bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Efficiency Analysis of Closed Loop Pump Controlled Circuit Hydraulic Lifting System of Wheel Loaders Based on Gravity Self-Balancing Hydraulic Cylinder
Authors: Wang Xiangyu , Zhang Hongjuan , Zhang Xiaogang , Quan Long
Published: December 2021

In the hydraulic lifting systems of wheel loaders, the valve controlled systems are used to drive the hydraulic cylinder to complete frequent lifting and falling operations. The gravitational potential energy of the lifting system, accumulated in the lifting process, is converted into heat energy through the throttling port of the valve during the falling processes, which results in significant throttling loss and severe system overheating. To solve the problems, a potential energy regeneration and utilization system is proposed, where the closed loop pump controlled circuit based on the gravity self-balancing hydraulic cylinder is adopted to eliminate throttling loss, and the gravity self-balancing chamber of the cylinder is directly connected with accumulator to recycle gravity potential energy. In the research, the structure and working principle of the proposed hydraulic system is analyzed first, then the co-simulation model and the test prototype are established to investigate the working and energy characteristics of the proposed system. Test results indicate that, compared with the traditional valve controlled hydraulic system, 58.9% energy consumption reduction can be expected for the hydraulic pump by adopting the proposed system under the same working condition.
Modeling Hybrid Hydro-Electro-Mechanical Power-Split Propulsion Systems
Authors: Haughery John R. , Steward Brian L. , Ryan Saxon J. , Kankanamalage R. Gallolu
Published: December 2021

Hydrostatic and hydro-mechanical transmissions (HSTs and HMTs, respectively) are commonly used in off-highway vehicles. While both transmission technologies can provide continuously variable torque or speed ratios, they suffer from poor efficiencies and limited operating ranges. Electric variable transmissions (EVTs), in contrast, offer complementary strengths via higher efficiencies at low forward and reverse speeds, full torque from zero to full power, and increased control capabilities. While HST, HMT, and EVT powertrain architectures are not novel, the authors are not aware of work integrating these technologies into hydro-electro-mechanical (HEMT) transmission architectures. Thus, this research aimed to develop a physical modeling methodology to explore different power-split transmission technologies using hydraulic, electrical, and mechanical pathways to understand how the complementary nature of the technologies could be used for overall power transmission performance. Steady-state modeling was performed using the Modelica® (Modelica Association) modeling language in the Dymola (Dassault Systems®) integrated development environment. Overall efficiency vs. output speed was presented for HMT, EMT, and HEMT input-coupled architectures, including circulating power considerations. This research extends the state-of-the-art of off-road powertrain technologies by providing the literature an exemplar modeling of HEMT coupling techniques, system integration, and power flow architectures in Modelica® modeling language.
Characterization of Solenoid On-Off Valve Faults: A Faster Analytical Modeling Approach
Authors: Tian Hao , Li Sichen , Liu Jianbo , Hou Jiaoyi , Gong Yongjun
Published: December 2021

Solenoid valves are enabling components for flow and motion control in fluid power systems. It is important for reduction of a machinery’s “off” time if quick fault diagnosis of solenoid valves can be performed on site. Traditional fault diagnosis usually involves signal convolution, machine learning, or fuzzy logics, which can achieve over 90% accuracy but are all computationally intensive, and may be difficult to achieve rapid analysis on site with portable electronics. Among various kinds of faults of solenoid valves, the most common ones are the leakage caused by poor sealing between the poppet and the sleeve, stiction caused by foreign matters in the valve body, or solenoid failure. This paper proposed to simplify the fault diagnosis process by derivation of analytical models of fault characteristics of solenoid on-off valve based on electromagnetics and lumped mass fluid mechanics. Firstly, according to the structure of the solenoid valve, the electromagnetic model of the armature, solenoid, and the air gap is deduced. Secondly, five features from two sensor data are constructed. Fault isolation matrix, tested features are also defined. Thirdly, experimental system was setup to acquire the key threshold values for membership function definition. Finally, two validation tests were conducted and the initial results showed that the proposed method is capable of detecting solenoid valve stiction of various degrees.
Using Dynamic Pressure Response for Erosion Detection in Hydraulic Tubes and Hoses
Authors: Etminan Elnaz , Majdabadi Mahdiyar Molahasani , Ko Seokbum , Wiens Travis
Published: December 2021

Numerical simulations were performed to study the feasibility of erosion detection in hydraulic tubes and hoses using fluid dynamic pressure response analysis. Reflected pressure signals caused by wall thinning were studied to locate and quantify pipe defects. Simulations were conducted for steel pipes as well as hoses. Results showed that for a steel pipe, since the stiffness of the fluid is much less than the pipe material’s, a very big change of wall thickness is needed to have a meaningful change in wave propagation speed and therefore the dynamic pressure response. For hoses, the wall stiffness is much less than steel pipes, hence it is more feasible to detect changes in stiffness. A dataset of 10 000 dynamic pressure impulse responses from samples with randomly generated eroded geometries was calculated to train a gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network. Results showed that under perfect conditions (no noise), we are able to detect an eroded section’s location, length, and change in wave propagation speed with relative errors of 2.69%, 4.88%, and 3.79%, respectively. The changes in the wave propagation speed was also categorized into three classes of low, mild, and severe erosion with the accuracy of 97.3%. Under more practical conditions including sensor noise, the accuracy of erosion detection is degraded, especially in the case of steel tubing. By retraining the model with noisy data, the drop in the accuracy is compensated to about 96%.
T-wave propagation from the Pacific to the Atlantic: The 2020 Mw7.4 Kermadec Trench earthquake case
Authors: Oliveira Tiago C. A. , Lin Ying-Tsong , Kushida Noriyuki , Jesus Sérgio M. , Nielsen Peter
Published: December 2021

An Mw7.4 submarine earthquake occurred in the Kermadec Trench, northeast of New Zealand, on 18 June, 2020. This powerful earthquake triggered energetic tertiary waves (T-waves) that propagated through the South Pacific Ocean into the South Atlantic Ocean, where the T-waves were recorded by a hydrophone station near Ascension Island, 15 127 km away from the epicenter. Different T-wave arrivals were identified during the earthquake period with arrival angles deviating from the geodesic path. A three-dimensional sound propagation model has been utilized to investigate the cause of the deviation and confirm the horizontal diffraction of the T-waves at the Drake Passage.
Fluid focusing and viscosity allow high gain and stability of the cochlear response
Authors: Sisto Renata , Belardinelli Daniele , Moleti Arturo
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the role of two-dimensional (2-D)/three-dimensional (3-D) cochlear fluid hydrodynamics in the generation of the large nonlinear dynamical range of the basilar membrane (BM) and pressure response, in the decoupling between cochlear gain and tuning, and in the dynamic stabilization of the high-gain BM response in the peak region. The large and closely correlated dependence on stimulus level of the BM velocity and fluid pressure gain [Dong, W., and Olson, E. S. (2013). Biophys. J. 105(4), 1067–1078] is consistent with a physiologically oriented schematization of the outer hair cell (OHC) mechanism if two hydrodynamic effects are accounted for: amplification of the differential pressure associated with a focusing phenomenon, and viscous damping at the BM-fluid interface. The predictions of the analytical 2-D Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approach are compared to solutions of a 3-D finite element model, showing that these hydrodynamic phenomena yield stable high-gain response in the peak region and a smooth transition among models with different effectiveness of the active mechanism, mimicking the cochlear nonlinear response over a wide stimulus level range. This study explains how an effectively anti-damping nonlinear outer hair cells (OHC) force may yield large BM and pressure dynamical ranges along with an almost level-independent admittance.
Skin Blood Flow Responses to Acetylcholine, Local Heating, and to 60% VO2max exercise with and without Nitric Oxide inhibition, in Boys vs. Girls
Authors: Massarotto Raffaele Joseph , Hodges Gary J. , Woloschuk Alexandra , O’Leary Deborah D. , Dotan Raffy , Falk Bareket
Published: December 2021

Purpose: To determine sex-related differences in the skin blood flow (SkBF) response to exercise, local heating, and acetylcholine (ACh) in children, and to assess nitric oxide contribution to the SkBF response. Methods: Forearm SkBF during local heating (44°C), ACh iontophoresis, and exercise (30-min cycling and 60% of maximum oxygen consumption) was assessed, using laser Doppler fluxmetry, in 12 boys and 12 girls (7–13 y old), with and without nitric oxide synthase inhibition, using Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester iontophoresis. Results: Local-heating-induced and ACh-induced SkBF increase were not different between boys and girls (local heating: 1445% [900%] and 1432% [582%] of baseline, P = .57; ACh: 673% [434%] and 558% [405%] of baseline, respectively, P = .18). Exercise-induced increase in SkBF was greater in boys than girls (528% [290%] and 374% [192%] of baseline, respectively, P = .03). Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester blunted the SkBF response to ACh and during exercise (P < .001), with no difference between sexes. Conclusion: SkBF responses to ACh and local heat stimuli were similar in boys and girls, while the increase in SkBF during exercise was greater in boys. The apparent role of nitric oxide was not different between boys and girls. It is suggested that the greater SkBF response in boys during exercise was related to greater relative heat production and dissipation needs at this exercise intensity. The response to body size-related workload should be further examined.
Nemonoxacin Enhances Antibacterial Activity and Anti-Resistance Mutation Ability of Vancomycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an
In Vitro
Dynamic Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Huang Junchen , Guo Siwei , Li Xin , Yuan Fang , Li You , Xu Bing , Gu Junyuan , Qiao Yong
Published: December 2021

Reduced susceptibility and emergence of resistance to vancomycin in methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) have led to the development of various vancomycin-based combinations. Nemonoxacin is a novel nonfluorinated quinolone with antibacterial activity against MRSA.
Oral morphine versus transmucosal diamorphine for breakthrough pain in children: methods and outcomes: UK (DIPPER study) consensus
Authors: Harrop Emily , Liossi Christina , Jamieson Liz , Gastine Silke , Oulton Kate , Skene Simon S , Howard Richard F , Johnson Margaret , Boyce Katherine , Mitchell Lorraine , Jassal Satbir , Anderson Anna-Karenia , Hain Richard D W , Hills Michelle , Bayliss Julie , Soman Archana , Laddie Joanna , Vickers David , Mellor Charlotte , Warlow Tim , Wong Ian CK
Published: December 2021

Objectives

No randomised controlled trials have been conducted for breakthrough pain in paediatric palliative care and there are currently no standardised outcome measures. The DIPPER study aims to establish the feasibility of conducting a prospective randomised controlled trial comparing oral and transmucosal administration of opioids for breakthrough pain. The aim of the current study was to achieve consensus on design aspects for a small-scale prospective study to inform a future randomised controlled trial of oral morphine, the current first-line treatment, versus transmucosal diamorphine.

Methods

The nominal group technique was used to achieve consensus on best practice for mode of administration, dose regimen and a range of suitable pain intensity outcome measures for transmucosal diamorphine in children and young people with breakthrough pain. An expert panel of ten clinicians in paediatric palliative care and three parent representatives participated. Consensus was achieved when agreement was reached and no further comments from participants were forthcoming.

Results

The panel favoured the buccal route of administration, with dosing according to the recommendations in the Association for Paediatric Palliative Medicine formulary (fifth Edition, 2020). The verbal Numerical Rating Scale was selected to measure pain in children 8 years old and older, the Faces Pain Scale-Revised for children between 4 and 8 years old, and Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC)/FLACC-Revised as the observational tools.

Conclusions

The nominal group technique allowed consensus to be reached for a small-scale, prospective, cohort study and provided information to inform the design of a randomised controlled trial.
Association of anxiety-depressive disorders with irritable bowel syndrome among patients attending a rural family practice center: a comparative cross-sectional study
Authors: Mohammed Alaa Adel , Moustafa Heba Ahmed , Nour-Eldein Hebatallah , Saudi Rabab Atta
Published: December 2021

Background

Comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and psychiatric disorders is common, and the prevalence of at least one psychiatric disorder has been reported as high as 80% among patients with IBS.

Aims

To explore the association of anxiety-depressive disorders with IBS and its different subtypes, and to evaluate the associations of lifestyle habits, dietary habits and sleeping quality with IBS.

Methods

A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the AL-Mahsama Family Practice Center, Ismailia, Egypt. It was carried out between October 2019 and October 2020. Participants were categorised into 175 patients with IBS, diagnosed using the Rome IV criteria, and 175 patients without IBS. A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, dietary habits and sleep quality from both groups. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale was used to assess anxiety symptoms, whereas the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition was used to assess depression symptoms.

Results

There was a high statistically significant difference between both groups with regard to age, education, occupation and socioeconomic status (SES), being a smoker, being physically inactive, having sleep disturbance and having irregular meals; being either obese or overweight was more reported in the IBS group. There was a high statistically significant difference in the rate of anxiety and depression between patients with and without IBS. Mild, moderate and severe anxiety were reported in 37.1%, 42.9% and 20.0% of patients with IBS while most (80.0%) of the patients without IBS reported mild anxiety. Regarding depression, mild, moderate and severe depression were reported in 60.0%, 14.3% and 25.7% of the patients with IBS while most (82.9%) of the non-IBS participants reported mild depression.

Conclusions

The study shows a significant association between anxiety-depressive disorders and IBS, but no significant associations between anxiety-depressive disorders and IBS subtypes.
Raman area- and thermal-mapping studies of faceted nano-crystalline α-Fe2O3 thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis
Authors: Kumar Pathak Devesh , Dayanand  , Thakur O.P. , Kumar Rajesh
Published: December 2021

Different advanced techniques including Raman area mapping and Raman thermal imaging have been used to investigate various properties of large area iron oxide thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis on a large area of crystalline silicon substrates under controlled external parameters. Morphological studies reveal that the obtained films acquired the lateral faceted crystalline structure of iron oxide. Together, the Raman and SEM images confirm the presence and large area distribution of the nano crystals of Fe2O3 phase. Thermal Raman imaging reveals that the obtained iron oxide thin films are robust and thus can be used for appropriate technological applications like electromagnetic shielding.
Influence of molar ratio of MAI and PbI2 on synthesis of perovskite film
Authors: Wu Tung-Lung , Tsai Jenn-Kai , Song Ya-Zhu , Chen Meng-Xiu , Wu Tian-Chiuan , Min Kao-Wei , Yu Ming-Ta , Ho Chi-Ting
Published: December 2021

This study explores the influence of molar ratio of the synthetic solution of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and PbI2 on perovskite solar cells. The complete perovskite crystals must be produced in a low-humidity environment. The substrate is spin-coated in the adjusted MAPbI3 synthesis solution and annealed by using a nitrogen furnace tube to form perovskite crystals. During the crystallization of MAPbI3, some of the PbI2 remains, which improves the efficiency of the perovskite solar cell. Therefore, we adjust the molar concentration of MAI to find the appropriate amount of the PbI2 residual. We fix the MAI molar concentration at 1 M and adjust the PbI2 molar concentration from 0.8 M to 1.4 M. The molar ratios of MAI and PbI2 are, then, 1:0.8, 1:1, 1:1.2, and 1:1.4, respectively. Then, we use UV–vis, FE-SEM, and photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) measurements for comparing the growth of perovskite crystals and their photoelectric characteristics. The results show that 1.2 M of PbI2 is the most appropriate concentration for perovskite solar cells among the adjusted concentrations.
Universalities of anomalous properties in electron transport through different Z-shaped phosphorene nanoribbon devices
Authors: Song M. R. , Shi H. L. , Jiang Z. T. , Ren Y. H. , Yang J. , Han Q. Z.
Published: December 2021

Aiming at improving the flexibility of designing the phosphorene-based nanodevices, we propose three kinds of Z-shaped phosphorene nanoribbons (ZPNRs), which are composed of two metallic nanoribbon electrodes and one semiconducting/metallic nanoribbon central region (CR). Many anomalous properties including the unexpected current increasing under the low bias voltage, the negative differential conductance, and the transition of the transport mechanism are found to be universal in different ZPNRs. Also, we find the current can be significantly suppressed by increasing the CR length, while no complete suppression can be induced by the increase of the CR width, indicating that the CR length and width will make different influences on the ZPNR transport. Moreover, the energy spectrums of two electrodes, the molecular energy levels of the CR, the transmission coefficients, and the transmission eigenstates are further calculated so as to clearly expound the anomalous properties and their universalities. We believe this research can provide a meaningful guidance for developing the phosphorene-based electronic devices.
Scientific Research: Fun and Excitement for Me … And You!
Authors: Thompson J. Michael T.
Published: December 2021

This brief article is directed towards young readers, perhaps in their teens, who might be thinking about their future careers and the paths that they might like to follow in later life. I give them for consideration an outline of the fun and excitement that I have myself experienced in scientific research, and encourage them to follow me. To do this, I start by giving some remarks about my own early life and its choices. I then identify some of the decisions and lucky breaks that led to my main scientific work on the theories of stability, nonlinear dynamics and chaos. I point to some new frontiers where knowledge of the physical sciences is spreading into wider areas such as the bio-mechanics of DNA and the prediction of tipping points that could dramatically increase global warming. Finally I give some detailed advice that could be useful as you hopefully enter the thrilling world of scientific research.
Improving Deep Learning based Automatic Speech Recognition for Gujarati
Authors: Raval Deepang , Pathak Vyom , Patel Muktan , Bhatt Brijesh
Published: December 2021

We present a novel approach for improving the performance of an End-to-End speech recognition system for the Gujarati language. We follow a deep learning-based approach that includes Convolutional Neural Network, Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory layers, Dense layers, and Connectionist Temporal Classification as a loss function. To improve the performance of the system with the limited size of the dataset, we present a combined language model (Word-level language Model and Character-level language model)-based prefix decoding technique and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers-based post-processing technique. To gain key insights from our Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, we used the inferences from the system and proposed different analysis methods. These insights help us in understanding and improving the ASR system as well as provide intuition into the language used for the ASR system. We have trained the model on the Microsoft Speech Corpus, and we observe a 5.87% decrease in Word Error Rate (WER) with respect to base-model WER.
Enhancing Lexical Translation Consistency for Document-Level Neural Machine Translation
Authors: Kang Xiaomian , Zhao Yang , Zhang Jiajun , Zong Chengqing
Published: December 2021

Document-level neural machine translation (DocNMT) has yielded attractive improvements. In this article, we systematically analyze the discourse phenomena in Chinese-to-English translation, and focus on the most obvious ones, namely lexical translation consistency. To alleviate the lexical inconsistency, we propose an effective approach that is aware of the words which need to be translated consistently and constrains the model to produce more consistent translations. Specifically, we first introduce a global context extractor to extract the document context and consistency context, respectively. Then, the two types of global context are integrated into a encoder enhancer and a decoder enhancer to improve the lexical translation consistency. We create a test set to evaluate the lexical consistency automatically. Experiments demonstrate that our approach can significantly alleviate the lexical translation inconsistency. In addition, our approach can also substantially improve the translation quality compared to sentence-level Transformer.
Joined Type Length Encoding for Nested Named Entity Recognition
Authors: Sheikhaei Mohammad Sadegh , Zafari Hasan , Tian Yuan
Published: December 2021

In this article, we propose a new encoding scheme for named entity recognition (NER) called Joined Type-Length encoding (JoinedTL). Unlike most existing named entity encoding schemes, which focus on flat entities, JoinedTL can label nested named entities in a single sequence. JoinedTL uses a packed encoding to represent both type and span of a named entity, which not only results in less tagged tokens compared to existing encoding schemes, but also enables it to support nested NER. We evaluate the effectiveness of JoinedTL for nested NER on three nested NER datasets: GENIA in English, GermEval in German, and PerNest, our newly created nested NER dataset in Persian. We apply CharLSTM+WordLSTM+CRF, a three-layer sequence tagging model on three datasets encoded using JoinedTL and two existing nested NE encoding schemes, i.e., JoinedBIO and JoinedBILOU. Our experiment results show that CharLSTM+WordLSTM+CRF trained with JoinedTL encoded datasets can achieve competitive F1 scores as the ones trained with datasets encoded by two other encodings, but with 27%–48% less tagged tokens. To leverage the power of three different encodings, i.e., JoinedTL, JoinedBIO, and JoinedBILOU, we propose an encoding-based ensemble method for nested NER. Evaluation results show that the ensemble method achieves higher F1 scores on all datasets than the three models each trained using one of the three encodings. By using nested NE encodings including JoinedTL with CharLSTM+WordLSTM+CRF, we establish new state-of-the-art performance with an F1 score of 83.7 on PerNest, 74.9 on GENIA, and 70.5 on GermEval, surpassing two recent neural models specially designed for nested NER.
Fusion Based AER System Using Deep Learning Approach for Amplitude and Frequency Analysis
Authors: Reddy A. Pramod , V. Vijayarajan
Published: December 2021

Automatic emotion recognition from Speech (AERS) systems based on acoustical analysis reveal that some emotional classes persist with ambiguity. This study employed an alternative method aimed at providing deep understanding into the amplitude–frequency, impacts of various emotions in order to aid in the advancement of near term, more effectively in classifying AER approaches. The study was undertaken by converting narrow 20 ms frames of speech into RGB or grey-scale spectrogram images. The features have been used to fine-tune a feature selection system that had previously been trained to recognise emotions. Two different Linear and Mel spectral scales are used to demonstrate a spectrogram. An inductive approach for in sighting the amplitude and frequency features of various emotional classes. We propose a two-channel profound combination of deep fusion network model for the efficient categorization of images. Linear and Mel- spectrogram is acquired from Speech-signal, which is prepared in the recurrence area to input Deep Neural Network. The proposed model Alex-Net with five convolutional layers and two fully connected layers acquire most vital features form spectrogram images plotted on the amplitude-frequency scale. The state-of-the-art is compared with benchmark dataset (EMO-DB). RGB and saliency images are fed to pre-trained Alex-Net tested both EMO-DB and Telugu dataset with an accuracy of 72.18% and fused image features less computations reaching to an accuracy 75.12%. The proposed model show that Transfer learning predict efficiently than Fine-tune network. When tested on Emo-DB dataset, the propȯsed system adequately learns discriminant features from speech spectrȯgrams and outperforms many stȧte-of-the-art techniques.
Influence of Chemical Operation on the Electrocatalytic Activity of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ
for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Inoue Yuta , Miyahara Yuto , Miyazaki Kohei , Kondo Yasuyuki , Yokoyama Yuko , Abe Takeshi
Published: December 2021

Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ
(BSCF) is a promising electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solution. The OER activities of BSCF are gradually enhanced by prolonging the duration of electrochemical operation at OER potentials, but the underlying cause is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of chemical operation, equivalent to immersion in alkaline solution, in the time-course of OER enhancement of BSCF. Interestingly, the time-course OER enhancement of BSCF was promoted not only by electrochemical operation, which corresponds to potential cycling in the OER region, but also by chemical operation. In situ Raman measurements clarified that chemical operation had a lower rate of surface amorphization than electrochemical operation. On the other hand, the leaching behavior of A-site cations was comparable between chemical and electrochemical operations. Since the OER activity of BSCF was stabilized by saturating the electrolyte with Ba2+, “chemical” A-site leaching was key to inducing the time-course OER enhancement on perovskite electrocatalysts. Based on these results, we provide a fundamental understanding of the role of chemical operation in the OER properties of perovskites.
Surface Flattening of Directed Energy Deposited Parts through Jet Electrochemical Machining
Authors: Wang Xindi , Qu Ningsong
Published: December 2021

For additive manufacturing (AM) processes, post-processing is usually needed before application, and electrochemical machining is considered a promising candidate for this purpose. Here, the possibility of using jet electrochemical machining (Jet-ECM) as a semi-finishing post-processing for directed energy deposition (DED) was investigated. The main purpose is to flatten the wave-like surface and improve dimensional accuracy. First, polarization, EIS, and current efficiency measurements were conducted, and it was found that the electrochemical dissolution behaviors of the DED-produced Inconel 718 alloy in NaNO3 solution were isotropic and irrelevant to the DED parameters, which can be attributed to the effect of the passive film. Pa and Pz values from the primary profile were considered more suitable than surface roughness for the characterization of the surface flatness. In the Jet-ECM experiments, the small inter-electrode gaps and high applied voltages were found to be beneficial to surface flattening, while the influence of the scanning speed was not evident. Multiple reciprocating scans could further improve the surface flatness, but most of the improvements were obtained in the first scan. This demonstrates the great potential of Jet-ECM in the post-processing of AM parts, and provide several essential guidelines for further researches.
Reactive Spray Drying as a One-Step Synthesis Approach towards Si/rGO Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Müllner S. , Held T. , Schmidt-Rodenkirchen A. , Gerdes T. , Roth C.
Published: December 2021

Lithium-ion batteries with Si anodes are still attracting increasing attention, particularly due to the high specific energy density. The main disadvantage of silicon as anode material is its reduced cell performance in terms of cycling stability. One promising approach to improve this is embedding silicon nanoparticles in a graphene-like matrix via spray drying. All processes described so far need a time- and energy-intensive two-step-synthesis to obtain the graphene-like rGO structure. Here, we present a reactive spray drying process for synthesis of Si/rGO composites. For proper reactor design, the reaction kinetics are investigated by simultaneous thermal analysis in various atmospheres. We can describe thermal decomposition of GO to rGO as a second-order reaction. STA data also show that additional presence of water in the atmosphere due to the one-step synthesis is negligible at temperatures below 600 °C for both the reaction of GO and the additional oxidation of Si. To evaluate the electrochemical performance, the composites are cycled in a half cell setup. Delithiation capacity after cell formation could be raised from 252 mAh g−1 for GO to 327 mAh g−1 for rGO. In addition, we are able to synthesize Si-containing composites suitable for the anode of LiB using our process.
Trace Oxygen Affects Osmium Redox Polymer Synthesis for Wired Enzymatic Biosensors
Authors: Calhoun Margaret C. , Stachurski Christopher D. , Winn Sara L. , Gizzie Evan A. , Daniel Aaron W. , Schley Nathan D. , Cliffel David E.
Published: December 2021

Electrochemical sensors that utilize enzymes are a sensitive, inexpensive means of detecting biologically relevant analytes. These sensors are categorized based on their construction and method of signal transport. Type I sensors consist of a crosslinked enzyme on an electrode surface and are potentially subject to interference from byproducts and other biological analytes. However, type II sensors help alleviate this problem with the addition of a redox polymer layer that assists in signal transduction, thus minimizing interferences. An osmium-loaded poly(vinylimidazole) polymer (Os-PVI) is commonly used with successful results, and when combined with an enzyme yields a type II sensor. Our initial attempts at the synthesis of this polymer resulted in an unexpected osmium precursor, which had fluorescent and redox properties that did not match with the desired Os-PVI polymer. Careful exclusion of oxygen during the Os complex precursor synthesis was necessary to avoid this unexpected oxygen containing Os-precursor, which had been seen previously in mass spectrometry studies. All precursors and osmium polymers were characterized with 1H NMR, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry to provide a better understanding of these compounds and assist in the building of new sensors.
Complex Discrete System Analysis of Process Design and Tourist Souvenir Making Based on Artificial Intelligence 3D Printing
Authors: Guo Yuchuan
Published: December 2021

With the rapid development of 3D (three-dimensional) printing technology, it has been widely used in the field of ceramic arts and crafts. However, due to the complexity of 3D printing technology, it will face complex modeling and calculation when designing ceramic art crafts. To this end, the artificial intelligence algorithm is introduced, and using the data measured by the built-in modeling instruction of LAMMPS of the artificial intelligence algorithm, the program is used to reset its coordinates, length, width, height, and focal length. The obtained data are modified by postprocessing to correct its coordinates and the size of the simulation frame, so that the nanopowder model is placed in the center, forming a solid ellipsoidal aluminum nanopowder and cutting it into a three-dimensional model of teapot, which is transformed into the STL file of two-dimensional cross section, and the finished product is printed out to the 3D printer. Finally, the RTM model is used to test the quality of tourist souvenirs. The results show that the homogeneity of variance is much greater than 0.10. It can be inferred that the tourist souvenirs of pottery teapots have met the requirements of national technological quality standards.
Use of a 3D‐Printed Patient‐Specific Surgical Jig and Ready‐Made Total Sacral Endoprosthesis for Total Sacrectomy and Reconstruction
Authors: Shi Qianyu , Ji Tao , Huang Siyi , Tang Xiaodong , Yang Rongli , Guo Wei
Published: December 2021

Objective. In the present study, the authors aimed to optimize the workflow of utilizing a 3D printing technique during surgical treatment for malignant sacral tumors, mainly on preparation of patient‐specific surgical jigs and ready‐made 3D‐printed total sacral endoprosthesis. Methods. Three patients with a malignant sacral tumor received total sacrectomy with preoperative design of a patient‐specific 3D‐printed cutting jig and endoprosthetic reconstruction. Size of ready‐made 3D‐printed endoprosthesis was determined based on preoperative images, planned surgical margin, and size of the endoprosthesis. A patient‐specific cutting jig was designed with a bilateral cutting slot matching the bilateral planes of the implant precisely. The tumor was removed en bloc through a single posterior approach only, being followed by reconstruction with ready‐made total sacral endoprosthesis. Results. The mean time for preoperative design and manufacture of the surgical jig was 6.3 days. Surgical jigs were successfully used during surgery and facilitated the osteotomy. The mean operation time was 177 minutes (range 150‐190 minutes). The mean blood loss was 3733 ml (range 3600‐4000 ml). R0 resections were achieved in all the three cases proven by pathology. Evaluation of osteotomy accuracy was conducted by comparing preoperative plans and postoperative CT scans. The mean osteotomy deviation was 2.1 mm (range 0‐4 mm), and mean angle deviation of osteotomy was 3.2° (range 0‐10°). At a mean follow‐up of 18.7 months, no local recurrence was observed. One patient had lung metastasis 15 months after surgery. Two patients were alive with no evidence of the disease. Conclusions. The patient‐specific surgical jig and ready‐made 3D‐printed total sacral endoprosthesis can shorten the surgical preparation time preoperatively, facilitating accurate osteotomy and efficient reconstruction intraoperatively. The workflow seems to be feasible and practical.
Syntactic Configuration of Code-Switching between Indonesian and English: Another Perspective on Code-Switching Phenomena
Authors: Sahib Harlinah , Hanafiah Waode , Aswad Muhammad , Yassi Abdul Hakim , Mashhadi Farzad
Published: December 2021

Code-switching, an alternation or mixing one language with another, has been an unmarked phenomenon for a multilingual society. In Indonesia, this phenomenon nowadays lives and thrives among the people. This study discusses the syntactic configuration of code-switching between Indonesian and English in terms of switched segments, points, and changing types. The study is descriptive qualitative in nature. The data comprise 25 recording hours of natural speech produced by 119 Indonesians in 4 types of interaction: seminars, meetings, TV dialogues, and chitchats conducted in six metropolitan cities—Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. The sample drawn purposively comprises 550 switching discourses consisting of 666 switching corpora. It is found that nouns serving as subjects, predicators, objects of verbs, and prepositions to be the most dominant switched segments. A switch between Indonesian noun phrases and English noun phrases, Indonesian verbs or prepositions, and English objective noun phrases, Indonesian conjunctions, and English conjoined noun phrases or clauses is the most popular switched points, and intercausal switching including intraporal and interlexical switching is the most frequent switching type of code-switching between Indonesian and English. ANOVA Friedman’s test confirms that these patterns are the same among the four types of discourses, implying that such a syntactic configuration of Indonesia-English code-switching is universally applicable to any situation and type of interaction. In conclusion, the domination of nouns indicates that the syntactic configuration of Indonesian-English code-switching mainly occurs at minor constituents such as within a clause, phrase, and word boundaries. This demonstrates that code-switching between Indonesian and English is more likely to occur intrasentential rather than intersentential, which is the most popular anywhere in literature.
The Mechanism of Evolution and Balance for e-Commerce Ecosystem under Blockchain
Authors: ZhuanSun Fengqin , Chen Jiaojiao , Chen Wenlong , Sun Yan
Published: December 2021

With the development of society, e-commerce competition has become increasingly intense and has ascended to the level of the ecosystem. Therefore, it is extremely significant to study the mechanism of evolution and balance for the e-commerce ecosystem. Simultaneously, blockchain technology is essentially a consensus mechanism, the core idea of which is decentralization, but it is actually the deconstruction of privileges and authority. Especially, the influence on the e-commerce ecosystem cannot be underestimated. Blockchain technology ultimately changes not only technology, but a comprehensive reconstruction of various industries. Building an e-commerce information ecosystem based on blockchain can promote the healthy and sustainable development of e-commerce information ecology. This work combines the definition and technical characteristics of blockchain, discusses the blockchain-based e-commerce information ecosystem model, and discusses how to achieve the ecological balance and system evolution of e-commerce under the background of blockchain. According to the internal problems of the e-commerce ecosystem, three evolutionary paths are proposed in this work. First, consider the timeliness of the information and construct a full-process information channel. Second, remove central nodes and build a safe and efficient block payment. Third, solve the blind zone in the field of logistics and create efficient and transparent intelligent logistics. This work can provide an effective reference for the development of e-commerce.
Recognition of the Possible miRNA-mRNA Controlling Network in Stroke by Bioinformatics Examination
Authors: Li Wei , Li Jian , Yang Yong
Published: December 2021

Background. Based on the latest research of WHO, it has been revealed that more than 15 million people suffer from stroke every year worldwide. Of these 15 million people, 6 million succumb to death, and 5 million get permanently disabled. This is the prime reason for the substantial economic burden on all parts of the world. Methods. These data have been obtained from the GEO database, and the GEO2R tool was used to find out the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) between the stroke and normal patients’ blood. FunRich and miRNet were considered to find potential upstream transcription factors and downstream target genes of candidate EMRs. Next, we use GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment. Target genes were analyzed with the help of the R software. Then, the STRING database and Cytoscape software were used to conduct PPI and DEM-hub gene networks. Finally, GSE58294 was used to estimate the hub gene expressions. Results. Six DEMs in total were selected out from GSE95204 and GSE117064 datasets. 663 DEMs’ target genes were predicted, and NRF1, EGR1, MYC, YY1, E2F1, SP4, and SP1 were predicted as an upstream transcription factor for DEMs’ target genes. Target genes of DEMs were primarily augmented in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and p53 signaling pathway. The network construction of DEM hygiene is potentially modulated by hsa-miR-3591-5p, hsa-miR-548as-3p, hsa-miR-206, and hsa-miR-4503 hub genes which were found among the top 10 of the hub genes. Among the top 10 hub genes, justification of CTNNB1, PTEN, ESR1, CCND1, KRAS, AKT1, CCND2, CDKN1B, and MYCN was constant with that in the GSE58294 dataset. Conclusion. In summary, our research first constructs the miRNA-mRNA network in stroke, which probably renders an awakening purview into the pathogenesis and cure of stroke.
Study on Properties of Drainage SBS Modified Asphalt Mixture with Fiber
Authors: Li Zhenxia , Guo Tengteng , Chen Yuanzhao , Zhang Menghan , Xu Qingyu , Wang Jing , Jin Lihui
Published: December 2021

In order to improve the road performance of drainage SBS modified asphalt mixture, basalt fiber was added to prepare drainage styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) modified asphalt mixture. The viscosity‐toughness, toughness, and 60°C dynamic viscosity of SBS modified asphalt were tested. The modification effect was evaluated from the perspective of high and low temperature rheological properties by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The high temperature stability, water stability, low temperature crack resistance, and drainage of basalt fiber SBS drainage asphalt mixture were evaluated and compared with nonfiber SBS drainage asphalt mixture and TPS drainage asphalt mixture. The morphology characteristics of asphalt mixture and the distribution of basalt fiber in the mixture were analyzed from a micro perspective. The results showed the following: the overall performance of basalt fiber is better than that of lignin fiber. SBS modifier content in 7% can meet the requirements of drainage asphalt pavement on asphalt binder. The optimum asphalt content of SBS modified asphalt mixture with basalt fiber content of 0, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35% is 4.9, 5.05, 5.15, and 5.2%. The fiber is irregularly distributed in the mixture to form a three‐dimensional network structure, which has a series skeleton function. It plays a tensile role in the initial cracking of asphalt mixture and prevents further expansion of cracks.
Shear Strength Deterioration of Compacted Residual Soils under a Wind Turbine due to Drying‐Wetting Cycles and Vibrations
Authors: Zhou Yan-Ming , Deng Zong-Wei , Fan Zi-Jian , Liu Wen-Jie
Published: December 2021

The soil beneath a wind turbine withstands not only environmental impacts but also continuous vibrations transmitted from the superstructure. This paper presents an experimental study of the deterioration characteristics of shear strengths of residual soils affected by drying‐wetting cycles and continuous vibrations. A series of triaxial tests were performed on compacted residual soil specimens after various drying‐wetting cycles and vibrations. The influences of drying‐wetting cycles and vibrations on the shear strengths of residual soils with different compaction degrees were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the shear strength and cohesion of compacted residual soils decreased as the number of drying‐wetting cycles increased, and they tended to be stable after three drying‐wetting cycles. The angle of internal friction decreased linearly with the reduction of compaction degree but was generally not affected by drying‐wetting cycles. The shear strength of compacted residual soils also decreased because of continuous vibrations. After 10000 vibrations, the strength was stabilized gradually. Both the cohesion and angle of internal friction showed dynamic attenuation phenomenon. Finally, a modified Mohr–Coulomb strength equation considering the effects of drying‐wetting cycles and vibrations was established. This equation could be used to predict the shear strength of compacted residual soils and further estimate the embedded depth of wind turbine foundations.
Computer Multimedia Security Protection System Based on the Network Security Active Defense Model
Authors: Shang Yanhong , Zhang Jing
Published: December 2021

In response to the continuous development of computer science and multimedia technology, many problems related to computer multimedia security are gradually exposed in the development. Through the existence of hidden dangers of computer multimedia security, a computer is constructed based on the network security active defense model. For a multimedia security protection system, select four modules in the system for design and description. Finally, the experimental results show that the system designed in this study can realize the security protection of computer multimedia, and the system is simple to operate and has strong practicability and meets the expected design effect.
Rapid Simultaneous Determination of 43 Pesticide Residues in Schizonepeta tenuifolia by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Guo-wei , Li Yong-mei , Liu Chun-ni , Ren Hong-min , Li Hai-ying
Published: December 2021

A simple, fast, and reliable method was established for simultaneous determination of 43 pesticides in Schizonepeta tenuifolia. The samples were prepared using solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. Pesticides were extracted from Schizonepeta tenuifolia using acetonitrile, cleaned with Pesticarb/NH2, and eluted by mixed solvents of acetonitrile and toluene (3 : 1, v/v). Selected pesticides were identified using DB-35MS capillary column and detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Samples were quantified by external standard method. Recoveries for the majority of pesticides at spike levels of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg kg−1 ranged between 70 and 120% (except for Chlorothalonil, Thiamethoxam, and Dicofol), and the relative standard deviations (RSDs n = 6) were 1.32%–13.91%. Limits of detection (LODs) were 0.0011–0.0135 mg kg−1, whereas limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.0038–0.0451 mg kg−1. The satisfactory accuracy and precision, in combination with a good separation and few interferences, have demonstrated the strong potential of this technique for its application in Schizonepeta tenuifolia analysis.