bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gametophyte development in Trifolium pratense L
Authors: Hindmarsh GJ
Published: December 2005

Development of the male and female gametophytes is traced in detail, and departures from the normal sequence of events are found at several points. Among these are pollen abortion, failure of the archesporial cell to develop in the ovule, and collapse of the embryo sac during its development. The formation of two embryo sacs per ovule is of relatively common occurrence, and this is followed by the breakdown of one or both of them. In addition, either the egg apparatus degenerates before fertilization or the nucellar plug may fail to disintegrate and so form a barrier to the passage of the pollen tube through the micropyle. The occurrence of an ovule in which an embryo sac was developing apomictically suggests that a breeding programme based on selection for somatic apospory, rather than high seed yield from sexually reproducing plants, would probably produce a strain of red clover which could maintain itself in pastures.
The organization of cytoplasm in differentiating xylem
Authors: Cronshaw J , Wardrop AB
Published: December 2005

A survey of the cytoplasmic organization of differentiating tracheids and ray
parenchyma of Pinus radiata has been made. In these cells, which possess relatively
thick lameilated and layered walls, the cytoplasmic organelles do not differ from those
already described in other tissues. The shape of the organelles appears to some degree
to reflect the degree of vacuolation of the cells. In highly vacuolate cells the endoplasmic
reticulum tends to become aligned parallel to the cell surface. There was no
evidence of penetration of the wall by any component of the cytoplasm other than at
the site of plasmodesmata.
The nature of reaction wood. VIII. The structure and differentiation of compression wood
Authors: Wardrop AB , Davies GW
Published: December 2005

The cell wall organization of tracheids of natural and chemically induced compression
wood of Pinus radiata and Actinostrobus pyramidalis has been shown to be the
same, and is similar to that established in previous studies of natural compression wood.
In the secondary wall only two layers were present. In the second of these there was a
well-developed system of helical cavities, separating ribs of cellulose. The ribs of
cellulose were parallel to the direction of microfibril orientation; were complex in
form; and the cellulose lamellae lay parallel with the wall surface. A well-developed
wart structure was present. During the differentiation of compression wood tracheids,
the intercellular spaces were formed during the phase of surface enlargement of the
differentiating tracheids. At an early stage the intercellular spaces appeared to contain
cytoplasmic ground substance.
During the development of the layer S1 the cytoplasmic organization was similar
to that of normal tracheids, the cells containing a large vacuole with a well-developed
tonoplast and plasmalemma. During the development of the layer S2 the cytoplasm
contained numerous small vesicles with no large vacuoles, and in many instances the
plasmalemma was absent. At the conclusion of the differentiation of the cell the
plasmalemma was again present and penetrated the helical cavities of the wall.
Compression wood induced by 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) alone, gibberellic acid
(GA) alone, or IAA and GA in combination was identical with that formed under natural
conditions. The localized lateral application of IAA to vertical stems caused conspicuous
bending of the stem as well as compression wood formation.
Wood characters of the F1 hybrid, Eucalyptus rubida × Eucalyptus maideni
Authors: Pryor LD , Dadswell HE
Published: December 2005

An F1 hybrid was produced in 1948 from Eucalyptus maideni and E. rubida.
In 1962, trees were large enough to fell and to provide heartwood samples.
With the exception of one anatomical feature which was like the E. maideni
parent, both anatomical structure and mechanical properties of the F1 hybrids were
intermediate between those of the parents.
Taxonomy of the fungus associated with Sirex noctilio
Authors: Talbot PHB
Published: December 2005

The fungus associated with Sirex noctilio (F.) wood wasps which attack Pinus
radiata Don in Australia and New Zealand, is described and has been determined as a
species of Amylostereum Boidin. Its specific determination awaits the production of
monosporous cultures to be used in interfertility tests with cultures of known species of
Amylostereum.
Water relations of Pinus radiata under plantation conditions
Authors: Johnston RD
Published: December 2005

Two groups of four 9-year-old trees of P. radiata were isolated "droughted" by lining trenches, and covering the soil surface, with plastic film. Two similar groups served as controls. Soils in the control plots dried out to above pF 4.2 during a 6 weeks' drought in late summer, and again in a shorter dry period in autumn. Leaf water deficit (L.W.D.) was correlated with soil moisture tension (S.M.T.) while there was available soil moisture, and rose during the drought to a maximum of 22.8. Autumn rain which wet the upper part of the soil profile reduced the L.W.D. to a mean value of 12. In the droughted plots, S.M.T. rose to above pF 4.2 in the first six weeks and remained high for the rest of the experimental period. During normal weather with occasional light falls of rain, L.W.D. was maintained at about 17-significantly higher than the corresponding values for the control plots. With the onset of dry weather, L.W.D. in the droughted plots rose further, but not significantly higher than in the controls. L.W.D. decreased when rain occurred, although less than in the control plots. P. radiata is able to maintain moderate turgidity in its needles, even under very dry soil conditions, as long as there is frequent precipitation sufficient to wet the foliage.
Embryological studies in the compositae. IV. Sporogenesis, gametogenesis, and embryogeny in Brachycome ciliaris (Labill.) Less
Authors: Davis GL
Published: December 2005

Material of two varieties of Brachycome ciliaris was obtained from several
localities in southern Queensland and western New South Wales, and no embryological
differences were found between populations in spite of considerable morphological
variations.
The plant was highly male-sterile, and although development of the anthers
was normal up to the formation of microspore mother cells, presumed meiotic
abnormalities resulted in failure to form microspore tetrads except in one instance.
The formation of plasmodial microspore mother cells and unreduced pollen grains is
described and the occurrence of normal pollen grains in two capitula is recorded.
In the ovule, meiosis is suppressed and the megaspore mother cell becomes
vacuolate and functions directly as the uninucleate embryo sac. Three nuclear
divisions precede the formation of an eight-nucleate embryo sac in which the antipodal
cells undergo secondary multiplication. There is circumstantial evidence that the
polar nuclei divide simultaneously to form the fist four endosperm nuclei and do not
first fuse to form a secondary nucleus.
The egg cell develops parthenogenetically and cleavages follow the asterad type
of development. The eariy stages of embryogeny are completed before the opening of
the florets.
Development of the female gametophyte of Minuria cunninghamii (DC). Benth, Ccompositae)
Authors: Davis GL
Published: December 2005

Minuria cunninghamii is widely distributed throughout the drier parts of Australia,
and a comparative study was made of the female gametophyte development in two
populations 300 miles apart in western New South Wales. In specimens collected 120
miles south of Menindee, the embryo sac was monosporic in origin and of the Polygonum
type, whereas in those from Wanaaring it was usually bisporic and of the
Allium type. No significant difference was found in mature embryo sacs from the two
localities, although an unusual feature of both was the occurrence of vacuoles in the
apices of the synergids.
The floral morphology and embryology of Themeda australis (R. Br.) Stapf
Authors: Woodland PS
Published: December 2005

A comparative study was carried out between diploid and tetraploid races of Themeda australis from Armidale and Cobar, respectively. Some morphological variations occur in both populations, but sporogenesis and gametogenesis are identical. The anther is tetrasporangiate and the development of its four-layered wall is described. The tapetum is of the secretory type and its cells become binucleate at the initiation of meiosis in the adjacent microspore mother cells which undergo successive cytokinesis. Microspore tetrads are usually isobilateral and the pollen grains are three-celled at dehiscence, which takes place by lateral longitudinal slits. The ovule is of a modified anatropous form and bitegmic, the broad micropyle being formed of both integuments. The single hypodermal archesporial cell develops directly into the megaspore mother cell and the nucellar epidermis undergoes periclinal and anticlinal divisions to form a conspicuous epistase. The chalaza1 megaspore of the linear tetrad gives rise to a Polygonum-type embryo sac. Material from the Armidale population showed one embryo sac per ovule, but two to five embryo sacs were present in that from Cobar. Embryogeny is typically graminaceous and endosperm formation is at first free-nuclear, later becoming cellular. Polyembryony follows fertilization of several embryo sacs within the same ovule. The reasons for low fertility of T. australis and poor germination of seeds are discussed.
The nature of reaction wood. IX. Anomalous cases of reaction anatomy
Authors: Scurfield G
Published: December 2005

The reaction anatomy of 14 species of Acacia, Lagunaria pattersoni, and the
woody monocotyledons Dracaena fragrans and D. marginata was examined with
light, polarizing, and ultraviolet microscopes.
Notable features of the reaction wood fibres of Acacia spp. were: the absence of
birefringence in the sublayers of the "gelatinous" layer at all stages of their deposition;
the absence of radial striations in the gelatinous layer; the frequency of occurrence of
fibres lacking protoplasts and with convoluted gelatinous layers at some intermediate
stage of development; the relatively wide separation of stages of gelatinous layer
formation in passing from cambium towards pith; and the poor adherence of the
gelatinous layer to previously formed cell wall layers. It was concluded that the forces
bringing about gelatinous layer deposition were either weaker or slower to develop, or
both, than in species such as Tristania conferta. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Deposition of starch grains in reaction wood fibres occurred in all Acacia spp, towards
the end of the growing season.
A gelatinous layer did not occur in reaction wood fibres of Lagunaria pattersoni.
These differed from normal fibres only in the thinness of their walls and their relatively
large cross-sectional area. Examination of the wall structure of phloem fibres indicated
that changes in microfibril orientation towards a more axial position which occurred
in layer S2 of primary phloem fibres were accelerated on the upper sides of bent stems.
The significance of this feature, and of possible tensions developed in the outer cortex
and epidermis on the upper sides of bent stems because of accelerated phloem and
xylem development, are discussed in relation to mechanisms whereby such stems may
recover to a vertical position.
The number of vascular bundles and the wall thickness and extent of lignification
of the fibres of the bundle sheaths, were increased on the upper sides of horizontally
grown stems of Dracaena spp. The radial width of the cortex and the cross-sectional
area of cortical cells were less than on the lower sides of the stems.
The air spora of Brisbane
Authors: Rees RG
Published: December 2005

A survey of the air spora at a single site in Brisbane was carried out from
July 1, 1962, to June 30, 1963; both volumetric and exposed-plate techniques were
used.
In the volumetric study, seasonal distributions of the spore groupings employed
are shown in re!ation to weather data. Members of the wet-air spora proved to be the
main spores collected, comprising c. two-thirds of the total. Hyaline basidiospores
(24.1 %), "hyaline rods" (23.5 %), Cladosporium (18.8 %), and coloured basidiospores
(9.6%) were the main types encountered, and tended towards autumn maxima.
Pollens never attained high numbers.
On the exposed plates, Cladosporium (19.0%) was the main genus with
Epicoccum (1 3.7 %), yeasts (12.2 %), Curvularia (8.6 %), Pullularia (7.2 %), Alternaria
(6.9 %), Penicillium (3.5 %), Leptosphaerulina (3.1 %), Sphaeropsidales (2.9 %),
Pithomyces (2.3 %), and Nigrospora (2.2%) also occurring.
The predominance of mown grass and large eucalypts in the area appears
to have influenced the spore types caught. A relationship between the occurrence
of Epicoccum andropogonis and ergot honey-dew was observed.
Under favourable conditions, many spores attain high concentrations and
on this account require consideration as possible allergens.
Studies on graminicolous species of Phyllachora Fckl. IV. Evaluation of the criteria of species
Authors: Parbery DG , Langdon RFN
Published: December 2005

Recognition of the large number of graminicolous Phyllachora spp, by various
authors is attributed to the use of unreliable morphological characters as taxonomic
criteria, as well as acceptance of the concept of each Phyllachora species being hostspecific.
It is considered that in fact there are far fewer Phyllachora spp. than reported in
the literature and an attempt is made to clarify the position by making a study of
Phyllachoras which occur on grasses.
By considering in turn each character previously used to delimit species and by
studying the degree of variation of each character within individual specimens as well
as groups of specimens on closely related hosts, and between groups of specimens on
unrelated hosts, it is possible to evaluate the usefulness of each character in taxonomy.
It is shown that of all the characters previously used only two are sufficiently
stable for taxonomic purposes. These are the length of the ascus pedicel relative to that
of the ascosporific portion of the ascus, and the morphology of ascospores. Ascospore
morphology is particularly useful, but only when all the various shapes that can occur
in individual specimens are noted and when ascospore shape, as distinct from outline, is
used.
The use of certain other characters of Phyllachoras is proposed. These are:
appressorium morphology (when appressoria are produced from ascospores germinated
on host tissue) and the morphology of the sporophores produced by the Leptostromella states
of certain Phyllachoras. It is suggested that characters of imperfect states of
Phyllachora will also provide useful taxonomic characters when these states are known
to exist in more species than at present.
As well as the characters listed as reliable for delimiting species, other characters
such as ascospore size and arrangement, ascus length, and sporophore size may have
limited usefulness when used to confirm a diagnosis, but not to delimit species.
Senecio lautus complex in Australia. II. Cultural studies of populations
Authors: Ali SI
Published: December 2005

It is shown that five main genoecodemes, corresponding to five different ecological
regions in Australia, may be recognized in this complex. Mostly the differences are
not clear cut, though they can be demonstrated statistically. This, coupled with the
presence of certain anomalous populations, indicates that the complex is still in a
state of morphological differentiation. There is evidence of introgressive hybridization
between some of the marginal populations.
Floral Morphology of the family compositae, III. Embryology of Siegesbeckia orientalis L
Authors: Misra S
Published: December 2005

The capitulum is heterogamous and globose with a biseriate involucre, the outer most bracts being
radiating and glandular wuhile the inner are boat-shaped, enclosing the ray florets. The disc florets are also subtended by bracts, although one or two central bracts do not bear florets. The corolla of the ray florets is bilabiate in material collected from Mussoorie, India, while posterior lip is suppressed in that form Mt.Abu. The stamen and the style correspond to types 2 and V11 respectively of Small (1919). Occasional staminodes in the ray florets represent a reversionary feature.
The development and structure of the microsporangium is described. An ephemeral cell plate is formed after meiosis 1 of the sporocytes. The mature pollen grain is tricellular; the male garnets are elongated and laxly spiral.
The ovule develops slightly to one side of the base of the loculus, and a funicular vascular bundle branches in the integument. The endothelium is uniseriate, later becoming multiseriate at the two ends of the embryo sac, and it develops a cuticle on its inner face which persists in the seed after the endothelium degenerates. The development of the embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. The antipodals and one synergid become haustorial after fertilization. Supernumery pollen tubes were noted. Failure of fertilization in exceptional cases results in unusaul behaviour of the endothelium, degeneration of the embryo sacs, and seed sterility.
The endosperm is nuclear, later becoming cellular, and is outermost layer persists in the seed. Embryogeny is of the asterad type.
How Eucalypt fruits release their seed
Authors: Cremer KW
Published: December 2005

Living fruits are completely filled with seeds; and although partial dehiscence is
usual in some species as soon as the fruit has matured, no seed is shed until the fruit
died and the loculi have widened. The widening is accomplished by three mechanisms,
illustrated respectively by E. regnans, E. globulus, and E. calophylla. In .E.
regnans there is a thin, woody ovary wall which retracts well into the calyx tube. In
E. globulus the loculi are surrounded by thick fleshy tissue which shrinks strongly
when dried but remains adnate to the rigid exterior calyx tube. In E. calophylla the
valves are also rather fleshy, but not adnate to the calyx tube; they shrink strongly in
both longitudinal and centrifugal directions.
The above three mechanisms serve not only to widen but also to open the loculi.
the case of fruits with strongly protruding valves, opening is aided by the outward
bending of the valve tips (e.g. E. viminalis). The bending occurs because the dorsal
layer of the valve consists of softer tissue which shrinks more strongly than the
ventral layer.
The other species examined (E. simmondsii, E. urnigera, E. obliqua, E. delegatensis,
E. coccifera, E. ficifolia, E. setosa, E. eximia, E. grandfilia, E. aspera, E.
clavigera, E. tesselaris) all depend on one or more of the above mechanisms.
A revision of the Australian species of Gossypium with observations on the occurrence of Thespesia in Australia (Malvaceae)
Authors: Fryxell PA
Published: December 2005

Existing knowledge of the Australian representatives of the genus Gossypium L.
reviewed. New evidence is presented that genus Notoxylinon Lewton should be
merged with Gossypium. A key is provided and the following revised classification is
proposed.Subgenus Sturtia (R. Br.) Tod.
Section Sturtia (R. Br.) Tod.
G. sturtianum J. H. Willis var. sturtianum
G. sturtianum J. H. Willis var. nandewarense (Der.) Fryx.
G. robinsonii F. Muell.
Section Hibiscoidea Tod.
Subsection Grandicalyx Fryx.
G. costulatum Tod.
G. populifolium (Benth.) F. Muell. ex Tod.
G. cunninghamii Tod.Subsection Hibiscoidea
G. australe F. Muell.
G. bickii Prokhh
G. pulchellum (C. A. Gardn.) Fryx.
G. timorense Prokh.
Spec. exclus. : G. thespesioides (R. Br. ex Benth.) F. Muell. ex Tod. and G. flaviflorum ( F . Muell.) F. Muell. ex Tod.
The two excluded species are transferred to Thespesia Sol. ex Corr. G. flaviflorum
and G. thespesioides are merged and reduced to varietal rank as T. lampas (Cav.) Dalz.
ex Dalz. & Gibs. var. fhespesioides (R. Br. ex Benth.) Fryx.
The occurrence of T. populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corr. in Australia is also noted.
The Australian species of Sesbania Scopoli (Leguminosae)
Authors: Burbidge NT
Published: December 2005

The Australian representatives of Sesbania Scopoli nom. cons. are revised. Ten
species are recognized, of which three are known in varietal form as well as in the type
form. With the exception of S. cannabina, S. javanica, and S. sesban, which are widespread
in Malaysia, all are endemics restricted to the tropical zone and adjacent parts of
the northern Eremaea of Australia. The distribution patterns show that the majority
of species are associated either with the drainage systems of the Ord, Fitzroy, and
Victoria Rivers in the west or with the region draining into the Gulf of Carpentaria.
The view is expressed that this is the result of discontinuity during an arid climatic phase.
The nomenclatural results are as follows: S. grandiflora sensu Benth. = S.
Formosa comb. nov. ; S. sericea sensu Domin = S. cannabina (Retz.) Poir. ; S. aculeata
var. parviflora Benth. = S. brachycarpa F. Muell.; S. benthamiana var. orthocarpa
Domin sens. str. = S. benthamiana Domin; S. benthamiana var. campylocarpa Domin
= S. campylocarpa stat. nov.; S. benthamiana var. erubescens (Benth.) Domin = S.
Erubescens stat. nov.
One new species, S. chippendalei, is described; S. sericea var. inermis Domin
sens. str. is referred to S. cannabina var. sericea; and S. simpliciuscula F. Muell. ex
Benth. is recognized in the type variety and also under var.fitzroyensis. A few specimens
are tentatively referred to S. sesban (L.) Merrill. A number of specimens are placed
under S. javanica Miq., including some of the material referred to S. benthamiana var.
orthocarpa by Domin.
The development of kino veins in Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hérit
Authors: Skene DS
Published: December 2005

Kino veins develop in a layer of traumatic parenchyma which is laid down
shortly after the stimulus to vein formation is given (in these experiments this
occurred about 15 days after wounding), and groups of cells in this traumatic
parenchyma accumulate large quantities of polyphenols. At particular foci, groups of
cells containing polyphenols break down and form a tangential network of ducts into
which the contents of the cells are released. These contents form the kino. At about
the same time, the cells surrounding the future veins divide repeatedly and form a
peripheral cambium. The derivatives of the peripheral cambium grow and accumulate
polyphenols, and eventually they break down also and their contents augment the
quantity of kino already present. Eventually (about 49 days after wounding in these
experiments) the peripheral cambium produces a layer of derivatives which become
suberized in the form of a typical periderm.
Although the polyphenols in E. obliqua are of the ellagitannin type, those
accumulated in the traumatic parenchyma and the veins contain a large proportion
of leucoanthocyanins. Leucoanthocyanins accumulated right from the earliest stages
of vein development.
Cylostrobus Gen. Nov., cones of lycopsidean plants from the Narrabeen group (Triassic) of New South Wales
Authors: Helby R , Martin ARH
Published: December 2005

Lycopsidean cones are described from the Collaroy Claystone in the Narrabeen
Group (Lower Triassic) of New South Wales.
The genus Cylostrobus Helby & Martin is described as new and to it are assigned
the species C. sydneyensis (Walkom) comb. nov., C. major sp. nov., and C. grandis
sp. nov. To this genus are ascribed certain megaspores of the Banksisporites Dettmann
type and microspores of the Aratrisporites Leschik type..
Various megascopic remains of lycopsidean plants from the Narrabeen Group
are listed. It is suggested that Lycopsida of at least subarborescent dimensions were of
world-wide distribution in the Triassic. Banksisporites and Aratrisporites are of wide
distribution and may have been produced by more than one kind of plant.
Point quadrat analysis of foliage distribution for plants growing singly or in rows
Authors: Wilson JW
Published: December 2005

The foliage area of single plants can be estimated from the number of contacts
with foliage made by a grid of point quadrats, and the foliage area per unit length of
a row of plants can be estimated from the contacts made by quadrats along a transect
across the row. These methods allow analysis of the vertical and lateral distribution of
foliage area. This is illustrated by studies of single plants of saltbush and rows of beans.
The distribution of foliage density on single plants
Authors: Philip JR
Published: December 2005

Means are developed for estimating the radial distribution of foliage density
and of "foliage area index" from laterally observed distributions on single plants.
The analysis depends on the assumption of axial symmetry.
The analysis is applied to Warren Wilson's observations on saltbush.
Characteristic patterns of distribution of leaves, stems, and inflorescences are found.
The estimated "foliage area index" exceeds 13 at the plant axis.
Factors affecting the relative distribution of Atriplex vesicaria and Kochia sedifolia (Chenopodiaceae) in the arid zone of South Australia
Authors: Carrodus BB , Specht RL
Published: December 2005

The factors controlling the relative distribution of Atriplex vesicaria and Kochia sedifolia were obscure, and explanations in the literature unsatisfactory. This paper describes the results of an experimental approach to an understanding of these factors. A survey of the soils on which A. vesicaria and K. sedifolia are found in the arid zone of South Australia revealed that the distribution of the two species is usually correlated with the depth to which the soil is wetted by the normal rainfall. K. sedifolia, a deep-rooted species, is frequently found on soils which can be wetted to a depth of 2 ft or more. A. vesicaria, a shallow-rooted species, is found on soils in which a heavy clay subsoil or hardpan impedes penetration of water beyond 12 in. From experimental evidence it appears that: (1) either species can grow successfully in pots of the surface soil associated with the other species; (2) each community utilizes water at the same rate; (3) there is no difference between the two species in the rate of defoliation in response to drought conditions, when held at night either in a dry atmosphere or in one with a relative humidity exceeding 85 %; (4) A. vesicaria can reduce the percentage moisture in the soil to a significantly lower level than can K. sedifolia when subjected to drought. These observations are discussed in relation to field conditions, and hypotheses are proposed to explain why these two species are usually found in distinct communities. More detailed work is necessary to test these hypotheses. I.
The morphology and relationships of Sonderella (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)
Authors: Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

Studies on the structure and reproduction of Sonderella linearis, a monotypic genus previously placed in the Sarcomenia group of the Ceramiales, show that it is probably a member of the Rhodomelaceae, allied to the Amansia group. Characters useful in separating the Delesseriaceae and Rhodomelaceae are discussed further in relation to Sonderella.
The Helminthocladiaceae (Rhodophyta) of Southern Australia
Authors: Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

The southern Australian Helminthocladiaceae, comprising Nemalion (one species), Helminthora (two species, including H. lindaueri from New Zealand), Helminthocladia (four species, with H. beaugleholei sp. nov. and H. dotyi sp. nov.), and Liagora (four species, with L. codii sp. nov.) are described in detail. The generic limits of Helminthora and Helminthocladia are clarified, Nemalion multifidum is considered a synonym of N. elminthoides, Helminthocladia australis is considered to include the South African H. papenfussii and the Californian H. californica, and notes are given on two Western Australian species of Liagora, L. australasica and L. preissii.
Numerical classification of the Pacific forms of Chlorodesmis (Chlorophyta)
Authors: Ducker SC , Williams WT , Lance GN
Published: December 2005

The boundaries of the green algal genus Chlorodesmis are ill defined, and the reported species appear to overlap widely. Fourreen specimens of the large-celled (Pacific) forms have been subjected to critical examination; the specimens had previously been ascribed to three genera and eight species. Six characters (one qualitative, three 3-state, and two numerical) have been used; the numerical characters, for which measures of variation are available, have been subjected to a conventional statistical examination, and all six characters have been used in an analysis of the data by means of the mixed-data classificatory programme MULTIST on the Control Data 3600 at Canberra. The results strongly suggest that the specimens are referable to a single genus with only four species: C. caespitosa J. Agardh, C. comosa Harvey & Bailey, C. major Zanardini, and C. bulbosa (Womersley) Ducker.
An aquatic Hyphomycete in a lignicolous habitat
Authors: Price IP , Talbot PHB
Published: December 2005

Tetracrium amphibium sp. nov. is described. This fungus was found on decaying
wood remote from any watercourse, but its distinctive spores agree in detail with spores
of an unidentified freshwater Hyphomycete collected in South Australian creeks. It is
suggested that some freshwater Hyphomycetes may originate from soil and humus
along stream banks, and that this habitat might be a fruitful source of fungi whose
detached spores are numerous in streams and difficult to identify. Observation suggests
that some scolecospores in streams are possibly uncoiled helicospores.
Some aspects of the biology of the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio
Authors: King JM
Published: December 2005

Studies of the cultural characteristics on artificial media of the fungal symbiont
of Sirex noctilio F. indicate that in Australia only one fungus is involved in the association.
A medium containing 20 p.p.m. o-phenylphenol was found suitable for the
isolation of the Sirex fungus. Histological studies confirmed that the Sirex fungus
develops in wood only as vegetative hyphae. Ray parenchyma cells were killed in
advance of the growing hyphae, which suggested that a toxin was produced by the
fungus. Comparisons of growth in agar culture, of fructifications produced on wood
blocks, and of starch gel electrophoresis protein patterns indicated that the Sirex fungus
is probably a strain or variety of Arnylostereum chailletii (Fr.) Boidin.
Airborne pollen and spores in Melbourne
Authors: Derrick E
Published: December 2005

The incidence, on exposed slides, of pollen grains and spores from the
atmosphere of Melbourne is recorded. Observations over 4½ years show that 30
types of pollen appear regularly each year and few of these are in great abundance.
The highest concentration of pollen is in the period August-December and the lowest
concentration in the period Aprii-May. In eariy spring, pollen grains from conifers
and deciduous trees are most numerous, and in later spring and summer those
from grasses and plantains predominate.
Variations in weather conditions produce variations in the duration and concentration
of the pollen cloud, both annually and within the season.
High concentrations of fungal spores, at times exceeding those of pollen
grains, occur during late spring and early summer, but follow a less clearly defined
seasonal pattern than the pollen cloud.
Pollen normally transferred by insects may at times become airborne in
significant concentration.
Grass pollen, because of its presence in the air over a long period and its
high concentration during the Melbourne pollinosis season, must be considered
important in relation to seasonal allergy. Other types of pollen and fungal spores,
which are in high concentration for a shorter period or in less quantity for a long
period, may also contribute to allergic symptoms.
Population differentiation in Australian Cardamine. I. Variation in leaf characters
Authors: Thurling N
Published: December 2005

Considerable variation in leaf shape and size was obseryed among populations
of three reproductively isolated races of Cardamine collected from an altitudinal transect
in southern New South Wales. The variation among populations was considerably
greater in the alpine race than in the two other races occurring at lower altitudes.
Some evidence of a relationship between altitude and the variation in size and
shape of the leaf suggested that the differentiation of populations with respect to leaf
characters was to some degree under the influence of natural selection. Furthermore,
as correlations between the various leaf characters were, with the exception of one
comparison, all significant, it is probable that these characters are determined, at least
partly, by some common metabolic process.
The influence of environmental diversity and the breeding system on the pattern
of population differentiation in Cardamine is also discussed.
Population differentiation in Australian Cardamine. II. Response to variations in temperature and light intensity
Authors: Thurling N
Published: December 2005

Variation in response to different regimes of temperature and light intensity was
observed among altitudinal races of Cardamine from southern New South Wales.
Generally, there was a fairly close relationship between altitude and the stability of
populations from the different races under varying conditions of temperature and light
intensity. Populations from high altitudes were, on the whole, far less stable in their
responses than those from low altitudes. The significance of this variation in response
is discussed with respect to the adaptation of the different races to their respective
environments.
The influence of aspect on the composition and structure of dry sclerophyll forest on Black Mountain, Canberra. ACT
Authors: Pook EW , Moore cWE
Published: December 2005

Observations in a number of stands of Eucalyptus macrorhyncha-E. rossii dry
sclerophyll forest on the Southern Tablelands of New South wa!es had suggested that
differences in botanical composition and structure were associated with differences in
aspect. Quantitative studies were made in a relatively undisturbed forest on Black
Mountain.
For assessment of the forest overstorey, permanent transects 10 ch by 1 ch were
established on north- and south-facing slopes parallel to the ridge or valley axis. All
stems of 4 in. diam. at breast height or more were identified and measured. Shrub and
herbaceous strata were assessed on five north-facing and five south-facing slopes. A list
of species, together with an estimate of cover for species occupying more than 1 % of
the plot area, was recorded on 100 contiguous milacre plots along the mid-line of the
permanent transects.
There were no significant differences between north and south slopes in respect
of total number of stems or basal area of trees. In terms of both density and basal
area, however, E. rossii is the dominant eucalypt on the warmer northerly aspects,
while E. macrorhyncha is dominant on the cooler southerly aspects.
On the basis of the frequency data, three groups of shrubs can be recognized,
viz. (1) species of high frequency on north aspects but relatively low frequency on south
aspects; (2) species of similar frequency on both aspects; and (3) species which occur
most commonly on south-facing slopes.
Of the two common grasses, Danthonia pallida occurs with equal frequency on
both aspects, while Poa sp. is virtually absent on north-facing slopes but occurs with the
same frequency as D. pallida on south aspects.
Though total cover of shrubs plus herbaceous species is similar on both aspects,
shrubs characterize the understorey on north aspects, and grasses on south aspects.
Effect of fire upon weed seeds in the wet Sclerophyll forests of Northern New South Wales
Authors: Floyd AG
Published: December 2005

The abundance, dry weight, and species of weeds found in the wet sclerophyll
forests of northern New South Wales were determined by whether fire or tractor was
used in seed bed preparation. Acacia, Dodonaea, and Kennedia whose seeds were
stored in the ground were regarded as the most serious weeds and were germinated in
great numbers by fire. The maximum depth of emergence and soil temperature range
for increased germination of each of the three species was determined. Acacia was
restricted by prolonged soil heating, whereas Kennedia produced maximum germination
but was reduced under light flash fires. Intensity and duration of fire was therefore found
to influence the abundance of such weed species, and could be used to some extent in
their manipulation.
Water stress on native vegetation during the drought of 1965
Authors: Pook EW , Costin AB , Moore cWE
Published: December 2005

During the first half of 1965 an unprecedented drought caused widespread wilting
of native trees from southern Queensland to the New South Wales-Victorian border.
The reaction of some of the native vegetation in parts of the Australian Capital Territory
and Monaro Region has been studied.
Rainfall from January 1 to June 30 was less than one-quarter of the normal, and by
the end of March signs of water stress were apparent over a wide area. The communities
most severely affected were dry sclerophyll forests, especially on shallow, stony soils on
northerly and westerly aspects.
The ability of Eucalyptus spp. to withstand sustained severe dehydration is shown
by the fact that the relative moisture content of living leaves could be reduced to 40-45 %,
and maintained at these levels for long periods.
The prolonged period of dehydration caused general drying out of the trees,
rather than leaf and twig desiccation only. In the most severe cases, shrinkage and
fissuring of the bark of E. rossii, with ultimate separation at the cambium, was observed.
It is suggested that so-called ineffective summer rain in south-eastern Australia is
both effective and essential for the native communities on soils of low water-holding
capacity.
The role of drought in the distribution of native communities is discussed.
Developmental anatomy of natural root grafts in Ficus globosa
Authors: Rao AN
Published: December 2005

The series of events, and the anatomical changes connected with them, leading to the fusion of aerial roots in Ficus globosa Blume are described. The initial contact between two aerial roots is estabiished by the formation and fusion of epidermai hairs. Secondary growth increases the size of the roots, and consequently the cortices of the two adjacent roots approach one another and become compressed. The cortical tissues thin out in the central region of the compressed zone, but fuse marginally and remain intact. In both roots the ray cells near the contact area become highly meristematic; by active division they produce many parenchyma cells that extend towards each other and finally merge to establish a continuous parenchymatous zone between the steles of the two roots. The cortical tissues, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium in both roots are interrupted by the formation of this new tissue. Later some of the parenchyma cells below the fused regions of the cortex redifferentiate into vascular cambium and extend laterally, joining the pre-existing, interrupted cambia of the two roots. Thus a continuous ring of vascular cambium is reorganized that gives rise to more secondary xylem and phloem. Cork cambium differentiates in the subepidermal layers to form a thick periderm with a smooth surface, so that the fused roots appear externally as a single root. Certain important points of the present study are discussed with reference to previous work.
The cankers of Acacia mucronata Willd. ex H. Windl
Authors: Scurfield G
Published: December 2005

The anatomy and development of cankers on the stems of Acacia mucronata are
described. The pathogen is a fungus belonging to the Ascomycetes, and tentatively
identified as a member of the heterogeneous family Sphaeriaceae. Estimates of the
effects of infection upon water-soluble, methanol-soluble, and ethanol : benzene-soluble
extractives in bark and wood are tabulated and discussed. Infection involves an increase
in pathological (false) heartwood formation in the diseased stems.
Senecio lautus complex in Australia. III. The genetic system
Authors: Ali SI
Published: December 2005

A study of the genetic systems in the genoecodemes of the Senecio lautus complex
in Australia and New Zealand showed that the variation pattern of the complex may
be explained in the light of the genetic systems met with in the five Australian and one
New Zealand genoecodemes recognized previously. The probable course of evolution in
the complex is discussed, and it is shown that reproductive barriers are present between
mallee and montane genoecodemes, whereas other such groups are potentially capable of
exchanging genic material. The roles of indirect and limited gene exchange and human
influence on the evolution of this complex are discussed.
Naturalized subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in Western Australia: the strains, their distributions, characteistics, and possible origins
Authors: Gladstones JS
Published: December 2005

Seventy-two previously undescribed strains of subterranean clover were collected around Perth and in older Western Australian farming districts during 1960-1962. These are briefly described and their observed distributions listed. A few of them could have arisen in situ by natural crossing and mutation, but the majority appeared to have been introduced. A study of their observed distributions, together with a consideration of historical factors, suggests that many of the strains were introduced as early as the 1830's or 1840's. Because this was before the opening of the Suez Canal, it seems likely that they originated in England, Portugal, Madeira, or the Canary Islands, rather than throughout the Mediterranean as has been previously suggested. The commoner strains showed distinct patterns of colonization in one area, followed by varying amounts of spread along transport routes, probably by stock as undigested seeds. Indirect evidence suggested, however, that this mode of transport could not have accounted for the original transport of strains from the coast to inland areas, where many of them appear first to have become established. It is concluded that most of these must have been carried inland directly in imported hay or similar materials.
The growth and distribution of Mallee-Broombush (Eucalyptus incrassata-Melaleuca uncinata association) and heath vegetation near Dark Island Soak, Ninety-Mile Plain, South Australia
Authors: Specht RL
Published: December 2005

The growth of mallee-broombush (Eucalyptus incrassata-Melaleuca uncinata
association) on the Buckingham sand was followed for 12 years after a fire. The
nutrition of the stand was followed for 6 years. The observations are compared with
those made on heath vegetation on the Makin sand nearby.
It is shown that at first the mallee-broombush grew more rapidly than the heath,
probably because the soil had a slightly higher fertility status. After 8 years, however,
the growth rate of mallee-broombush declined, whereas that of heath vegetation
increased rapidly.
Evidence suggests that, since the structure of the mallee-broombush became more
irregular as the stand aged, a higher evapotranspiration probably resulted, reducing
the water available for summer growth.
In heath vegetation a more uniform structure was maintained with age, and when
Banksia ornata seedlings explored the whole nutrient profile, the stand responded by
increased growth.
The distribution of the two vegetations in southern Australia is discussed in
relation to the recorded observations. The validity of the hypotheses postulated to
explain the distribution patterns needs to be tested by thorough experimentation.
A revision of the genus Neptunia (Leguminosae)
Authors: Windler DR
Published: December 2005

In this revision of the herbaceous genus Neptunia, the genus is considered to
consist of 11 species. For the first time it is divided into two sections: section Neptunia,
comprising species with flowers having 10 stamens, and section Pentanthera, in which the
flowers have five stamens. Figures and distribution maps are provided for each species.
Fine structure of Tyloses in three species of the Myrtaceae
Authors: Foster RC
Published: December 2005

The tylosis wall in Eucalyptus obliqua L'Herit. is shown to be composed of two
microfibrillar layers. The outer layer (T1), with randomly orientated microfibrils, is
covered with amorphous granular material. The inner layer (T2) is multilamellate. In
sclerosed tyloses of E. miniata A. Cunn., each lamella of T2 is composed of many layers
of microfibrils. Simple pits, delineated by circumferentially orientated microfibrils, are
found in both sclerosed and non-sclerosed tyloses.
The tylosis in E. obliqua is shown to arise from a two-layered structure formed
within the secondary wall of the ray cell. This layer extends into the pit chamber,
covering the pit membrane on the ray side. Following the breakdown of the vestures
and the pit membrane, this double layer bulges out into the vessel to form the tylosis.
Relationship in annual species of Medicago. IV. Interspecific graft affinities between selected species
Authors: Simon JP
Published: December 2005

Ten annual species representing each level of chromosome number and each
subsection of sections Spirocarpos and Orbiculares were grafted in all possible
combinations.
There was a high degree of compatibility, and if the data from reciprocal
combinations are pooled, the only unsuccessful one was that of M. laciniata × M.
Orbicularis, which suggests that despite incompatibility in hybridization the species
are related.
Various hypotheses on graft compatibility are discussed.
Relationship in annual species of Medicago. V. Analysis of Phenolics by means of one-dimensional chromatographic techniques
Authors: Simon JP
Published: December 2005

The incidence of phenolic substances was investigated in leaf hydrolysates of 26
annual and 11 perennial species of Medicago.
One-dimensional chromatograms showed a very common phenolic pattern for
most of the species belonging to the same subsection or section. Quercetin, ferulic
acid, and coumestrol were detected, with few exceptions, in all the species examined,
and cyanidin, in most cases as the aglycone of leucocyanidin, was consistently observed
in the annual but not in the perennial species (section Falcago).
Sinapic acid occurred sporadically in the species, but was absent in M. radiata
(section Medicago) and M. orbicularis (section Orbiculares). Kaempferol was not
observed in species from subsection Pachyspirae (section Spirocarpos) or in the perennial
species. Three of the seven unidentified compounds, U5, U6, and U7 believed to be
the isoflavone formononetin, were of wide occurrence. U3 was observed in the
chromatograms of the perennial species (section Falcago) and was consistently present
in species of subsection Pachyspirae and in some species of subsection Leptospirae
(section Spirocarpos), while both U2 and U4 were restricted to species of subsection
Rotatae, the former being observed only in M. scutellata. U1 was present only in some
accessions of the three species M. rigidula, M. truncatula (subsection Pachyspirae), and
M. laciniata (subsection Leptospirae) of section Spirocarpos.
A study of patterns in some West Australian Heath and Mallee communities
Authors: Beard JS
Published: December 2005

The vegetation appearing in strongly marked rectilinear patterns in aerial
photographs of an area near Ravensthorpe, Western Australia, was investigated.
Seven plant communities could be distinguished and details of them are given.
A formula for average foliage density
Authors: Miller JB
Published: December 2005

Point quadrat readings, taken to assess density of foliage in a plant, determine a
contact frequency function f. A formulais given expressing the average foliage density
of the plant in terms of f. This is compared with the work of Philip, who determined
from f using a foliage angle density function g and an approximate Fourier
analysis.