bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Environmental Regulations Influence Trade Patterns? Testing Old and New Trade Theories
Authors: Cole Matthew A. , Elliott Robert J. R.
Published: September 2003

The relationship between trade liberalisation and the environment has been the subject of a growing body of literature in recent years. One particular focus of attention has been whether environmental regulations are influencing patterns of international trade. This paper aims to examine this issue in the context of the Heckscher‐Ohlin‐Vanek (HOV) model of trade, but also in a ‘new’ trade model characterised by monopolistic competition and differentiated products. Our use of the HOV model improves upon a well cited study by Tobey (1990) in many ways, not least by allowing for the possible endogeneity of environmental regulations. We find no significant relationship between such regulations and ‘dirty’ net exports. The ‘new’ trade model explains the presence of both intra‐ and inter‐industry trade and we again allow for the possible endogeneity of regulations. We believe this to be the first study to assess the role of environmental regulations within a ‘new’ trade model, but also the first to allow for the endogeneity of regulations in a cross‐country model of trade. We find environmental regulations to be a statistically significant determinant of the share of inter‐industry trade (net trade) and we find this significance to increase when endogeneity is controlled for.
The Economics of Exchange‐Rate Regimes: A Review Essay
Authors: Tavlas George S.
Published: September 2003

The exchange‐rate regime issue has taken centre‐stage in discussions of international economic policy. Much of the profession appears to have been converted to ‘the hypothesis of the vanishing middle regime’; for countries well‐integrated into world capital markets, there is little, if any, middle ground between floating exchange rates and monetary unification. This paper considers the exchange‐rate‐regime issue in the context of recent books on the subject by W. Max Corden and Morris Goldstein. Both authors prescribe managed floating exchange rates, supplemented with inflation targeting, for emerging‐market economies. Under managed floating, and with a credible monetary policy, the public finances in order, and strengthened debt management and prudential regulation, the exchange rate is free to act as a market gauge for assessing policies and as a mode of conflict resolution. Both authors also argue, however, that no exchange‐rate regime is a Holy Grail. Ultimately, a credible exchange‐rate regime depends upon the trust evoked by governments. There is no exchange‐rate regime, whether of the managed‐floating or hard‐fix variety, that can eradicate a history of failed stabilisation attempts.
Channels of Entry and Preferred Destinations: The Circumvention of Denmark by Chinese Immigrants
Authors: Thunø Mette
Published: September 2003

As globalization spread during the 1990s, and especially since the turn of the millennium, European states have increasingly claimed their right to assert their sovereignty by regulating migration at the level of the individual (OECD, 2001: 76–81). Political parties have succeeded in gaining support on policy statements pertaining exclusively to migration. For example, recent legislation in Denmark restricts the categories of persons eligible as refugees to “Convention refugees” satisfying only the narrowest international criteria set out in the UN Refugee Convention. The civil rights of asylum seekers are restricted by prohibiting marriage while their applications are under review. To limit family reunification among immigrants, the present Danish Government has even prohibited immigrants with permanent residence status and Danish citizens from bringing non‐Danish spouses under age 24 into the country.

These attempts at border enforcement and immigration control have been described by some critics as the endeavours of European Union (EU) members to build a “Fortress Europe” against immigrants from developing countries. Policy decisions and the implementation of various measures from finger printing to radar surveillance to control immigrants have corroborated such perceptions, but this paper will show that gaining entry to a highly controlled country such as Denmark from a poorer country such as the People's Republic of China (PRC) is fairly straightforward. Politicians may wish to convey the impression of being in control of international mobility by launching diverse anti‐immigration acts, but since the immigration embargo of the early 1970s all EU countries have received millions of immigrants, and increasingly permit or accept immigrants of various kinds to reside and work within their borders (Boeri et al., 2002). Immigration from developing countries is not evenly distributed throughout the EU, but rather targets specific destinations. This article will attempt to explain the direction of Chinese immigration flows to Europe in response to labour‐market demand, rather than as a consequence of “loopholes” in a country's legal or welfare provisions.

By analysing historical and demographic data on the PRC Chinese in Denmark, I attempt to demonstrate that, despite being a European country with one of the lowest asylum rejection rates for PRC Chinese, the scope of Chinese asylum seekers and regular and irregular migrants arriving by way of family reunification remained limited in the 1990s compared to southern, central, and eastern European countries. My analysis of Danish data in relation to Chinese migration suggest that destinations related to the globalization of Chinese migration is more determined by labour and capital markets than the presumed attraction of social welfare benefits provided by a European welfare state such as Denmark.
Chinese Migration to Eastern Europe
Authors: Nyíri Pál
Published: September 2003

Most of the work on the early history of Chinese migration to eastern Europe, that is, the first half of the twentieth century, has been written by Russian scholars. Contemporary sources — accounts of Russian travellers and government documents — are overwhelmingly preoccupied with migration to the Russian Asian territories. But the interest in Chinese immigration since the 1990s has resulted in considerable attention being paid to the historical background as well, notably by Larin (1998, 2000) and Saveliev (2002). Chinese scholarship on Chinese labour in Europe during World War I (e.g. S. Chen, 1986) only devotes little space to eastern Europe.

Yet, Chinese migration to eastern Europe has a particular policy interest because in the past decade it has proven to be predictive of trends in Europe as a whole. A new flow of entrepreneurial migrants, who often had no connection to the historical, rural‐based chains of migration that produced the earlier Chinese migrant populations of western Europe, found it possible and profitable to do business and settle on the European periphery during a brief period of liberal migration controls. Erratic crackdowns on illegal migration in the absence of thought‐through migration regimes resulted in a volatile situation, periodically generating migration flows from one country in the region to another. These were facilitated by, and gave further rise to, networks of kinship and information spanning both eastern and western Europe.

While this paper focuses on Hungary, it also attempts to review information on other eastern European countries (particularly Russia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the Czech Republic) where it is available. In doing so, it intends to fill a gap in information on Chinese in eastern Europe until more substantial research is produced, as well as to highlight the common features of, and links between, Chinese migration into individual eastern European countries as well as into western Europe.
Judgment, interpretation and impression of gaze direction in an Ukiyo‐e picture1,2
Authors: Miura Kayo , Koike Motoko
Published: September 2003

Abstract: We examined the judgment, interpretation and impression of gaze directions of figures5 in an Ukiyo‐e picture and its compositional variations. In those pictures, figures’ gaze directions were ambiguous because of their eyes drawn by thin lines (Hiki‐me). Observers had to judge gaze directions of the figures by cues other than the positions of pupils. The results showed that gaze directions of the figures were judged as a result of information integration of the natural cues of gaze directions and contextual cues in the scene. The object that was paid attention to by the figures as well as the head directions and compositional arrangements of the figures affected the judgment of gaze directions. We especially noted the composition of the figures viewing the object together side‐by‐side. In this composition, the judgment of gaze direction and the impression of a figure dramatically changed depending on the presence or absence of the commonly viewed object by the figures. We will discuss the results from the point of view of attention allocation and information integration as well as sociocultural background.
The Time Series Properties of Financial Ratios: Lev Revisited
Authors: Ioannidis Christos , Peel David A. , Peel Michael J.
Published: September 2003

This paper re‐evaluates the time series properties of financial ratios. It presents new empirical analysis which explicitly allows for the possibility that financial ratios can be characterized as non‐linear mean‐reverting processes. Financial ratios are widely employed as explanatory variables in accounting and finance research with applications ranging from the determinants of auditors’ compensation to explaining firms’ investment decisions. An implicit assumption in this empirical work is that the ratios are stationary so that the postulated models can be estimated by classical regression methods. However, recent empirical work on the time series properties of corporate financial ratios has reported that the level of the majority of ratios is described by non‐stationary,I(1), integrated processes and that the ratio differences are parsimoniously described by random walks. We hypothesize that financial ratios may follow a random walk near their target level, but that the more distant a ratio is from target, the more likely the firm is to take remedial action to bring it back towards target. This behavior will result in a significant size distortion of the conventional stationarity tests and lead to frequent non‐rejection of the null hypothesis of non‐stationarity, a finding which undermines the use of these ratios as reliable conditioning variables for the explanation of firms’ decisions.
Measuring the Impact of Corporate Investment Announcements on Share Prices: The Spanish Experience
Authors: Del Brio Esther B. , Perote Javier , Pindado Julio
Published: September 2003

We bring together three disparate strands of literature to develop a comprehensive empirical framework to examine the efficiency of security analysts' earnings forecasts in Singapore. We focus specifically on how the increased uncertainty and the negative market sentiment during the period of the Asian crisis affected the quality of earnings forecasts. While we find no evidence of inefficiencies in the pre‐crisis period, our results suggest that after the onset of the crisis, analysts (1) issued forecasts that were systematically upward biased; (2) did not fully incorporate the (negative) earnings‐related news; and (3) predicted earnings changes which proved too extreme.
Fortune’s Best 100 Companies to Work for in America: Do They Work for Shareholders?
Authors: Filbeck Greg , Preece Dianna
Published: September 2003

In this paper we examine the market reaction to the announcement by Fortune of the ‘Best 100 Companies to Work for in America.’ Employees rate firms based on several criteria including trust in management, pride in work/company and camaraderie. To examine long‐term performance, we calculate raw and risk‐adjusted returns and then compare them to the returns of a matched sample of firms. In addition, we calculate the return on a buy and hold investment in the sample firm less the return on a buy‐and‐hold investment in a matched sample firm (BHARs). We find a statistically significant positive response to the announcement of the ‘100 best companies to work for’ by Fortune. Also, based on all measures of risk‐adjusted return, we find these firms generally outperform the matched sample of companies. The BHAR results, although not exhibiting the level of statistical significance, are consistent with the raw and risk‐adjusted return results.
Cross‐sectional Restrictions on the Spot and Forward Term Structures of Interest Rates and Panel Unit Root Tests
Authors: Lekkos Ilias
Published: September 2003

In this paper we examine the stationarity of all the rates comprising the USD, GBP, DM and JPY spot and forward term structures. Instead of focussing on short maturity interest rates, as most other papers do, we perform a detailed analysis of the whole range of spot and forward interest rates of the 4 main currencies. We investigate the issue of stationarity within the framework of an equilibrium interest rate model such as Vasicek (1977), that defines the cross‐sectional and time series properties that interest rates of various maturities must satisfy. We show that within a one‐factor interest rate model, such as Vasicek, all interest rates are restricted to exhibit the same mean reverting behaviour. This restriction allows us to apply more powerful panel unit root tests. This methodology increases considerably the number of observations available and as a result the power of the unit root tests. The higher power of these tests allows us to demonstrate that there does exist mean reversion on the spot and forward US interest rates and the forward DM and GBP interest rates.
The Weekend and ‘Reverse’ Weekend Effects: An Analysis by Month of the Year, Week of the Month, and Industry
Authors: Brusa Jorge , Liu Pu , Schulman Craig
Published: September 2003

In this paper, we examine whether the ‘reverse’ weekend effect recently documented by Brusa, Liu and Schulman (2000) is concentrated in a few industries or widely spread across all the industries. The findings in this paper indicate that the ‘reverse’ weekend effect exists not only in broad indices, but also in most industries. The results suggest that the ‘reverse’ weekend effect may be driven by economic events that affect all industries, rather than industry‐specific factors. Although the patterns of Monday returns are similar between broad indices and industry indices, they are different between the pre‐ and the post‐1988 periods. Monday returns tend to be negative in the pre‐1988 period, but tend to be positive in the post‐1988 period, for both broad market indices and industry indices. These conclusions are valid even after considering the influence of the month‐of‐the‐year and the week‐of‐the‐month effects.
The Effect of Exercise Date Uncertainty on Employee Stock Option Value
Authors: Maris Brian A. , Maris Jo‐Mae , Yang Tyler T.
Published: September 2003

The IASC recently recommended that employee compensation in the form of stock options be measured at the ‘fair value’ based on an option pricing model and the value should be recognized in financial statements. This follows adoption of SFAS No. 123 in the United States, which requires firms to estimate the value of employee stock options using either a Black‐Scholes or binomial model. Most US firms used the B‐S model for their 1996 financial statements. This study assumes that option life follows a Gamma distribution, allowing the variance of option life to be separate from its expected life. The results indicate the adjusted Black‐Scholes model could overvalue employee stock options on the grant date by as much as 72 percent for nondividend paying firms and by as much as 84 percent for dividend paying firms. The results further demonstrate the sensitivity of ESO values to the volatility of the expected option life, a parameter that the B‐S model or a Poisson process cannot accommodate. The variability of option life has an especially big impact on ESO value for firms whose ESOs have a relatively short life (5 years, for example) and high employee turnover. For such firms, the results indicate a binomial option pricing model is more appropriate for estimating ESO value than the B‐S type model.
Modelling International Price Relationships and Interdependencies Between the Stock Index and Stock Index Futures Markets of Three EU Countries: A Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Antoniou Antonios , Pescetto Gioia , Violaris Antonis
Published: September 2003

This paper addresses the important relationship between stock index and stock index futures markets in an international context. By simply examining the spot‐futures relationship within a single country as most of the extant literature does and thus ignoring possible market interdependencies between countries, the dynamics of price adjustments may be misspecified and thus findings misleading. The main contribution of the paper is to improve our understanding of the pricing relationship between spot and futures markets in the light of international market interdependencies. Using a multivariate VAR‐EGARCH methodology, the paper investigates stock index and stock index futures market interdependence, that is lead‐lag relationships and volatility interactions between the stock and futures markets of three main European countries, namely France, Germany and the UK. In addition, the paper explicitly accounts for potential asymmetries that may exist in the volatility transmission mechanism between these markets. The main conclusions of the paper imply that investors need to account for market interactions across countries to fully and correctly exploit the potential for hedging and diversification.
Legal Costs and Accounting Choices: Another Test of the Litigation Hypothesis
Authors: Stammerjohan William W. , Hall Steven C.
Published: September 2003

This paper provides another test of the litigation hypothesis proposed by Hall and Stammerjohan (1997) and provides evidence that subtle differences in the underlying business environment may be very important in predicting the accounting reaction of management to major events. The litigation hypothesis predicts that firms that are defendants in litigation with potentially large damage awards (major litigation) will attempt to reduce the size of those damage awards by making income‐decreasing accounting choices. The oil firms in the Hall and Stammerjohan study appeared to systematically reduce reported earnings during the litigation periods by under‐reporting new reserves. The fourteen chemical and pharmaceutical firms, involved in fifteen litigation events, examined by this study produce a very different result. The chemical and pharmaceutical firms faced a different business environment during their litigation periods and appear to have made income‐increasing accounting choices. These firms appear to have been able to perpetuate earnings growth without corresponding sales revenue growth during the litigation periods through unexpected reversals in deferred income tax expense.
Actuarial Surplus Management in United Kingdom Life Insurance Firms
Authors: Adams Mike , Hardwick Philip
Published: September 2003

This study uses 1991–99 data gathered from the United Kingdom's life insurance industry to test empirically the notion that the reported annual surplus of a life insurer may be influenced by four firm‐specific characteristics: namely, reinsurance, output mix, organizational form and firm size. Consistent with expectations, the results indicate that the annual reported surplus is positively related to reinsurance and firm size and negatively related to the degree of product diversification. Contrary to our expectations, however, we find no evidence that proprietary (stock) life insurers tend to report higher annual surpluses than mutual life insurers.
Development and the Distribution of Living Standards: ACritiqueof the Evolving Data Base
Authors: Pyatt Graham
Published: September 2003

Household surveys of the distribution of income and expenditure are discussed in this paper. The potential for non‐sampling errors, effecting both the mean and measures of dispersion, is noted. These errors are shown to result in substantial discrepancies between the survey data and national accounts‐based estimates of the incidence of poverty and trends in living standards. It is argued that the reconciliation of these discrepancies offers the best way forward for improving both types of data.
Using Panel Data on Income Satisfaction to Estimate Equivalence Scale Elasticity
Authors: Schwarze Johannes
Published: September 2003

In this paper, the equivalence scale elasticity will be estimated by using individual panel data on income satisfaction from the German Socio‐Economic Panel Study (GSOEP). Satisfaction or happiness data have been more frequently used by economists in recent years to analyze individual well‐being. The approach differs from other subjective approaches as respondents are requested to evaluate current income rather than income in hypothetical situations. The estimated scale elasticity is higher compared to those from other subjective approaches based on German data. In addition, panel data enable different scale use by the respondents to be controlled. It can be shown that elasticity decreases when unobserved fixed‐effects are controlled for.
Treatment of Mobile Phone Licenses in the National Accounts
Authors: Dippelsman Robert J. , Mæhle Nils Ø.
Published: September 2003

This paper addresses the question of how to record mobile phone license payments in the national accounts. It concludes that there are usually two assets involved with mobile phone licenses: the spectrum, which is owned by the government, and the license, which is an intangible nonproduced asset sold by the government to the licenseholder. The values of these two assets are linked complementarily. A set of indicators is proposed that jointly may help judging whether the license or lease arrangement constitutes an asset in its own right or not. Alternative treatments of recording the license payments such as sale of the spectrum itself, other taxes on production, production of a service, or rent, are considered and rejected. Methods of amortization of the license over its life are considered.
An Economic Justification for the EKS Multilateral Index
Authors: Fox Kevin J.
Published: September 2003

A justification for the use of the EKS multilateral index can be given from the economic approach to index numbers.
Altruism versus Egoism in Human Behavior of Mixed Motives
Authors: Hu Yung‐An , Liu Day‐Yang
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT. This article begins with the observation that people often cooperate in social dilemmas. Specifically, they may do so either for altruistic reasons or for reasons indirectly linked to self‐interest. Because these competing motivations exist in different contexts, we explore the consequences of the incorporation of altruism in the economic framework in the context of a series of prisoner's dilemma experiments. Our experiments involve student subjects in groups of three. Each student plays two rounds of a monetary prisoner's dilemma game with the other two subjects in that group. We find evidence for recognizably different levels of the altruistic behavior of cooperation due to personal attributes and specific experimental conditions. Cooperation rates are higher for female students and more senior students. Of more interest is the evidence that economics majors tend to behave more cooperatively than noneconomics majors.
Honesty versus Cooperation:
Authors: Zsolnai Laszlo
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT. A variety of empirical evidence suggests that economics students are less cooperative than are students in other disciplines. Anthony M. Yezer and his colleagues have recently provided a strong counter‐example claiming that economics students behave in a more honest manner than do noneconomics students. Since honesty and cooperation are not the same quality, there might be no contradiction between these two claims. Economics students seem to re‐present a special pattern of moral behavior that is characterized by respect for property rights and strong self‐interest motivation simultaneously.
Monitoring Costs and Tolerance Levels for Classroom Cheating
Authors: Galles Gary , Graves Philip E. , Sexton Robert L. , Walton Surrey M.
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT. The amount of cheating and plagiarism on college campuses has become an increasingly important topic. The usual policy prescription to this type of problem is to step up monitoring efforts. However, this is difficult and costly. An alternative strategy is to substitute tougher and consistent sanctions for cheating and plagiarism.
Student and Instructor Beliefs and Attitudes about Target Language Use, First Language Use, and Anxiety: Report of a Questionnaire Study
Authors: Levine Glenn S.
Published: September 2003

This article presents the results of an anonymous, Internet‐based questionnaire study on target language (TL) and first language (L1) use in university‐level foreign language (FL) classes. The participants were 600 FL students and 163 FL instructors. The goals of the study were to develop preliminary components of a descriptive model of TL and L1 use and explore the relationships between TL use and student anxiety about TL use. It was hypothesized that (a) amounts of TL use would vary according to constellation of interlocutors and communicative contexts, and (b) the amount of TL use overall would correlate positively with student anxiety about it. The results support the first hypothesis. The second hypothesis was not supported. Analysis of the data revealed a negative relationship between reported amounts of TL use and reported TL‐use anxiety. Tenets are offered for maximizing TL use while at the same time granting to L1 pedagogically sound functions.
The Stability of General Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety across English and French
Authors: Rodríguez M´ximo , Abreu Orángel
Published: September 2003

The present study examined the stability of the general foreign language classroom anxiety construct across English and French. Preservice teachers from two western universities in Venezuela, who were majoring simultaneously in these two foreign languages, participated in the study. The students represented a variety of levels within each language. They completed two Spanish versions (one for each language) of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS; Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986). Separate analyses were performed on the full sample and on a restricted sample that included only those students who were at the same level in both languages. The results supported the indirect findings reported by Saito, Horwitz, and Garza (1999) while providing direct evidence suggesting the stability of the construct across English and French. Evidence obtained for overall, within‐institution, and within‐level comparisons. Furthermore, analysis of psychometric technical aspects of the FLCAS indicated that the scale exhibited high reliability but moderate construct validity.
Conversational Repair as a Role‐Defining Mechanism in Classroom Interaction
Authors: Liebscher Grit , Dailey–O'Cain Jennifer
Published: September 2003

This article is concerned with the ways in which the students and the teacher in a content‐based German as a foreign language class used repair in order to negotiate meaning and form in their classroom. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, we discuss how repair in this institutional setting differed from repair in mundane conversation and how repair was used differently by the students and the teacher. Given that students and the teacher were all competent speakers of both the first language (L1) and the second language (L2), we found that these differences were not merely indications of incomplete L2 usage. Instead, they manifested how the students and the teacher enacted and perceived their respective roles within the classroom and, based on role concepts, demonstrated different access to repair as a resource. The analysis shows that repair is a resource for modified output as well as modified input in classroom settings.
Impact of Maintaining L1 Reading Skills on L2 Reading Skill Development in Adults: Evidence from Speakers of Serbo‐Croatian Learning French
Authors: Pichette François , Segalowitz Norman , Connors Kathleen
Published: September 2003

Clarke (1980) hypothesized that effective interlingual transfer of reading skills requires the attainment of some particular threshold of second language (L2) knowledge. Results from a study by Hacquebord (1989) suggested that the interlingual transfer of reading skills also requires active reading of the first language (L1). Results from a longitudinal study carried out over a 1‐year period with 52 Bosnians learning French as a L2 supported Clarke's hypothesis but were only partially in accord with Hacquebord's. Significant correlations between L1 and L2 reading performance for the subgroup of nonactive L1 readers suggested that failure to maintain L1 reading did not prevent the transfer of reading skills. However, the greater improvement in L2 reading ability by the active L1 readers than by the nonactive L1 readers suggested that maintaining L1 reading enhances the transfer of reading skills.
The Roles of Context and Word Morphology in Learning New Kanji Words
Authors: Mori Yoshiko
Published: September 2003

This study explores quantitative and qualitative differences between context and word morphology as determinants of students' guesses of the meanings of novel kanji compounds (i.e., words consisting of two or more Chinese characters). In this study, 74 Japanese language learners interpreted unknown compounds consisting of familiar characters under three conditions (i.e., words in isolation, contextual clues only, and both). When the students' guesses were compared against the actual meanings, context and word morphology were equally effective. However, the combined effect of both sources was the best, suggesting that the 2 sources provide information that does not overlap. Students expressed higher confidence in their context‐based guesses than in their words‐in‐isolation guesses. Furthermore, contextual clues generated more syntactically related guesses than did kanji clues, whereas kanji clues yielded more semantically related guesses than did context. In general, the strength of contextual support and morphological transparency worked additively when combined but sometimes affected each other negatively. These findings suggest that context and word morphology play different roles in word inference.
A Functional Approach to Research on Content‐Based Language Learning: Recasts in Causal Explanations
Authors: Mohan Bernard , Beckett Gulbahar H.
Published: September 2003

There is wide agreement among researchers that content‐based language learning (CBLL) instruction is most effective when it provides both meaningful communication about content and intentional language development (e.g., Pica, 2000). However, it is less widely recognized that a systemic functional linguistic (SFL) approach offers a distinctive theoretical perspective and characterization of CBLL and addresses issues of advanced language development which are crucial when the second language is a medium of learning. To demonstrate this, we analyze the grammatical scaffolding by teacher and second language learner(s) of causal explanations which form part of work by a group of second language students in a project on the human brain. We show how a SFL analysis reveals quite different aspects of the recast sequences of these data than does a “focus on form” approach. These aspects include: the lexicogrammar of causal meanings, the place of “grammatical metaphor” in the processes of language development, the nature of causal explanations as knowledge structures of “ideational meaning” in discourse, and the role of knowledge structures as bridges between language learning and content learning. The potential of the functional perspective to increase the range and power of research on CBLL considerably is thus seen.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: Liskin‐Gasparro Judith E.
Published: September 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Azuma, Shoji, & Ryo Sambongi, Business Japanese

Castells, Matilde Olivella De, Elizabeth Guzmán, Paloma Lapuerta, & Carmen Garcí, Mosaicos: Spanish as a World Language

Cipris, Zeljko, & Shoko Hamano, Making Sense of Japanese Grammar: A Clear Guide through Common Problems

Coupland, Nikolas, Srikant Sarangi, & Christopher N. Candlin. (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and Social Theory

Davidson, Fred, & Brian K. Lynch, Testcraft: A Teacher's Guide to Writing and Using Language Test Specifications

Donahue, Ray T. (Ed.), Exploring Japaneseness: On Japanese Enactments of Culture and Consciousness

Erbaugh, Mary S. (Ed.) Difficult Characters: Interdisciplinary Studies of Chinese and Japanese Writing

Finneman, Michael D., & Lynn Carbón, De lector a escritor: El desarrollo de la comunicación escrita

Furry, Nina M., & Hannelore Jarausch, Cahier d’exercices

Furry, Nina M., & Hannelore Jarausch, Student audio CD

Furry, Nina M., & Hannelore Jarausch, Bonne continuation: Approfondissement à l’écrit et à l’oral

Gao, Hong, The Physical Foundation of the Patterning of Physical Action Verbs: A Study of Chinese Verbs

Hammond, Robert M, The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application (with Special Reference to American English)

Inchaurralde, Carlos, María Cristina SÁiz, Ana Nocito, & Ulrike A. Kaunzner, Los sonidos del español

Lewis, Cynthia, Literary Practices as Social Acts: Power, Status, and Cultural Norms in the Classroom

Macaro, Ernesto, Learning Strategies in Foreign and Second Language Classrooms

Mesthrie, Rajend. (Ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics

Robbie, Sheila, Tina Ruggirello, & Bernie Warren, Using Drama to Bring Language to Life: Ideas, Games and Activities for Teachers of Languages and Language Arts

Rohsenow, John S, ABC Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs

Scollon, Ron, Mediated Discourse: The Nexus of Practice

Scovel, Tom, Learning New Languages: A New Guide to Second Language Acquisition

Shohamy, Elana, The Power of Tests: A Critical Perspective on the Uses of Language Tests

Silva–Corvalán, Carmen, Sociolingüística y pragmática del español

Stempleski, Susan, & Barry Tomalin, Film

Terrell, Tracy D., Magdalena Andrade, Jeanne Egasse, & Elias Miguel Muñoz, Dos Mundos

Terrell, Tracy D., Magdalena Andrade, Jeanne Egasse, & Elias Miguel Muñoz, Dos Mundos: Cuaderno de trabajo (Parts A & B).

Tudor, Ian, The Dynamics of the Language Classroom

White, Patrick. (Ed.), Harrap's Unabridged Dictionary/Dictionnaire

White, Patrick, Harrap's Unabridged Dictionary/Dictionnaire

Woodward, Tessa, Planning Lessons and Courses: Designing Sequences of Work for the Language Classroom
Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings
Authors: Eric Oliver J. , Wong Janelle
Published: September 2003

This article examines how out‐group perceptions among Asian Americans, blacks, Latinos, and whites vary with the racial composition of their surroundings. Previous research on the contextual determinants of racial attitudes offers mixed expectations: some studies indicate that larger percentages of proximate out‐groups generate intergroup conflict and hostility while others suggest that such environments promote interracial contact and understanding. As most of this research has been directed at black‐white relations, the applicability of these theories to a multiethnic context remains unclear. Using data that merge the 1992–1994 Multi‐City Study of Urban Inequality and 1990 Census, we find that in neighborhood contexts, interethnic propinquity corresponds with lower levels of out‐group prejudice and competition, although intergroup hostility is higher in metropolitan areas with greater minority populations. Further tests suggest that these results do not occur from individual self‐selection; rather ethnic spatial and social isolation bolster negative out‐group perceptions. These findings suggest the value of residential integration for alleviating ethnic antagonism.
Voter Decision Making in Election 2000: Campaign Effects, Partisan Activation, and the Clinton Legacy
Authors: Hillygus D. Sunshine , Jackman Simon
Published: September 2003

How do citizens respond to campaign events? We explore this question with a unique repeated measures survey design, fielded during the 2000 presidential campaign. We model transitions in support for the major party candidates following the party conventions and presidential debates. In the aggregate, Gore support increases following the conventions (but not the debates), while Bush support increases with the debates (but not the conventions). But there is considerable microlevel variation in the data: responsiveness to campaign events is greatest among Independents, undecided voters, and “mismatched partisans,” but exactly how these groups respond differs for each event. Moreover, attitudes toward then President Clinton mediate the effect of the campaign events on voter preferences. Two primary conclusions follow: (1) rich data sets are required to observe the effects of campaign events; (2) the influence of campaign events on vote choice is conditional on previous preferences, partisan dispositions, and political context.
Which Side Are You On? Bias, Credibility, and Mediation
Authors: Kydd Andrew
Published: September 2003

Mediators are often thought to be more effective if they are unbiased or have no preferences over the issue in dispute. This article presents a game theoretic model of mediation drawing on the theory of “cheap talk” which highlights a contrary logic. Conflict arises in bargaining games because of uncertainty about the resolve of the parties. A mediator can reduce the likelihood of conflict by providing information on this score. For a mediator to be effective, however, the parties must believe that the mediator is telling the truth, especially if the mediator counsels one side to make a concession because their opponent has high resolve and will fight. An unbiased mediator who is simply interested in minimizing the probability of conflict will have a strong incentive to make such statements even if they are not true, hence the parties will not find the mediator credible. Only mediators who are effectively “on your side” will be believed if they counsel restraint.
Political Philosophy and Sophistry: An Introduction to Plato's Protagoras
Authors: Bartlett Robert C.
Published: September 2003

This study of Plato's Protagoras seeks not only to advance the understanding of ancient sophistry, a task both important in its own right and essential to the study of the history of political thought, but also to lay a foundation for subsequent inquiries into the connection between ancient sophistry and the relativism characteristic of our age. According to the Protagoras, the chief difference between philosopher and sophist is that the latter wrongly believes himself to be beyond or above the concern for justice as a virtue; the examination of Protagoras' moral teaching, then, proves to be the key to understanding him and therewith the intellectual position he represents.
Development Ballot Measures, Interest Group Endorsements, and the Political Geography of Growth Preferences
Authors: Gerber Elisabeth R. , Phillips Justin H.
Published: September 2003

In response to rapid population and economic growth, many communities have turned to voter initiatives to resolve their land use disputes. We find that despite strong public concern about growth, voters often support measures that allow or encourage new development. We consider the sources of this support by analyzing patterns of voting on a range of prodevelopment ballot initiatives. These initiatives provide a valuable opportunity to understand how economic self‐interest, geography, interest group endorsements, and public goods affect citizen support for development policies. We find that interest group endorsements significantly increase public support for new development. These endorsements help voters evaluate the personal impact of complex development proposals and allow voters to behave in ways that reflect a high degree of sophistication.
The Politics of Problem Definition: Applying and Testing Threshold Models
Authors: Dan Wood B. , Doan Alesha
Published: September 2003

The key to understanding agenda setting is how and why conditions become defined as public problems. This process has been dubbed problem definition by past literature, yet past work offers little more than descriptive accounts of the process. We apply a threshold model to explain how problem definition can exhibit both incremental and punctuated change. We then demonstrate the model by explaining redefinition of the sexual harassment issue following the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings. Using Box‐Tiao (1975) and nonlinear time varying parameter regression methods, we show that the hearings permanently altered individual and social nonacceptance of sexual harassment, as well as initiated a process of positive feedback. Given that there are many conditions similar to sexual harassment, and given that disturbances are quite frequent, sudden change should be a common feature of the American system.
Delaying Justice(s): A Duration Analysis of Supreme Court Confirmations
Authors: Shipan Charles R. , Shannon Megan L.
Published: September 2003

Presidents traditionally have had great success when nominating justices to the Supreme Court, with confirmation being the norm and rejection being the rare exception. While the confirmation process usually ends with the nominee taking a seat on the Court, however, there is a great deal of variance in the amount of time it takes the Senate to act. To derive a theoretical explanation of this underlying dynamic in the confirmation process, we draw on a spatial model of presidential nominations to the Court. We then employ a hazard model to test this explanation, using data on all Supreme Court nominations and confirmations since the end of the Civil War. Our primary finding is that the duration of the confirmation process increases as the ideological distance between the president and the Senate increases. We also find evidence that suggests that the duration increases for critical nominees and chief justices and decreases for older nominees, current and previous senators, and nominees with prior experience on state and federal district courts.
Reapportionment and Redistribution: Consequences of Electoral Reform in Japan
Authors: Horiuchi Yusaku , Saito Jun
Published: September 2003

Does reapportionment in a legislature affect policy outcomes? We examine this question from a comparative perspective by focusing on reapportionment associated with the electoral reform in Japan. First, we show that the reform of 1994 resulted in an unprecedented degree of equalization in legislative representation. Second, using municipal‐level data, we present evidence that municipalities in overrepresented districts received significantly more subsidies per capita, as compared to those in underrepresented districts, in both prereform and postreform years. Third, by examining the relationship between the change in the number of seats per capita and the change in the amount of subsidies per capita at the municipal level, we show that the equalization in voting strength resulted in an equalization of total transfers per person.
Political Support for Decentralization: An Analysis of the Colombian and Venezuelan Legislatures
Authors: Escobar‐Lemmon Maria
Published: September 2003

A worldwide trend of decentralizing political power, fiscal authority, and the responsibility for providing services to subnational governments has been especially evident in Latin America over the past decade. This article focuses on variation in intracountry support for decentralization, using data on bill initiation from Colombia and Venezuela to determine the domestic sources of this policy. While the data support prior findings that decentralization is supported by parties whose future electoral prospects are better at the subnational level, the analysis also shows that citizen's trust in government and greater wealth affect a deputies' support for decentralization.
Who's Responsible for the Economy? The Formation and Consequences of Responsibility Attributions
Authors: Rudolph Thomas J.
Published: September 2003

The concept of responsibility lies at the heart of theories of democratic accountability. This article represents the first attempt to explicitly model attributions of presidential versus congressional responsibility for the economy. The article investigates the extent to which contextual and individual‐level factors influence citizens' attributions of responsibility for the economy and how, in turn, such judgments shape their political evaluations. Employing a multinomial probit model of attributional choice, I find that responsibility judgments are shaped to varying degrees by economic ideology, perceptions of institutional context, and partisanship, although the effects of partisanship are not uniform across political parties. The results demonstrate that responsibility attributions are politically consequential and moderate the effects of economic perceptions on presidential and congressional approval. Finally, the results suggest that the effects of responsibility attributions in the sanctioning process are not invariant across the target of institutional evaluation.
Geographic Politics in the U.S. House of Representatives: Coalition Building and Distribution of Benefits
Authors: Lee Frances E.
Published: September 2003

This article argues that scholars need to consider the structure of House representation to better understand distributive politics. Because House districts (unlike states) are not administrative units in the federal system, House members cannot effectively claim credit for most grant‐in‐aid funds. Instead, their best credit‐claiming opportunities lie in earmarked projects, a small fraction of federal grant dollars. As a consequence, I expect to find: (1) political factors have a much greater effect on the distribution of earmarked projects than on federal funds generally; and (2) project grants are a better support‐building tool for coalition leaders than allocations to states. I test this argument with a study of the 1998 reauthorization of surface transportation programs and find strong support for both hypotheses.
Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens' Conversations Limit Elite Influence
Authors: Druckman James N. , Nelson Kjersten R.
Published: September 2003

Public opinion research demonstrates that citizens' opinions depend on elite rhetoric and interpersonal conversations. Yet, we continue to have little idea about how these two forces interact with one another. In this article, we address this issue by experimentally examining how interpersonal conversations affect (prior) elite framing effects. We find that conversations that include only common perspectives have no effect on elite framing, but conversations that include conflicting perspectives eliminate elite framing effects. We also introduce a new individual level moderator of framing effects—called “need to evaluate”—and we show that framing effects, in general, tend to be short‐lived phenomena. In the end, we clarify when elites can and cannot use framing to influence public opinion and how interpersonal conversations affect this process.