bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KLSE Long Run Overreaction and the Chinese New‐Year Effect
Authors: Ahmad Zamri , Hussain Simon
Published: March 2003

This study investigates long run overreaction and seasonal effects for Malaysian stocks quoted on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE), for the period 1986–1996. Stocks exhibiting extreme returns relative to the market over a three year period experience a reversal of fortunes during the following three years. There is also evidence that employing a contrarian trading strategy may yield excess returns. Of particular interest is the apparent existence of a Chinese New Year effect in both the level of market returns, and the overreaction profile for KLSE stocks. These seasonalities mirror the January‐effect observed in US markets.
Does the Size Effect Explain the UK Winner‐Loser Effect?
Authors: Dissanaike Gishan
Published: March 2003

Dissanaike (1997) found a long‐term winner‐loser effect in the UK, within a sample of large (FT500) companies. However, he did not investigate as to whether there was a size effect within his sample, nor did he check to see if it subsumed his winner‐loser effect. We find evidence of a size effect within the FT500 sample, and the size and winner‐loser effects are not unrelated. But, there is no evidence to suggest that the size effect subsumes the winner‐loser effect.
Predicting Bankruptcy Resolution
Authors: Barniv Ran , Agarwal Anurag , Leach Robert
Published: March 2003

This study examines classification and prediction of the bankruptcy resolution event. Filing of bankruptcy is resolved through one of three alternative resolutions: acquisition, emergence or liquidation. Predicting the final bankruptcy resolution has not been examined in the prior accounting and finance literature. This post‐bankruptcy classification and prediction of the final resolution is harder than discriminating between healthy and bankrupt firms because all filing firms are already in financial distress. Motivation for predicting the final resolution is developed and enhanced. A sample of 237 firms filing for bankruptcy is used. Classification and prediction accuracies are determined using a logit model. A ten‐variable, three‐group resolution logit model, which includes five accounting and five non‐accounting variables is developed. The model correctly classifies 62 percent of the firms, significantly better than a random classification. We conclude that non‐accounting data add relevant information to financial accounting data for predicting post bankruptcy resolution. Further, public policy implications for investors, researchers, bankruptcy judges, claimants and other stakeholders are discussed.
Accounting Choices: Variation in Managerial Opportunism
Authors: Heflin Frank , Kwon Sung S. , Wild John J.
Published: March 2003

This study focuses on variation in managers’ accounting choices given motivations to use accounting accruals opportunistically. Prior research identifies a number of motivations arising from accounting–based contracts that encourage opportunistic reporting by managers. However, prior research implicitly assumes all managers respond identically to the same contractual motivations. This study identifies variation in managers’ responses to contractual motivations involving accruals that is related to managers’ stewardship of corporate assets. Evidence shows that modeling how managers use corporate assets enhances the explanation of their accounting choices given motivations to (a) use accruals opportunistically, and (b) to smooth income via accruals. Managers with high ratings on judicious use of corporate assets are less responsive to motivations to use accruals opportunistically, and to smooth income via accruals, than managers with low ratings. This evidence suggests that not all managers are equally opportunistic, and that modeling this factor helps explain cross–sectional differences in managers’ accounting choices.
Dual Networks in European Regional Development Policy
Authors: Ansell Christopher K. , Parsons Craig A. , Darden Keith A.
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to extend the general analytical powers of the ‘multi‐level governance’ (MLG) model of politics in the European Union. Empirically, we investigate the political dynamics of networks linking supranational, national, and subnational actors in EU regional development policy. Theoretically, we argue that interaction in these networks can be illuminated by an approach based on the structuralist logic of sociological network theory. Structuralist logic emphasizes how particular patterns of relationships—in this case, a supranational–national–subnational triad—shape actors' roles and strategies. Triads create opportunities for constantly shifting alliances, as relations between any two actors are affected by appeals to the third. The resulting pattern of interaction, which we call ‘dual network dynamics’, corresponds well to observed conflict and co‐operation in EU regional development policy.
Legal Integration: Theorizing the Legal Dimension of European Integration
Authors: Armstrong Kenneth A.
Published: March 2003

Drawing on the dominant themes of political science and legal literature to interrogate their images of law and courts, it is suggested that an instrumentalist image of law is often projected in which law is uncritically constructed as a medium of integration. The article argues that law as a medium must confront law as an institution which shapes external attempts at steering but also structures the element of agency possessed by legal actors, including the ECJ. The changing nature of EU governance is also highlighted, requiring us to provide more adequate accounts of complex relationships between EU law and politics.
EU Media Ownership Regulation: Conflict over the Definition of Alternatives
Authors: Harcourt Alison J.
Published: March 2003

The article addresses the politics of agenda‐setting in the European Union (EU) policy process by utilizing the case of media ownership regulation. The author argues that the selection of a ‘frame’ (as defined in Schön and Rein, 1994) for media ownership regulation has been the object of conflict between and within EU institutions, most crucially within the Commission. Conflict, however, has been a resource in the policy process as it has brought in different legitimate interests and perspectives. The article has theoretical implications for the study of agenda‐setting, organizational behaviour in the EU, and the analysis of the EU policy process.
Winners and Losers in the Council: Voting Power Consequences of EU Enlargements
Authors: Raunio Tapio , Wiberg Matti
Published: March 2003

Who will have power in the enlarged European Union? How will the enlargement of the EU alter the configuration of Member States’ a priori voting power in the Council of Ministers? One of the most controversial topics debated in the 1996‐97 Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) was the need for institutional reform, namely how to make EU decision‐making more effective. An important dimension of institutional reform is the challenge posed by enlargement. The entry of several new countries will have considerable consequences for the functioning of EU institutions. This article analyses the distribution of voting power in the Council of Ministers under different majority requirements in an enlarged Union. The analysis shows how the enlargement weakens the influence of all Member States. The larger Member States will lose more than the others, relatively speaking. The more stringent the decision rule, the more power the smaller members have.
Transnational Interests in the European Union: Globalization and Changing Organization in Telecommunications and Electricity
Authors: Bartle Ian
Published: March 2003

Many studies on interest organization in the EU emphasize the influence of the EU institutional and policy context. A comparison of transnational interests in telecommunications and electricity, however, shows differences – greater transnationalization and diversity in telecommunications – which cannot easily be accounted for in these terms. The different patterns can in part be explained by differences in technical developments, but are more fully explained by differing processes of globalization. It is argued that new patterns of interest organization in the EU can only be fully understood when they are analysed in the context of sectoral globalization as well as the EU’s institutions and policies.
The Determinants of New FDI Capital Flows into the EC: A Statistical Comparison of the USA and Japan
Authors: Scott‐Green Susan , Clegg Jeremy
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the link between European integration and foreign direct investment (FDI) into the European Community (EC). A model is constructed using comparable US and Japanese data on new FDI flows for 1984‐89. The data are clustered and pooled to enable intra‐EC differences in the model to be investigated. It is found that new FDI has been linked to conventional host characteristics variables, whose effects vary considerably between groups of member countries. Differences between the equations for the USA and Japan are attributed to the contrasting degrees of establishment of US and Japanese affiliates. For Japanese firms, as comparative outsiders (compared with US firms), the impact of the announcement of the single market programme (SMP) has been marked.
Neofunctionalist Theories and the Development of European Social and LabourMarket Policy
Authors: Strøby Jensen Carsten
Published: March 2003

This article discusses whether traditional neofunctionalist theories are relevant in the analysis of political integration in Europe. The discussion is based on an analysis of the development of co‐operation on social and labour market issues in the EU since the mid‐1980s. The role of supranational actors, particularly the Commission, is examined in connection with the development of co‐operation on social and labour market issues. It concludes that the neofunctionalist concept of ‘spillover’ is useful in the attempt to explain political integration in the social policy and labour market fields. The article makes a case for the revision of traditional neofunctionalist theories so as to incorporate concepts that capture the increasingly significant impact of treaty revisions in connection with the development of co‐operation in these fields. The concept of institutional/legalistic spillover is introduced to illustrate the integrative effects of the treaty negotiations on the development of co‐operation.
The Politics of Codecision
Authors: Shackleton Michael
Published: March 2003

Codecision has been central to the efforts and energy of the European Parliament throughout the 1990s. But to what effect? This article considers the extent and nature of the influence that the parliament had on legislation covered by the codecision provisions of the Maastricht Treaty (Art. 189B). It suggests that this influence can be explained in general terms, by the growth of shared norms between Council and Parliament, and in particular, by the specific characteristics of the distributive and regulatory policies covered by codecision. It concludes that the new Amsterdam provision (Art. 251) will reinforce the procedure as part of the acquis communautaire, but also open a broader debate about the role of the Parliament within the EU.
Germany in the European Union: Constructing Normality
Authors: Hyde‐Price Adrian , Jeffery Charlie
Published: March 2003

Germany's role in the European Union has been the subject of intense political speculation and academic debate. The key question is whether Germany has made, or is undergoing, a re‐evaluation of the goals and means of European integration policy in the aftermath of unification. This article sheds new light on the debate by examining shifts in German political elites' normative understandings of Germany's role in European affairs. It uses a constructivist approach that challenges rationalist accounts of German Europapolitik and provides a more nuanced understanding of how German policy towards the EU is changing. The authors argue that the end of cold war bipolarity and German unification provided a window of opportunity for normative change and that a number of influentially situated domestic actors have purposefully sought to generate and reshape debate on German European policy norms. This is illustrated by three case studies that focus on Germany's strategic partnership with France; the shift in German security policy in the 1990s and its embedding in the EU's European security and defence policy; and the role and aims of the Länder in German EU policymaking. The authors conclude that German political elites are engaged in a process of ‘constructing normality’ that will have important implications for the future direction of the European integration process.
The Precautionary Principle and its Policy Implications
Authors: Majone Giandomenico
Published: March 2003

The European Commission is actively promoting the precautionary principle as a ‘key tenet’ of Community policy, as well as a general principle of international law. This article explains why this promotional effort is likely to fail or to produce unanticipated and undesirable consequences. The principle has a legitimate but limited role to play in risk management, for example whenever there is an imminent danger of irreversible damage. As a general approach to risk regulation, however, it suffers from a number of shortcomings: it lacks a sound logical foundation; it may distort regulatory priorities; it can be misused to justify protectionist measures; it undermines international regulatory co‐operation; and it may have undesirable distributive consequences. What is perhaps an even greater cause for concern is that the principle, as interpreted by the Commission, tends to favour a double standard for what is permissible internationally and in intra‐Community relations.
Coreper Revisited
Authors: Bostock David
Published: March 2003

This article builds on earlier accounts of the work of the Committee of Permanent Representatives (Coreper) in two ways. First, it examines the role played by members of the committee under legislative co‐decision. Members of Coreper (especially Coreper I) represent the Council in conciliation with the European Parliament and are increasingly involved in negotiations between Council and Parliament at earlier stages in the co‐decision procedure. Second, the article considers in what circumstances Coreper can make a significant contribution to decision‐taking within the Council. It suggests that this is most likely to occur in negotiation on issues which are both politically sensitive and technically complex; but that Coreper has no monopoly on such negotiations. Coreper should be thought of partly as a co‐ordinator of Council business, partly as a fixer and trouble‐shooter.
A Constitution for Europe? Some Hard Choices
Authors: Weiler J.H.H.
Published: March 2003

The Convention on the Future of Europe is likely to produce a constitutional prototype for Europe. In this article I focus on five hard constitutional choices which Europe will face: the constitutional significance of enlargement; the ‘pure’ constitutional issue, namely the significance of form; the issue of Europe’s social solidarity as a defining identity marker and the question of whether it should, therefore, be constitutionalized thereby taking it out of day–to–day politics; the issue of policing rather than defining the demarcation of competences between the Union and Member States; and, finally, the tricky issue of a human rights policy for Europe.
‘This is my EUtopia ...’: Narrative as Power
Authors: Nicolaïdis Kalypso , Howse Robert
Published: March 2003

The original comparative mission of JCMS testifies to the propensity of the EU, since its inception, to project its model on to the rest of the world. This article argues that narratives of projection are indeed key to the EU’s global influence and that, in this particular sense, the idea of Europe as a civilian power is more relevant than ever. But such narratives require our engagement with their reflexive nature: what is usually projected is not the EU as is, but an EUtopia. At a time when both the EU and the international trade system are undergoing crises of legitimacy, EU actors can learn a lot from the remedies suggested for the global level by such an EUtopia.
Differences between preschool children with ODD, ADHD, and ODD+ADHD symptoms
Authors: Gadow Kenneth D. , Nolan Edith E.
Published: March 2003

Background: This study examines differences between children (ages 3 to 6 years) who have the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) with or without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD alone, and a nonODD/ADHD comparison group. Parent (N=595) and teacher (N=538) ratings were obtained for children attending the same community early childhood programs and for youngsters evaluated in an outpatient clinic (N=224) using a DSM‐IV‐referenced rating scale. Results: Differences between symptom groups varied depending on how they were configured (teacher versus parent ratings) and setting (clinic versus community). In general, the ODD+ADHD group received the highest (and the comparison group the lowest) ratings of severity for the symptoms of other disorders, difficulties with peers, and developmental deficits. Moreover, the clinical impact of comorbidity was largely additive. Differences between youngsters with ODD versus ADHD symptoms were most apparent for teacher‐defined groups in the community sample and parent‐defined groups in the clinic sample. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings provide preliminary evidence for the notion that ODD and ADHD may constitute distinct clinical entities in preschool‐aged children and suggest that informant may be an important consideration in the formulation of diagnostic criteria.
Are jigsaw puzzle skills `spared' in persons with Prader‐Willi syndrome?
Authors: Dykens Elisabeth M.
Published: March 2003

Background:This three‐part study examines previous clinical impressions that people with Prader‐Willi syndrome have unusual jigsaw puzzle and word search skills.Results:Children with Prader‐Willi syndrome showed relative strengths on standardized visual‐spatial tasks (Object Assembly, Triangles, VMI) in that their scores were significantly higher than age‐ and IQ‐matched peers with mixed mental retardation, but below those of age‐matched normal children with average IQs. In striking contrast, children with Prader‐Willi syndrome scored on par with normal peers on word searches, and they faroutperformedthem on the jigsaw puzzles, placing more than twice as many pieces as the typically‐developing group. Within Prader‐Willi syndrome, puzzle proficiency was not predicted by age, IQ, gender, degree of obesity, or obsessive‐compulsive symptoms, but by genetic subtypes of this disorder.Conclusions:Findings are discussed in relation to splinter skills in autism, and to cases with autism and chromosome 15 anomalies that include the Prader‐Willi region.
Working memory in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: evidence from a colour memory experiment
Authors: Laws Glynis
Published: March 2003

Background: This paper reports information on the visual and verbal short‐term memory of individuals with Down syndrome. Methods: Colour memory in 16 children and adolescents with Down syndrome was compared with that of 16 typically developing children matched for receptive vocabulary. It was suggested that focal colours should be remembered more successfully than non‐focal colours on the basis that the former could be remembered using a verbal recoding strategy. However, children with Down syndrome, for whom a deficit in verbal short‐term memory makes the use of such a strategy unlikely, should remember focal and non‐focal colours equally well. More importantly, if individuals with Down syndrome have more developed visual memory abilities than control children, they should outperform them in recognising non‐focal colours. Results: Although the group with Down syndrome demonstrated significantly better Corsi blocks performance than controls, and displayed similar levels of colour knowledge, no advantage for colour memory was found. Non‐focal colours were remembered by individuals with Down syndrome as successfully as focal colours but there was no indication of a visual memory advantage over controls. Focal colours were remembered significantly more successfully than non‐focal colours by the typically developing children. Conclusion: Their focal colour memory was significantly related to digit span, but only Corsi span was related to focal colour memory in the group with Down syndrome.
Annotation: The role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children
Authors: Raine Adrian
Published: March 2003

Background: This article selectively reviews the biological bases of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children with a focus on low autonomic functioning, prefrontal deficits, and early health factors. Results: Low resting heart rate is thought to be the best‐replicated biological correlate of antisocial and aggressive behavior in child and adolescent populations and may reflect reduced noradrenergic functioning and a fearless, stimulation‐seeking temperament. Evidence from neuropsychological, neurological, and brain imaging studies converges on the conclusion that prefrontal structural and functional deficits are related to antisocial, aggressive behavior throughout the lifespan. A prefrontal dysfunction theory of antisocial behavior is advanced. This argues that social and executive function demands of late adolescence overload the late developing prefrontal cortex, giving rise to prefrontal dysfunction and a lack of inhibitory control over antisocial, violent behavior that peaks at this age. Birth complications and minor physical anomalies are selectively associated with later violent behavior, especially when combined with adverse psychosocial risk factors for violence. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk for antisocial and violent behavior in later life by disrupting noradrenergic functioning and enhancement of cholinergic receptors that inhibit cardiac functioning. Malnutrition during pregnancy is associated with later antisocial behavior and may be mediated by protein deficiency. Conclusions: It is argued that early health intervention and prevention studies may provide the most effective way of reversing biological deficits that predispose to antisocial and aggressive behavior in children and adults.
Associations between behaviour problems and verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities and disabilities in early childhood
Authors: Plomin Robert , Price Thomas S. , Eley Thalia C. , Dale Philip S. , Stevenson Jim
Published: March 2003

Background: We investigated associations between behaviour problems and verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities at 2, 3 and 4 years of age both for the entire distribution and for the lowest 5% and 10% of the verbal and nonverbal cognitive disabilities. Methods: A community sample of 4,000 pairs of twins born in England and Wales in 1994 and 1995 was assessed by their parents at 2, 3 and 4 years using the Revised Rutter Parent Scale for Preschool Children (RRPSPC, behaviour problems), the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI, verbal development), and the Parent Report of Children's Abilities (PARCA, nonverbal cognitive development). Results: For the entire sample, behaviour problem scores were modestly associated with lower MCDI and PARCA scores – correlations were less than .30. Similarly modest effect sizes were found for relationships between behaviour problem scores and the lowest 5% and 10% of the MCDI and of the PARCA distributions. Associations were stronger for nonverbal than for verbal development, increased from 2 to 3 to 4 years, and, at the extremes of the distributions, were stronger for boys than for girls. Multivariate genetic analyses indicated that both genetic and shared environmental factors mediate the links between behaviour problems and cognitive development both for the total distribution and for the extremes. Genetic links may be stronger for the extremes than for the total sample. Conclusions: We conclude that, in this community sample of young children, associations between behaviour problems and verbal and nonverbal cognitive development are generally modest for the entire distribution and are no greater at the extremes than expected on the basis of the associations for the entire distribution.
Parenting and childhood anxiety: theory, empirical findings, and future directions
Authors: Wood Jeffrey J. , McLeod Bryce D. , Sigman Marian , Hwang Wei‐Chin , Chu Brian C.
Published: March 2003

Theories of anxiety development suggest that parental acceptance, control, and modeling of anxious behaviors are associated with children's manifestations of anxiety. This paper reviews research published in the past decade on the relation between parenting and childhood anxiety. Observed parental control during parent–child interactions was consistently linked with shyness and child anxiety disorders across studies. Mixed support for the role of parental acceptance and modeling of anxious behaviors was found in observational studies. However, there was little evidence supporting the contention that self‐reported parenting style was related to children's trait anxiety. Because of limitations associated with past research, inferences about the direction of effects linking parenting and child anxiety cannot be made. A conceptual framework based on recent models of anxiety development (e.g., Vasey & Dadds, 2001) is presented to aid in the interpretation of extant research findings and to provide suggestions for future research and theory development. Improved methodological designs are proposed, including the use of repeated‐measure and experimental designs for examining the direction of effects.
Normal variation and abnormality: an empirical study of the liability distributions underlying depression and delinquency
Authors: van, den Oord Edwin J.C.G. , Pickles Andrew , Waldman Irwin D.
Published: March 2003

Background: Scale scores in studies of emotional and behavioural problems often possess highly skewed distributions. The long upper tails of these distributions place a small proportion of the population at some distance from the main body of the distribution. This invites an interpretation of their forming an abnormal group, one that may be qualitatively distinct.

Methods: Item‐response models were fitted to data on parent and self‐rated depression and delinquency from four large samples of children or adolescents.

Results: We found that underlying liability distributions show very little or no evidence of non‐normality.

Conclusions: The results suggest that (i) the skewed nature of the scale scores may be largely measurement artefacts, (ii) the distributions provide no evidence of a qualitatively distinct process generating abnormality as compared to normal variation and (iii) for characterising the whole distribution, including normality and abnormality, the selection of items in typical current assessments of emotional and behavioural problems is not optimal.
Exploring the borderlands of autistic disorder and specific language impairment: a study using standardised diagnostic instruments
Authors: Bishop Dorothy V.M. , Norbury Courtenay Frazier
Published: March 2003

Background: Two studies were conducted to test claims that pragmatic language impairment (PLI – previously referred to as semantic‐pragmatic disorder) is simply another term for autistic disorder or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS).

Method: In Study 1, 21 children aged from 6 to 9 years with language impairments were subdivided on the basis of the Children's Communication Checklist into 13 cases of pragmatic language impairment (PLI) and eight cases of typical specific language impairment (SLI‐T). Parents completed the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI‐R) and the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), and the children were given the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Generic (ADOS‐G). In Study 2, a further 11 children with SLI‐T and 18 with PLI were assessed using the SCQ and ADOS‐G. In addition, six children diagnosed with high‐functioning autism and 18 normally developing children were assessed.

Results: There was good agreement between ADI‐R and SCQ diagnoses, but poor agreement between diagnoses based on these parental report measures and those based on ADOS‐G. In many children, symptom profiles changed with age. Four PLI children from Study 1 and one from Study 2 met criteria for autistic disorder on both parental report (ADI‐R or SCQ) and ADOS‐G. Many of the others showed some autistic features, but there was a subset of children with pragmatic difficulties who were not diagnosed as having autism or PDDNOS by either instrument. These children tended to use stereotyped language with abnormal intonation/prosody, but they appeared sociable and communicative, had normal nonverbal communication, and showed few abnormalities outside the language/social communication domains.

Conclusions: Presence of pragmatic difficulties in a child with communication problems should prompt the clinician to evaluate autistic symptomatology, but it is dangerous to assume that all children with pragmatic difficulties have autism or PDDNOS.
Assessing the effects of age, sex and shared environment on the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Rice Frances , Harold Gordon T. , Thapar Anita
Published: March 2003

Background:  Depressive symptoms and disorder are experienced by a significant proportion of young people and have long‐lasting deleterious effects. The aims of the current investigation were to examine the aetiology of depressive symptoms using a twin design. In particular to examine the effects of sex, age, maternal depression and anxiety symptoms and to examine the aetiology of high depression scores.

Methods: Questionnaires were sent to the families of a population‐based sample of twins aged between 8 and 17 years. Parents and children over the age of 11 were asked to complete the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (mothers only). Responses were obtained from 1463 families and data were analysed using genetic model fitting and DeFries and Fulker regression analysis.

Results: Depressive symptoms, particularly when self‐rated, were significantly genetically influenced. There was evidence of significant heterogeneity according to age, with shared environmental factors more important and genetic factors less important for children aged 8 to 10 than for adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. Some but not all of the shared environmental influences on parent‐rated depressive symptoms were accounted for by maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety. There was a significant effect of gender for self‐rated depressive symptoms. For boys, genetic factors were of greater importance and common environmental influences of less importance than for girls. Shared environmental effects had a substantial influence on high self‐rated depression scores. Adolescents who scored highly on self‐rated depression questionnaires experienced significantly more shared life events and their mothers had significantly higher internalising symptoms than adolescents who scored within the normal range.

Conclusions: The results of this study add to the evidence that the aetiology of depressive symptoms differs by age, with genetic factors becoming more important from childhood to adolescence. Some but not all of the shared environmental effect observed for mother‐rated depression scores is due to maternal depression and anxiety symptoms. For self‐rated depressive symptoms, the importance of genetic and environmental factors may also differ by sex, with genetic influences more important for boys. The aetiology of high depression symptom scores, when self‐rated, appears to differ from scores within the normal range in that shared environmental factors appear to be more important. Further research is needed to identify these shared environmental factors using longitudinal models that test genetic and environmental mediation.
The cost of understanding other people: social cognition predicts young children's sensitivity to criticism
Authors: Cutting Alexandra L. , Dunn Judy
Published: March 2003

Background: Individual differences in sensitivity to teacher criticism, and their links with individual differences in social cognition, were examined in 141 young children from diverse family backgrounds. Methods: Children's sensitivity to teacher criticism was assessed in their first year of school (mean age 5.13 years), using a puppet scenario in which a teacher criticises the child for making an error in school work. Understanding of false belief and mixed emotions was assessed at the same time. One hundred and thirteen of the children had been seen one year earlier in preschool, when comprehensive assessments were made of false belief and emotion understanding. Results: Individual differences were apparent in children's sensitivity to teacher criticism, which were correlated with individual differences in both preschool and concurrent social cognition: children with more advanced social cognition were more sensitive to teacher criticism. Regression analyses showed that preschool social cognition was especially important, explaining unique variance in sensitivity to criticism over and above variance accounted for by concurrent sociocognitive ability. Conclusions: The results suggest that there are costs as well as benefits to understanding other people, at least for young children, and that individual differences in early social cognition may have distinct developmental trajectories. These issues, along with implications for research into children's responses to criticism and failure, are discussed.
Nations, states and homelands: territory and territoriality in nationalist thought
Authors: Penrose Jan
Published: March 2003

This article is a response to growing recognition that the role of territory has been neglected in recent explorations of nationalism. To improve understanding of how and why territory has been significant to the development of nationalist thought, this article advances two closely related arguments. The first is that the ideology of nationalism is, itself, a product of attempts to merge two very different views about the value of territory and, consequently, two different practices of territoriality. Secondly, I argue that the main lines of division in explanations of nationalism reflect the differential privileging of one view of the significance of territory, and one practice of territoriality, over the other. To substantiate these assertions, the article begins by identifying the latent powers of space and outlining the process of territoriality that allows human beings to harness these powers. This is followed by a discussion of how nationalism – as part of the shift to modernity – contributed to a major transformation in the general significance of territory and territoriality. Drawing on both pre–modern and modern views, the article demonstrates how different understandings of the significance of territory and territoriality help to define the spectrum of nationalist thought that has emerged from the eighteenth–century work of Herder and Rousseau. Through this geographical lens, the article as a whole reveals the profoundly territorial quality of nationalism and thus confirms the view that neither nationalist ideology nor practice can be understood without reference to the spatial powers which it mobilises and creates.
Processes involved in tempo perception: a CNV analysis
Authors: Pfeuty Micha , Ragot Richard , Pouthas Viviane
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this research was to study the mechanisms underlying tempo perception, by looking at their electrophysiological brain correlates. The subjects’ task consisted of comparing the tempos of two isochronous tone sequences made up of either three (condition I3) or six (condition I6) 600–ms intervals. Contingent negative variation (CNV), known to be linked to the judgment of a single interval, kept increasing in amplitude for three intervals during tempo encoding, thereby providing evidence of the occurrence of CNVs also for several intervals in succession. This CNV increase could reflect the use of interval–based processes in the building of the interval memory trace. During the comparison phase, a CNV decrease was observed in condition I6, suggesting that subjects did not build a new memory trace, but used beat–based processes to check whether the beats of the new tempo occurred at the times they anticipated.
Who Owns the Land? Gender and Land‐Titling Programmes in Latin America
Authors: Deere Carmen Diana , León Magdalena
Published: March 2003

The main focus of state intervention in Latin American agriculture in the 1990s was on land‐titling programs, designed to promote security of tenure and enliven land markets. A review of seven of these projects suggests that they were often designed without sufficient attention to civil codes and marital regimes that protect women's property rights. They often ignored that a household's endowment of land may consist of three forms of property: the wife's, the husband's and jointly owned property. By assuming that the family farm is owned by the male household head, these projects trampled upon women's ownership rights. Nonetheless, the share of female beneficiaries of land‐titling projects has been much higher than the share of women adjudicated land under the agrarian reforms of previous decades. This is partly because the primary way that women acquire land is through inheritance, and inheritance appears to be more gender equitable than other manners of acquiring land. It is also due to the impact of the more gender‐equitable agrarian legislation of the current period, itself a product of the impact of women's movements on the state.
Global Commodity Chains and African Export Agriculture
Authors: Daviron Benoit , Gibbon Peter
Published: March 2003

The last twenty years or so have seen a new conjuncture in international trade in tropical agricultural products. That conjuncture combines both changes in the organization of the (Northern) manufacturer and consumer segments of the global commodity chains for those products, and in marketing arrangements in their (Southern) countries of origin, associated with structural adjustment and liberalization. This introductory essay provides the context for the case studies that follow, first by introducing some of the key concepts and analytical issues in the global commodity chain (GCC) approach and other recent relevant literature such as the French ‘convention’ theory. It then sketches an historical framework for examining international trade in tropical agricultural products, with brief illustrations of the specific trajectories of Africa and some African countries within that framework. Finally, it shows how a number of issues are explored in the case studies presented, including how current changes might affect the future prospects of smallholder (‘peasant’) production of tropical export crops.
2000 Carolyn Sherif Award Address: Some Life Lessons
Authors: Tangri Sandra Schwartz
Published: March 2003

This paper recounts some of the lessons I have learned from African Americans, including those I taught at Howard University, from research, from my struggle for pay equity, from my experiences with leadership organizing a community event, and from having cancer. I do not think any of these “lessons” are unique to me. I hope that sharing them will be helpful to others. Many of these lessons are about empowerment and acceptance.
Fertility Behavior and Psychological Stress: the Mediating Influence of Gender Norm Beliefs Among Egyptian Women
Authors: Waszak Cynthia , Severy Lawrence J. , Kafafi Laila , Badawi Isis
Published: March 2003

The influence of gender norms on women's family planning experiences is a finding that cuts across numerous studies included in Family Health International's multi-country Women's Studies Project. This paper explores findings from one of these studies on the mediating influence of beliefs about gender norms on the relationship between fertility behavior and psychological well-being. Using cross-sectional survey data from 4,908 Egyptian women, hierarchical multiple regression models were tested with depression and anxiety as the dependent variables. Independent variables included three demographic variables, two measures of beliefs about gender norms developed from survey items using exploratory factor analytic techniques, and two fertility behavior variables—use of family planning and number of children. Gender norm beliefs predicted both anxiety and depression. The statistical analyses demonstrated a separate effect of family planning use on anxiety, independent of gender norm beliefs, but the effect of family planning behaviors on depression disappeared when gender norm beliefs were included in the regression model, which indicates a mediating effect of gender norm beliefs. Although cross-sectional data do not allow for the determination of causality among the three types of variables, a conceptual framework is offered for the possible causal mechanisms for the identified relationships.
Kinship systems and language choice among academics in Shillong, Northeast India
Authors: Hvenekilde Anne
Published: March 2003

In Shillong, the capital of the northeastern Indian state of Meghalaya, Indo‐Aryan languages from the plains meet the Tibeto‐Burman and Austro‐Asiatic minority languages of the hills, and the result is a degree of multilingualism that is high even by Indian standards. English is widely used by academic groups everywhere in India, but structured interviews with all 17 faculty members of two departments at North‐Eastern Hill University in Shillong reveal special reasons why some parents now choose to use English with their children rather than their own mother tongue. Caste imposes fewer barriers in this part of India than elsewhere, and marriages across ethnic groups are common, but con ?icting kinship practices can bring complications. If a woman from a matrilineal group marries a man from a patrilineal group, both families will, according to their traditions, consider the children to belong to their kinship group. Using English with their children, rather than choosing the language of just one set of grand‐parents, can be a way of avoiding potential con?ict. Thus, in addition to the use of English in higher education, increasing geographic mobility, and the general prestige of English, the con?icting demands of different kinship systems needs to be considered among the factors contributing to the spread of English at the cost of local languages in Northeast India.
Review: Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Variation
Authors: Hua Zhu
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Robert Bayley And Dennis R. Preston (Eds.), Second Language Acquisition And Linguistic Variation
Semicommunication and accommodation:observations from the linguistic situation in Scandinavia
Authors: Braunmüller Kurt
Published: March 2003

The default in inter‐Scandinavian communication between Danes, Swedes and Norwegians is the use of the respective mother tongue together with the willingness to accept and understand the neighbouring standard languages. Einar Haugen in 1966 called this form of asymmetric communication ‘semicommunication’. This term has, however, been misleading because it suggests that the interlocutors will only understand roughly ‘half’ of what has been said, which is clearly not the (normal)case. The paper focuses on the relationship between semicommunication and accommodation and discusses two longer extracts from a large corpus of authentic communication. It is argued that semicommunication can adequately be described in terms of accommodation (convergence). Even the occurrence of code‐switching cannot be excluded. The discussion shows among other things that even grammatically incorrect accommodation may result in better understanding by the addressee. Various aspects of a comprehensive model of semicommunication are presented and discussed, showing that code‐switching and accommodation are not considered antagonistic but rather as scalar phenomena covering different speaker‐or addressee‐related strategies in interdialectal communication.
ST Logistics: Distributing Consumer Goods in China
Authors: Chen Frank Y. , Goh Mark , Lee Jacob , Ou Jihong , Sharafali Moosa , Teo Chung‐Piaw , Goh Puay‐Guan , Sivanathan Pragash
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the experience gained from a research collaboration between a group of researchers at the National University of Singapore and logistics executives in Sembcorp Logistics (formerly ST Logistics), in the latter's effort to develop a marketing and strategic planning software tool to enhance its third party logistics (3PL) services in China. As China opened up its economy in the late 1980s, many Western consumer goods manufacturers set up plants or formed joint ventures in China in an attempt to capture this huge market. While the production process can be easily built on the existing technologies and can be efficient costwise, the distribution process is still a challenge because of the backward nature of the infrastructure and the bureaucratic roadblocks, resulting in very high supply chain transaction costs. Consequently, most manufacturers turn to third‐party logistics providers (3PLs) who have the required logistics expertise to operate in China. One of the leading 3PLs in China is Shenzhen ST‐Anda Logistics (ST‐Anda), a joint venture between Sembcorp Logistics and China Merchant Holdings. It has an existing pan‐China network of distribution centers. Recently, to improve services to their customers, ST‐Anda started planning for the expansion of their logistics distribution network. An OR/MS modeling approach was taken to help them in this venture.
Optimal Location of Deep‐Sea Tsunami Detectors
Authors: Braddock R. D. , Carmody O.
Published: March 2003

The development of deep‐sea detectors has significantly enhanced the potential for tsunami detection, particularly in the Pacific region. The detectors work in combination with satellite communication technology and surface communication buoys to provide an efficient and effective warning technology. The objective of this study is to identify the optimal distribution of a limited number of detectors, given that a maximum of six potential buoy sites has already been determined. Two objective functions are developed, one for a Pacific‐wide warning potential, and the second a more specific USA warning potential. The resulting non‐linear 0‐1 integer‐programming problems are readily solved using enumeration techniques.

The results conclude that three detectors in the Tsunami Warning System can achieve the maximum warning potential for both the Pacific region and the USA.
An Integer Linear Programming Problem with Multi‐Criteria and Multi‐Constraint Levels: a Branch‐and‐Partition Algorithm
Authors: Li Jun , Shi Yong
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we propose a branch‐and‐partition algorithm to solve the integer linear programming problem with multi‐criteria and multi‐constraint levels (MC‐ILP). The procedure begins with the relaxation problem that is formed by ignoring the integer restrictions. In this branch‐and‐partition procedure, an MC linear programming problem is adopted by adding a restriction according to a basic decision variable that is not integer. Then the MC‐simplex method is applied to locate the set of all potential solutions over possible changes of the objective coefficient parameter and the constraint parameter for a regular MC linear programming problem. We use parameter partition to divide the (λ, γ) space for integer solutions of MC problem. The branch‐and‐partition procedure terminates when every potential basis for the relaxation problem is a potential basis for the MC‐ILP problem. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the proposed algorithm in solving the MC‐ILP problems. The comparison study and discussion on the applicability of the proposed method are also provided.