bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Identification of Ingested Dandelion Juice in Gastric Contents of a Deceased Person by Direct Sequencing and GC–MS Methods*
Authors: Lee Eun‐jung , Kim Sun‐cheun , Hwang In‐kwan , Yang Hee‐jin , Kim Youn‐shin , Han Myun‐soo , Yang Moon‐sik , Lee Yang‐han
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  DNA and chemical analysis of gastric contents of a deceased person were handled in this work. The body of the victim was discovered in his car, submerged in a lake. We were asked to determine whether or not the gastric contents of the victim harbored drugs and dandelion material. It was suspected that the victim had been murdered by poisoning with an excess amount of sleeping medication (doxylamine), which had been homogenized with dandelion. The concentrations of 11.4 and 27.5 mg/kg of doxylamine detected from spleen and liver of the victim were far higher than the assumed therapeutic concentration. Via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and direct sequencing analysis of plant genetic markers such as intergenic transcribed spacer, 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), rbcL and trnLF, it was confirmed that the gastric contents of the victim contained taraxasterol, which is one of the marker compounds for dandelion and contained dandelion species‐specific rbcL and trnL‐trnF IGS (trnLF) sequences. The initial PCR of the genomic DNA isolated from the gastric contents showed insufficient quantity, and the second PCR, of which the template was a portion of the initial PCR products, exhibited a sufficient quantity for direct sequencing. rbcL and trnLF located in the cpDNA resulted in the successful determination of dandelion DNA in a decedent’s stomach contents. GC–MS identifies the actual presence of a taraxasterol at 28.4 min. Raw dandelion was assumed to be used as a masking vehicle for excess sleeping drug (doxylamine).
Variation in vector competency depends on chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma distribution within Euscelidius variegatus
Authors: Galetto Luciana , Nardi Maurizio , Saracco Paolo , Bressan Alberto , Marzachì Cristina , Bosco Domenico
Published: March 2009

Phytoplasmas are plant‐pathogenic Mollicutes transmitted by leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids in a persistent propagative manner. Chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma (CY) is a member of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’, 16Sr‐IB, and is transmitted by at least three leafhopper species, Macrosteles quadripunctulatus Kirschbaum, Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum, and Euscelis incisus Kirschbaum (all Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Although M. quadripunctulatus transmits CY with very high efficiency (near 100%), 25% of E. variegatus repeatedly fail to transmit CY. The aims of this work were to correlate vector ability with different pathogen distribution in the insect body and to investigate the role of midgut and salivary glands as barriers to CY transmission. Euscelidius variegatus individuals acquired CY by feeding on infected plants or by abdominal microinjection of a phytoplasma‐enriched suspension. Insects were individually tested for transmission on daisy seedlings [Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousboe (Asteraceae)], and thereafter analysed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for CY concentration on whole insects or separately on heads and the rest of the body. Hoppers were classified as early and late transmitters or non‐transmitters, according to the time inoculated plants required for expression of CY symptoms. Similar transmission efficiencies were achieved following feeding or abdominal microinjection, suggesting that salivary glands may be a major barrier to transmission. Following acquisition from infected plants, all transmitters tested positive by PCR, and 60% of non‐transmitters also tested positive although with a significantly lower CY concentration. This indicates that a minimum number of phytoplasma cells may be required for successful transmission. The midgut may have prevented phytoplasma entry into the haemocoel of PCR‐negative non‐transmitters. Results suggest that both midgut and salivary glands may act as barriers. To assess the effect on CY transmission of a specific parasitic bacterium of E. variegatus, tentatively named BEV (Bacterium Euscelidius variegatus), we established a BEV‐infected population by abdominal microinjection of BEV bacteria. The presence of BEV did not significantly alter the efficiency of CY transmission.
Keloidal atypical fibroxanthoma: a case series
Authors: Kim Jinah , McNiff Jennifer M.
Published: March 2009

Background:  Keloidal atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a rare variant of AFX with thick bands of hyalinized collagen. The identification of keloidal collagen associated with fibrohistiocytic cells may erroneously lead to the diagnosis of keloidal dermatofibroma. Although AFX is a pleomorphic cutaneous tumor typically associated with a good prognosis, occasional reports of metastatic AFX highlight the importance of accurate identification.

Methods:  A total of nine cases of an unusual variant of AFX with keloidal tumoral sclerosis were collected and examined. The cases were stained with antibodies directed against S100, cytokeratin, CD68 and CD31.

Results:  Histopathological examination revealed pleomorphic cells trapped within hyalinized keloidal collagen bands. In several cases, the keloidal collagen also formed ring‐shaped structures surrounding CD31‐positive vascular structures. Pleomorphic cells were negative for S100 protein and keratin, but consistently labeled with antibodies directed against CD68.

Conclusions:  The diagnosis of keloidal AFX requires the exclusion of other malignant and benign lesions with keloidal or sclerotic collagen. Awareness of the rare variant of keloidal AFX may avoid a diagnostic pitfall leading to an erroneous diagnosis, particularly in small biopsies. The finding of sclerotic collagen preferentially deposited around vessels is an interesting and poorly understood phenomenon.
Expression of Caveolin-1 in Penile Cavernosal Tissue in a Denervated Animal Model after Treatment with Sildenafil Citrate
Authors: Becher Edgardo F. , Toblli Jorge E. , Castronuovo Cynthia , Nolazco Carlos , Rosenfeld Claudio , Grosman Halina , Vazquez Elba , Mazza Osvaldo N.
Published: March 2009

Introduction

Radical pelvic surgery is a major cause of erectile dysfunction due to iatrogenic cavernous nerve damage. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which generates nitric oxide (NO) in the cavernosal tissues, localizes to specialized plasma membrane invaginations known as caveolae. Growing evidence suggests that caveolae are major components of signal trafficking and that stimuli that affect the concentration of the main structural protein of caveolae, caveolin-1 influence NO signaling.

Aim

To evaluate caveolin-1 expression as a marker of cavernous tissue damage and determine the impact of early sildenafil administration on caveolin-1 expression in animal models of partial and total surgical penile denervation.

Methods

Thirty-six rats were divided into six groups (N = 6 per group) that received bilateral or unilateral penile denervation or sham surgery, with and without sildenafil 10 mg daily for 7 weeks.

Main Outcome Measures

Sections were taken from the proximal middle portion of the penis of all animals. Cavernous tissue was delineated by the tunica albuginea, then the extent of immunostaining for the following parameters was quantitated to determine (i) cavernous smooth muscle layer in the cavernous space expressed as the percentage of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive immunostaining per area and (ii) caveolin-1 expressed as a percentage of area.

Results

A marked decrease in both caveolin-1 and α-SMA expression in cavernous smooth muscle tissue and in the endothelium of rats was noted after a bilateral and unilateral neurotomy. Specimens from animals receiving sildenafil exhibited higher mean immunostaining values for both proteins in cavernous tissue. The differences were statistically significant compared with groups receiving the same surgical treatment without sildenafil.

Conclusion

Caveolin-1 and α-SMA expression in cavernous tissue is significantly reduced by pelvic nerve injury, and the loss is related to the extent of the neural damage. Early administration of sildenafil elicits caveolin-1 expression, which appears to preserve cavernous tissue.
THE TRANSPORTATION FACTOR IN THE MARKETING OF CANADIAN LIVESTOCK
Authors: Way W. C.
Published: March 2009

Summary.— In the marketing of Canadian livestock the transportation factor is most important in long hauls. The transportation charge represents from 5 to 10 per cent of the present market value of livestock. For there long hauls from western producing areas to eastern markets or ports for export, railway transportation facilities are used exclusively. For short hauls highway transport is generally predominant. The method of shipment for distances of approximately 200 miles depends on available transport facilities, and where both facilities are available will be determined by the absolute or comparative advantage of one over the other.

The main problem in the transportation of livestock is to obtain suitable equipment and services to facilitate efficient marketing. The problem of minimizing losses due to bruising and injury en route to market requires continued study.
A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of erythromycin in patients with knee effusion due to osteoarthritis
Authors: SADREDDINI Shahram , NOSHAD Hamid , MOLAEEFARD Mahshid , MOLOUDI Ramona , ARDALAN Mohamad‐Reza , GHOJAZADEH Morteza
Published: March 2009

Objective: The efficacy of erythromycin in treatment of knee effusion due to osteoarthritis was evaluated.

Method: We assessed efficacy and safety of erythromycin during 16 weeks in patients enrolled in a randomized double‐blind study. One hundred and eight patients with knee effusion due to osteoarthritis (OA) received 12‐week courses of erythromycin or placebo allocated randomly, and were followed for 4 months. Acetaminophen 650 mg/day was used in both groups, while they received no other anti‐inflammatory drugs (such as corticosteroid or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs) during the course of the study. Our patients were divided in two groups, erythromycin in doses of 200 mg four times per day was given to the first group (51 patients) over the first 3 months of the study and in the second group we used placebo with the same dosage and schedule (53 patients). Outcomes improvement for the erythromycin‐treated group was assessed by a significantly higher mean score from baseline to the end of the trial, compared with placebo group. Patients were examined monthly during the treatment period. Measurement values included recording of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire subscales (pain, stiffness and function), range of motion and knee circumference.

Results: Erythromycin produced a higher response rate than placebo in treatment of knee effusion due to OA. Significant reduction in knee circumference (P < 0.0005) and pain (P < 0.001) with functional improvement (P < 0.0005) were seen. At the first month after treatment, 11.8% (6 patients) in erythromycin and 9.4% (5 patients) in placebo groups had 50% pain reduction, which was not significant (P = 0.75). At the fourth month, 50% reduction of pain was seen in 45.1% (23 patients) of the erythromycin and 11.3% (6 patients) of the placebo group. This was statistically significant (P < 0.0005). Erythromycin treatment was well tolerated and mild adverse events caused no discontinuation during the study.

Conclusion: This is a placebo‐controlled study of macrolid efficacy on knee effusion due to OA in a short period. Results of this research showed the better efficacy of erythromycin in controlling effusion and pain with functional improvement in patients with knee effusion due to OA.
Diagnosis ofEhrlichia ewingiiinfection by PCR in a puppy from Ohio
Authors: Gieg Jennifer , Rikihisa Yasuko , Wellman Maxey
Published: March 2009

Abstract:An 8‐week‐old, male, German Shepherd‐cross puppy found in southeastern Ohio was presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of lameness and lethargy. Fever and joint effusion involving multiple joints were identified on physical examination. Results of a CBC included mild anemia, mature neutrophilia, monocytosis, and hyperglobulinemia. Rickettsial morulae were identified within neutrophils in joint fluid and peripheral blood. Both initial and convalescent serum titers were negative forEhrlichiasp.; however, PCR analysis was strongly positive forEhrlichia ewingii. The patient's clinical signs resolved within several days of beginning doxycycline treatment. Resolution of infection was confirmed by negative PCR results after 18 days of treatment and again after 3 years. This is the first reported case ofE. ewingiiin Ohio. More importantly, this case demonstrates the importance of PCR in making a definitive diagnosis of tick‐borne disease and the potential pitfalls of relying on serologic testing alone in making a diagnosis.
Indole Acts as an Extracellular Cue Regulating Gene Expression inVibrio cholerae
Authors: Mueller Ryan S. , Beyhan Sinem , Saini Simran G. , Yildiz Fitnat H. , Bartlett Douglas H.
Published: March 2009

Indole has been proposed to act as an extracellular signal molecule influencing biofilm formation in a range of bacteria. For this study, the role of indole inVibrio choleraebiofilm formation was examined. It was shown that indole activates genes involved in vibrio polysaccharide (VPS) production, which is essential forV.choleraebiofilm formation. In addition to activating these genes, it was determined using microarrays that indole influences the expression of many other genes, including those involved in motility, protozoan grazing resistance, iron utilization, and ion transport. A transposon mutagenesis screen revealed additional components of the indole-VPS regulatory circuitry. The indole signaling cascade includes the DksA protein along with known regulators of VPS production, VpsR and CdgA. A working model is presented in which global control of gene expression by indole is coordinated through σ54and associated transcriptional regulators.
The Chaperone GroESL Enhances the Accumulation of Soluble, Active TraR Protein, a Quorum-Sensing Transcription Factor fromAgrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Chai Yunrong , Winans Stephen C.
Published: March 2009

TraR ofAgrobacterium tumefaciensis a LuxR-type quorum-sensing transcription factor that regulates genes required for replication and conjugation of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. TraR requires its cognate autoinducerN-3-oxooctanoyl-homoserine lactone (OOHL) for resistance of proteolysis in wild-type bacteria and for correct protein folding and solubility when overexpressed inE. coli. In this study, we ask whether GroESL might also play a role in TraR folding, as this molecular chaperone assists many proteins in attaining their native tertiary structure. Expression ofE. coliGroESL in a strain expressing TraR increases the solubility of TraR and increases transcriptional activity of a TraR-dependent promoter. Both solubility and activity still require OOHL. We also studied the folding of TraR in the closely related bacteriumSinorhizobium meliloti. A mutation in onegroELgene slightly decreased the expression of a TraR-dependent promoter, strongly decreased the accumulation of TraR in Western immunoblot assays, and also strongly influenced the fate of pulse-labeled TraR.
Cannabis and stroke: is there a link?
Authors: Thanvi B R , Treadwell S D
Published: March 2009

Stroke associated with drug abuse has been frequently reported, particularly in young patients. The most commonly implicated drugs include cocaine, heroine, and amphetamines. Despite its widespread abuse, cannabis associated stroke is only infrequently reported. The cause and effect association between cannabis use and stroke is not firmly established. Presuming that cannabis may cause stroke, potential pathophysiologic mechanisms are not known. In this paper, we shall review the literature linking cannabis use and stroke and possible mechanisms supporting this link.
Treatment of Smokers with Co-Occurring Disorders: Emphasis on Integration in Mental Health and Addiction Treatment Settings
Authors: Hall Sharon M. , Prochaska Judith J.
Published: March 2009

This article reviews the research on the treatment of cigarette smoking in individuals who have comorbid mental illnesses or non-nicotinic addictions. The prevalence of smoking in mentally ill and substance-abusing populations is presented, as well as reasons for this high prevalence. The historical role of cigarettes and tobacco in mental illness and addiction is reviewed to help the reader better understand the pervasiveness of smoking in these disorders and the relative absence of intervention efforts in mental heath and addiction treatment settings. The article then discusses the several reasons for integrating smoking treatment into mental health and addiction settings. The outcome research for adult and adolescent comorbid smokers is reviewed, and barriers to treatment are discussed. The review closes with a brief discussion of models of integration and thoughts about prevention.
The Biblical Hebrew Particle
Authors:   van der Merwe
Published: March 2009

It may be argued that current lexica provide "translation values" for most of the nuances that can be expressed by. However, these resources provide very little or no criteria for establishing when a translation value x, y or z should be opted for. Descriptions of the most typical use of or the difference between and in other linguistic works are also not substantiated by means of empirical evidence. In this study the syntax and semantics of each instance of is investigated, and the most prototypical patterns of use are described and compared with those of. It is established that, although the two lexemes are sometimes near-synonyms, the former is prototypically a conjunctive adverb and the latter a focus particle. As far as the semantic potential of is concerned, five semantic-pragmatic polysemically-related categories (the most typical which are labelled as "noteworthy addition" and "affirmation) are distinguished, as well as the syntactic constructions and translation values that could be associated with each category of use.
James Bugental and Irvin Yalom
Authors: Krug Orah T.
Published: March 2009

James Bugental and Irvin Yalom, noted existential psychotherapists and educators, both emphasize a psychotherapeutic method that cultivates presence. This important yet difficult to define therapeutic method deserves greater clarification due to its role in effecting therapeutic change. The present study compared Bugental and Yalom on selected presuppositions that relate to the cultivation of presence in order to explore their influence on each man's practice of existential psychotherapy. A psychobiographical framework illuminated how their personal experiences influenced the formation of these presuppositions. The present study revealed that the different presuppositions, which Bugental and Yalom hold about existential psychotherapy, influence each therapist's theoretical understanding of the cultivation of presence, which in turn shape how each practices existential psychotherapy. Although both therapists concentrate more on process than on content, Bugental usually attends to the intra personal processes of the client whereas Yalom often attends to the interpersonal processes. The findings of the present study help explain current research related to the significance of contextual factors in the therapeutic endeavor. The findings also highlight the importance of clarifying therapeutic presuppositions and assumptions. Finally, the findings illuminate the benefit of integrating intrapersonal and interpersonal approaches.
Che Guevara's Enduring Legacy
Authors: Yaffe Helen
Published: March 2009

Che Guevara's most enduring legacy in Cuba has been his indelible contribution to socialist political economy and economic management. Between 1959 and 1965, Guevara set up the budgetary finance system to prove that it was possible and necessary to develop consciousness and productivity simultaneously in the transition to socialism. The system was openly articulated as an alternative to the economic management system operating in the Soviet bloc. Thus, Guevara took up the challenge at the heart of the revolutionary process: achieving economic development with equity from a position of underdevelopment without relying on capitalist mechanisms that would undermine collective consciousness and new social relations. His approach to this problem remains relevant today in Cuba, where his ideas are associated with the vitality of Cuban socialism. On the fiftieth anniversary of the Cuban Revolution, contemporary developments, reforms, and debates are still best analyzed in terms of their proximity to Guevara's theory of socialist construction.
Temporary Versus Permanent Group Membership: How the Future Prospects of Newcomers Affect Newcomer Acceptance and Newcomer Influence
Authors: Rink Floor A. , Ellemers Naomi
Published: March 2009

Three studies examine how the future prospects of new group members affect newcomer acceptance and newcomer influence. In Study 1, participants anticipate accepting temporary newcomers less easily than permanent newcomers because they expect temporary newcomers to differ from the group. In Study 2, the effects of newcomer entry in three-person groups are examined. Results show that groups perceived temporary newcomers as more involved in a judgmental decision-making process than permanent newcomers. In Study 3, a hidden profile task confirms that temporary newcomers indeed shared more unique knowledge during discussions than permanent newcomers and that this enhanced the groups' decision quality. However, compared to permanent newcomers, temporary newcomers caused teams to experience more conflict and less group identification, illustrating the tension between innovative group performance and group cohesion. The results are discussed in light of the social identity perspective and research on minority influence.
Avoidance-suppressing effect of antipsychotic drugs is progressively potentiated after repeated administration: an interoceptive drug state mechanism
Authors: Mead A. , Li M.
Published: March 2009

Antipsychotic drugs selectively suppress conditioned avoidance response. Using a two-way active avoidance response paradigm, we examined the role of drug-induced interoceptive state in the mediation of avoidance-suppressive effect. In Experiment 1, we found that rats intermittently treated with olanzapine (OLZ) (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or haloperidol (0.03 mg/kg, s.c.) on the 1st day of a 3-day cycle for seven cycles exhibited a progressive across-session decline in avoidance responding, despite the fact that they exhibited a comparable high level of avoidance responding on the 3rd day of each cycle during the drug-free retraining session. In Experiments 2 and 3, rats that were previously treated with OLZ (0.5—2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or risperidone (0.2—1.0 mg/kg) during the acquisition phase of avoidance conditioning exhibited significantly fewer avoidance responses when they were retested 3 weeks later to the same drug in comparison to rats that were previously treated with nonantipsychotic drugs (chlordiazepoxide, 10 mg/kg, citalopram 10 mg/kg, or sterile water). Overall, these findings indicate a ‘drug memory’-like mechanism that maintains the avoidance-suppressing effect of antipsychotics over time. This mechanism is likely driven by the interoceptive state caused by the antipsychotics, which may also be an important behavioral mechanism mediating the clinical effects of antipsychotic treatments.
Method development studies for repeatedly measuring anxiolytic drug effects in healthy humans
Authors: Klumpers F. , van Gerven JM , Prinssen EPM , Niklson Roche I. , Roesch F. , Riedel WJ , Kenemans JL , Baas JMP
Published: March 2009

Human experimental models for anxiety may serve as translational tools for translating preclinical psychopharmacological investigations into human studies. For the evaluation of drugs of which pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are unidentified, repeating measurements after drug administration is necessary for characterising the time course of drug effects. In experiment 1, a threat-of-shock paradigm and adaptations of the Trier mental arithmetic test and the Stroop colour naming test were repeated four times within a day to evaluate whether anxiety responses to this test battery remain stable after repeated testing. This procedure was repeated on 4 days in a second experiment to evaluate suitability of the paradigm for a crossover design with multiple sessions. Results indicate no reductions or changes in fear potentiated startle, the main outcome measure for the threat paradigm, over test sessions or days. Skin conductance responses and subjective ratings under threat-of-shock showed significant fluctuations but also no systematic decline over time. Finally, the threat paradigm and Stroop test resulted in small increases in reported state anxiety while mental arithmetic produced larger effects that diminished after the first test day. It is concluded that especially the startle paradigm could be a useful new instrument for screening new anxiolytic drugs.
Orthopaedic Injuries Associated with Skimboarding
Authors: Sciarretta Kathryn H. , McKenna Matthew J. , Riccio Anthony I.
Published: March 2009

Background

Skimboarding is a beachside water sport that is enjoying increasing popularity among both dedicated enthusiasts and casual beachgoers. Although many consider this sport to be similar to its “sister” sport, surfing, the technique, the environment in which it is performed, and the skills required differ dramatically from that of surfing. Moreover, the pattern of injuries seen in skimboarders differs substantially from those sustained while surfing.

Hypothesis

A better understanding of the injuries encountered in this sport will allow improved participant education and facilitate the implementation of preventative measures.

Study Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods

A case series was generated by performing a single retrospective chart review of skimboarding injuries referred for orthopaedic evaluation over a 2-year period at 2 medical treatment facilities, one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast of the United States; demographic data, injury type, and treatments rendered were documented.

Results

Sixty-one patients were identified and analyzed. Average patient age was 19.1 years. Fractures represented 93.4% of all acute injuries. The most common sites of injury were the ankle (41%) and wrist (36%). Rotation about a planted lower extremity was the most common mechanism of injury (30/61, 49%), followed by falls onto an outstretched hand (26/61, 43%).

Conclusion

Fractures of the ankle and wrist comprise a high proportion of skimboarding injuries. Knowledge of potential hazards associated with this sport should be made available to participants. To decrease the risk of orthopaedic injury, the use of protective equipment or instruction in proper techniques of the activity may be warranted.
Introduction to Symposium: Is Progressive Regionalism an Actionable Framework for Critical Planning Theory and Practice?
Authors: Pezzoli Keith , Hibbard Michael , Huntoon Laura
Published: March 2009

This symposium is the most recent in a series of activities by the guest editors, aimed at advancing planning scholarship under the rubric of progressive regionalism. Progressive regionalism is concerned with equity and sustainability in the search for innovative ways to improve urban and regional development - that is, with solutions that are networked, systems-oriented, globally-minded, ecologically sound and holistic. The strengths and weaknesses of progressive regionalism merit careful analysis and debate. The authors in this symposium address aspects of the question: Does progressive regionalism cohere as an actionable framework for critical planning theory and practice?
Influence of Moral Affect, Judgment, and Intensity on Decision Making Concerning Counterfeit, Gray-Market, and Imitation Products
Authors: Kim Jae-Eun , Hyeon Jeong Cho  , Johnson Kim K. P.
Published: March 2009

We examined the direct effects of moral judgment, moral intensity, and moral affect, specifically shame and guilt, on undergraduates' purchase intent concerning counterfeits, gray-market products, and imitations. The indirect effects of moral intensity, shame, and guilt on moral judgment were also investigated. A between subjects experiment was designed and participants ( n = 313) responded to a scenario. For both the counterfeit and imitation products, moral judgment had a significant negative effect on purchase intent. Moral intensity had no significant effect on purchase intent for all product types but it had significant positive influence on moral judgment for all product types. Guilt had a significant negative influence on purchase intent for gray-market products and a positive influence on moral judgment for all product types. In addition, moral judgment mediated the impact of guilt on intent to purchase gray-market products.
Women's Anti-Imperialism, “The White Man's Burden,” and the Philippine-American War
Authors: Murphy Erin L.
Published: March 2009

During the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), the Anti-Imperialist League was the organizational vanguard of an anti-imperialist movement. Research on this period of U.S. imperialism has focused on empire building, ignoring the gendered activity of anti-imperialists in the metropole. The author outlines the constitutive relationship between gendered structures and experience that informed anti-imperialists' “contentious politics,” using archival sources of the Anti-Imperialist League and anti-imperialist debates in newspapers. The author shows how anti-imperialist leaders informally included women's monetary donations, labor, networks, and reputations while formally excluding their full membership. Finally, the author shows how masculinist ambivalence, or the pattern of the gendered inclusions/exclusions of anti-imperialists, explains the incremental transformations and reproductions of gendered structures in anti-imperialists' contentious politics. The author suggests masculinist ambivalence has theoretical utility for explaining gendered inclusions and exclusions in movements that are not explicitly about gender conflict or change.
Islam, Women and Violence
Authors: King Anna
Published: March 2009

Islam is a religion of vast dimensions which has inspired great civilizations and today offers many men and women comfort and ethical guidance. In this paper I suggest that the tension between the Qur'an accepted as the perfect timeless word of God and the encultured dynamic Islam of nearly a quarter of the world's population results in contending perspectives of women's role and rights. The Qur'an gives men and women spiritual parity, but there are verses in the Qur'an that some feminists find difficult to reconcile with the modern rights of women. Most Islamic feminists make a clear distinction between cultural practices (what actually happens to embodied women) and the pure word of God. 1 There are profound differences in the status of women within and between predominantly Muslim countries. In some countries it is illegal for women to drive a car, or to move freely outside the home, in others women have become heads of state. The decision to wear the veil, often a sign of empowerment in Europe, is in parts of the Islamic world obligatory. Voices representing an exclusivist, literalist understanding of Islam have entered the mainstream of Muslim lives due in part to the fact that Wahhabism imposes a narrow, sectarian view of Islam, and the Saudi government with its massive oil wealth propagates this puritanical form of Islam across the world. Some traditionalist maulanas and maulvis are concerned above all with women's modesty and enforce customs that refine, purify and protect their chastity. They, like some Islamic feminists, position Islamic rights and roles for women with regard to the exoticized and eroticized `other' — in this case Western civilization, Western imperialism and the rise of Western feminism. `The West' becomes for traditional interpreters a kind of contemporary jahilya. There are also many progressive Muslim scholars who seek to articulate a historically accurate, non-idealized, now challenged, now challenging, view of Islam with an uncompromising emphasis on social justice, equality and pluralism (Safi 2008: 215).

This paper argues that the ongoing, postcolonial battle against Western `imperialism' demands epistemological humility. Nevertheless, women are fighting for basic human rights and freedoms in parts of the Islamic world where the State, religious authorities (the ulema) and the patriarchal family assume the right of legal and moral surveillance. In considering the nature of violence to Muslim women in Pakistan and the UK, I hope to show that accusations of orientalism should not deter us from recognizing the courage of women activists who themselves risk imprisonment and of the struggle of women victims of rape and domestic violence to overcome feelings of shame and dishonour. I argue that both the private and public spheres need to be made safe for all Muslim women, and not just a professional elite. This can only be achieved by a fuller recognition of women's rights encapsulated in law and all aspects of public life.
Struggling with Reconciling Hearts and Holding Fast to Our Dreams
Authors: Grey Mary
Published: March 2009

This paper is part of a cluster of issues around reconciliation on which I have been working. I begin with the tension between the fact that reconciliation is an unpopular concept in feminist theology, yet in contexts of conflict is the deepest longing as well as a cherished Christian ideal. By focusing on post-genocide Rwanda I am opening up key issues. I then focus on the difficulties associated with `reconciliation' beginning with the fear that it may involve giving up on structural justice. Feminist theology's problems with the concept are explored before re-envisioning the death of Jesus in terms of life-giving love and affirmation of life which is the suggested re-interpretation of sacrifice. This brings us into a meta-patriarchal world where symbols of flourishing replace patriarchal symbols of violence. Reconciliation then is both the goal of healed creation and the path towards it.
Development of a Scale to Determine Barriers to Paediatric Eye Care
Authors: Krishnatray Pradeep , Bisht Shailendra S. , Guha Kamalesh , Pinto Sangeeta
Published: March 2009

Childhood blindness has huge socio-economic costs. India's commitment to the goal of vision 2020 has put priority to elimination of preventable blindness in children. Although adult blindness has been extensively studied, the literature is seen to be generally lacking in providing in-depth understanding of childhood blindness, especially about barriers that impede access to eye care. The present study attempts to fill this gap. This article explains the procedure adopted in developing a scale to determine the barriers to paediatric eye care. A 22-item barrier to paediatric eye care scale was specifically developed. The scale, along with the full-length questionnaire, was pre-tested and later administered to 207 parent-respondents at Sadguru Netra Chikitshalaya (SNC), Chitrakoot, in the state of Madhya Pradesh (India). A fiveround factor analysis variable deletion process resulted in a three factor structure. Although this procedure reduced the number of items in the scale from 22 to 9, the variance explained by the factors increased from 61 to 78 per cent. The three factors were labelled as economic, logistic and perception of service. Regression analyses of the three factors/barriers, economic, logistic and belief, showed significant results. Further analysis showed that parents’ demographic profile and health seeking behaviour significantly explained the economic barrier. Health seeking behaviour was a significant predictor of logistic barrier.
A Culturally Relevant and Responsive Approach to Screening for Perinatal Depression
Authors: Price Sarah Kye , Handrick Sandii Leland
Published: March 2009

Objectives: This study presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a culturally relevant and responsive approach to screening for perinatal depression in low-income, predominantly African American women. Method: The study details the development of the community-informed instrument and subsequent evaluation of its psychometric properties relative to one specific community sample ( N = 139). Results: The initial validity and reliability testing of the community-informed instrument reveal a higher internal consistency than the standardized instrument alone (alpha = .87 vs. .80). Subsequent factor analysis and inter-item correlation suggest consistency between most of the community-informed and CES-D items. Conclusions: While limited in scope to the community sample, the study reflects the perceived benefit of integrating community voice to enhance culturally relevant and empirically rigorous practice.
Physiology and Pharmacology of Myocardial Preconditioning and Postconditioning
Authors: Huffmyer Julie , Raphael Jacob
Published: March 2009

Perioperative myocardial ischemia and infarction are not only major sources of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgery but also important causes of prolonged hospital stay and resource utilization. Ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning have been known for more than 2 decades to provide protection against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and limit myocardial infarct size in many experimental animal models, as well as in clinical studies. This article reviews the physiology and pharmacology of ischemic and drug-induced preconditioning and postconditioning of the myocardium with special emphasis on the mechanisms by which volatile anesthetics provide myocardial protection. Insights gained from animal and clinical studies are reviewed and recommendations given for the use of perioperative anesthetics and medications.
Predicting the Likelihood of Voiced Complaints in the Self-Service Technology Context
Authors: Robertson Nichola , Shaw Robin N.
Published: March 2009

There is considerable evidence to suggest that consumer dissatisfaction with self-service technologies is widespread. However, there has been little conceptual or empirical scrutiny of the likelihood that consumers will complain to an organization (likelihood of voice) in this context. This study contributes to the service domain by testing empirically a model of the antecedents of consumers' likelihood of voice in unsatisfactory encounters with self-service technologies. A model is tested that combines established antecedents of voice, such as likelihood of voice success, and those that have not yet been considered, including self-service technology powerlessness and need to vent. The results support the proposed model in general. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.
Exposure-Based Treatment for a Child With Stabbing Obsessions
Authors: Cassano Michael C. , Nangle Douglas W. , O'Grady April C.
Published: March 2009

This article describes the course of treatment for a 10-year-old boy presenting with a particularly challenging manifestation of pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Guided by a manualized cognitive-behavioral protocol, cognitive and exposure-based techniques were tailored to “match” the clients' interests and content of symptoms (stabbing self and mother). Several sources of information (continuous self-monitoring, rating scales, self-and parent-report) indicated significant treatment gains that were sustained 3 months posttreatment and offer possible insight as to the relative efficacy of treatment components. Several challenges were encountered, most notably designing and supervising exposure exercises involving sharp objects. Several treatment implications are discussed including tailoring manualized treatments, managed care issues, and recommendations for students, clinicians, and supervisors.
Intensive Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Aldea Mirela A. , Storch Eric A. , Geffken Gary R. , Murphy Tanya K.
Published: March 2009

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention has documented efficacy in adults with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) but has yet to be systematically studied in youth. With this in mind, the authors report on the case of “Amanda,” a 16-year-old female with significantly impairing BDD symptoms. Following 17 sessions of intensive family-based CBT, Amanda exhibited marked improvement in her BDD symptoms as illustrated by a decrease in her score on the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Modification of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale from 27 at baseline to 10 at posttreatment. Therapeutic gains were maintained at a 3-month follow-up. This case study provides preliminary support for the use of intensive family-based CBT for adolescent BDD.
A survey of clinical nursing skills in intellectual disability nursing
Authors: McKeon Michael
Published: March 2009

In this study the question asked is: what clinical nursing skills are predominantly used in intellectual disability nursing? A survey of the nursing needs of people with moderate to severe intellectual disability in both residential and community units was undertaken with a questionnaire. The measure was a Likert design scale ranging across: skills used more than once a day, skills used daily, skills used weekly, skills used monthly, skills very rarely used, and skills never used. The results of the study help to identify, plan, and direct the type and level of nursing skills taught to the intellectual disability nursing students and provides an insight into the current nursing skills used in the intellectual disabilities field.
Stress Fracture of the Fifth Metatarsal Base Caused by Tension Band Wiring
Authors: Mofidi Ali , Hamer Piret , Thomas Rhys H. , Hemmadi Sandeep Satish
Published: March 2009

Tension band technique has been described as a successful method of treatment for the fractures of the proximal part of the fifth metatarsal bone. A high rate of union and a low rate of complications have made this mode of treatment popular, especially in patients with nonunion and high-level athletes with stress fracture of the proximal fifth metatarsal bone. The authors report a case of an avulsion fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone treated with tension band wiring fixation, which resulted in a stress fracture 1 year after the tension band wiring. The authors recommend a K-wire perforation and tension band drill hole distal to the watershed area of the fifth metatarsal bone and removal of metalwork 6 to 12 months after fracture union to avoid this complication.
Percutaneous Reduction and Injection of Norian Bone Cement for the Treatment of Displaced Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures
Authors: Wee Andy Teck Huat , Yue Shuen Wong
Published: March 2009

The treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures remains controversial. Although open reduction and fixation are favored by many authors, increased risk of soft tissue complications makes this method of treatment a challenge. Conversely, conservative treatment frequently leads to severe functional impairment and disability. Percutaneous surgical techniques have been employed to reduce the incidence of soft tissue complications but carry the risk of inadequate reduction and fracture stabilization. Norian SRS bone cement is an injectable calcium phosphate cement. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated the safe use of Norian SRS bone cement to augment standard plate fixation of calcaneal fractures. The authors describe their method of combining a percutaneous technique of fracture reduction with stabilization using Norian SRS bone cement. A total of 10 patients with 12 displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures underwent this method of treatment. All 12 cases achieved adequate reduction on postoperative radiographs. Full weight bearing was started at 1 month postoperation, and none of the cases demonstrated loss of reduction on serial postoperative radiographs. No wound complications or cement-related soft tissue reactions were encountered. A 6-month assessment using the visual analog scale, the Maryland Foot Score, and the Short Form 36 general health survey showed encouraging results. Early results of treating displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures using this method of a percutaneous technique of fracture reduction combined with Norian SRS bone cement stabilization are encouraging and promising.
A robust linkage map of the porcine autosomes based on gene-associated SNPs
Authors: Vingborg Rikke KK , Gregersen Vivi R , Zhan Bujie , Panitz Frank , Høj Anette , Sørensen Kirsten K , Madsen Lone B , Larsen Knud , Hornshøj Henrik , Wang Xuefei , Bendixen Christian
Published: March 2009

Background

Genetic linkage maps are necessary for mapping of mendelian traits and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). To identify the actual genes, which control these traits, a map based on gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers is highly valuable. In this study, the SNPs were genotyped in a large family material comprising more than 5,000 piglets derived from 12 Duroc boars crossed with 236 Danish Landrace/Danish Large White sows. The SNPs were identified in sequence alignments of 4,600 different amplicons obtained from the 12 boars and containing coding regions of genes derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and genomic shotgun sequences.

Results

Linkage maps of all 18 porcine autosomes were constructed based on 456 gene-associated and six porcine EST-based SNPs. The total length of the averaged-sex whole porcine autosome was estimated to 1,711.8 cM resulting in an average SNP spacing of 3.94 cM. The female and male maps were estimated to 2,336.1 and 1,441.5 cM, respectively. The gene order was validated through comparisons to the cytogenetic and/or physical location of 203 genes, linkage to evenly spaced microsatellite markers as well as previously reported conserved synteny. A total of 330 previously unmapped genes and ESTs were mapped to the porcine autosome while ten genes were mapped to unexpected locations.

Conclusion

The linkage map presented here shows high accuracy in gene order. The pedigree family network as well as the large amount of meiotic events provide good reliability and make this map suitable for QTL and association studies. In addition, the linkage to the RH-map of microsatellites makes it suitable for comparison to other QTL studies.