bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network‐based feature selection reveals substructures of gene modules responding to salt stress in rice
Authors: Du Qian , Campbell Malachy , Yu Huihui , Liu Kan , Walia Harkamal , Zhang Qi , Zhang Chi
Published: August 2019

Rice, an important food resource, is highly sensitive to salt stress, which is directly related to food security. Although many studies have identified physiological mechanisms that confer tolerance to the osmotic effects of salinity, the link between rice genotype and salt tolerance is not very clear yet. Association of gene co‐expression network and rice phenotypic data under stress has penitential to identify stress‐responsive genes, but there is no standard method to associate stress phenotype with gene co‐expression network. A novel method for integration of gene co‐expression network and stress phenotype data was developed to conduct a system analysis to link genotype to phenotype. We applied aLASSO‐based method to the gene co‐expression network of rice with salt stress to discover key genes and their interactions for salt tolerance‐related phenotypes. Submodules in gene modules identified from the co‐expression network were selected by theLASSOregression, which establishes a linear relationship between gene expression profiles and physiological responses, that is, sodium/potassium condenses under salt stress. Genes in these submodules have functions related to ion transport, osmotic adjustment, and oxidative tolerance. We argued that these genes in submodules are biologically meaningful and useful for studies on rice salt tolerance. This method can be applied to other studies to efficiently and reliably integrate co‐expression network and phenotypic data.
Predicting plasticity‐controlled failure of glassy polymers: Influence of stress‐accelerated progressive physical aging
Authors: Clarijs Coen C. W. J. , Kanters Marc J. W. , van Erp Marco J. , Engels Tom A. P. , Govaert Leon E.
Published: August 2019

This study focuses on the prediction of long‐term failure of glassy polymers under static or cyclic loading conditions, including the role of stress‐accelerated progressive aging. Progressive physical aging plays a dominant role in a polymer's performance under prolonged loading conditions, and to obtain accurate predictions of failure, its effect has to be considered. First, the aging kinetics, as influenced by temperature and stress history, are studied extensively. Similar to an elevated temperature, the application of a stress (below the yield stress) activates the aging process, and as a result, the yield stress will evolve faster in time. The activation by stress appears to be limited; at some stress level, the activation stagnates and is followed by rejuvenation. This evolution is captured in a model by introducing a state parameter, which describes the thermodynamic state of the material and is directly linked to the yield stress. With the aging kinetics included in the model, an accurate prediction of the failure time for cyclic loading conditions is obtained. For static loading conditions, however, the effect of physical aging is overestimated because of the stagnation of the activation by stress. It appears that there are marked differences in the stress level where stagnation and subsequent rejuvenation occur for a cyclic or static load. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1300–1314
HelixJet: An innovative plasma source for next‐generation additive manufacturing (3D printing)
Authors: Schäfer Jan , Quade Antje , Abrams Kerry J. , Sigeneger Florian , Becker Markus M. , Majewski Candice , Rodenburg Cornelia
Published: August 2019

A novel plasma source (HelixJet) for use in additive manufacturing (AM)/3D printing is proposed. The HelixJet is a capacitively coupled radio frequency plasma with a double‐helix electrode configuration that generates a surprisingly stable and homogeneous glow plasma at low flow rates of argon and its mixtures at atmospheric pressure. The HelixJet was tested on three polyamide powders usually used to produce parts by laser sintering, a powder‐based AM process, to form local deposits. The chemical composition of such plasma‐printed samples is compared with thermally produced and laser‐sintered samples with respect to differences in morphology that result from the different thermal cycles on several length scales. Plasma prints exhibit unique features attributable to the nonequilibrium chemistry and to the high‐speed heat exchange.
Associations between age, respiratory comorbidities, and dysphagia in infants with down syndrome
Authors: Jackson Arwen , Maybee Jennifer , Wolter‐Warmerdam Kristine , DeBoer Emily , Hickey Francis
Published: August 2019

Objectives: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a high risk of dysphagia and the pediatric pulmonologist may be involved in diagnosis and management. The objective of this study is to evaluate the associations between age, dysphagia, and medical comorbidities in young children with DS. We hypothesized that swallow study findings are more likely to change in younger infants and that medical comorbidities may be associated with dysphagia.

Study design: Results of videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) from 2010 to 2016 were collected retrospectively in children with DS with initial swallow study at less than 12 months of age. Results were analyzed for findings and change based on age at initial study, reason for referral, and medical comorbidities.

Results: One hundred eleven infants with 247 VFSS and 14 FEES were included. Deep laryngeal penetration and/or aspiration were found in 31.9% of infants less than 6 months and 51.3% of infants 6 to 12 months. Children with initial swallow study performed at greater than or equal to 6 months of age were more likely (80.0%) to have unchanged findings on follow‐up study compared to children imaged at less than 6 months (35.3%). Laryngomalacia, pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, and congenital cardiac disease were associated with dysphagia.

Conclusion: We confirmed that dysphagia is common in infants with DS and comorbidities and provided preliminary evidence that swallow study findings may be more likely to change in children tested under 6 months of age. Providers should consider that results for instrumental swallow studies may change, particularly if the test was completed on a young infant.
Efficient Pulse‐Excitation Techniques for Single Photon Sources from Quantum Dots in Optical Cavities
Authors: Gustin Chris , Hughes Stephen
Published: August 2019

Rigorous and intuitive master equation models are presented to study on‐demand single photon sources from pulse‐excited quantum dots coupled to optical cavities. Three methods of source excitation are considered: resonant pi‐pulse, off‐resonant phonon‐assisted inversion, and two‐photon excitation of a biexciton–exciton cascade, and the effect of the pulse excitation process on the quantum indistinguishability, efficiency, and purity of emitted photons is investigated. By explicitly modelling the time‐dependent pulsed excitation process in a manner which captures non‐Markovian effects associated with coupling to photon and phonon reservoirs, it is found that photons of near‐unity indistinguishability can be emitted with over 90% efficiency for all these schemes, with the off‐resonant schemes not necessarily requiring polarization filtering due to the frequency separation of the excitation pulse, and allowing for very high single photon purities. Furthermore, the off‐resonant methods are shown to be robust over certain parameter regimes, with less stringent requirements on the excitation pulse duration in particular. Also, a semi‐analytical simplification of the master equation is derived for the off‐resonant drive, which gives insight into the important role that exciton–phonon decoupling for a strong drive plays in the off‐resonant phonon‐assisted inversion process.
Parched pines: a quantitative comparison of two multi‐year droughts and associated mass mortalities of bishop pine (Pinus muricata) on Santa Cruz Island, California
Authors: Taylor Annalise , Biswas Tanushree , Randall John M. , Klausmeyer Kirk , Cohen Brian
Published: August 2019

Extreme weather events such as droughts are expected to increase in severity and frequency as the climate changes; it is imperative that land managers be able to monitor associated changes in vegetation health efficiently and across large scales in order to mitigate or prepare for these events. This need motivated deeper study of the die‐off of bishop pine (Pinus muricata) on California's Santa Cruz Island during the 2012–2016 drought. These pines play a keystone role within the island's ecosystem and have experienced two severe droughts and associated mass die‐offs in the past 40 years. In an effort to compare these events, we used meteorological data to track changes in drought severity from 1985 to 2018 coupled with novel methods for forest monitoring to reveal dynamics not detectable by shorter‐duration studies. Leveraging 34 years of 30 m resolution Landsat imagery, we compared vegetation mortality between the two most severe droughts of that time period: 1987–1991 and 2012–2016. We used the slope of decline in the annual median value of three different Vegetation Indices (VIs; NBR, NDMI and NDVI) to compare mortality between the two drought events and to reveal spatial patterns of mortality within the bishop pine forests. Our results indicated that the 2012–2016 drought was the island's harshest in over a century and that it resulted in greater and more widespread mortality of vegetation within bishop pine stands than the 1987–1991 drought. The average VI decline was significantly greater during the 2012–2016 drought than the 1987–1991 drought by a factor of 1.89, 2.09 and 1.84 for NBR, NDMI and NDVI, respectively. Our results aligned with projections of increasing drought severity and associated tree mortality across the region. The temporal monitoring methods developed here can be adapted to study similar landscape scale changes over multiple decades in other forest ecosystems facing similar threats.
Energetic Furazan and Triazole Moieties: A Promising Heterocyclic Cation
Authors: Xiong Hualin , Yang Hongwei , Cheng Guangbin , Zhang Zaichao
Published: August 2019

Furazan has rarely been involved in the development of energetic cations. Now a new cation based on furazan and triazole moieties 3‐amino‐4‐(4,5‐diamino‐1, 2, 4‐triazol‐3‐yl)furazan (2) and a series of energetic salts were explored as good thermal stable and insensitive energetic materials. These new salts were further characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and multinuclear NMR spectra. The structures of 3–6 and 8 were supported by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The physicochemical and energetic properties for all synthesized energetic compounds, including density, thermal stability and energetic performance were investigated. The measured density of compounds 2–10 are in the range of 1.65 g cm−3 to 1.84 g cm−3. Compounds 2–10 have good thermal stabilities (197‐272 °C). Based on the measured density and calculated heat of formation, they show good calculated detonation performances (D: 7980 m s−1 to 8883 m s−1, P: 22.6 GPa to 34.8 GPa). More importantly, they exhibit low sensitivities (IS: 20 J to 40 J, FS: 280 N to 360 N).
Cooperative Effect of the Ce–Co‐Ox for the Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene
Authors: Zhang Xuejun , Zhao Jinggang , Song Zhongxian , Zhao Heng , Liu Wei , Ma Zi'ang , Zhao Min , Du Huixian
Published: August 2019

Pure CeO2, Co3O4 and CeO2‐CoOx catalysts were successfully prepared by co‐precipitation method and investigated for toluene oxidation. The introduction of cobalt improved the porous texture and increased the specific surface area of catalysts. The cooperative effect of Co and Ce was characterized by several techniques. The characterization results indicated that CeO2‐CoOx showed the largest concentration of Ce3+, oxygen vacancy and surface adsorbed oxygen due to the generation of more structural defects, resulting in better redox properties. Hence, CeO2‐CoOx exhibited excellent catalytic activity and ideal CO2 selectivity than pure CeO2 and Co3O4.
Bifunctional Thio/Squaramide Catalyzed Stereoselective Michael Additions of Aldehydes to Nitroalkenes towards Synthesis of Chiral Pyrrolidines
Authors: Ormandyová Kristína , Bilka Stanislav , Mečiarová Mária , Šebesta Radovan
Published: August 2019

Bifunctional squaramide and thiosquaramide organocatalysts were assessed in a stereoselective Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes. Organocatalysts feature pyrrolidine unit for enamine activation of aldehydes and hydrogen bond donating fragment for nitroalkene activation. The corresponding Michael adducts were obtained in good yields and good to high enantiomeric purities. Solvent‐free conditions were also tested but did not provide any significant improvement. Michael adducts were transformed into chiral pyrrolidines via reductive cyclization.
Super‐Exchange Interaction Induced Overall Optimization in Ferromagnetic Perovskite Oxides Enables Ultrafast Water Oxidation
Authors: Dai Jie , Zhu Yinlong , Yin Yichun , Tahini Hassan A. , Guan Daqin , Dong Feifei , Lu Qian , Smith Sean C. , Zhang Xiwang , Wang Huanting , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping
Published: August 2019

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial in many renewable electrochemical technologies including regenerative fuel cells, rechargeable metal–air batteries, and water splitting. It is found that abundant active sites with favorable electronic structure and high electrical conductivity play a dominant role in achieving high electrocatalytic efficiency of perovskites, thus efficient strategies need to be designed to generate multiple beneficial factors for OER. Here, highlighted is an unusual super‐exchange effect in ferromagnetic perovskite oxide to optimize active sites and enhance electrical conductivity. A systematic exploration about the composition‐dependent OER activity in SrCo1x
Rux
O3−δ
(denoted as SCRx) (x = 0.0–1.0) perovskite is displayed with special attention on the role of super‐exchange interaction between high spin (HS) Co3+ and Ru5+ ions. Induced by the unique Co3+–O–Ru5+ super‐exchange interactions, the SCR0.1 is endowed with abundant OER active species including Co3+/Co4+, Ru5+, and O22−/O−, high electrical conductivity, and metal–oxygen covalency. Benefiting from these advantageous factors for OER electrocatalysis, the optimized SCR0.1 catalyst exhibits a remarkable activity with a low overpotential of 360 mV at 10 mA cm−2, which exceeds the benchmark RuO2 and most well‐known perovskite oxides reported so far, while maintaining excellent durability. This work provides a new pathway in developing perovskite catalysts for efficient catalysis.
Oxygen‐Tolerant Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Catalysts for Reliable Noninvasive Bioassays
Authors: Ding Zhenyao , Chen Liping , Wang Dandan , Zhou Hang , Zhou Lu , Zhu Xing , Jiang Lei , Feng Xinjian
Published: August 2019

Noninvasive bioassays based on the principle of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) cathodic reaction are highly desirable for low concentration analyte detection within biofluids since the reaction is immune to interference from oxidizable species. However, the inability to selectively reduce H2O2 over O2 for commonly used stable catalysts (carbon or noble metals) is one of the key factors limiting their development and practical applications. Herein, catalysts that enable selective H2O2 reduction in the presence of oxygen with fluctuating concentrations are reported. These catalysts consist of noble metal nanoparticles underneath an amorphous chromium oxide nanolayer, which inhibits O2 diffusion to the metal/oxide interface and suppresses its reduction reaction. Using these catalysts, analytes of low concentration in biofluids, including but not limited to glucose and lactate, are detected within the presence of various interferents. This work enables wide application of the cathodic detection principle and the development of reliable noninvasive bioassays.
Alteration in NMDAR‐related amino acids in first episode psychosis
Authors: Garip Beyazit , Kayir Hakan
Published: August 2019

The aim of the present study was to explore the role of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) related amino acids in drug‐naive first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. The medication naïve patients with FEP (n = 40) and healthy volunteers with no family history of schizophrenia (n = 35) were recruited to the study and followed up for 10 weeks. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method was used to measure plasma levels of the amino acids. The plasma glutamine, glutamic acid, proline, serine, asparagine, and hydroxyproline levels were significantly higher in the FEP patients compared to healthy controls (p values < .0001). The glutamine/glutamic acid ratio in FEP patients was not different from the healthy controls (p > .05). After the antipsychotic treatment, plasma glutamic acid, proline, and hydroxyproline levels were significantly increased (p values < .05) while the asparagine level and glutamine/glutamic acid ratio were decreased (p values < .05). The serine and glutamine levels did not show any differences with the treatment (p > .05). The initial plasma glutamine levels were negatively correlated with the initial Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) score (r = −.45, p = .003). The initial plasma proline levels were negatively correlated with the initial and follow‐up SAPS scores (r = −.51 and −.39, p values < .05). The initial plasma proline and hydroxyproline levels were both negatively correlated with the initial Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score (r = −.37, p = .017 and r = −.33, p = .033, respectively). Increase in NMDAR‐related amino acid levels during the FEP may be a compensatory response to glutamatergic hypofunction. Their plasma levels were significantly correlated with several psychotic symptoms before and after 10‐week treatment. Antipsychotic treatment has differential effects on the plasma levels of these amino acids.
Opioid modulation of cochlear auditory responses in the rat inner ear
Authors: Ramírez Teresa , Soto Enrique , Vega Rosario
Published: August 2019

The auditory system has an extensive efferent innervation, which contributes to processes of control and regulation of the afferent input. The expression of receptors to various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the inner ear has been described, among which endogenous opioid receptors are found. The role of opioid receptors in the cochlea is not yet fully defined, it has been reported that opioid agonists and antagonists modulate the response to auditory stimuli and in clinical practice, multiple cases have been reported in which the consumption of opioid derivatives induce sensorineural hearing loss. In this work, we evaluated the effects of acute treatment with morphine, fentanyl, tramadol, and naloxone, in the auditory brain stem potentials (ABR), the compound action potential (CAP), and distortion products otacoustic emissions (DPOAE), across a wide range of stimulus frequencies and amplitudes. Adult Long‐Evans rats of the strain CII/ZV weighing 180–220 g were used. For the ABR recording drugs were administered intraperitoneally or intravenously. For the CAP and DPOAE drugs were applied by direct perfusion in the middle ear. The opioid agonists produced a consistent increase in the amplitude of the PI component of the ABR and of the N1‐P1 amplitude of the CAP. Naloxone produced no significant changes in the ABR and a reduction of the CAP N1‐P1 amplitude. Also, opioid agonists induced a decrease in the amplitude of the DPOAE. These results show that the opioid receptor activation modulates both the afferent response at both the afferent response to acoustic stimuli, and also at the cochlear mechanics as revealed by DPOAE changes. These results present a significant step in understanding how opioid modulation of auditory responses may contribute to the auditory processing and to sensorineural hearing loss produced by opioids.
Discourses of White Nationalism and Xenophobia in the United States and Their Effect onTESOLProfessionals in Mexico
Authors: Sayer Peter , Martínez‐Prieto David , Carvajal de la Cruz Brenda
Published: August 2019

White nationalism has emerged in the mainstream of U.S. political discourse, and restricting all forms of immigration has become a central focus of isolationist, “America First” policies. In August 2017, TESOL International released itsPosition Statement on Immigration Policy and Reform in the United States. The authors respond to the position statement and address Mexican English teachers’ views towards the immigration debate in the United States, how this debate reflects what Mexicans see as discourses of White nationalism and xenophobia, and the impact they have on the everyday work that teachers do in English classrooms in Mexico. They begin by giving a brief historical background on the closely intertwined relationship between the two countries, and then discuss the effects of the current climate on language educators’ work. They explain that manifestations of anti‐Mexican xenophobia in the United States increase the difficulty of Mexican English language educators as students of all ages are well aware of the rhetoric coming from the United States, and are increasingly translating these negative words and images into a negative sense of what it means to learn English. Three strategies are described that English teachers in Mexico often use within their classrooms to engage students in exploring the connection between English and the United States, harnessing the potential of the language classroom as a forum for naming, understanding, and contesting discourses that promote intolerance and racism.
Running Records Revisited: A Tool for Efficiency and Focus
Authors: Barone Jennifer , Khairallah Pamela , Gabriel Rachael
Published: August 2019

Running records can be the assessments that teachers are looking for when searching for an efficient way to plan meaningful literacy instruction. Running records can give teachers immediate insights to guide on‐the‐fly prompting and teaching decisions to build reader independence. The authors use classroom examples to illustrate how taking and analyzing running records can save time, focus instruction, and identify patterns that might otherwise be missed during guided or independent reading. It is time to revisit and revive the purpose, remember the practice, and reinvigorate the analysis of running records for intentional, individualized instruction.
Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula in Surgery for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Watanabe Nobuyuki , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Mizuno Takashi , Yamaguchi Junpei , Onoe Shunsuke , Nagino Masato
Published: August 2019

Background

There are numerous studies on postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) in pancreatic surgery but few studies on POPF in extrahepatic bile duct resection with or without hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC). The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for POPF in this challenging surgery.

Methods

All consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection for presumed PHCC between January 2008 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed, with special attention paid to POPF.

Results

Among 416 patients, 90 patients showed a drain amylase level of > 3 times the normal limit on day 3 or after. The severity of POPF was biochemical leakage in 46 patients and grade B in 44 patients. No patient had grade C POPF; thus, the incidence of clinically relevant POPF was 10.6% (44/416). The resection line of the common bile duct was closely associated with POPF; 23 (27.7%) of the 83 patients who underwent intrapancreatic resection of the common bile duct developed POPF. The occurrence of intra‐abdominal abscess and liver failure was significantly higher in patients with POPF, but the 90‐day mortality was similar. The multivariate analysis identified a body mass index of ≥ 22 and intrapancreatic bile duct resection as independent risk factors for POPF.

Conclusions

POPF occurs in approximately 10% of patients undergoing resection for PHCC. Careful postoperative management with attention to POPF is required, especially in patients who undergo intrapancreatic resection of the common bile duct and in those with a high body mass index.
Plato’s Error and a Mean Field Formula for Convex Mosaics
Authors: Domokos Gábor , Lángi Zsolt
Published: August 2019

Plato claimed that the regular solids are the building blocks of all matter. His views, commonly referred to as the geometric atomistic model, had enormous impact on human thought despite the fact that four of the five Platonic solids can not fill space without gaps. In this paper we quantify these gaps, showing that the errors in Plato’s estimates were quite small. We also develop a mean field approximation to convex honeycombs using a generalized version of Plato’s idea. This approximation not only admits to view convex mosaics in$$d=3$$d=3dimensions as a continuum but we also find that it is quite accurate, showing that Plato’s geometric intuition may have been remarkable.
The Diversity of Fiction and Copredication: An Accommodation Problem
Authors: Collins John
Published: August 2019

The paper presents an accommodation problem for extant semantic accounts of fiction. Some accounts of fiction are designed to accommodate one or another form of fictive statement exclusively, what I shall call in-fiction (roughly, statements made within fiction) and out-fiction (roughly, statements relating fictional things and events to extra-fictional things and events). Thus, typically, the accounts fail to do justice to their respective excluded form. A natural response, entertained by Kripke (Reference and existence. The John Locke lectures. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013) and in a different fashion by latter-day Meinongians, is to let the two different kinds of fiction have their respective accounts. It is very easy, however, to mix in and out predicates, which amounts to a species of copredication, where a single nominal receives simultaneous distinct interpretations relative to distinct predicates without creating ambiguity (Bond is a killer but remains as popular as ever). Copredication is a perfectly general phenomenon that arises for any nominal (The meal was delicious, but lasted all day/Bill read then burnt every book/Brazil is at last happy after the civil unrest). The simple problem now is that copredication appears to render all extant accounts of fiction either (1) essentially partial, in dealing with one kind of simple form of fiction but not another, or (2) merely wrong in imagining that fiction comes in categorically distinct forms, for the coherence of copredication is enough to show that this is not so. The aim of the paper is to show to resolve this accommodation problem by the radical expedient of suggesting that the fiction/non-fiction distinction is not really a semantic one, but more one between different ways in which sentences are made true or false.
Epidemiology Update of Erectile Dysfunction in Eight Countries with High Burden
Authors: Goldstein Irwin , Goren Amir , Li Vicky W. , Tang Wing Y. , Hassan Tarek A.
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Prior epidemiology studies on erectile dysfunction (ED) have varied in geography/place, time period, and methodology. Due to this variability, comparisons of data across studies are greatly limited. Additionally, little is known about the rates of comorbid ED and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Aim

To update the prevalence of ED and patient characteristics using a single methodology in 8 countries: Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Methods

This retrospective cross-sectional study included men (≥18 years) who self-reported experiencing difficulty in achieving or maintaing an erection in the past 6 months in the 2015 and 2016 National Health and Wellness Surveys (N = 97,159). Pairwise comparisons between the United States and each of the other countries were performed among respondents with ED and no BPH, aged ≥18 years, and within the subset of men aged 40–70 years.

Main Outcome Measures

ED prevalence (with BPH, with no BPH, and overall), health characteristics, and ED risk factors were assessed.

Results

ED with BPH was found to be < 6.0% in all countries. ED prevalence overall varied from 37.2% (Brazil) to 48.6% (Italy). Similar patterns were observed for the subset of men aged 40−70 years. Patients in Brazil were younger (aged ≥18: 43.85 vs. 52.35; aged 40−70: 52.94 vs. 56.76 years; for both, P < .05) than those in the United States. ED-related comorbidities were more common in European countries, comparatively.

Conclusion

This study provides an important update and outlook to ED epidemiology in Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Overall, ED prevalence is high, relative to some previous estimates. Findings from this study highlight the continued burden ED plays in the lives of men in these countries.
Effects of the Type of Childcare on Toddlers’ Motor, Social, Cognitive, and Language Skills
Authors: Bleiker Marco , Gampe Anja , Daum Moritz M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This study investigated the relationship between type of childcare and toddlers’ skills in four important developmental domains: motor, cognitive, social, and language. A total of 637 children aged 18 and 24 months were either cared for exclusively at home by their parents or relatives ( home-care group) or attended a daycare center for a minimum of 2 days per week ( center-care group). We tested the children’s skills using standard assessment tools and compared the skills of the two care groups. The results suggest that, for the sample tested, childcare type is not related to toddler’s cognitive, motor, social, and language skills.
Testing the Retrieval Effort Theory
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhao Chaoyong
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Testing effect refers to the phenomenon that, relative to relearning, retrieval practice enhances delayed memory performance. In two experiments, this study tested the retrieval effort theory proposed to explain the enhancement effect of testing. In Experiment 1, participants learned English words with their corresponding Chinese definitions. Then they were tested on half of the encoded items and restudied the remaining half under three delays after encoding (0 min, 20 min, and 40 min). All participants took delayed memory tests 60 min after the end of the initial encoding phase. The result showed that testing conducted 20 min after encoding, but not immediately or 40 min after encoding, enhanced memory retention. In Experiment 2, feedback was provided to ensure more equitable exposure across the conditions, and then the final memory test was conducted 24 h after the end of learning. The result showed that testing enhanced memory retention across the three delay conditions, and that the size of the testing effect increased with the extension of the interval between initial learning and retrieval practice, thus providing support for the retrieval theory.
Aeolian Dust Provenance in Central East Antarctica During the Holocene: Environmental Constraints From Single‐Grain Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Paleari Chiara Ileana , Delmonte Barbara , Andò Sergio , Garzanti Eduardo , Petit Jean Robert , Maggi Valter
Published: August 2019

We analyzed the single‐grain mineralogical composition of aeolian dust transported to central East Antarctica for provenance purposes. Comparison with data from the last glacial period shows for the first time disappearance of carbonates during the Holocene related to sea level rise and suppressed deflation from the Argentinean continental shelf, exposed during Marine Isotope Stage 2. Zeolites, related to alteration of volcanic glass in the subglacial/periglacial environment of Patagonia, show a similar behavior. The remaining minerals, remarkably similar between the two climatic periods, are compatible with a Pampean and Patagonian provenance, but Holocene data show a more pronounced volcanic and metamorphic imprint and presence of minerals related to warm climate weathering environments compatible with an additional contribution from subtropical latitudes of South America. These results do not imply a major large‐scale reorganization of atmospheric circulation after the last climatic transition.
Climate Noise Influences Ice Sheet Mean State
Authors: Niu Lu , Lohmann Gerrit , Gowan Evan J.
Published: August 2019

Evidence from proxy records indicates that millennial‐scale abrupt climate shifts, called Dansgaard‐Oeschger events, happened during past glacial cycles. Various studies have been conducted to uncover the physical mechanism behind them, based on the assumption that climate mean state determines the variability. However, our study shows that the Dansgaard‐Oeschger events can regulate the mean state of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. Sensitivity experiments show that the simulated mean state is influenced by the amplitude of the climatic noise. The most likely cause of this phenomenon is the nonlinear response of the surface mass balance to temperature. It could also cause the retreat processes to be faster than the buildup processes within a glacial cycle. We propose that the climate variability hindered ice sheet development and prevented the Earth system from entering a full glacial state from Marine Isotope Stage 4 to Marine Isotope Stage 3 about 60,000 years ago.
Large Uncertainties in Estimation of Tropical Tropopause Temperature Variabilities Due to Model Vertical Resolution
Authors: Wang Wuke , Shangguan Ming , Tian Wenshou , Schmidt Torsten , Ding Aijun
Published: August 2019

Tropopause temperature (TPT) is a useful indicator and a key component of climate change. Well simulating its value and seasonal‐to‐decadal variability by climate models is still challenging. How the vertical resolution influences the representation of TPT and its response to a climate forcing is largely unknown. This study investigates TPT responses to sea surface temperatures using a series of model simulations in various vertical resolution. With high vertical resolution (HV‐Res), the model gives a better representation of tropical TPTs in absolute values and seasonal variations. The corresponding changes in TPTs associated with sea surface temperature anomalies (El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation) are 30% stronger and more realistic in the HV‐Res model. Such improvements may get benefits from better representations of equatorial waves with more realistic structure and stronger interannual variations. A proper vertical resolution is therefore essential to well simulate the stratosphere‐troposphere coupling and should be used in climate change assessment.
Sensitivity of Simulated Deep Convection to a Stochastic Ice Microphysics Framework
Authors: Stanford McKenna W. , Morrison Hugh , Varble Adam , Berner Judith , Wu Wei , McFarquhar Greg , Milbrandt Jason
Published: August 2019

Ice microphysics parameterizations in models must make major simplifications relative to observations, typically employing empirical relationships to represent average functional properties of particles. However, previous studies have established that ice particle properties vary even in similar cloud types and thermodynamic environments, and it remains unclear how this so‐called “natural variability” impacts simulated deep convection. This uncertainty is addressed by implementing a stochastic framework into the Predicted Particle Properties microphysics scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The approach stochastically varies the coefficients of the mass‐size (m‐D) relationship (m=aDb) for unrimed and partially rimed ice. Using guidance from aircraft in situ measurements obtained during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E), the scheme samples from distributions of the prefactor (a) and the exponent (b) of the m‐D relationship. Simulations of two MC3E deep convective cases indicate that the stochastic m‐D scheme produces considerable variability of anvil cirrus cloud optical depth (τ) distributions, even for the same ice water path (IWP). Thus, the stochastic scheme produces variable cloud radiative forcing that is independent of IWP. This τ‐IWP relationship variability is nonexistent using the deterministic m‐D ensemble. Additional sensitivity tests are performed in which the fallspeed‐size relationship (V=cDd) is stochastically varied, resulting in variable precipitation amounts and rain rate distributions. Results are presented in the context of satellite and precipitation observations and include comparison with other ensemble configurations using perturbed initial and lateral boundary conditions and small‐amplitude noise added to the potential temperature field.
Selective inhibition of mutant IDH1 by DS-1001b ameliorates aberrant histone modifications and impairs tumor activity in chondrosarcoma
Authors: Nakagawa Makoto , Nakatani Fumihiko , Matsunaga Hironori , Seki Takahiko , Endo Makoto , Ogawara Yoko , Machida Yukino , Katsumoto Takuo , Yamagata Kazutsune , Hattori Ayuna , Fujita Shuhei , Aikawa Yukiko , Ishikawa Takamasa , Soga Tomoyoshi , Kawai Akira , Chuman Hirokazu , Yokoyama Nobuhiko , Fukushima Suguru , Yahiro Kenichiro , Kimura Atsushi , Shimada Eijiro , Hirose Takeshi , Fujiwara Toshifumi , Setsu Nokitaka , Matsumoto Yoshihiro , Iwamoto Yukihide , Nakashima Yasuharu , Kitabayashi Issay
Published: August 2019

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common malignant bone tumor. It is characterized by low vascularity and an abundant extracellular matrix, which confer these tumors resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. There are currently no effective treatment options for relapsed or dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, and new targeted therapies need to be identified. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations, which are detected in ~50% of chondrosarcoma patients, contribute to malignant transformation by catalyzing the production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Mutant IDH inhibitors are therefore potential novel anticancer drugs in IDH mutant tumors. Here, we examined the efficacy of the inhibition of mutant IDH1 as an antitumor approach in chondrosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo, and investigated the association between the IDH mutation and chondrosarcoma cells. DS-1001b, a novel, orally bioavailable, selective mutant IDH1 inhibitor, impaired the proliferation of chondrosarcoma cells with IDH1 mutations in vitro and in vivo, and decreased 2-HG levels. RNA-seq analysis showed that inhibition of mutant IDH1 promoted chondrocyte differentiation in the conventional chondrosarcoma L835 cell line and caused cell cycle arrest in the dedifferentiated JJ012 cell line. Mutant IDH1-mediated modulation of SOX9 and CDKN1C expression regulated chondrosarcoma tumor progression, and DS-1001b upregulated the expression of these genes via a common mechanism involving the demethylation of H3K9me3. DS-1001b treatment reversed the epigenetic changes caused by aberrant histone modifications. The present data strongly suggest that inhibition of mutant IDH1 is a promising therapeutic approach in chondrosarcoma, particularly for the treatment of relapsed or dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma.
Fasting and rapamycin: diabetes versus benevolent glucose intolerance
Authors: Blagosklonny Mikhail V.
Published: August 2019

Rapamycin (Sirolimus) slows aging, extends life span, and prevents age-related diseases, including diabetic complications such as retinopathy. Puzzlingly, rapamycin can induce insulin sensitivity, but may also induce insulin resistance or glucose intolerance without insulin resistance. This mirrors the effect of fasting and very low calorie diets, which improve insulin sensitivity and reverse type 2 diabetes, but also can cause a form of glucose intolerance known as benevolent pseudo-diabetes. There is no indication that starvation (benevolent) pseudo-diabetes is detrimental. By contrast, it is associated with better health and life extension. In transplant patients, a weak association between rapamycin/everolimus use and hyperglycemia is mostly due to a drug interaction with calcineurin inhibitors. When it occurs in cancer patients, the hyperglycemia is mild and reversible. No hyperglycemic effects of rapamycin/everolimus have been detected in healthy people. For antiaging purposes, rapamycin/everolimus can be administrated intermittently (e.g., once a week) in combination with intermittent carbohydrate restriction, physical exercise, and metformin.
Paeonol induces cytoprotective autophagy via blocking the Akt/mTOR pathway in ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Gao Likun , Wang Zhi , Lu Danhua , Huang Jinling , Liu Jin , Hong Li
Published: August 2019

Paeonol (Pae), a phenolic acid compound isolated from the Moutan Cortex, was previously demonstrated to exert multiple anticancer effects. The rational control of autophagy has been considered a potential treatment strategy for epithelial ovarian cancer. However, whether Pae induces autophagy and the relationship between its antitumour activities and autophagy in epithelial ovarian cancer are still unclear. In this study, we found that Pae induced not only antiproliferation activity and apoptosis but also autophagy, and complete autophagic flux was observed in A2780 and SKOV3 cells. In addition, combination treatment with Pae and an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine and hydroxychloroquine) showed significant synergetic effects on inhibiting cell viability and promoting apoptosis in vitro and in the A2780 xenograft model, without severe side effects, which was often had by cisplatin. These results indicate that autophagy induced by Pae has a cytoprotective role in both A2780 and SKOV3 cells. Mechanistically, we found that Pae inhibited the protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Furthermore, when combined with the inhibitors MK2206 and rapamycin to inhibit Akt and mTOR kinase activity, Pae-induced autophagy was increased. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Pae induced cytoprotective autophagy by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR pathway in ovarian cancer cells. Thus, the strategy of combining Pae with an autophagy inhibitor to block Akt/mTOR-dependent autophagy could enhance the antitumour activity of Pae and warrants further application for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Retraction Note: Increased survival and cell cycle progression pathways are required for EWS/FLI1-induced malignant transformation
Authors: Javaheri Tahereh , Kazemi Zahra , Pencik Jan , Pham Ha T. T. , Kauer Maximilian , Noorizadeh Rahil , Sax Barbara , Nivarthi Harini , Schlederer Michaela , Maurer Barbara , Hofbauer Maximillian , Aryee Dave N. T. , Wiedner Marc , Tomazou Eleni M. , Logan Malcolm , Hartmann Christine , Tuckermann Jan P. , Kenner Lukas , Mikula Mario , Dolznig Helmut , Üren Aykut , Richter Günther H. , Grebien Florian , Kovar Heinrich , Moriggl Richard
Published: August 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Anomalous quantum Griffiths singularity in ultrathin crystalline lead films
Authors: Liu Yi , Wang Ziqiao , Shan Pujia , Tang Yue , Liu Chaofei , Chen Cheng , Xing Ying , Wang Qingyan , Liu Haiwen , Lin Xi , Xie X. C. , Wang Jian
Published: August 2019

Superconductor-insulator/metal transition (SIT/SMT) represents a prototype of quantum phase transition, where quantum fluctuation plays a dominant role and dramatically changes the physical properties of low-dimensional superconducting systems. Recent observation of quantum Griffiths singularity (QGS) offers an essential perspective to understand the subtleties of quantum phase transition in two-dimensional superconductors. Here we study the magnetic field induced SMT in ultrathin crystalline Pb films down to ultralow temperatures. The divergent critical exponent is observed when approaching zero temperature quantum critical point, indicating QGS. Distinctively, the anomalous phase boundary of SMT that the onset critical field decreases with decreasing temperatures in low temperature regime distinguishes our observation from previous reports of QGS in various two-dimensional superconductors. We demonstrate that the anomalous phase boundary originates from the superconducting fluctuations in ultrathin Pb films with pronounced spin-orbit interaction. Our findings reveal a novel aspect of QGS of SMT in two-dimensional superconductors with anomalous phase boundary.
Hierarchical graphical model reveals HFR1 bridging circadian rhythm and flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Duren Zhana , Wang Yaling , Wang Jiguang , Zhao Xing-Ming , Lv Le , Li Xiaobo , Liu Jingdong , Zhu Xin-Guang , Chen Luonan , Wang Yong
Published: August 2019

Abstracts

To study systems-level properties of the cell, it is necessary to go beyond individual regulators and target genes to study the regulatory network among transcription factors (TFs). However, it is difficult to directly dissect the TFs mediated genome-wide gene regulatory network (GRN) by experiment. Here, we proposed a hierarchical graphical model to estimate TF activity from mRNA expression by building TF complexes with protein cofactors and inferring TF’s downstream regulatory network simultaneously. Then we applied our model on flower development and circadian rhythm processes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The computational results show that the sequence specific bHLH family TF HFR1 recruits the chromatin regulator HAC1 to flower development master regulator TF AG and further activates AG’s expression by histone acetylation. Both independent data and experimental results supported this discovery. We also found a flower tissue specific H3K27ac ChIP-seq peak at AG gene body and a HFR1 motif in the center of this H3K27ac peak. Furthermore, we verified that HFR1 physically interacts with HAC1 by yeast two-hybrid experiment. This HFR1–HAC1–AG triplet relationship may imply that flower development and circadian rhythm are bridged by epigenetic regulation and enrich the classical ABC model in flower development. In addition, our TF activity network can serve as a general method to elucidate molecular mechanisms on other complex biological regulatory processes.