bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acceptatie van het vreemde - Pers- en geloofsvrijheid in de Republiek vanuit internationaal perspectief
Authors: Bert Both , Els Stronks
Published: April 2014

During the majority of the seventeenth century, religious literature produced in the Dutch Republic contained far fewer illustrations than the religious literature produced in the Southern Netherlands, England and Germany. The relative freedom with which different denominations and their attendant ideologies coexisted in the seventeenthcentury Dutch Republic, would seem to provide an ideal setting for the integration of old and new religious visual practices. Visual components were, however, not easily integrated in literary-religious publications in the Republic. In fact, the process was unexpectedly complicated and discontinued, one aspect of which is discussed in this article. It is argued that in at least in one city in one of the Republic’s neighbouring countries old and new visual traditions intermingled earlier and more thoroughly, judged by the development of religious emblematics in Frankfurt between 1617 and 1631. In this period, a group of talented Southern Netherlandish engravers and authors joined forces with the Calvinistic publisher Lukas Jennis to produce a series of hybrid religious emblem books. The last book in the series was Bartholomeus Hulsius’ Emblemata sacra, the first Dutch Reformed emblem book ever published. Frankfurt provided exactly the sort of climate in which different confessional traditions intermingled and influenced each other with little friction. This exemplary case urges us to reconsider the nature of Dutch toleration: why could a country known for its religious toleration not develop these forms of cultural hybridity on its own initiative?
Petrus van Limburg Brouwer - als vertaler van de autobiografie van Benvenuto Cellini. Een ‘tegennatuurlijke lezing’ van Het leven van Benvenuto Cellini (1843)
Authors: Rob van
Published: April 2014

In 1843, the Groningen classicist Petrus van Limburg Brouwer (father of P.A.S. van Limburg Brouwer, the author of the orientalist novel Akbar) published a candid translation of the autobiography of the Italian Renaissance artist Benvenuto Cellini; the translation does not shy away from references to homosexuality. A study of the applicability of concepts taken from queer studies and conceptual history studies of the nature of artistry and genius points towards a classicist concept of beauty with which Van Limburg Brouwer took a stand against the romantic concept of morality.
‘Toongeefster van den goeden smaak’ - De Hollandsche Maatschappij van Fraaije Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 1813-1833
Authors: Rick Honings
Published: April 2014

During de second half of the eighteenth and the first decades of the nineteenth century the literary societies were the most influential authorities in the literary life. They were the places where the debates about the function and purpose of literature were hold. After the thirties they lost their position to the cultural and literary magazines. This article concentrates on the Hollandsche Maatschappij van Fraaije Kunsten en Wetenschappen, founded in 1800 and one of the most prominent literary authorities in the North Netherlands. The Hollandsche Maatschappij was an ‘arbiter of taste’, especially in the years 1813-1833, after the French annexation period. Focusing on the texts that are written within the context of this literary society will make a valuable contribution to a better understanding of the prevailing poetical ideas about literature in the first part of the nineteenth century.
De crisistijd van de jaren dertig: gouden jaren voor de neerlandistiek
Authors: Hans Anten
Published: April 2014

This article gives an impression of three recently published books about literature in the thirties of the twentieth century. That period appears to be a gold mine for the study of Dutch literature. The results of the investigations give rise to the expression of new methods of research. The contributions are discussed in a way that makes clear to what extent they complement and correct Oversteegens important study Vorm of vent (1969). Besides textual analysis contextual approaches of institutional research focus on writers, genres and texts that are not or are no longer canonical.
De macht van satire: grenzen testen, grenzen stellen
Authors: Meijer Drees Marijke , Nieuwenhuis Ivo
Published: April 2014

Countering the conventional view of satire as a literary mode or literary art form per se, this article discusses it as a social phenomenon, focusing more specifically on its public impact and cultural function, and on the multivarious forms in which it has manifested itself through the ages. The recently started NWO research project The p ower of satire, cultural boundaries contested is our point of departure. In the first part of the article, we elaborate on the theoretical framework of this project by giving an in-depth description of the Anglo-American scholarly debates on (literary) satire and satire theory as they have taken place during the last fifty years. We point at several trends and we try to find out to what extent the existing theories may be useful for our own research. The second part of the article discusses two specific (Dutch) satiric cases using the theoretical notions of satire as play and satire as provocation. These cases are the so-called magic lantern periodicals from the 1780’s and the almanac-like periodical De Lantaarn of Pieter van Woensel, which was published between 1795 and 1801. The main question in this part of the article is: how can satire be playful and provocative at the same time? Our cases show that the answer involves both specific historical circumstances and broader cultural traditions of satire as a means to defame or to downplay certain targets.
Game over. Speltheorie en het ludieke experiment in Ivo Michiels’ Exit
Authors: Bernaerts Lars
Published: April 2014

In Exit (1971), the third book of Ivo Michiels’s Alpha Cycle, the text is moving towards a zero point in language and communication. Michiels’s literary experimentation leads to a radical gesture: the last page but one displays nothing but an ‘o’ or ‘0’. Leading up to that zero point, the text introduces several forms of ‘playing’ as metafictional performances of language, text and communication. In my essay, I will focus on the interpretive implications of the TEXT AS GAME metaphor in Exit. Drawing on Marie-Laure Ryan, Linda Hutcheon and Katie Salen & Eric Zimmerman among others, I will explain how the performed games function as metafictional references to writing and literature. In Exit, games reveal the workings of the literary experiment.
Recensies
Authors: van den Braber Helleke , Duyvendak Lizet , Nijkeuter Henk , van Dam Beatrix , Verschueren Walter
Published: April 2014

Christophe Verbruggen, Schrijverschap in de Belgische belle époque. Een sociaalculturele geschiedenis; Liselotte Vandenbussche, Het veld der verbeelding. Vrijzinnige vrouwen in Vlaamse literaire en algemeen-culturele tijdschriften (1870-1914); Joke Corporaal, Grimmig eerlijk. Anne Wadman en het probleem van de Friese literatuur; Gera, Judit en A. Agnes Sneller, Inleiding literatuurgeschiedenis voor de internationale neerlandistiek; Ton Naaijkens, Cees Koster, Henri Bloemen en Caroline Meijer, Denken over vertalen. Tekstboek over vertalen.
Discussie over C.L. Ebeling, Semiotaxis. Over theoretische en Nederlandse syntaxis - De betekenis en interpretatie van Semiotaxis
Authors: Ronny Boogaart , Egbert Fortuin
Published: April 2014

Semiotaxis van C.L. Ebeling (2006) werd in Nederlandse Taalkunde al besproken door A.M. Duinhoven (2007), die vooral inging op de theoretische uitgangspunten van Ebeling en het door hem gebruikte notatiesysteem. Vanwege de beperkte omvang van een boekbespreking kon Duinhoven slechts een paar van de vele onderwerpen die Ebeling aan de orde stelt, in meer detail behandelen. Gezien de veelzijdige inhoud van Semiotaxis, bleef er dan ook voldoende ruimte om in de rubriek Discussie nogmaals aandacht te vragen voor dit werk. Een aantal auteurs werd gevraagd te reageren op Ebelings analyse van een specifiek probleem uit de Nederlandse grammatica. De gekozen onderwerpen waren uiteindelijk de volgende: het lidwoord en lidwoordloosheid (Ina Schermer), de betekenis(sen) van het voltooid deelwoord (Els Elffers), de valentiestructuur van werkwoorden (Timothy Colleman) en grammaticaal geslacht/genus (Andries van Helden); Henk Verkuyl las op ons verzoek Semiotaxis met de bril van een logisch-semanticus. De vorm van deze rubriek gaf ons bovendien de mogelijkheid om in een afsluitende bijdrage Ebeling zelf op zijn critici te laten reageren. In deze inleiding schetsen we eerst de historische en theoretische achtergronden van Semiotaxis en vatten we de bijdragen aan de Discussie kort samen.
Merk toch hoe sterk - Sjwa-insertie in spontaan gesproken Standaardnederlands
Authors: Hanne Kloots , Steven Gillis , Jo Verhoeven
Published: April 2014

This paper focuses on schwa epenthesis in present-day spontaneously spoken Standard Dutch. Schwa epenthesis is studied in consonant clusters consisting of /r/ followed by a non-dental consonant. We compare the pronunciation of men and women, older and younger speakers, Flemings and Dutchmen originating from several regions in the Dutch language area. Since words with tautosyllabic consonant clusters (e.g. werk ‘work’) showed somewhat more schwa epenthesis than words with heterosyllabic consonant clusters (e.g. werken ‘to work’), both word types were analyzed separately. In contrast to the results of Kloots et al. (2002/2004) the Flemish speakers produced more schwas than the Dutch ones. The older generation used more schwas than the younger generation. This tendency was particularly strong within the group of female speakers. Moreover, our study revealed that schwa epenthesis is much more likely when /r/ is pronounced as a trill or fricative, although a non-vocalic pronunciation of /r/ does not lead to schwa insertion automatically.
Het middenstuk in stukjes - Een onderzoek op basis van een corpus naar de werkzaamheid van grammaticale en communicatieve woordvolgordeprincipes in journalistieke teksten
Authors: Frank Jansen
Published: April 2014

In the comprehensive Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst the order of constituents in the so-called middenstuk ‘middle field’ of the clause is obtained from the interaction of three principles: the inherence principle, the left-right principle and the complexity principle. In this contribution I will investigate the strength of these principles by analyzing the order of adjacent constituents in a small corpus of sports reports in newspapers. The basic assumption is that the reader of a sports report has a need to size up the middle field in order to find the arguments of the verb. It turns out that most middle fields contain two or more constituents; their order is determined by the inherence principle and, as a consequence, is mainly fixed. This applies especially to adjacent constituents that are both arguments. As for the order of other adjacent constituents the left-right-principle predicts the same order as the inherence principle. In contrast, the complexity principle seems only marginally relevant.
Scrambling als object shift
Authors: Hans Broekhuis
Published: April 2014

This article argues that certain forms of scrambling of nominal objects should be analyzed in a similar way as so-called object shift in the Scandinavian languages. The differences between the intended form of scrambling and object shift (as well as the differences concerning object shift between the individual Scandinavian languages) will be accounted for by appealing to an optimality-theoretic evaluation of the output representations of the computational system postulated by the minimalist program.
Paden van paradigmatische vereenvoudiging - Morfologie, fonologie of pragmatiek?
Authors: De Vogelaer Gunther
Published: April 2014

The Dutch dialects display massive variation in their verbal paradigms. Traditionally, this variation has been explained as the result of developments in phonology, such as deletion of inflectional endings such as schwa, –t and –n, and pragmatics, such as the replacement of the 2sg. pronoun du with the honorific jij, which caused the s-ending to disappear. More recently, it has been proposed that morphology, more specifically paradigmatic structure, plays a role as well: the patterns of syncretism that are found in the verbal paradigms of the Dutch dialects, are believed to be manifestations of natural patterns of syncretism (e.g., Bennis & MacLean 2006). This article shows that these morphological accounts lack cross-linguistic support, and discusses data from Dutch that argue against paradigmatic structure as an explanatory factor. The focus lies on the 2pl.-data, where the shift of –t to –e(n) in Hollandic dialects has been argued to be the clearest example of a morphologically-driven change (Aalberse 2007). But this development too is better explained as the result of an interplay of pragmatic and prosodic factors, viz. the rise of the 2pl. pronoun jullie and the avoidance of a stresh clash occurring by the use of jullie in post-verbal position.
Dus vooraan of in het midden? - Over vorm-functierelaties in het gebruik van connectieven
Authors: Evers-Vermeul Jacqueline
Published: April 2014

Sentential adverbs often show variation in their positioning. Such variation is claimed to reflect form-function interactions. This paper presents a case study of Dutch dus ‘so’ that sheds more light on such interactions. Dus-fragments from the 13th, 16th, and 20th century were analyzed to find out whether any meaning changes and syntactic developments occurred, and whether form-function interactions could be found. Results indicate that dus started at the propositional level, serving as an anaphor meaning ‘thus/in that way’, then developed the textual function of causal connective and finally gained an interpersonal function as a discourse marker signaling information status. Several form-function relations were found: in the 16th century categorical status distinguished between anaphoric and connective use; in the 20th century the position of dus could be related to the accessibility of the information in the dus-clause. It appears that the form-function interactions can be seen as probabilistic “rules” that are often not one-to-one, but that are nevertheless frequently exploited by language users.
Anaforische middelen voor topicverschuiving
Authors: van Kampen Jacqueline
Published: April 2014

Third person pronouns that require an antecedent beyond their immediate clause build discourse coherence. There are two kinds of such pronouns in Dutch, p(ersonal)-pronouns and d(emonstrative)-pronouns. They make different contributions to the discourse coherence and the present paper deals with that difference. The d-pronouns have an obviative effect. That is, they have an antecedent restriction. They require a non-topic from the preceding sentence as its antecedent in order to introduce it as the topic of the new sentence. The result is that d-pronouns function as a topic-shifting device. The p-pronouns, by contrast, do not impose such a restriction on their antecedent, nor do they have the ensuing topic-shifting function. The topic-stating function of d-pronouns finds its origin in early child language, where the d-pronoun indicates a referent that is salient in the speech situation: “see pointing gesture or gaze of me speaker”. In later child language the topic-stating function is extended to the linguistic discourse: “or listen to the preceding focus constituent”. A comparison of the topic-stating devices in German, French and Italian leads me to reject Ariel’s (1990) accessibility hierarchy for anaphoric pronouns.
Een coördinerende omdat-constructie in gesproken Nederlands? - Tekstlinguïstische en prosodische aspecten
Authors: Ingrid Persoon , Ted Sanders , Hugo Quené , Arie Verhagen
Published: April 2014

Dutch language users can use connective patterns to express backward causal relations. Sub-omdat patterns (omdat, ‘because1’, followed by a subordinated clause) and co-want patterns (want, ‘because2/since/for’, followed by a coordinated clause) can be used in both spoken and written Dutch. However, only in spoken Dutch, a third pattern might be used: the co-omdat pattern. A possible parallel phenomenon occurs in German. We will describe the co-omdat pattern against the background of a comparison of this so called “epistemic weil” pattern and present a first study on the co-omdat phenomenon. We analyse the co-omdat pattern from two linguistic perspectives: cognitive text analysis and spoken discourse analysis. We argue that the congruency seen in the resulting two analyses of co-omdat can be taken as strong support for the acknowledgement of a co-omdat construction in spoken Dutch.
An MCM modeling study of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) impacts on oxidation, ozone production and nitrogen oxide partitioning in polluted continental outflow
Authors: Riedel T. P. , Wolfe G. M. , Danas K. T. , Gilman J. B. , Kuster W. C. , Bon D. M. , Vlasenko A. , Li S.-M. , Williams E. J. , Lerner B. M. , Veres P. R. , Roberts J. M. , Holloway J. S. , Lefer B. , Brown S. S. , Thornton J. A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is produced at night by reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on chloride containing surfaces. ClNO2 is photolyzed during the morning hours after sunrise to liberate highly reactive chlorine atoms (Cl·). This chemistry takes place primarily in polluted environments where the concentrations of N2O5 precursors (nitrogen oxide radicals and ozone) are high, though it likely occurs in remote regions at lower intensities. Recent field measurements have illustrated the potential importance of ClNO2 as a daytime Cl· source and a nighttime NOx reservoir. However, the fate of the Cl· and the overall impact of ClNO2 on regional photochemistry remain poorly constrained by measurements and models. To this end, we have incorporated ClNO2 production, photolysis, and subsequent Cl· reactions into an existing master chemical mechanism (MCM version 3.2) box model framework using observational constraints from the CalNex 2010 field study. Cl· reactions with a set of alkenes and alcohols, and the simplified multiphase chemistry of N2O5, ClNO2, HOCl, ClONO2, and Cl2, none of which are currently part of the MCM, have been added to the mechanism. The presence of ClNO2 produces significant changes to oxidants, ozone, and nitrogen oxide partitioning, relative to model runs excluding ClNO2 formation. From a nighttime maximum of 1.5 ppbv ClNO2, the daytime maximum Cl· concentration reaches 1 × 105 atoms cm−3 at 07:00 model time, reacting mostly with a large suite of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to produce 2.2 times more organic peroxy radicals in the morning than in the absence of ClNO2. In the presence of several ppbv of nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2), these perturbations lead to similar enhancements in hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx = OH + HO2). Neglecting contributions from HONO, the total integrated daytime radical source is 17% larger when including ClNO2, which leads to a similar enhancement in integrated ozone production of 15%. Detectable levels (tens of pptv) of chlorine containing organic compounds are predicted to form as a result of Cl· addition to alkenes, which may be useful in identifying times of active Cl· chemistry.
Secondary organic aerosol formation during June 2010 in Central Europe: measurements and modelling studies with a mixed thermodynamic-kinetic approach
Authors: Langmann B. , Sellegri K. , Freney E.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Until recently secondary organic carbon aerosol (SOA) mass concentrations have been systematically underestimated by three-dimensional atmospheric-chemistry-aerosol models. With a newly proposed concept of aging of organic vapours, more realistic model results for organic carbon aerosol mass concentrations can be achieved. Applying a mixed thermodynamic-kinetic approach for SOA formation shifted the aerosol size distribution towards particles in the cloud condensation nuclei size range, thereby emphasising the importance of SOA formation schemes for modelling realistic cloud and precipitation formation. The additional importance of hetero-molecular nucleation between H2SO4 and organic vapours remains to be evaluated in three-dimensional atmospheric-chemistry-aerosol models. Here a case study is presented focusing on Puy-de-Dôme, France in June 2010. The measurements indicate a considerable increase in SOA mass concentration during the measurement campaign, which could be reproduced by modelling using a simplified thermodynamic-kinetic approach for SOA formation and increased biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) precursor emissions. Comparison with a thermodynamic SOA formation approach shows a huge improvement in modelled SOA mass concentration with the thermodynamic-kinetic approach for SOA formation. SOA mass concentration increases by a factor of up to 6 accompanied by a slight improvement of modelled particle size distribution. Even though nucleation events at Puy-de-Dôme were rare during the chosen period of investigation, a weak event in the boundary layer could be reproduced by the model in a sensitivity study when nucleation of low-volatile secondary organic vapour is included. Differences in the model results with and without nucleation of organic vapour are visible in the lower free troposphere over several days. Taking into account the nucleation of organic vapour leads to an increase in accumulation mode particles due to coagulation and condensational growth of nucleation and Aitken mode particles.
Ash plume top height estimate using AATSR
Authors: Virtanen T. H. , Kolmonen P. , Rodríguez E. , Sogacheva L. , Sundström A.-M. , de Leeuw G.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. An algorithm is presented for estimation of volcanic ash plume top height using the stereo view of the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) aboard ENVISAT. The algorithm is based on matching the top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectances and brightness temperatures of the nadir and 55° forward views, and using the resulting parallax to obtain the height estimate. Various retrieval parameters are discussed in detail, several quality parameters are introduced, and post-processing methods for screening out unreliable data have been developed. The method is compared against other satellite observations and in-situ data. The proposed algorithm is designed to be fully automatic, and can be implemented into operational retrieval algorithms. Combined with automated ash detection using the brightness temperature difference between the 11 μm and 12 μm channels, the algorithm allows simultaneous retrieval of horizontal and vertical dispersion of volcanic ash efficiently. A case study on the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 is presented. The height estimate method results are validated against available satellite and ground based data.
Validation of MIPAS IMK/IAA V5R_O3_224 ozone profiles
Authors: Laeng A. , Grabowski U. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. , Glatthor N. , Höpfner M. , Kellmann S. , Kiefer M. , Linden A. , Lossow S. , Sofieva V. , Petropavlovskikh I. , Hubert D. , Bathgate T. , Bernath P. , Boone C. D. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P. , Damadeo R. , Degenstein D. , Frith S. , Froidevaux L. , Gille J. , Hoppel K. , McHugh M. , Kasai Y. , Lumpe J. , Rapoe N. , Toon G. , Sano T. , Suzuki M. , Tamminen J. , Urban J. , Walker K. , Weber M. , Zawodny J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We present the results of an extensive validation program of the most recent version of ozone vertical profiles retrieved with the IMK/IAA MIPAS research level 2 processor from version 5 spectral Level 1 data. The time period covered corresponds to the reduced spectral resolution period of the MIPAS instrument, i.e. January 2005–April 2012. The comparison with satellite instruments includes all post-2005 satellite limb and occultation sensors having measured the vertical profiles of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone: ACE-FTS, GOMOS, HALOE, HIRDLS, MLS, OSIRIS, POAM, SAGE II, SCIAMACHY, SMILES, and SMR. In addition, balloon-borne MkIV solar occultation measurements and groundbased Umkehr measurements have been included, as well as two nadir sensors: IASI and SBUV. For each reference dataset, bias determination and precision assessment are performed. Better agreement with reference instruments than for the previous data version, V5R_O3_220 (Laeng et al., 2013), is found: the known high bias around the ozone vmr peak is significantly reduced and the vertical resolution at 35 km has been improved. The agreement with limb and solar occultation reference instruments that have a known small bias vs. ozone sondes is within 7% in the lower and middle stratosphere and 5% in the upper troposphere. Around the ozone vmr peak, the agreement with most of satellite reference instruments is within 5%; this bias is as low as 3% for ACE-FTS, MLS, OSIRIS, POAM and SBUV.
Potential of airborne lidar measurements for cirrus cloud studies
Authors: Groß S. , Wirth M. , Schäfler A. , Fix A. , Kaufmann S. , Voigt C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Aerosol and water vapour measurements were performed with the lidar system WALES of Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) in October and November 2010 during the first mission with the new German research aircraft G55-HALO. Curtains composed of lidar profiles beneath the aircraft show the vertical and horizontal distribution and variability of water vapour mixing ratio and backscatter ratio above Germany. Two missions on 3 and 4 November 2010 were selected to derive the water vapour mixing ratio inside cirrus clouds from the lidar instrument. A good agreement was found with in-situ observations performed on a second research aircraft flying below HALO. ECMWF analysis temperature data are used to derive relative humidity fields (RHi) inside and outside of cirrus clouds from the lidar water vapour observations. The RHi variability is dominated by small scale fluctuations in the water vapour fields while the temperature variation has a minor impact. The most frequent in-cloud RHi value from lidar observations is 98%. The RHi variance is smaller inside the cirrus than outside of the cloud. 2-dimensional histograms of relative humidity and backscatter ratio show significant differences for in-cloud and out-of cloud situations for two different cirrus cloud regimes. Combined with accurate temperature measurements, the lidar observations have a great potential for detailed statistical cirrus cloud and related humidity studies.
Experimental study of source of background noise in muon radiography using emulsion film detectors
Authors: Nishiyama R. , Miyamoto S. , Naganawa N.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The aim of this study is to ascertain and confirm the source of background noise in cosmic-ray muon radiography (muography) using emulsion film detectors. For this, we build two types of emulsion detectors with different momentum thresholds and perform test measurements of an actual geoscientific target. This experiment reveals that contamination of nonsignal particles with momenta of less than 2 GeV c−1 cause significant systematic errors for the density estimation of muography. Utilizing the results of precedent studies, we conclude that the origin of these low-momentum particles is either electromagnetic components of air showers or cosmic-ray muons scattered in topographic material. In this paper, we analyze the emulsion data in detail, including the film-inefficiency compensation and momentum selection by applying an upper bound to the chi-square distribution for the data.
Horton laws for Hydraulic-Geometric variables and their scaling exponents in self-similar river networks
Authors: Gupta V. K. , Mesa O. J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. An analytical theory is presented to predict Horton laws for five Hydraulic-Geometric (H-G) variables (stream discharge Q, width W, depth D, velocity U, slope S, and friction n'). The theory builds on the concept of dimensional analysis, and identifies six independent dimensionless River-Basin numbers. We consider self-similar Tokunaga networks and derive a mass conservation equation in the limit of large network order in terms of Horton bifurcation and discharge ratios. It is applied to obtain self-similar solutions of type-1 (SS-1), and predict Horton laws for width, depth and velocity as asymptotic relationships. Exponents of width and the Reynold's number are predicted. Assuming that SS-1 is valid for slope, depth and velocity, corresponding Horton laws and the H-G exponents are derived. The exponent values agree with that for the Optimal Channel Network (OCN) model, but do not agree with values from three field experiments. The deviations are substantial, suggesting that H-G in network does not obey optimality or SS-1. It fails because slope, a dimensionless River-Basin number, goes to 0 as network order increases, but, it cannot be eliminated from the asymptotic limit. Therefore, a generalization of SS-1, based in self-similar solutions of Type-2 (SS-2) is considered. It introduces two anomalous scaling exponents as free parameters, which enables us to show the existence of Horton laws for channel depth, velocity, slope and Manning's friction. The Manning's friction exponent, y, is predicted and tested against observed exponents from three field studies. We briefly sketch how the two anomalous scaling exponents could be estimated from the transport of suspended sediment load and the bed load. Statistical variability in the Horton laws for the H-G variables is also discussed. Both are important open problems for future research.
Biochar can be used to recapture essential nutrients from dairy wastewater and improve soil quality
Authors: Ghezzehei T. A. , Sarkhot D. V. , Berhe A. A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Recently, the potential for biochar use to recapture excess nutrients from dairy wastewater has been a focus of a growing number of studies. It is suggested that biochar produced from locally available waste biomass can be important in reducing release of excess nutrient elements from agricultural runoff, improving soil productivity, and long-term carbon (C) sequestration. Here we present a review of a new approach that is showing promise for the use of biochar for nutrient capture. Using batch sorption experiments, it has been shown that biochar can adsorb up to 20 to 43% of ammonium and 19–65% of the phosphate in flushed dairy manure in 24 h. These results suggest a potential of biochar for recovering essential nutrients from dairy wastewater and improving soil fertility if the enriched biochar is returned to soil. Based on the sorption capacity of 2.86 and 0.23 mg ammonium and phosphate, respectively, per gram of biochar and 10–50% utilization of available excess biomass, in the state of California (US) alone, 11 440 to 57 200 t of ammonium-N and 920–4600 t of phosphate can be captured from dairy waste each year while at the same time disposing up to 8–40 million tons of waste biomass.
An Introduction: International Law in a Multipolar World
Authors: Alexandrov Stanimir , de Chazournes Laurence Boisson , Raustiala Kal
Published: April 2014

During the Cold War, international relations and international law were deeply shaped by the struggle for global dominance between the United States and the Soviet Union. The clashes between the superpowers reverberated in legal issues relating to the functioning of the United Nations, the use of force, nuclear nonproliferation, human rights, etc. The many newly independent states, caught in the middle, repeatedly made claims for reform and initiated rule-making initiatives, but with limited results. After the end of the Cold War, the United States, its Western allies, and their shared economic and geopolitical interests remained largely unchallenged in the international arena.
How Does Advertising Affect the Price Elasticity of Lodging Demand? Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Chen Chiang-Ming , Lin Yu-Chen , Tsai Yi-Chun
Published: April 2014

This paper empirically studies the role played by advertising on the price elasticity of lodging demand in the Taiwanese hotel industry. There are two theoretical views regarding the role of advertising. The persuasive view emphasizes that advertising creates brand royalty and reduces customers' price sensitivity. By contrast, the presumptive view is that advertising lifts marginal consumers' willingness to pay, flattens the demand curve and increases the equilibrium price elasticity. Using data from operation reports of Taiwanese international tourist hotels during 1995–2008, an ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis finds that advertising reduces consumers' price sensitivity. However, the quantile regression results suggest that the change in price elasticity generated by advertising is of an unequal pattern. In other words, the influence of advertising on price elasticity exists but varies by the level of price elasticity. The authors also examine empirically the moderating influence of advertising on the pricing strategy–hotel performance link. The estimation results indicate that the interaction term of room rate and advertising expenditure has a positive effect on room revenue. The results lend some support to the view that advertising has a moderating influence on the relationship between hotel price and financial performance.
Fatores Determinantes da Propensão ao Consumo de Cirurgias Plásticas Estéticas
Authors: Ponchio Mateus Canniatti , Martins Carla Giglioli , Vieira Cecilia Bandeira de Melo , Menezes Daniela
Published: April 2014

O presente estudo analisa o consumo de cirurgias plsticas com finalidade esttica entre as consumidoras de So Paulo e Recife, duas grandes cidades brasileiras que possuem caractersticas econmicas, demogrficas e culturais distintas. Nesse contexto, os objetivos so compreender a influncia do materialismo, da autoestima e de variveis de controle sobre a deciso de realizar uma cirurgia plstica esttica. Um questionrio foi elaborado com perguntas fechadas e aplicado pela Internet, resultando em dados disponveis para anlise de 347 respondentes. Com 173 moradoras de So Paulo e 174 de Recife, constatou-se que a cidade da respondente no ajuda a discriminar a probabilidade de que efetue uma cirurgia plstica com finalidade esttica; por outro lado, a dimenso influncias sociais da escala de autoestima, bem como o nvel de materialismo e a idade das respondentes provaram-se variveis preditoras significantes desse tipo de consumo. Por fim, so apresentadas implicaes gerenciais e acadmicas dos achados desse estudo, bem como possibilidades para novas investigaes.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i4.2511
Aplicação do Método AHP na Tomada de Decisão para a Redução dos Níveis de Ação Legal em Telecomunicações
Authors: Pereira Rodrigo Araújo , Bianchini David
Published: April 2014

Analisar o nvel de insatisfao do cliente das empresas de telefonia mvel no Brasil o objetivo deste artigo. H muitas reclamaes desse setor ao PROCOM. Tais fatores afetam a imagem corporativa da empresa, reduzindo sua competitividade em relao concorrncia. Optou-se por utilizar o AHP para lidar com o problema que incidiu sobre a hiptese de a possibilidade de reduzir os nveis de processos na indstria de telefonia mvel. Aps a aplicao da AHP para a soluo proposta, os resultados foram apresentados na seguinte ordem de prioridade das alternativas com preferncia a ser trabalhado no momento imediato: Carrega importncia indevida com a taxa de reprovao de 27,94% com importncia de servio em 23,80%, a qualidade do servio com 22,42% de importncia, Bloqueio em 11,7%, o atraso na entrega com 9,97% e 4,17% com publicidade enganosa em importncia. Identificados os valores apropriados para cada um dos problemas responsveis por reclamaes ao PROCOM, cabendo s organizaes de telefonia mvel analisar cada um destes problemas, identificando suas respectivas causas.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i4.2512
Encadeamento Comportamental que Incentiva o Tempo de Contrato com Clientes de Academia de Ginástica
Authors: Porto Rafael Barreiros , Da Silva Jurema Barreto
Published: April 2014

A precificao das modalidades fsicas feita pelos gestores de academias de ginstica e a persistncia ou desistncia de seus clientes suscitam questes sobre esquemas de reforo e punio intermitentes. O cliente paga, como punio, uma mensalidade para uma modalidade de exerccio, podendo ser vista ou parcelado. Ao mesmo tempo, frequenta quantas vezes quiser durante o perodo. Esta frequncia est associada ao reforo de sade e/ou esttica condicionados pela atividade. Este trabalho investiga o efeito das condies punitivas estabelecidas pelo gestor de academia e dedicao dos indivduos sobre o tempo de contrato em clientes de uma academia de ginstica. Por meio de delineamento correlacional, utilizaram-se dados de registro de 2094 clientes da academia ao longo de 666 dias. Os resultados revelam que os efeitos de atenuao punitiva programados pelo gestor interagem com a dedicao dos praticantes, desencadeando maiores tempos de contratos. Gestores podem, assim, estimular a frequncia de ida s academias de ginstica por meio de precificao, fazendo com que clientes renovem contratos de prestao de servio.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i4.2554
Processamento de Marcas Pré-Atentivo versus Atentivo: Um Teste das Diferenças no Registro dos Estímulos pelos Indivíduos
Authors: Andreoli Tais Pasquotto , Veloso Andres Rodriguez , Batista Leandro Leonardo
Published: April 2014

Devido capacidade limitada dos recursos cognitivos e ao contexto de saturao de estmulos, torna-se provvel que muitos dos estmulos disponveis no ambiente no sejam processados ativamente, de forma consciente, mas sim inconscientemente, ao nvel pr-atentivo. Apesar da importncia do processamento pr-atentivo, so poucos os estudos que abordam e discutem suas implicaes e seu papel na recepo de estmulos. luz do exposto, o artigo tem como objetivo comparar o processamento pr-atentivo e o atentivo em termos de registro de marcas anunciantes de uma revista, testando, para isso, as memrias implcita e explcita dos indivduos e sua valorao de marcas. Metodologicamente, procedeu-se, inicialmente, a uma reviso da literatura, focando as seguintes bases conceituais: processo da ateno como constructo complexo, subdividido em pr-ateno e ateno; e o registro das informaes luz do nvel de processamento empregado. Tendo por suporte a reviso da literatura, empregou-se o mtodo hipottico-dedutivo, por meio de um experimento 2 (pr-ateno x ateno) x 2 (revista exibida em slide x impressa). Como contribuio, tem-se a confirmao das hipteses traadas: maior incidncia de memria explcita observada no processamento atentivo; memria implcita detectada em ambos os processamentos; e efeitos na valorao de marca mais fortes quando houve o processamento pr-atentivo, em detrimento do processamento foi atentivo. Os resultados reforam a teoria acerca das diferenas entre os registros das informaes de acordo com a ateno empregada no processamento, ressaltando, ainda, asuperioridade do meio impresso e do processamento pr-atentivo na capacidade de influncia dos indivduos.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i4.2626
I Received a “Revise and Resubmit” Decision: Now What?
Authors: Martin Tami S. , Miller Amanda L.
Published: April 2014

Over the past 2 years, one of the most frequently posed questions from authors to our editorial team has been how best to go about revising a manuscript that received a revise and resubmit decision. The intent of this editorial is to share publicly what we have been sharing with individual authors to support productive revisions, transforming manuscripts with revise and resubmit decisions into manuscripts that are likely to be accepted for publication.
Difference Not Deficit: Reconceptualizing Mathematical Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lewis Katherine E.
Published: April 2014

Mathematical learning disability (MLD) research often conflates low achievement with disabilities and focuses exclusively on deficits of students with MLDs. In this study, the author adopts an alternative approach using a response-to-intervention MLD classification model to identify the resources students draw on rather than the skills they lack. Detailed diagnostic analyses of the sessions revealed that the students understood mathematical representations in atypical ways and that this directly contributed to the persistent difficulties they experienced. Implications for screening and remediation approaches are discussed.
Subcellular and supracellular mechanical stress prescribes cytoskeleton behavior in Arabidopsis cotyledon pavement cells
Authors: Sampathkumar Arun , Krupinski Pawel , Wightman Raymond , Milani Pascale , Berquand Alexandre , Boudaoud Arezki , Hamant Olivier , Jönsson Henrik , Meyerowitz Elliot M
Published: April 2014

Although it is a central question in biology, how cell shape controls intracellular dynamics largely remains an open question. Here, we show that the shape of Arabidopsis pavement cells creates a stress pattern that controls microtubule orientation, which then guides cell wall reinforcement. Live-imaging, combined with modeling of cell mechanics, shows that microtubules align along the maximal tensile stress direction within the cells, and atomic force microscopy demonstrates that this leads to reinforcement of the cell wall parallel to the microtubules. This feedback loop is regulated: cell-shape derived stresses could be overridden by imposed tissue level stresses, showing how competition between subcellular and supracellular cues control microtubule behavior. Furthermore, at the microtubule level, we identified an amplification mechanism in which mechanical stress promotes the microtubule response to stress by increasing severing activity. These multiscale feedbacks likely contribute to the robustness of microtubule behavior in plant epidermis.
A reconstruction of sea surface temperature variability in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico from 1734 to 2008 C.E. using cross‐dated Sr/Ca records from the coral Siderastrea siderea
Authors: DeLong Kristine L. , Flannery Jennifer A. , Poore Richard Z. , Quinn Terrence M. , Maupin Christopher R. , Lin Ke , Shen Chuan‐Chou
Published: April 2014

This study uses skeletal variations in coral Sr/Ca from three Siderastrea siderea coral colonies within the Dry Tortugas National Park in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico (24°42′N, 82°48′W) to reconstruct monthly sea surface temperature (SST) variations from 1734 to 2008 Common Era (C.E.). Calibration and verification of the replicated coral Sr/Ca‐SST reconstruction with local, regional, and historical temperature records reveals that this proxy‐temperature relationship is stable back to 1879 C.E. The coral SST reconstruction contains robust interannual (~2.0°C) and multidecadal variability (~1.5°C) for the past 274 years, the latter of which does not covary with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Winter SST extremes are more variable than summer SST extremes (±2.2°C versus ±1.6°C, 2σ) suggesting that Loop Current transport in the winter dominates variability on interannual and longer time scales. Summer SST maxima are increasing (+1.0°C for 274 years, σMC = ±0.5°C, 2σ), whereas winter SST minima contain no significant trend. Colder decades (~1.5°C) during the Little Ice Age (LIA) do not coincide with decades of sunspot minima. The coral SST reconstruction contains similar variability to temperature reconstructions from the northern Gulf of Mexico (planktic foraminifer Mg/Ca) and the Caribbean Sea (coral Sr/Ca) suggesting areal reductions in the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool during the LIA. Mean summer coral SST extremes post‐1985 C.E. (29.9°C) exceeds the long‐term summer average (29.2°C for 1734–2008 C.E.), yet the warming trend after 1985 C.E. (0.04°C for 24 years, σMC = ±0.5, 2σ) is not significant, whereas Caribbean coral Sr/Ca studies contain a warming trend for this interval.
Retroviruses in Human Gene Therapy
Authors: Pedersen Finn Skou , Bahrami Shervin , Duch Mogens
Published: April 2014

A retrovirus‐based gene transfer system consists of two components: the transfer vector, which harbours a foreign gene linked to elements needed for retroviral replication, and the packaging cell, which supplies the necessary retroviral proteins for transfer of the vector through a single round of viral replication. A hallmark of retroviral replication is the stable maintenance of the transferred gene(s) during cell division. The first type of transfer vectors used in gene therapy trials were derived from mouse retroviruses and referred to as retroviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors are derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and exhibit distinct features that provide advantages in some settings. Retroviral and lentiviral vectors are being used in clinical trials for several diseases, including monogenic diseases and cancer. The clinical protocols include gene transfer
in vivo
as well as
ex vivo
, the latter being followed by installation of the genetically modified cells into the body.

Key Concepts:

The retroviral replication machinery leads to stable maintenance of a transferred gene.

The stable integration of retroviral vectors into a chromosome of the target cell may have adverse effects on neighbouring genes.

Retroviral gene transfer does not require the expression of retroviral genes in the target cell.

The term retroviral vector is used for a vector based on murine leukaemia virus.

The term lentiviral vector is used for a vector based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Retroviral vectors allow gene transfer only to dividing cells, whereas lentiviral vectors target dividing as well as nondividing cells.

In clinical protocols using retroviral or lentiviral vectors, gene transfer may take place
ex vivo
or
in vivo
.

The selectivity of retroviral vectors for dividing cells has been exploited to target tumour cells.
Temperature Stress in Plants
Authors: Kai Hiroomi , Iba Koh
Published: April 2014

Temperature stress in plants is classified into three types depending on the stressor, which may be high, chilling or freezing temperature. Temperature‐stressed plants show low germination rates, growth retardation, reduced photosynthesis, and often die. The elucidation of mechanisms by which temperature stress causes disorders is important to reveal responses by which plants cope with adverse temperature conditions. However, plants respond to temperature stress by regulating membrane lipid composition, stress‐related transcription factors, metabolite synthesis and detoxification pathways. Such plant molecular responses to temperature stress will help establish genetic engineering techniques to produce temperature stress‐tolerant plants. Genetic engineering techniques have been applied to improve the adaptability of plants by altering temperature stress‐related gene expression in response to unfavourable temperature conditions. In this article, the authors focus on plant responses and adaptation to temperature stress and strategies for the genetic improvement of temperature stress tolerance in plants.

Key Concepts:

Plants cope with adverse temperature stress by altering molecular mechanisms involving proteins, antioxidants, metabolites, regulatory factors, other protectants and membrane lipids.

Thermotolerance is closely correlated with the production of toxic acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone from membrane trienoic fatty acids under heat stress, and it is possible to produce thermotolerant plants with reduced trienoic fatty acid contents.

Regulatory factors such as heat shock factors directly and/or indirectly induce accumulation of stress‐related gene products under high temperature conditions and contribute to thermotolerance.

Under high temperature conditions, several protectants, such as glycinebetaine which apparently stabilises photosystem II proteins, accumulate to protect proteins and photosystems in plants.

Antioxidants decrease levels of stress‐inducible reactive oxygen species, contributing to improved tolerance to cold as well as high temperature stress.