bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyses of human papillomavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and co-infections in a gynecology outpatient clinic in Haikou area, China
Authors: Lu Zhe , Zhao Peizhen , Lu Huijun , Xiao Meifang
Published: March 2023

Background

The purpose of this study was to study the infection rates of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and co-infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) in a hospital gynecology outpatient clinic in the Haikou region in 2021.

Methods

From January to December 2021, the Women and Children Medical Center of Hainan Province collected 2389 samples of cervical exfoliated cells and vaginal swab specimens from gynecologic outpatients. The samples were then analyzed descriptively for data, and the detection rate of each pathogen was tallied. All vaginal swabs were obtained for CT, UU, and NG DNA testing, and cervical exfoliated cells for HPV genotyping. Analyses were performed on the detection rate of each group.

Results

In 2389 samples, the frequencies of pathogen identification among the 2389 samples were as follows: UU (58.43%); HPV (17.29%); CT (7.99%); and NG (0.38%). HPV, CT, UU, and NG were detected in 33.33%, 22.55%, 77.45%, and 2.94% of individuals between 15 and 20 years of age, respectively. The detection rates of CT, UU, and NG were substantially greater in the HPV-positive group than the the HPV-negative group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Among gynecologic outpatients at a hospital in the Haikou area, the probability of mixed infections with genital tract pathogens in HPV-positive patients was higher compared to HPV-negative patients. Reproductive tract infections are becoming more prevalent in younger people, hence adolescent sexual health education needs improvement.
Impact of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines on lung injury in B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant-infected patients
Authors: Lai Miao , Wang Kai , Ding Chengyuan , Yin Yi , lin Xiaoling , Xu Chuanjun , Hu Zhiliang , Peng Zhihang
Published: March 2023

Background

Chest computerized tomography (CT) scan is an important strategy that quantifies the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. To what extent inactivated COVID-19 vaccines could impact the COVID-19 pneumonia on chest CT is not clear.

Methods

This study recruited 357 SARS-COV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant-infected patients admitted to the Second Hospital of Nanjing from July to August 2021. An artificial intelligence-assisted CT imaging system was used to quantify the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. We compared the volume of infection (VOI), percentage of infection (POI) and chest CT scores among patients with different vaccination statuses.

Results

Of the 357 Delta variant-infected patients included for analysis, 105 were unvaccinated, 72 were partially vaccinated and 180 were fully vaccinated. Fully vaccination had the least lung injuries when quantified by VOI (median VOI of 222.4 cm3, 126.6 cm3 and 39.9 cm3 in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001), POI (median POI of 7.60%, 3.55% and 1.20% in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001) and chest CT scores (median CT score of 8.00, 6.00 and 4.00 in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, time from illness onset to hospitalization and viral load, fully vaccination but not partial vaccination was significantly associated with less lung injuries quantified by VOI {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for “full vaccination”: − 106.10(− 167.30,44.89); p < 0.001}, POI {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for “full vaccination”: − 3.88(− 5.96, − 1.79); p = 0.001} and chest CT scores {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for “full vaccination”: − 1.81(− 2.72, − 0.91); p < 0.001}. The extent of reduction of pulmonary injuries was more profound in fully vaccinated patients with older age, having underlying diseases, and being female sex, as demonstrated by relatively larger absolute values of adjusted coefficients. Finally, even within the non-severe COVID-19 population, fully vaccinated patients were found to have less lung injuries.

Conclusion

Fully vaccination but not partially vaccination could significantly protect lung injury manifested on chest CT. Our study provides additional evidence to encourage a full course of vaccination.
Management of nipple adenomas during pregnancy: a case report
Authors: Combi Francesca , Palma Enza , Montorsi Giulia , Gambini Anna , Segattini Silvia , Papi Simona , Andreotti Alessia , Tazzioli Giovanni
Published: March 2023

Background

Nipple adenoma is a very uncommon, benign neoplasm that involves the nipple. A palpable mass of the nipple associated with nipple discharge and erosion or ulceration is the common clinical presentation. Generally, complete surgical excision of the nipple is the main treatment, alternative therapeutic methods such as Mohs micrographic surgery, nipple splitting enucleation, and cryotherapy can be considered. Disorders of the breast in young women are generally benign. Even if the management during pregnancy is usually conservative and surgical excision is reserved for very strong malignancy suspicion, benign lesions can cause the impossibility to breastfeed after giving birth when involving the nipple.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 28-year-old female, who was referred to the Breast Unit of the University Hospital of Modena (Italy) in May 2020 with a 12-months history of enlargement of the left nipple with associated erythema, serohemorrhagic discharge, and pain in the left nipple region. The diagnostic assessment came out in favor of a nipple adenoma. After surgical treatment was recommended, the patient got pregnant. Taking into account the major risks of surgery during pregnancy, a multidisciplinary discussion was conducted, to consider whether to proceed with surgery or postpone it after pregnancy. Because of the volume and the position of the adenoma, the indication for surgical excision was confirmed, to allow regular lactation and breastfeeding immediately after giving birth and to avoid potential obstructive complications. Surgical excision of nipple adenoma without complete resection of the nipple was performed after her first trimester of pregnancy under local anesthesia. A histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. No recurrence occurred after 12 months. The patient gave birth, had no deficit in lactation, and successfully breastfed.

Conclusions

Therefore, we consider that nipple adenoma enucleation might be a safe treatment even during pregnancy. Moreover, conservative local treatment of nipple adenomas can preserve the nipple aesthetically and functionally, thus allowing regular lactation and breastfeeding in young women.
How to make a more optimal surgical plan for Lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients: a comparative study based on the changes of the sagittal alignment and selection of the lowest instrumented vertebra
Authors: Li Junyu , Lin Zhengting , Ma Yinghong , Li Weishi , Yu Miao
Published: March 2023

Background

The treatment of patients with Lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is closely related to the pelvic because the spine–pelvis is an interacting whole. Besides, the choice of fusion segment is a significant issue; with the optimal choice, there will be fewer complications and restoring the pelvic morphology to some extent. This study aims to analyze the impact of changes in sagittal parameters and selection of the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) on spine and pelvic morphology for better surgical strategy.

Method

Ninety-four patients with Lenke 5 AIS who underwent selective posterior thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curve fusion were included in the study and grouped according to pelvic morphology and position of LIV. Spinopelvic parameters were measured preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the latest follow-up. The patient’s preoperative and last follow-up quality of life was assessed with the MOS item short-form health survey (SF-36) and scoliosis research society 22-item (SRS-22).

Result

Patients being posterior pelvic tilt had the oldest mean age (P = 0.010), the smallest lumbar lordosis (LL) (P = 0.036), the smallest thoracic kyphosis (TK) (P = 0.399) as well as the smallest proximal junctional angle (PJA) while those being anterior pelvic tilt had the largest PJA. The follow-up TK significantly increased in both groups of anterior and normal pelvic tilt (P < 0.039, P < 0.006) while no significant changes were observed in the posterior pelvic tilt group. When LIV is above L4, the follow-up PJA was larger than other groups (P = 0.049, P = 0.006). When LIV is below L4, the follow-up TK and PT were larger and LL was smaller than other groups(P < 0.05). The SF-36 and SRS-22 scores were better in the LIV = L4 group than in other groups at the last follow-up (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The correction of TK and LL after surgery can improve pelvic morphology. Besides, LIV is best set at L4, which will facilitate the recovery of TK, the improvement of symptoms, and the prevention of complications and pelvic deformities.

Level of evidence Level III.
Maternal weight, gut microbiota, and the association with early childhood behavior: the PREOBE follow-up study
Authors: Nieto-Ruiz Ana , Cerdó Tomás , Jordano Belén , Torres-Espínola Francisco J. , Escudero-Marín Mireia , García-Ricobaraza María , Bermúdez Mercedes G. , García-Santos José A. , Suárez Antonio , Campoy Cristina
Published: March 2023

Background and aim

Maternal overweight and breastfeeding seem to have a significant impact on the gut microbiota colonization process, which co-occurs simultaneously with brain development and the establishment of the “microbiota-gut-brain axis”, which potentially may affect behavior later in life. This study aimed to examine the influence of maternal overweight, obesity and/or gestational diabetes on the offspring behavior at 3.5 years of age and its association with the gut microbiota already established at 18 months of life.

Methods

156 children born to overweight (OV, n = 45), obese (OB, n = 40) and normoweight (NW, n = 71) pregnant women participating in the PREOBE study were included in the current analysis. Stool samples were collected at 18 months of life and gut microbiome was obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Behavioral problems were evaluated at 3.5 years by using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). ANOVA, Chi-Square Test, ANCOVA, Spearman’s correlation, logistic regression model and generalized linear model (GLM) were performed.

Results

At 3.5 years of age, Children born to OV/OB mothers showed higher scores in behavioral problems than those born to NW mothers. Additionally, offspring born to OB mothers who developed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) presented higher scores inattention/deficit hyperactivityandexternalizing problemsthan those born to GDM OV/NW mothers.Fusicatenibacterabundance found at 18 months of age was associated to lower scores intotal, internalizing and pervasive developmental problems, while an unidentified genus withinClostridialesandFlavonifractorfamilies abundance showed a positive correlation withanxiety/depressionandsomatic complaints, respectively. On the other hand, children born to mothers with higher BMI who were breastfed presented elevatedanxiety,internalizing problems,externalizing problemsandtotal problemsscores; likewise, their gut microbiota composition at 18 months of age showed positive correlation with behavioral problems at 3.5 years:Actinobacteriaabundance andsomatic complaintsand betweenFusobacteriaabundance andwithdrawn behaviorandpervasive developmental problems.

Conclusions

Our findings suggests that OV/OB and/or GDM during pregnancy is associated with higher behavioral problems scores in children at 3.5 years old. Additionally, associations between early life gut microbiota composition and later mental health in children was also found.
Placental mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate NLRP3 inflammasome-induced ovarian insufficiency by modulating macrophage M2 polarization
Authors: Chen Dongmei , Hu Na , Xing Shasha , Yang Li , Zhang Feiyan , Guo Songlin , Liu Shudan , Ma Xiaona , Liang Xueyun , Ma Huiming
Published: March 2023

Background

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a common clinical problem, however, there are currently no effective therapies. Pyroptosis induced by the NLRP3 inflammasome is considered a possible mechanism of POI. Placental mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) have excellent immunomodulatory potential and offer a promising method for treating POI.

Methods

Female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: control (no POI), POI with no PMSCs, POI with PMSCs transplant, and POI with hormones (estrogen + progesterone) as positive control. POI was induced by exposure to 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) for 15 days. After four weeks, all animals were euthanized and examined for pathology. Hormone levels were measured and ovarian function was evaluated in relation to the estrous cycle. Levels of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot.

Results

VCD significantly damaged rat follicles at different estrous stages. Injection of human PMSCs improved ovarian function and reproductive ability of POI rats compared to the sham and hormone groups. Our data also showed that PMSCs markedly suppress cell pyroptosis via downregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 compared to the other two groups. The human PMSCs increased the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 and decreased pro-inflammatory factors by phenotypic changes in macrophages.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed a novel mechanism of follicular dysfunction and ovarian fibrosis via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome followed by secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Transplantation of PMSCs into POI rats suppressed pro-inflammatory factor production, NLRP3 inflammasome formation and pyroptosis, and improved ovarian function.
Rapid assessment of riverine flood inundation in Chenab floodplain using remote sensing techniques
Authors: Sajjad Asif , Lu Jianzhong , Chen Xiaoling , Chisenga Chikondi , Mazhar Nausheen
Published: March 2023

Introduction

After flood occurrences, remote sensing images provide crucial information for
mapping flood inundation extent. Optical satellite images can be utilized to generate flooded area maps when the flooded areas are free from clouds.

Materials and Methods

In this study flooded area was calculated using a variety of water indices and classification algorithms, calculated on Landsat data. Pre-flood, during flood, and post-flood satellite data were collected for in-depth flood investigation. The delineation of inundated areas was done using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Water Ratio Index (WRI). In order to detect and compare flooded areas with water indices, the supervised maximum likelihood algorithm was also used for land use and land cover mapping.

Results

The results of the investigation allowed for a flooded area and recession. The analysis revealed that the flooded area covered about 68% of the study area, and remained standing for seven weeks. We used the misclassified areas approach, as determined, using the classified results, to improve the results of the flooded areas, generated through the use of each of the 3 water indices. The result showed that the MNDWI images showed better accuracy of above 90%, which reflects the reliability of the results.

Conclusion

This proposed remote sensing (RS) technique provides a basis for the identification of inundated areas with less misclassified areas, which enable an emergency response to be targeted, for newly flooded areas. Thus, the present study provides a novel rapid flood mapping perspective and provides a considerable contribution to flood monitoring.
Association between gastric cancer and the intake of different types of iron and meats
Authors: Narmcheshm Saba , Toorang Fatemeh , Sasanfar Bahareh , hadji Maryam , Rostami Sahar , Zendehdel Kazem
Published: March 2023

Background

Heme and non-heme irons are two forms of iron in the diet. Few studies have evaluated the association between heme iron intake and the risk of gastric cancer (GC). We aimed to investigate the association between heme, non-heme and total iron intake and risk of GC in Iran.

Methods

In a hospital-based case–control study, nutritionists interviewed 178 pathologically confirmed GC patients and 276 controls using a valid Diet History Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression model was used to estimate Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for iron intake and risk of GC.

Results

Subjects in the highest tertile of total iron intake were 46% less likely to get GC than those in the lowest (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32–0.92), however, the associations were not significant for intake of heme and non-heme iron. The risk of GC in the highest tertile of total meat intake was 2.51 times higher than the lowest. We found significant associations between GC and chicken (OR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.66–5.22) and fish intake (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.09–3.27), However, we found no associations between the risk of GC and intake of red meat, salted fish, and liver.

Conclusion

Total iron intake was associated with a lower risk of GC which could be partly due to the high prevalence of anemia in Iran. Although, we could not find any significant association between the risk of GC and the intake of heme and non-hem iron among the Iranian population.
Comprehensive evaluation of the influence of sex differences on composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: results from a nationwide observational cohort study
Authors: Nishino Takahiro , Hashimoto Atsushi , Tohma Shigeto , Matsui Toshihiro
Published: March 2023

Background

The effects and their magnitudes of sex on disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis are not clear. We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the influence of sex on disease activity indices in the real-world setting using a large observational database.

Methods

We analyzed 14,958 patients registered in the National Database of Rheumatic Diseases in Japan (NinJa) in 2017. We evaluated the sex differences in the 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) using erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), DAS28 using C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP), Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), and Clinical Disease Activity Index by disease activity category using Cliff’s delta and regression analysis. Differences in the share of components of indices were evaluated using permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Correction equations were constructed to estimate the number of misclassification in male patients who achieve DAS28-ESR remission.

Results

DAS28-ESR showed higher values in female patients than male patients in remission despite no obvious difference in other indices or disease activity categories. Among the components of DAS28-ESR, only ESR was higher in female patients than male patients in remission. In DAS28-CRP and SDAI, 28-tender joint count was higher and CRP was lower in female patients than male patients. In addition, the profiles in the components were different between female and male patients, especially among those with high disease activity. Using correction equations, almost 12% of male patients with DAS28-ESR remission were estimated to be misclassified, mainly due to differences in ESR.

Conclusion

Among the disease activity indices, significant sex difference was observed only in DAS28-ESR remission. The degree of misclassification in DAS28-ESR remission would be unignorable.
Novel Prognostic Staging System for Patients With De Novo Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Plichta Jennifer K. , Thomas Samantha M. , Hayes Daniel F. , Chavez-MacGregor Mariana , Allison Kimberly , de los Santos Jennifer , Fowler Amy M. , Giuliano Armando E. , Sharma Priyanka , Smith Benjamin D. , van Eycken Elizabeth , Edge Stephen B. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N.
Published: March 2023

PURPOSE

Given the heterogeneity and improvement in outcomes for metastatic breast cancer (MBC), we developed a staging system that refines prognostic estimates for patients with metastatic cancer at the time of initial diagnosis, de novo MBC (dnMBC), on the basis of survival outcomes and disease-related variables.

METHODS

Patients with dnMBC (2010-2016) were selected from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was used to group patients with similar overall survival (OS) on the basis of clinical T category, grade, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, histology, organ system site of metastases (bone-only, brain-only, visceral), and number of organ systems involved. Three-year OS rates were used to assign a final stage: IVA: >70%, IVB: 50%-70%, IVC: 25 to <50%, and IVD: <25%. Bootstrapping was applied with 1,000 iterations, and final stage assignments were made based on the most commonly occurring assignment. Unadjusted OS was estimated. Validation analyses were conducted using SEER and NCDB.

RESULTS

At a median follow-up of 52.9 months, the median OS of the original cohort (N = 42,467) was 35.4 months (95% CI, 34.8 to 35.9). RPA stratified patients into 53 groups with 3-year OS rates ranging from 73.5% to 5.7%; these groups were amalgamated into four stage groups: 3-year OS, A = 73.2%, B = 61.9%, C = 40.1%, and D = 17% (log-rank P < .001). After bootstrapping, the survival outcomes for the four stages remained significantly different (log-rank P < .001). This staging system was then validated using SEER data (N = 20,469) and a separate cohort from the NCDB (N = 7,645) (both log-rank P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Our findings regarding the heterogeneity in outcomes for patients with dnMBC could guide future revisions of the current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging guidelines for patients with newly diagnosed stage IV disease. Our findings should be independently confirmed.
The body is the message
Authors: Τζαρντάνοβα Έλενα
Published: March 2023

Ο σκοπός της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής (ΔΔ) είναι η εκ νέου εννοιολόγηση της Εικονικής Εμπειρίας και, ακολούθως, του σχεδιασμού, της ανάπτυξης, και αξιολόγησης αυτής, με τρόπο που ενημερώνει εξίσου τον σχεδιασμό εμπορικών εφαρμογών όσο και την πειραματική έρευνα. Η ΔΔ εξετάζει κατά πόσο εντοπίζονται επαρκείς λογικές ενδείξεις και αποδείξεις ότι η Εικονική Εμπειρία είναι αντικειμενική και συνεπώς χρήζει διαχωρισμού από υποκειμενικές και περιπτωσιακές επιδράσεις σχεδιασμού που βασίζονται σε στοιχεία των εκάστοτε εφαρμογών και όχι στην εμπειρία εμβύθισης αυτή καθαυτή. Τα ιστορικά τεχνουργήματα της Εικονικής Πραγματικότητας (ΕιΠ) και η διαχρονική πολιτιστική σημασία της, η τεχνολογική της ανάπτυξη από τον 18ο αιώνα έως τη σύγχρονη εκβιομηχάνισή της, καθώς και οι υπάρχουσες θεωρητικές και εννοιολογικές της βάσεις, είναι αλληλένδετα. Δεν δύναται οποιοδήποτε εξ αυτών των σημείων να διευρυνθεί ανεξάρτητα από τα άλλα. Συνεπώς, στο πλαίσιο αναστοχασμού και επίλυσης μεθοδολογικών ελλείψεων του επιστημονικού πεδίου της ΕιΠ, κρίνεται απαραίτητη μία προσέγγιση που λαμβάνει υπόψη όλες τις πτυχές της. H ΔΔ προτείνει ένα νέο εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο, υπό την ονομασία Εικονικά Πραγματωμένη Εμπειρία (ΕΠΕ), το οποίο μπορεί να αντιμετωπίσει τις βασικές προκλήσεις που εντοπίζονται στο πεδίο. Η προτεινόμενη εννοιολόγηση διαφοροποιεί την εμπειρία που προσφέρουν εφαρμογές με τη χρήση συστημάτων ΕιΠ, από την εικονική πραγματικότητα αυτή καθαυτή (virtual reality in itself), και αναδεικνύει ζητήματα αυτενέργειας και επιπτώσεις της σχεδιαστικής διαδικασίας ως τα βασικά αίτια περιπλοκής του πεδίου. Η προσέγγιση της ΔΔ βασίζεται σε επαγωγικό συλλογισμό προκειμένου να ανιχνεύσει τις παραμέτρους που οικοδομούν την ΕΠΕ. Ο συλλογισμός καταλήγει σε ένα περίγραμμα των θεμελιωδών λειτουργιών των συστημάτων ΕιΠ, και μετέπειτα σε ένα διάγραμμα που οργανώνει περαιτέρω τα στοιχεία των θεμελιωδών λειτουργιών και τις παραμέτρους ανάπτυξης τους. Βάσει των στοιχείων του διαγράμματος ανιχνεύεται σχέση αιτιότητας μεταξύ αυτών και χωρικών γνωστικών επεξεργασιών. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό έρχεται σε αντίθεση με πολλά μοντέλα παρουσίας (presence) αφού ορίζει ότι η «αίσθηση του να είσαι εκεί» είναι προϊόν της χωρικής νόησης. Συνεπώς, η εμβύθιση προκύπτει βάσει της ΕΠΕ που προηγείται οποιουδήποτε ύστερου, υποκειμενικά βιωμένου περιεχομένου και το οποίο εμπίπτει στην περιοχή μελέτης Σχεδιασμού Εμπειρίας. Το απόσταγμα της ΔΔ είναι ένα Μοντέλο Σχεδίασης και διασφάλισης της ΕΠΕ. Η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία σχεδιασμού ενισχύει διαδικασίες αυτό-ρύθμισης αφού ωθεί προς ενδεδειγμένες τεχνολογικές εγκαταστάσεις και απαιτεί αιτιολόγηση των σχεδιαστικών επιλογών.
Μικρά αναθήματα αθλητών στα αρχαία Ελληνικά ιερά
Authors: Τζανετάκης Αλέξανδρος
Published: March 2023

Στην διατριβή αυτή εξετάζονται τα μικρά αναθήματα, τα οποία αφιερώνονταν στα ιερά από τους αθλητές, οι οποίοι άλλοτε μεν εν όψει του επικείμενου αγώνα ζητούσαν την συνδρομή της θεότητας άλλοτε δε και μετά την επιτυχή κατάληξή του, ήθελαν να την ευχαριστήσουν για την προσφερθείσα βοήθεια. Η επιλογή του όρου « μικρά » δεν έχει σκοπό να προσδιορίσει το μέγεθος ή την αξία του αναθήματος αλλά να αντιδιαστείλει το σύνολο των αναθημάτων αυτών με τους ανδριάντες νικητών, οι οποίοι ανιδρύονταν στα ιερά και ως εκ τούτου η χρήση του όρου «μικρά» θα πρέπει να θεωρηθεί ως εν μέρει τουλάχιστον συμβατική. Τα αναθήματα μικρής κλίμακας, τα οποία ανατίθεντο στα ιερά εκ μέρους των αθλητών ήσαν αθλητικά όργανα, όπως δίσκοι, αλτήρες, μέρη του εξοπλισμού των αθλητών όπως στλεγγίδες, χάλκινα αγαλμάτια αθλητών, χάλκινα αγγεία αλλά και τα έπαθλα τα οποία είχαν προηγουμένως απονεμηθεί, όπως διάφορα μεταλλικά αγγεία και Παναθηναϊκοί αμφορείς. Τα αναθήματα που σχετίζονται με τους ιππικούς αγώνες και τις αρματοδρομίες περιλαμβάνουν τμήματα αρμάτων και ιπποσκευής, κεραμικούς πίνακες, χάλκινους τροχίσκους αλλά και χάλκινα ειδώλια ίππων και αναβατών. Η εργασία στοχεύει στην δημιουργία ενός corpus των μικρών αθλητικών αναθημάτων στα ιερά και στην μελέτη τους σε σχέση με τον χώρο εύρεσης αλλά και την εξέταση της κοινωνικής και οικονομικής τάξης των αναθέτων, καθώς και στην διερεύνηση της διαδρομής τους δοθέντος ότι αργότερα μερικά αποτέλεσαν ταφικά κτερίσματα. Η διατριβή αποτελείται από δύο τόμους : Ο πρώτος ( Α΄) τόμος συνιστά το κύριο τμήμα της μελέτης και διαρθρώνεται σε εννέα κεφάλαια, ακολουθούμενα από τα παραρτήματα. Στην Εισαγωγή τίθενται οι στόχοι της εργασίας, η μεθοδολογία και τα κριτήρια με βάση τα οποία ένα εύρημα θεωρείται ως αθλητικό ανάθημα. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζεται η αναθηματική πρακτική και στο δεύτερο οι διακρίσεις των αναθημάτων. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στους αγώνες και το τέταρτο στα ανατιθέμενα όργανα άθλησης ενώ το πέμπτο στα έπαθλα τα οποία αργότερα, και μετά την απονομή τους, ανατίθεντο. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζονται τα χάλκινα ειδώλια τα οποία ανέθεταν οι αθλητές στα ιερά και το έβδομο τα αναθήματα των ιππικών αγώνων. Η εργασία κλείνει με το όγδοο κεφάλαιο όπου εξετάζεται η διαδρομή των αναθημάτων και με το ένατο κεφάλαιο όπου εκτίθενται τα συμπεράσματα. Ο δεύτερος (Β΄) τόμος περιλαμβάνει την Βιβλιογραφία, την προέλευση των εικόνων, τους καταλόγους των αντικειμένων τα οποία εξετάσθηκαν καθώς και με τους 115 σχετικούς πίνακες.
Η λογοτεχνική κριτική στη Μεταπολίτευση
Authors: Κατσαβέλη Ελένη
Published: March 2023

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή διερευνά τη λογοτεχνική κριτική της Αριστεράς στη Μεταπολίτευση (1974-1989). Μέσα από την εξέταση του πρωτογενούς υλικού, κεντρικό ζητούμενο είναι να εξαχθεί ο τρόπος με τον οποίο συζητήθηκαν αυτήν την περίοδο θέματα και αισθητικά κριτήρια που ήταν πάντα φλέγοντα για την Αριστερά και να αναλυθούν τα νέα θέματα που τέθηκαν, με στόχο να φανεί το τι από το παρελθόν μεταβάλλεται, διαφοροποιείται, αναπαράγεται ή καταργείται. Σκοπός της διατριβής είναι να προσδιοριστεί όχι μόνο η ιδιαίτερη φυσιογνωμία του αριστερού κριτικού λόγου στη Μεταπολίτευση, αλλά και να εξεταστεί η κλιμάκωση που παρατηρείται στην προσέγγιση αυτών των ζητημάτων μεταξύ των δύο μεταπολιτευτικών δεκαετιών για να διαφωτιστεί το πώς τα κριτικά κείμενα συνδέονται με τις δεσπόζουσες πολιτισμικές και ιδεολογικές τάσεις της εποχής τους. Για τον σκοπό αυτόν, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο επιχειρείται ο προσδιορισμός του κοινωνικο-πολιτικού και διανοητικού μεταπολιτευτικού πεδίου και στα επόμενα κεφάλαια συντελείται η μετάβαση στο ειδικότερο πεδίο της αριστερής λογοτεχνικής κριτικής. Έτσι αφού στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο δοθούν πληροφορίες για τη μεσοπολεμική και μεταπολεμική αριστερή κριτική, στο τρίτο και στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζεται, μέσα από πολλές οπτικές γωνίες, η στάση της λογοτεχνικής κριτικής της μεταπολιτευτικής Αριστεράς σε ποικίλα ανακύπτοντα ζητήματα. Μεταξύ αυτών, οι «ρεαλισμοί», η στράτευση, ο ουμανισμός, η ελευθερία, ο ρόλος του λογοτέχνη, η σχέση ανάμεσα στην κοσμοθεωρία του δημιουργού και στην κοσμοαντίληψη του έργου του, η σύγχρονη τέχνη και το κοινό, ο ενδοδιάλογος που ξέσπασε στο εσωτερικό της Αριστεράς μετά την κυκλοφορία του πεζογραφήματος του Nick Gage ''Ελένη'' και του μυθιστορήματος του Γιάννη Ρίτσου ''Ίσως να ’ναι κι έτσι'', η αξιολόγηση και ταξινόμηση των λογοτεχνικών έργων, η «ποίηση της παρακμής», η «ποίηση της ήττας» και η υπερρεαλιστική ποίηση. Από τη μελέτη και επεξεργασία των δεδομένων διαφαίνεται ότι η πορεία που ακολουθείται δεν είναι αδιαφοροποίητα ευθύγραμμη, αλλά αποτελεί ένα κράμα συνεχειών και ρήξεων. Τελικά αποδεικνύεται ότι η λογοτεχνική κριτική της μεταπολιτευτικής Αριστεράς υφίσταται ποικίλες διαφοροποιήσεις και αλλαγές, εξελίσσεται και βαθαίνει, με αποτέλεσμα ο αριστερός κριτικός λόγος να παρουσιάζεται ως ένας αξιόλογος δείκτης του σταδιακού εκσυγχρονισμού που συντελείται στο αριστερό πεδίο, αλλά και ως προσδιοριστικός παράγοντας των εξελίξεων που διαδραματίζονται στην ελληνική πνευματική σκηνή.
Μάξιμος Πελοποννήσιος και Δύση
Authors: Μπάτσης Δημήτριος
Published: March 2023

Θέμα της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής αποτελεί η μελέτη, καταγραφή και η γραμματολογική ανάλυση των αντιλατινικών θέσεων του ιερομονάχου Μαξίμου Πελοποννησίου. Οι αντιλατινικές αυτές τοποθετήσεις του συγγραφέως μας εντοπίζονται κατά κύριο λόγο στο «Εγχειρίδιον κατά του σχίσματος των παπιστών», το οποίο αποτελεί το κατ’ εξοχήν δογματικό αλλά και αντιρρητικό έργο του συγγραφέως μας και διαπραγματεύεται τις διαφορές Ορθοδοξίας και Ρωμαιοκαθολικισμού επί τη βάσει των πέντε διαφορών της Συνόδου Φερράρας-Φλωρεντίας. Επίσης εντοπίζονται αντιλατινικές αναφορές στο «Κυριακοδρόμιον» και στην «Ερμηνεία εις την Αποκάλυψιν του Ιωάννου». Κεντρικό θέμα του «Εγχειριδίου», αλλά και οπουδήποτε αλλού στα συγγράμματά του ο Μάξιμος κάνει νύξεις για τις καινοτομίες των Λατίνων, αποτελεί το παπικό πρωτείο. Κατά τον Μάξιμο Πελοποννήσιο, το πρωτείο του Πάπα αποτελεί την αιτία του σχίσματος Ανατολικής και Δυτικής Εκκλησίας. Σημαντικό μέρος της αντίρρησης του Μαξίμου έναντι του πρωτείου του Πάπα καταλαμβάνει η ερμηνεία αγιογραφικών χωρίων που σχετίζονται με το θέμα αυτό. Στο θέμα δε της αντίρρησης για την προσθήκη στο σύμβολο της Πίστεως και την διπλή εκπόρευση του Αγίου Πνεύματος, απαριθμεί τρεις λόγους, για τους οποίους δεν ισχύει η εκπόρευση του Αγίου Πνεύματος και από τον Υιό: α) δεν αναφέρεται στην Αγία Γραφή, β) δεν θεμελιώνεται συνοδικά, είτε μέσω Οικουμενικής, είτε μέσω τοπικής Συνόδου, αλλά ούτε και πατερικά και γ) για να μην δημιουργούνται δύο αρχές και δύο αίτια στην Αγία Τριάδα. Ο Πελοποννήσιος λόγιος, εξετάζει το ζήτημα περί της χρήσεως του αζύμου ή ενζύμου άρτου στην Θεία Λατρεία, από δύο πλευρές, την ιστορική, δηλ. γιατί ο Κύριος δεν χρησιμοποίησε άζυμα στο Μυστικό Δείπνο και ουσιαστικά γιατί το Δείπνο εκείνο δεν αποτελεί το πασχάλιο δείπνο του Μωσαικού Νόμου και την θεολογική, γιατί πλέον δεν μπορεί και δεν πρέπει, η Εκκλησία ως «νέος Ισραήλ» να χρησιμοποιεί τα άζυμα στη λατρεία της. Οσον αφορά το ζήτημα περί του Καθαγιασμού των Τιμίων Δώρων ο Μάξιμος αναφέρει ότι η Μεταβολή των Τιμίων Δώρων δεν γίνεται με την απαγγελία των Κυριακών Λόγων, αλλά με την καθαγιαστική ευχή του ιερέως και προς επιβεβαίωση της θέσης αυτής επικαλείται την λειτουργική παράδοση της Εκκλησίας. Κοινός τόπος της αντίρρησης του Μαξίμου στην λατινική θέση περί Καθαρτηρίου Πυρός και περί Μακαριότητας των Αγίων αποτελεί η κατανόηση του ανθρώπου ως ενότητας ψυχής και σώματος και η ισοτιμία τους. Πολύτιμες πηγές και του Μαξίμου Πελοποννησίου, στην προσπάθεια του να ανασκευάσει και να αναιρέσει τις λατινικές καινοτομίες, αποτελούν η Αγία Γραφή και η πατερική γραμματεία. Κατά την εξέταση των αντιρρητικών θέσεων του Μαξίμου, όπως αυτές εκφράζονται στα συγγράμματά του, παρατηρήσαμε ότι οι θεολογικές θέσεις που διατυπώνει για τα επίμαχα ζητήματα αντιπαράθεσης μεταξύ Ανατολής και Δύσης, απηχούν κατ’ αρχάς τις θέσεις των Πατέρων της Εκκλησίας αλλά και προγενεστέρων ή και συγχρόνων του αντιρρητικών θεολόγων. Είναι προφανές από την μελέτη των συγγραμμάτων του, ότι είναι γνώστης της πατερικής θεολογίας.
The influence of anthropometric indicators on the availability of vitamin D in residents of Southern Ukraine
Authors: Shanyhin Anton , Babienko Volodymyr , Rozhnova Anastasiya , Strakhov Yevhen
Published: March 2023

The social role of the problem of obesity is determined by the threat of disability and a decrease in overall life expectancy due to the frequent development of serious concomitant diseases. Despite a significant number of studies on the effect of excess body weight on the level of 25(OH)D, there are still ongoing discussions about the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of obesity. The main described pathogenetic mechanism by which obesity negatively affects 25(OH)D levels is the redistribution of fat-soluble vitamin D in large amounts of adipose tissue. This leads to a decrease in the concentration of 25(OH)D in the blood serum.
Goal. To determine the dependence of the level of 25(OH)D in blood serum on anthropometric indicators in residents of the southern regions of Ukraine.
Materials and methods. During the study, 928 residents (women – 507; men – 421) of southern Ukraine aged 19 to 82 were examined.
The results. The level of 25(OH)D in blood serum among the study participants ranged from 4.31 - 89.19 ng/ml. The prevalence of deficiency, insufficiency and sufficient level of vitamin D in the study group was 33.6%, 33% and 33.4%, respectively. The body mass index in the study group ranged from 16.1 kg/m2 to 41.3 kg/m2, while the average BMI in men was 25.2±4.0 kg/m2, and in women it was 25.6±4.5 kg/m2. In addition, an anthropometric analysis was conducted, namely, a waist-to-hip ratio assessment was conducted in order to determine the influence of these indicators on the level of 25(ОН)D in blood serum.
Conclusions. A higher negative correlation was established between the level of 25(OH)D and BMI than the waist-to-hip ratio index. The hypothesis of the connection of vitamin D with the specified anthropometric indicators was confirmed, in particular, when comparing groups by BMI. It is worth noting that among people of both sexes, regardless of age, with an increase in BMI and waist circumference, a decrease in the level of 25(OH)D in blood serum is observed.
A rare case of incidentally diagnosed pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour with dramatic response to crizotinib in a postpartum woman
Authors: Yorke Jojo , Solanki Krupa , Theegala Vaishnavi , Sinha Alok , Asberry Don , El Abbassi Adel
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours are rare neoplasms which most commonly affect children and young adults. With an intermediate malignant potential, they are typically detected in the abdomen, lung, mediastinum, head and neck, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. Case description: We describe the case of a 33-year-old postpartum woman incidentally diagnosed with a pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour following complaints of poorly controlled hypertension a week after caesarean section. She was ALK-negative and received an ALK inhibitor with complete resolution of the lesion. A ROS1–TFG fusion confirmed the diagnosis of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour after CT-guided fine needle aspiration. Discussion: This case highlights an uncommon presentation posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge and the potential treatment option of crizotinib.
Change Talks: An overview of the mental health and wellbeing programme
Authors: Tyrer Sam , Hardman Naomi
Published: March 2023

In recent years, the mental health needs of children and young people have risen substantially. Sam Tyrer takes us through the development of a school mental health and wellbeing programme and Naomi Hardman shares her work on adapting the content for special educational needs schools and Start Talks and Ready Talks.
Effect of the bonding layer and multigrading layers on the performance of a wafer-bonded InGaAs/Si single-photon detector
Authors: Chen Xiaoqiang , Jiao Jinlong , Yao Liqiang , Ji Ruoyun , Rao Yingjie , Wei Huang , Lin Guangyang , Li Cheng , Ke Shaoying , Chen Songyan
Published: March 2023

A wafer-bonded InGaAs/Si avalanche photodiode (APD) at a wavelength of 1550 nm was theoretically simulated. We focused on the effect of the In1−xGa
x
As multigrading layers and bonding layers on the electric fields, electron and hole concentrations, recombination rates, and energy bands. In this work, In1−xGa
x
As multigrading layers inserted between Si and InGaAs were adopted to reduce the discontinuity of the conduction band between Si and InGaAs. A bonding layer was introduced at the InGaAs/Si interface to isolate the mismatched lattices to achieve a high-quality InGaAs film. In addition, the bonding layer can further regulate the electric field distribution in the absorption and multiplication layers. The wafer-bonded InGaAs/Si APD, structured by a polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) bonding layer and In1−xGa
x
As multigrading layers (x changes from 0.5 to 0.85), displayed the highest gain-bandwidth product (GBP). When the APD operates in Geiger mode, the single-photon detection efficiency (SPDE) of the photodiode is 20%, and the dark count rate (DCR) is 1 MHz at 300 K. Moreover, one finds that the DCR is lower than 1 kHz at 200 K. These results indicate that high-performance InGaAs/Si SPAD can be achieved through a wafer-bonded platform.
3D reconstruction of light-field images based on spatiotemporal correlation super-resolution
Authors: Feng Wei , Gao Junhui , Sun Jichen , Wang Henghui
Published: March 2023

In this paper, we make full advantage of the information correlation of subaperture images and propose a new super-resolution (SR) reconstruction method based on spatiotemporal correlation to achieve SR reconstruction for light-field images. Meanwhile, the offset compensation method based on optical flow and spatial transformer network is designed to realize accurate compensation between adjacent light-field subaperture images. After that, the obtained light-field images with high resolution are combined with the self-designed system based on phase similarity and SR reconstruction to realize accurate 3D reconstruction of a structured light field. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method to perform accurate 3D reconstruction of light-field images from the SR data. Generally, our method makes full use of the redundant information between different subaperture images, hides the upsampling process in the convolution, provides more sufficient information, and reduces time-consuming procedures, which is more efficient to realize the accurate 3D reconstruction of light-field images.
Portable 3D-printed umbrella photoacoustic cell for trace gas detection
Authors: Yin Yajie , Niu Mingsheng , Sun Liuya , Tang Min , Chen Jiaxue , Cao Hongzhong
Published: March 2023

We purpose a novel portable 3D-printed umbrella photoacoustic (PA) cell, to the best of our knowledge, for trace gas detection. Its simulation and structural optimization were performed via finite element analysis using COMSOL software. We investigate the factors affecting the PA signals using both experimentation and theory. By measuring methane, a minimum detection limit of 5.36 ppm (signal-to-noise ratio, 223.8) with a lock-in time of 3s was achieved. The proposed miniature umbrella PA system indicates the potential for a miniaturized and low-cost trace sensor.
Spectrally multiplexed Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with weak coherent states
Authors: Pietx-Casas Oriol , do Amaral Gustavo Castro , Chakraborty Tanmoy , Berrevoets Remon , Middelburg Thomas , Slater Joshua A. , Tittel Wolfgang
Published: March 2023

We explore the suitability of a virtually imaged phased array as a spectral-to-spatial mode-mapper (SSMM) for applications in quantum communication such as a quantum repeater. To this end, we demonstrate spectrally resolved Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interference with weak coherent states (WCSs). Spectral sidebands are generated on a common optical carrier, and WCSs are prepared in each spectral mode and sent to a beam splitter followed by two SSMMs and two single-photon detectors, allowing us to measure spectrally resolved HOM interference. We show that the so-called HOM dip can be observed in the coincidence detection pattern of matching spectral modes with visibilities as high as 45% (maximum 50% for WCSs). For unmatched modes, the visibility drops significantly, as expected. Due to the similarity between HOM interference and a linear-optics Bell-state measurement (BSM), this simple optical arrangement figures as a candidate for the implementation of a spectrally resolved BSM. Finally, we simulate the secret key generation rate using current and state-of-the-art parameters in a measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution scenario and explore the trade-off between rate and complexity of a spectrally multiplexed quantum communication link.
In-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer as a promising tool for optical nose and odor prediction during the fermentation process
Authors: Faraco Filho Renato Luiz , Oliveira Barino Felipe , Calderano João , Valle Alvarenga Ítalo Fernando , Campos Deivid , dos Santos Alexandre Bessa
Published: March 2023

In this paper, we present an in-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) applied to coffee bean fermentation monitoring. Two MZIs, based on a combination of a fiber taper cascaded by a micro-tapered long-period fiber grating, were installed in a fermentation barrel to monitor the liquids and gases released during the fermentation process. During this process, a variety of odors arise due to the yeast activity and their classification is important to decide when to stop the fermentation process. In this work, we show that the in-fiber MZIs are good candidates for optical noses in this scenario.
Diversity and relative abundance of bird species in the two habitat types of Dokima forest Awi zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Asmare Binega Derebe , Derebe Yonas , Tamer Mulugeta
Published: March 2023

Birds are the most widespread vertebrate group, as they can be found in practically every type of habitat. However, lack of knowledge on bird ecology in Afrotropical highlands and bird habitat degradation are the main problems that is why this research was studied. The study was conducted in Awi zone, Amhara National Regional State with the objective of the diversity and relative abundance of bird species in the two habitat types of Dokima forest in Awi zone, Ethiopia. Between November 2018 and December 2020, the transect method was conducted in both dry and wet seasons. Using one-way ANOVA, the effect of seasons and habitats on species richness and abundance was investigated and compared. In both the dry and wet seasons, a total of 2233 individuals, 47 species belonging to 35 families, and 14 orders were recorded. The abundance of bird species was not statistically differed between habitat types in the dry season, but it was statistically significantly in the wet season. The mean abundance of bird species differed significantly between the dry and wet seasons. In the dry season, the forest habitat type had the highest species diversity index (H’ = 3.18) and the highest evenness (J = 0.94), while in the wet season, the forest habitat type had the highest evenness (J = 0.94). These habitats must be conserved in order to protect the birds that live in the area.
Tuberculosis notifications in regional Victoria, Australia: Implications for public health care in a low incidence setting
Authors: Moyo Nompilo , Tay Ee Laine , Trauer James M. , Burke Leona , Jackson Justin , Commons Robert J. , Boyd Sarah C. , Singh Kasha P. , Denholm Justin T.
Published: March 2023

Background

Regionality is often a significant factor in tuberculosis (TB) management and outcomes worldwide. A wide range of context-specific factors may influence these differences and change over time. We compared TB treatment in regional and metropolitan areas, considering demographic and temporal trends affecting TB diagnosis and outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective analyses of data for patients notified with TB in Victoria, Australia, were conducted. The study outcomes were treatment delays and treatment outcomes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model analyses were performed to investigate the effect of regionality in the management of TB. Six hundred and eleven (7%) TB patients were notified in regional and 8,163 (93%) in metropolitan areas between 1995 and 2019. Of the 611 cases in the regional cohort, 401 (66%) were overseas-born. Fifty-one percent of the overseas-born patients in regional Victoria developed TB disease within five years of arrival in Australia. Four cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were reported in regional areas, compared to 97 cases in metropolitan areas. A total of 3,238 patients notified from 2012 to 2019 were included in the survival analysis. The time follow-up for patient delay started at symptom onset date, and the event was the presentation to the healthcare centre. For healthcare system delay, follow-up time began at the presentation to the healthcare centre, and the event was commenced on TB treatment. Cases with extrapulmonary TB in regional areas have a non-significantly longer healthcare system delay than patients in metropolitan (median 64 days versus 54 days, AHR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.6–1.0, P = 0.094).

Conclusion

Tuberculosis in regional Victoria is common among the overseas-born population, and patients with extrapulmonary TB in regional areas experienced a non-significant minor delay in treatment commencement with no apparent detriment to treatment outcomes. Improving access to LTBI management in regional areas may reduce the burden of TB.
Intra- and inter-individual variability in the underwater pull-out technique in 200 m breaststroke turns
Authors: Gonjo Tomohiro , Olstad Bjørn Harald , Šťastný Jan , Conceição Ana , Seifert Ludovic
Published: March 2023

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the intra- and inter-individual variability in arm-leg coordination during the underwater phase of the turn segment in 200 m breaststroke. Thirteen male swimmers were recruited and performed a 200 m breaststroke in a pre-calibrated 25 m pool. Sub-phases during the underwater segment were obtained using a notational analysis, and the mean velocity, displacement and duration during each sub-phase were obtained. A hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed using the analysed variables in all phases to identify inter-individual variability and random intra-individual variability. In addition, a linear mixed model (LMM: lap as a fixed effect and the participant as a random effect) was conducted to investigate systematic intra-individual variability. HCA identified three coordination patterns that were distinguished by the timing of the dolphin kick relative to the arm pull-out and the duration of the glide with arms at the side. All swimmers except one performed the arm pull-out after the dolphin kick. Nine swimmers maintained one coordination pattern, but other swimmers switched their coordination during the trial, particularly by shortening the duration of the glide with arms at the side. LMM showed a linear decrease (from the first to the last turn) in the time gap between the end of the dolphin kick and the start of the arm pull-out (a glide with the streamlined body position; F = 9.64, p = 0.034) and the glide duration with the arms at the side (F = 11.66, p = 0.015). In conclusion, both inter- and intra-individual variabilities during the underwater phase were evident in 200 m breaststroke turns, which were categorised into three patterns based on the timing of the dolphin kick and the duration of glides.