bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of oxygen tension on killing ofEscherichia coliby bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytesin vitro
Authors: Goldberg John J. , Pankey J. Woodrow , Politis Ioannis , Zavizion Boris , Bramley A. John
Published: June 2009

A batch fermenter modified to simulate the physical conditions of an inflamedv. uninflamed mammary gland was utilized to evaluate the effect of oxygen tension on killing ofEscherichia coliP4 by bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes. Leucocytosis was simulatedin vitro4 h after inoculation withEscherichia coliby adding bovine neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood to the culture medium. Experiments were conducted at 39°C in UHT treated milk. At micro-aerophilic oxygen tension (oxygen partial pressure, 3·11kPa), bacterial numbers declined during the first hour following addition of the neutrophils. Oxygen tension declined rapidly following PMN addition. Once oxygen was depleted, neutrophil activity was presumably diminished andEsch. colinumbers began to increase. Under anaerobic conditions (oxygen partial pressure, 0·17kPa), no reduction in population was observed. Photomicrographs taken at the time of neutrophil addition and at subsequent time intervals demonstrated a specific association between neutrophils and the pathogen. Subsequent lysis of neutrophils associated withEsch. coligrowth was seen coincident with oxygen depletion.
Effects of abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate and of casein hydrolysates varying in the relative proportions of peptides and free amino acids on milk production in dairy cows
Authors: Choung Jai-Jun , Chamberlain David G.
Published: June 2009

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that responses of milk production to the abomasal infusion of casein or hydrolysates of casein can be influenced by the proportion of peptide-bound amino acids in the infusate. Eight lactating cows were used in two Latin square experiments with period lengths of 10 d. In Expt 1, the four cows were at a late stage of lactation and the four treatments were a basal diet of silage and a barley–soya supplement alone or with infusions into the abomasum of 180 g/d of sodium caseinate, an enzymic hydrolysate of casein or an acid hydrolysate of casein; all treatments supplied equivalent amounts of all the amino acids, this being achieved by addition of free amino acids as required. As infused, the three treatments contained 89 (caseinate), 40 (enzymic hydrolysate) and 15 (acid hydrolysate) % of their amino acids as peptides. The increase of milk production in response to infusion was small and there were no significant differences between the infusion treatments. In Expt 2, the cows received a basal diet of grass silage and a supplement containing feather meal as the main source of protein. Treatments were the basal diet alone and with three infusion treatments as in Expt 1, except that the amount infused was 230 g/d. The response to infusion was greater in this experiment, there were significant differences between infusions and the yield of milk protein with the infusion treatments was linearly related (P = 0·001) to the proportion of peptide-bound amino acids in the infusate. Moreover, there was a close inverse relation (P = 0·007) between the proportion of peptide-bound amino acids in the infusate and the concentration of total peptidebound amino acids in blood plasma.
Oscillatory rheological study of the effects of pH and salts on gel development in heated whey protein concentrate solutions
Authors: Tang Qingnong , McCarthy Owen J. , Munro Peter A.
Published: June 2009

The effects of pH and added NaCl or CaCl2 on gel development in heated whey protein concentrate (WPC) solutions were studied by oscillatory rheometry using a Bohlin rheometer, and by qualitative visual and tactile observations. The storage modulus (G′) exhibited maxima at pH values of about 4 and 7, while the phase angle (δ) exhibited minima at the same pH values. At pH 5·5, which lies within the range of the isoelectric points of the whey proteins, G′ was a minimum while δ was a maximum. At pH 7 and 8 G′ increased to a maximum and then decreased as added ionic strength was increased. At pH 4 G′ decreased steadily but slowly with increasing added ionic strength. The effects of CaCl2 were essentially the same as those of NaCl, but occurred at much lower added ionic strength. All the results are discussed in physicochemical terms. The main conclusions were, firstly, that changes in pH and salt concentration both affected gel development by altering the balance between attractive and repulsive protein-protein interactions, and secondly, that the effects of pH, salt concentration and salt type were interactive. Interaction both partly explains the wide variation in gel character and rheological properties among commercial WPC and potentially provides means of tailoring the gelling behaviour of a WPC so that it functions in a desired way in a given food system.
Identification of fibroblast growth factors in bovine cheese whey
Authors: Rogers Mary-Louise , Belford David A. , Francis Geoffrey L. , Ballard F. John
Published: June 2009

Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGF) were identified in bovine cheese whey after partial purification using a two step procedure. Cation-exchange chromatography produced a mitogen-rich extract which was loaded on to a heparin-sepharose column and eluted stepwise with 0·8, 1·2 and 2·0 M-NH4HC03. Mitogenic activity was found in all three fractions by cell growth assays using Balb/c-3T3 fibroblasts. Immunoblotting identified acidic FGF in the 1·2 M-eluate and basic FGF in the 2·0 M-eluate, but neither acidic nor basic FGF was detected in the 0·8 M-fraction. Quantitative radioreceptor assays indicated 5·8 ng of acidic FGF-like activity and 19·8 ng of basic FGF-like activity per 1 whey in the appropriate eluates. This study represents the first direct demonstration of FGF in milk.
Occurrence of five αs1-casein variants in ovine milk
Authors: Chianese Lina , Garro Giuseppina , Mauriello Rosalba , Laezza Pasquale , Ferranti Pasquale , Addeo Francesco
Published: June 2009

Five ovine αsl-casein variants (A–E) were identified in an Italian population sample using gel electrophoresis at alkaline pH, gel isoelectric focusing, two dimensional gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies against αs1-casein. Each casein sample produced two peaks by fast reversed-phase HPLC. Gel isoelectric focusing and electrospray mass spectrometry were used to demonstrate that the first HPLC peak contained the 191 residue αsl-casein molecular species and the second the 199 residue species, in proportions of ∼20:80. Only in the case of the sample containing αsl-casein CE was the method for the separation of the single short and long forms of each variant unsuccessful. Both two dimensional electrophoresis followed by staining with polyclonal antibodies against αsl-casein and electrospray mass spectrometry showed a heterogeneity consistent with that expected from a protein chain with three levels of phosphorylation and two different lengths. However, especially for αsl-caseins D and E, a further uncharacterized heterogeneity was detected.
Milk protein standardization by ultrafiltration for Cheddar cheese manufacture
Authors: Guinee Timothy P. , O'Callaghan Donal J. , Mulholland Edward O. , Harrington Dermot
Published: June 2009

Skim milks were concentrated by ultrafiltration. Cream was added to the retentates to give cheesemilks standardized to a casein: fat ratio of ∼ 0·74 with protein levels ranging from 30 to 46 g/1. Pasteurized cheesemilks were renneted on a volume basis (22 ml single strength calf rennet/100 1) and converted to Cheddar cheese in 500 1 cheese vats. Set temperatures were reduced from 31 to 28 °C with increasing milk protein level to normalize curd firming rates and prevent curd shattering on cutting the curds. Cheesemaking was otherwise as normal for Cheddar cheese. The proportions of milk fat and protein lost in the cheese whey were not significantly influenced by milk protein level. Moisture-adjusted cheese yields increased with milk protein at a rate similar to that predicted by the Van Slyke cheese yield equation. However, owing to the negative correlation between cheese moisture and milk protein concentration, actual yields increased at a lower rate with respect to milk protein than moisture-adjusted yields. Increasing milk protein levels resulted in significant (P < 0·01–0·001) decreases in the concentrations of moisture, moisture-in-non-fat cheese solids and fat-in-dry matter in the cheese and increases (P < 0·05–0·001) in the levels of protein, salt-in-moisture, Ca and P. While increasing milk protein concentration resulted in significant (P < 0·05–0·01) reductions in the levels of water-soluble N at all stages of the 270d ripening period, it had little influence on the sensory scores awarded for aroma/flavour at 180 or 270d.
Field study on the relationship between teat thickness changes and intramammary infections
Authors: Zecconi Alfonso , Bronzo Valerio , Piccinini Renata , Moroni Paolo , Ruffo Gianfranco
Published: June 2009

The aim of this study was to describe the results of teat thickness measurement applied routinely in three commercial dairy herds and to evaluate the influence of machine-induced teat thickness changes on intramammary infection and the frequency of new infection. A total of 1018 fore milk samples and the same number of teat apex measurements have been evaluated. Overall, relative teat thickness changes were normally distributed (mean −0·16%, SD 10·15%), while a specific pattern could be observed within herds. Increases in teat thickness of > 5% were significantly associated with infection and new infection (odds ratio > 1), but the association was not significant when teat thickness decreased by more than 5%. When results were classified according to aetiology, analysis showed that coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections were significantly associated with both increases and decreases in teat thickness numerically greater than 5%.
Cisternal milk in the dairy cow during lactation and after preceding teat stimulation
Authors: Pfeilsticker Hans-Ulrich , Bruckmaier Rupert M. , Blum Jürg W.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were designed to determine the cisternal milk during machine milking in unfamiliar surroundings, which has previously been shown to inhibit milking-related oxytocin (OT) release and milk ejection. The first experiment was performed with 22 cows in early, mid and late lactation. After cisternal milk was removed, 10 i.u. OT were twice injected intravenously to remove the remaining milk. Total milk yield, cisternal milk yield, cisternal milk fraction (17 and 12% in early and late lactation) and the milk yield obtained in response to the first OT injection significantly decreased from early to late lactation. Cisternal milk yield was similar in front and rear udder halves. However, owing to higher total yield, the cisternal milk fraction was lower in rear than in front halves. Cisternal milk yield and cisternal milk fraction were smaller in primiparous than in older cows. In a further experiment milk distribution in the bovine udder was evaluated after preceding teat stimulation and milk ejection. Teats of 12 cows were manually stimulated for 1 min at 15, 60 or 120 min before milking. Total milk yield was not significantly different with or without teat stimulation. However, cisternal milk yield and fraction were significantly higher in teat stimulated cows than in unstimulated controls but were similar whether cows were stimulated 15, 60 or 120 min before milking.
329. The effect of the method of reconstitution and of the temperature of incubation on the plate count of spray-dried milk powder
Authors: Hiscox Edith R.
Published: June 2009

Bacteriological standards are used in the assessment of the quality of dried milk powder. From a knowledge of total numbers of bacteria and the relative numbers of the various types deductions are made as to the quality of the raw milk supply, the cleanliness of the plant and the over-all efficiency of the process. Figures have been published by several workers showing plate counts of roller- and spray-dried milk powder, but the technique of reconstituting and of plating varied. Sterile water appears to have been the general reconstituting fluid, but sometimes lithium hydroxide (N/10 solution) was used, especially when the powder was difficult to dissolve. The temperature of the reconstituting fluid is not always mentioned, but it appears to have varied from room temperature to 60–65° C. The usual incubation temperature for the plates was 37° C, though 21–22 and 55–56° C. were also used for special purposes. InStandard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, eighth edition (1), the technique laid down mentions water, carefully warmed to 43–49° C, as the reconstituting fluid, and either 37 or 32° C. (for 48 hr.) as the incubation temperature, the choice being left to theenforcement officials having jurisdiction. American workers have for some years strongly advocated the use of 32 rather than 37° C. as the incubation temperature for routine plate counts of samples of raw milk, the advantage being that slight inaccuracies in the temperature of the incubator have less influence on the plate count which is, moreover, closer to that obtained by direct counts. The data offered in this paper show that the advantage of a similar incubation temperature (30° C. was used in these experiments) is equally obvious in the plating of dried milk powder.
Temperature-induced effects on crystallization behaviour, solid fat content and the firmness values of milk fat
Authors: Foley John , Brady John P.
Published: June 2009

The temperature at which milk fat was crystallized was found to influence its firmness values, crystalline conformation and the percentage solid fat at 5 °C. Extremely rapid cooling of milk fat using liquid N2 (LNT) gave a product which, although it contained a relatively high solid fat content, was less firm and possessed a wider plastic range than milk fat crystallized at 15, 5 or –20 °C. Polymorphic transitions occurred in the LNT milk fat when it was subsequently held at 15 °C but not at 5 °C. Apparently the particular polymorphic modification has an important role in rheological behaviour.
Acetolactate synthase ofLeuconostoc lactisand its regulation of acetoin production
Authors: Cogan Timothy M. , Fitzgerald Richard J. , Doonan Shawn
Published: June 2009

The acetolactate synthase ofLeuconostoc lactisNCW1 was studied. The Mn2+content of cell free extracts was 3·2 µ/mg protein. The enzyme did not require Mn2+for activity, had an optimum pH between 5 and 6 and was labile. Incubation at 21 °C or addition of thiamine pyrophosphate followed by storage at 4 °C stabilized the enzyme. It was allosteric with at least two binding sites for pyruvate and was inhibited by several products of glucose metabolism (6-phosphogluconate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phosphoglycerate, PEP and ATP) at pH 5·4. Except for ATP, which became more inhibitory, the inhibition disappeared completely (6-phosphogluconate, 2-phosphoglycerate, and PEP) or partly (3-phosphoglycerate) at pH 4·7. The role of these compounds in the regulation of acetoin production from citrate by leuconostocs is discussed.
A new calculation of the kinetics of the renneting reaction
Authors: Dalgleish Douglas G.
Published: June 2009

A detailed calculation of the growth of molecular weight during the renneting of milk is given, based on a first-order breakdown of κ-casein followed by development of instability caused either by a decrease in the intermicellar repulsive potential or by the formation of holes in the stabilizing surface layer of the micelles. Unlike most of the models which have been described, this model allows a complete analytical solution. The solution is, however, complex and difficult to use simply, although it is shown that the calculations are in accord with experimental observations of the dependence of the coagulation process upon the enzyme concentration and the concentration of the milk. The calculations are also compared with those from other models of the reaction.
Field studies show associations between pulsator characteristics and udder health
Authors: Østerås Olav , Rønningen Odd , Sandvik Leiv , Waage Steinar
Published: June 2009

Four different field studies including 64, 140, 850 and 180 herds were used to investigate the association between pulsator characteristics and udder health. The results indicate that the best udder health is found in herds with a d phase > 330 ms and a pulsation rate > 55 min-1. A d phase of < 250 ms was associated with significant elevation in bulk milk somatic cell count, a higher incidence of acute clinical mastitis and a higher frequency of cows having mastitis associated with major pathogens (mainly Staphylococcus aureus) as compared with a d phase of > 331 ms. There was also a significant positive association between a shorter d phase and a high incidence of teat lesions needing veterinary treatment. Herds having no such teat lesions had pulsators with significantly longer d phase than herds with teat lesions (300 ms ν. 288 ms). These results strongly suggest that in high-line milking machines the d phase should not be as short as 250 ms and should preferably be ∼ 300 ms, and the pulsation rate should be at least > 55 cycles min-1. There was a strong relationship between the effect of d phase and the rate of pulsation.
Distribution of plasminogen activator in different fractions of bovine milk
Authors: White Jeffrey H. , Zavizion Boris , O'Hare Kristen , Gilmore James , Guo Ming R. , Kindstedt Paul , Politis Ioannis
Published: June 2009

The type and relative amounts of plasminogen activator (PA) in different fractions of bovine milk obtained from 15 Holstein cows were examined. Raw milk was centrifuged to separate skim milk and a somatic cell pellet. PA was mainly localized within the casein fraction, being 42 times that in the serum, and in association with somatic cells. The predominant form of PA in milk casein was isolated from SDS-PAGE gel extracts and had a molecular mass of ∽75 kDa. Its activity was increased 41-fold (P < 0·01) in the presence of fibrin but was unaffected by the presence of amiloride, indicating that it was due to tissue-PA. The predominant forms of PA associated with milk somatic cells were isolated from SDS-PAGE gel extracts and had molecular masses of ∽ 30 and ∽ 50 kDa. The activity of both proteins was unaffected by the presence of fibrin but was dramatically reduced by the presence of amiloride, indicating that they represented urokinase-PA.
Effect of temperature on diacetyl and acetoin production byLactococcus lactissubsp.lactisbiovardiacetilactisCNRZ 483
Authors: Bassit Naïma , Boquien Clair-Yves , Picque Daniel , Corrieu Georges
Published: June 2009

We have investigated the effect of culture temperature on the growth ofLactococcus lactissubsp.lactisbiovardiacetilactis, on its acidifying power, on diacetyl and acetoin production, and also on the activities of the principal enzymes involved in the synthesis of these two compounds. The rates of growth and lactic acid production decreased by a factor of ∼ 2 when the temperature decreased from 30 to 18°C. At 18°C, the maximal concentration of diacetyl (0·3mM) was 1·7 times that at 30°C, while that of acetoin was unchanged (5·2 mM). These results are explained by the behaviour of the principal enzymes involved in pyruvate metabolism. The activities of lactic dehydrogenase and acetolactate synthase varied little for culture temperatures between 18 and 30·C. However, the activity of NADH oxidase for a culture temperature of 18°C was 3·7 times that for 30°C, while that of diacetyl reductase for 30°C was 2·7 times that for 18°C. The net effect of temperature on these two activities was an increase in diacetyl production at lower temperature.
Managers’ and Investors’ Responses to Media Exposure of Board Ineffectiveness
Authors: Joe Jennifer R. , Louis Henock , Robinson Dahlia
Published: June 2009

We analyze the impact of the press on the behavior of various economic agents by examining how media exposure of board ineffectiveness affects corporate governance, investor trading behavior, and security prices. Our focus on board quality is motivated by the strong media criticism to which corporate boards and corporate America, in general, have been recently subjected. The results indicate that media releases of (noisy) information have significant economic consequences. In particular, media exposure of board ineffectiveness forces the targeted agents to take corrective actions and enhances shareholder wealth. Individual investors appear to react negatively to the media exposure, whereas investment firms act as if they anticipate the targeted firms’ corrective actions.
The Role of the Media in the Internet IPO Bubble
Authors: Bhattacharya Utpal , Galpin Neal , Ray Rina , Yu Xiaoyun
Published: June 2009

We read all news items that came out between 1996 and 2000 on 458 Internet initial public offerings (IPOs) and a matching sample of 458 non-Internet IPOs (a total of 171,488 news items) and classify each news item as good news, neutral news, or bad news. We first document that the media were more positive for Internet IPOs in the period of the dramatic rise in share prices and more negative for Internet IPOs in the period of the dramatic fall in share prices. We then document that media hype is unable to explain the Internet bubble: A 1,646% difference exists in returns between Internet stocks and non-Internet stocks from January 1, 1997, through March 24, 2000 (the market peak), and the media can explain only 2.9% of that.
The response of hamsters to primary and secondary infection withTrichinella spiralisand to vaccination with parasite antigens
Authors: Behnke J.M. , Dehlawi M.S. , Rose R. , Spyropoulos P.N. , Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

The duration of primary infections withT. spiraliswas dose-dependent with greater proportional loss of worms from heavily infected hamsters and longer persistence of worms in syngeneic DSN hamsters carrying initially low intensity infections. Intestinal worms were lost more rapidly from challenged immunized animals with over 80% loss of established worms by day 6 post infection, but survival of residual worms for a further 2 weeks. Hamsters carrying initially more than 140 intestinal worms began to lose weight during the second week indicating severe pathology at this stage of infection. Mucosal mast cell numbers increased from 50 cells/20 villus crypt units in uninfected animals to a peak in excess of 150 during week 4 pi, although intestinal mastocytosis persisted long after the loss of the majority of adult worms. Serum antibody responses to muscle stage larval antigen were detected in week 3 and increased subsequently. Both mastocytosis and antibody responses were more intense on secondary exposure to infection. Hamsters vaccinated with muscle stage larval antigen showed only a moderately accelerated loss of the intestinal phase but the fecundity of worms was severely suppressed. Overall it was concluded that the hamster host provided a model of trichinellosis that, in many respects was closer than mice and rats to the pattern of infection seen in economically and clinically important host species.
On a New Trematode of the GenusAstiotremaLooss, 1900, from the Intestine of a Tortoise,Chitra indica
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: June 2009

Looss (1898) described a trematode,Distomum reniferum, from the intestine of a turtle,Trionyx nilotica. Later, while reviewing the genusDistomumof Retzius, 1782, the same author (1899) described a new form,Astia impleta, from the intestine ofTetrodon fahakaand also transferred his former species,Distomum reniferumas a type species of this new genusAstia. The generic name was subsequently changed toAstiotremaLooss, 1900 and both the species described originally underAstiaare now included under this new name. Odhner (1911) redescribed both the species and added considerably to our account of these forms. Other species have since been added to the genusAstiotrema. The latest addition to our knowledge of the genusAstiotremais that by Mehra (1931) who has given an interesting account of two new species from the tortoises of Allahabad, and has, besides, given a very useful table and key for the identification of the various species of the genus under review. The present paper deals with an account of another new species of the genus obtained at Lucknow, from the intestine of a tortoise,Chitra indica, from the river Gomti.
On the Incidence of Stomach Worms in Lambs in the North of Scotland and their Control by Progressive Sectional Grazing
Authors: Robertson David , Fraser Allan H. H.
Published: June 2009

RECENT investigations carried out by the senior writer on the incidence of parasitic helminths in the alimentary tract of sheep in the north of Scotland have demonstrated heavy losses in lambs due to parasitic gastritis. In the autumn of 1932 six severe outbreaks were recorded in the counties of Kincardine, Aberdeen and Moray, but no doubt this number would have been greatly exceeded had it been possible to make a comprehensive survey. Some idea of the severity of the disease may be judged by the fact that several farmers lost from 10–20 per cent, of their lambs.
A Preliminary Survey of the Nematode and Cestode Parasites of Sheep in North Wales, October, 1923, to September, 1924
Authors: Jones W. Norman
Published: June 2009

As a result of complaints received from farmers as to the presence of parasitic worms in sheep, an attempt was made during the period October 1923 to September 1924 (inclusive) to ascertain the distribution and relative abundance of the more usual parasitic worms inhabiting the alimentary canal of sheep in North Wales. Regular collections were made from the following centres:—Pwllheli, Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway and Llandudno, with a few records also from Colwyn Bay, Bethesda, Menai Bridge and Denbigh. All the sheep examined were slaughtered for food purposes, practically the whole being obtained from slaughter houses. Almost all had grazed for considerable periods on the farms in the district mentioned, at elevations varying from sea level to 600 feet.
A Cryptic Infection with Dibothriocephalus latus
Authors: Leiper R. T.
Published: June 2009

An anæmia, resembling pernicious anæmia, has been commonly associated with Dibothriocephalus latus infection in man, but the experimental evidence in support of clinical observation has not yet been forthcoming.
Landmarks in Medical Helminthology
Authors: Leiper R. T.
Published: June 2009

May I say, in the first place, how highly honoured I am by the invitation of the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of the City in which I received my early medical training to give the sixth Finlayson Memorial Lecture.
On the Free-Living Larval Stages of the Nematode Bunostomum trigonocephalum (Rud.) a Parasite of Sheep
Authors: Hesse A.J.
Published: June 2009

The only account of the larval stages of Bunostomum trigonocephalum (Rud.) which I have been able to find is a brief note by Baillet (1866), in which he states that the larvæ of Uncinaria cernua Crep. = B. trigonocephalum (Rud.), develop in water and hatch within four or six days. The newly hatched larvæ are “rhabditiform,” .35 to .4 mm. long and ·23 to .3 mm. broad, and the tail is very thin and filiform.
On a Collection of Helminths from Dutch Guiana
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: June 2009

In the following report 38 species of helminths from vertebrate hosts are considered, of which three are new. All were collected by Dr. C. Bonné of Surinam, and were presented through Prof. Leiper, F.R.S., to the London School of Tropical Medicine. The writer wishes to express his thanks to Prof. Leiper for the privilege of examining this material.
Ecological Studies on Nematodirus species in Sheep in Manawatu district, New Zealand
Authors: Tetley J. H.
Published: June 2009

The study of populations of animals has received the attention of a large number of workers. Of these, however, but a few have been interested in the problem in its application to parasitic nematodes and in this field there is consequently a limited literature. Particularly is this so when the parasitic nematodes of sheep are considered, the incentive for study of which, in most cases, has been the pressing need for their destruction. This desire has been fulfilled to a greater or lesser degree, but at the expense of researches which would have contributed to a more fundamental knowledge of the ecological relationships of parasitic worms in general.
On Heterodera schachtii, with special reference to the Oat race in Britain.
Authors: Edwards E. E.
Published: June 2009

In August 1933, Mr. W. Usher, Assistant Agricultural Organiser for Shropshire, called the writer's attention to a partial failure of spring oats at Montford Bridge, Shrewsbury. The Advisors in Agricultural Chemistry and Mycology for the West Midland Province had previously inspected the crop and had failed to find evidence of any manurial deficiency or fungal attack likely to be responsible for the failure. A careful examination of the roots of unthrifty plants by the writer, however, showed that they were heavily attacked by Heterodera schachtii in all stages of development. Further observations revealed that although the cysts of this eelworm were present on the oats over the whole field, very little disease was apparent on the plants except on those growing in certain “sick” areas. The plants in these affected patches were very much stunted, with small ears and shrivelled grain, the foliage was pale in colour and the lower leaves in most cases dead, the roots were excessively branched and rather heavily infested with H. schachtii. It would appear that the infection by the eelworm in the present instance is one of long-standing since cereal crops, particularly oats, had been almost a complete failure for some years in these “sick” areas. It is also significant that the infested areas which were of varying size had in recent years, according to the farmer, greatly increased in extent and that with each successive oat crop new affected patches had made their appearance. In view of this apparent old-standing infection, a special search was made for the presence of H. schachtii on cereal crops in other fields in the neighbourhood. It soon became evident in the course of this preliminary search that H. schachtii was already well established on several farms in the district and that besides oats, wheat and barley were also subject to infestation. The investigation was continued the following year when all cases of failing cereal and other cultivated crops reported in Shropshire were examined. In addition, a thorough examination was also made of the roots of apparently healthy looking crops in the immediate neighbourhood of those failing ones that were found infested with H. schachtii. Later in this paper the general field observations made during this investigation are described, together with an account of some cultural experiments that were carried out with a view of determining whether the race of H. schachtii found parasitic on cereals in Shropshire is capable of attacking other plant species of economic importance and whether this race is distinct from those commonly found in the County on potatoes and peas, respectively.
On the Thermal Death-point of Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J. , Hurst Richard H.
Published: June 2009

It is a recognised fact that the potato-strain of the eelworm Heterodera schachtii is distributed from district to district by the agency of cysts embedded in soil adherent to seed tubers. The need for some method of freeing seed tubers from viable eelworm, and the extent to which infection may be carried by seed grown in eelworm infested land, are strikingly illustrated by observations carried out by the staff of the Ormskirk Potato Testing Station, which, by permission of the Director of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany, are quoted here.
A Revision of the Genus Ashworthius Le Roux, 1930 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)
Authors: Pike A. W.
Published: June 2009

Le Roux (1930) erected the genus Ashworthius for nematodes, from Tragelaphus scriptus sylvaticus—the bushbuck, which closely resembled Haemonchus but which had a symmetrically placed dorsal lobe of the bursa and apparently lacked a gubernaculum. The four species of Ashworthius, so far discovered, are described as lacking a gubernaculum, but numerous specimens from Syncerus caffer caffer received by the author, and identified as A. lerouxi Diaouré, have a distinct gubernaculum. Paratype specimens of A. lerouxi and specimens of most of the other species were examined to determine if the gubernaculum is in fact absent. As a result of this study the genus is reviewed to correct errors in some of the published descriptions and to provide new information where possible.
Observations on the Life Cycles of Notocotylus triserialis Diesing, 1839, and N. imbricatus (Looss, 1893) sensu Szidat, 1935
Authors: Pike Alan W.
Published: June 2009

Redescriptions of the cercaria, metacercaria and adults of N. triserialis and N. imbricatus are given. Cercariae developed in Lymnaea peregra and Bithynia tentaculata respectively and infected snails were collected from the Wentloog level, near Cardiff, South Wales. The characters adopted by Dubois for distinguishing species of this genus are more reliable than any alternative and the number of ventral glands is considered to be a reliable diagnostic feature in spite of suggestions to the contrary. The possibility of using chemical differences between the metacercarial cysts and other stages as a means of speciation is discussed.
Studies on a Trematode and a New Nematode from a Bat from Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2009

A number of helminths from a small bat from a cave in Northern Rhodesia were presented by Dr. P. L. leRoux to the author for study. The collection of consisted of about twenty specimens of one species of trematode, Prosthodendrium cordiforme; the rest were nematodes, namely, two males and three females of Molinostrongylus pseudornatus sp. nov., at least one species of filarial worm, one species of Capillaria and one or two species of trichostrongylid nematodes. Only the first two helminth species mentioned above were studied in detail. The others, for one reason or another, were inadequate for detailed study.
On a New Nematode, Spirocamallanus mazabukae sp. nov., from Freshwater Fish in Southern Africa
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2009

The description of this species is made from two males and one female specimen. They were collected from the intestine of the Homa fish from the Kafue River, Mazabuka, Northern Rhodesia by Dr. P. L. leRoux.
Studies on Larval Trematodes Infecting Fresh-water Snails in London (U.K.) and Some Adjoining Areas Part IV. Schistosomatid Cercariae
Authors: Khan D.
Published: June 2009

Cercaria pseudocellataSzidat and Wigand, 1934;C. bilharziellae polonicaeSzidat, 1929;C. kenilworthensisn.sp. andC. edgwarensisn.sp. are recorded from London. Descriptions of the two new species and a comparison with related forms is given.
Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs withAscaris suumGoeze, 1782 I. An Introduction with a Review of the Literature and the Demonstration of Complement-fixing Antibodies in the Serum
Authors: Taffs L. F.
Published: June 2009

1. An introduction to a study of immunity againstA. suumin the pig is given. A review of the literature on the life cycle, a note on terminology and a general discussion on immunity to helminths has also been included.

2. By first removing the procomplementary activity of pig serum to guineapig complement with hydrochloric acid, it was possible to apply the complement fixation test to a study of the antibody response to experimental infection withA. suum.

3. Using an alcoholic extract of uterus, oviducts and ovaries of the adult femaleAscarisworm as antigen, antibodies against this nematode were first detected in two experimentally infected pigs ten days after infection. A peak of antibody concentration from the thirteenth to the seventeenth day of infection was followed by a decline in the antibody content of the serum to the forty-first day; after which no antibody was detected.
On Two New Species of the Genus Enterobius Leach, 1853, from a Colobus Monkey
Authors: Wahid S.
Published: June 2009

The material described in this paper consists of ten mature males and ten females obtained from the intestine of a Colobus monkey (Colobus sp.) which died on its way to London, from West Africa. The specimens were collected at the London Zoo Prosectorium. On detailed study, they proved to belong to two different, hitherto unknown, species of the genus Enterobius. These two species differ markedly in the length and shape of the spicule and number of caudal papillae. There are six males and a number of females of one species, which is named E. pesteri n.sp and two males of another species, E. inglisi n.sp.
Dicrocoelium dendriticum: The Life Cycle in Britain
Authors: Tarry D. W.
Published: June 2009

The work has demonstrated that one of the more important areas of Scotland where Dicrocoelium dendriticum is endemic carried infected colonies of Helicella itala which live in association with the ant Formica fusca. Workers of the ant were shown to acquire typical metacercarial cysts after the ingestion of slime balls, and the cysts gave rise to mature lancet flukes in sheep and hamsters, eggs appearing in the faeces after 56 and 48 days respectively. Higher egg counts were obtained from hamsters to which more cysts were administered. This is the first occasion on which an ant intermediate host has been demonstrated for Dicrocoelium in Britain.
Studies with Brugia pahangi. 15. Cobalt 60 irradiation of the worm
Authors: Oothuman Pakeer , Denham D. A. , McGreevy P. B. , Nelson G. S.
Published: June 2009

Infective larvae of Brugia pahangi were irradiated at 10, 25 or 45 krads by means of a Cobalt 60 source. In cats, 10 krads caused the worms to be stunted and sterile but allowed them to become 5th stage, migrate posterioly into the afferent lymphatic, and produce pathology.

25 krads prevented the worms from developing beyond the early fourth stage and from migrating away from the popliteal lymph node. No gross pathological reactions were evident. 45 krads produced the same effects as 25 krads but the longevity of the worms was much reduced.
Dioctowittus spp. Chabaud and Le Van Hoa 1960 (Nematoda: Adenophorea) from Australian snakes
Authors: Jones H. I.
Published: June 2009

Dioctowittus denisoniae n. sp. from Denisonia punctata differs from D. wittei and D. chabaudi in the smaller size, lack of vestigeal male precloacal sucker, short egg-filaments, the presence of lateral expansions at the posterior end in the male, and in the expansions of the oesophageal tissue between the stichocytes. Dioctowittus sp. from Liasis amethystinus differs from the three described species in the possession of lateral lobes at both extremities.
Balanotaeniidae fam. n. and Balanotaenia newguinensis sp. n. (Cestoidea; Caryophyllidea) from Tandanus (Siluriformes: Plotosidae) in New Guinea
Authors: Mackiewicz J. S. , Blair D.
Published: June 2009

Balanotaenia newguinensis sp. n. is described from Tandanus brevidorsalis from Papua New Guinea. It differs from B. bancrofti from Australia primarily in being much smaller, having the testes and vitellaria beginning at the same level, and in having the gonopore posterior to the ovarian commissure. On the basis of this new species and B. bancrofti a new family of the order Caryophyllidea is described. Unlike any of the other three families the vitellaria and testes are in the cortical parenchyma. Drawings of the new species, comparative muscle distribution within all families of the Caryophyllidea, and photographs of the inner longitudinal muscles of B. bancrofti complement the description.
The use of gamma-radiation-attenuated larvae ofGaigeria pachyscelisRailliet and Henry, 1910, for vaccination in lambs
Authors: Ansari Md. Zafrullah , Singh Kunwar Suresh
Published: June 2009

The results of a vaccination trial in lambs with gamma-irradiated infective larvae ofGaigeria pachyscelisare described. A single percutaneous (P/C) vaccination of lambs with 2000 infective larvae irradiated at 40 Kr induced the development of resistance. The vaccinated lambs successfully resisted a lethal challenge infection of 5000 non-irradiated larvae 3 months later. In the vaccinated lambs, the manifestations of resistance were shown by marked reduction in the worm establishment, development of retarded and functionally sterile worms and absence of clinical signs of hookworm disease after the challenge infection.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Multicaecum and Brevimulticaecum
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

The genus Multicaecum Baylis 1923, sensu Hartwich 1957, was found to be heterogeneous, comprising species which are relegated to two distinct genera, namely Multicaecum Baylis, 1923 and Brevimulticaecum. The latter name is derived from the subgenus Brevimulticaecum Mozgovoy, in Skrjabin, Shikhobalova, and Mozgovoy, 1951 by raising it to generic rank and emending the definition. Multicaecum contains a single species, agile Wedl, 1861 occurring in Crocodylus spp. in Africa, India and Australia, and is characterized by smooth rounded lips, each with a dentigerous ridge comprising small sharp denticles. The excretory pore is level with the nerve ring or behind it, and the ventricular appendices are long and slender. The species gangeticum Maplestone 1930 and quadrata Linstow 1904 are excluded from Multicaecum and regarded as species inquirendae incertae sedis. Brevimulticaecum contains five species occurring in the caimans and the alligator of the New World: baylisi Travassos, 1933 (type species; acuticauda Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1937 is placed in synonomy under baylisi); stekhoveni Baylis, 1947; tenuicolle Rudolphi, 1819; and two new species. Brevimulticaecum spp. are characterized by flat lips with alate margins and notches, without dentigerous ridges, excretory pore in front of or at nerve ring and the ventriculus with short appendices. The significance of this proposal is discussed in relation to the other genera of ascaridoid nematodes in crocodilians.
Histopathology of experimental Schistosoma incognitum infection in mice following exposure to normal and irradiated cercariae
Authors: Tewari H. C. , Ramachandran P. K.
Published: June 2009

The tissue reactions in mice, experimentally infected with normal and irradiated cercariae of S. incognitum were studied. The lesions observed in the skin, liver, lungs and the intestine of mice infected with normal cercariae are briefly described, and compared with those observed with cercariae irradiated at 3000 r of gamma rays. In general, the reactions in mice exposed to normal cercariae were more intense than in those infected with irradiated cercariae. The severity of the reactions appeared largely due to the deposition of eggs in the tissues of the mice infected with normal cercariae. The experimental evidence suggested that most of the flukes from the irradiated cercariae are destroyed in the liver by tissue reaction.
New species of Moaciria Freitas 1956 (Nematoda: Heterakoidea) from Australian Reptiles
Authors: Jones H. I.
Published: June 2009

Moaciria sphenomorphi n. sp. is described from the skink Sphenomorphus gracilipes, Moaciria butleri n. sp. from the elapid snake Pseudechis australis (both from Western Australia), and Moaciria etnae n. sp. from the python Liasis childreni from Queensland. These species differ from one another and from M. alvarengai and M. icosiensis principally in the number and disposition of body and caudal papillae, and from M. freitasi in possessing caudal alae. M. butleri and M. etnae also differ from the other species in possessing a conspicuous three-pointed internal lip tooth, and all three new species possess a small median papilla within the posterior rim of the precloacal sucker.
On the morphological variation ofEuparadistomumspecies (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) from small mammals in Malaysia
Authors: Betterton Christine
Published: June 2009

Euparadistomumis described from 7 species of small mammal in Malaysia. The worms display characteristics intermediate betweenE. buckleyiSingh andE. pearsoniTalbot particularly with regard to body shape and arrangement of vitelline fields. The nature of morphological variation is discussed and comment made on the possible life-cycle of the parasite.
The prevalence of intestinal helminths in stray cats in central Scotland
Authors: McColm A. A. , Hutchison W. M.
Published: June 2009

Owing to the close association and proximity of man with his domestic animals (in particular the dog and cat), there exist the possibilities of human infection by certain helminth parasites of these animals which may, in some circumstances, lead to serious problems of public health, e.g. encephalitis and granulomatous lesions of the eye caused by toxocariasis (Ashton, 1960; Woodruffet al., 1964).
Further Observations on the Sexual Maturation of Female Schistosomes in Single-Sex Infections
Authors: Taylor M. G.
Published: June 2009

S. maltheei females could mature and produce eggs in the absence of males in mice and hamsters but only nonviable eggs were produced during the 88 week observation period. S. mansoni, S. rodhaini and S. bovis females were studied under similar conditions for up to 30, 36 and 66 weeks, respectively, but in none of these species were any eggs produced by the female worms. The contrasting behaviour of S. mattheei and S. bovis is further evidence of their specific distinctness.
Variation in serum immunoglobulin levels in acute trichinosis
Authors: Matossian Robert M. , Salti Ibrahim , Stephan Edouard
Published: June 2009

An early rise in serum IgE levels was observed in five of seven patients with acute primary trichinosis. Parallel increases in the total IgG, IgM and IgA levels, as well as specific IgG and IgM antibody titres to Trichinella spiralis larval antigen, were detected in two. The elevated levels persisted long after the clinical recovery of the patients.
On two new linstowiid cestodes from Australian dasyurid marsupials
Authors: Beveridge Ian
Published: June 2009

Two new species of the genusOochoristicaLühe, 1898 from Australian dasyuried marsupials are described and their affinities discussed. The new species areO. antechinisp. nov. fromAntechinus macdonnellensisandO. eremophliasp. nov. fromAntechinus rosamondae.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Sulcascaris
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

The genus Sulcascaris is upheld and redefined. Sulcascaris sulcata from Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta is redescribed, from Rudolphi's type material and material from the Mediterranean and Western Pacific, demonstrating that the excretory pore opens between the subventral lips and that the excretory cell is bilateral, comprising a short filamentar right component and a more capacious ribbon-like left component containing the nucleus. The phylogenetic significance of this form of excretory system occurring in an ascaridoid of a marine reptile is discussed. It is concluded from comparative studies, based on measurements, sections and electron scanning micrographs, that fourth stage larvae of S. sulcata collected from the stomach of turtles are identical with fourth stage ascaridoid larvae found in the adductor muscle of scallops (Amusium balloti and Chlamys sp.) and that turtles become infected with this species by eating bivalves. Adult S. sulcata were obtained from tank-reared C. caretta fed with encapsulated larvae from scallops.