bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DETECTION OF ABNORMAL COW'S MILK BY MICROSCOPIC METHODS
Authors: Hadwen Seymour , Gwatkin Ronald
Published: April 2011

A large number of milk samples from dairy cows have been studied microscopically and culturally, the object being to estimate the numbers of body cells and leucocytes present.The Breed and sediment counts are compared. The latter is preferred because it furnishes more information than mere enumeration of the cells. In a sediment smear a complete picture of conditions in the udder may be visualized, including the various cellular responses to the organisms causing mastitis. Estimates of the numbers of cells present are sufficient for a diagnosis when accompanied by the information gained in examining the smear.Differential counts were made for special purposes only, such as to define normality in milk. In defining normal milk, a standard was set which did not tolerate the presence of micro-organisms or polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the samples. In a herd of 60 cows, milk from 9 young cows met this standard. Diphtheroids occurred in 70% of the cows. In comparison with the clean cows, the diphtheroid carriers had larger numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes.In staphylococcic mastitis the leucocytes are often very numerous, and this may persist for months. Staphylococcic infections cause a great influx of large, ring-shaped polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The cocci can generally be found on the smears. Sometimes, when leucocytes are scarce, cocci occur in very large numbers.In streptococcic mastitis the mononuclear leucocytes are numerous. Loose, irregular clumping is commonly seen, and the polymorphonuclear leucocytes often clump separately. Leucocytes are not as numerous as in staphylococcic cases, but the percentage of the mononuclear leucocytes is higher. Tables showing the increase and decrease of the leucocytes indicate that when they are numerous the infective organisms may be scarce or absent, the reverse being also true. Streptococcic mastitis is sometimes a difficult disease to diagnose microscopically, on account of scarcity of organisms. Various ways of finding the cocci are discussed.The diagnosis of B. coli and Corynebacterium pyogenes mastitis is described. Both these organisms may cause severe lesions, and consequently the smears reveal extensive degenerative changes in the leucocytes. The organisms are present in large numbers. B. coli and C. pyogenes infections produce a different leucocytic picture under the microscope than do pyogenic cocci. The effect of these infections is generally more destructive.A study of phagocytosis in diseases of the udder furnishes valuable aid in determining the degree of resistance to infection on the part of the host.Red blood corpuscles in milk may be unaccompanied by any signs of infection. Chromatin-staining granules in milk are caused by degenerative changes in the polymorphonuclear cells. Calcium calculi are found both in the tissues and in the milk. A study of over 20 samples of colostrum is recorded.
THE RESONANCE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE RATIO OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF A GAS, Cp/Cv: PART II
Authors: Clark A. L. , Katz L.
Published: April 2011

not available
A RECORDING SYSTEM DESIGNED FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTRICAL RELATIONS IN THE BRAINS OF SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Woonton G. A.
Published: April 2011

A two channel recording system, designed for the investigation of brain potential variations in several parts of the brain simultaneously, is described in detail. The oscillographs are of the cathode-ray type; each is driven by a voltage amplifier employing standard radio tubes. Complete shielding of the amplifier components and the use of symmetrical circuits have been found sufficient to eliminate electrical interference.The system is free from phase and frequency distortion between 10 and 800 cycles per sec. and is not seriously affected by either form of distortion between 5 and 1500 cycles per sec. The author believes that this covers the important frequency range for this type of investigation.
RADIO FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS OF GROUND CONDUCTIVITY IN CANADA
Authors: MacKinnon K. A.
Published: April 2011

Ground conductivities, as determined by field strength measurements of broadcasting stations using T. L. Eckersley's approximation to Sommerfeld's propagation formula, are given for many areas in Canada. A correlation is shown to exist between the ground conductivities thus found and the geological character of the area under study. The practical utility of these measurements in the selection of sites for transmitters, and in the estimation of field strength contours therefrom, is indicated.
ON THE SPECTRUM OF THE P2 MOLECULE
Authors: Herzberg G. , Herzberg L. , Milne G. G.
Published: April 2011

Five bands of the ultra-violet system of P2, with low v′ and v″ values, have been measured under large dispersion and analysed. They serve to determine much more accurately than heretofore possible the rotational constants Be″ and αe″, the moment of inertia Ie″, and the internuclear distance re″ of the P2 molecule in the ground state. The following values have been found: Be″ = 0.3031 cm.−1, αe″ = 0.00138 cm.−1, Ie″ = 92.36∙10−40gm.-cm.2, re″ = 1.895 10−8 cm.
A FLUID SYSTEM FOR TRANSFERRING HEAT OVER SMALL TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS WITHOUT FORCED CIRCULATION
Authors: Cook W. H. , Steeves T. A.
Published: April 2011

An enclosed system of piping partly filled with liquid ammonia was found to transfer useful quantities of heat to a bunker containing a solid refrigerant (ice), with temperature gradients of 30 to 50° F. without the use of forced circulation. The system could be adapted to reduce spatial temperature variations and provide thermostatic control where solid refrigerants are used, as in railway refrigerator cars. Such arrangements are discussed briefly.
THE KINETICS OF THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITIONS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: V. THE NITRIC OXIDE INHIBITED DECOMPOSITION OF n-BUTANE
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Folkins H. O.
Published: April 2011

A detailed investigation of the inhibition by nitric oxide of the thermal decomposition of n-butane has been carried out over the temperature range 500° to 550 °C.In all cases it was found that inhibition decreased with increasing butane concentration. This suggests that radical recombination occurs in the normal decomposition by ternary collisions with butane molecules acting as third bodies.The activation energies of the normal and inhibited reactions have been determined. For high pressures the two values are in good agreement, viz., 58,200 and 57,200 cal. per mole respectively. The products of the inhibited reaction were also found to be the same as those of the normal reaction.It is concluded that free radical processes predominate, involving comparatively short chains.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXIV. CORYDALIS OCHOTENSIS TURCZ.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The alkaloids of Corydalis ochotensis consist of four known bases, namely, protopine, cryptocavine, ochotensine, and aurotensine, together with two new ones, namely, ochotensimine (F48) and alkaloid F49. Ochotensimine is the O-methyl ether of ochotensine. It has not been obtained crystalline, but it has been characterized as the methiodide and the derived dihydro-methine base. In addition to acetyl-ornithine, the isolation of which has already been recorded, fumaric acid and maltol were also found.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXV. CORYDALIS PALLIDA PERS.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

In addition to corypalline, the isolation of which has already been recorded, Corydalis pallida Pers. has yielded five known and two new alkaloids. The known bases are,—protopine, d- and dl-tetrahydro-palmatine, capaurine, and capauridine. The new alkaloids are capaurimine (F50), C20H23O5N (phenolic; two hydroxyl and three methoxyl groups), and alkaloid F51, C20H23O4N (one hydroxyl and three methoxyl groups). Capaurimine on methylation yields capaurine O-methyl ether, the dl- form of which is identical with capauridine O-methyl ether. Alkaloid F51 on methylation yields dl-tetrahydro-palmatine but it is not identical with the known dl-bases of the same formula.
THE HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN HEAVY WATER
Authors: Giguère P. A. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide dissolved in heavy water, both on the surface of glass in alkaline medium and on metallic gold, was measured at 35 °C. The results, compared with those obtained under similar conditions for hydrogen peroxide in ordinary water, indicate that deuterium peroxide (D2O2) is much more stable than ordinary hydrogen peroxide towards such catalysts. The experimental results in both cases are of interest chiefly for comparison, and further investigations will be necessary before any sound conclusion can be drawn regarding the mechanism of the reactions involved.
THE SELENIUM CONTENT OF SASKATCHEWAN WHEAT
Authors: Thorvaldson T. , Johnson L. R.
Published: April 2011

Determinations of the selenium content of 230 composites made up from 2230 individual samples of wheat grown from pure varieties on soils of known type over the whole of the wheat-producing area of the province of Saskatchewan are recorded. The composites were made on the basis of shipping point, wheat variety, and soil type. The maximum amount of selenium found was 1.5 p.p.m., this quantity being present in 10 of the 230 composites, representing 71 (3.2%) of the individual samples. The average found for all the samples analysed was 0.44 p.p.m. It is considered that the averaging that occurs on bulk handling of wheat for export would prevent the selenium content of export cargoes from exceeding materially this average concentration. This represents less than one-tenth of the minimum concentration found to affect the growth of young animals. Analysis of 80 individual samples from the composites containing the highest quantities of selenium showed that no sample contained selenium in concentration as high as the minimum affecting growth. Wheat grown on soil of glacial lacustrine origin predominated among the samples giving the higher selenium content.
THE PROBLEM OF PLASTEIN FORMATION: I. THE FORMATION OF A PLASTEIN BY PAPAIN
Authors: Collier H. B.
Published: April 2011

Papain, activated by cyanide, cysteine, or hydrogen sulphide, produces a plastein, a protein-like substance, from concentrated peptic or papain digests of egg albumin. This activity is suppressed by boiling, aeration, the addition of copper salts, hydrogen peroxide, iodoacetate, or alloxan, indicating that free SH groups are essential. The optimum pH for plastein formation is 4.8; that for hydrolysis of the plastein by papain is about pH 4.2. It is concluded that concentration alone controls the direction of the enzyme action, the optimum pH and oxidation-reduction conditions being practically identical for both formation and hydrolysis of plastein.The rate of plastein formation varies with substrate concentration, above a minimum value. With constant substrate concentration, the rate of plastein formation varies as the square-root of the enzyme concentration. Hydroxylamine reduces the activity of the papain by about one-half. A similar effect is produced by treatment with phenylhydrazine, followed by benzaldehyde. Phenylhydrazine alone has no effect, whereas benzaldehyde alone depresses the activity very strongly.
THE BROMINE SENSITIZED PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF OZONE
Authors: Mungen R. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

Bromine acts as a sensitizer for the photodecomposition of ozone. The quantum efficiency for the bromine sensitized reaction is about 30. The effect of variation of wave-length, concentration, light intensity, and temperature has been studied. The quantum efficiency is the same for wave-lengths 5460 and 3650 Å and is independent of the ozone concentration, but varies somewhat with bromine concentration and light intensity. The temperature coefficient is 1.01. Under certain conditions an oxide of bromine, produced photochemically, can be isolated.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXX. AUROTENSINE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The alkaloid aurotensine is shown to have the same constitution as scoulerine. It is not the optical antipode nor the dl-form of the latter, but an addition compound of the l- and the dl-forms. Scoulerine diethyl ether and the mono-ethyl ethers of corypalmine and of isocorypalmine have been obtained in crystalline condition, thus facilitating the unambiguous characterization of the alkaloids.
HISTOLOGY OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE APPLE FRUIT
Authors: MacArthur Mary
Published: April 2011

The histological similarities and differences between the boron-amenable disorders, internal cork, corky core, and drought spot, and the non-boron-amenable disorder, bitter pit, are presented. Blotchy pit is discussed as a borderline type, since one end of a graded series is similar to internal cork and the other is indistinguishable from bitter pit. On the basis of histology water core is not placed in either of the two groups.Starch retention, in localized or diffuse necrotic areas, is common to both groups of disorders. External papillations occur on the walls of cells in close proximity to the lesions. Abnormal meristematic activities coexist with boron deficiency. These are (1) a cork cambium partially or completely walling off a lesion, (2) massed linear cells, heavily papillated, and (3) reactivated individual cells or groups of cells. All three types of abnormal cells may be present in internal cork and drought spot, but no cork cambium occurs in corky core.
RELATION OF SUNSPOT PERIODICITY TO PRECIPITATION, TEMPERATURE, AND CROP YIELDS IN ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

Coefficients of correlation (r) were calculated for sunspot data as related to annual precipitation and to temperature data from Edmonton, Calgary, Medicine Hat, Swift Current, Battleford, and Qu'Appelle; and as related to data on the yields of wheat, oats, and barley in Alberta and Saskatchewan. In all cases the correlation was negative, but only in the cases of precipitation at Edmonton, Calgary, and Battleford were the values significant. Data giving significant values of r are given graphical treatment.It was concluded that while the sunspot cycle probably bears some causal relation to precipitation, and perhaps also to temperature and indirectly to crop yields, it, nevertheless, does not provide a basis for long-range weather forecasting owing to the confusing effects of other weather-determining factors.The literature on sunspot periodicity in relation to terrestrial phenomena is reviewed briefly.
NITRIFICATION UNDER AND AFTER ALFALFA, BROME, TIMOTHY, AND WESTERN RYE GRASS: III. COMPOSITION OF HAY CROP RESIDUES
Authors: Newton R. , Young R. S.
Published: April 2011

Proximate analyses of roots (to plow depth) and stubble in one-, three-, and five-year-old sods, considered in relation to sequence effects as judged by the nitrogen absorption of the first two wheat crops after each age of sod, indicated the nitrogen content of the hay crop residues to be the dominant influence. Alfalfa was much superior to the grasses, a result apparently of the higher quantity of nitrogen returned to the soil and of the narrower C:N ratio in its residues. Timothy led the grasses, contributing the highest quantity of nitrogen in residues with the lowest percentage of crude fibre and the narrowest ratio of crude fibre to nitrogen-free extract. Brome contributed more residual nitrogen than western rye, but was slightly inferior in sequence effects.
NITRIFICATION UNDER AND AFTER ALFALFA, BROME, TIMOTHY, AND WESTERN RYE GRASS: IV. OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIALS AND CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION
Authors: Malloch J. G. , Young R. S.
Published: April 2011

Changes in the redox potentials of the soils and crop residues were caused mainly by the action of micro-organisms. No relation between the potential measurements and the yield or composition of the crops in the field could be demonstrated. All four forage plants have some fraction that was responsible for a marked drift in potential, but which disappeared early in the process of decomposition.The greatest production of carbon dioxide occurred in soils under the hay crops, and it decreased with lapse of time after breaking. The production was greatest under and after alfalfa followed by brome. When the composition of the crop residues is taken into account, a relation between the carbon dioxide production and nitrate production can be demonstrated. The carbon dioxide production of decomposing residues decreases rapidly from a high initial value, giving further evidence of the presence of a readily decomposable constituent.
STUDIES ON BROWNING ROOT ROT OF CEREALS: VI. FURTHER CONTRIBUTIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SOIL AMENDMENTS ON THE INCIDENCE OF THE DISEASE IN WHEAT
Authors: Vanterpool T. C.
Published: April 2011

Further work has substantiated earlier findings that phosphatic fertilizers and farm manure will give adequate control of Pythium root rot of wheat in infested prairie soils. The improvement in growth resulting from these amendments is considered to be due to the production of a larger number of quicker growing roots which lessens the chances for infection and leaves more roots healthy, though the same percentage may be affected as in diseased plants showing severe leaf discolorations. Experiments have failed to indicate that the phosphatic materials increase resistance appreciably. Nitrogenous materials when applied singly had virtually no effect on growth, but once ample phosphorus was added, further nitrogen applications gave substantially greater increases than phosphate alone. Phosphorus is apparently the chief limiting element. No difference was found in preliminary tests in the phosphate-fixing power of browning and normal soils. Typical browning soils responded irregularly to small applications of boron, copper, manganese, or zinc, but were not found to be seriously lacking in these elements. Moderate benefits resulted from heavy applications of gypsum and of sulphur. Browning soil was found also to be deficient in phosphate for non-cereals such as alfalfa, buckwheat, carrots, flax, lettuce, and sweet clover. These crops were not attacked by the Pythium spp. pathogenic to cereals. Consequently the poor growth of the non-cereals in browning soil appears to be due to nutrient deficiencies, while the poor growth of cereals is due to both root-destroying fungi and nutrient deficiencies. In both instances phosphorus is probably the chief limiting element. Ground cereal straw, sweet clover hay, and weed hay amendments gave moderate increases m the growth of wheat. No consistent differences were found in the carbon-nitrogen ratios of browning and normal soils. The results as a whole suggest that two of the most practicable means of meeting the browning root-rot situation are, firstly, to supply supplemental nutrients in the form of artificial fertilizers, and secondly, to add organic residues or farm manure regularly to fields subject to the disease.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY: A STATISTICAL STUDY OF CONSERVATION OF PRECIPITATION BY SUMMER FALLOWED SOIL TANKS AT SWIFT CURRENT, SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Changes in the moisture content of summer fallowed soil in tanks 15 in. in diameter and 5 ft. deep set in pits in the centre of field plots at the Dominion Experimental Station, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, which have been recorded at fairly frequent intervals during the summer months since 1922, provided two series of data, comprising observations in May and June and those in July and August. These have been analysed statistically in order to relate conservation to precipitation after making allowance for other variable factors. Five-factor regression equations, fitted by the method of Least Squares, gave multiple correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.96 between the computed and observed conservation in the two series. It is inferred from these equations that under average conditions a one-day rain to the amount of 0.36 in. in May-June and 0.46 in. in July-August would be required just to offset the subsequent evaporation during a 10-day period. Increased penetration and retention of the heavier rainfalls is very definitely indicated, and it is calculated that whereas on the average 66% of a one-day rain of 1 in. in May-June would still be conserved at the end of 10 days, only 30% would be retained if the same amount was received in five daily showers each of 0.20 in. The intensity as well as the total amount of precipitation is thus emphasized as a factor of prime importance in its relation to soil moisture under semi-arid conditions.
RESPONSES OF PLANT CUTTINGS TO TREATMENT WITH NAPHTHYL ACIDS AND THEIR POTASSIUM SALTS IN A TALC CARRIER
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Cuttings of one herbaceous and of four dormant woody plants were treated with a series of talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid and the acids and potassium salts of several members of the naphthyl series of root growth stimulating chemicals. The higher members of the series compared favourably with naphthylacetic acid in respect to most of the responses considered, though there were indications that naphthylacetic acid or its salt had a greater effect on the number of roots per rooted cutting. Naphthylacetic and 1-γ-naphthylbutyric members of the series were equally effective as acids or salts; however, a mixture of the isomeric 1- and 2-γ-naphthylbutyric acids was more active than the corresponding mixture of salts. Conversely, potassium naphthylhexoate appeared to have greater activity than the acid. The results suggest that pure naphthylbutyric acid, the isomeric mixture of acids, and potassium naphthylhexoate are virtually as effective as the recognized plant growth stimulating chemicals, indolyl- and naphthylacetic acids.A noteworthy feature of the results was the beneficial effect of treatment with talc alone. The promotion of new growth and rooting of dormant cuttings were of particular interest, though most of the other criteria studied also indicated beneficial responses.
SEEDLING REACTIONS OF WHEAT VARIETIES TO STEM RUST AND LEAF RUST AND OF OAT VARIETIES TO STEM RUST AND CROWN RUST
Authors: Newton Margaret , Johnson T. , Peturson B.
Published: April 2011

A study of the rust reactions of wheat varieties to 20 physiologic races of stem rust has shown that several varieties of the vulgare type, namely, McMurachy, Eureka, and several strains from Kenya, East Africa, are immune in the seedling stage at ordinary greenhouse temperatures (55° F. to 80° F. daily). This immunity largely disappears when the plants are kept at a constant high temperature (75° F. to 80° F.). Certain other varieties and hybrid strains were found rather highly resistant to eight physiologic races of leaf rust, but none of the vulgare varieties tested showed immunity or high resistance to both stem rust and leaf rust.Tests to determine the resistance of oat varieties to the physiologic races of oat stem rust and crown rust prevalent in Canada showed that four oat varieties derived from the cross Hajira × Joanette were resistant to all the physiologic races of oat stem rust used in the test, and that certain strains derived from the cross Victoria × (Hajira × Banner Sel. 524) were resistant to all but one of these races. The last mentioned strains and the varieties Victoria and Trispernia proved resistant to the nine races of crown rust to which they were tested.
NOTE ON THE PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS OF WHITE PINE AND WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Farrar T. L. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
PARASITES OF FRESHWATER FISH: II. PARASITISM OF SPECKLED AND LAKE TROUT AND THE FISH FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH THEM IN LAKE COMMANDANT, QUE.
Authors: Lyster L. L.
Published: April 2011

Parasitism of two game fish, Salvelinus fontinalis and Cristivomer naymaycush and of two other fish, Perca flavescens and Catostomus commersonii is discussed. Glaridacris intermedius sp. nov. (Cestoda), Rhabdochona laurentiana sp. nov. (Nematoda) and Raphidascaris alius sp. nov. (Nematoda) are described.
INVESTIGATIONS ON TRICHINOSIS IN CANADA: III. ON THE INCIDENCE OF TRICHINOSIS IN GARBAGE-FED HOGS
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: April 2011

An examination of 995 garbage-fed hogs from Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba, showed that only two harboured trichina larvae.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: IV. CORRELATION BETWEEN CONSTITUENTS AND PROPERTIES OF BACON
Authors: Cook W. H. , White W. H.
Published: April 2011

Simple correlation coefficients computed between several observed properties and constituents of factory-cured Wiltshire bacon showed the following to be associated: nitrate and chloride contents; nitrite and chloride contents; nitrite content and pH; and moisture and chloride contents. The first two of these associations probably arise from the pickle compositions and curing practices followed in the plants. The last two associations suggest a certain degree of dependence between the two properties, i.e., the nitrite content of the meat increases with the pH, and the moisture content decreases as the chloride content increases. When the moisture content of the bacon was expressed on a salt-free basis, the correlation between the moisture and chloride contents was not significant. This indicates that curing practices favouring a high salt content do not result in the removal of more moisture from the sides.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: VII. SPECIFICATION OF COLOUR AND COLOUR STABILITY
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

A method of specifying the colour of bacon by measurement of its red, green, and blue spectral components is described.Statistical evidence, based on a total of 792 observations, is presented which indicates that although the variation of these three components of colour from sample to sample of meat is to some extent correlated, each also exhibits a significant element of independent fluctuation. It is accordingly concluded that for investigational purposes, all three components should be included in forthcoming studies of colour and colour stability, and factors influencing them, in an extended series of samples. The possibility that for routine operations such as plant control a more limited analysis might suffice, will, however, also be made the subject of inquiry.
FROZEN STORAGE OF POULTRY: IV. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON SURFACE DRYING AND PEROXIDE OXYGEN FORMATION
Authors: Cook W. H. , White W. H.
Published: April 2011

A package constructed from moisture resistant material, capable of being ventilated during chilled storage, and sealed to prevent surface drying during frozen storage, is described. Results are presented to demonstrate the ability of this package to maintain the desired humidity conditions. Jacketing a room to separate the cooling coils from the space occupied by the product does not prevent surface drying of boxed goods, presumably because of the absorption of moisture by the boxes. Delays between slaughter and freezing accelerate the development of rancidity in the fat of poultry during subsequent frozen storage, as indicated by the formation of peroxide oxygen. The free fatty acid content is not seriously affected unless the conditions prior to freezing enhance microbial development.
RESONANCE METHOD OF MEASURING THE RATIO OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF A GAS, Cp/Cv. PART III.: SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND NITROUS OXIDE
Authors: Clark A. L. , Katz L.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a continuation of work published in the Canadian Journal of Research in 1940. The results for nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide are now shown. A paper now in preparation will deal with some theoretical matters and will contain additional results for some of the gases already discussed.
A NEW SOURCE OF COCOSITOL
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

The leaves of Calycanthus floridus and of C. glaucus have been shown to contain a polyhydric alcohol, C6H12O6, which has been identified as cocositol.
PECTIC SUBSTANCES IN COTTON
Authors: Leger Frank , Larose P.
Published: April 2011

The quantitative distribution of pectic substances in raw cotton has been studied. A new method for the removal of cuticle pectin has been utilized.A combination of this method with analysis for α-cellulose has shown that the non-cellulosic material in undamaged cotton appears to be present in the form of pectin.In direct support of recent work carried out by Harris and co-workers (5, 6), and in contrast to that published by Farr (3), it has been found that reduction of pectin content from 1.18 to 0.12% resulted in a change of fluidity from 1.93 to 2.08, whereas treatment with hydrochloric acid raised the fluidity to 25.8.It is suggested that there is no essential chemical difference between pectin in the cuticle surrounding the fibre and that distributed throughout the fibre.
THERMAL STUDIES ON ASBESTOS: III. EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE BREAKING STRENGTH OF ASBESTOS CLOTH CONTAINING COTTON
Authors: Wolochow D.
Published: April 2011

Commercial, Underwriters', and A grades of asbestos cloth begin to lose strength as soon as heat is applied. On heating for five minutes at 300 °C. these three grades of asbestos cloth lose approximately 60, 35, and 25% of their original (conditioned) breaking strength, respectively. Charts are given showing the effect of heating, at temperatures up to 600 °C., for periods up to one hour.
DETERMINATION OF T.N.T. (2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE) IN AIR
Authors: Kay Kingsley
Published: April 2011

A practical method for determining the concentration of T.N.T. in workroom atmospheres has been developed and has been given successful field tests. The accuracy of the method described is approximately ± 10%. The method is a comparative one, depending upon the red coloration produced when 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in acetone is treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide in water. The stability of the coloration has been studied and the optimum conditions of temperature and concentrations of reactants have been determined. In addition the range of colour that allows the most accurate comparison has been evaluated. Minor refinements are at present in progress with a view to increasing the accuracy of the test.
NEW LOW PRESSURE GAUGE
Authors: Coffin C. C. , Dingle J. R.
Published: April 2011

A heat-conductivity, low-pressure gauge based on the rate of sublimation of solid carbon dioxide is described. The gauge, which also serves as a trap in the vacuum line, is sensitive enough for most purposes. It is extremely simple and inexpensive to construct and operate.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITATION OF CARBONATES, BORATES, SILICATES AND ARSENATES
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Cloutier Louis , Martineau R.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the precipitation, at room temperature, of the carbonates of cadmium, cobalt, and nickel, of the chromate of beryllium, of the borates of zinc, of the silicates of copper and of the arsenates of lead. A rapid-mixing apparatus that insured that the precipitations took place in homogeneous liquid medium was used. In each series of experiments, the concentration of one reacting solution was kept constant and that of the other systematically varied. The values of the molar ratio of oxides, CdO/CO2 for example, in the precipitates were found by analysis. If they remained constant with different concentrations of reactants, a definite compound was indicated. The normal cadmium carbonate was obtained. Three definite basic compounds, not described in the literature, were prepared: a definite basic carbonate of cobalt, 5CoCO3∙Co(OH)2, and two definite basic arsenates of lead, 4Pb3(AsO4)2∙Pb(OH)2 and 9Pb3(AsO4)2∙Pb(OH)2. Dilead arsenate, PbHAsO4, was easily precipitated, but trilead arsenate, Pb3(AsO4)2, only under very specific conditions. The other precipitates were all mixtures. The influence of the hydrogen ion concentration of the solutions on the composition of the precipitates formed was determined.
ON THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY GLYOXALINES (IMINAZOLES)
Authors: Hunter G. , Raragosky T. M.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the estimation of urinary glyoxalines that has certain advantages over the Koessler and Hanke method, though based on the same principles of urinary fractionation by basic lead acetate and employing the Koessler and Hanke diazo reagent. It is found that normal individuals commonly excrete 200 mg. of urinary glyoxalines, though some excrete less than half this amount, and others two or three times this amount in the course of 24 hr. Urine glyoxalines are thought to be largely of endogenous metabolic origin.
EFFECTS OF TALC AND PHYTOHORMONE TREATMENT ON THE ROOTING OF DAHLIA CUTTINGS
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Groups of Dahlia cuttings, untreated, talc treated, and treated with talc containing various concentrations of naphthylbutyric acid, were propagated in sand in a greenhouse. All the untreated cuttings died; those treated with talc alone suffered only 4% mortality. Although phytohormone treatment increased the number of roots per rooted cutting, it increased the average mortality to 23%. There were no significant differences in the effects of the various concentrations of phytohormone. Reduction of mortality by talc treatment was the chief feature of the results.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWIN EMBRYO SACS, EMBRYOS, AND ENDOSPERM IN POA ARCTICA R. BR.
Authors: Engelbert V.
Published: April 2011

The origin and development of twin embryo sacs especially in P. arctica R. Br. were studied microscopically in sections of whole spikelets representing consecutive stages in development from the time of emergence of the panicle until after pollination. Twin embryo sacs usually develop, one originating from the innermost of a row of four macrospores with the reduced chromosome number, the other from an aposporous cell that originates in the nucellus, near the chalaza and behind the normal archespore. The individual development of the normal and aposporous embryo sacs from their respective mother cells is traced and the competition between them discussed. Both aposporous and normal egg cells develop parthenogenetically. Pollen germination appears to activate the aposporous polar cell to form endosperm which in turn nourishes the aposporous (2n) and (or) the "sexual" (n) embryo. The greatest number of plants originate from the aposporous embryo. A type of apospory was found in P. alpina L. from Greenland. The work of other investigators, especially on P. pratensis L. is reinterpreted in the light of these findings.
CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLUTEN WITH AGING OF FLOUR
Authors: McCaig J. D. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

The physical properties of gluten, as determined by the hydration of the gluten between pH 4 and 7, are deleteriously affected by aging of flour. Similar effects are obtained by adding linolic acid, whereas some of the effects of aging can be removed by extraction of the flour with ether. The original quality of the gluten is not restored by such extraction. Gluten from aged deteriorated flour swells enormously in 0.1 N acetic acid; such hydration is not an indication of good quality but rather of resistance to dispersion. Some freshly milled flours produce gluten possessing the physical characteristics of gluten from aged deteriorated flour.It is concluded that the quality of gluten depends to a considerable extent on the nature of the adsorbed lipoids. Many of the characteristics of gluten are determined by relatively insoluble (unidentified) lipoid substances, whereas the absence of such lipoids and the formation of fatty acids during aging are deleterious to gluten quality.
EFFECTS OF PHYTOHORMONE, POTASSIUM NITRATE, AND ETHYL MERCURIC BROMIDE ON THE GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF WHEAT
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Marquis wheat treated with a series of talc dusts containing indolylacetic acid, potassium naphthylacetate, potassium nitrate, and ethyl mercuric bromide was grown in soil in the greenhouse. Potassium naphthylacetate increased the final germination count 2.6% while indolylacetic treatments failed to affect germination or early growth. Neither of these growth stimulating chemicals interacted with potassium nitrate or ethyl mercuric bromide. Ethyl mercuric bromide retarded the germination rate but increased the final germination count. Potassium nitrate in conjunction with the organic mercurial disinfectant reduced final germination and the air-dry weight of young plants. On the average, dust treatments reduced the rate of germination but increased the air-dry weight of stems.
THE PHYTOPLANKTON OF SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN: PART II
Authors: Kuehne Paul E.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE DIAPAUSE AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN GILPINIA POLYTOMA (HARTIG): I. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCEPTION OF DIAPAUSE
Authors: Prebble M. L.
Published: April 2011

This first in a series of five papers includes a review of the literature on diapause and an outline of the life cycle of the European spruce sawfly in Canada, especially the developmental stages within the cocoon. In studies of factors influencing the inception of diapause, evidence has been secured from offspring of stock from one-generation and two-generation areas that there are genetic differences within the species with respect to the capacity for development without diapause. Environmental factors are capable of bringing on diapause, and such factors are obviously operative during the development of the last seasonal generation of "emergent" field populations. However, analysis of weather conditions and incidence of diapause in such field populations failed to indicate correlation between the degree of diapause and any one environmental factor.
NOTE ON THE ENERGY AND MOMENTUM CORRECTION FACTORS FOR FLOW IN CIRCULAR PIPES
Authors: Tupper K. F.
Published: April 2011

The energy and momentum correction factors are expressed as functions of two integrals depending on the velocity distribution. General relations for any stream cross-section are given for the sign and relative size of the integrals. Using the Karman–Prandtl velocity distribution laws for circular pipes the integrals are evaluated numerically and given as functions of the bulk Reynolds number, the pipe friction factor, and other useful quantities likely to be known in practice.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXXI. CORYDALIS MONTANA (ENGELM.) BRITTON
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Seven known alkaloids have been isolated from Corydalis montana (Engelm.) Britton, namely: protopine, dl-tetrahydro-palmatine, corydaline, capauridine, capaurine, scoulerine, and capaurimine. Two new bases have been isolated. One of these, alkaloid F57, was obtained by reduction of a quaternary base which itself could not be obtained crystalline. C. aurea has also yielded the same base. It is represented by C18H21O3N containing three methoxyls. The second new base, alkaloid F56, is represented by C23H27O6N containing four methoxyl groups.It is pointed out that the chemical differences between C. aurea and C. montana are of sufficient magnitude to allocate specific rank to each plant.
STUDIES ON DICYANOTRIAZOLE: I. THE CONDUCTANCE OF DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF DICYANOTRIAZOLE AT 25 °C.
Authors: Taylor E. G.
Published: April 2011

Previous experimental studies of dicyanotriazole have resulted in statements that the compound is an acid comparable in strength with the strong mineral acids.In the present work, measurements of the equivalent conductance of dicyanotriazole in dilute aqueous solution give the dissociation constant of the acid as 3.378 × 10−2 at 25 °C., thus showing it to be an acid possessing about the same strength as dichloracetic acid.The limiting equivalent conductance of dicyanotriazole at 25 °C. is 384.9. The earlier work gave a value of 397.44.
ULTRACENTRIFUGE AND DIFFUSION STUDIES ON GLUTEN
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Gralén Nils
Published: April 2011

The molecular characteristics of gluten in sodium salicylate solutions were studied by means of sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium, and diffusion measurements. The proportion of total gluten protein molecularly dispersed increased with increase in concentration of sodium salicylate up to 12%, but the dispersed portions had essentially the same sedimentation constant (2.5 ± 0.15) regardless of the concentration of the dispersing medium.The most soluble 25 per cent of the gluten was all molecularly dispersed, but was definitely inhomogeneous. The weight-average molecular weight of this fraction was 44,000, but there is reason to believe the minimum weight may be about 35,000. None of the other fractions was entirely molecularly dispersed, the proportion decreasing with decreasing solubility of the fractions. Aggregates of many sizes existed in all of these fractions, but only the most insoluble contained aggregates large enough to cause opacity. Sedimentation constants of the molecularly dispersed portions increased slightly with decreasing solubility, while diffusion constants decreased markedly. None of the fractions yielded normal curves (diffusion diagrams) but the more soluble the fraction, the more nearly normal the curve. The inhomogeneity responsible for the varying rates of diffusion was due partly to differences in proportion and properties of the molecularly dispersed gluten and partly to aggregates.All properties showed progressive changes both within and between the arbitrarily produced fractions. These results, therefore, support the hypothesis that gluten is a protein system showing progressive and regular changes in properties with change in solubility.
ARE THERE LIVING BACTERIA IN PERMANENTLY FROZEN SUBSOIL?
Authors: James Norman , Sutherland Marjorie L.
Published: April 2011

Samples of frozen subsoil were obtained aseptically at Churchill, Man., located on Hudson Bay at about 58° north latitude. These were cultured on various media. The procedure followed failed to demonstrate the presence of viable micro-organisms in the permanently frozen zone of a clay subsoil. Bacteria were isolated from samples obtained as deep as nine feet from the surface of a coarse gravel subsoil.
POLARIZATION AND PROGRESSION IN PAIRING: I. INTERLOCKING OF BIVALENTS IN TRILLIUM ERECTUM L.
Authors: Smith Stanley G. , Boothroyd E. Roger
Published: April 2011

A total of 346 interlocks, occurring in five plants, were classified as to type of interlocking and type of bivalent concerned. Two main types of interlocking, true and false, occurred in equal numbers, the interlocking involving different bivalents and also the two arms of one bivalent. An interlocked chiasma, the first reported case in which the chromatids could be traced, and a clear example of chromatid interlocking were observed. No correlation was found between the frequency of interlocking and the temperature at which meiosis occurred.The ratio of the frequencies with which the individual bivalents were involved in interlocking is proportional to the relative lengths of the bivalent arms minus a minimum length. Interlocking of bivalents in the 10 possible combinations in pairs occurred with the frequencies expected from the frequencies with which the individual bivalents were involved.All loops of the bivalents were involved in interlocking, odd and even loops being involved in the ratio of 3:1. That adjacent to the centromere and the most distal loops were most frequently concerned and centric interlocking occurred with a frequency only one-third that expected on a random basis. The loops involved were larger than corresponding loops free from interlocking.Interlocking was found to reduce the chiasma frequency. The chiasma frequency of encircled bivalents was higher than that of bivalents in cells devoid of interlocks, which, in turn, had a higher frequency than the encircling bivalents of false interlocks. The factor causing the reduction was found to reduce the chiasma frequency of non-interlocked bivalents accompanying interlocked bivalents. The reduction in chiasma frequency is insufficient to have resulted from loss of chiasmata. It is proportional to the increase in size of the interlocking loops, which is the result, not of increased repulsion, but of simple interference with the positions in which chiasmata are formed at pachytene.It is concluded that interlocking is a result of the derangement of chromosomes that are normally polarized and have their proximal parts in an orderly spatial arrangement prior to pairing.
A NEW HEMIASCOMYCETE
Authors: White W. Lawrence
Published: April 2011

A new genus and species are established for a Hemiascomycete growing on Corticium microsporum, a member of the Thelephoraceae. The fungus is known from three collections made in different localities in Ontario. It is characterized by a limited mycelial growth in the subhymenium of the Basidiomycete where it also produces more or less elongate and coiled ascogonial branches and hypha-like antheridial branches, each female branch producing a single ascus which grows through the hymenium of the supporting fungus and protrudes prominently beyond the basidia. Phylogeny in the lower Ascomycetes is considered briefly and evidence is presented indicating relationship of the fungus in question with Dipodascus and Endomyces.
RESEARCHES ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN SPRING WHEAT: II. THE EFFECT OF TIME OF DAY ON SURVIVAL OF PLANTS DURING EXPOSURE TO ARTIFICIAL DROUGHT
Authors: Kenway C. B. , Peto H. B. , Neatby K. W.
Published: April 2011

The time of day during which tests are conducted has a pronounced effect on the damage sustained by wheat plants exposed to artificial drought. When the day is divided into four six-hour periods, beginning at 6.00 a.m., the period from 6.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon provides the most severe test. In 12-hr. and 18-hr. exposures, relatively severe damage to the plants is associated with the inclusion: of the 6.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon period.
INDIVIDUAL PLOT STUDIES OF VARIATION IN NUMBERS OF BACTERIA IN SOIL: I. RESPONSE TO CROPPING
Authors: James Norman , Sutherland Marjorie L.
Published: April 2011

Studies on the relation of cropping to numbers of bacteria in soil were carried on in an experiment designed for statistical control. Plots were cropped as follows: fallow, three; wheat, three; barley, two; sugar beets, two; soybeans, two; and corn, two. The estimate on each plot is based on counts from 24 plates. A series of from 17 to 20 such estimates, made at weekly intervals from each plot, is available for the analysis. Moisture data are available also. The effect of cropping on numbers of bacteria is shown for each plot as the multiple regression of bacteria on days and moisture reduced to two dimensions by the elimination of moisture.Bacteria respond to a growing crop. This response is similar in replicate plots of one treatment; but is markedly different with different crops.
ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS IN A SEED-BORNE DISEASE OF BARLEY CAUSED BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM PAMMEL, KING, AND BAKKE
Authors: Mead H. W.
Published: April 2011

The experiments described in this article show that the greatest seedling injury occurs under conditions that are unfavourable to the host, i.e., high temperature and excessive moisture or low temperature and scant moisture; that the greatest recovery takes place at 15 to 18 °C. in moist soil. They further show that packing and fertilization of the soil increase the amount of infection, though fertilization may increase the dry weight of the seedlings; that the microflora of the soil has little influence upon the seed-borne parasite; that reduction of the oxygen content of a nutrient solution and of soil from 21% to 10% depresses the growth of the seedlings and the amount of infection; that the addition of 1% of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere of soil increases the amount of seedling infection. From these results the conclusion is drawn that barley that is infected with H. sativum should be sown in cool, moist, well aerated soil.