bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive planning approach for customer DG installations in smart distribution networks
Authors: Alkaabi Sultan S. , Zeineldin Hatem H. , Khadkikar Vinod
Published: September 2017

The planning of active network management (ANM) schemes for distribution systems with distributed generation (DG) does not consider the random participation of customer‐owned DGs. This study analyses and addresses the impact of the integration of customer‐owned DG on the planning of ANM schemes and maximum DG penetration limits. The random customer DG installations are incorporated by considering sets of events where in each event the number, size and location of DG units are randomly generated. The events, in a set, are chronologically ordered and used to represent a possible scenario of customer‐owned DG installations. A two‐phase planning approach is proposed where the problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer non‐linear programming problem with an objective of determining the optimal ANM scheme for maximising the utility DG penetration considering customer DG installations. Several case studies are conducted on a generic 33 kV UK distribution network, including a comparison with the one‐time planning approach. The results show that the optimal ANM scheme will vary with the number, locations and sizes of customer DGs and thus for utilities to achieve maximum DG penetration, it is recommended to adaptively control and equip DG units with the capability of switching between various ANM schemes.
Synthesis of Dansyl-Substituted Cryptands Containing Triaza­cycloalkane Moieties and their Evaluation as Fluorescent Chemosensors
Authors: Chernichenko Nataliya , Shevchuk Vadim , Averin Alexei , Maloshitskaya Olga , Beletskaya Irina
Published: September 2017

A method for the synthesis of a new family of cryptands containing 1,4,7-triazacyclononane and 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane moieties and dansyl fluorophore groups has been elaborated starting from free triazacycloalkanes and employing Pd(0)-catalyzed amination at the macrocyclization step. The dependence of the products yields on the nature of reagents has been established. The majority of synthesized macrobicycles have been evaluated as possible chemosensors for detecting metal cations. Compound comprising 1,4,7-triazacyclononane and dioxadiamine linker proved to be a prospective colorimetric sensor for Cu(II) by changing its absorption spectrum in the presence of this cation, while other cryptands demonstrated full quenching of fluorescence in the presence of Cu(II) and Al(III) what makes them promising fluorescent molecular probes for these metals.
Neonatal Graves' Disease with Maternal Hypothyroidism
Authors: Akangire Gangaram , Cuna Alain , Lachica Charisse , Fischer Ryan , Raman Sripriya , Sampath Venkatesh
Published: September 2017

Neonatal Graves' disease presenting as conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a diagnostic challenge because the differential includes a gamut of liver and systemic diseases. We present a unique case of neonatal Graves' disease in a premature infant with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia born to a mother with hypothyroidism during pregnancy and remote history of Graves' disease. Infant was treated with a combination of methimazole, propranolol, and potassium iodide for 4 weeks. Thyroid function improved after 8 weeks of treatment with full recovery of thyroid function, disappearance of thyroid-stimulating antibodies, and resolution of failure to thrive and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. This case provides several clinical vignettes as it is a rare, severe, presentation of an uncommon neonatal disease, signs, symptoms, and clinical history presented a diagnostic challenge for neonatologists and endocrinologists, normal newborn screen was misleading, and yet timely treatment led to a full recovery.
Competency-Based Teaching in Radiology – Implementation and Evaluation of Interactive Workstation-Based Learning to Apply NKLM-Based Content
Authors: Koestner Wolfgang , Otten Wiebke , Kaireit Till , Wacker Frank , Dettmer Sabine
Published: September 2017

Purpose New teaching formats are required to implement competency-based teaching in radiology teaching. Therefore, we have established and evaluated two practical competency-based radiological courses.

Materials and Methods The courses were held in a multimedia room with 25 computers and a professional DICOM viewer. Students were taught basic image analysis and presented clinical cases with a DICOM viewer under supervision of an instructor using desktop monitoring software. Two courses (elective course and obligatory course) were evaluated by the students (n = 160 and n = 100) and instructors (n = 9) using an anonymized online survey.

Results Courses were evaluated positively by the students and instructors. From the perspective of the students, the courses increased understanding of cross-sectional anatomy (elective/obligatory course: 97 %/95 %) and radiologic findings (97 %/99 %). Furthermore, the course increased the students’ interest in radiology (61 %/65 %). The students considered this way of teaching to be relevant to their future occupation (92 % of students in the obligatory course). The higher incidence of teacher-student interaction and the possibility of independent image analysis were rated positively. The majority of instructors did not observe increased distractibility due to the computers (67 %) or notice worse preparation for MC tests (56 %). However, 56 % of instructors reported greater preparation effort.

Conclusion Practical competency-based radiological teaching using a DICOM viewer is a feasible innovative approach with high acceptance among students and instructors. It fosters competency-based learning as proposed by the model curriculum of the German Radiological Society (DRG) and the National Competency-based Catalogue of Learning Objectives for Undergraduate Medical Education (NKLM).

Key Points 

Citation Format
In vitro particulate analogue fluids for experimental studies of rheological and hemorheological behavior of glucose-rich RBC suspensions
Authors: Pinho Diana , Campo-Deaño Laura , Lima Rui , Pinho Fernando T.
Published: September 2017

Suspensions of healthy and pathological red blood cells (RBC) flowing in microfluidic devices are frequently used to perform in vitro blood experiments for a better understanding of human microcirculation hemodynamic phenomena. This work reports the development of particulate viscoelastic analogue fluids able to mimic the rheological and hemorheological behavior of pathological RBC suspensions flowing in microfluidic systems. The pathological RBCs were obtained by an incubation of healthy RBCs at a high concentration of glucose, representing the pathological stage of hyperglycaemia in diabetic complications, and analyses of their deformability and aggregation were carried out. Overall, the developed in vitro analogue fluids were composed of a suspension of semi-rigid microbeads in a carrier viscoelastic fluid made of dextran 40 and xanthan gum. All suspensions of healthy and pathological RBCs, as well as their particulate analogue fluids, were extensively characterized in steady shear flow, as well as in small and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow. In addition, the well-known cell-free layer (CFL) phenomenon occurring in microchannels was investigated in detail to provide comparisons between healthy and pathological in vitro RBC suspensions and their corresponding analogue fluids at different volume concentrations (5% and 20%). The experimental results have shown a similar rheological behavior between the samples containing a suspension of pathological RBCs and the proposed analogue fluids. Moreover, this work shows that the particulate in vitro analogue fluids used have the ability to mimic well the CFL phenomenon occurring downstream of a microchannel contraction for pathological RBC suspensions. The proposed particulate fluids provide a more realistic behavior of the flow properties of suspended RBCs when compared with existing non-particulate blood analogues, and consequently, they are advantageous for detailed investigations of microcirculation.
Global rotation of mechanical metamaterials induced by their internal deformation
Authors: Dudek K. K. , Gatt R. , Mizzi L. , Dudek M. R. , Attard D. , Grima J. N.
Published: September 2017

In this work, we propose the concept that a device based on mechanical metamaterials can be used to induce and control its own rotational motion as a result of internal deformations due to the conversion of translational degrees of freedom into rotational ones. The application of a linear force on the structural units of the system may be fine-tuned in order to obtain a desired type of rotation. In particular, we show, how it is possible to maximise the extent of rotation of the system through the alteration of the geometry of the system. We also show how a device based on this concept can be connected to an external body in order to rotate it which result may potentially prove to be very important in the case of applications such as telescopes employed in space.
The fluid dynamics of symmetry and momentum transfer in microchannels within co-rotating discs with discrete multiple inflows
Authors: Sengupta Sayantan , Guha Abhijit
Published: September 2017

This paper presents a systematic computational study of the flow in a shrouded rotor cavity (with depth of the order of 100 μm) with multiple discrete inflows revealing the physics of how an initially non-axisymmetric flow evolves, both in the Lagrangian and Eulerian frameworks, towards axisymmetry. The approach to axisymmetry happens faster for the tangential velocity as compared to the radial component. The non-uniform inlet condition for the radial and tangential velocities, consisting of high velocity at the inlet openings and zero velocity on the shroud wall in between two consecutive inlets, gives rise to an oscillatory variation in the velocity of a fluid particle, with progressively decreasing amplitude, if one tracks its motion along a surface streamline. The rate of decay of the amplitude increases, i.e., equivalently the approach to the axisymmetric condition happens at a greater radial location, as the number of inlets, Ninlet, is increased. When the rotational speed of the discs, Ω, is increased, the distribution of radial velocity (Ur) is significantly altered, which may result even in a change of the fundamental shape of its z-profile, changing from parabolic to flat to W-shaped. The fluid has to negotiate with two different non-uniformities within a short radial distance (Δrc): one in the θ–direction because of the presence of discrete inlets and the other in the z–direction due to the no-slip condition on the disc surface. An increase in Δrc from zero to a finite value assists in the attainment of the axisymmetric condition for both tangential and radial velocities, i.e., the axisymmetry is obtained at a larger radial location. The subtle and complex fluid dynamics of the approach to axisymmetry is comprehensively analysed by following the progressive development of the z-profiles of Ur along a surface streamline located on the middle-plane of the inter-disc-spacing for an eight-inlet flow-configuration. Two sets of velocity profiles are recorded—the first set at points whose azimuthal positions are directly aligned with the inlets and the second set at points which fall in the middle of two consecutive inlets. Both sets are of W-shape near the disc periphery, then they become flat in the middle, finally becoming parabolic. The velocity profiles of the two sets approach each other and finally become superposed when axisymmetry is attained.
Tourism experience: a review.
Authors: Scott N. , Le Dung Le Dung
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the theoretical literature on tourism experience and highlights the relevance of various psychological theories and concepts in understanding tourist experiences. The chapter first provides a brief history of the study of tourism experience, and then discusses the development of the concept of experience and different theoretical models.
Experiential decision choice.
Authors: Skavronskaya L. , Le Dung Le Dung , Moyle B. , Scott N.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews a number of key concepts relevant for research on the experiential aspects of tourism consumption, namely: emotion, prospection and retrospection, memory and especially autobiographical memory, sensations, fantasy, feelings and choice processes.
Measurement of visitors' emotion.
Authors: Li ShanShi Li ShanShi , Walters G. , Scott N.
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, tourism studies using self-report emotion measurement are first illustrated, the discussion of which is organized by different theories describing emotions. The chapter then assesses several psychophysiological methods such as electro-dermal activity (EDA), facial EMG (electromyography), eye tracking and heart rate, and the application of these techniques in related areas such as advertising and marketing is also provided. In particular, the use of psychophysiological methods in recent tourism studies is also highlighted. This chapter concludes that the use of both the self-report method and psychophysiological techniques is an important direction for future tourism research.
Sharing tourism experiences: literature review and research agenda.
Authors: Wu L. , Li Xiang Li Xiang
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews experience sharing in tourism and hospitality research. It first reviews relevant tourism and hospitality research to identify gaps in the literature, and follows this by providing a synthesized review of information sharing research in the field of consumer behaviour and marketing. Finally, opportunities for future research are discussed.
Differential context-specific impact of individual core promoter elements on transcriptional dynamics
Authors: Hendy Oliver , Campbell John , Weissman Jocelyn D. , Larson Daniel R. , Singer Dinah S.
Published: September 2017

Eukaryotic transcription occurs in bursts that vary in size and frequency, but the contribution of individual core promoter elements to transcriptional bursting is not known. Here we analyze the relative contributions to bursting of the individual core promoter elements—CCAAT, TATAA-like, Sp1BS, and Inr—of an MHC class I gene in primary B-cells during both basal and activated transcription. The TATAA-like, Sp1BS, and Inr elements all function as negative regulators of transcription, and each was found to contribute differentially to the overall bursting pattern of the promoter during basal transcription. Whereas the Sp1BS element regulates burst size, the Inr element regulates burst frequency. The TATAA-like element contributes to both. Surprisingly, each element has a distinct role in bursting during transcriptional activation by γ-interferon. The CCAAT element does not contribute significantly to the constitutive transcriptional dynamics of primary B-cells, but modulates both burst size and frequency in response to γ-interferon activation. The ability of core promoter elements to modulate transcriptional bursting individually allows combinatorial fine-tuning of the level of MHC class I gene expression in response to intrinsic and extrinsic signals.
Nonrandom γ-TuNA-dependent spatial pattern of microtubule nucleation at the Golgi
Authors: Sanders Anna A. W. M. , Chang Kevin , Zhu Xiaodong , Thoppil Roslin J. , Holmes William R. , Kaverina Irina
Published: September 2017

Noncentrosomal microtubule (MT) nucleation at the Golgi generates MT network asymmetry in motile vertebrate cells. Investigating the Golgi-derived MT (GDMT) distribution, we find that MT asymmetry arises from nonrandom nucleation sites at the Golgi (hotspots). Using computational simulations, we propose two plausible mechanistic models of GDMT nucleation leading to this phenotype. In the “cooperativity” model, formation of a single GDMT promotes further nucleation at the same site. In the “heterogeneous Golgi” model, MT nucleation is dramatically up-regulated at discrete and sparse locations within the Golgi. While MT clustering in hotspots is equally well described by both models, simulating MT length distributions within the cooperativity model fits the data better. Investigating the molecular mechanism underlying hotspot formation, we have found that hotspots are significantly smaller than a Golgi subdomain positive for scaffolding protein AKAP450, which is thought to recruit GDMT nucleation factors. We have further probed potential roles of known GDMT-promoting molecules, including γ-TuRC-mediated nucleation activator (γ-TuNA) domain-containing proteins and MT stabilizer CLASPs. While both γ-TuNA inhibition and lack of CLASPs resulted in drastically decreased GDMT nucleation, computational modeling revealed that only γ-TuNA inhibition suppressed hotspot formation. We conclude that hotspots require γ-TuNA activity, which facilitates clustered GDMT nucleation at distinct Golgi sites.
Slow Introduction
Authors: Chua Daniel K L
Published: September 2017

This is a book in three movements. It could have been in three chapters, but that would have made the text seem inordinately long—even convoluted, as though its ideas were sprawling out of control. It’s a matter of managing expectations. ‘Chapters’ imply division; the longer they are, the greater the itch to divide. A ‘movement’, on the other hand, need not scratch this itch, allowing ideas to have long trajectories that can modulate wildly at different frequencies. What appears to sprawl in a chapter is more coherent in a movement. The three movements, then, capture the flow and form of the ideas in this book, each with its own tempo and dynamics....
Someone
Authors: Chua Daniel K L
Published: September 2017

This ‘movement’ considers how Beethoven’s music models a freedom of alterity founded on an openness to the other, particularly through a close analysis of the Cavatina in Beethoven’s String Quartet in B♭ major, Op. 130. In contrast to the sublime freedom that defines its autonomy through resistance to external forces, music’s blank sign is reconfigured as an encounter with an-Other that is equally disarming in its fragility. The heroic Augenblick is confronted by another ‘look’ – the eyes of someone. This musical encounter is given a theological twist that affirms freedom in the face of vulnerability.
R&D Capital, R&D Spillovers, and Productivity Growth in World Agriculture
Authors: Fuglie Keith
Published: September 2017

Increasing the world’s food supply has depended heavily on increasing agricultural productivity, which in turn depends on investments in research and development (R&D). This article synthesizes findings from more than 40 studies on how R&D investments affect agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) in various parts of the world. The article breaks out the relative contributions to TFP growth of R&D by public institutions, private companies, and the CGIAR (a consortium of international agricultural research centers), including international technology spillovers. Major differences emerge between global regions in sources and efficiency of R&D capital. Developed countries appear to have benefitted more from private and international R&D spillovers than developing countries.
Evaluation and comparison of methods for recapitulation of 3D spatial chromatin structures
Authors: Park Jincheol , Lin Shili
Published: September 2017

How chromosomes fold and how distal genomic elements interact with one another at a genomic scale have been actively pursued in the past decade following the seminal work describing the Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) assay. Essentially, 3C-based technologies produce two-dimensional (2D) contact maps that capture interactions between genomic fragments. Accordingly, a plethora of analytical methods have been proposed to take a 2D contact map as input to recapitulate the underlying whole genome three-dimensional (3D) structure of the chromatin. However, their performance in terms of several factors, including data resolution and ability to handle contact map features, have not been sufficiently evaluated. This task is taken up in this article, in which we consider several recent and/or well-regarded methods, both optimization-based and model-based, for their aptness of producing 3D structures using contact maps generated based on a population of cells. These methods are evaluated and compared using both simulated and real data. Several criteria have been used. For simulated data sets, the focus is on accurate recapitulation of the entire structure given the existence of the gold standard. For real data sets, comparison with distances measured by Florescence in situ Hybridization and consistency with several genomic features of known biological functions are examined.
A Bayesian framework for the inference of gene regulatory networks from time and pseudo-time series data
Authors: Sanchez-Castillo M , Blanco D , Tienda-Luna I M , Carrion M C , Huang Yufei
Published: September 2017

Motivation

Molecular profiling techniques have evolved to single-cell assays, where dense molecular profiles are screened simultaneously for each cell in a population. High-throughput single-cell experiments from a heterogeneous population of cells can be experimentally and computationally sorted as a sequence of samples pseudo-temporally ordered samples. The analysis of these datasets, comprising a large number of samples, has the potential to uncover the dynamics of the underlying regulatory programmes.

Results

We present a novel approach for modelling and inferring gene regulatory networks from high-throughput time series and pseudo-temporally sorted single-cell data. Our method is based on a first-order autoregressive moving-average model and it infers the gene regulatory network within a variational Bayesian framework. We validate our method with synthetic data and we apply it to single cell qPCR and RNA-Seq data for mouse embryonic cells and hematopoietic cells in zebra fish.

Availability and implementation

The method presented in this article is available at https://github.com/mscastillo/GRNVBEM.
Modeling the Environmental Suitability for Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Contiguous United States
Authors: Johnson Tammi L , Haque Ubydul , Monaghan Andrew J , Eisen Lars , Hahn Micah B , Hayden Mary H , Savage Harry M , McAllister Janet , Mutebi John-Paul , Eisen Rebecca J
Published: September 2017

The mosquitoes Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.)(Diptera:Culicidae) and Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera:Culicidae) transmit dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses and represent a growing public health threat in parts of the United States where they are established. To complement existing mosquito presence records based on discontinuous, non-systematic surveillance efforts, we developed county-scale environmental suitability maps for both species using maximum entropy modeling to fit climatic variables to county presence records from 1960–2016 in the contiguous United States. The predictive models for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus had an overall accuracy of 0.84 and 0.85, respectively. Cumulative growing degree days (GDDs) during the winter months, an indicator of overall warmth, was the most important predictive variable for both species and was positively associated with environmental suitability. The number (percentage) of counties classified as environmentally suitable, based on models with 90 or 99% sensitivity, ranged from 1,443 (46%) to 2,209 (71%) for Ae. aegypti and from 1,726 (55%) to 2,329 (75%) for Ae. albopictus. Increasing model sensitivity results in more counties classified as suitable, at least for summer survival, from which there are no mosquito records. We anticipate that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus will be found more commonly in counties classified as suitable based on the lower 90% sensitivity threshold compared with the higher 99% threshold. Counties predicted suitable with 90% sensitivity should therefore be a top priority for expanded mosquito surveillance efforts while still keeping in mind that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus may be introduced, via accidental transport of eggs or immatures, and potentially proliferate during the warmest part of the year anywhere within the geographic areas delineated by the 99% sensitivity model.
Forming clusters within clusters: how 30 Doradus recollapsed and gave birth again
Authors: Rahner Daniel , Pellegrini Eric W , Glover Simon C O , Klessen Ralf S
Published: September 2017

The 30 Doradus nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) contains the massive starburst cluster NGC 2070 with a massive and probably younger stellar sub clump at its centre: R136. It is not clear how such a massive inner cluster could form several million years after the older stars in NGC 2070, given that stellar feedback is usually thought to expel gas and inhibit further star formation. Using the recently developed 1D feedback scheme warpfield to scan a large range of cloud and cluster properties, we show that an age offset of several million years between the stellar populations is in fact to be expected given the interplay between feedback and gravity in a giant molecular cloud with a density ≳500 cm−3 due to re-accretion of gas on to the older stellar population. Neither capture of field stars nor gas retention inside the cluster have to be invoked in order to explain the observed age offset in NGC 2070 as well as the structure of the interstellar medium around it.
Internal dark matter structure of the most massive galaxy clusters
Authors: Le Brun A M C , Arnaud M , Pratt G W , Teyssier R
Published: September 2017

We investigate the evolution of the dark matter density profiles of the most massive galaxy clusters in the Universe. Using a ‘zoom-in’ procedure on a large suite of cosmological simulations of total comoving volume of 3 (h − 1 Gpc)3, we study the 25 most massive clusters in four redshift slices from z ∼ 1 to the present. The minimum mass is M500 > 5.5 × 1014 M⊙ at z = 1. Each system has more than two million particles within r500. Once scaled to the critical density at each redshift, the dark matter profiles within r500 are strikingly similar from z ∼ 1 to the present day, exhibiting a low dispersion of 0.15 dex, and showing little evolution with redshift in the radial logarithmic slope and scatter. They have the running power-law shape typical of the Navarro–Frenk–White type profiles, and their inner structure, resolved to 3.8 h−1 comoving kpc at z = 1, shows no signs of converging to an asymptotic slope. Our results suggest that this type of profile is already in place at z > 1 in the highest-mass haloes in the Universe, and that it remains exceptionally robust to merging activity.
Herbert Hoover
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

With the German invasion of Belgium and France came economic chaos and the near total disruption of agriculture and the marketing of basic foodstuffs to the nearly 10 million residents now behind enemy lines. Herbert Hoover, a young mining executive, was tapped by the American ambassador to Britain to lead an American effort to establish, as a matter of highest urgency, a system to feed these people—otherwise threatened with starvation—until the war was ended. This chapter relates how he succeeded in what was widely believed to be an impossible task. When the United States entered the war in 1917, Hoover’s difficulties only multiplied. Now he had to convince the American people to consume far less, so that there might be food enough to keep the populations of the allied states from starvation.
Between the Wars
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

The years after World War I and before World War II saw famine, death, and revolution in many parts of the world. Russia suffered these calamities and worse. Hoover found himself again caught up in a struggle to feed millions of foreign citizens with American food. This time the supplicant was bolshevist Russia, a hated enemy, where famine had already caused the deaths of millions. The U.S. Congress was even more unwilling than before to aid Russia, wondering out loud why the United States should bail out a country that was so intent on falling to pieces. This chapter recounts how Hoover overcame U.S. legislative resistance and organized a major relief program in a country with an extremely anti-American government, where transport hardly worked, and where social organizations were frozen in indecision. The chapter then sums up the vastly changed character of American food aid over the period 1794–1924.
From Food Aid to Food Assistance: 1990–2014
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the many changes legislated for American food aid as, first, American nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) succeeded in receiving expanded legislative authority to use food aid for development objectives; second, “food security” became the primary objective of all forms of American food aid; and, third, Title III, Section 416(b) and Title I dwindled into non-availability. The remaining forms (Title II, Food for Progress, and Food for Education) seemed primed to focus on development objectives linked to improving food security. Unfortunately, the combination of budget stringencies, the increasing cost of food, the unwillingness of Congress to “untie” food purchases from domestic American sources, and a rapid increase in emergency relief needs conspired to greatly reduce the amount of food available to NGO and WFP development programs.
Change . . . and Resisting Change
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

The combination of ongoing U.S. budget stringency and continually increasing prices for food globally means that the size of traditional food aid shipments has been dropping. But so, too, has the number of food-insecure people. Is the need for food aid also declining? The number of refugees and conflict-displaced people is at an all-time high. In absolute numbers the food security situation in Sub-Saharan Africa is not improving. Continued high population growth and a slowing of progress in agricultural yields in that continent may mean that the hunger problem may well increase rather than decrease over the next fifty years. A continuation of global warming trends seems likely to further retard yields of unirrigated food crops and increase food prices in poor countries. Can the experience of the past 220 years of American responses to hunger abroad inform America’s responses in the decades ahead?
Crossings
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: September 2017

In 1770 Madeleine’s mistress, Anne Despense de la Loge, brought the adolescent Madeleine to Lorient, France, as her servant. Their voyage took them through Isle de France (Mauritius), where the French navy was preparing for war against the British. There, she sold or traded Madeleine to a colonial family from Isle Bourbon, Charles and Marie Anne Routier, despite French Free Soil laws that should have prevented the transfer, gift, or sale. Madeleine’s status as an Indian, rather than an African, made her slave status ambiguous at a time when French policy was increasingly tying African descent to slavery. The Routiers’ colonial wealth was founded in their parents’ service to the French East India Company and the expanding use of slave labor in island plantations.
Family Secrets
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: September 2017

Upon arrival with the Routier family in Isle Bourbon, Madeleine joined a diverse, hybrid community distant from royal administration in Paris. Local understandings of difference, especially “whiteness” diverged from those of the Atlantic world; in Isle Bourbon “white” was generally used as a synonym for freeborn, regardless of hue or geographic origins. Although French administrators tried to impose a ban on marriages between “whites” and “blacks” from the earliest days of settlement in the mid-seventeenth century, in fact the local creole population was hybrid from the beginning of colonization. Madeleine eventually gave birth to three children, Maurice (ca. 1776), Constance (1784), and Furcy (1786). It is likely that at least two of Madeleine’s children were the illegitimate children of her master; one of them, Constance, was manumitted as a baby. As slaves and bastards, Madeleine and her children were ineligible to inherit their master’s name or property.
Afterword
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: September 2017

Furcy’s fate after achieving legal recognition of his freedom was difficult to pinpoint, but his life has been reclaimed as a symbol to the people of Réunion who seek justice and equality today. Several plays, an award-winning novel by Mohammed Aïssaoui, and a popular song by Kaf Malbar all celebrate Furcy’s resistance to slavery. Yet the true meaning of Furcy’s struggle for freedom is more ambiguous; he certainly fought long and hard for his own freedom, but did not participate actively in the wider antislavery movement. For Furcy, freedom meant the capacity to enjoy his status as a father, husband, and property-owner, including the ownership of two slaves before slavery was abolished in Mauritius.
Public Liturgy
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: September 2017

Unlike those in many other cities, Venetian nuns acted primarily as patrons, rather than performers. This chapter examines the employment of musicians, both singers and instrumentalists, for a wide range of religious occasions, from weekly sung Masses involving primarily clergy, to annual public expositions of the Holy Sacrament, to spectacular celebrations of the annual patronal feast of each nunnery, with the participation of some of the most important musicians of the city. These events were witnessed and described by both Venetians and foreign visitors, and were publicized in visitors’ guidebooks by such people as Vincenzo Coronelli. Both civic and ecclesiastical authorities attempted, with varying degrees of success, to limit expenditures for these events and what was sometimes seen as excessive display, more appropriate for the theater than the church. Authorities also worked to restrict contact between the nuns and the men whom they paid to perform.
The Porous Grate
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: September 2017

There were several reasons why the nunneries found it necessary to hire male music teachers. While in most cases new nuns learned plainchant from the older members of the choir, in certain situations outside expertise was required. Novices also required training in singing their portions of the rituals of clothing and profession, a role often carried out by secular professionals. The nunneries also housed young women resident students, whose studies, in addition to languages and comportment, sometimes included vocal or instrumental music. Teachers for these various purposes included G. B. Volpe, Giovanni Rovetta, Bartolomeo Barbarino, and Francesco Cavalli. All of these activities involved potentially dangerous interactions between the nuns and unrelated men, so the civil and ecclesiastical authorities attempted to maintain close control, if necessary arresting and trying men, including the organist Giovanni Pichi, who violated procedures.
A Virtuous Recreation? Musical and Theatrical Entertainments for and by the Nuns
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: September 2017

Church authorities recognized that the nuns needed some opportunity for appropriate recreation, so allowed them to perform sacred or moral theatrical works for themselves. This chapter also refutes, however, hypotheses put forth by other scholars that printed plays dedicated to nuns can be seen as a repertoire of works they performed. The nuns often violated the rules, performing secular plays and even operas, not only for themselves, but also for an audience of the public in the parlor. Similarly, rules entirely forbade the performance of theatrical or concerts in the parlors of nunneries by outsiders, but such events, including balls, happened often, sometimes apparently with the tacit approval of the authorities. Musicians known to have performed in the parlors include the composer Antonio Sartorio and the prima donna Marietta Barbieri. The Provveditori sopra Monasteri also prosecuted musicians and their patrons for performances of musical serenades outside the walls of convents but within the hearing of the nuns.
Aristotle on Practical Truth
Authors: Olfert Christiana
Published: September 2017

Aristotle’s theories of truth, practical reasoning, and action are some of the most influential theories in the history of philosophy. It is surprising, then, that so little attention has been given to his notion of practical truth. In Aristotle on Practical Truth, C. M. M. Olfert gives the first book-length treatment of this notion and the role of truth in our practical lives overall. She offers a novel account of practical truth: it is the truth, in the technical Aristotelian sense of “truth,” about what is good simpliciter (haplôs) for a particular person in her particular situation. Olfert argues that, understood in this way, Aristotle’s notion of practical truth is an attractive idea that illuminates the core of his practical philosophy. But it is also an idea that challenges a common view that in practical reasoning, we aim at action or acting well as our primary goals, not at truth and knowledge. Contrary to this common view, Olfert shows that in dialogues such as Charmides, Protagoras, and Republic, Plato describes practical reasoning as being concerned equally with grasping the truth and with acting well. She argues that Aristotle develops this Platonic picture with the notion of practical truth and with a technical notion of rational action as fitting ourselves to the world. Using key texts from the Nicomachean and Eudemian Ethics, as well as De Anima, Metaphysics, De Interpretatione, and Categories, Olfert demonstrates that practical truth deserves to be treated as a central and plausible Aristotelian idea.
Aristotle’s Conception of Practical Truth
Authors: Olfert C. M. M.
Published: September 2017

Aristotle’s notion of practical truth is important to his view of practical reasoning as being, at once, both rational and practical. But what is practical truth? I argue for an original interpretation according to which practical truth is the truth about what is unqualifiedly good for someone, but can be otherwise. This interpretation has two advantages. First, it allows practical truth to fall within Aristotle’s standard account of truth. Second, it explains the sense in which practical truth is distinctly practical: according to Aristotle, what we take to be (truly) unqualifiedly good for ourselves motivates us to act. Practical reasoning is then defined as the distinctive kind of reasoning that is concerned with this distinctly practical kind of truth. Understood in this way, practical truth is far from a mysterious and marginal part of Aristotle’s ethical theory. It plays an ineliminable and central role in his account of practical reasoning.
Rational Action and Fitting Oneself to the World
Authors: Olfert C. M. M.
Published: September 2017

In Chapter 4, I argue that a proper understanding of practical truth improves our understanding of the goal of practical reasoning: acting well. It does so, first, by improving our understanding of what it means for rational motives, including wishes (boulêseis) and decisions (prohaireseis), to be “rational.” I argue that these are “rational” motives in that they express a concern for practical truth. Second, my account of practical truth transforms our understanding of rational action itself. I argue that when we act on our rational motives, these actions have a striking and under-appreciated feature: they are attempts to fit ourselves to the world. Just as a concern for truth expressed in thought involves trying to fit our thoughts to the way the world is, a concern for truth expressed in motivation and action involves trying to fit ourselves and our actions to what is good in the world.
Practical Truth and New Pleasures
Authors: Olfert C. M. M.
Published: September 2017

In Chapter 6, I argue that Aristotle’s notion of practical truth helps explain a key feature of character development: namely, the acquisition of excellent pleasures. Aristotle’s account of character development tells us that we can come to have new and better pleasures through a process of habituation. But how this is possible is difficult to explain. After all, habituation works by using our current experiences of pleasure and pain to improve our characters. How, then, can habituation improve and transform, and not merely reinforce, our original, non-excellent patterns of pleasure and pain? Building on my account of pleasures as bearers of practical-truth-values from Chapter 5, I argue that we can use our rational assessments of practical truth to influence the process of habituation and to transform our pleasures. In this way, a clear and convincing account of practical truth improves our understanding of Aristotle’s theory of ethical development.
Introduction
Authors: Serlin David
Published: September 2017

In the Introduction, David Serlin first underscores the critical need to interrogate the unspoken narratives of masculinity and disability that saturate our contemporary world by surveying conventions of representation. Precisely because of the penetratingly naturalized and mutually reinforcing status that this survey and the essays in Phallacies disclose, the intersection of disability and masculinity are revealed as a powerful, revealing node at which to understand the production, reproduction, and contestation of gender and ability. They reveal the impoverishment of any historical enterprise that interrogates the male body or the male mind while simultaneously eliding a critical analysis of normativity. By catapulting this vital node to a central analytical position, the authors in Phallacies chart a course for a fundamental and recuperative historical process.
Disability’s Other
Authors: Creadick Anna
Published: September 2017

The notion of “disability” relies on the concept of “normal.” Like disability, normality has a traceable history as an epistemological category. The mobilization of soldiers during World War II and, to a lesser degree, World War I, meant thousands of minds and bodies could be, and were, measured. A curious obsession with defining “normal” took hold, as doctors, scientists, and anthropologists gathered and applied statistical data to try measure “normal” bodies and describe “normal” character. Enlistees were subjected to psychological testing; sexologists used anthropometric methods to map the “normal” American body; and an interdisciplinary team at Harvard launched a longitudinal study of “normal men.” Taken together, such pursuits of “normality” were inextricable from midcentury anxieties about mental health, embodiment, masculinity, and the nation. By illuminating and gendering the “normal,” such forces functioned both to evoke and then exclude “disabled” bodies from the social body.
Masculinity or Bust
Authors: Simpson Murray K.
Published: September 2017

Released in 1965, Russ Meyer’s film Faster Pussycat! Kill! Kill! centers on the violent and sexually predatory behavior of three go-go dancers in search of a hidden fortune on an isolated desert ranch. The amoral “machismo” of the women’s behavior contrasts sharply with that of three male characters: the greedy and misogynistic “Old Man,” a wheelchair user and owner of the ranch; his son, the “Vegetable,” a muscular beefcake to match the voluptuous cheesecake of the go-go dancers’ appearance; and the Old Man’s nondescript other son, relegated to the role of housewife by the disabilities of his father and brother. The chapter explores the impact of disability on Meyer’s constructions of masculinity showing how disability produces the feminization of the nondisabled caregiving son and how the intellectual disability of the other son renders him less than human, despite being the physical model of masculine perfection.
“A Blind Man’s Homecoming”
Authors: Meyer Jessica
Published: September 2017

This chapter draws upon the personal narratives of noncommissioned rankers serving with the British Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I to explore how these men responded to encounters with bodily strength and weakness in their roles as male caregivers. In particular, it examines how they constructed the disablement of combatant troops by warfare in light of their own role as noncombatant service men. It locates this analysis in the context of a cultural historiography that has examined the gendering of the disabled male body in war primarily in relation to female caregivers. By examining the impact of disability on relationships between men in wartime, this chapter explores the role of the male gaze in constructing war disability and the gendering of caregiving.
Hysteria in the Male
Authors: Barberis Daniela S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the comparative differences between male and female hysteria in the work of the nineteenth-century French psychiatrist Jean Martin Charcot and his students, known as the Salpêtrière school. This prevalent model allows us to explore gender constructs and, especially, concepts of masculinity in late-nineteenth-century France and their connection to the capacity to work, a capacity impaired when so-called nervous disabilities affected patients. The chapter shows that hysteria, a condition most often associated with women in the history of psychiatry and in the writings of Charcot’s most famous student, Sigmund Freud, also applied to men.
Mythological Pedagogies, or Suicide Clubs as Eugenic Alibi
Authors: Brian Kathleen M.
Published: September 2017

During the final two decades of the nineteenth century, newspapers reported that dozens of “suicide clubs” were operating in the United States. By restoring and pursuing the uncertainty that marked these reports, as well underscoring the ultimate unknowability of the men who became the stories’ main protagonists, this chapter argues that such reports served as mythic pedagogies for naturalizing a quickly consolidating eugenics rationale. The power to mythify entailed not only the bleeding out of biography and history but also the replenishing infusion of politically useful alternatives. In this particular case study, the hemorrhage was necessitated by the political urgency surrounding the labor question and by capitalists’ need for a different story. They needed a different “sense of life” that would reframe material realities, and they did so by ventriloquizing a handful of men who died by suicide.
Making Useful Men
Authors: Ellis Rebecca
Published: September 2017

In 1884, Thomas Drysdale approached the powerful but embattled organization of elite women, the Capital City Beneficence Society in Buenos Aires, Argentina, with an offer to fund a school for the blind that the women would organize and run. The society initially welcomed the opportunity, but when international attitudes toward female authority affected their ability to pursue Drysdale’s plan for the new institution, the women at the society converted the program to one that would more directly address their own political agenda. Instead of a school, the society developed a small classroom where handpicked blind children from their orphanages, mostly male, were trained in order that the boys serve as symbols to the society’s detractors who claimed that as women they were incapable of cultivating young male citizens using modern educational techniques.