bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Drilling of CFRP-Aluminum Stacks Under Different Cooling Modes
Authors: Meshreki M. , Damir A. , Sadek A. , Attia M. H.
Published: February 2017

Drilling of stacks poses great challenges due the heterogeneity and abrasiveness of the composites, the chip evacuation through the stack, in addition to the difference in properties between the metallic and the composite materials. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of drilling conditions such as tool material and geometry and lubrication mode on the hole quality as well as the tool wear in drilling of composite stacks (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics CFRP-Aluminum). The thickness of each material was 19 mm. A 2-flute uncoated drill was used. Four different cooling modes were applied namely dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) with low pressure (<1.5 bar) and high flow rate (400 ml/hr), MQL with high pressure (4.25 bars) and low flow rate (10 ml/hr), and finally flood cooling. The process control parameters, namely the forces and temperatures were measured using a special fixture design using a Kistler dynamometer and a reflective system with an infrared camera. The quality of the holes was compared in terms of delamination, surface roughness, circularity, concentricity, and diameter errors. The resultant cutting forces were found to be much lower than the thrust forces. The mean forces in the Aluminum were more than double those in the CFRP. Negligible tool wear was observed (less than 60 μm). No indication of thermal damage was found on the circumference of the holes in all the tested conditions. Due to the fact that the CFRP was supported by the Aluminum stack, the exit of the holes was mostly free from delamination. The dry and flood conditions produced holes free from entry delamination, while the holes drilled with MQL had delamination within 24% of the hole diameter. Both MQL cooling modes resulted in comparable temperatures, forces and hole quality.
Effects of Process Parameters on Direct Deposition Hydrogel Molding for the Fabrication Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Yan Karen Chang , Sperduto John , Civitello Christopher , McCarthy Alison , Moy Aren
Published: February 2017

Advantages of microfluidic devices include miniaturization, easy of integration, small reagent consumption etc., and have led to the wide applications in biomedical field. Fabrication of microfluidic devices is commonly done through microfabrication methods; microfabication-free/using rapid prototyping methods have also been developed in recent years to enable applications of microfluidic devices to a broader range. Our recent study has demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating electrospun fiber embedded microfluidic devices by integrating hydrogel molding and electrospinning (ES) through a multi-layer construction process. This paper focuses on examining how process parameters affect microchannel formation in microfluidic devices fabricated using direct-deposition hydrogel molding (dHGM). PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) was chosen as the base-material of the device, and Agarose hydrogel was used to generate the mold channels. A direct writing system was used to deposit the hydrogel mold. We examined three parameters affecting the dHGM based microchannel formation: hydrogel composition, curing conditions, and deposition method. Effects of these parameters were characterized in terms of ease-of-handling, consistent channel formation, and control of channel diameter.
Contribution of Different Strengthening Effects in Particulate-Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Prepared by Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Yachao , Shi Jing , Deng Xiaoyang , Lu Shiqiang
Published: February 2017

Laser assisted additive manufacturing (LAAM) is regarded as a complementary manufacturing method to traditional manufacturing technologies. Meantime, improving the mechanical performance of components fabricated by LAAM is an important research focus in recent years and it has drawn significant attention from both industrial and research aspects. In the present study, in order to obtain high-performance metal components by LAAM, nano-TiC particles are used to reinforce Inconel 718 and the mixed raw powder is processed by selective laser melting (SLM) technique. To investigate the effect of TiC amount on the property and performance of the composite, samples with four levels of nano-TiC addition (0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 wt.%) are prepared, all other manufacturing parameters are set fixed. Furthermore, standard solid solution treatment at 980 °C for 1 hour is carried out to investigate its effect on the final properties. SEM observations are performed to analyze the microstructure of the composites. In addition, to understand the reinforcing mechanism of nano particles in LAAM-produced metal composites at both as-built and heat treated state, we consider four main strengthening mechanisms, (a) load-bearing effect, (b) enhanced dislocation density due to the residual plastic strain caused by the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the matrix and reinforcing particles, (c) Orowan strengthening effect, and (d) Hall-Petch strengthening. The effect of TiC nano particle amount on each of the four strengthening mechanisms is investigated separately and the results show that within the investigated range, the increase of reinforcement content leads to higher tensile strength. With 1.6 wt.% reinforcement, the ultimate tensile strength increases by 15%. At as-built condition, the composites have the maximum yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), while for solution treated samples, the tensile strengths are overall lower due to microstructure coarsening. Through quantitative investigation, it is found that both as-built and solution treated conditions, the load-effect strengthening effect is very small as compared with other contributors. Thermal mismatch strengthening effect is most significant at any volume fraction under as-built condition, mainly due to high SLM temperature. However, for solution-treated condition, CTE mismatch strengthening is weakened because solution treatment significantly equilibrates the thermal strain in the composite, and diminishes most strain-induced dislocations. However, Hall-Petch strengthening becomes dominating as large amount of nanoparticles effectively inhibit the grain coarsening during solution treatment.
Semantic Annotation of Aquaculture Production Data
Authors: Amaral Pedro , Oliveira Pedro , Moutinho Márcio , Matado Daniel , Costa Ruben , Sarraipa João
Published: February 2017

Aquaculture is probably the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world producing nearly 50 percent of the fish that is used for food, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). With the growing of the Aquaculture sector, problems of global knowledge access, seamless data exchanges and lack of data reuse between aquaculture companies and its related stakeholders become more evident.

From an IT perspective, aquaculture is characterized by high volumes of heterogeneous data, and lack of interoperability intra and inter-organizations. Each organization uses different data representations, using its native languages and legacy classification systems to manage and organize information, leading to a problem of integrating information from different sources due to lack of semantic interoperability that exists among knowledge organization tools used in different information systems.

The lack of semantic interoperability that exists can be minimized, if innovative semantic techniques for representing, indexing and searching sources of non-structured information are applied. To address these issues, authors are developing a platform specifically designed for the aquaculture sector, which will allow even small companies to explore their data and extract knowledge, to improve in terms of use of feed, environmental impact, growth of the fish, cost, etc.
Finite Element Analysis of Origami-Based Sheet Metal Folding Process
Authors: Ali Ablat Muhammad , Qattawi Ala
Published: February 2017

There are challenges in the conventional sheet metal folding for mass production; those are summarized by high tooling and energy costs and lack of dimensional accuracy. High cost per product is due to the need of specific manufacturing tools and equipment like dies and molds that are shape dedicated to certain product range and specifications. Lack of high accuracy is resulted from involved forming process, machine structure and springback effects in workpiece.

Origami-based Sheet Metal (OSM) folding fabrication process has been utilized to overcome these challenges. This novel approach is an extension of the origami technique to sheet metal folding process and it requires creating numerous features along the bend line, called Material Discontinuities (MD). MD are fabricated by removal of material completely or partially through thickness direction of sheet metal along the bend line using laser cutting process or progressive stamping. MD can also be created by stamping where no material removal is present, rather stamping creates deformed pattern along the bend line to guide the folding. MD controls the material deformation during bending and results in reduced bending force, minimal tooling and machinery requirements. Despite the promising potential of OSM, there is little understating of the effect of the selected MD shape and geometry on the final workpiece, specifically this is of interest when comparing the energy and cost allocations for OSM with a well-establish process for sheet metal such as stamping.

In this work, the effect of several types of MD on sheet metal folding process is investigated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In particular, wiping die bending of aluminum sheet with different MD shapes and geometries along the bend line is compared to the traditional sheet bending of final part in terms of stress distribution along the bending line and required bending force. FE simulations are carried out using structural and thermo-mechanical FE solver Code_Aster. Aluminum 2036-T4 is chosen as sheet metal material. Constitutive model in the simulation is J2 flow theory plasticity with isotropic hardening. The FEA results are validated by comparing it to the available empirical models in terms of bending forces.

This study finds that the OSM technique reduced the required bending force significantly, which has important significance in energy and cost reduction. It also ranked the MD in terms of the required force to bend the same sheet metal type and thickness for further future investigation. However, the MD leads to localized high stress regions along the bending line, which may affect load-bearing capability of the final part. In addition, it may lead to cracks or fractures of sheet metal part in the high stress region, especially if MD are densely arranged along the bend line.
Novel Measurement of Intradiscal Pressure in Underbody Blast Simulation
Authors: Bradfield Connor A. , Demetropoulos Constantine K. , Pyles Connor O. , Bar-Kochba Eyal , Iwaskiw Alexander S. , Gienger Edwin B. , Merkle Andrew C. , Armiger Robert S.
Published: February 2017

Underbody Blast (UBB) events subject vehicle occupants to large accelerations that often result in severe lumbar spine injury. Little knowledge exists on the intervertebral disc response during high-rate vertical accelerative loading. To address this gap, the current study investigates intradiscal pressures under UBB loading utilizing biomechanical testing from: 1) isolated Post Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) lumbar spine motion segments (LMS) in a custom-designed drop tower fixture; and 2) whole body (WHBO) PMHS in a custom-designed Vertically Accelerated Load Transfer System. During testing, intradiscal pressures were comparable between the LMS and WHBO tests, with non-fracture cases producing higher average peak pressures than fractured tests. Additionally, WHBO testing demonstrated that upper body posture can influence lumbar pressure responses. The current study evaluates lumbar intradiscal pressure transduction as it relates to vertebral fracture in both component and whole body experiments.
Promoting Suitable Hemodynamic Conditions for Thrombus Formation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms With Multilayer Stents
Authors: Stockle Juan S. , Romero David A. , Amon Cristina H.
Published: February 2017

Multilayer stents or flow modulators are novel devices used for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in patients with unsuitable or complex endovascular geometries. The use of this device is still controversial due to insufficient patient follow-up data and the lack of CFD studies addressing the problem. In this work, we present a methodology to design the flow resistance characteristics needed from multilayer stents to induce suitable hemodynamic conditions inside the aneurysm sac. A hypothetical AAA geometry with and without the device is employed to study the impact on hemodynamic factors of interest such as: the shear stress and pressure distribution on the aneurysm wall, their maximum and average values, and the flow fields inside the aneurysm sac. To model the stent, the porosity and the flow resistance values are used to scale the mass and the Naviers’Stokes equations, including the contribution of the flow resistance on the momentum source term. Through a sensitivity study, the magnitude of the porosity is systematically varied to find the resistance profile that promotes suitable hemodynamic conditions inside the AAA, consistent with the goal of promoting intraluminal thrombus formation. Our results have important implications for designing the layer structures of the multilayer stent to reduce the risks of aneurysm rupture.
On the Significance and Predicted Functional Effects of the Crown-to-Implant Ratio: A Finite Element Study of Long-Term Implant Stability Using High-Resolution, Nonlinear Numerical Analysis
Authors: Sego T. J. , Hsu Yung-Ting , Chu Tien-Min Gabriel , Tovar Andres
Published: February 2017

With the rising popularity of short dental implants, the effects of the crown-to-implant (C/I) ratio on stress and strain distributions remain controversial. Previous research disagrees on results of interest and level of necessary technical detail. The present study aimed to evaluate the strain distribution and its functional implications in a single implant-supported crown with various C/I ratios placed in the maxillary molar region. A high-fidelity, nonlinear finite-element model was generated to simulate multiple clinical scenarios by laterally loading a set of single implants with various implant lengths (IL) and crown heights (CH). Strain distribution and maximum equivalent strain (MES) were analyzed to evaluate the effects and significance of the CH, IL and C/I. Predicted functional response to strain at the implant interface was analyzed by interface surface area. Results. Results were evaluated according to the mechanostat hypothesis to predict functional response. Overloading and effects of strain concentrations were more prevalent with increasing C/I. Overloading was predicted for all configurations to varying degrees, and increased with decreasing IL. Fracture in trabecular bone was predicted for at least one C/I and all IL of 10 mm or less. Higher C/I ratios and lower IL increase the risk of overloading and fracture. Increasing C/I augments the functional effects of other implant design factors. Greater C/I ratios may be achieved with implant designs that induce less significant strain concentrations.
Life Prediction and Stiffness Degradation Modeling of Glass/Epoxy Composites Subjected to Flexural Fatigue Loading
Authors: Suryawanshi Vinod B. , Kimbro Evan T. , Kelkar Ajit D.
Published: February 2017

Textile composite are extensively used as structural materials for automotive, aerospace, energy, transportation and construction applications. During their service life these structures are subjected to different types of static and cyclic loading. For structural health monitoring of these structures, it is important to know the fatigue life and damage occurred at any stage of the life of the structure. Fatigue life is generally estimated using suitable life prediction model, while fatigue damage can be predicted by monitoring measurable damage parameters such as stiffness and strength. Two mathematical models namely fatigue life prediction model and stiffness degradation model are proposed for plain weave glass/epoxy composite subjected to flexural fatigue loading. Three different functions namely linear, exponential and sigmoid are evaluated to represent S-N diagram for plain weave glass/epoxy composite. Using predicted fatigue life along with initial modulus as inputs, the stiffness degradation model can predict residual stiffness at any stage of the fatigue loading life cycle. Logarithmic function used to represent stiffness degradation in the model is derived by inverting Boltzmann sigmoid function. The results of both, fatigue life model and stiffness degradation model were found to be in good agreement with those of the experimental results.
Minimizing Voids With Using an Optimal Raster Orientation and Bead Width for a Material Extrusion Based Process
Authors: Eiliat Hasti , Urbanic Jill
Published: February 2017

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the process of joining materials ‘layer by layer’ to make products from Computer Aided Design (CAD) model data. AM processes support faster product realization for a wide selection in industries. The Material Extrusion (ME) process is an AM process that builds a product from thin layers of extruded filaments from a semi-melted material such as a thermoplastic. In commercial systems, the software automatically generates the tool paths for both the model and any necessary supports, based on the curve geometry and the specified build parameters. The interior fill rotates 90° between each layer. Automatically generating the tool path can be the biggest weakness for this process planning strategy. Voids and discontinuities have been observed after evaluating test specimens developed to explore mechanical characteristics. Choosing an optimal raster orientation and bead width will help minimize voids and discontinuities in each layer. A mathematical model is introduced in this paper to find optimal raster orientation and bead widths based on the geometry of the slice for selected 2D extruded parts. As well, preliminary quality assessment metrics are introduced. Void analysis is performed to evaluate solution approaches, and the results compared. The future work will investigate utilizing multiple bead widths for a layer to minimize voids, and developing more comprehensive quality metrics to highlight problematic regions.
A Study of Temperature Distribution and its Effect on Grinding Wheel Surface During Wheel Loading
Authors: Ragavanantham S. , Sampathkumar S. , Santhosh Kumar S.
Published: February 2017

The cutting ability of abrasive grains is considerably changed by wheel loading and leads to excessive rubbing at the wheel-work interface. Therefore, the wheel life, the overall performance of the grinding operation and the surface finish of the work piece are directly having an effect by the amount of loading over the wheel periphery. Wheel loading can, thus, be considered as an important factor for evaluating the grinding process. Though, few monitoring systems based on ultra sound and acoustic emissions are on the research anvil, they demand high investment. Monitoring of grinding wheel loading, using IR (Infra Red) which is affordable and cost effective for small scale industries is the scope of the present work. This work involves study on the temperature on cutting surface of grinding wheel during machining process. This information helps to understand the influence of temperature on wheel loading. In this respect, the experiments were carried out with Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) grinding wheels over High carbon High chromium steel (HCHCr) and Mild steel specimens. The grinding wheels and specimens were chosen for pilot study, as they are widely used in Indian small scale Industries. The experiments were carried out with (WC) and without (WOC) general purpose soluble oil coolant. Temperature measurements were recorded at two locations on the grinding wheel to understand the distribution. The results show that the temperature rise during grinding was insignificant to cause any influence on the wheel loading.
Role of Skull Fracture on Load Transfer to Brain
Authors: Zhang Timothy G. , Thompson Kimberly A. , Satapathy Sikhanda S.
Published: February 2017

This study focuses on the effect of skull fracture on the load transfer to brain for low velocity frontal impact of head against a rigid wall. The skull was modeled as a cortical-trabecular-cortical layered structure in order to better capture the skull deformation and consequent failure. The skull components were modeled with an elastoplastic with failure material model. Different methods were explored to model the material response after failure, such as eroding element technique, conversion to fluid, and conversion to SPH particles. The transmitted pressure in the brain was observed to increase with skull fracture.
Gesture Based Training of Robots for Manufacturing Tasks
Authors: Chembrammel Pramod , Kesavadas Thenkurussi
Published: February 2017

We report our work-in-progress on a new method to train an industrial robot that can learn from the demonstrations of manufacturing tasks by a skilled worker (trainer). A parametrized learning engine is trained based on identifiable features of the trainer’s body and objects. To achieve this, we collected a large number of depth data. Different objects in the scene are clustered using Gaussian mixture model and are manually labelled. Features are engineered to train random decision forest. Feature engineering is required since the number of dimensions (number of depth points) of samples vary because of variations in depth capture. Depth samples are transformed to a lower dimension space of 96 dimensions defined by means and covariance of data distribution. This method has a classification accuracy of 80.72%. Using these features, the robot can identify parts in real-time, tag as well as track them as the trainer moves them during the demonstration. Our ongoing work is on semantic classification of the tracked data into high level actions which will be combined using a set of rules called action-grammar.
Wolfskehls ironisches Verhältnis zur Mode
Authors: Delbrück Hansgerd
Published: February 2017

Wolfskehk, Mode
Karl Wolfskehl's Response to English-Language Literature
Authors: Wattie Nelson
Published: February 2017

Wolfskehl
Karl Wolfskehls Gedichtzyklus Mittelmeer oder die fünf Fenster. Ein Zahlenspiel um Stefan George?
Authors: Vieregg Axel
Published: February 2017

Wolfskehl
"Gespenster scheuchen kurz vor Tag". Zu Karl Wolfskehls letztem Gedichtzyklus Das Satyrspiel
Authors: Voit Friedrich
Published: February 2017

Wolfskehl
Quitt: Lehnert Menz' Tod und Auferstehung
Authors: -- --
Published: February 2017

Fontane Quitt
Meine Kinderjahre: Dichtung und Wahrheit
Authors: -- --
Published: February 2017

Fontane Meine Kinderjahre
Die andere Seite Kakaniens. Österreichische Phantastik nach 1900
Authors: Ruthner Clemens
Published: February 2017

Phantastik, Österreich
Zur Bedeutung von H. Manns Untertan und F. Saltens Lueger-Essay für das Wechselverhältnis der deutschen und österreichischen Literatur
Authors: Delbrück Hansgerd
Published: February 2017

H. Mann, Untertan, F. Salten
Is an Apple Magnetic: Magnetic Response of Everyday Materials Supporting Views About the Nature of Science
Authors: Laumann Daniel
Published: February 2017

Magnetism and its various applications are essential for our daily life and for many technological developments. The term magnetism is almost always used as a synonym for ferromagnetism. However, the magnetic properties of the elements of the periodic table indicate that the vast majority of elements are not ferromagnetic, but rather, diamagnetic or paramagnetic. Typically, only ferromagnetism is discussed in classrooms, which can create a distorted picture. This article supplies the further development of an experiment demonstrating the dia- and paramagnetic properties with an electronic balance and a neodymium magnet. It focuses on an investigation of ordinary materials that occur in pupils’ everyday environment. The experiment is applicable both for a quantitative measurement of the magnetic (volume) susceptibility χV and can serve as a phenomenological approach to dia- and paramagnetism. Moreover, it encourages a discussion about typical beliefs regarding the nature of science, comparing the behavior of common objects in weak and in strong magnetic fields.
By Hook or by MOOC: Lessons Learned and the Road Ahead
Authors: Korsunsky Boris , Li Clara
Published: February 2017

As online education has exploded in the past decade, the number of physics and physics-related massive open online courses (or MOOCs, to use the industry lingo) has grown substantially as well. Several such courses aim at high school students, especially those involved in the AP Physics program. One of us (BK) was involved in creating two such courses, both of which use the edX platform: MechCx, a full AP Physics course, as part of the group led by David Pritchard at MIT and a smaller-scale MechC101x, where BK was the sole author and developer. CL, a senior at Weston High School in 2016-17, took MechC101x during its first run in the summer of 2015 before taking BK’s AP Physics C class in 2015-16. The purpose of this article is to present the data obtained from the maiden run of MechC101x, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of MOOCs compared to face-to-face courses, and to lay out some principles for the effective use of MOOCs in physics education.
3, 2, 1 … Discovering Newton’s Laws
Authors: Lutz Joe , Sylvester Kevin , Oliver Keith , Herrington Deborah
Published: February 2017

“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.” “Except when a bug hits your car window, the car must exert more force on the bug because Newton’s laws only apply in the physics classroom, right?” Students in our classrooms were able to pick out definitions as well as examples of Newton’s three laws; they could recite the laws and even solve for force, mass, and acceleration. However, when given “real world” questions, they would quickly revert to naive explanations. This frustration led to an examination of our approach to teaching Newton’s laws. Like many, we taught Newton’s laws in their numerical order—first, second, and then third. Students read about the laws, copied definitions, and became proficient with vocabulary before they applied the laws in a lab setting. This paper discusses how we transformed our teaching of Newton’s laws by flipping the order (3, 2, 1) and putting the activity before concept, as well as how these changes affected student outcomes.
Depth perception
Authors: Sirola Christopher
Published: February 2017

In most disciplines, finding the distance from one object to the next is, at least in theory, a simple operation. Not so in astronomy. While the size of Earth itself was determined with a fair degree of accuracy in ancient times, the scale of the solar system wasn’t fully understood until just a few centuries ago, and the distances to even the closest of stars wasn’t reliably determined until Friedrich Bessel measured the distance to 61 Cygni in 1838.
Sources of Stress Experienced by Elite Male Wheelchair Basketball Players
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth , Jones Graham
Published: February 2017

The purpose of the study was to examine the sources of stress in an international squad of elite male wheelchair basketball players (n = 10) via structured interviews. Inductive content-analysis was used to derive stress categories from the athletes’ perspective. Ten distinct general stress source dimensions emerged: preevent concerns, negative match preparation, on-court concerns, postmatch performance concerns, negative aspects major event, poor group interaction and communication, negative coaching style/behavior, relationship issues, demands or costs of wheelchair basketball, and lack of disability awareness. The findings suggest that elite wheelchair basketball players experience sources of stress relating to the whole competition process, organizational aspects of competing at a major event, communicating or relating to important others, and two dimensions that are noncompetition specific (demands or costs of wheelchair basketball and lack of disability awareness).
Aquatic Instructors’ Beliefs Toward Inclusion: The Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Conatser Phillip , Block Martin , Gansneder Bruce
Published: February 2017

The purpose was to (a) examine aquatic instructors’ beliefs (female, n = 82; male, n = 29) about teaching swimming to individuals with disabilities in inclusive settings and (b) test the theory of planned behavior model (Ajzen, 1985, 1988, 2001). Aquatic instructors from 25 states representing 122 cities across the U.S. participated in this study. The instrument, named Aquatic Instructors’ Beliefs Toward Inclusion (AIBTI), was an extended version of the Physical Educators’ Attitudes Toward Teaching Individuals with Disabilities— Swim (Conatser, Block, & Lepore, 2000). A correlated t test showed aquatic instructors’ beliefs (attitudes toward the behavior, normative beliefs, perceived behavioral control, intention, behavior) were significantly more favorable toward teaching aquatics to individuals with mild disabilities than individuals with severe disabilities. Stepwise multiple regression showed perceived behavioral control and attitude significantly predicted intention, and intention predicted instructors’ inclusive behavior for both disability groups. Further, results indicated the theory of planned behavior predicts aquatic instructors’ behavior better than the theory of reasoned action.
Perspectives of Children with Physical Disabilities on Inclusion and Empowerment: Supporting and Limiting Factors
Authors: Hutzler Yeshayahu , Fliess Osnat , Chacham Anat , Van den Auweele Yves
Published: February 2017

The purpose was to explore the personal experiences of children with physical disabilities in physical education (PE) and to identify supporting and limiting mechanisms to their inclusion and empowerment. A computerized analysis of individual profiles was performed based on in-depth interviews with 8 females and 2 males, ages 9 to 15, who were included in regular PE classes. Two individual profiles served as examples for situations faced during inclusive settings and typical reaction patterns. A comparative qualitative analysis of interview themes generated five main categories of themes: assistive devices, physical activity, peers, important adults, and self. Experiences during physical activity were identified as supporting or limiting empowerment within each category, based on selected criteria. An almost equal distribution of supporting and limiting factors was observed.
Expectancies, Values, and Perceptions of Physical Competence of Children with and Without Learning Disabilities
Authors: Shapiro Deborah R. , Ulrich Dale A.
Published: February 2017

This study examined the relationship between components of Eccles’ (Eccles et al., 1983) expectancy-value model and perceptions of physical competence of children with and without learning disabilities (LD) across three physical activity contexts (physical education class, outdoor school recess, and at home). Participants, 60 children with and without LD between 10 and 13 years, completed the Modified Pictorial Scale of Perceived Physical Competence (Ulrich & Collier, 1990) and an expectancy-value questionnaire measuring perceived importance, usefulness, enjoyment, and gender orientation of selected motor skills. Gender differences in perceptions of physical competence were found in recess and home settings. No significant group differences were observed in perceptions of physical competence. Expectancy-value subscales contributed differently to understanding competence judgments of boys and girls across context. Results are discussed with implications for improving self-concept and expectancy-value among girls toward sport and physical activity.
Expectations, Task Persistence, and Attributions in Children with Mental Retardation During Integrated Physical Education
Authors: Kozub Francis M.
Published: February 2017

The purpose was to study expectations, persistence, and posttask attributions in 33 children (ages 9 to 15 years) with mental retardation (MR) and 40 children (ages 10 to 13 years) without disabilities during integrated physical education classes. Each of the participants (34 male and 39 females) viewed a video of another child successfully completing a game, responded to a question about expectations, and engaged in this same game alongside a peer. Results indicated that expectations did not differ between children with and without MR, χ2(1) = .35, p > .05. Following each child’s request to stop playing, a video of individual performance was displayed and an interview was conducted to determine posttask attributions. Learners with MR were less persistent than peers without disabilities, F(1, 68) = 4.60, p < .5, η2 = .06. Although less persistent, children with MR did not differ on posttask attributions from peers without disabilities, χ2(2) = 3.64, p > .05; χ2(2) = 1.74, p > .05.
Physical Educators’ Judgments About Inclusion: A New Instrument for Preservice Teachers
Authors: Hodge Samuel R. , Murata Nathan M. , Kozub Francis M.
Published: February 2017

The purpose was to develop an instrument for use in physical education teacher education (PETE) programs that would yield valid evidence of the judgments of PETE preservice teachers toward the inclusion of students with disabilities into general physical education classes. Both the conceptualization that judgments represent the cognitive expressions of attitudes (Ajzen, 2001; Sherif & Hovland, 1961) and focus group discussions were used to create the Physical Educators’ Judgments About Inclusion (PEJI) instrument. Following content validation procedures, we administered PEJI to 272 PETE preservice teachers. Subsequent principal component analysis to generate construct validity evidence indicated 15 items should be retained; they collectively explained 53% of the variance using a three-component model. Dimensions of the PEJI pertained to judgments about inclusion, acceptance, and perceived training needs. Alpha coefficients for the three subscales ranged from .64 to .88.
A high-throughput, image-based screen to identify kinases involved in brown adipocyte development
Authors: Perdikari Aliki , Kulenkampff Elisabeth , Rudigier Carla , Neubauer Heike , Luippold Gerd , Redemann Norbert , Wolfrum Christian
Published: February 2017

Multiple kinases are potential targets to enhance the development and function of brown fat.
Acetylation-dependent regulation of MDM2 E3 ligase activity dictates its oncogenic function
Authors: Nihira Naoe T. , Ogura Kohei , Shimizu Kouhei , North Brian J. , Zhang Jinfang , Gao Daming , Inuzuka Hiroyuki , Wei Wenyi
Published: February 2017

Acetylation of MDM2 promotes its oncogenic function by blocking its self-ubiquitination while enhancing its ubiquitination of the tumor suppressor p53.
Papers of note in
Science Translational Medicine
9
(376)
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: February 2017

This week’s articles describe a free radical scavenger for treating hypertension; an engineered bacterium as a cancer immunotherapy; commensal bacteria that protect newborn mice from pneumonia; and a form of gastrointestinal
E. coli
that triggers proinflammatory systemic inflammation, arthritis, and colitis.
Interaction of Rifampin and Darunavir-Ritonavir or Darunavir-Cobicistat
In Vitro
Authors: Roberts Owain , Khoo Saye , Owen Andrew , Siccardi Marco
Published: February 2017

Treatment of HIV-infected patients coinfected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is challenging due to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between antiretrovirals (ARVs) and antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of cobicistat (COBI) or ritonavir (RTV) in modulating DDIs between darunavir (DRV) and rifampin (RIF) in a human hepatocyte-based
in vitro
model. Human primary hepatocyte cultures were incubated with RIF alone or in combination with either COBI or RTV for 3 days, followed by coincubation with DRV for 1 h. The resultant DRV concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, and the apparent intrinsic clearance (CL
int.app.
) of DRV was calculated. Both RTV and COBI lowered the RIF-induced increases in CL
int.app.
in a concentration-dependent manner. Linear regression analysis showed that log
10
RTV and log
10
COBI concentrations were associated with the percent inhibition of RIF-induced elevations in DRV CL
int.app.
, where β was equal to −234 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −275 to −193;
P
< 0.0001) and −73 (95% CI = −89 to −57;
P
< 0.0001), respectively. RTV was more effective in lowering 10 μM RIF-induced elevations in DRV CL
int.app.
(half-maximal [50%] inhibitory concentration [IC
50
] = 0.025 μM) than COBI (IC
50
= 0.223 μM). Incubation of either RTV or COBI in combination with RIF was sufficient to overcome RIF-induced elevations in DRV CL
int.app.
, with RTV being more potent than COBI. These data provide the first
in vitro
experimental insight into DDIs between RIF and COBI-boosted or RTV-boosted DRV and will be useful to inform physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to aid in optimizing dosing regimens for the treatment of patients coinfected with HIV and
M. tuberculosis
.
Piperaquine Population Pharmacokinetics and Cardiac Safety in Cambodia
Authors: Vanachayangkul Pattaraporn , Lon Chanthap , Spring Michele , Sok Sommethy , Ta-aksorn Winita , Kodchakorn Chanikarn , Pann Sut-Thang , Chann Soklyda , Ittiverakul Mali , Sriwichai Sabaithip , Buathong Nillawan , Kuntawunginn Worachet , So Mary , Youdaline Theng , Milner Erin , Wojnarski Mariusz , Lanteri Charlotte , Manning Jessica , Prom Satharath , Haigney Mark , Cantilena Louis , Saunders David
Published: February 2017

Despite the rising rates of resistance to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), DP remains a first-line therapy for uncomplicated malaria in many parts of Cambodia. While DP is generally well tolerated as a 3-day DP (3DP) regimen, compressed 2-day DP (2DP) regimens were associated with treatment-limiting cardiac repolarization effects in a recent clinical trial. To better estimate the risks of piperaquine on QT interval prolongation, we pooled data from three randomized clinical trials conducted between 2010 and 2014 in northern Cambodia. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to compare exposure-response relationships between the 2DP and 3DP regimens while accounting for differences in regimen and sample collection times between studies. A 2-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination without covariates best fit the data. The linear slope-intercept model predicted a 0.05-ms QT prolongation per ng/ml of piperaquine (5 ms per 100 ng/ml) in this largely male population. Though the plasma half-life was similar in both regimens, peak and total piperaquine exposures were higher in those treated with the 2DP regimen. Furthermore, the correlation between the plasma piperaquine concentration and the QT interval prolongation was stronger in the population receiving the 2DP regimen. Neither the time since the previous meal nor the baseline serum magnesium or potassium levels had additive effects on QT interval prolongation. As electrocardiographic monitoring is often nonexistent in areas where malaria is endemic, 2DP regimens should be avoided and the 3DP regimen should be carefully considered in settings where viable alternative therapies exist. When DP is employed, the risk of cardiotoxicity can be mitigated by combining a 3-day regimen, enforcing a 3-h fast before and after administration, and avoiding the concomitant use of QT interval-prolonging medications. (This study used data from three clinical trials that are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifiers NCT01280162, NCT01624337, and NCT01849640.)
In Vitro
,
Ex Vivo
, and
In Vivo
Activities of Diamidines against Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax
Authors: Gillingwater Kirsten , Kunz Christina , Braghiroli Christiane , Boykin David W. , Tidwell Richard R. , Brun Reto
Published: February 2017

African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is caused by the tsetse fly-transmitted protozoans
Trypanosoma congolense
and
T. vivax
and leads to huge agricultural losses throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Three drugs are available to treat nagana in cattle (diminazene diaceturate, homidium chloride, and isometamidium chloride). With increasing reports of drug-resistant populations, new molecules should be investigated as potential candidates to combat nagana. Dicationic compounds have been demonstrated to have excellent efficacy against different kinetoplastid parasites. This study therefore evaluated the activities of 37 diamidines, using
in vitro
and
ex vivo
drug sensitivity assays. The 50% inhibitory concentrations obtained ranged from 0.007 to 0.562 μg/ml for
T. congolense
and from 0.019 to 0.607 μg/ml for
T. vivax
. On the basis of these promising results, 33 of these diamidines were further examined using
in vivo
mouse models of infection. Minimal curative doses of 1.25 mg/kg of body weight for both
T. congolense
- and
T. vivax
-infected mice were seen when the diamidines were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) over 4 consecutive days. From these observations, 15 of these 33 diamidines were then further tested
in vivo
, using a single bolus dose for administration. The total cure of mice infected with
T. congolense
and
T. vivax
was seen with single i.p. doses of 5 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. This study identified a selection of diamidines which could be considered lead compounds for the treatment of nagana.
The PA Endonuclease Inhibitor RO-7 Protects Mice from Lethal Challenge with Influenza A or B Viruses
Authors: Jones Jeremy C. , Marathe Bindumadhav M. , Vogel Peter , Gasser Rodolfo , Najera Isabel , Govorkova Elena A.
Published: February 2017

Current influenza treatment relies on a single class of antiviral drugs, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), raising concern over the potential emergence of resistant variants and necessitating the development of novel drugs. In recent years, investigational inhibitors targeting the endonuclease activity of the influenza acidic polymerase (PA) protein have yielded encouraging results, although there are only limited data on their
in vivo
efficacy. Here, we examined the antiviral potential of the PA endonuclease inhibitor RO-7 in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens in BALB/c mice inoculated with influenza A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 or B/Brisbane/60/2008 viruses, which represent currently circulating antigenic variants. RO-7 was administered to mice intraperitoneally twice daily at dosages of 6, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day for 5 days, starting 4 h before or 24 or 48 h after virus inoculation, and showed no adverse effects. Prophylactic administration completely protected mice from lethal infection by influenza A or B virus. The level of therapeutic protection conferred depended upon the time of treatment initiation and RO-7 dosage, resulting in 60 to 100% and 80 to 100% survival with influenza A and B viruses, respectively. RO-7 treatment significantly decreased virus titers in the lung and lessened the extent and severity of lung damage. No PA endonuclease-inhibitor resistance was observed in viruses isolated from lungs of RO-7-treated mice, and the viruses remained susceptible to the drug at nanomolar concentrations in phenotypic assays. These
in vivo
efficacy results further highlight the potential of RO-7 for development as antiviral therapy for influenza A and B virus infections.
Clinical Relevance of Type II Fatty Acid Synthesis Bypass in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gloux Karine , Guillemet Mélanie , Soler Charles , Morvan Claire , Halpern David , Pourcel Christine , Vu Thien Hoang , Lamberet Gilles , Gruss Alexandra
Published: February 2017

The need for new antimicrobials to treat bacterial infections has led to the use of type II fatty acid synthesis (FASII) enzymes as front-line targets. However, recent studies suggest that FASII inhibitors may not work against the opportunist pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
, as environmental fatty acids favor emergence of multi-anti-FASII resistance. As fatty acids are abundant in the host and one FASII inhibitor, triclosan, is widespread, we investigated whether fatty acid pools impact resistance in clinical and veterinary
S. aureus
isolates. Simple addition of fatty acids to the screening medium led to a 50% increase in triclosan resistance, as tested in 700 isolates. Moreover, nonculturable triclosan-resistant fatty acid auxotrophs, which escape detection under routine conditions, were uncovered in primary patient samples. FASII bypass in selected isolates correlated with polymorphisms in the
acc
and
fabD
loci. We conclude that fatty-acid-dependent strategies to escape FASII inhibition are common among
S. aureus
isolates and correlate with anti-FASII resistance and emergence of nonculturable variants.
Overexpression of SmeDEF Efflux Pump Decreases Aminoglycoside Resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Huang Yi-Wei , Lin Cheng-Wen , Ning Hsiao-Chen , Lin Yi-Tsung , Chang Yi-Chih , Yang Tsuey-Ching
Published: February 2017

The SmeDEF pump of
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
is negatively regulated by SmeT. In this study, strains KJΔT (
smeT
deletion mutant) and KJT-D
m
(mutant with a defective SmeT-binding site) showed increased resistance to chloramphenicol/nalidixic acid/macrolides and susceptibility to aminoglycoside. Overexpression of the SmeDEF pump, in either KJΔT or KJT-D
m
, downregulated
smeYZ
expression, which is responsible for the reduced aminoglycoside resistance. Furthermore, the SmeRySy two-component regulatory system was downregulated in response to SmeDEF overexpression, which supports its involvement in the regulatory circuit.
Chicken Meat as a Reservoir of Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Carrying
mcr-1
Genes in South America
Authors: Monte Daniel Farias , Mem Andressa , Fernandes Miriam R. , Cerdeira Louise , Esposito Fernanda , Galvão Julia A. , Franco Bernadette D. G. M. , Lincopan Nilton , Landgraf Mariza
Published: February 2017

The detection and rapid spread of colistin-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
carrying the
mcr-1
gene has created an urgent need to strengthen surveillance. In this study, eight clonally unrelated colistin-resistant
Escherichia coli
isolates carrying
mcr-1
and
bla
CTX-M
or
bla
CMY-2
genes were isolated from commercial chicken meat in Brazil. Most
E. coli
strains carried IncX4 plasmids, previously identified in human and animal isolates. These results highlight a new reservoir of
mcr-1
-harboring
E. coli
strains in South America.