bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dexamethasone decreases temozolomide‐induced apoptosis in human gliobastoma T98G cells
Authors: Sur Pratima , Sribnick Eric A. , Patel Sunil J. , Ray Swapan K. , Banik Naren L.
Published: January 2005

Human glioblastoma is a deadly brain tumor that is often treated with a combination of drugs. A new alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ), has recently been found efficacious in the clinical trials for glioblastoma. Steroids, such as dexamethasone (DXM), are often used concomitantly as a supportive therapy to treat cerebral edema. However, any possible modulatory effect of the steroids on the efficacy of TMZ has not yet been evaluated experimentally. In this study, we have examined whether DXM provides synergistic or antagonistic effect on TMZ‐induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells. T98G cells were pretreated with various doses of DXM followed by TMZ. The cell viability was assessed by the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Wright staining and the TdT‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to evaluate apoptotic cell death based on the morphological and biochemical (DNA fragmentation) features, respectively. More biochemical features of apoptotic death, such as upregulation of Bax:Bcl‐2 ratio, calpain activity, and caspase‐3 activity, were assessed by Western blot analysis. A significant number of T98G cells committed apoptosis after treatment with 200 μM TMZ. However, a pretreatment with 100 μM or 200 μM DXM protected T98G cells against TMZ‐induced apoptosis, concomitantly decreasing Bax:Bcl‐2 ratio, calpain activity, and caspase‐3 activity. These experimental results indicate that DXM works as an antagonistic agent in combination with TMZ. Therefore, our investigation strongly implies that the combination of DXM and TMZ may be counteractive in treating human glioblastoma. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing the performance of irrigation schemes with minimum data on water deliveries1
Authors: Sam‐Amoah L.K. , Gowing J.W.
Published: January 2005

This paper highlights an approach to assessing the performance of the water delivery system from the perspective of farmers. The methodology uses the concept of fuzzy set theory to analyse the responses from farmers concerning their perception of the irrigation service provided. The paper takes the view that as part of performance assessment of schemes where data on water delivery are not available or their integrity cannot be guaranteed, it is possible to use farmers' assessment to determine how effective the water delivery system is. The methodology was applied in a case study of Dawhenya irrigation scheme in Ghana. By decomposing the utility into reliability, timing and tractability and subsequently applying fuzzy set theory to the analysis of the linguistic responses of farmers, this study has enabled us to assess how well the water delivery system is performing from the point of view of the most important stakeholders – the farmers. The analysis indicated that the most important factor was reliability followed by tractability and timing in that order, while the farmers' level of satisfaction with the factors in order of increasing satisfaction was: timing, reliability and tractability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Irrigation, drainage and flood protection in a rapidly changing world
Authors: Schultz Bart
Published: January 2005

The development and management of irrigation, drainage and flood protection schemes are confronted with rapidly changing conditions, especially in the least and emerging developing countries. Issues at stake are the need to increase food production significantly, the development of water shortages, pollution of water resources, the increased requirement for flood management and flood protection schemes, the need for sustainable development and possible impacts of climate changes.

In this paper focus is on how these issues may play a role in the development of irrigation, drainage and flood protection measures and schemes under different climatological and socio‐economic conditions. In line with this the Strategy for Action of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) is presented, showing the contributions the ICID is making in answer to these challenges. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐shrinkage dental restorative composite: Modeling viscoelastic behavior during setting
Authors: Dauvillier Bibi S. , Feilzer Albert J.
Published: January 2005

Much attention has been directed toward developing dental direct restorative composites that generate less shrinkage stress during setting. The aim of this study was to explore the viscoelastic behavior of a new class of low‐shrinkage dental restorative composite during setting. The setting behavior of an experimental oxirane composite has been investigated by analyzing stress–strain data with two‐parametric mechanical models. Experimental data were obtained from a dynamic test method, in which the setting light‐activated composite was continuously subjected to sinusoidal strain cycles. The material parameters and the model's predictive capacity were analyzed with validated modeling procedures. The light‐activated oxirane composite exhibited shrinkage delay and low polymerization shrinkage strain and stresses when compared with conventional light‐activated composite. Noise in the stress data restricted the predictive ability of the Maxwell model to the elastic modulus development of the composite only. Evaluation tests of their potential as restorative material are required, to examine if the biocompatibility and mechanical properties after setting of oxirane composites are acceptable for dental use. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 129–139, 2005
New multivalent cationic lipids reveal bell curve for transfection efficiency versus membrane charge density: lipid–DNA complexes for gene delivery
Authors: Ahmad Ayesha , Evans Heather M. , Ewert Kai , George Cyril X. , Samuel Charles E. , Safinya Cyrus R.
Published: January 2005

Background

Gene carriers based on lipids or polymers—rather than on engineered viruses—constitute the latest technique for delivering genes into cells for gene therapy. Cationic liposome–DNA (CL‐DNA) complexes have emerged as leading nonviral vectors in worldwide gene therapy clinical trials. To arrive at therapeutic dosages, however, their efficiency requires substantial further improvement.

Methods

Newly synthesized multivalent lipids (MVLs) enable control of headgroup charge and size. Complexes comprised of MVLs and DNA have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction and ethidium bromide displacement assays. Their transfection efficiency (TE) in L‐cells was measured with a luciferase assay.

Results

Plots of TE versus the membrane charge density (σM, average charge/unit area of membrane) for the MVLs and monovalent 2,3‐dioleyloxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP) merge onto a universal, bell‐shaped curve. This bell curve leads to the identification of three distinct regimes, related to interactions between complexes and cells: at low σM, TE increases with increasing σM; at intermediate σM, TE exhibits saturated behavior; and unexpectedly, at high σM, TE decreases with increasing σM.

Conclusions

Complexes with low σM remain trapped in the endosome. In the high σM regime, accessible for the first time with the new MVLs, complexes escape by overcoming a kinetic barrier to fusion with the endosomal membrane (activated fusion), yet they exhibit a reduced level of efficiency, presumably due to the inability of the DNA to dissociate from the highly charged membranes in the cytosol. The intermediate, optimal regime reflects a compromise between the opposing demands on σM for endosomal escape and dissociation in the cytosol. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Widespread and highly persistent gene transfer to the CNS by retrovirus vector in utero: implication for gene therapy to Krabbe disease
Authors: Shen Jin‐Song , Meng Xing‐Li , Yokoo Takashi , Sakurai Ken , Watabe Kazuhiko , Ohashi Toya , Eto Yoshikatsu
Published: January 2005

Background

Brain‐directed prenatal gene therapy may benefit some lysosomal storage diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) before birth. Our previous study showed that intrauterine introduction of recombinant adenoviruses into cerebral ventricles results in efficient gene transfer to the CNS in the mouse. However, transgene expression decreased with time due to the non‐integrative property of adenoviral vectors. In this study, in order to obtain permanent gene transduction, we investigated the feasibility of retrovirus‐mediated in utero gene transduction.

Methods

Concentrated retrovirus encoding the LacZ gene was injected into the cerebral ventricles of the embryos of normal and twitcher mice (a murine model of Krabbe disease) at embryonic day 12. The distribution and maintenance of the transgene expression in the recipient brain were analyzed histochemically, biochemically and by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction method pre‐ and postnatally.

Results

Efficient and highly persistent gene transduction to the brain was achieved both in normal and the twitcher mouse. Transduced neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were distributed throughout the brain. The transduced LacZ gene, its transcript and protein expression in the brain were maintained for 14 months without decrement. In addition, gene transduction to multiple tissues other than the brain was also detected at low levels.

Conclusions

This study suggests that brain‐directed in utero gene transfer using retrovirus vector may be beneficial to the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases with severe brain damage early in life, such as Krabbe disease. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of cysteine with Cu2+ and group IIb (Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+) metal cations: a theoretical study
Authors: Belcastro M. , Marino T. , Russo N. , Toscano M.
Published: January 2005

The structure and energetics of complexes obtained upon interaction between cysteine and Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+ cations were studied using quantum chemical density functional theory calculations with the 6–311++G** orbital basis set and relativistic pseudopotentials for the cations. Different coordination sites for metal ions on several cysteine conformers were considered. In their lowest energy complexes with the amino acid, the Zn2+ and Cd2+ cations appear to be three‐coordinated to carbonyl oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur atoms, whereas the Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions are coordinated to both the carbonyl oxygen and sulfur atoms of one of the zwitterion forms of the amino acid. Bonds of metal cations with the coordination sites are mainly ionic except those established with sulfur, which show a small covalent character that become most significant when Cu2+ and Hg2+ are involved. The order of metal ion affinity proposed is Cu > Zn > Hg > Cd. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PowerGen: planning and strategic change
Authors: Jennings David
Published: January 2005

This article examines planning and strategic development in a privatized electricity generating company, PowerGen.

PowerGen's strategic management has followed a long‐term vision of the company's development based upon the application and development of its capabilities.

The corporate planning process has continued as part of the strategic management process, its organization and operation adapting to changes in the strategic and organizational context.

Corporate planning appears to serve a number of roles in the privatized company relating to adaptation, uncertainty, synergy and control.

The pursuit of strategic development involves an eclectic use of strategic management concepts and processes based upon capability, portfolio and scenario analysis and corporate planning.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in pellets and pulp of sugar beet
Authors: Sancho Daniel , Deban Luis , Pardo Rafael , Valladolid David
Published: January 2005

Pulp is a residual product of the sugar industry resulting from the total extraction of sugar contained in the root of sugar beet and is normally used in the form of pulp or pellets as food in the cattle industry. The objective of this work was the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in pellets and dried pulp. For this we have developed a method of analysis using anodic stripping voltammetry in the differential pulse mode (DPASV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and compared the results with those obtained by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). We conclude that DPASV can be used as an alternative method to ETAAS to determine low concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in such samples, having the advantage of allowing the determination of all four metals simultaneously. From the analysis of real samples it can be concluded that Zn is present in the highest concentration, ranging from 3 to 30 mg kg−1, while Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations were always lower than 1, 8 and 8 mg kg−1 respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
High efficiency continuous-wave operation of a diode-pumped
Nd:GdVO4 laser at 1.06 μm
Authors: Yang J , Liu J , He J
Published: January 2005

The continuous-wave (cw) laser properties of an
efficient diode-pumped Nd:GdVO4 crystal operating at
1.06 μm formed with a simple flat-flat cavity have been
studied. With the incident pump power of 25 W, an output power of
15.6 W was obtained, with the optical conversion efficiency of
62.4% and the maximum slop efficiency of 71.3%.
Spin superradiance versus atomic superradiance
Authors: Yukalov V I
Published: January 2005

A comparative analysis is given of spin superradiance and atomic superradiance. Their similarities and distinctions are emphasized. It is shown that, despite a close analogy, these phenomena are fundamentally different. In atomic systems, superradiance is a self-organized process, in which both the initial cause, being spontaneous emission, as well as the collectivizing mechanism of their interactions through the common radiation field, are of the same physical nature. Contrary to this, in actual spin systems with dipole interactions, the latter are the major reason for spin motion. Electromagnetic spin interactions through radiation are negligible and can never produce collective effects. The possibility of realizing superradiance in molecular magnets by coupling them to a resonant circuit is discussed.
Characterization of the structure of modified clay by Raman
spectroscopy
Authors: Prokhorov K A , Saguitova E A , Nikolaeva G Yu , Kozlov D N , Pashinin P P , Antipov E M , Gerasin V A , Bakhov F N , Guseva M A
Published: January 2005

One of promising fillers for polymers, sodium
montmorillonite modified by dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide
(DODAB), has been studied by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray analysis,
and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It has been shown
that an increase in the DODAB content enlarges the height of a
clay interlayer space through filling the clay interlayer
galleries with DODAB molecules. According to both Raman and DSC
data, DODAB molecules grafted to the clay can be in three
different phase states depending on the modifier content. At a low
DODAB content, its molecules are separated and contain a
significant amount of gauche-conformers in methylene
chains. At a medium content, the DODAB molecules form clusters,
and the amount of trans-conformers in the DODAB methylene
chains considerably increases. At a high DODAB content, its
molecules are straightened and form a 2D ordered structure with
either hexagonal or triclinic symmetry.
Structural stability of an Alfisol under various fallow management practices in southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Salako F. K.
Published: January 2005

The effects of legume‐based soil management on soil dispersion were studied on an Alfisol between 1994 and 1995 in an experiment which was established in 1989 in southwestern Nigeria. The fallow systems, which constituted the main plots in the split‐plot experiment, included natural fallow, Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth, and Leucaena leucocephala Lam de Wit. The subplots were 25, 33, 50 and 100 per cent cropping intensities. Apart from indices of soil dispersion such as water‐dispersible clay and dispersion ratio, the fractal theory was applied to describe the fragmentation of soil aggregates less than 4 mm under the systems and cropping intensities. Although water dispersible clay was less than 60 g kg−1 in the 0–15 cm soil depth because it was inherently low in clay content, the soil dispersion ratio was generally above 50 per cent. Also, the fractal dimensions, which ranged between 2.75 and 2.89, were similar among the fallow systems with cropping intensities for the surface soil. However, the interaction of slope position with season caused significant differences in fractal parameters, suggesting that the processes of soil degradation were different for the upper and lower slopes even with similar microaggregate distribution. The soil was inherently vulnerable to soil dispersion, although, the fallow management systems with less than 100 per cent cropping intensity would maintain soil structure at similar level as the forest. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintenance contracts for leased goods: their role in creating brand loyalty
Authors: Hunsaker Julie
Published: January 2005

Using a two‐period switching cost model, this paper compares rental profit with sales profit in a framework in which duopolists produce horizontally differentiated durable goods. Rental firms use maintenance contracts that stipulate that repeat customers pay a lower fine per unit of damage than do those customers who switch to a rival firm. In the sales regime, firms give loyal customers a discount on their second period prices. If switching costs are zero, sales profit equals rental profit. For positive and identical switching costs, either regime can dominate. As the exogenous rate of depreciation falls, rental profit exceeds sales profit. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algorithmic citation‐linked historiography—Mapping the literature of science
Authors: Garfield Eugene , Pudovkin A. I. , Istomin V. S.
Published: January 2005

There is a large literature on mapping and visualizing the scholarly literature (White & McCain, 1997; Buter & Noyons, 2001). However, none of these methods have been used to create historical displays of works on a given subject. The authors have developed a process and software called HistCite for generating chronological maps of collections resulting from searching the ISI Web of Science (WOS), SCI/SSCI/AHCI on CD‐ROM or SciSearch on Dialog. Export files are created in which all cited references for source documents are captured. These files are processed by HistCite to generate tables of the most‐cited works. Real time demonstrations of several topics such as bibliographic‐coupling, co‐citation analysis, gene flow, etc. will be provided. The HistCite software includes an expert system for detecting and editing errors or variations in cited references. Export Files of 1,000 or more records are processed in minutes on a PC. Ideally the system will be used to help the searcher quickly identify the most significant work on a topic and trace its year‐by‐year development.
Question types in digital reference: An evaluation of question taxonomies
Authors: Pomerantz Jeffrey
Published: January 2005

This study evaluates four taxonomies of question types to determine the expressiveness of each for questions received by digital reference services. The result is a faceted classification scheme that can be used as a basis for automating parts of the digital reference question answering process.
A question of quality: The effect of source quality on information seeking by women in IT professions
Authors: Marton Christine , Choo Chun Wei
Published: January 2005

This paper presents preliminary results from a study of how women in information technology (IT) professions use a range of information sources in their day‐to‐day work activities. Through a questionnaire survey, the study investigates the effects of Perceived Source Accessibility and Perceived Source Quality on the selection and use of information sources. Thirteen information sources, including the World Wide Web and Web‐based computer‐mediated communication, were identified. Sixty‐seven participants completed the survey. The most frequently used information source is the World Wide Web, followed by mass media, colleagues in the same department, computer‐mediated communication, business professionals and associates, and colleagues in a different group/department. The least used information sources are the internal library, and competitors. For many of the sources, there was a strong relationship between perceived source quality and source usage. This finding runs counter to early, well‐known studies that concluded that scientists and engineers selected sources based only on their accessibility. Surprisingly, the present study did not find a significant relationship between source accessibility and source usage. The implications for research are discussed.
Discovery of user‐oriented class associations for enriching library classification schemes
Authors: Pu Hsiao‐Tieh
Published: January 2005

This paper presents a user‐based approach to exploring the possibility of adding user‐oriented class associations to hierarchical library classification schemes. Some highly associated classes not grouped in the same subject hierarchies, yet are relevant to users' knowledge are automatically obtained by analyzing a two‐year log of book circulation records from a university library. The approach employs methods from both collaborative filtering and information retrieval research to discover associated classes based on the circulation patterns of similar users. The experimental results show that classification schemes can be, therefore, made more adaptable to changes of users and the uses of different library collections. The implications for applications in information organization and retrieval are also discussed.
An examination of natural language as a query formation tool for retrieving information on e‐health from Pub Med
Authors: Peterson Gabriel M. , Su Kuichun , Ries James E. , Sievert Mary Ellen C.
Published: January 2005

The Internet has become the first tool of choice for performing information searches. The concepts of e‐health and related topics have become areas of interest for professional researchers and lay users alike, and increasingly, users turn to the Internet for information about health and health care.

The purpose of this study is to examine complexity and variability of natural language as observed in using search terms that express the concept of e‐health. We survey effects of this complexity in terms of precision of information retrieved, the shift in the terminology for an emerging concept and with regards to the degree of overlap between query results.

We have designed a series of natural language queries and used them to perform a series of searches on Pub Med. Subsequent analysis examined the degree to which relevant information can be retrieved using terms regarding e‐health. The degree to which relevant returns overlap between searches has also been examined. Our results show significant variation in relevance and overlap between different query terms and a high degree of precision among search results that have high incidence of overlap.
How to make audio/video as easy to use and share as text
Authors: Spoerri Anselm
Published: January 2005

Digital media content is growing exponentially, but audio and video are difficult to search and share. This paper describes Souvenir, a system which offers a flexible and comprehensive way for people to use their handwritten or text notes to retrieve and share specific media moments. Souvenir enables users to take notes on a variety of devices, such as the paper‐based CrossPad, the Palm Pilot and standard keyboard devices. Souvenir can segment unstructured handwriting into an effective media index without the need for handwriting recognition. Using Souvenir, people can easily use their notes to create hyperlinks to random‐access media stored in a digital library. Souvenir also has web publishing and email capabilities to enable anyone to access or email media moments directly from a web page. Souvenir annotations capture additional and complementary information that can not be easily inferred by automatic media indexing techniques. This paper presents an overview of Souvenir's functionality, offering a brief description of its handwriting segmentation and media synchronization algorithms. It also discusses the design rationale guiding the development of Souvenir and provides an informal evaluation and discussion of Souvenir's effectiveness.
A user modeling system for personalized interaction and tailored retrieval in interactive IR
Authors: Kelly Diane , Belkin Nicholas J.
Published: January 2005

We present a user modeling system for personalized interaction and tailored retrieval that (1) tracks interactions over time, (2) represents multiple information needs, both short and long term, (3) allows for changes in information needs over time, (4) acquires and updates the user model automatically, without explicit assistance from the user, and (5) accounts for contextual factors such as topic familiarity and endurance of need. The proposed system contains three major classes of models: general behavioral, personal behavioral and topical. The general behavioral model describes how information search and use behavior can be used to identify and track information needs. The personal behavioral model characterizes an individual user's information search and use behavior with regard to document preference and states of knowledge. Finally, the topical model characterizes the user's information seeking needs. We describe how such a model can be used to personalize search interactions and tailor system responses to individuals across multiple information seeking sessions.
Multimedia Web searching trends
Authors: Ozmutlu Seda , Spink Amanda , Cenk Ozmutlu H.
Published: January 2005

In this paper we examine and compare multimedia Web searching by Excite and FAST search engine users in 2001. Findings include: (1) some differences between the Excite and FAST multimedia Web searches, (2) FAST users submit more multimedia queries but fewer audio‐related queries, (3) FAST users take more time with queries and sessions compared to Excite users, but spend less time on audio queries, and (4) Excite users submit longer and more complex queries than FAST users. As the Excite search engine is U.S. based and FAST search engine is Norwegian based, these differences suggest some difference in the Web search behavior of U.S. and European Web users.
Exploring the pattern of links between Chinese university Web sites
Authors: Tang Rong , Thelwall Mike
Published: January 2005

This study compares the links between 76 Chinese university Web sites with ranks obtained from the NetBig lists, using a specialized Web crawler to collect the link data. In addition to providing a background to the higher education system in mainland China, we describe the NetBig ranking scheme. We then explain some of the site crawling problems encountered, including viruses and slow download times. The results show a significant correlation between link counts and research ranks from four different perspectives, although further research found that university size could be a possible cause. The extensive interlinking between Chinese university Web sites also indicates that these sites may serve as important information sources for researchers within or outside China.
Introducing regulated bias into co‐citation ranking schemes on the Web
Authors: Lempel Ronny , Moran Shlomo
Published: January 2005

Link structure analysis is widely recognized as an important tool in WWW information retrieval and is extensively used in the retrieval and ranking algorithms of major WWW search engines. Common extensions of link analyses involve changing the Web subgraphs that are analyzed. In this work, we present two techniques which bias co‐citation based link analyses towards favorable pages and away from undesired pages. Both techniques are integrated seamlessly into existing link‐analyzing algorithms.

Our first technique extends the notion of hubs by introducing pseudo hubs, which represent any trait of Web pages that is desirable to users. Pseudo hubs are added as pseudo nodes to the Web‐graph and are linked to those pages which exhibit the desirable traits. The ensuing co‐citation analysis then treats these pseudo nodes as if they were regular pages. This results in the rankings of pages with favorable traits being boosted. The second technique incorporates negative relevance judgments into the analysis, causing the results to shift away from the surroundings of undesired pages.
Web link counts correlate with ISI impact factors: Evidence from two disciplines
Authors: Vaughan Liwen , Thelwall Mike
Published: January 2005

This paper reports on a study that compares counts of links to the home pages of academic journals with the citation based Impact Factor for two disciplines: library and information science; and law. A significant correlation between these two measures was found for both subjects covered with law showing a weaker relationship, although neither relationship was particularly strong. The weakness may be attributable to journal specific factors that encourage more linking such as: computing‐related content or particularly well developed Web sites; and wide distribution, perhaps including to a non‐academic audience that may link to the journal but would not be citing it. It is also possible that insularity in a discipline may inhibit link counts but not Impact Factors. This exercise can be seen as (a) a useful way to re‐examine the journal Impact Factors and (b) investigating a technique that is a potential source of additional information about the impact of a journal, particularly in terms of reaching out beyond a purely academic audience. The technical issues discussed show, however, the need for careful data collection and interpretation of results.
The structure of medical informatics. Sponsored by SIG MED
Authors: Morris Theodore Allan , Corn Milton
Published: January 2005

This panel program discusses the nature of medical informatics as an information discipline: what constitutes Medical Informatics, how does it related to other disciplines, and what educational requirements do its information works face? Presenters are among the foremost researchers and spokespersons for the field.
The architecture of content reuse
Authors: Rockley Ann , Manning Steve
Published: January 2005

As organizations have moved towards content management and dynamic delivery of content they have begun to create reusable content. Reusable content is object‐oriented content that can be used across documents, across media and across information types. Reusable content can consist of entire documents, sections, paragraphs, sentences, or even individual words.

Effective content reuse requires robust information models, metadata, and strategies for utilizing content management and personalization to support reuse. This paper provides the concepts, strategies, guidelines, processes, and technological options that will empower enterprise content managers and Information architects to meet the increasing demands of creating, managing, and distributing reusable content.
Challenges to children's research: The road ahead. Sponsored by SIG USE
Authors: Bila Dania , Chelton Mary K , Zhang Yin , Cool Colleen
Published: January 2005

The study of children's information‐seeking behavior bears many challenges. Children are information seekers with needs and development characteristics that vary from those of adults. Cognitive developmental ability, memory and recall levels; emotional, social, and physical developments are factors that influence use of various information retrieval systems. Reliable, multiple inquiry methods are needed to elicit children's information‐seeking behavior. What research methodology would best be suited for the study of children's information seeking? Federal regulations require that researchers submit an application to an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to request permission for using children as subjects in research projects. The IRB guidelines may discourage many researchers from conducting such research due to complexity and time involved to comply with the regulations. The presenters will report on the results of recent studies that employed various types of inquiry methods to examine children's information‐seeking behavior, and will discuss the IRB regulations relating to use of children as human subjects in research projects.
Designing information communities for the 3D environment. Sponsored by SIG VIS, SIG DL
Authors: Hastings S. K. , Rowe Timothy , Gelaw Daniel , Lewis Elise , Noot Walter , Arroyo Miguel Morales , O'Connor Brain
Published: January 2005

This panel brings together researchers and practitioners to describe and discuss current research efforts in 3D imaging technologies. Each panelist will provide a brief summary of current research activities followed by a discussion of how these activities fit into the panorama of building information communities.
Working with or around your ILS?: Solutions from the real world. Sponsored by SIG LAN
Authors: Cuddy Colleen , Wu Carol , Spore Stuart , Needleman Mark , Schlumpf Peter
Published: January 2005

The Integrated Library System (ILS) is the backbone of the library. Traditional systems supplied by a handful of vendors have done the job more or less. However, with the advent of the WWW and the digital library, librarians have become more demanding about the features of these systems. Integrated Library Systems need to be more sophisticated and more adaptable to the needs of libraries. ILS vendors are not always ready or able to keep up with the demand for added functionality and libraries are often left to develop intermediary solutions or look to thirdparty software applications to achieve the functionality they need. This session will present the work of four projects undertaken to add functionality to ILSs.
Information society metrics in the global environment. Sponsored by SIG‐III
Authors: Vaughan Professor Liwen , Menou Michel J. , Agada John , Kenny Charles , Lievrouw Leah A. , Zhou Yu‐Hong
Published: January 2005

Panel Abstract. Liwen Vauhgan and Michel Menou

As the so‐called knowledge or digital economy spreads through the world, a number of methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative, are being developed to assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of countries in their readiness to become a part of the networked global environment. Various instruments or measurements have been proposed to monitor and evaluate a country or community's performance in the information society. These methodologies or instruments are often designed for practical purposes. However, they are derived from various models or conceptual frameworks. This session will present a number of these instruments and approaches, examine their underlying assumptions, and compare their advantages and disadvantages. The discussion can further expand into the relevance of such measures to the various stakeholders, especially citizens at large. The hidden assumption that the density of digital appliances and applications reflects the degree of advancement of a society and therefore the likelihood of achieving happiness for its members will be examined. The need for, and feasibility of, introducing various human factors as part of the measurements will be highlighted.
Measuring user performance during interactions with digital video collections
Authors: Yang Meng , Wildemuth Barbara M. , Marchionini Gary , Wilkens Todd , Geisler Gary , Hughes Anthony , Gruss Richard , Webster Curtis
Published: January 2005

With more and more digital videos found online, video retrieval researchers have begun to create various representations or surrogates for digital videos, such as poster frames, storyboards, video skims and fast forwards. How to evaluate the effectiveness of these video surrogates has become an issue for researchers. This paper proposes two general classes of user tasks—recognition tasks and tasks requiring inference—for which performance measures were developed. The measures include graphical object recognition, textual object recognition, action recognition, free‐text gist determination, multiple‐choice gist determination and visual gist determination. The preliminary results from two user studies applying these six measures are also discussed in this paper.
The social act of citing: Towards new horizons in citation theory
Authors: Nicolaisen Jeppe
Published: January 2005

The paper draws together central research on scientific problem solving and scientific documentation from a number of fields and demonstrates its latent potential for a general theory of citing. Specifically, two philosophical works on scientific problem solving facilitate the clarification of how research traditions work as solution constrainers. The interdisciplinary field of diffusion research is shown to deal with issues related to the issue concerning scientists' choice of problems, theories, and methods. A number of empirical composition studies dealing with the act of citing are examined and shown to contradict the mentalist assumption that scientific documentation is an act of private consciousness. The paper concludes with a preliminary outline of a general theory of citing and suggestions for further developments.
Three social distance measures for film rankings
Authors: Leazer Gregory H. , Furner Jonathan , Napper Rachel
Published: January 2005

We describe the use of three alternative methods for ranking films for information retrieval (IR). A large film‐person incidence matrix is generated using the principle cast, directors, producers and screenwriters for each film. These attributes are used to measure film‐film distances by creating a distance matrix: two films are considered to be adjacent if there is any overlap in the people associated with each film. The distance between any two films is measured by the shortest path used to connect them through their adjacent members. The second and third methods involve the creation of a similarity matrix that expresses the amount of overlap in the people associated with any two films using Dice's coefficient. A “product distance” matrix is then derived that express the distances between any two films based on the product of the similarity weights on a path that connects those films. The highest value is chosen when alternate paths connect the two films. We also describe an “accumulative difference distance” matrix that also expresses the distances among pairs of films. The distance, product distance and accumulative difference distance matrices are used to generate rankings for a random sample of films.
A new system to support knowledge discovery: Telemakus
Authors: Revere Debra , Fuller Sherrilynne S. , Bugni Paul F. , Martin George M.
Published: January 2005

An unfortunate consequence of specialization in the sciences is poor communication across domains—which can hamper the knowledge discovery process. Research findings in one area may be pertinent to another, researchers may be unaware of relevant work by others that could be integrated into theirs, and important findings just outside a researcher's focus may go undiscovered. Compounding this problem is the information overload issue‐the difficulty of keeping current with information that continues to grow at an exponential rate. The development of methods and tools for assisting researchers and other professionals in an effective extraction of problem‐oriented knowledge from heterogeneous and massive information sources, and for using this knowledge in problem‐solving is one of the most fundamental research directions for the information and computer sciences today. It is clear that there is a need for new tools to support more precise identification of relevant research articles and, further, to provide visual clues regarding relationships among the document sets. We present here a suite of such tools which has been in development at the University of Washington for several years.
Hybrid hierarchical classifiers for categorization of medical documents
Authors: Ruiz Miguel E. , Srinivasan Padmini
Published: January 2005

This article presents a study of the application of hierarchical classifiers based on the hierarchical mixtures of experts. In particular we present an extension of our work that explores the use of linear classifiers and a hybrid model that combines backpropagation neural networks with linear classifiers. We test this model using the UMLS as the classification structure and a subset of medical abstracts from MEDLINE. Our results confirm that using the hierarchical structure of the classification vocabulary improves categorization performance.
Impact of a corporate merger on the information seeking behaviors of research practitioners
Authors: Hirsh Sandra , Dinkelacker Jamie
Published: January 2005

Over the Summer of 2002 groups of researchers from HP Labs and Compaq Labs began the long process of becoming a single research organization. Fundamental to productive research in a corporate setting are the practices and expectations regarding information seeking and collaboration. To this end, a survey research project was conducted that sampled researchers from selected labs of each pre‐merger company regarding their usage of information sources and their preferred means of collaboration and information seeking. This paper presents partial findings from this larger study, focusing on information‐seeking behaviors of these researchers. Findings suggested that the information seeking behavior of the participants was impacted by the unstable environment resulting from the recently completed merger and the process of integrating two research organizations. Participants relied heavily on the internet and other web‐based resources, more so than on their colleagues inside the company. Participants made their selections of which information resources to use based on how little time it took them to track down the information as well as the authoritativeness of the sources.
The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative
Authors: Buckland Michael
Published: January 2005

The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI, ecai.org) is an international collaborative effort based administratively at Berkeley. Its mission is to improve education and scholarship through greater attention to time and place. Latitude, longitude, and time provide a useful basis for bringing together diverse network accessible resources that are related in time and place.
Automated indexing of the hazardous substances data bank
Authors: Nuss Carlo , Chang Hua Florence , Moore Dorothy , Fonger George C.
Published: January 2005

The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), a factual data file produced and maintained by the Specialized Information Services (SIS) Division of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), contains over 4600 records on potentially hazardous chemicals. To improve information retrieval from HSDB, SIS has undertaken the development of an automated indexing protocol in collaboration with NLM's Indexing Initiative group. The Indexing Initiative investigates methods whereby automated indexing may partially or completely substitute for human indexing. Three main methodologies are applied: the MetaMap Indexing method, which maps text to concepts in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus; the Trigram Phrase Matching method, which uses character trigrams to match text to Metathesaurus concepts; and a variant of the PubMed Related Citations method to find MeSH terms related to input text. The UMLS concepts generated by the first two methods are mapped to MeSH main headings through the Restrict‐to‐MeSH algorithm. The resulting MeSH terms are then clustered into a ranked list of recommended indexing terms. The purpose of the poster is to present our experience in applying these automated indexing methodologies to a large data file with highly structured records, a variety of text and data formats, and complex technical and biomedical terminology.
VorteX — Enhancing the pedagogy in software development education
Authors: Ridgway Mark , Ratcliffe Mark , Ellis Wayne
Published: January 2005

VorteX is a new product, pedagogically biased in its support for assisting and managing collaborative projects. Currently targeted at a software development environment, a joint venture between Khaydor Ltd and the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, VorteX will soon be more generally applicable. Through the use of collaboration, students are able to gain deeper knowledge and understanding of their work. Unfortunately, group projects are notoriously difficult to grade due to the lack of individual accountability. VorteX overcomes this problem by tracking developments of the group work, generating metrics and providing animation facilities to replay the activities undertaken.
In search of an optimal e‐commerce interface that induces online trust
Authors: Wang Ye Diana , Emurian Henry H.
Published: January 2005

This poster session presents a conceptual model of factors identified as instrumental in the production of a trust‐inducing e‐commerce web site. The results of a survey evaluation of those factors suggest the relative contribution of each to consumers' perception of the trustworthiness of an online merchant.
An empirical study of children's source use for internet searches
Authors: Zhang Yin
Published: January 2005

This poster reports on an empirical study on children's source use for their Internet searches. A group of third‐ and fifth‐grade students participated in this study over a 15‐week period, during which the students conducted Internet searches for their schoolwork as part of their curriculum. Data were gathered using screen captures and three rounds of post‐search interviews. Students in this study were allowed to use various Internet sources for their searches. Findings of this study shed light on how children come across, select, and use various Internet sources to meet their information needs for schoolwork and how such use changes over time as they gain more Internet experience.
Managing social capital as knowledge management ‐ some specification and representation issues
Authors: Davenport Elisabeth , Graham Martin , Kennedy Jessie , Taylor Katharine
Published: January 2005

‘Classic’ accounts of social capital have emerged in accounts of stable networks or institutional environments. These conditions do not apply in the case of many firms ‐ a case in point being small firm networks that rely on rapid turnover of projects. Our research team is attempting to identify how social capital is manifest in these contexts, and thus to make suggestions for building, maintaining and refreshing such capital. We present work to date that converts this type of tacit knowledge into sets of explicit and manageable local data, and provide examples of information visualizations for profiling and retrieval that support the management of social capital.
Dimensions of human‐work domain interaction: A preliminary analysis for the design of a corporate digital library
Authors: Xie Hong (Iris)
Published: January 2005

The author applies the cognitive system engineering approach to investigate human‐work interaction at a corporate setting. This study reports the preliminary analysis of data collected from diary analysis and interview of 20 subjects. The results present the identification of three dimensions for each of four interactive activities involved in human‐work interaction and their relationships. An enhanced model and its implications for the development of a corporate digital library are further discussed.