bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARA UMA GENEALOGIA DA ESCOLA PRIMÁRIA RURAL: ENTRE O ESPAÇO E A CONFIGURAÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA (SÃO PAULO, 1889-1947)1
Authors: Pereira da Silva de Ávila Virgínia , De Souza Rosa Fátima
Published: October 2015

 

 

 

Resumo: Neste artigo problematiza-se a configuração da escola primária rural no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1889 a 1947. Partindo do exame dos princípios de classificação adotados pelos órgãos da administração do ensino – nível de formação de professores, duração do curso primário, abrangência dos programas de ensino, localização das escolas e propostas pedagógicas –, discute-se no estudo sobre a produção da diferença entre a escola primária urbana e rural e a definição de propostas pedagógicas específicas que consolidaram uma identidade para as escolas rurais, muito além da localização espacial.
Palavras-chave: História da educação. Educação rural. História da educação rural. Escola primária rural. Ensino típico rural.

 
EDITORIAL
Authors: Pasqual Schneider Marilda
Published: October 2015

Editorial
Monte Carlo estimation of stage structured development from cohort data
Authors: Knape Jonas , de Valpine Perry
Published: October 2015

Cohort data are frequently collected to study stage‐structured development and mortalities of many organisms, particularly arthropods. Such data can provide information on mean stage durations, among‐individual variation in stage durations, and on mortality rates. Current statistical methods for cohort data lack flexibility in the specification of stage duration distributions and mortality rates. In this paper, we present a new method for fitting models of stage‐duration distributions and mortality to cohort data. The method is based on a Monte Carlo within MCMC algorithm and provides Bayesian estimates of parameters of stage‐structured cohort models. The algorithm is computationally demanding but allows for flexible specifications of stage‐duration distributions and mortality rates. We illustrate the algorithm with an application to data from a previously published experiment on the development of brine shrimp from Mono Lake, California, through nine successive stages. In the experiment, three different food supply and temperature combination treatments were studied. We compare the mean duration of the stages among the treatments while simultaneously estimating mortality rates and among‐individual variance of stage durations. The method promises to enable more detailed studies of development of both natural and experimental cohorts. An R package implementing the method and which allows flexible specification of stage duration distributions is provided.
Quantifying demographic uncertainty: Bayesian methods for integral projection models
Authors: Elderd Bret D. , Miller Tom E. X.
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Integral projection models (IPMs) are a powerful and popular approach to modeling population dynamics. Generalized linear models form the statistical backbone of an IPM. These models are typically fit using a frequentist approach. We suggest that hierarchical Bayesian statistical approaches offer important advantages over frequentist methods for building and interpreting IPMs, especially given the hierarchical nature of most demographic studies. Using a stochastic IPM for a desert cactus based on a 10‐year study as a worked example, we highlight the application of a Bayesian approach for translating uncertainty in the vital rates (e.g., growth, survival, fertility) to uncertainty in population‐level quantities derived from them (e.g., population growth rate). The best fit demographic model, which would have been difficult to fit under a frequentist framework, allowed for spatial and temporal variation in vital rates and correlated responses to temporal variation across vital rates. The corresponding posterior probability distribution for the stochastic population growth rate (λS) indicated that, if current vital rates continue, the study population will decline with nearly 100% probability. Interestingly, less supported candidate models that did not include spatial variance and vital rate correlations gave similar estimates of λS. This occurred because the best fitting model did a much better job of fitting vital rates to which the population growth rate was weakly sensitive. The cactus case study highlights several advantages of Bayesian approaches to IPM modeling, including that they: (1) provide a natural fit to demographic data, which are often collected in a hierarchical fashion (e.g., with random variance corresponding to temporal and spatial heterogeneity); (2) seamlessly combine multiple data sets or experiments; (3) readily incorporate covariance between vital rates; and, (4) easily integrate prior information, which may be particularly important for species of conservation concern where data availability may be limited. However, constructing a Bayesian IPM will often require the custom development of a statistical model tailored to the peculiarities of the sampling design and species considered; there may be circumstances under which simpler methods are adequate. Overall, Bayesian approaches provide a statistically sound way to get more information out of hard‐won data, the goal of most demographic research endeavors.
New Approach for the Classification of Rock Typing Using a New Technique for Iso-Pore Throat Lines in Winland's Plot
Authors: Al-Qenae Khaled J. , Al-Thaqafi Salman H.
Published: October 2015

The new approach aids in assigning the location of the iso-pores throat lines on Winland's plot. The approach was verified with a total number of conventional core analysis data that exceeded 1960 data points from three different sandstones reservoirs. The utilization of the R35 plot will guide through the number of rock types and their corresponding pore-throat ranges which will aid us in minimizing the human error while optimizing these iso-pore throat lines locations. Winland's equation is one of the powerful methods used to utilize the reservoir properties to classify the number of rock types in a reservoir. Winland's plot is a semi-log plot of permeability versus porosity overlaid by the iso-pore throat lines, R35. These iso-pore throat lines could be shifted based on the reservoir characterizations. The simplicity of the new approach makes it a must step in every analysis prepared on Winland's plot. Plotting a semi-log of sorted R35 versus serial numbers; then, observing the change in the slope of the line, each change in the slope indicates a new rock type. When applying this approach on three different sandstone reservoirs, Reservoir A; showed seven detailed rock types. Eight detailed rock types were indicated in reservoir B and nine detailed rock types were indicated in reservoir C. It also gives the engineers and petro-physicists the choice of combining similar rock types together resulting in an optimum rock system. These rock types were confirmed with the static models and proves the solidity of the new approach in categorizing the optimum number of rock types. The value added in the new approach aids in the determination of where these iso-pore throat lines should be placed to give the optimum classification on the rock typing, as a substitute to the current subjective approach. An automated process was programmed to assist the user in the classification of the rock types and it automatically displays the values for any given reservoir.
A Petrophysical Technique to Estimate Archie Saturation Exponent (n); Case Studies In Carbonate and Shaly-Sand Reservoirs – IRAQI Oil Fields
Authors: Al-Hilali Mazin Mohlab , Zein Al-Abideen Mohammed Jawad , Adegbola Femi , Li Weidong , Avedisian Antwan Mahran
Published: October 2015

Archie's assumption of saturation exponent equal 2 is valid only when the reservoir and the core are strongly water wet, the saturation exponent has been proven by many researchers, its strongly related to the reservoir wettability, pore-size distribution and displacement history and it can vary between 2 to 10 in value.

Determination of fluid saturations from electric well logs adopts a calculation procedure, which is highly sensitive to several parameters one in a particular saturation exponent (n). An accurate determination of initial oil in place in the early life of reservoirs or an evaluation of a developed reservoir is requires high accuracy water saturations (Sw) values.

This paper presents innovative petrophysical workflow using water saturation, true resistivity and reservoir total porosity values as inputs data; the geological zonation is critical; each selected zone will be cross-plotted to evaluate cementation exponent through Pickett plot and the irreducible water saturation factors using Sw-Phi crossplot. The mathematical derivation was done to develop a relation between the true formation resistivity (Rt) and the reservoir porosity in the irreducible water saturation intervals to predict saturation exponent utilizing the crossplot.

Case studies from three different giant oil fields located in the south of IRAQ have been selected to represent various applications scenarios of carbonate and shaly-sand oil-bearing formations to test the applicability of the proposed model.

Each field has a different set of data and requires a special treatment, varied from special and convectional core analysis, pressure test and NMR to only fullset of wireline data.

A quality verification for Archie saturation exponent "n" values has been done quantitatively with core analysis and qualitatively with in-situ and/or core wettability.

The proposed model success to evaluate saturation exponent for the studied reservoirs and show convergence with the verification methods.

It is concluded that the developed petrophysical workflow of this study provides a significant contribution to the determination of water saturation exponent (n) in simplified-robust way and consequently leads to better water saturation (Sw) estimation values, and it can be applied in any carbonate or shaly-sand reservoirs worldwide.
Nuclear Attribute and Tool Modelling for Enhancing Reservoir and Well Surveillance
Authors: Alkhasov Emin , Han Xiaogang , Webster Michael , Zett Adrian
Published: October 2015

Recent developments in pulsed neutron instrumentation open up new opportunities for petrophysical surveillance. Understanding the relation between a nuclear attribute and a recovery mechanism is a key element in selecting the appropriate running mode for a specific instrument. Developing a nuclear modelling capability allows us to screen various nuclear attributes for a given environment taking into account, specific rock, fluid and completion conditions to investigate the sensitivity of attributes to different recovery scenarios.

There are a limited number of experimental tests pits limiting our ability to replicate the complexity of nuclear attribute responses to the variety of fluid displacements and well completions. Imperfections with cement and gravel pack further complicate the nuclear attribute response and should be taken into account during the nuclear model process. Benchmarking the nuclear models against controlled environments (man-made defects) provide some confidence in utilising nuclear forward modelling to design the logging program ahead of the job. This allows us to optimise rig time and maximise the data acquisition during well work opportunities.

This method can be used in feasibility studies and petrophysical interpretation utilizing nuclear tools in different areas of petrophysical surveillance. Nuclear modelling can help to engineer gravel pack (specify the amount of Gadolinium enrichment), define the nuclear attributes that can be further used for gravel pack evaluation, and can also help in selecting the right tool from suppliers for monitoring multicomponent fluid saturations. In this paper we present some case studies to illustrate the application of nuclear modelling in the selection of attributes and tools for completion and reservoir surveillance.

The results from experimental tests provide us with confidence in the quality of results from nuclear modelling. A robust model requires detailed information from core, fluids and completion.

While all multidetector pulsed neutron instruments utilize the same physical principles and record similar basic measurements, there are differences due to tool geometry, electronics and interpretation algorithms. Screening nuclear attributes and selecting the appropriate tool for the job has a significant impact on rig time and acquiring quality data. Improving the quality of the acquired data will have a direct impact on the quality of the calculated results which will in turn lead to more effective well work and reservoir management.
Huge Mature Fields Rejuvenation
Authors: Golovatskiy Yuriy , Petrashov Oleg , Syrtlanov Vil , Vafin Ilnur , Mezhnova Natalia
Published: October 2015

The paper considers the experience of huge mature field development optimization by the example of oil Field Y in the Western Siberia.

The approach for automation selection the prospective wells for workover program for the multi-formation field was developed. The automated waterflooding optimization was constructed to increase the sweep efficiency and to balance the injection values by wells. This approach has a significant potential to minimize time expenditures for routine operations, and enables improvement of field development strategies quality.

The field development based on secondary recovery methods like workovers, drilling and waterflooding optimization for the field Y (secondary recovery) allowed increasing recovery factor to some degree. For significant increase of recovery the enhancement oil recovery program (tertiary recovery) was prepared.
Statistical Modeling of Oil Reservoir Life Cycle
Authors: Suleimanov B. A. , Ismayilov F. S. , Dyshin O. A. , Keldibayeva S. S.
Published: October 2015

Traditional approaches to the problem of oil field life cycle partitioning onto the successive stages is mainly based on heuristic evaluations with no well-defined criteria. To solve this problem, we proposed a stage wise structuring based on the identification of the current oil production distribution in the individual stages and isolation of adjacent stages' boundary points defining the duration of each stage. Using statistical analysis of experimental data on development of a large number (more than twenty) of specific fields reduced into one "generalized deposit" followed The Savitzky–Golay smoothing filter shows that the life cycle of the field can be divided into four successive stages which are definitely described as logarithmically normal, exponential, Pareto and Weibull distributions

Using non-linear logistic model for the cumulative oil production in the last fourth stage of the life cycle a computational procedure has been developed for assessing the initial recoverable reserves, as well as the method for estimating the maximum level of oil production has been proposed. The method is based on finding inflection point of the curve describing the dynamics of cumulative oil production, by examining second order differences.

Based on the values of cumulative oil production in the later points of the final development stages oil production was predicted and the design parameters for the current development system were evaluated using adaptive Kalman filter in discrete time.
Sand Control in the Wells of SOCAR Oilfields
Authors: Kazimov Sh. P. , Ahmed Fariz
Published: October 2015

Prevention of slightly cemented formation destruction and dispersed solids (sand and clay) removal is a complex and hitherto unsolved problem. The stability of the bottomhole zone is closely connected with geological and petrographic characteristics of the target formation and technological mode of producer wells operation. Sanding causes such complications like sanding-up, erosion of downhole and surface equipment, elimination of which requires significant financial costs. The adequate choice of bottom-hole zone stabilization, careful adherence to the elements of technological process are necessary conditions that guarantee technical and economic efficiency of works.

A variety of activities and methods are used in wells of "Azneft" PU to eliminate foregoing shortcomings, i.e. for sand control. Sand control activities mainly cover four areas: adaptation of gravel-slotted filter, drilling-in with no perforation, producing sand consolidation, sand plugs removal by means of tools.

Positive results have been obtained in the result of gravel-slotted filter application in 230 sanding wells. Drilling-in of weakly cemented formations with no perforation is carried out with or without the filter. Producing sand consolidation is realized using different technologies: control of physical and mechanical properties of the cement slurry, as well as cement slurries with various additives and polymer-based cement slurries.

Acid-based cement slurry is proposed to clean sand supplied from reservoir. Introduction of this technology creates a stable and permeable barrier in the near-wellbore zone that prevents or completely restricts sand entry.

In intake wells hydraulic, hydromechanical and wireline instrumentation is used to prevent the ingress of washing liquid for sand-bridge removal.
Case-study of Succesful Pilot Polymer Flooding in the South Turgay Basin's Oilfield
Authors: Abirov Zh. , Abirov R. , Mazbayev Y. , Engels A. , Nestyorkin A. , Ivakhnenko O.
Published: October 2015

This paper outlines implementation results of pilot polymer flooding project in the South Turgay basin's field in Kazakhstan. During pilot injection, production data and main parameters were gathered and analyzed.

In the paper contains description of general information about selection of the appropriate reservoir area, including geology, water quality and other main parameters for the best polymer selection. Based on screening of these parameters an area was selected for pilot polymer flooding implementation. Polymer flooding carried out using two injection wells.

After continuous injection, according to injection protocol, initial watercut decreased in the oil production of producing wells due to improvement in the reservoir sweep efficiency caused by flooding. Bottomhole pressures and injection rates in the injection wells varied insignificantly. Oil production increased comparing with the standard water flooding process that was applied initially.

Oil production was monitored and analyzed by Operator Company since the begging of the injection. Production history from the beginning of pilot polymer flooding project demonstrates efficiency of this EOR method. Considering positive results of this injection stage Operating Company plans to continue polymer solution injection in the next stages of the field developmet.
Well Revival Due to Sand Control Failure - Case History of Cleaning Out a Mile of Sand and Live Well Perforation
Authors: Rahimov Khalid , Smith Simon D. , Gathman Brad , Hadiaman Farid
Published: October 2015

The Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) is a giant field located in the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan. The field is operated by BP on behalf of Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC). Wells are drilled and completed penetrating multilayers of weakly consolidated sand with low unconfined compressive strength. The typical sand-face completion is Open Hole Gravel Pack (OHGP), Stand Alone Screen (SAS), Expandable Sand Screen (ESS) and Cased and Perforated (C&P). After a period of time, when a well does loose it's sand control integrity, the wellbore has the potential to fill up with sand and create a production deferment. A viable option to revive these wells is by cleaning the sand out of the tubing to gain access and perforate the upper-zone.

This paper describes the success story of a challenging sand clean out and return to production in one of the wells in the ACG field. The job utilized an integrated clean out system from downhole to surface. A hydraulically actuated, switchable circulation sub was used with a real time downhole measurement system. While running into the well, forward jets of the sub helped penetrate and suspend sand and while pulling out of the well, the sub was switched to a low resistance, backward jetting mode which sweeps sand more efficiently. Adding real-time downhole measurement to the system enhanced the performance of the sub ensuring it was functioning correctly as per plan. A sand monitor was used in the surface return line to continuously monitor the returned sand. Design software was used to support the operation from start to finish and real time data comparisons to the software predictions created additional assurance of safe operational steps. Following the successful cleanout, the plan was to isolate the lower sand producing zone and perforate the well across a higher oil bearing zone. A live well deployment system on electrical coiled tubing was selected to perforate over 300m of the pay zone in a single run. This system was selected due to its capabilities of deploying and reverse deploying the extra-long perforation guns with positive wellhead pressure and completing the job in one run. Combination of the electrical and mechanical features of the coiled tubing added additional value to the operation as it made it possible to correlate depth based on CCL and gamma ray, displace kill weight fluid to base oil to create underbalance conditions and monitor the well pre and post perforating with CT in the wellbore.

The intervention was successful and the well was put back into production. This case serves as a reference for future sand clean outs and CT conveyed live well perforation jobs in the region.
Experimental Study of Heavy Metal Ions Removal from Oil Field Brine
Authors: Habashi Maryam Seied , Zarei Mohammad Mehdi , Moreno-Atanasio Roberto
Published: October 2015

The objective of this paper is to present a co-precipitation technique with calcium carbonate for removal of heavy metals ions from oil field brine. Metals such as Mercury, Copper and Lead can be removed by the co-precipitation technique. In this work, parameters such as pH, injection time and concentration of reactants were optimized in other to obtain maximum removal efficiency. The results showed that pH has a significant effect while the injection time and reactant concentrations were less effective to remove the metals. Based on the SEM, ICP and hydrometer analysis, the optimum experimental conditions were the pH of 10, the injection time of 20 min and the reactant concentration of 0.5 mol percent. Approximately, more than 90 percent of mercury, lead and copper was removed employing co-precipitation techniques with calcium carbonate. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis indicates that 200 rpm is the optimum rotational speed which leads to the formation of small particles. Finally, this study showed especially that the co-precipitation technique is a good alternative to remove the heavy metals especially mercury from the contaminated oil field brine.
Golden Rules to Improve Process Safety Behaviour
Authors: Aldrich Mark , Ramsden Martyn , Steer Rob , Hamilton Ian
Published: October 2015

Most Oil and Gas Operators and service organizations have identified ‘Golden Rules’ intended to focus attention and influence safety behavior in their operations. Whilst these rules have successfully raised awareness of key safety hazards, the majority focus on occupational safety issues, such as lifting, confined space entry, electrical safety, etc, without explicitly addressing process safety or ‘major hazard’ issues. A recurrent theme from investigations into major accidents has been the recognition that occupational safety and process safety need to be treated differently. Concentrating on occupational safety metrics and controls will not necessarily positively influence process safety and environmental performance.

Recognizing that Oil and Gas Operators undertake operations within a major accident hazard environment, a set of process safety behaviors is proposed that focus the attention of workforce and management on the actions, behaviors and attitudes that will help to prevent or mitigate the consequences of a major accident event (MAE/MATTE). These are based on such concepts as ‘maintaining a chronic sense of unease’ and ‘responding strongly to weak signals’; concepts which have emerged from recent major accidents - such as Texas City, Macondo and Buncefield.

The opportunity exists to reconsider whether industry's focus is informed by an understanding of the broader operating risk portfolio. Effective engagement of key members of the operating organisation, both on and offshore in this key topic area is dependent upon its capacity to define and articulate risk management priorities. The competent, consistent and confident management of major accident hazards across the organisation is inextricably linked to this process. The inclusion of major accident priorities within focused campaigns and the explicit definition of mitigation responsibilities throughout the organisation could promote improvement in process safety performance.

This approach will enhance the process safety performance of organisations, and provide a change in the perception of process safety.
Site Investigation of Crude Oil Contamination – Using Risk Based Principles to Shape the Data Collection Process
Authors: Croft Richard , Crowcroft Phil
Published: October 2015

Oil production from land-based license blocks remains a major focus for operators, and managing environmental liability and taking care of the wider environment associated with such assets is increasingly important. Whether at the entry stage, with acquisition decisions to make, or at the operational and exit stages of a project lifecycle, an operator must have the basic information to assess and manage the financial liabilities which may be posed by impacts on soil, surface water and groundwater.

Defining the environmental baseline condition of the land within concession areas at both the start and completion of exploitation and production is essential to: Being able to define any incremental pollution caused by the operation of the field over its lifetime;Articulate and manage the environmental liability exposure such impacts represents to operators; andAid operators in restoring the land to an acceptable condition in compliance with their permitting and operational licenses and in accordance with sustainable principles to facilitate an orderly exit from the license block.

Comprising anything from exploration sites, storage pits, lay-down areas, well-heads, pipelines, flow stations, manifolds, valves, processing plants and waste disposal areas, the assets in question can be hugely variable but each can pose potential environmental risks in their own right. Set this against a background of environmentally diverse land patterns and usages, and the challenge of characterizing any pollution which occurs can be substantial. In addition, it is important to decide on what level of mitigation might ultimately be appropriate – just cleaning up land to remove all incremental impacts may be unsustainable, and a more cost-effective approach would better focus on those aspects of pollution which pose an actual risk of causing harm to human health or the environment, rather than adopting a blanket approach, irrespective of risk.
Study of the Impact of Reduced Permeability Due to Near-Wellbore Damage on the Optimal Parameters of the Matrix Acidizing in Carbonate Rocks
Authors: Bekibayev T. T. , Beisembetov I. K. , Assilbekov B. K. , Zolotukhin A. B. , Zhapbasbayev U. K. , Turegeldieva K. A.
Published: October 2015

The pore space near the wellbore damaged with a time due to fine particles, chemical reactions, reservoir pressure difference, etc. As a result of the above mentioned factors reservoir properties of near-wellbore zone are altered, which negatively affects the productivity/injectivity of wells. One way to restore the reservoir properties of near-wellbore zone is matrix acidizing. An analysis of the literature review shows that there is a definite law of permeability reduction of the near-wellbore zone due to formation damage with the maximum reduction observed at the wellbore, and with the distance from the wellbore it restores to the original value. The influence of reservoir properties reduction due to damage on the effectiveness of the matrix acidizing is the subject of these studies, which based on numerical simulation of the dissolution of carbonate rock with hydrochloric acid.

Numerical simulation of the dissolution of carbonate rock with hydrochloric acid is carried out using two-scale model in the polar coordinate system. To account the reduced reservoir properties due to formation damage of near-wellbore zone in numerical calculations special function fd is introduced. In this paper, a comparative analysis of results of dissolution modeling with the damage (fd ≠ 0) and without damage (fd = 0) function is shown.

As a result of numerical simulations it was revealed that the dominant wormholes grows faster than non-dominant wormholes in the case with fd ≠ 0, which leads to a quick acid breakthrough. On the contrary, in the base case (fd = 0), non-dominant wormholes become relatively developed. Optimal Damköhler number for the base case is Daopt = 330, while fd ≠ 0 for the number is varying from 210 to 310 depending on the damage ratio Δεd and parameter λ.

It was also shown that in the case of fd ≠ 0 wormhole grows faster than in the case of fd = 0. In the first case, the final skin factor is achieved when a volume of the injected acid is 75% less than amount required for the base case.
Hard Fill Removal Combining Vacuuming Technology and Intelligent Coiled Tubing leads to Injection – A Case Study in Azerbaijan
Authors: Rodriguez S. Marlin D. , Piñero Luis D. , Smith Simon D. , Mammadov Hajagha , Mollayev Samir
Published: October 2015

Concentric Coiled Tubing (CCT) was introduced in early 2014 to the Caspian Sea in the Azeri Chirag Gunashli field as a solution for sub-hydrostatic wells where sand cleanout techniques are not feasible with conventional methods because of circulation losses and poor offshore nitrogen logistics. A number of oil producer wells were successfully cleaned out using CCT prior to the technique being deployed on a water injector well for first time. This study considers the first CCT cleanout of a water injector well.

In addition to cleaning sand from the well, the following main criteria were identified during the planning stage of the job; reduce wellbore contact friction inside the protective coated tubulars, minimize the number of CCT runs and fully displace heavy brine for a lighter friction reduced fluid. Job data collected during the initial runs was used for simulations with proprietary modeling software in an attempt to minimize pipe to pipe contact friction. A comparison based on the impact pressure at the nozzles with the available BHA's was also made from different scenarios simulated in order to best tackle the problem of any hard packed sand bridges in the well.

This paper looks at how the above was achieved and also discusses the operational aspects of the job where proprietary BHA components and Coiled Tubing (CT) techniques were combined to break through a sand bridge described as the "hardest fill ever experienced in the field" by the operator. A combination of intelligent CT, rotating jetting tool and a specialized switching cleanout sub was quickly mobilized alongside the planned CCT midway through the operation when the hard packed sand was discovered. Once the hard packed sand bridge had been completely removed, CCT and vacuuming technology were once again used across the perforated interval to establish a clean wellbore and injection into the reservoir.

This paper is a case study and summarizes the main planning and operational steps of the successful cleanout job and provides some guidance for future operations.
The Study of Injection Performance Using Streamline Tracing
Authors: Asgarov Murad , Mamiyev Vidadi , Bayramov Jabbar , Ibrahimov Turan , Sadigov Samir
Published: October 2015

Identifying injector-producer pairs and quantifying the strength of communication of a particular pair can be critical for injection management and resulting production optimization in oil fields under pressure maintenance. Even though surveillance methods based on actual data may help identifying injector-producer interactions, they do not quantify or rank the interactions. Streamline simulation, on the other hand, does not only provide excellent visualization of injector-producer interactions, but also quantifies them. However, it depends on the quality of the model calibration, similar to any kind of simulation.

This work developed a comprehensive visualization template based on streamline simulation results, enabling reservoir engineers to identify and quantify injection support, evaluate injection efficiency and come up with possible scenarios to optimize injection strategy. The template is built in TIBCO™ Spotfire®® for analyzing the streamline simulation outputs with user friendly displays. The template quantifies the support of a particular injector to the producers, different regions or reservoir layers over time. In addition, it calculates efficiency factors for all injectors and displays how the injector efficiency changes over time. The template and the method proposed in this study can support history match process via key visualizations for surveillance information such as distributed temperature sensors and production logs.
Understanding a Complex Overburden to Deliver Safe & Productive Wells at the Giant Shah Deniz Gas-condensate Field, Offshore Azerbaijan
Authors: Price Gavin R , Hall David , Kaiser Karl , Tranchina Enrico
Published: October 2015

The stage 2 development of the giant Shah Deniz gas-condensate field (SD2) represents an investment in excess of 45 billion USD and requires the drilling of 26 subsea development wells. Significant well cost reductions may be achieved by minimising the amount of ‘non-productive time’ (NPT) during drilling.

NPT associated with subsurface geological characteristics may be minimised by careful pre-drill well planning, robust subsurface interpretation and data integration, application of learnings from previous Shah Deniz drilling and clear communication of subsurface risks to all parties involved in designing and executing the well. To achieve this, a dedicated team exists to provide an Integrated Subsurface Description (ISD) of the overburden and reservoir section at Shah Deniz.

A three year plan describes the key ISD products designed to influence NPT and contribute towards the safe and efficient drilling of wells. These ISD products include an ‘ever-green’ geological model of the field, with overburden, reservoir and aquifer descriptions, plus 3D models of stress and pore-pressure. Such is the complexity of the pore pressure story at Shah Deniz that this represents one of the biggest risks to safe delivery of the wells required for SD2. Delivery of a detailed overburden ISD is enabled by comprehensive interpretation and integration of all well and seismic data acquired over the past 18 years.

This paper will focus on some of the tools and techniques used to enhance understanding of the overburden geology at Shah Deniz, types of overburden products generated and how they are used in well planning.
The Evolution of Geomechanics Application in the Korchagina Field, North Caspian Sea
Authors: Valisevich A. , Shtun S. , Zvyagin V. , Golenkin M. , Sadykov L. , Korelskiy E. , Ocheretyanyy A. , Khakov A. , Golubtsov R.
Published: October 2015

Production from the periphery of the Korchagina field, a pilot project of Lukoil for offshore development in the Caspian region, is only possible by drilling extended reach (ERD) wells, with extreme lengths of lateral sections exceeding 6 km. The tough geological environment and uncertainties in wellbore stability conditions require real-time updating of the model during drilling, which has helped to update collapsed gradients and optimize mud properties, hole cleaning, and tripping procedures. Implementation of improved geomechanical modeling has led to the successful drilling of a challenging 12.25-in. section after two failed boreholes.

Adding 3D calculations to the models demonstrated that with the existing well and casing design, safety was a major factor in wellbore design. The 3D models led to changes throughout the well design. As a result, applying geomechanics in the Korchagina field has produced outstanding results. So far, 21 wells have been successfully drilled with minimal borehole instability issues, including record ERD Wells 103 (TD 8001 m) and 108 (TD 8005m).
Formation Sampling While Drilling in Productivity Steering Process
Authors: Makhmotov Akikat , Mullins Oliver C. , Haq Shahid Azizul , Wichers Wich
Published: October 2015

There is a quiet revolution happening in oil and gas reservoir management. For visionary operator companies ready to appreciate its significance it brings countless benefits, such as:–lowering the risks associated with flow assurance,–optimization of the wells’ performance,–maximizing the effectiveness of surface production facilities, etc.

All of these extremely important bonuses can be acquired by a thoughtful application of a single logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool.

At the long last, formation-sampling-while-drilling tool (FSWD) is added to the available suite of LWD technology. FSWD has an ability to take downhole formation fluid samples while being a part of a drilling assembly. Therefore de-risking operations and saving rig time whenever wireline runs are not convenient. But more importantly, it can scan formation fluids and transmit their characteristics to the surface in real time when the decisions on adjusting the borehole trajectory can still be made.

In authors's eyes it is no less than the most significant step to ultimate "Productivity Steering" — an ability to make informed decisions in real time on the wellbore trajectory that would maximize the value of the investment into the well.

The concept of analyzing downhole fluids while drilling and using this information is still new to the industry and its full potential is yet to be comprehended.

In this paper authors attempt to illustrate some of the possibilities FSWD opens up for oil and gas industry. It is hoped that many more applications of this technology will be discussed and utilised by the industry in the nearest future as it has a potential of a game changer.
Effects of a 2-Year Supervised Exercise Program Upon the Body Composition and Muscular Performance of HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Paes Lorena da Silva , Borges Juliana Pereira , Santos Fernanda Monteiro dos , Oliveira Taciana Pinto de , Dupin Jaciara Gomes , Harris Elizabeth Assumpção , Farinatti Paulo
Published: October 2015

Background :

There is a lack of research investigating long-term effects of exercise training upon the body composition and muscle function in HIV-infected patients (PHIV). The study investigated the influence of a 2-year supervised exercise program on body composition and strength of PHIV under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Methods :

A training program including aerobic, strength and flexibility exercises was performed by 27 PHIV (17 men/ 10 women; age: 48.7±7.0 years; HAART: 150.7±65.3 months) during 1 year and 18 PHIV (10 men/ 8 women; age: 50.6±5.2 years; HAART: 176.6±53.1 months) during 2 years. Body composition and knee isokinetic strength were assessed at baseline and at the end of each year of intervention.

Results :

Body composition remained stable along the whole experimentvsbaseline (1-year- total muscle mass: Δ men=1.1%,P=0.21; Δ women=1.4%,P=0.06; trunk fat: Δ men=-0.1%,P=0.65; Δ women=-1.5%,P=0.45;2 years- total muscle mass: Δ men=2.7%,P=0.54; Δ women=-1.9%,P=0.71; trunk fat: Δ men=4.4%,P=0.96; Δ women=10.0%,P=0.30). After 1-year, peak torque increased in men (Δ extension=4.2%,P=0.01; Δ flexion=12.2%,P=0.04) and total work reduced in women (Δ extension=-15.4%,P=0.01, Δ flexion=-17.5%,P=0.05). All strength markers remained stablevsbaseline after 2 years of intervention (P>0.05). Only men showed significant reduction in the risk of disability due to sarcopenia (P=0.05) after 1 year of intervention, which remained stable after 2 years.

Conclusion :

Long-term exercise training preserved strength and muscle mass in PHIV under HAART. Exercise programs should be part of HIV therapy to prevent sarcopenia of this population along the years.

Trial Registration :

ACTRN12610000683033; UTN U1111-1116-4416.
Functional Responses of Human Hunters to Their Prey — Why Harvest Statistics may not Always Reflect Changes in Prey Population Abundance
Authors: Kahlert Johnny , Fox Anthony D. , Heldbjerg Henning , Asferg Tommy , Sunde Peter
Published: October 2015

Harvest records are often assumed to offer an indirect measure of population abundance in huntable species. However, this requires population density changes are reflected in comparable linear changes in harvest rates. We tested this assumption for common snipe Gallinago gallinago, common wood pigeon Columba palumbus, coot Fulica atra, grey partridge Perdix perdix, roe deer Capreolus capreolus and brown hare Lepus europaeus in Denmark. If we consider hunting a form of predator—prey interaction, the annual kill can be viewed as a predator functional response to prey population size. Convergence of the annual kill to a type I functional response with similar auto‐correlative structures in the harvest and count data would support the hypothesis that fluctuations in harvest and population abundance occurred with similar periodicity. The annual kill of common snipe showed the best fit to a type I functional response to the point count indices, with similar auto‐correlative structures in the two variables. Other species showed different functional responses, the result of hunter behaviour, such as voluntary hunting restraint on species of concern and saturation effects from rapidly expanding abundant species. Relationships between the annual kill and population abundance were complex and incorporation of hunting legislation changes improved optimal model fits between harvest statistics and count data. Consideration of the validity of the underlying assumptions is necessary before harvest records are used as an index for population size. It is essential that detectability/accessibility of a species does not change systematically over time. Such bias may derive from habitat shifts, difference in timing of counts and hunting harvest, changes in migration patterns and annual reproduction and mortality. We recommend the continued collation of hunting harvest statistics, supported by sociological studies, to provide insight into the mechanisms that affect the hunting effort, to understand relationships between harvest statistics and population abundance.
Undoing Hegemonic Erasure: Afro-German Berlin in Armin Völckers’s FilmLeroy(2007)
Authors: Petrescu Mihaela
Published: October 2015

This article argues that racism alongside the verbal and physical neo-Nazi violence perpetrated in Leroy (2007) against the film’s eponymous teenaged Afro-German male lead pervade Berlin’s cinematic topography, thus pushing against the city’s self-stylization as a cosmopolitan “open city” that is tolerant towards its ethnic minorities. I assert that in questioning Berlin’s self-presentation, Leroy – a youth film, ethnic romantic comedy, and Berlin film – is ambiguous: while it disrupts some stereotypes about black masculinity, simultaneously it also uses ethnic tropes. Furthermore, I maintain that, visually, Berlin is constituted as a multivalent space that both supports and perturbs Afro-German identity, while through the use of hip hop the film creates a sonic Afro-German Berlin community. Finally, I show that the film’s satiric concluding image of Berlin as a utopian, post-racist cityscape calls attention to cinema’s role in employing the same racist tropes it aims to undo.
Economic Impact of a Lightning Strike–Induced Outage of Air Traffic Control Tower
Authors: Ding Wenzhe , Rakas Jasenka
Published: October 2015

This research investigates how lightning strike–induced outages of airport infrastructure and facilities affect airport performance from an economic perspective, using Baltimore (Maryland)–Washington (D.C.) Thurgood Marshall International (BWI) Airport as a case study. On September 12, 2013, lightning struck within 300 m of the air traffic control (ATC) tower at BWI, causing injury and ATC tower and airport closures. The study findings reveal that the economic losses of the outage-related delays from that single event were almost five times higher than the ATC tower refurbishment that was planned, but unimplemented, in support of lightning protection, grounding, bonding, and shielding (LPGBS). The aim of this research is to support FAA's mission to better understand and quantify consequences of lightning strike–induced outages on airport performance. The research methodology and results can assist FAA in making sound decisions in support of LPGBS, and thereby help protect the National Airspace System infrastructure from lightning strikes and extreme weather and related delays.
Ionic Polymer Microactuator Activated by Photoresponsive Organic Proton Pumps
Authors: Al-Aribe Khaled , Knopf George , Bassi Amarjeet
Published: October 2015

An ionic polymer microactuator driven by an organic photoelectric proton pump transducer is described in this paper. The light responsive transducer is fabricated by using molecular self-assembly to immobilize oriented bacteriorhodopsin purple membrane (PM) patches on a bio-functionalized porous anodic alumina (PAA) substrate. When exposed to visible light, the PM proton pumps produce a unidirectional flow of ions through the structure’s nano-pores and alter the pH of the working solution in a microfluidic device. The change in pH is sufficient to generate an osmotic pressure difference across a hydroxyethyl methacrylate-acrylic acid (HEMA-AA) actuator shell and induce volume expansion or contraction. Experiments show that the transducer can generate an ionic gradient of 2.5 μM and ionic potential of 25 mV, producing a pH increase of 0.42 in the working solution. The ΔpH is sufficient to increase the volume of the HEMA-AA microactuator by 80%. The volumetric transformation of the hydrogel can be used as a valve to close a fluid transport micro-channel or apply minute force to a mechanically flexible microcantilever beam.
Radar Estimation of Intense Rainfall Rates through Adaptive Calibration of the Z-R Relation
Authors: Libertino Andrea , Allamano Paola , Claps Pierluigi , Cremonini Roberto , Laio Francesco
Published: October 2015

Rainfall intensity estimation from weather radar is still significantly uncertain, due to local anomalies, radar beam attenuation, inappropriate calibration of the radar reflectivity factor (Z) to rainfall rate (R) relationship, and sampling errors. The aim of this work is to revise the use of the power-law equation commonly adopted to relate radar reflectivity and rainfall rate to increase the estimation quality in the presence of intense rainfall rates. We introduce a quasi real-time procedure for an adaptive in space and time estimation of the Z-R relation. The procedure is applied in a comprehensive case study, which includes 16 severe rainfall events in the north-west of Italy. The study demonstrates that the technique outperforms the classical estimation methods for most of the analysed events. The determination coefficient improves by up to 30% and the bias values for stratiform events decreases by up to 80% of the values obtained with the classical, non-adaptive, Z-R relations. The proposed procedure therefore shows significant potential for operational uses.