bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Heat Generation in Unidirectional Versus Oscillatory Modes During K‐Wire Insertion in Bone
Authors: Luo Yuanqiang , Chen Lei , Finney Fred T. , Park Dae Woo , Talusan Paul G. , Holmes James R. , Shih Albert J.
Published: May 2019

Heat generation during insertion of Kirschner wires (K‐wires) may lead to thermal osteonecrosis and can affect the construct fixation. Unidirectional and oscillatory drilling modes are options for K‐wire insertion, but understanding of the difference in heat generation between the two modes is lacking. The goal of this study was to compare the temperature rise during K‐wire insertion under these two modes and provide technical guidelines for K‐wire placement to minimize thermal injury. Ten orthopedic surgeons were instructed to drill holes on hydrated ex vivo bovine bones under two modes. The drilling trials were evaluated in terms of temperature, thrust force, torque, drilling time, and tool wear. The analysis of variance showed that the oscillatory mode generated significantly lowered peak bone temperature rise (13% lower mean value, p = 0.036) over significantly longer drilling time (46% higher mean time, p < 0.001) than the unidirectional mode. Drilling time had significant effect on peak bone temperature rise under both modes (p < 0.001) and impact of peak thrust force was significant under oscillatory mode (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that the drilling mode choice is a compromise between peak temperature and bone exposure time. Shortening the drilling time was the key under both modes to minimize temperature rise and thermal necrosis risk. To achieve faster drilling, technique analysis found that “shaky” and intermittent drilling with moderate thrust force are preferred techniques by small vibration of the drill about the K‐wire axis and slight lift‐up of the K‐wire once or twice during drilling. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1903–1909, 2019
Characterization of the volatile profile of Chinese rice wine by comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Yu Haiyan , Xie Tong , Qian Xinhua , Ai Lianzhong , Chen Chen , Tian Huaixiang
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Chinese rice wine (CRW) is a kind of traditional fermentation wine in China. Aged CRW is more popular among consumers owing to its harmonious and pleasant flavor. The volatile profile of CRW has been extensively studied using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, flavor components in CRW are far richer than those detected by GC/MS. To obtain more information about the volatile profile of fresh (5‐year) and aged (10‐year) CRW, a method based on comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC×GC/qMS) was developed. The major volatile compounds contributing to the characteristic aroma of fresh and aged CRW were identified by surrogate odor activity value (OAV).

RESULTS

Ninety‐eight volatile compounds were detected in the 5‐year CRW samples and 107 in the 10‐year samples by GC×GC/qMS. The numbers of compounds detected by GC×GC/qMS for the 5‐year and 10‐year samples were 71.4 and 65.4% higher than those detected by GC/MS. The aged wine had a more complex volatile profile than the fresh wine, with an increase in esters and aldehydes and a decrease in alcohols and organic acids. There were 22 volatile compounds with surrogate OAV > 1. Nine were the potent key aroma compounds in CRW: ethyl isovalerate (OAV 500–33 500), ethyl butyrate (OAV 84–334), ethyl isobutyrate (OAV 49–170), 2‐nonenal (OAV 20–100), ethyl heptanoate (OAV 1–74), ethyl hexanoate (OAV 60–77), phenylethyl alcohol (OAV 2–18), benzaldehyde (OAV 28–30) and hexanal (OAV 4–11).

CONCLUSION

GC×GC/qMS showed better separation than GC/MS. The presented GC×GC/qMS method was suitable for characterization of the volatile profile of CRW. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Managing for multiple species: greater sage‐grouse and sagebrush songbirds
Authors: Timmer Jennifer M. , Aldridge Cameron L. , Fernández‐Giménez María E.
Published: May 2019

Human activity has altered 33–50% of Earth's surface, including temperate grasslands and sagebrush rangelands, resulting in a loss of biodiversity. By promoting habitat for sensitive or wide‐ranging species, less exigent species may be protected in an umbrella effect. The greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage‐grouse) has been proposed as an umbrella for other sagebrush‐obligate species because it has an extensive range that overlaps with many other species, it is sensitive to anthropogenic activity, it requires resources over large landscapes, and its habitat needs are known. The efficacy of the umbrella concept, however, is often assumed and rarely tested. Therefore, we surveyed sage‐grouse pellet occurrence and sagebrush‐associated songbird abundance in northwest Colorado, USA, to determine the amount of habitat overlap between sage‐grouse and 4 songbirds (Brewer's sparrow [Spizella breweri], sage thrasher [Oreoscoptes montanus], sagebrush sparrow [Artemisiospiza nevadensis]), and green‐tailed towhee [Pipilo chlorurus]). During May and June 2013–2015, we conducted standard point count breeding surveys for songbirds and counted sage‐grouse pellets within 300 10‐m radius plots. We modeled songbird abundance and sage‐grouse pellet occurrence with multi‐scaled environmental features, such as sagebrush cover and bare ground. To evaluate sage‐grouse as an umbrella for sagebrush‐associated passerines, we determined the correlation between probability of sage‐grouse pellet occurrence and model‐predicted songbird densities per sampling plot. We then classified the sage‐grouse probability of occurrence as high (probability >0.5) and low (probability ≤0.5) and mapped model‐predicted surfaces for each species in our study area. We determined average songbird density in areas of high and low probability of sage‐grouse occurrence. Sagebrush cover at intermediate scales was an important predictor for all species, and ground cover was important for all species except sage thrashers. Areas with a higher probability of sage‐grouse occurrence also contained higher densities of Brewer's sparrows, green‐tailed towhees, and sage thrashers, but predicted sagebrush sparrow densities were lower in these areas. In northwest Colorado, sage‐grouse may be an effective umbrella for Brewer's sparrows, green‐tailed towhees, and sage thrashers, but sage‐grouse habitat does not appear to capture areas that support high sagebrush sparrow densities. A multi‐species focus may be the best management and conservation strategy for several species of concern, especially those with conflicting habitat requirements. © The Wildlife Society, 2019
Breeding site fidelity of blue‐winged teal in South Dakota
Authors: Toay Bruce W. , Meidinger Randell R. , Kemink Kaylan M.
Published: May 2019

Assumptions about breeding site fidelity (i.e., fidelity) in blue‐winged teal (Spatula discors) are based on limited recapture data and analytic techniques. We banded female blue‐winged teal (n = 12,543) from 2003 to 2014 in a 3,800‐ha sample area in north‐central South Dakota, USA, and used a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach combining live recapture and dead recovery data to predict probabilities of fidelity, survival, recapture, and reporting. We explored sources of variation including time, annual wet area on the landscape, age, and nest survival, and compared our results to other dabbling ducks that nest in the Prairie Pothole Region, a critically important breeding area for waterfowl in central North America. We found annual estimates of fidelity ranging from 0.20 to 0.91, with mean values of 0.62 and 0.67 for hatch year birds and after hatch year birds, respectively. Our findings indicate that environmental factors may cause blue‐winged teal to return to breeding sites more frequently than previously assumed. © The Wildlife Society, 2019
Promotion of Cell Migration into a Hydrophobically modified Alaska Pollock Gelatin‐Based Hydrogel
Authors: Mizuno Yosuke , Taguchi Tetsushi
Published: May 2019

In situ chemically cross‐linkable hydrogels composed of hexyl group–modified Alaska pollock–derived gelatin (C6‐ApGltn) and poly(ethylene glycol)‐based four‐armed cross‐linker is developed. Water droplets are quickly absorbed into the C6‐ApGltn hydrogel in the first 10 s compared with original ApGltn (Org‐ApGltn), and the final contact angle on C6‐ApGltn is significantly lower than that on Org‐ApGltn. Using a fluorescent probe, an increase in fluorescence intensity on C6‐ApGltn compared to that on Org‐ApGltn is found, indicating the formation of a hydrophobic pocket. Moreover, the promotion of cell migration into the C6‐ApGltn hydrogel is observed in vitro and in vivo compared with Org‐ApGltn hydrogel, despite no significant difference in elastic modulus. Therefore, the C6‐ApGltn hydrogel could potentially be used as a supporting material for cell transplantation and tissue/organ engineering.
Retrospective correction of motion‐affected MR images using deep learning frameworks
Authors: Küstner Thomas , Armanious Karim , Yang Jiahuan , Yang Bin , Schick Fritz , Gatidis Sergios
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Motion is 1 extrinsic source for imaging artifacts in MRI that can strongly deteriorate image quality and, thus, impair diagnostic accuracy. In addition to involuntary physiological motion such as respiration and cardiac motion, intended and accidental patient movements can occur. Any impairment by motion artifacts can reduce the reliability and precision of the diagnosis and a motion‐free reacquisition can become time‐ and cost‐intensive. Numerous motion correction strategies have been proposed to reduce or prevent motion artifacts. These methods have in common that they need to be applied during the actual measurement procedure with a‐priori knowledge about the expected motion type and appearance. For retrospective motion correction and without the existence of any a‐priori knowledge, this problem is still challenging.

Methods

We propose the use of deep learning frameworks to perform retrospective motion correction in a reference‐free setting by learning from pairs of motion‐free and motion‐affected images. For this image‐to‐image translation problem, we propose and compare a variational auto encoder and generative adversarial network. Feasibility and influences of motion type and optimal architecture are investigated by blinded subjective image quality assessment and by quantitative image similarity metrics.

Results

We observed that generative adversarial network‐based motion correction is feasible producing near‐realistic motion‐free images as confirmed by blinded subjective image quality assessment. Generative adversarial network‐based motion correction accordingly resulted in images with high evaluation metrics (normalized root mean squared error <0.08, structural similarity index >0.8, normalized mutual information >0.9).

Conclusion

Deep learning‐based retrospective restoration of motion artifacts is feasible resulting in near‐realistic motion‐free images. However, the image translation task can alter or hide anatomical features and, therefore, the clinical applicability of this technique has to be evaluated in future studies.
Full utilization of conjugate symmetry: combining virtual conjugate coil reconstruction with partial Fourier imaging for g‐factor reduction in accelerated MRI
Authors: Kettinger Adam O. , Setsompop Kawin , Kannengiesser Stephan A. R. , Breuer Felix A. , Vidnyanszky Zoltan , Blaimer Martin
Published: May 2019

Purpose

In this study we propose a method to combine the parallel virtual conjugate coil (VCC) reconstruction with partial Fourier (PF) acquisition to improve reconstruction conditioning and reduce noise amplification in accelerated MRI where PF is used.

Methods

Accelerated measurements are reconstructed in k‐space by GRAPPA, with a VCC reconstruction kernel trained and applied in the central, symmetrically sampled part of k‐space, while standard reconstruction is performed on the asymmetrically sampled periphery. The two reconstructed regions are merged to form a full reconstructed dataset, followed by PF reconstruction. The method is tested in vivo using T1‐weighted spin‐echo and T2*‐weighted gradient‐echo echo planar imaging (EPI) sequences, using both in‐plane and simultaneous multislice (SMS) acceleration, at 1.5T and 3T field strengths. Noise amplification is estimated with theoretical calculations and pseudo‐multiple‐replica computations, for different PF factors, using zero‐filling, homodyne, and projection onto convex sets (POCS) PF reconstruction.

Results

Depending on the PF algorithm and the inherent benefit of VCC reconstruction without PF, approximately 35% to 80%, 15% to 60%, and 5% to 30% of that intrinsic SNR gain can be retained for PF factors 7/8, 6/8, and 5/8, respectively, by including the VCC signals in the reconstruction. Compared with VCC‐reconstructed acquisitions of higher acceleration, without PF, but having the same net acceleration, the combined method can provide a higher SNR if the inherent benefit of VCC is low or moderate.

Conclusion

The proposed technique enables the partial application of VCC reconstruction to measurements with PF using either in‐plane or SMS acceleration, and therefore can reduce the noise amplification of such acquisitions.
An accurate two‐stage explicit time integration scheme for structural dynamics and various dynamic problems
Authors: Kim Wooram
Published: May 2019

In this article, a two‐stage explicit time integration method is presented for the numerical analysis of various dynamic problems described by second‐order ordinary differential equations in time. The newly proposed method have negligible damping and period errors in the important low‐frequency range and can introduce moderate numerical damping into the spurious high‐frequency range. The computational effort per step required in the new method is the same as the effort needed in the existing two‐stage explicit methods. The proposed method can provide fourth‐order accurate solutions for velocity independent problems and second‐order accurate solutions for velocity dependent problems, which is not possible in the existing methods. The proposed new method is expected to be an excellent tool for numerical analyses of various dynamic problems including structural dynamics.
Health‐related quality of life in adolescents and young adults with cancer – Including a focus on economic evaluation
Authors: Barr Ronald D. , Feeny David A.
Published: May 2019

Health‐related quality of life (HRQL) is an amalgam of three elements – the opportunities that a person's health status affords, the constraints that it places upon the person and the value that a person places on his/her health status. HRQL measures are specific, for example for a disease, or generic with broad applicability. The latter include preference‐based measures that can be used to generate quality‐adjusted life years and so contribute to economic evaluation. Measures of HRQL in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer may fail to capture some important dimensions, for example sexual health. However, the use of HRQL measures in this population has identified burdens of morbidity according to disease, treatment status and duration of follow‐up. There are few economic evaluations of the treatment of cancer in AYAs but preliminary evidence suggests that this is a cost‐effective undertaking. Opportunities abound to include measurement of HRQL in routine clinical care.
A pilot randomized controlled trial to improve sleep and fatigue in children with central nervous system tumors hospitalized for high‐dose chemotherapy
Authors: Rogers Valerie E. , Zhu Shijun , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia , Liu Lianqi , Mandrell Belinda N. , Hinds Pamela S.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

To determine whether a sleep intervention compared with standard of care (SOC) was successful in preserving nighttime sleep in children with central nervous system cancers hospitalized for high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell rescue, and to explore associations between sleep and fatigue during treatment.

Methods

An unblinded, randomized, controlled, multicomponent intervention (NCT00666614) including evidence‐based cognitive and behavioral strategies to improve sleep was implemented in 33 children (age 4–12 years) and adolescents (age 13–19 years) during hospitalization. Children wore an actigraph to measure sleep and wake, and reported fatigue scores daily. Parents concurrently kept a sleep diary and reported fatigue scores for their children.

Results

The mean age was 9.5 ± 3.9 years, 81.8% were white, and 60.6% were male. Sleep in all children was seriously disturbed throughout the study. Children in the intervention group maintained their longest nighttime sleep across the study, while it declined in children receiving SOC (P = 0.009 for interaction). There were few other differences in sleep between groups. Controlling for age and baseline fatigue, higher nighttime activity score, and lower percent sleep were significantly associated with higher next‐day adolescent‐reported fatigue (P < 0.05); longest sleep was significantly positively associated with next‐day child‐reported fatigue (P = 0.018).

Conclusion

In this sample of children undergoing HDCT, a multicomponent sleep intervention modestly preserved nighttime sleep duration, although overall sleep was poor in both groups. Sleep is an integral component of health, and may influence outcomes of children receiving HDCT. Further investigation into methods of preserving sleep in children undergoing intensive cancer therapy is warranted.
Factitious disorder: a case report and literature review of treatment
Authors: Mousailidis Georgios , Lazzari Carlo , Bhan‐Kotwal Shafalica , Papanna Basavaraja , Shoka Ahmed
Published: May 2019

Diagnosis of factitious disorder (FD) is frequently difficult and patients may present with physical symptoms only, psychiatric symptoms only or with a combination of both. As long as the nature of the disease is so secretive and large‐scale studies are almost impossible, every case report is important. Here, the authors present a case of severe FD and the therapeutic approach taken.
Theranostic Iron@Gold Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Hyperthermia‐Chemotherapy upon Photo‐Stimulation
Authors: Li Yunqian , Dhawan Udesh , Wang Huey‐Yuan , Liu Xinrui , Ku Huan‐Hsuan , Tsai Meng‐Tsan , Yen Hung‐Wei , Chung Ren‐Jei
Published: May 2019

The challenges of nanoparticles, such as size‐dependent toxicity, nonbiocompatibility, or inability to undergo functionalization for drug conjugation, limit their biomedical application in more than one domain. Oval‐shaped iron@gold core–shell (oFe@Au) magnetic nanoparticles are engineered and their applications in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and controlled drug release, are explored via photo stimulation‐generated hyperthermia. The oFe@Au nanoparticles have a size of 42.57 ± 5.99 nm and consist of 10.76 and 89.24 atomic % of Fe and Au, respectively. Upon photo‐stimulation for 10 and 15 minutes, the levels of cancer cell death induced by methotrexate‐conjugated oFe@Au nanoparticles are sixfold and fourfold higher, respectively, than oFe@Au nanoparticles alone. MRI and OCT confirm the application of these nanoparticles as a contrast agent. Finally, results of in vivo experiments reveal that the temperature is elevated by 13.2 °C, when oFe@Au nanoparticles are irradiated with a 167 mW cm−2 808 nm laser, which results in a significant reduction in tumor volume and scab formation after 7 days, followed by complete disappearance after 14 days. The ability of these nanoparticles to generate heat upon photo‐stimulation also opens new doors for studying hyperthermia‐mediated controlled drug release for cancer therapy. Applications include biomedical engineering, cancer therapy, and theranostics fields.
Functionalized Biomimetic Magnetic Nanoparticles as Effective Nanocarriers for Targeted Chemotherapy
Authors: Peigneux Ana , Oltolina Francesca , Colangelo Donato , Iglesias Guillermo R. , Delgado Angel V. , Prat Maria , Jimenez‐Lopez Concepcion
Published: May 2019

Novel MamC‐mediated biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) are proposed as valuable carriers for targeted chemotherapy because of the size (36 ± 12 nm) and of surface properties conferred by MamC coating. They are super‐paramagnetic at room and body temperatures, have a large magnetic moment per particle, mediate hyperthermia, are cytocompatible, and, having a negative surface charge at physiological pH, can be efficiently coupled with DOXOrubicin (DOXO) and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the human Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (overexpressed in many cancers) displaying coupling stability, while releasing DOXO at acidic pH. This release can be enhanced by hyperthermia. The DOXO‐mAb‐BMNPs selectively recognize Met, bind efficiently to Met+ tumor cells, and discharge DOXO within their nuclei more efficiently than DOXO‐BMNPs, exerting cytotoxicity. These data represent proof of concept for future in vivo experiments in which the controlled dual targeting (mAb‐mediated and magnetic) approach and combined (chemotherapy and hyperthermia) therapy will be studied.
Thermal Cycling and Ratchet Growth of TATB and PBX 9502
Authors: Thompson Darla Graff , Woznick Caitlin , DeLuca Racci
Published: May 2019

The irreversible volume expansion, or ratchet growth, of TATB and PBX 9502 (95 weight% TATB) compactions has been quantified over a wide range of thermal cycles. While the precise TATB texture distributions of these specimen sets are likely different from each other, we believe they are consistent within each set, as the expansion data show reproducibility and consistency. These data provide a baseline characterization of the ratchet growth phenomenon in these materials. The increased expansion that comes with changes in the temperature range of the cycles is quantified, repeated hot cycles growing far more than cold. For thermal cycles above ambient where the temperature range is increased in subsequent cycles, the growth of a given cycle is shown to be dictated by previously‐established growth trajectories, and the specimen will grow according to the growth potential associated with the temperature range of the present cycle. Alternating hot‐cold cycles greatly enhances the cold‐cycle contributions as compared to the growth of cold cycles alone. These “rules” of ratchet growth are first established, then observed to hold true for more complex sequences of hot and cold cycles. A simple equation is used to parameterize the response of individual data sets.
Neurotoxicity and mode of action of fluralaner on honeybee Apis mellifera L.
Authors: Sheng Cheng‐Wang , Huang Qiu‐Tang , Liu Gen‐Yan , Ren Xue‐Xiang , Jiang Jie , Jia Zhong‐Qiang , Han Zhao‐Jun , Zhao Chun‐Qing
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Fluralaner, a novel pesticide that targets the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor (GABAR) subunit of resistant to dieldrin (RDL), exhibits strong potential to be an insecticide to control agricultural insect pests. However, the risk and action of fluralaner to economic insects, e.g., honeybee Apis mellifera Linnaeus, remains unclear.

RESULTS

In this study, both oral and contact toxicity of fluralaner to honeybee were found to be 0.13 μg adult–1. Abamectin, dieldrin, ethiprole, α‐endosulfan, fipronil and fluralaner strongly inhibited the GABA‐induced current in A. mellifera RDL (AmRDL), expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, with median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 7.99, 868.1, 27.10, 412.0, 11.21 and 13.59 nM, respectively. The binding free energy and electrophysiological response of AmRDL and insecticides were opposite. The correlation values between toxicity (to A. mellifera) and binding free energy/electrophysiological inhibition (to AmRDL) were at a moderate level.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we report for the first time the notable risk of fluralaner to honeybee in vivo and compared the actions of GABAR‐targeted insecticides on the AmRDL receptor. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Highly Selective Synthesis of Polyalkylated Naphthalenes Catalyzed by Ionic Liquids and Their Tribological Properties as Lubricant Base Oil
Authors: Li Lei , Zhao Xinrui , Chen Chen , Xu Hong , Liu Lei , Dong Jinxiang
Published: May 2019

Naphthalene, one of the most important components in coal tar, is now in serious surplus. The Ionic Liquids (ILs) of Et3NHCl‐AlCl3 were used as Lewis acidic catalysts for an alkylation reaction of naphthalene with medium‐chain alfa‐olefin (n‐hexene/n‐octene) to produce a lubricating base oil. Polyalkylated naphthalenes consisting of tri‐ and tetra‐alkylnaphthalenes can be obtained with a selectivity as high as 98% under mild conditions. We propose a plausible mechanism for the alkylation process catalyzed by Lewis acidic AlCl3 derived from the dissociation of [Al2Cl7]− anion in ILs. The physicochemical properties and tribological performances of synthesized polyalkylated naphthalenes, and especially poly‐octylnaphthalenes, are found to exhibit the properties of lubricating base oils, and are comparable to those of the conventional cycloalkyl base oil.
Prevalence of mental disorders and associated disability: Results from the cross-sectional CZEch mental health Study (CZEMS)
Authors: Formánek T. , Kagström A. , Cermakova P. , Csémy L. , Mladá K. , Winkler P.
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

We aimed to estimate the prevalence of current mental disorders in the Czech population, and to identify associated disability.

Methods:

We conducted a representative cross-sectional household survey of the Czech adult, community-dwelling population. We used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.), WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0, and Self-Identification as Mentally Ill (SELFI) scale alongside sociodemographic and other covariates. We reached 75% response rate. Descriptive statistics of the sample were assessed and median (M) disability levels with interquartile range (IQR) according diagnosis were calculated on a scale ranging from 12 to 50. Linear regression models were used to identify factors associated with disability.

Results:

In our sample of 3 306 participants,21.9% experienced a mental disorder in 2017. Prevalence rates for mood, anxiety, alcohol use, non-alcohol substance use, and psychotic disorders corresponded to 5.5%, 7.3%, 10.8%,2.9%, and1.5%respectively. Alcoholdependencewasidentifiedin6.6%,andmajordepressionin4.0%of the sample. Disability in the general population was significantly lower (M = 12; IQR = 12, 17) than in those with mood (M = 20; IQR = 14; 29), anxiety (M = 18; IQR = 13; 26), alcohol use (M = 14; IQR = 12; 18), non- alcohol substance use (M = 15; IQR = 12; 19), or psychotic disorders (M = 22; IQR = 16.4; 29.4).

Conclusions:

People with mental disorders have considerably elevated disability in comparison to mentally healthy participants. The prevalence of mental disorders in the Czech Republic is mostly in line with European prevalence rates but it is lower for anxiety disorders and two times higher for alcohol use disorders.
In vitro fermentation by human faecal bacteria of total and purified dietary fibres from brown seaweeds
Authors: Michell Catherine , Lahaye Marc , Bonnet Christian , Mabeau Serge , Barry Jean-Luc
Published: May 2019

The in vitro degradation of dietary fibre from three brown seaweeds (Himanthalia elongata, Laminaria digitata and Undaria pinnatiJda) was studied, using human faecal flora. Two sets of fibre were tested: (1) total algal fibres extracted from the whole algae, mainly composed of alginates, and (2) purified fibres (sulphated fucans, Na-alginates and laminarans) representative of those contained in the whole brown algae. Mannuronate, one algal component, was also investigated. Substrate disappearance and short- chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were monitored after 6, 12 and 24 h fermentation. Gas production was followed hourly during the first 9 h and then at 12 and 24 h. Sugarbeet fibre was used as a fermentation reference substrate. According to the fermentative indices used, most of each of the total algal fibres disappeared after 24 h (range 60–76 %) hut, unlike the reference substrate, they were not completely metabolized to SCFA (range 47–62 %). Among the purified algal fibres, disappearance of laminarans was approximately 90% and metabolism to SCFA was approximately 85% in close agreement with the fermentation pattern of reference fibres. Sulphated fucans were not degraded. Na- alginates exhibited a fermentation pattern quite similar to those of the whole algal fibres with a more pronounced discrepancy between disappearance and production of SCFA: disappearance was approximately 83 % but metabolism was only approximately 57 YO. Mannuronate was slowly fermented hut its metabolism corresponded to its disappearance from the fermentative medium. Thus, the characteristic fermentation pattern of the total fibres from the three brown algae investigated was attributed to the peculiar fermentation of alginates, and mannuronate was shown not to be directly involved.
Zinc and calcium apparent absorption from an infant cereal: a stable isotope study in healthy infants
Authors: Davidsson Lena , Mackenzie Jill , Kastenmayer Peter , Aggett Peter J. , Hurrell Richard F.
Published: May 2019

Fractional apparent absorption of Zn and Ca from a wheat-milk-based infant cereal was studied in six healthy infants (18-30 weeks old). Mineral absorption was measured by a stable-isotope technique based on faecal excretion of the isotopes. Each test meal (40 g cereal) was extrinsically labelled with 70Zn and 42Ca before intake. All faecal material passed during the 21 d following intake of the labelled test meal was collected on trace-element-free nappies. Individual stool samples were analysed for their content of ‘OZn and 42Ca by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Apparent absorption was calculated as intake minus total faecal excretion of the isotopes over 68-92 h after administration. The fractional apparent absorption values for Zn and Ca were 33.9 (SD 164) % (range 19.2-639 %) and 53.5 (SD 12.6) %) (range 36.7-71.7 %) respectively. Re-excretion of absorbed 70Zn (> 68-92 h to 21 d after intake of the labelled meal) was 044 (SD 038) %] of administered dose while only one infant re-excreted detectable amounts of 42Ca (1.74%) of administered dose). The analysis of individual stool samples confirmed that 72 h is a sufficient time period for complete collections of non-absorbed isotopes in faecal material from infants during the weaning period and that re-excretion of initially absorbed 70Zn and 42Ca (> 68-92 h to 21 d after intake of the labelled meal) is negligible.
What Habeas Corpus Can (and Cannot) Do for Immigration Detainees: Scotland v Canada and the Injustices of Imprisoning Migrants
Authors: Silverman Stephanie J.
Published: May 2019

This paper closely studies Scotland v Canada to reveal the normative and substantive justice challenges facing immigration detainees across Canada. The Scotland decision at the Ontario Superior Court certified a habeas corpus writ as an individual remedy to release Mr. Ricardo Scotland from a pointless, seventeen-month incarceration. The decision frames Mr. Scotland’s detention as anomalous or divergent from an otherwise-functioning system. Against this view, this paper argues that access to habeas corpus cannot remedy the detention system’s scale of injustices. The paper contextualizes Mr. Scotland’s incarceration and the Superior Court decision against two primary claims: first, that the Canadian immigration and refugee determination system is arbitrarily biased against certain minoritized individuals, therefore transforming some people into detainable bodies; and second, that the global criminalization of migration trend has nested an arc of penal practices into Canadian policymaking and law, and this arc has seemingly normalized indefinite detention for some migrants. The paper concludes that restoration of access to habeas corpus cannot be understood as a substantive remedy to address the miscarriages of justice in the Canadian detention system.
Contemplative Pedagogy: Experiments and Reflections
Authors: Houck Anita
Published: May 2019

This roundtable grew out of the 2017 meeting of the Catholic Theological Society of America (CTSA), for which Karen Enriquez organized a panel on the topic of contemplative pedagogy for the Buddhist-Christian Studies Group. As part of that session, Maureen Walsh and Anita Houck presented early versions of two of the essays that follow. That session inspired some members of the College Theology Society to organize a pedagogical lunch on the topic of contemplative pedagogies for the 2018 CTS convention. Given the significant interest shown by CTS members, and the longstanding commitment to pedagogy in the CTS andHorizons, further conversation led to the idea of publishing a roundtable focused on contemplative approaches in Catholic institutions. The authors are grateful to Elena Procario-Foley for her support and guidance.
The Institutional Context of Incubation: The Case of Academic Incubators in India
Authors: Narayanan V. K. , Shin Jungyoun (Natalie)
Published: May 2019

We introduce incubators as an organizational form intended to facilitate entrepreneurship. The theorizing and research on incubators have been primarily anchored in market failure perspective and carry over the assumptions about a free market economy, mostly implicitly into the empirical work. This ignores the influence of the institutional context and obscures processes that may come into play in emerging economies like India. Using Scott's model (2008) of institutional context, we argue how the institutional context provides a complementary perspective that may reveal a richer picture of incubator operation in emerging economies. We illustrate this in the case of academic incubators in India.
The centre and the localities: state formation and parish government in England, circa 1640–1740
Authors: Kent Joan R.
Published: May 2019

Recent studies have challenged older views that the British state of the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was rather powerless. However, such studies have focused largely on the executive, and particularly on the development of centralized revenue departments, or on the role of county elites in implementing state policies in the localities. This essay considers state formation as it was manifested at the base of the governmental system, and examines the extent of, and reasons for, support of national policies at the parish level. It argues that state power derived in part from institutional changes and innovations in procedure which made government in the localities more uniform, more professional, and more accountable; but that initiatives by parish vestries and a willingness on the part of such local elites to implement national policies also help to explain the strength of the state.
Pagan Rebellion and Christian Apologetics in Fourth-Century Rome: TheConsultationes Zacchaei et Apollonii
Authors: Claussen M. A.
Published: May 2019

Compared with other apologetical works from the early Christian period, theConsultationes zacchaei et Apolloniiare surprisingly little discussed. One reason for this is that a lack of scholarly consensus regarding both the author and the period when the text was written has clearly limited its usefulness as a source for historians and theologians. But there is a second problem too: theConsultationesappear to belong to a number of different genres. The work, in different parts, has aspects of a standard apologetic treatise, in which the basic doctrines of Christianity are explained to a sympathetic pagan; of a sometimes rather specialised exposition of systematic theology, which is especially concerned with the relationship between the persons of the Trinity; of a rather mean-spirited attack on various kind of Christian enemies, from pagans to heretics to Jews; of an ascetic, or perhaps even monastic, tractate, which seeks toexplain certain Christian practices.
Romancing the Oppressed: The New Left and the Left Out
Authors: Ellis Richard J.
Published: May 2019

In the 1960s, the New Left sought to transform American society by mobilizing the most oppressed and excluded groups—blacks, the poor, unemployed youths. This article explores both the causes and consequences of the powerful attraction that the American New Left felt for the oppressed and downtrodden. The political thought and actions of the New Left cannot be reduced to psychological motives but must instead be rooted in the New Left's commitment to radical egalitarian social relations and values. While there is much that can be admired in the New Left's deep and sincere concern for the disadvantaged, the New Left's romance with the oppressed also had darker, illiberal consequences that led many in the New Left to excuse and justify the very sort of oppression they had originally sought to oppose.
Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of MG-191 Safener in Corn (Zea Mays L.)
Authors: Jablonkai István , Dutka Ferenc
Published: May 2019

The time-dependent uptake, translocation, and metabolism of [14C]MG-191 safener and the influence of EPTC on these processes were studied using 5-d-old corn seedlings grown in nutrient solution. Plants absorbed relatively low levels of root-applied radiolabel at both 10 μM and 50 μM [14C]MG-191 rates during 6 d of exposure. Amounts of absorbed radioactivity increased with time. Addition of 50 μM EPTC, in general, did not alter amounts of [14C]MG-191 taken up. Initial translocation of radiolabel from roots to shoots was more rapid at 10 μM [14C]MG-191 treatment compared to 50 μM. EPTC had no effect on radiolabel movement at either safener rate. MG-191 was metabolized rapidly to water-soluble metabolites. Slower formation of water-soluble products was detected only during the initial 3 h in the presence of EPTC. Also, thin-layer chromatographic analyses of water- and hexane-soluble metabolite fractions confirmed rapid transformation of the parent molecule. Because addition of EPTC retarded parent MG-191 metabolism 3 h after treatment, we assume that initial availability of the MG-191 molecule may be prerequisite to its protective effect.
Influence of Weed Density and Distribution on Corn (Zea mays) Yield
Authors: Vangessel Mark J. , Schweizer Edward E. , Garrett Karen A. , Westra Philip
Published: May 2019

The impact of weed density and weed distribution on irrigated corn yield was investigated in Colorado. Weed densities examined were 0,33,50, or 100% of the indigenous weed population. A series of weed distribution treatments were achieved by varying the length of the weed-free and weedy zones within the corn row while maintaining a constant weed population of 33 or 50% of the indigenous weed level. Grain yield was affected by weed density, but not by weed distribution. Each additional weed reduced corn yield 8.5 and 2.3 kg ha−1in 1991 and 1992, respectively. When corn yields were estimated with a computer weed/corn management model, weed densities 5 to 8 wk after planting provided a better yield reduction estimate than weed densities immediately before harvest.
Water-Corn Oil Emulsion Enhances Conidia Germination and Mycoherbicidal Activity ofColletotrichum truncatum
Authors: Egley Grant H. , Boyette C. Douglas
Published: May 2019

A water-corn oil (unrefined) emulsion has promise as a carrier for application of the mycoherbicide,Colletotrichum truncatum.We investigated this formulation (normal emulsion; oil in water) for influences on conidia germination, appressoria formation, and mycoherbicidal activity ofC. truncatum.Germination of conidia after application to hemp sesbania leaves was increased from 30% in water alone to 92% in the water-corn oil emulsion (water:oil, 1:1, by vol). The emulsion did not affect appressoria formation. of the several other oils tested, safflower seed oil enhanced in vitro germination but did not enhance germination and mycoherbicide activity when the conidia-emulsion formulation was applied to hemp sesbania leaves. Application ofC. truncatumconidia in the unrefined corn oil emulsion to hemp sesbania seedlings resulted in 89 to 97% control of the weed after a 24 to 72 h dew delay. The emulsion enhanced mycoherbicide efficacy by stimulating conidia germination by protecting the conidia during a dew-free period, hence, increasing weed infection when a dew occurred.
The Impact of Rye Cover Crops on Weed Populations in a Tomato Cropping System
Authors: Masiunas John B. , Weston Leslie A. , Weller Stephen C.
Published: May 2019

A reduced-till (RT) experiment determined the effect of rye seeding density and method of kill on rye biomass persistence, weed suppression, and tomato yield. ‘Wheeler’ rye was seeded at 56, 110, and 170 kg ha−1in the fall of 1988 and 1989 in Champaign, IL; Lexington, KY; and Lafayette, IN. One wk before transplanting tomatoes, rye was desiccated either by applying glyphosate at 1.1 kg ha−1and mowing (RT-glyphosate) or by mowing alone (RT-mowed). Both methods left rye residues on the soil surface as a mulch. Seeding density did not affect rye biomass, weed control, or tomato yield. Rye biomass differed depending on location and year, ranging from 320 to 1150 gm−2. Rye was completely killed by glyphosate, but regrew following mowing. RT-glyphosate suppressed weeds for 4 to 8 wk, which was similar to the suppression from conventional tillage (fall plowing with spring disking and harrowing) with trifluralin and metribuzin (CT-herbicide). Weed communities varied, but redroot pigweed and giant foxtail were present at all three locations. All treatments required supplemental weed management for commercially acceptable control. Except for IL in 1990, processing tomato yields (kg ha−1) in RT-glyphosate with hand-weeding were equal or better than yields in the CT treatments.
Influence of Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Time of Emergence and Density on White Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Chikoye David , Weise Stephan F. , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: May 2019

Common ragweed is a major problem in white bean production systems in Ontario. The influence of time of emergence and density of common ragweed on white bean growth and seed yield was examined in Ontario at Elora in 1990, and at Woodstock and Staffa in 1991 and 1992. Ragweed emerged with white bean seedlings (VE) and at the second trifoliate stage of white bean (V3). Time of ragweed emergence and weed density affected white bean yield at all locations. When 1.5 ragweed seedlings m−1of row emerged at the VE stage of crop growth 10 to 22% seed yield loss occurred. Yield losses of 4 to 9% occurred when 1.5 ragweed seedlings m−1of row emerged at the V3 crop stage. Yield loss parameter estimates, i.e., the predicted weed-free crop yield (YWF) and the maximum yield loss (A), varied among locations and with time of ragweed emergence, whereas the parameter for yield loss at low weed density (I) was more consistent across all locations and times of weed emergence. Although I values were relatively consistent across locations and times of ragweed emergence, the standard errors associated with each estimate were large. White bean leaf area index, above-ground biomass and pod number m−2were affected most by ragweed interference. White bean density, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight per plant were not affected by ragweed interference. Ragweed emerging at VE and V3 produced a maximum of 6000 and 1000 seeds m−2, respectively. Time of ragweed emergence may be more important than weed density when evaluating weed control options.
Comparative Above-Ground Development Rates for Several Annual Grass Weeds and Cereal Grains
Authors: Ball Daniel. A. , Klepper Betty , Rydrych Donald. J.
Published: May 2019

Above-ground seedling development was characterized for five annual grass weeds: downy brome, bulbous bluegrass, jointed goatgrass, Italian ryegrass, wild oat; and three cereals: winter wheat, winter barley, and winter triticale in field experiments over two years. The rate of leaf production on the main stem of each species was linearly related to cumulative growing degree days (GDD) since planting. Leaf production rates were faster for bulbous bluegrass, downy brome, Italian ryegrass, wild oat, and barley than for wheat, triticale, and jointed goatgrass. The main stem development stage when individual tillers appeared was similar in all species except under poor seedbed conditions in 1991, in which case lower-node tillers were delayed in the cereals and jointed goatgrass, but not in most of the weed species. Bulbous bluegrass, downy brome, and barley had the same percentage of plants produce the first four primary tillers on the main stem in both years; the other species showed more year-to-year variation. Seedling heights at full emergence were generally greater for large-seeded species. Small-seeded species compared to large-seeded species tended to have greater relative increases in plant height over time. Knowledge of comparative development rates between these weeds and cereals could provide information for development of growth models for each of the species and could also improve understanding of the competitive relationships between grass weeds and cereal grains.
Early Detection of Systemic Rust Infections of Dyers Woad (Isatis tinctoria) Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Kropp Bradley R. , Albee Steve , Flint Karen M. , Zambino Paul , Szabo Les , Thomson Sherman V.
Published: May 2019

Rust-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers selectively amplified ribosomal DNA of a rust fungus from infected dyers woad. PCR enabled DNA of the fungus to be detected in symptomatic plants as well as in asymptomatic parts of diseased plants. The use of PCR enabled early detection of rust infections in dyers woad plants during their first season when they are often asymptomatic Dried plant samples stored at room temperature for several months worked as well as lyophilized material for DNA extraction prior to PCR. The PCR detection method should greatly facilitate further studies on the biology and inoculation of this and other systemic rusts that have potential for use in biocontrol of weeds.
Plant Responses to Light: A Potential Tool for Weed Management
Authors: Holt Jodie S.
Published: May 2019

Light regulates many facets of plant growth and development through the effects of quantity of total energy and of photons, spectral quality, duration, and photoperiod. Numerous techniques and types of equipment are available for quantifying light in plant canopies. The effect of total quantity of light on weed and crop productivity has been described for many cropping systems. Recent work has focused on other aspects of light, in particular, spectral distribution of light (quality), transient light (sunflecks), and plant adaptation to changing light environments. The altered spectral quality of light in a plant canopy affects plant growth and morphology, which in turn affect competition for light. Dynamic plant response to transient light is also important to canopy photosynthesis and productivity. Plant physiological and morphological adaptation to fluctuating light is another potential factor regulating weed/crop interactions. Current cropping practices such as using smother crops and narrow row spacing exploit plant light responses to promote crop growth and suppress weed growth. A better understanding of plant responses to light quality, transient light, and fluctuating light environments will lead to a better understanding of how to manipulate the light environment in crop canopies to improve weed management.