bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Conductive Carbon/Carbon Composites as Advanced Multifunctional Anode Materials for Structural Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Hongyuan , Wei Lu , Li Wei , Shi Chongfu , Yao Xiyuan , Fu Qiangang , Li Hejun , Guo Xin
Published: April 2024

Currently, structural lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) typically use carbon fibers (CFs) as multifunctional anode materials to provide both Li+ storage and high mechanical strength. However, due to the obvious volume expansion of CFs in lithiation process, the fiber structure suffers rapid degradation during cycling. Herein, CFs‐reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites are proposed as multifunctional anodes for structural LIBs for the first time. The C/C composite presents distinctive core/shell structure, in which CF as the core supplies a fast and continuous electron conduction pathway along with excellent mechanical strength, while the layered pyrolytic carbon shell accommodates the volume change of CF and provides additional ion storage. The impact of the C/C microstructure on the ion/electron transport and the Li+ storage mechanism behind such a unique hybrid structure are explored. Owing to the structural advantages of the C/C composite, the LiFePO4||C/C full cell exhibits surprising electrochemical performances at high electrode mass loadings, which are far superior to those of the present structural LIBs and even surpass the commercial LIBs at the same mass loadings. Moreover, the pouch cell presents excellent mechanical strength and mechanical‐electrochemical coupling characteristics. This work demonstrates great potential of the C/C composites as new multifunctional anodes for high‐performance structural batteries.
On the Practicability of the Solid‐State Electrochemical Pre‐Sodiation Technique on Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Yuke , Lu Jia , Dai Wangqi , Cheng Xinyu , Zuo Jinning , Lei Huanhao , Liu Wen , Fu Zhengwen
Published: April 2024

Hard carbon (HC) with low cost and high specific capacity is considered the appropriate anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), but the low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) caused by solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation and inherent active defects impede its practical battery application. Here, the practicability of solid‐state electrochemical (SSE) pre‐sodiation technique for hard carbon anode is assessed to conquer such challenges. The uniformly pre‐sodiated HC (Pre‐HC) can be fabricated through the SSE reaction between the HC and preloaded sodium metal film without introducing a liquid electrolyte. After being immerged in the electrolyte, a thin artificial SEI with abundant inorganic species is formed on the surface of Pre‐HC due to the spontaneous chemical reaction, and the ICE of HC is improved from 76.0% to 107.9%. Full cell paired with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode exhibits a high ICE of 94.0% with 70% of energy density augment (from 126.5 to 214.4 Wh kg−1) after anode pre‐sodiation. Pre‐HC anode still retains the pre‐sodiation capacity of 671.1 mAh gNa−1 after being stored in the dry air for 2 h. This work demonstrates the practical applicability of this SSE pre‐sodiation strategy to enhance the energy density of SIBs.
Covalent Polymer‐RNA Conjugates for Potent Activation of the RIG‐I Pathway
Authors: Palmer Christian R. , Pastora Lucinda E. , Kimmel Blaise R. , Pagendarm Hayden M. , Kwiatkowski Alexander J. , Stone Payton T. , Arora Karan , Francini Nora , Fedorova Olga , Pyle Anna M. , Wilson John T.
Published: April 2024

RNA ligands of retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I) are a promising class of oligonucleotide therapeutics with broad potential as antiviral agents, vaccine adjuvants, and cancer immunotherapies. However, their translation has been limited by major drug delivery barriers, including poor cellular uptake, nuclease degradation, and an inability to access the cytosol where RIG‐I is localized. Here this challenge is addressed by engineering nanoparticles that harness covalent conjugation of 5′‐triphospate RNA (3pRNA) to endosome‐destabilizing polymers. Compared to 3pRNA loaded into analogous nanoparticles via electrostatic interactions, it is found that covalent conjugation of 3pRNA improves loading efficiency, enhances immunostimulatory activity, protects against nuclease degradation, and improves serum stability. Additionally, it is found that 3pRNA could be conjugated via either a disulfide or thioether linkage, but that the latter is only permissible if conjugated distal to the 5′‐triphosphate group. Finally, administration of 3pRNA‐polymer conjugates to mice significantly increases type‐I interferon levels relative to analogous carriers that use electrostatic 3pRNA loading. Collectively, these studies have yielded a next‐generation polymeric carrier for in vivo delivery of 3pRNA, while also elucidating new chemical design principles for covalent conjugation of 3pRNA with potential to inform the further development of therapeutics and delivery technologies for pharmacological activation of RIG‐I.
Strontium/Silicon/Calcium‐Releasing Hierarchically Structured 3D‐Printed Scaffolds Accelerate Osteochondral Defect Repair
Authors: Li Cheng Ji , Park Jeong‐Hui , Jin Gang Shi , Mandakhbayar Nandin , Yeo Donghyeon , Lee Jun Hee , Lee Jung‐Hwan , Kim Hye Sung , Kim Hae‐Won
Published: April 2024

Articular cartilage defects are a global challenge, causing substantial disability. Repairing large defects is problematic, often exceeding cartilage's self‐healing capacity and damaging bone structures. To tackle this problem, a scaffold‐mediated therapeutic ion delivery system is developed. These scaffolds are constructed from poly(ε‐caprolactone) and strontium (Sr)‐doped bioactive nanoglasses (SrBGn), creating a unique hierarchical structure featuring macropores from 3D printing, micropores, and nanotopologies due to SrBGn integration. The SrBGn‐embedded scaffolds (SrBGn‐µCh) release Sr, silicon (Si), and calcium (Ca) ions, which improve chondrocyte activation, adhesion, proliferation, and maturation‐related gene expression. This multiple ion delivery significantly affects metabolic activity and maturation of chondrocytes. Importantly, Sr ions may play a role in chondrocyte regulation through the Notch signaling pathway. Notably, the scaffold's structure and topological cues expedite the recruitment, adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of chondrocytes and bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. Si and Ca ions accelerate osteogenic differentiation and blood vessel formation, while Sr ions enhance the polarization of M2 macrophages. The findings show that SrBGn‐µCh scaffolds accelerate osteochondral defect repair by delivering multiple ions and providing structural/topological cues, ultimately supporting host cell functions and defect healing. This scaffold holds great promise for osteochondral repair applications.
Eliminating the Adverse Impact of Composition Modulation in Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes toward Ultra‐High Brightness and Stability
Authors: Li Zhiqi , Ren Zhiwei , Liang Qiong , Fong Patrick W. K. , Tian Jianjun , Li Gang
Published: April 2024

Excess ammonium halides as composition additives are widely employed in perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), aiming to achieve high performance by controlling crystallinity and passivating defects. However, an in‐depth understanding of whether excess organoammonium components affect the film physical/electrical properties and the resultant device instability is still lacking. Here, the trade‐off between the performance and stability in high‐efficiency formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3)‐based PeLEDs with excess ammonium halides is pointed, and the underlying mechanism is explored. Systematic experimental and theoretical studies reveal that excess halide salt‐induced ion‐doping largely alters the PeLEDs properties (e.g., carrier injection, field‐dependent ion‐drifting, defect physics, and phase stability). A surface clean assisted cross‐linking strategy is demonstrated to eliminate the adverse impact of composition modulation and boost the operational stability without sacrificing the efficiency, achieving a high efficiency of 23.6%, a high radiance of 964 W sr−1 m−2 (The highest value for FAPbI3 based PeLEDs), and a prolong lifetime of 106.1 h at large direct current density (100 mA cm−2), concurrently. The findings uncovered an important link between excess halide salts and the device performance, providing a guideline for rational design of stable, bright, and high efficiency PeLEDs.
Ultra‐Highly Stiff and Tough Shape Memory Polyurea with Unprecedented Energy Density by Precise Slight Cross‐Linking
Authors: Chen Jiaoyang , Wang Zhifeng , Yao Bowen , Geng Yuhao , Wang Cheng , Xu Jianhua , Chen Tao , Jing Jiajie , Fu Jiajun
Published: April 2024

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have attracted significant attention and hold vast potential for diverse applications. Nevertheless, conventional SMPs suffer from notable shortcomings in terms of mechanical properties, environmental stability, and energy density, significantly constraining their practical utility. Here, inspired by the structure of muscle fibers, an innovative approach that involves the precise incorporation of subtle, permanent cross‐linking within a hierarchical hydrogen bonding supramolecular network is reported. This novel strategy has culminated in the development of covalent and supramolecular shape memory polyurea, which exhibits exceptional mechanical properties, including high stiffness (1347 MPa), strength (82.4 MPa), and toughness (312.7 MJ m−3), ensuring its suitability for a wide range of applications. Furthermore, it boasts remarkable recyclability and repairability, along with excellent resistance to moisture, heat, and solvents. Moreover, the polymer demonstrates outstanding shape memory effects characterized by a high energy density (24.5 MJ m−3), facilitated by the formation of strain‐induced oriented nanostructures that can store substantial amounts of entropic energy. Simultaneously, it maintains a remarkable 96% shape fixity and 99% shape recovery. This delicate interplay of covalent and supramolecular bonds opens up a promising pathway to the creation of high‐performance SMPs, expanding their applicability across various domains.
Bioelectrochemical Sensing Using Benchtop Fabricated Nanoroughened Microstructured Electrodes
Authors: González‐Martínez Eduardo , González‐Martínez David A. , Moran‐Mirabal Jose M.
Published: April 2024

Cost‐effective miniaturized electrodes that maintain a high electroactive surface area (ESA) are needed for the widespread deployment of point‐of‐care sensors. Cost‐effective methods are recently developed to fabricate nanoroughened microstructured gold electrodes (NR‐MSEs) with ultrahigh ESA. In this work, the effectiveness of NR‐MSEs for bioelectrochemical enzymatic sensors is evaluated. A glucose sensor is constructed by first casting onto NR‐MSEs a solution containing reduced graphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticles, glucose oxidase, and glutaraldehyde, followed by a solution containing ferrocene, and a layer of chitosan to prevent the leakage of sensor components. A urea biosensor is also fabricated using Nafion as a cationic exchanger for the electropolymerization of polyaniline, followed by the deposition of a composite containing urease, bovine serum albumin, and glutaraldehyde. The limit of quantification for both biosensors is below clinically relevant concentrations of the analytes in biofluids, 0.67 mm for glucose and 1.70 mm for urea. The sensors exhibit excellent performance in complex matrixes (human blood serum and wine for glucose and human blood serum and urine for urea), with recovery for spiked analytes in the range of 92–108%. It is anticipated that NR‐MSEs will expedite the development of highly sensitive bioelectrochemical sensors for use in resource‐limited settings.
Statistical Genomics Analysis of Simple Sequence Repeats from the Paphiopedilum Malipoense Transcriptome Reveals Control Knob Motifs Modulating Gene Expression
Authors: Liang Yingyi , Hao Jing , Wang Jieyu , Zhang Guoqiang , Su Yingjuan , Liu Zhong‐Jian , Wang Ting
Published: April 2024

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are found in nonrandom distributions in genomes and are thought to impact gene expression. The distribution patterns of 48 295 SSRs of Paphiopedilum malipoense are mined and characterized based on the first full‐length transcriptome and comprehensive transcriptome dataset from 12 organs. Statistical genomics analyses are used to investigate how SSRs in transcripts affect gene expression. The results demonstrate the correlations between SSR distributions, characteristics, and expression level. Nine expression‐modulating motifs (expMotifs) are identified and a model is proposed to explain the effect of their key features, potency, and gene function on an intra‐transcribed region scale. The expMotif‐transcribed region combination is the most predominant contributor to the expression‐modulating effect of SSRs, and some intra‐transcribed regions are critical for this effect. Genes containing the same type of expMotif‐SSR elements in the same transcribed region are likely linked in function, regulation, or evolution aspects. This study offers novel evidence to understand how SSRs regulate gene expression and provides potential regulatory elements for plant genetic engineering.
HOXA‐AS2 Epigenetically Inhibits HBV Transcription by Recruiting the MTA1‐HDAC1/2 Deacetylase Complex to cccDNA Minichromosome
Authors: Qin YiPing , Ren JiHua , Yu HaiBo , He Xin , Cheng ShengTao , Chen WeiXian , Yang Zhen , Sun FengMing , Wang ChunDuo , Yuan SiYu , Chen Peng , Wu DaiQing , Ren Fang , Huang AiLong , Chen Juan
Published: April 2024

Persistent transcription of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is critical for chronic HBV infection. Silencing cccDNA transcription through epigenetic mechanisms offers an effective strategy to control HBV. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as important epigenetic regulators, have an unclear role in cccDNA transcription regulation. In this study, lncRNA sequencing (lncRNA seq) is conducted on five pairs of HBV‐positive and HBV‐negative liver tissue. Through analysis, HOXA‐AS2 (HOXA cluster antisense RNA 2) is identified as a significantly upregulated lncRNA in HBV‐infected livers. Further experiments demonstrate that HBV DNA polymerase (DNA pol) induces HOXA‐AS2 after establishing persistent high‐level HBV replication. Functional studies reveal that HOXA‐AS2 physically binds to cccDNA and significantly inhibits its transcription. Mechanistically, HOXA‐AS2 recruits the MTA1‐HDAC1/2 deacetylase complex to cccDNA minichromosome by physically interacting with metastasis associated 1 (MTA1) subunit, resulting in reduced acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9ac) and lysine 27 (H3K27ac) associated with cccDNA and subsequently suppressing cccDNA transcription. Altogether, the study reveals a mechanism to self‐limit HBV replication, wherein the upregulation of lncRNA HOXA‐AS2, induced by HBV DNA pol, can epigenetically suppress cccDNA transcription.
Hemodynamic Bedside Monitoring Instrument with Pressure and Optical Sensors: Validation and Modality Comparison
Authors: Kaisti Matti , Panula Tuukka , Sirkiä Jukka‐Pekka , Pänkäälä Mikko , Koivisto Tero , Niiranen Teemu , Kantola Ilkka
Published: April 2024

Results from two independent clinical validation studies for measuring hemodynamics at the patient's bedside using a compact finger probe are reported. Technology comprises a barometric pressure sensor, and in one implementation, additionally, an optical sensor for photoplethysmography (PPG) is developed, which can be used to measure blood pressure and analyze rhythm, including the continuous detection of atrial fibrillation. The capabilities of the technology are shown in several form factors, including a miniaturized version resembling a common pulse oximeter to which the technology could be integrated in. Several main results are presented: i) the miniature finger probe meets the accuracy requirements of non‐invasive blood pressure instrument validation standard, ii) atrial fibrillation can be detected during the blood pressure measurement and in a continuous recording, iii) a unique comparison between optical and pressure sensing mechanisms is provided, which shows that the origin of both modalities can be explained using a pressure‐volume model and that recordings are close to identical between the sensors. The benefits and limitations of both modalities in hemodynamic monitoring are further discussed.
Antimicrobial and Antiviral Nanofibers Halt Co‐Infection Spread via Nuclease‐Mimicry and Photocatalysis
Authors: Yao Jieran , Luo Zhenhong , Lin Jiaying , Meng Na , Guo Jiangna , Xu Hui , Shi Rongwei , Zhao Linhui , Zhou Jiateng , Yan Feng , Wang Bin , Mao Hailei
Published: April 2024

The escalating spread of drug‐resistant bacteria and viruses is a grave concern for global health. Nucleic acids dominate the drug‐resistance and transmission of pathogenic microbes. Here, imidazolium‐type poly(ionic liquid)/porphyrin (PIL‐P) based electrospun nanofibrous membrane and its cerium (IV) ion complex (PIL‐P‐Ce) are developed. The obtained PIL‐P‐Ce membrane exhibits high and stable efficiency in eradicating various microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) and decomposing microbial antibiotic resistance genes and viral nucleic acids under light. The nuclease‐mimetic and photocatalytic mechanisms of the PIL‐P‐Ce are elucidated. Co‐infection wound models in mice with methicillin‐resistant S. aureus and hepatitis B virus demonstrate that PIL‐P‐Ce integrate the triple effects of cationic polymer, photocatalysis, and nuclease‐mimetic activities. As revealed by proteomic analysis, PIL‐P‐Ce shows minimal phototoxicity to normal tissues. Hence, PIL‐P‐Ce has potential as a “green” wound dressing to curb the spread of drug‐resistant bacteria and viruses in clinical settings.
Light‐Intensity Switching of Graphene/WSe2 Synaptic Devices
Authors: Tang Hongyu , Anwar Tarique , Jang Min Seok , Tagliabue Giulia
Published: April 2024

2D van der Waals heterojunctions (vdWH) have emerged as an attractive platform for the realization of optoelectronic synaptic devices, which are critical for energy‐efficient computing systems. Photogating induced by charge traps at the interfaces indeed results in ultrahigh responsivity and tunable photoconductance. Yet, optical potentiation and depression remain mostly modulated by gate bias, requiring relatively high energy inputs. Thus, advanced all‐optical synapse switching strategies are still needed. In this work, a reversible switching between positive photoconductivity (PPC) and negative photoconductivity (NPC) is achieved in graphene/WSe2 vdWH solely through light‐intensity modulation. Consequently, the graphene/WSe2 synaptic device shows tunable optical potentiation and depression behavior with an ultralow power consumption of 127 aJ. The study further unravels the complex interplay of gate bias and incident light power in determining the sign and magnitude of the photocurrent, showing the critical role of charge trapping and photogating at interfaces. Interestingly, it is found that switching between PPC to NPC can be also obtained at 0 mV drain‐source voltage. Overall, the reversible potentiation/depression effect based on light intensity modulation and its combination with additional gate bias tunability is very appealing for the development of energy‐efficient optical communications and neuromorphic computing.
Non‐Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring System Integrating Spectrometry, Photoplethysmography, and Arterial Pressure Measurement Capabilities
Authors: Sirkiä Jukka‐Pekka , Panula Tuukka , Kaisti Matti
Published: April 2024

Minimally invasive and non‐invasive hemodynamic monitoring technologies have recently gained more attention, driven by technological advances and the inherent risk of complications in invasive techniques. In this article, an experimental non‐invasive system is presented that effectively combines the capabilities of spectrometry, photoplethysmography (PPG), and arterial pressure measurement. Both time‐ and wavelength‐resolved optical signals from the fingertip are measured under external pressure, which gradually increased above the level of systolic blood pressure. The optical channels measured at 434–731 nm divided into three groups separated by a group of channels with wavelengths approximately between 590 and 630 nm. This group of channels, labeled transition band, is characterized by abrupt changes resulting from a decrease in the absorption coefficient of whole blood. External pressure levels of maximum pulsation showed that shorter wavelengths (<590 nm) probe superficial low‐pressure blood vessels, whereas longer wavelengths (>630 nm) probe high‐pressure arteries. The results on perfusion indices and DC component level changes showed clear differences between the optical channels, further highlighting the importance of wavelength selection in optical hemodynamic monitoring systems. Altogether, the results demonstrated that the integrated system presented has the potential to extract new hemodynamic information simultaneously from macrocirculation to microcirculation.
2D Halide Perovskites for High‐Performance Resistive Switching Memory and Artificial Synapse Applications
Authors: Li Bixin , Xia Fei , Du Bin , Zhang Shiyang , Xu Lan , Su Qiong , Zhang Dingke , Yang Junliang
Published: April 2024

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are considered as promising candidates in the application of nonvolatile high‐density, low‐cost resistive switching (RS) memories and artificial synapses, resulting from their excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties including large light absorption coefficient, fast ion migration, long carrier diffusion length, low trap density, high defect tolerance. Among MHPs, 2D halide perovskites have exotic layered structure and great environment stability as compared with 3D counterparts. Herein, recent advances of 2D MHPs for the RS memories and artificial synapses realms are comprehensively summarized and discussed, as well as the layered structure properties and the related physical mechanisms are presented. Furthermore, the current issues and developing roadmap for the next‐generation 2D MHPs RS memories and artificial synapse are elucidated.
A Scalable and Robust Personal Health Management Textile with Multiple Desired Thermal Functions and Electromagnetic Shielding
Authors: Tang Litao , Lyu Bin , Gao Dangge , Zhou Yingying , Wang Yunchuan , Wang Fangxing , Jia Zhangting , Fu Yatong , Chen Ken , Ma Jianzhong
Published: April 2024

The development of functional textiles combining conventional apparel with advanced technologies for personal health management (PHM) has garnered widespread attention. However, the current PHM textiles often achieve multifunctionality by stacking functional modules, leading to poor durability and scalability. Herein, a scalable and robust PHM textile is designed by integrating electrical, radiative, and solar heating, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and piezoresistive sensing performance onto cotton fabric. This is achieved through an uncomplicated screen‐printing process using silver paste. The conductivity of the PHM textile is ≈1.6  ×  104 S m−1, ensuring an electric heating temperature of ≈134 °C with a low voltage of 1.7 V, as well as an EMI shielding effectiveness of ≈56 dB, and human motion monitoring performance. Surprisingly, the radiative/solar heating capability of the PHM textile surpasses that of traditional warm leather. Even after undergoing rigorous physical and chemical treatments, the PHM textile maintains terrific durability. Additionally, the PHM textile possesses maneuverable scalability and comfortable wearability. This innovative work opens up new avenues for the strategic design of PHM textiles and provides an advantageous guarantee of mass production.
Advanced Multifunctional Hydrogels for Enhanced Wound Healing through Ultra‐Fast Selenol‐SNAr Chemistry
Authors: Wu Yan , Bei Ying , Li Wenjing , Lu Weihong , Zhu Jian , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhang Tinglin , Liu Sen , Chen Kaiyuan , Jin Hong , Li Luxin , Li Meng , Gao Jie , Pan Xiangqiang
Published: April 2024

Fabrication of versatile hydrogels in a facile and effective manner represents a pivotal challenge in the field of biomaterials. Herein, a novel strategy is presented for preparing on‐demand degradable hydrogels with multilevel responsiveness. By employing selenol‐dichlorotetrazine nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) to synthesize hydrogels under mild conditions in a buffer solution, the necessity of additives or posttreatments can be obviated. The nucleophilic and redox reactions between selenol and tetrazine culminate in the formation of three degradable chemical bonds—diselenide, aryl selenide, and dearomatized selenide—in a single, expeditious step. The resultant hydrogel manifests exceptional adaptability to intricate environments in conjunction with self‐healing and on‐demand degradation properties. Furthermore, the resulting material demonstrated light‐triggered antibacterial activity. Animal studies further underscore the potential of integrating metformin into Se‐Tz hydrogels under green light irradiation, as it effectively stimulates angiogenesis and collagen deposition, thereby fostering efficient wound healing. In comparison to previously documented hydrogels, Se‐Tz hydrogels exhibit controlled degradation and drug release, outstanding antibacterial activity, mechanical robustness, and bioactivity, all without the need for costly and intricate preparation procedures. These findings underscore Se‐Tz hydrogels as a safe and effective therapeutic option for diabetic wound dressings.
Facile Lithium Densification Kinetics by Hyperporous/Hybrid Conductor for High‐Energy‐Density Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Han Dong‐Yeob , Kim Saehun , Nam Seoha , Lee Gayoung , Bae Hongyeul , Kim Jin Hong , Choi Nam‐Soon , Song Gyujin , Park Soojin
Published: April 2024

Lithium metal anode (LMA) emerges as a promising candidate for lithium (Li)‐based battery chemistries with high‐energy‐density. However, inhomogeneous charge distribution from the unbalanced ion/electron transport causes dendritic Li deposition, leading to “dead Li” and parasitic reactions, particularly at high Li utilization ratios (low negative/positive ratios in full cells). Herein, an innovative LMA structural model deploying a hyperporous/hybrid conductive architecture is proposed on single‐walled carbon nanotube film (HCA/C), fabricated through a nonsolvent induced phase separation process. This design integrates ionic polymers with conductive carbon, offering a substantial improvement over traditional metal current collectors by reducing the weight of LMA and enabling high‐energy‐density batteries. The HCA/C promotes uniform lithium deposition even under rapid charging (up to 5 mA cm−2) owing to its efficient mixed ion/electron conduction pathways. Thus, the HCA/C demonstrates stable cycling for 200 cycles with a low negative/positive ratio of 1.0 when paired with a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode (areal capacity of 5.0 mAh cm−2). Furthermore, a stacked pouch‐type full cell using HCA/C realizes a high energy density of 344 Wh kg−1cell/951 Wh L−1cell based on the total mass of the cell, exceeding previously reported pouch‐type full cells. This work paves the way for LMA development in high‐energy‐density Li metal batteries.
Fundamental Aspects of Conduction in Charged ErMnO3 Domain Walls
Authors: McCartan James , Turner Patrick W. , McConville James P. V. , Holsgrove Kristina , Cochard Charlotte , Kumar Amit , McQuaid Raymond G. P. , Meier Dennis , Gregg J. Marty
Published: April 2024

It is now well‐established that ferroelectric domain walls, at which there are discontinuities in polarization, are usually electrically conducting. Yet, there is a dearth of rather basic information on the physics underpinning conductivity. Here, Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM)‐based experiments are reported, which allow significant new insights regarding charge transport at domain walls in ErMnO3. In one set of experiments, KPFM is used to spatially map the Hall potential, developed at the surface of polished single crystals. These maps provide direct experimental evidence that n‐type head‐to‐head domain walls arise in otherwise p‐type material. In another set of experiments, the geometry for current flow is restricted, by cutting sub‐micron thick lamellar slices of ErMnO3 (using a Focused Ion Beam microscope). Separate contacts are made to n and p‐type walls and the potential profiles, when driving source‐drain currents, are measured (again using KPFM). Current‐electric field functions showed Ohmic behaviour for p‐type walls, with an intrinsic room temperature conductivity value of ≈0.4Sm−1. The n‐type walls showed non‐Ohmic behaviour and a significantly lower conductivity, supporting the prediction that electrons are in a polaronic state; an upper bound for the room temperature conductivity of the domains themselves is ≈6 × 10−6Sm−1 at 0.1 MVm−1.
Graphic, Quantitation, Visualization, Standardization, Digitization, and Intelligence of Electrolyte and Electrolyte‐Electrode Interface
Authors: Cai Tao , Wang Yuqi , Zhao Fei , Ma Zheng , Kumar Pushpendra , Xie Hongliang , Sun Chunsheng , Wang Jing , Li Qian , Guo Yingjun , Ming Jun
Published: April 2024

Electrolytes have recently regained significant attention in rechargeable batteries due to the discovery that the electrolyte microstructures play a determinant role in battery performance. By adjusting the compositions of electrolytes to cater to various functionalities, such as high‐voltage, fast‐charging, wide‐temperature operation, and non‐flammable features, a diverse range of batteries can be developed to adapt to different environmental working conditions. Nevertheless, elucidating the electrolyte microstructures and understanding the associated electrode interfacial behaviors remain challenging. These challenges arise from the interdisciplinary nature of the research, encompassing subjects such as solution chemistry, interface chemistry, electrochemistry, and organic chemistry. This topic holds particular significance because solution chemistry and solution‐solid interface chemistry are ubiquitous in daily lives, yet their behaviors remain unclear due to their inherent complexity, dynamic nature, and rapid variability. In this context, electrolyte and electrolyte‐electrode interface research are used as an illustrative example and summarize their progress from six key perspectives of graphic, quantitation, visualization, standardization, digitization, and intelligence. It is aimed to provide a multi‐faceted understanding of electrolyte microstructures and their behaviors on the electrode interface. This comprehensive approach enables the effective design of electrolytes and enhances the accuracy of predicting battery performance, servicing the development of solution and solution‐solid interface.
Are commodity exports a road to weaker institutions? Causal inference through a natural experiment
Authors: Lana Pinto Victor H. , Costa Lorena V. , de Mattos Leonardo B.
Published: April 2024

Countries rich in natural resources are typically major exporters of commodities worldwide. Specialization in such goods may create incentives for certain groups to hinder a country's institutional development. Therefore, in this article, we investigate the causal relationship between commodity exports and the institutional quality of 49 countries from 1997 to 2022. Given that commodity exports can both influence and be influenced by institutional quality, it is crucial to search for exogenous natural variations in commodity exports in combination with econometric modeling strategies. To address the endogeneity problem, we use a natural experiment—China's accession to the World Trade Organization—to establish a causal link between agricultural exports and institutional quality free from bias. Our results highlight that increased reliance on commodity exports is linked to detrimental effects on a country's institutions. It diminishes citizen participation, increases the risk of political violence, lowers public service quality, hampers private sector development, erodes trust in societal rules, and amplifies corruption. The findings confirm the negative relationship between commodity exports and institutional development. They also contribute to the resource‐curse debate by showing that agricultural exporters with abundant natural resources negatively impact institutions. Additionally, a causal relationship is established, demonstrating that focusing on commodity exports reduces institutional effectiveness, with the study's quality enhanced by using various commodity product bundles and alternating institutional quality measures. EconLit Citations: F13, F55, Q0.
A novel GRK2 variant in a patient with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia accompanied by Morgagni hernia
Authors: Şimşek‐Kiper Pelin Özlem , Karaosmanoğlu Beren , Taşkıran Ekim Zihni , Türer Özlem Boybeyi , Utine Gülen Eda , Soyer Tutku
Published: April 2024

Skeletal ciliopathies constitute a subgroup of ciliopathies characterized by various skeletal anomalies arising from mutations in genes impacting cilia, ciliogenesis, intraflagellar transport process, or various signaling pathways. Short‐rib thoracic dysplasias, previously known as Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (ATD), stand out as the most prevalent and prototypical form of skeletal ciliopathies, often associated with semilethality. Recently, pathogenic variants in GRK2, a subfamily of mammalian G protein‐coupled receptor kinases, have been identified as one of the underlying causes of Jeune ATD. In this study, we report a new patient with Jeune ATD, in whom exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous GRK2 variant, and we review the clinical features and radiographic findings. In addition, our findings introduce Morgagni hernia and an organoaxial‐type rotation anomaly of the stomach and midgut malrotation for the first time in the context of this recently characterized GRK2‐related skeletal ciliopathy.
Pathologic and cognitive correlates of plasma biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Cousins Katheryn A. Q. , Phillips Jeffrey S. , Das Sandhitsu R. , O'Brien Kyra , Tropea Thomas F. , Chen‐Plotkin Alice , Shaw Leslie M. , Nasrallah Ilya M. , Mechanic‐Hamilton Dawn , McMillan Corey T. , Irwin David J. , Lee Edward B. , Wolk David A.
Published: April 2024

INTRODUCTION

We investigate pathological correlates of plasma phosphorylated tau 181 (p‐tau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) across a clinically diverse spectrum of neurodegenerative disease, including normal cognition (NormCog) and impaired cognition (ImpCog).

METHODS

Participants were NormCog (n = 132) and ImpCog (n = 461), with confirmed β‐amyloid (Aβ+/‐) status (cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography, autopsy) and single molecule array plasma measurements. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) tested how combining plasma analytes discriminated Aβ+ from Aβ‐. Survival analyses tested time to clinical dementia rating (global CDR) progression.

RESULTS

Multivariable models (p‐tau+GFAP+NfL) had the best performance to detect Aβ+ in NormCog (ROCAUC = 0.87) and ImpCog (ROCAUC = 0.87). Survival analyses demonstrated that higher NfL best predicted faster CDR progression for both Aβ+ (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.94; p = 8.1e‐06) and Aβ‐ individuals (HR = 3.11; p = 2.6e‐09).

DISCUSSION

Combining plasma biomarkers can optimize detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology across cognitively normal and clinically diverse neurodegenerative disease.

Highlights

Participants were clinically heterogeneous, with autopsy‐ or biomarker‐confirmed Aβ.

Combining plasma p‐tau181, GFAP, and NfL improved diagnostic accuracy for Aβ status.

Diagnosis by plasma biomarkers is more accurate in amnestic AD than nonamnestic AD.

Plasma analytes show independent associations with tau PET and post mortem Aβ/tau.

Plasma NfL predicted longitudinal cognitive decline in both Aβ+ and Aβ‐ individuals.
Synthesis of NiO nanoparticles from Paulownia tomentosa plant extracts via a green synthesis method and antibacterial, antibiofilm and cytotoxicity applications
Authors: Gürsoy Güney , Çiçek Zehra , Tekerek Saniye , Kiray Esin , Tanriverdi Ayça , Çakmak Esen
Published: April 2024

This study revealed the effective production of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NPs) using chelating agents derived from the leaves of Paulownia tomentosa plants and nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2⋅6H2O) as the precursor. Nickel oxide NPs (NiO NPs) have been successfully prepared by a green synthesis method using extracts of P. tomentosa leaves in water. The morphology and crystallinity of the NPs were investigated via X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The formation behaviour of NiO NPs and the microstructural and physical properties of the resulting particles were studied. This study additionally investigated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects of NiO NPs. Microstructurally uniform NiO NPs with a nanometre diameter were consistently produced using an eco‐friendly processing approach and exhibited a visible‐range transparency of 89%. The obtained SEM images confirmed the octahedral shape of the NPs. The NiO NPs acquired were found to have potent antimicrobial efficacy against all the other bacterial strains. As a result of their antibiofilm effects on pathogenic Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, NiO NPs strongly inhibited these bacteria in a concentration‐dependent manner. In the cytotoxicity study of NiO NPs, a decrease in cell viability was shown to occur depending on the concentration of the cell lines used.
Simple and rapid synthesis of zeolite W from K‐feldspar via the improved hydrothermal method
Authors: Zhao Zixuan , Yang Kai , Li Yun , Cao Jilin
Published: April 2024

An improved hydrothermal method was proposed to rapidly synthesize zeolite W from alkali fusion‐activated K‐feldspar. The effects of m (KOH)/m (K‐feldspar), n (SiO2)/n (Al2O3), n (H2O)/n (SiO2), crystallization time, and crystallization temperature on the synthesis of the zeolite W were investigated. The optimal synthesis conditions were m (KOH)/m (K‐feldspar) ratio of 1.5:1, the activation time of 2 h, and the activation temperature of 500°C, n (H2O)/n (SiO2) ratios of 42, n (K2O)/n (SiO2) of 0.90, n (SiO2)/n (Al2O3) of 5, crystallization time of 6 h, and crystallization temperature of 150°C. The mechanism for rapid synthesis of zeolite W was illustrated. In this process, Na2SiO3·9H2O and Al2(SO4)3·18H2O were first dissolved rapidly in the synthesis system to form an amorphous gel, which contributes to the accelerated crystallization process. Compared with the state‐of‐the‐art synthesis method, this method remarkably decreases the water content to be added in the synthesis process and crystallization time, avoids the pre‐preparation process of the xerogel, and enhances the utilization rate of K‐feldspar. This work provides an industrial‐friendly synthesis process of zeolite W and could realize the highly efficient utilization of K‐feldspar.
Effect of foaming behavior of polypropylene foams on flame retardant properties under different weight reduction methods
Authors: Li Tingyu , Luo Mei , Liu Bujin , Xu Jiangbin , Zhou Taineng , Xing Jinfu , Zhang Xiaodie , Jiang Tuanhui , Zeng Xiangbu , He Li
Published: April 2024

In previous studies, the effect of cell structures of polypropylene (PP) foam materials on flammability behavior had been largely overlooked. In this work, ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol were used as intumescent flame retardants (IFR) for PP, and then the PP‐IFR flame retardant foams were prepared by using injection foaming technology with two different weight reduction methods (same mold volume before foaming and after foaming). The results showed that the average cell size of all the PP‐IFR flame retardant foams in the 10% to 30% weight reduction was less than 100 μm. The PP‐IFR flame retardant foams with an average cell diameter of 26.22 μm and cell density of 7.88 × 106 cells/cm3 had the best limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 27.9%. In addition, the PP‐IFR flame retardant foams with better foaming quality had a higher LOI and a denser foam carbon layer whatever the weight reduction methods, resulting in better flame retardant properties. The escape of gases from the foamed and un‐foamed areas not only reduced the concentration of flammable gases but also led to the collapse and rupture of the foam carbon layer during the combustion process. Hence, it provides guidance for preparing PP foam materials with excellent flame retardancy.
Simple and controllable synthesis of benzocyclobutene‐functionalized polysiloxane microspheres for low dielectric material: From nanometer to micron
Authors: Peng Qiuxia , Yang Junxiao , Wang Xu , Zhu Rongli , Yu Dayang , Wu Fang , Pu Zejun , Zhong Jiachun
Published: April 2024

Benzocyclobutene‐functionalized polysiloxane microspheres with high sphericity and narrow size distribution on the nanometer (BPNS) and micrometer (BPMS) scale were prepared by the hydrolysis‐condensation reaction of benzocyclobutene vinyl trimethoxysiloxane (BCBVST) in the absence of surfactants, respectively. In this paper, we systematically investigate the relationship between hydrolysis conditions and BPNS/BPMS size. The results show that the method developed in this paper is characterized by simple manipulation, controllable microsphere size, and high repeatability. A possible mechanism for the formation of BPMS has been proposed.
Investigating the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone matrix on surface characteristics and dissolution rate of anticancer drug dasatinib
Authors: Sokač Katarina , Priselec Paula , Barač Jelena , Bafti Arijeta , Taradi Filip , Žižek Krunoslav
Published: April 2024

Dasatinib (DAS) is a second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome‐positive chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nevertheless, this drug is hindered by poor gastrointestinal absorption and limited bioavailability, primarily attributable to its low aqueous solubility. To improve its properties, solid dispersions of DAS within a matrix of the hydrophilic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are prepared by cogrinding in a vibrational ball mill at various drug‐to‐polymer ratios. The prepared solid dispersions are thoroughly characterized by several methods to verify the drug's amorphization and enhanced wettability as a result of successful mechanochemical activation. Fluidized bed melt granulation and traditional tableting are used to prepare tablets of 8 mm diameter with strictly defined aimed properties. Characterization of tablets includes testing their hardness, disintegration, and in vitro dissolution. The in vitro release profiles reveal a significant improvement in the release rate of DAS from tablets containing solid dispersion with the highest polymer ratio when compared with those containing untreated DAS or solid dispersions with a low polymer ratio. The results confirm the significant effect of the PVP ratio in solid dispersions on the surface characteristics and dissolution rate of DAS.
Noise‐Tailored Constructions for Spin Wigner Function Kernels
Authors: Hanks Michael , Lee Soovin , Kim M.S.
Published: April 2024

The effective use of noisy intermediate‐scale quantum devices requires error mitigation to improve the accuracy of sampled measurement distributions. The more accurately the effects of noise on these distributions can be modeled, the more closely error mitigation will be able to approach theoretical bounds. The characterization of noisy quantum channels and the inference of their effects on general observables are challenging problems, but in many cases a change in representation can greatly simplify the analysis. Here, spin Wigner functions for multiqudit systems are investigated. This study generalizes previous kernel constructions, capturing the effects of several probabilistic unitary noise models in few parameters.
Spectroscopic investigation and structural simulation in human serum albumin with hydroxychloroquine/Silybum marianum and a possible potential COVID‐19 drug candidate
Authors: Tekyeh Maryam S. H. , Shushtarian Seyed M. M. , Bakhsh Alireza I. , Tackallou Saeed H. , Lanjanian Hossein
Published: April 2024

In this study, the interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and the hydroxychloroquine/Silybum marianum (HCQ/SM) mixture was investigated using various techniques. The observed high binding constant (Kb) and Stern–Volmer quenching constant (KSV) indicate a strong binding affinity between the HCQ/SM mixture and HSA. The circular dichroism (CD) analysis revealed that HCQ/SM induced conformational changes in the secondary structure of HSA, leading to a decrease in the α‐helical content. UV‐Vis analysis exhibited a slight redshift, indicating that the HCQ/SM mixture could adapt to the flexible structure of HSA. The experimental results demonstrated the significant conformational changes in HSA upon binding with HCQ/SM. Theoretical studies were carried out using molecular dynamics simulation via the Gromacs simulation package to explore insights into the drug interaction with HSA‐binding sites. Furthermore, molecular docking studies demonstrated that HCQ/SM‐HSA exhibited favorable docking scores with the receptor (5FUZ), suggesting a potential therapeutic relevance in combating COVID‐19 with a value of −6.24 kcal mol−1. HCQ/SM exhibited stronger interaction with both SARS‐CoV‐2 virus main proteases compared to favipiravir. Ultimately, the experimental data and molecular docking analysis presented in this research offer valuable insights into the pharmaceutical and biological properties of HCQ/SM mixtures when interacting with serum albumin.
FeS2 nanosheets–luminol–O2 chemiluminescence method for determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, and cefazolin sodium
Authors: Iranifam Mortaza , Royan Maryam , Golshani Pariya , Hassanpour‐Khaneghah Mahdiyeh , Al Lawati Haider A. J.
Published: April 2024

This study introduces a novel chemiluminescence (CL) approach utilizing FeS2 nanosheets (NSs) catalyzed luminol–O2 CL reaction for the measurement of three pharmaceuticals, namely venlafaxine hydrochloride (VFX), imipramine hydrochloride (IPM), and cefazolin sodium (CEF). The CL method involved the phenomenon of quenching induced by the pharmaceuticals in the CL reaction. To achieve the most quenching efficacy of the pharmaceuticals in the CL reaction, the concentrations of reactants comprising luminol, NaOH, and FeS2 NSs were optimized accordingly. The calibration curves demonstrated exceptional linearity within the concentration range spanning from 4.00 × 10−7 to 1.00 × 10−3 mol L−1, 1.00 × 10−7 to 1.00 × 10−4 mol L−1, and 4.00 × 10−6 to 2.00 × 10−4 mol L−1 with detection limits (3σ) of 3.54 × 10−7, 1.08 × 10−8, and 2.63 × 10−6 mol L−1 for VFX, IPM, and CEF, respectively. This study synthesized FeS2 NSs using a facile hydrothermal approach, and then the synthesized FeS2 NSs were subjected to a comprehensive characterization using a range of spectroscopic methods. The proposed CL method was effective in measuring the aforementioned pharmaceuticals in pharmaceutical formulations as well as different water samples. The mechanism of the CL system has been elucidated.