bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"You know" as an information status enhancing device
Authors: He Agnes Weiyun , Lindsey Brian
Published: February 2014

This article addresses the usage of "you know" in naturally occurring interactional data from a functional-linguistic and conversationanalytic perspective. We suggest that "you know" is more than a lexical choice made by the speaker to express his/her unilateral communicative desires. It is a locally occasioned, emergent resource that both the speaker and the hearer draw upon to jointly structure information and to structure interaction. Our study differs from previous research in that we emphasize the importance of lexico-grammatical contexts and topical and conversational-sequential environments in which "you know" is used. Specifically, we argue that participants use "you know" to enhance the status of information in terms of saliency, importance, and newness, which in turn structures interactional participation in specific ways.
The system of Transitivity
Authors: Matthiessen Christian M.I.M.
Published: February 2014

This article presents a preliminary investigation of the quantitative profile of the system of transitivity, measuring the frequency of instantiation of the various transitivity options in text. In particular, it presents the relative frequencies of selections of different process types, different circumstance types and the relative frequencies of their combinations. After establishing the various frequencies of transitivity options in text, the article goes on to hypothesize that these frequencies correlate with the degree of qualitative elaboration of the options in the system of transitivity. The hypothesis is supported by a measure of systemic elaboration based on counts of prepositional and verbal senses.
Definitions in English technical discourse
Authors: Harvey Arlene
Published: February 2014

This paper explores degrees of equivalence constructed in English technical definitions. From an ergative perspective, the degree of equivalence depends upon the effectiveness of the clause (i.e. effective vs middle). Effective clauses tend to be encoding in orientation (i.e. the direction of the coding in the clause is from the gloss to the term) whereas middle clauses tend to be decoding (from term to gloss) (Halliday 1967/8, 1994; Davidse 1992a, 1996). In technical definitions, ideational meaning (expressed in relational clauses) is typically metafunctionally dominant and lexicogrammatically "deautomatized" (Mukarovsky 1977), while interpersonal meanings (expressed in mood and modality) are less dominant and "automatized". In technical definitions, the source of knowledge is either absent but probeable or absent and non-probeable. It is argued here that, despite the general automatization of interpersonal meaning in definitional clauses, a residue of interpersonality is in fact critical to the degree of equivalence constructed in the clause.
Neurolinguistic and syntactic evidence for basic level meaning in proper names
Authors: Van Langendonck Willy
Published: February 2014

This paper is intended to be an interdisciplinary investigation of the status of proper names, although it takes linguistics as its point of departure. In this study I will define proper names in terms of the currently developing Radical Construction Grammar, as promoted by Croft (to appear). Starting from the referential and semantic functions of proper names, I discuss the opposing theses of the language philosophers John Searle and Saul Kripke, and then formulate my position that proper names are assigned an ad hoc referent in an ad hoc name-giving act, i.e. not on the basis of a concept or predication as with common nouns. This ad hoc assignment can be repeated several times, so numerous people can be called John. Proper names do not have asserted lexical meaning but do display presuppositional meanings of several kinds: categorical (basic level), associative senses (introduced either via the name-bearer or via the name-form) and grammatical meanings. Language specifically, this referential and semantic status is reflected in the occurrence of proper names in certain constructions. I thus claim that close (or 'restrictive') appositional patterns of the form [definite article + noun + noun], e.g. the poet Burns, are relevant to the definition of proper names in English and also to the categorical (often basic level) meaning of the name. From proper names we can also derive nouns that appear as a special kind of common noun, e.g. another John. From a methodological viewpoint it is imperative to distinguish here between (proprial) lexemes or lemmas in isolation (dictionary entries) and proprial lemmas in their different functions (prototypically: proper name, nonprototypically: common noun or other). To corroborate the above theses, I will adduce recent psycholinguistic and especially neurolinguistic evidence. The overall argument will be based mainly on material from Germanic languages, especially English, Dutch and German.
Requesting gestures in captive monkeys and apes: Conditioned responses or referential behaviours?
Authors: Gómez Juan-Carlos
Published: February 2014

Captive monkeys and apes almost inevitably develop gestures to request food and objects from humans. One possibility is that these gestures are just conditioned responses without any understanding of the socio-cognitive causality underlying their efficacy. A second possibility is that they do involve some understanding of how they are (or fail to be) effective upon the behaviour of others. Observational evidence suggest that most apes and some monkeys coordinate their request gestures with joint attention behaviours — a criterion for early referential communication in human infants. However, experimental evidence about apes and monkeys‘ understanding of the causal role of joint attention in gestural communication is equivocal, with test pass and failure patterns that can be due to cognitive and/or motivational factors. Current evidence suggests that the gestures of apes and monkeys can neither be dismissed as simple conditioned responses nor be uncritically accepted as fully equivalent to human gestures.
1: Le développement des idées saussuriennes chez Charles Bally et Albert Sechehaye
Authors: Amacker Rene
Published: February 2014

Summary

The article argues that Charles Bally (1865–1947) and Albert Sechehaye (1870–1946) were already accomplished linguists by the time Saussure died, and that they did not really use theCoursin order to establish their own theories, which they defined more accurately rather than modified in any essential way. However, it is possible to see, in their pre-1913 publications, at least some traces of a private influence that can explain certain similarities between their ideas and Saussure’s with regard to terminology and coneptualization (in particular concerning the linguistic sign, the idea of system, and thelangue ~ paroledistinction). After the publication of theCours, Bally used Saussurian ideas rather superficially, whereas Sechehaye ended up interpreteing them in a manner very close to our present understanding of theCours.

Résumé

Charles Bally (1865–1947) et Albert Sechehaye (1870–1946), linguistes déjà affirmés à la mort de Saussure, n’ont pas vraiment profité duCLGpour établir leurs doctrines respectives, que les thèses saussuriennes leur ont plutôt permis de préciser que de modifier. En revanche, on surprend chez eux, avant 1913, des traces d’une influence privée de Saussure, qui explique certaines convergences terminologiques et conceptuelles, quoique partielles (notamment sur signe, système et langue ~ parole). Après leCours, Bally se servira assez artificiellement des idées saussuriennes, tandis que Sechehaye finira par se rapprocher remarquablement de ce qu’en sera l’interprétation moderne.

Zusammenfassung

Als Saussure starb, waren Charles Bally (1865–1947) und Albert Sechehaye (1870–1946) bereits anerkannte Linguisten, welche so richtig nicht mehr vomCLGprofitiert haben, um ihre eigenen Theorien zu formulieren. DerCourshat ihnen jedoch geholfen, diese zu präzisieren, nicht aber zu modifizieren. Allerdings entdeckt man bei ihnen, vor 1913, Spuren eines eher privat zu nennenden Einflusses Saussures, welche einige terminologische und begriffliche (Teil-)þbereinstimmungen erklären (namentlich hinsichtlich Zeichen, System,langue~parole). Nach demCoursbedient sich Bally seiner in einer eher gekünstelt zu nennenden Weise, während Sechehaye sich bemerkenswert dem annähert, was heute als die anerkannte Auslegung der sausureschen Intentionen gelten könnte.
El tratamiento del orden de palabras en algunas gramáticas españoles de los siglos XIX y XX
Authors: Casielles Eugenia
Published: February 2014

Summary

This paper examines the treatment of word order in some of the most influential grammars of Spanish from the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, with special attention given to the interpretation they offer of displaced elements, particularly subjects and objects. Although there was not much in the grammatical tradition about this topic that these authors could build upon, a careful reading of their works reveals an awareness of the difficulties involved in explaining word order variation. Furthermore, we find very valuable suggestions regarding the topical nature of some displacements, and the emphatic or focal interpretation of others.

Résumé

Dans cet article, on examine de quelle manière les plus influentes grammaires espagnoles de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle traitaient de la question de l’ordre des mots, accordant une attention particulière à l’interprétation offerte des éléments disloqués, surtout les sujets et les compléments d’objet. Bien qu’il n’y avait pas grand-chose dans la tradition grammaticale d’alors qui pouvait servir de base aux auteurs, une lecture attentive de leurs oeuvres montre qu’on avait conscience des difficultés liées à l’explication de la variation dans l’ordre des mots. De plus, on trouve sur ces dislocations de précieuses suggestions quant à la nature ‘topicalisée’ des unes et la nature emphatique ou ‘focalisée’ des autres.

Zusammenfassung

Der Beitrag untersucht die Behandlung der Wortstellung in den einflußreichsten Grammtiken des Spanischen aus dem 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erklärungen, die sie für sog. versetzbare Elemente anbieten, insbesondere, was Subjekt und Objekt angeht. Obgleich es kaum eine grammatische Tradition gab, auf der diese Autoren sich hätten stützen können, fördert eine sorgfältige Lektüre ihrer Werke doch ein Bewußtsein der Probleme zutage, die beim Erklären der Wortstellungsvariation auftreten. Darüberhinaus finden sich in ihnen auch eine Reihe wertvoller Vorschläge bezüglich der herausstellenden Natur solcher versetzbarer Elemente sowie der emphatischen und fokussierenden Auslegung anderer.
Die linguistische Erfassung des Hebräischen, Chinesischen und Finnischen am Beginn der Neuzeit: Eine vergleichende Studie zur frühen Rezeption nicht-indogermanischer Sprachen in der traditionellen Grammatik
Authors: Klein Wolf Peter
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY The paper examines the problem how non Indo-European languages were described in 16th and 17th century linguistics by investigating in some detail early descriptions of Hebrew, Chinese and Finnish. Special attention is paid to the question of how the typological characteristics of these languages were understood and described within the framework of traditional grammar. It is shown that traditional grammar, along with the associated manner of grammatical thinking, influenced the description of foreign languages in various ways. At the same time it becomes clear how the observation of such ‘exotic’ languages contributed to our knowledge of language as such, and to the enrichment of traditional grammatical terminology, in as much as terms had to be found for linguistic phenomena which had previously remained undescribed.

RÉSUMÉ L’ article traite de la question du traitement, par la linguistique du XVIe et XVIIe siècle, des langues non-indo-européens. L’auteur examine en particulier les descriptions linguistiques de l’Hébreu, du Chinois et du Finnois. Ce qui est particulièrement intéressant, c’est de répondre à la question de savoir si, oui ou non, les specificités de ces langues ont été comprises et décrites dans le cadre de la tradition grammaticale. On peut ainsi constater que la grammaire traditionelle et par conséquent la pensée traditionelle ont influencé de manières différentes le recensement et la description des langues étrangères. Ce qui devient également clair, c’est que la perception des langues étrangères a contribué à l’augmentation du savoir linguistique et à l’enrichissement de la terminologie grammaticale traditionelle, parce qu’on a dû trouver des mots pour décrire des traits langagiers pour lesquels on ne disposait pas encore de termes techniques à l’époque.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Aufsatz setzt sich mit der Problematik auseinander, wie in der früh-neuzeitlichen Sprachwissenschaft nicht-indoeuropäische Sprachen erfasst wurden. Im einzelnen werden die frühen linguistischen Darstellungen des Hebräischen, Chinesischen und Finnischen untersucht. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Klärung der Frage, ob und, wenn ja, auf welche Art und Weise die jeweiligen typologischen Spezifika dieser Sprachen im Rahmen der grammatischen Überlieferung begriffen und dargestellt wurden. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die traditionelle Grammatik und das damit verbundene Denken die Erfassung und Deskription der fremden Sprachen in unterschiedlichen Formen beeinflusst haben. Ebenso wird deutlich, wie die Wahrnehmung der fremden Sprachen zum Zuwachs des linguistischen Wissens beigetragen hat und zum Ausbau der traditionellen grammatischen Terminologie führte, da sprachliche Eigenschaften in Worte gefasst werden mussten, für die bis dato keine Fachwörter existierten.
Genealogies of Articulatory Settings: Genealogies of an idea
Authors: Jenner Bryan
Published: February 2014

SUMMARY The term ‘articulatory setting’ first appeared in English phonetic literature in a much-cited article by Beatrice Honikman (1964). The link between this term and a set of synonyms used by a range of 19th century European scholars was amply demonstrated by Laver (1978). By examining a few of the many sources available, this article seeks to show, as Laver’s article did not, that the phenomenon that Honikman discusses has been almost continuously present in German phonetic literature from Sievers (1876) onward, and that British scholars in the 20th century failed to take account of this. As a result, the concept was entirely absent from British phonetic literature from about 1909 until 1964. Against this background the article also seeks to establish possible direct sources for Honikman’s ideas.

RÉSUMÉ L’expression ‘articulatory setting’ est d’abord apparu dans les écrits traitant de phonétique anglaise dans un article fréquemment cité de Beatrice Honikman (1964). Laver (1978) a très bien démontré l’existence d’un lien entre cette expression et un jeu de synonymes utilisés par un grand nombre de chercheurs du XIXe siècle. En examinant quelques-unes des nombreuses sources disponibles, cet article cherche à montrer ce que l’article de Laver n’a pas montré, à savoir, que le phénomène dont traite Honikman a presque toujours été présent dans les écrits allemands traitant de phonétique depuis l’époque de Sievers (1876), et que les chercheurs britanniques du XXe siècle ont négligé de prendre ce fait en considération. Par conséquent, le concept était inexistant dans les écrits britanniques traitant de phonétique, de 1909 (environ) jusqu’à 1964. Sur ce fond, l’article cherche également à trouver de possibles sources directes pour les idées de Honikman.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Begriff ‘articulatory setting’ kommt in der Englischen phonetischen Literatur zum ersten Mal in einem vielzitierten Aufsatz von Beatrice Honikman (1964) vor. Auf die Verbindung zwischen diesem Terminus und einer Anzahl von Synonymen bei mehreren kontinental-europäischen Wissenschaftlern des 19. Jahrhunderts hat Laver (1978) ausführlich hingewiesen. Über Lavers Arbeit hinausgehend, zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag unter Heranziehung einer Auswahl von Quellen, dass das von Honikman beschriebene Phänomen in der deutschen phonetischen Literatur seit Sievers (1876) praktisch durchgängig vertreten war, was die Britische Phonetik des 20. Jahrhunderts jedoch nicht zur Kenntnis nahm. Dies bedeutet, dass das Konzept in der Britischen Literatur zur Phonetik zwischen 1909 und 1964 nicht vorkommt. Vor diesem Hintergrund versucht die vorliegende Arbeit auch mögliche direkte Quellen für Honikmans Ideen zu identifizieren.
An Englishman’s Vindication of Scots: James Adams (1737–1802) — Jesuit, Teacher and Linguist
Authors: Häcker Martina
Published: February 2014

This article investigates the linguistic work of the English Jesuit James Adams (1737–1802). It places Adams’ work in the socio-cultural context of 18th-century linguistic writing, in particular with respect to two ongoing debates: (1) on a monogenetic vs. a polygenetic origin of language and (2) on the origins of Scots. Both of these were highly ideological debates, in the first case between a biblical and a scientific world view, and in the latter between those who were content with the political state of affairs (the Union of Scotland and England), and those who would rather have had an independent Scotland. Adams manages to reconcile linguistic evidence with monogenism, while his views on language and dialects are guided by ‘Christian phil­anthropy’. They contrast sharply with those of many of his contemporaries. In his “Vindication of the Dialect of Scotland”, which is the central part of the “Appendix” of hisPronunciation of the English Language(published in 1799), Adams strongly votes for Scottish linguistic independence, though not for political independence, even advocating a separate Scots spelling. The analysis of this work shows that his attitude to dialects is informed by his education and life as a Jesuit in the 18th century, his belief that all people are created as equals, his didactic concerns as a teacher, and the personal experience of an extended stay in Scotland.
Letters, Sounds and Things: Orthography, phonetics and metaphysics in Wilkins’sEssay(1668)
Authors: Isermann Michael
Published: February 2014

For a long time, and well beyond the publication of John Wilkins’sEssay Towards a Real Character(1668), a latent tension characterised the orthographic tradition. It was caused by two incompatible principles whose problematic relationship had never been addressed. One is the idea of the logical, chronological and semiotic primacy of speech over writing, or of sound over character, a principle which lives on in modern linguistics. The other is the doctrine of an abstract unity of sound/potestasand character/figurain the letter/littera, an axiom that appears to have been abandoned only with the emancipation of modern phonetics from its former orthographic frame of reference. With the advent of the real-character movement in the 17th century, a way was suddenly opened up for the problematic issue to be discussed and resolved. Since a real, i.e., non-sound-related, character implied at least a non-priority of speech over writing — if not a priority of writing —, the first principle could be reformulated so as to be made consonant with the idea of an abstractlittera. This paper tries to bring out Wilkins’s sophisticated discussion of thelittera, his attempt to localise the abstract unity of sound and character in the configuration of the articulatory organs, as well as the utilisation of hislitteraconcept for his design of a real character of sounds. In a parallel line of argument, it is claimed that Wilkins’s orthography, or doctrine of letters, forms the conceptual equivalent to his metaphysics, or science of things. More than that, the two disciplines are so interlocked that things and letters can be seen to converge in letter-things, or thing-letters.
Worthy the Name of a Grammar: Verb Morphology and Conjugation in Carochi’sArte de la Lengua Mexicana(1645) and Eliot’sThe Indian Grammar Begun(1666)
Authors: Fountain Catherine
Published: February 2014

This article compares two missionary grammars written in the middle of the 17th century, Horacio Carochi’s (1579–1662)Arte de la Lengua Mexicana con la declaración de los adverbios della(1645) and John Eliot’s (1604–1690)The Indian Grammar Begun: or, an Essay to Bring the Indian Language into Rules(1666). Although published only 21 years apart, the two works differ in both context and theoretical underpinnings. These differences are manifested both in the type and depth of analysis undertaken by each author. Indeed, Carochi’s analysis goes much deeper and offers a more complete description of the language treated. While this can be attributed in part to Carochi’s own linguistic ability, the quality and completeness of his grammar is due in large part to the existence of a tradition of scholarship concerning Nahuatl in New Spain, a tradition that is strikingly absent in New England of the time.
Imaginative Science
Authors: Atherton Mark
Published: February 2014

This article traces the interactions between the philologist and applied linguist Henry Sweet (1845–1912) and the anthropologist and evolutionist E. B. Tylor (1832–1917). Tylor was impressed by Sweet’s uniformitarian views on phonetic synthesis and word-division: that phonetic and grammatical processes observable in the present could be used to explain grammatical formation and inflection in the past. Conversely, Sweet’s views on language and its origins owe much to Tylor’sintellectualismand hisdoctrine of survivals. According to Tylor, ‘primitive man’ employed rational thought in his attempts to make intellectual sense of the world and its phenomena. In expressions such as ‘the sun rises’, vestiges of this primitive thought and animism then survive in the lexis and syntax of later, modern languages. Sweet used Tylorian material in his language textbooks, and the intellectualist theory was taken up by literary critics in the 1880s, e.g., in the Shelley Society — of which Sweet was a founding member, in order to explore the roots of poetic metaphor and figurative language as used in modern English poetry.
Ernest Renan (1823–1892)
Authors: Leopold Joan
Published: February 2014

This article, a successor to the author’s 2002 “Steinthal and Max Müller: Comparative Lives”, attempts to situate the Semiticist and ‘Orientalist’ Ernest Renan in a nexus between the poles represented by Heymann Steinthal (1823–1899) and Friedrich Max Müller (1823–1900). Renan can be viewed as wavering — in the 1840s through 1860s — between (and perhaps developing from) a natural scientific and linguistic orientation influenced by Humboldtians such as August Friedrich Pott (1802–1887) and the Völkerpsychologist Steinthal and a racial ideology in linguistics similar to that of the more historicist linguist Max Müller. Max Müller had a similar set of influences in Paris to Renan in this period, such as their common amateur mentor Baron Ferdinand von Eckstein (1790–1861) and Collège de France professor Eugène Burnouf (1801–1852). But a crucial hypothesis relates to how much Renan was influenced in his change to racial ideology by the advent of the 1848 Revolution. The author explains how this hypothesis can be tested by specific further research into the manuscript of Renan’s 1847 Prix Volney prizewinning essay.
Trust and text, text as trust
Authors: Toolan Michael
Published: February 2014

In this essay I celebrate and interrogate John Sinclair’s seminal paper, ‘Trust the text’, a paper in which several radically new ideas about the role of prospection and encapsulation in the reader’s processing of text are outlined. I mention some of the ways in which trust is fundamental to matters of language and cooperative communication, but also try to enlarge on what I think Sinclair has in mind. In reading on (and not re-reading), as we nearly always do when confronted with text, we are trusting the text in a more particular way, trusting it to have been composed in such a way that what follows will answer or complete what has gone before. This text-trust is perhaps the most fundamental structuring principle in written discourse, and mostly we apply it unwittingly; Sinclair’s paper broaches some lines of enquiry by which linguists might develop a fuller explanation of it.
Automatic Extraction of Terminological Translation Lexicon from Czech-English Parallel Texts
Authors: Cmejrek Martin , Curín Jan
Published: February 2014

We present experimental results of an automatic extraction of a Czech-English translation dictionary. Two different bilingual corpora (119,886 sentence pairs computer-oriented and 58,137 journalistic corpora) were created. We used the length-based statistical method for sentence alignment (Gale and Church 1991) and noun phrase marker working with regular grammar and probabilistic model (Brown et al. 1993) for dictionary extraction. Resulting dictionaries’ size varies around 6,000 entries. After significance filtering, weighted precision is 86.4% for computer-oriented and 70.7% for journalistic Czech-English dictionary.
Words from Bononia Legal Corpus
Authors: Rossini Favretti Rema , Tamburini F. , Martelli E.
Published: February 2014

The analysis of special multilingual corpora is still in its infancy, but it may serve a particularly important role for the directions it offers both in cross-linguistic investigation and in the selection of the most typical features of text types and genres. To exemplify the information which can be obtained from corpus evidence, the paper reports on an on-going corpus-driven research project, named Bononia Legal Corpus (BOLC). The main aim of BOLC is to build multilingual machine readable law corpora. Data are at present limited to English and Italian, but an extension is envisaged to include other languages. Before the first sample, a preliminary pilot corpus was constructed to consider European legislation and create a conceptual framework to be used as a first-level experience. In the paper, sections 2 and 3 describe the corpus design and formatting as well as the corpus access tools. Sections 4 and 5 discuss two case studies and analyse two semantic areas which can be seen as two ends of the same variational continuum. At one end, we consider the words contratto and contract, which through the extension of international transactions and circulation may be supposed to have acquired transnational traits. At the other, we focus on a semantic area which may be expected to present translation problems for the differences existing in the two socio-institutional systems. Reference is made to the English words tax and duty and to the Italian words tassa and imposta.
Hybrid Approaches for Automatic Segmentation and Annotation of a Chinese Text Corpus
Authors: Feng Zhiwei
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the hybrid approaches for automatic segmentation and annotation of a Chinese text corpus. Some experiment results are given. Hybrid approaches combine the rule-based method, the statistic-based method, and the automatic learning method. It is a good approach, and it can obviously improve the precision of segmentation and annotation of a Chinese text corpus.
Compiling Parallel Text Corpora: Towards Automation of Routine Procedures
Authors: Mihailov Mihail , Tommola Hannu
Published: February 2014

The aim of the research project running at the Department of Translation Studies of the University of Tampere is to collect a Russian-Finnish parallel corpus of fiction. The corpus will be equipped with efficient search and analysis tools. The texts of the corpus will be stored as ordinary text files. Each text will be registered in a Microsoft Access database and supplied with a description. Automated parallel concordancing is being developed for the corpus. The program will find the keywords in text A (Russian), then look for possible translation equivalents of the keywords in language B (Finnish), and then search for the portion of text B (Finnish) where most of the keywords in question can be found.
Data-derived Multilingual Lexicons
Authors: Sinclair John McH.
Published: February 2014

This paper first appeared in Arcaini (ed.) 2000: La Traduzione (IV). Quaderni di Libre e Riviste d’Italia, 43; Roma: Ministerio per i bene e le attività culturali. For this publication it has been lightly revised, and the bibliography updated.
Analysing the Fluency of Translators
Authors: Uzar Rafal , Waliński Jacek Tadeusz
Published: February 2014

The paper discusses problems involved in analysing the quality of student translation and the type of errors made by students in translation. The authors have developed a TEI-lite conformant corpus of student translations which also includes error category mark-up. This project has allowed the authors to objectively analyse student translation work and has also allowed the students themselves to gain valuable insights into translation problems.
‘Newspaper in Education’ in Rural Japan
Authors: Rausch Anthony S.
Published: February 2014

In addition to its role in news dispersal, the newspaper has been cited for its potential in both education and identity creation and confirmation. This paper will examine the Newspaper in Education columns in a rural Japanese setting, revealing how these columns, while framed toward education, also address local identity creation through what is termed ‘locally scholastic’ content. The Newspaper in Education (NIE) practice is dated in America to the 1930s and in Japan to 1988. This paper will briefly outline the NIE concept and general NIE activities in Japan before hypothesizing the role of NIE in local identity creation and presenting a case study of NIE columns from two newspapers in Aomori Prefecture, Japan — one prefecture-wide and the other a local newspaper — over the period from January to May, 2002. The examination used a team of native-speaker readers in order to establish the readability and balance of ‘scholastic’ versus ‘local’ content and orientation of the columns. This paper ultimately contextualizes how the NIE columns of these two newspapers contribute to both education and local identity creation in this rural Japan setting.
Culture and rapport promotion in service encounters
Authors: Chan Stanley Kam-Chung , Bond Michael , Spencer-Oatey Helen , Rojo-Laurilla Mildred A.
Published: February 2014

The present study aimed at investigating possible cultural effects on the perceived importance of interactional concerns in service encounters. Individual values were examined to establish an explanatory framework for any effects that might emerge. Hong Kong Chinese and Filipinos participated in the present study by rating the importance of 12 interactional concerns in five hypothetical scenarios involving service provision. “Rapport promotion” was the only consistent factor of interactional concerns to emerge from the five scenarios in each of the two cultural groups. The dimensions of individual values, labeled “Conservation” and “Self-Transcendence” by Schwartz (1992), significantly predicted a respondent’s level of rapport promotion across all scenarios, with self-transcendence partially unpackaging the cultural difference that emerged in one of the service scenarios. We use these results to support a model of communication in service provision that predicts communication concerns as arising from cultural socialization for personal characteristics and situational features of the encounter, leading to the petitioner’s being more dependent on the good will of the service provider.
Face in Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American cultures
Authors: Yabuuchi Akio
Published: February 2014

This paper delved into the nature of face as a socio-psycho-linguistic concept through the examination of its varying conceptualizations and components in three different cultures: Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American. The points of investigation are as follows: (1) semantic fields of the terms which signify ‘face’ in the Chinese, Japanese, and English languages, (2) cultures, social behaviors, and social systems of the three peoples, (3) differences between face and other similar concepts, such as prestige and honor, (4) comparative weights of attributes comprising face, such as formal position, personal reputation, conformity, and integrity of social being, which may vary significantly according to culture.
Eight Conflict Handling Styles
Authors: Leung Truman , Kim Min-Sun
Published: February 2014

Eight conflict handling styles emerged as statistically unidimensional in the development of this new model: avoiding/smoothing, obliging, integrating, compromising, dominating, coercing, deceiving, and ingratiating. Scales for these styles were tested for construct validity in dyadic conflict scenarios among peers. Preference for styles were found to vary according to (1) independent and interdependent self-construals, (2) ingroup or outgroup membership, and (3) benefit-issue. Independence correlated positively with integrating and compromising, and negatively with coercion and deception. Interdependence correlated positively with avoiding/smoothing, obliging, compromising, deception, and ingratiation. Subjects were more obliging, integrating, and compromising toward ingroup than outgroup members; and slightly more coercive and deceptive with outgroup than ingroup members. Subjects were more deceptive in other-benefiting issue situations than in self-benefiting ones.
Challenging the State Orthodoxy
Authors: Weatherley Robert
Published: February 2014

This article examines the analogous views of liberal Chinese rights scholars during the late Qing and post-Mao eras. The author identifies thinkers from both periods who have argued fervently in favour of a rights (rather than duties) based society in which human rights are the birth right of all human beings irrespective of age, gender or class. In both cases, scholars have challenged a predominantly illiberal state orthodoxy on rights, Confucian during the late Qing and Marxist during the current era. Significantly, however, it is only during the contemporary period that liberal rights thinkers have impacted on the official position. Whereas late Qing scholars failed to convince the state to adopt a more universalist, rights-oriented perspective, China’s current crop of rights thinkers are having more success in this regard.
From the bridal letter to online flirting
Authors: Wyss Eva L.
Published: February 2014

Over the past two centuries concepts of love, as well as the nature of intimate relations, have undergone modifications. Along with these modifications, the language of desire, the text type of the love letter and love-letter writing practice have changed as well. It is therefore surprising that certain elements of the correspondence between prospective brides and grooms of the nineteenth-century bourgeoisie seem today to be enjoying a comeback on the Internet. Some of the parameters, however, have changed. This essay will explore the similarities and differences of intimate literacy from a historical and pragmatic point of view. On the one hand it will discuss the text type in its pragmatic, textual, stylistic and medial aspects, and on the other hand it will focus on a number of distinct writing practices.

The essay arises from a larger book project that investigates the interrelations among literary, social and technological change and persistence. In the context of this larger project, I have assembled a corpus of more than 7,500 love letters (letters, postcards, telegrams, e-mails and text messages) in the Zurich Love Letter Archive (ZLA). The empirical materials discussed here are drawn from this archive.
Reunion Creole in New Caledonia
Authors: Speedy Karin
Published: February 2014

According to Ehrhart and Corne, Tayo is an endogenous creole that crystallized under the peculiarly plantation-like circumstances present at the St-Louis mission in the late 19th century. Noting some linguistic similarities with Reunion Creole, Chaudenson (1994) raises the question of whether Reunion Creole had had any influence on the development of Tayo. This notion is refuted both by Ehrhart (1994) and Corne (1994, 1995, 1999, 2000a, 2000b), although Corne (2000a) concedes that due to some linguistic and socio-demographic evidence, Reunion Creole influence on Tayo cannot be excluded. This paper revisits this debate and reopens questions that earlier researchers appear to have closed by discussing the implications of two texts written in Reunion Creole and published in New Caledonia. The first is a Georges Baudoux text containing the ‘Reunion Creole’ of Socrates, a black Reunion Creole taken to New Caledonia in 1870 to work as a coolie. The second is a political text attacking a ‘Creole’ candidate running for election on the Conseil Supérieur des Colonies published in 1884 by journalist Julien Bernier, an immigrant from Reunion. Accepting the authenticity of these texts raises questions pertinent to the debate on Tayo genesis. Given that réunionnais was being spoken in New Caledonia when Tayo was developing, were any speakers in contact with the Kanaks of St-Louis? What, if any, influence did their language have on the developing St-Louis patois? I discuss these questions by re-examining socio-historical evidence and by making some brief comparisons between the New Caledonian Reunion Creole texts and Tayo.
Adverbes ordinaux et introducteurs de cadre
Authors: Schnedecker Catherine
Published: February 2014

Summary

This analysis deals with ordinal adverbials, a category of items that has never been exhaustively investigated. They will be tackled from three main points of view. First, we will try to determine and highlight the properties that would permit us to connect these elements with the so-called “domain markers”. Then, in order to throw light on the particular way they structure discourse, we will also study their formal and semantic features to see whether they are actually — as is often said — used to indicate a particular position in a series. It is both possible to explain through the features of the adjectives from which they are formed, and more particularly through their partitive nature : (1) the constraints which they impose on the items they introduce, at syntactic, semantic and enunciative levels ; and (2) the particular discoursal configurations they are involved in. Finally, we will deal with the function and usefulness of these items, in both the discoursal and the cognitive fields.
Préfixation des verbes de déplacement tchèques
Authors: Ungermanová Marta
Published: February 2014

Summary

Prefixation of the Verbs of Movement in Czech

Prefixed verbs constitute a major proportion of verbs of movement (as defined in 1.1. of the article) in Czech. We consider those formed by the prefixes : při-, od-, vy-, v-, do-, roz- and s-We examine their syntactic properties, especially their compatibility with different locative complements, trying to find typical properties or restrictions for each prefix.

Whilst traditional grammar ascribes a meaning to prefixes, we defend the position that a prefix derives its meaning from its interaction with the other elements of the sentence (not only the root verb), and that all elements of the sentence contribute to create the meaning of a sentence.
Negative Polarity and Scalar Semantics in Spanish
Authors: Aranovich Raúl
Published: February 2014

Licensing of NPIs in Spanish varies depending on the semantics of the trigger. Nonveridical operators license n-words, and antiveridical operators license ni-minimizers. I argue that the NPIs that can occur in antiveridical contexts have a scalar presupposition, but those that are licensed in strictly nonveridical contexts are non-scalar. In this analysis, n-words are scalar (incorporating a silent ni ‘even’) in the scope of antiveridical operators. The distinction between scalar and non-scalar NPIs, I suggest, is the reason for the diversity of polarity sensitivity phenomena in Spanish, as well as in other languages.
Élaboration d’outils méthodologiques pour décrire les prédicats du français
Authors: Grezka Aude , Buvet Pierre-André
Published: February 2014

A satisfactory description of the predicates from the theoretical point of view is necessary when elaborating electronic dictionaries meant for natural language processing. We focus on the methodology and descriptors we use within the framework of the classes of objects. At the same time, we put forward complementary descriptors so as to deal with predicative polysemy. Our analysis is illustrated by means of perception predicates.
Le suffixe -ëi- dans la première conjugaison du badiot
Authors: Meul Claire
Published: February 2014

The insertion of inflectional suffixes in the verbal paradigm is a widespread phenomenon, characteristic of Romance verbal morphology. Traditionally, there are two types of hypotheses that concern verbal amplifications: on the one hand there is a phonological explanation that relies on the criterion of the “generalization of stress”, on the other hand there is a semantic-functional hypothesis based on the theory of verbal aspect. This contribution proposes an analysis of the suffix -ëi- that appears in the verbal forms with stressed stem in the Badiot dialect, one of the idioms of the central Ladin group. The confrontation of the traditional hypotheses with a corpus of 2040 verbs of the first conjugation of the Badiot dialect, reveals that neither the phonological hypothesis nor the semantic-functional hypothesis can account for the insertion of the suffix. An alternative hypothesis is proposed, wich considers stress in a paradigmatic perspective wich that explains the presence of the suffix by the generalization of the metrical structure associated with the lexical stem of the infinitive.
A relevance-theoretic analysis of concept narrowing and broadening in English and Norwegian original texts and translations
Authors: Falkum Ingrid Lossius
Published: February 2014

This paper studies the lexical-pragmatic processes of narrowing and broadening of conceptual content in the relation between original texts and their corresponding translations in the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC) from a relevance-theoretic point of view. It is suggested that, in at least some cases, translations can be seen as a kind of mirror reflecting the pragmatic processes at work in lexical interpretation. A translator may choose to render an underspecified concept encoded in a source text by a word that more closely encodes the interpretation given to the concept in question, in which case the semantics/pragmatics distinction (as it applies to the source text) will be made explicit in the relation between source and target text. In other cases, the comparison of source and target text shows that similar lexical encodings in the two languages do not necessarily provide the same possibilities for lexical broadening.
Explaining connections in Akan discourse
Authors: Amfo Nana Aba Appiah
Published: February 2014

The present paper focuses on the communicative roles of three discourse markers, na,
(n)so and nanso, in Akan, a Niger Congo (Kwa branch) language. (N)so is an additive focus marker. Its use gives the addressee an indication that the (n)so-utterance ought to be processed within a parallel context provided by the immediately preceding utterance. It highlights the fact that the kind of parallel context that licenses the use of (n)so is much more lenient than is the case for the use of its English equivalent also/too. Significantly, an explanatory relation is among the inferential relations that may arise as a result of the use of the clausal coordinating connective na, a situation which is not permissible in the case of its English counterpart and. The contrastive marker nanso, much like its English counterpart but, signals that the proposition expressed in a following utterance is contrary to what is to be expected. It is suggested that specific language-internal facts ought to be recognized and accounted for within the pursuit of a general cognitive theory of utterance interpretation.
An Integrated Language Planning Model
Authors: Mac Donnacha Joe
Published: February 2014

Two new models of language planning are proposed in this paper. The approach is similar to that used in business planning of viewing industries and organisations as sets of interrelated activities, as an aid to analysis and planning. The first model develops a three-level view of language planning and aims to develop a more strategic approach. The three levels in the model are ‘Status Planning’, ‘Language Planning’, and ‘Functional Language Planning’. The second model, the Integrated Language Planning Model, is related to the second level of language planning, and is designed to facilitate a comprehensive and integrated approach to reinforcing targeted languages. The model disaggregrates language reinforcement efforts into two types of activities — primary activities and support activities. The primary activities are those that are designed to directly influence changes in language behaviour. The support activities support the primary activities and each other by managing and facilitating the language reinforcement effort.
The Language of Igbo Ethnic Nationalism
Authors: van den Bersselaar Dmitri
Published: February 2014

Starting from Benedict Anderson’s notion that nationalism evolves around a vernacular readership, this article explores the relation between a nation or ethnic group and ‘its’ language. It analyses the link between ideas about Igbo language and the rise of Igbo ethnic identity in twentieth-century Nigeria. It focuses, first, on how language was introduced as an important marker for ethnic identity, and, second, on how the notion of the existence of an ‘Igbo language’ was successfully employed in debates by Igbo ethnic nationalists and others. Early efforts to standardize the Igbo language were initiated by missionaries and the colonial government, who had also decided upon the boundaries of the Igbo language and the Igbo ethnic group. Most Igbo people preferred literacy in English and were not interested in these efforts. This situation changed after 1940, when the growing influence of the Nigerian anti-colonial movement began to make an impact on the perception of the Igbo language. This does not mean that Igbo became more widely used as a written language. Nearly all articles and pamphlets on the Igbo language and its role continued to be written in English. Also, all attempts to standardize Igbo failed. Thus, the notion of the existence of one shared Igbo language was important and not the existence of a vernacular readership in that language.
Bilingualism and the politics of language planning and policy-making in Wales
Authors: Cardinal Linda , Denault Anne-Andrée , Riendeau Natalie
Published: February 2014

The article discusses the debate on bilingualism in Wales from 2001 to 2006. It argues that while the status of Welsh has been improving perceptibly in Wales since the devolution process in 1998, there is still much disagreement on the meaning of a bilingual Wales. Building on Laponce’s concepts of collaborative and competitive bilingualisms, it discusses the positions of the main actors involved in the bilingualism debate in Wales. It also identifies some lessons from the Welsh case for furthering our understanding of the politics of language planning and policy-making.