bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast Photoluminescence Dynamics in a Quasi-one-dimentional Halogen-bridged Mixed-valence Complex [Pt(en)2][Pt(en)2Cl2](ClO4)4
Authors: Kobayashi Takayoshi , Sekikawa Taro , Yamashita Masahiro
Published: November 2004

Ultrafast dynamics of luminescence from the unrelaxed self-trapped excitons in a quasi-one-dimensional halogen-bridged mixed-valence complex [Pt(en)2][Pt(en)2Cl2](ClO4)4 (en = ethylenediamine) has been investigated for the first time by femtosecond up-conversion method. The photoluminescence lifetime increases from 270 fs to 1.2 ps with wavelength from 570 nm to 660 nm. At longer wavelengths than 660 nm a component with a much longer lifetime than 10 ps was also observed.
Differences between Spontaneous Assemblage and Concentration-Induced Assemblage of Peptide-Containing Molecules in Organic Media
Authors: Yamada Norihiro , Matsubara Kazuhiro , Koyama Emiko , Fujioka Maki
Published: November 2004

Assemblages of tripeptide-containing molecules in organic media were divided into the self-assemblage which was formed at a low concentration and the concentration-induced assemblage which was unstable upon heating.
A Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of α-Substituted-β-hydroxy Compounds from Corresponding β-Stannyl Compounds
Authors: Yamamoto Makoto , Itoh Kiyoshi , Kishikawa Keiki , Kohmoto Shigeo
Published: November 2004

Anti-β-stannyl-α-substituted carbonyl compounds were completely converted to its syn-analogues, and each diastereomer was oxidized to its β-hydroxylated analogues with retention of the stereochemistry.
Novel Copolyamides Containing [60]Fullerene in the Main Chain
Authors: Li Jing , Yoshizawa Toshiyuki , Ikuta Mari , Ozawa Masaki , Nakahara Kentaro , Hasegawa Tetsuya , Kitazawa Koichi , Hayashi Minoru , Kinbara Kazushi , Nohara Masao , Saigo Kazuhiko
Published: November 2004

Novel copolymers, poly(1,4-oxybisphenylene fullerenobisacetamide-co-1,4-oxybisphenylene isophthalamide)s, which contained [60]fullerene in the main chain, were synthesized by the direct copolycondensation of a mixture of [60]fullerenobisacetic acid and isophthalic acid with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether in the presence of triphenylphosphite and pyridine. Light scattering measurements for the copolymers showed a weight-average molecular weight Mw of about 5-6 × 104. The UV-visible spectra of the copolymers exhibited the characteristics of the parent fullerene derivative. The absorption edge red-shifted from 370 nm for poly(1,4-oxybisphenylene isophthalamide) to about 700 nm for the copolymers.
Stability of Amino Acids in Simulated Hydrothermal Vent Environments
Authors: Kohara Masanori , Gamo Toshitaka , Yanagawa Hiroshi , Kobayashi Kensei
Published: November 2004

Stability and reactions of amino acids in submarine hydrothermal vent environments were examined. The decomposition rate was much slower in high hydrogen fugacity environments like the submarine hydrothermal vent systems than in usual laboratory conditions.
First Observation of Photosensitized Luminescence of Nd3+ in Organic Solution
Authors: Iwamuro Mitsunori , Hasegawa Yasuchika , Wada Yuji , Murakoshi Kei , Kitamura Takayuki , Nakashima Nobuaki , Yamanaka Tatsuhiko , Yanagida Shozo
Published: November 2004

Photosensitized luminescence of Nd3+ in solution was successfully observed for the first time by coordinating the metal cation with deuterated 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-pentadecafluoro-1-pentafluorophenyl-1,3-decanedione as a ligand with a low vibrational chromophore.
A Novel Fluorogenic Substrate for Horseradish Peroxidase: Efficient Detection of Membrane-Bound Nucleic Acids and Simultaneous Detection of DNAs
Authors: Fujita Satoshi , Toru Takeshi , Kondoh Yasumitu , Kagiyama Naoto , Momiyama Masayoshi
Published: November 2004

Aniline derivatives were found to be trasformed to fluorescent compounds on treatment with horseradish peroxidase/H2O2. DNA was detectable with high resolution in the horseradish peroxidase-linked immunosobent fluorescence assay of the membrane-bound DNA using one of the aniline derivatives. A new method for a simultaneous detection of two different DNA sequences was also achieved.
Design and Characterization of Polymer Matrix Anchored to Gold Thin Layer for the Effective Usage of Evanescent Field in SPR-based Immunosensor
Authors: Toyama Shigeru , Ikariyama Yoshihito
Published: November 2004

A remarkably stable antigen immobilization on gold thin layer deposited on a glass using aminoethanethiol and oxidized dextran hydrosulfate matrix is reported. The polymer was thus covalently bound onto the gold thin layer, and human serum albumin (HSA) as an antigen was covalently bound on the polymer matrix. The association and the dissociation of anti-HSA (aHSA) with the bound HSA were repeatedly observed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurement. The SPR signal vs. concentration of aHSA has a good experimental agreement with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation of the aHSA binding with HSA.
Synthesis and Diastereoselective Structural Change of a Photochromic Transition Metal Complex, (η6-Spirobenzopyran)(tricarbonyl)chromium
Authors: Miyashita Akira , Iwamoto Atsushi , Kuwayama Tomoya , Shitara Hiroaki , Aoki Yoshio , Hirano Masafumi , Nohira Hiroyuki
Published: November 2004

Photochromic transition metal complexes, (η6-spirobenzopyran)Cr(CO)3, were synthesized and the structure was determined by an X-ray crystallographic and 1H NMR measurements. The ring formation during its synthesis and ring-closing reaction during and after UV irradiation proceeded diastereselectively to let chromium atom and oxygen atom of the pyran ring locate on the same side of the indoline ring.
An Efficient Method for Catalytic and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosides from 3,4,6,-Tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose and Several Alcoholic Nucleophiles
Authors: Takeuchi Kazuya , Higuchi Satoshi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: November 2004

Several 2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosides are stereoselectively synthesized in high yields by glycosylation of various alcoholic nucleophiles with 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-glucopyranose using a catalytic amount of trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.
A New Class of Bridged Diiron(III) Complex with a Schiff-base Bridge: Structure and Magnetic Properties of Di-N,N′-trimethylene bissalicylidenimine(bis-N-N′-trimethylenebissalicylideniminato)iron(III)
Authors: Babu N K Chandra , Nair Balachandran Unni , Ramasami T , Yamasaki Mikio , Shibahara Takashi
Published: November 2004

Schiff base, salprn has been shown to bridge two Fe(III) ions and give rise to a diiron(III) complexes with practically no magnetic coupling between the two iron(III) centres.
Mutual Diffusion Coefficients for Zwitterionic and Ionic Mixed Micellar Systems: A Novel Concentration Dependence
Authors: Tominaga Toshihiro , Nakamura Tomoyo , Saiki Hiroyasu
Published: November 2004

Mutual diffusion coefficients, Dm, have been measured for aqueous solutions containing N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (C14DAPS) and sodium octadecane sulfonate (C18SO3Na) at 298.2 K. For a fixed concentration of C14DAPS, Dm values increase with increasing amounts of C18SO3Na. For a fixed ratio of C18SO3Na to C14DAPS, Dm values do not increase with total surfactant concentration. This is in marked contrast with the results obtained for one-component ionic micellar systems.
Formation of Molecularly Ordered Domain of 1-Decanethiol in the Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayer with Bis(4-pyridyl)disulfide - A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Observation
Authors: Sato Yukari , Yamada Ryo , Mizutani Fumio , Uosaki Kohei
Published: November 2004

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) prepared from mixtures of bis(4-pyridyl) disulfide and 1-decanethiol revealed that patched domains of each organosulfur compound were formed.
Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide with Methane over ZrO2
Authors: Kohno Yoshiumi , tanaka Tsunehiro , Funabiki Takuzo , Yoshida Satohiro
Published: November 2004

Over zirconium oxide, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide selectively by methane at room temperature under photoirradiation. From temperature programmed desorption experiments, this reaction is expected to proceed via stable surface intermediates. The carbon atom of evolved CO derives from carbon dioxide only.
Facile Fabrication Procedure for C60-Doped Silicon Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Hasegawa Isao , Shibusa Koji , Kobayashi Satoshi , Nonomura Shuichi , Nitta Shoji
Published: November 2004

C60-doped silicon oxide thin films can be prepared easily by sol-gel processing using a mixture of phenyltriethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane as the silicon oxide sources. Preparation of C60-dissolved single-phase starting solutions is practicable by employing phenyltriethoxysilane which acts as a solubilization agent of C60 as well as the silicon oxide source.
An ESR Study of γ-Irradiated P4VP Polymers : Dose-Effect Relationships
Authors: Draye M , Favre-Réguillon A , Foos J , Guy A
Published: November 2004

The behavior of poly(vinylpyridine) with a gamma ray source has been studied. In the present work, samples were irradiated in air with a 60Co or 137Cs gamma cell source (absorbed dose 10 Gy to 14400 kGy). All tested samples show well defined ESR signals whose amplitude increases with time. The behavior at room temperature and dose–effect relationships were investigated.
Titanium(IV) Iodide Promoted Pinacol Coupling
Authors: Hayakawa Ryuuichirou , Shimizu Makoto
Published: November 2004

Pinacol coupling of aromatic aldehydes was efficiently promoted by titanium tetraiodide in propionitrile to give the 1,2-diol derivatives with high dl-selectivities in high yields.
A New Synthetic Method for Poly(arylene)s Using Bis(pinacolato)diboron as a Condensation Reagent
Authors: Izumi Atsushi , Nomura Ryoji , Masuda Toshio
Published: November 2004

We have developed a new convenient synthetic method for poly(arylene)s via dehalogenative coupling of dihaloarenes using bis(pinacolato)diboron as a condensation reagent. With this method, a variety of dihaloarenes including dihalobenzenes, dihaloazobenzenes, and dihalothiophenes were polymerized to give the corresponding poly(arylene)s.
pH-Dependent Water Structure at a Quartz Surface Modified with an Amino-Terminated Monolayer Studied by Sum Frequency Generation (SFG)
Authors: Ye Shen , Nihonyanagi Satoshi , Uosaki Kohei
Published: November 2004

The structures of water at the interfaces between a fused quartz surface modified by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of an amino-terminated silane molecule and electrolyte solutions of various pHs were investigated using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. The structure of the interfacial water significantly depended on the solution pH. The effect of the electric double layer generated by the protonation of the amino groups in the SAM and unreacted silanol groups on the quartz substrate is considered to be responsible for the pH-dependence.
Chirality Effects on Energy Transfer from Polypyridyl Ru(II) to Os(II) Complexes in Langmuir-Blodgett Films
Authors: Okamoto Kentaro , Takahashi Masayuki , Taniguchi Masahiro , Yamagishi Akihiko
Published: November 2004

Energy transfer rate (k2) from optically active tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) (denoted by Ru(II)) to Os(II) has been studied in Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films; k2 is found to be larger for Λ-Ru(II)/Δ-Os(II) than for Λ-Ru(II)/Δ-Os(II) in a Y-type mixed film of Ru(II) and Os(II), while streoselectivity is reversed in an alternatively layered Y-type LB film of Ru(II) and Os(II).
Michael Additions of Oxygen and Sulfur Nucleophiles to 3,4-Di-t-butyl-1-[(p-tolyl)sulfonylimino]-1,1-dihydrothiophene. A Comparison Study with 3,4-Di-t-butylthiophene 1-Oxide and 1,1-Dioxide
Authors: Otani Takashi , Sugihara Yoshiaki , Ishii Akihiko , Nakayama Juzo
Published: November 2004

The reactions of 3,4-di-t-butyl-1-[(p-tolyl)sulfonylimino]-1,1-dihydrothiophene with RONa and RSNa furnished 2-alkoxy- and 2-alkylthio-substituted thiophenes, respectively, through Michael adduct formation. The reaction of 3,4-di-t-butylthiophene 1-oxide with RSNa gave 1,6-Michael adducts, whereas the corresponding reaction of 3,4-di-t-butylthiophene 1,1-dioxide produced a mixture of 1,4- and 1,6-adducts.
New Chronoamperometric Technique Using Laser Ablation
Authors: Ohno Masashi , Hinoue Teruo
Published: November 2004

New chronoamperometry, in which a diffusion layer is renewed with laser ablation of an electrode surface, was compared with conventional potential step chronoamperometry. While the two methods gave similar current–time curves obeying the Cottrell equation for oxidation of hexacyanoferrate(II), only the new method gave the well-defined current–time curve for oxidation of ascorbic acid, which has a tendency to foul the electrode surface.
Low Threshold Gain-Narrowing Characteristics of Fluorescent Styrylbenzene Derivatives as a Guest Molecule in an Organic Thin-Film Optical Waveguide
Authors: Okumura Yasuaki , Nagawa Michifumi , Adachi Chihaya , Satsuki Makoto , Suga Sadaharu , Koyama Toshiki , Taniguchi Yoshio
Published: November 2004

We demonstrate that fluorescent styrylbenzene derivatives (SBDs) as a guest molecule (10 mol%) in an organic thin-film optical waveguide show excellent gain-narrowing performance by optical pumping. In particular, an extremely low threshold for gain narrowing is obtained with 4,4′-bis[4-(di-p-tolyl-amino)styryl]biphenyl (LD3). In addition, the incorporation of heterocyclic moieties into the styrylbenzene skeletons results in a higher threshold and also causes no spectral narrowing.
Photoinduced Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer of N-Salicylideneaniline in the Triplet State
Authors: Suzuki Toshihide , Kaneko Yuji , Arai Tatsuo
Published: November 2004

The excited triplet state of N-salicylideneanilines, benzylideneaniline derivatives, was successfully observed for the first time due to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding by means of transient absorption spectroscopy in solution. And the adiabatic intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer in the triplet state is proposed.
Preparation of Pd Cluster/Polymer Composites Using Bis(acetylacetonato)palladium(II) Vapor
Authors: Nakao Yukimichi
Published: November 2004

Composites consisting of Pd clusters and commodity polymers such as Nylon 6 and poly(ethylene terephthalate) are easily prepared by exposing the polymers to bis(acetylacetonate)palladium(II) vapor.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of a Novel Titanosilicate with MWW Topology
Authors: Wu Peng , Tatsumi Takashi , Komatsu Takayuki , Yashima Tatsuaki
Published: November 2004

A novel titanosilicate with the MWW topology hydrothermally synthesized in the presence of boron shows catalytic activity for the liquid-phase oxidation reaction of cyclohexene after removal of the extraframework Ti species by an acid treatment.
CO2-Encapsulated Clathrate Hydrate Formed by Sulfonate-Assisting Hydrogen Bonds and Template Contribution from Helper Species of Zinc(II)
Authors: Ichikawa Kazuhiko , Nakata Kou , Ibrahim M M
Published: November 2004

The CO2-encapsulated clathrate hydrate was formed, under a room temperature and atmosphere, by sulfonate-assisting hydrogen bonds among water molecules, where the geometry of the three sulfonate groups in zinc complex with nitrilotris(2-benzimidazolylmethyl-6-sulfonate) L1, was controlled by coordination of Zn2+.
The Formation of Quinolin-2(1H)-ones via Electrocyclic Reaction of o-Isocyanatostyrenes Generated in situ from o-Isocyanostyrenes
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Kitamura Taichi , Yoneda Keiichi , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: November 2004

A convenient one-pot preparation of 4-substituted or 3,4-disubstituted quinolin-2(1H)-ones from 2-isocyanostyrene derivatives, which involves mCPBA oxidation to the corresponding isocyanate intermediates followed by electrocyclization, is described.
Intramolecular Magnetic Interaction of Phenylene-Linked Bis-β-diketone Metal Complexes
Authors: Matsushita Michio M , Yasuda Tomohiro , Kawano Ryuji , Kawai Tadashi , Iyoda Tomokazu
Published: November 2004

Dinuclear metal complexes of phenylene-linked bis-β-di-ketone ligands were prepared and the magnetic interactions between the complex units along the π-conjugated linkers were investigated. Both ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions were observed for the m- and p-phenylene-linked dimers, respectively.
A New Self-Assembled Porphyrin-Silver(I) Network
Authors: Kondo Mitsuru , Kimura Yu , Wada Kenji , Mizutani Tadashi , Ito Yoshikatsu , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: November 2004

A new self-assembled porphyrin compound, [Ag(H2TPyP)]·PF6 (H2TPyP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)porphyrin) (1), was synthesized and structurally characterized. Among four pyridyl groups of the H2TPyP molecule, the two groups in the trans positions are coordinated to the silver atom, resulting in the formation of a linear one-dimensional network, in which the other two pyridyl moieties remain metal-free. Each of the chain is associated by a weak π–π interaction to afford a slipped-stack structure.
Polishable Amperometric Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Based on Sol-Gel-Derived Conductive Composite Containing Vanadium-17-molybdodiphosphate
Authors: Wang Peng , Wang Xiangping , Zhu Guoyi
Published: November 2004

A new kind of conductive vanadium-17-molybdodiphosphate/graphite/methylsilicate composite was firstly prepared by the sol-gel technique and used as electrode material for the fabrication of amperometric hydrogen peroxide sensor. The remarkable advantage of the sensor is its excellent reproducibility of surface renewal by simple mechanical polishing.
Monodispersed Microporous Polyoxotungstate with Regular Shape
Authors: Ito Takeru , Inumaru Kei , Misono Makoto
Published: November 2004

Monodispersed fine particles of (NH4)3PW12O40 having regular shape were successfully prepared as precipitates by the titration of NH4HCO3 solution to H3PW12O40 solution. The particles were ca. 1 µm in size and microporous with 151 m2 g−1 of BET surface area. AFM image demonstrated that these particles were aggregates of nanocrystallites of ca. 15 nm in size.
Synthesis of Energy Donors Appended Dithiaporphyrin Systems
Authors: Ravikanth M , Agarwal Neeraj , Kumaresan D
Published: November 2004

A dithiaporphyrin building block with N2S2 core is synthesized and used for the construction of N2S2 porphyrin appended with four N,N-difluoroboryl-1,9-dimethyl-5-(4-iodophenyl) dipyrrin (BDPY) units and N2S2 porphyrin appended with four N4 porphyrin units. Steady state fluorescence spectra indicated that there is no energy transfer from an excited BDPY unit to N2S2 porphyrin unit. However, an efficient energy transfer is observed from N4 porphyrin unit to N2S2 porphyrin unit.
Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Non-platinum Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Sawai Keijiro , Suzuki Nobuhisa
Published: November 2004

Remarkable enhancement in catalytic activity of a non-platinum catalyst for oxygen reduction in alkaline solutions has been achieved by an oxidative pretreatment of a high-area carbon support before dispersion of catalyst precursor (cobalt hexacyanoferrate), followed by pyrolyzing the precursor under an inert atmosphere. The polarization potential for oxygen reduction at substantial current densities at room temperature under air was higher than a potential corresponding to a limit of relative predominance for O2/HO2− couple.
Photochemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Methanol from HCO3− with Dehydrogenases and Zinc Porphyrin
Authors: Amao Yutaka , Watanabe Tomoe
Published: November 2004

Photochemical and enzymatic methanol synthesis from HCO3− with formate dehydrogenase (FDH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) via the photoreduction of MV2+ using ZnTPPS photosensitization was developed and the amount of produced methanol was 0.55 μmol dm−3 after 4-h irradiation.
Gene Detection Based on the Tetrakis-acridinyl Peptide (TAP) Cassette
Authors: Mizuki Keiji , Nojima Takahiko , Takenaka Shigeori
Published: November 2004

The TAP cassette, formed by the reaction of TAP with a DNA probe carrying a continuous AT sequence, was used for the detection of target DNA by the sandwich assay on the titer plate. This was achieved by the characteristics of TAP having high affinity and high preference for double stranded DNA and dramatic enhancement of fluorescence of TAP bound to [poly(dA-dT)]2.
No common ground? Islam, anti-Americanism and the United States
Authors: Crockatt Richard
Published: November 2004

Given the tension between America and Islam which was provoked by the terrorist attacks of September 11, the question posed by this essay is what areas of common ground exist between the United States and the Islamic world and what likelihood there is of expanding such common ground. Two models of US-Islamic relations - a ‘cooperation model’ and a ‘conflict model’ - are examined with a view to establishing the relative weight of negative and positive factors in the relationship. The essay concludes with the suggestion that Samuel Huntington’s ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis, and others like it, come close to cultural determinism. The case can be made that it is not conflict of cultures which gives rise to political conflict and war but political conflict, and especially the collapse of political authority, which provokes cultural conflict. From this point of view, the challenge is to seek workable solutions to political problems, taking into account cultural differences without allowing them to dictate the agenda.
Mode of delivery of twins
Authors: Breeze Andrew CG , Smith Gordon CS
Published: November 2004

Perinatal mortality is five times higher in twins than in singletons. This increased risk is mainly owing to factors unrelated to mode of delivery. Nevertheless, vaginal birth of twins at term is well recognised as a high‐risk area. It is associated with increased rates of perinatal death and a depressed Apgar score, primarily because of intrapartum asphyxia of the second twin. It is plausible that planned caesarean section may have a protective effect on these outcomes but there is a lack of direct evidence in this area. This review outlines some issues to raise when counselling and planning twin birth at term.
The Hydrogen Salicylate Ion as Ligand. Complex Formation Equilibria with Dioxouranium(VI), Neodymium(III) and Lead(II)
Authors: Furia Emilia , Porto Raffaella
Published: November 2004

The complexation equilibria of the hydrogen salicylate ion, HL‐, have been studied, at 25 °C, by potentiometric measurements with a glass electrode in 1 M NaClO4 for uranyl and Nd(III) ions and in 3 M NaClO4 for Pb(II) ion. The ligand concentration (CL) was varied between 10‐3 and 0.05 M. In the system with U(VI) the concentrations ranged between: 10‐3 ≤ [U(VI)] ≤ 0.01 M, 0.5 ≤ CL /[U(VI)] ≤ 10 and 10‐2 d[H+]≤ 10‐5 M; for neodymium system: 2.10‐3 ≤ [Nd(III)] < 0.01, 1 ≤ CL /[Nd(III)] ≤ 10 and 10‐2 ≤ [H+] ≤ 10‐7 M; for lead system: 10‐3 ≤ [Pb(II)] ≤ 3.10‐3, 1 ≤ CL /[Pb(II)] ≤ 2 and 10‐5 ≤ [H+] ≤ 10‐7.3 M. The experimental data have been explained with the formation of UO2HL+, UO2L, UO2(OH)L , (UO2)2(OH)L2 UO2(HL)L , NdHL2+, NdL+, Nd(OH)L, PbHL+, PbL and PbL22—. Equilibrium infinite dilution.
Screening of Urban Aerosol Particulate Composites for Selected Metal Distribution and Their Dependence on Meteorological Parameters
Authors: Shah Munir H. , Shaheen Nazia , Jaffar M.
Published: November 2004

Local atmospheric aerosol particulate samples, collected as composites on daily 6‐12 hour basis, at Quaid‐i‐Azam University campus, Islamabad, Pakistan, using high volume sampling technique, were analysed for Pb, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn and Co by FAAS method. The monitoring period ran from October, 2001 through March, 2002, with a total of 105 samples collected on cellulose filters, treated in part with the HNO3‐based wet digestion method for metal quantification, and for particle size distribution separately. The metal content of the aerosols was examined in relation to dependence on meteorological parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, sun shine and pan evaporation. Statistical correlation analysis was conducted for multiple metal pairs in aerosols, and the data were examined in relation to meteorological parameters and relevant aerosol particle size fractions. The study revealed no viable strong correlation between the meteorological parameters and metal levels; in general, however, a significant positive correlation was found for temperature. A strong positive correlation was observed for PM<2.5 and PM2.5‐10. For coarse particles (PM10‐100 and PM>100), however, a negative correlation was observed. The levels of Na, K, Fe and Zn were found in the range of 1‐5 μg/m3 while those for the rest of the metals in the sub μg/m3 range. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed on dataset for source identification and appointment. Largest contribution (33%) was shown by the industrial emissions followed by traffic/road dust (16.7%).
The Acidity Constants of Some Pyrimidine Bases in Various Water Organic Solvent Media
Authors: Ahmed Iman T. , Soliman Ekram S. , Boraei Ahmed A. A.
Published: November 2004

The acid ionization constants of some pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids were determined pH‐metrically at 25 °C and at the constant ionic strength I = 0.10 mol l‐1 (KNO3) in pure water as well as in aqueous media containing variable mole percentages (5—30 %) of organic solvents. The organic solvents used were methanol, ethanol, N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile, acetone and dioxane. The results obtained indicated that the acidity constants are generally decreased as the content of an organic solvent in the medium is increased. It was deduced that the hydrogen bonding interactions and the solvent basicity in addition to the electrostatic effect are the major effects influencing significantly the acid ionization process of pyrimidine bases in the different water organic solvent media. Some thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG°, ΔS°) of the ionization process over the temperature range 5—45°C in pure water were also determined and discussed.
Das periodische System von Primo Levi – eine Suche nach Strukturen in der Vergangenheit
Authors: Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: November 2004

Den Zauber der chemischen Elemente entfaltet Primo Levi in seinem autobiographischen Meisterwerk Das periodische System, das sich, wie alle Kunstwerke, die die Zeit überdauern, vielschichtiger Interpretation öffnet. Ein Vierteljahrhundert nach seinem Erscheinen lohnt sich ein erneuter Blick auf das Werk.
Browsing image collections with representations of common‐sense activities
Authors: Gordon Andrew S.
Published: November 2004

To support browsing‐based subject access to image collections, it is necessary to provide users with networks of subject terms that are organized in an intuitive, richly interconnected manner. A principled approach to this task is to organize the subject terms by their relationship to activity contexts that are commonly understood among users. This article describes a methodology for creating networks of subject terms by manually representing a large number of common‐sense activities that are broadly related to image subject terms. The application of this methodology to the Library of Congress Thesaurus for Graphic Materials produced 768 representations that supported users of a prototype browsing‐based retrieval system in searching large, indexed photograph collections.
Structured natural‐language descriptions for semantic content retrieval of visual materials
Authors: Tam A. M. , Leung C. H. C.
Published: November 2004

Keyword search of multimedia collections lacks precision and automatic parsing of unrestricted natural language annotations lacks accuracy. We propose a structure for natural language descriptions of the semantic content of visual materials that requires descriptions to be (modified) keywords, phrases, or simple sentences, with components that are grammatical relations common to many languages. This structure makes it easy to implement a collection's descriptions as a relational database, enabling efficient search via the application of well‐developed database‐indexing methods. Description components may be elements from external resources (thesaurus, ontology, database, or knowledge base). This provides a rich superstructure for the meaningful retrieval of images by their semantic contents.
A conceptual framework and empirical research for classifying visual descriptors
Authors: Jörgensen Corinne , Jaimes Alejandro , Benitez Ana B. , Chang Shih‐Fu
Published: November 2004

This article presents exploratory research evaluating a conceptual structure for the description of visual content of images. The structure, which was developed from empirical research in several fields (e.g., Computer Science, Psychology, Information Studies, etc.), classifies visual attributes into a “Pyramid” containing four syntactic levels (type/technique, global distribution, local structure, composition), and six semantic levels (generic, specific, and abstract levels of both object and scene, respectively). Various experiments are presented, which address the Pyramid's ability to achieve several tasks: (1) classification of terms describing image attributes generated in a formal and an informal description task, (2) classification of terms that result from a structured approach to indexing, and (3) guidance in the indexing process. Several descriptions, generated by naive users and indexers, are used in experiments that include two image collections: a random Web sample, and a set of news images. To test descriptions generated in a structured setting, an Image Indexing Template (developed independently over several years of this project by one of the authors) was also used. The experiments performed suggest that the Pyramid is conceptually robust (i.e., can accommodate a full range of attributes), and that it can be used to organize visual content for retrieval, to guide the indexing process, and to classify descriptions obtained manually and automatically.
The role of individual differences in Internet searching: An empirical study
Authors: Ford Nigel , Miller David , Moss Nicola
Published: November 2004

This article reports the results of a study of the role of individual differences in Internet searching. The dimensions of individual differences forming the focus of the research consisted of: cognitive styles; levels of prior experience; Internet perceptions; study approaches; age; and gender. Sixty‐nine Masters students searched for information on a prescribed topic using the AltaVista search engine. Results were assessed using simple binary relevance judgements. Factor analysis and multiple regression revealed interesting differences, retrieval effectiveness being linked to: male gender; low cognitive complexity; an imager (as opposed to verbalizer) cognitive style; and a number of Internet perceptions and study approaches grouped here as indicating low self‐efficacy. The implications of these findings for system development and for future research are discussed.
A quantitative categorical analysis of metadata elements in image‐applicable metadata schemas
Authors: Greenberg Jane
Published: November 2004

This article reports on a quantitative categorical analysis of metadata elements in the Dublin Core, VRA Core, REACH, and EAD metadata schemas, all of which can be used for organizing and describing images. The study found that each of the examined metadata schemas contains elements that support the discovery, use, authentication, and administration of images, and that the number and proportion of elements supporting functions in these classes varies per schema. The study introduces a new schema comparison methodology and explores the development of a class‐oriented functional metadata schema for controlling images across multiple domains.
Short-stay thyroid surgery
Authors: Sahai A , Symes A , Jeddy T
Published: November 2004

Achieved in 104 consecutive procedures
Radioisotope bone scans in the preoperative staging of hepatopancreatobiliary cancer
Authors: Sheth H , Javed S S , Hilson A J W , Buscombe J R , Davidson B R
Published: November 2004

Background

The aim of the study was to determine the value of radioisotope bone scans in the preoperative staging of patients with hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) cancer.

Methods

Bone scanning was performed as part of a routine staging protocol in 402 consecutive patients with HPB cancer over a period of 5 years. Patients with positive bone scans underwent coned radiography, computed tomography with review on bone windows, or a bone biopsy. Bone scans were reviewed along with staging investigations, surgical and histological findings. Patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months.

Results

There were 171 patients with colorectal liver metastases, 106 with suspected pancreatic cancer, 47 with hepatocellular cancer, 52 with gallbladder cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, and 26 with other types of HPB cancer. Bone scans were negative in 377 patients (93·8 per cent) and positive in 25 patients (6·2 per cent). Of the 25 positive scans, 16 were falsely positive as a result of degenerative bone disease. Of nine patients with a true-positive bone scan, four had locally irresectable disease and four distant metastases. In only one patient did the bone scan result alone influence the decision to resect the HPB cancer. Overall sensitivity was 100 per cent, specificity 95·9 per cent, positive predictive value 36·0 per cent and negative predictive value 100 per cent.

Conclusion

Bone scanning should not be included in the routine staging protocol for HPB cancer.
DARPP‐32‐like immunoreactivity in AII amacrine cells of rat retina
Authors: Partida Gloria J. , Lee Sherwin C. , Haft‐Candell Leah , Nichols Grant S. , Ishida Andrew T.
Published: November 2004

Previous studies demonstrated that the dopamine‐ and adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate‐regulated phosphatase inhibitor known as “DARPP‐32” is present in rat, cat, monkey, and human retinas. We have followed up these studies by asking what specific cell subtypes contain DARPP‐32. Using a polyclonal antibody directed against a peptide sequence of human DARPP‐32, we immunostained adult rat retinas that were either transretinally sectioned or flat mounted and found DARPP‐32‐like immunoreactivity in some cells of the amacrine cell layer across the entire retinal surface. We report here, based on the shape and spatial distribution of these cells, their staining by an anti‐parvalbumin antibody, and their juxtaposition with processes containing tyrosine hydroxylase, that DARPP‐32‐like immunoreactivity is present in AII amacrine cells of rat retina. These results suggest that the response of AII amacrine cells to dopamine is not mediated as simply as previously supposed. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:251–263, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Septal columns in rodent barrel cortex: Functional circuits for modulating whisking behavior
Authors: Alloway Kevin D. , Zhang Mengliang , Chakrabarti Shubhodeep
Published: November 2004

In rodents, each mystacial whisker is represented in the granular layer of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex by a compact cluster of cells known as a barrel, and barrels are separated from each other by domains that are called septa. Vertical columns of neurons aligned with each barrel act as a functional assembly to process information from a “principal” whisker, but a functional role has not been identified for vertical columns of neurons that are aligned with the septa. To determine whether these septal columns provide the main source of projections to primary motor (MI) cortex, we placed retrograde tracers in MI cortex and analyzed the location of the retrogradely labeled neurons with respect to the septal and barrel compartments of SI barrel cortex. In cases in which SI barrel cortex was sectioned tangentially, retrogradely labeled neurons in the extragranular layers of SI were plotted and superimposed onto reconstructions of the layer IV barrel field. In each of these cases, most labeled neurons were located above or below the septal regions of layer IV. When SI barrel cortex was sectioned coronally, we observed multiple columns of labeled SI neurons that were vertically aligned with the septal zones of layer IV. These results indicate that columns of neurons that are vertically aligned with the septa, or septal columns, are functionally linked by virtue of their projections to MI cortex. We hypothesize that these septal columns represent an interconnected and functionally distinct circuit that transmits information to MI and other brain regions involved in motor control. J. Comp. Neurol. 480:299–309, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defensive Responses to Charitable Direct Mail Solicitations
Authors: Diamond William D. , Noble Stephanie M.
Published: November 2004

Two studies examined consumers’ defenses against to catalog and charitable direct mail solicitations. First, 157 survey respondents completed questions about their charitable giving behavior. Significant correlations between four resulting principal components and demographic variables showed how people defend themselves against repeated appeals. In a second study, 34 subjects provided scripts of responses to charitable and catalog solicitations. The scripts further illustrated defensive responses. Several conclusions were drawn from these studies. First, recipients of charitable solicitations often use defensive mechanisms to protect themselves from frequent solicitations. Second, frequent recipients of charitable direct mail process their mail differently than infrequent recipients. Frequent recipients are much more likely to use defensive script elements. Multiple solicitations to prospective donors may increase charitable contributions. However, excess solicitation could lead them to develop a greater repertoire of defenses against solicitations and decrease the pool of available contributions over the long term.
Characteristics of virtual experience in electronic commerce: A protocol analysis
Authors: Li Hairong , Daugherty Terry , Biocca Frank
Published: November 2004

This protocol analysis examines the content of virtual experience in e-commerce, as concurrently verbalized by a sample of 30 participants while interacting with four 3-D products. Thirteen different types of psychological activities were observed and classified into five characteristics of virtual experience: active process, presence, involvement, enjoyment, and affordances. As a result, virtual experience is vivid, involving, active, affective psychological states occurring in an individual interacting with 3-D computer simulations. The study anchors the position of virtual experience on the spectrum of consumer experience with design implications in e-commerce discussed.
The effects of direct marketing techniques on performance: An application to arts organizations
Authors: Arnold Mark J. , Tapp Shelley R.
Published: November 2004

Prior research has affirmed the importance of direct marketing in various nonprofit industries, yet little guidance has been offered as to selection of those direct marketing methods that have significant effects on actual performance. This research investigates the effects of direct marketing on multiple measures of performance in the nonprofit arts industry. The results suggest that direct marketing techniques perceived as newer to the industry are likely to have differential effects on sales and fundraising performance depending on the communication program in which they are employed, and that the use of interactive direct marketing is positively related to both sales and fundraising performance. Generalized guidance is offered for arts organizations.
The economics of selection of mail orders
Authors: Levin Nissan , Zahavi Jacob
Published: November 2004

We discuss the economics of selection of mail orders involving pricing and inventory considerations. We use a probabilistic approach to account for customer choice uncertainty, and offer an approximate approach to account for time uncertainty and model specification errors. The model makes use of the famous “newsboy” problem from inventory theory to solve for the optimal order quantity. The approach is demonstrated on a real application in the collectible industry involving realistic data.
Article not available electronically
Authors: Narayandas Das , Caputo Elizabeth
Published: November 2004

This article is not available electronically because the copyright is held by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and permission was only granted for print publication.

To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials go to http://harvardbusiness.org .

The Publisher regrets any inconvenience this may cause.
Template Effects of Metal Cations for Controlling the Regioisomer Distribution on the Photodimerization of N,N′‐Linked Bis(anthracenecarboxamides)
Authors: Hiraga Hisafumi , Morozumi Tatsuya , Nakamura Hiroshi
Published: November 2004

Two bis(fluorophore) compounds linked by an oxyethylene chain, N,N′‐(4,7,10‐trioxatridecane‐1,13‐diyl)bis(1‐anthracenecarboxamide) (1) and N,N′‐(4,7,10‐trioxatridecane‐1,13‐diyl)bis(2‐anthracenecarboxamide) (2), were synthesized, and the intramolecular photodimerization of the anthracene units was carried out in acetonitrile solution. The photoproduct ratios of the regioisomers derived from 1 and 2 were quantified in the absence and presence of metal cations. Upon photo‐irradiation of 1, three intramolecular photodimers, trans head‐to‐head dimer D1, cis head‐to‐head D2 and cis head‐to‐tail D3, were formed. In the photodimerization of 1, the presence of Ba2+ enhanced the formation of D1, whereas Mg2+ suppressed it. These isomer distributions strongly depended on the structure of the complex induced by the metal cations in the ground state. On the other hand, upon photo‐irradiation of 2, only two photodimers, cis head‐to‐tail dimer D5 and cis head‐to‐head D6, were formed in both the absence and presence of metal cations, and their ratio changed only slightly suggesting that no conformational changes were induced by the complexation with metal cations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Mutual Influence of (Dimethylhydrazono)methyl Groups and α‐Hydroxy Ketone Moieties in Hetaryl Analogues of Unsymmetric Benzoins
Authors: Ivonin Sergey P. , Lapandin Andrey V. , Anishchenko Andrey A. , Shtamburg Vasilii G.
Published: November 2004

Reactions between phenylglyoxal hydrate and the N,N‐dimethylhydrazones of furfural and pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehyde run regioselectively at the 5‐position of the heterocycle. The resulting hetaryl analogues of α‐benzoins quantitatively isomerize to β‐compounds, the (dimethylhydrazono)methyl group activating the hetaryl residue and thus affording faster isomerization than in their unfunctionalized counterparts. The (dimethylhydrazono)methyl group is easily convertible into the aldehyde or nitrile group and can also be involved in rehydrazonation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of Substituted Azepino[3,4‐b]indole‐1,5‐diones
Authors: Perron Julien , Joseph Benoît , Mérour Jean‐Yves
Published: November 2004

Cyclic β‐amino esters 4, obtained from lactams, were condensed with indole‐2‐carbonyl chloride to afford the corresponding amides. Similarly, unusual conditions led to cyclisation at the 3‐position of the indole moiety in the presence of pTSA and ethylene glycol to afford previously unknown pentacyclic derivatives 12 and 15. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Simple Synthetic Transformations of Highly Enantio‐Enriched 4‐Alkyl‐2,5,7‐cyclooctatrienols into Functionalized Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa‐2,4‐dienes and 2,6‐Cyclooctadienones
Authors: Pineschi Mauro , Del Moro Federica , Crotti Paolo , Macchia Franco
Published: November 2004

4‐Alkyl‐2,5,7‐cyclooctatrienols with high enantiomeric purities (93−96% ee), obtained by an improved copper‐phosphoramidite‐catalyzed addition of dialkylzinc reagents to cyclooctatetraene monoepoxide, have been subjected to simple and practical manipulations. Simple esterification reactions are able to deliver new functionalized isomeric 8‐alkyl‐7‐acyloxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa‐2,4‐dienes through a domino sequence of rearrangement reactions, in good yields. Moreover, new 4‐alkyl‐substituted‐2,6‐cyclooctadienones with high optical purity can be efficiently obtained from gram‐scale reactions by simple thermal treatment. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Solvent‐Dependent Conformational Behaviour of Model Tetrapeptides Containing a Bicyclic Proline Mimetic
Authors: Trabocchi Andrea , Potenza Donatella , Guarna Antonio
Published: November 2004

Two model tetrapeptides containing bicyclic analogues of either D‐ or L‐proline were synthesised and their conformational properties were studied by NMR in different solvent systems and by molecular modelling techniques. Compound 1, with the bicyclic D‐proline mimetic in the i+1 position, generated a unique trans isomer, and the peptide showed a well organised structure, in accordance with the tendency of D‐proline to act as a good turn inducer with respect to its enantiomer. Peptide 2 displayed structures equilibrating from type I,II to type VI β‐turns, thus confirming the hypothesised relationship between the chirality of BGS/Bgs and proline enantiomers on nucleating compact turns. Moreover, such behaviour suggested a tool for peptidomimetic design of reverse turn peptides containing BGS/Bgs bicyclic proline mimetics, as the choice of chirality might influence the generation either of compact γ‐ and β‐turns or of flexible equilibrating reverse turn structures. The effect of solvent on conformational behaviour was also studied. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Polymers for the Diastereoselective Protonation of Chiral Enolates
Authors: Mackenstedt Marc , Krause Norbert
Published: November 2004

The polymeric, chelating proton donors 7 and 8 were synthesized by radical polymerization of the monomers 5/6 with different amounts of styrene. Protonation of chiral lithium enolates derived from silyl enol ethers 9 gave cis/trans ratios of up to 94:6 (10a) and 99:1 (10b), respectively. The polymers can be recycled and used repeatedly without appreciable loss of selectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of Pyrazolyl‐2‐pyrazolines by Treatment of 3‐(3‐Aryl‐3‐oxopropenyl)chromen‐4‐ones with Hydrazine and Their Oxidation to Bis(pyrazoles)
Authors: Lévai Albert , Silva Artur M. S. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José , Jekö József
Published: November 2004

The synthesis of several 1‐acetyl‐3‐aryl‐5‐[3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)pyrazol‐4‐yl]‐2‐pyrazolines 3a−3h has been accomplished by treatment of the 3‐(3‐aryl‐3‐oxopropenyl)chromen‐4‐ones 1a−h with hydrazine hydrate in hot acetic acid. The 1‐acetyl‐3‐aryl‐5‐(3‐chromonyl)‐2‐pyrazolines 2a−2f were also obtained as by‐products. Oxidation of the 1‐acetyl‐4‐pyrazolyl‐2‐pyrazolines 3a−3f with DDQ gave the 3(5)‐aryl‐5(3)‐[3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)pyrazol‐4‐yl]pyrazoles 5a−5f. The oxidation of the 2‐pyrazoline rings was accompanied by N‐deacylation. The reaction mechanisms of both transformations are discussed, the first one being supported by experimental results. The structures of all new derivatives were established by NMR and the evidence of prototropic tautomerism is carefully discussed. Theoretical calculations of energies and of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the possible tautomeric forms of 5(3)‐[3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)pyrazol‐4‐yl]‐3(5)‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)pyrazole (5c), by B3LYP and GIAO, showed that compounds of this type probably exist as mixtures of two tautomers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)