bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herstellung von Bis‐phosphonigsäureestern aus bifunktionellen Grignard‐Verbindungen und Umsetzungen zu bifunktionellen phosphororganischen Verbindungen
Authors: Sander Manfred
Published: May 2007

Durch Verwendung von Tetrahydrofuran als Lösungsmittel gelang es, die Grignard‐Verbindungen ClMg.[CH2]n.MgCl, n = 4−6, sowie m‐ und p‐Phenylendimagnesiumbromid in hohen Ausbeuten herzustellen. Durch Umsetzung von bifunktionellen Grignard‐Verbindungen mit Trialkylphosphiten oder besser mit Phosphorigsäure‐dialkylester‐chloriden konnten die Alkan‐α.ω‐bis‐phosphonigsäureester (RO)2P.[CH2]n.P(OR)2, n = 4−6, in Ausbeuten bis zu 50% gewonnen werden, während die Synthese aromatischer Di‐phosphonite nicht gelang. Ausgehend von den Bis‐phosphonigsäureestern ließen sich die bifunktionellen Verbindungsklassen RO(O)PH.[CH2]n.PH(O)OR, HO(O)PH.[CH2]n. PH(O)OH, H2P.[CH2]n.PH2 und Cl2P.[CH2]n.PCl2 erschließen.
Über thermische Umlagerungen am Bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐hepten‐System
Authors: Alder Kurt , Ache Hans‐Joachim
Published: May 2007

Die thermische Behandlung substituierter bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐heptene führt ähnlich wie die der Maleinsäure‐anhydrid‐Addukte substituierter Cyclopentadiene1,2 zu einem strukturellen Umbau. Neben dem Übergang des 1‐Alkyl‐bicyclo‐heptensing 2‐Alkyl‐bicyclo‐hepten und umgekehrt, tritt noch eine bisher unbekannte Umlagerung einer Bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐hepten‐ in eine semicyclische Doppelbindung auf. Dadurch ergeben sich interessante Synthesemöglichkeiten für das Norcamphen, 2‐Äthyliden‐ und 2‐Isopropyliden‐bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐heptan; santen geht analog in endo‐2‐Methyl‐3‐methylen‐bicyclo‐[1.2.2]‐heptan über.
Über drei saure pentasaccharide aus Frauenmilch
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Gauhe Adeline
Published: May 2007

Es wurden 3 Pentasaccharide (a, b, c) aus Frauenmilch isoliert, die je 1 Mol. Lactaminsäure (N‐Acetyl‐neuraminsäure), 1 Mol. Glucose, 2 Moll. Galaktose und 1 Mol. N‐Acetyl‐glucosamin enthalten. Unter Abspaltung der sauren Komponente gehen a und b in Lacto‐N‐tetraose über, während c die isomere Lacto‐N‐neotetraose liefert.— Durch zwei Stämme von Influenzavirus wurde das pentasaccharid a viel leichter als c gespalten und b praktisch nicht angegriffen.
Phosphororganische Verbindungen, XXXIII. Zum Mechanismus der Phosphinimid‐ bildung aus Brom‐arylaminen und Triphenylphosphin
Authors: Hoffmann Hellmut , Michael Dieter
Published: May 2007

Die Bildung von Phosphinimid‐hydrobromiden aus primären o‐und p‐Bromarylaminen und tertiären Phosphinen verläuft wahrscheinlich über die folgenden Stufen: 1. Enthalogenierung des Brom‐arylamins durch Protonen (evtl. unter Mitwirkung des Phosphins); 2. Bildung von Phosphindibromiden; 3. Reaktion des phosphindibromids mit dem enthalogenierten Amin.
Phosphororganische Verbindungen, XXXV. PO‐aktivierte Verbindungen als Olefinierungsreagentien
Authors: Horner Leopold , Hoffmann Hellmut , Klink Walter , Ertel Hartmut , Toscano Vicente G.
Published: May 2007

Mit metallierten Mono‐ und Bis‐phosphon‐ und ‐phosphinsäureestern sowie Phosphinoxyden werden Mono‐ bzw. Bis‐Olefinierungen von Carbonylverbindungen durchgeführt. Phosphonsäureester mit gesättigtem Alkylrest werden durch das Metallierungsmittel gespalten und sind im Gegensatz zu den Alkylphosphinoxyden als Olefinierungsreagentien ungeeignet. Der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren wie Metallierungsmittel, Molverhältnis, Temperatur und Lösungsmittel auf den Reaktionsverlauf wird untersucht.
Über die von C. Paal und H. Schulze beschriebenen 1.2.3‐Tribenzoyl‐cyclopropane
Authors: Mailer Günther
Published: May 2007

Die als cis‐1.2.3.‐Tribenzoyl‐cylopropan (I) beschriebene Verbindung erweist sich als das trans‐Isomere II, die bisher als trans‐1.2.3.‐Tribenzoyl‐cyclopropan (II)bezeichnete Substanz als das Butenolid III. Das Kondensationsprodukt aus II und Hydrazin ist ein Derivat des Bis‐aza‐norcaradiens.
Über Benzo‐bis‐thiazole
Authors: Neunhoeffer Otto , Barnikow Günther
Published: May 2007

Die in der älteren Literatur als 2.6‐Dimethyl‐benzo[1.2.5.4]bis‐thiazol (I)2 bezeichnete Verbindung ist das 2.7‐Dimethyl‐benzo[1.2.3.4.]bis‐thiazol (II). Die Quartärsalzbildung der Benzo‐bis‐thiazole wird besprochen.
Darstellung von Propanon‐(2)‐[2‐14C] und Butanon‐(2)‐[2‐14C] durch Umsetzung von Cadmiumdialkylen mit 14C‐markierten Säurechloriden
Authors: Schweer Karl‐Heinz , Schwarz Alexander
Published: May 2007

Carbonyl.[14C]‐markierte aliphatische Ketone lassen sich im Vergleich zu dem bisher üblichen Verfahren der thermischen Zersetzung von Alkali‐bzw. Erdalkalisalzen der Carbonsäuren durch Umsetzung von Cadmiumdialkylen mit markierten Säurechloriden in erheblich besserer radiochemischer Ausbeute darstellen.
Investigation of the Stability of the M‐H‐B Bond in Borane σ Complexes [M(CO)5(η1‐BH2R⋅L)] and [CpMn(CO)2(η1‐BH2R⋅L)] (M=Cr, W; L=Tertiary Amine or Phosphine): Substituent and Lewis Base Effects
Authors: Kawano Yasuro , Yamaguchi Kazunori , Miyake Shun‐ya , Kakizawa Taeko , Shimoi Mamoru
Published: May 2007

We investigated the influence of a substituent and a Lewis base on boron upon the thermodynamic stability of metal complexes of borane–Lewis base adducts, [M(CO)5(η1‐BH2R⋅L)] (M=Cr, W) and [CpMn(CO)2(η1‐BH2R⋅L)], where R=Cl, I, m‐C6H4F, Ph, H, Me, Et; L=PMe3, PPh3, NMe3, quinuclidine. In these compounds, the stability of the metal–borane linkage was enhanced by increasing the electron‐releasing ability of the substituent on boron. A stronger base L additionally stabilized the complexes. The strength of the borane–metal interaction is thus mainly ascribed to the electron donation from the BH σ orbital to metal rather than the back‐donation into the BH σ* orbital. This result supports the bonding model for the B‐H‐M linkage in the borane complexes suggested by MO calculations, where the borane‐to‐metal electron donation is predominant while the metal back‐donation into the BH σ* orbital is negligible. Such a stability trend of the borane complexes makes a sharp contrast to that of many silane and dihydrogen complexes.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder in a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: Examining the efficacy of psychological intervention using single N methodology
Authors: Kevan Ian Mark , Gumley Andrew I. , Coletta Vicki
Published: May 2007

Psychological intervention for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is presented using single N methodology. Psychological formulation and intervention were informed by psychological models of PTSD symptom persistence that focus on dual maintaining factors of (a) disturbance in the form of trauma autobiographical memory and (b) problematic trauma‐related appraisals. Baseline assessment of difficulties related to intrusive memories, problematic trauma‐related appraisals (e.g., responsibility appraisals) and associated negative emotions (e.g., anger) was followed by two phases of intervention: (1) written elaboration of the trauma memory and (2) cognitive restructuring of problematic trauma‐related appraisals. Treatment produced reduction in ratings of distress in all domains and there were clinically significant reductions in PTSD symptomatology and co‐morbid depression on standardized self‐report measures. There were, however, differential effects of treatment components as evidenced during the sequential introduction of treatment components. These are discussed and directions for future research in the treatment of PTSD in persons with severe mental health problems are highlighted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DOA estimation of desired signals by cyclic ESPRIT based on noise subspace and its performance improvement
Authors: Inagaki Yoshiyuki , Kikuma Nobuyoshi , Hirayama Hiroshi , Sakakibara Kunio
Published: May 2007

Because of the rapid development of mobile communications and ITS (intelligent transport systems), the electromagnetic wave propagation environment is becoming complex, and there is an increasing demand for techniques to estimate the direction of arrival with high resolution and to reduce the effect of interference waves. Among these, Cyclic MUSIC and Cyclic ESPRIT, in which the direction of the arriving wave can be estimated selectively by utilizing the periodic stationary property of the arriving wave, are attracting attention. The authors are proposing Cyclic ESPRIT based on the noise subspace (NS Cyclic ESPRIT) in order to remedy the performance degradation produced by the fact that the correlation matrix of the array input used in Cyclic ESPRIT is not a Hermitian matrix. However, when the number of snapshots is finite in the estimation of arrival direction by Cyclic MUSIC or Cyclic ESPRIT, the interference wave component remaining in the correlation matrix has an adverse effect on the accuracy of direction‐of‐arrival estimation. Consequently, adaptive spatial smoothing processing and generalized eigenvalue decomposition are introduced into NS Cyclic ESPRIT in this study, aiming at reduction of the remaining interference component and at performance improvement in direction‐of‐arrival estimation. A computer simulation verifies that the performance in direction‐of‐arrival estimation in NS Cyclic ESPRIT is improved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(11): 95–104, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20304
Route diversity effect on multipoint‐to‐multipoint (MP‐MP) fixed wireless systems with mesh network topologies recommended in ITU‐R F.1704
Authors: Nanba Shinobu , Konishi Satoshi , Kishi Yoji , Nomoto Shinichi
Published: May 2007

Broadband fixed wireless access (FWA) systems using submillimeter and millimeter bands are expected to function as large‐capacity access circuits supplementing wired broadband access networks. However, a major issue in handling high‐frequency bands such as the submillimeter and millimeter bands has been deterioration of circuit quality due to rain attenuation and the resulting degradation of operating efficiency. In order to deal with this issue, the authors proposed a multipoint‐to‐multipoint (MP‐MP) FWA system using a mesh topology that organically combines point‐to‐point (P‐P) wireless links, and quantitatively showed a diversity effect obtained on the mesh network to demonstrate the validity of the system. The proposed system was recommended for use as F.1704 by the ITU‐R (International Telecommunication Union‐Radiocommunication Sector), which promotes research into standardization of wireless communications and prepares recommendations. In this paper, we give theoretical evaluations of the diversity effect that formed the core of the recommendation, and present evaluation examples based on real data obtained from outdoor test networks, to demonstrate the validity of the diversity effect in the proposed system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(11): 61–70, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20334
Interference and outage probability evaluation in UMTS network capacity planning
Authors: Liu Tuo , Everitt David
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we develop efficient analytic techniques for characterisation of other‐cell interference in the uplink of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) cellular networks. Heterogeneous service classes are supported in such systems with different data rate, bit error rate and activity factors. Additionally, the considered propagation model includes both distance loss and log‐normal shadowing effects. First we suggest analytical methods to derive the whole distribution function (d.f.) of other‐cell interference, followed by corresponding log‐normal approximation introduced and validated to simplify the computation. An iterative method for solving fixed‐point equations is employed to determine both d.f. and the mean and variance for log‐normal approximation of the other‐cell interference. Finally, one important application of the derived distribution of other‐cell interference, the calculation of outage probability, is demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging mesial temporal lobe activation during scene encoding: Comparison of fMRI using BOLD and arterial spin labeling
Authors: Fernández‐Seara María A. , Wang Jiongjiong , Wang Ze , Korczykowski Marc , Guenther Matthias , Feinberg David A. , Detre John A.
Published: May 2007

Memory encoding is a critical brain function subserved by the hippocampus (HP) and mesial temporal lobe (mTL) structures. Visualization of mTL memory activation with BOLD fMRI is complicated by the presence of static susceptibility gradients in this region. Arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion fMRI offers an alternative approach not dependent on susceptibility contrast that instead suffers from lower intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio. An improved ASL perfusion fMRI approach combining pseudo‐continuous ASL and a T2*‐insensitive sequence (GRASE) with background suppression was compared to BOLD fMRI at 3 T during a scene encoding task known to activate the HP. Overall, an approximate sixfold sensitivity increase of ASL fMRI was achieved, with improved coverage in the anterior mTL, while suppression of the static tissue enhanced the stability of the ASL series by a factor of 2.4. Perfusion fMRI using this approach with 4 mm isotropic resolution yielded better localized and stronger group activation maps than BOLD fMRI at a standard resolution of 3 mm isotropic voxels. Increasing the resolution for BOLD to 2.5 mm isotropic produced stronger mTL and hippocampal activation in the group and individual subjects than the ASL technique, due to superior temporal resolution and reduced partial volume effects. Future improvements in ASL spatial and temporal resolution would allow the benefits of both approaches to be combined to further enhance the sensitivity for detecting mTL activation during memory encoding. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance: The TRAM model
Authors: Lin Chien‐Hsin , Shih Hsin‐Yu , Sher Peter J.
Published: May 2007

Based on previous theoretical streams, the present study integrates technology readiness (TR) into the technology acceptance model (TAM) in the context of consumer adoption of e‐service systems, and theorizes that the impact of TR on use intention is completely mediated by both perceptions of usefulness and ease of use. TAM was originally developed to predict people's technology‐adopting behavior at work environments, but this research stemmed from a questioning of its applicability in marketing (i.e., non‐work) settings. The differences between the two settings are exhibited by consumers' self‐determining selection behavior and their high involvement in the e‐service creation and delivery process. This paper first reviews the TAM and the construct of technology readiness, and then proposes and empirically tests an integrated Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model (TRAM) to augment TAM by taking technology readiness construct into the realm of consumers' adoption of innovations. The results indicate that TRAM substantially broadens the applicability and the explanatory power of either of the prior models and may be a better way to gauge technology adoption in situations where adoption is not mandated by organizational objectives. Further, theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactions between metal chlorides and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) in concentrated solutionsand solid‐state films
Authors: Hao Chaowei , Zhao Ying , Zhou Yong , Zhou Lijuan , Xu Yizhuang , Wang Dujin , Xu Duanfu
Published: May 2007

The rheological behavior of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions containing metal chlorides (LiCl, CaCl2, and CoCl2) were investigated, and the results showed that the nature of the metal ions and their concentration had an obvious effect on the steady‐state rheological behavior of PVP–DMF solutions with different molecular weights. The apparent viscosity of the PVP–DMF solutions increased with an increasing metal‐ion concentration, and the viscosity increment was dependent on the metal‐ion variety. For a CaCl2‐containing PVP–DMF solution, for example, the critical shear rate at the onset of shear thinning became smaller with increasing CaCl2 concentration. It was believed that multiple interactions among metal ions, carbonyl groups of PVP, and amide groups in DMF determined the solution properties of these complex fluids; therefore, 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to detect the interactions in systems of PVP–CaCl2–DMF and PVP–LiCl–DMF solutions. NMR data showed that there were obvious interactions between the metal ions and the carbonyl groups of the PVP segments in the DMF solutions. Furthermore, IR spectra of the PVP/metal chloride composites demonstrated that the interaction between the metal ions and carbonyl groups in the PVP unit occurred and that the PVP chain underwent conformational variations with the metal‐ion concentration. DSC results indicated that the glass transition temperatures of the PVP/metal chloride composites increased with the addition of metal ions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1589–1598, 2007
Formation of β‐iPP in isotactic polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber blends: Effects of preparation method, composition, and thermal condition
Authors: Shangguan Yonggang , Zhao Li , Tao Liyang , Zheng Qiang
Published: May 2007

The effects of preparation method, composition, and thermal condition on formation of β‐iPP in isotactic polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber (iPP/EPR) blends were studied using modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and phase contrast microscopy (PCM). It was found that the α‐iPP and β‐iPP can simultaneity form in the melt‐blended samples, whereas only α‐iPP exists in the solution‐blended samples. The results show that the formation of β‐iPP in the melt‐blended samples is related to the crystallization temperature and the β‐iPP generally diminishes and finally vanishes when the crystallization temperature moves far from 125 °C. The phenomena that the lower critical temperature of β‐iPP in iPP/EPR obviously increases to 114 °C and the upper critical temperature decreases to 134 °C indicate the narrowing of temperature interval, facilitating the formation of β‐iPP in iPP/EPR. Furthermore, it was found that the amount of β‐iPP in melt‐blended iPP/EPR samples is dependent on the composition and the maximum amount of β‐iPP formed when the composition of iPP/EPR blends is 85:15 in weight. The results through examining the effect of annealing for iPP/EPR samples at melt state indicate that this annealing may eliminate the susceptibility to β‐crystallization of iPP. However, only α‐iPP can be observed in solution‐blended samples subjected to annealing for different time. The PCM images demonstrate that an obvious phase‐separation happens in both melt‐blended and solution‐blended iPP/EPR samples, implying that compared with the disperse degree of EPR in iPP, the preparation method plays a dominant role in formation of β‐iPP. It is suggested that the origin of formation of β‐iPP results from the thermomechanical history of the EPR component in iPP/EPR. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1704–1712, 2007
Novel ethero atoms containing polyesters based on 2,6‐naphthalendicarboxylic acid: A comparative study with poly(butylene naphthalate)
Authors: Soccio Michelina , Finelli Lara , Lotti Nadia , Siracusa Valentina , Ezquerra Tiberio A. , Munari Andrea
Published: May 2007

Poly(butylene naphthalate) (PBN), poly(diethylene naphthalate) (PDEN), and poly(thiodiethylene naphthalate) (PTDEN) were synthesized and characterized in terms of chemical structure and molecular weight. The polyesters were examined by TGA, DSC, and DMTA. All the polymers showed a good thermal stability, even though depending on chemical structure. At room temperature they appeared as semicrystalline materials; the effect of the introduction along the PBN polymer chain of ether oxygen atoms or sulfur ones was a lowering in the Tg value, a decrement of Tm, and a decrease of the crystallization rate. Changing in chemical structure also affects the main α absorption associated with the glass transition which moves to lower temperature and whose energetic requirements decrease. The results were explained as due to the presence of highly flexible CSC or COC bonds in the polymeric chain. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1694–1703, 2007
The family context and residential choice: A challenge for new research
Authors: Mulder Clara H.
Published: May 2007

Even in today's Western societies, a substantial influence can be expected on residential choice (behaviour with respect to residential mobility, migration, location choice and housing quality) from the wider family context (parents, children and siblings living outside the household). In this paper, an agenda is presented for research investigating the influence of the wider family context on the residential choices of households and the feedback of these choices to segregation with regard to socioeconomic status and ethnicity. The results of the research will contribute to the academic literature on residential choice, family migration, family solidarity, and to societal and policy debates on social inequality and residential segregation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of cooling rate on the room‐temperature indentation creep of cast lead‐free Sn–Bi solder alloys
Authors: Mahmudi R. , Geranmayeh A. R. , Mahmoodi S. R. , Khalatbari A.
Published: May 2007

The influence of cooling rate on the creep behavior of cast Sn–(1–5)%Bi solder alloys was studied by indentation testing at room temperature. The alloys were prepared at two different cooling rates of 0.01 Ks–1 and 8 Ks–1. This affected the microstructure and thus, the creep behavior of the materials. The stress exponents were found to be about 9.5 and 14.5 for slowly cooled (SC) and fast cooled (FC) conditions, respectively. For a given level of Bi, the FC samples with the Bi mainly in solid solution were more creep resistant than the SC conditions. The lower creep resistance of the SC materials can be explained by the massive precipitation of Bi particles, which tend to segregate as a network in the matrix of the material. This leaves less Bi in solid solution and thus, weakens the hardening mechanism and decreases the creep resistance of these soft solder alloys. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Methods for one‐sided testing of the difference between proportions and sample size considerations related to non‐inferiority clinical trials
Authors: Dann Rebekkah S. , Koch Gary G.
Published: May 2007

Assessment of non‐inferiority is often performed using a one‐sided statistical test through an analogous one‐sided confidence limit. When the focus of attention is the difference in success rates between test and active control proportions, the lower confidence limit is computed, and many methods exist in the literature to address this objective. This paper considers methods which have been shown to be popular in the literature and have surfaced in this research as having good performance with respect to controlling type I error at the specified level. Performance of these methods is assessed with respect to power and type I error through simulations. Sample size considerations are also included to aid in the planning stages of non‐inferiority trials focusing on the difference in proportions. Results suggest that the appropriate method to use depends on the sample size allocation of subjects in the test and active control groups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bounds on potential risks and causal risk differences under assumptions about confounding parameters
Authors: Chiba Yasutaka , Sato Tosiya , Greenland Sander
Published: May 2007

Nonparametric bounds on causal effects in observational studies are available under deterministic potential‐outcome models. We derive narrower bounds by adding assumptions regarding bias due to confounding. This bias is defined as the difference between the expectation of potential outcomes for the exposed group and that for the unexposed group. We show that crude effect measures bound causal effects under the given assumptions. We then derive bounds for randomized studies with noncompliance, which are given by the per protocol effect. With perfect compliance in one treatment group, the direction of effect becomes identifiable under our assumptions. Although the assumptions are not themselves identifiable, they are nonetheless reasonable in some situations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A solution to the controversy between rate and temporal coding
Authors: Shinomoto Shigeru , Koyama Shinsuke
Published: May 2007

The apparent irregularity ofin vivospike sequences could be read as being derived either irregularly in time from a constant rate or regularly from a fluctuating rate. We recently proposed the Empirical Bayes method that selects one out of the alternative interpretations (J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.2005;38:L531–L537). In this paper, we demonstrate that this method may also give a solution to the controversy between rate and temporal coding. For a given single sequence of spikes, the method may indicate two potential hypothetical rate processes, nearly constant and highly fluctuating, and selects one according to the statistical plausibility. As the rate fluctuation of a spike sequence is increased, the Bayesian interpretation exhibits a discontinuous transition from one to the other. In this way, a sequence of spikes can be distinctly categorized as either rate or temporal coding, according to the estimated degree of rate fluctuation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistent and redundant eustachian valve simulating atrial tumor: prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Arenas Ramírez J. , Castro C. Fernandez , Chouza M. Otero , Parugues B. Duplá , Sanchez R. Montes
Published: May 2007

The eustachian valve, or valve of the inferior vena cava, is an embryogenic derivative of the right valve of the sinus venosus. Although it generally disappears during fetal life, its persistence may simulate symptoms of cardiac disease, particularly those associated with atrial tumors. We describe a case of prenatal diagnosis of a persistent, large and prominent eustachian valve with redundant tissue attached to the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. The neonate was asymptomatic and was healthy at 7 months of age at the time of writing. This is the first time that this finding has been diagnosed prenatally. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standardization of three‐dimensional images in obstetrics and gynecology: consensus statement
Authors: Merz E. , Benoit B. , Blaas H. G. , Baba K. , Kratochwil A. , Nelson T. , Pretorius D. , Jurkovic D. , Chang F. M. , Lee A.
Published: May 2007

Standardization of the display of ultrasound images has so far only been achieved in transabdominal two‐dimensional (2D) sonography. In contrast, there is a lack of uniformity in the demonstration of transvaginal 2D ultrasound images. The described non‐uniformity frequently leads to confusion in the assessment of an image, in particular with regard to the accurate anatomical assignment of left/right and dorsal/ventral. Three‐dimensional (3D) sonography offers a unique opportunity to avoid this confusion in the interpretation of ultrasound images, because, independent of primary volume acquisition, the volume can always be rotated so that the stored object can at all times be visualized in a known anatomical position, rendering it of no importance whether the image acquired transvaginally is demonstrated from above or from below. This will also be important in allowing fusion of ultrasound image data with computed tomographic, magnetic resonance and/or positron emission tomography images. In this article we suggest that standardization of transabdominal and transvaginal 3D images does not only provide the inexperienced physician/sonographer with a guide to spatial orientation, but also serves to avoid erroneous topographical interpretations. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population‐based study of antenatal detection of congenital heart disease by ultrasound examination
Authors: Chew C. , Halliday J. L. , Riley M. M. , Penny D. J.
Published: May 2007

Objectives

Ultrasound‐based screening is widely employed for the detection of congenital malformations in utero including congenital heart disease (CHD), but there is widespread variability in the efficacy of screening programs. We aimed to evaluate current antenatal detection rates of selected congenital heart defects in Victoria.

Methods

Data were collected from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection Unit and Birth Defects Registry. There were 631 209 births in Victoria (1993–2002), of which 4897 cases had CHD. Cases included live births, stillbirths and termination of pregnancies because of CHD. We reviewed all cases from 1999 to 2002 with atrioventricular septal defect, simple coarctation of the aorta, double‐inlet or ‐outlet ventricle, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, simple transposition of the great arteries (TGA), tetralogy of Fallot and truncus arteriosus. Outcome measures were antenatal diagnosis, pregnancy outcome and associated malformations.

Results

The overall birth prevalence of CHD from 1993 to 2002 in Victoria was 7.8/1000. The antenatal detection rate for the seven selected defects from 1999 to 2002 was 52.8%. All but 4.8% of the cases had an ultrasound examination at > 13 weeks' gestation. Antenatal detection was highest for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (84.6%) and lowest for simple TGA (17.0%).

Conclusions

This study shows wide variation in the antenatal detection rate of CHD in Victoria. The low antenatal detection rate of TGA, a defect that should be detected easily, demonstrates suboptimal routine obstetric anomaly scanning. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A thin and regular endometrium on ultrasound is very unlikely in patients with endometrial malignancy
Authors: Van den Bosch T. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Domali E. , Vergote I. , Moerman P. , Amant F. , Timmerman D.
Published: May 2007

Objective

To evaluate the clinical and sonographic features in patients with endometrial malignancy in whom endometrial thickness on ultrasound examination had been recorded in our database to be < 5 mm.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study on 187 consecutive patients diagnosed with endometrial malignancy in whom an ultrasound evaluation of the endometrium had been performed in our institution. The characteristics of those patients presenting with an endometrial thickness < 5 mm were analyzed.

Results

The median endometrial thickness was 15 mm: 12 mm for the women who underwent endometrial sampling before ultrasound examination vs. 17 mm in those who did not (P = 0.0086). In 13 women (6.9%), the endometrial thickness recorded in our database was < 5 mm. In 12 of these the measurment was compromised in some way: nine of these patients had undergone endometrial sampling (Pipelle biopsy in one and dilatation and curettage in eight patients) before the ultrasound examination, in two cases, focal malignant lesions were not included in the recorded endometrial thickness and in one, the endometrial thickness was visualized poorly due to myometrial distortion. In only one case was was the endometrium correctly measured to be < 5 mm; this woman had diffuse uterine and endometrial metastases of a breast cancer.

Conclusions

A thin and regular endometrial line is very reliable for the exclusion of endometrial carcinoma. The suspicion of focal lesions as well as incomplete visualization of the endometrium on sonography should be considered abnormal. Recently performed endometrial sampling makes measurement of the endometrial thickness unreliable. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical analysis of communication characteristics for mobile and distributed pollution measurements on the road
Authors: Lahde Sven , Doering Michael , Pöttner Wolf‐Bastian , Lammert Gerrit , Wolf Lars
Published: May 2007

Measuring environmental data in city areas has become an important issue for municipalities due to several climate directives. As fixed measuring stations are inflexible, cost‐intensive, and limited to monitoring a specific spot, we developed a distributed environmental monitoring network called Environmental Monitoring in Metropolitan Areas (EMMA). This architecture is based on the delay tolerant networking approach and can be integrated into existing Public Transportation Networks (PTNs). Buses or other vehicles can be equipped with sensor nodes that gather data and forward messages. In order to evaluate the basic ideas of this project we performed a series of real‐world experiments. Besides analyzing the behavior of 802.11‐based Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) between moving vehicles in a controlled environment, we also evaluated the communication performance in urban environments. Moreover, we examined the qualification of a Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) implementation for spreading measurement results throughout the network. The suitability of EMMA's architecture has been successfully demonstrated by these experiments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SYNC‐NET: distributed time synchronization in clustered sensor networks
Authors: Younis Ossama , Fahmy Sonia
Published: May 2007

Time synchronization is essential for several ad‐hoc network protocols and applications, such as TDMA scheduling and data aggregation. In this paper, we propose a time synchronization framework for clustered, multi‐hop sensor networks. We assume that relative node synchronization is sufficient, that is, consensus on one time value is not required. Our goal is to divide the network into connected synchronization regions (nodes within two‐hops) and perform inter‐regional synchronization in O(LLSync) × Niter time, where O(LLSync) denotes the complexity of the underlying low‐level synchronization technique (used for single‐hop synchronization), and Niter denotes the number of iterations where the low‐level synchronization protocol is invoked. Thus, our main objective is rapid convergence. We propose novel fully distributed protocols, SYNC‐IN and SYNC‐NET, for regional and network synchronization, respectively, and prove that Niter is O(1) for all protocols. Our framework does not require any special node capabilities (e.g., being global positioning systems (GPS)‐enabled), or the presence of reference nodes in the network. Our framework is also independent of the particular clustering, inter‐cluster routing, and low‐level synchronization protocols. We formulate a density model for analyzing inter‐regional synchronization, and evaluate our protocols via extensive simulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der instationäre Nachlauf hinter schlanken Auftriebskörpern in inkompressibler Strömung
Authors: Send W.
Published: May 2007

Der von einem harmonisch schwingenden, stromlinienförmigen Auftriebskörper im Grenzfall unendlich großer Reynoldszahl erzeugte Nachlauf läßt sich durch eine infinitesimal dünne Wirbelschicht annähern, deren Abfluß die Wirbeltransportgleichung beschreibt. Angegeben wird ein analytisches Berechnungsverfahren für das durch diese Wirbelschicht im Raum hervorgerufene Geschwindigkeitsfeld und letzteres an einem Beispiel graphisch dargestellt.
An Extension of the Schwarz‐Christoffel Theory with Applications to Two‐Dimensional Ideal Flow Hydrodynamics
Authors: Owen D.
Published: May 2007

In a previous paper a general theory for the inverse mapping of curves onto the real axis was developed. In the present paper we illustrate how this theory can be used to solve certain two‐dimensional hydrodynamical problems involving the direct flow of an ideal infinite liquid past almost any symmetrically shaped body, finite or semi‐infinite. Eleven bodies are examined and the corresponding surface speed distributions are calculated.
Dynamic Investigation of Multi‐Mass Drive System by Means of Torsional Waves. Part II: Analytical Solution and Stability
Authors: Pielorz A. , Nadolski W. , Mioduchowski A.
Published: May 2007

An analytical solution for the multi‐mass drive system considered in [1] is given, and necessary conditions of its stability are formulated.
Integralkonzepte für die Rißbewertung — eine aktuelle Trendanalyse von Rißkriterien der modernen Bruchmechanik
Authors: Michel B. , Will P.
Published: May 2007

Seit den Arbeiten von Rice und Tscherepanow zum J‐Integral haben sich die integralen Rißkriterien zu einem bedeutenden Schwerpunkt der Bruchmechanik entwickelt. Der vorliegende Artikel ist der Versuch einer aktuellen Trendanalyse dieses Forschungsgebietes. Das Ziel der Studie besteht darin, die modernen, verallgemeinerten Bruchkriterien unter einem vereinheitlichenden Standpunkt zusammenzufassen und zu bewerten.
Stochastic Behaviour of Auto‐Oscillating Systems with Inertial Self‐Excitation
Authors: Babitsky V. I. , Landa P. S. , Ol'khovoi A. F. , Perminov S. M.
Published: May 2007

In this paper the stochastic behaviour of self‐oscillating systems with inertial self‐excitation is investigated. As was already shown there exist two mechanisms for the excitation of stochastic self‐oscillation in such systems which depend on the type of the nonlinear terms in the corresponding differential equations. Both mechanisms are studied by means of numerical methods using the whole complex of criteria that oscillations have stochastic character. The influence of external periodic forces to the systems under investigation is studied, too.
An Elongated Porous Wedge under the Action of Pressure
Authors: Gollub W. , Kowalski S. J.
Published: May 2007

The present paper performs an example towards the theory of the slip line field for fluid‐saturated porous solids. The limit load, the stress distribution in the plastic region and the slip line field are determined for an elongated obtuse wedge under the action of one‐sided pressure. The non‐porous solid wedge arises from the present calculations as a limiting case.
Analytic Center Manifolds of Dimension One
Authors: Aulbach B.
Published: May 2007

The flow of a system of ordinary differential equations near an equilibrium point is completely determined by the flow restricted to a corresponding center manifold. Even for analytic equations center manifolds need not be analytic and therefore, in general, the flow on a center manifold cannot be described by an analytic equation. It is the main purpose of this paper to show that one‐dimensional center manifolds are analytic in the only case where analyticity is relevant. Thus, the generally lacking analyticity causes no problems, neither from a practical nor from a theoretical point of view. Furthermore sufficient conditions are given for the analyticity of center‐stable and center‐unstable manifolds.
Eine allgemeine Theorie der Dynamik elastoplastischer Schalen unter Berücksichtigung endlicher Verformungen
Authors: Serrano R.
Published: May 2007

Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Aufstellung einer allgemeinen geometrisch nichtlinearen Theorie der Dynamik dünner Schalen aus elastoplastischem Werkstoff. Für die elastischen Formänderungen wird das verallgemeinerte Hookesche Werkstoffgesetz herangezogen, während für den Zusammenhang zwischen Spannungsinkrementen und Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeiten innerhalb plastischer Formänderungen ein Formänderungsgesetz in Anlehnung an die Theorie des plastischen Potentials gewählt wird. Der Bereich elastischer Formänderungen wird gegenüber dem elastoplastischen mittels einer verallgemeinerten Huber‐Misesschen Fließbedingung abgegrenzt, die sowohl eine isotrope als auch eine anisotrope Materialverfestigung beschreibt. Die elastoplastischen Formänderungen werden als Summe von elastischen und plastischen Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeitsanteilen betrachtet.
Zur optimalen Steuerung in Dirichletschen Randbedingungen bei Evolutionsgleichungen
Authors: Kampowsky W.
Published: May 2007

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Problemen optimaler Steuerung, die durch nichtlineare Rand‐Anfangswertprobleme für parabolische Differentialgleichungen 2m‐ter Ordnung beschrieben werden. Es werden Randsteuerungen mit Randbedingungen vom Dirichletschen Typ betrachtet. Das Rand‐Anfangswertproblem wird funktionalanalytisch verallgemeinert und als Anfangswertaufgabe für eine Evolutionsgleichung im Rahmen der Theorie monotoner Operatoren untersucht. Im wesentlichen werden notwendige Optimalitätsbedingungen hergeleitet, die aus einer allgemeinen Variationsungleichung und einer adjungierten Evolutionsgleichung bestehen. Der Fall von Randsteuerungen in Neumannschen Randbedingungen wird in einer späteren Arbeit [5] untersucht.
Matrix Polynomials Subjected to Small Perturbations
Authors: Deif A. S. , Hagedorn P.
Published: May 2007

Perturbation theory is used to obtain first order shifts in the latent roots and latent vectors of Lambda‐Matrices. Both cases of distinct and multiple roots are handled.
The Use of MACSYMA for Solving Elliptic Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Thejll P. , Gilbert R. P.
Published: May 2007

In this work we shall present a so‐called boundary method for solving an elliptic boundary value problem. As has been mentioned in the book of Herrera [14] there are two main approaches for the formulation of boundary methods. One is based on the method of integral equations and the other on the use of complete systems of solutions. We shall emphasize the second approach as the method of integral equations has been treated in Colton and Gilbert [5] and Gilbert and Linz [12].
On the Susceptibility of Local Elastic Buckling to Chaos
Authors: El Naschie M. S.
Published: May 2007

The paper draws attention to an interesting connection between the randomness of localized buckling forms of elastic structures, solitons and deterministic chaos of dynamic systems.
Shifting Tendencies of a Balanced System with Equilibrium Zones
Authors: Klepp H. J. , Bischoff B.
Published: May 2007

The results of mathematical and experimental investigations of a multi‐body‐system in the form of a symmetric deformable parallelogram are presented. The system has friction affected constraints and possesses equilibrium zones. Under permanently acting disturbances the system migrates inside the equilibrium zones. In order to predict the system behaviour direction elements, direction fields and shifting tendency functions are defined. The computed results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
MHD Equilibria with Cusped Plasma‐Vacuum Interfaces
Authors: Kaiser R.
Published: May 2007

The free‐boundary MHD equilibrium is considered in the case of plane symmetry and constant current profile. We prove the existence of solutions in a neighbourhood of cusp singularities of the plasma‐vacuum interface. In both cases — the “plasma” and “vacuum cusps” — we derive a power law describing the asymptotic shape of the cusps; the allowed exponents are half‐integers. This leads to a natural classification of cusps. The solutions are classified accordingly and their asymptotic behaviour close to the cusp is found to depend only on the class to which the solution belongs.
On a Method of Weierstraß for the Simultaneous Calculation of the Roots of a Polynomial
Authors: Hopkins M. , Marshall N. , Schmidt G. , Zlobec S.
Published: May 2007

Wir beweisen einige neue Ergebnisse über eine Methode vom Newtonschen Typ, die ursprünglich auf Weierstraß zurückgeht, für die gleichzeitige Berechnung aller Wurzeln eines algebraischen Polynoms. Diese Methode hat bemerkenswerte lokale wie auch globale Konvergenzeigenschaften und könnte sowohl für Theoretiker als auch für Praktiker von Interesse sein.
General Multilayer Geometrically‐Exact Beams and 1‐D Plates with Piecewise Linear Section Deformation
Authors: Vu‐Quco L. , Ebcioǧlu I. K.
Published: May 2007

A general theory of geometrically‐exact multilayer beams and 1‐D plates, which can be viewed as a special version of a Cosserat continuum, is presented. The formulation allows for shear deformation in each layer; the deformed cross section is piecewise linear such that interlayer continuity is exactly satisfied. Large deformation and large overall motion can be analyzed, as a salient feature of the geometrically‐exact formulation. The number of layers is unlimited, with the reference centroidal line arbitrarily chosen among the layers. The unique features of the present formulation provide a versatile model to investigate the behavior of an important class of composite/multilayer structure that have ply drop‐off, or that are connected together at any arbitrary layers. Also derived are two important particular cases of the general formulation: (i) The case in which only the reference layer undergoes finite rotations, whereas rotations in the outer layers are small relative to that of the reference layer, (ii) the fully linearized case.
Nonlinear Variational and Constrained Hemivariational Inequalities Involving Relaxed Operators
Authors: Verma R. U.
Published: May 2007

At first we consider the solvability of generalized nonlinear variational inequality (GNVI) problems involving relaxed operators using an iterative algorithm. Secondly, we apply relaxed operators to constrained nonlinear hemivariational inequality (CNHVI) problems.
On Continuum Modelling the Interphase Layers in Certain Two‐Phase Elastic Solids
Authors: Dell'Isola F. , Wozniak C.
Published: May 2007

In this paper we propose a continuum model of a moving transition layer smoothly separating two different solid phases of a certain elastic material continuum and we investigate some necessary conditions to its existence and propagation. An application of this model to the analysis of wave propagation in micro‐damaged media with open‐ and closed‐micro cracked phases is shown.
Zur Frage der polynomialen Konservativität
Authors: Lyssiak I. G. , Sevostianov I. B.
Published: May 2007

The problem about the equilibrium of the linear elastic media with single ellipsoidal inclusion is considered. It is shown, that the theorem of polynomial conservativity is valid for physically nonlinear inclusion with arbitrary properties.
Natural Convection Boundary Layer Flow of a Micropolar Fluid
Authors: Hassanien I. A. , Bakier A. Y. , Gorla R. S. R.
Published: May 2007

We examine theoretically the steady free convection in micropolar fluids. Four different flows, namely, those about a vertical isothermal surface, vertical surface with uniform heat flux, a plane plume and a wall plume are considered in the paper. Numerical solutions for the governing equations are presented, for a range of values of the material properties and Prandtl number of the fluid.
Paper chromatographic determination of trimethyloctadecyl quaternary ammonium chloride in dimethyldioctadecyl quaternary ammonium chloride
Authors: Moyer Frances , Nelson James , Milun Albert
Published: May 2007

A quantitative paper chromatographic method was worked out for determining small amounts of trimethyloctadecyl quaternary ammonium chloride in dimethyldioctadecyl quaternary ammonium chloride. With a mixed solvent containing methanol, acetone, and water, the trimethyl‐type quaternary travels just behind the solvent front, whereas the dimethyl‐type quaternary and other components move very little. The trimethyl quaternary spot is developed with bromphenol blue and the resulting color is measured photometrically at 607 mμ. Standards are run on either side of the sample spot and are used for quantitative calibration. Accuracy and reproducibility of the method appears to be within 0.4% absolute.