bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relation of Marginality to Extraversion-Introversion Dimension
Authors: Wonder Bruce D. , Cotton Chester C.
Published: September 2011

A brief review of the literature shows marginality to be both a characteristic of certain roles which function between two or more groups and a personal orientation with respect to such roles. The variables known to be related to marginality are identified. Eysenck's (1967) personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism (emotionality) are related conceptually to marginality orientation. Inverse relationships are hypothesized between marginal orientation and both extraversion and neuroticism. The results support the hypothesized inverse correlation between marginal orientation and extraversion. The proposed inverse relationship between marginal orientation and neuroticism is not supported. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Characteristics of Effective Interviews of Employees' Performance Review and Development: One More Time
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weitzel William F. , Weir Tamara
Published: September 2011

141 nurses described interviews reviewing recent performance. 8 process characteristics and 6 outcomes were examined. All measures were used previously by other researchers. 5 process characteristics were related to most of the outcomes. Specific findings were consistent with previous conclusions. Thus consensus on characteristics of effective appraisal interviews experienced by subordinates emerges.
Sex-Typing of Tasks and Occupations
Authors: Chewning Mary F. , Walker William E.
Published: September 2011

A Task Index and an Occupations Index were each generated in a three-step process including general solicitation of tasks and occupations, solicitation of specific tasks and occupations, solicitation of specific tasks and occupations associated with one of the sexes more often than the other, and validation of the sex-relatedness of these same tasks and occupations. Means for each sex as well as for separate administrations which utilized different sets of directions provide an objective sex-related value for each item. Generally males and females ( n = 300 college students, 150 high school students) adopted similar values whether asked for expectation of performance or association on the Tasks Index or for desirability or qualifications on the Occupations Index.
Comparison of Self-Attitudes of Gifted Children and Children in a Nongifted Normative Group
Authors: Bracken Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

The attitudes of 78 intellectually gifted children were assessed to determine whether they differed from a nongifted normative sample. The gifted children exhibited more favorable attitudes toward learning than did the standardization sample but did not differ appreciably on their self-concepts or peer relations.
Role-Taking Ability of Paranoids
Authors: Newman Alexander , Gruss Leah
Published: September 2011

Relative to nonparanoid psychotics, 10 paranoids displayed a deficit in the ability to take roles on a role-taking task. Results are attributed to 10 paranoids' deficient coordination of decentering in social perception.
Psychologists on Television: Learning from Their Experience
Authors: Bascue Loy O. , Coché Erich
Published: September 2011

A survey of 35 doctoral-level psychologists who had recently appeared on television resulted in the conclusion that, while anxiety-provoking, appearing on television in a professional capacity can be both personally and professionally rewarding. If a psychologist is knowledgeable about the issues to be discussed and familiar with the format of the program, the likelihood of the experience being a good one is maximized.
Attribution—Behavior Relationship for Attributions of Causality
Authors: Johnson David E. , Schroeder David A.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to determine the relationship between attributions of causality for success and failure and behavioral prescriptions for improvement of a learner. Data showed no systematic relationship between attributions and behavioral prescriptions, contrary to currently popular attribution theories. Results also indicated the need to control for the order of attribution and behavior assessment. Implications for attribution theory and research are discussed.
General Occurrence of Stressful Reactions to Commercial Motion Pictures and Elements in Films Subjectively Identified as Stressors
Authors: Johnson Brian R.
Published: September 2011

By using a survey interview, two adult populations ( n = 53 and 72) were randomly sampled to determine how common it is for theatrical motion pictures to produce clinically significant stress-type reactions. A special questionnaire was prepared to gather data that would, among other things, determine whether or not a subject had been disturbed by a film and what that person's emotional and behavioral reactions were when they indicated that they were disturbed. There were three hypotheses: (1) At least 25% of individuals in the populations sampled can identify at least one film each that had stimulated a stress-type reaction lasting at least 2 days. (2) Films identified would include movies in addition to The Exorcist and Jaws, the only ones identified in clinical literature as having produced reactions to stress. (3) Graphic violence would be the principal element identified as a stressor in the films. Data from the samples support the first and second hypotheses but do not support the third.
An Adlerian Typology of School Learning Environments and Children's Feelings of Inferiority
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

Canonical correlation analysis was used to examine a proposition derived from Adler's Theory of Individual Psychology that, if children perceive their school learning environment as consisting of interrelated supportive communities then they express diminished feelings of inferiority at school. A new school environment scale was constructed using Adler's typology of school environments as a framework. The scale assesses five interrelated school communities identified and labeled as the work community, administrative community, community of conversation, community of mutual aid, and the community of life and experience. Feelings of school inferiority were defined by six characteristics selected from Adler's model of inferiority-superiority dynamics and were labeled the feelings of displeasure with school, fear of humiliation at school, feelings of ignorance with schoolwork, lack of orientation at school, feelings of being deprived at school, and lack of self-esteem at school. From an analysis involving 540 12-yr.-old Australian children the findings provide strong support for the Adlerian proposition that children's low feelings of inferiority at school are associated with their perceptions of a school environment as an interrelated set of supportive community contexts.
Utilization of a Redundant Cue as a Function of its Incentive-Produced Validity and Thirst
Authors: Wong Fu Kar , Cohen Jerome S.
Published: September 2011

Prewatered, less thirsty rats were better able to utilize a redundant striped orientation cue, whose attributes had initially predicted water and 10% sucrose than post-watered, more thirsty animals. Deprivation during the original redundant-relevant discrimination rather than during the transfer task affected the acquisition of the transfer task. These findings indicated that drive affects the validity of a cue by determining the importance of incentives predicted by that cue.
Effects of Gender, Age, Locus of Control, and Self-Esteem on Estimates of College Grades
Authors: Borges Marilyn A. , Roth Anne , Nichols George T. , Nichols Barbara S.
Published: September 2011

Test scores of four age-groups (<19, 20—24, 25—34, 35+ yr.) of students ( N = 169) on the Rotter I-E Locus of Control Scale, Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were correlated with the students' accuracy in estimating their final course grades. Analysis showed that a combination of either high school self-esteem and internal control (females, 35+ yr. of age) or low school self-esteem and an external locus of control (18- and 19-yr.-old males) were associated with similar unrealistic estimates of classroom grades.
Reconstruction of Personal Constructs following Predictive Failure: Influences of Stereotypy in Thinking and Invalidation Level
Authors: Johnson Lynn S. , Bennion Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Two social predictions based individually on the personal constructs of 23 adults were subjected to different levels of invalidation in a replication study. The nonreplication suggests that high invalidation does not effect more change in stereotyped than independent constructs; the meaning of the steretotype may make it either more or less open to reconstructions. Methodological issues relating to the replication attempt are discussed.
Relationship between Locus of Control, Task Characteristics and Work Attitudes
Authors: Dailey Robert C.
Published: September 2011

In the present study those with greater internal orientation perceived greater job involvement, job satisfaction, job motivation, psychological growth satisfaction, task difficulty, and task variability than individuals with greater external orientation. Those with greater internal orientation did not perceive the relationships between task characteristics and work attitudes differently than those with greater external orientation. These findings are discussed relative to past research, management practice in Research and Development organizations, and directions for future research.
Retrograde Amnesia in Free Recall as a Function of Priority and “Posteriority” Instructions
Authors: Epstein Michael L. , Ruggieri Carrie , Schermerhorn Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

The present study supports earlier reports showing poorer free recall for the item preceding a unique item in an otherwise homogeneous list. Subjects were shown lists of common nouns and instructed either prior to or immediately following list presentation to be aware of a word in the list from a particular taxonomic category. Recall of the unique item was improved both by priority and “posteriority” instructions, whereas recall was depressed for the immediately preceding item in both conditions. It was concluded that encoding failures are sufficient but not necessary to produce induced retrograde amnesia.
Marijuana Use and Personal Values of College Students
Authors: Hindelang Robert D. , Carman Roderick S.
Published: September 2011

For 103 college students, personal values for peer affection and independence were examined in relation to marijuana use. It was hypothesized that amount of marijuana use would correlate positively with values for independence and negatively with values for peer affection, and such correlations were found among users, reaching statistical significance in the case of values for independence. No difference was found between users and non-users. The results are interpreted to support the notion that personal values may be predictive of pattern of drug use in such populations.
Correlation of Scores on Wechsler Memory Scale and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for Chronic Alcoholics and Normals
Authors: Fish Jefferson M. , Sinkel Patricia
Published: September 2011

Previous research had indicated that the Wechsler Memory Scale was as highly correlated with IQ as its own reliability, suggesting that it was no more than a poor intelligence test. The present study questioned whether this result was due to the irrelevance of the test for the population studied. 10 chronic alcoholic men were tested ( Mage = 37.7 yr.) after detoxification and 1 mo. later, as were 10 matched normal subjects ( Mage = 29.8 yr.). While there was only approximately 35% overlap for the two tests among chronic alcoholics, the overlap was approximately 80% for normals. It was concluded that the Wechsler Memory Scale is sufficiently independent from IQ to permit its use with people whose memory functioning is in question, though not with other populations.
Contributions to Psychohistory: V. East-West Dimensions of Ideology Measured by Transtemporal Cognitive Matching
Authors: Krus David J. , Blackman Harold S.
Published: September 2011

Contemporary romantic revival bears close resemblance to previous romantic movements in ways of structuring reality, styles of thought, and partisan support of certain types of preferred societal outcomes. The quantification of the postulated structural similarity between two recent romantic periods was discussed using the method of transtemporal cognitive matching. The target structure was based on analysis of Goethe's Die Leiden des Jungen Werthers; referent neoromantic structures were derived from Reich's The Greening of America and Pirsig's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. Relationships between target and referent structures were quantified and interpreted within the context of Apollonian and Dionysian styles of thought and East-West categories of value systems.
Impulsivity and the Coronary-Prone Behavior Pattern
Authors: Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

It has recently been suggested that individuals showing the Type A behavior pattern may be less impulsive than those not showing the pattern. In this way the failure of the Type A individual to make many errors in reaction time tasks may be accounted for. A correlational study with 56 male and female college undergraduates does show a trend towards a negative relationship between Type A and impulsivity, but within the construct of impulsivity two components, risk-taking and non-planning, show relationships with Type A in opposing directions.
Career Exploration: Development of Dimensions and Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Stumpf Stephen A. , Colarelli Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

The behaviors of career exploration of 42 students are investigated at two points in time across four dimensions: intended-systematic, environment-oriented, self-oriented, and degree of focus. The results suggest that (1) a theory of career exploration can be operationalized, (2) exploratory behaviors can be reliably measured, and (3) exploratory behavior varies as a function of the closeness in time to the point at which a career decision must be made. Several correlates of exploratory behavior reported in the literature were investigated. Women explored their environment somewhat less systematically than, men; individuals who felt constrained by avocational interests explored their environment more systematically than those without such constraints. Personality variables of self-esteem, need for power, and locus of control were weakly related to exploratory behaviors. Career expectations regarding intrinsic aspects of work, social relationships, and life-style related moderately to self-oriented exploration and degree of focus.
Manipulative Tendencies and Social Insight in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Okanes Marvin M. , Murray L. William
Published: September 2011

The Mach IV scale and Chapin's Social Insight scale were administered to 27 managers and 25 workers at a suburban hospital. It was hypothesized that the skills identified as Machiavellianism are significantly correlated with social insight and that this obtains irrespective of managerial status. The hypothesis was confirmed only for those 4 managers who scored one standard deviation above the mean on the Mach IV. No significant correlations were obtained between the two sets of test scores for the over-all population.
Evaluation of Hypnotically-Suggested Selective Deafness by Heart-Rate Conditioning and Reaction Time
Authors: Sabourin Michel , Brisson Marie-Andrée , Deschambault André
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of suggested selective deafness on heart-rate conditioning and reaction time. 20 highly hypnotizable subjects were randomly assigned to four groups (hypnotic, post-hypnotic, motivational, and control). After the establishment of the heart-rate conditioned response, a suggestion of selective deafness for the CS was given, followed by 15 trials of extinction; subsequently, the suggestion was lifted and 15 additional trials were given. The results show that the suggestion did not influence the heart-rate conditioned response, nor did it influence reaction time. The discussion centers around subjective aspects and methodological factors; also, the data are interpreted in relation to the “hidden observer” model.
Control of Thumb-Sucking in a Classroom
Authors: Nwachukwu Francis J.
Published: September 2011

By the application of cognitive technique, aversive stimulus and positive nonverbal reinforcement, an attempt was made to control thumb-sucking behavior of a school girl in a Grade 4 classroom. During the first baseline period, thumb-sucking occurred on the average 63% a class-session but decreased on an average of 12% after treatment. With reinstatement of baseline conditions, it rose to an average of 54%, but after second experimental phase decreased to a mean of 5.1%. No recurrence appeared during the last days. Use of multiple treatment conditions limited interpretations.
Quick Test Alternate-form Reliability for Rural Mountain Children and Youth with Learning Problems
Authors: Vance Hubert , Prichard Karen K. , Jehle William O.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the reliability of the Quick Test Forms 1 and 3 for children and youth who exhibited learning problems; 40 subjects (28 males and 12 females) from rural mountain areas of North Carolina and Tennessee. Pearson's product-moment correlations were computed for raw scores and estimated IQs. Alternative-form reliability as determined by rs was .91 ( P < .01), with a correlation of .76 ( p < .01) between forms. Higher correlations were found for older children (.88) than for younger children (.68). Implications for testing rural children with the Quick Test are discussed.
Rationality and its Relation to Extraversion and Neuroticism
Authors: Morell George , Andrews Lori
Published: September 2011

The Rational Behavior Inventory, a measure of Ellis' irrational beliefs, was compared to extraversion and neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Neuroticism was correlated to several rationality subscales including catastrophizing, blaming, inertia, downing, and projected misfortunes. Extraversion was correlated to caring, downing, and control of emotions. The utility of the inventory in clinical research and patients' assessment is discussed.
Humor Ratings of Sex-Stereotyped Jokes as a Function of Gender of Actor and Gender of Rater
Authors: Borges Marilyn A. , Barrett Patricia A. , Fox Janet L.
Published: September 2011

Each of 108 undergraduates rated the humor of 30 disparaging jokes depicting gender-stereotypic behaviors. Both 51 male and 57 female raters judged jokes as less humorous when men blundered in female roles than in their “appropriate” male roles but more humorous when women blundered in male roles than in their “appropriate” female roles.
Factor Analysis of the Stability of Self Scale
Authors: Franzoi Stephen L. , Reddish Benjamin J.
Published: September 2011

The factor structure of Rosenberg's Stability of Self Scale (1965) was investigated via principal components factor analysis. Data from 92 male and 171 female undergraduates yielded a one-factor solution, supporting Rosenberg's contention that the scale is unidimensional.
Behavioral Defeat in Squirrel Monkeys: An Experimental Model of Reactive Depression
Authors: Clark Lincoln D. , Gay Patricia E.
Published: September 2011

The combination of a progressive FR schedule of reinforcement and the opportunity to “escape” from this schedule produced a syndrome in the squirrel monkey with prima facie similarity to human reactive depression. This condition was created by a progressive increase in work demanded per reward and a corresponding reduction in density of reinforcement. The syndrome was characterized by progressive reduction of positively reinforced behavior, withdrawal from the environment, task ambivalence, and signs of emotional stress. These behaviors were ameliorated by environmental change which reduced the experientially produced stress and were dramatically reversed by the anti-anxiety agent, chlordiazepoxide.
Correlates of Reflection-Impulsivity in Kindergarten Males: Intelligence, Socioeconomic Status, Race, Fathers' Absence, and Teachers' Ratings
Authors: Smith Trina Plakosh , Ribordy Sheila C.
Published: September 2011

72 kindergarten males were assessed for reflection-impulsivity with the Matching Familiar Figures test. Cognitive style on this test was examined in relation to intelligence, socioeconomic status, race, fathers' absence, and teachers' ratings of impulsivity. Significant findings included boys whose fathers were absent from the home made more errors on the test than boys whose fathers were present in the home. Teachers rated more intelligent boys as more impulsive, and these teachers' ratings were positively correlated with errors but not latencies. No significant differences in cognitive style were found for race or socioeconomic groups.
Relationship of Stressful Life Events and Adolescents' Employment
Authors: Castillo Iliana M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between stressful life events and adolescents' employment was studied using Coddington's Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire for Adolescents. The amount of stress reported by those 52 health care and industrial work-study occupational programs was significantly greater than that of 31 unemployed students and 43 students in other work-study programs. The results are compared with data from previous studies of adolescent normal and psychiatric patients. Frequency of occurrence and positive and negative connotations of the life events are also discussed.
Relationship of Sex, Sex-Role Orientation and a Self-Report Measure of Assertiveness in College Students
Authors: Nix Janet , Lohr Jeffrey M. , Stauffacher Richard
Published: September 2011

Sex-role orientation reliably predicts several behavior patterns and personal characteristics considered to be adaptive. Persons with these characteristics have also been shown to be more assertive. The present study determined the relationship between sex-role orientation and a self-report measure of assertiveness. A multiple regression analysis showed that masculine sex-role orientation is the only single predictor of self-report measure of assertiveness and accounts for 52% of the total variance. Additional research is proposed to test the hypothesis that assertion is primarily a masculine sex-role characteristic. The implications for this assessment and training of assertion are also discussed in the context of sex-role.
Psychology of the Scientist: XLV. Collaboration and Productivity in Social Psychology
Authors: Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

Price and Beaver in 1966 introduced the concept of “fractional productivities” to assess the total contribution any author may make to a field of scientific activity. The application of this measure to areas of research within social psychology shows both interesting continuities of research with that in the biological sciences and differences within social psychology itself. The use of such measures of scientific productivity may have benefits for the analysis of “research fronts” within areas of psychology.
Judgment and Treatment of People of Varied Attractiveness
Authors: Schwibbe Gudrun , Schwibbe Michael
Published: September 2011

The present study refers to the influence of attractiveness of ‘offenders’ (male and female) on judgment and treatment of them in a simulated jury task (120 subjects). Analysis shows that there is no influence of attractiveness provided offenders do not differ in other qualities. The different results of Efran (1974) and Sigall and Ostrove (1975) could be interpreted in terms of inequality of stimulus persons on dimensions other than attractiveness.
Effect of Therapist's Self-Disclosure on Patients' Impressions of Empathy, Competence, and Trust in an Analogue of a Psychotherapeutic Interaction
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between a therapist's self-disclosure and the patients' impressions of the therapist's empathy, competence, and trust. Written dialogues were constructed to manipulate three conditions of high, low, and no disclosure by the therapist. 57 subjects were randomly selected and assigned to one of three treatment conditions, and the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory and Sorenson Relationship Questionnaire were measures of perceived empathy, competence, and trust. Findings confirmed the initial prediction: the greater the use of therapist's self-disclosure, the lower the subjects' impressions and evaluations of the therapist's empathy, competence, and trust. The results raise doubt regarding the predictability of therapist's self-disclosure as a psychotherapeutic technique and suggest that, at least with respect to the type of self-disclosure used in this study, therapists who utilize self-disclosing techniques may risk adversely affecting essential impressions on which a therapeutic alliance is established.
Non-Deterrent Effect of Executions on Homicide Rates
Authors: Wasserman Ira M.
Published: September 2011

Reexamining Lester's recent findings regarding the relationship between changes in homicides and executions, the relationship holds only in Southern and Northern industrial states with many executions. However, in the latter states changes in homicides were caused by economic and demographic shifts. Without controls for these factors it is not possible to relate homicides and executions among the states.
Relationship between Locus of Control and Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Wright Phillip G. , Pihl R. O.
Published: September 2011

College students (40 male and 40 female) were administered Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control (I-E) Scale and the Irrational Beliefs Test. A significant correlation of .41 was found indicating a moderately strong relationship between externality and extent of irrational thinking. Five of 10 irrational belief scales, Demand for approval, Frustration reactive, Anxious overconcern, Dependency, and Helplessness, were also significantly positively correlated with extetnality ( rs ranging from .22 to .40). The results were interpreted as reinforcing an association between externality and maladjustment.
Adolescents' Anxiety and Intolerance of Ambiguity Scores as Predictors of Dropping-Out of a Study
Authors: Raphael Dennis , Xelowski Helga
Published: September 2011

14 high school girls who refused to participate further in a continuing study were significantly higher in trait anxiety and showed a tendency towards higher intolerance of ambiguity than those who continued. These variables, however, did not discriminate between girls who contributed data in a 3-yr. follow-up and those who declined to participate.
Autonomous Mode of Systematic Dilemma Counseling
Authors: Wagman Morton
Published: September 2011

The autonomous dilemma counseling system is described and evaluated. The Dilemma Counseling Module teaches the dilemma problem-solving method. Solution components contain 75 representative life-choice problems and over 400 specific and general solutions. The Dilemma Therapeuter Component provides, on cassettes, supportive commentary from a counselor. 75 students with troublesome psychological dilemmas were randomly assigned to treatment groups or to a no-contact control group. One treatment condition consisted of the complete system while the other condition omitted the Dilemma Therapeuter. Treatment and control subjects responded to measures of problem improvement at a 1-wk. follow-up session. Each treatment group improved significantly more than the control group. Treatment groups did not differ. Findings are compared with those of a previous experiment in which the same design and dependent measures were used but in which treatment was given counselors using either the Dilemma Counseling ( n = 20) or an eclectic method ( n = 20). A combined analysis indicated no difference between the autonomous and counselors' treatments. It was concluded that the system can be independently applied. Future research is discussed.
Effects of Explicit and Implicit Achievement Standards on Performance
Authors: Mizes J. Scott , Schuldt W. John
Published: September 2011

This study investigated effects of achievement standards—self-selected, explicitly imposed, and implicitly imposed—on performance in conditions where no tangible rewards were present. Subjects who had no standards performed significantly less than subjects who had standards. When subjects selected standards they performed significantly more than when experimenters explicitly imposed standards; no significant difference was found between subjects who selected standards and subjects who had standards implicitly imposed by experimenters.
Stress and Androgyny: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hatzenbuehler Linda C. , Joe Victor C.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between sex roles and stress was investigated by administering two sex-role inventories, the Bern Sex-role Inventory and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and the Modified College Schedule of Recent Experience, the Health Check List, and Langner's 22-item Psychiatric Impairment Scale to 35 female and 40 male undergraduates. Multiple regression analyses yielded negative relationships between measures of masculinity and stress. Although the results suggest that sex-typed males experience less stress, they may also be interpreted as reluctance by masculine males to self-disclose. The poor correspondence between the two sex-role inventories was also noted.
Canadian Student Teachers' Attitudes about Creativity
Authors: Tan-Willman Conchita
Published: September 2011

Attitudes of 33 male and 101 female student teachers toward creative children were measured. Over-all results reflected some favorable attitudes about creativity accompanied by some amount of skepticism and ambivalence in nurturing creativity. No sex difference was found except on one item on which the females showed significantly more favorable disposition toward efforts to improve students' creativity than did males.
Locus of Control and Self-Esteem among American Indians and Whites: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Halpin Glennelle , Halpin Gerald , Whiddon Thomas
Published: September 2011

Compared in this study were the locus of control and self-esteem of American Indians ( n = 97) and whites ( n = 128). Contrary to previous research and theory, the two groups did not differ in locus of control as measured by the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire. However, they did differ in self-esteem as measured by the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. The whites reported a significantly more positive view of the self than did the Indians.
Biofeedback and Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Psoriasis: A Brief Report
Authors: Hughes Howard H. , England Ron , Goldsmith David A.
Published: September 2011

The client was a 31-yr.-old white male evidencing multiple psoriatic plaques. The condition was considered severe and had been resistant to previous dermatological treatments. Following a baseline period of 3 wk., 30 treatment sessions were conducted over a 7-mo. period. Each treatment session consisted of 20 min. of skin temperature training at the target plaque site and 15 min. of supportive psychotherapy focused on personal adjustment problems. Photographs of the plaque area and skin temperature recordings were taken during each session. Ratings of the photographs indicated marked improvements of dermatological signs. Despite efforts to reduce skin temperature, small but consistent increases were obtained. It was not possible to assess the relative contribution of biofeedback training, psychotherapy, cognitive variables, or uncontrolled life events. It is hypothesized that a general stress-reduction model might be more useful in the development of an effective treatment of psoriasis. Follow-up checks are needed.
Expressed Values of Senegalese Adolescents
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

With the help of a questionnaire given to 727 secondary school students (215 girls and 512 boys) we have tried to investigate the main life goals of Senegalese adolescents. These long-term objectives are classified according to Glicksman and Wohl's (9) criteria. They belong in decreasing order of importance to the following categories: economic success and security, social concern, family, vocation, and “marriage and children.” The life goals of American subjects appear in general more self-centered than those of our Senegalese adolescents. Less often than boys, girls mention goals of social concern and criticism, yet they mention marriage and children more often than boys. Younger subjects are less concerned with “economic success” than older ones. Socio-economic status seems irrelevant.
Is Grouping of Words in Memory a Fast or a Slow Process?
Authors: Folarin Bamidele Adepeju
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated whether grouping of related words is a slow or a fast process. A list of categorizable words were presented to 8 groups of 10 subjects each. The words were grouped or ungrouped and presented at a fast or a slow rate. Recall was cued with category labels or uncued. Presentation rate significantly interacted with mode of presentation. At the fast rate more grouped than ungrouped words were recalled. This difference was not found at the slow rate. The results were interpreted as showing that subjects actively grouped related words and that this grouping is a slow process.
Some Sources of Behavioral Variance as Measured by an S-R Inventory of Machiavellianism
Authors: Vleeming R. G.
Published: September 2011

In this study a start is made with the construction of a Stimulus-Response Inventory of Machiavellianism (Mach S-R). The inventory was administered to students of a ‘Sociale Academie,’ who differed in age, sex, and degree of Machiavellianism. The Mach S-R used here consisted of nine descriptions of situations and six Machiavellian modes of response. The reliability-coefficients for the 9 descriptions ranged from ( a) 0.45 to 0.84, while the coefficients for the six modes of response ranged from ( a) 0.72 to 0.92. A three-way analysis of variance, i.e., persons by situations by modes of response, was computed, on which basis finally the proportion of the total variance accounted for by each component was calculated. Of the main effects the individual differences contributed over all data on the average about 17.7%, the situations about 2.3%, and the modes of response about 4.7% of the total variance. The interaction of persons by situations contributed on the average about 12.6%, whereas the interaction of persons by modes of response accounted for about 25.7% of the total variance, which is the highest percentage after the 36 9% for the ‘triple interaction’ and ‘error term.’ The interaction of situations by modes of response was so small it could be ignored altogether. Few differences existed between two age groups, i.e., between full-time students (average age 21 yr.) and part-time students (average age 33 yr.). Besides, these differences were probably associated with sex differences, which were rather more pronounced. The discrepancies between low and high Machs, furthermore, seemed to be about the same as those between the sexes. Continuation of the study of sex differences, of situations, and modes of response is encouraged.
Group Systematic Desensitization and Implosive Therapy for Death Anxiety
Authors: Testa John A.
Published: September 2011

Neither group desensitization nor group implosion was successful in reducing death anxiety of 48 nurses. Implications for future attempts to reduce death anxiety were discussed.
Effects of Induced Frustration upon Performance on the Rosenzweig P-F Study
Authors: Muehleman J. Thomas , Hollinden Richard , Batsel William
Published: September 2011

The perceived locus of control of induced frustration was varied and its effects upon college males' performance on the P-F Study was investigated. 30 male students in introductory psychology were assigned in equal numbers to an external frustration, an internal frustration, and a control condition. Subjects in the external frustration condition were given an explanation for poor performance to lead them to perceive their frustration as caused by chance. In contrast, subjects in the internal frustration condition were left with the impression that they alone were responsible for their poor performance. The frustrated groups subsequently were administered the P-F Study. The control group participated only in taking the P-F Study. The hypothesis that the externally frustrated group would give more extrapunitive, ego-defensive responses than the control group was confirmed. Partial support was found for the hypothesis that the internally frustrated group would give more intropunitive, ego-defensive responses than subjects not internally frustrated. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of frustration on direction of aggression; it is also suggested that the findings may be relevant to the revised learned helplessness model of depression.
Modification of a Spelling Disorder by Increasing Teacher's Instruction Time
Authors: Cohen Richard , Kroll Robert H.
Published: September 2011

The present research examined the effects of increased instruction time on the spelling achievement of one 10-yr.-old learning disabled student. Though each day the student was asked to spell six words taken from a spelling series, periodic review tests were also administered. Prior to the student's completion of the daily spelling task, the teacher reviewed the words for varying lengths of time. After baseline, whereby each word was reviewed for 6 sec., instruction time was systematically increased in increments of 3 sec. to 21 sec. per word. The student's achievement on both the daily spelling assignment and review tests did not surpass 80% accuracy until instruction time reached the 21-sec. level. Several issues were discussed relating to the results.
Applied Relaxation in Treatment of “Cardiac Neurosis”: A Systematic Case Study
Authors: Johansson Jan , Öst Lars-Göran
Published: September 2011

The treatment of a case of “cardiac neurosis” is described. Using an applied relaxation treatment program the client was taught relaxation as a coping skill to be used when she felt changes in cardiac activity. The therapy was conducted with minimal contact, the client did most of the training on her own with the help of taped instructions. The results showed a definite decrease in severity of the problem during the treatment period, and by the time of the follow-ups at 6 and 21 mo. after treatment, the client was almost completely relieved from these problems.
Dietary Treatment of Children with Problematic Activity Level
Authors: Rogers Gary S. , Hughes Howard H.
Published: September 2011

10 children presenting problems with activity levels were matched on their pretreatment activity rates, determined by an acrometer, and placed on either Feingold's (1975) K-P diet or a diet which reduced sugar intake but did not restrict the food substances in the K-P diet. After approximately 9 weeks, posttreatment activity rates for the two groups were compared. The mean activity rate for the group placed on the K-P diet was significantly lower than that of the other diet group. Implications for future research were discussed.
Student-Like Behavior as a Function of Contingent Social Interaction in a Psychiatric Day Treatment Program
Authors: Armstrong Hubert E. , Rainwater Giles , Smith Wayne R.
Published: September 2011

Social reinforcement provided by staff was made contingent upon bringing folders to class in a psychoeducationally oriented psychiatric day treatment program. Compliance was readily fostered by this approach. It was concluded that assumptions regarding the unamenability of psychiatric populations to social reinforcement are unwarranted. Research implications of this finding for psychoeducationally oriented psychiatric treatment programs are discussed.
Human Growth: Effects of a Human Development Course on Criminal Justice Personnel
Authors: Bennett Barbara
Published: September 2011

19 criminal justice personnel (male, Caucasian, Master's level students, aged 21 to 36 yr.) were administered a variety of tests to determine if an experiential-skills type curriculum could promote personal or interpersonal growth. The 19 college students who participated showed significant gains in communication skill, interviewing technique, and self-knowledge. Active participation and group environment were important factors in this change.
Locus of Control as Moderator between Job Characteristics and Job Attitudes
Authors: Knoop Robert
Published: September 2011

The importance of locus of control as moderator between job characteristics and job attitudes was investigated. Rotter's I-E Scale, Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey, and several work-outcome measures were administered to a sample of 1,812 teachers. The results showed that internally scoring subjects ( N = 702) perceived their jobs to be more enriched (in terms of five core-job dimensions) and held more positive attitudes (job satisfaction, job motivation, job involvement, participation in decision making, work alienation, and experienced powerlessness) than externally scoring subjects ( N = 568). Correlations between job and personal work outcomes were significantly stronger for externally oriented than for internally oriented subjects in 17 of the 36 relationships examined; because correlations were small to moderate in size, alternative explanations for the findings were discussed.
Academic Contracting with Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Campbell-Goymer Nancy , Rickard Henry C.
Published: September 2011

16 underachieving boys contracted for early dismissal from the classroom contingent upon completion of programmed materials. Data support the use of contingency management to increase academic performance. Inappropriate behavior was exhibited less during periods in which academic performance was reinforced.
Psychological Androgyny and Social Competence
Authors: Campbell Matthew , Steffen John J. , Langmeyer Daniel
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between psychological androgyny and three self-report indicators of social competence: quality of interpersonal behavioral skills, level of interpersonal anxiety, and amount of social activity. 261 college students (150 men) of high androgyny were significantly more competent than low subjects.
Female Substance Abusers: Need for Research
Authors: Mejta Cheryl , Van Berschot Sylvia , Vermillion Mary
Published: September 2011

A brief note describes the incidence of substance abuse by females as reported by state and national agencies and an additional description of the limited research available. The data reported by these agencies indicate a staggering number of women are involved in substance use and abuse. Despite the large number of women using and abusing substances, an inspection of the Research Issues Update, 1978 indicates that only 11% of the studies investigated behavior of females. Such results indicate a need for additional research.
Time in Residential Care and Participation in Alcoholics Anonymous as Predictors of Continued Sobriety
Authors: Farris-Kurtz Linda
Published: September 2011

This follow-up study located 158 of 274 residents served over five years in Rockdale House, a residential community program in Conyers, Georgia. Hypothesized predictors of successful outcome were continued participation in Alcoholics Anonymous after discharge and number of days in residence. Responses by ex-residents showed a significant relationship between time in residence and participation in AA for those reporting continued sobriety.
Response Patterning in a Repeated Acquisition Baseline with Rats
Authors: Schrot J. , Thomas J. R. , Banvard R. A.
Published: September 2011

A response-pattern analysis was performed on data obtained from rats trained on a baseline of repeated acquisition of behavioral chains. The response patterns identified and analyzed were perseverative responses to a single lever (runs) and a response to each lever in either a left-to-right or right-to-left direction (traverses). The analysis indicated that runs and traverses accounted for between 50 and 70% of all error response and between 80 and 100% of all timeout responses. In addition, the number of traverses varied according to the composition of a sequence: higher frequencies occurred when the sequence required a traverse for completion, e.g., L RCL, than when it did not, e.g., LRLC. The differentiation of sequence type, however, was not systematically related to the level of error or timeout responding. The results suggest that the generation and maintenance of response patterns influences control of the repeated-acquisition process.
A Comparison of Norway Rats and Spiny Mice on Measures of Activity and Exploration
Authors: Makin Jennifer Wheeler , Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

In Exp. 1 6 adult male Long-Evans derived rats ( Rattus norvegicus) and 6 adult male spiny mice ( Acomys cahirinus) were observed individually inside a 60-cm × 30-cm × 30-cm open field during a 15-min. session. Measures of locomotion, immobility, self-grooming, rearing-up, and object contact were obtained. Tests of species differences indicated that spiny mice showed significantly more locomotor and rearing behavior than Norway rats. In Exp. 2 12 adult Norway rats (6 male, 6 female) and 12 adult spiny mice (6 male, 6 female) were observed individually inside a six-compartment maze during a 15-min. session. Although no sex difference in maze exploration was found, spiny mice showed significantly more maze exploration than Norway rats. These results suggest that spiny mice, highly precocial in development relative to Norway rats, exhibit correlates of that neonatal competence as adults evidenced by greater behavioral activity and locomotor exploration in novel environments.
Comparison of 1965, 1976, and 1978 Norms for the Wide Range Achievement Test
Authors: Sattler Jerome M. , Feldman Gary I.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of the 1965 and 1978 Wide Range Achievement Test norms indicates that the 1978 norms, generally, with the exception of the youngest age levels, provide lower standard scores on the reading and spelling subtests. Arithmetic norms, however, show a more variable pattern of change, with the 1978 norms frequently providing higher standard scores than the 1965 norms for the same raw scores. Most of the variation between the two sets of norms occurs primarily in the upper or lower portions of the ability range. Few changes appear between the 1976 and 1978 norms. Grade ratings for raw scores are the same for 1965 and 1976, but they are changed for 1978, with the 1978 grade ratings being markedly lower for the highest raw scores. Changes may be related to changes in ability level or to changes in the normative sample.
Organizational Stress and Job Attitudes: Moderating Effects of Organizational Level and Task Characteristics
Authors: Drory Amos
Published: September 2011

This study examined the moderating effect of two organizational variables, namely, organizational level and the nature of the task (line supervision vs production planning), on the relationships between role ambiguity and conflict with job satisfaction, job involvement, and effort-performance expectancy. The results suggest that, while the relationship between role-conflict and job attitudes remains stable across organizational levels, role-ambiguity is considerably more strongly related to job attitudes in the higher level. Role-conflict was more strongly related to job attitudes for line supervisors than for production-planning employees. The same trend was found for role ambiguity although the differences were significant only for job involvement.