bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rationales for Freedom of Speech
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the justifications for freedom of speech. If sound political philosophy supports something properly called a principle of free speech, there will be reasons why a government should be hesitant to punish verbal or written expression even when it has made a judgment that the expression is potentially harmful. The discussion in this chapter underlies the development of standards for determining which communications raise free speech problems and which may appropriately be suppressed, and it is also critical for the subsequent examination of constitutional issues. Most of the chapter is devoted to particular justifications for free speech, but I deal first with some preliminary matters. I indicate why one can speak of a principle or principles of free speech only if there are bases for protecting speech that do not apply similarly to some substantially broader category of acts. Once the idea of a principle of free speech is clarified, I turn to the nature of justifications. Before providing an account of multiple justifications divided along consequentialist and nonconsequentialist lines, I suggest why no single justification is likely to be adequate and why the distinction between consequentialist and nonconsequentialist justifications is fruitful.
Threats
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers threats. Deciding exactly what threats should be made criminal is harder than deciding what offers should be made criminal, and a principle of freedom of speech has more evident relevance to the difficult cases. One reason for this is the phenomenon of pure, or unconditional, threats. No one supposes that one person’s telling another that he plans unconditionally to benefit him should be criminal; but it is a serious question whether one person should be allowed to tell another that he plans to kill or maim him. The second reason why analysis of threats is both harder and more important is the judgment that in many situations in which inducements are acceptable people should be free of the kind of pressure that conditional threats involve. Most notable, for our purposes, is the inclination to punish some threats that neither seek nor threaten behavior that is an independent legal wrong. I begin my discussion with a treatment of pure threats and then turn to conditional threats. Sometimes threats are addressed to third persons or to a public audience with the expectation that the subject of the threats, or his employees, will become aware of them, but I shall focus in this chapter on the simpler case where the audience of the speaker is also the subject of the threat.
Inequality’s Sensitivity to Affluence or Well-Being
Authors: Temkin Larry S
Published: November 2023

Is our notion of inequality sensitive to society’s overall level of affluence or well-being?

Alternative version of the same question:

(la) Does inequality matter more in a poor society than in a rich one?

In this chapter I shall offer an answer to (1) and (la) and consider how best to capture that answer in a measure of inequality. As we shall see, this is one area where much of the economics literature needs revising.

A brief comment before proceeding. Although (1) and (la) are (largely) adequate for our purposes, I think there are better ways of formulating the question in which I am interested. Better than (1) would be:

Is our notion of inequality sensitive to the levels of affluence or wellbeing of the individuals between whom inequality obtains?
A Cognitivist Theory of Normative Judgment
Authors: Copp David
Published: November 2023

Moral claims are normative. In this chapter, I present a theory that is intended to explain what their being normative consists in.

Among moral claims are claims to the effect that something is morally right or wrong, good or bad, virtuous or vicious, just or unjust. There is not, how ever, a special terminology that distinguishes moral claims from claims of other kinds. In some cases, we use quite specific and subtle terms of appraisal, or metaphors. We speak of “thoughtless” actions, “vicious” persons, and the like. In some cases, moreover, we rely on the context to indicate that we are making a moral claim. It can therefore be a matter of debate whether a claim is moral in nature, but I assume that this is not a problem for us, since we can work with clear cases.
A Conception of Morality
Authors: Copp David
Published: November 2023

We are left with the two central questions I distinguished in the preceding chapter. The society-centered theory is intended to answer the first of these questions by providing an account of the conditions under which a moral standard would qualify as justified. It asserts roughly that a moral code is justified, relative to a society, if and only if the society would be rational to select it to serve as its social moral code. It is a standard-oriented reductionist theory.
Mathematical Intuition and Objectivity
Authors: Isaacson Daniel
Published: November 2023

Philosophy of mathematics is accountable to mathematical experience. Two features of this experience stand out. First is the inescapable sense that mathematics is constrained by a reality of mathematical facts. Second is the realization that our contact with this reality is entirely through thought.
The Inevitability of Jazz in America
Authors: Collier James Lincoln
Published: November 2023

Jazz happened in America, and it could have happened only there. There existed there a unique set of conditions--social, economic, intellectual-that allowed it to take root and grow. Jazz was not an accident. It appeared when it did because of what had gone before, and it spread through the culture with amazing speed because the American people were prepared for it-in fact, were actively searching for it, or something like it. As a consequence, we cannot really understand it in the abstract, isolated from the world around it. Jazz is part of the social history of the United States, and must be seen in that context. What, then, were the social conditions that made jazz possible, indeed, almost inevitable? To begin with, there is the fact that the United States housed a black subculture, constituting at that time about ten percent of the American people, which had proven extremely difficult
The Rise of Individualism and the Jazz Solo
Authors: Collier James Lincoln
Published: November 2023

In the minds of most people, at the heart of jazz is the improvised solo. Critical attention is almost invariably devoted to the analysis of solos by the great jazz musicians. Discussions of ensemble work are rare indeed in jazz literature, and I am at a loss to think of even one short critical essay on the work of some unsung master of ensemble playing-Hymie Schertzers brilliant lead alto in the Goodman saxophone section, Georg Brunis’ carefully constructed ensemble trombone with various Eddie Condon groups. It is always the soloist who is written about, always the solo that is analyzed; and if an ensemble is talked about at all, it is from the point of view of the arranger, the individual creator, rather than the group.
The Embrace of Show Business
Authors: Collier James Lincoln
Published: November 2023

In twentieth-century America, the terms “art” and “commerce” have come to be seen as so antithetical as almost to preclude any one persons pursuing both. “Going commercial” is precisely the abandonment of art: What is art cannot be commerce, and what is commercial cannot be artistic. No matter where people stand in respect to either, they are invariably suspicious of the other. There have always been doubts about Robert Frost in the poetry establishment, because too many ordinary readers could quote from “Mending Wall” and “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.” On the other side of the coin, movie makers, radio and television producers, and the like have been almost pathologically afraid of anything that smelled of “art.” The view was, “If you want to send a message, get Western Union.”
Art and the Academy
Authors: Collier James Lincoln
Published: November 2023

The concept of the artist as a special creature with an almost religious calling has a long history in Western culture. It may actually have existed in prehistoric times among the European peoples who created the famous cave paintings, played flutes, and decorated their tools and weapons with incised sketches and symbols. It certainly was operating among the Greeks of classical antiquity, when sculptors, dramatists, and poets were held in high esteem by their fellows. People frequently have had a sense that there was something magical about the ability to create a poem or piece of music that could summon up the emotions, make the hair of the neck stand on end. 1 From this there followed the idea that the artist who could turn this trick was being guided by a god like spirit-his “muse” or “genius,” as the term often was. Surely there was something special about somebody who possessed this “gift.”
The Dynamics of Coevolving Systems
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

The true and stunning success of biology reflects the fact that organisms do not merely evolve, they coevolve both with other organisms and with a changing abiotic environment. If in the preceding chapter we began to explore the requirements for order and the capacity to evolve in parallel-processing networks, in the present chapter we must take up the very deep issues of how organisms coevolve with one another. It is not at all obvious that such a process should often permit its participants even the most rudimentary success. Thus we seek overarching principles which may permit and govern the emergence of entities capable of coevolving with one another. Since, we may suppose, selection is critical in this emergence, we must seek to understand the ways in which selection attains systems able to coevolve.
Morphology, Maps, and the Spatial Ordering of Integrated Tissues
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

The two fundamental problems of developmental biology are cell differentiation and morphogenesis. In the preceding several chapters, we examined some of the ways in which cell differentiation may exhibit ordered properties based on the spontaneous order inherent in a wide class of genomic regulatory systems. The intellectual theme was an exploration of the possibility that such spontaneous order may account for the origin and persistence of basic aspects of ontogeny, such as the existence of branching developmental pathways and the homeostatic stability of cell types. We repeatedly encountered the fundamental problem of understanding the relation between such “spontaneous order” and the effects of selection. In this chapter, we tum to an equally vast topic: How can we understand the genesis of ordered tissues and organs in multicellular organisms? This problem is indeed vast, for it encompasses more than the familiar issues of understanding the developmental mechanisms which faithfully unroll in ontogeny and the ease with which those mechanisms were “found” in evolution. In addition, the problem also involves asking whether any such mechanism can properly be thought of as having generated a distinct family of natural forms and, if so, whether and to what extent selection can modify those natural forms. That is, we must again ask (1) whether the morphologies of organisms to some extent represent the “self-organized,” or natural, forms readily constructed via known developmental mechanisms and (2) how we must conceive of the interaction between such forms and selection.
Doubts about Over-Demandingness
Authors: Murphy Liam B
Published: November 2023

Of the three problems that might be raised about moral demands so far considered, over-demandingness has emerged as the problem to reckon with. What we will now sec is that this problem, apparently so natural and so compelling, runs into severe difflculties of its own. These difficulties have already been alluded to in passing: a close investigation of the notion of a moral demand leaves it very unclear just what claim we make when we say that a moral theory is too demanding.
The Empire Strikes Back
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: November 2023

I appear before you today by virtue of a mistake made by central casting that has tapped me for the role of ardent academic leftist, proponent of multiculturalism, and standard-bearer of the politically correct. Unfortunately, my qualifications for this assignment are so slight as to be nonexistent. First of all I am, as you can see, a 53-year-old white male. More important, I have for the past thirty years taught only traditional texts writ ten by canonical male authors of the ultracanonical English Renaissance John Milton, John Donne, Edmund Spenser, George Herbert, Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, andrew Marvell. When not writing on these classical authors, I have in recent years addressed a number of issues in literary and legal theory, and I think it fair to say that I have come out on the “right” end of the spectrum every time, arguing against the liberationist claims often associated with deconstruction and some versions of feminism, against the political pretensions of the New Historicism, against the utopian vision of interdisciplinarity, against the revisionary program of the Critical Legal Studies movement, the left wing of the legal academy. Why then have the media so consistently mischaracterized my position and misreported my views? The question is a real one, but it is of interest only to a few, perhaps only to my mother.
You Can 0nly Fight Discrimination With Discrimination
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: November 2023

On previous occasions, Mr. D’Souza has spoken first and I have followed. Today we reverse that order, but I find myself still thinking in terms of a response, since it is Mr. D’Souza’s accusations that provide the backdrop for evenings such as this. Accordingly, I have decided to use some of my time to rehearse his points, if only so that I can feel comfortable in what has become my natural position. In the next hour or two you will hear Mr. D’Souza make most, if not all, of the following arguments: While the world slept, left-leaning activists have taken over the curriculum of our colleges, discarding time-honored texts in favor of works whose only recommendation is that they were written by blacks, women, Tahitians, or homosexuals. This program of subversion has been carried out in the name of something called “multiculturalism,” which might better be called “oppression studies” or “victim studies.” This decline in academic standards has gone hand in hand with a decline in admission standards, as students are no longer admitted on the basis of objective criteria but on the basis of race, gender, Third World status, and sexual orientation.
Introduction
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

Into this mysterious universe we are all plunged at birth with no set of instructions, no maps or guideposts. The questions of meaning, purpose, and direction remain with us all of our days. Although they may be hidden beneath the blanket of everyday concerns, they emerge now and then, unbidden-when we look into the grave eyes of a newborn child or stand beneath the canopy of stars in the stillness of a summer night. In every field and woods, in every season of the year we see intricately designed artistic creations-a rosebud opening, a butterfly emerging from a chrysalis, a snowflake drifting on the winter wind. Countless examples speak of an underlying force responsible for designing a world of order and beauty. Yet we cannot close our eyes to the ugliness, the pain, and cruelty that are present, too. The cuckoo hatchling pushes the baby robins out of their nest, the larvae of the ichneumon fly slowly eat out the intestines of the living caterpillar, and human beings in torture chambers ram pressure hoses down the throat and red­ hot pokers up the anus of their victims.
Ezra Pound The Poetics of Money
Authors: Morrison Paul
Published: November 2023

Ezra Pound translated poetry, a great deal of it. His command of the dozen or so languages from which he worked was not always, perhaps, everything it might have been, yet he remains among the most distinguished of modernist translators. Pound cannot, then, be easily characterized as inimical to translation, and my attempt to do so in what follows might at first seem counterfactual, if not willfully perverse. Indeed, so great was his enthusiasm for translation that, at least in 1915, his utter innocence of the language to be translated in no way impeded his efforts at the same.
T. S. Eliot The Poetics of Failure
Authors: Morrison Paul
Published: November 2023

Eliot’s reputation, like Harry’s homecoming in The Family Reunion is troubled by the Eumenides, the vengeful ghosts of Milton and Shelley. Northrop Frye, an enemy only to Eliot’s cultural polemic, suggests that this need not be so: Since the nineteen-twenties, critics have become increasingly aware of the continuity of the English Romantic tradition and of Eliot’s place in it. One cannot both accept a tradition and decide what it is to be.
Contagious Folly: An Adventure and Its Skeptics
Authors: Castle Terry
Published: November 2023

What to make of someone who sees a ghost? In his 1830 attack on superstition, Letters on De- rrwnowgy and Witchcraft, Sir Walter Scott was forthright: anyone who claimed to see an apparition was either mad or on the way to becoming so. Since ghosts, according to Scott, did not exist, to maintain that one had seen one was to be pathetically unbalanced-the victim of some “lively dream, a waking reverie, the excitation of a powerful imagination, or the misrepresentation of a diseased organ of sight.” The skeptic was not to be deceived by the air of apparent reasonableness with which the ghost-seer typically described his or her visions: in the case of every such person he had met with, Scott wrote, “shades of mental aberration have afterwards occurred, which sufficiently accounted for the supposed apparitions, and will incline me always to feel alarmed in behalf of the continued health of a friend, who should conceive himself to have witnessed such a visitation.”
Pianists
Authors: Stokes W Royal
Published: November 2023

Tomorrow’s Sunday, right?” was the first thing Mal Waldron said after we exchanged greetings. He stretched out on the bed, and I settled into a chair in his hotel room a few blocks from the One Step Down, where he and saxophonist Chico Freeman were gigging on a weekend in 1993.
Composers
Authors: Stokes W Royal
Published: November 2023

What with the extemporaneous nature of jazz and the ease with which its performers create without paper in front of them, the discipline and labor that go into jazz composition is often lost sight of. Composing in jazz is sometimes thought of as players just mounting the bandstand and blowing whatever comes into their heads. Well, that is certainly one aspect of the process, for any performer in this improvisatory art form must be able to think ahead for a few bars while playing and, ideally, come up with something different from the last time he or she performed the tune at hand. Sometimes the player creates anew a melody, a set of chord changes, or a rhythm, and sometimes a combination, thereby literally composing on his or her feet. However, unless this musician soon makes some sort of a record of that moment, the creative act may well vanish into thin air. Still, many jazz artists do compose in the quiet of the study and, as we shall learn from those profiled in this chapter, their methodologies are both diverse and similar.
Blues
Authors: Stokes W Royal
Published: November 2023

I grew up around Lexington, Massachusetts,” said pianist Dave Maxwell. “My mother was fond of classical music, some of the more romantic composers, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven, and I suppose that permeated my listening existence. I gravitated toward the music and my parents noticed that when I was four or five.
Plato’s Socrates
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

Socrates, as he is portrayed in Plato’s early dialogues, remains one of the most controversial figures in the history of philosophy. This book concerns six of the most vexing and often discussed features of Plato’s portrayal: Socrates’ methodology, epistemology, psychology, ethics, politics, and religion. Brickhouse and Smith cast new light on Plato’s early dialogues by providing novel analyses of many of the doctrines and practices for which Socrates is best known. Included are discussions of Socrates’ moral method, his profession of ignorance, his denial of akrasia, as well as his views about the relationship between virtue and happiness, the authority of the State, and the epistemic status of his daimonion. By revealing the many interconnections among Socrates’ views on a wide variety of topics, this book demonstrates both the richness and the remarkable coherence of the philosophy of Plato’s Socrates.
Socratic Politics
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D
Published: November 2023

We alone do not regard a man who takes no part in political life as one who minds his own business; we regard him as having no business here at all. (Thuc. 2.40.2, trans. C. M. Reed)
The Untranslatability of A-Sentences by Tenseless Date-Sentences
Authors: Smith Quentin
Published: November 2023

There are two main types of B-sentences, date-sentences and token-reflexive sentences. An example of the former is “John (is) born earlier than May 1, 1960,” and of the latter, “John (is) born earlier than this utterance.” The distinction between these two types provides a means for classifying most of the proponents of the old or new versions of the semantic tenseless theory of time. Some of these proponents hold the date-theory of A-sentences, that tokens of A-sentences are translated (in some sense) by tenseless date-sentences, or at least have truth conditions that are completely statable by these date-sentences. Other proponents hold the tokenreflexive theory of A-sentences, that these sentences are translated (in some sense) by token-reflexive tenseless sentences, or at least have truth conditions that are completely statable by these token-reflexive sentences. In this chapter, I shall argue against the date-theory of A-sentences, in chapter 3, against the token-reflexive theory; in chapter 4, I shall argue against the other less frequently espoused versions of the semantic tenseless theory and develop a positive theory of A-sentences that conforms to the tensed theory of time.
The Tensed Theory of A-Sentences
Authors: Smith Quentin
Published: November 2023

4.1 The Transition to Positive Arguments for the Tensed Theory of Time

Chapters 1-3 began the argument for the tensed theory of time by developing an adequate method of linguistic analysis (the “translation method”) and using it to demonstrate the falsity of the tenseless theory of A-sentences. Chapter 4 continues this argument by developing a tensed theory of A-sentences, that is, a theory stating that all A-sentences ascribe an A-property of presentness, present pastness, or present futurity.
Biogeography of Amazon Palms
Authors: Henderson Andrew
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I first bring together the physical factors of the Amazon environment (soils, climate, river systems, topography) and interpret them in relation to palm distributions; that is, I take an ecological biogeography approach. Then I consider geologic history and its relation with palms; that is, I take a historical biogeographic approach, with particular reference to the refuge theory. The main difference between these two approaches is one of scale. The ecological approach is useful at the small scale, whereas the historical biogeographic approach considers distributions on a larger scale. The biotic factors that form part of the ecological biogeography, such as dispersal and dispersers, are discussed as well.Few palms are restricted to any one soil type. Widespread species such as Mauritia flexuosaalmost always occur on inundated soils, but these can be gleysols, solonchaks, or fluvisols. Certain palms are perhaps more abundant on specific soil types, but can also occur on others. For example, Lescure and colleagues (1992) found that Leopoldinia piassabawas common on podzols, but also occurred, less abundantly, on other soils. At the small scale, soils are a mosaic of types. For example, Jordan (1989) showed how small variations in topography, which affected the water table, could change soil type over a short distance, with a consequent effect on vegetation. Within a 500 m transect, with an 8 m elevational range, six different communities and associated soil types occurred. Locally, palm distribution is closely tied to both soil type and drainage, as clearly shown by Kahn and de Granville (1992).
To All Ingenious Ladies
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

The Love of Truth, the tender Regard I have for your Honour, joyn’d with a just Indignation to see you so unworthily us’d, makes me assume the Confidence of imploying my Pen in your Service. The Knowledge I had of my Inability for so great a Task, made me for a while stifle my Resentments, as thinking it much better privately to lament the Injuries that were done you, than expose you by a weak Defence to the fresh Insults of a Person, who has not yet learnt to distinguish between Railing and Instruction, and who is so vain as to fancy, that the Dignity of his Function will render every thing he thinks fit to say becoming: But when I found that some Men were so far from finding fault with his Sermon, that they rather defended it, and express’d an ill-natur’d sort of Joy to see you ridicul’d, and that those few among ‘em who were Pretenders to more Generosity and good Humour, were yet too proud, too much devoted to their Interest, and too indulgent to their Pleasures, to give themselves the Trouble of saying any thing in your Vindication, I had not the Patience to be Silent any longer.
To The Queen’s Excellent Majesty
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

‘Tis not without awful Thoughts and a trembling Hand that these Poems are laid at your Royal Feet. The Address has too much Confidence; the Ambition is too aspiring; But to whom should a Woman unknown to the World, and who has not Merit enough to defend her from the Censure of Criticks, fly for Protection, but to Your Majesty? The Greatest, the Best, and the most Illustrious Person of Your Sex and Age.
To Almystrea
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Permit Mariss in an artless Lay To speak her Wonder, and her Thanks repay: Her creeping Muse can ne’er like yours ascend; She has not Strength for such a towring Flight. Your Wit, her humble Fancy do’s transcend; She can but gaze at your exalted Height: Yet she believ’d it better to expose Her Failures, than ungrateful prove; And rather chose To shew a want of Sense, than want of Love: But taught by you, she may at length improve, And imitate those Virtues she admires. Your bright Example leaves a Tract Divine, She sees a beamy Brightness in each Line, And with ambitious Warmth aspires, Attracted by the Glory of your Name, To follow you in all the lofty Roads of Fame.
To Mr. Dryden, on his excellent Translation of Virgil
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Thou matchless Poet, whose capacious Mind Contains the whole that Knowledge can impart, Where we each charming Science find, And ev’ry pleasing Art: Permit my Muse in plain unpolish’d Verse, In humble Strains her Wonder to rehearse: From her low Shade she lifts her dazl’d Sight, And views the Splendor and amazing Height: See’s boundless Wit, in artful Numbers play, And like the glorious Source of Day, To distant Worlds both Light and Heat convey. Before the happy Birth of Light,, E’er Nature did her forming Pow’r display, While blended in their native Night, The Principles of all things lay; Triumphant Darkness did her self dilate, And thro’ the Chaos with resistless Sway Her dusky Horrors spread; Such in this Isle was once our wretched State: Dark melancholy Night her sable Wings display’d, And all around her baleful Influence shed; From Gloom, to Gloom, with weary’d Steps we stray’d, Till Chaucercame with his delusive Light, And gave some transient Glimm’rings to the Night: Next kinder Spencerwith his Lunar Beams lnrich’d our Skies, and wak’d us from our Dreams.
Song
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Cease, fair Calistris,cease disdaining; ‘Tis time to leave that useless Art: Your Shepherd’s weary of complaining; Be kind, or he’ll resume his Heart. Damon,be gone; I hate complying; Go court some fond, believing Maid: I take more Pleasure in denying, Than in the Conquests I have made. Damon. Why, cruel Nymph, why, why so slighting? Is this the Treatment I must have? Were not your Beauty so inviting, I wou’d no longer be your Slave. Calistris. Damon,begon, I hate complying, Your Heart’s not worth the having; Were there Ten thousand Shepherds dying, No one were worth the saving.
The Song of the Three Children Paraphras’d
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Ascend my Soul, and in a speedy Flight Haste to the Regions of eternal Light; Look all around, each dazling Wonder view, And thy Acquaintance with past Joys renew. Thro’ all th’ lEthereal Plain extend thy Sight, On ev’ry pleasing Object gaze; On rolling Worlds below, On Orbs which Light and Heat bestow: And thence to their first Cause thy Admiration raise In sprightly Airs, and sweet harmonious Lays. Assist me, all ye Works of Art Divine, Ye wondrous Products of Almighty Pow’r, You who in lofty Stations shine, And to your glorious Source by glad Approaches tow’r: In your bright Orders all appear; With me your grateful Tribute pay, Before his Throne your joint Devotions lay.
Of Pride
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Among the numerous Vices incident to Mankind, and in which they are unhappily immers’d, there is none they have a stronger Propensity to, and which they more willingly indulge, than Pride,and none for which they have a less Appearance of Reason. ‘Tis strange that depending Where Light, as glorious as Meridian Day, Did all around its lustrous Beams display, And where Delights, for Mortals much too high, Did them with unexhausted Joys supply, They sunk to Realms of Darkness and Despair. No Light but that of livid Flames was there; A pale, a dismal, melancholy Sight: All there was Horror, all did there affright, And there they still must live, excluded from Delight. This dang’rous MischiefI with Care will shun, Will never be by haughty Thoughts undone. My self I know, and by that Knowledge taught, My Soul have to a humble Temper wrought.
Of Grief
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Grief is a Passion, which most People believe it becomes them to indulge: They tell us, ‘Tis what the Miseries incident to the human Nature exacts from us; and that, as not to be concern’d for their own Misfortunes, would be Stupidity; so to be unmov’d at the Affiictions of others would be the Height of Barbarity. The greatest part of Mankind are led by Opinion, and what they have once taken for Truth, they will never be at the Labour of examining. They are almost as much afraid of Innovations in Matters of Reason, as in those of Faith. Besides, ‘tis painful to form a new Set of Thoughts, to deviate from the beaten Road, to run counter to establish’d Maxims, to wander in unknown Paths, and ro follow Reason to her solitary Recess. They are every Day regal’d by their Senses, and so encompass’d by the Pleasures that attend them, so totally absorb’d in the Delights of the animal Life, that they cannot disengage themselves, cannot so much as dart one single Glance beyond their thick Atmosphere, beyond that Region of Vapours, to which they are fatally confin’d. That which afords them a present Satisfaction, they fancy to be good, and by Consequence that which deprives them of it to be evil. On this Hypothesisthey ground all their Arguments, and from hence draw all their Conclusions. Health, Riches, Relations, Fame, Honours, &c.they take to be constituent Parts of Happiness, and therefore their Contraries must necessarily bring Misery. These Mistakes run them into innumerable Absurdities, involve them in inextricable Errors, and render them obnoxious to the Insult of every prevailing Passion, liable to the Shock of every cross Accident, every unexpected Disappointment; and ‘tis no wonder, while they are govern’d by such wrong Notions, to see them excessively griev’d for the Death of Relations, Adversity gives a manly Firmness, fences us against the Allurements of Sense, the tempting Blandishments of Life, makes us retire into our selves, and seek Satisfaction where ‘tis only to be found.
Of Riches
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

Were we to form Judgments only from outward Appearances, from the general Practice of the World, should we not be indin’d to think Riches the Summum Bonum,the chief, the only Good of Mankind, that without which ‘twere impossible for them to enjoy the Felicity appropriated to their Nature? What else could be a Temptation strong enough to make them sacrifice their Ease, their Quiet, their Health, their Liberty, their Fame, and what ought to be infinitely more dear, their Virtue, their Honour, their Conscience, and all their future Hopes, to their Avarice? What prevalent enough to make them prize a great Estate more than an unspotted Innocence, a glittering Treasure more than a bright Understanding, and the Reputation of being richer than their Neighbours, more than that of being better and more rational? By what can they demonstrate a greater degeneracy of Soul, a higher pitch of Frenzy, The only Use I know Riches are of, is the having it in one’s Power to help the Needy, to do Good to the Indigent. I assure the Reader, were they given to me on condition, I should wholly keep them to my self; I would not accept of a Gift so clog’d: But such a Supposition ought not to be made; ‘tis unfit to imagine so much as a remote possibility of such a Narrowness of Mind in God; in him who is Goodness it self, and gives to all his Creatures with an unbounded Munificence, and whom we cannot in any thing please better, than in imitating the Benignity of his Nature, and in endeavouring to be Bountiful as he is Bountiful; which tho’ we cannot be in effect, yet we may be in desire; we may wish well to all; and those we cannot make Rich, we may by our Advice endeavour to make Easie, Patient and Resign’d; tho’ we cannot give them Gold, yet we may teach them Wisdom, and by inspiring them with a Love of Virtue, Probity, and Truth, put them in possession of the most valuable Treasures, Treasures without which all others would be Curses instead of Blessings, and consequently should deserve to be plac’d among their chiefest Benefactors, as having made them the greatest, the most inestimable Present.
Of Justice
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

There is no Virtue more talk’d of, and pretended to than justice,and yet perhaps none less understood, and worse practised. The greatest part of Mankind are chain’d to what they call their Interest, incessantly tugging at the Oar, imploy’d in the tiresome Service of their Vices, or in the no less troublesome Gratification of their Humours: Reason has no Superiority over them; her Voice is too soft, her Whispers too low to be heard amidst so much Hurry and Noise. She delights in a calm Mind, chuses to reside in the inmost Recess of a silent compos’d Soul; such unhappy Wretches, such unthinking Creatures, cannot bear her Reproofs, cannot endure her gentlest Admonitions, her ro kindest, most endearing Perswasions. Whatever runs counter to their Vices, gives a Check to their rapacious Desires, sets Bounds to their Avarice, or attempts to stop them in their impetuous Career, offends them. They think it an Injury to be kept from committing Crimes, from doing Wrong; and, what is most to be wonder’d at, so much are they govern’d by their Passions, that what they are apt to censure in others, to load with the highest Imputations, and place in the blackest Catalogue of Sins, they not only wink at in themselves, but are so audacious, as to own them publickly, and plead for them as equitable Actions.
Of Calumny
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

‘Tis a great, but melancholy Truth, that as this Age encreases in Politeness, in Finenesses of Learning, in Niceties of good Breeding, and in the Punctilio’s of an exact Civility; so it proportionbly decreases in Justice, Sincerity, that affectionate Concern it becomes us to have for each other; and in all those commendable Qualities, those antiquated Virtues, which were the Ornaments of earlier Times. Alas! there are not so much as the Footsteps left of that noble Simplicity, native Plainness, unartificial Kindness, and uncorrupted Integrity, which appear’d in the Infant World, and from thence, as from a pure uncorrupted Fountain, ran for some Ages unmix’d with foreign Streams, till an overflowing 10 Deluge of Vice broke down the Banks, and by pouring in its muddy and polluted Waters, robb’d them of their natural Purity. We may trace them in the first Histories, see them meliorating the EgyptianSoil, affording rich Production in the ancient Persia,diffusing themselves thro’ Greece,and plentifully watering the RomanCommonwealth, till, like the Rivers of Paradise, they were lost in the Abyss, and, after the fatal Inundation, remain’d undistinguish’d from the great Mass of Liquids, from whence, I fear, nothing less than the general Conflagration, the last refining Fire, will be able to extract them: We see nothing amongst us but the very Dregs, the nauseous Sediment of that universal Corruption; there’s 20 hardly any thing left that looks like the Work of God, that has the Impress of Divine Goodness, the Stamp of infinite Justice, or any Participation of the Eternal Truth. The generality of Men seem to have Treachery interwoven with their Nature, something that’s Diabolical in their Temper: Malice, Pride, Envy, and Uncharitableness seem to make up the Composition of Humanity; they fill their Thoughts, influence their Actions, and discover themselves in their Discourses.
Of Avarice
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M
Published: November 2023

What can be more amazing than to see wise and rational Beings, Beings design’d for the highest and noblest Enjoyments, and richly furnish’d with Faculties fitted for the Contemplation of the greatest, best, and most exalted Objects, wilfully withdraw their Regards from things worthy of themselves, and of that infinite Perfection from whom they derive their Original, and fix them on Earth, on that dull heavy Element, from whence their Bodies, those Prisons of their Souls, those cumbersome Machines in which they act, at first were taken, and by indulging a greedy avaricious Humour, be fond of sinking to the lowest, the most despicable Level, should, before they are necessitated to it by ro the indisputable Laws of their Creation, the irreversible Decrees of Nature, be in haste to return to it again, uneasie till they are reunited to their primitive Dust! Is it not an unaccountable Madness for such as are Masters of vast Treasures, not to be contented with the bountiful Dividend of Providence? For those that have great Estates to be continually contriving how they shall encrease them? Who can, without wonder mix’d with the highest Detestation, see the generality of Men stick at nothing, though never so base, so injurious, so oppressing, that may promote their Designs? Such as are covetous of Titles, and greedy of Power, what will they not do to gratifie their Desires, to gain what they 20 so eagerly wish for? What vile Offices will they boggle at, what servile Compliances will they not stoop to, what Friend or Kinsman will they not sacrifice, whom will they scruple to mine, whose Reputation will they not murder, to get or secure the Grandeur, the Honour, the Power, or the Riches they so much prize?
Sociolinguistic Perspectives On Register
Authors: Biber Douglas , Finegan Edward
Published: November 2023

Functional linguists, sociolinguists, and anthropological linguists have long argued that language by nature is communicative, social, and interactional. Many thus advocate a socially constituted linguistics, one that takes the language repertoire of a community to be an elemental observation about language.

Although the linguistic repertoire of a community has not always been central to sociolinguistic analyses, important observations about repertoire form part of almost every sociolinguistic report. For more than three decades now, the linguistic repertoire of speech communities—the inventory of their registers-has won increasing attention from linguists, and quite a few have put it at the center of their research programs, some attempting to sort out the relationship between social dialect variation and register variation.
Stories That Step Into The Future
Authors: Ochs Elinor
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the role of future time within a particular genre of narrative generally referred to as ‘narratives of personal experience’. While systematically linked to present-time conversational topics and concerns (Bauman 1986, Goodwin 1984, Jefferson 1978, Young 1987), narratives of personal experience have been generally characterized (with the exception of Goodwin 1990) as interpretive construals of past personal experience, in contrast to various other genres of narrative such as genres of science fiction or future planning narratives, which depict experiences which might take place at a future time.
Linguistic Correlates Of The Transition To Literacy In Somali: Language Adaptation In Six Press Registers
Authors: Biber Douglas , Hared Mohamed
Published: November 2023

Stemming from a thought-provoking essay written by Goody and Watt (1963), many studies over the last three decades have investigated the social and intellectual consequences resulting from the introduction of literacy in a society (e.g., Goody 1977, Ong 1982, Scribner and Cole 1981). Few studies, though, have actually investigated the linguistic consequences of literacy-that is, the linguistic changes that result from the introduction of written registers in a language. One such study is Reder’s (1981) analysis of spoken and written Vai (carried out as part of Scribner and Cole’s study). Since Vai has an indigeneous literacy that is transmitted apart from formal schooling, Reder could address the question of whether writing itself has any effect on the speech of literate adults. He found that there are systematic differences between speech and writing in Vai (e.g., certain medial consonants are deleted more frequently in speech, and indefinite noun phrases occur more frequently in writing), and that in their speech, literate adults use the forms associated with writing more frequently than nonliterate adults. A second study that directly addresses linguistic consequences of literacy is Kalmar’s (1985) description of Inuktitut (in Canada). He found evidence there that new linguistic forms are developing under the influence of written language; in particular, true subordinate forms (complement clauses and relative clauses) seem to be developing in the written language at present.
Addressee-And Topic-Influenced Style Shift: A Quantitative Sociolinguistic Study
Authors: Rickford John R , Mcnair-Knox Faye
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a study of addressee-and topic-influenced style shift in language, within the framework of quantitative or “variationist” sociolinguistics.

The first section is written from a theoretical, history-of-science perspective; we begin by contrasting the taxonomic, polydimensional approach of sociolinguists like Hymes (1972) and Halliday (1978) with the empirical, unidimensional approach of Labov (1966:90-135, 1972a:70-109), for whom styles were ordered on a single dimension, involving attention paid to speech. We suggest that the neglect of style within the American variationist school from the 1970s onward was due in part to methodological and theoretical difficulties with this approach. As we note, an alternative unidimensional approach, considering style as audience accommodation (Giles and Powesland 1975, Bell 1984), is more promising, but although several quantitative studies within this framework have been made over the past decade and a half, most of them were done outside the United States, primarily in Britain.
Structure and Neurotoxicity of Venoms
Authors: Loret Erwann , Hammock Bruce
Published: November 2023

The toxicity of scorpion venom derives mainly from small proteins synthesized in the venom gland of the terminal tail segment, or telson (Miranda and Lissitzki, 1961). As for many of the most powerful animal venoms, the molecular targets of these proteins are the different ionic channels localized in excitable membranes of nerve and muscle cells (Catterall, 1980; Couraud and Jover, 1984; Miller et al., 1985). Venoms may also contain mixtures of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes that increase tissue penetration and action of the neurotoxic components (El Asmar et al., 1984) or modify exocrine secretion from the pancreas (Possani et al., 1991).
Reproductive Ecology
Authors: Benton Tim
Published: November 2023

The biological answer to the question, Why does the natural world take on the form it does? was first proposed by Charles Darwin in his theory of evolution by natural selection. If a trait with an underlying genetic component arises that promotes an organism’s ability to survive and/or reproduce, it will increase in frequency from one generation to the next: it will be selected. Over time this simple process can lead to the wonderful adaptations we observe in nature.
The Problem of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L
Published: November 2023

The doctrine of hell presents the most intractable version of the problem of evil, for though it might be argued that ordinary pain and evil can somehow be compensated for by the course of future experience, the pain and suffering of hell leads nowhere. This work develops an understanding of hell that is common to a broad variety of religious perspectives, and argues that the usual understandings of hell are incapable of solving the problem of hell. Kvanvig first argues that the traditional understanding of hell found in Christianity suffers from moral and epistemological inadequacies. Historically, these shortcomings lead to alternatives to the traditional doctrine of hell, such as universalism, annihilationism, or the second chance doctrine. Kvanvig shows, however, that the typical alternatives to the traditional understanding are inadequate as well. He argues that both the traditional understanding and the typical alternatives fail to solve the problem of hell because they share the common flaw of being constructed on a retributive model of hell. Kvanvig then develops a philosophical account of hell which does not depend on a retributive model and argues that it is adequate on both philosophical and theological grounds.