bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information-Theoretic Analysis of Randomization and Spontaneous Activity
Authors: Shaffer Joseph I. , Barone Nancy C. , Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine the information-theoretic measure of redundancy for a sequence randomized by subjects and for a sequence spontaneously produced by subjects. It was hypothesized on the basis of previous findings with self-paced tasks that redundancy in the sequence under conditions of spontaneous activity would be higher than under conditions of randomization. 28 subjects were instructed to randomize three alternative push-button responses or to produce a spontaneous sequence of such responses. Both tasks were paced by a metronome and performed twice. As expected, redundancy was significantly higher in the condition of spontaneous activity. Redundancy was also higher in the second task and seemed to be higher in paced tasks as compared with previously published data obtained with the use of self-paced tasks. The latter effect was interpreted as a function of a superimposed activity of synchronization of responses with a time marker. Higher redundancy of spontaneously produced sequences was said to be firmly established and independent of pacing or nonpacing of responses.
Effects of Pleasant and Unpleasant Verbal Stimuli upon Perceptual Learning in Young Children
Authors: Hardy Paul Anthony , Sommer Robert
Published: September 2011

Children who were told pleasant stories about one part of an ambiguous figure were more likely to see that figure when it was paired with a second aspect that had previously been associated with an unpleasant story. The experiment was subsequently repeated using six experimenters, three who had been previously told that the children they tested would perceive the pleasant-associated figure, and three of whom had been told that children would perceive the negative-associated figure. Children tested by both groups of experimenters were more likely to see the positive-associated figure than the negative-associated figure.
Development of Hand Preference in the Colorado Adoption Project
Authors: Rice Treva , Plomin Robert , De Fries J. C.
Published: September 2011

A longitudinal study of the development of hand preference in 152 adopted and 120 nonadopted (control) infants measured in natural behavioral situations at both 12 and 24 mo. of age is reported. Significant developmental trends were observed for both increasing strength and direction of handedness. Less than 10% of the infants exhibited a clear preference at 12 mo. of age, whereas about 30% were lateralized at 24 mo., with more boys than girls being left-handed. In contrast, over 90% of the parents of these children (both biological and adoptive parents of the adopted children and parents of the nonadopted children) were lateralized. Perhaps because so few infants were lateralized at either age, parent-offspring resemblances were inconsistent and the number of significant parent/child correlations was about that expected on the basis of chance alone.
Reliability and Validity of Graphological Assessment in the Selection Process of Military Officers
Authors: Keinan Giora , Barak Azy , Ramati Tzila
Published: September 2011

This study examined the reliability and validity of graphology as an assessment tool in selecting candidates for an infantry officers' training course. Six professional graphologists' predictions were compared with those of 6 psychologists and 6 laymen who evaluated the same 65 handwriting specimens on 13 scales. Coefficients of concordance in the graphologists' group were relatively low and ranged from .20 to .37 but were higher than those of psychologists (.17 to .36) and laymen (.09 to .20). The median validity coefficients of graphologists in predicting success in the course ranged from .11 to .26, while the validities of psychologists were from .07 to .23 and of laymen from —.05 to .17. The median validities of a General Evaluation Scale were .26, .20, and .11 for graphologists, psychologists, and laymen, respectively. The possible uses of graphology in selection and direction of research were discussed.
Sensation Magnitude Scales for Vibrotactile Stimulation of the Tongue and Thenar Eminence
Authors: Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel , Petrosino Linda
Published: September 2011

This study represents the first attempt to generate magnitude-estimation and magnitude-balance functions for the human tongue. Vibrotactile magnitude scales for the tongue and thenar eminence of the hand were investigated for nine adult subjects. The methods of magnitude estimation and magnitude production were used to obtain magnitude-balance functions for both structures. The magnitude-estimation task resulted in magnitude functions for the tongue which were similar in slope value to those found for the thenar eminence. The magnitude-production task also gave magnitude functions which were similar in slope value for the two structures.
Relation of Capsule Color and Perceived Potency
Authors: Sailis R. E. , Buckalew L. W.
Published: September 2011

Perceptual properties of medications can elicit specific expectancies and may have implications for patients' compliance. To explore the relationship between capsules' color and perceived potency, 20 participants rank-ordered seven capsules of saturated hue. 10 men showed more agreement than 10 women in ranking strength; red and black capsules were ranked as ‘strongest’ and white as ‘weakest.’
Attraction Effects of Smiling and Body Position: A Cultural Comparison
Authors: Mc Ginley Hugh , Blau George L. , Takai Mari
Published: September 2011

99 undergraduate women from Japan and 78 women and 54 men from the United States viewed slides of a Japanese woman who either smiled frequently (was shown smiling in 70% of the slides) or infrequently (was shown smiling in 20% of the slides) while displaying either open or closed body positions. Subjects from Japan rated the woman as the most interpersonally attractive when she smiled frequently and expressed closed body positions and the least attractive when she smiled frequently and expressed open body positions. In contrast, college men and women from the United States rated the same model as the most interpersonally attractive when she smiled frequently and expressed open body positions and the least attractive when she smiled infrequently and used closed body positions.
Attentional Requirements for Location and Distance of Movement: Encoding and Recognition
Authors: Toole Tonya , Lucariello Georgann
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to study the early processing stages of encoding and recognition of slow movement in a short-term motor-memory paradigm. These stages were examined by determining whether Laabs' (1973) differential decay rates for location of movement and distance of movement could be replicated when the interfering activity was performed during the criterion and replication movements. 20 subjects performed a linear-positioning task in a 2 × 2 × 2 (count × movement type × retention interval) experimental design. 10 subjects in one condition counted backwards by 3s during the criterion and replication movements. There were no detrimental effects for location and distance-cue reproduction when attention was shared with counting backwards. Like Laabs' results, location of movement was maintained over the 15-sec. interval while distance of movement spontaneously changed. These results supported the notion that the early stages of encoding and recognition of cues for movement can occur unaffected by a secondary task.
Neurobehavioral Deficit and Computed Tomographic Abnormalities in Three Samples of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Adams Kenneth M. , Jacisin John J. , Brown Gregory G. , Boulos Roushdy S. , Silk Susan D.
Published: September 2011

Recent reports have suggested that schizophrenics show brain abnormalities as reflected on computed tomography (CT Scan). We present data on three groups of schizophrenic patients which replicate our original report of this phenomenon with associated neuropsychological test results. The over-all evidence for an increased rate of neuropsychological abnormalities and related CT structural anomalies in groups of schizophrenics in several studies is robust. The biological dynamics, cause-effect relationships, and clinical applicability of this phenomenon in the individual case, however, are far from clear. Diagnostic agreements between behavioral and structural abnormalities should simultaneously sound a note of clinical caution and stimulate further study.
Structured Time and Subjective Acceleration of Time
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: September 2011

The present paper gives some evidence that differences in subjective time acceleration with aging are correlated with differences in the extent to which time is structured for the individual, as opposed to free time. Lemlich's 1975 hypothesis relating this speeding up of time to the subjective duration of the time interval was only partially supported by the evidence. Subjective change perceptions of happiness were not correlated significantly with this phenomenon of time perception.
Rotation of Space-Time Plane Predicts a New Illusion of Spatial Displacement
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

To account for an illusion of succession, it was theorized that the axes of the physical space-time plane were rotated in the process of perceiving. This theoretical rotation of space-time axes led to the prediction and demonstration of an illusion of spatial displacement.
Multiple Definitions of Reading Disability: Implications for Preschool Screening
Authors: Colligan Robert C. , Bajuniemi Lee E.
Published: September 2011

A preschool screening battery was evaluated for effectiveness in identifying children who later would be found to have reading disabilities. The battery was used to evaluate 165 preschool children; 95 of these children were available for 3-yr. follow-up assessment The battery was effective in identifying children at risk for later reading disability by using four different diagnostic criteria. The data suggest that intervention should be directed toward the immature or young boy who shows weaknesses in the preschool acquisition of number concepts and symbol recognition.
Athletic Similarity and Attitudes towards Women as Factors in the Perceived Physical Attractiveness and Liking of a Female Varsity Athlete
Authors: Michael Mary E. , Gilroy Faith D. , Sherman Martin F.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined athletic similarity and attitudes toward women as factors in the perceived physical attractiveness and liking of a female varsity athlete. Male and female athletes and nonathletes ( N = 120) responded to questions pertaining to a written description of a hypothetical female college student who was characterized as being either athletic or non-athletic. Subjects were also administered the Attitudes Toward Women Scale—Short Form. A 2 (sex) × 2 (athletic status of subject) × 2 (athletic description of stimulus person) analysis of variance was performed on each dependent variable. Athletic similarity was related to perceived physical attractiveness for both athletes and nonathletes in that athletes found the athletic stimulus person more attractive than the non-athletic stimulus person while the opposite was true for the nonathletes. Athletic similarity was also related to perceived liking but only for the athletic subjects. Sex of subjects was not a significant factor in ratings of either dependent variable, but the women were significantly more liberal than the men in their attitudes toward women. Attitudes toward women were not related to perceived physical attractiveness; however, a significant correlation indicated that a more liberal attitude toward women was related to increased liking of a female athlete.
Lateralized Brain Processing of Faces and Facial Expressions: Level of Blurring and Specificity
Authors: Bruyer R.
Published: September 2011

Earlier papers showed that the relative impairment in response to faces and facial expressions shown by right-brain-damaged subjects was reduced by using blurred stimuli. Reanalysis of these data supports the hypothesis of differential hemispheric sensitivity to spatial frequency of inputs and shows processing of expressions partially depends on the processing of faces.
Propensity to Report Paranormal Experiences is Correlated with Temporal Lobe Signs
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Bivariate correlation analyses indicated that people who reported greater numbers of different types of paranormal experiences also reported greater numbers of temporal lobe signs. Whereas responses of one group ( n = 108) of male and female university students gave a correlation of 0.60 between the two measures, for another group ( n = 41) the correlation was 0.72. Partial correlation analyses, which involved holding the shared variance with affirmative responses to mundane psychological statements or odd sensations constant, did not alter the strength of the relationship. These results support the hypothesis that spontaneous paranormal experiences and the psychological components of complex partial (psychomotor) epilepsy may exist along the same continuum of temporal lobe sensitivity.
Interrelations of Trait Personality and Sleep Structure Variables: Further Negative Results
Authors: Berry D. T. R. , Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

The EEG sleep characteristics of a large, healthy, aged sample (36 men and 39 women, aged 50 to 60 yr. and 19 men and 25 women, aged 60 to 70 yr.) were intercorrelated with scores from several trait personality instruments. The number of significant correlations did not exceed chance expectations. Taken together with past evidence, this finding was interpreted as reflecting the existence of only extremely limited relationships between sleep structure and trait personality variables in normal subjects.
Orientations toward Privacy in Hong Kong
Authors: Traver Harold
Published: September 2011

This research used factor analysis to determine orientations toward privacy among the urban adult Chinese in Hong Kong. A questionnaire of 60 items dealing with different possible types of privacy was administered to a random sample of 355 people. Five major factors based on 21 of these 60 items emerged from the factor analysis. The context of these factors centered on a desire for solitude, a concern for information collecting by the government, a need to escape the presence of friends and relatives, the control of domestic living space, and regulation of the flow of personal information to outsiders. The nature of the relationship between preferences for these types of privacy and indicators of density, age of respondents, length of residence in Hong Kong, and experience of living in rural environment was examined by multiple regression analysis. Among other things, the results of this effort provided some support for the notion that high density acts to reduce the preference for privacy.
A Behavioral Technique for Recovery from the Psychological Trauma of Hysterectomy
Authors: Lobb Michael L. , Shannon Mary C. , Recer Sara L. , Allen Janice B.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of women ( ns = 10) undergoing hysterectomy were subjects in an evaluation of biofeedback and relaxation techniques applied to recovery from psychlogical trauma of hysterectomy. Dependent measures included requests of pain medications, anxiety levels, finger-tip temperature, subjective units of discomfort, and number of days post-operative care. Although the results were mixed on most variables, the number of days post-operative care was significantly less in the relaxation/biofeedback group.
Variability in Flight Patterns of Projectiles from Toy Guns
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the variability of flight pattern of projectiles from toy guns. A child using a projectile toy gun with high variability of flight patterns will not be able to control the destination of the projectile. Analysis of variance indicated 58-in. differences in flight patterns of projectiles from toy guns after the projectiles have traveled 20 ft. The differences for a short 10-ft. distance were less than for 40-in. differences in flight paths. These high variabilities of flight pattern permit a child to aim the toy gun toward another child's legs and accidentally hit his eye.
Precise Visual Target Information and Throwing Accuracy in Adults
Authors: Davis Walter E.
Published: September 2011

In an initial study of visual guidance on throwing, it was hypothesized that precise visual information about the target's center would improve accuracy. Precise information was provided by a small red dot in the center of a large white target. In two experiments, equal numbers of men and women ( N = 40) threw chalked tennis balls from a distance of 11 m with and without the dot. Accuracy was determined as the mean absolute and variable radial error. Women especially benefitted from the presence of the dot which supported the hypothesis. In Exp. 2, instructions to focus on the dot throughout the throw had no effect on throwing accuracy for either men or women. Further analysis indicated that skill was not significant in subjects' use of precise information to guide throwing, as might have been predicted from the literature. Consistent with the literature, large gender differences in both absolute and variable errors were found.
EMG Quantification of Mental Rehearsal
Authors: Bird Evelyn I.
Published: September 2011

EMG response to mental rehearsal was investigated in 5 athletes who reported the ability to image “internally”. Rehearsal was associated with increases in EMG activity relative to resting levels and ranging from 45 to 178%. Configuration of the EMG profile was highly congruent with the imaged event. Congruency of the imaged EMG profile with EMG profiles of the actual performance was demonstrated. Actual time taken to perform and the rehearsal time also exhibited congruency. Findings suggest methods of assessing the mental rehearsal process and research paradigms with implications for specific mental-training techniques.
Relationship between Stuttering Severity and Brainstem-Evoked Response Testing
Authors: Blood Ingrid M. , Blood Gordon W.
Published: September 2011

Brainstem-evoked-response testing was performed on 8 adult stutterers and 8 non-stutterers. Stutterers demonstrated prolonged central conduction time as measured by the interpeak latency (IPL) differences between Waves I to V. Five of the stutterers manifested abnormalities unilaterally, while three of the subjects showed abnormal responses bilaterally. No relationship was found between brainstem-evoked-response testing and severity of stuttering.
Field Dependence as a Factor in Sports with Preponderance of Open or Closed Skills
Authors: McLeod Bill
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 120 male and female athletes, who were aged 13 to 22 yr. from Junior and Senior High School and College varsity sports having a preponderance of open skills or of closed skills or who were nonathletes of like age, were tested on Oltman's portable rod-and-frame apparatus to assess field dependence. Analysis indicated that individuals playing in sports with a preponderance of open skills were more field-dependent than those playing in sports with a preponderance of closed skills. Varsity participants were more field-independent than nonparticipants.
Development of Movement Schema in Young Children
Authors: Williams Harriet G. , Werner Peter
Published: September 2011

To examine the development of movement schema in young school-age children, i.e., whether principles which govern fine eye-hand coordination skill learning as suggested by Schmidt's schema theory apply to the learning of gross motor skills Exp. 1 involved 48 right-handed first-grade children. On a modification of the Fitts Reciprocal Tapping task children moved a stylus (held in the hand or attached to a special shoe worn on the foot) between two metal targets separated by different distances. Children were randomly assigned to one of eight groups: two control or no-practice groups and six experimental or transfer groups. A one-way analysis of variance followed by appropriate Scheffé post hoc tests indicated that movements of the lower limbs were not organized into a movement schema, but a pattern or schema of movement for the upper limbs developed. That no movement schema developed for lower limb movements suggests development of movement schema is intricately linked to both the existing as well as the potential for developing precise movement in those limbs. Exp. 2 involved 40 first-grade children who were randomly assigned to perform a gross-motor agility task under one of three conditions: direct practice on the criterion task, constant practice on a modification of the criterion task, or variable practice on several different modifications of the criterion task. A groups × trials analysis of variance with appropriate post hoc tests indicated that there were no significant differences among direct, constant, or variable practice groups. Data suggest that the amount of practice may be as important as the type of practice in developing movement schema involved in gross motor skills in young children.
A Noninvasive Index of Hemispheric Activity
Authors: Swift Arlette B. , Perlman Marjorie B.
Published: September 2011

Tympanic thermometers were used to measure fluctuations in the temperature of the left and right hemispheres of 22 normal high school students while performing verbal and nonverbal visual discrimination tasks. The nonverbal task involving face recognition demonstrated the predicted effect of hemispheric bias on performance: The subjects performed better when they showed a relative rise in right-hemisphere temperature. No significant relationship between hemispheric temperature and level of performance was observed during the verbal task, perhaps owing to the opportunity to treat effectively the nonwords as either linguistic strings or visual patterns. It is con-concluded that tympanic temperature effectively measures hemispheric activity during cognitive processing.
Relationship between Expressive Language Ability and Rhythm Perception, Pitch Perception, Vocal Range, and Vocal Midpoint among Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Hoskins Carla
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between expressive language ability and rhythm perception, pitch perception, vocal range, and vocal midpoint for 28 mentally retarded adults. A standardized speech test determined language scores, a standardized music test assessed rhythm and pitch perception, and vocalization determined vocal range and midpoint. Multiple correlation and multiple linear regression analyses indicated a significant correlation between expressive language ability and rhythm perception. Further research with music tests more appropriate for mentally retarded adults is recommended.
Comparison of Slosson Intelligence Test—Revised Norms and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised with Black Headstart Children
Authors: Sattler Jerome M. , Hilson Dene E. , Covin Theron M.
Published: September 2011

Slosson Intelligence Test IQs (revised norms) and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised (PPVT-R, Form L) standard scores for 100 black rural Headstart children were correlated and then compared by use of a one-way design for repeated measures. Although the correlation of .48 between the two tests was significant, Slosson IQs ( M = 100.27, SD = 14.82) were significantly higher than PPVT-R scores ( M = 74.80, SD = 14.23). These results suggest that the two instruments are not equivalent. There is a need for further research with these two instruments with black and with white children.
A Factor Analytic Study of Responses to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development by a Disadvantaged Population
Authors: Barclay Allan , McWay Jack
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis of responses to the Bayley scores from 207 disadvantaged children of two age levels yielded 6 to 4 factors. Variance for the younger group (12 to 21 mo.) was mostly accounted for by comprehension of verbal and gestural communication. In both groups (including one 21 to 30 mo.) gross psychomotor ability emerged as an important contributor to variance. Data confirm the increasing differentiation of mental abilities with age (growth and experience).
Physical Exercise, Social Background, and the Well-Being of Older Adult Women
Authors: Coleman Mick , Washington Martha A. , Price Sharon
Published: September 2011

28 older women participating in an exercise program were compared to 30 older women not participating in an exercise program on two behavioral measures. There were no significant main effects for participation-nonparticipation in an exercise program. Significant main effects were found, however, for each of three social variables.
Effect of Self-Control and Anxiety on Training Performance in Young and Novice Parachuters
Authors: Gal-Or Yaacov , Tenenbaum Gershon , Furst David , Shertzer Mordechai
Published: September 2011

There has been growing awareness of the importance of self-control and anxiety and their relationships to coping skills during stressful situations. 44 high school students from a military academy were trained to perform a parachute jump and tested during the training course on performance, trait anxiety, and self-control. No effects of self-control and trait anxiety on training performance were noted. However, subjects high in trait anxiety and self-control performed the best, while subjects high in trait anxiety and low in self-control performed most poorly. These results reinforce other work and suggest that performance in parachuting may be due more to self-control than to anxiety.
Improving Reading through Training to Listen
Authors: Lemons Robert , Malatesha R. N.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to assess the effect of training in listening on reading by 60 children who were assigned randomly to structured, passive, and control groups. The structured group was given lessons from the SRA Listening Skills Program. The Passive Listening Group listened to stories read by the teacher. Analysis showed that the listening activities, whether structured or passive, improved scores on reading. It is recommended that a certain part of the school day be set aside for providing instruction in listening skills.
Temporal Lobe Signs: Electroencephalographic Validity and Enhanced Scores in Special Populations
Authors: Makarec Katherine , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Internal and external validity tests were completed for an inventory that has been uesd to infer signs of temporal lobe lability. Strong, positive correlations were reported for a normal (reference) population between the numbers of responses that referred to paranormal experiences (including feelings of a “presence”) and separately to religious beliefs and the numbers of spikes per minute within electroencephalographic recordings from the temporal lobe. Numbers of spikes were also correlated with the subjects' scores on the hysteria, schizophrenia, and psychasthenia scales from the MMPI. These clusters of items were not correlated with electrical activity from the occipital lobe (the comparison region). Numbers of responses to control clusters of mundane experiences were not correlated with the temporal lobe measures. A group of student poets scored higher on different subclusters of temporal lobe signs and on the schizophrenia and mania scales of the MMPI than the reference group. For both groups, there were positive correlations between the amount of alpha activity in the temporal lobe only and answers to items such as “hearing inner voices” and “feeling as if things were not real.” These results demonstrate that quantitative measures of electrical changes in the temporal lobe are correlated with (or with the report of) specific experiences that are prevalent during surgical or epileptic stimulation of this brain region.
Achievement in Related Psychomotor Tasks as Influenced by Learning Strategies
Authors: Singer Robert N. , Cauraugh James H. , Lucariello Georgann , Brown H. Janey
Published: September 2011

An information-processing perspective for motor-task analysis was formulated, considering informational analysis, response demands, and feedback characteristics. Three strategies relevant to learning two versions of the same task, maze traversal, were identified. 8 men and 8 women were placed in strategies or no-strategies groups and attempted to traverse a maze as quickly as possible. The strategies group completed the related mazes faster than the control group.
Function of Achievement Motivation in Learning Rotary Pursuit Tracking
Authors: Nishida Tamotsu , Inomata Kimihiro
Published: September 2011

To examine the effectiveness of achievement motivation on motor skill learning, 15 high and 15 low need-achievers as selected by the Mehrabian scale performed rotary pursuit tracking. The high need-achievers showed significantly higher scores on the time on target and relatively higher scores on the goal discrepancy and heart rate in trials of the task than the low need-achievers. It was concluded that the high need-achievers showed greater learning of the motor skill than the low need-achievers.
Antidepressant Treatment of Children: Clinical Relapse is Unrelated to Tricyclic Plasma Concentrations
Authors: Olig Ryn Moen , Staton R. Dennis , Beatty William W. , Wilson Helen , Biberdorf Robert I. , Hoag Stephen G. , Brumback Roger A.
Published: September 2011

Plasma concentrations of imipramine and amitriptyline and their desmethylated metabolites were measured in 20 children being treated for major depressive illness 2 wk. and 5 to 10 wk. after achieving drug dosages of 2.25 mg/kg body weight. At 2 wk. all children had exhibited clinical improvement, but by 10 wk. 4 of the 10 children treated with imipramine and 5 of the 10 children treated with amitriptyline had experienced clinical relapse of depressive symptoms. Tricyclic antidepressant plasma concentrations and ratios were comparable in the subgroups of children who maintained their clinical improvement and those who relapsed. There was no evidence of a systematic decline in plasma tricyclic antidepressant concentrations in those children who relapsed.
Temporal Lobe Signs and Reports of Subjective Paranormal Experiences in a Normal Population: A Replication
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Valliant P. M.
Published: September 2011

Correlations ( r = 0.50) were found between the numbers of different psi (paranormal) experiences and the numbers of temporal lobe signs within a population of university students ( n = 99). The strongest correlation of 0.60 occurred with a cluster of signs that are similar to symptoms reported by patients who show chronic foci in the mesiobasal temporal lobe. However, there were no significant correlations between numbers of different psi experiences and clusters of control items or a lie scale. Specific analyses of the 140 items of the inventory indicated only 23 reached statistical criterion ( p < .001). Of these 17 were direct temporal lobe signs that implied deepened affect, auditory-vestibular experiences (vibrations, hearing one's name called), olfactory auras, perseveration (“forced” thinking), depersonalization, and sense of the personal. Five items involved beliefs about exotic phenomena or philosophical ideas. Only one item was from a control cluster. These results support the hypothesis that mystical or paranormal experiences are associated with transient electrical foci within the temporal lobe of the human brain. The repeated occurrence of these experiences within normal individuals may be embedded within a more complex symptomatology of temporal lobe signs.
Does the Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test Require New Norms?
Authors: Berger Yitzhak
Published: September 2011

The Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test has been widely used to measure manual and fine finger dexterity. Recently, some seemingly minor changes in parts and tooling have been made. In the present study, the “old” and “new” versions of the test were administered to 24 subjects between the ages of 20 and 35 yr. The data indicated that there was no significant difference on the Pins and Collars section but there was a significant difference on the Screws section. These data suggest that the norms of the original version may no longer be appropriate and that new studies of reliability and validity are needed before the new version of the test is disseminated further.
Comparison of Self- and Peer-Perceptions of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Bliss Lynn S.
Published: September 2011

The self- and peer-perceptions of 40 mentally retarded children (mental ages 6 yr. to 12 yr.) were compared. Age differences were not obtained. Affective reports of likes and dislikes predominated the self-perceptions. Situational, external descriptions of behavior characterized the peer perceptions. These qualitative results are similar to the self- and peer-perceptions of nonretarded children.
Development and Validation of the Safety Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Jones John W. , Wuebker Lisa
Published: September 2011

The Safety Locus of Control Scale was designed to predict employees' accidents and injuries. Internal scorers think they should assume personal responsibility for their safety, and they believe they can take preventive steps to avoid accidents. External scorers assume little personal responsibility for prevention of accidents. Instead, they place more blame on factors outside their control, such as luck or chance. This study showed that the safety scale was effective in differentiating between groups with varying accident histories, which supports the criterion-related validity of the scale.
The Role of the Face in Human Emotion: First System or One of Many?
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

Evidence relating to the hypothesis on facial feedback which ties the experience of discrete emotions to feedback from innately patterned facial expressions is discussed. Strong evidence is deduced for a more general form of the hypothesis, but the requirements of necessity and sufficiency representing the strictest form are only satisfied within narrow limits of experimental manipulations which are not common to all investigations. Evidence is deemed to support a relationship between facial expression and emotion, but facial expression is regarded as one of many systems and cannot be assigned an exclusive role (either as first system or as necessary system).
Is Perceptual Set Negatively Biased?
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Crouch Joyce G.
Published: September 2011

Binocular rivalry and the Margaret Thatcher illusion were used to assess the bias, if any, of perceptual set. The data for 8 students suggest that set is negatively biased.
Comparison of WAIS and WAIS—R Scaled Scores for an Outpatient Clinic Sample Retested over Extended Intervals
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Gianakos Irene
Published: September 2011

High correlations were obtained between WAIS and WAIS—R scores for an outpatient clinic sample tested and retested over extended periods. While the WAIS—R scores were generally lower than the WAIS values, the decrements were slight, suggesting that a previously administered WAIS can serve as a good estimate of what might be obtained from a second administration of the WAIS—R for this type of sample.
An Updated Bibliography of Picture-Memory Studies
Authors: Kobayashi Susumu
Published: September 2011

To update a bibliography published earlier by Standing, et al. (1972) a detailed literature search was made. This effort yielded 703 substantial references concerning picture-memory studies listed in three different sections of this paper, that is, one for published papers, one for dissertations, and one for reviews. This updated bibliography covers the period from 1973 through mid-1984. In addition to this updated bibliography, an account of conspicuous trends which reflected the entire set of references in this bibliography and some comments or evaluations of these references were given.
Effects of Ball Color and Preferred Ball Color on Catching by Elementary School Children
Authors: Belka David E.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of ball color and preferred ball color on children's catching process. Two experiments were conducted involving 147 children ages 6 to 10 yr. The study design clearly specified procedures for underhand projection of balls, trajectory of ball flight, height of interception for the child's catch, distance of catch, and scoring of process characteristics of each catching attempt. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between mean scores for preferred and control colors of balls. When effects of specific ball color were analyzed, the blue balls which possessed the highest ball color/background color contrast ratio, had the highest mean values. No clear pattern of effects, however, was found in order of descending illuminance contrast ratio. Results are discussed in relation to the developmental task analysis proposed by Herkowitz and by Morris.
Effects of Colors on Mood in the Drawings of Young Children
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Bell A.
Published: September 2011

Recognizing associations between color and mood in adults, including cross-cultural similarities, this study sought to determine these associations in young children. 18 preschool boys and girls drew faces on 14 colored human figures, each of a different color and sex combination. Mouth drawings were rated as happy, sad, or indifferent. Chi squared analyses showed no support for an effect of color or sex. A strong bias towards a happy mood was noted, irrespective of color.
Hand Puppets and Dolls in Psychotherapy with Children
Authors: Edington George
Published: September 2011

Hand puppets and dolls can be used in psychotherapy with children to establish rapport, to help children address specific issues, and to serve as fantasy substitutes for stress-provoking figures in the environment. They are easily obtained or can be made by the therapist.
Hypothesized Eye Movements of Neurolinguistic Programming: A Statistical Artifact
Authors: Farmer Alvirda , Rooney Robin , Cunningham Judith R.
Published: September 2011

Neurolinguistic programming's hypothesized eye-movements were measured independently from videotapes of 30 subjects, aged 15 to 76 yr., who were asked to recall visual pictures, recorded audio sounds, and textural objects. χ2 indicated that subjects' responses were significantly different from those predicted. When χ2 comparisons were weighted by number of eye positions assigned to each modality (3 visual, 3 auditory, 1 kinesthetic), subjects' responses did not differ significantly from the expected pattern. These data indicate that the eye-movement hypothesis may represent randomly occurring rather than sensory-modality-related positions.
General Arousal and Performance
Authors: Demoja Carmelo A. , Reitano Massimo , Caracciolo Ettore
Published: September 2011

The effect of different levels of arousal on performance (of perception and of learning) was studied in 28 subjects, both men and women whose ages ranged from 17 to 25 yr. The tasks were two tactile discrimination tests, one which required learning and memorizing and the other one visual discrimination. The latter test has been used as an interference task in learning and memorizing. Results suggest the fundamental role of general arousal in determining good performance. Tactile perception and visual discrimination under high arousal have been better than those in a relaxed condition, the disturbing task interfered more with performance under a relaxed condition than with that under high arousal.
Acquisition and Retention of Skill on a Sensory-Motor Task and Sensory Tolerance to Distracting Stimuli by Skilled Workers
Authors: Satow Aiko
Published: September 2011

A model which explained the process of acquisition of skill and explained the relationship between two patterns of response distribution was proposed. The patterns were distributions of deteriorated responses evoked by distracting stimuli and the other were nondeteriorated responses. Based on this model, a method measuring skill and sensory tolerance to distracting stimuli was devised and examined in four experiments. In Exp. 1, two unskilled young women were trained for 6 days on choice reaction task. After training, the pattern of distribution of their reaction times (RT) to light targets was like that of skilled workers as predicted. In Exp. 2, 3 mo. after the training, the skill of each subject was verified. Skilled patterns of distribution of RTs were retained. In Exp. 3, sensory tolerance to intermittent sounds was measured. In rooms with these sounds distracted subjects showed a distribution pattern also predicted from the model. Their response patterns obtained in a quiet room were the same as those in Exp. 1, so their skills were retained. In Exp. 4, tolerance to flickering lights was measured. The results supported the pattern of distribution of deteriorated responses in the model, and the results obtained in a room with no flicker were the same as those in Exp. 1 also. The difference in the levels of tolerance to intermittent sounds and to flickering lights was smaller than difference in patterns of distribution of responses for individuals.
Use of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Visually Impaired Athletes
Authors: Mastro James , French Ron , Henschen Keith , Horvat Michael
Published: September 2011

This report detailed the reliability of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory when the test statements were presented verbally and in the traditional manner to undergraduates, 19 men and 17 women, who were physical education majors. In the standardized manner subjects read the statements silently to themselves; in the other administration statements were read aloud. The inventory then was administered twice verbally to 15 elite visually impaired women athletes. Both the state and trait subscales of this inventory are reliable if presented across or within modalities. The inventory, when presented verbally, might be appropriately used by visually impaired athletes in psychological preparation prior to competition.
Does the Complexity of S2 Have Any Effect Upon RT1? A Controversy in the PRP Literature
Authors: Franks Ian M. , Canil James
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to test several explanations that have been given to account for what has been termed the Psychological Refractory Period effect. Specifically the question addressed was what effect does varying the complexity and uncertainty of stimulus-response pairs have upon the subsequent reaction time. The experiment employed a within-subject Latin square design in which 12 undergraduates completed four test conditions on separate days. The task was to respond to a visual stimulus (maximum of 4 possible lights) by depressing a telegraph key with the index or middle fingers of either the right or left hands (maximum of 4 possible responses). It was possible to produce four conditions. Condition 1-1 (usual PRP paradigm), 1-2 (simple reaction time followed by a choice reaction time), 2-1 (choice RT followed by simple RT), and 2-2 (choice RT followed by choice RT). In addition, 36% of all trials were uninformed catch trials, i.e., either S1 and/or S2 did not occur when the subject was expecting it to occur. The subjects completed 50 single-choice control reaction-time trials before each condition. The interstimulus interval in all conditions for both experiments varied randomly among 100, 200, 300, and 400 msec. There was no statistical support for the claim that increasing the number of choices in S2-R2 will lengthen RT1. These results are discussed in terms of McLeod's (1977) parallel-processing model.
Effects of Autonomy of Imagery and Time Press on Production of Verbal Originality
Authors: Sajjadi-Bafghi Seyed Hossein , Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

51 boys and 63 girls in junior high school (Grades 7 through 9) were classified as imagers high (low controlled), moderate (moderately controlled), and low in autonomy (high controlled) according to Lane's Questionnaire on imagery Control. The subjects were then randomly assigned to one of two time-press conditions (fixed or variable). Moderately autonomous imagers produced significantly more verbal originality than imagers high and low in autonomy as measured by Sounds and Images. Time press had no significant effect on production of verbal originality.
Sex-Role Orientation and Attitudes towards Women: Differences among College Athletes and Nonathletes
Authors: Caron Sandra L. , Carter D. Bruce , Brightman Lloyd A.
Published: September 2011

A total of 365 men (96 nonathletes, 106 individual sportsmen, 163 team sportsmen) completed a measure of sex-role orientation, the Bern Sex-role Inventory, a measure of views of women's roles (the Attitudes Towards Women Scale), and an index of attitudes towards men's and women's premarital heterosexual behavior, the Reiss Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Scale. Analyses indicated that competitive team athletes were significantly more masculine, were more tolerant of premarital sexual behavior for both sexes, and showed less egalitarian views towards women than did their nonathlete and individual athlete peers. No differences in femininity were observed between the groups. The results support the contention that success in athletics is associated with masculine characteristics and indicate the desirability of considering type of athletic activity when discussing the characteristics of athletes.
MMPI and Nightmares in Male Alcoholics
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Zdenek
Published: September 2011

In a group of 86 male chronic alcoholics (mean age 38.7 yr.), 25.6% responded with “True” to Item 31 (“I have nightmares every few nights”) of the MMPI; the remaining patients marked the item as false. The two groups did not differ in age, visuospatial reasoning skills, and on a variety of MMPI measures except on the Psychasthenia scale: the former were more highstrung. The vocabulary of the latter was more extensive. A comparison of the responses to Item 31 with recent normative MMPI data for men (age 30 to 39 yr.) published by Colligan, et al. 1983 showed that alcoholics responded significantly more often with “True” than normal men.
Reaction to Cutaneous (Tickle) and Sexual Pleasure by Normal and Dermapathic Subjects
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Milizia Maria , Angeli Franca
Published: September 2011

We examined separately tickle perception and pleasure and anxiety during sexual sequence of 40 dermapathic (20 men and 22 women) and 39 normal subjects (20 men and 19 women) aged between 35 and 40 yr. The dermapathic patients have an inhibitory attitude towards tactile perception of tickling and high anxiety during the sexual sequence. Furthermore, they show positive association of anxiety and pleasure unlike the control group for whom the correlation between the two emotions is negative.
Effect of the Orienting Response on Sensory Discriminability
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L. , Spinks John A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of orienting responses to different types of stimuli on acquisition of information were studied. Subjects underwent a standard habituation series of 15 trials. On Trial 16, they received one of following three stimuli: (a) no-change stimulus—same stimulus as habituation stimulus, (b) innocuous-change stimulus, (c) significant-change stimulus—the subject's own name. These orienting stimuli were followed 500 msec, later by an imperative stimulus (100 msec.) which contained a number of Chinese characters. The subjects were then unexpectedly asked to recall and recognize these characters. Recall and recognition were consistently superior in conditions with significant and innocuous change relative to no change, which indicated that the orienting response to unexpected stimuli is related to a generalized perceptual enhancement. The data pose problems for the position that the orienting response reflects only the passive ‘registration’ of the eliciting stimulus information. While digital pulse-amplitude data showed no difference among the conditions for the change trial, these conditions were differentiated by electrodermal and cardiac changes.