bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Two-Stage Economic Optimization Operation of Virtual Power Plants Considering Uncertainty
Authors: Sun Hao , Liu Yanmei , Qi Penglong , Zhu Zhi , Xing Zuoxia , Wu Weining
Published: August 2024

In a highly competitive electricity spot market, virtual power plants (VPPs) that aggregate dispersed resources face various uncertainties during market transactions. These uncertainties directly impact the economic benefits of VPPs. To address the uncertainties in the economic optimization of VPPs, scenario analysis is employed to transform the uncertainties of wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic (PV) system outputs, and electricity prices into deterministic problems. The objective is to maximize the VPP’s profits in day-ahead and intra-day markets (real-time balancing market) by constructing an economic optimization decision model based on two-stage stochastic programming. Gas turbines and electric vehicles (EVs) are scheduled and traded in the day-ahead market, while flexible energy storage systems (ESS) are deployed in the real-time balancing market. Based on simulation analysis, under the uncertainty of WTs and PV system outputs, as well as electricity prices, the proposed model demonstrates that orderly charging of EVs in the day-ahead stage can increase the revenue of the VPP by 6.1%. Additionally, since the ESS can adjust the deviations in day-ahead bid output during the intra-day stage, the day-ahead bidding strategy becomes more proactive, resulting in an additional 3.1% increase in the VPP revenue. Overall, this model can enhance the total revenue of the VPP by 9.2%.
Assessment of Single-Axis Solar Tracking System Efficiency in Equatorial Regions: A Case Study of Manta, Ecuador
Authors: Ponce-Jara Marcos A. , Pazmino Ivan , Moreira-Espinoza Ángelo , Gunsha-Morales Alfonso , Rus-Casas Catalina
Published: August 2024

Ecuador is grappling with a severe energy crisis, marked by frequent power outages. A recent study explored solar energy efficiency in the coastal city of Manta using an IoT real-time monitoring system to compare static photovoltaic (PV) systems with two single-axis solar tracking systems: one based on astronomical programming and the other using light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensors. Results showed that both tracking systems outperformed the static PV system, with net gains of 31.8% and 37.0%, respectively. The astronomical-programming-based system had a slight edge, operating its stepper motor intermittently for two minutes per hour, while the LDR system required continuous motor energization. The single-axis tracker using astronomical programming demonstrated notable advantages in energy efficiency and complexity, making it suitable for equatorial regions like Manta. The study also suggested potential further gains by adjusting solar positioning at shorter intervals, such as every 15 or 30 min. These findings enhance our understanding of solar tracking performance in equatorial environments, offering valuable insights for optimizing solar energy systems in regions with high solar radiation. By emphasizing customized solar tracking mechanisms, this research presents promising solutions to Ecuador’s energy crisis and advances sustainable energy practices.
An Overview of the Multilevel Control Scheme Utilized by Microgrids
Authors: Mussetta Marco , Le Xuan Chau , Trinh Trung Hieu , Doan Anh Tuan , Duong Minh Quan , Tanasiev Gabriela Nicoleta
Published: August 2024

With the explosion in energy consumption demand, the deep penetration of renewable energy into the grid is inevitable and has become trend across the world today. Microgrids with integrated renewable energy are the core components of smart grids and will permeate all areas of human activity. Although this grid has a very flexible working principle, its heavy reliance on renewable energy sources can cause significant disturbances to the electric transmission system. Therefore, the control and monitoring processes for microgrids must be implemented through various mechanisms to ensure the microgrid system operates safely, stably, and effectively. In this paper, the research team will introduce and synthesize the multilevel control scheme of current types of microgrids. We will evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each type of MG, providing a reference for further research in the field of microgrid control applications, both current and in the near future.
Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Ibba Anastasia , Guzzetti Chiara , Sanfilippo Lavinia , Loche Sandro
Published: August 2024

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the most frequent pituitary hormone deficiency in childhood, with an incidence of 1 in 4000–10,000 live births. GHD can be congenital (genetic or due to hypothalamic/pituitary abnormalities) or acquired and can be isolated (IGHD) or associated with other pituitary hormone deficiencies, but most cases are idiopathic. GH stimulation testing is commonly used in the diagnostic workup of GHD, except for some clinical conditions that do not require GH stimulation tests for the diagnosis. Children with GHD receive replacement therapy with daily injections of recombinant human GH (rhGH). RhGH therapy is effective in increasing short-term height gain and adult height in patients with GHD. The safety of long term GH therapy has been confirmed in many large international studies. Recently, long-acting weekly GH formulations have been introduced, showing good efficacy and safety profiles.
The Potential of Non-Native Pines for Timber Production—A Case Study from Afforested Post-Mining Sites
Authors: Zeidler Aleš , Borůvka Vlastimil , Tomczak Karol , Vacek Zdeněk , Cukor Jan , Vacek Stanislav , Tomczak Arkadiusz
Published: August 2024

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) represents one of the most important commercial coniferous tree species, providing valuable timber. Due to climate change, it is experiencing serious problems in some areas, therefore, finding a suitable substitute for its wood is currently a challenge. In this study, we compared the wood quality of three different non-native pine species and Scots pine growing at the same site to ensure identical growing conditions. Black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold), a pine species native to Southern Europe, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson) native to North America were compared to Scots pine for selected quantitative (productivity) and qualitative (physical and mechanical) properties. Significant differences between pine species were found in all quantitative dendrometric parameters, except average diameter at breast height. The stand volume ranged from 157 m3 ha−1 for lodgepole pine to 356 m3 ha−1 for Scots pine. For qualitative characteristics, wood density, shrinkage, and compressive strength were used to find differences among species in choosing the best alternative. The highest wood density was obtained for Scots pine (458 kg m−3), followed by black pine with 441 kg m−3. The density of the remaining pine species was significantly lower. Scots pine also exceeded the tested species in compressive strength (44.2 MPa). Lodgepole pine achieved the second highest value (39.3 MPa) but was statistically similar to black pine (36.5 MPa). The tested pine species exhibited similar values in shrinkage, which were statistically insignificant, ranging from 14.3% for lodgepole pine to 15.1% for Scots pine. Based on applications and preferred characteristics, black pine or lodgepole pine could serve as the Scots pine substitute in some areas. And vice versa, ponderosa pine did not attain the Scots pine wood quality.
Testing Stimulus Equivalence in Transformer-Based Agents
Authors: Carrillo Alexis , Betancort Moisés
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the ability of transformer-based models (TBMs) to form stimulus equivalence (SE) classes. We employ BERT and GPT as TBM agents in SE tasks, evaluating their performance across training structures (linear series, one-to-many and many-to-one) and relation types (select–reject, select-only). Our findings demonstrate that both models performed above mastery criterion in the baseline phase across all simulations (n = 12). However, they exhibit limited success in reflexivity, transitivity, and symmetry tests. Notably, both models achieved success only in the linear series structure with select–reject relations, failing in one-to-many and many-to-one structures, and all select-only conditions. These results suggest that TBM may be forming decision rules based on learned discriminations and reject relations, rather than responding according to equivalence class formation. The absence of reject relations appears to influence their responses and the occurrence of hallucinations. This research highlights the potential of SE simulations for: (a) comparative analysis of learning mechanisms, (b) explainability techniques for TBM decision-making, and (c) TBM bench-marking independent of pre-training or fine-tuning. Future investigations can explore upscaling simulations and utilize SE tasks within a reinforcement learning framework.
Effects of Virtual Reality (VR)-Based Meditation on Sleep Quality, Stress, and Autonomic Nervous System Balance in Nursing Students
Authors: Kim Ki-Yong , Hur Myung-Haeng , Kim Won-Jong
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to determine the effects of virtual reality (VR)-based meditation on the sleep quality, stress, and autonomic nervous system balance of nursing students. Nursing students were categorized into experimental groups I (VR-based meditation) and II (concentration meditation) and a control group. Before the study’s initiation, we measured the participants’ general characteristics, and a sleep measurement device was used to measure sleep quality. Stress levels and heart rate variability were measured before and after study completion. On the first day, all three groups slept without any intervention. On days 2–6, only experimental groups I and II implemented the intervention before sleeping. We found that the subjective sleep quality, wakefulness after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, deep sleep quality, subjective stress, objective stress, and autonomic nervous system balance of the VR meditation group were significantly better than those of the other groups. Our results reveal that the participants who underwent VR-based meditation experienced better sleep quality, lower stress levels, and improved autonomic nervous system balance compared with those in the concentration meditation and control groups. Thus, VR-based meditation effectively enhances sleep quality, lowers stress levels, and improves autonomic nervous system balance in nursing students.
Adapting the PEERS® for Young Adults Program for Autistic Adults across the Lifespan
Authors: Harker Samantha A. , Baxter Leslie C. , Gallegos Stephen M. , Mitchell Melissa M. , Zerga Lillian , Matthews Nicole L. , Braden B. Blair
Published: August 2024

The Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS®) is an evidence-based intervention developed for autistic individuals to support social communication, peer interactions, independence, and interpersonal relationships. Despite a demonstrated effectiveness for young autistic individuals in the US and several other countries, PEERS has yet to be modified to support the needs of autistic adults across the lifespan. The present study describes how our team sought autistic voices to adapt PEERS for adults of any age. Specifically, we aimed to address the needs of middle-aged and older adults and adapt the curriculum to be more neurodiversity-affirming. Between two cohorts that completed the program consecutively, we evaluated the acceptability of the adapted PEERS program and made refinements based on feedback from autistic participants and their study partners. Results indicated that Cohort 2 reported higher satisfaction with the PEERS components and overall program than Cohort 1, suggesting effective refinement. We present a framework of adaptations that more specifically address the needs of middle-aged and older adults in a neurodiverse-affirming way compared to previous iterations. Our approach to implementing an adapted PEERS curriculum across the adult lifespan may serve as a model for improved clinical care and cultivate the acceptance of neurodiversity in the interpersonal domains of autistic adults’ lives.
Biological Control Potential of Bacillus subtilis Isolate 1JN2 against Fusarium Wilt on Cucumber
Authors: Yang Wei , Wang Lan , Li Xiao , Yan Haixia , Zhong Beibei , Du Xinru , Guo Qi , He Tingting , Luo Yuming
Published: August 2024

Cucumber is one of the top ten vegetables globally and is widely cultivated worldwide. However, Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum, is one of the most serious soil-borne diseases in cucumber cultivation, causing significant economic losses. Biological control has great potential in the prevention of cucumber wilt disease, but the mechanism involved still needs further research. In this study, biocontrol isolate Bacillus subtilis 1JN2, which was isolated in our previous work, was evaluated in field conditions against Fusarium wilt, and the rhizosphere fungal diversity was analyzed. The results indicated that the biocontrol efficacy of B. subtilis 1JN2 reached 58.5% compared with the blank control, and the population density of F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere decreased from 495 copies/g of soil before inoculation to 20 copies/g 14 days after treatment. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that after an inoculation of 1JN2, the populations that decreased significantly include the genera of Olpidium and Pseudallescheria, from more than 20% to less than 8%. And the most increased population belonged to the family Chaetomiaceae, from 6.82% to 18.77%, 12.39%, 44.41%, and 19.41% at the four sample time points after treatment. In addition, soil-related enzyme activities, including catalase, soil dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase, were analyzed before and after treatment with 1JN2. The results indicated that all the enzyme activities showed an upward trend following inoculation. These findings demonstrate the potential of using B. subtilis 1JN2 as a biocontrol agent for controlling Fusarium wilt in cucumber.
Comparing Healthcare Facilities to Demographic Standards in the Pakistani Rural Environment
Authors: Talpur Mir Aftab Hussain
Published: August 2024

The population of Pakistan is increasing, with approximately 2% growth. Over the years, the country’s healthcare system has struggled to meet the needs of the population. Nevertheless, because of shortages compared to population distribution, people are facing primary healthcare challenges, specifically in rural environments. Because of the absence of standard health services, the quality of the health sector deteriorated over time. Therefore, this study aims to compute the shortage of health facilities in Badin, Pakistan, per local health standards. The information related to available health institutes was obtained from the office of the Director-General Health Office with the help of a questionnaire. The current population was determined, and the same was projected up to the year 2035 with the help of a compound interest model. The linear model was executed and found to be significant, with the values of R = 0.996, R2 = 0.991, and Sig. F-change = 0.000. The Badin sub-region needed 201 basic health units, 37 rural health centers, and 746 dispensaries. The public health institutes were found unavailable as per demographic standards. This research set a platform for local authorities to take certain actions in framing essential policies to curtail the shortage of health institutions. This study is significant, as it confers existing and futuristic health institute demands. This research can serve as a model for remote sub-regions to address primary healthcare issues, including the fight against diseases and viruses. This research may also contribute to sustainable goal number 3, i.e., Good Health and Well-being.
Nursing Students’ Health Literacy and Strategies to Foster Patients’ Health Literacy
Authors: Anselmann Veronika , Halder Simone , Sauer Sophie
Published: August 2024

Health literacy can be defined as an individual’s competence to use knowledge and information to maintain and improve health. Research has shown the crucial importance of health literacy in everyday life. Nurses play an important role in fostering patients’ health literacy. But there is a lack in research on nurses’ health literacy and how it influences their work. Therefore, this study aims to determine nursing students’ health literacy and find out whether this group assessed that there was a change in their health literacy before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, this study aims to find out whether there is a relation between nursing students’ assessments of their health literacy and their assessments of whether and how they use strategies to foster their patients’ health literary in everyday work. We conducted a longitudinal study with two points of measurement, before the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 112) and after (N = 304). Nursing students filled out an online questionnaire using validated scales. To analyze the data, we used descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and Welch’s t-test. The results show that before the COVID-19 pandemic, the nursing students assessed their health literacy as quite high, and after the COVID-19 pandemic, they found it difficult to access (t = 17.881; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.46), understand (t = 16.404; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.56), appraise (t = 15.429; p < 0.00; Cohen’s d = 0.47), and apply health-related information (t = 13.761; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.54). Implications of our study concern nurses’ vocational education and training in which nurses must learn about health literacy and strategies to foster their patients’ health literacy.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Differently Modulates the Release of IL-6 and IL-8 Cytokines in Human Glial Cells
Authors: Sokołowska Paulina , Wiktorowska-Owczarek Anna , Tambor Jakub , Gawlak-Socka Sebastian , Kowalczyk Edward , Jóźwiak-Bębenista Marta
Published: August 2024

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a significant player in the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite the established link between ER stress and inflammatory pathways, there remains a need for deeper exploration of the specific cellular mechanisms underlying ER stress-mediated neuroinflammation. This study aimed to investigate how the severity of ER stress (triggered by different concentrations of tunicamycin) can impact the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 from astrocytes and microglia, comparing the effects with those induced by well-known immunostimulants—tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mild ER stress has a distinct effect on the cytokine release compared to more intense stress levels, i.e., diminished IL-6 production was accompanied by an increase in IL-8 level, which was significantly more pronounced in astrocytes than in microglia. On the contrary, prolonged or more severe ER stress induced inflammation in glial cells, leading to a time- and concentration-dependent buildup of proinflammatory IL-6, but unlike inflammatory agents, an ER stress inducer diminished IL-8 secretions by glial cells. The differences could hold importance in identifying ER stress markers as potential drug targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or mood disorders, yet this requires confirmation in more complex animal studies.
An Application-Driven Survey on Event-Based Neuromorphic Computer Vision
Authors: Cazzato Dario , Bono Flavio
Published: August 2024

Traditional frame-based cameras, despite their effectiveness and usage in computer vision, exhibit limitations such as high latency, low dynamic range, high power consumption, and motion blur. For two decades, researchers have explored neuromorphic cameras, which operate differently from traditional frame-based types, mimicking biological vision systems for enhanced data acquisition and spatio-temporal resolution. Each pixel asynchronously captures intensity changes in the scene above certain user-defined thresholds, and streams of events are captured. However, the distinct characteristics of these sensors mean that traditional computer vision methods are not directly applicable, necessitating the investigation of new approaches before being applied in real applications. This work aims to fill existing gaps in the literature by providing a survey and a discussion centered on the different application domains, differentiating between computer vision problems and whether solutions are better suited for or have been applied to a specific field. Moreover, an extensive discussion highlights the major achievements and challenges, in addition to the unique characteristics, of each application field.
Nickel Ions Activated PbO–GeO2 Glasses for the Application of Electrolytes and Photonic Devices
Authors: Vijayalakshmi L. , Meera Saheb Shaik , Vijay R. , Palle Kishor , Ramesh Babu P. , Kwon Seong-Jin , Raju G. Naga
Published: August 2024

In this study, PbO–GeO2 glasses were melt-quenched at different nickel oxide concentrations. XRD and DSC techniques were characterized whether the samples are glass or crystalline materials. IR, Raman, and optical absorption techniques are used to obtain structural details. The IR spectra have revealed that the glass network contained conventional structural units GeO4 and GeO6. The Ni2+ ion octahedral transition exhibited luminescence spectra in the region of 1200–1500 nm; it is due to 3T2 (3F) → 3A2(3F) transition. The glasses containing the highest concentration of NiO have been found to have high values of luminescence efficiency and the cross-section. The dielectric characteristics, such as the dielectric constant, loss, and a.c. conductivity (σac), were analyzed across extensive frequency and temperature ranges, with a specific emphasis on the nickel oxide concentration. Analyzing optical absorption and dielectric properties of the samples, it has been found that nickel ions’ majority occur in tetrahedral sites. It is proved that the dielectric constant and loss values are highest for the sample N10 and ac conductivity due to dipoles being lowest for the sample N10. It is revealed that the glasses are highly conducting due to the modifying action of Ni2+ ions so these glasses are suitable for solid electrolyte uses besides their optical applications in NLO devices.
Preliminary Studies on Changes in Static Plantar Pressure and Stabilometry in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis Undergoing an Exercise Program
Authors: Seres Ioana Gabriela , Bolovan Andrei Daniel , Dragomir Daniela , Duse Adina Octavia , Popa Daniel , Sinmarghitan Georgeta Mioara , Amaricai Elena
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: Studies have reported that patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have decreased postural stability in comparison to healthy subjects. Our study aims to compare static plantar pressure and stabilometry parameters in AS patients who performed an 8-week exercise program (spine motion and flexibility exercises; stretching of hamstring, erector spine, and shoulder muscles; control abdominal and diaphragm breathing exercises and chest expansion exercises), in three different testing conditions (eyes open, eyes closed, and head retroflexed). Methods: Plantar pressure (the loading of the first and fifth metatarsal heads (MT1, MT5) and calcaneus) and stabilometry (CoP path length, 90% confidence ellipse area, and maximum CoP speed) were recorded in 28 AS patients (age 56.64 ± 10.3 years; body mass index 29.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2) at the beginning of rehabilitation and after 8 weeks. At first evaluation, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) for the foot loading sites (MT1, MT5, and calcaneus), both for the right and left feet, when comparing eyes open with the other two testing situations. Results: After rehabilitation, significant differences were recorded between eyes-open and head-retroflexed conditions for MT1 (p = 0.03 for right; p = 0.004 for left) and calcaneus (p = 0.014 for right; p = 0.011 for left). A significantly higher CoP path length was registered in both initial and final assessments when tested with eyes closed. The maximum CoP speed had increased values at both evaluations when tested with head retroflexed. Conclusions: The CoP path length decreased after the physical exercise program, with a better postural stability after rehabilitation.
Cardiovascular Protective Properties of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: More than Just Diabetic and Weight Loss Drugs
Authors: Le Richard , Nguyen Mau T. , Allahwala Momina A. , Psaltis James P. , Marathe Chinmay S. , Marathe Jessica A. , Psaltis Peter J.
Published: August 2024

Owing to their potent glucose-lowering efficacy and substantial weight loss effects, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are now considered part of the frontline therapeutic options to treat both type 2 diabetes mellitus and nondiabetic overweight/obesity. Stemming from successful demonstration of their cardiometabolic modulation and reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events in clinical outcome trials, GLP-1 RAs have since been validated as agents with compelling cardiovascular protective properties. Studies spanning from the bench to preclinical and large-scale randomised controlled trials have consistently corroborated the cardiovascular benefits of this pharmacological class. Most notably, there is converging evidence that they exert favourable effects on atherosclerotic ischaemic endpoints, with preclinical data indicating that they may do so by directly modifying the burden and composition of atherosclerotic plaques. This narrative review examines the underlying pharmacology and clinical evidence behind the cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 RAs, with particular focus on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It also delves into the mechanisms that underpin their putative plaque-modifying actions, addresses existing knowledge gaps and therapeutic challenges and looks to future developments in the field, including the use of combination incretin agents for diabetes and weight loss management.
A Study on the Early Degradation of the Non-Additive Polypropylene–Polyethylene Composite Sampled between the Polymerization Reactor and the Deactivation-Degassing Tank
Authors: Hernández Fernández Joaquín Alejandro , Ortega-Toro Rodrigo , Fuentes Eduardo Antonio Espinosa
Published: August 2024

The industrial production of polypropylene–polyethylene composites (C-PP-PE) involves the generation of waste that is not usable, resulting in a significant environmental impact globally. In this research, we identified different concentrations of aluminum (8–410 ppm), chlorine (13–205 ppm), and iron (4–100 ppm) residues originating from traces of the Ziegler–Natta catalyst and the triethylaluminum (TEAL) co-catalyst. These residues accelerate the generation of plastic waste and affect the thermo-kinetic performance of C-PP-PE, as well as the formation of volatile organic compounds that reduce the commercial viability of C-PP-PE. Several families of organic compounds were quantified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and it is evident that these concentrations varied directly with the ppm of Al, Cl, and Fe present in C-PP-PE. This research used kinetic models of Coats–Redfern, Horowitz–Metzger, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose. The activation energy values (Ea) were inversely correlated with Al, Cl, and Fe concentrations. In samples PP0 and W3, with low Al, Cl, and Fe concentrations, the values (Ea) were 286 and 224 kJ mol−1, respectively, using the Horowitz method. Samples W1 and W5, with a high ppm of these elements, showed Ea values of 80.83 and 102.99 kJ mol−1, respectively. This knowledge of the thermodynamic behavior and the elucidation of possible chemical reactions in the industrial production of C-PP-PE allowed us to search for a suitable remediation technique to give a new commercial life to C-PP-PE waste, thus supporting the management of plastic waste and improving the process—recycling to promote sustainability and industrial efficiency. One option was using the antioxidant additive Irgafos P-168 (IG-P168), which stabilized some of these C-PP-PE residues very well until thermal properties similar to those of pure C-PP-PE were obtained.
Towards Uncovering Three Decades of LULC in the Brazilian Drylands: Caatinga Biome Dynamics (1985–2019)
Authors: Franca Rocha Washington J. S. , Vasconcelos Rodrigo N. , Costa Diego P. , Duverger Soltan Galano , Lobão Jocimara S. B. , Souza Deorgia T. M. , Herrmann Stefanie M. , Santos Nerivaldo A. , Franca Rocha Rafael O. , Ferreira-Ferreira Jefferson , Oliveira Mariana , Barbosa Leonardo da Silva , Cordeiro Carlos Leandro , Aguiar Willian M.
Published: August 2024

Dryland regions around the world are facing intricate challenges due to climate change and human activities. The Caatinga biome in Brazil, an exceptional dryland ecosystem covering approximately 86.3 million hectares, is particularly impacted by human influence. We conducted an extensive study analyzing changes in land use and land cover within the Caatinga region over a span of 35 years, from 1985 to 2019. This study leverages collective knowledge and collaborative effort with the MapBiomas project to provide valuable insights into the biome’s landscape. It maps eight principal land cover classes using Landsat Collection 1 Tier 1 data normalized to top-of-atmosphere reflectance. All data processing was carried out within the Google Earth Engine platform, and the graphics were generate using R version 3.6.2. This study achieved an impressive 80% global accuracy in the time series of Caatinga land use and land cover (LULC) changes, with allocation and area discrepancies of 11.6% and 8.5%, respectively. The extensive 35-year LULC dataset reveals a substantial 11% reduction in natural vegetation in the Caatinga biome, translating to a loss of 6.57 million hectares. This decline is primarily attributed to the expansion of cattle ranching and agriculture; all types of natural vegetation have experienced decreases, with Savanna Formation (SF) areas declining by 11% and Forest Formation (FF) areas declining by 8%. In contrast, pasturelands expanded by 62% and agricultural land expanded by 284% during this period. With their urgent and significant real-world for informing social, economic, and environmental policy decisions within the Caatinga and other dryland regions globally, these findings underscore the importance and immediacy of our research.
Cataloging the Genetic Response: Unveiling Drought-Responsive Gene Expression in Oil Tea Camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.) through Transcriptomics
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Xu Yanming , Liu Caixia , Chen Longsheng , Zhang Ying , He Zhilong , Wang Rui , Xun Chengfeng , Ma Yushen , Yuan Xiaokang , Wang Xiangnan , Chen Yongzhong , Yang Xiaohu
Published: August 2024

Drought stress is a critical environmental factor that significantly impacts plant growth and productivity. However, the transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes in response to drought stress in Camellia oleifera Abel. is still unclear. This study analyzed the transcriptome sequencing data of C. oleifera under drought treatments. A total of 20,674 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under drought stress, with the number of DEGs increasing with the duration of drought. Specifically, 11,793 and 18,046 DEGs were detected after 8 and 15 days of drought treatment, respectively, including numerous upregulated and downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were primarily involved in various biological processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that carbon metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, proteasome, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism were the main affected pathways. Among the DEGs, 376 protein kinases, 42 proteases, 168 transcription factor (TF) genes, and 152 other potential functional genes were identified, which may play significant roles in the drought response of C. oleifera. The expression of relevant functional genes was further validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These findings contribute to the comprehension of drought tolerance mechanisms in C. oleifera and bolster the identification of drought-resistant genes for molecular breeding purposes.
Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Recent Update on Pathophysiology and Treatment
Authors: Mattar Marina , Umutoni Florence , Hassan Marwa A. , Wamburu M. Wambui , Turner Reagan , Patton James S. , Chen Xin , Lei Wei
Published: August 2024

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major long-lasting side effect of some chemotherapy drugs, which threatens cancer survival rate. CIPN mostly affects sensory neurons and occasionally motor neurons, causing numbness, tingling, discomfort, and burning pain in the upper and lower extremities. The pathophysiology of CIPN is not completely understood; however, it is believed that chemotherapies induce peripheral neuropathy via directly damaging mitochondria, impairing the function of ion channels, triggering immunological mechanisms, and disrupting microtubules. The treatment of CIPN is a medical challenge, and there are no approved pharmacological options. Currently, duloxetine and other antidepressants, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and ion-channel targeted therapies are commonly used in clinics to relieve the symptoms of CIPN. Several other types of drugs, such as cannabinoids, sigma−1 receptor antagonists, and nicotinamides ribose, are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. This paper summarizes the information related to the physiology of CIPN and medicines that could be used for treating this condition.
5′-Oxospiro-(fluorene-9,4′-imidazolidine)-2′-thione
Authors: Stoitsov Dimitar , Marinov Marin , Penchev Plamen , Marinova Petya , Stoyanov Neyko
Published: August 2024

The structure verification of 5′-oxospiro-(fluorene-9,4′-imidazolidine)-2′-thione by NMR is reported. Toward this aim, 2D NMR techniques including 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC experiments were used to assist with the assignment of the 1H and 13C chemical shifts for the corresponding structure. The mutual interpretation of the 1D and 2D NMR spectra ensured a complete and accurate 1H and 13C NMR data assignment for 5′-oxospiro-(fluorene-9,4′-imidazolidine)-2′-thione.
Systematic Evaluation of Adhesion and Fracture Toughness in Multi-Material Fused Deposition Material Extrusion
Authors: Jafor Md Abu , Sayah Neshat , Smith Douglas E. , Stano Gianni , Fleck Trevor J.
Published: August 2024

Material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing has successfully fabricated assembly-free structures composed of different materials processed in the same manufacturing cycle. Materials with different mechanical properties can be employed for the fabrication of bio-inspired structures (i.e., stiff materials connected to soft materials), which are appealing for many fields, such as bio-medical and soft robotics. In the present paper, process parameters and 3D printing strategies are presented to improve the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber-reinforced nylon (CFPA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which are extruded in the same manufacturing cycle using a multi-material MEX setup. To achieve our goal, a double cantilever beam (DCB) test was used to evaluate the mode I fracture toughness. The results show that the application of a heating gun (assembled near the nozzle) provides a statistically significant increase in mean fracture toughness energy from 12.3 kJ/m2 to 33.4 kJ/m2. The underlying mechanism driving this finding was further investigated by quantifying porosity at the multi-material interface using an X-ray computed tomography (CT) system, in addition to quantifying thermal history. The results show that using both bead ironing and the hot air gun during the printing process leads to a reduction of 24% in the average void volume fraction. The findings from the DCB test and X-ray CT analysis agree well with the polymer healing theory, in which an increased thermal history led to an increased fracture toughness at the multi-material interface. Moreover, this study considers the thermal history of each printed layer to correlate the measured debonding energy with results obtained using the reptation theory.
Photoluminescence of Chemically and Electrically Doped Two-Dimensional Monolayer Semiconductors
Authors: Kim Hyungjin , Adinolfi Valerio , Lee Sin-Hyung
Published: August 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers exhibit unique physical properties, such as self-terminating surfaces, a direct bandgap, and near-unity photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY), which make them attractive for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Surface charge transfer has been widely used as a technique to control the concentration of free charge in 2D semiconductors, but its estimation and the impact on the optoelectronic properties of the material remain a challenge. In this work, we investigate the optical properties of a WS2 monolayer under three different doping approaches: benzyl viologen (BV), potassium (K), and electrostatic doping. Owing to the excitonic nature of 2D TMDC monolayers, the PL of the doped WS2 monolayer exhibits redshift and a decrease in intensity, which is evidenced by the increase in trion population. The electron concentrations of 3.79×1013 cm−2, 6.21×1013 cm−2, and 3.12×1012 cm−2 were measured for WS2 monolayers doped with BV, K, and electrostatic doping, respectively. PL offers a direct and versatile approach to probe the doping effect, allowing for the measurement of carrier concentration in 2D monolayer semiconductors.
Treatment of Synthetic Wastewater Containing Polystyrene (PS) Nanoplastics by Membrane Bioreactor (MBR): Study of the Effects on Microbial Community and Membrane Fouling
Authors: Pompa-Pernía Anamary , Molina Serena , Cherta Laura , Martínez-García Lorena , Landaburu-Aguirre Junkal
Published: August 2024

The persistent presence of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in aquatic environments, particularly via effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), poses significant ecological risks. This study investigated the removal efficiency of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) using a lab-scale aerobic membrane bioreactor (aMBR) equipped with different membrane types: microfiltration (MF), commercial ultrafiltration (c-UF), and recycled ultrafiltration (r-UF) membranes. Performance was assessed using synthetic urban wastewater spiked with PS-NPs, focusing on membrane efficiency, fouling behavior, and microbial community shifts. All aMBR systems achieved high organic matter removal, exceeding a 97% COD reduction in both the control and PS-exposed reactors. While low concentrations of PS-NPs did not significantly impact the sludge settleability or soluble microbial products initially, a higher accumulation increased the carbohydrate concentrations, indicating a protective bacterial response. The microbial community composition also adapted over time under polystyrene stress. All membrane types exhibited substantial NP removal; however, the presence of nano-sized PS particles negatively affected the membrane performance, enhancing the fouling phenomena and increasing transmembrane pressure. Despite this, the r-UF membrane demonstrated comparable efficiency to c-UF, suggesting its potential for sustainable applications. Advanced characterization techniques including pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were employed for NP detection and quantification.
Challenging Assumptions: Gender, Peer Evaluations, and the Broken Rung in Leadership Trajectories
Authors: Shirley Saskia L. , Feitosa Jennifer
Published: August 2024

The concept of the ‘glass ceiling’ represents the significant barriers that women face in climbing the corporate hierarchy, but recently, the focus has shifted to the ‘broken bottom rung’, where women are bypassed for initial leadership roles. This paper investigates the impact of gender on performance evaluations, particularly female-to-female peer ratings, which are critical to career progression. Our study tested three hypotheses about the disparity in female allyship within professional contexts. Participants (N = 160) from psychology classes in 2018–2019 evaluated their peers in project teams using five ITPMetrics measures. Contrary to previous research suggesting that women receive more critical evaluations than men, this study found no evidence supporting such bias. However, it revealed that women scored higher in process-based skills rather than outcome-based skills, aligning with role congruity theory and the notion of gendered skills. These findings highlight the need for further research into female peer evaluations and their impact on career advancement. This study challenges assumptions about women’s roles in the workplace and advocates for organizations reconsidering the emphasis placed on performance appraisals, proposing alternative assessment methods to foster more equitable and inclusive professional environments.
A Comparative Study on the Muscle and Gut Microbiota of Opsariichthys bidens from Rice Field and Pond Culture Breeding Modes
Authors: Zhou Fan , Bu Weichao , Fan Hongjie , Guo Shuirong , Qi Ming , Yao Gaohua , Bei Yijiang , Huang Yuanfei , Zhu Shicheng , Ding Xueyan , Xiang Xingwei
Published: August 2024

To investigate difference in the quality of the different parts (back, tail muscles, and fish skin) of Opsariichthys bidens from pond and rice field cultures, a comparative study was conducted in terms of nutritional composition, volatile flavor profiles and gut microbiota. In detail, the texture, free amino acids, fatty acids were further assessed. The results suggested that the moisture content, crude protein and crude fat content in the skin of O. bidens are higher than those in the back and tail muscles, regardless of breeding modes. The fish cultured in the rice field had a higher protein content than those from the pond culture, while the fat content of the rice field-cultured fish was significantly low compared to the fish from the pond culture, especially in the back and tail parts. A total of 43 volatile components were detected by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), with a maximum of 18 types of aldehydes and the highest concentration being nonanal. Compared to pond cultures, the fish from the rice field cultures showed more abundant flavor composition and odor-active compounds. The total content of DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) and EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid) in the rice field-cultured fish was higher than that of the pond group, while no significant disparity in amino acid composition was observed (p > 0.05). Comparative and clustering analyses of gut microbiota revealed notable discrepancies in the gut microbiota of O. bidens from two aquaculture systems. However, an inherent correlation between the gut microbiome and meat quality would be further emphasized in further studies. This study can offer a theoretical reference for the development of high-quality aquatic products by selecting the appropriate aquaculture models.
Geometrical and Dimensional Deviations of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Additive-Manufactured Parts
Authors: Petruse Radu Emanuil , Simion Carmen , Bondrea Ioan
Published: August 2024

This research investigates the influence of printing parameters and different materials on the geometrical and dimensional deviations of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing. Using the Taguchi method, experiments with four factors are designed: print layer height, printing material, printing speed, and nozzle size, employing an L9 orthogonal array. Deviations in flatness, perpendicularity, parallelism, cylindricity, spherical form, and surface roughness of 3D-printed parts are evaluated. The results reveal that print speed and nozzle size significantly affect flatness and surface roughness, while layer height and material influence perpendicularity and parallelism deviations. Notably, nozzle size critically impacts cylindricity and spherical form deviations. Our study demonstrates that lower printing speed, smaller nozzle diameter, and reduced layer height are not universally optimal; instead, parameter adjustments based on specific geometrical requirements and part orientation are necessary. These findings are essential for improving the accuracy and quality of FDM-printed parts, supporting their broader application in precision manufacturing industries.
Investigation of Piezoelectric Properties in Ca-Doped PbBa(Zr,Ti)O3 (PBZT) Ceramics
Authors: Makowska Jolanta , Pawełczyk Marian , Soszyński Andrzej , Pikula Tomasz , Adamczyk-Habrajska Małgorzata
Published: August 2024

The perovskite-structured materials Pb0.75Ba0.251−xCax(Zr0.7Ti0.3)O3 for x = 1 and 2 at.% were synthesized using the conventional mixed-oxide method and carbonates. Microstructural analysis, performed using a scanning electron microscope, revealed rounded grains with relatively inhomogeneous sizes and distinct grain boundaries. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the materials exhibit a rhombohedral structure with an R3c space group at room temperature. Piezoelectric resonance measurements were conducted to determine the piezoelectric and elastic properties of the samples. The results indicated that a small amount of calcium doping significantly enhanced the piezoelectric coefficient d31. The calcium-doped ceramics exhibited higher electrical permittivity across the entire temperature range compared to the pure material, as well as a significant value of remanent polarization. These findings indicate that the performance parameters of the base material have been significantly improved, making these ceramics promising candidates for various applications.
Genomic Characterization of Bacillus pumilus Sonora, a Strain with Inhibitory Activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus-AHPND and Probiotic Candidate for Shrimp Aquaculture
Authors: Soto-Marfileño Karla A. , Molina Garza Zinnia Judith , Flores Ricardo Gomez , Molina-Garza Vida Mariel , Ibarra-Gámez José C. , Gil Bruno Gómez , Galaviz-Silva Lucio
Published: August 2024

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains carrying the pirA and pirB toxin genes (VpAHPND), has been causing great economic losses in Asia and America in the shrimp farming industry. Numerous strains are resistant to antibiotics. However, supplementation with probiotic antagonists has become a more desirable treatment alternative. Fourteen strains of microorganisms were assessed for their potential to inhibit VpAHPND in vitro activity. The bacteria with the highest activity were challenged with VpAHPND-infected Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Furthermore, the genomic characteristics of probiotic bacteria were explored by whole-genome sequencing. We identified the Sonora strain as Bacillus pumilus, which possesses positive proteolytic and cellulolytic activities that may improve shrimp nutrient uptake and digestion. Challenge trials showed a low cumulative mortality (11.1%). B. pumilus Son has a genome of 3,512,470 bp and 3734 coding sequences contained in 327 subsystems. Some of these genes are related to the biosynthesis of antimicrobial peptides (surfactins, fengycin, schizokinen, bacilibactin, and bacilysin), nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism, and stress response. Our in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that B. pumilus Sonora has potential as a functional probiotic.