bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEPOSIÇÃO DE SERAPILHEIRA E NUTRIENTES POR ESPÉCIES NATIVAS EM UMA FLORESTA ESTACIONAL DECIDUAL EM ITAARA, RS, BRASIL
Authors: Vogel Hamilton Luiz Munari , Schumacher Mauro Valdir , Trüby Peter
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho foi realizado em uma Floresta Estacional Decidual no município de Itaara (RS), Brasil, e teve como principal objetivo avaliar a produção de folhas e a transferência ao solo de nutrientes de sete espécies arbóreas nativas. Para a coleta das folhas, foram demarcadas seis parcelas de 25 m x 17 m cada, alocadas no interior da floresta. Em cada parcela foram distribuídos cinco coletores, totalizando assim 30 coletores. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, durante um período de 2 anos. No laboratório, o material foi separado, levando em consideração apenas as espécies selecionadas: Ocotea puberula (A. Rich.) Nees, Ocotea pulchella Mart., Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez, Matayba elaeagnoides Radlk., Cupania vernalis Cambess., Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan e Schinus molle L. Nesse material, foram determinados os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn e Zn. Os resultados evidenciaram que houve variação da quantidade de deposição de folhas e nutrientes sobre o solo da floresta entre as espécies nativas analisadas. A espécie que mais transferiu nutrientes (principalmente N, P, K, Ca e S) foi a Parapiptadenia rigida.
EFEITO DE DIFERENTES CLASSES DE ALTURA E INTENSIDADES DE DESRAMA ARTIFICIAL SOBRE O CRESCIMENTO DE UM HÍBRIDO DE EUCALIPTO
Authors: Cezana Diego Piva , Chichorro José Franklim , Martins Leandro Tose , Cotta Thiago Reggiani , Silva Jeferson Leal
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da interação entre a intensidade de desrama e a classe de altura sobre o crescimento do híbrido Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. O experimento foi instalado em uma área declivosa no município de Mimoso do Sul, ES. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4 x 4 (classes de altura x intensidade de desrama). Ficou demonstrado que tanto a classe de altura quanto a intensidade de desrama tiveram efeito significativo sobre o crescimento das árvores ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, indicando que árvores maiores que 4 metros de altura apresentam crescimento mais intenso que árvores situadas em estratos inferiores a este. Com o aumento da intensidade de desrama, notou-se uma redução do crescimento, sendo o tratamento com intensidade de 80% de desrama o que apresentou menores acréscimos de diâmetro e altura. Conclui-se que a interação da intensidade de desrama com a classe de altura das árvores
OS PROJETOS DE REDUÇÃO DE EMISSÕES DO DESMATAMENTO E DA DEGRADAÇÃO FLORESTAL (REDD)
Authors: Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Kirchner Flávio Felipe , Rosot Nelson Carlos
Published: August 2014

O desmatamento e degradação de florestas nativas contribuem para o aquecimento global e as mudanças climáticas. Aproximadamente, 30% das emissões mundiais de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) são provenientes dessa modalidade, demonstrando urgência em alternativas para redução desses gases. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma visão sobre o estado da arte acerca dos projetos de redução das emissões pelo desmatamento e pela degradação florestal (REDD). Para tanto, é realizada uma abordagem sobre a questão da regulamentação desse assunto nas negociações internacionais, bem como são apresentadas iniciativas de desenvolvimento de projetos REDD no mundo, na América Latina e no Brasil. Também são apresentados o marco referencial dos projetos REDD e alternativas de monitoramento dos mesmos. Para o desenvolvimento de projetos REDD, foi apresentada a metodologia proposta pela Aliança Clima, Comunidade e Biodiversidade (CCBA). Por fim, realizou-se uma discussão sobre as principais críticas internacionais e desafios dos projetos REDD, bem como de algumas iniciativas de investimentos nos mesmos.
ABSORPTION OF NEEM (Azadirachta indica) SEED OIL BY SPLIT-BAMBOO (Bambusa vulgaris) AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE REGIMES AND TREATMENT DURATIONS
Authors: Erakhrumen Andrew Agbontalor
Published: August 2014

This study was carried out to evaluate absorption of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed oil by split-bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl.) samples at two different treatment temperature (TT) regimes and durations of treatment (DOT). A multivariate linear regression model was also developed for predicting oil absorption (OA) from TT and DOT. Split-bamboo specimens from the same source with same dimension were oven-dried at 103 ± 2 oC, conditioned to 11.76% mean moisture content, and treated by completely soaking a set in oil at an ambient room temperature of 25 ± 2 oC for 24 hours (A) and by soaking the other in hot oil at 60 oC for 4 hours (B). Results obtained showed that test specimens for A and B had mean OA values of 57.02 ± 3.23 and 124.30 ± 7.26 kgm-3 respectively. Regression model developed for predicting OA from TT and DOT had a coefficient of determination of 0.93 with a significant ANOVA result (p < 0.05). Implications of the results obtained were discussed while conclusions and recommendations were made in line with the outcome of the study.Keywords:  Lignocellulosic materials; vegetable oil; preservative properties; test variables; non-pressure treatment. ResumoAbsorção de óleo de sementes de nim (Azadirachta indica) por bambu fracionado (Bambusa vulgaris) em diferentes temperaturas e durações de tratamento. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a absorção de óleo de sementes de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) por bambu fracionado (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Ex JC Wendl.) com amostras em duas temperaturas (TT) e diferentes durações do tratamento (DOT). Um modelo de regressão linear múltipla foi também desenvolvido para predizer a absorção de óleo (OA) de TT e DOT. Espécimes de bambu picado provenientes da mesma fonte com mesma dimensão foram secas em estufa a 103 ± 2 ºC, condicionados a 11,76% de teor médio de umidade e tratados por imersão em óleo a uma temperatura ambiente de 25 ± 2 ºC por 24 horas (A), embebendo-se o outro em óleo quente a 60 ºC durante 4 horas (B). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as amostras de teste para A e B tinham valores médios de 57,02 OA ± 3,23 e 124,30 ± 7,26 kg.m-3, respectivamente. O modelo de regressão desenvolvido para predizer a OA de TT e DOT teve um coeficiente de determinação de 0,93, com um resultado da ANOVA significativo (p <0,05). Implicações dos resultados obtidos foram discutidos enquanto conclusões e recomendações foram feitas de acordo com o resultado do estudo.Palavras-chave:     Materiais lignocelulósicos; óleo vegetal; propriedades conservantes; variáveis de teste.
DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA DE Escheweilera ovata EM UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA - IGARASSU, PE
Authors: Dalla Lana Mayara , Lins e Silva Brandão Carlos Frederico , Péllico Netto Sylvio , Marangon Luiz Carlos , Souza Retslaff Fabiane Aparecida
Published: August 2014

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o comportamento de sete funções densidade de probabilidade no ajuste da distribuição diamétrica de Eschweilera ovata em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Densa no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Os dados utilizados são provenientes dos diâmetros de 274 árvores dessa espécie medidos durante a realização de um estudo sobre a estrutura do componente arbóreo e classificação sucessional do presente fragmento. Foram testadas as seguintes funções probabilísticas: Beta, Gama, Log-Normal, Normal, SB de Johnson, Weber e Weibull 3P, utilizando intervalo de classe de 4 cm. Os resultados do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov indicaram que a função mais eficiente foi a Log-Normal, seguida de Weber, Weibull 3P, Beta, SB de Johnson e Gama. A distribuição Normal foi rejeitada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O estudo também identificou que a distribuição em diâmetro de Escheweilera ovata nesse fragmento é do tipo decrescente.Palavras-chave: Distribuições probabilísticas; floresta nativa; “J” invertido.AbstractDiametric distribution of Escheweilera ovata in a Dense Ombrophilus Forest fragment - Igarassu, Pernambuco, Brazil. This research aimed to evaluate the behavior of seven probability density functions for fitting the diameter distribution of Escheweilera ovata in a Dense Ombrophilous Forest fragment in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The data used consisted of diameters of 274 trees of this species measured during a research improved to evaluate the tree components and succession classification of this fragment. The following probabilistic functions were tested: Beta, Gamma, Log-Normal, Normal, Johnson SB , Weber and Weibull 3P, it was used diametric class interval of 4 cm. The results of the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test indicated that the most efficient function was the Log-Normal, followed by Weber, Weibull 3P, Johnson SB , Beta, and Gama. The Normal distribution was rejected by the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test. This research also indicated that the Escheweilera ovata diameter distribution in this fragment is decreasingly.Keywords: Probabilistic distributions; native forest; inverted “J”.
AVALIAÇÃO DA CAPACIDADE DE TRABALHO E DO PERFIL DE TRABALHADORES EM SERRARIAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE EUNÁPOLIS, BA
Authors: Cerqueira Pedro Henrique Alcântara , Freitas Luis Carlos
Published: August 2014

A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Eunápolis, Bahia, com o objetivo de determinar o perfil dos trabalhadores de serrarias, bem como a sua capacidade de trabalho. O perfil dos trabalhadores foi avaliado por meio de questionário. Para avaliar a capacidade de trabalho, utilizou-se uma versão adaptada para uso no Brasil do Índice de Capacidade de Trabalho (ICT), um questionário que permite avaliar a capacidade para o trabalho a partir da percepção do próprio trabalhador. A população analisada englobou quatro serrarias, perfazendo um total de 32 trabalhadores. Com relação ao perfil, os trabalhadores apresentaram idade média de 31 anos e tempo na função de 7,8 anos. Quanto à avaliação da capacidade de trabalho, em média os trabalhadores apresentaram um ICT bom (37), com pontuação mínima de 23 e máxima de 46. Foi possível observar diferença estatística ao nível de 5% de probabilidade pelo teste de Tukey do ICT em relação às classes de idade. De posse do valor encontrado para o ICT, recomendam-se medidas de apoio, como utilização de máquinas e equipamentos que consideram a antropometria do trabalhador, respeito à legislação trabalhista e interferências no processo de gestão.Palavras-chave: Ergonomia; saúde do trabalhador; índice de capacidade de trabalho.AbstractEvaluation of the capacity of work and the profile of the workers in sawmills the region of Eunápolis, state of the Bahia. This study was conducted in sawmills in Eunápolis, Bahia, in order to survey the work ability of employees of sawmills. To evaluate the profile of workers a questionnaire was designed as an interview. To evaluate the ability to work, we used an adapted version for use in Brazil of the work ability index, a questionnaire that evaluates the ability to work from the worker's own perception. The population studied comprised four sawmills, a total of 32 workers. It was observed that employees were entirely male, mean age 31 years and time function of 7.8 years. The evaluation of the ability to work, the ICT average showed value of (37). The minimum values was of 23 and maximum value was 46. It was possible to observe a statistical difference in the Tukey test at 5% of the samples when stratified by age, revealing a decline of ICT in increasing order of age. Among the measures recommended for the study is the support of maintaining the index, through interference in management aimed at not only increasing the productive capacity of the employees but also the quality of life.Keywords: Ergonomics; occupational health; Index capacity for the work.
ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS INVASORAS NO PAISAGISMO DOS PARQUES URBANOS DE CURITIBA, PR
Authors: Biondi Daniela , Muller Eduardo
Published: August 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as espécies arbóreas introduzidas no paisagismo de cinco parques urbanos de Curitiba, principalmente no aspecto relativo às espécies exóticas invasoras. Sortearam-se aleatoriamente cinco parques: Passeio Público, Parque Bacacheri, Parque São Lourenço, Parque Barigui e Parque Municipal do Passaúna. As árvores foram identificadas quanto a taxonomia e origem. Foram analisados 5525 indivíduos arbóreos, sendo identificados 95,9% até o nível de espécie. Da população analisada, foram identificadas 149 espécies e 48 famílias. Apenas 7 famílias representam 50% do total, com predominância de Fabaceae (20,8%), sendo que o maior número de famílias verificou-se no Parque São Lourenço. Quanto à origem, 38,25% são nativas de Curitiba, 24,83% são espécies nativas do Brasil e 24,83% são espécies exóticas. Encontraram-se 13 espécies exóticas invasoras: Citrus limon, Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus sp., Hovenia dulcis, Ligustrum lucidum, Melia azedarach, Morus nigra, Pinus elliottii, Pinus sp. e Pittosporum undulatum. Psidium guajava foi a única espécie nativa do Brasil considerada invasora no Paraná. O Passeio Público foi o parque com maior número de espécies exóticas invasoras, enquanto o Parque Municipal do Passaúna apresentou maior número de espécies nativas de Curitiba.Palavras-chave: Áreas verdes; espécies exóticas; espécies nativas.AbstractInvasive tree species in urban parks landscaping of Curitiba, PR. The aim of this study was to characterize the introduced tree species in landscaping of five urban parks of Curitiba, mainly concerning invasive species. Five parks were randomly selected: “Passeio Público”, “Parque Bacacheri”, “Parque São Lourenço”, “Parque Barigui” and “Parque Municipal do Passaúna”. The trees were identified according to the taxonomy and origin. 5525 trees were analyzed, 95.9% were identified at species level. From the analyzed population, 149 species were identified as well as 48 families. Only 7 families represent 50% of all families, with a predominance of Fabaceae (20.8%), and the largest number of families was found in “Parque São Lourenço”. In relation to the origin, 38.25% of trees are native of Curitiba, 24.83% are native of Brazil and 24.83% are exotic species. 13 invasive alien species had been found: Citrus limon, Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus sp. Hovenia dulcis, Ligustrum lucidum, Melia azedarach, Morus nigra, Pinus elliottii, Pinus sp and Pittosporum undulatum. Psidium guajava was the only Brazil native species  considered invasive in Paraná. The “Passeio Público” is the park with the highest number of invasive alien species, and the “Parque Municipal Passaúna” had the greatest number of native species of Curitiba.Keywords: Green areas; alien species; indigenous species.
GRYLLUS ASSIMILIS: DANOS CAUSADOS E MÉTODOS DE COMBATE
Authors: Grodzki Romulo Mario
Published: August 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
ENSAIO DE PROCEDÊNCIA DE CEDRELA EM SANTO ANTONIO DA PLATINA-PR
Authors: Inoue Mario Takao
Published: August 2014

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RELAÇÕES HIPSOMÉTRICAS ALTURA-DIÂMETRO EM POVOAMENTOS DE EUCALIPTOS
Authors: Veiga Ricardo Antonio de Arruda , Carvalho Carlos Marchesi de , Brasil Maria Aparecida Mourão
Published: August 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
PESQUISA DE INTENSIDADE DE DESBASTE
Authors: Fishwick Robert
Published: August 2014

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ASPECTOS SÓCIO-ECONÔMICOS DO DESENVOLVIMENTO FLORESTAL BRASILEIRO ATRAVÉS DE INCENTIVOS FISCAIS
Authors: Veiga Ricardo Antonio de Arruda , Oliveira Neto O. J. , Jorge W. J. , Souza F. G. A. , Carvalho C. M.
Published: August 2014

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ESTIMATIVA DOS ERROS SISTEMÁTICOS NA CUBAGEM DOS TRONCOS PELOS MÉTODOS DE HOHENALD E PRESSLER
Authors: Silva José Alves da
Published: August 2014

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PROGNOSE DA RENDA LÍQUIDA DE EMPREENDIMENTOS FLORESTAIS
Authors: Brepohl Ditmar
Published: August 2014

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METODOLOGIA PARA VERIFICAÇÃO DAS CONDICIONANTES DA ANÁLISE DE REGRESSÃO
Authors: Brena Doadi Antonio , Silva José Natalino Macedo , Scnheider Paulo Renato
Published: August 2014

Por razões técnicas o resumo deste artigo não está disponível. Para maiores informações baixar arquivo completo.
Messages of Hope: Using Positive Stories of Survival to Assist Recovery in Rwanda
Authors: Lala Girish , McGarty Craig , Thomas Emma F. , Ebert Angela , Broderick Mick , Mhando Martin , Kamuronsi Yves
Published: August 2014

For the past twenty years, the overriding story of Rwanda has been centred around the events and consequences of the genocide. In Rwanda, public expressions of that story have occurred in the gacaca courts, where survivors and perpetrators testified about their experiences and actions, during ongoing annual remembrance and mourning commemorations, and in memorial sites across the country that act as physical reminders of the genocide. While important as mechanisms for justice, testimony, and commemoration, on their own such events and installations also have the potential to re-traumatise. Accordingly, Rwandan agencies have encouraged a focus on the future as the overarching theme of recent national commemorations. Yet, opportunities for Rwandans to recount and disseminate positive, future-oriented stories of survival and healing remain sparse. Creation and awareness of positive stories have the potential to assist in recovery by increasing feelings of hope and efficacy; and recent research has demonstrated the value of hopefulness, well-being, and social support for vulnerable people. The Messages of Hope program seeks to leverage those ideas into a framework for generating positive messages by Rwandan survivors, providing an opportunity for everyday Rwandans to record and transmit their own positive stories of survival to demonstrate recovery and growth after the genocide, and to reinforce connectedness by sharing their challenges and aspirations. We describe the development and early implementation of this initiative and its potential longer-term application in other contexts of vulnerability.
Free Riding off Capitalism: Entrepreneurship and the Mondragon Experiment
Authors: HINDMOOR ANDREW
Published: July 2002

As the deficiencies of central planning have become more obvious, shares in market socialism have risen. Whilst accepting the case for competitive markets, market socialists question the desirability of and the need for capitalist forms of private property and share a commitment to more inclusive forms of ownership. Whilst this leaves open the question of precisely what form of ownership is appropriate, many have advocated the use of labour co-operatives in which (i) only those who work for a firm are entitled to a share of its ownership, (ii) all those who work for a firm are entitled to a share of its ownership, and in which consequently (iii) profits and (iv) decision making are shared.
FAMILY × ENVIRONMENT AND GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR SUGARCANE ACROSS TWO CONTRASTING MARGINAL ENVIRONMENTS IN MAURITIUS
Authors: BISSESSUR D. , TILNEY-BASSETT R. A. E. , LIM SHIN CHONG L. C. Y. , DOMAINGUE R. , JULIEN M. H. R.
Published: July 2002

Land resources are scarce in Mauritius and to fulfil the export quota sugarcane (Saccharum hybrids) has to be grown in marginal areas which are not conducive to optimal growth. In order to increase overall productivity there is a need to breed and select sugarcane varieties specifically adapted to the extremely dry and extremely wet areas. In this study, 154 genotypes representing four families were planted in a randomized complete block design at two sites. The genotypes were replicated at the two sites and evaluated in the plant cane and first ratoon crops. Family × environment and genotype × environment interactions were determined using the mixed model analysis of variance. Significant differences between families, genotypes and environments were found in stalk height, stalk diameter, industrial recoverable sucrose % cane (IRSC) and cane yield per hectare in tonnes (TCH). The genotype × environment interaction was significant for stalk height, stalk number, stalk diameter, sucrose content, TCH, tonnes sugar per hectare (TSH) and kilobrix (parameter used for selection in the preliminary phase of the selection programme at the Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute) in both plant cane and first ratoon crops indicating that the relative performance of the genotypes is not consistent across the environments for these characters. The family × environment interaction was found to be significant for cane and sugar yields whereas it was not significant for field Brix in either the plant cane or the ratoon crops. This showed that, for the parameter Brix, the relative performance of the families is similar in both environments and there is no need to replicate in more than one environment. The environmental sensitivities measured with respect to sugar yield showed that families and genotypes with nearly equal means over all environments displayed inconsistent performances. Differences in the sensitivities of the different families and genotypes were observed and some of the family × environment and genotype × environment interactions could be ascribed to them. The results also suggest that mass selection could be more effective than family selection and selection for each specific environment is advisable.
DURATION OF SESBANIA FALLOW EFFECT FOR NITROGEN REQUIREMENT OF MAIZE IN PLANTED FALLOW–MAIZE ROTATION IN WESTERN KENYA
Authors: Rao M. R. , Mathuva M. N. , Gacheru E. , Radersma S. , Smithson P. C. , Jama B.
Published: July 2002

The duration of the residual effect of sesbania (Sesbania sesban) fallow on subsequent crops will determine the interval at which sesbania must be grown to replenish N in a planted fallow–crop rotation cycle. An experiment was conducted from 1995 to 1998 (seven cropping seasons) on two farms in western Kenya, an area subject to a bimodal annual rainfall pattern. The aim was to compare the effect of a single-season sesbania fallow with continuous annual cropping with and without phosphorus fertilizer, on a P-deficient soil. Phosphorus was applied at a rate of 500 kg ha−1 in a single application to meet the phosphorus needs of subsequent crops for the next five to ten years. Sesbania was established simultaneously with maize by direct seeding in the first rainy season of 1995 and allowed to grow as a pure fallow through the second rainy season. Following the harvest of this fallow crop, sole maize in the first post-fallow season and maize-bean intercrops in the subsequent four seasons were grown with and without nitrogen at a rate of 100 kg ha−1. Added phosphorus on average increased maize yields by 3.7 times over the control, indicating that phosphorus fertilizer is essential for good yields. The amount of phosphorus recycled by sesbania fallow was inadequate to meet the crop needs in P-deficient soils. While continuously cropped maize in the presence of phosphorus responded to nitrogen in all seasons, the crop following sesbania responded only from the third season. In the first post-fallow season, sesbania increased maize grain yields over continuous maize by 1.4 t ha−1 with phosphorus fertilizer and by 1.3 t ha−1 without phosphorus fertilizer. The residual effect of sesbania with phosphorus fertilizer lasted for two seasons, while without phosphorus it lasted for only one. In these Kenyan highlands, farmers who can afford fertilizer should buy phosphorus fertilizer and rely for nitrogen on planted fallow with species such as sesbania grown for one season every two years. For farmers who cannot afford fertilizer, one-season fallow every year may be more attractive because of labour savings and the firewood produced by sesbania.
LOW-INPUT WEED MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION TILLAGE IN SEMI-ARID ZIMBABWE
Authors: RICHES  , TWOMLOW  , DHLIWAYO
Published: July 2002

Four weeding systems were evaluated for three seasons on sandy soils in a semi-arid area of Zimbabwe. Inter-row weeding with a plough with body (mouldboard breast) attached, produced a ridge and furrow landform. This confers the advantage of increased water retention associated with ridging without the additional investment in labour and equipment needed when ridges are made pre-planting with a ridging plough. Mid-season ridging by plough with body attached achieved more efficient weed control than the common farmer practices of using a cultivator or plough without the body. In terms of crop water use efficiency and grain yield, weeding with the plough and body performed at least as well as any existing farmer practices. Productivity, in terms of grain yield per hour worked, was considerably higher following weeding with the plough and body compared with alternative systems.
An assessment of the effect of covariances of plot errors over time on the precision of means of rotations with wheat
Authors: SINGH M. , CHRISTIANSEN S. , CHAKRABORY B. K.
Published: July 2002

The introduction of appropriate crop rotations is known to be beneficial in many farming systems. One feature of rotations is that it takes a valuable length of time for the advantage of the rotation to take effect. In long-term rotation trials, the observations from the same plot over years are correlated; ignoring such correlations may affect the precision of the estimates of rotation effects. We examined five covariance structures between the plot errors over time to assess the effect of correlations on the standard errors of rotation means and rotation x cycle combination (interaction) means on wheat yields using eight years of data from six two-phase rotations with wheat. Based on wheat yield data from the four cycles of the rotations considered, the compound symmetry covariance structure (constant correlation) between plot errors arising over alternate years gave more efficient estimates of rotation means compared with the other four covariance structures.
PERFORMANCE OF GRASS–LEGUME PASTURES UNDER COCONUTS IN INDONESIA
Authors: MULLEN B. F. , RIKA I. K. , KALIGIS D. A. , STÜR W. W.
Published: July 2002

A series of grazed and cut experiments were conducted in Bali and North Sulawesi, Indonesia, between 1992 and 1994, to evaluate a range of selected forages for both intensive and extensive ruminant production under mature, tall coconuts. Yield, botanical composition and persistence of grass–legume mixtures were assessed under regular grazing and cutting regimes.

In North Sulawesi, total dry matter yields of most grass–legume treatments were relatively stable over the two-year period but yields of legume components within treatments declined sharply. In Bali, the grazed plots maintained stable yield and legume components over the experimental period but yield and legume components of cut plots declined sharply. Paspalum malacophyllum and Setaria sphacelata cv. Splenda were productive and persistent grasses and formed weed-free swards but
did not combine well with prostrate legumes. The erect growth habit of these grasses may limit their suitability in coconut production systems by impeding nut collection. The prostrate species Brachiaria humidicola and Stenotaphrum secundatum were slightly less productive but equally weed-free and persistent, and established rapidly from cuttings. S. secundatum also formed stable associations with prostrate legumes under grazing. Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo and A.
glabrata CPI 93483 were the most persistent of a range of prostrate legumes. The tree legume, Calliandra calothyrsus, showed promise as a productive cut-and-carry species.
PERSISTENCE OF A RANGE OF GRASSES IN A CONTINENTAL CLIMATE
Authors: Wilman D. , Dong K. H. , Jin Z. L.
Published: July 2002

The possibility of growing grasses of higher quality than tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in a continental climate with cold winters, hot summers and low precipitation was investigated with and without irrigation at Taigu, Shanxi, China. Tall fescue was compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and a perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue hybrid cultivar in field swards, managed by cutting, during the year of sowing and in the three subsequent years. Tall fescue persisted satisfactorily throughout the experiment, even without irrigation. With irrigation, the other three grasses persisted satisfactorily to the end of the second harvest year and fairly satisfactorily to the end of the third harvest year. Without irrigation, the other three grasses had incomplete ground cover in the second harvest year and did not recover from the third winter.
The strength of the selection barrier between populations
Authors: PYLKOV KONSTANTIN V. , ZHIVOTOVSKY LEV A. , CHRISTIANSEN FREDDY BUGGE
Published: July 2002

Genetic differences among populations exposed to selection form barriers against genetic exchange
by mortality among hybrids. The strength of such a selection barrier, with which one (recipient)
population reacts against immigration from another (donor) population, may be measured as the
cumulative mean fitness of hybrids and their descendants relative to the fitness of the recipient
population. Previous work analysed a case of weak selection with pairwise epistatic interactions by
assuming small genetic distance between two populations in contact. The present study allows
large genetic difference between the donor and recipient populations and considers weak multilocus
selection with arbitrary epistatic interactions between two or more linked loci. An approximate
analytical expression for the barrier strength is obtained as an expansion in which the strength of
selection plays the role of a small parameter. It is shown that allele frequencies and gametic
linkage disequilibria contribute in different ways to the strength of the selection barrier.
Comparison of genetic variability and parentage in different
ploidy classes of the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas
Authors: MAGOULAS A. , KOTOULAS G. , GÉRARD A. , NACIRI-GRAVEN Y. , DERMITZAKIS E. , HAWKINS A. J. S.
Published: July 2002

Chemical treatments with cytochalasin B were used to induce triploidy in the progeny of a mass
fertilization of 3 male and 7 female Crassostrea gigas parents. Triploids were produced either by
retention of the first (meiosis I (MI) triploids) or the second (meiosis II (MII) triploids) polar
bodies. These animals, together with their diploid siblings, were divided for two experiments. One
set was used to compare physiological performance, and the other set deployed to compare growth
in two different natural environments. For both experiments, genetic variability in different ploidy
classes was estimated using three microsatellite loci and eight allozyme loci. The microsatellite loci
were highly polymorphic, allowing independent confirmation of ploidy status and the unambiguous
identification of parentage for each oyster. Significant differences in parentage were found between
ploidy classes, despite the fact they originated from the same mass fertilization. This indicates that
the assumptions of a common genetic background among random samples of animals taken from
the same mass fertilization may not be generally valid. Knowledge of parentage also allowed the
more accurate scoring of allozyme loci. As expected, triploids were found to be significantly more
polymorphic than diploids. However, MI triploids were not significantly more polymorphic than
MII triploids. MII triploid genotypes were used to estimate recombination rates between loci and
their centromeres. These rates varied between 0·29 and 0·71, indicating only moderate chiasma
interference.
STOICS WHO SING: LESSONS IN CITIZENSHIP FROM EARLY MODERN LUCCA
Authors: MILLER PETER N.
Published: July 2002

Lucca was the smallest and least important of the three Italian republics that survived the Renaissance. Venice and Genoa still command the attention of historians. But in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, for all that it might seem out-of-the-way, Lucca developed an extraordinary political literature. The regular election of senators was marked by the musical performance of a text, generally drawn from Roman history, that illustrated the way citizens of a republic were to behave. The poet and composer were natives and the event was a lesson in citizenship. A close look at the content of these serenades, or operas, makes clear that the republic's motto might have been Libertas but its teaching emphasized constantia. The themes and the heroes of Lucca's political literature were those we associate with neo-Stoicism. The relationship between neo-Stoicism and citizenship in early modern Lucca is the focus of this article. These texts present us with the self-image of an early modern republic and its understanding of what it meant to be a citizen. They are an important source for anyone interested in early modern debates about citizenship and in the political ideas that are conveyed in the commonplaces of baroque visual and musical culture.
THE REACTION OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN NOVEMBER AND

DECEMBER 1621 TO THE CONFINEMENT OF SIR EDWIN SANDYS
Authors: THOMPSON CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

In the course of his challenging reassessment of the parliamentary

politics of the early

seventeenth century, Conrad Russell has suggested that modern students
of the period

have approached the subject with deep-seated preconceptions about the existence
of

fundamental conflicts between the crown and the house of commons. As a
result, the

willingness of the lower house to take up issues of parliamentary privilege

has probably

been over-rated. The explanation for this long-standing misapprehension
lies

in the fact

that the views of those M.P.s who wished to pursue such issues have found

their way into

the record far more often than the silences of their colleagues who did

not want to take them up.
‘FRANTICK HACKET’: PROPHECY, SORCERY, INSANITY, AND THE

ELIZABETHAN PURITAN MOVEMENT
Authors: WALSHAM ALEXANDRA
Published: July 2002

This essay reconsiders the career of the most famous of Elizabethan
false prophets,
William Hacket, the illiterate pseudo-messiah who, together with
two gentleman disciples, plotted a
civil and ecclesiastical coup, and was executed for treason in July 1591.

It explores the significance of
autonomous lay activity on the fringes of the mainstream puritan movement,
demonstrating links
between the dissident trio and key clerical figures who later prudently

disowned them. Closer inspection
of Hacket's exploits sheds fresh light on the relationship between

experimental Calvinist piety and the
religious and magical culture of the unlettered rural laity – a
relationship still widely presented as
bitterly adversarial. Relocated in the context of contemporary attitudes

to prophecy and insanity, the
episode illuminates the eclecticism of early modern belief and the
manner in which medical and
theological explanations for bizarre behaviour comfortably coexisted and

mingled. Variously labelled
a witch, visionary, and raving lunatic, Hacket's case reveals the
extent
to which such roles, diagnoses,
and stereotypes are socially, culturally, and politically shaped and
conditioned. In exploiting the
incident to discredit Presbyterian activism within the Church of England,
leading conformist
polemicists anticipated the main thrust of the campaign against religious

‘enthusiasm’ mounted by
Anglican elites in the Interregnum, Restoration, and early Enlightenment.
POLITICAL CULTURE, POLITICAL CLASS, AND POLITICAL COMMUNITY
Authors: PARRY D. L. L.
Published: July 2002

The past in French history. By Robert Gildea. New Haven and London: Yale
University
Press, 1994. Pp. xiv+418. £30.00. ISBN 0-300-05799-7

Napoleon and his artists. By Timothy Wilson-Smith. London: Constable,
1996. Pp.
xxx+306. £23.00. ISBN 0-094-76110-8

Revolution and the meanings of freedom in the nineteenth century. Edited
by Isser Woloch.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996. Pp. viii+447. £40.00. ISBN 0-804-72748-1

Over the past twenty years, Keith Baker, François Furet, Lynn
Hunt, Mona Ozouf et
al. have argued that the French Revolution gave birth to a new political
culture, and
by implication that one should study politics through this culture rather
than through
l'histoire événementielle of ministries and
elections.
The three books reviewed here all
relate to political culture in the wake of the French Revolution, explicitly
in The past in
French history and implicitly in the other two volumes: under Napoleon,
artistic culture
was politicized and regimented, and after his fall nineteenth-century Europe
was left to
nurse the awkward offspring of 1789, the ideologies of revolution and freedom.
Yet
whilst these books provide fine studies of political culture, they make
only passing
references to two less clearly defined concepts which may be necessary
adjuncts to such
an approach. The first is that of a ‘political class’, meaning

those who occupy office, usually by election and regardless of party, which
enables one to put
l'histoire événementielle
aside, since elections or changes of cabinet are merely reshuffles within
the political class.
The second concept concerns the communities that create political cultures.
What,
though, creates these communities?
THE GREAT DEBATE AND THE ORIGINS OF SOUTH

AFRICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: BANK ANDREW
Published: July 2002

The fundamental preoccupation with race in later historical writing
in

South Africa has its origins in the Great Debate between liberals and their

enemies in the early nineteenth century. Standard overviews of South

African historiography date the emergence of racially structured histories
to

the second half of the nineteenth century. For Saunders, the making of
the

South African past and its thematic ordering in terms of race only began
in

the 1870s ‘when the first major historian [G. M. Theal]

began to write his

history’. Prior to Theal's monumental efforts, ‘only

a few amateur historians

had turned their hands to the writing of the history of particular areas
or

topics’. Likewise, in Smith's analysis, also published in 1988,
the

construction of South African history in terms of race is seen almost exclusively

as the product of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In a very
brief

introductory section, Smith suggests that what little historical writing
there

was before the middle of the nineteenth century is scarcely to be taken

seriously, and his study offers no more than a bare outline of historiographical

developments before Theal and his heirs.
Chemical composition of clamped and baled grass
silages harvested in England and Wales and
relationships between dry matter content,
pH and volatile N
Authors: FIELD M. , WILMAN D. , JONES D. J. C.
Published: July 2002

The paper reports a study of the chemical composition of 25400
grass silages produced in England
and Wales, of which 1040 were from the period 1961–63, 17900 (15480
clamped and 2420 baled) were
from 1982–88 and 6460 (5640 clamped and 820 baled) were from 1992–93.
A sample of each silage
had been analysed for dry matter (DM), pH, crude protein (CP) and volatile
N and in most cases for
ash.

The baled silages were drier on average than the clamped silages, with
a wider spread of DM
contents. The clamped silages with the lowest pH on average were those
with a DM content of c.
240 g/kg; clamped silages wetter than this were progressively higher
in pH with reduction in DM
content; clamped and baled silages drier than 240 g/kg were progressively
higher in pH with increase
in DM content, up to pH 5·9 in baled silages of 580 g DM/kg.
At a given DM content pH was on
average 0·6 units higher in baled than in clamped silages. The ash
content of baled silages was similar
to that of clamped silages. There was an increase in the mean CP content
of clamped silages between
1961–63 and 1992–93 and a reduction in the proportion of CP
which was volatile. The relationship
between DM and volatile N as a proportion of total N was a curve rather
than a straight line, with
the steepest part of the curve at the lower end of the DM range. The wet
silages harvested in 1961–63
were particularly high in volatile N. At a given DM content in the range
170–320 g/kg, volatile N was
rather higher in baled than in clamped silages in both 1982–88 and
1992–93. Clamped silages with
a DM content of at least 250 g/kg and baled silages with a DM content
of at least 310 g/kg were
typically well preserved in the sense of having <100 g volatile N/kg
total N.
Proceedings of the Thirty-second Meeting of the Agricultural Research Modellers' Group
Authors: FRANCE J. , CROMPTON L. A.
Published: July 2002

This group, which is concerned with the applications of mathematics to agricultural science, was formed in
1970 and has since met at approximately yearly intervals in London for one-day meetings. The thirty-second
meeting of the group, chaired by Professor D. Scholefield of the Institute of Grassland and Environmental
Research, North Wyke, was held in the Kohn Centre at the Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London
on Friday, 14 April 2000 when the following papers were read.
“We All Hoisted the American Flag:” National identity
among
American Prisoners in Britain during the American Revolution
Authors: COGLIANO FRANCIS D.
Published: July 2002

“What is an American?” asked the French émigré

Hector St. John
Crèvecoeur in 1782. In so doing, Crèvecoeur posed one of
the fundamental
questions of the revolutionary era. When the colonists overthrew imperial

authority; declared independence; formed an independent confederation
of states; and waged war for its existence; they created a new nation and

a new nationality. To be sure, colonists and Britons alike had long used

the term “American,” none the less, a complete sense of American

national identity was largely inchoate before the American Revolution.

Before the Revolution, most Americans identified more with their
individual colonies than with an abstract geographic concept like
“America.” While the Revolution did not completely supplant
regional
loyalties, it introduced a new, compelling loyalty: to the United States
of
America. The Revolution forced Americans to choose between loyalty to
Britain or the United States. Ultimately, the majority opted for the United

States. Those who did, helped define what it meant to be American by
their words and actions. The purpose of this article is to examine the

development of loyalty to the United States and the development of an
American national identity among one group of Americans: sailors
imprisoned in Britain during the Revolution.
PACIFIC ISLAND SUICIDE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: BOOTH HEATHER
Published: July 2002

All available data for thirteen Pacific Island nations are used in a comparative analysis of suicide levels and characteristics. Age, sex and method of suicide are examined in detail. Global comparison shows Pacific rates are amongst the highest reported. Female youth rates exceed male rates in Western Samoa and amongst Fiji Indians. Method of suicide (paraquat ingestion) is instrumental in determining high rates in Western Samoa, especially in females. The broad causal theme is societal transition. Commonality and diversity are discussed.
Effect of a differential allelic expression of kappa-casein gene on ethanol stability of bovine milk
Authors: ROBITAILLE GILLES , BRITTEN MICHEL , PETITCLERC DENIS
Published: July 2002

Two main genetic variants of κ-casein, A and B, are found in Holstein cows. A
positive association between the κ-casein B genetic variant and milk characteristics
of economic importance have been reported (reviews: Creamer & Harris, 1997; Ng-Kwai-Hang,
1998). This can be explained, at least in part, by a higher κ-casein
content of the casein in milk of cows having the κ-casein B genetic variant (Donnelly
et al. 1984; Law, 1993). We have recently reported the presence of a differential allele-specific
expression of the κ-casein gene in Holstein cows by comparing the content of
allele-A and allele-B specific mRNA in the mammocytes of lactating cows genotyped
κ-casein AB (Robitaille & Petitclerc, 2000). For some cows, the A- and B-specific
κ-casein gene alleles were expressed in a similar manner. These cows are named HH
here to indicate that they were homozygous for κ-casein gene expression. The other
group of cows, cows HL, presented a differential allele specific expression of the κ-casein
gene allele B which was overexpressed compared to allele A. The genetic
polymorphism governing this differential allele-specific expression of the κ-casein
gene is likely to affect the physico-chemical properties of casein micelles and, hence,
the technological properties of milk, as κ-casein is considered to be the stabilizing
component of the milk micelles. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect
of this expression polymorphism of the κ-casein gene on milk ethanol stability.
Restrained molecular dynamics investigation of the differences in

association of chymosin to κ-caseins A and C
Authors: PLOWMAN JEFFREY E. , CREAMER LAWRENCE K. , SMITH MARK H. , HILL JEREMY P.
Published: July 2002

There is considerable interest in the relationship between milk
protein
polymorphism and cheesemaking properties of milk (e.g. Jakob & Puhan,
1992,
1995; Jakob, 1993). For example, the B variant of κ-casein
is associated with firmer
cheese curds, shorter renneting times, a smaller average micelle size,
higher milk
casein and κ-casein concentrations and lower whey protein
concentrations (Jakob, 1994; Horne et al. 1995).
Effect of heat treatment on anti-rotavirus activity of bovine colostrum
Authors: MAINER GABRIEL , DOMÍNGUEZ ELENA , RANDRUP MARIA , SÁNCHEZ LOURDES , CALVO MIGUEL
Published: July 2002

Rotavirus is the leading cause of infectious diarrhoea in infants
and children
throughout the world (Davidson, 1996). In developed countries, rotavirus
is
associated with significant morbidity, while it causes a high rate of infant
mortality
in developing countries (Blacklow & Greenberg, 1991).

At present there is no effective treatment or vaccine against human
rotavirus.
Although considerable effort is being put into developing such a vaccine
(Molyneaux, 1995; Midthun & Kapikian, 1996), researchers are encountering
difficulty in obtaining sufficiently broad protection against the great
variety of
human rotavirus serotypes (Kapikian & Chanock, 1985). Passive immunization
has
been tried as an alternative, and clinical trials have shown that oral
intake of bovine
colostrum containing anti-human rotavirus antibodies is effective in preventing
rotavirus infection and transmission in experimental animals, infants and
children
(Davidson, 1996). Since cross reactivity has been found between bovine
and human
rotavirus strains (Kapikian & Chanock, 1985), a product containing
specific
antibodies against human or bovine rotavirus strains may exert a protective
effect
in human babies. Such a product would be a useful temporary measure while
an
effective vaccine is developed. Furthermore, these products could be valuable
for
immunocompromised patients in preventing rotavirus infections.

However, such products would be subjected to processes such as pasteurization
or ultra high temperature treatments, so it would be necessary to know
the effect of
heat on the biological activity of the antibodies. We have previously studied
the
effect of heat on the structure of bovine colostrum immunoglobulins IgG,
IgA and
IgM and evaluated the kinetics of heat denaturation by measuring the loss
of their
ability to bind to specific antibodies directed against them
(Mainer et al. 1997). In the
present study we have investigated the effect of different heat treatments
on the
biological activity of immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum by measuring
the
virus-neutralizing activity (VNA) of heat-treated colostrum containing
anti-rotavirus immunoglobulins against a bovine strain. In addition, we have
studied the
distribution of the VNA between the different classes of immunoglobulins
of the anti-rotavirus colostrum.