bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sicherheit der maschinellen Autotransfusion in der Tumorchirurgie
Authors: Frietsch T. , Steinbicker A. U. , Hackbusch M. , Nguyen X. D. , Dietrich G.
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund

Fremdbluttransfusionen sind bei vielen onkologischen Eingriffen durch die Anwendung der maschinellen Autotransfusion (MAT) vermeidbar. Es ist fraglich, ob mit dem Einsatz von Leukozytendepletionsfiltern (LDF) eine ähnliche Sicherheit wie bei der Bestrahlung des autologen Blutprodukts hinsichtlich der Vermeidung von Rezidiven erreicht sowie damit eine einfachere und flächendeckendere Versorgung werden kann. Ziele der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit waren die Neubeurteilung der vorausgegangenen Metaanalyse aus dem Jahr 2012 aufgrund der seitdem aktualisierten Datenlage und die Ermittlung der Sicherheit von LDF zur Elimination von Tumorzellen.

Material und Methode

In dem systematischen Review wurden alle Studienpublikationen integriert, die über die gängigen Online-Bibliotheken zugängig sind sowie die Rezidivrate, Letalität, den Transfusionsbedarf und die Krankenhausverweildauer nach dem Einsatz von MAT ohne Bestrahlung mit oder ohne LDF zum Inhalt haben. Die Evidenz wurde mithilfe der „Grades-of-recommendations“(GRADE)-Methodik beurteilt.

Ergebnisse

Es fanden sich 7 neue Observationsstudien und insgesamt 7 Metaanalysen aus Teilbereichen der Onkochirurgie. Die Evidenz ist gering. Insgesamt wurden 27 Observations- und Kohortenstudien in eine Metaanalyse eingeschlossen. Bei der Versorgung von Patienten mit unfiltriertem oder leukozytendepletiertem Eigenblut war die Rezidivrate verringert („odds ratio“ [OR] 0,71, 95 %-Konfidenzintervall [95 %-KI] 0,58–0,86) im Vergleich zu nichttransfundierten Patienten sowie mit Fremdblut oder gelagertem Eigenblut versorgten Patienten. Letalität und Krankenhausverweildauer sind gegenüber der Versorgung mit Fremdblut- und der Eigenblutspende unverändert. Die Transfusionsrate ist wegen eines erheblichen Selektionsbias und großer Heterogenität nicht beurteilbar. Zur LDF fanden sich 14 Studien (davon 5 In-vitro-Studien). Die Sicherheit der Leukozytendepletion ist durch die Elimination von Tumorzellen im Bereich von 99,6–99,9 % gegeben.

Schlussfolgerung

Randomisierte Studien zum Vergleich von MAT und Fremdbluttransfusion als auch von LDF und Bestrahlung sind wünschenswert, aber nicht verfügbar. Im Vergleich zu homolog oder nichttransfundierten Patienten existiert keine Evidenz für eine erhöhte Tumorrezidivrate oder ein schlechteres Outcome der Patienten, bei denen MAT während der Tumorchirurgie ohne Bestrahlung des autologen Blutes eingesetzt wurde. Mit der MAT und der anschließenden Leukozytendepletion ist eine Methode zur Vermeidung von Fremdblut verfügbar, die der Bestrahlung vergleichbar sicher, aber einfacher und deshalb effektiver ist.
Vergangenheit und Zukunft des ESUS-Konzepts
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph , Endres Matthias
Published: March 2020

Schlaganfälle werden traditionell nach den TOAST-Kriterien eingeteilt. Das Konzept des kryptogenen Schlaganfalls erfüllte allerdings nicht die operationalen Kriterien, die notwendig waren, um Patientenpopulation zu definieren, die für randomisierte Studien im Betracht kamen. Daher wurde das Konzept des Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Etiology (ESUS) entwickelt. Eine zugrunde liegende Hypothese war, dass die meisten Schlaganfälle bei Patienten mit ESUS durch embolische Ereignisse bedingt sind und weitere Ereignisse durch eine Antikoagulation verhindert werden können. Deshalb wurden zwei große randomisierte Studien durchgeführt, die Dabigatran oder Rivaroxaban mit Acetylsalicylsäure verglichen. Beide Studien konnten keine Überlegenheit des NOAK im Vergleich zu Aspirin zeigen. Subgruppenanalysen zeigen allerdings, dass es Patientenpopulation gibt, die möglicherweise doch von einer oralen Antikoagulation profitieren.
Terrorismus aus psychiatrischer Sicht
Authors: Seidenbecher S. , Steinmetz C. , Möller-Leimkühler A.-M. , Bogerts B.
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund

Terrorismus gehört zu den Extremformen von Gewalt, die bisher in der deutschsprachigen psychiatrischen Fachliteratur kaum Beachtung fanden. Nach Terroranschlägen oder Attentaten kommt jedoch regelhaft die Frage auf, ob die Mentalität der Täter noch im Bereich psychischer Normalität liegt.

Fragestellung und Methode

Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, das multidimensionale Ursachengefüge von Terrorismus mit besonderer Beachtung psychopathologischer Gegebenheiten bei den Tätern darzustellen. Hierzu wurde neben einer kurzen Zusammenfassung des historischen Hintergrundes eine Literatursuche in PubMed, SCOPUS, PsychInfo, und PsychARTICLES durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Aus psychiatrischer Sicht ist eine Unterscheidung von Einzel- und Gruppentätern essenziell, wobei erstere eine deutlich höhere Prävalenz an krankheitswertigen Psychosyndromen, insbesondere an psychotischen, anhaltenden wahnhaften, aber auch affektiven Störungen, aufweisen. Bei der Mehrzahl der untersuchten terroristischen Gruppentäter konnten keine derartigen psychiatrischen Diagnosen (nach Achse I, DSM-IV) festgestellt werden. Bei diesen Tätern spielen neben biografischen, Sozialisierungs-, gruppendynamischen sowie ideologischen Aspekten Persönlichkeitsakzentuierungen bis hin zu Persönlichkeitsstörungen (vor allem narzisstischer und paranoid-fanatischer Prägung) eine Rolle. Es wird dargelegt, warum Terrorismus ein vorwiegend männliches Phänomen ist.

Schlussfolgerungen

Es liegt ein komplex interagierendes Bedingungsgefüge aus biographischen, biologischen, psychopathologischen, soziologischen und ideologischen Komponenten vor, das bei Einzeltätern und Gruppenterroristen unterschiedlich gewichtet ist. Die Ursachen für Terrorhandlungen sind weniger in gewaltaffinen Ideologien selbst zu suchen als darin, dass Individuen mit vorbestehender hoher Gewaltaffinität, sei sie persönlichkeitsinhärent oder biografisch herleitbar, sich Ideologien anschließen, mit denen sich terroristische Gewaltakte rechtfertigen lassen. Die Möglichkeiten der Psychiatrie in Früherkennung und Prävention sind begrenzt. Auf neu entwickelte Skalen zur Beurteilung eines Risikos für extreme Gewalttaten wird hingewiesen.
Comparison of survival outcomes of neoadjuvant therapy and direct surgery in IB2/IIA2 cervical adenocarcinoma: a retrospective study
Authors: Ouyang Peilin , Cai Jingting , Gui Lin , Liu Shan , Wu Na-Yi Yuan , Wang Jing
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This retrospective study compared the efficacy and survival of patients with cervical adenocarcinoma (IB2/IIA2; FIGO2009) treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical surgery (NACT + RS), neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy before radical surgery (NACRT + RS), or primary radical surgery (RS).

Methods

Between January 2008 and November 2015, 91 patients diagnosed with stage IB2/IIA2 cervical adenocarcinoma were enrolled, including 29 patients who received RS, 24 patients who received NACT + RS, and 38 patients who received NACRT + RS.

Results

The characteristics of patients were balanced among the three groups, and the median follow-up time was 72 months. The 5 year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 75.8% and the 5 year overall survival (OS) rate was 85.0%. Univariate analysis revealed that effectiveness of neoadjuvant treatment, tumor size, lymph node metastases, and depth of stromal invasion were the factors predicting recurrence and mortality. Multivariate Cox proportional analysis revealed that the occurrence of a lymph node metastasis was an independent prognostic factor of DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.223; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.060–0.827) and OS (HR = 0.088; 95% CI: 0.017–0.470). On survival analysis of preoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and primary surgery, the 5 year OS (P = 0.010) and DFS (P = 0.016) rates for the NACRT + RS group were significantly lower than those for the RS group.

Conclusion

Stage IB2/IIA2 cervical adenocarcinoma patients who received primary RS had a better DFS and OS than those who received preoperative NACRT. There was no significant difference when compared to the preoperative NACT group.
Pregnancy, time to pregnancy and obstetric outcomes among female childhood cancer survivors: results of the DCOG LATER-VEVO study
Authors: van Dijk M. , van Leeuwen F. E. , Overbeek A. , Lambalk C. B. , van den Heuvel-Eibrink M. M. , van Dorp W. , Tissing W. J. , Kremer L. C. , Loonen J. J. , Versluys B. , Bresters D. , Ronckers C. M. , van der Pal H. J. , Beerendonk C. C. M. , Kaspers G. J. L. , van Dulmen-den Broeder E. , van den Berg M. H.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

To evaluate pregnancy rates, time to pregnancy (TTP) and obstetric outcomes in female childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) and to identify specific diagnosis- and treatment-related factors associated with these outcomes.

Methods

The study is part of the DCOG LATER-VEVO study, a nationwide multicenter cohort study evaluating fertility among long-term Dutch female CCSs. Data were collected by questionnaire. The current study included 1095 CCSs and 812 controls, consisting of sisters of CCSs and a random sample of women from the general population.

Results

Among the subgroup of women who ever had the desire to become pregnant, the chance of becoming pregnant was significantly lower for CCSs than controls (OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.4–0.8). Moreover, TTP was 1.1 times longer for CCSs compared to controls (p = 0.09) and was significantly longer in survivors of CNS and renal tumours. Overall, no differences were found between CCSs and controls regarding the probability of ever having had a miscarriage, still birth, or induced abortion. However, CCSs had a significantly increased risk of delivering preterm (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.3–3.7) and delivering via caesarean section (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.2–2.6). Treatment with lower abdominal/pelvic radiotherapy was strongly associated with several adverse obstetric outcomes.

Conclusion

CCSs are less likely to have ever been pregnant. Among those who do become pregnant, certain subgroups of CCSs are at increased risk of longer TTP. Moreover, as pregnant CCSs, especially those treated with lower abdominal/pelvic radiotherapy, are more likely to develop various adverse obstetric outcomes, appropriate obstetric care is highly advocated.
Evaluation der Aufnahmekriterien von Patienten nach Verkehrsunfall in den Schockraum
Authors: Stephan J. C. , Grossner T. , Stephan-Paulsen L. M. , Weigand M. A. , Schmidmaier G. , Popp E.
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund

Die aktuelle S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU) empfiehlt bei einem Pkw-Unfall mit einer Geschwindigkeitsveränderung von delta >30 km/h die Versorgung in einem Schockraum ohne Berücksichtigung der Verletzungen des Patienten. Ziel dieser Studie war es zu untersuchen, ob Patienten, die ausschließlich aufgrund dieses Kriteriums über einen Schockraum aufgenommen wurden, relevante Verletzungen aufwiesen, die intensivmedizinische Behandlungen oder (Not‑)Operationen benötigten.

Methode

Nach einem Pkw-Unfall wurden Patienten ohne spezifische Verletzung, bei denen ausschließlich eine Geschwindigkeitsveränderung von delta >30 km/h vorlag (Empfehlungsgrad B der S3-Leitlinie), der Studiengruppe, Patienten mit Verletzungen gem. Empfehlungsgrad A der Leitlinie der Vergleichsgruppe zugeordnet. Ein schockraumrelevantes Trauma wurde als Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16, operative Versorgung innerhalb 24 h, intensivmedizinische Überwachung >24 h, Versterben während des Krankenhausaufenthalts sowie DGU-Basiskollektiv (MAIS3+ oder MAIS2 mit Intensivverweildauer >24 h bzw. Versterben während des Krankenhausaufenthalts) definiert.

Ergebnisse

Der Vergleich zeigte einen hochsignifikanten Unterschied in Bezug auf den mittleren ISS (p ≤ 0,001), ein schockraumrelevantes Trauma (ISS ≥16; p ≤ 0,001), eine intensivmedizinische Versorgung >24 h (p ≤ 0,001), Operation innerhalb von 24 h nach Krankenhausaufnahme (p ≤ 0,001), Letalität (p ≤ 0,001) sowie DGU-Basiskollektiv (p ≤ 0,001). Anhand dieser Ergebnisse konnte gezeigt werden, dass innerhalb der Studiengruppe (Geschwindigkeitsveränderung von delta >30 km/h; Empfehlungsgrad B der S3-Leitlinie) lediglich ein Patient eine Traumafolge aufwies, die eine intensivmedizinische Behandlung >24 h oder eine Operation nötig machte. Studien- und Vergleichsgruppen waren in Bezug auf das mittlere Alter (p = 1,778), das männliche Geschlecht (p = 0,1728) sowie die durchschnittliche Unfallgeschwindigkeit (p = 0,4606) vergleichbar.

Diskussion

Ein alleiniges Vorliegen eines Pkw-Unfalls mit einer Geschwindigkeitsveränderung von delta >30 km/h kann nicht als adäquater Prädiktor für ein schockraumrelevantes Trauma gesehen werden. Weitere Studien könnten durch eine Leitlinienanpassung eine weiterhin sichere und hochwertige Patientenversorgung bei Reduktion von personellen und finanziellen Belastungen ermöglichen.
Cyber security incidents analysis and classification in a case study of Korean enterprises
Authors: Mohasseb Alaa , Aziz Benjamin , Jung Jeyong , Lee Julak
Published: March 2020

The increasing amount and complexity of Cyber security attacks in recent years have made text analysis and data mining techniques an important factor in discovering features of such attacks and detecting future security threats. In this paper, we report on the results of a recent case study that involved the analysis of a community data set collected from five small and medium companies in Korea. The data set represents Cyber security incidents and response actions. We investigated in the study the kind of problems concerned with the prediction of response actions to future incidents from features of past incidents. Our analysis is based on text mining methods, such as n-gram and bag-of-words, as well as on machine learning algorithms for the classification of incidents and their response actions. Based on the results of the study, we also suggest an experience-sharing model, which we use to demonstrate how companies may share their trained classifiers without the sharing of their individual data sets in a collaborative environment.
Identification of oleaginous yeasts that metabolize aromatic compounds
Authors: Yaguchi Allison , Franaszek Nicole , O’Neill Kaelyn , Lee Stephen , Sitepu Irnayuli , Boundy-Mills Kyria , Blenner Mark
Published: March 2020

The valorization of lignin is critical for the economic viability of the bioeconomy. Microbial metabolism is advantageous for handling the myriad of aromatic compounds resulting from lignin chemical or enzymatic depolymerization. Coupling aromatic metabolism to fatty acid biosynthesis makes possible the production of biofuels, oleochemicals, and other fine/bulk chemicals derived from lignin. Our previous work identified Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus as a yeast that could accumulate nearly 70% of its dry cell weight as lipids using aromatics as a sole carbon source. Expanding on this, other oleaginous yeast species were investigated for the metabolism of lignin-relevant monoaromatics. Thirty-six oleaginous yeast species from the Phaff yeast collection were screened for growth on several aromatic compounds representing S-, G-, and H- type lignin. The analysis reported in this study suggests that aromatic metabolism is largely segregated to the Cutaenotrichosporon, Trichosporon, and Rhodotorula clades. Each species tested within each clade has different properties with respect to the aromatics metabolized and the concentrations of aromatics tolerated. The combined analysis suggests that Cutaneotrichosporon yeast are the best suited to broad spectrum aromatic metabolism and support its development as a model system for aromatic metabolism in yeast.
Aureliella helgolandensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Planctomycete isolated from a jellyfish at the shore of the island Helgoland
Authors: Kallscheuer Nicolai , Wiegand Sandra , Boedeker Christian , Peeters Stijn H. , Jogler Mareike , Rast Patrick , Heuer Anja , Jetten Mike S. M. , Rohde Manfred , Jogler Christian
Published: March 2020

A novel planctomycetal strain, designated Q31aT, was isolated from a jellyfish at the shore of the island Helgoland in the North Sea. The strain forms lucid white colonies on solid medium and displays typical characteristics of planctomycetal strains, such as division by budding, formation of rosettes, presence of crateriform structures, extracellular matrix or fibre and a holdfast structure. Q31aT is mesophilic (temperature optimum 27 °C), neutrophilic (pH optimum 7.5), aerobic and heterotrophic. A maximal growth rate of 0.017 h− 1 (generation time of 41 h) was observed. Q31aT has a genome size of 8.44 Mb and a G + C content of 55.3%. Phylogenetically, the strain represents a novel genus and species in the recently introduced family Pirellulaceae, order Pirellulales, class Planctomycetia. We propose the name Aureliella helgolandensis gen. nov., sp. nov. for the novel species, represented by Q31aT (= DSM 103537T = LMG 29700T) as the type strain.
Current community based ecotourism practices in Menz Guassa community conservation area, Ethiopia
Authors: Teshome Endalkachew , Shita Fikadu , Abebe Firdyiwok
Published: March 2020

Ethiopia is a country which is endowed with an enormous assemblage of ecotourism resources. This makes it a suitable country for the development of community based ecotourism endeavors, to enhance conservation practices, and improve indigenous livelihood. This study aimed to assess the current community based ecotourism practices in Menz Guassa Community Conservation Area. A cross-sectional study design combining both quantitative and qualitative methods was used to describe the existing community based practices. A total of 223 study participants completed a questionnaire, and the data received were analyzed by using SPSS Version 20. Findings revealed that relatively, Menz Guassa offers higher natural tourism activities (i.e. trekking, bird and wildlife watching, climbing) with 4.35 mean, compared to cultural activities. Indigenous community leaders were capable of operating and managing community based ecotourism businesses effectively, and inspiring individuals from the local population to participate in the tourism business. The income generating from community based ecotourism practices contributes to natural resource conservation, cultural preservation, and livelihood improvement. The current community organization specifically established for the management and operation of community based tourism was effective. Community based ecotourism practices to this destination were respectful of the rights, cultural and spiritual practices of the indigenous community.
Large-scale evaluation of cytochrome P450 2C9 mediated drug interaction potential with machine learning-based consensus modeling
Authors: Rácz Anita , Keserű György M.
Published: March 2020

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play an important role in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Since they are connected to drug interactions, screening for potential inhibitors is of utmost importance in drug discovery settings. Our study provides an extensive classification model for P450-drug interactions with one of the most prominent members, the 2C9 isoenzyme. Our model involved the largest set of 45,000 molecules ever used for developing prediction models. The models are based on three different types of descriptors, (a) typical one, two and three dimensional molecular descriptors, (b) chemical and pharmacophore fingerprints and (c) interaction fingerprints with docking scores. Two machine learning algorithms, the boosted tree and the multilayer feedforward of resilient backpropagation network were used and compared based on their performances. The models were validated both internally and using external validation sets. The results showed that the consensus voting technique with custom probability thresholds could provide promising results even in large-scale cases without any restrictions on the applicability domain. Our best model was capable to predict the 2C9 inhibitory activity with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.85 and 0.84 for the internal and the external test sets, respectively. The chemical space covered with the largest available dataset has reached its limit encompassing publicly available bioactivity data for the 2C9 isoenzyme.
Smoothness Parameter of Power of Euclidean Norm
Authors: Rodomanov Anton , Nesterov Yurii
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we study derivatives of powers of Euclidean norm. We prove their Hölder continuity and establish explicit expressions for the corresponding constants. We show that these constants are optimal for odd derivatives and at most two times suboptimal for the even ones. In the particular case of integer powers, when the Hölder continuity transforms into the Lipschitz continuity, we improve this result and obtain the optimal constants.
Application of airborne hyperspectral data for mapping of invasive alien Spiraea tomentosa L.: a serious threat to peat bog plant communities
Authors: Kopeć Dominik , Sabat-Tomala Anita , Michalska-Hejduk Dorota , Jarocińska Anna , Niedzielko Jan
Published: March 2020

Remote sensing is increasingly widely used in nature conservation management. The research focuses on developing an optimal set of airborne raster data for the identification of the invasive alien species Spiraea tomentosa L. The plant species selected for the purposes of this study poses a serious threat to peat bog plant communities, moist coniferous forests, and meadows in Central Europe. The impact of the data acquisition time on the accuracy of classification and the percentage cover limit required for correct identification of a target species using the developed method were also investigated. The study area is located in the Lower Silesian forests in Poland and is protected as a Natura 2000 site. Airborne hyperspectral and laser scanning data were simultaneously acquired two times in the growing season (August and September 2016) parallel to on-ground reference data collection. The 1 m resolution HySpex images with spectral range of 0.4–2.5 μm were corrected atmospherically, radiometrically and geometrically. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data acquired at 7 points/m2 were used to generate several products, e.g. Canopy Height Model (CHM), rasters representing morphometric features of the area (Multiresolution Index of the Ridge Top Flatness or Valley Bottom Flatness—MRRTF, MRVBF), wetness relations (Topographic Wetness Index—TWI) and the availability of light (Total Insolation—TI), intensity of laser pulse reflection and geometric relations of vegetation points (i.a. Vegetation Cover, Vegetation Mean Intensity). The Random Forest (RF) classification and different raster datasets were used to identify the target species. As a result, the highest accuracy was obtained for the scenario based on HySpex images acquired in September. The accuracy (f1 score) for the target species achieved 83%. The developed method for the identification of Spiraea tomentosa has a great potential for application and can be used for monitoring peat bogs threatened by invasion of alien plants.
A Latent Space Network Model for Social Influence
Authors: Sweet Tracy , Adhikari Samrachana
Published: March 2020

Social network data represent interactions and relationships among groups of individuals. One aspect of social interaction is social influence, the idea that beliefs or behaviors change as a result of one’s social network. The purpose of this article is to introduce a new model for social influence, the latent space model for influence, which employs latent space positions so that individuals are affected most by those who are “closest” to them in the latent space. We describe this model along with some of the contexts in which it can be used and explore the operating characteristics using a series of simulation studies. We conclude with an example of teacher advice-seeking networks to show that changes in beliefs about teaching mathematics may be attributed to network influence.
Intersektorale Kooperationen auf verschiedenen Steuerungsebenen in der kommunalen Gesundheitsförderung von Kindern
Authors: Bentgens Caroline
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund

Intersektorale Zusammenarbeit ist eine wichtige Strategie in der kommunalen Gesundheitsförderung von Kindern, bei der Akteure aus verschiedenen Sektoren und auf unterschiedlichen Steuerungsebenen koordiniert zusammenarbeiten.

Fragestellung

Wie sehen Experten die intersektorale Zusammenarbeit in der kommunalen Gesundheitsförderung (KGF) der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf?

Material und Methode

Es wurden acht Interviews mit Experten geführt, die in der KGF von Kindern in Düsseldorf auf zwei verschiedenen Steuerungsebenen tätig sind. Drei Experten sind der operativen und fünf der strategischen Steuerungsebene zuzuordnen. Die Interviews wurden einer Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse unterzogen.

Ergebnisse

Die Experten beschreiben vielfältige positive Aspekte intersektoraler Zusammenarbeit, die die eigene Arbeit bereichern, den Zugang zur Zielgruppe vereinfachen und die Bedeutung des Themas gegenüber Politik und anderen Stakeholdern steigern. Verbesserungswürdig sind die Zusammenarbeit mit den Krankenkassen und die Steuerungsstrukturen.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Ergebnisse bekräftigen die Wichtigkeit intersektoraler Zusammenarbeit in der KGF und zeigen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten auf.
Soziale Elternschaft und soziale Zugehörigkeit. Reflexionen der Zürcher Adoptionsstudie
Authors: Gabriel Thomas , Keller Samuel
Published: March 2020

Der Artikel reflektiert den Begriff und das Konzept der „Sozialen Elternschaft“ vor dem Hintergrund ausgewählter Befunde der „Zürcher Adoptionsstudie“. Im Fokus stehen dabei erziehungswissenschaftliche Fragen an Übergänge vom Paar- zum Familienleben, die am empirischen Material verdichtet werden. Anhand des Konzepts der „Leiblichkeit“ wird eine zentrale Herausforderung exemplarisch aufgegriffen und diskutiert. Daran wird deutlich, wie gesellschaftliche Wandlungsprozesse, normative Ansprüche und Familienbilder sowie behördliche Überprüfungen die Suche nach Normalität von „Eltern unter Beobachtung“ beeinflussen. Sie erschweren oft eine eigenständige und sinnstiftende Entwicklung ihrer „Sozialen Elternschaft“, die auch das Kind einschließt.
Lesson learned? Demokratische Resilienz gegenüber digitaler Wahlbeeinflussung in den USA und Deutschland
Authors: Zettl Kerstin
Published: March 2020

Die Studie untersucht den Einfluss systemischer und situativer Faktoren auf die unterschiedliche demokratische Resilienz vor externer, digitaler Wahlbeeinflussung durch Russland in den USA 2016 und in Deutschland 2017. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass insbesondere dem Polarisierungsgrad, der Logik des Wahlkampfes sowie der Stellung etablierter Medien eine Erklärungskraft für das jeweilig russischemeddlingunterstellt werden kann. Gleichzeitig können die Wirkweisen einzelner Faktoren auf der technischen Ebene (E-Voting) nicht isoliert, sondern nur in Bezug zueinander bewertet werden.
The readability of online health resources for phenylketonuria
Authors: Marsh Jessie M. , Dobbs Thomas D. , Hutchings Hayley A.
Published: March 2020

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a condition that results in the build-up of phenylalanine in the blood. This can cause severe brain damage and neurological issues if left untreated. Management can be complex and many individuals may turn to the internet to access further information. It is important that resources are understood as misinterpretation could result in harm to health. The aim of this study was to assess the readability of online resources for PKU and to assess their visual appearance using a communication sciences assessment framework. We searched the top five websites through Google using the search term “phenylketonuria/PKU”. We then analysed the text content of the identified websites using five readability formulae to determine the USA and UK reading grade. The median readability level across the five websites was US grade/UK grade 10.6/11.6, with individual grades ranging from 10/11 to 13.3/14.3. We found wide differences in the focus, layout and general appearance of the websites. The readability of resources was much higher than the recommended US 6th grade level. Online resources for PKU need to be simplified to ensure they can be easily understood.
LARUS: an unmanned aircraft for the support of maritime rescue missions under heavy weather conditions
Authors: Ostermann T. , Ben C. , Martin I.
Published: March 2020

In maritime emergencies, the time until arrival at the scene of an accident is a decisive factor for a successful rescue operation. In this context, the research project LARUS aims to support the rescue forces at sea with unmanned aerial systems and thus to optimize the rescue process. This refers on the one hand to the localization of potential accident sites and on the other hand to informing the rescuers about the situation on site as well as the provision of an efficient communication infrastructure. For this purpose, the UAS is equipped with various sensors and communication media. To ensure a seamless rescue procedure, the aircraft must be capable of operating even under severe weather conditions. In this regard, the Institute of Flight System Dynamics is currently investigating measures to reduce the gust loads to make the UAS robust against challenging weather conditions. The integration of the LARUS aerial system into airspace using an active collision avoidance system is also an important research aspect. In addition, the adaptation of flight control to the expanded requirements and influencing factors as well as the implementation of international SAR search strategies for flight guidance are also the subject of development work.
Influence of the endocannabinoid system on the antidepressant activity of bupropion and moclobemide in the behavioural tests in mice
Authors: Poleszak Ewa , Wośko Sylwia , Sławińska Karolina , Wyska Elżbieta , Szopa Aleksandra , Świąder Katarzyna , Wróbel Andrzej , Szponar Jarosław , Doboszewska Urszula , Wlaź Piotr , Wlaź Aleksandra , Serefko Anna
Published: March 2020

Background

Though there are several classes of antidepressant drugs available on the pharmaceutical market, depression that affects globally over 320 million people is still undertreated. Scientists have made attempts to develop novel therapeutical strategies to maximize effectiveness of therapy and minimize undesired reactions. One of the ideas is use of either dual-action agents or combined administration of two substances that affect diverse neurotransmissions. Thus, we investigated whether the selected CB receptor ligands (oleamide, AM251, JWH133, and AM630) can have an impact on the activity of bupropion and moclobemide. Bupropion belongs to the dual acting drugs, whereas moclobemide is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.

Methods

The mice forced swim test and the tail suspension test were applied in order to determine the potential antidepressant-like activity, whereas the HPLC method was used in order to assess the brain concentrations of the tested antidepressants.

Results

An intraperitoneal injection of sub-effective doses of oleamide (5 mg/kg), AM251 (0.25 mg/kg), and AM630 (0.25 mg/kg) increased activity of bupropion (10 mg/kg) in both behavioural tests. Effects of moclobemide (1.5 mg/kg) were potentiated only by AM251. These results were not influenced by the hypo- or hyperlocomotion of animals.

Conclusion

The outcomes of the present study revealed that particularly activation or inhibition of the CB1 receptor function may augment the antidepressant activity of bupropion, whereas only inhibition of the CB1 receptor function manages to increase activity of moclobemide. Most probably, an interplay between CB receptor ligands and bupropion or moclobemide takes place at the cellular level.
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast – Case report and review of literature
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Kumar Manoj , Nigam Jitendra Singh , Khanna Puja , Arora Abhishek
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

Metaplastic carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of breast, accounting for about 1% of breast carcinomas [1]. It's presentation is similar to other type of breast cancers clinically as well as radiologically but it is associated with rapid growth. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays an important role in establishing the diagnosis of metaplastic carcinoma. There is no common consensus about optimal treatment modality for metaplastic carcinoma. Overall survival is less in metaplastic carcinoma as compared to invasive ductal carcinoma. Patient with rapid growth of breast mass should be evaluated keeping in mind the metaplastic or sarcomatoid neoplasm.

Highlights:
Translating COVID-19 Pandemic Surge Theory to Practice in the Emergency Department: How to Expand Structure
Authors: Paganini Matteo , Conti Andrea , Weinstein Eric , Della Corte Francesco , Ragazzoni Luca
Published: March 2020

Multiple professional societies, nongovernment and government agencies have studied the science of sudden onset disaster mass casualty incidents to create and promote surge response guidelines. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented the health-care system with challenges that have limited science to guide the staff, stuff, and structure surge response.

This study reviewed the available surge science literature specifically to guide an emergency department’s surge structural response using a translational science approach to answer the question: How does the concept of sudden onset mass casualty incident surge capability apply to the process to expand COVID-19 pandemic surge structure response?

The available surge structural science literature was reviewed to determine the application to a pandemic response. The on-line ahead of print and print COVID-19 scientific publications, as well as gray literature were studied to learn the best available COVID-19 surge structural response science. A checklist was created to guide the emergency department team’s COVID-19 surge structural response.
The Learning Model of Use-of-Force Reviews
Authors: Thacher David
Published: March 2020

Since the 1970s, police departments have subjected the use of force by their officers to increasingly stringent oversight, but those efforts have struggled against the difficulty of codifying the complex and idiosyncratic judgments that police work requires. In response, some departments have developed new models of oversight that use routine incident reviews partly as a tool for learning in order to document the continually surprising circumstances that officers encounter in the field, to scrutinize existing responses, and to articulate alternatives. This article analyzes the logic of this emerging model through a case study of use-of-force reviews in the Portland Police Bureau. I argue that this emerging model relies on an approach to practical inquiry that has not been adequately understood in criminal justice scholarship and practice—one that uses the routine review of organizational experience to pursue normative progress as well as technical understanding and that makes it possible to adapt complex policing practices to the local environment in which they operate.
Effects of dietary inulin supplementation on growth performance, intestinal barrier integrity and microbial populations in weaned pigs
Authors: Wang Weikang , Chen Daiwen , Yu Bing , Huang Zhiqing , Mao Xiangbing , Zheng Ping , Luo Yuheng , Yu Jie , Luo Junqiu , Yan Hui , He Jun
Published: March 2020

Here, we explored the influences of dietary inulin (INU) supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health in a porcine model. Thirty-two male weaned pigs (with an average body weight of 7·10 (sd 0·20) kg) were randomly assigned to four treatments and fed with a basal diet (BD) or BD containing 2·5, 5·0 and 10·0 g/kg INU. After a 21-d trial, pigs were killed for collection of serum and intestinal tissues. We show that INU supplementation had no significant influence on the growth performance in weaned pigs. INU significantly elevated serum insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration but decreased diamine oxidase concentration (P < 0·05). Interestingly, 2·5 and 5·0 g/kg INU supplementation significantly elevated the villus height in jejunum and ileum (P < 0·05). Moreover, 2·5 and 5·0 g/kg INU supplementation also elevated the villus height to crypt depth (V:C) in the duodenum and ileum and improved the distribution and abundance of tight-junction protein zonula occludens-1 in duodenum and ileum epithelium. INU supplementation at 10·0 g/kg significantly elevated the sucrase activity in the ileum mucosa (P < 0·05). INU supplementation decreased the expression level of TNF-α but elevated the expression level of GLUT 2 and divalent metal transporter 1 in the intestinal mucosa (P < 0·05). Moreover, INU increased acetic and butyric acid concentrations in caecum (P < 0·05). Importantly, INU elevated the Lactobacillus population but decreased the Escherichia coli population in the caecum (P < 0·05). These results not only indicate a beneficial effect of INU on growth performance and intestinal barrier functions but also offer potential mechanisms behind the dietary fibre-regulated intestinal health.
Effects of maternal vitamin D3 during pregnancy on FASN and LIPE mRNA expression in offspring pigs
Authors: Guo Liping , Miao Zhiguo , Ma Hanjun , Melnychuk Sergiy
Published: March 2020

In this study, sows were fed 200 (LD), 800 (ND) and 3200 (HD) IU of vitamin D3/kg basal diet during pregnancy (from 41 d to birth), respectively. All their offspring pigs were fed the same vitamin D3 replete die. At 150 days of age, a total of 18 offspring pigs (six offspring pigs per maternal diet group, sex balance) were weighed and slaughtered to investigate effects of maternal vitamin D3 during pregnancy on fatty acids synthase (FASN) and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) expression in offspring pigs. The results showed that LD offspring pigs had higher FASN mRNA expression and the ratio of FASN/LIPE mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as higher LIPE mRNA expression of longissimus dorsal muscle, whereas, had lower the ratio of FASN/LIPE mRNA expression in longissimus dorsal muscle compared with ND or HD offspring pigs, respectively. Meanwhile, LD offspring pigs had higher carcass fat, average backfat thickness (ABFT), serum insulin and leptin levels, lower intramuscular fat (IMF), serum free fatty acid and triglycerol levels compared with ND or HD offspring pigs. In addition, the ratio of FASN/LIPE mRNA expression was negatively correlated with IMF content, and positively correlated to carcass fat content and ABFT in offspring pigs. Meanwhile, FASN mRNA expression was positively correlated with carcass fat content, while negatively correlated with ABFT in offspring pigs. These results suggested that maternal vitamin D3 affected fat accumulation and meat quality by regulating FASN and LIPE mRNA expression in offspring pigs.
Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Lukito Steve , Norman Luke , Carlisi Christina , Radua Joaquim , Hart Heledd , Simonoff Emily , Rubia Katya
Published: March 2020

Background

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have abnormalities in frontal, temporal, parietal and striato-thalamic networks. It is unclear to what extent these abnormalities are distinctive or shared. This comparative meta-analysis aimed to identify the most consistent disorder-differentiating and shared structural and functional abnormalities.

Methods

Systematic literature search was conducted for whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of cognitive control comparing people with ASD or ADHD with typically developing controls. Regional gray matter volume (GMV) and fMRI abnormalities during cognitive control were compared in the overall sample and in age-, sex- and IQ-matched subgroups with seed-baseddmapping meta-analytic methods.

Results

Eighty-six independent VBM (1533 ADHD and 1295 controls; 1445 ASD and 1477 controls) and 60 fMRI datasets (1001 ADHD and 1004 controls; 335 ASD and 353 controls) were identified. The VBM meta-analyses revealed ADHD-differentiatingdecreasedventromedial orbitofrontal (z= 2.22,p< 0.0001) but ASD-differentiatingincreasedbilateral temporal and right dorsolateral prefrontal GMV (zs ⩾ 1.64,ps ⩽ 0.002). The fMRI meta-analyses of cognitive control revealed ASD-differentiating medial prefrontal underactivation but overactivation in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices and precuneus (zs ⩾ 1.04,ps ⩽ 0.003). During motor response inhibition specifically, ADHD relative to ASD showed right inferior fronto-striatal underactivation (zs ⩾ 1.14,ps ⩽ 0.003) but shared right anterior insula underactivation.

Conclusions

People with ADHD and ASD have mostly distinct structural abnormalities, with enlarged fronto-temporal GMV in ASD and reduced orbitofrontal GMV in ADHD; and mostly distinct functional abnormalities, which were more pronounced in ASD.
Explaining second language utterance fluency: Contribution of cognitive fluency and first language utterance fluency
Authors: Kahng Jimin
Published: March 2020

Given that utterance fluency in a second language (L2) is associated with not only L2 cognitive fluency but also utterance fluency in the first language (L1), the study examined to what extent different measures of L2 utterance fluency can be explained by L2-specific cognitive fluency and/or the corresponding L1 utterance fluency measures. Utterance fluency measures on speed, breakdown, and repair phenomena and cognitive fluency measures including speed of lexical retrieval, syntactic encoding, and articulation were collected in the L1 and the L2 from 44 Chinese learners of English. The results show that most L2 utterance fluency measures are accounted for by the combination of L2-specific cognitive fluency measures and the equivalent L1 utterance fluency measure, whereas the number of mid-clause silent pauses and corrections, and mean syllable duration are largely explained by L2-specific cognitive measures, suggesting that they reflect L2-specific knowledge and cognitive skills. In contrast, mean silent pause duration and the number of filled pauses are mainly explained by the corresponding L1 utterance fluency measures.
Small mammals in fragments of Atlantic Forest: species richness answering to field methods and environment
Authors: Rodrigues Daniele Pereira , Skupien Fabrício Luiz , de Oliveira Sausen Jady , Lima Daniela Oliveira de
Published: March 2020

Small mammals can be used as environmental indicators and have been intensively studied in fragmented landscapes of Atlantic Forest, with a wide range of field methods. Our aim in this study was two-fold: we tested for the effects of methods and for the effects of the main environmental variables on observed small mammal richness in fragments of Atlantic Forest. We gathered information on small mammal richness, methods and environmental variables from 122 fragments of Atlantic Forest through literature review. These data were analysed using linear models and model selection based on AIC values along with a regression tree analysis. We found that studies will record more species with bigger trapping effort, using pitfall traps and sampling all forest strata. We also confirmed two important ecological assumptions: fragments at lower latitudes and bigger fragments were the ones with higher species richness. Methodological and environmental variables were analysed together on a regression tree, where trapping effort was the most important variable, surpassing any environmental effect. Considering that a significant number of the studies on Atlantic Forest fragments did not use pitfall traps or sample all forest strata, their results on forest fragmentation were affected by sampling bias.
Relationship between different levels of the Mexican food environment and dietary intake: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Rosales Chavez Jose B , Garcia Lucia M , Jehn Megan , Pereira Mark A , Bruening Meg
Published: March 2020

Objective:

To investigate the possible associations between the food environment and dietary intake in the Mexican population.

Design:

Four databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, Web of Science and SCIelo) were used to retrieve relevant articles using an open timeframe. Articles were reviewed if they contained a systematic measure (i.e. food checklist) of the food environment (e.g. food availability) and dietary intake.

Setting:

Urban and rural communities in Mexico.

Participants:

Population-based studies of Mexican communities.

Results:

Twenty studies that assessed at least one food environment level, and at least one dietary outcome, were reviewed. Findings from these studies showed that changes in the Mexican food environment seem to be associated with higher availability of energy-dense foods. Energy-dense foods can be linked to a high consumption in household, environment and community food environments. When both nutrient-dense and energy-dense foods were present, individuals were more likely to consume foods with added sugars, fats and salt options than nutrient-dense items.

Conclusions:

The various levels of the food environment (i.e. household, school, community) exposed participants to energy-dense foods. Although nutrient-dense foods were present in all three levels, individuals were more likely to consume energy-dense food items. Not all three levels of the food environment are well represented in the urban and rural settings. Most studies on the community food environment were done in rural areas, whereas most studies on the school food environment were done in urban settings. Additional rigorously designed studies are needed to document the relationship between the food environment and dietary intake in the Mexican population.
Effects of Heat‐Producing Elements on the Stability of Deep Mantle Thermochemical Piles
Authors: Citron Robert I. , Lourenço Diogo L. , Wilson Alfred J. , Grima Antoniette G. , Wipperfurth Scott A. , Rudolph Maxwell L. , Cottaar Sanne , Montési Laurent G. J.
Published: March 2020

Geochemical observations of ocean island and mid‐ocean ridge basalts suggest that abundances of heat‐producing elements (HPEs: U, Th, and K) vary within the mantle. Combined with bulk silicate Earth models and constraints on the Earth's heat budget, these observations suggest the presence of a more enriched (potentially deep and undepleted) reservoir in the mantle. Such a reservoir may be related to seismically observed deep mantle structures known as large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). LLSVPs might represent thermochemical piles of an intrinsically denser composition, and many studies have shown such piles to remain stable over hundreds of Myr or longer. However, few studies have examined if thermochemical piles can remain stable if they are enriched in HPEs, a necessary condition for them to constitute an enriched HPE reservoir. We conduct a suite of mantle convection simulations to examine the effect of HPE enrichment up to 25× the ambient mantle on pile stability. Model results are evaluated against present‐day pile morphology and tested for resulting seismic signatures using self‐consistent potential pile compositions. We find that stable piles can form from an initial basal layer of dense material even if the layer is enriched in HPEs, depending on the density of the layer and degree of HPE enrichment, with denser basal layers requiring increased HPE enrichment to form pile‐like morphology instead of a stable layer. Thermochemical piles or LLSVPs may therefore constitute an enriched reservoir in the deep mantle.