bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The optimal use of PET/CT in the management of lymphoma patients
Authors: Milgrom Sarah Allison , Rechner Laura , Berthelsen Anne
Published: August 2021

18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans play an important role in the management of lymphoma patients. They are critical to accurately stage disease and assess its response to therapy. In addition, PET/CT scans enable precise target delineation for radiation therapy planning. In this review, we describe the use of PET/CT scans in lymphoma, with a focus on their role in staging disease, assessing response to therapy, predicting prognosis, and planning RT.
Application of conventional ultrasonography combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the axillary lymph nodes and evaluation of the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients
Authors: Han Xue , Jin Shiyang , Yang Huajing , Zhang Jinxing , Huang Zhenfeng , Han Jiguang , He Chuan , Guo Hongyan , Yang Yue , Shan Ming , Zhang Guoqiang
Published: August 2021

Objective:

Axillary lymph node status assessment has always been an important issue in clinical treatment of breast cancer. However, there has been no effective method to accurately predict the pathological complete response (pCR) of axillary lymph node after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The objective of our study was to investigate whether conventional ultrasonography combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can be used to evaluate axillary lymph node status of breast cancer patients after NAC.

Methods:

A total of 74 patients who underwent NAC were recruited for the present study. Prior to and after NAC, examinations of conventional ultrasonography and CEUS were performed. After evaluating the images of conventional ultrasonography, four characteristics were recorded: lymph node medulla boundary, cortex of lymph node, lymph node hilus, and lymph node aspect ratio. Two additional imaging characteristics of CEUS were analyzed: CEUS way and CEUS pattern. Receiver operating characteristiccurve analysis was applied to evaluate their diagnostic performance.

Results:

After 6~8 cycles of NAC, 46 (71.9%) patients had negative axillary lymph node, and 18 (28.1%) patients turned out non-pCR. According to statistical analysis, lymph node medulla, lymph node aspect ratio and CEUS way were independently associated with pCR of axillary lymph node after NAC. The area under the curve of the prediction model with three imaging characteristics was 0.882 (95% confidence interval: 0.608–0.958), and the accuracy to predict the patients’ lymph node status was 78.1% (p < 0.01).

Conclusions:

Conventional ultrasonography combined with CEUS technology can accurately predict axillary lymph nodes status of breast cancer patients after NAC.

Advances in knowledge:

The usefulness of CEUS technology in predicting pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is highlighted.
A new species of Solaropsis Beck, 1837 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Solaropsidae) from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Salvador Rodrigo Brincalepe
Published: August 2021

A specimen of Solaropsidae from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (Philadelphia, USA) was recognised as a potential new species based on shell morphology. With support from a multi-locus molecular phylogenetic analysis, a new species is described here: Solaropsis penthesileae sp. nov. It is native to the Amazon Rainforest in Pará state, northern Brazil, and it is closely related to S. nimbus (Simone). It differs in its more discoid shell, with a wider body whorl that bears a stronger median angulation in its lower spire. The specimen was collected in 1998 and is an example of the long shelf-life invertebrates may have in museum collections before they are identified and formally described. It is also a reminder of the importance of those collections for biodiversity studies.
Faculty readiness for online teaching at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University during the COVID-19 crisis: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Almahasheer Muneerah B. , Al Rubaish Abdullah , Alkadi Abdullah , Abdellatif Mahmoud A. , Ravinayagam Vijaya , Wael Fateh Assaf, , Marimuthu Palanivel Rubavathi , Alomair Nuhad A.
Published: August 2021

Background: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the education sector around the world. In order to control the spread of the virus, eLearning practice has been introduced in Saudi higher education. Such online communication has become an important tool to narrow the teaching practice gap. This study assessed the characteristics of eLearning and distance learning and the inclination of Imam Abdulrahman BinFaisal University (IAU) faculty members in terms of skills, and managing classes and tests using online learning tools.

Methods: A QuestionPro questionnaire with 22 questions on eLearning experience, training experience, and skills and knowledge in the educational process of IAU teaching faculty was conducted through the online university e-mail domain. The questionnaire was sent to the IAU’s teaching faculty.

The questionnaire’s reliability was studied using Cronbach’s a coefficient. The criterion value was statistically studied using the KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) and Bartlett’s test. The variables associated with the present survey model were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM).

Results: The study showed positive responses and readiness (skills and abilities) and the effectiveness of IAU’s faculty members to perform e-learning activities during COVID-19. IAU faculty received a strong positive response, and the respondents were also impressed with and agreed on trainer knowledge, session management, communication and expertise on training topics.

Conclusions: The positive response indicates the readiness of IAU to provide the necessary support (tools, information and updates) required for a successful online educational process.
Modifications to the delivery of NHS face-to-face general practice consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic in England
Authors: Duncan Lorna J. , Cheng Kelly F.D.
Published: August 2021

Background: To minimise transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, delivery of English general practice consultations was modified in March 2020 to enable separation of diagnosed or suspected COVID-19 patients from others. Remote triage and consultations became the default, with adapted face-to-face contact used only when clinically necessary. This study aimed to identify the modified face-to-face delivery models used nationwide in spring/summer 2020. Information was also sought concerning COVID-19 outbreaks linked to English general practice.

Methods: In June 2020, a survey was sent by email to the 135 Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) in England to identify local organisation of face-to-face general practice consultations since March 2020. An email was  sent to Public Health England (PHE) requesting data on COVID-19 outbreaks linked to general practice.

Results: All CCGs responded. Between March and July 2020, separation of COVID-19 patients from others was achieved using combinations of the following models:

zoned surgeries (reported by 47% of CCGs), where COVID-19 and other patients were separated within their own practice;

‘hot’ or ‘cold’ hubs (reported by 90% of CCGs), separate sites where COVID-19 or other patients registered at one of several collaborating practices were seen;

‘hot’ and ‘cold’ home visits (reported by 70% of CCGs).

One of seven combinations of these models was used across each CCG, with some flexibility shown according to changing demand through hub availability.

PHE data indicated 25 possible or confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks or clusters in English general practice to July 31st 2020.

Conclusions: Varied, flexible ways of delivering face-to-face general practice consultations were identified.  Analysis of the modified delivery in terms of management of COVID-19 and other conditions, and impacts on staff and patients, together with learning from investigations into confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks, may both aid future pandemic management and identify beneficial elements for practice beyond this.
A signaling pathway-driven bioinformatics pipeline for predicting therapeutics against emerging infectious diseases
Authors: Scott Tiana M. , Jensen Sam , Pickett Brett E.
Published: August 2021

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a novel Betacoronavirus that was first reported in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. The virus has since caused a worldwide pandemic that highlights the need to quickly identify potential prophylactic or therapeutic treatments that can reduce the signs, symptoms, and/or spread of disease when dealing with a novel infectious agent. To combat this problem, we constructed a computational pipeline that uniquely combines existing tools to predict drugs and biologics that could be repurposed to combat an emerging pathogen.

Methods: Our workflow analyzes RNA-sequencing data to determine differentially expressed genes, enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and dysregulated pathways in infected cells, which can then be used to identify US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that target human proteins within these pathways. We used this pipeline to perform a meta-analysis of RNA-seq data from cells infected with three Betacoronavirus species including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV; SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; MERS), and SARS-CoV-2, as well as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus to identify therapeutics that could be used to treat COVID-19. 

Results: This analysis identified twelve existing drugs, most of which already have FDA-approval, that are predicted to counter the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results were cross-referenced with interventional clinical trials and other studies in the literature to identify drugs on our list that had previously been identified or used as treatments for COIVD-19 including canakinumab, anakinra, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and baricitinib.

Conclusions: While the results reported here are specific to Betacoronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, our bioinformatics pipeline can be used to quickly identify candidate therapeutics for future emerging infectious diseases.
An environmental evaluation framework for planning and monitoring of nature based solutions for sustainable urban management
Authors: Uysal Çınar , Yılmaz Özge , Koç Esra , Yöntem Emre , Koppelaar Rembrandt
Published: August 2021

In response to urban challenges created by global climate change, nature based solutions (NBS) are accepted as viable sustainability solutions that provide environmental, economic, and social benefits. In order to mainstream NBS projects and secure necessary funding, an evidence-based approach, supported by performance indicators, is necessary for planning and deployment stages. The main aim of this article is to establish an assessment framework, which fosters the urban planning and implementation periods of NBS projects and forms a linkage between adaptation actions with urban sustainability policies by making use of monitoring data that enables predictive estimation of future scenarios. This framework entails definition of relevant environmental indicators through a material flow analysis (MFA)-based urban metabolism (UM) approach and a proposal for the dynamic application of these indicators to be used for monitoring purposes. While the environmental assessment framework supports selection of most suitable NBS to tackle urban challenge of concern, the dynamic performance tracking provides critical, strategic and analytical insights to ensure the desired targets are met. Such an assessment methodology can also maximize the contribution of NBS to EU policies including European Green Deal (EGD), EU Biodiversity Strategy and EU Adaptation Strategy.
Existing cost-effectiveness analyses for diseases caused by Group A Streptococcus: A systematic review to guide future research
Authors: Lee Jung-Seok , Kim Sol , Excler Jean-Louis , Kim Jerome , Mogasale Vittal
Published: August 2021

Background: Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) causes a broad spectrum of disease manifestations, ranging from benign symptoms including throat or skin infections, to fatal illness such as rheumatic heart disease, or chronic renal failure. Currently, there is no vaccine available against Strep A infections. Despite the high burden of Strep A-associated infections worldwide, little attention has been paid to the research of these diseases, including standardized surveillance programs, resulting in a lack of economic evaluations for prevention efforts. This study aims at identifying existing cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) on any Strep A infections.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted by searching the PubMed electronic database.

Results: Of a total of 321, 44 articles met the criteria for inclusion. Overall, CEA studies on Strep A remain limited in number. In particular, a number of available CEA studies on Strep A are disproportionately lower in low-income countries than in high-income countries. Decision-analytic models were the most popular choice for CEA on Strep A. A majority of the models considered pharyngitis and acute rheumatic fever, but it was rare to observe a model which covered a wide range of disease manifestations.

Conclusions: Future research is needed to address missing clinical outcomes, imbalance on study locations by income group, and the transmission dynamic of selected diseases.
Economic Geology Models 5. Specialty, Critical, Battery, Magnet and Photovoltaic Materials: Market Facts, Projections and Implications for Exploration and Development
Authors: Simandl Laura , Simandl George J. , Paradis Suzanne
Published: August 2021

Many exploration companies are now focusing on specialty materials that are associated with so-called ‘green technology’. These include ‘battery materials’, ‘magnet materials’ and ‘photovoltaic materials’, and many such commodities are also broadly labelled as ‘critical materials’ because they are seen as vital for industrial development, societal needs or national security. The definitions used for such materials are not always consistent among jurisdictions or across industry, and this paper attempts to clarify the criteria and address some common misconceptions. The distinction between major minerals (e.g. base metals) and ‘specialty materials’ (i.e. those mined or produced in much smaller amounts) is particularly important.   The markets for many specialty materials are growing faster than those for traditional ferrous, precious and base metals and they are often portrayed as excellent long-term investment opportunities. However, the small market bases for specialty materials and considerable uncertainty around growth projections (especially related to material substitutions and rapid technological change) need to be taken into consideration for objective assessment of the development potential of any proposed project, establishment of new supply chains by major corporations, and responsible decision-making (mineral policy) by government. In the short-term, projects aimed at specialty materials (materials with a small market base) cannot benefit from economy of scale, and their development hinges on commercially proven metallurgical processes, unless they are supported by governments or end-users.   Several specialty metals (e.g. germanium, indium, cadmium, and cobalt) are commonly obtained as by-product of base metal extraction. In such cases, systematic testing of base metal ores for their specialty metal content may justify the addition of relevant recovery circuits to existing smelters. If positive results are obtained, the need for targeting new sources of such specialty metals as primary exploration targets may be reduced or eliminated.   Where market conditions permit and concerns about the future availability of materials seem reliable, grass-roots exploration for specialty materials is warranted, and pre-competitive government involvement may be justified to promote such development efforts.
Assortment Optimization and Pricing Under the Multinomial Logit Model with Impatient Customers: Sequential Recommendation and Selection
Authors: Gao Pin , Ma Yuhang , Chen Ningyuan , Gallego Guillermo , Li Anran , Rusmevichientong Paat , Topaloglu Huseyin
Published: August 2021

Sequential Recommendation Under the Multinomial Logit Model with Impatient Customers

In many applications, customers incrementally view a subset of offered products and make purchasing decisions before observing all the offered products. In this case, the decision faced by a firm is not only what assortment of products to offer, but also in what sequence to offer the products. In “Assortment Optimization and Pricing Under the Multinomial Logit Model with Impatient Customers: Sequential Recommendation and Selection”, Gao, Ma, Chen, Gallego, Li, Rusmevichientong, and Topaloglu propose a choice model where each customer incrementally view the assortment of products in multiple stages, and their patience level determines the maximum number of stages. Under this choice model, the authors develop a polynomial-time algorithm that finds a revenue-maximizing sequence of assortments. If the sequence of assortments is fixed, the problem of finding revenue-maximizing prices can be transformed to a convex program. They combine these results to develop an effective approximation algorithm when both the sequence of assortments and prices are decision variables.
As diferenças entre os sentimentos humanos e divinos e a coexistência de ira, amor e misericórdia em Deus: tradução dos capítulos XV e XVI da obra De ira Dei de Lúcio Cecílio Firmiano Lactâncio
Authors: Santos Júnior Cristóvão José dos
Published: August 2021

Prosseguimos com a tradução da obra De ira Dei de Lactâncio. Neste instante, apresentamos os capítulos XV, XVI e XVII. Saliente-se, então, que os produtos parciais fornecidos fazem parte de um projeto mais amplo de tradução da De ira Dei, o qual está sendo gradativamente desenvolvido e se insere, por sua vez, em um projeto ainda maior, que versa sobre a tradução de autores tardo-antigos. Visto que Lactâncio é um escritor pouco estudado em língua portuguesa, como ocorre com Fulgêncio e Ausônio, também por nós traduzidos, sentimos a necessidade de apresentar mais uma vez, ainda que de forma breve, elementos básicos ligados à sua biografia e à obra traduzida. Assim, o leitor que ainda desconhece nosso projeto não será surpreendido pela ausência de qualquer contextualização. Na sequência, indicamos algumas de nossas escolhas lexicais ligadas aos capítulos traduzidos. Ato contínuo, trazemos o texto de chegada por nós empreendido. No capítulo XV, Lactâncio aponta que Deus não possuiria os sentimentos que seriam típicos da fraqueza moral humana, como o medo, a paixão e a cobiça, conforme sugeriria o filósofo Epicuro. No capítulo XVI, Lactâncio afirma que ira, caritas e miseratio seriam adfectus divinos, coexistindo em Deus. No capítulo XVII, Lactâncio diferencia a ira justa da injusta partindo de pensadores como Cícero, Sêneca, Possidônio e Aristóteles. Por fim, apresentamos o texto de partida, que diz respeito, novamente, à edição crítica fixada por Christiane Ingreameu (1982).
Alguns motivos para ensinar gênero e sexualidade às crianças desde a educação infantil
Authors: Meireles Gabriela Silveira , Ferrari Anderson
Published: August 2021

Tomando como inspiração a fala de professoras nas nossas ações de formação nas escolas, vamos problematizar, neste artigo, as potencialidades e os desafios presentes no trabalho com as relações de gênero e sexualidade na Educação Infantil. O nosso objetivo foi desenvolver reflexões sobre os sentidos e significados das ações de “ensinar”, “aprender” e “educar”, dentro de uma perspectiva de educação para as relações de gênero e sexualidade nas escolas. Para isso, nos baseamos nas abordagens teórico-metodológicas feministas, pós-estruturalistas e foucaultianas. Todas elas nos convidam a pensar os processos de constituição dos sujeitos, como resultado das relações saber-poder, incitando-nos a uma revisão de nossas práticas enquanto professoras e professores. Pudemos perceber a necessidade de uma compreensão mais ampla dos conceitos de gênero e sexualidade, bem como da articulação entre eles, o que facilitaria a eliminação de algumas barreiras para abordá-los sem medo.
Pedagogia do pedal, tribos urbanas e políticaspráticas educativas: primeiras aproximações
Authors: Teixeira Kelly Silva , Alves Marcelo Paraiso
Published: August 2021

Considerando um novo fenômeno de ciclismo que impacta significativamente o município de Volta Redonda-RJ, o presente estudo mergulha nas práticas educativas das tribos urbanas que utilizam a bicicleta como prática de socialidade. Cabe frisar que tais grupos não possuem relação com o poder público ou privado, mas emerge de políticaspráticas das personas que habitam o referido espaçotempo. O objetivo do trabalho foi mergulhar nas políticaspráticas das tribos urbanas de ciclismo no município de Volta Redonda-RJ, visibilizando possíveis formas de socialidade. Metodologicamente, optamos pelos estudos nos/dos/com cotidiano, de modo mais específico pela sociologia compreensiva, visto que privilegiou o mergulho para o entendimento das formas nas/das políticaspráticas socioculturais dos grupos sociais investigados. Considerando que estamos a realizar as primeiras aproximações investigativas, utilizamos para a produção de dados o aplicativo WhatsApp, o site oficial do grupo Bike Anjo, além de imagens oriundas de jornais e sites.
Escolas ribeirinhas e seus desafios: faces da educação do campo na Amazônia marajoara
Authors: Miranda Costa Eliane
Published: August 2021

O texto trata da escola ribeirinha e o processo educativo por ela materializado no Marajó. Discute os desafios, as dificuldades e perspectivas educacionais de alunos e professores dessa escola no rio Mapuá, município de Breves, arquipélago de Marajó. A metodologia envolveu entrevistas semiestruturadas, observações etnográficas e a análise da Proposta Curricular do Ensino Fundamental das escolas do campo de Breves. Os dados empíricos em diálogo com a base teórica revelaram que alunos e professores enfrentam desafios e dificuldades de caráter material e pedagógico, com destaque para currículo e prática, ancorados em uma visão hierarquizada do conhecimento. Embora tal fragilidade, esta escola é, para alunos e familiares no Mapuá, esperança para construírem outras alternativas de vida na floresta, além de valorizarem seus saberes e tradição cultural. Conclui-se que a escola, caracteriza-se como tática para os ribeirinhos do Mapuá/Marajó projetarem, nas bordas do paradigma urbanocêntrico, perspectivas de futuro.
Pedagogia universitária e pandemia: novos desafios na formação docente em isolamento social
Authors: Breda Queiros Gean
Published: August 2021

Refletir criticamente a pedagogia universitária em tempos de pandemia trazendo como núcleo central os novos desafios na formação docente em isolamento social. Escrita descritiva, tipo ensaio. Possibilita analisar a importância da construção da identidade docente para superar os desafios que a cruel pedagogia do vírus impôs. Na mesma direção, os recentes debates sobre a formação didático-pedagógica de professores universitários e suas necessidades formativas, considerando as atuais pesquisas sobre a docência no ensino superior e os referenciais teóricos disponíveis até então, ainda não contemplaram as experiências corriqueiras ocasionadas pelo surgimento da pandemia e como os professores estão exercendo as suas práticas remotamente. Contudo, como professores, somos chamados a escrever mais um capítulo frente ao atual momento em colaboração às nossas práticas em caráter remoto. Em tempos de pandemia e isolamento social, a Pedagogia Universitária também é convidada a se manifestar, pois dela se espera orientações e práticas para o novo formato das aulas remotas e como os professores estão reinventando e conduzindo as suas práticas pedagógicas em meio à sua formação e à formação de seus alunos.
Surdez, TDAH e contagem: a experiência de João à luz da teoria dos campos conceituais
Authors: Rezende Veridiana , Nogueira Clélia Maria Ignatius , Zanquetta Maria Emília Melo Tamanini
Published: August 2021

A partir da releitura das informações produzidas em uma investigação anterior, obtidas a partir de uma sequência didática de situações de estruturas aditivas, implementada de forma dialógica e coletadas por meio de filmagens e analisados à luz da teoria dos Campos Conceituais, este artigo apresenta a análise, sustentada na Teoria dos Campos Conceituais, do desempenho de um aluno surdo e com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade, em relação a dois aspectos: o referente a construção de seus conhecimentos matemáticos, inferida mediante a constatação da evolução e consolidação de seu esquema de contagem e o socioemocional,  identificado mediante a constatação do desenvolvimento de sua autonomia, acarretando em maior autoestima. Como resultados didático-pedagógicos, a releitura aponta para a importância de que atividades canônicas de contagem, como a de cartas, por exemplo, quando propostas a estudantes surdos, precisam ser pensadas, considerando as especificidades da Libras, sua língua natural e para as possibilidades de desenvolvimento cognitivo e da capacidade de manutenção de diálogos possibilitados pela forma dialógica adotada na implementação da sequência didática.
Tricks and pitfalls in the surgical treatment of malignant bone tumours of the forearm in children and adolescents
Authors: Erol Bulent , Sofulu Omer
Published: August 2021

Malignant bone tumours around the forearm are rare. Nowadays, oncological and surgical management of bone sarcomas of this region has improved significantly. Although the anatomical features are complex, limb-sparing surgery is possible with wide surgical resection. Biological reconstruction methods are promising in this anatomically unique region. In addition, meticulous soft-tissue reconstruction yields good functional results in the hand and wrist.

This study reviews malignant bone tumours of the forearm and their oncological and surgical management. Malignant bone tumours should be treated with a multidisciplinary approach based on chemotherapy, radiotherapy and limb salvage procedures.
Colorectal cancer in the young – outcomes following surgical management?
Authors: Newton L , Munro T , Hamid M , Shabbir J
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer deaths. The incidence of CRC in young adults and the adolescent population is increasing. This study aims to highlight short-term outcomes for young patients with CRC.

Methods

Data were collected retrospectively for all patients aged less than 50 years diagnosed with CRC at a university teaching hospital between October 2012 and June 2018. The primary endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

A total of 120 patients (65 males, 55 females) with CRC aged under 50 years were initially included; 20 did not receive surgical treatment (12 metastatic adenocarcinoma, 5 metastatic squamous cell cancer (SCC), 3 neuroendocrine tumours (NET)), and 13 patients had insufficient data for analysis and were excluded. A total of 87 patients underwent surgical intervention and 66 with diagnosis of adenocarcinoma were included in survival analysis. Median age of patients was 42 years (19–49 years). Cancer recurrence was seen in 14 patients, 10 showing local, 3 liver and 1 lung metastasis. The median OS was 28 months (3–156 months). The median DFS was 13 months (3–85 months). Overall 5-year survival and DFS were 72% and 59%, respectively. Median survival in the group who did not undergo surgery was 4.5 months (1–15 months).

Conclusions

CRC is often more advanced and aggressive in younger patients. Current guidelines can result in young patients being investigated/treated for other gastrointestinal conditions before referral for CRC investigation.
Standardsprache im DaF-Unterricht: Normstandard – nationale Standardvarietäten – regionale Standardvarietäten
Authors: Spiekermann Helmut
Published: August 2021

In this article I shall address the following question: which kind of the Standard German should be integrated into the course curriculum of "German as a foreign language"? In order to answer this question, however, it is argued that Standard German is by no means homogenous, rather a distinction must be drawn between national and regional standard varieties. The "standard" variety typically taught in these courses neither exists as an ideal standard variety used in everyday speech, nor does it adequately portray the actual linguistic situation. In this article it is therefore advocated that both the variability of the standard as well as the results of the latest sociolinguistic research be taken into account when designing the curriculum for "German as a foreign language".
Pragmatic Functions of Crisis - Motivated Proverbs in Ola Rotimi's The Gods Are Not to Blame
Authors: Odebunmi Akin
Published: August 2021

The paper examines the pragmatic functions that crisis-motivated proverbs play in Ola Rotimi's The Gods is not to Blame. It picks its inspiration from the little attention hitherto paid, in the linguistic literature, to both the specific proverbs that are spurred by crisis in the play and the pragmatic roles of such proverbs. For data, only the proverbs that are necessitated by the crisis-situations in the text are sampled, and these are analysed, using the recent theory of pragmatic acts (Mey 2001).
The study reveals that crisis-motivated proverbs in The Gods are not to Blame, which are of two types: social and political, are characterized by practs such as those of counselling, cautioning, challenging, veiling, persuading, prioritizing, encouraging, threatening and admitting. These are psychological acts which exploit contextual features such as reference, metaphor, inference, shared situation knowledge, shared cultural knowledge and relevance. The paper concludes that studying literary proverbs used in crisis situations, from a pragmatic perspective, both throws additional insights into the paremiological pool and promises to provide a veritably helpful tool for language teaching.
The Noticing Function of Output in Acquisition of Rhetorical Structure of Contrast Paragraphs of Iranian EFL University Students
Authors: Soleimani Hassan , Ketabi Saeed , Talebinejad Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2021

This article is an attempt to contribute to the growing body of research investigating the noticing function of output (cf. Swain 1995 in Izumi/Bigelow 2000: 239), and more specifically the use of output-fronted activities that might prompt FL learners to notice their linguistic problems to facilitate their gain of rhetorical structure of contrast paragraphs in English. Three groups of EFL learners participated in the study. Two groups (the experimental group and comparison group 1) were required to initially produce a paragraph (output 1), then they received a model contrast paragraph to underline, and finally they were asked to produce a contrast paragraph (output 2). For the experimental group, the topic to write was a contrast topic; whereas, the comparison group were to write on a non-contrast topic. The third group (the preemptive comparison group 2) received the teacher's deductive instruction and explanation of contrast paragraphs in English followed by an output to produce a contrast-related paragraph. The results indicated considerable effect of output-fronted activities on learners' noticing the targeted structures and forms. In addition, the output-first-then-input activities were found to be much more effective than pre-emptive input activities.
Opening a Pandora's Box: Proper Names in English Phraseology
Authors: Pierini Partizia
Published: August 2021

This article explores the linguistic-cultural aspects and usage of phraseological units involving personal and place names in English. The introductory sections outline the linguistic features of proper names and phraseological units. The qualitative part of this study provides a list of units belonging to four phraseological types (idioms, stereotyped similes, binomials, formulae), drawn from idiom dictionaries. An investigation of the sources of names shows that the personal and place names involved are historically, socially or culturally prominent in British culture. Here is noted a predominance of personal over place names, and within the former, a predominance of male over female names, and first names over family names, with a number of hypocorisms. The quantitative part of the study consists of a corpus search of the selected units in the British National Corpus in order to find their frequency and distribution across registers. The search reveals that they have very low levels of occurrence, and are more commonly used in written registers, in particular, in fiction, journalism and miscellaneous texts.
Warum Vorschulkinder nicht zurückgrüssen müssen. Beobachtungen zu Spezifika des kindlichen Sequenzmusters in der Grusshandlung
Authors: Schaad Katrin , Zollinger Esther
Published: August 2021

The pilot study takes into focus a so far widely unexamined branch of language acquisition and developmental psychology. The object of investigation is the salutatory behavior of children between four and seven years of age. The analysis of data gathered in a Swiss kindergarten allows deriving a pattern of sequences for the preschooler's salutatory habits. Children tend to remain passive during greeting episodes or perform fragmentary salutations: They follow their own rituals of greeting.
The childish salutatory behavior differs from the conventionalized norms valid for adults. This divergence, which is often considered deficient and reduced to a lack of politeness on the child's part, is in fact a normal state in the process of socialization A notable difference between the four- and the seven-year-olds has been observed: The older the children are, the more do their greetings correspond to the salutatory rituals conventionalized in society.
This allows the conclusion that greeting behavior is not acquired simultaneously with language – preschoolers have already acquired language to a large extent, while they are still in midst of the process of socialization.
Sprachwandel anhand von Produktivitätsverschiebungen in der schweizerdeutschen Derivationsmorphologie
Authors: Schneider-Wiejowski Karina
Published: August 2021

Claims about productivity of a given affix are often made categorically without any empirical evidence. This paper deals with the question of derivational productivity in a German variety spoken in Switzerland. Although there are a few studies regarding German suffixes and their productivity, it does not exist any study for this special variation of German.
Four German suffixes (-nis, -heit/-keit/-igkeit, -ung and -sal) should be explored in a diachronic way. The question explored is whether there are changes in productivity of these suffixes during time.
There are several possibilities of measuring morphological productivity, by counting frequencies (token and types) and to use probabilistic models. Both methods should be applied in this study. By using the Schweizer Textkorpus it is possible to examine a period of hundred years (1900–2000). It can be shown that there is a morphological change during the 20th century in this German variety. Some of these suffixes become more productive whereas other suffixes lose their efficiency of building new words.
Korpora bedrohter Sprachen als eierlegende Wollmilchsau? Das Beispiel GENIE
Authors: Marti Roland , Andreeva Bistra , Barry William
Published: August 2021

The question of documentation is central to any work with corpora of threatened languages and has important consequences for the corpus structure. The 'Korpus für GEsprochenes NIEdersorbisch (engl.: Corpus for spoken Lower Sorbian)' (GENIE, www.coli.uni-saarland.de/genie/) is a case in point. GENIE focuses on spoken language. The corpus, made up of more than 60 hours of recordings, comprises a) recordings made by Sorbian Radio (1956–2006) with different forms of Lower Sorbian, b) dialect recordings from the Serbski kulturny archiw (engl.: Sorbian Culture Archive) (SKA) in Budysin/Bautzen (1951–1971), and c) new recordings, also of the dialect forms of Lower Sorbian (2005–2006).
These data support the analysis of
– the relationship of dialects to the standard form of Lower Sorbian (phonetic/phonological, diachronic/synchronic),
– the relationship of spoken to written Sorbian,
– the influence of German,
– the development of idiolectal forms.
The corpus is also of direct practical use in
– theWITAJ project for the revitalization of Lower Sorbian,
– decisions on codification (spelling, grammar).
Problems for analysis stem from the eclectic nature of the recordings, the considerable variation in recording quality and in the lack of annotation. The talk discusses the perspectives for and the problems facing spoken corpora of threatened languages.
Prototypeneffekte im Grenzbereich von Phonologie und Morphologie
Authors: Elsen Hilke
Published: August 2021

This article presents names in science fiction and fantasy stories with problematic morphological structures as well as manufactured names which produce sound symbolic effects. The examples show a continuum from sound shape to recurring groups of sounds to morphemes. Not only individual phonemes, but also gestalts seem to constitute a level in language processing. Psychologically oriented approaches, e.g. prototype theory, deal with exactly these problems, structured categories, good and bad examples as well as continua between categories, even sound symbolism. They try to find systematicity where traditional linguistic approaches fail.
Ausdrucksarten – ein neuer Zugang zur Wortschatzvermittlung im DaF-Unterricht
Authors: Hennig Mathilde , Buchwald-Wargenau Isabel
Published: August 2021

Word classes are one of the most successful and famous concepts of linguistics. They are an essential part of school grammar as well as of teaching German as a foreign language. Categorizing words in word classes is based on the assumptions that a) 'word' is a relevant and definable linguistic category and b) (single) words are worth classifying. The article concentrates on the second assumption by bringing into play lexicalized multiword expressions, such as hin und her, Wohl und Wehe, im Falle, and weder noch. Because the meanings of these expressions are not predictable (due to the principle of compositionality), it does not make sense to classify the single words which are part of the expression into word classes separately. Therefore, we suggest extending the concept of word classes by including the concept of classes of multiword expression.
Frz. quoi als Diskursmarker
Authors: Hölker Klaus
Published: August 2021

This contribution deals with the different uses of French quoi as a discourse marker. These uses are described in such a way that it will become clear why in certain circumstances the use of quoi, as pointed out in the recent literature (cf. Beeching 2006), counts as polite. It will, however, also become clear why, in other circumstances, its use is considered downright impolite. The second aspect of quoi that is discussed in this article concerns its still ill-understood use to mark the closure of a problematic (i.e. unsmooth, disfluent) formulation. It will be argued that Chafe's (1994) and Langacker's (2001) notion of attentional framing provides a useful basis for a more complete understanding of this type of use.
Études onomasiologiques et sémasiologiques des technolectes et des unités terminologiques complexes
Authors: Aito Emmanuel , Igwe Chidi
Published: August 2021

Terminology is strengthening its foundations as a sub-discipline through reflections on its principles and methodologies by entrenching the study of its principal object, to wit the term (Boulanger et L'Homme 1991). Thus, a constellation of theories and innovative methods have been suggested by contributors such as Temmerman (2000) who opts for a sociocognitive approach by applying the tenets of cognitive semantics to ontologies in the life sciences; Cabré (1998, 2000) who isolates the polyhedric nature of the term; Diki-Kidiri (1999, 2000) whose treatment of the cultural dimensions of the term are especially pertinent to less described languages; and Kageura (1995) whose semantic treatise delineates the boundaries of "conceptology". Collectively, these works apprehend the term contre-jour, in particular as a unit of comprehension in relation to its immediate environment, in contradistinction to its traditional definition which in the classical mould considers a term as contextually stripped of its textual or discursive value. In sequel of recent theoretical trends therefore, this paper represents our initial theoretical attempt to put into relief semasiological and onomasiological approaches to the term/concept association, in order to shed additional light on their possible complementarity with respect to both lexicographical and terminographical definitions of the term.
Aktuelle Forschungsfragen der deutschsprachigen Phraseodidaktik
Authors: Hallsteinsdóttir Erla
Published: August 2021

Phraseology in foreign language learning and teaching has been an object of linguistic and didactic research for almost 40 years. This article begins with an overview over phraseodidactic research in German. Then it discusses aspects of phraseology in teaching German as a foreign language, i.a. the influence of Kühn's three step model on phraseology in foreign language teaching and methods to define the phraseological units that are to be learned (phraseological minimum). Finally, it addresses a newer research approach: The question how multimodality affects the language competence and thereby also the learning of phraseology.
Die kognitiv-metaphorische Motiviertheit beim Erlernen von Idiomen am Beispiel eines Aufgabenblattes
Authors: Kispál Tamás
Published: August 2021

The cognitive metaphorical motivation of idioms is one of the most treated subjects in English-language articles about teaching of idioms. In German-language phraseodidactic literature it is a rather rare phenomenon. The metaphorical motivation of several idiomatic expressions is undoubted. In this article we argue for their cognitive metaphorical motivation. It is hypothesized that the joint representation of several typical context examples, with idioms of the same conceptual metaphor, not only promotes the recognition and understanding of idioms but also the detection of cognitive metaphorical motivation of idioms. Context-sensitive tasks make a significant contribution to uncovering and learning the metaphorical idioms for learners of German as a foreign language. The learning-enhancing role of this method for the acquisition of idioms and their meanings are to be illustrated with the example of the conceptual metaphor life is a journey, the metaphorical idioms based on this conceptual metaphor, and an example worksheet.
Deutsche und albanische Phraseologismen mit Tierbezeichnungen im Kontrast
Authors: Sadiku Milote
Published: August 2021

The object of this article are animal idioms in contemporary German and Albanian: the article treats those units that denote animal names in their formal structure with phraseological, figurative meaning. The aim of the article is to identify and describe the differences and similarities between these two languages from the viewpoint of a contrastive analysis. The German phraseology has often been the subject of inter-linguistic comparisons. However, this can not be claimed for the German – Albanian language analysis. In this article, some similarities and differences in animal symbolism in the German and Albanian phraseology are illustrated by typical examples, and equivalence relations between the German and Albanian animal idioms are identified.
It can be concluded that the animal names in idiom units indicate positive and negative characteristics or behavior of people. One result is that the negative semantic characteristics predominate in both languages. The animal name depends on a concrete idiom not only from the ideas and values that are attributed to an animal in a language community, but also from the already existing structures and pragmatic rules in a concrete language.
Étudier l'écrit SMS: Un objectif du projet sms4science
Authors: Cougnon Louise-Amélie , François Thomas
Published: August 2021

This paper details an international project called sms4science that aims to collect text message corpora (hereafter referred to as "SMS corpora") from across the globe for scientific research. The project already has ten participating regions, including Belgium, Réunion, Switzerland and Quebec. This article first presents the initial corpora collected from these four areas (resulting in a combined total of 116'000 text messages) and the accompanying methodology. It then exposes the research possibilities related to it: the corpus-based studies pertain as much to linguistics and sociolinguistics as they do to natural language processing and statistics. A specific statistical study is thus presented here and its possible conclusions outline the differences in SMS practices between regions, notably when you consider abbreviation rate or message length. Finally, the paper delineates the project obstacles and correspondingly proposes fresh perspectives for the ongoing year (2011).
Der Gebrauch des Perfekts – Ein Erklärungsmodell aus thailändischer Perspektive
Authors: Attaviriyanupap Korakoch
Published: August 2021

In grammar and textbooks of German as a foreign language the German perfect tense (Perfekt) is mostly presented as an alternative to the preterite tense (Präteritum). However, the German perfect tense itself deserves greater attention due to its wide range of usages. This tense can mark events with reference points located either before, simultaneous with and even after the speech time. For Thai learners of German it has been established that difficulties in learning how to use the German perfect tense are not primarily concerned with problems of choosing between the perfect and the preterite but rather between the perfect tense and the present tense. This paper focuses on the aspect of "completeness", comparable to the perfective aspect, leading to different effects in the usage of the German perfect. Since German is mostly learned as a second foreign language after English, a contrastive analysis of similarities and differences between the perfect tenses in English and German have to be included in the analysis. In the conclusion, a possible description of the German perfect tense for learners of German as a foreign language is suggested.
Interpreting successful lingua-franca interaction. An analysis of non-native-/non-native small talk conversation in English
Authors: Meierkord Christiane
Published: August 2021

In the last few decades, English has become the most widely spread global lingua franca. Being used as a means of communication by non-native speakers of different linguistic and cultural background, norms for the use of lingua franca English cannot be negotiated and established as with a traditional speech community.
After explaining the characteristics of 'small talk' produced by speakers using lingua franca English, this paper offers methods of analysis and interpretation which address the specific character of lingua franca data.