bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of glacier debris cover via in situ and optical remote sensing methods: a case study in the Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal
Authors: Casey K. A. , Kääb A. , Benn D. I.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Field spectrometry and physical samples of debris, snow and ice were collected from the ablation zones of Ngozumpa and Khumbu glaciers of the Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal in November and December 2009. Field acquired spectral reflectances and mineral and chemical composition of samples were used as ground truth for comparison with satellite optical remote sensing data. Supraglacial debris was characterized by several optical remote sensing methods, including hyperspectral reflectance analysis, multispectral band composites and indices, spectral angle relationships, thermal band temperature and emissivity analysis, as well as repeat image derived glacier velocity and theoretical supraglacial particle transport. Supraglacial mineral components were identified and mineral abundances were estimated on Khumbu Himalayan glaciers. Mass flux was estimated by false color composites and glacier velocity displacement fields. Supraglacial temperatures were compared with mineral abundances, implying potential parameters to estimate differential melt. Overall, glaciologic implications of debris cover characterizations are applicable to (1) glacier energy balance, (2) glacial kinematics and (3) mapping glacial extent. The methods presented can be used in synergy to improve supraglacial debris quantification and reduce errors associated with debris covered ice extent mapping, surface radiative properties, as well as debris covered ice mass flux and loss estimations.
A Note from the Editors
Authors: Perpich Diane , Smith Daniel
Published: February 2011

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Thinking After Ricoeur
Authors: Davidson Scott
Published: February 2011

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Paul Ricoeur's The Course of Recognition: His Last Work and His Last Days
Authors: Reagan Charles
Published: February 2011

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Paul Ricoeur and the Return of Humanism
Authors: Schweiker William
Published: February 2011

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Paul Ricoeur and the Philosophy of Technology
Authors: Kaplan David M.
Published: February 2011

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Ricoeur's Phenomenoogy of the Ego: A Clinical Emphasis
Authors: Davidson Tim
Published: February 2011

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Ricoeur's Philosophy of Imagination
Authors: Taylor George H.
Published: February 2011

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Towards a Monumental Phenomenology: Paul Ricoeur and the Politics of Memory
Authors: Ambury James
Published: February 2011

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Is Music Mimetic? Ricoeur and the Limits of Narrative
Authors: Savage Roger W.H
Published: February 2011

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Abolishing Time and History: Lazarus and the Possibility of Thinking Political Events Outside Time
Authors: Calcagno Antonio
Published: February 2011

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Against Nihilism: Nietzsche and Kubrick on the Future of Man
Authors: Zepke Stephen
Published: February 2011

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Phenomenology, Intersubjectivity, and Truth: Merleau-Ponty, de Beauvoir, Irigaray, and la conscience metaphysique et morale
Authors: Godway Eleanore
Published: February 2011

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Slaughterbench of Humanisms: The 1987 Heidegger Affair in Intellectual-Historical Perspective
Authors: Geroulanos Stefanos
Published: February 2011

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Tracing Responsibility: Levinas Between Merleau-Ponty and Derrida
Authors: Silverman Hugh J.
Published: February 2011

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Contact and Submission Information
Authors: Editors JFFP
Published: February 2011

Back materials from the print version
Philosophy as a Kind of Cinema: Introducing Godard and Philosophy
Authors: Drabinski John E.
Published: February 2011

"Jean-Luc Godard is nothing if not an enigma. His image has a life of its own, especially in its younger form: cigarette, sunglasses, smirk, rambling revolutionary slogans, and important books. It wasn’t just an image, we all know, for it reflected perfectly in iconic image the more substantial revolutionary recklessness with the camera we see from Breathless forward. Filmmaking is never the same after Godard. Images and their sequencing – Godard cloaked them in sunglasses and made them smirk. He made them revolutionary. That’s his thing. And even the older Godard makes for an iconic photograph: rough facial hair, the artist’s glasses, smirk, and important books. His films continue to be unpredictable, compelling, and revolutionary..."
Schizoanalyzing Souls: Godard, Deleuze, and the Mystical Line of Flight
Authors: Sterritt David
Published: February 2011

"In an article on montage written for Cahiers du cinéma, Jean-Luc Godard made an observation that has been quoted many times in many contexts:If direction is a look, montage is a heartbeat…what one seeks to foresee in space, the other seeks in time….Cutting on a look is…to bring out the soul under the spirit, the passion behind the intrigue, to make the heart prevail over the intelligence by destroying the notion of space in favor of that of time. This passage appeared in 1956, almost three decades before Gilles Deleuze published Cinema 1: The Movement-Image and Cinema 2: The Time-Image in 1983 and 1985, respectively. Yet despite the distance between those dates, the young critic’s remark anticipates key aspects of the philosopher’s film-theoretical stance. The need to displace the notional bias toward space with a conception of time as a concrete and dynamic force is the single most vital element in the thinking of Henri Bergson, whose ideas about this subject – ramified into such areas as affect, memory, perception, language, and the ontological properties of mind itself – play indispensable roles in Deleuze’s writings on cinema and allied areas of immanence, multiplicity, and difference..."
The Audible Life of the Image
Authors: Wills David
Published: February 2011

"Since at least 1980 Godard’s cinema has been explicitly looking for (its) music, as if for its outside. In Sauve qui peut (la vie) Paul Godard hears, and asks about it, coming through the hotel room wall, and it follows him down to the lobby, but remains “off,” like Marguerite Duras’s voice, in spite of his questions, until the final sequence. At that moment, at the end of the section entitled “Music,” the protagonist is at the same time struck by a car and struck by the entrance of the music into the diegetic present of the film, as the camera pans past an orchestra playing on the sidewalk while Paul fades off under the quizzical gaze of his daughter. By 2004, with Notre musique, it would seem to have taken over the whole text, for the film was announced as being about the collaboration between Godard and German record label ECM. In the context of that film it is difficult to determine both what that music is and who we are, although this discussion will try to advance a hypothesis in that regard. In fact, my main contention will be that music in Godard’s films functions as something like the absent image(s), not those it has lost but rather its cinema to come, what remains to be discovered and live within it, the survival of it. Not a cinema that cannot be seen, rather the image that can perhaps only be heard; and not the romantic or psychedelic dream of a synaesthetic apotheosis either, rather the technological coincidence of sonimage that has also been the precise direction of Godard’s cinematic research for more than thirty years. For the argument I will be making here is inscribed within my own investigation of what I call “technological life,” the means by which, in “prosthetic” symbiosis, or “dorsal” umbrality, a form lives beyond the simplistic opposition of animate and inanimate, or against the reductive presuppositions of autokinetic ipseity..."
Shot and Counter-shot: Presence, Obscurity, and the Breakdown of Discourse in Godard’s Notre Musique
Authors: Barr Burlin
Published: February 2011

"Notre Musique includes a lengthy sequence that involves a presentation by Godard on the relationship between text and image. The occasion of the lecture is a conference in Sarajevo titled European Literary Encounters, an annual event first organized in 2000. Godard gave his lecture in 2002 and the long middle-section of the film offers a "lightly fictionalized restaging" of his address and of other encounters surrounding the conference. The narrative setting of the majority of this film, then, is a space of discourse (a conference and a lecture), but I suggest that the film is conceptually sited more generally and abstractly in the "space" or “frame” of discourse itself. Because it ponders various parameters—spatial, historical, conceptual—that allow or disallow discursive connection, I regard Notre Musique as an extended meditation on the possibilities for and barriers to discourse. By siting the film in Sarajevo, Godard is clearly highlighting a frame for this meditation—a frame that includes a history of violence and reconciliation. The conference is decidedly international and takes place in a city with a rich cosmopolitan and multi-ethnic history, even as it bears the scars of violence and ethnic division.  Sarajevo, moreover, is a city with a complex relationship to the state—having been a nucleus to various formations of state and empire in the last century. In its history and in the present, Sarajevo is a site of discourse and discord; of the union and clash of influences (be they religious, political, or ethnic). Hence, Sarajevo’s relevance to the film is not merely one of documentary fidelity (because it was the host city for the conference). It is a perfect site for Godard to pursue a line of reflection on discourse and its breakdown in the frame of changing formations of power. Sarjevo as a site also calls attention to how the parties or constituencies for discourse remain in states of flux—either through processes of self-definition from within or misrecognition (or nonrecognition) from without..."
Modernism as a Misnomer: Godard's Archeology of the Image
Authors: Rockhill Gabriel
Published: February 2011

"The standard historical image of Jean-Luc Godard is that of a resolute iconoclast breaking with the representational norms and codes of classical cinema in the name of liberating film from the deadening weight of its past. His numerous formal innovations—syncopated montage, unconventional framing, unique experiments with dialogue, etc.—along with his abandonment of traditional narrative and character development, his playful pastiche of genres, his debunking of the representational illusions of cinematic realism, his reflexive preoccupation with film itself and the general dissolution of the distinction between high and low art have created a potent new form of cinema that continues to have far-reaching effects. More experimental than Truffaut, more temerarious than Chabrol, but less fastidious than Resnais, less obtuse and prolix than Rivette, Godard is seen as the bumptious enfant terrible of the Cahiers du cinéma who set the agenda for a new era of modernist filmmaking..."
FEA MODELING OF SCHALLAMACH WAVES
Authors: Gabriel P. , Fukahori Y. , Thomas A. G. , Busfield J. J. C.
Published: February 2011

The term Schallamach wave is used to describe a wave of detachment that sometimes arises during the frictional sliding of a smooth rubber surface against a smooth rigid surface. Extensive experimental investigations have been made since Schallamach first observed the waves in 1971; however, no successful finite element analysis (FEA) modeling of the behavior has been reported yet. This work uses an explicit dynamics FEA approach to model both the initiation and progression of waves of detachment for the first time. The use of the finite element method allows for the detailed stress and strain analysis at the interface to be examined. Here, the limitations of using a purely elastic solution in plane-strain are explored. To validate the explicit dynamics approach for modeling the Schallamach waves, another biaxial compressive buckling mode has also been modeled.
FRACTURE MODELING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES FOR DESIGN APPLICATIONS
Authors: Gurvich Mark R.
Published: February 2011

Existing approaches of fracture analysis of elastomeric materials are primarily based on classical Griffith's theory of crack growth. There are numerous experimental, analytical, and computational studies covering applications of these approaches for a wide range of different polymeric materials, loading and environmental conditions, methods of testing and modeling, and so on. However, these results are usually based on certain assumptions regarding original cracks (their sizes, shapes, locations, etc.); that is, damage initiation is considered as the input of such analysis rather than the output. To avoid this challenge, an advanced approach predicting both (a) damage initiation and (b) damage growth is considered in this study for analysis of hyperelastic materials such as rubber and elastomeric composites. The approach is specifically proposed for finite element analysis implementation and is based on so-called cohesive elements. Such elements mimic contact between individual elements and account for both material strength and toughness properties. Implementation of the approach for hyperelastic deformation is considered in detail. Presented examples illustrate computational efficiency and benefits of the approach for design applications. Challenges and opportunities of material characterization for the approach are discussed as well.
Molecular Structure and Processing Characteristics of Metallocene EPDM Rubbers
Authors: Liang Wenbin , Tang Solomon , Vara Rajan , Daniel Sherrika , Watson Sandra , Bette Cristiano , Clayfield Tim
Published: February 2011

We report the molecular structure and processing characteristics of a series of metallocene-based EPDM rubbers. The relationships between molecular weight and composition distributions and the ENB content of the polymers, and their effects on network structure development are investigated. Experimental data and Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that, compared to EPDM of broad MWD, EPDM rubbers with narrow MWD can achieve faster cure and higher degree of cure at equal or lower ENB level during vulcanization. The processing behaviors and mechanical properties of rubber compositions and formed articles based on EPDM grades of different manufacturing technologies are evaluated. The combination of high MW and narrow MWD of the metallocene EPDM polymers enables fast cure rate, high cure efficiency, and improved scorch safety during processing, and good mechanical strength of fabricated articles of the formulations. Specific examples will be given in the paper.
Flocculation in Silica Reinforced Rubber Compounds
Authors: Mihara S. , Datta R. N. , Noordermeer J. W. M.
Published: February 2011

Flocculation plays an important role in reinforcement of silica filled rubber compounds, even if coupling agents are applied. It is well known that silica tends to flocculate during the early stages of vulcanization, when no dense rubber network has been formed yet. In the present study, flocculation was monitored by following the change in storage modulus at low strain, the so-called Payne effect, using a RPA2000 dynamic mechanical tester. The kinetic parameters: the rate constant and the activation energy of the silica flocculation were calculated according to the well-known Arrhenius equation. On basis of the value of the activation energy obtained for flocculation, it can be concluded that the silica flocculation is a purely physical phenomenon. Bound rubber measurements were also done in order to estimate the interfacial interaction layer between silica and polymer resulting from the coupling agent. The silica flocculation rate decreases with increasing interfacial interaction layer on the silica surface. This indicates that the decrease of the flocculation rate is due to the shielding effect of the coupling agent. It is argued that the attractive flux from forces related to polarity differences between the silica and the rubber is the determining factor for silica flocculation.
Memory of Prior Dynamic Strain History in Filled Rubbers
Authors: Wang Xiaorong , Robertson Christopher G.
Published: February 2011

We recently discovered that particle-reinforced rubbers after being sheared (or aged) in oscillation at a frequency ƒa at a small strain γa (e.g., ∼1% strain) for time ta can often display a spectrum hole or drop in their dissipation spectra. The location of the hole depends on the aging strain amplitude γa. The depth of this hole is influenced by both the oscillatory aging frequency ƒa and the aging duration ta, and follows a simple power relationship of the product of ƒa and ta. Sequential shear at two strains reveals that when γa1>γa2 the resulting dynamic spectra appear to be a combination of that aged at γa1 and γa2, whereas for γa1>γa2, the resulting dynamic spectra only reflect the characteristic hole burning of the second strain after holding at γa2. This new memory effect occurs at very small strains in filled elastomers and involves material stiffening during the strain aging; both of those features are quite different from the Mullins effect. Also, this new memory is found to last for more than 10 days without any noticeable sign of disappearing.
Submicrometer Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Obtained by Reaction-Induced Phase Separation of Miscible Poly(Ε-Caprolactone)/Dimethacrylate Systems
Authors: L'Abee Roy , Verbruggen Marloes , van Duin Martin , Spoelstra Anne , Goossens Han
Published: February 2011

Reaction-induced phase separation of initially miscible mixtures of poly(Ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and elastomer precursors based on difunctional methacrylate resins was applied to prepare thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) with rubber particle sizes ranging from 80 to 900 nm. The radicals formed by the peroxide decomposition initiate the formation of a cross-linked rubber network with gel contents exceeding 90%, but also abstract hydrogen atoms from the aliphatic moieties in PCL. This leads to the formation of PCL-grafted rubber particles, which show a high nucleating efficiency for crystallization of the PCL matrix. It is demonstrated that the tensile and elastic properties of these TPVs are determined by a complex interplay of the morphology, the type of elastomer precursor, the extent of PCL grafting, the crystallinity, and the lamellar thickness. The materials showed a rheological behavior that is typical for TPVs, for which the melt changes from an elastic to a viscous behavior above a critical stress.
Reinforcement Mechanisms in Nanofilled Polymer Melts and Elastomers
Authors: Sternstein S. S. , Amanuel Samuel , Shofner Meisha L.
Published: February 2011

Mechanical reinforcement in nanofilled polymer melts and elastomers was investigated with emphasis on low filler concentrations ranging from zero to 12.5 vol. %. Composite samples were prepared using a poly(vinyl acetate) matrix with each of three different filler types. Two fumed-silica fillers with different surface chemistry were used. One had an untreated (not-treated) surface (NT) containing hydroxyl groups that can form hydrogen bonds with the matrix polymer, and one had a surface treatment (ST) that prevents such bonds from forming. In addition, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) filler was used in order to provide no appreciable filler—matrix bonding. Dynamic mechanical data were obtained within the linear viscoelastic region using symmetric, simple shear specimens. Data are presented in the form of superposition master curves of storage shear modulus versus reduced frequency. The increase in storage modulus with filler addition is strongly dependent on the frequency of observation. At higher reduced frequencies, that is, the glassy end of the master curve, reinforcement R (defined as the storage modulus of the composite divided by that of the neat polymer, at a given reduced frequency) is low and has values typically predicted by micromechanics theory, ca. 1.5 at 12.5% filler. Conversely, at lower reduced frequencies in the rubbery plateau region, reinforcement is many times larger than what current theory predicts, ca. 50 or more. In addition, the long relaxation times of the matrix polymer are extended by filler addition, for example, by more than 2 decades for the 12.5% NT filler composite. The relaxation time distribution of the matrix polymer depends on the filler type and concentration, and the master curves themselves cannot be superposed. Of major importance, it is found that the reinforcement increases exponentially with a reduced filler volume fraction defined as the actual volume fraction ϕ divided by a scale factor ψ, that is, R=exp(ϕ/ψ). This scale factor, or “scaling volume fraction”, is specific to the filler-matrix composite system. The initial slope of the reinforcement versus filler volume fraction curve at zero filler is given by 1/ψ, which varies from 28.6 for NT filler to 3.57 for PTFE filler. These values should be compared to the 2.5 found in the Einstein and Guth-Gold theories, both of which fail to describe the physics of reinforcement in polymeric melts. The implications of these findings to the root mechanism of reinforcement and the origin of the Payne effect are discussed in terms of a postulated filler-induced conformational restriction model based on the physics of the polymeric matrix in the presence of filler.
Trouser Tearing of a Model Natural Rubber Tire Belt Vulcanizate. Part 3: Effect of Deformation During Anaerobic Aging
Authors: Hamed G. R. , Hiza S.
Published: February 2011

The effect of test rate and cure time on the trouser tear strength of a model NR tire belt vulcanizate was discussed previously. Specimens had thick legs and a thin (intended) tear path. Particular attention was paid to the type (steady, stick-slip) and locus of tearing. We now employ trouser tear test pieces that were held at fixed extension ratio λ0 perpendicular to specimen length while they were anaerobically aged for 48 h at 120 °C. After aging, specimens were released and retracted to λr before they were torn apart at 23 °C. When aging had taken place without pre-extension (λr=1), specimens remained strong and tearing was knotty, but tearing became steady and easy when test pieces had been sufficiently extended during aging.
Macular Function in Prediabetic and Diabetic Omani Adults: A Microperimetric Evaluation
Authors: Al Shafaee Mohammed , Shenoy Radha , Bialasiewicz Alexander A. , Ganguly Shyam S. , Bhargava Kamlesh
Published: February 2011

Purpose.

To assess if functional visual loss preceded structural changes or vice versa in diabetic patients by evaluating the macular function in prediabetic patients and in diabetic patients with varying grades of retinopathy and comparing the findings with those of age-matched healthy controls by means of microperimetry

Methods.

Retinal sensitivity, fixation pattern, and test response were evaluated in 25 prediabetic patients (50 eyes), 25 diabetic patients (50 eyes), and 25 age-related normal nondiabetic patients (50 eyes) using Nidek microperimetry. The diabetic patients were classified into 3 groups on the basis of clinical and fundus fluorescein angiographic evidence: group 1 = no clinical or angiographic evidence of retinopathy, group 2 = background retinopathy only, group 3 = with macular edema. Classification of retinopathy was based on Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study standards. Statistical analysis was conducted by Fisher exact test.

Results.

In diabetic patients, 20 eyes (40%) had no clinical or angiographic evidence of retinopathy, 13 eyes (26 %) had background changes, and 17 eyes (34%) had macular edema. Statistically significant difference in the fixation pattern, test response, and retinal sensitivity was noted in the diabetic and the prediabetic patients when compared to the controls.

Conclusions.

Significant loss of macular function in the eyes of prediabetic subjects was noted. These preliminary findings probably support the hypothesis that neurodegeneration precedes mi-croangiopathy.
Extensive Submacular Hemorrhage following Intravitreal Ranibizumab for Small Occult Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
Authors: Rouvas Alexandras , Petrou Petros , Vergados loannis , Theodossiadis Georgios , Theodossiadis Panagiotis
Published: February 2011

Purpose

Although intravitreal ranibizumab represents an established therapeutic approach for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the possible occurrence of adverse events remains under ongoing research. The purpose of this report is to present an incidence of an extensive submacular hemorrhage after intravitreal ranibizumab administration.

Methods

Interventional case report.

Results

A 72-year-old woman was referred to our retinal department for sudden visual loss in the right eye (RE). She had undergone an intravitreal ranibizumab injection 48 hours prior to her presentation. She had known AMD with a confirmed occult choroidal neovascularization (CNV) for which she had been subjected to a total of 24 intravitreal injections in the RE (with monthly intervals) over the last 2 years. Clinical examination revealed an extensive submacular hemorrhage in the RE.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report of a submacular hemorrhage soon after ranibizumab administration in a patient with a small occult CNV. Although such a correlation cannot be established, the authors underline the possibility of such an adverse event in patients with small CNVs following a long therapeutic course involving high injection volume.
Elecciones Regionales Autónomas en el Caribe 2010
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2011

Este es un informe en donde se presenta los resultados del monitoreo y observación electoral realizados por IPADE antes, durante y después de las elecciones en el Caribe nicaragüense el siete de marzo del 2010. Este cuerpo de observación estuvo compuesto por un equipo central y una red de voluntarios con experiencia profesional en otras diez elecciones anteriores. La intención principal de esta observación fue verificar la transparencia del proceso electoral y contribuir de forma constructiva a mejorar el sistema electoral. 1. ELECCIONES-COSTA CARIBE (NICARAGUA)- INFORMES 2. ELECCIONES-COSTA CARIBE (NICARAGUA)- OBSERVACIONES Klauna karibi tasbaia klaki sakan ba tilara iliksan nani daukan ba (2010) Democracia wiba pawanka dukiara wark dauki banghwiba apiska(IPADE wiba). Nikarawa karibika tasbaiara, kakamuk kati, yua matlalkahbi pura kum, mani 2010 ra Iliksan dauki banghwan ba kainara, baha pyuara bara ninkara sin, dia takanba pura kaiki bara laki kaiki banghwan kan IPADE uplika nani bui bara naha wauhkataya nani ulbi saki banghwisa. Naha pura kakaira daknika nani na asla taki banghwansa, dakni kum bara sa apis tara ba bilara, wala ba kul tara brin uplika nani ailal witin nani pat nahamuna warkka nani matawalsip pitka kainara dauki luan uplika nanisa. Dia lukanka wal pura kaikaia warkka nani na dauki banghwan ba sika, laki kaikaia rait kasak laka kat iliksan warkka nani ba daukansa sapa bara baku lika iliksan warkka dadaukra ta uplika nanira kau tabaikaia ba dukiara. Alas lani kat yalahnin lani karibi sauni dakwi yakna pas yakat iliksan yayamna kidika(2010). Democracia atwa kidi baraknin yulni warkni balna yayamwa anipis(IPADE atwi kidi) Nikarawa karibini sauni yakat, kama wainiku, ma tiaskau bu, mani 2010 yakat. Iliksan yayamna kidi tanit kau, kidika mani yakat dawak usnit kau bik, ais kalahna kidi minitna talwi dawak laihwi tatalna dai IPADE muihni balna yaklauiwi dawak adika wauhnitaya balna ulwi yayakna, adika minitna talyang muihni balna aslah kalududuhna dai, muih bu as bangki apis nuhni pas yakat, uk balna kidika kul nunuhni duduna muihni balna mahni palni witingna apatnah warkni pat salap kapat yamwi bayayakna muihni balna ki. Witingna ais yulni iliksan warkni balna kidi minitna talna kidika kuduh, laihwi tatalna atnin ramh warkni balna kidi yamni yayamwa pa yulni, dawak kaput laih iliksan but munnin tunan duduwa muihni balna kidi yakat baisa parasni kalanin yulni yayamna dai. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v60i0.262Wani No.60 2010 pp.18-41
Contribuyendo al uso sostenible de los recursos naturales en dos territorios indígenas de la reserva de biósfera BOSAWAS
Authors: Fonseca Gizaneta , Escribano Pablo
Published: February 2011

El artículo que presentamos a continuación contiene un resumen sustancial de la información técnica utilizada por una agencia de cooperación técnica y de desarrollo (ACTED) y comunitarios de dos territorios indígenas de la reserva de biósfera BOSAWAS, en torno a la implementación de sistemas agroforestales para el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. El artículo forma parte de la experiencia participativa de ejecución del proyecto. Wani presenta esta experiencia a sus lectores dada la relevancia del tema en cuanto al uso y conservación de los recursos naturales de la reserva de BOSAWAS y, en particular, para la divulgación de información valiosa en el proceso de desarrollo de los territorios indígenas de la reserva. 1. DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE-BOSAWAS (NICARAGUA) 2. CONSERVACION DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALESBOSAWAS (NICARAGUA) Bosawas tasbaia bilara indian tawanka nani walra nahki ai ritska nani ba pitka kat yus muni pyu banira bri kaia ba warkka naniba tabaikaia.Naha ulbanka nani ulbi sakuya nara barasa sturi prahni nani, Apis kum (ACTED) wark ka dadaukra nani bara tawan wal Bosawas tasbaia bilara iwi banghwi naniba aikuki yus muni bangwan, witin nani tawan uplika nanira tabaikisa pawaia wark ka nani mapara bara wark nani sin upla ra lan daukisa. Witin nani tawan uplika nanira mahrikisa nahki dusma mankaia bara nahki tasba ritska naniba pitka kat yus muni pyu banira bri kaiaba dukiara. Naha ulbanka nani nara takisa nahki proyectu nani dauki diara lan taki banghwan ba dukiara aisisa. Wani bui naha ulbanka nani na ulbi sakisa kan diara kum uba painba dukiara nahki Bosawas tasbaia bilara ritska nani ba pitka kat yus muni pyu banira ban pain bri kaia ba dukiara, kau ba sika ulbi saki mahrikaia nahki naha tasbaia bilara iwi uplika nani wark ka nani ba kau pain daukbia dukiara. Bosawas sauni pas yakat indian tawanni balna bu kau ampat ritsnina balna kidi pitni kat yus mumunwi mâ bani duduwa atnin yulni warkni balna yakat dipararaswi. Adika ulna balna kidi ulwi yakna akat bangki yul parahni balna, apis as (ACTED) warkni kalahyang balna dawak Bosawas sauni pas yakat indian tawannni bu muihni balna karak adika yus mumunna, witingna tawan muihni balna yakat dipararaswi baraknin warkni balna ninin yak dawak ampat wark yamnin kidika muih balna yakat niningna kawi, tawan muihni balna kau niningna kawi ampat pat minik balna dahnin kidi dawak ampat sau ritsni balna kidi pitni kat yus mumunwi mâ bani kau duduwa atnin yulni, adika uhulna akat kalahwi ampat proyectu balna laihwi yayamwi di balna lan kakalna kidi yulni yulwi, wani yaklauiwi adika ulna kidi ulwi yakwi di as uba yamni kapat talna yulni ampat Bosawas sauni paskau ritsni balna kidi pitni kat yus munwi mâ bani duduwa atnin yulni yulwa kidika bahang, baisa kidika kuduh ulwi yakwi ninin kanin ampat adika sauni pas yak yalalahwa muihni balna warknina kidi baisa yamni yayamwarang yulni. DOI: 10.5377/wani.v60i0.265Wani No.60 2010 pp.73-88
Optimizing Reliability of Digital Inclinometer and Flexicurve Ruler Measures of Spine Curvatures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis of the Spine: An Illustration of the Use of Generalizability Theory
Authors: MacIntyre Norma J. , Bennett Lisa , Bonnyman Alison M. , Stratford Paul W.
Published: February 2011

The study illustrates the application of generalizability theory (G-theory) to identify measurement protocols that optimize reliability of two clinical methods for assessing spine curvatures in women with osteoporosis. Triplicate measures of spine curvatures were acquired for 9 postmenopausal women with spine osteoporosis by two raters during a single visit using a digital inclinometer and a flexicurve ruler. G-coefficients were estimated using a G-study, and a measurement protocol that optimized inter-rater and inter-trial reliability was identified using follow-up decision studies. The G-theory provides reliability estimates for measurement devices which can be generalized to different clinical contexts and/or measurement designs.
On Some Nonlinear Integrodifferential Inequalities for Functions of Independent Variables
Authors: Khellaf Hassane , Smakdji Mohamed El-Hadi
Published: February 2011

The object of this paper is to establish some nonlinear integrodifferential integral inequalities in independent variables. These new inequalities represent a generalization of the results obtained by Pachpatte in the case of a function with one and two variables. Our results can be used as tools in the qualitative theory of a certain class of partial integrodifferential equation.
Radiation Therapy Followed by Intrathecal Trastuzumab-Pertuzumab for ERBB2-Positive Breast Leptomeningeal Disease
Authors: Ahmed Kamran A. , Kumthekar Priya U. , Pina Yolanda , Kim Youngchul , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Han Hyo S. , Forsyth Peter A.
Published: May 2024

This nonrandomized controlled trial examines the safety of radiation therapy (RT) followed by intrathecal trastuzumab and pertuzumab for patients with ERBB2-positive breast leptomeningeal disease (LMD).
Digital phantom versus patient‐specific radiation dosimetry in adult routine thorax CT examinations
Authors: Papadakis Antonios E. , Giannakaki Vassiliki , Stratakis John , Myronakis Marios , Zaidi Habib , Damilakis John
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare the organ doses assessed through a digital phantom‐based and a patient specific‐based dosimetric tool in adult routine thorax computed tomography (CT) examinations with reference to physical dose measurements performed in anthropomorphic phantoms.

Methods

Two Monte Carlo based dose calculation tools were used to assess organ doses in routine adult thorax CT examinations. These were a digital phantom‐based dosimetry tool (NCICT, National Cancer Institute, USA) and a patient‐specific individualized dosimetry tool (ImpactMC, CT Imaging GmbH, Germany). Digital phantoms and patients were classified in four groups according to their water equivalent diameter (Dw). Normalized to volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), organ dose was assessed for lungs, esophagus, heart, breast, active bone marrow, and skin. Organ doses were compared to measurements performed using thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) in two physical anthropomorphic phantoms that simulate the average adult individual as a male (Alderson Research Labs, USA) and as a female (ATOM Phantoms, USA).

Results

The average percent difference of NCICT to TLD and ImpactMC to TLD dose measurements across all organs in both sexes was 13% and 6%, respectively. The average ± 1 standard deviation in dose values across all organs with NCICT, ImpactMC, and TLDs was ± 0.06 (mGy/mGy), ± 0.19 (mGy/mGy), and ± 0.13 (mGy/mGy), respectively. Organ doses decreased with increasing Dw in both NCICT and ImpactMC.

Conclusion

Organ doses estimated with ImpactMC were in closer agreement to TLDs compared to NCICT. This may be attributed to the inherent property of ImpactMC methodology to generate phantoms that resemble the realistic anatomy of the examined patient as opposed to NCICT methodology that incorporates an anatomical discrepancy between phantoms and patients.
Characterization of Electrochemical and Biocompatibility of Zinc Oxide Coating Electrodeposited on Commercial Pure Titanium Alloy
Authors: Torabianfard Seyed Reza , Jamaati Roohollah , Jamshidi Aval Hamed
Published: May 2024

This study examines how the duration of electrodeposition affects the morphology and electrochemical characteristics of zinc oxide coatings applied to a pure titanium substrate. The morphology of the coating and the phases present within it are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and the X‐ray diffraction technique. The coating's resistance to corrosion in a phosphate‐buffered saline solution is evaluated using two electrochemical methods: impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization tests. The surface roughness of the coated samples is assessed using interferometry. The results demonstrate that an increase in electrodeposition time, ranging from 150 to 1200 s, leads to an enhanced texture intensity in the (0002) and (010) planes of the ZnO coating. Furthermore, the thickness of the ZnO crystals and surface roughness increases by factors of 3.25 and 2.79, respectively, as the deposition time is extended. This extended duration results in the formation of larger needle‐shaped and flower‐like ZnO crystals, leading to a significantly nonuniform structure. Correspondingly, the corrosion rate also increases as the electrodeposition time is extended from 150 to 1200 s, rising from 0.001951 to 9.117 μm year−1. The lowest corrosion rate (1.654 μm year−1) is achieved in coatings deposited for 300 s using a potential of 3 V.
Self‐Assembled Protection Layer Induced by Bifunctional Additive for Reversible Aqueous Zinc Metal Battery
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Wenwei , Yu Jia , Wu Lu , Zhang Anran , Zhang Jiayang , Wang Huan , Liao Xiaobin , Zhao Yan
Published: May 2024

Aqueous zinc metal battery (AZMB) has received widespread attention due to the advantages of low cost and high safety. However, challenges of dendritic growth, hydrogen evolution reaction, and other side‐reaction impede the performance of the Zn anode. Herein, 4‐amino‐benzene‐sulfonic acid (ABSA) is proposed as an additive to the ZnSO4 electrolyte for improving the performance of AZMB. Combined analyses of theoretical calculations and experiment results, ABSA assumes a pivotal function in constructing an adsorptive layer, facilitating the subsequent formation of a stable sulfur‐rich solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI). Consequently, the SEI layer modulates the pathway of Zn2+ electrodeposition/dissolution and effectively hinders the deleterious growth of dendrites and unwanted side reactions. As a result, the Zn||Zn cells stably cycles for 2500 h at 1 mAh cm−2/1 mA cm−2 and over 1000 h at 10 mAh cm−2/10 mA cm−2. Significantly, the pouch cell of Zn||VO2 can obtain the specific capacity of 151 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. This work may provide a new perspective for designing advanced electrolytes from the prospect of interface protection for the AZMB and other metal ion batteries.
Dual Ion Regulated Eutectogels with High Elasticity and Adhesive Strength for Accurate Strain Sensors
Authors: Sun Yaozhou , Cheng Yin , Shi Liangjing , Sun Jing , Chen Shuangjun , Wang Ranran
Published: May 2024

Eutectogels have attracted increasing attention from researchers due to their broad application potential, good environmental stability, biocompatibility, and low cost. Currently reported eutectogels generally show large residue strain and hysteresis, which will cause output signal inconsistency between the loading and unloading processes and is not conducive to accurate strain monitoring. Besides, the low adhesiveness of available eutectogels brings about difficulties in the installation of the sensors and dynamic interfacial stability between the sensors and human skin. Herein, a dual ion regulation strategy is proposed to obtain eutectogels with high resilience, high adhesiveness, ultralow residue strain, wide temperature adaptability (−20–60 °C) and good environmental stability. Strain sensors based on gradient eutectogels exhibit high sensitivity, a wide linear response range, and good cycling stability. The response curve shows negligible electrical hysteresis, providing consistent output signals at the fixed strain regardless of stretch or release. Accurate micrometry with a step as minute as 50 µm is realized. Moreover, the sensors demonstrate higher signal intensity and stability in human physiological signals and motion detection due to the strong interfacial bonding.
Cu+/Ca2+ Dual‐Overload Strategy Assisted by Metabolic‐Symbiotic‐Destruction for Tumor Apoptosis and Tumor Immune Activation
Authors: Yan Jiahui , Chen Haoyu , Guimarães Carlos F. , Reis Rui L. , Zhu Zhihua , Wang Tianyi , Zhang Fenglan , Lv Yaqian , Zhou Qihui , Kong Xiaoying , Shi Jinsheng
Published: May 2024

Ion interference including copper (Cu+)/calcium (Ca2+) overload activate cell‐specific death channels, damage mitochondria and disrupt cellular homeostasis, showing great potential in anti‐tumor therapy. However, the complex metabolic environment and the powerful self‐protection of tumors cause clinical failure of ion interference. Thus, metabolic disruption is expected an innovative strategy for the enhancement of ion interference. Herein, CuS‐α‐CHCA&penthiopyrad@CaCO3‐RGD nanoparticles (CCPCR NPs) are prepared to provide a Cu+/Ca2+ dual‐overload anti‐tumor therapy assisted by metabolic‐symbiosis‐destruction strategy, realizing the collapse of tumor self‐protection. Specifically, precise CuS and CaCO3 delivery triggered irreversible Cu+/Ca2+ dual‐overload and reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack toward 4T1 cells. Meanwhile, α‐CHCA and penthiopyrad disturbed the metabolic symbiotic environment by disrupting the TCA cycle and preventing lactate efflux to aggravate intracellular acidosis and promote Fenton‐like reaction of Cu+, enhancing the sensitivity of tumor cells to copper death and Ca2+ overload. Further, aided by the metabolism of symbiosis, the destroyed tumor cells further activate the polarization of M1 macrophages and the maturation and antigen cross‐presentation of dendritic cells (DCs), which further eliminate tumor cells. In summary, an amplified anti‐tumor dual‐ion interference strategy assisted by metabolic symbiotic destruction is established, which is of great significance in improving the clinical effect of ion therapy for tumors.
A Flexible Fibrin‐Based Platform for Driving One‐Day Self‐Assembly of Millimeter‐Sized Cell‐Rich Spheroids and Their Applications: An Old Material with New Tricks
Authors: Lai Jiahui , Kong Dexin , Liu Yuting , Dai Jianwu , Zhang Mingming
Published: May 2024

Cell‐rich spheroids have gained increasing applications due to their ability to mimic the 3D microenvironment of real tissues. Given human organ dimensions, millimeter‐sized (>1 mm) spheroids are more clinically valuable than micro‐sized ones (<500 µm). However, constructing millimeter‐sized spheroids faces the primary challenge of core necrosis due to insufficient nutrient diffusion during long‐term in vitro cultivation (>3 days). Developing rapid spheroid fabrication strategies can address the issue but remains challenging. Here, a flexible fibrin‐based platform for rapid fabrication of the spheroids is developed using a one‐step manufacturing technology. Cell‐laden fibrin hydrogels are polymerized from cell‐containing fibrinogen by thrombin‐catalyzed reactions within minutes and cultured in an agarose‐coated plate. Benefiting from the unique viscoelasticity, softness, and cell adhesion natures of fibrin, the expression levels of several cellular junction proteins are significantly upregulated compared to the scaffold‐free spheroids. As a result, cells rapidly self‐assemble into 1–15 mm‐sized spheroids within 6–24 h, accommodating high cell density (6 × 104 cells µL−1) without leakage. The spheroid formation platform is also flexible for various cell densities and cell types. Moreover, the spheroids effectively mimic the 3D tissue niches, showing promising potential in tumor drug screening with MCF‐7 spheroids and liver regeneration with HepG2 spheroids.
Sublimation‐Induced Vapor Deposition of Cyanuric Acid‐Melamine Supramolecular Single Crystals on Surfaces
Authors: Wang Yuting , Qi Ruijuan , Ye Zilin , Xu Yanan , Wang Xiaodong , Meng Hang , Liu Zixuan , Meng Peng , Xu Jingsan
Published: May 2024

Herein, a low‐temperature sublimation‐based vapor deposition (SVD) method is developed to synthesize hexagonal crystal plates of cyanuric acid‐melamine (CAM) with outstanding crystallinity. Through meticulous design of the reaction apparatus and careful selection of source materials, substrate‐confined SVD in a tube furnace is explored to grow single crystals of CAM in hexagonal shapes. Additionally, the orientation preference of the (202) facet is revealed, corresponding to the 2D arrangement of the H‐bonded network, of single‐crystalline plates on surfaces using selected area electron diffraction and X‐ray diffraction techniques. By employing atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for topography characterization, a mechanism of three‐stage step‐growth crystallization is proposed, including nucleation, in‐plane expansion, and out‐of‐plane growth. Furthermore, it is found that the interactions among melamine molecules in CAM synthesized via SVD are more intense compared to those in CAM synthesized via water‐based methods, as evidenced by infrared and photoluminescent spectra studies. Subsequent nanoindentation tests on the (202) facet of CAM single‐crystalline plates reveals a reduced modulus and hardness of 12.8 and 0.82 GPa, respectively. This methodology addresses the longstanding challenge of synthesizing hexagonal CAM single crystals and provides valuable insights for the fabrication of functional organic crystalline materials.
Bone‐Targeting and Multishelled Oral Eldecalcitol Nanoparticles Improve Osteoporosis by Reconstruction of Osteogenic‐Osteoclastic Homeostasis
Authors: Meng Lingxiao , Ma Wanli , Jiang Yuping , Li Xiaozhuang , Zhang Minglei , Yuan Rundong , Fu Yaqiu , Ma Haohua , Lu Xiong , Han Lu , Liu Hongrui , Li Minqi
Published: May 2024

Current treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) focuses on systemic administration of medication, neglecting to proactively modulate the local microenvironment of skeletal system for superior therapeutic performance. Eldecalcitol (ED‐71), a novel drug for treating osteoporosis, still requires research to overcome high‐frequency delivery and low‐utilization. Here, a bone‐targeting and multishelled nanoparticles are developed for step‐wise release of ED‐71. The nanoparticles are achieved by using the chitosan/alginate outer layer as protective barrier against gastric acid, pectin middle layer as adhesive agent that improved intestinal penetration, and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid‐grafted mesoporous silica nanomaterials core as bone‐targeting nanocarriers. After oral administration, the ED‐71‐loaded nanoparticles (ME‐ED‐71@PCA) promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by reducing intracellular oxidative stress, and inhibits the osteoclast differentiation. ME‐ED‐71@PCA improves bone mass in ovariectomized‐mice by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, and the efficacy is more pronounced than ED‐71 alone. ME‐ED‐71@PCA exhibits satisfactory therapeutic performance due to its step‐wise drug release and bone‐targeting compared to ED‐71 administration, providing a new approach to re‐establish bone metabolic homeostasis in PMOP.
Long‐Lasting Hybrid Seawater Electrolysis Enabled by Anodic Mass Transport Intensification for Energy‐Saving Hydrogen Production
Authors: He Dongtong , Yang Pengju , Yang Kaizhou , Qiu Jieshan , Wang Zhiyu
Published: May 2024

Hybrid water electrolysis offers a groundbreaking approach to energy‐saving hydrogen production by utilizing thermodynamically favorable and value‐added reactions to replace sluggish anodic oxygen evolution in overall water splitting. However, numerous anodic processes generate intermediates or products incompatible with aqueous environments, thereby degrading anodic performance to limit the efficiency and durability of hybrid water electrolysis. Herein, this difficulty is addressed by applying anodic mass transport intensification in conjunction with catalyst engineering, realizing a long‐lasting hybrid seawater electrolysis coupling sulfion oxidation reaction (SOR) for efficient hydrogen production below 1.2 V at an industrial‐level current density of 500 mA cm−2. An exceptional longevity of 2000 h is achieved for the electrolysis by eliminating anode passivation by sulfur deposition during SOR, a general concern in the sulfur‐involved industrial sector. This technology cut the electricity expense of hydrogen production to 2.80 kWh m−3 H2, undercutting alkaline water electrolysis by 34.9–51.1%. Simultaneously, fast upcycling of sulfion pollutants to value‐added sulfur is achieved to add additional economic and environmental profits, enabling hydrogen production at a midpoint expense ($ 0.93) of the United States Department of Energy's 2026 target ($ 2.0) for the cost per gallon of gasoline‐equivalent.