bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The respiratory system
Authors: Peate Ian
Published: May 2021

Breathing allows oxygen to be delivered to internal tissues and cells where it is needed, as well as facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide. An overview of the respiratory system and its key functions is provided in this article. The upper and lower respiratory tracts are discussed. It is important for the healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) to develop an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and how it functions if care that is provided is to be safe and patient-focused. At the end of the article, a glossary of terms is provided and, to aid recall, a short quiz has been included.
DAPAGLIFLOZIN
Authors: Rees Sharon
Published: May 2021

In this column, Sharon Rees aims to refresh knowledge and interest in some of the commonly used drugs in a series of tweets. This month she is talking about #dapagliflozin
Treating post-renal transplant surgical site infection with combination therapy: a case study
Authors: Hajimohammadi Kazem , Makhdoomi Khadijeh , Zabihi Roghayeh Esmaeili , Parizad Naser
Published: May 2021

Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common and debilitating complications of surgery. The risk of SSI rises if the patient has underlying health-related risk factors. This article reports on the complicated case of 61-year-old female with a history of obesity and diabetes. She was diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and had been receiving haemodialysis since 2012. She underwent a kidney transplant and developed a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa SSI following surgery. She experienced delayed wound healing with a partially dehisced incision. Despite conventional wound care, there was no progress in wound healing. The authors combined sharp debridement, irrigation and antibiotic therapy with a silver-containing antimicrobial dressing for 1 month. Her SSI improved significantly and she returned to theatre for wound closure. The patient recovered well and was discharged from the hospital after suture removal. Wound care professionals can use combination therapies to manage SSIs effectively and reduce patient and healthcare costs.
Foreword
Authors: Carr John
Published: May 2021

In the current food crisis with high feed costs, especially related to protein sources and soya in particular, this is destablising any profitability in the pig industry. At this stage we must reduce the cost of production to survive. Feed is the major cost of production and in this supplement, we look at areas where veterinarians can play a major role on our client's farm by helping to reduce feed wastage.

The supplement explores traditional health issues with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and the enormous role of vaccination in controlling this long-term scourge. With vaccination in mind, we also explore the most important vaccine in pig production — the PCV2 vaccine. There is a new circovirus around, PCV3, and the paper looks at its possible involvement in the cost of production and its impacts on pig reproduction.
Control of mastitis in dairy sheep and goats
Authors: Manning Al , Vasileiou Natalia , Crilly JP
Published: May 2021

Clinical mastitis is much less common in dairy sheep and goats than in cattle, but it is still a major cause of loss and impaired welfare. Subclinical mastitis rates range from 5–30%, but it is a significant cause of lost production and impaired milk quality. Gram-positive bacteria, in particular Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, and contagious modes of transmission predominate. Diagnosis is complicated by higher somatic cell counts (SCC) even in uninfected udders, particular in goats. Control of mastitis requires a multimodal approach involving treatment, culling, vaccination and steps to reduce transmission.
Comparison of pyrometry and thermography for thermal analysis of thermite reactions
Authors: Woodruff Connor , Dean Steven W. , Pantoya Michelle L.
Published: May 2021

This study examines the thermal behavior of a laser ignited thermite
composed of aluminum and bismuth trioxide. Temperature data were
collected during the reaction using a four-color pyrometer and a
high-speed color camera modified for thermography. The two diagnostics
were arranged to collect data simultaneously, with similar fields of
view and with similar data acquisition rates, so that the two
techniques could be directly compared. Results show that at initial
and final stages of the reaction, a lower signal-to-noise ratio
affects the accuracy of the measured temperatures. Both diagnostics
captured the same trends in transient thermal behavior, but the
average temperatures measured with thermography were about 750 K
higher than those from the pyrometer. This difference was attributed
to the lower dynamic range of the thermography camera’s image sensor,
which was unable to resolve cooler temperatures in the field of view
as well as the photomultiplier tube sensors in the pyrometer. Overall,
while the camera could not accurately capture the average temperature
of a scene, its ability to capture peak temperatures and spatial data
make it the preferred method for tracking thermal behavior in thermite
reactions.
Extreme ultraviolet phase defect characterization based on complex amplitudes of the aerial images
Authors: Cheng Wei , Li Sikun , Wang Xiangzhao , Zhang Zinan
Published: May 2021

The profile deformation of a phase defect in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask blank is the key factor to simulate its optical effects accurately and to compensate for it precisely. This paper provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, profile characterization method based on complex amplitudes of the aerial images for phase defects in EUV mask blanks. Fourier ptychography is adopted to retrieve the complex amplitudes of the aerial images and improve the lateral resolution. Both amplitude and phase impacted by the defect are taken into consideration to reconstruct the defect profile parameters (the height and the full width at half maxima of the defect’s top and bottom profiles). A conformal convolutional neural network model is constructed to map the amplitudes and phases of aerial images to the defect profile parameters. The Gaussian-shaped defect models with the mapped profile parameters can be used to simulate the amplitude and phase properties of the defects when compensating for them. The proposed method is verified to reconstruct the defect profile parameters of both bump defects and pit defects accurately. The involvement of both the amplitude and phase information makes the reconstructed defect profile parameters more appropriate to simulate the optical effects of the defects.
Beam shaping with high energy utilization and uniformity using gradient
orthogonal gratings
Authors: Zhai Zhongsheng , Cao Wenze , Gao Tian , Liu Dun , Lv Qinghua , Wang Xuanze , Xiong Zhi , Feng Wei
Published: May 2021

A flattop beam is useful in ultrafast laser processing. A laser beam shaping method for
high energy utilization and uniformity is presented using a complex
hologram displayed on a spatial light modulator. The hologram consists
of a geometric mask, an external blazed grating, and internal gradient
orthogonal gratings. The gradient orthogonal gratings can change the
incident light energy distribution and obtain flattop beams with high
energy utilization. Experimental results show that the presented
method can obtain an arbitrary geometric shape with a steep edge and
high uniformity. Meanwhile, the bigger the geometric mask size, the
higher the energy utilization will be, and it is up to 78.70%.
Evaluation of the changes in human milk lipid composition and conformational state with Raman spectroscopy during a breastfeed
Authors: de Wolf Johanna R. , Lenferink Anki , Lenferink Aufried , Otto Cees , Bosschaart Nienke
Published: May 2021

Human milk fat forms the main energy source for breastfed infants, and is highly variable in terms of concentration and composition. Understanding the changes in human milk lipid composition and conformational state during a breastfeed can provide insight into lipid synthesis and secretion in the mammary gland. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate human milk fatty acid length, degree of unsaturation (lipid composition) and lipid phase (lipid conformational state) at different stages during a single breastfeed (fore-, bulk- and hindmilk). A total of 48 samples from 16 lactating subjects were investigated with confocal Raman spectroscopy. We did not observe any significant changes in lipid composition between fore-, bulk and hindmilk. A new finding from this study is that lipid conformational state at room temperature changed significantly during a breastfeed, from almost crystalline to almost liquid. This observation suggests that lipid synthesis in the mammary gland changes during a single breastfeed.
Investigation on the nonreciprocal properties of one-dimensional cylindrical magnetized plasma photonic crystals
Authors: Wang Qianyu , Wang Pengxiang , Wan Baofei , Zhang Haifeng
Published: May 2021

In this paper, the equations for the transfer matrix method of one-dimensional cylindrical magnetized plasma photonic crystals are proposed, and its nonreciprocal properties based on the Thue–Morse sequence are also studied. By adding the influence of the magnetic field into Maxwell’s equations in the cylindrical coordinate system, the transmission matrix equation of cylindrical wave propagation in the cylindrical medium is obtained and a quasi-periodic structure with the Thue–Morse sequence is designed to study its nonreciprocal features. By considering Maxwell’s equations and the equations of motion of charged particles, the relative dielectric function of plasma under the

z

-axis magnetic field is achieved. Considering the influences of this dielectric function in the cylindrical coordinate system, the transmission matrix equations of cylindrical wave propagation in the cylindrical medium are derived, and those equations are used to design a cylindrical structure with two layers of ordinary medium and one layer of plasma satisfying the Thue–Morse sequence. It is concluded that the nonreciprocal phenomenon becomes more and more obvious with the increase of the plasma frequency, the relative dielectric constant of the medium, and the incident angle. But with the increase of

ω
c

, the nonreciprocal propagation is attenuated, and there is no significant change when the collision frequency is enlarging.
Guided acoustic Brillouin scattering measurements in optical communication fibers
Authors: Yaman Fatih , Nakamura Kohei , Mateo Eduardo , Fujisawa Shinsuke , Batshon Hussam G. , Inoue Takanori , Inada Yoshihisa , Wang Ting
Published: May 2021

Guided acoustic Brillouin (GAWBS) noise is measured using a novel, homodyne measurement technique for four commonly used fibers in long-distance optical transmission systems. The measurements are made with single spans and then shown to be consistent with separate multi-span long-distance measurements. The inverse dependence of the GAWBS noise on the fiber effective area is confirmed by comparing different fibers with the effective area varying between 80 µm2 and 150 µm2. The line broadening effect of the coating is observed, and the correlation between the width of the GAWBS peaks to the acoustic mode profile is confirmed. An extensive model of the GAWBS noise in long-distance fibers is presented, including corrections to some commonly repeated mistakes in previous reports. It is established through the model and verified with the measurements that the depolarized scattering caused by TR2m modes contributes twice as much to the optical noise in the orthogonal polarization to the original source, as it does to the noise in parallel polarization. Using this relationship, the polarized and depolarized contributions to the measured GAWBS noise is separated for the first time. As a result, a direct comparison between the theory and the measured GAWBS noise spectrum is shown for the first time with excellent agreement. It is confirmed that the total GAWBS noise can be calculated from fiber parameters under certain assumptions. It is predicted that the level of depolarized GAWBS noise created by the fiber may depend on the polarization diffusion length, and consequently, possible ways to reduce GAWBS noise are proposed. Using the developed theory, dependence of GAWBS noise on the location of the core is calculated to show that multi-core fibers would have a similar level of GAWBS noise no matter where their cores are positioned.
Ultrafast reconfigurable optical logic gates using a nonlinear metallodielectric grating
Authors: Corbin Anthony , Shen Jung-Tsung
Published: May 2021

Reconfigurable optical logic gates are developed through the design and optimization of a metallic grating with a colloidal nonlinear dielectric. The device has a structurally enhanced nonlinearity, improving power consumption and speed. Detailed design strategy and simulations for several common logic gates are provided. Using materials readily available in common CMOS processing technologies, the gates switch in sub-picosecond scales with a driving irradiance of around

200

M
W

/

c
m

2

.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the sources of error in stochastic parallel gradient descent-based digital modal decomposition technique
Authors: Singh Karamdeep , Sharma Priyanka , Suchita  , Dixit Awakash , Srinivasan Balaji , Koilpillai R. David , Venkitesh Deepa
Published: May 2021

A detailed systematic investigation of the accuracy of digital modal decomposition process that uses stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm is presented in this paper. Composite beams of known weights and phases corresponding to the eigenmodes of a three-mode fiber are generated theoretically and through experiments using a spatial light modulator (SLM). The weights and phases of the constituent scalar modes are extracted from the intensity profile of the composite beam using the SPGD method, for both theoretical and experimental conditions. Detailed analysis of the sources of error in such SPGD based digital modal decomposition method is carried out by generating composite beams of various modal ratios and phase combinations theoretically. Impact of the experimental errors such as effect of background noise, nonlinearity, misalignment of the camera and that due to the cumulative propagation phase, on the extracted weights and relative phase values are quantified. We find that any ambiguity at phase angles closer to 90 deg among the constituent modes especially when the modal weights are non-uniform, cannot be corrected easily and hence is a fundamental limitation of the intensity-based modal decomposition technique. The methodology used in this manuscript to identify the systemic errors in modal decomposition can be potentially extended to any digital decomposition technique.
A comparison of foot posture and walking performance in patients with mild, moderate, and severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Zhu Feilong , Hong Qianqin , Guo Xiaoqi , Wang Dan , Chen Jie , Zhu Qian , Zhang Chong , Chen Wei , Zhang Ming
Published: May 2021

Background

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of scoliosis. However, the underlying mechanisms linking spinal curvature in AIS to foot characteristics and walking performance remain unclear.

Objective

This study aimed to compare walking performance between adolescents with mild, moderate, and severe scoliosis and matched healthy peers with foot posture as covariates.

Methods

This cross-sectional study of 96 adolescents was conducted between April 2020 to October 2020 in China, with 32 healthy peers in the control group and 64 patients in the AIS group. Foot posture and morphology, plantar pressure distribution, and gait characteristics were analyzed. One-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction and a post hoc comparison of the mean differences between the different groups was performed. Multiple analyses of covariance adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, foot posture index (FPI), arch index (AI), and walking speed were performed.

Results

Of the 64 adolescents with scoliosis, 18 had mild AIS, 32 had moderate AIS, and 14 had severe AIS. The AI and FPI were much higher in the moderate and severe AIS groups (p = 0.018) and the severe AIS group (p<0.001), respectively, than in the control group. The severe AIS group had advanced and longer midstance (p = 0.014) and delayed propulsion phase (p = 0.013) than the control group. Patients with moderate and severe AIS had asymmetrical gait periods in the left and right limbs (p<0.05). Significant differences in the center-of-pressure excursion index (CPEI) were found between the moderate and severe AIS and control groups (p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Moderate and severe AIS significantly influenced walking performance; however, no significant differences were observed between adolescents with mild AIS and healthy controls. Thus, early intervention could target the prevention of specific functional deficits and prevent it from progressing to a severe state.
Assessment of a recombinant protein from Leishmania infantum as a novel tool for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) diagnosis in VL/HIV co-infection cases
Authors: Ramos Rhaíssa E. M. , Santos Wagner J. T. , Magalhães Franklin B. , Diniz George T. N. , Costa Carlos H. N. , de Melo Neto Osvaldo P. , Medeiros Zulma M. , Reis Christian R. S.
Published: May 2021

Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV-AIDS coinfection (VL/HIV) is considered a life-threatening pathology when undiagnosed and untreated, due to the immunosuppression caused by both diseases. Serological tests largely used for the VL diagnosis include the direct agglutination test (DAT), ELISA and immunochromatographic (ICT) assays. For VL diagnosis in HIV infections, different studies have shown that the use of the DAT assay facilitates the VL diagnosis in co-infected patients, since the performance of the most widely used ELISA and ICT tests, based on the recombinant protein rK39, are much less efficient in HIV co-infections. In this scenario, alternative recombinant antigens may help the development of new serological diagnostic methods which may improve the VL diagnosis for the co-infection cases. This work aimed to evaluate the use of the recombinant Lci2 antigen, related to, but antigenically more diverse than rK39, for VL diagnosis in co-infected sera through ELISA assays. A direct comparison between recombinant Lci2 and rK39 was thus carried out. The two proteins were first tested using indirect ELISA with sera from VL afflicted individuals and healthy controls, with similar performances. They were then tested with two different sets of VL/HIV co-infected cases and a significant drop in performance, for one of these groups, was observed for rK39 (32% sensitivity), but not for Lci2 (98% sensitivity). In fact, an almost perfect agreement (Kappa: 0.93) between the Lci2 ELISA and DAT was observed for the coinfected VL/HIV patients. Lci2 then has the potential to be used as a new tool for the VL diagnosis of VL/HIV co-infections.
Phytochemical composition and health properties of Sembung plant (Blumea balsamifera): A review
Authors: Widhiantara I. Gede , Jawi I. Made
Published: May 2021

Indonesia's mindset has been focusing on the use of natural medicines, food, and healing practices widely recognized by the nation's culture. Traditional medicines and herbs used in traditional medicine can often lead to the discovery of drugs against certain diseases. The aim of this review was to study evidence-based data on the importance of Sembung plant, Blumea balsamifera, as a potential traditional medicine. The distribution, ethnopharmacology, secondary metabolites, and bioactivity against several diseases are focused in this review. Information and research related to Sembung plant were searched using the terms "B. balsamifera," "phytochemicals," and "pharmacological activity" on ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and scientific information-based databases up to 2020. Several ethnomedical articles recommend B. balsamifera for the treatment of sinusitis, colic pain, cough, kidney stones, flu, or as a diuretic. This knowledge has already been applied in several countries in Southeast Asia. B. balsamifera has been reported to contain several phytochemicals both volatile (terpenoids, fatty acids, phenols, alcohol, aldehydes, ethers, ketones, pyridines, furans, and alkanes) and non-volatile (flavonoids, flavanones, and chalcones). Extracts and phytochemicals of B. balsamifera contain several biological capacities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-infertility, hepatoprotective activity, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, antitumor, anticancer, and immunomodulatory agent against Coronavirus disease-19 infection. This review provides essential data for the potential application of B. balsamifera as a nutraceutical or in future medicinal preparations.
Correlation of Chronic Smoking with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction – A Study at Wardha, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Mathurkar Swapneel , Daigavane Sachin , Prasad Madhumita , Mehta Kervi
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the causes of evaporative dry eye disease. It is the terminal duct obstruction of the Meibomian gland and is associated with glandular secretion changes. These changes lead to decreased amount of lipids secretion which accounts for instability of tear film leading to evaporative dry eye disease. Chronic smoking also causes irritative, burning eyes along with unstable tear film. We wanted to study the corelation of chronic smoking with Meibomian gland dysfunction. METHODS This is a hospital based observational cross-sectional study that enrolled a total of 100 subjects having Meibomian gland disease (MGD), out of whom 61 were smokers and 39 were non-smokers. All enrolled subjects underwent tear film breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer I test (SIT) and slit-lamp microscope examination of lid margin abnormalities, Meibomian gland expression as well as meibum. RESULTS Our study found that the patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction with the history of chronic smoking had a remarkably decreased value of tear film break up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s 1 Test which explains the dry eye symptoms as compared to MGD patients without smoking. No significant differences were seen in lid margin irregularity and meibum secretion. Meibomitis is found in 29 smokers with MGD and 5 non-smokers with MGD which is not significant. CONCLUSIONS Chronic smoking is associated with MGD. KEY WORDS Cigarette Smoking, Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, Tear Film Tests
To Assess the Knowledge Regarding Signs and Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Its Prevention among Diabetes Patients in Wardha District, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Thakare Pratiksha Suresh , Ankar Ruchira
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening condition of diabetes that is characterized by hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria. It happens when glucose's ability to enter cells for use as metabolic fuel is blocked by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. This causes liver to divide fat into ketones as a source of fuel. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes patients in selected hospitals of Wardha district. METHODS A descriptive study was undertaken among 60 purposively selected patients of diabetes with diabetic ketoacidosis in Wardha district. Data was collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire during the month of May 2020. RESULTS The level of awareness among diabetes patients on how to avoid diabetic ketoacidosis was measured. The findings of study show that 49 (80 %) people had poor level of knowledge score and 11 (20 %) people had average level of knowledge score. Mean score was 4.38 ± 2.48 with mean percentage 24.35 ± 13.80. The association of knowledge score with educational status of diabetes patients from selected hospital. The tabulated ‘F’ values were 2.76 (df = 3, 56) which is much less than the calculated ‘F’ i.e., 8.73 at 5 % level of significance. Also, the calculated ‘P’=0.0001 which was much less than the acceptable level of significance i.e., ‘P’=0.05. Hence, it is interpreted that educational status of diabetes patients is statistically associated with their knowledge score. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with diabetes are poorly aware of the preventive measures of diabetic ketoacidosis. This study revealed several preventive gaps relating to an appropriate prevention strategy and acute diabetes complications. This research concluded that most patients with diabetes had insufficient knowledge of the signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis and its management. KEY WORDS Knowledge, Prevention, Sign, Symptoms, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Diabetes Patients
Difference of Schirmer Test Results Before and After Using Smartphones with Various Screen Brightness Levels
Authors: Dumadi Dodik , Maharani Maharani , Kesoema Tanti Ajoe , Prihatningtias Riski
Published: May 2021

Background : The use of smartphones and other digital devices such as laptops and tablets is familiar in Indonesian society. Excessive uses of the devices are associated with dry eye syndrome and tear film dysfunction. The intensity of blue light when penetrating the eye is believed to affect tear film stability. Thus it will encourage tear evaporation which proved by Schirmer test.Objective : To find out the difference of Schirmer test results before and after using a smartphone with  various screen brightness levels.Methods : This study used pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study. The research subjects were students of the Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University (n = 30) who were selected by purposive sampling. In this study, the research subjects used smartphones for an hour with a predetermined screen brightness level, with the same room lighting. Before and after treatment the subject was measured the quantity of tears using the Schirmer test. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test.Results : The average pretest result on low brightness was 25,60 ± 9,44 and the post-test result was 17,60 ± 8,45. The pre-test result on medium brightness was 27,90 ± 9,46 and the post-test result was 24,80 ± 10,46. The pre-test result on high brightness was 23,60 ± 6,80 and the post-test result was 19,10 ± 7,95. The Schirmer test results before and after using smartphones with low brightness showed a significant different (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference for the pre-post test using smartphones with medium and high brightness. Comparison of Schirmer test results on low, medium and high screen brightness did not show a significant difference.Conclusion : There is no significant difference between the Schirmer test results among low, medium and high screen brightness after one hour of smartphone usage.
CHILDREN’S RIGHTS AND CHILDHOOD STUDIES AS A CHALLENGE AND A DRIVER OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Authors: MARKOWSKA-MANISTA URSZULA , ODROWĄŻ-COATES ANNA
Published: May 2021

This paper contains an introduction to a selection of papers across social sciences and humanities, based on empirical explorations and theoretical conceptualizations. Authors highlight the issues of parental roles, parental styles, child and family positioning in the family and society. The lens of children’s rights and participatory approaches is also discussed. Authors focus on diverse practices in parenting, different approaches to children’s agency and freedom of choice, family as a negotiated space mediated by culture, children’s position in family and society, life chances and wellbeing, critical approaches to children’s rights perspectives, early intervention, socio-political context, finally Freire’s and Korczak’s pedagogies.
REALISING THE CHILD'S RIGHTS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD IN THE CONTEXT OF CHILDREN’S SOCIAL PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF THE CHILD’S RIGHT TO A FAMILY
Authors: TURCZYK MAŁGORZATA
Published: May 2021

The article presents the need to make the culture of children's rights fundamental from the earliest years of their lives, given the idea of children's social participation. Creating and practising such a culture throughout childhood is a task that requires not only a thorough knowledge of the child’s rights among both parents and teachers but also the wider acceptance of these ideas and the creation of the right environment for sharing and speaking up for them both at home and in early education settings. The academic and colloquial discourse on parental practices and institutional childcare often overlooks the dimension/significance of recognising children's participation in safeguarding their human rights. Meanwhile, the processes of early normative socialisation are of great importance to their development and their future attitudes towards law in general and towards their human rights and others' rights. Social participation is where the child can experience his or her rights and learn about respecting others' rights. With this in mind, a question must be asked about how children's rights are realised in early childhood in the context of their participation in the socialisation process. The author uses the example of the child’s right to a family as a lens to observe how the idea of the children’s participation in securing children’s rights may be realised or violated. The article is based on an analysis of the subject's literature, in which legal discourse and teachings on child-rearing and early education are used as the interpretative context.
MALE AND FEMALE CLIENTS OF MEN PROVIDING SEXUAL SERVICES: RESEARCH REPORT
Authors: GARDIAN-MIAŁKOWSKA RENATA
Published: May 2021

The aim of the research was to gain knowledge of who the people using sexual services are, why they do it and what their relationship with men offering paid sex looked like. Results show that the people who used sexual services were both men and women of different ages and with different professional status. The main reasons for using paid sex services were: unsatisfactory sexual contact,; a sense of loneliness and being neglected by the life partner, partner’s infertility, heartbreak or betrayal of a partner, problems with finding the right partner, unusual sexual preferences, change of gender and treatment of sex-meetings as a form of entertainment.
Specific Pathways From Adverse Experiences to BPD in Adolescence: A Criteria-Based Approach of Trauma
Authors: Robin Marion , Douniol Marie , Pham-Scottez Alexandra , Gicquel Ludovic , Delvenne Veronique , Nezelof Sylvie , Speranza Mario , Falissard Bruno , Silva Jerôme , Corcos Maurice
Published: May 2021

Within the European Research Network on BPD (EURNET-BPD; n = 85 BPD adolescents, n = 84 healthy controls, aged 13–19), this study explored the combination of three types of adversity—maltreatment, stressful life events (early separation from parents, parental suicide attempt, parental chronic disease) and parental bonding—as predictors of BPD, on a criteria-based approach. Results indicated that cumulative traumatic experiences largely characterize borderline adolescent's history; and, in the multivariate regression models, all adversity experiences were likely to contribute to BPD symptoms. The role of emotional abuse, parental suicide attempt, and a decrease in paternal level of care were particularly prominent. Moreover, adversities combinations were different for each criterion, suggesting that specific sets of traumatic experiences are leading to BPD. These findings argue for a further criteria-based exploration of trauma in borderline patients, as well as a more accurate and efficient prevention.
The Origins of the Leading Edge in Kohut's Work
Authors: Zimmermann Peter , Paul Harry
Published: May 2021

This article traces the evolution of the concept of the leading edge in Kohut's work. The leading edge is defined as the growth-promoting dimension of the transference. The authors argue that although Kohut did not ever use the term explicitly in his writings—Marian Tolpin (2002), one of Kohut's gifted pupils, introduced the concept into the psychoanalytic literature in the form of the forward edge—the idea of the leading edge was already present in nascent form in Kohut's earliest papers and became ever more central as his psychology of the self evolved and the concept of the selfobject transference took center stage. Kohut, it is argued, could not fully develop the idea of working with the leading edge for fear of being accused of advocating for a corrective emotional experience in psychoanalytic treatment. However, in his posthumous empathy paper (1982) Kohut came as close as he could to endorsing the leading edge as pivotal in all psychoanalytic work.
Heinz Kohut's Ideas of Self
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Mart Deborah , Strug David L.
Published: May 2021

The authors explore Heinz Kohut's ideas of self, including its nuclear and virtual forms, in the critical period from the late 1960s to about 1975. Kohut's creative process, it is argued, has not been fully appreciated. The authors establish the baseline of Kohut's ideas about the self in his first book, The Analysis of the Self in 1971. His ideas then evolved significantly in the next few years, as he came to define the self as the center of psychological experience and then to consider what he came to call the nuclear self and the virtual self as extensions of his core ideas about the self-selfobject system. The authors trace the specific sequence of conceptual steps that Kohut took in his reexamination of what he meant by self. Kohut's thinking in this area proceeded unevenly and not always chronologically. His pathbreaking work in the early 1970s on fragmentation, on the cohesion and continuity of the self, and on the mutable nature of the nuclear self and the virtual self represents a seminal development in the understanding of these psychoanalytic concepts.
COVID-19 and the International Political Economy of Risk and Resilience
Authors: Bernards Nick
Published: May 2021

This forum contribution highlights the confluence of two distinct trends in the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath. On one hand, many of the worst socio-economic costs of the virus and control measures have been disproportionately borne by marginalized workers, primarily in the global south. Often these impacts have not overlapped with the public health costs of the virus itself. In this sense the pandemic has highlighted the ways that risks in the global political economy are unevenly and systematically distributed. On the other, early indications are that highly individualized notions of ‘risk management’ and ‘resilience’ will be central to post-crisis global development agendas. At the same time as the COVID-19 pandemic has made the systemic and unequal nature of risks in the global political economy visible, then, many of the most marginalized segments of the world’s population are being asked to take responsibility for managing those risks.
Green synthesis of nano-silver particles using plant active substance from lemongrass extract
Authors: Ji Xingxiang , Ma Hao , Tian Zhongjian , Lyu Gaojin , Fang Guigan , Chen Jiachuan , Saeed Haroon A. M.
Published: May 2021

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by plant extracts is currently under exploitation. Plant extracts are very cost effective and eco-friendly and thus can be an economic and efficient alternative. This study investigates the mechanism of preparation of nano-silver using a plant active substance from lemongrass extract. The lemongrass ethanol extract was prepared using an ultrasonic cell crusher. Spherical silver nanoparticles were prepared with lemongrass extract and silver nitrate. The reaction mechanism of the preparation of nano-silver by plant extracts was analyzed by infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) measurements. The uniform and stable spherical silver nanoparticles with an average particle size of 22.99 nm were synthesized. Amide compounds in plant extracts may act as reductants and protective agents. The biomass of plants produces their nanomaterials through a process called biomineralisation. Thus, plant active substances can be used widely, and biological methods are completely feasible and worth studying for the chemical procedures, which are environmentally friendly and convenient.
Evaluation and identification of walnut heartwood extractives for protection of poplar wood
Authors: Hosseini Hashemi Seyyed Khalil , Latibari Ahmad Jahan
Published: May 2021

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) heartwood extractives were identified and their potential for protection of poplar wood was evaluated. Test specimens were prepared from poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) to meet BS 838:1961 requirements. Samples were impregnated with heartwood extractive solution (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5% w/w in ethanol-toluene), followed by 5 hours vacuum desiccator technique to reach complete saturation. Impregnated specimens were exposed to white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 14 weeks according to BS 838:1961 applying the kolle-flask method. The weight loss of samples was determined after exposure to white-rot fungus. The highest weight loss (36.96%) was observed for untreated control samples and the lowest weight loss (30.40%) was measured in samples treated with 1.5% extractives solution. The analyses of the extracts using GC/MS indicated that major constituents are benzoic acid,3,4,5-tri(hydroxyl) and gallic acid (44.57 %). The two toxic components in the heartwood are juglone (5.15 %) and 2,7-dimethylphenantheren (5.81 %).
Rubber as an advanced structural material for thermal conditioning system interfaces
Authors:   Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Khorolskyi M. , Bigun S. ,   Yuzhnoye State Design Office
Published: May 2021

In integrated launch vehicles, one of the systems responsible for successful launch preparation and support is a ground thermal conditioning system supplying low-pressure thermostatic air to the “dry” compartments and head blocks of a launch vehicle. To connect the thermal conditioning system to the launch vehicle, a special interface is used. The proper functioning of the interface is critical to the reliability of the ground equipment of the system, the launch vehicle, and the space complex as a whole. This article describes key requirements to the interfaces of the thermal conditioning system and the drawbacks of their existing designs. The article proposes a new concept of interface design, according to which the pipeline of the ground thermal conditioning system is connected to the inlet tube of the launch vehicle via a corrugated rubber hose composed of three basic parts. The hose is attached to the inlet tube of the launch vehicle with the help of a metal lock/unlock device. The proposed solution provides good air tightness, ease of operation, easy multiple connections to the launch vehicle at different angles, and an automatic disconnection at launch or a manual disconnection in the case of a cancelled launch. Using rubber, which is a high-elasticity structural material, in the manufacturing of hoses makes it possible to minimise the effort required to disconnect the interface from the launch vehicle. In a high elasticity state, rubber can absorb and dissipate mechanical energy over a wide range of temperatures, which precludes the vibration caused by the engine operation from being transmitted to the ground thermal conditioning system. The article presents the key properties of rubber used as a structural material and its features to be considered in the design of similar devices. In contrast to metal, which shows two types of deformation (elastic and plastic), rubber can exhibit three types (elastic, superelastic, and plastic). During the design of interfaces, two types of deformation were taken into account: elastic and superelastic. Experimental tests of the interface presented in the article showed its full compliance with the requirements specification.
Macrospatial structure and biodiversity of bat communities (Chiroptera) of the European fauna in the forest-steppe habitat
Authors:   Cherkasy Zoo (Cherkasy, Ukraine), Bilushenko Anatoliy A.
Published: May 2021

Twelve bat species of seven genera of the family Vespertilionidae were studied in conditions of the Central Forest-steppe of Ukraine (Myotis nattereri, M. daubentonii, M. dasycnemе, Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus, Pl. аustriacus, Pipistrellus pуgmaeus, P. kuhlii, P. nathusii, Nyctalus noctula, N. leisleri, Vespertilio murinus, and Eptesicus serotinus). The data were collected during decade-long surveys (2007–2016) in the Central Forest-Steppe (Cherkasy, Kirovohrad, and Kyiv Oblasts, Ukraine) at 23 localities. The census route included 680 km walked along the surveyed territory. The species composition of different habitats was determined during faunal and indoor surveys, when a certain type of landscape changes to another, and also by comparing the species composition of communities in different types of habitats. For species diversity comparison, five types of habitats were selected: forest (W), towns and villages (A-W), wood lines and fields (F-W), wetland areas (A-W), and fores parks (W-P). The analysis of record localities of bats and the character of their biotopic distribution shows that most species prefer floodplains with trees (wetland areas (A-W) and forest parks (W-P)), where the maximum number of species was noted. Quite high diversity was also noted for settlements (T-W). Based on abundance, a noticeable decrease of the diversity index occurs during the transfer from the area of wetland types to fields and wood lines. Due to the character of differences between groups of local bat species, relative to spatial distribution of species on topical and trophic levels, the performed analyses helped us to outline four groups of species. The first group includes species united by open type habitats (N. noctula and N. leisleri). The second group comprises V. murinus, E. serotinus, P. pуgmaeus, and P. kuhlii, which are very hard to relate to a separate type of locality. The third group includes species that prefer closed habitats: M. nattereri, M. daubentonii, Pl. auritus, P. nathusii, and B. barbastellus. The fourth group comprises M. dasycnemе, a species that is relatively rare in the studied territory and is related to lakes and slow flowing water bodies.
List of mammals of Ukraine 2020: additions and clarifications
Authors:   National Museum of Natural History NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine), Zagorodniuk Igor , Kharchuk Sergiy ,   Ukrainian Theriological Society, NAS Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine)
Published: May 2021

General issues of "taxonomic monitoring" of the mammal fauna of Ukraine are considered, including current changes and clarifications on the species composition of fauna, taxonomic ranks of species and superspecies groups, and current scientific and vernacular (Ukrainian) names. Analytical references and comments on the ranks and names of 24 taxa or taxonomic groups are presented, including 6 on Glires non-Muroidae, 7 on Muroidae, 5 on Chiroptera, 2 on Carnivora, and 4 on Ungulata. Most of the changes concern taxa ranks (especially genus / subgenus or family / subfamily) and, to a lesser extent, scientific and Ukrainian names. All changes are analysed as an update to the checklist approved by the Ukrainian Theriological Society (UTS) and published in 2012 in the Proceedings of the NMNH. In particular, this publication recognises the species status and correct use of scientific species names of Spalax graecus, Spalax arenarius, Apodemus (Sylvaemus) tauricus, and Myotis aurascens, as well as the Ukrainian vernacular names “hipsuh” (for Hypsugo) and “saiga” (for Saiga), scientific generic names Myodes (Ukr. “norytsia”) and Alexandromys (Ukr. “shaparka”), the family rank of long-winged bats (Miniopteridae), and the scientific name Cricetulus migratorius for the grey hamster as valid. The following provisions are adopted based on recent publications and trends in the development of classifications: 1) a new understanding of the volume and species name of Spermophilus planicola (little souslik) and Pipistrellus lepidus (Kuhl's pipistrelle); confirmation of the family status of birch mice, but with a new scientific name Sminthidae; correctness of scientific names Neogale vison (American mink) and Ovis gmelini (mouflon); 2) clarification of the Ukrainian vernacular name “molossovi” for Molossidae; 3) the genus coypu (Myocastor) is considered within the family of spiny rats (Echimyidae), whereas genera of voles (Microtus), red-backed voles (Myodes) and water voles (Arvicola) within the family of hamsters (Cricetidae); 4) lowering the ranks of several taxa, in particular Arvicolidae to subfamily Arvicolinae (within the family Cricetidae), Allactagidae to subfamily Allactaginae (within the family Dipodidae), Terricola to subgenus within the genus Microtus (s. l.), Bison to subgenus within the genus Bos (hence the bison is Bos bonasus), 5) the genus Sylvaemus is preserved at the same rank as the genus Apodemus. Trends in further changes of checklists and the need to align them with basic checklists and to adapt "thematic" lists, such as "red lists" for national or regional levels, game fauna lists, species lists in annexes to various international agreements (e.g. SITES), Bern Convention, EUROBATs, etc.) are considered.
Large herbivores in restricted ecosystems: assessment of water sources value by high-usage movement pathways at Byriuchyi Island spit
Authors:   Zaporizhzhia National University (Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine), Polzyk Mariia
Published: May 2021

An animal population permanently living in a certain area not only adapts to environmental conditions, but changes the environment as a result of their activities. The constant movement of animals between valuable resources in a certain territory forms a system of permanent trails. They are valuable source of information for solving problems of directed formation of ecosystems, organisation of protection and rational use of the territory. The territory of our study — Byriuchyi Island — is an alluvial type of sand and shell rock spit. It is covered with a variety of wetlands, meadows, and steppe vegetation. There are no natural sources of fresh water. Since the 1950s, several species of large herbivores have lived here: red deer, fallow deer, onagers, and feral horses. To provide animals with fresh water, artificial ponds called “kopanki” were created in the 1970s. In order to determine the intensity of use of drinking water on the Biryuchy Island spit, we assessed them based on the analysis of the system of permanent trails. Materials used in the work consist of data collected in 2014–2018 during field research and satellite images of the area. During the study period, the total number of ungulates ranged between 2700 to 3400 individuals. To assess the intensity of water use, the number and direction of permanent paths were determined, the distance to other water and fodder sources, shelter, microrelief and climatic features, anthropogenic factors were estimated. Data were collected for 31 artificial water sources. It has been found that permanent trails can extend from the source in up to 25 directions. However, more often they are concentrated in the northern and north-eastern directions. This is due to the most weather-protected area of the island — providing cover with reeds and a variety of nutritious food — being located in the north. The nearest sources of fresh water are in 2.5–3 km from the coast of the estuary. In general, the average distance between water crates on the spit is 0.9 km. Analysis of the permanent trails system of the island showed that 45 % of water resources are intensively used by ungulates, and 22 % have no visible trails.