bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient and Properly Functioning Capital Markets
Authors: Veil Rüdiger
Published: March 2024

Allocation efficiency is the fundamental objective of capital market regulation. This chapter explains that efficient allocation of capital requires efficient and properly functioning markets. EU law does not define these regulatory objectives in more concrete terms. The ECJ has not yet shed light on the regulatory objectives, either. However, we do not recommend that a European Capital Markets Code (ECMC) specifies both regulatory goals. Nevertheless, it is important to include both objectives in the recitals of an ECMC because they shape the courts’ interpretation of standards and norms and supervisory measures of the NCAs or ESMA. To that end, the ECMC should provide for elements indicating market efficiency and the proper functioning of markets and a procedural mechanism requiring an exchange of views between NCAs and ESMA with a coordinating role by ESMA.
Regulatory Goals in Capital Markets Law
Authors: Ventoruzzo Marco
Published: March 2024

This chapter considers whether it is desirable and useful an explicit indication of regulatory goals, and efficiency in particular, in the text of a possible Consolidated Law on Financial Markets Regulation at the European Union level. After a brief introduction on the concept of efficiency, it is argued that while these references are useful to make explicit the intentions of the legislature, they rarely offer a concrete guide to the interpreter to fill in statutory lacunae and or use analogy effectively, due to both the difficulty of translating them—and efficiency in particular—in specific criteria, and because they might point to alternative solutions without giving a clear ranking among the different options. In addition, efficiency as a general provision might lead to interpretative options that are in tension or in conflict with other values of the legal system, such as legal certainty. In short, it is suggested that while regulatory goals are useful in preambles or general clauses, in most cases they should not and cannot offer specific solutions to the interpreter to fill in regulatory gaps.
Firms and households in Tanzania’s development
Authors: Morrissey Oliver , Semboja Joseph , Were Maureen
Published: March 2024

This chapter gives a broad description of the chapters in the book. The overall focus is the analysis of development experiences in Tanzania since 2000—considering perspectives of firms and households—offering insights informing Tanzania’s path to sustainable development. Have firms and households in Tanzania been successful in building resilience to economic shocks and a changing environment to sustain their growth and development? Export competitiveness, innovation, and developing linkages contribute to the resilience and sustainability of firms, whereas income diversification and financial inclusion promote resilience and sustainability of households. The concept of sustainable development originated at the 1992 Earth Summit. Managing natural resources and reducing adverse impacts on biodiversity and the environment became increasingly important global issues—by 2000 climate change was firmly on the development agenda. The SDGs represent a culmination of incorporating development and environmental concerns to provide a broader global conception of sustainable development.
Mr. Dombey and Mr. Dickens
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

The study of Dombey and Son introduces Dickens as a sudden and delicate improviser who creates psychological space through small instinctive moves like paragraph shifts, pronoun play, and manuscript revisions that deepen the insights of his sentences on quick second thought. It concentrates on two fraught and intertwined relationships: between Mr. Dombey and his neglected daughter Florence, and between Dickens himself and Mr. Dombey. As Dickens feels his way into Dombey’s inward life, the character begins to hold some of Dickens’s own conflicts during the emotionally troubled period of the late 1840s. The later part of the chapter concentrates on Florence’s inner life during crisis moments in her story, finding the psychological intelligence in what often passes for Dickens’s sentimental writing about virtuous young heroines.
His Favourite Child—David Copperfield
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

The David Copperfield chapter meditates on the novel closest to Dickens’s heart, and closest to ‘the mind of the heart’ as it brings shadowy memories and obscure feelings into language. It considers pathos as a literary emotion, when the feelings of a sufferer are beheld and expressed by an observer or reader who protects the sufferer from self-pity, and keeps the passing emotion alive and valued in another’s memory. The retrospective older David is a witnessing reader of his younger self, treating his early dilemmas with tenderness, just as character-David treats the betrayers whom he’s loved with tenderness rather than bitterness. Moments when comedic characters melt into active human sympathy add to this novel’s special generosity of heart and mind.
Do Beliefs Need Justification?
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan
Published: March 2024

This chapter gives a critique of the widespread use of the word “justification” to discuss the epistemic standing of belief. Drawing on the idea that words can carry powerful unintended meanings, the chapter argues that the ubiquitous post-Gettier invocation of “justification” for beliefs carries, via semantic presupposition, a hidden negative message: the idea that belief is presumptively wrong—that it is something that stands in need of justification or excuse. The assumption is ideological, furthering conservative bias. Epistemologists’ terminological practice here is more recent, and more contingent, than epistemologists sometimes realize. This chapter advocates reforming it. As a generic matter, belief should not be treated as suspect. Most typically, beliefs constitute knowledge.
Moral and Pragmatic Encroachment
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines pragmatic encroachment and moral encroachment in epistemology. According to these views, epistemic norms are sensitive to the moral and practical stakes and costs of believing. In particular, pragmatic encroachment theorists typically argue that when the practical stakes of a question are high, one should require higher-than-usual evidential support in order for belief to be appropriate. And moral encroachment theorists argue that when certain moral or political considerations are implicated, one should also be slower to believe, lest one commit a “doxastic wrong.” Both thoughts contribute to the negative bias in epistemology, assuming that suspension of judgment is safe, and belief is dangerous. This chapter critically examines that assumption, and develops a case for versions of moral and pragmatic encroachment whereby, in certain cases, due to the importance of a question, one should be quicker to believe, rather than slower.
Higher-Order Metaphysics
Authors: Peter Fritz , Jones Nicholas K.
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an introduction to higher-order metaphysics as well as to the contributions to this volume. We discuss five topics, corresponding to the five parts of this volume, and summarize the contributions to each part. First, we motivate the usefulness of higher-order quantification in metaphysics using a number of examples, and discuss the question of how such quantifiers should be interpreted. We provide a brief introduction to the most common forms of higher-order logics used in metaphysics, and indicate a number of questions which can be raised in such systems using logical vocabulary alone. Using a further example, we return to applications of higher-order logics in metaphysics. We also mention key developments in the history of higher-order logic as it pertains to metaphysics. Finally, we mention certain arguments which have been raised against the use of higher-order logic, and some ways of responding to them.
Classicism
Authors: Andrew Bacon , Dorr Cian
Published: March 2024

This three-part chapter explores a higher-order logic we call ‘Classicism’, which extends a minimal classical higher-order logic with further axioms which guarantee that provable coextensiveness is sufficient for identity. The first part presents several different ways of axiomatizing this theory and makes the case for its naturalness. The second part discusses two kinds of extensions of Classicism: some which take the view in the direction of coarseness of grain (whose endpoint is the maximally coarse-grained view that coextensiveness is sufficient for identity), and some which take the view in the direction of fineness of grain (whose endpoint is the maximally fine-grained theory containing all distinctness claims compatible with Classicism). The third part introduces some techniques for constructing models of Classicism, and uses them to prove the consistency of many of the extensions of Classicism introduced in the second part.
Why I Am Not an Absolutist (or a First-Orderist)
Authors: Rayo Agustín
Published: March 2024

Menzel and Pickel’s contributions to this volume share a common core, which consists of the conjunction of Absolute Generality (i.e. the claim that here is sense to be made of an “absolutely general” quantifier) and First-Orderism (i.e. the claim that higher-order quantifiers should be thought of as restricted first-order quantifiers). In this paper, I point to some limitations of the resulting philosophical picture and suggest an alternative, which I call Anti-Absolutism.
What Is Musical Tempo?
Authors: London Justin
Published: March 2024

In music, oursense of speed and motion is known as tempo (literally, ‘the time’), and tempo is familiarly expressed in terms of ‘beats per minute’ or ‘BPM’. However, simple correlations between BPM and tempo, as well as between the rate of surface activity and tempo, are problematic. There are other auditory and non-auditory cues for tempo, and episodic memory also plays a role. Taking the complex constellation of auditory and non-auditory cues into account, an embodied, energistic account of tempo is developed, with tempo as a summary judgement of energistic cost(s) of musical behaviour, or more precisely, of the effort involved in moving the way the music seems to move. Thus, musical tempo is not ‘How fast does the music go?’ but rather, ‘How much energy and effort is required for me to keep up with it?’
Making Time Together
Authors: Laroche Julien , Himberg Tommi , Bachrach Asaf
Published: March 2024

The temporality of human behaviours and experiences implicates multiple timescales, reflecting interactions between manifold processes that cut across intra- and intersubjective levels of organization. The way individuals feel time and shape it through their bodily actions is therefore something that individuals ‘make together’. Collective improvisation—being the very art of temporality negotiation—is thus a paradigmatic practice of participatory time-making. Using modified improvisational scores (sets of constraints that participants abide by during an improvisation practice), this chapter investigates how the enactment of time relies on and emerges from the interactions between participants. To study the effects of one’s interactions with others on the temporality of one’s behaviours and experiences, analysis of kinematic coordination and subjective experiential reports are combined. This approach is illustrated with two protocols that highlight the collective formation (and disruption) of temporal ‘shapes’ at multiple timescales through bodily interactions.
The Experience of Musical Groove
Authors: Stupacher Jan , Hove Michael J. , Vuust Peter
Published: March 2024

The term groove can be used in different ways: a groove may refer to a repeated rhythmic pattern, while to groove can describe how musicians play together with a sense of motion and flow. In music psychology, the experience of groove is defined as a pleasurable urge to move one’s body in relation to certain rhythmic patterns. In this chapter, the authors argue that the experience of groove is strongest when a rhythm hits the sweet spot between predictability and surprise, for example, by repeating a rhythmic pattern with a clear pulse and incorporating slight deviations in form of syncopation or microtiming. The authors extend this view to describe how the experience of groove is related to the experience of flow and how groove-inducing music can facilitate social closeness when dancing with others.
Embodied Time
Authors: Wittmann Marc
Published: March 2024

The judgement of time, as it refers to succession, duration, the experienced moment, and time passage, is essential for the cognitive and emotional appraisal of the surrounding environment as static or dynamically changing. Music and dance are the prime media to induce a dynamic, lived experience, but the majority of empirical studies concerning perceived time are not embedded within an ecologically valid context. Actively playing an instrument or listening to music as well as dancing or watching a dance performance modulate the sense of time for both the performers and the audience as a function of performance characteristics and personal engagement. The kinaesthetic arts represent one approach in the cognitive neurosciences investigating the embodiment of time on different temporal processing levels and are paradigmatic for such research. This chapter presents and evaluates essential lines of research in timing as it relates to music and dance. Basic research in psychology and neuroscience combined with music and dance studies results in a fruitful accumulation of ideas, concepts, and results.
Learning to Feel the Time
Authors: Hartenberger Russell
Published: March 2024

When musicians talk about playing with good time, they refer to the ability to keep a regular, steady pulse or beat. However, they often use the term ‘time feel’ interchangeably with time. Musical time, to performers, is as much about a feel as it is about keeping a steady beat. Time and feel are particularly important aspects of performance for percussionists/drummers since their attack placement is critical and undeniable in its immediacy. How does a percussionist learn to play and feel time? How do musicians in different cultures learn and think about time? And how can empirical research inform performers of pulse-based music? This chapter examines these questions from the perspectives of Western and non-Western musicians and from the disciplines of ethnomusicology, rhythmic theory, poetry, neuroscience, and music perception and cognition.
Introduction
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: March 2024

The Introduction explains what this book is about, sets the scenes for the chapters, and takes us through each chapter. It begins with definitions: Turning Inside captures a time (c.1550–c.1700) when local governments relied more heavily than before on information systems in forms and extent that were groundbreaking and a range of institutions that were distinctive, including England’s first nationwide system of incarceration inside bridewells. These were the outcomes of pragmatic and accumulative responses to deep-seated changes and developments rather than some grand design. These developments (contexts) included sweeping demographic and socio-economic changes and their consequences like vagrancy, poverty, and crime that were all rising ‘dayly’ or ‘contynually’; reconfigurations of the greater reach of the State across the land in modified reciprocal relations with local governments; the growing prominence and know-how of ‘middling’ men in work and local office; sharper concerns with the effectiveness of representing authority in ‘publique’, including public punishment; and insistence on precision and clarity in broad bodies of knowledge, culture, and practice that had lasting impacts on governance. The various significances of these transformations in local government shape what we see in this book. The chapter sequence expresses ‘turning inside’, starting with ‘precyson’ or being ‘exact’ that came to define the art of local government. The next two chapters are set outside in ‘public’: the first on ‘manifestaccon’ or representing authority in public, the second on public punishment. The last two chapters shift inside to examine bridewells and other institutions and information cultures and systems.
‘Manifestaccon’
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: March 2024

‘Manifestaccon’ was the visual representation of government, authority, and ethics in public for people to see, read, and assimilate. It was a statement of ‘civill government’ and the ‘publique good’ seen, for example, in ‘skarlett dayes’ when towns went on parade, eye-catching civic clothing and maces, and in material environments—market squares, buildings, streets, walls, crosses, and conduits. It was intended to display honour, but ‘manifestaccon’ was double-edged and vulnerable because its success depended on reactions of ‘the eye-beholder’ or public audiences. The intrinsic tension was that something might go wrong in sensitive ‘publiques’: disrupted ceremony, ‘unsemely’ streets, rundown buildings, walls, or gates. This is seen in ‘manifestaccon’s’ counter-vocabularies: ‘sweet’, ‘stately’, ‘orderly’, ‘civil’, ‘fowle’, ‘noisome’, ‘uncivil’, ‘disworship’. Pursuing ‘manifestaccon’ was a continuous process that made magistrates think about its effectiveness. They worked hard to ‘beautify’ their piece of England and address sanitation and public health for ‘the honour and creditt of the citty’. They gave ‘ornaments’ a fresh lick of paint, patched up holes in walls, repaired crosses and conduits, and took one anti-‘manifestaccon’ act after another to court (cases that are a guide to flaws as well as intentions and expectations). ‘Precyson’ trained a sharp eye on ‘manifestaccon’ and its parts with their abiding uncertainty (or aspirational tendencies). Many of these parts are no longer with us or they have lost their political charge and consequence, becoming in the process honorific and antique. This long-term shift was already evident before 1700, when issues raised by ‘manifestaccon’ were continually apparent.
Information
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: March 2024

Existing narratives of information for governance are overwhelmingly told in terms of Church and State and the ‘political arithmetic’ pursued by William Petty and others. Much less explored is a third narrative from the bottom up in local governments that relied routinely on surveillance for ‘better government’, in words from Salisbury. Information was oxygen for local government that could not have run without it. We tend to date the emergence of sophisticated local information gathering to later periods, but we are not in a dry backwater in 1600 before government by information in towns and villages was taken seriously. Policy and policing by information were routine by then. Local surveying revealed the dimensions of people and ‘problems’ on a scope and scale that were unprecedented. This chapter shows how archives were put together in ways that embodied place and identity. It examines census-taking and its forms (books, catalogues, lists); the impacts of ‘precyson’ in calls for ‘exact’ and ‘trew’ information; the safe storage, security, and ‘secresie’ of records/information; more effective presentation of information in records for use (e.g. indexes, calendars, alphabetization, marginalia); and networks that linked towns, villages, and Whitehall in genuine information exchange. There was more to ‘survey’ in times of deep demographic, economic, and social strain that were more challenging than anyone alive could remember. With information at hand, ‘middling’ office holders equipped with skills necessary for record-keeping, managing information, and handling accounts could ‘digest’, ‘compute’, ‘number’, and ‘particularize’ to answer questions that mattered: ‘who are you?’, ‘what number?’, ‘what they be?’
Adults as Allies and Partners
Authors: Checkoway Barry
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the adults that support young people in working for social justice. These adults play various roles as adults and partners—such as sharing experiences from their older age, providing practical skills unavailable in schools, nurturing their ideas, offering encouragement, and building support for their work—in addition to getting them excused from class, driving them to meetings, and dealing with adult authorities and pervasive adultism in society. The chapter introduces the parents, teachers, administrators, advocates, and organizers, in their everyday lives, and the qualities that draw young people to them.
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Kelly E.
Published: March 2024

With its colorful temple complex and elaborate collective rituals performed by members dressed as fairytale princesses and caped knights, the Valley of the Dawn offers irresistible eye candy for the Instagram age. Yet outside observers and mainstream media outlets routinely dismiss the Valley as naive escapism, whimsical make-believe, or, worse, a nefarious cult. This chapter explains the problems with the term cult and shows why the Valley is better understood as a new religious movement for the Space Age: one focused on individual betterment and suited to a modern era in which the Earth and its human occupants no longer occupy the center of the universe but have been displaced to its margins.
Beach Bodies
Authors: Devienne Elsa
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 shows how, in the postwar era, the LA coastline became a public stage where subcultures reshaped notions of beauty, masculinity, and femininity. The concomitant rise of a youth beach culture centered around late-night beach parties and annual Spring Break celebrations, the surfing phenomenon and its avatars in the music and clothing industries, and the birth of bodybuilding at Santa Monica’s Muscle Beach made the beaches of Los Angeles into places that produced and promoted new standards of beauty and appearance. This phenomenon was both facilitated and impeded by beach modernization objectives that disrupted long-standing local traditions and sought to make these spaces more homogeneous. The newly widened beaches and their brand-new sports centers, volleyball courts, and gym apparatus afforded more space for athletic activities, yet not all beachgoers were welcomed on the modernized shores.
Epilogue
Authors: Devienne Elsa
Published: March 2024

The epilogue explores the recent controversies that have called into question the democratic character of the beaches. It also assesses whether the beaches still play their role as an innovation center for new body trends and beauty standards. From the rebirth of Muscle Beach in 1970s Venice to the success of the TV show Baywatch in the 1990s, the beaches of Los Angeles have continued to play a key role in global imaginaries of beauty. Today, the beaches of Los Angeles are more popular than ever. Yet the “right to the beach” remains contested. From an environmental point of view, ocean pollution and rising sea levels are causes of concern. According to scientists, more than half of Southern California’s beaches could be completely eroded by 2100. Even if the beaches of LA were to survive, the question of who gets to enjoy this beautiful, albeit artificial, playground remains open-ended.
Introduction
Authors: Rubio Julie Hanlon
Published: March 2024

The introduction offers an initial exploration of the question “Can you be a Catholic and a feminist?”; narrates a brief history of Catholic feminism; and situates the question in the context of current challenges such as the #MeToo movement, the clergy-perpetrated sexual abuse crisis, struggles for racial justice, and movements for LGBTQ equality. The book’s thesis, that Catholic feminist identity is possible if tensions are frankly acknowledged, overlap is recovered, and strategies of authentic belonging are explored, is presented, along with definitions of key terms. The chapter opens and closes with a brief glimpse into the author’s life, so that readers know a little about who is accompanying them as they navigate the difficult question of Catholic feminist identity.
Authentically Human
Authors: Rubio Julie Hanlon
Published: March 2024

Are Catholics and feminists at odds over what it means to be a good person? Catholics often associate sin with pride and preach self-sacrifice but feminists, knowing that many women struggle more with feelings of inadequacy than a propensity for excessive self-importance, emphasize freedom and self-acceptance, captured in the popular phrase “You are enough.” Both sides of this binary are inadequate. To move beyond “Eat Pray Love” feminism and Catholic spiritualities focusing too narrowly on surrender, this chapter mines recent conversations between feminist philosophers and Catholic theologians in order to offer a vision of a good person who can balance self-love with responsibility and social concern. By maintaining some critical distance from the inadequacies of some versions of Catholic piety and feminist rhetoric, and embracing a balance of freedom and solidarity, it is possible to claim an authentic Catholic feminism.
The Quest for an Identity
Authors: Palti Elías J.
Published: March 2024

This final part elaborates on the theoretical-methodological issues involved in the study of political-intellectual history. Basically, it shows why, to make sense of the controversies in the past regarding the fundamental political concepts, such as democracy, representation, freedom, etc., it is necessary first to dislocate the approaches founded on “models of thinking” or “ideal types” and penetrate its dilemmatic nature, the aporetic substratum that underlies them. This entails, in turn, reconsidering some of our fundamental certainties. Ultimately, only this labor of denaturalizing our present ideas, and, along with it, the teleological and normative pretensions, could detach Latin American intellectual history from the place of a merely local anomaly with no relevance to the study of intellectual history, at large, a gain a sense that transcends the local framework.
“No Money, and No Confidence”: Slave Trading, Secession, and the Panic of 1860
Authors: Colby Robert K.D.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 1 examines the development of the slave trade in the decades preceding the Civil War before describing the effects of the secession crisis on the slave market. It uncovers white Southerners’ fears of what the election of Abraham Lincoln, an anti-slavery Republican, might mean for the future of slavery. It then explores the detrimental impact of disunion on slave commerce. Lincoln’s election and the secession of many slaveholding states threw the slave market into chaos. This was in part because enslavers worried about the ways in which Lincoln might impede slavery’s growth and expansion (and over how the enslaved would respond to his election), but much more because secession destabilized the financial system that facilitated the slave trade. The first days of the Civil War thus depressed the slave market, though less because of a lack of confidence in slavery than because of a widespread financial crisis.
“Liable to Be Sold at Any Moment”: State-Making, Continuity, and the Slave Trade
Authors: Colby Robert K.D.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 delves into the ways in which the specific context of the Civil War sparked a wave of transactions in enslaved people. Confederates bought and sold enslaved laborers to support their war effort. Enslaved workers made weapons and munitions, grew food, built fortifications, laid railroads, and performed a host of other tasks essential to the Confederate States of America’s war-making. Through the slave trade, Confederates controlled and allocated their labor amid the chaos of war, using the enslaved to help create the very state that held them in bondage. Individual Rebels also used the slave trade to counter the crises the war created: to offset shortages of food, shifting gender roles, and the innumerable hardships caused by the conflict. Amid all of this, the state mechanisms that underpinned much slave trading ground on, leading to court-mandated sales, as well as transactions intended to address enslavers’ perceived needs and to ensure the continuity of slavery even in a revolutionary moment.
Epilogue
Authors: Colby Robert K.D.
Published: March 2024

The epilogue brings the narrative full circle, returning to Robert Lumpkin’s slave jail and tracing its transformation, disappearance, and reappearance in the years following the Civil War. Much as the Devil’s Half Acre faded from the Richmond landscape, former slave traders either disappeared from public life or rehabilitated themselves as businessmen in other fields. These processes reflected the ways in which Americans’ memories of both slavery and the Civil War converged to produce a forgetting of the wartime traffic in humanity. The epilogue concludes by exploring how studying the Civil War slave trade supports a broader revaluation of the results and costs of the conflict.
Functional Behavioral Assessment
Authors: Filter Kevin J. , Alvarez Michelle E. , Zammitt Kimberly A.
Published: March 2024

Functional behavior assessments (FBAs) can help address behavioral issues in a systematic and evidence-informed manner. Behavior problems in school are a serious issue at the forefront of discussions between administrators, school personnel, communities, legislators, families, and students. This chapter describes the evidence base for FBAs and how to utilize the FBA process in multitiered systems of support. Descriptions of both how to conduct the FBA and use of resulting data, in addition to a detailed case study, provide the context needed to understand the value FBAs bring to addressing behavior problems in a school setting. Insight into how to use the FBA data to develop a behavior intervention plan (BIP) is integrated throughout the chapter.
Students Who Have Experienced Trauma
Authors: Lanktree Cheryl
Published: March 2024

School-based services are crucial for traumatized youth so that they can be identified, screened, and provided with trauma-focused services. Collaborative relationships between schools and trauma-focused mental health service providers in the community enhance and complement these services, whether they are provided on school campuses or in outpatient settings. Insecure attachment relationships and trauma associated with social and economic deprivation, community violence, racism, trans/homophobia, and health challenges can also compound the impacts of trauma caused by child abuse and neglect. Integrative Treatment of Complex Trauma (ITCT), an evidence-based, component-driven model, was designed to particularly focus on addressing trauma in youth who are also experiencing challenges associated with behavioral disparities, sociocultural adversity, and economic disadvantage. ITCT has two separate intervention protocols, one for children aged 6 to 12 years (ITCT-C) and one for adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 21 years (ITCT-A). Specific trauma-focused ITCT practices for the assessment and treatment of traumatized children and adolescents, especially those who have experienced multiple types of trauma, are discussed in this chapter. Guidelines for effective interventions for assessment, individual therapy, and group therapy are provided with specific activities for each group session, adaptations for telehealth, and specific tools illustrated with a practice example.
Mediating Mental Health Diagnoses in Schools Settings
Authors: Stone Susan
Published: March 2024

Given that schools and districts play crucial roles in the network of institutions and providers that make up the mental health services ecology, the aim of this chapter is threefold. After providing a brief overview of children’s mental health needs and access to appropriate services, the chapter describes the conditions and resources that shape how youth mental health is managed and mediated in school settings. The chapter discusses the ways in which schools and districts operate as unique sites of mental health service delivery. It suggests that the mediation of mental health diagnoses in schools will be optimized through (a) recognition that schools and districts are part of a larger network of mental health care for youth in a given locality, (b) attention to variation in mental health need and burden within and across schools and districts, (c) anticipation of routine barriers to service delivery, (d) balanced programming across multitiered systems of support, and (e) a robust focus on caregiver engagement and involvement. Finally, the chapter offers tools and strategies to facilitate these domains of mediation.
Students With Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Conroy Kristina , Georgiadis Christopher , Comer Jonathan S.
Published: March 2024

Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health problems in youth, warranting specialized attention in school mental health programs. Whereas a number of evidence-based treatments have garnered support for the treatment of youth anxiety, such approaches often require special consideration when they are adapted for the school setting. This chapter provides a synthesis of the research guiding evidence-based practices (EBPs) for children and adolescents with anxiety, with emphasis on treatment principles that school providers can implement flexibly based on school characteristics and capacities, provider and family preferences, and the unique needs of each student. Information is provided to equip school staff and school providers with evidence-based tools that have the potential to promote positive social-emotional and academic outcomes in students with anxiety. The chapter describes leveraging exposure exercises (i.e., systematic practice in facing fears), implementing low-burden anxiety management strategies (i.e., selective attention, deep breathing, muscle relaxation, thought challenging, mindfulness), and collaborating with caregivers and teachers to coordinate supports across settings. Additionally, the chapter speaks to cultural and contextual considerations when selecting and implementing strategies for anxiety, as well as common barriers to implementing EBPs for anxiety in schools. It concludes with an applied case example to illustrate how such strategies may look in practice, and additional resources are provided.
Effective Interventions for Adolescents With Depression
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: March 2024

Depression is on the rise in youth, particularly for girls, and for many, school based treatment affords better access to services. This chapter describes the presentation of depression in youth in school settings. Evidence-based screening and assessment are described. Research-supported interventions, including interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are discussed as options. A shortened adaptation of the Adolescent Coping With Depression course is described as a group treatment model delivered in the school system. The adaptation focuses on social skills training, pleasant activities, relaxation training, problem-solving, communication skills training, and cognitive restructuring. Challenges with addressing depression and providing intervention in schools are explored.
Substance Use Prevention and Intervention
Authors: Hai Audrey Hang , Bo Ai
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides practical guidance for teachers, social workers, counselors, and school administrators on the steps and techniques involved in implementing the most empirically supported substance use preventions and interventions for school settings. For prevention, this chapter reviews the LifeSkills Training (LST) program, which is the most recognized evidence-based substance use prevention program for schools. LST targets both general youth development (i.e., personal self-management, general social skills) and substance use–specific factors (i.e., social resistance skills) and is based on cognitive-behavioral principles. For intervention, this chapter reviews screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT), which is an evidence-based intervention that has the promise to effectively help schools identify at-risk students, prevent the progression of substance use problems, and reduce the harm substance use inflicts on students’ well-being and academic performance. SBIRT consists of three components: (a) brief substance use screening, (b) brief intervention based on motivational interviewing, and (c) referral for more intensive treatment if the severity of the student’s substance use problem warrants it. Strategies, tools, and case examples that may guide the implementation of these programs at schools are provided.
Natural Disasters, Pandemics, and Other Crises
Authors: Powell Tara , Knox Karen
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides an overview of best practices for developing school crisis intervention, mitigation, and prevention plans. School disaster response models and trauma-informed care practices are provided to support school personnel in preparing for and responding to large-scale disasters. A crisis intervention model is presented as a framework for planning at the regional, district, and school levels. Specific steps for crisis intervention services in the aftermath of a disaster are also provided, as are resources and websites that aid school personnel in crisis preparedness, training, and response. A case example then illustrates how the model can be applied as a school responds to a large-scale disaster.
Research and Intervention Practice on School-Based Mental Health Services for Black Male Students
Authors: Green James , Johnson Waldo E.
Published: March 2024

Negative connotations associated with Black male adolescent mental health include the ascription of individual blame in the development of problem behaviors, pervasive use of the harshest approaches and treatment interventions, and the overrepresentation of Black male youth in detention and disciplinary contexts that often results from behavior and social miscues and developmental missteps. This chapter moves the context and location discourses on Black adolescent mental health beyond narratives of disparity and risk. The authors position school-based adolescent mental health services for Black male youth within developmental, gender-sensitive, and culturally appropriate contexts while also considering racial, socioeconomic, and geographic equity challenges.
An Address Delivered Before the Afric-American Female Intelligence Society of Boston
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

In this fiery lecture Stewart takes aims at what she recognizes as self-inflicted personal demerits among African Americans; these include ingratitude, jealousy, and infighting. Although she is unsparing in her critique, Stewart believes African Americans have the grit and intelligence necessary to rise in American society—all they need to do is remain virtuous and practice racial solidarity.
David Walker, Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles: Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America (1829) (selections)
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

David Walker’s Appeal is the most influential black-authored political treatise written before the US Civil War. Walker’s militant calls for abolition by any means necessary, including violence, inspired antislavery activists and incensed authorities. In these selections Walker argues God will bring bloody justice upon the perpetrators of American chattel slavery. He also takes his fellow African American to task for not doing their part in improving their condition and working to free their brethren in chains.
An Address
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

In this speech, Maria Stewart chides free black men for their lack of courage in the fight against slavery and their deficiencies in building free black communities. She attacks their manhood, calling them cowards. Why has she, a widow, spoken with more ire and greater clarity than they have? This speech exemplifies the tone and message that alienated Stewart from her neighbors, prompting her to leave Boston later that year.
[William J. Wilson, aka “Ethiop” (1855)]
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

In this literary dispatch for Frederick Douglass’s Frederick Douglass’ Paper, William J. Wilson (“Ethiop”) describes the hustle and bustle of New York City life. Awash in the commerce and street performances of one of Manhattan’s busiest thoroughfares, Ethiop reads street culture to theorize differences between white and black Americans. Writings such as this essay mark the rise of African American belles-lettres in the 1850s.
Frances Ellen Watkins (Harper)
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

Possibly the first published short story by an African American woman, “The Two Offers” exposes how sexism structures all American society. None of the characters are racialized, they straddle classes, and they speak in the highly sentimentalized diction of mid-century women in domestic fiction. Solidarity between women is a major theme of the story. The short poem “Aunt Chloe’s Politics” is a black feminist critique of political corruption in the aftermath of the Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which extended the franchise to black men.
Grappling with the Race Concept
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

Philosophers, natural scientists, and social scientists have been arguing for centuries about the reality and importance of race. Yet there is still no clarity on the “race” thing being discussed, and neither the public at large nor specialists agree on what it is supposed to be. This section introduces the book’s usage of continental color labels: “black” for Africa-identified (given non-northern African ancestry); “white” for Europe-identified (given European ancestry); “yellow” for Asia-identified (given Asian ancestry). The point is to discourage the presumption that individuals grouped under a certain color label share some distinctive race quality that importantly, objectively makes them members of a same people.
How Deep the Egypt Worry Goes
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

Denial about ancient Egypt’s visible blackness has fueled evasion of customary guidelines for defining black racial being. This section argues that the Egypt worry—“black Africans” influenced ancient Greek civilization and thereby Western culture—challenges a tenet of Western supremacy. Without racialism, there is little motive to insist that the ancient Egyptians were closer by racial nature to white Europeans than to yellow Asians. The ancient Egyptians were ascribed Caucasian racial being through a color-conscious device that groups reputed white peoples (natives of Europe) and off-white peoples (“mixed” settlers outside Europe) in the same major race group. In turn, ancient Egyptian civilization was claimed for evidence of white natural superiority. The section explains how this racial branching approach to cultural appropriation calls for a racialist conception of race. The “Caucasian” umbrella category conceals its hierarchical division of white natives of Europe above off-white settlers.
Slavery Subcaste Drama
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

As descendants of American slavery, Black Americans typically have substantial mixed African and European ancestry. The English legal doctrine partus sequitur ventrem (“that which is born follows the womb”) determined the “Free” versus “Slaves” status of American children and eventually morphed into a “race” rule. This case study of “mixed race” is about a slavery society that later invested in race ideology-rhetoric to mystify and distract from gross injustice. The foundational color-conscious division in America was between Europe-identified “Free White” persons and Africa-identified “Slaves.” After the Civil War, the “Slaves” caste was relabeled by “color” on the US census, with a “race” category alone not appearing until 1950. Except for the period 1930 to 1990, the United States always officially recognized persons of Afro-Anglo descent: “black” or “mulatto” was the standard description.
Du Bois’s Normative Negro
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

For Du Bois, the lived experience of Africa-identified descendants of American slavery would ground being racially black in America. Cultural and political value attached to that blackness would ground a duty to identify as Black Americans and join in solidarity as a national people. Du Bois wanted to preempt doubt about the descriptive basis of their social identity (namely, blackness rooted in American slavery and segregation) and the normative basis of their solidarity (namely, Negro “racial” duty). Some natural fact of race could not establish that members of any racial group have a duty of political solidarity. Hence Du Bois introduced the normative claim that Black Americans have necessary contributions to make if social equality is ever to be realized for their national people, which also would benefit “the Negro people” globally.
The Very Idea of Black Solidarity
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

The aim of Black solidarity is not to fight implicit racial bias, promote racial harmony, or foster progressive coalitions. The form of Black solidarity under review is political. This section argues that the value of Black political solidarity is instrumental with respect to justice for Black America. In black nationalist thought, there is ambiguity over the question of whether Black Americans have an obligation to join in group solidarity; the claim that Black Americans ought to join in solidarity might translate either as a requirement or a recommendation. The test case deals with the possibility that there could be Black Americans who would opt out of joining in Black solidarity—where opting out would not be a breach of obligation as Americans who are Africa-identified.
Forgiveness on Layaway
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

This address explores, through comparison of the United States and South Africa, a burgeoning philosophical literature and applied practice of political apology. Although not hostile to the spirit of forgiveness, the view that is developed rejects emphasis on intangible modes of “restorative” justice—particularly under conditions of vast social inequality rooted in historical injustice. The forgiveness theorist’s transcendental moralization of justice shuns mixing nonmaterial and material repair—insulating forgiveness, and moral sentiments it would transform, from politics of political apology. Such an orientation evades the simple truth that morality must have a commitment to justice, a commitment that generally enables an apology to be meaningful. The United States and South Africa illustrate that half-hearted efforts at “racial” reconciliation in the aftermath of historical atrocity stunt progress toward social equality for Africa-identified citizens.
Conclusion
Authors: Englert Gianna
Published: March 2024

This conclusion reappraises the significance of these nineteenth-century problems and their proposed solutions for the present day. It directs readers’ attention to recent scholarship that tries to resurrect concepts such as political capacity or political competence. Yet it argues that the cautionary lessons from the liberal past that were featured in this book should prompt us to discount such recommendations. Instead, it turns to liberals’ lessons about fostering a wiser and more moral class of statesmen. Insights from the history of liberalism, it argues, ought not instruct us to redesign the electorate or to restrict it altogether. Rather, they reinforce the need to protect aristocratic institutions (institutions of higher education, for one) in democratic times.