bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral Gels as an Alternative to Liquid Pediatric Suspensions Compounded from Commercial Tablets
Authors: Trofimiuk Monika , Sznitowska Małgorzata , Winnicka Katarzyna
Published: September 2024

The aim of the study was to propose pharmacy-compounded oral gels as a new and alternative dosage form that is attractive to children as having a better masking taste than syrups and reducing the risk of spilling. The application and physical properties of the gels prepared with cellulose derivatives (hydroxyethylcellulose and carmellose sodium) or carbomers were evaluated. The results of the study showed the most suitable consistency, viscosity, and organoleptic properties for gels prepared with carbomer and cellulose derivatives at concentrations of 0.75% and 2.0%, respectively. The microbial stability of the gels was guaranteed by the use of methylparaben and potassium sorbate. VAL (valsartan) and CC (candesartan cilexetil) tablets, often used off-label in children, were pulverized and suspended in the hydrogel bases, resulting in final drug concentrations of 4 mg/g and 1 mg/g, respectively. There was no significant change in viscosity and consistency parameters when the pulverized tablets were added, and only small changes in viscosity and consistency were observed during 35 days of storage, especially in the gels with sodium carmellose and candesartan. On the basis of the drug assay, an expiry date of 25 °C was recommended: 35 days for valsartan and 14 days for candesartan preparations.
Study on the Influence of Atmospheric Light Intensity Scintillation Effect on Optical Fiber Coupling Efficiency
Authors: Ding Xiaoying , Zhao Xin
Published: September 2024

Light intensity flicker is the most basic and important effect of turbulence. Fiber coupling efficiency is the primary parameter that ensures the system’s communication quality. The light intensity flicker effect caused by atmospheric turbulence significantly affects the coupling efficiency of space light in a single-mode optical fiber. Based on the principle of fiber coupling efficiency, this paper first establishes the relationship between light intensity flicker and spatial coherence radius, then analyzes the influence of light intensity flicker on fiber coupling efficiency through the spatial coherence radius. A laser communication system was built, and real-time measurement experiments on atmospheric light intensity flicker and optical fiber coupling efficiency at different transmission distances and altitudes above the ground were completed. The experimental results show that the constructed experimental system can simultaneously measure the scintillation index and fiber coupling efficiency. When the communication distance is 12,000 m and the height is 600 m above the ground, the scintillation index is measured to be 0.63, and the coupling efficiency is 0.05. The results of the study provide an experimental and theoretical basis and data support to promote the development of atmospheric laser communications.
Iron-Modified Nano-TiO2: Comprehensive Characterization for Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Margalho Élida M. , Lima Orlando , Afonso Cátia , Segundo Iran Rocha , Landi Salmon , Freitas Elisabete , Costa Manuel F. M. , Carneiro Joaquim
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the effect of iron-modified nano-TiO2, using the co-precipitation method with different concentrations of FeCl3 (0.1, 1, and 10%), to improve its photocatalytic properties for outdoor applications. To this end, modified and unmodified nano-TiO2 were characterized using different techniques. The optical properties were characterized by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) followed by band gap calculation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the crystalline structure. Chemical and morphological characterization were carried out using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activity was investigated by decolorizing Rhodamine B aqueous solutions under similar sunlight irradiation. The results indicate that the modification improved light absorption in the UV range for all iron concentrations; however, only the concentration of TiO2: FeCl3 (10%) shifted the absorption to the visible region. Also, including Fe3⁺ in TiO2 decreased the band gap energy from 3.14 to up to 2.80 eV. There were variations in crystallite size from 21.13 to up to 40.07 nm. The nano-TiO2 morphology analysis showed that it did not change after iron modification. EDS showed an FeCl3 peak only at higher concentrations (10%). In addition, the 0.1% Fe-modified TiO2 exhibited the highest activity in the photocatalytic process, with an efficiency of 95.23% after 3 h of irradiation.
Functional Activity of the Antioxidant System of Artemisia Genus Plants in the Republic of Buryatia (Russia) and Its Significance in Plant Adaptation
Authors: Zhigzhitzhapova Svetlana V. , Dylenova Elena P. , Goncharova Danaya B. , Zhigzhitzhapov Bato V. , Emelyanova Elena A. , Polonova Anastasiya V. , Tykheev Zhargal A. , Bazarsadueva Selmeg V. , Taraskina Anna S. , Pintaeva Evgeniya T. , Taraskin Vasiliy V.
Published: September 2024

Plants are sessile organisms and any changes in environmental factors activate various responses and defense mechanisms. Artemisia plants widely inhabit harsh conditions of arid and semiarid ecosystems. Using two species—a subshrub, Artemisia frigida, and an annual–biennial herb, Artemisia scoparia—the functioning of the antioxidant system of plants in semiarid territories have been examined. The activity of enzymatic antioxidants and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants in both species as well as the antiradical activity of their extracts have been shown. Although the plants were collected in areas differing in moisture supply, the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants corresponds to their physiological level, within the range of the norm of reaction, in wormwood. Consequently, conditions of differing moisture deficiency do not cause a specific biochemical response at the level of the antioxidant system in the studied species, which confirms their adaptability to these conditions. Meanwhile, A. frigida plants show greater morphological and biochemical plasticity than A. scoparia under changing growth conditions. Both species contain tissue monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, the emission of which provides additional protection against high temperatures and drought. Their composition and contents of phenolic components illustrates the differences in adaptation between perennial and annual plants.
Spatial Pattern Analysis and Conservation Assessment of Apiaceae in Mongolia
Authors: Urgamal Magsar , Baasanmunkh Shukherdorj , Tsegmed Zagarjav , Oyuntsetseg Batlai , Javzandolgor Chuluunbat , Yu Sheng-Xiang , Yoon Jung-Won , Cygan Magdalena G. W. , Choi Hyeok Jae
Published: September 2024

The family Apiaceae, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, is the largest family of angiosperms. However, little is known about the conservation status, diversity, and distribution of Apiaceae species in Mongolia. This study had two main aims: (1) to assess the national status of Apiaceae species under IUCN Red List Criterion B; (2) to evaluate the species diversity and richness of Apiaceae across Mongolia. We utilized ConR packages to assess the national Red List status of all known Mongolian Apiaceae species by analyzing their most comprehensive occurrence records. The results indicated that 27 species were classified as threatened, including 4 Critically Endangered (CR), 9 Endangered (EN), and 14 Vulnerable (VU) species. Meanwhile, 39 species were assessed as non-threatened, with 2 Near Threatened (NT) species and 37 species of Least Concern (LC). Furthermore, detailed distribution maps for 66 Apiaceae species in Mongolia were presented. We assessed the species diversity and Shannon and Simpson diversity indices of Apiaceae by analyzing all occurrence records using the iNext package. Overall, the Hill diversity estimates indicate that the sampling conducted in Mongolia adequately captured species occurrences. For species pattern analysis, we examined the species richness, weighted endemism, and the corrected weighted endemism index using Biodiverse v.4.1 software. Mongolia was portioned into 715 grid cells based on 0.5° × 0.5° grid sizes (equivalent to approximately 50 × 50 km2). There was a total of 3062 unique occurrences of all Apiaceae species across Mongolia. In the species richness analysis, we identified 10 grids that exhibited high species richness (18–29 species) and 36 grids with 11–17 species. For genus richness, we observed seven grids that exhibited a high genus richness of 16–22 genera. Furthermore, we analyzed species richness with a specific focus on threatened species, encompassing CR, EN, and VU species throughout Mongolia. A total of 92 grids contained at least one threatened species. There were six grids that had two to five threatened species, which were adequately covered by protected areas in western Mongolia. Overall, our results on species richness and conservation status will serve as important foundational research for future conservation and land management efforts in Mongolia.
Editorial: Advanced Polymer Composite Materials: Processing, Modeling, Properties and Applications II
Authors: Luciano Giorgio , Vignolo Maurizio
Published: September 2024

Building on the success of our first Special Issue, we are pleased to present this second collection dedicated to the multifaceted world of composite materials [...]
Natural Rubber Films Reinforced with Cellulose and Chitosan Prepared by Latex Aqueous Microdispersion
Authors: Sutipanwihan Naipaporn , Kitsawat Veerapat , Sintharm Praewpakun , Phisalaphong Muenduen
Published: September 2024

In this paper, green composite films comprising natural rubber (NR), cellulose (CE), and chitosan (CS) were successfully fabricated through a simple, facile, cost-effective method in order to improve mechanical, chemical, and antimicrobial properties of NR composite films. Chitosan with a low molecular weight of 30,000–50,000 g/mol (CS-L) and a medium molecular weight of 300,000–500,000 g/mol (CS-M) was used for the fabrication. The composite films were prepared via a latex aqueous microdispersion method with different weight ratios of NR:CE:CS-L/CS-M. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results demonstrated strong interactions of hydrogen bonds between CE and CS-L/CS-M in the composite films. The tensile strength and the modulus of the composite films in dried form were found to significantly increase with the reinforcement of CE and CS-L/CS-M. The maximum tensile strength (13.8 MPa) and Young’s modulus (12.7 MPa) were obtained from the composite films reinforced with CE at 10 wt.% and CS-L at 10 wt.%. The high elongation of 500–526% was obtained from the composite films reinforced with CE at 10 wt.% and CS (CS-L or CS-M) at 5.0 wt.%. The modification could also significantly promote antimicrobial activities and chemical resistance against non-polar solvents in the composite films. The NR composite films have potential uses as flexible films for sustainable green packaging.
Mechanical Properties and Economic Analysis of Fused Filament Fabrication Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Dairabayeva Damira , Auyeskhan Ulanbek , Talamona Didier
Published: September 2024

Additive manufacturing of composites offers advantages over metals since composites are lightweight, fatigue and corrosion-resistant, and show high strength and stiffness. This work investigates the tensile and flexural performance of continuous carbon-fiber reinforced (CCF) composites with different guide angles and number of layers. The cost and printing time analyses were also conducted. Tensile specimens with a contour-only specimen and one CCF layer with a 0° guide angle exhibited nearly comparable strength values. Increasing the number of CCF layers enhances the tensile properties. For the identical cost and reinforcement amount, 0°/0° provides a higher tensile strength and elastic modulus compared with 15°/−15°. The same phenomenon was observed for 15°/0°/−15° and 0°/0°/0°. The samples with one and two reinforcement layers had similar stiffness and maximum load values for flexural tests. For the samples with four layers, there was a considerable improvement in stiffness but a minor decrease in the maximum load.
Enhanced Feedstock Processability for the Indirect Additive Manufacturing of Metals by Material Extrusion through Ethylene–Propylene Copolymer Modification
Authors: Forstner Thomas , Cholewa Simon , Drummer Dietmar
Published: September 2024

Filament-based material extrusion (MEX) represents one of the most commonly used additive manufacturing techniques for polymer materials. In a special variation of this process, highly filled polymer filaments are used to create metal parts via a multi-step process. The challenges associated with creating a dense final part are versatile due to the different and partly contrary requirements of the individual processing steps. Especially for processing in MEX, the compound must show sufficiently low viscosity, which is often achieved by the addition of wax. However, wax addition also leads to a significant reduction in ductility. This can cause filaments to break, which leads to failure of the MEX process. Therefore, the present study investigates the influence of different ethylene–propylene copolymers (EPCs) with varying ethylene contents as a ductility-enhancing component within the feedstock to improve filament processing behavior. The resulting feedstock materials are evaluated regarding their mechanical, thermal and debinding behavior. In addition, the processability in MEX is assessed. This study shows that a rising ethylene content within the EPC leads to a higher ductility and an enhanced filament flexibility while also influencing the crystallization behavior of the feedstock. For the MEX process, an ethylene fraction of 12% within the EPC was found to be the optimum regarding processability for the highly filled filaments in MEX and the additional processing steps to create sintered metal parts.
G20 Countries and Sustainable Development: Do They Live up to Their Promises on CO2 Emissions?
Authors: Freitas Souza Rafael , Cal Henrique Camano Rodrigues , Lima Fabiano Guasti , Corrêa Hamilton Luiz , Santos Francisco Lledo , Zanin Rodrigo Bruno
Published: September 2024

The aim of this study was to analyze and measure idiosyncratic differences in CO2 emission trends over time and between the different geographical contexts of the G20 signatory countries and to assess whether these countries are fulfilling their carbon emission reduction commitments, as stipulated in the G20 sustainable development agendas. To this end, a multilevel mixed-effects model was used, considering CO2 emissions data from 1950 to 2021 sourced from the World Bank. The research model captured approximately 93.05% of the joint variance in the data and showed (i) a positive relationship between the increase in CO2 emissions and the creation of the G20 [CI90: +0.0080; + 0.1317]; (ii) that every year, CO2 emissions into the atmosphere are increased by an average of 0.0165 [CI95: +0.0009; +0.0321] billion tons by the G20 countries; (iii) that only Germany, France, and the United Kingdom have demonstrated a commitment to CO2 emissions reduction, showing a decreasing rate of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere; and (iv) that there seems to be a mismatch between the speed at which the G20 proposes climate policies and the speed at which these countries emit CO2.
Performance of CO2 Adsorption on Modified Activated Carbons Derived from Okara Powder Waste: Impacts of Ammonia Impregnation
Authors: Hoang Tuan-Dung , Liu Yan , Le Minh Thang
Published: September 2024

The activated carbons (ACs) derived from okara powder waste with high surface areas were modified with ammonia aqueous solution impregnation in an autoclave to enhance their CO2 adsorption properties. The impregnated ACs were characterized, where the chemical composition and properties of the ACs were analyzed by SEM-EDX and FTIR. Activated carbons were functionalized with ammonia aqueous solution (25%) through a hydrothermal process within 24, 48, and 72 h. The adsorption performance of CO2 onto carbon samples was experimentally evaluated through a TPD CO2 measurement. FTIR spectra confirm the N-containing in N-modified activated carbons and the presence of the –C=O stretch and N-H groups. CO2 uptakes of activated carbons are 0.24; 1.78; 2.24; and 1.26 mmol/g, which are relatively comparable with those of activated carbons studied in the literature.
RETRACTED: Wang et al. Power Cable Status Evaluation Method Based on Electrical Tree Growth and Data Association Rules. Processes 2023, 11, 2900
Authors: Wang Leixiong , Wang Bo , Ma Hengrui , Zhang Jiaxing , He Yifan , Wang Hongxia , Zhang Hanqi
Published: September 2024

The journal retracts the article titled “Power Cable Status Evaluation Method Based on Electrical Tree Growth and Data Association Rules” [...]
Solid-State Fermentation-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Grape Pomace Using Co-Cultures
Authors: Siller-Sánchez Arturo , Aguilar Cristóbal N. , Chávez-González Mónica L. , Ascacio-Valdés Juan A. , Kumar Verma Deepak , Aguilar-González Miguel
Published: September 2024

Eighty percent of grape production is destined for the wine industry, which generates various types of waste, of which grape pomace is the main one, accounting for 50–60% of waste created during processing. This waste could be a promising source of bioactive compounds (e.g., flavonoids and tannin), which are known for their antioxidant properties. Although these byproducts pose disposal challenges, they can be utilized as a substrate for solid-state fermentation bioprocess using co-cultures, where different microorganisms can interact and complement each other, improving the efficiency of metabolite production or substrate degradation. This study investigates the extraction of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the compounds from grape pomace in the solid-state fermentation bioprocess, comparing fungal and yeast monocultures, and then exploring the use of two co-cultures (P. stipites/A. niger GH1 and S. cerevisiae/A. niger) on the flavonoid extractive process. Fermentation kinetics were evaluated over 120 h, with sampling done every 12 h. Initially, yeasts were used to reduce the content of simple sugars in the medium, and fungus was added at 24 h into the process due to its ability to produce a broad spectrum of extracellular enzymes, allowing a higher efficiency in substrate degradation. Competition or antagonism during co-culture leads to significantly higher production of compounds, which are recovered using different solvents. The evaluation included phenolic compounds (total polyphenols, condensed tannins, and total flavonoids), antioxidant activity (DPPH●/FRAP), molecular characterization (HPLC-MS), and structural microscopy during the bioprocess. The highest titers obtained were 62.46 g/L for total flavonoids and 32.04 g/L for condensed tannins, using acetone as the solvent in co-culture with P. stipitis after 120 h of fermentation. Characterization identified 38 compounds, highlighting families of flavonols, hydroxybenzoic acids, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The co-culture of P. stipitis and A. niger GH1 significantly improved the extraction yield of bioactive compounds through solid-state fermentation.
Religion, Discrimination, and the Nation-State—A History of Catholics and Burakumin in Nagasaki, Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Akihiro
Published: September 2024

This paper examines the socio-political history of the discrimination suffered by the group called Burakumin (部落民) in the city of Nagasaki in early modern and modern Japan (1600–present). More specifically, it looks into, first, the emergence and evolvement of hostility and antagonism between Burakumin and Catholics in Nagasaki, and second, how discrimination against Burakumin became socially invisible in post-1945 Nagasaki when post-atomic bomb reconstruction transformed the urban landscape of Nagasaki and representations of the city came to be dominated by the Catholic imagery of prayer. The paper argues that, on the one hand, the modern nation-state, established on the principles of the freedom and equality of citizens, did not eradicate discrimination, but instead concealed it, resulting in discrimination continuing in changed forms, and on the other hand, Catholics in Nagasaki, while having themselves suffered political persecution in Japanese history, have been involved in practices of discrimination against the Burakumin. There is, however, not an innate relationship between religion and discrimination, but rather the relationship is historically contingent. Understanding its contingent nature requires us to address the historical conditions contributing to discrimination. By so doing, we can start imagining new ways to tackle and eliminate discrimination.
“Ministry of Presence” as Emotional Labor: Perspectives from Recipients of Care
Authors: Lawton Amy , Cadge Wendy
Published: September 2024

This paper analyzes the work of chaplaincy and spiritual care from the perspective of care recipients. Chaplains call their work a “ministry of presence,” a term of art that is often unclear to many who are not chaplains. How else might we conceptualize “presence” in order to ground it in the social science literature? Using sociological theory, we show that care recipients may experience a chaplain’s work as emotional labor, specifically “other-focused emotional labor.” Based on in-depth interviews with a sample of 38 care recipients, we find recipients feeling reassured by the chaplain; being offered support and help by the chaplain; and not feeling judged by the chaplain. These findings enlarge sociological concepts about spiritual care to include what recipients experience as emotional labor and call for a broader engagement between sociologists of religion and emotions.
Affirmative Action for Black, Indigenous and Quilombola Students at a Brazilian University
Authors: Loureiro Armando , Carvalho Carina , Rodrigues Marta de Oliveira
Published: September 2024

Multiculturalism and cultural diversity permeate various sectors of society, including higher education. The educational policies implemented in this sphere appear to promote social and educational equality. The aim of this study was to examine this subject by analysing the affirmative action policy implemented in a Brazilian university. It sought to understand whether this policy has contributed to the access and completion of undergraduate programmes of black and mixed-race, indigenous and quilombola students. The analysis was conducted based on data relating to the access and dropout of students who enrolled in the university through the quota and reservation systems. Data were collected from university administrative datasets and a questionnaire administered to undergraduate course coordinators and students who had benefited from the policy in question and dropped out of university. The findings reveal, on the one hand, an increase in the intake of black and mixed-race, indigenous and quilombola students. On the other hand, a high dropout rate was observed among these students, which may raise the possibility that the policy in question is not completely successful.
How Do Age-Group Triathlon Coaches Manage Training Load? A Pilot Study
Authors: Procida David , Mara Jocelyn , Mitchell Lachlan , Etxebarria Naroa
Published: September 2024

Multidisciplinary sports like triathlons require combining training for three different sports, and it is unclear how triathlon coaches manage this. During a 10-week period, we provided four age-group triathlon coaches with summary reports of the training completed by their athletes (n = 10) in the previous week. Coaches were then asked if the information provided to them was used to inform training prescription for the following week. The information provided to coaches included relative acute training load (rATL) and training stress scores (TSSs). Weekly fluctuations in rATL of >10% (spikes) were 83% (swim), 74% (bike) and 87% (run). Coaches adapted training loads for the upcoming week in 25% of all rATLs reported, and only 5% (swim), 33% (bike) and 9% (run) of the adjusted loads avoided spikes. Consequently, there were 22 single-discipline acute training load spikes vs. 14 spikes when combining all three disciplines. Only 1.5% of training was lost to injury, mostly after a large running-based training load spike (>30%). Coaches largely overlooked the information provided in the report when prescribing exercise for the following week, and when adjusted, it failed to bring weekly load variability <10%.
A Systematic Review of Lower Limb Strength Tests Used in Elite Basketball
Authors: Faulks Tom , Sansone Pierpaolo , Walter Sibi
Published: September 2024

Background: Basketball players rely on their lower limb strength for speed and agility. Therefore, it is important for strength and conditioning coaches to seek methods to assess and develop lower limb strength. Objectives: This study aimed to identify tests and variables used to assess lower body strength among elite basketball players and to provide normative values for the commonly used strength tests. Methods: A review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute cross-sectional and cohort checklists. Results: Among the twelve reviewed studies, seven strength tests and five outcome variables were used. The most frequently used lower limb strength tests were the back squat (nine studies) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (three studies), both reporting one repetition maximum (1RM) and peak force metrics. The most frequently used lower limb strength test was the back squat among males and IMTP among females. Conclusions: Among elite basketball players, the back squat 1RM is the most used lower limb strength test. However, across studies, a large variability was evidenced, which suggests that lower limb testing procedures are heterogeneous in this population.
Geochemical Indicators on the Central Tibetan Plateau Lake Sediments: Historical Climate Change and Regional Sustainability
Authors: Ma Xi , Wang Xiaodan , Gao Yunlong , Yue Fujun , Chen Wei
Published: September 2024

This study investigates geochemical indicators (TOC, TN, C/N, δ13Corg, δ15N, and pollen indicators) from sediment samples of Zigetang Co Lake on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) to explore past climate changes in the lake basin. The findings aim to provide essential data for developing sustainable strategies for the TP region. From 14.0 to 10.8 cal. ka BP, the δ15N, TOC, TN, and δ13Corg value of the lake sediments was relatively low; this indicated a low organic matter input into the lake, reflecting a probably cold and arid environment. In addition, the pollen was primarily composed of Artemisia and Gramineae, which are adapted to cold environments, further confirming that the climate during this period was likely cold and dry. From 10.8 to 8.2 cal. ka BP, the changes in the main plant composition were likely due to increased solar radiation, the onset of the monsoon, and higher temperatures and precipitation, which created more favorable conditions for the growth of Cyperaceae. From 8.2 to 4.2 cal. ka BP, when the solar radiation weakened and the monsoon diminished, the basin maintained relatively high water levels, with regional precipitation being likely influenced by westerly winds. From 4.2 to 0.01 cal. ka BP, δ13Corg and δ15N initially decreased and then increased, which was likely a transition from a cold–wet climate to warm–dry conditions during the late Holocene, and the Pollen sum also showed significant changes. Understanding climate evolution and vegetation changes is crucial for formulating timely policies to ensure regional sustainable development.
Identification of New Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides Isolated from the Hydrolysate of the Venom of Nemopilema nomurai Jellyfish
Authors: Mohan Prakash Ramachandran Loganathan , Ravi Deva Asirvatham , Hwang Du Hyeon , Kang Changkeun , Kim Euikyung
Published: September 2024

Recently, jellyfish venom has gained attention as a promising reservoir of pharmacologically active compounds, with potential applications in new drug development. In this investigation, novel peptides, isolated from the hydrolysates of Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom (NnV), demonstrate potent inhibitory activities against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Proteolytic enzymes—specifically, papain and protamex—were utilized for the hydrolysis under optimized enzymatic conditions, determined by assessing the degree of hydrolysis through the ninhydrin test. Comparative analyses revealed that papain treatment exhibited a notably higher degree of NnV hydrolysis compared to protamex treatment. ACE inhibitory activity was quantified using ACE kit-WST, indicating a substantial inhibitory effect of 76.31% for the papain-digested NnV crude hydrolysate, which was validated by captopril as a positive control. The separation of the NnV-hydrolysate using DEAE sepharose weak-anion-exchange chromatography revealed nine peaks under a 0–1 M NaCl stepwise gradient, with peak no. 3 displaying the highest ACE inhibition of 96%. The further purification of peak no. 3 through ODS-C18 column reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography resulted in five sub-peaks (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5), among which 3.2 exhibited the most significant inhibitory activity of 95.74%. The subsequent analysis of the active peak (3.2) using MALDI–TOF/MS identified two peptides with distinct molecular weights of 896.48 and 1227.651. The peptide sequence determined by MS/MS analysis revealed them as IVGRPLANG and IGDEPRHQYL. The docking studies of the two ACE-inhibitory peptides for ACE molecule demonstrated a binding affinity of −51.4 ± 2.5 and −62.3 ± 3.3 using the HADDOCK scoring function.
The Role of Scenario-Building in Risk Assessment and Decision-Making on Urban Water Reuse
Authors: Ribeiro Rita , Rosa Maria
Published: September 2024

Urban resilience and water resilience are both increasingly relying on urban non-potable water reuse under the context of the Climate Emergency, but sound risk assessment is lacking. Compared to the state of art, the proposed framework for health risk assessment and management of urban non-potable water reuse includes (i) an additional step for establishing the context and (ii) the risk identification step being extended to introduce a description of the activities from which the hazard exposure scenarios may be built. This novel scenario-building process allows for a clear and comprehensive risk description, assessment, and treatment. The model of risk management is structured around three primary components: the decision-makers, i.e., the municipal services and the population at risk (users and workers); data elements relevant for the risk management process (reclaimed water quality, hazards, hazardous events, sites where exposure can happen, exposure routes, and activities developed by the population at risk and their vulnerabilities); and the links between the decision-makers and these elements and between the elements themselves. Its application in a representative case study shows that the framework comprehensively guides decision-making and communication to relevant stakeholders. From this practical exercise, the main recommendations were derived for risk mitigation by the municipal risk manager and the park users.
Increased Sensitivity and Accelerated Response of Vegetation to Water Variability in China from 1982 to 2022
Authors: Tang Huan , Fang Jiawei , Li Yang , Yuan Jing
Published: September 2024

Understanding how plants adapt to shifting water availability is imperative for predicting ecosystem vulnerability to drought. However, the spatial–temporal dynamics of the plant–water relationship remain uncertain. In this study, we employed the latest Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI4g), an updated version succeeding GIMMS NDVI3g spanning from 1982 to 2022. We integrated this dataset with the multiple scale Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI 1 to 24) to investigate the spatial–temporal variability of sensitivity and lag in vegetation growth in response to water variability across China. Our findings indicate that over 83% of China’s vegetation demonstrates positive sensitivity to water availability, with approximately 66% exhibiting a shorter response lag (lag < 1 month). This relationship varies across aridity gradients and diverges among plant functional types. Over 66% of China’s vegetation displays increased sensitivity to water variability and 63% manifests a short response lag to water changes over the past 41 years. These outcomes significantly contribute to understanding vegetation dynamics in response to changing water conditions, implying a heightened susceptibility of vegetation to drought in a future warming world.
Detailed Insight into Gillnet Catches: Fish Directivity and Micro Distribution
Authors: Moraes Karlos , Souza Allan T. , Vašek Mojmír , Říha Milan , Kubečka Jan
Published: September 2024

Gillnets are widely used in research and commercial fishery activities. As passive gear, gillnets can be selective and dependent on the diel migration of fish. In areas with limited littoral extent, inshore–offshore migration may cause bias in the gillnet catch. Our hypothesis was that some factors, such as gillnet saturation, fish depletion, or chemical cues, could be the cause of the bias. We used a total of 66 CEN gillnets deployed at Římov Reservoir parallel to the shore at different positions of littoral-pelagic gradient. Individual fish direction was recorded from inshore, offshore, or unknown direction (i.e., entangled fish). A total of 5791 fishes from nine different species were caught. For most fish, it was possible to determine their directivity, and most fish were captured in littoral or first pelagic gillnets. Shallower and deeper benthic gillnets differed in their bleak (Alburnus alburnus) catch. No significant differences were found between fish directions. At the species level, only asp (Leuciscus aspius) and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) showed differences between the captured directions in one case. The results support the assumption that gillnet capture is a random process that to a great extent is connected to random local movements. This is good news for fish monitoring projects. Sampling catch is likely to reflect true changes in the fish community, and not the effects of the deployment of the sampling gear. The experiment also showed that fish directivity statistics can be used for investigation of fish behavior and gear performance.
Long-term evaluation of the impact of urbanization on native and non-native fish assemblages
Authors: Pandit Shubha N. , Poesch Mark S. , Kolasa Jurek , Pandit Laxmi Koirala , Ruppert Jonathan L. W. , Enders Eva C.
Published: September 2024

Urbanization often leads to the homogenization of species composition in aquatic ecosystems, as it introduces disturbances that can destroy the habitats of unique endemic or native species while creating alternative habitats for species capable of adapting to these conditions. This study utilized a long-term dataset from 1971 to 2010, focusing on fish species presence within three watersheds of the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. The objective was to evaluate any changes in fish communities over time across three groups of species assemblages: native, non-native species, and a combining of all species. We considered key predictor variables for which data exist: catchment area, distance to a species pool source (Lake Ontario), and percentage of urban cover, to determine their impacts on species richness over time. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) the rate of change in species richness differs among the three groups; (2) urbanization promotes the spread and homogenization of non-native species distribution; and (3) native species assemblages exhibit high nestedness initially, decreasing over time as non-native species established and replaced native species. We used general linear models and the nestedness analysis to characterize matrices of species distributions of native and non-native fish assemblages among the catchments over time. Overall, the results indicate that nestedness temperatures (NTs) for native fish were lower compared to non-native fish assemblages. Over the four decades studied, native species richness declined with increasing urban cover, while non-native species richness increased and compensated for native losses. Furthermore, native species assemblages exhibited high nestedness at the beginning of the record period, which decreased over time as non-native species became established and replaced native species. This trend suggests that further changes in fish communities are probable. As native fish communities become patchier (not nested), this process may accelerate, potentially isolating communities and making them more prone to perturbations.
INTEGRAÇÃO DAS TECNOLOGIAS DIGITAIS NOS CURRÍCULOS DE LICENCIATURA EM MATEMÁTICA
Authors: Sousa Cícero Barbosa de , Cusati Iracema Campos , Moura Carla Saturnina Ramos de
Published: September 2024

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar discussões e práticas sobre o uso de Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação (TDIC) nos currículos dos cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. O corpus documental é composto por 7 trabalhos oriundos da Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), sendo 2 teses e 5 dissertações. A metodologia utilizada consistiu nas orientações sobre revisão sistemática da literatura expressas por Brizola e Fantin (2016), Galvão e Ricarte (2019) e Campos, Caetano e Laus-Gomes (2023). O método utilizado para a análise dos resultados foi a Análise de Conteúdo (Bardin, 1977), (Rodrigues, 2019). Para auxiliar no processo de análise, foi utilizado o software Atlas.ti que contribuiu na constituição das Categorias de Análise, a saber: i) Desafios enfrentados para integração das tecnologias digitais no currículo das Licenciaturas em Matemática; ii) Estratégias propostas para a integração das tecnologias digitais no currículo das Licenciaturas em Matemática; iii) Formação de professores de Matemática. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram para a estreita ligação entre formação inicial e continuada, de modo que uma formação inicial que ignore o potencial tecnológico no ensino tende a gerar resistências futuras por parte dos professores. Assim, enfatiza-se a necessidade de uma sólida articulação entre a formação inicial e a formação continuada de professores, de maneira que ambas estejam alinhadas à perspectiva de uma cultura digital e promovam o desenvolvimento de posturas reflexivas frente às TDIC e suas implicações no cotidiano escolar.
A Step by Step Shoreline Attribute Analysis for Selected Waterbodies in the Gulf of Mexico to Promote the Use of Living Shorelines
Authors: Boyd Christopher , Niu Xutong , Horn Taylor
Published: September 2024

Living Shorelines are being promoted by coastal extension professionals as a more resilient nature-based solution to control shoreline erosion. The Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Living Shorelines Suitability Model was run in selected waterbodies within the Gulf of Mexico. The locations of the selected water bodies, coastal data sets used, and shoreline protection recommendations generated by the Model are presented. A step-by-step statistical analysis conducted through ArcGIS Pro from these selected coastal shorelines will illustrate how extension professionals with novice GIS experience can use the model output to promote living shorelines to coastal property owners, city managers, and developers.
Andragogical Tendencies of Excellent Extension Educators
Authors: Roberts T , Benge Matt , Harder Amy
Published: September 2024

Extension agents frequently teach adult audiences, who require a different approach than youth audiences. Andragogy has been frequently used to frame research in Extension. However, it is not clear if Extension professionals apply andragogical principles in practice when teaching programs. We used Knowles’ theory of andragogy and the Personal Adult Learning Style Inventory to investigate the andragogical tendencies of Extension agents who were nominated as exceptional teachers in [State]. Our study results suggest that the agents viewed as exceptional teachers in [State] embrace an andragogical philosophy when it does not conflict with their understanding of their job responsibilities.
Civil Leadership for Vibrant Communities: Building Bridges through Deliberative Dialogue
Authors: Soloman Victoria , Beckendorf Jessica , Kay David
Published: September 2024

Polarization is increasingly impacting Extension’s work in communities. Extension has untapped potential to address division and lack of civility by building civic infrastructure and skills for constructive dialogue. We describe a pilot program that began as a one-off event and grew into a series organized by University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension in partnership with Braver Angels, a national organization applying research-based skills to building bridges. We report on the series structure and content, its goals, and the impacts on participants. We suggest that Extension has the mission, capacity, opportunity, and responsibility to engage in skill-building for Public Issues Education.
Using Virtual Platforms to Convene and Engage Diverse Sectors of the Emerging Seaweed Aquaculture Industry
Authors: Concepcion Anoushka , Bradt Gabriela , Chadsey Meg , Clemetson Antoinette , Good Melissa , Jenasie Catherine , Otts Stephanie , Reitsma Joshua , Robidoux Jaclyn
Published: September 2024

Engaging relevant stakeholders, specifically those with opposing views, is a challenge many Extension professionals face. Employing practical methods to engage opposing sectors is critical in implementing projects to ensure long-term success. Advocacy-driven messaging has fueled interest in seaweed farming, however, existing practical challenges have led to frustration from relevant sectors. The National Seaweed Hub serves as a central clearinghouse for available science-based, non-advocate, and practical resources related to the emerging domestic seaweed aquaculture industry. Through facilitated sector-driven work groups and other engagement activities, seaweed sectors collaborated and strategized to generate implementable projects, ideas and resources targeting barriers to industry expansion.
Opportunities for Extension Educators to Support Caregivers Feeding Infants and Toddlers through Nutrition Education
Authors: Kielb Elizabeth , Moding Kamerson , Johnson Susan , Beaulieu Barbara , Connolly Blake , Faroh Stephenie , Bellows Laura
Published: September 2024

The 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans now include recommendations for infants and toddlers. Extension educators can use these expanded guidelines to provide feeding recommendations for caregivers of infants/toddlers. The purpose of this study was to explore 1) the infant and toddler feeding topics that Extension educators discuss with caregivers through formal curricula and informal conversations, 2) educators’ perceived barriers to teaching and discussing topics with caregivers, and 3) the optimal format of resources for educators and the communities they serve. Findings from this study confirmed a need among educators for infant/toddler feeding programs and resources offered through Extension.
Metrología industrial en la industria automotriz: identificación de problemáticas en Querétaro, México
Authors: Jiménez Julio César Díaz , Pérez Luis Rodrigo Valencia , Leal José Fernando Vasco
Published: September 2024

La economía de un país se ve impulsada por diferentes sectores, y en México, la industria automotriz desempeña un papel crucial en su desarrollo económico. Para asegurar la calidad de los automóviles producidos, es fundamental basar los sistemas de gestión de calidad en fundamentos metrológicos sólidos. En este estudio, se propuso identificar las principales problemáticas que enfrenta la industria automotriz en México, centrándose en la toma de mediciones y la toma de decisiones en las empresas del sector. Se aplicó una metodología que permitió acercarse a las problemáticas y posteriormente discutirlas con los principales actores involucrados. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan una visión general de las problemáticas identificadas y permiten plantear posibles soluciones. El enfoque de las preguntas utilizadas en la encuesta permitió obtener un panorama amplio y, posteriormente, profundizar en situaciones particulares que son comunes en el entorno operativo de las empresas automotrices. Este estudio contribuye a la generación de un panorama integral sobre los elementos que se pueden abordar para encontrar soluciones a las problemáticas identificadas. Además, las conclusiones obtenidas pueden servir como base para futuras investigaciones y acciones dirigidas a mejorar la calidad y el desempeño en la industria automotriz.
Kościół, „Solidarność” i Amerykanie. Kontakty duchowieństwa z ambasadą USA w Warszawie między sierpniem 1980 a grudniem 1981 r.
Authors: Pleskot Patryk
Published: September 2024

W okresie „karnawału Solidarności” ambasada USA w Warszawie starała się zdobyć jak najwięcej informacji o tym, co się tak naprawdę dzieje w Polsce. Wobec początkowego braku rozwiniętych kontaktów w środowisku działaczy NSZZ, amerykańscy dyplomaci usiłowali kontaktować się z intelektualistami, ludźmi kultury, studentami, a także członkami PZPR. Do najważniejszych środowisk, z którymi nawiązywano relacje, zaliczało się duchowieństwo katolickie, głównie to hierarchicznie (ale nie tylko) oraz środowisko katolików świeckich (przede wszystkim KIK). W okresie 16 miesięcy legalnego funkcjonowania „Solidarności” Amerykanie wielokrotnie spotykali się z księżmi, próbując ich namówić na dłuższe rozmowy i szczere charakteryzowanie polskiej rzeczywistości. Ci często chętnie udzielali odpowiedzi, widząc w dyplomatach zachodnich nie tylko wdzięcznych słuchaczy, lecz także instrument realizowania własnych interesów politycznych. W artykule autor, na podstawie wybranych przykładów, w skrótowy sposób omawia te niejednoznaczne kontakty, których tłem i najważniejszym kontekstem pozostawała „Solidarność”.
Werbalne aspekty dzielenia się: szkic z praktyk oralnych
Authors: Mich Włodzimierz
Published: September 2024

Celem opracowania jest omówienie praktyk werbalnych stanowiących integralną część zjawiska dzielenia się w społeczeństwach nomadycznych łowców-zbieraczy. Odwołując się do (funkcjonującego w literaturze antropologicznej) rozróżnienia dwóch trybó w dzielenia się (dzielenie się na żądanie i dawanie bez żądania), autor wskazuje, że pod uwagę trzeba też brać różnice między strategiami komunikacyjnymi poszczególnych społeczności (nastawionymi na ograniczoną konfrontację albo jej unikanie). Omawia ich funkcjonowanie w kontekście praktyk podtrzymywania gotowości do dzielenia się, „ochładzania serc”, formułowania roszczeń i odmawiania ich spełniania.