bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethanol exposure affects cell movement during gastrulation and induces split axes in zebrafish embryos
Authors: Zhang Ying , Shao Ming , Wang Lifeng , Liu Zhongzhen , Gao Ming , Liu Chao , Zhang Hongwei
Published: April 2010

To explore the toxic effects of ethanol on axis formation during embryogenesis, zebrafish embryos at different developmental stages were treated with 3% ethanol for 3 h. The effects of ethanol exposure appeared to be stage‐dependent. The dome stage embryo was most sensible to form posterior split axes upon ethanol exposure. Morphological and histological observations and whole‐mount in situ hybridization results showed that ethanol exposure at this stage caused a general gastrulation delay, and induced double notochords, double neural tubes and two sets of somites in the posterior trunk. Mechanistically, no ectopic organizer was found by examining the expression patterns of dorsoventral markers including goosecoid, chordin and eve1 at the onset of gastrulation. However, radial intercalation, epiboly and convergence extension were inhibited by ethanol exposure as revealed by cell labeling, phenotypic observation and the expression patterns of axial or paraxial markers. Further investigation showed that the cell aggregation might be affected by ethanol exposure, as indicated by the much more scattered expression pattern of chordin, eve1 and wnt11 at the early gastrula stage, and the discontinuous gsc positive cells during migration. These results imply that ethanol might affect cell movement before and during gastrulation and as a consequence, induces a split axes phenotype.
Structural equation models are modelling tools with many ambiguities: Comments acknowledging the need for caution and humility in their use
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P.
Published: April 2010

My goal is to provide background and perspective on the use and interpretation of structural equation models (SEMs). SEMs are complex procedures with many assumptions, intricacies, and pitfalls. I hope to give a commentary that complements the primers done by Iacobuci and deepen the users' knowledge of the procedures. But I acknowledge that this effort is at best an incomplete introduction into SEMs and cannot do justice to the many issues (and controversies) associated with it.
Some things you should know about structural equation modeling but never thought to ask
Authors: Fabrigar Leandre R. , Porter Ronald D. , Norris Meghan E.
Published: April 2010

Iacobucci (2009, 2010) covers a number of important issues in the use of structural equation modeling and in so doing provides researchers with many useful insights and sensible suggestions. This commentary focuses on three issues where our views differ somewhat from those expressed in the target articles: SEM and causal inferences, sample size, and model fit. In addressing each of these issues, our perspectives do not so much contradict the views expressed by Iacobucci as they reflect a somewhat different conceptual emphasis.
The use of structural equation models in Consumer Psychology: A methodological dialogue on its contributions, cautions, and concerns
Authors: Priester Joseph R
Published: April 2010

The goal of Consumer Psychology is to use manipulations and measures in order to make inferences as to the psychological processes that underlie consumer behavior. A statistical tool available to do so is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Recent issues of this journal have provided primers in the use of SEM. Herein, three noted experts provide further guidance and philosophical consideration of the issues associated with SEM, as well as statistical and methodological concerns in general. The goal of this dialogue is to provide a foundation for the use of SEM in Consumer Psychology and the Social Sciences in general.
GPR identification of an early monument at los Morteros in the Peruvian coastal desert
Authors: Sandweiss Daniel H. , Kelley Alice R. , Belknap Daniel F. , Kelley Joseph T. , Rademaker Kurt , Reid David A.
Published: April 2010

Los Morteros (8°39'54"S, 78°42 '00"W) is located in coastal, northern Peru, one of the six original centers of world civilization. The site consists of a large, sand-covered, isolated prominence situated on a Mid-Holocene shoreline, ∽5 km from the present coast. Preceramic archaeological deposits (4040±75 to 4656±6014C yr BP or ∽3600–5500 cal yr BP) cap this feature, which has been identified by prior researchers as a sand-draped, bedrock-cored landform or a relict dune deposit. Because neither explanation is geomorphologically probable, we used ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and high-resolution mapping to assess the mound's interior structure. Our results indicate an anthropogenic origin for Los Morteros, potentially placing it among the earliest monumental structures in prehistoric South America. The extremely arid setting raises new questions about the purpose and the logistics of early mound construction in this region. This work demonstrates the value of an integrated Quaternary sciences approach to assess long-term landscape change and to understand the interaction between humans and the environment.
KNOT GROUPS WITH MANY KILLERS
Authors: SILVER DANIEL S. , WHITTEN WILBUR , WILLIAMS SUSAN G.
Published: April 2010

The group of any nontrivial torus knot, hyperbolic 2-bridge knot, or hyperbolic knot with unknotting number one contains infinitely many elements, none of which is the automorphic image of another, such that each normally generates the group.
Expression of Na+/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) in the intestine of piglets weaned to different concentrations of dietary carbohydrate
Authors: Moran Andrew W. , Al-Rammahi Miran A. , Arora Daleep K. , Batchelor Daniel J. , Coulter Erin A. , Ionescu Catherine , Bravo David , Shirazi-Beechey Soraya P.
Published: April 2010

Na+/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) transports dietary sugars from the lumen of the intestine into enterocytes. Regulation of this protein is essential for the provision of glucose to the body and, thus, is important for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. We have assessed expression of SGLT1 at mRNA, protein and functional levels in the intestinal tissue of 28 d old piglets weaned onto isoenergetic diets with differing concentrations of digestible carbohydrate (CHO). We show that expression of SGLT1 remains constant when piglets are fed up to 40 % CHO-containing diets. However, there is a significant increase in SGLT1 expression when the CHO content of the diet is>50 %. Morphometric analyses indicate that the increased expression is not due to a trophic effect. It has been proposed that in rat intestine, in response to a high-CHO diet, GLUT2 (the classical basolateral membrane monosaccharide transporter) is translocated to the luminal membrane of enterocytes to absorb excess dietary glucose. We show, using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting with antibodies raised to amino acids in different epitopes of GLUT2, that under all dietary conditions, low to high CHO, GLUT2 is expressed on the basolateral membrane of pig enterocytes. Furthermore, functional studies indicate that there is no uptake of 2-deoxy-d-glucopyranoside, a specific substrate of Na+-independent glucose transporters into brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from the intestines of piglets either maintained on low- or high-CHO diets. Thus, SGLT1 is the major route for absorption of dietary sugars across the luminal membrane of swine enterocytes.
Problems with the Platonist Exemplification Tie between Located Entities and an Unlocated Entity
Authors: Grupp Jeffrey
Published: April 2010

Selon une ontologie platonicienne, il faut qu'une exemplification platonicienne lie des particuliers physiques et un universel non localisé pour qu'il y ait connexion entre propriété et choses. Dans cet article, je discute du lien d'exemplification platonicien, lequel a l'intéressante faculté de lier des entités localisées à une entité non localisée et done, pour reprendre les mots d'Armstrong, la faculté de traverser le domaine du non spatialement localisé et celui du spatialement localisé. La littérature ne contient à peu près aucune discussion de l'exemplification. J'en discute et signale une nouveau problème relatif à la connexion entre un universel platonicien et des particuliers physiques.
Probabilité et support inductif. Sur le théorème de Popper-Miller (1983)
Authors: Rochefort-Maranda Guillaume
Published: April 2010

In 1983, in an open letter to the journal Nature, Karl Popper and David Miller set forth a particularly strong critical argument which sought to demonstrate the impossibility of inductive probability. Since its publication the argument has faced many criticisms and we argue in this article that they do not reach their objectives. We will first reconstruct the demonstration made by Popper and Miller in their initial article and then try to evaluate the main arguments against it. Although it is possible to conceptualize logically the idea of induction, it is shown that it is not possible on traditional Bayesian grounds.
De la nature de la surabondance du Premier chez Plotin
Authors: Pigler Agnés
Published: April 2010

The nature of the One poses a formidable problem. At the source of procession there is, on the one hand, a discontinuity between the First and derived hypostases, since the One is anything but what it gives, since it is beyond its gifts as absolute transcendence and absolute otherness, and since it forever remains the same in its venerable immobility. But, on the other hand, there is a continuity from the Principle to its begotten, inasmuch as its derived energy is like its image, like a trace ensuring the erotic-dynamic process which is transmitted to lower beings in return for their conversion toward the Highest. Confronting the problem of that apparently irreconcilable duality is the search to determine why the One overflows, what is the nature of that overflowing, and how that overflowing might be at the foundation of procession.
Using Others' Words and Drawing the Limits of the Thinkable
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak
Published: April 2010

Considérons la «thèse d'inexprimabilité» (TI) : un locuteur incapable de formuler dans ses propres mots la pensée que p est incapable d'avoir cette pensée. On peut remettre en question la TI, puisqu'un locuteur peut se servir des mots d'autrui pour exprimer des pensées qu'il serait sinon incapable d'exprimer. La première partie de cet article montre qu'en faisant ressortir la pratique jusque-lè négligée consistant à utiliser les mots d'autrui, on met au jour une ambiguïte fondamentale de la théorie causale de la référence. Dans la seconde partie, je me sers de cette ambiguïte pour démontrer que les craintes sceptiques traditionnelles face à la théorie causale de la référence peuvent être reformulées et que le scepticisme implicite dans le réalisme métaphysique résiste à l'argument de bon sens de Putnam selon lequel nous ne sommes pas des cerveaux dans une cuve.
Complex Demonstratives, Articulation, and Overarticulation
Authors: Vallée Richard
Published: April 2010

Complex demonstratives raise problems in semantics and force a reexamination of basic principles underlying the New Theory of Reference. First, I present these problems and the relevant principles. Then, I explore the most common suggestions, for instance, as those put forward by Braun and Dever. Finally, I introduce my own view. The latter is a non-ad hocextension of the Reflexive-Referential analysis of context-sensitive terms as discussed by Perry. It accounts for familiar problems, including those raised by the fact that sometimes the object referred to does not satisfy the nominal, nor preserve the relevant principles.
Authenticity and Diversity: A Comparative Reading of Charles Taylor and Martin Heidegger
Authors: Sherman Edward
Published: April 2010

Authenticity and diversity have both become catchwords in contemporary North Atlantic societies. What has not, however, been widely explored is the interrelation of these two ideas. To this end, the present article takes up the sometime convergent, sometime divergent writings of Charles Taylor and Martin Heidegger, drawing out their thoughts on authenticity and showing how they can serve as a ground for a new form of cultural diversity. For both, authentic being-in-the-world affords us access to our own deep reservoir of cultural material that is the necessary resource for fruitful engagement with other cultures.
L'existence des objets logiques selon Frege
Authors: Rivenc François
Published: April 2010

This article discusses several recent interpretations of Frege's philosophy of arithmetic, particularly those developed by C. Wright, M. Dummett, and G. Boolos. After proposing a new interpretation of § 10 of the Grundgesetze (about the indeterminacy of the referents of the names of the courses-of-values), and rejecting Dummett's analysis of Frege's failure in terms of impredicativity, I examine Boolos's objections to the analyticity of “Hume's Principle.” I wish to highlight the philosophical question: is the model-theoretical concept of validity adequate to the “intuitive notion” of the logically true?
Davidson's Slingshot Argument Revisited
Authors: Lee Byeong D.
Published: April 2010

Utilisant ce qu'on appelle l'argument du lance-pierres, Davidson soutient que la théorie correspondantiste de la vériteé est intenable. Cet argument dépend de deux présuppositions, dont l'une est qu'une phrase vraie ne devrait pas, par substitution de termes singuliers coréférentiels, en venir à correspondre à quelque chose de différent. Je propose dans cet article un argument nouveau pour montrer que cette supposition n'est pas plausible, particulièrement lorsqu'elle s'applique à des énoncés d'identité, ceux-là mêmes dont dépend pour sa formulation l'argument du lancepierres.
Le patriotisme constitutionnel de J. Habermas face au nationalisme québécois: sa portée, ses limites
Authors: Courtois Stéphane
Published: April 2010

Il faut saluer, je pense, et avec bonheur, la partition récente de l'ouvrage Patriotisme constitutionnel et nationalisme. Sur Jürgen Habermas de Frédérick-Guillaume Dufour, un jeune auteur québécois qui semble plein de promesses. L'ouvrage s'inscrit à l'intérieur d'une vague de fond observable depuis quelques années déjà chez les chercheurs universitaires, tant au Canada qu'au Québec, qui s'intéressent de plus en plus aux travaux récents du philosophe allemand sur le droit et la démocratie délibérative, et tentent d'en tirer les implications pour l'analyse, la compréhension, voire la mise en question, aussi bien du nationalisme québécois que du nationalisme canadien. Le livre est d'autant plus pertinent qu'il n'existe pas, dans la littérature produite jusqu'ici, d'ouvrage systématique en langue française consacré à l'application des réflexions politiques de Habermas à la situation canadienne et québécoise. Il s'agit là, sauf erreur, du premier ouvrage d'une certaine ampleur consacré à la question.
Faiblesse de la raison ou faiblesse de volonté: peut-on choisir?
Authors: Pironet Fabienne , Tappolet Christine
Published: April 2010

Si l'homme est un être doté de raison et se distingue des autres animaux par sa capacité à réfléchir sur ses actes tant avant de les poser qu'après, il lui arrive cependant d'être irrationnel. Tandis que certains s'en désolent, considérant les différentes formes d'irrationalité comme autant d'expressions de notre inaptitude à atteindre la sagesse, d'autres semblent plutôt s'en réjouir, estimant que la possibilité de ne pas se conformer à ce que dicte ou suggère la raison est une preuve de notre radicale liberté. Mais quel que soit le jugement moral, explicite ou implicite, porté sur ces phénomènes, la plupart des philosophes ne se contentent pas de les constater. Ils tentent de les cerner, d'en comprendre les mécanismes, parfois de les justifier. Comment et pourquoi? Telles sont les questions auxquelles voudrait répondre ce numéro portant sur la délibération et l'irrationalité dans l'histoire.
Indifférence et irrationalité chez Descartes
Authors: Ong-Van-Cung Kim Sang
Published: April 2010

Indifference in the choice, in the twofold sense found in Letter to Mesland, 9 February 1645, is similar to akrasia or incontinence. The aim in this article is to provide an explanation of the Cartesian analysis of the choice against better judgement which has different faces: “irresolution,” “extravagance,” “resolution grounded on false opinion,” the last two nowadays being called “megalomania.” Just as Descartes emphasizes the representative function of idea and the resolution to follow the better judgement, his conception of incontinence is to be understood on the basis of lack of representation, rather than on deliberation, in the Fifth Responses to Gassendi. Nevertheless, indifference is not deemed “irrational” by Descartes. I give an interpretation of this Cartesian abstention and conclude with a discussion of Davidson's conception of paradoxes of irrationality.
Spinoza, Medea, and Irrationality in Action
Authors: Savile Anthony
Published: April 2010

Nous écartons ici deux tentatives visant à rendre compte de l'irrationalité de l'action akratique au sein du système de Spinoza: celle contenue dans Spinoza mâme et une seconde toute récente, due à della Rocca, qui prétend parler au nom de Spinoza. Nous traçons à larges traits une troisième voie, laquelle n'st pas manifestement en porte-à-faux avec les principes de la psychologie morale de Spinoza. Cette tentative tourne autour d'une conception du conatus intégrant un élément normatif et subjectif, soit le besoin de former un moi structuré de façon stable. Sans ce dernier, le plus grand bien que les humains soient susceptibles d'atteindre, l'acquiescientia in se ipso, serait en fait irréalisable. Concevoir ainsi le conatus donne la latitude dont Spinoza a besoin pour représenter le désir irrésistible que conçoit Médée pour Jason comme contre-conatif et celle dont Médée a besoin pour en être elle-même pleinement consciente.
What's Wrong with Epistemic Circularity
Authors: Timothy  , McGrew Lydia
Published: April 2010

Dans plusieurs articles importants et dans son récent livre, The Reliability of Sense Perception, William Alston a soutenu que la résistance traditionnelle à l'endroit de l'externalisme en théorie de la connaissance repose sur une crainte injustifiée de la circularité épistémique que l'externalisme entraîne. Nous maintenons, pour notre part, qu' Alston a tort d'absoudre la circularité épistémique de toute conséquence sceptique, et que sa défense de la circularité épistémique, par l'idée d'un «self-support significatif», échoue. Nous concluons, par conséquent, que l'internalisme traditionnel, assorti d'une position ferme quant à la fiabilité des principes épistémiques, représente le seul espoir de réponse au scepticisme épistémique.
Michael Friedman on Kant and Newton
Authors: Harper William
Published: April 2010

La section 1 introduit l'idée de Kant selon laquelle des principes purement empiriques ne seraient pas appropriés pour la certitude apodictique que les physicians mathématiciens, comme Newton, souhaitaient atteindre avec leurs lois de la nature. Elle introduit aussi un corollaire aux lois du mouvement de Newton qui est central à la discussion par Michael Friedman de l'entreprise kantienne d'examiner les principes postulés par Newton du point de vue de leurs sources a priori. Dans la section 2, on porte attention à d'autres corollaires des lois du mouvement de Newton qui limitent singulièrement l'intérêt de ce que Friedman voit comme une tentative de la part de Kant d'utiliser l'idée du centre d'une masse là où Newton recourait — à tort, selon Kant — à l'espace absolu. La section 3 entend montrer que l'argument transcendental pour l'universalité de la constante gravitationnelle, qui est attribué à Kant par Friedman, n'ajoute rien à la défense qu'en a fournie Newton. On suggère ensuite, à la section 4, que ce furent les succès empiriques des applications qui rendirent acceptable la distinction entre le mouvement absolu et le mouvement purement relatif que Friedman tient pour l'élément-clé de l'argument transcendantal de Kant. Dans la section 5, un examen attentif des postulats de la pensée empirique selon Kant révèle que le recours newtonien aux phénomènes dans la défense de la gravitation universelle est compatible avec l'attribution à cette loi de la nature d'une certitude apodictique convenant à la nécessité matérielle telle qu'elle est définie dans le troisième postulat de Kant. La section 6, enfin, en portant attention au détail de l'argument de Newton pour l'universalité de la constante gravitationnelle, montre que ce que Newton voit comme une inference inductive à partir des phénomènes permet de légitimer beaucoup plus que l'universalité toute relative en vertu de laquelle nous ne pourrions rien dire d'autre que ceci: nos observations jusqu'ici n'ont repéré aucune exception à telle ou telle règie.
Le concept de domination politique chez Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors: Lenoir Norbert
Published: April 2010

Rousseau develops a genealogical reflection on political domination. The intelligibility of the genealogy does not rest on the psychological category of craving for power. That is why Rousseau differentiates between tyranny and despotism. Rousseau stresses this difference in two works: Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité parmi les hommes and Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques. Tyranny and despotism differ in that the latter produces an ideological speech. Political domination depends upon a double process. In the first process, ruling implies creating inequality in the political order, thus excluding people from political decisions. In order to mask this political inequality, the ideological speech produces two fictions: the fiction of the guaranty and the fiction of the community. In the second process, ruling implies generating public opinion which, in turn, adheres to this political order.
The Importance of the Will to the Cognitive Process in Augustine'sDe trinitate
Authors: da Cunha Mariana Paolozzi Servulo
Published: April 2010

The objective of this article is to show Augustine's originality in ascribing a key role to will in the cognitive activity. For him, knowledge is influenced by both will and love, and cannot be grasped without will. Grounded primarily onDe trinitate,the article focuses on three kinds of knowledge that shed light on his peculiar view on will: self-knowledge, knowledge of God, and the knowledge of bodies.
Une nouvelle histoire de la philosophie grecque
Authors: Lafrance Yvon
Published: April 2010

Philosophie grecqueest un ouvrage d'histoire de la philosophie du Vlesiècle av. J.-C. au XVesiècle byzantin et qui vient s'ajouter aux nombreuses histoires de la philosophie ancienne que nous a données l'historiographie française du xxesiècle. Le rythme de ces publications, même limitées à la tradition française, demeure impressionnant. En effet, une recherche rapide nous indiquerait facilement un rythme de publication d'environ une histoire de la philosophie ancienne tous les trois ans au cours de ce siècle. Une recherche plus poussée augmenterait sans doute cette moyenne. Un esprit malin et tant soit peu insolent pourrait soutenir quePhilosophie grecqueest un ouvrage de trop sur les rayons déjà amplement garnis de nos bibliothèques et poserait la question fondamentale de la pertinence d'une nouvelle histoire de la philosophie ancienne en cette fin de siècle.
Natural Virtue
Authors: Ramsay Hayden
Published: April 2010

Je discute dans le présent article le(s) concept(s) de vertu naturelle chez Aristote et Thomas d'Aquin. J'analyse l'idée de Thomas d'Aquin de vertus qui sont naturelles à tous les être humains en m'aidant de la théorie contemporaine de la loi naturelle; et je défends son idée de vertus qui sont naturelles à certains êtres humains en discutant quelques problèmes en éthique contemporaine de la vertu et en comparant ses conceptions à celles de David Hume. Finalement, je recours au concept de vertu naturelle pour examiner la question de l'unité des vertus et le problème du «courageux meurtrier nazi». Je comprends cette exploration du thème de la vertu naturelle comme une contribution à la réflexion sur la vertu en général et, plus particulièrement, au débat entre une éthique de la vertu et une éthique des principes.
Art Identity
Authors: Zangwill Nick
Published: April 2010

J'étudie la conception selon laquelle l'identité d'une œuvre d'art est déterminée par ses propriétés esthétiques; et je la compare avec la conception selon laquelle l'identité de l'œuvre d'art est déterminée par les origines de sa composition. Je soutiens que les deux théories présentent des qualités et des défauts, et que les qualités de l'une sont les défauts de l'autre. Cela nous révèle le genre de théorie dont nous avons besoin.
Hegel's Unresolved Contradiction: Experience, Philosophy, and the Irrationality of Nature
Authors: Collins Ardis B.
Published: April 2010

Cet article étudie lafaçon dont Hegel élabore sa conception des rapports entre la pensée et la nature dans la Phénoménologie de l'esprit. L'examen montre que 1) Hegel étend le concept de raison pour y inclure i'indépendance de la nature à l'endroit de la pensée rationnelle, 2) cette indépendance se révèle dans le donné contingent de l'empiricité, 3) le concept étendu de raison détermine et justifie les présuppositions de la logique hégélienne, et 4) ce même concept limite le rôle de la logique dans la philosophie hégélienne prise comme un tout, de telle manière que la philosophie y dépend de la science empirique en quelque chose d'essentiel pour sa connaissance de la vérité. En étayant ces thèses, l'article analyse la procédure de preuve utilisée par Hegel, expose le rôle qu'y joue la contradiction, et discute les explications phénoménologiques qu'il propose de la perception, de l'entendement, du stoïcisme, de l'idéalisme, de la biologie, du monde moral kantien, de la religion révélée, et du savoir absolu.
Scepticism about Moral Motives
Authors: Superson Anita M.
Published: April 2010

Traditionally, the problem of defeating scepticism about the rationality of morality is that of showing that every morally required act is rationally required. Little or no direct attention has been paid to whether we must also show that it is rational for the agent to have and act from the morally appropriate motive, whatever that may be. This is not to say that philosophers have entirely ignored the issue of motives; a fair number—Kant and Aristotle come to mind—are concerned in part with the kind of motive agents ought to have and from which they ought to act. But the link to scepticism has not been clearly made. At issue is whether scepticism is fully defeated if we show that every morally required act is rationally required, even if we leave it possible that a fully rational person who performs the act just “goes through the motions” in doing so.
A Traveller's Guide to Putnam's “Narrow Path”
Authors: Davies David
Published: April 2010

It is now over 15 years since Hilary Putnam first urged that we take the “narrow path” of internal realism as a way of navigating between “the swamps of metaphysics and the quicksands of cultural relativism and historicism” (1983, p. 226). In the opening lines of the Preface toRealism with a Human Face, a collection of Putnam's recent papers edited by James Conant, Putnam reaffirms his allegiance to this narrow path, unmoved by Realist murmurings from the swamps and laconic Rortian suggestions that only the quicksands are a proper metaphilosophical abode for those willing to confront our lack of epistemological and metaphysical foundations. If there are changes to be discerned in these writings, Putnam avers, they pertain only to the burden allotted to different considerations in the overall economy of his argument: “It might be said that the difference between the present volume and my work prior toThe Many Faces of Realismis a shift in emphasis: a shift from emphasizing model-theoretic arguments against metaphysical realism to emphasizing conceptual relativity” (p. xi).
Promoting the Good: Fekete on Equity Advocacy in Canada
Authors: Loptson Peter
Published: April 2010

Social and political topics of public concern shift and reconfigure themselves with volatility as well as speed in contemporary life. Issues ignite and arouse constituencies of response, in alliance and opposition, with a quite uncertain degree of predictability, even if with periodicities and a detectable routing circuitry about which it is easy to become cynical, or at least fatigued. Something burns, now, among us; and we would prefer not to think much about the fact that it, or a close relative, burned a year and a half before—sometimes even more recently—in other places more plausibly a fountain and fundament of currents of Western cultural life. The issues must feel real; they must be seen as urgent, abstract matters of right and wrong, shocking disclosure, heroic resistance, without reference to anywhere else than here and anyone else but us.
De l'indéconstructible justice
Authors: Dufour Mario
Published: April 2010

On assiste aujourd'hui à un renouvellement et à une intensification du questionnement juridique, lesquels ne vont pas sans susciter une interpellation de la réflexion philosophique par le droit. Plusieurs motifs concourent à cette situation (développement technique, inflation de l'individualisme et des particularismes, crise de l'État et donc de l'autonomie des appareils juridiques, domination du droit international par certains États-Nations, etc.). Cette interpellation de la philosophie est le signe d'un besoin d'élucidation, d'éclaircissement et de nouvelles délimitations conceptuelles, au sein d'une situation historique où les schèmes traditionnels d'interprétation du droit font sentir leurs insuffisances.
Interprétation, signification et «usage» chez Wittgenstein
Authors: Sauvé Denis
Published: April 2010

Wittgenstein écrit dans les Recherches philosophiques: «Pour une large part des cas d'emploi du mot “signification” — bien que ce ne soit pas pour tous les cas — on peut l'expliquer ainsi: la signification d'un mot est son usage dans le langage» (PU, §43). Le slogan «La signification, c'est l'usage» a servi de signe de ralliement à toute une génération de philosophes (les praticiens de l'«analyse linguistique» ou de la «philosophie du langage ordinaire»), mais la question de savoir quel sens lui donne Wittgenstein — mise à part celle de savoir quel sens il avait pour ces philosophes — pose encore un problème aujourd'hui.
John Stuart Mill and Concepts of Nature
Authors: Schabas Margaret
Published: April 2010

Why did Mill draw such a firm line between nature and society, and what did he mean by the claim that only permanent or necessary truths could be gleaned in nature? Why are the laws of production able to transcend the social realm and thereby attain a higher epistemological standing? Was Mill the first (and possibly the last) to make this distinction, or does it conform with a long tradition within the history of economic thought?
Towards a New Philosophy of Positive Economics
Authors: Ross Don , LaCasse Chantale
Published: April 2010

Imagine asking a typical, well informed, contemporary philosopher whether or not she considered biology to be a science. Our informant, being a philosopher, would not necessarily respond with the straightforward “of course” that would be expected from anyone else. She might first reason through a complicated and heavily qualified definition of science, or she might distinguish certain parts of biology (molecular genetics, perhaps) that she held to be more clearly scientific than others (sociobiology, perhaps). If she were partial to a certain sort of critical stance, she might question the political basis for wishing to dignify certain parts of our inquisitive practice with the honorific ‘scientific’ in the first place. But there is at least one thing that she would almost certainly not do. She would not simultaneously embrace a version of the conventional philosophical view of science and deny that biology is a science. This is despite the fact that, as she will acknowledge, biology exploits a range of methodologies and explanatory strategies that have not yet admitted of systematic, consensual philosophical explication.
The Link Between Probability Functions and Logical Consequence
Authors: Roeper Peter
Published: April 2010

On défend ici l'idée que la définition des notions sémantiques à l'aide des fonctions de probabilité devrait être vue non pas comme une généralisation (sous le nom de «sémantique probabiliste») de la sémantique standard en termes d'assignations de valeurs de vérité, mais plutôt comme une généralisation aux degrés de conséquence logique, de la caractérisation de la relation de conséquence que l'on retrouve dans le calcul des séquents de Gentzen.
An Extension of the Formulas-as-Types Paradigm
Authors: Lambek J.
Published: April 2010

Un paradigme en vogue en informatique théorique exploite l'analogie entre les formules et les types et traite une deduction Al… An→ B comme une opération plurisortale. On propose ici d'étendre cette analogie aux déductions de la forme Al… An→, où la place à droite de la flèche est vide. D'un point de vue logique, une telle déduction constitue une réfutation de la conjonction desformules qui se trouvent à gauche de la flèche. On défend l'idée qu'ilfaut, selon ce paradigme étendu, interpréter la flèche comme assignant à n'importe quelle séquence al… an, où aiest de type Ai, le type des valeurs de vérite correspondantes. Pour que cela fonctionne, cependant, il faut abandonner la règle structurale de l'affaiblissement à droite de la flèche (cette règle est entièrement abandonnée en logique de la pertinence). La négation de A est alors interprétée comme l'ensemble puissance de A et la complétude fonctionnelle habituelle s'identifie au schème de compréhension avec extensionnalitè.
Probabilité conditionnelle et certitude
Authors: Van Fraassen Bas C.
Published: April 2010

Personal probability is now a familiar subject in epistemology, together with such more venerable notions as knowledge and belief. But there are severe strains between probability and belief; if either is taken as the more basic, the other may suffer. After explaining the difficulties of attempts to accommodate both, I shall propose a unified account which takes conditional personal probability as basic. Full belief is therefore a defined, derivative notion. Yet we will still be able to picture opinion as follows: my subjective probability is only a grading of the possibilities left open by my beliefs. My conditional probabilities generally derive — in a sense to be explicated — from the strongest belief I can maintain when admitting the relevant condition.
Monsters and the Paradox of Horror
Authors: Vorobej Mark
Published: April 2010

L'horreur en art vise à effrayer, bouleverser, dégoûter et terroriser. Puisque nous ne sommes pas normalement attirés par de ielles expériences, pourquoi quiconque s'exposerait-il délibérément a la fiction d'horreur? Noel Carroll soutient que le caractère constant du phénomène de l'horreur en art tient à certains plaisirs d'ordre cognitif, qui résultent de la satisfaction de notre curiosité naturelle à l'ègard des monstres. Je soutiens, quant è moi, que la solution cognitive de Carroll auparadoxe de l'horreur est profondément erronée, étant donné la façon dont les monsters sont représentés dans la fiction d'horreur; j'explore brievement une approche plus prometteuse, qui traite les monstres comme des moyens pour acquerir la connaissance de soi.
Le réceptacle platonicien: nature, fonction, contenu
Authors: Narbonne Jean-Marc
Published: April 2010

This paper will attempt to show that the interlude on necessity in the Timaeus narrative introduces a dualism into the Platonic cosmology, and that it is the material principle which is the positive cause of the disorder in the world. Furthermore, one can notice that in this work Plato is heading toward a concept of sensible substance that is close to the one which Aristotle will be defending.
La théorie intuitionniste des types : sémantique des preuves et théorie des constructions
Authors: Bourdeau Michel
Published: April 2010

Martin-Löf's constructive theory introduces, beside proof processes—the brouwerian mental construction—proof objects that could become the subject matter of a new kind of proof theory. In contradistinction to the classical approach, the proposition can then be defined as the set of its proofs. The lower level type theory is therefore a set theory, where the operators Σ and Π generalize the Cartesian product and the functional space to families of sets. To obtain the familiar logical constants, we have only to choose the logical reading of a : A. Σ and Π become ∃ and ∀, or, if there is no functional dependency, & and ⊃.
Truth and Thickness
Authors: Tietz John
Published: April 2010

In a blurb on the dust jacket, Hilary Putnam describes Barry Allen'sTruth in Philosophyas “a good, provocative, and important book” discussing issues of “common concern to both analytic and continental philosophers.” Yet Putnam admits that Allen's views “are ones that I myself am committed to combating and … I am certain most analytic philosophers will want to combat.” All the more reason to read this book, of course: know your enemy. Since Rorty clarified recent European philosophy for us in the 1980s, we have seen the continuing political transformation of what used to be an abstract, purely academic domain. Indeed, in his last chapter, Allen connects truth with politics in his discussion of Foucault:

The production and circulation of truth is as capable of complicity with tyranny, and all the more so with tutelage, as any instrument of government, and its products do not have tobe falseto have this effect.… Truth is inextricably situated amid all the major asymmetries of social power, (p. 173)

Foucault challenges the assumption of many that in liberal democracies (of which Putnam, after his youthful excesses, must consider himself a defender) truth and freedom need each other.
Louise…
Authors: Guédon Jean-Claude
Published: April 2010

Rencontre étonnante que cet extrait poétique tiré de l'œuvre de Stefan George et qui apparaît dans le livre que Raymond Klibansky a récemment publié avec Georges Leroux. On peut y voir une des références favorites de «Klib», le cher professeur de Louise; on peut aussi imaginer, sans trop rêver, que ces mots ont été récités devant elle, engendrant du même mouvement une résonance aussi douloureuse qu'inattendue. En un raccourci saisissant, ces quelques vers intolérablement sagaces résument en effet, avec toutes ses aspérités, le chemin qui conduit de la religion à la Raison. Louise a minutieusement, douloureusement, parcouru cette distance. Elle a vécu, à sa manière, une révolution tranquille.
Condorcet et la question de l'égalité
Authors: Coutel Charles
Published: April 2010

This paper intends to focus on Condorcet's approach to the Principle of Equality. Condorcet, in effect, strenuously strives to counter the risks of equalitarianism, such as élitism. According to him, it is in the interest of the Republic and of public instruction to favour the diversity of talents and the spreading of enlightenment, since, in the end, it will benefit all citizens.
Rationalité, communication, égalité
Authors: Miguelez Roberto
Published: April 2010

Language plays a crucial role in human forms of action coordination. This paper examines problems concerning the satisfaction of a major and complex condition of coordination of actions grounded in dialogue, i.e., equality of argumentative competence. It is, indeed, the satisfaction of this condition that defines the autonomy of the subjects participating in and committed to a dialogue situation. From a political point of view, this question can be examined as a problem of dialogical democracy. This paper proposes the autonomy of subjects as a major condition for the realization of such a political form.
Women's Inequality and the Retreat from the Welfare State: Downloading and Discrimination against Women
Authors: Baker Brenda M.
Published: April 2010

Cet article examine les conséquences pour l'inégalité sexuelle au Canada des coupures gouvernementales dans les soins de santé et les services sociaux, et les évalue à I'aune de la jurisprudence relative à la Charte. L'auteure soutient que ce recul a en fait désavantagé les femmes d'une manière disproportionnée, et qu'on pourrait y voir, du point de vue de la Charte, une discrimination à leur endroit. Or les gouvernements n'ont offert aucune justification de ces effets discriminatoires qui satisferait aux critères de la Charte en en montrant le caractère raisonnable dans une société libre et démocratique. Présenter l'action gouvernementale comme un exercice neutre de transfert de responsabilités vers les families et les communautés ne saurait constituer une telle justification.
Justice in Jeopardy if Needs Not Met: A Reply to Gillian Brock
Authors: Braybrooke David
Published: April 2010

From Gillian Brock's vigorous probing (Brock 1994, 1996) of my treatment of meeting needs in my book of that title (Braybrooke 1987) I have learned a good deal; and from the article published in Dialogue, which concerns in particular the connection that I made between justice and needs, I have certainly learned how my arguments for that connection might have been expressed more cogently. Yet I think that the arguments I intended, and even the arguments I expressed, escape her criticisms. She quotes a number of leading assertions drawn one by one from my text, but consolidates into one argument what are best regarded as three different, though connected, arguments, to the disadvantage of their respective strengths. She also disregards, to their disadvantage, the distinction between “respect for a person M's position”—my phrasing, meaning M's position under some assignment of benefits and burdens—and “respect for a person M”—a notion that does not come into the three arguments.
Pascal et la moralité du politique
Authors: Knee Philip
Published: April 2010

This article attempts to define the status of the political order in Pascal's thought by examining the coherence of the fragments on custom, imagination, force and justice in the Pensées. Situating this order between divine Justice and unjust human justice, Pascal offers a contribution to the Augustinian account of the relationship between moral and political existence by his description of the experience of temporal authority and of the spiritual skill which that experience requires.
L'affaire…
Authors: Simard Jean-Claude
Published: April 2010

Comment Richard Wolin a-t-il pu, à deux ans d'intervalle, publier deux fois le même volume dans des maisons d'êdition différentes, et pourquoi celles-ci ont-elles accepté un tel marché? On se trouve en effet ici en présence de deux ouvrages, ayant même directeur de publication et même titre, portant tous deux sur le nazisme de Heidegger, et qui plus est, ayant exactement le même contenu à une différence près! En fait, c'est le résultat d'une rocambolesque histoire impliquant Heidegger, Derrida et Wolin lui-même, exégète minutieux du corpus politique heideggerien. Mais avant de relater cette aventure, laquelle, bien que révélatrice, relève tout au plus de la petite histoire, parlons d'abord de l'histoire avec un grand «H», celle qui, sous la forme du nazisme, s'est engouffrée à la dérobée dans l'œuvre du penseur de Fribourg, et qui menace actuellement d'entacher la philosophie tout entière de celui que d'aucuns appelaient encore, il y a peu, le «plus grand philosophe du xxe siècle».
Moral Addicts
Authors: Cunningham Anthony
Published: April 2010

Any good ethical theory aspires to provide as comprehensive a guide to moral value and motivation as possible. Within modern moral philosophy, conceptions of moral value have been dominated largely by considerations of justice and concerns for the common good, and moral shortcomings have been accounted for primarily by appeal to ignorance, weakness, indifference or outright hostility to moral values. Yet the ways in which we fall short are far more complicated. By discussing one interesting example here, I hope to provide some support for the claim that our conceptions of moral value and motivation need enrichment. In making my case, I utilize a character who is more like a caricature than a figure from ordinary life. This touch of hyperbole is deliberate. Reflect for a moment on the function of a good cartoon caricature. By exaggerating physical features, it draws our attention to characteristics that go unnoticed in their normal context. Whereas cartoon caricatures aim at amusement, my goal is to distil some of our perceptions of moral excellence.
Van Inwagen's New Clothes
Authors: Bigelow John
Published: April 2010

No idea sounds so silly that no ancient Greek fervently defended it. I hope we do not lose sight of the value there is in studying the Greeks. Yet it is even better to do as they did and not just to study what they said.
La logique de l'auto-identité absolument contradictoire de Nishida
Authors: Tremblay Jacynthe
Published: April 2010

La notion d'« auto-identité absolument contradictoire » du penseur japonais Nishida constitue le fondement de sa philosophie. Élaborée entre 1925 et 1945, elle permet d'établir une comparaison avec la philosophie occidentale puisqu'elle rejoint un thème privilégié en philosophie comparée, celui de la contradiction.
The Value of Cultural Belonging: Expanding Kymlicka's Theory
Authors: Nickel James W.
Published: April 2010

In his recent book, Liberalism, Community and Culture, Will Kymlicka defends collective rights for some minority groups—and particularly for indigenous peoples in North America—by trying to show that (1) secure cultural belonging is of great value, and (2) rights to protection and autonomy for minorities, including some collective rights, are justified by the special disadvantages some minorities face in enjoying secure cultural membership. Kymlicka defends these claims from within a liberal perspective that draws heavily on Rawls and Dworkin and that denies that groups are independent sources of moral claims. In this paper I am mainly concerned with how to defend the first of these claims, which I shall call the “Value Thesis.” One reason for being interested in the justification of the Value Thesis is that some version of it is a key part of most arguments for minority and collective rights. Another reason is that the Value Thesis is important to communitarians who frequently base their claims about the importance of community on the value of belonging.
Wilderness Philosophy
Authors: Gay Hannah
Published: April 2010

Environmental issues are high on today's political agenda. Why we have landed in our present undesirable, and possibly even dangerous, situation and how we should act differently in the future, are questions central to our time. Max Oelschlaeger joins the current debate on both these questions. As historian he examines the roots of our environmental problems and looks, in some detail, at the history of wilderness as an idea. As philosopher he outlines some of the principal positions taken by eco-philosophers towards wilderness and its preservation; he also presents his own views.
Rights to Punish for Libertarians
Authors: Sobel Jordan Howard
Published: April 2010

Thomas Hurka derives rights to punish from what I will term the Libertarian Rights Principle, which is “that there is really only one natural right, namely the equal right of all persons to the most extensive liberty compatible with a like liberty for other persons, and that all other natural rights are species or instances of the right to liberty.” These rights to punish, he says, (1) extend only to punishing violators of rights, never to “punishing” the innocent; (2) extend only to punishing for violations pursuant to intentions publicly announced prior to these violations; (3) are subject to the “upper limitqualification” (p. 652) that a permissible punishment for the violation of a right cannot be an act that would violate a more important right (i.e., a punishment that would infringe on a liberty more important than the one infringed upon in the violation); and (4) are subject to the “minimum necessary qualification” (p. 653) that a punishmentpfor violating a rightris not permissible if a punishmentp' that would, were it permitted, violate a less important right than wouldp, would protectras effectively as wouldp.