bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLEA BARGAINING AS A GAME: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF NEGOTIATED SENTENCING DECISIONS
Authors: Harris Ronald A. , Springer J. Fred
Published: June 2005

Current studies of courtroom decisionmaking emphasize contextual variation and the interaction of large numbers of variables In explaining decision outcomes. However, theory suggests that courtroom decisions may be dominated by simple “rules of thumb” that allow decisionmakers to cope with scarcity of time and resources. Following this approach, a parslmonious model of plea bargaining as a two‐person game is developed and hypotheses are derived. Data on negotiated sentences for burglary and robbery in three California counties serve to test the hypotheses. The findings confirm that prior criminal history is the dominant factor in determining the severity of negotiated sentences and that defendents with more extensive prior records have less incentive to plea bargalh. Identlfication of this decision rule for negotiated sentences contradlcts arguments for limiting plea bargaining that assume negotiations result in sentencing leniency across the board.
SELF‐SUFFICIENCY IN JAPANESE AGRICULTURE: TELESCOPING AND RECONCILING THE FOOD SECURITY‐EFFICIENCY DILEMMA
Authors: Balaam David N.
Published: June 2005

As a public policy objective in Japan, food security shifted from one that had near consensus support after World War 11 to one that caused deep political divisions among a variety of groups and political actors. Japan continues to reconcile levels of commodity self‐sufficiency with a variety of domestic public policy issues and external conditions that work for and against the goal of this industrialized nation feeding itself.
SOVIET AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN THE 1980
Authors: Malish Anton F.
Published: June 2005

During the early 1960s. the USSR entered a stage where the pent‐up forces for a higher standard of living no longer could be ignored. These forces showed in an increased demand for high‐quality food products, particularly meat, and raised Soviet demand for feed grains. The Soviets came to rely increasingly on the world grain market for these—particularly on the United States. Nonetheless, consumer discontent over food supplies and the reliance on imported grain was a strategic weakness which the United States sought to exploit in 1980. The USSR reacted by formulating a IIFood PrOgramI1 that is the basis of today's Soviet agricultural policy. Its implications for trade could be significant.
THE POLICY CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION:
Authors: Roberts Michael K. , Schwartz C. Mlcheal , Stohl Michael S. , Targ Harry R.
Published: June 2005

By examining data from fifteen Latin American nations on several agricultural‐ and food‐related variables for 1965 to 1977, this paper analyzes the efficacy of the Green Revolution for food consumption. A Radical Model is offered to explain why a high technology, export‐oriented, agricultural policy may not adequately serve the food consumption needs of Third World countries.
“THE LONG AND VIOLENT PULL”: SCIENCE FUNDING AND POLICY RESEARCH
Authors: Johansen Elaine
Published: June 2005

Books reviewed in this article.

Claude E. Barfield. Science Policy from Ford to Reagan: Continuity and Change.

D.B.T. Kallen et al. (Eds.) Social Science Research and Public Policy‐Making: A Reappraisal

David Meister. Behavioral Research and Government Policy: Civilian and Defense R & D
THE MDRC WORK/WELFARE PROJECT: OBJECTIVES, STATUS, SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Gueron Judith M. , Nathan Richard P.
Published: June 2005

In 1981, states, for the first time, were given an option to restructure the AFDC welfare program and require recipients to work in exchange for benefits. States have acted on this opportunity to introduce workfare or work requirements in a climate of polarized discussion and limited information. This paper summarizes the findings available from the pre‐1981 demonstrations on the feasibility, impact, and cost‐effectiveness of this approach. The authors conclude that these early demonstrations and evaluations provide very limited guidance to program administrators. The paper describes briefly a five‐year social experiment currently under way in nine states to address the critical open policy questions through comprehensive process, impact, and benefit‐cost studies.
PRODUCTIVITY, SOCIETAL WELL‐BEING, AND PUBLIC POLICY: AN INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Authors: Kelly Rita Mae
Published: June 2005

The assumption that bureaucratic rationality and efficiency promote democracy is examined briefly from several theoretical perspectives. The efforts of the new conservativesu1 and new corporatists to impose private sector and business forms on the public sector as a way of achieving greater public sector productivity is reviewed. The contribution of this symposium and its specific articles to understanding the ethical and practical consequences of these efforts is presented.
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON PRODUCTIVITY: EPA'S IMPLEMENTATION OF TSCA
Authors: Woodhouse Edward J.
Published: June 2005

Discussions of governmental productivity typically focus on managerial improvements within bureaucratic organizations. A more balanced, political approach to governmental efficiency and effectiveness would give equal emphasis to productivity obstacles and opportunities In an agency's legislative mandate and working environment. EPA's implementation of the Toxic Substances Control Act illustrates how productivity can be signiflcantly affected by minor legislative provisions, b y the configuration of group interests and resources, and by other factors beyond the control of an administrative agency. Some of these obstacles could be reduced i f given appropriate attention in scholarly research and in policy deliberations.
VALUE TRADE‐OFFS AND PRODUCTIVITY: THE TRANSPOLITICIZATION OF THE U.S. POSTAL SERVICE
Authors: Vittes M. Elliot
Published: June 2005

The political values in the American public sector are presented through the case of the postal system and i t s reorganization In 1971. This change (from the Post Office Department to the United States Postal Service) reflected an attempt to '8depoliticize11 and professlonalize postal operations. The article suggests that the results have been the TRANSpoliticization of the postal system to a corporate model of behavior and political influence, and have led to the limitation of any broadly considered public role. This i s evident in the consideration of employment and the emphasis on productivity. The corporate model undermines the public nature of the post office, and the connection between postal service and public benefits.
IMPACT OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS ON MUNICIPAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: McGowan Robert P. , Polster Theodore H.
Published: June 2005

Recently, a challenge to the use of traditional productivity and performance measurement tools has emerged. The focus of this debate i s whether such tools are instrumental for making critical trade‐off decisions or program changes. In a nationwide survey of municipalities on this subject, the authors found that performance measurement systems are used across a number of service‐related functions. While their perceived contribution to overall municipal performance tended to diminish for Individual worker productivity and morale concerns, the respondents–on balance‐viewed the returns from performance measurement systems as worth the costs. The work concludes with several implications for possible adoption.
DISASTERS AND LONG‐TERM RECOVERY POLICY: A FOCUS ON HOUSING AND FAMILIES
Authors: Bolin Robert
Published: June 2005

Long‐term recovery is a policy issue which is receiving increased attention in the disaster research literature. Here the problems of housing snd family recovery are considered. While present programs exist to address housing and family recovery, the prevailing emphasis upon rapid return to the status quoante tends to obscure the problems of victim mental health, equitable d is tribution of recovery funds, and social‐psychological dimension of housing placement.
NEW ISSUES IN POLICY ANALYSIS—OR AN OLD AGENDA?
Authors: Murray Douglas L.
Published: June 2005

The logic of policy analysis in Grover Starling's critique of my article was but a vehicle for his real concern, which is a scathing attack on the Nicaraguan revolution. His criticism that I didnlt use comparative data confuses levels of analysis since my study does not focus on the national level. His argument about the contras not operating in the cotton region fails because the Sandinistas were active and successful there. tie also is mistaken in equating contra aggression with the activity of the Sandinistas against the people of the Atlantic Coast; Sandinistas have committed little in the way of human rights violations. The contras are not llrebels” but really dominated by followers of Somoza. The need for honest and open dialog about Nicaragua is not served by Starlingls veiling of his political agenda within a methodological analysis.
THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION'S WELFARE RETRENCHMENT POLICY: TERMINATING SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS FOR THE DISABLED
Authors: Chambers Donald E.
Published: June 2005

Large numbers of the permanently and totally disabled have had benefits terminated since 1980 as a result of a determined effort towards that end by the Reagan administration. This is an example of the process by which a major change in political ethos is translated into important changes in welfare benefit entitlement rules. It is also interesting since it seems to be the first instance of a large scale conscientious attempt of the executive branch to reach into and narrow the basic entitlement policy of the Social Security Administration. This normally would be done through joint executive, congressional and legislative action. This article presents the policy background of these events and reviews and analyzes the data about their consequences.
POLICY RESEARCH AS SOCIAL SCIENCE: OUTFLANKING THE VALUE DILEMMA
Authors: Chalip Laurence
Published: June 2005

Social scientists fear that policy research compromises their objectivity. As a result, policy science is becoming a separate discipline which is accorded lower status that other fields of social inquiry. However, the history, sociology and psychology of science show that the elaboration of robust social theory would be aided by a more intimate relation between policy research and academic social science than currently obtains. The traditional canons of value freedom, which have been invoked to justify the independence of social science from policy, misrepresent the relation between facts and values in science. Objective knowledge is consequent on dispute and triangulation by a many‐valued community of fallible social scientists; but it does not eventuate from consensual value neutralism. Social knowledge interacts with social values to change phenomena our theories represent. This self‐restructuring characteristic of social events warrants singular attention by social scientists. Policy researchers are in a particularly opportune position to provide that attention.
Institutional Impediments To Efficient Water Allocation
Authors: Gardner B. Delworth
Published: June 2005

Current water institutions were developed for conditions of water penty rather than scarcity and are unable to allocate water resources efficiently under conditions such as those in the arid West. This paper reviews riparian, appropriation and correlative water law as well as existing admin‐ istrative rules governing water use in California and finds that all of these institutions violate norms of economic efficiency. The review suggests that decentralized water systems such as mutual irrigation companies with their appropriate laws are more flexible than centralized federal or state systems in promoting water movement to higher valued use. The paper concludes that institutional mechanisms which promote rather than inhibit water trades and transfers are more appropriate to arid areas and that these institutions will become increasingly popular as water becomes increasingly scarce.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL IMPACTS ON POLICY VARIATIONS WITHIN STATES: EFFECTS OF LOCAL DISCRETION ON GENERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
Authors: Albritton Robert S. , Brown Robert D.
Published: June 2005

Variation in state policy outputs is often a function of the level of inter governmental involvement in policy decisions by the federal government. This study examines comparable impacts of intergovernmental involvement by states on variations of welfare policy outputs within the states. The analysis of the effects of state‐level involvement on General Assistance payments indicates that state delegation of policy discretion in this program leads to significantly higher levels of variation of policy effects within states.
THE HEALTH CARE MARKETPLACE; PERSPECTIVES ON A SYSTEM IN TRANSITION
Authors: Anderson Elaine A. , Cinsberg Mark R.
Published: June 2005

Within the last 35 years health care expenditures have increased from $12 billion t o over $350 billion. Recent concern over these costs have led to a reevaluation of the health care delivery system in the United States. This paper reviews four emerging cost containment models. The discussion focuses on the “market‐likell incentives introduced in to the health care delivery system by such strategies.
POLICY AS A MOVING TARGET: A CALL FOR CONCEPTUAL REALISM
Authors: Wittrock Bjorn , de Leon Peter
Published: June 2005

Since the early 1970s, policy scholars have paid great attention to issues of policy implementation, treating it as the “missing link” between policy formulation and results. Most often, policy problems have been seen as static phenomena that can be corrected by carefully specified programs. This paper, drawing upon examples from Swedish energy policy, argues that this is not the case, that political and social conditions are so prone to change that implementation must be a dynamic process if it is to be effective. This has distinct conceptual and practical implications for the study and design of policy implementation.
EVALUATION RESEARCH AND POLITICAL SCIENCE: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DIVISION OF SCHOLARLY LABOR
Authors: Schneider Anne L.
Published: June 2005

Political science might have been the birthplace of evaluation research, but it has instead been unreceptive to it for a number of reasons. Hofferbert's suggestion that political scientists become involved by studying the impact of policy on democratic processes does not take into account the ferment that has been taking place in the field of evaluation. Political scientists should not conduct evaluation studies using the same methodology they normally use because these may not produce the kind of information needed for improving policies or programs. A disciplinary division of labor is impractical for a number of reasons. Instead, they should use a policy sciences framework, which contains normative elements and focuses on potentials for change, among other things.
JAPANESE BUREAUCRATS AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: LESSONS FOR AMERICA?
Authors: Cothran Dan A.
Published: June 2005

In recent years, American business has attempted to learn the secrets of Japanese business success. This paper asks whether it would be equally useful to examine Japanese public administration to determine why the Japanese government seems to be so much more successful than American government in implementing public policies. It is widely agreed that policy implementation in the United States involves considerable “slippage” between policy intent and achievement. By contrast, scholars agree that Japanese public policy is usually implemented effectively and efficiently. This paper argues that the Japanese case has three important implications for the United States: effective policy implementation is possible, better implementation would result from allowing civil servants to participate more fully in policy formulation, and the development of an elite corps of top civil servants could make a major contribution to better policymaking and implementation.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING POLICY AND FEDERALISM
Authors: Anton Thomas
Published: June 2005

There are widespread misperceptions about the way in which American federalism has worked in the past and is working now. One is the belief that since the 1930s, the federal government has engaged in many new activities. Another misperception is that liberals support centralization and conservatives, decentralization. Actually, most Americans tend to be pragmatic. The vitality of this American pragmatism is seen in state economic development policies. States have provided leadership in initiating new economic development programs in such areas as foreign trade and enterprise zones. Four major patterns in American federalism characterize the emergence and development of most of these programs: responsiveness, elitism, pluralism, and experimentation. Implications for employment and training policy are examined.
THE STATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCY AND ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Carlson Burton L.
Published: June 2005

The State Employment Security Agency is examined in relation to local economic adjustment. An effort is made to set forth the sort of activities that take place at the local level when economic adjustment becomes necessary; suggest those things the Employment Service (ES) might do to support such activities; identify the constraints under which the ES labors in this regard; and suggest the changes that might be required if the ES is to be seen and used as a labor market adjustment tool. A substantial redesign of the ES is proposed, including a redefinition of role, reexamination of its financing structure, reassessment of the specific functions it might take up and the way those services might be packaged, and a look taken at the issue of competition between ES and private employment agencies.
THE EXPATRIATE ADVISOR AS SENIOR POLICY ANALYST
Authors: Roe Emery M.
Published: June 2005

Few first‐hand accounts on advising exist by government advisors working in Third World countries. Other writers suggest that such advising is different from that found in the governments o f the industrialized countries. A framework for comparing expatriate advisors in Africa with senior policy analysts in the United States is developed which finds a great deal of similarity between the two types of advisors. Examples are drawn from the literature (much of it fugitive) about advisors and policy analysts working in Africa, Europe, and the United States.
IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: FROM TRADITIONAL TO NEW GENERATION JAIL OPERATIONS
Authors: Zupan Linda L. , Menke Ben A.
Published: June 2005

The recent introduction of the New Generation, podular/direct supervision philosophy of jail architecture and inmate management dramatically changes the nature and design of the work performed by custodial staff. In particular, the new philosophy has the potential to “enrich” the job of correctional officers. Using before and after data gathered a t one institution, we address whether job enrichment is an outcome of the transition from traditional to podular/direct supervision detention facility design, and whether enrichment of the job affects employee perceptions of the work and of the organization.
INTEGRATING COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES INTO LOCAL JAILS: A POLICY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Kalinich Dave , Embert Paul , Senese Jeffrey D.
Published: June 2005

Across t h e nation, the number o f mentally ill inmates in local jails has increased over the past decade. Moreover, mentally ill inmates are not typically receiving adequate services from either the jail or mental health service systems. In response to the problem, several jurisdictions are attempting to utilize community mental health (CMH) services to provide treatment for these inmates. This paper discusses organizational problems inherent to integrating CMH services into jails and recommends approaches for dealing with those problems. Much of the information and thinking in this paper is based upon the recent experience of the authors with the Michigan Department of Mental Health and local jails as trainers and consultants in integrating CMH workers into jail settings.
GOVERNMENT PRODUCTIVITY, EFFECTIVENESS, AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Herzik Eric B.
Published: June 2005

Marc Holzer and Stuart S. Nagel (editors). 1984. Productivity and Public Policy.

George W. Downs and Patrick D. Larkey. 1986. The Search for Government Efficiency: From Hubris to Helplessness

Elaine Morley. 1986. A Practitioner's Guide to Public Sector Productivity Improvement.

Richard H. Silkman and Dennis R. Young with the assistance of Robert Lipp. 1985. Subsidizing Inefficiency: A Study of State Aid and Local Government Productivity.
IMPACTS OF THE FARM FINANCIAL CRISIS OF THE 1980s ON RESOURCES AND POVERTY IN AGRICULTURALLY DEPENDENT COUNTIES IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Murdock Steve H. , Leistritz F. Larry , Hamm Rita R.
Published: June 2005

The farm financial crisis of the 1980s has had a major effect on agriculturally dependent areas in the United States. The crisis has resulted in a large proportion of producers leaving agriculture, in a substantial decline in the number of rural businesses, and in the support for rural service bases. Although extensively analyzed, the crisis' impacts on resources and poverty have not been adequately evaluated.

This paper examines such impacts using parameters derived from USDA data and from extensive surveys of producers, business operators, and employees in rural communities. The results show effects on populations, services, and income that could lead to a substantial increase in the rates of poverty in these counties.

The paper concludes that the crisis, if left unaddressed, may result in a long‐term loss of economic opportunities, accentuated rates of poverty, and reduced potential for economic development in agriculturally dependent areas in the United States.
THE EXTENT OF SOCIAL REGULATION: HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP AND THE REAGAN IDEOLOGY
Authors: Barnett Harold C.
Published: June 2005

Social regulation resolves the conflict over who will bear the costs of production‐related harm to public health, safety, and the environment. The extent of social regulation reflects the political power of affected interests, the economic consequences of control, and the prevailing regulatory ideol‐ ogy. In this paper, I analyze the impact of the Reagan deregulatory ideology on implementation of the Superfund program to cleanup hazardous waste sites. Itesolution of the conflict over enabling legislation is examined to gauge the relative political power of Superfund Act supporters. Resolution of the ronflict over implementation is examined to determine the extent to which these same political forces limited the success of the Reagan ideology in promoting regulatory inaction.
RESEARCH METHODS EDUCATION FOR PUBLIC SECTOR CAREERS: THE CHALLENGE OF UTILIZATION
Authors: LaPlante Josephine M.
Published: June 2005

As the world rapidly becomes more complex, there is a greater need for tools of research and data analysis to assist the public administrator. While many university programs recognize this need and include several methodology courses in their curriculum, there is little evidence that students are taking this knowledge into the field. In this article, the need for usable methodology courses are stressed. The first section of this article is dedicated to identifying those factors that make methods classes more practical. The remaining portion concentrates on two approaches to teaching that the author asserts will help students to use in the field what they have learned in the classroom.
THIRD WORLD URBANIZATION AND AMERICAN FOREIGN AID POLICY: DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN THE 1990s
Authors: Rondinelli Dennis , Johnson Ronald W.
Published: June 2005

Over the next decade, the demographic and economic characteristics of countries to which the United States government provides technical and financial assistance for economic development will change substantially. Rapid urban population growth, the expanding role of cities and towns in national economies, continued migration of population from rural to urban areas, explosive growth in the size of the labor force, and shifts in the occupations of the labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and ser‐ vices will require a reorientation of American development assistance. Yet, program objectives and budget allocations of the U.S. foreign aid program fail to reflect these changes in the characteristics of its clientele. The US. Agency for International Development lacks an overt strategy for coping with urbanization in developing nations. Without an urban strategy, the American foreign aid program is likely to incur increasing opportunity costs and fail to address critical problems arising from fundamental shifts in the economic and social structure of developing countries.
PUBLIC PROTEST AND PUBLIC POLICY: THE ANTI‐APARTHEID MOVEMENT AND POLITICAL INNOVATION*
Authors: Salop Frederic I.
Published: June 2005

With the Comprehensive Anti‐apartheid Act of 1986, Congress instituted economic sanctions against South Africa, thereby reversing the historic course of U. S. foreign policy. This political innovation constituted a great victory for minority interests. This article utilizes the agenda‐setting literature to examine the relationship between Anti‐apartheid movement activity in the United States and adoption of economic sanctions against South Africa. The analysis is based upon an events data set consisting of 1353 events appearing in the New York Times between 1960 and 1986, interviews with activists and legislators, and archived materials. The ar‐ ticle concludes that although the Anti‐apartheid movement was only in‐ directly involved in moving sanctions legislation to the policy agenda, the movement exerted direct influence in the policy process once the legislation had agenda status.
The Anglo‐Italian collaboration: a report of the first steps in implementing the Bologna Declaration
Authors: Reynolds P. A. , Paganelli C. , Dunne S. , Wilson N.
Published: June 2005

Abstract  This report summarises the accomplishments of King's College London and Università degli Studi di Brescia in establishing an Anglo‐Italian Collaboration. The aim was to develop areas of enterprise in clinical practice, teaching and research that reflected the principles of the Bologna Declaration.
Self‐reported changes in clinical behaviour by undergraduate dental students after video‐based teaching in paediatric dentistry
Authors: Kalwitzki M.
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Four cohorts of undergraduate students (n = 113) were filmed on video tapes whilst performing paediatric treatments. Selected parts of these tapes were shown the day after. Thus, within one term each student was able to view his performance on a videotape as well as those of fellow students. After completion of the clinical course in paediatric dentistry students were asked by means of a questionnaire about behavioural changes in their clinical work regarding different topics. Considerable changes in behaviour were reported for various topics. Most of the students emphasised the viable role of the video for changing their behaviour. This was especially true for aspects of verbal and non‐verbal communication where mainly female students benefited. Moreover, video was thought to have been useful for improving capacities to deal with patients in fear or pain and for ergonomics. About two‐thirds of the students (64.6%) thought that watching the video had made it easier for them to put theoretical knowledge into action. Video does not seem to play an important role for confirmation and maintenance of behaviour patterns. In conclusion however, it can be stated that video has a high impact on the modification of behaviour patterns of undergraduate students for many aspects of clinical work. The use of video can thus attribute to dental education in an effective way.
Does Relationship Banking Matter? The Myth of the Japanese Main Bank
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro , Ramseyer J. Mark
Published: June 2005

The Japanese “main bank system” figures prominently in the recent literature on “relationship banking,” for by most accounts the “system” epitomizes relationship finance. Traditionally (according to the literature), every large Japanese firm had a long‐term relationship with one bank that served as its “main bank.” That main bank monitored the firm, intervened in its governance through board appointments, acted as the delegated monitor for other creditors, and agreed to rescue the firm if it fell into financial distress. As Japan deregulated its financial markets in the 1980s, however, these firms abandoned their relational lender for market finance. As main banks then lost their ability to constrain the firms—as relationship banking unraveled—the firms gambled in the stock and real estate bubbles, and threw the country into recession. Using financial and governance data from 1980 through 1994, we show that none of this is true. The accounts of the Japanese main bank instead represent fables, mythical stories scholars recite because they so conveniently illustrate theories and models in vogue.
The Nurse Practitioner's Role in Helping Patients Achieve Lipid Goals with Statin Therapy
Authors: Mason Carol M.
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To discuss the merits of statins in achieving lipid goals and the role of nurse practitioners (NPs) in improving adherence to medical regimens with the goals of improving patient outcomes, reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk within the population at large, and enhancing patients’ ability to reach their individual goals.

Data sources

Original research articles, journal articles, professional association practice guidelines.

Conclusions

Despite extensive research clearly documenting the relation between lowering low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and decreasing rates of cardiovascular events and deaths, lipid‐lowering therapy is not being aggressively managed to achieve optimal lipid levels and CVDs remain the leading cause of death among adults in the United States. Contributing factors include lack of patient adherence with prescribed therapy, absence of dose titration when needed, and suboptimal follow‐up. Two pathways to improving compliance are the following: first, use of a starting dose of a more efficacious statin to allow more patients to reach their LDL‐C goal and, second, more effective primary care programs with NPs as team leaders who can assess and diagnose patients, then develop individual treatment plans and follow‐up with patients to ensure that their lipid goals are met.

Implications for practice

NPs are well suited to manage patients with hypercholesterolemia. The NP can bridge all aspects of care for the patient by overseeing assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors, including elevated levels of LDL‐C, initiating pharmacotherapy when needed, and establishing for each patient an individualized program that features education, support, and follow‐up.
Rural Health Alert: Helicobacter pylori in Well Water
Authors: Reavis Catherine
Published: June 2005

Purpose

This exploratory research project is an epidemiological study to determine in a specified population of farmworkers in Southeast Georgia the following: (a) the prevalence rate of gastritis, (b) related cofactors contributing to gastritis with or without a positive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (HP), (c) relationship of contaminated drinking water to gastritis, and (d) relative risk of acquiring gastritis from HP‐contaminated drinking water.

Data sources

Data were collected from five common water sources for 147 farmworkers in rural Southeast Georgia. Farmworkers were given a survey to identify cofactors related to HP gastritis. Water samples were taken from four common well water sources (experimental group) and one control well, analyzed for HP, and associated through nonparametric categorical data analysis to the survey items to discover possible relationships.

Conclusions

Analysis of data using nonparametric regression showed a weak positive relationship (p= 0.07) between symptoms of gastritis and the HP‐contaminated water. Risk analysis demonstrated that farmworkers who drank water contaminated with HP were 2.6 times more likely to have symptoms of gastritis.

Implications for practice

This research established a positive relationship between well water contaminated with HP and signs and symptoms of gastritis. Nurse practitioners (NPs) working with populations who drink well water and have the signs and symptoms or positive diagnosis of HP should have a high degree of suspicion that the well water may be a source of HP infection. In addition to treating the patient for HP gastritis, NPs may utilize this research to plan other interventions that decrease the incidence of HP‐related illnesses such as recommending well water treatment.
DEMONSTRATING WORKER QUALITY THROUGH STRATEGIC ABSENTEEISM
Authors: HARBAUGH WILLIAM T. , VAN DEN NOUWELAND ANNE
Published: June 2005

Determining the productivity of individual workers engaged in team production is difficult. Monitoring expenses may be high, or the observable output of the entire team may be some single product. One way to collect information about individual productivity is to observe how total output changes when the composition of the team changes. While some employers may explicitly shift workers from team to team for exactly this reason, the most common reasons for changes in team composition are at least partly voluntary: vacation time and sick days. In this paper, we develop a model of optimal absenteeism by employees which accounts for strategic interactions between employees. We assume the employer uses both observed changes in output and the strategies of the employees to form beliefs about a given worker's type. We argue that the model we develop is applicable to a variety of workplace situations where signaling models are not, because it allows a worker's decisions to provide information about other workers, as well as about himself.
Are There Any Religions? An Evolutionary Exploration
Authors: Bulbulia Joseph
Published: June 2005

Common sense holds there are distinctive religions, an intuition that informs most scholarship and teaching in religious studies and the social sciences, but the intuition is somewhat misleading. In spite of apparent religious difference, recent psychological inquiry suggests that religion emerges from a single panhuman psychological design that strongly constrains variation. There is some variation in the religiosity of individuals and groups, but not the variation of "traditions". This paper uses recent research in the cognitive and evolutionary study of religion to explore some basic properties of the mental architecture that generates human religiosity, including features that enhance the illusion of religious difference.
Simulating Typhoon Floods with Gauge Data and Mesoscale-Modeled Rainfall in a Mountainous Watershed
Authors: Li Ming-Hsu , Yang Ming-Jen , Soong Ruitang , Huang Hsiao-Ling
Published: June 2005

A physically based distributed hydrological model was applied to simulate typhoon floods over a mountainous watershed in Taiwan. The meteorological forcings include the observed gauge rainfall data and the predicted rainfall data from a mesoscale meteorological model, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). This study investigates the flood responses of three Typhoons: Zeb (1998), Nari (2001), and Herb (1996), which possessed unique meteorological features and that all produced severe floods. The predicted basin-averaged rainfall hydrographs by the MM5 are compared with that interpreted by rain gauge data to reveal the discrepancies in rainfall peak amounts and time lags, and to explore their subsequent effects on flood generation. The simulated flood hydrographs at the Hsia-Yun station, which is upstream of the Shihmen Reservoir, are compared with observed flood discharges in terms of the amount and time lag of flood peaks. It is shown that the small discrepancy in rainfall peaks and phase lags could be significantly amplified in simulated flood responses of a mountainous watershed. The overall predictive skill of the distributed hydrological model with different rainfall inputs is examined with three parameters, which include the runoff ratio (RR), root-mean-square error (rmse), and goodness of fit (GOF). Although the runoff ratio for the MM5-predicted rainfall is superior to that for the observed gauge rainfall, the simulated hydrographs with observed gauge rainfall have smaller rmse and GOF values for three events. This study shows that the error in flood prediction with the mesoscale-modeled rainfall is mainly caused by the rainfall–peak difference, which arises from the inherent uncertainties in the mesoscale-modeled rainfalls over a mountainous terrain during the typhoon landfall periods.
A Communitarian Future
Authors: Goldgeier James M.
Published: June 2005

Amitai Etzioni has provided a vision for developing a future global civil society. If his communitarian approach has any hope, its starting place will be modern Europe. The continent’s bloody rivalries of the past are history. By creating a larger community, Europe has achieved what Etzioni seeks on a global scale. How has Europe done it? Can Europe’s success be a model for other parts of the world, just as its development of the modern nation-state became the model for political life in previous centuries? And will Europe itself be likely to survive as a thriving community, or will it fail in the end to sustain its own model? This article explores the basis for Europe’s remarkable developments of the past 60 years and the possibilities that Europe can lead the way forward for the achievement of Etzioni’s vision.
The Transnationalization of Social Inequality: Conceptualizing Social Positions on a World Scale
Authors: Weiss Anja
Published: June 2005

The sociology of inequality has focused on the nation-state frame. The article argues that methodological nationalism is increasingly inadequate in a globalizing world. Migrant populations cannot be located in only one nation-state. Labour markets, cultural capital and reciprocal relations have become partly transnational. Both issues can be integrated into a theory of social inequality, if spatial relations are given adequate consideration. The opportunities of actors and the value of resources must be determined in relation to various national and transnational social spaces. Social positions in a world system cannot be characterized only by resource value. They are also structured by spatial autonomy and the quality of the spaces to which (migrant) populations have access. The argument is exemplified by a discussion of highly skilled migrants who possess cultural capital that is transnationally recognized. An analysis of their cultural capital shows how transnational and location-specific cultural capital interrelate.
Localized Fiber Waviness and Implications for Failure in Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Garnich Mark R. , Karami Ghodrat
Published: June 2005

Finite element models with wavy material-orientation are used to represent periodic wavy fiber defects in composites. The homogenized material parameters in material coordinates (straight fiber properties) are determined originally by micromechanics modeling at the constituent level based on hexagonal fiber packing. To study the effects of local waviness, wavy material-orientation regions of material with different amplitude/wavelength ratios are embedded within regions of straight fiber material. A failure study has been performed for various types of localized fiber waviness. The modeling approach provides a systematic procedure to investigate the effects of fiber waviness defects on properties of unidirectional fiber composites.
Recognizing Inner and Outer Realities as a Process: On Some Countertransferential Issues of the Group Conductor
Authors: Urlić Ivan
Published: June 2005

This article highlights specific and unique challenges which confront the therapist when dealing with patients suffering from the effects of trauma within a war situation - refugees, displaced persons and relatives of those who have ‘disappeared’ in war. In presenting clinical vignettes, the author focuses on war in Croatia, whilst also demonstrating how many problems are common to all those in war situations, including the therapist as well as patients, particularly problems and dilemmas in countertransference and empathy.
Cultural Constraints in the Workplace: An Experiential Exercise Utilizing Hofstede’s Dimensions
Authors: Blanton Karen Kniep , Barbuto John E.
Published: June 2005

This article describes an original exercise developed to apply Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. The exercise creates simulated subcultures within a multinational organization. Managers are required to function in various subcultures as they work to develop an incentive plan with salespeople. Hofstede’s dimensions are reviewed, followed by the exercise. We provide purpose, preparation requirements, instructions for facilitating and processing the exercise, student reactions, and strategies for understanding and applying the concepts. The authors also assessed content retention derived from participating in the exercise. In preliminary tests, three independent studies demonstrate significant improvements in content knowledge.
A New Polyquinoline Containing Spirobifluorene and Phenathiazine Units with Excellent Electroluminescence Properties
Authors: Huang Bing , Jiang Zuoquan , Li Jun , Qin Jingui , Yu Gui , Liu Yunqi
Published: June 2005

A new polyquinoline PQSP containing spirobifluorene and phenathiazine units was synthesized through the acid-catalyzed Friedländer condensation. PQSP showed strong yellow emission in solution and film. Excellent EL performances were obtained for PQSP. The devices based on PQSP showed a maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.63% and a maximum photometric efficiency of 1.85 cd/A. Pure yellow-green EL with narrow full width at the half-maximum (fwhm < 70 nm) and the highest maximum luminance (1768 cd/m2) among the currently reported polyquinolines was obtained for PQSP.
Iron-catalyzed Silylcyanation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Silyl Cyanide Prepared from Silane and Acetonitrile
Authors: Itazaki Masumi , Nakazawa Hiroshi
Published: June 2005

Silylcyanation of aldehyde or ketone was performed in a solution involving Et3SiCN produced by photoreaction of Et3SiH with MeCN in the presence of a catalytic amount of Cp(CO)2FeMe (Cp = C5H5). The iron complex derived from Cp(CO)2FeMe serves as a catalyst both for C–C bond cleavage of MeCN and concomitant Si–C bond formation and for Si–C bond cleavage in silylcyanation. The catalytic reaction mechanism has been discussed.
Mondor's disease of the penis following a long-haul flight
Authors: Day S , Bingham J S
Published: June 2005

Mondor's disease of the penis, otherwise known as superficial thrombophlebitis (STP) or thrombosis of the dorsal vein, is an under-reported benign condition, the aetiology of which is poorly understood. It is characterized by a sudden, indurated swelling of the vein, often occurring after vigorous sexual activity. We report a case of Mondor's disease occurring 24h following a 15h flight. This gentleman also reported a history of STP of his left lower limb varicose veins following a similar-length flight three years previously. In the absence of any other clear predisposing factor, we propose long-haul flight as an important factor contributing to the development of dorsal vein thrombosis.
Book Reviews
Authors: Turner Cynthia
Published: June 2005

Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders: A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment A. Harvey, E. Watkins, W. Mansell and R. Shafran Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, Pp. 376, £29.95 (paperback), ISBN 0‐19‐852888‐4
Bullying behaviors in female and male adolescent offenders: prevalence, types, and association with psychosocial adjustment
Authors: Viljoen Jodi L. , O'Neill Melanie L. , Sidhu Avneet
Published: June 2005

Despite the surge of research on bullying, few studies have examined bullying in young offenders, particularly female young offenders. This study investigated the prevalence, types, and correlates of bullying behaviors in 193 male and 50 female incarcerated adolescents from nine young offender facilities. Overall, 37% of participants identified themselves as bully‐victims, 32% as pure bullies, 23% as not involved, and 8% as pure victims. In comparison to males, females were more likely to report being involved with bullying in some capacity, particularly as pure victims, and being bullied by sexual touching and comments. Pure victims reported higher rates of psychological distress and suicidal behaviors than those youth not involved in bullying, and pure bullies were more likely to have been previously incarcerated and affiliated with a gang. Bully‐victims reported the highest rates of previous abuse, peer victimization in the community, drug use, and suicide attempts while in custody. All groups, including pure victims, reported high rates of bullying others in the community. Treatment providers should recognize that offenders who are victims are often bullies as well, and be alert to broad mental health needs among victims and bully‐victims. Given the prevalence and potential serious consequences of bullying, the development of anti‐bullying policies appears to be an important step in recognizing and reducing bullying. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current distribution in PEM fuel cells. Part 2: Air operation and temperature effect
Authors: Natarajan Dilip , Van Nguyen Trung
Published: June 2005

The effect of air flow rate, fuel and oxidant gas stream humidity, and cell operating temperature on the spatial and temporal current density distribution was investigated in a single gas channel PEM fuel cell using a segmented electrode/current collector assembly. Related studies on oxygen operation and fuel starvation effects are presented in part one of this paper. The current density distribution was found to be a strong function of the available oxygen concentration down the channel that was determined by the air supply rate. Higher flow rates reduced the drop in the current density profile along the channel. At lower air flow rates, a simultaneous increase in cell temperature and anode humidification level resulted in increasing segment performance near the inlet accompanied by a related decrease in the current densities downstream. Further increasing the air flow rate ultimately led to enhanced reaction rates over the entire length of the channel. If cell temperature elevation were not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the anode humidification level, the dehydration pattern on the anode side tended to dominate the local current density distribution. Beyond a certain point the current density distribution along the channel was exclusively dependent on oxidant availability and gas diffusion rates and thus neither higher anode humidification nor cell temperature elevation had a significant influence at the chosen operating segment potential. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005