bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blockchain‐Based Piecewise Regressive Kupyna Cryptography for Secure Cloud Services
Authors: Shanmugam Selvakumar , Natarajan Rajesh , H. L. Gururaj , Flammini Francesco , Sulaiman Alfurhood Badria , Premkumar Anitha
Published: July 2024

Cloud computing (CC) is a network‐based concept where users access data at a specific time and place. The CC comprises servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence. Cloud security is the cybersecurity authority dedicated to securing cloud computing systems. It includes keeping data private and safe across online‐based infrastructure, applications, and platforms. Securing these systems involves the efforts of cloud providers and the clients that use them, whether an individual, small‐to‐medium business, or enterprise uses. Security is essential for protecting data and cloud resources from malicious activity. A cloud service provider is utilized to provide secure data storage services. Data integrity is a critical issue in cloud computing. However, using data storage services securely and ensuring data integrity in these cloud servers remain an issue for cloud users. We introduce a unique piecewise regressive Kupyna cryptographic hash blockchain (PRKCHB) technique to secure cloud services with higher data integrity to solve these issues. The proposed PRKCHB method involves user registration, cryptographic hash blockchain, and regression analysis. Initially, the registration process for each cloud user is performed. After registering user particulars, Davies–Meyer Kupyna’s cryptographic hash blockchain generates the hash value of data in each block. When a user requests data from the server, a piecewise regression function is used to validate their identity. Furthermore, the Gaussian kernel function recognizes authorized or unauthorized users for secure cloud information transmission. The regression function results in original data by enhanced integrity in the cloud. An analysis of the proposed PRKCHB technique evaluates different existing methods implemented in Python. The results contain different metrics: data confidentiality rate, data integrity rate, authentication time, storage overhead, and execution time. Compared to conventional techniques, findings corroborate the assertion that the proposed PRKCHB technique improves data confidentiality and integrity by up to 9% and 9% while lowering storage overhead, authentication time, and execution time by 10%, 12%, and 12%.
Packet reception algorithm for redundant data links in transport drones
Authors: Lim Sung‐Ho , Lee Jong‐Hun , Seong Kilyoung , Kim Jae‐Kyung
Published: July 2024

In a drone system with dual data links, this article presents a redundant data processing algorithm that can minimize flight control instability without increasing the weight and price of the aircraft by software processing of duplicate received messages.
Compact wide single‐/dual‐band bandpass filter with equal inductance configuration in thin film IPD technology
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Hao , Liu Bao‐Guang , Cheng Chong‐Hu , Cheng Yong
Published: July 2024

Here, based on thin film integrated passive device (TF‐IPD) technology, compact ultra‐wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) and dual‐band bandpass filter (DBBPF) with equal inductance configuration are proposed. The configuration of equal inductance in a circuit contributes to reducing variables, simplifying the physical structure, and shortening the debugging time in the TF‐IPD design process. Despite all the inductors being equal in value, a wide passband can still be achieved. The measured results show that the centre frequency of UBW BPF is 11.43 GHz, and the 3‐dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) is 133% (3.87–18.99 GHz). And the 3‐dB FBWs of DBBPF centred at 6.5 GHz and 16.2 GHz are 92% (3.51–9.49 GHz) and 35% (13.33–18.98 GHz), respectively. The stopband of UBW BPF and DBBPF can be extended to 47.7 GHz and 44.8 GHz in sizes of 321 µm × 856 µm and 235 µm × 846 µm, respectively (excluding measuring pads).
AC ripple on DC voltage: Experimental and theoretical investigation of the impact on accelerated ageing in electrical insulation
Authors: Gardan Giovanni , Montanari Gian Carlo
Published: July 2024

With the increasing penetration of DC systems into the high voltage and medium voltage power industry, DC voltage is becoming common for distribution/transmission and to supply different typologies of loads. The allowable extent of AC ripple superimposed to DC, and its effect on insulation ageing, is a long‐term discussed topic. The most harmful phenomenon causing extrinsic ageing acceleration and insulation system premature failure is partial discharges (PD); thus, the risk of incepting PD due to AC ripple could become a primary issue for electrical asset equipment reliability. In this work, the impact of AC sinusoidal ripple on insulation system life and reliability is dealt with, considering both intrinsic and extrinsic ageing but focusing on the latter, that is, the PD aspect. Experiments are performed to assess how the jump voltage (due to AC ripple) and the DC component impact on PD activity in terms of amplitude and repetition rate. For the first time, the correlation between the magnitude of jump voltage associated with ripple and PD inception is established, shedding a light on the allowable ripple extent which does not impact significantly on ageing and premature insulation failure. This approach can provide straightforward tools for design specification and ageing inference of insulation systems.
An all-sky catalogue of stellar reddening values
Authors: Paunzen E. , Netopil M. , Prišegen M. , Faltová N.
Published: July 2024

Context. When observing astronomical objects, we have to deal with extinction (i.e. the absorption and scattering of the emitted radiation by dust and gas between the source and the observer). Interstellar extinction depends on the location of the object and the wavelength. The different extinction laws describing these effects are difficult to estimate for a small sample of stars.

Aims. Many sophisticated and automatic methods have recently been developed for estimating astrophysical parameters (age and metallicity, for example) depending on the reddening, which is normally treated as a free parameter within the corresponding estimations. However, many reddening values for stars have been published over the last few decades, most of which include observations in the ultraviolet, which are essential for a good estimation but are essentially no longer taken into account.

Methods. We searched the literature through the end of 2022 for published independent reddening values of stellar objects based on various methods that exclude estimates from reddening maps. In addition, we present new reddening estimates based on the classical photometric indices in the Geneva, Johnson, and Strömgren-Crawford systems. These are based on well-established and reliable calibrations.

Results. After a careful identification procedure and quality assessment of the data, we calculated the mean reddening values of 157 631 individual available measurements for 97 826 objects. We compared our results with the ones from recent automatic pipeline values, including those from the Gaia consortium. In addition, we chose star cluster members to compare their mean values with estimates for the corresponding aggregates. Within the different references, we find several statistically significant offsets and trends and discuss possible explanations for them.

Conclusions. Our new catalogue can serve as a starting point for calibrating and testing automatic tools such as isochrone and spectral energy distribution fitting. Our sample covers the whole sky, including the Galactic field, star clusters, and Magellanic Clouds, and so can be used for a variety of astrophysical studies.
Confirming the explosive dispersal outflow in DR21 with ALMA
Authors: Guzmán Ccolque E. , Fernández López M. , Zapata L. A. , Bally J. , Rivera-Ortiz P. R.
Published: July 2024

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1.3 mm continuum and CO (2–1) line emission observations toward the high-mass star formation region DR21. Five new continuum sources are found. We identify 18 outflow streamers detected in CO emission that radially arises from a common origin. The velocity spread of the outflow streamers ranges between −100 and +70 km s−1. The radial velocities of each outflow roughly follow linear gradients (Hubble–Lemaître–like expansion motions). Using the CO emission of the whole ensemble of streamers, we estimate a total outflow mass of 120−210 M⊙. Additionally, we derived the dynamical age (8600 yr), momentum (~103 M⊙ km s−1), and kinetic energy (~1048 erg) of the outflow. The morphology and kinematics presented by the CO outflow streamers confirm an explosive dispersal outflow at the heart of DR21. Five dispersal explosive outflows associated with massive star-forming regions have been confirmed in our Galaxy (Orion BN/KL, G5.89-0.39, S106-IR, IRAS 16076-5134, and IRAS 12326-6245). However, their occurrence frequency in the Galaxy and their origin are still uncertain.
Anisakid parasite diversity in a pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps (Cetacea: Kogiidae) stranded at the edge of its distribution range in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Cipriani Paolo , Palomba Marialetizia , Giulietti Lucilla , Aco-Alburqueque Renato , Andolfi Roberta , ten Doeschate Mariel , Brownlow Andrew , Davison Nicholas J. , Mattiucci Simonetta
Published: July 2024

Anisakid nematodes are a globally distributed group of marine mammal parasites. Kogiid whales, including the pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps, host an assemblage of specific anisakid species. Currently, three species are known to be specific to kogiid hosts, i.e., Skrjabinisakis paggiae, S. brevispiculata, and the less studied Pseudoterranova ceticola. The aim of this study was to investigate the species diversity of anisakid nematodes sampled from a pygmy sperm whale stranded in 2013 at the edge of its distribution range in the Northeast Atlantic, specifically in the North of Scotland. Nematodes were assigned to genus level based on morphology and identified by sequence analysis of the mtDNA cox2 gene and the rDNA ITS region. The present finding represents the first observation of syntopic occurrence of adult stages of S. brevispiculata, S. paggiae, and P. ceticola in a pygmy sperm whale in the Northeast Atlantic, and represent the northernmost record of these species in this area. Skrjabinisakis brevispiculata was the most abundant species, accounting for 55% of the identified nematodes, predominantly in the adult stage. Anisakis simplex (s.s.) was also abundant, with most specimens in the preadult stage, followed by S. paggiae and P. ceticola. The pygmy sperm whale is rarely documented in Scottish waters, and its occurrence in the area could suggest expansion of its geographic range. The presence of S. brevispiculata, S. paggiae, and P. ceticola in this whale species in this region may indicate a shift in the whole host community involved in the life cycle of these parasites in northern waters. However, it is also plausible that these parasites were acquired while the whale was feeding in more southern regions, before migrating northbound.
Empfehlungen zum Lipidmanagement
Authors:   Expertenkonsens, verfasst von Prof. E. Giannitsis für die Konsensusgruppe Lipidakademie Baden-Württemberg
Published: July 2024

Trotz evidenzbasierter Leitlinienempfehlungen zum risikoadaptierten Lipidmanagement ist die Umsetzung dieser Empfehlungen in die klinische Routine nur unzureichend erfolgt. Der nachfolgende Expertenkonsensus soll dazu dienen, die Hintergründe und die Datenlage, die den Empfehlungen zugrunde liegen, zu erläutern sowie praktische Ratschläge für die notwendigen Laborparameter und deren Interpretation zu liefern. Dabei werden Limitationen der LDL-Cholesterin-Schätzung aufgeführt und Lösungsmöglichkeiten dargestellt. Die Empfehlungen geben auch Informationen zur Rationale eines beschleunigten Erreichens der LDL-Zielwerte nach einem akuten Koronarsyndrom und weisen auch auf die Notwendigkeit einer frühen Initiierung einer effektiven LDL-Cholesterin-Senkung bei Patienten mit einer familiären Hypercholesterinämie hin. Schließlich werden auch regulatorische Vorgaben im Lipidmanagement sowie die Erstattungs- und Verordnungsfähigkeit in Baden-Württemberg dargestellt.
Periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit bei Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tiefenbacher Christiane
Published: July 2024

Unter den klassischen Risikofaktoren der Atherosklerose spielt neben dem Nikotinkonsum der Diabetes mellitus (DM) eine besondere Rolle für die Pathophysiologie der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (pAVK), englisch Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). Zur Abgrenzung einer pAVK der Arterien der unteren Extremitäten wurde im englischen Sprachraum zusätzlich der Begriff LEAD (Lower Extremity Arterial Disease) etabliert.

Morphologische Besonderheiten von Diabetikern mit pAVK erschweren die Diagnostik und führen zu einer schlechteren Prognose. Um die Entwicklung einer pAVK früh zu erkennen und adäquat behandeln zu können, wird in den aktuellen Leitlinien ein regelmäßiges Screening empfohlen. Die Sekundärprävention mit konsequenter Einstellung der Gefäßrisikofaktoren und Lifestylemaßnahmen wie Gehtraining und Selbstkontrolle der Haut der unteren Extremitäten ist bei diesem Patientenkollektiv besonders wichtig.
Therapiebouldern bei rollstuhlpflichtiger Hemiparese
Authors: Dech Silas , Barth Leo , Kittel René
Published: July 2024

Kletterbewegungen fördern und fordern das Gleichgewicht enorm. Aber sind auch
nach jahrelanger Therapie infolge eines Schlaganfalls positive Effekte auf das
Gleichgewicht bei einer schwer betroffenen Person möglich? Dieser Frage ging die
vorliegende Fallstudie nach.

Die rollstuhlgebundene 46-jährige Teilnehmerin litt unter einer linksseitigen
spastischen Hemiparese, Ataxie und visuellen Einschränkungen. Sie absolvierte
eine Bouldertherapie nach dem Potsdamer Modell zusätzlich zur ambulanten
neurologischen Rehabilitation. Neben dem Gleichgewicht wurden auch die
Klettergeschwindigkeit sowie Griff- und Trittgenauigkeit analysiert.

Nach sechs einstündigen Therapieeinheiten (1x pro Woche) verbesserte sich der
Wert der Berg-Balance-Skala um 6 Punkte. Außerdem kletterte sie an einer 10°
positiv geneigten Wand eine standardisierte Abfolge mit acht Zügen pro
Extremität über 3,6 m zur betroffenen Seite 41,1 s (− 24%) schneller als zuvor.
Bis zum sicheren Stand nach jeder Bewegung benötigte ihr linker Fuß dabei
durchschnittlich nur noch 1,8 Versuche pro Tritt statt vorher 2,1 (− 14%). Die
nicht ausdrücklich therapeutisch fokussierte Griffpräzision hat sich nicht
verändert.

Der präsentierte Fall zeigt, dass bei Apoplex mit Verlust der Gehfähigkeit auch
nach einer mehr als fünfjährigen Therapie Erfolge bei Gleichgewichts- und
komplexen Bewegungsaufgaben möglich sind. Vermutlich haben die wenigen
Klettereinheiten einen neuen Trainingsreiz gesetzt und damit zu den
Verbesserungen beigetragen. Trotz der enormen Einschränkungen scheinen durch
gezielte Trainingsinhalte neue Bewegungsfertigkeiten erlernbar. Zusätzlich gab
das Klettern der Teilnehmerin neue Motivation, wieder selbstständig laufen zu
lernen.
The Traditional Intramedullary Axis Underestimates the Medial Tibial Slope Compared to Transmalleolar Sagittal Axis in Image-based Robotic-Assisted Unicompartimental Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Chirico Mattia , Zanna Luigi , Akkaya Mustafa , Carulli Christian , Civinini Roberto , Innocenti Matteo
Published: July 2024

The medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (mUKA) has been recognized as an excellent treatment for medial knee osteoarthritis. The posterior tibial slope (PTS) is measured radiographically with the intramedullary axis (IMA) to the tibial baseplate on the sagittal plane radiograph. However, in most computer-navigated or robotic mUKAs, the PTS is set from a transmalleolar axis (TMA).

The PTS difference was evaluatedbetween the sagittal TMA and the sagittal IMA of patients undergoing a CT-based primary robotic-assisted mUKA.

We retrospectively reviewed the preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans taken according to the MAKO system protocol (Stryker) of 67 patients undergoing mUKAs. We measured the angular difference between the IMA and the TMA in the sagittal plane.

Using the TMA to set the PTS the estimation of the slope of the medial tibial plateau would increase by an average of 1.9 ± 3.2 degreescompared to the IMA. Furthermore, in nineknees, PTS was decreased.

Tibial components implanted with the help of a CT scan-based preoperative planning MAKO will show an average of 1.9 degrees more than those measured on sagittal radiographs potentially of concern for knee kinematics. A universal language is needed to standardize the slope calculation and the respective reference axis used.
Introduction of Fluorinated Groups via Photoredox-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization of (Hetero-)Arenes
Authors: Manna Sourav , Satta Pierpaolo , Gooßen Lukas J. , Goebel Jonas F. , Tzouras Nikolaos V.
Published: July 2024

In recent years, there have been increasing efforts in the development of methodologies for incorporating fluorine-containing functional groups into organic scaffolds. Modern techniques have made fluorinated molecules more accessible than ever before, but many fluorination reactions still have limitations in their generality, predictability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. The methodological progress has a significant impact on drug discovery and materials science research. Photoredox catalysis has enabled the discovery of effective methods, providing access to druglike molecules. Photochemical methods paired with C–H functionalization provide powerful tools for property-driven research. Herein, we examine recent developments at the interface of photoredox catalysis and C–H functionalization.

1 Introduction

2 Fluorinations

3 Fluoroalkylations

4 Fluoroalkoxylations

5 Conclusion
Supra Digastric Muscles Approach for Styloid Process Resection
Authors: Yokoya Shigeomi
Published: July 2024

Objective Eagle syndrome, categorized into classical styloid syndrome and stylocarotid syndrome, presents challenges in determining the optimal surgical approach for styloid process (SP) resection. While intraoral resection suffices for many cases, especially classical styloid syndrome cases, stylocarotid syndrome sometimes demands a transcervical resection due to its intricate spatial dynamics. We describe a step-by-step procedure for modified transcervical resection using a supra digastric muscle approach (SDMA) for SP, emphasizing anatomical precision.

Methods and Results The approach is described in the case of a 60-year-old woman with acute cerebral infarction from left internal carotid artery dissection. Employing carotid artery stenting, we identified SP elongation as the underlying cause requiring transcervical resection to avoid stent damage. The operative procedure involves meticulous dissection via a linear skin incision, exposing key anatomical structures such as the sternocleidomastoid muscles, digastric muscles (DMs), and the transverse process of the atlas. Surgical corridor via supra DM space is an invaluable technique, offering the shortest distance to the SP without compromising nearby nerves. The SP, covered by muscles and ligaments, is carefully stripped off, enabling its amputation near the temporal skull base. The entire procedure is performed under a microscope to preserve surrounding nerves.

Conclusion The SDMA is a simple and safe technique, offering enhanced anatomical precision and minimizing the risk of nerve damage.
Unraveling the Mystery of Rathke's Cleft Cyst Presenting with Hyponatremia: A Case Report with a Comprehensive Review of Literature
Authors: Huda Shayan , Singha Souvik , Haidous Ali , Bukberg Phillip R. , Pramanik Bidyut K. , Harshan Manju , Mora Luis Medina , Devita Maria , McKeown Amy , Boockvar John A.
Published: July 2024

Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) is a benign cystic lesion that is commonly discovered incidentally and remains asymptomatic in most cases. However, its association with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion leading to hyponatremia (HN) is rare and has only been sporadically reported in the medical literature. In this article, we present a unique case of RCC manifesting with HN and discuss the diagnostic and management challenges encountered in a neurosurgical context. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive review of existing literature on RCC presenting with HN to enhance our understanding of this rare presentation. A 56-year-old woman with acute-onset blurry vision, headaches, and low fluid intake was diagnosed with euvolemic HN secondary to SIADH. Further evaluation revealed an intrasellar cystic lesion consistent with RCC, which was successfully resected through endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery, resulting in a complete recovery without the need for hormone replacement. The most likely explanation for the HN due to SIADH in this case is the release of accumulated antidiuretic hormone (ADH) due to compression by the cyst and the irritating effect of inflammation at this location. Accurate evaluation and classification of HN are essential for proper diagnosis and management, considering the rarity of RCC presenting with HN. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment can lead to favorable functional outcomes; however, further research is necessary to better comprehend this unique clinical entity and optimize neurosurgical approaches.
Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Nivolumab in Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors: A Retrospective Audit from Resource-Constrained Settings
Authors: Kumar Amit , Kapoor Akhil , Noronha Vanita , Patil Vijay M. , Joshi Amit , Menon Nandini , Janu Amit , Mahajan Abhishek , Rajendra Akhil , Agarawal Amit , Khaddar Satvik , Rajpurohit Anu , Kashyap Lakhan , Srikant Anne , Panda Gautam , Kota Kishore Kumar , Talreja Vikas , Prabhash Kumar
Published: July 2024

Background Immunotherapy has improved outcomes in many advanced solid tumors. In resource-constrained settings, less than 2% of patients can afford standard dose immunotherapy. A recent phase II study showed the efficacy of low-dose immunotherapy in this setting. We used low-dose immunotherapy on a compassionate basis in patients who had progressed on available standard treatment options and standard dose immunotherapy was not feasible.

Patients and Methods We retrospectively collected data from the medical oncology department for consecutive patients who had initially received standard lines of therapy followed by low-dose immunotherapy (nivolumab 40 mg) on a compassionate basis. The demographic details, histology, prior treatment, clinical and radiological response, date of disease progression, date of death, and toxicity data were collected.

Results A total of 54 consecutive patients, who received low-dose immunotherapy with nivolumab from January 1, 2018 to February 14, 2020, were included in this analysis; 4 patients were not radiologically evaluable. The median age was 50.4 years (range 35–74 years), male:female ratio was 6:1. The most common comorbidities were hypertension and diabetes seen in 12 (22.2%) and 6 (11.1%) patients, respectively. The majority of the patients (70.4%) were of head and neck cancer. The median follow-up was 4.5 months (range 0.5–11.7). Clinical benefit was observed in 18 (33.3%) patients. Partial response and stable disease were achieved in 9 (16.7%) and 5 (9.3%) patients, respectively. Median survival was not reached for these patients. Six months progression-free survival and overall survival were 100 versus 8.7% (hazard ratio [HR] 0.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01–0.36; p = 0.003) and 100 versus 29.7% (HR 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00–0.95; p = 0.047), respectively, for responders and nonresponders. The side effects were manageable.

Conclusion In resource-constrained settings, low-dose immunotherapy with nivolumab seems to be an effective treatment option. Further studies are warranted to evaluate this approach.
Hamartomas of the Tuber Cinereum Associated with X-Linked Deafness Show Signs of Pubertas Tarda Instead of Pubertas Praecox and No Gelastic Seizures—Long-Term Follow-Up of 12 Years
Authors: Giesemann Anja , Schöner-Heinisch Anja , Götz Friedrich , Steinemann Doris , Lesinski-Schiedat Anke , Warnecke Athanasia , Lanfermann Heinrich , Hartmann Hans , Döring Katja
Published: July 2024

Purpose Hamartomas of tuber cinereum present as ectopic tissue in the hypothalamic region. Clinically, the usual hypothalamic hamartomas manifest themself by gelastic seizures and pubertas praecox. We observed an increased coincidence of the presence of X-linked recessive deafness DFNX2 (DFN3) and a hamartoma of the tuber cinereum. Initially five patients presented with hearing loss in childhood, two additional were already adults, not showing any characteristic symptoms for a hamartoma but signs of delayed puberty.

Methods Seven patients who underwent computed tomography imaging due to a sensorineural hearing loss and had a hamartoma of the tuber cinereum in addition to X-linked deafness DFNX2 (DFN3) were included in a retrospective study. Patients underwent initial neurologic, endocrinologic, and genetic evaluation. Long-term follow-up was performed after 10 to 12 years.

Results The average age at the initial exam was 12.9 years (range 4–29). All patients genetically proven nonsyndromic, X-linked deafness associated with the POU3F4 gene. Three out of six patients presented signs of delayed puberty. None of all seven showed any evidence of pubertas praecox or gelastic seizures at mean age of 17 years (range 17–29 years) at any time.

Conclusion Hamartomas of tuber cinereum are often coincident with DFNX2. Clinically, half of the cases are—in contrary to the usual pubertas praecox—associated with growth hormone deficiency and delayed puberty, in the sense of pubertas tarda, when coincident. Clinicians' and radiologists' knowledge and awareness of this rare combination are crucial to identify children early enough for hormone-sensitive treatment.
Liars know they are lying: differentiating disinformation from disagreement
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan , Ecker Ullrich K. H. , Cook John , van der Linden Sander , Roozenbeek Jon , Oreskes Naomi , McIntyre Lee C.
Published: July 2024

Mis- and disinformation pose substantial societal challenges, and have thus become the focus of a substantive field of research. However, the field of misinformation research has recently come under scrutiny on two fronts. First, a political response has emerged, claiming that misinformation research aims to censor conservative voices. Second, some scholars have questioned the utility of misinformation research altogether, arguing that misinformation is not sufficiently identifiable or widespread to warrant much concern or action. Here, we rebut these claims. We contend that the spread of misinformation—and in particular willful disinformation—is demonstrably harmful to public health, evidence-informed policymaking, and democratic processes. We also show that disinformation and outright lies can often be identified and differ from good-faith political contestation. We conclude by showing how misinformation and disinformation can be at least partially mitigated using a variety of empirically validated, rights-preserving methods that do not involve censorship.
In situ analysis of solute and flow fields in directional solidification of immiscible Al–Bi alloy
Authors: Zhang Ya , Wu Yue , Li Yiming , Tang Yang , Ma Jianbo , Xue Yanling , Xing Hui , Zhang Jiao
Published: July 2024

Segregation of the solidification structure of an immiscible alloy is related to the convection induced by the density differences of the components under gravity during solidification. Here, the solidification of the Al–Bi alloy in both opposing and parallel directions to the gravity force was investigated in situ using radiography and optical flow techniques. A quantitative analysis was performed on the flow, solute, and constitutional undercooling fields at the interface. During upward solidification, a flat solute-enriched layer was observed, with the melt flowing toward the center from both sides of the interface. During downward solidification, the solute-enriched layer was deformed, and solute plumes were observed, with the melt flowing toward the sides from the center of the interface. A high solute concentration gradient enhances the local flow and solute transport. The elongation of the plumes was attributed not only to the convective diffusion of the solute but also to the dispersion of droplet clusters. The forces acting on the droplets were calculated, and it was found that the resultant force on the droplets increased the area of the solute-enriched layer. Convection within the bulk melt and the motion of the droplets have synergistic effects on the flow pattern and solute distribution. Distinct microstructures were observed in opposite directions of solidification owing to the differences in constitutional undercooling and flow instability. This work offers insights into the quantitative measurement and understanding of the multi-physics fields during the solidification process.
The COLT Observation Scheme
Authors: Spada Nina
Published: July 2024

This volume presents the second edition of the Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching (COLT) Observation Scheme. Since the book’s original publication, COLT has become well established as a research instrument in L2 teaching and learning. This new edition brings COLT into the 21st century by introducing digital versions of the scheme and describing how advances in technology have made the collection, coding, analysis, and synthesis of classroom data faster and more efficient. Enhancements include the availability of web-based platforms for the coding, sharing and storage of data, the application of artificial intelligence in the coding of classroom observation data, numeric coding systems, and ongoing work in the use of automatic speech recognition for faster transcription. The volume has a similar organizational structure to the original COLT book with the addition of a new chapter on Digital COLT (Part A), a new section on Numeric COLT (Part B), and an expanded final chapter that includes updated summaries reporting on the use of COLT for a wide range of research purposes in diverse L2 contexts. As with the first edition, the material is presented in a user-friendly manner with examples, illustrations and hands-on activities throughout. It is intended for both novice and experienced researchers investigating teaching and learning in L2 classrooms and in teacher education/reflective practice research.
The companion web site with interviews and a video tour can be found at: https://benjamins.com/sites/lllt.60
“When bad things happen to people”
Authors: Levisen Carsten , Ye Zhengdao
Published: July 2024

The main challenge for studying the pragmatics of danger in a global context is how to separate
pseudo-universals from genuinely shared themes in discourses of danger. To identify common themes, it is important to approach
the discourses from a principled perspective that enables a genuine comparison of linguacultural logics that guide language
usage. In this chapter, we first elaborate on cultural pragmatics as the shared theoretical standpoint of all the studies in
the volume. We then introduce the common method­ological framework employed by all chapters for case analyses – the natural
semantic metalanguage (NSM) approach. We also discuss possibilities for modelling core scenarios that generate the discourses
of danger and explain how explications of cultural concepts and cultural logics can be formulated. Finally, an overview of
each case study in this collection is provided.
Society in danger
Authors: Levisen Carsten
Published: July 2024

The word samfundssind, roughly “community spirit” came to be a keyword of the moment in
the Danish discourses of the global coronavirus pandemic. In an era of acute dangers to humanity, entire linguacultures
underwent massive pragmatic and semantic change, and in this chapter, multiple facets of samfundssind will be
analysed, including its metapragmatic and rhetorical profile, its tonality and keying, its cultural construction grammar, and
the reactive societal and axiological semantics that came to be associated with the word. The paper exemplifies the cultural
pragmatics of danger from the perspective of a local keyword which after its coinage in political discourse came to move an
entire population into a culturally specific moral construal of the pandemic, and which at the same time afforded a pragmatic
framework for collective affect, action, and responsibility.
Alla yustur
Authors: Habib Sandy
Published: July 2024

This paper has aimed to explore the semantics and pragmatics of eight interjectional phrases used in Jish,
a small Arabic-speaking town in northern Israel. These interjectional phrases have two characteristics in common. First, each
of them includes the word alla ‘God’ or ṣalīb ‘cross,’ and second, they are employed when
the speaker senses some danger, hence my naming them “danger-thwarting divine interjectional phrases.” Using the Natural
Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach, a cultural script has been produced for each of the target interjectional phrases. The
cultural scripts describe the norms governing the use of these phrases, and they are written in terms that are simple and
(semi-)universal. Thus, they can be translatable into any language, offering cultural outsiders access into one part of the
Jish Arabic linguaculture.
Variation in University Student Writing
Authors: Goulart Larissa
Published: July 2024

This book provides a comprehensive description of the situational and linguistic characteristics of undergraduate student writing, considering both assignment type and discipline. Drawing on a corpus of more than 900 undergraduate student assignments from four disciplinary groups (Arts and Humanities, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences, and Life Sciences), the book combines corpus-based analyses of linguistic features with analyses of communicative purposes and text characteristics. Variation in University Writing takes a new approach to register variation by grouping assignments by their communicative purpose (to argue, to explain, to compare, to describe, to narrate a personal event, to give a procedural recount, to give personal advice, and to propose), rather than register categories. A multidimensional analysis provides a detailed description of the linguistic patterns of undergraduate writing. The findings presented in this book will be of interest to teachers of writing, instructors of English for Academic Purposes (EAP), and researchers of university writing.
Prediction model of coal seam gas content based on kernel principal component analysis and IDBO-DHKELM
Authors: Wang Wei , Cui Xinchao , Qi Yun , Xue Kailong , Wang Huangrui , Bai Chenhao , Qi Qingjie , Gong Bin
Published: July 2024

Accurate coal seam gas content assists in the effective prevention of coal and gas outburst accidents. To solve this problem, an IDBO-DHKELM coal seam gas content prediction model is proposed by combining improved Dung Beetle optimization algorithm (IDBO) with a deep hybrid kernel extreme learning machine (DHKELM). First, the index factors of the coupled gas content are determined according to the influence factors of coal seam gas content and the actual situation of mine production. The correlation of index factors is analyzed by SPSS 27 software via Pearson correlation coefficient matrix. Then, the principal components of the original data are extracted using the principal component analysis method (KPCA). Second, sine chaotic mapping, fusion improved sinusoidal algorithm, and fusion adaptive Gauss–Cauchy hybrid mutation perturbation are introduced to improve the Dung Beetle optimization algorithm (DBO) to enhance its global search capability. Third, IDBO is used to optimize the number of hidden layer nodes, regularization coefficient, penalty coefficient, and kernel parameter in DHKELM, which improves the prediction accuracy and further avoid the phenomenon of overfitting. Finally, the principal component extracted by KPCA is taken as the model’s input, and the gas content as the model’s output. The results are compared and analyzed with those of PSO-BPNN, GA-BPNN, PSO-SVM, and DPO-DHKELM models. The results demonstrate that the IDBO-DHKELM model’s performance is the best in each performance index. Compared with other models, the mean absolute error of test samples in the IDBO-DHKELM model is reduced by 0.402, 0.4407, 0.3554, and 0.0646, respectively. The mean absolute percentage error is decreased by 3.67%, 4.07%, 8.27%, and 6.35%, respectively. The root mean square error decreased by 0.7861, 0.7148, 0.3384, and 0.1186, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R
2) is increased by 0.1544, 0.1404, 0.0955, and 0.0396, respectively. Finally, the IDBO-DHKELM model and other models are applied to an experimental mine. The resulting IDBO-DHKELM model is the closest to the actual value, which further verifies the universality and reliability of the model. Therefore, the model is more suitable for the prediction of coal seam gas content.
Detecting elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure from simultaneously measured femoral pressure waveform and electrocardiogram
Authors: Pahlevan Niema M , Alavi Rashid , Liu Jing , Ramos Melissa , Hindoyan Antreas , Matthews Ray V
Published: July 2024

Objective. Instantaneous, non-invasive evaluation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) would have significant value in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. A new approach called cardiac triangle mapping (CTM) has been recently proposed, which can provide a non-invasive estimate of LVEDP. We hypothesized that a hybrid machine-learning (ML) method based on CTM can instantaneously identify an elevated LVEDP using simultaneously measured femoral pressure waveform and electrocardiogram (ECG). Approach. We studied 46 patients (Age: 39–90 (66.4 ± 9.9), BMI: 20.2–36.8 (27.6 ± 4.1), 12 females) scheduled for clinical left heart catheterizations or coronary angiograms at University of Southern California Keck Medical Center. Exclusion criteria included severe mitral/aortic valve disease; severe carotid stenosis; aortic abnormalities; ventricular paced rhythm; left bundle branch and anterior fascicular blocks; interventricular conduction delay; and atrial fibrillation. Invasive LVEDP and pressure waveforms at the iliac bifurcation were measured using transducer-tipped Millar catheters with simultaneous ECG. LVEDP range was 9.3–40.5 mmHg. LVEDP = 18 mmHg was used as cutoff. Random forest (RF) classifiers were trained using data from 36 patients and blindly tested on 10 patients. Main results. Our proposed ML classifier models accurately predict true LVEDP classes using appropriate physics-based features, where the most accurate demonstrates 100.0% (elevated) and 80.0% (normal) success in predicting true LVEDP classes on blind data. Significance. We demonstrated that physics-based ML models can instantaneously classify LVEDP using information from femoral waveforms and ECGs. Although an invasive validation, the required ML inputs can be potentially obtained non-invasively.
Energy efficient F atom generation and control in CF4 capacitively coupled plasmas driven by tailored voltage waveforms
Authors: Wang Xiao-Kun , Masheyeva Ranna , Liu Yong-Xin , Song Yuan-Hong , Hartmann Peter , Donkó Zoltán , Schulze Julian
Published: July 2024

Neutral radicals generated by electron impact dissociation of the background gas play important roles in etching and deposition processes in low pressure capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs). The rate and energy efficiency of producing a given radical depend on the space- and time-dependent electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in the plasma, as well as the electron energy dependent cross sections of the electron-neutral collisions that result in the generation of the radical. For the case of a CCP operated in CF4 gas, we computationally demonstrate that the energy efficiency of generating neutral radicals, such as F atoms can be improved by controlling the EEDF by using tailored voltage waveforms (TVW) instead of single-frequency driving voltage waveforms and that separate control of the radical density and the ion energy can be realized by adjusting the waveform shape at constant peak-to-peak voltage. Such discharges are often used for industrial etching processes, in which the F atom density plays a crucial role for the etch rate. Different voltage waveform shapes, i.e. sinusoidal waveforms at low (13.56 MHz) and high (67.8 MHz) frequencies, peaks- and sawtooth-up TVWs, are used to study their effects on the energy cost / energy efficiency of F atom generation by PIC/MCC simulations combined with a stationary diffusion model. The F atom density is enhanced by increasing the voltage amplitude in the single frequency cases, while the energy cost per F atom generation increases, i.e. the energy efficiency decreases, because more power is dissipated to the ions, as the sheath voltages and the ion energy increase simultaneously. In contrast, using TVWs can result in a lower energy cost and provide separate control of the F atom density and the ion energy. This is explained by the fact that tailoring the waveform shape in this way allows to enhance the high-energy tail of the EEDF during the sheath expansion phase by inducing a non-sinusoidal sheath motion, which results in acceleration of more electrons to high enough energies to generate F atoms via electron-neutral collisions compared to the single frequency cases. Similar effects of TVWs are expected for the generation of other neutral radicals depending on the electron energy threshold and the specific consequences of TVWs on the EEDF under the discharge conditions of interest.
Exploring low temperature-sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) as an anti-reflection layer for silicon solar cells
Authors: Mohd Ahir Zon Fazlila , Mohd Rais Ahmad Rujhan , Ahmad Ludin Norasikin , Sopian Kamaruzzaman , Sepeai Suhaila
Published: July 2024

This paper tackles challenges in silicon (Si) solar cells, specifically the use of hazardous Phosphorus Oxychloride (POCl3) for emitter formation and silane/ammonia for the Anti-Reflective Coating (ARC) layer, accompanied by high-temperature metallization. The study proposes an eco-friendly ARC layer process, replacing toxic materials. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) with a refractive index of ∼2.0 is suggested as a non-toxic substitute for SiN
x
in the ARC layer. ITO enables fine-tuning of optical parameters and, with its electrical properties, supports low-resistivity contacts through efficient, low-temperature metallization processes. ITO-passivated solar cells with Ag polymer paste as a front contact exhibit promising characteristics: a commendable photocurrent density (J
sc) of 20 mA cm−2 at 850 °C, low series resistance (R
s) of 1.9 Ω, and high shunt resistance (R
shunt) of 28.9 Ω, as demonstrated by illuminated I–V measurements. Implementing ITO as the ARC on a less toxic emitter junction enhances Si solar cells’ current density gain, minimizing current leakage during high-temperature processing. In conclusion, adopting less toxic materials and employing low-temperature processing in passive silicon solar cell fabrication presents an attractive alternative for cost reduction and contributes to environmentally sustainable practices in green manufacturing.
Disentangling different interfacial effects of reduced thin layer magnetizations
Authors: Ilse Sven Erik , Nacke René , Schütz Gisela , Goering Eberhard
Published: July 2024

Thin buried magnetic layers ranging from thicknesses of a few atomic monolayers to several nanometers are omnipresent in the fields of magnetism and spintronics. For the functionality and fine tuning of devices build with such layers, exact knowledge of the depth dependent magnetic properties is essential. Especially the interfacial magnetic properties are important. Hence, understanding how magnetism is affected by structural variations, such as thickness or interface roughness, is mandatory. In this study, we use x-ray resonant magnetic reflectometry and magnetometry to study the high-resolution depth dependent magnetization profiles of thin magnetic transition metal layers sandwiched between an oxide and chromium layer. Compared to bulk materials, the room temperature saturation magnetization of these layers is reduced by up to 67%. These reductions are extremely sensitive to small structural variations. From the magnetic depth profiles, we disentangle different effects contributing to the magnetization reduction and the exact magnetic properties of the interface.
Design and optimization of (FA)2BiCuI6-based double perovskite solar cells using kesterite CBTS as hole transport layer for high power conversion and quantum efficiency
Authors: Yadav Shivangi , Lohia Pooja , Sahu Anupam , Chaudhary Akhilesh Kumar
Published: July 2024

This work introduces the design of a novel architecture for double perovskite solar cells (DPSCs) utilizing (FA)2BiCuI6, known for its enhanced stability relative to single perovskite materials for production of efficient, ultra-thin solar cells. The proposed architecture features a unique device configuration of ITO/WO3/(FA)2BiCuI6/Cu2BaSnS4/W, incorporating a Kesterite type Cu-based quaternary chalcogenide material, Cu2BaSnS4 known as CBTS, is used as hole transport layer (HTL) with a bandgap of 1.9 eV, WO3 as the electron transport layer (ETL) with a 2.6 eV bandgap, and (FA)2BiCuI6 as the absorber layer with a 1.55 eV bandgap. The study provides an in-depth theoretical analysis of the energy band structure, defects, and quantum efficiency of the DPSC, highlighting the device’s post-optimization photovoltaic parameters. Remarkably, the optimized DPSC demonstrated superior performance with a PCE of 24.63%, Voc of 1.16 V, Jsc of 25.67 mA cm−2, and FF of 82.87%. The research also explores the effects of various factors on photovoltaic performance, including temperature, interface defect, and generation and recombination rates, as well as work function of back contact materials. The results underscore the exceptional potential of (FA)2BiCuI6, especially when combined with the HTL CBTS, in significantly reducing sheet resistance and enhancing the overall performance of solar cells. The design is validated using the SCAPS-1D simulation software tool.
Single crystalline Holmium doped InSe for optical limiting operation in Near-IR region
Authors: Yildiz Elif Akhuseyin
Published: July 2024

Single crystals possessing nonlinear absorption (NA) character are favorable optical limiter in near infrared region (NIR). The NA features of pure and 0.005%, 0.05%, 0.1% Holmium (Ho) doped single crystals of InSe were analyzed at 1200 nm wavelength within 120 fs and 1 kHz repetition rate. The open-aperture Z-scan technique was employed to determine the NA performance and optical limiting-(OL) threshold. In an attempt to determine the NA coefficients, two types of theoretical models were used. The first model takes into account only the two photon absorption-(TPA), while the second model considers one photon absorption, TPA and free carrier absorption. Based on the experimental results, the main NA mechanism of the studied single crystals is determined as sequential TPA. TPA coefficient value of the pure InSe single crystal increased from 1.41 × 10−10 to 10.7 × 10−10 cm W−1 with increasing Ho doping concentration at 398.1 GW cm−2 input intensity. The NA coefficients increased from 0.84 × 10−9 to 1.62 × 10−9 cm W−1 at the same input intensity. On the other hand, the OL threshold values were found to be 0.027, 0.025, 0.022 and 0.020 J cm−2 at 1200 nm wavelength for pure InSe and the increasing Ho concentration, respectively. The robust NA characteristics and the low OL threshold establish the Ho-doped InSe single crystal as a favorable candidate for OL applications in the NIR spectral region.