bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPROVING THE INDONESIAN’S MINE COUNTERMEASURE SMART MINE CAPABILITY BY ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS AND MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS METHODS
Authors: Hariwibowo Rendra , Arief Ruslan
Published: September 2022

Mine warfare is still developing in line with technological developments. Technological developments in the field of mines have produced smart mines that can select targets as desired precisely and accurately. Currently, minehunting vessels are owned by the Indonesian Navy. In this study, an analysis of the capability of minehunting vessels class will be carried out including the capability of the sensor weapon command system, the professionalism of the crew, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) divers as well as ship degaussing systems. This study aims to analyze the ability of the class mine-hunting ships of the Indonesian Navy to deal with modern mine warfare, especially to deal with mines that can choose their targets or often called Smart Mines. This study uses quantitative research methods, namely data analysis with Measures Of Effectiveness (MOE) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. This study found that the increase in Sewaco's ability to deal with modern mine warfare will also have to be followed by improvements or changes in tactics and strategies that are adapted to the increase in the ship's capabilities. This increase in the professionalism of soldiers is carried out at all levels of rank, starting from officers through Mine Warfare Officer (MWO) education either organized by the Navy or abroad, then at the non-commissioned and enlisted levels to improve their skills carried out through regular and scheduled training. Mine ships with a good degaussing system function will be very supportive in carrying out mine operations, stating that modern sea mines are equipped with sensors or magnetic sonar that are placed on the sea surface or below sea level. For this reason, the function of the degaussing system must be able to operate properly in the face of these modern mines. 
DB1000N SOFTWARE AS UKRAINE’S MILITARY UTILITY TO COUNTER RUSSIAN INVASION IN 2022
Authors: Anshori Muhammad Fikry
Published: September 2022

As Russia launched an invasion in every domain of warfare, including cyberspace, Ukraine employed an Information Technology (IT) army equipped with software called db1000n on March 2022. This article seeks to explain how the use of db1000n helps Ukraine against the 2022 Russian invasion. Using a case study as the research method and Susan Martin’s military utility concept as the analytical framework, this article found that db1000n helps to support Ukraine’s cyber warfare effort by being Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack software that possesses three types of military utility, namely technical utility, tactical utility, and strategic utility. Nevertheless, db1000n still has some limitations that cannot secure an easy victory in cyber warfare.  
THE POLICY OF JOINT DEFENSE REGIONAL COMMAND I OF THE INDONESIAN MILITARY (KOGABWILHAN I TNI) IN SUPPORTING STATE DEFENSE
Authors: Jaya Yudhi Chandra , Saputro Guntur Eko , Sudjoko Cakrawati
Published: September 2022

Joint Defense Regional Command I (Kogabwilhan I) is the Operation Main Command (Kotamaops) of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI or Tentara Nasional Indonesia) which is directly under the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Kogabwilhan I’s task is to act as an initial follower and restorer in the event of a conflict in its territory, both for War Military Operations (WMO) and Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) as well as a deterrent in the event of a threat. The current phenomenon is that the organizational readiness of units in the Natuna area is not yet ideal, the readiness of human resources, especially the Indonesian National Armed Forces units in the Natuna area, is still limited, and the support for facilities and infrastructure of the Indonesian National Armed Forces units in the Natuna area is not adequate, and the implementation of operational activities in the Indonesian National Armed Forces units in the Natuna area. Natuna is not optimal. The purpose of this study is to provide government input on the implementation of Joint Defense Regional Command I (Kogabwilhan I) policies in supporting the national defense. This study uses a qualitative method which is an understanding of social phenomena from several participant perspectives. The results achieved are by the theory of Policy Implementation related to Resources, Communication, Disposition, and Bureaucratic Structure, a strategy is needed to revamp the bureaucratic structure and recalculate budget resources.  
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE PT. PAL’S SUBMARINE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT IN REALIZING DEFENSE INDUSTRY INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Tambunan Arif Sutansyah , Lazuardi Rudi , Pudiastuti Elisabeth Tanti
Published: September 2022

Based on Law no. 16 of 2012 and the Decree of the Indonesian Defense Industry Policy Committee, PT. PAL is the lead integrator of the Main Tool of the Navy Weapon System. After the manufacture of 2 (two) submarine units, which are Ardedali-404 and Alugoro-405, at the PT. PAL in collaboration with the South Korean Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd (DSME) the company planned to build the 4th to 12th new submarine units that will be implemented starting in 2021 until 2042. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the result of the Benefit-Cost Analysis in considering the submarine project's positive effect on PT. PAL is the independent defense industry. The method used is a qualitative method supported by Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) tools and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)theory to analyze the result. Based on the results showed that the weight of the highest benefit criteria is B-2 (Independence of PT. PAL as a defense industry) which indicates that the point of realizing independence in Indonesia's Defense Industry can be considered as the main important aspect as it may be followed by other progress or development to support national defense in Indonesia. Then, the weight of the highest cost criteria is C-1 (Transfer of Technology (ToT) is not fully implemented) which means the cost that is need to be considered in realizing the independence of PT. PAL as the defense industry is not fully implemented in Indonesia. Finally, the chosen alternative is A-1, which is to continue cooperation in the construction of the Submarine Project would be better if it is supported by the commitment of the company and government, especially in facing the cost of reaching the benefit as described before. So, the policy that needs to be taken is to continue the next submarine-building project.
STUDENT DEMONSTRATION IN NATIONAL SECURITY PERSPECTIVES (CASE STUDY OF STUDENT DEMONSTRATION BY BADAN EKSEKUTIF MAHASISWA SELURUH INDONESIA OR BEM SI ON APRIL 11, 2022)
Authors: Nababan Kristina Roseven
Published: September 2022

National security is a battle against threats from both within and outside the country. It is the same with the recent demonstration by Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Seluruh Indonesia (BEM SI) or Student Executive Board throughout Indonesia. The demonstration can be both an opportunity and a challenge in the development of national security. This study will provide insight into how the BEM SI demonstration on April 11, 2022, which is expected to bring demands on the issue of postponing the 2024 election and a three-term term for President Jokowi, will affect national security. This study employs descriptive quantitative research, with data collected by a survey of 200 students throughout Indonesia. The findings of this study indicate that the BEM SI demonstration was on April 11, 2022. Social media plays a role in influencing student behavior to take action. As a result, students should evaluate demonstration practices and reclaim their role as agents of change. 
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKES DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR CHILDREN
Authors: Gustalika Muhamad Azrino , Usman Muhammad Lulu Latif , Bahtiar Arief Rais
Published: September 2022

Indonesia is a country in the ring of fire and one of the most disaster-prone countries on the planet. As a result of these characteristics, Indonesia is vulnerable to earthquakes at any time. For the children, the earthquake was a traumatic experience. They were overcome with panic and dread. The victims of earthquakes and tsunamis are also susceptible to nightmares related to the natural disasters they have witnessed. As a result, there is a need for early childhood learning development media to deal with earthquakes, one of which is an android application. This program is designed for early childhood earthquakes and children’s attempts to comprehend earthquakes. For media development, this study uses the System Development Life Cycle method with Waterfall methodology and BlackBox testing. The results of the application test using BlackBox when generating all scenarios were successfully executed according to the expected results using three different device brands, including Xiaomi, Asus, and Samsung. 
SOFT POWER PARADIGM OF INDONESIA’S DEFENSE
Authors: Runturambe Arthur Josias Simon , Fernando Yudha
Published: September 2022

The proposed strategic budget of US$ 104,247 billion submitted by Indonesia’s Ministry of Defense in mid-2021 has created a debate about Indonesia's Quo Vadis defense spending. Some questions need to be answered to provide insight into the process of selecting the best method for Indonesia's defense. Increasing national defense capabilities should refer to the global dynamics to accommodate Indonesia's national interests. This research uses document study, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), field observations for data collection, PEST analysis (Political, Economy, Social, and Technology), as well as SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), and ends with interactive analysis to obtain inductive conclusions. The purpose of this study is to see how Indonesia's weaknesses and strengths, both hard power and soft power, thus proceed to interactive analysis. The results show that the soft power method is considered the most appropriate to the current global and strategic conditions. Increasing the capability of the defense equipment only without prioritizing aspects of the soft power approach has the potential to make Indonesia included in the mapping of major power state threats. The soft power approach must be put forward but also mutually enable hard power capabilities. The mutualism of those aspects is considered effective to gain Indonesia’s defense strength.  
INDONESIA'S STATE DEFENSE STRATEGY COUNTER-TERRORISM AS IRREGULAR WARFARE FROM A TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Hidayat Cecep , Anwar Syaiful , Toruan T. S. L. , Simbolon Luhut
Published: September 2022

National defense is an effort to maintain territorial integrity, national safety, and state sovereignty, from disturbances and threats to the state and nation. Threats have evolved, not only military and non-military threats but also hybrids. Terrorism is a threat in the area of defense as well as security. By using qualitative research methods, this article tries to answer the question, what is the role of Indonesia in the national defense strategy to fight terrorism as an irregular war in Indonesia? From the discussion, it can be concluded that the efforts made to strengthen the national defense as a whole are to strengthen the ability to defend the state for all citizens because state defense is an integral part of the universal national defense system. 
PEDAGOGIC IN POST-TRUTH DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA
Authors: Hakim Raafi Fauzia , Triatna Cepi
Published: September 2022

Indonesia is a country with Pancasila ideology which becomes fundamentally philosophical. Advances in the field of information technology in the era of industry 4.0 and society 5.0 seem to drown out the existence and essence of philosophy and pedagogy. This era is dominated by the role of technology where computers are increasingly intelligent. In the Ancient Greece era pedagogic was a slave who supervised and monitored the academic development of the children who attend school. Human tendencies in the post-truth age are characterized by the difficulty of distinguishing where scientific facts see flash flood conditions in the digital world, lies feel like facts that threaten electoral democracy. Education Administration is a science with a core science in the form of leadership, administration, policy analysis, supervision, and pedagogy. In the context of the post-truth problem, namely by formulating strategies in the form of influence on human reality because post-truth lives in virtual reality, replying to flood the digital world full of post-truth with educational content. Post-truth is a phenomenon that occurs when personal beliefs and emotions take precedence over facts. This study aims to suggest alternative solutions using philosophy and pedagogy to resolve the post-truth problem from the study literature.  The conclusion of this research provides a suggestion to overcome and protect society in the post-truth era using philosophy and pedagogy perspective and increase trust in the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), Indonesian Police (Polri) Teachers, and lecturers as the shield of Indonesia. 
DENTISTS' ROLE IN STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
Authors: Lelyana Nora
Published: September 2022

National defense is a form of effort to maintain state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national safety. In Indonesia, the national defense system is used in the form of a universal people's defense system that involves all resources prepared by the government and is carried out in a total, integrated, directed, and sustainable manner. The common people's defense and security system is used in dealing with various threats. Military threats place the Indonesian National Army (TNI) as the main component, while non-military threats place Ministries/Institutions as the main component. This study will identify how dentists can play a role in strengthening the defense system in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method with data collection techniques through literature studies and field observations. The results showed that in strengthening the defense system, dentists had the following roles namely 1) examination and treatment of the dental and oral health of soldiers, when the condition of the teeth is not good, it would interfere with the personnel’s performance in the field; 2) in military operations, dentists also play a role in recording the ante mortem of troops; and 3) in the field of review, plays a very large role in identifying disaster victims, this is because teeth are the only part of the body that has a good level of resistance. Military dentists as one of the professionals in the health sector in Indonesia play an active role in strengthening the national defense system, but the distribution of human resources for health workers is still not evenly distributed throughout Indonesia. There needs an effort to manage dental health personnel so that the rights of every Indonesian citizen in the health sector, especially dental health, can be fulfilled optimally. 
ANALISIS SUBSTITUSI IMPOR GUNA MENDUKUNG KEMANDIRIAN INDUSTRI KENDARAAN TAKTIS DI BIDANG PERTAHANAN DAN KEAMANAN INDONESIA
Authors: Nurpatria Bayu , Ras Abdul Rivai , Supriyadi Imam
Published: September 2022

Industri pertahanan dan keamanan Indonesia hingga saat ini dapat dikatakan masih bergantung dengan sejumlah negara asing. Mengingat begitu pentingnya kemandirian dan penguasaan akan teknologi industri pemerintah menginisiasi kebijakan Industrialisasi Substitusi Impor (ISI) untuk dapat mencapai kemandirian. Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis substitusi impor dan memahami kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam industri pertahanan Indonesia dalam mencapai kemandirian dan lepas dari ketergantungan impor. Penelitian ini berfokus pada Tingkat Komponen Dalam Negeri (TKDN) industri kendaraan taktis (Rantis). Menggunakan teori sistem dunia terkait Substitusi Impor yang dicetuskan oleh Wallerstein dan Mengunakan pendekatan metode kualitatif eksploratif. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam pengembangan kendaraan taktis yaitu sebagaian besar komponen penting didalamnya masih sangat bergantung terhadap teknologi impor yang dikembangkan dari negara lain, hal ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya penelitian dan pengembangan, serta dukungan pemerintah pusat di industri pertahanan nasional yang sampai saat ini hanya berfokus pada desain Rantis dan persenjataan. Tantangan era globalisasi dan ancaman yang semakin kompleks, Indonesia dituntut untuk dapat meningkatkan kemandirian, salah satu cara yaitu dengan melakukan Industrialisasi Substitusi Impor (ISI) agar dapat meningkatkan ketahanan dan keamanan nasional.
HUBUNGAN LINGKUNGAN BELAJAR DENGAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR KADET MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN MILITER UNHAN TA 2020/2021
Authors: Anisah Anisah , Hawa Putrya , Tarigan Herlina , Hidana Rachma , Faiza Yaumi , Fitriani Elies
Published: September 2022

Pendidikan kedokteran bertujuan untuk menghasilkan dokter yang memiliki kompetensi dalam ranah pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku. Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh dalam pencapaian kompetensi tersebut adalah motivasi belajar mahasiswa, motivasi yang tinggi akan menghasilkan pencapaian belajar yang lebih baik. Lingkungan belajar membentuk suasana belajar yang dapat mempengaruhi motivasi mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan belajar terhadap tingkat motivasi mahasiswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sebanyak 74 mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Unhan angkatan 2020/2021 mengisikuesioner Dundee Ready Environment Educational Measurement (DREEM) dan Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji chi square. Didapatkan nilai total DREEM 147,36 yang berarti mahasiswa menilai lingkungan belajar yang terbentuk saat ini di FK Unhan masuk dalam kategori “lebih banyak hal positif daripada negatif” dengan nilai tertinggi didapatkan pada skala penilaian terhadap staf pengajar (77,1%) dan penilaian terendah pada skala kehidupan social (65,4%). Nilai rata-rata untuk motivasi adalah 3.59 masuk dalam kategori “tinggi”, dengan nilai tertinggi pada skala “intrinsicl value” 3,92 dan terendah pada skala anxiety 3,43. Hasil uji hipotesis menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara lingkungan belajar dengan motivasi belajar (p = 0,023).
FENOMENA KESADARAN NILAI-NILAI BELA NEGARA BAGI GENERASI MUDA DI LINGKUNGAN KAMPUS
Authors: Masridha Rachel Amelia , Mukti Iga Purnama , Syofiah Fitri , Rifki Muhammad , Satino Satino
Published: September 2022

Kesadaran bela negara merupakan hal yang sangat penting untuk diterapkan demi keberlangsungan suatu negara. Bela negara itu sendiri adalah sikap, tindakan, dan perilaku warga negara yang dilandasi oleh rasa nasionalisme dan cinta tanah air. Adanya nilai-nilai bela negara yang diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari membuat suatu negara dapat terhindar dari berbagai ancaman baik militer maupun non militer. Bela negara memiliki beberapa nilai dasar, yaitu: Kecintaan kepada tanah air, Kesadaran berbangsa dan bernegara, Yakin kepada Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara, Rela berkorban untuk bangsa dan negara, Memiliki kemampuan bela negara baik secara psikis maupun fisik. Semangat mewujudkan negara yang berdaulat, adil, dan makmur, bagi generasi muda khususnya, sikap patriotik yang harus dimiliki adalah semangat kejuangan yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar yang tekun dan rajin. Selain itu, cintai tanah air dan mengenang jasa para pahlawan yang telah berjuang untuk kemerdekaan Indonesia dan meneruskan perjuangan mereka dengan cara belajar dengan giat dan tekun untuk dapat membanggakan nama bangsa Indonesia.
FAKTOR MENINGKATNYA ALOKASI ANGGARAN KEMENTERIAN PERTAHANAN PADA ANGGARAN PENDAPATAN DAN BELANJA NEGARA (APBN) 2022
Authors: Azfar Hadi Muhammad Ariel , Sya’awal Muhammad Irgi , Septyatna Muhammad Reyhan Afif , Simangunsong Sarah Finka
Published: September 2022

Anggaran merupakan komponen penting untuk menunjang jalannya pemerintahan dan negara. Dalam membuat anggaran, aspek yang harus diperhatikan adalah nilai dan kebermanfaatannya sehingga dampak yang ditimbulkan akan dapat dirasakan oleh masyarakat umum. Memasuki tahun 2020, virus Covid-19 mulai masuk ke Indonesia sehingga pada saat itu ekonomi diprediksikan akan mengalami penurunan sampai beberapa tahun kedepan. Bidang kesehatan yang bersinggungan langsung dengan permasalahan ini menjadi perhatian yang serius, karena berdampak terhadap bidang-bidang lain, khususnya bidang ekonomi dan sosial. Bidang ekonomi dan sosial menjadi yang paling relevan karena dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh virus Covid-19 dapat dirasakan langsung pada masyarakat. Namun, dalam penyusunan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) tahun 2022 tercatat Kementerian Pertahanan yang memiliki anggaran terbesar meskipun permasalahan kesehatan, ekonomi, dan sosial belum selesai. Jurnal ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dari literatur dan dokumentasi dari berbagai sumber, sehingga data-data yang dihimpun dapat dipertanggungjawabkan validitas dan legalitasnya. Teori utama yang digunakan dalam jurnal ini adalah teori patron-klien, teori ini menjelaskan bagaimana hubungan antara satu orang dengan yang lain yang kedudukannya lebih tinggi. Dari data - data dan sumber-sumber yang sudah dianalisis, alokasi anggaran terhadap Kementerian Pertahanan tidak relevan dinilai dari situasi dan kondisi saat ini, terlebih anggaran Kementerian Pertahanan adalah kementerian dengan anggaran yang paling besar dalam APBN tahun 2022.
Effect of Feeding Fermented Catfish Pellets with Probiotics on Population Growth of Water Fleas (Daphnia Magna)
Authors: Cantika Glodia  , Sucahyo
Published: September 2022

magna as feed has advantages: easy to digest, the size is in accordance with the larval mouth opening, has 42.65% protein in the form of nutrition, contains a number of digestive enzymes, does not degrade water quality and can be cultivated in bulk. In this study, commercial catfish pellets fermented with probiotics were used as feed for D. magna. The probiotic that is often used in aquaculture is EM4 (Effective Microorganism 4). EM4 is able to play a role in increasing protein levels and with the right dose, EM4 becomes the main determining factor in growth productivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the good duration of EM4 fermentation in population growth of D. magna. This study is an experimental study (CRD), using D. magna as a test animal, with 5 different treatments. The results of the density of D. magna which were given different treatments gave different results. The highest density was found in treatment 3 and the treatment that had the lowest density was in treatment 5. The results of the Nonparametric test (Friedman-Test) showed significant results (P=0.00<0.05). Significantly different treatments were in treatment 3 and 5, while treatment 2 and treatment 4 had no significant difference. The results of the study the highest specific growth rate obtained was in treatment 4 of 0.223%/day, then followed by treatment 3 of 0.211%/day, while other treatments were relatively lower. Thus, feeding in the form of catfish pellets fermented with EM4 on the population growth of Daphnia magna gave a significant effect on treatment 3 and treatment 5 with the highest specific growth rate in treatment 4.
The Nigeria War of Unity 1967-1970: Strategies and Diplomacy
Authors: Osadola Oluwaseun Samuel , Serifat Bolanle Asiyanbi
Published: September 2022

This study examines the aim and strategies of the Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970 and, emphasizes the diplomatic positions and war strategies adopted by the two sides (Federal Government and Biafra secessionist) involved. It agrees that series of researches have been carried out as regards the Nigerian Civil War but only a few viewed it on the ground of diplomatic maneuvering and strategy. The various literatures laid more emphasis on the causes, dimensions and effects of the war without a thorough analogy on the use of tact and strategy in the context of the war. The study also examines the use of propaganda, military tact, media, peace talks and summits in the context of the Nigerian civil war. This study is divided into two parts; the use of strategies by the Nigerian government and the Biafra people, as well as the peace talks and summits that took place during the war. Both primary and secondary sources of data are employed in this research.
Pattern of intrauterine growth retardation among low birth weight neonates
Authors: Hauque Muhammad Obaidul , Ul Azim Muhammed Arshad , Md Zahir Kamruzzaman , Parvez Mashud , Hossain Sayed Zahid , Saha Asim Kumar
Published: September 2022

Background: There is an association between intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and subsequent development of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and hypertension during adult life. With this context, it is vital to give attention about the patterns of body proportion of IUGR babies. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of asymmetric distribution IUGR in contrast to symmetric distribution among babies with low birth weight (LBW).

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Sher-e-Bangla Medical College, Barisal,from January 2012 to June 2012, with a total 114 babies with LBW. All singleton newborns, within 24 hours of birth, having birth weight < 2.5 kg was were included. Weight was plotted in weight for gestation age centile chart. Then Ponderal index (PI) was calculated to determine asymmetric and symmetric IUGR by using the formula. Convenient sampling was used. Data were analyzed with SPSS. P value <0.05 was considered as significant.

Results: Out of 114 LBW babies, 79 were IUGR babies. Among 79 IUGR babies, 45.6% were male and 54.4% were female. The mean age of the mothers of the IUGR babies was 24.2 ± 5.6 years. Most of the mothers were in the age group of 16 to 25 years. In this study, most of the IUGR was asymmetric (68.4%) and a majority of the asymmetric IUGR babies were from rural areas. The PI of the asymmetric IUGR was significantly (p =<0.001) lower than the symmetric IUGR.

Conclusion: This study highlights that, among the LBW babies most of them were IUGR, the large population of IUGR babies were of asymmetric patterns. This group of patients carries immense importance to keep an eye on the risk of fetal origin of adult diseases.

BIRDEM Med J 2022; 12(3): 177-181
Causes of death in hospitalized diabetic patients in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md Jubaidul , Mir Ahmed Salam , Haque Injamam Ull , Jesmin Sadia , Ahmed Jamal Uddin , Mahmuda Farzana
Published: September 2022

Background: The incidence of diabetes mellitus is on a constant rise, affecting children and the elderly alike. This incidence is presumed to rise even further in the next few decades. Diabetes is often associated with various cardiovascular and kidney-related comorbidities, which can greatly affect the life expectancy. The comorbidities often have a direct influence on the mortality rate. The present study was conducted to find out the cause of death among hospitalized diabetic patients.

Methods:This retrospective study was conducted Medicine and allied departments of BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study period was July 2020 to June 2021 and the study was conducted with the data of 75 patients. Data was collected from hospital records by retrieving the files with proper permission from hospital authority. Patients whose cause of death was due to traumatic injury unrelated to diabetes and cases where investigation reports were not available were excluded from the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical review committee of Bangladesh Diabetic Association.

Results:Among the study subjects, 38.7% were older than 70 years, 30.7% between 61-70 years and only 4% between 23-40 years. Mean age was 65.3±13.2 years. There was slight male predominance, with male: female ratio 1.3:1. Clinical presentation included fever (60%)and shortness of breath (49.3%). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (92%), followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (18.7%) and acute kidney injury on chronic kidney disease (37.3%). The most common cause of death was urosepsis (30.7%) followed by septic shock (13.3%), myocardial infarction (12%) and the least common cause was meningoencephalitis (1.3%).

Conclusion: The study found that the most common cause of death in diabetic patients was sepsis, specifically urosepsis, followed by renal failure and cardiovascular disease related ailments.

BIRDEM Med J 2022; 12(3): 212-216
A male child with Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a rare case with a rare association
Authors: Zabeen Fahmida , Nazrin Tahera , Begum Noorjahan
Published: September 2022

Children with severe long-standing hypothyroidism rarely present with Van Wyk–Grumbach syndrome with delayed bone age and pseudoprecocious puberty. Till date, very few such cases are reported in boys. Boys are characterized by testicular enlargement with minimal penile enlargement. The prepubertal response in this syndrome is always isosexual and is mediated by very high thyroid-stimulating hormone levels acting through the follicle-stimulating hormone receptors. Although, hypothyroidism-induced dilated cardiomyopathy is an uncommon phenomenon, here we present a case of Van Wyk–Grumbach syndrome in a prepubertal boy with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BIRDEM Med J 2022; 12(3): 226-229
Modelling of South African Hypertension: Application of Classical Quantile Regression
Authors: Kuhudzai Anesu Gelfand , Hal Prof Guido Van , Dongen Prof Stefan Van , Hoque Muhammed Ehsanul
Published: September 2022

Background: High blood pressure, medically known as hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and premature death globally. The aim of the present study was to explore possible interactions amongst systolic blood pressure`s (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure`s (DBP) risk factors in South Africa.
Methods:A retrospective study was conducted using data acquired from the South African National Income Dynamics Study Wave 5, Household Survey which was carried out in 2017-2018.A final data set of 21 180 adults was utilized for data analysis. An application of the hierarchical group-lasso approach to detect interactions between SBP`s and DBP`s risk factors and classical quantile regression analysis were performed in this study.
Results: By using only upper quantilesbody mass index (BMI), age, race, never exercised, and the following nine interactions: BMI and age, BMI and gender male, age and never exercised, gender male and race African, race coloured and depression some or little of the time, BMI and cigarette consumption, age and race white, gender male and employment status, never exercised and cigarette consumptionwere found to be significantdeterminantsof hypertension in South Africa.
Conclusion: The evidence of this study suggests that it is ideal to consider interactions amongst risk factors when modelling hypertension.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 772-781
A 30-year-old dermoid cyst
Authors: Zon Erinna Mohamad , W Adnan W Fadhlina , Planisamy Kaamini , Mahmood Nik Mohamad Zaki Nik
Published: September 2022

Mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is the most common tumour of the ovary and includes at least two well-differentiated germ cell layers. The incidence is higher in reproductive age group and rarely among postmenopausal age women. It is benign condition however associated with multiple complication such as torsion, ruptured and chemical peritonitis. As it is rare among postmenopausal age group, it can be presented as chronic ovarian mass with expected complication and possibility of malignant transformation. Thorough assessment with adjunct of radiological imaging may assist in diagnosis and further management. Radiological imaging modalities were sensitive and sensitive in diagnosis of MCT however there were low specificity in detection of complication. Management of MCT in postmenopausal women mandate thorough evaluation considering the risk of malignant transformation and associated complications.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 918-921
Sweet Syndrome secondary to infection: A case report
Authors: Wan Jaffar Wan Muhd Riduan , Yaacob Lili Husniati , Draman Nani , Wan Abdullah Wan Noor Hasbee , Ayub Mukarramah Che
Published: September 2022

We present a case of a patient with Sweet Syndrome secondary to possible bacterial infection. The diagnosis of Sweet Syndrome was made based on his clinical and histopathological findings. Sweet syndrome is a rare inflammatory disorder characterised by tender erythematous skin lesions, often accompanied with fever, neutrophilia and leukocytosis. It is generally classified into classical (or idiopathic), drug-induced or malignancy-associated, each of which has its own features.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 922-925
Role of multimodality treatment in Kimura disease of head and neck region
Authors: Dam V Sha Kri Eh , Mohamad Sakinah , Mohamad Irfan
Published: September 2022

Abstract not available
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 939-942
Overweight and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence in Bangladesh and Its Consequences and Challenges.
Authors: Rashid Tahmina Joy , Haque Mainul
Published: September 2022

Abstract not available
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 667-675
Epidemiological Assessment of COVID-19 Clinical Symptoms and Its Associated Factors from Banten Districts: The Role of Gender Aspects
Authors: Sari Flori R , Suwarsono Erike A , Adhiyanto Chris , Habibi Ahmad Azwar , Siregar Alyya Siddiqa , Ariany Devy , Sahid Muniroh , Jauharoh Siti Nur Aisyah
Published: September 2022

Objectives: The symptoms of COVID-19 resemble those of a variety of mild to severe clinical conditions. Having epidemiological knowledge of the clinical symptoms of COVID‑19 and associated factors may help health workers to diagnose and manage the disease. Assessment of COVID-19’s clinical symptoms is therefore necessary to support health workers in Banten, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, we purposively analysed 1492 medical records from our online COVID-19 database. All data were analysed in a consecutive manner and were shown as percentages or significances.
Results: Medical records revealed that 577 patients (39%) were male and 915 (61%) were female. Our sample contained 106 patients (7%) who tested positive for COVID-19. Among these 106 patients, 70 were asymptomatic (66%) while the rest (34%) had single or multiple clinical symptoms. The most common symptom was fever (16%), followed by cough (15%), fatigue (11%), headache (11%), dysphagia (10%), rhinorrhoea (8%), nausea (7%), dyspnoea (4%) and diarrhoea (2%). Subsequently, gender differences were found to be significantly associated with positive cases (p<0.05), the appearance of clinical symptoms (p<0.05), and decision whether to hospitalize or self-isolate (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Fever, cough and fatigue predominated in the COVID-19 symptoms reported by our patients. Additionally, gender differences should be carefully considered in developing better management processes.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 782-787
Side Effects Profile among Healthcare Workers after the Administration of Activated mRNA-1273 as a Booster Following 2 Shots of Inactivated (CoronaVac) Vaccine
Authors: Maryani Nova , Permana Iman , Setyonugroho Winny , Ulfa Maria , Fakhriani Rizka , Sutantri -
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study focuses on investigating the profile of all side effects of the mRNA-1273 vaccine for healthcare workers.
Material and method: A cross-sectional design were used to explore the side effects of the mRNA-1273 vaccine for healthcare workers in Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. The survey was conducted through Google form after 119 healthcare workers in Yogyakarta and Central Java receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccination as a booster in May-August 2021.
Results and discussion:The major goal of this research is to investigate the side effects of using the mRNA-1273 vaccine as a booster among healthcare workers in Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia.Most (99.2%) of respondents admitted to feeling pain at the injection site, 42% the respondents also admitted to feeling swelling at the injection site as a moderate side effect, and 3.4% respondents reported vomiting as a rare side effect.This study found the low negative correlation between headache with p value 0.004 (p<0.05, r= -314) and nauseous with p value 0.012 (p<0.05, r= -300) towards the gender. We also found the low negative correlation between muscle aches with p value 0.033 (p<0.05) towards the ages (r= -257).
Conclusion: The most common side effect after receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine as a booster is a pain in the injection area. Female most frequent felt the headache and nauseous than man after received booster vaccination.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 801-807
Simplified internet-based diarrhoea and fever epidemiology in Balkh, Afghanistan
Authors: Pilsczek Florian
Published: September 2022

Introduction: The low-income country Afghanistan requires disease frequency information for infectious diseases as essential tool for prevention and management. We propose the use of internet searches for the collection of diarrhoea and fever frequency data to support doctors when treating diarrhoea and fever outbreaks.
Methods: A computer with internet connection was used to search Google Trends for frequency data for Balkh, Afghanistan, in 2019. We used search terms in English and the two languages of Afghanistan, Pashto and Dari.
Results: Diarrhoea searches were conducted in Afghanistan throughout 2019 and especially between March and November. Diarrhoea searches were submitted in Balkh throughout the year. Searches for fever and بت were submitted throughout the year and especially during the last 2 thirds of 2019.
Conclusion: Internet search engines are a low-cost tool to provide search frequency data for diarrhoea and fever and can support healthcare in remote parts of the world such as Balkh.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 935-938
The Effect of the Jigsaw Technique on the Knowledge and Skills of Nursing Students
Authors: Ziyai Nasibe Yağmur , Dikmen Yurdanur
Published: September 2022

Background: The Jigsaw technique is a modern method that enables the creation of a positive learning environment.In this study, we aim to determine the impact of Jigsaw technique on students’ knowledge level regarding arterial blood pressure and their arterial blood pressure performance skill level.
Material and Methods: A quasi-experimental design study was conducted 60 first year nursing students atSakarya University. Students in the control group received traditional learning method while the intervention group had Jigsaw technique activities. Data was collected through “Arterial Blood Pressure Knowledge Test” and “Arterial Blood Pressure Skill Performance Test”. Cronbach Alpha, Mann Whitney U Test, and Independent T-Test, were used for the data analysis.
Results and Discussion: Arterial blood pressure knowledge level test score ranking average of the students in the intervention group were (42.38) significantly higher than those of control group (18.62) (p<.05). Besides, the average test score for arterial blood pressure skill performance test in the intervention group (78.00±6.72) was found significantly higher than that of the control group, which was 58.00±15.11 (p<.05).
Conclusion: According to the data obtained, it is concluded that the jigsaw technique was more effective than the traditional method for increasing knowledge level and skill performance.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 820-824
Retroperitoneal soft tissue Sarcomas: retrospective cohort study
Authors: OZSOY Mehmet Sait , EKINCI Ozgur , ACAR Mehmet , LEBLEBICI Metin , ISIK Arda , YILDIRIM Ayse Nur Toksoz , GUNDUZ Nesrin , ALIMOGLU Orhan
Published: September 2022

Objective: Soft Tissue Sarcomas are rare mesenchymal tumors with many subtypes. Clean margin wide resection is recommended for treatment.In this study, the location, histopathological features, clinical and demographic features, recurrence and prognosis of retroperitoneal sarcomas were investigated.
Methods: The demographic, histopathological and immunohistochemical data of 18 patients who were operated on with the diagnosis of retroperitoneal mass between March 2016 and June 2021 were evaluated retrospectively.
Results: 18 patients were included in the study. 10 patients were male and 8 patients were female. The mean age was 57 (23-81), the median age was 55. While 14 patients were primary sarcoma, 4 patients were recurrent sarcoma. The most common complaint was abdominal pain with 38,87%. The average follow-up time was 26 (0-55) months. The postoperative mean hospitalstay was 5,83 (2-8) days. The average size of the tumor was 19,81 (6,5-36) cm. A total of 8 different histopathological sarcoma types were detected. The most common histology was Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma (44,45%). R0 resection in 10 patients, R1 resection in 6 patients and R2 resection in 2 patient were performed. Organ resection was performed in 6 patients due to organ invasion. During follow-up, 10 patients had a local recurrence and underwent reresection and 6 patients died. The 30-day mortality number was 0. The mean time to detect relapse was 9,3 (1-55) months. Metastasis developed in 2 (11, 11%) patients.
Conclusion:Although we are a low-volume hospital for retroperitoneal sarcomas, our results are similar to those in the literature.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 829-835
Khamira Banafsha for the symptomatic treatment of Covid-19 Disease
Authors: Zakir Mohammad , Naushad Mohd , Ahmad Wasim , Ahmad Tasleem , Fatima Syeda Hajra , Alam Md Aftab , Javed Ghazala
Published: September 2022

Respiratory illness is one of the most important public health problems in many countries worldwide. Even though most of the ailments are treatable with normal care, respiratory-related mortality continues to increase year after year. The global situation is deteriorating as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic. Numerous Unani formulations are beneficial against a variety of respiratory disorders, but they must be clinically researched before they can obtain widespread acceptance in the modern world. At the moment, no antiviral medication is either available for each respiratory disease or is costly and not easy to use in pandemics like COVID-19 on large scale, although Unani medicines may be considered an option. Khamira Banafsha (KB) is a semi-solid blend of three dried flowers, Viola odorata L., Borago officinalis L., and Rosa damascena Mill and the distillate of Rosa damascena, and sugar. The components in this formulation are well-known and frequently utilized in the treatment of respiratory problems.The formulation has been used to treat a wide range of illnesses for decades. This review will discuss the pharmacology, ethnopharmacology, and repurposing of KB as an adjuvant or symptomatic treatment for Covid-19 illness.The chemical composition of the ingredients may be evaluated In-silico to identify their eligibility for Covid-19 disease symptomatic management.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 883-892
Health Rights of Prisoners and Prison Law Reforms during COVID-19 Pandemic in India
Authors: Nomani MZM , Hussain Zafar
Published: September 2022

Background: The National Crime Record Bureau and the Prison Statistics India, 2020 report on the overcrowding and occupancy in jails has ripple effect on the spread of the COVID-19.The protection to health freedoms of detainees and prisoners reflected in the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidance on COVID-19 for Prisons and Detention, 2020. The Indian jails have congestion and inhabitance and prone to contagion disease. The COVID-19 has an expanding transmission among detainees in prisons, jails and detention homes.
Objectives: The WHO Guidance on COVID-19 for Prisons and Detention, 2020 standardizes the essential instrument to manage the COVID-19 difficulties in penitentiaries and confinement homes. The direction secures the strength of detainees and convicts living in encased conditions. The ostensible purpose is to contain the COVID-19 disease from spreading to general population and release the under trials for the safe healthy conditions.
Methodology: The methodology applied the canons of statutory interpretation of United Nations Principles of the Protection of Prisoners, 1982 and Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, 1990 alongside the Moscow Declaration on Prisons and Health, 2003 and Nelson Mandela Rules, 2015 in fostering the health equity and criminal justice during COVID-19 pandemic. The mandate of the WHO Interim Guidance on COVID-19 in Prisons and Other Places of Detention, 2020 is straight out in preventive and medicinal measures for the penitentiaries and confinement homes in the virus of COVID-19.
Results: The paper tracks the salubrious results of the international legal norms and national precedents of High Courts and Supreme Court in heralding systemic prison reform. The compliance of WHO Interim Guidance on Preparedness, Prevention and Control of COVID-19 In Prisons and Other Places of Detention, 2020 cultivated robust criminal administration during COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown in India.
Conclusion: The judgment of High Courts and Supreme Court on prison reform during the COVID-19 pandemic in India has resulted in Health Rights of Prisoners and Prison Law Reforms during COVID-19 Pandemic in India. It also refurbished the medical services in correctional facilities and confinement homes in criminal justice system.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 893-900
Reducing the hemodialysis patient stress level through progressive relaxation
Authors: Puspitosari Warih Andan , Rohman Hanif Habibur , Dewi Arlina
Published: September 2022

Background: Hemodialysis is an effective treatment carried out for patientswith chronic kidney failure to improve the quality of life. 80% of hemodialysis patients experience physical stress disorder and psychosocial stress related to treatment. When faced with stress, the body muscles become tense as the abdomen becomes tense and cramped, the chest feels tight, which impacts physical and psychosocial health, so it is necessary to have stress management training through relaxation techniques. This study aimed to determine the effect of progressive relaxation on stress levels in patients with hemodialysis.
Method: A quasi-experimental pre-test and posttest study with control group design was used in this study. is a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test study with a control group design. There were 58 respondents divided into two groups (intervention and control), and each group consisted of 29 people selected by random sampling. Measurement of stress levels using questionnaire Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 42 (DASS 42).
Results: The Mann Whitney U Test showed a difference in the decrease instress levels which was statistically significant (p <0.05).
Conclusion: The audio-visual progressive relaxation training conducted at least two times a week for three weeks effectively reduces stress levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy for at least one month.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 04 October’22 Page : 842-847