bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Consideration for Blue Carbon Management
Authors: Pricillia C.C , Patria M.P , Herdiansyah H.
Published: June 2021

Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrass beds, and salt marsh provide ecosystem services to mitigate climate change. The stored carbon is called blue carbon. To date, studies relating strategy to enhance blue carbon storage is emerging. In developing a strategy to be applied to a natural resource, it is necessary to consider how it is affected and influences its people’s lives. Meanwhile, the studies related to blue carbon management’s social aspects are lacking compared to technical and policy aspects. This paper aims to identify peer-reviewed documents that discuss social aspects in the context of blue carbon management. This study uses a semi-systematic review approach by reviewing relevant documents based on determined keyword search terms. This study suggests that livelihood, land tenure, local knowledge, and local capacity are essential to incorporate in blue carbon management. The strategy must enforce communities to hold a significant role in governance. Those aspects would help to increase community engagement to manage and support blue carbon management. However, more extensive practical studies are needed to apply strategies on the real subject to strengthen the theory in recent literature.
Comparison of public space activities in Bekasi city center – West Java
Authors: Rahmah N , Kridarso E R , Karista A J
Published: June 2021

Bekasi as part of the supporting area of the capital city of Jakarta, or known as Jabodetabek, has a total area of 210 square kilometers with a population of 2.7 million people, currently has a green open space as much as 15% of the city area. In accordance with the regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 5 of 2008 on the provision and utilization of green open space in urban areas, every city must have 30% green open space. As for the allocation of 30% of green open space, its 20 5 is a public green open space and 10% is a private, green open space. Currently centered around Bekasi city there are 2 (two) green open spaces, one of which is the square Taman Kota Bekasi and the city forest of Bekasi. Both open spaces are public spaces with different activities. To know the activities of the Community conducted in the green open space in the central city of Bekasi, the research will be conducted by the way of combating activities that occur in the public space. Research using qualitative methods with a comparison approach. As for the comparison is done by looking at the activities that occur every day with an observation time before 12 noon and after 12 noon. Primary data is obtained through direct observation, while secondary data relating to theory is obtained through library studies. The conclusion is a description that can be used as reference for green open space arrangement.
Applicable waste to energy technology for urban society
Authors: Hendarti R , Kasih T P
Published: June 2021

This paper presents an analysis on waste to energy technology application for an urban area that has a reasonable impact for the society. There are many technology to convert waste to become energy, however, the selection of each technology depends on the local condition such as the waste itself, the site condition and also the society that will deploy the technology. Therefore, this study was conducted to categorize the technology with its relation to the society condition. The study method was a literature review, and the review included the type of technology, the type of society and the typical neighbourhood of the society. The result of this study is an interrelationship between society, neighbourhood and the potential application of waste to energy technology.
Problems and urban sustainable development in wetlands based on the thermal conditions
Authors: Rahman A , Tharzhiansyah M , Rizky M , Vita H S M
Published: June 2021

Indonesia’s landscape surrounded by oceans causes weather anomalies from the Indian and Pacific oceans. In the dry season, drought causes frequent forest and land fires. Forest and land fire is a problem for the government and society. The causes of forest and land fires in 2019, according to BMKG, are El Nino and La Nina (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), and the influence of wind movement (Monsoon). Forest and land fires are closely related to climate and weather conditions. WWF Indonesia said that fires in wetlands, especially peatlands, are alarming. In Sumatra and Kalimantan, peatland fires reached an average of 32.1% and 25.1%. Peat contains fuel (plant residues) below the surface, as a result, fires in peatlands spread below the surface of the soil slowly and are difficult to detect and cause thick smoke. The phenomenon of drought in wetlands especially peatlands has been proven to cause forest and land fires. Based on this condition, it is necessary to conduct research related to the thermal conditions of the peat environment, especially the surface thermal conditions in the swamp. This research is important to know the thermal characteristics of swamps so that urban problems due to thick smoke can be identified. This research is quantitative research based on measurement data collected from the field study. This research was conducted in 2 provinces and 3 cities in Kalimantan: Banjarmasin, Kapuas, and Pulang Pisau. This location was chosen because the city is located in wetlands and is often affected by forest and land fires. The measurement results show high thermal conditions during the day when the intensity of solar radiation is also high around 1400 watts / m2.
The concept of street vendors arrangement in the waterfront
Authors: Akbar E P , Ratih Y , Destria C
Published: June 2021

The Waterfront Seng Hie area the initial conditions of the design planning did not provide a special area for the street vendors. So that this condition caused the adjustment of the behavior of trading the Street Vendors with the conditions of public space settings that exist to sell at the waterfront Seng Hie. The Street Vendors uses public areas such as open-air plazas, park benches, stairs, and railing as well as waterfront guardrails to sell. For that, it is necessary a concept of the arrangement of the Street Vendors selling area that can facilitate the economic needs that are currently formed, without damaging the existing waterfront as public space and open space. The design concept will be analyzed by looking at the pattern of trading behavior that has been created and the settings variables of the public space there are both fixed elements, semi-fixed, and then non-fixed. Data analysis will be discussed qualitatively between behavioral variables with a physical variable setting concerning the variables to produce the proper concept of New Arrangement of Street Vendors in the Waterfront Seng Hie area. Namely with Regional Zoning Concept, Circulation Settings, Visual Quality Improvement, and Relocation.
Neighbourhood management in sloppy mountain areas
Authors: Aliyah I , Utomo R P , Yudana G , Werdiningtyas R
Published: June 2021

Special character of slope areas demands more efforts from the inhabitants to live. The way people live and organize their living space is the learning process products in adapting to the unique conditions of slope areas. Using collaborative model, this study aims to develop a management strategy for mountainous rural slope area. Interactive and Internal-External Environmental Analysis were used to understand human-nature interactions in mountainous slope area of Mount Lawu located in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The results signify that the management strategy of the sloppy mountain areas is dependent factor of the behaviour and perceptions of the community and government programs. Community knowledge, their participation and commitments, synergized actions and policies, and the existence of supervision and control system are the key factors that can be accommodated through collaborative model in neighbourhood management.
Fire risk based on building density in dense settlement
Authors: Winandari M I R , Wijayanto P , Faradila
Published: June 2021

Fire disaster occurs commonly in densely populated settlements mostly due to a large number of inhabitants. Among the various types of disasters, those related to fire outbreak, need to be avoided. Therefore, it is important to determine the building density, and street conditions, with the availability of fire extinguishers to prevent fire disaster mitigation. This research examined the risk of fire disaster based on building density in a dense settlement. The research was carried out in 9 village communities in Kali Anyar Sub-district, using the case study method. Aspects of total area, number of building units, and fire accidents location were used to evaluate the cases. The result showed that the rate of fire outbreak was not always related to the building density. However, physical arrangement related to fire risk in all building is necessary to minimize the possibility of its occurrence.
Spatial and behavior analysis for improving the Siantan Hilir health center into a Type-D Hospital
Authors: Sari D P , Alhamdani M R
Published: June 2021

The public awareness increasingly for the importance of quality and safety of services in health services such as hospitals or health centers. The Siantan Hilir Health Center has classified as complete facilities comparing to other health centers in Pontianak City. From this condition, it is necessary to formulate studies and strategies for improving facilities that refer to the Minister of Health Regulation. This study aims to: 1) as a basis for a feasibility study to improve the status of the Siantan Hilir Health Center into a Type-D Hospital in Pontianak; 2) as a basis for planners to accommodate planned functions; 3) as a basis for effective and efficient circulation planning relate functions in the environment. The research method used the descriptive qualitative approach for describing the current situation to identify the existing conditions of the Siantan Hilir Public Health Care. Space syntax analysis is used to find out the intelligibility of space in the Siantan Hilir Health Center space layout, as seen from the connectivity, integrity, and mean depth of space and behavior mapping. The results are the analysis of spatial layout configuration and the performance of building user behavior to improve the Siantan Hilir Public Health Care into a Type-D Hospital.
Cultural ecology of heritage building adaptation in tropical cities
Authors: Chang B , Hasanah A , Caesarina H M
Published: June 2021

The colonization left some buildings which still used by the cities until now. Rapid urbanization puts pressure on the sustainability of heritage buildings. Heritage buildings have not only historical-cultural values but also reflect the relationship between the building and its location or occupants. This article aims to identify the cultural ecology concept in the form of heritage building adaptation in tropical cities, as a part of heritage building conservation efforts. This research conducted a literature review method to specify the concept of cultural ecology and to find tropical cities’ characteristics related to environmental aspects that affect the form of building adaptation. The results show that climate elements, topography, and vegetation conditions are important characteristics that affect the heritage building adaptation in tropical cities. The adaptation efforts that have been carried out on heritage buildings are the existence of additional elements in buildings that function to overcome the adverse effects environment conditions. The existence of heritage buildings for long periods is evidence that adaptation is an essential point in protecting and preserving heritage buildings. Building adaptation in the cultural ecology concept provides opportunities for heritage buildings to survive in a dynamic environmental condition and increasingly varied human needs.
The conceptual model of spatial structure of tourism in cultural corridors in the core of Yogyakarta
Authors: Muhamad M
Published: June 2021

The systemic harmony of the attraction in the cultural corridor area consisting of one or more fragments would work together forming a collective attraction. A destination in a corridor can be a visual linkage and datum linkage, both of which are parts of the cultural corridor. One approach to linkage theory is visual linkage and datum spatial linkage. The main aim of this study is to observe the existence of tourism object variation in regionalization and connectivity related to visual linkage and spatial datum. Visual linkage and spatial datum serve functional relation when measuring and analysing the spatial structure of tourism. The method used and developed in the study is of qualitative description with a conceptual model of the spatial structure of tourism using the connection of cultural tourism in the core of Yogyakarta city. There are two types of data used in this study, namely: a) primary data that is obtained through, field observation that includes observations of similar areas (precedent studies) and site locations to be used. b) Documentation, recording events using tools such as a camera that is used to capture images or videos, notebooks, and writing tools for taking notes or sketching and a smartphone. The result showed that the cultural corridor in the Malioboro area is a visual linkage of two or more fragments that are connected into a single unit visually able to unite the area at various scales. This results in connecting the area neutrally. The Malioboro area is a visual linkage, which is an area that is functionally united by connecting several areas and prioritizing one of them. The Malioboro area has several visual linkage elements such as line, corridor, side/edge, axis, and rhythm.
The cultural mapping of old Cirebon: Syncretism and eclecticism representation
Authors: Puspitasari P , Sardiyarso E
Published: June 2021

Modernism and globalism tend to influence people to divert their attention from the local culture. However, postmodernism presents its new view that unique local culture is significant to shape the place identity. In this regard, identifying, documenting, and interpreting local culture’s strengths by using cultural mapping as a tool is essential for future sustainability. This study aimed to explore the evidence of syncretism and eclecticism phenomena through cultural mapping and formulate a conceptual model of these phenomena. The research was a qualitative-inductive analytic using historical source writings and physical artefacts on Cirebon’s old city’s development as units of information. The result showed that 1) ethnic hybridization, strategic location, and royal marital relations triggered the occurrences syncretism and eclecticism; 2) the eclectic space structure and order, and buildings decoration components related to democratic, appreciative, and adaptive local belief values.
Revitalization of the ex-Warenhuis of Medan through a historic urban landscape approach
Authors: Hasibuan D G L , Fitri I
Published: June 2021

Medan is one of the historical towns in Indonesia, where the plantation industry triggered its growth. Until today, most of the heritage buildings remain, but many of them tend to damaging and distinction, including the Warenhuis. The Warenhuis in which has a very high architectural significance is located in the historic district of Kesawan which as the historical core of the Medan city. Therefore, this study aims to explore the adaptive re-use strategy for the Warenhuis through the historic urban landscape approach by completing the literature review, field survey, and questionnaire. Based on the analysis, it was highlighted that one of the best strategies is the mix-use concept by utilizing the vacant lot next to the building and the Deli River as a center for art and culture which can accommodate art activities and culture of the town. Medan City has a diverse culture and society. Many arts and cultural activities need the right place to be an alternative attraction in the city of Medan. Therefore, it can attract more tourist coming to this area by implementing this strategy. Besides the revitalization of Warenhuis area can accommodate the problem of parking within this historic area, which often causes traffic congestion.
Designing adaptive reuse strategy for the ex-Deli Tobacco hospital in Medan, North Sumatra
Authors: Silvana S , Fitri I
Published: June 2021

In Medan, there are many buildings with high historical value abandoned. Ex-Deli Tobacco hospital is one of them. It was built in 1885 by Deli Maatschappij, a tobacco plantation pioneer company on Deli land. It is the first modern hospital in Sumatra, located in the heart of the city. This study aims to develop the design concept of the adaptive reuse of ex-Deli Tobacco hospital through a comprehensive approach, site survey, and interview with observers/activists of cultural heritage. Based on the analysis in the relation of structure and space of the city, as well as its site area (about 3.8 ha), the change of use into mix-use function concept becomes the best choice, by combining several functions such as restaurant/café/food court, office/co-working space, museum, and open green space. The old building is conserved based on its significance level. Besides, the new use recommended integrating with the Deli River revitalization concept, which contains a significant historical value in the development of the Medan city. The application of riverside as open green space integrated with the mix-use function, using the theme of sustainable architecture, will bring nature, the past, and the present together in one area.
Identification of cosmological values in the spatial order of public buildings in Kampong Naga, West Java
Authors: Safitri R , Purisari R , Mashudi M
Published: June 2021

Kampong Naga is one of the traditional villages in Indonesia that still preserves the environment and tradition naturally, while many traditional villages in Indonesia have been eroded by time and lost its original architectural forms that respond to nature and their beliefs. Kampong Naga, located in Tasikmalaya, West Java, is an embodiment of environmental and vernacular architectural arrangements that have been built and maintained for generations by the people. One of the powerful features of vernacular architecture is the existence of cosmological values in their landscapes and layout, both macro (village area) and micro (house). This study uses qualitative methods by processing primary and secondary data to identify Kampong Naga’s public buildings’ cosmological values such as the Mosque, Balai Adat, Public Baths, and Rice Mill based on the cosmos, castes, cultural customs, shapes, ornament, and the spatial order.
Redefining the concept of Tri Mandala cosmology in the spatial organization of resort hotel in Bali
Authors: Widyapuspita N , Hartanti N B , Rahma N
Published: June 2021

Protecting local culture is one of the sustainable development principles. Balinese Architecture is an embodiment of the cosmological Balinese Hindu concept, which is the local community’s way of life so that it needs to be preserved. The application of the Tri Mandala concept in modern building design through the neo vernacular architecture approach is a way to preserve Balinese culture. This paper is an exploration of the implementation of the cosmological traditional concept of Tri Mandala in the spatial organization of a modern resort hotel without changing its true meaning. The approach used is trough defining the traditional meaning of Tri Mandala and interpretation into the modern function context in resort hotel design in Kuta Bali. As a result, Tri Mandala divides space into three parts, namely Utama, Madya, Nista which means sacred, neutral, less sacred is realized in the zoning organization of private as unit rooms, public area as lobby, restaurant, drop off, and service area as kitchen and parking lot.
Vegetation of Keraton Cirebon as symbolize a cultural Cirebon
Authors: Rosmalia D , Damayanti S , Parutama A , Pribadi A W
Published: June 2021

Vegetation is not only an element of place in the landscape but also can improve a sacred value to a place. There are three Keraton in Cirebon City are known as a sacred place. one of the markers of the sacredness of the palace is the existence of sacred plants. Keraton is a residence of the sultan, who is considered as a messenger of God to this world, and vegetation in it functioned to increase the sacredness of it. The purpose of this study is to find the plant kind be a symbol of the Keraton which contains meaning that increases the sacred value of the Keraton, and also to find the physical function of the vegetation to the Keraton environment. The method used is qualitative analysis. The results study showed there are nine kinds of sacred plants, four of which had the highest level of sacredness can be a symbol of sacredness of Keraton. Besides, this research finding can be a guideline for the conservation activities of the Archipelagos plant.
Trend-seasonal components identification at the stage of time series pre-forecasting analysis
Authors: Savinskaya D N , Popova E V , Kondratev V U , Popova M I
Published: June 2021

This article contains the economic processes trend-seasonality identification and its analysis. The object of research is the water delivery market - HOD (Home & Office Delivery). The subject of the study is the drinking mineral water sales time series (TS) in the Krasnodar Territory in 19-liter PET bottles. The authors applied the Chetverikov’s iterative filtering method to the time series, implemented in the MS Excel environment. As the work result a step-by-step illustration of the filtering application to time series is presented, deviations are estimated, trend and the wave intensity coefficient are given. The practical significance of the study is that the characteristics obtained are the basis for subsequent effective forecasting.
The working body of the flat-cutter of the subsoiler-fertilizer
Authors: Novikov A E , Motorin V A
Published: June 2021

The article discusses issues related to the cultivation of agricultural crops with the simultaneous intrasoil application of mineral fertilizers. The size of the crop depends not only on the amount of fertilizers applied, but also on the quality of their application. Uneven fertilization leads both to a decrease in the biological yield and to inevitable losses during mechanized harvesting, due to the uneven structure of crops and different periods of plant ripening. An original design of a flat-cutter-subsoiler-fertilizer is proposed, the use of which will improve the quality of soil cultivation and crops, as well as the efficiency of intrasoil fertilization.
Sorghum harvester work quality assessment
Authors: Ryadnov A I , Fedorova O A , Sharipov R V , Baril V A
Published: June 2021

The article presents the results of experimental research on the sorghum harvester, equipped with a threshing-separating device of the inertial-combing type for harvesting Donskoe-35 variety broom sorghum, work quality in the conditions of farms in the south-western zone of the Volgograd region of Russia. The heads losses change (Qm) dependences on the combine speed (Vk) were determined: before the threshing chamber Qm = – 0.079Vk
2 + 0.426Vk + 0.01, behind the header Qm = – 0.133Vk
3 + 1.2Vk
2 – 3.567Vk + 4.1 and after the threshing chamber Qm = 0.057Vk
2 – 0.321Vk + 1.046, as well as grain losses (Qz): behind the normalizer Qz = 0,03Vk
3 – 0,241Vk
2 + 0,686Vk – 0,083, by the Qz = 0,004Vk
2 + 0,025Vk + 0,28 and under-threshing in a head Qz = 0,033Vk
2 – 0,032Vk + 0,204. The sorghum harvester threshing growing heads by a threshing-separating device of an inertial-combing type showed a high quality of work: an increased level of heads losses was observed behind the header at combine speeds up to 1.5 m/s, but they did not exceed 2.6% at a combine speed of 0.5 m/s; while studying types of grain losses, the losses behind the normalizer reached the level of 0.6% at a combine speed of 3.0 m/s; the loss of grain behind the thresher and under-threshing in the head did not exceed 0.4%.
Vegetative indices dynamics modeling based on multispectral distant monitoring data analysis
Authors: Tokarev K E
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the problems of monitoring the dynamics of vegetation indices on the basis of multispectral data obtained using technical means of remote monitoring. The effectiveness and validity of the application of vegetation indices was proved by comparing the values of plant indices with reference measurements at test sites of various types of plantings. A review of foreign sources and the results of statistical analysis allowed us to conclude that there is a non-linear relationship between productivity indices and crop yields.
Convolutional neural network of deep learning in computer vision and image classification problems
Authors: Tokarev K E , Zotov V M , Khavronina V N , Rodionova O V
Published: June 2021

The article considers the possibilities of using the deep learning convolutional neural network ResNet in computer vision and image classification problems. The interpretation of the ResNet network and the datasets used for its training are presented, as well as a method for training a deep convolutional neural network with stochastic depth, which allows significantly reducing errors in the test sample.
Metrology applications using off-axis digital holography microscopy
Authors: Emery Yves , Colomb Tristan , Cuche Etienne
Published: June 2021

Off-axis digital holography microscopy (DHM) systems have evolved during these last two decades from research to commercial instrumentation. They are used in many research laboratories and production facilities as metrology instruments in a large variety of applications including dimensional, surface topography, birefringence, oxide patterns thickness, and vibration characterization. The unique non-scanning quasi-instantaneous acquisition specificity of DHM opens new 4D metrology possibilities for observation of non-static scenes, operation in noisy environments, high throughput screening, and for providing fast feedback during manufacturing processes using artificial intelligence for decision making. These aspects are discussed and illustrated in this paper with the presentation of several applications to technical samples.
Associations Between Peripheral Blood Microbiome and the Risk of Hypertension
Authors: Jing Yang , Zhou Hui , Lu Honghong , Chen Xiaofang , Zhou Liangyue , Zhang Jingqi , Wu Jing , Dong Chen
Published: June 2021

Background

Although previous studies have reported the gut microbiome is closely related to hypertension development, whether the change in blood microbiome is associated with the risk of hypertension remains unclear.

Methods

One hundred and fifty incident hypertension cases and 150 age (± 2 years) and gender (1:1) matched nonhypertension controls included in this nested case–control study were recruited from a prospective cohort study of “135.” The composition of the blood microbiome was characterized using bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The relative abundance of detected bacteria was converted to a negative logarithm of 10 for the statistical analysis.

Results

Totally, 10,689,961 high-quality sequences were acquired. The Chao1 index of the blood microbiome in nonhypertension controls was significantly higher than in hypertensive group (2,302.08 ± 752.78 vs. 1,598.21 ± 500.88, P < 0.001). Compared with the nonhypertension controls, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria phylum was significantly increased (P < 0.001), whereas the relative abundance of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly reduced in the hypertensive cases (P < 0.001 and P = 0.039, respectively). At genus level, the risk of hypertension was directly associated with the relative abundance of Acinetobacter (odds ratio [OR]: 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.03), Sphingomonas (OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.32–2.56), and Staphylococcus (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36–0.73), respectively. In addition, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas was minor positively correlated with the total cholesterol level. However, the relative Staphylococcus level was minor positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.

Conclusions

The composition of the blood microbiome is significantly associated with the development of hypertension.
Transition from IV epoprostenol to oral treprostinil in a patient with group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Sarangarm Preeyaporn , Elwood Kirsten
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Epoprostenol and treprostinil are prostacyclins indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although there is literature describing the conversion of intravenous (IV) epoprostenol to IV treprostinil or IV treprostinil to oral treprostinil, there is little data on the direct conversion of IV epoprostenol to oral treprostinil. In this case, we describe the direct conversion of IV epoprostenol to oral treprostinil without an intermediary conversion to IV treprostinil.

A 39 year-old female with PAH was admitted for altered mental status and self-removal of her peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) used for IV epoprostenol. Given the unplanned hospitalization, absence of a dedicated central line for IV prostacyclin therapy, and concern the patient may remove a future subcutaneous line, the patient was transitioned to oral treprostinil. Of note, despite triple PAH therapy, the patient was unable to reach a low risk group based on her prognostic risk assessment. A right heart catheterization four months prior found severe PAH with a pulmonary arterial pressure of 79/32 mmHg (mean, 49 mmHg) and pulmonary vascular resistance of 10.6 Wood units. To expedite the transition, the patient was directly converted from IV epoprostenol to oral treprostinil without an intermediary conversion to IV treprostinil. A target oral treprostinil dose of 5 mg TID was calculated based on 110% of the IV epoprostenol dose (19 ng/kg/min) utilizing the conversion recommended by the medication manufacturer. Every 8 hours, IV epoprostenol was decreased by 2 ng/kg/min and oral treprostinil was increased by 0.5 mg. The target oral treprostinil dose of 5 mg TID was reached 72 hours after conversion initiation. Three hours after the final titration, the patient was discharged home on room air.

Conclusion

In this case, rapid transition from IV epoprostenol to oral treprostinil was achieved in 72 hours without reported adverse effects.
Fatigue, Stress, and Performance during Alternating Physical and Cognitive Tasks—Effects of the Temporal Pattern of Alternations
Authors: Mixter Susanna , Mathiassen Svend Erik , Bjärntoft Sofie , Lindfors Petra , Lyskov Eugene , Hallman David M
Published: June 2021

In occupational life, performing cognitive work tasks in between fatiguing physical work tasks may allow recovery and reduce stress without losing productive working time. The temporal pattern of such alternations is likely a determinant of the recovery effect, influencing both stress and fatigue; the difficulty of the cognitive task (CT) would also be a likely determinant. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent the temporal pattern of alternations between a repetitive physical task and a CT of different difficulties influenced perceived fatigability, performance fatigability, stress-related outcomes, and performance. Fifteen women performed four work sessions comprising 110 min of repeated bouts of a repetitive physical task (pipetting), alternating with a CT (n-back). Sessions differed in bout cycle time (short: 7 + 3 min versus long: 14 + 6 min) and CT difficulty (CTdiff; easy versus difficult). Fatigue was assessed from recordings of maximal voluntary contraction force in shoulder elevations and handgrip pre- and post-work, electromyography (EMG) from the right trapezius and right forearm extensors during work, and repeated self-ratings of fatigue and pain throughout the session. Stress was assessed using electrocardiography (heart rate variability), salivary alpha-amylase, and self-reports. Perceived fatigue increased significantly over time for all protocols and more in long-cycle than short-cycle conditions. EMG activity did not increase markedly over time in any condition. Neither objective nor subjective indicators suggested that stress increased over time, regardless of the temporal pattern. Pipetting performance remained stable in all conditions. Cognitive performance, measured by the proportions of correct positive and false positive answers, differed between CTdiff levels but remained stable over time, with no significant difference between temporal patterns. In summary, temporal patterns of alternating tasks influenced fatigue to some extent but had no obvious influence on stress indicators or performance. Thus, designing job rotation with alternating physical and cognitive work should consider the temporal patterns of alternations to minimize fatigue.
Exogenous melatonin induces drought stress tolerance by promoting plant growth and antioxidant defence system of soybean plants
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Latif Khan Abdul , Shahzad Raheem , Aaqil Khan Muhammad , Bilal Saqib , Khan Adil , Kang Sang-Mo , Lee In-Jung
Published: June 2021

Melatonin is an indolamine bioactive molecule that regulates a wide range of physiological processes during plant growth and enhances abiotic stress tolerance. Here we examined the putative role of exogenous melatonin application (foliar or root zone) in improving drought stress tolerance in soybean seedlings. Pre-treatment of soybean seedlings with melatonin (50 and 100 µM) was found to significantly mitigate the negative effects of drought stress on plant growth-related parameters and chlorophyll content. The beneficial impacts against drought were more pronounced by melatonin application in the rhizosphere than in foliar treatments. The melatonin-induced enhanced tolerance could be attributed to improved photosynthetic activity, reduction of abscisic acid and drought-induced oxidative damage by lowering the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Interestingly, the contents of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid were significantly higher following melatonin treatment in the root zone than in foliar treatment compared with the control. The activity of major antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase was stimulated by melatonin application. In addition, melatonin counteracted the drought-induced increase in proline and sugar content. These findings revealed that modifying the endogenous plant hormone content and antioxidant enzymes by melatonin application improved drought tolerance in soybean seedlings. Our findings provide evidence for the stronger physiological role of melatonin in the root zone than in leaves, which may be useful in the large-scale field level application during drought.
Male reproductive adjustments to an introduced nest predator
Authors: Gravolin Isaac , Lehtonen Topi K , Deal Nicholas D S , Candolin Ulrika , Wong Bob B M
Published: June 2021

Nest predation has a large impact on reproductive success in many taxa. Defending offspring from would-be predators can also be energetically and physiologically costly for parents. Thus, to maximize their reproductive payoffs, individuals should adjust their reproductive behaviors in relation to the presence of nest predators. However, effects of nest predator presence on parental behaviors across multiple reproductive contexts remain poorly understood, particularly in non-avian taxa. We ran a series of experiments to test how the presence of an egg predator, the invasive rockpool shrimp, Palaemon elegans, influences male reproductive decisions and egg survival in a species of fish with exclusive paternal care, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. We found that, in the presence of shrimp, male sticklebacks were less likely to build a nest, invested less in territory defense against an intruder, and tended to fan eggs in their nest less and in shorter bouts, but did not alter their investment in courtship behavior. The predator’s presence also did not affect egg survival rates, suggesting that males effectively defended their brood from the shrimp. These results show that reproducing individuals can be highly responsive to the presence of nest predators and adjust their behavioral decisions accordingly across a suite of reproductive contexts.
Significant variation in histopathological assessment of endoscopic resections for Barrett's neoplasia suggests need for consensus reporting: propositions for improvement
Authors: van der Wel M J , Klaver E , Pouw R E , Brosens L A A , Biermann K , Doukas M , Huysentruyt C , Karrenbeld A , ten Kate F J W , Kats-Ugurlu G , van der Laan J , van Lijnschoten I , Moll F C P , Offerhaus G J A , Ooms A H A G , Seldenrijk C A , Visser M , Tijssen J G , Meijer S L , Bergman J J G H M
Published: June 2021

Endoscopic resection (ER) is an important diagnostic step in management of patients with early Barrett’s esophagus (BE) neoplasia. Based on ER specimens, an accurate histological diagnosis can be made, which guides further treatment. Based on depth of tumor invasion, differentiation grade, lymphovascular invasion, and margin status, the risk of lymph node metastases and local recurrence is judged to be low enough to justify endoscopic management, or high enough to warrant invasive surgical esophagectomy. Adequate assessment of these histological risk factors is therefore of the utmost importance. Aim of this study was to assess pathologist concordance on these histological features on ER specimens and evaluate causes of discrepancy. Of 62 challenging ER cases, one representative H&E slide and matching desmin and endothelial marker were digitalized and independently assessed by 13 dedicated GI pathologists from 8 Dutch BE expert centers, using an online assessment module. For each histological feature, concordance and discordance were calculated. Clinically relevant discordances were observed for all criteria. Grouping depth of invasion categories according to expanded endoscopic treatment criteria (T1a and T1sm1 vs. T1sm2/3), ≥1 pathologist was discrepant in 21% of cases, increasing to 45% when grouping diagnoses according to the traditional T1a versus T1b classification. For differentiation grade, lymphovascular invasion, and margin status, discordances were substantial with 27%, 42%, and 32% of cases having ≥1 discrepant pathologist, respectively. In conclusion, histological assessment of ER specimens of early BE cancer by dedicated GI pathologists shows significant discordances for all relevant histological features. We present propositions to improve definitions of diagnostic criteria.
Functional analysis of cysteine residues of the Hok/Gef type I toxins in Escherichia coli
Authors: Wilmaerts Dorien , De Loose Pieter-Jan , Vercauteren Silke , De Smedt Sandrien , Verstraeten Natalie , Michiels Jan
Published: June 2021

The Hok/Gef family consists of structurally similar, single-span membrane peptides that all contain a positively charged N-terminal domain, an α-helix and a periplasmic C-terminal domain. Hok/Gef peptides have previously been described to play distinct physiological roles. Indeed, while HokB has been implicated in bacterial persistence, other members of the Hok/Gef family are known to induce cell lysis. However, the generalizability of previously published studies is problematic, as they have all used different expression systems. Therefore, we conducted a systematic study of the nine Hok/Gef peptides of Escherichia coli. We observed rapid cell death following expression of hokA, hokC, hokD, hokE, pndA1, hok or srnB, while expression of hokB or pndA2 does not result in cell lysis. A remarkable feature of Hok/Gef peptides is the presence of conserved periplasmic tyrosine and/or cysteine residues. For the HokB peptide, one of these residues has previously been implicated in intermolecular dimerization, which is essential for HokB to exert its role in persistence. To assess the role of the periplasmic cysteine and tyrosine residues in other Hok/Gef peptides and to decipher whether these residues determine peptide toxicity, an array of substitution mutants were constructed. We found that these residues are important activators of toxicity for Hok, HokA and HokE peptides. Despite the loss of the cell killing phenotype in HokS31_Y48, HokAS29_S46 and HokES29_Y46, these peptides do not exert a persister phenotype. More research is needed to fully comprehend why HokB is the sole peptide of the Hok/Gef family that mediates persistence.
Extracellular membrane vesicles and nanotubes in Archaea
Authors: Liu Junfeng , Soler Nicolas , Gorlas Aurore , Cvirkaite-Krupovic Virginija , Krupovic Mart , Forterre Patrick
Published: June 2021

Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by cells from all three domains of life and their implication in various biological processes is increasingly recognized. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on archaeal EVs and nanotubes, and emphasize their biological significance. In archaea, the EVs and nanotubes have been largely studied in representative species from the phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. The archaeal EVs have been linked to several physiological processes such as detoxification, biomineralization and transport of biological molecules, including chromosomal, viral or plasmid DNA, thereby taking part in genome evolution and adaptation through horizontal gene transfer. The biological significance of archaeal nanotubes is yet to be demonstrated, although they could participate in EV biogenesis or exchange of cellular contents. We also discuss the biological mechanisms leading to EV/nanotube biogenesis in Archaea. It has been recently demonstrated that, similar to eukaryotes, EV budding in crenarchaea depends on the ESCRT machinery, whereas the mechanism of EV budding in euryarchaeal lineages, which lack the ESCRT-III homologues, remains unknown.
Beyond a ‘survivor-centred approach’ to conflict-related sexual violence?
Authors: Clark Janine Natalya
Published: June 2021

In Resolution 2467 (2019), the most recent addition to the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda, the UN Security Council embraced the idea of a ‘survivor-centred approach’ to preventing and responding to conflict-related sexual violence. While this terminology is now widely used in international policy circles, the general lack of critical reflection on the concept of survivor-centrism is striking. Addressing this gap, this interdisciplinary article seeks to demonstrate that a survivor-centred approach, by itself, is too narrow. It utilizes the ecological concept of connectivity—which refers to connections that enable and facilitate vital ecological processes—and repurposes it in a social science context to develop the article's core argument: that survivor-centred discourse marginalizes, or neglects, the fundamental webs of connectivity in which the everyday lives of those who have suffered conflict-related sexual violence are intricately interwoven. The article draws on qualitative interviews with victims/survivors of conflict-related sexual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia and Uganda to empirically develop two particular ‘connectivity critiques’ of survivor-centred discourse, focused on resources and health respectively. Ultimately, it is not advocating the abandonment of a survivor-centred approach, but, rather, a social-ecological reframing of it. It presents connectivity as a new conceptual approach for thinking about and dealing with conflict-related sexual violence.
Convergence of a multidimensional Glimm-like scheme for the transport of fronts
Authors: Gallouët Thierry , Hurisse Olivier
Published: June 2021

This paper is devoted to the numerical analysis of a numerical scheme for the simulation of front advection. The scheme has been recently proposed and it is based on the ideas used for Glimm’s scheme. It relies on a two-step approach: a convection step is followed by a projection step, which is based on a random choice. The main advantage of this scheme is that it is applicable to multidimensional problems. In the present paper, a convergence result for this scheme is provided for a particular class of multidimensional problems.
Field Research: A Graduate Student's Guide
Authors: Irgil Ezgi , Kreft Anne-Kathrin , Lee Myunghee , Willis Charmaine N , Zvobgo Kelebogile
Published: June 2021

What is field research? Is it just for qualitative scholars? Must it be done in a foreign country? How much time in the field is “enough”? A lack of disciplinary consensus on what constitutes “field research” or “fieldwork” has left graduate students in political science underinformed and thus underequipped to leverage site-intensive research to address issues of interest and urgency across the subfields. Uneven training in Ph.D. programs has also left early-career researchers underprepared for the logistics of fieldwork, from developing networks and effective sampling strategies to building respondents’ trust, and related issues of funding, physical safety, mental health, research ethics, and crisis response. Based on the experience of five junior scholars, this paper offers answers to questions that graduate students puzzle over, often without the benefit of others’ “lessons learned.” This practical guide engages theory and praxis, in support of an epistemologically and methodologically pluralistic discipline.
Patchwork of Counterterrorism: Analyzing European Types of Cooperation in Sahel
Authors: D'Amato Silvia
Published: June 2021

The overlapping of a series of events in the region has brought the Sahel under the spotlight of many European countries. It has been argued that the peculiar transnational nature of many terrorist groups of the area represents a concrete threat to European security. France, specifically, has led and encouraged a series of European initiatives, which aim to stabilize the region, calling for different degrees of counterterrorism cooperation with its European allies. Many European countries, such as Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, or Italy, have indeed increased their engagement in the area. Yet, not only a variety of new actors are now involved in the response to terrorism, but European cooperation among key actors is also developing along political-strategic, organizational, and procedural dimensions largely unexplored by the existing literature. This paper specifically accounts for the different multilevel configurations of European counterterrorism cooperation in the Sahel between 2012 and 2018. More specifically, the aim of this contribution is twofold. First, theoretically, through the concept of “patchwork” the paper proposes a conceptual framework able to investigate and analyze the apparently confusing multidimensional and multi-actor European cooperation in counterterrorism. Second, it empirically researches and analyzes the types of cooperation and the actors that fulfil key strategic positions in the patchwork. Overall, this paper provides a first complete account of the universe of European actors involved in the region and the types of cooperative patterns.
Antimicrobial Resistance Trends at a Pediatric Hospital in Guatemala City, 2005-2019
Authors: Graff Kelly E , Windsor William Jon , Calvimontes Diva M , Melgar Mario A , Galvez Nancy , Rivera Jose G , Dominguez Samuel R , Asturias Edwin J , Gordillo Maria Remei
Published: June 2021

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing worldwide. We analyzed AMR rates for bacterial species identified from pediatric blood cultures between 2005 and 2019 at a single institution in Guatemala. We found significantly increased rates in Gram-negative resistance, with a high prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and Klebsiella harboring the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase gene.