bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auditory and Multisensory Responses in the Tectofugal Pathway of the Barn Owl
Authors: Reches Amit , Gutfreund Yoram
Published: July 2009

A common visual pathway in all amniotes is the tectofugal pathway connecting the optic tectum with the forebrain. The tectofugal pathway has been suggested to be involved in tasks such as orienting and attention, tasks that may benefit from integrating information across senses. Nevertheless, previous research has characterized the tectofugal pathway as strictly visual. Here we recorded from two stations along the tectofugal pathway of the barn owl: the thalamic nucleus rotundus (nRt) and the forebrain entopallium (E). We report that neurons in E and nRt respond to auditory stimuli as well as to visual stimuli. Visual tuning to the horizontal position of the stimulus and auditory tuning to the corresponding spatial cue (interaural time difference) were generally broad, covering a large portion of the contralateral space. Responses to spatiotemporally coinciding multisensory stimuli were mostly enhanced above the responses to the single modality stimuli, whereas spatially misaligned stimuli were not. Results from inactivation experiments suggest that the auditory responses in E are of tectal origin. These findings support the notion that the tectofugal pathway is involved in multisensory processing. In addition, the findings suggest that the ascending auditory information to the forebrain is not as bottlenecked through the auditory thalamus as previously thought.
Ein prädiktiver Ansatz zur Lösung nichtlinearer Pfadverfolgungsprobleme unter BeschränkungenA Predictive Solution to Nonlinear Path-Following Problems Subject to Constraints
Authors: Faulwasser Timm , Findeisen Rolf
Published: July 2009

Neben Trajektorienfolgeproblemen und der Stabilisierung von Arbeitspunkten gibt es viele Regelungsprobleme, bei denen die präzise Verfolgung einer vorgegebenen, geometrischen Bahn im Zustandsraum wichtiger ist als die Konvergenz gegen eine zeitabhängige Solltrajektorie. Beispiele hierfür sind Messaufgaben, die Regelung der Fräskopfbahn von Werkzeugmaschinen oder die Koordination von Satelliten für Vermessungsaufgaben. Diese Probleme der Verfolgung geometrischer Referenzkurven im Zustandsraum werden auch als Pfadverfolgungsprobleme bezeichnet. In diesem Beitrag wird ein optimierungsbasierter prädiktiver Ansatz zur Lösung des Pfadverfolgungsproblems für nichtlineare Systeme unter Beschränkungen der Stell- und Zustandsgrößen vorgestellt. Basierend auf der Erweiterung eines geeigneten Optimalsteuerungsproblems werden hinreichende Stabilitätsbedingungen für das vorgeschlagene Regelungskonzept gefunden. Daneben wird ein Ansatz zur Lösung des um zusätzliche örtliche Freiheitsgrade erweiterten Pfadverfolgungsproblems diskutiert. Die Anwendung der vorgestellten Methoden wird am Beispiel eines Fahrzeugs erläutert.
Zwei Zugänge zur Projektion auf 2d-Kurven für die Bahnregelung autonomer FahrzeugeTwo Approaches for the Projection onto 2d-Curves for the Path Control of Autonomous Cars
Authors: Irle Philip , Gröll Lutz , Werling Moritz
Published: July 2009

Bei der Bahnregelung autonomer Fahrzeuge wird der kürzeste Abstand zwischen Fahrzeugposition und Bahn als Regelfehler verwendet. Um diesen Abstand zu bestimmen, ist der Projektionspunkt auf der Bahn fortwährend zu berechnen. Hierzu sind schnelle Algorithmen notwendig, die sich bei Fahrzeuganwendungen durch hohe numerische Zuverlässigkeit auszeichnen. Für die Anwendung wurden zwei Zugänge zur Projektion entwickelt und im Gesamtreglerkonzept implementiert, die für unterschiedliche Bahnbeschreibungen geeignet sind. Der erste Zugang über Bi-Kurven hält den Aufwand durch Projektion auf Elementarkurven gering und ermöglicht durch Neuformulierung des Problems die erforderliche Zuverlässigkeit. Der zweite Zugang basiert auf einem Beobachteransatz, bezieht die Eigenbewegung des Fahrzeugs mit ein und ist für beliebig parametrisierte glatte Kurven einsetzbar.
Schätzung des inneren Drehmoments von Verbrennungsmotoren durch parameterbasierte KalmanfilterungInner Torque Estimation for Combustion Engines by Parametric Kalman Filtering
Authors: Jakubek Stefan , Fleck Andreas
Published: July 2009

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Verfahren zur Schätzung des inneren Drehmoments von Verbrennungsmotoren vorgestellt. Dieses beruht auf dem Prinzip der Kalmanfilterung und schätzt das innere Drehmoment des Motors aufgrund der an einem Serienprüfstand vorhandenen Messungen. Die Schätzung selbst erfolgt nicht mehr signalbasiert, sondern parametrisch, d. h. durch eine Superposition von Ansatzfunktionen, deren Form speziell auf die Gestalt des Verbrennungsmoments abgestimmt ist. Wesentliche Anforderungen, die das vorgestellte Verfahren zu erfüllen hat, sind sehr gute Rauschunterdrückung, Freiheit von Phasenverzug sowie gute Robustheit in der Parametrierung. Simulationsergebnisse und Praxisresultate sowohl im Stationärbetrieb als auch während eines hochdynamischen Startvorgangs beleuchten die Leistungsfähigkeit des vorgestellten Verfahrens.
Automatisierung des Treibens mittels Diskreter Dynamischer ProgrammierungAutomation of the Driving Using the Dynamic Programming
Authors: Yang Zongru , Bürger Sebastian , Lohmann Boris
Published: July 2009

Das Treiben ist ein Metallbearbeitungsprozess durch Hämmern in kaltem Zustand, durch den bei Nutzung unterschiedlicher Werkzeuge fast jede beliebige Geometrie von 2D- und 3D-Blechen hergestellt werden kann. Die Ausführung der Schläge geschieht heute maschinell, wobei die Verformungswirkung eines einzelnen Schlages durch zahlreiche Parameter des Werkzeugs und des Bleches beeinflusst wird, was eine umfassende Automatisierung bisher verhindert hat. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird nun eine modellbasierte Regelung für das 2D-Treiben vorgeschlagen. Dafür wird zunächst der Vorgang des Streckens (bewirkt durch ein spezielles Werkzeug) für L-Bleche analytisch modelliert. Drei Phasen, nämlich hybride Deformationen, Materialfluss sowie Rückfederung und -biegung, beschreiben den Umformvorgang bei einem Schlag. Es wird ein zugehöriges nichtlineares (nicht-affines) zeitdiskretes Zustandsraummodell entwickelt, für das sodann eine modellprädiktive Regelung (engl. MPC) zur Ermittlung der optimalen Stellgröße in jedem Zeitschritt entworfen wird. Dabei wird ein Gütemaß, das die Kosten von einem Startwinkel bis zu einer Endbedingung beschreibt, mittels diskreter dynamischer Programmierung (DDP) minimiert.
Preparation of Mesocarbon Microbeads and Subsequent Heating Treatment
Authors: Cheng Youliang , Li Tiehu , Li Fengjuan , Zhuang Qiang , Jing Deqi
Published: July 2009

The preparation of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) has been studied by heating coal tar pitch with different phenyl silicone oil content at 350°C for 2h.The spheres with diameters ranging from 0.54 to 11.4?m were obtained. The as-extracted MCMB when the silicone oil/coal pitch value was 3 had a very homogeneous size, a small diameter and also an excellent sphericity. The yield of MCMB was 8.3%, and microcrystalline structure was better. After stabilization, the spheres carbonized at 900°C still kept spherical, but broken into small particles during the graphitization. The stabilization destroyed the microcrystalline structure of as-extracted MCMB, but the microcrystalline structure became better after carbonization. The structure of graphitized MCMB at 2300°C was close to the graphite structure, and clear graphitization fringes were observable.
Development of a Sterilized Mixed Herbal Drink Product
Authors: Techaratanakrai Bodin , Laohasongkram Kalaya , Chaiwanichsiri Saiwarun
Published: July 2009

A sterilized mixed herbal drink formula and process was developed for the mixed herbal extracts from Imperata cylindrical (L.) P. Beauv [IC], Murdannia loriformia (Hassk.) Rolla Rao et Kammathy [ML], Hedyotis corymbosa Lamk. [HC] and Orthosiphon aristatus Miq [OA]. Increasing extraction temperature and time decreased the antioxidant activity and increased the total potassium and phenolic compound contents of the herb infusions. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the appropriate extraction condition was 74.6°C for 41 minutes. The most acceptable formula contains a % weight ratio (w/w) of 14:35:27:17of IC: ML: HC: OA infusions to 7% (w/w) sucrose. Decreasing the sterilization temperature and increasing the F0-value reduced the antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds. The appropriate sterilization temperature and F0 were 135°C and 3 minutes.
Process Modeling & Control: A Special Issue of Chemical Product & Process Modeling
Authors: Aguilar-López Ricardo , Manca Davide
Published: July 2009

This special issue collects papers based on the interplay between modeling and control. These features are combined into various aspects for exploiting the potential of physical and mathematical modeling while assessing the practices to attack fundamental issues of control theory, getting a deeper understanding of the related phenomena, and finding useful applications by establishing a common framework to deal with vastly different expressions of modeling and control of industrial processes.
Increased expression of PAD2 after repeated intracerebroventricular infusions of soluble Aβ25–35 in the Alzheimer’s disease model rat brain: Effect of memantine
Authors: Arif Mohammad , Kato Takeshi
Published: July 2009

Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) convert the arginine residues in proteins into citrulline residues in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We previously showed that a bilateral injection of ibotenic acid into the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis elevated the PAD2 activity in the hippocampus and striatum. In this study, we examined whether repeated intracerebroventricular infusions of soluble Aβ25–35 would affect the PAD2 expression in any regions of the rat brain. We also assessed the protective effect of memantine on Aβ-induced PAD2 alterations. The infusion of Aβ25–35 increased the activity and protein level of PAD2 in the hippocampus, and co-treatment with memantine suppressed these changes. An immunohistochemical analysis showed that an increased level of PAD2 was coincident with GFAP-positive astrocytes and CD11b-positive microglia. In addition, immunofluoresecence staining revealed that citrullinepostive immunoreactivity coincided with the occurrence of GFAP-positive astrocytes. Co-treatment with memantine reversed the activation of the astrocytes and microglia, thus attenuating the PAD2 increment. These biochemical and immunohistochemical results suggest that PAD2 might play an important role in the pathology of early Alzheimer’s disease, and may correlate with the changes in glial cells that are recovered by memantine treatment.
Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB)
Authors: Lutfor Afzalunnessa Binte
Published: July 2009

doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2962 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 1-3
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Strain Types in Adult Dyspeptic Patients Undergoing Endoscopy in a Specialized Hospital of Dhaka City
Authors: Rahman Sufi HZ , Rahman M Anisur , Arfin MS , Alam M Mahbub , Bhuiyan TM , Ahmed Nasim , Nahar Shamsun , Hassan MS
Published: July 2009

Helicobacter pylori infection occurs worldwide with a high prevalence in developing countries. Virulence of H. pylori strains varies in different geographic regions. The aim of this study was to see H. pylori infection and its strain types in adult dyspeptic patients in Bangladesh and to analyze association of H. pylori strain types with clinical disease and severity of histological gastritis. Ninety consecutive adult dyspeptic patients undergoing diagnostic endoscopy were tested for H. pylori infection by culture, rapid urease test (RUT), histology and anti H. pylori IgG ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). H. pylori strain types were determined by Western Blot analysis. Association of strain types with clinical gastro-duodenal diseases and grades of histological gastritis were analyzed by χ2 test. Among the selected patients, 53 (58.9%) were culture positive, 48 (53.3%) were RUT positive, 31 (34.4%) were histology positive and 82 (91.1%) were anti-H. pylori IgG ELISA positive. By Western Blot analysis of the 90 sera samples, 48 (53.3%) showed antibodies to Type I strain of H. pylori, 21 (23.3%) Intermediate strain and 3 (3.3%) Type II strain. Endoscopically, 20 (22.2%) patients were found normal, 27 (30.0%) had gastritis, 9 (10.0%) had duodenitis, 28 (31.1%) had peptic ulcer disease, 4 (4.4%) had gastric carcinoma, and 2 (2.2%) had reflux esophagitis. Histologically, 34.4% had H. pylori, 44.4% had polymorhonuclear neutrophil (PMN), 100% had mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltration of different grades, 1.1% had atrophic gastritis and 2.2% had intestinal metaplasia of moderate grade. H. pylori strain types was not associated with clinical gastro-duodenal diseases or grades of PMN or MNC infiltration (p > 0.05) in these patients. Key words: Helicobacter pylori infection, H. pylori strain types, gastro-duodenal diseases, grades of gastritis   doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2963 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 4-9
Nosocomial Multi-Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter Infections - Clinical Findings, Risk Factors and Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Lone Rubina , Shah Azra , Kadri SM , Lone Shabana , Faisal Shah
Published: July 2009

Recently, Acinetobacter emerged as an important pathogen and the rate of isolation has increased since the last two decades worldwide. Objectives of the present study were to see the incidence of Acinetobacter infection at a tertiary care hospital at Kashmir, India, demographic features of the infections, species identification and antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern of the isolates. The clinical samples submitted to Microbiology laboratory at SKIMS over a period of 2 years (June, 2001 to June, 2003) were investigated. Identification, speciation and antibiotyping were performed for the isolates of Acinetobacter recovered from clinical samples including urine, pus, sputum, blood, CSF and other body fluids. Clinical and demographic characteristics were studied retrospectively. Out of a total of 5352 infected samples, 258 (4.8%) were found to be due to Acinetobacter. The organism was responsible for 76 (39.64%) cases of urinary tract infection and 38 (29.45%) cases of wound infection and was most prevalent in the intensive care unit (29.84%). A. baumannii was the most predominant species. Prolong hospital stay, Mechanical ventilation and Intensive Care Units were found to be potential risk factors. High level of resistance was recorded for Ampicillin (86.3%), Cefazolin (93.2%) Gentamicin (61.5%), Cefotaxime (65.8%), Ceftriaxone (61.5%) and Ciprofloxacin (69.2%). Although no specific pattern during antibiotyping was observed, but most of them were multi-drug resistant. Nosocomial infections by multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter have emerged as an increasing problem especially in the intensive care units of the hospital. The analysis of risk factors and susceptibility pattern will be useful in understanding epidemiology of this organism in a hospital setup. Key words: Acinetobacter, Nosocomial infection, Antibiotyping, Multi-drug resistant   doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2969 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 34-38
Laboratory Methods for Diagnosing Leptospirosis: A Review
Authors: Safiulah Sofia Andalib , Saleh Ahmed Abu , Munwar Shaila
Published: July 2009

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that has been recognized as an important global health problem because of its increasing incidence in many countries and occurrence of several large outbreaks in recent years. Due to variability of clinical features and limited availability of laboratory facilities in endemic countries, the disease remains largely under-reported. Early and specific diagnosis is important to ensure a favourable outcome. Isolation of Leptospirosis is labourious and time-consuming. Direct demonstration of Leptospira from clinical specimens by dark-field microscopy (DFM), direct immunofluorescence, and immuno-peroxidase staining all lack specificity. Until now serological testing has been most frequently used to confirm diagnosis. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the current gold standard but the technique is not simple and is only done in a few reference laboratories. To overcome these difficulties several test methods have been developed to detect IgM antibodies that are detectable after about 5th day of illness. In this paper, the microbiology, epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of Leptospirosis have been discussed, and critically reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of various laboratory tests for the diagnosis of the disease.   doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2970 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 39-43
Miliary tuberculosis accompanying paravertebral tuberculosis abscess in an adolescent
Authors: Dagli Canan Eren , Guler Ekrem , Bakan Vedat , Atilla Nurhan , Koksal Nurhan
Published: July 2009

Although miliary tuberculosis (TB) is well known, the incidence of miliary TB accompanying paravertebral abscess is extremely rare in adolescent children. We report a case of paravertebral TB abscess and miliary TB in a 17-year-old male initially presenting with fever, general weakness, back pain, sweating, cough, dyspnea and weight loss. The patient was diagnosed as paravertebral TB abscess and miliary TB. The anti-tuberculous drugs were started and the follow-up imaging showed that the lesions had disappeared without surgery. Although seldom observed, TB should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of paravertebral abscess.
A contextualised reading of Matthew 6:22–23: ‘Your eye is the lamp of your body’
Authors: Viljoen Francois P.
Published: July 2009

For the modern reader the logion ‘The eye is the lamp of the body’ is puzzling. While most scholars concur that it has something to do with greed and envy, they often fail to explain this correlation between inner attitudes and the physical eye. In this article I argue that the meaning of this passage can only be understood when read according to the ancient understanding of vision. It is important to interpret the genitive in the phrase Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός as the ancient hearer or reader would have done.
Block Copolymer Nanolithography: Translation of Molecular Level Control to Nanoscale Patterns
Authors: Bang Joona , Jeong Unyong , Ryu Du Yeol , Russell Thomas P. , Hawker Craig J.
Published: July 2009

The self‐asembly of block copolymers is a promising platform for the “bottom‐up” fabrication of nanostructured materials and devices. This review covers some of the advances made in this field from the laboratory setting to applications where block copolymers are in use.
Functional capacity in children and young adults with sickle cell disease undergoing evaluation for cardiopulmonary disease
Authors: Liem Robert I. , Nevin Mary A. , Prestridge Adrienne , Young Luciana T. , Thompson Alexis A.
Published: July 2009

Although cardiopulmonary disease is associated with decreased functional capacity among adults with sickle cell disease (SCD), its impact on functional capacity in children with SCD is unknown. We evaluated 6‐min walk (6MW) distance in 77 children and young adults with SCD undergoing screening for cardiopulmonary disease. Of 30 subjects who also underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, we found evidence for decreased exercise capacity in a significant proportion. Exercise capacity was related to baseline degree of anemia and was significantly lower in subjects with a history of recurrent acute chest syndrome. We found that 6MW distance adjusted for weight and body surface area was shorter in subjects with restrictive lung disease but that only 6MW adjusted for weight remained significantly shorter when we controlled for baseline hemoglobin. Exercise capacity was not significantly different in subjects with and without cardiopulmonary disease. We conclude that restrictive lung disease is associated with shorter 6MW distances in children and young adults with SCD, but that variables associated with decreased exercise capacity, other than anemia, remain unclear. Our study underscores the importance of further delineating the direct pathophysiologic processes that contribute to decreased exercise capacity observed among individuals with SCD and cardiopulmonary disease. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An open‐label, phase 2 trial of denosumab in the treatment of relapsed or plateau‐phase multiple myeloma
Authors: Vij Ravi , Horvath Noemi , Spencer Andrew , Taylor Kerry , Vadhan‐Raj Saroj , Vescio Robert , Smith Judy , Qian Yi , Yeh Howard , Jun Susie
Published: July 2009

RANKL is a key mediator of osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival. Preclinical data suggest that aberrant production and activation of osteoclasts may influence proliferation of multiple myeloma (MM) cells in the bone marrow. Reports have also shown that inhibiting RANKL may have a direct effect on RANK‐expressing myeloma cells and a therapeutic role in treating the disease. In mouse myeloma models, inhibition of RANKL led to reduced serum paraprotein levels and tumor burden. Based on this hypothesis, this proof‐of‐concept, single‐arm study investigated whether RANKL inhibition with denosumab could reduce serum M‐protein levels in relapsed or plateau‐phase myeloma subjects. All subjects received denosumab monthly, with loading doses on days 8 and 15 of month one, until disease progression or subject discontinuation. Results of this ongoing study demonstrated that no subjects in either cohort met the protocol‐defined objective response criteria of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), but that denosumab effectively inhibited the RANKL pathway regardless of previous exposure to bisphosphonates, as evidenced by suppressed levels of the bone turnover marker, serum C‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (sCTx). Eleven (21%) subjects who relapsed within 3 months before study entry maintained stable disease for up to 16.5 months. Nineteen (46%) subjects with plateau‐phase myeloma maintained stable disease for up to 18.3 months. The adverse event (AE) profile for denosumab and its dosing schedule in these populations was consistent with that for advanced cancer patients receiving systemic therapy. Additional controlled clinical studies of denosumab in subjects with both relapsed and plateau‐phase MM are warranted. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeated courses of rituximab in chronic ITP: Three different regimens
Authors: Hasan Aisha , Michel Marc , Patel Vivek , Stasi Roberto , Cunningham‐Rundles Susanna , Leonard John P. , Bussel James
Published: July 2009

This study investigated responses to retreatment with rituximab in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) patients. Treatment with rituximab in chronic ITP patients induces long‐lasting responses in ∼30% of patients but even these patients may relapse. Twenty patients who had achieved a response to rituximab and relapsed were retreated with rituximab (375 mg/m2× 4); this data was analyzed retrospectively. Subsequently, 16 patients were prospectively randomized to receive rituximab with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone (R‐CVP) or double dose rituximab (DDR). Retreatment with standard dose rituximab demonstrated responses similar to initial rituximab treatment in 15 of 20 patients. Neither of the two more intensive regimens (R‐CVP, DDR) induced responses in any patient who had previously failed to respond to rituximab nor induced substantially longer‐lasting responses among previous responders. No additional toxicity was noted with the DDR regimen, whereas R‐CVP was not well tolerated. These results suggest that retreatment with standard dose rituximab induces similar responses in 75% of previously responding patients and is well tolerated. Neither combining rituximab with CVP nor doubling the dose of rituximab increased the response rate. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Qualitätsentwicklung in der Lehrerfortbildung
Authors: Ansorge‐Grein Kerstin , Patzke Barbara , Bader Hans Joachim
Published: July 2009

Eine systematische Qualitätsentwicklung etabliert sich in den letzten Jahren auch im Bildungsbereich: Gütesiegelgemeinschaften, Zertifikate und Standards findet man bei Einrichtungen vom Kindergarten bis zur Weiterbildungsfirma. In diesem Zusammenhang konzentrieren sich die Hochschulen zwar auf die Evaluierung von Forschung und Lehre, beziehen aber zunehmend auch Tätigkeitsfelder wie Fort‐ und Weiterbildung mit ein. Die Rahmenbedingungen hierfür, die Probleme und Chancen am Beispiel der Chemielehrerfortbildung waren Inhalt eines Forschungsprojektes, dessen erste Ergebnisse hier dargestellt werden.
Chemie des Bieres
Authors: Grasser Andreas , Woest Volker
Published: July 2009

Der Deutsche Brauer‐Bund definiert Bier als ein aus Gerstenmalz, Wasser und Hopfen durch Maischen und Kochen hergestelltes, mit Hefe vergorenes Getränk [1, S. 135]. In dieser Form wird Bier schon seit Jahrhunderten genossen. Bier hat in Deutschland eine kulturhistorische Verankerung, die mit keinem anderen Land verglichen werden kann. Die Braukunst begründet sich auf Verfahren, die bereits im frühen Mittelalter von Klosterbrauereinen genutzt wurden und noch immer hält man sich hierzulande an eine über 450 Jahre alte Lebensmittelverordnung. Mit seinen über 2000 nachgewiesenen Inhaltsstoffen bietet Bier sehr gute Voraussetzungen, verschiedene chemische Stoffgruppen auch im Chemieunterricht zu behandeln. Analytische Untersuchungen können dabei an selbst gebrautem Bier parallel zum Brauprozess durchgeführt werden, so dass dieses Thema auch im Rahmen eines Projektes eingesetzt werden kann.
Lösungsgleichgewicht schwerlöslicher Salze
Authors: Hardam Werner
Published: July 2009

Wird im Unterricht das Gleichgewicht behandelt, das sich zwischen gesättigter Lösung und Bodensatz eines schwerlöslichen Salzes einstellt, trifft man bei Schülern der Sek. II häufig auf Verständnisschwierigkeiten. So lässt sich im Becherglas nie beobachten, ob ein bestimmter Anteil des schwerlöslichen Salzes tatsächlich in Lösung geht. Die Schüler sind oft geneigt, schwerlösliche Salze deshalb unter ‚unlöslich’︁ einzuordnen. Der Lösungsvorgang muss sich, wenn überhaupt, in Größenordnungen abspielen, die nicht mehr beobachtbar sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht diese ‚Verständnislücke’︁ mithilfe von Modellbetrachtungen zu schließen.
Disgust and eating disorder symptomatology in a non‐clinical population: The role of trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity
Authors: Davey Graham C. L. , Chapman Laura
Published: July 2009

The present paper reports the results of a study investigating the relationship between a domains‐independent measure of disgust (the Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale‐Revised) and measures of eating disorder symptomatology in a non‐clinical population. Significant correlations between disgust sensitivity and disgust propensity and selected eating disorder symptomatology measures suggested that disgust is significantly correlated with measures of eating disorder symptomatology and is appraised more negatively. However, both measures of disgust propensity and sensitivity failed to predict any significant residual variance in scores on eating symptomatology measures when either trait anxiety or anxiety sensitivity was controlled for. This suggests that while the experience of disgust may be heightened in individuals with eating disorders, it may be linked to other relevant emotions such as anxiety and anxiety sensitivity rather than being an independent risk factor for symptoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

The experience of disgust may be heightened in individuals with eating disorder symptomatology.

Disgust levels may not be an independent predictor of eating disorder symptoms.

In those with eating disorder symotomatology disgust may be linked to other emotions such as anxiety and anxiety sensitivity.
Perception of threat from emotions and its role in poor emotional expression within eating pathology
Authors: Ioannou Korina , Fox John R. E.
Published: July 2009

Recent research has documented links between eating disorder (ED) symptomatology and emotional expression deficits. Relevant theoretical models have alluded to the functional role of disordered eating in alleviating affect that is felt to be otherwise unmanageable and threatening. Nevertheless, research examining ED individuals' perceptions of emotional states has been sparse, while empirical studies have predominantly focused on global conceptualizations of emotion, failing to address discrete affect states.

The current study had three aims: (a) to determine the relation between ED symptomatology and emotional expression, in a sample of women with ED, in an attempt to confirm previous findings of an inverse relation; (b) to test the hypothesis that women with ED inhibit the expression of emotions perceived as threatening, by examining the relation between emotional expression and perceptions of threat from emotion, while partialling out the effects of depression; and (c) to determine whether, amongst women with ED, perceptions of threat from anger are uniquely associated with emotional inhibition, when the effects of depression and body dissatisfaction are controlled for.

Results demonstrated that (a) emotional expression was negatively related with the three Eating Disorders Inventory‐3 subscales (drive for thinness, bulimia and body dissatisfaction); (b) perceived threat from emotion, particularly anger, was negatively correlated with emotional expression, when depression was partialled out in the analysis; and (c) perceived threat from anger significantly and uniquely predicted emotional inhibition, over and above the effects of body dissatisfaction and depression, in a sample of women with ED symptomatology.

It is suggested that anger may be perceived as particularly threatening amongst women with ED, and play a significant role in the emotional expression difficulties that this population experiences. The implications of the current findings are discussed in line with relevant theory and research, with particular reference to the new Schematic Propositional Analogical Associative Representation System for Eating Disorders (SPAARS‐ED) model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

Emotional expression appears to be an important construction in understanding eating pathology. Anger plays a unique and significant role in predicting poor emotional expression in eating pathology.
Five‐year longitudinal predictive factors for disordered eating in a population‐based sample of overweight adolescents: Implications for prevention and treatment
Authors: Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Wall Melanie , Story Mary , Sherwood Nancy E.
Published: July 2009

Objective

The objective of this study is to identify predictors of prevalence and incidence of disordered eating (binge eating and extreme weight control behaviors) among overweight adolescents.

Method

Five‐year longitudinal associations were examined in 412 overweight adolescents who participated in Project EAT‐I and II.

Results

Among both overweight males and females, risk factors for disordered eating included exposure to weight loss magazine articles, higher weight importance, and unhealthy weight control behaviors, while family connectedness, body satisfaction, and regular meals were protective factors, although there were some differences in predictors of prevalence (total cases) versus incidence (new cases) of disordered eating. Among males, poor eating patterns, including fast food and sweetened beverage intake, increased risk for disordered eating, and the use of healthy weight control behaviors was protective.

Discussion

Attention should be directed toward decreasing disordered eating among overweight adolescents. Findings suggest the importance of promoting positive family relationships, psychological health, and regular meals, and steering adolescents away from overemphasizing weight and using unhealthy weight control behaviors. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Anion, Solvent and Time Dependence of High‐Spin–Low‐Spin Interactions in a 3D Coordination Polymer
Authors: Jameson Guy N. L. , Werner Franz , Bartel Matthias , Absmeier Alina , Reissner Michael , Kitchen Jonathan A. , Brooker Sally , Caneschi Andrea , Carbonera Chiara , Létard Jean‐François , Linert Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

A thorough investigation into the role of the counterion and occluded solvent on the structure and spin‐crossover behaviour of the threefold interpenetrated network [Fe(4ditz)3]2+ [4ditz = 1,4‐bis(tetrazol‐1‐yl)butane] is presented. As seen by X‐ray single crystal diffraction, changing the hexafluorophosphate anion in the previously investigated trigonal phase [Fe(4ditz)3](PF6)2 to tetrafluoroborate causes the butylene spacers to adopt three different conformations, whereupon the symmetry is reduced to triclinic (space group P$\bar {1}$). X‐ray powder diffraction and NMR spectroscopy provide evidence for the incorporation of statistically distributed ethanol molecules in the cavities of the compound, whose amount depends on whether absolute ethanol or a binary system, ethanol/water (95:5, v/v), is used as solvent. The phase precipitated from EtOH/H2O features a metastable high‐spin (HS) state when rapidly cooled, a sharp spin transition to a mixed HS/LS (1:1) state at around 90 K on slow cooling with an approximately 10 K hysteresis and LIESST appears, whereas the sample synthesised from absolute ethanol shows a more gradual spin transition at the same temperature without hysteresis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Highly Selective Recognition of α‐Chiral Primary Organoammonium Ions by C3‐Symmetric Peptide Receptors
Authors: Schnopp Markus , Haberhauer Gebhard
Published: July 2009

A straightforward synthesis of C3‐symmetric, imidazole‐containing, macrocyclic peptides with different binding arms is presented. The chirality of the backbone and the selection of adequate receptor arms make these systems highly selective receptors for α‐chiral primary organoammonium ions. Furthermore, the receptors have the ability to discriminate between enantiomeric guests with selectivity ratios of up to 87:13. The binding constants and the selectivity ratios were estimated by standard 1H NMR titration techniques in CDCl3. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Characterization and uncertainty analysis of VOCs emissions from industrial wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Zhang Kaishan
Published: July 2009

Air toxics from the industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) impose serious health concerns on its surrounding residential neighborhoods. To address such health concerns, one of the key challenges is to quantify the air emissions from the IWTPs. The objective here is to characterize the air emissions from the IWTPs and quantify its associated uncertainty. An IWTP receiving the wastewaters from an airplane maintenance facility is used for illustration with focus on the quantification of air emissions for benzyl alcohol, phenol, methylene chloride, 2‐butanone, and acetone. Two general fate models, i.e., WATER9 and TOXCHEM+V3.0 were used to model the IWTP and quantify the air emissions. Monte Carlo and Bootstrap simulation were used for uncertainty analysis. On average, air emissions from the IWTP were estimated to range from 0.003 lb/d to approximately 16 lb/d with phenol being the highest and benzyl alcohol being the least. However, emissions are associated with large uncertainty. The ratio of the 97.5th percentile to the 2.5th percentile air emissions ranged from 5 to 50 depending on pollutants. This indicates point estimates of air emissions might fail to capture the worst scenarios, leading to inaccurate conclusion when used for health risk assessment. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Identification of prospective factors promoting osteotropism in breast cancer: a potential role for CITED2
Authors: Lau Wen Min , Weber Kristy L. , Doucet Michele , Chou Yu‐Ting , Brady Kelly , Kowalski Jeanne , Tsai Hua‐Ling , Yang Justin , Kominsky Scott L.
Published: July 2009

Breast cancer metastases develop in the bone more frequently than any other site and are a common cause of morbidity in the form of bone pain, pathological fractures, nerve compression and life‐threatening hypercalcemia. Despite ongoing research efforts, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate breast cancer cell homing to and colonization of the bone as well as resultant pathological bone alteration remain poorly understood. To identify key mediators promoting breast cancer metastasis to bone, we utilized an immunocompetent, syngeneic murine model of breast cancer metastasis employing the mammary tumor cell line NT2.5. Following intracardiac injection of NT2.5 cells in neu‐N mice, metastases developed in the bone, liver and lung, closely mimicking the anatomical distribution of metastases in patients with breast cancer. Using an in vivo selection process, we established NT2.5 sublines demonstrating an enhanced ability to colonize the bone and liver. Genome‐wide cDNA microarray analysis comparing gene expression between parental NT2.5 cells and established sublines revealed both known and novel mediators of bone metastasis and osteolysis, including the transcriptional co‐activator CITED2. In further studies, we found that expression of CITED2 was elevated in human primary breast tumors and bone metastasis compared to normal mammary epithelium and was highest in breast cancer cell lines that cause osteolytic bone metastasis in animal models. In addition, reducing CITED2 expression in NT2.5 cells inhibited the establishment of bone metastasis and osteolysis in vivo, suggesting a potential role for CITED2 in promoting breast cancer bone metastasis.
Diet and serum micronutrients in relation to cervical neoplasia and cancer among low‐income Brazilian women
Authors: Tomita Luciana Yuki , Filho Adhemar Longatto , Costa Maria Cecília , Andreoli Maria Antonieta Avilla , Villa Luisa Lina , Franco Eduardo Luiz , Cardoso Marly Augusto
Published: July 2009

Cervical cancer is a leading cancer among women in developing countries. Infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types has been recognized as a necessary cause of this disease. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols have also been associated with risk for cervical neoplasia, but results from previous studies were not consistent. We evaluated the association of serum total carotene and tocopherols, and dietary intakes with the risk of newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1, 2, 3 and invasive cancer in a hospital‐based case‐control study in São Paulo, Brazil. The investigation included 453 controls and 4 groups of cases (CIN1, n = 140; CIN2, n = 126; CIN3, n = 231; invasive cancer, n =108) recruited from two major public clinics between 2003 and 2005. Increasing concentrations of serum lycopene were negatively associated with CIN1, CIN3 and cancer, with odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) for the highest compared to the lowest tertile of 0.53 (0.27–1.00, p for trend = 0.05), 0.48 (0.22–1.04, p for trend = 0.05) and 0.18 (0.06–0.52, p for trend = 0.002), respectively, after adjusting for confounding variables and HPV status. Increasing concentrations of serum α‐ and γ‐tocopherols, and higher dietary intakes of dark green and deep yellow vegetables/fruit were associated with nearly 50% decreased risk of CIN3. These results support the evidence that a healthy and balanced diet leading to provide high serum levels of antioxidants may reduce cervical neoplasia risk in low‐income women.
Serum levels of adiponectin in patients with aseptic loosening after total hip replacement
Authors: Landgraeber Stefan , Wegner Alexander , Canbay Ali , von Knoch Marius
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this study was to elucidate if the adiponectin level correlates with the survival of joint replacements. Current data indicates that adiponectin regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and acts anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic. We compared the value of adiponectin in serum taken from patients with early loosening in the first 10 years after implantation with serum from patients with late loosening and from patients without any kind of arthroplasty. Adiponectin was measured using a human Adiponectin ELISA test kit. Serum levels of adiponectin were significantly (p < 0.001) lower in patients with a short hip arthroplasty survivorship of up to 10 years (4.10 mg/μL) in comparison with those from patients undergoing exchange hip arthroplasty later than 10 years after primary surgery (10.86 mg/μL). We speculate that increased adiponectin serum levels may be associated with increased survival of hip replacements by reducing wear particle‐induced inflammatory reactions and promoting clearance of apoptotic cell remnants. In conclusion, patients with low levels of adiponectin may have a significantly higher risk for early aseptic loosening when compared with patients with a high level. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Spiral‐structured, nanofibrous, 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Wang Junping , Valmikinathan Chandra M. , Liu Wei , Laurencin Cato T. , Yu Xiaojun
Published: July 2009

Polymeric nanofiber matrices have already been widely used in tissue engineering. However, the fabrication of nanofibers into complex three‐dimensional (3D) structures is restricted due to current manufacturing techniques. To overcome this limitation, we have incorporated nanofibers onto spiral‐structured 3D scaffolds made of poly (ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL). The spiral structure with open geometries, large surface areas, and porosity will be helpful for improving nutrient transport and cell penetration into the scaffolds, which are otherwise limited in conventional tissue‐engineered scaffolds for large bone defects repair. To investigate the effect of structure and fiber coating on the performance of the scaffolds, three groups of scaffolds including cylindrical PCL scaffolds, spiral PCL scaffolds (without fiber coating), and spiral‐structured fibrous PCL scaffolds (with fiber coating) have been prepared. The morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds have been characterized. Furthermore, human osteoblast cells are seeded on these scaffolds, and the cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralized matrix deposition on the scaffolds are evaluated. The results indicated that the spiral scaffolds possess porosities within the range of human trabecular bone and an appropriate pore structure for cell growth, and significantly lower compressive modulus and strength than cylindrical scaffolds. When compared with the cylindrical scaffolds, the spiral‐structured scaffolds demonstrated enhanced cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization and allowed better cellular growth and penetration. The incorporation of nanofibers onto spiral scaffolds further enhanced cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. These studies suggest that spiral‐structured nanofibrous scaffolds may serve as promising alternatives for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Simultaneous removal of sulfide and organics with vanadium(V) reduction in microbial fuel cells
Authors: Zhang Baogang , Zhao Huazhang , Shi Chunhong , Zhou Shungui , Ni Jinren
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Sulfide‐containing wastewater (also containing organics) and vanadium(V)‐containing wastewater exist widely and can be treated in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) based on their chemical conditions. A novel process has been investigated using MFC technologies by employing sulfide, organics and V(V) as electron donors and acceptor, respectively.

RESULTS: Electrons produced by oxidation of sulfide and organics in the anode compartment were transferred to the anode surface, then flowed to the cathode through an external circuit, where they were consumed to reduce V(V). Sulfide and total organics removal approached 84.7 ± 2.8% and 20.7 ± 2.1%, with a V(V) reduction rate of 25.3 ± 1.1%. The maximum power output obtained was 572.4 ± 18.2 mW m−2. The effects of the microbes on electricity generation as well as the products of sulfide oxidation and V(V) reduction were also evaluated and analyzed.

CONCLUSION: This process achieves both sulfide and V(V) removal with electricity generation simultaneously, providing an economical route for treating these kinds of wastewaters. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Relaxing the shackles: The invisible pendulum
Authors: Stewart Frances
Published: July 2009

This note draws on Polanyi's pendulum in economic policies presented in the the Great Transformation—with swings back and forth between strong restrictions on the market and market domination, each resulting from excesses of the dominant model. The swing he described, when he wrote, was a reaction to the consequences of market domination, notably the Great Depression, and ushered in Keynesianism and the welfare state. In the late twentieth century, there was a swing back towards the market as a result of the inefficiencies associated with this interventionism. This note argues that the pendulum is swinging again, following the political and economic consequences of this market domination. Again market forces are being restrained by regulation, state takeovers, social protection and Keynesian macro‐policies, while environmental factors have added to pressures for interventionist policies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Business and development—Towards re‐politicisation
Authors: Edward Peter , Tallontire Anne
Published: July 2009

This paper proposes a heuristic model that aims to render more visible tensions concerning the role of business or the invisible hand of the market with respect to development. Fair trade is used as an exemplar to explore the relevance of this model, highlighting the tensions apparent in using the market, particularly instruments such as standards and certificates as a vehicle to promote development. It concludes by highlighting the need to hold open and to value the space of politicisation and contestation in the relationship between business and development, if business is to contribute to the more systemic and radical aspirations that underlie development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stepping up to the climate change: Opportunities in re‐conceptualising development futures
Authors: Boyd Emily , Juhola Sirkku
Published: July 2009

Climate change poses societal challenges on an unprecedented scale. It implies changes to North–South power balance and responsibility, forcing societies to begin to re‐conceptualise current development models and dominant narratives. This paper draws on the Climate Change and Development Futures: Shaping the Invisible panel held at the Development Studies Association 2008 Annual Conference titled Development's Invisible Hands. It reviews some of the relevant literature and analyses the opportunities and barriers that development and Development Studies face in re‐conceptualising development futures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.