bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene expression by host microflora through interspecies communication
Authors: Duan Kangmin , Dammel Carol , Stein Jeffrey , Rabin Harvey , Surette Michael G.
Published: November 2003

The change in gene expression patterns in response to host environments is a prerequisite for bacterial infection. Bacterial diseases often occur as an outcome of the complex interactions between pathogens and the host. The indigenous, usually non‐pathogenic microflora is a ubiquitous constituent of the host. In order to understand the interactions between pathogens and the resident microflora and how they affect the gene expression patterns of the pathogens and contribute to bacterial diseases, the interactions between pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and avirulent oropharyngeal flora (OF) strains isolated from sputum samples of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients were investigated. Animal experiments using a rat lung infection model indicate that the presence of OF bacteria enhanced lung damage caused by P. aeruginosa. Genome‐wide transcriptional analysis with a lux reporter‐based promoter library demonstrated that ≈ 4% of genes in the genome responded to the presence of OF strains using an in vitro system. Characterization of a subset of the regulated genes indicates that they fall into seven functional classes, and large portions of the upregulated genes are genes important for P. aeruginosa pathogenesis. Autoinducer‐2 (AI‐2)‐mediated quorum sensing, a proposed interspecies signalling system, accounted for some, but not all, of the gene regulation. A substantial amount of  AI‐2  was  detected  directly  in  sputum  samples from CF patients and in cultures of most non‐pseudomonad bacteria isolated from the sputa. Transcriptional profiling of a set of defined P. aeruginosa virulence factor promoters revealed that OF and exogenous AI‐2 could upregulate overlapping subsets of these genes. These results suggest important contributions of the host microflora to P. aeruginosa infection by modulating gene expression via interspecies communications.
Heterologous expression of a mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatase gene in Leishmania: effect on differentiation
Authors: Nascimento Mirna , Abourjeily Nay , Ghosh Anirban , Zhang Wen Wei , Matlashewski Greg
Published: November 2003

Leishmania is a protozoan pathogen which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected sandfly. This infection results in a spectrum of diseases throughout the developing world, collectively known as leishmaniasis. During its life cycle, Leishmania differentiates from the promastigote stage in the sandfly vector into the amastigote stage in the mammalian host where it multiplies exclusively in macrophage phagolysosomes. Although differentiation of Leishmania is essential for its survival and pathogenesis in the mammalian host, this process is poorly understood. In higher eukaryotic cells, protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a central role in cell proliferation, differentiation and overall function. We have therefore investigated the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in Leishmania differentiation by undertaking complementary approaches to mediate protein tyrosine dephosphorylation in vivo. In the present study, L. donovani were engineered to express a mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatase, or were treated with inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases, and the resulting phenotype was examined. Both approaches resulted in a partial differentiation from promastigotes to amastigotes including the expression of the amastigote specific A2 protein, morphological change and increased virulence. These data provide support for the involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in the differentiation of Leishmania.
Regulation of Arabidopsis SHY2/IAA3 protein turnover
Authors: Tian Qing , Nagpal Punita , Reed Jason W.
Published: November 2003

Auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins regulate transcriptional responses to the plant hormone auxin. Gain‐of‐function mutations in the Arabidopsis SHORT HYPOCOTYL 2 (SHY2/IAA3) gene encoding an Aux/IAA protein increase steady‐state levels of SHY2/IAA3 protein and decrease auxin responses, indicating that SHY2/IAA3 negatively regulates auxin signaling. These shy2 mutations also cause ectopic light responses, suggesting that SHY2/IAA3 may promote light signaling. Auxin regulates turnover of the related Auxin‐resistant (AXR)2/IAA7 and AXR3/IAA17 proteins by increasing their interaction with the Skp1‐Cdc53/cullin‐F‐box (SCFTIR1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. To investigate whether SHY2/IAA3 is regulated similarly, we have used a turnover assay to reveal that axr1 and transport inhibitor resistant (tir)1 mutations affecting SCFTIR1 decrease SHY2/IAA3 turnover. In pull‐down assays, SHY2/IAA3 protein interacted with TIR1, the F‐box component of SCFTIR1 and with the photoreceptor phytochrome B. Auxin stimulated SHY2/IAA3 interaction with TIR1, whereas the shy2‐2 gain‐of‐function mutation decreased this interaction. Light did not affect the interaction, suggesting that light regulates some other aspect of Aux/IAA gene or protein function. The chemical juglone (5‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone) inhibited the interaction, suggesting that peptidyl‐prolyl isomerization may mediate auxin‐induced SHY2/IAA3 protein turnover.
Mutational analysis of forkhead transcriptional factor 2 (FOXL2) in Korean patients with blepharophimosis–ptosis–epicanthus inversus syndrome
Authors: Cha SC , Jang YS , Lee JH , Kim HK , Kim SC , Kim S , Baek S‐H , Jung WS , Kim J‐R
Published: November 2003

We screened for mutations in the forkhead transcription factor gene, FOXL2, in Korean patients with sporadic or familial blepharophimosis–ptosis–epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) by polymerase chain reaction‐single‐stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) and direct sequencing. Five of nine BPES families and three of seven sporadic cases were detected to have FOXL2 mutations. We identified four types of FOXL2 mutations, two of which are novel. A new 14 bp deletion (939–952del14) causing a frameshift from G235W and the extension of the predicted protein to 527 amino acids was detected in a BPES family patient. In addition, a novel 845C > A transversion, resulting in a nonsense mutation (S203X), was found in a sporadic case of BPES. The previously reported in‐frame 30 bp duplication

(909–938dup30) was the most common mutation and was found in eight patients of four BPES families and one sporadic case. A known 17 bp duplication (1080–1096dup17) was observed in a sporadic BPES case. We were unable to find a causal mutation in four BPES families and four sporadic cases. These results suggest that in a fraction of BPES patients, the genetic defect might be associated with a mutation in the non‐coding region of the FOXL2 gene or in other genes.
Chromosome 2 deletion encompassing the MAP2 gene in a patient with autism and Rett‐like features
Authors: Pescucci C , Meloni I , Bruttini M , Ariani F , Longo I , Mari F , Canitano R , Hayek G , Zappella M , Renieri A
Published: November 2003

We present here a unique case of a 14‐year‐old female with autism and some features similar to Rett syndrome (RTT). Genetic analysis demonstrated a large deletion of chromosome 2q instead of a MECP2 mutation. Like a Rett patient, she is dyspraxic and shows frequent hand‐washing stereotypic activities, hyperpnea, and bruxism. Like a preserved speech variant (PSV) of RTT, she is obese, able to speak in second and third persons, frequently echolalic, and has final normal head circumference and autistic behavior. In addition, she has dysmorphic features such as down‐slanting palpebral fissures, low set ears without lobuli, bilateral flat feet, and bilateral syndactyly of the second and third toes, which do not belong to the Rett spectrum. She has a de novo chromosomal deletion in 2q34 of paternal origin. Gene content analysis of the deleted region showed the presence of 47 genes (14 putative and 33 known genes). This region contains some interesting genes such as ADAM23/MDC3, CREB1, KLF7, and MAP2. Because alteration of neuronal maturation, dendritic anomalies, and a decrease in MAP2 immunoreactivity in white matter neurons are well documented in RTT patients, we propose MAP2 gene as a good candidate for the generation of PSV phenotype in this case.
IMPACT OF LEAD TRANSPORT ON CHILDREN'S BLOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD LEVELS
Authors: Mak Donna B. , Plant Aileen J. , Bulsara Max , Body Peter
Published: November 2003

Introduction: A lead monitoring project was established in 1996 to monitor the environmental and health effects of lead being transported through a remote town in tarpaulin‐covered trucks.

Methods: Dust samples from sites on the transport route were collected at 3–6 monthly intervals between 1996 and 1999. Annual blood lead testing clinics, offering voluntary testing to children, were conducted from 1997 to 1999.

Results: Of the 55 dust samples analysed, only nine contained particles of lead concentrate and these were present at very low levels. During the project 167 children were tested. The geometic mean of blood lead levels in 1997, 1998 and 1999 were 4.5 μg/dL, 5.0 μg/dL and 5.1 μg/dL, respectively (all within the normal range). Residence on the transport route was not associated with higher lead levels (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: Lead transport was not associated with any detectable environmental contamination or increase in children's blood lead levels.
Experimental therapeutics of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Henderson Jasmine M
Published: November 2003

1. The loss of central dopamine, which characterises Parkinson's disease, led to the main pharmacological strategy for treatment, namely levodopa, a dopamine‐replacement therapy. Several years after treatment, the majority of patients experience dose‐limiting side‐effects and loss of symptom control. There is a resurgence of interest in neurosurgery for treating the Parkinson's disease, particularly in new techniques targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which is overactive in Parkinson's disease and contributes to symptom development.

2. We performed unilateral subthalamotomy (lesioning the subthalamic nucleus via the toxin N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate) in marmosets and rats with experimentally induced parkinsonism (induced using the toxin 6‐hydroxydopamine). A range of similar behaviours common to both rodents and primates were evaluated before and after each type of surgery. Post‐mortem histology was used to confirm the lesions. We also provide details of a case with Parkinson's disease who underwent high‐frequency bilateral stimulation of the STN and in whom we analysed the STN post‐mortem.

3. Unilateral subthalamotomy improved akinesia in parkinsonian primates. However, both monkeys and rodents showed postural abnormalities. The patient who underwent bilateral high‐frequency stimulation showed improvement of akinesia and other disease symptoms and no postural abnormalities. Post‐mortem analysis did not demonstrate substantial damage of the STN as a result of the electrodes.

4. Although unilateral subthalamotomy improves some aspects of parkinsonism, it causes postural abnormalities in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Because bilateral high‐frequency STN stimulation improves disease symptoms, is reversible and is not reported to induce postural side‐effects, it may be a better surgical therapy for Parkinson's disease than lesioning the STN.
Science and physicianly practice: Are they compatible?
Authors: Seale J Paul
Published: November 2003

1. Science, in the present paper, is defined as the systematic study of humans, based on deduction and inferences from reproducible observation and measurement. Physicianly practice is the art of healing through accurate diagnosis and treatment.

2. The science that is conducted by clinical pharmacologists involves both clinical studies, which is working with patients or normal volunteers, and a variety of in vitro techniques.

3. Studies of patients with exercise‐induced asthma (EIA) suggest that inhaled β‐adrenoceptor agonists may afford protection against EIA by inhibiting mast cell mediator release. In vitro experiments with human lung tissue demonstrate dose‐dependent inhibition of histamine and leukotriene release by fenoterol, a β‐adrenoceptor agonist.

4. Studies in normal volunteers following the inhalation of corticosteroids (fluticasone and budesonide), which are used for the treatment of asthma, detected the presence of the administered drugs in the plasma. The potency ratio of fluticasone : budesonide for inhibition of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in these normal volunteers was similar to the potency ratio determined in animal models of inflammation.

5. Studies in vitro showed that fluticasone and budesonide have effects on alkaline phosphatase release from human osteoblasts, with a potency ratio of similar rank order to that observed in vivo on the HPA axis.

6. These studies have shown that in vivo and in vitro techniques can be used in a complementary fashion to address questions of clinical relevance.
Mouse isolated perfused heart: Characteristics and cautions
Authors: Sutherland Fiona J , Shattock Michael J , Baker Kathryn E , Hearse David J
Published: November 2003

1. Owing to the considerable potential for manipulating the murine genome and, as a consequence, the increasing availability of genetically modified models of cardiovascular diseases, the mouse is fast becoming a cornerstone of animal research. However, progress in the use of various murine preparations is hampered by the lack of facilities and skills for the adequate physiological assessment of genetically modified mice.

2. We have attempted to address this problem by refining and characterizing a mouse isolated heart preparation that was originally developed for use with larger hearts.

3. We used the isolated buffer‐perfused Langendorff preparation (perfused at constant flow or constant pressure) to characterize: (i) the frequency–response characteristics; (ii) heart isolation conditions; (iii) perfusion chamber conditions; (iv) temperature–function relationships; (v) stability over extended periods of perfusion; (vi) perfusate calcium–function relationships; (vii) pressure–volume relationships; (viii) pressure–rate relationships; and (ix) flow–function relationships.
Activin and TR3 orphan receptor: Two ‘atheroprotective’ genes as evidenced in dedicated mouse models
Authors: Engelse Marten A , Arkenbout E Karin , Pannekoek Hans , De Vries Carlie JM
Published: November 2003

1. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial, inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall that is promoted by various well‐defined risk factors. Although numerous genes, expressed in different vascular and inflammatory cells, have been implicated in this disease, it is widely appreciated that most of the genes and gene products vital for initiation and progression of atherosclerosis are unknown.

2. We follow two strategies in an attempt to make up for the void of essential knowledge. First, we study candidate genes that have not been implied in human atherosclerosis before, notably the differentiation factor activin A.

3. Second, we performed a genome‐wide search by differential display reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. This study indicated potential involvement of the TR3 orphan receptor transcription factor in smooth muscle cell (SMC) (patho)physiology.

4. To reveal functional involvement of these proteins in SMC during atherosclerosis, we performed experiments with mouse models, adjusted either to the characteristics of a secreted protein or to that of an intracellular transcription factor.

5. The secreted protein activin A was studied in mice infected systemically with recombinant adenoviral vehicles, resulting in predominant hepatic expression and subsequent high protein levels in the circulation.

6. To study the role of TR3 in atherosclerosis, we generated transgenic mice in which promoter sequences were applied that direct expression of the transgenes to SMC of the arterial tree.

7. Two approaches were taken to induce the formation of SMC‐rich lesions: (i) activation of femoral artery SMC by placement of a loosly fitting cuff; and (ii) ligation of the carotid artery.

8. The aim of the present review is to illustrate the different approaches that can be taken to assess the potential relevance of genes in atherosclerosis in carefully selected mouse models.

9. Based on the results described, we propose that both activin A and TR3 prevent excessive SMC proliferation.
Caring, Controlling, Contracting and Counting: Governments and Non‐profits in Community Services
Authors: Meagher Gabrielle , Healy Karen
Published: November 2003

Performance measurement and contracting out are central elements of new public management systems. At first sight these elements seem necessarily connected for reasons of accountability. However, for some kinds of services, implementation of conventional performance measurement systems may exacerbate tensions in contracting out. Using a case study of child and family welfare services in NSW, this paper shows that differences in the missions and operating modes of public and non‐government community service providers are thrown into sharp relief by performance measurement, when observed from the perspective of practitioners in service‐providing agencies. Practitioners perceive that their priorities in service provision differ sharply from those of the department funding their activities — and seeking to measure their performance. These findings pose challenges for the ‘partnership’ model now prevalent in community services provision.
Political Economy Influences Within the Life‐Cycle of IMF Programmes
Authors: Bird Graham , Rowlands Dane
Published: November 2003

Increasing attention is being paid to political economy dimensions of the IMF's operations. However, up until now, the literature has lacked a systematic overview of how politics and economics interact in this context. This paper sets out to fill the gap. Its conceptual basis is that of the ‘life cycle’ of an IMF programme. What determines the decision to turn to the Fund for financial assistance, what determines the outcome of negotiations, what determines whether a country will come back to the Fund? Answers to these questions cannot be satisfactorily given by examining economics alone. The paper draws on existing evidence to provide an empirically based discussion of the issues involved. It also points the direction in which future research needs to go. Some of the policy implications of the analysis are also examined.
Mixed‐Mode Delamination – Experimental and Numerical Studies
Authors: Warrior N. A. , Pickett A. K. , Lourenço N. S. F.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: A fracture energy approach for modelling mixed‐mode delamination of composite materials and other bonded structures is introduced. The model is incorporated within an explicit finite element (FE) code and ties layered shell elements together via a stiffness condition, a failure criterion and post‐failure damage law. The procedure for predictive modelling of delamination using the approach is described and the set of required input parameters is presented. A benchmark test comparing experimental results for a continuous filament random E‐glass/polyester composite and explicit FE simulations for standard fracture toughness tests for a range of mode mixities is included.
Enterprise Education: Influencing Students’ Perceptions of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Peterman Nicole E. , Kennedy Jessica
Published: November 2003

This research examines the effect of participation in an enterprise education program on perceptions of the desirability and feasibility of starting a business. Changes in the perceptions of a sample of secondary school students enrolled in the Young Achievement Australia (YAA) enterprise program are analysed using a pre–test post–test control group research design. After completing the enterprise program, participants reported significantly higher perceptions of both desirability and feasibility. The degree of change in perceptions is related to the positiveness of prior experience and to the positiveness of the experience in the enterprise education program. Self–efficacy theory is used to explain the impact of the program. Overall, the study provides empirical evidence to support including exposure to entrepreneurship education as an additional exposure variable in entrepreneurial intentions models.
Effect of Probenecid and Quinidine on the Transport of Alovudine (3′‐Fluorothymidine) to the Rat Brain Studied by Microdialysis
Authors: Lindén Karin , Ståhle Lars , Ljungdahl‐Ståhle Ewa , Borg Natalia
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Microdialysis was used to sample extracellular unbound concentrations of alovudine in order to study the influence of well‐known transport inhibitors (probenecid and quinidine) on the transport of alovudine between the blood and the brain extracellular fluid or whole brain tissue. The AUC (area under the time versus concentration curve) ratio brain extracellular fluid/serum was 0.17±0.036 after a subcutaneous injection of alovudine 25 mg/kg in rats treated with probenecid 25 mg/kg subcutaneous (n=5), which was not significantly different from the control group (AUC ratio 0.24±0.039). Perfusion through the microdialysis probe with probenecid 100 μM (n=4) also had no effect on the brain extracellular fluid/serum AUC ratio after alovudine 25 mg/kg subcutaneous. The AUC ratio brain extracellular fluid/serum was 0.085±0.009 after subcutaneous injection of alovudine 25 mg/kg in rats treated with quinidine 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally (n=8), which was significantly lower than the control group. However, the whole brain tissue concentration was not significantly different between control rats (n=5) and rats treated with quinidine (n=4) 1 hr after subcutaneous injection of alovudine 25 mg/kg (brain to serum ratios being 0.11±0.006 and 0.10±0.005 respectively). Finally, the microdialysis recovery of alovudine increased with increasing concentrations (10, 50, 250, 1250 μM) of alovudine in the perfusion fluid. The recovery of alovudine was increased in quinidine‐treated rats but not in those given probenecid. Thus, probenecid does not significantly influence the concentration gradient of alovudine over the blood‐brain barrier in the rat after systemic or after local administration, while quinidine lowered brain extracellular fluid concentration of alovudine, but not total brain tissue concentration. The mechanism behind this phenomenon is not yet known.
Molecular targets of lithium action
Authors: Corbella B , Vieta E
Published: November 2003

Lithium is an effective drug for both the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. However, the precise mechanism of lithium action is not yet well understood. Extensive research aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium has revealed several possible targets. The behavioral and physiological manifestations of the illness are complex and are mediated by a network of interconnected neurotransmitter pathways. Thus, lithium's ability to modulate the release of serotonin at presynaptic sites and modulate receptor-mediated supersensitivity in the brain remains a relevant line of investigation. However, it is at the molecular level that some of the most exciting advances in the understanding of the long-term therapeutic action of lithium will continue in the coming years. The lithium cation possesses the selective ability, at clinically relevant concentrations, to alter the PI second-messenger system, potentially altering the activity and dynamic regulation of receptors that are coupled to this intracellular response. Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the limbic system may represent particularly sensitive targets in this regard. Likewise, preclinical data have shown that lithium regulates arachidonic acid and the protein kinase C signaling cascades. It also indirectly regulates a number of factors involved in cell survival pathways, including cAMP response element binding protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, bcl-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and may thus bring about delayed long-term beneficial effects via under-appreciated neurotrophic effects. Identification of the molecular targets for lithium in the brain could lead to the elucidation of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and the discovery of a new generation of mood stabilizers, which in turn may lead to improvements in the long-term outcome of this devastating illness (1).
A comparative study of machine-learning methods to predict the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms on protein function
Authors: Krishnan V.G. , Westhead D.R.
Published: November 2003

Motivation: The large volume of single nucleotide polymorphism data now available motivates the development of methods for distinguishing neutral changes from those which have real biological effects. Here, two different machine-learning methods, decision trees and support vector machines (SVMs), are applied for the first time to this problem. In common with most other methods, only non-synonymous changes in protein coding regions of the genome are considered.

Results: In detailed cross-validation analysis, both learning methods are shown to compete well with existing methods, and to out-perform them in some key tests. SVMs show better generalization performance, but decision trees have the advantage of generating interpretable rules with robust estimates of prediction confidence. It is shown that the inclusion of protein structure information produces more accurate methods, in agreement with other recent studies, and the effect of using predicted rather than actual structure is evaluated.

Availability: Software is available on request from the authors.
Towards the in silico identification of class II restricted T-cell epitopes: a partial least squares iterative self-consistent algorithm for affinity prediction
Authors: Doytchinova I.A. , Flower D.R.
Published: November 2003

Motivation: The immunogenicity of peptides depends on their ability to bind to MHC molecules. MHC binding affinity prediction methods can save significant amounts of experimental work. The class II MHC binding site is open at both ends, making epitope prediction difficult because of the multiple binding ability of long peptides.

Results: An iterative self-consistent partial least squares (PLS)-based additive method was applied to a set of 66 peptides no longer than 16 amino acids, binding to DRB1*0401. A regression equation containing the quantitative contributions of the amino acids at each of the nine positions was generated. Its predictability was tested using two external test sets which gave rpred = 0.593 and rpred = 0.655, respectively. Furthermore, it was benchmarked using 25 known T-cell epitopes restricted by DRB1*0401 and we compared our results with four other online predictive methods. The additive method showed the best result finding 24 of the 25 T-cell epitopes.

Availability: Peptides used in the study are available from http://www.jenner.ac.uk/JenPep. The PLS method is available commercially in the SYBYL molecular modelling software package. The final model for affinity prediction of peptides binding to DRB1*0401 molecule is available at http://www.jenner.ac.uk/MHCPred. Models developed for DRB1*0101 and DRB1*0701 also are available in MHCPred.
A Novel Neuroimmune Mechanism in Cannabinoid-mediated Attenuation of Nerve Growth Factor–induced Hyperalgesia
Authors: Farquhar-Smith W. Paul , Rice Andrew S. C.
Published: November 2003

Background

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is central to processes involved in an inflammatory hyperalgesia. Administration of exogenous NGF induces a hyperalgesia that is dependent on local neutrophil influx. The effects of administration of the cannabinoid anandamide and the cannabimimetic palmitoylethanolamide on an NGF-induced hyperalgesia and neutrophil accumulation were examined in this study.

Methods

Baseline hind limb withdrawal latencies to a noxious heat stimulus were recorded before intraplantar administration of NGF (1 microg in 0.05 ml) to the hind paw of 75 male Wistar rats. Anandamide or palmitoylethanolamide (a substance that has cannabinoid-like actions but little affinity for cannabinoid receptors) at doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg were given (intraperitoneally) immediately after NGF. CB1 (SR141716A) and CB2 (SR144528) receptor antagonists were coadministered with the higher dose of cannabinoids. Withdrawal latencies were expressed as difference from baseline. Seventy rats received intraplantar NGF and intraperitoneal treatments. Neutrophil accumulation in the injected paw was assessed using a myeloperoxidase assay.

Results

Administration of NGF reduced latencies consistent with hyperalgesia. Anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide significantly reduced this hyperalgesia. The action of anandamide was CB1 receptor-mediated. SR144528 abrogated the action of palmitoylethanolamide. NGF also provoked neutrophil accumulation in the injected paw, denoted by an increase in myeloperoxidase. Palmitoylethanolamide significantly reduced neutrophil accumulation by an SR144528-sensitive action, whereas anandamide was without effect.

Conclusions

NGF induced a thermal hyperalgesia that was attenuated by anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide. Only palmitoylethanolamide reduced neutrophil influx. Thus, cannabinoids show a neuronal CB1 receptor-mediated antihyperalgesic action and a separate inhibition of a proinflammatory neuroimmune process. Such a mechanism suggests a therapeutic site of analgesic action separable from central side effects.
Three-beam X-ray diffraction – profile analysis
Authors: Thorkildsen Gunnar , Larsen Helge B. , Weckert Edgar , Semmingsen Dag
Published: November 2003

An original functional description of the intensity perturbation of the two-beam diffracted power caused by an interfering three-beam interaction has been developed. By using this approach in the analysis of measured three-beam profiles of α-oxalic acid dihydrate, parameters related to the Darwin mosaic model are refined. The final results indicate an anisotropy in both the mean domain size, measured along the secondary beam, and the block orientation, measured as the angular spread in the location of the three-beam point. The presented method relies on a procedure for merging the contributions to the perturbation originating from dynamical (coherent) and kinematical (incoherent) scattering processes.
Determination of the cation distribution in Fe2Ni(PO4)2using isotopic substitution and powder neutron diffraction
Authors: Henry Paul F. , Weller Mark T. , Wilson Chick C.
Published: November 2003

The distribution of divalent iron and nickel over the two metal sites with differing coordination geometry in Fe2Ni(PO4)2, sarcopside, has been investigated using time-of-flight powder neutron diffraction of nickel isotopically substituted materials. Data from four separate samples were collected using HRPD at ISIS, containingnatNi,58Ni,60Ni and62Ni, under identical conditions. The occupancy of iron on theM(1) site was found to be 0.290 (1) from a combined-data-set Rietveld refinement of the three isotopically substituted samples, compared with 0.26 (4) and 0.26 (15) respectively from this and a previous time-of-flight powder neutron diffraction study using natural-abundance nickel, and 0.366 (6) and 0.376 (3) using anomalous X-ray scattering techniques. A critical comparison of isotope substitution neutron diffraction and anomalous X-ray scattering methods for distinguishing nickel and iron from powder data is presented.
X-ray structure and microstructure determination of the mixed sesquioxides (Eu1−xYbx)2O3prepared by a sol–gel process
Authors: Heiba Z. K. , Akin Y. , Sigmund W. , Hascicek Y. S.
Published: November 2003

Polycrystalline samples of (Eu1−xYbx)2O3(x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0) were synthesized by a sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction data were collected and the crystal structures were refined by the Rietveld method. All samples are found to have the same crystal system and formed solid solutions over the whole range ofx. The lattice parameters are found to vary linearly with the compositionx. The cationic distribution over the two non-equivalent sites 8band 24dof the space group Ia{\bar 3} is found to be random in the range 0.0 <x≤ 0.5 and preferential in the range 0.5 <x≤ 1.0. Replacing Eu3+and Yb3+by each other introduces slight changes in the atomic coordinates. Crystallite size and microstrain analysis are performed on single and multiple orders for each sample using profile fitting and the Warren–Averbach method. The obtained values of microstrain are correlated with the distribution of the rare earth (RE) ions over the two cationic sites of the structure. The average crystallite size ranges from 35 to 96 nm and the mean-square strain from 0.052 to 0.225 × 10−2.
Reconstruction of diffraction patterns by using the Helmholz–Kirchhoff integral theorem
Authors: Kopecký Miloš , Busetto Edoardo , Lausi Andrea
Published: November 2003

A new method to obtain three-dimensional information on atomic arrangement from a monochromatic Laue pattern based on the Helmholz–Kirchhoff integral theorem is presented and experimentally proved by applying the algorithm to the thermal diffuse scattering from a single crystal. The advantage given by the possibility of collecting all the required data on a position-sensitive detector in one shot opens new perspectives for studies of fast physical or chemical processes in three dimensions. The reduced exposure time can also avoid radiation damage of organic specimens, and, in conjunction with an ultra-bright beam from the next generation of X-ray free-electron lasers, makes the method suitable for structural studies with individual atomic clusters. This approach can also be used, by observing the thermal diffuse scattering or order diffuse scattering from both non-crystalline samples and `imperfect' crystals, for the investigation of short-range ordered arrangements of atoms.
A new method for the determination of strain profiles in epitaxic thin films using X-ray diffraction
Authors: Boulle A. , Masson O. , Guinebretière R. , Dauger A.
Published: November 2003

A new and versatile method is proposed for the determination of strain profiles in epitaxic thin films. It is based on the simulation of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles using cubic B-spline functions to model the vertical lattice displacement profile. The lattice displacement profile, and consequently the strain profile, directly results from a least-square fit of the model to the experimental XRD profiles. Noa prioriassumption is made regarding the shape of the strain profile. Moreover, as spline functions are used, the recovered lattice displacement profile is smooth and exhibits a minimum curvature, thus avoiding oscillating or saw-toothed unphysical solutions. The potential of this method is illustrated with (100) yttria-stabilized zirconia epitaxic thin films deposited onto (11\bar{2}0) sapphire substrates by sol–gel processing.
Initial tests of a new X-ray Michelson interferometer
Authors: Sutter John P. , Kuetgens Ulrich , Materlik Gerhard , Rostomyan Armen
Published: November 2003

A Michelson interferometer for X-rays of wavelength ∼1 Å has been proposed to test the temporal coherence of FEL radiation. Such a device has been made at HASYLAB from a silicon single crystal. It is based on the BBB interferometer of Bonse and Hart. One of its mirrors can be pushed by a piezo to introduce the desired beam path difference. For the preliminary tests described in this paper, the crystal was also equipped with an LLL interferometer to check the quality of the crystal and of its preparation. The rotation of a phase-shifting object (a Plexiglas plate) in one of the LLL's beam paths has been found to produce a fringe pattern which can be shown to yield the phase-shifting material's index of refraction. The interferometer crystal's front section was held fixed with a compression spring. At the same time, the interferometer was bathed in viscous silicone oil to reduce vibrations.
Thermal expansion in cuprite-type structures from 10 K to decomposition temperature: Cu2O and Ag2O
Authors: Tiano Walter , Dapiaggi Monica , Artioli Gilberto
Published: November 2003

The thermal expansion of two isostructural oxides, Cu2O and Ag2O, has been measured from 10 K to their respective decomposition temperatures by means of high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction. The thermal behaviours of the two oxides are different. Cuprite has a negative thermal expansion up to about 200 K, and above this temperature it becomes positive. Ag2O, on the other hand, has a negative thermal expansion up to its decomposition temperature. A comparison with EXAFS data in the same temperature range shows that the observed difference between the thermal expansion regimes of the two compounds can be ascribed to the vibrational behaviour of the Cu and Ag atoms and, in the ultimate analysis, to the different rigidities of the metal–oxygen bonds.
Social Struggles in Present Day Argentina
Authors: Carerra Nicolás Iñigo , Cotarelo María Celia
Published: November 2003

Since the mid 1970s, Argentine society has gone through a period characterised as counterrevolutionary. The conservative social forces, led by the financial oligarchy, seized power and government by means of the coup d’état of 1976, and imposed an economic and social policy towards the working class, based on wage cuts and a lengthening of the working day. When the military governments were replaced by civilian ones, physical coercion was replaced by economic coercion, through market laws with unemployment and wage cuts reaching unprecedented levels. Although the popular forces were weakened by the unfavourable development of social struggles since the mid–1970s, during the 1990s government policies were confronted by the people through different forms of struggle.

This article presents the results of research on the different forms of social struggle carried out by the working class and other popular classes since the end of the 1980s until today. It aims to conceptualise the forms of rebellion (foot riot, riot, strikes and roadblocks), to determine the different moments of social struggle and the likely trends of its development.
A QCM Study on Adsorption of Macrocyclic Sugar-Cluster to Variously-Functionalized Monolayers
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Isoyama Kouta , Hayashida Osamu , Aoyama Yasuhiro , Okahata Yoshio
Published: November 2003

Adsorption of the aqueous sugar-cluster molecule 1 to variously-functionalized monolayer was evaluated using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The molecule 1 favorably adsorbed to the anionic (acidic) and OH-condensed lipid monolayers.
Competition between Electroauxiliaries. Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Heteroatom Compounds Having Silicon and Tin on the Same Carbon
Authors: Yoshida Jun-ichi , Watanabe Mitsuru , Toshioka Hideaki , Imagawa Masayuki , Suga Seiji
Published: November 2003

The selective electrochemical oxidation of heteroatom compounds having two different types of electroauxiliaries, i.e. silicon and tin on the same α carbon has been achieved. The C-Sn bond was cleaved selectively and a nucleophile was introduced. The second oxidation of the compound thus obtained gave rise to the cleavage of the C-Si bond and the introduction of a second nucleophile. The present study indicates the feasibility of the redox potential based strategies using electroauxiliaries.
Adsorption of Arsenic(V) by Use of Aluminium-Loaded Shirasu-Zeolites
Authors: Xu Yanhua , Ohki Akira , Maeda Shigeru
Published: November 2003

A P1 type Shirasu-zeolite (SZP1) was treated with an aluminium sulfate solution, and thus an aluminium-loaded SZP1 (Al-SZP1) was prepared. By use of Al-SZP1 as an adsorbent, the adsorption of As(V) was examined. The Al-SZP1 was superior to an activated alumina and other aluminium-loaded zeolites in terms of the adsorption ability for As(V).
Stepwise Cyclization of Hydrazonoyl Cyanides with Isothiocyanates to 1,3,4-Thiadiazolines
Authors: Kim Joong Young , Choi Jun Young , Kim Sam Min , Kim Yong Hae
Published: November 2003

1,3,4-Thiadiazolines have been smoothly synthesized by a new stepwise cyclization of hydrazonoyl cyanides with isothiocyanates in the presence of NaH at 25°C.
A Novel Photocatalysis of Phosphorous Porphyrins for Hydration of Benzonitrile
Authors: Igarashi Takeshi , Konishi Katsuaki , Aida Takuzo
Published: November 2003

Under irradiation with visible light, oxophosphorous porphyrins [(EtioP)PR(=O), 1 (R = Ph) and 2 (R = Et); EtioP = etioporphyrinato I] and phenyl(methoxy)phosphorous porphyrin chloride [[(EtioP)PPh(OMe)]Cl, 3] catalyzed hydration of benzonitrile to benzamide in alkaline methanol.
Comparative Population Study of Aliphatic Polyesters-Degrading Microorganisms at 50 °C
Authors: Tansengco Myra L , Tokiwa Yutaka
Published: November 2003

The populations of four aliphatic polyester-degrading microorganisms at 50 °C were demonstrated in vitro. The percentage of degraders to total microorganisms were: 5-86%, PHB; 3-49%, PCL; 0-87.5%, PBS; and 0-4.5%, PLA.
Hetero-Dinuclear Metal Complexes for RNA Hydrolysis
Authors: Kamitani Jun , Kawahara Ryuto , Yashiro Morio , Komiyama Makoto
Published: November 2003

In the presence of a ligand having two metal-binding sites, Fe(III)/Zn(II) and Fe(III)/Cd(II) combinations hydrolyze adenylyl(3′-5′)adenosine. The notable activities are ascribed to the synergetic cooperation between the two kinds of metal ions in the hetero-dinuclear complexes.
The Excellent Performance of TiO2-Supported Li-Mn-W Oxide Catalyst for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane to Ethylene
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhang Yudong , Liu Xuxia , Xue Jinzhen , Li Shuben
Published: November 2003

Novel alkali metal promoted TiO2-supported Mn-W catalysts are shown to be highly selective for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. 96.8% selectivity to ethylene with the 56.2% ethane conversion is achieved over 2.2 wt%Li-2.1 wt%W-1.7 wt%Mn/TiO2 catalyst at 620°C. Moreover, the results of 200 h stability test and being performed at elevated pressures indicate that this Li-promoted catalyst can be used both under atmospheric pressure and elevated pressures.
A New Chiral Stationary Phase for Gas Chromatography by Use of a Chiral Thiacalix[4]arene Derivative
Authors: Iki Nobuhiko , Narumi Fumitaka , Suzuki Tomohiro , Sugawara Atsushi , Miyano Sotaro
Published: November 2003

A new chiral stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography based on a chirally modified p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene with (S)-1-phenylethylamine was prepared to show good separations of enantiomeric amino acid, amine and alcohol derivatives, while the corresponding p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene counterpart did not differentiate the enantiomers.
A Positive-Working Alkaline Developable Photoresist Based on t-Boc-Calix[4]resorcinarene and a Photoacid Generator
Authors: Takeshi Kazumasa , Nakayama Ryuji , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: November 2003

A positive working photoresist based on octa-O-tert-butyl carbonated C-hexylcalix[4]resorcinarene (t-BOC-h-C4) and p-nitrobenzyl-9,10-dimethoxy-anthracene-2-sulfonate (NDS) as a photoacid generator has been developed. The photoresist consisting of t-BOC-h-C4 (90 wt%) and NDS (10 wt%) showed a sensitivity of 24 mJ/cm2 and a contrast of 8.1, when it was exposed to 365 nm light and postbaked at 90°C for 2 min, followed by developing with a 1% aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution at room temperature.
Annealing of Two-α-Helix Structure by Metal Ion Binding Regulated with Trifluoroethanol
Authors: Sakamoto Seiji , Ueno Akihiko , Mihara Hisakazu
Published: November 2003

A designed two-α-helix peptide His-2α bound effectively a transition metal ion, such as Cu2+ and Zn2+ in buffer containing 10-30% trifluoroethanol, with the α-helix structure being annealed by the metal ion binding.
Migration of Methyl Species of Surface Methoxy Groups on Ta-TMS1
Authors: Lu Lianhai , Abe Ryu , Kondo Junko N , Maruya Kenichi , Domen Kazunari , Igarashi Naoko , Tatsumi Takashi
Published: November 2003

CH318O methoxy group formed by adsorption of CH318OH on Ta-TMS1 was converted to CH16O between 573 and 673 K, indicating the mobility of methyl groups by cleaving the C-O band of methoxy groups.
Synthesis of α-Methylene-γ-lactone Fused to Seven, Eight, and Fourteen-membered Carbocycle through Intramolecular Cyclization of Functionalized Allylsilane with Acid Chloride
Authors: Kuroda Chiaki , Anzai Shuzo
Published: November 2003

α-Methylene-γ-lactone fused to cycloheptane ring was synthesized by intramolecular cyclization of 8-(ethoxycarbonyl)- or 8-(acetoxymethyl)-9-(trimethylsilyl)non-7-enoyl chloride followed by lactonization. α-Methylene-γ-lactone fused to cyclooctane and cyclotetradecane ring were also synthesized from 9-(acetoxymethyl)-10-(trimethylsilyl)dec-8-enoyl chloride and 15-(acetoxymethyl)-16-(trimethylsilyl)hexadec-14-enoyl chloride, respectively.
A Novel Ni-Ru-P Amorphous Alloy Composite Membrane and Its Performance Study
Authors: Wu Guohui , Liu Bingsi , Deng Jing-Fa
Published: November 2003

A novel Ni-Ru-P amorphous alloy composite membrane supported on ceramic tube was prepared by the technique of local electroless plating. Compared with porous membranes and Ni-P amorphous alloy membrane, the new Ni-Ru-P membrane exhibits better thermal stability and higher permselectivity for hydrogen, as well as a remarkable promoting effect on the ethanol dehydrogenation.
Formation of Metal-Oxygen Chain Structures by Bridging Dichromate and Coordination Compounds: [MLnCr2O7]∞ (MLn = Cu2+(bipy), Ni2+(en)2, and Ni2+(bipy)2)
Authors: Hayashi Yoshihito , Mano Hidesato , Uehara Akira
Published: November 2003

Metal-oxygen linear chain compounds, [Cu(bipy)Cr2O7]∞ (1) (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine), [Ni(en)2Cr2O7]∞ (2) (en = ethylenediamine), and [{Ni(bipy)2Cr2O7}(CH3CN)]∞ (3) have been prepared and characterized. X-ray structural analyses of 1 to 3 revealed three chain structures: parallel in 1, layers of chains which criss-cross in 2, and helical in 3.
Synthesis of 2-Aminomethylpyridene-appended [60]Fullerenes. On the Difference in the Metal-binding Properties between 5,6-Open and 6,6-Closed Isomers
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi , Fukuhara Chie , Shinkai Seiji
Published: November 2003

Two 2-aminomethylpyridine-appended [60]fullerenes (1) with the 5,6-open and the 6,6-closed structure were synthesized in order to examine the influence of the structural difference on the metal-binding ability. Both compounds could form the 1:1 complex with Ag+ but the Kass for 5,6-1 was larger by more than two orders of magnitude than that for 6,6-1.
Laser-induced Preparation, Laser Melting, and Laser Cleaning of Chromium Microparticles
Authors: Sato Hiroyasu , Matsuzaki Akiyoshi , Nishio Satoru , Yamamoto Takeshi , Morohoshi Atsushi , Takahashi Masumi , Miyahara Yutaka
Published: November 2003

Chromium microparticles (20-100 nm) were prepared by 248– nm laser irradiation of deaerated aqueous solutions of chromium (II) dichloride in the presence of sodium formate and sodium polyphosphate, followed by aging. The microparticles transferred onto a silicon substrate were melted by 193– nm laser irradiation. The microparticles on a silicon substrate could be almost completely removed by 308– nm irradiation at the fluence of 0.5 J cm−2 pulse−1.
Toward Synthesis of Novel C-glycoprotein from Human RNase; Unexpected Stereochemistry of Epoxide Opening Reaction by Organolithium Reagents in the Presence of Lewis Acid
Authors: Manabe Shino , Ito Yukishige , Ogawa Tomoya
Published: November 2003

A nucleophilic attack reaction to 1,2-anhydro-β-D-manno-pyranose by indole derived organolithium reagents in the presence of BF3·OEt2 afforded isomers of C-aryl glycoside corresponds to the basic skeleton of C-linked mannosyl tryptophan, which is recently identified in human RNase.
Biocatalytic Esterification in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide by Using a Lipid-coated Lipase
Authors: Mori Toshiaki , Kobayashi Atsushi , Okahata Yoshio
Published: November 2003

A lipid-coated lipase is soluble and acts as a more efficient catalyst for triglyceride syntheses in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) than in conventional organic solvents, and the reactivity can be controlled reversibly by changing pressure and temperature in scCO2.