bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance and degradation characteristics of blue–violet laser diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Tan W. S. , Kauer M. , Hooper S. E. , Smeeton T. M. , Bousquet V. , Rossetti M. , Heffernan J. , Xiu H. , Humphreys C. J.
Published: January 2009

This paper reports the state of the art performance for blue–violet laser diodes (LD) grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Improvements in device design and growth have resulted in a threshold current density of 3.6 kA/cm2, which translates into improved cw lifetime of up to 42 hours. Reducing the internal loss resulted in a high cw slope efficiency of 1.08 W/A and a maximum cw output power of 145 mW. To obtain a better understanding of the LD failure mechanism, degraded LDs were analysed using surface mapping techniques such as photoluminescence and electroluminescence on a micrometric scale, which allows the identification of failure regions. These measurements revealed increased nonradiative recombination in localized regions and increased current injection non‐uniformities as possible mechanisms for LD performance degradation after aging. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High power broad ridge (Al,In)GaN laser diodes: Spatial and spectral stability
Authors: Braun Harald , Rogowsky Stephan , Schmidtke Bernd , Schwarz Ulrich T. , Brüninghoff Stefanie , Lell Alfred , Strauß Uwe
Published: January 2009

To improve the output power of (Al,In)GaN laser diodes (LDs), the ridge width has to be increased, but beam quality of GaN‐based broad area lasers is still a critical point. We present a multidimensional characterization of the optical laser mode, propagating from the near‐into the far‐field, and show that the formation of the characteristic multi‐lobed lateral far‐field pattern of broad ridge (Al,In)GaN LDs is the result of interfering, phase locked filaments, that build up the laser mode. In this context we show that variation of driving current or temperature may have an significant impact on the spectral and spatial stability of the laser beam. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent advances in GaN transistors for future emerging applications
Authors: Yanagihara Manabu , Uemoto Yasuhiro , Ueda Tetsuzo , Tanaka Tsuyoshi , Ueda Daisuke
Published: January 2009

In this paper, recent advances in GaN‐based transistors for power switching and millimeter wave communications are reviewed. These two applications are emerging in addition to the widely developed power amplifiers at microwave frequencies mainly for cellular base stations. Reduction of the fabrication cost is strongly required for power switching GaN transistors, which is enabled by our epitaxial growth technology on large area Si substrates. Another requisite for the application is to achieve normally‐off operation and our novel device structure called Gate Injection Transistors (GIT) enables it with low enough specific on‐resistance (Ron · A) and high drain current. Here, we also present the world highest breakdown voltage of 10400 V in AlGaN/GaN HFETs, extracting full advantage of the high breakdown strength of GaN. The used poly AlN passivation works as a surface heat spreader with its high thermal conductivity, which effectively relieves the channel temperature resulting in lower thermal resistances. The GaN device for future millimeter wave communication consists of MIS‐type gate using so‐called “in‐situ” deposited SiN as a gate insulator, which exhibits high fmax of 203 GHz and low noise figure of 1.4 dB at 28 GHz. The presented GaN transistors are promising for the two future emerging applications demonstrating high enough potential of the material systems. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
“Etching under the corner” – inclined macropores by reactive ion etching
Authors: Grigoras Kestutis , Franssila Sami
Published: January 2009

Deep reactive ion etching at cryogenic temperatures has been used for a macropore formation in silicon. A double‐mask set‐up was applied. The first mask of a patterned thin aluminum or silicon oxide layer determined the pore size and density, and thicker patterns of silicon, glass, or SU‐8 acted as a secondary mask changing the angle of the etched pores. Up to 45° inclined macropores have been obtained at the edges of a secondary mask. The inclination dependencies on the shape and structure of the secondary mask and on the etching parameters have been investigated. The effect is explained by the non‐uniformity of etching ion direction at the sidewall of a thick secondary mask. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of applied tensile stress on the magnetic behaviour of Co‐rich amorphous microwires
Authors: Gudoshnikov S. A. , Ljubimov B. Ya. , Palvanov P. S. , Prokhorova Yu. V. , Skomarovski V. S. , Usov N. A. , Torcunov A. V.
Published: January 2009

It is shown that Co‐rich microwires with definitely negative magnetostriction have nearly linear axial magnetization curves with a very small remanence, because they are magnetized circumferentially in the absence of an applied magnetic field. For these wires a complete set of material parameters, i.e. saturation magnetization, magnetostriction constant and characteristic amplitude of the residual quenching stress is obtained by means of careful measurement of the wire response under tensile stress to slowly varying applied magnetic field. Using the same technique we demonstrate also the existence of a longitudinally magnetized core for Co‐rich wires having hysteresis loops with finite remanence. The finite remanence for these wires is explained assuming the magnetostriction coefficient to be radial dependent, so that it may change sign in a certain internal point along the wire radius. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly crystalline cobalt nanowires with high coercivity prepared by soft chemistry
Authors: Viau G. , Garcıa C. , Maurer T. , Chaboussant G. , Ott F. , Soumare Y. , Piquemal J.‐Y.
Published: January 2009

Cobalt nanorods and wires were prepared by reduction of a cobalt salt in a liquid polyol. These particles crystallize with the hcp structure and the growth axis is parallel to the crystallographic c‐axis. The kinetic control of the growth allows to vary the mean diameter of the rods and their aspect ratio. Dumbbell like shape particles consisting of a central rod with two conical tips were also obtained. Magnetization curves of oriented wires present very high coercivity (up to 9 kOe) resulting from both a high shape anisotropy and the high magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the hcp cobalt. Micromagnetic simulations showed that the magnetization reversal is shape dependent. The conical tips of the dumbbell particles strongly contribute to the coercivity decrease and must be precluded for permanent magnet applications. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical spin‐injection and depolarization mechanisms in forward biased ferromagnetic Schottky diodes
Authors: Zaitsev S. V. , Dorokhin M. V. , Demina P. B. , Baidus N. V. , Uskova E. A. , Zvonkov B. N.
Published: January 2009

The electroluminescence of Schottky diodes with a composite ferromagnetic contact Au/Co/Au and a near‐surface InGaAs/GaAs quantum well (QW) have been studied in magnetic fields B = 0 – 10 T and low temperature T ∼ 2 K. The emission band due to recombination of the electrically injected holes with a two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the QW shows values of a circular polarization degree PC significantly higher than that in the reference nonmagnetic Au/GaAs diode, thus evidencing efficient spin injection. The nonmonotonic behavior of PC(B) at high B correlates with a filling of the Landau levels and is attributed to the nonlinear screening of a random potential by the 2DEG. The systematic decrease of PC with increasing of the QW distance dC from the contact allows to estimate the hole transport spin‐scattering length lS ∼ 90 nm at a doping level ∼1017 cm–3. Different factors of hole spin depolarization are revealed and discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence‐detected EPR of oxygen‐fluorine vacancy complexes in CaF2
Authors: Rogulis Uldis , Baetzold Roger C. , Spaeth Johann‐Martin
Published: January 2009

In several CaF2 single crystals grown by the Bridgman method and doped with CaO or in addition with SrF2 or NaF a luminescence band between 470 nm and 600 nm could be excited at 212 nm, its peak wavelength depending on the doping. With photo‐luminescence (PL) detected EPR five spin triplet centres were identified. Their axial fine structure constants D varied from 87 mT to 690 mT whereby the most intense spectra had the smallest D value. Theoretical calculations of the fine structure tensors and superhyperfine interactions show that the most intense and probable triplet centre consists of a pair of an OF– on a F– site next to a nearest neighbour F– vacancy which, compared to the well‐known F centre, is occupied by an excited electron in a shallow orbital and coupled to the 2p hole at the oxygen to form a S = 1 excited state. This centre can be excited optically at low temperature to a metastable new configuration where the F centre jumps into a 〈111〉 position opposite the OF–. The other triplet centres have probably also an O––F centre nearest neighbour configuration but have in addition a cation impurity or vacancy nearby. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strain‐induced nonlinear behavior of electron effective mass in degenerately doped n‐Si(P) under high uniaxial pressure X || [111]
Authors: Shenderovskii Vasyl , Baidakov Valentyn , Budsuliak Sergii , Gorin Andrii , Ermakov Valerii , Kolomoets Volodymyr , Liarokapis Efthymios , Gromova Galina , Kazbekova B. , Taimuratova L.
Published: January 2009

The nonlinear behavior of the electron effective mass in degenerately doped n‐Si(P) under high uniaxial pressure X || [111] was observed in the range of the strain‐induced transition from metallic‐ to activation‐type conductivity. The relative contribution of the quadratic term in the effective mass vs. pressure dependence increases with doping. For just metallic crystals of n‐Si(P) the electron effective mass increase is described by only a single quadratic term. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical properties of bulk n‐ZnO single crystals under hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Kamilov I. K. , Daunov M. I. , Bashirov R. R. , Gadjialiev M. M. , Musaev A. M. , Khokhlachev P. P.
Published: January 2009

Pressure dependences of Hall coefficient RH(P) and resistivity ρ (P) have been measured for n‐ZnO bulk crystals with impurity concentration Ni = 1017–1018 cm–3 and concentration of free electrons ∼1017 cm–3 at T = 300 K at hydrostatic pressures up to P = 25 GPa. It has been found that the exponential increase of RH(P) and ρ (P), observed in the vicinity of the polymorphous transition PPH = 9 GPa, is caused by the increase of ionization energy of shallow donors. At P > PPH, a step‐like decrease of the resistivity has been observed, indicating a phase transition from diamond structure to NaCl‐type structure. In accordance with formulas derived from the ‘heterophase structure – effective medium' model, phase volume fractions in the critical region of the polymorphous transformation have been calculated and the threshold values of normalized effective resistivity have been determined. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anomalous strain relaxation and light‐hole character enhancement in GaAs capped InAs/In0.53Ga0.47As quantum ring
Authors: Moon Pilkyung , Park Kwangmin , Yoon Euijoon , Leburton Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2009

We theoretically investigated the strain profiles and the electronic structures of InAs/In0.53Ga0.47As quantum dot and GaAs capped quantum ring. In contrast to the intuitive expectation that the GaAs layer applies a strong compressive strain along the lateral directions of InAs, the GaAs embedded in the In0.53Ga0.47As matrix provides enough space for the InAs relaxation. The GaAs embedded in In0.53Ga0.47As acts as potential barrier for both electrons and heavy‐holes, and as potential well for light‐holes. Each hole state of the quantum ring exhibits two to eight times larger light‐hole character than that of a quantum dot.

magnified image

(© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sonographic fetal weight estimation in prolonged pregnancy: comparative study of two‐ and three‐dimensional methods
Authors: Lindell G. , Maršál K.
Published: January 2009

Objectives

To compare two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound techniques, including volumetry of fetal thigh, for fetal weight (FW) estimation in prolonged pregnancy, and to develop a new FW estimation formula.

Methods

This prospective comparative study initially included 176 pregnant women. FW estimation was performed at ≥ 287 days of gestation within ≤ 4 days of delivery. Fetal head, abdomen and femur were measured using 2D ultrasound techniques, and fetal thigh volume was estimated using 3D techniques. The formula of Persson and Weldner (2D) was compared with two 3D formulae published by Lee and colleagues. In a subgroup of 63 fetuses, volumetry of the abdomen was performed and a new formula was developed; this formula was tested prospectively, along with the previously published formulae, on a further 50 women (Test Group).

Results

In the initial group of 176 pregnancies, the SD of the mean percentage error (MPE) was 6.3% for both the 2D Persson and Weldner formula and for the better performing 3D formula of Lee et al., but the MPE of this Lee formula differed significantly from zero. Significantly more FW estimations were within ± 10% of the birth weight when the 2D formula was used than when the 3D formulae were applied. The new formula gave a SD of MPE of 5.6% when applied to the data from which it was derived. In the Test Group, the SD of MPE was similar for the 2D formula, the second formula of Lee et al. and the new formula, with values of 7.0, 7.0 and 7.1, respectively, but only the Persson and Weldner formula showed a MPE that did not differ significantly from zero.

Conclusions

FW in prolonged pregnancies can be estimated using 2D sonography with the same accuracy as with 3D sonography. 3D ultrasound techniques require technically advanced and expensive equipment, special operator training and skills, and are time consuming. It does not seem reasonable to abandon the 2D ultrasound methods in favor of 3D ultrasound imaging for FW estimation. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A single mutation in an SH3 domain increases amyloid aggregation by accelerating nucleation, but not by destabilizing thermodynamically the native state
Authors: Varela Lorena , Morel Bertrand , Azuaga Ana I. , Conejero-Lara Francisco
Published: January 2009

We investigated the relationship between thermodynamic stability and amyloid aggregation propensity for a set of single mutants of the alpha‐spectrin SH3 domain (Spc‐SH3). Whilst mutations destabilizing the domain at position 56 did not enhance fibrillation, the N47A mutation increased the rate of amyloid fibril formation by 10‐fold. Even under conditions of identical thermodynamic stability, the aggregation rate was much higher for the N47A mutant than for the WT domain. We conclude that the N47A mutation does not change the apparent mechanism of fibrillation or the morphology of the amyloid fibrils, and that its amyloidogenic property is due to its effect upon the rate of the conformational events leading to nucleation and not to its overall destabilizing effect.
Inhibition of α‐synuclein fibril assembly by small molecules: Analysis using epitope‐specific antibodies
Authors: Masuda Masami , Hasegawa Masato , Nonaka Takashi , Oikawa Takayuki , Yonetani Motokuni , Yamaguchi Yoshiki , Kato Koichi , Hisanaga Shin-ichi , Goedert Michel
Published: January 2009

The conversion of soluble peptides and proteins into amyloid fibrils and/or intermediate oligomers is believed to be the central event in the pathogenesis of most human neurodegenerative diseases. Existing treatments are at best symptomatic. Accordingly, small molecule inhibitors of amyloid fibril formation and their mechanisms are of great interest. Here we report that the conformational changes undergone by α ‐synuclein as it assembles into amyloid fibrils can be detected by epitope‐specific antibodies. We show that the conformations of polyphenol‐bound α‐synuclein monomers and dimers differ from those of unbound monomers and resemble amyloid fibrils. This strongly suggests that small molecule inhibitors bind and stabilize intermediates of amyloid fibril formation, consistent with the view that inhibitor‐bound molecular species are on‐pathway intermediates.
Klimawandel und Gesundheit – Herausforderungen an Public Health
Authors: Stößel Ulrich
Published: January 2009

Einleitung

Das von der WHO für die Jahre 2008 und 2009 zum Leitthema erklärte Verhältnis von Klimawandel und Gesundheit hat unzweifelhaft mit dieser Fokussierung eine gleichermaßen wissenschaftliche wie auch gesellschafts- und gesundheitspolitische Aufwertung erfahren.

McMichael et al. haben für die WHO 2003 einmal an Hand teilweise schon gesicherter Erkenntnisse zusammengestellt, welche Auswirkungen der Klimawandel auf die menschliche Gesundheit haben wird:…
MESSIAEN AND THE NOTION OF INFLUENCE
Authors: Anderson Julian
Published: January 2009

In 1989, I bought a CD in Paris of the early piano music of André Jolivet. Like many non-French musicians, I had read the name of Jolivet but heard little of his music. Jolivet's reputation as Varèse's leading pupil and the extreme avant-gardist of the pre-World War II group La Jeune France seemed completely at odds with his conventional post-War music occasionally broadcast on Radio 3, such as the Concertos for Trumpet, Piano or Ondes Martenot–music which suggested not fully assimilated influences of Honegger or Hindemith, with little obviously adventurous about it in its rhythmically conservative phrasing and standard formal shapes.
ON THE CONDITIONAL LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST FOR SEVERAL PARAMETERS IN IV REGRESSION
Authors: Hillier Grant
Published: January 2009

For the problem of testing the hypothesis that all m coefficients of the right-hand-side endogenous variables in an instrumental variables (IV) regression are zero, the likelihood ratio (LR) test can, if the reduced form covariance matrix is known, be rendered similar by a conditioning argument. To exploit this fact requires knowledge of the relevant conditional cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of the LR statistic, but the statistic is a function of the smallest characteristic root of an (m + 1)-square matrix and is therefore analytically difficult to deal with when m > 1. We show in this paper that an iterative conditioning argument used by Hillier (2009) and Andrews, Moreira, and Stock (2007 Journal of Econometrics 139, 116–132) to evaluate the c.d.f. in the case m = 1 can be generalized to the case of arbitrary m. This means that we can completely bypass the difficulty of dealing with the smallest characteristic root. Analytic results are obtained for the case m = 2, and a simple and efficient simulation approach to evaluating the c.d.f. is suggested for larger values of m.
Labourers in late sixteenth-century England: a case study from north Norfolk [Part II]
Authors: Smith A. Hassell
Published: January 2009

La première partie de cet article constatait le degré de specialisation, les sortes d'emplois et les différences de revenus et du train de vie parmi les ouvriers du nord de Norfolk à la fin du seizième siècle. La deuxième partie recherche l'etendue des activités qui permettent à la majorité des ouvriers sous-employés et des journaliers d'assurer leur subsistance pendant les années quatre-vingts-dix du seizième siècle. L'auteur avance que la nécessité d'exploiter à fond une économie à facettes multiples a mené à des stratégies de l'emploi qui peuvent avoir entraîné l'occupation d'une quelconque propriété par une famille multiple. En conclusion l'auteur passe rapidement en revue quelques unes des implications de cette étude pour des aspects de l'histoire du début de l'époque moderne tels que la structure des petites communautés et les divisions à l'interieur de ces groupes, les différentes sortes de travail féminin, l'emplacement de l'industrie rurale; les attitudes à l'égard du travail, le logement des ouvriers et l'importance des réseaux souvent extra-paroissiaux, comme nerfs de la vie rurale.
Who wanted the crèches? Working mothers and the birth-rate in France 1900–1950
Authors: Reynolds Siân
Published: January 2009

Inventée en France, la crèche collective a été impliquée à plusieurs reprises dans le débat démographique. Inaugurée dans le souci philanthropique d'enrayer la mortalité infantile d'enfants envoyés en nourrice, la crèche est d'abord approuvée par les natalistes du début du siècle. A partir de 1918 par contre, le mouvement nataliste la voit d'un mauvais œil: selon lui, elle incite les mèeres de famille à chercher du travail. Mais déjà bien implantée, elle fait partie désormais des programmes d'amélioration de la santé de la classe ouvrière mis en œuvre par des municipalités de gauche. Ni la gauche, ni le mouvement féministe de l'époque ne revendiquent la cràche comme moyen de libérer les femmes – cette fonction n'apparaît clairement qu'après la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale. Les crèeches – relativement nombreuses en France par rapport aux pays anglo-saxons – doivent peut-être leur existence davantage aux soucis démographique qu'aux revendications des parents d'enfants ou du mouvement des femmes.
Abortion in Weimar Germany – the debate amongst the medical profession
Authors: Usborne Cornelie
Published: January 2009

Cet article est tiré d'une étude plus ample du contrôle de la fertilité et de la politique de peuplement en Allemagne de 1910 à 1928, face au conflit entre les programmes de population venant de l'état et les tentatives individuelles pour arriver à une regulation des naissances. L'aspect retenue içi est l'idéologie médicale et son influence sur la loi concernant l'avortement et le contrôle des naissances. Une comparaison des positions des médecins, s'ils sont homme ou femme, de gauche ou de droite démontre qu'à ce point il existe de grandes divergences malgré une opinion quasi-unanime parmi la profession qui, bien plus que tout autre groupe de pression, déterminera la politique nationale et activera le processus de l'intrusion de l'état dans un domaine aussi intime que la reproduction.
The German response to the birth-rate problem during the Third Reich
Authors: Kudlien Fridolf
Published: January 2009

Cet article étudie non seulement les attitudes et les mesures prises par le gouvemement, mais encore les positions de la population (y compris ses préjudices) et ses divers comportements (y compris sa resistance).

L'etude comporte quatre volets. Après une esquisse de certaines tendances caractéristiques de la situation pré-Nazie (avant 1933), une deuxième partie étudie l'attitude adoptée sous le nazisme naissant et principalement par Hitler lui-même. Suite alors une étude du nazisme d'avant la guerre et notamment la législation et ses conséquences. Enfin le dernier volet traite de la situation pendant la guerre, ce qui pose des problèmes tels, par example, les tentatives désordonnées pour stimuler l'accroissement des naissances.
The debate on the declining birth-rate in Britain: the ‘menace’ of an ageing population, 1920s–1950s
Authors: Thane P. M.
Published: January 2009

Entre les années 1920 et 1930 ce sont surtout les politiciens, les démographies et les économistes qui, en la Grande Bretagne, ont exprimé leurs soucis quant aux conséquences possibles du déclin de la natalité. L'article étudie essentiellement la crainte des effects du vieillissement de la population qui en résulteraient. Ces soucis culminèrent du milieu des années 1930 à la fin des années 1940, puis ils prirent une tournure plus optimiste grâce au plein-emploi de l'après-guerre succédant à la crise économique de l'avant-guerre. Les principales sources de l'époque sont les publications des plus importants protagonistes et les enquêtes officielles, semiofficielles et académiques.
Kontrazeption zu Beginn und Ende der fertilen Lebensphase
Authors: Neulen Joseph , Thaler Christian , Birkhäuser Martin , Braendle Wilhelm , Keller Paul J. , Kiesel Ludwig , Kuhl Herbert , Mueck Alfred
Published: January 2009

Die Nutzen-/Risiko-Bilanz einer hormonalen Kontrazeption (OH) ist sowohl bei Jugendlichen als auch bei der Frau über 40 Jahren günstig, sofern bestimmte Regeln beachtet werden. Bei Jugendlichen betrifft dies insbesondere den Ermöglichung des Erwerbs einer normalen Peak-Bone-Mass durch die Wahl eines korrekt dosierten OH, bei älteren Frauen den aktiven Ausschluss von Kontraindikationen wie arterielle Hypertonie, Adipositas, Rauchen und Dyslipidämie. In beiden Altersgruppen ist in jedem Falle das Risiko einer korrekt indizierten OH geringer als dasjenige einer unerwünschten Schwangerschaft.
Kontrazeption bei Problemfällen
Authors: Mueck Alfred , Neulen Joseph , Thaler Christian , Birkhäuser Martin , Braendle Wilhelm , Kiesel Ludwig , Kuhl Herbert
Published: January 2009

Thromboembolische, kardiovaskuläre und zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse sind altersabhängig und bei gesunden junge Frauen äußerst selten. Im Gegensatz zu reinen Gestagen-Präparaten erhöhen Ovulationshemmer (OH) das Risiko venöser Thrombosen, wobei der genetischen Prädisposition die entscheidende Rolle zukommt. Bei gesunden Nichtraucherinnen unter 35 Jahren ist das Risiko für Herzinfarkt und Schlaganfälle nicht erhöht. Bei der Entstehung kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen spielen Risikofaktoren eine wichtige Rolle. Eine sorgfältige Eigen- und Familienanamnese ist vor jeder Verschreibung eines OH Pflicht. Sehr selten kann der Blutdruck unter OH ansteigen. Auch wenn die Inzidenz niedrig ist, muss bei allen bei Frauen unter OH regelmäßig der Blutdruck kontrolliert werden. Gewichtszunahmen unter OH sind entgegen einer weit verbreiteten Meinung selten und von der individuellen Disposition abhängig. Eine vermehrte Wasserretention kann durch einen kombinierten OH mit antimineralokortikoider Zusatzwirkung gebessert werden. Die bei niedrigdosierten oralen Kontrazeptiva beobachteten Veränderungen von Insulin und Blutzucker sind so gering, dass sie keine klinische Bedeutung besitzen. Durch OH wird die Inzidenz von Diabetes mellitus nicht erhöht. Nebennierenrinde- und Schilddrüsenfunktion werden durch OH nicht beeinflusst, es findet sich auch keine erhöhte Inzidenz von Prolaktinomen. OH sind bei Asthmatikerinnen nicht kontraindiziert. Bei zyklusabhängiger Verschlechterung des Krankheitsbildes kann sogar mit einer Besserung gerechnet werden. Augen und Gehör werden durch OH nicht verschlechtert. Bei Patientinnen mit Lupus erythematodes ohne Nierenbeteiligung, ohne hohe Antiphospholipid-Antikörper und mit einer stabilen oder inaktiven Erkrankung ist die Gabe von niedrig-dosierten OH vertretbar.
Space Technology 5 measurements of auroral field‐aligned current sheet motion
Authors: Wang Y. , Le G. , Slavin J. A. , Boardsen S. A. , Strangeway R. J.
Published: January 2009

During the 90‐day Space Technology 5 (ST‐5) mission, a total of 2535 auroral field‐aligned current (FAC) signatures were identified. Of these 1030 were suitable to be modeled as semi‐infinite current sheets aligned with L‐shells and moving with constant speed in the north or south directions (hereafter called FAC speed). FAC speeds were found to range from −1 to 1 km/s with larger mean magnitude during intervals of higher geomagnetic activity. At ST‐5 altitudes, ∼300 to 4500 km, the median relative errors in FAC thickness and current density, when stationary FAC is assumed, are 4%. When the ST‐5 FAC speed determinations are extrapolated along the IGRF‐10 magnetic field lines, these errors increase to 23% and 24% at 4 RE, and 65% and 124% at 8 RE, respectively.
Biomass burning in Siberia and Kazakhstan as an important source for haze over the Alaskan Arctic in April 2008
Authors: Warneke C. , Bahreini R. , Brioude J. , Brock C. A. , de Gouw J. A. , Fahey D. W. , Froyd K. D. , Holloway J. S. , Middlebrook A. , Miller L. , Montzka S. , Murphy D. M. , Peischl J. , Ryerson T. B. , Schwarz J. P. , Spackman J. R. , Veres P.
Published: January 2009

During the ARCPAC (Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate) airborne field experiment in April 2008 in northern Alaska, about 50 plumes were encountered with the NOAA WP‐3 aircraft between the surface and 6.5 km. Onboard measurements and the transport model FLEXPART showed that most of the plumes were emitted by forest fires in southern Siberia‐Lake Baikal area and by agricultural burning in Kazakhstan‐southern Russia. Unexpectedly, these biomass burning plumes were the dominant aerosol and gas‐phase features encountered in this area during April. The influence on the plumes from sources other than burning was small. The chemical characteristics of plumes from the two source regions were different, with higher enhancements relative to CO for most gas and aerosol species from the agricultural fires. In 2008, the fire season started earlier than usual in Siberia, which may have resulted in unusually efficient transport of biomass burning emissions into the Arctic.
Radiative forcing from anthropogenic land cover change since A.D. 800
Authors: Pongratz J. , Raddatz T. , Reick C. H. , Esch M. , Claussen M.
Published: January 2009

We calculate the radiative forcing (RF) from surface albedo changes over the last millennium applying a recently published, population‐based reconstruction of anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC). This study thus allows for the first time to assess anthropogenic effects on climate during the pre‐industrial era at high spatial and temporal detail. We find that the RF is small throughout the pre‐industrial period on the global scale (negative with a magnitude less than 0.05 W/m2) and not strong enough to explain the cooling reconstructed from climate proxies between A.D. 1000 and 1900. For the regional scale, however, our results suggest an early anthropogenic impact on climate: Already in A.D. 800, the surface energy balance was altered by ALCC at a strength comparable to present‐day greenhouse gas forcing, e.g., −2.0 W/m2 are derived for parts of India for that time. Several other regions exhibit a distinct variability of RF as a result of major epidemics and warfare, with RF changes in the order of 0.1 W/m2 within just one century.
Increase in vegetation greenness and decrease in springtime warming over east Asia
Authors: Jeong Su‐Jong , Ho Chang‐Hoi , Jeong Jee‐Hoon
Published: January 2009

This study investigates the impact of increased vegetation greening on the springtime temperature over east Asia for 1982–2000. An analysis of station‐based temperature records and satellite‐measure normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) indicates that slight warming (<0.4°C 10‐yr−1) occurred over regions that experienced large increase in NDVI (≥0.08 10‐yr−1). On the contrary, strong warming (≥0.8°C 10‐yr−1) occurred over regions that exhibited minor changes in NDVI (<0.04 10‐yr−1). For the most part, this inverse NDVI–temperature relationship observed with the daily maximum temperature. Thus, it is suggested that the decrease in warming was mostly attributable to the increase in evapotranspiration associated with increased vegetation greening. Earlier vegetation growth may have further strengthened the effect of this vegetation–evaporation on spring temperature.
Development of earthquake early warning system in Taiwan
Authors: Hsiao Nai‐Chi , Wu Yih‐Min , Shin Tzay‐Chyn , Zhao Li , Teng Ta‐Liang
Published: January 2009

With the implementation of a real‐time strong‐motion network by the Central Weather Bureau (CWB), an earthquake early warning (EEW) system has been developed in Taiwan. In order to shorten the earthquake response time, a virtual sub‐network method based on the regional early warning approach was utilized at first stage. Since 2001, this EEW system has responded to a total of 225 events with magnitude greater than 4.5 occurred inland or off the coast of Taiwan. The system is capable of issuing an earthquake report within 20 sec of its occurrence with good magnitude estimations for events up to magnitude 6.5. Currently, a P‐wave method is adopted by the CWB system. Base on the results from 596 M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes recorded by the real‐time strong‐motion network, we found that peak displacement amplitudes from initial P waves (Pd) can be used for the identification of M ≥ 6.0 events. Characteristic periods τc and τpmax of the initial P waves can be used for magnitude determination with an uncertainty less than 0.4. We expect to achieve a 10‐second response time by the EEW system in Taiwan in the near future.
Structure of the seismogenic zone of the southcentral Chilean margin revealed by local earthquake traveltime tomography
Authors: Haberland Christian , Rietbrock Andreas , Lange Dietrich , Bataille Klaus , Dahm Torsten
Published: January 2009

We use traveltime data of local earthquakes and controlled sources observed by a large, temporary, amphibious seismic network to reveal the anatomy of the southcentral Chilean subduction zone (37–39°S) between the trench and the magmatic arc. At this location the giant 1960 earthquake (M = 9.5) nucleated and ruptured almost 1000 km of the subduction megathrust. For the three‐dimensional tomographic inversion we used 17,148 P wave and 10,049 S wave arrival time readings from 439 local earthquakes and 94 shots. The resolution of the tomographic images was explored by analyzing the model resolution matrix and conducting extensive numerical tests. The downgoing lithosphere is delineated by high seismic P wave velocities. High vp/vs ratio in the subducting slab reflects hydrated oceanic crust and serpentinized uppermost oceanic mantle. The subducting oceanic crust can be traced down to a depth of 80 km, as indicated by a low velocity channel. The continental crust extends to approximately a 50‐km depth near the intersection with the subducting plate. This suggests a wide contact zone between continental and oceanic crust of about 150 km, potentially supporting the development of large asperities. Eastward the crustal thickness decreases again to a minimum of about a 30‐km depth. Relatively low vp/vs at the base of the forearc does not support a large‐scale serpentinization of the mantle wedge. Offshore, low vp and high vp/vs reflect young, fluid‐saturated sediments of forearc basins and the accretionary prism.
Transpolar observations of the morphological properties of Arctic sea ice
Authors: Perovich Donald K. , Grenfell Thomas C. , Light Bonnie , Elder Bruce C. , Harbeck Jeremy , Polashenski Christopher , Tucker Walter B. , Stelmach Casey
Published: January 2009

During the 5 August to 30 September 2005 Healy Oden Trans‐Arctic Expedition a trans‐Arctic survey of the physical properties of the polar ice pack was conducted. The observational program consisted of four broad classes of snow and ice characterization activities: observations made while the ship was in transit, ice station measurements, helicopter survey flights, and the deployment of autonomous ice mass balance buoys. Ice conditions, including ice thicknesses, classes, and concentrations of primary, secondary, and tertiary categories were reported at 2‐hour intervals. Pond fractions were large early in the cruise at the southern edge of the ice pack, reaching peak values of 0.5 and averaging 0.25. Ice concentrations ranged from 0.8 to 1.0 north of 79°N, save for an area between 88°30′N and 89°30′N, where polynyas and thin ice were observed. Surveys of snow depth, ice thickness, and ice properties were conducted at ice stations. Thickness observations suggest a general latitudinal trend of increasing ice thickness moving northward, with considerable variability from floe to floe and within a single floe. Average floe thicknesses varied from 1.0 to >2.8 m, and the standard deviation of thickness on an individual floe was as large as 1 m. Ice crystallography showed a large amount of granular ice. The average optical‐equivalent soot content was 4 ng C g−1 for new snow, 8 ng C g−1 for the surface granular layer of multiyear ice, and 18 ng C g−1 for the interior of multiyear ice, indicating a tendency of the particulates to concentrate at the surface with melting.
A positive radiative‐dynamic feedback mechanism for the maintenance and growth of Martian dust storms
Authors: Rafkin Scot C. R.
Published: January 2009

Atmospheric dust disturbances ranging in size from dust devils to planet‐encircling dust storms are ubiquitous on Mars. After dust devils, the most common disturbances are local‐ or regional‐scale disturbances. The origin of some of these mesoscale systems has been previously investigated and found to be linked to lifting along frontal systems or cap edge circulations. Very little attention has been given to whether the lifted dust in these systems result in radiative forcing that might modulate the local system dynamics with an amplitude large enough to affect local dust‐lifting processes. Idealized numerical modeling results presented herein show that a positive feedback process between local dynamics and radiative forcing of lifted dust can occur under some conditions. The feedback process is distinctly different than an enhancement of the general circulation by increasing atmospheric dust loading because the dynamical effects of this feedback process occur locally, within the disturbance itself. Optimal conditions for growth of initial atmospheric dust perturbations include (1) subtropical latitudes associated with relatively large solar insolation and moderate coriolis force; (2) modest dust‐lifting thresholds and dust‐lifting efficiencies; (3) relatively large initial dust perturbations; (4) steep background lapse rates; and (5) a barotropic environment. The positive feedback process is explained by a combination of geostrophic adjustment theory and a Carnot engine‐like mechanism related to the Wind‐Induced Sensible Heat Exchange hypothesis for tropical cyclones on Earth.
Lateral bed load experiments in a flume with strong initial transversal slope, in sub‐ and supercritical conditions
Authors: Fraccarollo Luigi , Rosatti Giorgio
Published: January 2009

The role of lateral slope in the generation of bed load transport and bed evolution is investigated. Because of the substantial lack of detailed laboratory or field data, we designed new tests specifically devoted to acquiring accurate measurements in transient flows where the bed surface gradient has a dominant effect on the direction and magnitude of the bed load. The bed was prepared with well‐sorted sand and constant nonzero slopes, both longitudinally and transversally over the flume. The flow in each experiment evolved to steady‐uniform conditions characterized by a horizontal bed profile in each section and unchanged longitudinal slope. Both sub‐ and supercritical conditions were investigated. The bounding edges of the bed profile were surveyed on a selected transversal section. Some detailed kinematic description of the grain motion in the bed load layer has been pursued. A shallow‐water model for mobile bed, able to include the most recent theories for the treatment of lateral bed load, was developed and numerically applied to the experimental tests. Comparison between measured and calculated data, and between sub‐ and supercritical conditions, offers several points of interest.
Reductions in Internal Disinhibition During Weight Loss Predict Better Weight Loss Maintenance
Authors: Butryn Meghan L. , Thomas J. Graham , Lowe Michael R.
Published: January 2009

The construct of disinhibition, as measured by the Eating Inventory, was recently found to have two factors: internal disinhibition (eating in response to cognitive and emotional cues) and external disinhibition (eating in response to environmental cues). This study examined whether early changes in disinhibition that occurred during a weight loss program predicted later weight loss maintenance. Participants were adults enrolled in a weight loss treatment study (n = 81, 16% men, BMI = 38.4 ± 6.5 kg/m2). Two‐thirds of participants were African Americans. Participants received a uniform, meal‐replacement‐based weight loss program in months 1–3 and one of four nutritionally focused programs for weight loss maintenance in months 4–12. Disinhibition and weight were assessed at clinic visits. Change in internal disinhibition from months 1–3 (i.e., the weight loss period) significantly predicted change in weight from month 4 to 12 (i.e., the weight maintenance period); this remained significant when treatment group, age, gender, ethnicity, baseline weight, baseline depression, baseline internal disinhibition, and initial weight loss were controlled for (P = 0.03). A comparable analysis examining change in external disinhibition found that it was not a significant predictor of weight maintenance (P = 0.43). Participants who experienced the biggest decreases in internal disinhibition during the initial phase of treatment had the most success maintaining their weight loss in the next phase of treatment. Long‐term weight loss outcomes may be improved by spending sufficient treatment time teaching strategies for reducing eating in response to internal cues.
A Statewide Intervention Reduces BMI in Adults: Shape Up Rhode Island Results
Authors: Wing Rena R. , Pinto Angela M. , Crane Melissa M. , Kumar Rajiv , Weinberg Brad M. , Gorin Amy A.
Published: January 2009

Given the epidemic of obesity, approaches to weight loss that can be applied on a community, state, or national level are needed. We report results from Shape Up Rhode Island 2007 (SURI), a statewide Internet‐based program involving team‐based competition to increase physical activity and achieve weight loss. A total of 4,717 adults (84% women; mean BMI = 29.6 kg/m2) enrolled in the 16‐week weight loss competition of SURI and 3,311 completed at least 12 weeks. Completers reported losing 3.2 ± 3.4 kg, and 30% achieved a clinically significant weight loss of ≥5%. Although modest, these weight losses shifted the BMI distribution from a mean BMI of 29.4 to a mean of 28.2 kg/m2 and reduced the population that was obese from 39 to 31%. More conservative intent‐to‐treat analyses and analysis of 132 participants with objective weights still showed a significant reduction in BMI of −0.8 units. These findings suggest that statewide weight loss campaigns can produce modest weight losses in large numbers of participants. These data provide a benchmark that can be used for comparisons with other statewide campaigns. Research on ways to improve such campaigns is needed.
Expanding the “Ports of Entry” for Speech-Language Pathologists: A Relational and Reflective Model for Clinical Practice
Authors: Geller Elaine , Foley Gilbert M.
Published: January 2009

Purpose

To outline an expanded framework for clinical practice in speech-language pathology. This framework broadens the focus on discipline-specific knowledge and infuses mental health constructs within the study of communication sciences and disorders, with the objective of expanding the potential “ports or points of entry” (D. Stern, 1995) for clinical intervention with young children who are language impaired.

Method

Specific mental health constructs are highlighted in this article. These include relationship-based learning, attachment theory, working dyadically (the client is the child and parent), reflective practice, transference-countertransference, and the
use of self
. Each construct is explored as to the way it has been applied in traditional and contemporary models of clinical practice.

Conclusion

The underlying premise in this framework is that working from a relationally based and reflective perspective augments change and growth in both client and parent(s). The challenge is for speech-language pathologists to embed mental health constructs within their discipline-specific expertise. This leads to paying attention to both observable aspects of clients' behaviors as well as their internal affective states.
Techniques for Visualizing Data Structures in Algorithmic Animations
Authors: Esponda-Argüero Margarita
Published: January 2009

This paper deals with techniques for the design and production of appealing algorithmic animations and their use in computer science education. A good visual animation is both a technical artifact and a work of art that can greatly enhance the understanding of an algorithm's workings. In the first part of the paper, I show that awareness of the composition principles used by other animators and visual artists can help programmers to create better algorithmic animations. The second part shows how to incorporate those ideas in novel animation systems, which represent data structures in a visually intuitive manner. The animations described in this paper have been implemented and used in the classroom for courses at university level.
Knowledge Ecologies and Ecosystems? An Empirically Grounded Reflection on Recent Developments in Innovation Systems Theory
Authors: Papaioannou Theo , Wield David , Chataway Joanna
Published: January 2009

Recent academic and policy debate on innovation indicates that there has been some shift from a more traditional systems approach to ecologies and ecosystems. The latter are concepts transferred from the world of biology to the social world in order to explain the evolutionary nature of interrelations between different individuals, their innovative activities, and their environment. We evaluate the concept of knowledge ecology and the theory of innovation ecosystem on two fundamental grounds; firstly, on the grounds of theoretical plausibility and conceptual consistency; secondly, on empirical grounds of the case of public–private interrelations of biotech innovation in Cambridge. The argument is that the concept of knowledge ecology and the theory of innovation ecosystems can lead to problems of reductionism and functionalism. This is due to their development in abstraction from more grounded analysis of historical processes of the social division of labour. Knowledge and innovation need to be looked at in the context of historically founded processes of socioeconomic development.
The Computation of Shape Orientation in Search for Kanizsa Figures
Authors: Conci Markus , Müller Hermann J , Elliott Mark A
Published: January 2009

Previous studies of visual search for illusory figures have provided equivocal results, with efficient search for Kanizsa squares (eg Davis and Driver, 1994 Nature371 291–293) contrasting with inefficient search for Kanizsa triangles (eg Grabowecky and Treisman, 1989 Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science30 457). Here, we investigated whether shape orientation can explain these differences. The results from three experiments replicated previous findings: Kanizsa squares in experiment 1 could be detected more efficiently than Kanizsa triangles in experiment 2. In addition, when controlling for stimulus complexity in experiment 3, we found search for Kanizsa diamonds intermediate in efficiency. Taken together, these results suggest an oblique effect in search for Kanizsa figures with cardinal shape orientations leading to more efficient performance than oblique shape orientations. Our findings indicate that both shape orientation and stimulus complexity affect search for illusory figures.