bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The L mode in electromagnetic proton-cyclotron waves in plasmas modelled

by a Lorentzian distribution function
Authors: VEGA PEDRO , PALMA LUIS , ELGUETA RENE
Published: July 2002

The L mode in electromagnetic proton-cyclotron waves (EPCWs) propagating
parallel
to a uniform ambient magnetic field is studied here analytically. A generalized

Lorentzian distribution function is used to model the plasma. Analytical
expressions
for the wavenumber and for both the temporal and convective growth rates

for a multi-ion plasma are obtained within the linear theory. This analytical
approach
is appropiate for β∥<1, which is the ratio of plasma
kinetic pressure to
magnetic field pressure. The characteristics of the unstable spectrum are
found to
be independent of high-energy particles. For a plasma composed of electrons
plus
hot and cold protons, it is shown that the maximum growth rates as functions
of
cold-proton concentration δ can always decrease, or can increase
until δ reaches
a certain peak value and decrease thereafter, or can always increase, depending

on the thermal anisotropy of the hot protons. This behaviour is similar
to that in
Maxwellian plasmas. However, for the convective growth rate, the expression
for the
optimum cold-proton concentration shows a significant dependence on the
spectral
index κ. Therefore, when cold protons are injected, it is more
difficult to obtain
optimum amplification in a Lorentzian plasma than in a Maxwellian plasma.
It is also
shown that the influence of the high-energy tail on the generation and
amplification
processes of the EPCWs is controlled by thermal anisotropy and cold-ion
population.
As a consequence of the latter, temporal and convective growth rates can
be
larger than, equal to or smaller than those of Maxwellian plasmas, depending
on the
anisotropy of the hot-proton distribution and on the cold-proton concentration.
Excitation of surface-type X modes by charged-particle beams
Authors: GIRKA V. O.
Published: July 2002

A theoretical investigation of extraordinary polarized surface
waves at the
second harmonics of ion and electron cyclotron frequencies propagating
across an
external steady magnetic field is carried out in the case of weak plasma
spatial
dispersion when the thermal velocities of plasma particles are much less
than the
phase velocities of the considered waves. These waves are eigenmodes of
a planar
plasma–vacuum waveguide structure that is situated in a steady magnetic

field oriented parallel to the plasma surface. A cold charged-particle
beam is
assumed to propagate over the plasma interface. Excitation of surface X
modes at
the second harmonics of electron and ion cyclotron frequencies due to the
beam–plasma
interaction is studied analytically. The dependence of surface-type X-mode

(STXM) growth rates on the considered waveguide structural parameters is
also
studied.
Is the phonetic quality of unaccented words unpredictable? An example from spontaneous Finnish
Authors: Lennes Mietta , Alarotu Nina , Vainio Martii
Published: July 2002

In spontaneous speech, occurrences of the same word form vary phonetically. Words that do not receive sentence accent tend to be less clearly articulated and shorter in duration in comparison to prominent words. If such an unaccented word is isolated from continuous speech, it may not even be identifiable by listeners, but as part of the speech stream, it is usually easily identified and helps the listener to perceive and organize the spoken message as a whole. Thus, the variability of unaccented words is not random but must follow certain patterns determined by context. In this study, we take a closer look at the Finnish unaccented word-like construction niinku in spontaneous conversational speech samples collected from one female Finnish speaker. We provide an analysis of the phonetic variability of the niinku structure found in the data, including such properties as segmental duration, segmental make-up, and phonetic quality. We then show what kind of properties are common to all occurrences of this unaccented construction and discuss the conditions that probably govern its acoustic-phonetic quality.
Tax Remission and Tax Burden in Rural Lower Burma during the Economic Crisis of the Early 1930s
Authors: Brown Ian
Published: July 2002

In the late 1970s, a modest scholarly clash took place between James C. Scott and Michael Adas over the extent to which, if at all, the British administration in Burma had granted tax remissions to the rural population of the province during the economic crisis of the early 1930s. This formed an important part of their wider debate on the causes of the major rebellion—the Hsaya San rebellion—which erupted in Lower Burma in the closing days of 1930. First into the arena was Scott, in The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia, published in 1976. On this issue, Scott's starting point was the observation that the colonial world of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw a very marked increase in the capacity of the state to extract tax revenues from rural populations. The decisive strength of colonial administrations in this respect lay in paperwork, in ‘the inexorable progress of cadastral surveys, settlement reports for land revenue, censuses, the issuance of land titles and licences, identity cards, tax rolls and receipts . . .’, in other words, in the creation of ‘nets of finer and finer official weave’ that trapped rural taxpayers with increasing thoroughness.
Recognizing the Gods (Acts 14.8–10)
Authors: STRELAN RICK
Published: July 2002

Little attention is given to the stare and the loud voice of Paul in the healing of the cripple in Acts 14.8–10. This article examines these two actions and suggests that far from being incidental in the narrative they help to explain how the Lystrans recognized that ‘the gods have come down’ in Paul and Barnabas. In both Graeco-Roman texts and in Jewish literature, the stare and the loud voice are indicators of the action or presence of the gods. In addition, the command ‘arise’ is commonly given by divine beings in Jewish texts.
Zur historischen und theologischen Bedeutung der Erforschung neutestamentlicher Textgeschichte
Authors: NICKLAS TOBIAS
Published: July 2002

Meist wird die Erforschung der neutestamentlichen Textgeschichte vor allem als ein Hilfsmittel auf der Suche nach dem ‘Urtext’ angesehen. Dass auch in textkritischer Hinsicht vielleicht zweitrangig erscheinende Zeugen von hoher theologischer wie auch historischer Relevanz sein können, zeigt sich auf mehreren Ebenen. So lassen sich nicht nur Verbindungen zwischen der konkreten Textform manchen Manuskripts und theologiegeschichtlichen Problemstellungen der ersten Jahrhunderte aufweisen, auch die Beschaffenheit des Materials, seine Funktion etwa als Amulett oder im christlichen Schulunterricht, seine Verwendung als Grabbeigabe oder die Wiederverwertung für verschiedenste Zwecke ermöglichen wertvolle Schlüsse auf den frühchristlichen Umgang mit dem NT.
The influence of host haematocrit on the blood feeding success of Anopheles stephensi: implications for enhanced malaria transmission
Authors: TAYLOR P. J. , HURD H.
Published: July 2002

Two studies were carried out to determine the effect of the rodent malaria Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis on the blood feeding success of Anopheles stephensi. Initially, pairs of mice with similar packed cell volume (PCV) (measured by haematocrit) were selected. Following infection of one of the pair its PCV gradually fell. At various times post-infection, a comparison was made of the bloodmeal size (haemoglobin content) of mosquitoes feeding on these mice. The bloodmeal sizes increased with parasite-induced fall in PCV down to a haematocrit of 43–44%, which occurred approximately 48 h post-infection. Bloodmeals were significantly reduced, however, when mosquitoes fed on mice with higher parasitaemias and a haematocrit of 15–35%. Thus, at early stages of infection, mosquitoes ingested a bloodmeal significantly greater than did the mosquitoes feeding on the control mice. However, mosquitoes were not able to compensate for severe infection-associated anaemia. To compensate for variation due to innate differences in the mice, a second experiment was performed. Mosquitoes were fed on the same mice before (control) and after infection. Again, the bloodmeal size increased with decreasing PCV down to haematocrits of 42–45%, but declined thereafter. In this host–parasite–vector system, haematocrits that maximized erythrocyte intake were produced when gametocytes, capable of exflagellation, were present.
Non-specific binding of mouse IgG1 to Heligmosomoides polygyrus:
parasite homogenate can affinity purify mouse monoclonal antibodies
Authors: ROBINSON M. , GUSTAD T. R. , MEINHARDT S.
Published: July 2002

A characteristic feature of infections with the nematode parasite
of mice Heligmosomoides polygyrus, is a marked IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia.
A possible source for this immunoglobulin has recently been demonstrated,
through evidence that H. polygyrus adult worm homogenate (AWH)
can induce the in vitro production of non-specific IgG1 from mouse
lymphocytes. To determine the interactions between this immunoglobulin
and the parasite, the ability of IgG1 to bind to AWH of H. polygyrus
was investigated. Protein (Western) blotting indicated that mouse monoclonal
antibodies are able to bind non-specifically to selected parasite antigens.
Furthermore, by binding H. polygyrus adult worm homogenate to
cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-activated Sepharose CL-4B, an affinity column was
prepared which could be used to efficiently purify mouse IgG1 monoclonal
antibodies. These antibodies were eluted from the affinity column and still
retained their original specificity. These results indicate that H.
polygyrus not only induces the production of non-specific IgG1 by
the host, it can also bind this immunoglobulin to its own specific proteins.
Thus, it is possible that IgG1 produced during a primary infection with
H. polygyrus may not entirely benefit the host.
Changes in gene expression during stimulation and hatching of

the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis
Authors: JONES J. T. , ROBERTSON L. , PERRY R. N. , ROBERTSON W. M.
Published: July 2002

The potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis,
like

other parasitic nematodes, needs to synchronize its life-cycle

with that of its host. This synchrony is achieved by the invasive-stage

juvenile remaining dormant within its egg until

stimulated to hatch by the presence of root diffusates of its host.

Root diffusates may induce changes in gene expression

in PCN, some of which may be important in the transition to a parasitic

mode of existence. We have used a range of

techniques including differential display to examine gene expression

during stimulation and hatching of PCN. We find

that few changes in gene expression appear to be induced directly by

root diffusates. Instead, changes in gene expression

seem to occur during or immediately after the hatching process. These

results are discussed in the context of the host–parasite

relationship.
Immune evasion in malaria: altered peptide ligands of the circumsporozoite
protein
Authors: PLEBANSKI M. , LEE E. A. M. , HILL A. V. S.
Published: July 2002

T cells are central to immunity in malaria. CD4+ helper
T
cells favour the generation of high-affinity antibodies that are
effective against blood stages and they are necessary to establish
immunological memory. The intrahepatic stage of
infection can be eliminated by specific CD8+
cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Cytokines secreted by CD4+ T cells
may also
contribute to liver stage immunity. Evolution has selected varied
mechanisms in pathogens to avoid recognition by T cells.
T cells recognize foreign epitopes as complexes with host major
histocompatibility (MHC) molecules. Thus, a simple
form of evasion is to mutate amino acid residues which allow binding to

an MHC allele. Recently, more sophisticated
forms of polymorphic evasion have been described. In altered peptide

ligand (APL) antagonism, the concurrent presentation

of particular closely related epitope variants can prevent memory T cell

effector functions such as cytotoxicity, lymphokine
production and proliferation. In immune interference, the effect
of the
concurrent presentation of such related epitope
variants can go a step further and prevent the induction of memory T cells

from naive precursors. The analysis of immune
responses to a protein of P. falciparum, the circumsporozoite
protein
(CSP), indicates that the malaria parasite may utilize these evasion strategies.
In vivo selection of a population of

Trypanosoma cruzi and

clones resistant to benznidazole
Authors: MURTA S. M. F. , ROMANHA A. J.
Published: July 2002

A benznidazole-resistant population of Trypanosoma

cruzi, Y strain, was selected after 25 successive passages

(8 months) in mice treated with a single high drug dose.

Initially, the resistant parasites produced a low parasitaemia

level and low mortality rate in infected mice. Thereafter, the

parasitaemia level and mortality rate increased to the same

value obtained for mice infected with the wild-type strain.

Long-term treatment with

benznidazole (100 mg/kg/day) cured 71–80% of

mice infected with the wild-type strain. No cure was observed

in mice infected with the selected resistant parasite

population. Treatment with 500 mg/kg of benznidazole at

peak parasitaemia cleared all blood parasites from mice infected

with wild-type parasites. No effect on parasitaemia level

was observed in mice infected with the selected parasites.

Benznidazole-resistant parasites showed cross-resistance to

different drugs. Contrary to wild type, all clones analysed

from the resistant T. cruzi population were resistant

to benznidazole. Without drug pressure the resistance phenotype of

clones was far more stable than that presented by the

resistant population. This work demonstrates, for the first time,

the in vivo selection of a population and clones of

T. cruzi resistant to benznidazole, and makes available

an experimental model for the study of mechanisms of drug

resistance in T. cruzi.
Comparison of tsa417-like variant-specific surface protein

(VSP) genes in Giardia intestinalis and identification of a
novel locus in genetic Group II isolates
Authors: EY P. L. , DARBY J. M. , MAYRHOFER G.
Published: July 2002

A gene (vsp417-3A-II) encoding a new member
of the variant-specific surface protein (VSP) family of Giardia
is
described. Vsp417-3A-II is detected exclusively in
isolates belonging to the genetic Assemblage A/Group II sublineage
of
G. intestinalis, and it is closely related to a previously characterized
VSP gene (tsp11, herein renamed vsp417-2A-I)
found
in Group I isolates of G. intestinalis. Analysis of DNA amplified
from the genomes of Group II isolates using consensus
primers also revealed products corresponding to the vsp417-2 locus
(vsp417-2A-II allele), indicating that vsp417-2A-II

and vsp417-3A-II represent separate loci in these organisms.
Southern hybridizations revealed a single genomic copy of
vsp417-3A-II in Group II isolates, but efforts to detect
this locus in Group I organisms were unsuccessful. Together with
the vsp417-1 (tsa417) locus that was first identified
in the genetic Group I isolate WB and which has been detected since
in all tested genetic Group I isolates (as vsp417-1A-I)
and in genetic Group II isolates (as vsp417-1A-II),
vsp417-3A-II represents a third member of a stable
subset of tsa417-like VSP genes in genetic Group II G. intestinalis.
The encoded
polypeptide, vsp417-3A-II (667 residues, predicted
Mr 69120) possesses a high cysteine content (12·1
mol%), 28 copies
of the metal-binding -CXXC- motif, and a highly conserved C-terminal hydrophobic
domain – similar to all other
characterized Giardia VSP. A revised nomenclature for Giardia
VSP genes is proposed, prompted by the need to describe
the homologues found in the various major genotypes of the species complex,
G. intestinalis.
High expression of a functional cruzipain by a non-infective and
non-pathogenic Trypanosoma cruzi clone
Authors: PAIVA C. N. , SOUTO-PADRON T. , COSTA D. A. , GATTASS C. R.
Published: July 2002

We compared a Trypanosoma cruzi clone unable to infect
or induce pathology in mice (CL-14), with virulent T. cruzi (Y

and CL strains) in terms of cruzipain expression, subcellular distribution
and functional activity. Our results showed that
(1) intracellular Y amastigotes expressed R1 (carboxy-terminal) and R2
(catalytic) domains concentrated in cytoplasmic
vesicles, while CL-14 presented R1 labelling on membrane clusters and R2
in intracellular compartments, (2) CL-14-trypomastigotes presented R1 and
R2 staining preferentially on flagellar and cellular membranes, similar
to CL, but
different from Y strain intracellular labelling pattern, (3) flow-cytometry
revealed higher expression of R1 by CL-14-trypomastigotes than virulent
strains, but R2 staining similar to CL-trypomastigotes, (4) CL-14-trypomastigotes

presented normal cruzipain activity in gelatin gels, but different banding
patterns were found in CL-14 versus CL and Y
strains. Our data rule out failure in cruzipain expression, activity or
subcellular distribution as an explanation for CL-14
biological behaviour, but suggest the expression of a different isoform.
These results also cast doubt on the putative role
of cruzipain as a target of immunopathological responses, since high levels
of functional cruzipain are expressed by a non-pathogenic T. cruzi.
Nematode neuropeptide modulation of the vagina vera
of Ascaris suum: in vitro effects of PF1, PF2,
PF4, AF3 and AF4
Authors: FELLOWES R. A. , MAULE A. G. , MARKS N. J. , GEARY T. G. , THOMPSON D. P. , HALTON D. W.
Published: July 2002

Ascaris suum possesses a large number of FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) of which KNEFIRFamide (AF1),
KHEYLRFamide (AF2) and KSAYMRFamide (AF8/PF3) have been shown to modulate the intrinsic, rhythmic activity
of the vagina vera of A. suum in vitro. In the present study, the effects of the nematode FaRPs, SDPNFLRFamide (PF1),
SADPNFLREamide (PF2) and KPNFIRFamide (PF4) (from Panagrellus redivivus) and AVPGVLRFamide (AF3) and
GDVPGVLRFamide (AF4) (from A. suum) on the in vitro activity of the vagina vera were examined. The effects of each
of the peptides were qualitatively and quantitatively distinct. All 3 FaRPs from P. redivivus were inhibitory, causing a
cessation of contractions. PF2 was 3 times more potent than PF1, with a threshold of 1 nM. Although PF4 was the least
potent (threshold, 10 nM), its effects at [ges ]10 nM were quantitatively the greatest. Both AF3 and AF4 (1 μM) induced
complex, multiphasic responses consisting of an initial contraction and spastic paralysis followed by a return of contractile
activity of increased amplitude. AF3 was 3 times more potent than AF4. The effects of these peptides had some similarities
to those observed on A. suum somatic body wall muscle in vitro, with PF1, PF2 and PF4 being inhibitory and AF3 and
AF4 being excitatory.
Predication and Ontology: Reply to Denyer
Authors: Gaskin Richard
Published: July 2002

In his article ‘Names, Verbs and Quantification’ Nicholas Denyer argues that a previous attempt of mine, on behalf of realism, to play down the ontological importance of the distinction between grammatical names and verbs ignores some striking logical differences between them. I concede the differences Denyer alludes to, but argue that they do not assist the orthodox nominalist, since if anything they point to a position according to which relations, but not monadic properties, are unreal. But this position is, I claim, as implausible as nominalism itself is.
Lithium and recurrence in a long-term follow-up of bipolar
affective disorder
Authors: CORYELL W. , WINOKUR G. , SOLOMON D. , SHEA T. , LEON A. , KELLER M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Though previous studies have clearly
shown that lithium affords prophylaxis in bipolar affective disorder,
these studies have not demonstrated the persistence of this
prophylactic effect beyond the first year of recovery.

Methods. One hundred and eighty-one patients with bipolar
affective disorder recovered during 5 years of semi-annual follow-up.
After 8 weeks of recovery, 139 were taking lithium prophylaxis and 42
were not. Analyses used drug status (lithium v. no-lithium)
as a censoring variable to compare these two groups by
interval-specific probabilities of recurrence.

Results. Recurrence was initially less likely in the
lithium group but interval-specific probabilities of recurrence did
not consistently favour either group after the first 32 weeks of
recovery.

Conclusions. Biases in treatment decisions may have both
reduced the size and altered the specificity of the lithium effects
seen here. Nevertheless, the apparent transience of lithium
prophylactic effects is unexplained and may reflect important,
physiological differences between relapse and recurrence. This
possibility invites a controlled lithium discontinuation study, with
gradual taper, of patients who have had at least 8 months of sustained
euthymia.
Quality of life measurement in schizophrenia:

reconciling the quest for subjectivity with the

question of reliability
Authors: VORUGANTI L. , HESLEGRAVE R. , AWAD A. G. , SEEMAN M. V.
Published: July 2002

Background. The patients' ability to appraise their

quality of life in schizophrenia was studied by

examining the reliability and the validity of self-rated quality of

life estimates.

Methods. Sixty-three symptomatically stable patients with

schizophrenia (DSM-IV) receiving

maintenance treatment were evaluated over a 4-week period. The

subjects were asked to appraise

their quality of life at weekly intervals on a single item global

quality of life measure, as well as the

self-administered sickness impact profile. The patients' quality

of life was also rated by a clinician

using the social performance schedule and the global assessment

scale of functioning; and clinical

aspects such as the severity of psychotic symptoms, neurocognitive

deficits, dose of medications,

and side effects were documented with standardized measures.

Results. The results indicated that the patients'

self-reports were highly consistent over the 4 weeks,

and the quality of life ratings correlated significantly with the

clinician's estimates. The patients'

quality of life was predictably influenced by the severity of their

symptoms, side effects, cognitive

deficits and the dose of their antipsychotic medication, but the

reliability of their reports was not materially affected by these factors.

Conclusions. It is concluded that clinically compliant and

stable patients with schizophrenia can

evaluate and report their quality of life with a high degree of

reliability and concurrent validity,

implying that self-report measures are potentially useful tools in

clinical trials and outcome studies.
Lack of association between dopamine D4 receptor gene and personality
traits
Authors: JÖNSSON E. G. , NÖTHEN M. M. , GUSTAVSSON J. P. , NEIDT H. , FORSLUND K. , MATTILA-EVENDEN M. , RYLANDER G. , PROPPING P. , ÅISBERG M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Personality traits have shown considerable

heritable components. Association between
alleles of a polymorphism in the third exon of the dopamine D4 receptor
gene (DRD4) and the
personality trait Novelty Seeking has been reported. Recently, in a sample
of Swedish
non-psychiatric subjects we could not detect any significant relationships
between the same
polymorphism and Novelty Seeking related scales in the Karolinska Scales
of Personality (KSP).
However, there was a tendency in the direction of the proposed association.
There were also
tentative associations between an exon I 13 bp deletion polymorphism and
the personality traits
Socialization and Guilt.

Methods. We investigated a new Swedish population-based sample

(N=167) investigated with the
KSP for three DRD4 polymorphisms.

Results. Neither of the previous results were replicated.
Combining the previous and the present
samples did not give rise to any significant association between DRD4 polymorphisms
and
personality scales.

Conclusions. The dopamine D4 receptor gene is probably not

of importance to the different
personality dimensions as measured by the Karolinska Scales of Personality.
Multivariate analysis of outcome of mental health
care using graphical chain models The South-Verona Outcome Project 1
Authors: RUGGERI M. , BIGGERI A. , RUCCI P. , TANSELLA M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Short-term outcome of mental health care was
assessed in a multidimensional
perspective using graphical chain models, a new multivariate method that
analyses the relationship
between variables conditionally, i.e. taking into account the effect of
antecedent and intervening
variables.

Methods. GAF, BPRS, DAS (at baseline and after 6 months), LQL
and VSSS (at follow-up only)
were administered to 194 patients attending the South-Verona community-based
mental health
service. Direct costs in the interval were also calculated. Graphical chain
models were used to
analyse: (1) the associations between predictors (psychopathology, disability,
functioning, assessed
at baseline); (2) the effects of predictors on costs; and (3) the effect
of predictors and costs on
outcomes (psychopathology, disability, functioning, quality of life and
service satisfaction) as well
as their correlation.

Results. Psychopathology, disability and functioning scores
at baseline predicted the corresponding
scores at 6-month follow-up, with greater improvement in
the more severely ill. Higher psychopathology and poorer functioning at

baseline predicted higher costs and, in turn, costs predicted
poorer functioning at follow-up. Outcome indicators polarized in two groups:
psychopathology,
disability and functioning, which were highly correlated; and the dyad
service satisfaction and
quality of life. Service satisfaction was highly related to quality of
life and was predicted by low
disability and high dysfunctioning. No predictors for quality of life were
found.

Conclusions. Graphical chain models were demonstrated to be
a useful methodology to analyse
process and outcome data. The results of the present study help in formulating
specific hypotheses
for future studies on outcome.
Non-linear relationship between an index of social
deprivation, psychiatric admission prevalence and the
incidence of psychosis
Authors: CROUDACE T. J. , KAYNE R. , JONES P. B. , HARRISON G. L.
Published: July 2002

Background. Indicators of population socio-economic disadvantage expressed as weighted
deprivation indices show strong relationships with mental health and underpin national funding of
psychiatric services. A new index of social deprivation, the Mental Illness Needs Index, has been
devised specifically to predict need for psychiatric services. Its validity has not been established
outside the area in which it was developed.

Methods. We explored the relationship between the Mental Illness Needs Index and two alternative
indicators of need for mental health services: the prevalence of psychiatric admission for electoral
wards in Nottingham (calculated from Hospital Episode Statistics for the years 1992 and 1993) and
ward-based incidence rates for psychosis (ICD-10 F1X-F33). Relationships were explored
graphically using local regression models, and estimated using Generalized Linear and Additive
Models, and Poisson regression.

Results. Social deprivation was strongly related to admission prevalence and psychosis incidence
(Spearman's rho 0·63 and 0·44 respectively). Neither admission prevalence, nor the incidence of
psychosis were linearly related to social deprivation. Areas with above average social deprivation
had both more new cases of psychoses and a higher proportion of the population admitted than
expected from a linear function.

Conclusions. Application of a linear function to funding gradients may underfund high and low
need areas and overfund median need areas. Improving the precision of estimates of the relationship
between social deprivation and need for services is crucial to more equitable resource allocation.
Representing the gods: the role of art and feeling
Authors: WYNN MARK
Published: July 2002

This paper argues that we can fruitfully consider some central issues in
philosophy of religion through the lens provided by the literature in aesthetics.
Specifically, I argue that Mikel Dufrenne's theory of representation in the arts can
be usefully applied to representations of the sacred. The paper seeks to trace some
of the implications of this view for our understanding of religious language and the
epistemology of religious belief. It also aims to throw light on the religious power of
art, including art which lacks any explicitly religious content.
Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Dinner talk: Cultural
patterns of sociability and socialization in family discourse.
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1997. Pp. ix, 306.
Authors: Greenhill Annabel
Published: July 2002

The work of Elinor Ochs and Catherine Snow has
demonstrated the central importance of dinner talk within
a broad picture of language socialization. A fertile site
for the intergenerational transmission of cultural values
and identities, it fosters culturally specific ways of
talking and thinking which have significance for children's
lives far beyond the intimacy of family meals. Blum-Kulka
brings to this rich speech event her insights about cross-cultural
pragmatics and her deep knowledge of patterns of communication
in Jewish communities in the US and Israel. What emerges
from her multi-year study is a thoroughly Hymesian depiction
of cultural continuity and change, as enacted in everyday
talk. She demonstrates that the subtle differences and
similarities in patterns of dinnertime talk found in each
of three middle-class, secular Jewish speech communities
of Ashkenazi heritage – Jewish Americans (JA), American
immigrants to Israel (AI), and native Israelis (NI) –
reflect entangled processes of cultural maintenance, cultural
assimilation, and intentional breaks from the traditional
values and practices of the Diaspora.
Dennis Ager, “Francophonie” in
the 1990s: Problems and opportunities. Clevedon (UK)
& Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1996. Pp. 215.
Pb $26.95.
Authors: Valdman Albert
Published: July 2002

Francophone literature and culture have become the leading
area of growth in French studies in the US; thus this broad-ranging
critical examination of the notion of francophonie
constitutes a timely contribution.
Accounting for female strategic variation
Authors: Bailey J. Michael
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson's theory accounts for the existence of male strategic variation admirably well, although it does not specify the precise nature of the adaptation linking male developmental stability to strategic pluralism. In contrast, female strategic variation remains elusive. Empirical data suggest that genetic variation partly underlies such variation, but the causes of female strategic differences largely remain unexplained.
Neural behaviorism: From brain evolution to human emotion at the speed of an action potential
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: July 2002

Rolls shares important data on hunger, thirst, sexuality, and learned behaviors, but is it pertinent to understanding the fundamental nature of emotionality? Important as such work is for understanding the motivated behaviors of animals, Rolls builds a constructivist theory of emotions and primary-process affective consciousness without considering past evidence on specific types of emotional tendencies and their diverse neural substrates.
Sleep can be related to memory, even if REM sleep is not
Authors: Mazzoni Giuliana
Published: July 2002

As reported by Vertes & Eastman, convincing evidence rules out any role for REM sleep in memory consolidation. However, they do not provide convincing evidence for their claim that sleep in generaI – as opposed to REM sleep per se – has no influence on memory consolidation. Recent correlational data suggest that the number of NREM/REM cycles is associated with performance on a verbal recall task.

[Vertes & Eastman]
The social dynamics of embodied cognition
Authors: Valenti S. Stavros , Stoffregen Thomas A.
Published: July 2002

Reaching in the A-not-B situation is not the product of a single person, but rather of a person-person system. We argue that models of embodied cognition distributed over persons may be necessary to capture the essential qualities of evolving behaviors, even those as simple asperseverative reaching.
Controversies in Neuroscience V: Persistent pain: Neuronal mechanisms and clinical implications: Introduction
Authors: Roberts Bill , Cordo Paul , Harnad Stevan
Published: July 2002

Pain is not a single entity but is instead a collection of
sensory experiences commonly associated with tissue damage. There
is growing recognition that not all pains are equivalent, that pains
and pathologies are not related in a simple manner, and that acute
pains differ in many respects from persistent pains. Great strides
have been made in improving our understanding of the neuronal
mechanisms responsible for acute pain, but the studies leading to
these advances have also led to the realization that a bewildering
array of processes are interposed between tissue damage and
sensations of pain, especially in persistent pains. Persistent pains
often seem unrelated or disproportionate to identifiable pathology,
and they are modulated by a multitude of factors. This complexity in
such a vital function serves as a challenge both to scientists seeking
fundamental understanding and to clinicians faced with the immediate
need to treat patients with painful disorders.
The neural basis of chronic pain, its plasticity and modulation
Authors: Backonja Misha-Miroslav
Published: July 2002

Dysfunction or injury of pain-transmitting primary
afferents' central pathways can result in pain. The organism
as a whole responds to such injury and consequently many symptoms
of neuropathic pain develop. The nervous system responds to painful
events and injury with neuroplasticity. Both peripheral sensitization
and central sensitization take place and are mediated by a number
of biochemical factors, including genes and receptors. Correction
of altered receptors activity is the logical way to intervene
therapeutically. [berkley; blumberg et al.; coderre & katz;
dickenson; mcmahon; wiesenfeld-hallinet al.]
Type-2 problems are difficult to learn, but generalize well (in general)
Authors: Gaskell M. Gareth
Published: July 2002

Learning a mapping involves finding regularities in a training
set and generalization to novel patterns. Clark & Thornton's
type distinction has been discussed in terms of generalization, but
has limited value in this respect. However, in terms of detection of
regularities in the training set, the distinction is more valid, as it
provides a measure of complexity and correlates with the size of
search space.
Is learning involved in plasticity in nociceptive regulation?
Authors: Hole Kjell , Svendsen Frode , Tjølsen Arne
Published: July 2002

Plastic changes in spinal cord function like neuronal wind-up
and increased receptive field are too short-lived to explain chronic
pain without structural changes. It is possible that learning could be
a mechanism for longlasting changes in nociceptive regulation. A
learning process localized to the spinal cord has been shown to be
important for the development of tolerance to the analgetic effect of
ethanol, suggesting that nociceptive control systems may be changed by
learning. Long term potentiation (LTP) is regarded as a useful model
of learning and memory. LTP-like changes have been observed in in
vitro preparations from the spinal cord and in spinal cord field
potentials. Recently a long term increase in spinal A-β and
C-fibre evoked responses after painful stimulation has been
observed. [coderre & katz, dickenson, wiesenfeld-hallin
et al.]
Suppression, attention, and effort: A proposed enhancement for a promising theory
Authors: Schwartz David A. , Ivancich J. Eric , Kaplan Stephen
Published: July 2002

Although Glenberg's theory benefits from the
incorporation of a suppression concept, a more differentiated
view of suppression would be even more effective. We propose
such a concept (based on the attention framework first developed
by William James in the late nineteenth century), showing how it
accounts for phenomena that Glenberg describes and also for
phenomena that he ignores.
Sympathetic component of neuropathic pain: Animal models and clinical diagnosis
Authors: Urban Laszlo A.
Published: July 2002

Although clinical studies and animal models seem to establish
an important role for the sympathetic nervous system in many forms of
neuropathic and inflammatory pain, there is an ongoing debate on the
classification of pain syndromes with sympathetic components. The
confusion originates from several sources: failure to acknowledge that
the pathomechanism of chronic pain can change during the progress of
the disease, which is now strongly underlined by experimental data
from suitable animal models. Neuropathic pain is a vaguely defined
collection of pain syndromes which includes painful conditions with
diverse and largely unknown patho-mechanisms. Clinical diagnosis
is difficult and well designed, placebo controlled sympathectomy is
rarely performed. [blumberg et al.]
Recipe for a sexually dimorphic brain: Ingredients include ovarian and testicular hormones
Authors: Halpern Diane F.
Published: July 2002

New knowledge about the sexual differentiation of the
brain profoundly changes our understanding of basic topics in brain
development such as the false dichotomy between long-lasting and
transient effects of hormones on neural activity, the importance of
ovarian hormones in brain development, the plasticity of neural
structures throughout the life span, and the way measurement
issues affect research conclusions.
Is the size of the human corpus callosum influenced by sex hormones?
Authors: Hampson Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

Fitch & Denenberg have shown that manipulations of ovarian
and testicular hormones early in development can influence the adult
size of the corpus callosum in the rat. The human corpus callosum is
highly variable in size and shape, but data are only now beginning to
emerge on whether sex steroids influence callosal differentiation in
humans. I describe recent data from our own laboratory and suggest
avenues for future research.
Folk biology and external definitions
Authors: Hampton James A.
Published: July 2002

Atran's thesis has strong implications for the doctrine
of externalism in concepts (Fodor 1994). Beliefs about biological
kinds may involve a degree of deference to scientific categories,
but these categories are not truly scientific. They involve instead
a folk view of science itself.
Room for concept development?
Authors: Perner Josef
Published: July 2002

Millikan's externalist account of concept acquisition
cannot completely avoid the distinction between central (defining)
and peripheral (characteristic) features, because some knowledge is
required to achieve reference and to decide what kind of information
to record about the identified substances. However, the emphasis on
external reference may provide the requisite principled way to make
this distinction.
Dominance, sexual activity, and sexual emotions
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: July 2002

Men's interest in sex partners' status traits and
commitment (investment thoughts) declines with number of sex partners
and permissiveness of attitudes; women's investment thoughts do
not seem to decline. Testosterone, dominance, sexual attractiveness,
and number of sex partners are correlated in men but not in women. It
is plausible that these sex differences are part of sexually dimorphic
feedback systems. This type of feedback is consistent with both
reciprocal and basal models of testosterone.
That old familiar feeling: On uniquely identifying the role of perirhinal cortex
Authors: Eacott M. J.
Published: July 2002

Perirhinal cortex contributes to judgements about stimulus
familiarity, but its role is far greater than this. Impairments on
tasks that do not involve familiarity judgements attest to the fact
that perirhinal cortex is involved in the greater role of knowing
about objects, including, but not limited to, their relative
familiarity.
Logical possibility and the isomorphism constraint
Authors: Harrison Bernard
Published: July 2002

Palmer's “isomorphism constraint” presupposes the logical possibility of two qualitatively disparate sets of sensory experiences exhibiting the same relationships. Two arguments are presented to demonstrate that, because such a state of affairs cannot be coherently specified, its occurrence is not logically possible. The prospects for behavioral and biological science are better than Palmer suggests; those for functionalism are worse.
A slightly radical neuron doctrine
Authors: Jackson Frank
Published: July 2002

The element of truth in behaviorism tells us that some versions
of a radical neuron doctrine must be false. However, the representational
nature of many mental states implies that neuroscience may well bear
on some topics traditionally addressed by philosophers of mind.
An example is the individuation of belief states.
Making implicit explicit: The role of learning
Authors: Homer Bruce D. , Ramsay Jason T.
Published: July 2002

Three forms of implicit knowledge are presented
(functional, structural, and procedural). These forms
differ in the way they are made explicit and hence in
how they are represented by the individual. We suggest
that the framework presented by Dienes & Perner
does not account for these differences.
Dopamine and extraversion: Differential responsivity may be the key
Authors: Rammsayer Thomas H.
Published: July 2002

Depue & Collins's general idea of a functional
relationship between DA activity and extraversion is an important
step toward an integrative biological model of personality. However,
focusing primarily on incentive motivation and variations in VTA DA
activity as basic behavioral and biological components underlying
extraversion appears too limited. Existing data suggest that
responsivity to changes in DA activity is higher in introverts than
in extraverts. This may reflect a general, extraversion- related
characteristic of the entire dopaminergic network in the
brain.
Can handicapped subjects use perceptual symbol systems?
Authors: Lowenthal F.
Published: July 2002

It is very tempting to try to reconcile perception and cognition
perceptual symbol systems may be a good way to achieve this; but is
there actually a perception-cognition continuum? We offer several
arguments for and against the existence of such a continuum and in favor
of the choice of perceptual symbol systems. One of these arguments is
purely theoretical, some are based on PET-scan observations and others
are based on research with handicapped subjects who have communication
problems associated with cerebral lesions. These arguments suggest
that modal perceptual symbols do indeed exist and that perception
and cognition might have a common neuronal basis; but perceptual
and cognitive activities require the activation of different
neuronal structures.
Autonomous psychology and the moderate neuron doctrine
Authors: Stone Tony , Davies Martin
Published: July 2002

Two notions of autonomy are distinguished. The respective
denials that psychology is autonomous from neurobiology are neuron
doctrines, moderate and radical. According to the moderate neuron
doctrine, interdisciplinary interaction need not aim at reduction.
It is proposed that it is more plausible that there is slippage from
the moderate to the radical neuron doctrine than that there is confusion
between the radical neuron doctrine and the trivial version.
Entries and operations: The great divide and the pitfalls of form frequency
Authors: Sereno Joan , Zwitserlood Pienie , Jongman Allard
Published: July 2002

Results from our laboratories show clear frequency effects for regularly inflected forms in both German and English. Moreover, there does not seem to be sufficient evidence to treat the -s plural as the default plural in German. Together, these data do not support a dual modular structure of the language faculty.
Cesàro mean distribution of group automata starting from measures with summable decay
Authors: FERRARI PABLO A. , MAASS ALEJANDRO , MARTÍNEZ SERVET , NEY PETER
Published: July 2002

Consider a finite Abelian group $(G,+)$, with $|G|=p^r$, $p$ a prime number, and $\varphi: G^\mathbb{N} \to G^\mathbb{N}$ the cellular automaton given by $(\varphi x)_n=\mu x_n+\nu x_{n+1}$ for any $n\in \mathbb{N}$, where $\mu$ and $\nu$ are integers coprime to $p$. We prove that if $\mathbb{P}$ is a translation invariant probability measure on $G^\mathbb{Z}$ determining a chain with complete connections and summable decay of correlations, then for any ${\underline w}= (w_i:i<0)$the Cesàro mean distribution $${\cal M}_{\mathbb{P}_{\underline w}} =\lim_{M\to\infty} \frac{1}{M} \sum^{M-1}_{m=0}\mathbb{P}_{\underline w}\circ\varphi^{-m},$$ where $\mathbb{P}_{\underline w}$ is the measure induced by $\mathbb{P}$ on $G^\mathbb{N}$ conditioned by $\underline w$, exists and satisfies ${\cal M}_{\mathbb{P}_{\underline w}}=\lambda^\mathbb{N}$, the uniform product measure on $G^\mathbb{N}$. The proof uses a regeneration representation of $\mathbb{P}$.
Addendum to ‘Periodic orbits and dynamical spectra’
Authors: DOLGOPYAT DMITRY , POLLICOTT MARK
Published: July 2002

We survey some recent progress in the theory of dynamical zeta functions and explain its implications for counting problems.
Infinitesimal rigidity of boundary lattice actions
Authors: KONONENKO A.
Published: July 2002

In Part 1 we describe a duality method for calculating twisted cocycles. In Part 2 we use our method to prove various results on cohomological rigidity of higher-rank cocompact lattice actions. In Part 3 we use the results of Parts 1 and 2 to prove infinitesimal rigidity of the actions of cocompact lattices on the maximal boundaries of some non-compact type symmetric spaces.
Sharkovskii's theorem for multidimensional perturbations of one-dimensional maps
Authors: ZGLICZYŃSKI PIOTR
Published: July 2002

We present Sharkovskii's theorem for multidimensional perturbations of one-dimensional maps. We show that if an unperturbed one-dimensional map has a point of period $n$, then sufficiently close multidimensional perturbations of this map have periodic points of all periods which are allowed by Sharkovskii's theorem.
Corrections to ‘Dynamics of self-similar tilings’ Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.17 (1997), 695–738
Authors: SOLOMYAK BORIS
Published: July 2002

Lemma 2.2 on p. 704 was quoted from the Ph.D. thesis of B. Praggastis [2, 1.4] incorrectly. The local isomorphism property ($=$ repetitivity) of a $\phi$-subdividing tiling does imply that the subdivision matrix $M$ is primitive (that is, $M^k>0$ for some $k\ge1$), however, the converse is false, in general. I am grateful to A. E. Robinson Jr. who showed me a counter-example.