bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the superadditive effects of scent and pictures on verbal recall: An extension of dual coding theory
Authors: Lwin May O. , Morrin Maureen , Krishna Aradhna
Published: May 2010

This research extends the dual coding theory of memory retrieval (Paivio 1969, 2007) beyond its traditional focus on verbal and pictorial information to olfactory information. We manipulate the presence or absence of olfactory and pictorial stimuli at the time of encoding (study 1) or retrieval (study 2) and measure the impact on verbal recall. After a time delay, scent enhances recall of verbal information, and scent‐based retrieval cues potentiate the facilitative effect of pictures on recall. These results cannot be attributed merely to increased elaboration at the time of exposure.
War of textbooks: History education in Russia and Ukraine
Authors: Korostelina Karina
Published: May 2010

Many scholars stress that teaching about the shared past plays a major role in the formation of national, ethnic, religious, and regional identities, in addition to influencing intergroup perceptions and relations. Through the analysis of historic narratives in history textbooks this paper shows how the governments of the Russian Federation and Ukraine uses state controlled history education to define their national identity and to present themselves in relations to each other. For example, history education in Ukraine portrays Russia as oppressive and aggressive enemy and emphasizes the idea of own victimhood as a core of national identity. History education in the Russian Federation condemns Ukrainian nationalism and proclaims commonality and unity of history and culture with Russian dominance over “younger brother, Ukraine”. An exploration of the mechanisms that state-controlled history education employs to define social identities in secondary school textbooks can provide an early warning of potential problems being created between the two states.
On the volume of caps and bounding the mean-width of an isotropic convex body
Authors: PIVOVAROV PETER
Published: May 2010

LetKbe a convex body which is (i) symmetric with respect to each of the coordinate hyperplanes and (ii) in isotropic position. We prove that most linear functionals acting onKexhibit super-Gaussian tail behavior. Using known facts about the mean-width of such bodies, we then deduce strong lower bounds for the volume of certain caps. We also prove a converse statement. Namely, if anarbitraryisotropic convex body (not necessarily satisfying (i)) exhibits similar cap-behavior, then one can bound its mean-width.
Rawls's Thin (Millean) Defense of Private Property
Authors: PERSKY JOSEPH
Published: May 2010

This article suggests that Rawls's break with early utilitarians is not so much over the greatest happiness principle as it is over the relation of the institution of private property to justice. In this respect Rawls is very close to John Stuart Mill, arguing for a cleansed or tamed version of the institution. That said, Rawls's defense of private property remains very thin and highly idealized, again following Mill. If Hume and Bentham fail to demonstrate their claims, Rawls and Mill do little better. Rawls, like Mill, has constructed a challenging standard, admits to severe limitations on our empirical knowledge, and remains deeply ambivalent over the role of private property.
Hedonism and the Variety of Goodness
Authors: HAINES WILLIAM A.
Published: May 2010

This article defends the project of giving a single pleasure-based account ofgoodnessagainst what may seem a powerful challenge. Aristotle, Peter Geach and Judith Thomson have argued that there isno such thingas simply being good; there is only (for example) being a good knife or a good painting (Geach), being serene or good to eat (Thomson), or being good in essence or in qualities (Aristotle). But I argue that these philosophers’ evidence is friendly to the hedonist project. For, I argue, hedonistic accounts of goodness tend to imply that the unqualified term ‘good’ has little or no application to the things we talk about; while if we qualify hedonic goodness in certain ways, we generate usable predicates that match the varieties of goodness recognized by the three philosophers. And those qualifications happen to be natural interpretations of signals we do use alongside ‘good’, such as ‘knife’.
The Consequences of Rejecting the Moral Relevance of the Doing–Allowing Distinction
Authors: HAYDAR BASHSHAR
Published: May 2010

The claim that one is never morally permitted to engage in non-optimal harm doing enjoys a great intuitive appeal. If in addition to this claim, we reject the moral relevance of the doing–allowing distinction, then we should also accept the claim that one is never morally permitted to engage in non-optimal harm allowing. Those who want to reject the conclusion of the above argument usually do so by defending the moral relevance of the doing–allowing distinction. In this short essay, I propose a different take on the argument in question. Instead of opting to reject its conclusion by defending the moral relevance of the doing–allowing distinction, I argue that the argument fails due to internal inconsistency. I argue that, once we reject the moral relevance of the doing–allowing distinction, we can no longer rely on the strong intuitive appeal of the claim that one is never morally permitted to engage in non-optimal harm doing.
Risse and Zeckhauser on Racial Profiling: A Reply
Authors: WILLIAMS REGINALD
Published: May 2010

This article criticizes Mathias Risse and Richard Zeckhauser's recent utilitarian defense of racial profiling. I use a novel thought-experiment to argue that even if a negative phenomenon could be reduced by profiling members of certain groups who happen to be disproportionately associated with it, the practice can be implausible. Specifically, I explore the possibility that in a given society, platinum blondes have a higher per capita incidence of a serious sexually transmitted disease, D. And I argue that doctors and health officials in the society would not be justified in profiling such blondes, given that there is nothing about being a platinum blonde that causes one to have D.
Finite element approximation of eigenvalue problems
Authors: Boffi Daniele
Published: May 2010

We discuss the finite element approximation of eigenvalue problems associated with compact operators. While the main emphasis is on symmetric problems, some comments are present for non-self-adjoint operators as well. The topics covered include standard Galerkin approximations, non-conforming approximations, and approximation of eigenvalue problems in mixed form. Some applications of the theory are presented and, in particular, the approximation of the Maxwell eigenvalue problem is discussed in detail. The final part tries to introduce the reader to the fascinating setting of differential forms and homological techniques with the description of the Hodge–Laplace eigenvalue problem and its mixed equivalent formulations. Several examples and numerical computations complete the paper, ranging from very basic exercises to more significant applications of the developed theory.
Tephra layers: A controlling factor on submarine translational sliding?
Authors: Harders Rieka , Kutterolf Steffen , Hensen Christian , Moerz Tobias , Brueckmann Warner
Published: May 2010

Submarine slope failures occur at all continental margins, but the processes generating different mass wasting phenomena remain poorly understood. Multibeam bathymetry mapping of the Middle America Trench reveals numerous continental slope failures of different dimensions and origin. For example, large rotational slumps have been interpreted to be caused by slope collapse in the wake of subducting seamounts. In contrast, the mechanisms generating translational slides have not yet been described. Lithology, shear strength measurements, density, and pore water alkalinity from a sediment core across a slide plane indicate that a few centimeters thick intercalated volcanic tephra layer marks the detachment surface. The ash layer can be correlated to the San Antonio tephra, emplaced by the 6000 year old caldera‐forming eruption from Masaya‐Caldera, Nicaragua. The distal deposits of this eruption are widespread along the continental slope and ocean plate offshore Nicaragua. Grain size measurements permit us to estimate the reconstruction of the original ash layer thickness at the investigated slide. Direct shear test experiments on Middle American ashes show a high volume reduction during shearing. This indicates that marine tephra layers have the highest hydraulic conductivity of the different types of slope sediment, enabling significant volume reduction to take place under undrained conditions. This makes ash layers mechanically distinct within slope sediment sequences. Here we propose a mechanism by which ash layers may become weak planes that promote translational sliding. The mechanism implies that ground shaking by large earthquakes induces rearrangement of ash shards causing their compaction (volume reduction) and produces a rapid accumulation of water in the upper part of the layer that is capped by impermeable clay. The water‐rich veneer abruptly reduces shear strength, creating a detachment plane for translational sliding. Tephra layers might act as slide detachment planes at convergent margins of subducting zones, at submarine slopes of volcanic islands, and at submerged volcano slopes in lakes.
Lava deposition history in ODP Hole 1256D: Insights from log‐based volcanostratigraphy
Authors: Tominaga Masako , Umino Susumu
Published: May 2010

A log‐based volcanic stratigraphy of Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1256D provides a vertical cross‐section view of in situ upper crust formed at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) with unprecedented resolution. This stratigraphy model comprises ten electrofacies, principally identified from formation microscanner images. In this study, we build a lava flow stratigraphy model for the extrusive section in Hole 1256D by correlating these electrofacies with observations of flow types from the modern EPR, such as sheet flows and breccias, and pillow lavas and their distribution. The resulting flow stratigraphy model for the Hole 1256D extrusive section represents the first realization of detailed in situ EPR upper oceanic crust construction processes that have been detected only indirectly from remote geophysical data. We correlated the flow stratigraphy model with surface geology observed from the southern EPR (14°S) by Shinkai 6500 dives in order to obtain the relationship between lava flow types and ridge axis‐ridge slope morphology. This dive information was also used to give a spatial‐time reference frame for modeling lava deposition history in Hole 1256D. In reconstructing the lava deposition history, we interpreted that the origins of the ∼100 m thick intervals with abundant pillow lavas in Hole 1256D are within the axial slope where pillow lavas were observed during the Shinkai 6500 dives and previous EPR surveys. This correlation could constrain the lava deposition history in Hole 1256D crust. Using the lateral scale of ridge axis–ridge slope topography from the Shinkai 6500 observations and assuming the paleospreading rate was constant, 50% of the extrusive rocks in Hole 1256D crust were formed within ∼2000 m of the ridge axis, whereas nearly all of the remaining extrusive section was formed within ∼3000 m of the ridge axis. These results are consistent with the upper crustal construction model previously suggested by seismic studies.
Atmospheric forcing of sea ice in Hudson Bay during the fall period, 1980–2005
Authors: Hochheim K. P. , Barber D. G.
Published: May 2010

The principal objective of this study is to describe the autumn sea ice regime of Hudson Bay in the context of atmospheric forcing from 1980 to 2005. Both gridded Canadian Ice Service (CIS) data and Passive Microwave (PMW) data are used to examine the freezeup period for weeks of year (WOY) 43–52. Sea ice concentration (SIC) anomalies reveal statistically significant trends, ranging from −23.3% to −26.9% per decade, during WOY 43–48 using the CIS data and trends ranging from −12.7% to −16.8% per decade during WOY 45–50 using the PMW data. Surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies are highly correlated with SIC anomalies (r2 = 0.52–0.72) and with sea ice extents (r2 = 0.53–0.72). CIS data show that mean sea ice extents based on SICs ≥80% (consolidated ice) have decreased by 1.05 × 105 to 1.17 × 105 km2 for every 1°C increase in temperature in late November; PMW data show similar results. Regression analysis between SAT and standardized climate indices over the 1951–2005 period show that the East Pacific/North Pacific index is highly predictive of interannual SATs followed by the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation indices. The data show that the Hudson Bay area has recently undergone a climate regime shift, in the mid 1990s, which has resulted in a significant reduction in sea ice during the freezeup period and that these changes appear to be related to atmospheric indices.
Phase behavior of ionic liquid crystals
Authors: Kondrat S. , Bier M. , Harnau L.
Published: May 2010

Bulk properties of ionic liquid crystals are investigated using density functional theory. The liquid crystal molecules are represented by ellipsoidal particles with charges located in their center or at their tails. Attractive interactions are taken into account in terms of the Gay–Berne pair potential. Rich phase diagrams involving vapor, isotropic and nematic liquid, as well as smectic phases are found. The dependence of the phase behavior on various parameters such as the length of the particles and the location of charges on the particles is studied.
Drawn metamaterials with plasmonic response at terahertz frequencies
Authors: Tuniz A. , Kuhlmey B. T. , Lwin R. , Wang A. , Anthony J. , Leonhardt R. , Fleming S. C.
Published: May 2010

Electromagnetic metamaterials attract much attention since they can be engineered to exhibit optical properties not found in nature. Their fabrication, however, is challenging, especially in volume. We introduce drawing as a means of fabricating metamaterials, thus demonstrating a terahertz metamaterial. We codraw polymethyl-methacrylate and indium, producing several meters of metamaterial with wire diameters down to ∼10 μm, and lattice constants of ∼100 μm. We experimentally characterize the transmission properties of different samples, observing high-pass filtering between 0.3–0.4 THz, in good agreement with simulations.
8q24 prostate, breast, and colon cancer risk loci show tissue-specific long-range interaction with
MYC
Authors: Ahmadiyeh Nasim , Pomerantz Mark M. , Grisanzio Chiara , Herman Paula , Jia Li , Almendro Vanessa , He Housheng Hansen , Brown Myles , Liu X. Shirley , Davis Matt , Caswell Jennifer L. , Beckwith Christine A. , Hills Adam , MacConaill Laura , Coetzee Gerhard A. , Regan Meredith M. , Freedman Matthew L.
Published: May 2010

The 8q24 gene desert contains risk loci for multiple epithelial cancers, including colon, breast, and prostate. Recent evidence suggests these risk loci contain enhancers. In this study, data are presented showing that each risk locus bears epigenetic marks consistent with enhancer elements and forms a long-range chromatin loop with the
MYC
proto-oncogene located several hundred kilobases telomeric and that these interactions are tissue-specific. We therefore propose that the 8q24 risk loci operate through a common mechanism—as tissue-specific enhancers of
MYC
.
Identifying potential synergies and trade-offs for meeting food security and climate change objectives in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Palm Cheryl A. , Smukler Sean M. , Sullivan Clare C. , Mutuo Patrick K. , Nyadzi Gerson I. , Walsh Markus G.
Published: May 2010

Potential interactions between food production and climate mitigation are explored for two situations in sub-Saharan Africa, where deforestation and land degradation overlap with hunger and poverty. Three agriculture intensification scenarios for supplying nitrogen to increase crop production (mineral
fertilizer
, herbaceous legume cover crops—
green manures
—and agroforestry—legume
improved tree fallows
) are compared to baseline food production, land requirements to meet basic caloric requirements, and greenhouse gas emissions. At low population densities and high land availability, food security and climate mitigation goals are met with all intensification scenarios, resulting in surplus crop area for reforestation. In contrast, for high population density and small farm sizes, attaining food security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions require mineral fertilizers to make land available for reforestation; green manure or improved tree fallows do not provide sufficient increases in yields to permit reforestation. Tree fallows sequester significant carbon on cropland, but green manures result in net carbon dioxide equivalent emissions because of nitrogen additions. Although these results are encouraging, agricultural intensification in sub-Saharan Africa with mineral fertilizers, green manures, or improved tree fallows will remain low without policies that address access, costs, and lack of incentives. Carbon financing for small-holder agriculture could increase the likelihood of success of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries programs and climate change mitigation but also promote food security in the region.
Exact solution for a diffusive nonequilibrium steady state of an open quantum
chain
Authors: Žnidarič Marko
Published: May 2010

We calculate a nonequilibrium steady state of a quantum XX chain in the presence of
dephasing and driving due to baths at chain ends. The obtained state is exact in the limit
of weak driving while the expressions for one- and two-point correlations are exact for an
arbitrary driving strength. In the steady state the magnetization profile and the spin
current display diffusive behavior. The spin–spin correlation function, on the other hand,
has long-range correlations which, though, decay to zero in either the thermodynamical
limit or for equilibrium driving. At zero dephasing a nonequilibrium phase transition occurs
from a ballistic transport having short-range correlations to a diffusive transport with
long-range correlations.
Design and morphology control of polymer nanocomposites using light-driven phase separation phenomena
Authors: Van-Pham Dan-Thuy , Trinh Xuan-Anh , Nakanishi Hideyuki , Tran-Cong-Miyata Qui
Published: May 2010

Phase separation of polymer mixtures is induced and controlled by photo-cross-link and photopolymerization using ultraviolet (UV) light. By taking advantage of the competition between phase separation and chemical reactions, a variety of morphologies such as co-continuous, spatially graded co-continuous and periodic structures with controllable periods, and hexagonal structures, etc, are obtained experimentally. The reaction kinetics (photo-cross-link or photopolymerization), reaction-induced elastic strain and phase separation kinetics are monitored, respectively, by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, Mach–Zehnder interferometry (MZI), light scattering (LS) and laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Spatial modulation of light intensity generated by computer-assisted irradiation (CAI) is also used to induce phase separation of polymer blends. The correlation between the reaction-induced phase separation of polymer mixtures and the competing interactions is discussed with some perspectives on designing polymer materials with high performance.
The quantum dynamics of two qubits inside two distant microcavities connected via a single-mode optical fiber
Authors: Nguyen Van Hieu , Nguyen Bich Ha , Duong Hai Trieu
Published: May 2010

For application to studying the transmission of quantum information, also called quantum communication, between two identical qubits placed inside two identical single-mode microcavities connected via a single-mode optical fiber, the time evolution of this system is investigated. In the Markovian approximation, the von Neumann equation for its reduced density matrix contains a completely positive linear operator called the Liouvillian operator describing the decoherence of this system due to its interaction with the environment. By using the Linblad formula for the Liouvillian operator, a system of rate equations can be derived. In the special case of resonance between the energy difference of two states in each qubit and the energy of the fiber mode, the rate equations for the system excited up to the first level are solved in first order approximation with respect to the decoherence constants. It is shown that when there is no decoherence, the perfect quantum state transmission between two qubits can take place if the physical parameters of the system satisfy definite conditions. A possible extension to studying the system excited to high energy states is also discussed.
Bacopa monniera Attenuates Scopolamine‐Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory in Mice
Authors: Saraf Manish Kumar , Prabhakar Sudesh , Khanduja Krishan Lal , Anand Akshay
Published: May 2010

Scopolamine, an anticholinergic, is an attractive amnesic agent for discerning the action of candidate antiamnesic drugs. Bacopa monniera Linn (Syn. Brahmi) is one such antiamnesic agent that is frequently used in the ancient Indian medical system. We have earlier reported the reversal of diazepam‐induced amnesia with B. monniera. In this study we wanted to test if scopolamine‐induced impairment of spatial memory can also be ameliorated by B. monniera using water maze mouse model. The objective of study was to study the effect of B. monniera on scopolamine‐induced amnesia. We employed Morris water maze scale to test the amnesic effect of scopolamine and its reversal by B. monniera. Rotarod test was conducted to screen muscle coordination activity of mice. Scopolamine significantly impaired the acquisition and retrieval of memory producing both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Bacopa monniera extract was able to reverse both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. We propose that B. monniera’s effects on cholinergic system may be helpful for developing alternative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Direct and indirect community effects of rebuilding plans
Authors: Andersen Ken H. , Rice Jake C.
Published: May 2010

Andersen, K. H., and Rice, J. C. 2010. Direct and indirect community effects of rebuilding plans. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1980–1988. Many fish communities are heavily exploited and rebuilding plans need to be implemented for depleted species. Within an ecosystem approach to management, development of rebuilding plans should include consideration of the expected consequences of the rebuilding of the target species on the rest of the marine community. Using size- and trait-based single-species and community models, a general assessment is made of the direct and indirect ecological consequences of a rebuilding plan based on a reduction in fishing mortality. If fishing mortality is sufficiently reduced, the time-scale of rebuilding is in the order of the time to reach maturation of an individual, and the expected trajectory can be reliably predicted by a single-species model. Indirect effects of increased abundance are a decrease in individuals in the trophic levels above and below the target species. The decrease in biomass of the neighbouring trophic levels is expected to be much smaller than the increase in the target species and to be largest in species on the trophic level above. We discuss which effects could be responsible when a rebuilding plan does not result in the expected increase and how our results could be applied in a practical management situation.
mRNA-seq with agnostic splice site discovery for nervous system transcriptomics tested in chronic pain
Authors: Hammer Paul , Banck Michaela S. , Amberg Ronny , Wang Cheng , Petznick Gabriele , Luo Shujun , Khrebtukova Irina , Schroth Gary P. , Beyerlein Peter , Beutler Andreas S.
Published: May 2010

mRNA-seq is a paradigm-shifting technology because of its superior sensitivity and dynamic range and its potential to capture transcriptomes in an agnostic fashion, i.e., independently of existing genome annotations. Implementation of the agnostic approach, however, has not yet been fully achieved. In particular, agnostic mapping of pre-mRNA splice sites has not been demonstrated. The present study pursued dual goals: (1) to advance mRNA-seq bioinformatics toward unbiased transcriptome capture and (2) to demonstrate its potential for discovery in neuroscience by applying the approach to an in vivo model of neurological disease. We have performed mRNA-seq on the L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rats with chronic neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL) of the neighboring (L5) spinal nerve. We found that 12.4% of known genes were induced and 7% were suppressed in the dysfunctional (but anatomically intact) L4 DRG 2 wk after SNL. These alterations persisted chronically (2 mo). Using a read cluster classifier with strong test characteristics (ROC area 97%), we discovered 10,464 novel exons. A new algorithm for agnostic mapping of pre-mRNA splice junctions (SJs) achieved a precision of 97%. Integration of information from all mRNA-seq read classes including SJs led to genome reannotations specifically relevant for the species used (rat), the anatomical site studied (DRG), and the neurological disease considered (pain); for example, a 64-exon coreceptor for the nociceptive transmitter substance P was identified, and 21.9% of newly discovered exons were shown to be dysregulated. Thus, mRNA-seq with agnostic analysis methods appears to provide a highly productive approach for in vivo transcriptomics in the nervous system.
ragged seedling2Encodes an ARGONAUTE7-Like Protein Required for Mediolateral Expansion, but Not Dorsiventrality, of Maize Leaves
Authors: Douglas Ryan N. , Wiley Dan , Sarkar Ananda , Springer Nathan , Timmermans Marja C.P. , Scanlon Michael J.
Published: May 2010

Leaves arise from the flank of the shoot apical meristem and are asymmetrical along the adaxial/abaxial plane from inception. Mutations perturbing dorsiventral cell fate acquisition in a variety of species can result in unifacial (radially symmetrical) leaves lacking adaxial/abaxial polarity. However, mutations in maize (Zea mays) ragged seedling2 (rgd2) condition cylindrical leaves that maintain dorsiventral polarity. Positional cloning reveals that rgd2 encodes an ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7)-like protein required to produce ta-siARF, a trans-acting small interfering RNA that targets abaxially located auxin response factor3a (arf3a) transcripts for degradation. Previous studies implicated ta-siARF in dorsiventral patterning of monocot leaves. Here, we show that arf3a transcripts hyperaccumulate but remain abaxialized in rgd2 mutant apices, revealing that ta-siARF function is not required for arf3a polarization. RGD2 also regulates miR390 accumulation and localization in maize shoot apices. Similar to the abaxialized maize mutant leafbladeless1 (lbl1), rgd2 mutants exhibit ectopic accumulation of the abaxial identity factor miR166 in adaxial domains. Thus, hyperaccumulation of arf3a and ectopic accumulation of miR166 are insufficient to condition abaxialized leaf phenotypes in maize. Finally, transcripts of a maize ago1 paralog overaccumulate in lbl1 but not in rgd2 mutants, suggesting that upregulation of ago1 combined with ectopic accumulation of miR166 contribute to abaxialized leaf formation in lbl1. We present a revised model for the role of small RNAs in dorsiventral patterning of maize leaves.
Genetic Screening Identifies Cyanogenesis-Deficient Mutants of Lotus japonicus and Reveals Enzymatic Specificity in Hydroxynitrile Glucoside Metabolism
Authors: Takos Adam , Lai Daniela , Mikkelsen Lisbeth , Abou Hachem Maher , Shelton Dale , Motawia Mohammed Saddik , Olsen Carl Erik , Wang Trevor L. , Martin Cathie , Rook Fred
Published: May 2010

Cyanogenesis, the release of hydrogen cyanide from damaged plant tissues, involves the enzymatic degradation of amino acid–derived cyanogenic glucosides (α-hydroxynitrile glucosides) by specific β-glucosidases. Release of cyanide functions as a defense mechanism against generalist herbivores. We developed a high-throughput screening method and used it to identify cyanogenesis deficient (cyd) mutants in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Mutants in both biosynthesis and catabolism of cyanogenic glucosides were isolated and classified following metabolic profiling of cyanogenic glucoside content. L. japonicus produces two cyanogenic glucosides: linamarin (derived from Val) and lotaustralin (derived from Ile). Their biosynthesis may involve the same set of enzymes for both amino acid precursors. However, in one class of mutants, accumulation of lotaustralin and linamarin was uncoupled. Catabolic mutants could be placed in two complementation groups, one of which, cyd2, encoded the β-glucosidase BGD2. Despite the identification of nine independent cyd2 alleles, no mutants involving the gene encoding a closely related β-glucosidase, BGD4, were identified. This indicated that BGD4 plays no role in cyanogenesis in L. japonicus in vivo. Biochemical analysis confirmed that BGD4 cannot hydrolyze linamarin or lotaustralin and in L. japonicus is specific for breakdown of related hydroxynitrile glucosides, such as rhodiocyanoside A. By contrast, BGD2 can hydrolyze both cyanogenic glucosides and rhodiocyanosides. Our genetic analysis demonstrated specificity in the catabolic pathways for hydroxynitrile glucosides and implied specificity in their biosynthetic pathways as well. In addition, it has provided important tools for elucidating and potentially modifying cyanogenesis pathways in plants.
The mobile university: from the library to the campus
Authors: Wilson Sally , McCarthy Graham
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review one library's experiences of creating mobile services and illustrate how, by developing expertise in emerging technologies, libraries can foster partnerships with other groups on campus and play a leading role in providing relevant student‐centred services.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper begins with a brief summary of mobile services offered by the Ryerson Library prior to the fall of 2008, discusses the results of a mobile device survey conducted that semester, and outlines the resulting mobile services that were developed by the Library which led to a campus‐wide collaboration to develop the framework for a student‐led mobile initiative. The technical framework and project management issues are also discussed.

Findings

A survey performed by the Ryerson University Library in the fall of 2008 indicated that smart phones were owned by approximately 20 percent of the student population but that within the next three years this figure could reach as much as 80 percent. To remain relevant, it is important that libraries adapt their services to this new environment.

Practical implications

The paper illustrates how library services can be adapted to the mobile environment and how the library can play a role in broader campus mobile initiatives.

Originality/value

All libraries will be interested in exploring the library services that were developed and adapted for mobile devices and of particular interest to academic libraries will be the building of collaborative relationships with other academic departments to provide services to students.
Libraries “like to move it, move it”
Authors: Murray Lilia
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a review of selected mobile technology literature and to inform librarians about the following seven mobile initiatives: Library Web sites; SMS Reference; MOPACs (Mobile OPACs) and Integrated Library Systems; Mobile Collections; eBooks and Mobile Reading; Mobile Instruction; Mobile Audio/Video Tours.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review is gathered from periodical articles as well as a number of well‐known blogs discussing mobile initiatives in libraries.

Findings

Listed in order of importance to most patrons, the seven initiatives examined were chosen because their widespread discussion in the literature, at presentations, and on blogs suggests that they are moving beyond mere trends and are becoming best practices. The development and implementation of these mobile services can range from work‐intensive and expensive to scalable, inexpensive solutions.

Originality/value

The information may be used by libraries seeking to add mobile technologies in order to enhance their traditional services, making them not only more available, but also more relevant to their users. In addition, the examinations provide, where possible, the author's recommendations for libraries seeking to implement such initiatives and suggest directions for future applications.
Making the case for a fully mobile library web site: from floor maps to the catalog
Authors: Bridges Laurie , Gascho Rempel Hannah , Griggs Kimberly
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of worldwide mobile usage; mobile technologies; libraries' use of mobile technologies including a review of library mobile catalog options, both vendor‐supplied and in‐house created; perspectives from current library leaders and innovators on the importance of incorporating the libraries' resources into the mobile environment; and future directions for mobile library services.

Design/methodology/approach

A range of recently published literature (2008‐2010), which aims to provide practical statistics and resources for libraries wishing to mobilize their web site, is summarized in order to provide the reader with tools for creating a mobile library proposal. The sources are sorted into sections: mobile phone popularity, smartphones/web‐enabled phones, mobile phone use, library mobile web sites and catalogs, and what library leaders have to say.

Findings

The paper provides an evaluative summary of mobile statistics and resources, indicating the salient points and how to find more information for libraries wishing to draft a mobile library proposal.

Practical implications

The paper presents a useful source of information for both libraries wishing to create a proposal for a mobile library site, and for libraries that simply want an overview of the current state of mobile use and technologies.

Originality/value

The paper includes up‐to‐date data about worldwide mobile phone penetration rates and mobile phone use, and is the first to argue for proposing the development of both a mobile library web site and a mobile catalog.
Discourse or reality?
Authors: Lewis Suzan , Humbert Anne Laure
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of flexible working arrangements (FWAs) and particularly reduced hours working arrangements on a Dual Agenda of gender equity and workplace effectiveness, in a case study organization employing a relatively high proportion of women scientists.

Design/methodology/approach

In‐depth interviews based on the initial stages of collaborative interactive action research (CIAR) are used within a case‐study approach. The interviews explored working practices, the assumptions underpinning them and their un/intended consequences.

Findings

The main form of FWA used in the organization, four days a week, is double edged and complex in its effects. It supports mothers, but at a cost because of gendered assumptions. Despite a commitment to flexibility and “work‐life balance”, the gendered construction of the ideal worker and ideas of competence conflated with hegemonic masculinity, remain powerful. This, together with a prevalent “good mother” ideology, undermines both gender equity and workplace effectiveness.

Practical implications

This paper is of value to both researchers and policy makers. It shows that highly developed work‐life balance or flexible working polices are not sufficient to enhance gender equity and points to the importance of surfacing and challenging gender assumptions in science, engineering and technology. It emphasizes the need to move forward from policy to practice.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to a growing body of work using initial stages of the CIAR methodology and showcases the theoretical insights gained by such an approach.
Female part‐time managers
Authors: Tomlinson Jennifer , Durbin Susan
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the employment trajectories, aspirations, work‐life balance and career mobility of women working as part‐time managers.

Design/methodology/approach

In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 female part‐time managers and four of their line managers in public and private‐sector organizations. Interviews explored women's career trajectories before and after the transition to part‐time work and focused on career mobility, aspirations and work‐life balance.

Findings

The part‐time managers in this sample held varied careers while working full‐time but careers stalled once a transition to part‐time work was made. The majority were career focused, worked intensively and felt frustrated with their lack of mobility and career progression while working part‐time. The majority worked in excess of their contracted hours and did not experience an appropriate reallocation of work when they reduced hours.

Practical implications

This paper is of value to both researchers and policy makers. Policy implications point to the limitations of the current UK legislation on the right to request flexible working. The paper states that further research would be beneficial on the ways in which managers employed on part‐time and other flexible contracts, operate successfully in organizations, with the aim of championing alternative working patterns and breaking down traditional long hours cultures which act as a barrier to women and part‐time workers.

Originality/value

This paper explores the employment profiles and experiences of a little studied and rare group of female workers.
The impact of partnership and family‐building on the early careers of female graduates in the UK
Authors: Wilton Nick , Purcell Kate
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline the impact of partnership and family‐building on the aspirations, expectations and orientations to work of a sample of highly qualified women working across a range of industry sectors.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws on both qualitative and quantitative data collected in a longitudinal study of the early careers of UK graduates, incorporating both a large‐scale questionnaire survey and detailed interviews with a sample of respondents.

Findings

This paper highlights the persistence of gender asymmetries in both employment and domestic partnership and shows the complex decision‐making process which determines career prioritization among equally highly qualified partners. It also provides evidence of change in the values, priorities and orientations to work and the work‐life balance of UK graduates as they progress through early career development.

Practical implications

The extent to which highly qualified women use (and are sometimes precipitated by circumstances into using) the life stage associated with stable partnership formation and family‐building to reassess values and priorities has implications for both policymakers and employers. In particular, employers need to take account of changing orientations in work and life stage in formulating effective recruitment and retention strategies for high‐qualified workers.

Originality/value

This paper provides new data on how dual‐career partnerships negotiate the transition from, in career terms, single entities into dyads and the dynamics of gender role change and stability.
Sex worker collective organization
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine contemporary sex worker labour unionism in a number of major western economies because it now faces an acute historical dilemma of being forced into acting as the antithesis of what it professes and aims to be, namely, elite pressure groups.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews and structured e‐mail dialogues with sex worker union activists were supplemented with an array of secondary sources and documentation, the authors of which are sex workers union activists themselves.

Findings

This loss of initial momentum for sex worker unionization projects concerned paucity of human resources, the limited spread of a “sex work” consciousness among sex workers, and ambivalence from potential allies. Consequently, sex worker unions concentrated on engaging in political lobbying on public policy, projects of legal reform of sex work, and helping provide individualized assistance to sex workers inside and outside their worksites on health issues, criminal offences and business matters. Thus, nascent or weakened labour unions in the sex industry acted as pressure groups concerned with work issues in a way in which other pressure groups operate on non‐work issues, thereby forsaking a key characteristic of labour unionism, namely, the focus of collective self‐activity in and on the workplace and from a basis on having a tangible presence in the workplace through membership among workers.

Practical implications

This research is of value to researchers, practitioners and policy makers, for it shows how workers seek collective interest representation through collective means in an environment of “atypical” work and employment.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to a growing body of work studying sex work and sex workers from what can be termed conventional, sociological and organizational behavioural approaches. The result of this is to be able to understand the processes and outcomes of their activities and exchanges as economic and social transactions rather than deviancy.
The crisis from the point of view of evolutionary economics
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to look at the 2008 financial crisis from the viewpoint of evolutionary economics.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper links the shattering of economic expectations in 2007‐2008 with the coming energy‐environment conundrum.

Findings

The paper shows that responding to the challenges of the energy‐environment conundrum implies moving the entire global economy towards the evolution of a green economy away from the burning of fossil fuels with attending global warming effect.

Research limitations/implications

The paper focuses upon the spontaneous coordination in the global market leading to the innovations that the handling of the energy‐environment conundrum requires.

Practical implications

The paper engages in essential critical market regulation like higher capital requirements of financial institutions (Basel 3) and stimulate the green economy by some form of carbon tax or emissions trading scheme.

Originality/value

Interpreting the financial market bubble in 2008 against the coming of the energy‐environment conundrum with its immense repercussions for the real economy in a long‐term, i.e. evolutionary perspective.
Protect your library's computers
Authors: Zimerman Martin
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe how malware can harm the library's computers, and how technology can be used to protect them, in a way that can be understood by the non‐technical.

Design/methodology/approach

The searches encompassed articles and books on the issues of malware and technology‐based code organisms.

Findings

There were complex issues dealing with hackers and other malevolent and unscrupulous characters trying to break into computer systems for profit.

Research limitations/implications

Only small indicators of the overall problem have been addressed. Much more has to be investigated and learned.

Practical implications

It is advisable to learn to protect your computers more effectively when “online.”

Originality/value

Although much has been written about the problem, few articles offer concrete solutions to the problems.
Readers' advisory interactions with immigrant readers
Authors: Dali Keren
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address a somewhat under‐researched aspect of readers' advisory services in public libraries in North America, namely, readers' advisory for immigrant readers, with a particular emphasis on the readers' advisory interaction/interview.

Design/methodology/approach

The argument draws on the review of relevant scholarly and professional literature and the author's experience in working with immigrant readers.

Findings

It is suggested that public libraries in North America are not actively involved in providing readers' advisory services to immigrant readers aside from developing and maintaining multilingual collections. This trend in readers' advisory practices is clearly reflected in professional and scholarly publications of the field. It is argued that personal interactions with immigrant readers, in the context of the readers' advisory interview, can be an efficient way to engage immigrant readers in the life of the host society, thus fostering their socio‐cultural integration beyond information needs and basic coping skills.

Originality/value

The paper offers practical insights and suggestions for the enhancement of readers' advisory interactions with immigrant readers in public libraries. It also places readers' advisory interactions with immigrant readers in the broader context of readers' advisory practices, public library services to immigrant users, and the theory of readers' advisory interviews.
Local studies collections, librarians and the Norwegian local history wiki
Authors: Sveum Tor
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of local studies collections and contributions from local studies librarians to a Norwegian local history wiki.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper focuses on access to metadata in the form of bibliographies, databases and catalogues, in addition to general articles on local history. The methodological approach is qualitative and comparative based on semi‐structured interviews with librarians in charge of local studies collections and with the administrators of the wiki. The study includes an analysis of a selection of local studies collections and criteria for inclusion into the local history wiki. A short comparison with history wikis in other countries is added.

Findings

Local studies collections contain valuable and unique material for the wiki, especially metadata resources. The expertise of librarians could increase the value of the wiki. Generally, librarians are not active contributors. Strategies for involvement are needed.

Originality/value

The paper may encourage and inspire local studies librarians to contribute actively to the wiki and incorporate relevant parts of their collections.
Continuing professional education: ensuring librarian engagement
Authors: Massis Bruce E.
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this column is to discuss the importance of continuing professional education for working librarians whose skills and knowledge need to be kept up to date in order to best serve the public.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach takes the form of a literature review and commentary on this topic.

Findings

Continuing professional education and training for librarians is essential to enhance the skills and knowledge of those so engaged.

Originality/value

The value in addressing the issue is to proffer suggestions to libraries of the benefits of providing funding, even during an economic downturn, and of providing opportunities for librarians to expand their knowledge and increase their engagement in the workplace as a result of continuing professional education.