bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The nature of organic carbon and total nitrogen distribution in the fractions of leached chernozem aggregates and gray soil in Western Siberia
Authors: Eremin D I , Demin E A
Published: June 2022

The features of the accumulation and distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen in the aggregates of the arable layer of leached chernozem (Luvic Voronic Chernozems) and gray forest soil (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems) were evaluated. After dry sieving in structural separates of dimensional fractions >10, 10-5, 5-2, 2-1, 1-0.25, and <0.25 mm, the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen was determined in the laboratory. It was found that chernozem and gray forest soil significantly differed from each other in organic carbon in all fractions of structural separates. Lumpy aggregates (>10 mm) and fine earth (<0.25 mm) were characterized by an average spatial variability (CV up to 21%) of organic carbon and total nitrogen content. In chernozem arable layer, the maximum content of organic carbon and total nitrogen was in size fractions from 5 to 0.25 mm, whereas in gray forest soil – from 10 to 2 mm. Maximum value of C:N in gray forest soil was 16.0 units in aggregates with dimensions less than 0.25 mm, and in chernozem – in the lumpy fraction (> 10 mm), where the ratio was 15.1 units it was revealed that the content of organic carbon in structural units depends on the soil type by 21%, and on the dimensional fraction by 37%. The total nitrogen content is determined by 20% by the soil type and 36% by the size of structural aggregates.
Ways of development of agriculture and processing industry enterprises manufacturing cooperation
Authors: Tukhtabaev J Sh , Uktamov Kh F , Tillaeva B R , Akramova R R , Goziyeva A A
Published: June 2022

This article describes the ways to develop production cooperation of enterprises of agriculture and processing industry. Scientific-theoretical and methodological-practical solutions to the problems of production cooperation of agricultural and industrial enterprises are covered by scientific research of CIS countries, foreign scientists and local scientists. World experience has shown that the efficiency of agricultural producers depends not only on cooperation based on the principles of internal division of labor on farms, but also on intersectoral cooperation and integration of production, storage, processing and sale of raw materials.
Comparison of resistance of soybean nodule bacteria strains to pesticide and osmotic stresses
Authors: Laktionov Yu V , Kosulnikov Yu V , Kozhemyakov A P
Published: June 2022

The increasing areas under leguminous crops and the general increase in the intensification of production force agricultural producers to combine seed inoculation and dressing in one step, carrying it out a few days before sowing. In this regard, it is of practical interest to study the resistance of rhizobia strains of inoculants to osmotic and chemical stresses, i.e. the nature of the dynamics of their viability on seeds and in contact with pesticides. The stability of two strains of soybean nodule bacteria (B. japonicum 634 and B. japonicum H9) to osmotic and chemical stresses (fungicidal mordants) was studied. According to the results of the study, pesticidal protectants had different toxicity degrees for the studied strains, which allowed them to be arranged in order of increasing toxicity for rhizobia: Baisad, VSK; Tirada, SK; Oplot, VSK). Soybean rhizobium strain B. japonicum H9 is defined as more osmotically and chemically stable, i.e., more adapted to modern agricultural technologies of soybean cultivation, which ensures the presence of at least 2·104CFU per 1 seed 9 days after inoculation, while the number of viable cells of strain B. japonicum 634b per 1 seed drops to 0 within 3 days after inoculation. Osmotic resistance of the strain allows for effective inoculation of seeds at least 9 days before sowing, and chemical resistance allows for effective combination of an inoculant based on this strain and all the pesticide protectants studied in this work into one working solution.
Agriculture as the main factor of food security in Russia
Authors: Zolkin A L , Amirova E F , Strigin B S , Kuzmin A M , Shamina S V
Published: June 2022

The leading role in the issue of ensuring the food security belongs to the agricultural sector, which, in the context of the introduction of anti-Russian economic sanctions, was forced to mobilize in a short time and begin to accelerate the production of those types of agricultural products, the deficit of which was previously filled by importing food products from abroad. The main and important thing for the development of all branches of the agro-industrial complex is the increase in the gross grain harvest. Grain production is one of the most important foundations of the crop industry and all agricultural production. There is a close relationship between grain production and certain sectors of the agro-industrial complex and industry. And the main strategic importance in the production of grain and ensuring the food security of our country is to solve a number of important issues - increasing and improvement of the efficiency of grain production, improvement of the gross yield of various grain crops, as well as expansion of sown areas in agriculture. According to many experts the importance of development of a strategy in agricultural production shall rely on its main feature - all production facilities and divisions of this industry are connected with the production of agricultural products as with the main specialization. An important principle, which shall be followed by the formation of a strategy for the development of the grain product sub-complex of the agro-industrial complex, is the mandatory processing of its strategic goals with various factors that are determined by its natural and economic potential. The agrarian policy of modern Russia shall be comprehensive, based on sufficient funding and a stable legislative framework. Also it shall take into account the significant regional differentiation in the levels of agricultural development.
On the possibility of technosphere safety by superionic
Authors: Rakhymbekov A Zh
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this article is an attempt to substantiate the possibility of using a new technology for cleaning the industrial atmosphere in a separate workshop of the Taldykorgan battery plant "Kainar AKB", which produces, in particular, powerful batteries for K–700 tractors for agriculture. The innovative technology of air purification proposed by us in the technosphere of the manufacture of batteries for the agricultural production complex is based on the use of transport ion-conducting properties of solid electrolytes made of stabilized zirconium dioxide. The traditional methods of industrial atmosphere purification in enterprises and factories known to us, in our opinion, are morally outdated in terms of bulky external dimensions, noise generation, and need for systematic maintenance. The installation developed by us from a superionic conductor is devoid of these disadvantages, it is low-inertia, does not create a noise effect, compact and small-sized. Our ion conducting solid electrolyte is a ceramic material in the form of pipes, test tubes, tablets, initially containing impurity cations of lower valence, such as calcium, yttrium, scandium, in comparison with zirconium. Actually, these impurity cations create the presence of vacancies or holes in the solid cubic structure of zirconium dioxide. Only oxygen anions will be transported through these vacancies under the effect of external factors, high temperature, and DC electric field. The research method is based on the measurement of the electromotive force, which is recorded at the boundary section: air/superionic/air, which is uniquely mathematically related to oxygen concentration in air stream.
Research of new Preventive maintenance materials based on automobile exhaust gas purification and PM2.5 absorption
Authors: Li Zhenxia , Guo Tengteng , Chen Yuanzhao , Yang Kun , Dong Xinyu , Wang Decai , Wang Jing , Jin Lihui
Published: June 2022

In order to reduce the harmful gases and particulate matter in the atmospheric environment, alleviate the pollution of automobile exhaust,this paper studies the preventive maintenance seal based on exhaust gas purification and PM2.5 adsorption. The optimal preparation process at the micrometer is determined by the ratio design at the micro-surfacing. Based on wet wheel wear test and rutting deformation test, the influence of environmental protection material content on wear resistance and high temperature stability of micro-surfacing was studied.A set of automobile exhaust pollutant purification test equipment was developed, and the test method was determined. The exhaust purification performance of environmental protection micro-surfacing and the adsorption effect of PM2.5 and 10 particles was studied. The microstructure of environmental protection materials was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanism of tail gas purification and PM2.5 particle adsorption was revealed.The results show that with the increase of nano TiO2/tourmaline composite content, the viscosity and high temperature stability of SBR modified emulsified asphalt evaporation residue are improved, but the ability to resist deformation at low temperature is slightly reduced.When the content of nano-TiO2/tourmaline is 7%,the wear resistance at the micro-surfacing increases by 4%, and the high temperature stability increases by 14.6%.The purification efficiency of various gas components in automobile exhaust by adding nano-TiO2/tourmaline composite micrometer reached 33.3% of hydrocarbons, 46% of carbon monoxide and 92.8% of nitrogen oxides, respectively. The adsorption effect of particulate component PM2.5and10 in automobile exhaust reached 29.9% and 25.2%, respectively.The nano-TiO2 aggregates loaded on the surface of tourmaline particles are uniformly dispersed, and the crystal forms are anatase and rutile. The permanent electric field generated by spontaneous permanent polarization of tourmaline can accelerate the separation of electron-hole pairs and improve the redox ability of nano-TiO2.The permanent electric field of tourmaline and the permanent release of air negative ions can absorb and neutralize the charged suspended particles in the air, so as to achieve the purpose of settlement.
Effects of sawtooth heat pulses on edge flows and turbulence in a tokamak plasma
Authors: ZHAO 赵 Kaijun 开君 , NAGASHIMA Yoshihiko , GUO 郭 Zhibin 志彬 , DIAMOND Patrick H , DONG 董 Jiaqi 家齐 , YAN 严 Longwen 龙文 , ITOH Kimitaka , ITOH Sanae-I , LI 李 Xiaobo 晓博 , LI 李 Jiquan 继全 , FUJISAWA Akihide , INAGAKI Shigeru , CHENG 程 Jun 钧 , XU 许 Jianqiang 健强 , KOSUGA Yusuke , SASAKI Makoto , WANG 王 Zhengxiong 正汹 , ZHANG 张 Huaiqiang 怀强 , CHEN 陈 Yuqian 俞钱 , CAO 曹 Xiaogang 小岗 , YU 余 Deliang 德良 , LIU 刘 Yi 仪 , SONG 宋 Xianming 显明 , XIA 夏 Fan 凡 , WANG 王 Shuo 硕
Published: June 2022

Enhancements of edge zonal flows, radial electric fields, and turbulence are observed in electron cyclotron resonance heating-heated plasmas (Zhao et al 2013 Nucl. Fusion
53 083011). In this paper, the effects of sawtooth heat pulses on flows and turbulence are presented. These experiments are performed using multiple Langmuir probe arrays in the edge plasmas of the HL-2A tokamak. The edge zonal flows, radial electric fields, and turbulence are all enhanced by sawteeth. Propagation of the zonal flow and turbulence intensities is also observed. The delay time of the maximal intensity of the electric fields, zonal flows, and turbulence with respect to the sawtooth crashes is estimated as ∼1 ms and comparable to that of the sawtooth-triggered intermediate phases. Not only the zonal flows but also the radial electric fields lag behind the turbulence. Furthermore, the intensities of both the zonal flows and electric fields nearly linearly increase/decrease with the increase/decrease of the turbulence intensity. A double-source predator–prey model analysis suggests that a relatively strong turbulence source may contribute to the dominant zonal flow formation during sawtooth cycles.
The set of zeros of the Riemann zeta function as the point spectrum of an operator
Authors: Kapustin V.
Published: June 2022

A possible way of proving the Riemann hypothesis consists of constructing a selfadjoint operartor whose spectrum coincides with the set

{
z

:

|

Im
⁡
z

|

>

1
2

,
 
ζ

(

1
2

−
i
z

)

=
0
}

\{z\,: \, |\operatorname {Im}z|>\frac 12, \ \zeta \big (\frac {1}{2}-iz\big )=0\}

. In the paper we construct a rank-one perturbation of a selfadjoint operator related to a certain canonical system for which a similar property is fulfilled.
Target of rapamycin (TOR) regulates the response to low nitrogen stress via autophagy and hormone pathways inMalus hupehensis
Authors: Li Danyang , Ding Yuduan , Cheng Li , Zhang Xiaoli , Cheng Siyuan , Ye Ying , Gao Yongchen , Qin Ying , Liu Zhu , Li Cuiying , Ma Fengwang , Gong Xiaoqing
Published: June 2022

Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved master regulator in eukaryotes; it regulates cell proliferation and growth by integrating different signals. However, little is known about the function of TOR in perennial woody plants. Different concentrations of AZD8055 (an inhibitor of TOR) were used in this study to investigate the role of TOR in the response to low nitrogen (N) stress in the wild apple species Malus hupehensis. Low N stress inhibited the growth of M. hupehensis plants, and 1 μM AZD alleviated this effect. Plants supplied with 1 μM AZD had higher photosynthetic capacity, which promoted the accumulation of biomass, as well as higher contents of N and anthocyanins and lower content of starch. Exogenous application of 1 μM AZD also promoted the development of the root system. Plants supplied with at least 5 μM AZD displayed early leaf senescence. RNA-seq analysis indicated that TOR altered the expression of genes related to the low N stress response, such as genes involved in photosystem, starch metabolism, autophagy, and hormone metabolism. Further analysis revealed altered autophagy in plants supplied with AZD under low N stress; the metabolism of plant hormones also changed following AZD supplementation. In sum, our findings revealed that appropriate inhibition of TOR activated autophagy and jasmonic acid signaling in M. hupehensis, which allowed plants to cope with low N stress. Severe TOR inhibition resulted in the excessive accumulation of salicylic acid, which probably led to programmed cell death in M. hupehensis.
EcoPhysioMechanics: Integrating Energetics and Biomechanics to Understand Fish Locomotion under Climate Change
Authors: Di Santo Valentina
Published: June 2022

Ecological physiologists and biomechanists have investigated swimming performance in a diversity of fishes; however, the connection between form, function, and energetics of locomotion has been rarely evaluated in the same system and under climate change scenarios. In this perspective, I argue that working within the framework of “EcoPhysioMechanics,” i.e. integrating energetics and biomechanics tools, to measure locomotor performance and behavior under different abiotic factors, improves our understanding of the mechanisms, limits and costs of movement. To demonstrate how EcoPhysioMechanics can be applied to locomotor studies, I outline how linking biomechanics and physiology allows us to understand how fishes may modulate their movement to achieve high speeds or reduce the costs of locomotion. I also discuss how the framework is necessary to quantify swimming capacity under climate change scenarios. Finally, I discuss current dearth of integrative studies and gaps in empirical datasets that are necessary to understand fish swimming under changing environments.
A novel apparent resistivity for land-based controlled-source electromagnetic method
Authors: Huang Xiangyu , Tang Jingtian , Xiao Xiao , Jiang Qiyun , Yang Zhi , Hu Shuanggui
Published: June 2022

Apparent resistivity is a significant tool in the controlled-source electromagnetic method (CSEM). The Cagniard apparent resistivity, which is defined by the ratio of the magnetic and electric fields, has been widely used in CSEM interpretation. However, it is only suitable for the far zone, where the signals are weak. Although another apparent resistivity based on horizontal electric field Ex can work in transition zone, its measurable zone is narrow. To better take the advantage of strong signals in non-far zone, we present a novel apparent resistivity by sophisticatedly combining the horizontal electric field and vertical magnetic field. We analyze the asymptotic characteristic of our apparent resistivity in the near and far zones using a theoretical formula. Synthetic data from the layered model show that when in the far zone, our apparent resistivity obtains the same performance as the Cagniard resistivity and Ex resistivity. Besides, our apparent resistivity can still wok well when azimuth approaches 45° in the tranzition zone. Field data collected in Tongling, China further demonstrate the practicability and advantages of our apparent resistivity.
Stability and dynamics of dendritic spines in macaque prefrontal cortex
Authors: Chen Ming , Qi Junqian , Poo Muming , Yang Yang
Published: June 2022

Formation and elimination of synapses reflect structural plasticity of neuronal connectivity. Here we performed high-resolution two-photon imaging of dendritic spines in the prefrontal cortex of four macaque monkeys and found that spines were in general highly stable, with low percentages undergoing synaptic turnover. By observing the same spines at weekly intervals, we found that newly formed spines were more susceptible to elimination, with only 40% persisting over a period of months. Analyses of spatial distribution of large numbers of spines revealed that spine distribution was neither uniform nor random, favoring inter-spine distances of 2–4 μm. Furthermore, spine formation and elimination occurred more often in low- and high-density dendritic segments, respectively, and preferentially within a hot zone of ∼4 μm from existing spines. Our results demonstrate long-term stability and spatially regulated spine dynamics in the macaque cortex and provide a structural basis for understanding neural circuit plasticity in the primate brain.
A Message for Humanity
Authors: Anderson James D.
Published: June 2022

This chapter challenges long-standing and conventional notions about the meaning Du Bois gave to his concept of the Talented Tenth. He borrowed this concept and embraced it as a conceptual framework for his peculiar vision of Black cultural self-realization. In general, cultural self-realization meant the recognition and stewardship of the philosophical, literary, and aesthetic values made evident in Black folk culture. Unfortunately, scholars and pundits alike conflated Du Bois’s Talented Tenth concept with his general philosophy of Black education. Over time it became commonplace to contrast Du Bois’s Talented Tenth concept against Booker T. Washington’s industrial education philosophy, always maintaining that Washington envisioned industrial education for the masses while Du Bois advocated liberal education for a select few. This essay, while paying brief attention to Du Bois’s philosophy of general education, aims primarily at restoring the meaning Du Bois gave to his concept of the Talented Tenth to its proper historical context: his lifelong struggle to achieve Black cultural equality.
The Cultural Perspective in Personality and Psychopathology Assessment
Authors: Laher Sumaya , Cheung Fanny M.
Published: June 2022

Culture affects personality through the ways that people are represented psychologically. Global or etic approaches to the study of culture and personality compare universal dimensions across cultures, whereas focal or emic approaches interpret and identify indigenous dimensions on the basis of local phenomena and experiences. In this chapter, the etic and emic approaches are discussed, and the contributions of a combined emic–etic approach in developing a culturally relevant personality and psychopathology assessment based on the experience of the Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory and the South African Personality Inventory are illustrated. This chapter reviews the relationship between culture and personality, and the factors that influence personality and psychopathology assessment across cultures, making reference to practical and methodological challenges. The chapter highlights the need for cross-cultural research to consider multiple methods of personality and psychopathology assessment beyond self-report inventories, particularly performance-based assessments and interviews using the principles of therapeutic assessment. The chapter argues for current techniques to take cognizance of understandings of personality and psychopathology beyond Western contexts and to adopt a more inclusive stance in research and practice. The chapter further highlights the need for incorporating cross-cultural training as an integral part of psychology in order to enhance the cultural relevance in practice and research in personality and psychopathology assessment.
Future Directions in Research on the Development of Persons With Down Syndrome
Authors: Abbeduto Leonard , Burack Jacob A. , Edgin Jamie O.
Published: June 2022

In this concluding chapter, the authors identify important areas for future research. Some areas reflect gaps in understanding the development of persons with Down syndrome, whereas others reflect special opportunities in which the field is poised to make scientifically and clinically important advances. In studying co-occurring conditions, the authors believe that research must move beyond diagnostic labels to understand the ways in which co-occurring conditions are manifested in Down syndrome. There is a need to move beyond studying problems of development and decline as distinct and instead, conceptualizing age-related decline as part of the developmental process and as subject to the same types of influences. Researchers also need to determine the efficacy of different methods of educating providers about the outcomes that are possible for individuals with Down syndrome and their families and about the optimal patterns of interaction among providers and family members. Although there has been an explosion in the use of digital technology to deliver services and support to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, the efficacy of even well-validated interventions in this format is not guaranteed and thus, research on these extensions is needed. Down syndrome is typically associated with a high degree of dependence in the adult years. However, there is considerable within-syndrome variation in this regard and thus, it is important to identify the factors that promote greater independence, particularly those that are amenable to change though intervention. Addressing these research areas will lead to improved quality of life for persons with Down syndrome.
The Central American Novel
Authors: Buiza Nanci
Published: June 2022

This chapter traces the development of the novel in Central America from the late nineteenth century to the present. It begins at the moment when romanticism and modernismo are on the wane and Central American writers begin to take up the tradition of social realism to engage with the region’s military regimes and agro-export dependency. From there, the chapter examines the rise of the testimonial novel and the literary transformations that took place from the 1960s to the 1980s, as writers grappled with the wave of state terror and left-wing insurrections that overtook the region. Lastly, the chapter surveys the key novels that address the aftermath of war and the profound social transformations ushered in by Central America’s entry into neoliberal modernity.
Cognitive Defusion
Authors: Ruiz Francisco J. , Gil-Luciano Bárbara , Segura-Vargas Miguel A.
Published: June 2022

This article reviews the conceptualization and empirical evidence of the midlevel process called cognitive defusion. First, it presents examples of cognitive fusion and cognitive defusion definitions that are offered in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) manuals; discusses their relationships with other ACT midlevel processes; and offers a relational frame theory (RFT) conceptualization of these processes. Second, it describes the type of cognitive defusion exercises and discusses the basic processes involved in them. Third, it reviews the measurement of cognitive (de)fusion in the form of self-report instruments, behavioral measures, and assessment in the clinical session. Fourth, it reviews the research on cognitive (de)fusion separated in laboratory research, survey research, and the analysis of processes of change in clinical trials. Lastly, it discusses some challenges and future directions in conceptualizing and researching cognitive (de)fusion.
Corporate Networks
Authors: Babic Milan , Fichtner Jan , Heemskerk Eelke
Published: June 2022

What is the role of (corporate) networks in International Political Economy (IPE) scholarship? Throughout its young history, the field has developed different conceptual and empirical approaches to answer this question. At the same time, corporate networks are still underappreciated as fora for political and economic change. This chapter argues that such underappreciation can be remedied by bringing in the insights and methodological advances of the “big data” revolution of the 2010s. Such an application can help in answering and bringing existing conceptual ideas to the fore. Beyond either using “networks” as an anecdotally illustrated metaphor or as a methodological tool only, this chapter proposes to develop new ways of combining long-standing theoretical problems with innovative empirical methods and applications. By surveying the literature on networks in IPE of the last decade, this chapter shows how the gap between theoretical and empirical accounts still persists, but is being increasingly bridged by contributions outside the “mainstream core” of IPE journals.
Heat shock protein 101 contributes to the thermotolerance of male meiosis in maize
Authors: Li Yunfei , Huang Yumin , Sun Huayue , Wang Tianyi , Ru Wei , Pan Lingling , Zhao Xiaoming , Dong Zhaobin , Huang Wei , Jin Weiwei
Published: June 2022

High temperatures interfere with meiotic recombination and the subsequent progression of meiosis in plants, but few genes involved in meiotic thermotolerance have been characterized. Here, we characterize a maize (Zea mays) classic dominant male-sterile mutant Ms42, which has defects in pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Ms42 encodes a member of the heat shock protein family, HSP101, which accumulates in pollen mother cells. Analysis of the dominant Ms42 mutant and hsp101 null mutants reveals that HSP101 functions in RADIATION SENSITIVE 51 loading, DSB repair, and subsequent meiosis. Consistent with these functions, overexpression of Hsp101 in anthers results in robust microspores with enhanced heat tolerance. These results demonstrate that HSP101 mediates thermotolerance during microsporogenesis, shedding light on the genetic basis underlying the adaptation of male meiocytes to high temperatures.
GSK3β and mTORC1 Represent 2 Distinct Signaling Markers in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Drug-Naive, First Episode of Psychosis Patients
Authors: Petrikis Petros , Polyzou Alexandra , Premeti Kyriaki , Roumelioti Argyro , Karampas Andreas , Georgiou Georgios , Grigoriadis Dionysios , Leondaritis George
Published: June 2022

Background and Hypothesis

Schizophrenia is characterized by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors converging on prominent signaling pathways that orchestrate brain development. The Akt/GSK3β/mTORC1 pathway has long been recognized as a point of convergence and etiological mechanism, but despite evidence suggesting its hypofunction, it is still not clear if this is already established during the first episode of psychosis (FEP).

Study Design

Here, we performed a systematic phosphorylation analysis of Akt, GSK3β, and S6, a mTORC1 downstream target, in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells from drug-naive FEP patients and control subjects.

Study Results

Our results suggest 2 distinct signaling endophenotypes in FEP patients. GSK3β hypofunction exhibits a promiscuous association with psychopathology, and it is normalized after treatment, whereas mTORC1 hypofunction represents a stable state.

Conclusions

Our study provides novel insight on the peripheral hypofunction of the Akt/GSK3β/mTORC1 pathway and highlights mTORC1 activity as a prominent integrator of altered peripheral immune and metabolic states in FEP patients.
Psychological Pathways to Paranoia and Psychotic-Like Experiences in Daily-Life: The Mediating Role of Distinct Affective Disturbances
Authors: Monsonet Manel , Rockwood Nicholas J , Kwapil Thomas R , Barrantes-Vidal Neus
Published: June 2022

Background and Hypothesis

Influential models of psychosis indicate that the impact of putative causal factors on positive symptoms might be explained partly through affective disturbances. We aimed to investigate whether pathways from stress and self-esteem to positive symptoms, as well as reversal pathways from symptoms to stress and self-esteem, were mediated through specific affective disturbances across the extended psychosis phenotype.

Study Design

Using experience sampling methodology, 178 participants (65 high-schizotypy, 74 at-risk mental state, and 39 first-episode psychosis) were assessed on levels of momentary stress, self-esteem, anxiety, sadness, psychotic-like experiences (PLE), and paranoia. Multilevel mediation models were fit to examine indirect effects of each of these pathways. Considering evidence of mediation, each indirect pathway will be combined in a single model to explore their relative contributions.

Study Results

Anxiety, sadness, and self-esteem mediated the pathways from stress to PLE and paranoia in daily-life. In the pathway to paranoia, sadness, and self-esteem showed larger contributions than anxiety. Pathways from self-esteem to PLE and paranoia were mediated by anxiety and sadness, the later showing a larger contribution. Pathways from symptoms to stress, but not from symptoms to self-esteem, were differently explained by emotional states; sadness lost its mediating effect and anxiety was the most important mediator. Few differences across groups were found.

Conclusions

This study lends support to psychological models of psychosis that highlight the relevance of affective disturbances in the risk and expression of psychosis. Furthermore, specific influences of different negative emotional states were identified, which could enhance psychological treatments.
Factors Influencing Faculty Decisions to Teach LGBTQ Content in Undergraduate Nursing Programs
Authors: Marsh Paige , Polster Remy , Ricco George , Kemery S. Alexander
Published: June 2022

AIM

The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing the decision to teach lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) content in baccalaureate nursing programs and determine priority areas for future intervention.

BACKGROUND

LGBTQ people face a variety of health disparities. Lack of LGBTQ-focused education in nursing schools contributes to these disparities.

METHOD

Using the theory of planned behavior as a framework, nurse educators from across the United States (n = 111) were surveyed on concepts that influenced their intention to teach LGBTQ content.

RESULTS

Average scores on items related to barriers, outcomes, control, norms, and attitudes were found to significantly correlate with the intention to teach LGBTQ content.

CONCLUSION

Participants reported positive attitudes and some measure of control over curricula but did not indicate an intent to incorporate LGBTQ content. Lack of time, knowledge/competence, resources, and training were barriers. A toolkit to facilitate teaching LGBTQ content may increase inclusion in nursing curricula.
Acceptance of Remote Education During COVID-19 Outbreak in Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Abuhammad Sawsan , Gharaibeh Besher , Kasem Abedallah , Hamadneh Shereen
Published: June 2022

This study aimed to examine the acceptance and predictors of remote education through Internet-based learning among undergraduate nursing students in Jordan. An online survey was used with a sample of 344 students to assess satisfaction with remote education. Responses indicated that undergraduate nursing students were unsatisfied with remote education for several reasons. Many students (n = 188, 55 percent) strongly agreed that problems and obstacles were encountered when they studied subjects electronically. The acceptance of remote education was predicted by educational level (p = .01), device used (p = .001), and Internet reliability p = .001).
Decompression sickness in SCUBA divers
Authors: Junes Brittania , Smart Christie , Parsh Bridget
Published: June 2022

There are approximately 2.8 million active self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) divers in the US who are at risk for decompression sickness. This article discusses the pathophysiology, common signs and symptoms, and treatments of this multisystem complication of SCUBA diving.
Lung cancer
Authors: Sherry Victoria
Published: June 2022

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Many of the presenting symptoms of lung cancer are indistinguishable from symptoms of other problems, which often leads to delays of a lung cancer diagnosis. Early identification can lead to a timely diagnosis and improved quality of life.
Common electrolyte abnormalities in primary care
Authors: Harris Tammy
Published: June 2022

Hypercalcemia is a frequent and often incidental finding in primary care. The most common causes for hypercalcemia are primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy. Providers should feel confident in progressing through an initial evaluation with appropriate diagnostics, interventions, and suitable and timely specialty referrals.
The complexity of providing humanitarian surgical care in armed conflict: a framework to help categorize needs
Authors: Gianaris Kevin , Stewart Barclay T. , Wren Sherry M. , Kushner Adam L.
Published: June 2022

Armed conflicts are increasing globally due to political unrest and the broader effects of climate change. Without resources to provide quality surgical care, it becomes nearly impossible to provide quality emergency surgery and trauma care similar to that in high-income countries. To understand and help aid organizations provide resources and address the surgical needs of populations facing armed conflict, a matrix to identify variables and help with interventions was envisioned. A previously published global surgery matrix based on the PIPES (Personnel, Infrastructure, Procedures, Equipment and Supplies) surgical capacity tool was adapted to this context. The novel matrix incorporates 108 variables. These variables are grossly divided into local and international agency components to address the issue of who is providing care. Using a time continuum of pre-conflict, conflict, and post-conflict allows organizations to concentrate on when during the conflict to target their intervention. In addition to the previously used personnel, infrastructure, procedures, equipment, and supplies categories, a sixth category called standards was included that addresses the issues such as information technology, data systems, quality improvement programs, and patient safety. Pilot testing of this matrix to obtain feedback from end users is the next step in development. Ultimately, peri-conflict preparedness should increase and improve surgical outcomes and reduce in death and disabilities around the world.
Does reduced chewing ability efficiency influence cognitive function? Results of a 10-year national cohort study
Authors: Kim Mi-Sun , Han Dong-Hun
Published: June 2022

A growing body of literature suggests that oral health can influence cognitive function during aging. However, it is currently unclear whether reduced masticatory efficiency influences cognitive impairment in longitudinal studies.

This study sought to investigate the effects of reduced chewing ability on the incidence of cognitive impairment using national representative data from 10 years of follow-up in Korea. Among the 10,254 people recruited in 2006 (1st wave), 7568 with normal cognitive function were selected. The participants were followed up every 2 years. The number of participants followed up until the 6th wave was 5020 in 2016. Chewing ability and scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination were recorded using self-reported questionnaires. Risk factors for dementia taken from systematic literature reviews were used as covariates. We performed logistic regression and created general estimating equation models after controlling for all covariates to assess the relationship between chewing ability and cognitive decline. Decreased chewing function was associated with mild cognitive impairment after controlling for confounding variables.

The odds ratio for cognitive impairment was about 1.28 times higher than in people with poor chewing function as in those with good chewing function. We identified changes in chewing function from the 1st wave to the 6th wave; the odds ratios were 2.21 (95% confidence interval = 1.90–2.58) in the good-poor group and 2.11 (95% confidence interval = 1.74–2.55) in the poor-poor group.

We identified an impairment in cognitive function in the poor (poor-poor and good-poor) chewing ability group. Therefore, we have confirmed that reduced mastication efficiency may contribute to a deterioration in cognitive function. People with deteriorated chewing ability must be given additional attention to aid in the prevention of cognitive decline.
Comparison of adductor canal block and femoral nerve block for pain management in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Yin Xiao , Li Xingyue , Zhao Peng
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To compare the efficacy of adductor canal block and femoral nerve block for pain management in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Methods:

A computerized search was performed in the database of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials. The outcome measures included visual analog scale, morphine consumption, quadriceps strength, length of hospitalization and postoperative adverse events. The risk of bias of randomized controlled trials was assessed according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. All quantitative syntheses were completed using STATA version 14.

Results:

Seven randomized controlled trials involving a total of 643 patients were included in our meta-analysis. The present meta-analysis indicated that there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of postoperative pain score, opioid consumption, length of hospitalization or adverse effects after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. However, adductor canal block showed superior quadriceps strength and range of motion in the early postoperative period.

Conclusion:

Adductor canal block shows similar and adequate analgesia compared to the femoral nerve block in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and adductor canal block can preserve a higher quadriceps strength and better range of motion.
Association between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer
Authors: Kotecha Krishna , Singla Animesh , Townend Philip , Merrett Neil
Published: June 2022

Introduction and Aim:

The prognostic role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been explored extensively in the literature. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the link between NLR and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. A method for increasing specificity and sensitivity of pre-treatment staging has implications on treatment algorithms and survival.

Search Strategy:

The relevant databases were searched as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart. After selection, 12 full text articles that met the inclusion criteria were included for quantitative analysis. 2 × 2 squares were generated using lymph node positive/negative, and NLR high/low data. The effect size for each study was calculated using the DerSimonian–Laird random effects model. P values were calculated using the chi-square method. Finally publication bias was evaluated. All statistics were calculated using R Studio.

Results:

Meta-analysis showed a 1.90 times (odds ratio, with 95% CI 1.52–2.38) increase in risk of positive lymph node status with high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. This has significant implications for cancer screening and staging, as NLR is a highly reproducible, cost-effective, and widely available prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients. Additionally, high or low NLR values may have implications for management pathways. Patients with lymph node metastasis can be offered neoadjuvant chemotherapy, avoiding salvage therapy in the form of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, which is poorly tolerated.

Conclusion:

This meta-analysis shows an association between NLR and positive lymph node status in gastric cancer patients with implications for staging, as well as preoperative personalisation of therapy.
An unexplained fetal intracranial hemorrhage with extensive and multifocal hemorrhagic lesions
Authors: Gao Baorong , Zhang Li , Wei Qiang
Published: June 2022

Rationale:

Fetal intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is an extremely rare complication of pregnancy, with subsequent neurological sequelae or fetal death. The diagnosis of fetal ICH is primarily based on ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging.

Patient concerns:

An asymptomatic woman at 31 weeks of gestation was referred for a detailed anomaly scan because routine fetal ultrasonography showed suspected fetal ICH.

Diagnoses:

Fetal ICH with extensive and multifocal hemorrhagic lesions was diagnosed by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging imaging and finally confirmed by postmortem examination.

Interventions:

The woman opted for pregnancy termination after medical consultation. Labor was induced by mifepristone and rivanol infusion.

Outcomes:

The patient delivered a stillborn male infant weighing 1522 g. We tried our best to screen the possible etiology contributing to fetal ICH; unfortunately, no evidence of obvious causes or predisposing factors was identified.

Lessons:

Medically unexplained massive fetal ICH may cause an unfavorable prognosis, and prompt termination of pregnancy is appropriate, although there is no consensus on the optimal mode of delivery.
Case report: hypoglycemia secondary to methimazole-induced insulin autoimmune syndrome in young Taiwanese woman with Graves’ disease
Authors: Wu Hsuan-Yu , Chen I-Hua , Lee Mei-Yueh
Published: June 2022

Rationale:

Hypoglycemia is an emergent condition with many causes, including underlying diabetes mellitus either with the use of insulin or oral anti-diabetic medications for glucose control, and organ (heart, hepatic, or renal) failure. Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) can also cause hypoglycemia, however it is relatively difficult to diagnose as it is rare clinically. Although uncommon, IAS can be life threatening in patients with persistent hypoglycemia.

Patient concern:

We report the case of a 27-year-old female with underlying Graves’ disease who was treated with methimazole (MTZ). After 6 weeks of treatment, she developed hypoglycemia symptoms accompanied by dizziness and cold sweating. We excluded underlying diabetes mellitus, the use of insulin or oral anti-diabetic medications, and organ failure.

Diagnoses:

Laboratory data showed elevated insulin and C-peptide levels. Therefore, insulinoma and IAS were suspected. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging ruled out insulinoma, and MTZ-induced IAS was finally diagnosed.

Interventions and outcomes:

The hypoglycemia symptoms resolved after MTZ was switched to propylthiouracil, confirming the diagnosis of IAS.

Lessons:

This case emphasizes the significance of life-threatening MTZ-induced IAS. IAS should be suspected in patients who develop spontaneous hypoglycemia, especially in those with underlying Graves’ disease receiving MTZ who present with hyperinsulinism.
CONSORT-Characteristics and metabolic phenotype of gut microbiota in NAFLD patients
Authors: Ge Haize , Wei Wei , Tang Liang , Tian Yaqiong , Zhu Yu , Luo Yan , Liu Shuye
Published: June 2022

Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have symptoms of a gut microbiota disorder with abnormal amino acid and glycolipid metabolism. This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of gut microbiota in patients with NAFLD, predict the gut microbiota phenotype, explore its role in the diagnosis of NAFLD, and establish its significance in disease progression.

The characteristics of the gut microbiota in NAFLD patients (n = 28, 45.8 ± 14.2 years, male/female = 18/10) and healthy subjects (n = 20, 49.6 ± 4.8 years, male/female = 14/6) during March–May 2020 were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology and the phenotypes with large differences were predicted using the Tax4Fun method. The metabolites in the fecal samples of the patients were analyzed using mass spectrometry, and their correlation with different microorganisms was examined. The accuracy of the gut microbiota in diagnosing NAFLD was investigated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

We found that the microbial diversity and Bacteroides/Firmicutes (BF) ratio changed significantly (P < .05) in the feces of NAFLD patients. Phenotypic prediction showed that there were significant differences in the phenotypes of amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism of gut microbiota in the NAFLD group (P < .05). receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that combination of Bacteroides and the BF ratio resulted in 88% and 100% sensitivity and specificity, respectively, when used for NAFLD diagnosis. Metabolomics and bioinformatics analysis revealed changes in the metabolism of nicotinate, nicotinamide, and pyrimidine; signaling pathways of calcium and oxytocin; pancreatic secretion with metabolites such as uracil, xanthine, and biliverdin; and enzymes such as xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase (P < .05).

Therefore, the phenotypic changes may be a potential marker for NAFLD and we considered that a combined analysis of Bacteroides and BF ratio had good diagnostic accuracy for NAFLD.