bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P–V–T Equation of State of Iridium Up to 80 GPa and 3100 K
Authors: Anzellini Simone , Burakovsky Leonid , Turnbull Robin , Bandiello Enrico , Errandonea Daniel
Published: April 2021

In the present study, the high-pressure high-temperature equation of the state of iridium has been determined through a combination of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments using laser-heating diamond-anvil cells (up to 48 GPa and 3100 K) and density-functional theory calculations (up to 80 GPa and 3000 K). The melting temperature of iridium at 40 GPa was also determined experimentally as being 4260 (200) K. The results obtained with the two different methods are fully consistent and agree with previous thermal expansion studies performed at ambient pressure. The resulting thermal equation of state can be described using a third-order Birch–Murnaghan formalism with a Berman thermal-expansion model. The present equation of the state of iridium can be used as a reliable primary pressure standard for static experiments up to 80 GPa and 3100 K. A comparison with gold, copper, platinum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, and osmium is also presented. On top of that, the radial-distribution function of liquid iridium has been determined from experiments and calculations.
Effect of the External Velocity on the Exfoliation Properties of Graphene from Amorphous SiO2 Surface
Authors: Zhang Qi , Pang Xing , Zhao Yulong
Published: April 2021

External action has a significant influence on the formation of high-quality graphene and the adhesion of graphene on the surface of the MEMS/NEMS device. The atomic-scale simulation and calculation can further study the exfoliation process of graphene by external actions. In multilayer graphene systems where graphene layers were simulated weakly contacted with SiO2 substrate, a constant vertical upward velocity (Vup) was applied to the topmost layer. Then two critical velocities were found, and three kinds of distinct exfoliation processes determined by critical upward velocities were observed in multilayer graphene systems. The first critical velocities are in the range of 0.5 Å/ps–3.18 Å/ps, and the second critical velocities are in the range of 9.5 Å/ps–12.1 Å/ps. When the Vup is less than the first critical velocity, all graphene layers will not be exfoliated. When Vup is between the first and second critical Vup, all layers can be exfoliated almost synchronously at last. When Vup is larger than the second critical Vup, the topmost layer can be exfoliated alone, transferring energy to the underlying layers, and the underlying layers are slowly exfoliated. The maximum exfoliation force to exfoliate the topmost layer of graphene is 3200 times larger than that of all graphene layers. Moreover, it is required 149.26 mJ/m2 to get monolayer graphene from multilayers, while peeling off all layers without effort. This study explains the difficulty to get monolayer graphene and why graphene falls off easily during the transfer process.
Glucocorticoid Withdrawal—An Overview on When and How to Diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency in Clinical Practice
Authors: Pelewicz Katarzyna , Miśkiewicz Piotr
Published: April 2021

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. As many as 1–3% of the population are currently on GC treatment. Prolonged therapy with GCs is associated with an increased risk of GC-induced adrenal insufficiency (AI). AI is a rare and often underdiagnosed clinical condition characterized by deficient GC production by the adrenal cortex. AI can be life-threatening; therefore, it is essential to know how to diagnose and treat this disorder. Not only oral but also inhalation, topical, nasal, intra-articular and intravenous administration of GCs may lead to adrenal suppression. Moreover, recent studies have proven that short-term (<4 weeks), as well as low-dose (<5 mg prednisone equivalent per day) GC treatment can also suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Chronic therapy with GCs is the most common cause of AI. GC-induced AI remains challenging for clinicians in everyday patient care. Properly conducted GC withdrawal is crucial in preventing GC-induced AI; however, adrenal suppression may occur despite following recommended GC tapering regimens. A suspicion of GC-induced AI requires careful diagnostic workup and prompt introduction of a GC replacement treatment. The present review provides a summary of current knowledge on the management of GC-induced AI, including diagnostic methods, treatment schedules, and GC withdrawal regimens in adults.
Presence of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein in Cardiac Tissues of Donors with Negative COVID-19 Molecular Tests
Authors: Perrucci Gianluca Lorenzo , Sommariva Elena , Ricci Veronica , Songia Paola , D’Alessandra Yuri , Poggio Paolo , Pompilio Giulio , Polvani Gianluca , Guarino Anna
Published: April 2021

The 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak had detrimental effects on essential medical services such as organ and tissue donation. Lombardy, one of the most active Italian regions in organ/tissue procurement, has been strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, data concerning the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission after tissue transplantation are controversial. Here, we aimed to evaluate the presence/absence of SARS-CoV-2 in different cardiac tissues eligible for transplantation obtained from Lombard donors. We used cardiovascular tissues from eight donors potentially suitable for pulmonary valve transplantation. All donor subjects involved in the study returned negative results for the SARS-CoV-2 RNA molecular tests (quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR, qRT-PCR, and chip-based digital PCR) in nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). None of the eight donors included in this study revealed the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome. However, evaluation of the protein content of pulmonary vein wall (PVW) tissue revealed variable levels of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein signal in all donors. Our study demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that viral nucleoprotein but not viral RNA was present in the examined tissue bank specimens, suggesting the need for caution and in-depth investigations on implantable tissue specimens collected during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
Implementation of Precision Oncology for Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer in an Interdisciplinary MTB Setting
Authors: Sultova Elena , Westphalen C. Benedikt , Jung Andreas , Kumbrink Joerg , Kirchner Thomas , Mayr Doris , Rudelius Martina , Ormanns Steffen , Heinemann Volker , Metzeler Klaus H. , Greif Philipp A. , Hester Anna , Mahner Sven , Harbeck Nadia , Wuerstlein Rachel
Published: April 2021

The advent of molecular diagnostics and the rising number of targeted therapies have facilitated development of precision oncology for cancer patients. In order to demonstrate its impact for patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC), we initiated a Molecular Tumor Board (MTB) to provide treatment recommendations for mBC patients who had disease progression under standard treatment. NGS (next generation sequencing) was carried out using the Oncomine multi-gene panel testing system (Ion Torrent). The MTB reviewed molecular diagnostics’ results, relevant tumor characteristics, patient’s course of disease and made personalized treatment and/or diagnostic recommendations for each patient. From May 2017 to December 2019, 100 mBC patients were discussed by the local MTB. A total 72% of the mBC tumors had at least one molecular alteration (median 2 per case, range: 1 to 6). The most frequent genetic changes were found in the following genes: PIK3CA (19%) and TP53 (17%). The MTB rated 53% of these alterations as actionable and treatment recommendations were made accordingly for 49 (49%) patients. Sixteen patients (16%) underwent the suggested therapy. Nine out of sixteen patients (56%; 9% of all) experienced a clinical benefit with a progression-free survival ratio ≥ 1.3. Personalized targeted therapy recommendations resulting from MTB case discussions could provide substantial benefits for patients with mBC and should be implemented for all suitable patients.
Compact Low-Cost Filter for 5G Interference Reduction in UHF Broadcasting Band
Authors: Fernández Oscar , Fernández Tomás , Gómez Álvaro
Published: April 2021

The allocation of part of the UHF band to 4G and 5G services has generated the appearance of channel interferences over the digital terrestrial television frequency band. In order to reduce these interferences, this work presents a novel and efficient band-stop filter implemented using microstrip technology. The filter, designed with rectangular split-ring resonators etched in the ground plane, provides a cutoff frequency above channel 48 (694 MHz), a high roll-off rate of 44 dB in 56 MHz and a rejection bandwidth of 250 MHz that covers the upper UHF band occupied by 4G and 5G with rejection levels close to 35 dB. The filter is manufactured entirely over a printed circuit board without lumped elements to reduce production costs, fine tuning after the assembly stage and maintenance. Moreover, it presents a compact subwavelength size of only 0.07 λ × 0.17 λ to facilitate installation, whether at the input of the TV terminal or integrated with the balun at the rooftop antenna.
Voice Assistant Application for Avoiding Sedentarism in Elderly People Based on IoT Technologies
Authors: Valera Román Adrián , Pato Martínez Denis , Lozano Murciego Álvaro , Jiménez-Bravo Diego M. , de Paz Juan F.
Published: April 2021

The rise in the use of virtual assistants such as Siri, Google Assistant, or Alexa among different sectors of society is facilitating access to information and services that were previously inconceivable due to the existing digital divide due to age. This situation allows especially the elderly to perform tasks much more easily and to access applications and services that could be a challenge for them with other digital user interfaces. With this in mind, the EMERITI project aims to improve the lives of the elderly through the use of virtual assistants in different case studies. In this sense, virtual voice assistants along with the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can contribute to avoid sedentarism in the elderly; however, it is necessary to address the problem of proactivity presented by the virtual assistants available in the market. This article presents a solution that, through the use of activity monitoring smart bracelets, IoT devices and virtual voice assistants allow the elderly to monitor their daily physical activity simply by using their voice and therefore prevent them from sedentary patterns. Finally, this study presents the technical results obtained after the deployment of the proposed system and discusses the main advantages and the current challenges of the use of virtual assistants in applications to prevent sedentary lifestyles in the elderly.
An Integrated Framework for Traceability and Impact Analysis in Requirements Verification of Cyber–Physical Systems
Authors: Mengist Alachew , Buffoni Lena , Pop Adrian
Published: April 2021

In the field of model-based design of Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS), seamless traceability of the process, from requirements to models to simulation results, is becoming increasingly important. It can be used to support several activities such as variant handling, impact analysis, component reuse, software maintenance and evolution, verification, and validation. Despite the fact that the relevance of traceability in the model-based design of CPSs is well known, current tools that support traceability management are inadequate in practice. The lack of comprehensive whole-lifecycle systems engineering support in a single tool is one of the main causes of such ineffective traceability management, where traceability relationships between artifacts are still manually generated and maintained. This paper aims at presenting an approach and a prototype for automatically generating and maintaining the appropriate traceability links between heterogeneous artifacts ranging from requirement models, through design models, down to simulation and verification results throughout the product life cycle in model-based design of CPSs. A use case study is presented to validate and illustrate the proposed method and prototype.
Absence of “Cytokine Storm” in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ciampa Maeghan L. , O’Hara Thomas A. , Joel Constance L. , Gleaton Melinda M. , Tiwari Kirti K. , Boudreaux Daniel M. , Prasad Balakrishna M.
Published: April 2021

Background: A rapidly growing number of publications cite “cytokine storm” as a contributing factor in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathology. However, a few recent reports led to questioning of “cytokine storm” theory in COVID-19. This study’s primary goal is to determine if exaggerated cytokine response in the range of a “cytokine storm” develops during the initial weeks of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Five proinflammatory cytokines reported to be involved in “cytokine storm” and elevated in COVID-19 (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IP-10) were analyzed in COVID-19, influenza (with “cytokine storm”: CS), and burn injury patients. The effect of dexamethasone use on cytokine response in COVID-19 was also analyzed. Results: None of the five cytokines in COVID-19 patients reached the lower threshold (95% CI) of the influenza (CS) group at any point during the study period. Furthermore, mean concentrations of all five cytokines in the influenza (CS) group and IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α in the burn group were significantly greater than in COVID-19 patients (p < 0.01). Dexamethasone treatment did not significantly alter the concentrations of any of the cytokines analyzed. Conclusions: Exaggerated cytokine response similar to “cytokine storm” was not observed in COVID-19 patients during two weeks of hospitalization.
Assessing the Impact of Multi-Morbidity and Related Constructs on Patient Reported Safety in Primary Care: Generalized Structural Equation Modelling of Observational Data
Authors: Ricci-Cabello Ignacio , Yañez-Juan Aina María , Fiol-deRoque Maria A. , Leiva Alfonso , Llobera Canaves Joan , Parmentier Fabrice B. R. , Valderas Jose M.
Published: April 2021

We aimed to examine the complex relationships between patient safety processes and outcomes and multimorbidity using a comprehensive set of constructs: multimorbidity, polypharmacy, discordant comorbidity (diseases not sharing either pathogenesis nor management), morbidity burden and patient complexity. We used cross-sectional data from 4782 patients in 69 primary care centres in Spain. We constructed generalized structural equation models to examine the associations between multimorbidity constructs and patient-reported patient safety (PREOS-PC questionnaire). These associations were modelled through direct and indirect (mediated by increased interactions with healthcare) pathways. For women, a consistent association between higher levels of the multimorbidity constructs and lower levels of patient safety was observed via either pathway. The findings for men replicated these observations for polypharmacy, morbidity burden and patient complexity via indirect pathways. However, direct pathways showed unexpected associations between higher levels of multimorbidity and better safety. The consistent association between multimorbidity constructs and worse patient safety among women makes it advisable to target this group for the development of interventions, with particular attention to the role of comorbidity discordance. Further research, particularly qualitative research, is needed for clarifying the complex associations among men.
Human Prostate Epithelial Cells Activate the AIM2 Inflammasome upon Cellular Senescence: Role of POP3 Protein in Aging-Related Prostatic Inflammation
Authors: Panchanathan Ravichandran , Ramalingam Vaikundamoorthy , Liu Hongzhu , Choubey Divaker
Published: April 2021

Increased levels of type I (T1) interferon (IFN)-inducible POP3 protein in myeloid cells inhibit activation of the AIM2 inflammasome and production of IL-1β and IL-18 proinflammatory cytokines. The AIM2 mRNA levels were significantly higher in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) than the normal prostate. Further, human normal prostate epithelial cells (PrECs), upon becoming senescent, activated an inflammasome. Because in aging related BPH senescent PrECs accumulate, we investigated the role of POP3 and AIM2 proteins in pre-senescent and senescent PrECs. Here we report that the basal levels of the POP3 mRNA and protein were lower in senescent (versus young or old) PrECs that exhibited activation of the T1 IFN response. Further, treatment of PrECs and a BPH cell line (BPH-1) that expresses the androgen receptor (AR) with the male sex hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased the basal levels of POP3 mRNA and protein, but not AIM2, and inhibited activation of the AIM2 inflammasome. Of interest, a stable knockdown of POP3 protein expression in the BPH-1 cell line increased cytosolic DNA-induced activation of AIM2 inflammasome. These observations suggest a potential role of POP3 protein in aging-related prostatic inflammation.
Deformation Mechanism, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties Evolution of Mg–Gd–Y–Zr Alloy during Cold Torsion
Authors: Xiao Hongchao , Yang Zhengjiang , Li Jie , Wan Yingchun
Published: April 2021

Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy was subjected to torsion of various strain levels at room temperature. Obvious traces of basal slip were observed in the twisted alloy. Dislocations of  were also observed, but there were no signs of significant sliding. Even in the sample whose equivalent strain became 0.294, 101¯0 twinning and 101¯2 twinning were rarely seen. The deformation mode with predominant basal  dislocations and subordinate  dislocations resulted in a modified Y fiber texture with a basal pole slightly dispersed at about 70° from the twist axis. Mechanical tests revealed that the tensile strength and compressive strengths increased simultaneously after twisting.
Microstructure and Properties of TiAl-Based Alloys Melted in Graphite Crucible
Authors: Szkliniarz Wojciech , Szkliniarz Agnieszka
Published: April 2021

This paper presents the chemical and phase composition, microstructure, and selected properties both at room temperature and at the temperature corresponding to the expected operating conditions of three successive generations of TiAl-based alloys (Ti-47Al-2W-0.5Si, Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.5(B,C), and Ti-45Al-5Nb-2Cr-1Mo-0.5(B,C)-0.2Si) melted in a vacuum induction furnace with high-density isostatic pressed graphite crucibles. The obtained results of mechanical and physical properties of the produced alloys were compared to the properties of reference alloys with similar chemical composition and melted in a cold copper crucible furnace. The effect of increased carbon content in the produced alloys due to the degradation of the graphite crucible during melting is higher strength properties, lower plastic properties, higher coefficient of thermal expansion, and improved creep resistance. It was shown that the proposed technology could be successfully used in the production of different generation TiAl-based intermetallic alloys.
Quantitative Research on the Effect of Natural Aging on the Mechanical Properties and Bake Hardening Properties of AA6014 Alloy within Six Months
Authors: Gu Zhengwei , Han Yuting , Tang Ziming , Yi Lingling , Yu Ge
Published: April 2021

This article is dedicated to quantitatively and systematically revealing the changes of mechanical properties and bake hardening properties of AA6014 alloy during six-month natural aging in detail. Three directions (0, 45, and 90° relative to the rolling direction) of the aluminum alloy sheets and 16 time points within six months were selected to conduct experiments. The change trend of six mechanical properties (0.2% offset yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, plastic extension at maximum force, elongation after fracture, and strain hardening exponent) were obtained by a large number of micro-hardness measurements and tensile tests. The results show that elongations along the three directions are basically the same and do not drop significantly with the progress of natural aging but fluctuate within a certain range. The trends of the n value during natural aging before and after bake hardening are opposite and bake hardening leads to ~0.07 decrease of the n value. The PLC phenomenon disappears after 90 days of natural aging, and the yield strengths along the three directions also stabilize; thus, it can be inferred that the cluster changes tend to stabilize after 90 days natural aging. The large and systematic dataset are clearly and intuitively presented, which can not only be used to provide data reference for industrial production of automobile manufacturers but also be used to reveal the microscopic mechanism of the natural aging process.
Down to the Crust: Chemical and Mineralogical Analysis of Ceramic Surface Encrustations on Bronze Age Ceramics from Békés 103, Eastern Hungary
Authors: Golitko Mark , McGrath Alyssa , Kreiter Attila , Lightcap Ian V. , Duffy Paul R. , Parditka Györgyi M. , Giblin Julia I.
Published: April 2021

Békés 103, a primarily Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600–1280 calBC) cemetery and settlement on the Great Hungarian Plain, has been investigated by the BAKOTA project since 2011. Ceramics from the site are covered in dense white concretions, and it has been noted during compositional analyses that these vessels exhibit elevated concentrations of several potentially mobile elements in comparison to vessels from regional tell sites. Here, we use a multimethod (optical mineralogy, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, PXRF, SEM-EDS, and LA-ICP-MS) mineralogical and chemical approach to characterize the composition of surface encrustations on ceramics samples from Békés 103. We also chemically map interior paste composition using LA-ICP-MS to identify potential leaching of mobile elements into or out of vessel bodies. We demonstrate that the surface encrustations are primarily composed of calcite but also contain a variety of other mineral and organic constituents indicative of deposition of soil carbonates, phosphates, nitrates, and other inorganic and organic components. We further document the leaching of several mobile elements into ceramic pastes as well as formation of secondary calcite along void, pore, and temper boundaries. The presence of cremated bone and possibly bone ash in close vicinity to many of the studied vessels may also have contributed to the observed patterns of diagenesis. It is likely that similar post-burial processes might affect ceramics from other sites located in low-lying, seasonally inundated contexts.
Superhydrophobic Nanocoatings as Intervention against Biofilm-Associated Bacterial Infections
Authors: Chan Yinghan , Wu Xun Hui , Chieng Buong Woei , Ibrahim Nor Azowa , Then Yoon Yee
Published: April 2021

Biofilm formation represents a significant cause of concern as it has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, thereby imposing a huge burden on public healthcare system throughout the world. As biofilms are usually resistant to various conventional antimicrobial interventions, they may result in severe and persistent infections, which necessitates the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat biofilm-based infections. Physicochemical modification of the biomaterials utilized in medical devices to mitigate initial microbial attachment has been proposed as a promising strategy in combating polymicrobial infections, as the adhesion of microorganisms is typically the first step for the formation of biofilms. For instance, superhydrophobic surfaces have been shown to possess substantial anti-biofilm properties attributed to the presence of nanostructures. In this article, we provide an insight into the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and their composition, as well as the applications of nanomaterials as superhydrophobic nanocoatings for the development of novel anti-biofilm therapies.
Size-Dependent Alloying Ability of Immiscible W-Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles: A Theoretical and Experimental Study
Authors: Zhang Hongbo , Liu Tao , Zhao Siqi , Xu Zhanyuan , Lv Yaozha , Fan Jinglian , Han Yong
Published: April 2021

The preparation of alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) between immiscible elements is always a huge challenge due to the lack of thermodynamic driving forces. W–Cu is a typical immiscible binary system, and it is difficult to alloy them under conventional circumstances. Here, we used the bond energy model (BEM) to calculate the effect of size on the alloying ability of W–Cu systems. The prediction results show that reducing the synthesis size (the original size of W and Cu) to less than 10 nm can obtain alloyed W–Cu BNPs. Moreover, we prepared alloyed W50Cu50 BNPs with a face-centered-cubic (FCC) crystalline structure via the nano in situ composite method. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with scan transmission electron microscopy (STEM) confirmed that W and Cu are well mixed in a single-phase particle, instead of a phase segregation into a core-shell or other heterostructures. The present results suggest that the nanoscale size effect can overcome the immiscibility in immiscible binary systems. In the meantime, this work provided a high-yield and universal method for preparing alloyed BNPs between immiscible elements.
Time Optimization of Seed-Mediated Gold Nanotriangle Synthesis Based on Kinetic Studies
Authors: Podlesnaia Ekaterina , Csáki Andrea , Fritzsche Wolfgang
Published: April 2021

The synthesis of shape-anisotropic plasmonic nanoparticles such as gold nanotriangles is of increasing interest. These particles have a high potential for applications due to their notable optical properties. A key challenge of the synthesis is usually the low reproducibility. Even the optimized seed-based methods often lack in the synthesis yield or are labor- and time-consuming. In this work, a seed-mediated synthesis with high reproducibility is replicated in order to determine the necessary reaction time for each step. Online monitoring of the reaction mixtures by UV–VIS spectroscopy is used as a powerful tool to track the evolution of the synthesis. The kinetics of the individual stages is elucidated by real-time investigations. As a consequence, the complete synthesis could be optimized and can now be realized in a single day instead of three without any loss in the resulting sample quality.
A Scoping Review to Identify Barriers and Enabling Factors for Nurse–Patient Discussions on Sexuality and Sexual Health
Authors: Åling Maria , Lindgren Agnes , Löfall Hillevi , Okenwa-Emegwa Leah
Published: April 2021

Background: Sexuality and sexual health (SSH) are essential aspects of care that have evolved since a 1975 World Health Organization (WHO) report on SSH. However, nurses still consider discussing the subject with patients a challenge. This scoping review aimed to map, synthesize, and summarize findings from existing literature regarding barriers and enabling factors for nurse–patient SSH discussions in care contexts. Methods: A scoping review model inspired by Arksey and O’Malley was used to search for and synthesize studies published between 2009 and 2019. The databases searched were the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, i.e., MEDLARS Online. A total of nineteen articles were eligible to be included. Results: Two main categories of enabling factors were identified, i.e., a professional approach via using core care values and availability of resources. Three major categories of barriers were identified: beliefs and attitudes related to age, gender, and sexual identity; fear and individual convictions; and work-related factors. Conclusions: Applying professionalism and core care values as well as making resources available are likely to promote SSH discussions between nurses and patients. Moreover, there is a need for a norm-critical approach in education and practice.
Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals as Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity
Authors: Androutsopoulou Chrysa , Christopoulou Spyridoula D. , Hahalis Panagiotis , Kotsalou Chrysoula , Lamari Fotini N. , Vantarakis Apostolos
Published: April 2021

Essential oils (EOs) and extracts of rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and petals of rose (Rosa damascena) have been fully characterized in terms of composition, safety, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. They were analyzed against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Adenovirus 35. Their toxicity and life span were also determined. EO of P. graveolens (5%) did not retain any antibacterial activity (whereas at 100% it was greatly effective against E. coli), had antifungal activity against A. niger, and significant antiviral activity. Rose geranium extract (dilutions 25−90%) (v/v) had antifungal and antibacterial activity, especially against E. coli, and dose-dependent antiviral activity. Rose petals EO (5%) retains low inhibitory activity against S. aureus and S. Typhimurium growth (about 20−30%), antifungal activity, and antiviral activity for medium to low virus concentrations. Rose petals extract had significant antibacterial activity at dilutions of 25−90%, especially against E. coli and S. Typhimurium, antifungal, and the most potent antiviral activity. None of the EOs and extracts were toxic in dilutions of up to 5% and 90%, respectively. Finally, all materials had a life span of more than eight weeks. These results support the aspect that rose petals and rose geranium EOs, and extracts, have beneficial antimicrobial and antiviral properties and they can be used as natural preservatives.
Phenotypic and Phylogenetic Characterization of Cu Homeostasis among Xylella fastidiosa Strains
Authors: Ge Qing , Liu Ranlin , Cobine Paul A. , Potnis Neha , De La Fuente Leonardo
Published: April 2021

Xylella fastidiosa is a bacterial pathogen causing severe diseases and asymptomatic colonization in more than 600 plants worldwide. Copper (Cu) is a widely used antimicrobial treatment for various plant diseases, including those affecting X. fastidiosa hosts. Cu homeostasis among X. fastidiosa strains from different geographical locations and host species has not been characterized. Here, we assessed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Cu for 54 X. fastidiosa strains. We observed strain-level variation in MIC values within each subspecies. We hypothesized that these differences could be explained by sequence variation in Cu homeostasis genes. Phylogenies based on copA, copB, copL, and cutC were created using 74 genomes (including 43 strains used in vitro) of X. fastidiosa, showing that the phylogenetic clustering of Cu homeostasis associated with clustering was based on core genome phylogenies, rather than on pattern of MIC. No association was found among Cu MIC, subspecies classification, and host and location of isolation, probably due to uneven and limited group of strains whose genomes are available. Further analysis focused on a subgroup of isolates from Georgia’s vineyards that shared similar Cu-related phenotypes. Further research is needed to better understand the distribution of Cu homeostasis for this pathogen.
Antimicrobial Peptides Pom-1 and Pom-2 from Pomacea poeyana Are Active against Candidaauris, C. parapsilosis and C. albicans Biofilms
Authors: Raber Heinz Fabian , Sejfijaj Jetmira , Kissmann Ann-Kathrin , Wittgens Andreas , Gonzalez-Garcia Melaine , Alba Annia , Vázquez Antonio A. , Morales Vicente Fidel E. , Erviti Julio Pérez , Kubiczek Dennis , Otero-González Anselmo , Rodríguez Armando , Ständker Ludger , Rosenau Frank
Published: April 2021

Recently two peptides isolated from the Cuban freshwater snail Pomacea poeyana (Pilsbry, 1927) were described to have antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens. Here we show considerable activities of Pom-1 and Pom-2 to reduce the viability of C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and the less common species C. auris measured as the decrease of metabolic activity in the resazurin reduction assay for planktonic cells. Although these activities were low, Pom-1 and Pom-2 turned out to be highly potent inhibitors of biofilm formation for the three Candida species tested. Whereas Pom-1 was slightly more active against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis as representatives of the more common Candida species Pom-2 showed no preference and was fully active also against biofilms of the more uncommon species C. auris. Pom-1 and Pom-2 may represent promising lead structures for the development of a classical peptide optimization strategy with the realistic aim to further increase antibiofilm properties and other pharmacologic parameters and to generate finally the first antifungal drug with a pronounced dedication against Candida biofilms.
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis, CMV and Bacterial Pneumonia with Decreasing CD4+ T-Cell Count as Results of Antiretroviral Therapy Discontinuation—A Case Report
Authors: Piwowarek Marta , Siennicka Katarzyna , Mikuła Tomasz , Wiercińska-Drapało Alicja
Published: April 2021

Cerebral toxoplasmosis occurs mainly in immunocompromised hosts as a reactivation of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection. In the diagnostic process, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), serum testing, and biopsy are used. We describe a case of a 43-year-old HIV-positive patient presenting with altered levels of consciousness, aphasia, and hemiparesis. The patient had a history of antiretroviral therapy discontinuation for about 3 years. MRI revealed lesions, suggesting cerebral toxoplasmosis and subacute hemorrhage, serum tests for Toxoplasma gondii were positive. Antiparasitics and glycocorticosteroids were administered. A decline in viral load and clinical improvement were observed, however CD4+ T-cell count continued to decrease. The patient’s state worsened, he developed CMV and bacterial pneumonia, which led to his death. What is crucial in the management of an HIV-infected patient is effective and continuous antiretroviral therapy. Discontinuation of the treatment may result in AIDS and lead to poor recovery of the CD4+ T-cell population, even after reimplementation of antiretroviral therapy and a decrease in viral load.
Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical, and Genetic Responses to Salinity in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Hdira Sabrine , Haddoudi Loua , Hanana Mohsen , Romero Irene , Mahjoub Asma , Ben Jouira Hatem , Ludidi Ndiko , Sanchez-Ballesta Maria Teresa , Abdelly Chedly , Badri Mounawer
Published: April 2021

We used an integrated morpho-physiological, biochemical, and genetic approach to investigate the salt responses of four lines (TN1.11, TN6.18, JA17, and A10) of Medicago truncatula. Results showed that TN1.11 exhibited a high tolerance to salinity, compared with the other lines, recording a salinity induced an increase in soluble sugars and soluble proteins, a slight decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and less reduction in plant biomass. TN6.18 was the most susceptible to salinity as it showed less plant weight, had elevated levels of MDA, and lower levels of soluble sugars and soluble proteins under salt stress. As transcription factors of the APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, we performed a functional characterization of MtERF1 gene. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that MtERF1 is mainly expressed in roots and is inducible by NaCl and low temperature. Additionally, under salt stress, a greater increase in the expression of MtERF1 was found in TN1.11 plants than that in TN6.18. Therefore, the MtERF1 pattern of expression may provide a useful marker for discriminating among lines of M. truncatula and can be used as a tool in breeding programs aiming at obtaining Medicago lines with improved salt tolerance.
The Effect of Silicon on Osmotic and Drought Stress Tolerance in Wheat Landraces
Authors: Thorne Sarah J. , Hartley Susan E. , Maathuis Frans J. M.
Published: April 2021

Drought stress reduces annual global wheat yields by 20%. Silicon (Si) fertilisation has been proposed to improve plant drought stress tolerance. However, it is currently unknown if and how Si affects different wheat landraces, especially with respect to their innate Si accumulation properties. In this study, significant and consistent differences in Si accumulation between landraces were identified, allowing for the classification of high Si accumulators and low Si accumulators. Landraces from the two accumulation groups were then used to investigate the effect of Si during osmotic and drought stress. Si was found to improve growth marginally in high Si accumulators during osmotic stress. However, no significant effect of Si on growth during drought stress was found. It was further found that osmotic stress decreased Si accumulation for all landraces whereas drought increased it. Overall, these results suggest that the beneficial effect of Si commonly reported in similar studies is not universal and that the application of Si fertiliser as a solution to agricultural drought stress requires detailed understanding of genotype-specific responses to Si.
Bioherbicidal Potential of the Essential Oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae for Weed Control in Organic Farming
Authors: De Mastro Giuseppe , El Mahdi Jihane , Ruta Claudia
Published: April 2021

In all farming systems, weeds are the most expensive pest to manage, accounting for 30% of potential losses. In organic farming, the problem may be further amplified by restrictions on herbicides, thus making weeds the main problem faced by organic farmers in the field. In this sense, much research is focusing on the allelopathic potential of plants as an ecological weed control tool. Many plant species can release allelopathic compounds with high phytotoxicity that can be used in weed control. Species belonging to the Lamiaceae family have been studied widely for this purpose, and their essential oils (EOs) appear to be promising bioherbicides. However, there are still many challenges for their development. Considering these aspects, a review of the bioherbicidal effect of EOs from Mediterranean Lamiaceae could help identify the most effective ones and the challenges for their actual development.
A Revised Phylogeny of the Mentha spicata Clade Reveals Cryptic Species
Authors: Heylen Olivier C. G. , Debortoli Nicolas , Marescaux Jonathan , Olofsson Jill K.
Published: April 2021

The genus Mentha is taxonomically and phylogenetically challenging due to complex genomes, polyploidization and an extensive historical nomenclature, potentially hiding cryptic taxa. A straightforward interpretation of phylogenetic relationships within the section Mentha is further hindered by dominant but outdated concepts on historically identified hybrid taxa. Mentha spicata is traditionally considered to be of hybrid origin, but the evidence for this is weak. Here, we aim to understand the phylogenetic relationships within the section Mentha using large sample sizes and to revisit the hybrid status and identity of M. spicata. We show that two of three traditional species in the subsection Spicatae are polyphyletic, as is the subsection as a whole, while the real number of cryptic species was underestimated. Compared to previous studies we present a fundamentally different phylogeny, with a basal split between M. spicata s.s. and M. longifolia s.s. Cluster analyses of morphological and genotypic data demonstrate that there is a dissociation between morphologically and genotypically defined groups of samples. We did not find any evidence that M. spicata is of hybrid origin, and we conclude its taxonomic status should be revised. The combination of genetic and phenotypic information is essential when evaluating hyperdiverse taxonomic groups.
Rangeland Land-Sharing, Livestock Grazing’s Role in the Conservation of Imperiled Species
Authors: Barry Sheila , Huntsinger Lynn
Published: April 2021

Land sharing, conserving biodiversity on productive lands, is globally promoted. Much of the land highest in California’s biodiversity is used for livestock production, providing an opportunity to understand land sharing and species conservation. A review of United States Fish and Wildlife Service listing documents for 282 threatened and endangered species in California reveals a complex and varied relationship between grazing and conservation. According to these documents, 51% or 143 of the federally listed animal and plant species are found in habitats with grazing. While livestock grazing is a stated threat to 73% (104) of the species sharing habitat with livestock, 59% (85) of the species are said to be positively influenced, with considerable overlap between species both threatened and benefitting from grazing. Grazing is credited with benefiting flowering plants, mammals, insects, reptiles, amphibians, fish, crustaceans, and bird species by managing the state’s novel vegetation and providing and maintaining habitat structure and ecosystem functions. Benefits are noted for species across all of California’s terrestrial habitats, except alpine, and for some aquatic habitats, including riparian, wetlands, and temporary pools. Managed grazing can combat anthropomorphic threats, such as invasive species and nitrogen deposition, supporting conservation-reliant species as part of land sharing.
A Paradigm Shift in International Service-Learning: The Imperative for Reciprocal Learning
Authors: Gregory Lynn , Schroeder Kathleen , Wood Cynthia
Published: April 2021

The US-based authors argue that the practice of what we currently call “international service-learning” does not generally achieve its most important goals in the context of the global South, especially those based on the development of mutually beneficial relationships with host communities. The primary impediments to achieving this goal in any interaction between students and vulnerable peoples are: (1) the belief that a student’s reflection on their experience is sufficient, both to evaluate community impact and to promote student learning; (2) the assumption that service always has positive results; and most critically; (3) the concept of service itself. While something new and positive can be created to replace international service-learning, the changes required to do so are so fundamental that the result will be something completely different from the way that international service-learning is conducted today. We argue for the need to reframe international service-learning with a focus on reciprocal learning or risk continuing to function as a neocolonial practice with likely harm to communities and to our students as we engage in practices that reify global inequality.
Perancangan Learning Media For Basic Techniques Of Volleyball Using Android-Based Augmented Reality Technology
Authors: Ahdan Syaiful
Published: April 2021

Learning media is a tool for the teaching and learning process. Volleyball is one of the most accomplished sports in Indonesia. Mastery of basic techniques is important in creating optimal performance in every sport.The basic technique of volleyball is an element that can determine whether you win or lose a match in addition to physical, tactical, and mental conditions.The limited space and time is one of the main factors for a learner in mastering the basic techniques of volleyball, resulting in difficult technique mastery. The contribution to this research is to design learning media for basic volleyball techniques, which users can use to understand the basic techniques of volleyball and provide alternative media for the general public, namely a learning media for basic volleyball techniques using Android-based augmented reality technology. The system is built using Unity software that works on the Android platform, the system development method used is the MDLC (Multimedia Development Life Cycle) method. The system was tested using ISO 9126 with a Usability value of 89%, 98% Functionality, and 73% Portability. Based on the results of several tests that have been carried out, it shows that the application of learning media can be used by the general public as a learning medium to increase knowledge about volleyball, especially the basic techniques of volleyball.
NĖŠČIŲJŲ SVEIKATOS RAŠTINGUMO UGDYMO GALIMYBIŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Gaupšienė Alma , Šuminienė Jurga , Stukas Rimantas , Kutkauskienė Jelena , Fatkulina Natalja
Published: April 2021

Motinų informuotumas ir jų sveikatos raštingumas – svarbus nėščiųjų sveikatos priežiūros veiksnys. Šiuo atveju labai svarbus ryšys su sveikatos paslaugų tiekėjais, orientuotas į nepriekaištingą motinos sveikatą, elgseną
nėštumo metu, nekomplikuotą nėštumo eigą, gimdymą, naujagimio priežiūrą. Lietuvoje nėščiųjų sveikatos priežiūra vykdoma teisės aktuose numatyta tvarka, suteikiant galimybę nėščiosioms pasirinkti sveikatos priežiūros
specialistą – gydytoją akušerį ginekologą, šeimos gydytoją, akušerę, esant fiziologinei nėštumo eigai, gimdymui, sveikam naujagimiui. Teisės aktai nurodo sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas nėščiosioms, ambulatorinę priežiūrą (7-8 kartai) esant fiziologinei nėštumo eigai bei galimybę nėščiajai savo nuožiūra pasirinkti gimdymo stacionarą, atsižvelgiant į sveikatos būklę. Paslaugos nemokamos (socialiai draustoms pacientėms), kompensuojamos teritorinių ligonių kasų, tačiau nėra nurodyta nėščiųjų mokymo paslauga, ugdanti sveikatos raštingumą bei galimybė lankyti nėščiųjų mokymo kursus, finansuojant juos iš valstybinių ligonių kasų. Tai palikta nėščiosios pasirinkimui, neprivaloma, nereglamentuota, nėra įteisinto bendro standarto.

Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti Lietuvoje galiojančius teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius nėščiųjų priežiūros paslaugų teikimą, motinos sveikatos raštingumo ugdymo galimybes ir ypatumus, akušerio kompetenciją ir galimybes ugdyti motinų sveikatos raštingumą.

Tyrimo rezultatai ir jų aptarimas. Motinų sveikatos raštingumas literatūros šaltiniuose apibrėžiamas kaip asmens socialinių ir pažintinių įgūdžių visuma, sveikatos raštingumo lygis bei išsilavinimas, siejamas su gera motinų sveikatos žinių ir jų supratimo sąvoka, galimybe gauti naują informaciją ir ja remtis. Motinų sveikatos raštingumas reikšmingas motinos ir naujagimio sveikatos priežiūroje bei sveikatos elgsenoje. Nėščiųjų priežiūros reikalavimus nusako Lietuvoje adaptuotos tarptautinio bendradarbiavimo programos, metodikos, algoritmai, Lietuvos sveikatos politika, sveikatos apsaugos ministro įsakymai ir kt. Antenatalinės priežiūros metodikoje
nurodomas tikslus vizitų kiekis, esant fiziologiniam nėštumui ir eigai, prioritetu nurodomas nėščiosios supratimas, įsiklausymas, tačiau motinų sveikatos raštingumas neįtrauktas kaip būtina ugdymo priemonė, mokant motinas (tėvus) tinkamos sveikatos elgsenos nėštumo metu, naujagimio priežiūros įgūdžių. Informaciją vizito metu nėščiosios gauna iš šeimos gydytojo ar akušerio-ginekologo, akušerės, tačiau informacija yra ribota dėl vizito laiko trukmės ir kiekio. Sveikatos raštingumo ugdymo procesas, nurodomas kaip veiksmų seka, kurioje sąveikauja tarpusavyje tam tikri elementai: mokymo tikslas ir turinys, ugdymo metodas ir priemonės bei ugdytojo
vaidmuo. Motinos sveikatos raštingumo ugdytojo vaidmenį gali atlikti akušerė, tačiau tam tikslui nėra metodikos, nėra bendro standarto, nėščiųjų mokymai bei kita švietėjiška veikla neprivaloma ir nefinansuojama.