bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of facility ownership structure on individual responding to stress: a multilevel model
Authors: Yeh Shu-Chuan Jennifer , Huang Chia-Hsiung , Chou Hsueh-Chih , Wan Thomas T H
Published: April 2009

Few studies have investigated the effect of health-care facility ownership on the relationship between patient stressors and coping strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether haemodialysis (HD) patient stressors and coping strategies differ by type of health-care facility ownership, and whether such ownership has a cross-level moderating effect between stressors and coping strategies. We used the Haemodialysis Stressor Scale and the Jalowiec Coping Scale; primary data were collected by interviewing 2642 HD patients 15 years or older on dialysis for at least three months from 27 HD centres. One-way analysis of variance and hierarchical linear modelling were used to attain the research purposes. HD patients from religious-based hospitals had higher stress related to their physical symptoms, dependency on medical staff, role ambiguity and blood vessel problems than those differently owned facilities. Patients in veterans and army (VA) hospitals had higher stress related to food and fluid restriction and dependency on medical staff than private centres. Patients in religious-based hospitals had significantly higher coping scores, followed by VA and private HD centres. Religion-based ownership might serve as a cross-level moderator for patients perceiving role ambiguity stress and using problem-oriented, support seeking and isolated thought-coping strategies.
Systems thinking, complexity and managerial decision-making: an analytical review
Authors: Cramp D G , Carson E R
Published: April 2009

One feature that characterizes the organization and delivery of health care is its inherent complexity. All too often, with so much information and so many activities involved, it is difficult for decision-makers to determine in an objective fashion an appropriate course of action. It would appear that a holistic rather than a reductionist approach would be advantageous. The aim of this paper is to review how formal systems thinking can aid decision-making in complex situations. Consideration is given as to how the use of a number of systems modelling methodologies can help in gaining an understanding of a complex decision situation. This in turn can enhance the possibility of a decision being made in a more rational, explicit and transparent fashion. The arguments and approaches are illustrated using examples taken from the public health arena.
A conceptual framework for selecting the most appropriate variables for measuring hospital efficiency with a focus on Iranian public hospitals
Authors: Afzali Hossein Haji Ali , Moss John R , Mahmood Mohammad Afzal
Published: April 2009

Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the measurement of hospital efficiency in developing countries and in Iran. While the choice of measurement methods in hospital efficiency assessment has been widely argued in the literature, few authors have offered a framework to specify variables that reflect different hospital functions, the quality of the process of care and the effectiveness of hospital services. However, without the knowledge of hospital objectives and all relevant functions, efficiency studies run the risk of making biased comparisons, particularly against hospitals that provide higher quality services requiring the use of more resources. Undertaking an in-depth investigation regarding the multi-product nature of hospitals, various hospital functions and the values of various stakeholders (patient, staff and community) with a focus on the Iranian public hospitals, this study has proposed a conceptual framework to select the most appropriate variables for measuring hospital efficiency using frontier-based techniques. This paper contributes to hospital efficiency studies by proposing a conceptual framework and incorporating a broader set of variables in Iran. This can enhance the validity of hospital efficiency studies using frontier-based methods in developing countries.
Innovations in coaching and mentoring: implications for nurse leadership development
Authors: Fielden Sandra L , Davidson Marilyn J , Sutherland Valerie J
Published: April 2009

This longitudinal study sought to examine ways in which coaching and mentoring relationships impact on the professional development of nurses in terms of career and leadership behaviours, and evaluating the differences and similarities between those coaching and mentoring relationships.

According to the UK government, leadership in nursing is essential to the improvement of service delivery, and the development and training of all nurses is vital in achieving effective change. A coaching and mentoring programme was used to explore the comparative advantages of these two approaches for the leadership development of nurses in acute, primary care and mental health settings.

A longitudinal in-depth study was conducted to measure differences and similarities between the mentoring and coaching process as a result of a six-month coaching/mentoring programme. Five nurses from six UK Health Care Trusts were allocated to a coaching group ( n = 15) or a mentoring group ( n = 15), these were coached or mentored by a member of the senior directorate from their own Trust. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected at three time points (T1 = baseline, T2 = 4 months and T3 = 9 months) using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires.

While mentoring was perceived to be ‘support’ and coaching was described as ‘action’, descriptions of the actual process and content were quite similar. However, while both groups reported significant development in terms of career development, leadership skills and capabilities, mentees reported the highest level of development with significantly higher scores in eight areas of leadership and management and in three areas of career impact. Implications for nurses and health services are discussed.
Alfred Françcois Donné (1801-78): a pioneer of microscopy, microbiology and haematology
Authors: Diamantis Aristidis , Magiorkinis Emmanouil , Androutsos George
Published: April 2009

Alfred François Donné is widely known in the scientific community as the discoverer of Trichomonas vaginalis, since he was the first to illustrate the parasite that later was recognized to cause vaginal infections. However, his other, less-known findings are equally important: he was also the inventor of the photoelectric microscope, with the assistance of his student Léon Foucault, as well as the first to apply photography to microscopic preparations (Daguerreotype). His research in microscopy extended to almost all human fluids that could be investigated and culminated in his famous Atlas, which was illustrated with numerous photographs. Donné was also the first to describe the microscopic appearances of leukaemia based on blood preparations acquired from patients. Finally, his work in the hygiene of child upbringing and nutrition is very significant.
Kaethe Kollwitz (1867-1945): the artist who may have suffered from Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
Authors: Drysdale Graeme R
Published: April 2009

Kaethe Kollwitz was a 20th century German artist who grew to fame for her sociopolitical impressions of Germany during World Wars I and II. In her diary Kollwitz self-described symptoms of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome during her childhood. She complained of episodes where objects appeared to grow larger or smaller and perceptual distortions where she felt she was diminishing in size. This may explain why Kollwitz's artistic style appeared to shift from naturalism to expressionism, and why her artistic subjects are often shaped with large hands and faces. The distortion present in her visual art may have less to do with a deliberate emphasis of the artist's feelings and more to do with her perceptual experience.
Dr Lazar Remen (1907-74): a forgotten pioneer in the treatment of myasthenia gravis
Authors: Ohry Avi
Published: April 2009

Dr Lazar Remen (1907-74) was the first, in 1932, to describe the beneficial effect of prostigmine on a myasthenia gravis patient. His observation actually preceeded by two years Mary Broadfoot Walker's (1888-1974) paper, which is considered to be the landmark article on this association.
Mammalian GW182 contains multiple Argonaute-binding sites and functions in microRNA-mediated translational repression
Authors: Takimoto Koji , Wakiyama Motoaki , Yokoyama Shigeyuki
Published: April 2009

In mammalian cells, microRNAs (miRNAs) are incorporated into miRNA-induced silencing complexes (miRISCs), which regulate protein expression post-transcriptionally through binding to 3′-untranslated regions of target mRNAs. Argonaute2 (Ago2), a key component of the miRISC, recruits GW182, a component of the processing body (GW/P-body), to the target mRNAs. To elucidate the function of GW182 in an miRNA-mediated translational repression, we analyzed Argonaute-binding sites in GW182. We found that human GW182 contains three binding sites for Ago2, within the amino-terminal glycine tryptophan (GW/WG)-repeated region that is characteristic of the GW182 family proteins. We also found that the first and second Ago2-binding site is conserved within the amino-terminal half of TNRC6B, which is a paralog of GW182. Each of the Ago-binding sites is alone sufficient to bind Ago2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that multiple Argonaute proteins were connected via the GW182 protein. A GW182 fragment containing the Ago2-binding region partially relieved let-7-mediated repression of protein synthesis in a mammalian cell-free system. Coincidentally, let-7-directed target mRNA deadenylation was delayed. Together, these results strongly suggested that the interactions of GW182 with Argonautes may induce the formation of large complexes containing miRNA target mRNAs, and may be critical for miRNA-mediated translational repression.
Effect of enzymatic digestion on thallus degradation and extraction of hydrosoluble compounds from Grateloupia turuturu
Authors: Denis Claire , Morançais Michèle , Gaudin Pierre , Fleurence Joël
Published: April 2009

The extraction of metabolites of industrial interest from seaweed tissue is difficult due to the presence of anionic polysaccharides in the cell walls. We studied enzymatic digestion of Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta) to facilitate extraction of the desired metabolites from this seaweed. Four polysaccharidases (Onozuka R-10 cellulase, agarase, κ- and ι-carrageenases) were used alone and in combination. We studied the efficiency of the enzymatic process in degrading the seaweed thallus; we also investigated the effect of the enzymatic treatment on solubilization of R-phycoerythrin and reducing sugars. The best degradation conditions for Grateloupia thalli were obtained with cellulase alone (0.48 U ml-1), or with a combination of cellulase/κ-carrageenase. However, only the combination cellulase (0.08 U ml-1)/κ-carrageenase (0.01 U ml-1), or the individual enzymes [agarase or ι-carrageenase at low concentration (0.55 U ml-1 and 2.5×10-3 U ml-1)] improved solubilization of R-phycoerythrin compared to the control conditions. The simultaneous use of polysaccharidases enabled solubilization of a large quantity of reducing sugars (40 mg glu g-1 dw). Therefore, this condition appears suitable for the production of oligosaccharides. This result also confirms indirectly the presence of agar, cellulose, κ- and ι-carrageenans in the cell wall of Grateloupia turuturu.
Critical Evaluation of Determining Swelling Pressure by Swell-Load Method and Constant Volume Method
Authors: Nagaraj H. B. , Munnas M. Mohammed , Sridharan A.
Published: April 2009

For any construction activity in expansive soils, determination of swelling pressure/heave is an essential step. Though many attempts have been made to develop laboratory procedures by using the laboratory one-dimensional oedometer to determine swelling pressure of expansive soils, they are reported to yield varying results. The main reason for these variations could be heterogeneous moisture distribution of the sample over its thickness. To overcome this variation the experimental procedure should be such that the soil gets fully saturated. Attempts were made to introduce vertical sand drains in addition to the top and bottom drains. In this study five and nine vertical sand drains were introduced to experimentally find out the variations in the swell and swelling pressure. The variations in the moisture content at middle, top, and bottom of the sample in the oedometer test are also reported. It is found that swell-load method is better as compared to zero-swell method. Further, five number of vertical sand drains are found to be sufficient to obtain uniform moisture content distribution.
Considering the Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Parameter of α-Fe Alloys versus Concentrations of Solved Elements
Authors: Filippova V. P.
Published: April 2009

The present work considers possibilities of mathematics for separating roles of certain solved elements in influencing the body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice period of α-Fe alloys. The used approach is based on the Vegard’s law describing a lattice parameter of a solid solution as a linear function of its components concentrations. Binary and ternary α-Fe alloys involving low concentrations of alloying elements and impurities were prepared without expensive and extensive metallurgical methods of purification. Based on equilibrium phase diagrams of binary systems, conditions of quenching from a single-phase field were chosen for each alloy to provide maximum solubility of its components. The lattice period of the alloys was investigated by standard X-ray analysis and then approximated by linear function of several variables. As a result, there were obtained linear coefficients characterizing the influence of P, S, Si, Sn, Al, Ni, Cr, Mo, B on the period of the BCC lattice of α-Fe.
Measurement and Simulation of Thermal Stability of Poly(Lactic Acid) by Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Yang Mu-Hoe , Lin Yeuh-Hui
Published: April 2009

The thermal degradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biopolymer was studied as used by the thermogravimetry analyzer in a nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 100–500°C. The reaction was found under these experimental conditions to be of first order with an activation energy of 94.0 and 105.3 kJ/mole and pre-exponential factor 6.43×105 and 1.91×106 1/s, respectively. Slight differences have been found in activation energy depending on the analytical methods used and reported in other previous articles. It was found that the activation energy of thermal degradation increased with increasing the molecular weight of PLA. Moreover, the behaviors involved in the thermal degradation of PLA in nitrogen atmosphere were studied by using the numerical simulation of the kinetic model to dynamical thermogravimetric data. The maximum decomposition temperature, shape index for dynamic condition and life, and degree of decomposition for the isothermal condition of thermal behavior of PLA are predicted via mathematical simulation in this study.
In situ synthesis and crystal growth of copper(I) carbonyl trifluoroacetate: a dinuclear [Cu2(O2CCF3)2(CO)2] core structure confirmed
Authors: Sevryugina Yulia , Petrukhina Marina A.
Published: April 2009

The solid state structure of the long known but inadequately characterized compound, namely the mixed ligand copper(I) carbonyl trifluoroacetate, [Cu2(O2CCF3)2(CO)2] (1), has been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Instead of the previously assigned tetranuclear core structure, its main building block is now confirmed to be a dinuclear copper(I) unit that is cis-bridged by two trifluoroacetate ligands. The Cu · · · Cu separation within the unit is 3.1382(6) Å. Additionally, each copper center has one terminally bound carbonyl with a Cu–C distance of 1.806(3) Å. In the solid state, 1 displays a 1D chain structure comprised of the [Cu2(μ
2-O2CCF3)2(CO)2] units held by axial Cu · · · O interactions at 2.2181(13) Å.
Neutron and synchrotron X-ray powder study of copper(II) chloride complex with deuterated 1-ethyltetrazole
Authors: Ivashkevich Ludmila S. , Lyakhov Alexander S. , Degtyarik Michail M. , Efimov Vadim V. , Gaponik Pavel N. , Tiutiunnikov Sergey I. , Voitekhovich Sergei V. , Ivashkevich Oleg A. , Yusupov Roman V. , Trots Dmytro M. , Sikolenko Vadim V.
Published: April 2009

The structure of the copper(II) chloride complex with deuterated 1-ethyltetrazole has been investigated in the temperature range of 2–290 K using neutron and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The compound was found to exhibit structural transformation at ca. 180 K, without change of space group and main structural motif. At higher temperatures, the complex reveals positional disorder of the ethyl group, whereas no disorder is observed at lower temperatures. Temperature dependence of the lattice parameters, obtained from synchrotron X-ray data, showed main lattice changes at the transformation, explained by structural features of the complex. From the magnetic measurements, the effect of the disorder on paramagnetic behaviour of the compound was found. Detailed structural data of the compound at 2 and 290 K, obtained from neutron powder diffraction data, are reported.
Snf1 Controls the Activity of Adr1 Through Dephosphorylation of Ser230
Authors: Ratnakumar Sooraj , Kacherovsky Nataly , Arms Erin , Young Elton T
Published: April 2009

The transcription factors Adr1 and Cat8 act in concert to regulate the expression of numerous yeast genes after the diauxic shift. Their activities are regulated by Snf1, the yeast homolog of the AMP-activated protein kinase of higher eukaryotes. Cat8 is regulated directly by Snf1, but how Snf1 regulates Adr1 is unknown. Mutations in Adr1 that alleviate glucose repression are clustered between amino acids 227 and 239. This region contains a consensus sequence for protein kinase A, RRAS230F, and Ser230 is phosphorylated in vitro by both protein kinase A and Ca++ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Using an antiphosphopeptide antibody, we found that the level of Adr1 phosphorylated on Ser230 was highest in glucose-grown cells and decreased in a Snf1-dependent manner when glucose was depleted. A nonphosphorylatable Ser230Ala mutant was no longer Snf1 dependent for activation of Adr1-dependent genes and could suppress Cat8 dependence at genes coregulated by Adr1 and Cat8. Contrary to expectation, neither protein kinase A (PKA) nor Ca++ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase appeared to have an important role in Ser230 phosphorylation in vivo, and a screen of 102 viable kinase deletion strains failed to identify a candidate kinase. We conclude that either Ser230 is phosphorylated by multiple protein kinases or its kinase is encoded by an essential gene. Using the Ser230Ala mutant, we explain a long-standing observation of synergy between Adr1 constitutive mutants and Snf1 activation and conclude that dephosphorylation of Ser230 via a Snf1-dependent pathway appears to be a major component of Adr1 regulation.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Homicides Among Children in Urban Canada
Authors: Birken Catherine S. , Parkin Patricia C. , To Teresa , Wilkins Russell , Macarthur Colin
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine the influence of neighborhood income on homicides among children living in urban Canada.

METHODS. Homicides among children <15 years of age living in any of Canada's census metropolitan areas in 1996, 1997, or 1998 were identified on the basis of vital statistics death registration data, by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Deaths were assigned to census tracts through postal codes, and the tracts were then assigned to neighborhood income quintiles on the basis of the proportions of the population below the Statistics Canada low-income cutoff values. Census population counts and intercensal population interpolations were used to estimate person-years at risk for rate calculations. Interquintile rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Poisson regression was used to model the effects of neighborhood income quintiles on homicide rates, after adjustment for age.

RESULTS. During the 3-year study period, there were 87 homicides among children <15 years of age in Canada's census metropolitan areas (0.82 cases per 100 000; not statistically different according to gender). The age-adjusted relative risks for the lowest versus highest neighborhood income quintiles were 2.95 for all children <15 years of age and 3.39 for children <5 years of age.

CONCLUSION. Effective child homicide-prevention strategies should be focused on children <5 years of age living in low-income areas.
Clinical Assessment and Management of Toddlers With Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights From Studies of High-Risk Infants
Authors: Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Bryson Susan , Lord Catherine , Rogers Sally , Carter Alice , Carver Leslie , Chawarska Kasia , Constantino John , Dawson Geraldine , Dobkins Karen , Fein Deborah , Iverson Jana , Klin Ami , Landa Rebecca , Messinger Daniel , Ozonoff Sally , Sigman Marian , Stone Wendy , Tager-Flusberg Helen , Yirmiya Nurit
Published: April 2009

With increased public awareness of the early signs and recent American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations that all 18- and 24-month-olds be screened for autism spectrum disorders, there is an increasing need for diagnostic assessment of very young children. However, unique challenges exist in applying current diagnostic guidelines for autism spectrum disorders to children under the age of 2 years. In this article, we address challenges related to early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorders in this age group. We provide a comprehensive review of findings from recent studies on the early development of children with autism spectrum disorders, summarizing current knowledge on early signs of autism spectrum disorders, the screening properties of early detection tools, and current best practice for diagnostic assessment of autism spectrum disorders before 2 years of age. We also outline principles of effective intervention for children under the age of 2 with suspected/confirmed autism spectrum disorders. It is hoped that ongoing studies will provide an even stronger foundation for evidence-based diagnostic and intervention approaches for this critically important age group.
Prospective Validation of a Clinical Prediction Model for Lyme Meningitis in Children
Authors: Garro Aris C. , Rutman Maia , Simonsen Kari , Jaeger Jenifer L. , Chapin Kimberle , Lockhart Gregory
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. Lyme meningitis is difficult to differentiate from other causes of aseptic meningitis in Lyme disease–endemic regions. Parenteral antibiotics are indicated for Lyme meningitis but not viral causes of aseptic meningitis. A clinical prediction model was developed to distinguish Lyme meningitis from other causes of aseptic meningitis. Our objective was to prospectively validate this model.

METHODS. Children between 2 and 18 years of age presenting to Hasbro Children's Hospital from April through October of 2006 and 2007 were enrolled if a lumbar puncture for meningitis showed a cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count of >8 cells per μL. Cerebrospinal fluid was sent for Lyme antibody testing. The probability of Lyme meningitis was calculated by using the percentage of cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells, duration of headache, and presence of cranial neuropathy by using the prediction model. Definite Lyme meningitis cases were defined as cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with (1) positive Lyme serology confirmed by immunoblot or (2) erythema migrans rash. Possible Lyme meningitis cases were defined as cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with positive cerebrospinal fluid Lyme antibody. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for definite and possible Lyme meningitis were determined by using 10% increments of calculated probability of Lyme meningitis.

RESULTS. Fifty children were enrolled, including 14 children with definite Lyme meningitis, 6 with possible Lyme meningitis, and 30 with aseptic meningitis. A calculated probability of <10% for Lyme meningitis had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.006 for definite and possible Lyme meningitis cases. A calculated probability of >50% for Lyme meningitis had a positive likelihood ratio of 100 using these definitions.

CONCLUSIONS. A clinical prediction model using the percentage of cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells, headache duration, and presence of cranial neuropathy can differentiate children with Lyme meningitis from children with aseptic meningitis. Our findings suggest categories of low (<10%), indeterminate (10%–50%), and high (>50%) probability of Lyme meningitis.
Permanent Bilateral Sensory and Neural Hearing Loss of Children After Neonatal Intensive Care Because of Extreme Prematurity: A Thirty-Year Study
Authors: Robertson Charlene M. T. , Howarth Tanis M. , Bork Dietlind L. R. , Dinu Irina A.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. We present population-based, childhood prevalence rates of and neonatal risk factors for permanent hearing loss among extremely premature infants.

METHODS. By using an inception-cohort, longitudinal study design for 1974–2003, we studied permanent hearing loss among 1279 survivors with gestational age of ≤28 weeks and birth weight of <1250 g (mortality rate: 42.7%; lost to follow-up monitoring: 4.7%) Newborn hearing screening, performed by experienced pediatric audiologists, used click-evoked auditory brainstem response testing after 1975. Survivors underwent repeated behavioral audiologic testing and multidisciplinary follow-up monitoring. Permanent hearing loss was defined as mild/moderate (26–70 dB hearing level), severe/profound (71 to >90 dB hearing level), delayed-onset (diagnosed after previously normal hearing), or progressive (increase in loss of ≥15 dB hearing level). Permanent hearing loss rates were established at 3 years of age, with newborn, infant, and >5-year final hearing outcomes being recorded. Risk factors were compared for children with and without hearing loss, odds ratios were calculated, and prediction performance was determined through area under the curve analysis.

RESULTS. Forty (3.1%) of 1279 survivors 3 years of age had permanent hearing loss and 24 (1.9%) had severe/profound loss, with no changes over time. Bilateral delayed-onset loss occurred for 4 children (10%) and progressive loss for 11 children (28%). One child had auditory neuropathy, and 29 (73%) had multiple disabilities. Prolonged oxygen use, gastrointestinal surgery, patent ductus arteriosus ligation, and low socioeconomic index yielded good prediction of permanent hearing loss; oxygen use was the most significant predictor of severe/profound loss.

CONCLUSIONS. Permanent hearing loss remains an adverse outcome of extreme prematurity, complicated by significant delayed-onset and progressive loss. Prolonged supplemental oxygen use is a marker for predicting permanent hearing loss; this requires detailed analysis of the pathophysiologic features, to reduce the prevalence of permanent hearing loss.
Neonatal Blue-Light Phototherapy Does Not Increase Nevus Count in 9-Year-Old Children
Authors: Mahé Emmanuel , Beauchet Alain , Aegerter Philippe , Saiag Philippe
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. One of the most important risk factors for melanoma is the number of acquired common and atypical nevi in childhood. The role played by neonatal blue-light phototherapy in the increasing incidence of common and atypical melanocytic nevi in childhood or adolescence has been discussed recently with discordant results.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. We designed a multicenter study to assess the effects of neonatal blue-light phototherapy on nevus count in a cohort of 9-year-old children. We counted back and arm nevi as a function of size in 828 children included in a French photoprotection educational campaign. History of neonatal phototherapy, phototype, skin, hair and eye color, and sunburn were assessed through questionnaires to which both parents and children responded, and a nevus count was performed by trained nurses blinded to phototherapy history.

RESULTS. Mean nevus count was 16.7 per child. Twenty-two percent of the children had received neonatal blue-light phototherapy. Neonatal phototherapy had no effect on the nevus count irrespective of nevi location, nevi size, or phototype of the children. A light phototype, skin, and hair color; blue/green eyes; and history of sunburn were closely correlated with an increase in nevus count.

CONCLUSIONS. This study found no evidence for a major role of blue-light phototherapy on nevus count in 9-year-old children. It underlines the dominant effect of phototype characteristics and history of sunburn in childhood on the early development of melanocytic nevi.
CHARGE (Coloboma, Heart Defect, Atresia Choanae, Retarded Growth and Development, Genital Hypoplasia, Ear Anomalies/Deafness) Syndrome and Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Comparison of Immunologic and Nonimmunologic Phenotypic Features
Authors: Jyonouchi Soma , McDonald-McGinn Donna M. , Bale Sherri , Zackai Elaine H. , Sullivan Kathleen E.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES. CHARGE (coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies/deafness) syndrome and chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are known to have significant clinical overlap including cardiac anomalies, ear abnormalities, hearing loss, developmental delay, renal abnormalities, and cleft palate. Immunodeficiency has been well documented in 22q11.2 deletion, but there has been limited recognition of this potentially serious complication in CHARGE syndrome. The goals of our study were to identify clinical features unique to CHARGE syndrome or 22q11.2 deletion and to describe the spectrum of immunodeficiency found in patients with CHARGE syndrome.

METHODS. This study included 25 children diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome with positive CHD7 mutations through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia genetics program. Clinical features and laboratory findings were reviewed retrospectively. We compared our findings to data available for a large cohort of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome followed in our clinical genetics program.

RESULTS. Features found more commonly in CHARGE syndrome included coloboma, choanal atresia, facial nerve palsy, tracheoesophageal fistula, and genital hypoplasia in boys. A high incidence of marked hypocalcemia was observed in our study group (72%). We found a spectrum of cell-mediated immunodeficiency in our study group, which ranged from lymphopenia (60%) to severe combined immunodeficiency (8%). Defects in humoral immunity were documented in 4 patients and included severe hypogammaglobulinemia with decreased T-cell numbers, transient hypogammaglobulinemia during infancy, and immunoglobulin A deficiency.

CONCLUSIONS. The presence of coloboma, choanal atresia, facial nerve palsy, tracheoesophageal fistula, or genital hypoplasia in boys should alert the clinician to the possibility of CHARGE syndrome rather than the 22q11.2 deletion. Molecular testing for CHD7 mutations may help to confirm the diagnosis. In this study, significant hypocalcemia and lymphopenia occurred more frequently in patients with CHARGE syndrome than in those with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Early inclusion of immunologists to the multidisciplinary care team (as with 22q11.2 deletion) may be of great benefit to affected patients.
Pharmacologic Therapy for Intermittent Claudication
Authors: Dobesh Paul P. , Stacy Zachary A. , Persson Emily L.
Published: April 2009

Peripheral artery disease, defined as atherosclerosis in the lower extremities, affects nearly 8.5 million people in the United States. Due to the frequent asymptomatic manifestation of peripheral artery disease, diagnosis may be delayed and its true incidence underestimated. However, some patients may experience aching pain, numbness, weakness, or fatigue, a condition termed intermittent claudication. Peripheral atherosclerosis is associated with cardiovascular risk and physical impairment; therefore, treatment goals are aimed at decreasing cardiovascular risk, as well as improving quality of life. Little debate exists regarding the management of cardiovascular risk reduction, which consists of both antiplatelet therapy and risk factor modification. Despite recently published guidelines, the treatment of intermittent claudication is less well established and the management remains controversial and uncertain. Exercise remains the first‐line therapy for intermittent claudication; however, pharmacologic treatment is often necessary. Although only two prescription drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of intermittent claudication, several supplements and investigational agents have been evaluated. Therapeutic optimization should balance the anticipated improvements in quality of life with the potential safety risks.
Preliminary evidence of immune function modulation by thyroid hormones in healthy men and women aged 55–70 years
Authors: Hodkinson Clare F , Simpson Ellen E A , Beattie John H , O'Connor Jacqueline M , Campbell David J , Strain J J , Wallace Julie M W
Published: April 2009

A reciprocal relationship between the endocrine and immune system has been demonstrated under pathophysiological conditions. However, few studies have assessed the relationship between thyroid hormones and immune function in apparently healthy individuals. Therefore, to clarify our understanding of normal physiological endocrine–immune interactions this study aimed to examine the interrelationships between thyroid hormones and immunity in healthy individuals. Total triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4) and markers of immune status were assessed in 93 free-living and apparently healthy individuals aged 55–70 years. T3 and T4 concentrations were determined by commercially available kits. Immune status was assessed using flow cytometry and biochemical markers. Statistical analysis was performed by partial correlation, controlling for age. Thyroid hormone concentration was positively associated with markers of inflammation (P≤0.05), natural killer-like T cells (P≤0.001), expression of interleukin-6 (IL6) by activated monocytes (P≤0.05); percentage expression of memory T-lymphocytes (P≤0.01), memory T-helper lymphocytes (P≤0.05) and memory T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (P≤0.05), and higher IL2 receptor density on CD3+T-lymphocytes (P≤0.05). Thyroid hormone concentration was inversely associated with early lymphocyte apoptosis (P≤0.05) and the ratio of naïve- to memory T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (P≤0.05). The current study provides preliminary evidence of a role for T3 and T4, within normal physiological ranges, in the maintenance of lymphocyte subpopulations, and in mediating the inflammatory response. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential implications of altered thyroid function in older individuals and the importance of future research examining thyroid–immune interactions.
Exendin-4 inhibits interleukin-1β-induced iNOS expression at the protein level, but not at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, in RINm5F β-cells
Authors: Kang Jung-Hoon , Chang Seo-Yoon , Jang Hyun-Jong , Kim Dong-Bin , Ryu Gyeong Ryul , Ko Seung Hyun , Jeong In-Kyung , Jo Yang-Hyeok , Kim Myung-Jun
Published: April 2009

Cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide overproduction leading to β-cell damage. Meanwhile, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its potent analog exendin-4 (EX-4) were well known for β-cell proliferation. However, the protective mechanisms of GLP-1 in β-cells exposed to cytokines were not fully elucidated. Therefore, the effects of EX-4 on the IL-1β-induced iNOS gene expression were investigated employing RINm5F β-cells. EX-4 inhibited IL-1β-induced iNOS protein expression and nitrite production. However, northern blot and promoter analyses showed that EX-4 failed to inhibit IL-1β-induced iNOS mRNA expression and iNOS promoter activity. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), EX-4 did not alter the binding activity of NF-κB to the iNOS promoter. Consistent with the EMSA result, EX-4 did not inhibit nuclear translocation of p65. We also tested the effect of EX-4 on iNOS mRNA stability. Actinomycin D chase experiments showed that EX-4 did not affect the decay rate of iNOS mRNA and the promoter assay using the construct containing 3′-untranslated region of iNOS showed that EX-4 did not alter the stability of iNOS mRNA. Meanwhile, forskolin significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced iNOS protein, which was reversed by H-89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Moreover, EX-4 pretreatment restored IL-1β-induced decrease in cAMP toward control level. Additionally, the cycloheximide chase study demonstrated that EX-4 significantly accelerated iNOS protein degradation. We therefore concluded that EX-4 inhibited IL-1β-induced iNOS protein and nitrite production via cAMP/PKA system irrespective of both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms of iNOS gene, and this inhibitory effect of EX-4 appears to be regulated at posttranslational level.
Advanced stereo projection using interference filters
Authors: Jorke Helmut , Simon Arnold , Fritz Markus
Published: April 2009

Abstract— Stereo projection using interference filters is an advanced wavelength multiplexing approach that specifically takes into account the nature of the human eye, which is characterized by three types of color receptors. Accordingly, the filters used to code image information for the left‐eye and for the right‐eye image have three narrow bands each. Wavelength multiplexing represents a modern approach by overcoming earlier drawbacks in the color reproduction of image‐separation methods such as anaglyph technologies. Unlike polarizing technologies, there is no need of polarization reservation or a restraint to the projection technology.
Effect of number of views to the viewing experience with autostereoscopic 3‐D displays
Authors: Salmimaa Marja , Häkkinen Jukka , Liinasuo Marja , Järvenpää Toni
Published: April 2009

Abstract— The observers' 3‐D viewing experience when the way the content is created and shown on an autostereoscopic 3‐D display alternate is evaluated. The observer's depth impression, and the perceived contour accuracy and image naturalness or peskiness of the content shown on a 3‐D display, has been investigated. In addition, the consequences of the way the content is created to the results from the optical characterization for the same display have been studied. The alternation of the content was realized in two different ways. Firstly, the number of views for creating the image was varied. Two, five, and 14 views were used; the main focus being on testing the same display and treating it as an ordinary two‐view and a 14‐view display with inter‐sub‐view crosstalk. Also, the intermediate condition where five views with non‐uniform view‐specific crosstalk were used has been investigated. Secondly, the way the content is created was varied by using images with computer‐generated content and photos. The effect of these parameters on viewing experience as such and especially the effect of 3‐D crosstalk on the viewing experience were studied.
Stereoscopic depth perception survives significant interocular luminance differences
Authors: Boydstun Alan S. , Rogers Jason A. , Tripp Lisa M. , Patterson Robert
Published: April 2009

Abstract— The effects of interocular luminance differences on stereoscopic depth perception has been investigated. The stimuli were stereoscopic square‐shaped targets created from disparity embedded in a dynamic random‐dot stereogram, which eliminated other cues to depth perception. The results revealed that stereoscopic depth perception survived significant interocular differences in luminance levels, even up to differences of 60%, provided that display luminance was approximately 0.63 cd/m2 or higher. In terms of design criteria, developers of stereo displays can use a fairly large range of interocular luminance levels and still induce good stereo depth perception.
Acute effects of the antibiotic oxytetracycline on the bacterial community of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio
Authors: Uyaguari Miguel , Key Peter , Moore Janet , Jackson Kirby , Scott Geoffrey
Published: April 2009

The toxicity of oxytetracycline (OTC) was evaluated in adult grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Initially, static acute (96 h) toxicity tests were conducted with shrimp exposed from 0 to 1,000 mg/L OTC. A calculated lethal concentration 50% value of 683.30 mg/L OTC (95% confidence interval 610.85–764.40 mg/L) was determined from these tests, along with a lowest-observable-effect concentration of 750 mg/L and no-observable-effect concentration of 500 mg/L. Moreover, chronic sublethal effects of OTC exposure on grass shrimp intestinal bacterial population were assessed using doses from 0 to 32 mg/L OTC. The total viable counts in digestive tract content had levels between 5.2 and 1 × 104 colony-forming units per gram of tissue at times 0 and 96 h, respectively. Aeromonas hydrophila were the most resistant isolates (27.78%) to OTC exposure. Vibrio alginolyticus showed significant positive growth following exposure to OTC, whereas other bacterial species abundance declined over time. A total of 268 bacterial isolates were screened using antibiotic resistance analysis from a library containing 459 isolates. Among the tested isolates from the OTC treatments, 15.4% were resistant to OTC and 84.6% were OTC sensitive. Oxytetracycline was generally not consistently quantifiable with liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique in shrimp homogenates. The only peak detected was at the 32 mg/L dose of OTC at 96 h. Nevertheless, OTC had a significant biological effect on the bacterial population. Antibiotic resistance to five other antibiotics (penicillin G, sulfathiazole, trimethoprim, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline) was strongly associated with OTC exposures. The present study indicates that OTC toxicity effects in P. pugio and changes in the shrimp microbial community would only be expected under special circumstances.
Salinity and Sodicity of Weathered Minesoils in Northwestern New Mexico and Northeastern Arizona
Authors: Musslewhite Brent D. , Vinson Joe R. , Johnston Christopher R. , Brown Terry H. , Wendt Gary W. , Vance George F.
Published: April 2009

Evolving relationships between electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in reconstructed soils at surface mines have been insufficiently documented in the literature. Some minesoils (i.e., rootzone material) are classified as saline, sodic, or saline‐sodic and are considered unsuitable for revegetation. Weatherable minerals such as calcite and gypsum are common in alkaline minesoils and on dissolution tend to mitigate elevated SAR levels by maintaining or increasing electrolytes in the soil and providing sources of exchangeable calcium and magnesium. Topsoils (i.e., coversoils) contribute to mitigation of sodic conditions when soluble cations are translocated from coversoils into the underlying minesoils. This study evaluated the weathering characteristics of minesoils sites from three surface coal mines in northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. Minesoils were grouped into 11 classes based on EC and SAR. After 6 to 14 yr, differences between upper and lower halves of the coversoils suggest general increases occurred with EC, SAR, chloride (Cl−), and sulfate (SO42–) with depth. Within the reclaimed minesoils, there were several significant (P < 0.05 or < 0.10) relationships among EC and SAR that related to Minesoil Class. Lower SAR levels with corresponding increases in EC compared to baseline minesoils were more apparent in upper minesoil depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm). Minesoil anion concentrations suggested coversoil leachates and gypsum dissolution influenced EC and SAR chemistry. Over time, chemical changes have increased the apparent stability of the saline and sodic reclaimed minesoils studied thereby reducing risks associated with potential aggregate slaking and clay particle dispersion.
Managing Tile Drainage, Subirrigation, and Nitrogen Fertilization to Enhance Crop Yields and Reduce Nitrate Loss
Authors: Drury C.F. , Tan C.S. , Reynolds W.D. , Welacky T.W. , Oloya T.O. , Gaynor J.D.
Published: April 2009

Improving field‐crop use of fertilizer nitrogen is essential for protecting water quality and increasing crop yields. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of controlled tile drainage (CD) and controlled tile drainage with subsurface irrigation (CDS) for mitigating off‐field nitrate losses and enhancing crop yields. The CD and CDS systems were compared on a clay loam soil to traditional unrestricted tile drainage (UTD) under a corn (Zea Mays L.)–soybean (Glycine Max. (L.) Merr.) rotation at two nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (N1: 150 kg N ha−1 applied to corn, no N applied to soybean; N2: 200 kg N ha−1 applied to corn, 50 kg N ha−1 applied to soybean). The N concentrations in tile flow events with the UTD treatment exceeded the provisional long‐term aquatic life limit (LT‐ALL) for freshwater (4.7 mg N L−1) 72% of the time at the N1 rate and 78% at the N2 rate, whereas only 24% of tile flow events at N1 and 40% at N2 exceeded the LT‐ALL for the CDS treatment. Exceedances in N concentration for surface runoff and tile drainage were greater during the growing season than the non‐growing season. At the N1 rate, CD and CDS reduced average annual N losses via tile drainage by 44 and 66%, respectively, relative to UTD. At the N2 rate, the average annual decreases in N loss were 31 and 68%, respectively. Crop yields from CDS were increased by an average of 2.8% relative to UTD at the N2 rate but were reduced by an average of 6.5% at the N1 rate. Hence, CD and CDS were effective for reducing average nitrate losses in tile drainage, but CDS increased average crop yields only when additional N fertilizer was applied.
Dissolved Organic Carbon Losses from Tile Drained Agroecosystems
Authors: Ruark Matthew D. , Brouder Sylvie M. , Turco Ronald F.
Published: April 2009

Artificial subsurface drainage is commonly used in midwestern agriculture and drainage losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from such systems are an under‐quantified portion of the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of common agricultural management practices on DOC losses from subsurface tile drains and to assess patterns of loss as a function of year, time of year, and drainflow. Daily drainflow was collected across six water years (1999–2004) from a restored prairie grass system and cropping systems which include continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and corn‐soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations fertilized with urea‐ammonium‐nitrate (UAN) or swine (Sus scrofa) manure lagoon effluent. The DOC concentrations in tile drainflow were low, typically <2 mg L−1 Yearly DOC losses, which ranged from 1.78 to 8.61 kg ha−1, were not affected by management practices and were small compared to organic C inputs. Spring application of lagoon effluent increased yearly flow‐weighted (FW)‐DOC concentrations relative to other cropping systems in three of the years and increased monthly FW‐DOC concentrations when drainflow occurred within 1 mo of application. Drainflow was significantly and positively correlated with DOC loss. Drainflow also affected DOC concentrations as greater 6‐yr cumulative drainflow was associated with lower 6‐yr FW‐DOC concentrations and greater daily drainflow was associated with higher daily DOC concentrations. Our results indicate that lagoon effluent application and fertilizer N rates do not affect long‐term losses of DOC from tile drains and that drainflow is the main driver of DOC losses.