bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
App-hazard disruption: An empirical investigation of media discourses on ChatGPT in educational contexts
Authors: Kikerpill Kristjan , Siibak Andra
Published: April 2023

An analysis of a sample of 143 news stories and opinion pieces published in the first two months since ChatGPT's release. The method of analysis is critical discursive psychology. 
Bipolar complex fuzzy subalgebras and ideals of BCK/BCI-algebras
Authors:   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan, Mahmood Tahir , Rehman Ubaid ur ,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
Published: April 2023

The conception of the bipolar complex fuzzy set (BCFS) is one of the fundamental and significant modifications of the fuzzy set (FS) to tackle the tricky and awkward information. BCFS has a rich and wider structure and has been utilized in various fields. In this article, we introduce the concept of bipolar complex fuzzy (BCF) subalgebras (BCFSAs), BCF ideals (BCFIs) of a BCK/BCI-algebra along with certain properties. Further, we investigate the relations between BCFSA and a BCFI and a necessary condition for BCFSA to be a BCFI. We also investigate characterizations of BCFI. Moreover, we introduce the notion of equivalence relations on the collection of all BCFIs of BCK/BCI algebra and the associated properties of equivalence relations.
رياضة التايكواندو بين الماضي والحاضر
Authors: عبد المحسن خليل سعود
Published: April 2023

ملخص البحث

هدف البحث الى :

   - استقراء الواقع التاريخي لرياضة التايكواندو بين الماضي والحاضر

واشتملت هذه الدراسة على مجموعة من المحاور ( محور تاريخ التايكواندو ، وفلسفة التايكواندو، احزمة التايكواندو ، والبطولات العالمي للاعوام 1973 – 2021 ، فضلا عن جدول لتوزيع المداليات ، ومحور قوانين التايكواندو ، والادوات المستخدمة في المباريات اضافة الى نظام التحكيم الالكتروني ) 

واستنتج الباحثون مايأتي :

ظهرت رياضة التايكوندو في كوريا منذ أكثر من 2000 سنة

في عام 1973 ميلادي، أُنشئ الاتحاد العالمي للتايكوندو

واوصى الباحثون بما يلي :

حث الباحثين على القيام باجراء دراسات عن رياضة التايكواندو

تعريف الشعوب برياضة التايكواندو عن طريق المراكز البحثية والاعلامية
تصميم وتقنين اختبار السرعة الانتقالية ودقة المناولة المرتدة والتصويب من الجانبين للفئات الواطئة بكرة السلة على الكراسي المتحركة
Authors: عبيد حمزة نضال
Published: April 2023

ويعد الاهتمام كرة السلة على الكراسي المتحركة من أبرز الدلالات على رقي المجتمعات في جانبها الإنساني والاجتماعيواما مشكلة البحث عدم استخدام الاختبارات التي تصح للاصحاء وتطبيقها على ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة كما وان من المشكلات التي تواجه العاملين في هذا المجال ويهدف البحث درجات ومستويات معيارية اختبار السرعة الانتقالية ودقة المناولة المرتدة والتصويب من الجانبين للفئات الواطئة بكرة السلة على الكراسي المتحركة كرة السلة على الكراسي المتحركة وقد تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي بأسلوب المسحي والعلاقات الارتباطية لملائمة لطبيعة المشكلة المراد حلها, وبعد استخراج النتائج توصل الباحثون إلى الاستنتاجات الآتية تم التوصل الى بناء اختبار اختبار السرعة الانتقالية ودقة المناولة المرتدة والتصويب من الجانبين للفئات الواطئة بكرة السلة على الكراسي المتحركة كرة السلة على الكراسي المتحركة بكرة السلة تم التوصل الى ايجاد الدرجات والمستويات المعيارية الزائية والتائية المعدلة لاختبار اختبار السرعة الانتقالية ودقة المناولة المرتدة والتصويب من الجانبين للفئات الواطئة بكرة السلة على الكراسي بكرة السلة وقد وصى الباحثون من الضروري بناء اختبارات مهارية اخرى على لاعبي كرة السلة للاعبين ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة.
Effects of a Parent‐Mediated Multimodal Communication Intervention on Communicative Behaviors in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ganz J. B. , Wattanawongwan Sanikan , Haas April , Morin Kristi L.
Published: April 2023

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have communication deficits that lead to difficulties in expressing their needs and establishing relationships with others. Parent-mediated intervention is a method to improve communication skills of children with ASD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of parent-mediated multimodal communication intervention with behavioral strategies on the communication outcomes of children with ASD. Results indicated that children’s communicative behaviors improved as their parents learned intervention strategies. There was a moderate positive correlation between parent implementation and the child’s target behavior. Effect sizes of individual types of communication across participants ranged from small to large. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
General Relativity and Cosmology: Understanding the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
Authors: Ghosh Arnub
Published: April 2023

General relativity is a theory of gravity developed by Albert Einstein that has revolutionised our understanding of the universe on the largest scales. In this paper, we explore the key concepts of general relativity and its implications for cosmology, including the universe's accelerating expansion, the Big Bang model, dark matter and dark energy, black holes, and gravitational waves. We discuss the latest observational evidence supporting the theory of general relativity, such as the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation and the large-scale distribution of galaxies. We also examine the challenges faced by cosmology, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy and the search for a unified theory of gravity and quantum mechanics. Furthermore, we highlight the recent detection of gravitational waves by LIGO and Virgo as a significant breakthrough in the field, providing new opportunities to test the theory of general relativity and explore the dynamics of black holes. We also discuss the potential of future observational techniques, such as the use of gravitational lensing and galaxy surveys, to further probe the nature of dark matter and dark energy. In conclusion, general relativity remains a cornerstone of modern physics and continues to inspire new research in cosmology and fundamental physics. Its applications in understanding the dynamics of black holes and gravitational waves have opened up new avenues for exploration and discovery, while the search for a more complete understanding of the universe at the largest scales remains an active and exciting area of research.
Fundamental texts of the RAF III
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: April 2023

Declarations on the occasion of the bombings ofUS Army headquarters in Frankfurt and Heidelberg (1972)
Iranian Journal of Geophysics
Authors: SIANTURI HERY LEO
Published: April 2023

Pengembangan kemampuan dosen sangat diharapkan dalam meningkatkan pelayanan terhadap stakeholder, salah satunya di bidang penelitian.
From strain to displacement: using deformation to enhance distributed acoustic sensing applications
Authors: Trabattoni Alister , Biagioli Francesco , Strumia Claudio , van den Ende Martijn , Scotto di Uccio Francesco , Festa Gaetano , Rivet Diane , Sladen Anthony , Ampuero Jean Paul , Metaxian Jean Philippe , Stutzmann Eleonore
Published: April 2023

Over a period of less than a decade, Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) has become a well-established technology in seismology. For historical and practical reasons, DAS manufacturers usually provide instruments that natively record strain (rate) as the principal measurement. While at first glance strain recordings seem related to ground motion waveforms (displacement, velocity, acceleration), not all the seismological tools developed over the past century (e.g., magnitude estimation, seismic beamforming, etc.) can be readily applied to strain data. Notably, the directional sensitivity of DAS is more limited than conventional particle motion sensors, and DAS experiences an increased sensitivity to slow waves, often highly scattered by the subsurface structure and challenging to analyse. To address these issues, several strategies have been already proposed to convert strain rate measurements to particle motion. In this study we focus on strategies based on a quantity we refer to as “deformation”. Deformation is defined as the change in length of the cable and is closely related to displacement, yet both quantities differ from one another: deformation is a relative displacement measurement along a curvilinear path. We show that if the geometry of the DAS deployment is made of sufficiently long rectilinear sections, deformation can be used to recover the displacement without the need of additional instruments. We validate this theoretical result using full-waveform simulations and by comparing, on a real dataset, the seismic velocity recovered from DAS with that recorded by collocated seismometers. The limitations of this approach are discussed, and two applications are shown: enhancing direct P-wave arrivals and simplifying the magnitude estimation of seismic events. Converted displacement provides better sensitivity to high velocity phases, improves broadside response and permits the direct application of conventional seismological tools that are less effective when applied to strain (rate) data.
Meaning in Kurt Cobain’s Lyrics: A Corpus Based Examination of Keyness and Collocations
Authors: Walters Holly Rachel , Dykeman Cass
Published: April 2023

Suicidology has a rich history of looking at the relationship between language and suicide via the review of suicide notes, memoirs, and other writings. This research has identified differences in the language of persons with suicidal intent and without suicidal intent. No prior research has been done regarding the relationship between lyrics and suicide. The current study aimed to identify differences in the lyrics written by artists with suicidal intent and without suicidal intent. A keyword analysis was used to compare a corpus of lyrics written by Kurt Cobain to that of similar late 1980s/early 1990s grunge music. The three words with the strongest keyness were “gimme”, “daddy’s”, and “stay”. The first and second most frequent words (“yeah” and “girl”) were identified as well as the collocations for these words as well as the collocations for of the words stems “depress*”, and “gun*” and the word “death”. A discussion of the results and implications for practice and future research will be reviewed.
Neural Processing of Children’s Theory of Mind in a Naturalistic Story-Listening Paradigm
Authors: Yu Chi Lin , Eggleston Rachel L. , Zhang Kehui , Nickerson Nia , Sun Xin , Marks Rebecca A. , Hu Xiaosu , Brennan Jonathan R. , Wellman Henry , Kovelman Ioulia
Published: April 2023

Studies of the neural mechanism of theory of mind (ToM) often face challenges in quality data collection. We developed and implemented an innovative naturalistic story-listening paradigm, which is child-friendly, engaging, and ecologically valid, to shed light on ToM neural mechanisms in childhood. Children (N = 51; age range = 6-12 years) listened to a chapter of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland during functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. Methodologically, we showed the feasibility and utility of our paradigm, which successfully captured the neural mechanisms of ToM in young children. Substantively, our findings confirm and extend previous results by revealing the same ToM brain regions found in the adult and adolescent literature, and we further show how ToM processing has its own specialized neural profile, with language processing potentially being an additional support for its deployment and development.
Advancing Diversity in Behavior Genetics: Strategies for Incorporating Undergraduates into Student-Driven Research
Authors: Garrison S. Mason , Webster Emma , Good Rachel
Published: April 2023

Undergraduate research experiences are crucial for fostering the next generation of behavior genetics researchers. However, incorporating undergraduates into research can be challenging for faculty mentors. In this article, we provide strategies for successfully integrating undergraduates into behavior genetics research based on our experiences mentoring undergraduates in our lab. These strategies include engaging in reflexivity, adopting an IDEA-centered approach, identifying and addressing barriers to inclusion, empowering students through clear expectations, training and mentorship, aligning research projects with interests, assigning meaningful tasks, fostering an inclusive environment, and providing opportunities for professional development. We provide examples of successful implementation of these strategies and discuss their potential impact on the development of the next generation of genetically-informed researchers. By following these strategies, faculty mentors can cultivate a supportive and inclusive research environment that empowers and prepares undergraduates for successful careers in behavior genetics research.
Comorbidity of Phonological Deficits in Chinese Developmental Dyscalculia and Dyslexia: A Test of Double Dissociation Model and Common Etiology Model
Authors: Tang Jiuqing , Peng Peng , Zhang Liming , Ding Ning , zhao Jingjing
Published: April 2023

The present study aimed to explore whether phonological deficits in comorbidity of developmental dyscalculia and dyslexia of Chinese children fit into a double dissociation model or a common etiology model. Out of 1675 primary school students in grade 3 and 4 from northwestern China, we identified 61 children with dyscalculia only, 63 children with dyslexia only, 56 children with comorbid dyscalculia and dyslexia, and 59 children as age-matched controls. Phonological awareness (PA), rapid automatized naming (RAN), visuospatial skills, pattern recognition, and morphological awareness (MA), were assessed for all children from the four groups. Results showed that compared to the controls, the common cognitive deficits of children from the three disability groups were in PA and RAN. The RAN deficits in the comorbid group were less than the addition of that in the dyscalculia group and dyslexia group. However, the PA deficits in the comorbid group were almost the addition of that in the dyscalculia group and dyslexia group. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that the comorbid group could only be distinguished from the dyscalculia/dyslexia group by PA. These results suggest that comorbidity of Chinese developmental dyscalculia and dyslexia fit into common etiology model in RAN deficit and double dissociation model in PA deficit.
Narcissistic Status Pursuit in Everyday Social Life: A Within-Person Process Approach to the Behavioral and Emotional Dynamics of Narcissism
Authors: Kroencke Lara , Kuper Niclas , Mota Simon , Utesch Katharina , Zeigler-Hill Virgil , Back Mitja D
Published: April 2023

Status pursuit has been emphasized as a key motivational factor underlying narcissism, but research has just begun to unravel the processes by which more narcissistic individuals pursue status in their everyday social interactions. In this manuscript, we combine process models of narcissistic status pursuit with three-factor models of narcissism to test whether different aspects of narcissism (i.e., agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism) can be characterized by stronger reactivity to different kinds of status perceptions (i.e., the perceived assignment of status, attack on status, and neglect of status). Using data from two experience sampling studies, one involving college students (Nparticipants = 285; Nobservations = 18,036) and one in the general population (Nparticipants = 1,177; Nobservations = 36,074), we first found that the perceived assignment of status, attack on status, and neglect of status were related to status-relevant behaviors (i.e., expressive, combative, and avoidant behaviors) and emotions (e.g., pride, anger, and shame) within persons on average. Next, we found that both mean levels of perceptual, behavioral, and emotional states and status contingencies (i.e., the within-person relationships of status perceptions with behavioral and emotional states) varied considerably across individuals and that these individual differences were reliable and stable across time. Lastly, we found some associations between trait levels of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism and individual differences in mean levels as well as status–emotion contingencies. Our findings emphasize the multifaceted and status-driven nature of narcissism and support the use of theoretically derived contingencies as more dynamic aspects of personality.
“Nostalgic Food Heals For Us”: A Qualitative Exploration of Experiences with Nostalgia, Food, and Mood
Authors: Lee Megan Frances , Angus Douglas Jozef , Simpson Kate
Published: April 2023

Nostalgia - the bittersweet reliving of the past – has been linked to social connection and psychological well-being. Rather than being a pathological state, nostalgia is vital in maintaining and strengthening social connections. Although food consumption is often an intrinsically social experience, relatively little research has examined how individuals experience and understand how their food consumption relates to their feelings of nostalgia. In the current study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight individuals to explore their experiences with nostalgia, food and mood. Reflexive thematic analysis identified three key themes from the data: (i) The bittersweet experiences of food-centred nostalgia - individuals’ descriptions of food-centred nostalgia and how it impacted their mood both positively and negatively (ii) social connection and identity continuity - participants’ description of food-centred nostalgia and how this provides an opportunity for social connection and identity continuity throughout life, which positively influences mood, and (iii) the role of and relationship with food - individual descriptions of the important role that nostalgic food plays in their life, in addition to their relationship with food, and how this impacts mood. Understanding the positive component of nostalgic foods allowed individuals to bolster positive mood states with food-centred nostalgia, increasing their quality of life.
Multidimensionality of Romantic Orientation among the Aromantic/Asexual Spectrum in Japan
Authors: Miyake Daijiro , Hiramori Daiki
Published: April 2023

In recent years, the aromantic/asexual spectrum has become more visible in Japan, and research on sexual orientation among the aromantic/asexual spectrum remains limited but is increasing. However, there is extremely little research that focuses on romantic orientation. Studies on romantic orientation in Western countries tend to discuss aromanticism as one of the romantic orientations that asexual people possess. In Japan, on the other hand, the framing of romantic orientation in the aromantic/asexual spectrum community differs from that in Western countries, as the terminology in Japan occasionally labels someone “asexual” only if they are neither romantically nor sexually attracted to other people. Furthermore, extant quantitative research tends to be limited to discussions that rely on the dichotomy of aromantic or not, despite findings from community-based surveys that suggest romantic orientation is multifaceted, making it necessary to discuss various dimensions of romantic orientation. This study used the “Aromantic/Asexual Spectrum Survey 2020,” a web survey conducted by the Aro/Ace Survey Executive Committee, to examine the multidimensionality of romantic orientation by describing romantic identity, romantic attraction, and romantic desire. Findings indicated that the distributions of romantic attraction before and after self-identification as aro-ace differed by aromantic spectrum identity, such as alloromantic, aromantic, gray(a)romantic, demiromantic, lithromantic, and questioning. Differences by aromantic spectrum identity were also observed in the distributions of deep interest in a particular person, romantic excitement, and the desire to date. Items related to desires that involve actions with others, such as the desire to date, tended to have a lower percentage of positive responses than items related to desires that do not necessarily involve actions with others, such as deep interest in a particular person and romantic excitement.
Is there a religious dimension to concern about farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria?
Authors: Tuki Daniel
Published: April 2023

Although many studies have been conducted on the conflicts between Fulani nomadic herders and sedentary farmers over land and water resources in Nigeria, very few have examined the religious dimension of these conflicts. In fact, some studies have described the religious dimension as an oversimplification of a complex social problem. But is this really the case? Is religion important in understanding the dynamics of the conflict? My instrumental variable regression results show that Muslim domination – a scenario where the population in a local government area (LGA) (i.e. municipality) is predominantly Muslim – reduces the likelihood of being concerned about farmer-herder conflicts. It also shows that Muslims are less concerned about the conflict than Christians. A plausible mechanism behind this finding is that the common religion of Islam shared by the nomadic herders and the Muslim sedentary population makes it easier for resource-motivated conflicts to be resolved amicably.
What Big Data Sounds Like, The Hermeneutic Significance of the Arts for Big Data in Digital Humanities
Authors: Zeldenrust Douwe , Hart Elise 't , van Zundert Joris
Published: April 2023

In recent scholarly past much attention has been called to the reductive nature of big data analysis regimes and to questions of the perceived but misleading neutral nature of large scale data and algorithms. This paper investigates a particular case of such issues and the frictional process of interfacing big data (analysis) and the hermeneutically geared humanities. We examine in particular the affordances produced by the re-introduction of the artist in a scientific environment.
Genomics and Insurance in the United Kingdom: Increasing Complexity and Emerging Challenges
Authors: Dixon Padraig , Horton Rachel , Newman William G , McDermott John H. , Lucassen Anneke
Published: April 2023

This article identifies issues relating to the use of genetics and genomics in insurance that may challenge existing regulatory models in the UK and elsewhere. We discuss three core issues: (1) As genomic testing advances, and results are increasingly relevant to guide healthcare across an individual's lifetime, the distinction between diagnostic and predictive testing that the current UK insurance code relies on becomes more blurred and this has consequences what constitutes a genetic “result” (2) The emerging category of pharmacogenomic tests which are predictive only the in the context of a specific prescribing moment (3) The increasing availability and affordability of polygenic scores that are neither clearly diagnostic nor highly predictive, but which nonetheless might have incremental value for insurance underwriting beyond conventional factors. We also outline the broad scope of possible regulatory responses to these developments. At present in the UK, consumers are not obliged to declare results of predictive genetic tests except in very specific scenarios, meaning that pricing is not actuarially fair (premiums paid in such cases are likely to be lower than the expected value of the compensation received). We suggest a deliberative approach is required to establish where these deviations from actuarially fair pricing should be upheld, and whether there might be situations in which they should be withdrawn.
Elemental chemical composition of soils and plants of Northern Yakutia, its ecological and biogeochemical assessment
Authors: Syso A. I. , Desyatkin R. V. , Nikolaeva M. Ch. , Ivanova A. Z. , Desyatkin A. R. , Filippov N. V. , Khudyaev S. A.
Published: April 2023

This study investigated the composition and properties of the main soil types in the natural biogeocenoses of tundra and taiga in the coastal lowlands of the Arctic zone of Northern Yakutia. We have identified the total content of biologically important chemical elements in the soils and resource plants (N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Mo, B, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, V, Sb, and Sr), and the concentration of mobile forms of S, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, Cr, Ni, and Pb in different extractants. We also specified the influence of soil composition and properties on the content of macro- and microelements. Various mobilities of chemical elements in soils and their availability to plants have been revealed. The amounts of chemical elements in the studied soils and plants were estimated according to agrochemical, biogeochemical and hygienic criteria and standards.
Clinical Characteristics of Cataract Patients and Outcome of Cataract Surgery in Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Nepal
Authors: Shrestha A. , Shrestha P. , Shrestha T. , Makaju Shrestha R. , Shrestha B. , Poudel L. , Shrestha J. K.
Published: April 2023

Background Cataract remains the leading cause of avoidable blindness in low-income countries such as Nepal. Despite the availability of surgical interventions for cataract in leading institutions, still a large number of patients from remote areas delay or have difficulty in getting treatment, present late or with complications.

Objective To determine the clinical characteristics and visual outcome of patients undergoing cataract surgery in Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Nepal.

Method We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 138 patients who underwent cataract surgery at a tertiary care hospital from January 2018 to September 2022. R version 4.0.3 was used for the data analysis. Categorical variables are presented as frequency (percentages) and the numerical ones are presented as mean (standard deviation).

Result During follow-up visits between one to three weeks, 91.9% out of 135 patients had normal/near normal presenting visual acuity and with best correction it was 96.9% out of 131 patients. About 1.6% out of 124 operated eyes still had moderate visual impairment after best correction when they visited for follow-up at 12 weeks.

Conclusion The study findings underline the ongoing gap in increasing access to cataract treatment, given the large proportion of individuals who still presented extremely late.
Evaluation of Antinociceptive Activity of Ficus Religiosa Root Extract in Swiss Albino Mice
Authors: Singh S. , Sangraula H. , Singh P. K. , Sarraf D. P.
Published: April 2023

Background

Ficus religiosa, commonly known as peepal, is widely distributed in Indian subcontinent. It has been used as an antiepileptic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and laxative in traditional medicine.

Objective To explore the analgesic effect of aqueous root extract of Ficus religiosa using thermal and chemical models of pain in swiss albino mice.

Method The aqueous aerial root extract of Ficus religiosa was prepared using soxhlet apparatus. The anti-nociceptive effect of the extract at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg was evaluated using peripheral (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing), spinal (tail flick) and supra-spinal (hot plate) behavioral models of pain. All data were presented as Mean ± SEM. Statistical differences between Ficus religiosa (50 and 100 mg/kg) and standard control groups were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U test.

Result There was significant dose dependent increase in the mean reaction time compared to the vehicle control in hot plate and tail- flick test. In acetic acid induced writhing test, mice treated with Ficus religiosa (50 and 100 mg/kg) exhibited significant dose-dependent decrease in the mean number of writhes (57.45% and 79.20% respectively) compared to the vehicle control. The activity of Ficus religiosa extract at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg was equipotent to Standard control (Morphine and Indomethacin) used in different test models.

Conclusion The extract of Ficus religiosa possesses both central and peripheral analgesic activity thus validating the traditional use of this plant in the management of pain.
Study on Patient’s Perception on Medication Counseling at Community Pharmacy in Sub-urban Area of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha U. , Koju Shrestha R. , Biswokarma A. K. , Koju P. , Shrestha S. , Shakya Shrestha S.
Published: April 2023

Background Community pharmacists are the primary contact point in a healthcare system who provide medication information to the patients and enable them to make appropriate decision regarding their therapy. Hence, this study explored patients’ perception of community pharmacist based on medication counseling.

Objective To study patient’s perception on medication counseling by community pharmacist at Manohara Municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal

Method A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to April 2021 in population visiting pharmacies of Kageshwori Manohara Municipality of Kathmandu valley. A total of 384 participants included in the study were surveyed using a structured questionnaire exploring the content of medication counseling, level of satisfaction on counseling and use of various means of counseling. Descriptive data were presented in frequencies and percentages using EXCEL 2016.

Result This study enrolled 384 participants out of which 354, 92.19% received medication counseling. The main reason of pharmacy visit was to obtain over the counter medicines, 262, 68.23%. Majority of the participants rated satisfied with informations provided on use of medication 218, 56.77%, duration of therapy 261, 67.97%, about side effects 211, 54.95% and on action to be taken following side effects 246, 64.06%. Most of the participants rated satisfied with counseling on storage 189, 49.22% and for referral 250, 65.10% while 201, 52.34% participants rated highly satisfied with advice on lifestyle and dietary changes required.

Conclusion This study concludes that the patients’ perception regarding the medication counseling by community pharmacist was acceptable. Thus pharmacists should be encouraged to support patients with their medication to promote patient care.
Emergence Time and Sequence of Primary Teeth in a Sample of Nepalese Children
Authors: Upadhyay S. , Deoju R. , Mahanta S. K. , Shrestha R.
Published: April 2023

Background Primary teeth emergence is an important milestone in children and timing of emergence varies among populations.

Objective To determine the emergence time and sequence of primary teeth in a sample of Nepalese children visiting Dhulikhel Hospital.

Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in children of 5 months to 4 years visiting Dhulikhel Hospital. The emergence of incisal tip to incisal margin for incisors and canines, cusp tip to occlusal margin of molars visible were recorded along with age in months and gender. Descriptive statistics was done to calculate the mean age of emergence of each tooth with standard deviation. Unpaired t-test was used to assess the difference between the mean age of emergence of teeth between right and left sides and between boys and girls.

Result The first teeth to emerge was mandibular central incisor at the age of 9.37 ± 1.42 months and the last one was maxillary second molar at the age of 32.91 ± 6.39 months. There was no significant difference in the mean emergence time between the maxillary and mandibular jaws, between right and left sides of jaws and between boys and girls except for primary maxillary right central incisor and mandibular right second molar which was found to be emerged early in girls.

Conclusion The emergence time and sequence of primary teeth observed in the present study can be used as a baseline data for the children of Kavre district.
Sagittal Root Position of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in Nepalese Population Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Lamichhane S. , Humagain M. , Dawadi A. , Koju S.
Published: April 2023

Background There are no radiographic studies in Nepalese population for determination of sagittal root positioning in maxillary anterior teeth. The sagittal root positioning and root angulation plays a vital role for case selection in immediate implant placement.

Objective To evaluate, classify and compare sagittal root position between different maxillary anterior teeth.

Method A 2-year retrospective study was conducted on 100 patients (53 males and 47 females) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria using cone beam computed tomographic images. The relationship of root of tooth to its alveolar housing were recorded as Class I to IV. In addition, the root angulation relative to the alveolar process was also measured.

Result The sagittal root position (SRP) calculated on six maxillary anterior teeth on average was found to be 87.83% for Class I, 6.67% for Class II, 0.67% for Class III and 5.17% for Class IV respectively. The mean root angulation was found to be higher with canines on both side whereas lateral incisors had lesser mean root angulation. Root angulation of maximum teeth were between 10-20 degrees where immediate implant placement is possible.

Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, the sagittal root positioning and root angulation in Nepalese population showed a favorable result for immediate implant placement. Maximum teeth were found to be close to the alveolar process with the exception of few teeth.
Functional Status of Senior Citizens of a Metropolitan City in Morang
Authors: Koirala P. , Shrestha S. , Koirala M.
Published: April 2023

Background Functional abilities start to decelerate after the age of 70 and causes need for assistance to do their basic activities of daily living (BADL) as well as instrumental activities of daily living (IADL).

Objective To find out the functional status of senior citizens of a Metropolitan city in Morang.

Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Biratnagar Metropolitan City among 254 senior citizens receiving old age allowance using cluster sampling technique. Data were collected through face to face interview and measuring height and weight by researcher herself for the period of four weeks. Basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living were assessed using Katz Index of Basic Activities of Daily Living and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living tool with some modifications. Chi square test was used to assess the association between variables.

Result About 48.4% and 90.6% of senior citizens had dependency in Basic Activities of Daily Living and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living respectively. The most common dependency for Basic Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living was control of urination and defecation (31.9%) and using telephones (75.2%) respectively. Basic activities of daily living was significantly associated with age (p=0.0017), sex (p=0.013), literacy status (p=0.001), years of smoking (p=0.0029), social participation (0.0029) and history of fall within 1 year (p=0.038). Likewise Instrumental Activities of Daily Living was significantly associated with age (p=0.03), sex (p=0.035), literacy status (p=0.002), exercise (p=0.033) and social participation (p= 0.001).

Conclusion It is concluded that about half of the senior citizens are dependent in Basic Activities of Daily Living and almost all of them are dependent in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. So senior citizen clubs/ groups are suggested to be strengthened which may be effective in promoting independence, extending an active and healthy ageing.
Refractive and Binocular Vision Status and Associated Asthenopia among Clinical Microscopists
Authors: Kaiti R. , Shrestha J. B. , Dev M. K. , Pradhan A.
Published: April 2023

Background Clinical microscopists are at a greater risk of developing binocular vision anomalies and asthenopia.

Objective To assess the refractive and binocular vision status and to explore the association between the presence of asthenopic symptoms and microscopy work among clinical microscopists working at medical laboratory department.

Method This cross-sectional study involved 37 clinical microscopists working at medical laboratory department of Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal. The study was conducted from January to December 2013. Only those participants who had been using microscope for at least a year were enrolled in this study. Each participant underwent distance visual acuity (VA) assessment, refractions, and orthoptic evaluation, including measurement of distance and near phoria, near point of convergence (NPC), near point of accommodation (NPA), positive fusional vergence (PFV), adduction, and calculation of accommodation convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio. The tear test was also carried out in each subject. Information about use of glasses, microscopy work (duration, and time spent per day in microscope), and visual symptoms associated with the use of microscope such as eye strain, headache, double vision, and near vision were collected.

Result The mean age of the clinical microscopists was 29 ± 5.7 years. The prevalence of refractive error was 56.76% and the mean spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error was -0.77 ± 0.86 D. Refractive error had neither correlation with microscopy work and asthenopic symptoms associated with it, and nor with binocular vision parameters- NPC, AA and AC/A ratio. However, there was a positive association between asthenopic symptoms and microscopy work. There was statistically significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects for binocular vision parameters, including NPC, AA and positive fusional vergence (PFV) for near.

Conclusion Microscopy work has an impact on near binocular vision. Asthenopic symptoms bear a positive association with microscopy work. Refractive error has no significant correlation with either microscopy works or associated asthenopic symptoms.
Spontaneous Pneumothorax as Clinical Presentation in a Patient with COVID-19
Authors: Devkota S. , Shrestha S.
Published: April 2023

Spontaneous pneumothorax as an initial presentation is very rare in COVID-19 patient. We present a case where the initial presentation was that of a mild disease and on investigation was found to have pneumothorax without any predisposing risk factors.
Evaluation in the Government of Alberta: Adapting to the “New Way”
Authors: Bradley Susan E.
Published: April 2023

Abstract: This article describes the evolution of evaluation from its traditional meaning to a more generic application in the Government of Alberta since 1994. The major influences in this transition have been business planning with its emphasis on performance measurement, more open government, an emphasis on practicality, scrutiny, the “empowerment” wave, and a strategic, forward- looking focus. The article concludes that the application of traditional evaluation will remain inconsistent, but the application of evaluative activities will increase.
Program Evaluation in the Manitoba Government: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Warrack Barry
Published: April 2023

Abstract: This article reviews the state of program evaluation in the Manitoba civil service over a 10-year period up to the present time and into the future. The study methodology consists of a literature review and survey of senior Manitoba government officials to assess their beliefs about the role of program evaluation in decisions made by their departments in recent years. Also assessed were program evaluation’s present role and the expected utility that program evaluation will have for managers over the next five years.
Evaluation Policy and Practice in Ontario
Authors: Segsworth Bob
Published: April 2023

Abstract: This article tracks the evolution of program evaluation in the Ontario public service from the adoption of a formal policy on evaluation (activity review) in 1988 to the emergence of corporate planning and an emphasis on performance management under the current government. It argues that there are reasons for optimism regarding an increased role for evaluation in Ontario, but suggests that there remain several impediments to the development of an evaluation culture within the Ontario public service.
Evaluation Policy and Practice in the Provincial Government of Prince Edward Island
Authors: Mowry Stephanie , Clough Katherine , MacDonald Blair , Pranger Tina , Griner Diane
Published: April 2023

Abstract: At the request of the Canadian Evaluation Society, the P.E.I. Chapter of that organization has compiled a status report of evaluation policy and practice in the Government of Prince Edward Island. The theme we have chosen is one of accountability and the progress towards managing for and reporting on results. The first half of the report is a chronology of the movement towards formalizing an accountability structure in the P.E.I. public sector, followed by examples of how four departments are utilizing performance measurement to report on achievement of stated goals.
Program Evaluation in the Government of the Northwest Territories, 1967–2000
Authors: Hicks Karyn
Published: April 2023

Abstract: The Government of the Northwest Territories has followed many of the same trends as seen in southern Canada with regard to program evaluation. As evidenced through interviews, file reviews, and the retrieval of archived cabinet documentation, it appears that program evaluation in the Northwest Territories has experienced periods of high and low activity, and is now sharing the playing field with performance measurement. However, from this point forward the N.W.T. government diverges from the rest of Canada, as aboriginal self-government agreements are negotiated and the structure of the government changes. In anticipation of community delivery of programs and services, the government is developing northern evaluation resources and working with community program managers, nonprofit organizations, and charities.
Understanding Economic Evaluations: A Guide for Health and Human Services
Authors: Clyne Graham , Edwards Rick
Published: April 2023

Abstract: Interest is growing in the use of economic methods to evaluate our investments in public and charitable sector programming. Calculating the costs and consequences of different interventions provides new and better information on the relative costeffectiveness of competing alternatives. More commonly used to consider and evaluate health options, economic evaluations are equally useful in prevention programs and community-based services. This article reviews the potential application of economic evaluations, describes the basic methodologies used, and discusses some of the best strategies for disseminating results. Providing a balanced perspective on the methodological limitations, the article encourages evaluators and program sponsors to carefully consider the use of economic evaluation in their field.
Evaluation Capacity Building in the Voluntary/Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Bozzo Sandra L.
Published: April 2023

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of priorities for evaluation capacity building in the voluntary/nonprofit sector and to raise awareness among evaluation professionals of the key issues for nonprofits that may have an effect on evaluations. The various challenges for nonprofit organizations in the evaluation of their programs, projects and activities include the availability of resources, evaluation skill levels, the design of evaluations, and the nature of nonprofit work. Among the priorities for evaluation capacity building in the nonprofit sector that emerge from these challenges are: fostering collaboration; addressing resource and skill needs; exploring methodological challenges; and building a feedback loop into evaluation. There is currently a large opportunity to open the dialogue process in evaluation, for nonprofits to work together, and for nonprofits to work with funders and evaluators to address evaluation challenges. Evaluators have a role to play in meeting evaluation challenges in nonprofit organizations by helping to find strategies for affecting change, exchanging information with the nonprofit sector community on advances being made in this area, and ensuring that efforts are sustainable.
Introducing Program Teams to Logic Models: Facilitating the Learning Process
Authors: Porteous Nancy L. , Sheldrick Barbara J. , Stewart Paula J.
Published: April 2023

Abstract: Logic models are an important planning and evaluation tool in health and human services programs in the public and nonprofit sectors. This Research and Practice Note provides the key content, step-by-step facilitation tips, and case study exercises for a half-day logic model workshop for managers, staff, and volunteers. Included are definitions, explanations, and examples of the logic model and its elements, and an articulation of the benefits of the logic model for various planning and evaluation purposes for different audiences. The aim of the Research and Practice Note is to provide a starting point for evaluators developing their own workshops to teach program teams about logic models. This approach has been evaluated with hundreds of participants in dozens of workshops.
Program Evaluation in Canada Seen through the Articles Published in CJPE
Authors: Birch Lisa Maureen , Jacob Steve
Published: April 2023

Abstract: In honour of the 20th anniversary of The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, this article presents a retrospective of publication trends from the first edition in Spring 1986 to Fall 2004. This review entailed creating a database by coding all of the abstracts and, when necessary, the full article, according to criteria such as the authors, their origins, the purpose of the articles, the public policy sectors presented, the methodology, and the type of evaluation discussed. As anticipated, the publication trends tend to reflect broader developments in the field of evaluation practice and theory in Canada and abroad. From utilization debates to capacity-building issues, from auditing to empowerment evaluation and beyond, the articles in CJPE sometimes lead and sometimes follow new trends in the evaluation field. Over the years, authors affiliated with universities have progressively increased their share of articles.
Patient Satisfaction with Health Care: Recent Theoretical Developments and Implications for Evaluation Practice
Authors: Worthington Catherine
Published: April 2023

Abstract: Using client or patient satisfaction instruments to assess the quality of services and programs is an integral component of much program research and evaluation. But however methodologically straightforward and programmatically useful, the constructs and theory underlying patient or client satisfaction measures are not particularly simple, and the informativeness and usefulness of these satisfaction measures have been repeatedly called into question. To help program evaluators more effectively incorporate service users’ perspectives into program evaluations, this article reviews major approaches to, and research on, satisfaction theory, including disconfirmation, fulfillment and consumer models, and sociological perspectives, and discusses emerging approaches and implications for evaluation practice.
Evaluating School Improvement in Canada: A Case Example
Authors: Earl Lorna , Ali A. Sidiq , Lee Linda E.
Published: April 2023

Abstract: This article gives a brief description of school improvement in Canada over several decades and describes the difficulties — conceptual, technical and communicative — associated with evaluating school improvement. Through a case example, the authors draw attention to the problems associated with the “live-action” world of school improvement and highlight the responsibility of researchers and evaluators to choose the appropriate method, consider the consequences of their work and be aware of the policy implications that accompany any evaluation that addresses current policy issues.