bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential mastery criteria impact sight word acquisition and maintenance: Application to individual operants and teaching trial doses
Authors: Kim Ji Young , Fienup Daniel M. , Draus Cassandra J. , Wong Kristina K.
Published: January 2023

We compared the effects of different “mastery” criteria and doses on the acquisition and maintenance of sight words for 4 second graders with and without disabilities. First, we replicated Set Analysis and Operant Analysis conditions where participants were taught sight words in 20‐trial (4 operants, 5 opportunities) sessions. Acquisition criteria were applied to a set of 4 operants or to individual operants, respectively. Second, we extended the literature by evaluating a lower dose of the Operant Analysis condition in a 12‐trial session (4 operants, 3 opportunities). Thus, we compared 3 conditions—Set Analysis 5, Operant Analysis 5, and Operant Analysis 3. All participants acquired novel sight words fastest and required far fewer teaching trials to maintain each sight word under Operant Analysis 3 compared with Set Analysis 5 and Operant Analysis 5 conditions. Implications for arranging acquisition criteria and the interaction with trial‐dosages are discussed.
Hydrothermal–enzymatic process for the bio‐valorization of keratin wastes by thermostable keratinase from Thermoactinomyces vulgarisTK1‐21
Authors: Kaewsalud Tanyawat , Yakul Kamon , Insomphun Chayatip , Jantanasakulwong Kittisak , Rachtanapun Pornchai , Tapingkae Wanaporn , Chuetor Santi , Watanabe Masanori , Chaiyaso Thanongsak
Published: January 2023

BACKGROUND

Chicken feather (CF), pig bristle (PB), and pig hoof (PH) are substantial keratin wastes from slaughterhouses. They are generated in large quantity, are almost totally unexploited protein resources, and are potential substrates for value‐added products.

RESULTS

In this study, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris TK1‐21 showed a good ability to produce keratinases for the degradation of all three keratin wastes within 5 days at pH 8.5 and 45 °C. Maximum keratinase activities of 5.72, 4.21, and 4.89 U mL−1 were obtained for CF, PB, and PH, respectively. T. vulgaris TK1‐21 secreted two types of extracellular enzymes (keratinase_TK1‐21), which were purified and characterized as thermitase (keratinase‐I) and carboxypeptidase T (keratinase‐II) with estimated molecular weights of 28 and 36 kDa, respectively. Dialyzed crude keratinase_TK1‐21 could efficiently hydrolyze the hydrothermally treated CF, PB, and PH into keratin hydrolysate (KH). Soluble protein concentrations of 6.94, 3.87, and 6.32 mg mL−1 were obtained at pH 9.0, 55 °C, and 72 h, which were three times higher than those of untreated substrates. In addition, this hydrothermal–enzymatic method showed high KH productivity (60–70%) with a production cost of 16.24 USD kg−1. The ferric‐reducing antioxidant power assay and radical scavenging activities of KH derived from CF, PB, and PH were 19–42, 2.5–4.9, and 608–1314 μmol TE gprotein−1. Bioplastic starch blended with these KHs showed improved tensile strength (2.55–4.40 MPa) and elongation at break (40–54%) when compared to bioplastics without KH blending.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our results, we suggest an alternative valorization approach with techno‐economic feasibility for keratin waste bioconversion into a potential active ingredient for bioplastics via hydrothermal–enzymatic processing. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Can pioglitazone be used for optimization of nutrition in critical illness? A systematic review
Authors: McClelland Thomas J. , Fowler Alexander J. , Davies Thomas W. , Pearse Rupert , Prowle John , Puthucheary Zudin
Published: January 2023

Background

Skeletal muscle wasting is a determinant of physical disability in survivors of critical illness. Intramuscular bioenergetic failure, altered substrate metabolim, and inflammation are likely underpinning mechanisms. We examined the effect of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ agonist, on muscle‐related outcomes in adults.

Methods

We included randomized controlled trials in which pioglitazone was administered (no dose/dosage restrictions) and muscle‐related outcomes were reported. We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL, and trial registries. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Primary outcomes were physical function and symptoms, muscle mass and function, or body composition and muscular compositional change. Secondary outcomes included muscle insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial effects, and intramuscular inflammation.

Results

Fourteen studies over 19 publications (n = 474 patients) were included. Lean body mass was unaffected in three studies (n = 126) and increased by 1.8–1.92 kg in two studies (P = 0.02 and 0.003, respectively; n = 48). Pioglitazone was associated with increased peripheral insulin sensitivity (+23%–72%, standardized mean difference of 0.97 from trial start point to end point [95% CI, 0.36–1.58; n = 213]). Treatment reduced intramuscular tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels (−30%; P = 0.02; n = 29), with mixed effects on serum TNF‐α and intramyocellular lipid concentrations. Treatment increased intramuscular markers of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis (ATP5A [+33%, P ≤ 0.05], ETFA [+60%, P ≤ 0.05], and CX6B1 [+ 33%, P = 0.01] [n = 24]), PGC1α and PGC1β messenger RNA expression (P < 0.05; n = 26), and AMPK phosphorylation (+38%, P < 0.05; n = 26). These data have low‐quality evidence profiles owing to risk of bias.

Conclusions

Pioglitazone therapy increases skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and can decrease intramuscular inflammation.
Prophylactic thoracic duct obliteration and resection during esophagectomy: What is the impact on perioperative risks and long‐term survival? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: dos Santos Clara L. , dos Santos Laura L. , Tavares Guilherme , Tristão Luca S. , Orlandini Marina F. , Serafim Maria C. A. , Datrino Letícia N. , Bernardo Wanderley M. , Tustumi Francisco
Published: January 2023

There is no agreement whether prophylactic thoracic duct ligation (TDL), with or without resection, during esophagectomy for patients with cancer is beneficial. The effects of these procedures on postoperative complications and overall survival remain unclear. This systematic review included 16 articles. TDL did not influence short‐ and long‐term outcomes. However, thoracic duct resection increased postoperative chylothorax and overall complications, with no improvement in survival.
Esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis comparing hand‐sewn and stapled anastomosis
Authors: Honório Fernanda Cavalcanti Cabral , Tustumi Francisco , Pinheiro Filho João Emílio Lemos , Marques Stefanie Sophie Buuck , Glina Felipe Placco Araujo , Henriques Alexandre Cruz , Dias André Roncon , Waisberg Jaques
Published: January 2023

This review aims to evaluate the surgical outcomes of hand‐sewn esophageal anastomosis compared to mechanical anastomosis to reconstruct total gastrectomy. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of comparative studies evaluating hand‐sewn and stapled anastomosis were performed. A total of 12 studies were selected, comprising 1761 individuals. The results indicate that the hand‐sewn and stapled esophageal anastomosis have similar surgical outcomes. Stapled anastomosis has a shorter operation time.
Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology guidelines for malignant bowel obstruction management
Authors: Zanatto Renato Morato , Lisboa Claudia Naylor , de Oliveira Junea Caris , dos Reis Teresa Cristina da Silva , Cabral Ferreira de Oliveira Audrey , Coelho Manoel J. P. , Vidigal Bruno de Ávila , Ribeiro Heber Salvador de Castro , Ribeiro Reitan , Fernandes Paulo Henrique de Sousa , Braun Alexcia Camila , Pinheiro Rodrigo N. , Oliveira Alexandre F. , Laporte Gustavo A.
Published: January 2023

Background

Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a frequent complication in advanced cancer patients and especially those with abdominal tumors. The clinical management of MBO requires a specific and individualized approach based on the disease prognosis. Surgery is recommended. Less invasive approaches such as endoscopic treatments should be considered when surgery is contraindicated. The priority of care for inoperable and consolidated MBO is to control the symptoms and promote the maximum level of comfort.

Objectives

This study aimed to develop recommendations for the effective management of MBO.

Methods

A questionnaire was administered to all members of the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, of whom 41 surgeons participated in the survey. A literature review of studies retrieved from the National Library of Medicine database was conducted on particular topics chosen by the participants. These topics addressed questions regarding the MBO management, to define the level of evidence and strength of each recommendation, and an adapted version of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Health Service rating system was used.

Results

Most aspects of the medical approach and management strategies reviewed were strongly recommended by the participants.

Conclusions

Guidelines outlining the strategies for management MBO were developed based on the strongest evidence available in the literature.
Erythroderma in an infant from a traditional alternative remedy
Authors: Vasili Ermira , Fida Monika , Bardhi Brunilda , Dedej Sabina , Klironomi Dea
Published: January 2023

A 3‐month‐old boy with pre‐existent atopic dermatitis presented erythroderma and an agitated state shortly after immersion in bath water containing wood ash. Acute irritant dermatitis leading to erythroderma caused by wet ashes is uncommon. The use of alternative remedies for children with atopic dermatitis is discouraged because of potential severe irritation.
Effect of tree species and substrate properties on organic phosphorus forms in afforested Technosols
Authors: Chodak Marcin , Sroka Katarzyna , Pietrzykowski Marcin
Published: January 2023

Planted vegetation is considered one of the most important soil‐forming factors in the reclamation of degraded post‐mining lands for forestry. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of N‐fixing tree species and non‐N‐fixing tree species on the organic phosphorus (Porg) forms in technosols developing from various substrates. Samples were taken from the uppermost layer (depth 0–5 cm) of technosols afforested with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), black alder (Alnus glutinosa), silver birch (Betula pendula), and scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Samples of the tree foliage and the O‐horizons were taken as well. The studied technosols developed from Quaternary sands (sands), fly ashes after lignite combustion (ashes), and Miocene clays (clays). The soil samples were measured for the contents of labile (POlab) and moderately labile organic phosphorus (POmod), phosphorus contained in fulvic and humic acids (Pfulv and Phum, respectively), and residual organic phosphorus (POres). The foliage and O‐horizon samples were measured for the concentrations of C, N, and P. The N‐fixing tree species had higher P concentration in their foliage than non‐N‐fixing tree species. However, in the O‐horizon, the highest P concentration was determined under birch and not under N‐fixers. The effect of tree species on the organic P (Porg) concentrations in the mineral soil was limited with significantly lower Porg concentrations under pine. The soil under this species contained less Pfulv, Phum, and POres. However, the percentages of POlab, POmod, Pfulv, Phum, and POres in soil Porg were nearly the same under all tree species. The largest effect on the Porg concentration and the contents of particular Porg fractions was from the substrate type. Sands contained much less Porg than the clays and ashes, but their percentage of POlab in Porg was much higher than in the two other substrates. We conclude that N‐fixing trees do not affect the concentration of labile organic P, and the major factor controlling this Porg fraction is the soil substrate quality.
Research on evolution dynamics of urban rail transit network based on allometric growth relationship
Authors: Zhang Zehua , Feng Shumin , Jia Huihui , Liu Hao , Yang Chao , Kang Maohua
Published: January 2023

Each stage of the construction of the rail transit network has unique dynamic characteristics. It can provide recommendations for rail transit network planning and phased construction by evaluating the degree of evolution of the urban rail transit network and dividing the evolution stages precisely. Starting from the allometric growth relationship between transfer nodes and ordinary nodes in the urban rail transit network, this paper defines the evolution level of the rail transit network and the growth rate difference between transfer nodes and ordinary nodes and deduces the dynamic logistic equation of URT network evolution level using the mathematical derivative and logarithmic relationship. This paper reveals the dynamic law of the evolution process of the urban rail transit network at a theoretical level, analyzes the dynamic evolution process on this basis, determines the threshold for phasing the evolution stage, and divides it into four evolution stages. Finally, the results of the theoretical derivation are validated by the evolution data of the Beijing Rail Transit Network (1984–2020) over 45 years. The verification results are substantially congruent with the conclusions of the theoretical derivation, demonstrating the accuracy of the theoretical model and its practical usefulness in directing the building of the rail transit network.
Zero‐viscosity‐capillarity limit towards rarefaction wave for the full Navier–Stokes–Korteweg system of compressible fluids
Authors: Yin Rong , Li Yeping , Qian Yujie
Published: January 2023

We shall consider the one‐dimensional full Navier–Stokes–Korteweg (NSK) system which are used to model full compressible fluids with internal capillarity. Formally, the full NSK system converges, as the viscosity, heat‐conductivity, and capillary coefficient vanish, to the corresponding full Euler equation, and we do justify this for the case that the full Euler equation has a rarefaction wave. To prove this result, we first decompose the solution
as a small perturbation of the smooth rarefaction wave, then make use of the rescaling technique and an elementary energy method on two time scales. Moreover, the uniform convergence rates are also obtained.
A federated semi‐supervised learning approach for network traffic classification
Authors: Jin Zhiping , Liang Zhibiao , He Meirong , Peng Yao , Xue Hanxiao , Wang Yu
Published: January 2023

The classification of network traffic, which involves classifying and identifying the type of network traffic, is the most fundamental step to network service improvement and modern network management. Classic machine learning and deep learning methods have widely adopted in the field of network traffic classification. However, there are two major challenges in practice. One is the user privacy concern in cross‐domain traffic data sharing for the purpose of training a global classification model, and the other is the difficulty to obtain large amount of labeled data for training. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using federated semi‐supervised learning for network traffic classification, in which the federated server and clients from different domains work together to train a global classification model. Among them, unlabeled data are used on the client side, and labeled data are used on the server side. The experimental results derived from a public dataset show that the accuracy of the proposed approach can reach 97.81%, and the accuracy gap between the federated learning approach and the centralized training method is minimal.
Hyperinsulinemia is a probable trigger for weight gain and hyperphagia in individuals with Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Kweh Frederick A. , Sulsona Carlos R. , Miller Jennifer L. , Driscoll Daniel J.
Published: January 2023

Objective

Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is the most frequently diagnosed genetic cause of early childhood obesity. Individuals with PWS typically progress through 7 different nutritional phases during their lifetime. The main objective of this study was to assess potential factors, particularly insulin, that may be responsible for the weight gains in sub‐phase 2a and their role in the subsequent increase in fat mass and obesity in sub‐phase 2b and insatiable appetite in phase 3.

Methods

Fasting plasma insulin levels were measured in children with PWS between the ages of 0–12 years and in age‐matched non‐PWS participants with early‐onset major (clinically severe) obesity (EMO) and in healthy‐weight sibling controls (SC).

Results

Participants with PWS in nutritional phases 1a and 1b had plasma insulin levels comparable to SC. However, the transition from phase 1b up to phase 3 in the PWS group was accompanied by significant increases in insulin, coinciding in weight gains, obesity, and hyperphagia. Only individuals with PWS in phase 3 had comparable insulin levels to the EMO group who were higher than the SC group at any age.

Conclusions

Elevated insulin signaling is a probable trigger for weight gain and onset of hyperphagia in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome. Regulating insulin levels early in childhood before the onset of the early weight gain may be key in modulating the onset and severity of obesity and hyperphagia in individuals with PWS, as well as in other young children with non‐PWS early‐onset obesity. Preventing or reversing elevated insulin levels in PWS with pharmacological agents and/or through diet restrictions such as a combined low carbohydrate, low glycemic‐load diet may be a viable therapeutic strategy in combating obesity in children with PWS and others with early childhood obesity.
Sociodemographic factors associated with tracheostomy and mortality in bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Smith Michael A. , Steurer Martina A. , Mahendra Malini , Zinter Matt S. , Keller Roberta L.
Published: January 2023

Objectives

We sought to investigate how race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status relate to tracheostomy insertion and post‐tracheostomy mortality among infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Methods

The Vizient Clinical Database/Resource Manager was queried to identify infants born ≤32 weeks with BPD admitted to US hospitals from January 2012 to December 2020. Markers of socioeconomic status were linked to patient records from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Social Determinants of Health Database. Regression models were used to assess trends in annual tracheostomy insertion rate and odds of tracheostomy insertion and post‐tracheostomy mortality, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors.

Results

There were 40,021 ex‐premature infants included in the study, 1614 (4.0%) of whom received a tracheostomy. Tracheostomy insertion increased from 2012 to 2017 (3.1%–4.1%), but decreased from 2018 to 2020 (3.3%–1.6%). Non‐Hispanic Black infants demonstrated a 25% higher odds (aOR 1.25, 1.09–1.43) and Hispanic infants demonstrated a 20% lower odds (aOR 0.80, 0.65–0.96) of tracheostomy insertion compared with non‐Hispanic White infants. Patients receiving public insurance had increased odds of tracheostomy insertion (aOR 1.15, 1.03–1.30), but there was no relation between other metrics of socioeconomic status and tracheostomy insertion within our cohort. In‐hospital mortality among the tracheostomy‐dependent was 14.1% and was not associated with sociodemographic factors.

Conclusions

Disparities in tracheostomy insertion are not accounted for by differences in socioeconomic status or the presence of additional neonatal morbidities. Post‐tracheostomy mortality does not demonstrate the same relationships. Further investigation is needed to explore the source and potential mitigators of the identified disparities.
Development and validation of a prediction model to predict school‐age asthma in preschool children
Authors: Zhao Yan , Patel Jenil , Xu Ximing , Zhang Guangli , Li Qinyuan , Yi Liangqin , Luo Zhengxiu
Published: January 2023

Objective

To develop and validate a clinical prediction model to identify school‐age asthma in preschool asthmatic children.

Study Design

In this retrospective prognosis cohort study, asthmatic children aged 3–5 years were enrolled with at least 2 years of follow‐up, and their potential variables at baseline and the prognosis of school‐age asthma were collected from medical records. A clinical prediction model was developed using Logistic regression. The performance of prediction model was assessed and quantified by discrimination of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration of Brier score. The model was validated by the temporal‐validation method.

Results

In the development dataset, 2748 preschool asthmatic children were included for model development, and 883 (32.13%) children were translated to school‐age asthma. The independent prognostic variables with an increased risk for school‐age asthma were used to develop the prediction model, including: age, parental asthma, early frequent wheezing, allergic rhinitis, eczema, allergic conjunctivitis, obesity, and aeroallergen of dust mite. While assessing model performance, the discrimination power of AUC was moderate [0.788 (0.770–0.805)] with sensitivity (81.5%) and specificity (60.9%), and the calibration of Brier score was 0.169, supporting the calibration ability. In the temporal‐validation dataset of 583 preschool asthmatic children, our model showed satisfactory discrimination (AUC 0.818) and calibration (Brier score 0.150). The prediction model was presented by the web‐based calculator (https://casthma.shinyapps.io/dynnomapp/) and a nomogram for clinical application.

Conclusion

In preschool asthmatic children, our prediction model could be used to predict the risk of school‐age asthma.
An Efficient Photonic Crystal‐Based Chemical Sensor for the Detection of Isopropanol, Ethanol, and Acetone
Authors: Srour Samer M. , Taya Sofyan A. , Colak Ilhami , Hakamy Ahmad A.
Published: January 2023

For the improvement of daily needs, the use of many chemicals is growing rapidly. Some of these compounds are harmful to human health. Moreover, due to the wide range of applications in industry, it has become necessary to develop rapid and accurate detectors for chemical compounds. Herein, a new chemical photonic structure is theoretically investigated as a detector for isopropanol, ethanol, and acetone. The proposed sensor is based on a 1D ternary photonic crystal and has the structure (Si/Si3N4/SiO2)N/cavity layer/(Si/Si3N4/SiO2)N. The organic chemical compounds are assumed to be separately infiltrated into the cavity layer. The defect layer (DLR) thickness, incident angle, number of unit cells, and the contrast between the high‐ and low‐index layers are varied and the sensitivity and quality factor are found for each case. The sensitivity can be considerably improved by increasing the DLR thickness, angle of incidence, and the contrast between the high‐ and low‐index materials. An extremely high sensitivity (2270.48, 2283.0555, and 2283.75) and quality factor (21.82 × 105, 21.48 × 105 and 21.46 × 105) are obtained for isopropanol, ethanol, and acetone. The results described earlier may pave the way for a practical and useful method of diagnosing chemical compounds.
Generalized homogeneous control with integral action
Authors: Zhou Yu , Polyakov Andrey , Zheng Gang
Published: January 2023

A generalized homogeneous control with integral action for a multiple‐input plant operating under uncertainty conditions is designed. The stability analysis is essentially based on a special version of the nonsmooth Lyapunov function theorem for differential equations with discontinuous right‐hand sides. A Lyapunov function for analysis of the closed‐loop system is presented. For negative homogeneity degree, this Lyapunov function becomes a strict Lyapunov function allowing an advanced analysis to be provided. In particular, the maximum control magnitude and the settling‐time of the closed‐loop system are estimated and a class of disturbances to be rejected by the control law is characterized. The control parameters are tuned by solving a system of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), whose feasibility is proved at least for small (close to zero) homogeneity degrees. The theoretical results are illustrated by numerical simulations.
A set of 99 healthy city indicators for application in urban planning and design
Authors: Ziafati Bafarasat Abbas , Cheshmehzangi Ali , Ankowska Ania
Published: January 2023

Despite much interest in healthy, sustainable cities, currently they are often on the margins of urban planning and design, not the centre. Part of the reason for this is technical. Many planners are interested in designing healthier cities but wonder how to link their objectives with actions. This study develops 99 indicators for a healthy city. The basis for the development of indicators was the 11 objectives of a healthy city according to the World Health Organisation. Application of these indicators helps push healthy city objectives to the centre of urban planning and design in two ways: (I) the indicators can show gap with each objective; and (II) monitoring the indicators over time can show the performance of solutions for each objective. It is possible to explore synergies and trade‐offs between the 11 objectives of healthy cities by examining the relationships between their 99 indicators. Trade‐offs between healthy city objectives in some contexts might require local adjustment of these objectives. This, in turn, would require adjustment of their indicators. Thus, the set of 99 indicators can be used as a starting point in an iterative process of adapting healthy city objectives and indicators to local circumstances.
Identification of carbon‐containing phases in electrodeposited hard Fe–C coatings with intentionally codeposited carbon
Authors: Marcoen Kristof , Gauvin Mélanie , De Cleene Ansbert , Obitsø Nielsen Jacob , Baert Kitty , Terryn Herman , De Strycker Joost , Hauffman Tom , Pantleon Karen
Published: January 2023

Electrodeposition from an environmentally friendly iron sulfate electrolyte with citric acid as carbon source has gained attention recently, because of excellent mechanical properties of the resulting Fe–C coatings with intentionally codeposited high‐carbon concentrations. While being very attractive as protective coatings and sustainable alternatives for hard chrome coatings, comprehensive understanding of the coatings' chemical constitution including the type and location of carbon‐containing phases is still lacking. The amount of codeposited carbon of up to about 0.8 wt.% significantly exceeds the solubility of carbon in ferrite, although carbon‐free ferrite is the only unambiguously reported phase in as‐deposited Fe–C coatings so far. In the present work, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and soft X‐ray emission spectroscopy have been applied to identify the carbon‐containing phases, which are present as minor secondary phases in the coatings but are known to have an important influence on the coatings' properties. Three carbon‐containing phases could be distinguished, homogeneously distributed in the nanocrystalline ferrite base material. Iron acetates, amorphous carbon, and carbides were found in both as‐deposited and annealed Fe–C coatings up to 300°C, but their fraction changes during postdeposition annealing.
DBF‐YOLO:UAVSmall Targets Detection Based on Shallow Feature Fusion
Authors: Liu Haiying , Duan Xuehu , Chen Haonan , Lou Haitong , Deng Lixia
Published: January 2023

Driven by deep learning, great breakthroughs had been made in the field of target detection. Small target detection algorithms were widely used in industry, agriculture and other fields. But the small target had few available features and the loss of small target detail information in feature extraction. So it led to the low accuracy of the small target detection algorithms. In this paper, we proposed DBF‐YOLO algorithm based on the classical YOLOV5. The classical YOLOV5 algorithm with high speed. The detection speed of the minimum model could reach 24 ms. However, the deep network structure led to the low detection accuracy of small targets. Our proposed DBF‐YOLO algorithm was an improvement on the problem of small target information being lost. The main contributions of this article were mainly: First, a shallow feature extraction network was introduced in P1 layer, more details of small targets could be well retained. Second, by adding the feature fusion network of shallow feature map and the detection output part in the FPN + PAN layers, the algorithm's accuracy and generalization ability were significantly enhanced. Compared to YOLOV5, the performance of the DBF‐YOLO algorithm was significantly improved. On the validation set, mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 were increased by 8.80 and 5.90%, respectively. Recall was increased from the initial 34.50–41.80%. Precision was increased from initial 44.20 to 50.70%. On the test set, mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 were increased by 6.40 and 3.90%, respectively. Recall was increased 5.10%. Precision was increased 6.60%. Experiments had shown that the improved algorithm achieved good results in accuracy. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
A dimer of the negatively charged carbonyl cluster {Ir4(CO)11−}2 bonded by a single Ir−Ir bond, and comparison with the singly bonded (C60−)2 dimer.
Authors: Sobov Pavel A. , Shestakov Alexander F. , Kuzmin Alexey V. , Khasanov Salavat S. , Otsuka Akihiro , Yamochi Hideki , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Konarev Dmitri V.
Published: January 2023

Reduction of the Ir4(CO)12 cluster by two equivalents of Cp*2Cr (Cp* is η5‐Me5C5) produces the (Cp*2Cr+)2{Ir4(CO)11−}2 ⋅ 4 C6H4Cl2 complex. Two Ir4(CO)11− anions are bonded by a single Ir−Ir bond in the anionic {Ir4(CO)11−}2 dimer. The bond length is 2.8339(5) Å at 100 K. Therefore, clusters can form metal‐metal bonded dimers under reduction. The {Ir4(CO)11−}2 dimers do not dissociate to paramagnetic species up to 340 K and even higher temperatures that indicates their high stability. DFT calculations show that dimerization of clusters can occur due to the loss of one CO group in neutral or anionic clusters. Dimerization of anionic transition metal cluster is to a certain extend similar to dimerization of negatively charged carbon cluster – fullerene C60⋅− and here we compare both types of dimers.
Feynman rules for forced wave turbulence
Authors: Rosenhaus Vladimir , Smolkin Michael
Published: January 2023

Abstract

It has long been known that weakly nonlinear field theories can have a late-time stationary state that is not the thermal state, but a wave turbulent state with a far-from-equilibrium cascade of energy. We go beyond the existence of the wave turbulent state, studying fluctuations about the wave turbulent state. Specifically, we take a classical field theory with an arbitrary quartic interaction and add dissipation and Gaussian-random forcing. Employing the path integral relation between stochastic classical field theories and quantum field theories, we give a prescription, in terms of Feynman diagrams, for computing correlation functions in this system. We explicitly compute the two-point and four-point functions of the field to next-to-leading order in the coupling. Through an appropriate choice of forcing and dissipation, these correspond to correlation functions in the wave turbulent state. In particular, we derive the kinetic equation to next-to-leading order.
Softly broken symmetries in the 2HDM — an invariant formulation
Authors: Ferreira P. M. , Grzadkowski B. , Ogreid O. M. , Osland P.
Published: January 2023

Abstract

Soft breaking of a symmetry requires an invariance of the dimension-4 part of the Lagrangian and non-trivial variation of the lower-dimensional part. However, in general, separation between the dim-4 and lower-dimensional Lagrangian is not invariant with respect to basis transformations of fields. Therefore, a natural question of the physical meaning of soft symmetry breaking arises. This problem is addressed here in the framework of two-Higgs-Doublet Models (2HDM). It has been shown, within these models, that in spite of the ambiguity corresponding to the separation between dim-4 and the lower-dimension Lagrangian, implications of the soft symmetry breaking could be formulated in terms of observables, i.e., they are physical and measurable. There are six global symmetries that can be imposed on the scalar sector of the generic 2HDM. Necessary and sufficient tree-level conditions for soft breaking of all of them have been formulated in terms of observables.
In vivo assessment of artefacts in MRI images caused by conventional twistflex and various fixed orthodontic CAD/CAM retainers
Authors: Roser Christoph J. , Hilgenfeld Tim , Saleem Muhammad Abdullah , Rückschloß Thomas , Heiland Sabine , Bendszus Martin , Lux Christopher J. , Juerchott Alexander
Published: January 2023

Purpose

To assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) artefacts caused by different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) retainers in comparison with conventional hand bent stainless steel twistflex retainers in vivo.

Materials and methods

MRI scans (3 Tesla) were performed on a male volunteer with different CAD/CAM retainers (cobalt–chromium, CoCr; nickel–titanium, NiTi; grade 5 titanium, Ti5) and twistflex retainers inserted. A total of 126 landmarks inside and outside the retainer area (RA; from canine to canine) were evaluated by two blinded radiologists using an established five-point visibility scoring (1: excellent, 2: good, 3: moderate, 4: poor, 5: not visible). Friedman and two-tailed Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis (significance level: p < 0.05).

Results

Twistflex retainers had the strongest impact on the visibility of all landmarks inside (4.0 ± 1.5) and outside the RA (1.7 ± 1.2). In contrast, artefacts caused by CAD/CAM retainers were limited to the dental area inside the RA (CoCr: 2.2 ± 1.2) or did not impair MRI-based diagnostics in a clinically relevant way (NiTi: 1.0 ± 0.1; Ti5: 1.4 ± 0.6).

Conclusion

The present study on a single test person demonstrates that conventional stainless steel twistflex retainers can severely impair the diagnostic value in head/neck and dental MRI. By contrast, CoCr CAD/CAM retainers can cause artefacts which only slightly impair dental MRI but not head/neck MRI, whereas NiTi and Ti5 CAD/CAM might be fully compatible with both head/neck and dental MRI.
Location-specific ASPECTS does not improve Outcome Prediction in Large Vessel Occlusion compared to Cumulative ASPECTS
Authors: Neuberger Ulf , Vollherbst Dominik F. , Ulfert Christian , Schönenberger Silvia , Herweh Christian , Nagel Simon , Ringleb Peter A. , Möhlenbruch Markus A. , Bendszus Martin , Vollmuth Philipp
Published: January 2023

Purpose

Individual regions of the Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS) may contribute differently to the clinical symptoms in large vessel occlusion (LVO). Here, we investigated whether the predictive performance on clinical outcome can be increased by considering specific ASPECTS subregions.

Methods

A consecutive series of patients with LVO affecting the middle cerebral artery territory and subsequent endovascular treatment (EVT) between January 2015 and July 2020 was analyzed, including affected ASPECTS regions. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the individual impact of ASPECTS regions on good clinical outcome (defined as modified Rankin scale after 90 days of 0–2). Machine-learning-driven logistic regression models were trained (training = 70%, testing = 30%) to predict good clinical outcome using i) cumulative ASPECTS and ii) location-specific ASPECTS, and their performance compared using deLong’s test. Furthermore, additional analyses using binarized as well as linear clinical outcomes using regression and machine-learning techniques were applied to thoroughly assess the potential predictive properties of individual ASPECTS regions and their combinations.

Results

Of 1109 patients (77.3 years ± 11.6, 43.8% male), 419 achieved a good clinical outcome and a median NIHSS after 24 h of 12 (interquartile range, IQR 4–21). Individual ASPECTS regions showed different impact on good clinical outcome in the multivariate logistic regression, with strongest effects for insula (odds ratio, OR 0.56, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.42–0.75) and M5 (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29–0.97) regions. Accuracy (ACC) in predicting good clinical outcome of the test set did not differ between when considering i) cumulative ASPECTS and ii) location-specific ASPECTS (ACC = 0.619, 95% CI 0.58–0.64 vs. ACC = 0.629, 95% CI 0.60–0.65; p = 0.933).

Conclusion

Cumulative ASPECTS assessment in LVO remains a stable and reliable predictor for clinical outcome and is not inferior to a weighted (location-specific) ASPECTS assessment.
Investigation of material removal mechanisms of laser-structured Si3N4 via single diamond grit scratching
Authors: Paknejad Masih , Azarhoushang Bahman , Zahedi Ali , Khakrangin Mehdi , Kadivar Mohammad Ali
Published: January 2023

Grinding hard-brittle materials like silicon nitride is faced with some challenges, including sub-surface damage, high tool wear, and low grinding efficiency. Ultrashort-pulse laser structuring of hard materials prior to the grinding process significantly reduces the cutting forces and temperature and increases the achievable material removal rate of the grinding process. These effects are partially due to controllable induced damages into the subsurface of the structured workpieces. However, the impacts of this surface structuring technique on the material removal mechanism of advanced ceramics, such as Si3N4, are not yet thoroughly investigated. The dominant material removal mechanism in grinding hard and brittle materials, such as silicon nitride (Si3N4), defines the surface integrity of the workpiece. For the first time, in-depth single diamond grit scratching experiments are carried out to investigate the changes in the dominant material removal mechanisms at various chip thicknesses by laser structuring of Si3N4. Two different structuring ratios (25% and 50%) were generated on sample surfaces by a femtosecond laser. The effects of laser structuring on material removal mechanism, pile-up area, area and width of the groove, grit path, normal and tangential forces, and specific cutting energy have been investigated. The results indicate that laser structuring considerably affects the reduction of depth ratio, normal (up to 89%) and tangential (up to 82%) forces, and specific cutting energy. The specific cutting energy of laser-structured Si3N4 workpieces converged to about 5 J/mm3, much lower than that of unstructured workpieces.
Cardiac magnetic resonance shows increased adverse ventricular remodeling in younger patients after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Guo Ruifeng , Wang Xiao , Guo Qian , Yan Yan , Gong Wei , Zheng Wen , Zhao Guanqi , Wang Hui , Xu Lei , Nie Shaoping
Published: January 2023

Objectives

Young patients account for about half of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients and display a unique risk profile compared with old patients. Whether these differences are related to disparities in ventricular remodeling remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate age-related differences in ventricular remodeling after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for STEMI.

Methods

In this observational study, consecutive STEMI patients between October 2019 and March 2021 who underwent serial cardiovascular magnetic resonance at index admission (3 to 7 days) and 3 months after PPCI were enrolled. Adverse remodeling was defined as ≥ 10% enlargement in left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi), while reverse remodeling was defined as a decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) of more than 10%.

Results

A total of 123 patients were included and grouped into young (< 60 years, n = 71) and old (≥ 60 years, n = 52) patients. Despite generally similar baseline structural and infarct characteristics, LVESVi significantly decreased only in old patients during follow-up (p = 0.034). The incidence of adverse remodeling was higher (49.3% vs 30.8%, p = 0.039), while the incidence of reverse remodeling was lower (31.0% vs 53.8%, p = 0.011) in young compared with old patients. Younger age (< 60 years) was associated with a significantly higher risk of adverse remodeling (adjusted OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.41–8.74, p = 0.007) and lower incidence of reverse remodeling (adjusted OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18–0.97, p = 0.046).

Conclusions

In STEMI patients undergoing PPCI, young patients are at a higher risk of adverse remodeling and less probably develop reverse remodeling than old patients. Equal or more attention should be paid to young patients with STEMI compared with their older counterparts.

Key Points

• In STEMI patients undergoing PPCI, young patients displayed unfavorable remodeling compared with old patients.

• Young patients are at a higher risk of adverse remodeling and less probably develop reverse remodeling than old patients.

• Equal or more attention should be paid to young patients compared with their older counterparts.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for management of hydrocephalus associated with Chiari malformation type II in children
Authors: El-Ghandour Nasser M. F. , Salama Mohamed M , Ghoneim Mohamed Adel , Attia Ahmed M.
Published: January 2023

Background

Hydrocephalus is commonly associated with Chiari malformation (CM) particularly CM type II. The traditional treatment of hydrocephalus in these patients has been cerebrospinal fluid diversion by shunts. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has emerged as an alternative procedure in these patients.

Purpose

Assessment of the clinical and radiological outcomes of ETV in the management of hydrocephalus in children with CM II.

Methods

This is a prospective study conducted on 18 patients with CM II associated with hydrocephalus admitted to Cairo University hospitals between January 2020 and June 2021. These patients had been managed surgically by ETV. Clinical outcome was assessed based on improvement of manifestations of increased intracranial pressure while radiological outcome was based on the findings of postoperative computed tomography. In cases with early failure, serial lumbar puncture (LP) was performed for 2 days.

Results

ETV was performed as a secondary procedure in 4 cases. The overall success rate of the procedure was 72%, and its success rate as a secondary procedure was 100%. Serial LP was effective in decreasing early failure in 44.4% of cases. Radiological regression of hydrocephalic changes was detected in 50% of the cases.

Conclusion

ETV is an efficient and safe procedure in the treatment of hydrocephalus in children with Chiari malformation II, particularly when performed as a secondary procedure. Serial LP following the procedure increases the success rate in patients with early failure.
Healthcare-Seeking Behaviour Due to Cough in Finnish Elderly: Too Much and Too Little
Authors: Kaulamo Johanna Tuulikki , Lätti Anne Marika , Koskela Heikki Olavi
Published: January 2023

Introduction

Cough-related healthcare-seeking has not been studied specifically in the elderly, although chronic cough is most prevalent among them. We studied the frequencies and predictors of any (≥ 1) and repeated (≥ 3) doctor’s visits due to any cough episode during the past year, and due to the current cough episode.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional email survey among a Finnish community-based elderly population. Participants with current cough and age ≥ 64 years were included in the analyses (n = 1109).

Results

The proportions of participants with ≥ 1 and ≥ 3 cough-related doctor’s visits during the past year were 25.9% and 7.1%, respectively. Repeated visitors accounted for 55.9% of the visits during the past year. These visits first increased with cough duration but decreased after 5 years. In the multivariate analysis, bronchiectasis [aOR 3.22 (CI95% 1.08–9.58)], asthma [2.62 (1.56–4.40)], chronic sputum production [1.61 (0.94–2.76)], low self-assessed health status [1.40 (1.04–1.88)] and Leicester Cough Questionnaire total score [1.34 per tertile (1.10–1.62)] predicted repeated cough-related doctor’s visits during the past year. The proportions of ≥ 1 and ≥ 3 doctor’s visits due to current cough were 31.8% and 15.5%, respectively. Among participants with current chronic cough, 60.1% had not visited a doctor.

Conclusion

A minority of participants accounted for most of the cough-related doctor’s visits during the past year, whereas most participants with chronic cough had never sought medical help for it. The heavy healthcare users were not those with the longest cough episodes. Repeated visitors due to cough were characterised by chronic phlegmy respiratory conditions, and quality-of-life impairment.
Fungi in hair roots of Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae) growing on decomposing wood: colonization patterns, identity, and in vitro symbiotic potential
Authors: Vohník Martin , Réblová Martina
Published: January 2023

Most of our knowledge on the ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) symbiosis comes from temperate heathlands characterized by acidic peaty soils and many experiments with a few ascomycetous fungi. However, ericaceous plants thrive in many other ecosystems and in temperate coniferous forests, their seedlings often prosper on decomposing wood. While wood is typically exploited by basidiomycetous ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and saprobic fungi, the role of ErM fungi (ErMF) is much less clear. We explored the cultivable mycobiota of surface sterilized hair roots of Vaccinium spp. growing on decomposing wood in two coniferous forests in Mid-Norway (Scandinavia) and Northern Bohemia (Central Europe). Obtained isolates were identified using molecular tools and their symbiotic potential was tested in vitro. While the detected community lacked the archetypal ErMF Hyaloscypha hepaticicola and the incidence of dark septate endophytes and EcM fungi was negligible, it comprised other frequent asexual ascomycetous ErMF, namely H. variabilis and Oidiodendron maius, together with several isolates displaying affinities to sexual saprobic H. daedaleae and H. fuckelii. Ascomycete-suppressing media revealed representatives of the saprobic basidiomycetous genera Coprinellus, Gymnopilus, Mycena (Agaricales), and Hypochnicium (Polyporales). In the resyntheses, the tested basidiomycetes occasionally penetrated the rhizodermal cells of their hosts but never formed ericoid mycorrhizae and in many cases overgrew and killed the inoculated seedlings. In contrast, a representative of the H. daedaleae/H. fuckelii-related isolates repeatedly formed what morphologically appears as the ErM symbiosis and supported host's growth. In conclusion, while basidiomycetous saprobic fungi have a potential to colonize healthy-looking ericaceous hair roots, the mode(-s) of their functioning remain obscure. For the first time, a lineage in Hyaloscypha s. str. (corresponding to the former Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate) where sexual saprobes are intermingled with root symbionts has been revealed, shedding new light on the ecology and evolution of these prominent ascomycetous ErMF.