bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Causation
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

One of the residual problems left to us from dualism is the problem of mental causation. Our first mind-body problem was, How can physical processes ever cause mental processes? But to many philosophers the other half of the question is even more pressing, How can anything as ethereal and insubstantial as mental processes ever have any physical effects in the real world? Surely the real physical world is “causally closed” in the sense that nothing from outside the physical world can ever have any causal effects inside the physical world.
Free Will
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

Philosophical problems tend to hang together. In order to solve, or even address, one problem, you typically have to address a series of others. The problem of free will is an especially striking example of this general phenomenon. In order to address the problem of free will, we have to address the nature of consciousness, of causation, of scientific explanation, and of rationality. Worse yet, after we have examined all of these other issues and how they relate to the problem of free will, we will have clarified our problem but we still will not have a solution; or at least I am unable to see my way to a solution. All I can really hope to do in this chapter is explain what the issues are and what the possible solutions might be. The general conclusion that I reach is that we will need to know a great deal more about brain operations before we have a solution to the problem of free will that we can be at all confident is right.
The Unconscious and the Explanation of Behavior
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

One of my main aims in this book is to explain how mental phenomena—consciousness, intentionality, mental causation, and all of the other features of our mental life—fit into the rest of the universe. How, for example, does consciousness exist in a universe that consists entirely of physical particles in fields of force? How can mental states function causally in such a universe? So far, most of our investigation has been about conscious mental phenomena. In this chapter we will begin a serious exploration of the nature and mode of existence of unconscious mental states.
The Self
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

In Descartes’ famous slogan, “I think therefore I am,” what does the “I” refer to? For Descartes it definitely does not refer to my body; rather, it refers to my mind, the mental substance that constitutes the essential me. We have now seen good reason to suppose that Cartesian dualism is not a philosophically acceptable account of the nature of the mind. But for those of us who reject dualism there is still a serious question left over: What exactly is the self? What fact about me makes meme? Many contemporary philosophers, including myself until fairly recently, think that Hume had more or less the last word on this issue. In addition to the sequence of experiences, and the body in which these experiences occur, there is no such thing as the self. Hume says, when I turn my attention inward and try to discover some entity that constitutes the essential me, all I discover are particular experiences; there is no such thing as the self in addition to these experiences.
Solvation and Solvent Phenomena
Authors: Nelson William M
Published: November 2023

The role of solvents in chemical reactions has been well documented. It may be characterized as a carrier for another substance, as a medium for conducting a chemcal reaction, or as a means of extracting or separating other substances. Whatever the precise definition used, solvents are a ubiquitous feature of modern chemical research, industry and everyday life. A change of solvents or the use of different solvating media entirely can alter the rate of the chemical process, can shift the product mixture, and can significantly change the economics of the chemical process. The critical role that solvents play in chemistry (intentionally and inadvertently) is undisputed. An initial understanding of the basic chemistry involved is necessary. The physical properties of solvents greatly influence the choice of solvent for a particular application. The solvent should be liquid under the temperature and pressure conditions at which it is employed. Its thermodynamic properties, such as the density and vapor pressure, temperature and pressure coefficients, as well as the heat capacity and surface tension, and transport properties, such as viscosity, diffusion coefficient, and thermal conductivity, also need to be considered.
Introduction
Authors: Katz Jerrold J
Published: November 2023

This book sets out a new conception of the philosophy of language, and, due to the central role that language has played in twentieth-century philosophy, a new conception of many other aspects of philosophy as well. The new conception of the philosophy of language is needed because contemporary philosophy of language rests on a mistake. The mistake is the widespread assumption that the semantics of natural language is logic/reference-based. There is, of course, a sense in which the assumption is just a truism. Given the “theory of sense”/“theory of reference” ambiguity of the term ‘semantics’, reference is ipso facto a basic part of semantics. But the assumption in question makes the significant claim that the theory of sense is logicbased, too.
Reference
Authors: Katz Jerrold J
Published: November 2023

The marriage of the theory of sense to the theory of reference has been central to intensionalist thinking for so long that it is hard for intensionalists to imagine how either theory could go it alone. Accordingly, the prospect of divorce that (D) raises is apt to seem daunting to intensionalists when, in fact, they ought to see it as most welcome. The three problems with Fregean intensionalism discussed in the first part of this book show that the marriage, at least for the theory of sense, was never a good one. Only after the theory gains its independence can it expect to have a satisfactory life of its own, one in which it is no longer beset by those problems and in which it has a chance of realizing its full linguistic and philosophical potential. As far as the theory of sense is concerned, the sooner the marriage ends the better.
Keepers of the Flame
Authors: Stokes W Royal
Published: November 2023

have witnessed the artistry of bass virtuoso Leonard Gaskin on numerous occasions, in several jazz contexts, and hearing him play is always a delight. I had not had that pleasure for a while when, a couple of years ago, I attended the Sunday jazz brunch at New York’s Cajun Restaurant. The house quartet was led by Doc Pittman, on cocktail drum and vocals. Carol Sudhaher was on tenor saxophone and flute, Zeke Mullens was at the piano, and Myrna Lake shared the vocals with the leader. And there on bass was Mr. Gaskin. I was in town doing interviews for this book, and it occurred to me while I was enjoying the music and a bowl of artichoke soup that Leonard’s life and career would make a wonderful story.
Talking with Young People I: Striptease News and the Shifting Balance Between Need and Want
Authors: Mindich David T Z
Published: November 2023

In 1990, the Times Mirror Center published The Age of Indifference,a study that revealed “a generation that knows less, cares less, and reads newspapers less. It is also a generation that votes less and is less critical of its leaders and institutions than young people in the past.” This statement, while difficult to contradict, only provides a bare outline of the issue at hand. Who are these young people? Part of the answer can be found in the surveys that the Times Mirror Center and other organizations have conducted, but a deeper picture can only be found from talking with young people themselves. In 2002 and 2003, I traveled around the country talking with scores of under-40s from many different walks of life (for a list, see Appendix A.).
Talking with Young People II: Who Follows the News and Why
Authors: Mindich David T Z
Published: November 2023

Finding a young person tuned in to news is like searching for Waldo and his friends in the Where’s Waldo? series. They’re there, in every crowd, but are half-hidden and very much in the minority. Who follows the news and why? I pondered this question in early May 2002 as I sat at the bar of the Newsroom, an actors’ hangout on North Robertson Boulevard in Los Angeles. I was in the middle of interviews with L.A. residents—the basketball players from L A. Pierce Junior College, the actors, and later that day, the assistant to the head of casting at Universal Pictures. The Newsroom had CNN on over the bar and newspapers and magazines for sale by the front door. But although the daily circulation of the Los Angeles Times is about a million, there were none in sight, except on the rack. Nobody was watching CNN. The Newsroom appeared to be practically news-free that day. With the exception of a young woman checking e-mail at the restaurant’s one terminal, and an older man with slicked-back hair scanning Variety at the bar, people were consuming and producing only the most primal of news sources: They were sitting and talking.

Of course, news is often passed orally, especially in a city in which the most important stuff is often the gossip. As I was leaving, Kato Kaelin (whose burgeoning film and television career, spurred by his role in the O. J. Simpson trial, is a great testament to the blur of news and entertainment) walked into the restaurant, creating a buzz.
Television, the Internet, and the Eclipse of the Local
Authors: Mindich David T Z
Published: November 2023

Begin with a clear conception that the subject of deepest interest to an average human being is himself; next to that, he is most concerned about his neighbors. Asia and the Tongo Islands stand a long way after these in his regard. It does seem to me that most country journals are oblivious as to these vital truths Secure a wide-awake, judicious correspondent in each village and township of your county Do not let a new church be organized, or new members be added to one already existing, a farm be sold, a new house be raised, a mill be set in motion, a store be opened, nor anything of interest to a dozen families occur, without having the fact duly though briefly chronicled in your columns. If a farmer cuts a big tree or grows a mammoth beet, or harvests a bounteous yield of wheat or corn, set forth the fact as concisely and unexceptionably as possible.
The Decline of General News and the Deliberative Body
Authors: Mindich David T Z
Published: November 2023

In 1965, CBS ran a story from Vietnam showing U.S. Marines burning the village of Cam Ne. The report, by correspondent Morley Safer, brought CBS’s huge audience face-to-face with marines as they were setting the thatched roofs afire with Zippo lighters. Villagers, mainly women and children, watched in horror. The next morning, Frank Stanton, CBS’s president, was awakened by a telephone call. “Frank, are you trying to fuck me?” said the voice, which Stanton, in his sleepiness, did not recognize. “Frank, this is your president, and yesterday your boys shat on the American flag.” Lyndon Johnson was on the line.
Thinking of Robert Schumann
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

Robert Schumann? Yes, of course. The name is one of the most reassuringly familiar on our musical landscape, yet we know Schumann the composer less than we sometimes assume. How many people readingthese words have heard, let alone performed, Das Paradies und die Peri after Thomas Moore’s Lalla Rookh; the opera Genoveva the music for Byron’s Manfred beyond its stupendous Overture; the Scenes from Goethe’s Faust; the Requiem; the Overture, Scherzo, and Finale for Orchestra; the Romances for Oboe and Piano; the Spanisches Liederspiel for vocal quartet with piano; the Justinus Kerner songs; even the Piano Quartet? While Schumann may in some ways be surprisingly elusive, many of us can quickly summon up a picture: a handsome, distinctly Germanic face, the good looks in middle age slightly compromised by a bit too much fat and one of the more unfortunate hairdos in the history of Western music.
A Century Set to Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

The idea first came to me a few years ago when I was coaching a student group in Shostakovich’s harrowing String Quartet No. 8, the idea of summoning one of the twentieth century’s eloquent artists to bear witness about what that—mostly dreadful—time was like. I imagined myself in some future century, seeking knowledge and understanding of what the poet Muriel Rukeyser once called “the first century of world wars.” Art can impart such knowledge. Picasso’s Guernica will send devastating news to our descendants. Thomas Mann’s Doktor Faustus has its story to tell, and so do the writings of Franz Kafka, Albert Camus, and Heinrich Böll. Music can speak, too. I made a list, not of the twentieth century’s most important or most beautiful pieces, not even of my favorite pieces, though I do feel close to most of them. I was after something else. I was looking for composers to bear witness. My list is completely personal. It is also ever in flux, some of its items perhaps claiming longevity, while others are subject to shifting currents and moods. I first put the list together one weekend in August 1999, looked at it again in October 2002, and once more in May 2005. In August 1998, it would not have been the same, and were I to venture another go at it in August 2006, it would almost surely be different again.
B. H. Haggin the Contrarian
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

For twelve years or so in my thirties and forties I was the music critic of the Boston Globe. From time to time someone would ask me what had led me to that position and why I had wanted to become a music critic. My answer usually began: “Well, there was this man called B. H. Haggin . . . “ Haggin was a bewildering mix of the impossible and the admirable, and I cannot overstate what I learned from him and how important he was to me.
The Sounds We Make
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

An odd bit of theater took place at a recent concert here. Beethoven’s Emperor Concerto was on the program, in a performance that had everything you would want by way of lyricism, intelligence, and crackling virtuosity. The way the first movement ends is unmistakably designed to elicit applause; at this concert, however, almost complete silence greeted those closing chords. “Almost,” because there was in fact one single handclap, but the author of that sound, apparently feeling that he or she had done something wrong, immediately retreated from action. The pianist turned and nodded in the direction of the solitary clapper, but it was and remains unclear to me whether he was being courteous or sardonic. The audience, though, interpreted his action as a message that they probably should have applauded. They proceeded to do that, heartily, whereupon the pianist stood and responded with a full bow from the waist.
Social Learning as an Adaptation
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Learning is widespread in the animal kingdom. While the mechanisms of learning range from relatively simple conditioning in invertebrates to elaborate cognitive mechanisms in mammals, most animals use some form of learning to acquire behavior that is adaptive in the local habitat. Despite this fact, the great bulk of evolutionary theory assumes that organisms adapt to variable environments through genetic mechanisms alone. The neglect of learning may result from the difficulty of understanding the evolution of learned behaviors. Learning entails an evolutionary trade-off. The advantages of learning are obvious; it allows the same individual to behave appropriately in different environments. For example, by sampling novel foods and learning to avoid noxious food types, a cosmopolitan species like the Norway rat can acquire an appropriate diet in a wide range of environments. However, learning also has disadvantages. First, the learning process itself may be costly. By sampling novel foods, the rat may accidentally poison itself, a risk that could be avoided by an animal with rigid, genetically specified food preferences. Second, because learned behavior is based on imperfect information about the environment, it can lead to errors. For example, the rat may fail to sample or mistakenly reject a nutritious food item. To understand variation in learned behavior among species, one must understand how this evolutionary trade-off is resolved.
Norms and Bounded Rationality
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Many anthropologists believe that people follow the social norms of their society without much thought. According to this view, human behavior is mainly the result of social norms and rarely the result of considered decisions. In recent years, there has been increased interest within anthropology in how individuals and groups struggle to modify and reinterpret norms to further their own interests. However, we think it is fair to say that most anthropologists still believe that culture plays a powerful role in shaping how people think and what they do.
Punishment Allows the Evolution of Cooperation (or Anything Else) in Sizable Groups
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Human behavior is unique in that cooperation and division of labor occur in societies composed of large numbers of unrelated individuals. In other eusocial species, such as social insects, societies are made up of close genetic relatives. According to contemporary evolutionary theory, cooperative behavior can be favored by selection only when social groups are formed so that cooperators are more likely to interact with other cooperators than with non-cooperators (Hamilton, 1975; Brown, Sanderson, and Michod, 1982; Nunney, 1985). It is widely agreed that kinship is the most likely source of such non-random social interaction. Human society is thus an unusual and interesting special case of the evolution of cooperation.
Are Cultural Phylogenies Possible? With Monique Borgerhoff Mulder and William H. Durham
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Biology and the social sciences share an interest in phylogeny. Biologists know that living species are descended from past species and use the pattern of similarities among living species to reconstruct the history of phylogenetic branching. Social scientists know that the beliefs, values, practices, and artifacts that characterize contemporary societies are descended from past societies, and some social science disciplines (e.g., linguistics and cross-cultural anthropology) have made use of observed similarities to reconstruct cultural histories. Darwin appreciated that his theory of descent, with modification, had many similarities of pattern and process to the already well-developed field of historical linguistics. In many other areas of social science, however, phylogenetic reconstruction has not played a central role.
Memes: Universal Acid or a Better Mousetrap?
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Among the many vivid metaphors in Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, one stands out. The understanding of how cumulative natural selection gives rise to adaptations is, Daniel Dennett says, like a “universal acid”—an idea so powerful and corrosive of conventional wisdom that it dissolves all attempts to contain it within biology. Like most good ideas, this one is very simple: once replicators (material objects that are faithfully copied) come to exist, some will replicate more rapidly than others, leading to adaptation by natural selection. The great power of the idea is that the resulting adaptations can be understood by asking what leads to efficient, rapid replication. Given that ideas seem to replicate, it is natural that Dawkins (1976, 1982), Dennett (1995), and others have explored the possibility of using this idea to explain cultural evolution.
Developmental Canalization, Stochasticity, and Robustness
Authors: Goss R C Lewontin Peter J E
Published: November 2023

Evolution by natural selection involves three essential conditions. First, individuals must vary one from another in their phenotypic characters. If there is no variation there can be no natural selection. Second, some of the variant types must leave more offspring than other variants as a consequence of that phenotypic variation. That is, the phenotypic variation must be a cause of different probabilities of survival and fertility for the different types. Third, the offspring of the different types must themselves have phenotypes that resemble those of their parents more closely than they resemble the phenotypes of other types in the population. That is, there must be some mechanism for the passage of phenotypic differences from parent to offspring, a mechanism of the inheritance of differences. Although there are instances of the direct passage of antibody proteins from mother to offspring and there may be cellular passage of infective agents, these are exceptions to the general pathway of heritability by means of the organism’s genome. We take it as a generality of biology that differences in phenotype must be a consequence of differences in genotype, if there is to be evolution by natural selection.
Robustness in Ecosystems
Authors: Walker Brian , Peterson Garry , Anderies John M , Kinzig Ann , Carpenter Steve
Published: November 2023

In exploring the difference between “stable” and “robust,” Jen [16] considers robustness in systems to be a measure of feature persistence under perturbations. It is a property that emerges from the system’s architecture and evolutionary history, and involves mechanisms for learning, problem solving, and creativity. The feature that persists is typically seen as the central feature for the system and Jen [16] stresses that it makes no sense to speak of a system being either stable or robust without specifying both the feature and the perturbation of interest.
Immune-Endocrine Interactions
Authors: Munford Roberts.
Published: November 2023

Animals react to dangerous situations by mounting a flight or fight response. Mediated largely by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and the autonomic nervous system, the visceral elements of this response are familiar to everyone: rapid heart rate, sweating, apprehension, and an automatic impulse to escape. In a remarkably similar way, animals react to microscopic danger-invading microbes-by developing tachycardia, sweating, fever, and withdrawal. The body’s reactions to macroscopic and microscopic threats are activated differently, however. Whereas reactions to macroscopic harm are initiated by the central nervous system (CNS) in response to visual or auditory inputs, the CNS receives neural and bloodbome signals from peripheral tissues that trigger its responses to microscopic non-self invaders. Before describing some of these signals, this chapter will give a little background information on immunity.
The Posterior Pituitary and Water Metabolism
Authors: Samson Willis K
Published: November 2023

The neurohypophysis, also called the posterior pituitary or neural lobe, is the ventral extension of hypothalamic tissue derived from a developmental downgrowth of the neuroectoderm forming the floor of the third cerebroventricle. It weighs approximately 0.10-0.15 gin humans and is well developed at birth, having been present since the fifth month of intrauterine life. In addition to containing glial elements called pituicytes, the posterior pituitary is composed of unmyelinated nerve fibers and axon terminals of neurons whose cell bodies reside primarily in the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (Fig. 7-1). These hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal fibers deliver the two primary posterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), to the neural lobe in association with specific proteins, the neurophysins, once thought to be carrier proteins but now known to be portions of the OT and AVP precursor molecules.
Monkey Puzzle Tree (Araucaria araucana) in Southern Chile: Effects of Timber and Seed Harvest, Volcanic Activity, and Fire
Authors: Bekessy Sarah A , Newton Adrian C , Fox Julian C , Lara Antonio , Premoli Andrea , Cortes Marco , Gonzalez Mauro , Burns Bruce , Gallo Leonardo , Izquierdo Fernanda , Burgman Mark A
Published: November 2023

Commonly known as the monkey puzzle tree or pehuén, Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch (Araucariaceae) is an impressively large and long-lived conifer, reaching 50 m in height, 2.5 m in girth, and ages of at least 1,300 years (Montaldo 1974). Its current distribution spans only three degrees of latitude and is divided between a main area that straddles both sides of the Andean divide (in Chile and Argentina) and two disjunct populations on the Coastal Range, Chile (Figure 5.1). Its former distribution has been severely diminished by logging, human-set fires, and land clearance since European settlement (Veblen 1982). Monkey puzzle produces high-quality timber and provides a unique resource for tourism and recreation. The tree figures importantly in the religion of the native Pehuenche people and is valued for its large, edible seeds that are extensively collected for local consumption and distribution to markets across Chile and Argentina (Aagesen 1998a, Tacón 1999).
Turkish Mouflon (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) in Central Anatolia: Population Viability under Scenarios of Harvesting for Trophy
Authors: Sezen Zeynep , AkÇakaya H Reşit , bilgi C Can
Published: November 2023

Turkish mouflon (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) is an endangered subspecies of mountain sheep that is endemic to Turkey. The range of the Turkish mouflon, which initially spanned the western and southern parts of the central Anatolian plain (Turan 1984), is presently confined to a single site in Bozdaĝ, Konya. The reasons for their decline are not well documented but may be due to the joint effect of predation, competition with domestic livestock, harsh weather conditions, and hunting. This subspecies was first taken under protection in 1937 when it was listed as a protected species and its hunting was banned. The first action taken for the conservation of Turkish mouflon was the establishment of a 42,000-ha wildlife protection area in Konya, Bozdağ, in 1966 (the Bozdağ Wildlife Protection Area). In order to relieve the population from competition with domestic sheep and predation by wolves, a fence was put up in 1989, enclosing an area of 5000 ha. With this fence, which was later electrified in 1996, the only extant population of O. g. anatolica was artificially divided into two subpopulations. As there are no reliable data available on the small (sub)population outside the fence in the BozdağWildlife Protection Area, this study takes into consideration only the fenced population, which is hereafter referred to as the Bozdağpopulation. Due to the local extinction of Turkish mouflon in most of its former geographic range, probable sites for reintroduction have been considered by the wildlife authorities (O. Arîhan, pers. comm.). Although no one locality has been earmarked for this purpose, former habitats around Nallîha (northwestern Ankara) are considered to be most suitable; therefore, Nallîha was assumed to be the translocation site. In a previous study, the effect of reintroduction on the viability of the subspecies was investigated using the RAMAS Metapop Version 3.0 (Akşakaya 1998).
Junk Syntax 1: A Supposed Account of Strong Crossover Effects
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

Following Wasow (1972, 1979), I refer to the asymmetric relation between antecedent and pronominal form, reflexive or not, as anaphoric linkage. Binding is thus a subtype of this. First noticed in 1968, examples like (1) manifested previously unknown restrictions on anaphoric linkages between extracted elements and pronouns. My original research subsumed these facts under the rubric ‘crossover phenomena’, a term taken to cover considerably more data, much of which subsequent work indicates is distinct from (1). Specifically, Postal (1971) failed to distinguish what Wasow (1972) I think properly differentiated as strong versus weak crossover binding violations, the former represented by (1), the latter by, for example, (2): This English-internal difference correlates with the cross-linguistic fact that there do not even seem to be purported counterexamples to the strong effect; in contrast, weak effect variation exists even between French and English; see Postal (1993b).2
Junk Refereeing: Our Tax Dollars at Work
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

Recall from chapter 9, page 292, the remark: “I would also have wished to cover the black art of refereemanship, where even the minimal constraints imposed on scholars by the fact that their names will be publicly seen above their words are absent. Here truth counts for little and rhetoric holds sway.” This passage, which owed a great deal to Geoffrey K. Pullum, was, I will here argue, a bit prescient, supported by the subsequent appearance of the following successful anonymous referee subpassage, which was part of the most negative report (Overall Rating: Poor) received for my NSF Proposal SBR-9808169 (Diversity among English Objects). To facilitate its analysis and to justify my claim that this is junk refereeing, I have numbered the parts therein by associating a prefixed angle bracketed numeral with each or with major clauses within them: <1> In my opinion, the broader impact of this work will be negligible, <2> simply because the whole approach is founded upon assumptions that have not been current in the field for some time now. <3> The whole domain of the data presented here is now considered by 99% of researchers in the field <4> to involve complex relations between (at least) (i) phrase structure configurations (possibly of a quite ornate type), (ii) argument structure configurations and properties (highest/lowest argument, particular thematic relations), and (iii) more detailed semantic properties.
Junk Ethics 2: The Most Irresponsible Passage
Authors: Postal Paul M
Published: November 2023

Consider a contest to determine the most irresponsible passage written by a professional linguist in the entire history of linguistics. Contestants will no doubt differ in their choice of entries; here I specify and try to justify mine. The most irresponsible passage ever written by a linguist about the overall subject matter of linguistics is, I suggest, the five paragraphs (here broken up) quoted in (1). To facilitate its analysis and discussion, I have numbered the twenty successive sentences therein by associating a prefixed angle bracketed numeral with each. I have also suppressed from the quoted text the author’s footnote numerals. “<1> A broader category of questions has to do with the ‘internalist’ conception of language adopted in this discussion, and in the line of inquiry from which it derives for the past 40 years, a branch of what has been called ‘biolinguistics.’ <2> FL (= faculty of language : PMP) is considered to be a subcomponent of Jones’s mind/brain; Jones’s (I -) language L is the state of his FL, which he puts to use in various ways.
A Narrative Vision for Health Care
Authors: Charon Rita
Published: November 2023

Narrative, by its nature, is disruptive. Unlike lists or formulas, narrative is not clean, predictable, or obeisant. Narrative makes its own paths, breaks its own constraints, undercuts its own patterns. As it does in dreams or in Beckett, narrative anywhere can make new out of old, creating chaos out of linearity while, subversively, exposing underlying fresh connections among the seemingly unrelated. Not only through its ordering impulses but also through its disordering ones, narrative can help one see newly and for the first time something concealed, something overlaid, something buried in code.
Computer-Mediated Communication and Woman’s Place
Authors: Herring Susan C
Published: November 2023

The world is no longer as it was when Robin Lakoff first published Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975) nearly thirty years ago. The activist feminism of the 1970s, predicated on the premise of women’s subordination through patriarchal social, political, and economic systems, has been replaced by generations X and Y, pro-sex feminism, antivictim feminism, antifeminist feminism, and the deconstruction of gender as a meaningful category.
Genetic Engineering in the Barnyard
Authors: Avise John C
Published: November 2023

In 1980, researchers microinjected pieces of DNA from microbes into the nucleus of a mouse egg, thereby pioneering the genetic transformation of mammalian germ cells by human hands. Two years later, in a similar experiment, using growth hormone genes, scientists first demonstrated that a mammalian phenotype (in this case, the size of a mouse) could be altered by purposeful genetic manipulation. In 1985, the feasibility of engineering farm animals (sheep, pigs, and rabbits) was demonstrated, and in 1987 the first transgenic poultry were produced. The ensuing years have witnessed proliferation of laboratory techniques for modifying a wide variety of genetic features in animals and also for manipulating germlines such that transgenes are perpetuated in ensuing generations. There has also been an extension from experimental research on laboratory animals to applied work on transgenic livestock, the goal being to modify the genes of barnyard animals in commercially important ways.
Western Reserve: The Cushings of Cleveland
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

Harvey Williams Cushing was born in the old Western Reserve, in the city of Cleveland, Ohio, on April 8, 1869. He was the tenth child of Henry Kirke Cushing, MD, and Betsey Maria WilliamsCushing. Like Nick Carraway, he was born with advantages not available to many other people in the world. His family was embedded in American history and the history of American medicine. Grandfathers Cushing and Williams had taken part in the epic journeys of New Englanders over the mountains to open the heart of the continent. Grandfather Cushing was the second generation of Cushing physicians. Harvey’s father became the third, Harvey and one of his brothers would become the fourth.
Dissociated Deviations
Authors: wilson M Edward
Published: November 2023

Dissociated strabismus, although common, is poorly understood. The classic pattern of the dissociated strabismus complex (DSC) is of a nonfixating eye slowly elevating, extorting, and abducting upon the spontaneous loss of binocular function or with cover testing (Fig. 4-1 ). A reversal of these movements is seen with recovery and refixation. Latent nystagmus is also usually present. Macular binocular vision is characteristically absent, and a history of infantile horizontal strabismus (congenital esotropia) is often present.
Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Baskin David S
Published: November 2023

The management of the spinal cord–injured patient poses special challenges that begin at the instant that the patient is seen in the field and continue throughout the patient’s life. This chapter discusses the principles of management of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), considering the initial evaluation at the scene of the accident, treatment in the emergency department, mechanisms of injury, assessment techniques, and presenting clinical syndromes. Initial diagnostic studies and their merits are also considered.
Myofascial Pain Disorders
Authors: Argoff Charles E , Wheeler Anthony H
Published: November 2023

Voluntary muscle is the largest human organ system. Muscular injury can occur when soft tissues are exposed to single or recurrent episodes of biomechanical overloading. Muscular pain is often attributed to a myofascial pain syndrome (MPS), a common condition originally described by Drs. Janet Travell and David Simons.93 Among patients seeking treatment from a variety of medical specialists, myofascial pain (MP) has been reported to vary from 30% to 93%, depending on the subspecialty practice and setting; however, controversy exists among medical specialists regarding the diagnostic criteria for MP and the very existence of this disorder as a pathological entity. Therefore, the mere acknowledgment and inclusion of this entity in a neurology textbook is controversial among neurologists. While challenges exist regarding the nosology, and no specific diagnostic tool is available to validate and accurately identify MPS, it is a common pain disorder that deserves recognition clinically. The purpose of this chapter in covering this subject is to arm the neurologist with the essential tools to understand, diagnose, and treat this condition. As with the management of migraine headache, a painful state that poses similar challenges, we should not confuse the lack of omniscience regarding MPS with the lack of need for assessment and treatment.
Athletic Head Injury
Authors: Polin Richard S , Gupta Nidhi
Published: November 2023

A ubiquitous feature of participation in organized or recreational athletics is the inherent risk of injury. Although most participants never consider the possibility of head injury, brain trauma remains a major cause of both severe and mild disability after athletic injury. In this chapter, the epidemiology of brain trauma in sports is defined, focusing on the well-established connection of these injuries with some high-profile athletic activities. The literature regarding head injury associated with boxing, football, and several other sports is then reviewed. We differentiate between the short- and long-term effects of athletic head injury, focusing on the neurological examination, neuroradiographic evaluation, and neuropsychological outcome parameters. Next, we discuss the prevention, management, assessment, and treatment of acute injuries, including new pharmacological interventions. A prospective study at our institution of clinical symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in athletes with mild head injury is considered. Finally, several controversies in sports neurotrauma are presented, including the timing of return to activity after head injury and the effect that recurrent mild trauma has on the risk of catastrophic injury and the second impact syndrome.
Movement Disorders: Posttraumatic Syndromes
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Itin Ilia
Published: November 2023

We will focus on two types of trauma, central and peripheral nervous system injury, and review a number of movement disorders including parkinsonism, tremors, dystonia, chorea, and myoclonus. Although the pathophysiology of all movement disorders relates primarily to dysfunction of subcortical nuclei and their axonal connections, the interplay between these basal ganglia structures and the cortex as well as the peripheral nervous system is becoming increasingly appreciated. We will mention instances in which nonnervous system injury can cause disorders that may resemble neurologically based movement disorders and emphasize that these orthopedic, muscular, or inflammatory conditions should be considered before a true movement disorder is diagnosed and putatively treated.
Functional Symptoms and Signs in Neurology
Authors: Stone Jon , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

A 30-year-old woman presents to a clinical neurology service with a 3-month history of right leg weakness. Her problems began slowly after she tripped and hurt her ankle while running to the assistance of her daughter. The ankle pain resolved, but the weakness gradually got worse. She complains of a number of other recent symptoms including pain, fatigue, poor memory, and bowel disturbance. Her file is noticeably large, with previous medical contacts for hysterectomy, laparoscopy for abdominal pain, and rather brittle asthma. Now her husband has to help her dress and bathe, and she is receiving state disability benefits. She has seen an orthopedic specialist, who has confirmed that there is no evidence of bony or soft tissue injury. On examination she walks with her leg dragging behind her and her hip laterally rotated. There is marked inconsistency between power testing on the bed and ability when walking. She has a strongly positive Hoover’s sign, and although only her arm and face are not symptomatic, she is surprised to find that on testing, temperature and vibration sense are altered on the right side of her body, with a midline split. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine, lumbar puncture, neurophysiology, and other relevant tests are all normal. A diagnosis of functional paralysis is made.
Measurement errors in dietary assessment
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

Random and systematic errors may occur during the measurement of food and nutrient intakes. The direction and extent of these errors vary with the method used and the population and nutrients studied. Both types of measurement error can be minimized by incorporating quality-control procedures during each stage of the measurement process.
Using Surveys to Assess Professionalism in Individuals and Institutions
Authors: Baldwin DeWitt C , Daugherry Steven R
Published: November 2023

While surveys have been used by social scientists for more than 50 years in studies of medical education, these early efforts primarily followed the investigators’ disciplinary interests in the process of socialization and professionalization among medical students. They were aimed at gathering extensive amounts of data on student demographics, background, characteristics, expectations, experiences, opinions, and career plans, as well as their values, attitudes, behavior, and self-image during exposure to the intense environmental influence of medical education. A classic example of this type of survey questionnaire can be found in Appendix D of Merton et al.’s The Student-Physician (1957). It was nearly 40 pages in length and consisted of 72 separate and exhaustive questions, each seeking numerous subsets of information. This survey was administered to suc-cessive classes of medical students at Cornell, Case Western Reserve, and the University of Pennsylvania during the 1950s, and the findings constitute a classic study of medical education.
Measuring Specific Elements of Professionalism: Empathy, Teamwork, and Lifelong Learning
Authors: Veloski Jon , Hojat Mohammadreza
Published: November 2023

Professionalism concerns the aims, qualities, and behaviors that characterize a profession or the nature of one who practices such a profession, like medicine. Efforts to foster professionalism in medical education emphasize the qualities and attainments of physicians beyond the requisite medical knowledge and clinical skills. A growing consensus on what this set of personal attributes consists of has led to widespread agreement on the need to inspire professionalism throughout the continuum of medical education. In addition, there is recognition of the need to develop credible instruments to assure that this occurs.
Using Critical Incident Reports and Longitudinal Observations to Assess Professionalism
Authors: Papadakis Maxine , Loeser Helen
Published: November 2023

This chapter completes the transition from measures of professionalism that are completed by the individual being evaluated through observers outside of the clinical context, to observations of individuals in the daily environments of medical practice. Evaluations in context naturally have greater face validity, because there is no need to extrapolate performance in an artificial setting to the real context of care. Using the analogy from George Miller’s pyramid of assessment presented in chapter 2 (see figure 2-2), this chapter begins to describe observations of what a student “does” rather than “knows, knows how, or shows how.”
Phenomena and Constructs
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

We use the word “memory” to refer, interchangeably, to at least six distinct things, a process that causes a great deal of confusion in ordinary speech and in technical discourse. First, the word refers to a function or operation conceived in the abstract; second, to the brain structures and processes that mediate such operations; third, to the neural codes or traces that, when activated, represent specific memory experiences; fourth, to any such experiences; fifth, to a category label for a particular kind of such experiences; and sixth, to a system consisting of a set of functions and brain structures and a set of mnemonic traces that are also collectively referred to as “contents” of the memory system.
Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: Simos Panagiotis G , Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is an apparently benign disorder of memory of unknown pathophysiology, affecting mostly middle-aged individuals of both genders. It has a sudden and disconcerting onset that resolves almost entirely within a few hours and rarely lasts more than 24 hours. There is usually a permanent memory gap for events that transpired during the episode and for the episode itself. It was first identified and given its current name in the 1950s (Fisher & Adams, 1958, 1964) when the first series of 17 patients were described in detail.
Transient Epileptic Amnesia
Authors: Kosmidis Mary H , Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA; a term coined by Kapur, 1993) is a unique and perhaps underdiagnosed seizure disorder. It is characterized by a failure to incorporate into long-term memory any events that occurred during the seizure (Mendes, 2002). What is remarkable about the disorder is that cognitive function appears to be intact during the ictal phase. In fact, reliable observers have reported no obvious indication of dysfunction, as patients continued to engage in ongoing activity without interruption (Palmini, Gloor, & Jones-Gotman, 1992; Kapur, 1993). In these accounts, the only behavioral indications of the ictal episode were subsequent reports of amnesia regarding the events, usually manifested as repetitive questioning regarding the amnesic period.
EIectroconvuIsive Therapy-Induced Amnesia
Authors: Kosmidis Mary H , Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

Despite its negative portrayal in popular movies as a controlling, even punitive, treatment for patients with psychiatric disorders (e.g., One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is actually one of the safest and most effective treatments for severe depression (Weiner, 1984; National Institutes of Health [NIH], 1985; Devanand, Dwork, Hutchinson et al., 1994; American Psychiatric Association, 2001), as well as psychotic depression (Fink, 1977; Scovern & Kilmann, 1980; Weiner, 1984; NIH, 1985). Used as a last resort for those who have not responded adequately to antidepressant medications, it is at least as effective, if not superior to, some antidepressant medications (Greenblatt, 1977; Fink, 1978; Scovern & Kilmann, 1980; NIH, 1985). Nevertheless, potential side-effects related to memory disruption have led to controversy about its use.
Psychogenic Amnesias
Authors: Savvidou Ioanna , Bozikas, Vasilis P , Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

Psychogenic amnesias are all retrograde in nature and usually involve reversible loss of autobiographical memories. As their name implies, they are believed to have psychological causes, a belief justified by the fact that they do not entail gross anatomical lesions. Because they are not precipitated by an apparent “physical” cause as are the other amnesias, and given that they are highly selective, involving only personal memories, they are fascinating to both scientists and laymen alike. Yet, in spite of the fascination they inspire, their nature and cerebral mechanisms still remain largely obscure.