bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of pre‐eclampsia by an analysis of placenta‐derived cellular mRNA in the blood of pregnant women at 15–20 weeks of gestation
Authors: Sekizawa A , Purwosunu Y , Farina A , Shimizu H , Nakamura M , Wibowo N , Rizzo N , Okai T
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Sekizawa A, Purwosunu Y, Farina A, Shimizu H, Nakamura M, Wibowo N, Rizzo N, Okai T. Prediction of pre‐eclampsia by an analysis of placenta‐derived cellular mRNA in the blood of pregnant women at 15–20 weeks of gestation. BJOG 2010;117:557–564.

Objective  A panel of cellular mRNA markers was used to predict the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia in pregnant women at 15–20 weeks of gestation.

Design  Prospective cohort study.

Setting  The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Indonesia.

Sample  Peripheral blood samples from asymptomatic pregnant women.

Methods  Among 660 women, 62 developed pre‐eclampsia at later gestation (pre‐eclampsia group) and each case was matched with five controls. Therefore, the RNA expression levels in the cellular component of maternal blood in 62 women with pre‐eclampsia were compared with those in 310 controls.

Main outcome measures  The cellular RNA expression levels of genes related to angiogenesis and oxidative stress were compared between pre‐eclampsia and control groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyse the sensitivity of each available marker. A logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds for each woman to be classified as a case.

Results  The univariate ROC analysis identified soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 (Flt‐1) and endoglin (ENG) as the markers with the highest sensitivity. The best multivariate model was obtained by combining Flt‐1, ENG, placental growth factor (PlGF) and parity. The relative ROC curve yielded a sensitivity of 66% at a 10% 1 − specificity rate with an area under the curve of 0.884 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  A panel of cellular mRNA markers in maternal blood can predict the development of pre‐eclampsia long before clinical onset.
The effect of peripheral vascular disease on structure and function of resistance arteries isolated from human skeletal muscle
Authors: Coats Paul
Published: January 2010

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is associated with numerous pathophysiological adaptations of the microvasculature. Considering this, active and passive pressure‐dependent and pressure‐independent mechanisms of vascular control were studied in small resistance arteries isolated from patients with PVD. Using pressure myography and confocal microscopy, human skeletal muscle arteriolar structure and function were compared between paired arteries; one isolated from the healthy non‐diseased proximal skeletal muscle vascular bed (PSM, internal control) and the other from the diseased ischaemic part of the leg [distal skeletal muscle (DSM)]. Structurally, arteries isolated from the diseased part of the leg displayed significant atrophy compared with the non‐diseased arteries. Functionally, no differences were observed in the fundamental ability small resistance arteries to contract or relax. However, active pressure‐dependent myogenic contraction was significantly reduced in DSM arteries compared with PSM arteries. DSM versus PSM; 3 ± 1% versus 22 ± 4% and 3·4% ± 1·1% versus 25 ± 4% at 80 and 120 mmHg, respectively. Furthermore, structural remodelling in DSM arteries could also be correlated with significant changes in vascular wall mechanics. DSM arteries displayed significantly greater incremental dispensability, wall stress and wall strain compared with PSM arteries as a product of pressure‐dependent distension. These alterations in pressure‐dependent active myogenic tone and passive mechanical properties goes some way to explain uncontrolled orthostatic‐dependent changes in leg fluid volume and oedema formation experienced by these patients.
Beneficial effect of the oligomerized polyphenol oligonol on high glucose‐induced changes in eNOS phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in endothelial cells
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Yokoo Hiroki , Nishioka Hiroshi , Fujii Hajime , Matsuda Naoyuki , Hayashi Toshio , Hattori Yuichi
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose:  Hyperglycaemia is known to reduce nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability by modulating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity, and polyphenols are believed to have cardiovascular benefit. One possible mechanism could be through interaction with eNOS.

Experimental approach:  The effects of the oligomerized polyphenol oligonol on eNOS phosphorylation status and activity were examined in porcine aortic endothelial cells cultured in high glucose concentrations.

Key results:  Exposure to high glucose concentrations strongly inhibited eNOS phosphorylation at Ser‐1177 and dephosphorylation at Thr‐495 in bradykinin (BK)‐stimulated cells. These inhibitory effects of high glucose were significantly prevented by treatment with oligonol. Akt and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) were activated in BK‐stimulated cells. High glucose inhibited Akt activation but enhanced p38 MAPK activation, both of which were reversed by oligonol treatment. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor wortmannin blocked the reversal by oligonol of phosphorylation at Ser‐1177, but not dephosphorylation at Thr‐495, in BK‐stimulated cells exposed to high glucose. The effect of oligonol on BK dephosphorylation under high glucose was mimicked by protein kinase C (PKC) ε‐neutralizing peptides. These data suggest that the effects of oligonol on high glucose‐induced attenuation of eNOS Ser‐1177 phosphorylation and Thr‐495 dephosphorylation may be regulated by Akt activation and PKCε inhibition respectively. Oligonol also prevented high glucose‐induced attenuation of BK‐stimulated NO production.

Conclusions and implications:  Oligonol prevented the impairment of eNOS activity induced by high glucose through reversing altered eNOS phosphorylation status. This mechanism may underlie the beneficial cardiovascular health effects of this oligomerized polyphenol.
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 are both required for ischaemic excitotoxicity
Authors: Ikeda‐Matsuo Y , Hirayama Y , Ota A , Uematsu S , Akira S , Sasaki Y
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose:  Although both microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)‐1 and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 are critical factors in stroke injury, but the interactions between these enzymes in the ischaemic brain is still obscure. This study examines the hypothesis that mPGES‐1 activity is required for COX‐2 to cause neuronal damage in ischaemic injury.

Experimental approach:  We used a glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity model in cultures of rat or mouse hippocampal slices and a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion‐reperfusion model in vivo. The effect of a COX‐2 inhibitor on neuronal damage in mPGES‐1 knockout (KO) mice was compared with that in wild‐type (WT) mice.

Key results:  In rat hippocampal slices, glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity, as well as prostaglandin (PG) E2 production and PGES activation, was significantly attenuated by either MK‐886 or NS‐398, inhibitors of mPGES‐1 and COX‐2 respectively; however, co‐application of these inhibitors had neither an additive nor a synergistic effect. The protective effect of NS‐398 on the excitotoxicity observed in WT slices was completely abolished in mPGES‐1 KO slices, which showed less excitotoxicity than WT slices. In the transient focal ischaemia model, mPGES‐1 and COX‐2 were co‐localized in the infarct region of the cortex. Injection of NS‐398 reduced not only ischaemic PGE2 production, but also ischaemic injuries in WT mice, but not in mPGES‐1 KO mice, which showed less dysfunction than WT mice.

Conclusion and implications:  Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1 and COX‐2 are co‐induced by excess glutamate in ischaemic brain. These enzymes are co‐localized and act together to exacerbate stroke injury, by excessive PGE2 production.
Review Symposium on The Force of the Example
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro , Castiglione Dario , Richardson Janice , Schaap Andrew , Wagner Corinna
Published: January 2010

Ferrara, A. (2008) The Force of the Example: Explorations in the Paradigm of Judgment. New York: Columbia University Press.
The Rapid Formation of La(OH)3 from La2O3 Powders on Exposureto Water Vapor
Authors: Fleming Peter , Farrell Richard A. , Holmes Justin D. , Morris Michael A.
Published: January 2010

The reactivity of various lanthana powders in air was studied. The materials rapidly hydroxylate to form a stable hydroxide, La(OH)3, at room temperature. Smaller amounts of an oxycarbonate species (La2O2CO3) are also observed following air exposure. This oxycarbonate phase is stable to hydroxylation. All oxide materials synthesized here show rapid reactions so that 24 h of exposure to atmosphere is generally sufficient to cause complete hydroxylation at room temperature. The rate of reaction was related to the crystallite size as determined by XRD. The reaction was found to follow a two‐stage kinetic process, a relatively slow surface reaction followed by a rapid bulk reaction. The relevance of the reactivity of these powders is discussed.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Nanosized Amorphous Silicon Nitride Powder with a Small Amount of Sintering Additive
Authors: Hotta Mikinori , Shinoura Takanori , Enomoto Naoya , Hojo Junichi
Published: January 2010

Dense and fine‐grained β‐Si3N4 ceramics were successfully obtained with a small amount of sintering additives, 1.5 mass% Y2O3 and 0.5 mass% Al2O3, using nanosized amorphous Si3N4 powder by spark plasma sintering at temperatures of 1500°–1800°C and a pressure of 30 MPa under N2. The β‐Si3N4 ceramics were composed of equiaxed grains with an average size of 300 nm. A higher sintering temperature was required for the densification of submicrometer‐sized α‐Si3N4 powder with the small amount of the additives. The use of nanosized amorphous Si3N4 powder accelerated the densification and the transformation to the β‐phase.
Single‐Crystal‐like Mesoporous SrTiO3 Spheres with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Wei Xiao , Xu Gang , Ren Zhaohui , Xu Chunxiao , Weng Wenjian , Shen Ge , Han Gaorong
Published: January 2010

Single‐crystal‐like mesoporous strontium titanate (SrTiO3) submicrometer spheres with a wormhole‐like structure were successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as additive. The microstructure was studied by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and N2‐physisorption techniques. The results demonstrated that the average pore size of the as‐synthesized SrTiO3 mesoporous spheres can be tuned in the range of 4.5–16.1 nm by varying reaction time and adding PVA of different concentrations. The mesopores structure of the sample synthesized without PVA was different from that of the sample synthesized with PVA. For the former, the pores were contained in single‐crystal particles in the presence of thick pore wall; in contrast, for the latter the pores occurred as voids between primary nanoparticles. On the basis of the investigation on the growth process, oriented aggregation of nanocrystallites was suggested to be the dominant growth mechanism, which was accompanied by the ripening process to form the high‐quality mesoporous spheres. The photocatalytic activities of series samples were investigated through the degradation of rhodamine‐B under exposure to the ultraviolet radiation (λ=200–400 nm). The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities were the function of the reaction time and PVA concentration, Because both of them played an important role in the crystallinity, pore structure, and adsorption capacity in dark of the as‐synthesized mesoporous SrTiO3 spheres.
Assault on the Hawaiian Nation: A Twenty‐First Century Colonial Land Grab
Authors: Kauanui J Kēhaulani
Published: January 2010

Shannon Speed is contributing editor of “Human Rights Forum,” the AAA Committee for Human Rights column in Anthropology News.
Active sensitization and contact allergy to methyl 2‐octynoate
Authors: Heisterberg Maria Vølund , Vigan Martine , Johansen Jeanne Duus
Published: January 2010

Background: Methyl 2‐octynoate is a synthetic fragrance which was first described to have sensitizing properties in 1935. It is one of the 26 fragrances to be labelled on the ingredient list according to current European cosmetics regulation.

Objectives: To report the experience with patch testing with methyl 2‐octynoate 1% and 2% in pet.

Methods: 230 eczema patients were consecutively patch tested with 1% methyl 2‐octynoate at department of Dermato‐allergology Gentofte Hospital, Denmark and 120 eczema patients were consecutively patch tested with 2% M2O in Finn Chambers® at the Départment de Dermatologie, CHU Saint Jacques, France.

Results: Three cases of active sensitization were observed. 2 (0.87%) of the 230 Danish subjects tested with 1% in pet. and of the 120 French subjects patch tested with 2% in pet. 1 (0.83%). There was no statistical difference in active sensitization between the two groups (P = 0.72). Allergic contact dermatitis was observed in two patients (1.67%) in the French group and none in the Danish group.

Conclusion: Contact allergy to methyl 2‐octynoate was frequently seen when patch testing with 2% in pet. However, active sensitization was also observed, when patch testing with concentrations of 1% and 2% methyl 2‐octynoate. The patch test concentration should be below 1% in pet., but a safe concentration remains to be defined.
Effects of length of cut and mechanical processing on utilization of corn silage harvested at the black line stage of maturity by lactating dairy cows
Authors: HARA Satoshi , TANIGAWA Tamako
Published: January 2010

The effects of length of cut and mechanical processing on corn silage utilization by dairy cows were evaluated. Corn silage treatments were harvested at the black line stage of maturity and chopped at a theoretical length (TLC) of 9.5 mm without processing (Control) or at a TLC of 19 mm with processing at roller clearances of 1, 3, or 5 mm. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21‐day periods. Corn silage treatments were fed in diets containing 78.3% corn silage and 21.7% soybean meal (DM basis). Treatments had no significant effects on DMI, milk and 4% FCM production. The efficiency of converting DMI to FCM tended to be greater with processing at a roller clearance of 1 and 3 mm than at other clearances. Apparent total tract digestibility of starch tended to be lowest for cows fed control silage, and increased as roller clearance decreased. Ruminal ammonia concentrations in cows fed control silage were numerically higher than in cows fed proccesed silages. These results suggest that when corn silage is harvested at the black line of maturity, roller clearance should be 3 mm or less with a TLC of 19 mm.
Mesoscale Patterns in the Floristic Composition of Forests in the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India
Authors: Ramesh B. R. , Venugopal P. Dilip , Pélissier Raphaël , Patil Santoshgouda V. , Swaminath M. H. , Couteron Pierre
Published: January 2010

We describe the mesoscale floristic patterns in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, through combined analysis of woody species abundance and stand structure data from a network of ninety‐six 1‐ha sampling plots spread across 22,000 km2. A total of 61,906 individuals (≥10 cm gbh) comprising 400 plant species from 254 genera and 75 families were recorded. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae and Moraceae families constituted 23.5 percent of the total number of species encountered. The relative dominance of species was skewed with Poecilonueron indicum, Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia tomentosa and Anogeissus latifolia being dominant in some plots. Correspondence analysis (CA) and a nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of plots by species abundances data showed similar arching patterns, with significant correlation between the first axis of CA and NMDS (r=0.77). Hierarchical clustering of plot scores along the three first CA axes resulted in splitting the plots into five different categories that broadly reflect the major bioclimatic features of the region. A multiscale bootstrapping test indicated that categorization of the wettest (wet evergreen group 1 and 2) and driest (dry deciduous) groups were robust (P<0.05 with 1000 bootstraps), while the remaining two transitional groups were uncertain (P=0.12 and 0.26 for moist deciduous and semi‐evergreen group, respectively). Principal component analysis revealed that plots with similar floristic composition can encompass contrastingly different physiognomic structures (canopy cover, canopy height and mean tree diameter) probably in relation to their levels of disturbance. Observed patterns in the floristic composition have been discussed in the light of the complex interaction between the bioclimatic and disturbance regimes that characterize the region.
Sense of security – searching for its meaning by using stories: a Participatory Action Research study in health and social care in Sweden
Authors: Petersson Pia , Blomqvist Kerstin
Published: January 2010

petersson p. & blomqvist k. (2010) Sense of security – searching for its meaning by using stories: a Participatory Action Research study in health and social care in Sweden. International Journal of Older People Nursing 6, 25–32 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00211.x

Aim.  The aim of this study was to make sense of the Swedish concept ‘trygghet’ by using stories from daily life in a Participatory Action Research project.

Background.  In Sweden, attempts to implement core values to ensure high quality health and social care for older people are given high priority and concepts such as security and dignity are often used. As concepts are abstract they are difficult to transform into practical work.

Design.  One group of six assistant nurses and one group of five Registered Nurses working in a municipality participated in Story Dialogue Method and four older women were interviewed.

Result.  ‘Trygghet’ was found to be an internal sense – an intrinsic state based on faith and trust in oneself and others called Sense of security. External factors that strengthened Sense of security were to be part of a community, to recognize and be familiar with things and situations and to use various kinds of aids.

Conclusion and relevance to clinical practice.  A prerequisite for the professionals being able to support the care receivers adequately is that they have a sense of security themselves, and that they are allowed to operate in a system that facilitates for the care receivers to maintain trustworthy and reliable relations over time.
Effects of Oregano Oil Brine Enhancement on Quality Attributes of Beef Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranosus Muscles from Various Age Animals
Authors: Scramlin Stacy M. , Newman Melissa C. , Cox Ryan B. , Sepe Hilary A. , Alderton Amy L. , O'Leary Joseph , Mikel William B.
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT:  The study reports whether or not oregano oil can reduce lipid oxidation and evaluate palatability variations in beef longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus muscles from various age animals (approximately 18 mo; 18 M, 30 to 60 mo; 30 M, and >60 mo; 60 M). Six muscles of each age group were halved and enhanced with a control brine containing no antioxidants (CN) or a brine containing oregano oil (OR), cut into steaks, and stored in modified atmosphere packaging for 0, 4, 7, and 11 d. Each sampling day, surface color (Minolta L*, a*, b*), lipid oxidation (TBARS), cook yield, sensory analysis, and Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were measured. OR enhancement decreased TBARS values and slowed the rate of decline in a* values (P < 0.05), but had no effect on WBSF, or sensory tenderness and juiciness scores (P > 0.05) compared to CN steaks. OR steaks had less rancidity detection, more off‐flavor, lower overall acceptability in sensory analysis (P < 0.05). This indicated oregano oil can effectively reduce lipid oxidation and extend shelf‐life of meat products, but further investigation would be needed to avoid off‐flavor and acceptability of product quality.

Practical Application: Decreases in meat consumption have led the meat industry to become more innovative in product development. Reducing lipid oxidation is a viable method to reduce rancidity, and improving product acceptability. Our research indicated that although oregano oil did reduce lipid oxidation, the adverse effects of flavor were too great, and thus would not be tolerable in fresh meat products at this concentration. However, there is potential to use oregano oil at lower concentrations and in a variety of processed products which could be beneficial to further the use of natural antioxidants.
Improvements in the Quality and Shelf Life of Kimchi by Fermentation with the Induced Bacteriocin‐Producing Strain, Leuconostoc citreum GJ7 as a Starter
Authors: Chang Ji Yoon , Chang Hae Choon
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT:  To improve the quality and self‐life of kimchi, the induced bacteriocin‐producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Leuconostoc citreum GJ7, was introduced into kimchi fermentation as a starter. The kimchi preparations were incubated at 7 °C for 12 to 15 d, and then stored at −1 °C. Thereafter, changes in their characteristics were monitored for 125 d. When a kimchi starter was introduced into a nonsterile and open kimchi fermentation system, over‐ripening of kimchi was prevented during 125 d of storage. In the starter kimchi, Leuc. citreum GJ7 was the dominant organism, comprising 70% to 90% of the total flora, and no yeasts were detected during the entire storage period. However, in the nonstarter kimchi, the predominant LAB could not be determined and yeasts were detected after 50 d of storage. The viable cell number of the starter kimchi was 2 log CFU/mL higher than in the nonstarter kimchi at 125 d of storage. The texture (firmness) of the starter kimchi at 95 to 125 d of storage was similar to that of the nonstarter kimchi at 20 d of storage. Sensory evaluations of texture, off‐flavor, and carbonated mouthfeel were significantly improved by the starter‐fermentation. The results indicate that the application of the bacteriocin‐enhanced Leuc. citreum GJ7 as a starter culture exerts microbial control, prevents over‐ripening, and extends the shelf life of kimchi.

Practical Application: Presently, we have shown that under the optimum fermentation condition the induced bacteriocin‐producing LAB, Leuc. citreum GJ7, can regulate natural kimchi fermentation and has extended dominance within the microbial ecology of kimchi. The result is improved quality and shelf life of kimchi. Moreover, to control the growth of other microorganisms in open‐fermentation and nonsterile conditions, this system may be usefully adapted for other food or environmental control systems.
Sensory Properties Determined by Starch Type in White Sauces: Effects of Freeze/Thaw and Hydrocolloid Addition
Authors: Arocas A. , Sanz T. , Salvador A. , Varela P. , Fiszman S.M.
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT:  The effect of 5 types of starch (rice, potato, waxy corn, corn, and modified waxy corn) on the sensory properties of white sauces was studied. A comparative study was also made of variations resulting from freezing/thawing and effect of replacing 0.15% starch with 2 nonstarchy hydrocolloids, xanthan gum (XG), or locust bean gum (LBG) in samples to be frozen. The sensory properties were studied through descriptive analysis by a panel of 10 trained judges. Principal components analysis and cluster analysis were used to group each of the samples according to the scores for consistency, resilience, graininess, thickness, heterogeneity, creaminess, and mouth coating, the sensory attributes which were chosen to define the sauces under study. Significant differences were found between the different starches employed: the rice and modified starches presented similar behavior to each other, as did the potato starch and corn starch, while the waxy starch sauce stood apart from the rest because of its resilience. The freeze/thaw cycle had the greatest effect on the corn‐starch sauce, increasing its graininess and heterogeneity values owing to retrogradation. Adding XG or LBG to the sauces subjected to a period of freezing/thawing did not have a significant effect on the sensory attributes of the reheated sauces made with rice, potato, or waxy or modified starch, but lower graininess and hetrogeneity values were observed in the sauce made with corn starch.
Antioxidant, Antimutagenic, and Antidiabetic Activities of Edible Leaves from Cnidoscolus chayamansa Mc. Vaugh
Authors: Loarca‐Piña Guadalupe , Mendoza Sandra , Ramos‐Gómez Minerva , Reynoso Rosalia
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT:  The methanolic extract of Cnidoscolus chayamansa leaves from Mexico was screened for antioxidant and antimutagenic properties by the DPPH, ABTS, iron chelating, and Kado microsuspension assays, respectively. The hypoglycemic effect was also studied. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as HPLC identification and quantification of protocatechuic acid and rutin were also carried out. The C. chayamansa leaves extract contained 71.3 ± 1.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 42.6 ± 3.7 mg (+)‐catechin equivalent/g extract of total phenols and flavonoids, respectively. Concentrations of 0.242 ± 0.001 mg/g and 2.00 ± 0.097 mg/g were found for protocatechuic acid and rutine, respectively. The extract was capable of scavenging DPPH and ABTS•+ radicals in a concentration dependent manner. The extract was not toxic to TA100 and TA98 strains at the concentrations tested; moreover, the extract at a concentration of 1000 μg inhibited 24% and 39% the mutagenicity induced by 4‐nitro‐O‐phenylenediamine and sodium azide, respectively. An acute hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats was observed.

Practical Application: C. chayamansa has been proposed as an herbal medicine to treat diabetes; however, the reported results are not conclusive and further studies need to be performed. Despite this fact, chaya leaves can be commercialized as tea in a dried presentation since the dried leaves conserve high polyphenol contents.
Pervasive developmental disorder and early intervention in psychosis services: a survey of care coordinators' experiences
Authors: Del Real Agata , Brabban Alison , Tiffin Paul A.
Published: January 2010

Aim: To evaluate the experience of care coordinators encountering clients with co‐morbid diagnoses or features of pervasive development disorder (PDD) in an Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) service.

Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a semi‐structured face‐to‐face interview schedule.

Results: Thirty‐three care coordinators were interviewed. One‐third of the care coordinators had previously encountered at least one client with a co‐morbid diagnosis of PDD, with the majority feeling confident that they could recognize the features of the syndrome. The estimated reported prevalence of diagnosed PDD in this group was around 4–5%, although social and communication impairments were regularly encountered in clients by at least a quarter of the clinicians interviewed.

Conclusions: Social and communication problems are commonly observed by clinicians in this population and some may represent the presence of a co‐morbid PDD. Further efforts should be made to better identify and support this sub‐population of EIP clients.
A 12‐month outcome study of insight and symptom change in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Buchy Lisa , Bodnar Michael , Malla Ashok , Joober Ridha , Lepage Martin
Published: January 2010

Aim: We first aimed to evaluate the progression of insight and psychopathology over the first year of treatment for a psychosis. We hypothesized that improvement in insight would associate with improvement in positive and negative symptoms, and depressive and anxious symptom exacerbation. Secondly, in an exploratory analysis, we aimed to identify quantitatively distinct insight trajectory groups, and to describe the impact of psychopathology over time on the different trajectory groups.

Methods: One‐hundred and sixty‐five patients were administered a comprehensive clinical evaluation, and insight was rated on the Scale for Assessment for Unawareness of Mental Disorder, item 1 (awareness of mental disorder), at admission and after 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months.

Results: In a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model of change, insight improved concurrently with positive, negative and anxious symptoms between baseline and month 1 in the entire cohort. Latent group‐based trajectory analysis revealed five insight groups: good, increasing, decreasing, moderate poor and very poor. GEE modelling revealed that the very poor and moderate poor insight groups displayed greater overall negative symptoms than patients with good and increasing insight trajectories. The good insight group showed significantly greater overall depressive symptoms than the diminished and very poor insight groups.

Conclusions: The results suggest that specific longitudinal insight trajectories were driving the observed associations between insight and negative and depressive symptoms in the entire first‐episode psychosis cohort. Persistently poor insight may be an important factor in negative symptom maintenance. Good or increasing course of insight may be early clinical indicators of a liability to depression.
Satellite Rainfall Estimates Over South America – Possible Applicability to the Water Management of Large Watersheds1
Authors: Pereira Filho Augusto J. , Carbone Richard E. , Janowiak John E. , Arkin Phillip , Joyce Robert , Hallak Ricardo , Ramos Camila G.M.
Published: January 2010

Pereira Filho, Augusto J., Richard E. Carbone, John E. Janowiak, Phillip Arkin, Robert Joyce, Ricardo Hallak, and Camila G.M. Ramos, 2010. Satellite Rainfall Estimates Over South America – Possible Applicability to the Water Management of Large Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):344‐360. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00406.x

Abstract:  This work analyzes high‐resolution precipitation data from satellite‐derived rainfall estimates over South America, especially over the Amazon Basin. The goal is to examine whether satellite‐derived precipitation estimates can be used in hydrology and in the management of larger watersheds of South America. High spatial‐temporal resolution precipitation estimates obtained with the CMORPH method serve this purpose while providing an additional hydrometeorological perspective on the convective regime over South America and its predictability. CMORPH rainfall estimates at 8‐km spatial resolution for 2003 and 2004 were compared with available rain gauge measurements at daily, monthly, and yearly accumulation time scales. The results show the correlation between satellite‐derived and gauge‐measured precipitation increases with accumulation period from daily to monthly, especially during the rainy season. Time‐longitude diagrams of CMORPH hourly rainfall show the genesis, strength, longevity, and phase speed of convective systems. Hourly rainfall analyses indicate that convection over the Amazon region is often more organized than previously thought, thus inferring that basin scale predictions of rainfall for hydrological and water management purposes have the potential to become more skillful. Flow estimates based on CMORPH and the rain gauge network are compared to long‐term observed average flow. The results suggest this satellite‐based rainfall estimation technique has considerable utility. Other statistics for monthly accumulations also suggest CMORPH can be an important source of rainfall information at smaller spatial scales where in situ observations are lacking.
Sediment Contaminant Chemistry and Toxicity of Freshwater Urban Wetlands in Southern California1
Authors: Brown Jeffrey S. , Sutula Martha , Stransky Chris , Rudolph John , Byron Earl
Published: January 2010

Brown, Jeffrey S., Martha Sutula, Chris Stransky, John Rudolph, and Earl Byron, 2010. Sediment Contaminant Chemistry and Toxicity of Freshwater Urban Wetlands in Southern California. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):367‐384. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00407.x

Abstract:  Wetlands provide many critical functions in urban ecosystems, including habitat for wetland‐dependent fauna and enhancement of water quality. Interest in restoring or creating wetlands to enhance these functions is increasing due to the scale and extent of wetland loss and water quality problems associated with urbanization. One of the most pressing questions associated with urban wetland restoration is the extent to which urban wetlands tend to concentrate contaminants, and if so, whether an associated risk to wildlife exists. The goal of this study was to better understand these potential risks, and the associated tradeoffs with using wetlands to treat urban runoff. Sediment toxicity, contaminant chemistry, and macroinvertebrate (MI) community metrics were measured in 21 southern California wetlands that receive urban runoff as their primary water source. MI organisms in 18 of the 21 urban wetlands examined were considered to be at risk due to sediment contaminant concentrations and toxicity. Most of the sites were either toxic to the amphipod Hyalella azteca, exceeded a sediment quality guideline, or both. Sediment chemistry and toxicity identification evaluation studies suggest that pyrethroid pesticides may have been responsible for much of the toxicity documented in this study. The mean Probable Effects Concentration quotient (an index of degree of sediment contamination) was found to negatively correlate with MI diversity in these wetlands suggesting that toxicity was affecting organisms at the base of the food chain in these wetlands.
Evaluation of the National Land Cover Database for Hydrologic Applications in Urban and Suburban Baltimore, Maryland1
Authors: Smith Monica Lipscomb , Zhou Weiqi , Cadenasso Mary , Grove Morgan , Band Lawrence E.
Published: January 2010

Smith, Monica Lipscomb, Weiqi Zhou, Mary Cadenasso, Morgan Grove, and Lawrence E. Band, 2010. Evaluation of the National Land Cover Database for Hydrologic Applications in Urban and Suburban Baltimore, Maryland. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):429‐442. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00412.x

Abstract:  We compared the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 land cover, impervious, and canopy data products to land cover data derived from 0.6‐m resolution three‐band digital imagery and ancillary data. We conducted this comparison at the 1 km2, 9 km2, and gauged watershed scales within the Baltimore Ecosystem Study to determine the usefulness and limitations of the NLCD in heterogeneous urban to exurban environments for the determination of land‐cover information for hydrological applications. Although the NLCD canopy and impervious data are significantly correlated with the high‐resolution land‐cover dataset, both layers exhibit bias at <10 and >70% cover. The ratio of total impervious area and connected impervious area differs along the range of percent imperviousness – at low percent imperviousness, the NLCD is a better predictor of pavement alone, whereas at higher percent imperviousness, buildings and pavement together more resemble NLCD impervious estimates. The land‐cover composition and range for each NLCD urban land category (developed open space, low‐intensity, medium‐intensity, and high‐intensity developed) is more variable in areas of low‐intensity development. Fine‐vegetation land‐cover/lawn area is incorporated in a large number of land use categories with no ability to extract this land cover from the NLCD. These findings reveal that the NLCD may yield important biases in urban, suburban, and exurban hydrologic analyses where land cover is characterized by fine‐scale spatial heterogeneity.
Future U.S. Water Consumption: The Role of Energy Production1
Authors: Elcock Deborah
Published: January 2010

Elcock, Deborah, 2010. Future U.S. Water Consumption: The Role of Energy Production. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):447‐460. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00413.x

Abstract:  This study investigates how meeting domestic energy production targets for both fossil and renewable fuels may affect future water demand. It combines projections of energy production developed by the U.S. Department of Energy with estimates of water consumption on a per‐unit basis (water‐consumption coefficients) for coal, oil, gas, and biofuels production, to estimate and compare the domestic freshwater consumed. Although total domestic freshwater consumption is expected to increase by nearly 7% between 2005 and 2030, water consumed for energy production is expected to increase by nearly 70%, and water consumed for biofuels (biodiesel and ethanol) production is expected to increase by almost 250%. By 2030, water consumed in the production of biofuels is projected to account for nearly half of the total amount of water consumed in the production of all energy fuels. Most of this is for irrigation, and the West North Central Region is projected to consume most of this water in 2030. These findings identify an important potential future conflict between renewable energy production and water availability that warrants further investigation and action to ensure that future domestic energy demand can be met in an economically efficient and environmentally sustainable manner.
Management of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis in the Young Adult
Authors: Wallace Andrew
Published: January 2010

The development of degenerative joint disease in the young active patient is an increasing and difficult problem. In this review, evidence for the role of nonoperative and operative treatment strategies is assessed with the objective of establishing guidelines for management, and identifying areas for future research. Glucosamine and chondroitin supplements, as well as steroid and hyaluronan injections are probably useful early in the disease. Arthroscopic debridement, capsular release, and microfracture are temporizing measures that can provide pain relief and defer more invasive surgery. Attempts to restore the cartilage surface with osteochondral autologous transplants or autologous chondrocyte implantation may be suitable as second-line therapy for focal defects, although resurfacing of more extensive lesions with biological membranes has proven more difficult. Because prosthetic arthroplasty is relatively contraindicated in young patients, particularly contact athletes, the search for an ideal solution remains elusive, and more clinical and basic science research is needed.
Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming
Authors: Solomon Susan , Rosenlof Karen H. , Portmann Robert W. , Daniel John S. , Davis Sean M. , Sanford Todd J. , Plattner Gian-Kasper
Published: January 2010

Dropping a Notch

Between 2000 and 2001, the concentration of water vapor in the stratosphere dropped by about 10%. Water vapor is an important greenhouse gas, so did the decrease affect climate and slow global warming?

Solomon
et al.

(p.
1219
, published online 28 January) used a combination of data and models to show that lower stratospheric water vapor probably has contributed to the flattening of global average temperatures since 2000, by acting to slow the rate of warming by about 25%. Furthermore, the amount of water vapor in the stratosphere probably increased between 1980 and 2000, a period of more rapid warming, suggesting how important the concentration of stratospheric water vapor might be to climate.
A revised late-Quaternary vegetation history of the unglaciated southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada, from Antifreeze and Eikland ponds
Authors: Vermaire Jesse C. , Cwynar Les C.
Published: January 2010

Antifreeze Pond was thought to contain the oldest record of continuous environmental change in the southwestern Yukon. We have revised the original interpretation of the vegetation history of Antifreeze Pond and this region based on new pollen, stomate, and macrofossil analysis, along with 38 new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates from Antifreeze Pond and nearby Eikland Pond. Although the overall pattern of vegetation change is similar to the previously published Antifreeze Pond record, our new analysis indicates that the timing of the major vegetation shifts is substantially different, particularly during the late-glacial and early Holocene periods (from ∼17 000 – 9000 cal years BP). The original Antifreeze Pond record was thought to span a mid-Wisconsinan interstadial (>30 000 cal years BP) and the full-glacial period. Our results, however, indicate that the material of mid-Wisconsinan age was likely deposited by slumping around the pond making interpretation of the paleoenvironment difficult. Furthermore, our AMS 14C dates show that what was thought to be a full-glacial vegetation record is actually the vegetation history of the late-glacial period (ca. 17 000 – 11 000 cal years BP), which was a time of rapid sediment deposition into the ponds. The Eikland Pond record has an early Holocene Populus rise between ca. 11 000 – 8000 cal years BP that is not present in either the new or original Antifreeze Pond records. This new interpretation of the vegetation history should aid comparisons to other regional paleoenvironmental records.
Domestic ballast operations on the Great Lakes: potential importance of Lakers as a vector for introduction and spread of nonindigenous species
Authors: Rup Michael P. , Bailey Sarah A. , Wiley Chris J. , Minton Mark S. , Miller A. Whitman , Ruiz Gregory M. , MacIsaac Hugh J.
Published: January 2010

Ballast water is recognized globally as a major vector of aquatic nonindigenous species (NIS) introductions; domestic ballast water transfers, however, have generally been considered low risk in North America. We characterize ballast operations of domestic ships in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River system (Lakers) during 2005–2007 to examine the risk of primary and secondary introductions associated with ballast water transfers over short distances. Results indicate that Lakers transported at least 68 million tonnes of ballast water annually. Approximately 71% of ballast water transfers were interregional, with net movement being from lower to upper lakes. A small proportion of ballast water discharged in the Great Lakes (<1%) originated from ports in the St. Lawrence River that may serve as sources for new NIS. These results indicate that domestic ballast water transfers may contribute to NIS introductions and are likely the most important ballast-mediated pathway of secondary spread within the Great Lakes. Future efforts to reduce invasion impacts should consider both primary and secondary introduction mechanisms.
Life history differences parallel environmental differences among North American lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations
Authors: McDermid Jenni L. , Shuter Brian J. , Lester Nigel P.
Published: January 2010

Lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) exhibit substantial life history variation range-wide and at a local scale. This study addresses two hypotheses that have been proposed to account for this: (i) over the zoogeographic range, climatic conditions are associated with life history differences; and (ii) within smaller geographic regions, physical lake attributes are associated with life history differences. Multivariate statistics (Procrustean analysis and canonical correlation analysis) identified a strong, range-wide association between climate and life history variables. Colder climates were associated with slower prematuration growth, older age at maturity, and increased longevity. Winter conditions were also important; longer, warmer winters were associated with slower prematuration growth, smaller maximum sizes, and increased weight at a standard length of 425 mm. In southern populations, these general trends were further modified by physical lake attributes. High productivity lakes had lake trout with faster prematuration growth and larger maximum sizes; deeper lakes were associated with larger maximum sizes and later ages at maturity; and larger lakes were associated with slower prematuration growth, greater longevity, and larger maximum sizes. This study identifies abiotic variables that should be incorporated into existing lake trout management models, thus extending their applicability range-wide and permitting them to deal with possible impacts of climate change.
Disturbances structuring macroinvertebrate communities in steep headwater streams: relative importance of forest clearcutting and debris flow occurrence
Authors: Kobayashi Sohei , Gomi Takashi , Sidle Roy C. , Takemon Yasuhiro
Published: January 2010

This study shows that debris flow disturbances that alter in-channel physical conditions or displace organisms exert greater impacts on stream macroinvertebrate community structure than clearcutting disturbances that change energy inputs in steep headwater systems. We surveyed abiotic characteristics and macroinvertebrate communities of 10 steep headwater streams in central Japan that contained a chronosequence of forest stands and debris flow occurrences. Streams of recently logged forests had higher light levels, nitrate concentrations, and stream temperature ranges than streams of mature forests. Streams of middle-aged forests, which experienced debris flows in recent years (1989–1998), had lower abundance of shredders, crawlers, and headwater-adapted taxa than the other streams. A shredder taxon, Gammarus nipponensis , was completely absent in the streams with recent debris flows, despite their dominance in the other streams. Decreases of depositional environment associated with depletion of large wood and loss of channel structure as well as replacement of community members by rapid colonizers appear to be the major mechanisms of structural changes in macroinvertebrate communities affected by debris flows.
Optimal number of sites in artificial pelagic multisite fisheries
Authors: Auger Pierre , Lett Christophe , Moussaoui Ali , Pioch Sylvain
Published: January 2010

We present a mathematical model of artificial pelagic multisite fisheries. The model is a stock–effort dynamical model of a fishery subdivided into artificial fishing sites such as fish-aggregating devices (FADs) or artificial habitats (AHs). The objective of the work is to investigate the effects of the number of sites on the global activity of the fishery. We consider a linear chain of fishing sites in which fish are harvested by fishing vessels and a free stock that is unattached to the sites and not exploited. Fish movements between the sites and the free stock, as well as vessel displacements between the sites, are assumed to take place at a faster time scale than the variation of the stock and the change of the fleet size. We take advantage of these two time scales to derive a reduced model governing the dynamics of the total fish stock and the total fishing effort. We show that there exists an optimal number of fishing sites that maximizes the total catch at equilibrium. We finally extend the model to the situation in which both fish attached to the sites and fish in the free stock are exploited.