bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a method based on a QuEChERS procedure and heart‐cutting GC‐MS for determination of five mycotoxins in cereal products
Authors: Cunha Sara C. , Fernandes José O.
Published: February 2010

A new analytical method for the rapid and simultaneous determination of five mycotoxins (zearelenone, deoxynivalenol, Fusarenon X, 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol and nivalenol) in breakfast cereals and flours by heart‐cutting GC‐MS has been developed and validated. Extraction was performed with MeCN, applying a modified QuEChERS (QUick, Easy, CHeap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) procedure, and the extracts were analyzed after a silylation of the analytes under study. Careful optimization of the parameters of Deans Switch device and GC‐MS was achieved in order to attain a fast separation in SIM mode, allowing a total run time of only 8 min. Acceptable recoveries for all mycotoxins at two different spiking levels (20 and 100 μg/kg) were achieved with good repeatability (from 9 to 21%). LOD ranged from 2 to 15 μg/kg and LOQ ranged from 5 to 50 μg/kg, which were lower than the maximum limit legal established by the European Union (EU). The method developed was applied to commercial breakfast cereals and flours; among the mycotoxins studied, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were the most predominant.
Synthesis of Cyclodextrin and Sugar‐Based Oligomers for the Efavirenz Drug Delivery
Authors: Shown Indrajit , Banerjee Sudip , Ramchandran A.V. , Geckeler Kurt E. , Murthy C. N.
Published: February 2010

Summary: In the present work water‐soluble lactose based oligomers of β‐cyclodextrin were synthesized by a simple and efficient condensation polymerization process. Proposed water‐soluble β‐cyclodextrin oligomers were prepared by controlled reaction between β‐cyclodextrin and a triazine linker and purification by an ultrafiltration process. Similarly, lactose based β‐cyclodextrin oligomers were synthesized for enhanced water solubility. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized polymers were characterized by FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and aqueous solubility determination.. Molecular weights of these β‐cyclodextrin based oligomers were measured by ESI technique. These β‐cyclodextrin based water‐soluble oligomers polymers were used as supramolecular carriers for efavirenz (an anti HIV drug), improving the inclusion property and aqueous solubility properties of this drug. These synthesized oligomers were found to improve stability and aqueous solubility of efavirenz on their (1:1) inclusion complex through phase solubility and dissolution studies. Reduced cytotoxicity than the parent β‐CD was observed in hemolysis test.
Impact of Low‐Dosage Inhibitors on Clathrate Hydrate Stability
Authors: Kuznetsova Tatiana , Sapronova Alla , Kvamme Bjørn , Johannsen Klaus , Haug Jarle
Published: February 2010

Summary: Development of more capable low‐dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHI) is of crucial importance to oil and gas industry. Those efforts have been severely hindered so far by lack of clear understanding of molecular‐level mechanisms, both thermodynamic and kinetic, which make certain chemical compounds into efficient inhibitors. An accurate representation of intermolecular potentials between polymeric low dosage inhibitors and hydrate‐water‐gas surfaces is essential for modelling systems containing these components.

A two‐stage computational study was undertaken of two proven LDHIs, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap), in aqueous solutions under various conditions. We have first carried out ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations for PVP and PVCap polymers with molecular weight spanning from monomers to polymeric chains. Molecular dynamics were then employed to investigate thermodynamic and kinetic processes that affect hydrate nucleation and growth. Comparison with experiments has also shown that calculated potential is able to mimic the characteristic behaviour of methane hydrate and PVP complexes.
Application of Meteosat second generation data towards improving the nowcasting of convective initiation
Authors: Siewert Christopher W. , Koenig Marianne , Mecikalski John R.
Published: February 2010

The prediction of convective initiation (CI) from a satellite perspective provides forecasters with a constant relatively high temporal and convective scale spatial resolution tool to help protect life and property. By monitoring infrared (IR) channel brightness temperatures, their trends and multi‐spectral channel differences, the prediction of CI can be accomplished on the 0–1 h timescale. These methods, currently employed on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system, have only recently been explored on the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite system. The additional channels and derived instability indices available on the MSG satellites may provide additional information useful to the prediction of CI. In this paper a concept is developed and discussed towards the advantages and possible applications of the inclusion of MSG specific IR spectral channels and instability information through the analysis of several convective case events over Central Europe and South Africa. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Passive planar transmit‐array microstrip lens for microwave purpose
Authors: Padilla P. , Muñoz‐Acevedo A. , Sierra‐Castañer M.
Published: February 2010

A complete transmit‐array lens device at 12 GHz, for microwave purpose, is offered in this manuscript.In this document, an overview of the functioning of this kind of devices is given and the proposed transmit‐array lens is thoroughly studied, with architecture discussion and selection, as well as the design, manufacturing, and validation of all the constituting elements of the lens (radiating elements, transmission circuits, and transitions). Eventually, a complete prototype of transmit‐array lens is assembled and radiation pattern measurements in anechoic chamber, as well as gain and directivity values, are offered. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52:940–947, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25078
A retrospective study by oligonucleotide array‐CGH analysis in 50 fetuses with multiple malformations
Authors: Valduga M. , Philippe C. , Bach Segura P. , Thiebaugeorges O. , Miton A. , Beri M. , Bonnet C. , Nemos C. , Foliguet B. , Jonveaux P.
Published: February 2010

Objective

To retrospectively define the frequency and the nature of submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances among fetuses with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA).

Methods

We used oligonucleotide arrays to perform comparative genomic hybridization after termination of pregnancy in 50 polymalformated fetuses with a normal karyotype. These fetuses presented with at least three significant malformations (42 cases) or a severe brain anomaly (eight cases).

Results

We identified a deleterious copy number variation (CNV) in five fetuses (10%). De novo genomic imbalances identified in this study consisted of a 6qter deletion in a fetus with brain and renal malformations, a mosaicism for a 8p tetrasomy in a fetus with agenesis of corpus callosum, growth retardation, mild facial dysmorphic features, and vertebral anomalies, a 17p13.3 deletion in a fetus with a complex brain malformation, and a partial 11p trisomy in a fetus with severe growth retardation and oligoamnios. In one case, we identified a partial 17q trisomy resulting from malsegregation of a cryptic‐balanced translocation.

Conclusions

This study shows that array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is particularly effective for identifying the molecular basis of the disease phenotype in fetuses with multiple anomalies. Our study should help to define clinical relevant regions that would need to be included in targeted arrays designed for prenatal testing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘No sign language if you want to get him talking’: power, transgression/resistance, and discourses of d/Deafness in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Mathews Elizabeth S.
Published: February 2010

This paper will discuss how, in spite of calls from the Deaf Community for a socio‐cultural model of Deafness to be implemented, a hegemonic medical discourse of deafness is still evident in the health and education systems serving d/Deaf children in the Republic of Ireland. This hegemony is persisting through the social authority of medicine, the exclusion of Deaf professionals from the medical and educational arenas, and the vulnerability of hearing parents as they encounter professional medical services. By examining the evolution of the medical and social models of d/Deafness, focusing in particular on the non‐use and use of Sign Language as signifiers of the medical and social models respectively, this paper situates the current state of deaf education in Ireland in the context of complex historical processes and relative concepts of power. While there are examples of transgression/resistance to the system, it will be argued that the temporal and spatial limitations on these acts obstruct them from challenging the system overall. This has been further compounded by the changing spatial nature of this resistance, as more and more d/Deaf children make their way through mainstream education. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic excitations and optical spectra of Pt2 and Pt4 on Cu(001) modeled by a cluster
Authors: Pal George , Lefkidis Georgios , Hübner Wolfgang
Published: February 2010

The photoabsorption spectra of Pt2 and Pt4 clusters on the Cu(001) surface are computed using two different theoretical methods: the symmetry‐adapted cluster expansion configuration interaction from quantum chemistry and a recently developed linear response approach to treat electron–hole correlations in the presence of an external electromagnetic field. Comparing the energetically low‐lying optical excitations, we find very good agreement between the two methods. For different orientations of the adsorbed clusters with respect to the surface, we find that the most intense optical peaks occur when the polarization of the applied laser pulse is parallel to the surface.
Bodily variability of zinc natural isotope abundances in sheep
Authors: Balter Vincent , Zazzo Antoine , Moloney Aidan P. , Moynier Fred , Schmidt Olaf , Monahan Frank J. , Albarède Francis
Published: February 2010

Evidence is growing that the range of zinc stable isotope compositions, represented by the deviation of 66Zn in permil units relative to a standard and expressed as δ66Zn, is larger in organic matter than in inorganic material. This study reports the variations of δ66Zn in various organs of sheep raised on a controlled diet. Zinc was purified by anion‐exchange chromatography. The Zn concentrations and Zn stable isotope compositions were determined by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. The data show that δ66Zn variability exceeds 1‰, with bone, muscle, serum and urine enriched in the heavy isotopes, and feces, red blood cells, kidney and liver enriched in light isotopes, all relative to the diet value. The 66Zn enrichment of the circulating serum reservoir is likely to take place in the digestive tract, probably through the preferential binding of lighter isotopes with phytic acid, which is known to control the uptake of metallic elements. Mass balance calculations suggest that the 66Zn depletion between diet and feces, which is not balanced by any other outward flux, leads to a secular isotopic drift in serum. A simple time‐dependent two‐box model, involving the gastro‐intestinal tract on the one hand and the muscle and bone on the other, predicts that the maximum 66Zn enrichment, which equals the difference in δ66Zn between diet and bulk (∼0.25‰), is reached after about ten years. Therefore, a better understanding of the variations of natural abundance of Zn isotopes in animals and humans will probably bring new perspectives for the assessment of their Zn status. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric identification of the oxidation end‐products of trans‐resveratrol in aqueous solutions
Authors: Camont Laurent , Collin Fabrice , Marchetti Catherine , Jore Daniel , Gardes‐Albert Monique , Bonnefont‐Rousselot Dominique
Published: February 2010

trans‐Resveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) is a natural polyphenolic compound that exhibits antioxidant properties. Our study aimed at studying the HO.‐induced oxidation of resveratrol (100 µmol.L−1) in aerated aqueous solutions. Gamma radiolysis of water was used to generate HO./O free radicals (I = 10 Gy.min−1, dose = 400 Gy). Oxidation products were identified by direct infusion mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. For each product, structural elucidation was based on simple mass spectra, fragmentation spectra and deuterium/hydrogen exchange spectra; the comparison with mass spectra of synthetic products provided valuable information allowing the complete identification of the oxidation products. Four products resulting from the direct attack of HO. radicals towards resveratrol were identified respectively as piceatannol (trans‐3,5,3′,4′‐tetrahydroxystilbene), 3,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic screening and characterization of novel bufadienolides from toad skin using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Xiao Yuansheng , Xue Xingya , Zhang Xiuli , Liang Xinmiao
Published: February 2010

During the discovery process of novel compounds, it is of significant importance to differentiate novel from known compounds in crude extracts before starting the time‐consuming process of purification. Bufadienolides are the main active components of the skin of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor (toad skin), an important traditional Chinese medicine. The fragmentation behavior and mass spectra profiles of bufadienolides standards were investigated using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI‐Q‐TOFMS). Several fragmentation rules were summarized and applied to characterize novel and known bufadienolides in toad skin. Characteristic substituent groups could be identified by both diagnostic ions and their relative abundance. Bufadienolide stereoisomers could be differentiated from positional isomers by comparing fragment abundance profiles. This was used to characterize new stereoisomers for known bufadienolides. A total of 39 bufadienolides were screened out using a systematic method developed in our laboratory. In addition to 19 known bufadienolides, 20 putative novel compounds, including 8 stereoisomers, were characterized. UPLC/Q‐TOFMS was demonstrated to be a powerful tool for the characterization of low‐abundance bufadienolides in complex samples. This study provides guidelines for the targeted isolation of novel bufadienolides from natural products. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abundance and function of large woody debris in small, headwater streams in the Rocky Mountain foothills of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Jones T. A. , Daniels L. D. , Powell S. R.
Published: February 2010

Large woody debris (LWD) significantly influences the structure and function of small headwater streams. However, what it contributes to geomorphic function depends on where it is located relative to the stream channel. We quantified LWD abundance and tested for associations among decay, position, orientation and function classes in 21 streams near Hinton, Alberta, Canada. LWD was more frequent (64.0 ± 3.3 LWD 100 m−1) in streams in the Alberta foothills than it was in small streams in mountain, coastal, broadleaf deciduous and boreal forests, likely due to the narrow channel widths and low capacity of our study streams to transport logs downstream. LWD volumes were greater in coastal streams than in the Alberta foothills, likely due to differing tree sizes and decay rates. LWD morphology changed significantly as logs decayed and transitioned to different position and orientation classes. LWD in decay classes I and II were longest, most commonly in the bridge and partial bridge position classes, oriented perpendicular to stream flow, suspended above the channel and contributing least to stream geomorphic functions. LWD length and volume (but not diameter) decreased as decay advanced, making logs less stable. LWD in decay classes III and IV were strongly associated with partially bridged, loose, and buried position classes. They were more commonly diagonal or parallel to stream flow and contributed to bank stability, sediment retention, debris jams and riffle and pool formations. These results have been integrated into a conceptual model of LWD dynamics that provides a framework for future research on the mechanisms and rates of LWD recruitment, decay, transport and function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of fragmented breeding habitat and resource distribution on behavior and survival of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus)
Authors: Haapakoski Marko , Ylönen Hannu
Published: February 2010

Habitat fragmentation causes negative population trends or even local extinction in many species. Understanding the role of fragmentation on behavior and space use of animals is an essential part of revealing the mechanism behind observed population declines. We studied experimentally the effects of small‐scale habitat fragmentation on the distribution and movement of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in seminatural enclosures. We predicted that besides habitat structure, availability of two resources, food for both sexes, and receptive females for males, determine individual distribution. We manipulated female density (either 0, 4, or 12 per enclosure) and followed movements of radio‐collared males. We also studied the effect of unequal food distribution between the fragments on vole distribution. The habitat of 0.25‐ha enclosures was manipulated by forming either one large, two medium‐sized, or four small habitat patches surrounded by an inhospitable matrix. Female density and distribution clearly affected male spacing behavior. Males had larger home ranges in the medium female density enclosures. Furthermore, the use of the inhospitable and risky matrix area increased with habitat fragmentation. Food supplementation improved individual condition measured as body mass but did not affect breeding success. Our experiments demonstrated that both small‐scale habitat fragmentation and resource distribution affect the behavior and condition of individuals. Increased fragmentation led to increased risk taking in both mating and foraging behavior. This should have direct survival and fitness consequences, and therefore our results may be extrapolated to population‐level consequences of habitat fragmentation.
Reconstitution of the mitochondrial Hsp70 (mortalin)‐p53 interaction using purified proteins – Identification of additional interacting regions
Authors: Iosefson Ohad , Azem Abdussalam
Published: February 2010

MINT‐7557580, MINT‐7557611: p53 (uniprotkb:P04637) binds (MI:0407) to mortalin (uniprotkb:P38646) by affinity chromatography technology (MI:0004)
New measures for estimating surface complementarity and packing at protein–protein interfaces
Authors: Mitra Pralay , Pal Debnath
Published: February 2010

A number of methods exist that use different approaches to assess geometric properties like the surface complementarity and atom packing at the protein–protein interface. We have developed two new and conceptually different measures using the Delaunay tessellation and interface slice selection to compute the surface complementarity and atom packing at the protein–protein interface in a straightforward manner. Our measures show a strong correlation among themselves and with other existing measures, and can be calculated in a highly time‐efficient manner. The measures are discriminative for evaluating biological, as well as non‐biological protein–protein contacts, especially from large protein complexes and large‐scale structural studies (http://pallab.serc.iisc.ernet.in/nip_nsc).
Varieties of Javanese Religion
Authors: Beatty Andrew
Published: February 2010

Java is famous for its combination of diverse cultural forms and religious beliefs. Andrew Beatty considers Javanese solutions to the problem of cultural difference, and explores the ways in which Javanese villages make sense of their complex and multi-layered culture. Pantheist mystics, supernaturalists, orthodox Muslims and Hindu converts at once construct contrasting faiths and create a common ground through syncretist ritual. Vividly evoking the religious life of Javanese villagers, its controversies and reconciliations, its humour and irony, its philosophical seriousness, and its formal beauty, Dr Beatty probes beyond the finished surfaces of ritual and cosmology to show the debate and compromise inherent in practical religion. This is the most comprehensive study of Javanese religion since Clifford Geertz's classic study of 1960.
Unification of Fundamental Forces
Authors: Salam Abdus , Taylor John C.
Published: February 2010

Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac, one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century, died in 1984. Dirac's college, St John's of Cambridge, generously endowed annual lectures to be held at Cambridge University in his memory. This 1990 volume includes an expanded version of the third Dirac Memorial Lecture presented by Abdus Salam, in addition to two previously unpublished lectures by Paul Dirac and by Werner Heisenberg.
Reproductive biology of the highly commercial polychaetes in the Suez Canal
Authors: Osman Inas H. , Gabr Howaida R. , Saito Hidetoshi , El-Etreby Salah Gh.
Published: February 2010

The reproductive biology of the commercial seabait polychaete speciesPerinereis nuntia brevicirris, Lumbrineris funchalensisandHalla parthenopeiawas investigated from samples obtained from the Suez Canal, Egypt, to determine sex-ratio, reproductive maturity stages, spawning season, and fecundity. Samples were collected monthly from January 2002 to February 2003. The results of sex-ratio indicated that males of the three studied worms outnumbered females through the whole study period. Based upon histological features of the coelomic contents, four maturity stages were described in females ofP. nuntia brevicirris, three stages were described for females ofL. funchalensisand three stages for females ofH. parthenopeia. The spawning season ofP. nuntia brevicirriswas found to take place during spring andL. funchalensisdoes not have a defined breeding season, whileH. parthenopeiahas two reproductive periods, one in May and the second in November and lasted to January. Fecundity was estimated by counting the number of oocytes per each female—it showed thatP. nuntia brevicirrisis more fecund (mean = 208.358 ±2080 oocyte/female) thanL. fanchalensisandH. parthenopeia(mean = 2660 ±654 and 142,068 ±2005 oocyte/female respectively). This study is the first to document aspects of the reproductive biology of the highly commercial polychaetes in the Suez Canal and adds to our knowledge for understanding their reproductive patterns and strategies.
Contribution to the understanding of seasonal cycle of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) scyphopolyps in the northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Di Camillo Cristina Gioia , Betti Federico , Bo Marzia , Martinelli Michela , Puce Stefania , Bavestrello Giorgio
Published: February 2010

Natural populations of Aurelia aurita scyphopolyps, settled on a wreck in the northern Adriatic Sea, were monitored for 22 months in order to study their seasonal cycle. The trend of Aurelia polyps is strongly dependent on water temperature with a peak of abundance in summer and low densities in winter. The strobilation process occurs only once a year, during the cold season, and the estimated number of released ephyrae is 780,000–2,600,000/m2. The species has been recorded only on the iron wreck while it is completely lacking from the close rocky cliff of Conero Promontory, suggesting that the increase of underwater structures of anthropogenic origin could be related to the increases of jellyfish biomass.
Diet, prey narcotization and biochemical composition of salivary glands secretions of the volutid snailOdontocymbiola magellanica
Authors: Bigatti Gregorio , Sacristán Hernán , Rodríguez María C. , Stortz Carlos A. , Penchaszadeh Pablo E.
Published: February 2010

Odontocymbiola magellanicais a neogastropod very common in Patagonian shallow waters. It feeds exclusively on molluscs inhabiting the same benthic community. Field studies showed that prey preferences are live gastropods (54%) and bivalves (46%). When no living prey are available they change their trophic behaviour to carrion or cannibalism. Feeding mechanisms observations showed that prey are not asphyxiated by the snail's foot as suggested before for the Volutidae family; they are narcotized by saliva introduced in a cavity made by the foot where prey are immobilized. Saliva is produced by the salivary (SG) and accessory salivary glands (AG) and has a pH around 10, relaxing prey muscles, which are consumed alive. Secretions from AG and aqueous extracts of SG and AG were mainly composed of proteins and glycoproteins, though SDS-PAGE gels revealed that salivary proteins were richer in higher molecular weight bands. Fractionation of secretions from AG on Bio-Gel P-100 yielded only one peak. SDS-PAGE showed that it consisted of only one band (MW 51.3 kDa). Microanalysis of cations showed a higher concentration of calcium and magnesium in the accessory salivary gland. Hypotheses of function of different glands are given in relation to feeding behaviour and anatomy ofO. magellanica.
Feeding habits of delphinids (Mammalia: Cetacea) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: Melo C.L.C. , Santos R.A. , Bassoi M. , Araújo A.C. , Lailson-Brito J. , Dorneles P.R. , Azevedo A.F.
Published: February 2010

Stomach content analyses were performed in 28 dolphins stranded between 1994 and 2007 on the beaches of Rio de Janeiro State (23°06′S 44°18′W/22°14′S 41°54′W), Brazil, comprising six delphinid species: Stenella frontalis (N = 10), Steno bredanensis (N = 7), Tursiops truncatus (N = 4), Delphinus delphis (N = 5), Lagenodelphis hosei (N = 1) and Stenella coeruleoalba (N = 1). Fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks were used to identify the prey species and to estimate the original length and weight. Seven different cephalopod species from six families and 15 fish species belonging to 10 families were identified. Although the fish contribution could be underestimated, cephalopods constituted the group of higher importance, revealing that these invertebrates may represent an important source of energy for delphinids in the region. In this context, the squid Loligo plei should be highlighted due to its important contribution. Most preys were coastal and demersal, and such consumption could indicate coastal foraging habits of the quoted dolphin species. Although dolphins consumed many species of prey in common, they fed on different size-classes of prey. The foraging area of the dolphins could be the same region used by fishing operations, which would represent a risk for incidental capture.
A functional role for the p62–ERK1 axis in the control of energy homeostasis and adipogenesis
Authors: Lee Sang Jun , Pfluger Paul T , Kim Ji Young , Nogueiras Ruben , Duran Angeles , Pagès Gilles , Pouysségur Jacques , Tschöp Matthias H , Diaz‐Meco Maria T , Moscat Jorge
Published: February 2010

In vivo genetic inactivation of the signalling adapter p62 leads to mature‐onset obesity and insulin resistance, which correlate with reduced energy expenditure (EE) and increased adipogenesis, without alterations in feeding or locomotor functions. Enhanced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activity in adipose tissue from p62‐knockout (p62−/−) mice, and differentiating fibroblasts, suggested an important role for this kinase in the metabolic alterations of p62−/− mice. Here, we show that genetic inactivation of ERK1 in p62−/− mice reverses their increased adiposity and adipogenesis, lower EE and insulin resistance. These results establish genetically that p62 is a crucial regulator of ERK1 in metabolism.
Oxidative decarboxylation of α-hydroxy acids by a functional model of the nonheme iron oxygenase, CloR
Authors: Paine Tapan Kanti , Paria Sayantan , Que Jr. Lawrence
Published: February 2010

Iron(ii)–α-hydroxy acid complexes of a tripodal N4 ligand react with O2 to undergo oxidative decarboxylation, mimicking the second reaction catalyzed by CloR.
Aleurone and subaleurone morphology in native Australian wild cereal relatives
Authors: Shapter F. M. , Dawes M. P. , Lee L. S. , Henry R. J.
Published: February 2010

The pericarp and aleurone layer of cereal grains are associated with the accumulation of anti-nutritional factors, vitamins, high-value proteins and trace elements. Variations in these tissues may be associated with important differences in the nutritional and functional value of cereals as human or animal feeds. Wild crop relatives (WCR) have been successfully utilised in breeding programs to improve agronomic traits such as dwarfism and pest and disease resistance. Australia’s undomesticated grass species (Poaceae) provide a unique and genetically diverse array of WCRs and therefore the grains of 17 Australian WCRs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aleurone of each WCR was compared with that of its nearest domesticated cereal relative, with little significant morphological variation observed to this structure. A novel subaleurone morphology was observed in the Sorghum WCRs which had the appearance of being a very dense protein matrix only sparsely embedded with small starch granules or completely lacking starch granules. Histochemical analysis of a subsample of the specimens confirmed that the described morphology was lacking starch granules and had a proteinaceous matrix. Such morphological variations within Australian wild crop relatives of commercial cereals may provide novel sources of genetic diversity for future grain improvement programs.
Water relations of woody plants on contrasting soils during drought: does edaphic compensation account for dry rainforest distribution?
Authors: Curran Timothy J. , Clarke Peter J. , Warwick Nigel W. M.
Published: February 2010

The occurrence of dry rainforest in climates considered drier than the recognised limit for rainforest has been explained by the edaphic compensation hypothesis, which proposed that finer-textured soils facilitate the occurrence of rainforest at climatic extremes. We tested this by examining the effect of soil type on the water relations and plant traits of four dry rainforest species, during a severe drought and subsequent non-drought periods. We predicted plants growing in sandy soils would exhibit higher levels of water stress (lower predawn water potential and stomatal conductance) and possess morphological and physiological traits that more typically reflect drought resistance (late leaf fall in deciduous species, low specific leaf area, vertical leaf angles and stomata that close at low water potential) than those growing in loam soils. During drought, levels of water stress were similar across soil types, while post-drought plants on sandy soils were less stressed. Soil type did not cause shifts in drought tolerance traits, suggesting there has been no ecotypic differentiation of dry rainforest species across soil types for these traits. Hence, we found no support for the edaphic compensation hypothesis in adult plants; future studies should consider other life-cycle stages, such as seedlings.
Water deficit changes the anatomy of the fruit abscission zone in Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Taghizadeh Mohammad S. , Crawford Simon , Nicolas Marc E. , Cousens Roger D.
Published: February 2010

Raphanus raphanistrum L. is an important agricultural weed that often matures at a time of year when water availability is decreasing rapidly. We examined the development of the abscission zone under contrasting soil water treatments and exogenous application of Ethrel. Morphometric analyses of cell traits were used to quantify the effects. Although the abscission zone was visible in sections after 2 weeks under all water regimes, it was more distinctive for pods that had developed under water deficit and Ethrel application. Pod separation began on the outside and gradually extended through the inner cells until the pod was supported only by the xylem elements. The rate of weakening of the cells accelerated where pods developed under water deficit (both mild and severe) or were treated by Ethrel. Water deficit increased the sizes of cells in and adjacent to the abscission zone, doubling their cross-sectional area from well watered to severe water deficit. Ethrel, but not water deficit, significantly increased the thickness and the number of cells across the separation layer. Abscission scar diameter increased by ~50% with increasing water deficit. Notably, we observed some plants in which no abscission zone formed.
Breeding biology of the critically endangered Malherbe's parakeet on Maud Island, New Zealand, following the release of captive-bred individuals
Authors: Ortiz-Catedral Luis , Kearvell Jonathan C. , Hauber Mark E. , Brunton Dianne H.
Published: February 2010

We studied a population of the critically endangered Malherbe’s parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi), following the release of 62 captive-bred individuals on Maud Island, New Zealand, to identify and characterise nesting sites in a novel island environment. Previous work on Malherbe’s parakeets consisted of limited observations on remnant mainland populations. The age of breeding pairs on Maud Island was 7.2 ± 4.7 months and included both captive-bred individuals of the first release flock and individuals hatched on Maud Island within a year of the first release. Nests were found in hollows of mamaku (Cyathea medullaris), vacant nests of sacred kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus), a hole in the ground and a hollow in a kohekohe (Disoxylum spectabile). Active nests were found in the austral spring, summer and autumn. Clutch size was 5 eggs. The fledging of three Malherbe’s parakeets was confirmed for one nest 43 days after hatching. Observations of newly fledged individuals around the island indicate that at least seven successful nesting attempts occurred. Consistent with other studies in Cyanoramphus parakeets, our results suggest that availability of nesting sites on small islands may not be a limiting factor for the establishment of additional populations of Malherbe’s parakeets via captive breeding and translocation. The formation of breeding pairs at an early age, the use of diverse nesting sites in regenerating vegetation, and the evidence of successful breeding shortly after release on an island represent encouraging prospects for the conservation of New Zealand’s rarest parakeet.
Systemic antiangiogenic activity of cationic poly-L-lysine dendrimer delays tumor growth
Authors: Al-Jamal Khuloud T. , Al-Jamal Wafa’ T. , Akerman Simon , Podesta Jennifer E. , Yilmazer Açelya , Turton John A. , Bianco Alberto , Vargesson Neil , Kanthou Chryso , Florence Alexander T. , Tozer Gillian M. , Kostarelos Kostas
Published: February 2010

This study describes the previously unreported intrinsic capacity of poly-L-lysine (PLL) sixth generation (G
6
) dendrimer molecules to exhibit systemic antiangiogenic activity that could lead to solid tumor growth arrest. The PLL-dendrimer-inhibited tubule formation of SVEC4-10 murine endothelial cells and neovascularization in the chick embryo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Intravenous administration of the PLL-dendrimer molecules into C57BL/6 mice inhibited vascularisation in Matrigel plugs implanted subcutaneously. Antiangiogenic activity was further evidenced using intravital microscopy of tumors grown within dorsal skinfold window chambers. Reduced vascularization of P22 rat sarcoma implanted in the dorsal window chamber of SCID mice was observed following tail vein administration (i.v.) of the PLL dendrimers. Also, the in vivo toxicological profile of the PLL-dendrimer molecules was shown to be safe at the dose regime studied. The antiangiogenic activity of the PLL dendrimer was further shown to be associated with significant suppression of B16F10 solid tumor volume and delayed tumor growth. Enhanced apoptosis/necrosis within tumors of PLL-dendrimer-treated animals only and reduction in the number of CD31 positive cells were observed in comparison to protamine treatment. This study suggests that PLL-dendrimer molecules can exhibit a systemic antiangiogenic activity that may be used for therapy of solid tumors, and in combination with their capacity to carry other therapeutic or diagnostic agents may potentially offer capabilities for the design of theranostic systems.
Ketosteroid isomerase provides further support for the idea that enzymes work by electrostatic preorganization
Authors: Kamerlin Shina C.L. , Sharma Pankaz K. , Chu Zhen T. , Warshel Arieh
Published: February 2010

One of the best systems for exploring the origin of enzyme catalysis has been the reaction of ketosteroid isomerase (KSI). Studies of the binding of phenolates to KSI have been taken as proof that the electrostatic preorganization effect only makes a minor contribution to the binding of the real, multiring, transition state (TS). However, our simulation study has determined that the difference between the phenolates and the TS arises from the fact that the
nonpolar
state of the phenolate can rotate freely relative to the oxyanion hole and thus loses the preorganization contribution. A recent study explored the reactivity of both small and multiring systems and concluded that their similar reactivity contradicts our preorganization idea. Herein, we establish that the available experiments in fact provide what is perhaps the best proof and clarification of the preorganization idea and its crucial role in enzyme catalysis. First, we analyze the binding energy and the pK

a

of equilenin and identify direct experimental evidence for our prediction about the differential electrostatic stabilization of the large TS and the small phenolates. Subsequently, we show that the similar reactivity of the small and large systems is also due to an electrostatic preorganization effect but that this effect only appears in the intermediate state because the TS is not free to rotate. This establishes the electrostatic origin of enzyme catalysis. We also clarify the crucial importance of having a well-defined physical concept when examining catalytic effects and the need for quantitative tools for analyzing such effects.
Function and specificity of synthetic Hox transcription factors in vivo
Authors: Papadopoulos Dimitrios K. , Vukojević Vladana , Adachi Yoshitsugu , Terenius Lars , Rigler Rudolf , Gehring Walter J.
Published: February 2010

Homeotic (
Hox
) genes encode transcription factors that confer segmental identity along the anteroposterior axis of the embryo. However the molecular mechanisms underlying
Hox
-mediated transcription and the differential requirements for specificity in the regulation of the vast number of
Hox
-target genes remain ill-defined. Here we show that synthetic
Sex combs reduced
(
Scr
) genes that encode the Scr C terminus containing the homedomain (HD) and YPWM motif (Scr-HD) are functional in vivo. Synthetic Scr-HD peptides can induce ectopic salivary glands in the embryo and homeotic transformations in the adult fly, act as transcriptional activators and repressors during development, and participate in protein-protein interactions. Their transformation capacity was found to be enhanced over their full-length counterpart and mutations known to transform the full-length protein into constitutively active or inactive variants behaved accordingly in the synthetic peptides. Our results show that synthetic
Scr
-HD genes are sufficient for homeotic function in
Drosophila
and suggest that the N terminus of Scr has a role in transcriptional potency, rather than specificity. We also demonstrate that synthetic peptides behave largely in a predictable way, by exhibiting
Scr
-specific phenotypes throughout development, which makes them an important tool for synthetic biology.
The effects of situational variables on distance covered at various speeds in elite soccer
Authors: Lago Carlos , Casais Luis , Dominguez Eduardo , Sampaio Jaime
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of match location, quality of opposition, and match status on distance covered at various speeds in elite soccer. Twenty‐seven Spanish Premier League matches played by a professional soccer team were monitored in the 2005–2006 season using a multiple‐camera match analysis system. The dependent variables were the distance covered by players at different intensities. Data were analysed using a linear regression analysis with three independent variables: match status (i.e. whether the team was winning, losing or drawing), match location (i.e. playing at home or away), and quality of the opponents (strong or weak). The top‐class players performed less high‐intensity activity (>19.1 km · h−1) when winning than when they losing, but more distance was covered by walking and jogging when winning. For each minute winning, the distance covered at submaximal or maximal intensities decreased by 1 m (P<0.05) compared with each minute losing. For each minute winning, the distance covered by walking and jogging increased by 2.1 m (P<0.05) compared with each minute losing. The home teams covered a greater distance than away teams during low‐intensity activity (<14.1 km · h−1) (P<0.01). Finally, the better the quality of the opponent, the higher the distance covered by walking and jogging. Our findings emphasize the need for match analysts and coaches to consider the independent and interactive effects of match location, quality of opposition, and match status during assessment of the physical component of football performance.
Effects of season period, team quality, and playing time on basketball players' game‐related statistics
Authors: Sampaio Jaime , Drinkwater Eric J. , Leite Nuno M.
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study was to identify within‐season differences in basketball players' game‐related statistics according to team quality and playing time. The sample comprised 5309 records from 198 players in the Spanish professional basketball league (2007–2008). Factor analysis with principal components was applied to the game‐related statistics gathered from the official box‐scores, which limited the analysis to five factors (free‐throws, 2‐point field‐goals, 3‐point field‐goals, passes, and errors) and two variables (defensive and offensive rebounds). A two‐step cluster analysis classified the teams as stronger (69±8 winning percentage), intermediate (43±5 winning percentage), and weaker teams (32±5 winning percentage); individual players were classified based on playing time as important players (28±4 min) or less important players (16±4 min). Seasonal variation was analysed monthly in eight periods. A mixed linear model was applied to identify the effects of team quality and playing time within the months of the season on the previously identified factors and game‐related statistics. No significant effect of season period was observed. A team quality effect was identified, with stronger teams being superior in terms of 2‐point field‐goals and passes. The weaker teams were the worst at defensive rebounding (stronger teams: 0.17±0.05; intermediate teams: 0.17±0.06; weaker teams: 0.15±0.03; P=0.001). While playing time was significant in almost all variables, errors were the most important factor when contrasting important and less important players, with fewer errors being made by important players. The trends identified can help coaches and players to create performance profiles according to team quality and playing time. However, these performance profiles appear to be independent of season period.
Diagnosing and alleviating the impact of performance pressure on mathematical problem solving
Authors: DeCaro Marci S. , Rotar Kristin E. , Kendra Matthew S. , Beilock Sian L.
Published: February 2010

High-pressure academic testing situations can lead people to perform below their actual ability levels by co-opting working memory (WM) resources needed for the task at hand (Beilock, 2008). In the current work we examine how performance pressure impacts WM and design an intervention to alleviate pressure's negative impact. Specifically, we explore the hypothesis that high-pressure situations trigger distracting thoughts and worries that rely heavily on verbal WM. Individuals performed verbally based and spatially based mathematics problems in a low-pressure or high-pressure testing situation. Results demonstrated that performance on problems that rely heavily on verbal WM resources was less accurate under high-pressure than under low-pressure tests. Performance on spatially based problems that do not rely heavily on verbal WM was not affected by pressure. Moreover, the more people reported worrying during test performance, the worse they performed on the verbally based (but not spatially based) maths problems. Asking some individuals to focus on the problem steps by talking aloud helped to keep pressure-induced worries at bay and eliminated pressure's negative impact on performance.
A structural investigation of SmCo5/Fe nanostructured alloys obtained by high-energy ball milling and subsequent annealing
Authors: Le Breton J M , Lardé R , Chiron H , Pop V , Givord D , Isnard O , Chicinas I
Published: February 2010

SmCo5/Fe nanostructured alloys with 20 wt% Fe, obtained by high-energy ball milling of SmCo5 and Fe powders, were investigated by 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry, x-ray diffraction and tomographic atom probe. The Mössbauer analysis reveals that during the first stages of milling, an interdiffusion of Co and Fe occurs, leading both to the formation of α-Fe(Co) regions in α-Fe and to the introduction of Fe in SmCo5 regions. Annealing at temperatures up to 650 °C for 0.5 h promotes interdiffusion further leading to the formation of a unique α-Fe(Co) phase and a Fe-richer Sm(Co,Fe)5 phase. The Co/Fe interdiffusion is confirmed by tomographic atom probe analysis. The data are discussed and compared with the results of previous magnetic measurements.