bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Solution of Some COVID-19 Models
Authors: A. O. Adeniran , I. O. Longe , Aderinsola Adelegan
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a two-step Bernstein induced scheme for the numerical solution of some COVID-19 models. The scheme is developed via collocation and interpolation techniques invoked on Bernstein polynomials; the proposed scheme is consistent, between orders four and three. This method can estimate the approximate solution at step points simultaneously by using variable step size. A numerical implementation of the scheme was used on the COVID-19 model, and this showed that the scheme can be conveniently applied to some mathematical models of COVID-19.
The Importance of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in the Healthcare Industry
Authors: Sharma Akash , Gamta Vriti , Luthra Gaurav
Published: July 2023

In the healthcare industry, maintaining high-quality standards is crucial to ensure the safety and efficacy of medical products. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) provide a set of guidelines and regulations that help ensure the consistent production, control, and quality assurance of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and other healthcare products. This paper explores the significance of GMP in the healthcare industry, highlighting its background, objectives, role in safeguarding patient health and maintaining public trust. It examines the key principles of GMP, its regulatory framework, and its impact on various aspects of the healthcare sector, including drug manufacturing, quality control, product safety, and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, the paper discusses the challenges and future perspectives of GMP implementation, emphasizing the need for ongoing advancements to meet the evolving demands of the industry. To summarize, adherence to GMP standards is crucial for the healthcare industry to produce high-quality, safe, and effective healthcare products. GMP compliance promotes patient safety, regulatory compliance, and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry.
Possibility of Reducing Risks of Audit Profession in Improving Audit Quality -A Case Study in the General Company for Electric Power Production / Southern Region
Authors: Radhi Amani Emad Jawad Al , Abdulahad Alaa Fareed
Published: July 2023

The auditor's knowledge of professional risks is one of the basic means of success in practicing the profession, and this requires a review of the methodological framework related to qualification of the auditor; use of technology has led to the emergence of many risks,and these risks have been classified into different types, and use of technology has brought almost radical changes In the practice of the profession, as it affected types of services provided by the auditing profession, such as assurance services or advisory services. The research aims mainly to identify the extent to which it is possible to reduce the risks of auditing profession in improving quality of auditing from point view of auditors and employees in auditing offices who are allowed to practice occupation. Among the most important results reached: The most important factors in judging audit quality are experience with the client, knowledge in the field of activity, and the effect of the auditor's assessment of audit risks on the audit procedures necessary to respond to the assessed risks when auditing the financial statements. The recommendation that it proposes is to pay attention to continuing professional education and intensifying training courses in auditing and accounting. Paying attention to the consolidation of moral values by senior management to reduce the risks of the auditing profession in economic units.
Proximity Labeling and Genetic Screening Reveal that DSG2 is a Counter Receptor of Siglec‐9 and Suppresses Macrophage Phagocytosis
Authors: Wu Ying , You Yuyu , Jiang Tingsong , He Yuqi , Fan Qingchi , Zeng Xinlei , Li Ting , Lu Yuxing , Qi Liang , Zhou Fengxia , Sun Lingyu , Wang Danyang , Zou Yong , Zhang Guigen , Yuan Yanqiu , Mao Yang
Published: January 2025

Cancer cells present sialylated glycoconjugates that modulate the activity of various immune cells within the tumor microenvironment through trans interaction with immunosuppressive Siglec receptors. Identifying counter receptors for Siglecs can provide valuable targets for cancer immunotherapy, but it presents significant challenges. Here, the identification of DSG2 (Desmoglein 2) as a dominant counter receptor of Siglec‐9 in melanoma cells is reported, using a workflow that combines the strength of proximity labeling and the advantage of CRISPR knockout screening. It is further demonstrated that the interaction between DSG2 and Siglec‐9 is mainly dependent on sialic acid‐bearing N‐glycans on DSG2. Importantly, blocking trans interaction between DSG2 and Siglec‐9 significantly enhances macrophage phagocytosis of melanoma cells and, to a lesser extent, other cancer cells. The work thus suggests sialylated DSG2 as a potential “don't eat me” signal molecule with therapeutic potentials in cancer immunotherapy.
Comparative analysis of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and mortality rates in colorectal cancer patients with positive fecal immunochemical test screening before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Koseki Mitsuhiro , Wang Su‐Hung , Yang Chun‐Chi , Feng I‐Che , Kuo Hsing‐Tao , Ho Chung‐Han , Huang Chien‐Cheng , Sheu Ming‐Jen
Published: January 2025

The significant reduction in global colorectal cancer screenings due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, which led to an increase in the diagnosis of advanced cases rate in short periods, prompted this comprehensive retrospective study at Chi Mei Medical Center (CMMC) in Southern Taiwan. Conducted from January 2017 to December 2022, the study aimed to understand the impacts of these disruptions on the healthcare system, particularly focusing on emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and mortality rates. Utilizing statistical methodologies such as Pearson's chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests for categorical data, alongside the t‐test and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test for continuous data, this research compared the epidemiological and clinical outcomes across pre‐pandemic and pandemic periods. Kaplan–Meier plots, coupled with log‐rank tests, were employed to analyze mortality trends effectively. Among 3373 individuals who tested positive via fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), 96 patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer before the COVID‐19 pandemic, and 89 during it. The pathological staging indicated a consistent early‐stage diagnosis rate of around 65% (p = 0.876). In addition, it revealed no significant changes in the frequency of ED visits and hospitalizations. Despite the pandemic's challenges and its extended duration, the median time to death and one‐year mortality remained stable, underscoring the effectiveness of robust healthcare strategies in maintaining high‐quality cancer screenings and managing patient care during public health crises. This research highlights the critical need for ongoing evaluations of healthcare protocols to mitigate the impacts of global health emergencies on diagnostic processes.
Implications of state policy context for the well‐being of immigrant families with young children
Authors: Ferreira van Leer Kevin , Lombardi Caitlin , Chazan‐Cohen Rachel , Esquivel Vanessa , Isais Prisila , Berset Anne
Published: January 2025

There is notable variation in state‐level social policy exclusions for immigrant parents and their children. Little research has investigated how these exclusions impair the well‐being of immigrant families. This study examined how state‐level social policy exclusions for immigrants are associated with the well‐being of immigrant parents and development of their children. A mixed methods approach guided by the transformative framework was used with quantitative analyses among a subsample of low‐income immigrant parents from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort (ECLS‐B; N = 1550) and qualitative focus groups with immigrant parents of young children from two states with differing social policy contexts: California (n = 18) and New Hampshire (n = 17). Results indicated that low‐income immigrant parents with young children experienced greater parenting‐related stressors in states with more restrictive policies toward immigrants. Quantitative findings revealed that children born in more exclusionary states had lower reading skills at age 4 and kindergarten. Findings from the qualitative focus groups identified a core category centered on humanity being at the hands of the state, with the following themes: (1) salience of immigrant limitations; (2) state climate toward immigrants; and (3) social programs reduce stress, but access is variable and filled with barriers. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
Monkeys Swimming Across Rivers Refine Questions About the Riverine Barrier Hypothesis
Authors: Pavelka Mary S. M. , Holland Shannon , Sabados Broden , Melin Amanda D.
Published: January 2025

The Riverine Barrier Hypothesis posits that species distributions are limited by large rivers acting as geographical barriers. Accordingly, large rivers have long been thought to be a major driver of the extensive speciation and high levels of biodiversity among platyrrhine primates in South and Central America. Direct observations of river crossings provide evidence that complements studies of genetic diversity that can together shed new light on this hypothesis. Here, we discuss recent video evidence of howler monkeys successfully swimming across the Rupununi River in Guyana and the Panama Canal. The footage clearly reveals that howler monkeys can and do cross such bodies of water. These video observations help to refine questions about the species and circumstances under which rivers are barriers to gene flow. We end by joining other scientists who call for increased collaborations with local people living near river crossing sites to improve our knowledge and understanding of the frequency, contexts, and traits of the rivers and animals that characterize river crossings. Local knowledge provides new answers and helps refine questions about the river barrier hypothesis.
Tackling Hominin Tickling: Bonobos Share the Social Features and Developmental Dynamics of Play Tickling With Humans
Authors: Demuru Elisa , Montello Ilenia , Guéry Jean‐Pascal , Pellegrino François , Levréro Florence , Norscia Ivan
Published: January 2025

It is under debate whether intersubjectivity—the capacity to experience a sense of togetherness around an action—is unique to humans. In humans, heavy tickling—a repeated body probing play that causes an automatic response including uncontrollable laughter (gargalesis)—has been linked to the emergence of intersubjectivity as it is aimed at making others laugh (self‐generated responses are inhibited), it is often asymmetrical (older to younger subjects), and it elicits agent‐dependent responses (pleasant/unpleasant depending on social bond). Intraspecific tickling and the related gargalesis response have been reported in humans, chimpanzees, and anecdotally in other great apes, potentially setting the line between hominids and other anthropoids. Here we investigated this phenomenon in bonobos and predicted that in this species (sharing with humans and chimpanzees the last common ancestor) the presence of tickling would be modulated depending on the players' age, play session initiators, and familiarity. In April–June 2018, we collected videos on play sessions—including tickling—on a bonobo group housed at La Vallée des Singes (France). We showed that tickling received decreased while tickling performed increased with age, with tickling being mostly directed from older to younger individuals. Moreover, tickling was mostly performed by the individuals that started the play interaction and most of it occurred in strongly bonded dyads, particularly mother–infant ones. Bonobo tickling features, especially age profile and social modulation, mirror those of heavy tickling in humans thus suggesting a common evolutionary origin and shared patterns of basic intersubjectivity in hominins.
2H NMR as a Practical Tool for Following MOF Formation: A Case Study of UiO‐66
Authors: Parsons Amanda P. , Schneider Céline M. , Katz Michael J.
Published: January 2025

Developing the mechanism for MOF formation is crucial for the rapid development of new materials. This work demonstrates that Deuterium NMR spectroscopy is the optimal inter‐laboratory methodology for understanding the in situ kinetics of metal–organic framework (MOF) formation. This method is facile, affordable, and allows for the isolation and monitoring of individual reagents by using one deuterated component while the remaining components are protonated. This study utilizes 2H NMR, via the spectrometer's lock channel, to investigate the formation of UiO‐66 as influenced by different modulators: acetic acid, benzoic acid, and hydrochloric acid. By monitoring the concentration of the deuterated linker and observing the chemical shift and peak width of deuterated water over time, key elements of the mechanism are unraveled. Paradoxically, conditions that cause the ligand to be consumed more slowly result in MOFs forming more quickly and with fewer defects. This phenomenon is attributed to the dissociative mechanism associated with the Zr(IV)‐containing node.
Modulating Built‐In Electric Field Strength in Ru/RuO2 Interfaces through Ni Doping to Enhance Hydrogen Conversion at Ampere‐level Current
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Lianqin , Chen Bin , Liu Haotian , Wang Sipu , Feng Yingjie , Zhang Junfeng , Yin Yan , Guiver Michael D.
Published: January 2025

Improving the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) efficiency is essential for developing advanced anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) that operate at industrial ampere‐level currents. Herein, we employ density functional theory (DFT) calculations to identify Ni‐RuO2 as the leading candidate among various 3d transition metal‐doped M‐RuO2 (where metal M includes Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn). The incorporation of Ni atoms facilitates the partial reduction of RuO2, resulting in the formation of a Ni−Ru/RuO2 interface having a significant built‐in electric field (BIEF) during electrochemical reactions. The resulted BIEF enhances electron transfer across the interface, which is critical in lowering energy barriers and accelerating the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics. As a result, the Ni‐RuO2 catalyst exhibits an overpotential of 134 mV at 1 A cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 20.85 mV dec−1, with just 0.03 mg cm−2 of Ru loading. The highly effective BIEF, therefore, plays a pivotal role in the catalyst‘s remarkable performance, allowing the Ni‐RuO2‐based AEMWE to require only 1.71 V to maintain stable operation at 1 A cm−2 over a 1000‐hour period.
Design of an Ultrafast and Controlled Visible Light‐Mediated Photoiniferter RAFT Polymerization for Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly (PISA)
Authors: Wu Zilong , He Zhengyan , Zhou Yuchen , Kou Tongtong , Gong Kaili , Nan Fuchun , Bezuneh Terefe Tafese , Han Shiguo , Boyer Cyrille , Yu William W.
Published: January 2025

In this contribution, we designed a new xanthate RAFT agent by introducing (5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐naphthalenyl)oxy (TNO) as the Z group, namely 2‐[(((5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydro‐2‐naphthalenyl)oxycarbonothioyl)thio)ethyl propanoate] (TNXEP). Due to the presence of the TNO group, TNXEP enabled highly controlled and ultrafast photoiniferter RAFT polymerization under violet (λ=405 nm) and blue (λ=450 nm) light. This approach was effectively extended to aqueous media for polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA), facilitating the synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles. Leveraging the rapid photolysis and extended absorption of TNXEP, we demonstrated the first photoiniferter PISA system realizing ultrafast polymerization (>90 % monomer conversion in minutes) under visible light irradiation. Enhanced visible light penetration improved photopolymerization uniformity, enabling rapid and scalable production of polymeric nanoparticles at a 30 g scale in just 10 minutes, with tunable morphologies, including spheres, worms, and vesicles.
Tailored Polymer‐Inorganic Bilayer SEI with Proton Holder Feature for Aqueous Zn Metal Batteries
Authors: Cui Mangwei , Yu Lidong , Hu Jin , He Sisi , Zhi Chunyi , Huang Yan
Published: January 2025

Conventional solid‐electrolyte interface (SEI) in aqueous Zn‐ion batteries mainly acts as a physical barrier to prevent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), while such SEI is prone to structural deterioration stemming from uneven Zn deposition at high current densities. Herein, we propose an in situ structural design of polymer‐inorganic bilayer SEI with a proton holder feature by aniline‐modulated electrolytes. The Zn(OTF)2 exhibits a lower LUMO energy level in comparison to aniline, resulting in the formation of a bilayer structure characterized by an inner ZnF2 layer and an outer polyaniline (PANI) layer. The ZnF2 with high stiffness and strength effectively suppresses Zn dendrites. Meanwhile, the PANI regulates the current distribution, minimizing the concentration gradient, and delays the Sand's time of dendrites growth. Furthermore, the =N− in PANI is capable of reversible proton holder, thereby inhibiting HER. With this bilayer SEI, the Zn anode achieves an impressive cycle life of 126 h under 40 mA cm−2 & 40 mAh cm−2 (depth of discharge, DOD=70.8 %), solving the bottleneck of single‐layer inorganic SEI that could not be cycled under these conditions. The Zn || NaVO pouch battery with bilayer SEI exhibits a high capacity of 1.2 Ah and a cycle life of 350 h with 78 % capacity retention. At −30 °C, the same battery delivers a capacity of 335 mAh and a cycle life of 507 h with 72 % capacity retention, attributed to the modulation mechanism of the hydrogen bonding in the electrolyte. Our findings offer profound insights into the design of SEI with tailored structure and functionality, paving the way for the next generation of advanced high‐performance batteries.
Passivating Lattice Oxygen in ZnO Nanocrystals to Reduce its Interactions with the Key Intermediates for a Selective Photocatalytic Methane Oxidation to Methanol
Authors: Lan Ruimin , Hu Zhuofeng , Liu Haoran , Shen Kui , Wang Hui , Hou Tingting , Li Yingwei
Published: January 2025

An inevitable overoxidation process is considered as one of the most challenging problems in the direct conversion of methane (CH4) to methanol (CH3OH), which is limited by the uncontrollable cracking of key intermediates. Herein, we have successfully constructed a photocatalyst, the Fe‐doped ZnO hollow polyhedron (Fe/ZnOHP), for the highly selective photoconversion of CH4 to CH3OH under mild conditions. In situ experiments and density functional theory calculations confirmed that the introduction of Fe was able to decrease the energy level of the O 2p orbital, which passivated the activity of lattice oxygen in ZnO nanocrystals. This passivation effect greatly weakened the interaction between *CH3 and lattice oxygen, thus facilitating the conversion of *CH3O to *CH3 intermediate rather than the direct desorption of *CH3O. As a result, Fe/ZnOHP exhibited excellent CH3OH generation rate (ca. 1009 μmol gcat−1 h−1) and selectivity (ca. 96 %) in the photocatalytic conversion of CH4 at room temperature and low pressure.
Proximal Oblique‐Packing of Heptamethine Cyanines through Spiro‐Connection Boosts Triplet State Generation in Near‐Infrared
Authors: Wang Xueli , Zhou Jie , Wang Mingkang , Wang Yuze , Shen Zhetao , Sun Haitao , Hu Zhubin , Luo Xiao , Yang Youjun , Chen Jinquan
Published: January 2025

Near‐infrared (NIR) triplet dyes are the cornerstones of cutting‐edge biomedical and material applications. The difficulty in rational development of triplet dyes increases exponentially as the absorption wavelength shifts deeper into the NIR range. Although classical H‐/J‐typed packing of NIR dyes has the potential to enhance intersystem crossing (ISC) compared with that in single‐chromophore dyes, the triplet state quantum yields remain limited in such strategy. Herein, proximal oblique‐packed (V‐shaped) heptamethine cyanines (SZ780) through spiro‐connection were achieved. Multi‐channel ultrafast ISC were direct observed in SZ780 and a record high ISC rate constant (up to ~1011 s−1) is registered among all the reported NIR triplet dyes. SZ780 exhibits a triplet state quantum yield of 18.9 % upon excitation at 750 nm, which is almost an order of magnitude higher than that of the monomer (IR780, 2.1 %) and nearly threefold increase compared to that of the H‐packed dimer (SC780) (6.7 %). Moreover, SZ780 efficiently generates singlet oxygen under 808 nm light irradiation, inducing cancer cell apoptosis in vivo. These findings demonstrate that constructing V‐aggregated dyes system by spiro‐connection offers a powerful approach for the design of high‐performance NIR triplet sensitizers.
Anion Bridged One‐Dimensional Copper‐Based Metal Organic Frameworks as Peroxidase Mimics for Glucose Detection in Apple Fruits
Authors: Yang Yuzhang , Li Minji , Gong Yunqian , Li Xingliang , Zhou Jia , Wei Qinping , Zhang Junke
Published: January 2025

Enzyme mimics attract wide attentions as detection sensors. However, the widespread application is limited by low efficiency and high cost. Herein, two novel enzyme mimics 1 and 2 were developed with peroxidase‐like activities. The chain‐like structure of 1 exhibited better stability, energy transformation efficiency, and catalytic property than 2. Both of them could generate •OH radicals to oxide chromogenic agents, realizing the colorimetric detection of H2O2. Additionally, under the synergy of glucose oxidase, a cascade strategy for detection of glucose was constructed. This method exhibited excellent selectivity, anti‐interference, and storage performance, as well as a wide linear range (1–60 μM) at pH = 7.4, with the low detection limits of 0.095 and 0.061 μM for 1 and 2, respectively. Furthermore, the strategy was applied for detecting glucose in apple fruit samples. This work overcomes the shortcomings of current enzyme mimics and paves the way for bioanalysis and agricultural applications.
Green Ferrites: Eco‐Friendly Synthesis to Applications in Environmental Remediation, Antimicrobial Activity, and Catalysis—A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Alam Mir Waqas , Dhanda Neetu , Almutairi Hayfa Habes , Al‐Sowayan Noorah Saleh , Mushtaq Shehla , Ansari Sajid Ali
Published: January 2025

Ferrite magnetic materials have emerged as capable materials in engineering, research, and medicine because of their exclusive and fascinating properties obtained from a variety of synthesis techniques. These ferrites are significant in commercial products, research, and biomedical applications. Green synthesis methods for ferrite nanocomposites and nanoparticles are becoming increasingly popular due to their usefulness in a range of industries, engineering, environmental, and medicinal remediation. Ferrite nanoparticles and nanocomposites (MFe2O4, where M = Ni, Cu, Mg, Co, Zn, and Mn) have recently gained popularity due to their many uses in biological, environmental, and chemical interactions. This review covers the most recent investigations over the last few years on green‐synthesized ferrite nanoparticles, ferrites containing nanocomposites, and more elements, with a focus on microorganism‐mediated and plant‐based synthesis processes. The surface features of ferrite nanoparticles synthesized from green materials are discussed, as is their potential for sensors, energy, water treatment, antibacterial activity, biological, and heavy metal removal applications. This article presents an inclusive overview of green‐synthesized ferrites, including the most recent research advances and findings. To fully realize the promise of nanoferrites in several fields, a thorough understanding of green manufacturing, properties, and applications is essential. Green‐synthesized ferrites are chosen due to their potential for improved control over particle size and shape, lower cost, decreased toxicity, and environmental friendliness, all of which preserve magnetic properties that are better than those of conventionally synthesized ferrites, making them a more sustainable choice for a range of applications.
Fabrication of Fe3O4@Polypyrrole@Sulfamic Acid Composite for Efficient Adsorption of Four Cationic Dyes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Yuhang
Published: January 2025

With the continuous development of industry, the issue of industrial wastewater emissions is increasing. Adsorption, as an effective means possessing the features of no pollution, high efficiency, and easy operation, has become one of the effective methods to treat industrial wastewater. Fe3O4@polypyrrole@sulfamic acid (Fe3O4@PPy@SA) composite is successfully prepare by hydrothermal method, in situ polymerization, and modification. Its adsorption behaviors of the composite on MG, MB, CV, and RhB are investigated by UV–Vis, and the impacts of temperature, dye concentration, and the contact time between the composite and the dyes on the adsorption efficiency are researched. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms exhibit that the adsorption of these four dyes is more in accordance with pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, the diffusion behaviors are affected through the combined effect of intraparticle diffusion and Boyd membrane diffusion, and the thermodynamic studies display that all these adsorption behaviors are spontaneous heat absorption behaviors. The prepared Fe3O4@PPy@SA is an efficient adsorbent in the field of applications.
A Ruthenium(II) Complex With a Two‐Armed Benzimidazole Ligand as the G‐Quadruplex Luminescent Probe
Authors: Ma Liang , Liu Xue‐Wen , He Geng‐Jun , Hu Xia , Chen Yuan‐Dao , Zhang Song‐Bai
Published: January 2025

The selective detection of G‐quadruplex DNA has the potential to reveal its biological function and provide important information for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Herein, a ruthenium(II) complex containing a two‐armed benzimidazole ligand (bimbpy) (RC1) has been developed as a selective luminescence probe toward G4 DNA. RC1 exhibited distinguishable luminescence response to G4 DNA, such as HTDNA, c‐MYC, and 22AG. Especially, in the presence of HTDNA, the luminescence intensity of RC1 increased to 6.1‐fold. The limit of detection is 30 nM for HTDNA. However, it showed a small change in luminescence intensity against doubled‐strand and single‐strand DNA. The DNA binding experimental results indicated that RC1 effectively stabilized G4 DNA through hydrogen bonds and π‐π stacking. The selectivity of RC1 to G4 DNA might be due to the increase in the rigidity of the two‐armed benzimidazole ligand after binding to G4 DNA. Therefore, the design of ruthenium(II) complexes with a two‐armed ligand will be an effective method to obtain Ru(II)‐based G‐quadruplex luminescent probes by adjusting the degree of rigidity of the two arms.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Delivering Metformin Anti‐Lung Cancer Drug With Aluminum Nitride Nanoparticles
Authors: Hao Juntao
Published: January 2025

Aluminum nitride (ALN) finds extensive application across various fields, and further advancement is undergoing to explore efficiency of this compound in drug delivery. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to nano‐based drug delivery systems for anticancer treatments. This study focuses on the preparation of ALN nanoparticle using a simple and cost‐effective route in an NH3 atmosphere and in the presence of hydrated aluminum chloride. The characterization techniques such as FT‐IR, TEM, SEM, UV, XRD, XPS, and EDS are used to analyze the synthesized nanoparticles. Then, metformin is incorporated into the fabricated nanostructure to achieve a drug loading of ~67%, demonstrating effectiveness of the selected nanocarrier for encapsulating this important drug. The specific impact of pH and time duration on the release profile of metformin highlights the versatility and potential applicability of ALN delivery system. Moreover, the gradual release of drug under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) as well as the accelerated release at the lower pH of 5.1 within 48 h proofed the responsiveness of the nanostructure to varying environmental conditions. Finally, a density functional theory (DFT) calculation was carried out to investigate adsorption of metformin. These computational analyses validated again the potential of ALN as an effective sensor for detecting metformin in biological systems. The unique characteristics of this study involve introducing a pH‐responsive nanocarrier to release drug selectively in response to pH of the environment, using a nanoparticle with sufficient stability that improves solubility of poorly soluble metformin. This bioavailable drug delivery system can reduce off‐target effects and toxicity associated with conventional drug therapies.
Design and Preparation of Soluble Polyimide Binder With Random Copolymerized Rigid‐Flexible Segments for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Liang Chenglu , Li Zhengyang , Chen Yuan , Zhang Yi , Liu Yang , Chen Yukun
Published: January 2025

Binders play a critical role in the preparation and operation of electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Developing new binding materials with high affinity to Li ions and resistance to higher voltages was desirable for the practical applications of LIBs. In this work, soluble polyimide binder (PI) with random copolymerized rigid‐flexible segments were synthesized and evaluated as cathode binder for the typical lithium iron phosphate cathode material in terms of cycling performances, rate capability, and electrochemical impedance. By introducing the polar and soft ether segment into the rigid PI chains, the NMP‐soluble PI precursors were obtained. The rigid‐flexible segments in the PI binders work synergistically during the electrochemical process, in which the rigid segments of aromatic units with strong lithiophilic CO group provided the necessary mechanical support and affinity with electrolytes, while the flexible segments endow the high solubility and buffer effect to the volume change during the charge/discharge process. Moreover, the 3,5‐diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) working as the crosslinking unit was introduced during the synthesis and the addition ratios were optimized. The as‐optimized PI binders exhibited superior rate performances and comparable cycling stability when compared with the commercial PVDF binder, demonstrating the great potential for PI binder in the LIBs systems.
Preparation and Lithium Storage Properties of MOF‐Derived Bimetallic Sulfide ZnxInyS/MXene Composites
Authors: Xue Yinghui , Li Wanjiao , Liu Runrun , Zhao Tong , Lv Yuepeng , Li Jianxin , Guo Yao , Hao Rui , Liu Xijun , He Huibing
Published: January 2025

Nanostructured metal sulfides (MSs) are considered promising anode materials for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high specific capacity and abundant raw material resources. However, the practical application of these materials faces challenges such as poor conductivity and volume expansion. To address these issues and enhance the performance of LIBs, it is crucial to tackle the structural design problem associated with ZnxInyS anode material. The utilization of metal sulfides derived from metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) not only improves conductivity but also mitigates the issue of volume expansion in metal sulfides. Furthermore, connecting the metal sulfides derived from MOF to various conductive substrates can further enhance their conductivity. Two‐dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), a novel type of 2D material with plentiful functional groups and chemical properties, offer great potential. In this study, we have strategically constructed ZnxInyS/MXene heterostructures by combining the advantages of 2D Ti3C2TX nanosheets and bimetallic MOF structures. The results demonstrate that due to the synergistic effect between MXene and heterostructure, a significant number of lattice defects and ample buffer space are provided, resulting in excellent lithium storage performance and fast ion diffusion kinetics for the electrode.
Concordance with final pathology when transitioning from standard transrectal to cognitive targeted transperineal prostate biopsy
Authors: Honoré Alfred , Gravdal Karsten , Juliebø‐Jones Patrick , Reisæter Lars Anders Rokne , Beisland Christian , Moen Christian Arvei
Published: January 2025

Objective

Transrectal (TR) prostate biopsy is being increasingly abandoned in favour of a transperineal (TP) approach as well as a targeted biopsy only of the index lesion(s). It remains underreported how these changes could impact concordance at final pathology. We aimed to evaluate the impact of transitioning from standard transrectal (sTR) to cognitive targeted transperineal (cog‐tTP) biopsy on final pathology including concordance and upgrading.

Material and methods

Analysis of consecutive patients undergoing prostate biopsy and prostatectomy (RP) between January 2018 and May 2022 at a tertiary centre in Western Norway.

Results

There were 210 and 239 patients in the sTR and cog‐tTP groups, respectively. The mean [IQR] number of biopsies decreased from 12 [4–12] to 3 [3–4] (p < 0.001). The overall rate of concordance between biopsy and final pathology was 64% in both groups (Table 3, Figure 1). 24% Twenty‐four per cent (cog‐tTP) versus 19% (sTR) had grade group (GG) upgrading, while 12% versus 17% were downgraded (p = 0.2). Regarding positive surgical margins (PSMs) that were >3 mm in extension, there were only 3.3% and 2.1% in the sTR and cog‐tTP groups, respectively (p = 0.4). For surgical outcomes associated with RP, no differences in terms of postoperative complications between the groups were found (cog‐tTP:10% vs. sTR:6%, p = 0.10).

Conclusion

Transitioning from sTR biopsy to targeted cog‐tTP biopsy does not compromise concordance at final pathology nor does it increase the risk of tumour upgrading.
Patterns of Co‐Occurring Birth Defects in Chinese Infants With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A National Hospital‐Based Surveillance Study
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Yu , Xu Wen‐Li , Gao Yu‐Yang , Li Wen‐Yan , Liu Zhen , Zhou Jia‐Yuan , Dai Li
Published: January 2025

Background

The landscape of co‐occurring birth defects among infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains underexplored.

Aims

This study aims to elucidate the complex patterns of co‐occurring defects in Chinese population.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed cases from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network (2007‐2019) with CDH that presented along with at least one additional defect but without a syndromic diagnosis. Adjusted observed‐to‐expected prevalence (O/E) ratios were calculated for all two‐ to five‐way combinations to discern patterns of co‐occurring defects with CDH more frequently than expected by chance.

Results

Among 1235 CDH cases associated with other birth defects, the top 30 combinations with the highest adjusted O/E ratios included musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, central nervous system, facial, and renal defects. Cardiovascular defects were involved in 76.7% of the top combinations, followed by central nervous system (23.3%) and musculoskeletal defects (20.0%). The combination of polydactyly and syndactyly anomalies exhibited the highest adjusted O/E ratio of 5963.37 (95% confidence interval: 5960.00–5966.73).

Discussion

The relationship between musculoskeletal malformation and CDH may be explained from the aspects of epidemiology, embryology and pathogenesis. And mechanisms for the co‐occurrence of cardiovascular and CDH may involve disruption of common pathways.

Conclusion

Our analyses describe the co‐occurrence patterns of birth defects in CDH infants and reveal several noteworthy patterns. The observed patterns can guide further study and enhance our comprehension understanding of the developmental mechanisms underlying multiple defects.
Phytochemical Profile, Acute, and Subacute Toxicity of Spray‐Dried Hydroethanolic Extract From Punica granatum Leaves
Authors: Machado Janaina Carla Barbosa , Cristina da Silva Joyce , Leite Gabriel Victor Batista , dos Santos Dantas Thainá , Daniele‐Silva Alessandra , de Freitas Fernandes‐Pedrosa Matheus , de Oliveira Alisson Macário , Dantas da Cruz Rômulo Carlos , de Souza Ivone Antonia , Weilack Ingrid , Schieber Andreas , Ferreira Magda Rhayanny Assunção , Wagner Karl Gerhard , Lira Soares Luiz Alberto
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the acute and subacute safety and phytochemical profile of pomegranate leaves, aligning with the growing interest in sustainable, plant‐based therapeutics. The phytochemical composition and the acute and subacute toxicity of a spray‐dried hydroethanolic extract from pomegranate leaves (SDE) were investigated using experimental animal models. Utilizing UV–visible spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), a diverse array of tannins and flavonoids, totaling 38 compounds, was identified. The findings revealed that SDE exhibited no adverse effects across various tests, including macroscopic, biochemical, hematological, and histological evaluations, even at high doses (2000 mg/kg for single doses and 1000 mg/kg for repeated doses). Furthermore, SDE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced serum total cholesterol levels in both acute and subacute toxicity evaluations, suggesting a positive impact on lipid metabolism. This research not only confirms the safety of pomegranate leaf spray‐dried hydroethanolic extract at significant concentrations but also highlights its potential as a source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic benefits. The absence of toxicity, coupled with its cholesterol‐lowering properties, supports the use of pomegranate leaves in medicinal, nutritional, and food additive applications. Additionally, this study provides essential phytochemical and safety data, paving the way for future research exploring its potential as an active ingredient.
Thermal Conversion of Microalgae into Biochar: A Review on Processes, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Mustapha Sherif Ishola , Isa Yusuf Makarfi
Published: January 2025

Global energy consumption has drastically increased over the years due to population growth and industrialization. This has prompted an exploration for clean and renewable energy alternatives. Microalgae are widely recognized as a promising third‐generation energy source because they have the capability to generate biofuels, including biochar. The utilization of microalgal biomass has been gaining traction because of their advantages, such as fast growth, a high rate of production, and high carbon‐fixing efficiency. Thermochemical methods like hydrothermal carbonization, torrefaction, and pyrolysis can be employed to harness energy from microalgae. The different thermochemical methods employed for converting microalgal biomass into biochar have been discussed, as well as the factors affecting these methods. In addition, a dedicated section covered the components and properties of the generated biochar, including its thermal and surface properties. Furthermore, the economic analysis of the production of biochar from microalgae as well as the applications of microalgae‐derived biochar were presented and discussed, along with suggestions for further research.
Total Synthesis of Antiausterity Agent Callistrilone O Reveals Promising Antitumor Activity in a Melanoma Homograft Mouse Model
Authors: Okuda Kensuke , Takagi Akira , Shimizu Ryohei , Nishi Kensuke , Hayano Narumi , Takashima Ippei , Konishi Morichika
Published: January 2025

The antiausterity strategy in anticancer drug discovery has attracted much attention as a way to exterminate cancer cells under nutrient deprived conditions which are commonly found in solid tumors. These tumors under low nutrient stress are known to be malignant and often resist conventional drug therapy. As a potential drug candidate, we focused on the meroterpenoid natural product callistrilone O which has demonstrated extremely potent antiausterity properties toward PANC‐1 pancreatic carcinoma in vitro. Here, we report for the first time the total synthesis of callistrilone O in seven steps from phloroglucinol. A Friedel‐Crafts‐type Michael addition and an oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition with Fetizon's reagent were used to construct the molecular skeleton. The preferential cytotoxicity of callistrilone O was also evaluated with multiple starvation‐resistant cancer cell lines under low nutrient conditions. Furthermore, callistrilone O was found to strongly suppress B16 melanoma tumor growth without critical toxicity in vivo. Overall, this study presents a novel anticancer agent candidate from natural products with a concise synthetic route which can be readily applied to the synthesis of derivatives.
National survey of financial burden and experience among patients with cancer and autoimmune disease receiving charitable copay assistance
Authors: Peppercorn Jeffrey , Hasler Jill S. , Hu Bonnie , Tagai Erin K. , Zahner Greg J. , Lam Anh , Robbins Sarina , Wheeler Stephanie B. , Nipp Ryan D. , Miller Suzanne M.
Published: January 2025

This national survey of 1566 patients with cancer or autoimmune disease who received copay assistance demonstrates that copay assistance foundations may play an important role in the U.S. health insurance safety net and highlights the inadequacy of Medicare alone to guarantee access to care for older patients with chronic illness.
Glycyrrhetinic acid prohibiting fusion peptides from fusing with cell membrane
Authors: Jia Zili , Wu Rongrong , Hao Yun , Song Xiaolu , Hou Shuai , Shi Changwei , Cui Yihao , Liu Lei , Zhu Taofeng
Published: January 2025

The inhibition of the fusion peptide (FP) of the spike protein of coronaviruses, which mediates interactions with the host cell membrane, plays a critical role in the membrane fusion process. In this study, we investigated the interactions between the FP and cell membranes and evaluated the effect of three drug molecules — neferine (Nef), glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), quercetin (Qct) on the membrane fusion process by combining molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and experimental methods. Our findings revealed that glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited strong binding ability towards the FP (residues 815‐828), with particularly interactions observed with key residues L821, L822, F823, and L828. Furthermore, we performed FITC fluorescence staining experiments on cells and assessed the inhibitory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on FP. The results showed a significant reduction in fluorescence intensity in the FP‐FITC experiment group treated with glycyrrhetinic acid, indicating that glycyrrhetinic acid interferes with the binding ability of FP and disrupts its localization on the cell membrane. Overall, this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of the inhibition mechanism of FP’s membrane fusion process, which widely exists in the intrusion process between viruses and cells.
Unveiling the Reaction Mechanism of Diels‐Alder Cycloadditions between 2,5‐Dimethylfuran and Ethylene Derivatives Using Topological Tools
Authors: Chellegui Mohamed , Adjieufack Abel Idrice , Trabelsi Mahmoud , Liégeois Vincent , Champagne Benoît
Published: January 2025

The [4+2] Diels‐Alder cycloaddition reaction between 2,5‐DMF (1) and ethylene derivatives (2 a‐h) activated by electron‐withdrawing groups has been studied at the density functional theory level using a panoply of tools to unravel the reaction mechanisms. From the analysis of the reactivity indices, 2 a‐h behave as electrophiles while 1 as nucleophile, and the activation of the double bond of ethylene increases its electrophilicity, which is accompanied by an enhancement of the polarity of the reaction. The activation Gibbs free energy decreases linearly as a function of this increase of polarity, as estimated by the electrophilicity difference between the reactants. The difference of electrophilicity drives also the global electron density transfer at the transition state and the asynchronicity of the reaction, as evaluated by the difference of carbon‐carbon bond lengths in the transition state. Then, Bonding Evolution Theory shows that the activation of the double bond of ethylene by an electron‐withdrawing group changes the reaction mechanism from a one‐step synchronous process to a one‐step asynchronous process. Generally, the endo pathway is kinetically favored but, thermodynamically, it is the exo pathway. Finally, using the Distortion/Interaction‐Activation Strain, it is shown that the endo/exo selectivity is mostly driven by the differences of interaction energies.
Mechanisms of Alignment in Feeding Aphids on the Plant Stem
Authors: Kudo Ayumi
Published: January 2025

Aphids are observed on various plant species, with most aphids feeding downward on stems. In this study, I studied the variations in feeding postures of aphids and their mechanisms. My field observations revealed that the majority of individuals from most species fed facing downward, or more precisely, towards the roots. Exceptions included Indomegoura indica on the scapes of Hemerocallis spp., which were aligned with their head facing the sky. Next, I investigated how plant orientation affects three aphid species, Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae, Megoura crassicauda and I. indica with different body alignments on upright immature stems. On the stems of the inverted plants, the number of Ma. yomogifoliae and Me. crassicauda in the upward position (head facing the root of the plant) was significantly greater than that in the downward position (head facing the shoot apex of the plant). If their posture is affected by gravity or by certain advantages of the headstand posture, Ma. yomogifoliae and Me. crassicauda are expected to align in a consistent direction, regardless of the orientation of the plant. This suggests that plant cues influence their posture. In contrast, the majority of I. indica were aligned with the head facing the sky on the scape, regardless of Hemerocallis's direction. This result indicates that the feeding posture of I. indica is affected by gravity and/or aphid's intrinsic factors. Therefore, this study provides a new perspective on the factors influencing aphid feeding posture preferences.
Migration strategy and constraint in migration behavior vary among shorebird species with different life histories
Authors: Clements Sarah J. , Loghry Jason P. , Linscott Jennifer A. , Ruiz Jorge , Gunn Joe C. , Navedo Juan G. , Senner Nathan R. , Ballard Bart M. , Weegman Mitch D.
Published: January 2025

Migration strategy is a key behavioral characteristic guiding how migratory species time their annual cycles and use habitat. Understanding variation in migration strategy within and among species and individuals can be useful for understanding how birds navigate energetic trade‐offs and designing or modifying conservation plans meant to benefit multiple species and life histories. We compared migration strategies among three migratory shorebird species with variable life history traits and short, medium, and long migration distances, respectively: American avocets (Recurvirostra americana), black‐bellied plovers (Pluvialis squatarola), and Hudsonian godwits (Limosa haemastica). Avocets (short distance) exhibited the most within‐species variation in migration duration, proportion of migration time spent at stopovers, and stopover duration. Plovers (medium distance) and godwits (long distance) showed less variation in these metrics, but godwits showed the most variation in the number of stopovers used. There were significant differences among species in migration distance, number of stopovers used, proportion of time stopped over, departure and arrival dates, and migration duration, but not mean stopover duration. We also found that avocets spent more time stopped over relative to migration distance than plovers or godwits, indicating that avocets showed the most energy‐minimizing strategy of the three species. Our findings set the stage for future work assessing the effects of climate change and land use on characteristics associated with different migration strategies for additional migratory species.