bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the LMS and NLMS algorithms using the misalignment norm
Authors: Lopes Paulo A. C.
Published: May 2023

This work describes the convergence of the misalignment square norm (MSN) of the NLMS and LMS algorithms. It is shown that the MSN decrease is almost proportional to the mean square error (MSE). This allows obtaining simple expressions for the steady-state MSE. Also, it allows limiting the amount of time that the MSE takes large values and a curve that limits the MSE of LMS at any given time, independent of the input and background noise signals’ properties. Finally, it is also shown that many complications in the analysis of the LMS and NLMS algorithms can come from variations in the input vector square norm. The proposed analysis becomes very simple for long filters or constant power signals.
Barriers and enablers to participation in physical activity among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer
Authors: Toohey Kellie , Paterson Catherine , Coltman Celeste E.
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecological cancers, with low survival rates and a high disease burden. Despite the known benefits, most women reduce their participation in physical activity following diagnosis. Little is known about ovarian cancer survivors’ experiences of physical activity. The primary aim of this study was to explore the barriers and enablers to participation in physical activity among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive study design was conducted via semi-structured interviews with nine women diagnosed with ovarian cancer (stages I–IV; 40–77 years). The interviews took place at the participant’s home via telephone or online video conferencing software Coviu©. An inductive thematic approach was used. The organization and coding of data were completed using NVivo computer software (Version 12.6.0, QSR International Pty Ltd.). Weekly discussions occurred among the research team to ensure that themes accurately represented participant views. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ) 32-item checklist were followed.

Results

The main barriers to physical activity participation that emerged were (i) the lack of referral to an exercise professional within the multidisciplinary cancer team, (ii) fear of injury after surgery and during treatment, and (iii) treatment-related side effects. However, many of the participants perceived benefits of physical activity related to (i) enhanced physical and psychological health, (ii) improved cancer outcomes, and (iii) social benefits as key enablers of physical activity participation.

Conclusions

Physical activity interventions for women with ovarian cancer should address the modifiable barriers identified in this study. A key focus should be to streamline timely referral pathways within the multidisciplinary team, including exercise professionals, dietitians, psychologists, and specialists nurses following a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Further research and service development are needed to optimize supported self-management through (i) education about the importance of physical activity to both healthcare professionals and women alike, (ii) enhanced symptom management for women, which was identified as a barrier to participation, and (iii) the development of shared care plans and patient center goals to address any fears or concerns.

Implications for cancer survivors

People diagnosed with ovarian cancer have low participation levels of physical activity. Cancer care professionals’ support could increase physical activity uptake and reduce some of the burden of an ovarian cancer diagnosis.
Primary care physicians’ knowledge and confidence in providing cancer survivorship care: a systematic review
Authors: Vos Julien A. M. , Wollersheim Barbara M. , Cooke Adelaide , Ee Carolyn , Chan Raymond J. , Nekhlyudov Larissa
Published: May 2023

Purpose

To systematically review existing literature on knowledge and confidence of primary care physicians (PCPs) in cancer survivorship care.

Methods

PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to July 2022 for quantitative and qualitative studies. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for eligibility and quality. Outcomes were characterized by domains of quality cancer survivorship care.

Results

Thirty-three papers were included, representing 28 unique studies; 22 cross-sectional surveys, 8 qualitative, and 3 mixed-methods studies. Most studies were conducted in North America (n = 23) and Europe (n = 8). For surveys, sample sizes ranged between 29 and 1124 PCPs. Knowledge and confidence in management of physical (n = 19) and psychosocial effects (n = 12), and surveillance for recurrences (n = 14) were described most often. Generally, a greater proportion of PCPs reported confidence in managing psychosocial effects (24–47% of PCPs, n= 5 studies) than physical effects (10–37%, n = 8). PCPs generally thought they had the necessary knowledge to detect recurrences (62–78%, n = 5), but reported limited confidence to do so (6–40%, n = 5). There was a commonly perceived need for education on long-term and late physical effects (n = 6), and cancer surveillance guidelines (n = 9).

Conclusions

PCPs’ knowledge and confidence in cancer survivorship care varies across care domains. Suboptimal outcomes were identified in managing physical effects and recurrences after cancer.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

These results provide insights into the potential role of PCPs in cancer survivorship care, medical education, and development of targeted interventions.
A review on the melt extrusion-based fused deposition modeling (FDM): background, materials, process parameters and military applications
Authors: Mallikarjuna B. , Bhargav Pachipulusu , Hiremath Shivashankar , Jayachristiyan K. G. , Jayanth N.
Published: May 2023

The contemporary military sector needs a tailor-made product at a low cost and time. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a melt extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing technology for processing thermoplastics, composites, and biomaterials. FDM is competent in fabricating complex parts in different industries, including military, aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and jewellery. The FDM can process various materials and is ideal for fabrication prototypes, functional parts, visualization, concept proofs and fast product development. FDM is currently used in the military for novel components developments and maintenance, opening new logistics and supply chain management methods. Integrating sensors into weaponry for real-time physiological feedback and threat information is also possible. Additionally, FDM can fabricate trauma models for surgical planning and educating military surgeons. This paper presents the FDM background, filaments, and process parameters. Also, the work provides information to readers on the applications and possibilities of the FDM process from a military standpoint.
Safety and Effectiveness of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Patients with Stones in a Solitary Kidney: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sun Weibin , Niyazi Sidikejiang , Gao Xin , Xireyazidan Ayiding , Song Guanglu , Tusong Hamulati
Published: May 2023

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has been widely applied in the treatment of isolated renal stones in recent years. However, its safety and effectiveness for patients with isolated renal stones remains controversial. In this work, “nephrolithiasis”, “stones”, "renal", “nephrolithotomy”, “percutaneous”, “PCNL”, “solitary”, “single”, and “kidney” were taken as key words to search the relevant studies of PCNL in patients with solitary kidney stones in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. The type of literature included was case series study, and the search period was from January 1, 1990 to October 31, 2021. Basic data, stone size, stone removal rate (SFR), complications, mean operation time, and mean length of stays were extracted. The quality of the included literature was assessed using the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) case series system, data were analysed using metan and metareg commands in Stata14.1, and sensitivity of the included literature was analysed using metaninf. Finally, 14 studies with a total of 1256 patients were included. The mean adjuvant rate of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for solitary kidney stones was 20.3% (95% CI: 11.8%, 28.9%), initial SFR was 71.8% (95% CI: 64.9%, 78.8%), and final SFR was 89.7% (95% CI: 86.0%, 93.4%). The overall complication rate was 25.5% (95% CI: 18.8%, 32.3%), the incidence of major complications was 6.3% (95% CI: 3.8%, 9.3%), the blood transfusion rate was 7.4% (95% CI: 5.3%, 9.9%), and the incidence of fever was 9.1% (95% CI: 5.3%, 13.7%). It is suggested that percutaneous nephrolithotomy has a low complication rate in the treatment of solitary kidney stones.
The Effect of NCO Content in Polyurethane Foam for Automotive Instrument Panel
Authors: Min Jin-Gyu , Lim Won-Bin , Lee Ju-Hong , Bae Ji-Hong , Huh PilHo
Published: May 2023

A thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) series for automotive panels with high durability have been newly synthesized using the reacting process based on polyester polyol (BTG), polycaprolactone triol (PCL), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and 1,4-butanediol chain extender as a function of NCO/OH ratio (NCO index). The dependence of varying NCO index of synthesized TPUs on tensile strength and hardness have evaluated. To form PU foams with suitable rigidity and uniform skin-pores, the optimal synthetic process was controlled precisely by the amount of solvent, foaming agent, silicone surfactant, and catalysts content. A considerable NCO index dependence was observed in the range of 0.96 ≤ NCO index ≤ 0.99 at almost same molecular weight. When NCO index of TPU was 0.98, mechanical properties achieved maximum value due to the uniform open cell structure of molding PU foam. With the ratio of NCO/OH increasing, the hardness of PU foam also increased until 0.98 NCO index while the hardness of 0.99 NCO index decreased. The designed TPU with 0.98 NCO could be a promising formulation for molding foams of automotive skin panels and seating.
Task performance with touchscreen interfaces under conditions of head-down tilt bed rest
Authors: Bieg T. , Reisinger M. , Fröhlich P. , Hametner B. , Möstl S.
Published: May 2023

The application of touchscreen-based interfaces in space travel has become increasingly common. As space travel greatly depends on efficient human performance, understanding how conditions during space missions affect performance is crucial. Prior research has demonstrated the adverse effects of microgravity in various performance tasks. While these effects have been studied in tasks involving non-interactive objects or “conventional” input modalities, few studies have examined how these findings transfer to touchscreen-based interfaces. The present study investigated changes in performance with a touchscreen-based interface under head-down tilt bed rest conditions (HDT). 24 participants performed multidirectional tapping tasks in a 60-day HDT study (− 6° head-down tilt position) at six subsequent points in time: 12 days prior to HDT, at 5, 21, and 56 days in HDT, and 4 and 90 days following HDT. Results show that the relationship between Movement Time and task difficulty expressed by Fitts’ law remains stable in HDT conditions. Moreover, analyses revealed elevated Error Rate and Touch Duration during HDT compared to baseline. Improvements in Throughput and Movement Time can be most likely attributed to practice effects. Future research directions motivated by the study results are discussed.
Clinical Implications of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review
Authors: Prevete Elisabeth , Kuypers Kim Paula Colette , Theunissen Eef Lien , Esposito Gianluca , Ramaekers Johannes Gerardus , Pasquini Massimo , Corazza Ornella
Published: May 2023

Purpose of Review

This work aims to provide an up-to-date review of the preclinical and clinical scientific literature on the therapeutic value of kratom to better understand the underlying mechanisms related to its use and inform future therapeutic applications.

Recent Findings

A growing number of studies, mainly of cross-sectional nature, describe the widespread use of kratom by individuals to self-treat pain, psychiatric symptoms, and substance use disorders (SUD) outside a controlled clinical setting. Preclinical evidence suggests kratom is effective as an analgesic agent and might decrease the self-administration of other drugs. A randomized controlled trial has further supported kratom’s therapeutic value as an analgesic. Investigations in nonclinical samples of long-term kratom users also indicate its therapeutic benefit in managing SUD symptoms (e.g., craving) and long-term or acute symptoms (e.g., withdrawal) for alcohol, opioids, and other illicit drugs. However, episodes of kratom-related intoxications have also been reported, often due to the adulteration and the contamination of kratom products mainly sold online or mixed toxicities when consumed outside clinical and traditional settings.

Evidence on the clinical implications of kratom use is still limited and uncertain, with kratom research constantly evolving. Therefore, further randomized trials are needed.
Naming: What Do We Know So Far? A Systematic Review
Authors: Sivaraman Maithri , Barnes-Holmes Dermot
Published: May 2023

Although the termnamingis used colloquially in the English language, it refers to a specific instance of verbal behavior within behavior analysis. Since Horne and Lowe’s (Horne & Lowe, 1996) seminal account on naming, the concept continues to generate clinical and research interest to-date. We conducted a systematic search of the behavior analytic studies on naming to highlight the methods that were used to test naming, the terminology that have been adopted, the conceptual underpinnings, and the methods used to train naming if it was found to be absent. Forty-six studies met inclusion criteria and we conducted a descriptive analysis of these studies. We found that most studies either used the terms naming or bidirectional naming. We found wide variation in the methods used to test and train naming. Nearly one third of these studies attempted to offer evidence that naming facilitated some other type of behavior, and the remaining studies attempted to train naming in individuals when the behavior was found to be absent. Overall, our review highlighted that there exists a rich empirical dataset on testing and training naming within behavior analysis, and we discussed specific areas for future research.
Production economy and industry studies
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: May 2023

This paper explores the concept ofproduction economy, or the contemporary version ofplutology, the study of production and distribution of wealth originally found in classical economics, for the empirical analysis ofindustriesas flows of specific value-carrying design information to the market. The concepts and logic discussed in this article include the following: industrial/manufacturing sites as basic economic agents; design information as the source of value-added; the combination of downward-sloping market demand curves and flat individual supply curves generated by design-based product differentiation; design as an additional variable to make profit and employment goals compatible; manufacturing capabilities and their evolutions; a substantial, flow-oriented view of industries; Sraffian steady-state price systems at the national level; the concept of industrial competitiveness; the Ricardian theory of international production cost comparison; design-based comparative advantage; the CAP (capability-architecture-performance) approach to industrial evolutionary analysis. The present framework of production economy is also applied to the case of global competition during the post-Cold-War era (1990s–2010s).
Do Adolescents Engage in Delinquency to Cope with Depressive Symptoms? Revisiting the Longitudinal Link Between Delinquency and Depressive Symptoms While Considering Moderation by Ethnicity, Adolescent Phase, and Gender
Authors: Defoe Ivy N. , Dubas Judith Semon , van Aken Marcel A.G.
Published: May 2023

The co-occurrence between delinquency and depression in adolescence is well-documented. However, Psychology (Failure model and Acting out Model) and Criminology (Strain Theory) theories are divided on the potential longitudinal link between these two behaviors and empirical studies show mixed findings. The present 3-wave longitudinal study tested these opposing theories, using cross-lagged panel modeling on an ethnically and socio-economically diverse sample (T1: N=602; Mage= 13.50 (SD = 1.23); 46.4% female). Furthermore, we investigated whether moderation by ethnicity (non-Western ethnic minority versus Western ethnic majority [i.e., ethnically Dutch]) or adolescent phase by gender (early adolescent girls versus mid-late adolescent girls versus early adolescent boys versus mid-late adolescent boys) were present. For the total sample, results showed that higher levels of delinquency predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms, consistent with Strain theory that suggests that adolescents may resort to delinquency to cope with depression. As for significant moderation links: (1) higher levels of delinquency predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms (Strain theory), especially in mid-late adolescent girls, (2) higher levels of delinquency predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms (Failure model) for early adolescent girls, and (3) higher levels of depressive symptoms predicted higher levels of delinquency (Acting out model and Strain theory) for mid-late adolescent boys. Although no ethnicity moderation effects were found, consistent with strain theories, ethnic minority adolescents reported significantly more depressive symptoms (T1 and T3) but not higher delinquency levels than ethnic majority adolescents. Thus, the mixed findings found in previous studies for the link between delinquency and depression could be because gender-by-adolescent-phase moderation effects were overlooked. Implications for the Acting out model, Failure model, and Strain theories are discussed.
Kritische Lebensereignisse und die Aufnahme freiwilligen Engagements bei Erwachsenen
Authors: Benthin Richard
Published: May 2023

Freiwilliges Engagement ist eine zentrale Form gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe und bildet einen wichtigen Erfahrungsraum für lebenslanges Lernen. Welche Rolle freiwilliges Engagement als potenzieller Lernraum für die Bewältigung kritischer Lebensereignisse von Ehrenamtlichen spielt, ist jedoch bislang nicht untersucht. Eine solche Betrachtung könnte dazu beitragen, die Genese bislang weitgehend isoliert untersuchter Motive biografisch einzubetten und somit ein tieferes Verständnis für die Grundlagen freiwilligen Engagements zu erlangen. Gegenstand des vorliegenden Artikels ist die motivationstheoretisch und transformationstheoretisch fundierte empirische Untersuchung des Verhältnisses zwischen kritischen Lebensereignissen und der Aufnahme eines ehrenamtlichen Engagements. Auf der Basis einer explorativen, qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse von neun episodischen Interviews werden drei Typen der Bewältigung kritischer Ereignisse durch freiwilliges Engagement vorgestellt. Abschließend werden die präsentierten Typen unter Bezugnahme auf bestehende empirische Befunde diskutiert.
Amenability of South African Banded Iron Formation (BIF) to Fines Gravity Processing
Authors: Da Corte Carla , Singh Ashma , Letsoalo Kagisego
Published: May 2023

Banded Iron Formations (BIF) are sedimentary rock formations ranging in age from 0.8 to 3.8 billion years and consist of alternating layers of silica and iron. The thickness of the alternating layers varies between and within deposits, with this lithology forming approximately two-thirds of South Africa’s future low-grade hematite resources. The production costs for South African iron ore producers are approximately double that of the largest iron ore producers, namely, Brazil and Australia. This in conjunction with volatile commodity prices, necessitated a cost-sensitive beneficiation strategy for low-grade hematite to sustain the industry and extend life of mine. A BIF sample grading at 44% Fe and comprising predominantly of hematite and quartz with minor amounts of magnetite and goethite was subjected to three fines gravity processing routes to establish the amenability of this sample to beneficiation. To provide flexibility for iron ore producers who still have high-grade resources available, two product grades were considered, namely a 60% Fe product for further blending or a 63% Fe product for direct sales.
Experts, activists, and girl bosses of the nuclear apocalypse: feminisms in security discourse
Authors: Egeland Kjølv , Taha Hebatalla
Published: May 2023

Having long been regarded as irrelevant to the high politics of foreign affairs, feminism and gender equality have in recent years gained increased attention in international security debates, including discussions about nuclear weapons policy. Several governments have adopted official feminist foreign policy postures, international security institutions have launched inquiries into gender equity and representation, and a myriad of security actors have enthusiastically embraced the language of women’s empowerment. Mapping the various modes of purported feminist practice on display in the nuclear policy field, we find that being “pro women” has become a sought-after rhetorical asset on both sides of the nuclear weapons debate. Reflecting wider trends in the corporate world, constituents of the nuclear weapons industry have increasingly embraced liberal feminist language and workplace diversity goals. These practices, we suggest, have helped challenge the perception of the nuclear industry as overly masculine, aiding recruitment to, and overall political legitimation of, the nuclear weapons enterprise. This development is significant because it functions to undercut the association between feminism and opposition to nuclear weapons, thus complicating efforts to advance arms control and disarmament through feminist interventions.
In vitro cancer models as an approach to identify targetable developmental phenotypes in cancer stem cells
Authors: Biddle Adrian
Published: May 2023

Cancer therapeutics are often highly toxic to the patient, and they often elicit rapid resistance in the tumour. Recent advances have suggested a potential new way in which we may improve on this, through two important concepts: (1) that multitudinous pathway alterations converge on a limited number of cancer cellular phenotypes, and (2) that these cancer cellular phenotypes depend on reactivation of developmental processes that are only minimally active in adult tissues. This provides a rationale for pursuing an approach of ‘drugging the phenotype’ focussed on targeting reactivated cellular processes from embryonic development. In this concepts paper, we cover these recent developments and their implications for the development of new cancer therapeutics that can avoid patient toxicity and acquired resistance. We then propose that in vitro tumour and developmental models can provide an experimental approach to identify and target the specific developmental processes at play, with a focus on the reactivation of developmental processes in the cancer stem cells that drive tumour progression and spread. Ultimately, the aim is to identify cellular processes that are specific to developmental phenotypes, are reactivated in cancer stem cells, and are essential to tumour progression. Therapeutically targeting these cellular processes could represent a new approach of ‘drugging the phenotype’ that treats the tumour whilst avoiding patient toxicity or the acquisition of therapeutic resistance.
Facts about incoherence as non-evidential epistemic reasons
Authors: Schmidt Eva
Published: May 2023

This paper presents a counterexample to the principle that all epistemic reasons for doxastic attitudes towards p are provided by evidence concerning p. I begin by motivating and clarifying the principle and the associated picture of epistemic reasons, including the notion of evidence concerning a proposition, which comprises both first- and second-order evidence. I then introduce the counterexample from incoherent doxastic attitudes by presenting three example cases. In each case, the fact that the subject’s doxastic attitudes are incoherent is an epistemic reason to suspend, which is not provided by evidence. I argue that this incoherence fact is a reason for the subject to take a step back and reassess her evidence for her conflicting attitudes, and thus a reason to suspend all of them. Suspending judgment enables the subject to revise attitudes where appropriate and thus (typically) to arrive at a set of coherent and well-supported attitudes. I then address a dilemma for my proposal and, in conclusion, briefly suggest a picture of epistemic reasons on which they are to be understood against the background of the subject’s virtuous intellectual conduct.
A Theory of Linguistic Individuality for Authorship Analysis
Authors: Nini Andrea
Published: May 2023

Authorship analysis is the process of determining who produced a questioned text by language analysis. Although there has been significant success in the performance of computational methods to solve this problem in recent years, these are often methods that are not amenable to interpretation. Authorship analysis is in all effects an area of computer science with very little linguistics or cognitive science. This Element introduces a Theory of Linguistic Individuality that, starting from basic notions of cognitive linguistics, establishes a formal framework for the mathematical modelling of language processing that is then applied to three computational experiments, including using the likelihood ratio framework. The results propose new avenues of research and a change of perspective in the way authorship analysis is currently carried out. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Entrepreneurial University's Impact on Regional Socioeconomic Development: The “Alumni Policymaker” Mechanism
Authors: Klingler-Vidra Robyn , Chalmers Adam William
Published: May 2023

Research has examined the impact of the “entrepreneurial university” on regional socioeconomic development by focusing on the entrepreneurial intentions and performance of alumni, staff, and students. The study of impact, to date, has focused on direct and short-term mechanisms, such as alumni's entrepreneurial activities, faculty spin-outs, and active public engagement with policy agendas. Our point of departure is in conceptualizing and empirically testing a longer-term and more systemic mechanism. We theorize and empirically test how the entrepreneurial university imprints on its graduates, some of whom take on leadership positions in innovation policymaking years later. We test this relationship by employing a text-as-data approach to examine the extent to which innovation policy leaders speak about startup-centric innovation, comparing the media coverage of entrepreneurial university alumni relative to their peers. Our original dataset comprises the 485 individuals who held senior innovation policy positions in East Asia's eleven largest economies from 1998 to 2019, detailing their educational background and media coverage (10,816 documents). We conceptualize the “alumni policymaker” mechanism, which constitutes entrepreneurial university alumni shaping the future of national innovation policy by referring to startup-centric innovation three times more than their peers. Those who completed MBAs at entrepreneurial universities express an even greater preference for startup-centric innovation policy.
The shape of lipsmacking: socio-emotional regulation in bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)
Authors: Albuquerque Natalia , Savalli Carine , Belli Marina , Varella Ana Clara , Felício Beatriz , França Juliana , Izar Patrícia
Published: May 2023

Capuchin monkeys have rich social relationships and from very young ages they participate in complex interactions with members of their group. Lipsmacking behaviour, which involves at least two individuals in socially mediated interactions, may tell about processes that maintain, accentuate or attenuate emotional exchanges in monkeys. Lipsmacking is a facial expression associated with the establishment and maintenance of affiliative interactions, following under the ‘emotional regulation’ umbrella, which accounts for the ability to manage behavioural responses. We investigated behaviours related to the emitter and to the receiver (infant) of lipsmacking to answer the question of how lipsmacking occurs. In capuchin monkeys, lipsmacking has been previously understood solely as a face-to-face interaction. Our data show that emitters are engaged with infants, looking longer towards their face and seeking eye contact during the display. However, receivers spend most of the time looking away from the emitter and stay in no contact for nearly half of the time. From naturalistic observations of wild infant capuchin monkeys from Brazil we found that lipsmacking is not restricted to mutual gaze, meaning there are other mechanisms in place than previously known. Our results open paths to new insights about the evolution of socio-emotional displays in primates.
The cultural evolution of teaching
Authors: Brandl Eva , Mace Ruth , Heyes Cecilia
Published: May 2023

Teaching is an important process of cultural transmission. Some have argued that human teaching is a cognitive instinct – a form of ‘natural cognition’ centred on mindreading, shaped by genetic evolution for the education of juveniles, and with a normative developmental trajectory driven by the unfolding of a genetically inherited predisposition to teach. Here, we argue instead that human teaching is a culturally evolved trait that exhibits characteristics of a cognitive gadget. Children learn to teach by participating in teaching interactions with socialising agents, which shape their own teaching practices. This process hijacks psychological mechanisms involved in prosociality and a range of domain-general cognitive abilities, such as reinforcement learning and executive function, but not a suite of cognitive adaptations specifically for teaching. Four lines of evidence converge on this hypothesis. The first, based on psychological experiments in industrialised societies, indicates that domain-general cognitive processes are important for teaching. The second and third lines, based on naturalistic and experimental research in small-scale societies, indicate marked cross-cultural variation in mature teaching practice and in the ontogeny of teaching among children. The fourth line indicates that teaching has been subject to cumulative cultural evolution, i.e. the gradual accumulation of functional changes across generations.
Gods are watching and so what? Moralistic supernatural punishment across 15 cultures
Authors: Bendixen Theiss , Lightner Aaron D. , Apicella Coren , Atkinson Quentin , Bolyanatz Alexander , Cohen Emma , Handley Carla , Henrich Joseph , Klocová Eva Kundtová , Lesorogol Carolyn , Mathew Sarah , McNamara Rita A. , Moya Cristina , Norenzayan Ara , Placek Caitlyn , Soler Montserrat , Vardy Tom , Weigel Jonathan , Willard Aiyana K. , Xygalatas Dimitris , Lang Martin , Purzycki Benjamin Grant
Published: May 2023

Psychological and cultural evolutionary accounts of human sociality propose that beliefs in punitive and monitoring gods that care about moral norms facilitate cooperation. While there is some evidence to suggest that belief in supernatural punishment and monitoring generally induce cooperative behaviour, the effect of a deity's explicitly postulated moral concerns on cooperation remains unclear. Here, we report a pre-registered set of analyses to assess whether perceiving a locally relevant deity as moralistic predicts cooperative play in two permutations of two economic games using data from up to 15 diverse field sites. Across games, results suggest that gods’ moral concerns do not play a direct, cross-culturally reliable role in motivating cooperative behaviour. The study contributes substantially to the current literature by testing a central hypothesis in the evolutionary and cognitive science of religion with a large and culturally diverse dataset using behavioural and ethnographically rich methods.
Robust reconstruction of glacier beds using transient 2D assimilation with Stokes
Authors: Cook Samuel , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien , Fürst Johannes
Published: May 2023

Initialising model glaciers such that they match well with their real counterparts and are thus able to make more accurate predictions is an ongoing challenge in glacier modelling. We set out a data-assimilation approach using an ensemble Kalman filter in a 2D flowline example that provides one possible solution to this problem. We show that our approach is valid across a range of parameters and scenarios, including deliberately data-deficient or inaccurate ones, and leads to robust retrieval of the glacier bed. We also provide some suggestions for how best to use data assimilation within a mountain-glacier context.
Variable motion encoding within Chinese: a usage-based perspective
Authors: Chen Shujun , Wu Lihuan
Published: May 2023

Languages differ considerably in the way they encode motion. Previous research on motion encoding has paid much attention to inter-typological variation (i.e., variation between language types) and intra-typological variation (i.e., variation within language types), but less focus on intra-linguistic variation (i.e., variation within particular languages). To fill this niche, the current study compares actual motion and metaphorical motion in Standard Mandarin Chinese with a corpus-based approach. We ask whether the typological properties in actual motion extend to metaphorical motion. The results indicate that the answer is negative. The typological properties including lexicalization patterns and the distribution of semantic components vary by both event type (actual motion vs. metaphorical motion) and genre (fiction vs. non-fiction) within Chinese. The intra-linguistic variation can be explained by additional factors – the pragmatic context and the structural property of Chinese. These findings support a constructional proposal of the motion event typology, which is a more nuanced typology that expands the binary distinction between V-languages and S-languages. In this proposal, the consideration of the scalar dimension enables more explicit descriptions of variation within languages (shift left- or rightward on the scale) and more accurate explanations for these phenomena.
A Case Study of Academic Facilitation of the Global Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects: Mary Slusser in Nepal
Authors: Smith Emiline , Thompson Erin L.
Published: May 2023

In this article, we consider the role that academics play in the global illicit trade in cultural objects. Academics connect sources to buyers and influence market values by publishing looted and stolen cultural objects (passive facilitation) and by collaborating with market players, including by collecting artifacts themselves (active facilitation). Their actions shape market desire, changing what is targeted for looting, theft, and illicit trading across borders. However, this crucial facilitative role often goes unnoticed or unaddressed in scholarship on collecting, white collar crime, and the illicit market in cultural objects. This article explores the importance of academic facilitation through a case study of the career of Mary Slusser, a renowned American scholar of Nepali art and art history.
Low self-esteem: a refined cognitive behavioural model
Authors: Rimes Katharine A. , Smith Patrick , Bridge Livia
Published: May 2023

Melanie Fennell’s (1997) seminal cognitive approach to low self-esteem was published in Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. The current paper proposes a refined model, drawing on social theories, and research with people with socially devalued characteristics. This model emphasises how self-esteem relates to perceptions of one’s value in the eyes of others. It is proposed that core beliefs typical of low self-esteem relate to one’s value in relation to personal adequacy (e.g. having worth or status) and/or to social connection (e.g. being liked, loved, accepted or included). In each of these value domains, beliefs about both the self (e.g. ‘I am a failure’, ‘I am unlovable’) and others (e.g. ‘Others look down on me’, ‘Others don’t care about me’) are considered important. The model suggests that everyone monitors their value but in people with low self-esteem, cognitive biases associated with underlying beliefs occur. In the context of trigger situations, this results in a greater likelihood of negative appraisals of perceived threat to one’s value. Such appraisals activate underlying negative beliefs, resulting in negative mood (e.g. low mood, anxiety, shame, disgust) and other responses that maintain low self-esteem. Responses which can be used excessively or in unhelpful ways include (a) corrective behaviours; (b) compensatory strategies; (c) increased value monitoring; (d) safety-seeking behaviours; (e) rumination; (f) unhelpful mood regulation responses. These responses can adversely impact daily functioning or health, having the counterproductive effect of maintaining negative beliefs about one’s value. Examples are provided for low self-esteem in lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals.
Cognitive behavioural anger treatment for adults with intellectual disabilities: effects of therapist experience on outcome
Authors: Taylor John L. , Novaco Raymond W.
Published: May 2023

Background:

Anger has been shown to be associated with aggression and violence in adults with intellectual disabilities in both community and secure settings. Emerging evidence has indicated that cognitive behavioural anger treatment can be effective in reducing assessed levels of anger and violent behaviour in these patient populations. However, it has been suggested that the effectiveness of these types of interventions is influenced by the experience and training of the therapists.

Method:

In this service evaluation study, the pre- and post-treatment and 12-month follow-up assessment scores of 88 detained in-patient adults with intellectual disabilities and forensic histories who received cognitive behavioural anger treatment were examined in order to investigate whether participants’ responsiveness to treatment was associated with treatment being delivered by qualified versus unqualified therapists.

Results:

Overall significant reductions in self-reported measures of anger disposition and anger reactivity were found with no significant time × therapist experience interaction effects. However, the patients treated by qualified therapists improved significantly on measures of anger control compared with those allocated to unqualified therapists.

Conclusions:

Male and female detained patients with intellectual disabilities and forensic histories can benefit from an individual cognitive behavioural anger treatment intervention delivered by qualified and unqualified therapists, but therapist experience may be important in supporting patients to develop more complex anger control coping skills.
Factors associated with death literacy among Swedish adults: A cross-sectional exploratory study
Authors: Johansson Therese , Tishelman Carol , Eriksson Lars E. , Cohen Joachim , Goliath Ida
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Death literacy is a recent conceptualization representing both individual and community competence, for example, a set of knowledge and skills for engaging in end-of-life-related situations. Little is yet known about which factors are associated with death literacy. A cross-sectional survey using the Swedish version of the Death Literacy Index, the DLI-S, was therefore conducted to explore associations between death literacy and sociodemographic, health, and experience variables.

Methods

A quota sample of 503 adults (mean age 49.95 ± 17.92), recruited from an online Swedish survey panel, completed a survey comprising the DLI-S and background questions.

Results

A hierarchical regression model with 3 blocks explained 40.5% of the variance in death literacy, F(22, 477) = 14.75. The sociodemographic factors age, gender, education, widowhood, and religious/spiritual belief accounted for 13.7% of the variance. Adding professional care factors contributed to an additional 15.8% of variance, with working in health care being significantly associated with death literacy. Including experiential factors explained another 11.0% of the variance, of which experiences of caring for and supporting dying and grieving people, both in a work, volunteer, or personal context, were positively associated with death literacy.

Significance of results

This study contributes a tentative explanatory model of the influence of different factors on death literacy, outlining both direct and indirect associations. Our findings also support the hypothesized experiential basis for death literacy development in the Swedish context. The moderate degree of overall variance explained suggests there may be additional factors to consider to better understand the death literacy construct and how its development may be supported.
IHL in the era of climate change: The application of the UN climate change regime to belligerent occupations
Authors: Pezzot Romina Edith
Published: May 2023

This article invites the reader on a journey through the legal arguments that would confirm the application of the United Nations (UN) climate change regime to belligerent occupations. Although the regime is silent on this issue, its application should not be limited to peacetime due to the seriousness of global climate change and its adverse effects on the environment and living entities. A harmonious interpretation and application of the UN climate change regime and the law of occupation would allow Occupying Powers to ensure the safety and well-being of the civilian population and contribute to the protection of the Earth's climate system.
Microscopic Description of Basal Stress Generated by Granular Free‐Surface Flows
Authors: Du Junhan , Zhou Gordon G. D. , Cui Kahlil F. E.
Published: May 2023

Geophysical flows grow in volume and impact potential by eroding and entraining bed material during movement, posing potential risks to human lives and facilities downstream. This granular process is controlled by the basal stress and its fluctuations at the flow‐bed interface. Therefore, it is essential to provide physical insights into the basal stresses generated by granular flows for hazard risk management. In this study, we conduct a series of DEM simulations of channelized granular free‐surface flows to gain a micromechanical understanding of particle‐bed interactions. Basal normal and shear stresses are recorded and analyzed quantitatively through three statistical metrics: time‐averaged mean value, maximum value, and standard deviation. The relationship of these quantities with the bulk and basal flow properties and the micromechanical quantities that control stress fluctuations are discussed. Results show that the basal stress exhibits a distinct transition from a dense to dilute flow regime at a critical Savage number of 0.1, coinciding with the transition of stress‐generating and transmission mechanisms from being friction‐dominated to collision‐dominated. Maximum basal normal and shear stresses scale with the particle‐bed impact velocities in the form of a power law relation. Stress fluctuations scale with the granular temperature, revealing its dependence on random particle motions. A unified scaling law is proposed to link the standard deviation of basal stresses with the free particle volume, covering a wide range of flow regimes from dense to dilute flow.
Dynamics of Air Flow in Partially Water‐Saturated Porous Media
Authors: Ben‐Noah Ilan , Friedman Shmulik P. , Berkowitz Brian
Published: May 2023

Dynamics of flowing air in partially water‐saturated, porous geological formations are governed by a wide range of forces and parameters. These dynamics are reviewed in the contexts of flow patterns that arise and the corresponding applicability of diverse modeling approaches. The importance of reliable gas‐liquid flow models draws from the key role gases play in earth systems, and the various engineering practices involving air injection into geological formations. Here, we focus on air flow in water‐wet porous media. We survey the factors that affect flow patterns and phase configurations, and the measures that quantify them. For single‐phase flow in saturated media (i.e., air flow in dry media or water flow in water‐saturated media), the continuum approach (Darcy's law) is generally applicable and offers a good interpretive tool. However, the coupled two‐phase flow continuum approach appears appropriate only for phase‐saturation degrees that allow both phases to be continuous in the flow domain. Furthermore, air flow in wet media is highly unstable. As a result, air commonly flows in preferential pathways or in the form of bubbles and ganglia, which are not amenable to continuum modeling. On the other hand, pore‐scale models that account for the complex geometries and interfaces between the fluids and the media require extreme computational efforts, and generally inaccessible details on medium characteristics. Other stochastically‐based representations, such as percolation theory, have value in the conceptualization of complex flow problems but demonstrate limited success in interpreting phase configurations, saturation degrees, and relative permeabilities.
Localization-enhanced moiré exciton in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide heterotrilayer superlattices
Authors: Zheng Haihong , Wu Biao , Li Shaofei , Ding Junnan , He Jun , Liu Zongwen , Wang Chang-Tian , Wang Jian-Tao , Pan Anlian , Liu Yanping
Published: May 2023

The stacking of twisted two-dimensional (2D) layered materials has led to the creation of moiré superlattices, which have become a new platform for the study of quantum optics. The strong coupling of moiré superlattices can result in flat minibands that boost electronic interactions and generate interesting strongly correlated states, including unconventional superconductivity, Mott insulating states, and moiré excitons. However, the impact of adjusting and localizing moiré excitons in Van der Waals heterostructures has yet to be explored experimentally. Here, we present experimental evidence of the localization-enhanced moiré excitons in the twisted WSe2/WS2/WSe2 heterotrilayer with type-II band alignments. At low temperatures, we observed multiple excitons splitting in the twisted WSe2/WS2/WSe2 heterotrilayer, which is manifested as multiple sharp emission lines, in stark contrast to the moiré excitonic behavior of the twisted WSe2/WS2 heterobilayer (which has a linewidth 4 times wider). This is due to the enhancement of the two moiré potentials in the twisted heterotrilayer, enabling highly localized moiré excitons at the interface. The confinement effect of moiré potential on moiré excitons is further demonstrated by changes in temperature, laser power, and valley polarization. Our findings offer a new approach for localizing moiré excitons in twist-angle heterostructures, which has the potential for the development of coherent quantum light emitters.