bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OLIVER NORTH AND THE NEW CHRISTIAN RIGHT IN THE 1994 VIRGINIA SENATE ELECTION
Authors: Clark Adrian S.
Published: August 2010

This study assesses the influence religious beliefs had on the political opinions and voting intentions of whites likely to vote in the 1994 Virginia Senate general election. Analysis of survey data indicated that Protestant Biblical Literalists were significantly more conservative in their political views than other religious segments of the Virginia electorate. Protestant Biblical Literalism was also discovered to be the single most important predictor of a declared intention of voting for Oliver North in the general election. The study provides evidence pointing to the continuing importance of religion as a factor in southern electoral politics.
THE SOUTH CAROLINA SUPREME COURT AND THE POLITICAL DISADVANTAGE THEORY
Authors: Kuersten A. K.
Published: August 2010

Several scholars have shown that “repeat player” status of litigants translates into success in the courtroom as a result of expert attorney experience, optimal strategies and superior knowledge of cases. But the political disadvantage theory holds that the courtroom is the only political forum open to disadvantaged groups. An initial exploratory analysis of a state court demonstrates that while amicus briefs do allow the court system to be open to diverse groups, litigants represented by repeat player amicus are more successful. This study argues that repeat players in the court organize and represent the underdogs of society, thereby neutralizing some disadvantages those underdogs face. Repeat players allow the less advantaged litigants to supplement their own meager resources with the expertise of more advantaged litigants.
THE LAY OF THE LAND: BATTLEGROUNDS AND TERRAIN IN PARTY SCHOLARSHIP
Authors: Green John C. , Shea Daniel M.
Published: August 2010

There is no shortage of works on political parties and their relationship to governing institutions and political behavior. But unlike the study of legislatures, the courts, executives, or voters, party analysis has proceeded in a segregated fashion. Indeed, few integrative models have been advanced linking what parties are, what they do, and why they matter both normatively and empirically. In this paper we argue that four conceptual battlegrounds best summarize these works, and that within each there are common threads. Party scholarship has really been fought on three terrains: party organization and activities, party values and culture, and the party context. Before definitive answers can be reached and integrative models developed, scholars must first ask the same questions, and in the same language.
A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF MONEY IN CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS: OPEN SEAT ELECTIONS FROM 1982–1992
Authors: Green Joanne Connor
Published: August 2010

This essay analyzes the applicability of the conventional understanding of the role of money in elections for the House of Representatives. While the conventional wisdom is not incorrect, it is better viewed as incomplete. A substantial body of literature exists investigating the role of challenger's, incumbent's and open seat candidate's campaign expenditures on the probability of electoral success. The thrust of the research has been on incumbent/challenger races for the House of Representatives. The research presented here focuses on open seat races to avoid the cumbersome, albeit interesting and substantial, impact of incumbency. Money is an important factor, here the conventional wisdom is correct, but its effect is neither all‐encompassing nor static; the impact varies with differing situations. In addition, relative campaign expenditures are more significant than the literature would lead one to believe. Individual campaign expenditures are consequential but of more importance is relative campaign expenditure. The levels of aggregate spending are meaningful, but of more importance are differentials in expenditures. One must comprehend that the impact of campaign expenditures varies with district‐specific factors and that disparities in campaign expenditures are substantial in understanding the role of money in congressional elections.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE POST‐COLD WAR PRESIDENCY
Authors: Eksterowicz Anthony J. , Hastedt Glenn P.
Published: August 2010

Over the past twenty years the American presidency has been profoundly transformed. It has evolved from an institution that was viewed by many in the scholarly and policy‐making community as pre‐eminent in our political system to an institution that competes more equally for power with other governmental actors and institutions. Some scholars have argued that the presidency has been so transformed that it may no longer be correct to refer to it as an imperial office but rather that it must be considered an imperiled office.
THE WHITE HOUSE LEGISLATIVE LIAISON OFFICE: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR FOREIGN POLICY INTER‐BRANCH COLLABORATION IN THE POST‐COLD WAR ERA
Authors: Eksterowicz Anthony J. , Hastedt Glenn P.
Published: August 2010

This article argues that while it is true that presidents can and will attempt to dominate Congress in the making of foreign policy, the nature of the post‐Cold War new policy environment makes it less likely that they will succeed on a sustained basis. There is a need to revisit the mechanics of executive/legislative liaisons in this new era. What is most urgently needed is the institutionalization of “…the practice of early and genuine consultation with congressional leaders.” A potential vehicle for realizing this goal currently exists. It is the White House Congressional Liaison Office. We begin by surveying the relationship between the president and Congress during the Cold War and then we review the history of the White House Congressional Liaison Office. We then turn to more in‐depth examinations of recent presidencies and conclude with a series of recommendations for a new model of executive/legislative relations.
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE AND THE CIA
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: August 2010

Although during the Cold War the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the rest of the American intelligence community dealt primarily with military and political developments in the world (and especially the Soviet Union), international economic issues gradually gained in importance. The extensive involvement of the CIA and its companion agencies in economic intelligence has fallen into several categories of activity: intelligence collection, analysis, counterintelligence, and covert action. Since this nation's national security is intimately intertwined with its economic security, America's secret agencies will continue to pursue intelligence on the economic activities of other nations—yet, if current policy persists, not to the extent of systematic spying against a range of foreign business targets.
The Geopolitics of European Monetary Union
Authors: Baun Michael
Published: August 2010

Supranationalist and liberal‐intergovernmentalist theoretical accounts of European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) largely ignore geopolitical factors. This article argues that geopolitical factors are of vital importance for explaining and understanding EMU. It does this by examining the role of such factors at five crucial moments of the EMU process: (1) the launching of EMU in 1988–89; (2) the uncertain year following the opening of the Berlin Wall in November 1989; (3) the final decisions on EMU taken at the December 1991 Maastricht summit; (4) the ratification and currency crises of 1992–93; and (5) the efforts to implement EMU after the treaty's final ratification in October 1993. A focus on geopolitics, it is argued, fits within a historical‐institutionalist account of European integration.
THE LEGISLATIVE STRATEGIES OF INDEPENDENT AND THIRD PARTY EXECUTIVES
Authors: Taylor Andrew J.
Published: August 2010

Recent developments in state and national politics have presented political scientists with an obligation and opportunity to study independent and third party executives. This article examines the legislative strategies that are available to such executives as they attempt to turn their policy preferences into government output. The article examines the case of Connecticut Governor Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., and his income tax proposal in 1991 and reveals, somewhat surprisingly, that independent executives can and probably must use the institution of party to get what they want from the legislative process. Perhaps more predictably, the article shows that independent executives will readily tap the formal powers of their office to ensure success for their agenda. It is also argued that such executives need not rely solely on public support for legislative success and that, despite a lack of formal partisan connections, they can be successful when directly lobbying legislators.
POWER, “TEXT,” AND PUBLIC POLICY: THE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF JACQUES DERRIDA'S CRITIQUE OF “SUBJECTIVITY”
Authors: Koch Andrew
Published: August 2010

This paper seeks to clarify the distinction between positivist/scientific and interpretive approaches to public policy using the critical framework of Jacques Derrida. Derrida s deconstructive method helps to clarify the relationship among state power, public policy, and the cultural “text” of “subjectivity.” It is asserted that the positivistic approaches to policy formation rely on a representation of subjectivity that does not contain sufficient epistemological validity to stand as a foundation for the imposition of norms and values through policy process. This approach to public policy extends, or seeks to extend, the normative grammar that is contained in the dominant discourse through the establishment of a system of rewards and punishments for behavior that conforms, or fails to conform, to that grammar. Public policy, therefore, initiates pressure toward uniformity in the content of “subjectivity.” Derrida s deconstructive methodology shows the often hidden ideological content in public discourse, raising questions about the imposition of any fixed definition of subjectivity through public policy. Following Derrida, policy must be more open to a plurality of different modes of existence that can be accommodated by a positivistic approach.
HINDUTVA: THE SHAPING OF A NEW “HINDU” IDENTITY
Authors: Ratan Sudha
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the Hindu‐Muslim conflict in India within the context of nationalist party politics in the sub‐continent. This paper analyzes the environment within which the Hindu nationalist message was and is currently being formulated; the organizational structure of the movement; and the symbols and strategies that have helped to popularize the message on Hindutva in recent years. The paper concludes with an analysis of the popular response to Hindutva and the problems facing the BJP and Us parent organizations in carrying out the program toward a revolutionized Hindu rashtra. The aim is to provide an understanding of the historical and political forces at work in the recent anti‐Muslim violence in India.
ACTIVISTS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND VOLUNTEERS: THE PARTICIPATION PUZZLE
Authors: Neeley Grant , Nownes Anthony J.
Published: August 2010

Despite a general consensus that citizen group supporters vary radically in their level of group activity, we know little about what factors “create” an activist. This paper asks: What factors determine which mode a supporter chooses? We seek to answer this question by examining socio‐demographic correlates of participation and several “benefits” of participation using individual level survey data. This question informs a more central question: What factors separate the activist from the “regular” supporter? We find that those individuals best able to bear participation costs who also participate out of a sense of duty and who enjoy group participation most, are the most likely to opt for maximum participation. Our data support the conclusion that duty, commitment, and the desire for expressive benefits are capable of overwhelming the “free‐rider” impulse. However, activists are not typical, comprising only a fraction of group membership. This means Olson, who would predict that few people would become activists, is right for most people most of the time.
THE “CULTURE WARS” IN THE SOUTH: PARTISANSHIP, RACE, AND CULTURAL CONSERVATISM IN THE 1990 NORTH CAROLINA U.S. SENATE ELECTION
Authors: Wink Kenneth A. , Laroche Peter
Published: August 2010

This study is an aggregate, county‐level analysis of the North Carolina Senate race of 1990 between Jesse Helms and Harvey Gantt. The authors test a number of hypotheses concerning the effects of demographic variables that are thought to reflect cultural differences on support for Helms and test the effects of traditional causal variables on Helms votes. Surprisingly, support for Helms was not stronger in counties having relatively large numbers of fundamentalist Protestants. Instead, counties with relatively high percentages of married‐couple households and with lower levels of educational attainment among whites were associated with support for Helms. Thus, marital status and educational achievement may better represent measures of cultural conservatism than religious fundamentalist identity in North Carolina. Additionally, party registration, tobacco production, and the racial composition of the population in the counties strongly affected support for Helms. The finding for race is particularly noteworthy since Gantt is African‐American.
KNOWING, TOTALITY AND POLITICS IN SIMONE WEIL AND ALBERT CAMUS
Authors: LeBlanc John Randolph
Published: August 2010

This essay interrogates the relationship of post‐Enlightenment epistemology to the conduct of modern politics through the thought of Simone Weil and Albert Camus. Contemporaries and fellow members of the French Resistance, Weil and Camus begin their critiques of modern politics with critiques of modern epistemology. They begin from different orientations to reality: Weil's is a God‐centered universe of “necessity,” while Camus's concern is to live with the “absurdity” of human existence. Their shared experience with the violence of modern politics, however, led them to similar conclusions: a calculative form of reason, presumably capable of unmasking the mysteries of (human) nature and positing totalizing explanations of human experience entails the perpetration of a destructive and dehumanizing violence on human existence and nature in general. Overcoming our epistemological prejudices is the first step to reclaiming politics for human beings.
THE RACE RACE IN BLACK AND WHITE: THE 1995 LOUISIANA GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION
Authors: Orey Byron D'Andra
Published: August 2010

This analysis marks the first time that the black threat thesis posited in 1949 by V. O. Key, Jr. has been examined by employing a black versus white head‐to‐head election. This study tests the black threat thesis in the 1995 Louisiana gubernatorial runoff election. The unit of analysis is the parish (same as county) and the primary data sources used in this analysis include election returns by parish, turnout data by race by parish and demographic and socio‐economic variables for parishes taken from the United States Census. The findings are consistent with Key's black threat hypothesis. White support for the racially conservative white candidate is positively and significantly associated with the level of black density.
Assessing The Effectiveness Of Federal Policy On Environmental Illness
Authors: Caress Stanley M.
Published: August 2010

The increased number of Americans suffering from environmental illness has produced numerous governmental actions. Federal efforts taken to help individuals afflicted with multiple chemical sensitivities, which is a disabling hypersensitivity to commonplace chemicals, reveal that the government can provide benefits to the afflicted much more readily than it can regulate the causes of the affliction. Regulation of the suspected causes of this condition has been blocked because of a medical controversy over its origin. While Congress initially provided funds to study the origins of the malady, the amounts were insufficient to produce the conclusive evidence necessary to settle the controversy. The result has been that the federal government continues to provide disability benefits to the growing number of sufferers, but does not fund the research that could justify regulation of the causes of the condition.
Newt Gingrich—Professor and Politician: The Anti‐Federalist Roots of Newt Gingrich's Thought
Authors: Connelly William F.
Published: August 2010

Former Speaker Gingrich believes ideas count; thus, it may be important to explore his ideas. In Gingrich's thought one hears echoes of the Anti‐Federalist critique of the Federalist Constitution. For example, his “contract” with America reflects the Anti‐Federalist desire for political accountability; his interest in “congressional government” echoes the Anti‐Federalist faith in legislative supremacy. Yet the Anti‐Federalists, defined largely in opposition, lost the ratification debate because they could not reconcile suspicion of governmental power with an insistence that government nurture civic virtue. GOP divisions between “economic” and “cultural” conservatives echo this dilemma within Anti‐Federalist thought. Gingrich hopes to bridge this gap. In Democracy in America, a book Gingrich often cites, Tocqueville suggests that America has forcibly reconciled the irreconcilable Federalist/Anti‐Federalist traditions. If Gingrich adopts a healthy tocquevillian synthesis, he may have the makings of the limited government philosophy the GOP needs to become more than a merely oppositional party.
The Strategies and Tactics of Interest Groups: The Case of the Environmental and Energy Policy Arena
Authors: McSpadden Lettie M. , Culhane Paul J.
Published: August 2010

This paper examines strategies, or sets of advocacy tactics, interest groups use to influence policy, and compares those to the various strategy constructs identified in the literature. Factor analysis of our data confirm that the tactics used by the groups active in the environmental and energy policy arena during the 1980s clustered into four overall strategies. The “informational” strategy remains the dominant approach to group advocacy, but the other strategies are distinguishable from the constructs in the literature after Milbrath's The Washington Lobbyists. Our data also show that the structure of group strategies varies among the three types of groups that function in this arena. Public interest groups pursue more differentiated strategies than trade associations, and professional and governmental associations adopt more narrowly informational approaches than public interest or trade groups.
Was Reagan Federalism Good For Business? Privatization And State Administrative Capacity In The Clean Water State Revolving Fund Program
Authors: Morris John C.
Published: August 2010

This research addresses the impact of New Federalism, as defined by the Reagan administration, on the ability of states to implement and administer a major national environmental program. Based on data collected from two national studies of the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program, the research seeks to link the sufficiency of initial state resources with the inclusion of private sector actors in CWSRF administrative structures. Both survey data and case study data support the hypothesis that states which lack resources to implement the CWSRF program rely more heavily on private sector actors in the decision making processes of the program. The paper explores the implications of this relationship, and suggests that the net result of New Federalism may not be a devolution of authority to state governments, but to private sector agents of the states.
Communicating Negative Campaign Messages: The Role of Consultants' Individual Characteristics
Authors: Swint Kerwin C.
Published: August 2010

This paper analyzes differences among political consultants, such as party, gender, age and experience, in order to discover if these characteristics help explain variations among consultants in their evaluation and use of negative campaigning. Multiple regression did not yield significant findings, but a discriminant analysis found that age, experience, and attitude toward the potential backlash of using negative tactics lead to significant differences in the types of media chosen to communicate negative messages.
“Blessed are the Poor:” American Protestantism and Attitudes Toward Poverty and Welfare
Authors: Wilson J. Matthew
Published: August 2010

Scholars have previously documented a substantial discrepancy in American public opinion between attitudes toward “the poor” and attitudes toward “people on welfare.” Past studies, however, have generally ignored the role of religion in producing, magnifying, or mitigating this divergence. This paper explores the impact of religious affiliations on the size and nature of the gap, examining differences between three major groups of American Protestants: mainline Protestants, evangelicals, and black Protestants. Significant differences emerge among the three groups on answers to both affective and policy‐oriented questions, and in both bivariate and multivariate contexts. Ultimately, it appears that religious tradition must figure in any explanation of American attitudes toward poverty and welfare.
Explaining Economic Assistance By Non‐Democratic Regimes: A Statistical Analysis of Authoritarian Aid to Less Developed Countries
Authors: Dannehl Charles R. , Rose Roger
Published: August 2010

This study examines the factors that account for patterns of economic aid distribution by authoritarian donors. The aid allocation decisions of four types of authoritarian political systems—Soviet Union, Eastern European countries, People's Republic of China, and members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries—are compared with those of the United States for the period 1976–1989. A model of donor decision‐making incorporating political, trade, and developmental objectives is applied to the aid activities of each donor type, using a pooled cross‐sectional time series design. The results indicate substantial variation in the objectives underlying the economic aid activities of different types of authoritarian donors, as well as some similarities between types of authoritarian donors and the US. These differences make it difficult to generalize about the aid allocation behavior of authoritarian regimes and pose a challenge to cumulation of research about the bilateral aid allocation process.
The Organizational Strategies of Political Parties: An Integrative Typology
Authors: Perkins Doug
Published: August 2010

The manner by which politicians attempt to mobilize support helps determine the character and quality of democracy, as well as the possibility for democratic consolidation. This article argues that the mobilization strategies politicians pursue as they attempt to win elections are affected by their access to secondary organizations, patronage, mass media outlets, and the electoral system. The results suggest that in cases where only one of these resources is available, the model performs as expected. In cases where multiple options are available, the politicians seem to prefer indirect methods of mobilization to direct ones, as well as using state patronage to support their efforts.
Public Opinion, Unpopular Policy and Congressional Activism: Exploring the “Mann Thesis” of U.S. Foreign Policy‐Making
Authors: Scott James M.
Published: August 2010

Most analysts agree that Congress has been more assertive on foreign policy since the Vietnam War. A general implication has been that analyses of foreign policy‐making increasingly address questions of the links between Congress and other, non‐governmental, domestic sources of foreign policy and when, how, and why members of Congress become involved. This article focuses on one possible explanation of congressional activism, which holds that members defer to presidential policy when it is popular with the public, and conversely, challenge presidential foreign policy initiatives when public opinion does not support the policy. To test this hypothesis, this article examines a sample of foreign policy initiatives, public opinion data, and congressional activism from the Carter, Reagan, and Bush administrations to determine the relationship, or lack thereof, between public opinion toward those policies and the level of congressional activism. The article concludes by assessing the implications of the results for American foreign policy‐making.
THE SILENCED MAJORITY: GLACIAL MOVEMENT OF WOMEN INTO KENTUCKY POLITICS
Authors: Miller Penny M.
Published: August 2010

Women play a critical but inadequate role in the political life of Kentucky. The intermittent impact of Kentucky women as voters, appointed officeholders, members of boards and commissions, party activists, lobbyists, and campaign contributors historically has lagged behind national averages. And the role Kentucky women play as elected representatives remains among the most muted in the nation. Despite the success of large numbers of women as local elected officials, at the highest level, women are, in effect, second‐class citizens. Only 12 percent of the state legislature “looks like” 52 percent of the population, despite the disproportionately high percentage of women who are active in the campaigns of the other 88 percent. The traditionalistic political culture, the powerful inertia of incumbency at all levels, and the entrenched “good old boy network” keep many women from office.
THE ROLE OF GENDER IN JUDICIAL CAMPAIGNS: NORTH CAROLINA TRIAL COURT RACES
Authors: Reid Traciel V.
Published: August 2010

Women comprise an increasing percentage of the legal profession, and their access‐to state judgeships is affected by their ability to compete in state judicial elections. This study draws upon the 1998 North Carolina District Court races to examine the impact of gender upon judicial campaigns. This study provides a comparative analysis of how women candidates and men candidates compete in judicial campaigns. Its findings suggest that, although women judicial candidates experienced little or no difficulty in financing their judicial campaigns, they might nevertheless have to confront other barriers to becoming trial court judges.
POLICY ATTRIBUTES AND STATE POLICY INNOVATION
Authors: Clark Jill
Published: August 2010

This paper generates new hypotheses for research on policy innovations. Some of these hypotheses explore the extent and speed of the diffusion of innovations across states. Others consider the circumstances and conditions when later adopters either expand the scope of innovations or reinvent the policy of leaders. The focus here is on the attributes of innovations rather than the characteristics of adopters. The goal is to encourage studies that compare diffusion patterns among policies as well as among states.
PEACE AS SOCIAL DUMPING IN THE MIDDLE EAST? PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FROM ISRAEL, EGYPT AND JORDAN
Authors: Piazza James A.
Published: August 2010

One of the celebrated rewards of a comprehensive peace settlement in the currently stalled Arab‐Israeli Peace Process is the peace dividend: economic development through intra‐regional trade and capital investment. The peace dividend is also positioned by its enthusiasts as a process that will reinforce peace while delivering economic benefits to all of the parties involved. Regionally integrated Middle Eastern markets for goods, capital, services and labor will bind the region together and will, in turn, reinforce the Peace Process itself, the peacemakers claim. However, what has been absent from discussions of the economic dimension of peace are the potential effects of increased intra‐regional integration on workers, wages and labor standards. Using a model developed by Erickson and Kuruvilla, this paper determines that between 1965 and 1997 the possibility that the peace dividend will have a negative impact on wages and jobs in the region increased substantially, a process known as social dumping. Increased incentives for Israeli manufacturers to relocate to Jordan and Egypt to exploit growing labor‐cost differentials is argued to have potentially severe consequences for workers in the three countries and may ultimately erode support for the Peace Process itself.
ORGANIZATIONAL INVOLVEMENT AND BLACK PARTICIPATION: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
Authors: McMiller Darryl L.
Published: August 2010

Empirical investigations of black political activity either do not include measures for associational affiliation among blacks or take into consideration differences among black organizations in their capacity to promote political activity among their members. In this investigation, a model of black political behavior was presented that included not only the standard predictors of political activity, but also incorporated measures for membership in different types of voluntary associations. Two important conclusions emerge from this study. First, this investigation demonstrated that since the 1960s, there has been an important transformation in the organizational infrastructure of the black community: blacks changed their voluntary memberships from political to nonpartisan organizations. Second, these findings showed that the decline in group‐based political mobilization since the 1960s is partly the result of this shift from partisan to nonpolitical affiliations.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS OF LIGAMENTO‐MUSCULAR PROTECTIVE REFLEXES: III. A study in man using the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint
Authors: PETERSÉN INGEMAR , STENER BERTIL
Published: August 2010

Petersen, I. and B. Stener. Experimental evaluation of the hypothesis of ligamento‐muscular protective reflexes. III. A study in man using the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint.

The tension in the ligament was increased in a natural way by forcibly trying to abduct the tibia on the femur. During such stimulation the motor activity in sartorius, semimembranosus and vastus medialis (i. e. in muscles capable of opposing an increase in tension in the ligament) was studied by electro‐myography. In 35 subjects (using 43 normal knee joints) it was never possible to detect any reflex motor effects ascribable to stimulation of receptors in the ligament. This is in close agreement with the results obtained by Andersson and Stener (1959) in cat. and is not in accordance with the hypothesis, put forward in the literature, that tension receptors in ligaments elicit a protective muscular reflex.
Language in Schizophrenia Part 1: An Introduction
Authors: Kuperberg Gina R.
Published: August 2010

This is the first of two articles that discuss higher‐order language and semantic processing in schizophrenia. This article reviews clinical characterizations of language output and the phenomenon of positive thought disorder, as well as more principled characterizations of language output in schizophrenia. It also gives an overview of evidence for the predominant theory of language dysfunction in schizophrenia: that it arises from abnormalities in (i) semantic memory and/or (ii) working memory and executive function. The companion article (Part 2) focuses on the study of language in schizophrenia using online psycholinguistic methods and considers how the study of schizophrenia may inform our understanding of normal language processing.
Varieties of Indefinites in Spanish
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Rexach Javier
Published: August 2010

The study of Spanish plural indefinites has been shown to be of great interest to the general theory of indefiniteness and the semantics of Spanish quantification. This article first presents an overview of the relevant empirical data and potential accounts of the semantic properties at stake. Finally, the differential behavior of these indefinites with respect to implicature generation is discussed in the framework of recent debates on this issue.
The Picture of the Linguistic Brain: How Sharp Can It Be? Reply to Fedorenko & Kanwisher
Authors: Grodzinsky Yosef
Published: August 2010

What is the best way to learn how the brain analyzes linguistic input? Two popular methods have attempted to segregate and localize linguistic processes: analyses of language deficits subsequent to (mostly focal) brain disease and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in health. A recent Compass article by Fedorenko and Kanwisher (FK, 2009) observes that these methods group together data from many individuals through methods that rely on variable anatomical landmarks and that results in a murky picture of how language is represented in the brain. To get around the variability problem, FK propose to import into neurolinguistics a method that has been successfully used in vision research – one that locates functional Regions Of Interest (fROIs) in each individual brain. In this note, I propose an alternative perspective. I first take issue with FK’s reading of the literature. I point out that, when the neurolinguistic landscape is examined with the right linguistic spectacles, the emerging picture – while intriguingly complex – is not murky, but rather, stable and clear, parsing the linguistic brain into functionally and anatomically coherent pieces. I then examine the potential value of the method that FK propose, in light of important micro‐anatomical differences between language and high‐level vision areas and conclude that as things stand the method they propose is not very likely to bear much fruit in neurolinguistic research.
Situating Spatial Language and the Role of Ontology: Issues and Outlook
Authors: Bateman John
Published: August 2010

Although the analysis and formalisation of the meaning of spatial expressions represents an extremely active area of research at this time, there remain significant problems in relating spatial expressions to their intended interpretations in context. In this article we motivate a spatial semantics architecture that draws a formal separation of linguistic semantics and non‐linguistic spatial descriptions. Methods drawn from ontological engineering are suggested to be relevant both for the representations of these areas and for specifying the interrelationships between them. In addition, a characterisation of current ontologies involving space is given, clarifying why spatial language is particularly difficult to interpret. The article concludes with our own proposal for a general architecture for natural language spatial semantics capable of being used across diverse applications. Extensive bibliographical references to the state of the art in spatial language and spatial ontologies are provided.
What‐is‐Said From Different Points of View
Authors: Terkourafi Marina
Published: August 2010

‘What‐is‐said’ was introduced as a technical term by Paul Grice in his William James lectures of 1967 as a way of drawing the line between what we know upon hearing an utterance based on our knowledge of the language, and ‘what is implicated’, i.e. what we can infer from the fact that an utterance has been made in context. Sometimes identified with the truth‐conditional or propositional content of an utterance, ‘what‐is‐said’ is nowadays hotly contested between literalist and contextualist approaches to meaning and has been variously reformulated or even downright rejected. This article summarizes the relevant debates in post‐Gricean pragmatics and presents some empirical evidence in favor of a literalist conception of ‘what‐is‐said’ as the content of the speaker’s locutionary act, which is prior to pragmatic enrichment and not cancellable.
Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine
Authors: Morens David M. , Taubenberger Jeffery K.
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Morens and Taubenberger. (2010) Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 327–337.

Objectives  To understand human influenza in a historical context of viral circulation in avian species, mammals, and in the environment.

Design  Historical review.

Setting  Global events in a variety of circumstances over more than 3,000 years time.

Sample  Comprehensive review of the historical literature including all major publications on pandemic and panzootic influenza.

Main Outcome Measures  Influenza pandemics, panzootics, major epidemics and epizootics, and instances of interspecies transmission of influenza A.

Results  Extensive documentation of human and animal influenza over many centuries suggests that influenza A viruses have adapted to a variety of species and environmental milieu and are capable of switching between many different hosts under widely varying circumstances.

Conclusions  The genetic elements of influenza A viruses circulate globally in an extensive ecosystem comprised of many avian and mammalian species and a spectrum of environments. Unstable gene constellations found in avian species become stable viruses only upon switching to secondary hosts, but may then adapt and circulate independently. It may be desirable to think of influenza A viruses as existing and evolving in a large ecosystem involving multiple hosts and environments. Implications for understanding human influenza are discusssed.
DIET AND CANCER*
Authors: Hankin Jean H.
Published: August 2010

Epidemiologic studies and experimental research strongly suggest that dietary factors are causally related to several major types of cancer. Carcinogens may function as initiators or promoters of tumors, and the evidence suggests that various dietary hypotheses should be tested. This review includes selected data from the literature and current epidemiologic studies of the Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, which illustrate the variations of diet and cancer incidence among diverse ethnic populations.
CANCER: NINETEENTH CENTURY SCIENCE — TWENTIETH CENTURY TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Potter John D.
Published: August 2010

Cancer is a major cause of death in western societies. Overall, there has been no decline in the incidence and little improvement in survival for twenty years. Hundreds of millions of dollars are regularly spent on cancer research. It is argued that much research effort is misdirected as a consequence of a limited view of the nature of the cancer process and the influences on it. Preoccupation with a nineteenth century view of the genesis of cancer and a twentieth‐century high‐technology approach to treatment has prevented the proper exploration of the determinants of cancer, and the development of different therapeutic modes. Several models of the cancer process are examined. A model which considers human populations, human behaviour (including social and economic factors) and the interactive nature of the biologic response of living organisms to the environment is developed. Some of the implications of this model for research and therapy are discussed.
RECENT MORTALITY TRENDS IN THE ADULT AUSTRALIAN POPULATION AND ITS PRINCIPAL ETHNIC GROUPINGS
Authors: Dunt David R.
Published: August 2010

Secular trends in mortality rates for ‘Allcauses’ and for nine very common diseases were analysed for age group 25–64 in Australia from 1966 to 1976. Substantial decline occurred for All‐causes and for most of the nine selected diseases. Trends were independent of changes in the ethnic composition of the population during this period. Continental Europeans, with the notable exception of Southern European females, have not experienced this downward trend in rates during the study period. Their considerable lead in mortality rates that existed in 1966 over native‐born Australians has consequently been eroded. Trends for Southern European males and females were similar to trends in their countries of origin both for Allcauses and for ischaemic heart disease during this period.
CRITIQUE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH MONITORING IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Mathews J. A.
Published: August 2010

The procedures used to collect data relating to occupational health in Australia are reviewed and a critique is offered of their adequacy in presenting a comprehensive picture of occupational health. Attention is focused on the death certification process and on the role of the cancer and perinatal statistics units. Proposals are offered for overhauling the social procedures for collecting public health data, with a view to providing a better base for preventive strategies.
COMMENTARY: BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE IS NOT SPOKEN HERE ‐ WHERE ARE THE INTERPRETERS?
Authors: Kamien M.
Published: August 2010

Some of the current problems with health care in Australia are due to the reluctance of orthodox medicine to incorporate a behavioural science perspective into its biomedical fabric. This narrow view of medicine is partly maintained by the failure of the behavioural scientists to address themselves to the study of mainstream medical practice in Australian society.
USABLE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE: SETTING THE AGENDA FOR TOBACCO REFORM
Authors: Peachment Allan
Published: August 2010

In some areas of public policy where reform is sought the assumed advantages of emphasising expert and professional knowledge should be reconsidered. Other approaches to problem solving ‐ interaction and social learning ‐ may have much to offer and the important role played by ordinary knowledge should be examined. The medical lobby's support for the Western Australian Government's failed attempt to pass its Tobacco (Promotion and Sale) Bill is examined as a case in point. That the lobby's emphasis on expert knowledge aimed mainly towards a parliamentary context may have been an important factor in the Bill's defeat. With the Bill's possible reintroduction into State Parliament consideration of other areas of knowledge, in addition to medical research, would enable reformers to exercise greater control over the political agenda.
DOES BULK BILLING CAUSE ABUSE OF MEDICARE?
Authors: Richardson J.
Published: August 2010

Medicare data are examined to determine whether there is an association between bulk billing and the ‘abuse’ of Medicare. It is found that, with the exception of one group — ‘GP‐Specialist’, there is no systematic relationship between bulk billing and increased medical incomes. Neither GP gross income nor total fees per patient vary significantly with the proportion of items bulk billed. By contrast, there is a significant and systematic increase in total fees per patient as medical incomes increase.
COMMENTARY: A BLIND EYE: COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES IN REMOTE AREAS OF AUSTRALIA
Authors: Cramer Jennifer
Published: August 2010

Community health services to remote Australian communities are frequently overlooked by health policy and planning authorities, despite the particular health and social problems confronting these communities. Nurses are the main providers of health care in isolated regions where they must perform an extended primary health care role. It is assumed that a nurse in the community can fulfil multiple and continuous roles in clinical care, and public health. In the absence of administrative expertise the isolated community health service functions more often by reflex action than design. Essential factors in the development of health services to remote communities include evaluation of current practices and staff utilisation. Greater accountability for funding would enforce regular reviews. Deliberate health services planning must be flexible to community changes and consider appropriate alternatives to the prevailing curative focus.
PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN BOURKE 1983–1985
Authors: Harris Mark
Published: August 2010

All pregnancies to Bourke residents ending over the three years from 1983 to 1985 (a total of 340) were retrospectively studied. Bourke Aboriginal women were more fertile and fell pregnant at a younger age than their non‐Aboriginal counterparts. Aborigines had eight times the perinatal mortality, much of which was still birth associated with syphilis. Syphilis occurred in 16 per cent of Aboriginal pregnancies reaching 20 weeks gestation but there were none among non‐Aboriginal pregnancies.

The birth rate of Aborigines has declined to almost half that of 1964–72, probably as a result of more accessible contraception. The birth weight of Aboriginal babies has also decreased coincidentally with an increase in tobacco smoking, unemployment and obesity among young Aboriginal adults. Improvements in the morbidity associated with Aboriginal pregnancies will require changes in education and the social inequality that exists in Bourke.
Geological Notes on Eastern Kansu§
Authors: P. L. Yuan
Published: August 2010

(Abstract) The specimen is collected from a small outcrop near the Lolo village of Mao Mao Kou, some 30 km. N.N.W. of Hui Li district in S. Szechuan, on the N. slope of Lung Tsao Shan, a prominant mountain some 8,000 feet above the sea, entirely covered by a basaltic lava of Permian age. The latter weathers into a residual red clay which covers the lower slopes. The contact of the syenite with the Lung Tsao Shan lava was not observed owing to the thick cover. East of the occurrence a series of steep dipping red shales appears. The exact relation of this series with the syenite is not clear, but it is probable that they are in actual contact. Further east the red shale series is thrown into contact with a coal series containing Rhætic plant fossils—probably by an overthrust as the whole coal series is highly folded.
The Cenozoic Sequence in the Yangtze Valley*
Authors: Teilhard de Chardin P. , Young C. C.
Published: August 2010

On the whole the sequence of the Cenozoic formations in the Yangtze basin and its provisional correlation with the Cenozoic sequence in North China, can be expressed in the following table:
Soil Profile Studies as an Aid to Understanding Recent Geology*
Authors: Thorp James
Published: August 2010

The soil forming processes of podzolization, calcification, alkalization and laterization are briefly described and mention is made of the broad soil groups which develop under their influence. The relationship between these soils and environmental factors of climate, vegetation, time and local relief is explained. Fossil soils of various parts of China and elsewhere are described and suggestions regarding past climatic conditions, as expressed by the fossil soils, are presented. Future detailed study of fossil soils in China is recommended, not only as a means of reconstructing the past but as a possible method for predicting the future.
Color–Shape Connotations of Geometric Figures
Authors: Sommer Robert , Sommer Barbara A. , Cho Julie H.
Published: August 2010

While many studies have examined the affective value of colors and shapes, there has been little investigation regarding how color and shape interact to influence affective response. This series of studies examined the semantic connotations of geometric shapes presented in different hues. Ratings of color names were similar to ratings of colors attached to shapes. When different combinations of color and shape were rated, color potentiated ratings of shape in a particular dimension, and vice versa (e.g., warm colors generally increased activity and cool colors decreased it). Color had more influence than did shape on connotations of activity and value. Only on ratings of size did shape have more effect than did color. The circle was rated as the most valuable and strongest of the five figures; the triangle was least valuable and lowest on strength. Color both potentiates those differences and adds specific new effects. Blue and green are the most–valued hues: brown and black the least–valued and least–active colors. Brown is also low on strength, but black was rated as the strongest of the six colors. Within the 30 shape–color interactions, the black circle was the largest and strongest figure. However, while black was very strong, it was rated low on value. Although translation of these findings into design recommendations can only be done with reference to a specific setting and client, it is important that designers are aware of the associative links between colors and generic geometric shapes and that they use those connections when appropriate.