bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiation exposure to the patient caused by single-photon transmission measurement for 3D whole-body PET
Authors: Seifert H. , Donsch P. , Kirsch C.-M. , Schaefer A.
Published: March 2018

Aim: The aim of the study was the determination of the radiation exposure to the patient caused by singlephoton transmission mesasurement for 3D whole-body PET. Material and Method: Single-photon-transmission measurement is performed using two Cs-137 pointsources (Eγ = 662 keV, A = 2*614 MBq) on a 3D PET scanner (ECAT ART). During a simulation of a whole body transmission scan (axial length: 75 cm, 6 contigous bed positions) dose measurements with thermoluminescent dosimeters were carried out using a thorax and an abdomen phantom. Following the guidelines of the ICRU report No. 60 an estimation of the effective dose caused by a single-photon transmission measurement was calculated. Results: For a total acquisition time of 360 min (6 beds with an acquisition time of 60 min per bed) the absorbed doses amounted to: surface (xyphoid) 189 μGy, heart 196 μGy, lungs 234 μGy, vertebra 240 μGy, liver 204 μGy, gonads 205 μGy, thyroid 249 μGy and bladder 185 μGy resulting in a conversion factor of 1.7*10–4 mSv/( h*MBq). The estimation of the effective dose for a patient’s transmission (acquisition time of 3.2 min per bed) yields a value of 11 μSv. An estimation of the ratio of the conversion factors for transmission measurements in single-photonand in coincidence mode (two Ge-68/Ga-68 rod sources of 40 MBq each), respectively, resulted in a value of 0.18. The comparison of the effective doses caused by single-photon transmission and by emission measurement (injection of 250 MBq of FDG) yields a ratio of 2.3*10–3. Conclusion: The radiation exposure of the patient caused by the transmission measurement for 3D whole-body-PET can be neglected. In comparison with the coincidence-transmission using uncollimated line sources of low activity the radiation exposure is still reduced using single photon transmission with collimated point sources of high activity.
Schlaglichter und Trends – DGN- Jahrestagung 1993 zu Köln
Authors: Moser E.
Published: March 2018

Bei der Abschlußvorlesung zur Jahrestagung 1993 der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin in Köln handelte es sich nicht um eine übliche »Highlight Lecture«. Statt dessen wurden Entwicklungstendenzen analysiert, die zwischen der diesjährigen Tagung und der Jahrestagung 1987 in Freiburg zu beobachten waren. Diese Trendanalyse umfaßte folgende Gebiete: ln-vitro Diagnostik, Kernspintomographie, nuklearmedizinische Therapie, »neue« Radiopharmazeutika, Methoden und Methodenvergleich, korrelative Studien, Interventionen, klinischer Bezug, Themen- und Leistungsverteilung sowie Art und Größe der untersuchten Kollektive. Wenige ausgewählte Kongreßbeiträge stützten schlaglichtartig diese Trendanalyse.
The Effect of External Fixator Pin Geometry and Dynamic Loading on Bone Remodelling at the Pin-Bone Interface (PBI), in an In Vivo Sheep Tibia Model
Authors: Zaruby J. F. , Finlay J. B. , Valliant A. E. , Hurtig M. B.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to study the effects of pin design and dynamic loading on the biological response of bone at the pin-bone interface (PBI). An electro-pneumatic pin-loading device was used to mimic the forces that would be experienced by external fixator pins, during patient ambulation following repair of a fracture with external skeletal fixation. The remodelling response was assessed histologically with fluorescence microscopy of plasticembedded undecalcified pin-bone sections, and surface-stained histomorphometry.

There were no significant differences between the AO Schanz and Howmedica Apex 5.0 mm diameter self-tapping pin designs when they were inserted in 4.5 mm diameter predrilled pilot holes. When pin type was controlled for, significant differences (p<0.05) existed between loaded and control groups as well as between entry (near) and exit (far) cortices. Less bone resorption was observed in the non-loaded group in comparison to the dynamically loaded group, and bone resorption in the near cortex consistently exceeded the amount of bone resorption in the far cortex for both treatment groups.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pin design and dynamic pin loading on the remodelling response of cortical bone at the pin-bone interface (PBI) of intact sheep tibiae. No significant differences were demonstrated between pin designs; however, significant differences (p<0.05) existed between loaded versus control pins, as well as between entry and exit cortices.
The Influence of Sequential Intratendinous Sodium Hyaluronate on Tendon Healing in Horses
Authors: Gift L. J. , De Bowes R. M. , Basaraba R. , Roush J. , Gaughan E. M.
Published: March 2018

Acute tendinitis was bilaterally created in the mid-metacarpal region of the superficial digital flexor tendons of six horses with intratendinous collagenase administration. The collagenase-induced lesion, in one superficial flexor tendon of each horse, was injected 48 h later with 10.0 mg of sodium hyaluronate (1.0 ml) under ultrasound guidance. In order to serve as a control, the lesion in the contralateral superficial digital flexor tendon was injected with 1.0 ml of phosphate buffered 0.9% sodium chloride. Similar injections were made at weekly intervals for six weeks. Differences could not be detected between sequential sodium hyaluronate treated tendons and control tendons using ultrasonographic, lameness, gross pathological nor histological evaluations.

Collagenase-induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis lesions were treated with repeated, sequential intratendinous administration of sodium hyaluronate in six horses. A significant difference in size of the tendon lesions, tendon enlargement, lameness, or tendon healing was not detected between repeated, sequential intratendinous sodium hyaluronate treated and control tendons. The multiple intratendinous injection is not recommended for horses with flexor tendinitis.
Canine and Human Sesamoid Disease
Authors: Cake M. A. , Read R. A.
Published: March 2018

Sesamoid disease is an important cause of lameness in young, large breed dogs, primarily Rottweilers. The patho genesis of the condition is unknown, although trauma does not appear to be the primary cause. Histological findings of bone necrosis suggest that vascular compromise may be involved. Canine sesamoid disease may therefore be related to idiopathic osteonecrosis of the human hallux sesamoids.
Arthroscopic Lavage and Implantation of Gentamicin-impregnated Collagen Sponges for Treatment of Chronic Septic Arthritis in Cattle
Authors: Hirsbrunner G. , Miserez R. , Tschudi P. , Steiner A.
Published: March 2018

The object of this retrospective clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of arthroscopic lavage and debridement, followed by intra-articular implantation of resorbable gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges (GICS) for treatment of chronic (≥ seven days) septic arthritis in cattle. Fourteen cattle suffering from chronic septic monarthritis refractory to previous treatment were included in this study. Age ranged from one month to 7 years (mean = 34 months) and bodyweight from 58 to 640 kg (mean = 422 kg). The degree of lameness and characteristics of synovial fluid were evaluated before and at days #10 and 20 after the initial operation. The standard surgical procedure consisted of arthroscopic “through-and-through” lavage of the affected joint with a physiological Ringer’s solution, partial synovectomy, and curettage of the articular cartilage when considered necessary, followed by the intra-articular administration of GICS. The aftercare included administration of procaine penicillin, phenylbutazone, and stall confinement. The progress of the cases was monitored at three to 24 months after the initial operation.

The tarsocrural joint was affected in six cases, the antebrachiocarpal joint in five and the metacarpophalangeal joint in three cases. The degree of lameness, total nucleated cell count and total protein of synovial fluid significantly (P <.05) decreased within 10 days after the operation. Treatment was successful in 12 of 14 animals (86%). It was therefore concluded that the implantation of GICS after routine “throughand- through” lavage is a valuable alternative technique for the treatment of chronic septic arthritis in cattle. A subsequent second operation for implant removal was not necessary, as GICS are fully absorbable. The tarsocrural joint is associated with the least favourable prognosis of the joints treated in this study.

The efficacy of arthroscopic “through-and-through” lavage and debridement, followed by intra-articular implantation of absorbable gentamicin-impreg-nated collagen sponges (GICS) for treatment of chronic (≥ seven days) septic arthritis in cattle was evaluated. Treatment was successful in 12 of 14 cattle (86%). This suggests that the described technique is a valuable alternative to established treatment regimens for prolonged intra-articular administration of gentamicin. When compared to gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, GICS have the advantage that a second operation for implant removal is not necessary.
Compensatory Humeral Overgrowth in a Dog
Authors: Davidson Ellen , Schulz K. S.
Published: March 2018

A severe angular limb deformity secondary to premature closure of the distal ulnar growth plate was diagnosed in a two year old Shetland sheep dog. Radiographic and computerized analysis demonstrated elongation of the ipsi-lateral humerus. The elongation was interpreted as a form of compensatory bone overgrowth similar to that described in the tibia in response to premature closure of femoral growth plates. The regulators of bone growth and possible mechanisms of compensatory overgrowth are reviewed.

Compensatory humeral overgrowth secondary to severe antebrachial angular limb deformity was diagnosed in a young Shetland sheep dog. Humeral overgrowth was documented by computerized analysis of digitized humeral radiographs. Potential mechanisms of compensatory overgrowth are reviewed.
Management of a Caudolateral Radial Head Luxation in a five-month-old Shih Tzu
Authors: Carmichael S. , Langley-Hobbs S. J.
Published: March 2018

A caudolateral radial head luxation and concurrent distal humeroulnar subluxation were diagnosed in the left forelimb of a five-month-old Shih Tzu. The problems were treated successfully by proximal ulna osteotomy, reduction of the radial head luxation and placement of a transarticular external skeletal fixator (TESF). Three weeks postoperatively the reduction of the radial head luxation had been successfully maintained, the humero-ulnar luxation had corrected and the fixator was removed. There was a full range of motion in the left elbow joint and the radial head could not be reluxated.

A caudolateral left radial head luxation in a five-month-old Shih Tzu was treated by ulna osteotomy, reduction of the luxation and placement of a transarticular external skeletal fixator. A concurrent humero-ulnar subluxation suggested that the problem was developmental, associated with premature closure of the distal ulnar growth plate in a chondrodys-trophic breed.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Composite Fixation and Veterinary Acetabular Plates for Stabilization of Acetabular Osteotomies in Dogs Loaded in Three-Point-Bending Fashion
Authors: Lewis D. D. , Madison J. B. , Blaeser L. L. , Ianz O. I.
Published: March 2018

An in vitro study comparing the biomechanical performance and accuracy of reduction for two methods of acetabular osteotomy repair in the dog is presented. Pelves were harvested from five adult mixed breed dogs weighing 25-30 kg. On e hemipelvis from each dog was repaired with the composite fixation and the contralateral hemipelvis was repaired with a 2.0 mm six hole veterinary acetabular plate. Eac h hemipelvis was loaded in a threepoint- bending fashion at a rate of 5 mm/min. An extensometer was placed over the dorso-medial surface of the acetabular osteotomy during loading. Reduction was significantly better for hemipelves stabilized with the composite fixation when compared to hemipelves stabilized with the 2.0 mm six hole veterinary acetabular plate. There was not a significant difference in bending stiffness, distractional stiffness, yield point and maximum load between repair groups.

An in vitro comparison was made between a composite fixation method and acetabular plates for the stabilisation of acetabular osteotomies.
Pullout Strength of Screws in Foal Third Metacarpal Bone after Overdrilling a 4.5 mm Hole
Authors: Kelly K. , Martin G. S. , Burba D. J. , Sedrish S. A. , Moore R. M.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of the study was to determine and to compare the in vitro pullout strength of 5.5 mm cortical versus 6.5 mm cancellous bone screws inserted in the diaphysis and metaphysis of foal third metacarpal (MCIII) bones in threaded 4.5 mm cortical bone screw insertion holes that were then overdrilled with a 4.5 mm drill bit. This information is relevant to the selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped during orthopaedic surgery.

In vitro pullout tests were performed in two independent cadaver studies, each consisting of 12 foal MCIII bones. Two 4.5 mm cortical screws were placed either in the mid-diaphysis (study 1) or distal metaphysis (study 2) of MCIII bones. The holes were then overdrilled with a 4.5 mm bit and had either a 5.5 mm cortical or a 6.5 mm cancellous screw inserted; screw pullout tests were performed at a rate of 0.04 mm/s until screw or bone failure occurred.

The bone failed in all of the tests in the diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone. The holding power for 6.5 mm cancellous screws was significantly (p <0.05) greater than for 5.5 mm cortical screws in both the diaphysis and metaphysis. There was not any difference in the holding power of screws in either the diaphysis or the metaphysis between proximal and distal screw holes.

If a 4.5 mm cortical bone screw strips in MCIII diaphyseal or metaphyseal bone of foals, a 6.5 mm cancellous screw would provide greater holding power than a 5.5 mm cortical screw.

In order to provide information regarding selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped, the in vitro pullout strength was determined for 5.5 mm cortical and 6.5 mm cancellous screws inserted in third metacarpal diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone of foals in which threaded 4.5 mm cortical bone screw insertion holes had been overdrilled with a 4.5 mm bit. The holding power of the 6.5 mm cancellous screw was significantly greater than the 5.5 mm cortical screw in both the diaphysis and metaphysis of foal third metacarpal bone. Thus, it appears that if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped during orthopaedic surgery in foals, a 6.5 mm cancellous screw would provide superior holding power.
Effect of the Oestrus Cycle on Coxofemoral Joint Laxity
Authors: Smith G. K. , Conzemius M. G. , Saunders H. M. , Hill C. M. , Gregor T. P. , Hassinger K. A.
Published: March 2018

A few investigations in the 1960’s were performed to document the effect of exogenous oestrogens on development of hip dysplasia. These projects concluded that oestrogen administration caused a significant increase in hip dysplasia. Additionally, the Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) has recommended that bitches should not have hip evaluation for certification during oestrus, due to the possibility of increased coxofemoral joint laxity. The purpose of this project was to determine if physiological fluctuations of oestrogen and progesterone throughout the oestrus cycle significantly affected coxofemoral joint laxity. Nine bitches were evaluated through a single oestrus cycle. Although significant fluctuations of oestrogen and progesterone occurred throughout the phases of the oestrus cycle, neither statistically nor clinically significant changes in coxofemoral joint laxity were documented.

A prospective study documented the effect of fluctuations of hormone levels throughout the oestrus cycle on coxofemoral joint laxity in nine dogs. Although oestrogen and progesterone levels changed significantly throughout the oestrus cycle, neither statistically nor clinically significant changes in hip laxity were observed.
Effects of Carpal Synovectomy on Stride Kinematics of Trotting Horses
Authors: Theoret C. L. , Barber S. M. , Curie R. D. , Clayton Hilary M.
Published: March 2018

A group of eight horses was used to study the effects of synovectomy of one antebrachiocarpal joint on stride kinematics of the trot. Two months after the operation, four of the horses started a progressive exercise program lasting two months. A standardised lameness evaluation and videographic gait analysis were performed on three occasions: two days before the operation, two days after the operation and four months after the operation when the exercise programme had been completed. There were no significant differences in clinical lameness score, amplitude of poll motion, maximal metacarpophalangeal angle, maximal carpal angle, or minimal carpal angle between the synovectomized limb and the unoperated limb on any of the three evaluation days. It is concluded that carpal synovectomy did not cause lameness in the immediate post-operative period, and that strenuous exercise can safely be commenced after a two month recovery period, unless underlying cartilaginous lesions dictate otherwise.

Gait analysis was performed qualitatively using a standard clinical examination and quantitatively using videographic analysis to measure kinematic variables that have previously been associated with lameness. Following synovectomy of one antebrachiocarpal joint no signs of lameness were observed on clinical examination and there were no asymmetrics in the kinematic variables. A strenuous exercise program, which commenced 2 months after surgery and lasted for 2 months, was completed without the development of clinical or video-graphic signs of lameness.
Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in dogs
Authors: Grundmann S. , Montavon P. M.
Published: March 2018

Chronic lameness of the forelimb with a firm swelling at the medial aspect of the antebrachiocarpal joint can be caused by a tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle. Connective tissue proliferation leads to stenosis of the synovial sheath. The patients show pain in hyperflexion of the carpus. Radiographically, proliferative bone reactions at the distal radius can be found in advanced cases of the disease. If the results of medical treatment by injection of corticosteroids in the area of the synovial sheath are not successful, good results can be achieved by surgical release of the tendon. Based on 10 cases examined, aetiology, clinical findings and therapy are discussed and compared with de Quervain’s tenosynovitis in man.

Lameness due to tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle is reported and findings and therapy of ten animals is discussed.
A Review of Aseptic Loosening in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Olmstead M. L. , von Rechenberg A. , Auer J. A. , El-Warrak A. O.
Published: March 2018

Total hip arthroplasty has gained worldwide acceptance over the last few decades in humans and in dogs. Although long-term success is high in most studies, aseptic loosening of components is still a serious complication. Aseptic loosening can affect either the acetabular or femoral component of both cemented and cementless systems. The process is usually characterized by an interface membrane which develops between the adjacent bone and bone cement of the prosthesis, or in cementless components, between the bone and the implant itself. The process leading to the formation of this interface membrane and its function is still unclear; although much has been written about this topic in recent years. Biomechanical factors including: prosthesis design and material composition and cellular mechanisms such as signaling pathways of cytokines, local mediators or matrix metalloproteinases, have been incriminated to be responsible for the process. None of these factors, alone, have been conclusively proven to be the cause of aseptic loosening.

Aseptic loosening is the major cause of implant failure in total hip arthroplasty. The controversial aspects of the pathogenesis of the process are reviewed. The role of biomechanical factors, including prosthesis design, material composition and biological factors, such as inflammatory mediators, cellular mechanisms, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, are detailed.
Femoral and humeral fracture treatment with an intramedullary pin/external fixator tie-in configuration in growing dogs and cats
Authors: Camuzzini D. , Filippi D. , Valazza A. , Peirone B.
Published: March 2018

Nineteen growing animals, eleven dogs and eight cats, suffering from femoral or humeral fractures were treated with IM pin/external fixator “tie-in” configuration. Implant disassembling was performed in nine subjects within 30 days. Radiographic examination showed bone healing within 60 days in all of the patients and the implants were removed. Limb function recovery was complete in most patients (16/19). Therefore, our conclusion is that the “tie-in” technique is a good surgical option for treating fractures affecting growing animals.
Feline intervertebral disc disease: a review of the literature
Authors: Rayward R. M.
Published: March 2018

Intervertebral disc disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of feline myelopathy. Animals of any age, breed or gender may be affected and onset of neurological dysfunction may be variable. The thoracolumbar junction and to a lesser extent the mid lumbar spine are the most commonly affected sites and Hansen type I disc extrusions predominate. Standard investigations (radiography, myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and surgical techniques (laminectomy, hemilaminectomy, fenestration, durotomy) may be employed. Although response to conservative treatment is variable, surgically treated cases generally respond favourably but neurological recovery may be incomplete. Following surgical intervention, a recurrence of clinically significant IVDD has not been reported.
Two unreported modes of interlocking nail failure: breakout and screw bending
Authors: Basinger R. R. , Keller W. G. , Suber J. T.
Published: March 2018

Interlocking nails (ILN) have been successfully used to repair fractures of the humerus, femur, and tibia in dogs and cats. The purpose of these case reports is to describe two previously unreported complications of ILN use that occurred in three skeletally immature large breed dogs. Two cases of breakout of the ILN, through previously intact corticocancellous bone and one case of screw bending through the nail, resulted in loss of reduction and stability requiring additional surgery. Stability of the ILN construct depends upon proper placement of the ILN within the main fracture fragments, maximal medullary canal filling, and adequate nail and screw strength. In these cases, technical errors with ILN placement, relatively soft metaphyseal bone, as well as deficiencies in the ILN system may have factored into these failures.
The evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on collagenase induced superficial digital flexor tendonitis
Authors: Kersh K. D. , Van Sickle D. , Evans R. B. , McClure S. R.
Published: March 2018

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is being used to treat desmitis and tendonitis in horses. This paper compares the clinical, ultrasonographic and histological characteristics of ESWT treated collagenase induced superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) lesions, versus untreated controls. This blinded study utilizes six mature, healthy horses where bilateral forelimb SDFT lesions were induced. One forelimb was treated while the other served as an untreated control. Three shock wave treatments were administered at three week intervals. At weekly intervals, ultrasonograms were used to measure: 1) percentage lesion at the maximum injury zone (MIZ), 2) the grey scale of the SDFT at the MIZ, 3) the percentage disruption of the longitudinal fibres at the MIZ. The data were also summed from 8–20 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone. Measurements of the external width of the SDFT were obtained through the study period. Examinations were performed on four occasions to evaluate heat, response to palpation, presence/character of swelling over the SDFT, and lameness. At the completion of the study all tendons were evaluated histologicalally. The lesion size, grey scale, and longitudinal fibre disruption at the MIZ, and sum of each variable changed significantly over time, however, there was no difference between treated and control groups. Histopathology showed increased neovascularization in treated tendons (p = 0.001). When compared to untreated controls, ESWT did not change the ultrasonographic appearance of the tendons. However, it did increase neovascularization.
Inclusion of marbofloxacin in PMMA orthopaedic cement
Authors: Boulouis H. J. , Moissonnier P. , Cariou M.
Published: March 2018

This in vitro experimental study investigated the feasibility for marbofloxacin, a veterinary fluoroquinolone antibiotic, to retain its antibacterial activity after its inclusion in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. The assays were conducted on gelose cultures of various types of bacteria isolated from canine spontaneous osteomyelitis. The efficiency of the antibiotics was assessed by using an antibiogram method. Resistance of marbofloxacin to the temperature observed during PMMA polymerization, antimicrobial effect of galenic, useful concentrations and comparison with gentamicin (reference antibiotic for this use) were evaluated. Marbofloxacin retained its antimicrobial activity after being heated to high temperatures reached during polymerization. The more effective galenic form to incorporate into the PMMA monomer was the marbofloxacin powder and the appropriate concentration was 1/40°. In this experiment, marbofloxacin included in PMMA showed a good antimicrobial activity; however this activity was lower than gentamicin added to PMMA on Gram + and Pseudomonas bacteria.Therefore, it seems useful to incorporate marbofloxacin to PMMA cement to treat, or to prevent, osteomyelitis associated with marbofloxacin sensitive bacteria.Nevertheless, the development of a marbofloxacin-PMMA cement requires further evaluation, especially pharmacological, biomechanical and clinical.
Fibrotic contracture of the canine infraspinatus muscle
Authors: Sørby R. , Devor M.
Published: March 2018

Fibrotic contracture of the canine infraspinatus muscle (FCIM) is considered a rare musculotendineous disorder mainly affecting hunting dogs. After an acute onset of a painful non-weight bearing lameness, the initial pain and lameness improve over a period of one to four weeks, after which a characteristic circumducted gait abnormality develops in the forelimb. The initial injury to the infraspinatus muscle is not fully recognized or correctly interpreted in most cases, at least not with regard to its potential as a precursor of myopathy and FCIM. A mixed breed hunting dog developed an acute and extremely painful swelling of the infraspinatus muscle. The injury was easily recognized during clinical examination. The clinical signs were interpreted as an osteo-fascial compartment syndrome (OFCS) of the infraspinatus muscle. Immediate surgical decompression of the osteo-fascial compartment to prevent development of FCIM was undertaken. The histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of the injured infrapinatus muscle revealed tissue changes that indicated acute muscle rupture, without any signs of an initiating degenerative process. On the day following surgery the dog was fully weight bearing. Restriction of activity for four weeks was recommended. Eight months after the initial injury, the dog had completely recovered and had full days of vigorous exercise and hunting activity without any apparent lameness. The findings in this case suggested that the infraspinatus muscle may be considered to be an osteo-fascial compartment in dogs and must be added to the list of compartments that may pose a potential risk for OFCS in the canine extremity.
A comparative study of articular cartilage thickness in the stifle of animal species used in human pre-clinical studies compared to articular cartilage thickness in the human knee
Authors: Frisbie D. D. , Cross M. W. , McIlwraith C. W.
Published: March 2018

Histological measurements of the thickness of non-calcified and calcified cartilage, as well as the subchondral bone plate in five locations on the femoral trochlea and medial femoral condyles of species were used in preclinical studies of articular cartilage and compared to those of the human knee. Cadaver specimens were obtained of six human knees, as well as six equine, six goat, six dog, six sheep and six rabbit stifle joints (the animal equivalent of the human knee). Specimens were taken from the lateral trochlear ridge, medial trochlear ridge and medial femoral condyle. After histopathological processing, the thickness of non-calcified and calcified cartilage layers, as well as the subchondral bone plate, was measured. Average articular cartilage thickness over five locations were 2.2–2.5 mm for human, 0.3 mm for rabbit, 0.4–0.5 mm for sheep, 0.6–1.3 mm for dog, 0.7–1.5 mm for goat and 1.5–2 mm for horse. The horse provides the closest approximation to humans in terms of articular cartilage thickness, and this approximation is considered relevant in pre-clinical studies of cartilage healing.
Mosaicplasty with photooxidized, mushroom shaped, bovine, osteochondral xenografts in
experimental sheep
Authors: Akens M. K. , Nadler D. , Bittmann P. , Zlinszky K. , Kästner S. B. R. , Auer J. A. , von Rechenberg B.
Published: March 2018

The goal was to study the performance of mushroom shaped, photooxidized, osteochondral grafts in mosaicplasty focusing on graft stability and survival. Mushroom shaped, photooxidized grafts (6 mm for the cartilaginous head of the mushroom, 3 mm for the stem) were implanted in the medial femoral condyle of 10 sheep. Four transplants were inserted per condyle in an overlapping fashion using the pressfit technique (n=40 grafts in 10 condyles). The grafts were followed for 6 and 12 months. Semi-quantitative evaluation of graft performance was performed using a validated score system. All grafts were mechanically stable at 6 and 12 months with one exception, where the mushroom head broke off. The formation of cystic lesions in the subchondral bone area was minimal. Repopulation of the old photooxidized cartilage was noticed with cells invading the matrix from the subchondral bone area and also from the pannus on the surface. Fusion between host and graft cartilage was observed in some of the grafts at 12 months, while remodeling of the calcified cartilage zone and tidemark was noticed in all grafts. Results scored significantly better for the 6 months compared to the 12 months group if cartilage surface integrity was compared (p<0.05). In all other variables no significant differences were found between groups. Despite moderate graft recession in the 12 months group partial fusion of grafts and functional results were satisfactory. The photooxidized mushroom shaped osteochondral transplants may be a suitable type of graft for functional results in cartilage resurfacing if stable anchorage of the grafts can be achieved.
An investigation of misoprostol in the promotion of wound healing
Authors: Nieves M. A. , Fales-Williams A. , Evans R. , Mason D. R. , Vandervoort J. M.
Published: March 2018

Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 that is known to attenuate the inflammatory process and promote collagen formation by inhibiting IL-1 and TNF. The objective of this study was to determine if the application of misoprostol wound powder to open wounds in dogs would modulate inflammation and decrease wound healing time. This prospective randomized study included 20 dogs with 281 surgically cre0ated 8 mm open wounds over the dorsum. The wounds were assigned to one of three treatments: control (no treatment), treatment (misoprostol powder with ‘avicel’), or vehicle (‘avicel’ alone). Open wounds were digitally photographed on days zero, one, three, seven, 10, and 15 to measure wound size. All wounds were harvested at day 15 and evaluated histologically for evidence of edema, inflammation, necrosis, and collagen characteristics. Amount of epithelialization of open wounds was not significantly different among the groups at days three, seven, 10, and 15. The vehicle treated wounds were found to have a significantly higher degree of necrosis in comparison to control and treatment wounds. The control wounds had significantly lower scores for deep inflammation. All of the other parameters evaluated including location of wound, oedema, and characteristics of collagen fibres in the wound showed no significance among groups. However, the total wound score for the misoprostol was statistically higher than that for the control wounds. Therefore the value of using misoprostol wound powder with ‘avicel’ as the vehicle to enhance wound healing cannot be substantiated by the results of this study.
Dental Trauma Caused by Screws in Internal Fixation of Mandibular Osteotomies in the Dog
Authors: Ligthelm A. J. , Verstraete F. J. M.
Published: March 2018

In a canine mandibular osteotomy model, the extent and nature of dental trauma resulting from internal fixation by means of a plate and screws was investigated. The plate was positioned relatively dorsally on the buccal aspect of the body of the mandible, for maximum biomechanical advantage. After a three-month period, dental trauma was evaluated clinically and histologically. Erosion of the oral mucosa overlying the plate occurred in 10 out of 15 dogs. Dental roots were damaged by 61% of the screws. A variety of lesions involving the periodontal ligament, dentine, cementum, pulp, and periapical tissue were noted. It is concluded that this method of fixation can not be recommended for mandibular fracture repair in the dog.

The effects of plating osteotomies of canine mandibles are described and evaluated following a three-month postoperative period.
Characteristics of Pelvic Fracture in the Cat
Authors: Flanders J. A. , Bookbinder P. F.
Published: March 2018

The medical records from 103 cats with pelvic fracture were studied retrospectively. Most cats were 12 months of age or younger and both sexes were equally represented. The majority of the cats had been hit by a car. Numerous combinations of fracture types were present, but more than half involved combination of pelvic floor fractures with ilial body fracture, ilial body fracture contralateral to a sacroiliac luxation, a unilateral sacroiliac luxation, or bilateral sacroiliac luxation. The majority of cats had one or more serious extrapelvic injuries, the most common being sacral fracture, disruption of the coxofemoral joint, femoral fracture, and peripheral nerve paresis. Statistically significant positive association was found for ischiatic nerve injury and ipsilateral ilial body fracture alone and in combination with other fractures, and for ischial body fracture and sacral body injury. A negative or “protective” association was found between sacroiliac luxation and ipsilateral coxofemoral injury.

A retrospective study of 103 pelvic fractures in cats was done. More than 50% of the cats had pelvic floor fractures in combination with unilateral ilial body fractures, unilateral sacroiliac luxations, bilateral sacroiliac luxations, or contralateral ilial body fracture and sacroiliac luxation. Common extrapelvic injuries included sacral fracture, coxofemoral joint injury, femoral fracture, and peripheral nerve paresis.
The Therapeutic Efficacy of Carprofen (Rimadyl-V™) in 209 Clinical Cases of Canine Degenerative Joint Disease
Authors: Parker R. B. , Beale B. S. , Friedman R. L. , Holtsinger R. H.
Published: March 2018

Carprofen (D,L-6-chlor-alphamethylcarbazole-2-acetic acid) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with demonstrated therapeutic activity in the relief of clinical signs of degenerative joint disease in laboratory animal models and in human trials. The double-blind clinical study, reported herein, compared the therapeutic efficacy of carprofen with that of a placebo, in the acute relief of clinical canine degenerative joint disease. Twohundred and nine cases were collected from 10 studies in three geographic regions of the USA. The results of logistic analysis showed that dogs treated with carprofen were 24.8 times more likely to receive a positive evaluation by the veterinarian than those treated with a placebo (p <0.01). The odds of showing improvement, when evaluated by the owners, were 13.4 times greater than placebo (p <0.01). The evaluation from the veterinarian and the owner had excellent agreement (Kappa = 0.997) for dogs treated with carprofen and good agreement (Kappa = 0.667) for those treated with the placebo. Regional differences in response rate were not found in these studies. This trial demonstrated that carprofen is efficacious, across geographic regions, in the acute relief of clinical signs associated with canine degenerative joint disease.

Carprofen is a new anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic potency. Side effects reported are few. Dogs with degenerative joint disease (DSD) treated with carprofen were 24.8 times more likely to respond favourably than placebo-treated dogs (p <0.01). This study concluded that carprofen is an effective NSAID in relieving the clinical signs of DSD in dogs.
The Influence of Intratendinous Sodium Hyaluronate on Tendon Healing in Horses
Authors: Gaughan E. M. , DeBowes R. M. , Douglass J. P. , Frank R. K. , Klemm R. D. , Gift L. J.
Published: March 2018

Acute tendinitis was created bilaterally in the mid-metacarpal region of the deep digital flexor tendons of six horses with intratendinous collagenase administration. The collagenase-induced lesion in one deep digital flexor tendon of each horse was injected 48 h later with 10.0 mg of sodium hyaluronate (1.0 ml) while employing ultrasound guidance. To serve as a control, the lesion in the contralateral deep digital flexor tendon was injected with 1.0 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride. Sequential ultra-sonographic examinations revealed that the sodium hyaluronate treated deep digital flexor tendons were significantly less enlarged and the collagenase-induced tendon lesions significantly smaller than control tendons and tendon lesions. Difference could not be detected between sodium hyaluronate treated tendons and control tendons using histological and video-interactive planar morphometric evaluation six weeks after treatment.

Collagenase-induced tendinitis lesions were treated with intratendinous administration of sodium hyaluronate in six horses. The size of the tendon lesions and the amount of tendon enlargement were significantly less in the sodium hyaluronate treated tendons compared to control tendons. A significant difference in the rate or quality of healing was not detected in the sodium hyaluronate treated tendons.
Mandibular Coronoid Process Displacement: Signs, Causes, Treatment
Authors: Koole R. , Voorhout G. , Hazewinkel H. A. W.
Published: March 2018

Open-mout h locking due to lateral impingement of the mandibular coronoid process, lateral to the zygomatic arch, is described in five dogs and one cat. In order to elucidate the underlying cause of this abnormality, radiographs of temporomandibular joints of forty dogs, as well as the case history of a human patient, are compared. Three possible aetiologies are given, namely, flattening of the zygomatic arch, aberrant architecture of the condylar aspects, or contracture of the pterygoid muscle. An effective surgical treatment to prevent recur-rence of coronoid impingement was achieved by ostectomy of the locking part of the coronoid process.

Unilateral protrusion of the mandible is described as a veterinary and comparative abnormality in five dogs, a cat and a woman. For the impingement of the coronoid process lateral of the zygomatic arch causing open-mouth locking in the animals, three aetiologies and an effective ostectomy of the coronoid process are given.
Proximal Phalangeal Fractures in the Horse
Authors: Denny H. R. , Waterman Avril E. , Weaver Barbara M. Q. , Barr A. R. S.
Published: March 2018

Forty-nine cases of proximal phalangeal fracture were presented over a 13-year period. The fractures affected a variety of breeds and ages of horse and occurred during a number of different activities. Forty horses were treated, 34 surgically and 6 conservatively. Eighty-five percent subsequently became sound. Of 21 treated racehorses 14 subsequently raced.
Zurück in die Gegenwart
Authors: Remmers C. , Heidenreich T. , Michalak J.
Published: March 2018

Aufgrund der hohen Rückfallwahrscheinlichkeit, die schon mit dem ersten Auftreten einer Depression gegeben ist, entwickelt sich die Störung häufig zu einem chronischen Leiden. Entsprechend wurden in den letzten Jahren Ansätze zur Prävention von Rückfällen entwickelt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll ein 8-wöchiges gruppentherapeutisches Rückfallpräventionsprogramm für Patienten mit mehr als drei depressiven Episoden in der Vergangenheit vorgestellt werden: Die Achtsamkeitsbasierte Kognitive Therapie. In diesem Programm sollen Patienten lernen, negative grüblerische Geisteszustände möglichst frühzeitig zu erkennen. Indem Patienten Achtsamkeit praktizieren, das heißt, indem sie sich bewusst dem Hier und Jetzt zuwenden, sollen sie lernen, aus den negativen Zuständen und Grübelprozessen auszusteigen. Die Behandlung basiert auf aktuellen Ergebnissen zum Rückfallgeschehen und hat sich in einer Reihe von Therapiestudien und Metaanalysen als wirksam zur Reduktion der Rückfallraten erwiesen.
Akzeptanz- und Commitment-Therapie
Authors: Eifert G. H.
Published: March 2018

Akzeptanz- und Commitment-Therapie (ACT) ist ein therapeutischer Balance-ACT zwischen Akzeptanz und Veränderung. ACT ist transdiagnostisch und basiert auf den Ergebnissen zahlreicher Studien, die zeigen, dass ein Großteil psychischen Leidens Folge von Erlebensvermeidung ist. Kontrolle und Beseitigung unerwünschter Gedanken und Gefühle (Symptome) sind daher kein direktes Therapieziel. Anstatt mit unerwünschten schlecht zu kontrollierenden Gedanken und Gefühlen weiterhin zu kämpfen, lernen Patienten, (a) dass rigide unflexible Versuche aversives Erleben zu beseitigen keine Lösung, sondern das Problem sind; (b) zu unterscheiden, was sie eher kontrollieren und eher nicht kontrollieren können; (c) größere psychologische Flexibilität zu entwickeln durch das Praktizieren von achtsamer Akzeptanz, Bereitschaft und Defusion beim Auftauchen schwierigen Erlebens; (d) Lebensziele bzw. Werte zu identifizieren und in engagiertes Handeln umzusetzen und getroffene Vorsätze einzuhalten (commitment), (e) Erlebensbarrieren nicht zu bekämpfen, sondern sie freundlich mit auf den Weg zu nehmen. In der ACT stehen vor allem erlebensorientierte Methoden im Mittelpunkt (z. B. Ausspielen von Metaphern, Akzeptanzübungen). Eine ständig wachsende Zahl empirischer Untersuchungen unterstützt die Effektivität der ACT zur Behandlung eines breiten Spektrums psychischer Störungen.
Modeling Cancer Registration Processes with an Enhanced Activity Diagram
Authors: Williams W. , Lyalin D.
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
Adequate instruments are needed to reflect the complexity of routine cancer registry operations properly in a business model. The activity diagram is a key instrument of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for the modeling of business processes. The authors aim to improve descriptions of processes in cancer registration, as well as in other public health domains, through the enhancements of an activity diagram notation within the standard semantics of UML.

Methods:
The authors introduced the practical approach to enhance a conventional UML activity diagram, complementing it with the following business process concepts: timeline, duration for individual activities, responsibilities for individual activities within swimlanes, and descriptive text.

Results:
The authors used an enhanced activity diagram for modeling surveillance processes in the cancer registration domain. Specific example illustrates the use of an enhanced activity diagram to visualize a process of linking cancer registry records with external mortality files.

Conclusions:
Enhanced activity diagram allows for the addition of more business concepts to a single diagram and can improve descriptions of processes in cancer registration, as well as in other domains. Additional features of an enhanced activity diagram allow to advance the visualization of cancer registration processes. That, in turn, promotes the clarification of issues related to the process timeline, responsibilities for particular operations, and collaborations among process participants. Our first experiences in a cancer registry best practices development workshop setting support the usefulness of such an approach.
Design and Development of a Mobile System for Supporting Emergency Triage
Authors: Slowinski R. , Wilk S. , Farion K. J. , Pike J. , Rubin S. , Michalowski W.
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
Our objective was to design and develop a mobile clinical decision support system for emergency triage of different acute pain presentations. The system should interact with existing hospital information systems, run on mobile computing devices (handheld computers) and be suitable for operation in weak-connectivity conditions (with unstable connections between mobile clients and a server).

Methods:
The MET (Mobile Emergency Triage) system was designed following an extended client-server architecture. The client component, responsible for triage decision support, is built as a knowledge-based system, with domain ontology separated from generic problem solving methods and used for the automatic creation of a user interface.

Results:
The MET system is well suited for operation in the Emergency Department of a hospital. The system’s external interactions are managed by the server, while the MET clients, running on handheld computers are used by clinicians for collecting clinical data and supporting triage at the bedside. The functionality of the MET client is distributed into specialized modules, responsible for triaging specific types of acute pain presentations. The modules are stored on the server, and on request they can be transferred and executed on the mobile clients. The modular design provides for easy extension of the system’s functionality. A clinical trial of the MET system validated the appropriateness of the system’s design, and proved the usefulness and acceptance of the system in clinical practice.

Conclusions:
The MET system captures the necessary hospital data, allows for entry of patient information, and provides triage support. By operating on handheld computers, it fits into the regular emergency department workflow without introducing any hindrances or disruptions. It supports triage anytime and anywhere, directly at the point of care, and also can be used as an electronic patient chart, facilitating structured data collection.
Markov Chain Modelling for Geriatric Patient Care
Authors: Faddy M. J. , McClean S. I.
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
To show that Markov chain modelling can be applied to data on geriatric patients and use these models to assess the effects of covariates.

Methods:
Phase-type distributions were fitted by maximum likelihood to data on times spent by the patients in hospital and in community-based care. Data on the different events that ended the patients’ periods of care were used to estimate the dependence of the probabilities of these events on the phase from which the time in care ended. The age of the patients at admission to care and the year of admission were also included as covariates.

Results:
Differential effects of these covariates were shown on the various parameters of the fitted model, and interpretations of these effects made.

Conclusions:
Models based on phase-type distributions were appropriate for describing times spent in care, as the ordered phases had an interpretable structure corresponding to increasing amounts of care being given.