bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BADANIA NAD PRZESTĘPCZOŚCIĄ ZORGANIZOWANĄ W KONTEKŚCIE JEJ PRZECIWDZIAŁANIA I ZWALCZANIA UJĘCIE RETROSPEKTYWNE
Authors: Pływaczewski Emil W.
Published: September 2022

Artykuł przedstawia w ujęciu retrospektywnym badania nad przestępczością zorganizowaną w kontekście jej przeciwdziałania i zwalczania. W pierwszej jego części zasygnalizowana została geneza tych badań w ośrodkach akademickich, ze szczególnym podkreśleniem inicjatyw podjętych w latach 80. w Zakładzie Prawa Karnego i Kryminologii Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. W kolejnych latach wiodąca rola w tym zakresie przypada strukturom reprezentującym nauki kryminologiczne na Wydziale Prawa w Białymstoku, skupionym wokół Białostockiej Szkoły Kryminologii. W drugiej części artykułu autor omawia inicjatywy badawcze podejmowane w Wyższej Szkole Policji w Szczytnie, a postępujące w kierunku instytucjonalnego podejścia do zwalczania przestępczości zorganizowanej. Wskazane zostały najważniejsze projekty badawcze realizowane przez pracowników Wyższej Szkoły Policji w Szczytnie we współpracy z partnerami reprezentującymi ośrodki akademickie i Fundację Przeciwdziałania Przestępczości Zorganizowanej. Trzecia część artykułu traktuje o możliwościach i kierunkach zwiększenia efektywności przeciwdziałania i zwalczania przestępczości zorganizowanej na kanwie badań prowadzonych w ramach Białostockiej Szkoły Kryminologii. W szczególności wyeksponowane zostały wnioski wynikające z pionierskiego projektu badawczego, zrealizowanego przez dra Zbigniewa Raua, dającego początek skoordynowanym badaniom nad bezpieczeństwem w Polsce. W podsumowaniu artykułu autor podkreśla m.in., że stworzenie spójnie działającego, kompleksowego systemu przeciwdziałania i zwalczania przestępczości zorganizowanej, kształtowanego na podstawie naukowej analizy tego zjawiska, powinno być główną dyrektywą organów państwa. Rozwiązania
kompleksowe powinny obejmować zarówno regulacje o charakterze materialno-prawnym, procesowym, jak i wykonawczym. Rolą nauki i środowiska akademickiego jest poszukiwanie i analizowanie problemów, jakie towarzyszą przestępczości zorganizowanej oraz systemowi przeciwdziałania temu zjawisku i jego zwalczania. Mogą one mieć charakter prawny, kryminologiczny, kryminalistyczny, ale także etyczny, np. ochrona prywatności, konflikty dóbr prawnych — wolności i bezpieczeństwa, konstytucyjna zasada proporcjonalności czy oportunizmu w procesie karnym. Powinno się zatem analizować dostępne technologie i opiniować je w celu wdrożenia, ale to rolą organów jest ich wprowadzenie i ocena przydatności dla bieżących potrzeb służb. Działania te powinny być realizowane zarówno w płaszczyźnie teoretycznej (w tym dogmatycznej), jak i praktycznej.
PRZESTĘPSTWA GOSPODARCZE W KODEKSIE KARNYM W UJĘCIU STATYSTYCZNYM Z PERSPEKTYWY ORGANÓW ŚCIGANIA
Authors: Porwisz Monika
Published: September 2022

W ramach realizacji zadania badawczego pn. „Optymalizacja czynności dowodowych, kryminalistycznych, operacyjnych w sprawach o przestępstwa gospodarcze z perspektywy organów ścigania” przeprowadzone zostały badania empiryczne polegające na dokonaniu analizy przestępczości gospodarczej w następujących płaszczyznach: zdiagnozowanie skali przestępczości gospodarczej, dynamiki przestępczości, trudności wykrywczych oraz proceduralnych, utrudniających skuteczne zwalczanie przestępczości gospodarczej przez organy ścigania. W celu weryfikacji przyjętych hipotez badawczych zostały przeprowadzone badania ankietowe funkcjonariuszy Policji.
Dokonano ponadto analizy danych statystycznych pochodzących z Krajowego Systemu Informacyjnego Policji, uzyskanych z Biura Wywiadu Kryminalnego Komendy Głównej Policji za lata 2013–2018. Dwupłaszczyznowość eksploracji pozwoliła na obserwację istniejących zależności, które nie byłyby widoczne tylko w toku badań ankietowych. Ponadto uwzględnienie w procesie badawczym kilku źródeł informacji pogłębiało warunkowanie empiryczne problemu i nadało procesowi badawczemu wymiar analityczny. Przedstawienie wszystkich wyników badań znacznie przekroczyłoby ramy niniejszego opracowania, dlatego w artykule zawarte zostały wybrane wyniki
przeprowadzonych badań odnoszących się do analizy danych statystycznych, zarówno w formie graficznej, jak i opisowej.
POLSKA DROGA DO REALIZACJI „WIZJI ZERO”. PRZEBIEG I EFEKTY IMPLEMENTACJI UNIJNYCH ROZWIĄZAŃ NA RZECZ POPRAWY BEZPIECZEŃSTWA W LATACH 2000–2020
Authors: Sokołowski Mariusz
Published: September 2022

Poruszanie się po polskich drogach w odczuciu użytkowników pojazdów i pieszych do najbezpieczniejszych nie należy. Z jednej strony jest to efekt realnego poziomu bezpieczeństwa mierzonego policyjno-prokuratorskimi statystykami, z drugiej zaś wynika z obrazu zagadnienia kształtowanego przez media. Dyskusja, jaka od lat toczy się wśród ekspertów i polityków na temat bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego w Polsce, jest niezmiernie żywa, a potęguje ją każde spektakularne wydarzenie na drodze. Obrazy zniszczonych aut, informacje o liczbie ofiar śmiertelnych, o pijanych za kierownicą czy zarejestrowane przez kamery przykłady brawury każdorazowo są przedmiotem licznych pytań, komentarzy i propozycji. Wspólnym ich mianownikiem pozostaje jednak poszukiwanie gwarantującego sukces rozwiązania, które mogłoby skutecznie przyczynić się do zmniejszenia liczby wypadków, kolizji, ofiar śmiertelnych i rannych. Czy zatem postawić większy nacisk na działania edukacyjne, licząc na ukształtowanie właściwych postaw uczestników ruchu drogowego, czy też skoncentrować się na wzmożeniu działań o charakterze represyjnym ze strony służb policyjnych i wprowadzaniu rozwiązań prawnych, bazujących na systemie nakazów i zakazów, regulujących szczegółowo wszelkie zachowania na drodze? Strategie działań na rzecz bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego w Europie przyjęte na początku XXI wieku oraz odzwierciedlone w przepisach unijnych i krajowych dążyły do osiągnięcia „wizji zero”, czyli ograniczenia do minimum wypadków śmiertelnych. Ich analiza, obejmująca lata 2000–2020, wskazuje na potrzebę nieustannych, zazębiających się działań z zakresu edukacji wspieranej odpowiednią aktywnością służb reagujących na łamanie przepisów i odpowiednio stosujących
restrykcje z tym związane. Artykuł zawiera szczegółową analizę wydanych przez organy Unii Europejskiej aktów prawnych, regulujących kwestie działań na rzecz poprawy bezpieczeństwa w ruchu drogowym. W tym kontekście ukazuje także implementację rozwiązań unijnych na grunt polski. Całość została zaprezentowana w ujęciu historycznym i chronologicznym oraz miała na celu uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytania: czy określone przez UE priorytety i kierunki walki o bezpieczeństwo w ruchu drogowym zawierają skuteczne rozwiązania, realne do osiągnięcia w wyznaczonym czasie? Czy teorie zwolenników i przeciwników koncentrowania się tylko na represji bądź tylko na edukacji mają sens i odzwierciedlenie w działaniach poszczególnych państw i co najważniejsze, czy przynoszą oczekiwane rezultaty?
Percutaneous Trans-Hepatic Biliary Drainage In Kurdistan Center For Gastroenterology And Hepatology
Authors:   Department of surgery, school of medicine, faculty of medical science, university of sulaimania., Mohammed Naser Abdullah , Al-Karbuli Ahmed ,   Department of medicine, school of medicine, faculty of medical science, university of sulaimania., Ibrahim Abdullah Saeed ,   Department of medicine, college of medicine, Hawler medical university, Erbil, Iraq, Mohammed Muhsin Abubakir ,   Internist and Gastroenterologist, Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sulaimania, Iraq
Published: September 2022

Background and Objectives Percutaneous trans-hepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is an invasive, effective therapeutic method of relieving benign or malignant biliary obstruction and lifesaving if the patient is septic. Moreover, PTBD is indicated in most of the conditions, when failed ERCP and/or ERCP not feasible. Our objective is to investigate the impact and effec tiviness of PTBD in the management of obstructive jaundice Patients and Methods A Prospective clinical study extended from February 2013- October 2013 and included 32 patients whom referred for PTBD to KCGH in Sulaimania city. All patients were meet inclusion criteria for PTBD. After the procedure all of them had follow up. Results Thirty-two patients (19 females and 13 male), with mean age 62.25 years were included, with the etiology of the obstructive jaundice being cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic mass; porta hepatis lymph node, gallbladder carcinoma, and peri ampullary tumor were (44%, 31%, 9.5%, 9.5% and 6%) respectively. Metallic stent, external - internal catheter and dilatation were inserted in 65.5%, 31.5% and 3% respectively. Intra procedurally 90.6% had pain and post procedurally had pain, bleeding and cholangitis (64.5%, 3.2% and 3.2%) respectively. There was a significant difference between the pre, and post procedures of (ALT, AST, ALP, TSB, and Direct Bilirubin), with P value 0.001, 0.003, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001 respectively. Conclusions PTBD is effective, and relatively safe, with the desirable outcome in the management of obstructive jaundice when other lines of treatment are not effective or possible
Evaluation of Thyroid Dysfunction in Type 2 DM in Duhok Governorate
Authors:   Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Duhok, Al Haj Sefar Mohamad ,   Azadi teaching hospital , Duhok,   Iraq., Qasim Bayar Ahmed ,   Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Duhok; Azadi teaching hospital , Duhok; Iraq.
Published: September 2022

Background and Objectives Thyroid diseases and Diabetes are the most common endocrinal disorders seen in clinical practice. As a result it is common for an individual to be affected by both thyroid diseases and diabetes. Most studies show increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 DM than general population . The unrecognized thyroid dysfunction not only worsens the metabolic control but also impede the management of diabetes. The aim of this study is to estimate the frequency and characteristics of thyroid dysfunction among type-2 diabetic patients in Duhok Governorate. Patients and Methods The study population consisted of a total 101 randomly sample Type II diabetic patients from 1st January to 30th November 2013 at Duhok Diabetic center .The patients were interviewed and examined, and their blood samples taken for lipid profiles, Thyroid function tests and at least 2 fasting blood sugars were checked . Results The study population consisted of a total 101 Type II diabetic patients (33 males and 68 females) with mean age of 53.73± 9.07 and 51.97± 11.93respectively. 74 out of 101 patients were euthyroid.The remaining 27 patients had thyroid dysfunction.Subclinical hypothyroid being commonest 14.9% followed by overt hypothyroidism consti- tuting 7.9%. Conclusions Thyroid dysfunction is common among Type 2 DM and it is more common in females than males. Of thyroid dysfunction subclinical hypothyroidism was the most common type followed by overt hypothyroidism.Dyslipid- emia was significantly higher in hypothyroid group than euthyroid group specifically athergenic LDL. Glycemic control was poor significantly in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups than euthyroid so unidentified thyroid dysfunction could negatively impact glycemic control
APONTAMENTOS TEÓRICOS SOBRE A EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA
Authors: De Vivar y Soler Rodrigo Diaz , Oliveira Kátia Lira , Leite Vandeluza , Silva Marcelo dos Santos
Published: September 2022

Com a emergência da pandemia de COVID-19 as instituições de ensino têm priorizado a potencialização de ferramentas tecnológicas voltadas para a educação a distância. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as contribuições da educação a distância no atual cenário educacional brasileiro, bem como, a aplicabilidade de seu conceito e seus fundamentos no atual cenário pandêmico. Esta pesquisa foi construída a partir de levantamento sobre essa modalidade de ensino, fazendo um comentário crítico sobre o perfil dos profissionais que atuam nessa modalidade de ensino.
Multicenter international survey on the clinical use of inhaled nitric oxide in the perioperative setting and critically ill patients Survey on inhaled nitric oxide
Authors: Van Loon K , Rossaint R , Saraçoglu A , Marczin N , Rex S
Published: September 2022

Background: Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a well-established off-label treatment of acute hypoxic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension, but high drug cost and lack of consistent proof of clinical benefit have led to restrictive expert recommendations regarding its use.

Objectives: To evaluate the current practice of the use of iNO in different hospital settings at an international society level.

Design & Setting: Web-based survey distributed via email to ESAIC and EACTAIC members.

Methods: Survey responses are depicted as absolute frequencies and percentages that were analysed using Microsoft Excel.

Results: One third of the respondents had institutional guidelines for the use of iNO. Pulmonary arterial hypertension, right ventricular failure, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and adult respiratory distress syndrome were the main indications for treatment with iNO. Prophylactic use of iNO during heart and lung transplantation or VAD implantation surgery was reported by 12-34%. The most frequently reported doses were 10-20 ppm and 20-40 ppm as initial and maximum treatment doses, respectively. Echocardiography was the most universally used form of advanced hemodynamic monitoring during treatment with iNO, followed by pulmonary artery catheterization. Half of the respondents had a fixed strategy to prevent rebound pulmonary hypertension during weaning from iNO, using phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostacyclins or calcium channel antagonists.

Conclusion: In line with the available evidence and expert recommendations, iNO remains a rescue treatment reserved for the most severe cases in highly specialized centres. The observations made in this survey should inspire future research to help better define the role of iNO, also in the setting of an ARDS-pandemic and the emergence of alternative selective pulmonary vasodilators.
Upaya Meningkatkan Minat dan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Pembelajaran IPA dengan Menggunakan Ice Breaking di Kelas IV SDN Puspasari – Jasinga
Authors: Suniyati Suniyati , I Dermawan Her , Sumantri Irman
Published: September 2022

This study uses the classroom action research (CAR) method where researcher directly into the classroom to carry out teaching activities. This classroom action research consists of Pre-Cycle, Cycle I, and Cycle II. Research data in the form of student learning interests are obtained through the distribution of questionnaires while student learning outcomes data are obtained through tests at the end of each cycle. Based on the research data, it can be concluded that the use of ice breaking can increase student interest in learning science for class IV at SDN Puspasari-Jasinga. This can be seen from the increase in the average results of student learning interest questionnaires. The result of the average value of the student learning interest questionnaire in the pre-cycle were 70%, in the fisrt (fisrt) cycle it got an average of 75% and increased in the second (second) cycle to 83% with a very high description. Meanwhile, with KKM value of 70, it shows that in the precycle 9 students complete this 30% in the less level, in the fisrt cycle 25 students complete 50% are still in the Less level and in the second cycle 26 students complete this 87% in the Very Good level means improvement of 12 completed students. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the use of ice breaking can increase the interest and learning outcomes of fourth-grade students.
THE NEW STAGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Economic Research Institute аt BAS, Chobanova Rossitsa
Published: September 2022

Argumentation is presented for the emergence of a new stage in the development of national economies along with the global technology change and the new social and economic performance challenges. Theoretically, this notion is developed applying Hegel’s ideas of economic and social development. In this regard, economic development is defined as a continuous process of change, the quantitative accumulation of which leads to a new stage with а qualitatively different goal, subject and mechanism for achieving it. Arguments for transition to a new stage of economic development are drawn from the analysis of contemporary concepts of innovative development, knowledge economy, circular economy and digitalization of the economy. They are associated with the application of new indicators for targets of economic development and new methodologies for collecting and interpreting new appearances in the real economy. The article also provides arguments for the transition to a new stage of economic development from the practice of the EU concerning the development and monitoring policies for achieving new goals. This is accompanied by rethinking the strategy and developing new alliances. The presented data show an unsatisfactory performance of the development of the Bulgarian economy among the EU member states. Following the above statements, it is assumed that it is necessary to rethink national strategy taking into account the challenges of transition to a new stage of economic development and opportunities, they provide for progressive development based on specifics national economy and identity of the society.
Trade in Kyustendil during the Revival
Authors:   Institute for Population and Human Studies at BAS, Shterionov Shchelian
Published: September 2022

The development of the trade carried out in Kyustendil and its adjacent territories during the Revival is examined. The analysis of the available source material shows that during the studied period the domestic trade in this region supports the formation of a single national market and the transformation of Bulgaria into a single economic entity, while foreign trade (mostly with developed European countries) contributes to the integration of our country with the achievements of bourgeois civilization. This points to the conclusion that during the studied period trade is the economic sector that gives the region the greatest impetus towards its subsequent economic development.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES AND POLICIES ON THEIR INTEGRATION IN THE LABOUR MARKET
Authors:   Economic Research Institute аt BAS, Shopov Georgi , Dimitrov Yordan ,   Balkan Institute for Social Policy
Published: September 2022

The socio-economic status of people with permanent disabilities in Bulgaria and the policies for their labour integration as part of social inclusion were studied. Based on comparisons of data from two representative empirical sociological surveys, an evaluation was made of the changes in the socio-economic profile of this group of persons that occurred in the period 2009-2020 (demographic variables such as age, gender and place of residence; education; health status; living standard; living environment; labour status). Assessments of persons with permanent disability about the key policies for their integration in the labour market were analysed, while also using expert opinions for the explanation of the surveys’ results.
Opportunities for sustainability in online stores
Authors:   New Bulgarian University, Dimova Nadezhda
Published: September 2022

Consumption and consumer behavior have changed extremely rapidly over the last few years. In the conditions of COVID-19, this process is even more dynamic, which presents a serious challenge for all managers and especially for marketing managers. There is also a very specific feature in terms of achieving sustainability in online stores. There are many factors that influence this particular relationship, but it remains important for both consumers and companies. In view of this, the study presents and analyzes the real opportunities and ways to achieve sustainability in online shopping.
THE BIOECONOMY DURING A COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE CASE OF BULGARIA AND LITHUANIA
Authors:   University of Klaipeda, Dvorak Yaroslav , Kotseva-Tikova Maria ,   Economic Research Institute at BAS
Published: September 2022

The bioeconomy is seen by the EU as an important part of the idea of achieving sustainable development that is carbon neutral and is accompanied by technological modernization and resource efficiency. For that reason, the European Commission has formed a strategy for its development, with the separate Member States having each adopted their own documentary approach towards it. The aim of the present article is to examine the resilience of the bioeconomy to the emergence of a health risk (COVID-19) by tracking the changes in production in some of its sectors. The methodology includes a case study of the bioeconomic peculiarities of two EU Member States – Bulgaria and Lithuania. The level of resilience is tested through a comparison of quantitative data. Contrary to the expectations of a slow recovery of the national economies, the main branches of the food industry show stabilitz. They can rely on their ability to meet the demand for reorientation of the participants in the agri-food chain towards local goods, which provides an opportunity for the implementation of sustainable development practices.
“Industry” Journal (1887-1890) in the history of Bulgarian economic thought
Authors:   The D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Marinova Margarita , Penchev Pencho ,   University of National and World Economy
Published: September 2022

The paper reconstructs the views of the first professional Bulgarian post-liberation economists. The primary source of this information is the “Industry” journal, which was published in the Danube port-town of Svishtov over the period from 1887 to 1890 by several teachers at the local School of Commerce. The authors’ thesis is that the papers in the “Industry” journal carry the main characteristics of classical economic liberalism. However, the early history of economic thought in Bulgaria is characterized by some important nuances and specifics. Among them should be noted: a lack of original theoretical contributions, eclecticism, an orientation towards solving the specific problems of economic backwardness and limited knowledge of the theoretical innovations in economic thought around the world at the time.
Determinants of the ability of SMEs in Bulgaria to cover their current liabilities with the cash flow from their operating activities
Authors:   Economic Research Institute аt BAS, Taseva Galya
Published: September 2022

The short-term survival of companies depends directly on their ability to meet their current liabilities. The purpose of the article is to investigate which factors have a significant impact on the ability of companies to cover their current liabilities with the cash flow from their operating activities. The survey is based on data on 100 small and medium-sized non-financial enterprises from different sectors of the economy for the period 2014-2016. The results of the multiple regression analysis show a statistically significant positive impact on the ratio cash flow from operating activities/current liabilities of the following factors: net working capital/total assets; ROA; equity/total debt; percentage of change in receivables, and a negative impact of the factors: short-term assets/total assets and number of employees in the company.
The fourth pillar of energy poverty in Bulgaria
Authors:   Economic Research Institute аt BAS, Peneva Teodora
Published: September 2022

The article examines the weaknesses in the protection mechanisms for vulnerable energy consumers in Bulgaria. The thesis that the lack of adequate protection mechanisms causes the emergence of a fourth pillar of energy poverty beyond the three most frequently cited pillars – high energy prices, low incomes and low level of energy efficiency of buildings – is justified. An overview of the mechanism for household access to justice in the energy sector in Bulgaria is provided, starting with the national ombudsman, municipal ombudsmen and ombudsmen in energy companies. The main problems, encountered in energy justice for households in this sector are summarized, as well as the way in which state institutions respond to these problems. The study concludes that the Bulgarian citizens face high levels of energy injustice and poverty, which they have to fight using ineffective consumer protection mechanisms. This effectiveness depends on persons in charge, not on legal and administrative processes.
Place and role of energy security in the business of the Republic of Bulgaria
Authors:   University of National and World Economy, Andreev Anatoli
Published: September 2022

In this article an attempt was made to define and analyze the subject matter of energy security in the business. A characterization of the state of the energy business in the EU and precisely the situation in the Republic of Bulgaria is presented. The place and importance of ensuring energy security in business is shown and the perspectives for the development of both the energy sector as well as for business and national economy is outlined.
Marketing strategies at sectoral and regional level in the context of the green circular bioeconomy
Authors:   ", Lyubenov Lubomir ,   St. Cyril and St. Methodius",   University of Veliko Tarnovo
Published: September 2022

An author's integrated model, applicable to each agricultural sector and region, regarding its marketing strategies in the context of the green circular bioeconomy, is presented. It shows that the issue studied is both sectoral and regional in nature. In this regard, the strategies at a sectoral and regional level in the context of the green circular bioeconomy are analysed at the outset. Then regional resources, green markets and short marketing chains, circular design with smart green specialisation and green marketing policies are examined, using the marketing strategies of the beekeeping sector of the Ruse region as an example. The marketing strategies of the beekeeping sector of the Ruse region create new green market segments for apiculture and other products. As a result, regional markets are expanded, local green economies are generated and stimulated, costs and delivery times are reduced, pollution is reduced and new industries, ecosystems and other services are formed. All this leads to competitive and sustainable ecological development of the region in the long term.
A study on the relationship between the level of competitiveness and trademark application activity of the EU-27 member states от ЕС-27
Authors:   Technical university-Gabrovo, Nikolova-Minkova Ventsislava
Published: September 2022

This paper presents the level of competitiveness of the EU-27 Member States in 2019. It also indicates the state of trademark activity for the same year, measured by the number of trademarks, applied for in the countries, included in the study. The relationship "national economic competitiveness – trademark application activity" in 2019 and in 2017 is examined. The existence of a positive correlation between trademark activity and the level of competitiveness of the EU-27 Member States for the years studied is confirmed.
The place of the Russian notionalist Pososhkov in the history of economic doctrines
Authors:   Economic Research Institute аt BAS, Kirova Alla
Published: September 2022

Ivan Pososhkov is one of the founders of Russian economic thought. He is the author of the first systematized treatise on economic issues in its history - "Book on Poverty and Wealth", which will celebrate its 300th anniversary in three years. Pososhkov's ideas have aroused unceasing interest among historians of economic sciences, and for a long time he was considered as a representative of the mercantilist school in Russia. In the last decade, however, mainly, but not only in the Russian specialized literature, a discussion has unfolded about the categorization of his concept and its referring to a specific school/field of economics. The purpose of the article is a critically analysis of the arguments offered and an attempt to make sense of the place of Pososhkov's views in the history of economic doctrines. As a result, his concept is categorized within the frames of “cameralism”.
Public-private partnership in school education in Bulgaria: opportunities and constraints
Authors:   OZONE Agency, Kaneva Ophelia
Published: September 2022

Public-private partnership (PPP) in school education in Bulgaria is an unknown but possible practice that can meet the main challenges in both education management and its implementation and impact. Arguments for its adequacy and value can be found in good international practices, in the experience gained, in the implementation of PPP in social services since 2004 and in the existence of relevant legislation. The article aims to develop and present the possibilities of using PPP in school education in Bulgaria. It analyzes good foreign practices, outlines the possibilities and limitations of PPP, and proposes a procedure for implementing PPP in school education. The conclusions of the study are that PPP will create a competitive environment in educational services, increase the quality of education and motivation to learn, and will introduce innovations and mechanisms to monitor and control.
Foundations of contemporary economics: Frank H. Knight on uncertainty, capital theory, and the beginnings of the Chicago school
Authors:   Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Germany, Egbert Henrik , Sedlarski Teodor ,   Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Todorov Aleksandar ,   University of Economics – Varna
Published: September 2022

Frank Knight (1885⎯1972) was an exceptional social scientist and a prolific writer of many reviews and comments on topics in economic theory, philosophy, and ethics. In economics he is best known for his work on uncertainty as a cause for entrepreneurial profit in competitive markets. This is only one of his many contributions that put the market and the price mechanism at center stage. In contrast to many other neoclassical writers, he vehemently criticized the market as a guiding principle to form a society since the market is unethical. Knight considered the economy as a social system and the economic approach as one among many others in social sciences. Knight is a founding father of the Chicago School of Economics. Several of his students became Nobelists.
Cmentarze żydowskie i synagogi na terenie województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego – historia, stan obecny
Authors: Knercer Wiktor
Published: September 2022

Żydzi na terenie państwa krzyżackiego, a później Prus Książęcych i Warmii, nie mieli prawa do osiedlania się, poza kilkoma wyjątkami. Prawo to otrzymali po ogłoszeniu „Judenediktu” w 1812 r. Jednak ludność wyznania żydowskiego stanowiła nieliczne społeczeństwo. II wojna światowa przyniosła zagładę tej społeczności. W krajobrazie kulturowym Warmii i Mazur zachowały się nieliczne ślady kultury materialnej, jakimi są domy modlitwy, synagogi i cmentarze. Większość bożnic została zniszczona podczas „Nocy Kryształowej” w listopadzie 1938 r., a lwia część cmentarzy została zniszczona po II wojnie światowej. Jedynymi pozostałościami są zachowane i chronione dobra kultury materialnej, prezentujące spuściznę żydowską w tym regionie.
Counseling Theories Role Play as a Teaching Tool
Authors: Stewart-Spencer Sarah , Eubanks Rob , Law Jamison , Wyman Dale , Pullen Annette , James Donna
Published: September 2022

Transitioning from knowledge and understanding to practical application can be a challenging step for counseling students (Authors, 2016). Although the professional field accepts integration as a working model, the ability to effectively integrate theories is a more advanced skill. Research strongly advocates the importance of graduate students connecting with a specific counseling model or theory as a foundation into the profession (Halbur & Halbur, 2015). Beginning counselors may see this as overwhelming as they do not fully understand each theory well enough to integrate. Firsthand experience, such as seeing a theory in action, not only provides a sense of connection for new counselors to a theoretical orientation, but also facilitates proficiency within it (Sharf, 2012). Thus, a role-play demonstration can transition a new student or supervisor from understanding to practical application of theory. This article offers guidance on how to navigate a live demonstration of counseling theories and how to structure the demonstration while providing a brief overview of theory. The article will also explore reflections of both the counselor and the client in the given demonstration scenario and tips, considerations, and ideas for future teaching techniques will be provided.
Predictors of Supervisee Self-Disclosure Within the Supervisory Relationship
Authors: Hess-Holden Chelsey
Published: September 2022

The present study investigates how the supervisory working alliance, supervisor’s style, and the supervisee’s level of self-efficacy are able to predict the supervisee’s level of self-disclosure to the supervisor. Forty-two supervisees completed the Working Alliance Inventory – Trainee (Bahrick, 1990), Trainee Disclosure Scale (Walker, Ladany, & Pate-Carolan, 2007), Supervisory Style Inventory (Friedlander & Ward, 1984), and Counseling Activity Self-Efficacy Scales (Lent, Hill, & Hoffman, 2003). The supervisee’s level of self-disclosure was statistically significantly predicted by the supervisory working alliance, supervisor’s style, and the supervisee’s counseling self-efficacy. Counseling self-efficacy was found to be a statistically significant predictor of supervisee self-disclosure.
A Pilot Survey of the Integration of Technology into Counseling Practice
Authors: Holmes Courtney , Kozlowksi Kelly , Jernigan Dorcille
Published: September 2022

A random sample of 218 American Counseling Association members responded to a survey related to the integration of technology into the field of counseling pertaining to perceptions of possible barriers and benefits to providing online counseling. Results indicate that 11% of respondents currently provide some type of online counseling and that less than 20% of respondents would consider providing online counseling. Respondents identified both potential barriers and benefits of online counseling indicating that while counselors can recognize benefits to online counseling, they are still wary of potential challenges. Implications for the counseling field and future research directions are discussed.
Cookie Friendships: School Counselors Use of Genograms as an Assessment Tool in the Digital Age
Authors: Barrow Jennifer , Wasik Susan , Whiting Peggy
Published: September 2022

Professional school counselors play a vital role in addressing the needs of diverse populations experiencing varying degrees of crises. This article suggests best practices for utilizing genograms in the digital age to identify cookie friendships and to address varying degrees of crisis experiences of school-aged children. The use of genograms in the school counseling setting can be an easily adoptable approach and technique for use with a wide variety of students that can be implemented in various situations.
Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Menentukan Penerbitan Opini Audit Going Concern
Authors: Muchayatin Muchayatin , Eka Lupita Herniyah
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini didasari tentang opini  audit going concern pada umumnya diberikan oleh auditor jika dalam pelaporan keuangan suatu perusahaan tidak terbukti terdapat kesalahan dalam penyampaian  informasi atau mengandung informasi yang berlawanan. Pada saat ini, auditor mulai diminta tanggung jawabanya untuk mengungkap kelangsungan usaha suatu entitas, tidak hanya mendeteksi kecurangan dalam laporan keuangan tetapi juga sanggup memprediksi kemampuan perusahaan dalam melangsungkan hidupnya. Dalam pengeluaran atau pemberian opini audit going concern terdapat faktor-faktor non keuangan yang dirasa bisa mempengaruhi seorang auditor dalam mengeluarkan opini audit going concern. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris pengaruh opini audit tahun sebelumnya, reputasi auditor, dan opinion shopping terhadap opini audit going concern. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan dalam Industri Barang Konsumsi yang terdaftar pada Bursa Efek Indonesia. Seluruh perusahaan sampel telah memenuhi kriteria yang ditentukan dalam metode purposive sampling dengan jumlah perusahaan sebanyak 187 data perusahaan selama tahun 2017-2020. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diperoleh simpulan bahwa opini audit tahun sebelumnya, reputasi auditor dan opinion shopping secara statistik berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap opini audit going concern sehingga hasil ini sesuai dengan hipotesis yang diajukan.
Lexical Items of Flora and Fauna in Local Languages: An Ecolinguistics Study
Authors: Herman Herman , Purba Ridwin , Saragih Amrin
Published: September 2022

Ecolinguistcs study is becoming more popular year by year since many researcher, linguists, and other experts do some researches. Wendel’s (2005:51) definition of ecolinguistics formulated that the ecological approach to language takes into consideration the complex network of relations occurring between environment, languages and people speaking these languages. Since ecolinguistics related to environment, language and people speaking the language, this research is aimed to discuss about the local languages, Hokkian and Tio Cu related to the environment. The data used in this article is the lexical items for fauna and flower. After conducting small observastion, the researcher concludes that the knowledge of lexical items for flora and fauna in local languages, Hokkian and Tio Cu, is less because of environment factors. This means that the language of Hokkian and Tio Cu had been influenced by Bahasa Indonesia as national language. This happened as in the era before the year of 2000, Chinese were not allowed to use their Chinese name, languages (Mandarin or local languages), culture, etc.
Karakter : Identitas Pelajar Kristen
Authors: Adrin Kembuan Lexie , Stevanus Adiel
Published: September 2022

Secara umum dan dari sudut pandang apapun itu membenarkan serta sepaham bahwa nilai karakter seseorang sangat berpengaruh terhadap hasil dalam suatu ruang lingkup secara khusus atau umum. Jika nilai karakter seseorang sudah matang dan terbentuk, maka dari segi tindakan ataupun prilakunya akan menghasilkan sesuatu yang sasuai dengan karakternya. Menurut pandangan secara umum, karakter adalah seperangkat sifat, watak atau tabiat yang selalu mengarah kepada dan menjadi tanda-tanda kebaikan, kebajikan dan kematangan moral, tabiat dan watak seorang. Secara etimologi, istilah karakter asal dari bahasa latin : character, yang berarti tabiat, tabiat, sifat-sifat kejiwaan, budi pekerti, kepribadian serta akhlak. Membangun karakter merupakan mengukir nilai atau prinsip kebenaran yang hakiki yang digores dan ditandai dengan praktik hidup benar berdasarkan ajaran Alkitab. Secara sederhana karakter merupakan; melakukan tindakan yang benar karena hal itu adalah benar. Siswa berkarakter adalah siswa yang melakukan tindakan atau perbuatan yang benar karena alasan yang benar. Karakter yang terbaik dan benar yang harus dimiliki olah setiap siswa menurut Alkitab adalah ; kerendahan hati, kesabaran, pengendalian diri, murah hati, ketaatan, menghormati pemimpin, mengasihi sesama dalan lain-lain ( Matius 5 : 1-12, Kisah Para Rasul 23 : 5, Filipi 4 : 8)
Pemahaman Tentang Keselamatan Dalam Yohanes 3:16 Terhadap Keaktifan Melayani Di Gereja Bagi Mahasiswa STT Sumatera Utara
Authors: Sartika Sihotang Pitri , Purba Lamria , Hutabalian Helpriani
Published: September 2022

Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dan bertujuan menemukan kontribusi mengenai pemahaman tentang keselamatan dalam Yohanes 3: 16 terhadap keaktifan melayani di gereja bagi peserta didik. Keselamatan berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu ‘sozo’ yang memiliki arti menyelamatkan, membebaskan, mengawetkan, melestarikan, menyembuhkan. Bila dikaitkan dengan manusia maka keselamatan adalah menyembuhkan dari kematian atau mempertahankan hidup. Manusia pertama yaitu Adam dan Hawa diciptakan Allah dalam keadaan kudus dan tanpa dosa. Manusia diciptakan Allah dengan memberi kebebasan untuk memilih yang baik dan yang jahat. Tetapi karena manusia memilih yang salah sehingga hubungan dengan Allah terputus dan secara Rohani mengalami kematian. Oleh sebab itulah maka keselamatan dibutuhkan oleh orang orang yang sudah mengalami kematian secara rohani. Dan keselamatan itu diterima oleh setiap orang karena kasih karunia dan itu merupakan tindakan Allah untuk membuat manusia kembali menerima hidup yang kekal.
Feasibility Study of Small-Spacing Twin Well Salt Cavern Gas Storage in Ultra Deep Formation
Authors: Li Haitao , Wanyan Qiqi , Li Kang , Ding Guosheng , Gou Yanxia , Ran Lina , Bai Song , Deng Jingen
Published: September 2022

As a new type of cavern, small-spacing twin well (SSTW) salt cavern has an extensive application prospect in underground gas storage (UGS) due to its good performance such as rapid construction rate, adaptability of thin salt layer, and high injection-production efficiency. While it has not been found to be used in ultra deep formation. Based on the geological condition and rock mechanical parameters of Pingdingshan Salt Mine, Henan province, China, a 3D geomechanical model considering viscoelastic plasticity of target stratum rock is established to numerically investigate the feasibility of SSTW salt cavern gas storage with the upper height of 70 m, well spacing of 25 m and cavern height of 235 m in ultra deep formation (more than 1700 m). A set of assessment index is introduced to evaluate the safety and stability of salt cavern UGS. The results show that the displacement, plastic zone volume and volume loss rate of the salt cavity increase with the decreasing of internal gas pressure while the stress-strength ratio has a decreasing trend, showing the cavern tends to be unstable. The operation pressure has a large influence on the stability of the UGS. Properly increasing the minimum operating pressure can still maintain the stability of salt cavity in extra deep formation. The deformation in long axis direction is smaller than that in short axis direction, which indicates the pillar needs to be lengthened in short axis direction when the cavern groups are planned. The cavern shows good stability under cycle internal gas pressure as well. All the evaluation indexes present that it is feasible to build the SSTW cavern gas storage in such ultra-deep formation when the proper internal gas pressure is chosen. This research provides a theoretical reference for the application of SSTW salt cavern UGS in similar geological condition.
The Qualitative Stability Graph for Open Stope Design – Recent Developments
Authors: Suorineni F. T. , Madenova Y.
Published: September 2022

The Stability Graph is an accepted tool for open stope design in the metalliferous underground mining community. Since its development in 1981, it has undergone several modifications and remains active research subject to date. Admittedly, while some of the suggested changes have been called into question for their practical relevance, others have gone a long way to improve the reliability of the method in minimizing dilution in open stope mining. One of the major concerns that has emerged in researching some suggested modifications to the design tool appears to show some authors do not understand the assumptions and purpose behind the tool. Such authors rely on application of statistics to the database with no idea of the practical implications of the outcome of their analysis. The downside of this is that so much confusion has been created in the mining industry as to what is useful in using the method for open stope design. This paper cautions against the misuse of statistics in geo-engineering with emphasis on the Stability Graph and provides recent developments relevant to improving the reliability of the method in reducing dilution in open stope s. Furthermore, the long outstanding question of whether the original Stability Graph number factors or the modified Stability Graph number factors should be used or not is that there is no difference between the two.

1. INTRODUCTION

In 1980 the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources of the Canadian Center for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) commissioned Golder Associates Consulting Geotechnical and Mining Engineers to determine the information that is required to predict stable spans for open stopes at mining depths below 1 000 m. The method developed in the report for the design of open stopes by Golder Associates has since been referred to as the Mathews Stability Graph Method (Mathews et al., 1981).
Approaches to Determine Fault Shear Strength in Large-Scale Direct Shear Test Simulations Using Discrete Fracture Networks
Authors: Kim B. H. , Larson M. K.
Published: September 2022

In this study, 3DEC modeling in conjunction with the Discrete Fracture Networks (DFNs) technique was performed to better understand the behavior of shearing faults in a relatively large-scale direct shear test model. The DFNs explicitly generated two different geometries of the fault plane surface indicating the stepped or smooth waviness of the surface using probability distribution functions to generate orientation, fracture density (or frequency), and size of the discrete fractures. A 3-dimensional block model of hundreds of meters was constructed for the direct shear test using 3DEC modeling software. After the completion of the direct shear test simulations, a shear strength of the fault plane was estimated by back calculation. The DFNs with subhorizontal/vertical dip angles created an imbricate structure that resulted in a stepped geometry and strong shear response in the fault plane. Under direct shear, the fault plane needed to break the asperities or block before any frictional behavior was allowed or the fault plane would dilate significantly. This resulted in higher shear strength of the fault plane. On the other hand, the DFNs with oblique dip angles generated a relatively smooth surface of the fault plane. The smooth surface of the fault plane allowed deformation principally parallel to the fault plane, and only a few failures developed across the rock blocks in the model. Consequently, the 3DEC model explicitly replicated the complicated geometries of the fault plane using the two very contrasting DFNs and allowed researchers to investigate different shear behaviors of fault planes as a function of surface conditions.

1. INTRODUCTION

The highly anisotropic characteristics of coal seams that result from geologic structures when mining takes place, such as cleats, bedding, faults, and spatial redistribution of induced stress in coal pillars, cause many uncertainties that affect safety. Dynamic failure in coal mines, known as "bumps," is one of the most challenging and persistent engineering problems associated with coal mining in highly stressed conditions. These events occur when stresses in a coal pillar, used for support in underground workings, exceed the critical strength of the pillar, causing the pillar to rupture without warning. These events can be exceptionally violent, ejecting coal and rock with explosive force [1, 2].