bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigration Law Handbook
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

Immigration Law Handbook 11e provides an overview surrounding the changes to immigration rules since 2018. It considers the amendments to immigration rules in response to circumstances arising due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 became the most notable change in the field after its provision included the right to free movement of people under EU law and to repeal other EU laws concerning immigration. Moreover, Procedure Rules and Practice Directions expanded to include practice statements and brought up to date with the latest rules and guidelines. The handbook also considers the European Materials section which includes the concepts of free movement and workers' rights.
Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains the provisions under the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004. It cites its amendments of the Immigration Act 1971, Asylum and Immigration Act 1996, and Prosecution of Offences Act 1985. A person commits an offence if at a leave or asylum interview, they do not have with him an immigration document. The chapter then expounds on the provisions that revolve around determining the claimant's credibility in receiving an asylum claim or a human rights claim and the unification of the appeal system. It discusses the procedure for marriage in England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
UK Borders Act 2007
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into the provisions of the UK Borders Act 2007, which primarily addresses matters surrounding immigration and asylum. In line with the Act's section 2, the Secretary of State may designate immigration officers who are fit for the purpose and trained. Being subjected to a warrant of arrest or the Extradition Act 2003 may result in the detention of a designated immigration officer. The chapter discusses the enforcement and interpretation of the UK Borders Act 2007. It highlights the significance of keeping confidentiality. Meanwhile, the Secretary of State may also make regulations surrounding biometric registration and deportation orders for criminals.
Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter tackles the provisions of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007. It elaborates on the notions of the First-tier Tribunal and the Upper Tribunal, which exercise the functions conferred on it under the virtue of the Act with its respective judges and other members. Additionally, the Senior President of Tribunals is to preside over both the First-tier Tribunal and the Upper Tribunal. The chapter clarifies that the Upper Tribunal is to be a superior court of record. The Lord Chancellor may, with the concurrence of the Senior President of Tribunals, by order make provision for the organisation of each of the First-tier Tribunal and the Upper Tribunal into several chambers.
Modern Slavery Act 2015
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter details the provisions of the Modern Slavery Act 2015. It explains the defence for slavery or trafficking victims who commit an offence, referencing the conditions such as circumstances of being compelled by another person and exploitation. The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 is amended to address special measures for witnesses in criminal proceedings. The Secretary of State must issue guidance to public authorities and other persons concerning identifying and supporting victims and independent child trafficking advocates. The chapter also clarifies the immigration rules surrounding overseas domestic workers suspected to be victims of slavery or human trafficking.
Immigration Act 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the provisions of the Immigration Act 2016. It explains the provision of access to services, facilities, licences, and work by reference to immigration status. Moreover, the Act aims to address the issue of access to services, facilities, licences, and work by reference to immigration status. The chapter discusses the commencement and subsequent offences of labour market enforcement orders, and illegal working. It then discusses the appeals within the United Kingdom concerning the certification of human rights claims and the subsequent repeal as either continuation of leave or refusal of leave. Some of the miscellaneous focus of the Immigration Act 2016 includes the duty surrounding the welfare of children.
European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter notes the provisions of citizen’s rights found within the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020. A Minister of the Crown may implement regulations appropriate for the application deadline and temporary protection in correlation with rights related to residence. The Minister of the Crown may also implement regulations appropriate for the purpose of frontier workers and the restrictions of rights of entry and residence. The chapter then elaborates the procedures and appeals against citizens' rights immigration decisions. It also details the professional qualification surrounding the coordination of social security systems, non-discrimination, and Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens’ Rights Agreements.
The Immigration (Notices) Regulations 2003
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the Immigration (Notices) Regulations 2003, which came into force on 1 April 2003. Subject to regulation 6, the decision-maker must give written notice to a person of any decision taken in respect of them which is appealable under section 82(1) of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, or any citizens’ rights immigration decision taken in respect of them which is appealable. A notice given under regulation 4(1) is to include or be accompanied by a statement of the reasons for the decision to which it relates. The notice given under regulation 4 shall also include, or be accompanied by, a statement which advises the person of their right of appeal and the statutory provision on which their right of appeal is based; whether or not such an appeal may be brought while in the United Kingdom; the grounds on which such an appeal may be brought; and the facilities available for advice and assistance in connection with such an appeal. It shall also be accompanied by information about the process for providing a notice of appeal to the Tribunal and the time limit for providing that notice.
The Immigration (Certificate of Entitlement to Right of Abode in the United Kingdom) Regulations 2006
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents the Immigration (Certificate of Entitlement to Right of Abode in the United Kingdom) Regulations 2006, which came into force on 21 December 2006. The Regulations specify the authorities to whom an application for a certificate of entitlement must be made. Depending on the situation, these authorities include the Secretary of State for the Home Department; the Governor; the High Commissioner; and any consular officer, any established officer in the Diplomatic Service of Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom, or any other person authorised by the Secretary of State in that behalf. A passport produced by or on behalf of a person is valid for the purposes of regulation 4 if it relates to the person by whom or on whose behalf it is produced; has not been altered otherwise than by or with the permission of the authority who issued it; and was not obtained by deception. A certificate of entitlement shall cease to have effect on the expiry of the passport or travel document to which it is affixed. It may also be revoked by the Secretary of State for the Home Department, an immigration officer, a consular officer, or a person responsible for the grant or refusal of entry clearance.
The Asylum (Procedures) Regulations 2007
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the Asylum (Procedures) Regulations 2007. These Regulations came into force on 1 December 2007. Paragraph (2) of regulation 5 applies where a person who has made an asylum or a human rights claim (or both) appeals under section 82 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, or section 2 of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997, and by virtue of Rules made under section 106 of the 2002 Act or sections 5 and 8 of the 1997 Act is entitled to the services of an interpreter for the purposes of bringing their appeal. The person shall be entitled to the services of an interpreter when giving evidence and in such other circumstances as the court hearing the appeal or application considers it necessary. Where a person is entitled to the services of an interpreter, the Secretary of State shall defray the costs of providing such interpreter.
The Immigration (Biometric Registration) Regulations 2008
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the Immigration (Biometric Registration) Regulations 2008, which came into force on the day after the day on which they are made. A person subject to immigration control must apply for the issue of a biometric immigration document where they satisfy the condition in paragraph (2), or they are a person falling within paragraph (3). Where a person is required to apply for a biometric immigration document, that application must be made on the form or in the manner specified for that purpose (if one is specified) in the immigration rules. Subject to regulation 7, where a person makes an application for the issue of a biometric immigration document in accordance with regulation 3 (or regulation 3A), an authorised person may require them to provide a record of their fingerprints and a photograph of their face. A person under the age of sixteen may only be required to provide a record of their fingerprints or a photograph of their face if the authorised person is satisfied that the fingerprints or the photograph will be taken in the presence of a person aged eighteen or over who is the child’s parent or guardian.
The First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Fees Order 2011
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Fees Order 2011, which came into force on the day after the date on which it is made. A fee is payable in respect of an appeal to the First-tier Tribunal where the appeal relates to an immigration or asylum matter and the decision against which the appeal is made was taken on or after the coming into force of this Order. The fee is payable by or in respect of each appellant on the date on which the Notice of Appeal is given. The fee payable must be paid by one of the following methods: credit card, debit card, BACS, or international money transfer. The Lord Chancellor may defer payment of a fee where the appeal is brought on the grounds that the removal of the appellant from, or a requirement for the appellant to leave, the United Kingdom would breach the United Kingdom’s obligations under either the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees done at Geneva on 28 July 1951, and the Protocol to the Convention; or article 21 of Directive 2004/83/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 29 April 2004.
The Immigration Act 2016 (Transitional Provision) Regulations 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses regulations that may be cited as the Immigration Act 2016 (Transitional Provision) Regulations 2016. It describes a person that is at large in the United Kingdom by virtue of paragraph 21(1) of Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971. It also points out that a person at large in the United Kingdom is to be treated for the purposes of section 24B(2) of the Immigration Act 1971 as if the person had been granted leave to enter the United Kingdom. The chapter also emphasises that any restriction as to employment of the person working illegally is to be treated for those purposes as a condition of leave.
The Immigration (Variation of Leave) Order 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the order that may be cited as the Immigration (Variation of Leave) Order 2016, which comes into effect on 6 October 2016. It explains that a competent authority means a person who is a competent authority of the United Kingdom for the purposes of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings or Trafficking Convention. It also considers a victim of modern slavery as a person that is a victim of trafficking in human beings. The chapter describes victims of slavery, servitude, or forced or compulsory labour, which may have the same meanings in accordance with article 4 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It talks about the role of a competent authority to determine reasonable grounds to believe that an overseas domestic worker is a victim of modern slavery.
The Immigration (European Economic Area Nationals) (EU Exit) Order 2019
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the order that may be cited as Immigration (European Economic Area Nationals) (EU Exit) Order 2019, which either comes into force on 30 March 2019 or the day after the day on which they are made. However, Chapter 1 of Part 2 of the order came into force when the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016 were revoked. It details how the Secretary of State may give or refuse leave to enter the United Kingdom to any person who seeks leave to enter the United Kingdom by virtue of Appendix EU to the immigration rules.
The Citizens’ Rights (Application Deadline and Temporary Protection) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter reviews the regulations that may be cited as the Citizens’ Rights (Application Deadline and Temporary Protection) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020, which come into force on IP completion day. It explains that an EEA document is an EEA family permit issued under regulation 12 of the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016 or EEA Regulations 2016. It also describes a person who does not have the right to reside in the United Kingdom permanently, who must still be treated as having such a right if the person had a right of permanent residence in the United Kingdom under EEA Regulations 2016. The chapter highlights the provisions relating to residence rights and residence documentation and provisions relating to refusal of admission and removal. It includes miscellaneous provisions and provisions relating to appeals.
Regulation (EU) No. 492/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union (codification)
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses a regulation of the European Union (EU) on the freedom of movement for workers within the Union. It explains the freedom of movement for workers that should be secured within the Union, which entails the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States. It also highlights how freedom of movement constitutes a fundamental right of workers and their families. The chapter reviews the mobility of labour within the Union which is one of the means by which workers are guaranteed the possibility of improving their living and working conditions and promoting their social advancement. It analyzes the affirmation of the right of all workers in the Member States to pursue the activity of their choice within the Union.
1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights the protocol relating to the status of refugees, which considers it desirable that equal status should be enjoyed by all refugees. It details how the protocol will be applied by the States Parties without any geographic limitation. It also describes the States Parties to the present Protocol, which will communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the laws and regulations which they may adopt to ensure the application of the present Protocol. The chapter mentions the accession that is effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. It emphasises that any dispute between States Parties to the present Protocol will be referred to the International Court of Justice.
Epicurean Materialism
Authors: Bown Alexander
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an overview of Epicurus’ physics and ontology, discussing in particular the resources that he has for giving accounts of unity, identity, and persistence. Sections 1 and 2 introduce the basic ontological framework and show how Epicurus attempted to explain some of the attributes of compound bodies by appealing to the features of their atomic constituents, while arguing that this reductionist project is limited in its intended scope. Section 3 introduces an alternative Epicurean analysis of bodies according to which they are complexes of attributes with so-called ‘permanent natures’ at their core, and shows how this analysis could be used to provide persistence conditions for bodies and to ground modal claims about what belongs to them necessarily or non-necessarily. Section 4 considers how some later Epicureans use certain technical formulations involving a qua-operator in order to express these claims.
Strengths of Embodiment in Neoplatonism
Authors: Remes Pauliina
Published: August 2023

While Neoplatonic metaphysics suggests a high level of independence from anything bodily for the soul and its essential powers, Plotinus remains realistic and intrigued by the conditions that the embodiment presents to the realization of those powers. For the World Soul and embodied lower human soul, a suitable body is an essential part of this realization. The type of sense organs, for example, affect the way sense perception gets actualized. The view originates from both Alcibiades I and Timaeus, the latter providing the framework where embodiment involves some lesser causal efficacy, but where the conditions it presents to realization of these powers do not exist independently from ensoulment.
Natural, Artificial, and Organic Forms in Avicenna
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the commonalities and differences between three types of form in Avicenna: those that belong to non-living natural things, human made artefacts, and living natural beings. It is argued that this classification is set out in functional terms, that is, in terms of what activities and passive potencies are enabled by forms of different types. The chapter also distinguishes types of forms with reference to their causal account, that is, how the form comes to be in matter. A final section explores the complementary roles of matter and form in allowing a substance to subsist over time.
Introducing Champerty and Maintenance
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the doctrines of champerty and maintenance, and explains the differences between them. Their origins are ancient and mediaeval, and they form part of the subset of wrongs against the sound and proper administration of justice. This book focuses upon their modern application—and just what ‘modern’ means in this context is explained in this introductory chapter. Furthermore, it is posited at the outset that the doctrines are creatures of public policy which changes over time, and that the policies underpinning champerty and maintenance were always, and remain, different to this day. One important ramification of this is that maintenance, as a doctrine, arguably no longer has any practical effect in English law. Whilst it is a ‘dead letter’, the same cannot be said about champerty, which continues to have considerable impact upon the law of funding and assignments.
The Abolition and Reservation of Champerty and Maintenance in England
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

The statutory abolition of champerty and maintenance as crimes and as torts in English law, over five decades ago, ushered in a new era, in which the ‘reservation provision’ in s 14(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 ensures that the doctrines survive as rules of public policy which are capable of rendering any contract tainted by champerty and maintenance unenforceable. This chapter revisits the trio of reasons for abolishing the doctrines as torts which were put forward by the Law Commission of England and Wales in 1966, and critiques whether those reasons stand up to scrutiny, or still hold sway, more than five decades later. The chapter also considers the vast array of funding options, developed post-1966, about which the Commission could have had no inkling, but which now proliferate litigation as a business from which to make profit.
Public Policy and the Administration of Justice
Authors: Mulheron Rachael
Published: August 2023

As a second and final test of validity, the law of assignments requires consideration as to whether the administration of justice would be enhanced, or at least not impugned, by the assignment, and whether any questions of infringement of public policy arise from the particular assignment. These tests apply to both property-based assignments and to the assignment of causes of action (or bare rights to litigate). This chapter identifies from the case law the various public policy factors and administration of justice factors that have been pertinent in assignment jurisprudence. The public policy test covers, for example, assignments which demonstrate excessive profiteering, which inhibit access to justice, which are not the product of freely negotiated terms, or which impose overreaching limitations upon the assignor or take advantage of the assignor’s vulnerability. The administration of justice test covers, for example, whether the defendant has adequate costs protection, the motives that underpinned the assignment, whether the underlying action can be facilitated at all, and the importance of accounting to the assignee for any benefits obtained from the defendant prior to the assignment occurring. The chapter also considers the special category of assignment from client to solicitor and the public policy issues arising therefrom, and concludes with discussion of whether the English law’s attitude to assignment is compatible with the ECHR.
Audio-Visual Media Services
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 explains how the UK became a major hub for cross-border audio-visual services during its EU membership. It is shown to have acted as a policy entrepreneur by proactively advancing its position in Brussels in conjunction with coalition stakeholders with support of the European Court of Justice and European Commission. It advanced a soft governance, light-touch approach which was forwarded through a Better Regulation Agenda. However, the UK lost significant market share post-Brexit as audio-visual services were excluded from non-discriminatory treatment and commercial considerations in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement and bases for most audio-visual services relocated to the EU by the end of 2020. The post-Brexit environment leaves the UK vulnerable to the receipt of a large number of online streaming and platform services which are unregulated and citizens without access to cross-border dispute mechanisms. Accordingly, the chapter concludes with analysis of the UK’s current proposals to regulate cross-border audio-visual media services at the national level.
Data Protection and Privacy Post-Brexit
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

This chapter firstly examines the development of EU data protection policy which takes its lead from large continental EU states. It then turns to possible UK policy divergence post-Brexit. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was retained in UK law and the UK received two adequacy decisions from the European Commission. This ensures that cross-border data transfer between the UK and EU can continue post-Brexit. However, adequacy decisions only last four years and the 2022 proposal for a Data Protection and Digital Information Bill and reform of the Information Commissioner’s Office may substantially diverge the UK from GDPR standards, raising questions as to whether the UK will retain its adequacy. In parallel, UK companies are encountering implementation difficulties post-Schrems II, particularly in third-state transfer which has restricted their decision-making.
Sicilian Beginnings
Authors: Lamont Jessica L.
Published: August 2023

This first chapter surveys the oldest known Greek curse tablets, which currently hail from Selinous in western Sicily, were inscribed on lead, and date from around or soon after 500 bce. From Selinous and Himera, curse-writing rituals spread to other coastal Sicilian poleis, appearing in Acragas, Camarina, and Gela by the mid-fifth century bce. The language and themes of these inscribed texts are examined, as are the contexts from which they emerged in Selinous (as possible), thereby providing readers with a thorough overview of early curse-writing rituals, and the contents of the oldest Greek curse tablets as they are currently known.
Competing Religions of Empire (337–363)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into Constantius taking up Constantine's Church politics of leaning toward subordinationism. Under Constantius, the emperor emerged as the de facto head of the Church. Moreover, Constantius continues his father's legacy by expanding the senatorial order and gold economy of Constantinople. Meanwhile, Church politics in this period were ferocious and unstable, with bishops deposed and exiled left and right, usually for criminal or procedural infractions. The chapter details how pagans were categorized and lived under a Christian emperor, who began restricting options and rituals like animal sacrifices. It explores Julian's reign and attempts to revive ancient religions and stop Christianity.
Toward an Independent East (364–395)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the leadership of Valentinian and Valens. It elaborates on how Valens failed to curb official corruption, which resulted in a disastrous defeat at Adrianople, his death, and the worst crisis that the empire had faced in over a century. Moreover, the war with Valens destabilized Gothic society. The brothers were also pragmatic in Church politics, siding with the bishops who seemed to be ascendant in their respective territories. The chapter explores Basil's attempts to counter Valens' ecclesiastical policy. It also discusses Theodosius trying to overshadow Constantine as a new founder of the City by abolishing the procession of Constantine's statue on the City's anniversary.
City and Desert: Cultures Old and New
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter notes the culture that emerged from the fusion of Roman, Greek, and Christian elements, which had overlapping and even competing values that resulted in paradoxes. It starts with the difference in cultures between paganism and Christianity. Despite its extraordinary rise to power, Christianity failed to create a total culture around its institutions, beliefs, and values. Thus, the spokesmen of the Church had always called for a fundamental reorientation of social values. The chapter cites that the Church produced preacher John Chrysostom to advocate repurposing traditional values to serve spiritual ends. It also considers the rise of asceticism, which ran up against nature and the limits of self-denial.
Barbarian Terrors and Military Mobilization (441–491)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on barbarian terrors and military mobilization. The western empire was trapped in a vicious circle revolving around its loss of territory and the damage to agriculture caused by invasions resulted in smaller revenues and smaller armies, which in turn reduced the government’s ability to recover lost territories and defend itself against the next round of invaders. However, the Huns became a major power that forced the Constantinople empire to change its strategy. The chapter details the end of the western imperial officer in correlation to Zeno. It then looks into the rebellion of Illus even though he had no chance of becoming an emperor and made no moves or promises to ameliorate the empire’s remaining pagans.
A Brief Hegemony (1025–1048)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter tackles the complexities of the throne when Basil II knowingly consigned his dynasty to extinction by refusing to marry. It notes that marriage cases were shifting from secular courts to the Church in the eleventh century. Due to a lack of dynastic and military credentials, emperors compensated by purchasing support from senatorial classes, the Church, and the prominent monasteries, all at state expense. Meanwhile, the economy continued to expand during the eleventh and twelfth centuries after more lands were brought back into cultivation and reversed their abandonment. The chapter then provides an overview of the reign and social policies of Monochamos.
Komnenian Crisis Management (1081–1118)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the Komnenian crisis management. It starts with the reign of Alexios I Komnenos, who reformed the currency, fiscal administration, system of court titles, judiciary, and army after the Norman war and the Pecheneg invasion. Alexios continued to claim ultra-orthodox credentials throughout his reign by harassing or even prosecuting religious dissidents and errant theologians. The chapter discusses the First Crusade coming to Constantinople's doorstep, which was a sign of the increasing complexity of the international scene. It then considers the assumption that the Komnenian revolution represented the victory of the military aristocracy over the Roman state itself.
Performing
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes various ways musicians prepare for performance and manage the pressure experienced by most musicians when they perform. The closer to a performance date, the more practicing must change toward performance-style playing; techniques for these approaches are discussed and considered. Performance anxiety, memorization, visualization techniques, and stage presence are analyzed and considered. The conveyance of musical meaning or sensing that the musician is “channeling” the composer often allows musicians to be as unselfconscious as possible, freeing them to play their best. The chapter concludes Part I with an acknowledgement that the reader has now considered the full cycle a performer, and introduces the idea that performing, while the pinnacle of what musicians do, is really sharing only the proverbial tip of the iceberg to an audience. Working with students gives performers the opportunity to the whole of life as a musician, including the challenges, joys and rewards.
Sequencing
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the importance of proper sequencing of instruction and materials in teaching music. The teachers’ ability to sequence techniques and musicianship in a logical developmental order will facilitate students’ ability to progress from the beginning stages to a high level of musicianship and skill. By contrast, poorly taught skills and illogical leaps causes underdeveloped proficiency and gaps in understanding, and often requires remedial instruction. The chapter further provides sequencing considerations for beginning levels of instruction through nurturing the young professional. Stages of music literacy is examined, and approaches and tools for teaching intonation skills are discussed. Sorting and sequencing repertoire is discussed. Sequencing instruction in different teaching situations is explored, as well as “thinking out of the box” when considering what techniques traditionally considered as advanced might be introduced much earlier.
The Cyclical and Reciprocal Nature of Teaching and Learning
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the cyclical process of teaching and learning, and the reciprocal nature of students who have been thoughtfully taught becoming thoughtful teachers themselves in the work with their own students. The chapter further describes the powerful influence of teaching students of many levels of accomplishment with a positive and open mindset, and the benefits of learning from that experience. Collaborating and learning from others expands our outreach and improves our skills. Teachers who embrace the opportunity to teach different levels of students see that the high standards of musicianship they teach can and will be passed on to the enthusiastic and well-trained musicians of tomorrow.
The growth of longitudinal social network analysis
Authors: Veenstra René , Bertogna, and Teresa , Laninga-Wijnen Lydia
Published: August 2023

The field of social network studies has expanded in recent decades. This chapter describes the design, time window, and network questions of the 15 most used social network data sets. These central data sets predominantly stem from American and European samples. Avenues for further social network research are discussed as well. Longitudinal social network analysis has the advantage of allowing examination of the different types of influence and complexity of social networks. It is suitable for estimating complex forms of influence that are difficult to estimate using conventional regression, such as different types of influence (e.g., convergence vs. contagion or initiation vs. continuation); cross-behavior processes; bundles of behaviors; and various susceptibility models. It may also incorporate the impact of social norms, multiple similarity, other actors (e.g., parents), and multiplex networks. The ongoing refinement of social network methods, their application, and critical evaluation will undoubtedly give a boost to numerous innovative studies on topics that matter for the new generation of adolescents.
Turkey’s Ambivalent Religious Soft Power in the Illiberal Turn
Authors: Öztürk Ahmet Erdi
Published: August 2023

Sunni Islam has become an increasingly important part of Turkish domestic and foreign policy under the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP), which came to political prominence in 2002. This chapter seeks to address two key questions: (1) How does Turkey use Sunni Islam as a tool in foreign policy consistent with its evolving domestic policy? and (2) How can does Turkey’s use of Sunni Islam interface with the concept of religious soft power? To answer these questions, the chapter examines what meaning religion, specifically Sunni Islam, bears for Turkish state identity and considers Turkey’s understanding of laïcité, or secularism. The chapter then explores how Turkey wielded religion in its foreign policy from the mid-twentieth century to 2002 and discusses how the AKP has utilized religion as a soft-power tool in its foreign policy over the past 20 years.
Hassan II and the Foundations of Moroccan Religious Soft Power
Authors: Wainscott Ann
Published: August 2023

Morocco is a contemporary leader in religious soft-power initiatives with its imam-training center, innovative Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) approach, scholarship programs for sub-Saharan African students, mosque-building initiatives, and other ventures. The state effectively projects religious soft power on the African continent and beyond and will continue to do so with King Mohammed VI’s soft-power domain building on key initiatives begun by his father, including the Hassan II Mosque, the Dar al-Hadith al-Hassaniya institution of higher Islamic learning, and the Hassanian Lectures. This chapter explores the context in which Hassan II began to lay these foundations for contemporary Moroccan religious soft power, arguing that much of the current success has relied on patiently continuing initiatives that at first appeared to have little impact on the regime’s legacy but that have yielded long-term, tangible benefits for the country’s reputation and in its foreign policy objectives.
“Brazil above Everything or God above Everyone?”
Authors: Casarões Guilherme , Smith Amy Erica
Published: August 2023

Brazil, limited in military capability or economic reach in comparison to other emerging nations, has resorted to soft-power strategies in recent years. Brazilian presidents have incorporated religious actors and frames as an important piece of their soft-power strategies, since the country is home to globally significant Catholic and Protestant populations. This chapter identifies three potential explanations for variation across presidential administrations: (1) religion is used to convey a particular national identity or to construct a specific foreign policy narrative; (2) presidents use religion as part of their struggle for power vis-à-vis other international actors; and (3) deployment of religion is the outcome of domestic religious groups fighting for domestic power. All three hypotheses shed light on how religion has moved from a matter of international power to a matter of national and partisan identity, thanks to the growing influence of religious groups in Brazilian politics and foreign policymaking.
Gilded Age Churches and the Vacuum of Denominational Authority
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

From the end of the Civil War until the early twentieth century, Anglo, immigrant, and African American settlers were moving north and west faster than ministers within the major denominations could follow them. Nothing worried the nation’s Protestant ministers more than the fact that most Gilded Age Americans did not go to church. And yet most historians have dismissed these anxieties as overstated. They have believed Henry Carroll, the Methodist minister and professor, in his 1893 claims that the census underreported churchgoers. Carroll’s critiques are worth considering, but the raw data is more reliable. Gilded Age clergy within the major denominations commanded very little moral and spiritual authority over the majority of Americans. Moreover, low church participation rates created a power vacuum with regards to moral and spiritual authority, especially outside major cities. Methodists, but also Baptists, Pentecostals, and new religious movements like Christian Socialism, soon began to dominate the nation’s religious landscape.
Christianity and the American Commonwealth
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

In the late nineteenth century, many poor and middling-class Americans, despite their beliefs in the mission of Jesus, mistrusted ordained clergy and their ornate churches as vehicles for Christian reform. Socialist fellowships, in person and in print, mimicked and rivaled their church-based counterparts as they innovated new concepts of “church” and “mission.” Farmers, workers, and feminists discussed structuring the United States as a “Cooperative Commonwealth,” a nation whose major factors of production were cooperatively owned and managed. Socialist Christians rivalled the major Protestant denominations for moral and spiritual leadership over the nation.
“Our Problems . . . Are Not So Difficult”
Authors: Go Julian
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores how the colonial boomerang impacted British policing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It shows that some colonial-military tactics and tools were imported in this period, shaping the London Metropolitan Police’s firearms usage, crowd control practices, and surveillance techniques. London Metropolitan Police commissioner Charles Warren was one of the figures involved. This chapter also shows how the arrival of East European immigrants to London, especially Jewish populations, generated new discourses of criminality that compelled the importation of fingerprinting techniques from colonial India.
Conclusion
Authors: Go Julian
Published: August 2023

This concluding chapter of Policing Empires reviews, clarifies, and extends the analysis of police militarization and the imperial boomerang effect in previous chapters. It stresses the similarities across the US and Britain in the history of militarized policing. It also surveys the landscape of militarization-as-boomerang effect in Britain and the United States in the first decades of the 2000s, revealing that similar processes in both countries in previous centuries unfolded in the early 2000s too. The chapter finally discusses the possibility of change and what it may, or may not, look like. It suggests that imperialism and police militarization need to both be critiqued together.
Playing & Teaching the Saxophone
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Playing & Teaching the Saxophone—A Modern Approach provides a method for teaching the saxophone that is specific enough to use as a textbook in a collegiate saxophone methods class, simple enough for a band director to use in guiding their saxophone sections, clear enough for adult beginners to teach themselves the instrument, and deep enough for professionals to use as a resource in teaching private lessons at any level. The first sections of this book, “Getting Started” and “Learning the Notes,” take a student in a collegiate methods class or other adult beginner through the fundamental concepts of playing the saxophone. The “In-Depth” section then lays out critical concepts that are essential to the further development of any saxophonist. As a contemporary guide for teaching the musicians and music educators of the twenty-first century, this method addresses the pedagogy of not only the instrument, but of the whole student. It includes a diverse array of musical examples that celebrate communities and cultures around the globe, and a “Wellness for the Young Musician” chapter offers an overview of practices that will help students navigate performance anxiety and avoid injury while playing. Designed to be a lifelong reference for band directors and private instructors, the book includes “Hand-It-Over” sections that can be used as student instructional sheets. These materials, along with video performances and teaching demonstrations, are also available in the book’s companion website.
Basic Voicing
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Voicing is a term that refers to the position of the tongue and the shape of the oral cavity used in playing the saxophone. It is an integral part of tone production and intonation and is introduced in this chapter.
Basic Tuning
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 11 introduces the basics of intonation on the saxophone.
New Notes: F♯, C♯, and B♭
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 17 introduces F♯, C♯, and B♭.
The Chromatic Scale: Second Octave
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

With just a couple of changes to the chromatic scale introduced in Chapter 20, a second octave can be added to the chromatic scale, introduced here in Chapter 21.
The Many Fingerings of B♭
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 24 discusses the various fingerings for the note B♭, including pros and cons and the rules dictating the use of each.
Alternate Fingerings for F♯ and C
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 25 introduces alternate saxophone fingerings for F♯ and C and discusses situations where a player might use them.
Introduction to In-Depth Concepts
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 27 summarizes each of the concepts covered in the book’s In-Depth section.
Intonation Training
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 33 offers in-depth guidance on how to manipulate the intonation of the saxophone to play in tune.
Reed Storage and Adjustment
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter offers information on the proper storage, selection, and adjustment of reeds.
Extended Techniques
Authors: Adams Allison D. , Horner Brian R.
Published: August 2023

The saxophone is a very versatile instrument that can produce a lot of sounds outside of the usual pitches associated with Western music. This chapter explores some of the techniques used to produce those sounds.
Blue-Footed Boobies
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

The blue-footed booby is a better model than any primate for understanding some aspects of human family behavior because it reproduces monogamously and both partners share the workload of raising highly dependent, contemporaneous offspring. The author’s studies of thousands of banded blue-foots on a Mexican island over four decades confirmed theoretical predictions of conflict between sibling chicks and between bonded partners. Daily bullying by senior chicks trains junior siblings into subordination, guaranteeing seniors’ feeding priority while sharing food with juniors. But if parents bring insufficient food for two, senior chicks kill their sibs. Despite suffering multiple stresses of subordination, younger siblings that survive develop into fully functional adults. Adult blue-foots evaluate the quality, age, and condition of potential partners, pair-bond monogamously for the season, and cooperate closely with their partners for 6 months to raise one to three offspring. The sibling relations and marital relations of contemporary, historical, and prehistorical humans are similar in many ways to the behavior of blue-footed boobies, implying that, faced by similar problems, the two species (or their ancestors) evolved similar solutions.
Two Approaches to Controlling and Killing Siblings
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

Aggressive competition among sibling chicks differs between blue-footed and brown boobies. In a brood of two blue-foot chicks, the senior one (4 days older) maintains dominance over the 3-month nestling period by daily low-level attacking, ensuring privileged growth and survival for itself by limiting junior’s begging and feeding. Both blue-foot siblings often survive and fledge, but when parents provide insufficient food, senior increases its aggression and junior starves to death or gets killed by adult neighbors while seeking adoption in their nests. In contrast, brown booby parents bring less food to their broods, and their senior chicks are unconditionally intolerant and violent; they attack their sibling at every opportunity and toss it out of the nest, to certain death. The behavioral roles of booby family members—including conditional sharing, siblicide, and parental passivity—are explained by Hamilton’s theory of inclusive fitness and kin selection, which also applies to humans.