bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wrapping Homer Up: Cohesion, Discourse, and Deviation in the Iliad
Authors: Martin Richard
Published: November 2023

Among the many works of ancient verbal art that might fruitfully yield to intratextual readings, the Homeric epics stand out, not necessarily because they are the most complex (Ovid and Apuleius are far beyond them), but because, unlike later works, their very status as ‘texts’ has always been, and remains, uncertain.
Introduction
Authors: Crouch Colin , Eder Klaus , Tambini Damian
Published: November 2023

Around a decade ago the theme of citizenship suddenly sprang to prominence in academic debate in a number of Western countries. An initial pamphlet and article literature was consolidated into books (Jordan 1989; Kolberg 1992; Oldfield 1990; Turner 1993; Janoski 1998). T. H. Marshall, whose early post war contributions to the concept of social citizenship in the British welfare state had remained quietly in the background literature, leaped into prominence as a major figure (Bulmer and Rees 1996). Unusually for sociological and political science discourses, the theme was quickly taken up in public political debate. The British government even launched a Commission on Citizenship (UK 1990); and the European Union developed policies for a European citizenship (Commission of the European Communities 1997).
Poor Citizens: Social Citizenship versus Individualization of Welfare
Authors: Procacci Giovanna
Published: November 2023

Modern Western polities have governed individuals as citizens. Citizenship has been a strategy of governance which has developed to the extent that social rights and public services have been integrated into the social contract and an important part of our experience as citizens. Current displacements in social policies and social services risk undermining their crucial links to citizenship issues, because of a tendency to individualize social problems and their treatment.
Social Movement Organizations and the Democratic Order: Reorganizing the Social Basis of Political Citizenship in Complex Societies
Authors: Eder Klaus
Published: November 2023

Democracy is a cultural project which calls for a form of co-operation among human beings that excludes the use of force and that bases co-operation on collective consent. It was not the Greek city-states which invented democracy. Co-operation based on collective consent has been characteristic for many societies. They simply did not use the word democracy to define what they were doing. But they lived something that we would describe as democracy. The Greek case is particular in one respect.
The Civic Networking Movement: The Internet as a New Democratic Public Space?
Authors: Tambini Damian
Published: November 2023

For many, the commercial media are to blame for the current crisis of active citizenship. There is a convergence of opinion that newspapers, radio, and especially television, distort and trivialize deliberation and representation in the public space (Habermas 1989 [1962]; Fishkin 1991, 1995; Garnham 1986; Barber 1984). Others have made the small step from this prognosis to the assertion that new media of communication—the Internet, multimedia, and computer mediated communication (CMC)—can be used to encourage active political citizenship.
Believing the Impossible
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Bones, I want the impossible checked out too.(Kirk to McCoy, in Apart from the sorites, what reason do you have for thinking that you are as profoundly inconsistent as I allege? What independent reason do you have for believing that you believe any contradictions at all? There is a long philosophical tradition, dating back at least to Plato, which denies my presupposition that it is possible to believe the impossible (and, in particular, the contradictory). Many of the philosophers you most respect belong to this honorable lineage: Donald Davidson, Daniel Dennett, Ruth Marcus, Robert Stalnaker, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and on, and on. So why believe me?
Introduction
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

I had always intended to study music at university, and so I did. In my first degrees I specialized in musicology and ethnomusicology—history, theory, and analysis. But in my first year I found myself needing a subject in the humanities to complete my enrollment. The philosophy courses sounded interesting, so I took them. What a pleasant revelation they were. Here were people who shared my interest in analyzing and debating arguments and my fascination with questions about personal identity, determinism, God’s existence, and the like. Moreover, from the second year, courses in aesthetics were offered. Though I needed to satisfy the general requirements for a major, and later honors, in philosophy, it was the comparatively marginal area of philosophy of art that most attracted me.
John Cage’s 4’ 33” Is it Music?1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

Imagine a fugue written for a synthesizer. It is typical of the genre with this exception: its lowest note is at 30,000 hertz, above the range of human hearing. Also, consider a piece of about 300 measures in common time. In most respects the work is ordinary but the tempo is indicated as ‘crotchet = five years’. The opening sixteen-bar theme lasts for more than three centuries; the performance is completed after 6 millennia. In a third case, a work specified for solo piccolo contains a single note, the C at 128 hertz. This tone lies more than two octaves below the instrument’s range. Are these pieces musical works?
Transcription, Authenticity, and Performance1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

What is transcription? In this first section I attempt to elucidate what is meant by the notion. Though I realize that a transcription might take the form of an impromptu performance, I shall talk in the following of transcriptions as specifications for musical performance (and these specifications will usually be musical scores).
Introduction
Authors: McCarthy Timothy , Stidd Sean C
Published: November 2023

The nine essays collected here represent some of the most important recent work on Wittgenstein. The papers have descended from talks given by the authors at a conference under the heading “Wittgenstein in America” at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in September of 1995, which brought together a number of philosophers from different generations concerned with Wittgenstein from a number of different points of view. However, the collection does not attempt to present a systematic picture of the reception of Wittgenstein’s thought in the USA. Rather, the authors have found in Wittgenstein a voice that speaks to some of the most salient issues in recent American philosophy: the topics of meaning, truth, reference, understanding, realism, indeterminacy, intentionality, and the nature of philosophy are treated, in each case by more than one writer. The unity of the collection arises from the connections that bind these themes together, on the one hand, and from certain commonalities of approach among the authors, on the other. In what follows, we have provided short introductions to the essays, grouped thematically, with special attention to their interrelations and to their connection to salient themes in recent philosophy.
Links across the Wine-Dark Sea
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

From the Bronze Age onwards, there have been many meetings, many links between the peoples of the ancient Greek and Near Eastern worlds-all contributing in greater or lesser measure to the ongoing process of cultural transmission and cultural exchange between east and west. The process involved two-way traffic, some times predominantly in one direction, sometimes predominantly in the other.
Causes of the New Scenario
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

The first tenet of preference theory is that a combination of five important social and economic changes create a new scenario. This happened at the end of the 20th century in a few affluent modern societies, but at the start of the 21st century in most countries. The five causes of the new scenario are independent, can proceed at different paces in different societies, and do not necessarily occur simultaneously. The two essential changes are the contra-ceptive revolution and the equal opportunities revolution, which occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in some, but not all, Western European and North American countries.
The Polarization of Preferences and Behaviour
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

By the 1990s, there was widespread agreement on a new trend towards the polarization of women’s employment in Europe and North America. The trend was noticed by numerous social scientists working independently (Bonney 1988; Jenson, Hagen, and Reddy 1988; Power 1988: 145; Jones, Marsden, and Tepperman 1990; Bouffartigue, de Coninck, and Pendaries 1992: 423; Humphries and Rubery 1992; Berger, Steinmuller, and Sopp 1993: 49, 56-7; Coleman and Pencavel 1993: 675; McRae 1993; Burchell and Rubery 1994; Rubery, Horrell, and Burchell 1994: 228-30; Hakim 1996a; Singly 1996: 101-3, 210; Waldfogel 1997, 1998; Davies and Joshi 1998: 52-9; Pencavel 1998). Coleman and Pencavel (1993) concluded that skill differentials have become more important than sex differentials in the workforce. Burchell and Rubery (1994: 109) pointed out that by the 1980s female heterogeneity was already greater than sex differences in employment. Hakim (1996a) noted that female heterogeneity was even greater if all adult women were considered, including those who pursue the marriage career, rather than just working women. Singly (1996: 101-3) concluded that the polarization of women into those centring their lives on family and children, and those who want to combine children and employment, was found at all levels of education.
Things are Different in the Younger Generations: Evidence from longitudinal Studies
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

The evidence reviewed in Chapter 4 suggests that women are heterogeneous in their preferences, and that there is an increasing polarization of the female workforce and the whole adult female population. A frequent objection is that this conclusion rests on cross-sectional evidence, and that a different picture emerges from longitudinal studies. In reality, much of the evidence in Chapter 4 comes from longitudinal studies-such as the NLS and PSID in the USA-or from European studies collecting retrospective life history data. None the less, it is often argued that things are different in the younger generations. Many believe that younger generations of men and women are moving toward more egalitarian relationships in the home, as they recognize the advantages of both partners being able to enjoy paid work and shared activities in the family, including child-rearing.
Marriage Markets and Educational Equality
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

Preference theory underlines the fact that marriage markets continue to be just as important as labour markets for women’s status achievements, and hence for understanding women’s position in society as a whole. For some women, marriage markets are more important than labour markets and have provided an equally effective ladder for upward social mobility, as noted in Chapters 6 and 9. Unfortunately, there is comparatively little research on marriage markets, especially when compared with the enormous volume of recent research and information on women’s changing position within labour markets (for example, Hakim 1996a; Rubery et al. 1998).
Preferences among Men
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

Preference theory was developed first and foremost with reference to women, unlike other sociological and economic theories of labour market participation. This chapter presents a preliminary outline of how the theory applies to men. It is necessarily tentative and exploratory. As in other chapters, the focus is on the attitudes and behaviour of men in rich modern societies after the new scenario has given women genuine choices between a life centred on employment and a life centred on family work. Again, the USA and Britain provide our main examples. Will men’s work-lifestyle preferences converge with those of women? This seems unlikely in the short term.
The Plate and its Composition
Authors: Painter Kenneth S
Published: November 2023

Of the large number of silver vessels found in the areas buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79, only the hoard of silver plate from the villa Pisanella at Boscoreale, about a kilometre north of Pompeii, is comparable in size and splendour to that from the Casa del Menandro. The two differ in that the Boscoreale treasure has more drinking silver, while the Casa del Menandro treasure has a more complete set of eating silver. Like the Casa del Menandro treasure the find from Boscoreale was found in a house, a villa outside Pompeii; but its archaeological value is reduced because its discovery was uncontrolled and because the silver passed straight to the market, with the result that we shall never be totally sure either of how it was related to the villa or of whether we have all that was found. Nevertheless, it seems clear that the hoard of plate was found in a cistern below the grape-pressing room (room P).
The Plate: Ownership, Status, and the Casa del Menandro
Authors: Painter Kenneth S
Published: November 2023

Is silver plate useful as an indicator of status? Weight gives a means of assessing the relative importance of surviving treasures. The treasure from the Casa del Menandro represents 23.5 kg of metal, for example, while that from Boscoreale weighs 30 kg, and so they both come into the top category of those treasures of the first century AD that have come down to us. Nevertheless, this tells us little about the contemporary value of the plate, which is much more difficult to assess.
Conclusion
Authors: Painter Kenneth S
Published: November 2023

The Treasure from the casa del Menandro is of the utmost importance because it includes one of the largest groups of silver plate ever found and because, unlike almost any other such treasure, it was excavated professionally under controlled conditions. This treasure, then, is more likely than any other to throw light on the society which lived in the shadow of Vesuvius until its destruction in AD 79. Such light, however, can come only from solving first the problem of its relationship with the house within which it was found and with the owner of that house. It must therefore be borne in mind that the reception rooms of the Casa del Menandro were more or less fully decorated after the earthquake of AD 62 and that in 79 further repairs and decorations were under way, while the baths were not yet in working order.
Introduction
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

Whenever two Romans met, they had to choose between different available address forms to use in greeting, and if they made the wrong choice, the consequences could be unpleasant, as the poet Martial tells us in this epigram. Yet what, precisely, can we learn about Latin addresses from Martial’s complaint? The poet says that he was punished for using the wrong address form, but the punishment was apparently a minor one.
Other Addresses
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have covered the most important types of address for individuals in Latin, but many others exist as well: none of the terms used in the above passage belongs to the types already discussed. Some very common addresses are used primarily for groups, and some others are used only to non-human entities; these will be discussed in Chapters 12 and 13. There are, however, also some other types of address used to individual humans, and it is these that form the topic of this chapter.
The Use of mi and o
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

In the meantime, the sister I mentioned approached the funeral pyre carelessly and rather dangerously. Then Pamphilus, terrified, revealed the love he had previously so well concealed: he ran to the woman and put his arms around her waist, saying ‘My Glycerium, what are you doing? why are you endangering yourself?’
Addresses between Spouses and Others with a Romantic Interest
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

When Aeneas abandons Dido in Vergil’s Aeneid, she com- plains that she can no longer call him coniunx ‘spouse’. Servius, commenting on this passage several centuries later, suggests that the word Dido would have preferred to use was really marite ‘husband’.
Dio, Rome, and the Civic Life of Asia Minor
Authors: Salmeri Giovanni
Published: November 2023

The title of a recent study by Greg Woolf, Becoming Roman, Staying Greek,1 eschewing as it does so outworn a term as ‘Romanization’, may be taken as fairly representative of the approach—showing particular sensitivity to the aspect of ‘mentality’—that now seems to be prevailing in studies on the impact that Roman power had on the Greek world from the century of conquest to the third century AD. Nevertheless, Woolf’s statement that ‘Greeks felt themselves to be Greeks, in a sense that was not wholly compatible with being Roman, while at the same time adopting much Roman material culture’4 does not, altogether, go much further than the conclusions of previous research which limited Roman influence on the Greek world to the adoption of gladiatorial games and certain types of buildings like the bath-gymnasium complexes. Nor does it seem to give much weight to the significant changes that centuries of Roman control, in areas such as Asia Minor, eventually brought about in the conduct of city politics and in the making and advancement of the ruling class.
Marriage, Gender, and the Family in Dio
Authors: Hawley Richard
Published: November 2023

Dio has proved an excellent source for historians interested in the politics, philosophies, and ideas of the first two centuries of the Roman era, and there are many studies of these areas. However, there is not even a basic collection of Dio’s views on family relations, a crucial topic: in social history. This essay attempts to fill that gap. How one conducted oneself in private, behind the doors of one’s house, with one’s family and friends had long been a commonplace of social philosophy, from the pithy apophthegms of the Seven Sages to the elaborate abstract theoretical webs of Aristotle or Cicero. Dio lived in an exciting time of cultural rediscovery and renaissance. Traditional, classical texts were dusted off and represented to Greek communities who derived great comfort from seeing their glorious past commemorated and celebrated. Dio and his contemporaries
Dia, Socrates, and Cynicism
Authors: Brancacci Aldo
Published: November 2023

Socrates is an important literary and theoretical presence in the work of Dio Chrysostom. A quick look at any modern edition of the Orations will confirm this. Of all the philosophers mentioned in the writings of Dio, Socrates is the one who receives the greatest number of citations: more than Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, and the Cynics -more even than Diogenes. And if the Cynic beats him by having four discourses dedicated to him, Socrates holds his own with the two speeches in which he is the protagonist: On Socrates (Or. 54) and On Homer and Socrates (Or. 5 5). To this should be added the notable length of citations about Socrates and the interesting nature of those concerning the Socratics. No less important is the fact that the philosopher is cited in many other writings belonging to different periods of the author’s production, for it demonstrates that the interest in Socrates was not a momentary, albeit intense, episode but rather a constant presence in Dio’s intellectual and literary development.
Eastern Christianity
Authors: Ware Kallistos
Published: November 2023

Around the year 1750 two men were talking in a tavern opposite one of the theatres in central London. ‘I bet you ‘, said the first, ‘that, if I undertake to perform something that is manifestly impossible, and invite the public to come and see me do it, there will be so many fools willing to accept the invitation that they will fill the theatre opposite. ‘ His companion agreed to the wager. The two friends hired the theatre and distributed handbills, announcing that on a specified evening a gentleman of quality would ascend the stage and place himself inside a beer bottle. While in the bottle he would sing the National Anthem, along with other patriotic songs; and members of the audience would be welcome to come on to the stage and inspect the bottle while he was singing inside it. Some days before the appointed evening, every seat in the theatre had been sold. Meanwhile the two friends prudently left London for a week in the country.
The Reformation 1500-1650
Authors: MacCulloch Diarmaid
Published: November 2023

The sixteenth-century upheavals in western Latin Christianity represent the greatest fault-line to have appeared in Christian culture since the Latin and Greek halves of the Roman empire went their separate ways a thousand years before. Western society was now torn apart by deep disagreements about how human beings should exercise the power of God in the world, arguments even about what it was to be human. The division which followed from this between Catholic and Protestant still marks Europe west of the lands of Orthodox Christianity—most obviously for the British in northern Ireland, but everywhere in the continent in a host of attitudes, assumptions, and habits of life which distinguish, for instance, Protestant Prussia from neighbouring Catholic Poland.
A Cross-National Comparative Approach to Couples’ Careers
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Drobnič Sonja
Published: November 2023

This book discusses the relationship between class and gender inequality or, more precisely, the intersection of social class and gender within the employment careers of couples. Not only are the employment patterns of couples different in various societies and across historical periods, but our theoretical frameworks have also changed dramatically over the last four decades and shape what we perceive and how we analyse it.
Theoretical Perspectives on Couples’ Careers
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Drobnič Sonja
Published: November 2023

IN this chapter, we present a series of rival arguments concerning the dynamics of couples’ careers, which vary widely in both the nature and extent of their theoretical grounding and often come to contradictory conclusions. Among the arguments we consider, some are older-developed in a historical period in which fathers were typically viewed as breadwinners and mothers as full-time homemakers-and pertain to the most highly developed and influential theory in this field so far available: the economic theory of the family. Others are relatively new and draw directly on the conceptual distinctions and refinements necessitated by the growing diversity in family structures and employment roles that has arisen during the last two decades. We also review previous research findings regarding the interdependence of husbands’ and wives’ employment and family patterns, and develop hypotheses about social class and cross-national differences that provide the frame of reference for the country-specific chapters of the book.
Couples’ Labour-Market Participation in the Netherlands
Authors: Hendrickx John , Bernasco wim , graaf paul M De
Published: November 2023

The Netherlands, a progressive country in many respects, has a surprisingly traditional division of labour between spouses. The husband’s traditional role of breadwinner is still largely unchallenged and until recently women’s participation in the labour market lagged behind neighbouring countries. In this chapter, we examine how couples organize the division of paid labour in the Netherlands and attempt to explain the variation between couples. Since there is little variation in labour-market participation of the husband—husbands overwhelmingly have full-time jobs—we will focus on the wife’s participation (Kempkens 1993; Eijkhout 1995).
Work Careers of Married Women in Denmark
Authors: Leth-Sørensen Søren , Rohwer Götz
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate some of the factors which might influence changes in married women’s labour-market status. In particular, the focus is on the effects of husbands’ characteristics and the social position of the fathers of the spouses. It is interesting to consider the effects of the husband in Denmark, a country where women have a very high participation rate. Denmark is also considered one of the leading countries with respect to gender equality.
Careers of Couples and Trends in Inequality
Authors: Drobnič Sonja , Blossfeld Hans-Peter
Published: November 2023

IN this final chapter, we attempt to give a short summary of the most important empirical findings from countries included in the study, as well as to confront the theories that we reviewed in Chapter 2 with the range of evidence that emerged in the country-specific analyses. A further aim is to examine the impact of employment patterns of couples on inequalities between households, and—within the specifics of welfare state regimes—consider the implications of our findings for the system of income and social inequalities in contemporary societies.
Shakespeare’s life and career
Authors: Potter Lois
Published: November 2023

The ordinariness of Shakespeare’s background-even the fact that his parents’ names were John and Mary-is part of its fascination. He was one of eight children and the oldest son. He was born some time between 21 and 24 April 1564; people like to think that it was the 23rd, the day devoted to celebrating St George, England’s patron saint. His birthplace, the borough of Stratford-upon-Avon, lies in what is now called the Heart of England.
Conventions of playwriting
Authors: Thomson Peter
Published: November 2023

Above all with the monumental figure of Shakespeare in mind, we tend to view play writing as an art. Shakespeare, whether or not he had himself in mind, viewed it as a craft. Just as an Elizabethan shipwright undertook to shape his raw material (wood) into an artefact (a ship), an Elizabethan playwright undertook to shape his raw material (a story or stories) into an artefact (a play).
Changing attitudes towards religion
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: November 2023

England under Elizabeth I and James I was a Christian country. Not only were all English persons taken to be baptized Christians, they were assumed (indeed legally required) to be baptized members of the national church. That national church had been created relatively recently by Elizabeth’s father Henry VIII when he broke with Rome in the 1530s.
Introduction
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: November 2023

What do we know about William Shakespeare? We might begin by saying that he wrote thirty-eight plays, a sequence of 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and various short poems. This is to think about his literary career in terms of both numbers of things and names for things. But nearly every subject connected with Shakespeare allows room for interpretation, even numbers and names.
Romances
Authors: Foakes Reginald
Published: November 2023

The term ‘romance’ provides a convenient label for a group of Shakespeare’s late plays, Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest. Although Shakespeare never used the word in his plays, it usefully suggests the idea of fictions that are unrealistic, works that create a world dominated by chance rather than character or cause and effect, and plays in which we are attuned to delight in and wonder at the unexpected. Such fictions may involve sudden tempests or disasters, separations between parents and children or between friends or lovers, wanderings and shipwrecks, wives and children lost and found, strange accidents and coincidences, encounters with the marvelous, and eventual reconciliations and reunions.
Close reading
Authors: Ewbank lnga-Stina
Published: November 2023

When, seven years after his death, Shakespeare’s colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell put together the first collected edition of his plays, the 1623 Folio, they prefaced it with an address ‘To the great Variety of Readers’. As good businessmen, they begin with sales talk-’whatever you do, buy!’-but as literary advisers they have but one thing to say to Shakespeare’s readers: ‘Read him, therefore; and again, and again’.
Shakespeare and the modern British theatre
Authors: Billington Michael
Published: November 2023

Where does ‘modem’ Shakespeare begin? What are the key events that signify a radical shift in approaches to staging his plays? From a British perspective, theatre historians always seize on certain landmarks.
Forms of Astonishment
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

Forms of Astonishment sets out to interpret a number of Greek myths about the transformations of humans and gods. Such tales have become familiar in their Ovidian dress, as in the best-selling translation by Ted Hughes; Richard Buxton explores their Greek antecedents. One pressing question which often occurs to the reader of these tales is: Did the Greeks take them seriously? Buxton repeatedly engages with this topic, and attempts to answer it context by context and author by author. His book raises issues relevant to an understanding of broad aspects of Greek culture (e.g. how ‘strange ‘ were Greek beliefs? ‘); in so doing, it also illuminates issues explored by anthropologists and students of religion.
Athenian Drama
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

With its masked actors and its location in the theatre of Dionysos, god of reversals, Attic drama may be said to have at its very core a set of ‘metamorphic’ features, at least in an applied sense of the term. More specifically, however, the plots of some plays turn upon a change of shape by one or more of the characters. By analysing how this motif is contrastingly handled in tragedy and comedy, we can illuminate fundamental differences between the genres. At the same time we can begin to confront a difficult question: how far was metamorphosis ‘taken seriously’?

Athenian tragedy dramatized extreme situations within which human lives were ‘tested to destruction’.
Challenges to the Metamorphic Tradition
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

As this book has sought to demonstrate, for well over a millennium there existed in Greek antiquity a strong and rich tradition of the telling of metamorphosis stories. Yet this tradition did not pass unchallenged. It sometimes provoked scepticism, or scorn, or outright hostility, among advocates of a variety of philosophical-religious positions. Even when such thinkers did not engage with the metamorphic tradition explicitly, they often expressed views about change, identity, and form which may be seen as standing in implicit dialogue with that tradition. The two major types of metamorphosis tale, relating to transformations of gods and transformations of mortals, provoked varying and sometimes vigorous reactions from these thinkers. I shall discuss each type in turn.
Reading Sulpicia
Authors: Skoie Mathilde
Published: November 2023

Focusing on the representation of the Augustan poet Sulpicia in commentaries, this book investigates the interpretative strategies involved in the reading of an ancient text. Mathilde Skoie discusses a selection of commentaries from the Renaissance to the present day, combining the history of classical scholarhip, philology, feminist literary theory, and reception theory. The six short love poems of Sulpicia (Corpus Tibullianum 3. 13–18) have, throughout history, been the subject of numerous different interpretations and judgements. The poems’ ambivalent status as poetry, the uncertainties surrounding authorship, the female intrusion in a male-dominated world, and questions about canon and ‘feminine Latin’ are some of the many issues that make them interesting for an investigation of classical scholarship. The poems can thus be used as a showcase for how commentaries are an interpretative and historically situated genre. Reading Sulpicia is the first monograph on Sulpicia and her reception, and thereby fills a gap in the literature concerning both reception studies and the study of Sulpicia herself.
Metatext and its Functions in Greek Lyric Poetry
Authors: Danielewicz Jerzy
Published: November 2023

This discussion is mainly intended to draw attention to a meta textually oriented approach by showing its advantages and practical applicability to the interpretation of literature. It is hoped that this point of view will interest the students of Greek lyric poetry; I am deeply convinced that already an awareness of the existence of the metatextual level in texts can stimulate the reader to go deeper into their linguistic structure. Since the notion of metatext is not yet popular among classicists, I attach some preliminary remarks on its usage in literary studies, exploiting the results of earlier reflection on the nature of language.
The Snares of the Odyssey: A Feminist Narratological Reading*
Authors: Doherty Lillian E
Published: November 2023

As I began to write the first version of this paper for the Oxford conference on which the present volume is based, I found myself, quite by coincidence, reading a detective nove] in which the heroine, a young feminist scholar of American background, is like wise scheduled to speak at Oxford. I should not have expected a detective novel to let the heroine go about her business and give the paper, especially since she is also portrayed as a protegee of Sherlock Holmes (the dramatic date is 192 I). But I was a bit taken aback when she was kidnapped by a drug lord and forcibly injected with heroin for a week (to make her a de facto addict and discredit her as a witness). This not only prevented her from giving the paper but required her to be rescued by Holmes, whom she improbably agreed to marry by the end of the book.
Seneca’s Epistles Reclassified
Authors: Wilson Marcus
Published: November 2023

Seneca’s Epistles have been particularly subject to theoretical re definition. This opening statement raises a problem of its own, for it suggests that there is a particular category or genre to which the Epistles incontrovertibly belong. Few, I think, would want to argue with the proposition that the Epistles are, at least ostensibly, epistles. Not only are they collected under that title, but each text opens with a greeting framed in accordance with the standard epistolary protocol (Seneca Lucilia suo salutem) and ends with the conventional formula of leave-taking employed in Roman correspondence (vale). Those who have sought to reclassify the epistles have not attempted to deny their epistolary form, for to do so is impossible. Rather, they have treated it as a purely artificial device which does not so much alert us to the true character of the texts as disguise it. Given, then, that the Epistles are at least formally epistles, it seems legitimate to enquire whether the reclassifications stand up to scrutiny. and whether they enhance or impede a better understanding of Seneca’s literary technique and philosophical position.
Imperial Classroom
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C
Published: November 2023

In the Ottoman Empire, as in many countries around the world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, education was critical to the state's efforts to redefine its relationship with its subjects. This book presents a many-sided view of education under the Ottoman Empire in this period. Drawing on a wide array of primary material, ranging from archival reports to textbooks and classroom maps, Benjamin C. Fortna provides a detailed scholarly analysis of the Ottoman educational endeavour, revealing its fascinating mix of Western and indigenous influences. Focusing on such key areas as curricular change, daily life, geography, and Islamic morality, Fortna presents new evidence about schooling in the late Ottoman Empire and offers a new interpretation of its place in the history of the modern Middle East.
Cicero, Rhetoric, and Empire
Authors: Steel C E W
Published: November 2023

Cicero manipulated issues relevant to Rome's possession of an empire (provincial extortion, access to citizenship, and the distribution of military commands) in an important group of speeches: the Verrines, de imperio Cn. Pompei, pro Archia, pro Flacco, de provinciis consularibus, and pro Balbo. C.E.W. Steel examines the speeches' rhetorical techniques and aims in detail. Cicero's presentation of empire concentrates on the power wielded by individuals at the expense of wider questions of administrative structures. Thus the problems which arise in the running of an empire can be presented as the result of personal failings rather than endemic to the structures of government - as questions of morality rather than of administration. Steel argues that this concept is fundamentally flawed. The weakness cannot be explained simply as Cicero's lack of insight, but as an inevitable consequence of the uses to which he puts oratory in his political career: comparison with his contemporaries shows other leading figures producing much more radical approaches to the problems of empire.
The Liar Paradox and the Stoics
Authors: Mignucci Mario
Published: November 2023

The external history of the ancient versions of the Liar paradox is easily traced. We know that it was probably invented by Eubulides, and a version of it may have been known by Aristotle. A development of Aristotle’s view can be found in the anonymous commentary on the Sophistical Refutations traditionally ascribed to Alexander of Aphrodisias. But it is surely Chrysippus the philosopher who dedicated more efforts in ancient times to solve the paradox. He devoted an astonishing number of works to the Liar, as the catalogue of his books preserved by Diogenes Laertius shows. At least seven titles mention the Liar paradox, and we may think that some of the others were dealing with the same problem. Besides, Chrysippus’ Logical Investigations contain a few lines dedicated to the Liar paradox.
The Stoic Sage in the Cosmic City
Authors: Obbink Dirk
Published: November 2023

Much attention has been given to the Stoic concept of the universe as a city, its development as a political model, and its influence on subsequent thought, especially theories of natural law. The notion develops over time through a succession of thinkers, from Zeno’s exclusive city of the wise, and Chrysippus’ conception of the cosmos as a polity of gods and wise men, to Cicero and the later view that all men live (or ought to live) under the same canons of natural law. While this development is clear in outline, answers to other questions are less dear. Posing solutions to them offers some general inroads into Stoic political theory.
Chrysippus’ Theory of Causes
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: November 2023

We know very little about Chrysippus’ theory of causation. Our textual evidence which names Chrysippus directly and can be straightforwardly considered as belonging to a theory of causes is this: a passage in Stobaeus (Eel. 1.138.23–139.4) that presents Chrysippus’ basic account of causation; a distinction of causes in Cicero’s On Fate (Fat. 41–5); and an indirect reference to a distinction of causes in Plutarch’s On Stoic Self-Contradictions (Stoic rep., ch. 47).
Shakespeare and Marx
Authors: Egan Gabriel
Published: November 2023

Marxist cultural theory underlies much teaching and research in university departments of literature and has played a crucial role in the development of recent theoretical work. Feminism, New Historicism, cultural materialism, postcolonial theory, and queer theory all draw upon ideas about cultural production which can be traced to Marx, and significantly each also has a special relation with Renaissance literary studies. This book explores the past and continuing influence of Marx’s ideas in work on Shakespeare. Marx’s ideas about cultural production and its relation to economic production are clearly explained, together with the standard terminology and concepts such as base/superstructure, ideology, commodity fetishism, alienation, and reification. The influence of Marx’s ideas on the theory and practice of Shakespeare criticism and performance is traced from the Victorian age to the present day. The continuing importance of these ideas is illustrated via new Marxist readings of King Lear, hamlet, The Merchant of Venice, Timon of Athens, The Comedy of Errors, All’s Well that Ends Well, and The Winter’s Tale.
France and the Hundred Years War, 1337–1453
Authors: Curry Anne
Published: November 2023

La Guerre de Cent Ans (Hundred Years War) is a French invention of the early nineteenth century. As far as can be discerned, the expression was first used by Desmichels in 1823 in his Tableau chronologique de l’histoire du Mayen Âge. Not surprisingly, the coining of a term to cover the Anglo-French wars of the later Middle Ages proved alluring, initially in textbooks aimed at the lycée and college (as in Boreau’s Histoire de France à Tusage des classes, published in 1839), and subsequently in works aimed at the popular market. The first book to bear the title La Guerre de Cent Ans was published by Bachelet in Rouen in 1852. By the end of the 1360s the notion had crossed the Channel, as revealed by Edward Freeman’s comment in the Fortnightly Review of May 1869: ‘The French are perfectly right in speaking of the whole time from Edward the Third to Henry the Sixth as the Hundred Years War.’
Society and the economy: the crisis and its aftermath
Authors: Charbonnier Pierre
Published: November 2023

Corn famine was a harsh evil during the two centuries of the late Middle Ages. At that time there was no substitute for corn such as buckwheat and potatoes later provided, and speculation, as was pointed out in Chapter 2, made starvation harsher. The famine of 1316 can be thought of as the beginning of the crisis, and that of 1482 marked a setback in the recovery of the country. These two were general throughout France because their origin was climatic, the first caused by excessive rainfall, the second by damaging storms. Widespread starvation also took place in 1375 and 1438. In fact the climate of this period was midway between the fine weather of the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the little ice age beginning around 1580. As for the high corn prices in 1419–21, they seem to be explained by the extremely debased coinage of those years.
Archives of Old Assyrian Traders
Authors: Veenhof Klaas R
Published: November 2023

Thus far about 20,000 Old Assyrian cuneiform tablets have been unearthed at the site of the ancient city of Kanish, the modern ruin Kultepe in central Anatolia, most of which date to the nineteenth century bc. While a few dozen tablets were discovered on the city mound, both in houses and in the ruins of the palace of the local rulers, the bulk of the texts originate from the lower city, inhabited by local businessmen, craftsmen, and foreign, mainly Assyrian, traders. Since the tablets from the city mound, the scattered and largely unpublished remains of various small archives, defy archival analysis, I shall focus on those from the lower city. They were found in what the Assyrians called the kā rum, originally meaning ‘quay, harbour’ (in Mesopotamia, where bulk transport was waterborne), then also ‘commercial district’. Kā rum was used both as a topographical term—the name of the quarter where the traders lived—and as a designation of the organization of Assyrian traders settled there.
Aramaic Documents of the Assyrian and Achaemenid Periods
Authors: Millard Alan
Published: November 2023

Archives of Aramaic documents from the ninth to the fourth centuries bc are few and some of them very meagre; in effect, the topic deals with what does not exist as much as with what does. The geographical span is large, from Iran to Egypt, and so much of the material comes from bilingual or polyglot societies. In fact, there are no indigenous Aramaic archives.
Record-Keeping Practices as Revealed by the Neo-Babylonian Private Archival Documents
Authors: Baker Heather d.
Published: November 2023

This paper examines Neo-Babylonian record-keeping practices in the private sphere with a view to improving our understanding of how family archives were accumulated. Recent studies of Neo-Babylonian archival material demonstrate how the study of an archive‘s composition can contribute to its historical interpretation. However, there has been no attempt specifically to describe the ‘rules‘ governing the writing and transmission of documents at this period. This involves addressing questions of why tablets were written, and for whose benefit; what form they took; why they were kept by one party or transferred to another; and how they were invalidated or superseded. To this end I first focus briefly on tablet format. The main part of the paper is concerned with the native terminology relating to record-keeping practices, i.e. with those formulae found in the legal contracts which refer to documents, and with the specific terms and phrases used to describe documents according to their format or subject matter.
In the Grip of Disease
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

This original and lively book explores Greek ideas about health and disease and their influence on Greek thought. Fundamental issues such as causation and responsibility, purification and pollution, mind-body relations and gender differences, authority and the expert and who can challenge them, reality and appearances, good government, happiness, and good and evil themselves are deeply implicated. Using the evidence not just from Greek medical theory and practice but also from epic, lyric, tragedy, historiography, philosophy, and religion, G. E. R. Lloyd offers the first comprehensive account of the influence of Greek thought about health and disease on the Greek imagination.
Anthropological Perspectives
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

The ancient Greeks were plagued by plagues real and imaginary. The aim of this study is to explore Greek ideas about disease not just in the narrow sense of what doctors thought was happening to their patients, but also in the broader one of how those and other people’s ideas influenced Greek thinking about such questions as causation and responsibility, about the self and the relation between mind and the body, about purification and pollution, about authority and the expert, about reality and appearance, about good and evil. As both social anthropology and the history of medicine have comprehensively shown in recent years, ideas about disease and what it affects are anything but simple cross-cultural universals. Strikingly different ideas on these topics are documented in cultures ancient and modern across the world. My study is intended as a contribution to such work and is driven by the conviction that the investigation of thinking about disease can afford particular insight into the values of the society concerned. While many aspects of the ancient Greek world have been illuminated in studies of individual authors and genres, the full extent of the grip that disease had on the ancient Greek imagination has yet to be revealed. We shall see that it has ramifications far beyond the field of Greek medicine as such, in politics, philosophy, religion, historiography, epic, tragedy, and indeed most genres of literature.
After Aristotle: Or Did Anything Change?
Authors: Lloyd G E R
Published: November 2023

Real and imaginary plagues continued to haunt the Greek— and the Roman—imagination long after Aristotle. Galen the famous medical theorist from the second century CE, whose account of the passions we shall be considering later in this chapter, lived through a particularly nasty plague, that struck Rome in 166—or rather it would be more accurate to say, not that he lived through it, but left Rome to escape it. As for the continued reflections on previous plagues, we shall be discussing Lucretius’ account of the Athenian plague, the actual historical one described by Thucydides, but now overlaid with new imaginings. Why should this staunch advocate of the Epicurean philosophy have ended his poem with a detailed and graphic—and intensely gloomy—account of that plague? I shall try to answer that question at the end of the chapter.