bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The current state of bearing surfaces in total hip replacement
Authors: Rajpura A. , Kendoff D. , Board T. N.
Published: February 2014

We reviewed the literature on the currently available choices of bearing surface in total hip replacement (THR). We present a detailed description of the properties of articulating surfaces review the understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of existing bearing couples. Recent technological developments in the field of polyethylene and ceramics have altered the risk of fracture and the rate of wear, although the use of metal-on-metal bearings has largely fallen out of favour, owing to concerns about reactions to metal debris. As expected, all bearing surface combinations have advantages and disadvantages. A patient-based approach is recommended, balancing the risks of different options against an individual’s functional demands.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:147–56.
The influence of age, gender and treatment with steroids on the incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head during the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome
Authors: Guo K. J. , Zhao F. C. , Guo Y. , Li F. L. , Zhu L. , Zheng W.
Published: February 2014

Corticosteroid use has been implicated in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). The exact mechanism and predisposing factors such as age, gender, dosage, type and combination of steroid treatment remain controversial. Between March and July 2003, a total of 539 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were treated with five different types of steroid. There were 129 men (24%) and 410 women (76%) with a mean age of 33.7 years (21 to 59). Routine screening was undertaken with radiographs, MRI and/or CT to determine the incidence of ONFH.

Of the 129 male patients with SARS, 51 (39.5%) were diagnosed as suffering from ONFH, compared with only 79 of 410 female patients (19.3%). The incidence of ONFH in the patients aged between 20 and 49 years was much higher than that of the group aged between 50 and 59 years (25.9% (127 of 491) versus 6.3% (3 of 48); p = 0.018). The incidence of ONFH in patients receiving one type of steroid was 12.5% (21 of 168), which was much lower than patients receiving two different types (28.6%; 96 of 336) or three different types of steroid (37.1%; 13 of 35).

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:259–62.
Uncemented, custom-made, hydroxyapatite-coated collared distal femoral endoprostheses
Authors: Batta V. , Coathup M. J. , Parratt M. T. , Pollock R. C. , Aston W. J. , Cannon S. R. , Skinner J. A. , Briggs T. W. , Blunn G. W.
Published: February 2014

We reviewed the outcome of 69 uncemented, custom-made, distal femoral endoprosthetic replacements performed in 69 patients between 1994 and 2006. There were 31 women and 38 men with a mean age at implantation of 16.5 years (5 to 37). All procedures were performed for primary malignant bone tumours of the distal femur. At a mean follow-up of 124.2 months (4 to 212), 53 patients were alive, with one patient lost to follow-up. All nine implants (13.0%) were revised due to aseptic loosening at a mean of 52 months (8 to 91); three implants (4.3%) were revised due to fracture of the shaft of the prosthesis and three patients (4.3%) had a peri-prosthetic fracture. Bone remodelling associated with periosteal cortical thinning adjacent to the uncemented intramedullary stem was seen in 24 patients but this did not predispose to failure. All aseptically loose implants in this series were diagnosed to be loose within the first five years.

The results from this study suggest that custom-made uncemented distal femur replacements have a higher rate of aseptic loosening compared to published results for this design when used with cemented fixation. Loosening of uncemented replacements occurs early indicating that initial fixation of the implant is crucial.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:263–9.
Immediate soft-tissue reconstruction using a rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap following wide resection of malignant bone tumours of the pelvis
Authors: Ogura K. , Miyamoto S. , Sakuraba M. , Chuman H. , Fujiwara T. , Kawai A.
Published: February 2014

Resection of malignant bony tumours of the pelvis creates large bone and soft-tissue defects, and is frequently associated with complications such as wound dehiscence and deep infection. We present the results of six patients in whom a rectus abdominis myocutaneous (RAM) flap was used following resection of a malignant tumour of the pelvis. Bony reconstruction was performed using a constrained hip tumour prosthesis in three patients, vascularised fibular graft in two and frozen autograft in one. At a mean follow-up of 63 months (16 to 115), no patients had a problem with the wound.

Immediate reconstruction using a RAM flap may be used after resection of a malignant tumour of the pelvis to provide an adequate volume of tissue to eliminate the dead space, cover the exposed bone or implants with well-vascularised soft tissue and to reduce the risk of complications.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:270–3.
Are cam and pincer deformities as common as dysplasia in Japanese patients with hip pain?
Authors: Mori R. , Yasunaga Y. , Yamasaki T. , Nakashiro J. , Fujii J. , Terayama H. , Ohshima S. , Ochi M.
Published: February 2014

In Japan, osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip secondary to acetabular dysplasia is very common, and there are few data concerning the pathogeneses and incidence of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We have attempted to clarify the radiological prevalence of painful FAI in a cohort of Japanese patients and to investigate the radiological findings. We identified 176 symptomatic patients (202 hips) with Tönnis grade 0 or 1 osteoarthritis, whom we prospectively studied between August 2011 and July 2012. There were 61 men (65 hips) and 115 women (137 hips) with a mean age of 51.8 years (11 to 83). Radiological analyses included the α-angle, centre–edge angle, cross-over sign, pistol grip deformity and femoral head neck ratio. Of the 202 hips, 79 (39.1%) had acetabular dysplasia, while 80 hips (39.6%) had no known aetiology. We found evidence of FAI in 60 hips (29.7%). Radiological FAI findings associated with cam deformity were the most common. There was a significant relationship between the pistol grip deformity and both the α-angle (p < 0.001) and femoral head–neck ratio (p = 0.024). Radiological evidence of symptomatic FAI was not uncommon in these Japanese patients.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;96-B:172–6.
The influence of immediate knee flexion on blood loss and other parameters following total knee replacement
Authors: Napier R. J. , Bennett D. , McConway J. , Wilson R. , Sykes A. M. , Doran E. , O’Brien S. , Beverland D. E.
Published: February 2014

In an initial randomised controlled trial (RCT) we segregated 180 patients to one of two knee positions following total knee replacement (TKR): six hours of knee flexion using either a jig or knee extension. Outcome measures included post-operative blood loss, fall in haemoglobin, blood transfusion requirements, knee range of movement, limb swelling and functional scores. A second RCT consisted of 420 TKR patients randomised to one of three post-operative knee positions: flexion for three or six hours post-operatively, or knee extension.

Positioning of the knee in flexion for six hours immediately after surgery significantly reduced blood loss (p = 0.002). There were no significant differences in post-operative range of movement, swelling, pain or outcome scores between the various knee positions in either study. Post-operative knee flexion may offer a simple and cost-effective way to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements following TKR.

We also report a cautionary note regarding the potential risks of prolonged knee flexion for more than six hours observed during clinical practice in the intervening period between the two trials, with 14 of 289 patients (4.7%) reporting lower limb sensory neuropathy at their three-month review.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:201–9.
Acetabular fractures in patients aged > 55 years
Authors: Daurka J. S. , Pastides P. S. , Lewis A. , Rickman M. , Bircher M. D.
Published: February 2014

The increasing prevalence of osteoporosis in an ageing population has contributed to older patients becoming the fastest-growing group presenting with acetabular fractures. We performed a systematic review of the literature involving a number of databases to identify studies that included the treatment outcome of acetabular fractures in patients aged > 55 years. An initial search identified 61 studies; after exclusion by two independent reviewers, 15 studies were considered to meet the inclusion criteria. All were case series. The mean Coleman score for methodological quality assessment was 37 (25 to 49). There were 415 fractures in 414 patients. Pooled analysis revealed a mean age of 71.8 years (55 to 96) and a mean follow-up of 47.3 months (1 to 210). In seven studies the results of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) were presented: this was combined with simultaneous hip replacement (THR) in four, and one study had a mixture of these strategies. The results of percutaneous fixation were presented in two studies, and a single study revealed the results of non-operative treatment.

With fixation of the fracture, the overall mean rate of conversion to THR was 23.1% (0% to 45.5%). The mean rate of non-fatal complications was 39.8% (0% to 64%), and the mean mortality rate was 19.1% (5% to 50%) at a mean of 64 months (95% confidence interval 59.4 to 68.6; range 12 to 143). Further data dealing with the classification of the fracture, the surgical approach used, operative time, blood loss, functional and radiological outcomes were also analysed.

This study highlights that, of the many forms of treatment available for this group of patients, there is a trend to higher complication rates and the need for further surgery compared with the results of the treatment of acetabular fractures in younger patients.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:157–63.
Reverse Ponseti-type treatment for children with congenital vertical talus
Authors: Wright J. , Coggings D. , Maizen C. , Ramachandran M.
Published: February 2014

Children with congenital vertical talus (CVT) have been treated with extensive soft-tissue releases, with a high rate of complications. Recently, reverse Ponseti-type casting followed by percutaneous reduction and fixation has been described, with excellent results in separate cohorts of children with CVT, of either idiopathic or teratological aetiology. There are currently no studies that compare the outcome in these two types. We present a prospective cohort of 13 children (21 feet) with CVT of both idiopathic and teratological aetiology, in which this technique has been used. Clinical, radiological and parent-reported outcomes were obtained at a mean follow-up of 36 months (8 to 57). Six children (nine feet) had associated neuromuscular conditions or syndromes; the condition was idiopathic in seven children (12 feet).

Initial correction was achieved in all children, with significant improvement in all radiological parameters. Recurrence was seen in ten feet. Modification of the technique to include limited capsulotomy at the initial operation may reduce the risk of recurrence.

The reverse Ponseti-type technique is effective in the initial correction of CVT of both idiopathic and teratological aetiology. Recurrence is a problem in both these groups, with higher rates than first reported in the original paper. However, these rates are less than those reported after open surgical release.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:274–8.
L’esport com a instrument reforçador del sentiment nacional. Les implicacions dels triomfs de la selecció espanyola de futbol en el discurs de la militància valenciana d’esquerra i centreesquerra
Authors: Català Oltra Lluís
Published: February 2014

En aquest treball es repassa primerament el paper que ha tingut l’esport en el reforçament de la identitat nacional. A continuació, centrem l’atenció en el futbol per a parlar de la dinàmica centre-perifèria duta al terreny dels clubs de la Lliga espanyola; i dels èxits de la selecció espanyola i les implicacions per al sentiment nacional. Això últim ens serveix de base per a l’estudi empíric desenvolupat a partir d’entrevistes semiestructurades a militants de base de partits valencians d’esquerra i centreesquerra. Amb aquest material analitzem els discursos dels militants sobre aquestes victòries i la seua relació amb la identitat nacional.
La necesidad teórica de la consolidación democrática: una perspectiva desde México y para América Latina
Authors: Michell Jaén Xavier Eric
Published: February 2014

La importancia del Concepto de la consolidación democrática en América Latina, es un punto pendiente en los países en vías de desarrollo de la región y los países presuntamente consolidados democráticamente. Se revisará el concepto de democracia acorde con dos variantes: una democracia real e ideal; donde se valorarán los elementos empíricos que inciden en el fortalecimiento de la democracia en el proceso de consolidación y legitimidad en el espacio del Estado para la solución de problemas en lo social, político y económico. El objetivo de este trabajo es abordar la teoría de la consolidación democrática y la relevancia que tiene para el fortalecimiento de los países democráticos. Para poder entender la teórica de la consolidación democrática, se plantea la revisión de la democracia real y la importancia del concepto de la calidad de la democracia. A través del concepto de la consolidación y calidad de la democracia se establecerán tres indicadores democráticos necesarios hoy en día para la legitimidad del Estado: rendición de cuentas (accountability), reciprocidad (responsiveness) y Estado de Derecho (rule of law).
Giovani e politica in Italia: gli studenti e la rielaborazione silenziosa del politico
Authors: Pirni Andrea
Published: February 2014

L'articolo ha l'obiettivo di segnalare la dinamica di trasformazione dell'elaborazione del politico da parte dei giovani studenti italiani. Vengono presentate tre diverse coordinate attorno alle quali si è sviluppata la ricerca empirica italiana su giovani e politica e i rispettivi risultati. Successivamente vengono utilizzati i dati raccolti in una recente ricerca per presentare le discontinuità che propongono i “nuovi” giovani rispetto alle generazioni precedenti che costituiscono la base di una profonda trasformazione in corso della sfera del politico.
A model proposal regarding to reconstruction of subsystem of education supervision in Turkey
Authors: Memduhoğlu Hasan Basri , Taymur Abdulhakim
Published: February 2014

The aim of this study is to develop a model for the sub-system of education supervision in Turkey and to put forth how the developed model is adopted and applicable by the education supervisors. The population of this study in which qualitative and quantitative research design are used together, includes education supervisors working all across Turkey. The sample of the present study is composed of 555 education supervisors selected in two provinces of each geographic region. Within the scope of the survey, a model has been developed for the education sub-system in Turkey and this model has been offered to the education supervisors' opinion. In the study, it is concluded that the education supervisors have completely adopted the offered model for the Turkish education system and considered it as applicable.
Which Products Are Best Suited to Mobile Advertising? A Field Study of Mobile Display Advertising Effects on Consumer Attitudes and Intentions
Authors: Bart Yakov , Stephen Andrew T. , Sarvary Miklos
Published: February 2014

Mobile advertising is one of the fastest-growing advertising formats. In 2013, global spending on mobile advertising was approximately $16.7 billion, and it is expected to exceed $62.8 billion by 2017. The most prevalent type of mobile advertising is mobile display advertising (MDA), which takes the form of banners on mobile web pages and in mobile applications. This article examines which product characteristics are likely to be associated with MDA campaigns that are effective in increasing consumers’ (1) favorable attitudes toward products and (2) purchase intentions. Data from a large-scale test-control field experiment covering 54 U.S. MDA campaigns that ran between 2007 and 2010 and involved 39,946 consumers show that MDA campaigns significantly increased consumers’ favorable attitudes and purchase intentions only when the campaigns advertised products that were higher (vs. lower) involvement and utilitarian (vs. hedonic). The authors explain this finding using established theories of information processing and persuasion and suggest that when MDAs work effectively, they do so by triggering consumers to recall and process previously stored product information.
An easy and efficient protocol for the condensation reaction of isatin and N-substituted isatins with 1,2-diaminobenzene using low cost reusable clay catalyst
Authors: Bajpai Shivam , Singh Sundaram , Srivastava Vandana
Published: February 2014

A green procedure was developed for the condensation of isatin and N-substituted isatins with 1,2-diaminobenzene by using reusable bentonite clay in EtOH/H2O solvent system, under microwave irradiation. This eco-friendly synthesis is characterized by high yields and short reaction times. The catalyst is easily recycled.
Synthesis of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives
Authors: Li Wen-You , Song Yong , Chen Hong-Bo , Yang Wen-Long
Published: February 2014

2-Amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (AMT) was used to synthesize 24 new compounds. The structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
A convenient synthesis of 5,5′-bi-1,2,4-triazines via direct S-arylation and its application in the synthesis of 2,2′-bipyridines
Authors: Ławecka Justyna , Olender Ewa , Karczmarzyk Zbigniew , Wysocki Waldemar , Branowska Danuta , Urbańczyk-Lipkowska Zofia , Kalicki Przemysław
Published: February 2014

Nucleophilic displacement of chlorides in 3,3′-dichloro-5,5′-bi-1,2,4-triazine with benzenethiolate or 2-pyridinethiolate anion afforded the corresponding symmetrical disulfide of 5,5′-bi-1,2,4-triazine in high yields. These products were transformed into 6,6′-bis(phenylthio)-2,2′-bipyridines and 6,6′-bis(2-pyridylthio)-2,2′-bipyridines by using Diels-Alder reactions. All compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and the X-ray diffraction analysis.
Remodeling of membrane compartments: some consequences of membrane fluidity
Authors: Lipowsky Reinhard
Published: February 2014

Biological membranes consist of fluid bilayers with many lipid and protein components. This fluidity implies a high flexibility that allows the membranes to attain a large variety of different shapes. One important shape parameter is the spontaneous curvature, which describes the asymmetry between the two leaflets of a bilayer and can be changed by adsorption of ‘particles’ such as ions or proteins from the aqueous phases. Membrane fluidity also implies that the membranes can change their local composition via lateral diffusion and form intramembrane compartments. Two mechanisms for the formation of such compartments can be distinguished: membrane segmentation arising from structured environments and domain formation as a result of phase separation within the membranes. The interplay between these two mechanisms provides a simple and generic explanation for the difficulty to observe phase domains in vivo. Intramembrane domains can form new membrane compartments via budding and tubulation processes. Which of these two processes actually occurs depends on the fluid-elastic properties of the domains, on the adsorption kinetics, and on external constraints arising, e.g., from the osmotic conditions. Vesicles are predicted to unbind from adhesive surfaces via tubulation when the spontaneous curvature of their membranes exceeds a certain threshold value.
A cross-national study to compare the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions of sexually transmitted diseases and the sexual risk behaviors of Latino adolescents
Authors: Brito Maximo O. , Davis Melinda , Chakrabarti Anindita
Published: February 2014

Background: Adolescents are at high risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). However, little is known about differences in knowledge and risk behaviors across nationalities. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the knowledge and perceptions of STDs and the sexual risk behaviors in Latino adolescents in the United States (US) and the Dominican Republic (DR).

Methods: A survey was administered to 364 high school students after obtaining parental consent. The questionnaire asked about demographics, sources of STD information, risk behaviors, and knowledge of syphilis, gonorrhea, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Mean percentage scores were calculated to compare correct responses by nationality, gender, and sexual activity. Predictors of self-reported high risk sexual behavior were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results: In all, 242 (66%) US and 122 (34%) DR students were interviewed. Of these, 52% were males. Median age was 15 years (range, 13–18). Sexual activity was reported by 40% of the participants and did not differ by gender (p=0.43) or national origin (p=0.53), although it was greater for adolescents older than 15 years of age (60% vs. 35%, p<0.001). US students identified abstinence as an effective STD prevention method more often than their counterparts (p=<0.001). Knowledge of specific STDs was higher in girls (p=0.002) and Dominicans (p=0.003). Predictors of high risk behavior were male gender (OR<uni-003D;2.50, 95% CI 1.35–4.63) and being sexually active (OR<uni-003D;3.09, 95% CI 1.71–5.59).

Conclusions: Sexual activity at an early age was prevalent, and knowledge of STDs low in these two groups of high school students. Males and sexually active individuals were more likely to engage in high risk behaviors. Girls and Dominican students exhibited greater knowledge of specific STDs.
Indiscriminate Behaviors in Previously Institutionalized Young Children
Authors: Gleason Mary Margaret , Fox Nathan A. , Drury Stacy S. , Smyke Anna T. , Nelson Charles A. , Zeanah Charles H.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE:

This study included 54-month-old children with a history of institutional care. Our goal was to: (1) examine differences in indiscriminate social behaviors in children with a history of institutional care compared with home-reared children; (2) test whether foster care reduces indiscriminate social behaviors in a randomized controlled trial; and (3) examine early predictors of indiscriminate behaviors.

METHODS:

Participants were 58 children with a history of institutional care and 31 never-institutionalized control (NIG) subjects enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of foster care for institutional care, assessed from toddlerhood to 54 months. Indiscriminate social behaviors were measured naturalistically by using the Stranger at the Door procedure.

RESULTS:

In the Stranger at the Door procedure, children with a history of institutional care left with a stranger at higher rates than NIG subjects (33% vs 3.5%; P < .001). Children in the care as usual group left more than NIG subjects (41.9% vs 3.6%; P ≤ .001). The differences between the foster care group (24.1%) and the care as usual group and between foster care group and NIG were not significant. In a logistic regression, early disorganized attachment behaviors, baseline developmental quotient, and caregiving quality after randomization contributed to variance at 54 months. In the same analysis using only children with a history of institutional care, only disorganized attachment contributed significantly to 54-month indiscriminate social behaviors (Exp[B] = 1.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.5]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Observed socially indiscriminate behaviors at 54 months were associated with prolonged exposure to institutional care. Young children raised in conditions of deprivation who fail to develop organized attachments as toddlers are at increased risk for subsequent indiscriminate behaviors.
Asymptomatic Viral Gastrointestinal Infection: The Missing Link?
Authors: Peikes Tyler Robert , Appendino Juan Pablo
Published: February 2014

We present the case of an 8-month-old boy who presented with apparent life-threatening events later characterized as seizures in clusters. A total of 14 apneic episodes were observed within 24 hours before loading the patient with phenobarbital at which point the seizures stopped. There was no obvious explanation for his seizures. EEG revealed midline interictal discharges; MRI-head was normal; and all other investigations were normal. The patient’s stool was sent for virology with the clinical suspicion of benign infantile seizures associated with mild gastroenteritis (BISMG) despite lack of gastrointestinal symptoms. A small round virus was found. His clinical course followed the same progression as typical BISMG. This begs the question whether it is possible for virus in the stool to cause an asymptomatic gastrointestinal infection with its only clinical manifestation as seizures. We conclude that it may be possible for BISMG to present without gastrointestinal symptoms. As well, BISMG may be an unrecognized cause of apparent life-threatening events and should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Growth Restriction in Preterm-Born Children
Authors: Bocca-Tjeertes Inger , Bos Arend , Kerstjens Jorien , de Winter Andrea , Reijneveld Sijmen
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE:

To determine how symmetric (proportionate; SGR) and asymmetric (disproportionate; AGR) growth restriction influence growth and development in preterms from birth to 4 years.

METHODS:

This community-based cohort study of 810 children comprised 86 SGR, 61 AGR, and 663 non–growth restricted (NGR) preterms, born in 2002 and 2003. Symmetrical growth restriction was defined as a birth weight below the 16th percentile (–1 SD) compared with full-terms and a head circumference (HC) z score not exceeding the infant’s birth weight z score by >1 SD. Asymmetric growth restriction was defined as a HC z score exceeding that for by >1 SD as a proxy of brain sparing. Developmental delay was assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 4 years.

RESULTS:

Longitudinal gains in weight and height were similar for SGR and AGR children and less compared with NGR children. At age 4, z scores for weight were –1.1 for SGR and –0.7 for AGR children vs –0.3 for NGR children. z scores for height were –0.8 and –0.5 vs –0.2. HC gain were 2 cm more in SGR, but at 1 year, they were –0.2 vs 0.2 (AGR) and 0.1 (NGR). Developmental delay increased with odds ratios of 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.1–6.0) for SGR and 2.1 (95% confidence interval 0.7–5.9) for AGR.

CONCLUSIONS:

Weight and height gains were similar for AGR and SGR children but poorer compared with NGR children. SGR children caught up on HC. Developmental delay was more likely in growth-restricted preterms independent of HC at birth.
Role of Financial and Social Hardships in Asthma Racial Disparities
Authors: Beck Andrew F. , Huang Bin , Simmons Jeffrey M. , Moncrief Terri , Sauers Hadley S. , Chen Chen , Ryan Patrick H. , Newman Nicholas C. , Kahn Robert S.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Health care reform offers a new opportunity to address child health disparities. This study sought to characterize racial differences in pediatric asthma readmissions with a focus on the potential explanatory role of hardships that might be addressed in future patient care models.

METHODS:

We enrolled 774 children, aged 1 to 16 years, admitted for asthma or bronchodilator-responsive wheezing in a population-based prospective observational cohort. The outcome was time to readmission. Child race, socioeconomic status (measured by lower income and caregiver educational attainment), and hardship (caregivers looking for work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married) were recorded. Analyses used Cox proportional hazards.

RESULTS:

The cohort was 57% African American, 33% white, and 10% multiracial/other; 19% were readmitted within 12 months. After adjustment for asthma severity classification, African Americans were twice as likely to be readmitted as whites (hazard ratio: 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.42 to 2.77). Compared with whites, African American caregivers were significantly more likely to report lower income and educational attainment, difficulty finding work, having no one to borrow money from, not owning a car or home, and being single/never married (all P ≤ .01). Hardships explained 41% of the observed racial disparity in readmission; jointly, socioeconomic status and hardship explained 49%.

CONCLUSIONS:

African American children were twice as likely to be readmitted as white children; hardships explained >40% of this disparity. Additional factors (eg, pollution, tobacco exposure, housing quality) may explain residual disparities. Targeted interventions could help achieve greater child health equity.
Parental Underestimates of Child Weight: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Lundahl Alyssa , Kidwell Katherine M. , Nelson Timothy D.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Parental perceptions of their children’s weight play an important role in obesity prevention and treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of parents worldwide who underestimate their children’s weight and moderators of such misperceptions.

METHODS:

Original studies published to January 2013 were chosen through literature searches in PUBMED, PSYCHINFO, and CINAHL databases. References of retrieved articles were also searched for relevant studies. Studies were published in English and assessed parental perceptions of children’s weight and then compared perceptions to recognized standards for defining overweight based on anthropometric measures. Data were extracted on study-level constructs, child- and parent-characteristics, procedural characteristics, and parental underestimates separately for normal-weight and overweight/obese samples. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models and adjusted for publication bias. Moderators were explored using mixed-effect models.

RESULTS:

A total of 69 articles (representing 78 samples; n = 15 791) were included in the overweight/obese meta-analysis. Adjusted effect sizes revealed that 50.7% (95% confidence interval 31.1%–70.2%) of parents underestimate their overweight/obese children’s weight. Significant moderators of this effect included child’s age and BMI. A total of 52 articles (representing 59 samples; n = 64 895) were included in the normal-weight meta-analysis. Pooled effect sizes indicated that 14.3% (95% confidence interval 11.7%–17.4%) of parents underestimate their children’s normal-weight status. Significant moderators of this effect included child gender, parent weight, and the method (visual versus nonvisual) in which perception was assessed.

CONCLUSIONS:

Half of parents underestimated their children’s overweight/obese status and a significant minority underestimated children’s normal weight. Pediatricians are well positioned to make efforts to remedy parental underestimates and promote adoption of healthy habits.
Risk Perceptions and Subsequent Sexual Behaviors After HPV Vaccination in Adolescents
Authors: Mayhew Allison , Mullins Tanya L. Kowalczyk , Ding Lili , Rosenthal Susan L. , Zimet Gregory D. , Morrow Charlene , Kahn Jessica A.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVES:

Concerns have been raised that human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination could lead to altered risk perceptions and an increase in risky sexual behaviors among adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess whether adolescent risk perceptions after the first vaccine dose predicted subsequent sexual behaviors.

METHODS:

Young women 13 to 21 years of age (N = 339) completed questionnaires immediately after HPV vaccination, and 2 and 6 months later, assessing demographic characteristics, knowledge/attitudes about HPV vaccination, risk perceptions, and sexual behaviors. Risk perceptions were measured by using 2 5-item scales assessing: (1) perceived risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI) other than HPV, and (2) perceived need for safer sexual behaviors after HPV vaccination. We assessed associations between risk perceptions at baseline and sexual behaviors over the next 6 months by using logistic regression, stratifying participants by sexual experience at baseline and age (13–15 vs 16–21 years).

RESULTS:

Among all sexually inexperienced participants (42.5%), baseline risk perceptions were not associated with subsequent sexual initiation; in age-stratified analyses, girls 16 to 21 years of age who reported lower perceived risk for other STI (an inappropriate perception) were less likely to initiate sex (odds ratio [OR] 0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.69). Among all sexually experienced participants (57.5%) and in age-stratified analyses, baseline risk perceptions were not associated with subsequent number of sexual partners or condom use.

CONCLUSIONS:

Risk perceptions after HPV vaccination were not associated with riskier sexual behaviors over the subsequent 6 months in this study sample.
Recent Trends in Outpatient Antibiotic Use in Children
Authors: Vaz Louise Elaine , Kleinman Kenneth P. , Raebel Marsha A. , Nordin James D. , Lakoma Matthew D. , Dutta-Linn M. Maya , Finkelstein Jonathan A.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE:

The goal of this study was to determine changes in antibiotic-dispensing rates among children in 3 health plans located in New England [A], the Mountain West [B], and the Midwest [C] regions of the United States.

METHODS:

Pharmacy and outpatient claims from September 2000 to August 2010 were used to calculate rates of antibiotic dispensing per person-year for children aged 3 months to 18 years. Differences in rates by year, diagnosis, and health plan were tested by using Poisson regression. The data were analyzed to determine whether there was a change in the rate of decline over time.

RESULTS:

Antibiotic use in the 3- to <24-month age group varied at baseline according to health plan (A: 2.27, B: 1.40, C: 2.23 antibiotics per person-year; P < .001). The downward trend in antibiotic dispensing slowed, stabilized, or reversed during this 10-year period. In the 3- to <24-month age group, we observed 5.0%, 9.3%, and 7.2% annual declines early in the decade in the 3 plans, respectively. These dropped to 2.4%, 2.1%, and 0.5% annual declines by the end of the decade. Third-generation cephalosporin use for otitis media increased 1.6-, 15-, and 5.5-fold in plans A, B, and C in young children. Similar attenuation of decline in antibiotic use and increases in use of broad-spectrum agents were seen in other age groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

Antibiotic dispensing for children may have reached a new plateau. Along with identifying best practices in low-prescribing areas, decreasing broad-spectrum use for particular conditions should be a continuing focus of intervention efforts.
Chemotherapy Drug Shortages in Pediatric Oncology: A Consensus Statement
Authors: DeCamp Matthew , Joffe Steven , Fernandez Conrad V. , Faden Ruth R. , Unguru Yoram
Published: February 2014

Shortages of essential drugs, including critical chemotherapy drugs, have become commonplace. Drug shortages cost significant time and financial resources, lead to adverse patient outcomes, delay clinical trials, and pose significant ethical challenges. Pediatric oncology is particularly susceptible to drug shortages, presenting an opportunity to examine these ethical issues and provide recommendations for preventing and alleviating shortages. We convened the Working Group on Chemotherapy Drug Shortages in Pediatric Oncology (WG) and developed consensus on the core ethical values and practical actions necessary for a coordinated response to the problem of shortages by institutions, agencies, and other stakeholders. The interdisciplinary and multiinstitutional WG included practicing pediatric hematologist-oncologists, nurses, hospital pharmacists, bioethicists, experts in emergency management and public policy, legal scholars, patient/family advocates, and leaders of relevant professional societies and organizations. The WG endorsed 2 core ethical values: maximizing the potential benefits of effective drugs and ensuring equitable access. From these, we developed 6 recommendations: (1) supporting national polices to prevent shortages, (2) optimizing use of drug supplies, (3) giving equal priority to evidence-based uses of drugs whether they occur within or outside clinical trials, (4) developing an improved clearinghouse for sharing drug shortage information, (5) exploring the sharing of drug supplies among institutions, and (6) developing proactive stakeholder engagement strategies to facilitate prevention and management of shortages. Each recommendation includes an ethical rationale, action items, and barriers that must be overcome. Implemented together, they provide a blueprint for effective and ethical management of drug shortages in pediatric oncology and beyond.
Sentinel lymph node status and axillary lymph node dissection in the surgical treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Cserni Gábor
Published: February 2014

Axillary lymph node dissection has been traditionally perceived as a therapeutic and a staging procedure and unselectively removes all axillary lymph nodes. There still remains some controversy as concerns the survival benefit associated with axillary clearance. Sentinel lymph node biopsy removes the most likely sites of regional metastases, the lymph nodes directly connected with the primary tumour. It allows a more accurate staging and a selective indication for clearing the axilla, restricting this to patients who may benefit of it. Axillary dissection was performed in all patients during the learning phase of sentinel lymphadenectomy, but later only patients with metastasis to a sentinel node underwent this operation. Currently, even some patients with minimal sentinel node involvement, including some with macrometastasis may skip axillary clearance. This review summarizes the changes that have occurred in the surgical management of the axilla, the evidences and controversies behind these changes, along with current recommendations. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(6), 203–215.
Calculation of defect formation energies in UO2
Authors: Wiktor Julia , Vathonne Emerson , Freyss Michel , Jomard Gérald , Bertolus Marjorie
Published: February 2014

We present a physically justified formalism for the calculation of defect formation energies in UO2. The accessible ranges of chemical potentials of the two components U and O are calculated using the U-O experimental phase diagram and a constraint on the formation energies of vacancies. We then apply this formalism to the DFT+U investigation of the monovacancies and monointerstitials in UO2.

The results of the most stable charge states of these defects are consistent with a strongly ionic system. Calculations predict similarly low formation energies for $V_U^{4 - }$ and $I_O^{2 - }$ in hyperstoichiometric UO2.
Mechanosensitive Channels Activity in a Droplet Interface Bilayer System
Authors: Najem Joseph , Dunlap Myles , Sukharev Sergei , Leo Donald J.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the first attempts to study the large conductance mechano-sensitive channel (MscL) activity in an artificial droplet interface bilayer (DIB) system. A novel and simple technique is developed to characterize the behavior of an artificial lipid bilayer interface containing mechano-sensitive (MS) channels. The experimental setup is assembled on an inverted microscope and consists of two micropipettes filled with PEG-DMA hydrogel and containing Ag/AgCl wires, a cylindrical oil reservoir glued on top of a thin acrylic sheet, and a piezoelectric oscillator actuator. By using this technique, dynamic tension can be applied by oscillating axial motion of one droplet, producing deformation of both droplets and area changes of the DIB interface. The tension in the artificial membrane will cause the MS channels to gate, resulting in an increase in the conductance levels of the membrane. The results show that the MS channels are able to gate under an applied dynamic tension. Moreover, it can be concluded that the response of channel activity to mechanical stimuli is voltage-dependent and highly related to the frequency and amplitude of oscillations.
Toward bioinspired nanostructures for selective vapor sensing: diverse vapor-induced spectral responses within iridescent scales of Morpho butterflies
Authors: Starkey Timothy A. , Vukusic Peter , Potyrailo Radislav A.
Published: February 2014

The iridescent colors of Morpho butterflies have captured scientific intrigue for over a century. However, only recently photonic structures of the wing scales of Morpho butterflies have inspired new ideas in the diverse areas of technology including sensing. In this study, we performed theoretical and experimental evaluation of vapor-induced reflectance changes of the Morpho scales. These experiments provided additional details of the origin and the magnitude of vapor response selectivity in these natural photonic nanostructures and facilitated our design and fabrication of highly selective biomimetic photonic nanostructures.
Simulation on the Temperature Drop Rule of Hot Oil Pipeline
Authors: Liu Enbin , Yang Liuting , Jiang Yong , Tang Ping , Liu Jian , Yang Yuhang
Published: February 2014

The heat transfer equation of oil, pipe wall and soil, combining with the boundary condition, connection
condition and initial conditions to be the differential equations which can simulate the temperature drop rule of hot oil
pipeline. Then the numerical solution method is used to solve, constructed difference equations. By the gauss elimination
method, the temperature changing rule of hot oil pipeline after shutdown can be obtained, so we can determine the safety
shutdown time and the restart pressure.
User evaluation of the waterproof jacket
Authors: Šterman Sonja
Published: February 2014

This article presents the key elements in understanding the development and design of uniforms for the employees
of the Customs Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for the purpose of corporate identity. It will show, in detail,
the process from design to analysis of evaluation data for the multifunctional waterproof jacket, after three months
of wearing by the employees. The success of a corporate uniform depends on how effectively it serves a specific
function, makes the organisation recognisable in society and also on the satisfaction level of the user.
The results are presented in four groups: First, the relationship between design and communicating identity for
recognition in the market; Second, the determination of the pattern and functionality considerations; Third, the
selection of materials and their properties; Last, the quality of workmanship, giving practical value to the above
parameters.
Lotteries and Study Results in Market Research Online Panels
Authors: Göritz Anja S. , Luthe Susanne C.
Published: February 2014

An incentives experiment was conducted in a commercial online panel to examine the effects of lotteries and of offering study results on response behaviour as reflected by participation, retention and item non-response. A cash lottery was implemented, with three different payouts that were raffled either in one lump sum or split into multiple smaller prizes. The lottery groups were contrasted to a control group without incentive. Independent of the lottery, half of the participants were offered a report of study results. Participation was higher with a lottery, when raffling the payout in a lump sum and with higher single prize size, whereas item non-response was smaller with high total payouts. Furthermore, offering study results decreased participation.
Conspicuous Conservation: Using Semiotics to Understand Sustainable Luxury
Authors: Cervellon Marie-Cécile
Published: February 2014

This paper investigates the meaning of sustainable luxury among the wealthy, who are the primary target group of luxury brands. In doing so, it highlights the interest of using a combination of semiotics tools (Peirce's and Greimas' paradigms) to analyse consumers' discourses. Indeed, understanding the signvalue of a brand in relation to the natural environment and society is paramount to the development of CSR activities, in order to avoid, on one side, being perceived as greenwashing and, on the other, losing the brand meaning and authenticity. Findings indicate that the luxury clientele opposes ‘ascribed luxury’ (discreet and emphasising traditional manufacturing techniques) to ‘achieved luxury’ (conspicuous and marketed). The contribution of luxury brands to society welfare should be located on a continuum between sustainability in ethos and along the supply chain, and pure philanthropic actions, both being worthy in consumers' views, and both being expected from luxury brands to different degrees, depending on the brand ascribed or achieved status.
Seven Pillars of Wisdom: The Idea of Qualitative Market Research
Authors: Chandler Jon
Published: February 2014

This article looks at the ‘knowledge frameworks’ underlying the practice of qualitative research. Although they are rarely articulated, qualitative research relies upon different sets of underlying assumptions about what we are looking for, what counts as evidence and what counts as knowledge. These different ‘knowledge frameworks’ are each good at addressing different kinds of issues. This article attempts to make some of these knowledge frameworks more explicit. Doing this allows us to see that some research projects ‘fail’ because they are grounded in a knowledge framework not suited to the task in hand.
Reviews of Market Drivers of New Product Performance: Effects and Relationships
Authors: Tsai Kuen-Hung , Huang Chi-Tsun , Tsai Mu-Lin
Published: February 2014

This study adopts a meta-analytic approach to review the performance effects of the market predictors of new product performance and their structural relationships. Based on empirical findings from the relevant studies published before 2011, this study has a number of interesting findings. First, market orientation, competitor orientation, product advantage and launch proficiency are the dominant drivers of new product performance. Second, market orientation, marketing synergy, product advantage and competitive intensity have significant effects on new product performance. Third, product advantage serves as an important intermediary between the market predictors and new product performance. Fourth, product innovativeness per se does not affect new product performance. Finally, launch proficiency translates the effect of market orientation into new product performance. These findings not only identify the dominant market drivers of new product performance, but also profile the routes leading to better new product performance. Some important implications for market research and practice are also provided.
Ideal Participants in Online Market Research: Lessons from Closed Communities
Authors: Heinze Aleksej , Ferneley Elaine , Child Paul
Published: February 2014

Online market research communities are dependent upon their members' participation, which in turn provides market intelligence for community operators. However, people join these communities for different reasons. The selection process for market research community members and the moderation process of these communities have a number of pitfalls, which can result in misleading interpretations of intelligence and flawed decisions based on their contributions. Using social capital theory in conjunction with research on different motivational types of participant, this paper focuses on lessons from commercially operated, closed online market research communities; it provides us with insights on membership selection and community moderation methods. The practical finding is that the ideal participant of such communities would be attracted by activities and rewards, which do not directly or obviously relate to the specific objective of an online market research community.