bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective Evaluation of 2,549 Morse Taper Connection Implants: 1‐ to 6‐Year Data
Authors: Mangano Carlo , Mangano Francesco , Shibli Jamil A. , Tettamanti Lucia , Figliuzzi Michele , d'Avila Susana , Sammons Rachel L. , Piattelli Adriano
Published: July 2010

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the implant survival, the implant–crown success, and the prosthetic complications of 2,549 Morse taper interference–fit connection implants.

Methods: A total of 2,549 Morse taper connection implants were inserted in 893 patients from January 2003 until December 2008. At each annual recall, clinical, radiographic, and prosthetic parameters were assessed. The implant–crown success criteria included the absence of pain, suppuration, and clinical mobility; an average distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone contact <2 mm from initial surgery; and the absence of prosthetic complications at the implant–abutment interface. Prosthetic restorations were fixed partial prostheses (462 units); fixed full‐arch prostheses (60 units); single crowns (531 units); and overdentures (93 units).

Results: The cumulative implant survival rate was 98.23% (97.25% maxilla, 99.05% mandible). The implant–crown success was 92.49%. A few prosthetic complications at implant–abutment interface were reported (0.37%). After 6 years, distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone contact was 1.10 mm (± 0.30 mm).

Conclusion: The use of Morse taper connection implants represents a successful procedure for the rehabilitation of partially and completely edentulous arches.
3. Hilbert-Type Integral Inequalities Restricted in the Subintervals
Authors: Yang Bicheng
Published: July 2010

In this chapter, by using the way of weight functions and the technique of real analysis, we
introduce multi-parameters and give some extended Hilbert -type integral inequalities restricted
respectively in the subintervals (a,∞) , (0,b) and (a,b) (0 < a < b) . The strengthened versions,
the equivalent forms and some reverses are also considered.
4. Some Innovative Hilbert-Type Integral Inequalities
Authors: Yang Bicheng
Published: July 2010

In this chapter, based on some theorems of Chapters 2, by using the technique of real
analysis, we discuss how to use some particular parameters to deduce some new Hilbert-type integral
inequalities and the reverses with the best constant factors.
Keyhole behavior in deep penetration CO2 laser welding
Authors: Honda Hiroshi , Tsukamoto Susumu , Kawaguchi Isao , Arakane Goro
Published: July 2010

A slender keyhole formed by deep penetration laser welding fluctuates violently and is apt to form porosity. To reveal the keyhole depth behavior, the authors observed the keyhole images simultaneously by using a microfocus x-ray transmission imaging system and plasma plume images in deep penetration CO2 laser welding at various welding speeds. Plasma light emission was also measured by using photodiodes. The upper part of the keyhole was found to fluctuate largely and its motion corresponds to the large plasma plume generation. The keyhole depth fluctuation corresponding to the light emission coefficient of the plasma inside the keyhole was also observed.
Influence of Mie-scattering on high-speed micro-perforation considering brilliant laser radiation
Authors: Baumeister M. , Scholz T. , Dickmann K. , Vollersten F.
Published: July 2010

High-speed laser micro-perforation (“on-the-fly” technique) represents a processing technique for the time-efficient and cost-effective production of microsieves. In order to increase the perforation rate this process is researched with use of a brilliant laser source. These laser sources combine ample output power with an excellent beam quality. The high perforation rate [<50 000 drillings/s, laser source: YLR-300SM (IPG)], which can be achieved with this technique makes it an attractive option for the creation of large drilling matrices and drilling widths of less than 15 μm. The described experimental work is carried out to validate a theoretical analysis of the maximum obtainable perforation rate and its main influencing factors. It was found that Mie-scattering represents a crucial factor for the whole process with respect to the application of a brilliant laser source.
Physical Activity Promotion in the Physical Therapy Setting: Perspectives From Practitioners and Students
Authors: Shirley Debra , van der Ploeg Hidde P. , Bauman Adrian E.
Published: July 2010

Background

Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for chronic disease. Primary health care practitioners are well placed to promote a physically active lifestyle. The perceptions and practice of physical therapists on their role in physical activity promotion are not well known.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, confidence, role perception, barriers, feasibility, and counseling practice of physical therapists and physical therapist students regarding the promotion of nontreatment physical activity for better health.

Design

A cross-sectional survey was conducted.

Methods

In 2008, 321 (54%) of a random sample of all physical therapists registered in New South Wales, Australia, responded to a survey on their knowledge, confidence, role perception, barriers, feasibility, and counseling practice with regard to promoting a physically active lifestyles to their patients. Physical therapist students (n=279) completed the same survey but without the questions on barriers and counseling practice.

Results

Physical therapists and physical therapist students consider that it is part of their role to give their patients nontreatment physical activity advice. Overall, they reported having adequate knowledge and skills to undertake this role. Incorporating advice into normal consultations is deemed the most feasible form of lifestyle physical activity promotion in physical therapist practice.

Limitations

The cross-sectional nature of this study makes it difficult to determine cause and effect relationships. Some selection bias may have occurred, as the physical therapists who completed the questionnaires may have been those most interested in physical activity promotion.

Conclusions

Physical therapist practice appears to be an excellent avenue for promoting a physically active lifestyle and could potentially play an important public health role.
Effects of Traditional Sit-up Training Versus Core Stabilization Exercises on Short-Term Musculoskeletal Injuries in US Army Soldiers: A Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Childs John D. , Teyhen Deydre S. , Casey Patrick R. , McCoy-Singh Kimberly A. , Feldtmann Angela W. , Wright Alison C. , Dugan Jessica L. , Wu Samuel S. , George Steven Z.
Published: July 2010

Background

The US Army has traditionally utilized bent-knee sit-ups as part of physical training and testing. It is unknown whether the short-term effects of a core stabilization exercise program without sit-up training may result in decreased musculoskeletal injury incidence and work restriction compared with traditional training.

Objective

The objective of this study was to explore the short-term effects of a core stabilization exercise program (CSEP) without sit-up training and a traditional exercise program (TEP) on musculoskeletal injury incidence and work restriction.

Design

The study was designed as a cluster randomized trial.

Setting

The setting was a 16-week training program at Fort Sam Houston (San Antonio, Texas).

Participants

The study participants were soldiers with a mean age of 22.9 years (SD=4,7, range=18–35) for whom complete injury data were available for analysis (n=1,141).

Intervention

Twenty companies of soldiers were cluster randomized to complete the CSEP (10 companies of 542 soldiers) or the TEP (10 companies of 599 soldiers). The CSEP included exercises targeting the transversus abdominus and multifidus musculature. The TEP comprised exercises targeting the rectus abdominus, oblique abdominal, and hip flexor musculature.

Measurements

Research staff recorded all injuries resulting in the inability to complete full duty responsibilities. Differences in the percentages of musculoskeletal injuries were examined with chi-square analysis; independent sample t tests were used to examine differences in the numbers of days of work restriction.

Results

Of the 1,141 soldiers for whom complete injury data were available for analysis, 511 (44.8%) experienced musculoskeletal injuries during training that resulted in work restrictions. There were no differences in the percentages of soldiers with musculoskeletal injuries. There also were no differences in the numbers of days of work restriction for musculoskeletal injuries overall or specific to the upper extremity. However, soldiers who completed the TEP and experienced a low back injury had more days of work restriction: 8.3 days (SD=14.5) for the TEP group and 4.2 days (SD=8.0) for the CSEP group.

Limitations

A limitation of this study was the inconsistent reporting of injuries during training. However, the rates of reporting were similar between the groups.

Conclusions

The incidence of musculoskeletal injuries was similar between the groups. There was marginal evidence that the CSEP resulted in fewer days of work restriction for low back injuries.
Effect of Gestational Age and Nutrition on Transplacental Transfer of Measles Antibody
Authors: Kumar Saima , Chowdhury Osul Ahmed , Murshed Md , Hasan Rabiul
Published: July 2010

A cross sectional study was done to find out the role of gestational age and nutrition on transplacental tranfer of measles antibody. The study was made on pregnant women admitted for delivery from July 2008 to June 2009 in Sylhet M A G Osmani Medical College Hospitals. Sample of venous blood of 94 pregnant mother and 94 cord blood of their newborn babies were collected and processed as per work schedule. Samples were tested by quantitative ELISA method for measles antibody. It was observed that baby of full term mother and good nutrition had higher antibody levels. Protein and haemoglobin level was taken as nutritional indicator. Keywords: Measles IgG; Transplacental transfer; Nutrition; Gestational age. DOI: 10.3329/medtoday.v22i1.5596 Medicine Today Vol.22(1) 2010. 1-5
Effective Teaching and Learning
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Jalal , Salam Abdus
Published: July 2010

Teaching-learning process involves teacher and learner in a set of dynamic relationship in order to bring positive change in the behavior of learner. To facilitate learning the teacher needs to make teaching in an organized fashion keeping in mind objectives, contents, methods, assessment and sequence of instruction. Some values are to be communicated in the class room which can not be communicated easily by written word. This small article focuses on essential aspects of the subjectDOI: 10.3329/medtoday.v22i1.5603Medicine Today Vol.22(1) 2010. 32-33
Actinomycosis: An Update
Authors: Moniruddin ABM , Begum Hamida , Nahar Khairun
Published: July 2010

Actinomycosis is a very rare disease caused usually by one of a group of oppurtunistic otherwise harmless commensals that may be complicated by one or more of another group of co-pathogens. Because of its rarity, there is a chance of missing its diagnosis & proper treatment leading to substantial morbidity & mortality. Maltreated patients are at risk of developing life threatening complications. This article is intended to review the present status of aetiology, pathology, clinical features, complications & management of actinomycosis. Keywords Actinomyces israeli; Actinomyces gerencseriae; Actinomyces naeslundii; Actinomyces odontolyticus; Actinomyces viscosus; Actinomyces turicensis; Actinomyces meyeri; Propionibacterium propionicus; Peptostreptococcus; Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Prevotella; Fusobacterium; Bacteroides; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Enterobacteriaceae; actinomycetes. DOI: 10.3329/medtoday.v22i1.5606 Medicine Today Vol.22(1) 2010. 43-47
Bilateral Breast Cancer-A Case Report
Authors: Ali Md Yeaqub , Mostafa SK Golam , Baki Mollah Obayedullah , Kader Kazi Manzur , Shamim Ahsan , Chowdury Qamruzzaman
Published: July 2010

We present a case of a 40 year old female who presented with a short history of synchronous, bilateral breast lumps. Core biopsies of both lesions revealed duct cell carcinoma in both breasts. The recognized aggressive course and rapid progression of bilateral synchronous tumors was apparent in our patient. This case illustrates the importance of screening for metastatic disease in patients presenting with bilateral breast lumps. DOI: 10.3329/medtoday.v22i1.5607 Medicine Today Vol.22(1) 2010. 48-49
Ray Solomonoff (1926-2009)
Authors: Solomonoff Grace
Published: July 2010

Ray Solomonoff was always inventive. As a child, he had a lab in his parent's cellar in Cleveland and a secret air hole to vent the smoke from his experiments. He gave his friend Marvin Minsky a so-called "Hurry" clock — a clock labeled "HURRY" that ran very fast. Helped by a friend, he built a year round house in N.H. He put in thick insulation, enabling him to heat the house with two rows of light bulbs along the ceiling. I met Ray shortly after he finished this house, in 1969. I knew about foraging, so I showed him edible plants like Indian Cucumber Root. He was so happy: it was as if we found a fountain of champagne. [...]
Expression and Function of CD300 in NK Cells
Authors: Lankry Dikla , Simic Hrvoje , Klieger Yair , Levi-Schaffer Francesca , Jonjic Stipan , Mandelboim Ofer
Published: July 2010

The killing activity of NK cells is regulated by signals derived from inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors, including the CD300 family of proteins. CD300a was reported to be expressed on all NK cells and to deliver an inhibitory signal upon binding to a yet unknown ligand/s. The CD300a protein contains four ITIMs and is highly homologous to CD300c. Little is known about the function and distribution of these two receptors and the identity of their ligand/s. In this article, we show that CD300a is indeed an inhibitory receptor expressed by human NK cells, but surprisingly, we show that not all NK clones are inhibited in a CD300a-dependent manner. We demonstrate, using a panel of 13 new anti-CD300a and CD300c Abs that we generated, that CD300a and CD300c are indistinguishable on the surface of NK cells. Using mutational-analysis survey, we show that tyrosine 267 located in the third ITIM motif of the CD300a protein is important for the inhibitory function of CD300a.
Regulation of Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cell Function by Multiple Costimulatory Receptors during Chronic HIV Infection
Authors: Kassu Afework , Marcus Roland A. , D’Souza Michelle B. , Kelly-McKnight Elizabeth A. , Golden-Mason Lucy , Akkina Ramesh , Fontenot Andrew P. , Wilson Cara C. , Palmer Brent E.
Published: July 2010

Elevated expression of inhibitory receptors on virus-specific T cells has been implicated as a mechanism by which viruses evade host immune surveillance. Blockade of these pathways during chronic infection leads to increased T cell function and improved immune control of viral replication. To explore the association between costimulatory receptors and HIV replication, we examined the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1), CTLA-4, T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), and CD28 on HIV-specific CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected subjects. Greater than 30% of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells from untreated subjects coexpressed PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM-3, whereas <2% of CMV- or varicella-zoster virus-specific CD4+ T cells expressed all three receptors. Coexpression of all three inhibitory receptors on HIV-specific CD4+ T cells was more strongly correlated with viral load compared with the expression of each receptor individually. Suppression of HIV replication with antiretroviral therapy was associated with decreased expression of all three inhibitory receptors on HIV-specific CD4+ T cells. Surprisingly, a high percentage of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells that expressed inhibitory receptors also coexpressed CD28. In vitro blockade of PD-1 binding concurrent with stimulation through CD28 synergistically increased HIV-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation to a greater extent than did either alone. These findings indicate that HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses during chronic infection are regulated by complex patterns of coexpressed inhibitory receptors and that the synergistic effect of inhibitory receptor blockade and stimulation of costimulatory receptors could be used for therapeutic augmentation of HIV-specific CD4+ T cell function.
Nonredundant Roles for Leukotriene B4 Receptors BLT1 and BLT2 in Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Mathis Steven P. , Jala Venkatakrishna R. , Lee David M. , Haribabu Bodduluri
Published: July 2010

Lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways are known to be important mediators of inflammation. Studies in mouse models demonstrated an important role for the high-affinity leukotriene B4 receptor BLT1 in arthritis, atherosclerosis, and asthma. BLT2, a low-affinity leukotriene B4 receptor, was also shown to be a high-affinity receptor for cyclooxygenase-1 derived 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z, 8E, 10E-trienoic acid. However, its biochemical activities and physiological roles remain unknown. In this study, we developed mice deficient in BLT2 by targeted disruption. The BLT2−/− mice developed normally, and analysis of immune cells showed that disruption of BLT2 did not alter BLT1 expression or function. Mast cells from the C57BL/6 mice but not from the BLT2−/− mice showed intracellular calcium mobilization in response to 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z, 8E, 10E-trienoic acid. In an autoantibody-induced inflammatory arthritis model, the BLT2−/− mice showed reduced incidence and severity of disease, including protection from bone and cartilage loss. Reciprocal bone marrow transplant experiments identified that loss of BLT2 expression on a bone marrow-derived cell lineage offers protection against severe disease. Thus, BLT2, a unique receptor for 5-lipoxygenase– and cyclooxygenase-1–derived lipid mediators, represents a novel target for therapies directed at treating inflammation associated with arthritis.
Chromoblastomycosis due to Cladosporium carrionii
Authors: N. Namratha , Nadgir Shobha , Kale Mamatha , Rathod Ravi
Published: July 2010

An 81-year-old male presented with irregular verrucous growth of 6 years duration over the right leg. KOH preparation of the scrapings and histopathology of the lesion showed “sclerotic” bodies diagnostic of chromoblastomycosis. Culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar yielded Cladosporium carrionii.
Lipid Profile of Type 2 Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients in the Jamaican Population
Authors: Gordon Lorenzo , Ragoobirsingh Dalip , Morrison Errol Y St A , Choo-Kang Eric , McGrowder Donovan , Martorell E
Published: July 2010

Aims: Previous studies have shown that diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in females to a greater extent than in males. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic males and females.

Materials and Methods: The study included 107 type 2 diabetic patients (41 males and 66 females), and 122 hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients (39 males and 83 females), aged 15 years and older. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods.

Results: The mean TC, TG, VLDL-C, HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations, TG/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios were higher in type 2 diabetic and hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic, and hypertensive non-diabetic control subjects, although these were not significant (P > 0.05). Hypertensive type 2 diabetic females had significantly higher serum TC (7.42 ± 1.63 mmol/L) than hypertensive non-diabetic males (5.76±1.57 mmol/L; P < 0.05). All the other lipid and lipoprotein parameters except HDL-C were non-significantly higher in females with type 2 DM and those with hypertension and type 2 DM, compared with type 2 diabetic and hypertensive type 2 diabetic males, respectively (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that dyslipidemia exists in our type 2 diabetic population with greater TC in hypertensive type 2 diabetic females compared with hypertensive type 2 diabetic males. This suggests that hypertensive type 2 diabetic females are exposed more profoundly to risk factors including atherogenic dyslipidemia compared with males.
Some implications of sampling choices on comparisons between satellite and model aerosol optical depth fields
Authors: Sayer A. M. , Thomas G. E. , Palmer P. I. , Grainger R. G.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The comparison of satellite and model aerosol optical depth (AOD) fields provides useful information on the strengths and weaknesses of both. However, the sampling of satellite and models is very different and some subjective decisions about data selection and aggregation must be made in order to perform such comparisons. This work examines some implications of these decisions, using GlobAerosol AOD retrievals at 550 nm from Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) measurements, and aerosol fields from the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model. It is recommended to sample the model only where the satellite flies over on a particular day; neglecting this can cause regional differences in model AOD of up to 0.1 on monthly and annual timescales. The comparison is observed to depend strongly upon thresholds for sparsity of satellite retrievals in the model grid cells. Requiring at least 25% coverage of the model grid cell by satellite data decreases the observed difference between the two by approximately half over land. The impact over ocean is smaller. In both model and satellite datasets, there is an anticorrelation between the proportion p of a model grid cell covered by satellite retrievals and the AOD. This is attributed to small p typically occuring due to high cloud cover and lower AODs being found in large clear-sky regions. Daily median AATSR AODs were found to be closer to GEOS-Chem AODs than daily means (with the root mean squared difference being approximately 0.05 smaller). This is due to the decreased sensitivity of medians to outliers such as cloud-contaminated retrievals, or aerosol point sources not included in the model.
Surface heterogeneity impacts on boundary layer dynamics via energy balance partitioning
Authors: Brunsell N. A. , Mechem D. B. , Anderson M. C.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The role of land-atmosphere interactions under heterogeneous surface conditions is investigated in order to identify mechanisms responsible for altering surface heat and moisture fluxes. Twelve coupled land surface – large eddy simulation scenarios with four different length scales of surface variability under three different horizontal wind speeds are used in the analysis. The base case uses Landsat ETM imagery over the Cloud Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC) field site for 3 June 2007. Using wavelets, the surface fields are band-pass filtered in order to maintain the spatial mean and variances to length scales of 200 m, 1600 m, and 12.8 km as lower boundary conditions to the model. The simulations exhibit little variation in net radiation. Rather, a change in the partitioning of the surface energy between sensible and latent heat flux is responsible for differences in boundary layer dynamics. The sensible heat flux is dominant for intermediate surface length scales. For smaller and larger scales of surface heterogeneity, which can be viewed as being more homogeneous, the latent heat flux becomes increasingly important. The results reflect a general decrease of the Bowen ratio as the surface conditions transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous. Air temperature is less sensitive to surface heterogeneity than water vapor, which implies that the role of surface heterogeneity in modifying the local temperature gradients in order to maximize convective heat fluxes. More homogeneous surface conditions, on the other hand, tend to maximize latent heat flux. Scalar vertical profiles respond predictably to the partitioning of surface energy. Fourier spectra of the vertical wind speed, air temperature and specific humidity (w, T and q) and associated cospectra (w'T', w'q' and T'q'), however, are insensitive to the length scale of surface heterogeneity, but the near surface spectra are sensitive to the mean wind speed.
A comparison of GC-FID and PTR-MS toluene measurements in ambient air under conditions of enhanced monoterpene loading
Authors: Ambrose J. L. , Haase K. , Russo R. S. , Zhou Y. , White M. L. , Frinak E. K. , Jordan C. , Mayne H. R. , Talbot R. , Sive B. C.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Toluene was measured using both a gas chromatographic system (GC), with a flame ionization detector (FID), and a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) at the AIRMAP atmospheric monitoring station Thompson Farm (THF) in rural Durham, NH during the summer of 2004. Simultaneous measurements of monoterpenes, including α- and β-pinene, camphene, Δ 3-carene, and d-limonene, by GC-FID demonstrated large enhancements in monoterpene mixing ratios relative to toluene, with median and maximum enhancement ratios of ~2 and ~30, respectively. A detailed comparison between the GC-FID and PTR-MS toluene measurements was conducted to test the specificity of PTR-MS for atmospheric toluene measurements under conditions often dominated by biogenic emissions. We derived quantitative estimates of potential interferences in the PTR-MS toluene measurements related to sampling and analysis of monoterpenes, including fragmentation of the monoterpenes and some of their primary carbonyl oxidation products via reactions with H3O+, O2+ and NO+ in the PTR-MS drift tube. The PTR-MS and GC-FID toluene measurements were in good quantitative agreement and the two systems tracked one another well from the instrumental limits of detection to maximum mixing ratios of ~0.5 ppbv. A correlation plot of the PTR-MS versus GC-FID toluene measurements was described by the least squares regression equation y=(1.13± 0.02)x−(0.008±0.003) ppbv, suggesting a small ~13% positive bias in the PTR-MS measurements. The bias corresponded with a ~0.055 ppbv difference at the highest measured toluene level. The two systems agreed quantitatively within the combined 1σ measurement precisions for 60% of the measurements. Discrepancies in the measured mixing ratios were not well correlated with enhancements in the monoterpenes. Better quantitative agreement between the two systems was obtained by correcting the PTR-MS measurements for contributions from monoterpene fragmentation in the PTR-MS drift tube; however, the improvement was minor (<10%). Interferences in the PTR-MS measurements from fragmentation of the monoterpene oxidation products pinonaldehyde, caronaldehyde and α-pinene oxide were also likely negligible. A relatively large and variable toluene background in the PTR-MS instrument likely drove the measurement bias; however, the precise contribution was difficult to accurately quantify and thus was not corrected for in this analysis. The results from THF suggest that toluene can be reliably quantified by PTR-MS using our operating conditions (drift tube pressure, temperature and voltage of 2.0 mbar, 45 °C and 600 V, respectively) under the ambient compositions probed. This work extends the range of field conditions under which PTR-MS validation studies have been conducted.
Formation and distribution of sea-surface microlayers
Authors: Wurl O. , Wurl E. , Miller L. , Johnson K. , Vagle S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Results from a study of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) in different regions of the ocean (subtropical, temperate, polar) suggest that this interfacial layer between the ocean and atmosphere covers the ocean's surface to a significant extent. Threshold values at which primary production acts as a significant source of natural surfactants have been derived from the enrichment of surfactants in the SML relative to underlying water and local primary production. Similarly, we have also derived a wind speed threshold at which the SML is disrupted. The results suggest that surfactant enrichment in the SML is typically greater in oligotrophic regions of the ocean than in more productive waters. Furthermore, the enrichment of surfactants persisted at wind speeds of up to 10 m s−1 without any observed depletion above 5 m s−1. This suggests that the SML is stable enough to exist even at the global average wind speed of 6.6 m s−1. Global maps of primary production and wind speed are used to estimate the ocean's SML coverage. The maps indicate that wide regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans between 30° N and 30° S are more significantly affected by the SML than northern of 30° N and southern of 30° S due to higher productivity (spring/summer blooms) and wind speeds exceeding 12 m s−1 respectively.
Mid-Tertiary paleoenvironments in Thailand: pollen evidence
Authors: Sepulchre P. , Jolly D. , Ducrocq S. , Chaimanee Y. , Jaeger J.-J. , Raillard A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Only few well-dated records document the evolution of Southeast Asian paleoenvironments during the Cenozoic. Here we analyse continental pollen assemblages from Late Oligocene and Miocene fossil sites of Thailand. In agreement with previous studies, palynoflora from the Oligocene suggests warm temperate forested habitats at 24–26 Ma, whereas Middle Miocene assemblages are made of thermophilous taxa. This change can be linked to the major climate reorganization that brought warmer and wetter conditions over Southeast Asia around 22 Ma. This study also provides the first submillional records from the Middle Miocene of Thailand. Thirteen samples of lignite layers from the sivaladapid-bearing Mae Moh site, dated between 13.3 and 13.1 Ma, and six samples from the hominoid-bearing Chiang Muan deposit, dated between 12.4 and 12.2 Ma, document oscillations between tropical woodlands and grasslands in northern Thailand. These pollen records likely reflect climate variations linked to insolation variations. Late Miocene palynological assemblages from Khorat, northeastern Thailand, document fluviolacustrine paleoenvironments alternatively covered by thermophilous trees and grasslands. These records show that both sivaladapids and early hominoids from Thailand have evolved in tropical environments with high variability in the vegetation cover.
A multiple threshold method for fitting the generalized Pareto distribution and a simple representation of the rainfall process
Authors: Deidda R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Previous studies indicate the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) as a suitable distribution function to reliably describe the exceedances of daily rainfall records above a proper optimum threshold, which should be selected as small as possible to retain the largest sample while assuring an acceptable fitting. Such an optimum threshold may differ from site to site, affecting consequently not only the GPD scale parameter, but also the probability of threshold exceedance. Thus a first objective of this paper is to derive some expressions to parameterize a simple threshold-invariant three-parameter distribution function which is able to describe zero and non zero values of rainfall time series by assuring a perfect overlapping with the GPD fitted on the exceedances of any threshold larger than the optimum one. Since the proposed distribution does not depend on the local thresholds adopted for fitting the GPD, it will only reflect the on-site climatic signature and thus appears particularly suitable for hydrological applications and regional analyses. A second objective is to develop and test the Multiple Threshold Method (MTM) to infer the parameters of interest on the exceedances of a wide range of thresholds using again the concept of parameters threshold-invariance. We show the ability of the MTM in fitting historical daily rainfall time series recorded with different resolutions. Finally, we prove the supremacy of the MTM fit against the standard single threshold fit, often adopted for partial duration series, by evaluating and comparing the performances on Monte Carlo samples drawn by GPDs with different shape and scale parameters and different discretizations.
Short-term impacts of enhanced Greenland freshwater fluxes in an eddy-permitting ocean model
Authors: Marsh R. , Desbruyères D. , Bamber J. L. , de Cuevas B. A. , Coward A. C. , Aksenov Y.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. In a sensitivity experiment, an eddy-permitting ocean general circulation model is forced with realistic freshwater fluxes from the Greenland Ice Sheet, averaged for the period 1991–2000. The fluxes are obtained with a mass balance model for the ice sheet, forced with the ERA-40 reanalysis dataset. The freshwater flux is distributed around Greenland as an additional term in prescribed runoff, representing seasonal melting of the ice sheet and a fixed year-round iceberg calving flux, for 8.5 model years. By adding Greenland freshwater fluxes with realistic geographical distribution and seasonality, the experiment is designed to investigate the oceanic response to a sudden and spatially/temporally uniform amplification of ice sheet melting and discharge, rather than localized or gradual changes in freshwater flux. The impacts on regional hydrography and circulation are investigated by comparing the sensitivity experiment to a control experiment, without additional fluxes. By the end of the sensitivity experiment, the majority of additional fresh water has accumulated in Baffin Bay, and only a small fraction has reached the interior of the Labrador Sea, where winter mixed layer depth is sensitive to small changes in salinity. As a consequence, the impact on large-scale circulation is very slight. An indirect impact of strong freshening off the west coast of Greenland is a small anti-cyclonic component to the circulation around Greenland, which opposes the wind-driven cyclonic circulation and reduces net southward flow through the Canadian Archipelago by ~10%. Implications for the post-2000 acceleration of Greenland mass loss are discussed.
Phytoplankton distribution and nitrogen dynamics in the Southwest Indian subtropical gyre and Southern Ocean Waters
Authors: Thomalla S. J. , Waldron H. N. , Lucas M. I. , Read J. F. , Ansorge I. J. , Pakhomov E.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. During the 1999 Marion Island Oceanographic Survey (MIOS 4) in late austral summer, a northbound and reciprocal southbound transect were taken along the Southwest Indian and Madagascar Ridge, between the Prince Edward Islands and 31° S. The sections crossed a number of major fronts and smaller mesoscale features and covered a wide productivity spectrum from subtropical to subantarctic waters. Associated with the physical survey were measurements of size fractionated chlorophyll, nutrients and nitrogen (NO3, NH4 and urea) uptake rates. Subtropical waters were characterised by low concentrations (<0.27 mg m−3) of pico-phytoplankton cells (>81%) and very low f-ratios (<0.1), indicative of productivity based almost entirely on recycled ammonium and urea. Diatom growth was limited by the availability of NO3 (<1 mmol m-3) and SiO4 (<1.5 mmol m−3) through vertical stratification that prevents the upward flux of nutrients into the euphotic zone. Biomass accumulation of small cells was likely controlled by microzooplankton grazing. In subantarctic waters, total chlorophyll concentrations increased (<0.74 mg m−3) and larger cells became more prevalent, however smaller phytoplankton cells and low f-ratios (>0.15) still dominated, despite sufficient NO3 availability. The results from this study favour Si limitation, light-limited deep mixing and likely Fe deficiency as the dominant mechanisms controlling significant new production by micro-phytoplankton. Increased concentrations of micro-phytoplankton cells and and rates of new production did however occur at oceanic frontal regions (58.6% and 11.22%, respectively), and in the region of the Prince Edward archipelago (61.4% and 14.16%, respectively). Here water column stabilization and local Fe-enrichment are thought to stimulate phytoplankton growth rates, especially of diatoms. Open ocean regions such as these provide important areas for local but significant POC export and biological CO2 draw-down in an overall HNLC Southern Ocean.
Multiple cranial nerve neuropathies, microcephaly, neurological degeneration, and “fork and bracket sign” in the MRI: A distinct syndrome
Authors: Mégarbané André , Dorison Nathalie , Rodriguez Diana , Tamraz Jean
Published: July 2010

We report on two sibs with an elongated face with reduced expression, microcephaly, strabismus, wide philtrum, mild joint laxity, thumb sign, bilateral foot drop, and fixed pes cavus, absent tendinous reflexes, an unsteady gait, quick fatigue, slightly diminished limb muscle strength more pronounced distally, abnormalities of cranial nerves III, IV, VII, and most probably VI, and slowness in ideation. Previously unknown findings referred to as the “fork sign” at the pontine level and the “bracket sign” at the mesencephalic level were documented by magnetic resonance imaging. Differential diagnoses and the possibility of a hitherto unreported syndrome are discussed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Run‐to‐Run Optimization of Fed‐Batch Fermentation for Ethanol Production
Authors: Huang W.‐H. , Shieh G. S. , Wang F.‐S.
Published: July 2010

A two‐stage design approach is introduced to determine the optimal feed rate, fed glucose concentration and fermentation time to maximize ethanol productivity by using Saccharomyces diastaticus LORRE 316. The first stage is applied to determine a kinetic model using batch time‐series data. Two runs were carried out in the second stage to achieve the maximum ethanol production rate for the fed‐batch fermentation process. The computational results from the kinetic model using batch and fed‐batch time‐series data are in better agreement with the fed‐batch experiments than those from the kinetic model using batch time‐series data. For cross‐validation, an extra fed‐batch experiment with constant feed rate was carried out for comparison with the optimal fed‐batch result. According to the experimental results, this optimal approach was able to improve productivity by at least 12.56 % compared with that using the constant feed rate.
Mesomorphic Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes of Complementary Semiperfluorinated Components
Authors: Kohlmeier Alexandra , Janietz Dietmar
Published: July 2010

2,4‐Diamino‐6‐phenyl‐1,3,5‐triazines carrying one or two semiperfluorinated chains at the phenyl substituent have been investigated in binary mixtures with partially fluorinated benzoic acids by polarizing microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The number and positions of the fluorinated tails of the acid component were systematically modified. Equimolar mixtures of the triazines with the aromatic acids form discrete hydrogen‐bonded heterodimers with an elongated central core. Mesomorphic properties are observed only if at least three terminal fluoroalkyl chains are grafted to the hydrogen‐bonded rigid core. The dimeric supermolecules exhibit columnar mesophases with rectangular or oblique two‐dimensional lattice symmetry or bicontinuous cubic phases. The mesophases of the dimers are ribbon phases resulting from the collapse of smectic layers. Thereby, the phase type is defined by the number and positions of the fluorinated tails of the two components. Docking of two or three equivalents of two‐chain benzoic acids to the diaminotriazine core leads to the formation of cylindrical aggregates, which organize into hexagonal columnar phases, whereas 1:2 and 1:3 mixtures of the two‐chain triazine with a three‐chain fluorinated aromatic acid display micellar cubic phases.
Complexes of Click‐Derived Bistriazolylpyridines: Remarkable Electronic Influence of Remote Substituents on Thermodynamic Stability as well as Electronic and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Ostermeier Marc , Berlin Marie‐Anne , Meudtner Robert M. , Demeshko Serhiy , Meyer Franc , Limberg Christian , Hecht Stefan
Published: July 2010

2,6‐Bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine (btp) ligands with substitution patterns ranging from strongly electron‐donating to strongly electron‐accepting groups, readily prepared by means of Cu‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (the “click” reaction), were investigated with regard to their complexation behavior, and the properties of the resulting transition‐metal compounds were compared. Metal–btp complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry, that is, [Ru(btp)Cl2(dmso)] and [Zn(btp)Br2], could be isolated and were crystallographically characterized: they display octahedral and trigonal‐bipyramidal coordination geometries, respectively, and exhibit high aggregation tendencies due to efficient π–π stacking leading to low solubilities. Metal–btp complexes of 1:2 stoichiometry, that is, [Fe(btp)2]2+ and [Ru(btp)2]2+, could also be synthesized and their metal centers show the expected octahedral coordination spheres. The iron compounds exhibit quite a complex magnetic behavior in the solid state including spin crossover near room temperature, and hysteresis and locking into high‐spin states on tempering at 400 K, depending on the substituents on the btp ligands. Cyclic voltammetry studies of [Ru(btp)2]2+ reveal strong modulation of the oxidation potentials by more than 0.6 V and a clear linear correlation to the Hammett constant (σpara) of the substituent at the pyridine core. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to measure the thermodynamics of the FeII–btp complexation process and enabled accurate determination of the complexation enthalpies, which display a linear relationship with the σpara values for the terminal phenyl substituents. Detailed NMR spectroscopic studies finally revealed that in the case of FeII complexation, dynamics are rapid for all investigated btp derivatives in acetonitrile, while replacing FeII by RuII or changing the solvent to dichloromethane effectively slows down ligand exchange. The results nicely demonstrate the utility of substituent parameters, originally developed for linear free‐energy relationships to explain reactivity in organic reactions, in coordination chemistry, and to illustrate the potential to custom‐design btp ligands and complexes thereof with predictable properties. The fast equilibration of the [Fe(btp)2]2+ complexes together with their tunable stability and interesting magnetic properties should enable the design of dynamic metallosupramolecular materials with advantageous properties.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation from Hard‐Axis Metal Ions in Tetranuclear Single‐Molecule Magnets
Authors: Tancini Erik , Rodriguez‐Douton Maria Jesus , Sorace Lorenzo , Barra Anne‐Laure , Sessoli Roberta , Cornia Andrea
Published: July 2010

We report the synthesis of the novel heterometallic complex [Fe3Cr(L)2(dpm)6]⋅Et2O (Fe3CrPh) (Hdpm=dipivaloylmethane, H3L=2‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐phenylpropane‐1,3‐diol), obtained by replacing the central iron(III) atom by a chromium(III) ion in an Fe4 propeller‐like single‐molecule magnet (SMM). Structural and analytical data, high‐frequency EPR (HF‐EPR) and magnetic studies indicate that the compound is a solid solution of chromium‐centred Fe3Cr (S=6) and Fe4 (S=5) species in an 84:16 ratio. Although SMM behaviour is retained, the |D| parameter is considerably reduced as compared with the corresponding tetra‐iron(III) propeller (D=−0.179 vs. −0.418 cm−1), and results in a lower energy barrier for magnetisation reversal (Ueff/kB=7.0 vs. 15.6 K). The origin of magnetic anisotropy in Fe3CrPh has been fully elucidated by preparing its Cr‐ and Fe‐doped Ga4 analogues, which contain chromium(III) in the central position (c) and iron(III) in two magnetically distinct peripheral sites (p1 and p2). According to HF‐EPR spectra, the Cr and Fe dopants have hard‐axis anisotropies with Dc=0.470(5) cm−1, Ec=0.029(1) cm−1, Dp1=0.710(5) cm−1, Ep1=0.077(3) cm−1, Dp2=0.602(5) cm−1, and Ep2=0.101(3) cm−1. Inspection of projection coefficients shows that contributions from dipolar interactions and from the central chromium(III) ion cancel out almost exactly. As a consequence, the easy‐axis anisotropy of Fe3CrPh is entirely due to the peripheral, hard‐axis‐type iron(III) ions, the anisotropy tensors of which are necessarily orthogonal to the threefold molecular axis. A similar contribution from peripheral ions is expected to rule the magnetic anisotropy in the tetra‐iron(III) complexes currently under investigation in the field of molecular spintronics.
ChemInform Abstract: Sc4Pt7Si2 — An Intergrowth Structure of ScPtSi and ScPt Related Slabs.
Authors: Harmening Thomas , van Wuellen Leo , Eckert Hellmut , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: July 2010

The title compound is synthesized by arc melting of the elements and characterized by single crystal XRD and 45Sc MAS NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: The Cystal Structure of InGaO3(ZnO)4: A Single Crystal X‐Ray and Electron Diffraction Study.
Authors: Keller Isabelle , Mader Werner
Published: July 2010

The title compound is prepared from a mixture of In2O3, Ga2O3, and ZnO (Pt tubes, 1623 K, 6 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Barium Cyclotetraphosphate Hydrate Ba2(P4O12)·3.5H2O.
Authors: Hoeppe Henning A. , Kazmierczak Karolina , Daub Michael
Published: July 2010

The title compound is obtained from an aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2 and P2O5 at 300 K (2 d) and characterized by single crystal XRD, IR, and Raman spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Alkali‐Metal Lanthanoid(III) Iodide Oxotellurate(IV): Na2Lu3I3[TeO3]4.
Authors: Zitzer Sabine , Schleid Thomas
Published: July 2010

Colorless plates of the title compound are prepared from Lu2O3 and TeO2 in a 3:8 molar ratio using excess NaI as reactive flux (silica tube, 775 °C, 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Intermolecular Aldehyde—Ketone Cross‐Coupling Through an Enzymatic Carboligation Reaction.
Authors: Lehwald Patrizia , Richter Michael , Roehr Caroline , Liu Hung‐wen , Mueller Michael
Published: July 2010

The method uses a ThDP‐dependent enzyme YerE, the O‐antigen of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:VI.
ChemInform Abstract: Bismuth Triflate as a Safe and Readily Handled Source of Triflic Acid: Application to the Oxa‐Pictet—Spengler Reaction.
Authors: Bouguerne Benaissa , Hoffmann Pascal , Lherbet Christian
Published: July 2010

1‐Substituted isochromans are easily prepared from β‐arylethanols and benzaldehydes or acetals in the presence of bismuth triflate as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Chemoselective Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds Using a Hydrotalcite‐Supported Silver‐Nanoparticle Catalyst under a CO Atmosphere.
Authors: Mikami Yusuke , Noujima Akifumi , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: July 2010

The title reaction shows complete chemoselectivity for nitro groups in the presence of olefinic moieties.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Regioselective Bromination of Aromatic Compounds with Ethylenebis(N‐methylimidazolium) Ditribromide (EBMIDTB).
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Rahman , Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Mohadjerani Maryam , Lasemi Zahra
Published: July 2010

The title reagent is used for mild and regioselective bromination of phenols, anilines and selected heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Black‐Light‐Induced Radical/Ionic Hydroxymethylation of Alkyl Iodides with Atmospheric CO in the Presence of Tetrabutylammonium Borohydride.
Authors: Kobayashi Shoji , Kawamoto Takuji , Uehara Shohei , Fukuyama Takahide , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: July 2010

A simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for the hydroxymethylation of tertiary and secondary alkyl iodides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: An Excellent Method for Cbz‐Protection of Amines.
Authors: Vanlaldinpuia Khiangte , Sema H. Atoholi , Rokhum Lalthazuala , Bez Ghanashyam
Published: July 2010

The method is simple, does not require aqueous work‐up and gives excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Practical Cleavage of tert‐Butyl Esters and Carbonates Using Fluorinated Alcohols.
Authors: Choy Jason , Jaime‐Figueroa Saul , Lara‐Jaime Teresa
Published: July 2010

A practical and high‐yielding method is developed under microwave irradiation.