bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Store Overload–Induced Ca
2+
Release and Channel Sensitivity to Luminal Ca
2+
Activation Are Common Defects of RyR2 Mutations Linked to Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Death
Authors: Jiang Dawei , Wang Ruiwu , Xiao Bailong , Kong Huihui , Hunt Donald J. , Choi Philip , Zhang Lin , Chen S. R. Wayne
Published: October 2005

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is the leading cause of sudden death, and the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is emerging as an important focus in its pathogenesis. RyR2 mutations have been linked to VT and sudden death, but their precise impacts on channel function remain largely undefined and controversial. We have previously shown that several disease-linked RyR2 mutations in the C-terminal region enhance the sensitivity of the channel to activation by luminal Ca
2+
. Cells expressing these RyR2 mutants display an increased propensity for spontaneous Ca
2+
release under conditions of store Ca
2+
overload, a process we referred to as store overload–induced Ca
2+
release (SOICR). To determine whether common defects exist in disease-linked RyR2 mutations, we characterized 6 more RyR2 mutations from different regions of the channel. Stable inducible HEK293 cell lines expressing Q4201R and I4867M from the C-terminal region, S2246L and R2474S from the central region, and R176Q(T2504M) and L433P from the N-terminal region were generated. All of these cell lines display an enhanced propensity for SOICR. HL-1 cardiac cells transfected with disease-linked RyR2 mutations also exhibit increased SOICR activity. Single channel analyses reveal that disease-linked RyR2 mutations primarily increase the channel sensitivity to luminal, but not to cytosolic, Ca
2+
activation. Moreover, the Ca
2+
dependence of [
3
H]ryanodine binding to RyR2 wild type and mutants is similar. In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence that disease-linked RyR2 mutations alter the FKBP12.6–RyR2 interaction. Our data indicate that enhanced SOICR activity and luminal Ca
2+
activation represent common defects of RyR2 mutations associated with VT and sudden death. A mechanistic model for CPVT/ARVD2 is proposed.
Cerebral Venous Malformations Have Distinct Genetic Origin From Cerebral Cavernous Malformations
Authors: Guclu Bulent , Ozturk Ali K. , Pricola Katie L. , Seker Askin , Ozek Memet , Gunel Murat
Published: October 2005

Background and Purpose—

Pathogenesis of cerebral venous malformation (CVM) is unknown. Because of coexistence of CVM and cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), some studies have suggested that these 2 entities share a common origin and pathogenetic mechanism.

Methods—

We have identified and ascertained over 200 families with CCM. Among these, 1 unique family was found to have members affected by both disorders. We have performed mutational analysis in all 3 CCM genes,
KRIT1
,
Malcavernin
, and
PDCD10
, to identify the causative gene in the family.

Results—

Mutational analysis revealed a frameshift mutation affecting exon 19 of the
CCM1
gene (
KRIT1
) in members with CCM, whereas no such mutation was observed in the member with CVM.

Conclusions—

These findings support the hypothesis that CVM and CCM are 2 distinct entities with different pathogenetic mechanisms. This data further supports the hypothesis that CVM has a distinct biology and clinical behavior when compared to CCM. CVM is a benign developmental anomaly and should be managed separately from CCM.
Molecular Regulation of Platelet-Dependent Thrombosis
Authors: Freedman Jane E.
Published: October 2005

Hemostasis is a normal process preventing the sequelae of uncontrolled hemorrhage. In certain settings, these same processes cause adverse clinical events due to thrombotic occlusion of a vessel. The majority of unstable coronary syndromes result from disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque, leading to the exposure of subintimal contents, which triggers coagulation and the formation of a platelet-rich thrombus. The central role of platelet activation in the events that lead to vessel occlusion is well known. However, this process is complex and influenced by a myriad of cellular and plasma-derived mediators that regulate the balance between occlusive and nonocclusive thrombosis.
Genetic Predictors and Remodeling of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Jefferies John L. , Eidem Benjamin W. , Belmont John W. , Craigen William J. , Ware Stephanie M. , Fernbach Susan D. , Neish Steven R. , Smith E. O’Brian , Towbin Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2005

Background—

Dystrophin gene mutations cause 2 common muscular dystrophies, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Both are frequently associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and premature death. We hypothesized that early diagnosis and treatment of DCM in DMD/BMD patients would lead to ventricular remodeling and that specific dystrophin gene mutations would predict cardiac involvement.

Methods and Results—

Sixty-nine boys with DMD (n=62) and BMD (n=7) (mean age, 12.9 and 13.7 years, respectively) were referred to our Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic for evaluation, including echocardiography and DNA analysis. Follow-up evaluations were scheduled yearly until the first abnormal echocardiogram indicative of DCM and quarterly thereafter. After the first abnormal echocardiogram, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or β-blocker therapy was started. β-Blockers were added if echocardiography showed no ventricular remodeling in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor–treated patients after 3 months. DCM was diagnosed in 31 subjects (DMD, 27/62, 44%; BMD, 4/7, 57%) (mean age at onset, 15.4±2.8 years; range, 10.4 to 21.2 years). All 31 subjects were begun on pharmacological therapy after diagnosis. On follow-up (n=29), 2 subjects (both DMD) showed stable DCM, 8 subjects (all DMD) showed improvement, and 19 subjects (16 DMD; 3 BMD) showed normalization of left ventricular size and function (total improvement, 27/29 [93%]). DNA analysis in 47 cases (68%) revealed a significant association between DCM and exon 12 and 14 to 17 mutations, possible protection against DCM by exon 51 to 52 mutations, and a trend toward significant association between onset of DCM and exon 31 to 42 mutations. Statistical significance was based on nominal probability values.

Conclusions—

Early diagnosis and treatment of DCM may lead to ventricular remodeling in DMD/BMD patients. Specific dystrophin gene mutations appear to be predictive of cardiac involvement, while other mutations may protect against or inhibit development of DCM. Further studies evaluating the impact of early intervention strategies on left ventricular geometry and function in muscular dystrophy patients seem warranted.
Relation Between Serum Phosphate Level and Cardiovascular Event Rate in People With Coronary Disease
Authors: Tonelli Marcello , Sacks Frank , Pfeffer Marc , Gao Zhiwei , Curhan Gary
Published: October 2005

Background—

Higher levels of serum phosphate are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, especially in the setting of overt hyperphosphatemia. Given the biological importance of phosphorus, it is plausible that higher levels of serum phosphate within the normal range may also be associated with adverse outcomes.

Methods and Results—

We performed a post hoc analysis of data from the Cholesterol And Recurrent Events (CARE) study. Baseline serum phosphate levels were measured in 4127 fasting participants who were randomized to receive pravastatin 40 mg daily or placebo and followed up for a median of 59.7 months. We used Cox proportional-hazards models to examine the association between serum phosphate and adverse clinical outcomes after adjustment for potential confounders. During nearly 60 months of follow-up, 375 participants died. A significant association was noted between baseline serum phosphate level and the age-, race-, and sex-adjusted risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio per 1 mg/dL, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.58). After categorization based on baseline phosphate level (<2.5, 2.5 to 3.4, 3.5 to 3.9, and ≥4 mg/dL) and further adjustment, a graded independent relation between phosphate and death was observed (
P
for trend=0.03). For instance, participants with serum phosphate ≥3.5 mg/dL had an adjusted hazard ratio for death of 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.59) compared with those with serum phosphate of <3.5 mg/dL. Higher levels of serum phosphate were also associated with increased risk of new heart failure, myocardial infarction, and the composite of coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, but not the risk of stroke.

Conclusions—

We found a graded independent relation between higher levels of serum phosphate and the risk of death and cardiovascular events in people with prior myocardial infarction, most of whom had serum phosphate levels within the normal range. Given the ready availability and low cost of serum phosphate assays, this finding may prove clinically useful.
Retrieval of Cloud Microphysical Properties from MODIS and AIRS
Authors: Li Jun , Huang Hung-Lung , Liu Chian-Yi , Yang Ping , Schmit Timothy J. , Wei Heli , Weisz Elisabeth , Guan Li , Menzel W. Paul
Published: October 2005

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements from the NASA Earth Observing System Aqua satellite enable global monitoring of the distribution of clouds during day and night. The MODIS is able to provide a high-spatial-resolution (1–5 km) cloud mask, cloud classification mask, cloud-phase mask, cloud-top pressure (CTP), and effective cloud amount during both the daytime and the nighttime, as well as cloud particle size (CPS) and cloud optical thickness (COT) at 0.55 μm during the daytime. The AIRS high-spectral-resolution measurements reveal cloud properties with coarser spatial resolution (13.5 km at nadir). Combined, MODIS and AIRS provide cloud microphysical properties during both the daytime and nighttime. A fast cloudy radiative transfer model for AIRS that accounts for cloud scattering and absorption is described in this paper. One-dimensional variational (1DVAR) and minimum-residual (MR) methods are used to retrieve the CPS and COT from AIRS longwave window region (790–970 cm−1 or 10.31–12.66 μm, and 1050–1130 cm−1 or 8.85–9.52 μm) cloudy radiance measurements. In both 1DVAR and MR procedures, the CTP is derived from the AIRS radiances of carbon dioxide channels while the cloud-phase information is derived from the collocated MODIS 1-km phase mask for AIRS CPS and COT retrievals. In addition, the collocated 1-km MODIS cloud mask refines the AIRS cloud detection in both 1DVAR and MR procedures. The atmospheric temperature profile, moisture profile, and surface skin temperature used in the AIRS cloud retrieval processing are from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts forecast analysis. The results from 1DVAR are compared with the operational MODIS products and MR cloud microphysical property retrieval. A Hurricane Isabel case study shows that 1DVAR retrievals have a high correlation with either the operational MODIS cloud products or MR cloud property retrievals. 1DVAR provides an efficient way for cloud microphysical property retrieval during the daytime, and MR provides the cloud microphysical property retrievals during both the daytime and nighttime.
Deaths, Injuries, and Damages from Lightning in the United States in the 1890s in Comparison with the 1990s
Authors: Holle Ronald L. , López Raúl E. , Navarro Bradley C.
Published: October 2005

A reduction by a factor of 10 in the population-weighted rate of lightning-caused deaths over the last century has been determined in several previous studies. The reasons have been attributed to a number of factors, but none have been quantified in detail with a large dataset. Several thousand lightning-caused deaths, injuries, and reports of property damage in the United States from 1891 to 1894 were analyzed manually from descriptions provided by an 1895 data source. A similar manual analysis was made of information in the NOAA publication Storm Data 100 yr later, from 1991 to 1994. Comparisons show that the decrease in lightning risk to people coincides with a shift in population from rural to urban regions. Major changes in the types of property damaged by lightning between the two periods 100 yr apart are also shown. In addition, the results identify significant shifts in the kinds of incidents in which people and objects are impacted by lightning. This information can help in the development of better guidelines for lightning safety and education.
A Feasibility Study for Simultaneous Estimates of Water Vapor and Precipitation Parameters Using a Three-Frequency Radar
Authors: Meneghini R. , Liao L. , Tian L.
Published: October 2005

The radar return powers from a three-frequency radar, with center frequency at 22.235 GHz and upper and lower frequencies chosen with equal water vapor absorption coefficients, can be used to estimate water vapor density and parameters of the precipitation. A linear combination of differential measurements between the center and lower frequencies on one hand and the upper and lower frequencies on the other provide an estimate of differential water vapor absorption. The coupling between the precipitation and water vapor estimates is generally weak but increases with bandwidth and the amount of non-Rayleigh scattering of the hydrometeors. The coupling leads to biases in the estimates of water vapor absorption that depend primarily on the phase state and the median mass diameter of the hydrometeors. For a down-looking radar, path-averaged estimates of water vapor absorption are possible under rain-free as well as raining conditions by using the surface returns at the three frequencies. Simulations of the water vapor attenuation retrieval show that the largest source of error typically arises from the variance in the measured radar return powers. Although the error can be mitigated by a combination of a high pulse repetition frequency, pulse compression, and averaging in range and time, the radar receiver must be stable over the averaging period. For fractional bandwidths of 20% or less, the potential exists for simultaneous measurements at the three frequencies with a single antenna and transceiver, thereby significantly reducing the cost and mass of the system.
The Effects of the Full Coriolis Force on the Structure and Motion of a Tropical Cyclone. Part I: Effects due to Vertical Motion
Authors: Liang Xudong , Chan Johnny C. L.
Published: October 2005

In most dynamical studies of synoptic-scale phenomena, only the components of the Coriolis force contributed by the horizontal motion are considered, and only in the horizontal momentum equation. The other components are neglected based on a scale analysis. However, it is shown that such an analysis may not be fully valid in a tropical cyclone (TC) and that these terms should be included. The two neglected terms are 1) ew, the Coriolis force in the x-momentum equation due to vertical motion, and 2) we, the Coriolis force in the vertical equation of motion due to the zonal wind. In this paper, effects of the first term (i.e., ew) on the structure and motion of a TC are investigated through numerical simulations using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5).

The results suggest that after the ew term has been included, the structure of a TC even on an f plane is changed. A southwestward displacement of a TC center with a speed of ∼1 km h−1 is found in the f-plane experiment. On a β plane, inclusion of the ew term gives a vortex track that is generally west to southwest of the inherent northwestward track (due to the β effect). A scale analysis suggests that the ew term can be as large as half the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration. This term generates an asymmetric wind structure with a generally easterly flow near the center, which therefore causes the vortex to displace toward the southwest. A rainfall asymmetry consistent with the convergence associated with the wind asymmetry is also found and accounts for 10%–20% of the symmetric parts.
Evolution of a Cold Front Encountering Steep Quasi-2D Terrain: Coordinated Aircraft Observations on 8–9 December 2001 during IMPROVE-2
Authors: Bond N. A. , Smull B. F. , Stoelinga M. T. , Woods C. P. , Haase A.
Published: October 2005

Research aircraft observations from the 8–9 December 2001 case of the second phase of the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Operational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) describe the evolution of a wide cold-frontal rainband (WCFR) during its eastward advance from the Pacific coastline to a point 200 km inland over the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. This analysis has two objectives: first, to illustrate the rapid weakening of the circulation associated with a landfalling WCFR and the relationship of these changes to terrain-induced airflow modifications, and second, to quantify the degree to which this weakening impacted cloud microphysical properties such as liquid water content, ice particle concentrations, and precipitation rate. The kinematic structure of the WCFR is detailed using Doppler radar observations from a NOAA P-3 aircraft, while some concomitant cloud microphysical properties are documented using flight-level measurements from the University of Washington Convair-580 aircraft. An accompanying the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) control simulation (nested to a horizontal resolution of 4 km over the IMPROVE-2 domain) provides a mesosynoptic context and thermodynamic information to complement the aircraft observations. To the authors’ knowledge, this case study represents the most complete documentation obtained to date of the rapid modifications that may occur when a frontal rainband progresses from coastal waters into a region of prominent terrain.
Cross-Barrier Flow during Orographic Precipitation Events: Results from MAP and IMPROVE
Authors: Medina Socorro , Smull Bradley F. , Houze Robert A. , Steiner Matthias
Published: October 2005

Ground-based and airborne Doppler radar data collected during passage of frontal rainstorms over the European Alps and Cascade Mountains of Oregon are found to exhibit characteristic cross-barrier flow and precipitation patterns. A stably stratified layer of blocked (or partially blocked) low-momentum flow below mountain-crest level is separated from strong cross-barrier flow aloft by a concentrated layer of vertical wind shear. This shear layer slopes upward toward the mountain crest and persists for several hours as the storm passes over the mountain range. This pattern is remarkably similar from case to case and from one mountain range to the other. The orographically enhanced precipitation in these cases exhibits stratiform structure, marked by a radar bright band, which often drops to a lower height (indicating locally cooler conditions) immediately adjacent to the windward mountain slopes. A terrain-induced gravity wave produces strong downslope flow and spillover of precipitation onto the lee side of the barrier. An elevated reflectivity maximum appears above the mountain crest and extends a short distance (generally 20–40 km) upstream, apparently as a result of gravity wave lifting. While baroclinically induced shear may contribute to the observed pattern, two-dimensional idealized simulations indicate that, in the presence of sufficient upstream static stability, orographic effects alone are sufficient to support development of the upward-sloping shear layer on the windward side of the barrier. Furthermore, idealized simulations show that if there is preexisting vertical shear in the incident upstream flow, this shear is strengthened by the orography and that surface friction may also enhance the strength of the shear layer.

The repeatable sheared velocity pattern identified here is apparently an essential feature of cases in which stably stratified low-level flow associated with a baroclinic system impinges upon a sufficiently tall mountain range. Since the layer of orographically generated shear promotes turbulence, which has been shown to aid precipitation growth over the windward slopes, these stable flow dynamics represent a potentially important mechanism for orographic precipitation enhancement in association with the passage of frontal systems over mountainous terrain.
Interannual Variations of Total Ozone at Northern Midlatitudes Correlated with Stratospheric EP Flux and Potential Vorticity
Authors: Hood L. L. , Soukharev B. E.
Published: October 2005

At northern midlatitudes over the 1979–2002 time period, column ozone trends are observed to have maximum negative amplitudes in February and March. Here, the portion of the observed ozone interannual variability and trends during these months that can be attributed to two specific dynamical transport processes is estimated using correlative and regression methods. In approximate agreement with a recent independent study, 18%–25% of the observed maximum negative trend is estimated to be due to long-term changes in the diabatic (Brewer–Dobson) circulation driven by global-scale changes in planetary wave [Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux] forcing. In addition, 27%–31% of the observed maximum midlatitude trend during these months is estimated to be due to long-term changes in local nonlinear synoptic wave forcing as deduced from correlated interannual variations of zonal mean ozone and Ertel’s potential vorticity. Like long-term decreases in the Brewer–Dobson circulation, this trend component reflects an overall net increase in the polar vortex strength, which is associated with increased numbers of anticyclonic, poleward-breaking Rossby waves at northern midlatitudes. Together, these components can explain approximately 50% of the observed maximum negative column ozone trend and interannual variance at northern midlatitudes in February and March. The combined empirical model also approximately simulates a leveling off or slight increase in column ozone anomalies that has been observed for some months and latitudes since the mid-1990s.
Mixed-Layer Budget Analysis of the Diurnal Cycle of Entrainment in Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus
Authors: Caldwell Peter , Bretherton Christopher S. , Wood Robert
Published: October 2005

Mixed-layer budgets of boundary layer mass, moisture, and liquid water static energy are estimated from 6 days of data collected at 20°S, 85°W (a region of persistent stratocumulus) during the East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) stratocumulus cruise in 2001. These budgets are used to estimate a mean diurnal cycle of entrainment and, by diagnosing the fluxes of humidity and liquid water static energy necessary to maintain a mixed-layer structure, of buoyancy flux. Although the entrainment rates suggested by each of the budgets have significant uncertainty, the various methods are consistent in predicting a 6-day mean entrainment rate of 4 ± 1 mm s−1, with higher values at night and very little entrainment around local noon. The diurnal cycle of buoyancy flux suggests that drizzle, while only a small term in the boundary layer moisture budget, significantly reduces subcloud buoyancy flux and may induce weak decoupling of surface and cloud-layer turbulence during the early morning hours, a structure that is maintained throughout the day by shortwave warming. Finally, the diurnal cycle of entrainment diagnosed from three recently proposed entrainment closures is found to be consistent with the observationally derived values.
Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part III: The Density Effect
Authors: Zawadzki I. , Szyrmer W. , Bell C. , Fabry F.
Published: October 2005

A model of the melting snow and its radar reflectivity is presented here. The main addition to previous description of the melting layer is the explicit introduction of snow density as a variable. The model is validated with radar observations. Differences in brightband intensity for comparable precipitation rates are related here to the coexistence of supercooled cloud water (SCW) with snow above the melting level leading to riming and change in snow density. Cases where riming was suspected were selected according to the characteristics of the vertical profile of reflectivity flux above the melting layer and vertical Doppler velocities faster than expected from low-density snow. For stratiform precipitation with a melting layer, high snow-to-rain velocity ratio indicates high-density snow and consequently a small peak-to-rain reflectivity difference is expected. This relationship was computed from the model and confirmed with vertically pointing radar observations. In spite of the complexity of the physical processes present in the melting layer the model appears to capture the essential elements.
Influence of Atmospheric Asymmetries on the Intensification of GFDL Model Forecast Hurricanes
Authors: Shapiro Lloyd J. , Möller J. Dominique
Published: October 2005

Hurricanes Bertha of 1996 and Erin of 2001 both intensified rapidly during part of their time over the North Atlantic. A piecewise potential vorticity (PV) inversion is applied to model output from GFDL hurricane model forecasts to determine the contributions of atmospheric features in the hurricanes’ environment to their intensification. The diagnosis indicates that Hurricane Bertha’s rapid intensification was directly augmented by an upper-level trough to the north. The significant positive impact of the trough provides quantitative confirmation of the inference of other authors. By contrast environmental interactions associated with troughs to the east and west of Hurricane Erin did not contribute directly to its rapid intensification. The implication of this result is that factors other than the troughs, including sea surface temperature, were sufficient to effect Hurricane Erin’s strengthening. Enhanced upper-level outflow concentrated northeast of the hurricane’s center that was associated with upper-level PV features to the north of Erin, including those ahead of the long-wave trough to its west, could have had some indirect contribution to its intensification. The present authors’ previous piecewise inversion applied to a model forecast of Hurricane Opal of 1995 indicated that an approaching upper-level trough did not significantly contribute to the hurricane’s lower-tropospheric intensification. The conclusions of this paper demonstrate that this result is neither an exception nor the rule.
Dynamics and Structure of Mesoscale Error Covariance of a Winter Cyclone Estimated through Short-Range Ensemble Forecasts
Authors: Zhang Fuqing
Published: October 2005

Several sets of short-range mesoscale ensemble forecasts generated with different types of initial perturbations are used in this study to investigate the dynamics and structure of mesoscale error covariance in an intensive extratropical cyclogenesis event that occurred on 24–25 January 2000. Consistent with past predictability studies of this event, it is demonstrated that the characteristics and structure of the error growth are determined by the underlying balanced dynamics and the attendant moist convection. The initially uncorrelated errors can grow from small-scale, largely unbalanced perturbations to large-scale, quasi-balanced structured disturbances within 12–24 h. Maximum error growth occurred in the vicinity of upper-level and surface zones with the strongest potential vorticity (PV) gradient over the area of active moist convection. The structure of mesoscale error covariance estimated from these short-term ensemble forecasts is subsequently flow dependent and highly anisotropic, which is also ultimately determined by the underlying governing dynamics and associated error growth. Significant spatial and cross covariance (correlation) exists between different state variables with a horizontal distance as large as 1000 km and across all vertical layers. Qualitatively similar error covariance structure is estimated from different ensemble forecasts initialized with different perturbations.
High-Resolution Simulations and Microphysical Validation of an Orographic Precipitation Event over the Wasatch Mountains during IPEX IOP3
Authors: Colle Brian A. , Wolfe Justin B. , Steenburgh W. James , Kingsmill David E. , Cox Justin A. W. , Shafer Jason C.
Published: October 2005

This paper investigates the kinematic flow and precipitation evolution of a winter storm over and upstream of the Wasatch Mountains [Intermountain Precipitation Experiment third intensive observing period (IPEX IOP3)] using a multiply nested version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)––National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). Validation using in situ aircraft data, radiosondes, ground-based radar, and surface observations showed that the MM5, which featured four domains with 36-, 12-, 4-, and 1.33-km grid spacing, realistically simulated the observed partial blocking of the 8–12 m s−1 ambient southwesterly flow and development of a convergence zone and enhanced lowland precipitation region upwind of the initial Wasatch slope. The MM5 also properly simulated the advance of this convergence zone toward the base of the Wasatch during the passage of a midlevel trough, despite not fully capturing the westerly wind shift accompanying the trough.

Accurate simulation of the observed precipitation over the central Wasatch Mountains (within 25% of observed at all stations) required a horizontal grid spacing of 1.33 km. Despite close agreement with the observed surface precipitation, the Reisner2 bulk microphysical scheme produced too much supercooled cloud water and too little snow aloft. A model microphysical budget revealed that the Reisner2 generated over half of the surface precipitation through riming and accretion, rather than snow deposition and aggregation as implied by the observations. Using an intercept for the snow size distribution that allows for greater snow concentrations aloft improved the snow predictions and reduced the cloud water overprediction.

Sensitivity studies illustrate that the reduced surface drag of the Great Salt Lake (GSL) enhanced the convergence zone and associated lowland precipitation enhancement upstream of the Wasatch Mountains. The presence of mountain ranges south of the Great Salt Lake appears to have weakened the along-barrier flow and windward convergence, resulting in a slight decrease in windward precipitation enhancement. Diabatic cooling from falling precipitation was also important for maintaining the blocked flow.
A Climatology of Snow-to-Liquid Ratio for the Contiguous United States
Authors: Baxter Martin A. , Graves Charles E. , Moore James T.
Published: October 2005

A 30-yr climatology of the snow-to-liquid-equivalent ratio (SLR) using the National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Summary of the Day (COOP) data is presented. Descriptive statistics are presented for 96 NWS county warning areas (CWAs), along with a discussion of selected histograms of interest. The results of the climatology indicate that a mean SLR value of 13 appears more appropriate for much of the country rather than the often-assumed value of 10, although considerable spatial variation in the mean exists. The distribution for the entire dataset exhibits positive skewness. Histograms for individual CWAs are both positively and negatively skewed, depending upon the variability of the in-cloud, subcloud, and ground conditions.
The Joint Polarization Experiment: Polarimetric Radar in Forecasting and Warning Decision Making
Authors: Scharfenberg Kevin A. , Miller Daniel J. , Schuur Terry J. , Schlatter Paul T. , Giangrande Scott E. , Melnikov Valery M. , Burgess Donald W. , Andra David L. , Foster Michael P. , Krause John M.
Published: October 2005

To test the utility and added value of polarimetric radar products in an operational environment, data from the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) were delivered to the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office (WFO) in Norman as part of the Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE). KOUN polarimetric base data and algorithms were used at the WFO during the decision-making and forecasting processes for severe convection, flash floods, and winter storms. The delivery included conventional WSR-88D radar products, base polarimetric radar variables, a polarimetric hydrometeor classification algorithm, and experimental polarimetric quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms. The JPOLE data collection, delivery, and operational demonstration are described, with examples of several forecast and warning decision-making successes. Polarimetric data aided WFO forecasters during several periods of heavy rain, numerous large-hail-producing thunderstorms, tornadic and nontornadic supercell thunderstorms, and a major winter storm. Upcoming opportunities and challenges associated with the emergence of polarimetric radar data in the operational community are also described.
Offender Classifications and Treatment Effects in Developmental Criminology: A Propensity/ Event Consideration
Authors: Gottfredson Michael R.
Published: October 2005

Developmental criminology has raised the prospect that empirical classifications of offenders based on variations in the age of offending will assist in the prediction of and explanation for crime and delinquency. Additionally, developmental criminology suggests that events late in the life course may alter offending propensities in significant ways. Recent empirical works provide compelling evidence about these claims and provide support for general theories of the causes of crime and delinquency. Some of this recent research is analyzed from the perspective of a propensity/event theory.
Explaining Multiple Patterns of Offending across the Life Course and across Generations
Authors: Thornberry Terence P.
Published: October 2005

Four general topics are discussed in this article. The first section uses data fromthe Rochester Youth Development Study to explore the development of antisocial careers across the life course. The second section presents interactional theory's explanation of offending. The theory recognizes that antisocial careers can begin at any point, from childhood through adulthood, and identifies causal influences associated with varying ages of onset. It then offers an explanation for changing patterns of offending. The third section presents an intergenerational extension of the theory, focusing specifically on the major pathways that mediate the impact of a parent's own adolescent antisocial behavior on the chances that his or her children will also show antisocial behavior. The final section tests key parts of this intergenerational theory using data from the Rochester Intergenerational Study. Adolescent antisocial behavior has indirect effects on a child's early delinquency, mediated by the disruption it causes to the parent's development and his or her subsequent style of parenting.
How Do We Study “What Happens Next”?
Authors: Raudenbush Stephen W.
Published: October 2005

Applications of group trajectory modeling summarize individual histories in a language that is broadly accessible to clinicians. This strength depends on the belief that a population consists, at least roughly, of a small number of subgroups whose members display similar records of behavior. In this view, the purpose of longitudinal research is to reveal the unfolding of essential differences between groups. The author offers an alternative view, in which historical records of personal behavior reflect a continuous interplay between individual action and environmental intervention. This interplay generates, for each participant, a myriad of potential trajectories. Rather than smoothing over this complexity with a small number of trajectory classes, the author proposes models that allow personal and environmental contributions to generate appropriate developmental complexity. The author illustrates this alternative approach using two examples: children's learning during the elementary years and effects of age and history on violent offending.
Developmental Trajectory Modeling: A View from Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Maughan Barbara
Published: October 2005

Since its introduction just over a decade ago, developmental trajectory modeling has had a major impact in studies of childhood behavior problems as well as in studies of crime. This article explores some of the issues it raises from the perspective of developmental psychopathology. First, it notes debates over categorical versus dimensional approaches to the conceptualization and analysis of behavior and argues that in the current state of knowledge, much can be gained from exploring each. Second, it highlights heterogeneity in the behavioral manifestations of antisocial traits in childhood and suggests that trajectory modeling could productively be used to track trajectories in these differing aspects of child behavior problems. Third, it argues that though trajectories are typically analyzed in relation to age, a developmental approach requires that researchers “unpack” these associations to uncover the other aspects of development—biological, psychological, or social— that underlie the age trends they observe.
Assessment of Teachers’ Attitudes about Professional Development
Authors: Torff Bruce , Sessions David , Byrnes Katherine
Published: October 2005

This article reports three studies in which a scale for assessing teachers’ beliefs about professional-development initiatives was developed and its scores evaluated for reliability and validity. Results indicated that the Teachers’ Attitudes About Professional Development (TAP) scale produced scores with high reliability, a stable one-factor structure, and satisfactory construct and discriminant validity (relative to measures of need for social approval, need for cognition, authoritarianism, and teacher self-efficacy). The studies support the theoretical and practical utility of the construct and measure of teachers’ beliefs about professional development.
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Dalbavancin, a Novel Lipoglycopeptide
Authors: Buckwalter Mary , Dowell James A.
Published: October 2005

Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic in clinical development as a once‐weekly treatment for serious infections. A total of 532 patients, consisting of 502 patients with skin and soft tissue infections requiring parenteral therapy and 30 patients with catheter‐related bloodstream infections, was available for population pharmacokinetic analysis. The majority of patients (78.4%) received dalbavancin intravenously as a 1000‐mg dose on day 1 and a single 500‐mg dose on day 8. A 2‐compartment model with first‐order elimination provided the best fit to the data. The clearance of dalbavancin was influenced by body surface area and creatinine clearance, but together they described less than 25% of the interpatient variability. Body surface area was determined to be a predictor of the central volume of distribution. There was no evidence that the presence of metabolic substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of cytochrome P450 or selected concomitant medications influenced the clearance of dalbavancin.
In VivoMetabolic Activity of CYP2C19 and CYP3A in Relation to CYP2C19 Genetic Polymorphism in Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Ohnishi Akihiro , Murakami Shigeto , Akizuki Setsuko , Mochizuki Junko , Echizen Hirotoshi , Takagi Ichiro
Published: October 2005

To study whether chronic liver disease (CLD) and genetic polymorphism affect the hepatic activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, we compared in vivo CYP2C19 and CYP3A activities using 3‐hour omeprazole hydroxylation index (plasma concentration ratio of omeprazole to its 5‐hydroxylated metabolite; a higher index indicates lower CYP2C19 activity) and partial formation clearance of cortisol to 6β‐hydroxycortisol (CLcortisol→6β‐HC) in 31 CLD patients (9 with chronic hepatitis; 22 with cirrhosis comprising 20 Child‐Pugh type A, 1 type B, and 1 type C) and 30 healthy subjects with different CYP2C19 genotypes. The mean (±SEM) omeprazole hydroxylation index in CLD patients with homozygous extensive metabolizer (EM) genotype (*1/*1, n = 8), heterozyous EM (*1/*2, n = 11; *1/*3, n = 6) genotypes and poor metabolizer (PM) genotypes (*2/*2, n = 3; *3/*3, n = 3) were 17.15 ± 2.12, 20.02 ± 2.63, and 26.04 ± 3.15, respectively, which were significantly higher compared with control subjects with the corresponding CYP2C19 genotypes (0.81 ± 0.09, 1.55 ± 0.20, and 15.5 ± 1.52). CLD patients with PM genotype had significantly (P < .05) higher omeprazole hydroxylation indexes than did those with homozygous EM genotype, and those with heterozygous EM genotypes had intermediate values. The mean CLcortisol→6β‐HCdecreased significantly (P < .001) in CLD patients compared with control subjects (1.19 ± 0.12 versus 2.26 ± 0.24 mL/min). Multiple regression analysis showed that CLD, serum albumin level, and CYP2C19 genotype correlated significantly (P < .05) with the omeprazole hydroxylation index, whereas no significant correlation was observed between CLcortisol→6β‐HCand other variables, except CLD. Because CLD and genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 act additively to reduce CYP2C19 activity, genotyping these patients may be of value in averting adverse reactions of drugs that depend on CYP2C19 for elimination.
Legitimacy, Public Relations, and Media Access: Proposing and Testing a Media Access Model
Authors: Yoon Youngmin
Published: October 2005

This study examines how an organization's access to the media reflects two sets of influences—its public relations (PR) expertise and legitimacy. A context of stem cell and the cloning debate is used to test the relationships. Two surveys and a content analysis show that the legitimacy of sources perceived by journalists has an impact on the regularity and valence of those sources' media coverage, whereas the PR expertise of sources does not have an impact on any of the media access indicators. Public relations expertise, however, shows some impact on the legitimacy of sources as perceived by journalists, indicating that legitimacy operates as an intervening variable between PR expertise and media access of sources.
Training × Trainee Interactions in a Family Planning Intervention
Authors: León Federico R. , Ríos Alex , Zumarán Adriana
Published: October 2005

This study investigated the effects of introducing a family planning counseling model at clinics of Peru’s Ministry of Health. Providers trained in the model presented greater quality of care and longer counseling sessions than did controls. The main effects, however, were misleading. Nearly all of the quality improvements were contributed by 37% of the trained providers; they had already been better performers at the pretest and complied with the new counseling model’s requirement of job aid use at the posttest. The recognition that a majority of trained providers did not profit from training posed a challenge that led to improvements in the model. Training × Trainee Interactions should be explored in evaluations.
Eliciting Survey Cooperation
Authors: Kropf Martha E. , Blair Johnny
Published: October 2005

Given the weaker ties to community as noted by scholars such as Robert Putnam, survey researchers should not be surprised by a decline in survey participation over the past 10 years. This research analyzes the use of incentives coupled with introductory themes emphasizing cooperation and helpfulness—cooperative norms in American society—to understand their effects on survey response. This article analyzes two separate experiments (one phone and one mail) that provide evidence that norms of cooperation matter in the decision to participate in a survey, suggesting that this is particularly true at the refusal conversion stage. These results indicate that survey researchers may use such themes to their advantage, especially when conducting a nonresponse follow-up in a mail survey.
Making the Undoable Doable
Authors: Russell Nestar , Gregory Robert
Published: October 2005

This article interprets Stanley Milgram's laboratory experiments on obedience, and their significance in understanding the Holocaust and the ways by which governmental systems enable people to do things they would otherwise find undoable. Milgram tended to conflate “proximity”—between participants and learners—and sensory perception, and overlooked the difference between physical and emotional distance. Neither Milgram nor his commentators have fully recognized the importance of the shock generator in these experiments. Milgram's paradigm shows why the Nazis' search for increasingly “productive” killing means, which minimized levels of sensory perception among immediate perpetrators, was a necessary (but not a sufficient) condition of the Holocaust. Milgram's key concept of “the agentic state” is reinterpreted as an act of moral choice, rather than as a psychological state of mind. An understanding of the conditional nature of legal-rational (bureaucratic) authority is essential if ways are to be found of resolving “the paradox of modernity.”
Psychosocial Adjustment and Psychopathology of Men Sexually Abused During Childhood
Authors: Forouzan Elham , Van Gijseghem Hubert
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate psychosocial adjustment and psychopathology among men sexually abused during their childhood and arrive at a better understanding of the reasons for which, following such sexual experiences, some adult males manifest greater distress than others. In total, 64 participants were interviewed and completed eight questionnaires covering various aspects of childhood and adult life. Results suggest the existence of three types of sexual abuse scenarios. Participants in each of these three groups presented with an adult-specific adjustment. However, the methodology and multivariate analyses used in this study suggest that some of these problems were not only associated with the sexual contacts but also with other childhood experiences and with the participant's cognitive, affective, and psychological resources.
Cognitive Processes in Criminal Profile Construction: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kocsis Richard N. , Middledorp Jenny , Try Andrew C.
Published: October 2005

This study undertook an empirically based examination of the cognitive processes associated with the accurate construction of a criminal psychological profile. This was accomplished by comparing the abilities of profilers and nonprofilers in two simulated profiling exercises that measured both profile accuracy and an individual's performance on various tests of memory and comprehension related to the case materials presented in each exercise. The results of these experiments suggest that an incremental relationship exists between comprehension of the case materials and accuracy of the profiles generated. In addition, the findings provide some tentative indications that the comprehension of case material in a narrative (i.e., written) format is an integral cognitive function to proficient profiling.
Re-Imagining Castoriadis’s Psychic Monad
Authors: Smith Karl E.
Published: October 2005

Castoriadis portrays the psyche in its originary state as a ‘psychic monad’ - an infantile psyche that experiences itself as omnipotent, omnipresent, undifferentiated and sufficient unto itself. According to Castoriadis, this totality is fragmented in a ‘triadic phase’ through the experience of desire, which brings to the fore the encounter with the Other. In contrast, Marcel Gauchet rejects the concept of the psychic monad, arguing that the unformed psyche enters the world with a primordial openness to being formed and transformed. Psychic tension does not arise from the immersion of the closed monad in a hostile world, but from within the psyche itself, for the psyche must form itself and be formed by the world. Gauchet’s understanding of an inherent psychic tension provides an important corrective to Castoriadis’s theory of the monad that nevertheless remains consistent with Castoriadis’s anthropology.