bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penetration Resistance and Penetrability in Pyramidal (Nano)Indentations
Authors: Kaupp Gerd , Naimi‐Jamal Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2012

Pyramidal nanoindentation loading curves were linearly plotted, normal force versus (penetration depth)3/2. The slope is penetration resistance k, its inverse penetrability. Linear correlations verify. All contributions to the indentation are included in the penetrability. Dependencies and uses of the extrapolation tools are exemplified, identified, and discussed. In the case of phase transition including twinning within the loading range a sharp kink occurs, again with verifying correlation in both branches of the linear plot. The exponent 3/2 applies to all types of materials upon conical or pyramidal indentations onto normal flat surfaces, independent of the various mechanistic responses. While common curve fitting procedures of loading curves and finite element (FE) calculations miss phase transitions, gradients, surface effects, elbows, (nano)pores, and change from tip rounding to cone (at very low penetrations), these are recognized by the penetration resistance analysis. Also prominent undisturbed pyramidal or conical micro‐ and macroindentations provide linear plots with exponent 3/2. Numerous FE simulations create experimentally unsupported “loading curves.” This is discussed with typical published examples. An explanation for the deviation from Sneddon's and Love's theory is given by correction for the shear‐force part that does not participate in the penetration depth. The validation of the exponent 3/2 instead of previously assumed 2 requires adjustment of mechanical parameters that were defined by using the nonsupported exponent. SCANNING 35: 88‐111, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS) Quantitative?
Authors: Newbury* Dale E. , Ritchie Nicholas W. M.
Published: August 2012

Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) is a widely applied elemental microanalysis method capable of identifying and quantifying all elements in the periodic table except H, He, and Li. By following the “k‐ratio” (unknown/standard) measurement protocol development for electron‐excited wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS), SEM/EDS can achieve accuracy and precision equivalent to WDS and at substantially lower electron dose, even when severe X‐ray peak overlaps occur, provided sufficient counts are recorded. Achieving this level of performance is now much more practical with the advent of the high‐throughput silicon drift detector energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (SDD‐EDS). However, three measurement issues continue to diminish the impact of SEM/EDS: (1) In the qualitative analysis (i.e., element identification) that must precede quantitative analysis, at least some current and many legacy software systems are vulnerable to occasional misidentification of major constituent peaks, with the frequency of misidentifications rising significantly for minor and trace constituents. (2) The use of standardless analysis, which is subject to much broader systematic errors, leads to quantitative results that, while useful, do not have sufficient accuracy to solve critical problems, e.g. determining the formula of a compound. (3) EDS spectrometers have such a large volume of acceptance that apparently credible spectra can be obtained from specimens with complex topography that introduce uncontrolled geometric factors that modify X‐ray generation and propagation, resulting in very large systematic errors, often a factor of ten or more. SCANNING 35: 141‐168, 2013. Published 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new functional data‐based biomarker for monitoring cardiovascular behavior
Authors: Zhou Yingchun , Sedransk Nell
Published: August 2012

Cardiac safety assessment in drug development concerns the ventricular repolarization (represented by electrocardiogram (ECG) T‐wave) abnormalities of a cardiac cycle, which are widely believed to be linked with torsades de pointes, a potentially life‐threatening arrhythmia. The most often used biomarker for such abnormalities is the prolongation of the QT interval, which relies on the correct annotation of onset of QRS complex and offset of T‐wave on ECG. A new biomarker generated from a functional data‐based methodology is developed to quantify the T‐wave morphology changes from placebo to drug interventions. Comparisons of T‐wave‐form characters through a multivariate linear mixed model are made to assess cardiovascular risk of drugs. Data from a study with 60 subjects participating in a two‐period placebo‐controlled crossover trial with repeat ECGs obtained at baseline and 12 time points after interventions are used to illustrate this methodology; different types of wave form changes were characterized and motivated further investigation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the Toxicity of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Catfish Cells and Zebrafish Embryos
Authors: Zhao Xinxin , Ong Kimberly J. , Ede James D. , Stafford James L. , Ng Kee Woei , Goss Greg G. , Loo Say Chye Joachim
Published: August 2012

The toxicity of needle‐(nHA‐ND) and rod‐shaped (nHA‐RD) hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles is evaluated in vitro on catfish B‐cells (3B11) and catfish T‐cells (28s.3) and in vivo on zebrafish embryos to determine if biological effects are similar to the effects seen in mammalian in vitro systems. Neither nHA‐ND nor nHA‐RD affect cell viability at concentrations of 10 to 300 μg mL−1. However, 30 μg mL−1 needle‐shaped nHA lower metabolic activity of the cells. Axial deformations are seen in zebrafish exposed to 300 μg mL−1 needle shaped nHA after 120 h. For the first time, nHA is reported to cause zebrafish hatching delay. The lowest concentration (3 μg mL−1) of both types of nHA cause the highest hatching inhibition and needle‐shaped nHA exposed zebrafish exhibit the lowest hatch at 72 h post fertilization.
Simultaneous Decarburization and Oxidation Reactions Occurring in Silicon and Ferrosilicon Alloys at 1823 K
Authors: Yunes Rubio Pedro J. , Khanna Rita , Chaudhury Narendra Saha , Sahajwalla Veena
Published: August 2012

We present high temperature investigations on ferrosilicon alloys (Si: 24.7, 74, and 98.5%); silicon oxidation and decarburization studies in steelmaking have generally been limited to Fe‐based alloys containing up to 3.5 wt% Si. The effect of alloy composition, oxygen partial pressure and gas flow rate on interactions at 1823 K is evaluated. Decarburization and silicon oxidation reactions were found to occur simultaneously with significant differences observed in the weight gain and carbon loss. The net weight gain in these alloys was found to be due to the combined influence of decarburization (weight loss due to the generation of a gaseous product) and silicon oxidation (weight gain due to silica formation on the sample surface). There was a clear evidence for two rate regimes: the rate of decarburization was found to be much higher during the initial 2 min and a much slower rate was observed in later stages for all specimens. These rate regimes are explained in terms of the extent of surface coverage with the reaction product silica. No significant effect was found on the decarburization rates when the proportion of oxidizing gas (CO2) was increased from 20 to 100%. The outcomes of this investigation will assist with the development of mechanisms governing the reactions of molten ferrosilicon and silicon alloys during their interactions with gaseous phases in the cupola process.
Modulation of FOXD3 Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Directs Pluripotency and Paraxial Mesoderm Fates
Authors: Arduini Brigitte L. , Brivanlou Ali H.
Published: August 2012

Transcription factor Foxd3 has been described in model systems as a key member of the pluripotency network in mice as well as being involved in the formation of many critical vertebrate cell types in vivo. Yet virtually nothing is known about roles of FOXD3 in human development and conflicting reports exist regarding its expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We find that FOXD3 is expressed at both the RNA and protein levels in undifferentiated hESCs and report a Foxd3 expression domain in paraxial mesoderm derivatives of wild-type mouse embryos. Furthermore, increasing FOXD3 activity in hESCs is sufficient for rapid and specific generation of mesenchymal cell types of the paraxial mesoderm, even under pluripotency maintenance conditions. Gene expression diagnostic of chondroblasts, skeletal myoblasts, osteoblasts, and adipoblast is observed within 48 hours of FOXD3 induction, as are morphological and genetic hallmarks of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. FOXD3-overexpressing cells can be maintained for several passages, while downregulation of the transgene leads to further differentiation. Loss-of-function also leads to differentiation, toward endoderm and mesoderm. Taken together, these data indicate that a balance of FOXD3 activity is required to maintain pluripotency.
Canonical Correlation Analysis in the Study of Cerebral and Peripheral Haemodynamics Interrelations with Systemic Variables in Neonates Supported on ECMO
Authors: Caicedo Alexander , Papademetriou Maria D. , Elwell Clare E. , Hoskote Aparna , Elliott Martin J. , Van Huffel Sabine , Tachtsidis Ilias
Published: August 2012

Neonates supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are at high risk of brain injury due to haemodynamic instability. In order to monitor cerebral and peripheral (muscle) haemodynamic and oxygenation changes in this population we used a dual-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system. In addition, to assess interrelations between NIRS and systemic variables, collected simultaneously, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was employed. CCA can quantify the relationship between a set of variables and assess levels of dependency. In four out of five patients, systemic variables were found to be less inter-related with cerebral rather than peripheral NIRS measurements. Moreover, during ECMO flow manipulations, we found that the interrelation between the systemic and the NIRS cerebral/peripheral variables changed. The CCA method presented here can be used to assess differences between NIRS cerebral and NIRS peripheral responses due to systemic variations which may be indicative of physiological differences in the mechanisms that regulate oxygenation and/or haemodynamics of the brain and the muscle.
Study of Monte Carlo approach to experimental uncertainty propagation with MSTW 2008 PDFs
Authors: Watt G. , Thorne R. S.
Published: August 2012

Abstract

We investigate the Monte Carlo approach to propagation of experimental uncertainties within the context of the established “MSTW 2008” global analysis of parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton at next-to-leading order in the strong coupling. We show that the Monte Carlo approach using replicas of the original data gives PDF uncertainties in good agreement with the usual Hessian approach using the standard Δχ
2 = 1 criterion, then we explore potential parameterisation bias by increasing the number of free parameters, concluding that any parameterisation bias is likely to be small, with the exception of the valence-quark distributions at low momentum fractions x. We motivate the need for a larger tolerance, Δχ
2
> 1, by making fits to restricted data sets and idealised consistent or inconsistent pseudodata. Instead of using data replicas, we alternatively produce PDF sets randomly distributed according to the covariance matrix of fit parameters including appropriate tolerance values, then we demonstrate a simpler method to produce an arbitrary number of random predictions on-the-fly from the existing eigenvector PDF sets. Finally, as a simple example application, we use Bayesian reweighting to study the effect of recent LHC data on the lepton charge asymmetry from W boson decays.
Role of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma concomitant with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas
Authors: Ohtsuka Takao , Ideno Noboru , Aso Teppei , Nagayoshi Yosuke , Kono Hiroshi , Mori Yasuhisa , Takahata Shunichi , Oda Yasunori , Aishima Shinichi , Igarashi Hisato , Ito Tetsuhide , Ishigami Kousei , Nakamura Masafumi , Mizumoto Kazuhiro , Tanaka Masao
Published: August 2012

Background

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is often found with distinct pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the same pancreas. The aim of this study was to clarify whether endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) would be useful for the early detection of concomitant PDACs in patients with IPMNs.

Methods

Medical records of 179 patients who were histologically confirmed to have IPMNs after resection between 1987 and 2011 were reviewed. The patients having concomitant PDACs were selected, and the diagnostic abilities to detect concomitant PDACs of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and ERP were compared between early (stages 0—I according to Japanese General Rules for Pancreatic Cancer) and advanced (stages II—IV) PDACs.

Results

A total of 23 PDACs developed synchronously or metachronously in 20 patients, and the prevalence of PDACs concomitant with IPMNs was 11.2 % (20/179). Sensitivities of CT (16 vs. 87 %), MRI (29 vs. 93 %), and EUS (29 vs. 92 %) in the early group were significantly lower than those in the advanced group (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the sensitivity of ERP in the early group was as high as that in the advanced group (86 vs. 82 %, respectively, p > 0.99). Among 7 early PDACs, 3 were diagnosed only by ERP.

Conclusions

ERP has an important role in the early diagnosis of distinct PDACs in patients with IPMNs. Further investigation is necessary to clarify the indication and the timing of ERP during management of IPMNs in term of early detection of concomitant PDACs.
Acoustic structure of songs in island populations of the Japanese bush warbler, Cettia diphone, in relation to sexual selection
Authors: Hamao Shoji
Published: August 2012

Bird songs in island populations have often been reported to be simplified, in that island birds have a smaller number of song types and song-element types compared to mainland birds. However, there is less information on the characteristics of acoustic structure in island songs. I investigated song structure of one mainland and three island populations of Japanese bush warblers, Cettia diphone, and found that island songs had an acoustically simple structure. The frequency-modulated (FM) portions of the songs were shorter and had fewer frequency inflections in the insular populations than in the mainland population, while the number of FM notes, the frequency range of these notes, and the song repertoire sizes of males did not differ between the islands and the mainland. I also investigated whether the song complexity is related to sexual selection pressure using the degree of sexual size dimorphism as a proxy for the latter. The degree of dimorphism in body mass was larger on the mainland. Thus, weakened sexual selection on islands is a possible factor in the formation of simple songs. Further studies related to male–male competition and female choice on islands are required.
What is the optimal condition for fertilization of IVM oocytes?
Authors: Funahashi Hiroaki
Published: August 2012

Application of in vitro maturation (IVM) is recently increasing for human infertility, especially to rescue patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. To increase the application of IVM oocytes for embryo production and the efficiency of successful production of babies using IVM oocytes, quality control of oocytes and achievement of fertilization in the most suitable condition may be very important. In this paper, suitable conditions for fertilization of IVM oocytes will be discussed with recent knowledge about IVM and in vitro fertilization of oocytes in domestic animals. Currently, human oocytes are collected mainly from patientsˈ ovaries 36 h following mild gonadotropin stimulation and used for IVM for 24–26 h. However, asynchronous progression of those oocytes to reach the metaphase‐II stage may have occurred during the IVM culture. In the oocytes that have already progressed to the metaphase‐II stage, sudden aging such as reduction in maturation promoting factor and MAP kinases will start to occur. Application of specific inhibitors of phosphodiesterase to control intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) level may be effective to synchronize timings of the germinal vesicle breakdown and consequently the meiotic progression of oocytes, and to improve the developmental competence. Furthermore, treatment of aging oocytes with caffeine appears to rescue them from reductions in maturation promoting factor and MAP kinases and to improve the developmental competence. Assessment methods to select oocytes with good quality may also be important to improve the successful rates.
Characterization of the direct physical interaction of nc886, a cellular non‐coding RNA, and PKR
Authors: Jeon Sung Ho , Lee Kwanbok , Lee Kwang Soo , Kunkeaw Nawapol , Johnson Betty H. , Holthauzen Luis Marcelo F. , Gong Bin , Leelayuwat Chanvit , Lee Yong Sun
Published: August 2012

We have recently shown that nc886 (pre‐miR‐886 or vtRNA2‐1) is not a genuine microRNA precursor nor a vault RNA, but a novel type of non‐coding RNA that represses PKR, a double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) dependent kinase. Here we have characterized their direct physical association. PKR's two RNA binding domains form a specific and stable complex with nc886's central portion, without any preference to its 5′‐end structure. By binding to PKR with a comparable affinity, nc886 competes with dsRNA and attenuates PKR activation by dsRNA. Our data suggest that nc886 sets a threshold for PKR activation so that it occurs only during genuine viral infection but not by a minute level of fortuitous cellular dsRNA.
From safe motherhood, newborn, and child survival partnerships to the continuum of care and accountability: Moving fast forward to 2015
Authors: Bustreo Flavia , Requejo Jennifer Harris , Merialdi Mario , Presern Carole , Songane Francisco
Published: August 2012

The present paper provides an overview of the Safe Motherhood Initiative, Healthy Newborn Partnership, and Child Survival Partnership and their eventual merge into the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH) in 2005. The promise and past successes of the PMNCH are highlighted, with a particular focus on the PMNCH's partner‐centric approach showing the importance of collaboration for progress. The aims of the strategic framework for 2012–2015 are presented within the context of the Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health, launched in 2010, and growing political momentum to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 (reduce child mortality and improve maternal health, respectively). The next 4 years leading to 2015 are critical, and the global community must continue to work together to ensure all women and children are reached with key interventions proven to reduce mortality.
Mobilizing women's groups for improved maternal and newborn health: Evidence for impact, and challenges for sustainability and scale up
Authors: Nair Nirmala , Tripathy Prasanta , Costello Anthony , Prost Audrey
Published: August 2012

Research conducted over the past decade has shown that community‐based interventions can improve the survival and health of mothers and newborns in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Interventions engaging women's groups in participatory learning and action meetings and other group activities, for example, have led to substantial increases in neonatal survival in high‐mortality settings. Participatory interventions with women's groups work by providing a forum for communities to develop a common understanding of maternal and neonatal problems, as well as locally acceptable and sustainable strategies to address these. Potential partners for scaling up interventions with women's groups include government community health workers and volunteers, as well as organizations working with self‐help groups. It is important to tailor scale‐up efforts to local contexts, while retaining fidelity to the intervention, by ensuring that the mobilization of women's groups complements other local programs (e.g. home visits), and by providing capacity building for participatory learning and action methods across a range of nongovernmental organizations and government stakeholders. Research into scale‐up mechanisms and effectiveness is needed to inform further implementation, and prospective surveillance of maternal and neonatal mortality in key scale‐up sites can provide valuable data for measuring impact and for advocacy. There is a need for further research into the role of participatory interventions with women's groups to improve the quality of health services, health, and nutrition beyond the perinatal period, as well as the role of groups in influencing non‐health issues, such as women's decision‐making power.
Applying human rights to improve access to reproductive health services
Authors: Shaw Dorothy , Cook Rebecca J.
Published: August 2012

Universal access to reproductive health is a target of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5B, and along with MDG 5A to reduce maternal mortality by three‐quarters, progress is currently too slow for most countries to achieve these targets by 2015. Critical to success are increased and sustainable numbers of skilled healthcare workers and financing of essential medicines by governments, who have made political commitments in United Nations forums to renew their efforts to reduce maternal mortality. National essential medicine lists are not reflective of medicines available free or at cost in facilities or in the community. The WHO Essential Medicines List indicates medicines required for maternal and newborn health including the full range of contraceptives and emergency contraception, but there is no consistent monitoring of implementation of national lists through procurement and supply even for basic essential drugs. Health advocates are using human rights mechanisms to ensure governments honor their legal commitments to ensure access to services essential for reproductive health. Maternal mortality is recognized as a human rights violation by the United Nations and constitutional and human rights are being used, and could be used more effectively, to improve maternity services and to ensure access to drugs essential for reproductive health.
Global warming and reproductive health
Authors: Potts Malcolm , Henderson Courtney E.
Published: August 2012

The largest absolute numbers of maternal deaths occur among the 40–50 million women who deliver annually without a skilled birth attendant. Most of these deaths occur in countries with a total fertility rate of greater than 4. The combination of global warming and rapid population growth in the Sahel and parts of the Middle East poses a serious threat to reproductive health and to food security. Poverty, lack of resources, and rapid population growth make it unlikely that most women in these countries will have access to skilled birth attendants or emergency obstetric care in the foreseeable future. Three strategies can be implemented to improve women's health and reproductive rights in high‐fertility, low‐resource settings: (1) make family planning accessible and remove non‐evidenced‐based barriers to contraception; (2) scale up community distribution of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and, where it is legal, for medical abortion; and (3) eliminate child marriage and invest in girls and young women, thereby reducing early childbearing.
Strahlenepidemiologie
Authors: Blettner Maria , Wicke Henryk , Schlehofer Brigitte
Published: August 2012

Einleitung

Die Strahlenepidemiologie beschäftigt sich mit gesundheitlichen Risiken aufgrund von Expositionen durch ionisierende oder nicht-ionisierende Strahlung. Ionisierende Strahlung kann Veränderungen an der DNA im Zellkern und somit Mutationen verursachen, was auch noch Jahre später zu Erkrankungen (z.B. Krebs) führen kann. Zahlreiche Langzeitstudien untersuchten die Auswirkung ionisierender Strahlen aufgrund medizinischer oder beruflicher Expositionen, kosmischer Strahlung, und dem Fallout der überirdischen Atombombentests oder der nuklearen Unfälle.
The Soul of Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil
Authors: Clark Maudemarie , Dudrick David
Published: August 2012

This book presents a provocative new interpretation of Beyond Good and Evil, arguably Nietzsche's most important work. The problem is that it appears to express merely a loosely connected set of often questionable opinions. Can Nietzsche really be an important philosopher if this is his most important book? Maudemarie Clark and David Dudrick address this question with a close reading that emphasizes how Nietzsche writes. They argue that the first part of Beyond Good and Evil presents coherent and interconnected arguments for subtle and well-thought-out positions on traditional issues. Nietzsche's infamous doctrine of the will to power turns out to be a compelling account of the structure and origin of the human soul. And although he rejects some aspects of traditional philosophy, Nietzsche's aim is to show how philosophy's traditional aspirations to seek both the true and the good can be fulfilled. Beyond Good and Evil turns out to be a major work of philosophy and Nietzsche's masterpiece.
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mathematics
Authors: Colyvan Mark
Published: August 2012

This introduction to the philosophy of mathematics focuses on contemporary debates in an important and central area of philosophy. The reader is taken on a fascinating and entertaining journey through some intriguing mathematical and philosophical territory, including such topics as the realism/anti-realism debate in mathematics, mathematical explanation, the limits of mathematics, the significance of mathematical notation, inconsistent mathematics and the applications of mathematics. Each chapter has a number of discussion questions and recommended further reading from both the contemporary literature and older sources. Very little mathematical background is assumed and all of the mathematics encountered is clearly introduced and explained using a wide variety of examples. The book is suitable for an undergraduate course in philosophy of mathematics and, more widely, for anyone interested in philosophy and mathematics.
Clitics
Authors: Spencer Andrew , Luis Ana R.
Published: August 2012

In most languages we find 'little words' which resemble a full word, but which cannot stand on their own. Instead they have to 'lean on' a neighbouring word, like the 'd, 've and unstressed 'em of Kim'd've helped'em ('Kim would have helped them'). These are clitics, and they are found in most of the world's languages. In English the clitic forms appear in the same place in the sentence that the full form of the word would appear in but in many languages clitics obey quite separate rules of placement. This book is the first introduction to clitics, providing a complete summary of their properties, their uses, the reasons why they are of interest to linguists and the various theoretical approaches that have been proposed for them. The book describes a whole host of clitic systems and presents data from over 100 languages.
Principles of Politics
Authors: Oppenheimer Joe
Published: August 2012

Modern rational choice and social justice theories allow scholars to develop new understandings of the foundations and general patterns of politics and political behavior. In this book, Joe Oppenheimer enumerates and justifies the empirical and moral generalizations commonly derived from these theories. In developing these arguments, Oppenheimer gives students a foundational basis of both formal theory and theories of social justice, and their related experimental literatures. He uses empirical findings to evaluate the validity of the claims. This basic survey of the findings of public choice theory for political scientists covers the problems of collective action, institutional structures, citizen well-being and social welfare, regime change and political leadership. Principles of Politics highlights what is universal to all of politics and examines both the empirical problems of political behavior and the normative conundrums of social justice.
Continuity and Change in Irish Poetry, 1966–2010
Authors: Falci Eric
Published: August 2012

In this book, Eric Falci reshapes the story of Irish poetry since the 1960s. He shows how polemical arguments concerning the role of poetry in 1960s Ireland evolve into a set of formal and compositional strategies for emerging Irish poets in the mid 1970s and beyond. His study presents a cohesive picture of the relationship between Northern Irish poetry from the Republic of Ireland since World War II and traces the lineage of lyric practice from a unique historical perspective. At the same time, it recontextualizes late twentieth-century Irish poetry within the long Irish poetic tradition, places Irish writing more accurately within the field of postwar Anglophone poetry and offers a new account of lyric's critical capacities. Of interest to Irish studies and twentieth-century poetry specialists, this book provides a much-needed guide to some of the most inventive and notable poetry written in the past forty years.
Incompressible impulsive sloshing
Authors: Tyvand Peder A. , Miloh Touvia
Published: August 2012

The incompressible impulsive time scale for inviscid liquid sloshing in open rigid containers suddenly put into motion is defined as the intermediate time scale in between the acoustic time scale and the gravitational time scale. Surge and sway boundary-value problems for incompressible impulsive sloshing in some realistic container shapes are solved analytically to the leading order in a small-time expansion. A solution is provided for two types of horizontal cylinders: a triangular cylindrical wedge and a half-filled circular cylinder. The surface velocity and the hydrodynamic force with its corresponding virtual fluid mass are calculated. The cases of constant impulsive velocity and constant impulsive acceleration are linked by transformation equations. Flows with waterline singularities are discussed, being leading-order outer flows in terms of matched asymptotic expansions.
Elastic Foundation Analysis of Uniformly Loaded Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Sandwich Plates
Authors: Zenkour A. M. , Sobhy M.
Published: August 2012

This paper deals with the static response of simply supported functionally graded material (FGM) viscoelastic sandwich plates subjected to transverse uniform loads. The FG sandwich plates are considered to be resting on Pasternak's elastic foundations. The sandwich plate is assumed to consist of a fully elastic core sandwiched by elastic-viscoelastic FGM layers. Material properties are graded according to a power-law variation from the interfaces to the faces of the plate. The equilibrium equations of the FG sandwich plate are given based on a trigonometric shear deformation plate theory. Using Illyushin's method, the governing equations of the viscoelastic sandwich plate can be solved. Parametric study on the bending analysis of FG sandwich plates is being investigated. These parameters include (i) power-law index, (ii) plate aspect ratio, (iii) side-to-thickness ratio, (iv) loading type, (v) foundation stiffnesses, and (vi) time parameter.
Investigating Influencing Factors on the Ductility Capacity of a Fixed-Head Reinforced Concrete Pile in Homogeneous Clay
Authors: Chiou J.-S. , Tsai Y.-C. , Chen C.-H.
Published: August 2012

This study performs parametric analyses on the displacement ductility capacity of a fixed-head reinforced concrete pile in homogeneous clay, considering the spread of plasticity in the pile. The parametric study regards the pile as a limited ductility structure, which conditionally allows the pile to have inelastic response during large loading. The variables considered include the pile section parameters andp-ymodel parameters. A large number of pushover analyses are conducted to examine the displacement ductility capacity of the pile. The results show that the plastic hinging will occur at the pile head region for a fixed-head pile, and the displacement ductility capacity of the pile is mainly influenced by the over-strength ratio of the pile section. Furthermore, the second plastic region may occur in ground when the axial force is in high tension. Based on the design concept of limited ductility structures, the high tensile force in pile should be avoided in pile design. A quantitative relationship between the displacement ductility capacity and over-strength ratio is suggested for engineering applications.
High Velocity Impact of Projectiles on Ceramic and Metal Dual Layer Target Panels
Authors: Lin C. S. , Chen Y. L.
Published: August 2012

Cavity expansion theory has been widely adopted by many researches in predicting penetration depth of objects under impact. The main purpose of this paper is to construct two models, each comprising different damaged zones based on the cavity expansion theory, to predict the target resistance when regarding the dual-layer ceramic/aluminum panel with finite thickness under high velocity impact. Once the target resistance obtained, the modified Bernoulli equation T-A model was adopted to predict the residual velocities of the projectile after penetrating targets with different thickness combination. The residual velocities predicted by the two models were compared with the results from ballistic test using .30” AP projectile. It was found that the accuracy of the models depends mainly on the thickness of ceramic material, that is, different model is suitable to predict different thickness combination of dual layer target considered. The damaged phenomenon after test was also investigated and analyzed. Therefore, it is suggested that the damaged models constructed in this study could be applied to predict the energy absorption of dual layer panel with different combination and thickness, as long as consideration of the cavity expansion zones is adjusted.
Viscoplastic Simulation of Rate Dependent behavior of the Taipei Silty Clay
Authors: Chin C.-K. , Ou C.-Y.
Published: August 2012

The objective of this study was to derive e an anisotropic viscoplastic rate dependent constitutive model. The model was derived on the basis of the viscoplastic theory proposed by Kutter and Sathialingam and the yield surface function suggested by Wheeleret al.The adopted yield surface function was more consistent with the yield surface of the Taipei silty clay, compared with the existing constitutive models. The model was confirmed able to simulate the undrained stress strain response for theK0-consolidated undrained compression and extension tests. The model was also used to simulate the isotropic consolidated andK0-consolidated undrained creep test. Results show that the predicted strain from the proposed model was close to the test data. Especially the model is able to predict the tertiary creep failure when the soil is subject to high stress level.
Heat Transfer Phenomena in a Moving Nanofluid Over a Horizontal Surface
Authors: Vajravelu K. , Prasad K. V.
Published: August 2012

A numerical study is carried out to study the effects of variable fluid properties on the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid at a flat sheet. The effects of Brownian motion, thermophoresis and viscous dissipation due to frictional heating are also considered. The temperature-dependent variable fluid properties, namely, the fluid viscosity and the thermal conductivity are assumed to vary, respectively, as an inverse function and a linear function of temperature. Using a similarity transformation, the governing non-linear partial differential equations of the model problem are transformed into coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations and these equations are solved numerically by Keller-Box method. Velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles volume fraction profiles are presented and analyzed for several sets of values of the governing parameters; namely, variable fluid viscosity, variable thermal conductivity, Brownaian motion, thermophoresis and plate-velocity parameters with changes in the Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. It is observed that there is an increase in the skin friction in the upstream movement of the plate: But quite the opposite is true in the downstream movement of the plate. Also, the effect of the Schmidt number and the Brownian motion parameter is to reduce the Sherwood number, where as the effect of thermophoresis parameter is to enhance it.
Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation
Authors: KARPOWITZ CHRISTOPHER F. , MENDELBERG TALI , SHAKER LEE
Published: August 2012

Can men and women have equal levels of voice and authority in deliberation or does deliberation exacerbate gender inequality? Does increasing women's descriptive representation in deliberation increase their voice and authority? We answer these questions and move beyond the debate by hypothesizing that the group's gender composition interacts with its decision rule to exacerbate or erase the inequalities. We test this hypothesis and various alternatives, using experimental data with many groups and links between individuals’ attitudes and speech. We find a substantial gender gap in voice and authority, but as hypothesized, it disappears under unanimous rule and few women, or under majority rule and many women. Deliberative design can avoid inequality by fitting institutional procedure to the social context of the situation.
Temporal shifts in motion behaviour and habitat use in an intertidal gastropod
Authors: Chapperon Coraline , Seuront Laurent
Published: August 2012

Animal movements in heterogeneous environments shape most ecological processes from individuals to ecosystems. The identification of the processes underlying animal movements thus has critical implications in a wide range of fields. Changes in the motion behaviour of free-ranging species have mainly been reported across different spatial scales but have been less investigated over time. Here the processes potentially triggering temporal changes in movement, microhabitat occupation and distribution patterns of the intertidal herbivorous gastropod Nerita atramentosa were examined on a south Australian rocky shore during 8 successive daytime low tides considered in four different months. The observed temporal shift in microhabitat occupation and aggregation behaviour was likely an adaptation to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as temperature and food distribution. In contrast, the temporal changes observed in N. atramentosa motion behaviour are consistent with optimal foraging strategies driven by the presumed variability in both microalgal density and distribution. Individuals seemed to switch from an extensive foraging strategy in February and May to an intensive strategy in August and October. Specifically, N. atramentosa seemed to adopt two different foraging strategies, a Lévy-like foraging strategy in May and a ballistic foraging strategy in February when the resources are expected to be respectively non-depleted and depleted. The Brownian foraging strategy theoretically expected under high food density conditions was however not observed. The potential role of the behavioural flexibility observed in N. atramentosa motion behaviour is discussed in relation to the persistence of this species under disrupted environmental conditions.
The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum
Authors: HOSSAIN ASHFAQUE
Published: August 2012

The creation of Assam as a new province in 1874 and the transfer of Sylhet from Bengal to Assam provided a new twist in the shaping of the northeastern region of India. Sylhet remained part of Assam from 1874 to 1947, which had significant consequences in this frontier locality. This paper re-examines archival sources on political mobilization, rereads relevant autobiographical texts, and reviews oral evidence to discover the ‘experienced’ history of the region as distinct from the ‘imagined’ one. The sub-text of partition (Sylhet) is more intriguing than the main text (Bengal), because events in Sylhet offer us a micro-level study. Generations of historians—writing mostly in Bengali and relying on colonial archives—have tended to overlook the mindset of the people of Sylhet. This paper, on the basis of an examination of combined sources, argues that the new province was implicated in overlapping histories, across Bengal-Assam borders. The voice of the indigenous—mostly Hindus but partly Muslim—elites were dominant from 1874 onwards. However, the underdogs—particularly ‘pro-Pakistani’dalits(lower-caste Hindus) and madrasa-educated ‘pro-Indian’maulvis—emerged as crucial players in the referendum of 1947. Hardly any serious study, however, has focused on the Sylhet referendum—a defining moment in the region. This study of the Sylhet referendum will reveal a new dimension to the multiple responses to these issues and provide a glimpse of the ‘communal psyche’ of the people in this frontier district, rather than a binary opposition between ‘religious’ and ‘secular’ forces.
Coupling nutrient sensing to metabolic homoeostasis: the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway
Authors: André Caroline , Cota Daniela
Published: August 2012

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is known to couple different environmental cues to the regulation of several energy-demanding functions within the cell, spanning from protein translation to mitochondrial activity. As a result, at the organism level, mTORC1 activity affects energy balance and general metabolic homoeostasis by modulating both the activity of neuronal populations that play key roles in the control of food intake and body weight, as well as by determining storage and use of fuel substrates in peripheral tissues. This review focuses on recent advances made in understanding the role of the mTORC1 pathway in the regulation of energy balance. More particularly, it aims at providing an overview of the status of knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying the ability of certain amino acids, glucose and fatty acids, to affect mTORC1 activity and in turn illustrates how the mTORC1 pathway couples nutrient sensing to the hypothalamic regulation of the organisms’ energy homoeostasis and to the control of intracellular metabolic processes, such as glucose uptake, protein and lipid biosynthesis. The evidence reviewed pinpoints the mTORC1 pathway as an integrator of the actions of nutrients on metabolic health and provides insight into the relevance of this intracellular pathway as a potential target for the therapy of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type-2 diabetes.
Exact solution of inverse kinematic problem of 6R serial manipulators using Clifford Algebra
Authors: Azmy Eriny W.
Published: August 2012

In this paper, Clifford Algebra is used to model and facilitate solving the inverse kinematic problem for robots with only two consecutive parallel axes. It is shown that when a solution exists, it is usually the case that one of the angles of rotation can be arbitrarily chosen from a union of intervals. The remaining angles are then uniquely determined. Of course, there are cases when no solution exists, such as when the object is out of reach. But typically, when solutions exist, there are infinitely many sets of solutions.
A Systematic Review of Screening Tools for Predicting the Development of Dementia
Authors: Lischka Andrea R. , Mendelsohn Marissa , Overend Tom , Forbes Dorothy
Published: August 2012

La détection précoce de la démence est essentielle pour guider les praticiens en premier ligne de soins de santé concernant de nouvelles évaluations cliniques et des traitements. Il y a une pénurie de la littérature qui évalue l’efficacité des outils de dépistage pour prédire le développement de la démence; ainsi, nous avons effectué une revue systématique pour combler cette lacune. Le but de l’examen systématique était de formuler des recommandations pour les praticiens de soins de santé sur lequel outil de dépistage prévoit mieux le développement de la démence et serait la plus faisable dans le contexte de soins primaires. On a cherché dix bases de données, ce qui a donné 751 articles. Parmi eux, 12 ont satisfait les critères de pertinence pour être inclus. Les outils de dépistage ont été évalués pour la précision des tests, la couverture du domaine cognitif, la capacité prédictive, et la faisabilité. Quatre outils de dépistage ont été recommandées. L’Examen cognitive d’Addenbrooke (ECA) a été considéré comme l’outil idéal. Une version revisée de cet outil est utilisée maintenant dans la pratique clinique, mais les propriétés psychometriques de l’ECA-R restent à déterminer.
Extreme water-related weather events and waterborne disease
Authors: CANN K. F. , THOMAS D. Rh. , SALMON R. L. , WYN-JONES A. P. , KAY D.
Published: August 2012

Global climate change is expected to affect the frequency, intensity and duration of extreme water-related weather events such as excessive precipitation, floods, and drought. We conducted a systematic review to examine waterborne outbreaks following such events and explored their distribution between the different types of extreme water-related weather events. Four medical and meteorological databases (Medline, Embase, GeoRef, PubMed) and a global electronic reporting system (ProMED) were searched, from 1910 to 2010. Eighty-seven waterborne outbreaks involving extreme water-related weather events were identified and included, alongside 235 ProMED reports. Heavy rainfall and flooding were the most common events preceding outbreaks associated with extreme weather and were reported in 55·2% and 52·9% of accounts, respectively. The most common pathogens reported in these outbreaks were Vibrio spp. (21·6%) and Leptospira spp. (12·7%). Outbreaks following extreme water-related weather events were often the result of contamination of the drinking-water supply (53·7%). Differences in reporting of outbreaks were seen between the scientific literature and ProMED. Extreme water-related weather events represent a risk to public health in both developed and developing countries, but impact will be disproportionate and likely to compound existing health disparities.
Observations of the ophiuroids from the West Antarctic sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Sands Chester J. , Griffiths Huw J. , Downey Rachel V. , Barnes David K.A. , Linse Katrin , Martín-Ledo Rafael
Published: August 2012

Ophiuroids are a conspicuous and often dominant component of the Antarctic continental shelf benthos. Here we report on the ophiuroids collected from the Burdwood Bank, off the Patagonian Shelf, through the shallow water areas of the Scotia Arc, down the west Antarctic Peninsula and as far south as Pine Island Bay in the eastern Amundsen Sea. This preliminary and primarily pattern based study identifies some regional differences in assemblages and highlights the role of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current as a barrier, as well as a facilitator, to dispersal. In order to effectively compare between studies we highlight the need for accurate, expert taxonomic identification of specimens.