bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism in children
Authors: Gostimskiy A. V. , Matveeva Z. S. , Romanchishen A. F. , Karpatskiy I. V. , Kuzmichev A. S. , Peredereev S. S. , Makharoblishvili D. V.
Published: December 2022

Background. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a rare pathology in pediatric and adolescent patients. Collection, analysis and generalization of the literature data and experience of the leading clinics allow to develop unified, statistically substantiated approaches to diagnostics and surgical treatment of this group of patients.

Material and methods. The article presents a retrospective analysis of 17 cases of PHPT in children and adolescents aged from 6 to 18 years operated on in the department of Surgery of St.-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University in the period from 1973 till 2021. Among those operated there were 10 girls and 7 boys, the M:F ratio was 1:1.4. The mean age of the patients was 12,9±0,71 years.

Results and discussion. The main criteria of the disease diagnosis were elevated blood calcium and parathormone levels, excessive urinary calcium secretion. Manifest forms of the disease were diagnosed in 10 (58,8%) of 17 children. In 3 (17,6%) cases the parathyroid neoplasms were accompanied neither by clinical, nor laboratory manifestations of the disease and were regarded as incidentalomas. Another 4 (23.5%) patients had only laboratory changes (hypercalcemia and hyperparathyrinaemia) that manifested themselves preoperatively. These observations were referred to the asymptomatic form of PHPT.

In 7 (41.2%) cases parathyroid adenomas were found and removed during surgeries for various thyroid diseases (thyroid cancer in 5 cases, diffuse toxic goiter in 1 case). An incidental finding of parathyroid adenoma was during prophylactic thyroidectomy for Sipple syndrome.

A radioisotope method proved to be the most informative way to localize parathyroid tumors.

Conclusion. The diagnosis of the disease in manifest sporadic cases does not differ from that in adults. Genetic study is indicated in the presence of a family history of multiple involvement of the parathyroid glands. Surgical treatment with removal of parathyroid tumor is the main method, which allows to achieve complete recovery.
Computed tomography in the differential diagnosis of adrenal tumors
Authors: Kotelnikova L. P. , Zhizhilev Yu. V.
Published: December 2022

Background. Modern methods of topical diagnostics have high accuracy and can determine the morphological structure of the adrenal tumor with high probability before surgery, but none of them has 100% sensitivity and specificity. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is most commonly used by clinicians. The criteria for the malignancy of an adrenal tumor determined by this method continue to be discussed.

The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the preoperative diagnosis of adrenal tumors and to analyze errors.

Materials and methods. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography was performed in 69 patients with adrenal tumors. After morphological examination of the removed tumors, the effectiveness of preoperative diagnostics was evaluated with the determination of sensitivity and specificity of the method. If the pre- and postoperative diagnosis did not match, the causes of errors were analyzed.

Results. The attenuation on unenhanced CT in adenomas ranged from 5 to 36 HU, in adrenocortical cancer — from 26 to 80 HU, in pheochromocytomas — from 25 to 99 HU. The attenuation of adenomas on unenhanced CT was significantly less than with pheochromocytomas (p=0.005) and adrenocortical cancer (p=0.012). In the venous phase, no significant differences were found, and in the delayed phase, the attenuation of adenomas was also significantly less than in malignant tumors (p=0.008, p=0.008). The median of absolute percent contrast washout in adenomas was 85%, in pheochromocytes — 59%, in adrenocortical cancer — 57%. When comparing the diagnosis before and after surgery, its non-coincidence was found in 8 cases (10.39%). Two patients (2.59%) with small tumors (diameter of 15 mm) were diagnosed with adenoma in ­combination with pheochromocytoma and adenoma before surgery. After morphological examination, the diagnosis was changed to adrenocortical cancer in combination with adenoma and «mute» pheochromocytoma.

Conclusion. The sensitivity and specificity of contrast-enhanced CT in the diagnosis of adenomas was 95.61% and 94.82%, pheochromocytomas — 95% and 95.08%, adrenocortical cancer — 92.31 and 98.48%. Diagnostic errors of «mute» pheochromocytoma and adrenocortical cancer occurred with small sizes (15 mm) of adrenal tumors.
A modernização do campo no Cerrado e as transformações socioespaciais em Goiás
Authors: Calaça Manoel , Dias Wagner Alceu
Published: December 2022

O potencial econômico derivado da agroindústria foi potencializado pelo processo de modernização dos meios de produção na agricultura, transformando assim a paisagem do Cerrado. A partir da década de 1980, assistimos à territorialização do capital no

Cerrado via agronegócio. Goiás foi capturado pela lógica da produção do capital devido às vantagens comparativas de suas terras. A estrutura agrária de Goiás foi conduzida pela atratividade das áreas do Cerrado, que promovem a reorganização produtiva do território. A agricultura familiar, reconhecida no passado como atividade responsável pelo abastecimento interno da população brasileira, é capturada e desarticulada pelo agronegócio. O setor agropecuário, em Goiás, é inteiramente responsável pela consolidação da infraestrutura necessária à instalação e concentração de indústrias. Embora a modernização do campo tenha promovido um expressivo desenvolvimento a Goiás, ainda há regiões que possuem grandes áreas de Cerrado em estado conservado, sendo consideradas como regiões pobres. Goiás se enuncia pela sua pujança da agropecuária, cujo desenvolvimento desigual e combinado reflete a lógica da expansão capitalista no Cerrado. O sul do Estado, articulado ao centro dinâmico do país, se industrializa e o norte se mantém como pecuarista e extrativista.
Produção e reprodução indígena: o vir e o porvir na Reserva de Dourados/MS
Authors: Santana Junior Jaime Ribeiro de
Published: December 2022

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a atual relação dos indígenas com o território, de forma a identificar e caracterizar as formas encontradas pela população da Reserva indígena de Dourados para a produção e reprodução da sua existência, seja através da sua relação no interior da Reserva ou fora dela, além de destacar políticas de apoios concedidos pelo poder público local. O estado de Mato Grosso do Sul abriga uma grande população indígena, marcada em sua história por profundos processos de colonização, extremamente agressivos e violentos, que destruíram não só seus territórios e recursos naturais, mas grande parte da sua cultura e dos povos que habitavam a região. Há ainda, a nova ordem sócioeconômica vigente, que afronta o modo de vida indígena, de forma que, atingue tanto o espaço vivido quanto a cultura, causando profundos impactos sobre o seu modo de vida. A pesquisa se realizou a partir de pesquisas bibliográficas, levantamentos de dados, entrevistas a representantes de órgãos públicos, a lideranças e famílias indígenas. A partir dessa análise, percebe-se que a relação indígena com o território está fragilizada, representada por uma enfraquecida relação familiar e social, por uma pequena e insuficiente agricultura.
O conceito de paradigma na Geografia: limites, possibilidades e contribuições para a interpretação da Geografia Agrária
Authors: Campos Janaina Francisca de Souza , Fernandes Bernardo Mançano
Published: December 2022

Neste artigo, buscamos refletir sobre a abordagem paradigmática do conhecimento geográfico a partir da proposta elaborada por Thomas Samuel Kuhn em sua obra A estrutura das revoluções científicas, escrita em 1962. Embasado no método dialético e no princípio da superação, o conceito de paradigma ganha centralidade a partir da retomada das considerações kuhnianas. Todavia, em meio às especificidades da Geografia, o conceito é (re)discutido através de duas questões principais: a incomensurabilidade das tradições científicas e o sentido concedido ao conceito durante o período da ciência normal. A partir dessas duas questões, procurou-se estabelecer um diálogo crítico com o referencial kuhniano que, em nossa avaliação, permite efetuar fecundas reflexões que apontam para os limites, possibilidades e contribuições que a abordagem paradigmática traz à Geografia Agrária. Mesmo sem partilhar do mesmo alinhamento, acreditamos que junto com outros referenciais o pensamento kuhniano é capaz de auxiliar na leitura sobre a diferencialidade paradigmática, elemento fundamental para a compreensão do pensamento geográfico.
O perfil de arrecadação do Imposto Territorial Rural nos municípios do EDR de Jaboticabal-SP
Authors: Botelho Alexandra Pascoa , Britto Marcel , Souza José Gilberto de
Published: December 2022

O trabalho reúne uma análise do perfil de arrecadação e participação do (Imposto Territorial Rural) ITR nos municípios do Escritório de Desenvolvimento Rural (EDR) de Jaboticabal-SP, no período de 1997 a 2003. As análises foram realizadas com base na legislação do Imposto Territorial Rural, estabelecida no ano de 1996. É apresentada neste estudo uma revisão de literatura pautada nos elementos conceituais que envolvem a pesquisa, bem como a disposição de uma base de dados das principais instituições, paulista e federal, no que se refere às informações de cunho territorial, tributário e de nível de atividade econômica agropecuária no estado de São Paulo, incluindo os tratamentos estatísticos dos dados coletados (índice de Gini, índice de evasão). O estudo possibilita identificar a extrema relação entre padrão de uso e ocupação do solo, concentração fundiária e elisão fiscal do Imposto Territorial. O mesmo aponta para a importância de mecanismos de controle, fiscalização do ITR, sobretudo a partir da Lei nº 11.250 de 2005, permitindo aos municípios exercerem, por meio de convênio com a Secretaria da Receita Federal, ações fiscais no âmbito do imposto, de competência federal, que visem coibir práticas de evasão ou elisão fiscal.
A expansão do setor sucroenergético em Goiás: a contribuição das políticas públicas
Authors: Silva William Ferreira da , Peixinho Dimas Moraes
Published: December 2022

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar o papel das políticas públicas no processo de expansão do setor sucroenergético para o estado de Goiás que, nos últimos cinco anos, teve uma rápida expansão da área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar, tornando-se o terceiro produtor em áreas e o segundo em produção de etanol do país. Esse processo de expansão está associado ao aumento das demandas do mercado interno de etanol e no mercado externo por açúcar e, secundariamente, por etanol. Entre os fatores de atração do setor sucroenergético para Goiás se destacam: as condições edafoclimáticas, a disponibilidade de áreas para o cultivo e as ações de incentivos fiscais do governo estadual e de financiamentos do governo federal. As políticas governamentais, federal e estadual, através de programas setoriais estão fomentando a expansão recente do setor para Goiás. Programas como o Plano de Desenvolvimento do Centro-Oeste (PDECO 2007-2020), financiamentos através do Fundo Constitucional do Centro-Oeste (FCO) e do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), na esfera federal e o Programa PRODUZIR, na esfera estadual, são os responsáveis pelas principais ações de incentivos à expansão do setor no estado de Goiás.
Capital social e desenvolvimento territorial: uma abordagem teórico-conceitual
Authors: Ferreira Éricka Sales , Pessôa Vera Lúcia Salazar
Published: December 2022

O capital social reúne elementos típicos da economia e da sociologia e aposta, para o desenvolvimento, na capacitação social da população de uma determinada região (em termos políticos, civis e educacionais). Esse desenvolvimento não depende exclusivamente de fatores externos, mas, ao contrário, tem suas bases dentro do próprio território e em suas potencialidades, que vão além dos atributos físicos, valorizando também o potencial social, a capacidade de sua população para conduzir o desenvolvimento regional. Para tanto, é preciso superar a visão de um desenvolvimento setorial e buscar o desenvolvimento territorial, que articula as várias capacidades locais para o crescimento do todo. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é compreender o capital social no processo de desenvolvimento territorial, em contraposição ao desenvolvimento setorial, a partir de abordagens teóricas.
Treinamento no protocolo sobre acidentes ofídicos na região Amazônica na Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado
Authors: Aguiar Thays Karolyne Ponte Prado , Vieira Samuel , Garcês Filho Allan Quadros , Santos Humberto Henrique Machado dos
Published: December 2022

O objetivo deste texto é descrever a experiência da participação de acadêmicos do curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) em uma atividade de extensão realizada no estado do Amazonas. A capacitação, realizada pela Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, buscou apresentar direcionamento acerca da conduta correta do manejo e tratamento dos acidentes ofídicos. Essa ação teve como público profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde. Contou com 84 participantes e duração total de cinco dias. Durante o curso, houve momentos de palestras, discussão de casos clínicos e atividades práticas, buscando integrar o ciclo básico com o ciclo clínico médico, com o desenvolvimento de habilidades laboratoriais. Essa estratégia evidenciou que muitos profissionais presentes tinham experiência com casos de acidentes ofídicos em seu cotidiano laboral, mas desconheciam a conduta correta de tratamento do acidente ofídico ou até de doses farmacológicas adequadas no envenenamento ofídico. Dessa forma, relatar a experiência de ações como essa é uma forma de fomentar novos treinamentos voltados para a Medicina Tropical, no que se refere ao conhecimento médico em situações de significativa necessidade local, como são os acidentes ofídicos na região Amazônica.
Femicidios en Argentina durante la pandemia: la comunicación en clave de articulación de la e xtensión y la investigación
Authors: Barrios Rosaura , Rodríguez María Itatí
Published: December 2022

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la experiencia de un proyecto de extensión denominado “Red de Estudio Federal sobre Femicidios en contexto de pandemia COVID–19. Comunicación pública de avances y resultados del Programa de Investigación sobre la Sociedad Argentina Contemporánea: La sociedad argentina en la postpandemia”, que depende de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Este proyecto de extensión logró poner en valor a la extensión universitaria como vínculo para pensar y producir, desde la comunicación, espacios que pongan a disposición lo que se produce en el marco de una investigación científica. La investigación contó con universidades públicas y nodos científicos de todo el país que accionaron a demanda de organismos de promoción y entes científicos para reflexionar sobre el fenómeno del femicidio durante la pandemia desatada en los años 2020 y 2021.
Investigación–Acción Participativa con estudiantes en Comodoro Rivadavia. Comunicación y extensión universitaria en tiempos de pandemia
Authors: Lago Luciana , Sanabria Julia , Zuluaga Paula
Published: December 2022

Este artículo expone resultados de cuatro acciones de extensión realizadas en el marco de un proyecto de Investigación–Acción Participativa de la Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco que involucró a estudiantes de diferentes niveles educativos de Comodoro Rivadavia durante 2020– 2021. Nos propusimos documentar y reflexionar sobre sus experiencias educativas y participativas, los efectos de la pandemia y la proyección hacia la pospandemia.El objetivo central es presentar un análisis reflexivo sobre las formas en que integramos investigación y extensión desde un enfoque participativo con estudiantes de diferentes niveles educativos. Buscamos resaltar el potencial de las metodologías participativas en los proyectos extensionistas para favorecer instancias de reflexión y aprendizaje respecto de las distintas experiencias educativas en este contexto. Destacamos además la relevancia de comprender la dimensión comunicacional e integrar las prácticas de investigación y extensión con estudiantes.
Effects of Escalating Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients With Worsening Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Isseh Iyad N. , Gorgis Sarah , Dagher Carina , Sharma Shivani , Basir Mir B. , Parikh Sachin
Published: December 2022

Background

Cardiogenic shock–related mortality is substantial, and temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices are frequently used. The authors aimed to describe patient characteristics and outcomes in patients with worsening cardiogenic shock requiring escalation of temporary MCS devices.

Methods

Worsening cardiogenic shock was defined as persistent hypotension, increasing doses of vasopressors/inotropes, worsening hypoperfusion, or worsening invasive hemo-dynamics. Escalation of temporary MCS devices was defined as adding or exchanging an existing MCS device. Variables were evaluated by logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results

From July 1, 2016, to July 1, 2018, a total of 81 consecutive patients experienced worsening cardiogenic shock requiring temporary MCS escalation. The etiology of cardiogenic shock was heterogeneous (33.3% acute myocardial infarction and 61.7% decompen-sated heart failure). Younger age (<62 years), lower body mass index (<28.7 kg/m2), lower preescalation lactate levels (<3.1 mmol/L), higher postescalation blood pressure (>85 mm Hg), and lower postescalation lactate levels (<2.9 mmol/L) were associated with greater odds of survival. The presence of a pulmonary artery catheter at the time of escalation was associated with greater odds of survival (P = .05). Escalation of temporary MCS in Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions stage E shock was associated with 100% mortality (P = .05). The rate of overall survival to discharge was 32%.

Conclusion

Patients requiring temporary MCS escalation represent a high-risk cohort. Further work is needed to improve outcomes in this patient population.
Repeated Syncope During Exercise as a Result of Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery With Intramural Aortic Course in a Teenage Boy
Authors: Amioka Naofumi , Nakamura Kazufumi , Matsuo Naoaki , Watanabe Atsuyuki , Kotani Yasuhiro , Kasahara Shingo , Ito Hiroshi
Published: December 2022

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva with an intramural aortic course (L-ACAOS-IM) can cause syncope, sometimes as a prodrome of lethal events, including sudden cardiac death, in young athletes. The detailed mechanism of syncope in patients with L-ACAOS-IM is still unclear. This case report describes a 17-year-old boy who presented to the hospital because of syncope following chest pain with increasing frequency during exercise, such as playing soccer and running. In a treadmill exercise test, a decrease in blood pressure was seen (from 99/56 mm Hg to 68/38 mm Hg); chest pain and faintness accompanied by ST-segment elevation in lead aVR and ST-segment depression at other leads on electrocardiography were noted. These findings and symptoms disappeared spontaneously within a few minutes while clinicians prepared for emergency medications. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) showed that the origin of the left coronary artery (LCA) was the opposite sinus of Valsalva, and the course of the LCA was through the aortic wall toward the left coronary sinus. He was diagnosed with L-ACAOS-IM. After surgical treatment by unroofing the intramural part of the LCA and reconstructing a neo-ostium, he no longer experienced syncope during exercise. This case suggests that low cardiac output caused by myocardial ischemia, not life-threatening arrythmia, is a main mechanism of syncope in patients with L-ACAOS-IM. Consideration should be given to performing CCTA before an exercise stress test for young patients with syncope and chest pain to avoid the risk of severe myocardial ischemia.
Prawne instrumenty ochrony środowiska i przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatu we Wspólnej Polityce Rolnej na lata 2023-2027
Authors: Włodarczyk Beata
Published: December 2022

Przedmiotem artykułu są prawne instrumenty ochrony środowiska i przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatu we Wspólnej Polityce Rolnej (WPR) na lata 2023-2027. Ich analiza została przeprowadzona w kontekście przyjętego w Unii Europejskiej modelu rolnictwa. Punktem wyjścia rozważań jest konstrukcja nowej WPR oraz jej budżet, a także kształt, jaki ustawodawca unijny nadał prawnym instrumentom tej polityki. Autorka rozważa ponadto ewentualny wpływ sytuacji geopolitycznej na realizację celów WPR. W konkluzji autorka stwierdza m.in., że w nowej WPR prawne instrumenty ochrony środowiska i przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatu zostały znacząco wzmocnione. Od ich wdrożenia przez państwa członkowskie uzależniona jest również wypłata coraz większych kwot wsparcia. Zielona architektura WPR została rozbudowana. Jej cele są ambitne i dotyczą wielu sfer działalności rolniczej. Ocena skuteczności instrumentów środowiskowo-klimatycznych będzie jednak możliwa dopiero po uzyskaniu doświadczeń z ich wdrażania. Ponadto niewykluczona jest zmiana priorytetów WPR ze względu na potrzebę zapewnienia światowego bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, nawet ze szkodą dla wyzwań środowiskowych.
Public control of share deals in companies owning agricultural real estate in a comparative perspective
Authors: Blajer Paweł
Published: December 2022

Rozważania koncentrują się na analizie aktualnego kształtu polskiego modelu kontroli obrotu udziałami lub akcjami spółek będących właścicielami nieruchomości rolnych w perspektywie prawnoporówanwczej, uwzględniającej odpowiednie regulacje obowiązujące we Francji, Szwajcarii i w niektórych austriackich krajach związkowych, a także projekty aktów prawnych dotyczących publicznoprawnej kontroli tego typu transakcji opracowane w niektórych niemieckich krajach związkowych. W konkluzji autor stwierdza potrzebę publicznej kontroli obrotu udziałami lub akcjami w spółkach będących właścicielami nieruchomości rolnych, jako reakcji na dostrzegalne zjawisko określane jako „land-grabbing”, a także odnotowuje ewidentne braki polskich regulacji w tym zakresie. Braki te dotyczą w szczególności niewłaściwie określonego zakresu przedmiotowego kontroli obrotu sprawowanej prze Krajowy Ośrodek Wsparcia Rolnictwa (KOWR), jak też kontrowersyjnych narzędzi samej kontroli w postaci prawa pierwokupu i tzw. prawa nabycia przysługujących KOWR. Autor zauważa, że rozwiązania przyjmowane w niektórych zagranicznych porządkach prawnych mogłyby stać się inspiracją dla polskiego ustawodawcy w przypadku planowania przez niego modernizacji instrumentów publicznoprawnej kontroli obrotu udziałami lub akcjami w spółkach będących właścicielami nieruchomości rolnych.
Zgoda dyrektora generalnego KOWR na nabycie nieruchomości rolnej. Wybrane problemy prawne
Authors: Łobos-Kotowska Dorota
Published: December 2022

Celem rozważań jest ocena ewolucji ograniczeń w obrocie nieruchomościami rolnymi, z uwzględnieniem swoistego charakteru umów prowadzących do przeniesienia własności nieruchomości rolnych oraz publicznoprawnego charakteru ingerencji władzy publicznej w obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi. Szczególnym przejawem takiej ingerencji jest zgoda dyrektora generalnego KOWR na nabycie nieruchomości rolnej przez podmiot, który nie spełnia ustawowych przesłanek. Zgoda taka wyrażana jest w formie decyzji administracyjnej i poprzedza zawarcie umów, które skutkują przeniesieniem własności nieruchomości rolnej. W konkluzji autorka stwierdza wzrost ingerencji państwa w obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi. Proces ten realizowany jest przy zastosowaniu metod publicznoprawnych. Konieczność uzyskania zgody dyrektora generalnego KOWR stanowi bowiem władczą ingerencję w sferę prawa własności.
The System Reconstruction and Value Reorientation of Russian Historiography in the Contemporary Era
Authors: Liu Shuang
Published: December 2022

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in the transition period with huge difficulties in social transformation and economic reform, Russian historiography also witnessed a changing process of ups and downs. This thesis analyzes the deep historical and realistic reasons for the development and change of Russian historiography. It studies and analyzes Russian historiography progressing in difficult conditions in the past 30 years, and its complex process of developing in twists and turns. The thesis points out that as Russia was freed from turmoil and recession, and determined the goal of restoration of a strong nation, historiography was changing from disorder to objectivity, with obvious features of system reconstruction and value turn-round. By summing up experience, revealing the law, focusing on the reality, and coping with challenges, historiography plays an important role in determining the choice of Russian political direction.
Attractive or repellent? How right-wing populist voters respond to figuratively framed anti-immigration rhetoric
Authors: Boeynaems Amber , Burgers Christian , A. Konijn Elly , J. Steen Gerard
Published: December 2022

The rhetoric employed by right-wing populist parties (RWPPs) has been seen as a driver for their success. This right-wing populist (RWP) rhetoric is partly characterized by the use of anti-immigration metaphors and hyperboles, which likely appeal to voters’ grievances. We tested the persuasive impact of figuratively framed RWP rhetoric among a unique sample of Dutch RWPP voters, reporting an experiment with a 2 (metaphor: present, absent) x 2 (hyperbole: present, absent) between-subjects design. Our findings challenge prevailing ideas about how supportive voters respond to RWP rhetoric: Figurative language did not steer voters more in line with RWP ideas but pushed their opinion further away. These unexpected boomerang effects mainly held for weakly identified voters. This suggests that RWPP voters support their party, not because of but despite their rhetoric. Being heard in their grievances, rather than told what to grieve about, seems to be a main driver for RWPP support.
Emotionale Fähigkeiten
Authors: Landweer Hilge
Published: December 2022

This paper outlines a philosophical approach to emotional abilities. It sets out by charting different dimensions of emotional abilities, emphasising the distinction between the ability of an agent to develop an emotional repertoire and the ability to appropriately adapt specific emotions to specific situations. The paper elucidates this latter ability by focusing on two distinct varieties of it. First, there is a more active, explicit modulation of emotions. Second, there is also an implicit mode of emotion modulation that is habitualised. This implicit mode will then be characterised more precisely by means of a phenomenological differentiation between feeling and emotion and by means of the concept of an affective position-taking (Stellungnahme) towards one’s own bodily affectedness. Only the implicit mode can appear on its own, while the explicit mode aims to be habitualised and thus to transition into the implicit mode. By means of the implicit mode, emotionally competent agents can adapt elastically to the situation. The concept of emotional change of aspect is explained by way of an example. Finally, further consequences for a philosophical approach to emotional abilities are formulated.
Selection bias and multiple inclusion criteria in observational studies
Authors: Zetterstrom Stina , Waernbaum Ingeborg
Published: December 2022

Objectives

Spurious associations between an exposure and outcome not describing the causal estimand of interest can be the result of selection of the study population. Recently, sensitivity parameters and bounds have been proposed for selection bias, along the lines of sensitivity analysis previously proposed for bias due to unmeasured confounding. The basis for the bounds is that the researcher specifies values for sensitivity parameters describing associations under additional identifying assumptions. The sensitivity parameters describe aspects of the joint distribution of the outcome, the selection and a vector of unmeasured variables, for each treatment group respectively. In practice, selection of a study population is often made on the basis of several selection criteria, thereby affecting the proposed bounds.

Methods

We extend the previously proposed bounds to give additional guidance for practitioners to construct i) the sensitivity parameters for multiple selection variables and ii) an alternative assumption free bound, producing only logically feasible values. As a motivating example we derive the bounds for causal estimands in a study of perinatal risk factors for childhood onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus where selection of the study population was made by multiple inclusion criteria. To give further guidance for practitioners, we provide a data learner in R where both the sensitivity parameters and the assumption-free bounds are implemented.

Results

The assumption-free bounds can be both smaller and larger than the previously proposed bounds and can serve as an indicator of settings when the former bounds do not produce feasible values. The motivating example shows that the assumption-free bounds may not be appropriate when the outcome or treatment is rare.

Conclusions

Bounds can provide guidance in a sensitivity analysis to assess the magnitude of selection bias. Additional knowledge is used to produce values for sensitivity parameters under multiple selection criteria. The computation of values for the sensitivity parameters is complicated by the multiple inclusion/exclusion criteria, and a data learner in R is provided to facilitate their construction. For comparison and assessment of the feasibility of the bound an assumption free bound is provided using solely underlying assumptions in the framework of potential outcomes.
Associative colour learning and discrimination in the South African Cape rock sengi Elephantulus edwardii (Macroscelidea, Afrotheria, Mammalia)
Authors: Thüs Patricia , Lunau Klaus , Wester Petra
Published: December 2022

Beside insects, sengis also consume plant material such as leaves, fruits, seeds and floral nectar. It is known that they use olfaction for foraging, but little is known about their vision and visual learning capabilities. Colour vision has been tested in two species, showing that they are likely dichromats (green- and blue-sensitive retinal cone-photoreceptors, meaning red-green colour blind). Our aim was to examine the learning and colour discrimination abilities of another species, Elephantulus edwardii. Using training procedures and choice experiments, we tested the hypotheses that the animals can associate a reward with trained colours and that they can discriminate between different colour hues. The sengis preferred the trained colours over the others, indicating associative learning. They could discriminate between all tested colours (blue, red, green, yellow). The sengis’ colour choice behaviour indicates that the animals can use also colour features to find food plant material. Additionally, learning abilities most likely are essential for the sengis’ foraging activities, for instance by associating floral or fruit shape, colour or scent with nectar or ripe fruit, to increase the efficiency to locate food sources.
Chapter 1 | History and Introduction to Rolling Bearing Steel Technologies
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Steels, and in particular bearing steel technologies, have gone through profound developments and some of these are reviewed in this book. Improved metallurgical cleanliness and a requirement for improved composition consistency have necessitated developments in both air-melt and remelt steelmaking. Carbon steels, through hardening, surface hardening and highly alloyed corrosion resistant high-speed steels are used in rolling bearings. Compositions are specified together with the development history of the standard 52100 bearing steel. The virtue in the 52100 (1C-1.5Cr) steel composition is described and information given as to why it is still used more than a century after its introduction. Case carburization bearing steel technologies are widely used in line contact rolling bearings and the development is described. The developments in the use of selective surface hardening in angular contact automotive wheel ball bearings is introduced. Air-melt steelmaking, casting and rolling and remelt steelmaking such as vacuum induction melting, electroslag remelting and vacuum arc remelting are reviewed for special requirements such as precision aerospace. Clean-steel powder metallurgy in combination with hot isostatic pressing is introduced as an upgrade to the properties of high alloy steels with hot-hardness characteristics. Knowledge of rolling bearing loading and the appropriate metallurgical design is fundamental to bearing steel technologies. Bearing steels are only suitable for rolling bearing manufacture once appropriate soft forming, prior soft treatments, subsequent final hardening heat treatments and damage-free hard machining have been applied. Different rolling bearing types can require different steel technologies and damage, failure terms and characteristics are reviewed. Accurate failure characterization, metallurgical and functional property testing are key topics. Metallurgical quality testing with respect to macro-, meso-, and microinclusion testing is reviewed and developments continue. Rolling contact fatigue and substitute fatigue testing methodologies have become difficult as bearing steels have improved and this is covered in detail later in the book.
Chapter 3 | Guide to Steel and Heat Treatment Selection—Rolling Bearing Material Design Relationships
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

The steel technology parameters included in the rolling bearing steel metallurgical design are described. Steelmaking process costs related to metallurgical quality is explained. Air-melt steel is applied in less demanding applications and costly remelt high alloy and heat treatment formulations are used in high demanding bearings such as aerospace. Ball contact rolling bearings require somewhat different steel technologies as compared to line contact rolling bearings. Examples of metallurgical design relationships are explained with examples for ball and hub bearing units. The steel technology design correlations with dimensional stability, rolling contact fatigue, structural strength and tolerance to contamination, hydrogen and high temperature are explained. Steelmaking bloom, billet and bar reduction ratio, raceway forming flow conformance and large size ring hot forming dendritic breakdown requirements and relationships are clarified. The metallurgical parameters associated with through, case carburizing, and surface induction hardening are given for clean and contaminated rolling bearing operating environments. The use of secondary hardening steels for elevated temperature applications is introduced. The need for high metallurgical cleanliness is presented and its relationship with steelmaking processes. The three parameter cost—quality—manufacturing volume relationship is given. Metallurgical cleanliness measures such as oxygen content, micro, macro inclusion and titanium carbo-nitrides related to rolling contact fatigue strength are summarized. The factors to be considered in selection of appropriate heat treatments are described and in particular for elevated temperature rolling bearing used in aerospace applications. The importance of forming flow conformance in high alloy secondary hardening steels and the advantage of powder metallurgy processing of such steel technologies is introduced. High-temperature aircraft turbine engine bearing steel design parameters are given and in summary the key to cost-effective rolling bearing design is to know the requirements precisely and to apply the appropriate steel technologies.
Chapter 5 | Remelt Special Steel Steelmaking Technologies
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Remelt steelmaking is one of the lesser understood bearing steel steelmaking technologies. It is applied when enhanced steel quality is required for demanding rolling bearing applications. The process and quality assurance costs are significantly higher than air-melt steelmaking as described in Chapter 4 of this book. Electroslag remelting (ESR) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR) are examples of remelt steelmaking processes. The VAR process is also referred to as the consumable electrode remelting process. Electroslag remelting can be performed under vacuum, under pressure or under a protective atmosphere. ESR remelting, under a nitrogen atmosphere, is particularly important in the production of high nitrogen stainless bearing steels. A combination of vacuum induction melting (VIM) and VAR remelted steel quality usually outperforms vacuum degassed air melt (AM) steels from the point of view of internal cleanliness and related rolling contact fatigue (RCF) strength. Vacuum induction melting (VIM) and casting under vacuum is an established methodology for ingot preparation for remelt steelmaking. The VIM ingot processing parameters, such as elimination of inclusion entrapment, are important for subsequent usage as electrodes in vacuum arc remelting. The remelting operation refines the steel particularly with respect to the absence of macrodefects such as exogenous nonmetallic inclusions. Additionally, the higher-alloyed high-speed steels would be too highly segregated if melted and cast in a normal fashion. The main parameters in remelt bearing steelmaking and the related specifications are summarized as: Precision and consistency of steel chemistry; avoidance of macrosegregation; and minimization of nonmetallic inclusions in the critical size range, typically ≥ 10 μm. Combinations of remelting, to improve the steel quality, are used, for example VIM-ESR-VAR, AM-ESR-VAR and VIM-VAR-VAR. Remelt rolling bearing steel qualities are made to the appropriate SAE AMS and SAE AS specifications using ASTM standard test methods and the specifications.
Chapter 8 | Heat Treatment Process Technologies—Hardening and Tempering Treatments
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

The choice of appropriate hardening heat treatments profoundly influences the functional properties of rolling bearings. Through hardening heat treatments of 52100 type steels include martensitic or bainitic treatments and such heat treatments are applied when the static capacity needs to be maximized in point contact rolling bearings. Surface hardening is used when toughness is a primary consideration with case-carburizing, surface induction hardening and laser heating being the most familiar surface hardening technologies. The formation of near-surface compressive stresses is a beneficial factor in the selection of case carburization heat treatments. Case carburization can be combined with nitrogen enrichment to enhance the raceway tolerance to contaminated lubrication. Microstructures developed by appropriate austenitization, quenching and lower bainite transformation are essential considerations with respect to functional properties. Hardness is an overriding property consideration but the amount of austenite is an issue with respect to bearing component dimensional stability. Increased volume percentages of retained austenite goes hand-in-hand with high carbon plate martensitic surfaces zones of case carburized bearing components. Tempering after martensitic quenching is applied to transform austenite retained in the microstructure and in certain cases subzero treatments are employed. Surface induction heating and quenching is an efficient methodology for hardening of rolling bearing raceways. Hub unit bearing raceways are selectively austenitized and quenched in a few seconds whereas large-size rolling bearing rings are progressively heated and quenched using lengthier cycle times. Secondary hardening is applied to higher alloyed bearing steels such as M50 when high temperature hardness retention is required. Nitriding of the surface in combination with through or case carburization is a methodology for improving performance in hybrid bearings, i.e., steel rings and silicon nitride rolling elements. Distortion of rolling bearing rings is the curse of the hardening operation and, if not controlled, can have a negative influence on grinding costs.
Chapter 10 | Stainless Bearing Steels
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Corrosion resistance is imparted to rolling bearing steels by the addition of a minimum of approximately 14 wt.% of chromium to the composition and substitution of carbon by nitrogen. Applications requiring enhanced corrosion resistance and good cryogenic properties use steels with both chromium and nitrogen alloying. Corrosion properties are affected by the applied steelmaking and heat treatment. Steelmaking processes based on powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing are of relevance to rolling bearing steel technologies (see later chapter of this book covering powder metallurgy). Corrosion testing methods vary from relatively simple corrosive medium immersion tests (NAVY) to advanced corrosion rate testing using anodic polarization (AP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ASTM G5-14(2021), Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements, can be used to prepare AP curves to compare corrosion resistant rolling bearing steels. A reasonable correlation is found for the NAVY versus EIS testing of rolling bearing steels. The ASTM standard test methods such as ASTM G61 and ASTM B117 are useful methodologies in characterization of rolling bearing steel corrosion resistance. Numerous lower carbon alternatives exist to the traditional 440C rolling bearing corrosion resistant steel grade. The best corrosion resistance is obtained by nitrogen alloying, particularly if secondary hardening is required for high temperature hardness retention. Hot hardness is the dominant feature of rolling bearing in aerospace rolling bearing applications. For this a new generation of stand-still corrosion resistant high temperature rolling bearing steels, based on solution-nitriding, needs to be considered. The downside of enhancement of corrosion resistance, by removal of large chromium carbides from the microstructure, is a loss of abrasive wear resistance. The aerospace rolling bearing challenge of high temperature strength and toughness in combination with standstill corrosion resistance coupled with abrasive contaminate lubricant tolerance requires innovative steelmaking and heat treatment technologies as explained in Chapter 17 of this book.
Chapter 12 | Wear and Debris Contaminant Testing, Lubricant Additive Effects—Tribo-Metallurgy
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Rolling bearing steel wear testing and properties are multifaceted. A combination of tribology and related physical metallurgy is summarized in this chapter. ISO 15243-2017 describes rolling bearing damage terms, characteristics and failure origins. Wear failure modes exist in rolling bearings and ASTM G40-21a, Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion, defines abrasive and adhesive wear. A form of abrasive wear can be observed in rolling bearings operating with contaminated lubricants. The nature of the contaminant is important in steel technology related mitigation measures. For example, metallic contaminants result in different raceway tribology characteristics as compared to abrasive contaminants. Three-body abrasive wear properties can be critical in aviation rolling bearing steels and for this reason appropriate bearing steel, cage steel, and alumina abrasive tests have been developed. Adhesive wear can occur if the lubricant film thickness is insufficient. The factors influencing the occurrence of adhesive wear are defined and microstructure and the steel heat treated hardness are key parameters. Traction coefficient measures are used particularly for assessment of the steel technology combinations such as rolling element materials and stainless carburized steel rolling contacts. Sliding wear, micropitting, and macropitting properties may be assessed using standard tests, and such tests are of importance in integrated rolling bearing and gear products. Applications involving slip in the contacts requires specific tribology testing and as such near surface hardness is important. Raceway surface solid contaminant effects are studied using indent tests. Raceway artificial dents are often used and predented contaminate tests can be applied to test rolling contact fatigue strength in the presence of raceway indentation. Such raceway surface damage may be classified as surface distress, the most common failure mode in modern rolling bearings. The use of extreme pressure (EP) additives can have a profound effect on the rolling bearing steel tribo-system.
Chapter 15 | Hydrogen (Embrittlement) Effects in Bearing Steels
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

The effect of hydrogen on bearing steel properties is a multifaceted topic. For example, hydrogen may be present in the steel, generated at the surface by lubricant interaction, or be present in the rolling bearing environment. The preferred rolling bearing steel technology is one in which the steel composition makes it tolerant to embrittlement due to hydrogen ingress. A reduced take up of hydrogen in high chromium steel grades is known. Measures are taken in steelmaking to remove hydrogen, usually by vacuum degassing prior to casting and this is beneficial in reducing the steel's propensity to hydrogen flake formation. The strengthening of the prior austenite grains by reduction in the phosphorus content and the introduction of hydrogen traps are methodologies mentioned as relevant to the mitigation of negative hydrogen effects. Fatigue testing of bearing steels is generally performed on hydrogen precharged test elements. A significant number of publications exist on the topic to support the use of low hydrogen steelmaking and related specifications. Evidence on the negative effects of hydrogen comes from microstructure observations in the near surface and subsurface contact regions of rolling bearings. For example, dark etching transformations are well known in applications such as automotive alternator deep groove ball bearings. Dark etching needle microstructure and branched subsurface cracks can be observed due to the presence of hydrogen. White etching cracks are sometimes linked with mobile hydrogen generation due to lubricant decomposition and take-up in the Hertzian rolling contact zone. The topic can be complex and certain oils generate more hydrogen than others in conditions of rolling and sliding contact. The avoidance of rolling bearings being in direct contact with a hydrogen rich environment can be achieved by the use of black oxide coating. Black oxide coating is seen as cost effective in the prevention of hydrogen related subsurface microstructure changes.