischen Entscheidungsträger. Dessen ungeachtet ist sie ein Thema, das überraschender Weise stark vernachlässigt worden ist, vor allem was ihre sozio‐ökonomischen Implikationen anbetrifft. Der vor‐liegende Artikel bezieht sich auf die Europäische Gemeinschaft und zeigt den Stand unserer Kenntnisse hinsichtlich der Fragen auf, wieweit die vorhandenen landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe über einen Hofnachfolger verfügen, welche Einstellungen die Landwirte und ihre Ehepartner zur Weiterbewirtschaftung ihres Betriebes als selbständige Einheit haben und welche Ökonomischen Faktoren das Ausmaß beeinflussen, in dem die Hofnachfolge gesichert ist.

Die aufgeworfenen Fragen sind deshalb von besonderem Interesse, weil so viele Landwirte schon in einem höheren Alter sind und die Klärung der Hofnachfolge in diesen Fällen dringend erforderlich ist, die Aussichten in der Landwirtschaft in vielen Regionen und Betriebstypen aber unsicher sind. Ebenso sind die außerlandwirtschaftlichen Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten begrenzt. Dies bedeutet, daß die Entscheidungen für die Familien schwieriger geworden sind als noch vor einigen Jahren. Es werden auch einige Überlegungen angestellt, wie bessere Informationen über die Hofnachfolge in der Landwirtschaft für die Konzipierung von Maßnahmen in der Agrar‐ und Regionalpolitik wertvoll sein könnten.
COMPARATIVE AGRICULTURAL POLICY PROBLEMS AND EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH*
Authors: BERGMANN THEODOR
Published: March 2008

The first part deals with the self perception of this new scientific discipline, situated between rural sociology, political economy, political science and development policy. The ideological position of the researcher is very influential, though the problem of value judgments is faced by all disciplines. The author feels obliged to confess his own position as critical Marxist. The reproach of ethnocentrism is countered with the argument of crossnational similarity of interests between the oppressed and exploited on the one hand and the exploiters on the other hand. But the researcher is warned against the influence of commercial and industrial lobbies on his development advice. In the second part selected issues of the discipline are discussed: the general orientation of agricultural policy, the role of institutional reform and technical promotion, population growth in its relation with development, choice of technology, the demands on development aid, the role of agrarian movements and finally a few specific questions of farming in the planned economy of socialist countries.

Der erste Teil befaßt sich mit dem Selbstverständnis der neuen Wissenschaftsdisziplin, die zwischen ländlicher Soziologie, Nationalökonomie, Politologie und Entwicklungspolitik angesiedelt ist. Die ideologische Position des Forschers ist besonders relevant, obwohl das Werturteilsproblem sich in allen Wissenschaften stellt. Der Verfasser hält sich daher für verpflichter, seine eigene Position eines kritischen Marxisten zu bekennen. Dem Vorwurf des Ethnozentrismus wird die transnationale Interessenähnlichkeit der Unterdrückten und Ausgebeuteten einerseits und der Ausbeuter andererseits entgegengestellt. Aber der Forscher wird vor dem Einfluß kommerzieller und industrieller Lobbies auf seine Entwicklungsvorschläge gewarnt. ‐ Im zweiten Teil werden ausgewählte Probleme kontrovers diskutiert: allgemeine Orientierung der Agrarpolitik, institutionelle Reform versus Produktionsförderung, Bevölkerungswachstum und sein Zusammenhang mit Entwicklung, Wahl der Technologie, Forderungen an Entwicklungshilfe, Rolle der agrarischen Bewegungen und schließlich einige Spezialfragen der Landwirtschaft in der Planwirtschaft sozialistischer Länder.
THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE ESTATE OWNERSHIP ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN A SCOTTISH RURAL COMMUNITY*
Authors: BIRD S. ELIZABETH
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses the effect that large scale private landowncrship has had on social development in a Scottish rural parish. Much of Scotland's land area is concentrated in the hands of a few owners, and it is argued that their decisions on land use continue to have a significant impact on potential for growth or decline in Scottish rural settlements, in spite of powers accorded to local and nationally appointed bodies.

Cet article analyse l'effet dc la grande propriété foncièrc privée sur le développement d'une commune rurale écossaise. En Ecosse l'essentiel des terres sont concentrées dans les mains d'un nombre assez restreint de propriétaires, et, scion cettc analyse, leurs décisions quant à l'usage du sol continuent d'influencer, de manière significative, le déclin ou la croissance des zones rurales écossaises, en dépit des pouvoirs accordés aux autorités publiques locales ou nationales.

Kurzfassung

In diesem Beitrag wird dcr Einfuß dcs privaten Großgrundbesitzes auf die soziale Entwickiung in ciner ländlichen Gemeinde Schottlands diskutiert. Ein großer Teil des Landes in Schottland ist in der Hand relativ wcnigcr Eigentümer und es wird nachgewiesen, daß ihre Entschcidungen über die Landnutzung weiterhin von bedeutendem Einfluß auf die Möglichkeic des wirtschaftlichen Wachstums oder wirtschaftlichen Abstiegs in ländlichen Gemeinden sind, trotz der Machtbefugnisse, die örtlichc und staatlich eingcriehtete Organe haben.
PIGEON‐HOLED POLICIES
Authors: WRIGHT SUSAN
Published: March 2008

This paper examines the policy framework for rural employment in England, where policies for agriculture are isolated from those for the residual ‘rural economy’. Agricultural policy is narrowly geared to increasing productivity and the incomes of farmers. The result in the progressive farming area of Lincolnshire, is a shrinking employment base in the industry, with reductions in both the number of farm workers and farmers. Other government organizations attempt to diversify the rural economy and employment structure. One reason for their only partial success is continued emphasis on investment in towns rather than smaller settlements in agriculturaľ areas. A more important reason for the continued decline of the rural economy in the face of prosperous agriculture emerges from a comparison of the staff and budget resources available through central government to the two sides of this false divide between ‘agriculture’ and ‘rural development’.

Cet article analyse le contcxte de la politique de ľemploi rural en Angleterre, ou les politiques agricolcs sont séparcés de cellcs qui concernent les autres secteurs. La politique agricole est strictement centrée sur ľaccroissement de la productivityé et du revenu des agriculteurs. Dans le cas de la région agricole développée du Lincolnshire, il en résulte une réduction du nombre ?agriculteurs et du nombre des salariés agricolecs. D'autres administrations tentent par aillcurs de diversifier ľéconomie et ľemploi en milieu rural. Leur succès est limité en raison de la préférence à localiser les investissements dans les villes plutôt que dans les petitcs agglomérations des zones agricolcs. Surtout, ce déclin persistant dc ľéconomie rurale contrastant avec une agriculture prospèrc peut être attribuéà un déséquilibre fondamental des ressoutces disponibles (en hommes et en argent) pour ces deux secteurs ‐ malheureuscment séparés ‐ que sont ľagriculture et le développement rural.

Kurzfassung

Dieser Beitrag behandelt die politischen Rahmcnbedingungen für die Beschäftigung im ländlichen Raum in England, wo die Agrarpolitik getrennt ist von der Politik für die übrige ländliche Wirtschaft. Agrarpolitik ist eng auf die Erhöhung dcr Produktivität und der Einkommen der Landwirte gerichtet. In dem fortschrittlichen landwirtschaftlichen Gebiet von Lincolnshire ist das Ergebnis davon cine sinkende Beschäftigungsgrundlage mit zurückgehender Zalhl sowohl der selbständigen Landwirte wie auch der Landarbeiter. Andere Regierungsorgane versuchen, die ländliche Wirtschaft und Beschäftigungsstruktur zu diversifizieren. Ein Grund für ihren nur teilweisen Erfolg ist die anhaltende Bevorzugung städtischer Regionen bei Investitioncn gegenüber kleineren Siedlungen auf dem Lande. Ein noch wiehtigerer Grund für das ständige Abfallen der ländlichen Wirtschaft trotz prosperierender Landwirtschaft kann bei einem Vergleich der von der Zentralregierung eingesetzten personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen auf beiden Seiten dieser falschen Trennung von., Ländwirtschaft “und., ländlicher Enrwicklung” gesehen werden.
REACHING THE PEASANT, THE CASE OF THE MASAGANA CREDIT PROGRAM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: HANISCH ROLF
Published: March 2008

In general, supervised credit programs in developing countries are drafted and implemented exclusively by bureaucrats. They are employed in the pursuit of political and economic goals, which tend only coincidentally to overlap with the interests of the peasants, who are merely recruited as the target group, but not as the supporting group. The peasants usually put these program into difficulties through their lack of willingness to repay loans. The paper deals with the most important loan programme to date in the Philippines, the Masagana Program.

The paper analyses the political context of the program origins and the shift in the government's interests as well as the broad‐range effects and results of the program and the factors responsible for the declining rate of repayment. In particular, the misdirection and misuse of the loans and the borrowers' inability and unwillingness to repay loans are investigated.

Dans les pays en développcment, la plupart des programmes ? attribution de prêts sont élaborés ct exécutés par des admin istrations. Ces programmes servent des objectifs politiques et économiques qui ne coincident qu'accidentellement avec les intérêts des paysans: ceux‐ci sont traités comme un groupe‐cible, non comme un acteur. Les paysans mettent souvent ces programmes en difficulté par leur mauvaise volontéà rembourser les prêts conscntis. Le plus important programme de ce type exécuté aux Philippines, le programme “Masagana” est analysé ici. ľ article décrit le contexte politique de la conception du programme, le changcment des intérêts du gouvernement; il en analyse ensuite les effets et résultats pour dégager les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer le non remboursement des préts: la mauvaise orientation et le mésusage des crédits, autant que Pincapacité ct la mauvaise volonté des paysans.

Kurzfassung

Im allgemeinen werden staatliche Krcditprogramme in Entwicklungsländcrn ausschliesslich von Bürokraten enrwickelt und in Gang gesctzt. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, politische und ökonomische Ziele zu verfolgcn, die sich oft nur zufallig mit den Intcressen der Bauern decken. Diese werden überwiegend als Zielgruppen, aber nicht als Gruppen, die das Programm tragen sollen, angesehen. Durch die fehlende Bereitschaft zur Rückzahlung der Darlehen bringen die Bauern die Programme meist in Schwierigkeiten. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird das bisher bedeutendste Krcditprogramm in den Philippinen, das Masagana Programm, behandelt. Es werden der politische Kontext bei der Entstehung des Programms, die Anderung der Intcressen der Rcgicrung sowie die Breitcnwirkungen und Ergebenisse des Programms und die Ursachen für die zurückgehenden Tilgungsraten untersucht. Insbeson‐dere werden die Fehlleitung und der Missbrauch der Darlehen sowie die Unfahigkeit und Unwilligkeit der Darlehensnehmcr zur Rückzahlung untersucht.
BLUEPRINT FOR UNDERNUTRITION AN EXAMPLE FROM SRI LANKA*
Authors: SCHRIJVERS JOKE
Published: March 2008

This article starts with a theoretical discussion of the links between undernutrition, relations of production, and gender relations. As a result of the ‘modernisation’ of production processes and of planned ‘development’, rural women in the Third World are often cut off from the main means of production, whereas at the same time they remain responsible for the survival of their children and other dependent family members. It is concluded that adopting the household as the smallest unit of analysis tends to obscure the position of women in development schemes. This leads to an underestimation of the effects of sexual inequality in the productive and reproductive sphere on the occurrence of undernutrition. This theoretical issue is illustrated with an example of a large‐scale irrigation scheme in Sri Lanka, where the petcentage of chronically undernourished is five times higher than the national average.

Cet article est introduit par une analyse théorique de la relation entre sous‐alimentation, rapports de production et relations entre les sexes. La modernisation et le développement planifie ont pour effet, dans les pays du Tiers‐Monde, de Séparer les femmes de ľ accès aux moyens de production; elles sont par contre de plus en plus chargées de la responsabilité de la survie de leurs enfants et des autres membres de la famille qui dependent d'elles. Partant, le concept de menage comme unite elementaire d'analyse dissimule, de maniere mystificatrice, les inegalites entte les sexes dans la production et dans la reproduction, inegalites qui determinent la sous‐alimentation. Cettc analyse est developpec a travers l'exemple d'un perimetre d'irrigation a grande echelle au Sri Lanka, zone dans laquelle le pourcentagc de sous‐alimentes chroniques est cinq fois plus eleve que la moyenne nationalc.

Kurzfassung

Dieser Artikel beginnt mit einer theoretischen Erörterung der Beziehung zwischen Unterer‐nahrung, Produktionsverhältnissen und der Stellung der Frau. Als Ergebnis des Prozesses der “Modernisierung” und geplanter “Entwicklung” sind die Fraucn auf dem Lande in den Landern der Dritten Welt von den wichtigsten Produktionsgrundlagen abgeschnittcn wor‐den. Demgcgenuber sind sie zunehmend verantwortlich fur das Uberleben der Kinder und anderer abhangiger Familienmitglicder. Das Konzept des Haushalts als klcinste Analyseein‐heit verbirgt geschlechtsbcdingte Ungleichheiten im produktiven und reproduktiven Bereich, die zu Unterernahrung führcn. Diese theoretische Erklarung wird illustriert am Beispiel eines groβen Bewässerungsprojektes in Sri Lanka, wo den Prozentsatz chronisch Unterernährter fünfmal höher ist als im Landesdurchschnitt.
ON THE IDIOMATIC NATURE OF THE GOTHIC NEW TESTAMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREPOSITIONAL USAGE IN GOTHIC AND NEW TESTAMENT GREEK1
Authors: KLEIN JARED S.
Published: March 2008

In syntagms involving preposition + object the match‐up between Gothic and Greek seems at first sight highly capricious both lexically and with regard to case government. This paper presents the results of an exhaustive analysis of every prepositional phrase of both Greek and Gothic within a delimited but significant subcorpus of the Gothic Bible. Once one has made allowance for diachronic developments affecting the case systems of Greek and Gothic, the resulting structure represents an idiomatic and cohesive syntactic, semantic, and lexical system within Gothic. These findings support Curme's contention that our extant Gothic corpus is idiomatic and not a slavish and forced Gothicized version of Greek.
‘UNE REGRETTABLE ET FORT DISGRACIEUSE FAUTE DE FRANÇAIS‘?: THE DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FRENCH SURCOMPOSÉS FROM 1530 TO THE PRESENT DAY.
Authors: Ayres‐Bennett Wendy , Carruthers Janice
Published: March 2008

The French surcomposés or double compound forms have aroused the interest of twentieth‐century linguists as a form perceived to be on the margins of acceptable French grammar. It is important therefore to consider how they have been described and analysed not only in contemporary grammars but also in descriptions of French of past ages. This paper offers a comprehensive and systematic study of the treatment of the surcomposés in over 150 works published on French from the earliest examples to the present day.
SOME PROBLEMS IN DECIPHERING THE EARLY IRISH OGAM ALPHABET
Authors: Sims‐Williams Patrick
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses the origin and antiquity of the ogam script, the transliteration of the letter Fern, and the identification of the Primitive Irish values of the controversial letters Gétal, Straif and hUath. The sources used include inscriptions of the fifth century and later, the Ballinderry dice, ninth‐ and twelfth‐ century manuscript keys, ogam letters found in Anglo‐Saxon texts and in bogus ‘Egyptian’ alphabets, the names of the letters themselves, as illuminated by the Old Irish kennings describing them, and Latin and Irish grammatical tracts. McManus's explanation of Gétal is upheld, the ambiguity of Straif is underlined, and the traditional identification of hUath is defended.
A DIACHRONIC ARGUMENT AGAINST THE SPLIT MORPHOLOGY HYPOTHESIS‐ANALOGICAL UMLAUT IN GERMAN DIALECTS
Authors: CHAPMAN CAROL
Published: March 2008

This paper presents diachronic evidence from four modern German dialects against Anderson's (1982) formal dichotomy between inflection and derivation, otherwise known as the ‘Split Morphology Hypothesis’ (SMH). It examines the relative productivity of analogical umlaut rules (i.e. the analogical fronting of back vowels in morphologically complex forms leading to the creation of new ‘phonemes’) in a number of inflectional and derivational categories and demonstrates that these rules are either (i) productive in inflection and derivation, (ii) productive in inflection and diminutive nouns but sporadic in derivation or (iii) productive only in diminutive nouns. As a marker of noun plurals, analogical umlaut is lexically conditioned. On the basis of this evidence, it is argued that the productivity of analogical umlaut is determined by semiotically‐based parameters, including the semantic transparency of the relation between base and derivative and the uniformity and transparency of the formal means used to mark morphologically complex forms, all of which interact to determine the overall perceptual saliency of particular alternation types.
THE TRIPLE SYSTEM OF DEIXIS IN SOGDIAN
Authors: SIMS‐WILLIAMS NICHOLAS
Published: March 2008

This paper demonstrates the existence in Sogdian, a Middle Iranian language belonging to the Eastern Iranian sub‐group, of ‘second person’ demonstratives based on the stems š‐and t‐, sometimes represented by the Aramaic ideograms 'LH and 'LK. It is argued that Sogdian š‐and t‐, like the Khotanese demonstratives based on the suppletive stems sa‐and tta‐, derive from Old Iranian aiša‐and ta‐, which were combined into a suppletive system by contamination of aiša‐/aita‐‘this’ and the neutral demonstrative ha‐/ta‐. The triple system of deixis attested by Sogdian y‐/m‐‘hic’, š‐/t‐‘iste’, and x‐/w‐‘ille’ survives in some modern East Iranian languages, which employ stems derived from Old Iranian ima‐, aita‐, and awa‐.
LINGUISTICS, GENETICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EVIDENCE IN THE AMERIND CONTROVERSY*
Authors: McMAHON APRIL M. S. , McMAHON ROBERT
Published: March 2008

Greenberg (1987a) argues, on the basis of his technique of multilateral comparison, for a classification of New World languages into three groups, including the ‘superfamily’ Amerind. Greenberg and his collaborators defend this classification using linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence. In this paper, we assess the validity of all three types of evidence, and pursue the consequences of our assessment for multilateral comparison, for Greenberg's tripartite classification, and for the unity of the ‘Amerind’ phylum. We aim to show that the external evidence Greenberg cites is either not truly independent, or does not strongly support his conclusions, and that his linguistic methodology is both unreliable and statistically intractable.

The last temptation is the greatest treason:

To do the right deed for the wrong reason.

(T. S. Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral)
THE DECLINE OF THE FOOT AS A SUPERSYLLABIC MORA‐COUNTING UNIT IN EARLY GERMANIC1
Authors: SUZUKI SEIICHI
Published: March 2008

This paper examines how change in prosodic organization determined the course of segmental phonological change in early Germanic, with reference to the following three processes: (i) the development of Sievers' law in Gothic; (ii) i‐umlaut in Old Norse; (iii) the shortening of unstressed long vowels in Old English. With the decline of the foot as a super syllabic mora‐counting unit of prosodic organization in favor of a strictly syllable‐based organization, Sievers' law extended the use of /ji/at the expense of /i:/in Gothic; Old Norse i‐umlaut lost the original sensitivity to morale structure; Old English shortening of unstressed long syllables generalized to operate on those vowels that had originally served as a foot constituent.
TRUTHFULNESS, CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS AND INTERACTION IN AN EGYPTIAN VILLAGE1
Authors: Harris Rachael M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract

This paper explores how far Grice's Maxim of Quality can account for patterns of truthfulnes in conversation in an Egyptian village. In the data, even where truthfulness seems unimportant, utterance design shows sensitivity to truthfulness constraints. The existence of a prohibition of lying within the code of honour can account for the patterns found, because of the nature of honour, which relates more to surface form than to underlying communicative intention. The Maxim is too simplistic, not in itself, but in functioning within a system which does not sufficiently distinguish between act and meaning, and which ignores some of the paradoxes of human interaction.
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE: THE EMERGENCE OF A ‘FUTURE’ IN THE BRITISH LANGUAGES1
Authors: Poppe Erich
Published: March 2008

Abstract

The future paradigms of Modern Welsh and Modern Breton have historically different sources, the present indicative and present subjunctive respectively. This article presents evidence for the uses of these paradigms in medieval texts, from an earlier stage in the process of grammaticalization of the future. An explanation for the present and future readings of Middle Welsh verbs is suggested which is based on the inherent aspectuality of the verb, and some typological parallels for the developments in Welsh and Breton are discussed.
THE ROMANCE GERUND AND ‘SYSTEM‐DEPENDENT NATURALNESS’ IN MORPHOLOGY1
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: March 2008

As a fortuitous result of sound change, a small handful of Romance verbs acquired doubly disparate patterns of allomorphy in their root: the phonological details of the resulting alternants were often quite different from verb to verb, and characterized a disjunct and highly ‘unnatural’ class of morphosyntactic properties, most commonly the gerund, the present subjunctive, and the first person singular present. Despite the rare and idiosyncratic nature of these alternation patterns, they have sometimes been subject to extensive analogical generalizations, disrupting previously invariant verb roots, and defying the intuition, expounded within some varieties of ‘Natural’ morphological theory, that such violations of biuniqueness in the form‐meaning relationship could only occur when an ‘unnatural’ morphological phenomenon happens to be quantitatively predominant (and thus ‘locally natural’) within a grammar. The Romance facts suggest that principles of ‘local’ and ‘universal’ naturalness are both subject to a superordinate principle of ‘stability’ in form‐meaning relationships.
Bootstrap Unit‐Root Tests: Comparison and Extensions
Authors: Palm Franz C. , Smeekes Stephan , Urbain Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  In this article, we study and compare the properties of several bootstrap unit‐root tests recently proposed in the literature. The tests are Dickey–Fuller (DF) or Augmented DF, based either on residuals from an autoregression and the use of the block bootstrap or on first‐differenced data and the use of the stationary bootstrap or sieve bootstrap. We extend the analysis by interchanging the data transformations (differences vs. residuals), the types of bootstrap and the presence or absence of a correction for autocorrelation in the tests.

We show that two sieve bootstrap tests based on residuals remain asymptotically valid. In contrast to the literature which focuses on a comparison of the bootstrap tests with an asymptotic test, we compare the bootstrap tests among themselves using response surfaces for their size and power in a simulation study.

This study leads to the following conclusions: (i) augmented DF tests are always preferred to standard DF tests; (ii) the sieve bootstrap performs better than the block bootstrap; (iii) difference‐based tests appear to have slightly better size properties, but residual‐based tests appear more powerful.
GQL Versus Conditional GQL Inferences for Non‐Stationary Time Series of Counts with Overdispersion
Authors: Mallick Taslim S. , Sutradhar Brajendra C.
Published: March 2008

Abstract.  This article proposes an autoregressive model for time series of counts with non‐stationary means, variances and covariances as functions of certain time‐dependant covariates. For the estimation of the regression, overdispersion and correlation index parameters, a conditional generalized quasilikelihood (CGQL) approach is developed under the assumption that the count responses marginally satisfy the first two moments of a negative binomial distribution. Thus this CGQL approach avoids the use of the likelihood or so‐called partial likelihood of the data which are known to be extremely complicated in the present non‐stationary time series set‐up. It is shown through an extensive simulation study that the proposed CGQL approach performs very well in estimating the parameters of the model. This is also shown that the CGQL approach performs better than an existing GQL approach, especially for the estimation of the overdispersion parameter of the model.
Effects of forest fragmentation on species richness and composition of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Brachinidae) in urban landscapes
Authors: FUJITA Atsushi , MAETO Kaoru , KAGAWA Yoshitake , ITO Noboru
Published: March 2008

To clarify the effects of forest fragmentation in urban landscapes on the abundance, species richness, dominance, and species composition of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Brachinidae), we compared the beetles collected in 12 pitfall traps from April to July and from September to November between three continuous suburban forests and eight isolated urban forests (0.06–1.02 ha), most of which were in the precincts of shrines and temples in Hanshin District, Honshu, Japan. A total of 28 species and 4178 individuals of ground beetles were collected. Segregation of urban forests from continuous suburban forests has changed the species composition and resulted in the loss of some large‐sized forest species and the addition of some non‐forest species. Simpson's index of dominance (λ) also increased in the urban forests. The richness of forest species markedly decreased with the reduction in forest area but not with the distance from continuous forests, although the species richness of non‐forest species did not change with them. Also, species composition changed only with forest area. These findings indicate that continuous forests do not necessary serve as a “mainland” for urban forest species and that every urban habitat, however small in size, acts as a temporary reservoir of species. In comparison with populations of small‐sized species, populations of large‐sized forest species appeared to decline more readily during forest fragmentation.
Six new species of the genus Dicranosepsis Duda (Diptera, Sepsidae) from Vietnam, with a revised key to the species
Authors: IWASA Mitsuhiro , THINH Ta Huy
Published: March 2008

The flies of the genus Dicranosepsis from Vietnam were investigated and classified taxonomically. Six new species (D. longa sp. nov., D. kurahashii sp. nov., D. monoseta sp. nov., D. sinuosa sp. nov., D. barbata sp. nov., and D. vietnamensis sp. nov.) are described and illustrated. Dicranosepsis is redefined and a revised key to the species is also provided.
A key to the species of Spilogona Schnabl from China, with descriptions of four new species from the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: XUE Wan‐Qi , ZHANG Lu , WANG Ming‐Fu
Published: March 2008

A generic diagnosis for Spilogona Schnabl and a key to the 38 species known from China are given. Four new species are described: Spilogona cordis sp. nov., Spilogona lobuliunguis sp. nov., Spilogona medilobulus sp. nov. and Spilogona ponti sp. nov., all four from the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China.
Sleep Deprivation Is an Additional Stress for Parents Staying in Hospital
Authors: McCann Damhnat
Published: March 2008

PURPOSE.  This study aims to describe the sleep experience of parents staying overnight with their children in hospital.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  Parents (n = 102) completed the Verran and Snyder‐Halpern Sleep Scale following a night spent with their children in an Australian tertiary pediatric hospital.

RESULTS.  Parents experienced sleep deprivation and poor quality of sleep, reporting a mean sleep period of 4.6 hr (SD = 2.1). Having only one child in the room was the only variable that significantly influenced the quality or amount of parental sleep.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Parental sleep deprivation needs to be acknowledged and accommodated when nurses and parents negotiate the care of children in hospital.
Societal determinants of cultural factors related to the dental health of a selected older black population
Authors: NORMAN BARBARA JEAN , ROBINSON EMERSON , RAZZOOG MICHAEL E.
Published: March 2008

Societal and cultural factors influence the use of professional services by older black Americans. The objective of this study was to examine societal determinants that influence culturally learned behavior manifested by a selected group of older black Americans.

A variation on the Health Belief Model was used as the primary tool of data collection with 122 black Americans age 55 to 97. The belief index was divided into four major categories: caries; perceived susceptibility to dental caries; perceived severity of dental caries; and perceived benefits of preventive action.

Although evidence supported the relationship between economics and the utilization of dental services for this population, evidence also suggested that dental help‐seeking behavior appears to be independent of income. The study suggests that a case can be made linking the health beliefs of this population with their dental practice. It is certain that the multifaceted nature of the sociocultural environment does have an impact on the dental health of this older black American population.
The neotropical genera of Marantaceae. Circumscription and relationships
Authors: Andersson Lennart
Published: March 2008

The delimitation of the neotropical genera of the Marantaceae has been revised, using evidence mainly from the morphology of inflorescences and flowers. It is concluded that the generic concepts of Schumann in “Das Pflanzenreich”, often questioned by 20th century American authors, are essentially sound, but that his grouping of the genera into two tribes is quite artificial. Main deviations from the treatment of Schumann are the rearrangement of the genera, somewhat different stress on diagnostic characters and a much narrower concept of the genus Myrosma. A new genus, Koernickanthe is proposed for the long known species Maranta orbiculata (Koern.) Schum. The genera are arranged into informal groups and the groups and genera recognized are: Maranta group (Maranta L., Monophyllanthe Schum.), Myrosma group (Myrosma L. f., Saranthe (Regel et Koern.) Eichl., Hylaeanthe Jonker et Jonker, Ctenanthe Eichl., Stromanthe Sond.), Calathea group (Calathea G. F. W. Meyer, lschnosiphon Koern., Pleiostachya Schum.), Monotagma group (Monotagma Schum., Koernickanthe gen. nov.) and Thalia“group”(Thalia L.). It is suggested, that each group has its closest affinities with Old World genera and that this indicates that the diversification of the marantaceous stock was far–reaching already before the Old and the New World became effectively isolated. It is further suggested that the early diversification of the family took place in Africa, the flora of which, although poor in species, is morphologically very diverse. Two new combinations are made, viz. Stromanthe stromanthoides (Macbr.) Anderss. and Koernickanthe orbiculata (Koern.) Anderss.
Festuca vivipara (Poaceae) in the North Atlantic area
Authors: Frederiksen Signe
Published: March 2008

Viviparous Festuca especially from the North Atlantic area have been examined. Based on especially the chromosome numbers they are divided into three subspecies and a number of hybrids: 1) F. vivipara (L.) Sm. ssp. vivipara, 2) F. vivipara ssp. hirsuta (Schol.) Frederiksen stat. nov., 3) F. vivipara ssp. glabra Frederiksen ssp. nov. Hybrids between F. vivipara on the one hand and F. rubra L. or F. ovina L. on the other were found to be common.
Plantago ser. Sericeae, a taxonomic revision
Authors: Rahn Knud
Published: March 2008

Plantago ser. Sericeae Rahn belongs to subgen. Psyllium (Juss.) Harms sect. Gnaphaloides Barn. It is distributed in the mountains from Mexico along the Andes to Argentina. Seven species are recognized: P. nivea H. B. K., P. tolucensis Pilger, P. linearis H. B. K., P. lamprophylla Pilger, P. grandiflora Meyen, P. bismarckii Niederlein, and P. sericea H. B. K., the last with 7 subspecies and 3 varieties.
Laticifer starch grain morphology and laticifer evolution in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Biesboer David D. , Mahlberg Paul G.
Published: March 2008

The micromorphology of starch grains in the nonarticulated laticifer was examined in 200 taxa of succulent and nonsucculent Euphorbia. Rod, spindle, osteoid, discoid and intermediate shapes were found in latex. These unusual starch grain shapes are assumed derivatives from more rounded grains present in other angiospermous cells. Unbranched, rod–shaped grains were present in latex of annual and perennial herbaceous taxa. Spindle, osteoid, and discoid shapes, often branched, occurred in xerophytic, succulent taxa. Leafy taxa in several subgenera possessed rod–shaped grains. Taxa of the primitive subgenus, Esula, possessed the shortest rod–shaped grains derived from rounded grains common in parenchyma. Length of rod–shaped grains increased through herbaceous subgenera and culminated in Poinsettia where grain length may be extremely great. Dwarf or shrubby succulents with thickened roots have osteoid grains. Shrubby or arborescent coralline and cactiform species, specialized taxa, possessed large branched grains. Grain morphology of Euphorbia was compared with that from latex of other genera of the Euphorbiaceae. These in–depth analyses of laticifer plastids demonstrates the applicability of starch grain morphology for interpreting the progressive evolution of the nonarticulated laticifer as a cell type within the genus Euphorbia.
An exceptional new species of Cecropia (Moraceae) from Ecuador
Authors: Berg C. C.
Published: March 2008

Description of a new species of Cecropia Loefl. (Cecropiaceae), C. monoslachya C. C. Berg, and a comment on mutualistic association of Cecropia with ants.
A cladistic classification of green plants
Authors: Bremer Kåre , Wanntorp Hans–Erik
Published: March 2008

A cladistic classification comprises strictly monophyletic taxa only. Groups such as the green algae and the gymnosperms are not monophyletic and should not be recognized taxonomically. In this proposal the green plants are recognized as a sub–kingdom, Chlorobionta. One of the divisions is Slreptophyta with some green algae and the higher plants, the latter group being recognized as a subdivision, Em–bryophylina. The (extant) higher plants consist of eight classes, one of them being Pinatae, the seed plants. The angiosperms constitute one of the subclasses, viz Mag–noliidae.
New taxa in Anisotes (Acanthaceae)
Authors: Baden Claus
Published: March 2008

Diagnoses of three new species and three new subspecies of Anisotes are presented together with those of six subgeneric taxa.
Seeds and embryos in Sri Lanka (Ceylonese) species of Memecylon, with notes on Spathandra (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Bremer Kåre
Published: March 2008

Seeds and embryos in 12 Ceylonese species of Memecylon are of three types with 1) cotyledons wrinkled and hypocotyl long, 2) cotyledons rolled and hypocotyl short, and 3) cotyledons fleshy and hypocotyl short. The first type is common in Memecylon and it occurs e.g. in M. capitellatum, the type species. The second type is found in M. arnottianum and M. gardneri as well as in some species of Spathandra, an African genus considered to be vaguely defined. The third type is new and it occurs in M. rivulare.