bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning from learning: detecting account takeovers by identifying forgetful users
Authors: McElroy Sean A
Published: June 2021

Credential-stuffing attacks are increasing in frequency, allowing threat actors to use data breaches from one source to perpetrate another.

While multi-factor authentication remains a crucial preventative measure to protect against credential stuffing, the availability of credential data sets with contact information and the correlation with demographic data can allow threat actors to overcome it through interactive social engineering. Concurrently, alternative defence mechanisms such as network source profiling and device fingerprinting lose effectiveness as privacy-protecting technologies reduce the observable variability between legitimate and fraudulent user sessions. Sean A McElroy of Lumin Digital presents original research which suggests that by measuring a user's increasing familiarity with a web application over time, outliers in use may indicate account takeover fraud.

Credential-stuffing attacks are increasing in frequency, allowing threat actors to use data breaches from one source to perpetrate another. While multi-factor authentication remains a crucial preventative measure to protect against credential stuffing, the availability of credential data sets with contact information and the correlation with demographic data can allow threat actors to overcome it through interactive social engineering. Concurrently, alternative defence mechanisms such as network source profiling and device fingerprinting lose effectiveness as privacy-protecting technologies reduce the observable variability between legitimate and fraudulent user sessions.
A History of Bangladesh
Authors: van Schendel Willem
Published: June 2021

Bangladesh did not exist as an independent state until 1971. Willem van Schendel's state-of-the-art history navigates the extraordinary twists and turns that created modern Bangladesh through ecological disaster, colonialism, partition, a war of independence and cultural renewal. In this revised and updated edition, Van Schendel offers a fascinating and highly readable account of life in Bangladesh over the last two millennia. Based on the latest academic research and covering the numerous historical developments of the 2010s, he provides an eloquent introduction to a fascinating country and its resilient and inventive people. A perfect survey for travellers, expats, students and scholars alike.
The Royal Touch in Early Modern England
Authors: Brogan Stephen
Published: June 2021

The royal touch was the religious healing ceremony at which the monarch stroked the sores on the face and necks of people who had scrofula in order to heal them in imitation of Christ. The rite was practised by all the Tudor and Stuart sovereigns apart from William III, reaching its zenith during the Restoration when some 100,000 people were touched by Charles II and James II. This ground-breaking book, the first devoted to the royal touch for almost a century, integrates political, religious, medical and intellectual history. The custom is analysed from above and below: the royal touch projected monarchical authority, but at the same time the great demand for it created numerous problems for those organising the ceremony. The healing rite is situated in the context of a number ofearly modern debates, including the cessation of miracles and the nature of the body politic. The book also assesses contemporary attitudes towards the royal touch, from belief through ambivalence toscepticism. Drawing on a wide range of primary sources including images, coins, medals, and playing cards, as well as manuscripts and printed texts, it provides an important new perspective on the evolving relationship between politics, medicine and sin in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England.
Persistent Legacy
Authors: Huyssen Andreas , Prager Brad , Bathrick David , Kacandes Irene , Remmler Karen , Garloff Katja , Morris Leslie , Weissberg Liliane , Richardson Michael D. , Braese Stephan , Kramer Sven , Ebbrecht-Hartmann Tobias , Donahue William Collins
Published: June 2021

In studies of Holocaust representation and memory, scholars of literature and culture traditionally have focused on particular national contexts. At the same time, recent work has brought the Holocaust into the arena of the transnational, leading to a crossroads between localized and global understandings of Holocaust memory. Further complicating the issue are generational shifts that occur with the passage of time, and which render memory and representations of the Holocaust ever more mediated, commodified, and departicularized. Nowhere is the inquiry into Holocaust memory more fraught or potentially more productive than in German Studies, where scholars have struggled to address German guilt and responsibility while doing justice to the global impact of the Holocaust, and are increasingly facing the challenge of engaging with the broader, interdisciplinary, transnational field. Persistent Legacy connects the present, critical scholarly moment with this long disciplinary tradition, probing the relationship between German Studies and Holocaust Studies today. Fifteen prominent scholars explore how German Studies engages with Holocaust memory and representation, pursuingcritical questions concerning the borders between the two fields and how they are impacted by emerging scholarly methods, new areas of inquiry, and the changing place of Holocaust memory in contemporary Germany.

Contributors: David Bathrick, Stephan Braese, William Collins Donahue, Tobias Ebbrecht-Hartmann, Katja Garloff, Andreas Huyssen, Irene Kacandes, Jennifer M. Kapczynski, Sven Kramer, Erin McGlothlin, Leslie Morris, Brad Prager, Karen Remmler, Michael D. Richardson, Liliane Weissberg.

Erin McGlothlin and Jennifer M. Kapczynski are both Associate Professors in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at Washington University in St. Louis.
Exploring the effects of workplace deviance on perpetrators’ own work outcomes: the role of benevolent leadership in regulating fear activation and implication
Authors: Li Shao-Long , Chen Zhen Xiong (George) , Zhang Guanglei
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of workplace deviance has become an urgent issue for managers. Although increasing research has investigated the detriments of workplace deviance on other employees and organizations, limited research has studied the harm of workplace deviance on perpetrators themselves. This research drew from appraisal theories of emotion and sought to understand perpetrators' affective and behavioral consequences of engaging in deviance. Using a diary method, a survey consisting of 92 employees with 918 observations was conducted. The results reveal that employees' deviance is positively related to their feeling of fear and that fear overrides feelings of guilt, ultimately decreasing work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Importantly, perceived benevolent leadership weakens the effects of deviance on perpetrators themselves by relieving fear associated with past deviance and mitigating the negative influences of fear on OCB.
Groove in Cuban Son and Salsa Performance
Authors: POOLE ADRIAN
Published: June 2021

Using a combination of ethnography, empirical measures of microtiming between rhythm-section musicians and ethno/musicological analyses, this article examines and measures groove in three real-world performances of the popular dance tradition of Cuban son and salsa. The findings paint a complex picture of groove that is shaped by rhythmic-harmonic structure, shared concepts of timing, individual preferences, group dynamics and rhythmic interactions between musicians as they work together to negotiate a groove with the ‘correct’ feel. Microtiming analyses produce a snapshot of how rhythmic timing relationships are ‘played out’ between musicians in live performances and provide quantitative measures of the level of synchrony and separation within the rhythm section. They also suggest that microtiming is influenced by certain metric locations within the rhythmic-harmonic structure, particularly those locations that anticipate harmonic changes and mark the beginning of repeated rhythmic-harmonic sequences.
Biological control of Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis using a self-sustaining granular fungal treatment
Authors: Davari Agrin , Parker Bruce L. , Sullivan Cheryl Frank , Ghalehgolabbehbahani Arash , Skinner Margaret
Published: June 2021

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops worldwide, causing extensive damage by direct feeding of the crop and transmitting economically important viruses. Despite the successes of biocontrol agents to control WFT, more efficient and cost-effective ways must be found to encourage grower adoption of integrated pest management. A sustainable fungal treatment was developed to preserve fungal inoculum in potting soil and reduce thrips populations. Combining cooked, oven-dried millet with BotaniGard® (a commercial form of Beauveria bassiana strain GHA) to potting soil increased spore production and persistence of the fungus in the soil. In treated pots with millet, spore concentrations were 3–4 times greater after 30 days compared with spore yields at 10 days. The number of WFT adults was significantly lower in the marigold pots treated with GHA mix + millet than untreated controls, 12% and 10% in treated pots and 70% and 68% in untreated pots in sterile and non-sterile soil, respectively. Incorporation of millet in the potting mix enhanced the effect of the fungal treatments by providing a nutritive substrate on which the fungus could become established. This method is relatively inexpensive and easy for growers to use in greenhouses because granular formulations of B. bassiana are not commercially available.
Two Pessimisms in Mill
Authors: Fox Joshua Isaac
Published: June 2021

Mill defines utilitarianism as the combination of a “theory of life” and a moral claim: only pleasure and freedom from pain are desirable as ends, and the promotion of happiness is the sole goal of moral action. So defined, utilitarianism is open toad hominempessimistic objection: a “theory of life” which entails the impossibility of happiness fits poorly with a morality centered on its promotion. The first two challenges Mill confronts inUtilitarianismshare this pessimistic structure. Interestingly, however, these challenges paint inverted pictures of the best utilitarian life: one suggests this life is satisfying but ignoble, the other that it is noble but unsatisfying. I explain Mill's treatment of both challenges as genuinely pessimistic interpretations of utilitarianism's “theory of life.” Read through the lens of Mill's engagement with pessimism, these challenges point to distinctive conceptions of dignity and satisfaction that play a significant role in Mill's ethics.
Automatic question generation based on sentence structure analysis using machine learning approach
Authors: Blšták Miroslav , Rozinajová Viera
Published: June 2021

Automatic question generation is one of the most challenging tasks of Natural Language Processing. It requires “bidirectional” language processing: first, the system has to understand the input text (Natural Language Understanding), and it then has to generate questions also in the form of text (Natural Language Generation). In this article, we introduce our framework for generating the factual questions from unstructured text in the English language. It uses a combination of traditional linguistic approaches based on sentence patterns with several machine learning methods. We first obtain lexical, syntactic and semantic information from an input text, and we then construct a hierarchical set of patterns for each sentence. The set of features is extracted from the patterns, and it is then used for automated learning of new transformation rules. Our learning process is totally data-driven because the transformation rules are obtained from a set of initial sentence–question pairs. The advantages of this approach lie in a simple expansion of new transformation rules which allows us to generate various types of questions and also in the continuous improvement of the system by reinforcement learning. The framework also includes a question evaluation module which estimates the quality of generated questions. It serves as a filter for selecting the best questions and eliminating incorrect ones or duplicates. We have performed several experiments to evaluate the correctness of generated questions, and we have also compared our system with several state-of-the-art systems. Our results indicate that the quality of generated questions outperforms the state-of-the-art systems and our questions are also comparable to questions created by humans. We have also created and published an interface with all created data sets and evaluated questions, so it is possible to follow up on our work.
Who is welcome? South Korean public opinion on North Koreans and other refugees
Authors: Rich Timothy S. , Bison Kaitlyn , Kozovic Aleksandra
Published: June 2021

What explains South Korean public opposition for refugees and does the public differentiate among groups? Although a sizable literature addresses perceptions of North Korean arrivals, few studies directly compare sentiment for this group to others. Using an original web survey with an embedded experimental design, we find clear greater support for accepting North Korean arrivals compared to both non-ethnic Korean refugees and Muslim refugees. Additional analysis finds clear majorities view Islam as incompatible with Korean values. Our results suggest the challenge of encouraging multiculturalism in the largely homogeneous country.
Possible Deep Structure and Composition of Venus With Respect to the Current Knowledge From Geodetic Data
Authors: Xiao Chi , Li Fei , Yan Jianguo , Gregoire Michel , Hao Weifeng , Harada Yuji , Ye Mao , Barriot Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2021

Almost no in situ seismic data are available for Venus; therefore, we can constrain the deep structure of this planet only from the geodetic data obtained by spacecraft. Of particular interest is Venus’s core‐mantle boundary, which holds clues about the origin and evolution of this celestial body. In this study, we build a series of different mantle/core models of Venus based on several mantle composition models and compare their associated Love numbersk2with the observed values. Due to the large uncertainty in the observed values ofk2, the state of Venus’s core cannot be reliably constrained. However, the expected precision ofk2obtained by the EnVision mission will sufficiently reduce the acceptable model space and contribute to estimating the mantle viscosity structure. Based on current geodetic data, we find that the bottom of Venus’s mantle may not feature a phase transition from perovskite to post‐perovskite if the FeO content of the mantle is less than 8.1 wt%; this region may be different from Earth’s D” layer. Furthermore, we find that the combination of observedk2andQcan be used to distinguish whether the lowermost part of Venus’s mantle is a high‐temperature basalt layer or a thin thermal boundary layer if observations ofQcan be obtained.
Effect of Porosity and Permeability Evolution on Injection‐Induced Aseismic Slip
Authors: Yang Yuyun , Dunham Eric M.
Published: June 2021

It is widely recognized that fluid injection can trigger aseismic fault slip. However, the processes by which the fluid‐rock interactions facilitate or inhibit slip are poorly understood and some are oversimplified in most models of injection‐induced slip. In this study, we perform a 2D anti‐plane shear investigation of aseismic slip that occurs in response to fluid injection into a permeable fault governed by rate‐and‐state friction. We account for porosity and permeability changes that accompany slip, including dilatancy, and quantify how these processes affect pore pressure diffusion, which couples to aseismic slip. Fault response to injection has two phases. In the first phase, slip is negligible and pore pressure closely follows the standard linear diffusion model. Pressurization eventually triggers aseismic slip close to the injection site. In the second phase, aseismic slip front expands outward and dilatancy causes pore pressure to depart from the linear diffusion model. We quantify how prestress, injection rate, permeability and other fluid transport properties affect the slip front migration rate, finding rates ranging from 10 to 1,000 m/day for typical parameters. The migration rate is strongly influenced by the fault's closeness to failure and injection rate. The total slip on the fault, on the other hand, is primarily determined by the injected volume, with minimal sensitivity to injection rate. Additionally, we show that when dilatancy is neglected, slip front migration rate and total slip can be several times higher. Our modeling demonstrates that porosity and permeability evolution, especially dilatancy, fundamentally alters how faults respond to fluid injection.
Temperature and Precipitation Diversely Control Seasonal and Annual Dynamics of Litterfall in a Temperate Mixed Mature Forest, Revealed by Long‐Term Data Analysis
Authors: Wang C. G. , Zheng X. B. , Wang A. Z. , Dai G. H. , Zhu B. K. , Zhao Y. M. , Dong S. J. , Zu W. Z. , Wang W. , Zheng Y. G. , Li J. G. , Li M.‐H.
Published: June 2021

Litterfall is a good indicator of overall forest functions in forest ecosystems. Globally, forest litterfall has been extensively investigated, however, there is a lack of long‐term data analysis to show the various litterfall components in relation to environmental factors on the monthly and yearly scales. Here, monthly (May–October) and annual (1981–2018) litterfall including leaves, twigs, bark, reproductive, and miscellaneous fractions were collected in a mixed mature Pinus koraiensis forest on Changbai Mountain in Northeast, China, across 30 years. Based on these long‐term litterfall data, we analyzed the seasonal and annual variations in different litterfall fractions and the internal/external drivers. We observed that both the leaf and total litterfall exhibited a strong, similar seasonal pattern, with the highest levels between September and October, and the annual litterfall had an “S‐shaped” increasing pattern from 1981 to 2018. The other litterfall fractions showed distinct monthly and yearly fluctuations across the 30 years. Mean monthly evapotranspiration and temperature (minimum and maximum) were the best predictors for monthly litterfall. By contrast, the models that best predicted the annual litterfall production included mean annual precipitation and mean monthly precipitation and temperature in May and October. Our study, using a unique dataset of detailed long‐term litterfall dynamics, has potentially major significance for enhancing our understanding of the role of climatic factors controlling forest litterfall amount and seasonality in temperate mixed mature forests. This insight is of paramount importance for modeling and estimating soil carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling of temperate forests under climate change.
New Editorial Board for AGU Books Takes Inventory
Authors: Keiling Andreas , Lunn Jenny
Published: June 2021

The new Editorial Board for AGU Books looks back at its historic backfile of books and evaluates how the program has grown and diversified over six decades.
Holocene Depositional History Inferred From Single‐Grain Luminescence Ages in Southern California, North America
Authors: Saha Sourav , Moon Seulgi , Brown Nathan D. , Rhodes Edward J. , Scharer Katherine M. , McPhillips Devin , McGill Sally F. , Castillo Bryan A.
Published: June 2021

Significant sediment flux and deposition in a sedimentary system are influenced by climate changes, tectonics, lithology, and the sedimentary system's internal dynamics. Identifying the timing of depositional periods from stratigraphic records is a first step to critically evaluate the controls of sediment flux and deposition. Here, we show that ages of single‐grain K‐feldspar luminescence subpopulations may provide information on the timing of previous major depositional periods. We analyzed 754 K‐feldspar single‐grains from 17 samples from the surface to ∼9 m‐depth in a trench located downstream of the Mission Creek catchment. Single‐grain luminescence subpopulation ages significantly overlap at least eight times since ∼12.0 ka indicating a common depositional history. These depositional periods correspond reasonably well with the Holocene intervals of wetter than average climate conditions based on hydroclimatic proxies from nearby locations. Our findings imply a first‐order climatic control on sediment depositional history in southern California on a millennial timescale.
When Wyoming Became Superior: Oblique Convergence Along the Southern Trans‐Hudson Orogen
Authors: Bedrosian Paul A. , Finn Carol A.
Published: June 2021

The Trans‐Hudson orogen (THO) is one of the best‐preserved Proterozoic orogens on Earth, largely unaffected by subsequent tectonism, yet its southern extent lies concealed beneath the North American Central Plains. A new 3D resistivity model over the southern orogen is developed and interpreted alongside borehole, potential field, and seismic reflection data. We present the first synoptic crustal view of the southern THO and a new tectonic model of the orogen. Our model reveals high‐conductivity belts marking paleo‐subduction zones while the orogen center consists of deeply exhumed relatively dense and mostly magnetic juvenile crust preserved between the deformed margins of the Wyoming and Superior cratons. Complex structure along the western margin suggests convergence began with oblique subduction and the northward transport of severed fragments of the Wyoming Province. High‐conductivity belts are in places offset from upper‐crustal geophysical boundaries, consistent with the thrusting of accreted arcs over the Archean margins during terminal closure.
Anomalous Behavior of Viscosity and Electrical Conductivity of MgSiO3 Melt at Mantle Conditions
Authors: Luo Haiyang , Karki Bijaya B. , Ghosh Dipta B. , Bao Huiming
Published: June 2021

Silicate melts have served as transport agents in the chemical and thermal evolution of Earth. Molecular dynamics simulations based on a deep neural network potential trained by ab initio data show that the viscosity of MgSiO3 melt decreases with increasing pressure at low pressures (up to ∼6 GPa) before it starts to increase with further compression. The melt electrical conductivity also behaves anomalously; first increasing and then decreasing with pressure. The melt accumulation implied by the viscosity turnover at ∼23 GPa along mantle liquidus offers an explanation for the low‐velocity zone at the 660‐km discontinuity. The increase in electrical conductivity up to ∼50 GPa may contribute to the steep rise of Earth's electrical conductivity profiles derived from magnetotelluric observations. Our results also suggest that small fraction of melts could give rise to detectable bulk conductivity in deeper parts of the mantle.
Teleseismic Attenuation, Temperature, and Melt of the Upper Mantle in the Alaska Subduction Zone
Authors: Soto Castaneda R. A. , Abers G. A. , Eilon Z. C. , Christensen D. H.
Published: June 2021

Seismic deployments in the Alaska subduction zone provide dense sampling of the seismic wavefield that constrains thermal structure and subduction geometry. We measure P and S attenuation from pairwise amplitude and phase spectral ratios for teleseismic body waves at 206 stations from regional and short‐term arrays. Parallel teleseismic travel‐time measurements provide information on seismic velocities at the same scale. These data show consistently low attenuation over the forearc of subduction systems and high attenuation over the arc and backarc, similar to local‐earthquake attenuation studies but at 10× lower frequencies. The pattern is seen both across the area of normal Pacific subduction in Cook Inlet, and across the Wrangell Volcanic Field where subduction has been debated. These observations confirm subduction‐dominated thermal regime beneath the latter. Travel times show evidence for subducting lithosphere much deeper than seismicity, while attenuation measurements appear mostly reflective of mantle temperature less than 150 km deep, depths where the mantle is closest to its solidus and where subduction‐related melting may take place. Travel times show strong delays over thick sedimentary basins. Attenuation signals show no evidence of absorption by basins, although some basins show signals anomalously rich in high‐frequency energy, with consequent negative apparent attenuation. Outside of basins, these data are consistent with mantle attenuation in the upper 220 km that is quantitatively similar to observations from surface waves and local‐earthquake body waves. Differences between P and S attenuation suggest primarily shear‐modulus relaxation. Overall the attenuation measurements show consistent, coherent subduction‐related structure, complementary to travel times.
A Multiphysics Approach to Constrain the Dynamics of the Altiplano‐Puna Magmatic System
Authors: Spang A. , Baumann T. S. , Kaus B. J. P.
Published: June 2021

Continuous Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) monitoring (>25 years) has revealed a concentric surface deformation pattern above the Altiplano‐Puna magma body (APMB) in the central Andes. Here, we use a joint interpretation of seismic imaging, gravity anomalies, and InSAR data to constrain location, 3D geometry, and density of the magma body. By combining gravity modeling, thermomechanical modeling, scaling law analysis, and Bayesian inference, we are able to create a relationship between the geometry of a mid‐crustal magma body and surface observations. Furthermore, we can estimate the uncertainties associated with the geometry of the APMB and identify the most important parameters that control the dynamics of the system. We constrain the density contrast between the APMB and the surrounding host rock to 90–130 kg m−3 (2σ) and the associated melt fraction to 15%–22%. Our visco‐elasto‐plastic 3D thermomechanical model reproduces the observed surface deformation self‐consistently by buoyancy driven magma transport without the need for additional pressure sources. The flow pattern is controlled by a central rise at the top of the APMB whose geometry can be constrained with the help of InSAR observations while Bouguer anomalies constrain the deeper parts of the APMB. Automated scaling law analysis shows that the rheology of the upper crust and the magma mush as well as the density contrast between the two are the most important parameters in the system and need to be constrained for a better understanding of the subsurface processes.
Oceanic Plateau and Subduction Zone Jump: Two‐Dimensional Thermo‐Mechanical Modeling
Authors: Yan Zhiyong , Chen Lin , Xiong Xiong , Wan Bo , Xu Houze
Published: June 2021

Oceanic plateaus are characterized by overthickened crust and rheologically strong and chemically depleted mantle root with respect to normal oceanic lithosphere. The buoyant nature makes them have a great potential to resist subduction and initiate a new subduction zone behind the plateaus, yet the geodynamic process remains enigmatic. Here, we use 2D thermo‐mechanical modeling method to investigate the role of an oceanic plateau in subduction zone reorganization. We systematically examine the rheological strength and compositional density of oceanic plateau mantle and the size of oceanic plateau. Three distinct subduction styles are observed: (a) steep subduction without subduction zone reorganization, favored by a small‐sized (≤150 km) or lowly depleted oceanic plateau; (b) breakoff of subducting slab followed by flat‐slab subduction, which is conditional on a moderate‐sized (≥300 km) oceanic plateau with high degree depletion but relatively low strength; and (c) initiation of a new subduction zone behind the plateau (subduction zone jump), facilitated by a moderate‐sized oceanic plateau with a strongly depleted mantle root. The geodynamic results demonstrate that the overriding lithosphere undergoes a tectonic force switch from compression to tension in ∼5 Myr as the subduction zone is reorganized. This can be reflected in the crustal deformation of the overriding plate and used as an indicator to identify past subduction zone jumps. The spatial relationship predicted by the subduction zone jump models explains the Jurassic closure event of the accretion on southern Qiangtang at ∼175 Ma and the intraoceanic infant arc magmatism in the Meso‐Tethys at ∼165 Ma.
Shallow Magma Storage Beneath Mt. Etna: Evidence From New Attenuation Tomography and Existing Velocity Models
Authors: Castro‐Melgar I. , Prudencio J. , Del Pezzo E. , Giampiccolo E. , Ibáñez J. M.
Published: June 2021

We present a new three‐dimensional (3D) image of attenuation beneath Mt. Etna volcano based on the coda normalization method. Mt. Etna is an ideal natural laboratory for the application of new or unconventional tomography techniques owing to high levels of seismicity spanning a wide range of epicentral distances and depths. We retrieved seismic waveforms from the database generated in the 2014 TOMO‐ETNA seismic experiment and performed a joint interpretation of tomographic and geophysical inversion models to better constrain interpretations of the volcanic structure. We compared the attenuation tomography results with seismic inversion models (two P wave seismic models and a 3D coda wave seismic attenuation model) and the literature to highlight and interpret structural elements and their impact on the volcano dynamics. We created a new image of the inner structure of Mt. Etna that will help to constrain present and future volcanic behavior. In particular, we focused on magma storage below the summit area and identified a large high‐attenuation volume that is characterized by physical properties compatible with the presence of magma and other fluids. The existence of such a large volume of magma in the shallow crust below Mt. Etna has implications for the eruptive potential of the volcano.
Synoptic‐Scale Circulation Precursors of Extreme Precipitation Events Over Southwest China During the Rainy Season
Authors: Nie Yanbo , Sun Jianqi
Published: June 2021

This study analyzes the synoptic‐scale circulation patterns favorable for regional extreme precipitation events over southwest China (SWC) from 1979 to 2018 occurring during the rainy seasons. The whole SWC is regionalized into two subregions, western SWC and eastern SWC, according to the spatial distribution of two extreme precipitation indices. Furthermore, the atmospheric patterns associated with the independent regional extreme precipitation events (REPEs) that occurred over the two subregions are categorized into two types using k‐means clustering. For type 1, a Rossby wave train originating from the Northeast Atlantic almost a week before REPEs leads to an anomalous low over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), inducing upper‐troposphere divergence and ascending motion over SWC. Moreover, anomalous convective activities over India and the Bay of Bengal (the enhanced and westward‐extended western Pacific subtropical high) are critical precursors of REPEs over western (eastern) SWC. For type 2, an anomalous high is developed over the Ural Mountains at least a week prior to REPEs. The subsequent anomalous low over Lake Baikal and eastward‐shifted South Asian high are conducive to forming updrafts over SWC. An anomalous anticyclone at the middle‐to‐lower troposphere south of the TP is the main moisture contributor. Discrepancies in the zonal location of the Lake Baikal low and the strength of the Ural Mountain high, as well as the intensity of atmospheric circulation anomalies at low latitudes, are the major differences between the type 2 events occurring in western and eastern SWC.
Stratigraphic Relationships in Jezero Crater, Mars: Constraints on the Timing of Fluvial‐Lacustrine Activity From Orbital Observations
Authors: Holm‐Alwmark S. , Kinch K. M. , Hansen M. D. , Shahrzad S. , Svennevig K. , Abbey W. J. , Anderson R. B. , Calef F. J. , Gupta S. , Hauber E. , Horgan B. H. N. , Kah L. C. , Knade J. , Miklusicak N. B. , Stack K. M. , Sun V. Z. , Tarnas J. D. , Quantin‐Nataf C.
Published: June 2021

On February 18, 2021 NASA's Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, located at the northwestern edge of the Isidis basin on Mars. The uppermost surface of the present‐day crater floor is dominated by a distinct geologic assemblage previously referred to as the dark‐toned floor. It consists of a smooth, dark‐toned unit overlying and variably covering light‐toned, roughly eroded deposits showing evidence of discrete layers. In this study, we investigated the stratigraphic relations between materials that comprise this assemblage, the main western delta deposit, as well as isolated mesas located east of the main delta body that potentially represent delta remnants. A more detailed classification and differentiation of crater floor units in Jezero and determination of their relative ages is vital for the understanding of the geologic evolution of the crater system, and determination of the potential timeline and environments of habitability. We have investigated unit contacts using topographic profiles and DEMs as well as the distribution of small craters and fractures on the youngest portions of the crater floor. Our results indicate that at least some of the deltaic deposition in Jezero postdates emplacement of the uppermost surface of the crater floor assemblage. The inferred age of the floor assemblage can therefore help to constrain the timing of the Jezero fluviolacustrine system, wherein at least some lake activity postdates the age of the uppermost crater floor. We present hypotheses that can be tested by Perseverance and can be used to advance our knowledge of the geologic evolution of the area.
Machine Learning Emulation of Gravity Wave Drag in Numerical Weather Forecasting
Authors: Chantry Matthew , Hatfield Sam , Dueben Peter , Polichtchouk Inna , Palmer Tim
Published: June 2021

We assess the value of machine learning as an accelerator for the parameterization schemes of operational weather forecasting systems, specifically the parameterization of nonorographic gravity wave drag. Emulators of this scheme can be trained to produce stable and accurate results up to seasonal forecasting timescales. Generally, networks that are more complex produce emulators that are more accurate. By training on an increased complexity version of the existing parameterization scheme, we build emulators that produce more accurate forecasts. For medium range forecasting, we have found evidence that our emulators are more accurate than the version of the parametrization scheme that is used for operational predictions. Using the current operational CPU hardware, our emulators have a similar computational cost to the existing scheme, but are heavily limited by data movement. On GPU hardware, our emulators perform 10 times faster than the existing scheme on a CPU.
Low‐Angle Shear Within the Exposed Mânzălești Diapir, Romania: Salt Decapitation in the Eastern Carpathians Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt
Authors: Tămaș Dan M. , Tămaș Alexandra , Barabasch Jessica , Rowan Mark G. , Schleder Zsolt , Krézsek Csaba , Urai Janos L.
Published: June 2021

In salt‐detached fold‐and‐thrust belts, contractional modification of salt structures may include decapitation by thrusting, but examples are not well known in the subsurface and undocumented in outcrop. Here we present a surface exposure of an intrasalt, sub‐horizontal shear zone at the boundary between the Tarcău and Subcarpathian nappes in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians. The Mânzălești diapir forms the largest rock salt outcrop in Europe, with unique salt‐karst geomorphology. Numerous wells show that the outcrop is above deep‐seated salt of a precursor salt‐cored anticline or passive diapir whose base is at >3,500 m. Multiscale observations using UAV‐based digital outcrop models, fieldwork, and microstructure analysis show that the outcrop is characterized by sub‐horizontal foliation with isoclinal folds, unlike the subvertical fabric of most Romanian diapirs. The halite is rich in clastic inclusions, with a power‐law size distribution caused by tectonic reworking of originally impure salt. Microstructures show that the halite matrix is strongly deformed by dislocation creep, forming subgrains and dynamically recrystallized grains around large porphyroclasts with piezometry indicating relatively high differential stress of around 4 MPa, at pressures sufficient to suppress dilatancy. The observations are best explained by sub‐horizontal shear generated by an overriding nappe, overprinting an original coarse‐grained salt fabric during decapitation of the salt body.
Evaluation of accuracy and reliability of OneCeph digital cephalometric analysis in comparison with manual cephalometric analysis—a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mohan Akshay , Sivakumar Arvind , Nalabothu Prasad
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Lateral cephalometric analysis continues to be one of the gold standard diagnostic aids in orthodontics, with various software available to enhance this.

Aim

This study was done to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of linear and angular measurements obtained from OneCeph digital cephalometric tracing and manual tracings in lateral cephalometry.

Methodology

This is a cross-sectional study done on twenty pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects who reported to the postgraduate orthodontic clinic for orthodontic treatment over one month. Cephalometric tracings were done using OneCeph digital software and manual tracing method to evaluate nine parameters of Steiner’s cephalometric analysis. An Independent T-sample test was done between the mean values of manual and OneCeph tracing. Intra operator reliability was evaluated by paired T-test after a week.

Results

No significant statistical difference was observed as the p-value was greater than 0.05 for all the parameters in the two groups.

Conclusion

The reliability and accuracy of OneCeph software application was found to be at par with manual cephalometric tracing
Molecular and cellular basis of acid taste sensation in Drosophila
Authors: Mi Tingwei , Mack John O. , Lee Christopher M. , Zhang Yali V.
Published: June 2021

Acid taste, evoked mainly by protons (H+), is a core taste modality for many organisms. The hedonic valence of acid taste is bidirectional: animals prefer slightly but avoid highly acidic foods. However, how animals discriminate low from high acidity remains poorly understood. To explore the taste perception of acid, we use the fruit fly as a model organism. We find that flies employ two competing taste sensory pathways to detect low and high acidity, and the relative degree of activation of each determines either attractive or aversive responses. Moreover, we establish one member of the fly Otopetrin family, Otopetrin-like a (OtopLa), as a proton channel dedicated to the gustatory detection of acid. OtopLa defines a unique subset of gustatory receptor neurons and is selectively required for attractive rather than aversive taste responses. Loss of otopla causes flies to reject normally attractive low-acid foods. Therefore, the identification of OtopLa as a low-acid sensor firmly supports our competition model of acid taste sensation. Altogether, we have discovered a binary acid-sensing mechanism that may be evolutionarily conserved between insects and mammals.
A single cell characterisation of human embryogenesis identifies pluripotency transitions and putative anterior hypoblast centre
Authors: Molè Matteo A. , Coorens Tim H. H. , Shahbazi Marta N. , Weberling Antonia , Weatherbee Bailey A. T. , Gantner Carlos W. , Sancho-Serra Carmen , Richardson Lucy , Drinkwater Abbie , Syed Najma , Engley Stephanie , Snell Philip , Christie Leila , Elder Kay , Campbell Alison , Fishel Simon , Behjati Sam , Vento-Tormo Roser , Zernicka-Goetz Magdalena
Published: June 2021

Following implantation, the human embryo undergoes major morphogenetic transformations that establish the future body plan. While the molecular events underpinning this process are established in mice, they remain unknown in humans. Here we characterise key events of human embryo morphogenesis, in the period between implantation and gastrulation, using single-cell analyses and functional studies. First, the embryonic epiblast cells transition through different pluripotent states and act as a source of FGF signals that ensure proliferation of both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. In a subset of embryos, we identify a group of asymmetrically positioned extra-embryonic hypoblast cells expressing inhibitors of BMP, NODAL and WNT signalling pathways. We suggest that this group of cells can act as the anterior singalling centre to pattern the epiblast. These results provide insights into pluripotency state transitions, the role of FGF signalling and the specification of anterior-posterior axis during human embryo development.
Impacts of detritivore diversity loss on instream decomposition are greatest in the tropics
Authors: Boyero Luz , López-Rojo Naiara , Tonin Alan M. , Pérez Javier , Correa-Araneda Francisco , Pearson Richard G. , Bosch Jaime , Albariño Ricardo J. , Anbalagan Sankarappan , Barmuta Leon A. , Basaguren Ana , Burdon Francis J. , Caliman Adriano , Callisto Marcos , Calor Adolfo R. , Campbell Ian C. , Cardinale Bradley J. , Jesús Casas J. , Chará-Serna Ana M. , Chauvet Eric , Ciapała Szymon , Colón-Gaud Checo , Cornejo Aydeé , Davis Aaron M. , Degebrodt Monika , Dias Emerson S. , Díaz María E. , Douglas Michael M. , Encalada Andrea C. , Figueroa Ricardo , Flecker Alexander S. , Fleituch Tadeusz , García Erica A. , García Gabriela , García Pavel E. , Gessner Mark O. , Gómez Jesús E. , Gómez Sergio , Gonçalves Jose F. , Graça Manuel A. S. , Gwinn Daniel C. , Hall Robert O. , Hamada Neusa , Hui Cang , Imazawa Daichi , Iwata Tomoya , Kariuki Samuel K. , Landeira-Dabarca Andrea , Laymon Kelsey , Leal María , Marchant Richard , Martins Renato T. , Masese Frank O. , Maul Megan , McKie Brendan G. , Medeiros Adriana O. , Erimba Charles M. M’ , Middleton Jen A. , Monroy Silvia , Muotka Timo , Negishi Junjiro N. , Ramírez Alonso , Richardson John S. , Rincón José , Rubio-Ríos Juan , dos Santos Gisele M. , Sarremejane Romain , Sheldon Fran , Sitati Augustine , Tenkiano Nathalie S. D. , Tiegs Scott D. , Tolod Janine R. , Venarsky Michael , Watson Anne , Yule Catherine M.
Published: June 2021

The relationship between detritivore diversity and decomposition can provide information on how biogeochemical cycles are affected by ongoing rates of extinction, but such evidence has come mostly from local studies and microcosm experiments. We conducted a globally distributed experiment (38 streams across 23 countries in 6 continents) using standardised methods to test the hypothesis that detritivore diversity enhances litter decomposition in streams, to establish the role of other characteristics of detritivore assemblages (abundance, biomass and body size), and to determine how patterns vary across realms, biomes and climates. We observed a positive relationship between diversity and decomposition, strongest in tropical areas, and a key role of abundance and biomass at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that litter decomposition might be altered by detritivore extinctions, particularly in tropical areas, where detritivore diversity is already relatively low and some environmental stressors particularly prevalent.
Rapid custom prototyping of soft poroelastic biosensor for simultaneous epicardial recording and imaging
Authors: Kim Bongjoong , Soepriatna Arvin H. , Park Woohyun , Moon Haesoo , Cox Abigail , Zhao Jianchao , Gupta Nevin S. , Park Chi Hoon , Kim Kyunghun , Jeon Yale , Jang Hanmin , Kim Dong Rip , Lee Hyowon , Lee Kwan-Soo , Goergen Craig J. , Lee Chi Hwan
Published: June 2021

The growing need for the implementation of stretchable biosensors in the body has driven rapid prototyping schemes through the direct ink writing of multidimensional functional architectures. Recent approaches employ biocompatible inks that are dispensable through an automated nozzle injection system. However, their application in medical practices remains challenged in reliable recording due to their viscoelastic nature that yields mechanical and electrical hysteresis under periodic large strains. Herein, we report sponge-like poroelastic silicone composites adaptable for high-precision direct writing of custom-designed stretchable biosensors, which are soft and insensitive to strains. Their unique structural properties yield a robust coupling to living tissues, enabling high-fidelity recording of spatiotemporal electrophysiological activity and real-time ultrasound imaging for visual feedback. In vivo evaluations of custom-fit biosensors in a murine acute myocardial infarction model demonstrate a potential clinical utility in the simultaneous intraoperative recording and imaging on the epicardium, which may guide definitive surgical treatments.
Mesoscale structure development reveals when a silkworm silk is spun
Authors: Wan Quan , Yang Mei , Hu Jiaqi , Lei Fang , Shuai Yajun , Wang Jie , Holland Chris , Rodenburg Cornelia , Yang Mingying
Published: June 2021

Silk fibre mechanical properties are attributed to the development of a multi-scale hierarchical structure during spinning. By careful ex vivo processing of a B. mori silkworm silk solution we arrest the spinning process, freezing-in mesoscale structures corresponding to three distinctive structure development stages; gelation, fibrilization and the consolidation phase identified in this work, a process highlighted by the emergence and extinction of ‘water pockets’. These transient water pockets are a manifestation of the interplay between protein dehydration, phase separation and nanofibril assembly, with their removal due to nanofibril coalescence during consolidation. We modeled and validated how post-draw improves mechanical properties and refines a silk’s hierarchical structure as a result of consolidation. These insights enable a better understanding of the sequence of events that occur during spinning, ultimately leading us to propose a robust definition of when a silkworm silk is actually ‘spun’.
BRN2 is a non-canonical melanoma tumor-suppressor
Authors: Hamm Michael , Sohier Pierre , Petit Valérie , Raymond Jérémy H. , Delmas Véronique , Le Coz Madeleine , Gesbert Franck , Kenny Colin , Aktary Zackie , Pouteaux Marie , Rambow Florian , Sarasin Alain , Charoenchon Nisamanee , Bellacosa Alfonso , Sanchez-del-Campo Luis , Mosteo Laura , Lauss Martin , Meijer Dies , Steingrimsson Eirikur , Jönsson Göran B. , Cornell Robert A. , Davidson Irwin , Goding Colin R. , Larue Lionel
Published: June 2021

While the major drivers of melanoma initiation, including activation of NRAS/BRAF and loss of PTEN or CDKN2A, have been identified, the role of key transcription factors that impose altered transcriptional states in response to deregulated signaling is not well understood. The POU domain transcription factor BRN2 is a key regulator of melanoma invasion, yet its role in melanoma initiation remains unknown. Here, in a BrafV600EPtenF/+ context, we show that BRN2 haplo-insufficiency promotes melanoma initiation and metastasis. However, metastatic colonization is less efficient in the absence of Brn2. Mechanistically, BRN2 directly induces PTEN expression and in consequence represses PI3K signaling. Moreover, MITF, a BRN2 target, represses PTEN transcription. Collectively, our results suggest that on a PTEN heterozygous background somatic deletion of one BRN2 allele and temporal regulation of the other allele elicits melanoma initiation and progression.