bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teachers and Sowers
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by considering the relation between the models of the teacher and the sower, which might seem very similar to each other. In Plato’s Phaedrus, the thought leader sows ideas by teaching; and teachers leave behind students capable of teaching others, so extending the original teacher’s legacy. The models are nonetheless distinct, even if they often converge: the teacher model focuses on the relationship between the leader and their immediate followers, stressing the need for rational communication; the sower looks beyond the relationship between the leader and their immediate followers towards subsequent generations, and to the perpetuation of ideas. Most of the chapter is then taken up with two case studies that show the two models working hand in hand: Florence Nightingale, who revolutionized nursing, and Margaret Mead, the US anthropologist, who helped transform attitudes to the family and sex in twentieth-century America.
Context for the Disc Embedding Theorem
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Context for the Disc Embedding Theorem’ explains why the theorem is the central result in the study of topological 4-manifolds. After recalling surgery theory and the proof of the s-cobordism theorem for high-dimensional manifolds, the chapter explains what goes wrong when trying to apply the same techniques in four dimensions and how to start overcoming these problems. The complete statement of the disc embedding theorem is provided. Finally the most important consequences to manifold theory are listed, including a proof of why Alexander polynomial one knots are topologically slice and the existence of exotic smooth structures on 4-dimensional Euclidean space.
Decomposition Space Theory and the Bing Shrinking Criterion
Authors: Davis Christopher W. , Kalmár Boldizsár , Kim Min Hoon , Rüping Henrik
Published: September 2021

‘Decomposition Space Theory and the Bing Shrinking Criterion’ gives a proof of the central Bing shrinking criterion and then provides an introduction to the key notions of the field of decomposition space theory. The chapter begins by proving the Bing shrinking criterion, which characterizes when a given map between compact metric spaces is approximable by homeomorphisms. Next, it develops the elements of the theory of decomposition spaces. A key fact is that a decomposition space associated with an upper semi-continuous decomposition of a compact metric space is again a compact metric space. Decomposition spaces are key in the proof of the disc embedding theorem.
The Alexander Gored Ball and the Bing Decomposition
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Kim Min Hoon
Published: September 2021

‘The Alexander Gored Ball and the Bing Decomposition’ provides a concrete and nontrivial application of the tools of decomposition space theory introduced in the previous chapter. The complement of the Alexander horned ball in the 3-sphere is called the Alexander gored ball. This space is described in three distinct ways: as an intersection of 3-balls; as a 3-dimensional grope; and as a decomposition space. Bing’s theorem that the double of the Alexander gored ball is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere is presented. This gives the first example of a truly nontrivial shrink and, moreover, an example of an exotic involution of the 3-sphere.
Shrinking Starlike Sets
Authors: Meier Jeffrey , Orson Patrick , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Shrinking Starlike Sets’ presents a proof that null decompositions with recursively starlike-equivalent elements shrink. Unlike in previous chapters, the shrink is produced abstractly rather than explicitly. The chapter proceeds in steps, first establishing the shrinking of null decompositions with starlike elements, then of those with starlike-equivalent elements, and then finally of those with recursively starlike-equivalent elements. In the eventual proof of the disc embedding theorem, a decomposition of the 4-ball consisting of recursively starlike-equivalent elements will be produced. These consist of the ‘holes’, along with certain ‘red blood cell discs’. The result from this chapter will be used to show that the decomposition shrinks; this is called the α-shrink.
Tower Height Raising and Embedding
Authors: Miller Allison N. , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Tower Height Raising and Embedding’ shows how to raise the height of towers, as well as how to detect embedded towers within a given tower. Raising the number of storeys of a capped tower by one is a construction similar in spirit to grope height raising, but more sophisticated. The new aspect, which receives careful treatment, is the geometric control needed to make the top storey arbitrarily small. An n-storey capped tower contains a capped tower with (n + 1) storeys and the same attaching region, and this can be realized by an embedding that places connected components of the top storey into balls of arbitrarily chosen small diameter. Consequently, endpoint compactifications of infinite towers may be embedded as well.
The Development of Topological 4-manifold Theory
Authors: Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

The development of topological 4-manifold theory is described in the form of a flowchart showing the interdependence among many key statements in the theory. In particular, the flowchart demonstrates how the theory crucially relies on the constructions in this book, what goes into the work of Quinn on smoothing, normal bundles, and transversality, and what is needed to deduce the famous consequences, such as the classification of closed, simply connected, topological 4-manifolds, the category preserving Poincaré conjecture, and the existence of exotic smooth structures on 4-dimensional Euclidean space. Precise statements of the results, brief indications of some proofs, and extensive references are provided.
Open Problems
Authors: Kim Min Hoon , Orson Patrick , Park JungHwan , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

Open problems in the study of topological 4-manifolds are explained in detail. An important open problem is to determine whether the disc embedding theorem and its antecedents hold for all groups; in other words, whether all groups are good. The disc embedding conjecture and the surgery conjecture are stated. The relationships between these conjectures and their various reformulations are explained. Of particular interest are the reformulations in terms of freely slicing certain infinite families of links. In particular, the surgery conjecture is true if and only if all good boundary links are freely slice. Good boundary links are the many-component analogues of Alexander polynomial one knots.
The Collar Adding Lemma
Authors: Kasprowski Daniel , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

The collar adding lemma is a key ingredient in the proof of the disc embedding theorem. Specifically, it proves that a skyscraper with an added collar is homeomorphic to the standard 4-dimensional 2-handle. The proof is similar to the proof in a previous chapter that the Alexander gored ball with an added collar is homeomorphic to the standard 3-ball. Roughly speaking, a skyscraper is seen as the quotient space of the 4-ball corresponding to a certain decomposition. The added collar allows the decomposition to be modified so that the resulting decomposition shrinks; that is, the corresponding quotient space, which is identified with the skyscraper with an added collar, is homeomorphic to the original 4-ball.
Levels of Spacetime Emergence in Quantum Gravity
Authors: Oriti Daniele
Published: September 2021

We explore the issue of spacetime emergence in quantum gravity by articulating several levels at which this can be intended. These levels correspond to the reconstruction moves that are needed to recover the classical and continuum notion of space and time, which are progressively lost in a progressively deeper sense in the more fundamental quantum gravity description. They can also be understood as successive steps in a process of widening of the perspective, revealing new details and new questions at each step. Each level carries indeed new technical issues and opportunities, and raises new conceptual issues. This deepens the scope of the debate on the nature of spacetime, both philosophically and physically.
On Dualities and Equivalences between Physical Theories
Authors: Butterfield Jeremy
Published: September 2021

The main aim of this paper is to make a remark about the relation between (i) dualities between theories, as ‘duality’ is understood in physics and (ii) equivalence of theories, as ‘equivalence’ is understood in logic and philosophy. The remark is that in physics, two theories can be dual, and accordingly get called ‘the same theory’, though we interpret them as disagreeing—so that they are certainly not equivalent, as ‘equivalent’ is normally understood. So the remark is simple, but, I shall argue, worth stressing, since often neglected. My argument for this is based on the account of duality developed by De Haro. I also spell out how this remark implies a limitation of proposals (both traditional and recent) to understand theoretical equivalence as either logical equivalence or a weakening of it.
Chremacracy
Authors: Chowdhury Debasish Roy , Keane John
Published: September 2021

This chapter studies how Indian politics is becoming a chremacracy—a system in which big money rules supreme. In 2018, the already shady party finances system took a quantum leap towards absolute chremacracy when the Modi government introduced electoral bonds, an instrument that allows individuals, corporations, and other legal entities such as trusts and associations anonymously to channel unlimited amounts of money to political parties. Under this new measure, anyone is allowed to buy tax-free bearer bonds for specified amounts via the state-owned State Bank of India (SBI) and then deposit them into the registered bank accounts of political parties. Like political violence, the organized secrecy over money irreversibly distorts the spirit and institutions of electoral democracy. The misallocation of resources that results from poorly regulated campaign spending ensures that elections and governments are captured by special interests. Ultimately, the grip of private money on electoral politics is detrimental to the quality of representation as it skews the field of available choices, and a system of free choice is gamed into one of prompted selection.
XLSIM: Developing a Software Tool to Assist Training and Learning in Microsimulation Modelling
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the development of a training model, XLSIM, a static tax-benefit model built upon on the Microsoft Excel© platform and used in microsimulation modelling. The chapter first describes, in general terms, the theoretical requirements of developing a microsimulation model. It then catalogues an evaluation of the choice of software to be used for training purposes, justifying the use of a spreadsheet program. The chapter later describes in more detail the components of microsimulation models and some of the advantages and constraints of these models in the context of this framework. Finally, the structure of the model, the databases used by the model, and the structure of the individual worksheets of the model are described.
Anti-Poverty Policy
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the development of a static microsimulation model for the purpose of undertaking an anti-poverty policy reform. Microsimulation models, which simulate the legislative detail of poverty-reduction instruments, can be used to make social-protection instruments more effective in this objective by helping to improve the targeting of these instruments. This chapter describes firstly the structure of the dataset required for microsimulation modelling. It then creates a theoretical understanding of the structure of social transfers, and of the concept of a hypothetical microsimulation model. Although the model developed in this chapter abstracts from the population complexity described in Chapter 1, it allows us in a simpler way to understand the targeting and structure of anti-poverty policies. Some of the issues that arise in creating a base dataset for a microsimulation model are discussed. As validation, debugging, and error checking are paramount in model development, the use of a hypothetical family model to use for validation purposes is introduced. We define some concepts used to calculate the poverty efficiency of a social-protection instrument. Finally, the chapter undertakes a simulation of the development of a means-tested benefit.
Decomposing Changes in Inequality Over Time
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

Microsimulation models are often used to consider counterfactual situations and answering ‘what if’ questions. However, these methods typically decompose all changes that occur at a given time, but do not separately isolate the impact of individual components. Simulation-based methods have been developed that can be used to simulate counterfactual incomes if one or more component is changed. This chapter moves beyond Oaxaca–Blinder work, which decomposes differences in individual wages, to decompose the full household-income distribution and its components. Counterfactual income-generating processes (wages, employment, etc.) are simulated to assess the impact of alternative situations, such as the degree of inequality, using income-generating processes from another time period (or country). This chapter utilizes, as a case study, Ireland, a developed country that experienced one of the highest sustained growth periods in recent decades. The chapter describes the estimation of simulation using an income-generation model, and then describes the Shapley-value decomposition. We use the microsimulation framework to understand changes in inequality, as the distribution of purchasing power associated with disposable income changed non-uniformly in terms of demography, labour market, market income, and public policy using an Oaxaca–Blinder–Bourguignon decomposition.
Pension Reform and Life-Course Distributions
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

In order to carry out micro-level analyses of economic behavior, and of the influence of public policy over time, such as examining the redistributive impact of the tax-benefit system over the life course, it is necessary to utilize a panel dataset with many years of data. In general, such datasets are not available, either because the analysis relates to the future, as in the case of pension projections, or because existing datasets do not cover sufficiently-long time horizons. Instead, therefore, dynamic microsimulation models are used to synthetically generate a hypothetical panel. In this chapter, we discuss some of the methodological issues related to the construction of a dynamic microsimulation model. Building upon the work in Chapter 8, we develop the concept of income-generation models to model changing income distributions over time. We also introduce the concept of alignment, which allows us to calibrate the aggregate results of income-generation models to external control totals. The chapter discusses methodological issues related to dynamic modelling, such as static versus dynamic ageing, behavioural versus statistical simulation, discrete versus continuous time, open versus closed models, steady state versus forecasted projections, cohort versus population models, and validation. Methodologically, we discuss the calibration method known as alignment. From a measurement issue point of view, we describe how to quantify inter-temporal redistribution, between and within life trajectories. We conclude by undertaking a simulation exercise, modelling the distribution of income over the lifetime, and developing and applying a dynamic microsimulation model using a Chile case study.
Returning the Sense of Security
Authors: Ozavci Ozan
Published: September 2021

Sixty-two years after Napoleon Bonaparte’s campaign to Egypt, in August 1860 the port town of Toulon was once again busy for a French expedition to the Levant. This time the target destination was Syria. Unlike 1798, the French army in 1860 was accompanied by an international commission that consisted of the delegates of each major European Great Power and the Ottoman Empire. With the arrival of the French troops and international commissioners in Syria, the diplomatic struggle that started in the metropoles continued through incessant tensions over the limits of French military action and the European commissioners’ right to interfere with Ottoman authorities’ endeavours to suppress the violence. A new tussle at once began over how to return the sense of security in Syria. The commissioners received an influx of instructions from their capitals which repeatedly placed imperial objectives, suspicions, and their conflicting threat perceptions on the agenda while addressing the security problems in Syria. The men on the ground were thus torn between local realities and the expectations of their superiors. The retribution, indemnities, and administrative reorganization processes were consequently politicized, and bolted the fate of security in Syria onto the reconciliation of imperial interests. This chapter details the workings of the international commission on Syria in 1860–62, and describes how order and tranquillity was restored in the country.
Authoritarian Liberalism and the Transformation of Modern Europe
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: September 2021

This book recounts the transformation of Europe from the interwar era until the euro crisis, using the tools of constitutional analysis and critical theory. The central claim is twofold: post-war Europe is reconstituted in a manner combining political authoritarianism and economic liberalism, producing an order which is now in a critical condition. The book begins in the interwar era, when liberalism, unable to deal with mass democracy and the social question, turns to authoritarianism in an attempt to suppress democracy, with disastrous consequences in Weimar and elsewhere. After the Second World War, partly on the basis of a very different diagnosis of interwar collapse, and initially through a passive authoritarianism, inter-state sovereignty is reconfigured, state-society relations are depoliticized, and social relations transformed. Integration is substituted for internationalism, technocracy for democracy, and economic liberty for political freedom and class struggle. This transformation takes time to unfold, and it presents continuities as well as discontinuities. It is deepened by the neo-liberalism of the Maastricht era and the creation of Economic and Monetary Union, and yet countermovements then also emerge: geopolitically, in the return of the German question; and domestically, in the challenges presented by constitutional courts and anti-systemic movements. Struggles over sovereignty, democracy, and political freedom resurface, but are then more actively repressed through the authoritarian liberalism of the euro crisis phase. This leads now to an impasse. Anti-systemic politics return but remain uneasily within the EU, suggesting that the post-war order of authoritarian liberalism is reaching its limits. As yet, however, there has been no definitive rupture.
Restraining State Sovereignty or the Return of the German Question?
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how the geopolitical constitution of Europe developed after Maastricht, in ways both continuous and discontinuous with the founding era. It discusses the continuities in inter-state constraints on the exercise of sovereign powers, now structured, however, through a ‘new intergovernmentalism’ rather than traditional forms of supranationalism. In conjunction with the move towards differentiated integration, this signalled the end of the ‘federal dream’ of European unification. The chapter concludes by discussing the return of the ‘German question’. It analyses how the reunification of Germany, and its increasing influence through the Eastern enlargement of the Union, raised the spectre of stark asymmetries, and even the prospect of semi-hegemony.
Authoritarian Liberalism Writ Large: the Spectre of a ‘German Europe’
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores how inter-state relations after Lisbon represented a fudge; the Lisbon Treaty maintaining much of the substance of the failed constitutional project, but without the constitutional symbolism. It traces how, through the euro crisis, this fudge became unsustainable: the issue of sovereignty could no longer be held in suspension, increasingly exercised outside the EU legal framework, as new informal formations took centre stage, notably the ‘Troika’ and the Eurogroup, which exercised both de facto power and de jure authority. They did so in such a way as to avoid the formal constraints of the Maastricht Treaty, but maintain its ordoliberal spirit. The chapter goes on to consider how sovereignty, in practice, was increasingly drained of any content, its loss appearing as the quid pro quo for accepting financial assistance. The chapter concludes by examining how all of this put the issue of German hegemony back on the agenda, suggesting a regional authoritarian liberalism writ large, more coercive and less consensual than in the foundational era, but ultimately underpinned by an ideological Europeanism.
The Logic of Law
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

Like other early Christian writers, Nemesius condemns any theory which denies that humans are by nature free. Though he believes that the human body is an instrument, he passionately rejects the idea that ‘humankind is a mere instrument’. He cannot tolerate any reduction of humans to the status of a tool, whether by ‘pagans’ (in theories of fate), or by Christians (in theories of providence). In this chapter, we reconstruct Nemesius’ theories of human freedom and divine providence. The bishop believes that human laws—and, hence, crime and punishment—are inconceivable in the absence of human choice. Since all cities have laws, he reasons, humans must have a natural power of choice. From this cosmopolitan line of reasoning (which has roots in Greek antiquity), Nemesius derives a subtle theory of divine world-governance in the final pages of his (unfinished) treatise.
Identical particles and the helium atom
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Identical particles and the helium atom” introduces bosons and fermions. Fermion states are expressed in terms of Slater determinants and the Pauli Principle. Helium is presented in such a way as to show what properties are and are not due to electron identity. Quantum states are described according as the space wave function is symmetric or antisymmetric under interchange of labels attached to the electrons. These in turn form singlet and triplet spin states when the electrons’ fermion identity is taken into account. Helium is an example of LS coupling, but a rather stunted example.
Terms inLScoupling
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Terms in LS coupling” shows how quantum numbers L, S can be assigned for a given configuration of electrons. Certain values of L, S are excluded when the electrons are “equivalent”. It is shown how wave functions can be calculated for the permitted states. Those wave functions explain what went wrong with accounts discredited in Chapter 16. The correct energy-order of the states makes sense when put alongside the wave functions.
The Zeeman effect
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

The Zeeman effect is described, including the relative intensities of the spectral components. There are three intensity patterns: “shaded in”, “shaded out”, and a more symmetrical possibility. These patterns are helpful for diagnosis: the assignment of quantum numbers to the states involved in a transition. An example is worked in detail. In simple cases, intensity sum rules give an alternative to working out matrix elements.
Energy of a magnetic body: −m⋅δB or +B⋅δm?
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Energy of a magnetic body: -m dB or +B dm?” addresses a fraught question: what is the free-energy change when a B-field applied to a magnetic body (magnetic moment m) is changed? We define what is meant by an “applied field”. We show that the free-energy change is -m dB. The electric analogue -p dE is also described. A balls-and-spring model helps to understand an electric dipole, and by extension a magnetic dipole. In the magnetic case, we prepare the field using a reversible current generator driving a coil. The energy change is obtained by inserting the sample and (also, alternatively) by changing the field. There is much that is new in this chapter.
Origin, Objectives, and Content of the Directive
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the overall EU copyright harmonization project and explains the history of the 2019 EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market (Directive 2019/790) and the place that it has within the broader EU copyright architecture. It recounts the copyright reform in Europe, which has been based on the harmonization at the EU level and modernization at the EU national level. It also stresses that EU harmonization has been prompted by internal market concerns and concerns regarding the overall competitiveness and appropriateness of the EU copyright regime. The chapter describes the field of copyright, wherein the process of Europeanization of national laws has resulted in their settlement to and convergence with EU law. It mentions the 1988 Green Paper by the Commission of the European Communities, which signaled the start of a more concrete discourse around copyright harmonization.
Article 1—Subject Matter and Scope
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter explains that Directive 2019/790 lays down rules harmonise the Union law applicable to copyright and related rights in the framework of the internal market, particularly digital and cross-border uses of protected content. It analyses the Directive's rules on exceptions and limitations to copyright and related rights and the facilitation of licences. It also looks at rules that aim to ensure a well-functioning marketplace for the exploitation of works and other subject matter. The chapter reviews directives that have been adopted in the area of copyright and related rights that contribute to the functioning of the internal market, provide a high level of protection for rightholders, facilitate the clearance of rights, and create a framework in which the exploitation of works and other protected subject matter can take place. It points out how a harmonised legal framework contributes to the proper functioning of the internal market, and stimulates innovation, creativity, investment and production of new content.
Article 17—Use of Protected Content by Online Content-sharing Service Providers
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes Article 17 of Directive 2019/790, a copyright order in the Digital Single Market, which talks about the use of protected content by online content-sharing service providers. It talks about an online content-sharing service provider that can perform an act of communication to the public or an act of making available to the public when it gives the public access to copyright-protected works or other protected subject matter uploaded by its users. It also outlines how an online content-sharing service provider can obtain an authorisation from the rightholders by concluding a licensing agreement. The chapter analyzes the performance of an online content-sharing service provider of an act of communication to the public or an act of making available to the public under the conditions laid down in Directive 2019/790. It highlights how online content-sharing service providers will be liable for unauthorised acts of communication to the public if no authorisation is granted.
Article 19—Transparency Obligation
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces Article 19 of Directive 2019/790, which includes the European order on copyright in relation to the transparency obligation. It provides assurance for authors and performers to receive on a regular basis all revenues generated and remuneration for the exploitation of their works and performances from the parties to whom they have licensed or transferred their rights. It also looks at the privilege of authors and performers or their representatives to request and receive additional information from sub-licensees in the event that their first contractual counterpart does not hold all the information. The chapter emphasizes that any request to sub-licensees must be made directly or indirectly through the contractual counterpart of the author or the performer. It talks about the option of Member States to declare that the obligation agreed upon will not apply when the contribution of the author or performer is not significant to the overall work or performance.
Article 21—Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedure
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter deals with the alternative dispute resolution procedure outlined in Article 21 of the copyright order in Europe, Directive 2019/790. It examines disputes concerning the transparency obligation and the contract adjustment mechanism that may be applied for a voluntary, alternative dispute resolution procedure. It also refers to Member States that are required to ensure that representative organisations of authors and performers may initiate dispute resolution procedures at the specific request of one or more authors or performers. The chapter explains why authors and performers are often reluctant to enforce their rights against their contractual partners before a court or tribunal. It looks at the task of Member States to provide for an alternative dispute resolution procedure that addresses claims by authors and performers, or by their representatives on their behalf, related to obligations of transparency and the contract adjustment mechanism.
Article 24—Amendments to Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter cites Article 24 of the European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market, Directive 2019/790, which begins with an amendment of Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases. It looks at the replacement of Article 6 of Directive 96/9/EC, which deals with the use of data for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching or scientific research. It also mentions the revision of Article 9 that covers the extraction for the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, which is indicated and justified by a non-commercial purpose. The chapter highlights the amendment of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. It discusses the changes in Article 5 of Directive 2001/29/EC, which outlines specific acts of reproduction that are made by publicly accessible libraries, educational establishments, museums, or archives.
Article 27—Transitional Provision
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter covers the transitional provision in Article 27 of the copyright order in Europe, Directive 2019/790. It stresses that agreements for the licence or transfer of rights of authors and performers will be subject to the transparency obligation set out in Article 19 of the directive. The agreements will be undertaken by the legislation on transparency obligation on 7 June 2022. Article 19 is aimed at strengthening the contractual position of authors and performers and contributing to the realization of one of the key objectives of Directive 2019/790. The provisions outlined in the transparency obligation intends to achieve a fair marketplace.
Article 31—Entry into Force
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter includes the dates of the entry into force of the European copyright directive, Directive 2019/790. It points out that this Directive will be implemented on the twentieth day following the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The Directive was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 17 May 2020 and entered into force on 7 June 2019. The chapter also mentions that Directive 2019/790 took effect on 7 June 2019 and was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 17 May 2020.
Article 32—Addressees
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter clarifies that the 2019 EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market, Directive 2019/790 is addressed to the Member States. It reviews the obligations under the Directive that arise on the day that it enters into force, but national transpositions will take place by 7 June 2021. It also points out that countries that are Member States of the EU or a part of the EEA will be bound to transpose Directive 2019/790 into their own laws. The chapter mentions countries that become Member States or join the EEA after 7 June 2021 that are required to comply with the entire acquis. It discusses the task of Members States to apply Directive 2019/790 for their accession to the EU or EEA.
Dodona and the Concept of Local Scripts
Authors: Johnston Alan
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the evidence for writing in the north-west area of the Greek-speaking world with particular relevance to the script(s) used, and attempts to compare the evidence with that from other parts of that world, notably the perhaps politically similar Thessalian region. The main body of evidence is that of the lead sheets inscribed with questions put to the oracular sanctuary of Zeus at Dodona. The approximately 900 texts which display epichoric lettering suggest some rethinking of the notion of a local script at Dodona. Literacy at the site, at least for the cult personnel, included the regular acceptance of varieties of letter forms, a situation not to be found in the clear usage of 'fixed' alphabets in most Greek poleis. Texts from across the Pindos range, from Thessaly, show far greater alphabetic uniformity.
Boiotian Inscriptions in Epichoric Script
Authors: Papazarkadas Nikolaos
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a critical presentation of the most important Boeotian inscriptions in epichoric script published since the revision of Local Scripts in 1990. It allows us to follow the development of Boeotian epigraphy from the Archaic period well into the early fourth century bc. Several new inscriptions supplement information derived from the literary sources; one in particular spectacularly vindicates the good faith of Herodotus. Archaeologically, such texts have allowed the identification of major ancient sites. Epigraphically, they display a remarkable uniformity that allows us to talk of a Boeotian koine. Historically, they challenge established ideas of limited literacy. Recent finds also unequivocally demonstrate that the Boeotian script was still being used well into the fourth century and approximately down to the period of the so-called Theban hegemony. An appendix provides the editio princeps of a funerary epigram inscribed in epichoric script.
Introduction to Communication Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the subject of the book, defines the main terms in communication systems that will be used in the book, and presents the objectives of the book. It also presents classifications of signals and systems, and theoretical concepts related to the signal conversions in the time domain that will be used in subsequent chapters. The signals are classified using various criteria, including periodicity and symmetry, continuity and discreteness, power and energy properties, randomness, and physical realizability of signals. Analogue-to digital and digital-to-analogue conversions and their places and importance in the processing of signals in relation to their application in communication systems are briefly explained. The final section returns back to the definition of the signals related to the continuity and discreteness in time and their values, due to the importance of distinguishing them in the theoretical analysis and design of digital and discrete communication systems.
Discrete Bandpass Modulation Methods
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents mathematical models of discrete baseband and bandpass communication systems based on binary phase-shift keying, quaternary phase-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. The operation of intermediate-frequency systems where all processing is performed in the discrete-time domain are presented. The systems are deduced as special cases from a generic system structure that is based on the application of orthonormal basis functions. The block schematics of systems are uniquely presented using mathematical operators. Detailed derivatives are presented for signals in the discrete-time domain at the vital points of the system’s structure, using the concepts of both discrete stochastic and discrete deterministic signal processing. The vital characteristics of the discrete system and its blocks are expressed in terms of amplitude spectral density, autocorrelation functions, power and energy spectral densities, and bit error probability.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Code Division Multiple Access Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 8 presents modern multi-user and multicarrier communication systems based on code division multiple access technology and orthogonal frequency division multiple access technology. Analogue, digital, and discrete orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems are presented separately and then inter-related from theoretical and practical points of view. A precise mathematical model of discrete baseband and intermediate-frequency blocks is presented, including procedures for signal mapping and the discrete Fourier transform, and then related to the model of an analogue radiofrequency block to make the whole orthogonal frequency division multiple access system. The basic theory of binary and non-binary code division multiple access systems operation is presented. To support deeper theoretical understanding of the design and operation of a code division multiple access system, one project in the supplementary material demonstrates the mathematical modelling, simulation, and design of this system in field-programmable gate array technology and presents the development tools required.
Deterministic Continuous-Time Signals and Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

Due to the importance of the concept of independent variable modification, the definition of linear-time-invariant system, and their implications for discrete-time signal processing, Chapter 11 presents basic deterministic continuous-time signals and systems. These signals, expressed in the form of functions and functionals such as the Dirac delta function, are used throughout the book for deterministic and stochastic signal analysis, in both the continuous-time and the discrete-time domains. The definition of the autocorrelation function, and an explanation of the convolution procedure in linear-time-invariant systems, are presented in detail, due to their importance in communication systems analysis and synthesis. A linear modification of the independent continuous variable is presented for specific cases, like time shift, time reversal, and time and amplitude scaling.
Theory of the Design, and Operation of Digital Filters
Authors: Berber Stevan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 16 present the theoretical basis for digital filters, including issues related to their design. The basic characteristics and structures of finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters are presented and discussed. In addition, the ideal and practical transfer characteristics of the digital filters are defined. The basic advantage of finite impulse response filters is that they can be designed to have an exact linear phase. However, infinite impulse response filters are generally more efficient computationally. The methods for filters design and related algorithms, which are based on the bilinear transformation method, windowed Fourier series, and algorithms based on iterative optimization, are also presented.
Predicate-EPP in Niuean, Tongan, and beyond
Authors: Doner Julianne
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates predicate-EPP languages as a typological class through comparison of Irish, Inuktitut, and Niuean and their contrast with French and Finnish. It is argued that predicate-EPP languages are characterized by raising of a predicate, rather than a verbal element. Furthermore, this chapter demonstrates that Niuean exhibits all of the typological properties of predicate-EPP languages described by Doner (2019), including a lack of non-finite clauses, a merged C and T, optional tense, and non-contrastive definiteness. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Tongan also can best be analyzed as having a predicate-EPP type, contra Otsuka (2005). It is argued that the subject clitic is able to cliticize to T through a process of Local Dislocation after raising of the remnant vP, which best accounts for the surface morpheme order in Tongan.
The lingering DP in Niuean
Authors: Massam Diane
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines pre-nominal particles in Niuean, which are cognate with Tongan determiners, although Niuean, in contrast with Proto-Tongic, does not have a systematic determiner system marking specificity or definiteness. It is argued that the Niuean particles are case markers merged in K, not determiners, having replaced Proto-Tongic case markers. It is then argued that although there is no determiner system in Niuean, D and DP remain in the nominal phrase, and that D, usually null, holds features for proper-common with which K agrees. In addition, D is spelled out as a linker when its specifier is filled with a genitive, numeral, or quantifier, all of which contribute meanings associated with (in)definiteness or nominal quantification. Finally, D can also house occasional articles. The chapter shows that small historical changes can create systematic shifts, and that D and DP can be present even in a language without a determiner system.
Target Centred Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: September 2021

Virtue ethics in its contemporary manifestation is dominated by neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics primarily developed by Rosalind Hursthouse. This version of eudaimonistic virtue ethics was groundbreaking but by now has been subject to considerable critical attention. The time is ripe for new developments and alternatives. The target centred virtue ethics proposed in this book (TVE) is opposed to orthodox virtue ethics in two major ways. First, it rejects the ‘natural goodness’ metaphysics of neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics owed to Philippa Foot in favour of a ‘hermeneutic ontology’ of ethics inspired by the Continental tradition and McDowell. Second, it rejects the well-known ‘qualified agent’ account of right action made famous by Hursthouse in favour of a target-centred framework for assessing rightness of acts. The target-centred view, introduced in Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View (VEP), is much more developed in TVE with discussions of Dancy’s particularism, default reasons and thick concepts, codifiability, and its relation to the Doctrine of the mean (suitably interpreted). TVE retains the pluralism of VEP but develops it further in relation to a pluralistic account of practical reason. Besides the pluralism TVE develops other substantive positions including the view that target centred virtue ethics is developmental, suitably embedded in an environmental ethics of “dwelling”; and incorporates a concept of differentiated virtue to allow for roles, narrativity, cultural and historical location, and stage of life.
Locating Expert Impressions
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah
Published: September 2021

The category of expert impressions includes expert perceptions and expert intuitions. This category does not fit easily into the standard classification of expertise into perceptual, cognitive, or motor. This chapter argues that there are independent reasons to prefer an alternative system for classifying expertise with reference to which expert impressions stand out as a natural class. The argument is based on empirical considerations suggesting that the traditional category of cognitive expertise is disunified: some kinds of cognitive expertise are more like perceptual expertise; other kinds of cognitive expertise are more like motor expertise.
Integration or Self-Sufficiency?
Authors: Garcia Calvo Angela
Published: September 2021

The chapter explores Spain’s and Korea’s strategies from the perspective of the automotive industry. The chapter contrasts Spain’s integrational approach, with Korea’s emphasis on self-sufficiency and the development of local technological capabilities. These two strategies are linked to the development of competitive automotive industries with very different structures. Spain’s configuration is characterized by a predominance of foreign invested firms, whereas Korea’s is defined by the presence of a local, market-dominant automaker, HMC. The chapter proceeds as follows. After the introduction, section 5.2 describes the structure of the automotive industry and the challenges that late industrializing economies faced in establishing competitive automakers. Sections 5.3 and 5.4 analyze the emergence and evolution of the Spanish and Korean automotive sectors and discuss the outcomes as the industry continues to transform. Section 5.5 reintegrates the material and paves the way for the concluding section of the book.
‘Modern’ Farming and the Transformation of Livelihoods in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Snyder Katherine A. , Sulle Emmanuel , Massay Deodatus A. , Petro Anselmi , Qamara Paschal , Brockington Dan
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on smallholder agriculture and livelihoods in north-central Tanzania. It traces changes in agricultural production and asset ownership in one community over a twenty-eight-year period. Over this period, national development policies and agriculture programmes have moved from socialism to neoliberal approaches. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we explore how farmers have responded to these shifts in the wider political-economic context and how these responses have shaped their livelihoods and ideas about farming and wealth. This case study clearly debunks the idea that rural farmers are slow to respond to ‘modern’ farming methods or that smallholder farming is stagnant and cannot reduce poverty. While changes overall are very positive in this rural community, challenges remain as land sizes are small and markets often unreliable. This research cautions against a shift in emphasis to large-scale farming as a strategy for national development. It suggests instead that increased investment in supporting smallholder farming is critical for addressing poverty and rural well-being.
Improved Livelihoods on Less Land
Authors: Birch-Thomsen Torben , Friis-Hansen Esbern
Published: September 2021

The chapter traces the changing economic history of two villages from their status as frontier settlements with abundant land in the 1950s, to poor farming areas ill-endowed with infrastructure, to more prosperous settlements benefitting from commercialized tomato cultivation and good road connections to the regional capital. The wealth is visible in the larger number of higher-quality houses which are being constructed. There are also changes in local perceptions of what wealth and poverty mean. Finally the chapter presents different sorts of strategies which capture the ways in which residents have responded to the opportunities and circumstances around them.