bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precision in Motion: Assessing the Accuracy of LiDAR Sensors for Delay Time Calculation at Signalized Intersections
Authors: Ansariyar Alireza
Published: October 2023

This study investigates the application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor technology for delay time data collection at signalized intersections. The research aims to provide valuable insights into the potential of LiDAR-based data analysis to enhance road safety and traffic management at signalized intersections. The research methodology involved the deployment of LiDAR sensors at Marlboro Pike & Brooks Dr. signalized intersection in Coral Hills, Maryland. Two LiDAR sensors installed in this intersection to collect high-resolution, three-dimensional data of the intersection area in June 2023. In addition to vehicle trajectory, speed, and behavior data, the data included traffic signal patterns and the delay time in each phase of the traffic signal based on the daily pattern of the controlling signal.Signalized intersections are critical nodes in urban transportation systems, influencing traffic flow, safety, and overall mobility. This study presents an investigation into delay time at signalized intersections, focusing on the advantages of specifying delay times for individual signal phases by the LiDAR sensor technology. By synthesizing existing research, empirical data, and traffic engineering principles, this study sheds light on the multifaceted role of delay time and its potential to enhance transportation systems. The study begins by delving into the fundamental concept of delay time, elucidating the factors that influence it, and outlining its significance in traffic engineering. Then, the research explores the intricate relationship between delay time and various intersection parameters, including traffic volume, signal timing, and geometric characteristics. This empirical analysis provides a nuanced understanding of delay time dynamics, offering insights into the challenges faced by signalized intersections in meeting the demands of urban mobility.The central focus of this research is the advantages of specifying delay times for individual signal phases within a signalized intersection. By fine-tuning signal timing plans, traffic engineers can optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance overall transportation efficiency. Several key aspects of LiDAR data analysis were considered, including congestion points, traffic volume fluctuations, and peak-hour behavior. The information provided insight into potential factors contributing to the delay time. By analyzing LiDAR data, this study identified the potential of LiDAR sensor technology for collecting detailed delay time data in signalized intersections. In addition to providing valuable insights for traffic engineers, urban planners, and policymakers seeking to improve the safety and efficiency of signalized intersections, this research contributes to a practical understanding of how LiDAR technology can be employed to improve road safety and traffic management.
A Estrela Invisível no Céu: Dimensionando a Espécie Humana na Vasta Biodiversidade Terrestre
Authors: Orquiza João Carlos
Published: October 2023

A biodiversidade, embora amplamente discutida em ambientes acadêmicos e populares, é um conceito cuja magnitude real muitas vezes permanece abstrata para a maioria das pessoas. Este ensaio busca concretizar a vastidão da biodiversidade terrestre, oferecendo uma representação didática e visualmente impactante. Com base em uma análise meta-analítica que sintetiza 50 estimativas de estudos publicados, a riqueza global de espécies é estimada entre 19,49 e 24,51 milhões. Ao inserir a espécie humana, Homo sapiens, neste cenário, ela compõe apenas 0,0000051% a 0,0000041% dessa imensa diversidade. Esta proporção é ilustrada com a analogia do céu noturno: se cada espécie fosse representada por uma estrela, a humanidade seria tão diminuta que seria quase imperceptível a olho nu. Este trabalho visa ajustar nossa percepção da posição do Homo sapiens no intricado mosaico da vida, proporcionando uma apreciação mais profunda e tangível de nossa singularidade em meio à vasta diversidade que nos rodeia.
Internalisasi Moderasi beragama dalam pendidikan agama Islam
Authors: SETIAWATI NIA
Published: October 2023

Pentingnya Pendidikan moderasi beragama di Indonesia adalah fakta bahwa masyarakat Indonesia sangat multikultur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dan mengalisis internalisasi nilai moderasi agama islam. Artikel ini ditulis dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dimana data kajian dikumpulkan melalui Teknik dokumentasi dan analisasi menggunakan teknik content analyis. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah artikel ilmiah, buku, dan surat kabar yang berkaitan dengan pembelajaran fikih serta Moderasi beragama. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah Moderasi beragama merupakan alternatif solusi bagi keragaman suku, ras, agama, budaya, dan adat istiadat yang ada di Indonesia. Anugerah diversitas ini harus mendapatkan perhatian serius dari berbagai pihak termasuk potensi pemersatukan bangsa. Langkah yang dapat ditempuh adalah dengan menginternalisasikan nilai moderasi beragama dalam pembelajaran melalui setiap komponen kurikulum.
SEJARAH UMAT ISLAM OLEH PROF HAMKA ( BAB DINASTI UMAYYAH)
Authors: SULASRAR  , hamka
Published: October 2023

Bab 2 (dinasti Umayyah) dalam buku sejarah umat Islam yang ditulis oleh Prof Hamka di tahun 2016. Data cadangan untuk tugas resume.
DISKRIMINASI AGAMA DALAM BINGKAI TOLERANSI
Authors: Rahayu Velinda Fitria
Published: October 2023

Indonesia merupakan negara multikultural yang mana memiliki keberagaman akan suku, bangsa, ras, budaya, bahasa dan agama. Keberagaman ini merupakan salah satu ciri masyarakat Indonesia yang dibanggakan, dan berpotensi untuk mengancam kehidupan berbangsa. Keanekaragaman masyarakat Indonesia sudah selayaknya menjadi kekayaan bagi indonesia. Namun ada problem yang memang tidak bisa dihindari, perbedaan karena keanekaragaman kadang kala menyebabkan perselisihan. Seringkali yang banyak menjadi permasalahan adalah perselisihan antar umat beragama. Indonesia memiliki enam agama yang diakui oleh negara. Diskriminasi adalah perilaku yang ditujukan kepada seseorang hanya berdasarkan keanggotaan kelompok yang dimilikinya. Diskriminasi ini pada awalnya bermula dari adanya prasangka yang pada awalnya hanya perasaan negatif yang lambat laun menyebabkan seseorang melakukan tindakan pembedaan terhadap orang-orang yang tergolong kelompok lain yang berbeda dengan dirinya. Tindakan diskriminatif tersebut diartikan sebagai tindakan yang menghambat,merugikan pembangunan, bahkan mengancam kehidupan pribadi orang lain yang kebetulan berada dalam kelompok yang diprasangkainya.Kata Kunci: Diskriminasi Beragama, Keberagaman
SurfaceCast: Ubiquitous, Cross-Device Surface Sharing
Authors: Echtler Florian , Maierhöfer Vitus , Hansen Nicolai Brodersen , Wimmer Raphael
Published: October 2023

Real-time online interaction is the norm today. Tabletops and other dedicated interactive surface devices with direct input and tangible interaction can enhance remote collaboration, and open up new interaction scenarios based on mixed physical/virtual components. However, they are only available to a small subset of users, as they usually require identical bespoke hardware for every participant, are complex to setup, and need custom scenario-specific applications.We present SurfaceCast, a software toolkit designed to merge multiple distributed, heterogeneous end-user devices into a single, shared mixed-reality surface. Supported devices include regular desktop and laptop computers, tablets, and mixed-reality headsets, as well as projector-camera setups and dedicated interactive tabletop systems. This device-agnostic approach provides a fundamental building block for exploration of a far wider range of usage scenarios than previously feasible, including future clients using our provided API.In this paper, we discuss the software architecture of SurfaceCast, present a formative user study and a quantitative performance analysis of our framework, and introduce five example application scenarios which we enhance through the multi-user and multi-device features of the framework. Our results show that the hardware- and content-agnostic architecture of SurfaceCast can run on a wide variety of devices with sufficient performance and fidelity for real-time interaction.
PENDIDIKAN KEWARGANEGARAAN
Authors: Putra Sulthan Ananda
Published: October 2023

pakai abstark di paper
The Language of Tomorrow: An Introduction to Large Language Models and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Authors: joel Fred , felix John , olaoyegodwin
Published: October 2023

In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, the fusion of language and artificial intelligence has sparked a revolution that promises to redefine the way we communicate, learn, work, and even think. At the forefront of this revolution are Large Language Models (LLMs) - monumental, data-driven machines that can understand and generate human language. In this article, we delve into the captivating world of LLMs, their significance in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the transformative potential they hold for our future.
Resume Managing Diversity Nada Aulia Rahman
Authors: Martadiharja Nada Aulia Rahman
Published: October 2023

Mengelola keberagaman adalah pilihan dan komitmen secara sadar baik oleh satu organisasi untuk bisa memberikan nilai terhadap perbedaan dimana perusahaan tersebut menggunakan perbedaan sebagai kekuatan untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi.
Managing Diversity
Authors: FADILATURAHMAH MEITA
Published: October 2023

What is Dibersity? (apa keberangaman itu?) • Keberagaman adalah keseluruhan dari perbedaan yang kemudian membuat individu tersebut menampilkan dirinya, dan secara kolektif kemampuan yang mereka miliki untuk bisa di kontribusikan terhadap pencapaian tujuan organisasi.• Mengelola keberagaman adalah pilihan dan komitmen yang dipilih secara sadar baik dari organisasi, untuk bisa menilai terhadap perbedaan. Dimana perusahaan tersebut menggunakan keberagaman ini sebagai sumber kekuatan untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi.
SIKAP INTOLERANSI ANTAR SUKU DAYAK DAN MADURA
Authors: aprilya lidya nur afni
Published: October 2023

Indonesia dikenal dengan negara yang kaya akan budaya, beragam suku, agama, ras, serta golongan. Hal tersebut akan menjadi nilai tambah untuk negara Indonesia karena kaya akan keragaman. Namun, tidak menutup kemungkinan juga apabila keragaman tersebut menjadi bumerang bagi Indonesia itu sendiri. Intoleransi menjadi salah satu dari sekian kemungkinan hal yang dapat menjadi bumerang bagi Indonesia itu sendiri. Lantas, apa itu intoleransi? Intoleransi merupakan kebalikan dari semua prinsip yang terdapat dalam toleransi. Dengan beragamnya suku, ras, agama, serta golongan, memungkinkan munculnya sifat etnosentrisme, di mana masyarakat Indonesia akan merasa bahwa golongannya lebih hebat daripada golongan yang lain, sehingga terjadilah intoleransi.Indonesia merupakan sebuah negara yang sangat majemuk, dari kemajemukan itulah adanya berbagai keragaman etnis dan suku bangsa. Namun jika dilihat dari sisi negatif, dari keberagaman dan perbedaan tersebutlah yang nantinya dapat menimbulkan terjadinya konflik etnis. Layaknya yang terjadi di Kalimantan pada rentang tahun 1950-2001 silam, dimana konflik antaretnik Dayak dan Madura berulang kali terjadi. Kampung Peladis yang terletak di Kalimantan Barat, merupakan salah satu bukti bahwa masih terdapat border dan boundaries antaretnik Dayak dan Madura hingga saat ini. Mulai dari pola permukiman, hingga aktivitas keseharian yang berkelompok antaretnis, dan kurang berbaur antar satu sama lain.
Bentuk-Bentuk Perusahaan
Authors: Ramadhani Raveena
Published: October 2023

contoh dari bentuk-bentuk perusahaan
"Takeshi's Challenge" [challenge part] (Supplement III:35-7-2)
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: October 2023

(Supplement to the history of computer science and technology)
Beyond Gigabits: An Introduction to Multilayer Pb/s Networks
Authors: favour Niyi , olaoyegodwin
Published: October 2023

The digital age has ushered in an unprecedented era of connectivity and data consumption. Our world is increasingly reliant on high-speed networks to transmit vast amounts of data, and as we demand more, network technologies must evolve to keep up. This brings us to the fascinating realm of Multilayer Pb/s Networks, where the "Pb/s" stands for Petabits per second, a unit of data transfer that represents a colossal leap beyond gigabit networks. In this article, we will explore the concept of Multilayer Pb/s Networks, their significance, and the transformative potential they hold for our interconnected world.
MENANGKAL INTOLERANSI DALAM PENCAK SILAT KEBERAGAMAN BUDAYA UNTUK HARMONI SOSIAL
Authors: Amaliya Ajeng
Published: October 2023

Organisasi perguruan seni beladiri pencak silat adalah merupakan organisasi kemasyarakatan, yang mengajarkan ilmu beladiri juga mengajarkan cara untuk menegakkan kebenaran dan memberantas kejahatan. Orang yang ahli beladiri pencak silat dinamakan Pendekar. Kejahatan adalah suatu bentuk tindakan yang menyimpang yang selalu ada pada setiap masyarakat, dengan demikian kejahatan merupakan masalah sosial yang perlu dihadapi. Perumusan masalahnya bagaimana peranan organisasi perguruan seni beladiri pencak silat dalam ikut meminimalisasi kejahatan, faktor yang menjadi kendala, dan bagaimanakah seharusnya. Metode penelitian yang dipakai menggunakan yuridis normatif, dengan bertumpu pada data primer dan sekunder, lokasi penelitian di semua organisasi perguruan seni beladiri pencak silat yang berada di wilayah Kabupaten Banjarnegara, yang tergabung dalam wadah Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (IPSI) cabang Kabupaten Banjarnegara, dan kemudian dari hasil penelitian di analisis dan disusun secara sistematis. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia (IPSI) cabang Kabupaten Banjarnegara adalah bentuk sambung tangan pemerintah yang berfungsi mewadahi organisasi-organisasi perguruan seni beladiri pencak silat yang berada di kabupaten Banjarnegara, dan dari organisasi perguruan seni beladiri pencak silat yang ada mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam meminimalisasi kejahatan, sehingga ditemukan bagaimanakah peran seharusnya organisasi perguruan seni beladiri pencak silat dalam meminimalisasi kejahatan. Dalam rangka ikut meminimalisasi kejahatan dan penyakit masyarakat, organisasi perguruan seni beladiri pencak silat dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala yang perlu dihadapi. Kesimpulannya yaitu peranan organisasi perguruan seni beladiri pencak silat yang ada di Kabupaten Banjarnegara, Provinsi Jawa Tengah sebagai sarana non-penal dalam upaya meminimalisasi kejahatan belum dapat terlaksana dengan Optimal yaitu dengan adanya kendala-kendala yang dihadapinya. Upaya penaggulangan kejahatan masih bertumpu pada aparat penegak hukum dengan menggunakan sarana penal.
Individual behaviour, values, and personality
Authors: Yusnia
Published: October 2023

Setiap orang, antara individu yang satu dengan yang lainnya pada umumnya memiliki perilaku yang berbeda. Nilai yang dianut, kepribadian juga berbeda. Tidak ada manusia di dunia ini yang memiliki kesamaan yang persis sama, baik itu fisik, perilaku, nilai dan lain sebagainya.
Artikel Menormalisasi Anti Rasisme dan Diskriminasi di Kalangan Mahasiswa
Authors: Widiyanik Fira Dwi
Published: October 2023

Rasisme berdasarkan perbedaan ras merupakan isu utama dalam kehidupan sosial masyarakat, terutama di masyarakat yang heterogen dengan banyaknya perbedaan seperti suku, agama, dan lain sebagainya. Dikalangan mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi kerap kali adanya pemerataan kualitas pendidikan dengan cara memeratakan atau menyebar beberapa mahasiswa yang jauh dari fasilitas pendidikan yang layak yaitu dari luar Jawa seperti mahasiswa seperti dari Papua maupun dari Timur. Sehingga adanya celah atau timbulnya rasisme dan diskriminasi dari perbedaan yang jauh dari segi ras, perbedaan warna kulit dan bahasa. Sehingga perlu adanya normalisasi anti rasisme dan diskriminasi dikalangan mahasiswa, untuk menyatukan perbedaan dan memberantas masalah rasisme dan diskriminasi, serta memberi dukungan keadilan rasial dengan penerapan keadilan guna menciptakan kesempatan yang setara dalam mendengarkan pendapat dari orang-orang yang terdampak rasisme dan diskriminasi.
Pentingnya Menjaga Toleransi Membudayakan Nilai-Nilai Pancasila Dalam Menjaga Toleransi Antar Umat Beragama Sebagai Karakter Generasi Muda di Lingkungan Masyarakat
Authors: Anggraini Selvy Ayu
Published: October 2023

Pada zaman ini, nilai-nilai pancasila seakan-akan hilang dari karakter anak bangsa. Khususnya generasi muda yang cenderung lebih kebarat-baratan karena arus globalisasi. Generasi muda sekarang cenderung meniru pola pikir idealis dan radikalis. Generasi muda sekarang menganggap hal yang biasa di negara lain, biasa pula di Indonesia yang terkadang hal tersebut bahkan dianggap tabu di Indonesia. Seperti pembullyan, berpakaian minim atau terbuka, bahkan hingga hal yang masyarakat indonesia sangat sesuai dengan sudut pandang dan kondisi di Indonesia. Dari sila ke satu hingga sila kelima pada pancasila sangat menggambarkan bagaimana bangsa Indonesia bermasyarakat. Sila pertama berbunyi "Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa". Yang artinya setiap warga negara Indonesia harus beragama. Karena seorang manusia hidup di dunia tidak hanya sekedar untuk menikmati kenikmatan dunia semata, akan tetapi untuk beribadah sesuai agama yang dianutnya. Dalam sila tersebut tidak disebutkan untuk agama apa. Akan tetapi bersifat universal yang artinya serius seperti narkoba, minum-minuman beralkohol, cara menyikapi orang yang lebih tua seperti bersikap pada sesama sampai berhubungan suami istri tanpa ikatan pernikahan. Ini yang perlu kita waspadai dan perlu ditindak lanjuti. Hal ini sangat berbahaya bagi generasi muda. Selain hancurnya karakter pancasila, juga dapat merusak moral pada generasi muda. Lalu bagaimana menyikapi lunturnya nilai-nilai pancasila tersebut? Upaya utama dan yang paling efektif adalah dengan mengingatkan dan menanamkan kembali nilai-nilai pancasila dalam diri generasi muda. Dengan membiasakan kembali kebiasaan orang timur, menanamkan sikap cinta tanah air, dan membudayakan nilai pancasila ini dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di masyarakat, niscaya generasi muda dapat lebih mencintai bangsa dan negaranya yang juga berkarakter pancasila.
低风速风机叶片变短变宽变小的潜在优点
Authors: YANG Zheng-Ling
Published: October 2023

根据物理学中的“刚体定轴转动定律”，可知对于旋转式风机，尤其是水平轴风机，降低叶片等的机械转动惯量，潜在的优点：降低主轴的磨损，有利于提高风机的寿命；有利于降低“切入风速”；有利于提高从风速到风机出力折算的准确性。低风速风机叶片变短、变宽，不仅是降低其机械转动惯量的首选措施，还有利于增大叶片的刚度。其次是降低叶片的重量（物理学的“质量”）。低风速情况下，多台小风机比单台大风机，具有更多的潜在优点。
Parallelized Time-dependent 2D FEM Solver with OpenMP, MPI, and CUDA
Authors: Chen Kecheng
Published: October 2023

This project uses the FEM method to discretize a 2D rectangular domain time-dependent problem. The problem is finally transformed into solving a linear system at each time step with different parallelization interfaces.
Comparing the test-retest reliability of behavioral, computational and self-reported individual measures of reward and punishment sensitivity in relation to mental health symptoms
Authors: Vrizzi Stefano , Najar Anis , Lemogne Cédric , Palminteri Stefano , Lebreton Maël
Published: October 2023

The field of computational psychiatry advocates for the use of behavioral task-derived computational measures to improve our understanding, diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, recent meta-analyses in cognitive psychology suggest that behavioral and computational measures are less stable than self-reported surveys as assessed by test-retest correlations. If extended to mental health measures, this poses a serious challenge to the computational psychiatry agenda. To start addressing this question, we leveraged a well-validated reinforcement learning framework based on a neuro-computational model. We collected data from participants who performed a multi-context reinforcement-learning (RL) task twice (~5 months apart), so as to compare the reliability of behavioral measures, computational parameters, and psychological and mental health questionnaires. Despite the remarkable replicability of population-averaged measures, the test-retest reliability of individual metrics was low-to-very-low for behavioral and computational measures, while moderate-to-strong for questionnaires. Behavioral measures were essentially correlated only among themselves, while measures from questionnaires were also correlated with mental health symptoms. Overall, these findings challenge the translational potential of computational approaches for precision psychiatry.
Sustained benefits of early childhood education and care (ECEC) for young children’s development during COVID-19
Authors: Davies Catherine , Kong Shannon P , Hendry Alexandra , Archer Nathan , McGillion Michelle , Gonzalez-Gomez Nayeli
Published: October 2023

Early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings faced significant disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic, compromising the continuity, stability, and quality of provision. Three years on from the first UK lockdown as pandemic-era preschoolers enter formal schooling, stakeholders are concerned about the impact of the disruption on children’s cognitive and socioemotional development, especially those from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. Using parent-report data from 171 children aged 5 - 23 months (M=15 months) in March - June 2020 living in the UK, we investigate whether previously attested positive associations between ECEC attendance and the development of language and executive functions was maintained as early years settings navigated operational challenges over the first full year of the pandemic. In response to concerns about ‘school readiness’, we analyse the relationship between ECEC attendance and children’s communication, problem-solving, and personal-social development. ECEC was associated with greater growth in receptive vocabulary over the 12-month period. In children from less advantaged backgrounds, ECEC was also associated with greater growth in expressive vocabulary. Our data suggest a similarly positive association between ECEC attendance and the communication and problem-solving skills of children from less advantaged backgrounds, and between ECEC and the personal-social development of all children. Overall, results suggest that ECEC had sustained learning benefits for children growing up during the pandemic despite ongoing disruption to settings, with specific benefits for children from less affluent home environments. As pandemic-era children progress to primary school, we discuss the importance of adapting their learning conditions and adjusting the expectations placed on them.
From Product to Producer: The Impact of Perceptual Evidence and Robot Embodiment on the Human Assessment of AI Creativity
Authors: Pennanen Niki , Linkola Simo , Kantosalo Anna , Hiillos Nicolas , Männistö Tomi , Guckelsberger Christian
Published: October 2023

While creative artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming integral to our lives, we know little about what makes us call AI "creative". Informed by prior theoretical and empirical work, we investigate how perceiving evidence of a creative act beyond the final product affects our assessment of robot creativity. We study embodiment morphology as a potential moderator of this relationship, informing a 3x2 factorial design. In two lab experiments on visual art, participants (N=30+60) assessed drawings produced by two physical robots with different morphologies, under exposure to product, process, and producer as three levels of perceptual evidence. The data supports that the human assessment of robot creativity is significantly higher the more is revealed beyond the product about the creation process, and eventually the producer. We find no significant effects of embodiment morphology, contrasting existing hypotheses and offering a more detailed understanding for future work. Future work is further informed by additional exploratory analyses revealing factors potentially influencing creativity assessments, including perceived robot likeability and participants' experience with robotics and AI. Our insights empirically ground existing design patterns, foster fairness and validity in system comparisons, contribute to a deeper understanding of our relationship with creative AI and thus its adoption in society.
LSTM-based deep learning model for named entity recognition in Yoruba language with events
Authors: Omisore Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Named entity recognition is a critical component of narrative understanding, and its challenges are amplified in underresourced languages such as Yoruba. This paper presents an approach to named entity recognition tailored to the Yoruba language, harnessing the power of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. The proposed LSTM-based model is meticulously designed to capture not only named entities, but also event entities across various event types. The LSTM architecture, coupled with a Time Distributed Output layer, ensures precise temporal alignment and parallelization for accurate event trigger identification. In an experiment conducted on a Yoruba event extraction dataset, the model achieves an F1-score of 0.8967, a precision of 0.9391, and a recall of 0.8579 across various event types, showcasing its robustness and adaptability within the Yoruba linguistic context.
Speech Rhythm in Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implant Listening
Authors: MacIntyre Alexis Deighton
Published: October 2023

A substantial portion of the global human population live with some level of hearing loss, and the World Health Organisation estimates this disability may affect up to one in four people by 2050. For people who use speech to communicate, hearing impairment can cause serious disruption to daily life, yet we do not fully understand how speech rhythm perception is impacted by hearing loss. Moreover, in the case of people who use cochlear implants to listen, it is unclear how well aspects of speech rhythm are captured by hearing devices. This chapter surveys an interdisciplinary literature, bringing together insights from perception, speech therapy, and hearing and audiological sciences across the lifespan to construct an emergent picture of speech rhythm processing in the context of hearing disability.
Highly dangerous road hazards are not immune from the low prevalence effect
Authors: Song Jiali , Wolfe Benjamin
Published: October 2023

The low prevalence effect (LPE) is a cognitive limitation commonly found in visual search tasks, in which observers miss rare targets. Drivers looking for road hazards are also subject to the LPE. However, not all road hazards are equal; a paper bag floating down the road is much less dangerous than a rampaging moose. Here, we asked whether perceived hazardousness modulated the LPE. To examine this, we took a dataset in which 48 raters assessed the perceived dangerousness of hazards in recorded road videos (Song et al., 2023) and correlated the ratings with data from a hazard detection task using the same stimuli with varying hazard prevalence rates (Kosovicheva et al., 2023). We found that while hazard detectability increased monotonically with hazardousness ratings, the LPE was comparable across perceived hazardousness levels. Our findings are consistent with the decision criterion account of the LPE, in which target rarity induces a conservative shift in criterion. Importantly, feedback was necessary for a large and consistent LPE; when participants were not given feedback about their accuracy, the most dangerous hazards showed a non-significant LPE. However, eliminating feedback was not enough to induce the opposite of the LPE— prevalence induced concept change (Levari et al., 2018), in which participants adopt a more liberal criterion when instances of a category become rare. Our results suggest that the road hazard LPE may be somewhat affected by the inherent variability of driving situations, but is still observed for highly dangerous hazards.
The role of selection history in the learned predictiveness effect
Authors: Balea Paula , Molinero Sara , Vadillo Miguel A. , Luque David
Published: October 2023

Previous research has shown that cues that are good predictors of relevant outcomes receive more attention than nonpredictive cues. This attentional bias is thought to stem from the different predictive value of cues. However, because successful performance requires more attention to predictive cues, the bias may be a lingering effect of previous attention to cues (i.e., a selection history effect) instead. Two experiments assessed the contribution of predictive value and selection history to the bias produced by learned predictiveness. In a first task, participants responded to pairs of cues, only one of which predicted the correct response. A second task was superficially very similar, but the correct response was determined randomly on each trial and participants responded based on some physical characteristic of a target stimulus in each compound. Hence, in this latter task, participants had to pay more attention to the target stimuli, but these stimuli were not consistently associated with a specific response. Results revealed no differences in the attentional bias towards the relevant stimuli in the two tasks, suggesting that the bias induced by learned predictiveness is a consequence of deploying more attention to predictive stimuli during training. Thus, predictiveness may not bias attention by itself, adding nothing over and above the effect expected by selection history. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ©American Psychological Association, 2024. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. The final article is available, upon publication, at: 10.1037/xhp0001240
he Acceptance of TikTok as a Tool in English Language Learning among University Students
Authors: Abdullah Nor Eleyana , Mohamad Faizah , Kamal Mafarhanatul Akmal Ahmad , Isa Ilham Alia Mat
Published: October 2023

TikTok is considered a potential tool for enhancing the development of students’ language skills and proficiency. However, research on the extent of students’ acceptance of using it as a language learning tool is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the level of acceptance of TikTok in English language learning and the factors contributing to the actual use of TikTok among undergraduate students in Malaysia. This study employed quantitative research methodology by disseminating a 32-item questionnaire to 200 undergraduate students at a public Malaysian university via a Google Form link. Sections A, B, C, D, E, and F of the questionnaire sought responses on the demographic profile, perceived usefulness, ease of use, attitudes, behavioural intention, and actual use of TikTok in English language acquisition, respectively. The findings revealed that the average scores for the individual items and the overall scores for each component being studied were within the range of 3 to 4.1 on a 5-point Likert scale. This result indicated that the student’s level of acceptance was above average. Students’ behavioural intentions were also found to be the most significant factor in determining whether or not TikTok was used for English language instruction. Students acknowledged the use of TikTok in English language learning, suggesting that it could be used as a pedagogical instrument in English language classrooms. Consequently, the findings highlight TikTok’s potential as a language learning tool in English language courses, as it strengthens educational platforms and enhances instruction by giving students more ways to learn languages.
The Effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development on Writing Skill and Self-Regulated Learning of Thai High School Students
Authors: Phramphun Tivawan , Tangkiengsirisin Supong
Published: October 2023

This study was conducted to examine the effects of self-regulated strategy development, an intervention designed to teach writing skills through six steps and four self-regulation skills, on academic English writing skills and self-regulated learning. Additionally, the aim is also to investigate attitudes towards the instruction. Mastering the skills of writing is a challenging task since it requires several integrated skills. There exist several complex difficulties in, for example, creating content, organizing structure, applying writing mechanics, and completing the revision process. Thus, the essential factor is writing instruction which helps learners improve their writing skills. The participants were eleven pre-intermediate students at a senior high school in Thailand who were explicitly taught by self-regulated strategy development instruction in a process consisting of six recursive stages and four self-regulation skill stages. To gather quantitative data, a pretest and posttest were employed. Moreover, to obtain qualitative data regarding the students’ attitudes toward the instruction, a semi-structured interview was used. The findings revealed that the academic writing ability and self-regulation skills of Thai high school students can be enhanced by self-regulated strategy development and that students show positive attitudes towards this type of instruction.
Agreement Attraction Errors among Saudi Non-Native English Speakers
Authors: Aljuaythin Wafa
Published: October 2023

Agreement attraction errors are one of the errors that language users make, and psycholinguists examine as a window into how language processing functions. Agreement attraction errors arise if a sentence has a complex noun phrase with the main noun acting as the controller of agreement and a local noun acting as the attractor for agreement. Earlier research has shown that phrases tend to have more agreement errors than clauses among native speakers of English. This study investigated whether agreement attraction errors are more in phrases than clauses among non-native English speakers with varying proficiency levels from Saudi Arabia, as little has been done on non-native speakers of English. The study used a forced-choice task by instructing the participants to select either singular or plural verbs for each complex noun phrase that was displayed. The quantity and quality of their agreement errors—whether in prepositional phrases or relative clauses—were examined in the study. Furthermore, it contrasted reaction time for items with prepositional phrases to items with relative clauses. Proficiency level was also reviewed to determine how it affected agreement attraction errors. No statistically significant difference was found between the two types, but processing items with prepositional phrases took longer than processing items with relative clauses. Despite past research suggesting that agreement errors are more common in phrases than clauses, the current study did not find this difference to be of significance. The complexity of both sorts of errors is equal among the sample, and proficiency proved to be irrelevant.
The Role of L2 Vocabulary Knowledge in Writing Proficiency from the Perspective of Mediating Effect of Fluency
Authors: Tong Yanli , Hasim Zuwati , Halim Huzaina Abdul
Published: October 2023

The current study aims to probe the effectiveness and predictability of four aspects of lexical knowledge in writing proficiency of 312 Chinese university students of English as an ESL/EFL by pathways analysis of structure equation modeling. Furthermore, Bootstrapping and Monte Carlo statistical methods were used to analyze the mediation role of vocabulary fluency in the relationship between lexicons and writing proficiency. The results indicated that (a) the tested four aspects of lexicon knowledge (receptive/productive vocabulary breadth/depth) were all found to have a potential effect on writing; however, the effect of productive lexicons on writing proficiency is higher than that of receptive ones, and the effect of depth is better than that of breadth in both reception and production; (b) regression analysis demonstrated that overall lexical knowledge can account for 50 percent of the variance in writing; (c) vocabulary fluency plays a partial mediation role between vocabulary knowledge and writing ability; and (d) given the mediation role of lexicon fluency, the regression coefficient of both receptive vocabulary breadth and receptive vocabulary depth raised by 3 percent respectively; however, the regression coefficient of productive vocabulary has no changes. These findings suggest that vocabulary fluency can help language learners perform better in writing ability if only they have high vocabulary levels, especially productive vocabulary knowledge.
Reinforcement of Gender Stereotyping in Malaysian Primary English Textbooks
Authors: Asmuni Puteri Ayufiza
Published: October 2023

Many primary school students have been exposed to gender stereotyping since they were young, with educators, parents, and their peers shaping their thoughts, behaviors, and their perceptions of gender. While several previous research studies have been done on the depiction of gender-stereotyped roles in Malaysian textbooks, very little has fully explored how stereotypical gender characteristics are assigned to the male and female gender, and how reinforcement of occupational gender roles is done through images and text in Malaysian primary English textbooks. This study seeks to investigate the reinforcement of gender stereotyping in Malaysian Primary English textbooks through images and text. The study addressed the following research question: What stereotypical gender characteristics are assigned to the male and female gender through the images and text incorporated in Malaysian English Primary textbooks? Using the Thematic Analysis approach by Braun and Clarke(2006) the results show that the themes obtained from the analysis were consistent with results from previous studies, which suggested that there was a biased characterization of the male and female gender, and those female characters were still underrepresented leading to the reinforcement of stereotypical gender roles. This study sheds new light on the reinforcement of gender stereotyping and provides important insights into the creation and development of primary English textbooks in Malaysia.
Through the Lens of EFL Teachers: Teaching Online on Lockdown
Authors: Çeşme Hatice , Çimen Birgül Akdağ
Published: October 2023

There has been a growing interest in online EFL teaching studies after the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the majority of the studies have centered around students’ perspectives. The studies examining the issue from EFL teachers’ perspectives, on the other hand, are relatively scarce. Therefore, this study qualitatively investigated EFL teachers’ perceptions and experience in this critical process to bridge the gap in the literature. For the study, the data were collected through written semi-structured interviews with 25 EFL teachers in Turkey. Five themes with several categories emerged based on the thematic analysis of the data with MAXQDA 2020 package program. The teachers commonly focused on the challenges of emergency online teaching and suggested potential solutions. The primary stemmed from the poor communication between teachers and students due to low engagement levels and technology-related issues. The teachers also struggled to find proper online EFL teaching materials since they had no or little experience in online education and did not know how find teaching resources. They suggested providing EFL teachers with workshop opportunities to learn how to tackle technology-related problems and improve their online material developing skills. This study may extend the relevant literature by providing a deeper insight into EFL teachers’ practices and recommendations for practitioners of online teaching.
Inside the Black Box of College Admissions: How Universities Screen and Why Variation Matters
Authors: Liu Ruo-Fan
Published: October 2023

Admission metrics differ a lot by university characteristics. While prior research selects one or two universities to study gatekeeping, our study broadens the scope to examine how universities respond to shifting admissions landscape, moving from relying on test scores alone to incorporating holistic screenings in college screening. We analyze the university-level Taiwan’s admissions data from 69 fourth-year universities in 2019 and test the risk-tolerance hypothesis, we find that top-tier universities prioritize prestige over survival logic by being selective with first-round score cutoffs but remain lenient on the second-stage holistic screenings. Bottom- and mid-tier universities, however, prioritize survival over prestige logic, opting for inclusiveness to expand applicant pools in the first round and becoming exclusive while evaluating qualitative performance. We argue that this reverse logic is due to the different dynamics of “peer institutions” in the screening stages. We conclude that scholars should consider the importance of time in organizational strategies, and suggest implications for organizational changes, uncertainty, and ranking in massified higher education.
A Survey of Undergraduate Chinese Students’ Self-perceived Reading Ability in English
Authors: Zhang Xizhe , Foley Joseph
Published: October 2023

Reading is one of the indicators of how much a reader understands a language. Though reading is taught early in students’ education, some still struggle to comprehend texts, especially if a language is a stranger. Reading is a skill that enhances intellectual and affective processes, including reasoning, inferences, empathy, and critical thinking. Thus, a lack of language familiarity to interact with the text can hinder reading comprehension. This article focuses on Chinese students’ self-perceived reading ability that hinders reading comprehension. The aim is to answer the question; To what extent do Undergraduate Chinese students’ of University X perceive their reading ability in English? This survey is significant because letting the students understand their reading ability helps the teacher understand what to focus on in the English course and provides the correct reading strategies to achieve the reading goal. One hundred ninety-nine students from one of the private universities participated in this study. Using a questionnaire survey to assess students’ self-perceived reading ability supported by the semi-structured interview, this study found that although Chinese students employed good reading strategies, they still found their reading comprehension problematic because of the influence of their reading speed. Thus, this affects the reading goal and students’ interest in reading.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Communicative Language Teaching Approach in English Grammar Teaching
Authors: Liu Ke , Deris Farhana Diana
Published: October 2023

Over the decades, the reform and opening-up policy of the 1970s has pushed China to become increasingly connected to the world, leading to a growing demand for foreign exchange. The need for English language talents has promoted the transformation of teaching methods and reforms to the national curriculum. In the early 1980s, Communicative Language Teaching was introduced into the EFL setting in Chinese English classes. However, there is minimal time to practice speaking and communicating, and researchers have debated its applicability in China. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching in English grammar teaching in three public secondary schools; the current teaching environment affects its application, and the constraints that may prevent teachers from using it. Through semi-structured interviews, qualitative thematic data were collected from five English teachers working in three cities in Henan province. The results show that the uneven distribution of teachers between the capital city (Zhengzhou) and the other two prefecture-level cities (Xinmi and Xinxiang), the difference in the textbooks used, and the disparity in the English proficiency of the students led to five teachers’ different views on the feasibility of CLT. The findings will provide pedagogical insights for Chinese English teachers and contribute to the government’s efforts to improve Chinese public secondary schools’ teaching and learning environment.
EFL Students’ Perception of Using AI Paraphrasing Tools in English Language Research Projects
Authors: Alammar Ammar , Amin Eman Abdel-Reheem
Published: October 2023

Researchers and educators have different opinions on the use of AI-driven automated paraphrasing tools (APTs). Such tools can improve students’ writing performance but may result in accusations of plagiarism if students do not use them appropriately. This study aimed to examine EFL students’ perceptions of using APTs in their academic writing process. It fills a gap in the literature by highlighting the roles, appropriateness, and effectiveness of APTs use and identifying their advantages and disadvantages. During a research project course, the participants used APTs while writing their research papers. A questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used to identify students’ perceptions of using APTs and to determine the advantages, disadvantages, and drawbacks of using them. The findings showed that EFL students’ perceptions toward using APTs are favorable; they view them as useful tools that have a significant impact on their academic writing process. The study recommended that APTs are helpful to EFL students but that students must not overly rely on them. Students must learn how to paraphrase to check the appropriateness of the texts produced by APTs.
The Effect of Social Media on Arabic Vocabulary in the Saudi Society
Authors: Alenazi Atheer Mahmoud
Published: October 2023

The main goal of this research was to investigate the effect of social media on Arabic vocabulary in the Saudi context and to explore the reasons behind the phenomenon of using English words instead of Arabic words in speaking and writing. In order to achieve the goal of this study, the researcher conducted an online questionnaire with close-ended and open-ended questions. The questionnaire was distributed to 388 Saudi women and men of different ages, genders, and different educational backgrounds. As a result, an obvious effect of social media on Arabic vocabulary was found; social media platforms contributed to the phenomenon by spreading English words in Saudi society. Additionally, various other reasons behind this phenomenon were found by the researcher.