bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatty alcohols
Authors: Monick J. A.
Published: July 2007

“Fatty” or higher alcohols are mostly C11 to C20 monohydric compounds. In probably no other homologous aliphatic series is the current balance between natural and synthetic products so vividly evident. Natural sources, such as plant or animal esters (waxes), can be made to yield straight chain (normal) alcohols with a terminal (primary) hydroxyl, along with varying degrees of unsaturation. In the past, socalled fatty alcohols were prepared commercially by three general processes from fatty acids or methyl esters, occasionally triglycerides. Fatty acids add hydrogen in the carboxyl group to form fatty alcohols when treated with hydrogen under high pressure and suitable metal catalysts. By a similar reaction, fatty alcohols are prepared by the hydrogenation of glycerides or methyl esters. Fatty alcohols are also prepared by the sodium reduction of esters of fatty acids in a lower molecular weight alcohol. The sodium reduction method was ordinarily too expensive; it was displaced early by the other methods; finally most unsaturated alcohols made by this route were largely replaced. Methyl ester reduction continues to provide perhaps 20% of the saturated fatty alcohols, and selective hydrogenation with the use of special catalysts such as copper or cadmium oxides was developed for the production of oleyl alcohol. Synthetic or petroleum technology for long chain alcohols include the Ziegler process, useful for straight chain, even‐numbered saturated products. A second is the carbonylation and reduction of olefins affording medium or highly branched chain alcohols. Paraffin oxidation affords mixed primary alcohols. Fatty alcohols undergo the usual reactions of alcohols. They may be reacted with ethylene oxide to yield a series of polymeric polyoxyethylene alcohols or with acetylene under pressure to yield vinyl ethers or with vinyl acetate to give vinyl ethers.
Antioxidant properties of carrot oil
Authors: Heftmann Erich
Published: July 2007

A modified technique for the assay of antioxidants and a method for the preparation of carrot oil have been described. The antioxidant effect of carrot oil has been analyzed by molecular distillation and chemical treatment of the oil. Tocopherols appear to be chiefly responsible for the protection of the autoxidizable substrate and of carotene from oxidation. The effect of pure tocopherol and of pure carotene, and various mixtures of both, produced by molecular distillation, on the autoxidation of the substrate has been studied. The effectiveness of increasing tocopherol concentrations in reducing the initial rate of peroxidation of the substrate showed a maximum at 5 mg.% tocopherol concentration. Carotene was an inhibitor of this reaction in concentrations of less than 3 mg.%, but a pro‐oxidant in higher concentrations. The antioxidant activity of the molecular distillate fractions of both the carrot oil and the mixture of pure tocopherol and carotene showed a maximum around a distillation temperature of 190° under the conditions of the experiment. The tocopherol content of carrot oil is considerable; it has been estimated at about 0.5 to 1%.
A study of the determination of peroxides in fats
Authors: Volz Frances E. , Gortner Willis A.
Published: July 2007

The Kokatnur‐Jelling method as modified by Lingenfelter for the determination of peroxides in animal fat has been found to agree satisfactorily with other methods now in use. The modified method involves a microtitration in a homogeneous medium (isopropanol) and has the additional advantages of being both simple and rapid.

A statistical analysis of the peroxide values shows that the reaction time and temperature and the sample size must be standardized to obtain reproducible and reliable results. Close adherence to reaction specifications such as five minutes at 80°C. or seven minutes at 75°C. is necessary. Three minutes is too short a reaction time. The individual fat sample should contain no more than 50 microequivalents of peroxygen to avoid depression of the peroxide value.
Production of free fatty acids in safflower seeds by fungi
Authors: Heaton T. C. , Knowles P. F. , Mikkelsen D. S. , Ruckman J. E.
Published: July 2007

In 1975, free fatty acids (FFA) reached 0.50% in hand‐sampled seeds (achenes) from the Sacramento Valley but never exceeded 0.10% in samples from the San Joaquin Valley. High levels of FFA in safflower seeds from the Sacramento Valley were attributed to seed‐borne fungi, especiallyAlternaria sp., having a lipolytic action on safflower oil. Greenhouse inoculations on representative safflower cultivars reduced yields and oil content while increasing FFA. In vitro experiments using safflower oil‐potato dextrose agar medium showed that theAlternaria species and four other fungi isolated from safflower had lipolytic activity. TheAlternaria sp. produced 3.90% FFA after 20 days of growth on this medium. Separation of the FFA by thin layer chromatography and characterization by gas liquid chromatography indicated that fatty acids are released by all five fungi in proportions similar to those in safflower oil.
Fatty acid compositions of the oils ofceltis sinensis var.japonica andzelkova serrata
Authors: Ihara Shogo , Tanaka Tatsuo
Published: July 2007

Oils were extracted from the pits ofCeltis sinensis Pers. var.japonica Nakai and the fruits ofZelkova serrata Makino, of the family Ulmaceae. The oils were examined for their characteristics and fatty acid composition. The percentages of component acids ofCeltis andZelkova oils determined by gas liquid chromatography of their methyl esters were, respectively: propionic (−, 0.9), butyric (−, trace), caproic (−, 0.1), caprylic (−, 7.3), capric (−, 76.5), lauric (−, 3.3), myristic (0.1, 1.0), palmitic (6.8, 2.8), hexadecenoic (trace, −), stearic (3.5, 0.4), oleic (7.5, 3.9), linoleic (80.0, 3.3), linolenic (2.1, 0.5), and arachidic (trace, −) acids.
Double bond analysis of dienoic fatty acids in mixtures
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Dutton H. J. , Scholfield C. R. , Butterfield R. O.
Published: July 2007

Mixtures of dienoic fatty acids such as occur in edible hydrogenated fat products cannot be analyzed by current methodology. A method of ozonization, reduction to alcohol fragments by sodium borohydride, gas chromatographic analysis for alcohol, alcohol ester, and internal dialcohol fragments, and computer resolution of a matrix of linear simultaneous equations, is described that gives the analysis of the diene isomers.
Study of the foamability of solutions using the tensiolaminometric technique
Authors: Eydt Andre J. , Rosano H. L.
Published: July 2007

The work involved in the formation (extension and contraction) of a liquid lamella inside a rectangular wettable frame has been used to study the foaming, properties of aqueous solutions. Force versus displacement curves are recorded. From these curves the dynamic and the static surface tension can be calculated and the rate of adsorption of the surface‐active agent can be estimated. Foam stability appears to be related to 1) the difference of work involved in expanding and in contracting the liquid lamella, 2) the rate and the irreversibility of adsorption of the surface‐active material, 3) the rate of spreading of the adsorbed molecules, 4) the rate of evaporation of the solvent and 5) the rate of drainage.

The instrument can also be used to study the oil‐water interface and to serve as a screening device for foaming agents and emulsifiers. Substituting solid blades for the frame offers a possibility to study wetting and dewetting phenoma (4).
High‐yield preparation of methyl stearolate
Authors: Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

A simplified laboratory procedure for preparing methyl stearolate consists of three steps—bromination, dehydrobromination, and purification. A variety of starting materials was investigated, including oleic acid, olive fatty acids, and triglycerides. Brominations of both fatty acids and triglycerides were conducted in diethyl ether. Dehydrobrominations were carried out in boiling 30% KOH‐ethylene glycol solutions or in 30% KOH‐water solutions under pressure. Saponification of the triglycerides also occurred at this step. After conversion to methyl esters and distillation, the product from olive oil analyzed 79% methyl stearolate. Purification was accomplished by either argentation or acetonitrile‐hexane countercurrent distribution and yielded methyl stearolate of +99% purity. Over‐all recoveries, based upon the amount of oleic acid present in the initial oil, averaged 80%. In addition to the laboratory procedure, possible production operations are outlined.
Technical news feature
Authors: Hrushowy R. H.
Published: July 2007

Palm oil utilization is contingent on three key factors‐economic advantage, standards of quality, and customer acceptance. In order to provide acceptable quality palm oil for direct use of as a portion of a formulation, the oil is pretreated, steam refined, bleached, and deodorized. A Parkson stripper is employed for steam refining which, with the pretreatment described, results in yields of the weight of crude oil minus 1.19 x the free fatty acid expressed as oleic and finished oil colors ranging from 1.0–2.5 Red Lovibind. Potential color problems can be avoided by ensuring that all storage and processing conditions are controlled.
Polymorphism of saturated triglycerides: I. 1,3‐distearo triglycerides
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Gray M. S.
Published: July 2007

Triglycerides of the 18‐N‐18 series, whereN is an even‐carbon saturated fatty acid of 2 to 18 carbons in length, were examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The procedures used to obtain heats of fusion and crystallization of the various triglycerides and their polymorphs are described. When small samples (ca. 1–2 mg) were used, the temperature lag was minor at rapid scanning rates thus permitting investigation of polymorphs with relatively rapid rates of conversion, but more accurate calorimetric data were obtained with larger samples. Capillary melting points were also obtained for the various triglycerides and their polymorphs. Calorimetric and melting point data were given.
Solubilities of six cottonseed oil fatty acid methyl esters in methanol
Authors: Zarins Z. M. , Willich R. K. , Feuge R. O.
Published: July 2007

Solubilities of six cottonseed oil fatty acid methyl esters in metha‐nol have been determined. The esters were: methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl malvalate, methyl dihydromalvalate, methyl sterculate and methyl dihydrosterculate. The solubility/temperature data are presented in graphical and tabular form.
Temperature studies of coacervating cationic soap solutions
Authors: Cohen Irving , Economou Peter
Published: July 2007

The micellar molecular weights (MMW) and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the homogeneous phase of the cationic coacervating soap system, Hyamine‐1622, as a function of NaCl concn and temp were determined from light scat‐tering and refractive index measurements. At constant temp, an overall two‐stage growth proc‐ess is indicated in this system. At low NaCl concn, the micelle grows to a limiting isotropic structure. At higher NaCl concn, the micellar growth is an exponential function of the NaCl concn. Temp studies of the CMC provide the basis for calculating values of the heats of micel‐lization, खHm in a limited range of NaCl concn (0‐0.06M). The temp dependence of the MMW at fixed NaCl concn in the range of 17‐47 C is an exponential function and plots of log (MMW) vs. 1/T give straight lines with positive slopes. At low NaCl concn (0‐0.8M), where there is an effective charge on the micelles, these slopes are small. At high NaCl concn, where the micelles approach zero effective charge (theta conditions), the slopes increase abruptly and remain approx constant over a wide range of NaCl concn (0.08‐0.24M).
Gas‐liquid chromatography of fat‐soluble vitamins
Authors: Carroll K. K. , Herting D. C.
Published: July 2007

Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) was found to be useful for analysis of tocopherols and vita‐min K1. Vitamin A preparations showed evidence of alteration and ubiquinones gave no peaks on the chromatogram under the conditions used.
Genetic control of fatty acid biosynthesis in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Downey R. K. , Craig B. M.
Published: July 2007

Isolation of rapeseed plants containing no erucic acid in their seed oil gave simultaneous selection for low eicosenoic acid. Genetic analy‐sis of populations segregating for erucic acid content indicated that the synthesis of these fatty acids was controlled, in the developing embryo, by two genes which displayed no domi‐nance and acted in an additive manner. As the genetic capacity for erucic acid synthesis de‐creased, there was an increase in percentage of oleic acid with no corresponding decrease in total oil content. The percentage of eicosenoic acid re‐mained relatively constant with decreasing erucic acid except in the zero erucic acid genotype where only 1% eicosenoic was detected instead of approx 12%. These observations were in‐terpreted to mean that eicosenoic and erucic acids were formed by a genetically controlled carbon chain lengthening system operating by the addi‐tion of acetate molecules to the carboxyl end of oleic acid. This hypothesis was supported by data obtained from the injection of radioactive sodium acetate into immature rapeseed pods. In the monoene fraction of the oil, eicosenoate had three times the specific activity of oleate and erucate had twice the activity of eicosenoate. On oxidation, the monocarboxylic fragments of these three acids had low and similar specific activities while in the dicarboxylic acids, where chain elongation has presumably taken place, activity increased in the ratio of 1:5:19.
Desired quality attributes in winter and summer rapeseed
Authors: Thomas A.
Published: July 2007

Quality assurance programs have played a significant role in rehabilitating and maintaining the importance of rapeseed and its products. In Europe, the processing of indigenous and Canadian rapeseed ensures unifrom plant utilization throughout the year which in itself contributes to improving quality. Indigenous rapeseed is predominantly of the high‐yielding winter type. The European oil mills have learned to adapt to differences in low erucic acid seed characteristics during processing. The influence of different conditioning and pre‐expelling parameters on the characteristics of expeller and extraction oil is especially receiving attention. Sulfur compounds, phosphatide content, color and analytical oxidation values are important criteria for the required refining techniques, which can range from classical methods to physical refining, and the quality of the fully refined product. While low erucic acid rapeseed oil can generally be regarded as an alternative to soyabean oil, crystallization behavior of hardened products can differ significantly, which appears to be a function of fatty acid composition. Progress is also being made in upgrading meal quality, especially for application in poultry feed, by developing cultivars with glucosinolate levels below 1%. Such new varieties might also contribute to reducing the problem of fishy egg taint observed with some breeds of layers. Decreased rumen degradability of rapeseed meal by treatment with formaldehyde may further improve flexibility of use. Various established and potential quality attributes for rapeseed, meal and oil are reviewed.
Effect of ultrasonic comminution on liquid classification of cottonseed protein and gossypol pigment glands
Authors: Hron R. J. , Graci A. V.
Published: July 2007

Slurries of pin‐milled full‐fat and flaked, extracted cottonseed were ultrasonically comminuted in hexane and liquid‐classified using laboratory differential settling techniques. Sonication of full‐fat cottonseed slurries increased the liquid‐classified protein fraction recovery from 25.9% (nonsonicated control) to over 60%, while the protein content of the fraction remained basically constant at 67%, and free gossypol increased slightly from 0.027 to 0.032%. Sonication of flaked, solvent‐extracted (fat‐free), slurried cottonseed yielded a 28% classified fraction containing 72% protein and 0.032% free gossypol. Although it was demonstrated on laboratory scale only, ultrasonic comminution may make the price of edible cottonseed protein concentrates produced from glanded seed (via a process such as the liquid cyclone process) competitive with other edible protein products.
Fatty acid composition and cyclopropene fatty acid content of China‐chestnuts (Sterculia monosperma, ventenat)
Authors: Berry S. K.
Published: July 2007

The China‐chestnuts (Sterculia monosperma, Ventenat) were examined for their fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The oil in nuts contained cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) determined as silver nitrate derivatives of their esters. The values (area %) for the major fatty acids as methyl esters were 23.47% C16:0, 1.25% C16:1, 2.56% C18:0, 24.89% C18:1, 18.24% C18:2, 5.40% dihydrosterculic, 3.21% C18:3 + C20:0 and 19.15% sterculic. The proportion of CPFA in the oil did not decrease upon cooking the nuts.
Catalytic autoxidation of 9(10)‐formylstearic acid
Authors: Schwab A. W.
Published: July 2007

A procedure has been developed for the preparation of carboxystearic acid by catalytic autoxidation of hydroformylated oleic acid. This autoxidation is catalyzed effectively with Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn and Ce naphthenates in either acetone or glacial acetic acid at 20 C. With the exception of Ca, all these catalysts produce from 2 to 10% keto‐ and hydroxystearic acids as by products. Yields of up to 95% 9(10)‐carboxystearic acid are obtained by autoxidation for 24 hr with Ca naphthenate (0.5% Ca based on formylstearate). This autoxidation period was shortened to 7 hr by using a binary catalyst (0.5% Ca and 0.05% Mn), which affords a minimum of side products.
Thermal decomposition of tricaproin
Authors: Lien Y. C. , Nawar W. W.
Published: July 2007

Tricaproin was used as model system to study thermal decomposition of simple triglycerides. The tricaproin samples were pyrolyzed under three different conditions: at 250 C for 1 hr, 270 C for 1 hr and 270 C for 15 hr. Hydrocarbons, acrolein, methyl hexanoate, hexanal, hexanoic acid, 6‐undecanone, 2‐oxoheptyl hexanoate, propanediol dicaproate, propenediol dicaproate, oxopropanediol dicaproate and dicaproin were identified. Mechanisms involving both free radical and nonfree radical reactions were proposed for the formation of these compounds.
Functionality of vegetable proteins other than soy
Authors: Martinez Wilda H.
Published: July 2007

In addition to the soybean, many other sources of vegetable protein have potential to provide a broad spectrum of functional properties. Among these sources are cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and rapeseed. As with soy, the functional characteristics vary with the type of product, e.g., flour, concentrate, or isolate. In this discussion, functionality is defined as the set of properties that contributes to the desired color, flavor, texture, or nutritive value of a product. Utilization of these alternate sources of vegetable proteins will depend upon availability, economics of the product in any given country, and on the uniqueness and desirability of the functional properties of the product.
The role of processing in changing protein characteristics
Authors: Leslie R. B.
Published: July 2007

In our efforts to design and produce proteins which deliver optimal benefits in products both reproducibly and cost effectively, we must keep in mind the following points. Protein “functionality” is only meaningful in a specific product and process context. Techniques are becoming available to investigate “molecular protein characteristics;” how we can best use them to understand how proteins contribute to “product attributes” remains to be elucidated. Different proteins respond differently to typical process regimes. Use of these proteins as functional ingredients may require formulation or process modifications.
Food uses of peanut protein
Authors: Lusas E. W.
Published: July 2007

Approximately 19 million metric tons of peanuts (Arachis lypogae L.) are harvested annually, and contribute over 3.5 million tons to the world's protein pool for food and feed uses. Peanut is the world's fourth most important source of edible vegetable oil and the third most important source of vegetable protein feed meal. About 70% of the U.S. Crop is consumed domestically or exported as peanut kernels, peanut butter, and confections. Crushing is limited primarily to culls and kernels containing aflatoxin; and to stabilize the market. However, in countries such as India, Senegal, Brazil and Argentina, 75 to nearly 100% of the crop is crushed or exported for use as oil and livestock meal. The peanut is perhaps the world's most widely researched food protein oilseed. Advantages over other oilseeds include relatively bland flavor, minor color problems, and minimal preparation requirements. Products in use throughout the world include boiled peanuts, roasted full‐fat or partially defatted peanuts, peanut butters, grits and flours (full‐fat or defatted), defatted peanuts, protein concentrates, and protein isolates. Compounded food applications include fortified breads and bakery products, snacks, meat products, extended milks, cheese and curd type products, and various mass‐feeding foods in developing countries. Challenges encountered in peanut utilization include improvement of flavor levels and stability, identification of nutritional adequacy and fortification requirements, elimination of antinutritional factors, development of new products and improved processes, and elimination of aflatoxin problems.
Development of lupine proteins
Authors: Cerletti Paolo , Duranti Marcello
Published: July 2007

Lupine is a potentially valuable seed protein producing crop for temperate climates. Alkaloid‐free varieties have been developed. The true seed protein content varies from 30% to 45%. Protein quality and digestibility compare favorably with those of soya. Oil yields come upward of 10%, and the composition is similar to soy bean oil. Lupine is relatively free of antinutritional factors present in other legumes. Large scale nutritional trials have been carried out. Lupine isolates have been used in preparation of foods.
Alkali isomarization of methyl 9, 12, 15‐octadecatrienoate geometrical isomers
Authors: Koritala S.
Published: July 2007

Geometrical isomers of methyl 9,12,15‐octadecatrienoate were subjected to alkali isomerization according to the official AOCS method. Thec,t,t andt,t,c isomers gave higher specific extinction coefficients at 268 mμ than the all‐cis isomer. The all‐trans isomer was not completely conjugated. These results are in conformity with previous predictions based on theoretical and experimental evidence.
Antioxidant activity and stability of 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid
Authors: Cort W. M. , Scott J. W. , Araujo M. , Mergens W. J. , Cannalonga M. A. , Osadca M. , Harley H. , Parrish D. R. , Pool W. R.
Published: July 2007

6‐Hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid in thin layer tests in vegetable oils and animal fats has two‐four times the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole and is more active than propyl gallate, nordihydroquaiaretic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, and α‐ and γ‐tocopherols. It is also more active than tertiary butylhydroquinone in chicken and pork fats and corn, peanut, sunflower, and safflower oils in thin layer tests. Tertiary butylhydroquinone is slightly more active in corn, soybean, cottonseed, and peanut oils in the active oxygen method, probably due to decomposition of the chroman at 98 C. This decomposition is inhibited by ascorbic acid. The chroman is synergized by ascorbyl palmitate‐thiodipropionate and ascorbic acids. Active oxygen method values of 190 hr are obtained in combination with the latter. A spectrofluorometric assay for 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid has been developed. The compound is 95–100% stable for 2 months at room temperature and 45 C, and a low level of toxicity is found. The copper and iron breakdown products of the chroman have been determined. A possible relationship between these products, protection of the chroman by ascorbic acid and ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid, and a mechanism of action is presented.
Oat Oil: Refining and stability
Authors: Kalbasi‐Ashtari Ahmad , Hammond E. G.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Oil obtained by petroleum ether extraction of Dal oats was refined by conventional methods. Degumming loss was reduced to 15% by degumming in hexane solution and partially neutralizing the oil with sodium hydroxide. The free fatty acid was 6~8%, and alkali refining losses were 25~30%. Oat oil was bleached successfully with charcoal and deodorized. Stability of the refined oil was compared with soybean oil at 25 and 55 C by peroxide values and organoleptic tests. Stability of oat oil was increased by the addition of citric acid and was significantly greater than that of soybean oil, especially at 25 C. Oat oil contained significant amounts of α‐tocopherol, but ferulic and caffeic acids, antioxidants important in whole oats, were not extracted by hexane.
Studies on the antioxidants: XI. oxidation products of concomitantly used butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene
Authors: Kurechi T. , Kato T.
Published: July 2007

The effects of antioxidants used concomitantly were studied for their contribution to the autoxidation process and for the function‐al mechanism of the antioxidating process. In this study, an equal mixture of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy‐toluene (BHT) in benzene was irradiated with ultraviolet rays and the chemical structures and antioxidant activities of the resulting oxides were derived. The chemical changes of the substrates and oxides were followed quantitatively by gas chromatography. The resulting oxide was confirmed to be 3,3′,5′‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐5‐methoxy‐2,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl methane, which was a dehydrogenated dimer of BHA and BHT. The stability study on this compound by AOM showed its strong activity as an antioxidant on lard and soybean oil.
The C16 monoenoic acid of zanthoxylum alatum seed oil
Authors: Ahmad F. , Ahmad I. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

As a part of our screening program on unusual fatty acid‐containing seed oils, we observed that the oil of Zanthoxylum alatum contains 15.4% of a C16 monoenoic acid. It was characterized as cis‐9‐hexa‐decenoic by the GLC analysis of oxidative cleavage fragments from an isolated monoene fraction.
Determination of critical micelle concentrations of some nonionic surfactants by Keto‐Enol tautomerism of benzoylacetoanilide
Authors: Shoji Norihito , Ueno Minoru , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: July 2007

The absorbances of benzoylacetoanilide, keto‐enol tautomer, dissolved in aqueous solution of several concentration ranges below and above the CMC of the incorporating surfactants. Below the CMC, the absorbance of the band at 250 nm due to the ketonic form showed hardly any change and that of the band at 320 nm due to the enolic form could not be observed. In contrast, above the CMC, the spectral band of the enolic form appeared, and the absorbance increased abruptly and that due to the ketonic form decreased gradually. The changes at the CMC in absorbance for these nonionic surfactants were distinctly observed by plotting the absorbance at 250 and 320 nm as a function of the concentration of surfactants. These changes at the CMC were very noticeable with nonionic surfactants as well as with ionic surfactants. The concentrations corresponding to break points for these surfactants were in fairly good agreement with the published data of the CMC of each surfactant. This method of keto‐enol tautomerism using benzoylacetoanilide has been confirmed CMC for most anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants.
Minor carboxylic acids in finnish tall oil fatty acids: Aromatic, alicyclic, and branched chain aliphatic constituents
Authors: Hase A. , Hase T. , Holmbom B.
Published: July 2007

Thirteen aromatic carboxylic acids in Finnish tall oil fatty acids were identified and quantified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrostereoisomeric secodehydroabeitic acids secoditerpene and dehydroabeitic acids. The other aromatic acids were various secoditerpene ando‐ alkyl‐ phenylalkanoic acids. A number of minor nonaromatic acids with mono‐ and bicyclic, and branched chain structures were also identified and quantified.
Analysis of trichlorocarbanilide and triclosan in soaps by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: George E. D. , Hillier E. J. , Krishnan S.
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed for the rapid and direct analysis of bacteriostats (3,4,4′‐trichlorocarbanilide and 2,4,4′‐trichIoro‐2′ ‐hydroxydiphenyl ether) in soaps with the aid of reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) The bacteriostats were conveniently analyzed by UV absorption detection at 280 nm. A typical analysis of bacteriostats by this method requires 15 min for sample preparation and 15 min for the HPLC run. As the system needs no equilibration time (isocratic elution), it is immediately and reproducibility.
Technical news feature
Authors: Clark S. P. , Wan P. J. , Matlock S. W.
Published: July 2007

Hull‐free kernels from confectionary‐type sunflower seed were prepressed with two levels of heat treatment and two levels of severity of pressing. Cakes were solvent extracted, desolventized in a continuous, pilot size extractor, and ground into flour. For comparison, kernels were also pressed into flour using direct solvent extraction and desolventizing at room temperature. Qualities of oil and of flour from different treatments were compared. Oils were all of good quality with no differences among treatments. Flours showed no distinct differences in dispersible nitrogen at pH values between 2 and 12, indicating that processing conditions did not damage the solubility of the protein. All cake and flour samples were high in residual hexane, showing the need for a deodorizer in the pilot plant. Treatments did not affect particle size distribution in flours. The flour samples all fell within the range for satisfactory microbiological quality, although bacteria count increased considerably during grinding of cake into flour. Treatments affected dry color but not wetted color of flour, with the more intense heating and pressing producing slightly darker flours. Amino acid compositions were not affected by process treatments.
Newborn screening in the Asia Pacific region
Authors: Padilla Carmencita D. , Therrell Bradford L.
Published: July 2007

The success of blood spot newborn screening in the USA led to early screening efforts in parts of the Asia Pacific Region in the mid‐1960s. While there were early screening leaders in the region, many of the countries with depressed and developing economies are only now beginning organized screening efforts. Four periods of screening growth in the Asia Pacific region were identified. Beginning in the 1960s, blood spot screening began in New Zealand and Australia, followed by Japan and a cord blood screening programme for G6PD deficiency in Singapore. In the 1980s, established programmes added congenital hypothyroidism and new programmes developed in Taiwan, Hong Kong, China (Shanghai), India and Malaysia. Programmes developing in the 1990s built on the experience of others developing more rapidly in Korea, Thailand and the Philippines. In the 2000s, with limited funding support from the International Atomic Energy Agency, there has been screening programme development around detection of congenital hypothyroidism in Indonesia, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Pakistan. Palau has recently contracted with the Philippine newborn screening programme. There is little information available on newborn screening activities in Nepal, Cambodia, Laos and the other Pacific Island nations, with no organized screening efforts apparent. Since approximately half of the births in the world occur in the Asia Pacific Region, it is important to continue the ongoing implementation and expansion efforts so that these children can attain the same health status as children in more developed parts of the world and their full potential can be realized.
Reduction of the false‐positive rate in newborn screening by implementation of MS/MS‐based second‐tier tests: The Mayo Clinic experience (2004–2007)
Authors: Matern D. , Tortorelli S. , Oglesbee D. , Gavrilov D. , Rinaldo P.
Published: July 2007

The continued expansion of newborn screening programmes to include additional conditions increases the responsibility of newborn screening laboratories to provide testing with the highest sensitivity and specificity to allow for identification of affected patients while minimizing the false‐positive rate. Some assays and analytes are particularly problematic. Over recent years, our laboratory tried to improve this situation by developing second‐tier tests to reduce false‐positive results in the screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), tyrosinaemia type I, methylmalonic acidaemias, homocystinuria, and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Beginning in 2004, this approach was applied to Mayo's newborn screening programme and resulted in a false‐positive rate of 0.09%, a positive predictive value of 41%, and a positive detection rate of 1 affected case in 1672 babies screened.
COMT Val158Met moderation of stress-induced psychosis
Authors: STEFANIS NICHOLAS C. , HENQUET CÉCILE , AVRAMOPOULOS DIMITRIOS , SMYRNIS NIKOLAOS , EVDOKIMIDIS IOANNIS , MYIN-GERMEYS INEZ , STEFANIS COSTAS N. , VAN OS JIM
Published: July 2007

Background

Exposure to stressful life events increases the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. Moreover, increased reactivity to stress seems to represent part of the vulnerability for psychosis. This study aimed to investigate whether a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT Val158Met) gene moderates the psychosis-inducing effects of stress.

Method

A semi-experimental stress exposure paradigm was used in a sample of 306 genotyped young men (aged 19–24 years), in whom measures of psychotic symptoms were obtained at recruitment in the Greek army (exposed condition) and again after 18 months of military training (unexposed condition).

Results

Stress exposure at army induction was associated with an increased level of psychotic symptoms. In addition, carriers of the COMT Val158Met Val allele were more susceptible to the effect of stress on the psychosis outcome than those with the Met/Met genotype (test for interaction: χ2=5·02, df=1, p=0·025).

Conclusion

The COMT Val158Met genotype may moderate the effect of stress on psychotic symptoms.
Interannual variation in biogenic emissions on a regional scale
Authors: Gulden Lindsey E. , Yang Zong‐Liang , Niu Guo‐Yue
Published: July 2007

Interannual variation in biogenic emissions is not well quantified, especially on regional scales. We use a land surface model augmented with a short‐term dynamic phenology scheme to estimate the interannual variation in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) between 1982 and 2004. We use North American Regional Reanalysis data to drive two versions of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Land Model (CLM) on a 0.1° grid over eastern Texas. The first version is the standard CLM with prescribed leaf area index (LAI) (i.e., LAI varies seasonally but not interannually); the second version is the standard CLM augmented with a dynamic phenology scheme (CLM‐DP) that allows LAI to respond to environmental variation. We calibrate CLM‐DP using satellite‐derived LAI as our visual constraint. When phenology is prescribed, the domain‐mean (domain‐maximum) average absolute departure from the monthly mean BVOC flux is 11.7% (70.6%); when phenology is allowed to vary with environmental conditions, it is 22.4% (137.7%). The domain‐mean (domain‐maximum) average absolute departure from the monthly mean flux is lower during summer: using CLM‐DP, it is 15.7% (35.3%); using the standard CLM, it is 7.0% (23.0%). The domain‐average, mean‐normalized standard deviation of the June‐July‐August mean BVOC flux is 0.0619 when LAI is prescribed and 0.183 when LAI varies with environmental conditions. Our results imply that interannual variation of leaf biomass density, which is primarily driven by interannual variability of precipitation, is a significant contributor to year‐to‐year differences in BVOC flux on a regional scale, of at least equal importance to interannual variation of temperature and shortwave radiation. Phenology‐driven biogenic emission variability is most pronounced in regions with relatively low emissions: as a grid cell's mean BVOC flux decreases, the mean‐normalized standard deviation of BVOC flux tends to increase. BVOC flux is most variable between years in subhumid, sparsely wooded regions where interannual variability of precipitation is relatively large.
Large, abrupt pressure decreases as a substorm onset trigger
Authors: Liou Kan
Published: July 2007

Sudden positive solar wind dynamic pressure increases have long been considered a substorm onset trigger, and evidence showing such a trigger exists. On the other hand, solar wind dynamic pressure decreases have not been considered as an onset trigger. In this letter we report evidence of substorm onsets associated with large, sudden solar wind pressure drops. We examine global auroral images acquired from the ultraviolet imager on‐board the Polar Satellite on 13 large solar wind pressure decreases associated with negative magnetic impulses (SI−). It is found that substorm triggering by pressure decreases is rare (3 of 13 events studied). A detailed analysis of the three substorm events indicates that they occurred within ∼10 min of an SI− when the sharp pressure decrease is followed by an increase in the open magnetic flux. Among the rest of SI− events, only one with such a solar wind condition did not lead to a substorm expansion phase onset. No systematic trend in the amplitude of an SI− was found for the substorm triggered events. Preconditioning of the magnetosphere may play a role but not crucial. While this finding may be in contradiction with current substorm theories, it may simply support the general idea that discontinuities in the solar wind can trigger substorms, though under certain conditions.
Observation of polar mesosphere summer echoes with calibrated VHF radars at 69° in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Authors: Latteck R. , Singer W. , Morris R. J. , Holdsworth D. A. , Murphy D. J.
Published: July 2007

Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) observed in the northern and southern hemisphere were studied using continuous measurements obtained by calibrated VHF radars located at Andenes (69.3°N) and Davis (68.6°S) during the boreal summer 2004 and the austral summer 2004/2005. The PMSE observed at Davis have a lower peak volume reflectivity of approximately 4 · 10−11 m−1 compared with their counterparts (7 · 10−10 m−1) observed at Andenes. The duration of the PMSE season is correlated with the dynamical and thermal state of the mesopause region supported by recent studies using meridional winds and temperatures. PMSE occurred less frequently but with greater variability above Davis. The diurnal variation of PMSE occurrence has a maximum around 11–16 LT in both hemispheres, and a minimum occurs during late evening with a longer duration in the southern hemisphere. The mean PMSE season at both sites started around 34 days before solstice, but the duration of the Davis PMSE season is about 9 days shorter than at Andenes. The maximum occurrence height of PMSE at Davis is 86 km which is about 1 km higher than at Andenes.
Elicitation of protective immunity to Entamoeba histolytica — an experimental study
Authors: Nain Purnima CK , Vinayak VK
Published: July 2007

Immunization of hamsters with plasma membrane (PM) antigens of virulent subline of axenic Entamoeba histolytica (NIH: 200 V) entrapped in multilamellar phosphatidyl choline liposomes conferred 100% protection to a subsequent intrahepatic amoebic challenge. In contrast, vaccination of hamsters with live amoebic trophozoites injected intradermally failed to protect any of the animals. The protected animals had significantly high levels of anti‐PM anti‐amoebic antibodies, cellular sensitization and macrophage‐mediated antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity against amoebic trophozoites. However, none of the intradermally immunized animals had anti‐PM anti‐amoebic antibodies at the time of challenge. Such animals also had significantly low macrophage‐mediated antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The data indicate the potential prophylactic use of PM antigens against hepatic amoebic infection.
Antigenic analysis of Strongyloides ratti infective larvae and adult worms
Authors: Northern Carolyn , Grove David I
Published: July 2007

The protein composition of Strongyloides ratti infective larvae and adult worms extracted sequentially in water, sodium deoxycholate and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and their excretory/secretory products were analysed by both one‐ and two‐dimensional SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. While many bands common to all preparations and both stages of the worm were seen, a number of bands unique to each stage and preparation were identified. Western blot analysis of these larval and adult preparations for reaction with IgG and IgM antibodies in hyperimmune mouse sera revealed a large number of antigens. These data provide a framework for analysis of protective and diagnostically useful antigens.
Antigen expression during early human granulocyte development studied with immuno‐electron microscopy
Authors: Hogg RJ , Hodgson AJ , Henderson DW , Williams KA , Jureidini KF , Zola H
Published: July 2007

Expression of the hapten fucosyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine was correlated with ultrastructural development in human granulocyie precursors using the monoclonal antibody FMC 10 with immunogold techniques. The antigen was detectable from the myeloblast/early neutrophilic promyelocyte stage onwards and was associated with striking development of the rough endoplasmic reticular system. In addition, low levels of labelling were seen on monocytes, eosinophils and some basophil precursors. Contraction and alignment of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum during the promyelocyte stage of neutrophilic differentiation gave the appearance of a plasma cell. However, on closer examination it was apparent that true plasma cells did not react with this antibody.
The cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of chlorambucil‐monoclonal autibody conjugates
Authors: Smyth Mark J , Pietersz Geoffrey A , McKenzie Ian FC
Published: July 2007

To investigate the mode of entry and action of the alkylating agent chlorambucil (CBL), conjugated to monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), CBL was coupled with three different MoAbs — to the transferrin receptor, to L3T4 and to Ly‐2 molecules — and the activity of these conjugates was compared with free CBL. It was clear that CBL and CBL‐MoAb conjugates enter cells and are transported differently within the cell prior to their cytotoxic action. Evidence favouring a separate entry point of CBL and CBL‐MoAb conjugates is the differential effect of temperature and metabolic inhibitors (2‐deoxyglucose and sodium azide) on the processing of both moieties. In addition, the likely sites of cleavage of CBL‐MoAb complexes, the lysosomes, were effected by NH4Cl and chloroquine, which inhibited the activity of CBL‐MoAb but not free CBL. Thus, it is likely that CBL‐MoAb conjugates enter via the antibody binding sites and the CBL is internalised and transported as a passenger.
The secondary in vitro murine cytotoxic T cell response to the flavivirus, West Nile
Authors: Kesson Alison M , Blanden Robert V , Mullbacher Arno
Published: July 2007

A secondary in vitro murine cytotoxic response to the flavivirus. West Nile (WNV) is described. Cytotoxic activity was obtained from spleen cells of mice primed 7 days previously with 106 p.f.u. WNV and boosted in vitro for a further 5 days with WNV‐infected stimulator spleen cells. The cells responsible for lysis of WNV‐infected target cells were restricted by class 1 H‐2 antigens. The K region of the H‐2k haplotype and both the K and D regions of the H‐2d haplotype were permissive. The cytotoxic cells were virus‐specific with respect to WNV and Influenza. The phenotype of the cells which mediated cytotoxicity was Thy 1+ Lyt 2+ and L3T4−; however an L3T4+ helper population was required for the optimal generation of the cytotoxic response in vitro.
Production of monoclonal antibodies against surface antigenic determinants of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Uchiyama J , Fujikura Y , Kuniki H , Fukumoto T , Koshiro A
Published: July 2007

The production of four murine monoclonal antibodies (Kp26, Kp53, Kp62 and Kp71) to Klebsiella pneumoniae surface antigen(s) is described. The binding of all four monoclonal antibodies to K. pneumoniae was inhibited by F(ab′)2 fragments of normal human serum IgG, suggesting that the antigenic determinants of K. pneumoniae detected by the four monoclonal antibodies may be similar to those recognized by human serum IgG. The antigen identified by Kp62 was purified from a deoxycholate‐solubilized bacterial fraction using immunoaffinity chromatography. The molecular weight of the antigen was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 50 000–70 000.
A portion of the Pf155/RESA antigen of Plasmodium falciparum is accessible on the surface of infected erythrocytes
Authors: Saul Allan , Lee Maloy W , Rock Edwin P , Howard Russell J
Published: July 2007

An investigation of antigens accessible to lactoperoxidase‐catalysed cell surface iodination on intact Plasmodium falciparum‐infected red blood cells (RBC) has identified a 125I‐labelled antigen with an apparent size of about 155 kD. This labelled protein was specifically immunoprecipitated by the following antibodies: a rabbit antiserum and a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide comprising the 3′,8‐mer repeat EENVEHDA of the Pf155/RESA protein; a rabbit antiserum raised against a synthetic octapeptide comprising two copies of the 3′,4‐mer repeat EENV of the Pf155/RESA protein; and rabbit antisera against another synthetic peptide C(MYSNNNVED)2. The last antibody shows a strong reaction in asexual blood stage parasites with the Pf155/RESA antigen. While this antigen has been described previously as a submembrane component of the outer membrane of infected RBC, this report shows that at least part of it is accessible to the surface of both ring and late trophozoite‐infected erythrocytes.
A human complement‐fixing monoclonal anti‐human lymphocyte antibody of rat origin
Authors: Georgiou G , Roberton D , Pereira A , Scaletti B , Kannourakis G , Hosking C , Fowler K
Published: July 2007

MARCH 1E11 is an IgM monoclonal anti‐human lymphocyte antibody of rat origin with the capacity to utilise both human and rabbit complement. The antibody reacts with all thymocytes and with all peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes. The treatment of human bone marrow or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with MARCH 1E11 and either pooled human serum or autologous serum as a complement source resulted in cytolysis of greater than 99% of OKT3‐positive lymphocytes. Under these conditions, progenitor cell recovery (colony‐forming unit (CFU‐c), burst forming unit—erythroid (BFU‐e) and colony‐forming unit—mixed (CFU‐mix)) was greater than 90% of that of untreated cells. The response of treated marrow or PBMC to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation and in mixed leucocyte reactions demonstrated a reduction in thymidine incorporation to values similar to those obtained for unstimulated cells. The antibody does not cause modulation of the cell surface antigen and does not react significantly with non‐lymphoid tissues.

This monoclonal antibody may be useful for in vitro elimination of T lymphocytes from allogeneic bone marrow used for transplantation. The antibody may also be useful for treatment protocols requiring lymphoid depletion or immunosuppression as in organ transplantation.