bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Molecular and Crystal Structure on the Melting Points in Halo-Substituted Phenyl-Quinazolinones
Authors: Đilović Ivica , Judaš Nenad , Komar Mario , Molnar Maja , Počkaj Marta , Balić Tomislav
Published: December 2024

Three halo-substituted phenyl-quinazolinone derivatives were prepared and structurally characterized [1 = 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-iodo-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, 2 = 6-iodo-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, and 3 = 7-chloro-2-methyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one)] in order to explore the relationship between structure and melting point in this group of compounds. Depending on the compound, molecules are interconnected by weak π∙∙∙π interactions, have I···Cl or Cl···Cl halogen bonding, or primarily form C–H∙∙∙N, C–H∙∙∙O, and π∙∙∙π interactions (no halogen bonding). The presence of the OCF3 group leads to interactions between fluorine atoms that are shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius for fluorine, suggesting that these interactions contribute to the overall lattice energy. The sequence of melting points cannot be fully explained by intermolecular interactions present in the solid state (enthalpy factor). To address this, a concept related to entropy called the functional group rotation influence, which relates to a decrease in fusion entropy caused by the rotational freedom of polyatomic groups, was introduced. Analysis of previously synthesized 3-phenylquinazolinones showed that the compounds with the highest melting point are the quinazoline-substituted and phenyl-nitro-substituted ones. Among halo-phenyl-substituted compounds, the melting point follows the sequence ortho < meta < para. Regarding the halogen atom type, the order of melting points is Cl ≈ Br > F > I for enantiopure and Br > I ≈ Cl > F for racemic compounds. Also, the melting point order correlates to halogen bond energy (I > Br > Cl > F) only when the geometry and energy of these interactions are favorable.
Numerical Simulation Study on Directional Solidification of DD5 Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Turbine Blades
Authors: Wei Jianhui , Lu Min , Pi Libo , Zhao Huan , Lei Qian
Published: December 2024

Two models with a wax module tree structure were employed for directional solidification simulation. An experimental alloy of a second-generation nickel-based single-crystal superalloy, DD5, was set for this investigation. The temperature gradient value of the conventional model at 80 mm and 160 mm was less than 3.8 K/mm, and the temperature gradient value of the new model structure at the same height could reach more than 5.0 K/mm. The paste–liquid interface paste zone of the new model structure in the directional solidification process was narrower. The solidification interface was more stable than that of the conventional model. The declination angle between the primary dendrite and the principal stress axis was smaller, and the average crystal orientation was about 6.0°. Under the new model, the integrity of the single crystal of the edge plate was good, and no heterocrystalline defects were formed. At the sharp corner of the end face of the edge plate, the solidified dendrites grew staggered, which hindered the effective contraction of other parts of the edge plate and produced micro-looseness. The whole simulation was in line with the test results.
Study on Fatigue Fracture Behavior of S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel at Different Solution Temperatures
Authors: Bao Shun , Feng Han , Song Zhigang , He Jianguo , Wu Xiaohan , Gu Yang
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates the tensile and low-cycle fatigue characteristics of S32750 duplex stainless steel subjected to two distinct solid solution treatment temperatures. The microstructures, fracture surfaces, and slip systems of the tested steel were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The findings reveal that elevating the solid solution treatment temperature from 1080 °C to 1180 °C results in an increase in the yield strength of the tested steel by approximately 36 MPa and a substantial enhancement in fatigue life by 34%. Microhardness measurements indicate that the degree of hardening in austenite post-fatigue failure significantly surpasses that of ferrite. The variation in solid solution temperature alters the ferrite and austenite content within the matrix, consequently affecting the strain distribution between the two phases. The high-temperature solid solution treatment effectively enhances the two-phase strain-bearing capacity of the tested steel. Following the 1180 °C solid solution treatment, no cloud-like dislocation patterns were observed in the ferrite; instead, they were replaced by a proliferation of thick, interwoven dislocation bundles. In contrast, the dislocations within the austenite predominantly consist of ordered planar slip and twinning. The primary contributor to the extended fatigue life is the increased number of absorbed dislocations within the ferrite grains.
The Financial Toxicity Experience of Patients with Colorectal Cancer During Chemotherapy: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Yao Yanli , Zhang Shijing , Yu Qun , Zhao Xia , Zhang Xinqiong
Published: December 2024

Background: This study aimed to explore the experience of financial toxicity in patients with colorectal cancer during chemotherapy and to inform the development of targeted interventions. Methods: A descriptive qualitative research method was used to conduct semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 15 patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy who attended the Department of Medical Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from March to June 2024, and the data were organized and analyzed using the Nvivo 11.0 qualitative data analysis software and the thematic analysis method. Results: Four themes were extracted: patients with chemotherapy-stage colorectal cancer bear direct and indirect multifaceted economic pressures, are affected by multidimensional risk factors, which cause multiple adverse outcomes, and cope with financial toxicity in various ways. Conclusions: The experience of financial toxicity in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy is presented in a multidimensional format, with multiple causes influencing their financial toxicity. In the future, healthcare professionals should identify patients at high risk for financial toxicity, provide financial toxicity interventions and support, and mitigate their exposure to financial toxicity.
Seventies Rule for the Establishment of Non-Native Marine Species
Authors: Coppis Stan , Gittenberger Arjan
Published: December 2024

Invasive non-native marine species have significant and far-reaching impacts on ecosystems, recreation, human health, and various industries worldwide. To mitigate this, it is crucial to be able to predict the likelihood of the establishment of non-native species. To that end, we reviewed twenty-two published lists of non-native species from the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean, plus five from other seas and oceans. From 1991 to 2020, 76% of the newly detected species in the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean, on average per region, became established. Similar rates were found for the Baltic Sea, New Zealand, South Africa, and Brazil, respectively: 77%, 73%, 73%, and 67%. A rate of 100% was reported for the Black Sea, however. While percentages fluctuate across regions, they do not significantly seem to differ over time within regions. Where available, using historical data is therefore recommended, taking into account regional circumstances. As a preliminary indicator, we propose the Seventies Rule for predicting the establishment success of newly detected species in the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean. With only five datasets from other areas in our studies, global applicability remains to be demonstrated. Policymakers, managers, and researchers can use our findings to predict establishment and decide on actions for invasive non-native marine species.
Allelopathic Properties of the Species Comprising Communities of Invasive Impatiens spp. and Antioxidant System of Invaders’ Populations
Authors: Kupcinskiene Eugenija , Budreviciute Ruta , Jasionyte Vaida , Simanaviciute Laura , Jociene Lina , Krokaite-Kudakiene Edvina , Rekasius Tomas , Marozas Vitas
Published: December 2024

Globalization has greatly expanded the opportunities for plant species to enter new areas through a wide range of pathways. Elucidating the pathways of spread of alien species and the characteristics of organisms that make them invasive is one of the most pressing problems in ecological sciences. Once established, alien species may have serious implications for communities and vice versa. Allelopathy has been proposed as one of the possible invasion mechanisms of exotic plants. Impatiens parviflora and Impatiens glandulifera are among the widely spread invasive plant species in the Baltic region. The aim of the study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of invasive Lithuanian Impatiens spp. and their neighboring plants (11 pristine species) using parameters of germination and seedling growth of biotest species Lepidium sativum, and to expand this study by determining the content of phenolic compounds and the radical scavenging activity in the leaf extracts of Lithuanian Impatiens spp. populations (20 of each Impatiens species). Leaf extracts of all species examined had an inhibitory effect on Lepidium sativum germination and morphology of the seedlings. In our study, at all leaf extract concentrations, significantly higher allelopathic potential on radicle growth was characteristic of I. glandulifera compared to native species Alnus glutinosa, Calystegia sepium, and Urtica dioica. At all leaf extract concentrations, I. parviflora showed significantly higher allelopathic potential on radicle growth compared to native species Urtica dioica. Impatiens glandulifera had a higher juglone index than Impatiens parviflora. I. glandulifera also had the highest juglone index compared to all neighboring species studied. The differences between the populations in the content of phenolic compounds, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were 2.3, 2.2 and 2.7 times for I. glandulifera and 2.6, 5.2 and 2.7 times for I. parviflora. The mean values of total phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity of I. glandulifera populations were 2.1, 2.7 and 3.3 times higher than those of I. parviflora populations, respectively. In general, our results about allelopathic potential and phenolics content, as well as free radical scavenging ability, confirm the supreme competitive ability of I. glandulifera compared to both I. parviflora and to the native co-occurring species.
Fish Larval Assemblage Associated with an Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Reef: Seasonal and Interannual Variability
Authors: Gallego-Zerrato Juan José , Córdoba-Rojas Diego Fernando , Giraldo Alan
Published: December 2024

The seasonal and interannual temporal variation in the composition, richness, diversity, and similarity of fish larval assemblages associated with an Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) coral reef system was studied in March (cold water) and September (warm water) during the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. Throughout the study period, we collected 4779 fish larvae and identified 88 taxa, encompassing 46 families. This increased the total number of recorded fish taxa for the region to 146. Fish larvae were collected by daytime and nighttime surface trawls, using a bongo net 30 cm in diameter and 180 cm in length, equipped with mesh sizes of 300 and 500 μm. The species diversity and abundance of ichthyoplankton over this ETP coral reef changed by intra-annual variation of the hydrological conditions of the upper layer of the sea. Six significant assemblages were identified (SIMPROF, p < 0.05), each one associated with each sampling period (ANOSIM, R = 0.764); Cetengraulis mysticetus, Diaphus pacificus, Anchoa sp., Anisotremus sp., Bremaceros bathymaster, Oligoplites saurus, Caranx sp., Seriola sp., Gobiidae sp., Microgobius sp., and Synodus evermanni were the species that contributed to dissimilitude between groups. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed significant associations between specific larval fish taxa abundance and temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and zooplankton biomass. Overall, the assemblage of ichthyoplankton in this ETP coral reef system is sensitive to seasonal changes in water column hydrographic conditions.
A New Species of the Durophagous Mosasaurid Carinodens from the Late Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and Implications for Maastrichtian Mosasaurid Diversity
Authors: Longrich Nicholas R. , Pereda-Suberbiola Xabier , Jalil Nour-Eddine , Bardet Nathalie
Published: December 2024

Late Cretaceous marine ecosystems saw a major adaptive radiation of mosasaurids, which evolved highly disparate jaw and tooth morphologies to feed on different prey. A striking pattern seen in mosasaurids was a high diversity of durophagous forms. Durophagy likely evolved several times independently in the mosasaurine genera Globidens, Prognathodon, and Carinodens. Carinodens is unusual in having low, rectangular, laterally compressed teeth. The genus is known from around the world, with the species Carinodens minalmamar and C. belgicus previously reported from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco. Here, we report a new species of Carinodens, C. acrodon, from the same Maastrichtian Phosphates. It is characterized by teeth with tall crowns, triangular apices, and broad bases. Many of the diagnostic features of this species appear to be plesiomorphies, suggesting the persistence of a primitive species of Carinodens into the latest Maastrichtian alongside the more derived C. minalmamar and C. belgicus. The new species contributes to an emerging pattern of mosasaurid hyperdiversity in the late Maastrichtian of Morocco. A revised faunal list, including stratigraphic range extensions of Khinjaria and Stelladens into the latest Maastrichtian of upper Couche III of the Phosphates of Morocco, suggests at least 16 species of mosasauroid coexisted here.
A Preliminary Assessment of Lichens in Different Landscapes of Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Khac Hoang Ngoc , Truong Le Dac , Hanh Nguyen Thi Hong , Lien Nguyen Thi Hong , Binh Nguyen Quoc , Giao Vo Thi Phi , Tinh Pham Hong , Thu Bui Thi
Published: December 2024

Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, with a total area of 3359.82 km2 and a population of about 8.4 million people. This is one of the most developed cities in Vietnam, with an urbanization rate of 60%. In this study, we investigated how developed and urbanized areas may influence lichen diversity in Hanoi. The lichen community from Hanoi was studied using three tree stands from each of five landscapes: natural vegetation, industrial parks, urban and rural areas, and roadsides. Lichen species and their cover abundance were recorded on tree trunks at heights from 30 to 150 cm above ground in ten host trees that were randomly selected for each replication. Sixty-seven lichen species, from sixteen families and eight orders, were recorded. Results showed urbanization and the development of industrial parks and transportation altered species composition, evidenced by a reduced number of lichen species. Natural forests sustained the highest lichen diversity measured. These results suggest that a greater diversity of lichen can be preserved in natural forests, if that natural vegetation is effectively managed and conserved.
Diversity of Rust Fungi with Special Emphasis on Hyalopsora erlangensis Causing Disease in Cystopteris chinensis
Authors: Yu An , Zhao Xia , Chen Xiaohong
Published: December 2024

A newly discovered rust fungus poses a significant threat to the survival and reproduction of the endangered plant Cystopteris chinensis in a forest in western Sichuan province, China. This study utilized both morphological analysis and molecular phylogenetic approaches to classify this fungal taxon. Artificial inoculation experiments, which involved sampling uredia from the field, were conducted to fulfill Koch’s postulates. Our results designate this rust fungus as a novel species within the Pucciniastraceae family, named Hyalopsora erlangensis A. Yu & X.H. Chen. Morphological features, including hyaline peridia cells, yellowish urediniospores, dark brown amphispores with three germ pores, and pigmented cytoplasm, differentiate this species from others in the genera Milesina, Uredinopsis, and Pucciniastrum. Phylogenetic analysis, based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and 28S rDNA gene fragments, further confirms its distinctiveness from other Hyalopsora species, supported by high maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI) bootstrap values. Artificial inoculation both in the field and in tissue-cultured seedlings verified this fungus as the causative agent of C. chinensis rust disease. Our research not only identifies the pathogen but also offers fundamental insights for fern rust diversity, and the future management and conservation of this endangered fern, aiming to mitigate the impact of this devastating rust.
Phytogeographic Transition Areas Hide Floristic Diversity in Hyper-Arid Environments (Sharaan Natural Reserve, NW-Saudi Arabia)
Authors: Miara Mohamed Djamel , Youssef Sami , Fendane Yassine , Marris Louise , Sallio Robin , Boukcim Hassan , Almalki Sami D. , Rees Shauna K. , Lee Benjamin P. Y.-H. , Aldabaa Abdalsamad , Mohamed Ahmed H.
Published: December 2024

Phytogeographic transition zones are often considered areas rich in biodiversity due to their ecological and landscape diversity. This study constitutes the first floristic investigation of the Sharaan Natural Reserve (SNR) located in the northwest of the KSA, which is supposed to be a phytogeographic transition zone due to its location between the central zone of the country dominated by Saharo-Arabic flora and the northern zone characterized by a Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian floristic affinities. The floristic studies carried out in the vegetation season from 2022 to 2024 led to the identification of 166 plant taxa belonging to 38 botanical families. The flora of the SNR is dominated by Therophytes, while the Saharo-Arabian element dominates the chorology of the taxa. The comparative phytogeographic analysis of SNR flora compared to the available literature on published floristic inventories in different phytogeographic regions of the country has confirmed the floristic affinities of the flora of the reserve, especially with the northern and Nefud regions. Among the identified plants, 13 taxa were not mentioned in the 44 consulted references and seem more or less exclusive to the reserve/phytogeographic region. Also, 12 taxa are considered of Least Concern according to the IUCN red list while the presence of Calligonum comosum L’Hér. allows the classification of its natural habitat (dunes) as a Critical Habitat according to the PS6 criteria. This study reports that SNR constitutes a phytogeographic and floristic transitional area by the presence of a significant number of Irano-Turanian (43) and Mediterranean (21) taxa mixed with the dominant Saharo-Arabic species. The SNR region contains a rich and diverse flora due to the biogeographical situation as a transitional zone and the protection due to the closure. This conservation should be strengthened and extended to other neighboring areas with the same biological wealth.
Diversity in the Dark: Bat Fauna from Prince Mohammed Bin Salman Royal Reserve
Authors: Haggon Hannah , White David , Smithson Joshua , Wells David , Ramalho Ricardo Oliveira
Published: December 2024

Prince Mohammed bin Salman Royal Reserve (PMBSRR or the Reserve) is located in the northwest of Saudi Arabia and covers an area of 24,500 km2 of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Bat surveys have been undertaken between 2022 and 2024 across PMBSRR as part of the Reserve’s groundbreaking conservation efforts and this is the first published checklist of the bat species present within the Reserve. Survey methods included bat capture, roost inspection, and acoustic recordings. Tissue and faecal samples were taken during the surveys and compared to a global database to confirm the species present. The survey results confirmed the presence of 18 species belonging to 14 genera of eight families. This research has greatly expanded our knowledge on the diversity of bats within the Kingdom, increasing the reported bat species in the Tabuk region by seven species, with the addition of Rhyneptesicus nasutus, Rhinolophus hipposideros, Nycteris thebaica, Tadarida aegyptiaca, Rhinopoma microphyllum, Taphozous nudiventris, and Taphozous perforatus and increasing the number of species within Saudi Arabia by one species, with the addition of Vansonia rueppellii.
Quis Custodiet? Are Regulations Slowing Phage Therapy?
Authors: Morales Sandra , Hyman Paul
Published: December 2024

Rising levels of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have led to increasing interest in the use of phage therapy as an alternative treatment. While phage therapy is conceptually simple, and numerous semi-anecdotal data suggest that it could be effective if properly managed, there have been only a few randomized, double-blind clinical trials of phage therapy so far. These trials unequivocally showed that phage therapy is safe, but there is still a paucity of data on its efficacy for managing various bacterial infections. One common response to this situation is that there is a mismatch between the regulations that govern the testing of new drugs, that is, chemical agents, and biological agents like bacteriophages. Another response has been to sidestep clinical trial testing and to use phages to treat infected patients on an individual basis, sometimes called the magistral phage approach. In this paper, we argue that regulations are not the true barrier to approval of phage therapy as drugs but rather it is the lack of efficacy data. There is no one reason behind the failures of recent clinical trials. Instead, these demonstrate the complexity of implementing a therapy where both the treatment and disease are living entities interacting within another living entity, the patient. Phage banks can have an impact by monitoring these complexities during phage therapy. Importantly, phage therapy clinical trials are continuing under existing regulatory frameworks and with products manufactured under GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices).
Engaging Primary Care Professionals and People at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Design of PREDIABETEXT, a Multifaceted Digital Intervention Aimed at Preventing Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Serrano-Ripoll Maria Jesús , Zamanillo-Campos Rocío , Mira Martínez Sofía , Fiol-deRoque Maria Antònia , Malih Narges , Angullo-Martínez Escarlata , Ricci-Cabello Ignacio
Published: December 2024

Objectives: This study aims to explore perspectives and opinions from healthcare professionals and people at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to inform the design of PREDIABETEXT, a new digital multifaceted intervention to prevent T2DM. Methods: in this qualitative study, we purposefully recruited 15 healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses) working in primary healthcare centers in Mallorca (Spain), and 15 of their patients at risk of T2DM (HbA1c 6–6.4%, and/or fasting plasma glucose 110–125 mg/dL). We collected the data through semi-structured phone interviews, using an interview guide aimed at gathering participants’ views about the two PREDIABETEXT proposed co-interventions (educational intervention targeted at professionals and delivered as an online training course, and behavioral intervention targeted at individuals at risk of T2DM and delivered using SMS short text messages). The interviews were audio-recorded, verbatim transcribed, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: Primary healthcare professionals valued a prediabetes training course for standardizing care and supporting diabetes prevention. They preferred a blended format with content on early detection, intervention, and monitoring. They perceived SMS reminders to their patients as potentially useful for reinforcing guidelines and improving care. Individuals at risk of T2DM, who faced challenges maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine, viewed SMS as potentially motivational and informative, offering suggestions on content, format, and frequency to enhance its intended benefits. Conclusions: This qualitative study provided valuable insights from primary care professionals and people at risk of T2DM that will inform the user-centered design of the PREDIABETEXT intervention.
Identification of Inflammatory Biomarkers for Predicting Peripheral Arterial Disease Prognosis in Patients with Diabetes
Authors: Draper Kian , Li Ben , Syed Muzammil , Shaikh Farah , Zamzam Abdelrahman , Abuhalimeh Batool Jamal , Rasheed Kharram , Younes Houssam K. , Abdin Rawand , Qadura Mohammad
Published: December 2024

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is known to be strongly linked to major adverse limb events, ultimately leading to an increased risk of limb-threatening conditions. We developed a predictive model using five identified biomarkers to predict major adverse limb events, limb loss, diabetic (DM) foot ulcers, and vascular intervention in patients with underlying PAD and DM over 2 years. Methods: A single-center prospective case control study with was conducted with 2 years’ follow up. In the discovery phase the cohort was randomly split into a 70:30 ratio, and proteins with a higher mean level of expression in the DM PAD group compared to the DM non-PAD group were identified. Next, a random forest model was trained using (1) clinical characteristics, (2) a five-protein panel, and (3) clinical characteristics combined with the five-protein panel. Demographic data were analyzed by independent t-test and chi-square test. The importance of predictive features was calculated using the variable importance (gain) score. The model was used and assessed for its ability to diagnose PAD, predict limb loss, predict major adverse limb events (MALEs), predict diabetic foot ulcers, and predict the need for vascular surgery. The model was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and net reclassification index. Results: The cohort of 392 patients was matched for age, sex, and comorbidities. Five proteins were identified (TNFa: tumor necrosis factor alpha, BMP-10: bone morphogenic protein 10, CCL15/MIP1 delta: chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 15/macrophage inflammatory protein 1 delta, MMP-10: matrix metalloprotease 10, and HTRA2/Omi: HTRA2, also known as Omi) as having a significantly higher level of expression in the DM PAD group. HTRA/Omi had the highest contribution to the model’s ability to diagnose PAD in diabetic patients. Model performance was best when combined with clinical characteristics to predict limb loss (AUROC 0.86, 0.76, 0.80), foot ulcer (AUROC 0.87, 0.82, 0.67), MALE (AUROC 0.81, 0.78, 0.67), and the need for vascular surgery (AUROC 0.82, 0.81, 0.61). Conclusions: In this study, we describe a biomarker panel that can be used in combination with clinical characteristics to create an accurate prediction model for diagnosis and prognostication of PAD in the setting of DM.
Challenges in Diagnosing Focal Liver Lesions Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Authors: Moga Tudor Voicu , Lupusoru Raluca , Danila Mirela , Ghiuchici Ana Maria , Popescu Alina , Miutescu Bogdan , Ratiu Iulia , Burciu Calin , Bizerea-Moga Teofana , Voron Anca , Sporea Ioan , Sirli Roxana
Published: December 2024

Background: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has become the preferred method for many clinicians in evaluating focal liver lesions (FLLs) initially identified through standard ultrasound. However, in clinical practice, certain lesions may deviate from the typical enhancement patterns outlined in EFSUMB guidelines. Methods: This study aims to assess FLLs that remained inconclusive or misdiagnosed after CEUS evaluation, spanning eight years of single-center experience. Following CEUS, all FLLs underwent secondary imaging (CT, MRI) or histopathological analysis for diagnostic confirmation. Results: From the initial 979 FLLs, 350 lesions (35.7%) were either inconclusive or misdiagnosed by CEUS, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver metastases constituting the majority of these cases. The most frequent enhancement pattern in inconclusive lesions at CEUS was hyper-iso-iso. Factors such as advanced liver fibrosis, adenomas, and cholangiocarcinoma were significantly associated with higher rates of diagnostic inaccuracies. Conclusions: Advanced liver fibrosis, adenomas, and cholangiocarcinoma were significantly associated with increased diagnostic challenges, emphasizing the need for supplementary imaging techniques.
The Emerging Role of Sonoelastography in Pregnancy: Applications in Assessing Maternal and Fetal Health
Authors: Alfuraih Abdulrahman M.
Published: December 2024

Sonoelastography, a novel ultrasound-based technique, is emerging as a valuable tool in prenatal diagnostics by quantifying tissue elasticity and stiffness in vivo. This narrative review explores the application of sonoelastography in assessing maternal and fetal health, with a focus on cervical, placental, pelvic floor, and fetal tissue evaluations. In the cervix, sonoelastography aids in predicting preterm birth and assessing labor induction success. For the placenta, it provides insights into conditions like preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction through elasticity measurements. Assessing fetal tissues, including the lungs, liver, and brain, sonoelastography offers a non-invasive method for evaluating organ maturity and detecting developmental anomalies. Additionally, pelvic floor assessments enable better management of childbirth-related injuries and postpartum recovery. While current studies support its safety when used within established limits, further research is necessary to confirm long-term effects. Future advancements include refining protocols, integrating machine learning, and combining sonoelastography with other diagnostic methods to enhance its predictive power. Sonoelastography holds promise as an impactful adjunct to conventional ultrasound, providing quantitative insights that can improve maternal and fetal outcomes in prenatal care.
Ibuprofen-Induced Multiple Fixed Drug Eruption Confirmed by Re-Challenge: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Mima Yoshihito , Yamamoto Masako , Obikane Hiyo , Norimatsu Yuta , Iozumi Ken
Published: December 2024

Background: Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a type of drug-induced skin inflammation characterized by the recurrence of lesions in the same region following repeated exposure to the causative drug. FDE typically presents as localized spots or plaques without systemic symptoms; however, it can manifest in other forms, such as blisters and papules. In FDE, effector memory CD8-positive T cells that remain dormant in the basal layer after a previous inflammation are reactivated upon re-exposure to the causative drug, leading to the development of erythema at the same sites. Case Presentation: Herein, we report the case of a 23-year-old man who developed ibuprofen-induced multiple FDE. The diagnosis was confirmed by detecting a rash immediately following ibuprofen administration, and histopathological findings were consistent with FDE. Ibuprofen is widely available as an over-the-counter medication, and patients may not always report its use—making the diagnosis of ibuprofen-induced FDE particularly challenging. Approximately 24 h following drug-induced CD8-positive T cell activation, regulatory T cells normally infiltrate the epidermis to suppress inflammation and promote resolution. However, in multiple FDE, CD8-positive T cell activity may outweigh that of regulatory T cells, causing uncontrolled inflammation and leading to the spread of poorly-demarcated lesions that can progress to severe drug reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). We reviewed 13 cases of ibuprofen-induced multiple FDE. Conclusions: Over-the-counter medications can cause multiple FDEs, and the repeated administration of the causative drug can result in severe reactions such as SJS/TEN. The early diagnosis and strict discontinuation of the causative drugs are therefore crucial.
Investigation of CD47 Expression in Renal Cell Tumors and Evaluation of Its Relationship with Prognostic Parameters
Authors: Dizibüyük Ömer Faruk , Bozdağ Zehra , Karakök Metin
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Renal cell carcinoma is an aggressive form of kidney cancer, contributing to an estimated 138,000 deaths globally in 2017. Traditional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation are generally considered ineffective. Additionally, CD47 has been identified as a crucial tumor antigen involved in the development and progression of various cancers, including renal cell carcinoma. The interaction of CD47 with SIRPα triggers a “don’t eat me” signal to the macrophages, inhibiting phagocytosis. Much progress has been made in targeting CD47 for cancer immunotherapy in solid tumors (STs) and hematological malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate CD47 expression in malignant and benign renal cell tumors and compare it with prognostic histopathological parameters. Methods: We included 160 malignant and 26 benign tumors. The malignant tumors consisted of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes including 37 clear cell, 30 chromophobe, 30 papillary type 1, 29 papillary type 2, and 34 unclassified RCC cases. As for the benign tumors, we included 26 oncocytoma cases. All samples were stained with anti-CD47 antibodies by immunohistochemistry methods. Results: The statistical analysis yielded a significant correlation between CD47 expression and survival, metastasis, and capsule invasion for the unclassified RCC cases. We did not find any further significant correlation between CD47 expression and the studied parameters. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to research CD47 expression in benign and malignant renal carcinoma subtypes. Further large-scale studies are needed to determine the expression profile of CD47 in renal cell tumors.
Swinging for Success: A Qualitative Study on Baseball’s Role in Supporting a Player with ADHD
Authors: Zöller Eva , Klöpfer Carsten , Bracht Janine , Müller Paul Martin , Grünke Matthias
Published: December 2024

In this qualitative study, we examined the experiences of Rafael, a professional baseball player diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition. Through an extensive interview with the participant, our research aimed to determine how baseball can effectively support individuals with this diagnosis in overcoming their obstacles. Qualitative analysis of the verbal data revealed four interconnected themes—Formative Years and Key Experiences, Dealing with ADHD, Learning through Baseball, and Navigating Life Today—highlighting how the sport has served as a vital developmental and supportive activity for this athlete. Baseball ameliorated Rafael’s personal growth and self-regulation, transforming his challenges into opportunities for resilience and self-mastery. The study emphasizes the importance of physical team activities, particularly baseball, as a beneficial strategy for individuals with neurodevelopmental challenges and recommends further research into the long-term effects and mechanisms through which sports can alleviate symptoms associated with ADHD and related diagnoses.
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Index Is Positively Related to Mediterranean Diet Adherence in University Students
Authors: Detopoulou Paraskevi , Magni Olga , Pylarinou Ioanna , Levidi Despoina , Dedes Vassilios , Tzoutzou Milia , Argyri Konstantina , Fappa Evangelia , Gioxari Aristea , Panoutsopoulos George
Published: December 2024

Skeletal muscle is associated with cardiometabolic health. The appendicular skeletal muscle index (aSMI) represents the skeletal muscle mass “corrected” for height and constitutes a clinically applicable feature of sarcopenia. The relation of the aSMI with dietary habits is not clear, especially in young adults. The present pilot study aimed to investigate the relationship between the aSMI and Mediterranean diet adherence in young adults. A cross-sectional study of 151 university students was conducted. Anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis (TANITA-MC780) were performed. The aSMI was calculated as the sum of the upper and lower extremity muscle masses divided by height squared. The HPAQ questionnaire was used for physical activity evaluation. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary assessment, and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore) was calculated. Multivariate linear regression models with log-aSMI as a dependent variable were applied. The MedDietScore was positively related to log-aSMI in the total sample (B = 0.009, SE = 0.004, p = 0.05, R2 for total model = 71%) irrespective of gender, age, ΒΜΙ, smoking, physical activity, and academic year and in males (B = 0.027, SE = 0.011, p = 0.023 R2 for total model = 37%) irrespective οf age and ΒΜΙ. The positive association of the MedDietScore with aSMI supports the importance of the adoption of a Mediterranean dietary pattern—rich in plant proteins and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compounds—in maintaining/attaining muscle mass in young subjects.
Comparative in Vitro Study on the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Endodontic Sealers Against Common Oral Pathogens
Authors: Dudás Csaba , Bardocz-Veres Zsuzsanna , Gyulai Anita Iulia , Pop Silvia Izabella , Székely Melinda , Kerekes-Máthé Bernadette , Kovács Mónika
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Microorganisms are the leading cause of infections in the root canal system, contributing to the failure of endodontic treatments. This in vitro study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of four different endodontic sealers: Endomethasone N (Septodont, Saint Maur-des-Fossés, France), Sealapex (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA), AH Plus Jet (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany), and MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil). Methods: The sealers were tested against common oral pathogens, including Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutans, using the agar diffusion method. Inhibition zones were measured at 24, 48, and 72 h to assess antimicrobial efficacy. Results: The results showed that Endomethasone was the most effective sealer against all tested microorganisms, demonstrating consistent inhibition across all time intervals. MTA Fillapex also exhibited a significant antimicrobial effect, particularly against Streptococcus mutans, with its efficacy increasing over time. AH Plus Jet displayed limited effectiveness, showing significant results only against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Overall, this study confirms the superior antimicrobial performance of Endomethasone, while the other materials, particularly MTA Fillapex and Sealapex, also showed notable effects in experimental conditions. The antimicrobial activity of all materials, except AH Plus Jet, increased over the 72-h period.
Advancing Orthodontic Aesthetics: Exploring the Potential of Injectable Composite Resin Techniques for Enhanced Smile Transformations
Authors: Spadoni Davide , Valeri Cristina , Quinzi Vincenzo , Schneider Moser Ute , Marzo Giuseppe
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The injection moulding technique (IMT) is a minimally invasive restorative treatment. This technique enables the application of thin, flowable composite layers into a stable, transparent silicone index that serves as a mould. Due to the fluid properties of the composite, it efficiently fills the silicone tray and seamlessly integrates with the tooth structure, often obviating tooth preparation and preserving overall tooth integrity. The procedure employs the etch-and-rinse protocol and is highly reproducible. Minimally invasive restorative techniques are particularly relevant following orthodontic treatment, where minor tooth adjustments are often required to achieve optimal aesthetics and function. Integrating orthodontic and restorative treatments is pivotal for long-term success, especially in complex interdisciplinary cases. Methods: This retrospective study describes the application of conservative restoration using the IMT in two pediatric patients (12.6 years old and 12.3 years old) to restore maxillary lateral incisors before and after orthodontic treatment. The technique provides a viable option for temporary composite restorations until the patients are suitable candidates for permanent all-ceramic veneers. Results: The injectable technique is ideal for minimal diastemas, small interdental spaces, or retruded teeth. The cases presented, involving irregular tooth sizes and morphologies, demonstrate the suitability of the IMT in scenarios requiring an additive approach. This technique effectively addresses such irregularities without necessitating invasive preparation. Conclusions: The IMT is a valuable tool for pediatric patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, both at its initiation and completion. The technique assists orthodontists in finalising treatment by addressing Bolton index discrepancies and correcting tooth shape anomalies. Additionally, a digital workflow reduces clinical sessions, as thermo-printed retainers can be delivered during the same appointment as the IMT, providing economic and organisational benefits. This approach underscores the utility of the IMT in enhancing treatment efficiency and outcomes in orthodontic–restorative care.
Persistent Homology Combined with Machine Learning for Social Network Activity Analysis
Authors: Zhang Zhijian , Sun Yuqing , Liu Yayun , Jiang Lin , Li Zhengmi
Published: December 2024

Currently, the rapid development of social media enables people to communicate more and more frequently in the network. Classifying user activities in social networks helps to better understand user behavior in social networks. This paper first creates an ego network for each user, encodes the higher-order topological features of the ego network as persistence diagrams using persistence homology, and computes the persistence entropy. Then, based on the persistence entropy, this paper defines the Norm Entropy-NE(X) to represent the complexity of the topological features of the ego network, a larger NE(X) indicates a higher topological complexity, i.e., the higher the activity of the nodes, thus indicating the degree of activity of the nodes. The paper uses the extracted set of feature vectors to train the machine learning model to classify the users in the social network. Numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of clustering quality metrics such as profile coefficients. The results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively classify social network users into different groups, which provides a good foundation for further research and application.
A Simple Wide Range Approximation of Symmetric Binomial Distribution
Authors: Szabados Tamás
Published: December 2024

The paper gives a wide range, uniform, local approximation of symmetric binomial distribution. The result clearly shows how one has to modify the classical de Moivre–Laplace normal approximation in order to give an estimate at the tail as well as to minimize the relative error.
Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity and Influencing Factors of Regional Economic Resilience in China
Authors: Zhang Qiuyue , Lin Yili , Cao Yu , Luo Long
Published: December 2024

This study estimates regional economic resilience in China from 2000 to 2022, focusing on economic resistance resilience, recovery resilience, and reorientation resilience. The entropy method, kernel density estimation, and spatial Durbin model are applied to examine the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors. The results show significant spatial clustering, with stronger resilience in the east and weaker resilience in the west. While economic resilience has generally improved, regional disparities persist. Key factors such as human capital, urban hospitals, financial development, market consumption, and environmental quality have a positive effect on resilience, with spatial spillover effects. However, human capital and urban hospitals also show a negative indirect impact on surrounding regions. The influence of these factors varies across regions and periods, indicating strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity.
Comparing Statistical and Machine Learning Methods for Time Series Forecasting in Data-Driven Logistics—A Simulation Study
Authors: Schmid Lena , Roidl Moritz , Kirchheim Alice , Pauly Markus
Published: December 2024

Many planning and decision activities in logistics and supply chain management are based on forecasts of multiple time dependent factors. Therefore, the quality of planning depends on the quality of the forecasts. We compare different state-of-the-art forecasting methods in terms of forecasting performance. Differently from most existing research in logistics, we do not perform this in a case-dependent way but consider a broad set of simulated time series to give more general recommendations. We therefore simulate various linear and nonlinear time series that reflect different situations. Our simulation results showed that the machine learning methods, especially Random Forests, performed particularly well in complex scenarios, with the differentiated time series training significantly improving the robustness of the model. In addition, the time series approaches proved to be competitive in low noise scenarios.
Effect of the Cash Support from the Vision Umurenge Programme on Household Financial Behaviour in Rwanda: The Case of Direct Support (DS)
Authors: Munyemana Emmanuel , Ruranga Charles , Mung’atu Joseph K.
Published: December 2024

This study aims to quantify the extent to which poor households receiving cash support from the Vision Umurenge Programme (VUP) allocate their income across major spending categories, mainly consumption, savings, household-level investment, and cash transfers for community participation. The analysis utilises a nationally representative panel dataset of 1642 respondents, collected between 2013 and 2017. A Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) approach was employed to model four financial behaviours: (i) saving, (ii) consumption, (iii) investment, and (iv) social transfers as a proxy for community participation. The independent variables include the monetary benefits received by individuals over different periods, alongside demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education level, and area of residence (rural–urban), which were controlled in the analysis. The findings reveal a positive and statistically significant effect of the direct cash support provided by the VUP on increased consumption, and marginal effects on individual savings and investment behaviours. However, the data do not provide sufficient evidence to conclusively establish a relationship between participation in the VUP and cash transfers for community participation. The study recommends the intensification of efforts to engage in saving as way to build resilience, and further suggest a periodic increase in the VUP benefits’ size to cushion inflation effects.