bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full Eulerian deformable solid‐fluid interaction scheme based on building‐cube method for large‐scale parallel computing
Authors: Nishiguchi Koji , Bale Rahul , Okazawa Shigenobu , Tsubokura Makoto
Published: September 2018

We propose a full Eulerian incompressible solid‐fluid interaction scheme capable of achieving high parallel efficiency and easily generating meshes for complex solid geometries. While good scalability of a full Eulerian solid‐fluid interaction formulation has been reported by Sugiyama et al, their analysis was carried out using uniform Cartesian mesh and an artificial compressibility method. Typically, it is more challenging to achieve good scalability for hierarchical Cartesian meshes and a fully incompressible formulation. In addition, the conventional full Eulerian methods require a large computational cost to resolve complex solid geometries due to the usage of uniform Cartesian meshes. In an attempt to overcome the aforementioned issues, we employ the building‐cube method, where the computational domain is divided into cubic regions called cubes. Each cube is divided at equal intervals, the same number of cubes is assigned to each core, and the spatial loop processing is executed for each cube. The numerical method is verified by computing five numerical examples. In the weak scaling test, the parallel efficiency at 32768 cores with 32 cores as a reference is 93.6%. In the strong scaling test, the parallel efficiency at 32768 cores with 128 cores as a reference is 70.2%.
Toward a valid approach to nonprofit efficiency measurement
Authors: Coupet Jason , Berrett Jessica L.
Published: September 2018

Past literature in nonprofit management uses the overhead ratio of nonprofits as a measure of efficiency. Although the overhead ratio might measure top‐heaviness, we argue that it does not measure nonprofit efficiency. To investigate this, we use financial and operational data to rank the efficiency of Habitat for Humanity affiliates with the overhead and administrative ratio, as well as data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), two of the most popular efficiency measures. While the DEA and SFA rankings are statistically correlated, overhead ratio rankings are negatively correlated with both SFA and DEA rankings. We argue that nonprofit scholars, managers, and donors should move away from concepts and measures of efficiency based on financial ratios, and toward ones that embrace maximizing what nonprofits are able to make and do.
Burkitt lymphoma in Iraqi children: A distinctive form of sporadic disease with high incidence of EBV+ cases and more frequent expression of MUM1/IRF4 protein in cases with head and neck presentation
Authors: Uccini Stefania , Al‐Jadiry Mazin F. , Cippitelli Claudia , Talerico Caterina , Scarpino Stefania , Al‐Darraji Amir F. , Al‐Badri Safaa A. F. , Alsaadawi Adel R. , Al‐Hadad Salma A. , Ruco Luigi
Published: September 2018

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐related lymphoproliferative disorders are relatively common in Iraqi children. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) accounted for 40% of lymphoma cases. The mean age of 125 BL cases was 5.9 ± 3.1 years, and the male‐to‐female ratio was 3.6:1. Clinical presentation was abdominal in 66% and head and neck in 34%. Bone marrow involvement was higher (P < 0.001) in children with head and neck disease. Tumor cells had MYC translocation (96%) and were CD20+/CD10+/MYC+/BCL2−. MUM1/IRF4 staining was expressed by a fraction of tumor cells in 19 of 125 cases (15%) and was more frequent (P < 0.007) in head and neck disease (12/42; 29%). EBV‐encoded RNA was positive in 100 of 125 (80%) BL cases.
Significance of CNS 2 cerebrospinal fluid status post‐induction in pediatric and adolescent patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Gurunathan Arun , Desai Ami V. , Bailey L. Charles , Li Yimei , Choi John K. , Rheingold Susan R.
Published: September 2018

Background

At diagnosis, there are prognostic implications of low‐level leukemic blasts (CNS 2) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the significance of post‐induction CNS 2 results and the impact of equipment on CNS 2 prevalence have not been well studied.

Procedure

A single‐institution retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the outcome of patients with ≥1 post‐induction CNS 2. A subanalysis compared the proportion of CNS 2 CSF results using 2 different cytocentrifuges; the Shandon Cytospin used from 2005 to 2008 and the Wescor Cytopro used from 2010 to 2014.

Results

Over 4500 post‐induction CSF samples were analyzed, of which 59 were CNS 2. In covariate‐adjusted analyses, post‐induction CNS 2 did not significantly increase relapse risk. The proportion of CNS 2 results increased 4.3‐fold in noninfants and 6.3‐fold in infants using the Wescor Cytopro. Cytocentrifuge machine did not affect CNS 3 prevalence.

Conclusions

These findings support our current practice of not changing management based on a post‐induction CNS 2 CSF and highlight how equipment changes can significantly influence testing results. More data are needed to analyze relapse by subpopulations, such as those with repeated CNS 2 findings.
Prevalence and nature of hearing loss in a cohort of children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Towerman Alison S. , Hayashi Susan S. , Hayashi Robert J. , Hulbert Monica L.
Published: September 2018

Background

Sickle cell disease (SCD) may cause injury to any organ, including the auditory system. Although the association of SCD and hearing loss has been described, the nature of this complication is unknown. We sought to establish the prevalence and nature of hearing loss in a referred cohort of children with SCD and to identify correlating disease‐ or treatment‐associated factors.

Procedure

We conducted a retrospective review of patients with SCD < 22 years of age who had hearing evaluations between August 1990 and December 2014. Demographics, audiograms, and disease and treatment variables were analyzed.

Results

Two hundred and ten audiograms among 81 patients were reviewed, and 189 were evaluable. Seventy‐two children constituted the referred cohort. Fourteen (19.4%) had hearing loss documented on at least one audiogram. Seven (9.7%) patients had only conductive hearing loss, and the loss persisted for up to 10.3 years. The median age of first identification was eight years. Six (8.3%) patients had hearing loss that was at least partially sensorineural. One patient's hearing loss was ambiguous. All sensorineural hearing losses were unilateral and 4/6 patients had prior documented normal hearing, indicating acquired loss. No correlations were identified.

Conclusions

Both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses are more prevalent in our study population than those observed in the general pediatric population. In children with SCD, sensorineural hearing loss appears to be acquired and unilateral. Conductive hearing loss was identified in older children and can persist. Serial screening is needed for early detection and more prompt intervention in this population.
Vanadium‐Sensitized Photon Upconversion of Lanthanide Ions (Er, Tm, Ho, Eu, Nd) in Yb3Al5O12 for In Vivo Imaging
Authors: Niu Wenbin , Wang Yunpeng , Wu Suli , Zhang Shufen
Published: September 2018

Photon upconversion of oxides nanomaterials have attracted broad attentions on account of their high stability and cost‐effective fabrication process. However, the relative low emission intensity caused by nonradiative decay severely limits their applications. Here, a new strategy to enhance upconversion emission of oxides through vanadium sensitization is reported, in which efficient emissions can be achieved via Yb–VO43− dimer‐mediated energy migration for a wide range of lanthanide activators (including Er, Tm, Ho, Eu, and Nd) in Yb3Al5O12 system. Interestingly, the resulting oxide nanocrystals demonstrate remarkable upconversion enhancement compared with their vanadium‐undoped counterparts, for example, an enhancement factor of 580 is reached for green emission of Er. More importantly, efficient upconversion luminescence can be realized for the activators (such as Eu and Nd ions) without long‐lived intermediary energy states. Considering the demonstration of in vivo bioimaging by using these nanocrystals after surface modification, it is anticipated that these results can bring new opportunities to oxide upconversion nanomaterials in bioassay, therapy, sensing, and other aspects.
Growth of Nanocrystalline MoSe2 Monolayers on Epitaxial Graphene from Amorphous Precursors
Authors: Göhler Fabian , Hadland Erik C. , Schmidt Constance , Zahn Dietrich R. T. , Speck Florian , Johnson David C. , Seyller Thomas
Published: September 2018

A new approach to the growth of MoSe2 thin films on epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) by the use of modulated elemental reactants (MER) precursors has been reported. The synthesis applies a two‐step process, where first an amorphous precursor is deposited on the substrate which self‐assembles upon annealing. Films with a nominal thickness of about 1 ML are successfully grown on epitaxial graphene monolayer as well as buffer layer samples. Characterization of the films is performed using XPS, LEED, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy. The films are nanocrystalline and show randomly rotated domains. This approach opens up an avenue to synthesize a number of new van‐der‐Waals systems on epitaxial graphene and other substrates.
Computational exploration of Pd‐catalyzed C–H bond activation reactions
Authors: Yang Yun‐Fang , She Yuanbin
Published: September 2018

Quantum chemistry is widely used to the mechanistic studies of organic and organometallic reactions. In this Review, we described the various mechanisms of palladium‐catalyzed C–H bond activation reactions, including oxidative addition, σ‐bond metathesis, 1,2‐addition, electrophilic aromatic substitution, concerted metalation‐deprotonation (CMD), and Heck‐type mechanism. The different CMD models with acetate as the base, with amidate as the base, and with the bimetallic complex are also highlighted.
“Print‐to‐pattern”: Silk‐Based Water Lithography
Authors: Liu Zhen , Zhou Zhitao , Zhang Shaoqing , Sun Long , Shi Zhifeng , Mao Ying , Liu Keyin , Tao Tiger H.
Published: September 2018

The requirement of nontoxic and versatile manufacturing frameworks for biologically relevant applications has imposed significant constraints on the choice of functional materials and the complementary fabrication tools. In this context, silk is actively studied, thanks to its mechanical robustness, biocompatibility, wide availability, aqueous processing conditions, and ease of functionalization. The inherent matching between the water solubility of silk and the aqueous inks of the inkjet printing (IJP) process has derived a biofriendly and versatile “print‐to‐pattern” scheme—termed silk‐based water lithography—toward scalable functional biomanufacturing. The deposition mode of IJP and the etching effect of silk film by water features a dual tone fabrication where functional molecules are dispensed additively, while the silk film is patterned in a “subtractive” fashion. Such versatility and scalability pave the way to a wide range of opportunities in the biomedical field.
Transgenerational transmission of small‐for‐gestational age
Authors: Sepúlveda‐Martínez Á. , Rodríguez‐López M. , Paz Y Miño F. , Casu G. , Crovetto F. , Gratacós E. , Crispi F.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To evaluate the transgenerational transmission of small‐for‐gestational age (SGA).

Methods

This was a cohort study of a random sample of 2043 offspring delivered between 1975 and 1993 at Hospital Sant Joan de Déu in Barcelona. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancy, aneuploidy or genetic syndrome, major birth defects, severe mental disease and macrosomia. Eligible individuals were contacted and those with at least one offspring were included in the study. Participants were classified according to the presence of SGA (defined as birth weight < 10th percentile) at birth. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the presence of SGA or placenta‐mediated disease (defined as the presence of SGA, pre‐eclampsia, gestational hypertension and/or placental abruption) in the following generation.

Results

Of 623 individuals who agreed to participate, 152 (72 born SGA and 80 born appropriate‐for‐gestational age (AGA)) were reported to have at least one child. Descendants of SGA individuals presented with a lower birth‐weight percentile (median, 26 (interquartile range (IQR), 7–52) vs 43 (IQR, 19–75); P < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of SGA (40.3% vs 16.3%; P = 0.001) and placenta‐mediated disease (43.1% vs 17.5%; P = 0.001) than did the offspring of AGA individuals. After adjustment for confounding variables, parental SGA background was associated with an almost three‐fold increased risk of subsequent SGA or any placenta‐mediated disease in the following generation. This association was stronger in SGA mothers than in SGA fathers.

Conclusions

Our data provide evidence suggesting a transgenerational transmission of SGA, highlighting the importance of public health strategies for preventing intrauterine growth impairment. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The surface modification of diatomite, thermal, and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/diatomite composites
Authors: Wu Guangfeng , Ma Siyu , Bai Yu , Zhang Huixuan
Published: September 2018

Pristine diatomite was first purified by acid treatment and then modified with γ‐methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane molecule (KH570) to introduce hydrophobic chains on the surface of acid‐treated diatomite. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the silane coupling agent (KH570) was successfully grafted on the diatomite through covalent bonding. The digital photos showed that the silanization process changed the surface property of the diatomite. The poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/pristine diatomite and PVC/modified diatomite composites were prepared via two‐roll mill. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of PVC composites were investigated by TGA, mechanical properties tests, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results showed that the thermal stability of the composites improved and maximum weight loss temperature (Tmax) of the PVC composite with 1 phr modified diatomite was about 20°C higher than that of PVC composite without diatomite. The PVC/modified diatomite composites exhibited better mechanical properties owing to the stronger interfacial interaction between PVC matrix and modified diatomite. But the impact strength reduced sharply when the addition of diatomite was more than 1 phr. The reason of the phenomenon is that the diatomite plays the role of defects in PVC and it works against the absorption of impact strength energy. It was proved by the results of scanning electron microscopy. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:E39–E47, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Increasing the value of wind: From passive to active actors in multiple power markets
Authors: Skytte Klaus , Bobo Lucien
Published: September 2018

When the share of variable renewable energy, such as wind energy, in the energy system becomes large, the integration cost increases in accordance with the depletion of flexible ramping capabilities of the system. Therefore, integration of large shares of wind power into power system operations calls for market integration as well as for additional flexibility. Among the various available options, wind power plants themselves have the technical potential of offering flexibility. Using the Danish market conditions as a case study, we model and analyze four strategies for the participation of a wind power producer in day‐ahead and real‐time electricity markets, and compare how they affect the value of wind power production. Our findings suggest that wind power plants can have a more solid business case if they are active on both day‐ahead and real‐time power markets, which increases the economic value of wind energy as well as reduces the system integration costs. We also highlight that support schemes can affect the incentives for active participation on real‐time power markets. This type of insight is valuable for wind power's potential to expand its market share while keeping a high economic value in power markets, where the political trend is towards market based deployment of renewables and focus on low system integration costs.

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure

Wind Power > Economics and Policy

Energy Systems Economics > Economics and Policy

Energy Systems Analysis > Economics and Policy
Shannon versus semantic information processing in the brain
Authors: Majumdar Kaushik K.
Published: September 2018

Claude Shannon insisted that attributing an interpretation or meaning to information will destroy its generality and limit its scope. According to him it is only the statistical nature of information that matters. Semantic information is on the other hand, meaning of the information. Pattern recognition plays a big role in neural signal processing. Patterns can be thought of encoded semantic information in neural signals. In neuroscience both types of information have been studied extensively, without ever mentioning the term “semantic information,” whereas “Shannon information” has become a household name among the neuroscientists, often even without the term “Shannon.” In fact, neural information in general is a combination of both. In this review we highlight Shannon information theoretical aspects and semantic information theoretical aspects in neural information processing. In fact, neural information in general, is a combination of both. It has been elaborated how an organized study of semantic processing of neural information, particularly from a time series data mining point of view, can aid our understanding of information processing in the brain.

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Knowledge Representation

Algorithmic Development > Biological Data Mining

Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery
Second Country EU Citizens Voting in National Elections Is an Important Step, but Other Steps Should Be Taken First
Authors: Rodríguez Ángel
Published: September 2018

History demonstrates that the extension of participation rights is a process. The energy and efforts that the ECI needs to achieve its goals could probably be better focused helping to ensure implementation of the stage where we are now. This means trying to reach a significant level of participation of second country nationals at local or EP elections in the host countries, or aiming at participation in regional elections as the next step in the process of strengthening European citizenship.
The Failure of Union Citizenship Beyond the Single Market
Authors: Thym Daniel
Published: September 2018

If we want the Court of Justice of the European Union to employ citizens’ rights to foster a supranational vision of justice, we have to move beyond a minimalist reading of free movement as correcting unwelcome outcomes at the national level. What would be required instead is a vision of social justice for the Union as a whole, not only for those moving to other Member States.
Liberal Citizenship Is Duty-Free
Authors: Joppke Christian
Published: September 2018

This chapter questions four presumptions on which the proposal for `adding stuff` to EU citizenship and making it `duty-full` rests. First and most importantly, liberal citizenship is duty-free. Second, national citizenship is not a model for EU citizenship. Third, the notion that non-movers have to be compensated for the costs incurred by movers is wrong and buys into populism. Finally, sharpening the legal distinction between EU citizens and legal permanent immigrants is illiberal and retrograde, moving the EU toward a Gulf-state logic.
EU Citizenship Should Speak Both to the Mobile and the Non-Mobile European
Authors: Vandenbroucke Frank
Published: September 2018

Maurizio Ferrera tables a catalogue of proposals to add a social dimension and ‘some duty’ to EU citizenship. As always, his search for incremental solutions that reconcile feasibility and vision is challenging. However, I have some sympathy with Joppke’s reaction that one cannot dispense with a more fundamental debate on free movement, on which public opinion is deeply divided. Ferrera’s proposals may be relatively peripheral to settling that fundamental debate. On the other hand, Joppke’s insistence that EU citizenship is duty-free, because it is liberal, does not yield a justification for free movement and non-discrimination of mobile Europeans. I believe it is possible to justify free movement in a framework of principles that speak both to the mobile and the non-mobile European, whereby openness is embedded in principles of reciprocity. Reciprocity bridges rights and obligations.
Grab the Horns of the Dilemma and Ride the Bull
Authors: Bauböck Rainer
Published: September 2018

The free movement-social citizenship dilemma is a political one and needs to be addressed in the political arena. By mobilising a politics of resentment among immobile citizens, populists have seized one of its horns and use it as a weapon against the EU. Those who want to strengthen the European Union and its citizenship should not commit the error to seize the other horn and appeal only to the minority of mobile Europeans. The answer to the EU citizenship dilemma must be to grab both of its horns and to risk a rough ride on the back of the bull.
Enhancing the Visibility of Social Europe: A Practical Agenda for ‘The Last Mile’
Authors: Madama Ilaria
Published: September 2018

The contribution deals with the ‘catalogue’ of suggestions Ferrera has made to make EU social citizenship more visible and salient. As widely acknowledged in the literature, social policy institutions have historically served key political functions for state and nation building purposes in Western countries, including in federal systems, where social citizenship has been used as an element to foster unity. Within the EU’s multi-level framework, the possibility to exploit the legitimating and credit claiming potential of supranational social programmes for polity-building and maintenance is undermined by two elements: on the one hand, the small size of the EU social budget and, on the other hand, the indirect way of functioning of supranational programmes that makes social Europe scarcely visible to citizens at the “last mile” of the implementation chain. This contribution addresses the latter issue, by discussing some initiatives going in the direction of empowering and making the stakes of European social citizenship more tangible, also for non-mobile EU citizens.
‘An Ever Closer Union Among the Peoples of Europe’: Union Citizenship, Democracy, Rights and the Enfranchisement of Second Country Nationals
Authors: Bellamy Richard
Published: September 2018

A key feature of the very idea of Union citizenship which, as a political scientist, I find can be lost in the predominantly legal analysis of this topic, is the reliance of citizenship rights, including those associated with Union citizenship, on politics in general and the state – in this case the member states – in particular. It is this political context that makes voting rights such an essential part of citizenship, yet one, given the complexities and peculiarities of the EU’s political system, that raises a number of difficulties in the European context. The Initiative raises a key issue but proposes a misguided solution, at odds with the very nature of the EU. For it overlooks how Union citizenship necessarily presupposes member state citizenship.
Abolishing Ius Sanguinis Citizenship: A Proposal Too Restrained and Too Radical
Authors: Collins Kristin
Published: September 2018

Costica Dumbrava maintains that ius sanguinis citizenship is a historically tainted, outmoded, and unnecessary means of designating political membership. He argues that it is time to abandon it. Dumbrava limits his challenge to ius sanguinis citizenship per se, and even suggests that family-based migration rights could be used to minimise the disruptive effect of abolishing citizenship-by-descent. But his core complaints about ius sanguinis citizenship – the mismatch of biological parentage and political affinity, the difficulties of determining legal parentage – can be, and have been, levied against these various family-based preferences and statuses, which are likely found in every nation’s nationality laws. It is therefore important to consider his proposal in light of the role that the parent-child relationship plays in the regulation of migration, naturalisation, and citizenship more generally. I also argue that, as a remedy for the problems that he has identified, Dumbrava’s proposal is at once too restrained and too radical.
Limiting the Transmission of Family Advantage: Ius Sanguinis with an Expiration Date
Authors: Honohan Iseult
Published: September 2018

Citizenship is needed from birth, and ius sanguinis citizenship, rather than merely extending unjustified privilege, allows children to live and move with their parents; their continuing citizenship as adults, however, could be made conditional on some period of residence.
The Return of Banishment: Do the New Denationalisation Policies Weaken Citizenship?
Authors: Macklin Audrey
Published: September 2018

From antiquity to the late 20th century, denationalisation was a tool used by states to rid themselves of political dissidents, convicted criminals and ethnic, religious or racial minorities. The latest target of denationalisation is the convicted terrorist, or the suspected terrorist, or the potential terrorist, or maybe the associate of a terrorist. He is virtually always Muslim and male. Citizenship-stripping is sometimes defended in the name of strengthening citizenship, but it does precisely the opposite. The defining feature of contemporary legal citizenship is that it is secure. Making legal citizenship contingent on performance demotes citizenship to another category of permanent residence. Citizenship revocation thus weakens citizenship itself. It is an illegitimate form of punishment and it serves no practical purpose.
Terrorists Repudiate Their Own Citizenship
Authors: Joppke Christian
Published: September 2018

This commentary reflects on the changing nature of terror and of citizenship, which militates against the notion of “cruel” banishment. First, Islamist terror is conducted against indiscriminate “citizens”, so that stripping terrorists of their citizenship seems just the adequate response. Secondly, citizenship is ever more privilege and contract, so it is odd to conceive of it as something that can never be lost. In fact, terrorists repudiate their own citizenship.
Citizenship for Those who Invest into the Future of the State is Not Wrong, the Price Is the Problem
Authors: Raul Magni-Berton
Published: September 2018

Citizenship-by-investment programs boil down to naturalizing for nothing but money. This is not unfair in itself. However, the amount of the prize reveals how difficult acquiring the citizenship through alternative procedures is. Unfairness is located here.
On Producing the Alien Within: A Reply
Authors: Macklin Audrey
Published: September 2018

In this rejoinder I respond to the various contributors and defends my position regarding the normative, legal, and practical deficiencies of citizenship revocation on national security grounds.
Citizenship in Cloud Cuckoo Land?
Authors: Bauböck Rainer
Published: September 2018

We are in the midst of a digital revolution that could transform societies worldwide as profoundly as the agrarian revolution of the Neolithic age and the industrial revolution of the 19th century did. No doubt, new technologies will also deeply affect the structure and boundaries of political communities and the meaning of citizenship. Liav Orgad tells a hopeful story about the benefits of blockchain technology. It can serve to create an international legal identity for every human being and new forms of non-territorial political community in which citizenship is based entirely on consent. I share Orgad’s sense of excitement about the speed and depth of change that we are witnessing. But I am less optimistic about the future of citizenship.
The Price of Selling Citizenship
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: September 2018

Selling citizenship, even if it (often) appears repugnant, pales in comparison to many of the other inequities attendant on the ordinary transmission of citizenship, as Shachar’s own work has forcefully hammered home. For all that selling citizenship troubles us, it might do us the considerable service of forcing us to think (more) about the way in which many people already obtain citizenship, and the way in which citizenship practices more broadly both feed off, and make it harder to tackle, underlying global inequalities. Writing better citizenship laws can only be part of the solution to that problem. There are many other important ways of tackling global inequalities that deserve at least equal attention.
Old Divides, New Devices: Global Citizenship for Only Half of the World
Authors: Ypi Lea
Published: September 2018

When we assess the benefits and limitations of state citizenship versus a voluntary model of global citizenship, we need to compare the reality of the state with the reality of cloud communities or the ideal of the state with the ideal of cloud communities. I am attracted to a system of voluntary membership where citizenship does not come coupled with the right to exclude, and I can see the advantages of ‘trustless systems’. Both of those things are compatible with the kind of utopian society Marx thought would come after capitalism had been superseded and when the need for a state (understood as a collective coercive system of punishment) would have withered away. But speaking about reality, capitalist relations control the state and they will control cloud communities. Without remedying the asymmetries of access to the means of connection, and the exclusions they generate, the ideal of global citizenship will be as illusory as the ideal of a state that is effective in distributing social goods. While in the case of the state, we have at least a history of political mobilisation and, if lucky, democratic learning processes and institutions on which to rely when seeking change, nothing of that sort is available in the cloud. So we should probably hold on to state citizenship for the conflictual period of transition and leave cloud communities to the future utopian society that may become accessible once interconnectedness is truly global. If it ever does.
Global Cryptodemocracy Is Possible and Desirable
Authors: Shapiro Ehud
Published: September 2018

The fascinating discussion kicked-off by Liav Orgad addresses the interplay between the clouds and earth: How do cloud citizens and cloud communities relate to their earthly counterparts? Orgad presented the vision of cloud communities, yet many commentators claim that what happens in the cloud stays in the cloud and that such communities cannot have relevance to earthly matters. I claim that much of this criticism loses its force if we go all the way and aim for a global cloud community of all global citizens. And I present a possible design for such a global democracy of global citizens based on an egalitarian cryptocurrency, which we could call ‘cryptodemocracy’.
What Money Can’t Buy: Face-to-Face Cooperation and Local Democratic Life
Authors: Espejo Paulina Ochoa
Published: September 2018

At bottom, what makes the golden passport wrong is that it undermines political equality, not that it puts closed communities in question, or shatters the separations between the spheres of justice. What remains priceless is the active face-to-face partaking and building of democratic institutions on the basis of principles of equality and solidarity: that is what money can’t buy.
On relativist approaches to many-one identity
Authors: Lipman Martin A.
Published: September 2018

Composition as identity is the view that a whole is identical to its parts taken collectively. Such a view raises the question of how the same portion of reality can be both one thing and many things. A primitivist view holds that there is no explanation to be had and that we simply need to accept that being one thing and being many things are compatible. One might think that we can do better by resorting to relativization. A relativist view may seem to explain how the same portion of reality can be both one thing and many things on the basis of the assumption that the portion of reality is these ways relative to different ‘concepts’ or ‘counts’. This paper discusses whether relativization truly leads to a satisfactory explanation of how something can be both one thing and many things. The conclusion will be that, when we consider the current accounts of the involved parameters, these relativizations make no explanatory progress.
Salinization and Deterioration of Groundwater Quality by Nitrate and Fluoride in the Chittur Block, Palakkad, Kerala
Authors: Shaji E. , J. J. Gómez-Alday , S. Hussein , T. R. Deepu , Y. Anilkumar
Published: September 2018

Chittur block represents a mid-land region of Palakkad district, Kerala and the block differs from the rest of the blocks in its climate and availability of groundwater. About 75% of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Results showed that groundwater salinity levels (up to 1,963 mg/L TDS), fluoride (up to 6.3 mg/L) and nitrate (up to 141 mg/L) contents have increased significantly in tandem with the increase in groundwater abstraction. Before human intervention the chemical weathering of gneisses and granites was the main process impinging on the chemical signature of groundwater. The initial chemical equilibrium conditions change with increasing groundwater withdrawal rates and fertilizer input, in a milieu of lower natural groundwater recharge. The appearance of higher levels of bicarbonate, linked to denitrification processes, and the decrease in calcium, due to calcite precipitation, can lead to increased content of sodium and fluoride in groundwater. In this scenario the use of groundwater resources for human consumption and agriculture represents a public health risk if water management actions do not change the trend in water use in the near future. The potential loss of fertile soil by groundwater salinization must also be considered when planning sustainable policies in a region with over dependence on groundwater resources.
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Griffiths David J. , Schroeter Darrell F.
Published: September 2018

Changes and additions to the new edition of this classic textbook include a new chapter on symmetries, new problems and examples, improved explanations, more numerical problems to be worked on a computer, new applications to solid state physics, and consolidated treatment of time-dependent potentials.
OVERRIDING MANDATORY LAWS IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
Authors: Kleinheisterkamp Jan
Published: September 2018

Overriding mandatory laws present one of the most pervasive and delicate problems of international arbitration because they affect party autonomy in both its substantive and procedural dimensions. The tension between these concepts both in theory and in practice is a classic emanation of the public–private divide, which is particularly problematic in international and transnational settings. This tension is even stronger in the context of economic integration and regulation, such as in the EU Internal Market. This article revisits and conceptualizes the operation of overriding mandatory laws in the context of arbitration from the perspectives of conflict of laws, public law, and EU law. Drawing on the principles of effectiveness and proportionality, it proposes a practical rather than a theoretical solution to the dialectical relationship between private and public interests in legal certainty.
Role of ecology and phylogeny in determining tapeworm assemblages in skates (Rajiformes)
Authors: Beer A. , Ingram T. , Randhawa H.S.
Published: September 2018

An understanding of the mechanisms that determine host and parasite relationships is a central aim in parasitology. Association of a parasite species with a host species may be influenced primarily by phylogenetic constraints that cause parasite species to co-speciate with their host species, or predominantly by ecological parameters that influence all other co-evolutionary scenarios. This study aimed to investigate the role of co-speciation as well as other co-evolutionary scenarios in influencing the assemblages of tapeworm parasites (marine cestodes) in skate hosts (Rajiformes) using a modification of the PACo (Procrustean Approach to Cophylogeny) method. The study found that phylogeny and host ecology are both significant predictors of skate–tapeworm relationships, implying that co-speciation as well as other co-evolutionary scenarios are shaping these associations. The study also investigated the key ecological parameters influencing host-switching and found that host diet, distribution depth, average body size and geographical location have a combined effect. Given the importance of parasites in ensuring healthy and stable marine ecosystems, the findings of this study have implications for conservation management worldwide.
Informal caregiving patterns and trajectories of psychological distress in the UK Household Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lacey Rebecca E. , McMunn Anne , Webb Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Background

Approximately seven million people in the UK are engaged in informal caregiving. Informal caregivers are at risk of poorer mental and physical health. However, less is known about how the relationship between the informal caregiving and psychological distress changes over time. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal associations between the informal caregiving and psychological distress amongst UK men and women aged 16+.

Methods

Data were analysed from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS, n = 9368), a nationally representative study of UK households. Longitudinal linear mixed modelling was used to estimate associations between the longitudinal patterns of informal caregiving (non-caregiver/one episode of 1–2 years/intermittent caregiving/3+ years caregiving) and trajectories of psychological distress across seven waves of UKHLS data.

Results

Informal caregiving was not associated with psychological distress for men. Women engaged in long-term (⩾3 years) or intermittent caregiving had higher levels of psychological distress at the point of initiation, compared with women who were not caregivers throughout the study period (3+ years caregiver: regression coefficient 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07–0.89; intermittent caregiver: regression coefficient 0.47, 95% CI 0.02–0.92). Trajectories of psychological distress changed little over time, suggesting a plateau effect for these caregiving women.

Conclusions

Women engaged in long-term or repeated shorter episodes of informal caregiving reported more symptoms of psychological distress than non-caregiving women. Given the increased risk of reporting psychological distress and the increasing importance of the informal care sector, the risk of poorer mental health of informal caregivers should be a priority for public health.
The contribution of brain imaging to the understanding of psychopathy
Authors: Pujol Jesus , Harrison Ben J. , Contreras-Rodriguez Oren , Cardoner Narcis
Published: September 2018

Psychopathy is a personality type characterized by both callous emotional dysfunction and deviant behavior that affects society in the form of actions that harm others. Historically, researchers have been concerned with seeking data and arguments to support a neurobiological foundation of psychopathy. In the past few years, increasing research has begun to reveal brain alterations putatively underlying the enigmatic psychopathic personality. In this review, we describe the brain anatomical and functional features that characterize psychopathy from a synthesis of available neuroimaging research and discuss how such brain anomalies may account for psychopathic behavior. The results are consistent in showing anatomical alterations involving primarily a ventral system connecting the anterior temporal lobe to anterior and ventral frontal areas, and a dorsal system connecting the medial frontal lobe to the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus complex and, in turn, to medial structures of the temporal lobe. Functional imaging data indicate that relevant emotional flow breakdown may occur in both these brain systems and suggest specific mechanisms via which emotion is anomalously integrated into cognition in psychopathic individuals during moral challenge. Directions for future research are delineated emphasizing, for instance, the relevance of further establishing the contribution of early life stress to a learned blockage of emotional self-exposure, and the potential role of androgenic hormones in the development of cortical anomalies.
Suicidal ideation and other persisting symptoms after CBT or antidepressant medication treatment for major depressive disorder
Authors: Dunlop Boadie W. , Polychroniou Philip E. , Rakofsky Jeffrey J. , Nemeroff Charles B. , Craighead W. Edward , Mayberg Helen S.
Published: September 2018

Background

Persisting symptoms after treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) contribute to ongoing impairment and relapse risk. Whether cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or antidepressant medications result in different profiles of residual symptoms after treatment is largely unknown.

Methods

Three hundred fifteen adults with MDD randomized to treatment with either CBT or antidepressant medication in the Predictors of Remission in Depression to Individual and Combined Treatments (PReDICT) study were analyzed for the frequency of residual symptoms using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) item scores at the end of the 12-week treatment period. Separate comparisons were made for treatment responders and non-responders.

Results

Among treatment completers (n= 250) who responded to CBT or antidepressant medication, there were no significant differences in the persistence of residual MADRS symptoms. However, non-responders treated with medication were significantly less likely to endorse suicidal ideation (SI) at week 12 compared with those treated with CBT (non-responders to medication: 0/54, 0%, non-responders to CBT: 8/30, 26.7%;p= .001). Among patients who terminated the trial early (n= 65), residual MADRS item scores did not significantly differ between the CBT- and medication-treated groups.

Conclusions

Depressed adults who respond to CBT or antidepressant medication have similar residual symptom profiles. Antidepressant medications reduce SI, even among patients for whom the medication provides little overall benefit.
Microbiota-gut-brain research: A critical analysis
Authors: Hooks Katarzyna B. , Konsman Jan Pieter , O'Malley Maureen A.
Published: September 2018

Microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research is a fast-growing field of inquiry with important implications for how human brain function and behaviour are understood. Researchers manipulate gut microbes (“microbiota”) to reveal connections between intestinal microbiota and normal brain functions (e.g., cognition, emotion, and memory) or pathological states (e.g., anxiety, mood disorders, and neural developmental disorders such as autism). Many claims are made about causal relationships between gut microbiota and human behaviour. By uncovering these relationships, MGB research aims to offer new explanations of mental health and potential avenues of treatment.

So far, limited evaluation has been made of MGB's methods and its core experimental findings, many of which are extensively reiterated in copious reviews of the field. These factors, plus the self-help potential of MGB, have combined to encourage uncritical public uptake of MGB discoveries. Both social and professional media focus on the potential for dietary intervention in mental health, and causal relationships are assumed to be established.

Our target article has two main aims. One is to examine critically the core practices and findings of experimental MGB research and to raise questions about them for brain and behavioural scientists who may not be familiar with the field. The other is to challenge the way in which MGB findings are presented. Our positive goal is to suggest how current problems and weaknesses may be addressed, in order for both scientific and public audiences to gain a clearer picture of MGB research and its strengths and limitations.
Imagining Oceans of Law: Oman and East Africa, circa 1910
Authors: Bishara Fahad Ahmad
Published: September 2018

This article takes a single moment—a court case that took place in Zanzibar in 1910—and uses it to explore the legal imaginaries that circulated around the Western Indian Ocean at the height of British imperialism. It stitches together the actions of litigants, the utterances of qadis, and the proclamations of jurists, reading them alongside the silences in the legal material itself to bring to life a world of law, mobility, and imagination. More broadly, it suggests that through the exploration of parallel but never fully intersecting legal encounters in South Arabia and East Africa that emerged from a single moment, historians might use micro-level discourses and actions to make claims about macro-level phenomena.
Navigating Pluralities Reluctantly: The Marriage Contract in Dutch Galle
Authors: Rupesinghe Nadeera
Published: September 2018

This article examines diverse practices in the establishment of marriage partnerships in eighteenth-century Sri Lanka,1parts of which were controlled by the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Family law was an area in which the attempt to transform local practices was conspicuously present, but not fully achieved. Lawful marriage was linked to conversion to Dutch Protestantism and to inheritance of property. In the authoritative space of the provincial board that heard the matrimonial disputes examined in this article, the Company did not proactively attempt to reform family life, an area where it could not easily dictate terms. It made a significant dent as the requirement for marriage registration was recognised by natives. But the limited reach of the introduced law is evident in the Company’s reluctant recognition that its two-step process of reading the banns and subsequent marriage ceremony created confusion and that locals still followed customary practices for forging unions. The VOC faced a normative order in the villages that was characterised by ritual underpinnings. Such local features went unrecognised in official law rules, but their perseverance is testimony to the pluralities in practice in an early colonial encounter in the Indian Ocean world.
Concentration, diversity, and consequences: Privileging independent over major record labels
Authors: Mall Andrew
Published: September 2018

The field of popular music studies has long been interested in the relationships between record labels and the music they make available to consumers. At the micro level, research on record labels provides insight into the tensions between art and commerce and those between individuals and institutions. At the macro level, this research illuminates changes in socio-economic trends, music industry structures and structural inequalities. A meta-analysis of this literature reveals an ‘indie prejudice’: a preference for (and even a bias in favour of) independent labels coupled with a dismissive approach to the study of major labels and musical mainstreams that impacts our ability, as a scholarly field, to speak with authority about the largest segments of the commercial record industries. What larger implications for our scholarship might confronting this prejudice reveal? What master narratives have structured popular music studies’ preference of independent over major record labels? In this article, I argue that the art/commerce dichotomy has remained influential, although it can have unintended and dangerous side effects if it becomes a guiding assumption.