bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Man-made disasters: Displacement, resettlement and rehabilitation in Orissa-Reflections from the field
Authors: Somayaji Sakarama
Published: January 2017

Development projects that involve displacement are currently a cause of growing concern everywhere. The worrisome aspect is that it is the poor who are hurt most in the process, becoming poorer than before. This paper, based on the author's experiences with people-displacing projects in Orissa, provides a vivid first hand account of sufferings of those who lose their lands and are forced to relocate. The consequences of displacement are particularly dire for tribal people, as they are deeply attached to their ancestral lands and find it virtually impossible to readjust in resettlement colonies thoughtlessly planned with no regard to their socio-cultural needs. As displacement, stimulated by the new industrial policy, is henceforth going to occur on an even bigger scale than before, it is important that resettlement and rehabilitation packages are so designed that they improve the lives, not impoverish the already poor people.
Marital violence and its relationship to excessive drinking in Mexico
Authors: Natera Guillermina R. , Tiburcio Marcela S. , Villatoro Jorge V.
Published: January 2017

Through a household survey conducted in the southern area of Mexico City, 544 women currently living with a male partner were asked about the occurrence of a number of violent acts and associated risks such as drunkenness of the husband. The results show a prevalence 38.4% of women who had suffered some type of violence. Through the use of factor analysis structural equation models, the partners’ drinking and jealousy were found to be significantly associated with violent acts and threats. The findings are discussed in the light of cultural aspects present in Mexico.
The public interest and liquor licenses in Ontario
Authors: Kulis Richard E.
Published: January 2017

Residents’ groups are becoming more organized and vocal in expressing their concerns regarding the negative effects of poorly operated liquor licensed premises. Using the “public interest” measures in the Liquor Licence Act, the residents have successfully had liquor licenses revoked and new license applications denied. This paper examines some of the types of problems suffered by residents and the efforts they have made to alleviate those problems. These efforts include proactive consultation with licensed-premises operators, lobbying of politicians, adversarial license hearings, and legislative amendments.
The “Swedish model” of dealing with alcohol problems: historical trends and future challenges
Authors: Blomqvist Jan
Published: January 2017

The paper describes and analyzes the development of prevention and care of alcohol problems in Sweden, from the emergence of the temperance issue as a public concern at the turn of the 19th century to the economic and ideological changes that seem to challenge the “Swedish model” of dealing with alcohol problems 100 years later. By applying an analytical model that transcends the common “badness-illness” dualism and provides a bridge between a social-political and a clinically oriented perspective, an attempt is made to relate the historical succession of dominant approaches to alcohol problems to the changing roles of the welfare state. The paper concludes by discussing the future prospects in Sweden of the type of community approach to handling alcohol problems that was first launched at the beginning of the century in Ivan Bratt's pioneer work but still awaits a major breakthrough in practice.
Community and treatment program challenges for chemically dependent American Indian and Alaska Native women
Authors: Berkowitz Gale , Peterson Sara , Smith Eva Marie , Taylor Timothy , Brindis Claire
Published: January 2017

Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use is a serious and growing problem among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) women. In addition, there is wide variation across communities in AOD use patterns, access to treatment for substance use, and access to other needed health services. An evaluation study was conducted to document the needs of AI/AN women in AOD treatment and the treatment services and community factors that both facilitate and impede recovery at nine IHS-funded treatment centers. The data illuminate the challenges posed to the treatment centers, and how communities influence the substance use patterns of AI/AN women, as well as prevention efforts and health promotion. The information derived from this study can be used to improve services for AI/AN women and the potential role of communities in reducing substance use among AI/AN women.
Differential item functioning of the CAGE, TWEAK, BMAST and AUDIT by gender and ethnicity
Authors: Schafer John , Cherpitel Cheryl J.
Published: January 2017

A number of screening instruments for alcohol dependence (AD) or problem drinking are currently in use in primary care settings. This study tests for differential item functioning by gender and ethnicity of the CAGE, TWEAK, brief MAST (BMAST), and AUDIT in 492 emergency room patients with lifetime drinking experience. As the referent standard, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to establish whether the participant was either alcohol dependent or a harmful drinker according to ICD-10 criteria. Differential item functioning (DIF) analyses suggested that 38% of the items on the four screening instruments showed either gender or ethnic DIF.
Brief overview of the social model approach
Authors: Room Joshua , Kaskutas Lee Ann , Piroth Kirsten V.
Published: January 2017

Social Model Programs (SMPs) were developed by non-medical, non-academic practitioners, most of whom were in recovery, and there is little published academic literature on these programs. Little is known in professional circles about ℌsocial modelℍ as a discrete paradigm, and what is known is often confused with other models of treatment/recovery. To clarify just what is referred to in this issue as “social model,” this paper briefly reviews key available literature and the social and political milestones that shaped the development of SMPs in California. A brief description of the qualitative methodology underlying all of the papers in this special issue is also included.
Christian Mission and the Coming “Clash of Civilizations”
Authors: Shenk Wilbert R.
Published: January 2017

In the aftermath of the Cold War, we need a new framework for understanding geopolitical realities. Samuel Huntington's analysis of world civilizations is a bold attempt to provide a model. Although inadequate from a theological and missiological viewpoint, it offers us a place from which to start thinking about the future of mission. It is argued that reconciliation will be foundational for missionary witness in the future; but we also need to engage in new strategic thinking that will enable Christians to address the emerging geopolitical situation on the basis of gospel imperatives rather than being co-opted by other forces.
Charisma in a Mission Context
Authors: Rohrer James R.
Published: January 2017

Religious scholars disagree about the nature and locus of charisma. Is charisma a quality possessed by individuals, an authority projected upon leaders by their followers, or a force generated by ritual behavior? Followers of Max Weber locate charisma within individual leaders, drawing a sharp distinction between charismatic religious movements and institutionalized religious organizations. This article notes that many successful missionaries have wielded charismatic authority and tests Weber's notions about charisma by examining the case of George Leslie Mackay in Taiwan (1872–1901). The author concludes that Weber's distinction between charismatic and institutionalized leadership does not fit missionaries like Mackay. The article also concludes that in North Taiwan, both the personality of Mackay and the cultural context of his mission were crucial to the formation of a new charismatic sect.
A Lowland Philippine Municipality in Transition
Authors: Hollnsteiner Mary R.
Published: January 2017

Philippine society today is being exposed to many conscious and unconscious efforts to change the status quo. Notable among the programs for directed change are the various community or rural development programs, both public and private, which are seeding to get the rural people to substitute for centuries-old patterns new methods of cultivation, scientific concepts of health and sanitation, and other ideas generally equated with modernity. Whether more productive farming techniques or the inculcation of new religious concepts be the innovator's aim, the persons and agencies attempting the change must know something about the society with which they are working if they hope to be truly successful.
The Vernacular Approach to the Australian Aborigines
Authors: Douglas Wilfrid H.
Published: January 2017

In this article some of the problems of the Australian aborigines are discussed in relation to present government and mission policies toward them. The author feels that many groups of the aborigines, at least, can be approached through their own languages and that this is necessary to meet their needs. Many readers outside of Australia will recognize parallels in the relation between majority and minority groups in their own areas. Today, many old and perplexing problems are being drawn out of the dust of prejudice to be re-examined in the light of modern research. One of these relates to the Australian aborigines and is extracted for re-study from the host of problems connected with these people. It is the question of approach in mission and education.
Preventing “Critogenic” Harms: Minimizing Emotional Injury from Civil Litigation
Authors: Gutheil Thomas G. , Bursztajn Harold , Brodsky Archie , Strasburger Larry H.
Published: January 2017

Litigation is always stressful for the parties involved, and certain emotional injuries from litigation itself, termed “critogenic” (law-caused) harms, can be identified to aid attorneys in recognizing them. These harms include delay, adversarialization, retraumatization, violation of boundaries, loss of privacy, and arrested healing. After discussing critogenic benefits of litigation for balance, the authors offer approaches for minimizing the impacts of the above harms on clients.
Unqualified Acquittal versus Insanity: Mental Disorder as an Evidentiary Issue, Not an Affirmative Defense
Authors: Goldberg David L.
Published: January 2017

Although the insanity defense has been present in our criminal justice system for centuries, this paper discusses the utility of the defense as compared with that of an evidentiary attack on the mental elements of the crime itself. By reviewing insanity acquittal data and analyzing the substantive insanity defense and rules of evidence along with the progeny case law, we conclude that the insanity defense does not always provide the greater criminal defense option when mental health is in issue. There exists what this article refers to as “element negation,” which enables a criminal defendant to achieve complete acquittal based on a lack of the requisite mens rea in any charged crime. Because element negation is a viable defense to any crime, and it encompasses any evidence that would be used to proffer an insanity argument, mental disorder as evidence can be governed by the rules of criminal procedure and evidence, which may render the affirmative insanity defense a less appealing option.
Purpose and Utility of Child Custody Evaluations: From the Perspective of Judges
Authors: Waller Erika M. , Daniel A. E.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the perspective of judges regarding child custody evaluations by mental health professionals. Ninety-seven judges completed an anonymous survey regarding: a) legal standards and personal biases influencing judicial custody decision-making; b) issues that prompt judges to order custody evaluations; c) expected evaluation procedures and report components; d) parts of the report judges find useful for decision-making; and e) the effect of the evaluation on litigation and judicial decision-making. Findings indicate that judges are most likely to order custody evaluations for allegations regarding sexual or physical abuse or parental unfitness. Judges reported that they expect a comprehensive procedure and find utility in an inclusive report. Survey findings suggest that custody evaluations play a significant role in judicial decision-making; however, judges are hesitant to have mental health professionals testify as to the ultimate custody question.
Psychological Bonding Evaluations in Termination of Parental Rights Cases
Authors: Barone Natalie M. , Weitz Elayne I. , Witt Philip H.
Published: January 2017

Involuntary termination of parental rights is one of the most extreme steps the court can take in intractable child abuse cases. Frequently, the court or the child protection agency requires a psychological evaluation of biological or foster parents under these circumstances. One core component of such evaluations is an assessment of the child's psychological bond with various caretakers, sometimes referred to as a bonding evaluation. This article describes the principles underlying such psychological evaluations and describes accepted methods of conducting these evaluations.
Response to “The Diagnostic Issue”
Authors: Declue Gregory
Published: January 2017

One aspect of cases involving civil commitment of sexually violent predators is to distinguish a sexually violent predator from a typical recidivist. I recommend that this be done on a case-by-case basis without any a priori requirement that a person meet criteria for a certain type of diagnosis.
The Cross and the Curse: Galatians 3.13 and Paul's Doctrine of Redemption
Authors: Brondos David
Published: January 2017

Pauline scholars have tended to look to some version of the doctrines of atonement found in later Christian tradition for the narrative framework and ideas necessary to interpret Paul's thought in Gal. 3.13. However, a proper understanding of the foun dational story found in the primitive Christian tradition provides us with all the ele ments we need to understand this passage: by being obedient unto death in seeking the redemption of others, Christ attained that redemption once for all when God responded by raising him, since now exalted in power, he is certain to redeem God's people from the law's curse when he comes again.
Barriers to Nutrition Intervention for Patients With a Traumatic Brain Injury: Views and Attitudes of Medical and Nursing Practitioners in the Acute Care Setting
Authors: Chapple Lee‐anne , Chapman Marianne , Shalit Natalie , Udy Andrew , Deane Adam , Williams Lauren
Published: January 2017

Background: Nutrition delivered to patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is typically below prescribed amounts. While the dietitian plays an important role in the assessment and provision of nutrition needs, they are part of a multidisciplinary team. The views and attitudes of medical and nursing practitioners are likely to be crucial to implementation of nutrition to patients with TBI, but there is limited information describing these. Methods: A qualitative exploratory approach was used to explore the views and attitudes of medical and nursing practitioners on nutrition for patients with TBI. Participants at 2 major neurotrauma hospitals in Australia completed individual semi‐structured interviews with a set of questions and a case study. Interviews were transcribed and coded for themes. Results: Thirty‐four health practitioners participated: 18 nurses and 16 physicians. Three major themes emerged: (1) nutrition practices over the hospital admission reflect the recovery course, (2) there are competing priorities when caring for patients with TBI, and (3) the implementation of nutrition therapy is influenced by practitioner roles and expectations. Conclusion: Use of qualitative inquiry in the study of attitudes toward nutrition provision to patients with TBI provided detailed insights into the challenges of operationalizing nutrition therapy. These insights can be used to clarify communication between health practitioners working with patients with TBI across the continuum of care.
Measuring Negative Synergies of Urban Sprawl and Economic Crisis over Public Transport Efficiency
Authors: Alonso Andrea , Monzón Andrés , Cascajo Rocío
Published: January 2017

Sustainable urban mobility requires accessible and demand attractive public transport (PT) networks. However, urban sprawl has been the main characterizing growth pattern of European cities since 1950. In these increasingly dispersed cities, PT is facing increasing problems of efficiency to compete with cars. The sprawling cities are dominated by car use, especially in the peripheral areas. Moreover, Europe is still reeling under the financial crisis, which first hit the continent in 2007. In this context of economic crisis, the lack of financing resources and the declining demand for PT have further weakened the PT systems in European cities. This study considered the urban PT systems of six Spanish cities in order to determine their evolution over the last ten years. This evolution is examined in the backdrop of urban sprawl and economic crisis. The analysis is based on several indicators meant to measure PT demand, supply, and efficiency. The study shows how did each city react to the lack of resources and trip reduction during the economic crisis, by adopting different PT management strategies. The differences in reaction produced different results, but none of the cities could avoid the loss of PT efficiency. The results indicate that policy strategies need to include land use and transport measures to achieve more sustainable PT systems. Only integrated strategies could improve PT efficiency and quality levels and contribute toward increasing competitiveness of PT, even in adverse contexts.
A Longitudinal Study of Enhancing Critical Thinking and Reading Comprehension in Title I Classrooms
Authors: VanTassel-Baska Joyce , Bracken Bruce , Feng Annie , Brown Elissa
Published: January 2017

A longitudinal study of student growth gains was conducted in Title I schools to assess growth in reading comprehension and critical thinking. Results suggested that all students benefited from the intervention of Project Athena units of study designed for high-ability learners. In addition, the study suggested that the comparison curriculum also benefited learners. Implications for practice include the use of high-level curriculum with all learners to elevate instruction and enhance critical thinking. Implications for scholarship include the need for studies that examine the specific nature of gains for different types of learners and schools using hierarchical linear modeling techniques.
A Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Approach to the Emotional Problems of Exceptionally and Profoundly Gifted Adolescents and Adults: A Psychiatrist's Experience
Authors: Grobman Jerald
Published: January 2017

An eclectic form of psychodynamic psychotherapy is presented to address the emotional problems of exceptionally and profoundly gifted adolescents and adults. The approach includes cognitive/behavioral techniques as well as psychologically informed mentoring, coaching, and advising. Once a psychodynamic formulation was established, it was used to guide all subsequent therapeutic interventions. Three phases of psychotherapy can be recognized. In the first phase, patients addressed their guilt about being exceptionally endowed. They elaborated and organized a personal vision for their giftedness and found an appropriate venue for its expression. In the second phase, patients modulated their need for complete autonomy so they could collaborate more effectively with the therapist and others. In the third phase, patients were able to integrate their extracognitive abilities with their superior intellect. They learned more mature methods of conflict resolution and were able to employ all aspects of their gifted endowment more effectively.
The international order and the persistence of ‘violent extremism’ in the Islamic world
Authors: Cemgil Can
Published: January 2017

This article explores the relation between the American-led liberal international order and the persistence of ‘violent extremism’ in the Middle East through a questioning of the role of constitutive aspects of this order, namely territoriality of political organization and capitalist organization of world economy, in contributing to the persistence and recurrent formation of militant Islamist groups. It argues that the historical legitimation crisis of this international order in the Middle East and the other conflict-ridden regions of the Islamic world, and the current globalization of this legitimation crisis in the relatively well-off and democratic states of the western world, contribute to the recurrent explosions of alienation, expressed in the form of militant Islamist groups.
Free Jejunal Transfer for Reconstruction of the Laryngopharynx
Authors: Salamoun Wassim , Swartz William M. , Johnson Jonas T. , Jones Neil Ford , Myers Eugene N. , Schramm Victor L. , Wagner Robin L.
Published: January 2017

Reconstruction of the laryngopharynx and cervical esophagus presents difficult problems. We embarked on a program using free jejunal transfer for such reconstruction. Thirty‐two patients have been evaluated, with a mean follow‐up of 16.7 months. Thirty‐four transfers were undertaken–14 as primary repair and 20 after the failure of alternate methods. Twenty‐six patients were able to achieve oral feeding. There was one immediate and one delayed failure of the graft. Twelve fistulas developed, seven of which healed spontaneously in less than 2 weeks. Four patients experienced complications related to the microvascular anastomosis which required repair. Six patients had significant dysphagia; four of these had side‐to‐end distal anastomosis. This technique had been abandoned and improvements resulted. We conclude that free jejunal transfer is an expeditious, safe, and reliable method of reconstruction for patients who require total laryngopharyngectomy.
Projections from the Ventral Tegmental Area to the Olfactory Tubercle in the Rat
Authors: Mooney Kenneth E. , Inokuchi Akira , Snow James B. , Kimmelman Charles P.
Published: January 2017

The projection between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the olfactory tubercle (OT) was examined electrophysiologically in the rat. Stimulation of the olfactory bulb (OB) determined if the OT neurons were olfactory‐related. Ipsilateral VTA stimulation produced a change in neuronal activity in 77% of the neurons tested, with 41% being inhibited, 24% excited, and 12% had mixed response. Contralateral VTA stimulation produced changes in only 38%. Intravenous administration of haloperidol was used in examination of the role of dopamine in this neural connection. The results suggest that the VTA‐induced inhibitory response on OT neurons is mediated by dopamine, whereas excitatory responses are not. The VTA inhibitory influence projects primarily to olfactory‐related neurons, since 60% of olfactory‐related OT neurons were inhibited—as compared to 34% of non‐olfactory‐related neurons. This study documents electrophysiologically the VTA‐OT connection and suggests that the dopaminergic input may modulate olfactory information projected to the OT from the OB. It also supports the concept that the OT acts as an integration center in central olfactory processing.
The Effect of Systemic Triamcinolone Acetonide on Nerve Repair
Authors: Bansberg Stephen F. , McCaffrey Thomas V.
Published: January 2017

The effects of timed‐release pellets of triamcinolone acetonide on sciatic nerve regeneration were studied. Bilateral nerve defects were created in 18 rats. One defect was sutured primarily, while the contralateral side was grafted with a 1 cm autogenous graft. Nerve regeneration was assessed at 20 weeks by muscle‐twitch strength and compound action potential parameters measured proximal and distal to the repair site. Conduction velocity and regenerative index (ratio of distal to proximal compound action potential area) were calculated. Significant improvement of the regenerative index and twitch strength occurred in animals treated with a 0.5 mg 21‐day‐release pellet. Improvement occurred in animals treated with 0.5 mg 60‐day pellets, but the difference was not significant. The findings suggest that regeneration was enhanced as a result of increased numbers of axons that made distal connections in the animals that received 21‐day‐release triamcinolone systemically. Corticosteroid therapy may benefit motor nerve repair.
Tinnitus—The Initial Evaluation
Authors: Mattox Douglas E. , Richtsmeier William J.
Published: January 2017

Initial evaluation of patients with tinnitus presents a challenge to the otolaryngologist's skills, knowledge, and judgment. History‐taking, physical examination, and the ordering of Initial laboratory tests should be orchestrated to efficienctly evaluate patients with tinnitus. By the end of this initial evaluation, major decisions have to be made in regard to the employment of additional expensive and possibly invasive diagnostic tests. We present an outline to expedite the initial evaluation of patients with tinnitus as their major concern.
Effect of Intranasal Cocaine on the Urine Drug Screen for Benzoylecgonine
Authors: Reichman Owen S. , Otto Randal A.
Published: January 2017

Otolaryngologists have long recognized the value of cocaine as a topical anesthetic and vasoconstricting agent. It is used in nasal surgery and as a vasoconstrictor before examination. As drug abuse has increased, screening for drugs of abuse has become common. This study was designed to determine how medicinal cocaine affects the urine test for the metabolite benzoylecgonine, the most common screening test for cocaine. Group I consisted of 12 patients scheduled for elective nasal surgery. Cocaine was given in our usual preoperative manner as 4 ml of 4% solution on cottonoids. Group II consisted of 30 volunteers in whom approximately 1 ml of 4% solution was sprayed intranasally. In both groups, a urine sample was collected before dosing and at regular intervals afterwards. All samples were negative before application of cocaine and all were positive 24 hours later. The duration of the positive result had some variability, but all were negative by 72 hours. The results show that medicinally used cocaine does make a drug screen positive. Patients should be informed that cocaine is being used and could cause a positive test for several days.
Repair of Mandibular Fractures: Plating vs. Traditional Techniques
Authors: Morgan C. Elliott , Hicks Julius N. , Eby Thomas L. , Borton Thomas E.
Published: January 2017

The treatment of mandibular fractures is a challenge for the otorhinolaryngologist‐head and neck surgeon. Recent technologic advances have resulted in the development of rigid fixation techniques that hold promise for the early and optimal restoration of mandibular structure and function. The purpose of this article is to review the dental and orthopedic principles used in our mandibular fracture management, describe compression plating methodology, and discuss optimal techniques for its use. Results using rigid fixation procedures were compared with those using a variety of more traditional techniques in a retrospective analysis of 57 cases. The advantages, limitations, and indications for use of plating technology are discussed, and prevention of complications is emphasized.
Significance of Borderline Levels of Specific IgE obtained by FAST‐Plus Assay
Authors: Mabry Richard L. , Mabry Cynthia S.
Published: January 2017

The significance of “borderline” levels of allergen‐specific IgE as measured by in vitro assays has been questioned. Patients whose specific IgE tests Patients were tested for twelve antigens using the FAST‐Plus methodology. All 0/1 results were checked using skin tests at a 1:500 concentration. Positive (histamine) and negative (diluent) controls were used. The antigen‐induced wheals were compared with those produced by a control wheal of 2% glycerine (the glycerine concentration in a 1:500 dilution). Positive wheals were arbitrarily considered to be those whose diameter after 10 minutes exceeded that of the glycerine control wheal by 2 mm or more. Using the limits of calibrator fluorescence for the FAST‐Plus test in effect before 1990, a significant discordance between skin test results and the class 0/1 in vitro readings was evident. Using the standards in effect since 1990, marked concordance between class 0/1 results and positive skin tests was noted. This was most marked for pollens, less so for molds. Using current standards, FAST‐Plus class 0/1 results are best considered positive (pending clinical confirmation), rather than negative.
Treatment of Large Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
Authors: Deschler Daniel G. , Kaplan Michael J. , Boles Roger
Published: January 2017

The management of large juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas with intracranial extension is controversial. We review our experience since 1980 with eighteen patients with juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. A diagnostic and treatment approach consisting of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, embolization of feeding branches from the external carotid artery, and attempted complete resection was used in seven patients with intracranial disease since 1987. Serial magnetic resonance images were used for followup. Intracranial disease that was persistent or recurrent and demonstrated subsequent growth was irradiated (35 to 45 cGy). Extracranial tumor recurrences were reexcised. We advocate this approach as a safe and effective alternative to primary irradiation and its sequelae.
Congenital Anomalies Limited to the Middle Ear
Authors: Herman Howard K. , Kimmelman Charles P.
Published: January 2017

Congenital anomalies of the middle ear are occasionally encountered during surgery for conductive hearing loss and are unexpected in patients with no other deformities. We reviewed 12 such patients operated on at The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary from 1985 through 1989. Nine of the patients (75%) had unilateral conductive hearing loss whereas three (25%) had bilateral symptoms. One had bilateral congenital middle ear anomalies. Three patients (25%) had anomalies limited to the malleus and scutum. Five patients (47%) had agenesis of the oval window. After reconstructive surgery, 72% of patients had hearing improvement ranging from 13 to 38 dB. The etiology of these anomalies is discussed and their evaluation and surgical indications are presented.
Stria Vascularis Ultrastructural Pathology in the C3H/lpr Autoimmune Strain Mouse: A Potential Mechanism for Immune‐Related Hearing Loss
Authors: Schwartz Ilsa , McMenomey Sean O. , Russell Nancy J. , Morton Jane I. , Trune Dennis R.
Published: January 2017

The stria vascularis in the C3H/lpr autoimmune strain mouse was ultrastructurally examined in order to better understand the potential mechanisms by which systemic autoimmune disease affects the ear. The inner ears from C3H/lpr mice before disease onset and C3H/HeJ controls showed no apparent pathology. However, the stria vascularis from older C3H/lpr mice after systemic autoimmune disease onset showed considerable intercellular edema around the stria capillaries and thickening of the capillary basement membrane, compared to controls. These observations suggest that perivascular abnormalities, which are the hallmark of systemic autoimmune diseases, may underlie the stria dysfunction and hearing loss seen in autoimmune diseases in humans.
Liberalization of Remuneration Guidelines in India and its Effect on Managerial Pay: Evidence from Large Corporations
Authors: Sarkar Subrata , Sen Anindya
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the managerial incentives in some large Indian private sector firms for the years 1990-91 and 1993-94. The aim is two -fold: One is to analyse how the structure of managerial remuneration has changed after the July 1991 liberalization of remuneration guidelines. A second objective is to see whether there is any evidence of abnormal i ncreases in private sector remuneration after the 1991 liberalization. It is found that remuneration in real terms has increased at the upper levels of managerial hierarchy but fallen at the lower levels. However, intra-level variation in remuneration has increased at all levels of managerial hierarchy.
Can a Cooperative Consumer Store Succeed in a Rural Area ? — A Study of Warana Bazar
Authors: Deshmukh P.K. , Mahajan S.A.
Published: January 2017

With the opening up of the economy and the rapidly changing lifestyle, tastes, and habits of the people in the rural areas, there is a wide scope for consumers' cooperatives in the hitherto neglected rural sector. But, how far can cooperative consumer stores successfully tap the emerging rural market? The present study
Marketing is Marketing—Everywhere!
Authors: Baker Michael J
Published: January 2017

The theme of this paper is that in seeking to develop strategies for the future, we should not neglect or overlook hard-won lessons from the past. Learning through direct experience is almost invariably a process of experimentation or trial and error. It is uncertain, time-consuming, inefficient, and often risky. Accordingly, if we encounter a problem new to ourselves, our first reaction should be: “Has anyone encountered this problem before?” If so, then “What did they do, with what results?” Answers to these questions are to be found in the so-called secondary sources that record the knowledge gained by previous generations.

Knowledge is distilled experience which has accumulated over time. It represents our current understanding of how the world works and, because it has been recorded, it is usually easily available and often free. Common sense dictates that we should start any problem-solving activity by establishing what we know already. To support this argument, this article reviews the processes of knowledge creation and ‘cumulativity’.

Unless and until we have confirmed what is already known about a subject, any effort to solve a new problem can only be a hit-or-miss affair — a case of managerial myopia. Therefore, while addressing an important question such as the role of marketing in emerging economies, we should first define what we mean by ‘emerging economies’ and ‘marketing.’

Marketing is a synthetic discipline that integrates findings from other disciplines like economics, psychology, and sociology into a holistic explanation of commercial exchange behaviour. As for emerging economies, indeed, all the advanced economies were emerging economies once, and it is quite evident that as the Industrial Revolution that started in Great Britain in the 18th century spread through Europe and North America, so each newly indutrialized country, in turn, achieved take-off more quickly by learning from the experience of its predecessors.

In conclusion, this paper cites three examples of robust ideas that have stood the test of time and offers important insights into marketing today: Ricardo's ‘Theory of Comparative Advantage’ which argues that countries should specialize in doing what they do best and exchange their surpluses with other countries Darwin‘s theory of evolution and its marketing derivative — the product life cycle Copeland's ‘classification of goods’ that first identified the importance of defining goods and services in terms of needs and benefits.

The message is that our knowledge of marketing is universal. Marketing is marketing—everywhere.
Relationship Marketing in Emerging Economies: Some Lessons for the Future
Authors: Flambard-Ruaud Sabine
Published: January 2017

Relationship marketing as a philosophy and a set of practices is now widely accepted by both academics and practitioners. At the centre of the relationship marketing paradigm is the notion that making the most out of existing clients is essential for long-term profitability. Retaining clients by developing relationships with them is crucial to establishing and maintaining a competitive advantage in the market. But, moving away from an analysis of needs to an analysis of the customer, from management of the transaction to management of the relationship marks a fundamental shift which positions relationship marketing as a double innovation: conceptual innovation (it has evolved into an entirely new and separate concept) and organizational innovation (it imposes transformation on organizations that are not limited to the marketing function but require the participation of all components of the firm). But, perceptions on what exactly constitutes relationship marketing may differ in various cultural settings.

Indeed, the theoretical domains that relationship marketing has traditionally drawn upon have been Western theories developed in economics, psychology, and management. Having largely exhausted these sources, it is now perhaps time to look more widely and consider less traditional paradigms from a broader range of cultures. The author suggests looking at Eastern cultures where relationships have provided the foundations for business activity for thousands of years.

This article is an initial attempt to bridge the gap in existing literature as no adequate conceptual framework exists as yet. It aims to contribute to the knowledge of the reasons for the emergence of relationship marketing in Western economies and makes a brief comparison of the study of relationships in Western and Eastern literature so as to identify how culturally-based relationships are formed. In particular, the focus is on the Chinese complex concept of guanxi (loosely translated as ‘connections’ though ‘relationships’ might be better) and its importance in relationship development. This framework is the starting point for a set of criteria to be taken into account before transferring relationship marketing in emerging economies.

In conclusion, this exploratory paper highlights the following: Theory transgresses economies whether they are emerging or not. Marketing has always studied relationships between institutions (B2B) and between institutions and customers (B2C). The basic rules of marketing, therefore, remain the same whatever the economy. What changes is the context. The environment is and remains multi-cultural. In that sense, the dangers of ethnocentrism must be avoided and, on the contrary, the phenomena of acculturation and local appropriation must be embraced. To be successfully implemented, relationship marketing should reflect the value system of the population to which it is targeted.
Displacement: A Socio-Economic Rights Perspective
Authors: Mishra Ratnakar
Published: January 2017

Development projects have often led to adverse effects in the form of displacement of people from their original place of habitation due to large-scale land acquisition. Despite serious efforts by the state and non-state actors, development-induced displacement in the country has resulted in severe economic, social, and environmental problems to the displaced people. In a developing country like India, ignoring the affected people, largely underprivileged and illiterate, plays havoc. A late realization by the stakeholders leaves no scope for overhauling of the already executed project.

This research paper, referring to a case of the Gopalpur project of the Tata Steel Ltd. in Odisha, analysed pre- and post-displacement conditions of the project-affected people. The research objectives of the study are: to assess people's mindsets about the possible changed lifestyle in post-displacement period to see if the displacement is instrumental in changing the profession of people to study the impact of such displacement-related issues on nearby township to study the role of state and non-state actors in the entire process to suggest a remedial action plan to minimize the anomalies, if witnessed.

For the purpose of this study, a total of 1,555 Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) families were surveyed to examine their socio-economic rights status. The research construct was based on eight variables — work, earning, animal husbandry, health, education, public participation, spirituality, and infrastructure. The findings obtained on some of the variables like work, earning and animal husbandry showed a decline. The plant could not come up in the acquired land which pushed them to adopt new avocations like construction work in place of their original cultivation work. Other variables like health, education, and infrastructure showed a positive trend. The variables like spirituality and public participation reflected very low significance in the study. Illiteracy of the respondents and the controversial nature of the subject acted as limitations for a broader study.

The study suggested the need for revival of the traditional ‘Kewra’ plantation which was an effective additional earning support for the people in the locality before displacement. Development of local self-sustaining groups and smaller cottage industries based on locally available raw materials were also viewed as other options for revival.
Market Reaction to Stock Dividends: Evidence from India
Authors: Mehta Chhavi , Jain P K , Yadav Surendra S
Published: January 2017

Theoretically, stock dividends have no impact on financial position of the announcing company as net worth and total assets remain the same, though empirical evidence across the globe shows that markets react to stock dividend announcements. The present study analyses the market reaction pertaining to stock dividend decisions in the Indian context. Market reaction has been captured in terms of impact on returns, liquidity, and risk. The sample includes 51 ‘pure’ stock dividend announcements from January 1, 2002 to June 30, 2010.

The study finds that the announcement of stock dividends induces an increase in the wealth of the shareholders in India. A consistent pattern of positive average abnormal returns during the pre-announcement window till the announcement day and a pattern of negative average abnormal returns during the post-announcement window have been observed. On cumulating these results, the shareholders of the companies that issued stock dividends gain significant returns.

The justification for such results seems to be that the information about the stock dividends announcement reaches the investors prior to the decision date as it is manda-tory for the issuing company to inform the exchange (where it is listed) about the date of the board meeting. It has been observed that the companies usually inform the exchange seven days prior to the day of the board meeting. In most of the cases, the companies provide the agenda item information along with the board meeting date to the exchange. In such a situation, the moment this information about the agenda item is given to the exchange, this becomes public information and investors start reacting to it.

The cumulative average abnormal return values over various size event windows depict that an investor can earn substantial returns if he purchases the shares on the day the news of board meeting (to announce stock dividends) comes to the market and sells them one day after the announcement day. The investor can also gain if the shares are purchased one day prior to the announcement day and are sold one day after the announcement day.

The trading quantity reduces significantly immediately after these decisions are announced. On a short-term basis, the investors seem to perceive that the announcement of stock dividends provides signals about the firm's bright future prospects. This leads to a decline in trading quantity as investors, who own the shares at the time of announcement, prefer to hold the shares expecting an increase in their wealth in future. In the long-run, a marginally positive impact has been observed.

The announcement of stock dividends reduces variability of returns in the short-run as well as in the long run, lending price stability to the stocks of the announcing companies.
Hand Grip Force Among Forest Workers
Authors: Koskimies Kaija
Published: January 2017

Maximal voluntary compression (MVC) of hand grip was measured among 177 forest workers. The occupational history and symptoms of upper limbs were surveyed. MVC was age and exposure dependent and correlated significantly with history of diminished hand grip force, numbness, vibration induced white finger (VWF), and pain in the upper limbs and neck. Asymmetric MVCs between the right and left hand was found in 46 forest workers. In an analysis of covariance, the most significant factor for reduced MVC was asymmetry of MVC followed by exposure to hand-arm vibration. The interaction of age and exposure was almost statistically significant. These factors explained 46.9% of the variation of MVC in the right hand and 35.4% in the left hand. In the model neither neck, NWF, numbness nor pain in the upper limb explained more significantly the variance in MVC. The study confirms the relationship of reduction in MVC and history of diminished hand grip force. This effect was ascribed to chain saw vibration confounded by ageing and certain overstrain symptoms of the upper limbs.
Receptances and Natural Frequencies of Finite Beams on Non-Uniformly Spaced Supports
Authors: Bansal A.S.
Published: January 2017

Receptance functions for multi-supported finite beams have been derived in terms of the end receptances of individual beam elements. Receptances of some multi-supported beams have been studied as they vary with frequency over the range fully covering the lowest group of natural frequencies. Effect of variation of support spacing on the receptances and natural frequencies of the beam has also been studied. The results have been compared to a beam on equally spaced (periodic) simple supports. The receptances of undamped systems, as considered in this paper are real functions, and the frequencies at which they can be spring-like or mass-like, have been discussed. The receptances of finite beams have been found to be very useful in determining the resonance frequencies of finite systems having ideal or any other end conditions.
Infrasound and Low Frequency Noise in the Passenger Compartment of Vehicles
Authors: Spannheimer Helmut , Freymann Raymond
Published: January 2017

The acoustic response determined in the passenger compartment of a vehicle is characterized by resonances in the infrasound and low frequency range. A simple mathematical model is derived allowing the numerical identification of the related low frequency acoustic eigenmodes. The numerically obtained results are verified on the basis of experimental investigations.
Spectra of Low-Frequency Ground Vibrations Generated by High-Speed Trains on Layered Ground
Authors: Krylov V.V.
Published: January 2017

Increase in speeds of modern railway trains is usually accompanied by higher levels of generated ground vibrations. In the author's earlier paper [V.V. Krylov, Applied Acoustics, 44, 149–164 (1995)], it has been shown that especially large increase in vibration level may occur if train speeds v exceed the velocity of Rayleigh surface waves in the ground cR., i.e., v > cR. Such a situation might arise, for example, with French TGV trains for which speeds over 515 km/h have been achieved. The present paper investigates the effect of geological layered structure of the ground on ground vibrations generated by high-speed trains. It is shown that, since Rayleigh wave velocities in layered ground are dispersive and normally increase at lower frequencies associated with deeper penetration of surface wave energy into the ground, the trans-Rayleigh condition v > cR may not hold at very low frequencies. This will cause a noticeable reduction in low-frequency components of generated ground vibration spectra. Theoretical results are illustrated by numerically calculated frequency spectra of ground vibrations generated by single axle loads travelling at different speeds and by TGV or Eurostar high-speed trains.