bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: June 2018

Welcome to the June 2018 issue of C&RL News. Every two years, ACRL’s Research Planning and Review Committee produces their “Top trends in academic libraries.” The 2018 edition discusses the publisher and vendor landscape, fake news and information literacy, project management, textbook affordability, the ethics of learning analytics and data collection, data sets and text mining, demand-driven acquisitions, open access, and legacy print collections. Many thanks to the committee for pulling together this important and popular survey of the current landscape of academic and research librarianship.
Process mapping as an academic library tool: Five steps to improve your workflow
Authors: Ornat Natalie , Moorefield Renee
Published: June 2018

The academic library is a complex organization whose staff executes numerous processes each day to deliver materials and services in a timely manner to patrons. A process where tasks, information, or documents are passed from one participant to the next is called a workflow. Libraries use workflows to coordinate tasks between people and departments and create an efficient progress of work. Interlibrary loan shipping, electronic serials acquisition, damaged item repairing, and reference desk referrals are just some of the hundreds of workflows within the academic library. When diagrammed, these workflows provide valuable information in visual form regarding the path a process takes throughout a library. Diagramming workflows is known as process mapping.
Who’s left out of the conversation: The problem of marginalizing students in the scholarly conversation
Authors: Van Hoye Allan
Published: June 2018

The description of the frame “Scholarship as Conversation” in the ACRL “Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education” states “[w]hile novice learners and experts at all levels can take part in the conversation, established power and authority structures may influence their ability to participate and can privilege certain voices and information.”When I think about scholarship as conversation I wonder, who does this discussion exclude? Librarians often consider the role race, gender, and sexuality have in excluding people from the conversation, and these are extremely important issues to explore and work to equalize. However, there is another group whose voice is often marginalized in academia: students.
Academic collaboration for experiential learning: Perspectives on using archival collections and information literacy in history education
Authors: Dowling Abigail P. , Wright Kathryn , Bailey Kristen
Published: June 2018

Abigail P. Dowling designed a second-year lower-division course at Mercer University in Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations for fall 2017 geared towards History and Classics minors and majors. The course was designed to fit into her four-course pre-modern course series, each of which focuses on a different historical skill set. She planned the Ancient Mediterranean course to focus on historical analysis of material culture through active, engaged student activities.
Internet Reviews
Authors: Roberts Joni R. , Drost Carol A.
Published: June 2018

Rich in resources for business research, globalEDGE is a gateway to reports, data, and rankings sourced from an array of U.S. government agencies, international and nongovernmental organizations, and Michigan State University (MSU). The website was officially launched in 2001 by the International Business Center and the Eli Broad College of Business at MSU and has received funding from a U.S. Department of Education grant.
Videojuegos activos y cognición. Propuestas educativas en adolescentes
Authors: Ruiz Ariza Alberto , Lopez Serrano Sebastian , Suarez Manzano Sara , Martínez López Emilio J.
Published: June 2018

La evidencia científica actual ha corroborado que una manera de estimular la función cognitiva es a través de la práctica habitual de actividad física, componente intrínseco de los videojuegos activos. Recientes estudios han demostrado que con la inclusión de este tipo de videojuegos durante la jornada escolar se podrían reducir los niveles actuales de sedentarismo en adolescentes, favoreciendo  una mejor condición física, socialización y desarrollo integral de aquellos que los practican. Además, estos podrían ser útiles para mejorar los resultados cognitivos y académicos. Sin embargo, estos efectos se encuentra aún casi inexplorados y muy pocos estudios han establecido la relación entre estas variables. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar y analizar los resultados de las investigaciones más actuales basadas en la influencia de los videojuegos activos sobre la cognición en adolescentes. Se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, Sportdiscus y ProQuest, estableciendo un límite temporal de los últimos diez años. Seis fueron los estudios incluidos, todos mostraron una asociación positiva en estas variables y solo tres de los estudios incluyeron covariables. Estos resultados sugieren que promover programas mediante videojuegos activos podría tener un gran potencial para el desarrollo cognitivo y académico en esta etapa educativa. Además, permitirían el desarrollo de hábitos saludables de actividad física, el aumento de la motivación del alumnado y una mejor socialización.
Social Capital in Social Media Networks
Authors: Jurkevičienė Jurgita , Butkevičienė Eglė
Published: June 2018

New social media such as Facebook and Google+ are web-based communication platforms that enable socially meaningful interactions between contacts in the virtual space (Ellison et al. 2014). Studies show that new social media are particularly conducive to social capital development, as they offer its users the possibility of creating heterogeneous, extremely large electronic social networks (Hampton et al. 2011). This article presents the results of a quantitative research study on the social capital and trust of the Lithuanian population in the electronic social networks. The study used an adapted D. Williams’ Internet Social Capital Scale (2006).
Russian Emigration at the Turn of 21st Century
Authors: Vorobyeva Olga , Aleshkovski Ivan , Grebenyuk A. A.
Published: June 2018

The article deals with the evolution of the Russian emigration processes at the turn of the 21st century. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Russian emigration flows over the past 25 years, the authors highlighted five emigration waves characterized by their main emigrant categories and emigration channels. Attention has been given not only to the size of the emigration flows but also to the emigration flow’s own compositional characteristics, especially age structure. The authors’ benchmark analysis of the Russian emigration data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the data on Russian immigrants provided by the national statistics services of foreign countries showed the overwhelming quantitative discrepancies in the migration flows set out in the Russian statistics, thus underestimating the intensity of emigration.
Quelques contributions de Peirce à l’épistémologie des sciences sociales
Authors: Létourneau Alain
Published: June 2018

Le but de l’article est surtout de montrer que si nous réfléchissons aux liens entre deux notions de base de la philosophie de Peirce, soit le traité de la sémiosis et le traité des catégories (soit la priméité, la secondéité et la tiercéité), nous pouvons y découvrir les bases d’une épistémologie des sciences interprétatives, et notamment les sciences sociales qui se réclament d’une telle perspective. Si tout l’interactionnisme repose sur une notion interactive du signe, c’est que déjà chez Peirce l’interprétation des signes est sociale. De plus, s’il est bien exact que les sciences sociales ont souvent voulu thématiser l’action humaine, et ce notamment au 20e siècle, il est clair qu’une troisième idée de Peirce, soit la notion de science normative de l’action appelée « practics », a quelque chose d’inaugural au plan conceptuel, tant pour la sociologie que pour une éthique qui ne voudrait pas s’identifier à la morale mais thématiser sa réflexion pratique.
Vers une théorie du pâtir communicationnel. Sensibiliser Habermas
Authors: Berger Mathieu
Published: June 2018

Ce texte tente de poser les jalons d’une critique interne et reconstructrice de la Théorie de l’agir communicationnel. A travers la discussion de penseurs chers à Jürgen Habermas (C.S. Peirce, K. Bühler, G. H. Mead), l’auteur plaide pour une « sensibilisation » du modèle de rationalité développé par le francfortois, condition d’une meilleure capacité de description des situations et processus de communication, autrement dit, d’un plus grand réalisme de la théorie : réalisme sémiotique, par la prise en compte de l’instabilité de la signification dans les situations d’interlocution (Bühler) et de la multi-modalité de sémioses combinant le symbolique, l’indiciel et l’iconique, aspects de tiercéité, de secondéité et de priméité (Peirce) ; réalisme écologique, à travers une plus grande attention pour les situations concrètes, pour les corps qui soutiennent la communication, ainsi que pour les milieux qui l’accueillent et la reçoivent (Mead).
Ethnographie du verbe et ethnographie du signe : autour de l’abduction de Peirce et de la question de l’expérience d’observation en sociologie
Authors: Schaffhauser Philippe
Published: June 2018

Cet article aborde la question de l’observation et du travail de terrain, à partir de la construction de liens heuristiques autour du concept d’abduction de Charles S. Peirce, grâce à la notion de sérendipité développée par R. K. Merton et au concept d’expérience pure chez William James. Il s’agit de penser l’abduction non plus seulement comme un type d’inférence fondée sur la formulation d’un corps d’hypothèses plausibles à partir d’un doute réel qui engage la recherche, mais de saisir celle-ci dans son moment premier (la priméité peircienne), comme une rencontre inattendue et inédite avec le réel. Afin d’illustrer cette idée, l’article fait le récit de trois moments de l’expérience ethnographique puisée à Bali et au Mexique et qui auront suscité un effet de surprise pour les observateurs les ayant vécus. À partir de là, il s’agit de s’interroger sur le rôle du hasard dans le travail de terrain et sur la prise en charge de la catégorie de l’inattendu dans la recherche sociologique.
La pénurie de personnel enseignant du primaire en Afrique subsaharienne francophone : quels progrès depuis les indépendances?
Authors: Sirois Geneviève , Dembélé Martial , Labé Olivier
Published: June 2018

Un demi-siècle après les indépendances, les pénuries de personnel enseignant représentent toujours un obstacle majeur à la scolarisation primaire universelle dans plusieurs pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, et plus particulièrement dans les anciennes colonies françaises, où la situation est jugée critique. Pour comprendre ce qui explique cette situation, nous proposons de remonter dans le temps et d’adopter une perspective comparative. Nous avons cherché à comprendre pourquoi les pénuries de personnel enseignant sont un phénomène persistant dans un échantillon de huit pays anciennement colonisés par la France. Il ressort de nos analyses que la décennie 1980-1990, marquée par la mise en oeuvre des programmes d’ajustement structurel, a connu un important ralentissement des progrès des pays pour assurer une offre suffisante d’enseignantes et enseignants pour scolariser un maximum d’enfants. Quant à la période 2000-2015, associée aux objectifs de l’Éducation pour tous, elle a été marquée par une diminution des pénuries d’enseignants. Il apparaît toutefois que les pénuries persisteront dans l’ensemble des pays à l’étude d’ici 2030, notamment en raison des taux de croissance élevés de la population d’âge scolaire et des besoins créés par l’attrition du personnel enseignant.
Le personnel enseignant et l’enseignement dans l’agenda du Réseau ouest et centre africain de recherche en éducation (ROCARE) : état des lieux vingt ans après Maclure (1997)
Authors: Azoh François Joseph , Koffi Affoué Philomène , Dembélé Martial
Published: June 2018

Cet article s’inscrit dans le prolongement de la synthèse réalisée par Maclure en 1997 sur la recherche en éducation en Afrique centrale et occidentale. Il s’agit donc d’une revue des travaux de recherche portant sur le thème du personnel enseignant et de l’enseignement dans les douze pays francophones membres du Réseau ouest et centre africain de recherche en éducation (ROCARE) au cours des vingt dernières années, soit de 1997 à 2017. Cette revue repose sur un corpus documentaire sélectionné dans la bibliothèque numérique du ROCARE. Les 315 études recensées couvrent les quatre sous-thèmes suivants : 1) formation du personnel enseignant et pratiques pédagogiques; 2) évaluation des apprentissages et qualité de l’éducation; 3) réformes curriculaires et méthodes pédagogiques; 4) éducation non formelle. Ces études convergent sur le déficit de formation initiale et continue des enseignantes et enseignants, ce qui ne leur permet pas d’appliquer les méthodes pédagogiques et les curriculums issus des réformes et d’offrir un enseignement de qualité. Vingt ans après Maclure, la question enseignante et l’enseignement se présentent dans les mêmes termes.
Le profil du personnel enseignant du primaire au Burkina Faso : construction d’une typologie par l’analyse des pratiques enseignantes et relation avec la formation initiale
Authors: Paré-Kaboré Afsata , Sawadogo François
Published: June 2018

Le programme Observation des pratiques enseignantes dans leur rapport avec les apprentissages des élèves (OPERA) a été mis en oeuvre au Burkina Faso de 2013 à 2015. Des analyses de pratiques enseignantes ont été faites sur la base d’observations de 90 enseignantes et enseignants de deuxième et sixième année du primaire lors d’une première phase et de 41 d’entre eux lors d’une seconde phase. L’analyse des données recueillies auprès des 41 enseignants observés au cours des deux phases ont permis d’établir deux types de profils : 1) des profils de représentations – « enseignement » ou « apprentissage » – du processus enseignement-apprentissage; 2) des profils de pratiques effectives révélant un profil relationnel positif, trois profils pédagogiques et trois profils didactiques. Après les avoir présentés, cet article propose une discussion sur ces profils en les mettant en lien avec les programmes de formation des enseignantes et enseignants. On constate qu’il n’existe pas de profil de pratiques pur ou définitif, le contexte amenant les enseignants à s’adapter. Néanmoins, le domaine didactique apparaît souvent moins investi que les deux autres par les enseignants, ce qui semble en phase avec l’orientation de leur formation, soit la pédagogie par objectifs.
Filhos nascidos no cárcere e as dificuldades do exercício da maternidade em ambiente prisional
Authors: Ormeño Gabriela , Stelko-Pereira Ana Carina
Published: June 2018

Poucos são os estudos sobre mulheres encarceradas e seus bebês no Brasil. Este estudo investigou a percepção da mãe encarcerada sobre os aspectos relevantes do ambiente prisional relativos ao desenvolvimento do bebê neste recinto. Participaram deste estudo três mães encarceradas cujos filhos estavam ou haviam ficado sobre seus cuidados enquanto cumpriam pena, as quais tinham cerca de 23 anos e cumpriam condenação por tráfico de drogas em um Centro de Regime Semi- Aberto. Utilizou-se como instrumento da pesquisa uma entrevista semi- estruturada a qual investigava informações sóciodemográficas,concepção de maternidade e como eram os cuidados e as preocupações com o bebê no cárcere, tendo como duração aproximada de duas horas. O método empregado foi estudo de casoscoletivos e fez-se uma análise de conteúdo das informações. Enquanto resultados, observou-se que todas as participantes tinham uma relação positiva de vínculo mãe-bebê, acreditando na importância do cuidado materno como essencial. Contudo, apontaram que as normas restritivas do presídio causavam prejuízo ao desenvolvimento infantil, de modo que preferiam que algum familiar passasse a cuidar do bebê ainda que este fosse a única fonte de afeto que tinham no ambiente prisional. Seria importante que estudos futuros incluíssem um número maior de casos e outros informantes. Conclui-se serem necessárias adaptações no sistema penitenciário de modo a atender as necessidades dos filhos de encarceradas que residem no presídio e sugere-se a promoção do vínculo mãe-bebê como uma maneira de facilitar a ressocialização da encarcerada.
Notas de um naturalista do sul do Brasil: Fritz Müller: história da ciência e contribuições para a biologia
Authors: Souza Flavia Pacheco Alves de
Published: June 2018

Este livro realiza uma construção biográfica de Fritz Müller (1822-1897), naturalista alemão residente no Brasil durante o século XIX. Fritz Müller publicou ao longo de sua vida 264 trabalhos (estes eram originalmente enviados como cartas a diversos correspondentes e posteriormente publicados como artigos científicos), a maioria sobre assuntos relacionados à evolução, fauna, flora e ecologia. Müller adotou o Brasil como pátria e a colônia de Blumenau como seu lar. Após a sua vinda ao Brasil, nunca mais voltou à Europa e confidenciava aos amigos por cartas que não trocava sua vida no campo pela vida “civilizada” que poderia ter na Alemanha. Nem mesmo o Rio de Janeiro, capital do Império e reduto da ciência brasileira no período, foi visitado por ele. Quando em 1891, ainda funcionário do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, o regulamento passou a exigir que os naturalistas viajantes mudassem sua residência para a cidade, Müller não hesitou em pedir a sua exoneração do cargo. Seus trabalhos, realizados na província de Santa Catarina, Brasil, figuravam nas revistas científicas (alemãs e inglesas) da época e em comunicações realizadas por terceiros nas sociedades científicas da Inglaterra. Além de se corresponder com Charles Darwin (1809-1882), correspondia-se com outros pesquisadores conhecidos da ciência mundial: Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), Alexander Agassiz (1835-1910), Max Schultze (1825-1874), Raphael Meldola (1849-1915), Hermann Hagen (1817-1893) etc. Darwin pedia a Müller que escrevesse sobre suas impressões e vida em Santa Catarina, algo como um livro de narrativas sobre a fauna e a flora do local. Chegou até mesmo a sugerir títulos, como: Jornal de um naturalista do Brasil ou Notas de um naturalista do Brasil. Apesar da insistência do amigo, Müller nunca realizou tal pedido. O título deste livro é uma homenagem à amizade entre estes dois naturalistas. Apesar destas Notas não terem sido escritas por Müller como Darwin o desejou, o objetivo é apresentar parte dos trabalhos de Müller realizados no Brasil, que tiveram como cenário e personagens os elementos da fauna e da flora catarinenses. Assim, buscando situar a importância desse conhecimento para a história da biologia na contemporaneidade. Por fim, este livro não tem a finalidade de esgotar o assunto. Antes, busca revisitar a obra de Müller como uma contribuição à história e à memória da ciência no Brasil.
The intractable challenge of evaluating cattle vaccination as a control for bovine Tuberculosis
Authors: Conlan Andrew James Kerr , Vordermeier Martin , de Jong Mart CM , Wood James LN
Published: June 2018

Vaccination of cattle against bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) has been a long-term policy objective for countries where disease continues to persist despite costly test-and-slaughter programs. The potential use of vaccination within the European Union has been linked to a need for field evaluation of any prospective vaccine and the impact of vaccination on the rate of transmission of bTB. We calculate that estimation of the direct protection of BCG could be achieved with 100 herds, but over 500 herds would be necessary to demonstrate an economic benefit for farmers whose costs are dominated by testing and associated herd restrictions. However, the low and variable attack rate in GB herds means field trials are unlikely to be able to discern any impact of vaccination on transmission. In contrast, experimental natural transmission studies could provide robust evaluation of both the efficacy and mode of action of vaccination using as few as 200 animals.
Diversification of heart progenitor cells by EGF signaling and differential modulation of ETS protein activity
Authors: Schwarz Benjamin , Hollfelder Dominik , Scharf Katharina , Hartmann Leonie , Reim Ingolf
Published: June 2018

For coordinated circulation, vertebrate and invertebrate hearts require stereotyped arrangements of diverse cell populations. This study explores the process of cardiac cell diversification in the Drosophila heart, focusing on the two major cardioblast subpopulations: generic working myocardial cells and inflow valve-forming ostial cardioblasts. By screening a large collection of randomly induced mutants, we identified several genes involved in cardiac patterning. Further analysis revealed an unexpected, specific requirement of EGF signaling for the specification of generic cardioblasts and a subset of pericardial cells. We demonstrate that the Tbx20 ortholog Midline acts as a direct target of the EGFR effector Pointed to repress ostial fates. Furthermore, we identified Edl/Mae, an antagonist of the ETS factor Pointed, as a novel cardiac regulator crucial for ostial cardioblast specification. Combining these findings, we propose a regulatory model in which the balance between activation of Pointed and its inhibition by Edl controls cardioblast subtype-specific gene expression.
Spatio-temporal regulation of concurrent developmental processes by generic signaling downstream of chemokine receptors
Authors: Malhotra Divyanshu , Shin Jimann , Solnica-Krezel Lilianna , Raz Erez
Published: June 2018

Chemokines are secreted proteins that regulate a range of processes in eukaryotic organisms. Interestingly, different chemokine receptors control distinct biological processes, and the same receptor can direct different cellular responses, but the basis for this phenomenon is not known. To understand this property of chemokine signaling, we examined the function of the chemokine receptors Cxcr4a, Cxcr4b, Ccr7, Ccr9 in the context of diverse processes in embryonic development in zebrafish. Our results reveal that the specific response to chemokine signaling is dictated by cell-type-specific chemokine receptor signal interpretation modules (CRIM) rather than by chemokine-receptor-specific signals. Thus, a generic signal provided by different receptors leads to discrete responses that depend on the specific identity of the cell that receives the signal. We present the implications of employing generic signals in different contexts such as gastrulation, axis specification and single-cell migration.
Uncovering temporal structure in hippocampal output patterns
Authors: Maboudi Kourosh , Ackermann Etienne , de Jong Laurel Watkins , Pfeiffer Brad E , Foster David , Diba Kamran , Kemere Caleb
Published: June 2018

Place cell activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells has been described as the cognitive substrate of spatial memory. Replay is observed during hippocampal sharp-wave-ripple-associated population burst events (PBEs) and is critical for consolidation and recall-guided behaviors. PBE activity has historically been analyzed as a phenomenon subordinate to the place code. Here, we use hidden Markov models to study PBEs observed in rats during exploration of both linear mazes and open fields. We demonstrate that estimated models are consistent with a spatial map of the environment, and can even decode animals’ positions during behavior. Moreover, we demonstrate the model can be used to identify hippocampal replay without recourse to the place code, using only PBE model congruence. These results suggest that downstream regions may rely on PBEs to provide a substrate for memory. Additionally, by forming models independent of animal behavior, we lay the groundwork for studies of non-spatial memory.
Biochemical and genetic analyses of the oomycetePythium insidiosumprovide new insights into clinical identification and urease-based evolution of metabolism-related traits
Authors: Krajaejun Theerapong , Rujirawat Thidarat , Kanpanleuk Teerat , Santanirand Pitak , Lohnoo Tassanee , Yingyong Wanta , Kumsang Yothin , Sae-Chew Pattarana , Kittichotirat Weerayuth , Patumcharoenpol Preecha
Published: June 2018

The oomycete microorganism,Pythium insidiosum, causes the life-threatening infectious condition, pythiosis, in humans and animals worldwide. Affected individuals typically endure surgical removal of the infected organ(s). Detection ofP. insidiosumby the established microbiological, immunological, or molecular methods is not feasible in non-reference laboratories, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Biochemical assays have been used to characterizeP. insidiosum, some of which could aid in the clinical identification of this organism. Although hydrolysis of maltose and sucrose has been proposed as the key biochemical feature useful in discriminatingP. insidiosumfrom other oomycetes and fungi, this technique requires a more rigorous evaluation involving a wider selection ofP. insidiosumstrains. Here, we evaluated 10 routinely available biochemical assays for characterization of 26P. insidiosumstrains, isolated from different hosts and geographic origins. Initial assessment revealed diverse biochemical characteristics across theP. insidiosumstrains tested. Failure to hydrolyze sugars is observed, especially in slow-growing strains. Because hydrolysis of maltose and sucrose varied among different strains, use of the biochemical assays for identification ofP. insidiosumshould be cautioned. The ability ofP. insidiosumto hydrolyze urea is our focus, because this metabolic process relies on the enzyme urease, an important virulence factor of other pathogens. The ability to hydrolyze urea varied amongP. insidiosumstrains and was not associated with growth rates. Genome analyses demonstrated that urease- and urease accessory protein-encoding genes are present in both urea-hydrolyzing and non-urea-hydrolyzing strains ofP. insidiosum. Urease genes are phylogenetically conserved inP. insidiosumand related oomycetes, while the presence of urease accessory protein-encoding genes is markedly diverse in these organisms. In summary, we dissected biochemical characteristics and drew new insights into clinical identification and urease-related evolution ofP. insidiosum.
In quest of contact: phylogeography of helmeted terrapins (Pelomedusa galeata,P. subrufasensu stricto)
Authors: Vamberger Melita , Hofmeyr Margaretha D. , Ihlow Flora , Fritz Uwe
Published: June 2018

Based on rangewide sampling and three mitochondrial and two nuclear markers (together up to 1,850 bp and 1,840 bp, respectively), we examine the phylogeography of two helmeted terrapin species (Pelomedusa galeataandP. subrufasensu stricto) and infer shifts of climatically suitable spaces since the Last Glacial Maximum using a modeling approach. WhilstP. galeatadisplays significant phylogeographic structuring across its range and consists of two deeply divergent lineages that could represent distinct species,P. subrufashows no obvious phylogeographic differentiation. This seems to be related to historically stable or fluctuating ranges. One of the lineages withinP. galeataappears to be confined to the westernmost, winter-rainfall region of South Africa and deserves special conservational attention due to the scarcity of surface water. The other lineage is distributed further east and is differentiated in three weakly supported subclades with parapatric distribution; one occurring inland, and two along the south and east coasts, respectively. As far as is known,P. subrufaoccurs in South Africa only in the northeast of the country (Limpopo, Mpumalanga) and we report the species for the first time from the Lapalala Wilderness Area in the Waterberg region (Limpopo), approximately 350 km further west than previously recorded. We confirmed the occurrence ofP. galeataonly 80 km south of Lapalala. Thus, a sympatric occurrence ofP. galeataandP. subrufais possible. Another putative contact zone, for the two lineages withinP. galeata, must be located in the Western Cape region, and further contact zones are likely for the eastern subclades withinP. galeata. The nuclear loci provided no evidence for gene flow across taxa or genetic clusters within taxa. Future investigations should use denser sampling from putative contact zones and more nuclear markers to re-examine this situation. Despite few phylogeographic studies published for southern African biota, it seems likely that differentiation follows general rules, and that climate and physiographic barriers (e.g., the Great Escarpment) have shaped phylogeographic patterns.
The mitochondrial genomes of two walnut pests,Gastrolina depressa depressaandG.depressa thoracica(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and phylogenetic analyses
Authors: Wang Qiqi , Tang Guanghui
Published: June 2018

In this study, the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two walnut leaf insect pests,Gastrolina depressa depressaandG.depressa thoracica, were sequenced by Sanger sequencing technology. The mitogenome ofG.depressa thoracicawas complete at 16,109 bp in length, while the mitogenome ofG.depressa depressa(14,277 bp) was partial. The genomic analyses indicated that both mitogenomes have the typical gene content and arrangement. The formerly identified elements, ‘TAGTA’ betweentrnSer(UCN) andnad2, and ‘ATGATAA’ betweenatp8andatp6, were more conserved than that betweennad4Landnad4, which was ‘ATGTTAA’ in Coleoptera excluding Polyphaga. Phylogenetic analyses of the 13 protein-coding genes from 36 coleopteran species well supported a close affinity between the subfamily Chrysomelinae includingG.depressa thoracicaandG.depressa depressaand Galerucinae, as well as a sister relationship of ((Eumolpinae + Cryptocephalinae) + Cassidinae) within Chrysomelidae.
Function and structure of GH13_31 α‐glucosidase with high α‐(1→4)‐glucosidic linkage specificity and transglucosylation activity
Authors: Auiewiriyanukul Waraporn , Saburi Wataru , Kato Koji , Yao Min , Mori Haruhide
Published: June 2018

α‐Glucosidase hydrolyzes α‐glucosides and transfers α‐glucosyl residues to an acceptor through transglucosylation. In this study, GH13_31 α‐glucosidase BspAG13_31A with high transglucosylation activity is reported in Bacillus sp. AHU2216 and biochemically and structurally characterized. This enzyme is specific to α‐(1→4)‐glucosidic linkage as substrates and transglucosylation products. Maltose is the most preferred substrate. Crystal structures of BspAG13_31A wild‐type for the substrate‐free form and inactive acid/base mutant E256Q in complexes with maltooligosaccharides were solved at 1.6–2.5 Å resolution. BspAG13_31A has a catalytic domain folded by an (β/α)8‐barrel. In subsite +1, Ala200 and His203 on β→α loop 4 and Asn258 on β→α loop 5 are involved in the recognition of maltooligosaccharides. Structural basis for specificity of GH13_31 enzymes to α‐(1→4)‐glucosidic linkage is first described.
iKA‐CRISPR hESCs for inducible and multiplex orthogonal gene knockout and activation
Authors: Ma Shufeng , Lv Jie , Sun Jing , Tang Pei , Li Huibin , Zhou Hongwei , Zhang Zhenhai , Lin Ying , Rong Zhili
Published: June 2018

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have a wide range of applications in early human embryonic development mimics, disease modeling, and cell therapy. To fulfill these applications, we established hESCs for inducible and multiplex orthogonal gene knockout and activation, which we named iKA‐CRISPR hESCs. In cells, when complexed with a short guide RNA containing a 14‐bp target sequence (14‐bp gRNA) or a long 20‐bp gRNA, the doxycycline‐induced Cas9‐p300 protein could activate gene transcription or cleave genomic DNA, respectively. We also demonstrate using iKA‐CRISPR hESCs that knockout of OCT4 promoted differentiation, and developmentally relevant microRNAs and transcription factors could be efficiently activated. Thus, iKA‐CRISPR hESCs provide a convenient platform to control gene expression networks and, therefore, facilitate the applications of hESCs in basic and translational biomedical research.
Neuron Adhesion on Diamond: Competition between Polymer Treatment and Surface Morphology
Authors: Jakubcová Barbora , Turňová Jana , Řehounek Ondřej , Polák Jiří , Mineva Andrea , Taylor Andrew , Hubík Pavel , Petrák Václav , Petráková Vladimíra
Published: June 2018

The ability to form an efficient interface between material and neural cells is a crucial aspect for construction of neuroelectrodes. Diamond offers material characteristics that could, to a large extent, improve the performance of neuroelectrodes. The greatest advantage of diamond is a large variety of material and surface properties such as electrical conductivity, surface morphology, and surface chemistry. Such a variety of material characteristics can lead to various cellular responses. Here, the authors compare survival, adhesion, and neurite formation of primary neurons on diamond thin films of various morphologies and treatments with several types of polymers commonly used to enhance cell adhesion. The authors find that the variation of surface roughness of nanocrystalline diamond film when coated with polymer does not have a major influence on neuron survival or adhesion. The adhesion of neurons can be influenced by the selected type of polymer coating. High molecular weight of polyethylenimine results in lower viability, adhesion, and neurite formation. The addition of laminin to treated films do not lead to significant improvements in neuron adhesion and neurite development. Their findings emphasize the importance of the correct polymer treatment over morphological properties of diamond thin films as a material for forming interfaces with primary neurons.
Formability of Ultrafine Grained Metals Produced by Severe Plastic Deformation–An Overview
Authors: Bruder Enrico
Published: June 2018

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques have attracted considerable attention due to their capability to refine the grain size of metals and alloys down to the ultrafine grained (UFG) regime. A characteristic feature of SPD processes is that they generate semi‐finished parts such as rods or sheets, which require further shaping in order to become marketable products. One approach for the shaping of SPD processed materials is the use of metal forming processes, which can be a challenge with regard to the low work hardening rate and tendency to strain localizations of most UFG metals. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on the formability and forming behavior of UFG metals under different loading scenarios, discussing both limitations and application potential. Furthermore, the interaction between microstructural aspects and the formability, such as the occurrence of strain localizations during and the role of heat treatments are also addressed. Given that the formability of UFG metals has received far less attention than other aspects so far, this work also aims at identifying apparent contradictions as well as scientific and technological questions that need to be addressed in future to expand the current knowledge of the field.
Actively Perceiving and Responsive Soft Robots Enabled by Self‐Powered, Highly Extensible, and Highly Sensitive Triboelectric Proximity‐ and Pressure‐Sensing Skins
Authors: Lai Ying‐Chih , Deng Jianan , Liu Ruiyuan , Hsiao Yung‐Chi , Zhang Steven L. , Peng Wenbo , Wu Hsing‐Mei , Wang Xingfu , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: June 2018

Robots that can move, feel, and respond like organisms will bring revolutionary impact to today's technologies. Soft robots with organism‐like adaptive bodies have shown great potential in vast robot–human and robot–environment applications. Developing skin‐like sensory devices allows them to naturally sense and interact with environment. Also, it would be better if the capabilities to feel can be active, like real skin. However, challenges in the complicated structures, incompatible moduli, poor stretchability and sensitivity, large driving voltage, and power dissipation hinder applicability of conventional technologies. Here, various actively perceivable and responsive soft robots are enabled by self‐powered active triboelectric robotic skins (tribo‐skins) that simultaneously possess excellent stretchability and excellent sensitivity in the low‐pressure regime. The tribo‐skins can actively sense proximity, contact, and pressure to external stimuli via self‐generating electricity. The driving energy comes from a natural triboelectrification effect involving the cooperation of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. The perfect integration of the tribo‐skins and soft actuators enables soft robots to perform various actively sensing and interactive tasks including actively perceiving their muscle motions, working states, textile's dampness, and even subtle human physiological signals. Moreover, the self‐generating signals can drive optoelectronic devices for visual communication and be processed for diverse sophisticated uses.
A Superconducting Dual‐Channel Photonic Switch
Authors: Srivastava Yogesh Kumar , Manjappa Manukumara , Cong Longqing , Krishnamoorthy Harish N. S. , Savinov Vassili , Pitchappa Prakash , Singh Ranjan
Published: June 2018

The mechanism of Cooper pair formation and its underlying physics has long occupied the investigation into high temperature (high‐Tc) cuprate superconductors. One of the ways to unravel this is to observe the ultrafast response present in the charge carrier dynamics of a photoexcited specimen. This results in an interesting approach to exploit the dissipation‐less dynamic features of superconductors to be utilized for designing high‐performance active subwavelength photonic devices with extremely low‐loss operation. Here, dual‐channel, ultrafast, all‐optical switching and modulation between the resistive and the superconducting quantum mechanical phase is experimentally demonstrated. The ultrafast phase switching is demonstrated via modulation of sharp Fano resonance of a high‐Tc yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) superconducting metamaterial device. Upon photoexcitation by femtosecond light pulses, the ultrasensitive cuprate superconductor undergoes dual dissociation–relaxation dynamics, with restoration of superconductivity within a cycle, and thereby establishes the existence of dual switching windows within a timescale of 80 ps. Pathways are explored to engineer the secondary dissociation channel which provides unprecedented control over the switching speed. Most importantly, the results envision new ways to accomplish low‐loss, ultrafast, and ultrasensitive dual‐channel switching applications that are inaccessible through conventional metallic and dielectric based metamaterials.
P‐Stereogenic PN(H)P Iron(II) Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones: The Importance of Non‐Covalent Interactions in Rational Ligand Design by Computation
Authors: Huber Raffael , Passera Alessandro , Gubler Erik , Mezzetti Antonio
Published: June 2018

The P‐stereogenic PN(H)P pincer ligands (R(Me)PCH2CH2)2NH (R=Cy, (S,S)‐1 a; R=tBu, (S,S)‐1 b; R=Ph, (R,R)‐1 c) and their iron(II) derivatives [FeBr2(CO)(PN(H)P)] (2 a–2 c) and [FeHBr(CO)(PN(H)P)] (3 a–3 c) were developed by DFT‐driven ligand design. In a preliminary study, the P(Cy)Me‐based pincer (S,S)‐1 a and its Fe(II) complex 3 a were prepared, tested in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone, and studied by Density Functional Theory (DFT). Based on the good agreement between the experimental and calculated enantioselectivity, rational design of the pincer by DFT was attempted, which suggested high enantioselectivity for the tert‐butyl and phenyl analogues 3 b and 3 c. Therefore, a new synthetic protocol was developed for (R,R)‐1 c using Buono's (S)‐(1‐(OH)Et)P(Me)Ph⋅BH3 as P‐stereogenic synthon. Against the DFT prediction, 3 c gave 1‐phenylethanol with 44% ee, which was reproduced by increasing the level of theory from DFT to post‐Hartree‐Fock Møller‐Plesset (MP2). This result can be explained by the overestimation of the enantiodeterming CH/π interaction by DFT, which reiterates the need for accurate energies in the assessment of small energy differences such as in asymmetric catalysis.

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Gold(I)/Chiral Rh(III) Lewis Acid Relay Catalysis Enables Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiroketals and Spiroaminals
Authors: Gong Jun , Wan Qian , Kang Qiang
Published: June 2018

An efficient asymmetric cascade reaction of keto esters with alkynyl alcohols and amides was catalyzed by the combination of achiral gold(I) catalysis and chiral Rh(III) Lewis acid catalysis as asymmetric relay catalysis. The corresponding spiroketals and spiroaminals were synthesized in good yields (up to 99%), with good diastereoselectivity (up to 20:1 dr) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee).

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Virtual Reality as an Interview Technique in Evaluation of Emergency Medicine Applicants
Authors: Crawford Scott B. , Monks Stormy M. , Wells Radosveta N.
Published: June 2018

Need for Innovation

Current interviewing strategies and the standardized letter of evaluation may not provide enough insight into preferred resident characteristics. Emergency medicine (EM) residency programs are challenged with identifying trainees who can problem solve, communicate, and work well with fellow health professionals.

Background

Structured interviews have previously been used and can help predict success but candidates have reported a negative impression with their use.

Objective of Innovation

This structured virtual reality (VR) interviewing method was designed so that interviewers can observe the communication abilities, subtle personality traits, and teamwork skills of applicants interviewed at an EM residency program.

Development Process

A consumer VR headset became available and in combination with an interactive team game was incorporated into a standardized team‐based interview session. This session was designed to allow observation of candidates’ communication, problem solving, and teamwork skills.

Implementation Phase

Surveys were collected to examine the satisfaction of EM residency applicants who participated in this novel standardized interviewing method using a VR headset. After the submission of rank lists, but prior to Match Day, those who interviewed were e‐mailed a voluntary, anonymous, and confidential survey asking about their interview experience, specifically about the VR portion. The survey was sent to 102 applicants with 63 responses for a 62% response rate at the completion of the 2015 to 2016 interview season.

Outcomes

Overall study findings suggested that participants had a highly favorable impression of the VR portion of the interview. Specifically, participants reported that this interview technique was appropriate and worthwhile. Additionally, participants attested that the Oculus portion of the interview gave insight to their work ethic, personality, and communication skills and how they work with others.

Reflective Discussion

The novel interviewing method used in this study allowed interviewers to gain insight beyond that of the paperwork and brief face‐to‐face interaction. Study findings suggest that interviewees accepted the use of this novel interview method. It has been incorporated into our interview process for three consecutive years.
A Low‐Valent Molybdenum Nitride Complex: Reduction Promotes Carbonylation Chemistry
Authors: Buss Joshua A. , Cheng Christine , Agapie Theodor
Published: June 2018

Toward nitrogen functionalization, reactive terminal transition metal nitrides with high d‐electron counts are of interest. A series of terminal MoIV nitride complexes were prepared within the context of exploring nitride/carbonyl coupling to cyanate. Reduction affords the first MoII nitrido complex, an early metal nitride with four valence d‐electrons. The binding mode of the para‐terphenyl diphosphine ancillary ligand changes to stabilize an electronic configuration with a high electron count and a formal M−N bond order of three. Even with an intact Mo≡N bond, this low‐valent nitrido complex proves to be highly reactive, readily undergoing N‐atom transfer upon addition of CO, releasing cyanate anion.
Isolated Platinum Atoms Stabilized by Amorphous Tungstenic Acid: Metal–Support Interaction for Synergistic Oxygen Activation
Authors: Zhang Qian , Qin Xi‐Xi , Duan‐Mu Fan‐Peng , Ji Hui‐Ming , Shen Zhu‐Rui , Han Xiao‐Peng , Hu Wen‐Bin
Published: June 2018

Oxygen activation plays a crucial role in many important chemical reactions such as oxidation of organic compounds and oxygen reduction. For developing highly active materials for oxygen activation, herein, we report an atomically dispersed Pt on WO3 nanoplates stabilized by in situ formed amorphous H2WO4 out‐layer and the mechanism for activating molecular oxygen. Experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that the isolated Pt atoms coordinated with oxygen atoms from [WO6] and water of H2WO4, consequently leading to optimized surface electronic configuration and strong metal–support interaction (SMSI). In exemplified reactions of butanone oxidation sensing and oxygen reduction, the atomic Pt/WO3 hybrid exhibits superior activity than those of Pt nanoclusters/WO3 and bare WO3 as well as enhanced long‐term durability. This work will provide insight into the origin of activity and stability for atomically dispersed materials, thus promoting the development of highly efficient and durable single atom‐based catalysts.
Tunable Mechanical Response from a Crystal Undergoing Topochemical Dimerization: Instant Explosion at a Faster Rate and Chemical Storage of a Harvestable Explosion at a Slower Rate
Authors: Ravi Arthi , Sureshan Kana M.
Published: June 2018

Strain developed in crystals in response to stimuli causes mechanical response. Methods to tune such mechanical response is important for practical applications. Crystals of a monomer having azide and alkyne units pre‐organized in a ready‐to‐react orientation, undergo thermal topochemical dimerization and show rate‐dependent mechanical response. When the reaction rate is fast, the crystals explode violently. When the reaction rate is slow, the crystals absorb water from the surroundings contemporaneously with the reaction to form the dimer‐hydrate in a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) manner. Crystals of the dimer‐hydrate upon dehydration also undergo explosion. Thus, at slow reaction rate, the strain gets stored in crystals by hydration and the explosion can be harvested, at will, by dehydration. Use of this rate‐dependent explosion in the automatic activation of a remedial electrical circuit in case of a sudden rise in temperature has been demonstrated.
Direct Organocatalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of SiOx Surfaces
Authors: Parkin John D. , Chisholm Ross , Frost Aileen B. , Bailey Richard G. , Smith Andrew D. , Hähner Georg
Published: June 2018

Traditional methods to prepare chiral surfaces involve either the adsorption of a chiral molecule onto an achiral surface, or adsorption of a species that forms a chiral template creating lattices with long range order. To date only limited alternative strategies to prepare chiral surfaces have been studied. In this manuscript a “bottom‐up” approach is developed that allows the preparation of chiral surfaces by direct enantioselective organocatalytic reactions on a functionalized silicon oxide supported self‐assembled monolayer (SAM). The efficient catalytic generation of enantiomerically enriched organic surfaces is achieved using a commercially available homogeneous isothiourea catalyst that promotes an enantioselective Michael‐lactonization process upon a silicon‐oxide supported SAM functionalized with a reactive trifluoroenone group. Chiral atomic force microscopy (χ‐AFM) is used to probe the enantiomeric enrichment of the organic films by measurement of the force distributions arising from interaction of d‐ or l‐cysteine‐modified AFM tips and the organic films.