bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in person-centered psychiatry: present and future psychiatric rehabilitation
Authors: Rotenberg Martin , Rudnick Abraham
Published: July 2017

Psychiatric Rehabilitation (PSR) focuses on person-centered and evidence-based sets of mental healthcare practices that facilitate the recovery of people with mental health challenges. PSR aims to enhance and maintain adaptive skills and supports for personally meaningful and valued social roles. Research in PSR continues to progress, with growing knowledge and evidence to support PSR practices and the provision of mental health services within a recovery-oriented framework. As one of the more person-centered sets of healthcare practices, a periodic review of recent and developing PSR literature is warranted for its own sake and for the consideration of how lessons from PSR may be transferable to other areas of healthcare. Recent developments and future directions in PSR addressed here relate to (1) enhanced conceptual understanding of recovery, (2) increased understanding of how individuals and families cope with mental illness, (3) PSR ethics, (4) increasing use of technology in PSR practices, (5) integration of evidence-based and promising practices, (6) psychiatric leisure rehabilitation and (7) PSR education and systems. These areas of focus are discussed in a selective review of the literature and a clinical case example which illustrates how PSR practices can facilitate recovery.
Received knowledge of elective surgical patients and their trust in hospital staff: a cross-sectional multicentre study
Authors: Conradsen Stein , Iversen Valentina Cabral
Published: July 2017

Rationale, aims and objectives: Trust is an essential component of the patient-physician relationship and is of relevance to all patients, including those undergoing elective surgery. Trust can be considered a collective good and there is also evidence of a positive relationship between mutual trust and numerous health benefits. Although information interventions for these patients have been studied and have several positive outcomes, little is known about the relationship between information provision and trust. The aim of this study is to investigate whether an association exists between knowledge received by elective surgical patients and their trust in hospital staff.Methods: We used the following instruments in this cross-sectional multicentre study: Hospital Patients’ ReceivedKnowledge(HPRK) and a questionnaire to measuretrustinanemergencydepartment. The main variables were 40 items about received knowledge and 3 items on trust in physicians. Results: There is a positive association between the patients’ self-reported knowledge that they received related to the hospital stay and their trust in the physicians (Pearson’s r between the knowledge index and the trust index, r = 0.416, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The study suggests that successful patient information is positively related to patients’ trust in hospital staff.
Na trilha do Monde Diplomatique: uma internacionalização da imprensa à francesa
Authors: Ogassawara Juliana Sayuri
Published: July 2017

Ancorado na história dos intelectuais, na história política e na história do tempo presente, este artigo aborda o processo de internacionalização do periódico francês Le Monde Diplomatique, destacando como seus jornalistas e intelectuais contribuíram para a consolidação da linha editorial da publicação. Fundado em 1954, em Paris, por Hubert Beuve-Méry, Le Monde Diplomatique teve suas ideias alastradas por diversos países – em fevereiro de 2013, o magazine tinha mais de 40 edições internacionais, entre versões impressas e estritamente eletrônicas, considerado um fenômeno único na imprensa internacional. Ao longo de sua trajetória, Le Monde Diplomatique teve sua linha editorial historicamente marcada por diretrizes politizadas, declaradamente antiimperialistas e antineoliberais.
La participación de las familias en Educación Infantil
Authors: Parra Joaquín , Gomariz María-Ángeles , Hernández-Prados María-Ángeles , García-Sanz Mari-Paz
Published: July 2017

Los beneficios que aporta la implicación familiar en el proceso educativo de los hijos y su repercusión en la calidad de la educación son hechos ampliamente demostrados. El objetivo de este estudio fue  conocer posibles agrupamientos de familias, cuyos hijos cursan la etapa de Educación Infantil, configurados a partir de una serie de variables de participación familiar y sociodemográficas. Para ello, se contó con 1.953 familias españolas, a las que se les aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc de 66 ítems, con alta fiabilidad. Tras realizar un análisis clúster, los resultados ofrecieron cuatro perfiles familiares: 1) perfil participativo no normativo, 2) perfil no participativo de nacionalidad no española, 3) perfil participativo normativo y 4) perfil no normativo de nacionalidad española. El perfil más difuso es el 2, no hallándose diferencias significativas del resto con este perfil. Asimismo, la magnitud de las diferencias entre algunos perfiles no queda totalmente definida.
High risk of loss to follow‐up among South African children on ART during transfer, a retrospective cohort analysis with community tracing
Authors: Teasdale Chloe A. , Sogaula Nonzwakazi , Yuengling Katharine A. , Peters Zachary J. , Mutiti Anthony , Pepeta Lungile , Abrams Elaine J.
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Decentralization of HIV care for children has been recommended to improve paediatric outcomes by making antiretroviral treatment (ART) more accessible. We documented outcomes of children transferred after initiating ART at a large tertiary hospital in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.

Methods: Electronic medical records for all children 0–15 years initiating ART at Dora Nginza Hospital (DNH) in Port Elizabeth, South Africa January 2004 to September 2015 were examined. Records for children transferred to primary and community clinics were searched at 16 health facilities to identify children with successful (at least one recorded visit) and unsuccessful transfer (no visits). We identified all children lost to follow‐up (LTF) after ART initiation: those LTF at DNH (no visit >6 months), children with unsuccessful transfer, and children LTF after successful transfer (no visit >6 months). Community tracing was conducted to locate caregivers of children LTF and electronic laboratory data were searched to measure reengagement in care, including silent transfers.

Results: 1,582 children initiated ART at median age of 4 years [interquartile range (IQR): 1–8] and median CD4+ of 278 cells/mm3 [IQR: 119–526]. A total of 901 (57.0%) children were transferred, 644 (71.5%) to study facilities; 433 (67.2%) children had successful transfer and 211 (32.8%) had unsuccessful transfer. In total, 399 children were LTF: 105 (26.3%) from DNH, 211 (52.9%) through unsuccessful transfer and 83 (20.8%) following successful transfer. Community tracing was conducted for 120 (30.1%) of 399 children LTF and 66 (55.0%) caregivers were located and interviewed. Four children had died. Among 62 children still alive, 8 (12.9%) were reported to not be in care or taking ART and 18 (29.0%) were also not taking ART. Overall, 65 (16.3%) of 399 children LTF had a laboratory result within 18 months of their last visit indicating silent transfer and 112 (28.1%) had lab results from 2015 to 2016 indicating current care.

Conclusion: We found that only two‐thirds of children on ART transferred to primary and community health clinics had successful transfer. These findings suggest that transfer is a particularly vulnerable step in the paediatric HIV care cascade.
Manejo de cordas-de-violas (Ipomea hederifolia, Ipomea nil e Merremia aegyptia) com herbicidas em cana crua na época seca
Authors: Toledo Roberto Estevão Bragion , Victória Filho Ricardo , Negrisoli Eduardo , Correa Marcelo Da Rocha
Published: July 2017

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida em uma área de cana-soca crua, localizada no em Bocaina, SP, com a cultivar RB85-5156, plantada no espaçamento de 1,4 m entrelinhas, em solo de textura arenosa, com o objetivo de estudar alternativas de manejo com herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência na época seca, adotando-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Para a aplicação dos herbicidas, foi utilizado um pulverizador costal, com pressurizador de CO2, a uma pressão constante de 200 kgf.-2, e reservatório com capacidade para 2 L de calda, conectado a uma barra equipada com 6 pontas de pulverização modelo DG110.02, espaçados 0,5 m entre si, a uma velocidade de deslocamento de 1 m s-1, proporcionando uma taxa de aplicação de 200 L ha-1. As avaliações de controle de plantas daninhas e fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar foram realizadas aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 DAA. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os herbicidas diuron + hexazione + sulfumeturon-methyl, amicarbazone, amicabazone + isoxaflutole, sufentrazone, imazapic; e tebuthiuron + isoxaflutole podem ser considerados como alternativas de controle eficazes para as diferentes espécies de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit e Merremia aegyptia) quando aplicados em cana-crua na época seca em solos areno-argilosos (textura média). Em relação à seletividade da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, não foram observados sintomas significativos de fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas quando aplicados em pré-emergência total até o 120 DAA.
Crescimento inicial do feijão-caupi após aplicação de herbicidas em pós-emergência
Authors: Bandeira Hugo Falkyner Silva , Alves José Maria Arcanjo , Rocha Paulo Roberto Ribeiro , Strucker Anderson , Trassato Luciana Baú , Vieira Andresa De Jesus
Published: July 2017

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a tolerância do feijão-caupi, cultivar BSR Aracê, a diferentes herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência, na fase inicial de crescimento das plantas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: haloxyfop (60 g ha-1), lactofen (180 g ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl (17,5 g ha-1), bentazon (576 g ha-1), bentazon + imazamox (600 + 28 g ha-1), imazethapyr (100 g ha-1), fomesafen (250 g ha-1), quizalofop-P-ethyl (62,5 g ha-1), lactofen + quizalofop-P-ethyl (180 + 62,5 g ha-1), fomesafen + quizalofop-P-ethyl (250 + 62,5 g ha-1), e uma testemunha. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de intoxicação, altura das plantas, massa seca foliar, da haste, raiz, massa seca total e área foliar. Os herbicidas haloxyfop e quizalofop-P-ethyl causaram os menores danos ao desenvolvimento das plantas de feijão-caupi. O chlorimuron-ethyl provocou danos severos à cultura, interrompendo seu crescimento. As misturas lactofen + quizalofop-P-ethyl e fomesafen + quizalofop-P-ethyl provocaram os danos elevados à cultura, sendo que a mistura lactofen + quizalofop-P-ethyl, promoveu a morte das plantas do feijão-caupi. Concluiu-se que o feijão-caupi cv. BRS Aracê têm tolerância aos herbicidas haloxyfop e quizalofop-P-ethyl, e tolerância moderada ao formulado bentazon + imazamox e ao herbicida imazethapyr. As misturas lactofen + quizalofop-P-ethyl e fomesafen + quizalofop-P-ethyl potencializam o efeito dos herbicidas sobre a cultura do feijão-caupi. A mistura lactofen + quizalofop-P-ethyl e o herbicida chlorimuron-ethyl provocam danos irreversíveis à cultura do feijão-caupi.
Deposição da calda e eficácia de controle de glyphosate e saflufenacil associados a adjuvantes
Authors: Castro Edicarlos Batista , Carbonari Caio Antonio , Velini Edivaldo Domingues , Ben Ronei , Belapart Diego , Gomes Giovanna Larissa Gimenes Cotrick , Macedo Gabrielle De Castro
Published: July 2017

O extensivo uso de glyphosate tem selecionado plantas daninhas de difícil controle e uma das alternativas para contornar este problema é a associação de diferentes herbicidas e adjuvantes ao glyphosate. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos na deposição e eficácia dos herbicidas saflufenacil e glyphosate isolados ou em mistura com adição de adjuvantes aplicados em pós-emergência de plantas de trapoeraba e corda-de-viola. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação. Adotou-se esquema fatorial 3x5 no primeiro experimento para cada espécie, em que o fator A correspondeu à combinação entre os herbicidas glyphosate, saflufenacil e glyphosate + saflufenacil e o fator B a adição dos adjuvantes Natur’al óleo®, Assist®, Aterbane® e Silwet L–77®. No segundo experimento o adjuvante Dash® foi adicionado, desta forma, adotou-se um esquema fatorial 3x6. Os herbicidas apresentaram deposição semelhante mesmo com a adição dos adjuvantes. A deposição das caldas não influenciou o controle das plantas de trapoeraba e corda-de-viola. O uso isolado do glyphosate, mesmo em mistura com os adjuvantes, não resultou em controle satisfatório das plantas de trapoeraba. No entanto, a pulverização do saflufenacil isolado ou em mistura com glyphosate proporcionou um melhor controle de ambas as plantas daninhas estudadas.
Síntese de etileno e respostas fotossintéticas em plantas de feijão e milho expostos a auxinas
Authors: Medina Eduardo Ferreira , Silva Bruno Eustáquio Cirilo , Obolari Amana Magalhães Matos , Cardoso Flávio Barcellos , Ribeiro Dimas Mendes
Published: July 2017

As auxinas AIA (ácido indol-3-acético), 2,4-D (ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético) e 2,4,5-T (ácido 2,4,5-triclorofenoxiacético) foram aplicadas em plantas de milho (Zea mays, monocotiledônea) e feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris, dicotiledônea), visando compreender os mecanismos que levam a respostas diferenciais das plantas de milho e feijão em relação ao metabolismo do etileno. Plantas de milho tratadas com as auxinas não produziram etileno, já o feijão produziu bastante após o tratamento. Após pulverização com as auxinas, o milho não exibiu produção do ácido 1-carboxílico-1-amino-ciclopropano (ACC), fato observado no feijoeiro O rendimento quântico máximo do fotossistema II (razão Fv/Fm) e os níveis dos pigmentos fotossintéticos não foram alterados em plantas de milho tratadas com as auxinas. As plantas de feijão mostraram quedas significativas em ambas variáveis após o tratamento com 2,4-D e 2,4,5-T, mas não com o AIA. A redução nos níveis das clorofilas em plantas de feijão tratadas com 2,4-D e 2,4,5-T relacionou-se com a clorose observada, uma vez que ocorreu uma degradação mais acentuada das clorofilas do que dos carotenoides. As xantofilas também tiveram uma degradação mais acentuada do que o alfa e beta caroteno em plantas de feijão tratadas com 2,4-D e 2,4,5-T. Quando aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) e Co2+ foram fornecidos às plantas de feijão, conjuntamente com as auxinas, não ocorreu queda na razão Fv/Fm e nem no nível dos pigmentos, com exceção do alfa caroteno.
Associação de herbicidas aplicados para o controle de plantas daninhas em soja resistente ao glyphosate
Authors: Nonemacher Felipe , Galon Leandro , Santin Carlos Orestes , Forte Cesar Tiago , Fiabane Renan Carlos , Winter Fábio Luís , Agazzi Luciane Renata , Basso Felipe José Menin , Perin Rosilene Rodrigues Kaizer
Published: July 2017

Para contornar os casos de plantas daninhas resistentes ao glyphosate torna-se necessário o uso de herbicidas com outros mecanizamos de ação. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a eficácia e a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados isolados ou em mistura de tanque para o manejo de plantas daninhas infestante da soja resistente ao glyphosate. Os tratamentos foram aplicados de forma sequencial, em pré-emergência: clomazone (900 g ha-1 i.a.); flumioxazin (50 g ha-1 i.a.); diclosulam (35,02 g ha-1 i.a.); s-metolachlor (1152 g ha-1 i.a.); sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl (18,75 + 18,75 g ha-1 i.a.); pendimethalin (1250 g ha-1 i.a.); sulfentrazone (250 g ha-1 i.a.); sulfentrazone + chlorimuron-ethyl (250 + 20 g ha-1 i.a.); imazethapyr + sulfentrazone (100 + 250 g ha-1 i.a.) e imazaquin (150 g ha-1 i.a.) e em pós-emergência sobre esses mesmos tratamentos usou-se o glyphosate (1080 g ha-1 e.a.). Em pós-emergência aplicou-se de modo isolado o glyphosate (1080 g ha-1 e.a.) e misturados ao tanque do pulverizador com glyphosate (1080 g ha-1 e.a.), imazethapyr (100 g ha-1 i.a.), clethodim (96 g ha-1 i.a.) e chlorimuron-ethyl (20 g ha-1 i.a.), mais as testemunhas infestada e capinada. A área experimental estava infestada com uma porcentagem de 75% de plantas de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) e 25% com plantas de milhã (Digitaria ciliaris), nas densidades médias de 133 e 45 plantas m-2, respectivamente. Aos 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT) a aplicação de glyphosate + [sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl] ocasionou fitotoxicidade à soja de 67 e 62% respectivamente. Para o controle de milhã e papuã essa mesma mistura apresentou índice de 88% aos 21 DAT, sendo que o controle para os demais tratamentos ultrapassou os 91% em todas as épocas avaliadas. Todos os tratamentos avaliados ocasionaram controle das duas plantas daninhas maior que 91%, exceto o glyphosate + [sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl]. As associações dos herbicidas ao glyphosate ocasionaram controle das plantas daninhas e foram seletivas a soja, com exceção do sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl, que apresentou menor controle e elevada fitotoxicidade. Alguns herbicidas prejudicaram os componentes de rendimento da soja, porém somente a mistura de sulfometuron + chlorimuron-ethyl apresentou diminuição da produtividade de grãos.
miRPursuit—a pipeline for automated analyses of small RNAs in model and nonmodel plants
Authors: Chaves Inês , Costa Bruno Vasques , Rodrigues Andreia S. , Bohn Andreas , Miguel Célia M.
Published: July 2017

miRPursuit is a pipeline developed for running end‐to‐end analyses of high‐throughput small RNA (sRNA) sequence data in model and nonmodel plants, from raw data to identified and annotated conserved and novel sequences. It consists of a series of UNIX shell scripts, which connect open‐source sRNA analysis software. The involved parameters can be combined with convenient workflow management by users without advanced computational skills. miRPursuit presents several advantages when compared to other tools, including the possibility of processing several sRNA libraries in parallel, thus easily allowing a comparison of the differences in sRNA read accumulation among sRNA libraries. We validate miRPursuit by using datasets from a model plant and discuss its performance with the analysis of sRNAs from non‐model species.
Ion escape rates from Mars: Results from hybrid simulations compared to MAVEN observations
Authors: Ledvina Stephen A. , Brecht Stephen H. , Brain David A. , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: July 2017

Daily averaged heavy ion escape rates from HALFSHEL hybrid simulations of the solar wind interaction with the Martian ionosphere are compared to the ion escape rates reported by Brain et al. (2015). The simulation rates are found to be in agreement with the rates measured by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN). When the simulation rates are adjusted for known variability in the Martian system, the ion escape rates are within 40% of the MAVEN results. The ion escape rate is found to vary linearly with the solar wind speed. Using the simulation results to scale the MAVEN ion escape rate to include ions of all kinetic energies, we predict a total heavy ion escape rate of 1.2 × 1025 ions/s. The assumptions used to derive the total ion escape by Brain et al. (2015) are tested against the simulation results and are found to be excellent.
On the relative importance of thermal and chemical buoyancy in regular and impact‐induced melting in a Mars‐like planet
Authors: Ruedas Thomas , Breuer Doris
Published: July 2017

We ran several series of two‐dimensional numerical mantle convection simulations representing in idealized form the thermochemical evolution of a Mars‐like planet. In order to study the importance of compositional buoyancy of melting mantle, the models were set up in pairs of one including all thermal and compositional contributions to buoyancy and one accounting only for the thermal contributions. In several of the model pairs, single large impacts were introduced as causes of additional strong local anomalies, and their evolution in the framework of the convecting mantle was tracked. The models confirm that the additional buoyancy provided by the depletion of the mantle by regular melting can establish a global stable stratification of the convecting mantle and throttle crust production. Furthermore, the compositional buoyancy is essential in the stabilization and preservation of local compositional anomalies directly beneath the lithosphere and offers a possible explanation for the existence of distinct, long‐lived reservoirs in the Martian mantle. The detection of such anomalies by geophysical means is probably difficult, however; they are expected to be detected by gravimetry rather than by seismic or heat flow measurements. The results further suggest that the crustal thickness can be locally overestimated by up to ∼20 km if impact‐induced density anomalies in the mantle are neglected.
A multiscalar Palmer drought severity index
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhu Ye , Ren Liliang , Singh Vijay P. , Yang Xiaoli , Yuan Fei
Published: July 2017

The limitation of the fixed time scale in the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) family has long been criticized in drought literatures. By modifying the algorithm of duration factors estimation of the self‐calibrating PDSI (SC‐PDSI), this paper proposed a new approach that could extend the time scale in a wide range. The properties of these newly derived SC‐PDSI variants (denoted as SC‐PDSIx) at short, medium, and long time scales, respectively, were evaluated through comparisons with the multiscalar standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) over 134 meteorological sites in China. Results show that new SC‐PDSIx generally inherits the advantages of original SC‐PDSI with a rather stable behavior in aspects of drought frequency and other statistical characteristics. Besides, the spatiotemporal pattern of the 2011 drought reflected by matched SC‐PDSIx and SPEI is very similar, indicating that the multiscalar SC‐PDSI could be a useful alternative to monitor droughts at different time scales.
Projected drought risk in 1.5°C and 2°C warmer climates
Authors: Lehner Flavio , Coats Sloan , Stocker Thomas F. , Pendergrass Angeline G. , Sanderson Benjamin M. , Raible Christoph C. , Smerdon Jason E.
Published: July 2017

The large socioeconomic costs of droughts make them a crucial target for impact assessments of climate change scenarios. Using multiple drought metrics and a set of simulations with the Community Earth System Model targeting 1.5°C and 2°C above preindustrial global mean temperatures, we investigate changes in aridity and the risk of consecutive drought years. If warming is limited to 2°C, these simulations suggest little change in drought risk for the U.S. Southwest and Central Plains compared to present day. In the Mediterranean and central Europe, however, drought risk increases significantly for both 1.5°C and 2°C warming targets, and the additional 0.5°C of the 2°C climate leads to significantly higher drought risk. Our study suggests that limiting anthropogenic warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C, as aspired to by the Paris Climate Agreement, may have benefits for future drought risk but that such benefits may be regional and in some cases highly uncertain.
Entrainment rate diurnal cycle in marine stratiform clouds estimated from geostationary satellite retrievals and a meteorological forecast model
Authors: Painemal David , Xu Kuan‐Man , Palikonda Rabindra , Minnis Patrick
Published: July 2017

The mean diurnal cycle of cloud entrainment rate (we) over the northeast Pacific region is for the first time computed by combining, in a mixed‐layer model framework, the hourly composited GOES‐15 satellite‐based cloud top height (HT) tendency, advection, and large‐scale vertical velocity (w) during May to September 2013, with horizontal winds and w taken from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. The tendency term dominates the magnitude and phase of the we diurnal cycle, with a secondary role of w, and a modest advective contribution. The peak and minimum in we occur between 20:00–22:00 LT and 9:00–11:00 LT, respectively, in close agreement with the diurnal cycle of turbulence driven by cloud top longwave cooling. Uncertainties in HT and ECMWF fields are assessed with in situ observations and three meteorological reanalysis data sets. This study provides the basis for constructing nearly global climatologies of we by combining a suite of well‐calibrated geostationary satellites.
Ionospheric anomalies immediately before Mw7.0–8.0 earthquakes
Authors: He Liming , Heki Kosuke
Published: July 2017

Recent observations suggested that ionospheric anomalies appear immediately before large earthquakes with moment magnitudes (Mw) of 8.2 or more. Do similar phenomena precede smaller earthquakes? Here we answer this question by analyzing vertical total electron contents (VTEC) observed near the epicenters before and after 32 earthquakes with Mw7.0–8.0 using data from nearby Global Navigation Satellite Systems stations. To detect anomalies, we defined the reference curves to fit the observed VTEC and considered the departure from the curves as anomalies. In estimating the reference curves, we excluded time windows, prescribed for individual earthquakes considering Mw, possibly affected by earthquakes. We validated the method using synthetic VTEC data assuming both preseismic, coseismic, and postseismic anomalies. Out of the 32 Mw7.0–8.0 earthquakes, eight earthquakes showed possible preseismic anomalies starting 10–20 min before earthquakes. For earthquakes of this Mw range, we can observe preseismic ionospheric changes probably when the background VTEC is large, say 50 TECU (total electron content unit, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) or more.
Grain‐ to multiple‐grain‐scale deformation processes during diffusion creep of forsterite + diopside aggregate: 1. Direct observations
Authors: Maruyama G. , Hiraga T.
Published: July 2017

We uniaxially deformed fine‐grained (~ 1 μm) forsterite + diopside (5 and 20 vol %) aggregates in the diffusion creep regime. Prior to deformation, line markers were milled on a lateral surface of a cylindrical sample to detect single‐ to multiple‐grain‐scale deformation. We performed deformation experiments and observations of the marker‐etched surface after sample cooling multiple times on the same specimens. The strain measured at the scale of several tens of grains from macroscopic shortening of the markers parallel to the compression axis is consistent with the total strain of the sample. However, microscopically, the markers are intensely segmented and rotated at the grain scale increasing with the sample strain. Meanwhile, essentially, no deformation is observed within the grains in most of the samples. The surface microstructures, including the deformation of the markers, reveal the serial operations of grain boundary migration, grain boundary sliding, rigid body grain rotation, and grain neighbor switching, which correspond well to processes expected in diffusion‐controlled superplasticity. This sequence is commonly observed in both samples consisting of forsterite grains of tabular and equiaxed grain shapes, which have been shown to develop notable crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and random (or weak) CPO, respectively, during diffusion creep. Intragranular regions of relatively larger forsterite grains in the specimens deformed at stresses near the transition between deformation mechanisms from diffusion creep to dislocation creep reveal marker deformation and formation of surface creases and subgrain boundaries, which indicate intragranular dislocation processes. Overall, the surface microstructures reflect the deformation state of the materials well.
Grain‐ to multiple‐grain‐scale deformation processes during diffusion creep of forsterite + diopside aggregate: 2. Grain boundary sliding‐induced grain rotation and its role in crystallographic preferred orientation in rocks
Authors: Maruyama G. , Hiraga T.
Published: July 2017

Polycrystalline samples composed of either tabular or equiaxed forsterite grains +diopside (5 and 20 vol %) were deformed with a grid etched onto the lateral surface. In Part 1 of this study, we identified grain boundary sliding (GBS) and rigid body‐like grain rotation during deformation by diffusion creep where samples with tabular forsterite grains were shown to develop low‐index plane grain boundaries that result in crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Here we examine how grain rotation depends on the sample strain, grain size, phases, grain shapes, and orientations relative to the compression axis and long axes of tabular forsterite grains. Based on these results, we model grain rotation due to GBS that occurs preferentially along low‐index plane boundaries. The model reproduces all of the characteristics of grain rotation and together with the observed grain rotation rates in tabular and equiaxed grain samples, we estimate that low‐index plane boundaries have a lower viscosity by a factor of ~3 relative to general grain boundaries, which results in the development of CPO during diffusion creep. The observed constant rotation rate of ~0.4 (radian/strain) in equiaxed‐grain samples and in tabular‐grain samples deformed to a strain of >0.5 is considered to be a minimum and further, a material‐independent rotation rate during diffusion creep, indicating grain rotation as a primary microprocess during diffusion creep. We discuss the possible consequences of GBS‐induced grain rotation and CPO development in rock microstructure and the seismic properties of the Earth's mantle.
Elasticity of superhydrous phase B at the mantle temperatures and pressures: Implications for 800 km discontinuity and water flow into the lower mantle
Authors: Yang Dapeng , Wang Wenzhong , Wu Zhongqing
Published: July 2017

The thermodynamic properties and elasticity of superhydrous phase B (ShyB) at high pressure and temperature are calculated using first‐principles calculations based on density functional theory. The velocities and densities of ShyB are significantly lower than those of bridgmanite and periclase, the major minerals in the lower mantle. The anisotropy of ShyB is unremarkable at relevant mantle conditions. The decomposition of ShyB into bridgmanite, periclase, and water, which can occur at a depth around 800 km at a cold slab, will cause an increase of 7.5%, 15.0%, and 12% on shear velocity, compressional velocity, and density, respectively. Thus, the decomposition of a small amount of ShyB can produce a local discontinuity at the depth of ~800 km. The water released from the decomposition of ShyB may rise upward and promote the partial melt, which can further explain the low‐velocity zones just above 800 km discontinuity in Western‐Pacific Subduction Zones.
Comment on “Remagnetization of the Paleogene Tibetan Himalayan carbonate rocks in the Gamba area: Implications for reconstructing the lower plate in the India‐Asia collision” by Huang et al.
Authors: Yi Zhiyu , Appel Erwin , Huang Baochun
Published: July 2017

The recent publication of “Remagnetization of the Paleogene Tibetan Himalayan carbonate rocks in the Gamba area: Implications for reconstructing the lower plate in the India‐Asia collision” by Huang et al. [J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 122, doi:10.1002/2016JB013662] argued for a complete chemical remagnetization on the characteristic remanence of carbonate rocks from the Zongpu Formation (Fm) at Gamba, southern Tibet, and discussed its implications for the reconstruction of India‐Asia collision. To support their conclusion, the authors performed nonparametric fold tests on the paleomagnetic data obtained from the Zongpuxi section, we previously published in Yi et al. [Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2011, 309 (1–2):153–165] and argued for a synfolding or postfolding origin. In this comment, we demonstrate that their reinterpretation of the fold tests is invalid, and a prefolding origin of the ChRMs from the Zongpu Fm is still supported by the data. We agree that the new rock magnetic and SEM results are robust evidence for a secondary origin of the magnetite fraction in the Zongpu Fm; however, the associated secondary remanence was most likely acquired shortly after deposition of the carbonates, or even in an early diagenetic stage. We conclude that the paleomagnetic results from Gamba area can still be used for reconstructing the precollisional extent of Greater India.
Convict Criminology
Authors: Tietjen Grant
Published: July 2017

Convict criminology (CC) is a growing criminological discipline that focuses on an insider and convict perspective of criminal justice and criminology. Members are comprised of ex‐convicts and prisoners in possession of a doctorate, or in the process of attaining one, and enlightened non‐convict scholars and advocates invested in the CC mission. CC's mission is multifaceted, serving to bring an academic voice to both the imprisoned and the formerly incarcerated through production of expert‐driven peer‐reviewed research, providing educational mentorship to convicts and ex‐convicts, and advocating for criminal justice reform.
B
ang
K
wang Central Prison
Authors: Boriboonthana Yossawan , Netrabukkana Pimporn
Published: July 2017

Bang Kwang Central Prison is one of the most significant maximum security prisons in Thailand. Apart from the historical fact that it was the facility established by King Rama VII in 1931 for detaining dangerous, long‐term and death row inmates, Bang Kwang Central Prison is currently the only establishment in Thailand responsible for the execution of the death penalty by lethal injection.
Aging Inmates
Authors: Rikard R. V. , Williams Monica E.
Published: July 2017

The number of aging inmates in correctional systems continues to increase. The average prisoner has a reduced health status similar to the health condition of non‐incarcerated individuals who are 10–15 years older. The accelerated aging process is often common among people from poor backgrounds who comprise the majority of the prison population. There is a significant economic cost to providing health care for the increasing number of aging inmates. Compatible correctional policy options address the increasing costs to house and provide health care for the growing aging inmate population.
Deinstitutionalization
Authors: Hartsfield Jennifer M.
Published: July 2017

Deinstitutionalization is the label given to the reduction or elimination of long‐term‐stay psychiatric hospitals, or asylums, during the middle to late 1900s in favor of a community‐based model of care for treating mental illness. Deinstitutionalization is not one event, rather it is a phenomenon that occurred in concert with numerous legal, social, and medical changes of the time. Critics argue that deinstitutionalization occurred without a comprehensive community‐care model in place, which led to the criminalization of persons with mental illness. The largest providers of inpatient mental health services are now seen to be jails and prisons.
F
ederal
P
risons
Authors: Camp Scott D. , Daggett Dawn M.
Published: July 2017

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is the largest correctional system in the United States, with more than 200,000 inmates. The BOP transformed from a relatively small federal agency to one of the largest components of the Department of Justice in the period between 1990 and 2010. This entry describes the growth of the BOP and possible future directions. The rapid population expansion caused by the War on Drugs and determinate sentencing peaked in 2013, and the BOP entered the uncharted waters of population contraction in 2014.
Circles of Support for Sex Offenders
Authors: Brown Alan Dudley
Published: July 2017

Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA) is a community‐based restorative approach that focuses on the difficulties associated with sex offenders deemed at high risk for reoffending upon release from prison. At the end of their custodial sentences, many charged with sexual offences find themselves isolated and faced with limited resources to draw upon as they attempt to reintegrate into their communities. The goal of CoSA is to assist individuals who have been charged with sexual offenses in their efforts to lead responsible and productive lives. The mission of the organization is captured by its dual guiding principles: “No more victims” and “No one is disposable.” Through regular contact at circle meetings and other forms of pro‐social interaction, offenders released into the community are able to develop a series of tools to assist them in combating the secrecy and isolation that has been routinely shown to increase recidivism and to decrease community safety.
C
lear,
T
odd
Authors: Frost Natasha A.
Published: July 2017

Professor Todd R. Clear (1994–) is a scholar known for his expertise in the areas of community corrections, community justice, mass incarceration, and justice reinvestment. Professor Clear has spent his entire career working tirelessly to improve the correctional system in the United States and the lives of those impacted.
Boot Camps
Authors: Sherwin Llynea
Published: July 2017

Boot camps refer to short‐term or “shock” incarceration programs designed to teach offenders discipline and to provide them with skills necessary to transition back into society. These programs began in the United States during the late 1980s with good intentions and political support, but after failing to produce impressive results, the programs were met with waves of criticism. This entry outlines the history, successes, and failures of this method of incarceration.
Death Row
Authors: Cooper Danielle T.
Published: July 2017

There is a long‐standing tradition of using the death penalty in the United States, and where there is the death penalty there is death row. The capital felonies that lead to the death penalty vary by state and federal jurisdictions. There are more than 3,000 inmates serving time on death row in state and federal jurisdictions. The highest number of inmates on state death row can be found in California, Florida, Texas, and Pennsylvania. The highest number of inmates on federal death row can be found in Texas and Virginia.
Glides
Authors: Levi Susannah V.
Published: July 2017

The division of sounds into two major classes – consonants and vowels – is challenged by a set of sounds that exhibits characteristics of both categories. Variably referred to as “glides,” “semi‐vowels,” or “semi‐consonants,” theseintermediatesegments require an examination of those properties that differentiate vowels and consonants1. Glides have appeared problematic for phonological theories because of their (apparent) variable behavior. Glides can pattern with vowels – even alternating with them in some languages – and can also pattern with consonants. This variable behavior has fueled a debate over the existence of glides as distinct phonemes that contrast with vowels. This chapter will present a typology of vowel‐glide systems in which glides can exist both as distinct phonemes and as allophonic variants of vowels (hereafter “phonemic glides” and “derived glides,” respectively). Glides derived from vowels behave phonologically like vowels, while phonemic glides pattern with consonants to the exclusion of vowels (Levi 2004), eliminating thevariabilityin behavior. Herman (1994) and Hume (1995) argue for a distinction between “consonantal” and “vocalic” glides based on these differ behaviors. In this chapter, the distinction between glides will be grounded in their phonological status as allophones of vowels or as distinct phonemes. The major questions surrounding glides relate to their phonological status.
First‐Line, Non‐Criterial Antiphospholipid Antibody Testing for the Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Clinical Practice: A Combination of Anti–β2‐Glycoprotein I Domain I and Anti–Phosphatidylserine/Prothrombin Complex Antibodies Tests
Authors: Nakamura Hiroyuki , Oku Kenji , Amengual Olga , Ohmura Kazumasa , Fujieda Yuichiro , Kato Masaru , Bohgaki Toshiyuki , Yasuda Shinsuke , Atsumi Tatsuya
Published: July 2017

Objective

To assess the value of a combination of anti–β2‐glycoprotein I (anti‐β2GPI) domain I antibody and anti–phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex (anti‐PS/PT) antibody tests for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved a cohort of the patients who visited our clinic from April 2005 to March 2013. Tests for anti‐β2GPI domain I antibodies, IgG anti‐PS/PT antibodies, and IgM anti‐PS/PT antibodies, together with tests for criteria‐defined antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), were performed in all patients. The total antiphospholipid score (aPL‐S) was calculated for each patient according to titers of and positivity for aPL.

Results

The study enrolled 157 patients (51 patients with APS and 106 with non‐APS autoimmune diseases). All 21 patients positive for both anti‐β2GPI domain I antibodies and IgG and/or IgM (IgG/IgM) anti‐PS/PT antibodies had APS with a high total aPL‐S (median 46, range 26–76), as did all of the 10 patients who were positive for anti‐β2GPI domain I antibodies but negative for IgG/IgM anti‐PS/PT antibodies (median 22, range 4–39). Of the 14 patients who were positive for IgG/IgM anti‐PS/PT antibodies but negative for anti‐β2GPI domain I antibodies, 11 (79%) had APS; these individuals also had high total aPL‐S values (median 23, range 11–60). In contrast, only 9 of the 112 patients (8%) with none of these antibodies had APS.

Conclusion

The combination of the IgG anti–β2GPI domain I antibody and IgG/IgM anti‐PS/PT antibody tests shows a high positive predictive value for the diagnosis of APS and a strong correlation with the aPL‐S. This combination as the first‐line test for aPL may contribute to the simple and definite identification of APS with a high risk of thrombosis in clinical practice.
Analysis of sticking regions in adaptive systems
Authors: Nouwens Oscar , Annaswamy Anuradha M. , Lavretsky Eugene
Published: July 2017

We examine convergence properties of errors in a class of adaptive systems that correspond to adaptive control of linear time‐invariant plants with state variables accessible. We demonstrate the existence of a sticking region in the error space where the state errors move with a finite velocity independent of their magnitude. We show that these properties are exhibited by adaptive systems with closed‐loop reference models, which have been demonstrated to exhibit improved transient performance. A simulation study is included to illustrate the size of this sticking region and its dependence on various system parameters. With the existence of sticking regions shown for inner‐loop adaptive controllers, its impact on outer‐loop control is demonstrated for systems that implement inner‐loop adaptation. A flight control example is presented to illustrate this impact of sticking in a practical application.
Hydroxyl‐Rich Polycation Brushed Multifunctional Rare‐Earth‐Gold Core–Shell Nanorods for Versatile Therapy Platforms
Authors: Song Lizhi , Zhao Nana , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: July 2017

It is of great significance to develop a multifunctional imaging‐guided therapeutic platform with ideal resolution and sensitivity. Notably, rare‐earth (RE) nanoparticles are attractive candidates for multimodal imaging due to their unique optical and magnetic properties. In this work, a rational design of hierarchical nanohybrids employing RE‐Au hetero‐nanostructures is proposed. 1D RE nanorods are adopted as the core to facilitate cellular internalization with the coating of gold nanoshells for photothermal performances. Hydroxyl‐rich polycations with low cytotoxicity are grafted onto the surface of RE‐Au to produce RE‐Au‐PGEA (ethanolamine‐functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate)) nanohybrids with impressive gene transfection capability. Given the virtues of all the components, the feasibility of RE‐Au‐PGEA for multifunctional photoacoustic, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, upconversion luminescence imaging, and complementary photothermal therapy/gene therapy therapy is investigated in detail in vitro and in vivo. The visualization of the therapeutic processes with comprehensive information renders RE‐Au‐PGEA nanohybrid an intriguing platform to realize enhanced antitumor efficiency.
Few Atomic Layered Lithium Cathode Materials to Achieve Ultrahigh Rate Capability in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tai Zhixin , Subramaniyam Chandrasekar M. , Chou Shu‐Lei , Chen Lingna , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue
Published: July 2017

The most promising cathode materials, including LiCoO2 (layered), LiMn2O4 (spinel), and LiFePO4 (olivine), have been the focus of intense research to develop rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for portable electronic devices. Sluggish lithium diffusion, however, and unsatisfactory long‐term cycling performance still limit the development of present LIBs for several applications, such as plug‐in/hybrid electric vehicles. Motivated by the success of graphene and novel 2D materials with unique physical and chemical properties, herein, a simple shear‐assisted mechanical exfoliation method to synthesize few‐layered nanosheets of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, and LiFePO4 is used. Importantly, these as‐prepared nanosheets with preferred orientations and optimized stable structures exhibit excellent C‐rate capability and long‐term cycling performance with much reduced volume expansion during cycling. In particular, the zero‐strain insertion phenomenon could be achieved in 2–3 such layers of LiCoO2 electrode materials, which could open up a new way to the further development of next‐generation long‐life and high‐rate batteries.
Demographics and co‐occurring conditions in a clinic‐based cohort with Down syndrome in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Corder Jennifer Price , Al Ahbabi Fatima Jaber Sehmi , Al Dhaheri Hind Saif , Chedid Fares
Published: July 2017

The majority of studies describing demographics and co‐occurring conditions in cohorts with Down syndrome come from regions outside of the Middle East, mainly from Europe and North America. This paper describes demographics and co‐occurring conditions in a hospital‐based cohort of individuals with Down syndrome living in the Middle Eastern country of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The first dedicated Down syndrome clinic in the UAE was established in 2012 at Tawam Hospital in Al Ain. This paper describes a clinic‐based cohort of 221 participants over 4 years from the Gulf Down Syndrome Registry, a new Down syndrome database and contact registry created at Tawam Hospital. Key demographic findings include mean maternal age of 37 years, among the highest described in the literature. Sixty‐two percent of mothers are >35 years. Over 90% of mothers received post‐natal diagnosis of Down syndrome. High sex ratio, parental consanguinity, and large family size also characterize the group. The spectrum of many co‐occurring conditions mirrors that of previously described populations, with some notable differences. Cardiovascular malformations are well represented, however, atrioventricular canal is not the most common. Genitourinary conditions are common, as evidenced by 12% of males with hypospadias and 15% with undescended testes. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, alpha thalassemia trait, hypovitaminosis D, and dental caries are common in our cohort. This study describes a large hospital‐based group with Down syndrome presenting to a new dedicated Down syndrome clinic in the UAE, highlighting unique demographic and co‐occurring conditions found in that population.
Hamiltonian Ratchets with Ultra‐Cold Atoms
Authors: Ni Jiating , Dadras Siamak , Lam Wa Kun , Shrestha Rajendra K. , Sadgrove Mark , Wimberger Sandro , Summy Gil S.
Published: July 2017

Quantum‐resonance ratchets have been realized over the last ten years for the production of directed currents of atoms. These non‐dissipative systems are based on the interaction of a Bose‐Einstein condensate with an optical standing wave potential to produce a current of atoms in momentum space. In this paper we provide a review of the important features of these ratchets with a particular emphasis on their optimization using more complex initial states. We also examine their stability close to resonance conditions of the kicking. Finally we discuss the way in which these ratchets may pave the way for applications in quantum (random) walks and matter‐wave interferometry.