bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suboptimal human inference can invert the bias-variance trade-off for decisions with asymmetric evidence
Authors: Eissa Tahra L. , Gold Joshua I. , Josić Krešimir , Kilpatrick Zachary P.
Published: July 2022

Solutions to challenging inference problems are often subject to a fundamental trade-off between: 1) bias (being systematically wrong) that is minimized with complex inference strategies, and 2) variance (being oversensitive to uncertain observations) that is minimized with simple inference strategies. However, this trade-off is based on the assumption that the strategies being considered are optimal for their given complexity and thus has unclear relevance to forms of inference based on suboptimal strategies. We examined inference problems applied to rare, asymmetrically available evidence, which a large population of human subjects solved using a diverse set of strategies that varied in form and complexity. In general, subjects using more complex strategies tended to have lower bias and variance, but with a dependence on the form of strategy that reflected an inversion of the classic bias-variance trade-off: subjects who used more complex, but imperfect, Bayesian-like strategies tended to have lower variance but higher bias because of incorrect tuning to latent task features, whereas subjects who used simpler heuristic strategies tended to have higher variance because they operated more directly on the observed samples but lower, near-normative bias. Our results help define new principles that govern individual differences in behavior that depends on rare-event inference and, more generally, about the information-processing trade-offs that can be sensitive to not just the complexity, but also the optimality, of the inference process.
Determinants and drivers of young children’s diets in Latin America and the Caribbean: Findings from a regional analysis
Authors: Gassmann Franziska , de Groot Richard , Dietrich Stephan , Timar Eszter , Jaccoud Florencia , Giuberti Lorena , Bordon Giulio , Fautsch-Macías Yvette , Veliz Paula , Garg Aashima , Arts Maaike
Published: July 2022

The Latin America and Caribbean region exhibit some of the lowest undernutrition rates globally. Yet, disparities exist between and within countries and countries in the region increasingly face other pressing nutritional concerns, including overweight, micronutrient deficiencies and inadequate child feeding practices. This paper reports findings from a regional analysis to identify the determinants and drivers of children’s diets, with a focus on the complementary feeding window between the age of 6–23 months. The analysis consists of a narrative review and descriptive data analysis, complemented with qualitative interviews with key informants in four countries: Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. Findings indicate that poverty and inequality (disparities within countries by wealth and residence), unequal access to services, inadequate coverage of social programmes and lack of awareness on appropriate feeding practices are important drivers for inadequate diets. We conclude that countries in the region need to invest in policies to tackle overweight and micronutrient deficiencies in young children, considering inequalities between and within countries, enhance coverage of social protection programmes, improve coordination between sectors to improve children’s diets and expand the coverage and intensity of awareness campaigns on feeding practices, using iterative programme designs.
Opioid agonist treatment and risk of death or rehospitalization following injection drug use–associated bacterial and fungal infections: A cohort study in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Brothers Thomas D. , Lewer Dan , Jones Nicola , Colledge-Frisby Samantha , Farrell Michael , Hickman Matthew , Webster Duncan , Hayward Andrew , Degenhardt Louisa
Published: July 2022

Background

Injecting-related bacterial and fungal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality among people who inject drugs (PWID), and they are increasing in incidence. Following hospitalization with an injecting-related infection, use of opioid agonist treatment (OAT; methadone or buprenorphine) may be associated with reduced risk of death or rehospitalization with an injecting-related infection.

Methods and findings

Data came from the Opioid Agonist Treatment Safety (OATS) study, an administrative linkage cohort including all people in New South Wales, Australia, who accessed OAT between July 1, 2001 and June 28, 2018. Included participants survived a hospitalization with injecting-related infections (i.e., skin and soft-tissue infection, sepsis/bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or epidural/brain abscess). Outcomes were all-cause death and rehospitalization for injecting-related infections. OAT exposure was classified as time varying by days on or off treatment, following hospital discharge. We used separate Cox proportional hazards models to assess associations between each outcome and OAT exposure. The study included 8,943 participants (mean age 39 years, standard deviation [SD] 11 years; 34% women). The most common infections during participants’ index hospitalizations were skin and soft tissue (7,021; 79%), sepsis/bacteremia (1,207; 14%), and endocarditis (431; 5%). During median 6.56 years follow-up, 1,481 (17%) participants died; use of OAT was associated with lower hazard of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57 to 0.70). During median 3.41 years follow-up, 3,653 (41%) were rehospitalized for injecting-related infections; use of OAT was associated with lower hazard of these rehospitalizations (aHR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.96). Study limitations include the use of routinely collected administrative data, which lacks information on other risk factors for injecting-related infections including injecting practices, injection stimulant use, housing status, and access to harm reduction services (e.g., needle exchange and supervised injecting sites); we also lacked information on OAT medication dosages.

Conclusions

Following hospitalizations with injection drug use–associated bacterial and fungal infections, use of OAT is associated with lower risks of death and recurrent injecting-related infections among people with opioid use disorder.
Delay-aware distributed program caching for IoT-edge networks
Authors: Kim Chang Kyung , Kim TaeYoung , Lee SuKyoung , Lee Seungkyun , Cho Anna , Kim Mun-Suk
Published: July 2022

Edge computing is a novel network architecture that is in proximity to the end devices in an Internet of Things (IoT). As the IoT becoming a major factor in our daily life, provisioning a low response time of the services to IoT users through edge computing is an important problem. Caching necessary program data for the task in an edge node effectively reduces the response time of the computation task. However, due to the increase of IoT users and devices, it is noteworthy that limited-resource edge nodes would receive a number of tasks, having a heavy burden of processing the requests. Therefore, the limited resource and caching space at cloudlet need the careful design of the caching algorithm to utilize the space of multiple edge nodes and relieve the burden of computations. In this paper, we propose a cooperative program caching system that makes different edge nodes cooperatively store program data and cache the replicas of the data requested frequently to handle a number of requests from IoT users. In particular, we develop a cooperative caching algorithm that caches the appropriate number of data replicas depending on the number of requests on each cloudlet and the popularity of the data to minimize the response time. The simulation results show that the proposed cooperative caching algorithm can effectively reduce the response time for IoT users compared to other existing algorithms.
Menstrual hygiene management knowledge, practice and associated factors Among School Girls, Northeast Ethiopia
Authors: Shumie Zeru Shikur , Mengie Zinie Abita
Published: July 2022

Background

Women in rural settings particularly in schools suffer more from stigma and lack of services and facilities during menstruation. However, the issue has not received proper attention from school water sanitation and hygiene programs. And this study was aimed to identify knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene, and associated factors.

Method

Institution based cross-sectional study was employed among 441 school girls in Mekidela city. EpiData Version 4.6 and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 25.0 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with the outcome variables. Variables with a p-value<0.25 in the bivariable analysis were a candidate for multivariable logistic regression and p-value<0.05 in the multivariable analysis was used to declare significant association.

Results

Of the respondents, 64.9% reported good knowledge of menstrual hygiene management. In multivariable analysis; grade level (grade 11 & 12) [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.23, 95% C.I (1.19–4.16)], age ≥ 19 years [AOR = 3.45, 95% C.I (1.78–6.69)], residence [AOR = 1.90, 95% C.I: (1.12–3.23)], know sanitary pads [AOR = 2.67, 95% CI: (1.19–6.00)] and learned about menstrual hygiene [AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: (1.02–2.87)] found to be associated with knowledge. About 62.4% have good menstrual hygiene practices. Knowledge on menstrual hygiene [AOR = 1.73, 95% C.I (1.07–2.80)], know about reproductive tract/sexually transmitted infections [AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: (1.37–4.43)], having private shower [AOR = 2.04, 95% C.I 2.04(1.24–3.37)] and residence [AOR = 3.76, 95% C.I:(2.18–6.51)] were factors associated with practice.

Conclusion

Overall nearly two-third of respondents had good knowledge and good practice of menstrual hygiene management. Factors significantly associated with their knowledge included age, grade level, residence, learning on menstrual hygiene, and knowledge of sanitary pads. Residence, knowledge on menstrual hygiene, know about sexually transmitted infections and having a private shower were found to be associated with practice of menstrual hygiene management. In general, our finding indicates that menstrual hygiene was unsatisfactory among adolescent school girls and more should be done on the factors identified.
An empiric tool to identify Kenyans living with HIV who will have unsuppressed viremia 18 months following treatment initiation to guide differentiated care models
Authors: Njuguna Njambi , Mugo Nelly , Anzala Omu , Mureithi Marianne , Irungu Elizabeth , Wamicwe Joyce , Baeten Jared M. , Heffron Renee
Published: July 2022

Background

With the global push towards universal access to Antiretroviral Treatment (ART), patient numbers are increasing, further straining already under-resourced healthcare systems in sub-Saharan Africa. A simple scoring tool could be useful in optimizing differentiated service delivery by identifying individuals likely to have unsuppressed viral load.

Methods

Using existing data of patients accessing ART at public health facilities that were extracted from the Kenya Electronic Medical Record (KenyaEMR) and standard methods of developing a clinical prediction tool; we created and validated a risk scoring tool to identify persons likely to be virally unsuppressed at 18 months post-ART initiation. Data from the KenyaEMR were cleaned, merged and reviewed for completeness. We utilized multivariate modelling to determine key predictors of viral load suppression that could be measured in clinical settings.

Results

We assessed clinical reports of 3,968 patients on ART who had been on ART for at least 18 months and had at least one viral load result and were ≥ 18 years old. Of these, the majority (81%) were virally suppressed 18 months post-ART initiation. The final risk score included age, sex, body mass index at HIV diagnosis, number of years of formal education, disclosure status, and duration of time between HIV diagnosis and initiating ART. The maximum risk score was 78; a risk score of ≥22 was associated with unsuppressed viral load (>1000copies/mL). The area under the curve (AUC) for the probability of the risk score to correctly predict unsuppressed viral load was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.52 to 0.56). Internal and external validation showed similar predictive ability.

Conclusions

Routinely collected variables in a public HIV clinic medical record predicts, with modest accuracy, individuals likely to have unsuppressed HIV viremia 18 months after they initiate ART. The use and application of this tool could improve and complement efficiency in differentiated care models for patients on ART.
Determinants of community health workers effectiveness for delivery of maternal and child health in Sub Saharan Africa: A Systematic review protocol
Authors: Gebremeskel Akalewold T. , Omonaiye Olumuyiwa , Yaya Sanni
Published: July 2022

Background

Countries in sub-Sahara African continue to have the highest maternal and under- five child death occurrences in the world and this has become a key health challenge in the region and persists as global public health agenda. Although Community Health Workers (CHWs) are increasingly being acknowledged as crucial members of the healthcare workforce in reducing health disparity, evidence is limited on perspective of community health workers. The objective of this protocol is to outline the methodological process of a systematic review that will gather qualitative data to examine determinants of community health workers effectiveness for delivery of maternal and child health in Sub Saharan Africa. Synthesizing the perspectives of community health workers’ perceived experience is crucial to inform decision makers, policy makers, and practitioners to address barriers to and scaleup facilitators of CHWs program to ensure maternal and child health equity and a resilience community health system.

Methods

The protocol has been registered in the PROSPERO (CRD42020206874). We will systematically conduct a literature search from inception in MEDLINE complete, EMBASE, CINAHL complete and Global Health for relevant studies. Eligible studies will be reports of original research, peer reviewed articles having a qualitative component (i.e., qualitative, mixed, or multi-method studies) on empowerment of CHWs associated with maternal and child health in the sub-Saharan Africa. Eligibility will be restricted to studies published in English. Two reviewers will independently screen all included abstracts and full-text articles. The primary outcome will be CHWs’ perceived barriers to and facilitators of effectiveness of community health workers in maternal and child health in sub-Saharan Africa. Study methodological quality (or bias) will be appraised using appropriate tools. Narrative analysis will be conducted, and narrative summary of findings will be presented. We will use the ‘best fit’ framework method as a systematic approach to analyzing the qualitative data.

Discussion

This study will systematically and comprehensively search literature and integrate evidence on perceived barriers to and facilitators of effectiveness of community health workers led maternal and child health program in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings will inform policy and practice on maternal and child health equity and a resilient communities health system. The resulting manuscript will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and at international and national conferences.
Hérnandez, E. y P. Martín Butragueño (eds.) (2020). Las palabras como unidades lingüísticas. Madrid/ Ciudad de México: CSIC. 467 Páginas
Authors: Rodríguez Fernández Raquel
Published: July 2022

Reseña de libro: Hérnandez, E. y P. Martín Butragueño (eds.) (2020). Las palabras como unidades lingüísticas. Madrid/ Ciudad de México: CSIC. 467 Páginas.
¿Quién es quién? Análisis de corpus de los procesos de desfocalización del agente en español y en francés en dos géneros digitales
Authors: Pierre Emeline
Published: July 2022

En este trabajo analizamos tres estrategias de desfocalización del agente en español y en francés, basándonos en dos géneros digitales. Pese a que estas estrategias ya han sido examinadas, carecemos de estudios empíricos realizados en corpus digitales. No obstante, los géneros digitales, por presentar características propias, son de gran interés en el estudio de los fenómenos sintácticos, especialmente en una era que se vuelve cada vez más digital. En el presente trabajo trataremos de demostrar la influencia del género y, en cierta medida, de la lengua en el uso de los participantes involucrados en tres estrategias de desfocalizacion: la pasiva perifrástica, la construcción con se – ambas disponibles en español y en francés– y el pronombre impersonal on en francés. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se han analizado datos procedentes de dos corpus: el foro digital Yahoo (De Smet 2009) y la enciclopedia en línea Wikipedia (Reese et al. 2010). Mientras el corpus Yahoo, constituido por interacciones preguntas-respuestas, presenta un grado menor de formalidad y rasgos de la oralidad (Placencia 2012), la Wikipedia proporciona acceso a un lenguaje de tipo enciclopédico, y se considera muestra de un género formal. Asimismo, estos dos corpus digitales incluyen situaciones discursivas que propician el uso de una estrategia de desfocalización. Se propone, por un lado, la protección de la imagen de los interlocutores en el caso del foro digital, en el cual se plantean preguntas o se piden consejos, una situación contextual sensible tanto para el emisor de la pregunta como para el interlocutor que le contesta, y, por otro lado, un fin de objetividad en el caso de la enciclopedia en línea. El análisis ha demostrado que el género y la lengua influyen no solo en la distribución de los mecanismos y en la presencia de participantes, sino también en la categoría a la cual pertenecen esos últimos, es decir, animado (humano o no) o inanimado (organización, país/ciudad u otro). Por consiguiente, este trabajo pretende abrir vías de estudio en los mecanismos de desfocalización del agente y mostrar la importancia de tomar en cuenta factores externos al fenómeno sintáctico, como el género y el idioma de la producción textual.
De lo justo natural a lo justo positivo
Authors: Cendejas Bueno José Luis
Published: July 2022

En este trabajo se analiza el razonamiento jurídico sobre cuestiones económicas de los escolásticos españoles de los siglos XVI y XVII. En dicho razonamiento concurren dos tradiciones: una primera romanista, específicamente jurídica, y una segunda, teológico moral, que recoge inquietudes franciscanas en torno a una acción humana más próxima al mensaje evangélico. En este contexto se enmarca la teoría sobre el dominium, motivada por la renuncia franciscana a toda propiedad, situada en los orígenes de la teoría moderna del derecho subjetivo, y de la que Francisco de Vitoria hará un uso innovador. Por otra parte, la reflexión sobre el precio justo y el dinero, también innovadora en aspectos fundamentales, desarrolla en ámbito económico el principio romanista de equidad natural. La naciente ciencia económica surge de la reflexión en torno a instituciones de ius gentium como la propiedad, el comercio y el dinero, instituciones que permiten conjugar necesidad natural y voluntad humana.
HISTORIA IN WESTERN SCHOLARSHIP TRADITION: WHERE NATURAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES COLLIDED
Authors: Jaelani Gani Ahmad
Published: July 2022

This article aims to analyse the concept of historia as the root of the discipline of history today. Historia is a concept in scientific tradition which dates back to Greek era. Today, the concept is only linked to the historical discipline still using the same name. Nevertheless, the concept was used to cover several studies such as natural studies, medicine, and humanities. This article will trace the evolution of the concept in the European scientific tradition since it was introduced for the first time. Furthermore, this article will discuss as well the problem of historia which raises the debate about the status of Herodotus as the Father of History. Finally, this article will elaborate to which extent the concept of historia becomes a junction between several professions, especially historian and physician. It is important to carry out this study to analyse the development of knowledge in Europe as the foundation that later develops in other places.
Media Massa Eropa Utara dan Konter terhadap Disinformasi Pemberitaan Pandemi Covid-19. Perspektif Pengkajian Eropa dan Best Practice Denmark-Finlandia bagi Media Massa Indonesia
Authors: Yonas Adya Rosyada , Nugrahani Henny Saptatia Drajati
Published: July 2022

Media massa sebagai penyedia informasi fakta memegang peran penting dalam melawan persebaran disinformasi. Terjadinya pandemi Covid-19 membuat persebaran disinformasi semakin masif. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian media massa mengenai penyebaran disinformasi terkait pandemi Covid-19 tahun 2020 di Denmark dan Finlandia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana upaya yang dilakukan oleh media-media massa di Denmark dan Finlandia dalam melawan disinformasi sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab sosial media massa kepada masyarakat. Rumusan masalah yang muncul yaitu bagaimana mekanisme yang dilakukan oleh outlet media massa di kedua negara tersebut dalam melawan disinformasi terkait Covid-19. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kualitatif dengan teknik analisis isi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu studi kasus dengan mengumpulkan data dari media massa di Denmark dan Finlandia. Teori Tanggung Jawab Sosial Pers digunakan untuk menjawab masalah penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan menentukan 2 media paling populer di Denmark dan Finlandia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa disinformasi dapat mengancam demokrasi dan media memiliki peran penting untuk menyajikan informasi berbasis fakta. Media massa di masing-masing negara memiliki mekanisme yang hampir sama, yaitu dengan memberikan konfirmasi yang jelas dengan melampirkan penelitian terkait dan pendapat para ahli terkait. Perbedaan pada keduanya yaitu, media massa Denmark memiliki platform pemeriksa fakta. Penelitian ini  menyimpulkan bahwa penyebaran disinformasi sangat erat kaitannya dengan tingkat literasi media. Semakin tinggi literasi media di suatu negara, maka semakin tanah juga masyarakatnya terhadap disinformasi.
As desigualdades socioespaciais na acessibilidade ao trabalho em Fortaleza sob distintas métricas
Authors: Garcia Lopes Pinto Davi , Grangeiro Loureiro Carlos Felipe , Franco Leite de Matos Sousa Francelino
Published: July 2022

Representar as desigualdades socioespaciais no acesso às oportunidades de trabalho envolve desafios em incorporar a complexidade dos elementos dos subsistemas de uso do solo e transportes envolvidos nesse fenômeno. Diante disso, o objetivo principal deste artigo é comparar representações dessa problemática em Fortaleza a partir da utilização de diferentes métricas de acessibilidade. Essa comparação foi feita considerando quatro tipos de indicadores: tempo médio de viagem às oportunidades, indicador de oportunidades cumulativas, tempo de equilíbrio emprego-população e logsum. As quatro representações obtidas foram comparadas quanto ao padrão espacial da acessibilidade, à distribuição dos níveis de acessibilidade entre os indivíduos, e aos valores de acessibilidade média e de sua variabilidade por região. Pelos resultados, três dos quatro indicadores apresentaram padrões semelhantes quanto aos aspectos analisados. Já o indicador de tempo de equilíbrio, ao incorporar a competitividade em sua formulação, representou distintos padrões, tanto espacialmente, quanto entre os indivíduos e entre as regiões.
Early Liver Transplantation for Severe Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis and a History of Prior Liver Decompensation
Authors: Weinberg Ethan M. , Dukewich Matthew , Jakhete Neha , Stonesifer Elizabeth , Im Gene Y. , Lucey Michael R. , Shetty Kirti , Rice John P. , Victor David W. , Ghobrial Mark R. , Shetty Akshay , Rutledge Stephanie M. , Florman Sander S. , Hsu Christine , Shoreibah Mohamed , Aryan Mahmoud , Orandi Babak J. , Han Hyosun , Terrault Norah , Lee Brian P.
Published: July 2022

INTRODUCTION:

In the published studies of early liver transplantation (LT) for alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), patients with a prior liver decompensation are excluded. The appropriateness of this criteria is unknown.

Methods:

Among 6 American Consortium of Early Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis sites, we included consecutive early LT for clinically diagnosed AH between 2007 and 2020. Patients were stratified as first vs prior history of liver decompensation, with the latter defined as a diagnosis of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, or jaundice, and evidence of alcohol use after this event. Adjusted Cox regression assessed the association of first (vs prior) decompensation with post-LT mortality and harmful (i.e., any binge and/or frequent) alcohol use.

Results:

A total of 241 LT recipients (210 first vs 31 prior decompensation) were included: median age 43 vs 38 years (P = 0.23), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Sodium score of 39 vs 39 (P = 0.98), and follow-up after LT 2.3 vs 1.7 years (P = 0.08). Unadjusted 1- and 3-year survival among first vs prior decompensation was 93% (95% confidence interval [CI] 89%–96%) vs 86% (95% CI 66%–94%) and 85% (95% CI 79%–90%) vs 78% (95% CI 57%–89%). Prior (vs first) decompensation was associated with higher adjusted post-LT mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 2.72, 95% CI 1.61–4.59) and harmful alcohol use (adjusted hazard ratio 1.77, 95% CI 1.07–2.94).

DISCUSSION:

Prior liver decompensation was associated with higher risk of post-LT mortality and harmful alcohol use. These results are a preliminary safety signal and validate first decompensation as a criterion for consideration in early LT for AH patients. However, the high 3-year survival suggests a survival benefit for early LT and the need for larger studies to refine this criterion. These results suggest that prior liver decompensation is a risk factor, but not an absolute contraindication to early LT.
The Effect of NaHCO3 and Mg2+ Addition in Haematococcus pluvialis Cultivation by Carbon Injection Method
Authors: Widayat W. , Maharani Annisa Metantya , Aroli Siti Nur Khairunisa , Hawari Muhammad Hilmazar
Published: July 2022

The emission of carbon dioxide has been continuously rising year by year. Many efforts that have been used with aim of climate recovery, such as capturing CO2 with the Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) method, which is the CCS technology is one of the effective tactics for reducing carbon emissions by utilizing energy from biomass of microalgae. This research will discuss about carbon capture using microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis in a lab scale photobioreactor (PBR), and resulting the optimum biomass productivity for Haematococcus pluvialis has occurred in the H2 variable (50 ppm Mg2+). This happens because of addition of Mg ions above 50 ppm can decrease the yield of biomass productivity, since Haematococcus pluvialis cannot live in high salinity concentrations. Further research should make a calculation of optimal cost incurred at the optimal carbon concentration that can be captured by microalgae, also the results of increasing value of the microalgae biomass produced for the comprehensive use of the microalgae.
Regulation of Shareholder Exits in Closely Held Companies – Reflections from Sweden
Authors: Almlöf Hanna
Published: July 2022

The success of closely held companies largely depends on a well-functioning collaboration between the shareholders. Split ambitions, differenced targets and conflicts among owners can create a need to end the collaboration. The owners need a plan for a structural business partner divorce, i. e., regulation of shareholder exits. This study analyze full and partial shareholder exits with the aid of an interview study with eighteen legal advisors. Through a grounded approach to analysis, and with aid of the Nvivo software, different exit situations are identified and categorized. Exit strategies can be regulated in shareholders’ agreements, in the articles of association, or by legislation. The later alternative, correctly constructed, could reduce transactions costs for the shareholders, as the legislation can serve as a standard contract. This study assesses to what extent the Swedish Companies Act functions as a standard contract for closely held firms on the topic of exit regulation. The study reveals that the Swedish Companies Act is of little help. Instead, the cost of contracting to regulate exits in shareholders’ agreements is placed on the parties. This calls for legislative change.
Experiments of Ti6Al4V manufactured by low-speed wire cut electrical discharge machining and electrical parameters optimization
Authors: Guo Jinglan , Wu Yanchen , Pan Chuang , Wen Li , Song Shuangzhu
Published: July 2022

Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V is widely used in aerospace, shipbuilding, petrochemical, and other industrial fields. Low-speed wire-cut electrical discharge machining (LS-WEDM) has the advantage of high machining accuracy. However, there are few research studies on the comprehensive effects of the electrical parameters of TC4 (Ti6Al4V) made by LS-WEDM on the machining surface. This paper focuses on LS-WEDM machining of titanium alloy TC4 and investigates the effects of electrical parameters on the surface roughness, kerf width, and cutting speed of TC4 specimens based on orthogonal tests. Five electrical parameters are optimized using the grey correlation method and the response surface method. The surface roughness of 1.744 μm, the kerf width of 215.432 μm, and the cutting speed of 24.759 mm2·min−1 are found to be the best process indicators, with errors of 3.3, 3.2, and 12.5% compared with the predicted values. The optimized results show that the surface roughness value is reduced by 50.9%, the kerf width is reduced by 29.4%, and the cutting speed is increased by 23%, which proves the accuracy of the optimized method.
Collaborative Speculations on Future Themes for Participatory Design in Germany
Authors: Mucha Henrik , Correia de Barros Ana , Benjamin Jesse Josua , Benzmüller Christoph , Bischof Andreas , Buchmüller Sandra , de Carvalho Alexandra , Dhungel Anna-Katharina , Draude Claude , Fleck Marc-Julian , Jarke Juliane , Klein Stefanie , Kortekaas Caroline , Kurze Albrecht , Linke Diane , Maas Franzisca , Marsden Nicola , Melo Ricardo , Michel Susanne , Müller-Birn Claudia , Pröbster Monika , Rießenberger Katja Antonia , Schäfer Mirko Tobias , Sörries Peter , Stilke Julia , Volkmann Torben , Weibert Anne , Weinhold Wilhelm , Wolf Sara , Zorn Isabel , Heidt Michael , Berger Arne
Published: July 2022

Participatory Design means recognizing that those who will be affected by a future technology should have an active say in its creation. Yet, despite continuous interest in involving people as future users and consumers into designing novel and innovative future technology, participatory approaches in technology design remain relatively underdeveloped in the German HCI community. This article brings together the diversity of voices, domains, perspectives, approaches, and methods that collectively shape Participatory Design in Germany. In the following, we (1) outline our understanding of participatory practice and how it is different from mere user involvement; (2) reflect current issues of participatory and fair technology design within the German Participatory Design community; and (3) discuss tensions relevant to the field, that we expect to arise in the future, and which we derived from our 2021 workshop through a speculative method. We contribute an introduction and an overview of current themes and a speculative outlook on future issues of Participatory Design in Germany. It is meant to inform, provoke, inspire and, ultimately, invite participation within the wider Computer Science community.
Analysis of physiological markers and risk factors for the development of rhabdomyolysis in military personnel: a systematic review
Authors: Dantas Guilherme Henrique Mattos , de Alkmim Moreira Nunes Rodolfo , Casimiro-Lopes Gustavo , Neves Eduardo Borba , de Castro Juliana Brandão Pinto , de Souza Vale Rodrigo Gomes
Published: July 2022

Objectives

To analyze case reports with individual patient data belonging to the Armed Forces submitted to specific physical or military combat training that was affected by rhabdomyolysis and identify factors that influenced the diagnosis and clinical evolution of the syndrome.

Content

We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021242465). We searched MedLine (via PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, Lilacs, SciELO, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect, and PEDro databases for studies that reported cases of military personnel affected by rhabdomyolysis.

Summary and outlook

Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Forty-nine individual cases of rhabdomyolysis were analyzed. From them, it was possible to identify several associated factors, which were responsible for developing rhabdomyolysis in military personnel. Thirty military personnel (60%) practiced physical training and 20 (40%) practiced specific military combat training. The creatine kinase (CK) peak ranged from 1,040 to 410,755 U/L, with an average of 44.991 U/L, and 14 (28%) of the cases reported alteration of renal function and four militaries (8%) evolved to death condition. Physical activities performed strenuously and without proper planning conditions such as room temperature, the period without adequate water intake, the amount of equipment used during the activity contributed to the development of rhabdomyolysis in the cases of military personnel analyzed in the present study. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies investigate the relationship between the prevalence of rhabdomyolysis cases and the severity of its consequence when associated with progressive methods of training, hydration control, acclimatization to austere environments, monitoring for the existence of hereditary diseases, and control of the use of supplementary nutritional substances.
Keine private Durchsetzung der Preisregeln im Übernahmerecht
Authors: Tröger Tobias
Published: July 2022

In der zu besprechenden Entscheidung urteilt der BGH, § 31 Abs. 1 Satz 1 WpÜG vermittle nur den Aktionären der Zielgesellschaft, die das öffentliche Angebot annehmen, einen Anspruch auf eine angemessene Gegenleistung. Die Pflicht zum Angebot einer angemessenen Gegenleistung begründe zudem keine vorvertragliche Nebenpflicht des Bieters gegenüber den Aktionären der Zielgesellschaft. § 31 Abs. 1 Satz 1 WpÜG sei schließlich kein Schutzgesetz im Sinne des § 823 Abs. 2 BGB. Die nachstehenden Überlegungen zeigen, dass diese Leitsätze dogmatisch und normativ nicht überzeugen.
Unbalanced racemates: solid state solutions containing enantiomeric pairs crystallizing in Sohncke space groups with (L:D) ratios other than (1:1) – illustrated with crystals of a Co(III) coordination compound
Authors: Bernal Ivan , Lalancette Roger A.
Published: July 2022

Herein we describe materials of composition [Co(NH3)4(X-leucinato)]I2·H2O in which the amino acid ligand is either L or D, and in which (a) while in pure enantiomorphic form (L), crystallizes in a Sohncke space group with Z′ = 2.0; but, whose packing closely resembles that of its racemate. Such substances are labeled a Racemic Mimic; and (b) crystals in which the L:D ratio of the amino acid ligand in the asymmetric unit is (71:29), which interestingly crystallize in the same space group and cell constants as those of the former. Moreover, the packing behavior is essentially the same in both—the difference being that the (1:1) species is fully ordered, while that with L:D (71:29) ratio has a partially disordered propyl chain. The (71:29) species we describe herein as an Unbalanced Racemate.
Neuromodulation Reduces Interindividual Variability of Neuronal Output
Authors: Schneider Anna C. , Itani Omar , Bucher Dirk , Nadim Farzan
Published: July 2022

In similar states, neural circuits produce similar outputs across individuals despite substantial interindividual variability in neuronal ionic conductances and synapses. Circuit states are largely shaped by neuromodulators that tune ionic conductances. It is therefore possible that, in addition to producing flexible circuit output, neuromodulators also contribute to output similarity despite varying ion channel expression. We studied whether neuromodulation at saturating concentrations can increase the output similarity of a single identified neuron across individual animals. Using the lateral pyloric (LP) neuron of the crab stomatogastric ganglion, we compared the variability off–I(frequency–current) curves and rebound properties in the presence of neuropeptides. The two neuropeptides we used converge to activate the same target current, which increases neuronal excitability. Output variability was lower in the presence of the neuropeptides, regardless of whether the neuropeptides significantly changed the mean of the corresponding parameter or not. However, the addition of the second neuropeptide did not add further to the reduction of variability. With a family of computational LP-like models, we explored how increased excitability and target variability contribute to output similarity and found two mechanisms: saturation of the responses and a differential increase in baseline activity. Saturation alone can reduce the interindividual variability only if the population shares a similar ceiling for the responses. In contrast, the reduction of variability due to the increase in baseline activity is independent of ceiling effects.
Extrahippocampal Seizure and Memory Circuits Overlap
Authors: Naik Aijaz Ahmad , Brodovskaya Anastasia , Subedi Smriti , Akram Amman , Kapur Jaideep
Published: July 2022

Seizures cause retrograde amnesia. We have previously demonstrated that seizures erode recently formed memories through shared ensembles and mechanisms in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Here, we tested whether seizure circuits overlap spatial memory circuits outside of the CA. Spatial memory is consolidated by the hippocampal-cortical coupling that are connected via multiple pathways. We tested whether a seizure invades structures involved in memory consolidation by using the activity reporter TRAP2 mice. T-maze alternation learning activated neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG), mediodorsal thalamus (MD), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). This spatial memory relies on the plasticity of the AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit. GluA1 knock-out (KO)/TRAP2 mice did not learn to alternate, and structures interposed between the hippocampus and the cortex were not active. A seizure prevented the recall of alternation memory and activated memory-labeled structures. There was a widespread overlap between learning-activated ensembles and seizure-activated neurons, which likely contributes to retrograde amnesia.
On fractional-order symmetric oscillator with offset-boosting control
Authors: Xu Changjin , Rahman Mati ur , Baleanu Dumitru
Published: July 2022

This article analyzes the dynamical evolution of a three-dimensional symmetric oscillator with a fractional Caputo operator. The dynamical properties of the considered model such as equilibria and its stability are also presented. The existence results and uniqueness of solutions for the suggested model are analyzed using the tools from fixed point theory. The symmetric oscillator is analyzed numerically and graphically with various fractional orders. It is observed that the fractional operator has a significant impact on the evolution of the oscillator dynamics showing that the system has a limit-cycle attractor. Offset-boosting control phenomena in the system are also studied with different orders and parameters.
Superlinear damped vibration problems on time scales with nonlocal boundary conditions
Authors: Wei Yongfang , Bai Zhanbing
Published: July 2022

This paper studies a class of superlinear damped vibration equations with nonlocal boundary conditions on time scales by using the calculus of variations. We consider the Cerami condition, while the nonlinear term does not satisfy Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition such that the critical point theory could be applied. Then we establish the variational structure in an appropriate Sobolev’s space, obtain the existence of infinitely many large energy solutions. Finally, two examples are given to prove our results.
Irrigation Protocols Effects on Radicular Dentin: Cleaning, Disinfection and Remaining Ultrastructure
Authors: Reyes-Carmona Jessie
Published: July 2022

A successful endodontic treatment requires a combination of satisfactory mechanical instrumentation, adequate irrigation protocols, and three-dimensional obturation of the canal system. Irrigation is considered the most critical procedure to ensure cleaning and disinfection. To date, a large variety of irrigants has been proposed. However, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) remains the gold standard. In order to achieve complete cleaning and disinfection, final irrigation with EDTA and ultrasonic devices has been used as an ideal protocol. Most endodontic research focuses on the cleaning and antibacterial properties of the irrigant solutions. Recent evidence demonstrated that the irrigation protocols cause erosion, affecting the radicular dentin ultrastructure. This article aims to describe the clinical features of the present knowledge concerning the effect of irrigation protocols on radicular dentin.
Die illuminierten Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Graz 1225‒1300
Authors: Schuller-Juckes Michaela , Theresia Kubina Evelyn
Published: July 2022

Handschriften gehören zu den vielschichtigsten Zeugnissen des Mittelalters und sind Quellen von unschätzbarem Wert, die wichtige Informationen sowohl zu ihrer jeweiligen Epoche als auch zu ihrer Bedeutung für die Gegenwart liefern. Der vorliegende Band basiert auf der wissenschaftlichen Tiefenerschließung von 86 illuminierten Handschriften und Fragmenten, die aus säkularisierten Klöstern der Steiermark, Kärntens und Sloweniens stammen und sich heute in der Grazer Universitätsbibliothek befinden. Die zwischen 1225 und 1300 entstandenen Werke wurden aus kunsthistorischer Perspektive ausgewertet und in ihren historischen, kulturellen sowie intellektuellen Kontext eingebettet. Dabei ließ sich feststellen, dass es sich bei vielen Handschriften um Importe aus großen Buchproduktionszentren Europas, wie Bologna, Paris oder Südfrankreich, handelt und nur verhältnismäßig wenige Werke in den heimischen Konventen entstanden sind, aus denen sie überliefert wurden. Die Publikation bietet so wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Internationalität der Buchkultur im 13. Jahrhundert. Der Aufbau des Katalogs folgt dem Format der bereits erschienenen Veröffentlichungen aus dieser Reihe: Auf einen einleitenden Abschnitt folgen Objektbeschreibungen, in denen auf die Materialität (Codicologie, Einband, Provenienz) sowie den Inhalt der Werke eingegangen wird. Im primär kunsthistorisch ausgerichteten Hauptteil dieser Texte wird der Buchschmuck charakterisiert und stilkritisch analysiert. Ein umfangreicher Tafelband zur Veranschaulichung und Untermauerung der im Textteil vorgelegten Argumentationen sowie ein ausführliches Register und Literaturverzeichnis vervollständigen den Katalog. Der Aufbau des Katalogs folgt dem Format der bereits erschienenen Veröffentlichungen aus dieser Reihe: Auf einen einleitenden Abschnitt folgen Objektbeschreibungen, in denen auf die Materialität (Codicologie, Einband, Provenienz) sowie den Inhalt der Werke eingegangen wird. Im primär kunsthistorisch ausgerichteten Hauptteil dieser Texte wird der Buchschmuck charakterisiert und stilkritisch analysiert. Ein umfangreicher Tafelband zur Veranschaulichung und Untermauerung der im Textteil vorgelegten Argumentationen sowie ein ausführliches Register und Literaturverzeichnis vervollständigen den Katalog.
Developmentally moderated focus on form instruction and feedback in an Indonesian kindergarten EFL programme
Authors: Kawaguchi Satomi , Hardini Isriani
Published: July 2022

This study investigates the effect of developmentally moderated focus on form (DMFonF) instruction and feedback within processability theory (PT) on early grammatical development in an Indonesian kindergarten EFL programme, focusing on the acquisition of plural marking of nouns. The study has a pre-test, DMFonF intervention and post-test design. The participants were a teacher, and ten 1st-year and ten 2nd-year kindergarten children. Before the study, children received a meaning-based EFL programme. The children's English development was measured based on PT stages pre- and post-test. Linguistic classroom environments before and during the DMFonF programme were analysed based on the DMFonF feedback categories. Regardless of how long they had been learning English, all the children were at the single-word stage at pre-test. They had all acquired lexical plural at post-test. Most of the children also acquired phrasal plural agreement. Additionally, the linguistic environment was much richer in DMFonF classes than in meaning-based classes.
Patanjala Yoga and Buddhist Abhidharma on the Sources of Extraordinary Accomplishments (Siddhi and Rddhi)
Authors: Sarbacker Stuart Ray
Published: July 2022

The intimate relationship between Patanjala Yoga and Buddhist contemplative traditions has attracted considerable interest in the study of Indian religion and philosophy. This is evident in the work of generations of scholars from Emile Senart and Louis de La Vallee Poussin to the present. This paper continues this comparative project with a deeper examination of the parallels and discontinuities between the representation of spiritual accomplishments or perfections (siddhi and rddhi) in the Yogasutra and Abhidharmakosa and their commentaries. In particular, I examine Patanjalayogasastra 4.1 in comparison to Abhidharmakosabhasya 7.53. These exhibit a parallel set of conceptions of siddhi and rddhi, framed within the respective Samkhya-Yoga and Abhidharma (Sarvastivada-Vaibhasika and Sautrantika) philosophical contexts. The larger discussion of rddhi in the Abhidharmakosabhasya makes otherwise opaque passages in the Patanjalayogasastra transparent, particularly with respect to the notion of the constructed mind (nirmanacitta). These verses indicate that both Patanjala Yoga and the 'Classical Sramana' traditions of Buddhism were concerned with a range of techniques of mind-body discipline (yoga) that emerged during the earlier period of Brahmanical Asceticism and Sramana traditions. These factors lead to the discussion of larger comparative and contemporary issues regarding asceticism, contemplation, and the use of psychoactive substances in India and beyond.
Promoting ‘Yogi Art’
Authors: Muñoz Adrián
Published: July 2022

Yoga studies have inaugurated a vast amount of possible research areas that transcend the regional and the disciplinary. This paper probes into the history and reception of yoga in Latin America. In particular, it discusses the ways in which a post-revolutionary Mexican intellectual, José Vasconcelos, understood yoga in the 1920s. This early understanding of yoga was a combination of both socio-political discourses worldwide and the nationalist enterprise of building a modern nation, where notions of race, identity, and cleanliness were paramount. Through different writings, Vasconcelos interpreted both South Asian religions and the Americas as beneficial influences for the betterment of humanity. By noting the influence of different ideologies popular in Latin America (such as nationalisms, Social Darwinism, or Theosophy), this paper analyses the cultural context against which Vasconcelos outlined his understanding of yoga, India, national culture and progress.
In Dialogue with the Mahabharata, by Brian Black
Authors: Brodbeck Simon
Published: July 2022

In Dialogue with the Mahabharata, by Brian Black. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021. xii + 216pp. £120 (hb), £33.29 (ebook). ISBN 978-0-367-43600-1 (hb), 978-0-367-43814-2 (ebook).