bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applicability of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the management of acute coronary syndromes to older people with haemophilia A – A modified Delphi consensus by the ADVANCE Working Group
Authors: Klamroth Robert , Ay Cihan , De Moerloose Philippe , Fontana Pierre , Windyga Jerzy , Astermark Jan , Berntorp Erik , Carvalho Manuela , Dolan Gerard , Hermans Cedric , Holme Pål Andre , Kenet Gili , Mancuso Maria Elisa , Marquardt Natascha , Nunez Ramiro , Pabinger Ingrid , Rodgers Ryan , Valk Paul van der , Yuste Victor Jimenez , Zupan Irena Preložnik
Published: October 2022

Introduction

As people with haemophilia (PWH) receive better treatment and live longer they are more likely to encounter cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other comorbidities. ESC guidelines for the acute management of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are based on the non‐haemophilia population.

Aim

To review the guidelines and propose relevant adaptations for PWHA without inhibitors who are treated with prophylaxis and present with ACS.

Methods

As part of the ADVANCE Group, 20 European haemophilia experts used a modified Delphi approach to develop and gain consensus on proposed adaptations of the ESC guidelines for PWHA without inhibitors.

Results

Of the 32 Class I recommendations across both guidelines, adaptions were considered necessary and proposed for 15. The adaptions highlight the need to provide sufficient FVIII trough levels at the time of antithrombotic treatment in people with haemophilia A (HA) without inhibitors. Patients receiving emicizumab prophylaxis and requiring oral anticoagulation therapy or combined single antiplatelet plus oral anticoagulation therapy will require additional FVIII replacement therapy.

Conclusion

In the absence of high‐quality clinical evidence, the combined expert opinion used to develop these adaptions to the current ESC guidelines may help to guide clinicians in their treatment decisions when a PWHA presents with ACS.
Celebrating 75 years of the Health Libraries Group
Authors: Grant Maria J.
Published: October 2022

To mark the CILIP Health Libraries Group celebrations of their 75th anniversary, this year's Virtual Issue brings together Health Information and Libraries Journal manuscripts that have been particularly influential or generated most interest in our readers, or represent a significant event in the journal's own history, while still having relevance to contemporary health library and knowledge service practice.
Isolation, physicochemical and structural characterisation of a novel natural zinc polysaccharide from Crassostrea hongkongensis
Authors: Chen Zhongqin , Han Rong , Zhou Longjian , Lin Haisheng , Cao Wenhong , Gao Jialong , Zheng Huina , Zhang Chaohua , Qin Xiaoming
Published: October 2022

A novel natural zinc‐enriched polysaccharide: OZPs‐1 was isolated from oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis), with 922.18 μg g−1 of zinc. The physicochemical properties and structural features of OZPs‐1 were systematically studied. The results showed OZPs‐1 was predominantly composed of glucose, with a molecular weight ranging from 4 to 2044 kDa. OZPs‐1 showed favourable thermal stability. NMR analysis showed that there was no sulphate substitution and C‐6 substitution in OZPs‐1, while C‐4 might be the binding site of zinc and polysaccharide. UV, FTIR and XRD spectra suggested ‐OH and ‐COOH group might be involved in the binding of zinc to polysaccharides in OZPs‐1 and there were no ZnO and sulphate substitutions in OZPs‐1. These conclusions indicated that zinc might bind with ‐OH and ‐COOH in C‐4 of polysaccharides and impart the stable structure and favourable physicochemical properties of OZPs‐1, which could facilitate the application of OZPs‐1 as natural organic zinc supplements.
Development and performance evaluation of amorphous microencapsules containing lutein nanoparticles via antisolvent precipitation followed by spray/freeze‐drying
Authors: Zhang Gang , Hu Shihong , Wang Xiao , Zhao Yanna , Liu Min , Han Jun , Prakash Sangeeta , Wang Zhengping , Ding Zhuang
Published: October 2022

This study developed nano‐sized lutein‐loaded solid microcapsules using antisolvent precipitation followed by spray/freeze‐drying methods to improve chemical stability and dissolution efficiency. In antisolvent precipitation, lutein nanosuspensions with a particle size of 201.1 ± 4.3 nm were obtained with maltodextrin–Tween 80 as combined stabilisers. The effects of two drying methods on the performance characteristics of the microencapsulated powders were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed the amorphous state of lutein and potential hydrogen bond interactions in the solid microcapsules. Stability testing showed that microencapsulation greatly reduced lutein loss (>80% plateau retention value (RV)) and retained the product colour (<1.5 ΔC) during long‐term storage. The release behaviour of lutein in the microencapsulated powder was evaluated via dissolution studies, which indicated that the spray‐dried microcapsules displayed faster and more complete dissolution behaviour (>90% within 10 min). In conclusion, an amorphous nanoparticle strategy based on antisolvent precipitation and spray‐drying can be utilised to obtain commercially available lutein formulations with high stability and fast release.
Study of HLA class II loci reveals DQB1*03:03:02 as a risk factor for asthma in a Pakistani population
Authors: Saba Nusrat , Raja Ghazala Kaukab , Yusuf Osman , Rehman Sadia , Munir Saeeda , Sajjad Sumaira , Mansoor Atika
Published: October 2022

Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs and airways, typically results from a combination of multiple environmental and genetic factors. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region on chromosome 6p21 encodes the most highly polymorphic loci in the human genome, encoding genes with central roles in the immune function where HLA loci are strongly associated with various immune‐mediated diseases such as autoimmunity, allergies and infection. The alleles of HLA class II genes such as DRB1 and DQB1 are the key genetic markers in the development of asthma and have been extensively studied in different ethnicities of the world population. However, the genetic screening of HLA class II alleles and haplotypes in Pakistani asthmatics has not been studied so far. The aim of the present study was to screen the HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1 alleles in asthma cases and controls in a Pakistani population. Seven hundred and two healthy controls and asthma patients were genotyped for HLA class II by sequence‐specific polymerase chain reaction assays. The HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 allele and haplotype frequencies were calculated, and their risk or protective association with asthma was determined. Two‐locus haplotypes of DRB1 and DQB1 alleles were imputed using Arlequin version 3.1 software. The signals of association with asthma were stronger at the DQB1 locus as compared to DRB1. HLA DQB1*03:03:02 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34–4.25) was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma, as was the haplotype comprised allele DRB1*07:01‐DQB1*03:03:02 (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.25–4.62). In contrast, DQB1*06 (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22–0.70) and DQB1*06:02 (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.10–0.71) emerged as protective alleles for asthma. Our data concludes that the HLA DQB1*03:03:02 allele was a risk allele for asthma, whereas two DQB1 alleles, DQB1*06 and DQB1*06:02, were associated with asthma protection. Our findings highlight a prominent role for HLA‐DQB1 alleles in asthma pathogenesis in studied Pakistani cases. More studies, especially with a larger study cohort are needed to confirm the utility of HLA DQB1*03:03:02 as a predictive marker.
Neutrophils in the periodontium: Interactions with pathogens and roles in tissue homeostasis and inflammation
Authors: Uriarte Silvia M. , Hajishengallis George
Published: October 2022

Neutrophils are of key importance in periodontal health and disease. In their absence or when they are functionally defective, as occurs in certain congenital disorders, affected individuals develop severe forms of periodontitis in early age. These observations imply that the presence of immune‐competent neutrophils is essential to homeostasis. However, the presence of supernumerary or hyper‐responsive neutrophils, either because of systemic priming or innate immune training, leads to imbalanced host–microbe interactions in the periodontium that culminate in dysbiosis and inflammatory tissue breakdown. These disease‐provoking imbalanced interactions are further exacerbated by periodontal pathogens capable of subverting neutrophil responses to their microbial community's benefit and the host's detriment. This review attempts a synthesis of these findings for an integrated view of the neutrophils' ambivalent role in periodontal disease and, moreover, discusses how some of these concepts underpin the development of novel therapeutic approaches to treat periodontal disease.
An international expansion in voluntary euthanasia/assisted dying: The implications for nursing
Authors: Richardson Sandra
Published: October 2022

Aim

To provide an update on the international position of assisted dying legislation and its implications for nursing policy.

Background

Assisted dying legislation has been introduced in health systems in Europe, North America and Australasia (Australia and New Zealand). Despite contributions in research literature, this remains focussed on medical practitioners, with limited acknowledgement of the need for policy development in nursing.

Discussion

There is a need for critical evaluation of this contemporary issue and the significance for nursing practice of the lack of unified nursing perspective and robust policy guidance is identified. An overview of the existing role of voluntary euthanasia/assisted dying with recent developments is provided and the resulting concerns for nurses regarding the scope of practice, role confusion and conflicting professional values is considered.

Conclusion

Despite a long history of assisted dying and the continued expansion of these practices, limited and highly variable nursing policy highlights the lack of clear guidance available to nurses. The growing inclusion of nurse practitioners and recognition of registered nurse involvement in the care of individuals on an assisted dying pathway merits clearer support from regulatory authorities and professional organisations.

Implications for nursing practice

Nurses are the most likely health professionals to be approached with questions regarding assisted dying; they are intimately involved in patient experiences and need to understand what is possible, expected and legal in terms of their scope of practice regarding assisted dying.

Implications for nursing policy

Nursing regulators and professional representatives need to provide clear policy statements and guidance identifying the nursing role and recognising where protections and support are necessary.
Repeated influenza vaccination induces similar immune protection as first‐time vaccination but with differing immune responses
Authors: Ye Beiwei , Shu Liumei , Pang Yuanyuan , Guo Yaxin , Guo Yuanyuan , Zong Kexin , Chen Cong , Zheng Xianzhi , Zhang Jie , Liu Maoshun , Yuan Xiaoju , Zhao Yingze , Zhang Danni , Wang Dayan , Bao Changjun , Zhang Jun , Chen Liling , Gao George F. , Liu William J.
Published: October 2022

Background

Recent seasonal epidemics of influenza have been caused by human influenza A viruses of the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes and influenza B viruses. Annual vaccination is recommended to prevent infection; however, how annual influenza vaccination influences vaccine effectiveness is largely unknown.

Methods

To investigate the impact of repeated vaccination on immune and protective effect, we performed a prospective seroepidemiologic study. Participants with or without prior vaccination (2018–2019) were enrolled during the 2019–2020 influenza season. Inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) was administered through the intramuscular route, and venous blood samples were collected regularly to test hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers.

Results

The geometric mean titers and proportion with titers ≥40 against the influenza vaccine components peaked at 30 days post‐vaccination. At Day 30, the geometric mean titer and proportion with titers ≥40 in participants who had been previously vaccinated were higher for H3N2 but similar for both B lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) as compared with participants vaccinated for the first time. As for H1N1, the geometric mean titer was lower in repeated vaccinated participants, but the proportion with titers ≥40 was consistent in both groups.

Conclusions

Repeated vaccination provides similar or enhanced protection as compared with single vaccination in first‐time vaccinees.
Compliance with preventive measures recommended by an international study group for pressure injuries in adult critically ill patients
Authors: Cobos‐Vargas Angel , Acosta‐Romero María , Alba‐Fernández Carmen , Gutierrez‐Linares Soledad , Rodriguez‐Blanquez Raquel , Colmenero Manuel
Published: October 2022

The objective of this cross‐sectional descriptive study is to analyse the degree of compliance with the preventive measures for pressure injuries reported by an International Study Group in a cohort of adult critically ill patients. The level of risk of developing pressure injuries was determined using the Conscious level, Mobility, Hemodynamics, Oxygenation and Nutrition (COMHON) index. According to the level of risk, the preventive measures applied to each patient and scores on the different components of the index were recorded. Number, location and degree of pressure injuries were registered. Seventy‐three patients (male: 68%) with an acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II: 12,1 ± 6,2 and 56,1% of them with invasive mechanical ventilation. The prevalence of pressure injuries was 21,9%, with 43,7% of sacral location and 75% of grade II. The level of risk using the COMHON index was distributed between low 30,1%, intermediate 23,3% and high 46,6%. The compliance range from 0% (offloading heel devices) to the use of active mattress and incontinence pads (100%). Regarding repositioning the degree of compliance varies (from 20% to 80%) according if patients with contraindications (4 points in subscale of Mobility) or those with the capacity to mobilise themselves (2 points in subscale of Mobility) are included in the denominator. We have found that in our ICU there is a wide range of compliance with the use of the preventive measures recommended by the International Study Group. Some of them are related not by the general score of the COMHON scale, but to that obtained in its subscale components.
Effect of soil drought on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under compacted soil
Authors: Grzesiak Maciej T. , Hura Tomasz , Maksymowicz Anna , Dziurka Kinga , Rut Grzegorz , Rzepka Andrzej , Grzesiak Stanisław
Published: October 2022

In this study, we examined responses of maize hybrids differing in susceptibility to soil compaction and drought in the case of their separate or combined action. We ran field and greenhouse experiments and determined effects on grain yield, biomass, weight of 1000 grains, shoot and roots dry matter (DM), shoot‐to‐roots ratio, harvest index, plant height, emergence index, leaf area and greening and root number and length. Individual and combined effects of both stresses were observed in the field and greenhouse. Compared with plants growing in loose soil and optimal irrigation (LI), the resistant hybrids in treatments HI, LD and HD showed a smaller reduction in GY, BY, S, R, RN and RL than the sensitive. In both groups, stress influence on HA, W‐1000, LA and SPAD was smaller and the differences were insignificant. Compared with LI treatment, the roots of LD, HI and HD increased their DM, number and length in the upper level of the soil profile and the number of roots developed at 0–30° and 30–60° in relation to the root main axis. Analysis of those traits in the hybrids resistant and sensitive to both stress factors enabled to explain a defence response. Our study demonstrated that soil compaction and soil drought, which usually occurs simultaneously, caused significant changes in components of plant yield and showed plant plasticity in response to environmental factors under natural conditions.
Ice cream as functional food: A review of health‐promoting ingredients in the frozen dairy products
Authors: Mohammed Nameer Khairullah , Badrul Khair Muhammad Firdaus , Ahmad Nurul Hawa , Meor Hussin Anis Shobirin
Published: October 2022

Ice cream has been selected as a good carrier of beneficial effects through the health‐promoting component incorporated into the product to meet the needs of functional food. The majority of people in the globe adore ice cream because it has distinct texture and sensory features. Ice cream is a promising carrier for the unhindered distribution of bioactive elements due to its composition, colloidal form, and low‐temperature system. The development of functional ice cream has consolidated numerous health‐promoting ingredients such as probiotics, prebiotic, synbiotic, and natural antioxidants (e.g., polyphenols). In this review, recent advances in the attempts of developing alternative ice cream formulation and functional ice cream (a product supplemented or fortified with bioactive substances) are presented: the highlighted contents encompass the aspects that include—defining the bioactive component with its beneficial effect, strategies for the successful integration with potential hurdles during the product manufacture, ideal consumption model with possible side‐effect, and current scenario of the functional ice cream development.
Characterization of pasteurized and sonicated whole shell egg and evaluating egg's interior quality during storage period
Authors: Yüceer Muhammed
Published: October 2022

This study aims to investigate the effects of processing technologies (pasteurization; 56.5 °C for 45 min and sonication; 250 W for 5 min) on the whole eggshell. The interior quality and physicochemical parameters of eggs such, weight loss, foaming properties, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria count, and rheological behavior were evaluated during storage at ambient temperature for six weeks. Sonication has improved the physico‐chemical properties of the egg samples and enhanced the functionality. The weight losses of all treatment and control groups increased during the storage period. The greatest weight loss was detected in the control sample (9.5%). Weight loss between ultrasound (6.7%) and pasteurization (7.9%) groups were similar (p > 0.05). The storage period had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the internal attributes of eggs such as functional characteristic (foaming ability). We conclude that the sonication has a promising advantage in techno‐functional properties comparing to thermal pasteurization.

Practical application

Consumer perception decreases to thermally processed foods. Traditional heat treatment processing such as pasteurization can adversely impact the functional properties, sensory, color, and nutritional values of processed eggs. However, nonthermally processing techniques applied at lower temperatures may cause limited detrimental effects on egg quality and prepared products from eggs such as meringue, cake, and mayonnaise. The eggs treated with emerging methods such as ultrasound retained egg's functional attributes and had their shelf life increased such as foaming ability and gelling properties. Also, sonication has promising potential for industrial application on shell eggs during storage and therefore hold potential for their shelf‐life extension and improve the functionality of final baked product. The treatment with emerging methods such as ultrasound retained egg's functional attributes and had their shelf life increased while enhancing the functional properties.
Physicochemical properties of pine cone molasses (pekmez) from Pinus nigra and Pinus brutia in Osmaniye
Authors: Gamli Ö. Faruk
Published: October 2022

It was aimed to determine the phenolic compounds, mineral matters, antioxidant activities, ash, protein and color values of pine cone molasses. In conclusion, total sugar contents in pine cone molasses ranged from 69.86 to 73.14%. In terms of the minerals, molasses was rich in K and Ca, while the lowest contents of Se and Zn were found in pine cone molasses. The phenolic contents varied from 1294.1 to 1466.4 mg/L, and DPPH (%) changed between 69.44 and 78.61 for P. nigra and P. brutia molasses, respectively. The pH values varied from 3.91 to 4.24, and total acidity changed between 2.74 and 2.99%. The viscosity varied from 270.4 to 368.8 mPa.s, and L* values varied from 19.77 to 23.91, respectively. a* values were established between 6.77 and 8.41, while b* values are found between 5.99 and 6.74. The K, Ca, Mg, P and Mn contents of all the molasses samples have been detected at high levels. Oil yields were 0.178–0.192 (w/w, %) for pine cone molasses. α‐terpineol was the main constituent in molasses and varied from 1863.4 to 1944.2 at a ppm level. The sizes not affected the physicochemical properties of molasses. L* and a* values followed zero order, and b* values followed first order kinetics. The pine cone molasses represent a potentially significant source of minerals, total sugars, essential oils and phenolic compunds. Nowadays, consumer interest and demand for potentially health‐promoting products have motivated the production of healty food products, so these pine cone molasses (pekmez) are introduced as potentially healthy products of which the production stages and conditions that may advise the industrial production of cone molasses.

Novelty impact statement

The pine cones have a source of minerals especially Ca and K, essential oils (terpenes) and phenolic compunds. The pine cone molasses (pekmez) of P. nigra and P. brutia are introduced as potentially healthy products, and zero and color kinetic parameters of molasses followed zero and first order.
Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis by multi‐targeted (mpt64 and IS6110) loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay
Authors: Mor Preeti , Sheoran Abhishek , Dahiya Bhawna , Parshad Sanjeev , Nain Ravi , Khan Anish , Malhotra Parveen , Gulati Pooja , Mehta Promod K.
Published: October 2022

Background and Aim

Diagnosis of abdominal TB is an exigent task due to variable anatomical sites and non‐specific clinical manifestations that closely resemble other diseases. Most of the available diagnostic modalities yield low sensitivities and need expertise to handle the specialized equipment. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop a rapid and reliable diagnostic test, so as to reduce the unnecessary morbidity. Therefore, we designed a multi‐targeted loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (MT‐LAMP) for diagnosing abdominal TB.

Methods

We evaluated an MT‐LAMP (using mpt64 and IS6110) to diagnose abdominal TB within ascitic fluids and intestinal/peritoneal biopsies and compared these results with multiplex‐PCR (M‐PCR) using the same targets. MT‐LAMP products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and visual detection methods, that is, hydroxy naphthol blue and SYBR Green I reaction.

Results

Sensitivities of 80.9% and 84.6% were obtained in suspected (n = 42) and total abdominal TB (n = 52) cases, respectively by gel‐based MT‐LAMP, with 97.3% (n = 37) specificity in non‐TB controls. Notably, sensitivities attained by gel‐based/SYBR Green I MT‐LAMP in both clinically suspected and total abdominal TB cases were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than M‐PCR. Furthermore, sensitivity obtained with SYBR Green I was equivalent to that of gel‐based MT‐LAMP, while somewhat lesser specificity (94.6%) was attained with SYBR Green I, compared with gel‐based MT‐LAMP.

Conclusion

Both gel‐based and SYBR Green MT‐LAMP exhibited equivalent sensitivities to diagnose abdominal TB. Because SYBR Green LAMP is easier to perform than a gel‐based assay, we are currently focused on improving the specificity of this assay so as to develop a diagnostic kit.
Quantitative proteomics of tau and Aβ in detergent fractions from Alzheimer's disease brains
Authors: Mukherjee Soumya , Dubois Celine , Perez Keyla , Varghese Shiji , Birchall Ian E. , Leckey Miranda , Davydova Natalia , McLean Catriona , Nisbet Rebecca M. , Roberts Blaine R. , Li Qiao‐Xin , Masters Colin L. , Streltsov Victor A.
Published: October 2022

The two hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid‐β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles marked by phosphorylated tau. Increasing evidence suggests that aggregating Aβ drives tau accumulation, a process that involves synaptic degeneration leading to cognitive impairment. Conversely, there is a realization that non‐fibrillar (oligomeric) forms of Aβ mediate toxicity in AD. Fibrillar (filamentous) aggregates of proteins across the spectrum of the primary and secondary tauopathies were the focus of recent structural studies with a filament structure‐based nosologic classification, but less emphasis was given to non‐filamentous co‐aggregates of insoluble proteins in the fractions derived from post‐mortem human brains. Here, we revisited sarkosyl‐soluble and ‐insoluble extracts to characterize tau and Aβ species by quantitative targeted mass spectrometric proteomics, biochemical assays, and electron microscopy. AD brain sarkosyl‐insoluble pellets were greatly enriched with Aβ42 at almost equimolar levels to N‐terminal truncated microtubule‐binding region (MTBR) isoforms of tau with multiple site‐specific post‐translational modifications (PTMs). MTBR R3 and R4 tau peptides were most abundant in the sarkosyl‐insoluble materials with a 10‐fold higher concentration than N‐terminal tau peptides. This indicates that the major proportion of the enriched tau was the aggregation‐prone N‐terminal and proline‐rich region (PRR) of truncated mixed 4R and 3R tau with more 4R than 3R isoforms. High concentration and occupancies of site‐specific phosphorylation pT181 (~22%) and pT217 (~16%) (key biomarkers of AD) along with other PTMs in the PRR and MTBR indicated a regional susceptibility of PTMs in aggregated tau. Immunogold labelling revealed that tau may exist in globular non‐filamentous form (N‐terminal intact tau) co‐localized with Aβ in the sarkosyl‐insoluble pellets along with tau filaments (N‐truncated MTBR tau). Our results suggest a model that Aβ and tau interact forming globular aggregates, from which filamentous tau and Aβ emerge. These characterizations contribute towards unravelling the sequence of events which lead to end‐stage AD changes.

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Fasting intervention and its clinical effects on the human host and microbiome
Authors: Forslund Sofia K.
Published: October 2022

Experimental trials in organisms ranging from yeast to humans have shown that various forms of reducing food intake (caloric restriction) appear to increase both overall and healthy lifespan, delaying the onset of disease and slowing the progression of biomarkers of aging. The gut microbiota is considered one of the key environmental factors strongly contributing to the regulation of host health. Perturbations in the composition and activity of the gut microbiome are thought to be involved in the emergence of multiple diseases. Indeed, many studies investigating gut microbiota have been performed and have shown strong associations between specific microorganisms and metabolic diseases including overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as specific gastrointestinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cancer. Dietary interventions known to reduce inflammation and improve metabolic health are potentiated by prior fasting. Inversely, birth weight differential host oxidative phosphorylation response to fasting implies epigenetic control of some of its effector pathways. There is substantial evidence for the efficacy of fasting in improving insulin signaling and blood glucose control, and in reducing inflammation, conditions for which, additionally, the gut microbiota has been identified as a site of both risk and protective factors. Accordingly, human gut microbiota, both in symbiont and pathobiont roles, have been proposed to impact and mediate some health benefits of fasting and could potentially affect many of these diseases. While results from small‐N studies diverge, fasting consistently enriches widely recognized anti‐inflammatory gut commensals such as Faecalibacterium and other short‐chain fatty acid producers, which likely mediates some of its health effects through immune system and barrier function impact.
Levels and change in autonomous and controlled work motivation in older workers—The role of proximity to retirement and sense of community at work
Authors: Henning Georg , Stenling Andreas , Tafvelin Susanne , Ebener Melanie , Lindwall Magnus
Published: October 2022

Previous studies suggest a preretirement disengagement process from work, which includes reduced work motivation. In this study, we investigated changes in autonomous and controlled work motivation over two years among participants of the Health, Aging and Retirement Transition in Sweden (HEARTS) study. We found stability in both types of motivation; however, those who retired after the study period showed more distinct declines in autonomous motivation. A stronger sense of community at work was related to level, but not change in autonomous motivation. Intra‐individual fluctuations in the expected retirement age did not predict work motivation or vice versa. Future studies are needed to better understand the antecedents and consequences of preretirement declines in autonomous work motivation.
For whom and why organizational dehumanization is linked to deviant behaviours
Authors: Stinglhamber Florence , Nguyen Nathan , Ohana Marc , Lagios Constantin , Demoulin Stéphanie , Maurage Pierre
Published: October 2022

‘We are humans not robots!’ This protest slogan denounces a working reality in which employees perceive that they are reduced to a mere tool or instrument at the service of the organization. Such an experience refers to organizational dehumanization. Researchers have recently indicated that organizational dehumanization may shape employee work behaviours. However, why, and for whom, organizational dehumanization leads to maladaptive work behaviours remains unclear in this literature. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we first propose that employees who experience organizational dehumanization engage in a reciprocity process by first developing thoughts of revenge that, in turn, materialize into more organizational deviance. We further argue that compliance buffers the indirect effect of organizational dehumanization on deviant behaviours via thoughts of revenge. Overall, the combined results of two experimental studies, a cross‐sectional study and two three‐wave studies provide strong evidence for our hypothesized relationships. Our research suggests that when experiencing organizational dehumanization, compliant employees are less likely to engage in a homeomorphic reciprocity in the exchange relationship with their organization.
Analysis of mental health effects among nurses working during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review
Authors: García‐Vivar Cristina , Rodríguez‐Matesanz Irati , San Martín‐Rodríguez Leticia , Soto‐Ruiz Nelia , Ferraz‐Torres Marta , Escalada‐Hernández Paula
Published: October 2022

Accessible Summary

What is Known on the subject?

Working on the frontline during the pandemic has had a negative impact on the mental health of health professionals. A significant proportion experienced anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress or depression.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

Analysis and synthesis of the evidence of the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health of nurses based on their work context. There exists a gap in the literature as no studies were found that analysed the effects on nurses' mental health according to the level of care they worked in (hospital–primary care–nursing home).

What are the implications for practice?

There is an urgent need to assess and respond to the impact of COVID‐19 on the physical and mental well‐being of nurses, and to monitor international policies for the improvement of nurses' working conditions.

Introduction

Health professionals have suffered negative consequences during the COVID‐19 pandemic. No review has specifically addressed the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of nurses exclusively according to the work context.

Aim

To analyse the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health of nurses who have worked in hospitals, primary care centres and social health centres.

Method

PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Cochrane databases were searched (Prospero number: CRD42021249513). Out of 706 papers, 31 studies (2020–2021) were included in the systematic review. A qualitative synthesis method was used to analyse the data.

Results

Most studies were conducted in hospitals or frontline settings. The prevalence of moderate‐to‐severe symptoms was for anxiety 29.55%, depression 38.79%, posttraumatic stress disorder 29.8%, and insomnia 40.66%.

Discussion

This review highlights the mental health effects among nurses working in acute hospital settings. It also evidences a data gap on mental health effects among nurses working in primary health care and in nursing homes.

Implications for practice

In the post phase of the pandemic, there is an urgent need to assess and respond to the impact on the mental well‐being of nurses, and to monitor international policies for the improvement of nurses’ working conditions.
Phenotypic traits evolution and morphological traits associated with echolocation calls in cryptic horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae)
Authors: Chornelia Ada , Hughes Alice C.
Published: October 2022

Bats provide an excellent casestudy for studying evolution due to their remarkable flight and echolocation capabilities. In this study, we sought to understand the phenotypic evolution of key traits in Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats) using phylogenetic comparative methods. We aimed to test the phylogenetic signals of traits, and evaluated the best‐fit evolutionary models given the data for each trait considering different traits may evolve under different models (i.e., Brownian Motion [BM], Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck [OU], and Early Burst [EB]) and reconstruct ancestral character states. We examined how phenotypic characters are associated with echolocation calls and minimum detectable prey size. We measured 34 traits of 10 Asian rhinolophids species (187 individuals). We found that the majority of traits showed a high phylogenetic signal based on Blomberg′s K and Pagel′s λ, but each trait may evolve under different evolutionary models. Sella traits were shown to evolve under stabilizing selection based on OU models, indicating sella traits have the tendency to move forward along the branches toward some medial value in equilibrium. Our findings highlight the importance of sella characters in association with echolocation call emissions in Rhinolophidae, as calls are important for spatial cognition and also influence dietary preferences. Minimum detectable prey size in Rhinolophidae was associated with call frequency, bandwidth, call duration, wingspan, and wing surface area. Ultimately, understanding trait evolution requires sensitivity due to the differential selective pressures which may apply to different characteristics.
A conservative foreign policy for Brazil
Authors: Herz Monica
Published: October 2022

In this article, we put forward an interpretation of Jair Bolsonaro's foreign policy based on its attachment to a conservative authoritarian worldview. We look at how a conservative authoritarian movement and leadership interact with foreign policy in three different ways—by redefining the place of foreign policy in the wider social and political project of the government; by redesigning how the government prioritizes international relations with different countries; and, most importantly, by alienating the country's foreign policy from its longstanding support for multilateral institutions.
Impact of COVID‐19 on Children's Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptomology, Daily Life, and Problem Behavior During Virtual Learning
Authors: Pickren Sage E. , Harriott Emily M. , Huerta Natalie B. , Cutting Laurie E.
Published: October 2022

To explore the impact of COVID‐19 on daily life and problem behavior during virtual learning, we created and administered a survey to 64 school‐aged children (in 2019, M = 9.84 years; SD = 0.55 years). Results indicated significant increases in hyperactivity (t = −2.259; p = .027) and inattention (t = −2.811; p = .007) from 2019 to 2020. Decreases in sleep were associated with increases in hyperactivity (B = −0.27; p = .04); increases in time exercising were associated with smaller increases in inattention (B = −0.34, p = .01); and higher levels of parent stress, specifically related to virtual learning, were associated with increases in child inattention (B = 0.57, p = .01). Furthermore, hyperactivity predicted problem behavior during virtual learning (B = 0.31, p = .03).
Defining the scope for altering rice leaf anatomy to improve photosynthesis: a modelling approach
Authors: Xiao Yi , Sloan Jen , Hepworth Chris , Fradera‐Soler Marc , Mathers Andrew , Thorley Rachel , Baillie Alice , Jones Hannah , Chang Tiangen , Chen Xingyuan , Yaapar Nazmin , Osborne Colin P. , Sturrock Craig , Mooney Sacha J. , Fleming Andrew J. , Zhu Xin‐Guang
Published: October 2022

Leaf structure plays an important role in photosynthesis. However, the causal relationship and the quantitative importance of any single structural parameter to the overall photosynthetic performance of a leaf remains open to debate. In this paper, we report on a mechanistic model, eLeaf, which successfully captures rice leaf photosynthetic performance under varying environmental conditions of light and CO2.

We developed a 3D reaction‐diffusion model for leaf photosynthesis parameterised using a range of imaging data and biochemical measurements from plants grown under ambient and elevated CO2 and then interrogated the model to quantify the importance of these elements.

The model successfully captured leaf‐level photosynthetic performance in rice. Photosynthetic metabolism underpinned the majority of the increased carbon assimilation rate observed under elevated CO2 levels, with a range of structural elements making positive and negative contributions. Mesophyll porosity could be varied without any major outcome on photosynthetic performance, providing a theoretical underpinning for experimental data.

eLeaf allows quantitative analysis of the influence of morphological and biochemical properties on leaf photosynthesis. The analysis highlights a degree of leaf structural plasticity with respect to photosynthesis of significance in the context of attempts to improve crop photosynthesis.
Evidence for phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution in plant–water relation traits
Authors: Ávila‐Lovera Eleinis , Winter Klaus , Goldsmith Gregory R.
Published: October 2022

Evolutionary relationships are likely to play a significant role in shaping plant physiological and structural traits observed in contemporary taxa. We review research on phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution in plant–water relation traits, which play important roles in allowing plants to acquire, use, and conserve water. We found more evidence for a phylogenetic signal in structural traits (e.g. stomatal length and stomatal density) than in physiological traits (e.g. stomatal conductance and water potential at turgor loss). Although water potential at turgor loss is the most‐studied plant–water relation trait in an evolutionary context, it is the only trait consistently found to not have a phylogenetic signal. Correlated evolution was common among traits related to water movement efficiency and hydraulic safety in both leaves and stems. We conclude that evidence for phylogenetic signal varies depending on: the methodology used for its determination, that is, model‐based approaches to determine phylogenetic signal such as Blomberg's K or Pagel's λ vs statistical approaches such as ANOVAs with taxonomic classification as a factor; on the number of taxa studied (size of the phylogeny); and the setting in which plants grow (field vs common garden). More explicitly and consistently considering the role of evolutionary relationships in shaping plant ecophysiology could improve our understanding of how traits compare among species, how traits are coordinated with one another, and how traits vary with the environment.
Streptococcus mutans dexA affects exopolysaccharides production and biofilm homeostasis
Authors: Yan Yang , Hailun He , Fenghui Yang , Pingting Liu , Lei Lei , Zhili Zhao , Tao Hu
Published: October 2022

Objectives

The study aimed to evaluate the role of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) dexA gene on biofilm structure and microecological distribution in multispecies biofilms.

Materials and Methods

A multispecies biofilm model consisting of S. mutans and its dexA mutants, Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii) and Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) was constructed, and bacterial growth, biofilm architecture and microbiota composition were determined to study the effect of the S. mutans dexA on multispecies biofilms.

Results

Our results showed that either deletion or overexpression of S. mutans dexA had no effect on the planktonic growth of bacterium, while S. mutans dominated in the multispecies biofilms to form cariogenic biofilms. Furthermore, we revealed that the SmudexA+ group showed structural abnormality in the form of more fractures and blank areas. The morphology of the SmudexA group was sparser and more porous, with reduced and less agglomerated exopolysaccharides scaffold. Interestingly, the microbiota composition analysis provided new insights that the inhibition of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis was alleviated in the SmudexA group compared to the significantly suppressed condition in the other groups.

Conclusion

In conclusion, deletion of S. mutans dexA gene re‐modules biofilm structure and microbiota composition, thereby leading to decreased cariogenicity. Thus, the S. mutans dexA may be an important target for regulating the cariogenicity of dental plaque biofilms, expecting to be a probiotic for caries control.
Development and validation of a ‘MyLyt’ wearable light tracking device
Authors: Dhakal Rohit , Rudrapankte Jagadesh Rao , Chittajallu Harsha S. N. S. , Lawrenson John G. , Huntjens Byki , Shah Rakhee , Verkicharla Pavan K.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

We developed a clip‐on light tracker (MyLyt) for estimating light exposure in real time. This study aimed at validating and investigating the feasibility of using MyLyt in children and adults.

Method

The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved validation against a factory‐calibrated digital lux meter in three separate conditions: controlled environmental set‐up, outdoors and indoors where intra‐test (two measurements by the same tracker), inter‐test (measurements among trackers) and inter‐device (MyLyt tracker and lux meter) validations were conducted. Phase 2 involved a feasibility study where MyLyt was used in a real‐world setting by 21 adults and 8 children. Participants were asked to log their real‐time movements in an ‘activity diary’, which were correlated with the lux levels measured by the tracker.

Results

A strong positive correlation and non‐significant difference in the recorded mean illuminance levels were observed during intra‐test (inter‐class correlation: 1.00, p = 0.99), inter‐test (0.91–1.00, p > 0.15) and inter‐device (0.91–1.00, p > 0.56) validation in all three testing conditions (p > 0.49), except the indoor location. While the lux level measured by MyLyt was significantly higher than that of the lux meter (p < 0.01) in the indoor locations, differences were minimal and clinically insignificant. A Bland–Altman plot showed a minimal mean difference (95% limits of agreement) between the MyLyt tracker and lux meter in all three conditions (controlled environmental set‐up: 641 [−949, 2230], outdoor: 74 [−2772, 2920] and indoor: −35 [−151, 80] lux). Phase 2 validation showed an expected illuminance level against the corresponding location with high sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (99%) to accurately differentiate between outdoor and indoor locations.

Conclusion

The MyLyt tracker showed good repeatability, strong correlation and comparable values with the lux meter in the three tested conditions, making it suitable for tracking light exposure patterns for both research and clinical purposes.
Vergence/accommodative therapy for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children: Time course of improvements in convergence function
Authors: Jenewein Erin C. , Cotter Susan , Roberts Tawna , Kulp Marjean , Mitchell G. Lynn , Jones‐Jordan Lisa A. , Chen Angela M. , Hopkins Kristine , Huang Kristine , Amster Deborah , Fecho Gregory , Tyler Julie , Meiyeppen Shivakhaami , Scheiman Mitchell ,   The Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial – Attention and Reading Trial (CITT‐ART) Investigator Group
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the time course of improvements in clinical convergence measures for children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency treated with office‐based vergence/accommodative therapy.

Methods

We evaluated convergence measures from 205, 9‐ to 14‐year‐old children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency randomised to office‐based vergence/accommodative therapy in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial – Attention and Reading Trial (CITT‐ART). Near‐point of convergence (NPC) and near‐positive fusional vergence (PFV) were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of therapy; mean change in NPC and PFV between these time points were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Rates of change in NPC and PFV from: (1) baseline to 4 weeks and (2) 4–16 weeks were calculated. For each time point, the proportion of participants to first meet the normal criterion for NPC (<6 cm), PFV blur (break if no blur; >15Δ and >2 times the exodeviation) and convergence composite (NPC and PFV both normal) were calculated.

Results

The greatest change in NPC and PFV (7.6 cm and 12.7 Δ) and the fastest rate of improvement in NPC and PFV (1.9 cm/week and 3.2 Δ/week, respectively) were both found during the first 4 weeks of therapy, with both slowing over the subsequent 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of therapy, the NPC, PFV and convergence composite were normal in 93.2%, 91.7% and 87.8% of participants, respectively, and normalised with another 4 weeks of therapy in 4.4%, 2.0% and 4.4% of participants, respectively.

Conclusion

Although the greatest improvements in NPC and PFV occurred in the first 4 weeks of therapy, most participants had weekly improvements over the subsequent 12 weeks of treatment. While most children with convergence insufficiency obtained normal convergence following 12 weeks of therapy, an additional 4 weeks of vergence/accommodative therapy may be beneficial for some participants.