bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A History of Cyprus
Authors: Hill George
Published: July 2011

Sir George Francis Hill (1867–1948), was perhaps best known as a numismatist, although his scholarly interests and accomplishments included a range of time periods and subjects. A classicist by training, Hill built his career at the British Museum's department of coins and medals. In his forty-three years there he produced volumes on coins of antiquity; Greek history and art; coins, heraldry, and iconography of medieval and Renaissance Italy; and treasure troves. In 1931 Hill became the Museum's director and principal librarian, the first archaeologist to hold this post. His four-volume History of Cyprus (1940–52) ranged from Cyprus's earliest years to the twentieth century, and became the standard text on the subject. It is a valuable resource for scholars of the country, of antiquity and of the Mediterranean world. Volume 3, organized largely around monarchical reigns, concludes Hill's analysis of the Frankish period (1432–1571).
Investigations in Sociohistorical Linguistics
Authors: Trudgill Peter
Published: July 2011

In the last five hundred years or so, the English language has undergone remarkable geographical expansion, bringing it into contact with other languages in new locations. It also caused different regional dialects of the language to come into contact with each other in colonial situations. This book is made up of a number of fascinating tales of historical-sociolinguistic detection. These are stories of origins - of a particular variety of English or linguistic feature - which together tell a compelling general story. In each case, Trudgill presents an intriguing puzzle, locates and examines the evidence, detects clues that unravel the mystery, and finally proposes a solution. The solutions are all original, often surprising, sometimes highly controversial. Providing a unique insight into how language contact shapes varieties of English, this entertaining yet rigorous account will be welcomed by students and researchers in linguistics, sociolinguistics and historical linguistics.
Network Security
Authors: Alpcan Tansu , Başar Tamer
Published: July 2011

Covering attack detection, malware response, algorithm and mechanism design, privacy, and risk management, this comprehensive work applies unique quantitative models derived from decision, control, and game theories to understanding diverse network security problems. It provides the reader with a system-level theoretical understanding of network security, and is essential reading for researchers interested in a quantitative approach to key incentive and resource allocation issues in the field. It also provides practitioners with an analytical foundation that is useful for formalising decision-making processes in network security.
The Cultural Geography of Early Modern Drama, 1620–1650
Authors: Sanders Julie
Published: July 2011

Literary geographies is an exciting new area of interdisciplinary research. Innovative and engaging, this book applies theories of landscape, space and place from the discipline of cultural geography within an early modern historical context. Different kinds of drama and performance are analysed: from commercial drama by key playwrights to household masques and entertainment performed by families and in semi-official contexts. Sanders provides a fresh look at works from the careers of Ben Jonson, John Milton and Richard Brome, paying attention to geographical spaces and habitats like forests, coastlines and arctic landscapes of ice and snow, as well as the more familiar locales of early modern country estates and city streets and spaces. Overall, the book encourages readers to think about geography as kinetic, embodied and physical, not least in its literary configurations, presenting a key contribution to early modern scholarship.
Immigration and Conflict in Europe
Authors: Dancygier Rafaela M.
Published: July 2011

Contemporary debates give the impression that the presence of immigrants necessarily spells strife. Yet as Immigration and Conflict in Europe shows, the incidence of conflict involving immigrants and their descendants has varied widely across groups, cities, and countries. The book presents a theory to account for this uneven pattern, explaining why we observe clashes between immigrants and natives in some locations but not in others and why some cities experience confrontations between immigrants and state actors while others are spared from such conflicts. The book addresses how economic conditions interact with electoral incentives to account for immigrant-native and immigrant-state conflict across groups and cities within Great Britain as well as across Germany and France. It highlights the importance of national immigration regimes and local political economies in shaping immigrants' economic position and political behavior, demonstrating how economic and electoral forces, rather than cultural differences, determine patterns of conflict and calm.
Human Evolution and the Origins of Hierarchies
Authors: Dubreuil Benoît
Published: July 2011

In this book, Benoît Dubreuil explores the creation and destruction of hierarchies in human evolution. Combining the methods of archaeology, anthropology, cognitive neuroscience and primatology, he offers a natural history of hierarchies from the point of view of both cultural and biological evolution. This volume explains why dominance hierarchies typical of primate societies disappeared in the human lineage and why the emergence of large-scale societies during the Neolithic period implied increased social differentiation, the creation of status hierarchies, and, eventually, political centralisation.
The Competition Wallah
Authors: Trevelyan George Otto
Published: July 2011

Sir George Otto Trevelyan's Competition Wallah was published in 1864 after previous serialisation in Macmillan's Magazine. Consisting of a series of letters from Henry Broughton, an imaginary young civil servant fresh from Cambridge, to a friend, the work was well-received in Britain and India, although it raised controversy in the Anglo-Indian community for its exposure of the attitudes of the British settlers to the Indian people in the wake of the Mutiny of 1857–1859. Extraordinary and courageous for its time, this book examines society in India, exploring the gulf of misunderstanding and racial prejudice, and attempting to bridge the gap between the early nineteenth-century reformist attitude and the defensive militarist imperialism of the latter half of the century. It is also notable for containing the first full publication in the west of the highly influential 'Minute on Education' of 1835 by Trevelyan's uncle, Thomas Babington Macaulay.
Controlling Institutions
Authors: Stone Randall W.
Published: July 2011

How is the United States able to control the IMF with only 17 per cent of the votes? How are the rules of the global economy made? This book shows how a combination of formal and informal rules explains how international organizations really work. Randall W. Stone argues that formal rules apply in ordinary times, while informal power allows leading states to exert control when the stakes are high. International organizations are therefore best understood as equilibrium outcomes that balance the power and interests of the leading state and the member countries. Presenting a new model of institutional design and comparing the IMF, WTO, and EU, Stone argues that institutional variations reflect the distribution of power and interests. He shows that US interests influence the size, terms, and enforcement of IMF programs, and new data, archival documents, and interviews reveal the shortcomings of IMF programs in Mexico, Russia, Korea, Indonesia, and Argentina.
An Introduction to the Theory of Graph Spectra
Authors: Cvetković Dragoš , Rowlinson Peter , Simić Slobodan
Published: July 2011

This introductory text explores the theory of graph spectra: a topic with applications across a wide range of subjects, including computer science, quantum chemistry and electrical engineering. The spectra examined here are those of the adjacency matrix, the Seidel matrix, the Laplacian, the normalized Laplacian and the signless Laplacian of a finite simple graph. The underlying theme of the book is the relation between the eigenvalues and structure of a graph. Designed as an introductory text for graduate students, or anyone using the theory of graph spectra, this self-contained treatment assumes only a little knowledge of graph theory and linear algebra. The authors include many developments in the field which arise as a result of rapidly expanding interest in the area. Exercises, spectral data and proofs of required results are also provided. The end-of-chapter notes serve as a practical guide to the extensive bibliography of over 500 items.
China's Emerging Technological Edge
Authors: Simon Denis Fred , Cao Cong
Published: July 2011

In less than thirty years, China has become a major force in the global economy. One feature of its rapid ascent has been an enormous expansion of the country's science and technology capabilities, leading to the emergence of a large and increasingly well-educated talent pool. Yet China finds itself engaged in an internal debate as to whether its full potential can be realised. At the heart of this debate lie a number of uncertainties surrounding the quality, quantity and effective utilisation of China's S&T workforce. Written by two leading experts in the field, this book is the first in forty years to address these critical issues. Building on exciting new research and a plethora of comprehensive statistical materials, its findings will have significant policy implications both for China and the international community, especially in terms of issues relating to national competitiveness and innovation potential.
Climate Change
Authors: Cowie Jonathan
Published: July 2011

In recent years climate change has become recognised as the foremost environmental problem of the twenty-first century. Not only will climate change potentially affect the multibillion dollar energy strategies of countries worldwide, but it also could seriously affect many species, including our own. A fascinating introduction to the subject, this textbook provides a broad review of past, present and likely future climate change from the viewpoints of biology, ecology and human ecology. It will be of interest to a wide range of people, from students in the life sciences who need a brief overview of the basics of climate science, to atmospheric science, geography, and environmental science students who need to understand the biological and human ecological implications of climate change. It will also be a valuable reference for those involved in environmental monitoring, conservation, policy-making and policy lobbying.
Dynamics of Markets
Authors: McCauley Joseph L.
Published: July 2011

This second edition presents the advances made in finance market analysis since 2005. The book provides a careful introduction to stochastic methods along with approximate ensembles for a single, historic time series. The new edition explains the history leading up to the biggest economic disaster of the 21st century. Empirical evidence for finance market instability under deregulation is given, together with a history of the explosion of the US Dollar worldwide. A model shows how bounds set by a central bank stabilized FX in the gold standard era, illustrating the effect of regulations. The book presents economic and finance theory thoroughly and critically, including rational expectations, cointegration and arch/garch methods, and replaces several of those misconceptions by empirically based ideas. This book will be of interest to finance theorists, traders, economists, physicists and engineers, and leads the reader to the frontier of research in time series analysis.
The Politics of Anxiety in Nineteenth-Century American Literature
Authors: Murison Justine S.
Published: July 2011

For much of the nineteenth century, the nervous system was a medical mystery, inspiring scientific studies and exciting great public interest. Because of this widespread fascination, the nerves came to explain the means by which mind and body related to each other. By the 1830s, the nervous system helped Americans express the consequences on the body, and for society, of major historical changes. Literary writers, including Nathaniel Hawthorne and Harriet Beecher Stowe, used the nerves as a metaphor to re-imagine the role of the self amidst political, social and religious tumults, including debates about slavery and the revivals of the Second Great Awakening. Representing the 'romance' of the nervous system and its cultural impact thoughtfully and, at times, critically, the fictional experiments of this century helped construct and explore a neurological vision of the body and mind. Murison explains the impact of neurological medicine on nineteenth-century literature and culture.
Seeking Sustainability in an Age of Complexity
Authors: Harris Graham
Published: July 2011

Seeking Sustainability in an Age of Complexity explains the difficulties of sustainability and why 'collapse' can occur. In the last twenty years the theory of complexity has been developed - complex systems science (CSS) speaks to natural systems and particularly to ecological, social and economic systems and their interaction. Due to the growing concern over the huge changes occurring in the global environment, such as climate change, deforestation, habitat fragmentation and loss of biodiversity, Graham Harris sets out what has been learned in an attempt to understand the implications of these changes and suggests ways to move forward. This book discusses a number of emerging tools for the management of 'unruly' complexity which facilitate stronger regional dialogues about knowledge and values, which will be of interest to ecologists, sociologists, economists, natural resource managers and scientists in State and local governments and those involved in water and landscape management.
Text-to-Speech Synthesis
Authors: Taylor Paul
Published: July 2011

Text-to-Speech Synthesis provides a complete, end-to-end account of the process of generating speech by computer. Giving an in-depth explanation of all aspects of current speech synthesis technology, it assumes no specialised prior knowledge. Introductory chapters on linguistics, phonetics, signal processing and speech signals lay the foundation, with subsequent material explaining how this knowledge is put to use in building practical systems that generate speech. Including coverage of the very latest techniques such as unit selection, hidden Markov model synthesis, and statistical text analysis, explanations of the more traditional techniques such as format synthesis and synthesis by rule are also provided. Weaving together the various strands of this multidisciplinary field, the book is designed for graduate students in electrical engineering, computer science, and linguistics. It is also an ideal reference for practitioners in the fields of human communication interaction and telephony.
The Nature and Authority of Precedent
Authors: Duxbury Neil
Published: July 2011

Neil Duxbury examines how precedents constrain legal decision-makers and how legal decision-makers relax and avoid those constraints. There is no single principle or theory which explains the authority of precedent but rather a number of arguments which raise rebuttable presumptions in favour of precedent-following. This book examines the force and the limitations of these arguments and shows that although the principal requirement of the doctrine of precedent is that courts respect earlier judicial decisions on materially identical facts, the doctrine also requires courts to depart from such decisions when following them would perpetuate legal error or injustice. Not only do judicial precedents not 'bind' judges in the classical-positivist sense, but, were they to do so, they would be ill suited to common-law decision-making. Combining historical inquiry and philosophical analysis, this book will assist anyone seeking to understand how precedent operates as a common-law doctrine.
Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance
Authors: Spiller Elizabeth
Published: July 2011

Elizabeth Spiller studies how early modern attitudes towards race were connected to assumptions about the relationship between the act of reading and the nature of physical identity. As reading was understood to happen in and to the body, what you read could change who you were. In a culture in which learning about the world and its human boundaries came increasingly through reading, one place where histories of race and histories of books intersect is in the minds and bodies of readers. Bringing together ethnic studies, book history and historical phenomenology, this book provides a detailed case study of printed romances and works by Montalvo, Heliodorus, Amyot, Ariosto, Tasso, Cervantes, Munday, Burton, Sidney and Wroth. Reading and the History of Race traces ways in which print culture and the reading practices it encouraged, contributed to shifting understandings of racial and ethnic identity.
Boolean Functions
Authors: Crama Yves , Hammer Peter L.
Published: July 2011

Written by prominent experts in the field, this monograph provides the first comprehensive, unified presentation of the structural, algorithmic and applied aspects of the theory of Boolean functions. The book focuses on algebraic representations of Boolean functions, especially disjunctive and conjunctive normal form representations. This framework looks at the fundamental elements of the theory (Boolean equations and satisfiability problems, prime implicants and associated short representations, dualization), an in-depth study of special classes of Boolean functions (quadratic, Horn, shellable, regular, threshold, read-once functions and their characterization by functional equations) and two fruitful generalizations of the concept of Boolean functions (partially defined functions and pseudo-Boolean functions). Several topics are presented here in book form for the first time. Because of the depth and breadth and its emphasis on algorithms and applications, this monograph will have special appeal for researchers and graduate students in discrete mathematics, operations research, computer science, engineering and economics.
Strategic Leadership in the Business School
Authors: Fragueiro Fernando , Thomas Howard
Published: July 2011

Business schools have come under fire in recent years with criticisms centring on their academic rigour and the relevance of business education to the 'real' world of management. Alongside this ongoing debate, increasing international competition and media rankings have led to a fierce struggle between business schools for positioning and differentiation. These are among the challenges that are faced by the Dean of the modern-day business school. In this book, Fernando Fragueiro and Howard Thomas show how Deans of business schools can meet such challenges in terms of strategic direction setting and the execution of their leadership role. Drawing on their invaluable experience as Deans of highly successful business schools, they present a series of case studies to show how leaders of five leading business schools (IMD, LBS, INSEAD, IAE and Warwick) have built effective strategies in the context of internal and external political pressures.
Rising Waters
Authors: Brody Samuel D. , Highfield Wesley E. , Kang Jung Eun
Published: July 2011

In the wake of Hurricane Katrina and the flooding of New Orleans in 2005, this interdisciplinary book brings together five years of empirical research funded by the National Science Foundation. It explores the causes of flooding in the United States and the ways in which local communities can reduce the associated human casualties and property damage. Focussing on Texas and Florida, the authors investigate factors other than rainfall that determine the degree of flooding, and consider the key role of non-structural techniques and strategies in flood mitigation. The authors present an empirical and multi-scale assessment that underlines the critical importance of local planning and development decisions. Written for advanced students and researchers in hazard mitigation, hydrology, geography, environmental planning and public policy, this book will also provide policy makers, government employees and engineers with important insights into how to make their communities more resilient to the adverse impacts of flooding.
Building Parallel, Embedded, and Real-Time Applications with Ada
Authors: McCormick John W. , Singhoff Frank , Hugues Jérôme
Published: July 2011

The arrival and popularity of multi-core processors has sparked a renewed interest in the development of parallel programs. Similarly, the availability of low-cost microprocessors and sensors has generated a great interest in embedded real-time programs. This book provides students and programmers whose backgrounds are in traditional sequential programming with the opportunity to expand their capabilities into parallel, embedded, real-time and distributed computing. It also addresses the theoretical foundation of real-time scheduling analysis, focusing on theory that is useful for actual applications. Written by award-winning educators at a level suitable for undergraduates and beginning graduate students, this book is the first truly entry-level textbook in the subject. Complete examples allow readers to understand the context in which a new concept is used, and enable them to build and run the examples, make changes, and observe the results.
Behavior Dynamics in Media-Sharing Social Networks
Authors: Zhao H. Vicky , Lin W. Sabrina , Liu K. J. Ray
Published: July 2011

In large-scale media-sharing social networks, where millions of users create, share, link and reuse media content, there are clear challenges in protecting content security and intellectual property, and in designing scalable and reliable networks capable of handling high levels of traffic. This comprehensive resource demonstrates how game theory can be used to model user dynamics and optimize design of media-sharing networks. It reviews the fundamental methodologies used to model and analyze human behavior, using examples from real-world multimedia social networks. With a thorough investigation of the impact of human factors on multimedia system design, this accessible book shows how an understanding of human behavior can be used to improve system performance. Bringing together mathematical tools and engineering concepts with ideas from sociology and human behavior analysis, this one-stop guide will enable researchers to explore this emerging field further and ultimately design media-sharing systems with more efficient, secure and personalized services.
The Aurelian Wall and the Refashioning of Imperial Rome, AD 271–855
Authors: Dey Hendrik W.
Published: July 2011

This book explores the relationship between the city of Rome and the Aurelian Wall during the six centuries following its construction in the 270s AD, a period when the city changed and contracted almost beyond recognition, as it evolved from imperial capital into the spiritual center of Western Christendom. The Wall became the single most prominent feature in the urban landscape, a dominating presence which came bodily to incarnate the political, legal, administrative, and religious boundaries of urbs Roma, even as it reshaped both the physical contours of the city as a whole and the mental geographies of 'Rome' that prevailed at home and throughout the known world. With the passage of time, the circuit took on a life of its own as the embodiment of Rome's past greatness, a cultural and architectural legacy that dwarfed the quotidian realities of the post-imperial city as much as it shaped them.
'Fair and Equitable Treatment' in International Investment Law
Authors: Kläger Roland
Published: July 2011

A breach of fair and equitable treatment is alleged in almost every investor-state dispute. It has therefore become a controversial norm, which touches many questions at the heart of general international law. In this book, Roland Kläger sheds light on these controversies by exploring the deeper doctrinal foundations of fair and equitable treatment and reviewing its contentious relationship with the international minimum standard. The norm is also discussed in light of the fragmentation of international law, theories of international justice and rational balancing, and the idea of constitutionalism in international law. In this vein, a shift in the way of addressing fair and equitable treatment is proposed by focusing on the process of justificatory reasoning.
Lyster's International Wildlife Law
Authors: Bowman Michael , Davies Peter , Redgwell Catherine
Published: July 2011

The development of international wildlife law has been one of the most significant exercises in international law-making during the last fifty years. This second edition of Lyster's International Wildlife Law coincides with both the UN Year of Biological Diversity and the twenty-fifth anniversary of Simon Lyster's first edition. The risk of wildlife depletion and species extinction has become even greater since the 1980s. This new edition provides a clear and authoritative analysis of the key treaties which regulate the conservation of wildlife and habitat protection, and of the mechanisms available to make them work. The original text has also been significantly expanded to include analysis of the philosophical and welfare considerations underpinning wildlife protection, the cross-cutting themes of wildlife and trade, and the impact of climate change and other anthropogenic interferences with species and habitat. Lyster's International Wildlife Law is an indispensable reference work for scholars, practitioners and policy-makers alike.
Numerical Methods of Statistics
Authors: Monahan John F.
Published: July 2011

This book explains how computer software is designed to perform the tasks required for sophisticated statistical analysis. For statisticians, it examines the nitty-gritty computational problems behind statistical methods. For mathematicians and computer scientists, it looks at the application of mathematical tools to statistical problems. The first half of the book offers a basic background in numerical analysis that emphasizes issues important to statisticians. The next several chapters cover a broad array of statistical tools, such as maximum likelihood and nonlinear regression. The author also treats the application of numerical tools; numerical integration and random number generation are explained in a unified manner reflecting complementary views of Monte Carlo methods. Each chapter contains exercises that range from simple questions to research problems. Most of the examples are accompanied by demonstration and source code available from the author's website. New in this second edition are demonstrations coded in R, as well as new sections on linear programming and the Nelder–Mead search algorithm.
Settlement of Investment Disputes under the Energy Charter Treaty
Authors: Roe Thomas , Happold Matthew
Published: July 2011

The Energy Charter Treaty has come of age, with almost 50 States parties and a small but growing body of arbitral case law. In this new study of the Treaty's investment protection provisions, Thomas Roe and Matthew Happold set out to identify and explain the Treaty's principal provisions and to suggest answers to some of the difficult problems thrown up by its drafting. They discuss in detail questions such as the standards of protection granted by the Treaty and the international responsibility of States for breaches of the Treaty, the various procedures available for the vindication of rights under the Treaty and the conditions to be satisfied before a claimant's complaint may be considered on the merits. Specific issues addressed include the impact of EU law on claims under the Treaty and the Treaty's provisions concerning taxation.
Eruptions that Shook the World
Authors: Oppenheimer Clive
Published: July 2011

What does it take for a volcanic eruption to really shake the world? Did volcanic eruptions extinguish the dinosaurs, or help humans to evolve, only to decimate their populations with a super-eruption 73,000 years ago? Did they contribute to the ebb and flow of ancient empires, the French Revolution and the rise of fascism in Europe in the 19th century? These are some of the claims made for volcanic cataclysm. Volcanologist Clive Oppenheimer explores rich geological, historical, archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records (such as ice cores and tree rings) to tell the stories behind some of the greatest volcanic events of the past quarter of a billion years. He shows how a forensic approach to volcanology reveals the richness and complexity behind cause and effect, and argues that important lessons for future catastrophe risk management can be drawn from understanding events that took place even at the dawn of human origins.
Bioethics and Disability
Authors: Ouellette Alicia
Published: July 2011

Bioethics and Disability provides tools for understanding the concerns, fears and biases that have convinced some people with disabilities that the health care setting is a dangerous place and some bioethicists that disability activists have nothing to offer bioethics. It wrestles with the charge that bioethics as a discipline devalues the lives of persons with disabilities, arguing that reconciling the competing concerns of the disability community and the autonomy-based approach of mainstream bioethics is not only possible, but essential for a bioethics committed to facilitating good medical decision making and promoting respect for all persons, regardless of ability. Through in-depth case studies involving newborns, children and adults with disabilities, it proposes a new model for medical decision making that is both sensitive to and sensible about the fact of disability in medical cases.
Stiffness optimization of a novel reconfigurable parallel kinematic manipulator
Authors: Chi Zhongzhe , Zhang Dan
Published: July 2011

This paper proposes a novel design of a reconfigurable parallel kinematic manipulator used for a machine tool. After investigating the displacement and inverse kinematics of the proposed manipulator, it is found that the parasitic motions along x-, y-, and θz-axes can be eliminated. The system stiffness of the parallel manipulator is conducted. In order to locate the highest system stiffness, single and multiobjective optimizations are performed in terms of rotation angles in x- and y-axes and translation displacement in z-axis. Finally, a case study of tool path planning is presented to demonstrate the application of stiffness mapping. Through this integrated design synthesis process, the system stiffness optimization is conducted with Genetic Algorithms. By optimizing the design variables including end-effector size, base platform size, the distance between base platform and middle moving platform, and the length of the active links, the system stiffness of the proposed parallel kinematic manipulator has been greatly improved.
LEFT DISLOCATION IN NEAR-NATIVE FRENCH
Authors: Donaldson Bryan
Published: July 2011

The present study is concerned with the upper limits of SLA—specifically, mastery of the syntax-discourse interface in successful endstate learners of second-language (L2) French (near-native speakers). Left dislocation (LD) is a syntactic means of structuring spoken French discourse by marking topic. Its use requires speakers to coordinate syntactic and pragmatic or discursive knowledge, an interface at which L2 learners have been shown to encounter difficulties (e.g., Sorace, 1993; Sorace & Filiaci, 2006). The data come from (a) an 8.5-hr corpus that consists of recordings of 10 dyadic conversations between near-native and native speakers of French and (b) two contextualized paper and audio tasks that tested intuitions and preferences regarding LD. Analyses of the near-native speakers’ production of LDs, the syntactic properties of their LDs, and their use of LDs to promote different types of discourse referents to topic status suggest that their mastery of this aspect of discourse organization converges on that of native speakers.
New insights on the interseismic active deformation along the North Ecuadorian–South Colombian (NESC) margin
Authors: Manchuel Kevin , Régnier Marc , Béthoux Nicole , Font Yvonne , Sallarès Valentí , Díaz Jordi , Yepes Hugo
Published: July 2011

The North Ecuadorian–South Colombian subduction zone was the site of the 1906 Mw 8.8 megathrust earthquake. This main shock was followed by three large events in 1942, 1958, and 1979 whose rupture zones were located within the 500 km long 1906 rupture area. A combined onshore and offshore temporary seismic network covering from the trench to the Andes was deployed during 3 months in the area of large earthquakes, in order to obtain a detailed knowledge of the seismic background activity. Resulting earthquakes location and mechanisms bring new insights on interseismic active deformation distribution in the three main tectonic units of the margin, namely, the Interplate Seismogenic Zone, the fore‐arc region which is part of the North Andean Block and the downgoing oceanic Nazca plate. The interplate seismic activity presents along strike variations, suggesting that the seismicity and the associated stress buildup along the plate interface depend on the time elapsed since the last large earthquakes. According to our results, the updip and downdip limits of the seismogenic zone appear to be located at 12 and 30 km depth, respectively. Shallow to intermediate depth seismicity indicates a slab dip angle of ≈25°. North of the Carnegie Ridge, the Wadati‐Benioff plane is defined beneath the fore arc down to ≈100 km depth. Facing the ridge, the Wadati‐Benioff plane extends beneath the Andes, down to ≈140 km depth. This observation conflicts with the hypothesis of the presence of a flat slab at a depth of 100 km facing the ridge. In the overlying fore‐arc region, the crustal seismicity occurs down to 40 km depth and is mainly concentrated in a roughly NW‐SE 100 km wide stripe stretching from the coast, at about 1°N, to the Andes. The location of this active deformation stripe coincides with observed tectonic segmentation of the coastal domain as evidenced by the presence of an uplifting segment to the south and a subsiding segment to the north of the stripe. It also corresponds to a ≈30° change in the trend of the Andes, suggesting that the curvature of the volcanic arc might play an important role in the deformation of the fore‐arc region.
First principles phase diagram calculations for the wurtzite-structure quasibinary systems SiC-AlN, SiC-GaN and SiC-InN
Authors: Burton B. P. , Demers Steve , van de Walle A.
Published: July 2011

The cluster-expansion method was used to perform first principles phase diagram calculations for the wurtzite-structure quasibinary systems (SiC)1-X(AlN)X, (SiC)1-X (GaN)X and (SiC)1-X(InN)X; and to model variations of band gaps as functions of bulk compositions and temperature. In SiC-AlN, plane wave pseudopotential formation-energy calculations predict low-energy metastable states with formation energies, ΔEf <~ 0.004 eV/mole (mol = one cation + one anion). The crystal structures of these states are all of the form (SiC)m(AlN)n(SiC)o(AlN)p…(m,n,o,p integers), where (SiC)m indicates m SiC-diatomic-layers ⊥ to the hexagonal c-axis (cHex) and similarly for (AlN)n, (SiC)o and (AlN)p. The presence of low-energy layer-structure metastable states helps to explain why one can synthesize (SiC)1-X(AlN)X films, or single crystals with any value of X, in spite of the apparently strong tendency toward immiscibility. In SiC-GaN, ordered structures are predicted at X = 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 (Pm, Pmn21 and Pm, respectively). In SiC-InN, one Cmc21 ordered phase is predicted at X = 1/2.
A global, high accuracy ab initio dipole moment surface for the electronic ground state of the water molecule
Authors: Lodi Lorenzo , Tennyson Jonathan , Polyansky Oleg L.
Published: July 2011

A highly accurate, global dipole moment surface (DMS) is calculated for the water molecule using ab initio quantum chemistry methods. The new surface is named LTP2011 and is based on all-electron, internally contracted multireference configuration interaction, including size-extensivity corrections in the aug-cc-pCV6Z basis set. Dipoles are computed as energy derivatives and small corrections due to relativistic effects included. The LTP2011 DMS uses an appropriate functional form that guarantees qualitatively correct behaviour even for most high energies configuration (up to about 60 000 cm−1), including, in particular, along the water dissociation channel. Comparisons with high precision experimental data show agreement within 1% for medium-strength lines. The new DMS and all the ab initio data are made available in the supplementary material.
Azimuthal reflection high-energy electron diffraction study of MnAs growth on GaAs(001) by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Satapathy Dillip K. , Jenichen Bernd , Ploog Klaus H. , Braun Wolfgang
Published: July 2011

Azimuthal reflection high-energy electron diffraction (ARHEED) and in situ grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction techniques are employed to investigate the growth, epitaxial orientation, and interfacial structure of MnAs layers grown on GaAs(001) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We demonstrate the power and reliability of ARHEED scans as a routine tool in characterizing the formation of epitaxial films. The ARHEED scans clearly reveal the formation of the rectangular MnAs unit cell during growth on GaAs(001) for a MnAs layer thickness of 2.1 ± 0.2 monolayers with a tensile strain along the MnAs[112−0] direction. A periodic coincidence site lattice, which is known to form along the MnAs [0001] direction to release the strain due to the huge lattice mismatch (∼30%) also produces periodic satellites of the diffraction spots in the ARHEED scan. The formation of different epitaxial orientations of MnAs during MBE growth can be directly observed using ARHEED scans. ARHEED is demonstrated to have a resolution similar to synchrotron x-ray diffraction with a double crystal monochromator, yielding full width at half maximum values of reflections as small as 0.005 reciprocal lattice units.
Size evolution study of “molecular” and “atom-in-cluster” polarizabilities of medium-size gold clusters
Authors: Rodríguez Juan I. , Autschbach Jochen , Castillo-Alvarado F. L. , Baltazar-Méndez María I.
Published: July 2011

A study on static polarizabilities for a family of gold clusters (Aun, n = 6, 12, 20, 34, 54) is presented. For each cluster, a density functional theory perturbation theory calculation was performed to compute the cluster polarizability and the polarizability of each atom in the cluster using Bader´s “quantum theory of atoms in molecules” formalism. The cluster polarizability tensor, $\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{\scriptscriptstyle\leftrightarrow}}\over \alpha } _{\it cluster}$α↔cluster, is expressed as a sum of the atom-in-molecule tensors, $\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{\scriptscriptstyle\leftrightarrow}}\over \alpha } _{\it cluster} = \sum_\Omega {\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{\scriptscriptstyle\leftrightarrow}}\over \alpha} (\Omega)}$α↔cluster=∑Ωα↔(Ω). A strong quadratic correlation (R2 = 0.98) in the isotropic polarizability of atoms in the cluster and their distance to the cluster center of mass was observed. The cluster polarizabilities are in agreement with previous calculations.
Hyperfine interactions in the A3Φ4 and X 3Φ4 states of iridium monofluoride, IrF
Authors: Linton Colan , Zhuang Xiujuan , Steimle Timothy C. , Adam Allan G.
Published: July 2011

Laser induced-fluorescence spectra of the 1-0 band of the A3Φ4 - X3Φ4 transition of iridium monofluoride, IrF, have been obtained at near natural linewidth resolution using supersonic molecular beam techniques. The spectra show a complex, clearly resolved hyperfine structure which has significant contributions from the magnetic and quadrupole hyperfine terms in 193Ir and 191Ir, both with I = 3/2, and the fluorine magnetic hyperfine term (I = 1/2). The spectra of both 193IrF and 191IrF isotopologues have been assigned and analyzed. The hyperfine structure was interpreted with the aid of atomic hyperfine parameters, which were used to determine the configurational composition of the ground state and to estimate the individual molecular hyperfine parameters.
Alternating current magnetic susceptibility of a molecular magnet submonolayer directly patterned onto a micro superconducting quantum interference device
Authors: Martínez-Pérez M. J. , Bellido E. , Miguel R. de , Sesé J. , Lostao A. , Gómez-Moreno C. , Drung D. , Schurig T. , Ruiz-Molina D. , Luis F.
Published: July 2011

We report the controlled integration, via dip pen nanolithography, of monolayer dots of ferritin-based CoO nanoparticles (12 μB) into the most sensitive areas of a microSQUID sensor. The nearly optimum flux coupling between these nanomagnets and the microSQUID improves the achievable sensitivity by a factor 102, enabling us to measure the linear susceptibility of the molecular array down to very low temperatures (13 mK). This method opens the possibility of applying ac susceptibility experiments to characterize two-dimensional arrays of single molecule magnets within a wide range of temperatures and frequencies.
Simulating structural transitions by direct transition current sampling: The example of LJ38
Authors: Picciani Massimiliano , Athènes Manuel , Kurchan Jorge , Tailleur Julien
Published: July 2011

Reaction paths and probabilities are inferred, in a usual Monte Carlo or molecular dynamic simulation, directly from the evolution of the positions of the particles. The process becomes time-consuming in many interesting cases in which the transition probabilities are small. A radically different approach consists of setting up a computation scheme where the object whose time evolution is simulated is the transition current itself. The relevant timescale for such a computation is the one needed for the transition probability rate to reach a stationary level, and this is usually substantially shorter than the passage time of an individual system. As an example, we show, in the context of the “benchmark” case of 38 particles interacting via the Lennard-Jones potential (“LJ38” cluster), how this method may be used to explore the reactions that take place between different phases, recovering efficiently known results, and uncovering new ones with small computational effort.
Spatio-temporal anomalous diffusion in heterogeneous media by nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Palombo M. , Gabrielli A. , De Santis S. , Cametti C. , Ruocco G. , Capuani S.
Published: July 2011

In this paper, we describe nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of water diffusion in highly confined and heterogeneous colloidal systems using an anomalous diffusion model. For the first time, temporal and spatial fractional exponents, α and μ, introduced within the framework of continuous time random walk, are simultaneously measured by pulsed gradient spin-echo NMR technique in samples of micro-beads dispersed in aqueous solution. In order to mimic media with low and high level of disorder, mono-dispersed and poly-dispersed samples are used. We find that the exponent α depends on the disorder degree of the system. Conversely, the exponent μ depends on both bead sizes and magnetic susceptibility differences within samples. The new procedure proposed here may be a useful tool to probe porous materials and microstructural features of biological tissue.
Harmonic electron correlation operator
Authors: Rassolov Vitaly A.
Published: July 2011

An appealing way to model electron correlation within the single determinant wave function formalism is through the expectation value of a linear two-electron operator. For practical reasons, it is desirable for such an operator to be universal, i.e., not depend on the positions and types of nuclei in a molecule. We show how a perturbation theory applied to a hookium atom provides for a particular form of a correlation operator, hence called the harmonic correlation operator. The correlation operator approach is compared and contrasted to the traditional ways to describe electron correlation. To investigate the two-electron approximation of this operator, we apply it to many-electron hookium systems. To investigate the harmonic approximation, we apply it to the small atomic systems. Directions of future research are also discussed.
Photostrictive effect in a polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer
Authors: Bonora S. , Meneghini M. , Marrani A. , Bassi M. , Falco I. , Zanoni E.
Published: July 2011

We present an extensive characterization and modeling of the use of a polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) as a photo activated actuator. P(VDF-TrFE) copolymers are very appealing for applications because, on the opposite of the PVDF homopolymer, which requires a drawing or stretching followed by annealing and poling process to show ferroelectric properties, they spontaneously crystallize to beta phase. Based on the measurement of the bending of P(VDF-TrFE) strips under illumination, we extrapolated a model of the role of temperature, piezoelectric effect, and photostrictive components.
Nanoplasmonic power splitters based on the horizontal nanoplasmonic slot waveguide
Authors: Zhu Shiyang , Lo G. Q. , Kwong D. L.
Published: July 2011

Ultracompact power splitters based on the horizontal nanoplasmonic slot waveguide (Cu/SiO2/Si/SiO2/Cu, whose propagation loss is measured to be ∼0.36 dB/μm at 1550 nm for waveguide with ∼47-nm-wide Si core and ∼26-nm surrounding SiO2) are designed, simulated, and fabricated using the standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. The 1 × 2 Y-splitters with the opening angle of 60°, 120°, and 180° are measured to have the excess losses of ∼1.4, ∼1.7, and ∼3.2 dB, compared with the theoretical values of ∼1.4, ∼1.5, and ∼1.8 dB, respectively. The 1 × 3 cross-splitter delivers normalized output powers of ∼ −7.6, ∼ −4.2, and ∼ −7.2 dB at the left, middle, and right output ports, respectively, compared with the theoretical value of ∼ −6.6 dB. Reasons of the discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical results are discussed, and approaches to further reduce the excess loss are then proposed.
Immunocytochemistry: an indispensable technique in routine cytology
Authors: Skoog L. , Tani E.
Published: July 2011

L. Skoog and E. Tani

Immunocytochemistry: an indispensable technique in routine cytology

Immunocytology is today accepted as an indispensable adjunct to cytomorphology. It has led to a dramatic increase in diagnostic accuracy and also allowed the identification of markers both for prognosis and targeted therapies. Most commercially available antibodies will perform in a reproducible and reliable way provided that the cytological specimen has been prepared and fixed properly. In this review various aspects of immunocytochemistry such as preparation of cytological specimens, fixation and choice of antibodies will be discussed. The specificity of the most commonly used antibodies is summarized and staining panels for various tumours are suggested. In addition, the use of markers for targeted therapy and theranostics is discussed, as well as a brief section on the identification of infectious agents.