bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre-Priabonian Palaeogene formations in

southwestern Bulgaria and northern Greece:

stratigraphy and tectonic implications
Authors: ZAGORCHEV IVAN S.
Published: July 2002

The Paril Formation (South Pirin and Slavyanka Mountains,

southwestern Bulgaria) and the

Prodromos Formation (Orvilos and Menikion Mountains, northern

Greece) consist of breccia and olistostrome

built up predominantly of marble fragments from the Precambrian

Dobrostan Marble Formation

(Bulgaria) and its equivalent Bos-Dag Marble Formation (Greece).

The breccia and olistostrome are

interbedded with thin layers of calcarenites (with occasional

marble pebbles), siltstones, sandstones and

limestones. The Paril and Prodromos formations unconformably

cover the Precambrian marbles, and are

themselves covered unconformably by Miocene and Pliocene

sediments (Nevrokop Formation). The rocks

of the Paril Formation are intruded by the Palaeogene (Late

Eocene–Early Oligocene) Teshovo granitoid

pluton, and are deformed and preserved in the two limbs of a

Palaeogene anticline cored by the Teshovo pluton

(Teshovo anticline). The Palaeocene–Middle Eocene age of

the formations is based on these contact

relations, and on occasional finds of Tertiary pollen, as well

as on correlations with similar formations of the

Laki (Kroumovgrad) Group throughout the Rhodope region.

The presence of Palaeogene sediments within the pre-Palaeogene

Pirin–Pangaion structural zone invalidates

the concept of a ‘Rhodope metamorphic core

complex’ that supposedly has undergone Palaeogene

amphibolite-facies regional metamorphism, and afterwards has

been exhumed by rapid crustal extension in

Late Oligocene–Miocene times along a regional detachment

surface. Other Palaeogene formations of pre-Priabonian

(Middle Eocene and/or Bartonian) or earliest Priabonian age

occur at the base of the Palaeogene

sections in the Mesta graben complex (Dobrinishka Formation)

and the Padesh basin (Souhostrel and

Komatinitsa formations). The deposition of coarse continental

sediments grading into marine formations

(Laki or Kroumovgrad Group) in the Rhodope region at the

beginning of the Palaeogene Period marks the

first intense fragmentation of the mid- to late Cretaceous

orogen, in particular, of the thickened body of the

Morava-Rhodope structural zone situated to the south of the

Srednogorie zone. The Srednogorie zone itself

was folded and uplifted in Late Cretaceous time, thus dividing

Palaeocene–Middle Eocene flysch of the

Louda Kamchiya trough to the north, from the newly formed East

Rhodope–West Thrace depression to the south.
The Cosheston Group (Lower Old Red Sandstone) in southwest
Wales: age, correlation and palaeobotanical significance
Authors: WELLMAN C. H. , THOMAS R. G. , EDWARDS D. , KENRICK P.
Published: July 2002

Upper Silurian–Lower Devonian ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’

facies deposits cropping out in
southwest Wales are poorly age-constrained and difficult to correlate.
Spore
assemblages have been recovered
from sequences of these deposits belonging to the lower part of the Cosheston

Group. The spore assemblages
are equated with the breconensis–zavallatus and
polygonalis–emsiensis Spore Assemblage Biozones
and indicate an early Devonian age (late Gedinnian (late Lochkovian)–Siegenian

(Pragian)). The new biostratigraphical
data enable correlation of the lower part of the Cosheston Group with the
Senni Beds from
the main outcrop of the Lower Devonian in South Wales and the Welsh
Borderland. In addition, the new age
data and stratigraphical correlation place important plant megafossil
assemblages from the Cosheston
Group and Senni Beds in a more secure stratigraphical framework, thus
facilitating comparisons with other
Lower Devonian plant megafossil assemblages and enhancing palaeobotanical

understanding. Evidence
from palynofacies analysis supports sedimentological interpretations which

suggest that the ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ facies deposits

belonging to the Cosheston Group accumulated in a continental fluviatile
environment.
Geochronology and palaeoenvironment of marine Quaternary
deposits in Denmark: new evidence from northern Jutland
Authors: SEJRUP H. P. , KNUDSEN K. L.
Published: July 2002

The degree of isoleucine epimerization in the benthic foraminiferal species Elphidium excavatum
and Bulimina marginata have been measured in four boreholes, penetrating marine interglacial
beds, from northern Jutland. The results of these analyses are compiled with results obtained from
other sites in Denmark and the North Sea region, and four aminozones (AZs) have been erected. AZ1
(aIle/Ile < 0.05) include the Late Weichselian and the Holocene part of the record. AZ2 (0.08–0.12)
includes samples of last interglacial age. AZ3 (0.14–0.16) includes samples from sites that have been
previously correlated with the Holsteinian, and marine isotope stage 7 age for this zone is suggested.
An age close to 400±100 ka is assigned to AZ4 (0.21–0.26). AZ4 is recorded in corings at Skagen and
Nørre Lyngby, and includes the here defined Skagerrak Interglacial, which is tentatively correlated
with marine isotope stage 11.

The Skagerrak Interglacial sediments are characterized by boreal lusitanian benthic foraminiferal
faunas evidencing strong input of Atlantic water to the North Sea. These faunas are replaced by
assemblages indicating cooler conditions at least twice during this period. The sedimentation pattern
in northern Jutland during this interglacial seems to be different from the sedimentation regimes in the
same area at the classical Eemian sites and during the Holocene, which were characterized by large
sediment input from the Jutland Current. This difference may be attributed to a change in the geometry
of the sedimentary basin through the later part of the Quaternary, which is a result of repeated
periods of intense erosion in the confluence area of the Norwegian Channel ice stream. A strong influx
of Atlantic water to the North Sea during stage 11 has been suggested earlier, based on records from
the Devil's Hole area. However, the correlation of this event to the classic biostratigraphic based
schemes of northwest Europe is still problematic.
JEREMY BENTHAM AND DANIEL O'CONNELL: THEIR

CORRESPONDENCE AND RADICAL ALLIANCE, 1828–1831
Authors: CRIMMINS JAMES E.
Published: July 2002

O'Connell's relationship with Jeremy Bentham is the

subject of frequent comment.

However, the nature of this relationship has never been adequately

documented, largely because the

principal documentary evidence – their correspondence –

remains uncollected. As a result, there exists

a lacuna in the literature relating to O'Connell's involvement

with British radicalism. This essay

reconstructs the nature of his political alliance with Bentham from

the evidence provided by their

correspondence, from 1828 to 1831. It begins with O'Connell's

plausible professions of discipleship

and their shared optimism about the radical reform agenda, through to

Bentham's concerted efforts to

bind O'Connell to the British radical movement, and ending in the

disillusionment and division that

arose from O'Connell's insistence on giving priority to Irish

reforms and Bentham's deep suspicion of

catholicism. The whole is illustrative of Bentham's efforts in

his later years to implement his policies

through the agency of presumed ‘disciples’.
POLITICAL THOUGHT, ELITES, AND THE
STATE IN MODERN BRITAIN
Authors: STAPLETON JULIA
Published: July 2002

In general it seems to me a primary condition of national health
that there shall be free and
abundant contact between the most advanced culture and the masses, that
due pains shall be taken
‘to marshall well the ranks behind’, and keep the whole army
together. Where there is a great
residuum of ignorance and stupidity, everything is dragged down... But
if ever this contact was
needful it is now and here; for evidently what has put the finishing touch
to our confusion is the
fact that the residuum of ignorance and stupidity has become our master
and our judge... Just
when the religious tradition had been dethroned by scepticism, and the
constitutional tradition
by radicalism, a new sovereign was crowned who knew nothing of either.
Ignorance was
proclaimed king, and an authority set up.

Before whose fell approach and secret might

Art after art goes out, and all is night!

It is well worth pondering Seeley's gloomy cultural assessment
delivered to the Ethical
Society of Cambridge a few years before his death in 1895. It is not so
much the
pessimism attendant upon the era of mass politics and society that is so
arresting. He was
quick to acknowledge a brighter, more hopeful prospect in the passage which
followed.
It is more the idea, so fervently expressed, that national life is best
served by the
existence of an intellectual elite whose abiding concern is to tend the
cultural well-being
of the less advanced majority – to furnish and communicate moral
truths, a vibrant
atmosphere of thought, and a body of ideas that would at once provide unity
and
direction to society as a whole. He was not alone in entertaining these
hopes, but instead
expressed a common outlook among the leading thinkers of his day: despite
very real
divisions in the intellectual elite centring on such questions as free
thought versus
religion, tradition versus radicalism, imperialism versus ‘little
Englandism’, all sought
a prominent role for intellectuals in defining the central ‘public’
values and identities
of their society through their scholarship and personal conduct alike.
EVACUATION, HYGIENE, AND SOCIAL
POLICY: THE OUR TOWNS REPORT OF
1943
Authors: WELSHMAN JOHN
Published: July 2002

There has recently been much debate about social policy in Britain during the Second
World War. This article takes up Jose Harris's suggestion that historians should look not at large-scale forces, but at ‘those minuscule roots of idiosyncratic private culture’. As a way into the complex
amalgam that comprised ideas on social policy in the 1940s, we look in particular at the report on the
evacuation of schoolchildren entitled Our towns: a close up, published by the Women's Group on
Public Welfare in March 1943. Of course it is undeniable that one report is unrepresentative of all
the many surveys that were produced on the evacuation experience. However, the initial wave of
evacuation in September 1939 was the most significant, and the Our towns survey, along with a
famous leader article in The Economist, has already received some selective attention from
historians. Here we subject the survey to a more intensive examination, looking at the backgrounds of
its authors, its content, and its reception by various professional groups. The article argues that it was
the apparently contradictory nature of the report that explains its powerful appeal – it echoed interwar
debates about behaviour and citizenship, but also reflected the ideas that would shape the welfare state
in the post-war years.
Nitrogen transformations and ammonia loss following injection and surface application of pig slurry: a laboratory experiment using slurry labelled with 15N-ammonium
Authors: CHADWICK D. R. , MARTINEZ J. , MAROL C. , BÉLINE F.
Published: July 2002

A laboratory experiment was designed to determine the fate of 15N-labelled slurry ammonium (15NH4-N) and compare soil inorganic-N distribution following surface applied or injected pig slurry. A system of cylindrical volatilization chambers equipped to allow continuous trapping of ammonia (NH3) was used. Undisturbed soil columns were placed in the chambers prior to the application of slurry. A nitrogen balance including soil, air and plant analysis was established for both treatments, 8 days after application. Average cumulative emissions of NH3 were 15% and 11% of the total ammoniacal-N added with the surface and injected treatments, respectively. After 8 days 55% of the 15NH4-N applied through slurry injection was recovered in the soil inorganic-N pool: 37% as 15NH4-N and 18% as 15NO3-N. These figures compare with only 25% 15NH4-N recovered with the surface applied slurry treatment: 7% as 15NH-N and 17% as 15NO3-N. Immobilization into soil organic-N accounted for 8% of the 15NH4-N applied for the injected treatment and 6% of the surface applied slurry-15N. 15N uptake by the grass was 2% and 7% for the injected and surface applied treatments, respectively. The percentage of added 15N accounted for was 76% for the injected treatment and 53% for the surface applied slurry treatment.
Seasonal variation in response of winter cereals to
nitrogen fertilizer and apparent recovery of fertilizer
nitrogen on chalk soils in southern England
Authors: GRYLLS J. P. , WEBB J. , DYER C. J.
Published: July 2002

From 1985 to 1987, 20 experiments were carried out on shallow chalk
soils, in which soil N reserves
were expected to be small, to assess seasonal variations in the response of
winter cereals to applied
fertilizer N, and to relate these responses to measurements of soil mineral
N (SMN), temperature and soil moisture deficits (SMD).

Soil mineral N measured in autumn varied from 21 kg/ha (1986) to
73 kg/ha (1985), while SMN
in spring ranged from 19 kg/ha (1987) to 91 kg/ha (1985), these values
were typical of soils in long-term arable rotations. Estimates of apparent net
N mineralization (AM) during the growing season
were small at c. 26 kg/ha and suggested large seasonal variation.
The small AM is considered to be
due to the shallow topsoil drying out during the growing season. Whole crop
N offtake without
fertilizer N was only c. 40kg/ha. Crop N offtake, grain yield
without fertilizer N and AFR (apparent
recovery of fertilizer N) could not be reliably predicted by regression
on SMN in autumn, SMN in
spring or AM. Little or none of the variation in crop yield could be
accounted for by regression on
accumulated temperature over winter, maximum SMD in April to July or
mean temperature in April to July.

Despite optimum grain yields being only moderate at 6·59 t/ha for
winter wheat and 6·78 t/ha for
winter barley, response to applied fertilizer N was large, between
3·77 and 5·38 t/ha. In consequence
the requirement for fertilizer N (c. 240–250 kg/ha) was also
large, but differed little between seasons.
This large requirement is concluded to be a result of limited fertilizer
recovery and mineralization of soil N during the growing season.
Effects of great bustards (Otis tarda)

on cultivated areas in west-central Spain
Authors: PESCADOR M. , PERIS S. J.
Published: July 2002

Great bustard (Otis tarda) populations in

Spain are located mostly in cultivated areas during winter.

The birds concentrate in large flocks and feed on

cultivated plants. This paper reports two types of

bustard-caused damage which occur in cereal, lucerne and

vetch crops in west-central Spain, as a

result of grazing and other bird activities such as

display. Field work was carried out between 1994

and 1995. Damage to cereal crops was caused during

germination and early seedling growth or to

young plants, although plants were able to recover from

this by regrowth and the overall yield was

not reduced. Vetch crops were damaged in localized areas,

but these recovered and were useful for

forage enrichment or as grain. However, the damage to

lucerne plots, although local, was extensive,

resulting in yield losses of 23–31% with respect

to the total production.
A comparison of systems for measuring methane emissions from sheep
Authors: MURRAY P. J. , MOSS A. , LOCKYER D. R. , JARVIS S. C.
Published: July 2002

Two experiments were conducted, at ADAS Drayton in the autumn and winter 1996/1997, to
compare methane (CH4) emissions from sheep housed either in a polytunnel system or in open-circuit
respiration chambers. In each system, the sheep received maintenance levels of either cut grass or high
temperature dried grass pellets (HTDG). All experiments in the tunnel were conducted on concrete
to avoid any interactions of the CH4 with the soil/plant environment. The results suggested that CH4
production from the open-circuit chambers was greater than from the tunnel system (26·9±0·46 v.
31·7±0·35 l/kg dry matter intake (±S.E.) for open circuit respiration chambers and tunnel,
respectively). Recovery tests gave similar results for both systems (95·5–97·9% for tunnels and
89·2–96·7% for chambers), and confirmed that both methods give good quantitative recovery of
added CH4, and can therefore be assumed to provide reliable estimates of emissions from animals.
There is no technical explanation, therefore, for the different estimates of emissions provided by the
two systems. Further studies are required to understand the reasons for the differences and in
particular, the possible links between animal behaviour induced by the two systems and CH4 emission
rates.
‘‘The Council has been your Creation'': Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Paradigm of the American Foreign Policy Establishment?
Authors: ROBERTS PRISCILLA
Published: July 2002

He was born in 1893 in the New York brownstone house near
Washington Square where he lived all his adult life, a member of Edith
Wharton's settled, circumscribed world of ordered privilege whose
affluent, well-travelled, and sophisticated men and women traced their
lineage back to the Founding Fathers and their principles to the American
Revolution. His father was an artist who served as Consul General to
Italy, and Armstrong was brought up in a milieu which took for granted
the fact that there existed a world outside the United States. He died in
1973, as the United States finally withdrew from the Vietnam War, a
conflict which deeply distressed him and shattered the foreign policy elite
and its controlling consensus, whose creation had been a major part of his
life's work. In an obituary notice Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., described
him as “a New York gentleman of a vanishing school,” who “treated
every one, old or young, famous or unknown, with the same generous
courtesy and concern.”
EFFECTS OF INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES AND BIRTH SPACING ON INFANT AND CHILD SURVIVAL: A REASSESSMENT FROM RETROSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE DATA
Authors: KUATE DEFO BARTHELEMY
Published: July 2002

Retrospective and prospective data collected in Cameroon were used to reassess hypotheses about how infant and early childhood mortality is affected by birth spacing and breast-feeding. These data show that: (a) a short preceding birth interval is detrimental for child survival in the first 4 months of life; (b) full and partial breast-feeding have direct protective effects on child survival in the first 4-6 months of life, with the effects of the former stronger than those of the latter; (c) early subsequent conception significantly increases mortality risks in the first 16 months of life of the index child. These findings are robust to various controls, e.g. study design, data defects, child's health conditions at/around birth, postnatal maternal and child recurrent illnesses, patterns of utilisation of health care services, and immunisation status of the child.
CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: AL-GAZALI L. I. , BENER A. , ABDULRAZZAQ Y. M. , MICALLEF R. , AL-KHAYAT A. I. , GABER T.
Published: July 2002

This study examines the frequency of consanguineous marriage and the coefficient of inbreeding in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study was conducted in Al Ain and Dubai cities between October 1994 and March 1995. A sample of 2033 married UAE females aged 15 years and over participated. The degree of consanguinity between each female and her spouse, and the degree of consanguinity between their parents were recorded. The rate of consanguinity in the present generation was high (50·5%) with a coefficient of inbreeding of 0·0222. The commonest type of consanguineous marriage was between first cousins (26·2%). Double first cousin marriages were common (3·5%) compared to other populations. The consanguinity rate in the UAE has increased from 39% to 50·5% in one generation. The level of consanguinity was higher in Al Ain (54·2%) than in Dubai (40%).
Sequence analysis of porcine polymeric immunoglobulin receptor from mammary epithelial cells present in colostrum
Authors: KUMURA HARUTO , SONE TERUO , SHIMAZAKI KEI-ICHI , KOBAYASHI EIJI
Published: July 2002

The composition of colostrum is quite different from that of mature milk. In
particular, colostrum contains relatively high concentrations of proteins responsible
for the immunological defence of newborns, such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase,
lysozyme and immunoglobulins (Farkye, 1992; Cals et al. 1994; Telemo & Hanson,
1996; Wang et al. 1997). Whereas lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase are synthesized in
mammary epithelial cells (Cals et al. 1994; Molenaar et al. 1996), the immunoglobulins
are derived from blood serum (Larson, 1992). Immunoglobulin A (IgA), predominantly
found in milk, participates in the development of the gastrointestinal
system and the immune system in newborn infants. It is transported by a system
that involves formation of a complex with the polymeric IgA receptor (pIgR)
exposed on the basolateral aspect of mammary gland epithelial cells, followed by
internalization and release into milk as secretory IgA (Rosato et al. 1995; De Groot
et al. 1999). Consequently, expression of pIgR in mammary epithelial cells also
contributes to the development of the immune system. These proteins specifically
expressed in the early stage of lactation are of interest. However, few studies have
been carried out compared with those focusing on the major proteins in mature milk,
in part owing to problems of mammary gland availability.

Imamura et al. (1996) reported the isolation of mRNA from bovine mammary
epithelial cells derived from colostrum and showed that it is possible to detect
αs1-casein mRNA, predominantly expressed in the bovine mammary gland, through the
application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We have
applied this procedure to porcine colostrum, and successfully analysed the coding
sequence of pIgR. In this paper we describe the possibility of detecting gene
expression in mammary epithelial cells present in colostrum and the porcine pIgR
sequence obtained is compared with those of other animal species.
Examination of whole milk powder by confocal laser scanning
microscopy
Authors: McKENNA ANTHONY B.
Published: July 2002

Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to examine components of
whole milk powder. Powder was dispersed in a glycerol suspension containing a fat-soluble fluorescent dye which was excited by laser light to produce images of the fat
at the surface of and inside the whole milk powder particle. Lactose crystals,
produced in the milk prior to spray drying, were seen to be in the diamond-like,
α-hydrate form. The surface coverage and the stability of
a wetting agent sprayed on
to the surface of whole milk powder particles were examined. The wetting agent was
shown to be located as a thin surface layer that partly migrated
into creases and folds on the particle surface during storage at 37°C.
Diarrhoeal toxin production at low temperature by selected strains

of Bacillus cereus
Authors: FERMANIAN CHRISTOPHE , LAPEYRE CHRISTIANE , FREMY JEAN-MARC , CLAISSE MAURICE
Published: July 2002

The growth of four Bacillus cereus strains producing
diarrhoeal toxin at
32°C (F4433/73 and 29.155, isolated on the occasion of foodborne
outbreaks, and
F4581/76L and F4581/76R, two variants of a clinical strain),
a weakly toxigenic
strain isolated in routine analysis of food (3505M) and an emetic isolate

(F3502/73)
was investigated at low temperature. Biomass was determined by protein
assay.
Generation times were: for strain F3502/73, which grew at [ges ]12°C,

8·71 h (at 12°C);
for other strains, which grew at [ges ]10°C, 10·2 to ∼18·9
h
(at 10°C). Toxin
production during growth was evaluated by a commercial kit (Oxoid) and
by a
toxicity test on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Strains
F4433/73 and F4581/76,
secreting high levels of diarrhoeal toxin during the exponential phase
at 32°C,
produced high levels of toxicity at 10°C until the stationary phase.
Strain
29.155 had
decreased toxin production at 10°C. Toxicities for cellular extracts
remained low
when compared with culture filtrates. A correlation was found between the
toxicity
values given by the two detection methods tested, and the suitability of
both
methods for the detection of potential poisoning isolates is discussed.
Grana Padano cheese aroma
Authors: MOIO LUIGI , ADDEO FRANCESCO
Published: July 2002

The volatile concentrate obtained from Grana Padano cheese by vacuum

distillation was fractionated by continuous liquid–liquid extraction
into neutral and
acid fractions. Both were analysed by high resolution gas chromatography
(HRGC),
HRGC–mass spectrometry, and HRGC–olfactometry. A total of 67
components were
identified in the neutral extract (22 esters, 13 alcohols, 12 ketones,
6 aldehydes, 5
nitrogen-containing compounds, 3 lactones and 6 miscellaneous compounds)
and 16
in the acid extract. Esters were the predominant constituents of the neutral
fraction,
whose major components were ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate.
HRGC–olfactometry of the neutral compounds demonstrated that 23 were
odour-active:
ethyl butanoate, 2-heptanol, 3-methylthiopropanal, 1-octen-3-ol, ethyl
hexanoate
and nonanal being the most potent odorants. n-Butanoic and
n-hexanoic acids were
the main volatile free fatty acids identified in the acid extract as having
an important
odour with a high olfactometric index. The backbone of Grana Padano cheese
aroma
seemed to consist of these acids and 14 potent neutral odorants imparting
fruity,
green, nutty and coconut notes. The concentration of volatile components
responsible
for the fruity and green notes was inversely proportional to the length
of ripening,
whereas the concentration of volatile agents with spicy, nutty and earthy
notes
tended to increase during maturation. In a comparison of the olfactometric
profile,
the Grana Padano cheese aroma was found to be more complex than an imitation

Grana Padano cheese produced with similar technology but outside the area
of the
genuine cheese. Some of the main metabolic pathways for the biosynthesis
of cheese
aroma are reviewed briefly to indicate the possible origin of the compounds

identified.
Effects of high pressure and heat treatment on the mineral balance
of goats' milk
Authors: DE LA FUENTE MIGUEL ANGEL , OLANO AGUSTÍN , CASAL VICENTE , JUÁREZ MANUELA
Published: July 2002

Changes in the distribution of minerals in skim goats' milk
by high
pressure (400 MPa) and/or heat (85°C for 30 min) treatment have
been studied.
Heat treatment caused reduced solubility of the calcium, magnesium and
phosphorus, and this increased with the severity of heating. In contrast,
high
pressure released different levels of micellar elements into the soluble
phase without
causing appreciable changes in pH or ionic calcium concentration. The levels
of
soluble salts returned to their original values when the heated samples
were
subjected to high pressure. However, heating pressurized milk resulted
in
concentrations of soluble minerals that were lower than in control milks,
and close
to values found in heated milks. The salt balance in goats' milk was
less affected by
high pressure treatment at 75°C than was that of cows' milk. These
results are
discussed in relation to the effects of high pressure and heat treatment
on mineral
equilibrium and micellar structure.
Volatile reduced sulphur compounds in butter by solid phase
microextraction
Authors: SHOOTER DAVID , JAYATISSA NEMINDRA , RENNER NOEL
Published: July 2002

The reduced sulphur volatiles, methanethiol and dimethyldisulphide
(but
not dimethylsulphide), have been detected in the headspace of butter samples.
Their
concentrations in the butter itself were calculated by determination of
the
distribution coefficient (K) through spiking butter samples with
known quantities of
methanethiol and dimethyldisulphide. The K values obtained suggest
that the
dimethyldisulphide had a greater affinity than methanethiol for the lipid
phase of the
butter. Solid phase microextraction used in conjunction with gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry has been shown to be an effective method for headspace
analysis and was used for quantifying the butter headspace concentrations
of the
reduced sulphur compounds. Seasonal variation of both methanethiol and
dimethyldisulphide
were found in a series of butter samples, the highest concentration being
in spring with an overall decrease through the New Zealand summer. Grass
type and
condition appeared to influence the concentrations of these compounds in
the butter.
Storage of the series of butter samples at 4°C for 5 weeks resulted
in a significant
decrease in the concentrations of both methanethiol and dimethyldisulphide.
The
dimethylsulphide concentration in all butter samples was below the detection
limit
of the analytical system used.
Effect of feeding before, during and after milking on milk
production and the hormones oxytocin, prolactin, gastrin and
somatostatin
Authors: JOHANSSON BIRGITTA , UVNÄS-MOBERG KERSTIN , KNIGHT CHRIS H. , SVENNERSTEN-SJAUNJA KERSTIN
Published: July 2002

Feeding during milking has been shown to influence milk production, milk
flow and milking time as well as the secretion of the pituitary hormones oxytocin and
prolactin, and the gastrointestinal hormone somatostatin. However, it is not known
whether feeding before or after milking has any effect. The aim of the present study
was to investigate how the timing of feeding relative to milking influences milk
production and flow, milking time and hormone secretion. The trial was carried out
over 9 weeks with 24 cows at varying stages of lactation. Each treatment period
lasted for 3 weeks, including one registration week. The cows were fed ad lib. and
were exposed to three treatments: feeding 1·5 h before milking (FBM), feeding at
exactly the same time as milking (FDM) and feeding 1·5 h after milking (FAM). The
most marked treatment effect was observed during morning milking. FDM resulted
in higher milk production and higher yields of protein and lactose. FAM produced a
lower fat yield and a lower fat content compared with FDM, and a lower lactose
content than either FBM and FDM. Milking time was longer when cows were fed
during milking, but no significant effects on milk flow were found. The amount of
milk collected during the first 2 min of milking was lower when cows were fed after
milking. Milking-related oxytocin and somatostatin secretion was lower in FAM than
in FDM. The level of prolactin was lower when cows were fed before or after than
during milking. More studies are needed to elucidate whether there is a long-term
effect on milk production related to the discussed milking routines.
St James in Tuscany: The Opera di
San Jacopo of Pistoia and
Pilgrimage to Compostela
Authors: WEBB DIANA
Published: July 2002

Pilgrimage is universally recognised by historians as a principal
feature of medieval popular religion, if by ‘popular’ we mean
something in which the ordinary laity fully participated. While we
can be confident of the fact of this participation, accurate measures of its
scale are less easy to come by, while putting names to the thousands of
humble participants is less easy still. Narrative sources, such as chronicles
and hagiographies, tend to describe the pilgrimages of the great and good
(and also of the not so good), and even when, especially in and after the
fourteenth century, pilgrims themselves begin to leave accounts of their
journeys for their own satisfaction, or for the edification and information
of others, they can be seen, almost by definition, as standing somewhat
apart from the nameless masses because they are either literate themselves,
or addressing a literate pilgrimage ‘public’.

The task of putting not merely names, but faces, to ‘ordinary’ pilgrims
is not quite hopeless, however, although the materials which make it
possible vary in their availability and abundance at different times and
places. Use has been made of monastic cartularies to trace at least
fragments of the biographies and family histories of members of the
knightly classes whose participation in pilgrimage, it has been argued,
helped to foster the crusading movement. A little later, the records of
English royal government reveal the names of numerous pilgrims who
sought royal licence and safe-conduct for their travels, registered the
appointment of attorneys for the duration of their absence, or, as witnesses
at inquisitions post mortem, remembered births and deaths by the year in
which they themselves, or kin or friends, went to the Holy Land, to
Canterbury, Compostela or elsewhere. Some at least of these names are
those of men (and women) who occur elsewhere in surviving records and
about whose lives and connections it is therefore possible to know at least
a little. From all over Christendom, too, there are wills, made by
intending pilgrims as a necessary part of their preparations.
William Laud and the Exercise of Caroline Ecclesiastical Patronage
Authors: FINCHAM KENNETH
Published: July 2002

Recent work on the 1630s has challenged the established view of
Archbishop Laud's central role in the formulation and enforcement of
ecclesiastical policy. Kevin Sharpe and Julian Davies
have proposed that Charles I was the initiator of religious change, with his
archbishop often trailing in his wake, and finding ways to qualify, if not
subvert, royal directives on preaching, the Sabbath and the altar. Davies
has also argued that an ideology of ‘Carolinism’ rather than ‘Laudianism’
shaped and animated key religious reforms, and to enact them Charles
increasingly relied on Bishop Matthew Wren, an unyielding enforcer of
royal policy and more ‘Laudian’ than Laud himself. This view of Laud
of course echoes the archbishop's defence at his trial: that he was merely
the king's good servant, executing the royal will, which is enough to make
one pause, since Laud's objective there was not historical veracity but to
save his neck. But other findings have also diminished Laud's political
stature: it appears that Lord Treasurer Weston, not Laud, was the royal
nominee for the vacant chancellorship of Oxford in April 1630, though by
the time the king's letter reached the university Laud had been elected;
later, in 1636, it has been suggested that far from securing the appointment
of his protégé Bishop Juxon as the new Lord Treasurer, Laud may have
actually been a defeated rival for the post.
Experimental evidence for a new instability of a
vertical columnar vortex pair in a strongly stratified fluid
Authors: BILLANT PAUL , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC
Published: July 2002

This paper shows that a long vertical columnar vortex pair created by a double flap
apparatus in a strongly stratified fluid is subjected to an instability distinct from the
Crow and short-wavelength instabilities known to occur in homogeneous fluid. This
new instability, which we name zigzag instability, is antisymmetric with respect to the
plane separating the vortices. It is characterized by a vertically modulated twisting
and bending of the whole vortex pair with almost no change of the dipole's cross-
sectional structure. No saturation is observed and, ultimately, the vortex pair is sliced
into thin horizontal layers of independent pancake dipoles. For the largest Brunt–Väisälä
frequency N = 1.75 rad s−1 that may be achieved in the experiments, the zigzag
instability is observed only in the range of Froude numbers:
0.13 < Fh0 < 0.21 (Fh0
= U0/NR, where U0 and R
are the initial dipole travelling velocity and radius). When
Fh0 > 0.21, the elliptic instability develops resulting in three-dimensional motions
which eventually collapse into a relaminarized vortex pair. Irregular zigzags are then
also observed to grow. The threshold for the inhibition of the elliptic instability
Fh0 = 0.2±0.01 is independent of N and in good agreement with the theoretical study
of Miyazaki & Fukumoto (1992). Complete stabilization for Fh0 < 0.13 is probably
due to viscous effects since the associated Reynolds number is low, Re0 < 260. In
geophysical flows characterized by low Froude numbers and large Reynolds numbers,
we conjecture that this viscous stabilization will occur at much lower Froude number.

It is tentatively argued that this new type of instability may explain the layering
widely observed in stratified turbulent flows.
Theoretical analysis of the zigzag instability of a vertical columnar vortex pair in a strongly stratified fluid
Authors: BILLANT PAUL , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC
Published: July 2002

A general theoretical account is proposed for the zigzag instability of a vertical
columnar vortex pair recently discovered in a strongly stratified experiment.

The linear inviscid stability of the Lamb–Chaplygin vortex pair is analysed by a
multiple-scale expansion analysis for small horizontal Froude number
(Fh = U/LhN,
where U is the magnitude of the horizontal velocity, Lh the horizontal lengthscale
and N the Brunt–Väisälä frequency) and small vertical Froude number
(Fv = U/LvN,
where Lv is the vertical lengthscale) using the scaling of the equations of motion
introduced by Riley, Metcalfe & Weissman (1981). In the limit Fv = 0, these equations
reduce to two-dimensional Euler equations for the horizontal velocity with
undetermined vertical dependence. Thus, at leading order, neutral modes of the flow
are associated, among others, to translational and rotational invariances in each
horizontal plane. To each broken invariance is related a phase variable that may
vary freely along the vertical. Conservation of mass and potential vorticity impose at
higher order the evolution equations governing the phase variables that we derive for
Fh [Lt ] 1 and Fv [Lt ] 1
in the spirit of phase dynamics techniques established for periodic
patterns. In agreement with the experimental observations, this asymptotic analysis
shows the existence of an instability consisting of a vertically modulated rotation and
a translation of the columnar vortex pair perpendicular to the travelling direction.
The dispersion relation as well as the spatial eigenmode of the zigzag instability are
determined. The analysis predicts that the most amplified vertical wavelength should
scale as U/N and the maximum growth rate as U/Lh.

Our main finding is thus that the typical thickness of the ensuing layers will be
such that Fv = O(1) and not Fv [Lt ] 1
as assumed by Riley et al. (1981) and Lilly
(1983). This implies that such strongly stratified flows are not described by two-
dimensional horizontal equations. These results may help to understand the layering
commonly observed in stratified turbulence and the fundamental differences with
strictly two-dimensional turbulence.
On the tip-splitting instability of viscous fingers
Authors: LAJEUNESSE E. , COUDER Y.
Published: July 2002

The instabilities of Saffman–Taylor viscous fingers are revisited experimentally in the
standard linear channel as well as in wedges of angle θ0. The local destabilization of
a finger occurs by a splitting of its tip and results in the formation of two branches
separated by a fjord. It is shown that, in a first approximation, the central line of a
fjord follows a curve normal to the successive profiles of stable fingers. These normal
curves are computed analytically for the Saffman–Taylor finger in a linear cell and
numerically for the wedges. The length of a fjord is critically sensitive to the position
of the initial destabilization of the finger. The nearer to the tip it occurs, the longer
the fjord will be. Assuming a uniform spatial distribution of the disturbances in the
central part of the finger front it is possible to predict the size distribution of the lateral
branches. In the linear channel the probability of branches larger than the channel
width is negligible. For wedges of increasing angle the probability of large secondary
branches increases. Finally, for wedges with θ0 larger than approximately 90° infinite
fjords separating two long-lived structures are observed. Our experimental results also
suggest a generalization of the definition of virtual cells. With this new definition it
is possible to show that the increasing complexity of the patterns corresponds to a
hierarchy of virtual cells of various sizes.
Inverse cascade in film flows
Authors: KLIAKHANDLER IGOR L.
Published: July 2002

Developed interfacial dynamics of thin film flows with moderate Reynolds numbers
exhibits a remarkable feature: the evolution is dominated by solitary-like pulses with
a natural large wavelength between them. This phenomenon is robust and resembles
the inverse energy cascade in two-dimensional turbulence. A new simple evolution
equation is proposed to describe the film flow dynamics which captures such an
inverse cascade. The equation combines the simplest kinematic nonlinearity with the
exact linear term. The spectral kernel of the linear term is found from the numerical
solution of the associated linear stability problem.
Wave focusing and ensuing mean flow due to symmetry breaking in rotating fluids
Authors: MAAS LEO R. M.
Published: July 2002

Rotating fluids support waves. These inertial waves propagate obliquely through the
fluid, with an angle that is fixed with respect to the rotation axis. Upon reflection,
their wavelength is unchanged only when the wall obeys the local reflectional symmetry,
that is, when it is either parallel or perpendicular to the rotation axis. For
internal gravity waves in a density-stratified fluid, sloping boundaries thus break the
symmetry of ray paths, in a two-dimensional container, predicting their focusing upon
attractors: particular paths onto which the wave rays, and hence the energy, converge,
and to which the wave energy returns after a small number of refections. Laboratory
observations, presented here, show that, despite the intrinsic three-dimensionality of
inertial waves, attractors still occur. The intensified wave energy on the attractor encourages
centrifugal instabilities, leading to a mean flow. Evidence of this comes from
dye spreading, observed to develop most rapidly over the location where the attractor
reflects from the sloping wall, being the place where focusing and instabilities occur.
This mean flow, resulting from the mixing of angular momentum, accompanying
the intensification of the wave field at that location, has geophysical implications,
because the ocean, atmosphere and Earth's liquid outer core can be regarded as
asymmetrically contained. The relevance of wave focusing in a rotating, spherical
shell, the modifications due to the addition of radial stratification, and its implications
for observed equatorial current patterns and inertial oscillations are discussed.
The well-known universality of oceanic, gravito-inertial wave spectra might reflect
complementary, divergent (chaotic) wave-ray behaviour, which occurs in containers
obeying the reflectional symmetry, but in which symmetry is broken in the horizontal
plane. Periodic orbits still exist, but now repell.
Numerical study of the motions within a slowly precessing sphere at low Ekman number
Authors: NOIR JÉRÔME , JAULT D. , CARDIN P.
Published: July 2002

A geostrophic circulation and a pair of oblique oscillating shear layers arise in a
spherical uid cavity contained in a slowly precessing rigid body. Both are caused
by the breakdown of the Ekman boundary layer at two critical circles. We rely on
numerical modelling to characterize these motions for very small Ekman numbers.
Both the O(E1/5) amplitude of the velocity in the oscillating shear layer and the
width (also O(E1/5)) of these oblique layers are the result of in ux into the interior
from the regions where the Ekman layer breaks down. The oscillating motions are
confined to narrow shear layers and their amplitude decays exponentially away from
the characteristic surfaces. Nonlinear interactions inside the boundary layer drive the
geostrophic shear layer attached to the critical circles. This steady layer, again of
O(E1/5) thickness, contains O(E−3/10)
velocities. Our results are in good agreement with the experimental measurement by Malkus of the geostrophic velocity
arising in a slowly precessing spheroid.
Sound production of vortex–nozzle interactions
Authors: HULSHOFF S. J. , HIRSCHBERG A. , HOFMANS G. C. J.
Published: July 2002

The factors which affect the sound production of a vortex as it passes through a
nozzle are investigated at both low and high Mach numbers using time-accurate
inviscid-flow computations. Vortex circulation, initial position, and mean-flow Mach
number are shown to be the primary factors which influence the amplitude and phase
of the sound produced. Nozzle geometry and distribution of vorticity are also shown
to play significant roles in determining the detailed form of the signal. Additionally,
it is shown that solution bifurcations are possible at sufficiently large values of
vortex circulation. Comparisons are made between sound signals computed directly
using a numerical method for the Euler equations and predictions obtained using a
compressible vortex-sound analogy coupled with a compact-source assumption for
the computation of vorticity dynamics. The results confirm that the latter approach is
accurate for a range of problems with low mean-flow Mach numbers. At higher Mach
numbers, however, the non-compactness of the source becomes apparent, resulting
in significant changes to the character of the signal which cannot be predicted using
the analogy-based approach. Implications for the construction of simplified models
of vortex sound in solid-rocket nozzles are discussed.
Sand bars in tidal channels. Part 1. Free bars
Authors: SEMINARA G. , TUBINO M.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the basic mechanism whereby bars form in tidal channels or estuaries.
The channel is assumed to be long enough to allow neglect of the effects of end
conditions on the process of bar formation. In this respect, the object of the present
analysis differs from that of Schuttelaars & de Swart (1999) who considered bars
of length scaling with the finite length of the tidal channel. The channel bottom is
assumed to be cohesionless and consisting of uniform sediments. Bars are shown to
arise from a mechanism of instability of the erodible bed subject to the propagation of
a tidal wave. Sediment is assumed to be transported both as bedload and as suspended
load. A fully three-dimensional model is employed both for the hydrodynamics and
for sediment transport. At the leading order of approximation considered, the effects
of channel convergence, local inertia and Coriolis forces on bar instability are shown
to be negligible. Unlike fluvial free bars, in the absence of mean currents tidal free
bars are found to be non-migrating features (in the mean). Instability arises for large
enough values of the mean width to depth ratio of the channel, for given mean values
of the Shields parameter and of the relative channel roughness. The role of suspended
load is such as to stabilize bars in the large-wavenumber range and destabilize them
for small wavenumbers. Hence, for large values of the mean Shields stress, it turns
out that the first critical mode (the alternate bar mode) is characterized by a very
small value of the critical width to depth ratio. Furthermore, the order-m mode being
characterized by a critical value of the width to depth ratio equal to m times the
critical value for the first mode, it follows that for large values of the mean Shields
stress several unstable modes are simultaneously excited for relatively low values of
the aspect ratio. This suggests that the actual bar pattern observed in nature may
arise from an interesting nonlinear competition among different unstable modes.