bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aemilia Lanyer and the Invention of White Womanhood
Authors: Bowen Barbara
Published: November 2023

“Woman,” IN THE late-capitalist United States at least, is a racial term. Some of the most powerful work of modern feminism has been devoted to revealing the correlation between race and womanhood that white supremacy must suppress; “all the women are white,” the title of a black feminist collection observed in 1982 (Hull et al.). Eve Sedgwick identifies as one of the two great “heuristic leaps” of feminism the recognition that all forms of oppression, though they are structured differently, “must intersect in complex embodiments” (Sedgwick, 1990, p. 33). Where patriarchy coexists and collaborates with white supremacy, “woman” silently encodes at least race, and possibly also class, age, sexuality, ethnicity, physical ability, even weight. Not all women are women. Even as feminists undertake a necessary deconstruction and historicizing of the category “women,’’1 the positioning of some women to reify the womanhood of others persists, with material consequences that become increasingly clear as we enter a global economy. While women of color and other feminists have made it possible to see the ways in which womanhood is epistemologically complicit with racism, it is perhaps surprising to find that the racialization of “women” was forecast as early as 16II, in one of the first published volumes of original verse by an English woman.
Unions, Liberals, and the State: Stalemate
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

The song captured well the genuine pride and patnohsm of many wartime blue-collar workers in the United States. Just as the war helped to acculturate many first- and second-generation immigrants, it brought millions of Americans into a much-expanded work force, gave them meaningful jobs to do, and engaged them in a common effort against the enemy. The war virtually ended unemployment and led to considerable improvements in the average real wages of workers. Many of these workers gladly proclaimed their pride in 𡀜being an American.”
The Gospel According To John
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

This commentary expands Johannine studies in two directions. First, drawing on the methods of literary criticism, it gives new force to a view which is both ancient and modern—that John’s gospel, far from being a poorly-edited mixture of sometimes-conflicting traditions, is in fact a coherent unity, an account of Jesus which, however diverse its sources, is a finely-chiselled work of art. Second, it indicates that the unity of John’s gospel is founded ultimately not on history or theology but on spirituality. This too corresponds to a view which is both very old—John was always known as the spiritual gospel—and very recent. The present study spells out that idea in new detail. It indicates that the account of Jesus is so written that the tensions and complexities of the text reflect the tensions and complexities of human life, providing the reader not only with an account of Jesus but also with an anthropology—a map of the development of the human spirit.
Envy
Authors: Schimmel Solomon
Published: November 2023

Political scientists maintain that a major cause of international conflict is the envy and resenbnent felt by poorer nations towards wealthier ones. This was one reason why Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. Saddam Hussein tried to capitalize on this envy and hatred and transform it into violent street protests by impoverished Arab masses against the oil-rich Gulf states and prosperous America.
Sloth
Authors: Schimmel Solomon
Published: November 2023

Arecurring anguish patients express to psychotherapists is that they feel no meaning or purpose in life. The loss of meaning can manifest itself in diverse ways. Some experience a general lethargy or lack of interest in formulating and pursuing long-term goals, or in severe cases, even short-term ones. The afflicted individual may neglect his responsibilities, whether to himself, his family, his community or, in the case of religious persons, to God. Feelings frequently associated with this syndrome are guilt and a sense of worthlessness, hopelessness, and sadness. When these feelings reach unbearable levels of intensity the individual may commit suicide.

Some therapists go so far as to consider the loss of a sense of meaning, often associated with a weakening of religious commitments, to be the main cause of much of modern man’s unhappiness. Carl Jung tells us:
The Cult Of Pure Crystal Mountain
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

The Tibetan district of Tsari with its sacred snow-covered peak of Pure Crystal Mountain has long been a place of symbolic and ritual significance for Tibetan peoples. In this book, Toni Huber provides the first thorough study of a major Tibetan Buddhist pilgrimage center and cult mountain, and explores the esoteric and popular traditions of ritual there. The main focus is on the period of the 1940s and ‘50s, just prior to the 1959 Lhasa uprising and subsequent Tibetan diaspora into South Asia. Huber ’s work thus documents Tibetan life patterns and cultural traditions which have largely disappeared with the advent of Chinese colonial modernity in Tibet. In addition to the work ’s documentary content, Huber offers discussion and analysis of the construction and meaning of Tibetan cultural categories of space, place, and person, and the practice of ritual and organization of traditional society in relation to them.
Religions, Quasi Religions, And Secular Ideologies
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters I analyzed how two theorists of religion, Smart and Byrne, line up the Big Five members of the family of religions and then try to deal with the unhappy result of marginal cases. I tried to show the inherent weakness and confusion of the claim that religion is a valid cross cultural analytical concept, and I suggested that the problem stems from the unacknowledged persistence of theological determinations. In this chapter I will be looking mainly at two books, both of which attempt to make a distinction between ‘religion’ and something that is like religion but lacking in certain respects. The first author, John E. Smith, is concerned with what he calls quasi religions, for example humanism, Marxism, and nationalism. He makes the distinction between these and “religions proper” on the basis of a frankly theological principle, and he consistently organizes his material around that principle. The second author, Mark Juergensmeyer, assumes a distinction between religious and secular ideologies (for example between Islamic nationalism and western nationalism) but fails to raise the matter into theoretical clarity. Consequently his data is more confused and less interesting than the frankly theological approach of Smith. What I believe both books demonstrate is that ‘religion’ is not a sufficiently well articulated category to help us understand nationalism, humanism, or Marxism.
Problems Of The Category ‘ Religion’ In Japan
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters I argued that the idea of a relationship between religion and society as it has been formulated by religionists is a fallacy, since it assumes that these terms are logically equivalent and have a kind of equality that allows them, as entities, to be paired and joined together. I have argued throughout this book that these terms do not have such an equivalency, and that though there may be serious problems in conceptualizing any specific society, we would find it difficult to deny that humans are social, that they have social relations, and that in some significant sense humans live in societies. We cannot imagine any significant human meaning, experience, institution, or practice that is non-social. But the category religion does not possess any such logic in its use. The notion that religion and society are related but separate betrays an implication that ‘religion’ is something that might potentially exist independently, a priori, outside society, like a spirit or an essence or, alternatively, a ‘natural kind’ of non-social being that exists on its own plane but contingently at some points comes into contact with society, takes on a ‘social dimension’, or perhaps takes on the particular form of the culture and historical period within which it manifests itself. We observe ‘it’ through its social manifestations, its phenomena, behind which there is implied to be a non-social, non-historical noumenon.
The Critique Of ‘ Culture ‘ In Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I can only hope to briefly consider some outstanding issues, which Leed the kind of exhaustive discussion and argument impossible here. Though this book consists mainly of a critique of the concept of religion, it does also contain my proposal that scholars working within religion departments who do not have a theological agenda and who see their work as a critical humanistic inquiry should reconceptualize religious studies as cultural studies. For cultural studies I suggested a brief shorthand description: the analysis and interpretation of institutionalized values and their relation to the legitimation of power in specific societies. I suggested that such a broad description or definition ought to give expression to the already existing theoretical and methodological ties between research in religious studies and other schools within the humanities, such as cultural studies and social or cultural anthropology.
Introduction
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: November 2023

The sixteenth century in europe was a revolutionary age. The dissi pation of religious consensus that resulted from the Reformation movements brought with it consequences for social and political life unforeseen by the designers of religious reform. Virtually everywhere the reforming ideas took hold, traditional hierarchies were called into question, existing social arrangements undermined, and both ecclesiastical and political institutions laid bare to attack. From the early 1520s to 1660 the first fires of modern political revolution swept across Europe. Insurrections large and small, all fueled by outbursts of religious controversy, sprang up in Germany, Scotland, the Low Countries, and England. In France, where religious wars consumed most of the last four decades of the century and destroyed a royal dynasty, revolutionary and civil strife seemed to many contemporary observers to be on the verge of reducing the nation to ashes.
The Catholic Riposte:Defenses of the Real Presence at the Beginning of the Religious Wars
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: November 2023

From the onset of the controversy over the eucharist in the mid-153os, Catholic leaders had been extremely critical not only of Reformed interpretaions and arguments but also of their habit of appealing to public opinion. By discussing complex and delicate theological matters in vernacular writings designed for a mass readership, they seemed to be placing the resolution of theological differences in the hands of an audience hardly equipped for the task. Without rescinding their condemnations of the Re formed tactics and despite a certain distaste for writing in French on theological issues, Catholic writers eventually were forced to adopt the very strategy Protestants had pioneered. By the early 1560s the need to stem the tide of Protestant propaganda successes provoked an extraordinarily large number of Catholic responses, in vernacular pamphlets and treatises, to the by now familiar Reformed claims regarding the Mass and the Holy Supper. New rhetorical methods were adopted for a literate readership attuned to some of the basic terms of the controversy. The controversial task required more than the sloppy caricature of the first defenses against the Protestant assault; the ideas of Calvin and his associates had to be taken seriously and refuted convincingly. Many points of attack were identified, from the shortcomings of Reformed hermeneutics to their misconstrual of christological doctrine. But on no issue were the Reformed more vulnerable than that of the political effect of their doctrine. Catholic controversialists concentrated their attention on presenting in the most vivid of terms the looming threat posed by the Reformed. Reformed teaching was portrayed as an incitement to social revolution and the authorized Catholic doctrine defended as the sole basis for the spiritual and material well-being of the French nation.
Maui
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Maui’ the demigod was the sixth generation in descent from Niwa-reka and Mata-ora. His father was Makea-tutara, his mother Taranga, and there were born four sons and a daughter before Maui’ appeared. He was born prematurely as Taranga one day walked by the seashore; and she rolled up the unformed being in a wisp of her hair and cast it into the sea, lest it should become a malignant spirit through never having associated with kindly human kindred.
Moses
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Now these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt; every man and his household came with Jacob. Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, Dan, and Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. And all the souls that came out of the loins of Jacob were seventy souls: for Joseph was in Egypt already. And Joseph died, and all his brethren, and all that generation. And the children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and waxed exceeding mighty; and the land was filled with them.
Nana and Attis
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The Agdos rock-so the story runs--had assumed the shape of the Great Mother. [The Phrygian sky-god, Papas] ... fell asleep upon it. As he slept, or as he strove with the goddess, his semen fell upon the rock. In the tenth month the Agdos rock bellowed and brought forth an untamable, savage being, of twofold sex and twofold lust, named Agdistis. With cruel joy Agdistis plundered, murdered and destroyed whatever it chose, cared for neither gods nor men, and held nothing mightier on earth or in heaven than itself. The gods often consulted together as to how this insolence could be tamed. When they all hesitated, Dionysos took over the task.
Coatlicue and Huitzilopochtli
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The myth of the birth of Huitzilopochtli ... throws light upon the character of the divinity. His mother, Coatlicue (“She of the Serpent-Woven Skirt”), dwelling on Coatepec (“Serpent Mountain”), had a family consisting of a daughter, Coyolxauhqui (“She whose Face is Painted with Bells”), and of many sons, known coUectively as the Centzonuitznaua (“the Four Hundred Southerners”). One day, while doing penance upon the mountain, a ball of feathers fell upon her, and having placed this in her bosom; it was observed, shortly afterward, that she was pregnant.
Isis and Horus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

While she fluttered in the form of a hawk over the corpse of her dead husband [Osiris]. The infant was the younger Horus, who in his youth bore the name of Harpocrates, that is, the child Horus. Him Buto, the goddess of the north, hid from the wrath of his wicked uncle Set. Yet she could not guard him from all mishap; for one day when Isis came to her little son’s hiding-place she found him stretched life-less and rigid on the ground: a scorpion had stung him. Then Isis prayed to the sun-god Ra for help.
Myrrha and Adonis
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The story of the lord and loved one of the great Goddess of Love was connected-amongst us, and presumably also in the eastern countries where it was adopted, in Syria, Cyprus and Asia Minor-with the story of a tree, of that Arabian shrub whose strongly fragrant gum the peoples of antiquity prized. The gum was called “myrrh” or “smyrna.”
King Arthur
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Arthur, though only fifteen years old at his father’s death, was elected king at a general meeting of the nobles. It was not done without opposition, for there were many ambitious competitors; but Bishop Brice, a per son of great sanctity, on Christmas eve addressed the assembly and represented that it would well become them, at that solemn season, to put up their prayers for some token which should manifest the intentions of Providence respecting their future sovereign.
Joan Of Arc
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

St Joan was in her fourteenth year when she experienced the earliest of those supernatural manifestations which were to lead her through the path of patriotism to death at the stake. At first it was a single voice addressing her apparently from near by, and accompanied by a blaze of light: after-wards, as the voices increased in number, she was able to see her inter locutors whom she identified as St Michael, St Catherine, St Margaret and others.
Moses
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

And he said unto Moses, Come up unto the LORD, thou, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship ye afar off. And Moses alone shall come near the LORD: but they shall not come nigh; neither shall the people go up with him. And Moses came and told the people all the words of the LORD, and all the judgments: and all the people answered with one voice, and said, All the words which the LORD hath said will we do.
Percival
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

After Percival had ridden a long way he came to the castle of Gurnemann, an elderly man and a brave warrior. The old chief asked the youth to come in and spend the night under his roof, and Percival accepted the invitation with pleasure. He was so taken with his host’s kindly manner, that before the evening was over he felt drawn to tell him of his mother and all his adventures since he had left her. Gurnemann persuaded the lad to remain with him for some time, and began to teach him how to become a true knight and hero.
Theseus And Ariadne
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

It is a matter of dispute whether Medea persuaded Aegeus to send Theseus against Poseidon’s ferocious white bull, or whether it was after her expulsion from Athens that he undertook the destruction of this fire breathing monster, hoping thereby to ingratiate himself further with the Athenians. Brought by Heracles from Crete, let loose on the plain of Argos, and driven thence across the Isthmus to Marathon, the bull had killed men by the hundred between the cities of Probalinthus and Tricoryn thus, including (some say) Minos’s son Androgeus.
Dionysos (Dionysus)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The vengeance of Hera caught up with Dionysus during his youth and he went mad. He ran away from his nurses and wandered through Egypt, Syria, and other lands. Some say that he went to Dodona in order to consult the oracle there, and perhaps also because, according to this tale, his nurses had originally come from there. Two asses who carried the god across the river were rewarded by being placed in the stars. To one of them the god gave a human voice, which may later have led to his death at the hands of Dionysus’ son Priapus.
The Summer Of Life
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Many of the better-known quest-labor stories are not included in this col lection because of their great length. These stories-epics for the most part-had best be read in full. The seminal quest story is Homer’s Odyssey, which has modern counterparts in James Joyce’s Ulysses and Nikos Kazantzakis’s The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel.
Tammuz And Inanna (Ishtar)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

In the religious literature of Babylonia Tammuz appears as the youthful spouse or lover of Ishtar, the great mother goddess, the embodiment of the reproductive energies of nature. The references to their connexion with each other in myth and ritual are both fragmentary and obscure, but we gather from them that Tammuz was believed to die, passing away from the cheerful earth to the gloomy subterranean world, and that his divine mistress journeyed in quest of him “to the land from which there is no returning, to the house of darkness, where dust lies on door and bolt.”
Dionysos (Dionysus)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

It was told that they [the Titans] surprised the child-god as he was playing with the toys. Jealous Hera had instigated them to this: ... The Titans had whitened their faces with chalk. They came like spirits of the dead from the Underworld, to which Zeus had banished them. They attacked the playing boy, tore him into seven pieces and threw these into a cauldron standing on a tripod. When the flesh was boiled, they began roasting it over the fire on seven spits.
Odin
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

I know that I hung on the windswept tree for nine full nights, wounded with a spear and given to Odin, myself to myself; on that tree of which none know from what roots it rises.
Hiiaka And Lohiau
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

After celebrating his recovery with feasts and sacrifices to the gods, Lohiau announced to the chiefs of his kingdom that he was about to visit his wife, whose home was on Hawaii, and that he should leave the government of the island in the hands of his friend, the high chief Paoa, to whom he enjoined the fealty and respect of all during his absence.
Jesus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

After the resurrection from the dead of our Lord Jesus Christ, Bartholomew came unto the Lord and questioned him, saying: Lord, reveal unto me the mysteries of the heavens. Jesus answered and said unto him: If I put not off the body of the flesh, s I shall not be able to tell them unto thee.
Heracles (Hercules)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Now had come the time for the twelfth and last of the labours that Hercules did for his master Eurystheus. This labour would seem to anyone by far the hardest; for the hero was commanded to descend into the lower world, and bring back with him from the kingdom of Proserpine the terrible three-headed watch-dog Cerberus.
Izanagi And Izanami
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Izanami continued producing a variety of divinities: the sea, the waves, the mountains, and so on, until finally she brought forth the god of Fire. The private parts of the August Female were so burned in giving birth to this last divinity, that she mortally sickened, and various other divinities came into existence from her vomit (mountains), her offal (mud), and her 5 urine. At last she dies. Izanagi is sick with rage and despair, and as he creeps around her pillow, lamenting, still other divinities spring into existence from his tears.
Heracles (Hercules)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Now, Zeus had destined Heracles as one of the Twelve Olympians, yet was lath to expel any of the existing company of gods in order to make room for him. He therefore persuaded Hera to adopt Heracles by a ceremony of rebirth: namely, going to bed, pretending to be in labour, and then producing him from beneath her skirts-which is the adoption ritual s still in use among many barbarian tribes. Henceforth, Hera regarded Heracles as her son and loved him next only to Zeus.
Bear Man
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

A man went hunting in the mountains and came across a black bear, which he wounded with an arrow. The bear turned and started to run the other way, and the hunter followed, shooting one arrow after another into it without bringing it down. Now, this was a medicine bear, and could talk or read the thoughts of people without their saying a word. At last he 5 stopped and pulled the arrows out of his side and gave them to the man, saying, “It is of no use for you to shoot at me, for you can not kill me. Come to my house and let us live together.” The hunter thought to himself, “He may kill me,” but the bear read his thoughts and said, “No, I won’t hurt you.” The man thought again, “How can I get anything to eat?” but 10 the bear knew his thoughts, and said, “There shall be plenty.” So the hunter went with the bear.
Moses
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

In the meanwhile Moses’ time was at an end. A voice from heaven resounded, saying: “Why, Moses, dost thou strive in vain? Thy last second is at hand.” Moses instantly stood up for prayer, and said: “Lord of the world! Be mindful of the day on which Thou didst reveal Thyself to me in the bush of thorns, and be mindful also of the day when I ascended into heaven and during forty days partook of neither food nor drink. Thou, Gracious and Merciful, deliver me not into the hand of Samael.”
Abraham
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

So Michael turned the chariot, and brought Abraham to the place of judgment of all souls. Here he saw two gates, the one broad and the other narrow, the narrow gate that of the just, which leads to life, they that enter through it go into Paradise. The broad gate is that of sinners, which leads to destruction and eternal punishment. Then Abraham wept, saying, “Woe is me, what shall I do? for I am a man big of body, and how shall I be able to enter by the narrow gate?” Michael answered, and said to Abraham, “Fear not, nor grieve, for thou shalt enter by it unhindered, and all they who are like thee.”
Heracles (Hercules)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

And now Hercules himself cut down the trees on high Oeta, and with their trunks made a great funeral pyre. He was aided by his friend Philoctetes, who lit the pyre and to whom, as a reward, Hercules gave the famous bow which later was to go to Troy. Now, at the point of death, with burnt and withered flesh, Hercules grew calm again. On top of the pyre he spread the skin of the Nemean lion. He rested his head on his club as on a pillow, and lay down among the flames with peaceful face, as if, after cups of fine wine and crowned with garlands, he were lying on a couch at a banquet.
Jesus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Now upon the first day of the week, very early in the morning, they came unto the sepulchre, bringing the spices which they had prepared, and certain others with them. And they found the stone rolled away from the sepulchre. And they entered in, and found not the body of the Lord Jesus. And it came to pass, as they were much perplexed thereabout, behold, two men stood by them in shining garments: and as they were afraid, and bowed down their faces to the earth, they said unto them, Why seek ye the And as they thus spake, Jesus himself stood in the midst of them, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you.
Introduction
Authors: Jařab Josef
Published: November 2023

It should not be too surprising that the terms “modern,” “modernity,” and “modernization” have in the ever growing bulk of critical literature manifested a great deal of openness, indeed a yielding elasticity, when we realize that the very idea at the core of all these phenomena is change. And the dynamic changes themselves that our world witnessed through the early as well as the latter decades of the twentieth century have certainly further contributed to the difficulties marking the effort to define the terms, or, at least, to provide a conceptual description that would bring us closer to a better and fuller understanding of the experience or conceits they should describe. As a matter of fact, all the various concepts of the modern not only reflect changing historical circumstances but are themselves in the ongoing discussion becoming gradually more complex, both in content and application.
Svetasvatara Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Svetasvatara Upanisad, traditionally ascribed to the Black Yajurveda, is a somewhat late text composed under the influence of both the Sarpkhya-Yoga tradition and the emerging theistic tendencies. Its thought and vocabulary are close to those of the other famous theistic document, the Bhagavad Gita. Just like the latter text, the SU appears somewhat chaotic in its presentation because it seeks to integrate numerous and divergent cosmologies and theologies into its religious doctrine. Further, the numerous citations from older vedic texts indicate that the author is attempting to support his doctrines with vedic proof-texts, often presented with new interpretations. It is clear, however, that a major aim of the author is to establish that the God who creates and from whom one expects salvation is one. This point is driven home by the repeated use of the term eka, “one” or “alone.” This Upanisad is named after the teacher of its doctrine, one Svetiisvatara (lit., “man with a white mule”). In his recent study, Oberlies (1988) argues against the commonly held conception that the SU is a “chaotic accumulation of different text-layers” and attempts to demonstrate that the Upanisad is a uniform text presenting a teaching on the god Rudra by amalgamating him with the vedic god Agni.
Fixity And Fluidity In The Narrative Trajectory Of The Acts Of Peter
Authors: Thomas Christine M
Published: November 2023

If fluidity is characteristic of the transmission of the Actus Vercellenses, what was it about this text-and texts like it-that attracted this degree of literary activity? The numerous changes in form and language point to the function of this text for its audience: they tell something about the reception of the text, how its ancient audiences approached and appropriated it. Even at the level of the Actus Vercellenses, there is a marked tendency to alter the text in the course of transmission, whether by translation or excerpting. The text is behaving similarly to oral tradition, with each manuscript representing a new “performance” of the work in another context. Yet this occurs on the level of a written text.
All Nice Wives Are Like That
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

Any Number Of writers might have looked back at 1922 as a year of important beginnings, but perhaps only Willa Cather looked at it as a definitive end. In a book of essays published in 1936 under the defensive title of Not Under Forry, Cather announced, “The world broke in two in 1922 or thereabouts, and the persons and prejudices recalled in these sketches slid back into yesterday’s seven thousand years.”1 Though it has always been hard for Cather scholars to explain why she placed this watershed so precisely in 1922, it is not hard to see what it divided. The preface starkly distinguishes the “forward-goers” from “the backward” and ironically addresses itself only to the latter. In this rather chilly way, Cather invites into her book only those readers pleased to have passed forty and proud to be numbered among the “backward;’
The “Tragic Octoroon” in Pre-Civil War Fiction *
Authors: Zanger Jules
Published: November 2023

One of the most important characters of pre-Civil War Abolitionist fiction was the “tragic octoroon.” Presented first in the earliest antislavery novel, The Slave (1836), the character appeared in more than a dozen other works. To sum up, then, the popularity of the tragic octoroon character in pre-Civil War antislavery fiction cannot be explained by suggesting she was simply the nearest thing to a Negro that Northern authors and audiences could wax sentimental about. The attack on the slavery system mounted by the creators of the tragic octoroon was specifically directed toward certain sins implicit in that institution, was particularly appropriate to the audience which it was intended to move and was firmly based on the regional attitudes and moral values of that audience.
Of African Queens and Afro-American Princes and Princesses: Miscegenation in Old Hepsy *
Authors: Vauthier Simone
Published: November 2023

By 1858, when Mrs. C. W. Denison published Old Hepsy,1 the antislavery novel was a well-established sub-genre. It had its stock characters and its archetypes; especially when written by women, it tended to be firmly centered in the family circle2 and to exploit tear-jerking situations, thus overlapping the “domestic and sentimental novel”; and insofar as it often depicted a tragic octoroon girl, persecuted by a lecherous master who was as likely as not bloodkin to her in the setting of an isolated plantation, it blended motifs and figures inherited both from Richprinces and princesses whom the culture has borne only to deny them full participation in the genealogical line of power are still with us. Nor have the “white Negroes,” princely yet still debarred from their high inheritance-exiles in the American mythical homeland-ceased to figure in the fantasmatic dramas which literature stages for the benefit alike of self and society. Whether as Kingsblood Royal in Sinclair Lewis’ novel of the same title, or as the sophisticated Charles Bon in Faulkner’s Absalom Absalom! (whose fate bears some little resemblance to Hollister’s) or as Amantha Starr in Robert Penn Warren’s Band of Angels, to mention but a few, they still haunt the white “city of words,” still ask the reader to decipher the riddle of America and the riddle of the sphinx.
Excerpts from My Diary
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

O peaking on behalf of my species, there’s no locomotive machine like man. I say this on my own account, because with only a few ounces of impulsion I’ve run, for many days, step for step with another machine moved by the force of a hundred or more horses, including its captain and subjects.
More Excerpts from My Diary
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

The child of the provinces always loses something when he arrives in Santiago, and I don’t count among his losses the red handkerchief they steal from his pocket the first day he takes a stroll through the plaza.
The Uprising at Chañarcillo
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

At three in the morning of the 27th, Intendant Fontanés received this news. Three hours later a hundred men, infantry and cavalry, left here, the infantry riding on the town stagecoaches.
Moral Thinking in Management: An Essential Capability
Authors: Paine Lynn Sharp
Published: November 2023

In recent years, many corporate leaders have begun to pay serious attention to ethics.1 Some have introduced special ethics or values programs in their organizations. Many have created corporate ethics offices, board-level ethics committees, or company task forces to deal with difficult ethical issues their companies are facing. Training programs to heighten awareness of ethical issues and integrate ethical considerations into decision making are becoming more common. Such company initiatives vary widely in their design and effectiveness. But most of them rest on the idea that attention to ethics will strengthen the organization and contribute to its performance in the marketplace. In short, many are coming to believe that ethics is good for business.
Highway Robbery “Indian Removal,,, the Mexican-American War, and American Identity in John Rollin Ridge’s (Yellow Bird) The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Representatives of their nation these gold-seeking Californian Americans were: yet it remains true, and is, under the circumstances, a very natural result, that the Amerinin had nowhere else, save perhaps as conqueror in Mexico itself. shown so blindly and brutally as he olkn showed in early California, his innate intolerance for whatever is stubbornly foreign.
W. E. B. Du Bois’s Tropical Critique of U.S. Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Throughout his long career and its many different phases, W. E. B. Du Bois repeatedly criticized the United States for pursuing imperialist aims both at home and abroad. He also is one of the few modern American intellectuals to understand U.S. Imperialism to differ from earlier forms of Eurocolonialism and to antedate considerably the Spanish- American War. For Du Bois, U.S. Imperialism originates in slavery and depends on racism to legitimate colonial practices of territorial conquest, economic domination, and psychological subjugation. William Dean Howells and Mark Twain had criticized the United States for following the leads of England, Spain, and Germany in expansionist ventures around the globe, and Twain certainly understood slavery in the United States to be a colonial phenomenon. Nevertheless, slavery is for Twain a venerable example of human cruelty and just another reminder of how little we have progressed from our feudal past.In its larger aspects the style is lropical-Afrinin. This needs no apology.
Introduction: The Study of Rennyo
Authors: Blum Mark L
Published: November 2023

In the annals of Japanese history, Rennyo (1415-1499) is a figure of enormous influence known primarily for fashioning the Honganji branch of Jodoshinshu into an institution of growing strength at a time when so many others were weakened by profound political, social, and economic disruption, including ten years of civil war. Rennyo created or was at the forefront of new paradigms of religion, economics, and social structure that not only enabled him and his church to survive violent attacks but led to the accruing of unprecedented power and influence among all classes of society, from peasants to courtiers. As a result Rennyo is seen by some as a savior figure, by others as an ambitious daimyo. The more sympathetic view regards him as the “Second Founder of Jodoshinshu,” who not only saved the sect from destruction by its enemies but also, through his energetic and inspired leadership, united many of its disparate communities under the institutional banner of Honganji, put it on sound financial footing, rightly established it as the dominant branch of the sectarian legacy of Shinshu founder Shinran (1173-1262), and in the end ensured the survival of Shin Buddhism as a whole. The less sympathetic view sees Rennyo as a skilled politician who distorted many of Shinran’s philosophical positions in order to create a massive feudal institution of significant wealth, financially fueled by ignorant populations of believers in whose eyes Rennyo had the power to determine their postmortem fate.
The Ikkō-shū as Portrayed in Jesuit Historical Documents
Authors: Londo Kinyru Shizuka
Published: November 2023

Certain Jesuit historical documents are a valuable resource for remedying this lacuna. Francis Xavier first arrived in Kagoshima in 1549, fifty years after the death of Rennyo. From that time on, many missionaries energetically spread Catholic teachings throughout Kyushu and Shikoku and the Kinai region of Japan. These missionaries made a large number of minutely detailed reports concerning the state of the various Buddhist schools they encountered, including information about their teachings. Records of this sort reach into the first half of the seventeenth century, but because the purpose of this chapter is to illuminate the situation of the ikko-shu during the Sengoku era, it will survey only those records covering the century following the death of Rermyo, that is, up to the end of the sixteenth century.
The Star of Bethlehem
Authors: Santos J N de los
Published: November 2023

The Reverend J. N. de los Santos was a Presbyterian minister and frequent contributor to the Kingsville, Texas, El Eco. Published in the December 1938 issue, the following recital piece for seven children must have served him well in the religious instruction of the church members’ children.
Christmas
Authors: ón Felipe Maximiliano Chac
Published: November 2023

Editor and publisher of Albuquerque’s La Bandera Americana newspaper, Felipe Maximiliano Chacon (1873—?) was the son of a newspaper publisher, Urbano Chacon, and part of a family of New Mexican men and women of letters. Chacon was a patriot and a champion of all things American, but in his poem “Christmas, ” published on December 23, 1923, in his newspaper, there is no Santa Claus novelty, only an evocation of the spiritual and religious meaning of the feast day.
The Phantoms at San Luis Rey
Authors: Carrillo Adolfo
Published: November 2023

Friar Pedro Somera, Prior of the San Luis Rey Mission, was leaving the Refectory, where he had just enjoyed a large break fast, and proceeded to make his way along the broad arches that bordered the vegetable garden. With one hand, he held his Breviary, and with the other, he patted his belly, as if to tell it, “Look how stuffed you are! If you keep that up, we’ll have to roll around instead of walk.” Later, feeling tired, he stretched out in his favorite hammock, drawing in great whiffs of the fragrant air that wafted through the flower gardens.
The Legend of the Poinsettia
Authors: Mora Pat , Berg Charles Ramirez
Published: November 2023

Long ago, in the little Mexican town of San Bernardo, there lived a boy named Carlos. One cool night Carlos opened the heavy wooden door of his small home and peeked out. It was quiet. Chimney smoke danced from the roof of each adobe home. Carlos knew why families were eating early. Tonight was the first night of the posadas.
The Gulf Oil Can Santa Claus
Authors: Hinojosa Rolando
Published: November 2023

By the time the Japanese imperial forces were deep into the mopping-up operations in the Bataan Peninsula, preparations for the siege and fall of Corregidor were also underway. One of the defenders was Clemente Garcfa, a twenty-three-year old youngster from Mercedes, Texas, down in the Valley.
Next Year in Cuba
Authors: Pérez-Firmat Gustavo
Published: November 2023

El hombre manda y la mujer gobierna-man rules and woman governs. This Spanish proverb accurately describes the balance of power in our family when my siblings and I were growing up. Although our father was the titular head, our mother ran the household and made most of the day-to-day decisions. If Gustavo was king, Nena was the prime minister. Both in Cuba and in Miami, she was the one who answered our questions, the one who solved problems and averted catastrophes.
Afterword
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

As a poet and storyteller he would deny that he was a theologian. Still he has insights that awaken even the theologian. His love of the Two Great Commandments as the key to faith in this life and in an afterlife led him to unusual poetic realizations with the help of the fairy tales. One of these is surely that there is a secret alliance between love and inner beauty on the one hand, and the continuation of life, communion of saints, on the other. Love and life go together and stay together. The God who is love in St. John’s Gospel is not stopped by graves.
Dramatic Development as a Sense of Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E
Published: November 2023

The close relationship shared by the first two senses of tradition derives from their common concern for tradition’s abiding movement. The literal sense finds tradition’s meaning in its durable beliefs, doctrines, and practices, those that have shown themselves to last. By lasting, these beliefs, doctrines, and practices attest to their truthfulness as the Word of God believed and enacted in the Church. This study’s functional approach to the literal sense has called attention to its historical character by noting that the literal sense is not a “letter” preserved to the point of ossification and impervious to history and culture but a sense that flourishes in and through its continual affirmation from time to time and place to place. The sense of development-in-continuity appreciates this developing aspect of the literal sense more than the literal sense does, and in this respect might be conceived as a gloss in sensibility on the more stolid literal sense. The second sense surpasses the literal sense in its esteem for the renewal that any affirmation of constancy entails.
The Problem Of Canonicity
Authors: Backus Irena
Published: November 2023

Although, by the early sixteenth century, the Apocalypse had acquired a dubious reputation due partly to the use that radical Franciscans and Hussites made of it, no one since the third century had questioned its place in the canon. The first to do so was Erasmus in his 1516 Annotations. His low view of it was to do partly with the nature of the text itself and partly, no doubt, with the difficulties he had in obtaining a copy of it in 1516. He had previously seen some manuscripts and made notes on them during his visit to England in 1505, but it was only through Johannes Reuchlin that he finally managed to obtain the incomplete twelfth-century manuscript that he published in his Nouum Instrumentum. Reuchlin himself had borrowed the Kommentartext to the commentary of Andreas of Caesarea from the Dominican monastery in Basel. The manuscript, as is well known, lacked Ape 22.16—21,which Erasmus reconstructed. It is commonly supposed that he supplied the missing Greek verses from the Coniplutensian Polyglot in 1527.
Mathematics and the Roots of Postmodern Thought
Authors: Tasić Vladimir
Published: November 2023

This is a charming and insightful contribution to an understanding of the “Science Wars” between postmodernist humanism and science, driving toward a resolution of the mutual misunderstanding that has driven the controversy. It traces the root of postmodern theory to a debate on the foundations of mathematics, early in the 20th century then compares developments in mathematics to what took place in the arts and humanities, discussing issues as diverse as literary theory, arts, and artificial intelligence. This is a straight forward, easily understood presentation of what can be difficult theoretical concepts and demonstrates that a pattern of misreading mathematics can be seen on both the part of science and on the part of postmodern thinking. This is a humorous, playful yet deeply serious look at the intellectual foundations of mathematics for those in the humanities and is the perfect critical introduction to the bases of modernism and postmodernism for those in the sciences.
The Vanishing Author
Authors: Tasić Vladimir
Published: November 2023

We will embark on a longer excursion now. I would like to consider a different way of understanding the formalist position, and thus try to connect it with some apparently unrelated and extreme branches of continental thought. In particular, I would like to look into the possibility that Hilbert’s “formalist” approach, filtered and transformed through the work of the French philosopher of science Jean Cavaillès, may have carried over an important impulse to continental philosophy. This alternative pathway to the postmodern turnabout will eventually lead us to the early work of the French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault.
Literary Antecedents Of American Silent Film
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz
Published: November 2023

At One Point in Mary Pickford’s 1917 film, The Little American, Mary’s character, a young American woman who has recently arrived in France to visit a relative, finds herself caught in the throes of World War I and faced with a band of vicious “Huns” who have broken into the chateau where she is staying. Her eyes wide with fright, her hands plucking nervously at the lace of her collar, Little Mary reaches into the front of her dress and pulls out a ragged square of cloth-a tiny American flag-that she waves in front of the enemy. It is the kind of small but noble gesture common in American silent films that makes even the most jaded spectator gulp with emotion. In this case, the little flag does not stop the marauders; they proceed to rape the servants and pillage the chateau. But Mary’s symbolic gesture is a powerful statement of affiliation and character. It makes clear that she will find a way to defeat the enemy-that no risk is too great. Soon, she is communicating with the French army through a hidden wireless; escaping from a firing squad; and converting her lover, an officer in the German army, to the cause of freedom and justice. She does all this through pluck and resourcefulness, her fragility belying a steely determination and courage.