bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN MIT BETAIN 11. MITT. CHINOLONE AUS TRIPHENYLPHOSPHIN‐METHYLENEN UND P‐NITRO‐PHENYLISOCYANAT
Authors: WITTMANN HELGA , SOBHI DJAMSCHID
Published: March 2016

Die Enolbetaine (I) reagieren mit dem Isocyanat (II) unter intramolekularer Abspaltung von Triphenylphosphinoxid zu den Chinolonen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: MESOIONISCHE SECHSRINGHETEROCYCLEN 5. MITT. PYRIDINIUM‐YLIDE VON MALONYLHETEROCYCLEN
Authors: KAPPE THOMAS , KHORCHID‐ZADEH RAZMIK , STEININGER HEINZ
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion der Dichlor‐chinolinderivate (I) mit Pyridin (II) liefert über die Chloride (III) die Ylide (IV); aus dem Indandion (V) wird ähnlich′ das Ylid (VI) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDRAZINE 2. MITT. SYNTHESE VON PYRROLO(1,2‐B)‐1,2,4,5‐TETRAZINEN
Authors: NEUNHOEFFER HANS , DEGEN HANS‐JUERGEN
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion 1,4‐bifunktioneller Verbindungen, wie Maleinsäurederivate, mit Acethydrazidin ‐ HCl (II), die zu Vertretern des neuen Titelsystems führt, wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CONDENSATION REACTION OF TRICHLOROSILANE WITH ALLYLIC CHLORIDES CATALYZED BY COPPER SALTS IN THE PRESENCE OF A TERTIARY AMINE
Authors: FURUYA N. , SUKAWA T.
Published: March 2016

Trichlorsilan (I) reagiert in Gegenwart von Kupfer(l)‐chlorid und Triäthylamin bereits bei Raumtemperatur mit den Allylhalogeniden (II) in guten Ausbeuten zu den Allyltrichlorsilanen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: AMBIDENT NUCLEOPHILES PART 1, REACTION OF SODIUM DIISOPROPYLPHOSPHOROTHIOATE (I) WITH SOME HALIDES OF GROUP IV (II)
Authors: DUNCAN I. A. , GLIDEWELL C.
Published: March 2016

Von den theoretisch bei der Reaktion von (I) und (II) zu erwartenden S‐ und O‐gebundenen Produkten werden nur die letzteren (III) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: THIAZOLVERBINDUNGEN 2. MITT. SYNTHESE VON (5‐THIAZOLYL)(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHORANYLIDENHYDRAZONOMETHYL)KETONEN
Authors: CSAVASSY GYOERGY + , SUCIU DAN
Published: March 2016

Die Diazomethyl‐thiazolyl‐ketone (I) bilden mit dem Phosphin (II) die Phosphoranylidenhydrazone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROXYL PROTECTION PART 3, SYNTHESIS AND CLEAVAGE OF 2‐(PHENYLSELENO)ETHYL ETHERS
Authors: HO T.‐L. , HALL T. W.
Published: March 2016

2‐Bromäthylphenylselenid (I) reagiert mit den Alkoholen (II) zu den Äthern (III), die mit 30% H2O2 in THF wieder zu den Alkoholen (II) gespalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL COMPLEXES OF ALKYLATING AGENTS PART 1, COMPLEXES OF AZIRIDINYL SUBSTITUTED PHOSPHINE OXIDES, POTENTIAL ANTI‐CANCER AGENTS
Authors: INLOW RUSH O. , JOESTEN MELVIN D.
Published: March 2016

Die Komplexe (II)‐(lX) mit den Phosphinoxid‐Liganden (Ib)‐(Ie) (Verbindungen mit bekannter Anti‐Krebs‐Wirksamkeit) werden (aus den Komponenten) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ARYLINDIUM HALIDES, (C6H5)(N)INX(3‐N) (X=CL, BR, J)
Authors: MILLER S. B. , JELUS B. L. , BRILL T. B.
Published: March 2016

Durch oxidative Arylierung von Indium(I)‐halogeniden mit Arylquecksilber‐halogeniden oder Dialylquecksilber werden die verschiedenen Arylindiumverbindungen (I) und (II) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON CYCLOOCTATETRAEN‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLCHROM(I)
Authors: MUELLER J. , MENIG H.
Published: March 2016

Ein Gemisch des Chromkomplexes (I) mit Cyclooctatetraen (II) reagiert in Äther bei ‐5 0°C mit Isopropylmagnesiumbromid (III) zum Cyclooctatetraen‐cyclopentadienylchrom (IV), das mit Hexafluorophosphorsäure das Hexafluorophosphat (V) und mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid die Verbindung (VI) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: COBALT(II) COMPLEXES OF LIGANDS HAVING SEVERAL THIOUREA, OR SELENOUREA, GROUPS
Authors: TARANTELLI TURIDDU , CHIARI BRUNETTO
Published: March 2016

Reaktionen von Co(II)‐halogeniden und ‐perchlorat mit Polymethylen‐bis‐[phenylthioharnstoff] und Triäthylamin‐tris‐[phenylthioharnstoff] in n‐Butanol werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUTRAL TRANSITION‐METAL COMPLEXES AS PROBES FOR SOLVENT STRUCTURE, THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF (N,N′‐1‐METHYLETHYLENEBIS(O‐AMINOBENZYLIDENEIMINATO))COBALT(II) IN SOME PURE AND MIXED SOLVENTS
Authors: BARCELONA MICHAEL J. , DAVIES GEOFFREY
Published: March 2016

Die spektralen Eigenschaften des Komplexes in Wasser, Methanol, Äthanol, Propanol, tert.‐Butylalkohol, Benzol, Pyridin und Aceton und in Mischungen dieser Lösungsmittel mit Wasser unter deoxygenierten Bedingungen werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIS‐OLEFIN COMPLEXES OF RHODIUM(I) AND IRIDIUM(I) CONTAINING THE TETRADENTATE LIGANDS TRIS(BUT‐3‐ENYL)PHOSPHINE AND TRIS(PENT‐4‐ENYL)PHOSPHINE
Authors: CLARK P. W. , HARTWELL G. E.
Published: March 2016

Darstellung und Reaktionen der Rhodium‐Komplexe (III) und (VI), sowie ihrer Iridium‐Analoga (IX) werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION DES D‐MANNARSAEURE‐1,4/6,3‐DILACTONS
Authors: HEYNS KURT , LINKIES ADOLF
Published: March 2016

Das Mannarsäuredilacton (I) wird durch KMnO4 in Gegenwart von saurem Ionenaustauscher zu den Verbindungen (IIa) bzw. (IIb) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLISCHE VERBINDUNGEN AUS ZUCKERN 7. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON AL‐D‐GALAKTOSEDERIVATEN MIT L‐CYSTEIN, BEITRAEGE ZUR STEREOCHEMIE VON 2‐(POLYHYDROXYALKYL)THIAZOLIDIN‐4‐CARBONSAEUREN
Authors: BOGNAR REZSO , GYOERGYDEAK ZOLTAN + , SZILAGYI LASZLO , SOMOGYI LASZLO
Published: March 2016

L‐Cystein (II) reagiert mit der Galaktose (I) zur Thiazolidincarbonsäure (III) (1H‐NMR‐Spektrum).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF METHYL 6BETA‐PHENOXYACETAMIDOPENICILLANATE S‐ AND R‐OXIDES WITH N‐CHLORO‐N‐SODIOURETHANE LEADING TO NEW PENAMS AND CEPHEMS
Authors: BREMNER D. H. , CAMPBELL M. M. , JOHNSON G.
Published: March 2016

Das N‐Chlor‐N‐natriumurethan (II) reagiert mit dem S‐Oxid (1) zu den b‐Lactamprodukten (III) und (IV) neben (V).
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ALUMINIUM IODATE NITRATE HEXAHYDRATE
Authors: CRADWICK PETER D. , DE ENDREDY ANDREW S.
Published: March 2016

Die Kristallstruktur der Titelverbindung wird mit Patterson‐ und Fourier‐Verfahren anhand 3‐dimensionaler Röntgendaten bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS VON STRUKTURLEERSTELLEN AUF DIE STRAHLENSCHAEDIGUNG VON TITANCARBID
Authors: ROGOVOI YU. I. , KOVAL'CHENKO M. S. , OGORODNIKOV V. V.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Neutronenbestrahlung von Titancarbid mit fast stöchiometrischer Zusammensetzung (TiC0,94) bilden sich hauptsächlich Punktdefekte.
ChemInform Abstract: ELEKTROPHYSIKALISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON SILBERTELLURID
Authors: GORBACHEV V. V. , PUTILIN I. M.
Published: March 2016

Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Hall‐Koeffizienten und der Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit von Silbertellurid wird im Temperaturintervall von 80‐800 K untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: TEMPERATUR‐ UND KONZENTRATIONSABHAENGIGKEIT DER STROMAUSBEUTE BEI DER TRANSPASSIVEN AUFLOESUNG DES EISENS UNTER STATIONAEREN BEDINGUNGEN
Authors: FRANKE L. , FORKER W.
Published: March 2016

Die Stromausbeute transpassiver Metallauflösungsreaktionen, die mit Sauerstoffent‐ Wicklung verbunden sind, läßt sich als Funktion der Reaktionsstromdichte angeben.
ChemInform Abstract: KONTAKTWECHSELWIRKUNG VON CERMETS AUF CHROMOXIDBASIS MIT FLUESSIGEM NICKEL UND SEINEN LEGIERUNGEN
Authors: KISLYI P. S. , PANASYUK A. D. , BELYKH A. B.
Published: March 2016

Die Abhängigkeit des Benetzungswinkels von Cr2O3 ‐Cr‐Cermets durch flüssiges Nickel vom Cr‐Gehalt wird festgestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CONTROL OF SURFACE ACIDITY DISTRIBUTION OF MIXED OXIDE CATALYSTS
Authors: BALIKOVA M. , BERANEK L.
Published: March 2016

Die Aciditätsverteilung an der Oberfläche von Silicagel, Mg‐, Al‐ und Zr‐silicaten sowie von Mg‐alumosilicaten wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: RATE OF REACTION OF HYDROGEN WITH LIQUID LITHIUM, COMPARISON WITH SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
Authors: PARRY GRAHAM , PULHAM RICHARD J.
Published: March 2016

Die Absorptionsgeschwindigkeiten werden an sauberen Li‐Oberflächen im Temperaturbereich von 217‐295°C und Drücken bis zu 23,7 kNm(‐2) bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: (13)C‐NMR SPECTRA OF SOME STEROIDAL UNSATURATED KETONES
Authors: HANSON JAMES R. , SIVERNS MICHAEL
Published: March 2016

Es werden ungesättigte 3‐ und 7‐Oxo‐androstane wie z.B. Androsten‐(4)‐dion‐(3,l 7) und Androsten‐(5)‐dion‐(7,1 7) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF 5,6,7,8‐TETRAHYDROQUINOLINES AND 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10‐OCTAHYDROQUINOLINES TO TRANS‐DECAHYDROQUINOLINES
Authors: VIERHAPPER F. W. , ELIEL E. L.
Published: March 2016

Die Reduktion verschiedener teilhydrierter mehrkerniger Stickstoffaromaten wird systematisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: KETOALDEHYDE 12. MITT. REAKTION VON GRIGNARD‐VERBINDUNGEN MIT 1,4‐KETOALDEHYDEN
Authors: VASKAN R. N. , KOVALEV B. G.
Published: March 2016

Reaktionen von Lävulinaldehyd (I) mit den Grignard‐Verbindungen (II) (Molverhältnis 2: 1) in Diäthyläther bei ‐l 5°C liefern hauptsächlich die Ketole (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTION VON KALIUM‐TRICYANOMETHID MIT SULFURYL‐ UND THIONYLCHLORID
Authors: ZEFIROV N. S. , CHAPOVSKAYA N. K. , D'YACHKOVA L. YA. , TRACH S. S.
Published: March 2016

Das Tricyanomethid (I) reagiert mit äquimolaren Mengen von SO2Cl2 bei 20°C glatt zu Chlortricyanmethan (II); bei Einsatz eines SO2Cl2‐ Überschusses bildet sich das N‐Chlor‐iminoacylchlorid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESEN AUF DER BASIS VON HALOGENMAGNESIUMALKOHOLATEN 3. MITT. REAKTION VON HALOGENMAGNESIUMCARBINOLATEN MIT OXALYLCHLORID
Authors: LAPKIN I. I. , SHCHEPIN V. V. , RYBAKOVA M. N.
Published: March 2016

Durch Reaktionen der Ketoester (I) mit den BrMg‐alkoholaten (II) in siedendem Diäthyläther werden die Carbinolate (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLVERBINDUNGEN MIT ELIMINIERBARER FUNKTION IN BETA‐STELLUNG 1. MITT. ELIMINIERUNG AUS BETA‐HYDROXYCARBENOIDEN UND UEBERFUEHRUNG IN ALPHA‐CHLORKETO‐ENOLATE
Authors: VILLIERAS J. , BACQUET C. , NORMANT J. F.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Reaktion der α‐Chloralkohole bzw. ‐alkoholate (I) mit Butyllithium (II) entstehen die α‐Chlorketone (III), in manchen Fällen werden in geringem Umfang auch die α‐Chloraldehyde (IV) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: HALOGENIERUNG VON N‐PERCHLORVINYLIMINOESTERN
Authors: DRACH B. S. , KOVALEV V. A. , LAVRENYUK T. YA.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Chlorierung der durch Kondensationen der Iminobenzoylchloride (I) mit Na‐methylat bzw. Na‐p‐nitrophenolat dargestellten N‐Perfluorvinyl‐iminobenzoesäureester (III) in Tetrachlormethan entstehen die N‐Perfluoräthyl‐Derivate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: DEHYDRATISIERUNG VON 1,1,4,4‐TETRAPHENYL‐BUTADIEN‐(1,2)‐OL‐(4)
Authors: ZLOBINA V. I. , LIBMAN N. M. , KUZNETSOV S. G.
Published: March 2016

Die Dehydratisierung des Tertraphenylbutadienols (II) in siedendem Eisessig (auch in siedendem äthanolischem H2SO4 oder in siedendem Acetanhydrid) liefert glatt das Phenyldiphenylmethyleninden (I).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURES OF ISOMERIC GRIGNARD COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM 2,2‐DIPHENYLETHYL 2,4,6‐TRIMETHYLPHENYL KETONE AND THEIR CORRESPONDING ENOL BENZOATES
Authors: PINKUS A. G. , WU A. B.
Published: March 2016

Aus der Benzalverbindung (I) und Phenylmagnesiumbromid (II) entsteht das Magnesiumenolat (III), das auch aus der Bromverbindung (V) oder dem Keton (VI) mit Äthylmagnesiumbromid (IV) erhalten werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: HALOGENIERUNG VON 1‐PHTHALYL‐2‐PHENYL‐3‐ACYL‐PROPANEN
Authors: ZALUKAEV L. P. , ZALUKAEVA E. A. , AVER'YANOVA I. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Triketone (I) reagieren mit Chlor oder Brom in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff, Eisessig oder Alkohol/Wasser/Soda bzw. mit J od/Methanol zu den Halogenketonen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF ETHYLENEIMINE PART 11, ADDITION REACTION OF 2‐AMINOMETHYLETHYLENEIMINE AT THE ACTIVATED CARBON‐CARBON BOND
Authors: GILLER S. A. , EREMEEV A. V. , KHOLODNIKOV V. A. , LIEPIN'SH E. E.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung des Aminomethyläthylenirnins (I‐) mit den Acry1säurederivaten(II) in Äthanol bei 15 ‐ 18°C führt zu Gemischen der Verbindungen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: HALOLACTONES FROM 1,4‐DIHYDROBENZOIC ACIDS
Authors: BARNETT W. E. , NEEDHAM L. L.
Published: March 2016

Aus den 1,4‐Dihydro‐benzoesäuren (Ia)‐(Id) entstehen bei der Bromlactonisierung die Lactone (II) und (III), deren Anteile in Relation zur Struktur der Ausgangsmaterialien bestimmt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF FURFURYLIDENEANILINE‐N‐OXIDE AND ITS 1,3‐DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION ON OLEFINS
Authors: SINGH N. , SETHI P. S.
Published: March 2016

Das durch Kondensation von Furfural mit Phenylhydroxylamin quantitativ erhältliche Nitron (I) addiert Styrol (IIa), Acrylnitril (IIb) und Phenylisocyanat unter Bildung der Oxazole (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) bzw. des Oxadiazolons (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: BENZO(B)THIOPHENE 4. MITT. 3‐(4‐AMINOALKYLOXYBENZOYL)‐BENZO(B)THIOPHENE MIT POTENTIELLER ANTIANGINOESER WIRKUNG
Authors: GUBIN JEAN , CLAEYS NORBERT , DERAY EDMOND , DESCAMPS MARCEL , BAUTHIER JACQUES , RICHARD JEAN , CHARLIER ROBERT
Published: March 2016

Ausgehend von den entsprechenden Phenolen (I) werden durch Alkylierung mit Chloralkylaminen, z.B. (II), die Benzothiophene (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS PART 5, PHOTOINDUCED CYCLISATIONS OF 3‐AROYLCHROMONES
Authors: SAMMES PETER G. , WALLACE TIMOTHY W.
Published: March 2016

Während das Benzoylchromon (III) bei Bestrahlung in Benzol nicht reagiert, liefert das nach üblichen Methoden dargestellte Toluoylchromon (Ia) unter den gleichen Bedingungen das Benzoxanthenon (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: POLYCYCLIC FUSED AMIDINES PART 1, IMIDAZO‐ AND PYRIMIDO‐(1,2‐F)PHENANTHRIDINES
Authors: COOKSON RONALD F. , RODWAY RONALD E.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen der Phenanthridone (I) mit dem Ammoniumtosylat (II) entstehen die Dihydroirnidazaphenanthridine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: POLYCYCLIC FUSED AMIDINES PART 2, SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROIMIDAZO‐FUSED SYSTEMS BY USE OF 2‐AMINOETHYLAMMONIUM TOLUENE‐P‐SULPHONATE
Authors: COOKSON RONALD F. , RODWAY RONALD E.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen der Phthalazinone (I) mit dem Ammoniumtosylat (II) in zwei‐ bis fünffacher molarer Menge entstehen die Dihydroimidazophthalazine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 1H‐PYRROLO(2,3‐B)PYRIDINES PART 3, A NOVEL SYNTHETIC ROUTE FROM 1‐SUBSTITUTED 2‐AMINOPYRROLES
Authors: BRODRICK ANDREW , WIBBERLEY D. GEORGE
Published: March 2016

Die durch Cyclisierung der Aminomethylensuccinonitrile (I) erhaltenen 1‐Alkyl(Aryl)‐ aminocyanopyrrole (II) reagieren mit dem Pentandion (III) unter Kondensation zu den 4,6‐Dimethyl‐pyrrolopyridincarbonitrilen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON ACTIVITY‐STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS PART 2, SEARCH FOR POTENTIAL MUSCARINIC COMPOUNDS, PREPARATION OF SOME DIOXA‐AZA‐BICYCLIC METHIODIDES
Authors: VALCKX LUDO , ANTEUNIS MARC J. O. , VAN BEVER WILLEM F. M. , VAN NUETEN JAN M.
Published: March 2016

Ausgehend vom cis‐ (Ia) bzw. trans‐Diol (Ib) werden über die Stufen (IIa) bzw. (IIb) die Methojodide (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) synthetisiert; die Methylderivate (IV) werden ähnlich erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF N‐ARYL‐ AND IMIDOYL‐SULPHIMIDES WITH DIPHENYLCYCLOPROPENONE, SYNTHESIS OF 4‐PYRIMIDONES
Authors: GILCHRIST THOMAS L. , HARRIS C. JOHN , MOODY CHRISTOPHER J. , REES CHARLES W.
Published: March 2016

Aus prim. Arylaminen bzw. aus Amino‐Stickstoff‐Heterocyclen und Dimethylsulfid synthetisierte Sulfimide werden der Reaktion mit dem Cyclopropenon (II) in CH2Cl2 (20‐25°C) unterworfen.
ChemInform Abstract: URACIL 5‐THIOCARBAMIC DERIVATIVES
Authors: ALEKSEEVA I. V. , SHALAMAI A. S. , CHERNETSKII V. P.
Published: March 2016

Das aus S‐Aminourapil (I) erhältliche sehr reaktionsfähige 5‐Isocyanatouracil (II) wird mit Aminen (III), (VI) und Aminosäuren (VII) zu den 5‐Thiocarbamoylverbindungen (IV), (V) und (VIII) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES IN THE HETEROCYCLIC SERIES PART 10, 1,3,9‐TRIAZAPHENOTHIAZINE RING SYSTEM, A NEW PHENOTHIAZINE RING
Authors: OKAFOR C. O.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Kondensation der Pyridiniumverbindung (I) mit den Pyrimidinen (IIa), (IIb) erhält man über die Zwischenstufen (III) ′die l,3,9‐Triaza‐phenothiazine (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLVERBINDUNGEN MIT ELIMINIERBARER FUNKTION IN BETA‐STELLUNG 2. MITT. KONKURRIERENDE ALPHA‐ UND BETA‐ELIMINIERUNG AUS BETA‐ALKOXY‐ UND BETA‐SILOXY‐ALPHA,ALPHA‐DICHLORCARBENOIDEN
Authors: VILLIERAS J. , BACQUET C. , NORMANT J. F.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung der Siloxy‐Verbindung (I) mit n‐Butyllithium (II) ergibt die lithiierte Verbindung (III), die bei der Hydrolyse (IV), beim Erwärmen (V) und (VI) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS AND ANTI‐FERTILITY ACTIVITY OF 6‐SILASTEROIDS
Authors: PITT C. G. , FRIEDMAN A. E. , RECTOR D. , WANI M. C.
Published: March 2016

Das nach modifizierten Literaturangaben zugängliche Tetralon (I) wird nach bekannten Verfahren in das Silaöstrapentaen (II) übergeführt, dessen Hydrierungsprodukt (III) (daneben 2 weitere Isomere) zum Silaöstradioläther (IVa) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORYLIERUNG VON CYANAMEISENSAEUREESTERN. ESTER DER TRICHLORPHOSPHAZODICHLORESSIGSAEURE
Authors: PISANENKO N. P. , KOSINSKAYA I. M. , SHEVCHENKO V. I.
Published: March 2016

Ester der Cyanameisensäure (I) reagieren mit Phosphorpentachlorid zu Estern der Trichlorphosphazodichloressigsäure (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS OF ENAMINES AND DIETHYL 1,3‐BUTADIENEPHOSPHONATE, THE FORMATION OF BETA‐AMINOPHOSPHONATES VIA A MANNICH REACTION
Authors: DARLING S. D. , SUBRAMANIAN N.
Published: March 2016

1,4‐Dichlor‐2‐buten (I) reagiert mit Triäthylphosphit (II) zum Dienyl‐phosphonsäureester (III), der mit den Enaminen (IV) zu den cyclischen β‐Amino‐phosphonaten (V) und den entsprechenden Cyclohexadienylen (VI) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN VON N‐ACYLAMIDOPHOSPHITEN MIT ALPHA,BETA‐UNGESAETTIGTEN VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: PUDOVIK A. N. , BATYEVA E. S. , SELIVANOVA A. S. , NESTERENKO V. D. , FINNIK V. P.
Published: March 2016

Acylamidophosphite (I) addieren die ungesättigten Verbindungen (II) zu den N‐Acylimidophosphonaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE DESELENISATION OF T‐BUTYLPHENYLPHOSPHINOSELENOIC ACIDS. STEREOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN T‐BUTYLPHENYLPHOSPHINOSELENOIC ACIDS AND THEIR SULPHUR ANALOGUES
Authors: MICHALSKI J. , SKRZYPZYNSKI ZB.
Published: March 2016

Die Abspaltung von Selen und Schwefel mit Hilfe von Raney‐Nickel aus den optisch aktiven Seleno‐ und Thiophosphinsäuren (I) und (III) liefert die gleichen optisch aktiven Phosphinoxide (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ARYLCYCLOPHOSPHONITRILATE. UMSETZUNG MIT ELEKTROPHILEN UND NUCLEOPHILEN REAGENTIEN
Authors: GITEL' P. O. , OSIPOVA L. F. , SOLOVOVA O. P.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Cyclo‐tri‐(Ia) und Cyclo‐tetraphosphonitrilchloride (Ib) mit Natriumphenolaten (II) erhält man die Arylcyclophosphonitrilate (IIIa)‐(IIIf).
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE CR(CO)3 EXCHANGE BETWEEN ARENIC LIGANDS AS A NEW METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BENCHROTRENIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: MEYER A. , JAOUEN G.
Published: March 2016

Die optisch aktiven Tricarbonylchrom‐Komplexe (I) und (IV) reagieren mit den phenylaromatischen Verbindungen (II) und (V) in Gegenwart von 2‐Methylcyclopentandion‐(1,3) in tert.‐Butanol unter Austausch des Tricarbonylchrom‐Restes zu den Benchrotrenverbindungen (III) und (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN KOMPLEXGEBUNDENER LIGANDEN 15. MITT. DIIMIN‐, HYDRAZIN‐ UND AMMONIAK‐KOMPLEXE DES MOLYBDAENS, SYNTHESE UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON MY‐N2H2(MO(CO)5)2, MY‐N2H4(MO(CO)5)2, (MY‐(N2H4)2(MO(CO)4)2), MO(CO)5N2H4 UND MO(CO)5NH3
Authors: SELLMANN D. , BRANDL A. , ENDELL R.
Published: March 2016

Ammoniak und Hydrazin reagieren bei 20°C in Tetrahydrofuran mit Molybdänhexacarbonyl (I) zu den einfachen Komplexverbindungen (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF ETA(5)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLCOBALT DICARBONYL AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF DERIVED COBALT CLUSTER COMPLEXES, ISOLATION OF BIS(ETA(5)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLCOBALT)TRICARBONYL, TRIS(ETA(5)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLCOBALT MONOCARBONYL) AND TETRA(ETA(5)‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLCOBALT)DICARBONYL
Authors: VOLHARDT K. P. C. , BERCAW J. E. , BERGMAN R. G.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Photolyse des Kobalt‐dicarbonyl‐Komplexes (I) entsteht als primäres Produkt ein binuclearer Komplex (II),der in die thermisch instabilen tri‐ und tetranuclearen Komplexe (III) und (IV) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF POTASSIUM HEXACHLORORUTHENATE(III) AND POTASSIUM TETRACHLOROMONO(BIPYRIDINE)RUTHENATE(III) AND THE ANALOGOUS MONO(PHENANTHROLINE) COMPLEX
Authors: JAMES BRIAN R. , MCMILLAN RODERICK S.
Published: March 2016

Durch Rückflußkochen von RuCl3 in Methanol unter Wasserstoff wurde nach Zugabe von KCl Kaliumhexachlororuthenat mit 72% Ausbeute gefällt.
ChemInform Abstract: PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF DIMETHYL DIHYDROCEANOTHATE FROM METHYL BETULONATE
Authors: RAY T. K. , MISRA D. R. , KHASTGIR H. N.
Published: March 2016

Die Autoxidation von Methyldihydrobetulonat ergibt das Diosphenol (I), das mit 30%igem H2O2 oxidiert und zum Triester (II) verestert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 18‐SUBSTITUTED STEROIDS PART 1, 18,21‐DIHYDROXYPREGN‐4‐ENE‐3,20‐DIONE (18‐HYDROXYDEOXYCORTICOSTERONE)
Authors: KIRK DAVID N. , RAJAGOPALAN MARUTHIANDAN S.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (IIb) kann a) durch Acetoxylierung des Hemiacetals (I) mit Pbtetraacetat und alkalische Hydrolyse des gebildeten Acetats (IIa) oder b) aus dem Acetat (IV), analog (IIa) erhältlich aus dem Hemiacetal (III) gewonnen werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PROLINE‐CONTAINING HEXAPEPTIDE
Authors: KRASNOBRIZHII N. YA. , KOVALENKO L. G.
Published: March 2016

Aus den beiden Tripeptiden (III) und (VII) wird der geschützte Hexapeptidester (VIII) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES WITH ANHYDRO SUGARS PART 25, THE SYNTHESIS OF 3‐AMINO‐3‐DEOXY‐D‐GLUCOSE (KANOSAMINE) AND ITS 1,6‐ANHYDRO DERIVATIVE. CONFORMATION OF AMINO DERIVATIVES OF 1,6‐ANHYDRO‐BETA‐D‐HEXOPYRANOSES
Authors: TRNKA T. , CERNY M. , BUDESINSKY M. , PACAK J.
Published: March 2016

Umsetzung des Glucopyranose‐Derivats (I) mit Na‐methylat liefert ein 76 : 24‐Gemisch der epimeren Epoxide (II) und (III), das durch Ammonolyse das Amin (IV) gibt.
ChemInform Abstract: NICOTINE CHEMISTRY. 5′‐CYANONICOTINE
Authors: SANDERS E. B. , DEBARDELEBEN J. F. , OSDENE T. S.
Published: March 2016

(S)‐Cotinin (I) wird mit Lithiumalanat zum Carbinol (II) reduziert, das wenig stabil ist und mit (III) im Gleichgewicht steht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON 3‐DESOXY‐SPHINGOMYELIN
Authors: ORLOVA E. G. , MITSNER B. I. , ZVONKOVA E. N. , EVSTIGNEEVA R. P.
Published: March 2016

Das Aminooctadecanol (I) wird durch Reaktionen mit .Carbobenzoxychlorid (in Gegenwart von NaOH im System Diäthyläther‐Wasser bei 20°C) und nachfolgend β‐Chloräthyl‐phosphoryldichlorid (in Chloroform bei ‐l0°C, nach Zusatz von wäßrigem Pyridin bei 20°C) in das racemische Desoxysphinganin (II) übergeführt.
Egg‐races als gesellschaftsfähige naturwissenschaftliche Wettbewerbe für jedermann?
Authors: Fechner Sabine , Dettweiler Yvonne , Sieve Bernhard , Ulrich Nina , Böhm Dominic , Schanze Sascha
Published: March 2016

Seit seiner Einführung durch die BBC‐Fernsehserie „The Great Egg‐Race“ hat die Aktivität des „egg‐racing“ als Methodenwerkzeug in den Naturwissenschaften stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Besonders der mit der Aktivität verbundene Spaß an der Sache in Kombination mit Elementen des forschenden Lernens wird als relevanter Zugang zu naturwissenschaftlichem Wissen angeführt. Anhand einer wettbewerbsorientierten Fragestellung bekommen Lernende die Möglichkeit, verschiedene Lösungswege experimentell zu erproben, um eine möglichst ideale Lösung zu erarbeiten. In diesem Beitrag wird die ursprüngliche Idee des egg‐race als gesellschaftliche Unterhaltung aufgegriffen und weiterentwickelt, indem ein motivierender Zugang zur Chemie als Naturwissenschaft „für jedermann“ geschaffen wird. Eine anschließende Evaluation zeigt Faktoren auf, die während der Bearbeitung als erfolgversprechend wahrgenommen werden. Somit können Leitlinien zur Durchführung von egg‐races auf gesellschaftlichen Veranstaltungen formuliert werden.
Contrasting the effects of proton irradiation on dendritic complexity of subiculum neurons in wild type and MCAT mice
Authors: Chmielewski Nicole N. , Caressi Chongshan , Giedzinski Erich , Parihar Vipan K. , Limoli Charles L.
Published: March 2016

Growing evidence suggests that radiation‐induced oxidative stress directly affects a wide range of biological changes with an overall negative impact on CNS function. In the past we have demonstrated that transgenic mice over‐expressing human catalase targeted to the mitochondria (MCAT) exhibit a range of neuroprotective phenotypes following irradiation that include improved neurogenesis, dendritic complexity, and cognition. To determine the extent of the neuroprotective phenotype afforded by MCAT expression in different hippocampal regions, we analyzed subiculum neurons for changes in neuronal structure and synaptic integrity after exposure to low dose (0.5 Gy) 150 MeV proton irradiation. One month following irradiation of WT and MCAT mice, a range of morphometric parameters were quantified along Golgi‐Cox impregnated neurons. Compared with WT mice, subiculum neurons from MCAT mice exhibited increased trends (albeit not statistically significant) toward increased dendritic complexity in both control and irradiated cohorts. However, Sholl analysis of MCAT mice revealed significantly increased arborization of the distal dendritic tree, indicating a protective effect on secondary and tertiary branching. Interestingly, radiation‐induced increases in postsynaptic density protein (PSD‐95) puncta were not as pronounced in MCAT compared with WT mice, and were significantly lower after the 0.5 Gy dose. As past data has linked radiation exposure to reduced dendritic complexity, elevated PSD‐95 and impaired cognition, reductions in mitochondrial oxidative stress have proven useful in ameliorating many of these radiation‐induced sequelae. Data presented here shows similar trends, and again points to the potential benefits of reducing oxidative stress in the brain to attenuate radiation injury. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:364–371, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of chitosan—Polyethylene glycol‐polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as carrier system: Drug loading and in vitro drug release study
Authors: Prabha G. , Raj V.
Published: March 2016

In the present research work, the anticancer drug “curcumin” is loaded with Chitosan (CS)—polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (CS‐PEG‐PVP) polymer nanocomposites coated with superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The system can be used for targeted and controlled drug delivery of anticancer drugs with reduced side effects and greater efficiency. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Curcumin drug‐loaded Fe3O4 ‐CS, Fe3O4 ‐CS‐ PEG and Fe3O4‐CS‐PEG‐PVP nanoparticles exhibited the mean particle size in the range of 183 − 390 nm with a zeta potential value of 26 mV−41 mV as measured using Malvern Zetasizer. The encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and in‐vitro drug release behaviour of curcumin drug‐loaded Fe3O4 ‐CS, Fe3O4‐CS‐PEG, and Fe3O4‐CS‐PEG‐PVP nanoparticles were studied using UV spectrophotometer. Besides, the cytotoxicity of the prepared nanoparticles using MTT assay was also studied. The curcumin drug release was examined at different pH medium (4.5 and 7.4) and temperature (37°C and 45°C), and it was proved that the drug release depends upon the pH medium and temperature in addition to the nature of matrix. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 808–816, 2016.
Impact of human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 on living donor liver transplantation: a multi‐center study in Japan
Authors: Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Takada Yasutsugu , Shirabe Ken , Kaido Toshimi , Hidaka Masaaki , Honda Masaki , Ito Takashi , Shinoda Masahiro , Ohdan Hideki , Kawagishi Naoki , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Ogura Yasuhiro , Kasahara Mureo , Kubo Shoji , Taketomi Akinobu , Yamashita Natsumi , Uemoto Shinji , Yamaue Hiroki , Miyazaki Masaru , Takada Tadahiro , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: March 2016

Background

The natural history of human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1), which causes adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) or HTLV‐1 associated myelopathy, after liver transplantation is unclear.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide survey to investigate the impact of HTLV‐1 status on living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in Japan. We analyzed the cases of 82 HTLV‐1‐positive recipients and six HTLV‐1‐negative‐before‐LDLT recipients who received a hepatic graft from HTLV‐1‐positive donors.

Results

Adult T‐cell leukemia developed in five recipients who ultimately died. Of these five, two received grafts from HTLV‐1‐positive donors and three from HTLV‐1‐negative donors. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year ATL development rates were 4.5%, 6.5%, and 9.2%, respectively. Fulminant hepatic failure as a pre‐transplant diagnosis was identified as an independent risk factor for ATL development (P = 0.001). The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates for HTLV‐1‐positive recipients who received grafts from HTLV‐1‐negative donors were 79.9%, 66.1%, and 66.1%, and from HTLV‐1‐positive donors were 83.3%, 83.3%, and 60.8%, respectively. The 1‐year survival rate for HTLV‐1‐negative recipients who received grafts from HTLV‐1‐positive donors was 33.3%.

Conclusions

Fulminant hepatic failure is an independent risk factor for ATL development in HTLV‐1‐positive recipients. Grafts from HTLV‐1‐positive living donors can be transplanted into selected patients.
Diagnostic criteria for congenital biliary dilatation 2015
Authors: Hamada Yoshinori , Ando Hisami , Kamisawa Terumi , Itoi Takao , Urushihara Naoto , Koshinaga Tsugumichi , Saito Takeshi , Fujii Hideki , Morotomi Yoshiki
Published: March 2016

Background

The Diagnostic Criteria for Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction 2013 were published by the Japanese Study Group on Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction (JSGPM) in 2014. The committee of JSGPM for diagnostic criteria for pancreaticobiliary maljunction has established the standard diameter of the bile duct, and a definition of dilatation of the bile duct was proposed in 2014.

Methods

The committee of JSGPM prepared the diagnostic criteria for congenital biliary dilatation in 2014, and a final revised version was approved in 2015.

Results

Congenital biliary dilatation is defined as a congenital malformation involving both local dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct, including the common bile duct, and pancreaticobiliary maljunction. However, cases associated with intrahepatic bile duct dilatation can also be included. Various kinds of pathological conditions can occur on hepatobiliary systems and pancreas by bile duct dilatation and pancreaticobiliary maljunction. For a diagnosis of congenital biliary dilatation, both abnormal dilatation of the bile duct and pancreaticobiliary maljunction must be evident by either imaging test or anatomical examination. Acquired or secondary dilatation of the bile duct by obstruction due to biliary stones or malignancy should be strictly excluded.

Conclusion

Diagnostic criteria for congenital biliary dilatation 2015 were established from Japan representing a world first.
Musculoskeletal anatomy of the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx (Carnivora: Felidae) forelimb: Adaptations to capture large prey?
Authors: Viranta Suvi , Lommi Hanna , Holmala Katja , Laakkonen Juha
Published: March 2016

Mammalian carnivores adhere to two different feeding strategies relative to their body masses. Large carnivores prey on animals that are the same size or larger than themselves, whereas small carnivores prey on smaller vertebrates and invertebrates. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) falls in between these two categories. Lynx descend from larger forms that were probably large prey specialists, but during the Pleistocene became predators of small prey. The modern Eurasian lynx may be an evolutionary reversal toward specializing in large prey again. We hypothesized that the musculoskeletal anatomy of lynx should show traits for catching large prey. To test our hypothesis, we dissected the forelimb muscles of six Eurasian lynx individuals and compared our findings to results published for other felids. We measured the bones and compared their dimensions to the published material. Our material displayed a well‐developed pectoral girdle musculature with some uniquely extensive muscle attachments. The upper arm musculature resembled that of the pantherine felids and probably the extinct sabertooths, and also the muscles responsible for supination and pronation were similar to those in large cats. The muscles controlling the pollex were well‐developed. However, skeletal indices were similar to those of small prey predators. Our findings show that lynx possess the topographic pattern of muscle origin and insertion like in large felids. J. Morphol. 277:753–765, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of different production techniques on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) bulgur
Authors: Yilmaz Volkan Arif , Koca Ahmet Faik
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

The influence of cooking (traditional, microwave, autoclave) and drying techniques (microwave and hot air) on bioactive compounds in the production of einkorn and durum bulgur were investigated. Total phenolic content (TPC), total yellow pigment (TYP), total antioxidant capacity (DPPH•, ABTS•+, FRAP), soluble free (SF), soluble conjugated (SC) and insoluble bound (IB) phenolic acid contents of the samples were determined.

RESULTS

For both wheats, a significant amount of antioxidant capacity was preserved after bulgur production. TPC was found to be higher in einkorn but it was exposed to greater loss during bulgur production than durum. The amount of TYP was found to be two‐fold higher in einkorn than in durum. Ferulic acid was recorded as the most phenolic acid, and chlorogenic was the least phenolic acid in both wheats. The maximum loss during bulgur production was determined in the SC fraction for einkorn and in the SF fraction for durum.

CONCLUSION

In respect of the results of the analysis, microwave cooking + hot air drying treatment could be favourable for bulgur production for both wheats. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Medium‐range forecasts of extreme rainfall events during the Indian summer monsoon
Authors: Satyanarayana G. Ch. , Kar Sarat C.
Published: March 2016

Extreme rainfall events occur rarely but are integral elements of climatic conditions in any region. The frequency of occurrence of extreme events has been studied using 57 years of observed rainfall data over India and its neighbouring countries. In this study, the rank method has been used to compute the threshold rainfall amount based on past observations. If the model forecasted rainfall is above the climatological threshold, then that event is identified as an extreme at that grid point and for that specific day. The results show an increasing trend in the number of extreme weather events during monsoons. The National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) uses the Unified Model (NCUM) for operational weather forecasting on a medium‐range timescale. The capability of the model in predicting extreme rainfall events over India and its surrounding regions has not been evaluated so far. Therefore, this study has been undertaken to identify extreme rainfall events from the medium‐range rainfall forecasts and compare the same with observations so that forecasts for extreme events can be obtained. The rank method has been applied to the NCUM forecast of rainfall during the period June to September 2014. Several extreme rainfall cases are identified during this monsoon. The frequency of occurrence of extreme events is compared with observations, and it is found that the model has reasonable skill to predict up to day three forecasts. However, this skill reduces when the forecast period length increases.
Persistence of undercompressive phase boundaries for isothermal Euler equations including configurational forces and surface tension
Authors: Kabil Bugra , Rohde Christian
Published: March 2016

The persistence of subsonic phase boundaries in a multidimensional Van der Waals fluid is analyzed. The phase boundary is considered as a sharp free boundary that connects liquid and vapor bulk phase dynamics given by the isothermal Euler equations. The evolution of the boundary is driven by effects of configurational forces as well as surface tension.

To analyze this problem, the equations and trace conditions are linearized such that one obtains a general hyperbolic initial boundary value problem with higher‐order boundary conditions. A global existence theorem for the linearized system with constant coefficients is shown. The proof relies on the normal mode analysis and a linear form in suitable spaces that is defined using an associated adjoint problem. Especially, the associated adjoint problem satisfies the uniform backward in time Kreiss–Lopatinskiĭ condition. A new energy‐like estimate that also includes surface energy terms leads finally to the uniqueness and regularity for the found solutions of the problem in weighted spaces. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal and electrical properties of graphene incorporated into polyvinylidene fluoride/polymethyl methacrylate nanocomposites
Authors: Alhusaiki‐Alghamdi H.M.
Published: March 2016

Polymer blend based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and the blend incorporated with low content (≤0.08) of graphene (GN) oxide were prepared. The characteristic bands for PVDF and PMMA were detected in Raman and IR spectroscopy. There are shifts in Raman and IR spectra due to interaction between the polymer and the blend with OH and C=O in GN oxide. The TGA thermograms show main weight loss in temperature range from 321°C to 481°C attributed to thermal decompositions of polymeric chain. The thermal decomposition was shifted toward higher temperature than that the blend confirms enhancement of thermal stability of the films. The AC electrical conductivity and kinetic parameters were measured at different temperature frequencies. The addition of GN increases the conductivity. The values of ε″ are high at low frequencies and it is decrease with increase frequencies due to polarization effects or to the dipoles not begin to follow the field variation at higher frequencies. The increase in tan δ with increase in GN oxide content due to interfacial polarization mechanism occurred in the films corresponding to frequencies. All results data indicate that the nanocomposites contain GN were enhanced. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E246–E253, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of carbon black on the thermal degradation and flammability properties of flame‐retarded high impact polystyrene/magnesium hydroxide/microencapsulated red phosphorus composite
Authors: Liu Jichun , Zhang Yanbin , Guo Yingbin , Lu Chang , Pan Bingli , Peng Shuge , Ma Junying , Niu Qingshan
Published: March 2016

Nanosized carbon black (CB) was introduced to flame‐retarded high impact polystyrene/magnesium hydroxide/microencapsulated red phosphorus (HIPS/MH/MRP) composite by melt compounding. The effect of CB on the thermal degradation and flammability properties of the HIPS/MH/MRP composite was investigated by thermal analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 vertical burning test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is shown that the introduction of CB increases both the thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability of the HIPS/MH/MRP composite. CB is very effective to hinder dripping of the HIPS/MH/MRP composite. The addition of just 0.7 wt% CB can increase the UL‐94 rating of this composite from V‐1 to V‐0. CB almost has no influence on LOI and peak heat release rate of the composite in CCT, but the composite becomes more difficult to ignite after addition of CB. The HIPS/MH/MRP composite with CB tends to crack upon thermal degradation and burning. On the whole, the introduction of CB is conducive to the improvement of thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability as well as flame retardancy of the HIPS/MH/MRP composite. Such improvement originates from crosslinking of polymer macroradicals on the surface of CB particles. The result of this work provides a practicable method to further enhance the thermal and fireproof properties of flame‐retardant HIPS. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:770–782, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
A facile melt coating approach to fabricate macroscopic segregated polymer/carbon nanotube conductive composites with balanced properties
Authors: Yang Guanghui , Tang Jiaoning , Fu Qiang
Published: March 2016

In this study, the construction of macroscopic segregated CNTs network is achieved by a simple melt coating method. In the process, poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLA) is chosen as the polymer matrix and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) is chosen as a carrier polymer for CNTs and an interfacial compatilizer for segregated PLA domains. Thanks to the random distribution of CNTs in coating layer and the formation of macroscopic segregated CNTs network, the percolation threshold is reduced to be as low as 0.026 vol%. So far as we know, this is the lowest percolation threshold that can be obtained in segregated conductive polymer composites (CPCs) with pristine CNTs as conductive fillers. Moreover, thanks to the adhesive effect of PPC located between the boundaries of PLA domains, the as‐prepared CPCs show an excellent balance between conductivity and mechanical properties. This simple method is low‐cost and time efficient, which is especially suitable for industrial applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:841–847, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Manufacturing and properties of biobased thermoplastic composites from poly(lactid acid) and hazelnut shell wastes
Authors: Balart J.F. , García‐Sanoguera D. , Balart R. , Boronat T. , Sánchez‐Nacher L.
Published: March 2016

Poly(lactic acid), PLA‐based green composites were obtained with hazelnut shell flour (HSF) derived from the food industry thus leading to fully biodegradable materials with attracting properties. The hazelnut shell flour content varied in the 10–40 wt% range. An increase in the degree of crystallinity with increasing HSF was detected, mainly due to the nucleating effect of lignocellulosic particles. The thermodimensional stability was noticeably improved with increasing HSF amount as evidenced by a remarkable decrease in the coefficient of thermal–linear expansion. Increasing HSF leads to stiffer materials as HSF particles act as interlock points that restrict polymer chain motion. Addition of hazelnut shell flour as filler in PLA‐based green composites leads to fully biodegradable composites with balanced mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, it gives a solution to upgrade wastes from the hazelnut industry and contributes to lower the cost of PLA‐based materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:848–857, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Holographic impurities and Kondo effect
Authors: Erdmenger Johanna , Flory Mario , Hoyos Carlos , Newrzella Max‐Niklas , O'Bannon Andy , Wu Jackson M. S.
Published: March 2016

Magnetic impurities are responsible for many interesting phenomena in condensed matter systems, notably the Kondo effect and quantum phase transitions. Here we present a holographic model of a magnetic impurity that captures the main physical properties of the large‐spin Kondo effect. We estimate the screening length of the Kondo cloud that forms around the impurity from a calculation of entanglement entropy and show that our results are consistent with the g‐theorem.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Germanium Sulfonate Ge(CH3SO3)2 – a 3D Coordination Network Solid
Authors: Preda Ana Maria , Kitschke Philipp , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Mehring Michael
Published: March 2016

The reaction of germanium(II)‐bis(2‐methoxyphenyl)methoxide with methanesulfonic acid provides the germanium(II) sulfonate Ge(CH3SO3)2 (1), which was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy. The decomposition process of 1 was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and temperature‐dependent X‐ray powder diffraction (PXRD) and both are consistent with the formation of GeO2 as major final product. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction at 110 K revealed the chiral tetragonal space group P41212 and formation of a three‐dimensional (3D) coordination network solid. The 3D network is composed of interconnected twenty four‐membered rings comprising bridging methanesulfonate groups, which link the germanium atoms.
Stem cell therapy for white matter disorders: don't forget the microenvironment!
Authors: Dooves Stephanie , van der Knaap Marjo S. , Heine Vivi M.
Published: March 2016

White matter disorders (WMDs) are a major source of handicap at all ages. They often lead to progressive neurological dysfunction and early death. Although causes are highly diverse, WMDs share the property that glia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) are among the cells primarily affected, and that myelin is either not formed or lost. Many WMDs might benefit from cell replacement therapies. Successful preclinical studies in rodent models have already led to the first clinical trials in humans using glial or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells aiming at (re)myelination. However, myelin is usually not the only affected structure. Neurons, microglia, and astrocytes are often also affected and are all important partners in creating the right conditions for proper white matter repair. Composition of the extracellular environment is another factor to be considered. Cell transplantation therapies might therefore require inclusion of non‐oligodendroglial cell types and target more than only myelin repair. WMD patients would likely benefit from multimodal therapy approaches involving stem cell transplantation and microenvironment‐targeting strategies to alter the local environment to a more favorable state for cell replacement. Furthermore most proof‐of‐concept studies have been performed with human cells in rodent disease models. Since human glial cells show a larger regenerative capacity than their mouse counterparts in the host mouse brain, microenvironmental factors affecting white matter recovery might be overlooked in rodent studies. We would like to stress that cell replacement therapy is a highly promising therapeutic option for WMDs, but a receptive microenvironment is crucial.
Convergence and Divergence in the Study of Ideology: A Critical Review
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan , Mildenberger Matto
Published: March 2016

Dedicated research on ideology has proliferated over the last few decades. Many different disciplines and methodologies have sought to make a contribution, with the welcome consequence that specialist thinking about ideology is at a high-water mark of richness, diversity and theoretical sophistication. Yet this proliferation of research has fragmented the study of ideology by producing independent communities of scholars differentiated by geographical location and by disciplinary attachment. This review draws together research on ideology from several disciplines on different sides of the Atlantic, in order to address three questions that appear to be of great relevance to political scientists: (1) What do we mean by ideology? (2) How do we model ideology? (3) Why do people adopt the ideologies they do? In doing so, it argues that many important axes of debate cut across disciplinary and geographic boundaries, and points to a series of significant intellectual convergences that offer a framework for productive interdisciplinary engagement and integration.