bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kilwardby's 55th Lesson
Authors: Lenzen Wolfgang
Published: July 2020

In “Lectio 55” of his Notule libri Priorum, Robert Kilwardby discussed various objections that had been raised against Aristotle’s Theses. The first thesis, AT1, says that no proposition q is implied both by a proposition p and by its negation, ∼p. AT2 says that no proposition p is implied by its own negation. In Prior Analytics, Aristotle had shown that AT2 entails AT1, and he argued that the assumption of a proposition p such that (∼p → p) would be “absurd”.The unrestricted validity of AT1, AT2, however, is at odds with other principles which were widely accepted by medieval logicians, namely the law Ex Impossibili Quodlibet, EIQ, and the rules of disjunction introduction. Since, according to EIQ, the impossible proposition (p ∧ ∼p) implies every proposition, it also implies ∼(p∧∼p), in contradiction to AT2. Furthermore, by way of disjunction introduction, the proposition (p∨∼p) is implied both by p and by ∼p, in contradiction to AT1.Kilwardby tried to defend AT1, AT2 against these objections by claiming that EIQ holds only for accidental but not for natural implications. The second argument, however, cannot be refuted in this way because Kilwardby had to admit that every disjunction (p ∨ q) is naturally implied by its disjuncts. He therefore introduced the further requirement that, in order to constitute a genuine counterexample to AT1, (p → q) and (∼p → q) have to hold “by virtue of the same thing”.In a recently published paper, Spencer Johnston accepted this futile defence of AT1 and developed a formal semantics that would fit Kilwardby’s presumably connexive implication. This procedure, however, is misguided because the remaining considerations of Lesson 55  which were entirely ignored by Johnston  show that Kilwardby eventually recognized that AT2 is bound to fail. After all he concluded: “So it should be granted that from the impossible its opposite follows, and that the necessary follows from its opposite”.
Enhancing light emission of Si nanocrystals by means of high-pressure hydrogenation
Authors: Zhang Yuchen , Zhang Chi , Li Shuai , Dai Xiyuan , Ma Xiaofeng , Gao Ruihua , Zhou Wenjie , Lu Ming
Published: July 2020

High-density Si nanocrystal thin film composed of Si nanocrystals and SiO2, or Si-NCs:SiO2, was prepared by annealing hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) in a hydrogen and nitrogen (H2:N2=5%:95%) atmosphere at 1100°C. Conventional normal-pressure (1-bar) hydrogenation failed to enhance the light emission of the Si-NCs:SiO2 sample made from HSQ. High-pressure hydrogenation was then applied to the sample in a 30-bar hydrogen atmosphere for this purpose. The light emission of Si-NCs increased steadily with increasing hydrogenation time. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity, the PL quantum yield, the maximal electroluminescence intensity, and the optical gain were increased by 90%, 114%, 193% and 77%, respectively, after 10-day high-pressure hydrogenation, with the PL quantum yield as high as 59%, under the current experimental condition.
Hypersensitive H2 sensor based on polymer planar Bragg gratings coated with Pt-loaded WO3–SiO2: erratum
Authors: Kefer Stefan , Dai Jixiang , Yang Minghong , Schmauss Bernhard , Hellmann Ralf
Published: July 2020

We present an erratum to our Letter [Opt. Lett.
45, 3601 (2020)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.395341].
Labeling errors in two figures and an incorrect sentence are revised.
The corrections have no influence on the conclusions of the original
Letter.
Digitalisierung personennaher Dienstleistungen in der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe: Entwurf und Evaluation eines Informationssystemdesigns
Authors: Fellmann Michael , Lantow Birger , Simon Gregor
Published: July 2020

Personenbezogene Dienstleistungen in der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe stellen in Deutschland einen erheblichen Anteil der nachgefragten Dienstleistungen sowie einen bedeutenden Wirtschaftszweig dar. Sie zeichnen sich durch die Interaktion verschiedener Individuen innerhalb komplexer sozialer Prozesse aus. Dabei besteht im täglichen Arbeitsalltag die Herausforderung, schwach strukturierte Arbeitsprozesse, informelle Kommunikationsstrukturen sowie Erfahrungswissen so zu integrieren, dass einerseits eine bestmögliche persönliche Unterstützung der Klienten erreicht wird, andererseits individuelle und organisationale Arbeits- und Lernprozesse ermöglicht werden. Trotz der enormen Bedeutung der personenbezogenen Dienstleistungen existiert in diesem Bereich bisher keine adäquate Unterstützung der Arbeit durch dedizierte Informationssysteme, sodass vielfach auf Consumer-IT zurückgegriffen werden muss. Im vorliegenden Beitrag berichten wir daher über den Entwurf und die Evaluation eines branchenspezifischen Informationssystemdesigns zur Unterstützung personennaher Dienstleistungen im Bereich der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe. Zunächst werden in diesem Bereich die aus mehreren Quellen gewonnenen und zusammengeführten Anforderungen überblickartig vorgestellt. Auf deren Grundlage wird schließlich die Gestaltung eines Informationssystems vollzogen. Der Systemvorschlag wird anschließend im Hinblick auf die geschaffenen Potenziale von Praktikern bewertet sowie einer kritischen Reflexion unterzogen. Abschließend werden Potenziale für die weitere Forschung vorgestellt.
Migration and the Media: Debating Chinese Migration to Italy, 1992–2012, Gaoheng Zhang (2019)
Authors: Carolan Mary Ann McDonald
Published: July 2020

Review of: Migration and the Media: Debating Chinese Migration to Italy, 1992–2012, Gaoheng Zhang (2019)

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 296 pp.,

ISBN 978-1-44263-043-7, h/bk, $70.00
O Direito ao reparo como garantia fundamental do consumidor em face à Obsolescência Programada dos produtos eletrônicos / The right to repair as a fundamental consumer guarantee in the face of the Programmed Obsolescence of electronic products
Authors: Mascarenhas Ícaro Valverde , Públio Carlos Alberto Maciel
Published: July 2020

O presente trabalho analisa as consequências da prática conhecida como Obsolescência Programada para a sociedade de consumo e a importância do Direito ao Reparo para o consumidor. O objetivo é compreender como funciona a obsolescência programada, de que forma isso prejudica o consumidor e verificar de que maneira essa nova espécie de proteção jurídica pode ser benéfica aos consumidores. O estudo é realizado a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental. Verifica-se que a obsolescência programada prejudica o consumidor, manufaturando produtos com a expectativa de vida abaixo do razoável. O Direito ao Reparo, em contrapartida, é um instituto que possibilita o consumidor consertar seus aparelhos eletrônicos de forma autônoma, garantindo produtos duráveis e com maior expectativa de vida.
A expansão do ensino a distância e os desafios para assegurar a qualidade na graduação: Um estudo realizado com Instituições de Ensino Superior em Juazeiro do Norte-CE / The Expansion of distance education and the challenges to ensure quality in graduation: A study carried out with Higher Education Institutions in Juazeiro do Norte-CE
Authors: Santos Francisca Jacqueline Soares dos , Lima Marcus Emanuel Oliveira , Saraiva Piedley Macedo
Published: July 2020

Este trabalho pretende analisar o ensino a distância na graduação a partir da formação dos professores, como isso pode ter influência no preconceito com essa modalidade e a garantia de sua qualidade. Expondo, assim, os desafios que estão presentes para esses tipos de curso, mesmo com o avanço tecnológico, face a necessidade da preparação dos educadores para a especificidade desse tipo de ensino. Trata-se de uma pesquisa em que foi utilizado o método histórico-crítico, além da utilização da técnica de revisão bibliográfica para avaliar como se deu o avanço do Ensino a Distância e sua receptividade, relacionando com a formação docente. Dessa forma, foram utilizadas produções acadêmicas atualizadas versando sobre o tema, priorizando as que tenham sido produzidas nos últimos cinco anos, visando assim acompanhar a situação atual da sociedade e da tecnologia existente. Para alcançar o objetivo pretendido por essa pesquisa foi realizada pesquisa descritiva e os dados foram obtidos através de entrevista realizada com alunos de quatro instituições de ensino superior da cidade de Juazeiro do Norte – CE. Para melhor análise, os dados foram apresentados em gráficos. Como resultado, pode-se verificar a percepção dos alunos sobre a realização do curso de graduação à distância, identificando as características desejáveis, os recursos tecnológicos que mais contribuem para a aprendizagem, e ainda citar as principais vantagens e as dificuldades encontradas ao longo do curso.
A Evolução na Educação dos Surdos no Brasil / The Evolution on Deaf Education in Brazil
Authors: Coêlho Maria Lúcia , Miguel Joelson Rodrigues
Published: July 2020

O estudo reflete as concepções históricas e significativas no processo da educação inclusiva dos discentes surdos. A escolha do tema evidencia a importância dessas práticas na aprendizagem e inclusão educativa dos surdos. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa à partir dos seguintes autores: à partir dos seguintes autores: Silva (2018) Sobre a Transdisciplinaridade, complexidade e a produção de conhecimentos pertinentes para a inclusão educacional; Domingos (2014) que destaca as práticas pedagógicas de inserção de discentes surdos; Moran (2000) evidencia a perspectiva do ensino aberto às diferenças e a capacidade do aluno superar dificuldades; Vieira e Molina (2018) manifestam-se quanto à gestão e ensino a surdos. Quanto à educação do discente surdo na contemporaneidade, Slomski (2019) evidencia a leitura bilíngue para o surdo e, a aprendizagem da escrita e leitura de mundo. Os resultados nos levaram a crer que é fundamental o olhar do professor e de toda a equipe escolar para o público da educação especial. Não apenas como um direito e uma garantia legal, mas pela necessidade de integrar essa parcela da população escolar.
A Emenda Constitucional 95: Uma Política de Austeridade Fiscal e seus impactos na Educação Pública Brasileira / Constitutional Amendment 95: A Policy of Fiscal Austerity and its impacts on Brazilian Public Education
Authors: Costa Daniela Lima de Andrade , Costa Gabriel Oliveira , Silva Isabela Lima de Andrade
Published: July 2020

O Novo Regime Fiscal (NRF) estabeleceu limites individualizados para as despesas públicas primárias dos orçamentos Fiscal e da Seguridade Social da União, sendo aplicado a todos os órgãos pertencentes aos poderes desse ente federado pelo prazo de vinte exercícios financeiros. Diante da necessidade de adequar o crescimento das despesas primários, frente ao déficit orçamentário, o Governo Federal brasileiro resolveu estabelecer medidas de austeridade fiscal, elencando a nova regra aos artigos do Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias (ADCT) da Constituição Federal de 1988, através da Emenda Constitucional nº 95. Este artigo tem como objetivo explicar as medidas que foram estabelecidas através da emenda em foco e debater sobre os impactos provocados pelo contingenciamento dos gastos da federação na educação pública brasileira. O referido ato legislativo foi aprovado no mesmo ano da elaboração de suas propostas, pelo quórum constitucional, sem muita resistência dos parlamentares e com certa pressa, subentendendo-se que não foram realizados aprofundados estudos sobre os reais impactos nas diversas áreas, inclusive em áreas sensíveis como a Educação pública. Para alcançar os objetivos de pesquisa em enfoque foram utilizados estudos descritivos e teóricos. Diante da conclusão do trabalho, evidencia-se que o texto constitucional de 1988 vinculou um percentual mínimo da receita resultante de impostos para a área em estudo, no entanto, a mencionada emenda propôs uma alteração para essa vinculação, influenciando diretamente os valores de financiamento para esse direito social, importantíssimo para o desenvolvimento de qualquer nação.
Focus 24 - avril 2020
Authors: Cockx Bart , Declercq Koen , Dejemeppe Muriel , Van der Linden Bruno
Published: July 2020

De COVID crisis heeft een enorme impact op de arbeidsmarkt in België. In vele ondernemingen is de activiteit geheel of gedeeltelijk stilgevallen. Om te vermijden dat ondernemingen massaal failliet zouden gaan of dat ze massaal werknemers ontslagen zouden worden, hebben de federale en regionale overheden substantiële maatregelen genomen om die ondernemingen en hun werknemers op korte termijn te ondersteunen. Deze maatregelen zijn essentieel om de eerste impact van deze crisis te kunnen overbruggen. Niettemin is de budgettaire kost voor de overheid enorm. We mogen de langere termijn niet uit het oog verliezen. De crisis zal niet van korte duur zijn en andere uitdagingen (veroudering van de bevolking, klimaat, enz.) blijven bestaan. Steunmaatregelen kunnen beter gericht, beter afgestemd tussen de verschillende overheden. Werken dient, daar waar mogelijk en nodig, zoveel mogelijk aangemoedigd blijven.

Voor een efficiënte inzet van deze middelen dient:

1. de financiële steun na verloop van tijd beter gericht op bedrijven en burgers die er echt nood aan hebben;2. deeltijds (tele-)werk aangemoedigd. Dit kan door een hogere uitkering voor niet-gewerkte uren te voorzien indien men deeltijds werkt in plaats van niet;3. (tijdelijke) werklozen mogelijkheden geboden, bv. via uitzendwerk, om in de essentiële sectoren (gezondheid, logistiek, voeding) aan de slag te gaan;4. werklozen gestimuleerd om aan (tele-)opleidingen deel te nemen.

Tegelijk krimpt het huidige vacatureaanbod spectaculair en mogen werklozen in de huidige context niet gestraft wanneer ze geen werk vinden. Daarom pleiten we voor

1. een versoepeling van de voorwaarden om recht te hebben op een volledige werkloosheidsuitkering. We stellen voor de periode in te korten die gewerkt moet worden om van een uitkering te genieten;2. een tijdelijke stopzetting van de daling in de tijd van de uitkeringen;3. een tijdelijke stopzetting van de controle van het zoekgedrag van werklozen (zoals dit in Wallonië reeds gebeurt).

Tenslotte benadrukken we het tijdelijke karakter van deze maatregelen. Wanneer de economie opnieuw aantrekt, dienen ze weer opgeheven.

Voor de volledige tekst (in het Frans):https://www.regards-economiques.be/index.php?option=com_reco&view=article&cid=201
Numéro 156 - juillet 2020
Authors: Attanasi Gautier , Bodart Vincent , Courtoy François , Fontenay Sébastien , Lachapelle Nathan , Ounnas Alexandre , Sauvenier Mathieu
Published: July 2020

L’éclatement de l’épidémie de coronavirus en début d’année a mis brutalement à l’arrêt l’activité économique d’un grand nombre de pays. Le choc économique est particulièrement sévère pour la Belgique, dont l’activité économique devrait enregistrer en première partie de cette année son recul le plus important depuis la seconde guerre mondiale.

A la faveur de la levée des mesures de confinement prises pour enrayer la propagation du virus, l’activité économique a commencé progressivement à reprendre dans de nombreux pays, en ce compris la Belgique et les autres pays européens. Les résultats des dernières enquêtes de conjoncture témoignent de cette reprise. Ainsi, après avoir très lourdement chuté en avril, la confiance des entreprises et des ménages belges a commencé à se redresser en mai, et elle a continué à se raffermir en juin. 

La poursuite de la reprise économique en cours durant la seconde partie de l’année et en 2021 dépendra étroitement de l’évolution de la situation sanitaire. Il est ici fait l’hypothèse que, à l’avenir, la propagation du virus pourra être contrôlée sans que cela nécessite l’instauration d’une nouvelle période de confinement généralisé. Sous cette hypothèse, l’activité économique devrait rebondir fortement en seconde partie de cette année, avant de retrouver des rythmes trimestriels de croissance plus conventionnels en 2021.

Malgré la reprise attendue, l’activité économique en Belgique se situerait fin 2021 en dessous du niveau auquel elle se serait située sans la crise. Bien que courte, la récession actuelle devrait laisser des cicatrices profondes, notamment en termes d’emploi et de chômage, qui limiteront les capacités de redémarrage de l’économie.

Selon ce scénario, l’économie belge devrait se contracter de près de 10 % en 2020. Elle afficherait à nouveau une croissance positive en 2021, de 7,5 % en base annuelle.

Malgré la mise en place de dispositifs de chômage temporaire, le choc économique provoqué par la crise épidémique devrait avoir un lourd impact sur la situation du marché du travail.

 

Résumé des prévisions pour la Belgique

• L’économie belge devrait se contracter de 9,9 % en 2020. Elle retrouverait une croissance positive, de 7,5 %, en 2021.• L’emploi diminuerait, en termes nets, de 106.000 unités en 2020. En 2021, il augmenterait de 32.000 unités.• Le nombre de demandeurs d’emploi augmenterait de 132.800 unités en 2020. En 2021, il diminuerait de 4.700 unités.• L’inflation générale des prix à la consommation s’élèverait à 0,9 % en 2020 et 1,7 % en 2021.• Le déficit budgétaire des administrations publiques atteindrait 11,5 % du PIB en 2020 et 6,6 % en 2021.
A systematic evaluation of stool DNA preparation protocols for colorectal cancer screening via analysis of DNA methylation biomarkers
Authors: Jin Shengnan , Ye Qian , Hong Yanping , Dai Wenqing , Zhang Chengliang , Liu Weihao , Guo Ying , Zhu Dewen , Zhang Zhengzheng , Chen Shiliang , Wang Yourong , Li Dandan , Ma Wen , Yang Zhengquan , Li Jinlei , Zheng Zhihai , Luan Ju , Wu Xiaoli , Jiang Feizhao , Xu Chang , Ding Chunming
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening using stool samples is now in routine use where tumor DNA methylation analysis for leading markers such as NDRG4 and SDC2 is an integral part of the test. However, processing stool samples for reproducible and efficient extraction of human genomic DNA remains a bottleneck for further research into better biomarkers and assays.

Methods

We systematically evaluated several factors involved in the processing of stool samples and extraction of DNA. These factors include: stool processing (solid and homogenized samples), preparation of DNA from supernatant and pellets, and DNA extraction with column and magnetic beads-based methods. Furthermore, SDC2 and NDRG4 methylation levels were used to evaluate the clinical performance of the optimal protocol.

Results

The yield of total and human genomic DNA (hgDNA) was not reproducible when solid stool scraping is used, possibly due to sampling variations. More reproducible results were obtained from homogenized stool samples. Magnetic beads-based DNA extraction using the supernatant from the homogenized stool was chosen for further analysis due to better reproducibility, higher hgDNA yield, lower non-hgDNA background, and the potential for automation. With this protocol, a combination of SDC2 and NDRG4 methylation signals with a linear regression model achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 81.82 and 93.75%, respectively.

Conclusions

Through the systematic evaluation of different stool processing and DNA extraction methods, we established a reproducible protocol for analyzing tumor DNA methylation markers in stool samples for colorectal cancer screening.
An interpretation on the thermodynamic properties of liquid Pb–Te alloys
Authors: Akasofu Toru , Kusakabe Masanobu , Tamaki Shigeru
Published: July 2020

The bonding character of liquid lead telluride \text{PbTe} is thermodynamically investigated in detail. Its possibility as an ionic melt composed of cation {\text{Pb}}^{2+} and anion {\text{Te}}^{2-} is not acceptable, by comparing the ionization energy of \text{Pb} atom, electron affinity of \text{Te} atom and the ionic bonding energy due to the cation {\text{Pb}}^{2+} and anion {\text{Te}}^{2-} with the help of structural information. Solid lead telluride PbTe as a narrow band gap semiconductor might yield easily the overlapping of the tail of valence band and that of conduction one. And on melting, it becomes to an ill-conditioned metallic state, which concept is supported by the electrical behaviors of liquid Pb–Te alloys observed by the present authors. As structural information tells us about the partial remain of some sorts of covalent-type mono-dipole and poly-dipole of the molecule \text{PbTe}, all systems are thermodynamically explained in terms of a mixture of these molecules and cations {\text{Pb}}^{4+} and {\text{Te}}^{2+} and a small amount of the conduction electrons are set free from these elements based on the ternary solution model.
Inhibition of vitamin D analog eldecalcitol on hepatoma in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ye Limin , Zhu Liyi , Wang Jinglin , Li Fei
Published: July 2020

Hepatoma is a serious liver cancer with high morbidity and mortality. Eldecalcitol (ED-71), a vitamin D analog, is extensively used as anti-cancer agent in vitro. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell, SMMC-7721 cell lines were used in this study. Transwell assay, cell apoptosis and cell cycle detection assays were investigated after treatment with ED-71 and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as control. Sizes of tumors were measured after ED-71 treatment in a mouse model. E-cadherin and Akt gene expressions were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The results showed that cell invasion and migration were decreased markedly after ED-71 treatment compared to control group. Cell cycle detection showed that the G2 stage was 13.18% and total S-stage was 41.16% in the ED-71 group and G2 stage: 22.88%, total S-stage: 27.34% in the control group. Cell apoptosis rate was promoted in the ED-71 group. Size of the tumors reduced more after the ED-71 treatment than the PBS treatment in mice. ED-71 markedly inhibited the expression of Akt and E-cadherin, either detected by immunohistochemistry or RT-PCR. ED-71 treatment can inhibit the hepatoma agent proliferation by increasing the E-cadherin expression and decreasing Akt expression. Therefore, these findings provide novel evidence that ED-71 can be used as an anti-hepatoma agent.
Surfen, wo die Zitronen blühen. Der deutsche Gardasee-Tourismus im Wandel
Authors: Pagenstecher Cord
Published: July 2020

Der Beitrag untersucht das Bild der Deutschen vom Gardasee in der Phase der Durchsetzung des Massentourismus in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Der Gardasee war eine der ersten Auslandsdestinationen und ein wichtiges Scharnier zwischen Bildungs- und Badeurlaub, Alpen- und Strandtourismus. Die quellengestützte Analyse des touristischen Blicks auf den „Lago“ nutzt neben historischen Beobachtungsstudien vor allem unterschiedliche visuelle Medien wie Reisekataloge, Ortsprospekte, Reiseführer, Fotoalben und Webseiten. Dabei wird der Wandel von dem an Goethe orientierten romantischen Blick auf die malerische Landschaft zum geselligen Blick, zum Konsumvergnügen des Dolce Vita deutlich. Hinzu kam eine immer stärkere Sportifizierung der Natur durch Surfer, Mountainbiker und Kletterer. Aus dem „anmutigen Garten“ wurde so eine lebhafte „Partymeile“ und eine gut erschlossene „Sportscape“.
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterization and evaluation of antibacterial bioactivities of the essential oils from Piper arboreum Aubl., Piper aduncum L. e Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth
Authors: da Silva Ana Cristina A. , Matias Edinardo F. F. , Rocha Janaína E. , Araújo Ana Carolina Justino de , de Freitas Thiago S. , Campina Fábia F. , Costa Maria do S. , Silva Luiz E. , Amaral Wanderlei do , Maia Beatriz Helena L. N. S. , Ferriani Aurea P. , Bezerra Camila F. , Iriti Marcello , Coutinho Henrique D. M.
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical profile and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Piper species and modulation of the antibiotic activity, using the microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The chemical components were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, which revealed β-copaen-4-α-ol (31.38%), spathulenol (25.92%), and germacrene B (21.53%) as major constituents of the essential oils of Piper arboreum, Piper aduncum, and Piper gaudichaudianum, respectively. The essential oils analyzed in this study did not present a clinically relevant activity against standard and multiresistant Escherichia coli. However, in the case of multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus, there was a significant activity, corroborating with reports in the literature, where Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to antimicrobial activity. The essential oils modulated the effect of the antibiotics norfloxacin and gentamicin, having on the latter greater modulating effect; however, for erythromycin, no statistically significant effect was observed. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that the essential oils of the analyzed Piper species present an inhibitory effect against S. aureus and modulate antibiotic activity, most of which presents synergistic activity.
Obligation or Voluntary Disclosure of Medical Confidentiality
Authors: Boratyńska Maria
Published: July 2020

The relationship between the patient and medical personnel, related to the satisfying of health needs, is covered by the principle of confidentiality, and the question of possible disclosure requires a statutory basis defined in a strict manner, with the principle of minimisation also imposed by law. The wording of the statutory exceptions does not imply explicitly that the absence of the obligation to maintain secrecy is tantamount to the obligation to disclose it. As a general rule, a doctor is obliged to be discreet, while with regard to exceptions only “the provision does not apply”. The question arises whether and under what circumstances this obligation to disclose exists, and whether it can be legally enforced. There are no clear obligations for the doctor, nor for the amendment of the regulations, allowing the disclosure of medical secrets after the patient’s death with the consent of a close relative, nor the release of secrets by a court in non-contentious proceedings. The place where a doctor released from secrecy should disclose it is only the court conducting a trial in a specific case, when the doctor is summoned as a witness. Medical confidentiality therefore retains its special status, but a change that allows the court to break the patient’s previous objection to it is detrimental to the most personal legal interests of persons who can no longer feel safe with their secrets. It is also a disgrace to doctors who are being urged to break their silence, contrary to fundamental deontological principles. However, the wording of the regulations allows for evasion, dictated by loyalty to the deceased patient who entrusted his/her secrets in the trust that they will be kept even after death.
Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the femoral and sciatic nerves. A study of healthy volunteers
Authors: Rusu Georgeta Mihaela , Curcean Andra Diana , Dudea Sorin Marian
Published: July 2020

Background and aims. The study describes the femoral (FN) and sciatic nerves (SN), explored using ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aims of the study are: to establish US / MRI correlations and define reference values: for the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) diameters and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the two nerves respectively, in well-defined anatomical measuring sites; to analyze the intraobserver variation; to define the value with least variability; to determine differences between the right-left and male-female reference values.

Methods. A prospective study was carried out on 24 healthy volunteers (11 men and 13 women). MRI scans were performed using a 1.5T system. To visualize both nerves (FN and SN), a single 3D T2 weighted acquisition was performed, in the coronal plane, with a wide FOV. For ultrasonographic examinations, a Hitachi EUB-8500 ultrasound machine, equipped with a 13 MHz linear transducer was used. The measurements were performed at well-defined anatomical locations. The mean reference values of the AP, ML diameters and CSA were calculated for femoral and sciatic nerves, both on MRI and US. The correlations between the values determined by the two techniques were analyzed. The intra-observer variation was calculated by measuring the nerves at the same anatomical location at two separate time points.

Results. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test indicated a non-significant difference (p> 0.05) for the femoral and sciatic nerves, on both sides, except the femoral nerve ML diameter on MRI (p= 0.014). The mean MRI and US reference values for the femoral nerve were calculated between the psoas and iliac muscles: FNAPMRI 4.533 ± 0.486, FNAPUS 4.800 ± 1.237, FNMLMRI 6.172 ± 1.203, FNMLUS 7.685 ± 3.338, FNCSAMRI 24.811 ± 3.394, FNCSAUS 26.285 ± 17.608. The mean MRI and US measurements for the sciatic nerve were determined under the buttock, at the level of the ischial tuberosity: SNAPMRI 5.500 ± 1.201, SNAPUS 5.975 ± 1.312, SNMLMRI 10.375 ± 2.272, SNMLUS 13.500 ± 1.661, SNCSAMRI 50.625 ± 15.373, SNCSAUS 53.631 ± 15.847. The MRI and US differences between right and left sides, both for the femoral and sciatic nerves were insignificant. In selected cases, Wilcoxon paired test indicated differences between subjects, according to their gender, both on MRI and US.

Conclusion. Reference values for the femoral and sciatic nerves at specific anatomical sites were identified. Side to side variation and gender related differences add to current knowledge on nerve size in young Caucasian population.
O jogo não acabou: relações entre apropriação lúdica e produção de sentido nos videogames
Authors: Ferreira Emmanoel
Published: July 2020

Este artigo discute a relação entre apropriação lúdica e produção de sentido nos videogames. Por apropriação lúdica, referimo-nos ao ato de realizar ações dentro-do-jogo (in-game actions) que não foram desenhadas ou esperadas pelos criadores de determinado jogo, expandindo assim as possibilidades de produção de interações significativas nesta mídia. Este trabalho está dividido em três grandes blocos. Primeiramente, retomamos a discussão sobre certos aspectos dos jogos, a partir de teóricos como Johan Huizinga, Roger Caillois e Jacques Henriot. Em seguida, apresentamos os conceitos de liberdade lúdica e apropriação lúdica, conforme desenvolvidos por Maude Bonenfant. Por fim, analisamos um episódio de apropriação lúdica pela comunidade de jogadores de Halo: Combat Evolved, buscando assim exemplificar, a partir de um caso concreto, os conceitos trabalhados ao longo do texto.
What does research on clinical reasoning have to say to clinical teachers?
Authors: Mamede Silvia
Published: July 2020

Clinical reasoning is a crucial determinant of physicians’ performance. It is key to arrive at a correct diagnosis, which substantially increases the chance of appropriate therapeutic decisions. Clinical teachers face the daily challenge of helping their students to develop clinical reasoning. To select appropriate teaching strategies, it may be useful to become acquainted with the results of the research on clinical reasoning that has been conducted over the last decades. This article synthesizes the findings of this research that help in particular to understand the cognitive processes involved in clinical reasoning, the trajectory that leads the student from novice to expert, and instructional approaches that have been shown to be useful to facilitating this trajectory. The focus of the article is the diagnostic process, because it is about it that most research has been conducted. This research indicates that there is not a particular reasoning strategy that is specific to expert physicians and could be taught to students. It is the availability of a large knowledge base organized in memory in illness scripts of different formats that explains the expert’s better performance. The more, the richer, and the more well-structured are the illness scripts a physician has stored in memory, the more he/she would be able to make accurate diagnoses. These scripts are formed gradually over the years of education. To help develop them, students should be exposed to a wide variety of clinical problems, with which they must interact actively. Instructional approaches that require students to systematically reflect on problems, analyzing differences and similarities between them, explaining underlying mechanisms, comparing and contrasting alternative diagnoses, have proved useful to help refine disease scripts. These approaches are valuable tools for teachers concerned with the development of their students clinical reasoning.
Cyrille de Jérusalem: Homélie sur la Présentation de Jésus
Authors: Beylot Robert
Published: July 2020

A greek homily for the Presentation of the Lord is kept, attributed to Cyril from Jerusalem. This composition is also known in coptic and arabic language. It is now considered as apocryphal. The unpublished ethiopic version of this text is found in three mss, the oldest of them is from the fourteenth century.
Royal Dutch Academy Medal for 2006 to Emeri Johannes van Donzel
Authors: Frijhoff Royal Dutch Academy:
Published: July 2020

Personalia
Stanislaw Chojnacki, in collaboration with Carolyn Gossage: Ethiopian Crosses - A Cultural History and Chronology
Authors: Biasio Elisabeth
Published: July 2020

Review
Alessandro Bausi - Alessandro Gori: Tradizioni orientali del «Martirio di Areta». La prima recensione araba e la versione etiopica. Edizione critica e traduzione
Authors: Six Veronika
Published: July 2020

Review
Ronny Meyer: Wolane. Descriptive Grammar of an East Gurage Language (Ethiosemitic)
Authors: Appleyard David
Published: July 2020

Review
Joseph Tubiana: Job Ludolf alias Hiob Leutholf, Histoire de l’Éthiopie
Authors: Bausi Alessandro
Published: July 2020

Review
Azeb Amha - Maarten Mous - Graziano Savà (eds.): Omotic and Cushitic Language Studies: Papers from the Fourth Cushitic Omotic Conference, Leiden 10-12 April 2003
Authors: Voigt Rainer
Published: July 2020

Review
Sounds of Gǝʿǝz – How to Study the Phonetics and Phonology of an Ancient Language
Authors: Weninger Stefan
Published: July 2020

The phonology belongs to the basic structures of a language. Knowing the sounds of the phonemes of a language is essential for the grammar, etymology or classification of a given language. For ancient languages (extinct or classical), phonology is always problematic, for obvious reasons. In this paper, various approaches are evaluated and combined that can shed light on how Gəʿəz might have sounded in Aksumite times: transcriptions in contemporary language, transcriptions and loanwords from contemporary languages, traditional pronunciation, the phonology of the daughter languages, and comparative evidence.
Amir-Moezzi - Mohammad Ali - Jean Daniel Dubois - Christelle Jullien - Florence Jullien (eds.): Pensée grecque et sagesse d'Orient. Hommage à Michel Tardieu
Authors: Bausi Alessandro
Published: July 2020

Review
Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad (ed.): The Customary Law of the Akele Guzai Muslims [the Saho]
Authors: Gori Alessandro
Published: July 2020

Review
Ǧärmän dägg näw ‘Deutsches/Deutschland ist gut!’: Ein amharisches Lied zu Ehren des deutschen Kaisers aus der Sammlung Kaschke
Authors: Voigt Rainer
Published: July 2020

As a member of the Deutsche Aksum-Expedition (1905/06) Dr. Erich Kaschke – while in Aksum in 1906 – produced a series of cylinder recordings which today are held in the Ethnologisches Museum (formerly: Museum für Völkerkunde) in Berlin. From Kaschke’s collection of “Abyssinian Phonogrammes” Song No. 5, which is here analyzed, represents a song of praise to the German Kaiser (Wilhelm II) due to whose decisive inter­vention the German Aksum Expedition was to become reality so quickly. In this Amharic song the German Kaiser is seen as the promise of the Fǝkkare Iyyäsus as well as participating in the line of David and Solomon, the father of Menelik I, the progenitor of the Ethiopian dynasty. In this way a connection with the then Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II was procured.
Innovation and Misoneism during the Reign of Emperor Yoḥannǝs IV (1872–1889)
Authors: Pankhurst Richard
Published: July 2020

The article attempts to examine the character and extent of innovation and misoneism during the reign of Yoḥannǝs, i.e. the period between the largely frustrated aspirations of Tewodros and of more substantial achievements of Mǝnilǝk. The study suggests that the reign of Yoḥannǝs in fact witnessed changes in many fields of life. These included improvements in communication between Ethiopia and the outside world; the advent of new imports; changes in land tenure and class relations; the strengthening of church land-holding; attempted action against slavery and the slave trade; increasing diffusion of fire-arms; the forced conversion of Muslims, and prohibition of foreign missionaries; the banning of tobacco; the depletion of wild-life; the introduction of a national flag, the appointment of a foreign consul abroad, and the building of a church in Jerusalem.
A Royal Correspondence in the XVth and XVIth Centuries: the Documents of the Gospel of Däbrä Kärbe (Zana)
Authors: Derat Marie-Laure
Published: July 2020

One of the numerous manuscripts seen by C. Conti Rossini and copied for him deals with the monastery of Däbrä Kärbe, a religious community of Tigre. Some documents included in the Gospel of Däbrä Kärbe preserved traces of a correspondence between this community and the ‘aqqabe sä‘at of Ḥayq. This correspondence is very interesting from a historical point of view. It is accepted that the community of Ḥayq headed the monastic clergy in Ethiopia approximately until the XVIth century. But, it was not known how the ‘aqqabe sä‘at exercised control and authority over the monasteries, and what was his area of competence. These documents of Däbrä Kärbe give us a first answer to these questions.
Ethiopia 1885 in Reclus’s Nouvelle Géographie Universelle
Authors: Gascon Alain
Published: July 2020

In volume x of the Nouvelle Géographie Universelle published in 1885 Reclus dealt at length with Ethiopia. Although he never visisted Africa he wrote the first relevant geographical analysis of this region. He did not only list the descriptions and ideas prevalent at the end of the xixth century but he was the first to predict the rise of Šäwa which Mǝnilǝk was later to lead into the conquest of the Southern Highlands.
Un indice del Liber Aksumae
Authors: Bausi Alessandro
Published: July 2020

To the difference of previous partial indexes of Liber Aksumae (e.g., by G.W.B. Hunt-ingford), the present one puts together all the proper names and noteworthy terms occurring in the famous publication by C. Conti Rossini of 1909-10. The index refers to the translation volume and is intended as a simple working tool for all those (archaeologists, historians, philologists, linguists etc.) who may be interested in retrieving informa-tions preserved in one of Ethiopia’s richest ‘archival’ documentary sources.
Serological survey for avian influenza virus infection of backyard poultry and poultry workers in Baghdad and Basrah provinces, Iraq
Authors: Jaber S. I. , Thwiny H. T.
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 among backyard birds and poultry workers. The study included backyard birds (chickens and ducks) in rural areas of Baghdad and Basrah provinces, Iraq. Rural areas were divided into wet land and dry land. Total egg samples were 368, divided into 184 eggs (92 chicken eggs and 92 duck eggs) from each province. The total number of human sera was 180 (45 poultry worker and 45 non-poultry worker samples from each province). Competitive ELISA tests were used for detection of specific antibodies against influenza A virus and influenza subtype H5N1 in all samples. Seroprevalence against AIV type A in chickens was 62.5% (115/184) while ducks showed seroprevalence of 40.8% (75/184). The seropositivity among the backyard birds in wet land rural areas was higher than that in dry land rural areas. The samples positive for subtype H5N1 in chickens were 15.7% (18/115) while in ducks: 12% (9/75) with highest seropositivity among chickens in wet land rural areas (18.8%; 12/64). The seropositivity of avian influenza H5N1 was 6% (4/67) among AIV-positive poultry workers and 2.9% (1/34) among non-poultry workers.
New record of the Gray-capped Cuckoo, Coccyzus lansbergi (Bonaparte, 1850) (Cuculiformes, Cuculidae), on the southwest coast of Panama
Authors: Aguilar-Samaniego Kayra , De León Luis F. , Aguilar Celestino
Published: July 2020

This note presents the first record of Coccyzus lansbergi (Bonaparte, 1850) for the southwest coast of Panama. This new record was made on July 11, 2018, in the rural community of Juan Hombrón, Coclé province, Panama. The species has been previously observed in eastern Panama, but this is the first record for the southwestern region of the country. Our record is at least 142 km southwest of its nearest reports in eastern Panama. Overall, this record indicates that the species is likely a vagrant from its known range, given that no other records have been documented south of Coclé, in Panama. In addition, the increasing number of records from eastern Panama over the last 30 years suggests a recent expansion in the northern range of the species.
Challenging the Formulator: Biocontrol and Conventional Crop Protection
Authors: Bullock Jim
Published: July 2020

Whether it is a synthetic or a biological material, the journey of an active ingredient (AI) from manufacture to its target site is a perilous one. Along the way there are numerous opportunities for the AI to be degraded, destroyed or removed. Following production of the AI, it may
be vulnerable to chemical and thermal instability. Again, during formulation and on storage after manufacture, possible physical and chemical instability will need to be considered. Compatibility of the AI and co-formulants with packaging materials will also need to be taken into account.
During application there are further opportunities for the AI to be lost. In a spray tank there is a risk of physical instability (e.g. particle agglomeration and settling) and of incompatibilities with other products added to the tank such as adjuvants and other AIs. Once sprayed, the droplets
may drift and miss the target area or, even if they reach the leaf, not adhere there. Then, it may not persist on the leaf (or pest) surface or (in the case of systemic AIs) be taken up by the target. Finally, even once taken up by the target, there can be further chemical incompatibilities
which degrade the AI. Many of these problems can be tackled by good use of formulation during product development. Formulation can address the following challenges: the challenge of stability; the challenge of compatibility; the challenge of protection; the challenge of delivery; and the challenge
of sustainability and new crop protection practices.
PECULIARITIES OF NAKED OAT GRAIN AS A CEREAL CULTURE
Authors: Sots S. , Chumachenko Y. , Kustov I. , Kuzmenko Y.
Published: July 2020

Archaeological excavations show that oats were known as early as the Bronze Age, from about 1500-1700 BC. According to various historical data, the homeland of the oat culture forms is Southern Europe, Northeast China and Mongolia. The first archeological findings of oat grain were discovered in Germany and date back to the I-VI c. In Kievan Rus oats began to grow from about the VI. For many centuries, oats have been an important feed and foof grain,and with the beginning of the twentieth century there is an increase in its use in agriculture and processing. Widespread products of oat processing in different countries of the world are groats, cereals, flour and food bran, in addition to traditional products produce instant cereals, muesli, various intended semi-finished products. Oats are also widely used in other industries: it is additionally used in the production of beer, oat milk, ice cream, bread, cookies, baby food, etc. In Ukraine, oats are grown mainly as ancillary technical culture. The area of crops is from 5000 to 6000 km2. The main production is concentrated in Polissia and Forest-Steppe, mainly spring oats are grown, to a lesser extent semi-winter and winter forms. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the gross grain harvest in the last 5-7 years has increased and is at the level of 458 ... 616 thousand tons of grain per year. Over the past 20 years, oat production in Ukraine has been declining, due to the fact that most of it is grown for cereals, with a relatively small crop yield and high cultivation costs, even with the use of state-of-the-art agrotechnology. About 60,000 tonnes of oats are used annually to meet the needs of the domestic groats industry. Breeders have received new grains that have increased nutritional and technological value. Considering new varieties of oats, it is possible to distinguish naked forms of Avena nuda (naked oats). In the world, naked oats is a valuable crop that has a consistently high nutritional value that allows it to be used in various industries. This type of oat is derived by the method of individual selection from a cross-hybrid population. The variety of this oat is inermis, morphologically different from the hull varieties by the structure of the spikelets, which determines the peculiarities of its quantitative and qualitative indicators The peculiarity of naked oats is the absence of flower hulls firmly bound to the grain surface (20 ... 40% in oat hulled forms), which significantly improves its properties. The hulls in the naked varieties are soft, do not cover the grain very tightly and are almost completely separated in the process of grain harvesting and threshing.
DIRECTION OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORKING BODIES OF HAMMER
Authors: Soldatenko L. , Shipko A. , Shipko I.
Published: July 2020

Among the many types of grinding machines used in enterprises of grain processing, food and other industries, an important place belongs to hammer crushers. This is explained by the possibility of their use for grinding materials of various origins (plant, animal, mineral, as well as various wastes of food production), various particle size distribution (lumpy, briquetted, granular, fibrous), having different strength properties (hard, medium hard, soft, brittle, viscous), capable of being crushed once or requiring double sequential crushing. In addition, hammer crushers are characterized by relative simplicity of design, and most importantly - they destroy materials in the most rational way - by impact loading as a result of two successive strokes: a hammer on a particle and particles on the surface of the deck. The execution of these attacks at right angles creates the conditions for the intensification of the destruction process. However, the wear of the hammers leads to a rounding of their impact faces, which makes the angles of attack in the active zone of the hammers significantly different from the direct one. Under the influence of shock-frictional loads, their working surfaces quickly wear out, which leads to a decrease in productivity and crushing efficiency, to an increase in energy consumption, a disturbance in the balance of hammer rotors, an increase in the vibroacoustic activity of crushers, and other negative consequences The invention of the “Hammer of the crusher” provides for the use of ring-shaped multi-toothed hammers, the durability of which, when using traditional materials and conventional heat treatment, is increased by 4...5 times, eliminates the need for periodic rearrangement of hammers, stabilizes the operation of crushers. The possibility of self-sharpening ring-shaped multi-toothed hammers after reversing the hammer rotor simplifies the maintenance of crushers, eliminates personnel errors when replacing worn hammers. If multi-toothed hammers are subjected to liquid non-electrolysis boration and heat treatment using an optical quantum generator, then their durability can increase by more than ten times.