bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on ion current density of different species in laser produced plasma in a solenoid magnet
Authors: Kanesue T. , Ikeda S. , Okamura M. , Cannavo A. , Ceccio G. , Grove L. , Friedland A.
Published: May 2024

A solenoid magnetic field along the expanding laser-produced plasma is an essential technique of the laser ion source. The solenoid field can increase ion beam current at beam extraction point by a factor of 2 to over 100 by confining moving laser produced plasma in transverse direction. This technique is used everywhere from development lab to operational machine for user operation. However, the motion of ions in laser produced plasma is not fully understood. In this study, we experimentally investigated the motion of ions in a solenoid magnet (inner diameter 102 mm, coil length 1980 mm) for Al, Fe, and Ta targets. Using the following three conditions: full solenoid bore, a φ51 mm collimator on the solenoid axis, and a thin-wall φ51 mm tube at the bottom of the solenoid, we found that extracting ions at off-axis position (20∼30 mm from the solenoid axis in this study) can enhance ion intensity by a factor of three or more. We continue to investigate ion motion in a solenoid field to develop better laser ion source design.
Tracking of car body vibration performance of centralized power EMU
Authors: Han Yunfei , Qu Sheng , Yang Zhenhuan , Guo Tao , Gao Zhongkun
Published: May 2024

The centralized power EMU is a new type of passenger transport vehicle in the process of upgrading the transportation equipment of China’s ordinary speed railways. It can significantly improve the transportation efficiency and passenger comfort of ordinary-speed railways. Detailed research on its dynamic performance during service can guide the widespread use and maintenance of this type of EMU. This paper conducted long-term tracking tests on a centralized power EMU. It analyzes the dynamic performance and evolution rule of the centralized power EMU during long-term service from the perspectives of wheel wear and car body vibration. It compares the performance differences between the control and the trailer car. In the tracking experiment, it was found that the car body exhibits vertical low-frequency vibration. Many experimental studies have shown that the frequency at which the vehicle passes through a bridge that stretches across a distance of 32 meters on the bridge pier at 160 km/h is 1.3 Hz, which excites the nodding mode and causes significant vertical harmonic vibration of the car body.
Dynamic Characterization of Grease-Lubricated Ball Screws
Authors: Zhang Zixuan , Zhou Weifeng , Cui Peijuan , Yang Linhui , Fan Yuanxun
Published: May 2024

According to the lubrication characteristics of grease and lubrication mechanism, concerning the Hamrock-Dowson minimum film thickness formula, this paper analyses the trend and size of oil film thickness change of grease-lubricated ball screw sub under different aviation working conditions to identify the lubrication status. ABAQUS software is used to carry out dynamic simulation and the friction coefficient is selected according to the lubrication state and Stribeck curve to define the contact conditions to obtain the friction torque change curve and the fluctuation curve of axial velocity of the nut under different aerospace working conditions. Finally, a test bench is set up to test and calculate the friction torque of grease-lubricated ball screws to analyze the influence of different aviation working conditions on the dynamic characteristics of grease-lubricated ball screws and to investigate the reasons for the change of dynamic characteristics.
Lightweight design of hydraulic excavator forearm
Authors: Chang Qingqing , Cheng Guodong , Yang Zixuan
Published: May 2024

Taking the forearm of the hydraulic excavator as the research object, the working condition of the forearm is analyzed, the mathematical model of the forearm component is established, and the boundary load of the forearm is calculated. Altair Inspire software is used to conduct a simulation analysis of the preliminary design of the forearm components. According to the simulation results, the structure of the forearm is topologically optimized, and the optimized structure is verified. The results show that under the premise of not affecting the mechanical properties, the optimized structure is reduced by 36.32%, the load capacity is increased, and the production cost is reduced.
Study on deformation-induced martensitic transformation behavior of 304 and 316 stainless steels
Authors: Wang Jun , Cao Xianhui , Chen Junjun , Zou Jincheng , Hu Yujing , Huang Rong
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the deformation-induced martensitic transformation behavior of 304 and 316 stainless steels is studied. The results show that martensitic transformation occurs in both 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel. With the increase of the strain, the martensitic transformation of the stainless steel samples increases, but the 304 stainless steel increases more significantly. The external shape of stainless steel has a certain influence on martensitic transformation behavior, and the martensite content of bar-shaped stainless steel is lower than that of plate-shaped samples under the same strain. The study results can provide technical guidance for the selection of stainless steel materials in the power grid.
Curing curve prediction using genetic algorithm optimized back propagation neural network
Authors: Zhang Ruming , Guan Kunpeng , Wu Chenchen
Published: May 2024

Thermoset composites constructed with monolithic moulding can significantly reduce the number of parts and connectors, improve the reliability of the composite structure, and reduce production costs. For such composite components, the degree-of-cure (DoC) curve is normally considered to evaluate the curing process, so that the curing process-induced deformation and residual stress can meet the manufacturing requirements. In this paper, a method is proposed to predict the DoC curve based on the neural network. First, the DoC curves for AS4/3501-6 composite structures were obtained from ABAQUS and HETVAL subroutine, and the results were verified by published values. Next, the curves of temperature over time and DoC over time were generated to train the neural network. Finally, the back propagation (BP) neural network is optimized using the genetic algorithm (GA), and the DoC curve prediction model is created. The results demonstrate that, with a maximum error of 3.24%, the simulated curves essentially correspond with published values. Evaluation and validation analyses show that the prediction of the DoC curve using the GA-BP neural network yields high computational efficiency and accuracy.
Calculation model of bending deformation force of magnesium alloy integral panel
Authors: Wang Zhongtang , Liu Quan , Liang Haicheng , Li Yanjuan
Published: May 2024

The mechanical characteristics of bending forming for magnesium alloy panel is analyzed, and mechanical model is established, stress and strain state is analyzed. A calculation model of the bending force of magnesium alloy panels is proposed firstly, which considers panel thickness, die width, and bending deformation coefficient of the panel. The theoretical calculation results of bending force for magnesium alloy panels are consistent with experimental results, in which the maximum relative error is 4.96%. The bending force is related to the curvature radius and forming temperature of the panel. As the reduction height increases, the curvature radius of the panel decreases, and the bending force increases. As the deformation temperature increases, the bending force decreases.
Trajectory optimization of B-splines interpolation based on dynamic error adjustment
Authors: Zhao Peng , Gao FeiYang , Guo Kai , Zhang EnYuan , Li Song
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we propose a motion planning algorithm based on the five-fold B-spline curve for multi-axis motion control systems with non-smooth trajectories, acceleration, plus acceleration over the limit, etc. We construct a smooth transition model for the micro-line segment G3 of the continuous five-fold B-spline curve. A derivation of the corresponding theoretical equation is given. Using the transition model, we propose an optimization method for dynamic adjustment of motion trajectory errors based on the velocity forward planning constraints by smoothing the transition after the trajectory of the micro-line segment for the forward planning velocity. Finally, the design flow for the forward planning of the velocity is given. Finally, the above algorithm is used to perform simulation experiments for the optimization algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed optimization improves the accuracy of fitting motion trajectories under the constraints of acceleration and deceleration addition, which validates the proposed algorithm.
Multi-point thermometry tool and in-situ measurement of temperature fields
Authors: Cui Yunxian , Sha Zhongjin , Wang Lin , Cui Qi , Yin Jun-Wei
Published: May 2024

In-situ real-time measurement of instantaneous milling temperature distribution is a key issue to realize efficient machining. For the foregoing reasons, the milling model of Inconel 718 was established, and the cloud diagram of tool temperature distribution during milling was obtained. A multi-point temperature measurement tool for milling temperature with an integrated thin-film temperature sensor was designed. The real-time temperature distribution of the tool during milling was obtained from 27 sets of milling tests. The impact of each milling parameter on the milling temperature was analyzed by ANOVA.
Effect of stirring time on the quality of aluminum-steel lap joints of friction stir spot welding
Authors: Lai Chunming , Tan Hailin , Meng Shaoming , Mo Jinzhu , Nie Hui
Published: May 2024

AA6061 aluminum alloy sheet and TRIP steel plate were welded by friction stir spot welding using a tungsten-based hard alloy stirring head, and the effect of stirring time on the formation and connection strength of spot welded lap joints was studied. The results showed that as the stirring time increased from 0 s to 7 s, all spot welded joints formed well, and the size of the hooks appearing in the stirring needle’s action area gradually increased. The connection strength of the joint gradually increases with the increase of stirring time. When the stirring time is 5 seconds, it reaches a maximum value. At this time, when the stirring time is increased, the joint strength decreases significantly. The strength of the joint is influenced by the size of the bending hook and the formation of intermetallic compounds.
Optimization method for clamping layout of refractory thin-wall parts based on IAGA-Elman
Authors: Li Bin , Peng Ke , Yang Chen-Hao , Zhang Xu-Hui
Published: May 2024

Thin-walled parts made of refractory materials are widely used in the sintering field of lithium battery powder materials. To solve the problem of deformation and fracture caused by the low stiffness of refractory thin-wall parts, a sandwich-layout proxy optimization model based on the IAGA-Elman neural network and sub-optimization mechanism was proposed. Based on ABAQUS, finite element simulation models under different clamping layouts were obtained. The sample set required for neural network training was established, a sub-optimization mechanism with MSP+EI combination plus point criterion as the target task was constructed, and the IAGA algorithm was used to optimize the Elman neural network for optimal parameter seeking. The deep nonlinear mapping relationship between clamping layout parameters and clamping deformation is explored by proxy optimization model. The experimental results show that the proposed method can predict the clamping deformation of thin-walled parts with fewer simulations and higher fitting accuracy, and can provide a basis for the optimal design of the clamping layout of refractory thin-walled parts.
Simulation of cold-rolled 2024 Al alloy thick plate based on visco-plastic self-consistent model
Authors: Jiang Xiaojuan
Published: May 2024

2024 Al has been used in various fields. However, most cold-rolled Al has poor strength and plasticity, so it needs a solution and aging treatment. The rolled reduction has an important influence on microstructure. For different rolled reductions, microstructure has different evolution rules even under the same solution and aging treatment. Therefore, different rolled reduction has a great influence on the subsequent treatment. In this paper, deform simulation analysis technique was used to study the changes of strain of 2024 Al alloy during rolling deformation, and visco-plastic self-consistent was used to study the texture evolution of 2024 Al alloy, which provided a new method for the study of deformation behavior and anisotropy during rolling.
Surface nano crystallization and nitriding on microstructure and properties of 304J1 stainless steel
Authors: Lian Zhen , Zhang Jiaying , Wang Yue , Liu Fengguo , Han Zhihao , Lou Changsheng
Published: May 2024

To improve the mechanical and antibacterial properties of 304J1 stainless steel, hybrid surface treatments, which include nitriding combined with shot peening operations, are used. Shot peening with different sizes of steel balls makes the material’s surface nanocrystalline, providing more diffusion channels for subsequent nitrogenating, and the nitriding efficiency is improved. Nitrogen cannot only improve the antibacterial property but also significantly enhance the strength of 304J1. The experimental results show that within a certain depth, the surface of 304J1 can be nanosized by shot peening for 20 min with a projectile diameter of 0.2 mm. The depth of the nitriding layer reaches 0.6 um, the surface hardness increases from 560 HV to 1100 HV, and the antibacterial property against Escherichia coli increases from 10% to 85%.
Microstructure and surface morphology change of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coating with gradient Cr and Si under high temperature and high pressure
Authors: Ni Xinhua , Liu Qiongxi , Du Zhihong
Published: May 2024

A series of annealing treatments were designed to investigate the microstructure structure and surface morphology of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coating with gradient Cr and Si (DCrSi) in different environments (argon & isostatic pressure) at different temperatures (400°C, 500°C, and 600°C). The pressure effect on the stability of DCrSi coatings was deduced from the analysis of the microstructure structure and surface morphology by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface roughness test, and Raman spectroscopy. The experiment results show that no apparent change to the layer structure can be found in the argon annealed and HIPped coatings. Similar to argon annealed coatings, with increasing HIPping temperature, the surface roughness of coatings increases, and the sp3 content of the coatings reduces. The relatively low roughness of the HIPped surfaces compared with the argon annealed ones could be attributed to the delayed transformation from sp3 carbon bonding to sp2 carbon bonding (i.e., graphitization) by high pressure. Compared with Si-free DCr coating, for Si-containing DCrSi coatings, Si bonded with C from broken C-H bonding and C-C bonding to form SiC quasi compound. Adding silicon into DLC can increase the density of the coatings.
Study on the phase transformation law of titanium micro alloyed non-oriented silicon steel
Authors: Liang Xiaosong , Huo Xiangdong , Wang Peng , Chen Songjun , Li Liejun
Published: May 2024

An experimental steel 50W600-Ti with 0.02C-0.09Ti (wt%) was designed based on 50W600. The CCT curves of the two experimental steels were determined using a thermal simulator, and the phase transformation laws of the two experimental steels under continuous cooling were investigated. The results show that the phase transformation temperature of 50W600 is between 926°C-1047°C, and the phase transformation temperature range decreases with the increase of cooling speed, while the phase transformation temperature of 50W600-Ti is between 838°C-1048°C, and the phase transformation temperature range varies less with the cooling speed; the matrix organization of the two experimental steels is ferrite, with a small amount of carburite at high cooling speed.
Dynamic compression intrinsic relationship of W-Ni-Fe-Mn alloys based on J-C modeling
Authors: Wang Ye , Deng Shouliang , Ma Yiheng , Zhao Hui , Gong Xun , Chen Haojie
Published: May 2024

Dynamic compression tests were performed on the sample alloys by using a detached Hopkinson compression bar with a diameter of 14.5 mm caliber for the kinetic behavior of W-Ni-Fe alloy and W-Ni-Fe-Mn alloy materials in the erosion process. The true stress-true strain curves of the two sample alloys were fitted based on the JC eigenstructure model, and the eigenstructure relationships of the two alloys were finally obtained. The obtained constitutive equations were then used to dynamically compress the specimens by using LS-DYNA dynamics software, and the simulated true stress-strain curves of the two alloys at various strain rates agreed well with the experimentally obtained curves, allowing them to be used for simulation calculations under impact loading. When compared toW-Ni-Fe alloys, the dynamic mechanical characteristics of alloys with Mn addition are greatly improved.
Prediction of storage lifetime of rubber materials for flexible joint elastomers
Authors: Liu Wenzhi , Deng Yueqiu , Qi Pengcheng , Yin Xiaohao , Yang Xufeng , Gao Liqi
Published: May 2024

To investigate the aging performance and storage lifetime of rubber materials used in flexible joint elastomers for solid rocket engines, a compression permanent deformation was used as the performance evaluation index to conduct aging tests on the elastic specimens of joint rubber materials at different temperatures. The results showed that the compression permanent deformation increased with the aging time and temperature, and the value of compression permanent deformation was greater in the initial stage of aging than in the later stage. Based on the regularity of material aging performance, the storage lifetime of rubber materials at room temperature of 25°C is extrapolated to be approximately 17.35 years through the linear equation of aging kinetics. Given that the aging mechanism remains unchanged, the calculation based on the principle of time-temperature equivalence reveals that as the aging temperature of the rubber material increases, the accelerated aging time to reach the regular storage lifetime becomes faster. Aging for 11.25 days at 140°C is equivalent to storing for this rubber material 15 years at 25°C. This research provides references for the future design, manufacturing, maintenance, and storage reliability of flexible joints.
CMS Level-1 trigger Data Scouting firmware prototyping for LHC Run-3 and CMS Phase-2
Authors: Ardino Rocco , Deldicque Christian , Dobson Marc , Gigi Dominique , Giorgetti Sabrina , James Thomas Owen , Lazzari Miotto Giovanna , Meschi Emilio , Migliorini Matteo , Petrucciani Giovanni , Rabady Dinyar , Racz Attila , Sakulin Hannes , Zejdl Petr ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: May 2024

A novel Data Acquisition (DAQ) system, known as Level-1 Data Scouting (L1DS), is being introduced as part of the Level-1 (L1) trigger of the CMS experiment. The L1DS system will receive the L1 intermediate primitives from the CMS Phase-2 L1 trigger on the DAQ-800 custom boards, designed for the Phase-2 central DAQ. Firmware is being developed for this purpose on the Xilinx VCU128 board, with features similar to one half of the DAQ-800, and validated in a demonstrator for LHC Run-3. This contribution describes the firmware development in view of the target design for the DAQ-800.
Decadal preference of seasonal ENSO transition through a southern hemisphere climate mode
Authors: Srivastava Shikhar , Chakraborty Arindam , Murtugudde Raghu
Published: May 2024

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the leading interannual coupled climate mode in the tropical Pacific. The seasonal transition of ENSO from boreal winter to the following summer can significantly affect the global climate. One of the major hurdles in understanding the seasonal transition of ENSO is the spring predictability barrier. Here, we show that ENSO’s seasonal transition is modulated by a multidecadal climate mode of boreal spring sea-level pressure (SLP) in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere. This ENSO transition mode (ETM), when characterised by a decrease in SLP and associated clockwise circulation of the surface winds centred over the southeastern subtropical Pacific Ocean, produces westerly anomalies at the equator. These wind anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific aid the seasonal warming of Niño3.4 sea surface temperature anomalies (N34SST) from boreal winter to the following summer. The ETM time series shows prominent multidecadal variations at around 50 years. This creates a conducive environment for alternate cold and warm seasonal transitions leading to multidecadal variations in boreal summer N34SST. Thus, ETM provides a physical insight into the seasonal transition of ENSO and leads to a new paradigm for ENSO evolution beyond its peak. This has implications for seasonal ENSO forecasts and decadal climate predictions.
A unifying quantum speed limit for time-independent Hamiltonian evolution
Authors: Chau H F , Zeng Wenxin
Published: May 2024

Quantum speed limit (QSL) is the study of fundamental limits on the evolution time of quantum systems. For instance, under the action of a time-independent Hamiltonian, the evolution time between an initial and a final quantum state obeys various mutually complementary lower bounds. They include the Mandelstam–Tamm (MT) bound, the Margolus–Levitin (ML) bound, the Luo–Zhang bound, the Lee–Chau (LC) bound together with the dual ML bound introduced by Ness and coworkers. Here we show that the MT bound can be obtained by optimizing the LC bound over a certain parameter. More importantly, we report a QSL that includes all the above bounds as special cases before optimizing over the physically meaningless reference energy level of a quantum system. This unifying bound depends on a certain parameter p. For any fixed p, we find all pairs of time-independent Hamiltonian and initial pure quantum state that saturate this unifying bound. More importantly, these pairs allow us to compute this bound accurately and efficiently using an oracle that returns certain pth moments related to the absolute value of energy of the quantum state. Moreover, this oracle can be simulated by a computationally efficient and accurate algorithm for finite-dimensional quantum systems as well as for certain infinite-dimensional quantum states with bounded and continuous energy spectra. This makes our computational method feasible in a lot of practical situations. We further compare the performance of this bound for the case of a fixed p as well as the case of optimizing over p with existing QSLs. We find that if the dimension of the underlying Hilbert space is

≲

2000

, our unifying bound optimized over p can be computed accurately in a few minutes using Mathematica code with just-in-time compilation in a typical desktop. Besides, this optimized unifying QSL is at least as good as all the existing ones combined and can occasionally be a few percent to a few times better.
Completely continuous multilinear mappings on 𝐿₁
Authors: Cilia Raffaella , Gutiérrez Joaquín
Published: May 2024

A useful result of H. Rosenthal and J. Bourgain states that, given a Banach space

X
X

, an operator

T
:

L
1

[
0
,
1
]
→
X

T:L_1[0,1]\to X

is completely continuous if and only if its composition with the natural inclusion

i
∞

:

L
∞

[
0
,
1
]
→

L
1

[
0
,
1
]

i_\infty :L_\infty [0,1] \to L_1[0,1]

is compact. We extend this result to multilinear mappings on products of

L
1

[
0
,
1
]

L_1[0,1]

spaces, and consider also the composition with the natural inclusion

i
:
C
[
0
,
1
]
→

L
1

[
0
,
1
]

i:C[0,1]\to L_1[0,1]

. We show that a multilinear mapping on a product of

L
1

[
0
,
1
]

L_1[0,1]

spaces is completely continuous if and only if its associated polymeasure has a relatively norm compact range.
Relevance of Behavioral Research in the Evolving State of Anti-obesity Medications: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?
Authors: Martin Michelle Y , Rogers Renee J
Published: May 2024

Obesity continues to be a significant public health challenge. While weight loss medications have been studied and available for several years, the newest generation of highly effective anti-obesity medications (AOMs) will shift how behavioral science professionals approach obesity treatment and research. With the unique skill set of behavioral science professionals, this commentary suggests ways to integrate behavioral science into the rapidly evolving landscape of AOM use to accelerate better obesity care and generate new lines of research. The goal of this commentary is to stimulate discussion and encourage responsive and relevant action to improve population health.
Study on the Correlation Between Cerebral Vascular Variation and Hypertension
Authors: Fan Jia-cheng , Hui Ying , Yang Ying-ping , Zhao Yan-sheng , Li Meng-Ning , Ren Wei , Yang Zhan-jun
Published: May 2024

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between cerebral vascular variation and hypertension in adults.

METHODS

Using a cross-sectional study, the current and retired employees of Kailuan Group who participated in the physical examination of Kailuan General Hospital and underwent magnetic resonance examination in 2020–2022 were taken as the observation objects, and a total of 1,029 people finally met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The observation objects were divided into 4 groups: no cerebral vascular variation, only vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH), only incomplete posterior Circle of Willis (ipCoW), and combined variations (VAH + ipCoW). Binary logistic regression models were used to explore the effects of different types of cerebral vascular variation on hypertension.

RESULTS

The mean age of the study population was 55.2 ± 11.4 years. The percentages in no cerebral vascular variations, VAH only, ipCoW only, and combined variations groups were 21.1%, 11.5%, 46.8%, and 20.6%, respectively. Using hypertension as the dependent variable and cerebral vascular variation type as the independent variable, and adjusting for multiple confounders, the results showed that the presence of both VAH and ipCoW was positively associated with hypertension risk (OR = 2.410, 95% CI = 1.401–4.146). Stratified analysis showed that the association was more pronounced in people younger than 55 (OR = 4.437, 95% CI = 1.891–10.406), whereas no significant association was found in people older than 55 (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a positive correlation between cerebral vascular variation and hypertension, and this association is predominantly observed in the younger population.
AnnoView enables large-scale analysis, comparison, and visualization of microbial gene neighborhoods
Authors: Wei Xin , Tan Huagang , Lobb Briallen , Zhen William , Wu Zijing , Parks Donovan H , Neufeld Josh D , Moreno-Hagelsieb Gabriel , Doxey Andrew C
Published: May 2024

The analysis and comparison of gene neighborhoods is a powerful approach for exploring microbial genome structure, function, and evolution. Although numerous tools exist for genome visualization and comparison, genome exploration across large genomic databases or user-generated datasets remains a challenge. Here, we introduce AnnoView, a web server designed for interactive exploration of gene neighborhoods across the bacterial and archaeal tree of life. Our server offers users the ability to identify, compare, and visualize gene neighborhoods of interest from 30 238 bacterial genomes and 1672 archaeal genomes, through integration with the comprehensive Genome Taxonomy Database and AnnoTree databases. Identified gene neighborhoods can be visualized using pre-computed functional annotations from different sources such as KEGG, Pfam and TIGRFAM, or clustered based on similarity. Alternatively, users can upload and explore their own custom genomic datasets in GBK, GFF or CSV format, or use AnnoView as a genome browser for relatively small genomes (e.g. viruses and plasmids). Ultimately, we anticipate that AnnoView will catalyze biological discovery by enabling user-friendly search, comparison, and visualization of genomic data. AnnoView is available at http://annoview.uwaterloo.ca
Domestication reduces caterpillar response to auditory predator cues
Authors: Lee Zachary A , Baranowski Alex K , Cohen Caroline B , Pelletier Tyler S , Preisser Evan L
Published: May 2024

Domestication can lead to significant changes in the growth and behavior of organisms. While the threat of predation is a strong selective force in the wild, the relaxation or removal of this threat in captive-rearing environments selects for reduced sensitivity to biotic stressors. Previous work has documented such changes in other taxa, but no work has been done on domestication-related losses of predation risk sensitivity in insects. We exposed both wild and domesticated (>50 generations in captivity) Lymantria dispar dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) larvae to recordings of predators (wasp buzzing), nonpredators (mosquito buzzing), or no sound to compare the effects of predation risk on the two stocks. Wasp buzzing, but not mosquito buzzing, decreased survival of wild caterpillars relative to the control; domesticated caterpillars showed no such response. Domesticated L. dispar larvae appear to have reduced sensitivity to predation risk cues, suggesting that captive-reared insects may not always be analogs to their wild counterparts for risk-related behavioral studies.
Effects of flavoring additives on feed intake, growth performance, temperament, and markers of immune function for newly received feedlot cattle
Authors: Ahmad Mustaq , Seddon Yolande M , Blanch Marta , Penner Gregory B , Moya Diego
Published: May 2024

Ninety Angus × Hereford steers (259.9 ± 36.18 kg body weight [BW]) were used in a 56-d experiment to assess the effects of flavoring additives on feed intake, and stress and immune response of newly received feedlot cattle. Steers were homogenously distributed by BW into six pens equipped with an individual feed intake monitoring system, and pen was randomly assigned to one of three treatments (15 heads per pen; 30 heads per treatment): a standard feedlot receiving diet (CT), or the same diet with a flavoring additive comprised of either sweeteners (Luctarom Feedlot, SW) or a mix of basic tastes (Luctarom Feedlot Mix, MX) at 1 kg/mT. Pens were equipped with a feed intake monitoring system, while BW, chute behavior, flight speed, blood and saliva samples were collected bi-weekly, and hair samples were collected at 4-wk intervals during the study. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model for a pen study using individual animal records with repeated measures. There was a treatment × week interaction (P < 0.01) where meal duration was greater in SW steers than MX and CT on week 3, and then CT on weeks 7 and 8. A trend for treatment × week interaction (P = 0.06) showed that the number of visits per day tended to be greater in SW than MX steers on weeks 4 and 5, and it tended to be greater in SW than MX and CT on week 5. The concentration of IL-6 was greater (P < 0.01) on days 1 and 28 than on day 14. The IgM concentration was greater (P < 0.01) on day 1 compared to days 14, 28, and 56. The concentration of haptoglobin was greater (P < 0.01) on 14 than days 28, 42, and 56, and it was greater (P < 0.01) on day 1 than days 42 and 56. The concentration of serum amyloid A was greater (P < 0.01) on day 1 compared to the rest of sampling days. Fibrinogen concentration was greater (P < 0.01) on day 1 compared to days 14 and 42. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was greater (P < 0.01) on days 42 and 56 compared to days 1 and 28, and greater (P < 0.01) on day 14 compared to day 28. Hair and saliva cortisol concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) on day 56 compared to days 1 and 28, respectively. The use of flavoring additives, particularly when based on sweeteners (SW), caused some changes in the feeding pattern of newly received steers. These changes, however, were not consistent over the 56-d feeding period and were not accompanied by a change in growth performance, temperament, biomarkers of stress, inflammation, or immune function.
The Genesis Effect: Digital Goods in the Metaverse
Authors: Yang Haiyang
Published: May 2024

This research shows that although the used and unused versions of a digital good (e.g., virtual apparel) are identical in every pixel and functionality, consumers tend to prefer the unused version. This “genesis effect” occurs because consumers tend to perceive used (vs. unused) digital goods as virtually contaminated and because being permanently listed as the first (vs. subsequent) owner in the ownership record can confer a greater sense of status. Specifically, in study 1, analyses of large-scale field data on purchases of digital goods in the metaverse showed that consumers paid substantially more to acquire the unused (vs. used) version of the same good. Studies 2–4 causally demonstrated the genesis effect and its underlying mechanism across metaverse product categories—participants were less likely to purchase digital goods described as used (vs. unused). Virtual contamination and virtual status jointly mediated the effect. Furthermore, being the first—at the genesis of a digital product’s usage history—was particularly special, such that participants were less sensitive to increases in the number of prior owners after the first one. Finally, showing participants that a used good had been digitally reconstituted attenuated the genesis effect. These findings add to the literature on consumer behavior in the metaverse and offer managerial insights on digital goods marketing.
Evaluation of the Glymphatic System in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measurement of Brain Macromolecule and Diffusion Tensor Image Analysis Along the Perivascular Space Index
Authors: Abdolizadeh Ali , Torres-Carmona Edgardo , Kambari Yasaman , Amaev Aron , Song Jianmeng , Ueno Fumihiko , Koizumi Teruki , Nakajima Shinichiro , Agarwal Sri Mahavir , De Luca Vincenzo , Gerretsen Philip , Graff-Guerrero Ariel
Published: May 2024

Background and Hypothesis

The glymphatic system (GS), a brain waste clearance pathway, is disrupted in various neurodegenerative and vascular diseases. As schizophrenia shares clinical characteristics with these conditions, we hypothesized GS disruptions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SCZ-SD), reflected in increased brain macromolecule (MM) and decreased diffusion-tensor-image-analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index.

Study Design

Forty-seven healthy controls (HCs) and 103 patients with SCZ-SD were studied. Data included 135 proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) sets, 96 DTI sets, with 79 participants contributing both. MM levels were quantified in the dorsal-anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsal caudate (point resolved spectroscopy, echo-time = 35ms). Diffusivities in the projection and association fibers near the lateral ventricle were measured to calculate DTI-ALPS indices. General linear models were performed, adjusting for age, sex, and smoking. Correlation analyses examined relationships with age, illness duration, and symptoms severity.

Study Results

MM levels were not different between patients and HCs. However, left, right, and bilateral DTI-ALPS indices were lower in patients compared with HCs (P < .001). In HCs, age was positively correlated with dACC MM and negatively correlated with left, right, and bilateral DTI-ALPS indices (P < .001). In patients, illness duration was positively correlated with dACC MM and negatively correlated with the right DTI-ALPS index (P < .05). In the entire population, dACC MM and DTI-ALPS indices showed an inverse correlation (P < .01).

Conclusions

Our results suggest potential disruptions in the GS of patients with SCZ-SD. Improving brain’s waste clearance may offer a potential therapeutic approach for patients with SCZ-SD.
Effects of ozone exposure on lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a murine model of nonpneumonic endotoxemia
Authors: Radbel Jared , Meshanni Jaclynn A , Vayas Kinal N , Le-Hoang Oahn , Abramova Elena , Zhou Peihong , Joseph Laurie B , Laskin Jeffrey D , Gow Andrew J , Laskin Debra L
Published: May 2024

Recent studies have identified exposure to environmental levels of ozone as a risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of acute lung injury (ALI) that can develop in humans with sepsis. The aim of this study was to develop a murine model of ALI to mechanistically explore the impact of ozone exposure on ARDS development. Mice were exposed to ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) or air control followed 24 h later by intravenous administration of 3 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or PBS. Exposure of mice to ozone + LPS caused alveolar hyperplasia; increased BAL levels of albumin, IgM, phospholipids, and proinflammatory mediators including surfactant protein D and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products were also detected in BAL, along with markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Administration of ozone + LPS resulted in an increase in neutrophils and anti-inflammatory macrophages in the lung, with no effects on proinflammatory macrophages. Conversely, the numbers of resident alveolar macrophages decreased after ozone + LPS; however, expression of Nos2, Arg1, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Ccl2 by these cells increased, indicating that they are activated. These findings demonstrate that ozone sensitizes the lung to respond to endotoxin, resulting in ALI, oxidative stress, and exacerbated pulmonary inflammation, and provide support for the epidemiologic association between ozone exposure and ARDS incidence.
Combat-related Wartenberg Syndrome Due to Penetrating Shrapnel Injury: A Case Report
Authors: Berger Ori , Lomeli Bernardo A. , Andrakhanov Andrey , Talisman Ran
Published: May 2024

Wartenberg syndrome, also known as Cheiralgia paresthetica, is an uncommon neuropathy affecting the superficial branch of the radial nerve. Typically caused by external compression, it manifests as paresthesia or pain in the radial side of the hand. We present a case of Wartenberg syndrome resulting from combat shrapnel injury, illustrating an uncommon etiology. A 21-year-old soldier was presented with allodynia and paresthesia after a shrapnel explosion, with positive clinical findings and radiographic evidence supporting the diagnosis. Nonoperative management led to significant improvement, highlighting the importance of conservative treatment in such cases. This report underscores the significance of considering unconventional causes in nerve entrapment syndromes post combat trauma, emphasizing adherence to established therapeutic guidelines.
Hippocampal volume mediates the association of arterial stiffness with cognitive impairment in adult population
Authors: Li Xiaoshuai , Xing Jie , Hui Ying , Shi Huijing , Li Rui , Zhang Shun , Chen Shuohua , Li Jing , Liang Xiaoliang , Wu Yuntao , Zhao Pengfei , Wu Shouling , Wang Zhenchang
Published: May 2024

Objectives:

To investigate the association of arterial stiffness with brain perfusion, brain tissue volume and cognitive impairment in the general adult population.

Materials and methods:

This prospective study included 1488 adult participants (age range: 22.8–83.9 years) from the Kailuan study. All participants underwent brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement, brain MRI, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The association of PWV with cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain tissue volume and MoCA score was investigated. Mediation analysis was used to determine whether CBF and brain tissue volume changes mediated the associations between PWV and MoCA score.

Results:

A 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in PWV was associated with lower total brain CBF [β (95% CI) −0.67 (−1.2 to −0.14)], total gray matter CBF [β (95% CI) −0.7 [−1.27 to −0.13)], frontal lobe CBF [β (95% CI) −0.59 (−1.17 to −0.01)], parietal lobe CBF [β (95% CI) −0.8 (−1.43 to −0.18)], and temporal lobe CBF [β (95% CI) −0.68 (−1.24 to −0.12)]. Negative associations were found for PWV and total brain volume [β (95% CI) −4.8 (−7.61 to −1.99)] and hippocampus volume [β (95% CI) −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04)]. A 1 SD increase PWV was significantly associated with elevated odds of developing cognitive impairment [odds ratio (95% CI) 1.21 (1.01–1.45)]. Mediation analysis showed that hippocampal volume partially mediated the negative association between PWV and MoCA scores (proportion: 14.173%).

Conclusion:

High arterial stiffness was associated with decreased total and regional CBF, brain tissue volume, and cognitive impairment. Hippocampal volume partially mediated the effects of arterial stiffness on cognitive impairment.
Satisfaction With and Adherence to Off-Label Corticosteroids in Adolescents and Adults With Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Gold Benjamin D. , Goodwin Bridgett , Davis Kimberly , Sweeney Carolyn , Ziemiecki Ryan , Jiang Jeanne , Fan Tao , Boules Mena , Chen Szu-Ta , Katzka David A.
Published: May 2024

Goals:

We assessed satisfaction with and adherence to off-label corticosteroids in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in the United States.

Background:

EoE is a chronic inflammatory disease for which there are currently no US Food and Drug Administration-approved swallowed topical corticosteroids.

Study:

This noninterventional, cross-sectional, web-based survey included caregivers of adolescents (aged 11 to 17 y) and adults (aged 18 years or older) with a self-reported [or caregiver-reported (adolescents)] physician diagnosis of EoE who were receiving corticosteroids. Participants were recruited through 2 nonprofit, patient advocacy groups. The 9-item Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM-9) was used to assess satisfaction across effectiveness, convenience, and global satisfaction domains (scale: 1 to 100 per domain); higher scores indicated greater satisfaction. The 4-item Morisky Green Levine Medication Adherence Scale (MGL-4) was used to assess adherence; an MGL-4 score of <3 indicated adherence. Participants also reported reasons for nonadherence.

Results:

Overall, 201 participants (caregivers of adolescents, n=98; adults, n=103) were included in this study. Mean TSQM-9 scores indicated low satisfaction with off-label corticosteroids across all 3 satisfaction domains in adolescents (≤61.1) and adults (≤55.7). Slightly fewer adolescents (37.1%) than adults (40.8%) were considered adherent. Forgetfulness was the most frequently reported reason for nonadherence; some patients chose not to take their medications, owing to poor palatability (adolescents), difficulty taking medications at specific times (adults), or feeling depressed/overwhelmed (adolescents and adults).

Conclusions:

Satisfaction with and adherence to off-label corticosteroids were low in this web-based survey of adolescents and adults with EoE in the United States.
Impact of sleep and mental health in adolescence: an overview
Authors: Woodfield Michelle , Butler Nanci Ginty , Tsappis Michael
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review

Sleep deprivation is known to affect multiple aspects of mental health, physical health, and daily functioning. With increasing reports of sleep disturbances and increasing mental health needs in adolescents, it is imperative that healthcare providers have a strong understanding of the relationship between sleep and mental health, the impact of poor sleep on the school experience, and an understanding of behavioral interventions targeting sleep practices.

Recent findings

Recent studies have shown that the relationship between sleep and mental health is complex and multifaceted. While mental health diagnoses and symptoms can negatively influence sleep quality and quantity, so too does poor sleep increase the risk of mental health diagnoses, symptom severity, and suicide risk. Sleep likewise affects the school experience, both positively and negatively. Targeted interventions and prevention programs may be effective in treatment of sleep disturbances for adolescents.

Clinicians must be aware of the above associations and their clinical implications. Patients with either mental health or sleep concerns should be screened for potential co-morbid conditions. Improving sleep hygiene practices can improve the sleep experience in adolescents, however, there remains a gap in understanding the best method to improve sleep hygiene practices in this population.
Linear growth in children and adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Savage Martin O.
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a relatively common disorder and one of the most challenging conditions seen by pediatric endocrinologists. Poor linear growth in CAH has been recognized for many years. There are new insights to explain this abnormality and shed light on strategies to promote normal growth.

Recent findings

Published data suggest that the dose of hydrocortisone during two critical periods of rapid growth, namely infancy and at puberty, has a fundamental effect on growth velocity, and by definition adult height. To prevent over-treatment, hydrocortisone dosage should remain within the range of 10–15 mg/m2 body surface area per day. Precursor steroids such as 17-hydroxy progesterone (17OHP) should not be suppressed to undetectable levels. In fact, 17OHP should always be measurable, as complete suppression suggests over-treatment.

CAH is a challenging disorder. High-quality compliance within the consultation setting, with the patient seeing the same specialist at every visit, will be rewarded by improved long-term growth potential. Quality auxological monitoring can avoid phases of growth suppression. New therapy with CRH receptor antagonists may lead to a more nuanced approach by allowing fine tuning of hydrocortisone replacement without the need to suppress ACTH secretion.
The Relationship Between Digital Game Addiction and Levels of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents Receiving Cancer Treatment
Authors: Sarvan Sureyya , Bekar Pinar , Erkul Munevver , Efe Emine
Published: May 2024

Background

Adolescents diagnosed with cancer are vulnerable to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress.

Objective

To examine the relationship between digital game addiction and levels of anxiety and depression in adolescents receiving cancer treatment.

Methods

This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with 120 adolescents aged 12-17 years who were receiving cancer treatment. Data were collected using the Digital Game Addiction Scale (DGAS-7) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Data were analyzed using independent-samples t test, 1-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis, and simple linear regression.

Results

The mean age of the adolescents participating in the study was 15.21 ± 1.64 years. The mean DGAS-7 score was 15.19 ± 5.58, whereas the mean HADS Anxiety subscale score was 8.54 ± 4.33, and the mean HADS Depression subscale score was 7.72 ± 3.96. A positive, statistically significant relationship was found between the DGAS-7 mean score and the HADS Anxiety and Depression subscale mean scores (P < .001).

Conclusions

As the addiction levels increased in adolescents diagnosed with cancer, their anxiety and depression levels also increased.

Implications for Practice

Health professionals should be mindful that in adolescents diagnosed and treated for cancer, digital game addiction and levels of anxiety and depression may mutually reinforce each other.