bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensor-based ambient intelligence for optimal energy efficiency
Authors: Robinson David , Sanders David Adrian , Mazharsolook Ebrahim
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to describe research work to create an innovative, and intelligent solution for energy efficiency optimisation.

Design/methodology/approach

– A novel approach is taken to energy consumption monitoring by using ambient intelligence (AmI), extended data sets and knowledge management (KM) technologies. These are combined to create a decision support system as an innovative add-on to currently used energy management systems. Standard energy consumption data are complemented by information from AmI systems from both environment-ambient and process ambient sources and processed within a service-oriented-architecture-based platform. The new platform allows for building of different energy efficiency software services using measured and processed data. Four were selected for the system prototypes: condition-based energy consumption warning, online diagnostics of energy-related problems, support to manufacturing process lines installation and ramp-up phase, and continuous improvement/optimisation of energy efficiency.

Findings

– An innovative and intelligent solution for energy efficiency optimisation is demonstrated in two typical manufacturing companies, within one case study. Energy efficiency is improved and the novel approach using AmI with KM technologies is shown to work well as an add-on to currently used energy management systems.

Research limitations/implications

– The decision support systems are only at the prototype stage. These systems improved on existing energy management systems. The system functionalities have only been trialled in two manufacturing companies (the one case study is described).

Practical implications

– A decision support system has been created as an innovative add-on to currently used energy management systems and energy efficiency software services are developed as the front end of the system. Energy efficiency is improved.

Originality/value

– For the first time, research work has moved into industry to optimise energy efficiency using AmI, extended data sets and KM technologies. An AmI monitoring system for energy consumption is presented that is intended for use in manufacturing companies to provide comprehensive information about energy use, and knowledge-based support for improvements in energy efficiency. The services interactively provide suggestions for appropriate actions for energy problem elimination and energy efficiency increase. The system functionalities were trialled in two typical manufacturing companies, within one case study described in the paper.
Towards the trillion sensors market
Authors: Bogue Robert
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– This article aims to provide an insight into recent deliberations on the possibility of a global sensor market reaching one trillion units per annum within the next decade.

Design/methodology/approach

– Following an introduction, which includes details of the TSensors Summit, this article discusses existing high volume sensor applications with multi-billion unit growth prospects. It then considers certain new and emerging applications, including the Internet of Things. This is followed by technological considerations and a brief discussion.

Findings

– The possibility of a global sensor market reaching one trillion units per annum within the next decade is the topic of serious debate. Several applications representing multi-billion levels have been identified and the ongoing TSensors Summit activities seek to identify further high volume, high growth uses and the factors that will stimulate them. While MEMS will play a central role, other, often new sensor technologies will be vital to achieving the trillion unit level.

Originality/value

– This article provides a timely review of recent deliberations surrounding the feasibility of achieving a global, trillion sensor market.
Tracking Movement and Temperature Selection of Larvae of Two Forensically Important Blow Fly Species Within a “Maggot Mass”
Authors: Johnson Aidan P. , Wighton Samuel J. , Wallman James F.
Published: March 2014

The current study responds to the lack of understanding about the temperatures experienced by individual blow fly larvae within “maggot masses.” The temperature selection of both aggregating (in a mass) and nonaggregating larvae was compared and their pattern of movement assessed. Infrared imaging determined the temperatures within a mass and in the vicinity of the constituent individual larvae, whose movements were tracked by dyeing their tissues red. Individual Chrysomya rufifacies larvae selected temperatures above 27°C, significantly higher than the temperature selected by Calliphora vicina larvae (24.5°C). However, this same difference was not seen within a mass, with both species selecting temperatures around 28°C. Larval movement in a mass was nonrandom, indicating that larvae actively select their position in a mass. Furthermore, larvae have a strong tendency to select the hottest part of a mass; therefore, maximum mass temperatures might provide a reliable proxy for the actual temperatures experienced by larvae.
Diagnosis of functional constipation: Agreement between Rome III and Rome II criteria and evaluation for the practicality
Authors: Xin Hai Wei , Fang Xiu Cai , Zhu Li Ming , Xu Tao , Fei Gui Jun , Wang Zhi Feng , Chang Min , Wang Li Ying , Sun Xiao Hong , Ke Mei Yun
Published: March 2014

Objective

To investigate the agreement between Rome III and Rome II criteria for diagnosing functional constipation (FC) and to evaluate the accuracy of each constipation symptom for FC diagnosis.

Methods

Patients with chronic constipation underwent rigorous biochemical and endoscopic/imaging tests to exclude organic and metabolic diseases. The questionnaires including general information, constipation symptoms, and the most troublesome constipation symptoms were completed in a face‐to‐face survey. The accuracy of constipation symptoms for FC diagnosis was examined using the likelihood ratio.

Results

Among 184 patients (43 males and 141 females) with chronic constipation, 166 (90.2%) met Rome II criteria and 174 (94.6%) met Rome III criteria for FC, while 166 met both criteria. There was a good diagnostic agreement between the two sets of criteria, with a kappa value of 0.69 and the overall agreement rate was 95.7% (P < 0.001). Based on Rome III criteria, the most accurate symptom for FC diagnosis was sensation of anorectal blockage, followed by straining during defecation and infrequent bowel movements. The most troublesome symptoms reported by patients were lumpy or hard stools, straining during defecation, sensation of incomplete evacuation. More patients indicated that ‘the symptoms in the past 3 months’ was better than ‘those within the past one year’ to reflect their constipation (36.7% vs 6.0%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

There is good agreement between Rome III and Rome II criteria for FC diagnosis. Rome III criteria are more practical than Rome II criteria for Chinese patients.
Reduction of Admit Wait Times: The Effect of a Leadership‐based Program
Authors: Patel Pankaj B. , Combs Mary A. , Vinson David R.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Prolonged admit wait times in the emergency department (ED) for patients who require hospitalization lead to increased boarding time in the ED, a significant cause of ED congestion. This is associated with decreased quality of care, higher morbidity and mortality, decreased patient satisfaction, increased costs for care, ambulance diversion, higher numbers of patients who leave without being seen (LWBS), and delayed care with longer lengths of stay (LOS) for other ED patients. The objective was to assess the effect of a leadership‐based program to expedite hospital admissions from the ED.

Methods

This before‐and‐after observational study was undertaken from 2006 through 2011 at one community hospital ED. A team of ED and hospital leaders implemented a program to reduce admit wait times, using a computerized hospital‐wide tracking system to monitor inpatient and ED bed status. The team collaboratively and consistently moved ED patients to their inpatient beds within an established goal of 60 minutes after an admission decision was reached. Top leadership actively intervened in real time by contacting staff whenever delays occurred to expedite immediate solutions to achieve the 60‐minute goal. The primary outcome measures were the percentage of ED patients who were admitted to inpatient beds within 60 minutes from the time the beds were requested and ED boarding time. LOS, patient satisfaction, LWBS rate, and ambulance diversion hours were also measured.

Results

After ED census, hospital admission rates, and ED bed capacity were controlled for using a multivariable linear regression analysis, the admit wait time reduction program contributed to an increase in patients being admitted to the hospital within 60 minutes by 16 percentage points (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 10 to 22 points; p < 0.0001) and a decrease in boarding time per admission of 46 minutes (95% CI = 63 to 82 minutes; p < 0.0001). LOS decreased for admitted patients by 79 minutes (95% CI = 55 to 104 minutes; p < 0.0001), for discharged patients by 17 minutes (95% CI = 12 to 23 minutes; p < 0.0001), and for all patients by 34 minutes (95% CI = 25 to 43 minutes; p < 0.0001). Patient satisfaction increased 4.9 percentage points (95% CI = 3.8 to 6.0 points; p < 0.0001). LWBS patients decreased 0.9 percentage points (95% CI = 0.6 to 1.2 points; p < 0.0001) and monthly ambulance diversion decreased 8.2 hours (95% CI = 4.6 to 11.8 hours; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

A leadership‐based program to reduce admit wait times and boarding times was associated with a significant increase in the percentage of patients admitted to the hospital within 60 minutes and a significant decrease in boarding time. Also associated with the program were decreased ED LOS, LWBS rate, and ambulance diversion, as well as increased patient satisfaction.
Rising Opioid Prescribing in Adult U.S. Emergency Department Visits: 2001–2010
Authors: Mazer‐Amirshahi Maryann , Mullins Peter M. , Rasooly Irit , van den Anker John , Pines Jesse M.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

The objective was to describe trends in opioid and nonopioid analgesia prescribing for adults in U.S. emergency departments (EDs) over the past decade.

Methods

Data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) 2001 through 2010 were analyzed. ED visits for adult patients (≥18 years of age) during which an analgesic was prescribed were included. Trends in the use of six commonly prescribed opioids, stratified by Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) schedule, as well as nonopioid analgesics were explored, along with the frequency of pain‐related ED visits. For 2005 through 2010, data were further divided by whether the opioid was administered in the ED versus prescribed at discharge.

Results

Between 2001 and 2010, the percentage of overall ED visits (pain‐related and non–pain‐related) where any opioid analgesic was prescribed increased from 20.8% to 31.0%, an absolute increase of 10.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.0% to 13.4%) and a relative increase of 49.0%. Use of DEA schedule II analgesics increased from 7.6% in 2001 to 14.5% in 2010, an absolute increase of 6.9% (95% CI = 5.2% to 8.5%) and a relative increase of 90.8%. Use of schedule III through V agents increased from 12.6% in 2001 to 15.6% in 2010, an absolute increase of 3.0% (95% CI = 2.0% to 5.7%) and a relative increase of 23.8%. Prescribing of hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, and oxycodone all increased significantly, while codeine and meperidine use declined. Prescribing of nonopioid analgesics was unchanged, 26.2% in 2001 and 27.3% in 2010 (95% CI = –1.0% to 3.4%). Hydromorphone and oxycodone had the greatest increase in ED administration between 2005 and 2010, while oxycodone and hydrocodone had the greatest increases in discharge prescriptions. There was no difference in discharge prescriptions for nonopioid analgesics. The percentage of visits for painful conditions during the period increased from 47.1% in 2001 to 51.1% in 2010, an absolute increase of 4.0% (95% CI = 2.3% to 5.8%).

Conclusions

There has been a dramatic increase in prescribing of opioid analgesics in U.S. EDs in the past decade, coupled with a modest increase in pain‐related complaints. Prescribing of nonopioid analgesics did not significantly change.
A Profile of Acute Care in an Aging America: Snowball Sample Identification and Characterization of United States Geriatric Emergency Departments in 2013
Authors: Hogan Teresita M. , Olade Tolulope Oyeyemi , Carpenter Christopher R.
Published: March 2014

Background

The aging of America poses a challenge to emergency departments (EDs). Studies show that elderly patients have poor outcomes despite increased testing, prolonged periods of observation, and higher admission rates. In response, emergency medicine (EM) leaders have implemented strategies for improved ED elder care, enhancing expertise, equipment, policies, and protocols. One example is the development of geriatric EDs gaining in popularity nationwide. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research to systematically identify and qualitatively characterize the existence, locations, and features of geriatric EDs across the United States.

Objectives

The primary objective was to determine the number, distribution, and characteristics of geriatric EDs in the United States in 2013.

Methods

This was a survey with potential respondents identified via a snowball sampling of known geriatric EDs, EM professional organizations’ geriatric interest groups, and a structured search of the Internet using multiple search engines. Sites were contacted by telephone, and those confirming geriatric EDs presence received the survey via e‐mail. Category questions included date of opening, location, volumes, staffing, physical plant changes, screening tools, policies, and protocols. Categories were reported based on general interest to those seeking to understand components of a geriatric ED.

Results

Thirty‐six hospitals confirmed geriatric ED existence and received surveys. Thirty (83%) responded to the survey and confirmed presence or plans for geriatric EDs: 24 (80%) had existing geriatric EDs, and six (20%) were planning to open geriatric EDs by 2014. The majority of geriatric EDs are located in the Midwest (46%) and Northeast (30%) regions of the United States. Eighty percent serve from 5,000 to 20,000 elder patients annually. Seventy percent of geriatric EDs are attached to the main ED, and 66% have from one to 10 geriatric beds. Physical plant changes include modifications to beds (96%), lighting (90%), flooring (83%), visual aids (73%), and sound level (70%). Seventy‐seven percent have staff overlapping with the nongeriatric portion of their ED, and 80% require geriatric staff didactics. Sixty‐seven percent of geriatric EDs report discharge planning for geriatric ED patients, and 90% of geriatric EDs had direct follow‐up through patient callbacks.

Conclusions

The snowball sample identification of U.S. geriatric EDs resulted in 30 confirmed respondents. There is significant variation in the components constituting a geriatric ED. The United States should consider external validation of self‐identified geriatric EDs to standardize the quality and type of care patients can expect from an institution with an identified geriatric ED.
Combination of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid Administration and Hypothermia After Resuscitation Improves Myocardial Function and Survival in a Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest Model in the Rat
Authors: Tsai Min‐Shan , Huang Chien‐Hua , Tsai Chia‐Ying , Chen Huei‐Wen , Cheng Hsaio‐Ju , Hsu Chiung‐Yuan , Chang Wei‐Tien , Chen Wen‐Jone
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Intravenous (IV) administration of ascorbic acid during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was reported to facilitate defibrillation and improves survival in ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest. We investigated whether IV administration of ascorbic acid after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) can improve outcomes in VF cardiac arrest in a rat model and its interaction with therapeutic hypothermia.

Methods

Ventricular fibrillation–induced cardiac arrest followed by CPR and defibrillation was performed in male Wistar rats. After ROSC, the animals were equally randomized to the normothermia (NormoT), hypothermia (HypoT), ascorbic acid (AA+NormoT), and ascorbic acid plus hypothermia (AA+HypoT) groups. The AA+NormoT and AA+HypoT groups received IV ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg). In the HypoT and AA+HypoT groups, therapeutic hypothermia was maintained at 32°C for 2 hours.

Results

There were 12 rats in each group. Within 4 hours after ROSC, the HypoT, AA+NormoT, and AA+HypoT groups had significantly lower myocardial lipid peroxidation than the NormoT group. Within 4 hours following ROSC, the AA+NormoT group had a significantly better systolic function (dp/dt40) than the NormoT group (6887.9 mm Hg/sec, SD ± 1049.7 mm Hg/sec vs. 5953.6 mm Hg/sec, SD ± 1161.9 mm Hg/sec; p < 0.05). The AA+HypoT group also showed a significantly better diastolic function (–dp/dtmax) than the HypoT group (dp/dt40: 8524.8, SD ± 1166.7 mm Hg/sec vs. 7399.8 mm Hg/sec, SD ± 1114.5 mmHg/sec; dp/dtmax: –8183.4 mm Hg/sec, SD ± 1359.0 mm Hg/sec vs. –6573.7 mm Hg/sec, SD ± 1110.9 mm Hg/sec; p < 0.05) at the fourth hour following ROSC. Also at 4 hours, there was less myocytolysis in the HypoT, AA+NormoT, and AA+HypoT groups than the NormoT group. The HypoT, AA+NormoT, and AA+HypoT groups had significantly better survival rates and neurologic outcomes than the NormoT group. Compared with only five surviving animals in the NormoT group, there were nine, eight, and 10 in the HypoT, AA+NormoT, and AA+HypoT groups, respectively, with good neurologic outcomes at 72 hours.

Conclusions

Intravenous ascorbic acid administration after ROSC in normothermia may mitigate myocardial damage and improve systolic function, survival rate, and neurologic outcomes in VF cardiac arrest of rat. Combination of ascorbic acid and hypothermia showed an additive effect in improving both systolic and diastolic functions after ROSC.
Dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) circuitry in rodent models of cocaine use: implications for drug addiction therapies
Authors: Jasinska Agnes J. , Chen Billy T. , Bonci Antonello , Stein Elliot A.
Published: March 2014

Although the importance of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in cocaine addiction is well established, its precise contribution to cocaine seeking, taking and relapse remains incompletely understood. In particular, across two different models of cocaine self‐administration, pharmacological or optogenetic activation of the dorsal MPFC has been reported to sometimes promote and sometimes inhibit cocaine seeking. We highlight important methodological differences between the two experimental paradigms and propose a framework to potentially reconcile the apparent discrepancy. We also draw parallels between these pre‐clinical models of cocaine self‐administration and human neuro‐imaging studies in cocaine users, and argue that both lines of evidence point to dynamic interactions between cue‐reactivity processes and control processes within the dorsal MPFC circuitry. From a translational perspective, these findings underscore the importance of interventions and therapeutics targeting not just a brain region, but a specific computational process within that brain region, and may have implications for the design and implementation of more effective treatments for human cocaine addiction.
Modeling and testing for joint association using a genetic random field model
Authors: He Zihuai , Zhang Min , Zhan Xiaowei , Lu Qing
Published: March 2014

Substantial progress has been made in identifying single genetic variants predisposing to common complex diseases. Nonetheless, the genetic etiology of human diseases remains largely unknown. Human complex diseases are likely influenced by the joint effect of a large number of genetic variants instead of a single variant. The joint analysis of multiple genetic variants considering linkage disequilibrium (LD) and potential interactions can further enhance the discovery process, leading to the identification of new disease‐susceptibility genetic variants. Motivated by development in spatial statistics, we propose a new statistical model based on the random field theory, referred to as a genetic random field model (GenRF), for joint association analysis with the consideration of possible gene–gene interactions and LD. Using a pseudo‐likelihood approach, a GenRF test for the joint association of multiple genetic variants is developed, which has the following advantages: (1) accommodating complex interactions for improved performance; (2) natural dimension reduction; (3) boosting power in the presence of LD; and (4) computationally efficient. Simulation studies are conducted under various scenarios. The development has been focused on quantitative traits and robustness of the GenRF test to other traits, for example, binary traits, is also discussed. Compared with a commonly adopted kernel machine approach, SKAT, as well as other more standard methods, GenRF shows overall comparable performance and better performance in the presence of complex interactions. The method is further illustrated by an application to the Dallas Heart Study.
Responding to the “NewPublic”: The arrival of strategic communications and managed participation inAlberta
Authors: Kiss Simon J.
Published: March 2014

This article examines the rise of more strategic, professional and politically sensitive communications in the Government of Alberta and argues that citizen demands for transparency and participation are also reasons for the increased importance of strategic government communications. Accommodating these demands in the context of traditional representative democracy requires politically sensitive staff who can manage processes without jeopardizing the government's re‐election or policy agenda. This article draws on analyses of government documents, interviews and the archives of premiers Getty and Klein.

Sommaire

Cet article examine l'essor de communications plus stratégiques, plus professionnelles et plus sensibles à la réalité politique au sein du gouvernement de l'Alberta et fait valoir que les exigences des citoyens en matière de transparence et de participation expliquent également l'importance accrue de la communication gouvernementale stratégique. Pour tenir compte de ces exigences dans le contexte de la démocratie représentative traditionnelle, le personnel doit être sensible aux questions politiques et être en mesure de gérer les processus sans nuire à la réélection du gouvernement ou à son programme politique. Cet article se fonde sur des analyses de documents du budget, des interviews et des archives des Premiers ministres Getty et Klein.
La fonction d'évaluation dans l'administration publique québécoise : analyse de la cohérence du système d'actions
Authors: Smits Pernelle , Jacob Steve
Published: March 2014

Sommaire

Cet article analyse la fonction d'évaluation dans l'administration publique du Québec au cours des années 2000 comme un système organisé d'actions (valeurs, environnement, ressources et modalités, pratique, effets) avec ses cohérences et incohérences. Trois constats émergent : les activités de soutien de la pratique évaluative de la part des ministères centraux sont quasiment absentes, la transparence auprès des citoyens dans le processus évaluatif est peu présente, la réalisation et l'utilisation d'évaluations de portée stratégique parait peu fréquente. Cet article met en évidence certaines cohérences et incohérences d'une fonction de gestion, et propose une façon directe et systématique de souligner les points à améliorer.

In this article, we analyze the evaluation function within the Quebec public administration during the 2000s as an organized action system (values, environment, resources and procedures, practice, impacts) with its consistencies and inconsistencies. Three findings emerge: the support that central agencies give to the evaluation practice is almost non‐existent; the transparency of the evaluation process for the citizens is barely noticeable; and the undertaking and use of the strategic use of evaluations seem rare. This article brings the attention to some consistencies/inconsistencies of the management function, and suggests a direct and systematic way to highlight what needs to be improved.
Vitamin D status is independently associated with plasma glutathione and cysteine thiol/disulphide redox status in adults
Authors: Alvarez Jessica A. , Chowdhury Ritam , Jones Dean P. , Martin Greg S. , Brigham Kenneth L. , Binongo José N. , Ziegler Thomas R. , Tangpricha Vin
Published: March 2014

Objective

Redox status and inflammation are important in the pathophysiology of numerous chronic diseases. Epidemiological studies have linked vitamin D status to a number of chronic diseases. We aimed to examine the relationships between serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and circulating thiol/disulphide redox status and biomarkers of inflammation.

Design

This was a cross‐sectional study of N = 693 adults (449 females, 244 males) in an apparently healthy, working cohort in Atlanta, GA. Plasma glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys) and their associated disulphides were determined with high‐performance liquid chromatography, and their redox potentials (Eh GSSG and Eh CySS) were calculated using the Nernst equation. Serum inflammatory markers included interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and tumour necrosis factor‐α, assayed on a multiplex platform, and C‐reactive protein (CRP), assayed commercially. Relationships were assessed with multiple linear regression analyses.

Results

Serum 25(OH)D was positively associated with plasma GSH (β ± SE: 0·002 ± 0·0004) and negatively associated with plasma Eh GSSG (β ± SE: −0·06 ± 0·01) and Cys (β ± SE: −0·01 ± 0·003) (P < 0·001 for all); statistical significance remained after adjusting for age, gender, race, percentage body fat and traditional cardiovascular risk factors (P = 0·01–0·02). The inverse relationship between serum 25(OH)D and CRP was confounded by percentage body fat, and full adjustment for covariates attenuated serum 25(OH)D relationships with other inflammatory markers to nonstatistical significance.

Conclusions

Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were independently associated with major plasma thiol/disulphide redox systems, suggesting that vitamin D status may be involved in redox‐mediated pathophysiology.
Contact dermatitis as an adverse reaction to some topically used European herbal medicinal products – part 1: Achillea millefolium–Curcuma longa
Authors: Calapai Gioacchino , Miroddi Marco , Minciullo Paola L. , Caputi Achille P. , Gangemi Sebastiano , Schmidt Richard J.
Published: March 2014

This review focuses on contact dermatitis as an adverse effect of a selection of topically used herbal medicinal products for which the European Medicines Agency has completed an evaluation up to the end of November 2013 and for which a Community herbal monograph has been produced. Part 1: Achillea millefolium L.–Curcuma longa L.
MEASURING SOME EFFECTS OF THE 2011 DEBIT CARD INTERCHANGE FEE REFORM
Authors: SHY OZ
Published: March 2014

In October 2011, new rules governing debit card interchange fees became effective in the United States. These rules limit the maximum permissible interchange fee that an issuer can charge merchants for a debit card transaction. Using new data from the Federal Reserve of Boston, Richmond, and San Francisco 2012 Diary of Consumer Payment Choice, this article provides simple calculations that identify the transaction values by consumer expenditure category for which interchange fees became higher and lower under the new rules. (JEL G28)
The impact of genetic polymorphisms, diltiazem, and demographic variables on everolimus trough concentrations in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Schoeppler Kelly E. , Aquilante Christina L. , Kiser Tyree H. , Fish Douglas N. , Zamora Martin R.
Published: March 2014

Everolimus (EVR) has inter‐individual pharmacokinetic (PK) variability and a narrow therapeutic index. The study objective was to determine whether genetic polymorphisms, co‐medications, and/or demographic variables accounted for inter‐individual variability in EVR PK in lung transplant recipients (LTxR). LTxR were genotyped for ABCB1 c.1236C>T, ABCB1 c.2677G>T/A, ABCB1 c.3435C>T, CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3, CYP2C8*2/*3/*4, and pregnane X receptor (NR1I2) c.44477T>C, c.63396C>T, c.69789A>G polymorphisms. The primary outcome was the difference in dose‐adjusted EVR levels (EVR L/D) between ABCB1 diplotype groups (2 vs. 1 vs. 0 copies of the 1236C/2677G/3435C haplotype). Sixty‐five LTxR were included. There was no significant difference in EVR L/D between ABCB1 CGC diplotype groups (CGC/CGC = 2.4 ± 1.1 [n = 9] vs. CGC/XXX = 2.5 ± 1.7 [n = 36] vs. XXX/XXX = 2.7 ± 1.7 ng/mL per mg/d [n = 20]; p = 0.9). CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*1B, CYP2C8*3/*4, and NR1I2 polymorphisms were not associated with EVR L/D. EVR L/D was 3.4 ± 1.7 in LTxR receiving diltiazem (DILT) vs. 1.8 ± 1.1 ng/mL per mg/d in LTxR not receiving DILT (p <0.001). Demographic variables, including cystic fibrosis, were not associated with EVR PK. DILT use increased EVR L/D, but selected polymorphisms in ABCB1, CYP3A5, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and NR1I2 did not affect EVR L/D in LTxR. Genotyping LTxR for these polymorphisms is unlikely to aid clinicians in optimizing EVR therapy.
Cognitive dysfunction, gait, and motor impairment in neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Johnson Barbara
Published: March 2014

This commentary is on the original article by Champion et al. on pages 468–474 of this issue.
Species‐specific separation of lake plankton reveals divergent food assimilation patterns in rotifers
Authors: Burian Alfred , Kainz Martin J. , Schagerl Michael , Yasindi Andrew
Published: March 2014

The analysis of functional groups with a resolution to the individual species level is a basic requirement to better understand complex interactions in aquatic food webs. Species‐specific stable isotope analyses are currently applied to analyse the trophic role of large zooplankton or fish species, but technical constraints complicate their application to smaller‐sized plankton.

We investigated rotifer food assimilation during a short‐term microzooplankton bloom in the East African soda lake Nakuru by developing a method for species‐specific sampling of rotifers.

The two dominant rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus dimidiatus, were separated to single‐species samples (purity >95%) and significantly differed in their isotopic values (4.1‰ in δ13C and 1.5‰ in δ15N). Bayesian mixing models indicated that isotopic differences were caused by different assimilation of filamentous cyanobacteria and particles <2 μm and underlined the importance of species‐specific sampling of smaller plankton compartments.

A main difference was that the filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira fusiformis, which frequently forms blooms in African soda lakes, was an important food source for the larger‐sized B. plicatilis (48%), whereas it was hardly ingested by B. dimidiatus. Overall, A. fusiformis was, relative to its biomass, assimilated to small extents, demonstrating a high grazing resistance of this species.

In combination with high population densities, these results demonstrate a strong potential of rotifer blooms to shape phytoplankton communities and are the first in situ demonstration of a quantitatively important direct trophic link between rotifers and filamentous cyanobacteria.
Beta diversity of urban floras among European and non‐European cities
Authors: La Sorte Frank A. , Aronson Myla F. J. , Williams Nicholas S. G. , Celesti‐Grapow Laura , Cilliers Sarel , Clarkson Bruce D. , Dolan Rebecca W. , Hipp Andrew , Klotz Stefan , Kühn Ingolf , Pyšek Petr , Siebert Stefan , Winter Marten
Published: March 2014

Aim

Cities represent an ideal study system for assessing how intensive land‐use change and biotic interchange have altered beta diversity at broad geographic extents. Here we test the hypothesis that floras in cities located in disparate regions of the globe are being homogenized by species classified as invasive (naturalized species that have spread over a large area) or as a European archaeophyte (species introduced into Europe before ad 1500 from the Mediterranean Basin). We also test the prediction that the global influences of European activities (colonization, agriculture, commerce) have supported this outcome.

Location

One hundred and ten cities world‐wide.

Methods

We examined the richness and composition of urban floras among European (n = 85) and non‐European cities (n = 25) for species classified as native or non‐native, or further classified as European archaeophyte or invasive. We modelled how geographic, climatic and anthropogenic factors were related to compositional similarity between European and non‐European cities.

Results

We found that most plants in the cities we examined, particularly non‐European cities, were native and unique to each city. Non‐native species were similarly unique, but occurred in much lower proportions relative to natives. Although European archaeophytes and invasive species also occurred in lower proportions, they had similar compositions among cities. European archaeophytes were most prevalent in European cities, but were most similar among non‐European cities. Contrasting European and non‐European cities, geography and climate were most relevant for native and invasive species, whereas climate and agriculture were most relevant for European archaeophytes.

Main conclusions

Cities in disparate regions of the globe retain regionally distinct native and non‐native plant assemblages, while invasive species, and especially European archaeophytes, were associated with lower beta diversity among cities. These findings suggest that intensive land‐use change and biotic interchange, shaped through European influences, have had a world‐wide effect on the beta diversity of urban plant assemblages.
Trigeminal Autonomic Headaches Caused by a Multinodular Goiter – A Case Report
Authors: Smit Roelof A.J. , Treurniet Frank E.E. , Koppen Hille
Published: March 2014

Background

Though thyroid growths are considered to be a frequent cause of Horner's syndrome, concurrent headache attacks are not commonly seen.

Case

A 63‐year‐old woman presented with severe, daily occurring, unilateral headache attacks with ipsilateral Horner's syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging arteriography showed a multinodular goiter displacing the left common carotid artery.

Conclusion

This case exemplifies the combination of headache attacks and Horner's syndrome due to mechanical pressure of an enlarged thyroid, mimicking the symptoms both of carotid dissection as well as trigeminal autonomic cephalgias like paroxysmal hemicrania.
Novel medical bathing with traditional Chinese herb formula alleviates paraplegia spasticity
Authors: Liu Xin , Meng Qingxi , Yu Dapeng , Zhao Xiwu , Zhao Tingbao
Published: March 2014

Paraplegia spasm is a kind of chronic disease which lacks effective treatment; the patients have to endure long‐term pain, which is a tough problem for nursing practice. Lots of potential candidate medicines are under investigation, and a new Chinese herb formula is introduced in the current study. In the present study, we chose six different well‐known Chinese herbs to form a formula, and boiled them into the water with an optimized ratio to make bath water; 80 paraplegic patients received this medicinal bath, and 80 patients received perfume water bath as placebo group. Compared with placebo control patients, the herb‐treated patients have significant reduction in paraplegia spasm, visual analogue scale score, clinician global impression and sleep disorder. This novel six‐combined formula traditional medicine could be beneficial for alleviating paraplegia spasm, but the underlying action mechanism deserves further study.
A qualitative study of community pharmacy perceptions of the Electronic Prescriptions Service in England
Authors: Harvey Jasmine , Avery Anthony J , Barber Nick
Published: March 2014

Objectives

To explore attitudes and perceptions of early adopters of the Electronic Prescription Service (release two) in England (EPS2). EPS2 is information technology that allows community pharmacies to download and dispense electronically written prescriptions from general practices. When the prescriber writes a prescription electronically, it is sent and stored on a national central database, commonly called the Spine. The community pharmacy that the patient nominates is then able to download the prescription and dispense to the patient.

Method

In-depth interviews were conducted with professionals from eight early adopter community pharmacies in the midlands and north of England, and 56 hours of non-participant observations were recorded as field notes. Each interview transcript was coded using a line-by-line approach. Overall, 37 200 words were analysed from 10 transcripts using a ‘bottom up’ approach to identify key perceptions. Field notes from the observation were analysed thematically and were used to verify interview findings.

Key findings

Findings follow a narrative which shows that (a) early adopter pharmacies had to cope with challenges such as missing EPS2 prescriptions, (b) despite this, they perceived EPS2 as helpful in streamlining pharmacy workflow and (c) were therefore keen to retain EPS2.

Conclusions

Initial user perception of EPS2 provides a key message on the likelihood of the system being adopted beyond these eight pharmacies. Our findings provide key information for other pharmacies in the adoption process, and policymakers on the potential of EPS2 to achieve its goals and become sustainable in terms of its value to community pharmacies.
A Novel Oscillatory Pressure‐Assisted Hot Pressing for Preparation of High‐Performance Ceramics
Authors: Xie Zhipeng , Li Shuang , An Linan
Published: March 2014

We report a novel oscillatory pressure‐assisted hot‐pressing process for preparing high‐quality ceramics. Compared with the samples prepared by conventional pressureless sintering (PS) and hot‐pressing (HP), the zirconia ceramic prepared by oscillatory pressure‐assisted hot‐pressing (OPAHP) exhibited a higher density, smaller grain size, and more homogeneous structure. More remarkably, the strength of the OPAHP sample reached 1556 MPa, which is much higher than the samples prepared by other two techniques. The results suggest that OPAHP is a more effective technique for preparing high‐quality zirconia, which is likely applicable to other material systems.
Associations of Hemodynamic Load and Ventricular Repolarization in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension: A Long‐Term Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Antonakis Velissaris , Tsioufis Costas , Tsiachris Dimitris , Andrikou Ioannis , Fantaki Maria , Dagres Nikos , Vrachnis Nikos , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: March 2014

The evolution of QT interval and its dispersion (QTd) were studied in 135 newly diagnosed nondiabetic patients, as well as the relationship between changes of these left ventricular (LV) repolarization parameters with blood pressure (BP) and LV mass changes, which were prospectively studied for a median period of 3.8 years. At baseline and at last follow‐up visit, all patients underwent ambulatory BP monitoring, echocardiographic assessment, and 12‐lead electrocardiography. At the end of follow‐up, responders of antihypertensive treatment based on a reduced 24‐hour systolic BP (n=122) exhibited a reduction in LV mass index (by 7.6 g/m2, P<.001) and corrected QT (by 4.3, P=.038), while corrected QTd was unchanged. In nonresponders (n=13), although no difference in LV mass index was observed, corrected QT increased by 12.4 ms (P=.048) and corrected QTd by 8.2 ms (P=.027). Changes in parameters of LV repolarization were related to BP changes but not to changes of myocardial size.
Period 2 is essential to maintain early endothelial progenitor cell function in vitro and angiogenesis after myocardial infarction in mice
Authors: Sun Yuan‐Yuan , Bai Wen‐Wu , Wang Bo , Lu Xiao‐Ting , Xing Yi‐Fan , Cheng Wen , Liu Xiao‐Qiong , Zhao Yu‐Xia
Published: March 2014

Cellular therapeutic neovascularization has been successfully performed in clinical trials for patients with ischaemia diseases. Despite the vast knowledge of cardiovascular disease and circadian biology, the role of the circadian clock in regulating angiogenesis in myocardial infarction (MI) remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of Period 2 (Per2) in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) function. Flow cytometry revealed lower circulating EPC proportion in per2−/− than in wild‐type (WT) mice. PER2 was abundantly expressed in early EPCs in mice. In vitro, EPCs from per2−/− mice showed impaired proliferation, migration, tube formation and adhesion. Western blot analysis demonstrated inhibited PI3k/Akt/FoxO signalling and reduced C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) protein level in EPCs of per2−/− mice. The impaired proliferation was blocked by activated PI3K/Akt/FoxO signalling. Direct interaction of CXCR4 and PER2 was detected in WT EPCs. To further study the effect of per2 on in vivo EPC survival and angiogenesis, we injected saline or DiI‐labelled WT or per2−/− EPC intramyocardially into mice with induced MI. Per2−/− reduced the retention of transplanted EPCs in the myocardium, which was associated with significantly reduced DiI expression in the myocardium of MI mice. Decreased angiogenesis in the myocardium of per2−/− EPC‐treated mice coincided with decreased LV function and increased infarct size in the myocardium. Per2 may be a key factor in maintaining EPC function in vitro and in therapeutic angiogenesis in vivo.
Occurrence of Gobiidae larvae in a tropical Brazilian estuary, with particular emphasis on the use of size classes to categorize species guilds
Authors: Gomes E. A. P. , Campos P. N. , Bonecker A. C. T.
Published: March 2014

The structure and seasonal dynamics of larvae of the Gobiidae family in the Mucuri Estuary (Bahia, Brazil) were studied for nine consecutive years. Sampling was conducted at three stations in the lower estuary channel, between 2002 and 2010, in relation to season, day and night and tidal variations. A total of 5802 Gobiidae larvae, representing 15 taxa (12 species and three morphotypes), were collected in the Mucuri Estuary during this time. The highest mean ± s.d. density of fish larvae, 54·7 ± 79·8 larvae 100 m−3, was recorded during the flood tide and night sampling. Ctenogobius boleosoma was the most abundant species (68%), being dominant in the rainy and dry seasons and had a long reproductive period. This species was classed as a marine estuarine‐opportunist because it was observed at high frequencies and active larvae entering the estuary between 6·1 and 12·0 mm standard length (LS). Gobionellus oceanicus, second in abundance (12%), occurred only in later larval stages but did not use the estuary as a preferred location for spawning, being classed a marine estuarine dependent. Microgobius carri (11%) was represented in all LS classes and was resident in the estuary for spawning, remaining there throughout their life cycle. The other species were considered rare due to their low densities and could not be classified in any guild.
Distribution, prevalence and intensity of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) infection in Anguilla anguilla in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Becerra‐Jurado G. , Cruikshanks R. , O'Leary C. , Kelly F. , Poole R. , Gargan P.
Published: March 2014

This study is the first comprehensive documentation of the geographical range of Anguillicola crassus in its host, the European eel Anguilla anguilla, in the Republic of Ireland. The prevalence and intensity of infections across 234 sites and 93 river basins in Ireland comprising rivers, lakes and transitional waters (estuaries) were analysed. While only 32% of the river basins were affected by this nematode, they correspond to 74% of the total wetted area. Significant differences in infection levels among water body types were found with lakes and transitional waters yielding the highest values, which can be attributed to the proportions of juvenile (total length, LT < 300 mm) A. anguilla caught. There were no significant differences in infection levels between water body types for adult A. anguilla or between sexes for any water body type. Prevalence was significantly lower in juvenile compared with adult A. anguilla captured in rivers and a positive correlation between infection levels and host size‐classes was found. Future efforts should focus on monitoring the spread of A. crassus infections and assessing the swimbladder health of A. anguilla in Ireland.
CASH HOARDS AND CHANGES IN INVESTORS' OUTLOOK
Authors: Asem Ebenezer , Alam Shamsul
Published: March 2014

Declining markets reflect declines in investors' outlook for firm prospects, increasing their expectation that firms will waste excess cash. In contrast, excess cash is useful in mitigating financial distress associated with poor earnings. We find an inverted U‐shaped relation between stock return and excess cash in declining markets, suggesting the positive effect of excess cash dominates at low levels of cash, while the negative effect dominates at high levels. We also document an inverted U‐shaped relation for firms with weak shareholder power and firms with high information asymmetry in advancing markets. These suggest investors' desire for cash reserves is limited.
Food frequency questionnaire as an indicator of the serum composition of essential n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in early pregnancy, according to body mass index
Authors: Lepsch J. , Vaz J. S. , Moreira J. D. , Pinto T. J. P. , Soares‐Mota M. , Kac G.
Published: March 2014

Background

We investigated whether food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) may be indicative of the serum composition of essential n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in early pregnancy and if correlations are affected by body mass index (BMI).

Methods

The present study comprised a prospective cohort conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample was composed of 248 women, aged 20–40 years, between 6 and the 13 weeks of gestation. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated FFQ. Fatty acid serum compositions were determined in fasting serum samples, employing a high‐throughput robotic direct methylation coupled with fast gas‐liquid chromatography. Spearman's correlation (rs) was used to assess the relationship between fatty acid intake and corresponding serum composition. Women were classified according to BMI (kg m–2) as underweight/normal weight (BMI < 25 kg m–2; n = 139) or excessive weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg m–2; n = 109).

Results

In the total sample, dietary report was significantly correlated with the serum composition of total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA; rs = 0.232, P < 0.001), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n‐6; rs = 0.271, P < 0.001), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3; rs = 0.263, P < 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3; rs = 0.209, P = 0.001). When analyses were stratified by BMI, significant correlations between FFQ and serum composition among underweight/normal weight women were observed for total PUFA (rs= 0.323, P < 0.001), LA (rs = 0.322, P < 0.001), EPA (rs = 0.352, P < 0.001) and DHA (rs = 0.176, P = 0.039). Among women of excessive weight, significant correlations were observed only for alpha linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n‐3; rs = 0.199, P = 0.040) and DHA (rs = 0.236, P = 0.014).

Conclusions

FFQ in early pregnancy may be used as a possible indicator of serum concentrations of fatty acids. Higher correlations were observed among underweight/normal weight women.