bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting classroom activity index through multi-scale head posture classification network
Authors: Kang Chen , Jin Shuaizhen , Zhong Zheng , Li Kunyan , Zeng Xiaoyu
Published: February 2024

The quantification of the interplay between student behavior data and classroom teaching effectiveness using quantitative metrics has perennially posed a challenge in the evaluation of classroom instruction. Classroom activity serves as a reflection of student engagement, emotional ambiance, and other pertinent aspects during the pedagogical process. This article presents a methodology for quantifying student head posture during classroom instruction utilizing AI-driven video analysis technology, notably the Classroom Activity Index (CAI). A Classroom Activity Analysis System (CAAS) was designed and developed, integrating a multi-scale classification network based on ECA-ResNet50 and ECA-ResNet18. This network discerns and categorizes various head regions of students situated in both the frontal and real rows of a lecture-style classroom, irrespective of their dimensions. The classification network attains exceptional performance, boasting F1 score of 0.91 and 0.92 for student head-up and head-nodding. Drawing on the live classroom instruction at a higher vocational college in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, a comparative experiment was executed. The findings revealed that three factors: teacher-student verbal interaction, teacher body language, and utilization of digital resource, all exert an influence on CAI. Simultaneously, the degree of classroom activity as gauged by FIAS and manual analysis fundamentally aligns with the CAI indicators quantified by CAAS, validating the efficacy of CAI in the quantification of classroom activity. Consequently, the incorporation of CAAS in teaching, research, and oversight scenarios can augment the precision and scientific rigor of classroom teaching assessment.
Влияние исламской философии в формировании традиционного жилья Бухары
Authors: Файзуллаева Н.Н.
Published: February 2024

Данная работа основана на выводах научной работы, посвященной методам регенерации традиционного жилья (конец XIX и начало XX в.) исторической части города Бухара. Автор цитирует фрагменты из Корана и хадисы (истории из жизни пророка Мухаммеда с.а.с.), что является канонами для исламского мира, повлиявшими на формирование планировки, объёмно-пространственной композиции, декор и даже детали конструкции жилого дома в старогородской части города Бухара. Результаты данной работы демонстрируют методы восстановления и регенерации исторических домов в городе Бухара, разработанные автором. Также в статье рассматриваются принципы сохранения и восстановления исторических городов. Новизна данной работы заключается в том, что автор даёт свой принцип восстановления – основываться на каноны мусульманской культуры.
Мониторинг состояния автомобильных дорог в зимний период в городе Нур-Султан
Authors: Сарсембаева A.C. , Мусаханова С.Т. , Сагинов З.С. , Жусупбеков А.Ж.
Published: February 2024

В настоящей работе выполнен анализ физических и механических свойств грунтов оснований на участке автомобильной дороги в геоклиматических условиях города Нур-Султан. Пробы грунтов земляного полотна были изъяты в зимний период для определения плотности, природной влажности, а также пластических свойств грунтов в лабораторных условиях. Прочностные и деформационные характеристики были определены путем испытаний на компрессионных и сдвиговых проборах. Одновременно проводился мониторинг температуры в зимний период при помощи установки сенсоров в слоях дорожной одежды и земляного полотна автомобильной дороги. Была определена глубина промерзания в зимнее время, а также проанализировано распределение температуры в глубине дорожной одежды и грунтов основания. Установлено, что слои дорожной одежды остаются в стабильно мерзлом состоянии при краткосрочных повышениях температуры до +6,6 °С за счет субкомпенсации тепла (теплопередачи) подлежащих слоев и имеют достаточный запас прочности. А наибольшим температурным воздействиям подвергаются слои на глубину 25 см от поверхности дорожного покрытия. Для предотвращения негативного воздействия и неравномерной деформации земляного полотна вследствие сезонного промерзания предлагается устройство дополнительной пароизоляции на глубине 57 см, ниже -подстилающего слоя гравийно-песчаной смеси.
Анализ метрологической инфраструктуры Республики Казахстан
Authors: Байхожаева Б.У. , Фалеев М.Д.
Published: February 2024

Значимость данной статьи состоит в том, что, к сожалению, в Казахстане не уделяется должного внимания метрологии, ее значению, роли и синергетическому результату в разных областях экономики. Методологией статьи являются изучение сути понятия метрологической инфраструктуры, задачи и составляющие структуры международного опыта и терминологии, применяемой на уровне Международной организации законодательной метрологии. Результатом является SWOT-анализ инфраструктуры метрологии Республики Казахстан, в котором четко представлены сильные и слабые стороны, а также вытекающие из них возможности и угрозы. Учитывая, что данная работа является одной из первых в области аналитики метрологической сферы Республики Казахстан в качестве обсуждения проведен страновой обзор в рамках Евразийского экономического союза по показателям аккредитованных поверочных лабораторий, аккредитованных испытательных центров, аккредитованных калибровочных лабораторий. Кроме того, приведена статистика развитых стран в метрологическом мире, таких как Франция и Великобритания. В заключении по результатам анализа представлена первоочередная рекомендация, с которой и необходимо начать процесс трансформации метрологической инфраструктуры республики с целью глубокого совершенствования в условиях высокой конкуренции на мировой метрологической арене.
Разработка программного модуля для технологической подготовки производства единичных и мелкосерийных машиностроительных предприятий
Authors: Жетесова Г.C. , Савельева Н.А. , Никонова Т.Ю. , Юрченко В.В. , Берг А.А.
Published: February 2024

В данной статье авторами представлен новый подход к оптимизации работы с помощью уменьшения трудозатрат на проектирование технологического процесса производства и полностью автоматическое составление сопутствующей документации в условиях единичного и мелкосерийного производства. Одним из вариантом решения построения эффективного мелкосерийного и единичного производства заключается в использовании автоматизации на разных уровнях производства, что соответствует парадигме Индустрии 4.0. Проблемным местом в организации мелкосерийного производства является время технологической подготовки производства и составление соответствующей документации. В ходе научной работы были реализованы алгоритмы формализации технологического маршрута производства, разработаны средства автоматической генерации технологического процесса производства, в том числе расчет диапазона значений стоимости и времени работы для отдельных методов обработки и целых технологических маршрутов и составление операционных карт для производства.
Internet of Things: Security and Privacy standards
Authors: Adamova A. , Zhukabayeva T. , Ven-Tsen Khu
Published: February 2024

Ensuring security in the interaction of the Internet of Things (IoT) has focused the attention of many researchers. At present, the issue of standards is a very complex and important one that directly affects both the development and implementation of the Internet of Things in everyday life. There are many standards and protocols that may not be consistent across different layers of the architecture. This paper provides an overview of the current International Internet of Things Security Standards, which are discussed in various aspects such as terminology, architecture models, security and integration scenarios, classification and protocols. A comparative analysis of standards and related research is conducted to help inform decisions about the security of IoT systems during their development and production. This research aims to overcome the difficulties encountered and develop practical recommendations for the selection of controls and security of connected IoT devices. The research methodology included identification of gaps in IoT standards, analysis of existing problems and proposed solutions.
Stressed-deformed state of the system «main pipeline – soil» in the karst sections (on the example of the section of the main gas pipeline «Power of Siberia», «Chayanda – Lensk»)
Authors: Ezhkova A.
Published: February 2024

Currently, modern gas pipeline systems are increasingly demanding in terms of reliability, durability, industrial and environmental safety. Gas pipeline routes are located in poorly established regions where there are no long-term observations of hazardous natural processes. Currently, karst is the most latently occurring and difficult to predict hazardous engineering and geological process. In case of karst process along the pipeline route, additional load may be applied. In this regard, the analysis of the stress-strain state of the trunk gas pipeline-soil system is the most important task for determining the quantitative characteristics of stresses that can cause the development of emergency. The article considers the section currently built, the main gas pipeline "Power of Siberia," "Chayanda - Lensk." Carbonate formations of Cambrian age are widespread within the considered territory, there are manifestations of surface and underground forms of karst. In this regard, it is possible to activate the process during the operation stage, while during the design these geotechnical features may not have caused concerns. In this work, stress-strain analysis was carried out in case of joint deformation of the pipeline and soil under the influence of a possible load - karst dip. Proposals on the use of the obtained results at the operation stage are given.
О возможности применения песчано-полимерных композиционных материалов в изделиях машиностроительного назначения
Authors: Никонова Т.Ю. , Жетесова Г.С. , Жаркевич О.М. , Скаскевич А.A. , Cтрекаль Н.Д.
Published: February 2024

В статье приведены изделия машиностроительного назначения, в которых применяются полимерные композиционные материалы. Данные изделия работают в условиях трения, динамических нагрузках, агрессивных химических средах Полимерные композиционные материалы используют из-за высоких деформационно-прочностных характеристик и штампуемости изделий. Изделия из песчано-полимерных композитов образуются при прохождении нескольких технологических стадий. Ввиду достаточной термостабильности в качестве полимерного связующего для изготовления деталей в машиностроении могут быть использованы термопласты класса полиолефинов. Для деталей, работающих в условиях высокой упругости можно применять высоконаполненные композиты. Песчано-полимерные композиты на основе полиэтилентерэфтала имеют повышенные деформационно-прочностными характеристики. Такие композиты обладают высокой стойкостью к воздействию агрессивных сред. Большой эффективностью обладают высоконаполненные кварцесодержащие композиты с полигидроксиэфиром. Основными компонентами песчано-полимерных композитов являются кварцевый песок и гравийные смеси. Деформационно-прочностные свойства полученных полимерных композитов зависят от состава наполнителей их фракций. Применение смазок и пластификаторов улучшает термоформирование композита из-за повышения текучести расплава. Увеличение содержания функциональных добавок вместе с увеличением кварца в композите вызывает снижение его прочностных свойств. Важным этапом в технологии производства изделия машиностроительного назначения является смешивание компонентов песчано-композитного материала. Смешивание происходит различными способами: сухое смешение дисперсных компонентов и компаундирование компонентов композита с получением суперконцентратов.
Инструменты стандартизации определяющие показатели качества
Authors: Каримова Г.К. , Ниязбекова Р.К. , Даниярова Ж.К.
Published: February 2024

Макаронные изделия являются одним из продуктов, которые потребляются во всем мире, в связи с чем проведение исследований в области совершенствования технологий и улучшения показателей качества является весьма актуальными. На предприятиях технологические свойства продукции постоянно проверяются, т.к. существуют проблемы, связанные с контролем качества и системой качества.

Существуют множество технологий при производстве макаронных изделий, согласно которым предусматривается использование различных пищевых добавок, которые в свою очередь также должны находится под контролем и соответствовать законодательным требованиям, техническим регламентам ЕАЭС и Республики Казахстан, стандартам.

В статье рассматриваются инструменты стандартизации, определяющие показатели качества макаронных изделий с добавлением пшена. Показатели качества установлены в ГОСТ 31743-2017 «Изделия макаронные. Общие технические условия» (далее - ГОСТ 31743-2017) [1], показатели безопасности в ТР ТС 021/2011 «О безопасности пищевой продукции» [2].

В соответствии с ГОСТ 31743-2017 одним из показателей качества макаронных изделий является «влажность». Повышение влажности приводит к увеличению толщины сольватных оболочек, окружающих частицы муки в уплотненном тесте, а значит, к снижению когезионной прочности теста [3].

 В исследовании определены факторы, влияющие на показатель «влажности». Применялись диаграмма Парето, рентгенофлуоресцентный анализатор, математическая модель и диаграмма причинно-следственных связей.

Применяя инструменты стандартизации определено, что при процессе сушки макаронных изделий доминирующими факторами являются «температура и продолжительность сушки». Полученные результаты соответствуют требованиям ГОСТ 31743-2017 по показателю качества «влажность».
Road slag asphalt concrete
Authors: Jexembayeva A.E. , Zakarin I. , Konkanov M.D. , Aruova L.B
Published: February 2024

Asphalt and concrete road surfaces are an essential part of the infrastructure of transport systems, and in recent years slag road asphalt has gained popularity as an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. Slag asphalt, produced by incorporating slag, a by-product of industrial steel production, into asphalt concrete mixes, is the subject of this review article. The article presents a review of researches papers on the use of slag road asphalt. This article reviews the composition, production and physical and mechanical characteristics of slag asphalt concrete. Particular attention is paid to studies of the effect of slag on the strength, fracture resistance and deformation of the material. The authors provide an overview of the various methods of modifying slag asphalt to improve its performance and durability of road surfaces. The article also highlights the environmental importance of slag asphalt, generalized its ability to reduce the use of natural resources and reduce waste from the steel industry. The overall analysis of these  articles suggests the potential of using slag road asphalt concrete as an effective and environmentally sustainable material in road construction. However, further research and practical tests are needed to confirm its applicability in different climatic and road conditions. The final part of the article discusses the significance of slag asphalt concrete in the context of sustainable road construction. The potential of slag asphalt to save costs in the construction and maintenance of road infrastructure, as well as to improve its durability and sustainability, is emphasized. In conclusion, the article provides a generalised overview of slag asphalt concrete, its advantages and promising applications in road construction.
Выбор метода расчета усилий копания и нагрузок, действующих на элементы рабочего оборудования гидравлического экскаватора.
Authors: Даньярова А.С. , Тогизбаева Б.Б. , Балабеков К.Г. , Кенесбек А.Б.
Published: February 2024

Известно, что гидравлические экскаваторы — это многофункциональные землеройные машины, состоящие из стрелы, рукояти и ковша.

Экскаватор работает по принципу гидравлической жидкости с гидроцилиндром и гидромоторами. Важно отметить, что эксплуатация гидравлическим экскаватором требует скоординированного перемещения стрелы, рукояти и ковша для управления положением наконечника ковша по желаемой траектории. Тем самым, способствует эффективному использованию машиной в темное время суток, в наихудших условиях труда, в суровую погоду, в опасной или нездоровой окружающей среде, и даже на территориях стихийных бедствий.  

Управление гидравлическим экскаватором возможно при условии понимания кинематики и динамики экскаваторной машины. Для достижения этой цели в данной статье приведены различные методы расчета, связанные с кинематикой экскаваторной машины, которые полезны при выполнении его кинематического моделирования. Что в свою очередь способствует пониманию поведения и улучшения эксплуатационных характеристик гидравлического экскаватора.
Методика инструментальных наблюдений за деформациями и техническим состоянием зданий и сооружений
Authors: Сайлыгараева М.А. , Нысанбай Н.Н. , Байгурин Ж.Д.
Published: February 2024

Статья направлена на решение задач по созданию эффективной съемочной сети для проведения инструментальных наблюдений за деформационными процессами здания в условиях предгорной местности с энергетическим классом движений земной поверхности равной 4-5.

Периодические наблюдения за техническим состоянием способствуют своевременному выявлению критических отклонений конструктивных элементов здания и обеспечению безопасной эксплуатации сооружения. Вокруг исследуемого объекта предложена методика построения геодезической сети с проложением нивелирного хода III класса с целью проведения периодических наблюдений за осадочными движениями фундамента здания и определения количественных значений осадок с учетом территориального расположения, инженерно-геологических условий, сейсмичности района и влияния внешней среды.
3D баспаланған бетонды арматуралауға арналған аутоматты арматуралаушы механизм
Authors: Сагынтай М.К. , Мустафа A.K. , Нұғман Е.З.
Published: February 2024

Құрылыстағы аддитивті технологияның қазіргі кездегі өзекті мәселелерінің бірі – 3D баспаланған бетонды арматуралау болып тұр. Осы уақытқа дейінгі зерттеу жұмыстары 3D баспаланған бетонды арматуралауда тек стандартты бұдырлы болат арматураны қолданғанда ғана оның механикалық қасиеттері дәстүрлі темірбетонның қасиеттеріне жақындайтынын дәлелдеді. Ендігі шешімін табу керек мәселе – 3D баспаланған бетонды стандартты бұдырлы болат арматурамен арматуралау үрдісін аутоматтандыру. Осы мәселені шешу мақсатында бұл жұмыста түйіспелі дәнекерлеу әдісін пайдаланып, аутоматты режимде екі қатарлы арматуралаушы тор құратын аутоматты арматуралаушы механизмнің тұжырымдамасы жасалынып, сол тұжырымдамаға сай оның прототипі жасалынды және жұмыс қабілеттілігін тексеру үшін зертханалық сынақтар жүргізілді. Атап айтқанда, түйіспелі дәнекерлеу әдісін пайдаланып аутоматты режимде жасалатын арматуралаушы тордың механикалық қасиеттері DIN 488-4 стандартының талаптарына сәйкестігін анықтау үшін және прототиптің түйіспелі дәнекерлеу жүйесін тексеру мақсатында крест тәріздес үлгілер жасалынып, динамомашинада ығыстыру әдісімен үзіп тексерілді. Сонымен қатар, аутоматты арматуралаушы механизмнің прототипінің барлық жүйелерінің жұмыс қабілеттілігі тексерілді. Сөйтіп ұсынылған концепцияның жұмыс қабілеттілігі дәлелденді.
Экспериментальное исследование влияния режимов резания на шероховатость поверхности при растачивании ступенчатого отверстия
Authors: Шеров К.Т. , Карсакова Н.Ж. , Доненбаев Б.С. , Тусупова С.О. , Имашева К. , Есиркепова А.Б.
Published: February 2024

В данной статье приводятся результаты исследования выполненные для обеспечения качества обработки ступенчатого отверстия крупногабаритной детали Станина НП8 насоса погружного. Разработана конструкция и изготовлен опытный образец специального комбинированного расточного инструмента. Также изготовлен образец – заготовка из СЧ15 для проведения экспериментальных исследований.

Экспериментальные исследования проведены в условиях лабораторной базы «Центр рабочих профессий "Машиностроение"» НАО «Карагандинский технический университет им. А. Сагинова» на токарно-винторезном станке 1К625.

В результате экспериментальных исследований влияния режимов резания на шероховатость обработанной поверхности при растачивании ступенчатого отверстия установлено, что с увеличением частоты вращения шпинделя и значения глубины резания качество обработанной поверхности улучшается. А увеличение подачи отрицательно влияет на шероховатость обработанной поверхности. Определены оптимальные режимы резания для обработки ступенчатого отверстия ∅295 мм и ∅325 мм детали Станина НП8 насоса погружного: S=0,26 мм/об; n= 1250 об/мин; t=1,0 мм.

В результате планирования эксперимента и оценки полученных данных с помощью программы "ANETR-5" была получена зависимость шероховатости поверхности от режимов резания, которая позволит управлять параметрами качества до обработки и определить оптимальные режимы резания, обеспечивающие высокие параметры качества детали.
Геофизические исследования участка русла реки Есиль и оценка устойчивости откосов плотины
Authors: Жумадилова Н.Ж. , Мухамеджанова А.Т. , Портнов В.С , Мусабаев Т.Т. , Шин Е.П.
Published: February 2024

. На основании требований действующих нормативных документов на территории Казахстана необходимо проводить периодический контроль за состоянием техногенных и инженерных сооружений. Система обеспечения контроля учитывает основные принципы, понятия и методы применительно к специфике объектов и параметров технического контроля, а также особенностям внедрения новых технологий и соответственно разработки новой методики для оценки состояния объекта исследования. Цель данной работы заключается в проведении комплексного исследования гидротехнических сооружений с использованием инновационного оборудования и подходов. В частности, основные задачи работы:

Определение и оценка технического состояния ограждающих дамб на основе результатов натурных наблюдений, инструментальных измерений и расчетных показателей. Это позволит оценить текущее состояние сооружений и выявить возможные деформации или повреждения.

Анализ влияния разнообразных нагрузок, включая постоянные, динамические и временные, на напряженно-деформированное состояние дамбы. Это позволит определить, как различные факторы воздействуют на инженерные конструкции и какие изменения могут происходить в долгосрочной перспективе.

Разработка рекомендаций по обеспечению надежности, безопасности и функциональной пригодности исследуемых гидротехнических конструкций. Эти рекомендации будут основываться на комплексном анализе и предоставят практические решения для поддержания структурной целостности и эффективности сооружений.

Научная новизна данной работы состоит в применении современных методов геофизических исследований и инновационного оборудования для технической оценки гидротехнических сооружений. Это открывает новые возможности для улучшения точности и надежности оценки состояния сооружений в условиях быстро меняющейся среды.
Risk Factors of Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Nawawi Dinda Rizki , Ruansa Iman , Mariana Mariana
Published: February 2024

Spontaneous abortion is defined as a pregnancy loss at the gestational age of under 20 weeks or within the first trimester, which is usually marked by intravaginal bleeding and expulsion of conceptus through the cervix. In 20% of pregnancies, vaginal bleeding occurs prior to 20 weeks of gestational age, and 50% of these cases develop into spontaneous abortion. More than 80% of spontaneous abortion occurs before 12 weeks of gestational age. There are many factors contributing to the incidence of spontaneous abortion such as prior miscarriage and maternal age. Several chronic diseases are also known to trigger spontaneous abortion, such as diabetes and autoimmune diseases. Immediate postpartum conception and infections, such as cervicitis, vaginitis, HIV, syphilis and malaria are also common risk factors. In some cases, fetal chromosomal abnormalities may also cause spontaneous abortion. Environmental contaminants such as arsenic, lead, and organic solvents are thought to be factors that may induce spontaneous abortion.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preventive Behaviors Towards Stroke: A Study Among Employees of PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk. Palembang Branch
Authors: Lubis Fatimah Khairunnisa , Ramadhoni Pinto Desti , Nindela Rini
Published: February 2024

A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked or ruptured. If the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or stopped, this can cause brain cells to die. Stroke is a health problem that must be noticed and understood by the whole community considering the high mortality and disability rates among working-age adults caused by this disease. Limited public knowledge towards stroke will result in no/lack of prevention efforts and can lead to delays in treating stroke. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach that aims to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors towards stroke among employees of PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk. Palembang Branch. The primary source for the data used was an online questionnaire addressed to 48 employees of PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk. Palembang Branch as the study subjects. Based on the results of measuring the variables, it can be concluded that most of the employees of PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia Tbk. Palembang Branch have poor knowledge, good attitudes, and poor preventive behaviors towards stroke.
Follicular Ameloblastoma of the Mandible in a Young Adult Patient: Case Report
Authors: Rausyanfikr Yasinnurarsyad Azmabasyar , Sylvyana Melita , Yusuf Harmas Yazid
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Ameloblastoma is a locally invasive tumor that grows slowly and attacks the maxillofacial area. There are various histological variants of ameloblastoma. The most common is follicular ameloblastoma. They are characterized by slow growth and are relatively aggressive locally, with the primary site of origin being the mandible. Late recurrence after surgical management is relatively common and is related to the histologic type, site of origin, and initial treatment modality. The mandibular bone is also a relatively common location for this tumor. Optimal surgical treatment of ameloblastoma should minimize recurrence, restore function and aesthetics, and minimize morbidity at the donor site. Segmental mandibular resection surgery is tumour surgery by removing part of the mandible.
Case report: A 15-year-old female patient came with complaints of a mass in the mandible area. The mass infiltrated the right mandible. The surgical intervention performed on this patient was a segmental resection operation. From the results of the Anatomic Pathology (AP) examination, follicular ameloblastoma was found in the right mandibular region.
Conclusion: The patient's age and histopathological pattern of the tumor influence the treatment plan.
Keywords: Follicular Ameloblastoma, Benign, Segmental resection surgery
The origin and development of procedural rules in Ancient Greece
Authors: Slynko D. V. , Kalenichenko L. I.
Published: February 2024

The research is devoted to the development of legal norms in Greece in the ancient period. It is noted that certain issues of legal norms development in Greece in the ancient period were the subject of research by domestic lawyers and historians, but Ukrainian legal science currently lacks comprehensive historical and legal research on this issue which would cover the entire range of issues related to the origin and development of procedural law in Greece in the ancient period.

It is emphasised that as a result of the formation of the political system, law-making activity is intensified. In addition, law-making activities are freed from the influence of religion and mythology. Instead of unwritten customs, which were interpreted by representatives of the ruling elite, secular law begins to be applied and enshrined in writing.

The article examines the origin and development of procedural rules in Ancient Greece and the administration of justice in Athens, analyses its forms, and considers procedural aspects of the activities of representative institutions of that time in Greece. Given the general patterns of formation and development of the legal process in all its richness, the author draws attention to the ancient experience of non-jurisdictional forms of legal process. The author examines the jurisdictional (civil or criminal law) and non-jurisdictional (procedural aspects of representative institutions) forms of legal process in Greece of the ancient period.

It has been concluded that in Ancient Greece, the procedural rules reflected the procedure enshrined mainly in the rules of customary law, which provided for the application of substantive legal rules. In most Hellenic States of ancient times, it had certain common features. The jurisdictional process in those days was a procedure that was enshrined in law and provided for the procedure for the exercise by public authorities or self-government bodies of their functions in the administration of justice, while the non-jurisdictional form of legal process regulated the procedural aspects of the activities of representative institutions.
Civil substantive and procedural legal means of securing reparations for Ukraine
Authors: Bortnik O. G.
Published: February 2024

The subject of the study is the forms of reparations for damage and the procedural means of obtaining them within the institutions which constitute transitional justice and which should comply with international standards. The purpose of the article is to determine the directions for institutional changes in the procedure and peculiarities of compensation for damage caused to individuals by the armed aggression of the russian federation, primarily in national courts in the context of legal institutions of transitional justice. To obtain the results of the study, the author used general scientific and special legal methods, in particular, analysis, generalisation, and comparative legal analysis.

The conditions for balanced fulfilment of transitional justice tasks in the context of fair reparations for victims have been investigated. The legal means aimed at obtaining reparations for damage caused as a result of armed aggression have been considered. The author identifies the types and role of legal immunities and amnesties as means of reconciliation, their conditions of implementation and application in relation to the effectiveness and availability of reparations for gross human rights violations and war crimes. The forms of reparations that should be guaranteed to victims for the relevant crimes have been investigated.

The results of the study are a new special approach to determining the relationship between substantive and related procedural legal means of transitional justice that may affect reparations at the national level. The role of amnesties and immunities as legal incentives and means of influencing the effectiveness and accessibility of reparations to victims has been identified and generalised. The provisions on ensuring a balanced ratio of private and public interests in the implementation of transitional justice elements have been further developed. The author identifies areas for a balanced combination of legal means and increasing their effectiveness to ensure the goals of transitional justice.

The results of the study can be used in educational, law-making, law interpretation and law enforcement processes, in particular in civil proceedings in Ukraine. Practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the results in determining procedural ways to protect the rights of victims.
Liability of legal entities under public law under the immunity of the foreign state that created them
Authors: Zhornokui Yu. M.
Published: February 2024

The article analyses current Ukrainian legislation, international conventions and doctrinal approaches to the issues of liability of public law legal entities under the immunity of the foreign State which created them. It is noted that by their legal nature, immunities as they exist in modern law are legal exceptions established by the State, since they are legal means aimed at regulating public relations. A characteristic feature of legal immunity is that it provides for additional rights or exemptions from obligations only in the area of legal liability.

The emphasis is placed on the fact that the proponents of the theory of limited immunity proceed from the need to divide the actions of a sovereign state into public and private actions and the need to apply different regimes to them. Even if the state continues to refer to absolute immunity, it will not solve the urgent problems, since most states have already abandoned this theory and their courts consider cases accordingly. Thus, the consequence of non-recognition of the decisions of these courts in the field of commercial activity will be the complete exclusion of the state from international relations in the private sphere.

It has been concluded that the possible participation of legal entities under public law within civil legal relations, which is currently being actively discussed, does not have unambiguous support among specialists. This state of affairs is caused by the unresolved issues regarding the procedure for managing such a legal entity, what rights it has with regard to the transferred property, and what is its status and responsibility for its activities. The current approaches to characterising the civil law status of such a person as a subject of legal relations do not have a common denominator. The above facts do not provide an answer to the question of property independence of public law legal entities from the State which created them and the possibility of holding them liable for the debts of such a State. As a result, the above range of problematic issues gives rise to a new issue which is the liability of public law legal entities within the immunity of the foreign state which created them. The lack of a clear definition of the property of a public law legal entity, the influence of the State that created it on the management of such a legal entity and the possibility of holding it liable for the State’s debts in international relations (application of State immunities) necessitates further research in this area.
Civil contract as an institution of civil law
Authors: Kolobylina O. O.
Published: February 2024

The article argues that civil law is a branch of law which regulates property and personal non-property relations between individuals and/or legal entities based on the principles of equality, free expression of will and protection of rights and legitimate interests of participants to civil legal relations. Civil law includes rules that establish the basis for the creation, modification and termination of civil relations, as well as determine the procedure for the protection of violated civil rights.

It has been stated that a civil contract as an institution of civil law is a voluntary agreement in which the parties to the contract express a single will aimed at establishing, changing or terminating civil rights and obligations and achieving certain civil law consequences in the appropriate form.

The author identifies the following key features of a civil law contract (agreement): like any contract, it is concluded on a voluntary basis, however, its parties are equal and bear mutual responsibility for non-performance and/or improper performance of their obligations; the contract is personalised; stability of the contract (agreement) terms which remain in force until they are changed by agreement of the parties or until the contract expires in accordance with the stipulated terms; flexibility of terms and conditions, since the parties have the right to determine their own terms and conditions of the contract, in particular, price, terms, scope, etc.; the scope of a civil law contract is broad, and may include issues related to the sale and purchase of goods, services, loans, lease of property, etc.; a civil law contract is an important source of civil law.
Notification of the counterparty of unilateral withdrawal from the agreement
Authors: Chalyi Yu. I.
Published: February 2024

The study focuses on the issue of notification of the initiator of unilateral withdrawal from a contract to its counterparty of such withdrawal. In particular, the problematic issues of determining the form and procedure for such notification and establishing the time when an agreement unilaterally withdrawn by one of its parties will be considered amended or terminated are considered. Current civil law does not provide clear answers to these questions. The necessity of differentiating the legislative rules which will determine the procedure for informing the interested party of the unilateral withdrawal from a contract by the other party, and also establish the moment when the legal consequences caused by unilateral withdrawal from a contract come into force, is pointed out. The criteria for such differentiation are the subject matter and type of contractual relationship, as well as the reasons for withdrawal from the contract, i.e. whether it arose due to a breach of contract by the counterparty or is related to other reasons. When the withdrawal is caused by a breach of contract, the injured party generally does not have to notify the offending party in advance of its intention to unilaterally withdraw from the contract. It is acceptable to give notice after the fact, but with the obligatory immediate notification of the offender or within another reasonable time. In the case of withdrawal for other reasons, the initiator of the withdrawal must usually inform its counterparty in advance. In the latter case, the notice of withdrawal has the form of a warning in the proper sense of the word.

It is noted that, as a general rule, a withdrawal must be made in the same form as the contract that is being withdrawn by one of its parties. In the first case of withdrawal, i.e. when it is caused by an offence, legal consequences may arise with the first acts of defensive action taken by the injured party. There may be situations where legal consequences of this type of waiver arise from the moment the offending party receives the notice. In the second case of withdrawal - "for other reasons" - the legal consequences of the withdrawal will appear not earlier than the moment when the interested party is informed of the unilateral withdrawal from the contract by its counterparty.

It is proposed to amend the rules on withdrawal from transactions, which should contain the most general provisions on the implementation of informed unilateral withdrawal from a contract.
Regulation of local self-government bodies powers in health care
Authors: Batryn O. V.
Published: February 2024

The article is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of the powers of local self-government bodies in health care. Legislative and subordinate acts governing legal relationships in healthcare are reviewed. The legislation regulating the powers of local self-government bodies is studied. The research of scientists in law and public administration focused on the governance of local healthcare facilities is examined.

The paper provides the characteristics of the specific powers of local self-government bodies in healthcare institution management. It includes the possibilities of creating and reorganizing such institutions, appointing leaders, and providing financial and material-technical support. Local councils have the authority to develop and approve programs for municipal healthcare institutions development. The involvement of local self-government bodies in developing hospital district development plans is clarified. The nature of the participation of local councils in providing benefits to medical workers working in rural areas is established. A list of potential healthcare institutions in Ukraine is provided. The norms of several legislative acts that provide relevant powers are compared.

An article proposes a classification of the powers of local self-government bodies in health care. In particular, all powers should be divided into three groups: planning and forecasting, regulatory, and organizational-supportive. In particular, powers should be divided into three groups: planning and forecasting, regulatory, and organizational-supportive. Proposals are made for amending the current legislation on healthcare and local self-government. It is proposed to enhance the legal regulation of the powers of local self-government bodies by including the full list of powers of local councils and their executive committees in the healthcare field in a separate section of Article 32 of the Law on Local Self-Government.
The National Police in the system of administrative delinquency prevention subjects
Authors: Muzychuk O. M.
Published: February 2024

The article notes that the introduction of martial law in Ukraine has changed the approach to the organisation of police work, since domestic law enforcement agencies have faced challenges previously unknown to science and practice, in particular, in the area of prevention of administrative delinquency among internally displaced persons, in the de-occupied territories, and in the context of hostilities, which required new algorithms and approaches, as well as consideration of the priorities and principles of activity.

It is emphasised that in order to ensure the widest possible consideration of the fundamental principles, including the rule of law, police activity should be based on a coherent and consistent system of indicators which is relevant to modern socio-political realities. An important indicator of police activity is the effectiveness of work in the area of prevention of administrative delinquency. Measurement and analysis of this indicator are rather complex processes, as they are carried out not only within the framework of police activities, but are also largely related to the functioning of civil society institutions, educative, cultural, scientific and educational institutions and organisations, including international ones, which focus their activities on solving urgent problems that constitute the social basis of administrative delinquency.

It has been noted that prevention of administrative delinquency is a complex category which should be considered through the prism of a system of organically interrelated actors at the level of understanding a wide range of relations between them, including police bodies and units. It has been emphasised that such a system should be based on the principles of equality, broad public participation and be coordinated by collectively formed management centres at the level of the State or a particular area (region, community).

The areas for further development of police activities in the field of prevention of administrative delinquency include a set of organisational and administrative measures related to the need to ensure the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons, prevention of bullying under martial law, and widespread application of the programme approach both in administrative law and administrative law doctrine.
Violent crime motivated by war-related hate: concepts, signs, development trends
Authors: Sokurenko V. V.
Published: February 2024

The article substantiates the need to study violent crime motivated by hatred related to the war as a separate criminological category in view of the ongoing armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine, the annexation of part of its territories and open calls by the Russian authorities to destroy the Ukrainian nation, incite hatred to everything that identifies Ukraine as a sovereign independent state.

The analysis of the transformations of violent crime based on hatred related to the war as a socio-legal phenomenon of modern society shows that the social price of its existence in our society is too high.

Attention is focused on the fact that manifestations of violence and aggression in society pose a real threat to the stability of the existence of the entire human civilization, which carries potential threats to the national security of Ukraine, as well as to regional and global security.

A definition of a violent crime motivated by hatred related to the war has been formulated, the content of its main essential features has been identified and disclosed. Trends in the development of this type of crime have been outlined as a basis for forecasting negative impacts on the relevant social processes in the future.

The need to develop a balanced legislative approach to the correct understanding, recognition, detection and subsequent legally competent qualification of criminal offenses on the basis of hatred related to the war as a guarantee of their effective prevention and investigation is summarized.

The need for further research to identify criminogenic phenomena and processes that determine the emergence and modification of violent crime on the basis of hatred related to the war, which is a necessary element of its study, has been proved. After all, this will make it possible to explain the nature of its emergence, the peculiarities of its internal content, options for further modifications, and, ultimately, the development of countermeasures.
Peculiarities of natural honey classification in the course of forensic commodity examination
Authors: Kanivets P. P.
Published: February 2024

The main identification tasks of the commodity expertise of natural honey are to establish its authenticity, quality and assessment of compliance with the requirements of standards. To achieve these objectives, experts conduct a number of analyses and determinations, including determining the authenticity of honey, determining the botanical and geographical origin of honey, determining the composition and quality, determining compliance with quality standards, and determining the content of impurities and antioxidants. By carrying out these identification tasks, the examination helps ensure quality and safety of honey on the market and protects consumer rights. Defects in honey can occur for a variety of reasons and are usually the result of deficiencies in honey production, storage or transportation.

The scientific article describes the peculiarities of classification of natural honey during forensic commodity examination, reveals the methodological aspects of forensic commodity examination of honey, identifies theoretical and practical problems of commodity research of honey, reveals the commodity characteristics of honey and its defects, instrumental methods of honey examination, in particular gas and liquid chromatography, spectroscopy, solid-phase microextraction, describes the main microbiological methods that can be used in the study of honey, offers a systematisation of information data on the peculiarities of forensic examination of honey with regard to its characteristic defects. The stages of conducting a forensic commodity examination of honey are presented. Recommendations regarding honey quality assessment for expert organizations and consumers are given.