bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coding Gene SNP Mapping Reveals QTL Linked to Growth and Stress Response in Brook Charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Authors: Sauvage Christopher , Vagner Marie , Derôme Nicolas , Audet Céline , Bernatchez Louis
Published: June 2012

Growth performance and reduced stress response are traits of major interest in fish production. Growth and stress-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been already identified in several salmonid species, but little effort has been devoted to charrs (genus Salvelinus). Moreover, most QTL studies to date focused on one or very few traits, and little investigation has been devoted to QTL identification for gene expression. Here, our objective was to identify QTL for 27 phenotypes related to growth and stress responses in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), which is one of the most economically important freshwater aquaculture species in Canada. Phenotypes included 12 growth parameters, six blood and plasma variables, three hepatic variables, and one plasma hormone level as well as the relative expression measurements of five genes of interest linked to growth regulation. QTL analysis relied on a linkage map recently built from S. fontinalis consisting of both single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, n = 266) and microsatellite (n =81) markers in an F2 interstrain hybrid population (n = 171). We identified 63 growth-related QTL and four stress-related QTL across 18 of the 40 linkage groups of the brook charr linkage map. Percent variance explained, confidence interval, and allelic QTL effects also were investigated to provide insight into the genetic architecture of growth- and stress-related QTL. QTL related to growth performance and stress response that were identified could be classified into two groups: (1) a group composed of the numerous, small-effect QTL associated with some traits related to growth (i.e., weight) that may be under the control of a large number of genes or pleiotropic genes, and (2) a group of less numerous QTL associated with growth (i.e., gene expression) and with stress-related QTL that display a larger effect, suggesting that these QTL are under the control of a limited number of genes of major effect. This study represents a first step toward the identification of genes potentially linked to phenotypic variation of growth and stress response in brook charr. The ultimate goal is to provide new tools for developing Molecular Assisted Selection for this species.
Type-I Prenyl Protease Function Is Required in the Male Germline ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Adolphsen Katie , Amell Amanda , Havko Nathan , Kevorkian Sara , Mears Kyle , Neher Hayley , Schwarz Dietmar , Schulze Sandra R
Published: June 2012

Many proteins require the addition of a hydrophobic prenyl anchor (prenylation) for proper trafficking and localization in the cell. Prenyl proteases play critical roles in modifying proteins for membrane anchorage. The type I prenyl protease has a defined function in yeast (Ste24p/Afc1p) where it modifies a mating pheromone, and in humans (Zmpste24) where it has been implicated in a disease of premature aging. Despite these apparently very different biological processes, the type I prenyl protease gene is highly conserved, encoded by a single gene in a wide range of animal and plant groups. A notable exception is Drosophila melanogaster, where the gene encoding the type I prenyl protease has undergone an unprecedented series of duplications in the genome, resulting in five distinct paralogs, three of which are organized in a tandem array, and demonstrate high conservation, particularly in the vicinity of the active site of the enzyme. We have undertaken targeted deletion to remove the three tandem paralogs from the genome. The result is a male fertility defect, manifesting late in spermatogenesis. Our results also show that the ancestral type I prenyl protease gene in Drosophila is under strong purifying selection, while the more recent replicates are evolving rapidly. Our rescue data support a role for the rapidly evolving tandem paralogs in the male germline. We propose that potential targets for the male-specific type I prenyl proteases include proteins involved in the very dramatic cytoskeletal remodeling events required for spermatid maturation.
Oligoarray Comparative Genomic Hybridization-Mediated Mapping of Suppressor Mutations Generated in a Deletion-Biased Mutagenesis Screen
Authors: Jones Martin R , Rose Ann M , Baillie David L
Published: June 2012

Suppressor screens are an invaluable method for identifying novel genetic interactions between genes in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. However, traditionally this approach has suffered from the laborious and protracted process of mapping mutations at the molecular level. Using a mutagen known to generate small deletions, coupled with oligoarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), we have identified mutations in two genes that suppress the lethality associated with a mutation of the essential receptor tyrosine kinase rol-3. First, we find that deletion of the Bicaudal-C ortholog, bcc-1, suppresses rol-3–associated lethality. Second, we identify several duplications that also suppress rol-3–associated lethality. We establish that overexpression of srap-1, a single gene present in these duplications, mediates the suppression. This study demonstrates the suitability of deletion-biased mutagenesis screening in combination with aCGH characterization for the rapid identification of novel suppressor mutations. In addition to detecting small deletions, this approach is suitable for identifying copy number suppressor mutations, a class of suppressor not easily characterized using alternative approaches.
Haplotype Association Mapping Identifies a Candidate Gene Region in Mice Infected WithStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Johnson Nicole V , Ahn Sun Hee , Deshmukh Hitesh , Levin Mikhail K , Nelson Charlotte L , Scott William K , Allen Andrew , Fowler Vance G , Cowell Lindsay G
Published: June 2012

Exposure to Staphylococcus aureus has a variety of outcomes, from asymptomatic colonization to fatal infection. Strong evidence suggests that host genetics play an important role in susceptibility, but the specific host genetic factors involved are not known. The availability of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for inbred Mus musculus strains means that haplotype association mapping can be used to identify candidate susceptibility genes. We applied haplotype association mapping to Perlegen SNP data and kidney bacterial counts from Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice from 13 inbred strains and detected an associated block on chromosome 7. Strong experimental evidence supports the result: a separate study demonstrated the presence of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 7 using consomic mice. The associated block contains no genes, but lies within the gene cluster of the 26-member extended kallikrein gene family, whose members have well-recognized roles in the generation of antimicrobial peptides and the regulation of inflammation. Efficient mixed-model association (EMMA) testing of all SNPs with two alleles and located within the gene cluster boundaries finds two significant associations: one of the three polymorphisms defining the associated block and one in the gene closest to the block, Klk1b11. In addition, we find that 7 of the 26 kallikrein genes are differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant mice, including the Klk1b11 gene. These genes represent a promising set of candidate genes influencing susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus.
Chromosomal Organization and Sequence Diversity of Genes Encoding Lachrymatory Factor Synthase in Allium cepa L.
Authors: Masamura Noriya , McCallum John , Khrustaleva Ludmila , Kenel Fernand , Pither-Joyce Meegham , Shono Jinji , Suzuki Go , Mukai Yasuhiko , Yamauchi, Naoki , Shigyo Masayoshi
Published: June 2012

Lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS) catalyzes the formation of lachrymatory factor, one of the most distinctive traits of bulb onion (Allium cepa L.). Therefore, we used LFS as a model for a functional gene in a huge genome, and we examined the chromosomal organization of LFS in A. cepa by multiple approaches. The first-level analysis completed the chromosomal assignment of LFS gene to chromosome 5 of A. cepa via the use of a complete set of A. fistulosum–shallot (A. cepa L. Aggregatum group) monosomic addition lines. Subsequent use of an F2 mapping population from the interspecific cross A. cepa × A. roylei confirmed the assignment of an LFS locus to this chromosome. Sequence comparison of two BAC clones bearing LFS genes, LFS amplicons from diverse germplasm, and expressed sequences from a doubled haploid line revealed variation consistent with duplicated LFS genes. Furthermore, the BAC-FISH study using the two BAC clones as a probe showed that LFS genes are localized in the proximal region of the long arm of the chromosome. These results suggested that LFS in A. cepa is transcribed from at least two loci and that they are localized on chromosome 5.
Newborn Assessment in the Delivery Room
Authors: Rüdiger Mario , Aguar Marta
Published: June 2012

A careful assessment of the postnatal condition of a newborn is mandatory. However, to assess the condition appropriately, the purpose of the assessment has to be known. The following three aims of assessing an infant’s postnatal condition are discussed: (1) To predict outcome and to perform clinical studies, an objective, numerical score is needed to describe the condition of groups of infants. The Combined Apgar consists of the Specified and the Expanded Apgar and allows a more detailed description of infant’s postnatal condition. Whereas the Specified Apgar describes the infant’s condition regardless of gestational age and interventions needed to achieve the condition, the Expanded Apgar gives a description of the administered interventions. (2) To guide interventions in clinical routine, a conceptual approach for assessing the postnatal condition in the individual infant is needed. The single items of the conventional Apgar score are a system of interdependent variables; respiration affects oxygenation (color), which affects heart rate and subsequently muscle tone and reflexes. Keeping the interdependency in mind helps to give the appropriate medical support. (3) To improve the quality of delivery room management in extremely preterm infants, a detailed description of the clinical condition, administered interventions with the subsequent response, and other environmental factors (team work, communication, technical parameters, etc) are needed. For that purpose, new technologies have demonstrated to be more reliable than clinical assessment to evaluate the classic Apgar parameters and on the other hand, uniform recordings of resuscitation interventions should be performed. In relation to this, video recording in the delivery room might help to register all these data as objectively as possible.
Techniques and Devices to Improve Noninvasive Ventilation in the Delivery Room
Authors: Fuchs Hans , Schilleman Kim , Hummler Helmut D. , te Pas Arjan B.
Published: June 2012

Research in neonatal resuscitation at birth has been evolving rapidly and accepted knowledge on transition and resuscitative practices are currently being challenged. There has been a shift to more gentle, noninvasive approaches of supporting the preterm newborn. Various pressure-delivering devices and interfaces for noninvasive support are available, but currently no clear recommendations can be given. It now has become apparent that for the most effective noninvasive ventilation strategy at birth, adequate mask ventilation technique is crucial; however, most caregivers are unaware that neonatal mask ventilation can be very difficult and it is often inadequate. The effectiveness of early nasal continuous positive airway pressure may be enhanced by addition of new modes. Such developments might include the use of sustained inflations or nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation. In this review, the current available evidence on technique, devices, and modes of noninvasive ventilation used in the delivery room are discussed.
Improving Assessment During Noninvasive Ventilation in the Delivery Room
Authors: Lista Gianluca , Schmölzer Georg M. , O’Donnell Colm P.F.
Published: June 2012

The efficacy of mask ventilation has traditionally been judged by evaluating clinical signs alone (eg, assessment of heart rate, chest movements, skin color), which can be misleading. Despite the recent introduction of extended noninvasive monitoring, neonatal resuscitation remains challenging. This article discusses the current evidence on clinical assessment and monitoring during noninvasive mask ventilation in the delivery room. Potential pitfalls during mask ventilation are discussed, which may be identified with structured neonatal resuscitation courses, video recording, or extended physiological monitoring. Successful placement of a correctly positioned endotracheal tube by junior medical staff is <50%, and accidental esophageal intubation is common. Clinical signs are subjective and can be misleading, and recognition of esophageal placement of the endotracheal tube, by using clinical assessment alone, can take up to several minutes. Because carbon dioxide is exhaled at much higher concentrations than inhaled, it can be detected with semiquantitative colorimetric devices, or devices that display numeric or graphic values. In the section on carbon dioxide detectors, the current evidence (along with limitations) concerning these devices is discussed.
Humidity buffering using stabilised rammed earth materials
Authors: Allinson David , Hall Matthew
Published: June 2012

The humidity buffering potential of stabilised rammed earth materials is investigated based on the moisture buffer value concept. The moisture buffer value is (a) measured experimentally, (b) calculated from an analytical solution of the mass transfer and (c) simulated using a numerical solution of the combined heat and mass transfer. The numerical solution to the equations is described, as well as the modelling tool termed ‘CHAMP’ (coupled heat and mass transport in porous media). The results show that stabilised rammed earth can be a ‘good’ moisture buffering material under the Nordtest classification scheme. They also show that the moisture buffer value of stabilised rammed earth materials could be optimised or maximised by controlling the grading and mineralogy of the sub-soil and the manufacturing techniques. Sensitivity analysis of the moisture buffer value to the moisture transfer resistance at the surface is explored through numerical simulation and the need to control the experimental measurement carefully is explored.
Literature review of lower temperature asphalt systems
Authors: Nicholls James Clifford , James Donna
Published: June 2012

A selection of the available literature on warm mix asphalt and half-warm mix asphalt were reviewed in order to ascertain whether some or all of the currently available technologies have a potential use on the UK Highways Agency's network. The review looked at the various categories of the technology, the differences required in site practices, the performance of the resulting asphalt and the environmental and economic advantages of their use. However, because there is considerably more literature than that included in this study, the findings can only be tentative.
Diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities associated with vultures in an African savanna
Authors: Ganz Holly H. , Karaoz Ulas , Getz Wayne M. , Versfeld Wilferd , Brodie Eoin L.
Published: June 2012

Bird guano has been shown to alter the structure and function of ecological communities. Here we characterize the effects of vulture guano on the phylogenetic structure, taxa richness, and abundance in soil bacterial communities within an African savanna. By altering soil chemistry and nutrient status, vulture guano appears to play a role in influencing the structure of soil bacterial communities. DNA was extracted from soil collected under twenty trees: five African white‐backed vulture (Gyps africanus, WBV) nesting sites, five lappet‐faced vulture (Torgos tracheliotos, LFV) nesting sites and ten control sites where no sign of vulture activity was detected. Using a high‐density phylogenetic microarray (PhyloChip G2), we identified 1,803 bacterial Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in the twenty samples. Analysis of beta‐diversity using the Unifrac distance metric demonstrated that WBV nesting sites were phylogenetically distinct from both control trees and LFV nesting sites. We detected a higher degree of phylogenetic clustering in soil bacterial communities associated with both WBV and LFV nesting sites compared to control sites, suggesting that the deposition of guano increases the strength of habitat filtering in these communities. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that variation in OTU intensity (a measure of relative abundance) could be related to variations in pH, electrical conductivity and total nitrogen content. WBV sites explained 10% to 22% of the variation in OTU intensity. The elevated total nitrogen and lower pH characteristic of soils associated with vultures may favor Proteobacteria and suppress Firmicutes, particularly Clostridia and Bacilli. Acidic aggregations of vulture guano may be unlikely to support long‐term survival of spore‐forming Firmicute pathogens and thus may limit the role that vultures play as potential disease vectors.
Periodontal and Systemic Responses in Various Mice Models of Experimental Periodontitis: Respective Roles of Inflammation Duration and Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection
Authors: Saadi‐Thiers Kenza , Huck Olivier , Simonis Pierre , Tilly Peggy , Fabre Jean‐Etienne , Tenenbaum Henri , Davideau Jean‐Luc
Published: June 2012

Background: The great variability of periodontal and systemic responses to experimental periodontitis reflects the inherent pathogenic complexity of mice models and could limit the resulting interpretations and their extension to human diseases. This study compared the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection and experimental periodontitis duration at local and systemic levels in various models.

Methods: Periodontitis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by ligatures previously incubated with Pg (LIGPG group) or not (LIG group) or by oral gavage (GAV) with Pg ATCC 33277. Blood samples were taken, and mice were euthanized at different times. Periodontal tissue destruction, osteoclast number, and inflammation were assessed by histomorphometry, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase histoenzymology, and cathepsin B (CATB) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) immunochemistry. Serum levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐1β were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay bioplex methods.

Results: Periodontal tissue destruction and osteoclast numbers were significantly elevated in LIGPG models compared to LIG and GAV models. They increased with time with the exception of osteoclast numbers in the LIG model. CATB and MMP9 expression was related to bone destruction processes and Pg infection. The highest serum levels of IL‐6 and IL‐1β were observed in the LIGPG group. A decrease of IL‐6 and an increase of IL‐1β serum level were observed with time in LIGPG group contrary to LIG group.

Conclusions: These data indicate that Pg infection worsened periodontal tissue destruction through specific pathogenic pathways and modified systemic response to periodontal inflammation. Furthermore, the blood cytokine response to ligature models showed their relevance for evaluating the systemic impact of periodontal disease.
Successful Closed Reduction of a Dislocated Constrained Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Sonohata Motoki , Waewsawangwong Warit , Goodman Stuart B
Published: June 2012

Many surgeons use acetabular components with constrained polyethylene liners to improve stability after total hip arthroplasty in patients with a history of hip dislocation. Surgical treatment is generally thought to be the only available option for the dislocated constrained liner. The success rate and clinical results of closed reduction for such patients is unclear. This report presents a case of a successful closed reduction of a dislocated constrained liner. Few papers have so far addressed closed reduction of a dislocated constrained liner. Furthermore, previous studies reported a variety of components. Publication of additional successful and unsuccessful case reports is therefore needed to help establish the optimal treatment protocol for a dislocated constrained liner.
Importance of Preoperative Imaging in Acetabular Revision Surgery - A Case Report
Authors: Schmitz HC , Egidy CC , Al-Khateeb H , Cárdenas G , Gehrke T , Kendoff D
Published: June 2012

Acetabular defects, particularly as a result of protrusion of acetabular components into the hemipelvis, may cause serious complications during revision procedures as a result of iatrogenic injury to surrounding anatomical structures. In these challenging cases, we advocate the utilisation of preoperative three dimensional imaging. MRI and CT- imaging offer superior understanding of the three-dimensional quality of bony defects and the relationship of implants to important anatomical structures. Appropriate preoperative planning may also prevent major complications during the removal of the pre-existing hardware, prior to re-implantation of implants. Potential complications include injury of nerves, blood vessels and other intrapelvic structures.

In our case, a major bony defect of the acetabulum was a result of the protrusion of an implanted reinforcement ring. A preoperative, contrast-enhanced CT scan showed that the urethra was in close proximity to the hook of the reinforcement ring.

The preoperative imaging aided in identifying and understanding the potential complications that could occur intraoperatively. Additionally, it delineated the intact anatomic structures prior to surgery, which could have medico-legal implications.

The importance of preoperative imaging and the existing literature is discussed within this case description.
Comparative Effects of Low-Carbohydrate High-Protein Versus Low-Fat Diets on the Kidney
Authors: Friedman Allon N. , Ogden Lorraine G. , Foster Gary D. , Klein Samuel , Stein Richard , Miller Bernard , Hill James O. , Brill Carrie , Bailer Brooke , Rosenbaum Diane R. , Wyatt Holly R.
Published: June 2012

Background and objectives

Concerns exist about deleterious renal effects of low-carbohydrate high-protein weight loss diets. This issue was addressed in a secondary analysis of a parallel randomized, controlled long-term trial.

Design, setting, participants, and measurements

Between 2003 and 2007, 307 obese adults without serious medical illnesses at three United States academic centers were randomly assigned to a low-carbohydrate high-protein or a low-fat weight-loss diet for 24 months. Main outcomes included renal filtration (GFR) indices (serum creatinine, cystatin C, creatinine clearance); 24-hour urinary volume; albumin; calcium excretion; and serum solutes at 3, 12, and 24 months.

Results

Compared with the low-fat diet, low-carbohydrate high-protein consumption was associated with minor reductions in serum creatinine (relative difference, −4.2%) and cystatin C (−8.4%) at 3 months and relative increases in creatinine clearance at 3 (15.8 ml/min) and 12 (20.8 ml/min) months; serum urea at 3 (14.4%), 12 (9.0%), and 24 (8.2%) months; and 24-hour urinary volume at 12 (438 ml) and 24 (268 ml) months. Urinary calcium excretion increased at 3 (36.1%) and 12 (35.7%) months without changes in bone density or clinical presentations of new kidney stones.

Conclusions

In healthy obese individuals, a low-carbohydrate high-protein weight-loss diet over 2 years was not associated with noticeably harmful effects on GFR, albuminuria, or fluid and electrolyte balance compared with a low-fat diet. Further follow-up is needed to determine even longer-term effects on kidney function.
Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in patients submitted to ionizing radiation
Authors: Lorenzoni Diego Coelho , Fracalossi Ana Carolina Cuzzuol , Carlin Viviane , Ribeiro Daniel Araki , Sant'Anna Eduardo Franzotti
Published: June 2012

Objectives:

To evaluate and compare mutagenicity (micronucleus) and cytotoxicity (karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and karyolysis) in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells of children following cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) or conventional radiograph exposure necessary for orthodontic planning.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 49 healthy children were submitted to CBCT or a conventional orthodontic radiographic protocol; they were divided into two groups based on exam: CBCT (n  =  24) and Radiographic Set (n  =  25) groups. The micronucleus test in the exfoliated buccal mucosa cells was applied.

Results:

There was not a statistically significant difference (P > .05) found between the number of micronucleated buccal mucosa cells (MNC) before and after exposure to radiation in either group, showing that neither group experienced a mutagenic effect. However, radiation did cause other nuclear alterations closely related to cytotoxicity, including karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and karyolysis, in both groups (P < .05). The CBCT group presented a greater increase in cell death than was noted in the Radiographic Set group (P < .044).

Conclusion:

According to the micronucleus test, mutagenicity was not induced by the CBCT or the conventional radiographs, but cytotoxicity was verified after these exams, especially after CBCT. That might have happened once the CBCT group received a greater radiation dose than the Radiographic Set group as a result of the protocols used in orthodontic planning for this study.
Evaluation of Chlamydophila psittaci infection and other risk factors for atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds
Authors: Pilny Anthony A. , Quesenberry Katherine E. , Bartick-Sedrish Tracey E. , Latimer Kenneth S. , Berghaus Roy D.
Published: June 2012

Objective—To determine whether the presence of Chlamydophila psittaci antigen, plasma cholesterol concentration, diet, sex, species, and age are risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—31 psittacine birds with atherosclerosis (study birds) and 31 psittacine birds without atherosclerosis (control birds).

Procedures—Necropsy reports were reviewed, birds with a histopathologic diagnosis of atherosclerosis were identified, and available medical records were reviewed. Signalment, history, clinicopathologic findings, and other relevant data were recorded and evaluated. Control birds did not have atherosclerosis and were chosen by both convenience sampling and population demographics. Histologic sections of great vessels from all birds (study and control birds) were reviewed and then submitted for immunohistochemical staining for the presence of C psittaci antigen.

Results—Result of immunohistochemical staining for C psittaci antigen in blood vessels was significantly associated with atherosclerosis. After adjusting for age, species origin, and type of illness, the odds of atherosclerosis was 7 times as high for birds with positive immunohistochemical staining for C psittaci antigen, compared with that of birds with negative immunohistochemical staining. Study birds and control birds differed significantly only with respect to plasma cholesterol concentrations. The median plasma cholesterol concentration of study birds (421 mg/dL) was significantly higher than that of control birds (223 mg/dL).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infection with C psittaci and a high plasma cholesterol concentration may be risk factors for developing atherosclerosis in pet psittacine birds.
Surgical and postoperative complications associated with tibial tuberosity advancement for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs: 458 cases (2007–2009)
Authors: Wolf Rebecca E. , Scavelli Thomas D. , Hoelzler Michael G. , Fulcher Ryan P. , Bastian Richard P.
Published: June 2012

Objective—To describe the surgical and postoperative complications encountered with tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) performed in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament–deficient stifle joints.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—458 dogs (TTA performed on 501 stifle joints).

Procedures—During the 2-year period, 624 TTA procedures had been performed in dogs for correction of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency. Five hundred one stifle joints in 458 dogs fit the criteria for inclusion; 43 dogs had had TTAs performed on both stifle joints. Historical data and complications reported were analyzed.

Results—Following 501 TTA surgeries, there were 95 instances of complications reported. In 7 stifle joints, 2 complications occurred. The most common complication was incisional infection and inflammation. Stifle joints with medial menisci that did not undergo medial meniscal release had a high incidence of subsequent injury, and meniscal tear was the most common complication treated by a second surgery. A partially torn cranial cruciate ligament left in situ at the time of TTA did not protect against subsequent injury of an intact, unreleased medial meniscus. Most fractures were identified on routine follow-up radiography and were rarely treated. In terms of preoperative factors, high body weight (> 40 kg [88 lb]) and a high preoperative patellar tendon angle were significantly associated with complications.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—High body weight and preoperative patellar tendon angle were significantly associated with complications following TTA in dogs. Subsequent meniscal tear was the most common reason for second surgery, suggesting that medial meniscal release of intact menisci should be considered when performing TTA in dogs.
Risk factors for colic in equids hospitalized for ocular disease
Authors: Patipa Leah A. , Sherlock Ceri E. , Witte Stefan H. , Pirie George D. , Berghaus Roy D. , Peroni John F.
Published: June 2012

Objective—To evaluate the incidence of colic and risk factors for colic in equids hospitalized for ocular disease.

Design—Retrospective observational study.

Animals—337 equids (317 horses, 19 ponies, and 1 donkey) hospitalized for ocular disease.

Procedures—Medical records of equids hospitalized for > 24 hours for treatment of ocular disease between January 1997 and December 2008 were reviewed. Information from only the first hospitalization was used for equids that were hospitalized for ocular disease on more than 1 occasion. Information gathered included the signalment, the type of ocular lesion and the treatment administered, and any colic signs recorded during hospitalization as well as the severity, presumptive diagnosis, and treatment of the colic. Statistical analysis was used to identify any risk factors for colic in equids hospitalized for ocular disease.

Results—72 of 337 (21.4%) equids hospitalized for ocular disease had signs of colic during hospitalization. Most equids (59.7% [43/72]) had mild signs of colic, and most (87.5% [63/72]) were treated medically. Ten of 72 (13.9%) equids with colic had a cecal impaction. Risk factors for colic in equids hospitalized for ocular disease were age (0 to 1 year and ≥ 21 years) and an increased duration of hospitalization (≥ 8 days).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—There was a high incidence of colic in equids hospitalized with ocular disease in this study. Findings from this study may help identify equids at risk for development of colic and thereby help direct implementation of prophylactic measures.
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of an intracranial cyst in an alpaca cria
Authors: Hardefeldt Laura A. , Rylander Helena , Iskandar B. J. , Ellison M. , Peek Simon F.
Published: June 2012

Case Description—A 7-day-old female alpaca was examined because of an acute onset of diffuse central neurologic deficits.

Clinical Findings—Diagnostic imaging with CT and MRI identified an intracranial cyst occupying approximately one-third to one-half of the dorsal portion of the cranial cavity, markedly displacing the cerebral hemispheres bilaterally.

Treatment and Outcome—Initial surgical management via trephination and needle drainage was only transiently effective at resolving the neurologic signs. Craniotomy and drainage and removal of the cyst lining resulted in a sustained improvement in neurologic status, and the cria remained clinically normal and well grown at follow-up 5 months after surgery.

Clinical Relevance—This report represented the first description of the successful treatment of an intracranial cyst in a New World camelid.
Managing Physical Therapy Resources: An Analogy to the Freedom of the Commons and the Need for Collective Action
Authors: Brennan Gerard P.
Published: June 2012

Tragedy results when we each pursue our own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of a commons, such as clean air, fresh water, or natural fishing grounds. The purpose of this editorial is to consider how resources related to healthcare, and specifically to the delivery of physical therapy, can suffer the tragedy of the commons, and to consider an alternative strategy by which we can manage physical therapy resources effectively through collective action.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(6):486–488. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.0108
Scaphoid Fracture in a Patient After a Fall
Authors: Buscema Christopher J.
Published: June 2012

The patient was a 27-year-old man who was referred to a physical therapist because of persistent right wrist pain after a fall on an outstretched hand in a remote setting 3 months prior. Immediately after the injury, the patient was seen by a physician's assistant in a remote medical clinic, where right wrist radiographs were completed and interpreted as normal. Based on the history and physical exam, a potential scaphoid fracture was suspected. Therefore, the physical therapist ordered radiographs of the right wrist, which revealed a fracture through the waist of the right scaphoid with a band-like lucency.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(6):568. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.0410
Ultrasound Assessment of an Acute Biceps Brachii Injury
Authors: Krause David A. , Smith Jay
Published: June 2012

The patient was a 24-year-old woman who was evaluated by a physical therapist in a direct-access sports medicine clinic for a chief complaint of right anterior arm pain and swelling. Given the unusual mechanism and location of the injury, significant pain and weakness, and questionable tissue defect, diagnostic ultrasound was ordered. The ultrasound examination findings revealed a strain of the right short head of the biceps brachii with a partial tear more distally.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(6):569. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.0411
Safety and Feasibility of an Early Mobilization Program for Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Olkowski Brian F. , Devine Mary Ann , Slotnick Laurie E. , Veznedaroglu Erol , Liebman Kenneth M. , Arcaro Melissa L. , Binning Mandy Jo
Published: June 2012

Background

Survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are faced with a complicated recovery, which typically includes surgery, prolonged monitoring in the intensive care unit, and treatment focusing on the prevention of complications.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of an early mobilization program for patients with aneurysmal SAH.

Design

This study was a retrospective analysis.

Methods

Twenty-five patients received early mobilization by a physical therapist or an occupational therapist, or both, which focused on functional training and therapeutic exercise in more progressively upright positions. Participation criteria focused on neurologic and physiologic stability prior to the initiation of early mobilization program sessions.

Results

Patients met the criteria for participation in 86.1% of the early mobilization program sessions attempted. Patients did not meet criteria for the following reasons: Lindegaard ratio >3.0 or middle cerebral artery (MCA) mean flow velocity (MFV) >120 cm/s (8.1%), mean arterial pressure (MAP) <80 mm Hg (1.8%), intracranial pressure (ICP) >15 mm Hg (1.8%), unable to open eyes in response to voice (0.9%), respiratory rate >40 breaths/min (0.6%), MAP >110 mm Hg (0.3%), and heart rate <40 bpm (0.3%). Adverse events occurred in 5.9% of early mobilization program sessions for the following reasons: MAP <70 mm Hg (3.1%) or >120 mm Hg (2.4%) and heart rate >130 bpm (0.3%). The 30-day mortality rate for all patients was 0%. Participation in the early mobilization program began a mean of 3.2 days (SD=1.3) after aneurysmal SAH, and patients received an average of 11.4 sessions (SD=4.3). Patients required a mean of 5.4 days (SD=4.2) to participate in out-of-bed activity and a mean of 10.7 days (SD=6.2) to walk ≥15.24 m (50 ft).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that an early mobilization program for patients with aneurysmal SAH is safe and feasible.
Targeted delivery of nerve growth factor via encapsulated cell biodelivery in Alzheimer disease: a technology platform for restorative neurosurgery
Authors: Wahlberg Lars U. , Lind Göran , Almqvist Per M. , Kusk Philip , Tornøe Jens , Juliusson Bengt , Söderman Michael , Selldén Eva , Seiger Åke , Eriksdotter-Jönhagen Maria , Linderoth Bengt
Published: June 2012

Object

The authors describe the first clinical trial with encapsulated cell biodelivery (ECB) implants that deliver nerve growth factor (NGF) to the cholinergic basal forebrain with the intention of halting the degeneration of cholinergic neurons and the associated cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). The NsG0202 implant (NsGene A/S) consists of an NGF-producing, genetically engineered human cell line encapsulated behind a semipermeable hollow fiber membrane that allows the influx of nutrients and the efflux of NGF. The centimeter-long capsule is attached to an inert polymer tether that is used to guide the capsule to the target via stereotactic techniques and is anchored to the skull at the bur hole.

Methods

Six patients with mild to moderate AD were included in this Phase Ib open-label safety study and were divided into 2 dose cohorts. The first cohort of 3 patients received single implants targeting the basal nucleus of Meynert (Ch4 region) bilaterally (2 implants per patient), and after a safety evaluation, a second cohort of 3 patients received bilateral implants (a total of 4 implants per patient) targeting both the Ch4 region and the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch2 region). Stereotactic implantation of the devices was successfully accomplished in all patients. Despite extensive brain atrophy, all targets could be reached without traversing sulci, the insula, or lateral ventricles.

Results

Postoperative CT scans allowed visualization of the barium-impregnated tethers, and fusion of the scans with stereotactic MR images scan was used to verify the intended positions of the implants. Follow-up MRI at 3 and 12 months postimplantation showed no evidence of inflammation or device displacement. At 12 months, implants were successfully retrieved, and low but persistent NGF secretion was detected in half of the patients.

Conclusions

With refinement, the ECB technology is positioned to become an important therapeutic platform in restorative neurosurgery and, in combination with other therapeutic factors, may be relevant for the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01163825.
The use of abdominal binders to treat over-shunting headaches
Authors: Sklar Frederick H. , Nagy Laszlo , Robertson Brian D.
Published: June 2012

Object

Headaches are common in children with shunts. Headaches associated with over-shunting are typically intermittent and tend to occur later in the day. Lying down frequently makes the headaches better. This paper examines the efficacy of using abdominal binders to treat over-shunting headaches.

Methods

Over an 18-year period, the senior author monitored 1027 children with shunts. Office charts of 483 active patients were retrospectively reviewed to identify those children with headaches and, in particular, those children who were thought to have headaches as a result of over-shunting. Abdominal binders were frequently used to treat children with presumed over-shunting headaches, and these data were analyzed.

Results

Of the 483 patients undergoing chart review, 258 (53.4%) had headache. A clinical diagnosis of over-shunting was made in 103 patients (21.3% overall; 39.9% of patients with headache). In 14 patients, the headaches were very mild (1–2 on a 5-point scale) and infrequent (1 or 2 per month), and treatment with an abdominal binder was not thought indicated. Eighty-nine patients were treated with a binder, but 19 were excluded from this retrospective study for noncompliance, interruption of the binder trial, or lack of follow-up.

The remaining 70 pediatric patients, who were diagnosed with over-shunting headaches and were treated with abdominal binders, were the subjects of a more detailed retrospective study. Significant headache improvement was observed in 85.8% of patients. On average, the patients wore the binders for approximately 1 month, and headache relief usually persisted even after the binders were discontinued. However, the headaches eventually did recur in many of the patients more than a year later. In these patients, reuse of the abdominal binder was successful in relieving headaches in 78.9%.

Conclusions

The abdominal binder is an effective, noninvasive therapy to control over-shunting headaches in most children. This treatment should be tried before any surgery is considered. It is suggested that the abdominal binder may modulate abnormally increased intracranial pulse pressures associated with over-shunting. Interactions with the cerebrovascular bed are suspected to account for persistent headache relief after the binder is discontinued.
Sacroiliac joint pain in the pediatric population
Authors: Stoev Ivan , Powers Alexander K. , Puglisi Joan A. , Munro Rebecca , Leonard Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2012

Object

The sacroiliac (SI) joint can be a pain generator in 13%–27% of cases of back pain in adults. These numbers are largely unknown for the pediatric population. In children and especially girls, development of the pelvic girdle makes the SI joint prone to misalignment. Young athletes sustain repeated stress on their SI joints, and sometimes even minor trauma can result in lasting pain that mimics radiculopathy. The authors present a series of 48 pediatric patients who were evaluated for low-back pain and were found to have SI joint misalignment as the cause of their symptoms. They were treated with a simple maneuver described in this paper that realigned their SI joint and provided significant improvement of symptoms.

Methods

A retrospective review of the electronic records identified 48 patients who were referred with primary complaints of low-back pain and were determined to have SI joint misalignment during bedside examination maneuvers described here. Three patients did not have a record of their response to treatment and were excluded. Patients were evaluated by a physical therapist and had the realignment procedure performed on the day of initial consultation. The authors collected data regarding the immediate effect of the procedure, as well as the duration of pain relief at follow-up visits.

Results

Eighty percent of patients experienced dramatic improvement in symptoms that had a lasting effect after the initial treatment. The majority of them were given a home exercise program, and only 2 of the 36 patients who experienced significant relief had to be treated again. Fifty-three percent of all patients had immediate and complete resolution of symptoms. Three of the 48 patients had missing data from the medical records and were excluded from computations.

Conclusions

Back pain is multifactorial, and the authors' data demonstrate the potential importance of SI joint pathology. Although the technique described here for treatment of misaligned SI joints in the pediatric patients is not effective in all, the authors have observed significant improvement in 80% of cases. Often it is difficult to determine the exact cause of back pain, but when the SI joint is suspected as the primary pathology, the authors have described a simple and effective bedside treatment that should be attempted prior to the initiation of further testing and surgery.
Spinal cord ependymomas and myxopapillary ependymomas in the first 2 decades of life: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of 19 cases
Authors: Stephen James H. , Sievert Angela J. , Madsen Peter J. , Judkins Alexander R. , Resnick Adam C. , Storm Phillip B. , Rushing Elisabeth J. , Santi Mariarita
Published: June 2012

Object

Primary spinal cord ependymomas (EPNs) are rare in children, comprising classical WHO Grade II and III tumors and Grade I myxopapillary ependymomas (MEPNs). Despite their benign histology, recurrences and neural-axis dissemination have been reported in up to 33% MEPNs in the pediatric population. Treatment options beyond resection are limited, and little is known about their tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to explore the tumor biology and outcomes in a consecutive series of pediatric patients treated at a single institution.

Methods

The authors performed a retrospective clinicopathological review of 19 patients at a tertiary referral children's hospital for resection of a spinal cord ependymoma. The population included 8 patients with a pathological diagnosis of MEPN and 11 patients with a pathological diagnosis of spinal EPN (10 cases were Grade II and 1 case was Grade III). The upregulation of the following genes HOXB13, NEFL, PDGFRα, EGFR, EPHB3, AQP1, and JAGGED 1 was studied by immunohistochemistry from archived paraffin-embedded tumor samples of the entire cohort to compare the expression in MEPN versus EPN.

Results

Gross-total resection was achieved in 75% of patients presenting with MEPNs and in 100% of those with EPNs. The average follow-up period was 79 months for the MEPN subset and 53 months for Grade II/III EPNs. Overall survival for both subsets was 100%. However, event-free survival was only 50% for patients with MEPNs. Of note, in all cases involving MEPNs that recurred, the patients had undergone gross-total resection on initial surgery. In contrast, there were no tumor recurrences in patients with EPNs. Immunohistochemistry revealed no significant differences in protein expression between the two tumor types with the exception of EPHB3, which demonstrates a tendency to be positive in MEPNs (6 reactive tumors of 9) rather than in EPN (2 reactive tumors of 10).

Conclusions

The authors' experience shows that, following a gross-total resection, MEPNs are more likely to recur than their higher-grade counterpart, EPNs. This supports the recommendation for close long-term radiological follow-up of pediatric patients with MEPNs to monitor for recurrence, despite the tumor's low-grade histological feature. No significant difference in the protein expression of HOXB13, NEFL, PDGFRα, EGFR, EPHB3, AQP1, and JAGGED 1 was present in this selected cohort of pediatric patients.