bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVII-14 Evaluation of Precision Feeding on Production Efficiency Responses in Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K , Hanson Santana
Published: September 2022

Angus heifers (n = 60; initial shrunk BW = 460 ± 26.2kg in n = 10 pens; 5 replicate pens/treatment) were used in a 112-d feedlot finishing experiment to evaluate animal growth performance outcomes, efficiency measures, and carcass characteristics when varying degrees of ingredient inclusion tolerances were imposed. Treatments included: 1) Normal feeding with 1lb tolerance for all ingredients (FIXED). 2) Variable inclusion strategy where each ingredient was randomly increased or decreased but the targeted as-fed quantity for the daily delivery was met (VAR). All heifers were fed once daily with all bunks managed using a slick bunk approach. Monensin sodium was fed at 33mg/kg and ractopamine HCl was fed (300mg per head daily) the final 28d. Individual BW measures were captured at processing and every 21d. Diets consisted of earlage, dried distiller’s grains, and a liquid supplement. Ingredient inclusions were randomized by assigning independently a random integer to DDGS and LS with each integer corresponding to the deviation from targeted inclusions. Earlage inclusion was adjusted so that the targeted as-fed amount of the diet was delivered. As-fed inclusion rates varied from formulated targets by -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, +5, +10, +15, or +20%. Actual DM inclusion was within 5% of expectations 72% of the time in FIXED (13periods/18periods) and only 27% of the time in VAR (5periods/18periods). Ingredient inclusion accuracy did not affect ADG, DMI, or feed conversion efficiency in this experiment (P ≥ 0.15). DMI and liquid inclusion rates showed an inverse relationship. There were no differences (P ³ 0.35) detected between treatments for carcass characteristics. No differences were noted between dietary treatments for liver abscess prevalence or severity. Under the conditions of this experiment, randomly altering ingredient proportions did not affect live animal performance, efficiency measures, or carcass characteristics.
PSVII-19
Feeding Behavior of Feedlot Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with an Added Nutritional Packet
Authors: Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Crossland Whitney L , Tedeschi Luis O , Mendes Egleu
Published: September 2022

The effects of a nutritional packet offered to beef yearling-steers during the feedlot-finishing phase on feeding behavior were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus steers (n = 30; initial BW = 542 ± 8 kg) were assigned to pens (15 steers/pen; animal = experimental unit) in a randomized complete block design. Steers were offered a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum, and treatments as follows: 1) control and 2) 30 g/steer-daily (DM-basis) of a nutritional packet (live yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g], vitamin C [5.4 g/kg], vitamin B1 [13.33 g/kg], NaCl [80 g/kg], and KCl [80 g/kg]). Ground corn was used as a carrier and included at 1% of diet DM. Orts were subtracted from the dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Feeding behavior (meal frequency, meal size, bunk visit duration, and meal criterion) were continuously recorded using the Smartfeed system (individual animals). Three periods during the last 60 days before cattle harvest were assessed: 1) d7-11; 2) d28 -32; and 3) d49-53. Periods were used to compute meal criteria for each animal using the Meal Criterion Calculation (v. 1.9) software. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. No treatment × period interactions were observed (P ≥ 0.32) for meal frequency, duration (min/meal), and intake (kg/meal). Steers offered the nutritional packet had greater overall meal duration during periods 1 and 3 (75 and 77 min/d; P < 0.01), but did not differ (68 min/d; P = 0.09) for period 2 (Control AVR = 55 min/d). Steers offered the nutritional packet had greater (P ≤ 0.01) meal frequency (20 vs. 16 meals/d), while individual meal duration (3.85 min/meal) and meal intake (0.46 kg/meal) were not affected by treatments (P > 0.86). Improved meal frequency and overall time spent eating, without affecting intake, may induce a more desirable daily distribution of nutrients.
PSVIII-5
Impact of Forage Allowance During mid- to Late-Gestation on the Performance of the cow/Calf Pair
Authors: Souza William L , Sousa Luciana M , Cidrini Iorrano A , Zamudio German D R , Prados Laura F , Oliveira Ivanna M , Siqueira Gustavo R , Resende Flávio D
Published: September 2022

The objective was to evaluate the effect of different forage allowance in the mid to late gestation on the performance of the cow/calf pair. The experiment started at the final 151 days of gestation (D-151) until weaning (D205). Nellore cows pregnant with male calves [n = 56; 444±42 kg body weight (BW)] were blocked by the initial BW and randomly assigned to receive different forage allowances (FA): (1) Low (LFA; 2.81 kgDM)/kgBW; and (2) High (HFA; 7.58 kgDM/kgBW) until calving (d0); divided into 6 blocks and 12 paddocks of 7.5 ha each consisting of forage Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, without application of treatment after d0. Cows received a protein supplement (33% TDN and 50% CP) with a supply of 0.1% BW/day from d-151 to d0 and ad libitum mineral mixture from d0 to d205. Fasting BW, body condition score (BCS) on d-151, d0 and d205, mean daily gain (ADG), and milk production and composition of cows on d30, d120 and d205, and d0, d120 and d205 were used in determining ADG. The data analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. HFA cows showed greater BW, ADG and BCS with the FA × period interaction effect (P< 0.01) in D-151 to the D0. The BW was similar for cows kept in LFA and HFA, greater ADG for LFA; however, the BCS was greater for HFA from d0 to d205. Milk production and composition were not affected by the FA x period (P≥0.21). The performance of HFA calves showed greater BW with the interaction effect of FA x period (P=0.05) and without effect of FA x period (P=0.13) on ADG. In conclusion, the low forage allowance promoted a feed restriction capable of reducing the performance of the cows and consequently reducing the performance of the offspring from birth to weaning.
PSVIII-12 Influence of Colostrum Insulin Supplementation on Brush Border Carbohydrase Activity in Neonatal Holstein Bulls
Authors: Yusuf Mustapha , Hare Koryn S , Nagorske Michael , Wood Katharine M , Steele Michael A , Swanson Kendall C
Published: September 2022

Insulin concentrations are variable in bovine colostrum (5 to 263 µg insulin/L) and its effects on gastrointestinal function in neonatal calves are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if varying concentrations of insulin in colostrum would influence intestinal carbohydrases in neonatal Holstein bulls. Calves (n = 26; 49.11 kg, SD = 3.24) were removed from their dams after calving. They were fed 3 meals of colostrum (7% BW or 3.10 ± 0.02 L) at 2, 14 and 26 hours after birth containing one of 3 insulin concentrations: basal (16.8 µg/L; n = 8), or supplemental colostrum containing either a 5× (83.4 µg/L; n = 10) or 10× (167.5 µg/L; n = 8) increase in colostrum insulin respective to basal concentrations. At 30 hours, the animals were killed, and the gastrointestinal tract was removed for mucosal scrapings of the duodenum, proximal jejunum, and ileum. Intestinal mucosal scrapings were assayed for the following brush border carbohydrases: maltase, isomaltase, lactase and glucoamylase. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and dam parity modeled as fixed effects. There was no treatment effect (P > 0.05) on intestinal maltase, isomaltase and glucoamylase concentrations. However, there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in jejunal lactase activity (Unit/g of jejunum and U/g of protein) with increasing amount of insulin inclusion. These data indicate that insulin supplementation has minimal effects on activities of brush border starch degrading enzymes, but increases lactase activity in the proximal jejunum of neonatal calves.
PSVIII-11 In Vitro Incubation with a Bacillus-Based Direct-fed Microbial Improves Starch Digestibility
Authors: Pan Liyi , Harper Karen , Cappellozza Bruno , Copani Giuseppe , Queiroz Oscar
Published: September 2022

Besides being well-recognized as a probiotic to human and livestock species, Bacillus spp. are also able to secrete a wide range of enzymes that improve carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestibility, which in turn, will lead to greater milk yield and growth performance in dairy and beef cattle, respectively. Hence, we hypothesized that the incubation of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbials (DFM) solution would improve in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) in different concentrates (two barley sources, corn, sorghum, and wheat; starch content = 41.1 to 72.5% DM). Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effects of incubating a Bacillus-based DFM on IVSD of these concentrates over a 12-h period. Concentrates were incubated, in triplicates, into the media containing (DFM) or not (CON) the DFM (Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis; 3.2 × 109 CFU/g; Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark) over a 12-h period, whereas IVSD was evaluated at 6- and 12-h post-DFM incubation. Ruminal IVSD on dried 1-mm screen ground samples was determined using procedures previously described and validated. All data were analyzed using SAS. Incubation of a Bacillus-based DFM increased mean IVSD in all samples (P ≤ 0.01) analyzed herein, with the greatest overall improvement observed in low-density barley (18.2%) and sorghum (13.6%). Treatment × hour interactions were observed in 3 out 5 concentrates (P ≤ 0.001). In general, incubation with a DFM improved 6-h IVSD (P ≤ 0.02), ranging from 6.7 (wheat) to 67.8% (low-density barley), whereas 12-h IVSD was also greater in wheat inoculated with DFM (14.9% increase vs. CON; P < 0.0001). In summary, incubation of a Bacillus-based DFM improved in vitro starch digestibility in 5 out 6 concentrate sources, with most of the improvements within 6-h. These results highlight the ability of Bacillus spp. in releasing enzymes that degrade carbohydrates, likely benefiting production parameters of livestock.
PSVIII-8 Impacts of Phosphorus Intake on Beef Heifer Growth Performance and Conception Rates
Authors: Cheek Robin A , Kegley Beth B , Powell J G , Midkiff Kirsten A , Reyonolds Jana L , Shoulders Benjamin P , Hilfiker Haley
Published: September 2022

The objective of this experiment was to further investigate the effects of phosphorus intake on beef heifer growth performance and conception rates. An increase in phosphorus soil concentrations from use of livestock manure as fertilizer in Northwest Arkansas has led to greater phosphorus concentrations available in forages. This study was designed to determine if phosphorus supplementation is warranted when adequate phosphorus soil concentrations exist. This experiment was conducted over 2 years using two separate groups of weaned crossbred Angus heifers (n=72/year). Approximately 30 d after weaning, heifers were stratified by body weight (average initial weight 262kg) and allocated randomly to 14 groups (8 in Year 1, 6 in Year 2). Groups were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a free-choice-mineral mix that contained no supplemental phosphorus (CON), or 2) a free-choice-mineral mix with 4% supplemental phosphorus and identical concentrations of other supplemental minerals (4PMIN). Heifers grazed 2.24 ha mixed grass pastures with a history of livestock manure application and were supplemented with soy hulls (0.5% of body weight) daily. On d 112, heifers > 273 kg body weight had an ultrasound evaluation of reproductive tracts (1= infantile, 5= cyclic). Heifers were determined pregnant or open via rectal ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using the MIXED or GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 with group within year as the experimental unit. There were no differences in gain for either treatments for the 224-day period (P ≥ 0.14). Reproductive tract scores did not differ (P = 0.95). There were no differences for conception rates (AI or natural bred) (P ≥ 0.55). Overall pregnancy was 79% for CON and 83% for 4PMIN. Heifers grazing pastures with a history of livestock manure application did not benefit from adding supplemental phosphorus in the free choice mineral offered.
PSVIII-6 Impact of Naturally Occurring Water with High Sulfate Concentration on Feed and Water Intake, Growth, and Trace Mineral Status of Beef Cattle
Authors: Pereira Murillo C , Lang Catherine M , Summach Dwayne , Johnson Jordan A , Penner Gregory B
Published: September 2022

This study evaluated the impact of naturally occurring water with a high-sulfate concentration on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, growth, and trace mineral status of yearling beef heifers. Angus-based heifers (n = 48; 398.4 ± 22.1 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens (4 heifers/pen) and fed for 100 d arranged into 25 d periods. Heifers were provided water containing 350 (CON); 2,300 (MEDS); or 4,300 mg/L (HIGHS) sulfate. Concentrated water (71,482 mg/L sulfate) from natural source was collected and blended to achieve the treatments. All data were analyzed using the fixed effects of treatment, period (d 1-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100), and the treatment × period interaction, with period as a repeated measure. Average daily gain, and gain-to-feed were not affected (P>0.29). Provision of HIGHS decreased (interaction, P< 0.01) DMI from d 1-25, 26-50 and 51-75, with no effect from d 76-100 compared with CON. Heifers drinking CON and MEDS during d 26-50 had greater (interaction, P< 0.01) water intake than HIGHS with no differences among treatments otherwise. Total sulfate intake (g/d) was greater for HIGHS, followed by MEDS and CON with a greater difference between treatments during d 26-50 (interaction, P< 0.01). Heifers provided MEDS and HIGHS had a greater (interaction, P< 0.01) reduction in serum copper compared with CON. Liver copper concentration did not differ at the start of the study but was 74% and 62% of CON for MEDS and HIGHS, respectively at the end of the study (interaction, P< 0.01). Serum selenium was greater for MEDS and HIGHS than CON; while liver selenium was least for HIGHS heifers at the end of the study (interaction, P< 0.01). These data highlight that beef heifers were able to tolerate 213 g/d of sulfate intake with no negative impact on growth performance; however, MEDS and HIGHS decreased liver copper and liver selenium concentrations.
PSVI-11
Effects of Levels of Minerals of a Natural Source of Brackish Water and Nacl on Digestion and Ruminal Methane Emission by Different Breeds of Goats and Hair Sheep
Authors: Ribeiro Luana , Puchala Ryszard , Goetsch Arthur L
Published: September 2022

Angora, Boer, and Spanish doelings and Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix ewe lambs (six per type; initial age=9.7±0.07 mo) consumed water varying in mineral levels of a natural brackish source (BR) and NaCl (SL) to determine effects on digestion and ruminal methane emission. There were six simultaneous 6×6 Latin squares with 3-wk periods, analyzed by a mixed effects model and repeated measure of period. Water treatments (WT) were fresh (FR), BR alone (100-BR), similar total dissolved salt (TDS) level as 100-BR via NaCl addition to FR (100-SL), BR with concentrations of all minerals increased by approximately 50% (150-BR), similar TDS level as 150-BR by NaCl addition to FR (150-SL), and similar 150 TDS level by adding a 1:1 mixture of BR minerals and NaCl to 100-BR (150-BR/SL). Concentrations (mg/kg) in BR were 4,928 TDS, 85.9 bicarbonate, 225 calcium, 1,175 chloride, 60.5 magnesium, 4.59 potassium, 1,387 sodium, and 1,962 sulfate, and TDS was 453, 5,684, 7,508, 8,222, and 7,319 for FR, 100-SL, 150-BR, 150-SL, and 150-BR/SL, respectively. Wheat hay (10.0% crude protein and 66.8% neutral detergent fiber) was consumed ad libitum. There were no effects of WT or AT×WT interactions for these variables. Dry matter intake in wk 3 was least among AT (P< 0.05) for Angora (2.16, 2.71, 2.82, 2.78, 3.20, and 3.13% body weight; SEM=0.161) and there were AT differences (P< 0.05) in digestion of organic matter (62.0, 65.4, 65.2, 67.1, 69.1, and 65.3%; SEM=1.29) and neutral detergent fiber (62.6, 67.4, 66.7, 68.3, 70.3, and 66.9%; SEM=1.35) but not nitrogen (61.6, 63.2, 63.7, 63.3, 65.7, and 60.3%; SEM=1.51) or ruminal methane emission (10.9, 12.8, 11.3, 11.1, 10.7, and 12.2% digestible energy for Angora, Boer, Spanish, Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM=0.97). In conclusion, all AT seemed resilient to WT regardless of mineral source and levels with TDS less than 10,000 mg/kg, although there were numerous differences among AT.
PSVI-14 Effect of Morphometric Traits Upon Social Hierarchy of Dorper Rams from Northern Mexico
Authors: de Santiago Ma Angeles , Véliz-Deras Francisco Gerardo , González-Tavizón Andrea , Sifuentes Lamont Pablo I , Meza-Herrera Cesar Alberto , Martinez Rafael Rodriguez , Rodríguez Gerardo Arellano
Published: September 2022

Usually, social order is defined by the animal size, live weight, or age. This study aimed to evaluate the association among horn presence (HP), and horn size (HS) on social rank hierarchy. Adult Dorper rams (n=24) with similar live weight (LW), body condition score (BCS), and age (AG) were subjected to a behavioral test to define the success index (SI, ranked form 0 to 1) based on male-to-male interactions, determining three social ranks: low hierarchy rams (LHR; SI = 0-0.33; n=9), medium hierarchy rams (MHR; SI=0.34-0.66; n=10) and high hierarchy rams (HHR; SI= 0.67-1; n=5). Afterward, skull, horn (HP and HS), and body morphometrics were measured. The GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to analyze LW, AG, BCS, HS and HP with three social ranks and five to ten replicates per group. Rams within social rank were the experimental units. Differences were considered as significant at P < 0.05. Regarding HP, 80% of the HHR rams had horns, while 77.7% of the LHR rams were hornless, with intermediate values for MHR (50%), but no differences were found regarding HS between low, medium and high hierarchy rams (85.1±2.6, 84.3±3.3, and 90.7±4.7, respectively). In conclusion, while presence of horns have an important role for establishing social hierarchy, it is a complex trait influenced by factors other than horn presence or size so, we recommend more research in relation to other factors that could influence the position of rams in the hierarchy rank levels of the herds.
PSVI-15 Effects of Different Dietary Sources of Lipids for Lactating Ewes
Authors: Silva Adrielly S a , Junior Paulo cesar G Dias , Carlis Matheus , Ackermann Nathalia R , Sturion Thamires U , Souza Terezinha T , Biava Janaina S S , Ferreira Evandro Maia M , Polizel Daniel M M , Cappelloza Bruno Ieda , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets with fatty acid profiles on lactation performance and milk composition of ewes. Dorper vs. Santa Inês ewes (n=40; 54.9 ± 8.3 kg BW and 14 days in milk) were penned individually and used in a randomized complete block design. Ewes were fed a basal diet (19.87 ± 0.62% CP) containing 70% concentrate and 30% coastcross hay, and no added oil (CON). The remaining diets were added with 4.0% of soybean oil (SO), calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPF), or calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CSSF) (DM basis). Ewes were fed the diets from the week 2 to 10 of lactation. Milk production was determined every 7 days during the experiment. Ewes were separated from their lambs and mechanically milked for emptying of the mammary gland. After 3 hours, using the same procedure, milk production was recorded and samples collected for milk composition analysis. The addition of SO decreased (P< 0.001) DM intake, with no difference between the other treatments. Milk production, as well as the production of fat, protein, lactose and total solids (g/3 hours) were not affected by the treatments. Regarding milk composition, the percentage of milk fat and total solids increased (P< 0.0001) with CSSF. The percentage of protein was less (P< 0.001) in the milk from ewes that received the diet containing CSPF, with no difference between the other diets. Finally, the percentage of lactose was less (P< 0.001) for ewes fed the diet containing calcium salts of palm fatty acids. In conclusion, soybean oil had the greatest negative effect on dry matter intake. All the oil sources modulated the milk composition, with better results in this regard for the calcium salts of palm fatty acids, considering that it increased the fat and total solids content of the milk.
PSVI-7 Postmortem in Vitro Culture of Cells from Visceral Organs Stored at 4°C in Small Ruminants
Authors: Singh Mahipal , Kutagulla Arunachala Shiv Kumar Reddy
Published: September 2022

Exploration of cell viability and their regenerative capacity in postmortem tissues has a huge potential for tissue/organ transplantation and cell therapies in both human and animals. Proliferative stem cells have been recovered from refrigerated postmortem skin tissue in bovine, goat and sheep, and from ligaments in horses. However, it is not clearly known whether live and proliferative cells can be recovered from visceral organs that stay comparatively warmer than other tissues after death, and whether the recovery time can be extended after refrigeration of individual organs. To achieve this goal, six different organ tissues i.e. lung, heart, oviduct, liver, kidney and skin from goats were procured from slaughter house and stored in the laboratory at 4°C. Ten small sized (2-3mm2) explants from each of the five organs were then cultured in two 35mm dishes for each time point in DMEM media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The tissues were cultured on day 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12. The dishes were observed under inverted microscope and any explant exhibiting outgrowth of cells on day 10-12 of culture was considered positive. Our results exhibited outgrowth of cells around 3 (lung, oviduct, skin) of the 6 organs tested. Kidney, liver and heart tissues did not show any outgrowth. Interestingly, oviduct and skin, tissues exhibited outgrowth even after 9 days of postmortem storage in refrigerator, whereas lung tissues show growth only up to 6 days of storage. Experiments to test the cell survival limits on more animals of different age groups and characterization of recovered cells are underway.
PSVI-16 The Essential oil of Arnica Montana Positively Modulates the Fatty Acid Profile of Lamb Meat
Authors: Dias Paulo Cesar G , Ferreira Evandro Maia M , Santos Isabela Jorge , Carlis Matheus , Vicente Ana Carolina S , Silva Adrielly S a , Assis Rhaissa G , Comelli Jamily H , Biava Janaina S S , Soares Leticia Carolina Bortolanza , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: September 2022

Essential oils can modulate ruminal biohydrogenation. Dorper x Santa Inês lambs (n=40; initial BW of 30.3 ± 5.76 kg and 92 ± 9 d old) were assigned to a randomized complete block to evaluate the effect of different levels of arnica montana essential oil (AM) as a feed additive on the fatty acid (FA) profile of the meat. The treatments were: 25 mg of monensin/kg DM (M25); and four monensin-free diets containing 0 (AM0), 450 (AM450), 900 (AM900) and 1350 (AM1350) mg of AM/kg DM. All diets contained 90% concentrate and 10% forage (Coastcross hay). The experiment lasted 90 d, then the lambs were slaughtered and the meat samples were taken to evaluate the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. The increase in AM promoted a linear reduction (P< 0.05) in the proportion of C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 t11, C22:6 n-3 and the sum of saturated FA (ΣSFA). A linear increase (P< 0.05) in the proportion of C18:2 c9,12, C18:3 n-3, in the sum of polyunsaturated (ΣPUFA) and the sum of the FA of the omega-6 series (Σn-6) when AM was included in the diet. The M25 diet increased (P< 0.05) the proportion of C16:0, C17:0, C18:0 and decreased (P< 0.05) the proportion of C18:2 c9,12, ΣSFA, Σn-6 and the relationship n-6/n-3 compared with AM diets. There was a reduction (P< 0.05) in the proportion of C16:0; C18:3 n-3 and an increase to C18:1 t11 and C22:6 n-3 when AM0 was compared with the M25. The proportions of C12:0; C14:0; C14:1 c9; C16:1 c9; C18:1 c9; C18:1 t9; C18:2 c9, t11; C18:2 t10, c12; C18:3 n-6 e C20:5 n-3 were similar between treatments (P >0.05). The AM positively modulates the FA profile of lamb meat, and the content of 1350 mg/kg DM of AM was the most efficient.
Learning from Automation in Targeting to Better Regulate Autonomous Weapon Systems: Target Lists, the Electronic Battlefield and Automation in Mines
Authors: Hughes Joshua G
Published: September 2022

Autonomous weapon systems (AWS) are an emerging technology not currently subject to any specific regulation. This article examines the nature of automation in pre-cursor technologies for three different aspects of AWS to determine regulatory best practices that can be applied to these systems. Automation in target selection is explored in the context of pre-determined target lists, which function in similar ways to entering targets into the memory of an AWS. Automation in target engagement is considered using an example of ‘The Electronic Battlefield’ from the Vietnam War that, despite the less capable technologies of the time, demonstrates key elements of how AWS operate. The absence of human involvement is considered in relation to two types of mines that have been regulated on the international level and evaluates dimensions of control that could be useful to apply to AWS. Conclusions about automation for each aspect are used to determine best practices for regulating use of AWS. From these best practices, an outline of a legally required minimum level of human control is also developed.
The Genomic Landscapes of Desert Birds Form over Multiple Time Scales
Authors: Provost Kaiya , Shue Stephanie Yun , Forcellati Meghan , Smith Brian Tilston
Published: September 2022

Spatial models show that genetic differentiation between populations can be explained by factors ranging from geographic distance to environmental resistance across the landscape. However, genomes exhibit a landscape of differentiation, indicating that multiple processes may mediate divergence in different portions of the genome. We tested this idea by comparing alternative geographic predctors of differentiation in ten bird species that co-occur in Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts of North America. Using population-level genomic data, we described the genomic landscapes across species and modeled conditions that represented historical and contemporary mechanisms. The characteristics of genomic landscapes differed across species, influenced by varying levels of population structuring and admixture between deserts, and the best-fit models contrasted between the whole genome and partitions along the genome. Both historical and contemporary mechanisms were important in explaining genetic distance, but particularly past and current environments, suggesting that genomic evolution was modulated by climate and habitat There were also different best-ftit models across genomic partitions of the data, indicating that these regions capture different evolutionary histories. These results show that the genomic landscape of differentiation can be associated with alternative geographic factors operating on different portions of the genome, which reflect how heterogeneous patterns of genetic differentiation can evolve across species and genomes.
A fish herpesvirus highlights functional diversities among Zα domains related to phase separation induction and A-to-Z conversion
Authors: Diallo Mamadou Amadou , Pirotte Sébastien , Hu Yunlong , Morvan Léa , Rakus Krzysztof , Suárez Nicolás M , PoTsang Lee , Saneyoshi Hisao , Xu Yan , Davison Andrew J , Tompa Peter , Sussman Joel L , Vanderplasschen Alain
Published: September 2022

Zalpha (Zα) domains bind to left-handed Z-DNA and Z-RNA. The Zα domain protein family includes cellular (ADAR1, ZBP1 and PKZ) and viral (vaccinia virus E3 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) ORF112) proteins. We studied CyHV-3 ORF112, which contains an intrinsically disordered region and a Zα domain. Genome editing of CyHV-3 indicated that the expression of only the Zα domain of ORF112 was sufficient for normal viral replication in cell culture and virulence in carp. In contrast, its deletion was lethal for the virus. These observations revealed the potential of the CyHV-3 model as a unique platform to compare the exchangeability of Zα domains expressed alone in living cells. Attempts to rescue the ORF112 deletion by a broad spectrum of cellular, viral, and artificial Zα domains showed that only those expressing Z-binding activity, the capacity to induce liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and A-to-Z conversion, could rescue viral replication. For the first time, this study reports the ability of some Zα domains to induce LLPS and supports the biological relevance of dsRNA A-to-Z conversion mediated by Zα domains. This study expands the functional diversity of Zα domains and stimulates new hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of action of proteins containing Zα domains.
Genetic context effects can override canonical cis regulatory elements in Escherichia coli
Authors: Scholz Scott A , Lindeboom Chase D , Freddolino Lydia
Published: September 2022

Recent experiments have shown that in addition to control by cis regulatory elements, the local chromosomal context of a gene also has a profound impact on its transcription. Although this chromosome-position dependent expression variation has been empirically mapped at high-resolution, the underlying causes of the variation have not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that 1 kb of flanking, non-coding synthetic sequences with a low frequency of guanosine and cytosine (GC) can dramatically reduce reporter expression compared to neutral and high GC-content flanks in Escherichia coli. Natural and artificial genetic context can have a similarly strong effect on reporter expression, regardless of cell growth phase or medium. Despite the strong reduction in the maximal expression level from the fully-induced reporter, low GC synthetic flanks do not affect the time required to reach the maximal expression level after induction. Overall, we demonstrate key determinants of transcriptional propensity that appear to act as tunable modulators of transcription, independent of regulatory sequences such as the promoter. These findings provide insight into the regulation of naturally occurring genes and an independent control for optimizing expression of synthetic biology constructs.
Systematic review of the portion size norm of discretionary foods
Authors: Liu Qingzhou , Wang Leanne , Allman-Farinelli Margaret , Rangan Anna
Published: September 2022

Context

Portion size norm is described as the perception of how much of a given food people choose to eat. Reducing the portion size norm of foods that are high in saturated fat, added sugar, and added salt toward smaller sizes might be a potential strategy to promote appropriate portion size selections. However, an overview of existing portion size norms for discretionary foods has yet to be established.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to examine the portion size norm of discretionary foods and assess the methodologies used to investigate the norm.

Data Sources

The literature search was conducted in 6 databases following the PRISMA guidelines (from inception to January 2022).

Data Extraction

Forty studies were eligible and grouped into 3 categories by portion size norm measures: normal (n = 26), appropriate (n = 8), and preferred portion sizes (n = 3). Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools.

Data Analysis

A wide range of portion sizes were considered normal for each food type, with means/medians varying from 2- to 4-fold among studies. Studies differed considerably in design, with variables including the setting, food type, food presentation, the manner in which portion-size-related questions were formulated, and the range and number of displayed serving size options. The quality of reviewed studies was mixed (25 studies had low or moderate risk of bias, 15 had high risk of bias), and the method of assessing portion size was not validated in 15 of 33 quantitative studies.

Conclusion

The assessment of portion size in future studies should be conducted using tools that are validated for the population of interest so that more definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding portion size norms for discretionary foods.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration number CRD42021249911.
Prisons and Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher
Published: September 2022

Mass incarceration is consequential for health, and the filaments that form the connection between prisons and health branch outward. Incarceration undermines the health and well-being of people released from prison. It undermines the health of families, communities, and health care systems. But at the heart of the relationship between prisons and health is a paradox. Prisons are charged, at once, with being punitive and therapeutic, with denying freedom and administering treatment, with confining and rehabilitating. The relationship between incarceration and health is sustained by a variety of social, cultural, and legal forces, and by a failure to recognize that prisons are now squarely in the business of providing care. Understanding how prisons undermine health requires understanding these connections and the history that got us to this point. Addressing the health of people currently and formerly in prison will improve the lives of many. It can also promote a fairer and more effective justice system.
Which Bodies Have Minds?
Authors: McWeeny Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Theories about what a mind is entail views about who (or what) has a mind and vice versa. This chapter reframes the classic problem of how the mind interacts with the body in terms of the question of mental attribution: Which bodies have minds? Critical social theorists’ descriptions of mental attribution associated with the bodies of women, Black people, colonized people, laborers, and others, reveals three metaphysical components of mental attribution that are respectively associated with experiences of immanence and nonbeing, dehumanization, and objectification and hypermateriality: (1) the ratio component, (2) the comparison component, and (3) the constitution component. A theory’s approach to each of these components collectively forms its “attribution pattern.” Physicalist panpsychisms provide ready examples of attribution patterns that apply to the set of all bodies that exist. Russellian panpsychism illustrates a “selective” attribution pattern that attributes minds (or mentality) only to certain bodies, while Cavendishian panpsychism exhibits an “unrestricted” attribution pattern that attributes a mind to each and every body. These contrary views help to establish a taxonomy of mental attribution patterns that promises to inspire fresh theories of mind and liberatory configurations of the social.
“What a Queer Girl Frank Willard Is!”
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter continues Frances Willard’s story into her late teens, as she moved to the town that became her permanent home: Evanston, Illinois. Pursuing her education at North-Western Female College, Willard wrestled with questions pertaining to her future and her Christian faith. The chapter spotlights how Willard was drawn into the theological rhythms of mid-nineteenth-century Methodism, particularly coming from the United States’ largest Protestant denomination, the Methodist Episcopal Church. Influenced by prominent church leaders Phoebe Palmer and Matthew Simpson, Willard somewhat reluctantly embraced Christianity by her early twenties. Even as she made the decision to become a Christian, Willard remained captivated by an array of intellectual sources, including the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller.
“Agitate, Educate, Organize”
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores Frances Willard’s rising popularity in the early 1880s, focusing upon her public speaking and her role in building the institutional culture of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Through traveling thousands of miles and speaking in hundreds of locations across the United States, Willard became one of the country’s most popular orators. The chapter discusses Willard’s role as a charismatic leader and her effectiveness in recruiting women to join the WCTU. It also examines ways that Willard and her secretary Anna Gordon weaved together a community of women centered upon Willard’s mother, Mary Hill Willard. In addition to her public speaking, Willard successfully publicized the WCTU’s mission through its national conventions and through an effective publication arm, the Woman’s Temperance Publishing Association (WTPA), led by one of Willard’s closest associates, Matilda Carse.
“This Is My Busy Day”
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the circle of women who surrounded Frances Willard at her Evanston home, Rest Cottage. The epicenter of the woman’s temperance movement, Rest Cottage was a place of constant activity, in which Willard’s closest associates and friends, such as Anna Gordon, lived, worked, and played. The chapter explores Willard’s growing interest in women’s health and exercise. It also explores Willard’s interests in a variety of late nineteenth century religious movements, such as New Thought, Christian Science, and spiritualism. Outside of this circle of women’s friendships, Willard faced several adversaries in the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), particularly Mary Hunt. Hunt led a national campaign of Scientific Temperance instruction in the nation’s public schools and became one of Willard’s chief critics within the WCTU.
“You Know . . . of the Difficulty in Which I Have Been Placed by This Unjust Controversy”
Authors: Evans Christopher H.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the international feud between Frances Willard and journalist Ida B. Wells from 1893 to 1895. Wells called attention to Willard’s silence on African American lynching in the South, noting Willard’s reluctance to criticize southern whites who denied the realities of these crimes. The chapter discusses Wells’ support from British reformers such as Catherine Impey, as well as from African American leaders like Frederick Douglass. It also brings attention to the politics of the World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) where many British women, notably Florence Balgarnie, challenged Willard to take a stronger stance against lynching. Although Willard weathered the storm, the Wells controversy highlights Willard’s lack of sustained engagement with issues of racism.
Introduction
Authors: Elkins Katherine
Published: September 2022

Unlike most fiction writers, Proust was trained in philosophy. In fact, he even considered writing a philosophical treatise instead of the novel we know so well. This hesitation about what form his writing should take still haunts his final choice of a novel, which is both philosophical yet not philosophy. Take your pick of philosophers, from Plato to Nietzsche, and you can easily find an essay or even a book arguing that this particular philosopher most applies to Proust. But as one plunges into the narrative that he finally wrote, one is struck by the fact that In Search of Lost Time feels nothing like what we often call a philosophical novel, or even, a novel of ideas. Instead, philosophical reflection lies in the shadows of his fictional world, a sort of parallel life that can be found in the underweave.
One Purpose
Authors: Cockayne Joshua
Published: September 2022

Lamenting when the outwards of the Church commit acts of abhorrence in the world and reflecting on the discussion of worship and justice in the minor prophets of the Hebrew Bible, Chapter 7 shows that there is a close connection between worship and ethics. Bringing Augustine’s discussion of social justice to bear on the ethics of worship, it argues that we should look to an account of group injustice to best understand cases of abuse and injustice in the Church. Examining recent work by Miranda Fricker, it considers how responsibilities might be shared by two or more agents. Building on the discussions of functionalist social ontology, an account of group virtue is applied to the context of worship by arguing that group injustice should be thought of in roughly the same way that we think of individual injustice—as the community’s failing to do what it ought to do, namely, to love. The chapter also considers a number of questions for thinking about how we should respond to issues of group injustice within our communities: When should an individual submit to a church community and when should they protest? When does an action done on behalf of the Church become disassociated with the Church as a whole? Building on Stephanie Collins’ discussion of group responsibility, the chapter argues that, as a member of the Church, one has a responsibility to protest actions within the Church which one takes to diverge from the Church’s purpose in Christ through the Spirit.
The Victorians without Modernity
Authors: Hawkins Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter proposes an alternative conception of the dynamics of Victorian political and social history, which does away with the assumptions and distortions imposed by ‘modernisation theory’. It argues instead that historians need to pay much closer attention to notions of the past, morality, and community if they want to understand how nineteenth-century Britain worked. Each element of the social-scientific conception of ‘modernity’ is dismantled in turn, to be replaced by an alternative version of events in which tradition, reaction, and contingency mattered just as much as ‘progressive’ change. The chapter argues that the impact of urbanisation and industrialisation was strictly limited; that there was no such thing as a rigid ‘two-party’ binary; that parliamentary reform did not point in one direction; that ‘class consciousness’ was of restricted significance; and that the political and cultural power of religious conviction and of visions of the (English) past remained largely unchallenged. This amounts to a comprehensive vision of ‘the Victorians without modernity’.
Giving the Green Light
Authors: Liberto Hallie
Published: September 2022

Chapter 1 describes the traditional methods of theorizing permissive consent: the appeal to intuitions; the appeal to conditions for moral responsibility; and the appeal to human values. It explains the attractions of each approach and argues that all three methods are unreliable for deriving conclusions about the features of permissive consent. It then discusses an alternative approach routed in traditional philosophical methods, which is termed “mechanistic,” since it applies to a change-making force in a moral system. On this approach, we must identify and fully describe the difference between the moral world before and after consent and use that comparison as a tool to characterize the wrongdoing prevented by consent. Only then can we theorize what moral processes enable and render the relevant changes that prevent or preclude that wrongdoing. The chapter explains what kinds of questions arise at each stage of this approach to theorizing permissive consent.
Slump
Authors: Shasore Neal
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at how the architectural profession, and indeed the wider construction industry, began to mobilize techniques of publicity and public relations explicitly for their own interests. The overwhelming factor in catalysing these public relations strategies, however, was the Great Slump and resulting financial crisis which struck in 1929. The construction industry was affected acutely; not only was unemployment particularly high in the sector, capital expenditure on public works was also curtailed. To counter these adverse circumstances, the profession formed the Building Industries National Council (BINC) to devise effective public relations campaigns. The second part of the chapter traces the emergence of a public relations function at the RIBA in 1933. The Public Relations Committee catalysed a series of ambitious projects in the mid-1930s, including professional services, publicity, film and radio broadcast, housing design and design review panels. The work of the Public Relations Committee permeated the administration of the RIBA, holding significant control over important areas of policy which had previously been treated as ad hoc and assuming significant status within the Institute hierarchy. The emergence of the RIBA’s public relations function was a significant episode in the development of the Institute, and in professional practice more widely.
Vigilance
Authors: Shasore Neal
Published: September 2022

The chapter explores how and why in the interwar years architects and their allies repeatedly asserted the proprietary right that the public had over their built and natural environment. Architectural discourse was reframed in terms of democratization and community interest by a range of figures in architectural culture. Architects as heritage campaigners mobilized notions of public proprietorship to make their claim for the integration of the historic built environment into new development in the 1920s and 1930s, particularly Georgian monuments and ensembles. Civil society and associational culture—campaigns and committees—were vital to the thriving of architectural culture in the interwar years, partly because there was an ambivalence about the role of the state and its institutions, often felt to be subject to powerful vested interests. In a mass democracy, the public needed to be vigilant, and vigilantism—watchfulness by the public for the public to preserve that which was most valuable—was a frequent refrain in discourses of preservation and development in the interwar years. The chapter looks a number of preservationist skirmishes and pitch battles in the interwar years to explore the architect’s role as campaigner—from the redevelopment of Nash’s Regent Street to the destruction of the working-class community of Portland Town near St John’s Wood; from the campaigns of the Londoners’ League at their ‘Mutilated House’ headquarters to the establishment of the Georgian Group and the lobby for statutory protection through listing. The chapter uses these examples to question simplistic binaries between old and new development and to look for ambiguities in the Georgian and neo-Georgian imaginaries which predominated in design culture of the time.
Let America Be America Again
Authors: Hughes Langston
Published: September 2022

Let America Be America Again: Conversations with Langston Hughes is a record of a remarkable man talking. In texts ranging from early interviews in the 1920s, when he was a busboy and scribbling out poems on hotel napkins, to major speeches, such as his keynote address at the First World Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar, Senegal, in 1966, Hughes’s words included in this volume further amplify the international reputation he established over the course of five decades through more widely-published and well-known poems, stories, novels, and plays. In these interviews, speeches, and conversational essays, the writer referred to by admirers as the “Poet Laureate of the Negro Race” and the “Dean of Black Letters” articulated some of his most powerful critiques of fascism, economic and racial oppression, and compromised democracy. It was also through these genres that Hughes spoke of the responsibilities of the Black artist, documented the essential contributions of Black people to literature, music, and theatre, and chronicled the substantial challenges that Black artists face in gaining recognition, fair pay, and professional advancement. And it was through these pieces, too, that Hughes built on his celebrated work in other literary genres to craft an original, tragic-comic persona—a Blues poet in exile, forever yearning for and coming back to a home, a nation, that nevertheless continues to disappoint and harm him. A global traveler, Hughes’s words, “Let America be America Again,” were, throughout his career, always followed by a caveat: “America never was America to me.”