bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Collapse of Solidarity
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G.
Published: July 2024

The Oslo period was supposed to end in a final status agreement. When it did not, frustration at both increased Israeli settlement activity and the repression of the Palestinian Authority led to the outbreak of the Second Intifada. Israel arrested and imprisoned activists, but they lacked the same organization and leadership that characterized those arrested during the First Intifada. Fighters began organizing by hometown (baladiyyat) rather than political faction and rejecting the Prisoners Movement’s leadership. The dissolution of the counterintelligence system within prison and competition between sub-factions meant there was a lack of trust between people in prison. Despite weakness in the collective structure, the Prisoners Movement organized a mass hunger strike in 2004. The chapter contains details of how a hunger strike is organized and maintained, as well as how it collapses. The disappointment that followed the strike’s failure radically transformed the Prisoners Movement’s ability to rally collective resistance.
The Tetiuhe Mining Concession 1924–1932
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

The Tetiuhe mining concession was resuscitated during the years of the New Economic Policy and was one of the three largest foreign concessions granted by the USSR at the time (alongside the Harriman and Lena Goldfields concessions). But when the Great Depression hit, the concession became unprofitable and then became unworkable in the winter of 1930–1931 due to the impacts of Stalin’s first Five-Year Plan. The mines and their improvements were, however, sold to the Russian Government at a fair price. The existence of the agreement to arbitrate played a critical role in this settlement. Wary of the USSR’s failure to engage in the arbitral process in the Lena case, but also aware of the acute damage that this failure had caused to the USSR’s commercial and diplomatic reputation, the concession-holders (principally, the Bryner family) threatened but pulled back from arbitration in March 1931, securing a successful settlement later in that year.
Two Arbitral Butterflies
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter recalls the Arbitration Code of 1883 drawn up by Lord Bramwell which, although displaced by the English Arbitration Act 1889, played an important role in making consensual arbitration pre-eminent and placing it within the law of contract. It also examines the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) Rome Draft 1936, which indirectly led to the 1985 United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law. The arbitral butterfly here is Professor René David, who played a major role in the drafting and commentary to the Rome Draft, a uniform law consisting of forty articles that was approved by the International Criminal Court (ICC) Congress in 1937, subject, however, to criticisms expressed by four national committees (Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States), which ultimately led to the demise of the Draft.
The Role of Users
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter records how it is incorrect to assume that the interests of users are exactly the same as lawyers’ interests, including with respect to the costs of arbitration. Questions are raised as to why none of the most used arbitration rules provide the option of excluding disclosure of documents, despite the high cost. The chapter also asks why there are almost inevitably costly oral hearings and why costs are not capped at the outset of an arbitration, as with the London Maritime Arbitrators’ Association (LMAA) in its Intermediate Claims Procedure for arbitration disputes addressing claims between US$50,000 and 400,000.
From Florence to London via Moscow and New Delhi
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines how good and bad legal thinking develops across international boundaries. Maxim the Greek is taken as an example of how one man, armed only with ideas, could migrate from Italy to Moscow to influence the course of Russian history; and he acts as a springboard to show how arbitral ideas—one bad, one good—have migrated across the globe. An example is an English parliamentary restriction on the extraterritorial application of the 1927 Geneva Convention on Arbitral Awards, which led to foreign awards made outside of India and Pakistan being reviewed by their courts as domestic awards. The English colonial error that migrated to India/Pakistan was corrected in Pakistan by the 2011 enactment of the New York Convention, but the position in India remains more complex and deleterious. Another example is the doctrine of separability, which migrated eventually to London.
Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Choice of Law in International Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

There are surprising limits on party autonomy under the United Kingdom’s Arbitration Act 1996 for international arbitrations between commercial parties. This chapter examines two limitations on party autonomy under the English Arbitration Act. One relates to costs of arbitration, where, in any agreement between the parties to an arbitration with an English seat which has the effect that a party is to pay the whole or part of the costs of the arbitration ‘in any event’ is only valid if made after the dispute in question has arisen. The other limitation relates to pre-award interest, which arises where the parties have expressly agreed that the arbitration tribunal must apply a non-English substantive law to the merits of their dispute. The first is portrayed as a real problem and the second as a myth.
Is There Any Need for a Code of Ethics for International Commercial Arbitrators?
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

Is there a need for any new, comprehensive code of ethics for international commercial arbitrators? Current proposals for reform deserve the utmost scrutiny from the perspectives of arbitrators, arbitral practitioners, and arbitration users. If such improvements are required to adjust arbitral ethics, a common solution may be required for both arbitrators and arbitral practitioners as the parties’ legal representatives. The chapter considers the issues of codes of ethics in the light of the International Bar Association Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest and the Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe Code of Conduct for Lawyers in the European Union.
Arbitrators and Arbitral InstitutionsLegal Risks for Product Liability?
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

In this chapter, the author, Johnny, considers the potential exposure of arbitrators and arbitral institutions to claims from a dissatisfied party to an arbitration, including because an arbitrator is increasingly likely to be made a party to a legal proceeding brought in bad faith by a disappointed party as a collateral attack on an award. He traces the history and current risks of potential liability and concludes by emphasizing the importance of obtaining insurance against potential claims.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Don S.
Published: July 2024

Democratic transition has come with a number of competing pressures and principal–agent problems for presidents in their relationships with major political institutions that have become legitimate actors in checking and balancing the president’s decision-making. This chapter asserts the importance of understanding the president’s strategy for governance in general and cabinet appointments in particular in the context of young democracies. Although we know about presidential appointment strategy in connection with the legislature, largely based on the region of the Americas, little is known about such strategy in relation to other political institutions, namely the ruling party, the party system, and the bureaucracy, as well as about regions outside the Americas. Given that democracies with elected presidents are in the majority, globally as well as in Asia, it is important to understand the role of presidential cabinet appointment in navigating all these institutional challenges.
Bureaucratic Resistance and Presidential Cabinet Formation
Authors: Lee Don S.
Published: July 2024

This chapter tests the argument related to presidents’ efforts to monitor and control the bureaucracy in implementing their reform programs. The main prediction is that, facing challenges from professionalized bureaucracies, presidents tend to appoint ministers from the bureaucracy who can tame the agents, but with greater influence over politicized bureaucracies, presidents are more likely to select ministers from outside the bureaucracy who are experts in their fields. The results based on quantitative analysis show that presidents are more likely to appoint ministers representing the bureaucracy in more professionalized bureaucracies but are less likely to do so in more politicized bureaucracies. Furthermore, qualitative evidence based on interviews and case studies reveals that, in more professionalized systems, presidents tend to promote into top executive positions senior civil servants who are ideologically aligned with them; however, in more politicized systems, presidents tend to choose experts from outside the bureaucracy when forming cabinets.
Act I
Authors: Jenks Tom
Published: July 2024

“Sonny’s Blues” is composed in a three-act structure, and, likewise, the chapters of My Reading follow this structure. Act I of My Reading focuses the story’s dramatic structure in scenes and the lyric and imagistic gestures that Baldwin makes to initiate the drama of the perilous life of Harlem of the 1950s and draws a comparison to John Coltrane’s “A Love Supreme,” which has a structure and regenerative impulse similar to “Sonny’s Blues,” the two artists, Baldwin and Coltrane, taking part in a shift occurring in race consciousness and the American psyche. Formal aspects, such as use of perspective, are discussed in this chapter, as are the two primary characters, estranged brothers—the older one in longstanding denial of his younger brother’s heroin addiction, which must now be acknowledged, even as the older brother is challenged to admit all the dread and suffering that surrounds their lives in Harlem. Reflections on Baldwin’s awareness of the difficulty of change, its slow progress, and his intent for the story to provide continuing commentary and encouragement, and thus its clear relevance to today’s racial issues.
Summer 1939
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Indian summer; Vera’s illness; debate on Congress politics with the veterinarian Mishra and Dr Johory.
Winter 1940
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Winter pastimes at the palace; debate with British men and a courtier, Narendra, on Indian princes; introduction to Colonel Edwards.
Spring 1940
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Guests in Bhopal—Sir Dinshaw Petit, his daughter and Maharaja of Jodhpur; hunting adventures.
Autumn 1940
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Life in Bhopal; ‘mango ball’; discussion about Gandhi, Ambedkar, and untouchables; friendship with the Begum.
Autumn 1943
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Intrigues in Bhopal; meeting with the Nawab’s yogis; famine in Bengal.
Summer 1944
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Visiting Delhi with the Begum; Delhi’s history; visiting the tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya with the Begum; meeting Professor Indra Sen; back to Bhopal; celebrating the circumcision of Prince Shaharyar; rumours of the Nawab’s new wedding.
Winter 1944–1945
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

The Begum narrates her troubles with the Nawab; the Rani of Nalagarh visits Bhopal; discussing the Indian women; visit to Sanchi with the Rani; different Bhopal affairs; Mark’s argument with Minister Haider.
The Puzzle of Epistemic Blame
Authors: Boult Cameron
Published: July 2024

This chapter motivates the idea that there is an epistemic kind of blame. One reason to take this idea seriously comes from reflections on parallels between epistemology and ethics. Another comes from considerations about the role that blame and blameworthiness play in contemporary epistemology. The chapter examines the role that epistemic blame plays in debates about epistemic justification, doxastic control, and the “authority” of epistemic normativity. The chapter then introduces a puzzle. The puzzle arises when aiming to achieve two distinct, but closely related and equally important theoretical goals: (i) explaining what makes epistemic blame more significant than mere negative epistemic evaluation, and (ii) doing so without invoking attitudes, behaviors, or practices that seem out of place in the epistemic domain. The chapter articulates these competing sources of pressure, developing criteria that an account of epistemic blame must meet in order to resolve the puzzle of epistemic blame.
Blameworthy Belief, Assertion, and Other Epistemic Harms
Authors: Boult Cameron
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the scope of appropriate epistemic blame. What would a complete list of behaviors and attitudes for which people can be epistemically blameworthy look like? The chapter begins by examining whether people can be epistemically blameworthy for things like dogmatism and wishful thinking. One concern about this is the well-worn question of whether people can be blameworthy for doxastic states which seem beyond their control. The relationship-based account is deployed to make sense of epistemic blame for attitudes that are not under direct voluntary control. The chapter turns its attention to assertion, testimonial injustice, and other forms of “epistemic harm,” such as epistemic exploitation and gaslighting. Important challenges arise when examining epistemic blameworthiness in each case. The chapter’s main aim is to argue that epistemic relationships are a useful tool for illuminating the nature of a wide variety of failings, and illustrating their connection to epistemic blame.
Depletion
Authors: Rai Shirin M.
Published: July 2024

This book examines the human costs of care and caring and how these are reproduced across generations—a topic often overlooked in the theoretical analysis of the issue. It explores the multiple facets of social reproductive work and argues that this work has significant human costs, which are neglected. Unrecognized, depletion erodes individual lives as well as social institutions and our environment (family, community groups, and ecologies), and is generative of harm—historic, present, and anticipatory—at each of these levels. Consent does not mitigate harm. Recognition of depletion can result in strategizing for the reversal of this harm in complex and multilayered forms: mitigation, replenishment, and transformation. Building on case studies from across the globe, and developing innovative methodologies, the book argues that intersectional inequalities of race, gender, and class are critical in the understanding of depletion. This book is a strong indictment of overlooking depletion; the struggles to reverse depletion are struggles for a good life, generative of new imaginings of how this work of care, both draining and joyful, can be reorganized and reversed.
The Man Who Owned Broadway
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2024

As a creator and performer who also became one of Broadway’s most powerful producers and businessmen, in conjunction with partner Sam Harris, George M. Cohan occupied a singular position. This chapter examines how Cohan helped shape contemporary discourses about wealth and business, as both a Broadway magnate and a creator, amid a rapidly transforming US economy and theatrical industry. Themes of money and class pervade Cohan’s shows throughout his career, but as this chapter shows, from around 1909 to 1919 business came to the fore. The chapter examines Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford (1910), which staged national anxieties about big business capitalism while also celebrating it. Finally, the chapter discusses the actors’ strike of 1919 and Cohan’s vocal opposition to the Actors’ Equity Association, demonstrating how Cohan’s unique position as Broadway performer and magnate made him a lightning rod in this highly publicized battle between business and workers.
Ramendrasundar Tribedi and a Sonic History of Race in Colonial Bengal
Authors: Mukharji Projit Bihari
Published: July 2024

The rise of comparative philology in the eighteenth century had created a new way of triangulating the relationship between race, language, and history. Language, in this framework, was understood mainly as grammar. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Bengali physicist and polymath, Ramendrasundar Tribedi, sought to rework this relationship by reimagining language as a sonic archive. His complex framework, which I call a somatomimetic alphabetics, sought to recover a non-elite and racially hybrid history of language through its sounds. Moreover, he intended this history to then guide the development of future scientific terminology in Bengali. Tribedi’s Byzantine new formulation braided together physical theories of sound developed by scientists like Helmholtz with Vaishnava lore and Sanskrit language pedagogy. But, crucially, it was also informed by his own intimacy with the world of classical Hindustani music and a political commitment to a cosmopolitan, open-ended form of nationalism.
Cosmopoiesis
Authors: Davies James Q.
Published: July 2024

This chapter proposes a theory of cosmopoiesis, a poetics of songful world-making. It suggests how weaving together biocultural environments in song and storytelling might be related to both decolonial struggle and the poetic imperatives of empire building. The concept is introduced via a single case of resource extraction: a musical transcription, written in pen on paper, by Sarah Wallis Bowdich, English explorer-naturalist and pianist, made in 1817. The song was sung by a ngombi harp player—a musician with albinism purportedly enslaved among coastal Mpongwe-speaking peoples—and improvised, according to colonial reports, off the Gabon Estuary in West Central Africa. Reading along the grain of colonial documents, maps, and letters, the chapter presents three ways of narrating this sung performance alongside three competing ways of ranking the human in relation to each political ecology.
Ethnography and Exoticism in Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Revuluri Sindhumathi
Published: July 2024

Nineteenth-century France played host to multiple engagements with the sounds of other places, including in the formation and development of intellectual histories of music. This chapter uses three case studies—Julien Tiersot’s early ethnographic writing, François-Joseph Fétis’s writings on music history, and the origin stories of Igor Stravinsky’s Le sacre du printemps—to explore the relationship between the practices of ethnography and exoticism. Revisiting Edward Said’s Orientalism as a seminal text, it asks how the acoustics of empire shape what could even be heard at this particular historical moment and how those bounds have implications for the study of music today.
Gandhi’s Silence
Authors: Devji Faisal
Published: July 2024

Gandhi praised silence as a moral virtue opposed to the political importance of voice. He considered the understanding derived from communication to be incomplete and unequally accessible, with its knowledge of others motivated by the desire to control them. While Indian nationalists wanted their voices heard by the colonial state, the Mahatma was concerned instead with the limits of voice and communication. He criticized their claims to authenticity and focused on the incommunicable element crucial in all human relations. How might ignorance, as the necessary ground of such relations, then, serve to augment rather than limit moral and political life?
Afterword
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: July 2024

“Sound in the Imperial Archive” looks and listens back across the Acoustics of Empire essays and considers the range and diversity of the sounds—noise, music, birdsong, explosions, traffic, human chatter, and more—of the nineteenth-century empire brought together in the collection’s pages. This closing chapter suggests that, if we are to build a properly historical sense of empire both on the ground and in the round, then its sounds provide fine-grained, evocative ways of understanding more about imperial power: its modes of imposition and dissemination, its spread, and its unevenness, as well as the day-to-day experience of living in an imperial world.
Storytelling
Authors: Ganz Marshall
Published: July 2024

In this chapter the author introduces the power of storytelling as a leadership practice: work of the heart. We tell stories to access, share, and adapt emotional resources embedded in our values to respond to disruption with hope rather than fear, love (solidarity) rather than isolation, a sense of self-worth rather than self-doubt. In this way we can enable ourselves and others to respond to disruptions with agency rather than reacting to them thoughtlessly. We can tell stories of self to communicate our values to others, stories of us to communicate values we share with each other, and stories of now to motivate a response to the choices we must make now. The author debriefs the example of James Croft sharing his public narrative to begin learning the craft of storytelling practice. The author concludes by sharing how to use an “empathetic bridge” to enable others to engage with loss, difference, domination, and change.
Structure
Authors: Ganz Marshall
Published: July 2024

In this chapter the author argues that the way we structure our work with one another shapes our internal and external effectiveness. We must learn how to manage the inherent tensions of balancing the rhythm of change that drives campaigns with the rhythm of continuity that sustains organization; of inclusion and exclusion, unity and diversity, and parts and wholes—all to integrate the practice of democratic self-governance with organized power to renew our democracy.
Line and Configuration
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This chapter develops a “configurational” perspective on counterpoint, representing music not as the braiding of independent lines, but as sequences of voicings centered at particular locations in pitch space. This perspective originates in the Renaissance and can be modeled as a change of internal musical coordinates. The configurational perspective maps naturally onto the geometrical models used throughout the book. This chapter uses configurations to analyze dyadic, triadic, and four-voice counterpoint in turn. It argues that dyadic logic often governs three- or four-voice textures. With four voices, it can be useful to “think inside the chord,” treating harmonies as very small scales along which voices move.
Within You Without You
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Within You Without You: Listening to George Harrison is a highly personal exploration of George Harrison’s essential contributions to the Beatles. It also gives full consideration to his solo career and his significant role as a Western proponent of Indian music and beliefs. Through close examination of his guitar playing in the Fab Four and his songwriting in and out of the Beatles, the book attempts to demystify the enigma of this most reluctant of rock stars. Drawing upon the insights of the author—a rock critic and music historian of over forty years’ standing, whose previous books include Bob Dylan: Prophet Mystic Poet—as well as those of expert observers, including English rock singer-songwriters Robyn Hitchcock and John Wesley Harding and Beatles filmmaker Michael Lindsay-Hogg, Within You Without You will forever change the way readers hear the music of the Beatles and view Harrison’s role in the group. It will also enhance appreciation of Harrison as a cultural figure above and beyond his work as a musician.
The Love There That’s Sleeping
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 14 of Within You Without You, “The Love There That’s Sleeping,” closely examines George Harrison’s song “While My Guitar Gently Weeps.” Often regarded as one of Harrison’s best songs and high on the list of the best Beatles songs—and certainly one of the most beloved tracks on The Beatles, better known as “The White Album”—“While My Guitar Gently Weeps” went through a number of iterations. It began with an acoustic version and several band versions with multiple overdubs (it was one of the first Beatles recordings to make use of an eight-track recording unit). Then it all clicked once Harrison had invited his friend Eric Clapton into the recording studio to contribute the tune’s essential guitar solo. Clapton did his best George Harrison imitation so it would not sound out of place on a Beatles album.
What I Feel I Can’t Say
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 21 of Within You Without You, “What I Feel I Can’t Say,” closely examines the George Harrison song “What Is Life,” which appeared on his debut solo album, All Things Must Pass. “My Sweet Lord” may have been the greater commercial success on its way to becoming Harrison’s iconic solo number. However, “What Is Life,” at least musically, was the much more detailed architectural triumph. It was, as well, the best realization of Harrison’s collaboration with producer Phil Spector, infused with horn-heavy, R&B influences and several killer hooks. Evoking both Motown and early rock ’n’ roll, it created its own sound in a timeless song of love, both earthly and divine.
George Goes to the Movies
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 27 of Within You Without You, “George Goes to the Movies,” recounts the odyssey of George Harrison’s film production company, HandMade Films. The chapter examines the company’s origins as a way to fund his friend Eric Idle’s movie, Monty Python’s Life of Brian. The company played a significant role in producing serious English dramas (and comedies) throughout the 1980s (including such critical and commercial successes as Time Bandits, The Long Good Friday, Mona Lisa, and A Private Function), and came to a sad end in the early 1990s, when Harrison fell out with his business partner and manager, Denis O’Brien. The boutique production company is often credited with rescuing what was then considered a moribund era in British moviemaking. Harrison came to the role of producer with much experience on the other side of the camera, having starred in several Beatles films, including A Hard Day’s Night and Help!
New Towns and Colonial Outposts
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter addresses new towns and colonial outposts. Like all planned communities, new towns reflect aspirations about lifestyle and how people are supposed to conduct their daily lives. In this sense, the form of the new town embodies a social order—who is supposed to live where, how much land they are supposed to have, how integrated the functions of the town are supposed to be, what level of collective life is imagined. The chapter then looks at monarchical town planting and the act of town founding. Town founding was often also a matter of empire-building, a desire to control territory by establishing towns as colonial outposts. Roman military encampments, medieval bastides, colonial outposts of the British Empire, Early American cities, and US railroad towns all share this trait—town founding for the purpose of territorial expansion. The chapter also considers the colonial outposting that occurred under the rules of the Laws of the Indies, the well-known 16th-century ordinance imposed by the Spanish monarchy for laying out colonies in the “new world.” Other motivations for town founding include religious or cosmological symbolism, as well as numerical symbolism.
Modernist Urbanism
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines modernist urbanism, which broke the traditional bond between two-dimensional pattern and three-dimensional form. By the late 20th century, the New Urbanists claimed in their Charter of principles that architectural style had nothing to do with the urban pattern. New towns built after World War II in the modernist vein have the unmistakable imprint of functionalism, which, in practical terms, means separation. The street pattern of modernist housing developments was used to separate people by minimizing street connection. Some modernist housing arrangements, like Dammerstock in Karlsruhe, Germany, or the housing complexes of the southern part of Amsterdam, were driven by a formulaic attachment to the principles of maximizing exposure to sun and green space. However, green space did not provide a setting for social connection. The chapter then looks at the Soviet version of modern urbanism, considering mikrorayons (“micro-districts”) and socialist cities.
Uniformity
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces the notion of uniformity, which is common with all housing types. It argues that diversity will only be palatable if it exists within a framework that provides coherence, which usually means some degree of uniformity. Meanwhile, uniformity on a vast scale signals production building, which can often be bleak. The chapter explains how politicians and developers are worried about socialism if housing design control is transferred from private interests to government-backed housing projects. It also explains how uniformity is utilized in various ways, such as masking and protecting an underlying social diversity or elevating a selected element.
Superblocks
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter looks into categories of superblocks. It starts with the type that combines existing city blocks to create one large superblock, so that the street pattern redefines mobility no longer dominated by the automobile and the space is recovered for social needs. On the other hand, the second category of superblock consists of blocks in which the buildings within them are unaligned with streets. The appeal of the superblock mostly revolves around giving apartment dwellers immediate access to green space, which are towers set in parks. The chapter explains that reducing road-building costs was still a strong motive for superblocks.
Enclosure
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter details the notion of enclosure as the principle of giving space dimension by using aligned building frontage as walls to create an outdoor room. Since the room created is public, it can function as a setting for social and civic life. The chapter explains that spatial dimensioning was a conscious act in the Renaissance and Baroque periods since squares were literately carved into the medieval urban fabric. On the other hand, mid-century modernism with its towers in parks was the opposite of enclosure. The chapter explains that the return of enclosure was a recognition of its economic advantage.
Conclusion
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This concluding chapter offers a series of evaluative questions on how to read the city and understand what it has to say. It explains cities as physical places that convey a lot about a society and a culture in terms of what is valued and where power resides. Thus, a person can understand the city and its parts as expressions of cultural preferences, aesthetic taste, and political influence. The chapter provides an overview of questions in correlation with the themes of order, dominance, and choice locations. It also includes evaluative questions concerning the notions of social connection, diversity, and circulation.
Introduction
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

John Adams was one of the most experienced presidents to ever occupy the office. He had served in Congress, drafted the Massachusetts state constitution, held almost every important diplomatic post, and spent eight years as the vice president. But he had never held executive office himself. George Washington’s retirement after two terms marked a terrifying turning point for the nation. Many Americans questioned whether the presidency or the republic would survive without the father of the country. For all his flaws, Adams proved to be the right man for the nearly impossible task of following Washington.
All Evidences That They Are Sincere
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

On October 1, 1798, Elbridge Gerry finally returned from France. Gerry’s break with his fellow envoys had made him a pariah in the United States. But he brought with him important information from Paris that suggested a significant shift in French foreign policy. At the same time, John Adams received secret reports from John Quincy Adams in Berlin and William Vans Murray at The Hague that confirmed Gerry’s intelligence. The unified and strong American response to the French insults had surprised the French Directory. They had no interest in war and were amenable to a diplomatic solution to the Quasi-War. In response, Adams included a controversial passage in his annual address that left the door open to future peace missions.
Solely the President’s Act
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

Over the next several months, Adams acquired additional intelligence that France would offer appropriate respect to a new peace commission. Most important, his son, Thomas Boylston Adams, returned from Berlin where he had served as John Quincy Adams’s secretary. Thomas brought back private reports from both JQA and William Vans Murray at The Hague, all of which encouraged diplomacy. The president also noted the increasing bellicosity of Hamilton and the army’s supporters, and he was determined to thwart their agenda. On February 18, 1799, Adams nominated Murray as a special envoy to Paris—without consulting his cabinet or Federalist allies in Congress. The nomination was an important step in Adams’s plan to reassert presidential control over foreign policy and wrest power from the cabinet.
The Spirit in the City Is Very High
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

By the fall of 1798, many citizens were increasingly uncomfortable with the Federalist agenda of a new tax, a standing army, and the Alien and Sedition Laws. Several communities submitted petitions to Congress seeking redress or repeal of the odious laws. The Federalist majority in Congress ignored these pleas. In January 1799, tax officials arrived at Lower Milford, Pennsylvania, to conduct assessments for the dwelling tax. They were met with a peaceful protest led by John Fries, which culminated in the release of several prisoners held in a nearby tavern for resisting the tax. In Philadelphia, newspapers printed reports of a deadly insurrection.
The New Order of Things Begins
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

President-elect Thomas Jefferson and President John Adams had three weeks to plan the first transfer between two political parties, and they had no model to follow. Adams set the tone by offering his assistance and instructing his cabinet to aid Jefferson with the transition. Jefferson welcomed the help and similarly sought reconciliation. In his inaugural address, Jefferson redeemed himself for earlier threats of violence. He used his inauguration to unite the American people, declaring, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” It was a revolutionary idea.
Introduction
Authors: Bond Jennifer
Published: July 2024

The Introduction acquaints the reader with the main themes and arguments of the book. It outlines the cyclical ways in which missionary schools have been represented in the historiography. From missionary claims of “uplift” and “enlightenment,” to Maoist-era accusations of “foreign occupation” and “brainwashing,” to nostalgia and commercialization in the era of economic reforms and opening, the story of missionary schools in China was closely intertwined with the momentous political and social changes that marked China’s twentieth century. The chapter introduces the international worlds of treaty-port East China in which these students lived and studied. As consumers and interpreters of Western fashions, who watched the latest American movies and conversed fluently in English, Shanghainese, and later Mandarin, girls were essential participants in the construction of Shanghai’s cosmopolitanism. Finally, the chapter critically discusses the sources and methods used to uncover missionary school pupils’ own voices, including the oral history interviews conducted in the United States and China.
Negotiating Christian and Communist Identities
Authors: Bond Jennifer
Published: July 2024

Chapter 5 considers the changes that took place in missionary schools in the period 1945–1952, focusing on their religious and political environment. The continuity in missionary and alumnae memories of this period helps to complicate our understanding of the early years of Communist rule. Girls experienced 1949 not as the moment of rupture that conventional timelines depict but as a period of relative continuity. Their English lessons continued, as did religious classes, albeit off-campus. The Christian holiday festivities of Christmas and Easter continued. Indeed, the immediate period after “liberation” witnessed a surprising resurgence of interest in Christianity in some schools as students harnessed the long-stressed gospel of social service to communism. In alumnae’s memories the real turning points came in 1950 as the outbreak of the Korean War necessitated the departure of their foreign teachers and the radical altering of their English curriculum, and in 1952 when their schools’ unique identities came to an end in the reorganization of the educational system.
Never By Itself Alone
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

Never By Itself Alone changes our sense of both the American literary and political landscapes from the postwar period through to the present day. Presenting the first comprehensive history of postwar queer writing in Boston and San Francisco, the book begins with Robert Duncan’s courageous 1944 essay, ‘The Homosexual in Society’, one of the first significant public defences of homosexuality in the United States and ends with the War on Terror. Along the way, readers will encounter Adrian Stanford’s Black and Queer, the first book by an out, Black gay poet published in the United States; the Boston collective Fag Rag, whose radical reconsideration of family, private property and the state remain both ahead of their time and timely; the Combahee River Collective, whose Black Feminist analysis drew together race, class, and sexuality in new ways; the anthology This Bridge Called My Back, in which women of colour spoke truth to power, together; and New Narrative writing, which audaciously mixed Marxism, porn, and gossip while uniting against the New Right. Drawing on extensive archival research, Never By Itself Alone reclaims a host of neglected writers, especially writers of colour and those with gender non-conforming identities; challenges the Stonewall exceptionalism of queer historiography, recovering pre-1969 activist and literary community and its anticipations of ‘queer’ identity; and insists on the continuing importance of radical accounts of race, class and gender in any queer studies worthy of the name.
‘Blasting the true story into breath’
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

Addressing the lesbian and socialist feminist milieu of the Women Writers Union, the Freedom Socialist Party, and Radical Women in San Francisco during the 1970s and 1980s, this chapter focuses on the s work of poets Merle Woo and Nellie Wong, advocates of a radical leftist form of Asian-American writing, and their comrade Karen Brodine, whose work addresses gendered labour and neglected histories of intergenerational, gendered radicalism. The chapter focuses in particular on their writing about work and its relation to conditions of gender, sexuality, and race, as well as their response to the New Right in the 1980s.
Protective Umbrella
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

Before 1914 a sophisticated but little-visible network of Jewish aid organizations protected Jewish migrants along the main transit routes from Eastern Europe to distant locations in different parts of the world. At major points of passage such as the North Sea ports but also in remote towns along the western Russian border members of Jewish communities assisted migrants. Jewish representatives lobbied state officials, from low-level bureaucrats in small border towns to government ministers on both sides of the Atlantic. Jewish aid associations and local communities usually covered the cost for migrants who required support. This gave them leverage in negotiations with state and nonstate actors like the steamship lines. Around 1900 German and American Jews established more professional aid organizations, which could draw on a large donor base and combined the protection and support of migrants with effective lobbying efforts against migration restrictions.
Introduction
Authors: Jorati Julia
Published: July 2024

The lengthy introduction motivates the book’s focus on philosophical debates about slavery in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Europe and America, as well as the role that race plays in these debates. It also provides important background information about the history of the institution of slavery and the legal frameworks that governed racial chattel slavery in European colonies in the Americas. Likewise, it provides background about the history of philosophical debates on slavery and race, summarizing the theories of slavery and race that were widely accepted in ancient, medieval, and early modern philosophy. Finally, it clarifies some important terminology, including the terms ‘slavery’ and ‘racism,’ and examines methodological issues related to this terminology.
Sixteenth-Century Debates about Slavery and the Spanish Conquest
Authors: Jorati Julia
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores sixteenth-century texts that discuss the legitimacy of the transatlantic slave trade, the enslavement and conquest of American Indians, and European colonialism. It focuses on five authors from Spain and Spanish colonies in America: Francisco Tenamaztle, Francisco de Vitoria, Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Bartolomé de las Casas, and José de Acosta. The philosophical debates explored in this chapter play a major role in the development of modern racism and the modern concept of race; they also influenced debates about slavery and colonialism in subsequent centuries. The Aristotelian theory of natural slavery is central to these sixteenth-century texts: each of the five authors examines the question of whether American Indians are naturally destined for slavery. Some embrace this theory fully, others partially, yet others reject it categorically. Several authors also ask whether this theory applies to West Africans and hence whether it can justify transatlantic slavery.
Social and Behavioral Influences on Child Health and Development
Authors: Hawkins Summer Sherburne
Published: July 2024

Adverse social conditions—poverty, violence, and stress—can be as detrimental to children’s health and development as toxic chemicals. Social stress may have especially great impacts on children’s health when exposure occurs during vulnerable periods in prenatal and early postnatal development. Stress-provoking conditions may have multiple origins and can arise at the level of the individual, the family, or the neighborhood. This chapter considers specific mechanisms that link the social environment to health. These include disruptions of the immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic nervous systems as well as developmental reprogramming that appears to be mediated through epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Recent evidence suggests that children who have been compromised by stress in early life may be at increased risk in later life to environmental hazards such as air pollution, tobacco smoke, and toxic chemicals.
Epidemiology
Authors: Baker Dean
Published: July 2024

Epidemiology—the study of diseases in populations—has made important contributions to understanding the role of environmental factors in children’s health. Epidemiology has provided information on the health effects of all the major environmental influences on children’s health—toxic chemicals, the intrauterine environment, and social, economic, and behavioral influences. Epidemiology has studied the consequences for children’s health of major disasters such as the Dutch famine of 1944, the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Minamata episode in Japan, the Chernobyl radiation disaster in Ukraine, and the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City. Most of the data presented in this volume about changing patterns of diseases in children and most of the evidence for environmental influences on children’s health are based on epidemiological studies. This chapter reviews the major epidemiological study designs and describes three principal forms of systematic error (confounding bias, selection bias, and information bias) that need to be considered in all epidemiological studies.
The Play Environment
Authors: Roberts James R. , McElligott James T. , Gustafson Kristina K.
Published: July 2024

Outdoor play in natural environments, such as parks, hiking trails, and wilderness areas, can have enormous positive benefits for children’s mental and physical health by preventing depression, obesity, and diabetes, and greatly reducing the likelihood of asthma attacks. Likewise, team sports can promote a sense of belonging in the child and teenager. To protect children’s health and development, the spaces where children play must be safe and healthful. However, both the outdoor play environment and indoor play environments such as stadiums and ice rinks are associated with potential risks to health. This chapter reviews sports-related injuries, indoor and outdoor air pollution, carbon monoxide poisoning, and occasional wildlife hazards.
Outdoor Air Pollution
Authors: Perera Frederica
Published: July 2024

Children are uniquely susceptible to the effects of air pollution. Their immature and rapidly developing respiratory and immune systems and their unique exposures create great vulnerability. Health injury caused by air pollution in early childhood can produce long-term effects that persist into adult life. Children respond acutely to air pollution with reduced lung function and respiratory symptoms. In asthmatic children, episodes of air pollution can trigger acute attacks. Respiratory emergency department visits and hospital admissions increase when air pollution levels rise. Prenatal exposures to air pollution are associated with low birth weight. Air pollution is linked to increased neonatal mortality and sudden infant death syndrome. Children living with chronic air pollution have higher rates of upper and lower respiratory symptoms and reduced lung growth; in industrialized countries, the risks of outdoor air pollution are fairly small for most children, but because of the near-universal exposures of children in these countries, the total population burden of respiratory disease related to pollution can be substantial. In low- and middle-income countries, by contrast, children in poorly ventilated homes that use solid biomass fuels for cooking and/or heating are at high risk of health problems because of their repeated exposures to extreme levels of indoor air pollution. Both the chronic and acute respiratory responses to air pollution appear to be reversible. Improvements in air quality can lead to improved child respiratory health even at the low air pollution levels currently observed in industrialized countries.