bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Child in Modern Educational Environment
Authors: Бородкина  , Borodkina N. , Тихомирова  , Tikhomirova O.
Published: May 2015

A subject related to readiness of the modern school in general and teachers in particular to respond adequately to modern junior schoolchildren

requests is offered for discussion in this paper. Conclusions based on research data are drawn about a gap between expectations of children

coming to school, and teachers’ ability to respond to their requests. Key features related to personal and social development of today´s junior schoolchild, their influence on pupils’ attitude to school and family are marked out. Different views on understanding by the modern junior

schoolchildren their place in the world, school and family are considered. Reasons of decrease in junior schoolchildren’ educational motivations

are revealed, and possible ways for overcoming of connected with it difficulties are outlined.
Future Teacher’s Expressive Speech Formation
Authors: Байменова  , Baymenova A.
Published: May 2015

Experience on integrative didactic providing of technological side of future teacher’s expressive speech formation process has been presented

in this paper. The means of art applied within this integrative didactic providing are described. The special attention has been paid to tasks-

exercises used in classroom and out-of-class work for students — future teachers.
Senior Preschool Child’s Subject Position Formation in the Course of Interaction with Peers As Prerequisite of His Social and Communicative Development
Authors: Журавлёва  , Zhuravleva S.
Published: May 2015

A subject approach to consideration of a senior preschool child’s social and communicative development phenomenon has been presented in this paper. Results of an experimental study conducted taking into account and according to ecopsychological types of children interaction in group forms of game activity and in communication with peers have been analyzed. Psychological and pedagogical conditions necessary for successful development of the preschool child as subject of social and communicative interaction have been described.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Use by Additional Education Teacher in Junior Schoolchildren’ Design Activity Organization (Arts and Crafts Direction)
Authors: Несмеянова  , Nesmeyanova N.
Published: May 2015

Questions related to information and communication technologies (ICT) use at the organization of design activity in additional education are

considered in this paper. Project’s main stages have been marked, ICT use forms at the design activity’s different stages have been revealed.
Works of Visual Art Use for Junior Schoolchildren’ Coherent Speech Development
Authors: Виноградова  , Vinogradova Natalya
Published: May 2015

Features related to works of visual art use as a tool for junior schoolchildren’ live figurative and coherent speech development are revealed in

this paper. Examples of lessons on which subjects related to painting of various genres (landscapes, portraits, still-lives, etc.) become a basis for

creation of children´s stories (descriptions, narrations, reasoning) are given.
Education of Junior-School Children in Multinational Class in the Spirit of Tolerance
Authors: Куимова  , Kuimova N. , Хаматгалиева  , Khamatgalieva S.
Published: May 2015

Tyumen region teachers’ experience related to formation of junior schoolchildren culture of relationship with people around when learning in

multinational educational collective are revealed in this paper. The authors give examples of actions for children familiarization with various

nations’ traditions, customs, art, and show possibilities for active interaction of school and a family.
Japonia w polskim przekładzie Diamentowej karocy Borisa Akunina, czyli o problematyce trzeciej kultury w przekładzie literackim
Authors: Boguta Paulina
Published: May 2015

Japan in the Polish Translation of B. Akunin’s Novel The Diamond Chariot – the Problem of the Third Culture in Literary Translations
The article briefly describes the problem of “the Foreign” in intercultural translations (based on research conducted by A. Berman, R. Lewicki, A. Bednarczyk and D. Urbanek). The text draws attention to a culture which is both foreign to the source language and the target language users, that is so called the “Third Culture”. The problem is illustrated by examples from the novel Almaznayakolesnitsa by a postmodern Russian writer Boris Akunin, and its translation into Polish (by Jerzy Gondowicz) entitled Diamentowa karoca. Here, the Third Culture turns out to be the Japanese culture, seen through the eyes of a Russian gentleman, the main character of The Adventures of Erast Fandorin book series. This article attempts to answer the question whether readers of the translation and readers of the original Russian novel experience the Third Culture in a similar manner.
Direct and indirect photolysis of triclocarban in the presence of dissolved organic matter
Authors: Trouts Tamara D. , Chin Yu-Ping
Published: May 2015

Photolysis is an important attenuation pathway for the removal of wastewater effluent organic micropollutants from surface waters. In this work, direct and indirect processes leading to the degradation of the disinfectant, triclocarban were studied. Photo-irradiation experiments were conducted in water collected from Old Woman Creek (OWC) a tributary of Lake Erie near Huron, OH, USA and in solutions of fulvic acids isolated from the Suwannee River, Georgia, USA (SRFA), Old Woman Creek (OWCFA) and Pony Lake, Antarctica (PLFA). Photodegradation of triclocarban proceeded faster in the presence of all three fulvic acids relative to deionized water. PLFA, an autochthonous dissolved organic matter (DOM) was found to be more reactive than the other fulvic acids, while the mostly allochthonous SRFA exhibited the lowest reactivity toward triclocarban. The later observation can be in part explained by anti-oxidant moieties present in SRFA. Photosensitized triclocarban degradation in whole water DOM from OWC was entirely attributable to the fulvic acid fraction and suggests that this component is the most photo-reactive fraction of the DOM. Anoxic and methanol-quenched experiments revealed unexpected results whereby the former suggests oxidation through reaction with triplet DOM, while the later is indicative of reaction with photo-generated hydroxyl radicals. It is possible that methanol can quench excited DOM species, which would shut down the triplet oxidation pathway. Finally, we observed no enhancement of triclocarban-photosensitized degradation through the addition of iron.
Community matrons' experience as independent prescribers
Authors: Herklots Annie , Baileff Anne , Latter Sue
Published: May 2015

Community matrons prescribe medications and treatments for arguably the most complex patients in the community setting, yet little is known about their experiences of prescribing. Drug events and inappropriate prescribing are known to account for around 16% of hospital admissions. With a remit of reducing unplanned admissions to hospital, it is important to understand community matrons' experiences as prescribers and to examine the role of prescribing in fulfilling this agenda with consideration given to the adequacy of the prescribing support available. In this study, a qualitative research design was used and a purposive sample of seven community matrons from the south of England took part in the study. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and analysed using Braun and Clarke's six phases of thematic analysis. The findings show that community matrons consider prescribing-related knowledge to be essential in fulfilling their role and that the ability to prescribe speeds patient access to medicines. In some instances it may be instrumental in preventing hospital admission. Community matrons prescribe a limited range of medicines regularly, while referring to GPs for other prescribing that they consider outside their competency. Community matron prescribers mostly access their support from GPs and this is considered adequate in supporting them in their prescribing role.
Diagnosing and treating urinary tract infections in older people
Authors: Armstrong Kirsty
Published: May 2015

Even though diagnosing and treating urinary tract infections (UTIs) in older people can be difficult, it is essential to prevent reduction in the patients' wellbeing. Near-patient testing can be useful, but guidelines on this discuss the use of urine dipstick testing and laboratory culture in some detail. In addition, there are significant differences in the management of males and females, those with recurrent infections, and those with catheters. Community nurses are well placed to assess and manage this common condition, implementing correct treatment and resolution, owing to the close relationships they cultivate with service users. This article discusses the diagnosis and management of UTIs in older people, highlighting the differentials and red flags that need to be addressed urgently.
Reducing costs and avoiding hospital admissions: can mobile working help?
Authors: Turner Christopher
Published: May 2015

The UK has an increased length of hospital stay in comparison with other European countries, and the need for further investment in community services is required if patients are to truly receive care closer to home. The increase in hospital admissions over the last few years may be attributed to the ageing UK population, as well as poor management of long-term conditions. This may be due to variations in the service provision and availability of case managers and community matrons. The poor working relationships and fragmentation of health and social care services remain a significant issue, despite renewed calls to improve integrated working, which is considered fundamental to achieving a reduction in avoidable hospital admissions. Mobile working was introduced in the NHS to help reform community health-care practice and improve continuity of care. Among other things, it provides clinicians with access to electronic patient records in real time, thus helping to reduce delays in treatment. However, we have to bear in mind that a number of factors could hinder the reduction in hospital admissions.
Public health: Breastfeeding battles
Authors: Birch Lucy
Published: May 2015

Breastfeeding is a worldwide public health issue, which has a major impact on reducing child mortality and several long-term non-communicable diseases ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2013 ; 2014 ). This article analyses and critiques various strategies, innovations and health promotion models that may help increase breastfeeding uptake and duration. These include the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, financial incentives, paternity leave rights and breastfeeding policies in the workplace. Recommendations have been made for the Government, policymakers and health-care agencies to evaluate: close loopholes within the International Code, increase funding for postnatal support, engage in further research into the logistics and practicalities of providing financial incentives to breastfeeding women, and provide national incentives for businesses that implement breastfeeding policies in the workplace.
Visions, values and evidence
Authors: Forbes Lisa
Published: May 2015

As she nears the completion of her health visiting qualification, Lisa Forbes considers how the service will demonstrate its impact to local authority commissioners.
The health visitor's role in reducing unintentional injury in the under-5s
Authors: Whelan Amanda
Published: May 2015

The Department of Health's early years high-impact areas include accident prevention and reducing hospital admissions as public health priorities. Unintentional injuries are a serious cause of death and disability in children under 5 years old, and vulnerable families may be at greater risk as there is a link between deprivation and unintentional injury. Health visitors are well-placed to support all parents in reducing risks and preventing accidents and injuries in the home. In addition to working directly with families, health visitors can take a lead in local policy and community initiatives to raise awareness of accidental injuries and risk factors, ultimately improving outcomes for children and families.
Baby Steps: Supporting parents from minority ethnic backgrounds in the perinatal period
Authors: Brookes Helen , Coster Denise , Sanger Camilla
Published: May 2015

Mothers from minority ethnic groups are at increased risk of poor mental and physical health outcomes across the perinatal period, and often fail to access existing antenatal support services. There is currently a lack of research about how such families can be supported. The NSPCC has developed and evaluated a group-based perinatal education programme which was designed to meet the needs of a range of disadvantaged parents, including some from minority ethnic backgrounds. In-depth face-to-face interviews were carried out with a sample of 14 minority ethnic parents who had completed the programme. Positive outcomes reported by parents included: increased knowledge about pregnancy and parenting; improved relationships with partners and infants; and, for some, changes in attitudes towards gender roles, corporal punishment and female genital mutilation. The programme was a particularly important source of information and support for parents who were socially isolated. Factors that engaged this group of parents in the programme included: the use of interpreters; cultural competence among practitioners; and practitioners working flexibly by offering additional support and making themselves available to liaise with other agencies on behalf of the parents.
Research roundup: May 2015
Authors: Odd Dawn , Murray Joy , Brook Judy
Published: May 2015

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Poverty: Are we meeting the need?
Authors: Bailey Beverley
Published: May 2015

Ahead of the move of service commissioning to local authorities, Bev Bailey considers who ‘the poor’ are in today's society, and how health visitors can best serve their needs.
O gênero Halimeda (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) no litoral do estado da Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Do Nascimento Santos Gabriel , De Castro Nunes José Marcos
Published: May 2015

Halimeda is among the most abundant genus in tropical reefs and, due to the ability to biomineralization of calcium carbonate, it is important in carbon sequestration, construction and sedimentation of organogenic formation of reefs and marine superficial sediments. The coast of Bahia, the most extensive of Brazil, lacks detailed studies on the genus, most of which are limited to floristic inventories. This paper presents the flora of Halimeda from Bahia coast based on material deposited in the main Brazilian herbaria and from sampling in Bahia coast between the years 2012 and 2013. Seven species are recognized and an identification key along with descriptions of the genus and species, illustrations, taxonomic notes and distribution maps for species in Bahia are provided.
Integrität
Authors: Pollmann Arnd
Published: May 2015

Was bedeutet es, Integrität zu besitzen? In der kapitalistischen Spätmoderne wird es zunehmend schwieriger, »integer« zu sein und auch zu bleiben. Wachsende soziale Desintegration und Entfremdung lassen personale Attribute wie »Unbestechlichkeit«, »Selbsttreue«, »Rechtschaffenheit«, »Ganzheit« und »Unversehrtheit« an Bedeutung gewinnen. Bislang fehlte eine philosophische Theorie, die diese und weitere Bedeutungsdimensionen des Integritätsbegriffes umfassend zu erhellen und zu vermitteln vermochte. Mit »Integrität« liegt nun die erste deutschsprachige Monographie zum Thema vor. Sie gibt den Blick frei auf Integritätsgefährdungen und -verletzungen, die für unsere Zeit typisch sind.
Rhythmus
Authors: Pfleiderer Martin
Published: May 2015

Rhythmus steht im Zentrum populärer Musik, denn Rhythmus bindet die Hörer sowohl mental als auch körperlich in das Klanggeschehen ein. Die materialreiche Studie stellt die Eigenheiten der Rhythmusgestaltung in zahlreichen populären Musikstilen (u.a. Ragtime, Blues, Jazz, Rhythm'n'Blues, Rock, Funk, Disco, Techno, Rap Music, Drum'n'Bass) vor. Durch die Verknüpfung von Wahrnehmungspsychologie, Musiktheorie und musikalischen Analysen werden anhand des Rhythmusphänomens zugleich die konzeptionellen Grundlagen für eine Popularmusikforschung gelegt, welche die klanglichen Strukturen populärer Musik ernst nimmt. Das Buch richtet sich an Musik- und Kulturwissenschaftler sowie an Musiker und Musikfans.
Aggression in lyrischer Dichtung
Authors: Leipelt-Tsai Monika
Published: May 2015

Der literaturwissenschaftliche Diskurs befasste sich mit dem Problem der Aggression bisher überwiegend unter dem Vorzeichen des bloß Negativen im Kontext von Drama und Erzählung. In dieser Studie wird nicht nur motiv-thematisch, sondern auch strukturell ein Zusammenhang von lyrischem Sprechen und Aggression ausfindig gemacht. Die Frage nach Aggression in lyrischer Dichtung gibt einen wichtigen Anstoß für die Forschung, denn daran schließen sich Fragen nach Gattung und Gender an: Schreiben Männer nur »männlich« und Frauen nur »weiblich«? Gibt es eine geschlechtliche Zuschreibung von Aggression? Welche Rolle spielt sie in der Lyrik?
Die EU und der Rückzug des Staates
Authors: Karrass Anne
Published: May 2015

»Die europäische Integration führt zu einer Schwächung des Staates zugunsten des Marktes.« - Diese These bestimmt seit einigen Jahren den EU-Diskurs. Aber kann man wirklich von einer Neoliberalisierung durch die EU sprechen? Und wenn ja, war diese Entwicklung gewollt oder war sie der Logik supranationaler Zusammenarbeit geschuldet? Der Band geht diesen Fragen anhand der europäischen Vorgaben für die nationale Ausgabenpolitik nach. Eine Analyse der Geschichte der Integration seit den Römischen Verträgen zeigt, dass es Alternativen zur heutigen Dominanz neoliberaler Politik gegeben hat - und somit auch wieder geben kann.
The role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ionized calcium and phosphorus in breast cancer females: A case-control study
Authors: Abd El Moneim Nadia , Hewala Taha , Rashad Mona , El-Sayed Yousria , Abu-Samra Nehal , Anwar Medhat
Published: May 2015

Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D), ionized calcium and phosphorus in comparison with serum CA15.3 as the most commonly used breast cancer marker.Participants and methods: This study was conducted on 45 breast cancer female patients with recently detected breast cancer before surgery and 45 apparently healthy female controls of matched age, menstrual and socioeconomic status as breast cancer patients group. Serum 25(OH) D, ionized calcium, phosphorus and CA15.3 were measured using ready-for-use commercially available kits.Results: Serum levels of 25(OH) D and ionized calcium in the breast cancer patients group were significantly lower than those of the control group, while serum levels of phosphorus and CA15.3 in breast cancer patients group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The area under the ROC curve for serum ionized calcium (81.7%) was significantly greater than that of 25(OH) D (75.3%), CA 15.3 (70.1%) and phosphorus (62.8%). The oddâ€™s ratio of vitamin D was 0.0937 (95% CI=0.0311-0.2823), of ionized calcium was 0.0464 (95% CI=0.015-0.141) and of phosphorus was 2.6801(95% CI=1.1269- 6.3742) in breast cancer patients group. Serum phosphorus was significantly correlated with age and menopausal status of breast cancer patients.Conclusion: Our results suggest that serum ionized calcium and 25(OH) D were superior to serum CA15.3 and phosphorus for prediction of breast cancer. In addition, our results indicate that 25 (OH) D and calcium may decrease the risk for breast cancer incidence, while phosphorus may increase this risk. None of the assayed biomarkers has a prognostic role in breast cancer.
How to make lithography patterns print: the role of OPC and pattern layout
Authors: De Bisschop Peter
Published: May 2015

This paper will review some of the methods that have been devised to bring lithography-generated patterns as close to the desired target patterns as possible, while making them also robust against inevitable deviations from the ideal conditions during the printing process. Optical proximity correction (OPC) is the first step in this process. Various ways have been developed for efficient creation of accurate process window aware OPC models. Also, the use of the actual OPC step, to transform the target patterns into actual lithography mask patterns has seen significant progress. A computational verification step then checks whether the predicted pattern shapes meet the quality requirements and identifies any residual failures or weak patterns (‘hotspots’). Once the mask is available, a second verification step, now looking at patterns on printed wafers, is performed to make sure that all critical patterns print to within the requested tolerances. Each of the steps in this flow can – and usually does – lead to corrective iterations to one of the previous steps. As the task of ensuring sufficient process margin is gradually becoming more difficult, with the ever decreasing pattern sizes, constraints are being increasingly defined on the type of patterns that can be allowed in the target layout itself (design restrictions), leading to a tendency toward more regular designs, an evolution that needs to be facilitated by the patterning technology and materials used. So the problem of ensuring good printability now also involves both layout and technology, and we will look into this aspect of the optimization problem as well.
The multinational firm and geopolitics: Europe, Russian energy, and power
Authors: Abdelal Rawi
Published: May 2015

Multinational firms unavoidably exert influence over politics through power that is generated by both structure and process. While both political economy and management scholars address international firms, neither field has an adequate understanding of the reciprocal relationship between multinational firms and geopolitical systems. The links between multinational firms form a distinct type of international system for the private sector – one that is simultaneously enmeshed in geopolitics and international markets even as it is also autonomous from them. The scholarly literature on the power of business in politics has demonstrated how influence derives from instrumental agency as well as structural influence, but it has taken an unnecessarily restrictive view of politics and an overly materialist theory of power. Politics are about much more than government policies. In this paper I propose an analytical framework for understanding the multinational firm as a set of relationships. I then apply one key element of that approach – the relationships among firms as a direct source of geopolitical outcomes – to the natural gas trade of Eurasia in three eras that span nearly 40 years. I conclude that the influence of business on a broader understanding of politics – and not just policies – should be central to the study of international and comparative political economy.
Factors associated with low back pain in workers: the influence of anthropometric measures, abdominal endurance and hip flexibility
Authors: Portela Bruno Sergio , Vulczak Anderson , Queiroga Marcos Roberto
Published: May 2015

Study aim: to compare the physical fitness of bus drivers and fare collectors (working hours per day in sitting position = 7h) with and without low back pain. The subjects consisted of sixty-six bus drivers and fare collectors working in a public transport company.

Material and methods: the prevalence of low back pain, age and working time was determined for bus drivers and fare collectors using a questionnaire. All subjects underwent anthropometric assessment (weight, height and waist circumference), an abdominal endurance test and a hip flexibility test.

Results: there was a significant difference between the low back pain group (n = 27) and the group without pain (n = 39) in body mass index (27.5 ± 3.9 kg · m–2 vs. 25.6 ± 4.0 kg · m–2), waist circumference (92.5 ± 10 cm vs. 85.9 ± 9 cm), the abdominal endurance test (28.9 ± 17.5 repetitions vs. 38.4 ± 19.2 repetitions) and the hip flexibility test (69.1 ± 14.4 degrees vs. 78.3 ± 16.9 degrees). There was no significant difference in age and working time.

Conclusion: anthropometric measures, abdominal endurance and hip flexibility are deficient in bus drivers and fare collectors with low back pain. We suggest that workers with prevalent low back pain increase their physical fitness.
Imaging of native early embryogenic tissue
of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by ESEM
Authors: Hřib Jiří , Vooková Božena , Neděla Vilém
Published: May 2015

Environmental scanning electron microscopy
enables the investigation of uncoated pine early
embryogenic tissue samples in situ. The samples were
examined under low vacuum conditions (air pressure 550
Pa) at a temperature of around -18°C by the AQUASEM II noncommercial
environmental scanning electron microscope.
The native extracellular matrix surface network was imaged
by the environmental scanning electron microscope and
in dark field mode of the optical microscope too. The
backscattered electron detector disclosed brightness loci
in the cells of early embryogenic culture. This work shows
images of native pine embryogenic tissues. The continuity
of extracellular matrix with structural integrity of plant
organism is discussed.
A note on real algebraic groups
Authors: Azad Hassan , Biswas Indranil
Published: May 2015

The efficacy of using complexifications to understand the structure of real
algebraic groups is demonstrated. In particular, the following two results are
proved:
(i) Let G be a connected solvable linear group whose eigenvalues are all
real. If the complexification G
ℂ of G is algebraic and operates
algebraically on a complex variety V, and some G orbit in V is compact, then
this orbit is a point. (ii) If L is a connected subgroup of a connected real linear semisimple group
G such that the complexification L
ℂ of L is algebraic
and L
ℂ contains a maximal torus of G
ℂ, then L
contains a maximal torus of G which complexifies to a maximal torus of
G
ℂ.
Investigation And Design Of Durable Pavement Structure Rehabililation
Authors: Karoliny Márton , Gáspár László
Published: May 2015

Preservation of the appropriate quality of road assets needs timely rehabilitation of high-level design and construction. Since the actual life cycles of Hungarian road rehabilitation projects are often much lower than expected, research activities of the authors were concentrated on the development of an updated design technology of road pavement rehabilitation using scientifically based algorithms. The paper outlines the elements of a pavement rehabilitation design based on Hungarian and foreign literature survey, detailed own laboratory test series and trial section monitoring. The main steps of the design methodology comprise the Client’s data supply and disposition, site condition evaluation by the designer, deflection measurement in carefully selected points, eventual additional laboratory tests, choosing design subsections, correction of the equivalent thickness of the new asphalt layer, calculation of strain in wearing course. Besides, relationships are presented between various condition parameter data like bearing capacity values, unevenness measuring data and rut depth values. The pavement rehabilitation design technique suggested here – if widely in Hungary – can significantly contribute to attaining a much longer life cycle of rehabilitated roads than by now, and it is (would be) extremely efficient due to the very limited funds available for highway purposes.
Inverse problems for parabolic equations with interior degeneracy and Neumann boundary conditions
Authors: Boutaayamou Idriss , Fragnelli Genni , Maniar Lahcen
Published: May 2015

We consider a parabolic problem with degeneracy in the interior of the spatial domain and we focus on the well-posedness of the problem and on inverse source problems. The novelties of the present paper are two. First, the degeneracy point is in the interior of the spatial domain. Second, we consider Neumann boundary conditions so that no previous result can be adapted to this situation.
An adaptive multigrid conjugate gradient method for permeability identification of nonlinear diffusion equation
Authors: Zhao Jingjun , Liu Tao
Published: May 2015

In this paper, the adaptive multigrid conjugate gradient method is applied to the inversion of the space-dependent permeability function in a nonlinear diffusion equation, which plays an important role in promoting the permeability estimation within multiphase porous media flow. The forward problem is discretized using finite-difference methods and the estimation is formulated as a least-square minimization problem with a regularization term. Firstly, the conjugate gradient method for optimization is used to solve this parameter identification problem. Secondly, to reduce the amount of calculation, the idea of multigrid inversion and the necessary condition of “the optimal solution should be the fixed point of multigrid inversion” is considered. Then, by combining the multigrid multiscale method with the conjugate gradient method, a new inversion method called the adaptive multigrid conjugate gradient method is designed. The results of numerical simulations indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce the required computation burden and have good ability in anti-noise.
Incorporating a posteriori error estimators in an adaptive
parametrization algorithm
Authors: Ben Ameur Hend , Kharrat Nizar , Mghazli Zoubida
Published: May 2015

We are interested on an inverse problem of distributed parameter estimation in a partial differential equation (PDE)
from measures of the PDE's solution. The considered parameter
is supposed to be a piecewise constant function. Identifying the parameterization consists on identifying
both values of the parameter and shapes of zones where the parameter is constant. We develop a posteriori
error estimators
for the considered inverse problem and we present a new algorithm, result of the combination between
adaptive parameterization technique, leading to overcome the underdetermination problem and, an
adaptive mesh technique, guided by a posteriori error estimators, providing more precise results.
Finding scattering data for a time-harmonic wave equation with first order perturbation from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map
Authors: Agaltsov Alexey D.
Published: May 2015

We present formulas and equations for finding scattering data from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for a time-harmonic wave equation with first order perturbation with compactly supported coefficients. We assume that the coefficients are matrix-valued in general. To our knowledge, these results are new even for the general scalar case.
Paris und Berlin nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg: Eine symbolische Nationalisierung der Hauptstädte?
Authors: Julien Elise
Published: May 2015

At the end of the First World War, the memories of the conflict which developed in France and Germany diverged widely. However, Paris and Berlin were something else than just a genuine reflection of their respective national context; their status as capital cities gave them common characteristics. Therefore some similar phenomena appear. On the one hand, those cities may offer a national backing to particular memories, which was especially sought. On the other hand, the concentration of marks of memory in those cities tended to consolidate them in an always more exclusively national role. Thus, a kind of reciprocal nationalization of memory by capital cities and of capital cities by memory occurred. This nationalization is particularly visible in the analysis of the national monuments that emerged in the post-war years. Nevertheless, such phenomena underline variations between Paris and Berlin: Paris stood out without any difficulty as the capital of France, even of the Allied world, while Berlin stood out as the capital of Prussia, with more difficulty as the capital of Germany.
Laser surgical treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD)-induced buccal mucosal sclerosis
Authors: Rupel Katia , Gobbo Margherita , Ottaviani Giulia , Biasotto Matteo
Published: May 2015

Oral sclerotic chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGvHD) represents a distinctive phenotype of cGvHD which causes severe disability and morbidity due to impaired oral hygiene and food intake, jaw pain, tightness and discomfort. As it is a rare presentation, there is little published evidence on its management. Here, the case of a patient suffering from stage-2 oral sclerotic cGvHD treated with a bilateral surgical release of fibrous bands performed using a blue light-emitting diode laser (λ=445±5 nm) is presented. This was followed by maintenance of the mouth opening through a specifically designed resin intraoral device. After the laser-assisted surgical procedure, the patient did not experience any bleeding, pain or discomfort, and the mouth opening was increased from 12 mm to 20 mm. Over a 6-month follow-up period, the patient increased and stabilized the mouth opening from 20 mm to 25 mm helping to maintain and improve oral hygiene together with overall comfort and quality of life.
Americium(III) oxidation by copper(III) periodate in nitric acid solution as compared with the action of Bi(V) compounds of sodium, lithium, and potassium
Authors: Sinkov Sergey I. , Lumetta Gregg J.
Published: May 2015

The oxidative action of a Cu(III) periodate compound toward Am(III) in nitric acid was studied. The extent of oxidation of Am(III) to
Am(VI) was investigated using a constant initial Cu(III)-to-Am(III) molar ratio of 10:1 and varying nitric acid concentrations from
0.25 to 3.5 mol/L. From 0.25 to 3 mol/L HNO3, more than 98% of the Am(III) was oxidized to
Am(VI); however, at 3.5 mol/L HNO3, the conversion to Am(VI) was only 80%. Increasing the
Cu(III)-to-Am(III) molar ratio to 20:1 in 3.5 mol/L HNO3 resulted in 98% conversion to Am(VI). For
comparison, oxidation of Am(III) with NaBiO3 was studied at 3.5 mol/L HNO3 and the same stoichiometric
excess of Bi(V) oxidant over Am(III) (stoichiometric ratio of 3.33:1). With NaBiO3, the extent of Am(III) conversion to
Am(VI) was only 19%, while with the Cu(III) compound this value was found to be about 4 times higher under otherwise identical
conditions. Similar results were obtained with other Bi(V) salts. These results show that the Cu(III) periodate compound is a superior
oxidant to NaBiO3, yielding rapid conversion to Am(VI) in a homogeneous acidic solution, and is, therefore, an excellent
candidate for further development of Am separation systems.
Exposure to and health effects of volatile PCBs
Authors: Carpenter David O.
Published: May 2015

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent, lipophilic contaminants that are known to increase risk of a number of human diseases. Although ingestion of animal fats is a major route of exposure, there is increasing evidence that inhalation of vapor-phase PCBs is also important and may be as or even more important than ingestion under some circumstances.

The evidence that inhalation of PCBs may cause cancer, heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes is reviewed and presented in this report.

PCBs are known human carcinogens. A husband and wife, occupationally required to ‘smell’ PCB-containing oils, both developed thyroid cancer, malignant melanoma/severely melanocytic dysplastic nevus (a precursor to malignant melanoma) and the husband, a non-smoker, developed and died of lung cancer. The serum of both had highly elevated concentrations of lower chlorinated, volatile PCB congeners. In other studies, residents living near PCB-containing hazardous waste sites, and thus breathing PCB-contaminated air, have elevated rates of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and reduced cognitive performance, whereas other studies in defined populations show that there is an elevated risk of all of these diseases in individuals with elevated serum PCBs.

These results are consistent with the conclusion that inhaled PCBs can increase risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and reduce cognitive function.
The 2008/2009 cholera outbreak in Harare, Zimbabwe: case of failure in urban environmental health and planning
Authors: Chirisa Innocent , Nyamadzawo Lisa , Bandauko Elmond , Mutsindikwa Nyasha
Published: May 2015

This paper reviews and reflects on the cholera outbreak that rocked Harare, Zimbabwe, in 2008/2009. We give special attention to the root causes, impacts and debates made by key stakeholders, indicating the political and geographical responses. Based on a desktop study and documentary review, the paper highlights the inadequacy of safe and clean water in most of the suburbs, the collapse of the waste management, water supply and sanitation systems of the city as the major explanations for the scourge. Despite this, Harare remains troubled with the shortage of purification chemicals, making it quite impossible to supply clean and adequate water. The national economic crisis also had a strong bearing against the performance of the public health sector. The paper concludes that sustainable urban health initiatives involving both central and local government will provide a long-term solution to the problems highlighted.
Association of DDT and heptachlor epoxide in human blood with diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Everett Charles J. , Thompson Olivia M.
Published: May 2015

Six organochlorine pesticides and pesticide metabolites in human blood were tested to determine their relationships with diabetic nephropathy. The data were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004 (unweighted, n=2992, population estimate=133,088,752). The six chemicals were
Tipping the Scales – Settlement, Appeal and the Relevance of Judicial Ambition
Authors: Christmann Robin
Published: May 2015

Judges become ambitious decision makers when they face appellate review. This paper applies a contract theoretic perspective to the behavior of self-interested trial judges in a two-level court system and analyzes how different judicial stereotypes affect contracting in “the shadow of” the court. Confronted with the factual ambiguity of a case, maximizing judges pursue an (privately) optimal strategy and tip the scales of the trial outcome. The model reveals that careerist judges will deliberately allow for a certain probability of judicial error in their decisions to pursue “self-advertisement” at the appeal court. Furthermore, the strongest fact-finding judge is tempted by in-trial settlements to evade the risk of appellate review, and does not foster contract verifiability to the desirable extent. Our implications put into perspective the function of appellate courts to promote court accuracy. Additionally, a judicial tendency to conclude lawsuits through in-court settlements may strain contract output.
A 3.7 kb Fragment of the MouseScn10aGene Promoter Directs Neural Crest But Not Placodal Lineage EGFP Expression in a Transgenic Animal
Authors: Lu Van B. , Ikeda Stephen R. , Puhl Henry L.
Published: May 2015

Under physiological conditions, the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is expressed almost exclusively in primary sensory neurons. The mechanism restricting Nav1.8 expression is not entirely clear, but we have previously described a 3.7 kb fragment of theScn10apromoter capable of recapitulating the tissue-specific expression of Nav1.8 in transfected neurons and cell lines (Puhl and Ikeda, 2008). To validate these studiesin vivo, a transgenic mouse encoding EGFP under the control of this putative sensory neuron specific promoter was generated and characterized in this study. Approximately 45% of dorsal root ganglion neurons of transgenic mice were EGFP-positive (mean diameter = 26.5 μm). The majority of EGFP-positive neurons bound isolectin B4, although a small percentage (∼10%) colabeled with markers of A-fiber neurons. EGFP expression correlated well with the presence of Nav1.8 transcript (95%), Nav1.8-immunoreactivity (70%), and TTX-RINa(100%), although not all Nav1.8-expressing neurons expressed EGFP. Several cranial sensory ganglia originating from neurogenic placodes, such as the nodose ganglion, failed to express EGFP, suggesting that additional regulatory elements dictateScn10aexpression in placodal-derived sensory neurons. EGFP was also detected in discrete brain regions of transgenic mice. Quantitative PCR and Nav1.8-immunoreactivity confirmed Nav1.8 expression in the amygdala, brainstem, globus pallidus, lateral and paraventricular hypothalamus, and olfactory tubercle. TTX-RINarecorded from EGFP-positive hypothalamic neurons demonstrate the usefulness of this transgenic line to study novel roles of Nav1.8 beyond sensory neurons. Overall,Scn10a-EGFP transgenic mice recapitulate the majority of the Nav1.8 expression pattern in neural crest-derived sensory neurons.
Activity of Somatosensory-Responsive Neurons in High Subdivisions of SI Cortex during Locomotion
Authors: Favorov Oleg V. , Nilaweera Wijitha U. , Miasnikov Alexandre A. , Beloozerova Irina N.
Published: May 2015

Responses of neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex during movements are poorly understood, even during such simple tasks as walking on a flat surface. In this study, we analyzed spike discharges of neurons in the rostral bank of the ansate sulcus (areas 1–2) in 2 cats while the cats walked on a flat surface or on a horizontal ladder, a complex task requiring accurate stepping. All neurons (n= 82) that had receptive fields (RFs) on the contralateral forelimb exhibited frequency modulation of their activity that was phase locked to the stride cycle during simple locomotion. Neurons with proximal RFs (upper arm/shoulder) and pyramidal tract-projecting neurons (PTNs) with fast-conducting axons tended to fire at peak rates in the middle of the swing phase, whereas neurons with RFs on the distal limb (wrist/paw) and slow-conducting PTNs typically showed peak firing at the transition between swing and stance phases. Eleven of 12 neurons with tactile RFs on the volar forepaw began firing toward the end of swing, with peak activity occurring at the moment of foot contact with floor, thereby preceding the evoked sensory volley from touch receptors. Requirement to step accurately on the ladder affected 91% of the neurons, suggesting their involvement in control of accuracy of stepping. During both tasks, neurons exhibited a wide variety of spike distributions within the stride cycle, suggesting that, during either simple or ladder locomotion, they represent the cycling somatosensory events in their activity both predictively before and reflectively after these events take place.
Cortical Thinning Explains Changes in Sleep Slow Waves during Adulthood
Authors: Dubé Jonathan , Lafortune Marjolaine , Bedetti Christophe , Bouchard Maude , Gagnon Jean François , Doyon Julien , Evans Alan C. , Lina Jean-Marc , Carrier Julie
Published: May 2015

Sleep slow waves (SWs) change considerably throughout normal aging. In humans, SWs are generated and propagate on a structural backbone of highly interconnected cortical regions that form most of the default mode network, such as the insula, cingulate cortices, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and medial frontal lobe. Regions in this network undergo cortical thinning and breakdown in structural and functional connectivity over the course of normal aging. In this study, we investigated how changes in cortical thickness (CT), a measure of gray matter integrity, are involved in modifications of sleep SWs during adulthood in humans. Thirty young (mean age = 23.49 years; SD = 2.79) and 33 older (mean age = 60.35 years; SD = 5.71) healthy subjects underwent a nocturnal polysomnography and T1 MRI. We show that, when controlling for age, higher SW density (nb/min of nonrapid eye movement sleep) was associated with higher CT in cortical regions involved in SW generation surrounding the lateral fissure (insula, superior temporal, parietal, middle frontal), whereas higher SW amplitude was associated with higher CT in middle frontal, medial prefrontal, and medial posterior regions. Mediation analyses demonstrated that thinning in a network of cortical regions involved in SW generation and propagation, but also in cognitive functions, explained the age-related decrease in SW density and amplitude. Altogether, our results suggest that microstructural degradation of specific cortical regions compromise SW generation and propagation in older subjects, critically contributing to age-related changes in SW oscillations.
The Contribution of Raised Intraneuronal Chloride to Epileptic Network Activity
Authors: Alfonsa Hannah , Merricks Edward M. , Codadu Neela K. , Cunningham Mark O. , Deisseroth Karl , Racca Claudia , Trevelyan Andrew J.
Published: May 2015

Altered inhibitory function is an important facet of epileptic pathology. A key concept is that GABAergic activity can become excitatory if intraneuronal chloride rises. However, it has proved difficult to separate the role of raised chloride from other contributory factors in complex network phenomena, such as epileptic pathology. Therefore, we asked what patterns of activity are associated with chloride dysregulation by making novel use of Halorhodopsin to load clusters of mouse pyramidal cells artificially with Cl−. Brief (1–10 s) activation of Halorhodopsin caused substantial positive shifts in the GABAergic reversal potential that were proportional to the charge transfer during the illumination and in adult neocortical pyramidal neurons decayed with a time constant of τ = 8.0 ± 2.8s. At the network level, these positive shifts inEGABAproduced a transient rise in network excitability, with many distinctive features of epileptic foci, including high-frequency oscillations with evidence of out-of-phase firing (Ibarz et al., 2010). We show how such firing patterns can arise from quite small shifts in the mean intracellular Cl−level, within heterogeneous neuronal populations. Notably, however, chloride loading by itself did not trigger full ictal events, even with additional electrical stimulation to the underlying white matter. In contrast, when performed in combination with low, subepileptic levels of 4-aminopyridine, Halorhodopsin activation rapidly induced full ictal activity. These results suggest that chloride loading has at most an adjunctive role in ictogenesis. Our simulations also show how chloride loading can affect the jitter of action potential timing associated with imminent recruitment to an ictal event (Netoff and Schiff, 2002).