bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Flageolet: A Woodwind Instrument that Transcended Social Class and Gender in Nineteenth-Century England
Authors: MacMillan Douglas
Published: October 2020

The flageolet – a woodwind instrument closely akin to the recorder – achieved considerably popularity in nineteenth-century England. It was predominantly an instrument of the amateur musician, and its story becomes a mirror of the musical society in which the instrument flourished.

An account of the organology of the flageolet in both its English and French forms, and of its evolution into double, triple and transverse versions, precedes a study of pedagogical material and repertoire. The work of William Bainbridge, who modified the flageolet to simplify its technique and hence enhance its suitability for amateur players, is emphasized, along with his skill as an innovator of complex flageolets. The flageolet attracted a small number of professional exponents who tended to favour the French form of the instrument.

The principal focus of the article is an examination of the role of the flageolet within the context of musical praxis in England and its societal implications during the long nineteenth century. After consideration of matters of finance, social class and gender, the article examines the use of the flageolet by amateur and professional musicians, particularly highlighting the importance of the instrument in domestic music-making as well as in amateur public performance. Professional use of the instrument within the context of the concert hall, the theatre, the ballroom and the music hall is explored and examples given of prominent players and ensembles, some of which were composed entirely of female musicians. Final paragraphs note the playing of the flageolet by itinerant and street musicians.
Ernährungsmanagement bei mangelernährten Kindern in der häuslichen Pflege – Empfehlungen aus einer settingspezifischen Leitlinie
Authors: Prajo Nataša , Weissengruber Maximilian , Matzka Martin , Nagl-Cupal Martin
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Mangelernährung bei Kindern ist ein unterschätztes und häufig nicht erkanntes Phänomen. Bei unzureichender Behandlung kann Mangelernährung eine Vielzahl von negativen Folgen für die Entwicklung von Kindern haben. Gegenwärtig liegt für die häusliche Kinderkrankenpflege keine Leitlinie zu Mangelernährung vor. Ziel: Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, das Ernährungsmanagement von mangelernährten Kindern im Sinne der Unterernährung darzustellen, welches im Zuge der Entwicklung einer settingspezifischen Leitlinie für die häusliche Kinderkrankenpflege erarbeitet wurde. Methodik: Die entwickelte Leitlinie basiert auf der laut Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften beschriebenen Vorgehensweise: Bildung einer Arbeitsgruppe aus Expert_innen, Definition klinischer Fragen, Literaturrecherche, -bewertung und -synthese und Formulierung von Empfehlungen. Für die inhaltliche Relevanz der Empfehlungen wurden zusätzlich Eltern miteinbezogen. Ergebnisse: Das Ernährungsmanagement umfasst a) ein Ernährungs-Assessment, b) darauffolgende orale, enterale oder parenterale Maßnahmen, c) Gewichts-Monitoring sowie d) ein Re-Assessment der Ernährungssituation des Kindes. Pflegepersonen und Bezugspersonen übernehmen im Rahmen dessen unterschiedliche Tätigkeiten. Schlussfolgerung: Die Verwendung der Leitlinie kann bei Kindern mit einem Verdacht oder einer festgestellten Mangelernährung in der häuslichen Umgebung zu einer frühzeitigen Erkennung der Ursachen und einer adäquaten multidisziplinären Behandlung beitragen.
Localized Afterslip at Geometrical Complexities Revealed by InSAR After the 2016 Central Italy Seismic Sequence
Authors: Pousse‐Beltran Léa , Socquet Anne , Benedetti Lucilla , Doin Marie‐Pierre , Rizza Magali , D'Agostino Nicola
Published: October 2020

The Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake occurred on 30 October 2016, along the Mt Vettore fault (Central Apennines, Italy), it was the largest earthquake of the 2016–2017 seismic sequence that started 2 months earlier with the Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake (24 August). To detect potential slow slip during the sequence, we produced Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series using 12‐ to 6‐day repeat cycles of Sentinel‐1A/1B images. Time series indicates that centimeter‐scale surface displacements took place during the 10 weeks following the Norcia earthquake. Two areas of subsidence are detected: one in the Castelluccio basin (hanging wall of the Mt Vettore fault) and one in the southern extent of the Norcia earthquake surface rupture, near an inherited thrust. Poroelastic and viscoelastic models are unable to explain these displacements. In the Castelluccio basin, the displacement reaches 13.2 ± 1.4 mm in the ascending line of sight on 6 January 2017. South of the Norcia earthquake surface rupture (a zone between the Norcia and Amatrice earthquakes), the postseismic surface displacements affect a smaller area but reach 35.5 ± 1.7 mm in ascending line of sight by January 2017 and follow a logarithmic temporal decay consistent with postseismic afterslip. Our analysis suggests that the structurally complex area located south of the Norcia rupture (30 October) is characterized by a conditionally stable frictional regime. This geometrical and frictional barrier likely halted rupture propagation during the Amatrice (24 August) and Norcia (30 October) earthquakes at shallow depth (<3–4 km).
Global North Is Responsible for 92% of Excess Emissions
Authors: Pardikar Rishika
Published: October 2020

The United States and European Union bear disproportionate liability for emitting to the atmospheric commons, new research argues.
Unexpected High Occurrence of Daytime F‐Region Backscatter Plume Structures Over Low Latitude Sanya and Their Possible Origin
Authors: Xie Haiyong , Yang Sipeng , Zhao Xiukuan , Hu Lianhuan , Sun Wenjie , Wu Zhi , Ning Baiqi , Liu Libo , Li Guozhu
Published: October 2020

Ionospheric F‐region irregularity backscatter plumes are commonly regarded as a nighttime phenomenon at equatorial and low latitudes. Using the Sanya (18.4°N, 109.6°E, dip lat. 12.8°N) VHF radar, F‐region backscatter echoes were observed at daytime during 0700–1800 LT, with an unexpected high occurrence in June solstice of solar minimum. Radar interferometry and ICON satellite in situ results show that the daytime F‐region echoes were from plume structures consisting of field‐aligned irregularities. The daytime echoing structures appeared mostly above 350 km altitude, extending up to 650 km or more with apparent westward drifts at times. We surmise that the daytime F‐region echoes were due to equatorial plasma bubble irregularities generated on the previous night around 100–125°E, where the irregularities could survive unexpectedly long time, beyond sunrise as vertically elongated fossil plumes. Under the ionospheric background dynamics, the fossil plumes could be elevated to high altitudes and drift zonally over Sanya.
Generation of Submesoscale Temperature Inversions Below Salinity Fronts in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Ramachandran Sanjiv , Tandon Amit
Published: October 2020

This study uses submesoscale‐permitting simulations to explore the formation of temperature inversions at shallow, salinity‐controlled density fronts representative of conditions in the wintertime Bay of Bengal (BoB). Our simulations complement earlier one‐dimensional studies that have largely used mooring records in the BoB to infer mechanisms for causing temperature inversions, by exploring three‐dimensional frontal processes. We use three different initial conditions with the same lateral and vertical gradients in density, with differing lateral contrasts in temperature within the mixed layer. Our simulations evolve unforced for a few inertial periods, are then forced by weak downfront winds for a few more inertial periods to generate an eddy field, after which the winds are turned off. The formation of inversions proceeds via the subduction of low potential vorticity (PV) fluid from the surface during the forced phase. The inversions result from tilting of horizontal temperature gradients into the vertical direction. Tilting is simultaneously the dominant source of negative vertical vorticity in the Lagrangian vorticity budget. Turning off the winds caps the subducted fluid by overlying stratified fluid, creating temperature inversions with O(1–10 km) lateral scales and O(10 m) thickness. The inversions are pycnostads with anticyclonic rotation. The increase in temperature for the strongest inversion in each simulation is comparable to the initial lateral contrast in temperature. The strongest inversions are associated with anticyclonic rotation and low PV. Our results have potential implications for the vertical thermal structure of the upper BoB in coarse‐resolution models that do not resolve subduction at submesoscale fronts.
Southward Internal Tides in the Northeastern South China Sea
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang
Published: October 2020

The M2 internal tides in the northeastern South China Sea are studied using satellite altimeter data from 1992–2018. By an improved mapping technique that combines plane wave analysis and two‐dimensional spatial filtering, multiple internal tides are separately extracted with weak internal tides becoming detectable. The satellite results reveal for the first time a 300‐km‐long southward M2 internal tidal beam in the northeastern South China Sea. The generation source is on the steep continental slope at the southern entrance to the Taiwan Strait. It ranges from 118–120°E along 22°N. Combining satellite‐observed internal solitary waves and internal tides, it is found that the onshore radiation evolves into nonlinear solitary waves and the offshore radiation in the form of linear internal tides. Based on the 26‐year‐coherent satellite results, the integrated southward energy flux is 0.18 GW, about 10% of the westward energy flux from the Luzon Strait. In the northeastern South China Sea, the westward and southward internal tides form a multiwave interference field, which features significant spatial variations in the magnitude and direction of energy flux. Further analyses reveal that the steep continental slope radiates southward semidiurnal M2 and S2 internal tides, but not diurnal K1 and O1 internal tides.
Elevated Levels of Biogenic Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in the Marine Boundary Layer of the Arabian Sea During the Intermonsoon
Authors: Tripathi Nidhi , Sahu L. K. , Singh Arvind , Yadav Ravi , Patel Anil , Patel Kashyap , Meenu P.
Published: October 2020

The Arabian Sea is one of the most biologically productive ocean regimes and hence possesses a perennially intense oxygen minimum zone. High productive oceans can potentially modify the production and sea‐to‐air exchange of trace gases including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We measured nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) such as ethane, ethene, propane, propene, 1‐butene, cis‐2‐butene, and 1‐pentene in the marine air and characterized phytoplankton species in seawater of the Arabian Sea during the premonsoon season of the year 2017. The light alkenes namely ethene and propene were the dominant VOCs in the marine air with average mixing ratios of 8.92 ± 3.50 and 3.38 ± 1.30 ppbv, respectively. Daytime enhancements of ethene, propene, 1‐butene, cis‐2‐butene, and 1‐pentene were 20–40% higher than their nighttime values. The high levels of alkenes were associated with the higher abundances of Trichodesmium and Thalassiosira species. The Δethene/Δpropene (2.63 ppb ppb−1) was comparable to those reported for other oceanic regions. Estimated emission fluxes of ethene (2.0–6.9 × 109 molecules cm−2 s−1) were higher than those reported for several other oceanic regions. Such high emission rates of NMHCs in remote regions can significantly affect the regional tropospheric oxidation chemistry leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Our observations highlight the need to evaluate the biogeochemical processes controlling the oceanic emissions of NMHCs over the northern Indian Ocean.
Higher Martian Atmospheric Temperatures at All Altitudes Increase the D/H Fractionation Factor and Water Loss
Authors: Cangi E. M. , Chaffin M. S. , Deighan J.
Published: October 2020

Much of the water that once flowed on the surface of Mars was lost to space long ago, and the total amount lost remains unknown. Clues to the amount lost can be found by studying hydrogen (H) and its isotope deuterium (D), which are produced when atmospheric water molecules H2O and HDO dissociate. The difference in escape efficiencies of H and D (which leads to an enhanced D/H ratio) is referred to as the fractionation factor f. Both the D/H ratio and f are necessary to estimate water loss; thus, if we can constrain the range of f and understand what controls it, we will be able to estimate water loss more accurately. In this study, we use a 1D photochemical model of the neutral Martian atmosphere to determine how f depends on assumed temperature and water vapor profiles. We find that the exobase temperature most strongly controls the value of f for thermal escape processes. When we include estimates of nonthermal escape from other studies, we find that the tropopause temperature is also important. Overall, for the standard Martian atmosphere, f = 0.002 for thermal escape, and f = 0.06 for thermal + nonthermal escape. We estimate that Mars has lost at minimum 66–122 m global equivalent layer of water. Importantly, our results demonstrate that the value of f depends critically on nonthermal escape of D, and that modeling studies that include D/H fractionation must model both neutral and ion processes throughout the atmosphere.
Monsoons, ITCZs, and the Concept of the Global Monsoon
Authors: Geen Ruth , Bordoni Simona , Battisti David S. , Hui Katrina
Published: October 2020

Earth's tropical and subtropical rainbands, such as Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZs) and monsoons, are complex systems, governed by both large‐scale constraints on the atmospheric general circulation and regional interactions with continents and orography, and coupled to the ocean. Monsoons have historically been considered as regional large‐scale sea breeze circulations, driven by land‐sea contrast. More recently, a perspective has emerged of a global monsoon, a global‐scale solstitial mode that dominates the annual variation of tropical and subtropical precipitation. This results from the seasonal variation of the global tropical atmospheric overturning and migration of the associated convergence zone. Regional subsystems are embedded in this global monsoon, localized by surface boundary conditions. Parallel with this, much theoretical progress has been made on the fundamental dynamics of the seasonal Hadley cells and convergence zones via the use of hierarchical modeling approaches, including aquaplanets. Here we review the theoretical progress made and explore the extent to which these advances can help synthesize theory with observations to better understand differing characteristics of regional monsoons and their responses to certain forcings. After summarizing the dynamical and energetic balances that distinguish an ITCZ from a monsoon, we show that this theoretical framework provides strong support for the migrating convergence zone picture and allows constraints on the circulation to be identified via the momentum and energy budgets. Limitations of current theories are discussed, including the need for a better understanding of the influence of zonal asymmetries and transients on the large‐scale tropical circulation.
Estimating the Effects of Forest Structure Changes From Wildfire on Snow Water Resources Under Varying Meteorological Conditions
Authors: Moeser C. David , Broxton Patrick D. , Harpold Adrian , Robertson Andrew
Published: October 2020

Modeling forest change effects on snow is critical to resource management. However, many models either do not appropriately model canopy structure or cannot represent fine‐scale changes in structure following a disturbance. We applied a 1 m2 resolution energy budget snowpack model at a forested site in New Mexico, USA, affected by a wildfire, using input data from lidar to represent prefire and postfire canopy conditions. Both scenarios were forced with 37 years of equivalent meteorology to simulate the effect of fire‐mediated canopy change on snowpack under varying meteorology. Postfire, the simulated snow distribution was substantially altered, and despite an overall increase in snow, 32% of the field area displayed significant decreases, resulting in higher snowpack variability. The spatial differences in snow were correlated with the change in several direction‐based forest structure metrics (aspect‐based canopy edginess and gap area). Locations with decreases in snow following the fire were on southern aspects that transitioned to south facing canopy edges, canopy gaps that increased in size to the south, or where large trees were removed. Locations with largest increases in snow occurred where all canopy was removed. Changes in canopy density metrics, typically used in snow models to represent the forest, did not fully explain the effects of fire on snow distribution. This explains why many models are not able to represent greater postfire variability in snow distribution and tend to predict only increases in snowpack following a canopy disturbance event despite observational studies showing both increases and decreases.
Modeling Water Quality in Watersheds: From Here to the Next Generation
Authors: Fu B. , Horsburgh J. S. , Jakeman A. J. , Gualtieri C. , Arnold T. , Marshall L. , Green T. R. , Quinn N. W. T. , Volk M. , Hunt R. J. , Vezzaro L. , Croke B. F. W. , Jakeman J. D. , Snow V. , Rashleigh B.
Published: October 2020

In this synthesis, we assess present research and anticipate future development needs in modeling water quality in watersheds. We first discuss areas of potential improvement in the representation of freshwater systems pertaining to water quality, including representation of environmental interfaces, in‐stream water quality and process interactions, soil health and land management, and (peri‐)urban areas. In addition, we provide insights into the contemporary challenges in the practices of watershed water quality modeling, including quality control of monitoring data, model parameterization and calibration, uncertainty management, scale mismatches, and provisioning of modeling tools. Finally, we make three recommendations to provide a path forward for improving watershed water quality modeling science, infrastructure, and practices. These include building stronger collaborations between experimentalists and modelers, bridging gaps between modelers and stakeholders, and cultivating and applying procedural knowledge to better govern and support water quality modeling processes within organizations.
Relationships between UBE3A and SNORD116 expression and features of autism in chromosome 15 imprinting disorders
Authors: Baker Emma K. , Butler Merlin G. , Hartin Samantha N. , Ling Ling , Bui Minh , Francis David , Rogers Carolyn , Field Michael J. , Slee Jennie , Gamage Dinusha , Amor David J. , Godler David E.
Published: October 2020

Chromosome 15 (C15) imprinting disorders including Prader–Willi (PWS), Angelman (AS) and chromosome 15 duplication (Dup15q) syndromes are severe neurodevelopmental disorders caused by abnormal expression of genes from the 15q11–q13 region, associated with abnormal DNA methylation and/or copy number changes. This study compared changes in mRNA levels of UBE3A and SNORD116 located within the 15q11–q13 region between these disorders and their subtypes and related these to the clinical phenotypes. The study cohort included 58 participants affected with a C15 imprinting disorder (PWS = 27, AS = 21, Dup15q = 10) and 20 typically developing controls. Semi-quantitative analysis of mRNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed using reverse transcription droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for UBE3A and SNORD116 normalised to a panel of internal control genes determined using the geNorm approach. Participants completed an intellectual/developmental functioning assessment and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2nd Edition. The Dup15q group was the only condition with significantly increased UBE3A mRNA levels when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Both the AS and Dup15q groups also had significantly elevated SNORD116 mRNA levels compared to controls (AS: p < 0.0001; Dup15q: p = 0.002). Both UBE3A and SNORD116 mRNA levels were positively correlated with all developmental functioning scores in the deletion AS group (p < 0.001), and autism features (p < 0.001) in the non-deletion PWS group. The findings suggest presence of novel interactions between expression of UBE3A and SNORD116 in PBMCs and brain specific processes underlying motor and language impairments and autism features in these disorders.
Construction of a breeding parent population of Populus tomentosa based on SSR genetic distance analysis
Authors: Han Zhiqiang , Han Qiang , Xia Yufei , Geng Xining , Du Kang , Yang Jun , Kang Xiangyang
Published: October 2020

Parent selection is the core of hybrid breeding. The breeding strategy involving the parental identification of superior open-pollinated progeny of Populous tomentosa germplasm resources can significantly improve the efficiency of parental matching. However, due to some factors such as loose powdering time and pollen competitiveness, the offspring derived from open-pollination families which do not undergo completely random mating. Although hybrid combinations based on the male identification method have a high combining ability, this method cannot easily cover the mating combinations of all male and female specimens in the germplasm bank. In addition, the performance of superior plants in open-pollinated families also affects the selection result. If the trait performance value is higher than the population average, then the special combining ability of the reconstructed hybrid combination may be overestimated. Obtaining a solution to the above problems is of great significance for improving the efficiency and accuracy of selecting hybrid parents of P. tomentosa. In this study, 24 pairs of SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) molecular markers were used to analyze the genetic differentiation of P. tomentosa germplasm resources. The results showed that the genetic variation of the P. tomentosa population was derived from individuals within the provenance, indicating that high genetic diversity is preserved in provenances. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the special combining ability of planting height and diameter at breast height (dbh) of the 34 full-sib progeny population and the genetic distance between the parents. Then, the genetic distance between 18 female plants with high fertility and 68 male plants with large pollen quantity was analyzed using this correlation. Fifteen female parents and 12 male parents were screened out, and 52 hybrid combinations with high specific combining ability for growth traits were predicted. Furthermore, for the male parent identification of superior individual plants, we constructed the breeding parent population including 10 female parents and 5 male parents, generating 14 hybrid combinations with potentially high combining ability. The results of the hybridization test showed that the specific combining ability of plant height and dbh was significantly higher than the controlled pollination. Moreover, genetic distance and paternal identification can be used to rapidly and efficiently construct hybrid parent combinations and breeding parent populations.
The multimodal Ganzfeld-induced altered state of consciousness induces decreased thalamo-cortical coupling
Authors: Schmidt Timo Torsten , Jagannathan Nisha , Ljubljanac Michal , Xavier Ann , Nierhaus Till
Published: October 2020

Different pharmacologic agents have been used to investigate the neuronal underpinnings of alterations in consciousness states, such as psychedelic substances. Special attention has been drawn to the role of thalamic filtering of cortical input. Here, we investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying an altered state of consciousness (ASC) induced by a non-pharmacological procedure. During fMRI scanning, N = 19 human participants were exposed to multimodal Ganzfeld stimulation, a technique of perceptual deprivation where participants are exposed to intense, unstructured, homogenous visual and auditory stimulation. Compared to pre- and post-resting-state scans, the Ganzfeld data displayed a progressive decoupling of the thalamus from the cortex. Furthermore, the Ganzfeld-induced ASC was characterized by increased eigenvector centrality in core regions of the default mode network (DMN). Together, these findings can be interpreted as an imbalance of sensory bottom-up signaling and internally-generated top-down signaling. This imbalance is antithetical to psychedelic-induced ASCs, where increased thalamo-cortical coupling and reduced DMN activity were observed.
Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on toxic metalloproteinases-mediated skin damage induced by Scyphozoan jellyfish envenomation
Authors: Hwang Du Hyeon , Lee Hyunkyoung , Choudhary Indu , Kang Changkeun , Chae Jinho , Kim Euikyung
Published: October 2020

Jellyfish stingings are currently raising serious public health concerns around the world. Hence, the search for an effective first aid reagent for the envenomation has been the goal of many investigators in the field. There have been a few previous reports of in vivo as well as in vivo studies suggesting the metalloproteinase activity of scyphozoan jellyfish venom, such as N. nomurai venom (NnV), plays a major role in the pathogenesis. These results have inspired us to develop a metalloproteinase inhibitor as a candidate for the treatment of Scyphozoan jellyfish envenomation. It has been previously demonstrated that the major polyphenol component in green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), can inhibit metalloproteinase activity of snake venoms. In fact, plant polyphenols as potential therapeutics have been shown to exert positive effects on neutralizing snake venoms and toxins. In the present study, we found that EGCG significantly inhibits the toxic proteases of NnV in a concentration-dependent manner. Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell culture studies showed that EGCG treatment can protect the cells from NnV-induced cytotoxicity which has been accompanied by the down-regulation of human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. Simulated rat NnV envenomation study disclosed that topical treatments with EGCG considerably ameliorated the progression of the dermonecrotic lesions caused by NnV. EGCG also reduced the activitions of tissue MMP-2 and MMP-9, which seem to be crucial players in the dermal toxic responses induced by NnV. Therefore, we propose that EGCG might be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of cutaneoous jellyfish symptoms.
Development and preclinical evaluation of cixutumumab drug conjugates in a model of insulin growth factor receptor I (IGF-1R) positive cancer
Authors: Solomon Viswas Raja , Alizadeh Elahe , Bernhard Wendy , Makhlouf Amal , Hartimath Siddesh V. , Hill Wayne , El-Sayed Ayman , Barreto Kris , Geyer Clarence Ronald , Fonge Humphrey
Published: October 2020

Overexpression of insulin growth factor receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) is observed in many cancers. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) with PEGylated maytansine (PEG6-DM1) show promise in vitro. We developed PEG6-DM1 ADCs with low and high drug to antibody ratios (DAR) using an anti-IGF-1R antibody cixutumumab (IMC-A12). Conjugates with low (cixutumumab-PEG6-DM1-Low) and high (cixutumumab-PEG6-DM1-High) DAR as 3.4 and 7.2, respectively, were generated. QC was performed by UV spectrophotometry, HPLC, bioanalyzer, and biolayer-interferometry. We compared the in vitro binding and internalization rates of the ADCs in IGF-1R-positive MCF-7/Her18 cells. We radiolabeled the ADCs with 111In and used microSPECT/CT imaging and ex vivo biodistribution to understand their in vivo behavior in MCF-7/Her18 xenograft mice. The therapeutic potential of the ADC was studied in vitro and in mouse xenograft. Internalization rates of all ADCs was high and increased over 48 h and EC50 was in the low nanomolar range. MicroSPECT/CT imaging and ex vivo biodistribution showed significantly lower tumor uptake of 111In-cixutumumab-PEG6-DM1-High compared to 111In-cixutumumab-PEG6-DM1-Low and 111In-cixutumumab. Cixutumumab-PEG6-DM1-Low significantly prolonged the survival of mice bearing MCF-7/Her18 xenograft compared with cixutumumab, cixutumumab-PEG6-DM1-High, or the PBS control group. Cixutumumab-PEG6-DM1-Low ADC was more effective. The study highlights the potential utility of cixutumumab-ADCs as theranostics against IGF-1R positive cancers.
Material properties and structure of natural graphite sheet
Authors: Cermak Martin , Perez Nicolas , Collins Michael , Bahrami Majid
Published: October 2020

Natural graphite sheet (NGS) is compressible, porous, electrically and thermally conductive material that shows a potential to be used in fuel cells, flow batteries, electronics cooling systems, supercapacitors, adsorption air conditioning, and heat exchangers. We report the results of an extensive material characterization study that focuses on thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), compression strain, and emissivity. All the properties are density-dependent and highly anisotropic. Increasing the compression from 100 to 1080 kPa causes the through-plane thermal and electrical conductivities to increase by up to 116% and 263%, respectively. The properties are independent of the sheet thickness. Thermal and electrical contact resistance between stacked NGS is negligible at pressures 100 to 1080 kPa. In the in-plane direction, NGS follows the Wiedemann-Franz law with Lorenz number 6.6 $$\times $$
×
10$$^{-6}$$

-
6

W $$\Omega $$
Ω
K$$^{-2}$$

-
2

. The in-plane CTE is low and negative (shrinkage with increasing temperature), while the through-plane CTE is high, increases with density, and reaches 33 $$\times $$
×
10$$^{-6}$$

-
6

K$$^{-1}$$

-
1

. Microscope images are used to study the structure and relate it to material properties. An easy-to-use graphical summary of the forming process and NGS properties are provided in Appendices A and B.
Serum S100B protein as a marker of severity in Covid-19 patients
Authors: Aceti Antonio , Margarucci Lory Marika , Scaramucci Elena , Orsini Massimiliano , Salerno Gerardo , Di Sante Gabriele , Gianfranceschi Gianluca , Di Liddo Rosa , Valeriani Federica , Ria Francesco , Simmaco Maurizio , Parnigotto Pier Paolo , Vitali Matteo , Romano Spica Vincenzo , Michetti Fabrizio
Published: October 2020

SARS-CoV-2 infection shows a wide-ranging clinical severity, requiring prognostic markers. We focused on S100B, a calcium-binding protein present in biological fluids, being a reliable biomarker in disorders having inflammatory processes as common basis and RAGE as main receptor. Since Covid-19 is characterized by a potent inflammatory response also involving RAGE, we tested if S100B serum levels were related to disease severity. Serum samples (n = 74) were collected from hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive patients admitted to Covid center. Illness severity was established by admission clinical criteria and Covid risk score. Treatment protocols followed WHO guidelines available at the time. Circulating S100B was determined by ELISA assay. Statistical analysis used Pearson’s χ2 test, t-Test, and ANOVA, ANCOVA, Linear Regression. S100B was detected in serum from Covid-19 patients, significantly correlating with disease severity as shown both by the level of intensity of care (p < 0.006) as well by the value of Covid score (Multiple R-squared: 0.3751); the correlation between Covid-Score and S100B was 0.61 (p < 0.01). S100B concentration was associated with inflammation markers (Ferritin, C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin), and organ damage markers (Alanine Aminotransferase, Creatinine). Serum S100B plays a role in Covid-19 and can represent a marker of clinical severity in Sars-CoV-2 infected patients.
High molecular weight adiponectin levels are inversely associated with adiposity in pediatric brain tumor survivors
Authors: Ronsley Rebecca , Rassekh Shahrad Rod , Fleming Adam , Empringham Brianna , Jennings William , Portwine Carol , Burrow Sarah , Zelcer Shayna , Johnston Donna L. , Thabane Lehana , Samaan M. Constantine
Published: October 2020

While children with brain tumors are surviving at record rates, survivors are at risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus; these conditions may be driven by excess body fat. Adiponectin in an adipokine that is inversely associated with the fat mass, and has been linked to cardiometabolic risk stratification in the general population. However, adiponectin’s profile and determinants in SCBT have not been established. We tested the hypothesis that high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels, the more biologically active form of adiponectin, were associated with adiposity in SCBT similarly to non-cancer controls. Seventy-four SCBT (n = 32 female) and 126 controls (n = 59 female) who were 5–17 years old were included. Partial correlations and multivariable regression analyses assessed the relationship between HMW adiponectin and adiposity. HMW adiponectin was inversely associated with total and central adiposity (FM%: β − 0.21, 95% CI − 0.15, − 0.08; p value < 0.0001; WHR: β − 0.14, 95% CI − 0.02, − 0.01; p value < 0.0001 ;WHtR: β − 0.21, 95% CI − 0.05, − 0.03; p value < 0.0001). In conclusion, HMW adiponectin is inversely correlated with adiposity in SCBT. Adiponectin may serve as a biomarker of cardiometabolic risk and response to interventions to prevent and manage obesity and its comorbidities in SCBT.
Variability at the 3′ untranslated region of the HLA-G gene: a study on patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinochoroiditis
Authors: Vicente Luciana de Morais , Castelli Erick C. , Veronese Rodrigues Maria de Lourdes , Deghaide Neifi Hassan Saloum , Mendes-Junior Celso Teixeira , Furtado João M. , Donadi Eduardo Antonio
Published: October 2020

Cytomegalovirus retinochoroiditis (CMV-R) is the primary cause of blindness among AIDS patients. Since HLA-G is associated with the modulation of the immune response, we hypothesized that variability at the 3′ untraslated region (3′UTR) of the gene could be implicated on the predisposition to CMV-R. We evaluated whether HLA-G 3′UTR influences CMV-R development in Brazilian AIDS patients. Peripheral blood DNA was obtained from two groups of patients: (1) AIDS exhibiting CMV-R (n = 40) and (2) AIDS without CMV-R (n = 147). HLA-G 3′UTR typing was performed using sequencing analysis. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test accompanied by the calculation of the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The etiologic (EF) and preventive fractions were also estimated. Compared to AIDS patients without CMV-R, AIDS patients with CMV-R showed increased frequencies of the: (1) + 3001T allele, (2) the + 3001C/T genotype and (3) the UTR-17 (InsTTCCGTGACG) haplotype (EFs = 0.02–0.04). The UTR-3 (DelTCCGCGACG) haplotype was associated with protection against CMV-R development. Although the risk for developing CMR-V at the population level was relatively low (EF), the identification of HLA-G 3′UTR variation sites may help to further evaluate the role of post-transcriptional factors that may contribute to the existent immunosuppresion caused by HIV per se.
Estimating money laundering flows with a gravity model-based simulation
Authors: Ferwerda Joras , van Saase Alexander , Unger Brigitte , Getzner Michael
Published: October 2020

It is important to understand the amounts and types of money laundering flows, since they have very different effects and, therefore, need different enforcement strategies. Countries that mainly deal with criminals laundering their proceeds locally, need other measures than countries that mainly deal with foreign illegal investments or dirty money just flowing through the country. This paper has two main contributions. First, we unveil the country preferences of money launderers empirically in a systematic way. Former money laundering estimates used assumptions on which country characteristics money launderers are looking for when deciding where to send their ill-gotten gains. Thanks to a unique dataset of transactions suspicious of money laundering, provided by the Dutch Institute infobox Criminal and Unexplained Wealth (iCOV), we can empirically test these assumptions with an econometric gravity model estimation. We use this information for our second contribution: iteratively simulating all money laundering flows around the world. This allows us, for the first time, to provide estimates that distinguish between three different policy challenges: the laundering of domestic crime proceeds, international investment of dirty money and money just flowing through a country.
IL-4/IL-13 remodeling pathway of COVID-19 lung injury
Authors: Vaz de Paula Caroline Busatta , de Azevedo Marina Luise Viola , Nagashima Seigo , Martins Ana Paula Camargo , Malaquias Mineia Alessandra Scaranello , Miggiolaro Anna Flavia Ribeiro dos Santos , da Silva Motta Júnior Jarbas , Avelino Gibran , do Carmo Leticia Arianne Panini , Carstens Lucas Baena , de Noronha Lucia
Published: October 2020

The COVID-19 fatality rate is high when compared to the H1N1pdm09 (pandemic Influenza A virus H1N1 subtype) rate, and although both cause an aggravated inflammatory response, the differences in the mechanisms of both pandemic pneumonias need clarification. Thus, our goal was to analyze tissue expression of interleukins 4, 13, (IL-4, IL-13), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and the number of M2 macrophages (Sphingosine-1) in patients who died by COVID-19, comparing with cases of severe pneumopathy caused by H1N1pdm09, and a control group without lung injury. Six lung biopsy samples of patients who died of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 group) were used and compared with ten lung samples of adults who died from a severe infection of H1N1pdm09 (H1N1 group) and eleven samples of patients who died from different causes without lung injury (CONTROL group). The expression of IL-4, IL-13, TGF-β, and M2 macrophages score (Sphingosine-1) were identified through immunohistochemistry (IHC). Significantly higher IL-4 tissue expression and Sphingosine-1 in M2 macrophages were observed in the COVID-19 group compared to both the H1N1 and the CONTROL groups. A different mechanism of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in SARS-CoV-2 compared to H1N1pdm09 infections were observed. IL-4 expression and lung remodeling are phenomena observed in both SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1pdm09. However, SARS-CoV-2 seems to promote lung damage through different mechanisms, such as the scarce participation Th1/Th17 response and the higher participation of the Th2. Understanding and managing the aggravated and ineffective immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 merits further clarification to improve treatments propose.
Seascape connectivity of European anchovy in the Central Mediterranean Sea revealed by weighted Lagrangian backtracking and bio-energetic modelling
Authors: Falcini Federico , Corrado Raffaele , Torri Marco , Mangano Maria Cristina , Zarrad Rafik , Di Cintio Antonio , Palatella Luigi , Jarboui Othman , Missaoui Hechmi , Cuttitta Angela , Patti Bernardo , Santoleri Rosalia , Sarà Gianluca , Lacorata Guglielmo
Published: October 2020

Ecological connectivity is one of the most important processes that shape marine populations and ecosystems, determining their distribution, persistence, and productivity. Here we use the synergy of Lagrangian back-trajectories, otolith-derived ages of larvae, and satellite-based chlorophyll-a to identify spawning areas of European anchovy from ichthyoplanktonic data, collected in the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea), i.e., the crucial channel in between the European and African continents. We obtain new evidence of ecosystem connectivity between North Africa and recruitment regions off the southern European coasts. We assess this result by using bio-energetic modeling, which predicts species-specific responses to environmental changes by producing quantitative information on functional traits. Our work gives support to a collaborative and harmonized use of Geographical Sub-Areas, currently identified by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. It also confirms the need to incorporate climate and environmental variability effects into future marine resources management plans, strategies, and directives.
QTL detection and putative candidate gene prediction for leaf rolling under moisture stress condition in wheat
Authors: Verma Aakriti , Niranjana M. , Jha S. K. , Mallick Niharika , Agarwal Priyanka , Vinod
Published: October 2020

Leaf rolling is an important mechanism to mitigate the effects of moisture stress in several plant species. In the present study, a set of 92 wheat recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between NI5439 × HD2012 were used to identify QTLs associated with leaf rolling under moisture stress condition. Linkage map was constructed using Axiom 35 K Breeder’s SNP Array and microsatellite (SSR) markers. A linkage map with 3661 markers comprising 3589 SNP and 72 SSR markers spanning 22,275.01 cM in length across 21 wheat chromosomes was constructed. QTL analysis for leaf rolling trait under moisture stress condition revealed 12 QTLs on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 4A, 4B, 5D, and 6B. A stable QTLQlr.nhv-5D.2was identified on 5D chromosome flanked by SNP marker intervalAX-94892575–AX-95124447(5D:338665301–5D:410952987). Genetic and physical map integration in the confidence intervals ofQlr.nhv-5D.2revealed 14 putative candidate genes for drought tolerance which was narrowed down to six genes based on in-silico analysis. Comparative study of leaf rolling genes in rice viz.,NRL1,OsZHD1,Roc5, andOsHB3on wheat genome revealed five genes on chromosome 5D. Out of the identified genes,TraesCS5D02G253100falls exactly in the QTLQlr.nhv-5D.2interval and showed 96.9% identity withOsZHD1. Two genes similar toOsHB3viz. TraesCS5D02G052300andTraesCS5D02G385300exhibiting 85.6% and 91.8% identity; one geneTraesCS5D02G320600having 83.9% identity withRoc5gene; and one geneTraesCS5D02G102600showing 100% identity withNRL1gene were also identified, however, these genes are located outsideQlr.nhv-5D.2interval. Hence,TraesCS5D02G253100could be the best potential candidate gene for leaf rolling and can be utilized for improving drought tolerance in wheat.
Author Correction: Winter-to-summer seasonal migration of microlithic human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Hou Guangliang , Gao Jingyi , Chen Youcheng , Xu Changjun , Lancuo Zhuoma , Xiao Yongming , Cai Linhai , He Yuanhong
Published: October 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Colorimetric sensors and nanoprobes for characterizing antioxidant and energetic substances
Authors: Apak Reşat , Çekiç Sema Demirci , Üzer Ayşem , Çapanoğlu Esra , Çelik Saliha Esin , Bener Mustafa , Can Ziya , Durmazel Selen
Published: October 2020

Optical sensors, with or without unlabeled or ligand-modified nanoparticles, can measure antioxidant and energetic analytes by altering the visual absorbance or fluorescence signal intensities and wavelengths.
Construction of a novel GQD based ratiometric fluorescent composite probe for viscosity detection
Authors: Li Guanghan , Guo Rui , Pei Meishan , Lin Weiying
Published: October 2020

A novel ratiometric fluorescent composite probe RV-1@GQDs-OH based on GQDs-OH and RV-1 for viscosity detection in living cells and zebrafish was developed via π–π stacking.
Fabrication of a GUMBOS-based acid–base indicator: smart probe for sensing acids and bases in any solvent
Authors: Pramanik Prabal , Sahoo Rajkumar , Kumar Das Sudhir , Halder Mintu
Published: October 2020

This report outlines the synthesis of an ionic liquid-based pH-responsive indicator to sense acids or bases in non-polar as well as polar solvents. This has further scope to investigate the dissociation constants of several acids in non-polar media.
High level ab initio investigation of the catalytic effect of water on formic acid decomposition and isomerization
Authors: Wolf Mark E. , Turney Justin M. , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: October 2020

The formic acid decomposition pathways which can be catalyzed by the presence of a water molecule.
Towards understanding the catalytic properties of lead-based ballistic modifiers in double base propellants
Authors: Warren Lisette R. , Pulham Colin R. , Morrison Carole A.
Published: October 2020

A computational modelling study revealing important metrics that cast light on why lead-based compounds have improved ballistic modifier properties compared to tin and bismuth.
Identification of electron-rich mononuclear Ni atoms on TiO2-A distinguished from Ni particles on TiO2-R in guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation pathways
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqiang , Yan Peifang , Zhao Bin , Zhang Z. Conrad
Published: October 2020

Electron-rich mononuclear Ni atoms located at the oxygen vacancies on TiO2-A are the active sites for selective hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol to phenolics, while the reduced Ni particles on TiO2-R catalyze hydrogenative aromatic ring saturation.
Oral delivery of self-assembling bioactive peptides to target gastrointestinal tract disease
Authors: Petit Noémie , Dyer Jolon M. , Clerens Stefan , Gerrard Juliet A. , Domigan Laura J.
Published: October 2020

Peptides are known for their diverse bioactivities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity, all three of which are potentially useful in treating colon-associated diseases.
Biocatalytic microgels (μ-Gelzymes): synthesis, concepts, and emerging applications
Authors: Nöth Maximilian , Gau Elisabeth , Jung Falco , Davari Mehdi D. , El-Awaad Islam , Pich Andrij , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: October 2020

This review focuses on the synthesis, concepts and applications of biocatalytic microgels (μ-Gelzymes) and their impact in the field of sustainable catalysis.
Real-time monitoring and inhibition of the activity of carbapenemase in live bacterial cells: application to screening of β-lactamase inhibitors
Authors: Gao Han , Ge Ying , Jiang Min-Hao , Chen Cheng , Sun Le-Yun , Li Jia-Qi , Yang Ke-Wu
Published: October 2020

Antibiotic resistance mediated by β-lactamases including metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) has become an emerging threat.
Bacterial pathogens: threat or treat (a review on bioactive natural products from bacterial pathogens)
Authors: Maglangit Fleurdeliz , Yu Yi , Deng Hai
Published: October 2020

Threat or treat? While pathogenic bacteria pose significant threats, they also represent a huge reservoir of potential pharmaceuticals to treat various diseases.
Influence of order-to-disorder transitions on the optical properties of the aluminum plasmonic metasurface
Authors: Zhang Feifei , Tang Feng , Xu Xiaolun , Adam Pierre-Michel , Martin Jérôme , Plain Jérôme
Published: October 2020

To mimic the optical influence of disorder in condensed matter, the effect of uniform disorder on the plasmonic resonances were investigated on aluminum nanoparticle arrays.
Thermoplastic silicone elastomers based on Gemini ionic crosslinks
Authors: Zheng Sijia , Chen Yang , Brook Michael A.
Published: October 2020

Gemini ionic crosslinks produced by neutralization of dicarboxylic and diamino silicones lead in a facile manner to thermoplastic silicone elastomers.
Crystal growth control of rod-shaped ε-Fe2O3 nanocrystals
Authors: Tokoro Hiroko , Fukui Junpei , Watanabe Koki , Yoshikiyo Marie , Namai Asuka , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi
Published: October 2020

Crystal growth control of rod-shaped ε-Fe2O3 nanocrystals is achieved by a synthesis based on the sol–gel technique.