bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Contribution of the Metal to the Differential Capacitance of the Ideally Polarizable Electrode
Authors: BADIALI J. P.
Published: May 2016

Review: (discussion of concepts, methods and properties which are directly useful for a good Understanding of the models for the capacitance.
ChemInform Abstract: Vapour Pressure of Molten Acidic Potassium Chloride‐Aluminium Chloride‐Aluminium Chloride Monoammine Mixtures.
Authors: NAKAMURA K. , OESTVOLD T. , OEYE H. A.
Published: May 2016

Studies of acidic KCl‐AlCl3NH3‐AlCl3 melts (XKC, X M03) by vapour pressure (boiling point method) and vapour condensation measurements as well as mass spectrometry con‐ firm the existence of the species AIZCIG, AlCl3, AlCl3NH3, and Al2Cl6NH3 in the ternary melt.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Conjugation Beyond Multiple Bonds. Part 3. The Nature of Carbon‐Carbon Bond Length.
Authors: CHEN Z.
Published: May 2016

The effect of the change in the form of a carbon atom (tetrahedral, trigonal, or linear) on the C‐Cbond length is studied by CNDO/ 2 and MNDO methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocyclization of o‐Halostilbenes.
Authors: OLSEN R. J. , PRUETT S. R.
Published: May 2016

Aus den nach Wittig zugänglichen o‐Halogen‐stilbenen (I) werden durch Photolyse in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff im wesentlichen die Halogen‐phenanthrene (II), in Gegenwart von Basen die Halogen‐freien Phenanthrene (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of a New Class of Hydrophobic Binding Sites.
Authors: PETTI M. A. , SHEPODD T. J. , DOUGHERTY D. A.
Published: May 2016

Aus 2,6‐Dihydroxy‐anthracen (I) erhält man mit dem Acetylendicarbonsäureester (II) das Addukt (IIIa), aus dem die Folgeprodukte (IIIb) und (IIIc) hergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Excited‐State Properties of Ruthenium(II) Tris Chelate Complexes Containing the Ligands 2,2′‐Bipyridine (bpy) and Dipyrido[3,2‐c:2′,3′‐e]pyridazine (taphen).
Authors: JURIS A. , BELSER P. , BARIGELLETTI F. , VON ZELEWSKY A. , BALZANI V.
Published: May 2016

The complexes [Ru(bpy)3‐"(taphen)"]2+ [n: 0‐3; bpy: (I), taphen: (II)] have been prepared and their absorption spectra, emission spectra, emission lifetimes, luminescence quantum yields and redox potentials have been measured.
ChemInform Abstract: A Short, Efficient, Highly Selective Synthesis of (lR,3S)‐cis‐Chrysanthemic Acid Through the Microbiological Reduction of 2,2,5,5‐Tetramethyl‐1,4‐cyclohexanedione.
Authors: D'ANGELO J. , REVIAL G. , AZERAD R. , BUISSON D.
Published: May 2016

Das enantiomerenreine (+)‐Dihydrochrysanthemolacton (XI) wird ausgehend vom Tetramethylcyclohexan‐1,4‐dion (II) in einer Gesamtausbeute von 70% hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of 7‐Chlorobicyclo[3.2.0]hept‐2‐en‐6‐ones Catalysed by 3α,20β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase.
Authors: DAVIES H. G. , GARTENMANN T. C. C. , LEAVER J. , ROBERTS S. M. , TURNER M. K.
Published: May 2016

Die Chlor‐bicycloheptenone (I) werden in Gegenwart von 3a,20ß‐Hydroxysteroid‐Alkoholdehydrogenase aus Streptomyces hydroge‐ nans zu (II) reduziert,′ mit Zink‐Eisessig erhält man das Keton (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The High Aqueous Solubility of K2S and Its Effect on Bulk and Photoelectrochemical Characteristics of Cd(SeTe)/Sx2‐ Cells.
Authors: LICHT S. , MANASSEN J.
Published: May 2016

Variation of sulfur/alkali sulfide ratio X5 is shown to modify significantly transparency, redox potential, and halflife of aqueous polysulfide solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of a Crowned p‐Benzoquinone.
Authors: HAYAKAWA K. , KIDO K. , KANEMATSU K.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von dem Benzylphenylether (II) erhält man den Chinonkronenether (IV), der zu (V) hydriert und mit Cyclopentadien bzw. Thebain zu den Cycloaddukten (VI) und (VIII) umgesetzt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry of Intramolecular Homolytic Substitution at the Sulphur Atom of a Chiral Sulphoxide.
Authors: BECKWITH A. L. J. , BOATE D. R.
Published: May 2016

Die intramolekulare homolytische Substitution des aus (I) erhaltenen Sulfoxids (II) führt zu Thionaphthensulfoxid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Some Reactions of 2‐Ethyl Hydrogen‐5‐p‐chlorophenyl‐3‐oxo‐4‐cyclohexene‐1,2‐dicarboxylate.
Authors: SOLIMAN E. A. , HAMED A. A. , EL‐SAYED W. A.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung der 1,3‐Dicarbonylverbindungen (I) mit den Hydrazinen (II) bzw. den Harnstoffen (IV) führt zu den Heterocyclen (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Alcohols. Part 22. E/Z‐Selectivity on Addition of α‐Substituted Allylboronates to Aldehydes.
Authors: HOFFMANN R. W. , LANDMANN B.
Published: May 2016

The preparation of the α‐substituted allyl boronates (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Trialkylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonates. Part 4. 1,3‐Trialkylsiloxy Shift ‐ a New Rearrangement Reaction During the Silylation of Nitroalkanes.
Authors: FEGER H. , SIMCHEN G.
Published: May 2016

Nitroalkanes (I) with C‐Hbonds in the β‐position react with two‐fold molar amounts of trialkylsilyl triflates (II) to yield the oxime ethers (III), which are mixtures of E/Z‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Uracils. Part 6. New Ring Transformations of 6‐Aminouracils with Acetylenedicarboxylates to Pyridinedionates and Pyrrolo‐[3,4‐c]pyridines.
Authors: WAMHOFF H. , SCHUPP W. , KIRFEL A. , WILL G.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Uracilen (I) erhält man die Phosphinimine (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Pd(II) and Pt(II) Complexes of Me3MCH2SeR (M: Si, Ge; R: Me, Ph) and Crystal Structures of trans‐(Me3SiCH2SeMe)2PdCl2 and trans‐(Me3GeCH2SeMe)2PtCl2.
Authors: CHADHA R. K. , CHEHAYBER J. M. , DRAKE J. E.
Published: May 2016

The title trans complexes (III) prepared as shown are characterized by spectroscopic (IR, Raman, "C, 778e and ′95Pt NMR) data and by the single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination of two of the complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐(1‐Carboxy‐5‐aminopentyl)dipeptides as Inhibitors of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme.
Authors: ESCHER R. , BUENNING P. +
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (VI) have been synthesized Starting from the triflates (Ic), (Id) of the glycolate (Ia) and D‐lactate (Ib) as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Phases of the System M2O ‐ MgO ‐ TiO2 (M: Li, K, Rb) within the Crystallization Region of Hollandite.
Authors: GRIGOR'EVA L. F. , PETROV S. A. , POPOV V. P. , ROMANOV D. P.
Published: May 2016

The compounds formed by the systems M20 ‐ MgO ‐ TiO2 (M: Li, K, Rb) within the concentration range of the crystallization of hollandites (MgMgTi‐,Olg are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Methylbenzvalene ‐ Synthesis and Several Reactions.
Authors: CHRISTL M. , KEMMER P. , MATTAUCH B.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (III) is synthesized starting from cyclopentadiene (I) and obtained together with toluene and large amounts of hexene.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Some β‐Aroyl‐α‐[4‐(1,3‐Disubstituted‐2‐Pyrazolin‐5‐one)] Propionic Acids.
Authors: SAYED G. H. , ISMAIL A. A. , HASHEM Z.
Published: May 2016

Die Pyrazolinone (II) werden nach Michael an die β‐Aroylacrylsäuren (I) unter Bildung von (III) addiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Cleavage and Cyclization of Disulfide Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols by Aqueous Iodine: A Facile Route to Five‐Membered Ring Sultines.
Authors: DOI J. T. , LUEHR G. W. , MUSKER W. K.
Published: May 2016

Die oxidative Spaltung bzw. Cyclisierung der Disul?d‐dicarbonsäuren (I) bzw. des Disul?d‐dialkohols (II) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Stereochemistry and Pharmacology of New (Quinuclidyl‐3)‐diheteroaryl‐ and ‐arylheteroarylcarbinols.
Authors: ARBUZOVA O. R. , TURCHIN K. F. , TUPIKINA S. M. , ZHIRNIKOVA M. L. , MIKHLINA E. E. , KAMINKA M. E. , YAKHONTOV L. N.
Published: May 2016

Zur Untersuchung auf Antihistamin‐Wirkung werden die Carbinole (III) aus dem Ester (Ia) bzw. den Ketonen (Ib) mit den (Het)Aryll‐ithiumverbindungen (II) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Geometrical and Optical Isomers of Diethylenetriaminemonoacetato(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Ion and Their Isomerism.
Authors: FUJITA M. , YOSHIKAWA Y. , YAMATERA H.
Published: May 2016

Two isomers of the title complex were obtained by reacting the dichloro‐Co(II) complex of the polyamine acetate with en in H2O (60°C, 6h), isolated as iodides, and separated by column‐chromatography.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics of Ternary Complex Formation: The (Adenosine 5′‐triphosphato)nickel(II) + 2,2′‐Bipyridine System.
Authors: BUTENHOF K. J. , COCHENOUR D. , BANYASZ J. L. , STUEHR J. E.
Published: May 2016

The kinetics of formation of mixed‐ligand complexes in the title system were studied by stopped‐flow spectroscopy at 15°C. A single relaxation effect was observed in the near‐UV region.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Orellanine. The Lethal Toxin of Cortinarius Orellanus Fries Mushroom.
Authors: TIECCO M. , TINGOLI M. , TESTAFERRI L. , CHIANELLI D. , WENKERT E.
Published: May 2016

Bromination and methylation of the pyridine (I) gives (II), which is converted to its N‐oxide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BMT) by Using Oxine.
Authors: KAKEGAWA K. , WAKABAYASHI T. , SASAKI Y.
Published: May 2016

Anovel process for synthesizing the title ceramic (for microwave uses) starts from a solution containing Mg" and Ta", which is added to an aqueous ammonia solution of oxine.
ChemInform Abstract: Cubane‐Type Mo3FeS44+ Aqua Ion and X‐Ray Structure of (Mo3FeS4(NH3)9(H2O))Cl4.
Authors: SHIBAHARA T. , AKASHI H. , KUROYA H.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of metallic Fe with the aqua ion M038?" in a HCl solution results in the formation of the Mo3FeS2+ (I) aqua ion.
ChemInform Abstract: (Hydroxyacetyl)iridium and ‐rhodium Complexes: Model Compounds for CO Hydrogenation.
Authors: MILSTEIN D. , FULTZ W. C. , CALABRESE J. C.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of equivalent amounts of the Ir(I) complex (I) with 2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐dioxane (II) yields the (hydroxyacetyl)‐Ir(III) complex (III) which is thermally stable.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of the Oxyfluoride TIU3OF11.
Authors: HSINI S. , CAIGNOL E. , METIN J. , AVIGNANT D. , COUSSEINS J.‐C.
Published: May 2016

The title compound crystallizes 7′ in the monoclinic system, space group Cm with Z=4.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Double Salts and Mixed Crystals in the MBr2 ‐ ZnBr2 ‐ H2O Systems (M: Mg, Ca, Mn).
Authors: DUHLEV R. , BALAREW C.
Published: May 2016

The double salts (I)‐(V) have been found in the title Systems and their chemical individuality is confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Single Crystals of CdInSbS4 and Their Properties.
Authors: AZIZOV T. KH. , GUSEINOV G. G. , KULIEV A. S. , NAGIEV R. A.
Published: May 2016

The compound CdInSbS4 is synthesized from the elements in evacuated quartz ampoules.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and an X‐Ray Study of a Single Crystal of Dy2TiO5.
Authors: PETROVA M. A. , ROMANOV D. P. , RAKHMANKULOV R. M. , NOVIKOVA A. S. , GREBENSHCHIKOV R. G.
Published: May 2016

Single crystals of Dy2TiO5 have been prepared for the first time by a zone melting procedure from Dy2O3 and TiO2.
ChemInform Abstract: Four Zirconium Iodide Cluster Phases Centered by Boron, Aluminum, or Silicon.
Authors: SMITH J. D. , CORBETT J. D.
Published: May 2016

The compounds (IV), (VI), (VIII), and (X) have been prepared as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparative Study of the Crystallographic and Dielectric Characteristics of New Materials with "Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze" Structure Containing Ce4+, Th4+, or U4+ Ions.
Authors: THORET J.
Published: May 2016

The progressive replacement of Ca or Sr by Ce in the compounds (I)‐(III) leads to the new solid solutions (IV)‐(VI) with tetragonal tungsten bronze Structure.
ChemInform Abstract: The 13C NMR Substituent Chemical Shifts of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes.
Authors: ZALEWSKI R. I.
Published: May 2016

Substituent Chemical shifts can be explained by linear combinations of three independent phenomena acting at each C‐atom simultanously with varying degrees of intensity: polarizing power through cs‐bonds, a field inductive effect, and the conformation of the substituent (e.g.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Properties of Tetracyanoquinodimethans Fused with Aromatic Rings and Heterocyclic Rings.
Authors: YAMASHITA Y. , SUZUKI T. , MUKAI T.
Published: May 2016

(III) werden synthetisiert und ihre ‐Charge‐Transfer‐Komplexe mit Benzol, Naph thalin, Anthracen, Phenanthren, Pyren, Perylen, Diamino‐durol und Tetrathiafulvalen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Halide Binding by Multiprotonated BISTREN and Copper(II) BISTREN Cryptates.
Authors: MOTEKAITIS R. J. , MARTELL A. E. , MURASE I.
Published: May 2016

The macrobicyclic ligand (IVb) has been synthesized (some yields given in g).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Addition of 2‐Butenylmetal "Ate" Complexes to Aromatic Ketones Mediated by Cr(CO)3 Complexation.
Authors: UEMURA M. , MINAMI T. , ISOBE K. , KOBAYASHI T. , HAYASHI Y.
Published: May 2016

Die Chromcarbonyl‐Komplexverbindung (I) reagiert mit den Organo‐Metallverbindungen (II) zu den Addukten (III) und (IV); analog reagieren die Acetophenon‐Komplexe (V) zu den Addukten (VI) und (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of N,N‐Diethyl‐l,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropylamine with Various Polyols and Their Derivatives.
Authors: WATANABE S. , FUJITA T. , USUI Y. , KURAMOCHI T.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzungen des im Titel genannten Amins (II) (PPDA) mit Diolen wie (I) zu den cyclischen Addukten (III) sowie mit Halohydrinen wie (IV) zu den Propionsäureestern (V) werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: Exothermic Isomerization of Water‐soluble Quadricyclanes to Norbornadienes by Soluble and Insoluble Catalysts.
Authors: MARUYAMA K. , TAMIAKI H. , KAWABATA S.
Published: May 2016

In an aqueous system the soluble quadricyclanes (I) are isomerized exothermally to give (II) in the presence of water‐soluble porphyrin or phthalocyanine complexes such as (III) or (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: Photoreaction of (E)‐ and (Z)‐2,5‐Dimethylhexatriene Formation of a Cyclopropene Derivative: A Novel Reaction in Triene Photochemistry.
Authors: BROUWER A. M. , JACOBS H. J. C.
Published: May 2016

Die Bestrahlung der isomeren Triene (II) und (III) liefert neben (I) die Cyclisierungsprodukte (IV)‐(VII) in unterschiedlichen Anteilen.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation. Synthesis of Spin Labeled, l‐Oxyl‐ 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine Derivatives.
Authors: MORIARTY R. M. , PRAKASH I. , PENMASTA R.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Nitroxyl‐Radikal (I) erhält man mit KOH/ Methanol in Gegenwart von Phenyliodosyldiacetat (II) unter Acetalisierung das Oxidationsprodukt (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Silyl Enol Ethers with Pummerer Generated Vinyl Thionium Ions.
Authors: HUNTER R. , SIMON C. D.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Sulfoxid (II) erhält man nach Pummerer über das Vinylthionium‐ Derivat (III) mit dem Enolether (I) die α‐ (IV) und γ‐Alkylierungsprodukte (V), deren Anteile für zahlreiche Kombinationen aus den Sulfoxiden (II) bzw. (VI)‐(IX) und Enolethern wie (I) bzw. (X) untersucht werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for Generating Trichlorotitanium(IV) Ester Homoenolates. Direct Tin‐Titanium Exchange.
Authors: GOSWAMI R.
Published: May 2016

Acrylester (I) und Tributylzinnhydrid (II) bzw. der Essigsäureester (V), Lithium‐bis‐trimethylsilylamid und Iodmethyl‐tributyl‐zinn (IV) liefern die β‐Tributylstannyl‐propionsäureester (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalysed Reductive Carbonylation of Methyl Esters.
Authors: WEGMAN R. W. , BUSBY D. C.
Published: May 2016

Essigsäuremethylester (I) reagiert unter Katalyse mit Synthesegas zu Acetaldehyd (II) und Essigsäure (III).
ChemInform Abstract: D3‐Trishomocubanetrione. Synthesis and Optical Resolution.
Authors: FESSNER W.‐D. , PRINZBACH H.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of (I) with conc. H2SO4 yields the ketoether (IIa), which is reduced with LiAlH4 or NaBH4 to yield mixtures of the syn/anti alcohols (IIb)and(IIc).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Chemoselective Coupling Reactions of Organovanadium Compounds.
Authors: HIRAO T. , MISU D. , YAO K. , AGAWA T.
Published: May 2016

In der ersten Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß Grignard‐Verbindungen (I) mit VCl3 (II) über intermediäre Organo‐Vanadiumverbindungen (III) mit zahlreichen Säurechloriden (IV) die Ketone (V) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Tetrafluoroisophthalonitrile and Its Nucleophilic Substitution at 4‐Position.
Authors: TAKAOKA A. , YOKOKOHJI O. , YAMAGUCHI Y. , ISONO T. , MOTOYOSHI M. , ISHIKAWA N.
Published: May 2016

Das aus der Tetrachlorverbindung (I) hergestellte Tetra?uordinitril (II) wird mit den Nucleophilen (III) zu den 4‐substituierten Aromaten (IV) umgesetzt, die starke antimikrobielle Wirkung aufweisen.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of β‐Lactone Precursors of Pyramidalized Alkenes.
Authors: RENZONI G. E. , YIN T.‐K. , MIYAKE F. , BORDEN W. T.
Published: May 2016

The transannular, light‐induced Paterno‐Büchi reaction of the ketones (I) affords the oxetanes (II), which are oxidized with RuO4 (from RuO2 and NaIO4) to give the β‐Iactones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Antiphlogistic 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizines. Part 11. Dihydropyrroliziny1‐Substituted 2‐Aminoethanol and Glycolic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: DANNHARDT G. , STEINDL L.
Published: May 2016

Das PyrrolizinyI‐substituierte Glyoxylsäure‐Derivat (I) ergibt bei Aminolyse die entsprechenden Amide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of New Tricyclic Hetero Systems by Cyclization of Isomeric Hydroxyalkylaminopyridopyridazinones.
Authors: KOERMENDY K. + , SOLTESZ Z. , RUFF F. , KOEVESDI I. +
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the pyridopyridazones (I) with HBr yields the tricyclic hetero systems (II) in 91‐92% yield [the yields are those of the corresponding hydrobromides].
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of α‐Diketones with Ethanolamine.
Authors: ALCAIDE B. , PEREZ‐OSSORIO R. , PLUMET J. , RICO M. , RODRIGUEZ‐CAMPOS I. M.
Published: May 2016

Ethanolamin (I) reagiert mit Diacetyl (IIa) je nach Bedingungen zu den Kondensaten (IIIa)‐(Va), von denen (IIIa) im Gleichgewicht mit (VI) steht.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of (3′‐Oxo‐3′,4′‐dihydro‐2′H‐l′,4′‐benzothiazin‐2′‐yl)acetic Acid and (3′‐Oxo‐3′,4′‐dihydro‐2′H‐l′,4′‐benzoxazin‐2′‐yl)acetic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: TEITEI T.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the 0‐aminothiophenol (I) with maleic anhydride (II) gives the amide (IIIa) and the benzothiazine (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Thermal Decay of 1,2‐Diazabenzo[e]semibullvalene and Its Relation to the Thermolysis of Benzobenzvalene.
Authors: BURGER U. , MENTHA Y. , THOREL P. J.
Published: May 2016

Starting from the reaction between the triazole (I) and naphthalene (II), the N‐heterocycle (V) is obtained as a pale‐yellow, thermolabile compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Building Blocks for Trifluoromethylated Organic Molecules. Part 3.
Authors: YAMAZAKI T. , TAKITA K. , ISHIKAWA N.
Published: May 2016

Das A11yltrimethylsilan‐Derivat (IV) und das Viny1trimethylsilan‐Derivat (X) werden auf den skizzierten Wegen aus Trifluoressigsäureethylester (I) und Trifluoracetaldehyd (IX) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Carbonyl Catalysed Reaction of Oxetanes with a Hydrosilane and Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: MURAI T. , FURUTA K. , KATO S. , MURAI S. , SONODA N.
Published: May 2016

Die Oxetane (I) reagieren mit den Silanen (II) zu Produktgemischen, in denen je nach verwendetem Lösungsmittel (III) oder (IV) überwiegt.
ChemInform Abstract: Ditopic Ligands. The Synthesis of a Series of Phosphine‐Functionalised Macrocycles.
Authors: CARROY A. , LANGICK C. R. , LEHN J.‐M. , MATTHES K. E. , PARKER D.
Published: May 2016

The phosphine‐functionalised macrocycles (IV), (VI), (X) and (XII) are synthesized by the pathways described in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Mononuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes Having Alkoxide and Amide Ligands: Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structures of [Co(Cl)(OC‐tBu3)2·Li(THF)3], [Li(THF)4{Co(N(SiMe3)2)(OCBu3)2}], and [Li{Co(N(SiMe3)2)(OC‐tBu3)2}].
Authors: OLMSTEAD M. M. , POWER P. P. , SIGEL G.
Published: May 2016

The title Complexes (I)‐(III) are prepared by 1:2 molar reaction of CoCl2 with LiOC(tBu)3 (EtzO, ‐ 78 to + 25°C) or Co N(SiMe3)2 2 with (tBu)3COH in n‐hexane (20°C) or THF (50°C)fo11owed by addition of LiN(SiMe3)2.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Reactivity, and Electrochemistry of Free‐Base β‐Oxoporphyrins and Metallo‐β‐oxoporphyrins.
Authors: STOLZENBERG A. M. , GLAZER P. A. , FOXMAN B. M.
Published: May 2016

Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of octaethylporphyrin in concentrated sulfuric acid affords a product mixture which contains numerous unidentified porphyrin degradation products in addition to the oxoporphyrins (I)‐(VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of Reduction of Bound Nitrite to Ammonia.
Authors: MURPHY W. R. JUN. , TAKEUCHI K. , BARLEY M. H. , MEYER T. J.
Published: May 2016

Electrochemical experiments on the oxidation of the complexes (I) and reduction of the complexes (II) have given insight into the mechanistic details of how bound nitrite is converted into ammonia.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient General Synthesis of trans‐[IrCl(CO)(PR3)2].
Authors: BURK M. J. , CRABTREE R. H.
Published: May 2016

Two routes to obtain the title Compounds, one for (V) (yield quantitative) with PMe3, the other for phosphines containing larger cone angles, are described (scheme).
ChemInform Abstract: First Stereospecific Synthesis of E‐γ‐Bisabolene. A Method for the Concurrent Generation of a Ring and a Tetrasubstituted Exocyclic Double Bond. A Simple Stereoselective Synthesis of Z‐γ‐Bisabolene.
Authors: COREY E. J. , SEIBEL W. L.
Published: May 2016

In der ersten Arbeit wird die erste stereospezifische Synthese zu E‐y‐ Bisabolen beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative Synthesis of 17β‐Hydroxy‐7α‐methyl‐19‐nor‐17α‐pregn‐5(10)‐en‐20‐yn‐3‐one (Org OD 14).
Authors: VAN VLIET N. P. , BROESS A. I. A. , PETERS J. A. M. , VAN DEN BROEK A. J. , LEEMHUIS J. A. J. , ZEELEN F. J.
Published: May 2016

Copper‐cata1yzed conjugate addition of the Grignard reagent (II) to the dienone (I) followed by mild saponification yields the α‐isomer of (III) contaminated with its β‐isomer.
ChemInform Abstract: Solution‐Phase Synthesis of an O‐Phosphoseryl‐Containing Peptide Using Phenyl Phosphorotriester Protection.
Authors: PERICH J. W. , ALEWOOD P. F. , JOHNS R. B. , VALERIO R. M.
Published: May 2016

Der aus (Ia) erhaltene Phosphorsäureester (Ib) wird nach Hydrogenolyse zur Aminosäure (II) durch übliche Verfahren zum P‐Ser‐Derivat (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies Related to Latrunculin. Synthesis of Tetrahydropyranylthiazolidin‐ 2‐one Systems.
Authors: KASHMAN Y. , LIDOR R. , BLASBERGER D. , CARMELY S.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Thiazolidinon (I) erhält man bei der Hydrierung je nach Katalysatorsystem die Tautomeren (II) und (III), die zu den Glykosiden (IV) und (V) führen, oder Verbindung (VI), aus der die Glykoside (VII) und (VIII) zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spin‐labelled Di‐ and Tri‐2‐deoxyadenylates.
Authors: CLAESEN C. A. A. , DAEMEN C. J. M. , TESSER G. I.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of the oligonucleotides bearing a spin label in 5′‐position [(XIIa), (XIIb)] and in 3′‐position [(XIIc), (XIId)] is described: l. The key intermediates (III), (V), and (IX) are prepared from (Ia)+(II), (IV) + (II), or (Ia) + (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation via Diastereoselective Hydrogenation, Absolute Conformation and Configuration of Exogeneous Anabolic Zeranol ((3S,7R)‐3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12‐Deca‐hydro‐7,14,16‐trihydroxy‐3‐methyl‐1H‐2‐benzoxacyclotetradecin‐1‐one).
Authors: SNATZKE G. , ANGELI C. , DECORTE E. , MOIMAS F. , KOJIC‐PRODIC B. , RUZIC‐TOROS Z. , SUNJIC V.
Published: May 2016

Employfng the novel chiral Borane complex (IIb)‐ BH3, the dibenzyl derivative (IIIa) of the natural product zeralenone is transformed predominantly to the alcohol (IIIb); the corresponding complex of (I) yields the desired epimer only as the minor product with poor diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Ptilocaulin and Its 7‐Epimer.
Authors: HASSNER A. , MURTHY K. S. K.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Cyclopentenylmethyl‐methyl‐keton (I) entsteht mit dem aus Hexanaloxim erhaltenen Dianion (II) das auch anderweitig hergestellte Addukt (III) in hoher Ausbeute; (III) dient als Zwischenstufe in einer stereospezifischen Synthese von Ptilocaulin (IV) sowie dem Isoptilocaulin; diese Verbindungen besitzen autileukämische und mikrobizide Eigenschaften.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (±)‐Periplanone B.
Authors: HAUPTMANN H. , MUEHLBAUER G. + , WALKER N. P. C.
Published: May 2016

Die Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zu (III) stellt die wesentliche Reaktion in der nachfolgenden Synthese von (±)‐Pe‐ riplanon B (IV), einem Sexuallockstoff der amerikanischen Schabe (Periplaneta americana), über diskutierte Zwischenstufen dar.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphidation of Cobalt Plate and Some of Its Properties.
Authors: MOTOJIMA S. , NAKAYAMA Y.
Published: May 2016

Co plate was phosphidized at 500‐1000°C using PCl3.
ChemInform Abstract: Improvements of Anode Properties of Aluminium Alloys for Aluminium Primary Cell: Heat Treatment and Corrosion Inhibitors.
Authors: HORI Y. , TAKAO J. , SHOMON H.
Published: May 2016

The effect of heat treatment on the anode properties has been investigated chiefly for the alloy Al‐3.0 Zn‐ 0.13 Sn‐0.0l Ga‐0.07 Bi (Wt.‐%).
ChemInform Abstract: Determination of Optimal Formation Conditions for Tubular Positive Electrodes of Lead/Acid Batteries.
Authors: LIN M. T. , WANG Y. Y. , WAN C. C.
Published: May 2016

Astatistical approach (the following factors are Considered: electrolyte Concentration, Charge amount, Charge time, and electrolyte temp.) ‐ has been used to design the experiments for the determination of optimal Conditions of the formation for tubular lead/acid batteries.
ChemInform Abstract: The Bromide/Bromous Acid Reaction. Switch‐Controlling Step of the Belousov‐ Zhabotinskii Oscillating System.
Authors: ARIESE F. , NAGY Z.
Published: May 2016

The rate constant of the title reaction has been measured at various H2SO4 concentrations (0.02‐l M) using a Br′ selective electrode.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Studies. Part 44. Novel Tricyclic Compounds Containing the Pyrimido[5,4‐d]‐1,2,3‐triazine System.
Authors: CLARK J. , VARVOUNIS G. , BAKAVOLI M.
Published: May 2016

Aseries of pyrimido[5,4‐d]‐1,2,3‐triazine compounds is available using the reactions shown in the scheme (in part yields are given in g).
ChemInform Abstract: Actinide Structural Studies. Part 8. Some New Oxygen‐donor Complexes of Trichloro(cyclopentadienyl)neptunium(IV).
Authors: BAGNALL K. W. , PAYNE G. F. , ALCOCK N. W. , FLANDERS D. J. , BROWN D.
Published: May 2016

The complexes (II) with octahedrally coordinated Np(IV) are prepared as shown and characterized by IR and near‐IR‐visible absorption spectra.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Trinuclear Ruthenium Complexes Involving Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) as a Bridging Ligand: Facile Declusterification of [Ru3(CO)8(μ‐dppm‐PP′)2] in the Presence of Iodine and the Crystal Structure of [Ru2(μ‐I)2(CO)4(μ‐dppm‐PP′)].
Authors: COLOMBIE A. , LAVIGNE G. , BONNET J.‐J.
Published: May 2016

Electrophilic attack of I2 at the carbonyl cluster (I) proceeds with Cluster fragmentation to yield a mixture of (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Stability of the Arsenide Co5As2.
Authors: ELLNER M. , LUKACEVIC E. , EL‐BORAGY M.
Published: May 2016

As shown by thermoanalytical, X‐ ray diffraction, and metallographic studies the title compound is a high temp. phase which undergoes an eutectoid transformation at 1140 Kgiving the solid solution CoAsm and CozAs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Barrier Process for Inhibiting p‐CuxS Grain Boundary Growth in Thin Film CdS Solar Cells.
Authors: RASTOGI A. C. , SALKALACHEN S. , BALAKRISHNA K. S.
Published: May 2016

A new technique of barrier formation in thin film CdS:Cu"Ssolar cells by chemiplating under the influence of a dc field at the CdS film is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon‐ and Tin‐Directed Oxidative Decarboxylation: Regioselective Formation of Olefins from β‐Silyl and β‐Stannyl Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: NISHIYAMA H. , MATSUMOTO M. , ARAI H. , SAKAGUCHI H. , ITOH K.
Published: May 2016

Aus den β‐Silyl‐ und β‐Stannyl‐carbonsäuren (I) erhält man mit Bleitetraacetat Styrol (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 1,4‐Diketones via the Michael‐Stetter Reaction.
Authors: PHILLIPS R. B. , HERBERT S. A. , ROBICHAUD A. J.
Published: May 2016

Der Substituenteneinfluß der durch Natriumcyanid katalysierten Herstellung der Diketone (III), (VI) und (VIII) aus Aldehyden wie (I) und (IV) und Mannich‐Basen wie (II), (V) und (VII) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Diels‐Alder Reactions of 3(2H)‐Isoquinolinones. Part 5. Reaction with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate.
Authors: HAZAI L. , SCHNITTA A. , DEAK G. , TAMAS J.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the isoquinolinone (I) with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (II) yields the Michael adduct (III) instead of the expectäd Diels‐Alder adduct (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Some Aminoarsonium Chlorides.
Authors: KRANNICH L. K. , KANJOLIA R. K. , WATKINS C. L.
Published: May 2016

Arsines AsR′3 react with chloroamines NR2R3Cl to give good yields of the aminoarsoniumchlorides (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Spectral Properties, and Substitution Reactions of M(CO)3(S2CNC4H4)2 (M: Mo, W) Complexes Containing the Electronically Unique Pyrrole‐N‐carbodithioate Ligand.
Authors: HERRICK R. S. , TEMPLETON J. L.
Published: May 2016

The seven‐coordinate pyrrole‐N‐carbodithioate‐Mo(II) and ‐W(II) complexes (III), (V), (VI), and (IX) are prepared as shown in the seheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of η6‐Acetophenone‐η5‐cyclopentadienyliron Hexafluorophosphate.
Authors: GILL U. S.
Published: May 2016

The cation (II) is obtained by nucleophilic Substitution of the Cl substituent in (I) with a carbanion derived from nitroethane in a l :l mixture with (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Dioxygen Complexes. Oxidative Dehydrogenation of 2‐(Aminomethyl)pyridine Through Cobalt Dioxygen Complex Formation.
Authors: BASAK A. K. , MARTELL A. E.
Published: May 2016

The reactivity of coordinated dioxygen in dioxygen adducts formed from mixed ligand polyamine complexes of cobalt was studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Protected Acetylene Dipeptide Isostere.
Authors: VAN MARSENILLE M. , GYSEN C. , TOURWE D. , VAN BINST G.
Published: May 2016

Starting from the reaction between the protected alcohol (I) and the aldehyde (II), the desired compound (V) is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Formation by Methylation of Phenylserine Derivatives.
Authors: VARGA J. R. , PENKE B. , KOVACS K. , PELCZER I.
Published: May 2016

The N‐protected serine (I) is treated with MeI/NaH in order to prepare the N‐methyl derivative, which is expected to yield adrenaline carboxylic acid by hydrogenolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper, Silver, Gold; Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury
Authors: SILVER J.
Published: May 2016

Review: (403 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Isomeric Tetranuclear Cluster Anions Mo4Cl123‐ : Fragments of the (Mo6Cl8)Cl62‐ Octahedral Cluster Anion.
Authors: AUFDEMBRINK B. A. , MCCARLEY R. E.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis and characterization of [ the two isomeric Moßlf,′ Cluster anions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics of Cyclopropyl Radical Reactions. Part 2. Studies on the Inversion of Cyclopropyl und 1‐Methylcyclopropyl Radicals and on the Kinetics of Some Addition und Abstraction Reactions of 1‐Methylcyclopropyl and 1‐Methoxycyclopropyl Radicals.
Authors: JOHNSTON L. J. , INGOLD K. U.
Published: May 2016

Laser flash photolytic studies have shown that the l‐methylcyclopropyl radical has a reactivity similar to that of the cyclopropyl radical toward styrene, β‐methylstyrene, 1,4‐cyclohexadiene, CClJBr, and n‐Bu3SnH but (hat it is more reactive to‐ ward CCl4.‐ Chemical trapping with CC 3Br of these two radicals stereospeci?bally labeled with deuterium yields rate constants for their inversion at 7°C of (2.l 1 0.8)‐ l0" 5"′ for C′CJH; CH, and ca. o′2s‐′ forc‐CJHS′.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Selective Reduction by Sodium Borohydride of an Ester or a Cyano Group of α‐Cyano Epoxides.
Authors: MAUGER J. , ROBERT A.
Published: May 2016

In selektiver Weise lassen sich die Ester‐Gruppe in den Epoxiden (I) bzw. eine der beiden Nitril‐Gruppen in (III) unter Bildung von Alkoho‐ 4 Icu u" ULW.
ChemInform Abstract: Perfluoroalkylations of Carbanions with (Perfluoroalkyl)phenyliodonium Triflates (FITS Reagents).
Authors: UMEMOTO T. , GOTOH Y.
Published: May 2016

Perfluoroalkylations of Carbanions with (Perfluoroalkyhphenyliodonium Triflates (FITS Reagents).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Diamantanedicarboxylic Acids with Carboxyl Groups on One Secondary and One Tertiary Carbon Atom.
Authors: VODICKA L. , BURKHARD J. , JANKU J.
Published: May 2016

Mixtures of the dicarboxylic acids (IIc) (2 isomers),(11Ic)and(lVc)are obtained by Koch‐ Haafcarboxylation (with formic/ sulfuric acid in CCl.) of the bromination product (by refluxing in dry bromine) of 3‐diamantane carboxylic acid (1) [a mixture of the bromo acids(1Ia),(1IIa)and (IVa)], as we11 as of the hydroxy acids (11b)/(l11b)/(IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Behaviour of Aminodihydrobenzothiazoles in Refluxing Dimethyl Sulphoxide.
Authors: TRAPANI G. , REHO A. , LATROFA A. , MORLACCHI F. , LISO G.
Published: May 2016

When the spiro compounds (Ia)‐(lf) are refluxed in DMSO, products (II)‐(XI) are formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition Reaction of 1,4‐Dibromo‐2,5‐piperazinedione with 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐pyran.
Authors: ITOH K. , SERA A.
Published: May 2016

While irradiation of (I) and (II) in MeCN yields only the dione (III), in the presence of 1,2‐epoxybutane [method A)] considerable amounts of the addition products (IV)‐(IX) are also obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Stable 1,2‐Diazocines, 4,7‐Disubstituted 3,8‐Diaryl‐1,2‐diazacycloocta‐2,4,6,8‐tetraenes, and Their Thermolysis.
Authors: YOGI S. , HOKAMA K. , UENO K. , TSUGE O.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the diaroylbutanes (I) Wim hydrazine yields the diazacyclooctadienes (II), which are convened via a Chlg?na.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds Series. Part 119. Synthesis of Halogenated Terpyridines and Incorporation of the Terpyridine Nucleus into a Polyethereal Macrocycle.
Authors: NEWKOME G. R. , HAGER D. C. , KIEFER G. E.
Published: May 2016

Das Terpyridin‐tri‐N‐oxid (I) liefert mit POCI; die isomeren Trichlorterpyridine (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Charged Silver Clusters and Their Reversible Silver Ion Desorption in Zeolite A.
Authors: TEXTER J. , KELLERMAN R. , GONSIOROWSKI T.
Published: May 2016

The predominant Charged silver Clusters formed in Ag ‐ Azeolite during mild (low‐temp.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses with Cyclobutadienes. Part 11. Isomerisation Reactions in the Dewar Pyridine/Pyridine System.
Authors: FINK J. , REGITZ M.
Published: May 2016

Cycloaddition of the cyclobutadiene (IV) with the activated nitriles (I) leads either to the Dewar pyridines (IIa)‐(IIc) or to the pyridine (IIId).
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridazines. Part 25. Formation of 2‐Benzoyl‐2,5‐dihydro‐3‐pyridazine‐ carbonitrile Derivatives in the Reissert Reaction of Pyridazines.
Authors: DOSTAL W. , HEINISCH G.
Published: May 2016

Die Reissert‐Reaktionen der Pyridazine (I) werden untersucht.
Binding Modes of Thioflavin T on the Surface of Amyloid Fibrils Studied by NMR
Authors: Ivancic Valerie A. , Ekanayake Oshini , Lazo Noel D.
Published: May 2016

The mechanism for the interaction of thioflavin T (ThT) with amyloid fibrils at the molecular level is not known. Here, we used 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine the binding mode of ThT on the surface of fibrils from lysozyme and insulin. Relayed rotating‐frame Overhauser enhancements in ThT were observed, indicating that the orientation of ThT is orthogonal to the fibril surface. Importantly, the assembly state of ThT on both surfaces is different. On the surface of insulin fibrils, ThT is oligomeric, as indicated by rapid 1H spin‐lattice relaxation rate in the rotating frame (R1ρ), presumably due to intermolecular dipole–dipole interactions between ThT molecules. In contrast, ThT on the surface of lysozyme fibrils is a monomer, as indicated by slower 1H R1ρ. These results shed new light into the mechanism for the enhancement of ThT fluorescence and may lead to more efficient detectors of amyloid assemblies, which have escaped detection by ThT in monomer form.
Attack‐pattern discovery based enhanced trust model for secure routing in mobile ad‐hoc networks
Authors: Jhaveri Rutvij H. , Patel Narendra M.
Published: May 2016

Multi‐hop routing in an open environment in the absence of well‐established infrastructure and centralized authority strives for trustworthiness and cooperation of nodes in a Mobile Ad‐hoc Network (MANET). There is no guarantee of secure and reliable delivery of packets when some internal nodes intentionally perform packet forwarding misbehavior by compromising the routing mechanism. In this paper, we address this issue with a trust‐model integrated with an attack pattern discovery technique. Extended from the Ad‐hoc On‐demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, we propose a trust‐based scheme founded on nodes' historical behaviors which adopts a pattern discovery mechanism in order to detect suspicious activities from the malevolent nodes before they start dropping data packets. We also present the detailed mode of operations of three distinct adversary models launching various kinds of packet forwarding misbehavior. Theoretical analysis and experimental results prove that the integration of a pattern discovery method with a trust‐based model provides earlier detection of adversaries which follow specific attack patterns and weakens their damaging effects on the network in comparison to a solitary trust‐based model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An energy‐efficient framework for ubiquitous phone access
Authors: Li Yantao , Zhou Gang , Leong Daniel
Published: May 2016

Energy‐constrained smartphones and operation‐facilitated tablets are popular and necessary in our daily life, and people may prefer to use tablet to access smartphone's features for energy efficiency and easy operation. In this paper, we present uPhone, an energy‐efficient framework for ubiquitous phone access that allows ubiquitous and symmetric access to a smartphone's core features via a third device such as a tablet. More specifically, we design uPhone in two main components of devices and uPhone server, then implement it on a smartphone as a primary device and a tablet as a secondary device, and finally evaluate it in terms of energy savings, latency, and reliability. The evaluation results demonstrate that uPhone achieves up to 44% energy savings compared with simply typing and sending messages, and notifies on a smartphone, incurs little latency overhead that is acceptable by users, and performs roughly equivalent to standard messages with a high‐quality user experience. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorus metabolism of reef organisms with algal symbionts
Authors: Ferrier‐Pagès Christine , Godinot Claire , D'Angelo Cecilia , Wiedenmann Jörg , Grover Renaud
Published: May 2016

Phosphorus (P), an essential structural and functional component of all living organisms, is considered to be the ultimate limiting nutrient in marine ecosystems. To optimize its acquisition, marine species such as protozoa, sponges, foraminifera, clams, and reef corals, among others, have entered symbiotic relationships with algae, which recycle waste products of the animal host and transform dissolved inorganic nutrients into organic molecules, making them bioavailable to their host. Such associations provide a competitive edge in an environment where ambient nutrient availability is low. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the P sources available to reef organisms with algal symbionts, to discuss the means by which P is taken up and stored within the symbiosis, and to assess the effects of eutrophication‐induced phosphate enrichment on the algal and host physiology. Finally, we give an overview of knowledge gaps and open questions that should be addressed to better understand the role of phosphorus in reef symbioses functioning.
Ecological effects of extreme drought on Californian herbaceous plant communities
Authors: Copeland Stella M. , Harrison Susan P. , Latimer Andrew M. , Damschen Ellen I. , Eskelinen Anu M. , Fernandez‐Going Barbara , Spasojevic Marko J. , Anacker Brian L. , Thorne James H.
Published: May 2016

Understanding the consequences of extreme climatic events is a growing challenge in ecology. Climatic extremes may differentially affect varying elements of biodiversity, and may not always produce ecological effects exceeding those of “normal” climatic variation in space and time. We asked how the extreme drought years of 2013–2014 affected the cover, species richness, functional trait means, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity of herbaceous plant communities across the California Floristic Province. We compared the directions and magnitudes of these drought effects with expectations from four “pre‐drought” studies of variation in water availability: (1) a watering experiment, (2) a long‐term (15‐yr) monitoring of interannual variability, (3) a resampling of historic (57‐yr‐old) plots within a warming and drying region, and (4) natural variation in communities over a broad geographic gradient in precipitation. We found that the drought was associated with consistent reductions in species richness and cover, especially for annual forbs and exotic annual grasses, but not with changes in functional or phylogenetic diversity. Except for total cover and cover of exotic annual grasses, most drought effects did not exceed quantitative expectations based on the four pre‐drought studies. Qualitatively, plant community responses to the drought were most concordant with responses to pre‐drought interannual rainfall variability in the 15‐yr monitoring study, and least concordant with responses to the geographic gradient in precipitation. Our results suggest that, at least in the short term, extreme drought may cause only a subset of community metrics to respond in ways that exceed normal background variability.
Legacy effects of drought in the southwestern United States: A multi‐species synthesis
Authors: Peltier Drew M. P. , Fell Michael , Ogle Kiona
Published: May 2016

Understanding impacts of drought on tree growth and forest health is of major concern given projected climate change. Droughts may become more common in the Southwest due to extreme temperatures that will drive increased evapotranspiration and lower soil moisture, in combination with uncertain precipitation changes. Utilizing ~1.3 million tree‐ring widths from the International Tree Ring Data Bank representing 10 species (eight conifers, two oaks) in the Southwest, we evaluated the effects of drought on tree growth. We categorized ring widths by formation year in relation to drought (pre‐drought, drought year, and post‐drought), and we used a mixed‐effects model to estimate the effects of current and antecedent precipitation and temperature on tree growth during the post‐drought recovery period. This allowed us to assess changes in sensitivity of tree growth to precipitation and temperature at multiple timescales following multiple droughts, and to evaluate drought resistance and recovery in these species. The effects of precipitation and temperature on ring widths following drought varied among species and time since drought. Across species, 16% of the climate effects (i.e., “sensitivities”) were significantly different from their pre‐drought values. Species differed, with some showing increased sensitivities to precipitation and temperature following drought, and others showing decreased sensitivities. Furthermore, some species (e.g.,Abies concolorandPinus ponderosa) showed low resistance and slow recovery, with changes in growth sensitivities persisting up to 5 yr; others (e.g.,Juniperspp.) showed high resistance, such that their climatic sensitivities did not change. Among species, the importance of different antecedent climate variables changed with time since drought. Though a majority of species responded positively to same‐year precipitation pre‐drought, all 10 species were positively affected by same‐year precipitation the second year after drought. Our results demonstrate tree growth sensitivities vary among species and with time since drought, raising questions about physiological mechanisms and implications for forest health under future drought.
The importance of motivation, weapons, and foul odors in driving encounter competition in carnivores
Authors: Allen Maximilian L. , Wilmers Christopher C. , Elbroch L. Mark , Golla Julie M. , Wittmer Heiko U.
Published: May 2016

Encounter competition is interference competition in which animals directly contend for resources. Ecological theory predicts the trait that determines the resource holding potential (RHP), and hence the winner of encounter competition, is most often body size or mass. The difficulties of observing encounter competition in complex organisms in natural environments, however, has limited opportunities to test this theory across diverse species. We studied the outcome of encounter competition contests among mesocarnivores at deer carcasses in California to determine the most important variables for winning these contests. We found some support for current theory in that body mass is important in determining the winner of encounter competition, but we found that other factors including hunger and species‐specific traits were also important. In particular, our top models were “strength and hunger” and “size and hunger,” with models emphasizing the complexity of variables influencing outcomes of encounter competition. In addition, our wins above predicted (WAP) statistic suggests that an important aspect that determines the winner of encounter competition is species‐specific advantages that increase their RHP, as bobcats (Lynx rufus) and spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis) won more often than predicted based on mass. In complex organisms, such as mesocarnivores, species‐specific adaptations, including strategic behaviors, aggressiveness, and weapons, contribute to competitive advantages and may allow certain species to take control or defend resources better than others. Our results help explain how interspecific competition shapes the occurrence patterns of species in ecological communities.
The dynamic responses of flow and near‐bed turbidity to typhoons on the continental shelf of the East China Sea: field observations
Authors: Xu Jishang , Wang Nan , Li Guangxue , Dong Ping , Li Jianchao , Liu Shidong , Ding Dong , Wang Zhen
Published: May 2016

Typhoons are commonly occurring disastrous events in the Western Pacific and have become more severe as the result of global climate changes, increasingly affecting the ocean and seafloor throughout the Western Pacific. However, studies on the influences of typhoon processes and dynamic mechanisms on the continental shelf remain rather limited because of insufficient observational data in the area. This paper uses observational records at a water depth of 110 m on the continental shelf of the East China Sea in the periods when the No. 1323 typhoon ‘Fitow’ and No. 1324 typhoon ‘Danas’ passed the East China Sea to study changes in the water temperature, salinity, current and turbidity. Observation results show that typhoon Fitow had limited effects on the measurement site because of the long distance to the centre of the typhoon, but during typhoon Danas, the measured surface current speed reached 2.95 m/s, and the turbidity of the sea water increased rapidly due to the vertical mixing of sea water. Typhoon Danas causes both near‐inertial oscillations (NIOs) and diurnal currents to increase, which is considered to be the major factor that contributes to bottom water temperature changes and the suspension of bottom sediments after the passage of the typhoon. Typhoons can also cause the Kuroshio Current to shift towards the continental shelf, which may affect the Tsushima Current. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.