bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimum futures hedge in the presence of clustered supply and demand shocks, stochastic basis, and firm's costs of hedging
Authors: Chang Carolyn W. , Chang Jack S. K.
Published: October 2003

In a doubly stochastic jump‐diffusion economy with stochastic jump arrival intensity and proportional transaction costs, we develop a
five‐factor risk‐return asset pricing inequality to model optimum futures hedge in the presence of clustered supply and demand shocks,
stochastic basis, and firm's costs of hedging. Concave risk‐return tradeoff dictates a hedge ratio to be substantially less than the
traditional risk‐minimization one. The ratio now comprises a positive diffusion, a positive jump, and a negative hedging cost component. The
faster jumps arrive, and the more hedging costs, the more pronounced are the respective jump and hedging cost effects. Empirical validation confirms
that actual industry hedge ratios vary significantly across firm's costs of and efficiency in hedging and are significantly lower than what
risk‐minimization dictates. The model also can be used to compute a threshold production level for determining if a firm should hedge. ©
2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:1209–1237, 2003
Discretionary government intervention and the mispricing of index futures
Authors: Draper Paul , Fung Joseph K. W.
Published: October 2003

This article examines how and to what extent direct market intervention by the Hong Kong government in both the stock and futures markets affected
the pricing relationship between the Hang Seng Index futures and the cash index during the period of the Asian financial crisis. The study avoids
infrequent trading and nonexecution problems by using tradeable bid and offer quotes for the constituent stocks of the index. The results show that
arbitrage efficiency was impeded during, and in the immediate aftermath of, the intervention. The findings suggest that discretionary government action
introduces an additional risk factor for arbitrageurs that continues to disrupt normal market processes even after the government ceases to intervene.
The continued disruption following the government's actions in the market also stems from a poorly developed stock loan market that impedes short
selling, as well as a lack of liquidity in the market. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:1159–1189, 2003
Primary non‐Hodgkin lymphoma of the humerus following traumatic injury: case report
Authors: Stemberga V. , Dobi‐Babić R. , Bosnar A. , Cuculić D. , Fučkar D. , Štifter S. , Kušec R. , Marušić‐Vrsalović M. , Jonjić N.
Published: October 2003

A case of primary non‐Hodgkin lymphoma of the right humerus which occurred in a 21‐year‐old male patient after an impact to the right shoulder in a car accident in July 1983 is described. Seventeen years after the injury, due to a civil lawsuit, the biopsy material was revised. Immunohistochemical analysis showed CD20 and CD79a positivity on large pleomorphic cells, while small reactive lymphocytes were CD3, Bcl‐2 and CD20 positive. Molecular analysis carried out with PCR revealed a monoclonal B‐lymphocyte population. The diagnosis of diffuse large peripheral B cell lymphoma of the bone was confirmed. The present case concurs with the literature on primary bone lymphoma, in which the diagnostic problem, trauma‐related presentation and an excellent prognosis of malignant tumour are emphasized. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term survival in patients with human immunodeficiency virus‐associated small non‐cleaved cell lymphoma: the role for short course intensive chemotherapy
Authors: Astrow Alan B. , Tarabay Grace , Salerno Vincent E. , Cook William A. , Lin Robert , Lascher Steven , Li Zujun , Mazumder Amitabha , Halperin Ira , Cho John , Jaffar Zulfaqquar , McLaughlin Marilyn , Blum Ronald H. , Kempin Sanford J.
Published: October 2003

While intensive chemotherapy is recommended for the treatment of non‐HIV related adult small non‐cleaved lymphoma (SNCL), including Burkitt's and Burkitt‐like lymphoma, optimal treatment for patients with HIV‐associated SNCL is not known. We assessed remissions and survival in a cohort of 44 consecutive HIV positive patients diagnosed with SNCL at our hospital between June 2000 and November 2001 using chart and pathology data. Median follow‐up, survival and survival at the median follow‐up time were 4.5 months, 4 months and 49% respectively. Of this cohort 39% were complete responders (CR) and 36% were long‐term lymphoma‐free survivors. Two patients relapsed from CR. Short course intensive chemotherapy (McMaster) was administered to 23 patients; 17 received less intensive conventional combination chemotherapy; and four received single‐agent chemotherapy or no treatment. In the McMaster group, 38% (9/23) achieved CR with no relapses. Seven patients (30%) died of toxicity compared with one (6%) in the less intensively treated group. Of the stage I patients, 75% (6/8) achieved long‐term CR with half being treated conventionally. Conventional chemotherapy may be curative for early stage HIV‐SNCL. In advanced disease, McMaster chemotherapy was found to be associated with substantial early mortality but was curative in a significant number of patients. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient procedure for the synthesis of 18O‐labelled methanesulfinyl chloride
Authors: Drabowicz Józef , Bujnicki Bogdan , Mikolajczyk Marian
Published: October 2003

A new procedure for the synthesis of methanesulfinyl chloride is described which involves chlorination of dimethyl disulfide with sulfuryl chloride in the presence of hexamethyldisiloxane. The use of 18O‐labelled hexamethyldisiloxane in this reaction results in the formation of 18O‐labelled methanesulfinyl chloride. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐peptide radioiodinated high affinity melanocortin‐4 receptor ligand
Authors: Mutulis Felikss , Yahorava Sviatlana , Mutule Ilze , Yahorau Aleh , Kopanchuk Sergei , Veiksina Santa , Rinken Ago , Wikberg Jarl E. S.
Published: October 2003

4‐Cyclohexyl‐4‐[(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl]piperidine was introduced into stepwise peptide synthesis procedures using Boc chemistry and derivatives of D‐4‐iodophenylalanine and D‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid. A halogen replacement analogue (I‐Mex2) of a known high affinity melanocortin‐4 receptor selective compound resulted. It showed a subnanomolar affinity when evaluated on the melanocortin‐4 receptor in competition with the α‐MSH peptide analogue 125I‐NDP‐MSH. By treatment with hexamethylditin and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium I‐Mex2 was converted to the corresponding trimethylstannyl derivative. In the next step, Na125I was oxidized by an iodobead. Iododestannylation proceeded in the presence of 1 M phosphate buffer, pH 2.5, and the radio‐active derivative 125I‐Mex2 formed was separated by HPLC at 40% radiochemical yield. Preliminary investigation showed that 125I‐Mex2 is useful as a radioligand for melanocortin‐4 receptor binding studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [14C]‐labelled vardenafil hydrochloride and metabolites
Authors: Seidel D. , Brehmer P. , Schoof Y. , Weinberg U. , Nowakowski M.
Published: October 2003

For studies of pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism of the new orally active, selective phosphodiesterase type V (PDE V) inhibitor vardenafil (Levitra®), the 14C‐labelled version was synthesised. Starting from the cyanation of 2‐iodophenol with K14CN, an 8‐step synthesis led to two batches with 0.727 g (2.857 GBq) and 2.199 g (5.497 GBq) of [triazinone‐14C]vardenafil hydrochlo‐ride with different specific radioactivities. The label was located in position 2 of the imidazotriazinone moiety. Several carbon‐14 labelled metabolites were synthesised as reference compounds for metabolism studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis and characterisation of deuteriated amides
Authors: Coumbarides Gregory S. , Eames Jason , Ghilagaber Stephanos
Published: October 2003

Results are reported on the regioselective C‐deuteriation of a series of enolates derived from the addition of sec‐BuLi to a variety of substituted amides. The outcomes of the reactions are discussed in terms of the structural nature of the amides and the deuteriated sources employed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of [99mTc]TRODAT‐1 involving a simple purification method
Authors: Tóth Gyula , Szakonyi Zsolt , Kanyó Balázs , Fülöp Ferenc , Jancsó Gábor , Pávics László
Published: October 2003

Direct preparation of the novel dopamine transporter imaging agent [99mTc]TRODAT‐1 results in uncertainty concerning the labelling efficiency. Without purification of the tracer, the statistically inefficient labelling yield becomes apparent in an inadequate radiochemical purity. The aim of the present work was to improve the radiochemical purity of this tracer by including a facile, on‐the‐spot purification step in the labelling process.

Kits containing 100 μg free ligand resulted in an average labelling efficiency of 91.6% (S.D. = 5.15%, n = 32), while an average of 73.0% (S.D.= 6.76%, n = 22) was obtained for the 50 μg ligand series. Introduction of solid‐phase extraction into the preparation process allowed the quantitative removal of hydrophilic species from both series of reaction mixtures. An average radiochemical purity of 98% was achieved for the purified tracer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial contrast enhancement with MS‐325 and its relation to myocardial blood flow and the perfusion reserve
Authors: Jerosch‐Herold Michael , Hu Xudong , Murthy Naveen S. , Rickers Carsten , Stillman Arthur E.
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To determine with an intravascular contrast agent the relation between the rate of myocardial signal enhancement during the first pass (upslope) and myocardial blood flow (MBF), and to derive and validate a corrected perfusion reserve (PR) index from the upslope parameter.

Materials and Methods

Measurements of the upslope parameter for myocardial contrast enhancement with an intravascular contrast agent (MS‐325) were performed in a porcine model with ameroid coronary constrictor. MBF was estimated with MRI and was validated against separate invasive measurements with labeled microspheres. PR indices were calculated from the upslope of the tissue curves. A new PR index was corrected by the time delay between appearance of the tracer and the upslope maximum.

Results

MBFs determined by MRI vs. MBFs measured with microspheres were in agreement within the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the identity relation. The new PR index slightly overestimated the MBF reserve by an average +1.4% (95% CI = −44% to +46%). The uncorrected PR index underestimated the MBF reserve by −33% (95% CI = −92% to +25%).

Conclusion

A perfusion index derived from the maximum upslope of myocardial contrast enhancement produces accurate estimates of the PR if corrected by the time‐to‐maximum upslope. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:544–554. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Centrally fat‐saturated three‐dimensional magnetic resonance angiography of the abdomen using selective central fat‐saturation of k‐space
Authors: Amano Yasuo , Takahama Katsuya , Matsuda Tsuyoshi , Amano Maki , Kumazaki Tatsuo
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To assess the usefulness of centrally fat‐saturated three‐dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the abdomen using an elliptical centric view order and selective placement of fat‐saturation pulses in the central 30% portion of the k‐space in terms of fat signal reduction, image contrast of post‐contrast images, and breath‐holding time.

Methods

Fat signal in abdomen and breath‐holding time were compared between centrally fat‐saturated three‐dimensional sequence and partially fat‐saturated three‐dimensional sequence or conventional fat‐saturated three‐dimensional sequence. Abdominal contrast‐enhanced centrally fat‐saturated three‐dimensional MR angiography was obtained at arterial and equilibrium phases, and image quality was quantitatively and visually evaluated.

Results

Centrally fat‐saturated three‐dimensional sequence suppressed fat signal, as did the conventional fat‐saturated three‐dimensional sequence, and the breath‐hold was prolonged only by 1.5 seconds compared to the partially fat‐saturated three‐dimensional sequence. Contrast‐enhanced centrally fat‐saturated three‐dimensional MR angiography provided abdominal MR arteriography with large signal difference between vessels and fat, while venous signal was insufficient at equilibrium phase.

Conclusion

Abdominal contrast‐enhanced centrally fat‐saturated three‐dimensional MR angiography using an elliptical centric view order and selective central fat‐saturation of k‐space reduced fat signal comparable to conventional fat‐saturated three‐dimensional sequence, and provided contrast‐enhanced MR arteriography with high vascular contrast and minimum prolongation of breath‐hold. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:567–574. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion with a spin‐labeling technique: Preliminary results in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Wacker Christian M. , Fidler Florian , Dueren Christian , Hirn Stefan , Jakob Peter M. , Ertl Georg , Haase Axel , Bauer Wolfgang R.
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To determine perfusion and coronary reserve in human myocardium without contrast agent using a spin labeling technique.

Materials and Methods

Assessment of myocardial perfusion is based on T1 measurements after global and slice‐selective spin preparation. This magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique was applied to 12 healthy volunteers and 16 patients with suspected coronary artery disease under resting conditions and adenosine‐induced vasodilatation.

Results

In volunteers, quantitative perfusion was calculated as 2.4 ± 1.2 mL/g/minute (rest) and 3.9 ± 1.3 mL/g/minute (adenosine), respectively. Perfusion reserve was 2.1 ± 0.6. In patients, when comparing perfusion reserve in the anterior and posterior myocardium, reduced values according to a stenotic supplying vessel could be seen in seven of 11 patients who underwent stress testing. In these patients, the relative difference of coronary reserve was 44% ± 18%. Two patients without stenosis of coronary arteries showed no differences in coronary reserve (with a relative change of 2 ± 2%).

Conclusion

In patients with single‐vessel coronary artery disease, differences in coronary reserve were clearly detectable when comparing anterior and posterior myocardium. The spin labeling method is noninvasive and easily repeatable, and it could therefore become an important tool to study changes in myocardial perfusion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:555–560. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Right posterior hepatic notch sign: A simple diagnostic MR finding of cirrhosis
Authors: Ito Katsuyoshi , Mitchell Donald G. , Kim Myeong‐Jin , Awaya Hitomi , Koike Shinji , Matsunaga Naofumi
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To determine the frequency of occurrence of the right posterior hepatic notch sign at MR imaging in patients with cirrhosis, and to assess its diagnostic capability of this sign as a simple diagnostic MR finding of cirrhosis.

Materials and Methods

This study population included 330 patients with pathologically proved cirrhosis (N = 202) or without clinical evidence of chronic liver diseases (N = 128, control group). MR images were qualitatively evaluated for the presence of the right posterior hepatic notch sign. This sign was considered present if there was a sharp notch in the right posterior surface of the liver. The presence of the expanded gallbladder fossa sign was also evaluated during the same reading session.

Results

The right posterior hepatic notch sign was observed in 145 of the 202 patients in the cirrhosis group, while this sign was seen in only two of the 128 patients in the control group (P < 0.0001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of this sign for the MR diagnosis of cirrhosis were 72%, 98%, and 82%, respectively. When the presence of either the expanded gallbladder fossa sign or the right posterior hepatic notch sign was considered for the MR diagnosis of cirrhosis, the sensitivity and accuracy increased to 86% and 89%, respectively.

Conclusion

The right posterior hepatic notch sign can be used as a simple and highly specific sign of cirrhosis, if present. The diagnostic performance can be improved when the presence of either the expanded gallbladder fossa sign or the right posterior hepatic notch sign was considered. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:561–566. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of subtle thermal histopathological change using a novel analysis of Gd‐DTPA kinetics
Authors: Cheng Hai‐Ling Margaret , Purcell Carrie M. , Bilbao Juan M. , Plewes Donald B.
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To investigate Gd‐DTPA kinetics as predictors of histopathological changes following focused ultrasound (FUS) thermal ablation for improved planning and assessment.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐nine FUS lesions were created in the thigh muscle of eight rabbits under MR‐guidance at 1.5 Tesla. Three rabbits were killed at four hours; and 11 lesions were analyzed with histopathology. Temperature‐sensitive MRI using proton‐resonant frequency‐shift was used for time‐dependent temperature measurements. Analysis of the uptake kinetics of Gd‐DTPA was performed after Gd‐DTPA injection, within 20 minutes after heating and again at two hours after heating. The resulting kinetic maps, permeability (Ktrans) and leakage space (ve), were correlated to peak temperatures, T2‐weighted MR, and histopathology.

Results

Images of Ktrans and ve reveal regions of histopathological change not visible on conventional post‐therapy MR. At early times after heating, ve predicts the area of injury more accurately than T2 (7 ± 2% vs. 25 ± 6% underestimation). A circular region of extensive structural/vascular disruption is indicated only on Ktrans maps. The sharp decrease in Ktrans at the boundary of this region occurs at 47.5 ± 0.5°C, and may be a better estimate of cell death than the conventional method of temperature threshold (55°C for coagulation) used in therapy planning.

Conclusion

Our results suggest Gd‐DTPA kinetics can predict different histopathological changes following FUS ablation and may be valuable for early prediction. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:585–598. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High field human imaging
Authors: Norris David G.
Published: October 2003

This review article examines the state of knowledge regarding human imaging using MRI at high main magnetic field strengths. The article starts with a summary of the technical issues associated with magnetic field strengths in the range of 3–8 T, including magnet characteristics and the properties of radiofrequency magnetic fields, with special reference to sensitivity, power deposition, and homogeneity. The published data on tissue‐water relaxation times in the brain is tabulated and the implications for contrast and pulse sequence implementation is elucidated. The behavior of the major fast imaging sequences, fast low angle shot (FLASH), rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE), and echo planar imaging (EPI), is examined in this context. A number of anatomical images from 3 T systems are presented as examples. Particular attention is given to various forms of vascular imaging, namely, time of flight angiography, venography, and arterial spin labeling. The most complex changes in contrast with main magnetic field strength are in activation studies utilizing the blood oxygen level dependent mechanism, which are examined in detail. Improvements in spatial specificity are emphasized, particularly in conjunction with spin‐echo imaging. The article concludes with a discussion of the current status and the potential impact of technical developments such as parallel imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:519–529. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance image–guided proteomics of human glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Hobbs Susan K. , Shi Gongyi , Homer Ron , Harsh Griff , Atlas Scott W. , Bednarski Mark D.
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To investigate the correlation between gadolinium contrast‐enhancement patterns on T1‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images and spatial changes in protein expression profiles in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and the use of imaging as a noninvasive technique to evaluate the heterogeneity of solid tumors prior to microarray analysis.

Materials and Methods

Four patients with MR images and confirmed diagnosis of GBM were enrolled in the study. Intraoperative stereotaxy was used in conjunction with MR images to identify contrast‐enhanced (CE) and nonenhanced (NE) regions of the tumor during surgical resection. Total protein was extracted from resected tumor samples using standard techniques and subjected to proteomic analysis using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF‐MS).

Results

We found that protein profiles from CE and NE regions within a given tumor have qualitative and semiquantitative proteomic pattern differences, suggesting an altered gene expression profile that correlates with detectable tissue imaging parameters. We also found that CE regions within the same tumor exhibited distinct differences in protein expression profiles, despite similar histological features. In addition, there were marked similarities in the proteomic patterns among the NE regions across all patients, while the CE regions were distinct, suggesting that the CE regions have complex protein profiles unique to individuals.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that major differences in protein expression patterns within a tumor can be correlated to radiographic findings. Image‐guided proteomics holds promise for characterizing tissue prior to microarray analysis designed to identify specific diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets within solid tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:530–536. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic in‐plane rotation for doubly‐oblique cardiac imaging
Authors: Kellman Peter , Derbyshire J. Andrew , McVeigh Elliot R.
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To develop and test a method for automatically calculating the in‐plane rotation for doubly‐oblique slice geometry in order to minimize wrap artifacts for a given FOV.

Materials and Methods

The equations for in‐plane rotation were formulated for doubly‐oblique imaging of a cylindrical body with elliptical cross‐section. Based on this formulation, automatic in‐plane rotation was implemented and tested on a commercial scanner using nominal values for ellipticity of the body.

Results

Short axis, doubly oblique, cardiac imaging were acquired with and without in‐plane rotation. The desired in‐plane rotation proved to be relatively insensitive to the ellipticity of the body, permitting an automatic solution based on a nominal value.

Conclusion

In‐plane rotation is desirable for doubly oblique imaging (e.g., cardiac applications), particularly for reduced‐FOV accelerated imaging such as SENSE. The proposed method, which provides an approximate solution for automatic, in‐plane rotation for doubly‐oblique imaging, was demonstrated. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:612–615. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determining and optimizing the precision of quantitative measurements of perfusion from dynamic contrast enhanced MRI
Authors: Dale Brian M. , Jesberger John A. , Lewin Jonathan S. , Hillenbrand Claudia M. , Duerk Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To examine the sensitivity of quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) perfusion maps to errors in the various source images and to determine optimal imaging parameters for reducing this sensitivity.

Materials and Methods

A detailed analysis of the precision of a DCE‐MRI protocol was performed using the “propagation of errors” technique to investigate the effect of errors in the source images on errors in Ktrans. Optimal parameter values and interactions between parameters were examined. The propagation of errors analysis was validated by Monte‐Carlo simulations.

Results

The precision of Ktrans was found to be most sensitive to artifacts in the tissue portion of the baseline images and least sensitive to noise in the arterial portion of the dynamic images. The tip‐angle strongly affected the precision, with the optimum being a function of tissue T10.

Conclusion

Protocol optimization requires matching the tip‐angle to the anticipated T10 of the tissue of interest; however such optimization yields a relatively small improvement. Future developmental efforts would be most productively focused on minimizing the artifact level. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:575–584. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetization transfer imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of normal‐appearing white matter in late‐life major depression
Authors: Wyckoff Nathaniel , Kumar Anand , Gupta Rakesh C. , Alger Jeffry , Hwang Sun , Thomas M. Albert
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To examine the relationships between the damaged macromolecular pool seen on magnetization transfer (MT) imaging and cerebral metabolic changes recorded by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), in frontal white and gray matter regions of late‐life MDD patients.

Materials and Methods

MT imaging and MRS were performed on eight patients with late‐life MDD and eight age‐matched healthy controls. MT ratios were calculated using the on‐resonance and off‐resonance images. Correlations were computed between MT ratios and the ratios of several metabolites, including choline (Cho), myo‐inositol (mI), N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), and N‐acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), to creatine (Cr).

Results

Statistically significant correlations were found in white matter between the MT ratios and mI/Cr (r = −0.90, N = 7, P = 0.016), and between the MT ratios and (NAA + NAAG)/Cr (r = −0.89, N = 8, P = 0.007). No significant correlations were found in gray matter or between the MT ratios and NAA/Cr or Cho/Cr in white matter.

Conclusion

Changes in the white matter macromolecular protein pool, observed as reduced MT ratios, may be related to changes in the mI and the total NAA pools. These findings may have implications for the pathophysiology of late‐life major depression. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:537–543. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Giant adrenal myelolipoma with minimal fat content in a patient with homozygous beta‐thalassemia: Appearance on MRI
Authors: Kelekis Nikolaos L. , Alexopoulou Efthymia , Brountzos Elias N. , Ladis Vasilis , Boussiotou Angeliki , Kelekis Dimitrios A.
Published: October 2003

Giant adrenal myelolipoma is an uncommon entity. We present the atypical MR imaging findings of a giant adrenal myelolipoma in a patient with homozygous beta‐thalassemia with histopathology correlation. The tumor showed a drop in signal on the opposed‐phase images, with no evidence of macroscopic fat contents, and demonstrated very high signal intensity on T2‐weighted images. Giant adrenal myelolipoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of tumors with the combination of the above MR imaging characteristics. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:608–611. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real‐time catheter tracking and adaptive imaging
Authors: Elgort Daniel R. , Wong Eddy Y. , Hillenbrand Claudia M. , Wacker Frank K. , Lewin Jonathan S. , Duerk Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2003

Purpose

To evaluate the performance of a real‐time MR system for interventional procedures that adjusts specific image parameters in real time based on a catheter's speed of insertion.

Materials and Methods

The system was implemented using only the hardware provided with a standard short‐bore 1.5 T scanner (Siemens Magnetom Sonata) (with the exception of small tracking markers affixed to the catheter). The system tracks the position of an MR microcoil‐instrumented catheter and automatically updates the scan plane's position and orientation, as well as other features, including, but not limited to, field of view, resolution, tip angle, and TE. A real‐time feedback loop continuously localizes the tracking markers, updates the scan plane position and orientation, calculates the catheter's speed, adjusts the value of specific image parameters, then collects new image data, reconstructs an image, and provides it for immediate display. The system was evaluated in phantom and in vivo porcine experiments.

Results

The system is able to accurately localize a moving catheter in the abdominal aorta, calculate the device speed, and respond by adjusting specified image parameters 98% of the time, with precision of approximately 2 mm and 1.5°.

Conclusion

Simply slowing the speed of the catheter allows the clinician to adjust predetermined image parameters. This work also has the potential to build a degree of intelligence into the scanner, enabling it to react to changes in the clinical environment and automatically optimize specific image parameters. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:621–626. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Berry anthocyanins: isolation, identification and antioxidant activities
Authors: Kähkönen Marja P , Heinämäki Johanna , Ollilainen Velimatti , Heinonen Marina
Published: October 2003

Anthocyanins from bilberry, blackcurrant and cowberry were isolated for antioxidant evaluation. Individual compounds were identified and quantified using HPLC and HPLC/ESI–MS techniques. Antioxidant and radical‐scavenging capacities of the isolates were studied in emulsified methyl linoleate and human low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro and in the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test. The total anthocyanin contents in the phenolic extracts of bilberry, blackcurrant and cowberry were 6000, 2360 and 680 mg kg−1 fresh weight respectively. There were four dominant compounds in blackcurrant (glucosides and rutinosides of cyanidin and delphinidin), three in cowberry (monoglycosides of cyanidin) and 15 in bilberry (monoglycosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin and petunidin). Quantification as cyanidin‐3‐glucoside equivalents gave markedly lower results regarding the total anthocyanin concentration and the content of individual delphinidin and malvidin compounds compared with quantification based on corresponding standard compounds. Berry anthocyanins were highly active radical scavengers in the DPPH test and effective antioxidants in emulsion and human LDL. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of different inorganic salts and organic nutrient components on the growth of Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) mycelium on solid medium
Authors: Hatvani Nóra , Kesserû Péter , Mécs Imre
Published: October 2003

The influence of 11 inorganic salts and various organic nutrients on the mycelial growth of Lentinula edodes (Berk) Pegler (Shiitake) on solid medium was studied. All of these inorganic salts exerted concentration‐dependent inhibitory effects. Nitrite caused the strongest inhibition: 8 mM nitrite inhibited the growth completely. The inhibitory effect of nitrite could be reduced by the addition of ascorbic acid or a black tea extract. The effects of the addition of the different organic nutrients were investigated in order to optimize the composition of the culture medium. The medium containing malt extract (15 g l−1), starch (3 g l−1) and oak wood chips (20 g l−1) proved best for mycelial growth. Growth was not promoted by components with a high organic nitrogen content. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
The pasting behaviour of lactic‐fermented and dried uji (an East African sour porridge)
Authors: Onyango Calvin , Okoth Michael W , Mbugua Samuel K
Published: October 2003

The effects of sun‐, cabinet‐, and drum‐drying on the behaviour of submerged culture lactic‐fermented pure cassava, maize and finger millet and composites of maize–finger millet and cassava–finger millet were investigated in a Brabender amylograph. The cereal flours and maize–finger millet composite had higher onset and peak gelatinization temperatures but lower peak viscosities than cassava or cassava–finger millet composites. Fermentation alone or in combination with drying increased the viscosity of the flours, except for the fermented and drum‐dried cassava–finger millet composite flour. This increased viscosity of uji on fermentation and drying makes it more difficult to cook. Fermented and drum‐dried flours recorded high initial viscosities, at 30 °C, when the amylograph was switched on. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Oak‐matured wines: influence of the characteristics of the barrel on wine colour and sensory characteristics
Authors: Perez‐Prieto Luis Javier , De la Hera‐Orts Maria Luisa , López‐Roca Jose María , Fernández‐Fernández Jose Ignacio , Gómez‐Plaza Encarna
Published: October 2003

The influence of oak origin (French or American oak), volume (220, 500 and 1000 l barrels) and age of the barrel (new or used) on the colour and sensory characteristics of a red wine, after 6 months of maturation, was studied. The colour of the wines is characterized by the red, yellow and blue percentages, total polyphenols index, free anthocyanins, polymeric anthocyanins, colour density, hue, tannin content and HCl index. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed that colour evolution is faster in small, new American barrels than in large, used barrels or in French barrels. This evolution towards a more stable colour is manifested by a higher content of polymeric anthocyanins, hue and HCl index and lower percentage of red colour. The sensory analysis also reflects these results: the samples obtaining higher scores, at this stage of maturation, are those aged in small, new American barrels. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Fruit calcium concentration and chilling injury during low temperature storage of pineapple
Authors: Hewajulige IGN , Wilson Wijeratnam RS , Wijesundera RLC , Abeysekere M
Published: October 2003

The concentration of calcium and its distribution in different parts of the fruit were determined in Queen‐type Mauritius and Cayenne‐type Kew pineapple varieties. Calcium content was measured before and after storage for 17 days at 10 °C followed by 2 days at 28 °C. Total calcium concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Kew than in Mauritius pineapple. This difference corresponded to a significantly (p < 0.05) lower incidence of chilling injury in the former. The calcium content in fruits at harvest was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the shell region for both varieties. Browning symptoms associated with chilling injury were observed in the core and in the flesh adjacent to the core, where lower concentrations of calcium were recorded. Chilling injury was minimal in the flesh near the shell, where calcium concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher. Following storage, calcium concentrations in the core and flesh regions decreased, while a significant (p < 0.05) increase in concentration was recorded in the shell region of the susceptible Mauritius variety. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Functionality of emulsifiers in sponge cake production
Authors: Sahi Sarabjit S , Alava Juan M
Published: October 2003

The effects of emulsifiers (glyceryl monostearate and polyglycerol ester) and air inclusion on the structure of sponge batters were studied. Batter samples, immediately after mixing in a continuous mixer, were imaged for bubbles using an optical microscope and a CCD video camera. The bulk rheology of the batters was also determined to characterise their physical properties. The aqueous phases of the batters were separated by centrifugation and their surface tension was measured. The crumb structure of the finished sponge cakes was studied using a commercial texture analyser. The results showed that addition of an emulsifier helped in binding water and decreased the fluidity of the batter as well as the tension of the air/aqueous phase interface. Increasing the concentration of the emulsifier affected the distribution and size of the air bubbles trapped in the batter during mixing as well as the texture and volume of the baked sponge. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Nutritional and physiological effects of rapeseed meal sinapine in broiler chickens and its metabolism in the digestive tract
Authors: Qiao Hongyu , Classen Henry L
Published: October 2003

Research was completed to investigate the impact of dietary rapeseed meal (RSM) sinapine (SNP) on broiler chickens. The control treatment was based on a corn/soybean meal diet, as were six additional treatments which contained three levels of SNP bisulphate or semi‐purified SNP in the form of an ethanol extract concentrate. The last three treatments were corn‐based but soybean meal was replaced by graded levels of RSM at 15, 22.5 and 30% of the diet and thereby added SNP in its native form. SNP bisulphate and SNP ethanol extract did not affect feed intake and performance of broiler chickens. SNP bisulphate increased diet AME (apparent metabolisable energy) (P < 0.01) while SNP ethanol extract increased diet AME and faecal protein digestibility (P < 0.01 and 0.05 respectively) in comparison with the control diet. Dietary treatment caused minor effects on tissue measurements. All the diets containing SNP reduced the empty weight of caeca (P < 0.05 or 0.01), suggesting that the hind gut might be an important metabolic site for SNP. The ileal digestibility of SNP was 35–42, 27–38 and 30–46% for SNP bisulphate, SNP ethanol extract and RSM SNP respectively, while faecal digestibility values were 68–72, 65–75 and 54–63% for the same treatment groups. A major metabolic pathway of SNP via hydrolysis into sinapic acid and choline in the digestive tract was identified. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of volatile flavour compounds from cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L) juice by the Osme gas chromatography/olfactometry technique
Authors: Garruti Deborah S , Franco Maria Regina B , da Silva Maria Aparecida A P , Janzantti Natália S , Alves Gisele L
Published: October 2003

The headspace volatile components of the juice of cashew apples from a commercial Brazilian dwarf genotype were separated by high‐resolution gas chromatography and identified by GC/MS. Five judges evaluated the GC effluents using the Osme technique in order to determine the importance of each compound to the characteristic cashew aroma. Esters methyl 3‐methyl butanoate, ethyl 3‐methyl butanoate, methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl trans‐2‐butenoate and methyl 3‐methyl pentanoate were important to the sweet, fruity and cashew‐like aroma. Cis‐3‐hexenol, hexanal and 2‐methyl‐2‐pentenal presented different green notes. In spite of the flame ionisation detector being unable to detect sulphur compounds, the olfactometric analysis revealed chromatographic regions where sulphur‐like odours were perceived by the Osme sensory panel. The most intense unpleasant odour was due to 2‐methyl butanoic acid, which was described as very stinky. The sensory panel showed good olfactory sensitivity and reproducibility. Sensory and instrumental data correlation allowed a greater understanding of the role of several volatile compounds in the sensory quality of the juice. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
1H HR‐MAS NMR and isotopic investigation of bread and flour samples produced in southern Italy
Authors: Brescia Maria A , Sgaramella Angela , Ghelli Stefano , Sacco Antonio
Published: October 2003

Recent successful applications of proton high resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (1H HR‐MAS NMR) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in food science have prompted the authors to use these new techniques to analyse bread and flour samples produced in southern Italy. The aim of this work was to find qualitative and quantitative information that could be exploited to characterise bread and flour samples. The analysis was carried out on tender and durum wheat flours and the breads obtained from them. Compositional differences among the samples were observed. Isotopic parameters revealed differences between the flour types. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Experimental investigation of drying behaviour and conditions of pumpkin slices via a cyclone‐type dryer
Authors: Akpinar EK , Midilli A , Bicer Y
Published: October 2003

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the drying behaviour and conditions of pumpkin slices via a convective cyclone‐type dryer. Drying experiments were conducted at air inlet temperatures of 60, 70 and 80 °C and air velocities of 1 and 1.5 m s−1. Samples of 200 g of cylindrical pumpkin slices (thickness 5 mm × diameter 35 mm) were arranged in a single layer on each of two trays. The least squares method was applied to derive the drying curve equation of samples. During the experiments the following parameters were measured: weight loss, temperature, relative moisture and velocity. From these parameters, dimensionless mass loss, moisture content, mass shrinkage and drying rate of samples were calculated and are discussed in detail. Additionally, the transport of water during dehydration was described by the diffusion mechanism, and Fick's equation was used for evaluation of the experimental data. The linear sections of drying curves were analysed by linear regression to obtain the moisture diffusivities. It was found that pumpkin slices would dry perfectly within 340–720 min under these drying conditions. The convective cyclone dryer could also be used to dry other products. Thus it is expected that this new dryer will help farmers and producers to reduce the cost of drying. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of environmental temperature on composition of lipids in edible flesh of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Calabretti Antonella , Cateni Francesca , Procida Giuseppe , Favretto Luciana Gabrielli
Published: October 2003

The adaptative changes in the fatty acid composition of the main lipid classes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) edible flesh in response to environmental variation in water temperature were investigated. The research was carried out on intensively farmed trout sampled at different times of the year. Neutral lipids (NL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were separated using flash chromatography. Compared with summer acclimatisation, a decrease in neutral lipids of about 19% was observed in winter, accompanied by increases in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of about 41 and 29%, respectively. The metabolic adjustment in cold adaptation caused an increase in the levels of unsaturated fatty acids and monoenes of the oleic acid ω9 family and an increase in the levels of unsaturated fatty acids of the linoleic acid ω3 family. At the same time a reduction in the levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of the oleic acid ω9 family was observed. This pattern turned out to be particularly evident in phosphatidylcholine. The net result of these changes in composition was a significant increase in the polyunsaturated/saturated and polyunsaturated/monoenic fatty acid ratios in the edible flesh. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant efficiency of oregano during frying and storage of potato chips
Authors: Houhoula Dimitra P , Oreopoulou Vassiliki , Tzia Constantina
Published: October 2003

The effect of oregano on the oxidative stability of cottonseed oil during frying of potato chips and on the storage stability of the produced chips was studied. The ground spice or an ethanol‐derived extract thereof was added to the oil at a concentration of 2 g l−1 (dry basis) before frying. The results showed that both ground oregano and its ethanol‐derived extract decreased the rates of accumulation of conjugated dienes, polar compounds, polymerised triglycerides, dimeric triglycerides as well as p‐anisidine value (p‐AV) of the frying oil. The major decrease was observed in the accumulation of polymerised and dimeric triglycerides. The accumulation of oxidised triglycerides showed a low decrease with the addition of oregano, while the hydrolytic compounds formed during frying were not affected. No significant difference (at 95% significance level) between ground oregano and its ethanol‐derived extract was observed. The storage stability of potato chips removed from the fryer at various time intervals was estimated by the rates of increase in peroxide value and conjugated dienes of the oil absorbed in the chips. Both rates were depressed when oregano was added to the frying oil; the protective action of oregano extract was considerably greater (at 95% significance level) than that of ground oregano. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Phenolic compound contents in edible parts of broccoli inflorescences after domestic cooking
Authors: Vallejo F , Tomás‐Barberán FA , García‐Viguera C
Published: October 2003

Total flavonoid and individual hydroxycinnamoyl derivative (sinapic and caffeoyl‐quinic acid derivative) contents were evaluated in the edible portions of freshly harvested broccoli (cv Marathon inflorescences) before and after cooking and in the cooking water. High‐pressure boiling, low‐pressure boiling (conventional), steaming and microwaving were the four domestic cooking processes used in this work. The predominant sinapic acid derivatives were identified as 1,2,2′‐trisinapoylgentiobiose and 1,2′‐disinapoyl‐2‐feruloylgentiobiose. In addition 1,2‐diferuloylgentiobiose and 1‐sinapoyl‐2,2′‐diferuloylgentiobiose were also identified in broccoli inflorescences. The results showed large differences among the four treatments in their influence on flavonoid and hydroxycinnamoyl derivative contents in broccoli. Clear disadvantages were detected when broccoli was microwaved, namely high losses of flavonoids (97%), sinapic acid derivatives (74%) and caffeoyl‐quinic acid derivatives (87%). Conventional boiling led to a significant loss of flavonoids (66%) from fresh raw broccoli, while high‐pressure boiling caused considerable leaching (47%) of caffeoyl‐quinic acid derivatives into the cooking water. On the other hand, steaming had minimal effects, in terms of loss, on both flavonoid and hydroxycinnamoyl derivative contents. Therefore we can conclude that a greater quantity of phenolic compounds will be provided by consumption of steamed broccoli as compared with broccoli prepared by other cooking processes. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of nitrogen fertiliser rates and defoliation regimes on the vertical structure and composition (crude protein content and digestibility) of a grass sward
Authors: Duru M
Published: October 2003

The vertical sward structure (proportions of lamina and sheath) and sward composition (crude protein and digestibility) have an effect on animal behaviour and performance, but their variation through management is not well known. We studied the effect of defoliation regime and nitrogen supply on these sward characteristics. There were six treatments, two nitrogen fertiliser rates combined with three defoliation regimes. Two of the latter mimicked a long growth duration (up to 7 weeks) and one mimicked a short period of regrowth (2 weeks). The swards were cut 7 cm from ground level. We found that there was a single relationship between sheath length and sward height, regardless of treatment and sampling date. For the treatments which mimicked a long growth duration, crude protein and digestibility decreased linearly from the top to the base of the sward when these decreases were expressed per unit of herbage mass. Conversely, for the treatments which mimicked a short growth duration, crude protein and digestibility fell quickly between the upper layers and those close to the ground. This discontinuity was the result of a smaller number of laminae per tiller than for the other treatments, whereas the composition of the sheath was the same. For resting periods longer than 20 days a model was proposed to simulate the effect of sward defoliation depth on the chemical composition of the diet selected by grazing animals according to available herbage mass before and during grazing. From a practical point of view the sward height alone could not be used to predict the sward composition from the top to the base of the sward and its effect on diet selection by grazers. The length of the resting period needs to be known in addition to the residual sward height. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry