bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Recognition of FormAkademisk
Authors: Reitan Janne Beate
Published: December 2017

FormAkademisk was invited to the Design Journal Editors' Meeting at the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning (DAAP), University of Cincinnati in late October, as the only design research journal from the Nordic region. The meeting was organized in advance of the International Association of Societies of Design Research (IASDR) 2017 conference.Liv Merete Nielsen, who initiated the creation of  FormAkademisk and has been a Section Editor since the start-up and I, who have been the Editor-in-Chief for the entire period, travelled to the meeting.FormAkademisk   was in good company - among the others invited, we can mention the American Design Issues and the British Design Studies, both of which are at Level 2 of the Norwegian Science Index - NVI. Other reputable journals invited were the International Journal of Design from Taiwan, She Ji - The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation from Tongji University in Shanghai, China, Design and Culture from the United States, Co-Design from the United Kingdom, Information Design Journal published in the Netherlands with an international editorial board, Journal of Design, Business & Society with an international editorial board, the French Sciences du Design and Visible Language published at the University of Cincinnati, USA who hosted the meeting.First, we warmed up by describing each journal's editorial profile. For FormAkademisk we emphasized that we have two equal focuses – research in design, but also research in design education for the general public. This combination seems to be unique internationally.Common issues we discussed further were challenges with the quality of submitted articles and obtaining qualified peer reviewers. We also discussed whether we would agree on a common understanding of what it means to be included as an author of an article. Based on the discussions, FormAkademisk comes well prepared compared to the other internationally leading design research journals.After the meeting in Cincinnati, there have been lively discussions on email between those invited to the Design Journal Editors' Meeting in Cincinnati in October. We look forward to the next meeting to discuss common challenges for research journals in design and design education, especially in connection with the largest international design research conferences.We also want workshops in peer review and article writing. A common issue for the journals is finding good peer reviewers who can review the articles. We therefore encourage anyone who is asked to say yes. Keep in mind that for each article you submit for review, there are two peer reviewers who stand up for you!
A Quantitative Evaluation of Trajectory, Fate, and Effects from Crude By Rail Releases: A case study using the Proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility
Authors: Horn Matthew
Published: December 2017

The proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility in Washington State is expected to receive six unit trains per week, each containing 60,000–70,000 barrels of conditioned Bakken crude oil. Oil spill trajectory, fate, and effects modeling was performed to evaluate risks from hypothetical releases of crude oil from crude-by-rail unit trains. The oil spill modeling predicted where released oil would move over land and in water, how it would behave within the environment, and how it may impact resources within the area. Hypothetical releases from train derailments were modeled using the OILMAP Land and SIMAP models, two state-of-the-art computational oil spill models that are routinely used internationally by industry, government, and academia. OILMAP Land was used to predict the overland and down slope trajectory and fate of released crude oil on land and within storm water drainage systems. SIMAP was used to characterize the trajectory, fate, and acute biological effects of oil within the water column. Releases were modeled at three representative locations along the rail corridor, including the Swing Bridge over the Swinomish Channel, the Skagit River crossing, and the Edmonds Ferry Terminal. Two environmental conditions were modeled at each location to capture the seasonal and environmental variability in tides, river flow rate, and winds. Two discharge volumes of conditioned Bakken crude oil were modeled. An overlay analysis was used to determine the potentially affected resources located within the oil spill footprint for each respective scenario. A biological effects assessment was conducted to estimate the potential short-term (acute) exposure of organisms to floating oil and subsurface oil contamination to estimate the resulting equivalent area of 100% predicted mortality. To bound the range of potential effects, biological impacts were assessed using two biological sensitivities. In total, 12 physical fates scenarios were modeled (3 locations × 2 environmental conditions × 2 release volumes) with 24 biological scenarios (2 sensitivities). Approximately 50% of the conditioned Bakken crude was predicted to evaporate within 48 hours, while the remaining oil formed surface slicks, oiled shorelines, and entrained within the water column, potentially interacting with SPM and oiling sediments. This assessment was used to quantitatively discuss the consequence side of risk associated with crude by rail releases from unit trains for the proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility. Results were included in Chapter 5 of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) addressing Environmental Health and Risk, as well as a technical report.
Unmanned Air Systems: Technology and Regulatory Advances for the Oil Spill Response Community
Authors: Williams Jeff , Hand Kevin , Haselwimmer Christian
Published: December 2017

Field testing small unmanned air systems (UAS) in marine oil spill response exercises began in 2006. Soon afterward there were multiple credible examples where uas's could complement the traditional roles which manned aircraft filled for oil spill observation.

Testing stopped abruptly in 2007 when the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration changed rules for the commercial use of uas's. Testing resumed in 2013 after the U.S. Congress mandated that the FAA finalize operating rules for uas commercial use. Exercise tests validated oil spill observation by uas's when an experienced aerial oil spill observer confirmed that properly equipped uas platforms and cameras could offer results equal to manned aircraft flights.

Today there are a much wider variety of uas's and increasingly more capable sensors which can be utilized for creating highly detailed maps or data collection for geographic information system applications such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA).

Radio technology advances have also improved the ability to transfer video/data over greater distance and faster speeds than initial tests. Mobile ad hoc networks of multiple radios can transfer uas data streams beyond line of sight and connect with the internet for even broader distribution. This same network can also be used by responders in the field to exchange video, voice and location data and be linked real time with command post map displays and data feeds creating a true common operating picture across the entire response effort.

From an organizational perspective, uas's are not discussed in the 2014 USCG Incident Management Handbook. Despite this however, their activities need coordinated with manned aircraft through Air Operations for regulations and safety. Staging them at airports serves little purpose given their flexibility and small size. Better utilization would be achieved placing the uas and operators near the command posts or at staging sites alongside the boats or vehicles they would work from. Their unique differences would also support creating a UAS Group Supervisor in Air Operations to clarify their requirements and tasking. The Situation Unit would typically be the best central receiving point for incoming data and from there aerial observers and data specialists can route video / data to operations, gis users and display operators managing the common operating picture.

Additional topics for final presentation:*See and avoid capabilities*Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) transmitters/receivers*Night flights approval*New operator regulations not requiring pilot's license
Case Studies: Application of Oil Spill Response Good Practice Guides for Inland and Near-shore Operations
Authors: Chee Amanda Hwa Ling , Melisa Edelina , Dong Xin
Published: December 2017

Following key oil spill incidents in the Gulf of Mexico and Australia, the industry initiated a three-year Joint Industry Project to develop guidelines for oil spill preparedness and response management. These documents are commonly known as the Oil Spill Response JIP (OSR-JIP) Good Practice Guides. As the OSR-JIP originated from lessons learnt from offshore incidents, it is only natural that the industry would apply it with the same type of operation, hence the tendency to limit the practical application for inland or near-shore facilities.

This paper presents two examples where the OSR-JIP guides are applied at downstream operations located inland and near-shore.

The first study is on a refinery located near-shore with an operational jetty and a single buoy mooring. We started with a comprehensive review of their operations and updated their oil spill risk assessment profile in line with the framework described in the OSR-JIP Tiered Preparedness and Response. This process provided a reflection of their current capability and identified the gaps for further improvement. Following this, we proceeded to update the contingency plan using the OSR-JIP Contingency Planning to ensure that the risks identified are adequately mitigated with training of personnel and equipment selection. This exercise supported in improving the readiness of the facility to respond to oil spill incidents in future.

The second study involves a terminal located inland that supplies refined products through a pipeline that leads towards a jetty on the coast. We developed several area specific tactical response plans that cover risks from their above-ground pipelines and at the jetty where loading and offloading of the products to tankers are conducted. To accurately define the suitable response technique, we started the planning process with an oil spill risk assessment following OSR-JIP Risk Assessment. The tactical response plans were then developed with reference to several other OSR-JIP guides such as OSR-JIP Inland Response and NEBA. The resulting plans describe health and safety concerns, identification of sensitive receptors, response techniques, location and quantity of resources, logistical requirements and timings and waste management.

Based on these case studies, we demonstrated that the OSR-JIP guides can certainly be applied for inland and near-shore facilities and have a more far wider application for the whole oil and gas industry rather than be limited to offshore operations.
Contingency planning for oil spills on water. Good Practice Guidelines for the Development of an Effective Spill Response Capability. IPIECA-OGP Good Practice Guide Series, Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR-JIP). OGP Report Number 526
Authors: Glushik Lauren
Published: December 2017

This recently published IPIECA-OGP good practice guidance updates and replaces the long-standing IPIECA oil spill report series on contingency planning for oil spills on water. It provides a comprehensive and modern tool for designing an appropriate and justified spill response capability that is in compliance with the regulatory framework and commensurate with the oil spill risks of an organization. The guidance seeks to align industry practices, inform stakeholders, and serve as a communication tool to promote awareness and education. It presents an integrated approach to contingency planning, which stresses the importance of all the various inputs and considerations, and how they interconnect.

The planning process is illustrated in nine steps. To begin, the assets and operations to be included in the planning scope should be clearly defined. Next, a thorough review of the regulatory framework is required, along with a determination of the relevant stakeholders and a plan for their involvement, as appropriate. The process continues with a structured approach for designing a capability specific to the unique needs of an organization, and the jurisdiction and community within which it operates. Planners proceed by assessing the risks within the planning scope and selecting representative scenarios. The scenarios are then analyzed to determine a tiered response capability. Following this, planners should compile the information into effective plans and thorough documentation. As the response capability is implemented, it should be verified to confirm it is achievable and meets the desired level of preparedness. Lastly, a reliable system of review and maintenance will ensure the planning remains relevant and appropriate to the level of risk as an organization matures or evolves. This is a cyclical process that should remain active over the lifetime of an operation.

The degree of complexity involved will greatly depend on the type of operation, local conditions, and environmental and socio-economic sensitivities. However, the overall objective of contingency planning will always be to develop a capability to effectively react to a spill and sustain an ongoing response, which is proportionate to the risk. This capability requires suitable equipment, sufficient logistics, and competent, trained responders supported by proven, exercised plans.
Practical, environmental and strategical experiences a spill 2011 of crude tall oil (CTO) along the Swedish coastline
Authors: Håstad Ingrid , Holmström Katrin , Fogelberg Oscar , Wallberg Petra , Gyllenhammar Charlotte , Törneman Niklas
Published: December 2017

In 2011, the Swedish coastline suffered a major oil spill of about 800 tonnes of CTO (crude tall oil) from a land based tank farm on the east coast, into the Söderhamn archipelago in the brackish Baltic Sea. The impacted area exhibit a high ecological value and is frequently used for outdoor recreation and a large number of private properties.

There are very few incidents reported on CTO spills. CTO is a viscous yellow-black odorous liquid obtained as a by-product in the kraft pulping process. Sometimes the general notion is that it is harmless to the environment since it origins from coniferous trees. The name originated as an anglicization of the Swedish “tallolja” (“pine oil”).Tall oil is the third largest chemical by-product in a Kraft mill after lignin and hemicellulose.

Although CTO is less harmful compared to mineral oil, release of CTO, especially large quantities, may also cause severe environmental damage to aquatic systems and to impacted shores. CTO may also cause allergic reactions to humans and mammals.

The shores of the Söderhamn Bay consist mainly of rocky beaches, large rocks as well as very small pebble stones. Since the oil also got into jetties, the entire clean-up process has been difficult and time consuming, also due to the cold weather conditions in the north. Remediation of the shores and stone coffins, inside the jetties, has been made through manual labor.

The impacts to the bird population were minimal since most birds had migrated for the winter. The incident happened during late fall, when the biological activity in marine organisms is low; hence low impact on the marine organism's active reproductive periods.

In Söderhamn, fatty acids, recin acids and sterols have been sampled in sediments, fish muscle, and mussels. Limited impact could be noted, however, established test methods are missing for CTO. Degradation time of the CTO was longer than expected.

Extensive and hardcore cleanup usually causes more damage to nature; removal of important microorganisms, increased soil erosion and diminishes the possibilities for the vegetation recovery. It is crucial to start the communication process with public and property owners as early as possible to set expectations on “how clean is clean”.

The clean-up process in Söderhamn has been very successful and is coming to an end in the spring of 2016. The status and conclusions after five years of remedial actions will be presented.
Stakeholder Analysis for On-Scene Coordinators and Area Committees: A simplified multi-step technique to understand grassroots participation
Authors: Addassi Yvonne Najah , Rubini LCDR Jeffrey
Published: December 2017

State and federal On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) and Area Committees acknowledge the benefits of engaging stakeholders to help support environmental protection goals and objectives. Whereas existing stakeholder management tools provide guidance to enable well-organized volunteerism during operational phases of oil spill response, incident lessons learned suggest there is less guidance on the broader stakeholder engagement process that occurs during planning and preparedness phases. The tendency to re-live conditions resulting in lessons re-learned indicate that tools designed to resolve those lessons are either ill-equipped to address the problem, not feasible to employ, are glossed over as someone else’s responsibility, are not incorporated into regional or area contingency plans, and/or are not integrated into incident command system design and functionality during drills and exercises.

This paper provides OSCs and Area Committees a simplified multi-step technique to analyze and evaluate a range of stakeholders prior to conducting actual stakeholder engagement and well before stakeholders are engaged during a response. Although stakeholder engagement during response is critical and can benefit mutual goals, initiating these efforts during response is not optimal, especially when incident realities shift emphasis from grassroots capacity building to risk communications. Stakeholder engagement should begin well prior to a response with deliberate analysis of stakeholders as part of the planning and preparedness process.

The multi-step technique may improve the efficacy of Area Contingency Plans, the primary conduit implementing National Contingency Plan aims of nongovernmental participation, by enhancing the design and functionality of stakeholder engagement. The outcomes achieved may help to deliver fundamental tenants of public policy and service— where problems are framed so that available solutions are fiscally, technically, and politically feasible, advance the common good, and include a broad array of stakeholders through proactive public participation.
SHORT-TERM AND MEDIUM-TERM FORECAST OF OIL SPILL TRAJECTORIES: APPLICATION TO LOCAL AND REGIONAL SCALES
Authors: Cardenas Mar , Abascal Ana J. , Castanedo Sonia , Chiri Helios , Núñez Paula , Antolinez Jose Antonio A. , Mellor Adam , Clements Annika , Perez-Diaz Beatriz , Medina Raul
Published: December 2017

This paper presents two methodologies to provide short-term and medium-term forecast of oil spill trajectories at local and regional scales. For short-term predictions (within 48 hours), a high-resolution operational oil spill forecast system is developed in Belfast Lough (Northern Ireland). Hydrodynamics are based on a Delft3D model which uses daily boundary conditions and meteorological forcing obtained from Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) and from the UK Meteorological Office. Downscaled currents and meteorological forecasts are used to provide short-term oil spill fate and trajectory predictions in the Lough using the oil spill numerical model TESEO. The system is integrated in a user-friendly web application that allows end users to launch the oil spill model both in case of pollution threat and for training purposes.

For mid-term predictions (15–60 days), a stochastic methodology to provide probabilistic oil spill forecasts is presented and applied to the Bay of Biscay (Northern Spain). The method encompasses the following steps: 1) Classification of representative atmospheric patterns using principal component analysis and the k-means technique; 2) Setup of an autoregressive logistic model taking into account seasonality, covariates, long-term trends and autoregressive terms. In the case of an accident, we sample the evolution of the metocean conditions using the autoregressive model, which provides us with possible evolution patterns for these conditions during the forecasting period. These results are used to force the oil spill transport model TESEO allowing the characterization of trajectories in probabilistic terms.

Drifting buoys released in Belfast Lough and observations reported during the Prestige accident have been used to validate the operational system and the medium-term forecasting methodologies.
U.S. Coast Guard Sector Delaware Bay: Response to Rail Incidents Planning Project
Authors: Wirth LCDR Tracy , Nielsen LT Eric , Walker Ann Hayward , Gaudiosi Richard M.
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT: IOSC 2017-124

This paper presents solutions to a new oil spill problem in U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Sector Delaware Bay (Sector) area of responsibility (AOR), the need for which became apparent during recent energy production growth in the region. Two projects were initiated by the Sector to ensure regional preparedness for response to unconventional crude oil spills that affect the maritime domain, in the rapidly changing North American energy renaissance:Identification of rail/water nexus sites and response measures, andModified Consensus Ecological Risk Assessment (CERA)

The overall goals of the projects were to identify major threats from rail incidents, analyze potential transportation and spill risks associated with Bakken, bitumen, and diluted bitumen, herein known as domestic crude oil products, and document best practices and response strategies with input from stakeholders in a complex tri-state region consisting of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.

For these domestic crude oils, the Sector initiated an Area Contingency Plan (ACP) revision to incorporate oil spill booming strategies and pre-scripted Incident Command System (ICS) work assignments. The revision identified 38 rail/water nexus sites and incorporated a modified Consensus Ecological Risk Assessment (CERA), which defined and predicted localized spill behaviors and consequences for the unconventional crude oils in marine, brackish water, and freshwater environments of the Delaware Bay Watershed.

While domestic crude oil products are studied further at the national and international levels, the Sector focused on working alongside regional partners from the Oil and Natural Gas (ONG) industry, the Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) community, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Scientific Support Coordinator, and other relevant subject matter experts. Together, they worked to define best management practices (BMPs) for first responders and incorporate new policy and guidelines (i.e., non-floating Oils OSRO Classification and Bakken/Dilbit Oil Spill First Responder Guides) into local contingency plans, policies, and procedures (Csulak and Michel, 2015a, 2015b).

The USCG must consider and manage all potential risks to transportation safety and the marine environment from pollution. To ensure that the USCG is most prepared to respond to all potential pollution sources, as directed by the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP), Sector Delaware Bay’s rail incident planning process is presented as a template for updating ACPs across USCG Captain of the Port (COTP) zones.
A comparison of Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) visual observations of oiling and measured soil and sediment chemical concentrations following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon accident.
Authors: Challenger Greg , Murray Karen
Published: December 2017

This study examines the Deepwater Horizon SCAT results in comparison to measured chemical concentrations in shoreline sediments. Surface and subsurface oiling levels were grouped into oiling categories from Very Light to Heavy as per SCAT protocol. Discrete sediment and soil sample locations from the shoreline and immediate nearshore from 27 separate NRDA studies were separated into the SCAT oiling category zones. Measurements of chemical constituents associated with petroleum (i.e., PAH, saturated hydrocarbons, petroleum biomarkers) were used to evaluate the concentration and composition of petroleum present in samples. Hydrocarbon source interpretation (“fingerprinting”) was used to identify and exclude samples which were conclusively not DWH oil. Analysis of the chemical distributions in shoreline sediments shows that the oil character varied greatly in time and space, often over very small distances. Average PAH and alkane concentration data tend to agree with the SCAT designations, however, the concentration of petroleum chemicals in any individual sample could not be predicted by SCAT category alone. The results suggest limited predictive ability in specific locations; however, they are useful to estimate the average conditions within the landscape setting in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the design of injury studies.
Canine Oil Detection (K9-SCAT) following 2015 Releases from the T/V Arrow Wreck
Authors: Owens E.H. , Dubach H.C. , Bunker P. , MacDonald S. , Yang Z. , Lambert P. , LaForest S.
Published: December 2017

The T/V Arrow sank in 1970, spilling Bunker C fuel oil into Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. In the summer and fall of 2015, residual oil leaked from the sunken vessel and re-oiled shorelines in the Bay. A K9-SCAT field study, funded by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), was conducted in June 2016 to assess the capability of detection canines to locate stranded oil following the new releases. The canine detected small amounts of weathered surface oil that were barely visible, and in some cases, not visible, to the SCAT-trained observers, as well as subsurface oil on mixed- and coarse-sediment beaches. The average speed of a survey, in terms of the length of shoreline covered, varied depending on the shore type and the width of the survey band. The most challenging site was a steep bedrock shoreline with an alongshore survey rate of 0.2 linear km/hour. Typical alongshore coverage rates for the wide, mixed sediment were in the range 0.7 to 1.2 linear km/hour, and for both straight, wide sand beaches were 1.2 km/hour. The highest alongshore rate was 2.4 linear km/hour for the narrow beach on Janvrin Island. The successful detection of 2015 T/V Arrow cargo oil (both naturally stranded and intentionally planted) on selected Chedabucto Bay shorelines indicates that there is a low risk, high confidence level that the canine did not miss subsurface oil, although that possibility may exist. Where the canine made an alert and no surface oil was visible, chemical analyses of sediment samples indicated that weathered petroleum hydrocarbons were present at those locations and, therefore, the canine had made correct alerts. The results provide further “proof of concept” for K9-SCAT teams to support surface and subsurface oil detection during traditional shoreline assessment surveys.
Lessons Learnt from post-release monitoring of oiled-penguins: New Zealand C/V Rena
Authors: Chilvers B. Louise , Morgan Kerri J. , Battley Phil , Sievwright Karin A.
Published: December 2017

The value of rehabilitating oiled wildlife is an on-going global debate. On October 5, 2011, the cargo vessel C/V Rena grounded on Astrolabe Reef, New Zealand (NZ), spilling over 300 tonnes of heavy fuel oil. As part of the Rena oil spill response, 383 little blue penguins (LBP, Eudyptula minor) were captured, cleaned, rehabilitated and released back into a cleaned environment. Over the last four years, since the C/V Rena spill, we have undertaken survival, diving behaviour, diet and stress hormone response research on these and non-rehabilitated LBPs from the spill area to assess the success of the rehabilitation process, determine what lessons could still be learnt and to help determine if the environment has returned back to its natural state. Findings from this research showed that the survival was reduced for both rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated groups in the first six months following the spill and clean-up process however, the survival probabilities of both groups increased thereafter and remained high and stable over a two year period directly after the spill. The foraging behaviour and diet studies showed there were no foraging behaviour differences between rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated LBPs and the overall diving behaviour of these LBPs were similar, if not less energetic, than other LBPs in NZ, indicating that the environment appeared to have also returned to pre-oiling state. Concurrently, the stress hormone response study showed no differences between groups, suggesting the rehabilitation process for LBP did not affect their long term physiological responses to humans, meaning no habituation or excessively stress caused by humans over the long term. Together these results suggest the rehabilitation process and clean-up undertaken after the C/V Rena appears effective and helps validate the rehabilitation of oiled wildlife.
DISPERSANT PERFORMANCE: FINDING NEW RESULTS IN EXISTING DATA
Authors: Bittler Kimberly
Published: December 2017

Abstract No. 092

Abstract: Chemical dispersants are used to mitigate oil spills in aquatic environments. Dispersants promote the breakdown of oil into smaller droplets that more readily diffuse into the water column. Federal agencies, industry, and academia have a long history of investigating dispersant performance at diverse scales and environmental conditions, including several recent publications. Several studies estimate dispersant performance as dispersion effectiveness (DE, measured as the percent of oil retained in the water column for a period of time after treatment), the concentration of oil in the dispersed in the water column, or the size of dispersed oil droplets. While many organizations have drawn qualitative conclusions from this body of work, a quantitative meta-analysis drawing together historic and recent research on the topic of dispersant effectiveness has not been conducted. This paper analyzed controlled studies measuring performance of dispersants across lab, tank, and large-scale studies. Although this paper examined only a subset of commonly tested oils, the findings strongly support that treatment with dispersants is correlated with increased effectiveness across several metrics, studies, and test methodologies. The conclusions provided by this analysis could be a critical tool for weighing the risks and benefits of using dispersants to respond to oil spills in aquatic environments.
Excitonic Creation of Highly Luminescent Defects In Situ in Working Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Biao , Ingram Grayson L. , Gong Xi‐Wen , Li Xi‐Yan , Quan Li‐Na , Li Pei‐Cheng , Xie Jia‐Qi , Sargent Edward H. , Lu Zheng‐Hong
Published: December 2017

Excitons play the central role in organic optoelectronic devices. Efficient exciton‐to‐photon and photon‐to‐electron conversion promote quantum yield in optoelectronic devices such as organic light‐emitting diodes and organic solar cells. Exciton‐related reaction products and defects in working devices have previously been viewed as fatal to stability. Here, the utilization of these excitonic reactions to create luminescent defects with extremely high (6.7%) external quantum efficiency in an operating device containing 1,1‐bis((di‐4‐tolylamino)phenyl) cyclohexane (TAPC) is reported. Transient photoluminescence reveals a long delayed fluorescence lifetime (2.7 µs) from these emissive defects, indicating that they exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence. It is shown that the functional group of tri‐p‐tolylamine (TPTA) follows similar processes as TAPC, suggesting that the chemical nature of the observed luminescent defects is directly related to TPTA.
Strong Exciton–Photon Coupling in Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Perovskite Micro/Nanowires
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Shang Qiuyu , Du Wenna , Shi Jia , Wu Zhiyong , Mi Yang , Chen Jie , Liu Fengjing , Li Yuanzheng , Liu Mei , Zhang Qing , Liu Xinfeng
Published: December 2017

Recently, inorganic–organic perovskite nanowires with strong photon confinement and isotropy have attracted considerable attention for advanced applications in optoelectronic devices from lasers and photodetectors to transistors. Moreover, their high exciton oscillation strength and binding energy make them very promising for polariton devices in the strong light–matter interaction region. This study presents the strong exciton–photon coupling in hybrid inorganic–organic CH3NH3PbBr3 micro/nanowire cavities at room temperature. Clear anticrossing feature is observed by using remote excitation photoluminescence emission spectroscopy with vacuum Rabi splitting energy up to 390 meV. The observed vacuum Rabi splitting energy of up to ≈390 meV (0.32 × 3.66 µm2) is attributed to large oscillator strength and photon confinement in reduced dimension of the micro/nanowire based Fabry–Pérot cavities. With increasing pump fluence, the exciton–photon coupling is weakened because of carrier screening effect, which leads to the occurrence of photonic lasing instead of polariton lasing. The demonstrated strong exciton–photon coupling in perovskite micro/nanowire cavities is significant for the development of high performance polariton‐based incoherent and coherent light sources, nonlinear optics, and slow light applications.
Wiring up Liquid Metal: Stable and Robust Electrical Contacts Enabled by Printable Graphene Inks
Authors: Secor Ethan B. , Cook Alexander B. , Tabor Christopher E. , Hersam Mark C.
Published: December 2017

Gallium‐based liquid metal alloys (GaLMAs) are a unique class of advanced materials with the potential to offer unprecedented opportunities in stretchable and reconfigurable electronics. Despite their promise, the development of liquid metal electronics must overcome several challenges for widespread application. In particular, stable electrical contacts have been identified as a critical challenge for the integration of GaLMAs in electronic circuits and systems. Since gallium alloys rapidly with most metals, GaLMAs lead to unstable or mechanically sensitive interfaces when combined with metal electrodes or interconnects, thereby preventing the reliable integration of eutectic gallium‐indium (eGaIn) functionality with conventional electronics. Here, printed graphene is demonstrated as a reliable and high‐performance interfacial layer to enable electrical connections to eGaIn. A thin film (≈100 nm) of graphene printed between conventional silver leads and eGaIn acts as a physical barrier, effectively passivating the surface against alloying while retaining the ability to conduct current across the interface. Moreover, graphene interfacial contacts offer excellent durability, with thermal stability to 300 °C, robust tolerance to mechanical bending, and chemical inertness. By leveraging this unique strategy to stabilize liquid metal contacts, a reconfigurable liquid metal electrical switch is fabricated with significantly improved longevity.
High Seebeck Coefficient and Power Factor in n‐Type Organic Thermoelectrics
Authors: Zuo Guangzheng , Li Zhaojun , Wang Ergang , Kemerink Martijn
Published: December 2017

The n‐type thermoelectric properties of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are investigated for different solution‐based doping methods. A novel inverse‐sequential doping method where the semiconductor (PCBM) is deposited on a previously cast dopant 4‐(1,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzoimidazol‐2‐yl)‐N,N‐diphenylaniline film to achieve a very high power factor PF ≈ 35 µW m−1 K−2 with a conductivity σ ≈ 40 S m−1 is introduced. It is also shown that n‐type organic semiconductors obey the −1/4 power law relation between Seebeck coefficient S and σ that are previously found for p‐type materials. An analytical model on basis of variable range hopping unifies these results. The power law for n‐type materials is shifted toward higher conductivities by two orders of magnitude with respect to that of p‐type, suggesting strongly that n‐type organic semiconductors can eventually become superior to their p‐type counterparts. Adding a small fraction lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital material (core‐cyanated naphthalene diimide) into PCBM leads to a higher S for inverse‐sequential doping but not for bulk doping due to different morphologies.
Trauma‐Informed Care for Individuals with Serious Mental Illness: An Avenue for Community Psychology's Involvement in Community Mental Health
Authors: Mihelicova Martina , Brown Molly , Shuman Valery
Published: December 2017

Individuals with serious mental illness are at particularly high risk for trauma; however, service environments with which they interact may not always be trauma‐informed. While community mental health and other human services settings are moving toward trauma‐informed care (TIC) service delivery, a variety of TIC frameworks exist without consensus regarding operationalization, thereby leading to challenges in implementation. TIC is principle‐driven and presents substantial overlap with community psychology values and competencies, including ecological frameworks, second‐order change, empowerment, and citizen participation. One way to address barriers to TIC implementation is to draw on the strengths of the field of community psychology. With a particular emphasis on the applicability of TIC to individuals with serious mental illness, this paper identifies key implementation issues and recommends future directions for community psychologists in clarifying the service framework, its adaptation to specific service contexts, and improving delivery through consultation and evaluation. Community psychologists may work with various disciplines involved in the TIC field to together promote a more conscious, actionable shift in service delivery.
Digital radiomorphometric analysis of the frontal sinus and assessment of the relation between persistent metopic suture and frontal sinus development
Authors: Nikolova Silviya , Toneva Diana , Georgiev Ivan , Lazarov Nikolai
Published: December 2017

Objectives

This study aimed to establish the frequency of the frontal sinus (FS) aplasia, to compare metopic and nonmetopic series and thus to assess the relationship between the preservation of metopic suture and FS development.

Materials and methods

FSs were investigated in 230 dry skulls of adult males distributed into control (137) and metopic (93) series. They were visualized through industrial digital radiography.

Results

In the control series, the FS aplasia was observed in 12.41% of the skulls, and it was mostly unilateral (8.76%) than bilateral (3.65%). The left‐sided aplasia (5.11%) slightly prevailed over the right‐sided one (3.65%). In the metopic series, the aplasia was observed with a frequency of 19.35%, and the bilateral aplasia (7.53%) was rarer that the unilateral one (11.83%), while the right‐sided aplasia was clearly predominant (9.68%) compared to the left‐sided one (2.15%).

Discussion

The significant differences between both series showed a tendency for the persistence of metopic suture to be frequently related with FS underdevelopment in the vertical plate of the frontal bone, but in cases of pneumatization, it was preferentially on the left side. Taking into account that the cranial hypertension leads to suture diastasis and hinders development of the FS, it could be suggested that persistence of the metopic suture along with underdevelopment of the FS in nonsyndromic adults could be an expression of an elevated intracranial pressure during early development as an after‐effect of certain condition.
High‐Temperature and High‐Energy‐Density Dipolar Glass Polymers Based on Sulfonylated Poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)
Authors: Zhang Zhongbo , Wang David H. , Litt Morton H. , Tan Loon‐Seng , Zhu Lei
Published: December 2017

A new class of high‐temperature dipolar polymers based on sulfonylated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (SO2‐PPO) was synthesized by post‐polymer functionalization. Owing to the efficient rotation of highly polar methylsulfonyl side groups below the glass transition temperature (Tg≈220 °C), the dipolar polarization of these SO2‐PPOs was enhanced, and thus the dielectric constant was high. Consequently, the discharge energy density reached up to 22 J cm−3. Owing to its high Tg , the SO2‐PPO25 sample also exhibited a low dielectric loss. For example, the dissipation factor (tan δ) was 0.003, and the discharge efficiency at 800 MV m−1 was 92 %. Therefore, these dipolar glass polymers are promising for high‐temperature, high‐energy‐density, and low‐loss electrical energy storage applications.
Charge‐Induced Secondary Structure Transformation of Amyloid‐Derived Dipeptide Assemblies from β‐Sheet to α‐Helix
Authors: Xing Ruirui , Yuan Chengqian , Li Shukun , Song Jingwen , Li Junbai , Yan Xuehai
Published: December 2017

Secondary structures such as α‐helix and β‐sheet are the major structural motifs within the three‐dimensional geometry of proteins. Therefore, structure transitions from β‐sheet to α‐helix not only can serve as an effective strategy for the therapy of neurological diseases through the inhibition of β‐sheet aggregation but also extend the application of α‐helix fibrils in biomedicine. Herein, we present a charge‐induced secondary structure transition of amyloid‐derived dipeptide assemblies from β‐sheet to α‐helix. We unravel that the electrostatic (charge) repulsion between the C‐terminal charges of the dipeptide molecules are responsible for the conversion of the secondary structure. This finding provides a new perspective to understanding the secondary structure formation and transformation in the supramolecular organization and life activity.
Die Schöne (WCA) und das (kationische) Biest: Neues aus der Chemie von und mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen
Authors: Riddlestone Ian M. , Kraft Anne , Schaefer Julia , Krossing Ingo
Published: December 2017

An einen Übersichtsartikel aus dem Jahre 2004 anknüpfend, wird hier über den strukturellen Aufbau, die Stabilität und die Anwendungen moderner schwach koordinierender Anionen (weakly coordinating anions, WCAs) berichtet, aber auch über Fortschritte der “klassischen” WCAs. In tabellarischer Form werden sowohl Ausgangsverbindungen zur Einführung einer Vielzahl von WCAs als auch deren physikochemische Eigenschaften zusammengefasst. Damit lässt sich für mögliche Anwendungen gut beurteilen, wie WCAs am besten in vorgegebene Systeme inkorporiert werden können. Die angeführten Anwendungsbeispiele für WCAs sind breit gestreut, eigene Abschnitte bilden aber die Schwerpunkte Übergangsmetallkomplexe, katalytische Anwendungen und Leitsalze für elektrochemische Anwendungen.
Taming the Cationic Beast: Novel Developments in the Synthesis and Application of Weakly Coordinating Anions
Authors: Riddlestone Ian M. , Kraft Anne , Schaefer Julia , Krossing Ingo
Published: December 2017

This Review gives a comprehensive overview of the most topical weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) and contains information on WCA design, stability, and applications. As an update to the 2004 review, developments in common classes of WCA are included. Methods for the incorporation of WCAs into a given system are discussed and advice given on how to best choose a method for the introduction of a particular WCA. A series of starting materials for a large number of WCA precursors and references are tabulated as a useful resource when looking for procedures to prepare WCAs. Furthermore, a collection of scales that allow the performance of a WCA, or its underlying Lewis acid, to be judged is collated with some advice on how to use them. The examples chosen to illustrate WCA developments are taken from a broad selection of topics where WCAs play a role. In addition a section focusing on transition metal and catalysis applications as well as supporting electrolytes is also included.
Marine antimicrobial peptide arenicin adopts a monomeric twisted β‐hairpin structure and forms low conductivity pores in zwitterionic lipid bilayers
Authors: Sychev Sergei V. , Sukhanov Stanislav V. , Panteleev Pavel V. , Shenkarev Zakhar O. , Ovchinnikova Tatiana V.
Published: December 2017

Arenicins are 21‐residue β‐hairpin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) isolated from the marine lugworm Arenicola marina [Ovchinnikova et al., FEBS Lett. 2004;577:209–214]. The peptides have a high positive charge (+6) and display a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. Arenicins adopt the monomeric highly twisted β‐hairpin in water or planar β‐structural dimers in anionic liposomes and detergent micelles. Until now, the interaction of cationic β‐structural AMPs with zwitterionic phospholipid bilayers mimicking eukaryotic membranes is not well understood. To study the structural basis of arenicins activity against eukaryotic cells, we investigated arenicin‐2 in the solvents of low polarity (ethanol, 4% dioxane) and in zwitterionic soybean PC and PC/PE liposomes by CD and FTIR spectroscopy. It was shown that arenicin‐2 adopted the twisted β‐hairpin structure in all the environments studied. Measurements of the Trp fluorescence and H→D exchange in soybean PC liposomes and boundary potential in the planar DPhPC bilayers confirmed the partitioning of the arenicin‐2 monomers into interfacial region of the zwitterionic membranes. The low‐conductivity (0.12 nS) arenicin‐2 pores were detected in the DPhPC bilayers. The lifetime of the open state (up to 260 ms) was significantly longer than lifetime of low‐conductivity (0.23 nS) pores previously described in partially anionic membranes (44 ms). The formation of narrow arenicin‐2 pores without disruption of the membrane was discussed in the light of the disordered toroidal pore model previously proposed for β‐structural AMPs [Jean − Francois et al. Biophys. J. 2008;95:5748 − 5756]. A novel non‐lytic mechanism of the arenicin‐2 action was proposed.
Enlist campus community to notify your unit of possible weapons on campus
Authors: Miles David
Published: December 2017

Recently, there have been a few incidents of violence on college campuses in the United States that I believe everyone should be made aware of. Unfortunately, these incidents are not big news, and they disappeared from the news after a day or so.
Don't get lost in the noise: Craft emails student‐athletes will read
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2017

MINNEAPOLIS — “How do we know students aren't reading our emails? Because they're not doing what we ask them to!” Stuart Boyd, student engagement coordinator at Arapahoe Community College in Colorado, said during his session at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers annual meeting. Boyd shared strategies for increasing student open‐and‐read rates for emails as well as ways to craft emails that can help you grab the attention of your student‐athletes and help them understand the importance of professional communication via email for their lives even beyond your college or university campus.