bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TAZ maintains telomere length in TNBC cells by mediating Rad51C expression
Authors: Yang Lu , Wang Bo , Jiao Xinyan , Zhou Can , Chen Su , Gao Xiaoqian , Sun Wei , Song Shaoran , Li Juan , Liu Jie , Wang Yaochun , Liu Peijun
Published: September 2021

Background

Telomere maintenance is crucial for the unlimited proliferation of cancer cells and essential for the “stemness” of multiple cancer cells. TAZ is more extensively expressed in triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) than in other types of breast cancers, and promotes proliferation, transformation and EMT of cancer cells. It was reported that TAZ renders breast cancer cells with cancer stem cell features. However, whether TAZ regulates telomeres is still unclear. In this study, we explored the roles of TAZ in the regulation of telomere maintenance in TNBC cells.

Methods

siRNA and shRNA was used to generate TAZ-depleted TNBC cell lines. qPCR and Southern analysis of terminal restriction fragments techniques were used to test telomere length. Co-immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, Luciferase reporter assay and Chromatin-IP were conducted to investigate the underlying mechanism.

Results

By knocking down the expression of TAZ in TNBC cells, we found, for the first time, that TAZ is essential for the maintenance of telomeres in TNBC cells. Moreover, loss of TAZ causes senescence phenotype of TNBC cells. The observed extremely shortened telomeres in late passages of TAZ knocked down cells correlate with an elevated hTERT expression, reductions of shelterin proteins, and an activated DNA damage response pathway. Our data also showed that depletion of TAZ results in overexpression of TERRAs, which are a group of telomeric repeat‐containing RNAs and regulate telomere length and integrity. Furthermore, we discovered that TAZ maintains telomere length of TNBC cells likely by facilitating the expression of Rad51C, a crucial element of homologous recombination pathway that promotes telomere replication.

Conclusions

This study supports the notion that TAZ is an oncogenic factor in TNBC, and further reveals a novel telomere-related pathway that is employed by TAZ to regulate TNBC.
Comparing accuracy of bedside ultrasound examination with physical examination for detection of pleural effusion
Authors: Walsh Michael H. , Zhang Kang X. , Cox Emily J. , Chen Justin M. , Cowley Nicholas G. , Oleynick Christopher J. , Smyth Leo M. , Ma Irene W. Y.
Published: September 2021

Background

In detecting pleural effusion, bedside ultrasound (US) has been shown to be more accurate than auscultation. However, US has not been previously compared to the comprehensive physical examination. This study seeks to compare the accuracy of physical examination with bedside US in detecting pleural effusion.

Methods

This study included a convenience sample of 34 medical inpatients from Calgary, Canada and Spokane, USA, with chest imaging performed within 24 h of recruitment. Imaging results served as the reference standard for pleural effusion. All patients underwent a comprehensive lung physical examination and a bedside US examination by two researchers blinded to the imaging results.

Results

Physical examination was less accurate than US (sensitivity of 44.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 30.0–58.8%], specificity 88.9% (95% CI 65.3–98.6%), positive likelihood (LR) 3.96 (95% CI 1.03–15.18), negative LR 0.63 (95% CI 0.47–0.85) for physical examination; sensitivity 98% (95% CI 89.4–100%), specificity 94.4% (95% CI 72.7–99.9%), positive LR 17.6 (95% CI 2.6–118.6), negative LR 0.02 (95% CI 0.00–0.15) for US). The percentage of examinations rated with a confidence level of 4 or higher (out of 5) was higher for US (85% of the seated US examination and 94% of the supine US examination, compared to 35% of the PE, P < 0.001), and took less time to perform (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

US examination for pleural effusion was more accurate than the physical examination, conferred higher confidence, and required less time to complete.
Cross-education and detraining effects of eccentric vs. concentric resistance training of the elbow flexors
Authors: Sato Shigeru , Yoshida Riku , Kiyono Ryosuke , Yahata Kaoru , Yasaka Koki , Nosaka Kazunori , Nakamura Masatoshi
Published: September 2021

Background

Unilateral resistance training increases the strength of the contralateral non-trained homologous muscles known as the cross-education effect. We tested the hypothesis that unilateral eccentric resistance training (ET) would induce greater and longer-lasting cross-education effect when compared with concentric resistance training (CT).

Methods

Young (20–23 y) participants were allocated to ET (5 males, 4 females) or CT (5 males, 4 females) group that performed unilateral progressive ET or CT of the elbow flexors, twice a week for 5 weeks (10 sessions) followed by a 5-week detraining, and control group (7 males, 6 females) that did not perform any training. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction torque of the elbow flexors (MVIC), one-repetition maximum of concentric dumbbell curl (1-RM), and biceps brachii and brachialis muscle thickness (MT) were measured from the trained and non-trained arms before, several days after the last training session, and 5 weeks later. A ratio between the trained and non-trained arms for the change in MVIC or 1-RM from pre- to post-training (cross-body transfer ratio) was compared between ET and CT groups.

Results

The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Both ET and CT increased (P < 0.05) MVIC (22.5 ± 12.3 % vs. 26.0 ± 11.9 %) and 1-RM (28.8 ± 6.6 % vs. 35.4 ± 12.9 %) of the trained arm without a significant difference between groups. MVIC was maintained after detraining for ET but returned to the baseline for CT, and 1-RM was maintained after detraining for both ET and CT. For the non-trained arm, MVIC (22.7 ± 17.9 % vs. 12.2 ± 10.2 %) and 1-RM (19.9 ± 14.6 % vs. 24.0 ± 10.6 %) increased similarly (P > 0.05) after ET and CT, and MVIC returned to the baseline after detraining, but 1-RM was maintained for both groups. An increase (P < 0.05) in MT was found only after ET for the trained arm (7.1 ± 6.1 %). The cross-body transfer ratio for MVIC was greater (P < 0.05) for ET (90.9 ± 46.7 %) than CT (49.0 ± 30.0 %).

Conclusions

These results did not support the hypothesis and showed similar changes in the most of the variables between ET and CT for the trained and non-trained arms, and strong cross-education effects on MVIC and 1-RM, but less detraining effect after ET than CT on MVIC of the trained arm.

Trial registration

University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000044477; Jun 09, 2021).
Salivary lactoferrin is associated with cortical amyloid-beta load, cortical integrity, and memory in aging
Authors: Reseco Lucia , Atienza Mercedes , Fernandez-Alvarez Marina , Carro Eva , Cantero Jose L.
Published: September 2021

Background

Aging is associated with declining protective immunity and persistent low-grade inflammatory responses, which significantly contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Detecting aging-related cerebral vulnerability associated with deterioration of the immune system requires from non-invasive biomarkers able to detect failures in the brain-immunity connection. Reduced levels of salivary lactoferrin (sLF), an iron-binding protein with immunomodulatory activity, have been related to AD diagnosis. However, it remains unknown whether decreased sLF is associated with increased cortical amyloid-beta (Aβ) load and/or with loss of cortical integrity in normal aging.

Methods

Seventy-four cognitively normal older adults (51 females) participated in the study. We applied multiple linear regression analyses to assess (i) whether sLF is associated with cortical Aβ load measured by 18F-Florbetaben (FBB)-positron emission tomography (PET), (ii) whether sLF-related variations in cortical thickness and cortical glucose metabolism depend on global Aβ burden, and (iii) whether such sLF-related cortical abnormalities moderate the relationship between sLF and cognition.

Results

sLF was negatively associated with Aβ load in parieto-temporal regions. Moreover, sLF was related to thickening of the middle temporal cortex, increased FDG uptake in the posterior cingulate cortex, and poorer memory. These associations were stronger in individuals showing the highest Aβ burden.

Conclusions

sLF levels are sensitive to variations in cortical Aβ load, structural and metabolic cortical abnormalities, and subclinical memory impairment in asymptomatic older adults. These findings provide support for the use of sLF as a non-invasive biomarker of cerebral vulnerability in the general aging population.
Feline adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce effector phenotype and enhance cytolytic function of CD8+ T cells
Authors: Taechangam Nopmanee , Walker Naomi J. , Borjesson Dori L.
Published: September 2021

Background

Feline adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) engage with a variety of immune cells and have been used in several clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory and immune-dysregulated diseases in cats, but the impact they exert on the functional characteristics on T cells, particularly CD8+ T cells, remains to be elucidated.

Methods

Modified mixed leukocyte reaction was performed between feline ASCs and PBMCs. Changes of cell cycle stages, phenotype and cellular senescence were determined through flow cytometry and gene expression analysis. Cytotoxicity assay was performed to evaluate CD8+ T cell effector function.

Results

Feline ASCs induce cell cycle arrest on CD8+ T cells in a contact-dependent manner, downregulate CD8 surface expression, and shift their phenotype toward terminally differentiated effector cells (CD57+, CD45R+, CD62L−). CD8 T cells interacted with feline ASCs also upregulated granzyme B, IL-2 and KLRG-1 expression and have enhanced cytotoxic potential, evident by the increased percentage of lysis on target cells.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that feline ASCs (1) alter CD8+ T cells toward terminally differentiated, proinflammatory effector phenotype with limited proliferative capacity, and (2) enhance their cytotoxic potential through granzyme B upregulation. These cytotoxic CD8+ T cells could aid in disease cure in cases caused by an underlying, unresolved viral infection.
Quantitative SPECT/CT parameters of myocardial 99mTechnetium-3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid (DPD) uptake in suspected cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis
Authors: Ben-Haim Simona , Chicheportiche A. , Goshen E. , Arad M. , Smekhov M. , Menezes L. J. , Elliott P. M. , O’Mahoney E. , Stern E. , Yuzefovich Bella , Bomanji J. B.
Published: September 2021

Background

99mTc-labelled bisphosphonates are used for imaging assessment of patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR). Present study evaluates whether quantitative SPECT/CT measurement of absolute myocardial 99mTc-labelled 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid (Tc-DPD) uptake can diagnose patients with suspected ATTR.

Methods

Twenty-eight patients (25 male, age 80.03 ± 6.99 years) with suspected ATTR referred for Tc-DPD imaging had planar and SPECT/CT imaging of the chest. Three operators independently obtained Tc-DPD myocardial SUVmax and SUVmean above threshold (SMaT) (20, 40 and 60% of SUVmax), using a semi-automated threshold segmentation method. Results were compared to visual grading (0–3) of cardiac uptake.

Results

Twenty-two patients (78%) had cardiac uptake (2 grade 1, 15 grade 2, 5 grade 3). SUVmax and SMaT segmentation thresholds enabled separating grades 2/3 from 0/1 with excellent inter- and intra-reader correlation. Cut-off values 6.0, 2.5, 3 and 4 for SUVmax, SMaT20,40,60, respectively, separated between grades 2/3 and 0 /1 with PPV and NPV of 100%. SMaT20,40,60(cardiac)/SUVmean (liver) and SMaT20,40,60(cardiac)/SUVmean(liver/lung) separated grades 2 and 3.

Conclusion

Quantitative SPECT/CT parameters of cardiac Tc-DPD uptake are robust, enabling separation of patients with grades 2 and 3 cardiac uptake from grades 0 and 1. Larger patient cohorts will determine the incremental value of SPECT/CT quantification for ATTR management.
Potential of Variovorax paradoxus isolate BFB1_13 for bioremediation of BTEX contaminated sites
Authors: Benedek Tibor , Szentgyörgyi Flóra , Gergócs Veronika , Menashe Ofir , Gonzalez Perla Abigail Figueroa , Probst Alexander J. , Kriszt Balázs , Táncsics András
Published: September 2021

Here, we report and discuss the applicability of Variovorax paradoxus strain BFB1_13 in the bioremediation of BTEX contaminated sites. Strain BFB1_13 was capable of degrading all the six BTEX-compounds under both aerobic (O2 conc. 8 mg l−1) and micro-aerobic/oxygen-limited (O2 conc. 0.5 mg l−1) conditions using either individual (8 mg‧l−1) or a mixture of compounds (~ 1.3 mg‧l−1 of each BTEX compound). The BTEX biodegradation capability of SBP-encapsulated cultures (SBP—Small Bioreactor Platform) was also assessed. The fastest degradation rate was observed in the case of aerobic benzene biodegradation (8 mg l−1 per 90 h). Complete biodegradation of other BTEX occurred after at least 168 h of incubation, irrespective of the oxygenation and encapsulation. No statistically significant difference was observed between aerobic and microaerobic BTEX biodegradation. Genes involved in BTEX biodegradation were annotated and degradation pathways were predicted based on whole-genome shotgun sequencing and metabolic analysis. We conclude that V. paradoxus strain BFB1_13 could be used for the development of reactive biobarriers for the containment and in situ decontamination of BTEX contaminated groundwater plumes. Our results suggest that V. paradoxus strain BFB1_13—alone or in co-culture with other BTEX degrading bacterial isolates—can be a new and efficient commercial bioremediation agent for BTEX contaminated sites.
Understanding the mechanisms generating outcomes in a Danish peer support intervention for socially vulnerable people with type 2-diabetes: a realist evaluation
Authors: Garn Stine Dandanell , Glümer Charlotte , Villadsen Sarah Fredsted , Malling Gritt Marie Hviid , Christensen Ulla
Published: September 2021

Background

Despite an increasing use and positive effects of peer support interventions, little is known about how the outcomes are produced. Thus, it is essential not only to measure outcomes, but also to identify the mechanisms by which they are generated. Using a realist evaluation approach, we aimed to identify the mechanisms generating outcomes in a Danish peer support intervention for socially vulnerable people with type 2-diabetes (peers). By investigating the participating peers’ interactions, we furthermore examined how their individual contextual factors either facilitated or hindered the mechanisms in operation.

Methods

We used a multi-method case-study design (n = 9). Data included semi-structured interviews with four key groups of informants (peer, peer supporter, project manager, and a diabetes nurse) for each case (n = 25). Furthermore, we collected survey data from peers both before and after participation (n = 9). The interview data were analysed using a systematic text condensation, and the Intervention-context-actor-mechanism-outcome framework was used to structure the analysis.

Results

We identified 2 groups of mechanisms that improved diabetes self-management and the use of healthcare services (outcomes): ‘perceived needs and readiness’ and ‘encouragement and energy’. However, the mechanisms only generated the intended outcomes among peers with a stable occupation and financial situation, a relatively good health condition, and sufficient energy (all defined as contextual factors). Independent of these contextual factors, ‘experience of social and emotional support’ was identified as a mechanism within all peers that increased self-care awareness (defined as output). Dependent on whether the contextual factors facilitated or hindered the mechanisms to generate outcomes, we categorised the peers into those who achieved outcomes and those who did not.

Conclusions

We identified two groups of mechanisms that improved the peers’ diabetes self-management and use of healthcare services. The mechanisms only generated the intended outcomes if peers’ individual contextual factors facilitated an active interaction with the elements of the intervention. However, independent of these contextual factors, a third group of mechanisms increased self-care awareness among all peers. We highlight the importance of contextual awareness of the target groups in the design and evaluation of peer support interventions for socially vulnerable people with type 2-diabetes.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, Retrospective Registration (20 Jan 2021), registration number NCT04722289.
Effects of different planes of milk feeding and milk total solids concentration on growth, ruminal fermentation, health, and behavior of late weaned dairy calves during summer
Authors: Shiasi Sardoabi R. , Alikhani M. , Hashemzadeh F. , Khorvash M. , Mirzaei M. , Drackley J. K.
Published: September 2021

Background

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using high quantities of milk or milk replacer (MR) in heat-stressed calves to alleviate the negative effects of high environmental temperatures on their performance. However, observations have indicated a decline in growth performance in the weaning and post-weaning period, which might be optimized with increasing total solids (TS) in milk and weaning age. This study aims to optimize the effects of higher quantities of milk on late weaned calves' performance by increasing TS concentration or delivery route in summer conditions.

Method

Forty-eight newborn Holstein calves were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the factors of pre-weaning total plane of milk (PM) intake (low vs. high) and milk TS content (12% vs. 17%). The treatments were (1) low PM (LPM) intake with 12% TS (TS intake = 45.9 kg), (2) LPM intake with 17% TS (TS intake = 65.1 kg), (3) high PM (HPM) intake with 12% TS (TS intake = 63.7 kg); and (4) HPM intake with 17% TS (TS intake = 90.3 kg). Calves were weaned at d 83, and the study was terminated at d 103 of age. Performance data (every 10 day), skeletal growth (d 80 and 100), ruminal fermentation parameters (d 48 and 91), and behavioral measurements (d 69, 70, 93 and 94) were analyzed as repeated measurements with PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).

Results

Calves receiving HPM consumed less PMR from d 44 to 83 of age, but they had higher ADG from d 24 to 53 of age compared to those fed LPM (PM × age, P < 0.001). In addition, calves receiving milk with 17% TS had lower PMR intake from d 14 to 83 of age, but greater ADG from d 34 to 53 compared to those receiving milk with 12% TS (TS × age, P < 0.001). Calves that received HPM had greater skeletal growth parameters compared to LPM-fed calves, with a similar effect evident for calves fed milk with 17% TS compared with those fed milk with 12% TS. Calves receiving milk with 17% TS had greater fecal scores and diarrhea occurrence than those fed milk with 12% TS in HPM, but not LPM.

Conclusions

Increasing PM and milk TS concentration improved growth in summer-exposed calves as demonstrated by increased pre-weaning ADG, pre- and post-weaning BW, and structural growth.
Bee sting presumed endophthalmitis: a devastating ocular outcome
Authors: Al Amry Mohammed , Al Ghadeer Huda , Al Gethami Ahmed R.
Published: September 2021

Background

To report a rare case of bee sting presumed endophthalmitis that resulted in a devastating ocular outcome.

Case presentation

A 43-year-old patient presented 24 h after bee sting ocular injury in his left eye. He had a mild inflammatory sign at presentation, and he underwent surgical exploration to rule out a scleral defect, which revealed a sealed defect. During his hospital course, he developed signs of endophthalmitis 48 h following trauma for which he received vitreous tap and intravitreal antibiotic. Microbial culture revealed gram-negative rods,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andAeromonas veronii. Condition escalated to reach the panophthalmitis stage and cellulitis like picture with visual acuity of no light perception. Visual evoked response (VER) demonstrated a flat response. Infection was controlled by evisceration of the globe at the end as salvage therapy against the spreading of infection

Conclusions

Bee sting ocular injury is an exceedingly rare type of ocular trauma. Concomitant infection can happen, and severity depends on the pathogen involved. It is crucial to have insight and start appropriate treatment based on to the patient presentation.
Use of the PROMIS-10 global health in patients with chronic low back pain in outpatient physical therapy: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Pak Sang S. , Miller Matthew J. , Cheuy Victor A.
Published: September 2021

Background

Although evidence-based guidelines for physical therapy for patients with chronic low back pain (cLBP) are available, selecting patient-reported outcome measures to capture complexity of health status and quality of life remains a challenge. PROMIS-10 Global Health (GH) may be used to screen for impactful health risks and enable patient-centered care. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interrelationships between PROMIS-10 GH scores and patient demographics, health status, and healthcare utilization in patients with cLBP who received physical therapy.

Methods

A retrospective review of de-identified electronic health records of patients with cLBP was performed. Data were collected for 328 patients seen from 2017 to 2020 in three physical therapy clinics. Patients were grouped into HIGH and LOW initial assessment scores on the PROMIS-10 Global Physical Health (PH) and Global Mental Health (MH) measures. Outcomes of interest were patient demographics, health status, and healthcare utilization. Mann–Whitney U and chi-square tests were used to determine differences between groups, and binary logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) to determine predictors of PH-LOW and MH-LOW group assignments.

Results

The PH-LOW and MH-LOW groups contained larger proportions of patients who were African American, non-Hispanic, and non-commercially insured compared to PH-HIGH and MH-HIGH groups (p < .05). The PH-LOW and MH-LOW groups also had a higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), higher rates of diabetes and depression, and more appointment cancellations or no-shows (p < .05). African American race (OR 2.54), other race (2.01), having Medi-Cal insurance (OR 3.37), and higher CCI scores (OR 1.55) increased the likelihood of being in the PH-LOW group. African American race (OR 3.54), having Medi-Cal insurance (OR 2.19), depression (OR 3.15), kidney disease (OR 2.66), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 1.92) all increased the likeihood of being in the MH-LOW group.

Conclusions

Our study identified groups of patients with cLBP who are more likely to have lower PH and MH scores. PROMIS-10 GH provides an opportunity to capture and identify quality of life and global health risks in patients with cLBP. Using PROMIS-10 in physical therapy practice could help identify psychosocial factors and quality of life in the population with cLBP.
Status of CAS global ionospheric maps after the maximum of solar cycle 24
Authors: Li Zishen , Wang Ningbo , Liu Ang , Yuan Yunbin , Wang Liang , Hernández-Pajares Manuel , Krankowski Andrzej , Yuan Hong
Published: September 2021

As a new Ionosphere Associate Analysis Center (IAAC) of the International GNSS Service (IGS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) started the routine computation of the real-time, rapid, and final Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) in 2015. The method for the generation of CAS rapid and final GIMs and recent updates are presented in the paper. The quality of CAS post-processed GIMs is assessed during 2015–2018 after the maximum of solar cycle 24. To perform an independent and fair assessment, Jason-2/3 Vertical Total Electron Contents (VTEC) are first used as the references over the ocean. GPS differential Slant TECs (dSTEC) generated from 55 Multi-GNSS Experimental (MGEX) stations of the IGS are also employed, which provides a complementing way to evaluate the ability of electron content models to reproduce the spatial and temporal gradients in the ionosphere. During the test period, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) GIMs present significantly positive deviations compared to the Jason VTEC and GPS dSTEC. Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) rapid GIM UQRG exhibits the best performance in both Jason VTEC and GPS dSTEC analysis. The CAS GIMs show comparable performance with the results of the first four IAACs of the IGS. As expected, the poor performance of all GIMs is in equatorial regions and the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere. The consideration of generating multi-layer or three-dimensional ionospheric maps is emphasized to mitigate the inadequacy of ionospheric single-layer assumption in the presence of pronounced latitudinal gradients. The use of ionospheric observations from the new GNSS constellations and other space- or ground-based observation techniques is also suggested in the generation of future GIMs, given the sparse GPS/GLONASS stations in the southern hemisphere.
Silver nanoparticles and Chlorella treatments induced glucosinolates and kaempferol key biosynthetic genes in Eruca sativa
Authors: Sayed Ahmed Hanan I. , Elsherif Doaa E. , El-Shanshory Adel R. , Haider Ashraf S. , Gaafar Reda M.
Published: September 2021

Background

Microalgae and nanoparticles are currently considered promising tools for numerous agricultural and biotechnological applications. The green microalga Chlorella sp. MF1 and its biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used in this study as biofortification agents to enhance glucosinolate and kaempferol levels in Eruca sativa. UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM were comprehensively used for characterizing Chlorella-based AgNPs.

Results

The biosynthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape, with size ranging from 1.45 to 5.08 nm. According to FTIR measurements, silver ions were reduced to AgNPs by functional groups such as amide, hydroxyl and carboxylate. Different experimental treatments were conducted, including either soaking seeds of E. sativa or foliar spray with various concentrations of Chlorella suspension (1, 2, 3 and 4 g L−1) and AgNPs (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L−1). Expression levels of five key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates (MAM1, SUR1, MYB34 and MYB51) and kaempferol (CHS) were assessed using qRT-PCR. The results indicated an upregulation in the gene expression levels in all treatments compared to control, recording the highest level at 40 mg L−1 AgNPs and 4 g L−1Chlorella suspension. In addition, high glucosinolates and kaempferol content was detected in plants whose leaves were sprayed with AgNPs and Chlorella suspension (40 mg L−1 and 4 g L−1) based on HPLC analysis. Sequence analysis of amplified CHS fragments from E. sativa plants treated with AgNPs (40 mg L−1) showed high sequence similarity to A. thaliana CHS gene. However, there were several CHS regions with sequence polymorphism (SNPs and Indels) in foliar sprayed plants.

Conclusions

Results of this study evidenced that the application of AgNPs and Chlorella suspension increased glucosinolates and kaempferol content in E. sativa through upregulation of key genes in their biosynthetic pathway.
Cultural and creative sectors at a crossroad: from a mainstream process towards an active engagement
Authors: Ost Christian , Saleh Ruba
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a current global health crisis with dreadful repercussions all over the world. A global economic recession is anticipated, with strong impacts in all economic and social sectors, including the cultural sector. Although all sub sectors will be impacted (heritage sites, theatres, museums, operas, art galleries), the cultural built heritage is particularly at stake, as it relies on multiple stakeholders through a wide range of heritage-related activities (tourism, recreation, housing, real estate, construction, craftsmanship, etc.). Sites management and heritage conservation have not only been vulnerable to strong economic and social disruptions, like most of other cultural fields, but have been greatly challenged because heritage values and the paradigm of conservation (50 years after adoption of the UNESCO convention) are being themselves revisited in the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper aims also to consider cultural heritage as part of the Cultural and Creative Sectors (CCS) and how creativity and innovation contribute to post-COVID recoveries through Schumpeter-related creative destruction process. The current crisis might be perceived in a perspective of long wave theory of innovations and economic growth. The economic history is filled with many examples of such transition period when inventions, innovations, and growth reactivate the economic development in an upward long-term trend. In such framework, crisis can trigger innovation and creativity and can be understood as opportunity to increase the CCS resilience and sustainability, as well as harness the universality and the power of creativity. Finally, the paper aims to describe implications of such situation by providing to the CCS ways to learn and experience cultural entrepreneurship, resilient strategies, new sustainable and circular business models applied to the cultural heritage sector and its conservation.
Large-for-Gestational-Age, Leptin, and Adiponectin in Infancy
Authors: Huang Rong , Dong Yu , Levy Emile , Julien Pierre , Marc Isabelle , He Hua , Xu Ya-Jie , Wei Shu-Qin , Fraser William D , Luo Zhong-Cheng
Published: September 2021

Context

Fetal overgrowth “programs” an elevated risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Plausibly, adipokines may be involved in programming metabolic health.

Objective

This work aimed to evaluate whether large-for-gestational-age (LGA), an indicator of fetal overgrowth, is associated with altered circulating leptin and adiponectin levels in infancy, and assess the determinants.

Methods

In the Canadian 3D birth cohort, we studied 70 LGA (birth weight > 90th percentile) and 140 optimal-for-gestational-age (OGA, 25th-75th percentiles) infants matched by maternal ethnicity, smoking, and gestational age at delivery. The primary outcomes were fasting leptin, and total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin concentrations at age 2 years.

Results

LGA infants had higher body mass index (BMI) than OGA infants. However, there were no significant differences in leptin, and total and HMW adiponectin concentrations. Leptin concentrations were positively associated with female sex, weight (z score) gain 0 to 24 months, current BMI, and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, and negatively associated with maternal age and White ethnicity. Female sex was associated with lower total and HMW adiponectin concentrations. Weight (z score) gain 0 to 24 months and current BMI were positively correlated with total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in LGA infants only.

Conclusion

This study is the first to demonstrate that LGA does not matter for circulating leptin and adiponectin concentrations in infancy, and there may be LGA-specific positive associations between weight gain or current BMI and adiponectin concentrations in infancy, suggesting dysfunction in establishing the adiposity-adiponectin negative feedback loop in LGA individuals.
Reconsidering the Boredom of King James: Performance and Premodern Histories
Authors: Hopkins D. J.
Published: September 2021

The royal entry of King James I into London in 1604 serves as an opportunity to reconsider the relationship between public, urban performance and the primary sources that ostensibly document it. The author revisits his own past study of this occasion, revising and expanding previous conclusions about early modern English performance in light of new research and theory. The article deploys new thinking about performance historiography, arguing that such perspectives unsettle the easy placement of an event in historical chronology, disrupt archival logic, and insist on a degree of historiographical ambiguity. The legacy of new historicism is considered in tandem with current theories of performance history, and a hybridization of new historicism and performance theory is considered in relation to historiographic practice.
Rapamycin modulates pulmonary pathology in a murine model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Bhatt Kamlesh , Bhagavathula Madhuri , Verma Sheetal , Timmins Graham S. , Deretic Vojo P. , Ellner Jerrold J. , Salgame Padmini
Published: September 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) treatment regimens are lengthy, causing non-adherence to treatment. Inadequate treatment can lead to relapse and the development of drug resistance TB. Furthermore, patients often exhibit residual lung damage even after cure, increasing the risk for relapse and development of other chronic respiratory illnesses. Host-directed therapeutics are emerging as an attractive means to augment the success of TB treatment. In this study, we used C3HeB/FeJ mice as an experimental model to investigate the potential role of rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, as an adjunctive therapy candidate during the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with moxifloxacin. We report that administration of rapamycin with or without moxifloxacin reduced infection-induced lung inflammation, and the number and size of caseating necrotic granulomas. Results from this study strengthen the potential use of rapamycin and its analogs as adjunct TB therapy, and importantly underscore the utility of the C3HeB/FeJ mouse model as a preclinical tool for evaluating host-directed therapy candidates for the treatment of TB.
Sequence diversity and evolution of infectious bursal disease virus in Iraq
Authors: Abbas Ali Hadi , AL saegh Haider Abas , ALaraji Furkan Sabbar
Published: September 2021

Background: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is a highly infectious disease which causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry due to the direct impact of the illness and indirect consequences such as decreasing the general immunity of the flock, leaving it naive to other diseases. In Iraq, IBD is highly prevalent despite vaccination programs, yet studies on sequence diversity of the causative virus are still rare. 

Methods: A sample from Bursa of Fabricius from an IBD outbreak in a flock in the city of Najaf in Iraq was smeared on an FTA card. Amplicons of targeted regions in VP1 and VP2 genes were generated and sequenced. Sequences were then compared with other local and global sequences downloaded from GenBank repositories. Sequence alignment and DNA sequence analyses were achieved using MUSCLE, UGENE and MEGAx software. The molecular clock and sequence evolutionary analyses were applied using MEGAx tools. 

Results: The strain sequenced in this study belongs to a very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (vvIBDV) as the DNA and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and VP2 gene sequences showed a mutual clustering with similar sequences belonging to vvIBDV genogroup 3. Analyses of the hyper variable region of VP2 gene (hvVP2) of IBDV isolates from Iraq indicates a presence of sequence diversity. Interestingly, the two vaccine strains Ventri IBDV Plus and ABIC MB71 that showed the highest sequence similarity to the local isolates in the hvVP2 region are not used in vaccination routine against IBDV in Iraq. 

Conclusion: Sequences of vvIBDV in Iraq are diverse. Remarkably, some of the available vaccine strains show high sequence similarity with local strains in Iraq; however, they are not included in the routine vaccination programs. Analysis of more samples involving more geographical regions is needed to draw a detailed map of antigenic diversity of IBDV in Iraq.
A pan-genome method to determine core regions of the Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli genomes
Authors: Sutton Granger , Fogel Gary B. , Abramson Bradley , Brinkac Lauren , Michael Todd , Liu Enoch S. , Thomas Sterling
Published: September 2021

Background: Synthetic engineering of bacteria to produce industrial products is a burgeoning field of research and application. In order to optimize genome design, designers need to understand which genes are essential, which are optimal for growth, and locations in the genome that will be tolerated by the organism when inserting engineered cassettes.

Methods: We present a pan-genome based method for the identification of core regions in a genome that are strongly conserved at the species level.

Results: We show that the core regions determined by our method contain all or almost all essential genes. This demonstrates the accuracy of our method as essential genes should be core genes. We show that we outperform previous methods by this measure. We also explain why there are exceptions to this rule for our method.

Conclusions: We assert that synthetic engineers should avoid deleting or inserting into these core regions unless they understand and are manipulating the function of the genes in that region. Similarly, if the designer wishes to streamline the genome, non-core regions and in particular low penetrance genes would be good targets for deletion. Care should be taken to remove entire cassettes with similar penetrance of the genes within cassettes as they may harbor toxin/antitoxin genes which need to be removed in tandem. The bioinformatic approach introduced here saves considerable time and effort relative to knockout studies on single isolates of a given species and captures a broad understanding of the conservation of genes that are core to a species.
Vasoactive agents in acute mesenteric ischaemia in critical care. A systematic review
Authors: Brennan Christopher A , Osei-Bonsu Peter , McClenaghan Rachael Eimear , Nassar Ahmed , Forget Patrice , Kaye Callum , Ramsay George
Published: September 2021

Background: Acute mesenteric ischaemia (AMI) is a surgical emergency which has an associated high mortality.  The mainstay of active treatment includes early surgical intervention, with resection of non-viable bowel, and revascularisation of the ischaemic bowel where possible. Due to the physiological insult of AMI however, perioperative care often involves critical care and the use of vasoactive agents to optimise end organ perfusion. A number of these vasoactive agents are currently available with varied mechanism of action and effects on splanchnic blood flow. However, specific guidance on which is the optimal vasoactive drug to use in these settings is limited. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the current evidence comparing vasoactive drugs in AMI.

Methods: A systematic search of Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review was performed on the 5th of November 2020 to identify randomised clinical trials comparing different vasoactive agents in AMI on outcomes including mortality. The search was performed through the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSEng) search support library. Results were analysed using the Rayyan platform, and independently screened by four investigators.

Results: 614 distinct papers were identified. After screening, there were no randomised clinical trials meeting the inclusion criteria.

Conclusions: This review identifies a gap in literature, and therefore recommends an investigation into current practice and clinician preference in relation to vasoactive agents in AMI. Multicentre randomised controlled trials comparing these medications on clinical outcomes will therefore be required to address this question.
Hospital quality monitoring and evaluation system using linked spreadsheets on Microsoft SharePoint
Authors: Kiroro Francis , Twahir Majid , Kiura Daniel , Kamuyu Ann , Wanyoike Ann
Published: September 2021

Background

Establishment of a systematic way of measurement and utilization of indicators for improvement is one of the most challenging issues in monitoring and evaluation of indicators in healthcare settings.

In realizing these fundamental challenges, we designed a monitoring and evaluation system incorporating a hospital-wide quality variance report (QVR) system using linked Microsoft Excel® spreadsheets on Microsoft SharePoint®.

Methods

Indicators were determined at the departmental/unit level in line with the institutional goals, departmental functions, quality expectations, inputs/outputs, clinical priorities, compliance to policies/procedures/protocols/guidelines/pathways as well as in response to gaps in service delivery picked during root cause analyses.

The sample design was determined in accordance with the characteristics of the population. Drawing of sample units was done using a simple random sampling technique without replacement or systematic random sampling.

The indicator’s monitoring was enhanced visually by allocating colour codes based on performance across the months and quarters.

The action plan tab consisted of a platform that aids in documenting corrective actions arising from the performance reviews.

Results and discussion

The QVR reporting system ensured a standardized format of monitoring throughout the institution with a reduced turnaround time from data collection to analysis. Further, continuity of the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system was guaranteed even if an individual left the institution.

 The analysis of the QVR allowed hospital-wide trending on cross-cutting indicators with consequent ease of communication to multiple stakeholders.

 The automation has saved time and increased accuracy which has enhanced credible engagements during quality meetings.

Conclusions

Use of this system greatly enhanced quality performance monitoring in the hospital, identification of major bottlenecks that warranted hospital-wide projects or departmental-level projects. The QVR system enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of quality monitoring from data collection through to performance reviews. The QVR structure allows for customized development of an M&E database application software.
Uncertainties of particulate organic carbon concentrations in the mesopelagic zone of the Atlantic ocean
Authors: Strubinger Sandoval Paul , Dall'Olmo Giorgio , Haines Keith , Rasse Rafael , Ross Jelizaveta
Published: September 2021

Measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the open ocean provide grounds for estimating oceanic carbon budgets and for modelling carbon cycling. The majority of the published POC measurements have been collected at the sea surface. Thus, POC stocks in the upper layer of the water column are relatively well constrained. However, our understanding of the POC distribution and its dynamics in deeper areas is modest due to insufficient in POC measurements. Moreover, the accuracy of published POC estimates is not always quantified, and neither is it fully understood. In this study, we determined the POC concentrations of samples collected in the upper 500 m during an Atlantic Meridional Transect and described a method for quantifying its experimental uncertainties using duplicate measurements. The analysis revealed that the medians of the total experimental uncertainties associated with our POC concentrations in the productive and mesopelagic zones were 2.5(±1.2) mg/m3 and 2.6(±0.6) mg/m3, respectively. In relative terms, these uncertainties corresponded to ~14% and ~ 35% of POC concentrations, respectively. However, despite our best efforts, we could explain only ~ 21% of the total experimental POC uncertainty. The potential sources of this unexplained portion of uncertainty are discussed.
The Persistent Effects of Short-Term Peer Groups on Performance: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Higher Education
Authors: Thiemann Petra
Published: September 2021

This paper studies the persistent effects of short-term peer exposure on long-run performance in a college setting. I exploit the random assignment of undergraduates to peer groups during a mandatory orientation week and track the students’ performance over four years (until graduation). Assignment to orientation week groups with high levels of peer ability is associated with lower performance during the first year at college and a higher probability of early dropout. These adverse effects are driven entirely by the exposure of low-ability students to high-ability peers. Beyond the first year, exposure to higher peer ability during the orientation week negatively affects selection into the college’s most popular major (business administration) and final grade point average. Taken together, the findings suggest that the composition of short-term peer groups matters for individual choices and long-run performance outcomes.

This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.
The Crowd Classification Problem: Social Dynamics of Binary-Choice Accuracy
Authors: Becker Joshua Aaron , Guilbeault Douglas , Smith Edward Bishop
Published: September 2021

Decades of research suggest that information exchange in groups and organizations can reliably improve judgment accuracy in tasks such as financial forecasting, market research, and medical decision making. However, we show that improving the accuracy of numeric estimates does not necessarily improve the accuracy of decisions. For binary-choice judgments, also known as classification tasks—for example, yes/no or build/buy decisions—social influence is most likely to grow the majority vote share, regardless of the accuracy of that opinion. As a result, initially, inaccurate groups become increasingly inaccurate after information exchange, even as they signal stronger support. We term this dynamic the “crowd classification problem.” Using both a novel data set and a reanalysis of three previous data sets, we study this process in two types of information exchange: (1) when people share votes only, and (2) when people form and exchange numeric estimates prior to voting. Surprisingly, when people exchange numeric estimates prior to voting, the binary-choice vote can become less accurate, even as the average numeric estimate becomes more accurate. Our findings recommend against voting as a form of decision making when groups are optimizing for accuracy. For those cases where voting is required, we discuss strategies for managing communication to avoid the crowd classification problem. We close with a discussion of how our results contribute to a broader contingency theory of collective intelligence.

This paper was accepted by Lamar Pierce, organizations.
Impact of Industrial Waste on Natural Resources: A Review in the Context of Bangladesh
Authors: Ruba Umama Begum , Chakma Kakon , Senthi Jarrin Yeasmin , Rahman Saidur
Published: September 2021

Although the industrial sector contributes significantly to Bangladesh's economic growth and development, unplanned rapid industrialization is having a detrimental impact on natural resources. Since industrial waste has become a major concern, this study reviewed previously published research papers to highlight the detrimental effects of industrial waste on natural resources. This review observed industrial waste have a substantial impact on natural resources, causing contamination of the air, water, and soil, alongside disruption of aquatic and forest ecology. Therefore, effective policy enforcement is expected to ensure that industrialization is sustainable, both in terms of mitigating environmental pollution and promoting more environmentally friendly industries. Bangladesh's long-term sustainability and prosperity necessitate industrialization, but it should be done in an environmentally sustainable manner.
EquineReview
Authors: Parker Russell
Published: September 2021

Introduction:

This month's Equine Review explores papers on bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares, the effect of omeprazole on phenylbutazone-induced equine gastric ulcer syndrome and ultrasound-guided perineural injection of cervical nerve in horses.