bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equality Derby
Authors: Kramer Zachary
Published: February 2019

In the world of civil rights, the new relies on the old. Emerging groups base their claims on those who came before them. Some resist this way of thinking. Justice for one may mean less attention for the other. As groups jockey for protection under the law—in a kind of Equality Derby—they battle over history. Whose history is worse, whose deserves the most attention? When new outsider groups take up the mantle of civil rights, what happens to the unfinished work of civil rights? How will we know when the law is stretched too thin? This is a recipe not so much for disaster, but for the slow growth of justice. This chapter is about history. It is about the path toward equality. It is about what, in the broadest sense, civil rights law is trying to accomplish. Ultimately, this is a debate about history, and civil rights law has a complicated relationship to history.
Between Plato and the Gods
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

Aelius Aristides navigates the aggressive, ad hominem humor of Old Comedy within his broader project of constructing a new social and intellectual paradigm of elite behavior. A significant component of this project is the intersection of rhetoric and religious concerns. While Aristides finds use for certain features of Old Comedy, in particular its use of invective and self-reflexivity, he expresses profound unease at the prospect that its style of humor might be performed in the context of a religious festival. For example, he invokes Old Comedy to dispel Plato’s criticism of rhetoric in To Plato: In Defense of the Four (Or. 3) and cites the parabasis as a model of self-praise to justify his own engagement in the practice (Or. 28). Then, in contrast to these uses of the genre as a literary source, in Or. 29 he calls for a ban on comic performances in terms that bear a striking resemblance to Old Comic humor and the traditional criticisms directed at it.
Lucian’s Prolaliai and the Dynamics of Competition
Authors: Peterson Anna
Published: February 2019

Like the well-known dialogues discussed in the previous chapter, Lucian’s prolaliai, or sophistic prologues, underscore the satirist’s profound engagement with Old Comedy. Despite their obvious differences in form and context, three of these prolaliai—You are a Literary Prometheus, Zeuxis or Antiochus, and Heracles—mimic the agonistic and rhetorical strategies of an Aristophanic parabasis. Of particular interest is the degree to which the comic poets’ stage biographies appear to inform the details that Lucian provides about his own career. Taken together with Aelius Aristides’s Or. 29, discussed in chapter 2, these texts point to an interest in parabatic language that was capable of divorcing it from its original performance context.
Norman Anderson and the Christian Mission to Modernize Islam
Authors: Thompson Todd
Published: February 2019

Western Christians in the twentieth century viewed Islam through a lens of social and political concerns that would have appeared novel to their medieval and early-modern predecessors. Concerns about the predicament of secular 'modernity' infused Christian discourse with distinct assumptions that shaped engagement with Islam in fundamentally new ways. J. N. D. (Norman) Anderson (1908-94), a highly influential British Christian scholar of Islam, embodied this new orientation in his commitment to 'modernize' Islam. Anderson's engagement with Islam as a missionary, intelligence agent, scholar of Islamic law and advisor to various Muslim governments, spanned multiple decades and continents. As well as shaping Western understandings of Islamic law and its application, he was involved in debates about the end of the British Empire and the transformation of Christian missions following formal decolonization. Because of Anderson's location at the intersection of so many different debates concerning Islam, his life provides unique insights into the ways in which Christians reconfigured their response to Islam in the last century. Given Christianity's continued influence on British and American ideas about Islam, this study provides crucial insight into the persistent focus on 'modernizing' and 'secularizing' Islam today.
‘Disinterested’ Scholarship, Arab Nationalism and the Study of Islamic Law in Britain
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides an account of Norman Anderson’s views of Anglo-Arab relations amidst the decline of British imperial involvement in the region and analyses the debt his account of the development of legal reform owed to a diffusionist vision of the globalization of the ‘modern’ European state. It does so by providing an account of Anderson’s influence on the domestic laws of Libya and Tunisia and the international laws of commercial arbitration in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The chapter illustrates the parallels between Anderson and secular nationalist legal thinkers and politicians who advocated for legal change in Muslim majority countries during the period.
Nationalism and Islamic Legal Reform in Asia and East Africa
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores Anderson’s role in debates about Islamic legal reform in Pakistan, South-East Asia, East Africa and India. It shows the ways in which his work appealed to secular nationalists outside the Arab world, but also differed in substantial ways. Throughout his travels, Anderson engaged with a wide variety of Muslim opinion including prominent Islamists, feminists and secularists. He was particularly interested in the fate of Pakistan as an Islamic state and partook in important debates about the uniform civil code in India. In the case of India, while secularists openly courted Anderson’s support for their cause, Anderson gravitated towards more moderate thinkers within the Muslim community.
Christian Missions and Islam in the 1950s
Authors: Thompson Todd M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter analyses Norman Anderson’s contribution to the reassessment and revision of the evangelical missionary engagement with Islam in the 1950s. It focuses on his participation in multiple influential Christian missionary conferences concerned with articulating general principles to guide evangelistic outreach to Muslims and compares his theological conclusions with those of other key Christian missionary thinkers such as Kenneth Cragg. While Anderson differed with Cragg on many points, they were both attempting to help formulate a theologically grounded response to the growth of nationalist movements, the apparent revival of non-Christian religions and the decline of European imperial influence.
Introduction
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, we begin by making a case for the ubiquitous ways rape culture, harassment, and sexual violence continue to be a part of many girls’ and women’s everyday lives, despite the ways in which feminists have challenged these issues for over half a century. This chapter then goes on to outline the various ways girls and women have begun to harness new technologies to challenge these practices. Importantly, the chapter also introduces the scholarly foundation for this book, focusing specifically on the contemporary social and cultural context in which our case studies operate. The interdisciplinary nature of this study means we engage with key concepts from the fields of digital media studies, women’s studies, cultural studies, sociology, and education studies. The concepts or terms that we explore and define here include rape culture, lad culture, hashtag feminism, and mediated abuse.
Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Studying Digital Feminist Activism
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, we outline our conceptual framework, addressing key theories that underpin our analysis, including, affect and related concepts, including affective solidarity, networked affect, and affective publics. We also introduce key terms from critical technology studies, including platform vernacular and other concepts relevant to the political economy of social media. After providing further information on the six case studies described in the Introduction, including their reason for selection and methods used, the chapter details our unique methodological approach, which draws insights from a range of interdisciplinary tools, including feminist ethnographic methods, thematic textual analysis, semi-structured interviews, surveys, and online observations.
Documenting Harassment, Sexism, and Misogyny in Digital Feminist Spaces
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 presents results from a qualitative content analysis and thematic textual analysis drawn from four case studies: Hollaback!, Everyday Sexism, Who Needs Feminism?, and #BeenRapedNeverReported. The chapter presents one of the first attempts to analyze these popular feminist campaigns by answering the question of what kinds of experiences of harassment, misogyny, and rape culture the public are sharing on feminist digital platforms. We begin here to develop a key argument that digital feminist activism is far more complex and nuanced than one might initially expect, and is used in a multitude of ways, for many purposes, drawing on a range of different conventions or vernacular practices. Taking a cue from critical technology studies, we attend to emerging vernacular practices that we argue have been shaped by platform architecture, affordances, and conventions, which work to simultaneously encourage and discourage certain narratives from certain groups of people.
Hashtag Feminism
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on women’s use of the Twitter hashtag #BeenRapedNeverReported. Using the hashtag, hundreds of girls and women shared the reasons they didn’t report incidents of sexual assault by partners, family members, friends, and acquaintances. We explore how this feminist hashtag developed in response to the public allegations of sexual violence made about then-popular Canadian CBC radio host Jian Ghomeshi, and ultimately moved across the media landscape, producing a robust public discussion about sexual violence and rape culture. Drawing on thematic analysis of #BeenRapedNeverReported tweets and interviews with eight women who contributed to the hashtag, we analyze the “affective solidarity” produced along this hashtag and the ways it created new lived possibilities for feminist identification, experience, organizing, and resistance. We contextualize this analysis within a larger Canadian media culture to position the hashtag as both a discursive and affective intervention into hegemonic public discourse about rape culture and sexual violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Ringrose Jessica , Keller Jessalynn
Published: February 2019

This chapter summarizes our key findings and case studies and outlines directions for future scholarly inquiry. The Conclusion reiterates the importance of not only asking questions about what digital feminism does, or how it is manifested, but how it is felt and experienced amongst participants. In particular, we draw out the implications of our findings to explore affective and material changes in the lives of our participants. We discuss how our research has revealed a range of new connectivities among girls and women and show the main aspects of what digital feminism can do including educating and transforming lives, and ask what it can achieve, especially considering its demanding nature. We consider these potentialities in light of recent surges of victims speaking out against sexual violence in #MeToo and #TimesUp.
“I Stood Alone, an Unlearned Youth”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

The documents in this chapter cover events during the spring of 1828, when Joseph Smith and Martin Harris began the translation in Harmony, Pennsylvania. In the years following, Joseph stressed the miraculous nature of the translation but said little about the details. Key sources include letters from Joseph Smith, Ezra Booth, and Mathew Davis and interviews with Joseph Smith, Mrs. Doolittle, Michael Morse, and Martin Harris. Such documents show how Smith and Harris faced opposition from Emma’s father, Isaac Hale, and her uncle, minister Nathaniel Lewis. Whether Joseph used the spectacles associated with the Urim and Thummim or the seer stone to translate has been disputed, but Harris made it clear that he used both. By June, Joseph and Martin produced a manuscript of 116 pages.
“It Is Marvelous to Me”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

The period from the autumn of 1828 to March 1829 was an interregnum of sorts because Joseph Smith was in Harmony, Pennsylvania, providing for his family, as shown by David Hale’s store ledger. Joseph “Could not translate But little Being poor and nobody to write for him But his wife and she Could not do much and take Care of her house and he Being poor and no means to live But work.” In another sense, however, this interregnum proved quite significant because Oliver Cowdery arrived on the scene. In September 1828 he likely knew nothing of any gold plates, but by the end of March 1829, he was well on his way to becoming the cofounder of Mormonism. When the rehabilitation of Martin Harris and the curiosity of newcomer David Whitmer are figured into the equation, this seven-month period looks anything but routine.
“The Appearance of Ancient Work, and of Curious Workmanship”
Authors: Morris Larry E.
Published: February 2019

The eight witnesses were Christian Whitmer, Jacob Whitmer, Peter Whitmer Jr., John Whitmer, Hiram Page, Joseph Smith Sr., Hyrum Smith, and Samuel Smith. Their statement, titled “The Testimony of Eight Witnesses,” states, “Joseph Smith Jr., the translator of this work, has shown unto us the plates of which hath been spoken, which have the appearance of gold; and as many of the leaves as the said Smith has translated we did handle with our hands; and we also saw the engravings thereon, all of which has the appearance of ancient work, and of curious workmanship. And this we bear record, with words of soberness, that . . . we have seen and hefted, . . . and we give our names unto the world, . . . and we lie not, God bearing witness of it.”
Taliban Narratives
Authors: Johnson Thomas
Published: February 2019

Why has the Taliban been so much more effective in presenting messages that resonate with the Afghan population than the United States, the Afghan government and their allies? This book, based on years of field research and the assessment of hundreds of original source materials, examines the information operations and related narratives of Afghan insurgents, especially the Afghan Taliban, and investigates how the Taliban has won the information war. Taliban messaging, wrapped in the narrative of jihad, is both to the point and in tune with its target audiences. On the other hand, the United States and its Kabul allies committed a basic messaging blunder, failing to present narratives that spoke to or, often, were even understood by their target audiences. Importantly, the book systematically explains why the United States lost this "battle of the story" in Afghanistan, and argues that this defeat may have cost the US the entire war, despite its conventional and technological superiority.
The Layeha, the Taliban Code of Conduct1
Authors: Johnson Thomas H. , DuPee Matthew , Shaaker Wali
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines and compares a variety of Taliban’s Layeha or “codes of conduct. While these codes of conduct present explicit procedures as well as rules and regulations that Taliban leadership demand that their followers/insurgents follow relative to tactical and strategic objectives, these codes also represent sophisticated Taliban information operations. The Layeha presents how the Taliban, as an organization, plan to pursue their short- and long-term objectives. Chapter 8 explicitly compares and contrasts the codes of conduct published in 2010 and 2009 (and some discussion of the 2006 Layeha). An overview of these comparisons is presented in Tables 8.1 and 8.2. The chapter also presents the explicit Mullah Omar statements on the Layehas (Table 8.3). In addition the chapter presents an organizational analysis of the Taliban. Figure 8.1 presents the provincial military force structure of the Taliban and Table 8.4 presents the Taliban’s chain of command.
The Risks and Rewards of Vigilantism
Authors: Rush Smith Nicholas
Published: February 2019

Why would anyone participate in vigilantism given its risks? By examining the case of a KwaMashu street committee leader who was shot allegedly because of his crime-fighting work, this chapter shows that forceful crime-fighting offers emotional rewards. To the street committee leader, participating in the street committee meant being a good community member, a good African National Congress member, and a good citizen. Therefore, vigilantism emerges amid robust associational bonds often connected to high levels of social capital and reductions in violence. However, the chapter also shows that such informal crime-fighting is premised on a contradictory form of social capital that has equally contradictory effects on violence. Ironically, the street committee leader’s civic commitments made him comfortable with violence against neighborhood residents who violated the moral tenets of the local imagined community.
The Borderland Lens
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 explains how the gap between state-centric views on borderlines and transnational realities at the margins turn borderlands in vulnerable regions into extreme cases of complex security dynamics. First, it presents how state-centric views that stop at the borderline have historically shaped security policies toward the Colombia-Ecuador and Colombia-Venezuela borders. It then contrasts these with a transnational perspective that analyzes security dynamics from within the Colombian-Ecuadorian and Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands. Adopting such a transnational borderland lens, the chapter maps violent non-state group interactions in recent history across these borderlands and contextualizes them with the spatial distribution of the various cocaine supply chain stages and interconnected forms of transnational organized crime. Together with socioeconomic and cultural conditions that vary along and across the borders, the logic of these illicit cross-border flows informs the groups’ motives for cooperation, which in turn shape their interactions.
Violence and Survival
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: February 2019

Chapter 4 discusses security dynamics in contexts where violent non-state groups do not have any arrangement with each other. Embedded in general mistrust, the groups engage in combat or armed disputes. The chapter argues that community members experience or expect to experience physical violence and fear but can partly adapt their behavior to the rules imposed by the opposing actors to maximize chances for survival. It shows how geography and the modus operandi of the groups involved influence the extent to which communities have clarity on behavioral rules. It also explains how, during periods of “tense calm” in between violent clashes, the anticipation of an outbreak of violence fuels perceptions of insecurity. The transnationality of borderlands makes these spaces prone to impunity, lowering the threshold for violent non-state groups to resort to violence.
The Border Effect
Authors: Idler Annette
Published: February 2019

Chapter 7 argues that borderlands in vulnerable regions magnify security challenges of violence, crime, and governance that exist across the globe. It demonstrates that, in vulnerable regions, the transnationality of borderlands and their distance from state centers produce a “border effect,” the confluence of weak state governance, a low-risk/high-opportunity environment, and the propensity for impunity. The chapter explains the four ways in which the border effect influences security: as a facilitator, a deterrent, a magnet, and a stigmatized space. Overlaying a transnational borderland lens on the security dynamics of the borderlands shared by Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela reveals that the border effect intensifies the various forms of insecurity that arise from the interactions among armed actors. It also disguises them to state centers. The border effect holds regardless of asymmetries in border security policies and of country-specific historical and cultural contexts in the respective border zones.
The Economic Opportunity Gap
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explores the demographic trends in the United States of youth for whom youth social entrepreneurship may be most important, those framed by the Opportunity Gap, conceptualized by the field of education to better explain outcome disparities for youth of color and/or from low-income families. Academic disciplines and the nonprofit sector have embraced this framework and furthered it by identifying the youth “haves” and “have-nots” depending on their access to opportunities of many kinds: educational and economic among them. Youth without, or with fewer, opportunities tend to also lack connections of many kinds that can inhibit their educational, employment, housing, and health outcomes. This, then, is the central concern of this chapter: how can youth social entrepreneurship be part of the solution for disconnected youth?
The Social Opportunity Gap
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews principles and examples of social capital, as well as linking the theory into the model of youth social entrepreneurship. Like other forms of capital, an unequal distribution of social capital is associated with other gaps and with reduced chances for change in the future. In fact, social capital is tied closely to social mobility, the central American belief that one’s birth status is not a predetermination of wealth. Not only is there a yawning gap in the social capital of youth from high-income versus low-income households in America, but low-income youth of color also are disproportionately less likely to be able to participate in upward social mobility. This chapter connects social capital, collective hope, and youth social entrepreneurship.
Focal Case Examples
Authors: Kruse Tina P.
Published: February 2019

This short chapter revisits the focal case examples of Sections I and II of the book and relates them to the topics covered in Section III: the SOUL Sisters Leadership Collective (SSLC) and the Cookie Cart. Cookie Cart, the text here concludes, is especially focused on building individual financial assets. By contrast, SOUL Sisters, is less oriented towards economic capital opportunities, but focuses instead on social and cultural capital development.
Digital Uncanny
Authors: Ravetto-Biagioli Kriss
Published: February 2019

We are confronted with a new type of uncanny experience, an uncanny evoked by parallel processing, aggregate data, and cloud-computing. The digital uncanny does not erase the uncanny feeling we experience as déjà vu or when confronted with robots that are too lifelike. Today’s uncanny refers to how nonhuman devices (surveillance technologies, algorithms, feedback, and data flows) anticipate human gestures, emotions, actions, and interactions, intimating we are machines and our behavior is predicable because we are machinic. It adds another dimension to those feelings we get when we question whether our responses are subjective or automated—automated as in reducing one’s subjectivity to patterns of data and using those patterns to present objects or ideas that would then elicit one’s genuinely subjective—yet effectively preset—response. This anticipation of our responses is a feedback loop we have produced by designing software that studies our traces, inputs, and moves. Digital Uncanny explores how digital technologies, particularly software systems working through massive amounts of data, are transforming the meaning of the uncanny that Freud tied to a return of repressed memories, desires, and experiences to their anticipation. Through a close reading of interactive and experimental art works of Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, Bill Viola, Simon Biggs, Sue Hawksley, and Garth Paine, this book is designed to explore how the digital uncanny unsettles and estranges concepts of “self,” “affect,” “feedback,” and “aesthetic experience,” forcing us to reflect on our relationship with computational media and our relationship to others and our experience of the world.
A Universe of Composite Subjectivity
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter introduces the topic of the book—composite subjectivity—and explains why it matters. This involves clarifying how the key term “combination” is used and how key ideas like “composition” and “consciousness” are understood, as well as reviewing the various reasons why philosophers have tended to deny or neglect the possibility of composite subjectivity, and the implications they have drawn from doing so. The chapter explains the significance of mental combination for panpsychism’s combination problem, for collective consciousness, and for a variety of other issues in the philosophy of mind, and sketches out the book’s plan of attack.
Composite Subjectivity and Intelligent Subjects
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter is about how to combine subjects of experience understood in functionalist terms, as systems whose consciousness comes from having a functional structure which supports intelligent behavior. This requires examining how composition relates to the key features of such subjects, including not just their functional structure but the structure of their consciousness, and the systematic coherence between these two structures. The chapter argues that information-integrating interactions are key to connecting the conscious structure and functional structure of the parts, so that they form a whole with even richer structure. This integration can take many forms, even including the social interactions of cooperating subjects in a social group.
Composite Subjectivity and Psychological Subjects
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter is about how to combine subjects of experience as they are understood by the psychological theory of personal identity (Neo-Lockeanism). On this theory subjects are not the systems which generate mental states, but are instead constructs defined by the patterns of continuity among mental states. This requires considering how component and composite subjects can be individuated from one another, how they can develop self-consciousness, and how they can display agency. This results in a combinationist account of what is going on in everyday experiences of inner conflict and in dissociative identity disorder—an account which can recognize the conflicting or dissociated parts as subjects in their own right, but also as forming a composite subject with a greater or lesser degree of unity.
What It Is Like for Two to Become One
Authors: Roelofs Luke
Published: February 2019

This chapter considers in depth a particularly perplexing thought experiment that has puzzled theorists of personal identity, namely person-fusion. Philosophers have wondered: if two people were to go through a process of brain-interfacing that gradually changed them into a single, integrated, person combining the traits of both, should that be regarded as the destruction or the survival of the original subjects of experience? The chapter discusses this question, and tries to think through what this process might be like for the people involved: how they might experience a gradual shift from recognizably interpersonal ways of relating to the other person, to relations more like those that hold within a single person’s consciousness.
Great Power Rising
Authors: Thompson John M.
Published: February 2019

This book examines the relationship between domestic politics and Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy. It argues that, in spite of the complicated nature of the US system, with its overlapping powers, intense partisanship, and continuous scrutiny from the media and public, Roosevelt mostly succeeded in implementing his agenda. In the process, it contends, he played a crucial role in the nation’s rise to world power. The book places particular emphasis on four factors: Roosevelt’s compelling vision for national greatness, political skill, faith in the people and the US system, and emphasis on presidential leadership. It finds that public sentiment was not isolationist, as some historians have argued, but was willing to support all of TR’s major objectives. Roosevelt’s feel for the national mood was also crucial, as was his willingness to compromise or change his views when necessary. Topics covered by the book include Roosevelt’s early career in politics; relations with great powers such as Britain, Germany, and Japan; the Monroe Doctrine, the Roosevelt Corollary, and Latin America; the impact of immigration from China and Japan; and World War I.
Narratives of Jihad and Islamic Identity
Authors: Yasmeen Samina
Published: February 2019

Samina Yasmeen’s chapter seeks to extend the scope of existing analyses of jihadi narratives by examining the concept of indigenization of Salafi ideas in the context of the narratives shaped and propagated by the Jamat’ud’Dawah and its parent organization Markaz Dawah Wal Irshad in Pakistan. The chapter explores the means of indigenization utilized by Gulf authors with the purpose of responding to the particular needs of the local audience coming largely from the poorer segments of the Pakistani society. A link between narratives and identities is established especially in context of ideals of womanhood and jihad discourse by studying literature produced by the Jamat’ud’Dawah movement. The significance of such an indigenized narrative is invoked in reflecting upon the transnational links between Islam in the Gulf and Pakistan.
The Salafi Emirate of Kunar
Authors: Brown Vahid
Published: February 2019

Vahid Brown’s chapter examines the role of the Salafi Emirate of Kunar’s role in shaping the development of transnational salafi jihadi networks while also focusing on the fault lines within the same. The chapter brings out the significance of this previously little studied Afghan mujahidin movement in forming links between the Gulf and Afghanistan-Pakistan. Explaining the Emirate of Kunar’s brand of jihadi Salafism as a creation based on previous ties with South Asian Ahl-i-Hadith movement and Gulf Salafism, the chapter identifies it as a precursor to the ISIS brand in Iraq and Syria. In its progression, the chapter traces the historical emergence of the emirate followed by an examination of the writings of the Gulf Salafi mashayikh on Jamil al-Rahman, its founder, and the emirate itself. Subsequently, the Afghan Arab literature on the Salafis of Kunar is reviewed.
Multinational Mujahidin
Authors: Rassler Don
Published: February 2019

Don Rassler’s chapter documents the contemporary knowledge of the Haqqani network in the context of its establishment and early infrastructure development, especially in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia. In looking at this yet another transnational jihadi network between South Asia and the Gulf born during the anti-Soviet jihad, the chapter revolves around mujahidin commander Jalaluddin Haqqani and his ties to the two countries. Tracing the comparative dynamics and evolution of these ties, the chapter sketches the development of the Haqqani network in both countries highlighting the importance of the role of religious and private social networks. It emphasizes on the greater importance of institutional factors in the case of the UAE as well as the ambiguous approach of the Saudi establishment towards Haqqani.
Conclusion
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Louër Laurence
Published: February 2019

This volume on the relations between the Gulf and South Asia from the point of view of Islamic flows suggests a series of conclusions.

Several chapters are revealing about a tension between South Asian Islam and Arabian Islam. Certainly, as shown by Christophe Jaffrelot, the two-way traffic of the nineteenth century, when Muslim scholars of South Asia and the Middle East—including clerics of Mecca and Medina—were in a conversation, is something of the past. Indeed, as shown by Ayesha Sidiqqa, the ‘...
Iraqi Tribes in the Land of Jihad
Authors: Dawod Hosham
Published: February 2019

Since the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, the tribe has resurfaced as an important element in the literature focusing on security issues and the involvement of local actors in conflicts. It has addressed the tribe itself, its place in society, its allegiance to state authorities and even to foreign powers, and its role in providing security or provoking insecurity. Yet the behavior of tribes in lands of jihad had so far remained under-explored. This chapter discusses this phenomenon in Iraq, a country struggling with political implosion, an undermined state, the rise of radical jihad, sectarian war as well as regional and international interference. The analysis puts particular emphasis on certain tribes that have collaborated with ISIS in the provinces of Al-Anbar or Nineveh.
Kto Kovo? Tribes and jihad in Pushtun Lands
Authors: Martin Mike
Published: February 2019

Based on interview data from Helmand Province, Afghanistan, this chapter explores the relationship between tribalism and jihadism from 1978-2015. The authors argue that local actors, predominantly tribal, have taken on the mantles of different jihadi organizations in order to gain funding as a way of increasing their leverage in local conflicts with other actors. This relationship holds true in Helmand through the ‘jihad’ against the Soviet Union in the 1980s, the civil war, the Taliban era, and the post-2001 US-led nation-building period. The author concludes that jihadi organizations, or other external organizations, need to understand and work with tribal dynamics in order to achieve their aims in tribal territories.
Sufi Jihad and Salafi Jihadism in Egypt’s Sinai
Authors: Alexandrani Ismail
Published: February 2019

Based on ethnographic observations, interviews and informal talks with members of the Sawarka tribe in Egypt’s Northern Sinai, this chapter analyses the sociological and socio-political dynamics that have shaped the Egyptian Jihadist scene, both ideologically and organizationally. In particular, it investigates conflicts between the patriotic Sufi Jihad and contemporary Salafi Jihadism and argues that the ideological debate between the two is in reality covering a hidden socio-economic, ethical and political generational conflict.
Colombia
Authors: Bunte Jonas B.
Published: February 2019

A Capital Coalition between Finance and Industry dominates the political landscape of Colombia, while Labor is comparatively marginalized. Both groups are alarmed by the prospect of increased Chinese competition. Moreover, both prefer the government to borrow from the capital market even if cheaper loans from public sources are available. Interviews suggest that Colombian politicians are well aware of the dominant groups’ preferences. Consequently, politicians are ready to act upon the interests of the Capital Coalition when making borrowing decisions. The qualitative evidence suggests that Chinese loan offers are significantly disadvantaged with respect to both loans for general budget expenditures and loans for financing specific infrastructure projects. As a result, Colombia has rejected several Chinese loan offers and instead relies on private creditors for its financing needs.
Introduction
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This introduction provides a rationale for why music teachers should engage in teacher evaluation. First, it names some concerns music teachers have with teacher evaluation to help them understand and address these challenges and avoid negative experiences. These include concerns that teacher evaluation systems are applied to teaching in general and are not specific to music; that evaluators often do not have backgrounds in music teaching and therefore do not have the expertise to evaluate music teachers or provide valuable feedback; that music teachers receive mixed messages about what is good teaching from evaluators; and that music teachers do not receive sufficient time and attention from evaluators to implement effective teacher evaluation. To address these frustrations, the introduction provides a rationale for working past them and using teacher evaluation to improve teacher practice and professional growth.
Developing a Mindset to Succeed in Teacher Evaluation Systems
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses some of the common problems music teachers have with teacher evaluation and provides an overall framework or approach that can help music teachers overcome them. This framework can help teachers develop the best mindset and strategies when working through these common challenges. Music teachers commonly mention that the criteria for teacher evaluation are not applicable to music teaching and that non-music evaluators do not provide useful feedback. The framework requires teachers to distinguish between what are commonly called “content knowledge,” “general pedagogical knowledge,” and “pedagogical content knowledge.” In doing this, music teachers might balance advocating for themselves with having an openness to critique and improving as professionals. Through this balance, music teachers can use teacher evaluation to not just survive but also thrive, to successfully advocate for their teaching, and to grow professionally.
Differentiation
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This chapter looks at the terms differentiation and differentiated instruction in the music classroom and their relation to teacher evaluation. Differentiation is a strategy and philosophy of tailoring student learning to each individual student or groups of students. First, the chapter describes the need for differentiated instruction and how it is expressed in teacher evaluation. Second, it provides the key qualities of differentiation, including differentiating the products, content, and process in the curriculum and differentiating for students’ readiness, interests, learner profiles, and cultural backgrounds. This section also addresses some concerns that music teachers might have with the concept of differentiation. Next, the chapter provides some strategies for how music teachers might differentiate their instruction and curriculum. Finally, the chapter applies differentiation to teacher evaluation so that music teachers may successfully complete this aspect of their evaluation. Sample lesson plans implementing differentiation are included in the chapter.
Literacy
Authors: Bernard Cara Faith , Abramo Joseph Michael
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the ways music teachers can “authentically” implement a variety of literacy strategies in their classrooms. This “authentic” approach to literacy may contribute to the teaching of musical content rather than to an added burden of teaching literacy separate from music. These approaches can help music teachers better articulate their literacy practices to evaluators. First, the chapter lists the different ways music teachers commonly conceive of literacy and the relationship of those perceptions to teacher evaluation. Second, it provides a framework of “disciplinary literacy” and “artistic literacy” to implement literacy in music classrooms. Next, the chapter outlines ways in which disciplinary literacy and artistic literacy may be used to improve communication with evaluators. Finally, the chapter applies the concept of literacy to teacher evaluation and provides strategies for incorporating these varieties of approaches into the music classroom. Sample lesson plans implementing literacy strategies are included in the chapter.
Beyond Sectarianism in the Middle East?
Authors: Dixon Paul
Published: February 2019

The concept of sectarianism is often problematic because it leads to simplistic analysis and fails to take into account a range of other factors such as power politics in understanding conflict. The term itself carries derogatory connotations and is often used expansively to denote a range of in-group/out-group associations. Primordialist, Ethnonationalist and Instrumentalist explanations for sectarianism posit grand narratives that are often generalized and too deterministic. A useful lens, therefore, is Constructivist Realism that focuses on processes whereby particular identities, such as sect, become more or less salient. Constructivist Realism strikes the appropriate balance between structure and agency, acknowledging that actors make their own history but not in circumstances of their making.
The Sectarianization of the Syrian War
Authors: Wimmen Heiko
Published: February 2019

Initially, the uprising in Syria was not fueled by sectarianism, but rather by unifying political and social grievances, largely stemming from the failed economic reforms of the Bashar al-Assad regime. Sectarian divisions that were established over five decades of dispersed, authoritarian rule and reinforced by a legacy of violence quickly changed the narrative of the conflict. The Syrian uprising’s transformation to civil war is a result of the Assads’ ruling practices, which embedded sectarianism in social relations. A system of dispersed, authoritarian rule allowed successive regimes to wield power through local intermediates to either co-opt or marginalize groups from all sectarian backgrounds according to political expediency. Political violence, which peaked in the 1980s, infused social relations with fear. The anticipation of sectarian violence in 2011—which the regime contributed to with active fearmongering—helped trigger sectarian reactions that unleashed cycles of further violence. Postconflict Syria is unlikely to be genuinely pluralistic, let alone democratic. Sectarian representation will likely substitute for genuine reform, facilitating the integration of militia leaderships into the postwar order.
Sectarianism and Iranian Foreign Policy
Authors: Ostovar Afshon
Published: February 2019

The Islamic Republic’s foreign policy is a product of its self-interest, but religion has been an inseparable component of Iranian decisionmaking since the 1979 revolution. Since the revolution, Iran’s leaders have stressed their commitment to Islamic unity, while downplaying the Shia character of the Islamic Republic when speaking on foreign policy issues. Despite its pan-Islamic aspirations, since 2003, Iran’s strategic approach in the Middle East has focused on supporting Shia armed groups. Religion matters little in Iran’s state-to-state relationships, but it figures more prominently in Iran’s relations with nonstate groups. Essentializing Iran’s foreign policy as sectarian obscures more than it reveals about its behavior. However, as the Middle East has grown more sectarian since the fall of Saddam Hussein and the Arab Spring, so too has Iran’s regional behavior.
The Political Economy of Sectarianism
Authors: Gengler Justin
Published: February 2019

Arab Gulf rulers face incentives to develop non-economic sources of legitimacy to maintain popular support while maximizing scarce resource revenues. By sowing communal distrust, highlighting threats, and emphasizing their ability to guarantee security, regimes can reinforce domestic backing and dampen pressure for reform more cheaply than by distributing welfare benefits. Survey data from four Gulf states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar) demonstrate that governments can effectively cow populations into political inaction even as the economic benefits citizens receive are dwindling. Gulf regimes establish electoral and legislative rules that institutionalize cleavages based on identity politics. Official national narratives in the Gulf are frequently exclusive, highlighting differences among citizens and privileging certain population segments over others. Gulf regimes thus have economic and political incentives to embellish or manufacture domestic and external threats, in order to heighten popular concerns over security and so lower the cost of accruing political support. Gulf rulers are often unable to manage social tensions once unleashed, and some have ended up stoking the very dissent they wished to suppress. This is a precarious strategy that carries serious risks to citizen welfare and the long-term survival of regimes.
The Roots of Sectarian Law and Order in the Gulf
Authors: Strobl Staci
Published: February 2019

Criminal justice and policing institutions are the dominant carriers of social order, often drawing upon and reinforcing existing social norms—especially discriminatory norms. In Bahrain and in Saudi Arabia, policing and public security institutions have been operating in a sectarian discursive framework for over two hundred years. While much of this is a product of regime policies aimed at royal family survival, it also has transnational dimensions and, especially, historical roots tracing back to British colonial influence. In Bahrain in particular contemporary policing bears a strong similarity to policing in the 1920s. Efforts to eliminate sectarian inequality in Bahrain and in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province must therefore overcome the weight of this historically embedded influence in public security institutions, through security sector reform, a lustration process, and truth and reconciliation commissions.
Religious Authority and Sectarianism in Lebanon
Authors: Henley Alexander D.M.
Published: February 2019

Lebanese religious leaders are often treated as authentic representatives of their sects and are given broad powers over religious affairs. However, their leadership is not organic, nor are they necessarily popular, as these individuals are trained and selected by elite institutions. Lebanon’s political system institutionalizes the representation of various religious sects and grants their leaders broad powers over religious affairs, including personal-status courts, wealthy endowments, places of worship, education, and the centralized employment of clerics. Lebanese religious leaders do not incite sectarian hatred. They are invested in coexisting within and preserving the political system that confers their power. In some respects, religious representatives are well-placed to defuse sectarian tension. They tend to publically oppose the politicization of sectarian divisions, and can be instrumental in deradicalization. But the way Lebanon recognizes and empowers exclusivist religious leaders also exacerbates the country’s difficulty in faithfully representing its religious diversity. These leaders promote narrow orthodoxies that marginalize and at times radicalize nonconformists such as Islamists or secularists. Religious leaders help perpetuate a sectarian system that inhibits social integration and has suppressed the representation of diversity rather than improved it. Their monopoly over religious affairs maintains divisions between citizens and confines them to communally bound lives.
The Epidemic
Authors: Kingsbury Benjamin
Published: February 2019

The inadequacy of the government’s disaster relief directly contributed to the terrible cholera epidemic that followed the storm. A lack of food, clean water, and shelter had left the people of the cyclone-affected districts highly susceptible to disease. Officials blamed the people themselves for the situation, and to some extent religious and caste prejudices about the disposal of bodies had made conditions worse. The medical response to the epidemic was late and poorly organized. Although there was no effective treatment for cholera, a better-resourced response might at least have slowed the spread of disease.
Introduction
Authors: Fridman Ofer
Published: February 2019

I became interested in so-called hybrid warfare in late 2015, when two different books navigated their way on to my table. The first was entitled NATO’s Response to Hybrid Threats, edited by two researchers from the NATO Defence College in Rome, Guillaume Lasconjarias and Jeffrey Larsen;...