bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clearance of primary necrotic cells by non‐professional phagocytes
Authors: Schwegler Manuela , Wirsing Anna M. , Dollinger Alena J. , Abendroth Benjamin , Putz Florian , Fietkau Rainer , Distel Luitpold V.
Published: June 2015

Background information

Homotypic internalisation of tumour cells has frequently been observed in tumour tissue sections. Events of non‐professional phagocytosis, however, may also occur in normal tissue if the number of dying cells exceeds the phagocytic capacity of professional phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular background of non‐professional phagocytosis of primary necrotic cells by neighbouring tumour cells and normal skin fibroblasts.

Results

We demonstrate that homotypic and heterotypic uptake of necrotic cells is a feature common to various cell types. Investigating critical stimuli of necrotic cell clearance we found that non‐professional phagocytes require cytoskeleton rearrangement, recognition of phosphatidylserine and GTPase activity of dynamin II, which is normally engaged in endocytosis. Additionally, we have observed an accumulation of adhesion molecule E‐cadherin, phosphorylated actin‐linker protein ezrin, lysosomal‐associated membrane protein 1 and microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 at the site of engulfment. Loss of membrane integrity and an increase in the intracellular level of heat‐shock protein 70 in the necrotic cells have also been observed.

Conclusions

Our results shed light on the mechanism of necrotic cell removal by tumour cells and normal skin fibroblasts in vitro. It is reasonable to assume that this process has a physiological relevance in inflammation and autoimmune disease in normal tissue as well as in tumours regarding immune cell infiltration. We conclude that necrotic cell clearance by non‐professional phagocytes contributes to the phagocytic activity by macrophages and that this process may prevent release of proinflammatory damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules.
The secret life of extracellular vesicles in metal homeostasis and neurodegeneration
Authors: Bellingham Shayne A. , Guo Belinda , Hill Andrew F.
Published: June 2015

Biologically active metals such as copper, zinc and iron are fundamental for sustaining life in different organisms with the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis tightly controlled through proteins that coordinate metal uptake, efflux and detoxification. Many of the proteins involved in either uptake or efflux of metals are localised and function on the plasma membrane, traffic between intracellular compartments depending upon the cellular metal environment and can undergo recycling via the endosomal pathway. The biogenesis of exosomes also occurs within the endosomal system, with several major neurodegenerative disease proteins shown to be released in association with these vesicles, including the amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and the infectious prion protein involved in Prion diseases. Aβ peptide and the prion protein also bind biologically active metals and are postulated to play important roles in metal homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's and Prion diseases and explore their potential contribution to metal homeostasis.
Possible role of cortactin phosphorylation by protein kinase Cα in actin‐bundle formation at growth cone
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi , Kikuchi Tatsuya , Masumoto Toshio , Wei Fan‐Yan , Abe Tadashi , Takeda Tetsuya , Nishiki Teiichi , Tomizawa Kazuhito , Watanabe Masami , Matsui Hideki , Takei Kohji
Published: June 2015

Background Information

Cortactin contributes to growth cone morphogenesis by forming with dynamin, ring‐shaped complexes that mechanically bundle and stabilise F‐actin. However, the regulatory mechanism of cortactin action is poorly understood.

Results

Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that protein kinase C (PKC) α colocalises with cortactin at growth cone filopodia in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. PKC activation by phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate causes cortactin phosphorylation, filopodial retraction and F‐actin‐bundle loss. Moreover, PKCα directly phosphorylates cortactin in vitro at S135/T145/S172, mitigating both cortactin's actin‐binding and actin‐crosslinking activity, whereas cellular expression of a phosphorylation‐mimetic cortactin mutant hinders filopodial formation with a significant decrease of actin bundles.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that PKC‐mediated cortactin phosphorylation might be implicated in the maintenance of growth cone.
Portfolio Management in Double Unknown Situations: Technological Platforms and the Role of Cross‐Application Managers
Authors: Kokshagina Olga , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoit , Cogez Patrick
Published: June 2015

This article investigates portfolio management in double unknown situations. Double unknown refers to a situation in which the level of uncertainty is high and both technology and markets are as yet unknown. This situation can be an opportunity for new discoveries, creation of new performance solutions and giving direction to portfolio structuring. The literature highlights that the double unknown situation is a prerequisite to designing generic technologies that are able to address many existing and emerging markets and create value across a broad range of applications. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the initial phases of generic technology governance and associated portfolio structuring in multi‐project firms. We studied three empirical contexts of portfolio structuring at the European semiconductor provider STMicroelectronics. The results demonstrate that (1) portfolio management for generic technologies is highly transversal and comprises creating both modules to address market complementarities and the core element of a technological system – the platform, and (2) the design of generic technologies requires ‘cross‐application’ managers who are able to supervise the interactions among innovative concepts developed in different business and research groups and who are responsible for structuring and managing technological and marketing exploration portfolios within the organizational structures of a company.
hMOF (human males absent on the first), an oncogenic protein of human oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma, targeting EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2)
Authors: Li Qihong , Sun Haiyan , Shu Yao , Zou Xuan , Zhao Yantao , Ge Cheng
Published: June 2015

Objectives

MOF (males absent on the first) is a histone acetyltransferase belonging to the MYST (MOZ, Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2 and TIP60) family. In mammals, MOF plays critical roles in transcription activation by acetylating histone H4 at K16. Human MOF (hMOF) essentially participates in behaviour of several human cancers. However, its role in human oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) remains elusive, but we propose that hMOF regulates OTSCC cell population growth.

Materials and methods

Real time PCR and western blot analysis were applied, and it was found that hMOF level was up‐regulated in human OTSCC. High hMOF expression predicted poor overall and disease‐free survival. hMOF knockdown attenuated OTSCC cell growth and transformation.

Results

EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) was up‐regulated in human OTSCC tissues and its level positively correlated with level of hMOF. hMOF knockdown inhibited EZH2 expression by reducing its promoter activity. Moreover, we have demonstrated that EZH2 was critically essential for function of hMOF in human OTSCC.

Conclusions

Human males absent on the first regulated OSTCC growth through EZH2, thus EZH2 may serve as a candidate for anti‐OTSCC therapy.
ALK‐positive primary cutaneous T‐cell‐lymphoma (CTCL) with unusual clinical presentation and aggressive course
Authors: Wehkamp Ulrike , Oschlies Ilske , Nagel Inga , Brasch Jochen , Kneba Michael , Günther Andreas , Klapper Wolfram , Weichenthal Michael
Published: June 2015

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression is uncommon in primary cutaneous T‐cell‐lymphomas (CTCL). We report the case of a patient who was initially diagnosed with small plaque parapsoriasis, and eventually developed an unusual manifestation of CTCL 6 years later. The disease was characterized by aggressively ulcerating plaques and tumors of the entire skin. Histopathology revealed monoclonal proliferation of atypical T‐lymphocytes and CD30‐positive blasts with expression of ALK and identification of an ATIC‐ALK fusion protein. Extensive staging confirmed the primary cutaneous origin of the lymphoma. After failure of several conventional treatments including polychemotherapy, the patient finally achieved remission after receiving brentuximab‐vedotin, alemtuzumab and subsequent allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In the following, the patient developed inflammatory cutaneous lesions that pathologically showed no evidence for lymphoma relapse or classical cutaneous graft‐versus‐host disease. The patient responded to immunosuppression, but finally died from multi‐organ failure due to sepsis 8 months after stem cell transplantation. This is a rare instance of ALK positivity in a CTCL, most likely resembling CD30+ transformed mycosis fungoides, because it was not typical for cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). In contrast to its role in systemic ALCL as favorable prognostic marker, ALK expression here was associated with an aggressive course.
Prescribing practices and clinical predictors of glucose‐lowering therapy within the first year in people with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Mor A. , Berencsi K. , Svensson E. , Rungby J. , Nielsen J. S. , Friborg S. , Brandslund I. , Christiansen J. S. , Vaag A. , Beck‐Nielsen H. , Sørensen H. T. , Thomsen R. W.
Published: June 2015

Aim

To examine prescribing practices and predictors of glucose‐lowering therapy within the first year following diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a clinical care setting.

Methods

We followed people enrolled in the Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2) cohort from outpatient hospital clinics and general practices throughout Denmark in 2010–2013. We used Poisson regression to compute age‐ and gender‐adjusted risk ratios (RRs).

Results

Among 1158 new Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, 302 (26%) did not receive glucose‐lowering therapy within the first year, 723 (62%) received monotherapy [685 (95%) with metformin], and 133 (12%) received more than one drug. Predictors of receiving any vs. no therapy and combination vs. monotherapy were: age < 40 years [RR: 1.29 (95% CI: 1.16–1.44) and 3.60 (95% CI: 2.36–5.50)]; high Charlson Comorbidity Index [RRs: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.05–1.38) and 2.08 (95% CI: 1.16–3.72)]; central obesity [RRs: 1.23 (95% CI: 1.04–1.44) and 1.93 (95% CI: 0.76–4.94)]; fasting blood glucose of ≥ 7.5 mmol/l [RRs: 1.25 (95% CI: 1.10–1.42) and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.02–3.71)]; and HbA1c ≥ 59 mmol/mol (≥ 7.5%) [RR: 1.26 (95% CI: 1.20–1.32) and 2.86 (95% CI: 1.97–4.14)]. Weight gain ≥ 30 kg since age 20, lack of physical exercise and C–peptide of < 300 pmol/l also predicted therapy.

Conclusions

Comorbidity, young age, central obesity and poor baseline glycaemic control are important predictors of therapy one year after Type 2 diabetes mellitus debut.
Clinical profile of diabetic ketoacidosis in tertiary hospitals in China: a multicentre, clinic‐based study
Authors: Xu Y. , Bai J. , Wang G. , Zhong S. , Su X. , Huang Z. , Chen G. , Zhang J. , Hou X. , Yu X. , Lu B. , Wang Y. , Li X. , Hu H. , Zhang C. , Liang Y. , Shaw J. , Wu X.
Published: June 2015

Aims

To evaluate the clinical profile of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis in tertiary hospitals in China.

Methods

A retrospective study of patients hospitalized with diabetic ketoacidosis between 2010 and 2012 was carried out in 15 tertiary hospitals around China. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Patients were classified based on clinical diagnosis and treatment history. Groups were compared for differences in vital statistics and biochemical profiles at presentation.

Results

The study comprised 643 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: 308 patients (47.9%) with Type 1 diabetes, 294 patients (45.7%) with Type 2 diabetes and 41 patients (6.4%) with atypical diabetes. Three hundred and eighty‐eight diabetic ketoacidosis episodes (60.3%) were in patients with known diabetes. The most common precipitating factor was infection (40.1%), followed by unknown causes (36.9%) and non‐compliance with anti‐diabetes treatment (16.8%). At presentation, gastrointestinal symptoms and dehydration were more common in the Type 1 diabetes group. For new‐onset diabetes, only 74.4% and 55.9% of patients were evaluated for β–cell function and autoantibodies for classification. Only 67% of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis received appropriate fluid therapy and 56% patients with severe acidosis received bicarbonate therapy. The length of hospital stay was 10.0 (7.0–14.0) days. The mortality rate was 1.7%, and was much higher in Type 2 diabetes than that in Type 1 diabetes (3.2% vs. 0.4%, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Type 2 and Type 1 diabetes contribute to a similar proportion of cases presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis in China. Admissions with diabetic ketoacidosis are still associated with significant mortality and prolonged hospitalization. The efficiency of diabetic ketoacidosis management needs to be improved by implementing the updated guidelines.
Income gradients in oral health according to child age
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Sabbah Wael , Delgado‐Angulo Elsa K. , Murasko Jason E. , Gansky Stuart A.
Published: June 2015

This study aimed to confirm whether the well‐known income disparities in oral health seen over the life course are indeed absent in 9‐ to 11‐yr‐old children, and to explore the role of access to dental care in explaining the age‐profile of the income gradient in child oral health. We used data from the 2007 United States National Survey of Children's Health. Income gradients in parental reports of children's decayed teeth or cavities, toothache, broken teeth, bleeding gums, and fair/poor condition of teeth were assessed in stratified analyses according to age of child (1–5, 6–8, 9–11, 12–14, and 15–17 yr), using survey logistic regression to control for family‐, parental‐, and child‐level covariates. Health insurance status and use of preventive dental care were the indicators for children's access to dental care. The adjusted ORs for the effect of family income on having decayed teeth or cavities, toothache, and fair/poor condition of teeth were not significant in 9‐ to 11‐yr‐old children. Different age‐patterns were found for broken teeth and bleeding gums. The attenuation of the income gradients in having decayed teeth or cavities, toothache, and fair/poor condition of teeth, previously seen in 9‐ to 11‐yr‐old children, was also seen in 15‐ to 17‐, 12‐ to 14‐, and 6‐ to 8‐yr‐old children, respectively, after controlling for children's access to dental care. This study supports the attenuation of income inequalities in oral health in 9‐ to 11‐yr‐old children. Access to dental care could attenuate income gradients in oral health in other age groups.
Effect of sedation on fore‐ and hindlimb lameness evaluation using body‐mounted inertial sensors
Authors: Rettig M. J. , Leelamankong P. , Rungsri P. , Lischer C. J.
Published: June 2015

Reasons for performing study

Diagnostic analgesia is an integral part of equine lameness examinations, but is challenging to perform in uncooperative horses. Using sedation to facilitate this might, because of analgesic and ataxia‐inducing effects, interfere with lameness evaluation.

Objectives

To evaluate whether sedation with low‐dose xylazine would alter lameness amplitude as measured by body‐mounted inertial sensors.

Study design

Controlled experiment.

Methods

Forty‐four horses were randomly split into 2 groups. Lameness was measured using body‐mounted inertial sensors before and after injection of xylazine (0.3 mg/kg bwt) or saline. Sedation was measured at 5, 20 and 60 min following treatment, and lameness evaluations were performed before (Time 0) and at 20 and 60 min after treatment. Forelimb lameness was determined by measuring the vector sum of mean head height maximum and minimum differences between all right and left forelimb strides (n>25) collected with the horse trotting in a straight line. Hindlimb lameness amplitude was determined by measuring mean pelvic height maximum and minimum differences between right and left hindlimb strides. Numbers of horses staying the same, improving or worsening were compared between groups at each time interval.

Results

There were no significant differences in head or pelvic movement asymmetry between xylazine and saline treatment groups. However, a few horses with forelimb lameness in the xylazine treatment group showed a large decrease in head movement asymmetry (decrease in forelimb lameness) at 60 min following sedation.

Conclusions

Low‐dose sedation with xylazine may be used without the concern of potential lameness‐masking effects for hindlimb lameness evaluation, but caution should be used in some horses with forelimb lameness of mild severity.

The Summary is available in German – see Supporting information.
Wide variation in nitrification activity in soil associated with different forage plant cultivars and genotypes
Authors: Bowatte S. , Newton P. C. D. , Hoogendoorn C. J. , Hume D. E. , Stewart A. V. , Brock S. C. , Theobald P. W.
Published: June 2015

There is a growing interest in using plants to manipulate the nitrification rate in soils with the object of reducing losses of nitrogen from the soil–plant system – lower rates of nitrification being associated with reduced leaching of nitrate and reduced emissions of nitrous oxide. Here we screened the potential nitrification rate in soil associated with 126 cultivars from 26 species representing three functional groups used in temperate managed grassland. Plants were grown in pots, and the nitrification was measured using two approaches: (i) a measure of potential nitrification carried out in the laboratory on soil samples and (ii) a measure of nitrification in the presence of the growing plants using the ratio of nitrate to ammonium () measured on in situ ion exchange membranes after the application of urine. There was about a twofold difference among cultivars in nitrification measured using the potential assay and a 10‐fold difference using the ratio approach. The ranking of nitrification was different using the two approaches perhaps suggesting that the presence of plants in the ratio approach had an effect on the outcome although further work will be necessary to confirm this. Irrespective of the method used, the results demonstrate substantial differences between cultivars but also within cultivars offering the possibility of selection to enhance plant effects on nitrification.
Grazing preference of Merino sheep for naturalized annual clover species relative to commonly sown clover species
Authors: Maxwell T. M. R. , Moir J. L. , Edwards G. R.
Published: June 2015

Selective grazing of white clover (Trifolium repens) over grass species in temperate pastures results in reduced clover abundance and availability over time. Within sheep‐ and cattle‐grazed dryland (<800 mm annual rainfall) hill and high country areas of New Zealand, naturalized unsown annual clover species show greater persistence and abundance over sown clovers. With a view to understanding legume abundance in these areas, Merino sheep grazing preference was investigated for pure swards of naturalized species Trifolium dubium, T. glomeratum, T. arvense and T. striatum and commonly sown species T. repens and T. subterraneum. The Chesson–Manly preference index was used to explore the hypothesis that grazing preference differs between these species and changes as plants mature. Herbage offtake was quantified at vegetative (mid–late spring; November) and reproductive (early summer; December) stages of plant maturity. Significant preference distinctions between species (P < 0·05) occurred in December, with relative preference ranging from 0·248 for T. repens to 0·065 for T. dubium. Reduced relative preference for naturalized species was related to decreasing nutritive value from spring to summer, reflecting increased stem and flower sward content. Relative preference was negatively related to increasing acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre and positively related to greater crude protein and dry‐matter digestibility. Naturalized annual clover species of lower grazing preference at reproductive maturity will benefit pasture sustainability via herbage and seed production and associated nitrogen‐fixation inputs.
Life‐threatening spontaneous kidney rupture in a rare case with systemic lupus erythematosus: Prompt diagnosis with computed tomography
Authors: Ufuk Furkan , Herek Duygu
Published: June 2015

Nontraumatic, spontaneous parenchymal kidney rupture is a rare clinical entity that may cause extensive hemorrhage, hypovolemic shock, and death. Spontaneous nontraumatic kidney rupture is extremely rare in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Because of the high morbidity and mortality rates, an immediate establishment of the diagnosis and treatment are necessary. We present the case of a 30‐year‐old female with spontaneous parenchymal rupture of the right kidney who had renal failure due to SLE and presented with atraumatic sudden right flank pain during hemodialysis treatment. To our knowledge, this case is the second report of SLE manifesting as spontaneous kidney rupture in the literature.
Mixing Decks: Frameworks for Master's Scholarship
Authors: Bamber Veronica
Published: June 2015

Postgraduate taught education in universities is under‐researched compared to research on undergraduate learning and teaching. This results in two missed opportunities: making evidence‐informed improvements to postgraduate taught education and integrating such improvements into thinking and practice. A commitment to evidence‐informed improvement cycles at personal and local levels can generate knowledge, which can also inform practice in other settings. However, researchers who are new to learning and teaching research may not feel fully equipped, on the basis of their disciplinary knowledge, to undertake such inquiry. This paper considers and offers a case study of the use of frameworks that can support these practitioners in investigating students' understandings of what is expected in postgraduate study. With a flexible set of tools or frameworks on the mixing decks of postgraduate taught inquiry, such researchers are potentially better equipped to gain a good understanding of their students' learning.
Close‐Up Examination of Discourses Associated with Global University Rankings: Counter‐Narratives in UK Policy Context
Authors: O' Connell Catherine
Published: June 2015

In little over a decade since their introduction, global rankings are perceived as having significant and problematic effects. The dominant ‘normative’ research orientation applied to the research domain of rankings is identified as a contributory factor to the sustained interest in rankings. The paper argues for a ‘close‐up’ research orientation at this juncture to open up the debate and draw attention to alternative narratives of excellence in higher education through a discourse‐analytic approach. The paper draws on an analysis of the use of global rankings by higher education sector ‘mission groups’ to influence national policy in the United Kingdom, with particular focus on lobbying texts produced by these groups in the period surrounding the United Kingdom general election. The analysis demonstrates the strategic struggle for positioning in relation to higher education policy and reflects the different narratives of self‐identification of the mission groups. The study draws attention to ways global university rankings mediate discourse and activity and illuminates alternative discourses that respond to rankings.
DICER1 and FOXL2 mutations in ovarian sex cord–stromal tumours: a GINECO Group study
Authors: Goulvent Thibault , Ray‐Coquard Isabelle , Borel Stéphane , Haddad Véronique , Devouassoux‐Shisheboran Mojgan , Vacher‐Lavenu Marie‐Cecile , Pujade‐Laurraine Eric , Savina Ariel , Maillet Denis , Gillet Germain , Treilleux Isabelle , Rimokh Ruth
Published: June 2015

Aims

FOXL2 mutation has been consistently identified in adult granulosa cell tumours (A‐GCTs). DICER1 mutations have been described predominantly in Sertoli–Leydig cell tumours (SLCTs). The prognostic implication of these mutations remains uncertain, as moderately sized studies have yielded variable outcomes. Our aim was to determine the implications of DICER1 and FOXL2 mutations in 156 ovarian sex cord–stromal tumours (SCSTs).

Methods and results

FOXL2 mutations were found in 94% of pathologically confirmed A‐GCTs (95/101), in one of eight juvenile granulosa cell tumours (J‐GCTs), and in two of 19 SLCTs. DICER1 mutations in the RNase IIIb domain were found in six of 19 SLCTs, two of eight J‐GCTs, and one of 12 undifferentiated SCSTs (Und‐SCSTs). Comparison of DICER1‐mutated SLCTs with DICER1‐non‐mutated SLCTs showed that patient age at diagnosis was lower and oestrogen receptor expression was more frequent in DICER1‐mutated tumours. With a median follow‐up of 22 months, two of five DICER1‐mutated SLCTs relapsed, in contrast to none of eight DICER1‐non‐mutated tumours.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that, in contrast to FOXL2 mutations in A‐GCT, DICER1 mutations in SLCT might be more useful for prognosis than for diagnosis. However, study of a larger cohort of patients is necessary to establish this. Identification of genetic alterations in SCST offers promising therapeutic options.
Cystic well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of six cases
Authors: Weissferdt Annikka , Kalhor Neda , Moran Cesar A
Published: June 2015

Aims

To present six cases of cystic well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus.

Methods and results

The patients were six men aged between 48 and 75 years (average: 61.5 years) who were symptomatic with chest pain, shortness of breath, and dyspnoea. Diagnostic imaging showed anterior mediastinal masses, and surgical resection was accomplished in all cases. Grossly, the tumours measured 40–90 mm in greatest diameter (average: 65 mm), and were described as ill‐defined lesions with a prominent cystic component and focal areas of haemorrhage and necrosis. Histologically, they were characterized predominantly by their cystic architecture. The cyst walls were lined by squamous epithelium showing different degrees of cellular atypia. In focal, more solid areas, the tumours showed evidence of keratinization. By immunohistochemistry, tumour cells were positive for cytokeratin 5/6, p40, and Pax8. All tumours were staged as T1N0M0 according to the Weissferdt–Moran staging system. Clinical follow‐up showed that four patients have remained alive and well after a period ranging from 1 to 2 years. Two patients were lost to follow‐up.

Conclusions

The current cases highlight an uncommon growth pattern of well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus that may cause diagnostic difficulty with mediastinoscopic biopsies.
Reproductive effort of both male and female Bar‐throated ApalisApalis thoracicais predicted by ornamentation of self and mate
Authors: van Dijk René E. , Robles Raquel , Groothuis Ton G. G. , de Vries Bonnie , Eising Corine M.
Published: June 2015

Melanin‐based plumage ornaments have been shown to play an important role in male–male competition, but also influence inter‐sexual communication. Consequently, ornaments may be associated with reproductive effort of both males and females. Females mated to males with larger melanin ornaments may acquire access to better territories or benefit from increased paternal care. Here we investigated whether the melanin‐based breast‐band of male and female Bar‐throated ApalisApalis thoracicais a signal of information about its bearer and is associated with male and female reproductive effort. Breast‐band size was a highly variable morphometric trait in both sexes, but only in males was it associated with body mass. We then assessed whether male and female breast‐band size predicted maternal and paternal investment. Egg mass increased with male breast‐band size, but decreased with female breast‐band size. Whether females adjust maternal hormone allocation in response to their partner's ornamentation remains a contentious issue. We found that yolk testosterone and androstenedione concentrations were not predicted by male ornamentation or body mass. Finally, males with larger breast‐bands provided their mates with more food, allowing those females to spend more time incubating. Reproductive effort of both parents is therefore predicted by their own and their mate's ornamentation in Bar‐throated Apalis, and thus breast‐band size potentially acts as a signal of reproductive performance in both sexes. These results highlight the need for more comprehensive analyses of a relationship between melanin‐based ornaments and fitness, incorporating multiple behavioural variables associated with reproductive effort.
The effect of different mouth rinse products on intra‐oral halitosis
Authors: Erovic Ademovski S , Lingström P , Renvert S
Published: June 2015

Aim

To evaluate the effect of different mouth rinses 12 h after rinsing on genuine intra‐oral halitosis.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four adults with halitosis were included in a double‐blind, crossover, randomized clinical trial. Halitosis was evaluated 12 h after rinsing with placebo and five mouth rinse products containing zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate; zinc lactate, chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride; zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate with reduced amounts of mint and menthol; zinc chloride and essential oil; and chlorine dioxide using the organoleptic method and a gas chromatograph. Test periods were separated by 1 week.

Results

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (MM) and the organoleptic scores (OLS) were significantly reduced 12 h following rinsing with all substances compared to placebo (P < 0.05). H2S was more effectively reduced after rinsing with zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate and zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate with reduced amounts of mint and menthol compared to rinsing with zinc chloride and essential oil (P < 0.05), and significantly lower values of MM were obtained after rinsing with zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate compared to zinc lactate, chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride (P < 0.05). The percentage effectively treated individuals (H2S (<112 ppb), MM (<26 ppb) and OLS score <2) varied from 58% percentage (zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate) to 26% (zinc chloride and essential oil).

Conclusion

All treatments resulted in reduction in halitosis 12 h after rinsing compared to placebo. H2S and MM were most effectively reduced by zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Functionally Graded SiO2/Mo Laminated Layer Material
Authors: Honma Takuya , Tatami Junichi
Published: June 2015

A functionally graded sintered body consisting of laminated SiO2/Mo layers was fabricated using spark plasma sintering. A high sintered‐body density was achieved using fine powders of SiO2 (4.0 μm) and Mo (1.3 μm), which ensured no cracks were formed between layers. The highest joining stress (1.2 MPa) was found to occur at the interface between SiO2 layers with 0 and 8 vol% Mo, with the electrical resistance decreasing rapidly when the Mo content was increased to 13 and 22 vol%. This is attributed to the use of spark plasma sintering, suggesting further work is needed to fully optimize this process.
Informal Mentoring at Work: A Review and Suggestions for Future Research
Authors: Janssen Suzanne , van Vuuren Mark , de Jong Menno D.T.
Published: June 2015

This paper reviews the literature on informal mentoring at work. Based on two basic premises of interpersonal relationships, it discusses four promising areas in current mentoring research that could be cultivated further by future research. The first premise that we hold is that relationships never exist in a vacuum. Traditionally, however, mentoring literature has often overlooked the context of mentoring. We propose that the developmental network approach can be further extended to gather more insight into the interplay between mentoring dyads and their context. Also, mentoring literature could pay more attention to temporal influences in mentoring studies. The second premise that is applied is that relationships are not only instrumental in nature. However, mentoring research to date has mostly applied a one‐sided and transactional view to mentoring. Relational mentoring theory could be helpful in examining relational motivations of both members. Also, mentoring literature can achieve more explanatory power by examining the underlying mechanisms of mentoring, next to social exchange principles, that cause these developmental changes. In summary, in each of these four research areas, we identify and discuss fundamental questions and developments in research that can advance mentoring theory and practice.
Welfare regime change – or lack of change – in unemployment compensation
Authors: Ozkan Umut Riza
Published: June 2015

Drawing on theoretical accounts of institutional change, this study explored the politics of welfare regime transformation in regard to Turkey's unemployment compensation system. By using the institutionalist approach, the study shows that the process of welfare regime change was one of “institutional layering” of unemployment insurance (UI) over severance pay. Also, the study demonstrates that the economic bureaucracy played a key role in pushing the establishment of UI (state‐centric approach) in contrast to the class‐based organizations that focused their struggles on the severance pay scheme (power‐resource perspective). However, the economic bureaucracy preferred a rudimentary UI design, which prevented UI from undermining the vested interests behind the severance pay scheme. Furthermore, subsequent attempts at the reformation of the severance pay scheme were not successful because the social welfare bureaucracy lacked the capacity to develop a policy alternative to resolve the stalemate between the societal actors. Lastly, the study used the successful severance pay reform experiences of South Korea and Austria to locate the Turkish case within a broader comparative framework.
The Role of Spinal Manipulation in Modifying Central Sensitization
Authors: Zafereo Jason A. , Deschenes Beth K.
Published: June 2015

Central sensitization (CS) is characterized by adaptations to the central nervous system resulting in decreased sensory thresholds and widespread hypersensitivity. CS is often difficult to manage, with current treatment strategies primarily consisting of medication, pain science education, cognitive behavioral therapy, and graded exercise intervention. Spinal manipulation represents a potential alternative treatment for CS because of its centrally acting neurophysiological mechanisms. However, experimental trials utilizing spinal manipulation in persons with CS often lack the controls or methodology required to determine the technique's effect on meaningful clinical outcomes. This paper summarizes the mechanistic and experimental evidence on spinal manipulation for centrally mediated pain and hypersensitivity, and offers recommendations for future study considerations in this topic area.
Solidarity as Joint Action
Authors: Sangiovanni Andrea
Published: June 2015

The demand for social justice, especially in the context of the welfare state, is often framed as a demand of solidarity. But it is not clear why: in what sense, if any, is social justice best understood as a demand of solidarity? This article explores that question. There are two reasons to do so. First, very little has been written on the concept of solidarity, and almost nothing on why and how solidarity can both give rise to and be the target of a moral obligation. The first aim of the article is to fill this gap. The second aim of the article is to explore the normative implications of this account of solidarity for the commitment to social justice at the heart of the welfare state, and in so doing, to put into question the idea that shared experience or shared identity are either necessary or sufficient bases for social justice qua solidarity.
When do women respond against discrimination? Exploring factors of subtlety, form, and focus
Authors: Lindsey Alex , King Eden , Cheung HoKwan , Hebl Michelle , Lynch Shakeema , Mancini Victor
Published: June 2015

We examined the personal‐group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD), the tendency for women to recognize that others encounter sexism while simultaneously minimizing their own personal experiences with sexism, and the degree to which it (a) applies to all manifestations of discrimination, and (b) extends beyond perceptions of discrimination to taking action against it. Our findings replicated the PGDD when it comes to perceptions of discrimination, but this effect was reversed for behavioral action such that women were more likely to take action against discrimination when it was directed at them personally. We also disentangled the factors of subtlety (subtle vs. overt) and form (formal vs. interpersonal) by showing that women can reliably distinguish between these factors when determining their reactions to discrimination.
Closing the communal gap: The importance of communal affordances in science career motivation
Authors: Brown Elizabeth R. , Thoman Dustin B. , Smith Jessi L. , Diekman Amanda B.
Published: June 2015

To remain competitive in the global economy, the United States (and other countries) is trying to broaden participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) by graduating an additional 1 million people in STEM fields by 2018. Although communion (working with, helping, and caring for others) is a basic human need, STEM careers are often (mis)perceived as being uncommunal. Across three naturalistic studies, we found greater support for the communal affordance hypothesis, that perceiving STEM careers as affording greater communion is associated with greater STEM career interest, than two alternative hypotheses derived from goal congruity theory. Importantly, these findings held regardless of major (Study 1), college enrollment (Study 2), and gender (Studies 1–3). For undergraduate research assistants, mid‐semester beliefs that STEM affords communion predicted end of the semester STEM motivation (Study 3). Our data highlight the importance of educational and workplace motivational interventions targeting communal affordances beliefs about STEM.
Sustained Blood Pressure Control Following Discontinuation of a Pharmacist Intervention for Veterans
Authors: Carter Barry L. , Vander Weg Mark W. , Parker Christopher P. , Goedken Cassie C. , Richardson Kelly K. , Rosenthal Gary E.
Published: June 2015

Clinical pharmacists are utilized in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities to assist with management of patients with chronic conditions including hypertension. The goal of this study was to examine blood pressure (BP) control after discontinuation of an intensive pharmacist‐managed intervention. The study was conducted at a single Midwest VHA medical center and two affiliated community‐based outpatient clinics. Patients with uncontrolled BP received an intensive pharmacist intervention for the first 6 months. Patients were then stratified based on whether their BP was controlled or not and were randomized to either continue the intervention for another 24 months (30 month total time period) or the intervention was discontinued following one‐time receipt of educational materials. Mean systolic and diastolic BPs were reduced (P<.001) in diabetic patients (8.0±14.4 mm Hg and 4.0±9.1 mm Hg, respectively) and in nondiabetic patients (14.0±16.4 mm Hg and 5.0±10.0 mm Hg, respectively) following the 6‐month intervention, with 54% of the total sample achieving BP control. BP control and the reduction in mean BP was maintained to a similar degree in both study groups at 12, 18, 24, and 30 months. There were no significant differences in BP at any of the follow‐up periods in patients who did and did not receive the continued pharmacist intervention. This study found that BP control was maintained for at least 24 months following discontinuation of an intensive pharmacist intervention. These findings were seen in both the group that had a continued pharmacist intervention and in the group that had a one‐time educational session when the intervention was discontinued. This study suggests that once BP control is achieved following a pharmacist intervention, patients can be referred back to their primary care provider for continued follow‐up.
Reconstruction of the Alveolar Buccal Bone Plate in Compromised Fresh Socket after Immediate Implant Placement Followed by Immediate Provisionalization
Authors: de Molon Rafael Scaf , de Avila Erica Dorigatti , de Barros‐Filho Luiz Antonio Borelli , Ricci Weber Adad , Tetradis Sotirios , Cirelli Joni Augusto , Borelli de Barros Luiz Antonio
Published: June 2015

Objective

The aim of this clinical report was to reestablish the buccal bone wall after immediate implant placement. The socket defect was corrected with autogenous bone, and a connective tissue graft was removed from the maxillary tuberosity to increase the thickness, height, and width of the buccal bone and gingival tissue followed by immediate provisionalization of the crown during the same operation.

Clinical Considerations

A 66‐year‐old patient presented with a hopeless maxillary left central incisor with loss of the buccal bone wall. Atraumatic, flapless extraction was performed, and an immediate implant was placed in the extraction socket followed by preparation of an immediate provisional restoration. Subsequently, immediate reconstruction of the buccal bone plate was performed, using the tuberosity as the donor site, to obtain block bone and connective tissue grafts, as well as particulate bone. Finally, immediate provisionalization of the crown followed by simple sutures was performed. Cone‐beam computed tomography and periapical radiographs were taken before and after surgery. After 4 months, the final prosthetic crown was made. After a 2‐year follow‐up, a satisfactory aesthetic result was achieved with lower treatment time and morbidity.

Conclusion

This case demonstrates the effective use of immediate reconstruction of the buccal bone wall for the treatment of a hopeless tooth in the maxillary aesthetic area. This procedure efficiently promoted harmonious gingival and bone architecture, recovered lost anatomical structures with sufficient width and thickness, and maintained the stability of the alveolar bone crest in a single procedure.

Clinical Significance

If appropriate clinical conditions exist, immediate dentoalveolar restoration may be the most conservative means of reconstructing the buccal bone wall after immediate implant placement followed by immediate provisionalization with predictable healing and lower treatment time.
Effect of Different In Vitro Aging Methods on Color Stability of a Dental Resin‐Based Composite Using CIELAB and CIEDE2000 Color‐Difference Formulas
Authors: de Oliveira Dayane Carvalho Ramos Salles , Ayres Ana Paula Almeida , Rocha Mateus Garcia , Giannini Marcelo , Puppin Rontani Regina Maria , Ferracane Jack L. , Sinhoreti Mario Alexandre Coelho
Published: June 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of different in vitro aging methods on color change (CC) of an experimental dental resin‐based composite using CIELAB (ΔEab) and CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) color‐difference formulas.

Materials and Methods

The CC was evaluated with a spectrophotometer (CM700d, Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) according to the CIE chromatic space. Disk‐shaped specimens (Φ = 5 × 1 mm thick) (N = 10) were submitted to different in vitro aging methods: 30 days of water aging (WA); 120 hours of ultraviolet light aging (UVA); or 300 hours of an accelerated artificial aging (AAA) method with cycles of 4 hours of UV‐B light exposure and 4 hours of moisture condensation to induce CC. The temperature was standardized at 37°C for all aging methods. CC was evaluated with ΔEab and ΔE00 formulas. Differences in individual Lab coordinates were also calculated. Data for the individual color parameters were submitted to one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05).

Results

All in vitro aging methods tested induced CC, in the following order: WA: ΔEab= 0.83 (0.1); ΔE00 = 1.15 (0.1) < AAA: ΔEab = 5.64 (0.2); ΔE00 = 5.01 (0.1) < UVA: ΔEab = 6.74 (0.2); ΔE00 = 6.03 (0.4). No changes in L* or a* coordinates were ≥1; the methods with UV aging showed a yellowing effect due a large positive change in b*.

Conclusions

All in vitro aging methods tested induced a CC, but to different extents. Changes in color followed similar trends, but with different absolute values when calculated with the CIELAB and the CIEDE2000 formulas.

Clinical Significance

Establishing the efficacy of different artificial aging methods and differences between color change using CIELAB and CIEDE2000 formulas are important to standardize color stability evaluations and facilitate the comparison of outcomes from different studies in the literature.
Effect of Bleaching Treatment on Fatigue Resistance and Flexural Strength of Bovine Dentin
Authors: Tam Laura E. , Cho Woohyun , Wang Bridget Y. , De Souza Grace
Published: June 2015

Purpose

To determine the effects of bleach on dentin fatigue resistance and flexural strength.

Materials and Methods

Eighty bovine dentin specimens (2 × 2 × 17 mm) were treated with: placebo or 10% carbamide peroxide bleach. Treatment was applied for 6 hours/day for 2 or 8 weeks. After treatment, 10 specimens per group were subjected to fatigue testing (106 cycles) whereas the other 10 were stored in artificial saliva as fatigue controls. The specimens undergoing fatigue were checked daily for visible signs of fracture and excluded from subsequent flexural strength tests if fractured. Fatigue control and surviving fatigued specimens were subjected to flexural strength testing. Chi‐square, Kruskal–Wallis, factorial analysis of variance (p < 0.05) and Mann–Whitney (p < 0.002) tests were performed.

Results

There were significant differences in fatigue resistance (p = 0.003) and flexural strength rank scores (p < 0.0001) among the groups. None of the specimens in the “8‐week bleach” group survived the fatigue testing. Fatigue (p = 0.005) and interaction of time and treatment (p = 0.039) were significant factors in the flexural strength results. Fatigued specimens had lower flexural strength than nonfatigued and “8‐week bleach” had lower flexural strength than placebo and “2‐week bleach” groups.

Conclusions

Prolonged direct bleaching of bovine dentin reduces its fatigue resistance and flexural strength in vitro. Further research is needed in this area.

Clinical Significance

It remains prudent to advise patients to limit their exposure to tooth bleaching materials by avoiding direct application of bleach to exposed dentin and by minimizing the duration of bleach treatment.