bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Balance of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs for Coding Sound Location
Authors: Ono Munenori , Oliver Douglas L.
Published: March 2014

The localization of high-frequency sounds in the horizontal plane uses an interaural-level difference (ILD) cue, yet little is known about the synaptic mechanisms that underlie processing this cue in the inferior colliculus (IC) of mouse. Here, we study the synaptic currents that process ILDin vivoand use stimuli in which ILD varies around a constant average binaural level (ABL) to approximate sounds on the horizontal plane. Monaural stimulation in either ear produced EPSCs and IPSCs in most neurons. The temporal properties of monaural responses were well matched, suggesting connected functional zones with matched inputs. The EPSCs had three patterns in response to ABL stimuli, preference for the sound field with the highest level stimulus: (1) contralateral; (2) bilateral highly lateralized; or (3) at the center near 0 ILD. EPSCs and IPSCs were well correlated except in center-preferred neurons. Summation of the monaural EPSCs predicted the binaural excitatory response but less well than the summation of monaural IPSCs. Binaural EPSCs often showed a nonlinearity that strengthened the response to specific ILDs. Extracellular spike and intracellular current recordings from the same neuron showed that the ILD tuning of the spikes was sharper than that of the EPSCs. Thus, in the IC, balanced excitatory and inhibitory inputs may be a general feature of synaptic coding for many types of sound processing.
Macroglia-Microglia Interactions via TSPO Signaling Regulates Microglial Activation in the Mouse Retina
Authors: Wang Minhua , Wang Xu , Zhao Lian , Ma Wenxin , Rodriguez Ignacio R. , Fariss Robert N. , Wong Wai T.
Published: March 2014

Chronic retinal inflammation in the form of activated microglia and macrophages are implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases of the retina, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. However, molecular biomarkers and targeted therapies for immune cell activation in these disorders are currently lacking. To address this, we investigated the involvement and role of translocator protein (TSPO), a biomarker of microglial and astrocyte gliosis in brain degeneration, in the context of retinal inflammation. Here, we find that TSPO is acutely and specifically upregulated in retinal microglia in separate mouse models of retinal inflammation and injury. Concomitantly, its endogenous ligand, diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI), is upregulated in the macroglia of the mouse retina such as astrocytes and Müller cells. In addition, we discover that TSPO-mediated signaling in microglia via DBI-derived ligands negatively regulates features of microglial activation, including reactive oxygen species production, TNF-α expression and secretion, and microglial proliferation. The inducibility and effects of DBI-TSPO signaling in the retina reveal a mechanism of coordinated macroglia-microglia interactions, the function of which is to limit the magnitude of inflammatory responses after their initiation, facilitating a return to baseline quiescence. Our results indicate that TSPO is a promising molecular marker for imaging inflammatory cell activation in the retina and highlight DBI-TSPO signaling as a potential target for immodulatory therapies.
A Polyaxonal Amacrine Cell Population in the Primate Retina
Authors: Greschner Martin , Field Greg D. , Li Peter H. , Schiff Max L. , Gauthier Jeffrey L. , Ahn Daniel , Sher Alexander , Litke Alan M. , Chichilnisky E. J.
Published: March 2014

Amacrine cells are the most diverse and least understood cell class in the retina. Polyaxonal amacrine cells (PACs) are a unique subset identified by multiple long axonal processes. To explore their functional properties, populations of PACs were identified by their distinctive radially propagating spikes in large-scale high-density multielectrode recordings of isolated macaque retina. One group of PACs exhibited stereotyped functional properties and receptive field mosaic organization similar to that of parasol ganglion cells. These PACs had receptive fields coincident with their dendritic fields, but much larger axonal fields, and slow radial spike propagation. They also exhibited ON-OFF light responses, transient response kinetics, sparse and coordinated firing during image transitions, receptive fields with antagonistic surrounds and fine spatial structure, nonlinear spatial summation, and strong homotypic neighbor electrical coupling. These findings reveal the functional organization and collective visual signaling by a distinctive, high-density amacrine cell population.
Acute Suppressive and Long-Term Phase Modulation Actions of Orexin on the Mammalian Circadian Clock
Authors: Belle Mino D.C. , Hughes Alun T.L. , Bechtold David A. , Cunningham Peter , Pierucci Massimo , Burdakov Denis , Piggins Hugh D.
Published: March 2014

Circadian and homeostatic neural circuits organize the temporal architecture of physiology and behavior, but knowledge of their interactions is imperfect. For example, neurons containing the neuropeptide orexin homeostatically control arousal and appetitive states, while neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) function as the brain's master circadian clock. The SCN regulates orexin neurons so that they are much more active during the circadian night than the circadian day, but it is unclear whether the orexin neurons reciprocally regulate the SCN clock. Here we show both orexinergic innervation and expression of genes encoding orexin receptors (OX1and OX2) in the mouse SCN, with OX1being upregulated at dusk. Remarkably, we find throughin vitrophysiological recordings that orexin predominantly suppresses mouse SCNPeriod1(Per1)-EGFP-expressing clock cells. The mechanisms underpinning these suppressions vary across the circadian cycle, from presynaptic modulation of inhibitory GABAergic signaling during the day to directly activating leak K+currents at night. Orexin also augments the SCN clock-resetting effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY), another neurochemical correlate of arousal, and potentiates NPY's inhibition of SCNPer1-EGFP cells. These results build on emerging literature that challenge the widely held view that orexin signaling is exclusively excitatory and suggest new mechanisms for avoiding conflicts between circadian clock signals and homeostatic cues in the brain.
Age-Dependent, Non-Cell-Autonomous Deposition of Amyloid from Synthesis of β-Amyloid by Cells Other Than Excitatory Neurons
Authors: Veeraraghavalu Karthikeyan , Zhang Can , Zhang Xiaoqiong , Tanzi Rudolph E. , Sisodia Sangram S.
Published: March 2014

Rare, familial, early-onset autosomal dominant forms of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are caused by mutations in genes encoding β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PS1), and presenilin-2. Each of these genes is expressed ubiquitously throughout the CNS, but a widely held view is that excitatory neurons are the primary (or sole) source of the Aβ peptides that promote synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. These efforts notwithstanding, APP and the enzymes required for Aβ production are synthesized by many additional cell types, and the degree to which those cells contribute to the production of Aβ that drives deposition in the CNS has not been tested. We generated transgenic mice in which expression of an ubiquitously expressed, FAD-linked mutantPSEN1gene was selectively inactivated within postnatal forebrain excitatory neurons, with continued synthesis in all other cells in the CNS. When combined with an additional transgene encoding an FAD-linked APP “Swedish” variant that is synthesized broadly within the CNS, cerebral Aβ deposition during aging was found to be unaffected relative to mice with continued mutant PS1 synthesis in excitatory neurons. Thus, Aβ accumulation is non-cell autonomous, with the primary age-dependent contribution to cerebral Aβ deposition arising from mutant PS1-dependent cleavage of APP within cells other than excitatory neurons.
The Boom List
Authors: Staff Boom
Published: March 2014

This is a list of nine interesting things to do, see, and read around California this spring.
By the Numbers
Authors: Ulin David L. , Comer Joshua
Published: March 2014

In this article the authors explore the use of “California,” its translations, and associated phrases in the nine languages collected in the Google Books corpora since 1525. The article graphs the use across time, analyzes the data, and considers some of the reasons behind the peaks and troughs of the usage of “California” and related phrases. For those new to computational corpus analysis, this article introduces the techniques and concepts of corpus analysis, explains the strengths and weaknesses of large-scale, longitudinal studies of language, and describes the specific methods applied in this analysis. Across all languages, the frequency of “California” increases steadily until the late 1990s. The article also examine the use of the notable but infrequently used phrase “California dream.” Visualizations of the analyses accompany the article, as well as additional graphs comparing the use of Los Angeles to San Francisco and Northern California to Southern California since 1800.
Bring the World to California
Authors: Douglass John Aubrey , Edelstein Richard , Hoareau Cecile
Published: March 2014

This article argues that California colleges and universities should make a concerted effort to work together to attract more foreign students by forming education hubs. The authors argue that such “EdHubs” can relieve the intense pressure on schools’ budgets by enrolling more higher-paying out-of-state students, while schools in the same geographic regions can share the burden of supporting such students, particularly with investment from local industry. The authors argue that schools that work together can increase their capacity to educate more students, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, thereby increasing opportunities not just for foreign students but Californians as well.
Serigrafía
Authors: Jackson Carlos Francisco
Published: March 2014

This article presents imagery from “Serigrafía,” a traveling exhibition of some of the most prominent printmakers to have emerged from the Chicano movement and who helped to develop a Chicana/Chicano consciousness in California. Artists featured include Malaquias Montoya, Elena Huerta, Rene Mederos, Yolanda Lopez, and Ester Hernandez.
Assessing competing policies at Ubonratana reservoir, Thailand
Authors: Chiamsathit Chuthamat , Adeloye Adebayo J. , Soundharajan Bankaru Swamy
Published: March 2014

As the main water resources infrastructure in the region, the Ubonratana reservoir has played and continues to play a significant role in the socio-economic well-being of north-eastern Thailand. For such a multi-purpose system serving flood protection and various water demand needs, it is important that the reservoir is effectively operated to ensure that the overall performance of the system is enhanced. Consequently, this study has evaluated the performance of the Ubonratana reservoir with four competing operating policies, namely: (a) the pre-2002 policy (P1); (b) a post-2002 policy, following the catastrophic flood of 2002 (P2); (c) a policy derived in the current study to address the limitations of P2 in relation to water shortages (P3); and (d) the standard operating policy, SOP (P4). The simulation analyses were implemented using a water evaluation and planning system model of the reservoir meeting domestic (first priority), industrial (second priority), irrigation (third priority) and in-stream (fourth priority) needs. The performance was summarised in terms of reliability, vulnerability, resilience and sustainability. The results showed that overall, P4 was the best, followed by P3, P1 and P2 in that order. This is a useful demonstration of how rule curves can successfully guide the operation of multi-purpose reservoir systems.
Successful Aging From the Viewpoint of Older Adults
Authors: Troutman-Jordan Meredith , Staples Julie
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate older adults’ perceptions of successful aging within the context of the theory of successful aging to validate and further inform this theory. This research was a secondary, qualitative analysis of data from two earlier studies in which participants were asked to provide a response to the open-ended question, “What does successful aging mean to you?” Content analysis using multiple coding was independently conducted by the investigators. Eight broad themes emerged: active independence, relationships with people, relationship with God, comfort resources, health, beneficial contribution, positive perspective/coping, and freedom. Differences and similarities of themes by study subgroups were also explored. The coping processes, functional performance mechanisms, and intrapsychic factors from the theory of successful aging were well represented in the findings of this study. The coping process of spirituality was less frequently represented, whereas that of gerotranscendence was slightly more often described. Interventions that enhance these factors associated with successful aging have the potential to improve quality of life and provide appealing, meaningful activities for older adults.
Blade Technology in Clovis Assemblages in Kentucky: A Brief Comparison with Old World Technologies
Authors: Haag Crista M. , Bergman Christopher A. , Carr Kurt W.
Published: March 2014

During the Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic of the Old World, the use of blade and bladelet technology was widespread in parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. In contrast to this situation, the use of elongated debitage in North America occurs relatively infrequently during the Pre-Clovis and Clovis periods. This article examines three assemblages from the Adams and Joe Priddy sites in Kentucky and the Nuckolls site in Tennessee, and notes possible differences between Clovis blade manufacture and use, versus blade production in many Old World settings. These differences include the intensity of core reduction, the relative frequency and proportions of blades (and bladelets), the diversity of blade tool forms, and the percentage of retouched blade tools to unretouched blades.
Heat transfer on grooved high density poly ethylene tube for surface water source heat pump
Authors: Jung Gun , Oh Geun , Chung Chul , Kim Han
Published: March 2014

High density polyethylene (HDPE) tube has been successfully utilized in
surface water source heat pump (SWSHP) system as a surface water heat
exchanger (SWHE). Since the heat transfer coefficient (U value) of the HDPE
tube directly affects performance and energy efficiency of SWSHP, this
research aims to increase U value of HDPE tube by grooving external surface
of conventional 32A HDPE tube to reducing cross sectional volume. The final
shape of grooved HDPE tube is similar to that of fin. In order to verify the
performance of grooved HDPE tube, the U values of grooved and smooth tube
were compared experimentally. According to the results, U value of grooved
tube showed approximately 21.5% increase with natural convection and 23.5%
with forced convection system than U values obtained from smooth tube. The
reason for such increase in U value was found to be the reduction in cross
sectional volume of the HDPE tube.
Outdoor testing of photovoltaic modules during summer in Taxila, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Hafiz , Mahmood Mubashar , Bashir Muhammad , Ali Muzaffar , Siddiqui Aysha
Published: March 2014

An experimental study has been carried out to measure the performance of
commercially available photovoltaic modules during summer months in the
climate of Taxila, near the capital of Pakistan. The modules used in the
study are monocrystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) and
single junction amorphous silicon (a-Si). The analysis has been focused on
the measurement of module efficiency, performance ratio and temperature of
each module at actual operating conditions using outdoor monitoring facility.
The measured results are compared with the already published data of peak
winter month at the same site. Overall, the monocrystalline module showed
high average module efficiency while amorphous silicon module was better in
term of average performance ratio. Furthermore, the module efficiency and
performance ratio has shown decreasing trend with increase of module
temperature. It was found that modules have much higher temperature in summer
months (about 20?C higher) and showed low efficiency and performance ratio
than peak winter month. The average ambient temperature varied from 18.1?C to
38.6?C from winter to summer.
Variational principle for unsteady heat conduction equation
Authors: Jia Zhijuan , Hu Mingsheng , Chen Qiaoling
Published: March 2014

The semi-inverse method is used to establish a variational principle for an
unsteady heat conduction equation.
Equilibrium acoustic velocity in vapor-liquid mixture in layer of spherical particles
Authors: Pokusaev Boris , Tairov Emir , Safarov Alexey , Nekrasov Dmitry
Published: March 2014

Theoretical and experimental study of acoustic velocity in vapor-liquid
mixture that contained close-packed layer of spherical particles was
performed with respect to nonstationary heat transfer between mixture and
particles in compression half-wave. Theoretical model allows to explain the
decay of equilibrium acoustic velocity compared to its adiabatic value in
case of increasing of void fraction in the mixture. Calculated results are in
agreement with experimental data, obtained in vertical channel with
vapor-liquid filtration with close-packed layer of spherical particles of
borosilicate glass, steel and lead.
Potential Overtreatment and Undertreatment of Diabetes in Different Patient Age Groups in Primary Care After the Introduction of Performance Measures
Authors: de Vries Sieta T. , Voorham Jaco , Haaijer-Ruskamp Flora M. , Denig Petra
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether after the introduction of diabetes performance measures decreases in undertreatment correspond with increases in overtreatment for blood pressure (BP) and glycemic control in different patient age groups.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a cohort study using data from the Groningen Initiative to Analyse Type 2 Diabetes Treatment (GIANTT) database. General practices were included when data were available from 1 year before to at least 1 year after the introduction of diabetes performance measures. Included patients had a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Potential overtreatment was defined as prescribing maximum treatment or a treatment intensification to patients with a sustained low-risk factor level. Potential undertreatment was defined as a lack of treatment intensification in patients with a sustained high-risk factor level. Percentages of over- and undertreated patients at baseline were compared with those in subsequent years, and stratified analyses were performed for different patient age groups.

RESULTS

For BP, undertreatment significantly decreased from 61 to 57% in the first year after the introduction of performance measures. In patients >75 years of age, undertreatment decreased from 65 to ∼61%. Overtreatment was relatively stable (∼16%). For glycemic control, undertreatment significantly increased from 49 to 53%, and overtreatment remained relatively stable (∼7%).

CONCLUSIONS

The improvement of BP undertreatment after introduction of the performance measures did not correspond with an increase in overtreatment. The performance measures appeared to have little impact on improving glucose-regulating treatment. The trends did not differ among patient age groups.
Risk Factors for Incident Peripheral Arterial Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial
Authors: Althouse Andrew D. , Abbott J. Dawn , Forker Alan D. , Bertolet Marnie , Barinas-Mitchell Emma , Thurston Rebecca C. , Mulukutla Suresh , Aboyans Victor , Brooks Maria Mori ,   for the BARI 2D Study Group
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this article was to define risk factors for incidence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in a large cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), overall and within the context of differing glycemic control strategies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) randomized controlled trial assigned participants to insulin-sensitizing (IS) therapy versus insulin-providing (IP) therapy. A total of 1,479 participants with normal ankle-brachial index (ABI) at study entry were eligible for analysis. PAD outcomes included new ABI ≤0.9 with decrease at least 0.1 from baseline, lower extremity revascularization, or lower extremity amputation. Baseline risk factors within the overall cohort and time-varying risk factors within each assigned glycemic control arm were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

During an average 4.6 years of follow-up, 303 participants (20.5%) experienced an incident case of PAD. Age, sex, race, and baseline smoking status were all significantly associated with incident PAD in the BARI 2D cohort. Additional baseline risk factors included pulse pressure, HbA1c, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (P < 0.05 for each). In stratified analyses of time-varying covariates, changes in BMI, LDL, HDL, systolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure were most predictive among IS patients, while change in HbA1c was most predictive among IP patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with T2DM, traditional cardiovascular risk factors were the main predictors of incident PAD cases. Stratified analyses showed different risk factors were predictive for patients treated with IS medications versus those treated with IP medications.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition and Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes: Results of an 8-Week Open-Label Proof-of-Concept Trial
Authors: Perkins Bruce A. , Cherney David Z.I. , Partridge Helen , Soleymanlou Nima , Tschirhart Holly , Zinman Bernard , Fagan Nora M. , Kaspers Stefan , Woerle Hans-Juergen , Broedl Uli C. , Johansen Odd-Erik
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE

Adjunctive-to-insulin therapy with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition may improve glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We evaluated the glycemic efficacy and safety of empagliflozin 25 mg daily in 40 patients treated for 8 weeks in a single-arm open-label proof-of-concept trial (NCT01392560).

RESULTS

Mean A1C decreased from 8.0 ± 0.9% (64 ± 10 mmol/mol) to 7.6 ± 0.9% (60 ± 10 mmol/mol) (P < 0.0001), fasting glucose from 9.0 ± 4.3 to 7.0 ± 3.2 mmol/L (P = 0.008), symptomatic hypoglycemia (<3.0 mmol/L) from 0.12 to 0.04 events per patient per day (P = 0.0004), and daily insulin dose from 54.7 ± 20.4 to 45.8 ± 18.8 units/day (P < 0.0001). Mean urinary excretion of glucose increased from 19 ± 19 to 134 ± 61 g/day (P < 0.0001). Weight decreased from 72.6 ± 12.7 to 70.0 ± 12.3 kg (P < 0.0001), and waist circumference decreased from 82.9 ± 8.7 to 79.1 ± 8.0 cm (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

This proof-of-concept study strongly supports a randomized clinical trial of adjunctive-to-insulin empagliflozin in patients with T1D.
Homomorphism of BF-algebras
Authors: Endam Joemar , Vilela Jocelyn
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we provide some properties of homomorphism of BF-algebras. We also prove the Second and Third Isomorphism Theorems for BF2-algebras.
Majorization properties for a new subclass of θ-spiral functions of order γ
Authors: Tang Huo , Li Shu-hai , Deng Guan-tie
Published: March 2014

In the present paper, we introduce a new subclass S
p,q,s,λm,l(γ, θ) of θ-spiral functions of order γ defined by a class of generalized multiplier transformations. Majorization properties for functions belonging to the class S
p,q,s,λm,l(γ, θ) are considered. Moreover, we point out some new or known consequences of our main result.
Sharing sets of q-difference of meromorphic functions
Authors: Qi Xiaoguang , Yang Lianzhong
Published: March 2014

This paper is devoted to proving some uniqueness results for meromorphic functions f(z) share sets with f(qz). We give a partial answer to a question of Gross concerning a zero-order meromorphic function f(z) and its q-difference f(qz).
Convergence of series in three parametric Mittag-Leffler functions
Authors: Paneva-Konovska Jordanka
Published: March 2014

In this paper we consider a family of 3-index generalizations of the classical Mittag-Leffler functions. We study the convergence of series in such functions in the complex plane. First we find the domains of convergence of such series and then study their behaviour on the boundaries of these domains. More precisely, Cauchy-Hadamard, Abel, Tauber and Littlewood type theorems are proved as analogues of the classical theorems for the power series.
Optimal ambiguous discrimination between states given by two projections
Authors: Kaniowski Krzysztof
Published: March 2014

Let P
0 and P
1 be projections in a Hilbert space H. We shall construct a class of optimal measurements for the problem of discrimination between quantum states $$\rho _i = \tfrac{1}
{{\dim P_i }}P_i$$, with prior probabilities π
0 and π
1. The probabilities of failure for such measurements will also be derived.
Crystallographic Services and Technology Support for Industry
Authors: Neels Antonia , Sereda Olha , Bandi Tobias , Maeder Xavier
Published: March 2014

The activities of CSEM's XRD Application Lab are oriented towards the analytical support of technology and product development in the fields of materials sciences, microtechnology, physics, chemistry, nanotechnology and life sciences. Non-destructive X-ray diffraction methods are used
for the structural investigation of materials, components and systems. New developments are made with a focus on in situ techniques to 'watch the action' – structural transformations in dependence of applied external fields such as temperature, humidity, magnetic fields or mechanical
stresses.
Solving the Structures of Polycrystalline Materials: from the Debye-Scherrer Camera to SwissFEL
Authors: McCusker Lynne B. , Baerlocher Christian
Published: March 2014

The development of powder diffraction (PD) techniques for structure analysis is traced from its inception almost 100 years ago to the present day, with a brief glimpse of what SwissFEL can contribute in the near future. Although PD data were used in the early days to deduce some simple
high-symmetry structures, it was not until computers, instrumentation and synchrotrons arrived on the scene that the true potential of PD data could be realized. In the last 25 years, PD has blossomed into a viable method, not only for structure refinement, but also for structure solution.
This means that scientists with polycrystalline materials that cannot be grown as single crystals can still obtain the structural information they need. Historically, structure solution from PD data began with model building, progressed through the application of single-crystal methods to
simpler structures and the adaptation of those methods to the special problems posed by PD data, the development of automated model-building algorithms, and most recently to the application of charge flipping. As X-ray sources and detectors continue to develop, the boundary between a powder
and a single crystal is narrowing. Laue microdiffraction techniques and the prospects offered by SwissFEL will allow single-crystal data to be collected on some polycrystalline materials.
Bridging science and conscience (or growing up on research ethics!)
Authors: Vaidya Abhinav
Published: March 2014

Not available.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 109-111Uploaded date : 2/28/2014DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9933
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals undergoing comprehensive cardiac and general medical check-up at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital
Authors: Karki D B , Neopane A , Joshi S , Pant Subash , Sharma Lucky , Shrestha Pradeep , Yogal Rijendra
Published: March 2014

Background: Metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of metabolic derangements including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Since it is associated with higher risk of coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus, timely detection is important. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals undergoing comprehensive cardiac and general medical check-up at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital. The other objectives were to find the gender and ethnic prevalence of this condition. Methods: This is a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital among 389 healthy participants of both gender and above 20 years of age who underwent comprehensive cardiac and general medical check-up. Metabolic Syndrome was diagnosed using US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Results: Out of the 389 subjects, 56 persons were found to be having metabolic syndrome (14.40%). Metabolic syndrome was more common in female and obese people and the prevalence did not differ with ethnicity. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the present study has been found to be 14.40 %. It is important to diagnose this condition in time so that subsequent complications can be prevented.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 112-116DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9934Uploaded date : 2/28/2014
A comparison of epidural analgesia provided by Bupivacaine plus Pethidine, Bupivacaine plus Morphine, or Bupivacaine plus Morphine plus Midazolam for lower limb orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Sharma Nil Raj , Timalsena Pradip , DC Sundip
Published: March 2014

Background: Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in orthopaedic surgeries helps to prevent thromboembolic phenomenon by increasing venodynamics. Adequate post-operative analgesia with good patient satisfaction has been observed with this technique. Objective: To assess the duration of postoperative analgesia and complications in patients receiving epidural anaesthesia with Morphine, Midazolam and Pethidine in combination with Bupivacaine. Methods: We prospectively studied 75 patients who were scheduled for elective lower limb orthopaedic surgery with epidural anaesthesia at Lumbini Medical College, Palpa from 2010 March to 2012 March. They were randomly divided by lottery method into three equal groups. Group ‘A’ (BP) received 50 mg epidural Pethidine (3 ml) with 13 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine. Group ‘B’ (BM) received 5 mg (3 ml) epidural Morphine with 13 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine and Group ‘C’ (BMM) received 5 mg (1 ml) epidural Morphine with 13 ml 0.5% Bupivacaine and 2 mg (2 ml) epidural Midazolam. All the patients were observed for 24 hours for quality of analgesia and other side effects like nausea, vomiting and pruritus. Data were analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-16) software. Results: The result of the study shows the duration of analgesia was prolonged in BM group than BP group and even more so in BMM group (p value <0.001). Incidence of nausea and vomiting in BMM group was lower than in BP and BM group but statistically the difference was not significant (p value: 0.489). Pruritus was absent in BP group, less in BMM group while significantly higher in BM group. Conclusion: The use of epidural Morphine and Midazolam in combination with Bupivacaine is the satisfactory method of post operative analgesia. When Midazolam is added, duration of analgesia can be increased with decrease in incidence of nausea, vomiting and pruritus.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 117-121DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9961Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
Prevalence of smoking and perceived health problems among male population of Dharan municipality
Authors: Poudel Sabitra , Gurung Kumari Dammar
Published: March 2014

Background: Smoking accounts for 8.8% of annual deaths worldwide. It is practiced by about a third of world population aged 15 years or older. About 73% of these smokers are in developing countries with overall prevalence in Nepal ranging from 25% to 73% in adult men. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of smoking among the male population, identify the perceived health problems, association between smoking status and selected variables and association between smoking status and existing health problems among respondents. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using systematic random sampling among male population of Dharan municipality. The sample size was 180. Results: This study revealed that the prevalence of smoking was 41.7%. Sixty eight percentage of the respondents had started smoking at the age of 11 to 20 years and most of them initiated smoking due to peer pressure. Forty three percentage of former smokers and 52% of current smokers had experienced different kinds of health problems like cough and troubled breathing which they perceived as smoking related. A total of 64% of former smokers had quitted smoking due to health problems. Respondents with low educational status were more smokers (p<0.05), those who were unemployed and if employed then unskilled/semi skilled workers were more smokers (p<0.01). Current smokers experienced more health problems like cough and troubled breathing than non smokers (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study shows that young people are more vulnerable to start cigarette smoking so there should be frequent positive reinforcement of antismoking campaign focusing more on youth and as well the smoking advertisements should be discouraged.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 129-138DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9963Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
RETRACTED: Sexually transmitted infections among migrant people and wives of migrants in far western Nepal
Authors: Bohara Madan Singh
Published: March 2014

Retraction Notice: On 19th March 2015 the research article by Madan Singh Bohara entitled "Sexually transmitted infections among migrant people and wives of migrants in far western Nepal"; [original citation: Bohara MS. Sexually transmitted infections among migrant people and wives of migrants in far western Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):139-44] was retracted from JKMC on the grounds of self-plagiarism as it was also published in American Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases vol 2 number 1 January 2014 issue. The author has been black-listed for future publication in JKMC.Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 139-144DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9964Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
A rare case of unruptured tubal pregnancy at ten weeks of gestation
Authors: Aryal Shreyashi , Thapa Meena , Karki Chanda
Published: March 2014

Ectopic pregnancy is a life threatening condition and can present itself in diverse ways. This case reports a 23 years primigravida, admitted with history of amenorrhoea of ten weeks and right sided unruptured tubal pregnancy diagnosed on routine ultrasonography. On laparoscopy, there was an unruptured tubal pregnancy with gestational sac measuring around 6 × 5 cm. The foetus had crown rump length of 32 mm and foot length of 5 mm; both of which correspond probably to 10 to 11 weeks size. Segmental resection of the affected part of the fallopian tube was done laparoscopically. Rarely tubal pregnancy can remain asymptomatic and unruptured for longer duration of gestation than the usual scenario. The reported average duration of diagnosis of unruptured tubal pregnancy is of nine weeks and this case explores the possibility of removing an intact foetus at longer gestational age through laparoscopy.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 148-151DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9966Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas
Authors: Ghimire Roshan , Bohara Tanka Prasad , Rupakheti Shail , Joshi Mukunda Raj , Sharma Sunil Kumar
Published: March 2014

Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm (SPN) of pancreas is atypical and uncommon pancreatic neoplasm which accounts for less than one percent of all pancreatic tumours. It is more common in females but has also been described in males. It has distinct radiological and histological features. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. We report two cases of pancreatic neoplasm which were revealed as pseudopapillary tumour on histopathology report and both of the patients are doing well in follow up.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013 Page: 152-155DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9967Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
Integration of Problem Based Learning at Kathmandu Medical College
Authors: Lama Pratik Yonjan , Koirala Pramesh , Bhattarai Binita , Suwal Gopal , Deshar Sunkeshari
Published: March 2014

Problem based learning as an alternative method of teaching had its initiation in Nepal at the Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj in 1978. From 2011, problem based learning has been introduced into the curriculum of all the medical colleges under Kathmandu University. However, successful implementation into the curriculum is still in the process of development. The objective of the article is to have a profound view on the students’ perspective towards the integration of Problem Based Learning in MBBS curriculum and the possible action plans for the effective implementation. A questionnaire survey was done in which a total of 114 out of 150 students of Kathmandu Medical College, MBBS second year participated. The results obtained suggested that problem based learning helps students remember and understand better than traditional lectures, increases integrative ability, self directed learning, sharpens analytic skills and develops group skills. Students believe that the role of facilitator in problem based learning in Kathmandu Medical College has been to motivate students, evaluate them and make a real effort in understanding their difficulties. However there are not enough sessions to cover the system blocks, aims and objectives in the course curriculum are not clear, topics covered in the sessions of problem based learning should be covered in the lecture hours also and meeting among the facilitators with an inclusion of a student representative has to be made. However, in the view of current scenario of student centered teaching, problem based learning has made a positive impact in students’ learning experience. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i3.9969Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 2, No. 3, Issue 5, Jul.-Sep., 2013Page: 162-166Uploaded date : 3/4/2014
Considerations for Integrating Bicycling and Walking Facilities into Urban Infrastructure
Authors: Nuworsoo Cornelius , Cooper Erin
Published: March 2014

Several manuals, handbooks, and web resources provide varied guidance on planning for and designing bicycle and pedestrian facilities, yet there are no specific indications which treatments in these guides work well for users. In this study, best practices are highlighted and program characteristics associated with high levels of nonmotorized travel are identified, with an emphasis on bicyclists and pedestrians in the California communities of Davis, Palo Alto, and San Luis Obispo, cities known for being bicycle and pedestrian friendly. Analyses of a user preference survey of more than 630 residents in the case study communities, interviews with operators, and review of related literature reveal several factors that matter most to stakeholders for creating bicycle-and pedestrian-friendly places. These factors include (a) acceptable bicycling and walking distances to desired activities, (b) direct routes, (c) good route connectivity, and (d) separation of motorized and non-motorized transportation modes. Recommendations are presented as key considerations for integrating bicycling and walking facilities into urban infrastructure and are arranged to correspond to the trip-making cycle, from the decision to engage in an activity through the choice of route to arrival at the destination. Findings indicate that bicyclists and pedestrians alike strongly desire automobile-separated facilities on streets. This finding suggests that these kinds of projects may merit priority over purely recreational paths. Although roadways may generally need to be friendly for bicycling and walking, the emphasis should be on linking activity locations and transit stations that are purposely placed to be within acceptable distances for these activities.
Gay-Related Name-Calling as a Response to the Violation of Gender Norms
Authors: Slaatten Hilde , Gabrys Leena
Published: March 2014

Studies have shown that words such as “gay,” “faggot,” etc. are commonly used in name-calling among boys, and that there appear to be numerous reasons why boys are called these names. Norwegian ninth grade pupils (n = 921) were recruited in order to find out whether they had ever called boys or girls gay-related names and, in such case, why. The present study shows that more adolescents reported that they have called a boy gay-related names as a response to the violation of gender norms than for any other reason. The adolescents were also more likely to have called boys gay-related names than to have called girls such names, regardless of the reason for the name-calling.
Men at the Crossroads: A Profile Analysis of Hypermasculinity in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Corprew Charles S. , Matthews Jamaal S. , Mitchell Avery Devell
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study is twofold: to evaluate the factor structure of the Auburn Differential Masculinity Index (ADMI-60) and to investigate the varied adoption of hypermasculine attitudes within a sample of 328 collegiate males ( M = 19.50, SD = 1.53). Factor analytic procedures were used to determine a factor structure that provided the best fit for the data. Four dimensions emerged: dominance & aggression, sexual identity, anti-femininity, and devaluation of emotion. Cluster analytic methods were used to determine a profile structure. These clusters were compared across variables associated with the construct: hostility toward women, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. Results indicate that a four-cluster solution was robust and well fitting, with each cluster having a unique adoption of the dimensions, Extreme Hypermasculine, Traditional Masculine, Traditional Hypermasculine, Non-Hypermasculine. Results of the study suggest hypermasculinity is not an all-or-none construct, but males can endorse varied levels, which may lead to diverse outcomes.
Charlus/z
Authors: Baldwin Thomas
Published: March 2014

In Marcel Proust's Sodome et Gomorrhe, the Baron de Charlus lists Honoré de Balzac's ‘Sarrazine’ (sic) among his favourite works by the author. Through a comparison of Roland Barthes's reading of Balzac's novella in S/Z (1970) and his seminar in 1977 at the Collège de France on what he calls the ‘Discours-Charlus’ (which refers to a weird verbal confrontation between Charlus and Marcel in Le Côté de Guermantes), this article explores what Proust's orthographical slip tells us about his unpredictable Baron. It also considers the extent to which Barthes's reading of Charlus's discourse marks a significant reassessment of the limits of structural analysis.
Effect of Corn Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Dairy Cow Diets on Manure Bioenergy Production Potential
Authors: Massé Daniel , Jarret Guillaume , Benchaar Chaouki , Saady Noori
Published: March 2014

The main objective of this study was to obtain scientifically sound data on the bioenergy potential of dairy manures from cows fed different levels of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Three diets differing in corn DDGS content were formulated: 0% corn DDGS (DDGS0; control diet), 10% corn DDGS (DDGS10) and 30% corn DDGS (DDGS30). Bioenergy production was determined in psychrophilic (25 ± 1 °C) sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) fed 3 g COD L−1·day−1 during a two-week feeding period followed by a two-week react period. Compared to the control diet, adding DDGS10 and DDGS30 to the dairy cow diet increased the daily amount of fat excreted in slurry by 29% and 70%, respectively. The addition of DDGS30 increased the cows’ daily production of fresh feces and slurry by 15% and 11%, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of DDGS30 in the diet increased the daily amounts of dry matter (DM), volatile solids (VS), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose by 18%, 18%, 30%, 15% and 53%, respectively, compared to the control diet. While the addition of DDGS did not significantly affect the specific CH4 production per kg VS compared to the control diet, DDGS30 increased the per cow daily CH4 production by 14% compared to the control diet.
Estimation of Populations Exposed to Road Traffic Noise in Districts of Seoul Metropolitan Area of Korea
Authors: Lee Jaewon , Gu Jinhoi , Park Hyunggyu , Yun Heekyung , Kim Samsoo , Lee Wooseok , Han Jinseok , Cha Jun-Seok
Published: March 2014

This study aims to model road traffic noise levels and estimate the human exposure at the 25 districts in the metropolitan Seoul, Republic of Korea. The SoundPLAN® Version 7.1 software package was used to model noise levels and simulated road traffic noise maps were created. The people exposed to daytime/nighttime road traffic noise were also estimated. The proportions of the population exposed to road traffic noise in major cities in the EU were also estimated and compared. Eight (8) districts show the exceeded rate (percentage of the exposed population exceeding the daytime standard) of 20% or more, and eleven (11) districts show 10%-20% and six (6) districts show less than 10%, which indicates considerable variation among districts. Two districts (Nowon-gu and Yangcheon-gu) show the highest exposure rate during the daytime (35.2%). For nighttime noise levels, fourteen (14) districts show the exceeded rate (percentage of exposed population exceeding the nighttime standard) over 30%. The average percentages of the exposed population exceeding the daytime/nighttime standards in Seoul and the EU were 16.6%/34.8% and 13.0%/16.1%, respectively. The results show that road traffic noise reduction measures should urgently be taken for the nighttime traffic noise in Seoul. When the grid noise map and the 3-D façade noise map were compared, the 3-D façade noise map was more accurate in estimating exposed population in citywide noise mapping.
The Effect and Mechanism of Tamoxifen-Induced Hepatocyte Steatosis in Vitro
Authors: Zhao Fei , Xie Ping , Jiang Jiali , Zhang Lingqiang , An Wei , Zhan Yutao
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the effect and mechanism of tamoxifen (TAM)-induced steatosis in vitro. HepG 2 (Human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line) cells were treated with different concentrations of TAM for 72 h. Steatosis of hepatocytes was determined after Oil Red O staining and measurement of triglyceride (TG) concentration. The expressions of genes in the TG homeostasis pathway, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), were examined using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was examined using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. We found that hepatocytes treated with TAM had: (1) induced hepatocyte steatosis and increased hepatocyte TG; (2) upregulation of SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC, SCD and MTP mRNA expressions (300%, 600%, 70%, 130% and 160%, respectively); (3) corresponding upregulation of protein expression; and (4) no difference in HepG 2 cell proliferation. Our results suggest that TAM can induce hepatocyte steatosis in vitro and that the enhancement of fatty acid synthesis through the upregulations of SREBP-1c and its downstream target genes (FAS, ACC and SCD) may be the key mechanism of TAM-induced hepatocyte steatosis.