bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cofactors in allergic reactions to food: physical exercise and alcohol are the most important
Authors: Versluis Astrid , van Os‐Medendorp Harmieke , Kruizinga Astrid G. , Blom W. Marty , Houben Geert F. , Knulst André C.
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Involvement of cofactors, like physical exercise, alcohol consumption and use of several types of medication, are associated with more severe food allergic symptoms. However, there is limited evidence on how often cofactors play a role in food allergic reactions. The study aimed to get more insight into the frequency of exposure to cofactors and how often cofactors are associated with more severe symptoms in food allergic patients.

Methods

A questionnaire was completed by patients visiting the Allergology outpatient clinic. Patients with food allergy were included. Outcome measures were the frequency of medication use of medication groups that might act as cofactor and the frequency that physical exercise, alcohol consumption and use of analgesics are associated with more severe food allergic symptoms.

Results

Four hundred ninety‐six patients were included in the study. The frequency with which patients used one or more types of medication that might act as cofactors was 7.7%: antacids/acid neutralizing medication (5%), NSAIDs (2%), beta blockers (0.6%), angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (0.6%), and angiotensin receptor blockers (0.2%). Of all patients, 13% reported more severe symptoms to food after involvement of one or more of the cofactors: physical exercise (10%), alcohol consumption (5%), and use of analgesics (0.6%). Sixty‐five percent did not know if these cofactors caused more severe symptoms; 22% reported that these cofactors had no effect.

Conclusions

Only a small percentage of patients (7.7%) used medication that might aggravate food allergic reactions. Physical exercise and alcohol consumption were the most frequently reported cofactors, but occurring still in only 10% or less.
Plasma miR‐122 and miR‐200 family are prognostic markers in colorectal cancer
Authors: Maierthaler Melanie , Benner Axel , Hoffmeister Michael , Surowy Harald , Jansen Lina , Knebel Phillip , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Brenner Hermann , Burwinkel Barbara
Published: September 2016

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as minimally invasive prognostic markers for various types of cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the levels of circulating miRNAs that might serve as markers for CRC prognosis and survival. We included plasma samples of 543 CRC patients with stage I‐IV disease from a population‐based study carried out in Germany. After comprehensive evaluation of current literature, 95 miRNAs were selected and measured with Custom TaqMan® Array MicroRNA Cards. Plasma samples of non‐metastatic and metastatic colon cancer patients, each group consisting of ten patients with ‘good’ and ten patients with ‘bad’ prognosis were screened. Identified candidate miRNAs were further validated by RT‐qPCR in the whole study cohort. The association of the miRNA levels with patients' survival and the prognostic subtypes was analyzed with uni‐ and multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Increased miR‐122 levels were associated with a ‘bad’ prognostic subtype in metastatic CRC (Odds ratio: 1.563, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.038‐2.347) and a shorter relapse‐free survival and overall survival for non‐metastatic (Hazard ratio (HR): 1.370, 95% CI: 1.028‐1.825; HR: 1.353, 95% CI: 1.002‐1.828) and metastatic (HR: 1.264, 95% CI: 1.050‐1.520; HR: 1.292, 95% CI: 1.078‐1.548) CRC patients. Additionally, several members of the miR‐200 family showed associations with patients' prognosis and correlations to clinicopathological characteristics. The here identified miRNA markers, miR‐122 and the miR‐200 family members, could be of use in the development of a multi‐marker blood test for CRC prognosis.
Targeting Rejection: Analysis of Specimen Acceptability and Rejection, and Framework for Identifying Interventions in a Single Tertiary Healthcare Facility
Authors: Rooper Lisa , Carter Jamal , Hargrove John , Hoffmann Sheri , Riedel Stefan
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Assessment of specimen rejection rates is an important laboratory quality measure for laboratories because of a potential negative impact on patient care. Here, we examined reasons for specimen rejection at a single, tertiary care healthcare institution and propose a framework for designing an efficient intervention.

Methods

During a 1‐year period, we identified all specimens rejected at our hospital and performed an analysis of a wide range of associated variables: reason for rejection, patient location, type of phlebotomist, tests ordered, priority status, collection container used, transport time.

Results

Clotted and hemolyzed specimens accounted for the majority of rejected specimens, but significant differences in reasons for specimen rejection existed between patient care areas. Eighty‐five percent of rejected specimens came from the Emergency Department and eight other inpatient care areas. Registered nurses drew approximately 85% of rejected specimens, while laboratory phlebotomy staff drew only 4%.

Conclusions

While hemolysis and clotting are primary causes for specimen rejection, collection of all available data regarding specimen rejection data is essential for laboratories determining which factors are most significant causes of specimen rejection.
Infectious complications, steroid use and timing for emergency liver transplantation in acute liver failure: analysis in a Japanese center
Authors: Yasui Shin , Fujiwara Keiichi , Haga Yuuki , Nakamura Masato , Mikata Rintaro , Arai Makoto , Kanda Tatsuo , Oda Shigeto , Yokosuka Osamu
Published: September 2016

Background

Corticosteroid (CS) has been introduced in most acute liver failure (ALF) patients for the purpose of suppressing pro‐inflammatory cytokines in Japan where a shortage of donor livers exists, whereas CS use is evaluated to be no benefit in Western countries. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the association between infectious complications and CS use in ALF, and determine when to evaluate treatment response and consider the timing for switching to liver transplantation (LT).

Methods

Corticosteroid was administered to patients in the early stage prospectively. Clinical and biochemical features of 110 adult patients were analyzed.

Results

Corticosteroids were administered to 78 (71%) patients. The duration between start of CS and onset of infection was 17 ± 10 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that infection was associated with age >50 years (P = 0.034) and T‐BIL >15 mg/dl (P < 0.001), and not with CS use (P = 0.10). Accumulative incidence of infection was not different between patients with and without CS (P = 0.18).

Conclusions

Corticosteroid use did not significantly increase the incidence of infection. Two weeks after introduction of CS is a critical point for evaluating treatment response, avoiding infectious complications and switching to LT.
Molecular mechanisms supporting a pathogenic role for human polyomavirus 6 small T antigen: Protein phosphatase 2A targeting and MAPK cascade activation
Authors: Wu Julie H. , Simonette Rebecca A. , Nguyen Harrison P. , Rady Peter L. , Tyring Stephen K.
Published: September 2016

BRAF inhibitors are highly effective therapies in treating a subset of melanomas but are associated with induction of secondary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Recently, Human Polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) was found to actively express viral proteins in BRAF inhibitor‐induced cSCCs; however, the specific cellular mechanisms by which HPyV6 may facilitate neoplastic cell growth require further investigation. The current study describes a novel pathogenic mechanism of action for HPyV6 small tumor (sT) antigen which involves binding to protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) via its WFG motif and zinc binding sites. Our findings demonstrate an important role of HPyV6 sT for activation of PP2A's downstream oncogenic pathways (MEK/ERK/c‐Jun), which may underlie the pathogenesis of BRAF inhibitor‐induced neoplasms. J. Med. Virol. 89:742–747, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of the biserial correlation and its sampling variance for use in meta‐analysis
Authors: Jacobs Perke , Viechtbauer Wolfgang
Published: September 2016

Meta‐analyses are often used to synthesize the findings of studies examining the correlational relationship between two continuous variables. When only dichotomous measurements are available for one of the two variables, the biserial correlation coefficient can be used to estimate the product–moment correlation between the two underlying continuous variables. Unlike the point‐biserial correlation coefficient, biserial correlation coefficients can therefore be integrated with product–moment correlation coefficients in the same meta‐analysis. The present article describes the estimation of the biserial correlation coefficient for meta‐analytic purposes and reports simulation results comparing different methods for estimating the coefficient's sampling variance. The findings indicate that commonly employed methods yield inconsistent estimates of the sampling variance across a broad range of research situations. In contrast, consistent estimates can be obtained using two methods that appear to be unknown in the meta‐analytic literature. A variance‐stabilizing transformation for the biserial correlation coefficient is described that allows for the construction of confidence intervals for individual coefficients with close to nominal coverage probabilities in most of the examined conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alkyl pyrazine synthesis via an open heated bath with variable sugars, ammonia, and various amino acids
Authors: Ara Katayoun Mahdavi , Taylor Larry T , Ashraf‐Khorassani Mehdi , Coleman William M
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Semi‐quantitative characteristics of headspace volatile pyrazines which constituted around 1% by weight of the final product have been previously described. The influence of reactant concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on both the yield of total alkyl pyrazines and the distribution pattern of specific identified pyrazines has not been reported.

RESULTS

The optimum synthetic conditions were 5 mol L−1 NH4OH, 2 mol L−1 rhamnose, 0.5 mol L−1 leucine at 110°C for 2 h. The greatest total amount of pyrazines obtained was 17 280 µg of extracted product which translated into 31% 2,6‐dimethyl pyrazine, 17% 2‐methyl pyrazine, 15% 2‐ethyl‐6‐methyl pyrazine, and 16% 2‐isoamyl‐6‐methyl pyrazine.

CONCLUSION

The yield of synthesized pyrazines increased at higher temperatures. Quantitative total and specific pyrazine results as opposed to analysis of only headspace volatiles are more representative of pyrazine synthesis. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Uncertainty principles for images defined on the square
Authors: Dang Pei , Wang Shujuan
Published: September 2016

This paper discusses uncertainty principles of images defined on the square, or, equivalently, uncertainty principles of signals on the 2‐torus. Means and variances of time and frequency for signals on the 2‐torus are defined. A set of phase and amplitude derivatives are introduced. Based on the derivatives, we obtain three comparable lower bounds of the product of variances of time and frequency, of which the largest lower bound corresponds to the strongest uncertainty principles known for periodic signals. Examples, including simulations, are provided to illustrate the obtained results. To the authors' knowledge, it is in the present paper, and for the first time, that uncertainty principles on the torus are studied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous controllability of damped wave equations
Authors: Wu Jieqiong , Zhu Xianzheng , Li Shengjia
Published: September 2016

We study the exact controllability of q uncoupled damped string equations by means of the same control function. This property is called simultaneous controllability. An observability inequality is proved, which implies the simultaneous controllability of the system. Our results generalize the previous results on the linear wave without the dampings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OSA screening with the pediatric sleep questionnaire for adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery in teen‐LABS
Authors: Ishman Stacey , Heubi Christine , Jenkins Todd , Michalsky Marc , Simakajornboon Narong , Inge Thomas
Published: September 2016

Objective

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is reported in 70% of adolescents who present for bariatric surgery. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to identify children at risk for OSA but is not validated in adolescents with obesity. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess validity of the PSQ to detect OSA and (2) to determine the correlation between anthropometric and polysomnography measurements.

Methods

A cross‐sectional assessment of Teen‐Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery participants at high risk for OSA was performed. Participants completed an overnight polysomnography, and caregivers completed the PSQ.

Results

Forty‐five participants (84% female, 78% Caucasian, mean age = 16.7 ± 1.5 years) were evaluated. Mean BMI was 51.3 ± 7.7 kg/m2 and mean obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index (oAHI) was 6.1 ± 5.9 events/h. For diagnosis of OSA (oAHI ≥5), the total PSQ score sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) were 86%, 38%, and 55%, respectively. For snoring >50% of the time, PPV was 84%, sensitivity was 64%, and specificity was 43%. Sagittal abdominal diameter correlated with oAHI and oxygen saturation nadir (ρ = 0.34, P = 0.027), whereas BMI, neck, and waist circumference correlated with neither.

Conclusions

The PSQ demonstrated low specificity, and PPV and the question regarding snoring >50% of the time did not effectively identify OSA. Sagittal abdominal diameter correlated with oAHI and oxygen saturation nadir.
Hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide derivatives with double bond for enhanced solution properties
Authors: Wu Gang , Jiang Xiaohui , Yu Liangmin , Yan Xuefeng
Published: September 2016

A hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide with double bond P (AM‐MAA‐AMPS‐HDDE‐SA) (PAMAHS) has been synthesized by micellar copolymerization technique in mixed solvents (anhydrous ethanol and distilled water (1:10 by volume)) and characterized. The morphology and microstructure of PAMAHS copolymer observations show the formation of multilayer network‐like stacked structure, and the dissolution property and temperature resistance of the copolymer measurements show that PAMAHS has a good solubility and exhibits unique solution behavior. Due to the hydrophobic associations, the solution viscosity increases sharply when the polymer concentration exceeds a certain value. AFM confirms the existence of the polymer network structure in aqueous solution, and the enhancement of thermal stability of polymer is affirmed through TGA. Compared with the unmodified P (AM‐MAA‐AMPS‐SA) (PAMAS) copolymer, PAMAHS incorporation of capsaicin‐like monomer with biological activity is endowed with excellent antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:1203–1212, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Crystallization and Component Properties of Polyamide 12 at Processing‐Relevant Cooling Conditions
Authors: Fischer Christopher , Seefried Andreas , Drummer Dietmar
Published: September 2016

For semicrystalline thermoplastics, the temperature‐time behavior during cooling of the melt can significantly affect the formation of crystalline structures (e.g., spherulite sizes, the degree of crystallization, crystal modifications, etc.) and hence, the resulting global component properties. In this paper, the crystallization of polyamide 12 at different cooling rates as well as process‐based temperature‐time profiles during cooling were investigated analytically with fast scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, based on analytical results, foils were extruded at different cooling conditions and tested mechanically and tribologically. The analysis reveals differences of the crystal melting behavior for different cooling conditions which is likely to originate in two different polymorphs of polyamide 12, γ, and γ′. Furthermore, mechanical investigations carried out with the extruded foils show that parts produced at high supercooling have less stiffness than parts produced at low supercooling, probably due to differences in the crystalline structures. Regarding tribological parameters, no clear differences could be measured. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:450–457, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and functionalization of linear and reductively degradable highly branched cyanoacrylate‐based polymers
Authors: Tang Houliang , Tsarevsky Nicolay V.
Published: September 2016

Ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) was polymerized radically in the presence of small amounts of trifluoroacetic acid as effective inhibitor of incidental anionic polymerization. Methyl methacrylate and other functional vinyl monomers (e.g., 2‐chloroethyl and 2‐bromoethyl methacrylate) were copolymerized with ECA, yielding linear ECA‐rich copolymers, which could readily undergo further modifications, for instance nucleophilic substitution with azide. In the presence of a disulfide‐containing dimethacrylate crosslinker and a chain transfer agent (CBr4) during the free radical copolymerizations of ECA with methacrylates, highly branched ECA‐based polymers containing disulfide groups at the branching points were obtained prior to gelation. The polymers degraded upon addition of reducing agents. The prepared polymers, which contained peripheral (chain end) alkyl bromide groups as well as pendant alkyl chloride or bromide groups were then reacted with sodium azide, affording azide‐containing polymers that were reacted with functional alkynes under copper‐catalyzed “click” chemistry conditions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3683–3693
The influence of casting parameters on the surface morphology of PS‐b‐P4VP honeycomb films
Authors: Chen Ao , Blakey Idriss , Whittaker Andrew K. , Peng Hui
Published: September 2016

The “breath figures” method provides an efficient and cost‐effective method to produce highly ordered honeycomb patterns in polymeric films at micrometer and sub‐micrometer dimensions. The size and regularity of the pores can be adjusted through a series of physical and chemical parameters. In this study, amphiphilic diblock copolymers, polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) with different lengths of P4VP, were synthesized through Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer polymerization. The honeycomb‐patterned films were prepared from these well‐defined polymers through the dynamic breath figures method. A series of physical parameters including solution concentration, flow rate, humidity of the flow, and the humidity of the casting environment, were delicately adjusted to systematically investigate their effects on the morphology of the films. These studies identified four key factors which were found to influence the formation of the pattern. No obvious effect was found on the pore size by changing the length of P4VP block. The result provides clear direction on the fabrication of PS‐b‐P4VP honeycomb‐patterned films and more broadly contributes a deeper understanding of the processes involved in the formation of honeycomb patterns. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3721–3732
Valorizing end‐of‐life LCD scraps after indium recovery
Authors: Ruello Maria Letizia , Amato Alessia , Beolchini Francesca , Monosi Saveria
Published: September 2016

According to the WEEE European directives, efforts must be undertaken to reuse or safely dispose liquid crystal displays (LCD) waste, however no practical process was reported yet, although it is possible to recover glass, plastic and precious metals, in particular indium. Indium is one of the elements included by the European Commission in the list of 20 raw materials critical for economic importance and high supply risk (European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/ growth/tools‐databases/eip‐raw‐materials/en/system/files/ged/79%20report‐b_en.pdf [1]). The work aims to valorize LCD scraps after indium recovery with low cost applications both economically and environmentally speaking. Applications have been explored by many researchers, although most focused only on the use of glass powder waste LCD to design concrete. This work deals the use of LCD scraps as it is after cross‐current leaching of indium with H2SO4. The experimental work consists of scraps characterization, washing procedure optimization to remove residual acid, mortar production, performance testing, and life cycle assessment (LCA). The results show that LCD scraps exhibit little or no pozzolanic activity. This delay on reactivity can be ascribed to organic residues that prevent the pozzolanic reaction and/or to a lower fineness than that typical of binders or fillers. For this reason the actual investigation focuses to exploit the waste as partial replacement of traditional aggregates. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of the Accessibility of Selected Packaging by Comparison of Quantitative Measurements of the Opening Forces and Qualitative Surveys through Focus Group Studies
Authors: Wenk Susanna , Brombach Christine , Artigas Gràcia , Järvenpää Eila , Steinemann Nina , Ziesemer Katrin , Yildirim Selçuk
Published: September 2016

It can be expected that many elderly people have impaired opening capacity of food packaging bearing in mind the changes in functionality and physical strength that occur during ageing. This study determined the relation of the quantitative force required to open selected food packaging systems with findings derived from qualitative focus group studies to retrieve comprehensive information on the specific needs of seniors. The focus group studies revealed that the assessment of the ease of opening is very subjective and can vary from objective measurements. The quantitative measurement of the force required to open the ‘easy to open’ thermoformed tray resulted in considerably higher peel initiation forces of 22.50 ± 1.62 N compared to the standard tray (12.80 ± 1.93 N). However, the packaging type was still felt to be easier to open because of the enlarged tab and peeling corner, which was said to be easy to grip. Conversely, the stand‐up pouches with twist‐off caps could only be opened with difficulty because of the small caps and the difficulty in breaking seals, despite the substantially lower opening forces of 0.46 ± 0.06 Nm compared with the other torque closures. The evaluation of a package was found to be only partly dependent on the required opening force but strongly influenced by various design factors and consumer's expectations as well as experiences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐situ stress suppression of hydrogenated a‐CNx film prepared via Ar gas introduction
Authors: Wang Qi , He Deyan , Zhang Junyan
Published: September 2016

Evolution of hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride films was investigated with an introduction of Ar gas in the deposition. The results showed that compressive stress of the films decreased versus an increase of Ar flow rate. Especially, at an Ar flow rate of 5 sccm the film exhibited lower compressive stress, higher hardness and lower root‐mean‐square (rms) roughness than the films deposited without Ar gas introduction. Structural analysis showed that the films with higher hardness, low compressive stress and lower rms roughness had relatively high sp2 and nitrogen content. It was attributed to the assistance of Ar plasma, which can cause N atom to enter graphite ring easily and form curved graphite microstructure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directional Fluid Transport in Thin Porous Materials and its Functional Applications
Authors: Zhao Yan , Wang Hongxia , Zhou Hua , Lin Tong
Published: September 2016

Directional fluid motion driven by the surface property of solid substrate is highly desirable for manipulating microfluidic liquid and collecting water from humid air. Studies on such liquid motion have been confined to dense material surfaces such as flat panels and single filaments. Recently, directional fluid transport through the thickness of thin porous materials has been reported by several research groups. Their studies not only attract fundamental, experimental and theoretical interest but also open novel application opportunities. This review article summarizes research progress in directional fluid transport across thin porous materials. It focuses on the materials preparation, basic properties associated with directional fluid transport in thin porous media, and their application development. The porous substrates, type of transporting fluids, structure‐property attributes, and possible directional fluid transport mechanism are discussed. A perspective for future development in this field is proposed.
Confined Catalytic Janus Swimmers in a Crowded Channel: Geometry‐Driven Rectification Transients and Directional Locking
Authors: Yu Hailing , Kopach Andrii , Misko Vyacheslav R. , Vasylenko Anna A. , Makarov Denys , Marchesoni Fabio , Nori Franco , Baraban Larysa , Cuniberti Gianaurelio
Published: September 2016

Self‐propelled Janus particles, acting as microscopic vehicles, have the potential to perform complex tasks on a microscopic scale, suitable, e.g., for environmental applications, on‐chip chemical information processing, or in vivo drug delivery. Development of these smart nanodevices requires a better understanding of how synthetic swimmers move in crowded and confined environments that mimic actual biosystems, e.g., network of blood vessels. Here, the dynamics of self‐propelled Janus particles interacting with catalytically passive silica beads in a narrow channel is studied both experimentally and through numerical simulations. Upon varying the area density of the silica beads and the width of the channel, active transport reveals a number of intriguing properties, which range from distinct bulk and boundary‐free diffusivity at low densities, to directional “locking” and channel “unclogging” at higher densities, whereby a Janus swimmer is capable of transporting large clusters of passive particles.
On the issue of costs in programmatic assessment
Authors: Van der Vleuten Cees P. M. , Heeneman Sylvia
Published: September 2016

Programmatic assessment requires labour and cost intensive activities such as feedback in a quantitative and qualitative form, a system of learner support in guiding feedback uptake and self-directed learning, and a decision-making arrangement that includes committees of experts making a holistic professional judgment while using due process measures to achieve trustworthy decisions. This can only be afforded if we redistribute the resources of assessment in a curriculum. Several strategies are suggested. One is to introduce progress testing as a replacement for costly cognitive assessment formats in modules. In addition, all assessments should be replaced by assessment formats that are maximally aligned with the learning tasks. For performance-based assessment, OSCEs should be sparsely used, while education and work-embedded assessment should be maximized as part of the routine of ongoing instruction and assessment. Information technology may support affordable feedback strategies, as well as the creation of a paper trail on performance. By making more dramatic choices in the way we allocate resources to assessment, the cost-intensive activities of programmatic assessment may be realized.
Detection of sonic hedgehog in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery
Authors: Kunisada Yuki , Shimo Tsuyoshi , Masui Masanori , Yoshioka Norie , Ibaragi Soichiro , Matsumoto Kenichi , Okui Tatsuo , Kurio Naito , Domae Shohei , Kishimoto Koji , Nishiyama Akiyoshi , Sasaki Akira
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Purpose

Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) is a regulatory protein involved in bone fracture healing. Orthognathic surgery involves surgical osteotomy of the mandible or maxilla to restore the proper anatomic and functional position in patients with dentofacial deformity. The purpose of this study was to analyze SHH local blood serum concentrations after osteotomy to gain further understanding of the molecular regulation of the initial stage of osteotomy healing.

Methods

Serum samples (local drainage and peripheral venous) of 34 patients (24 females and 10 males, mean age was 23.4 (16–42) years) who underwent orthognathic surgery were isolated from patients at different time points during the perioperative period. The levels of SHH, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were measured using ELISA.

Results

SHH was detected in the local drainage immediately after osteotomy (309.5 ± 58.2 pg/ml), and decreased for 2 days after the operation (197.5 ± 43.6 pg/ml). The sRANKL local serum concentrations were at the maximum level immediately after the operation (141.4 ± 22.6 pg/ml) and decreased for 2 days (110.1 ± 23.4 pg/ml). On the other hand, the OPG concentration in the local serum was at a minimum after osteotomy (59.4 ± 4.6 pg/ml) and reached its maximum (181.5 ± 17.8 pg/ml, P < 0.01) at 2 days after osteotomy. SHH and OPG local serum levels on day 2 were associated with the amount of bleeding during the operation. The local drainage serum level of SHH of maxillary/mandibular osteotomy had a tendency to be higher than that of mandible-only osteotomy at 2 days after operation.

Conclusions

Elevated levels of SHH in local serum after osteotomy, especially during the initial stage of healing, indicates its importance in osteotomy healing.

Highlights
Possibility and Risk of Medication Vial Coring in Interventional Spine Procedures
Authors: Kordi Ramin , White Brian F. , Kennedy David J.
Published: September 2016

When a needle is inserted into the stopper of a medication vial, small pieces of the stopper could be “cored” inside the bore of the needle, consequently aspirated, and then injected into the body. Reported coring rates vary from 3.1% to 97%. This article reviews the literature surrounding this topic and covers the rate of coring, its risk factors, and particle size, as well as prevention techniques to maximize safety during interventional procedures.
The Fetternear vestments at the Blairs Museum
Authors: Davidson Peter , King Prue
Published: September 2016

This article illustrates and describes in detail a fine central European chasuble of the late c17 which, together with two dalmatics, ‘The Fetternear Vestments,’ were bequeathed to the Diocese of Aberdeen, in 1921 by the Leslie family, many of whom had been distinguished soldiers on the continent and especially in the Empire. After some contextual discussion of the alleged origins of the Leslie family and of their success in Imperial service, the article examines the traditional belief that the vestments, now at the Blairs Museum, Aberdeen, were made for Count James Leslie (c.1621-1694) partly out of Turkish textiles captured in 1683 at the Siege of Vienna. Detailed analysis of the embroidery on the chasuble, especially of the use of metal thread and ‘plate,’ demonstrates that the gold work is indeed of Turkish origin, the rest of the needle work central European, and thus makes the case that this extraordinary hybrid object is indeed a votive vestment made for the Catholic Leslies partly from captured Turkish work.
Bishop William Poynter and exorcism in Regency England
Authors: Young Francis
Published: September 2016

In 1815 the Vicar Apostolic of the London District, William Poynter, became embroiled in a case of alleged demonic possession. In the face of considerable pressure from the family of Peter Moore, the alleged demoniac, Poynter prevented a proposed exorcism on the grounds that it would bring adverse publicity to the still fragile Catholic Church in England. Drawing on the surviving correspondence between Poynter and his officials and Peter Moore’s family, this article examines the stance adopted by Poynter on the issue of exorcism within the wider context of ‘Catholic Enlightenment’ thought on demonic possession, and argues that the political circumstances of Catholics in England ensured that Poynter’s cautious approach to exorcism ultimately won out against the desire of other Catholics—including another Vicar Apostolic, John Milner—to publicise the rite as a means of promoting the Catholic faith.
Professionalism, Agency, and Market Failures
Authors: von Kriegstein Hasko
Published: September 2016

According to themarket failures approachto business ethics, beyond-compliance duties can be derived by employing the same rationale and arguments that justify state regulation of economic conduct. Very roughly, the idea is that managers have a duty to behave as if they were complying with an ideal regulatory regime ensuring Pareto-optimal market outcomes. Proponents of the approach argue that managers have aprofessional dutynot to undermine the institutional setting that defines their role, namely the competitive market. This answer is inadequate, however, for it is the hierarchical firm, rather than the competitive market, that defines the role of corporate managers and shapes their professional obligations. Thus, if the obligations that the market failures approach generates are to apply to managers, they must do so in an indirect way. I suggest that the obligations the market failures approach generates directly apply to shareholders. Managers, in turn, inherit these obligations as part of their duties as loyal agents.
Emergency physicians as human billboards for injury prevention: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sullivan Emily , Fuller Daniel , Paterson Quinten S. , Huffman Shelby , Challa Satyadeva , Woods Rob
Published: September 2016

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a novel injury prevention intervention designed to prompt patients to initiate an injury prevention discussion with the ED physician, thus enabling injury prevention counselling and increasing bicycle helmet use among patients.

Methods

A repeated measures 2 x 3 randomized controlled trial design was used. Fourteen emergency physicians were observed for two shifts each between June and August 2013. Each pair of shifts was randomized to either an injury prevention shift, during which the emergency physician would wear a customized scrub top, or a control shift. The outcomes of interest were physician time spent discussing injury prevention, current helmet use, and self-reported change in helmet use rates at one year. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the impact of the intervention.

Results

The average time spent on injury prevention for all patients was 3.3 seconds. For those patients who actually received counselling, the average time spent was 17.0 seconds. The scrub top intervention did not significantly change helmet use rates at one year. The intervention also had no significant impact on patient decisions to change or reinforcement of helmet use.

Conclusions

Our study showed that the intervention did not increase physician injury prevention counselling or self-reported bicycle helmet use rates among patients. Given the study limitations, replication and extension of the intervention is warranted.
The Internationalisation of Tobacco Control, 1950–2010
Authors: Reubi David , Berridge Virginia
Published: September 2016

This article explores the internationalisation of tobacco control as a case study in the history of international health regulation. Contrary to the existing literature on the topic, it argues that the history of international anti-smoking efforts is longer and richer than the making of the World Health Organisation’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the early twenty-first century. It thereby echoes the point made by other scholars about the importance of history when making sense of contemporary global health. Specifically, the article shows how the internationalisation of tobacco control started in the 1950s through informal contacts between scientists working on cancer research and how these initial interactions were followed by a growing number of more formal initiatives, from the World Conferences on Tobacco or Health to the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use. Rather than arranging these efforts in a linear narrative of progress culminating with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, we take anthropological claims about global health’s uneven terrain seriously and portray a history of international tobacco control marked by ruptures and discontinuities. Specifically, we identify three successive periods, with each of them characterised by specific understandings of international action, tobacco control expertise, advocacy networks and funding strategies.
The “Enhancement” of Cultural Heritage by AMS Dating: Ethical Questions and Practical Proposals
Authors: Huysecom Eric , Hajdas Irka , Renold Marc-André , Synal Hans-Arno , Mayor Anne
Published: September 2016

The looting of archaeological and ethnographic objects from emerging countries and areas of conflict has prospered due to the high prices that these objects can achieve on the art market. This commercial value now almost necessarily requires proof of authenticity by the object’s age. To do so, absolute dating has been conducted since the end of the 1970s on terra cotta art objects using the thermoluminescence method, a practice that has since been condemned. It is only more recently, since the 2000s, that art dealers and collectors have begun to use the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) method to date different kinds of objects made of organic materials. Compared to conventional radiocarbon dating, the AMS technique requires only very small samples, thus depreciating neither the aesthetics nor commercial value of the object. As a result, the use of absolute dating has become widespread, accompanying the increase in looting of the cultural heritage of countries destabilized by political overthrows and armed conflicts, especially in the Near East and Africa. The present article condemns the practice of AMS dating of looted art objects and encourages the creation of a code of deontology for 14C dating laboratories in order to enhance an ethical approach in this sensitive field facing the current challenges.
The Golden Age of parasitology-1875–1925: the Scottish contributions
Authors: COX FRANCIS E. G.
Published: September 2016

The period 1875–1925 was remarkable in the history of parasitology partly because of the number of significant discoveries made, especially the elucidation of important life cycles, and partly because of the achievements of the clinicians and scientists who made these discoveries. What is remarkable is that so many of these individuals were Scots. Preeminent in this pantheon was Patrick Manson, who not only discovered the mosquito transmission of filarial worms but was instrumental in directly encouraging others to make significant discoveries in the fields of malaria, Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis), onchocerciasis, loiasis and schistosomiasis and, indirectly, sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis. This chapter describes and discusses the contributions made by Douglas Argyll-Robertson, Donald Blacklock, David Bruce, David Cunningham, Robert Leiper, William Leishman, George Low, Patrick Manson, Muriel Robertson and Ronald Ross together with short biographical notes.
Salience attribution and its relationship to cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms
Authors: Bloomfield M. A. P. , Mouchlianitis E. , Morgan C. J. A. , Freeman T. P. , Curran H. V. , Roiser J. P. , Howes O. D.
Published: September 2016

Background

Cannabis is a widely used drug associated with increased risk for psychosis. The dopamine hypothesis of psychosis postulates that altered salience processing leads to psychosis. We therefore tested the hypothesis that cannabis users exhibit aberrant salience and explored the relationship between aberrant salience and dopamine synthesis capacity.

Method

We tested 17 cannabis users and 17 age- and sex-matched non-user controls using the Salience Attribution Test, a probabilistic reward-learning task. Within users, cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms were measured with the Psychotomimetic States Inventory. Dopamine synthesis capacity, indexed as the influx rate constant Kicer, was measured in 10 users and six controls with 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-l-phenylalanine positron emission tomography.

Results

There was no significant difference in aberrant salience between the groups [F1,32 = 1.12, p = 0.30 (implicit); F1,32 = 1.09, p = 0.30 (explicit)]. Within users there was a significant positive relationship between cannabis-induced psychotic symptom severity and explicit aberrant salience scores (r = 0.61, p = 0.04) and there was a significant association between cannabis dependency/abuse status and high implicit aberrant salience scores (F1,15 = 5.8, p = 0.03). Within controls, implicit aberrant salience was inversely correlated with whole striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (r = −0.91, p = 0.01), whereas this relationship was non-significant within users (difference between correlations: Z = −2.05, p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Aberrant salience is positively associated with cannabis-induced psychotic symptom severity, but is not seen in cannabis users overall. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the link between cannabis use and psychosis involves alterations in salience processing. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these cognitive abnormalities are pre-existing or caused by long-term cannabis use.
Flirtation with the other: an examination of the processes of othering in the PaliVinaya
Authors: Maes Claire
Published: September 2016

This article identifies and examines processes of othering in an early Indian Buddhist ascetic text, the PaliVinayaof the Theravādins. By means of: (1) a critical discussion of the fact that the PaliVinayaholds several terms for the early Buddhists' ascetic others; and (2) a close reading and analysis of a small group of – easily overlooked – PaliVinayapassages with explicit references to supposed practices of the early Buddhists' ascetic others, I make explicit two aspects of the processes of othering of the early Buddhist ascetic community. I show how through processes of othering Buddhistbhikkhus,or at the very least the monk-editors of the PaliVinaya,both negotiated a collective identity notion, and reflected on the significance of their own practices and values in direct relation to those of their ascetic others, whether real or imagined.
Bosnia and Herzegovina as the Stage of Three Parallel and Conflicted Historical Memories
Authors: Lovrenović Dubravko
Published: September 2016

Among Bosnian and Herzegovinian ethno-confessional nations there exist three parallel and conflicted historical memories. The dominance of patriarchal social forms without democratic tradition is the most profoundly rooted cause of this condition of mutual alienation and forms a major obstacle on the path towards the creation of a democratic political culture. The Dayton Peace Agreement, which ended the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina (henceforth BiH) in 1995, also contributes to this situation by cementing the status of ethnic divisions in the country, thus leading to its disintegration.
A Flight to Fame, to Oblivion
Authors: Sviderskytė Gražina
Published: September 2016

This paper investigates a case study of memory transformation. It looks at an 80-year sequence of complex interactions by which a single tragedy, the transatlantic flight and deadly crash in Germany (now Poland) of two American-Lithuanian pilots, which occurred 17 July 1933, was turned into a lasting phenomenon, a powerful myth (re)shaped by competing memory regimes. A general discussion on memory management and the cultural politics related to this event correlates with the topical issues of the ongoing search for a new conception, or the sense of history as a tool for configuring the future of Lithuania, as well as of some other Eastern European countries.
Past Jihads, Citizenship and Regimes of Memory in Modern Spain
Authors: León Pablo Sánchez
Published: September 2016

The involvement of Western citizens in jihadist activities bears important epistemological consequences: presented as a clash of civilizations, Islamic terrorism brings to the fore the issue of civil war. This article, after underlining that both terrorism and holy wars have a long pedigree in Western history, traces the interplay of religious and political tropes and semantics in the origin of terrorism, in the West in general and in Spain in particular. Highlighting the overlap of traditional faithful/unfaithful cleavages into modern friend/enemy political dichotomies, it summarizes the history of modern Spain as a sequence of civil wars in which political and meta-political discourses and practices of exclusion evolved towards extermination solutions in the twentieth century. This account allows for a reflection on the crisis of the regime of memory established after Franco’s dictatorship in Spain.
The Organizing of Scientific Fields: The Case of Corpus Linguistics
Authors: Engwall Lars , Hedmo Tina
Published: September 2016

This paper focuses on the processes through which scientific fields are organized over time. It is argued that new approaches in scientific work are hampered by authority structures within national systems for research and established approaches within disciplines, but that these obstacles can be overcome by means of external funding, particularly through new funding sources, as well as the international developments of an innovation. As far as the latter are concerned, they are expected to first lead to informal collaboration among scholars. In the passage of time this informal collaboration becomes more and more formalized. In order to analyse such processes the paper presents a model with three phases labelled as creating, gathering and communicating. This model is then used in an empirical study of corpus linguistics, i.e. the systematic analysis of well-defined populations of written and/or spoken language material. It is shown in the paper how corpus linguistics was developed by scientific innovators who were initially questioned. With the passage of time they created a number of international organizations, which have eventually become more and more formalized, many of them publishing their own journals. In this way the paper demonstrates the significance of organizing for the development of scientific fields.