bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the mechanism of resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana in the barley lesion mimic mutant bst1
Authors: PERSSON MATTIAS , FALK ANDERS , DIXELIUS CHRISTINA
Published: June 2009

The Bipolaris sorokiniana tolerant 1 (bst1) barley mutant is derived from fast neutron‐irradiated seeds of wild‐type Bowman(Rph3). The induced mutation was genetically localized to a position on chromosome 5HL distal to the centromere using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. In addition, the defence responses and related gene expression in the bst1 mutant after fungal challenge were compared with those occurring in wild‐type plants. Hydrogen peroxide generation, determined by 3,3‐diaminobenzidine staining, revealed a clearly reduced level of bst1, compared with the wild‐type, during the entire experimental time: 8–120 h post‐inoculation (hpi). At 48 hpi, the wild‐type samples displayed twice as much fungal mass and three times greater H2O2 production than bst1. At the same time, staining of B. sorokiniana showed less fungal growth in the spontaneous lesions of bst1 compared with the wild‐type. Monitoring of defence‐related genes at 48 hpi demonstrated strong expression of PR‐1a, PR‐2, PR‐5 and PR‐10 in bst1. A gene coding for a unique oxidoreductase enzyme, designated as HCP1, was expressed at much higher levels in inoculated leaves of the bst1 mutant than in those of the wild‐type plant. Taken together, the results suggest that the defence to B. sorokiniana largely relies on salicylic acid‐responsive pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes, as well as selected reactive oxygen species and unknown HCP1‐associated factors.
Clinical trial: low plasma cholesterol and oxidative stress predict rapid virological response to standard therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin in HCV patients
Authors: ANGELICO F. , FRANCIOSO S. , DEL BEN M. , FEOLE K. , CARBONE M. , PIGNATELLI P. , VIOLI F. , ANGELICO M.
Published: June 2009

Background  Rapid virological response (RVR) is the best predictor of sustained response to standard HCV treatment.

Aim  To evaluate predictive factors of RVR.

Methods  Sixty‐five patients (mean age 52.6 ± 13.8; 37 genotype‐1, and 28 genotypes‐2/3) were consecutively treated with pegIFN‐alpha2a or 2b once weekly plus daily ribavirin based on body weight for 24 or 48 weeks, according to genotype. RVR was defined as undetectable HCV‐RNA at week 4.

Results  Twenty‐seven percent of patients achieved RVR in genotypes 1 and 60.7% in genotypes 2/3 (P < 0.01). Rapid responders had higher mean serum baseline total and LDL‐cholesterol levels (P < 0.01). RVR was 20.0% in the bottom tertile of total cholesterol and 63.6% in the top tertile (P < 0.01). HCV‐RNA levels at week 4 were positively correlated with baseline serum insulin (P < 0.01), HOMA‐IR (P < 0.01), body mass index (P < 0.05) and number of components of metabolic syndrome (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). At multivariate analysis, age, LDL‐cholesterol, HCV genotype and serum 8‐iso‐PGF2alpha, a marker of oxidative stress, were independent predictors of RVR.

Conclusions  Our prospective study supports a role of low serum total and LDL‐cholesterol and of oxidative stress as positive independent predictive factors of poor RVR in HCV patients.
Review article: visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic agents
Authors: AKBAR A. , WALTERS J. R. F. , GHOSH S.
Published: June 2009

Background  Although development of visceral pain is an important defensive mechanism, hypersensitivity results in a significant clinical problem and is likely to be one of the major factors involved in the pathogenesis of abdominal and chest pain in functional bowel disorders (FBDs). Understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in peripheral sensitization of visceral nociceptors has advanced as a result of the experimental studies, especially in animal models, which have led to knowledge and identification of key mediators and receptors.

Aim  To provide a comprehensive review focused on the peripheral mechanisms believed to be responsible for sensitization and potential molecular targets for a disorder which is common, distressing and has sub‐optimal treatment options.

Methods  Literature review using Ovid and Pubmed from 1966.

Results  There is substantial interest in the development of new drugs for treatment of FBDs in the background of advances in understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity. The potential drug targets include TPRV1, ASICs, voltage‐gated sodium channels, ATP, PAR‐2, cannabinoid, prostaglandin, tachykinin and 5HT3 receptors.

Conclusion  It is anticipated that with advancing molecular understanding of the basis of visceral hypersensitivity, the next decade will see accelerated development of new molecules for treatment of functional bowel diseases.
Parental behaviour of a precocial species: implications for juvenile survival
Authors: Dreitz Victoria J.
Published: June 2009

1. Parents determine habitat selection for precocial young by leading their young to foraging areas until the chicks attain full independence. There are potential benefits and costs to reproductive success associated with changing habitats while caring for young. This study investigated the relationship between different types of habitats and their quality on chick survival and brood movements of a declining upland shorebird, the mountain ploverCharadrius montanus.

2. From 2004 to 2006, a total of 153 mountain plover broods were monitored on the primary breeding habitats in eastern Colorado, USA; two shortgrass prairie habitats that were either occupied or unoccupied by black‐tailed prairie dogsCynomys ludovicianusand agricultural lands. Habitat quality hypotheses were tested using newly developed statistical applications to estimate survival of chicks and brood movement patterns.

3. Chick survival and brood movements were influenced by habitat. Chick survival over the 30‐day brood‐rearing period was substantially higher on nesting habitat of shortgrass occupied by prairie dogs compared with agricultural land and shortgrass unoccupied by prairie dogs. The rate of brood movement away from shortgrass with prairie dogs was lower than shortgrass without prairie dogs, but higher than agricultural lands for each year of the study.

4. This study suggests that complex processes influence how different habitats affect brood‐rearing activity of mountain plovers. Even though broods moved off nesting habitat of shortgrass occupied by prairie dogs, this habitat had the highest survival rate and is highly important to mountain plover reproductive success.

5. Synthesis and applications. In order to develop effective conservation strategies, the provision of adequate breeding habitat should include information on patterns of habitat selection for all stages of the breeding cycle, including the nesting and dependent young periods. From a conservation perspective, understanding the habitat use of young birds is critical when population dynamics show great sensitivity to survival of young. Previous studies on mountain plovers have suggested that nest success is similar among shortgrass prairie habitats and agricultural lands. Thus, conservation measures that increase nest success may be ineffective for mountain plovers unless they are accompanied by measures promoting chick survival.
Clinical relevance of Luminex donor‐specific crossmatches: data from 165 renal transplants
Authors: Billen E. V. A. , Christiaans M. H. L. , Van Den Berg‐Loonen E. M.
Published: June 2009

The clinical significance of the presence of donor‐specific anti‐human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (DSA) prior to renal transplantation detected solely by solid‐phase techniques remains unclear. This study was designed to determine the clinical relevance of the recently introduced bead‐based Luminex donor‐specific crossmatch (LumXm). A group of 165 patients transplanted between 1997 and 2001 were tested. Of 165 recipients transplanted with a negative complement‐dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch, 32 proved to have a positive Luminex crossmatch. Sixteen were positive for class I, 15 were positive for class II, 1 was both class I and II positive and 133 recipients were negative. Acute rejection (AR)‐free survival for all recipients was 77%, and there was no difference in AR‐free survival between LumXm‐positive and LumXm‐negative recipients. Overall graft survival after a median follow‐up time of 8 years was 56%. Recipients with a positive class I LumXm had worse long‐term graft survival (P = 0.006). In recipients with a positive class I LumXm, 5‐year graft survival was 41%vs70% in negative patients and 10‐year graft survival was 27%vs56%. Positivity for class II LumXm was not a significant risk factor for graft failure (P = 0.7). In conclusion, pretransplant DSA detected by the LumXm had no impact on AR episodes. Class II LumXm positivity proved no significant risk factor for graft failure, but the value of the class II LumXm is questionable. A positive class I LumXm resulted in worse long‐term graft survival compared with a negative one.
A2hA1 a New Variant of Ah, in two Group A Members of an English Family.
Authors: Yoak D. , Stapleton R. R. , Bowley C. C.
Published: June 2009

Summary. The A2hA1 bloods are characterised by the absence of H from their red cells while possessing an A antigen of ‘A2’ status.

They are Le(a +) and the salivas contain Lea but not A or H substances.

The sera contain a normal anti‐B and a cold (4°C) anti‐H.

The sera do not contain the Bombay type (37°C) anti‐H nor do they contain anti‐A1.

Theoretical considerations are discussed for the inheritance of the trait and of possible biosynthetic pathways whereby an A antigen can be produced in the absence of demonstrable H on the red cells.
Microwave Elution of Red Cell Antibodies
Authors: Torloni A.S. , McCullough J.S. , Brecher M. E. , Triable L.J. , Hill M. G.
Published: June 2009

Using a commercial microwave oven (750 W, 2,450 MHz), we compared the use of microwave energy to the commonly used method of acid‐glycine elution (Elu‐Kit II, Gamma Biologicals, Houston, Tex., USA) to elute antibodies from direct antiglobulin test positive red blood cells (RBC). Using a 33% suspension of RBCs in cold saline (1–6°C) in a polypropylene test tube, the microwave technique was comparable for eluting Rh (except anti‐c and anti‐e) and Kell and superior for eluting Duffy, Kidd antibodies while acid‐glycine was superior in eluting S and s antibodies. Consistent results were obtained using the microwave technique when the RBC suspension reached temperature of 57–64°C. Heat or the rate of temperature rise appears to play an important role in the microwave elution process although other not yet identified microwave properties may also be a factor. Microwaves are a quick (8 s) alternative to well‐established methods of elution and have shown to give consistent results in our study. Commercially available microwave ovens vary substantially in power, making it necessary to perform an initial calibration of the microwave in order to determine a location within the microwave cavity where exposure to microwaves will consistently achieve temperatures of 57–64°C in all cell suspensions.
First Case of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn due to Anti‐Ula Antibodies
Authors: Sakuma K. , Suzuki H. , Ohto H. , Tsuneyama H. , Uchikawa M.
Published: June 2009

The first case of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to anti‐Ula antibodies is described. The infant had severe anemia with a positive direct antiglobulin test with anti‐IgG that required blood transfusion. But jaundice was not severe enough for exchange transfusion or phototherapy.
Renal functional effects of simultaneous bilateral single‐tract percutaneous access in pigs
Authors: Handa Rajash K. , Johnson Cynthia D. , Connors Bret A. , Gao Sujuan , Evan Andrew P. , Miller Nicole L. , Matlaga Brian R. , Lingeman James E.
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

To present our findings of simultaneous bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy (sbPCNL) on bilateral renal haemodynamic and excretory function in an in vivo pig model, as despite sbPCNL being a treatment strategy for patients with bilateral renal stones, the functional response of both kidneys to such a procedure is unknown.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nine anaesthetized female pigs (≈70 kg) had a single‐tract PCNL procedure in the left kidney and then the right kidney in one session (sbPCNL). Percutaneous access was achieved by a 30 F balloon dilator system. Bilateral renal function was measured before, 1.5 and 4.5 h after sbPCNL and included glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (RPF), renal extraction of para‐aminohippurate (EPAH, a measure of the efficiency of tubular organic anion transport), urine flow (UV), absolute sodium excretion (UNaV) and fractional sodium excretion (FENa).

RESULTS

Both kidneys had similar baseline haemodynamic and excretory function, and showed comparable changes after sbPCNL. Bilateral GFR and RPF decreased by ≈35% at 1.5 and 4.5 h after sbPCNL; EPAH was reduced to a similar degree in both kidneys at 1.5 h after sbPCNL and remained depressed throughout the observation period; bilateral UV and UNaV progressively decreased by ≈30% and ≈60% at 1.5 and 4.5 h after sbPCNL, respectively; bilateral FENa did not significantly change at 1.5 h after sbPCNL but decreased significantly by ≈50% at 4.5 h.

CONCLUSIONS

Both kidneys responded in a similar fashion after sbPCNL, with declines in haemodynamic and excretory function. These bilateral functional responses were comparable to those previously reported after unilateral PCNL, and help to reduce concerns that PCNL of both kidneys in one session could lead to greater functional complications, at least acutely.
Sex differences in the expression profile of acid‐sensing ion channels in the mouse urinary bladder: a possible involvement in irritative bladder symptoms
Authors: Kobayashi Hideki , Yoshiyama Mitsuharu , Zakoji Hidenori , Takeda Masayuki , Araki Isao
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expressions and sex differences of acid‐sensitive ion channels (i.e. ASIC and transient receptor potential channel V1, TRPV1; both key receptors for extracellular protons that might underlie the acid‐evoked pain perception) and other nociceptive ion channels in the mouse bladder.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mucosa and muscle layers of the urinary bladder were separately taken from male and female mice. The gene expressions of ASIC subunits, TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPM8 were quantified using real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The localization of ASIC protein was explored using immunohistochemistry. Continuous‐filling cystometry was used to examine the effects of capsazepine, a TRPV1 blocker, on the bladder response to acetic acid.

RESULTS

ASIC1 was the dominant ASIC subunit expressed in bladder epithelium, whereas both ASIC1 and ASIC2 were expressed in bladder smooth muscle. ASIC3 expression was much less abundant, but localized in the subepithelial region. In the mucosa, the ASIC1 gene was more highly expressed in male than in female mice, whereas the expression level of ASIC2 in the bladder muscle was higher in female than in male mice. The expression of TRPV1 in the bladder showed a sex difference (male < female), but it was much lower than ASIC genes. Furthermore, the intravesical administration of 100 µm capsazepine showed no effect on bladder irritation by acetic acid. TRPA1 and TRPM8 did not show sex differences in their expression.

CONCLUSION

The expression of ASIC subunit in the bladder was abundant and showed significant sex differences. Thus, ASICs might be involved in the sex difference in the bladder response to acidic irritation.
Results of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after chemotherapy in patients with pure seminoma in the orchidectomy specimen but elevated serum α‐fetoprotein
Authors: Peterson Matthew , Beck Stephen , Bihrle Richard , Einhorn Lawrence , Foster Richard
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine the incidence of necrosis, teratoma, and active cancer in specimens at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) after chemotherapy in patients who presented with a pure seminoma primary tumour and an elevated serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP) level at diagnosis who underwent surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective review of the Indiana University testis cancer database from 1980 to 2004 was performed to identify all patients with metastasic germ cell cancer, pure seminoma in the orchidectomy specimen, and an elevated AFP level. In all, 42 patients were identified; two with nonseminomatous germ cell cancer in the contralateral testicle were excluded.

RESULTS

RPLND pathology in the 40 patients showed necrosis in 13 (32.5%), teratoma in 12 (30%), and cancer in 15 (37.5%). The histological subtype of the 15 cancer specimens at RPLND was pure seminoma in two, embryonal in three, yolk sac in seven, variant in one, and mixed elements in two (one with seminoma and yolk sac, and one with embryonal and variant). In all, 20 patients presented with a serum AFP level of <1000 µg/mL with nine (45%) having teratoma only in the retroperitoneum in contrast to 20 patients with an AFP level of >1000 µg/mL with three (15%) having teratoma only in the retroperitoneum (P = 0.04). The level of serum AFP did not predict for active cancer in the retroperitoneum (P = 0.5).

CONCLUSIONS

RPLND in patients after chemotherapy who presented with pure seminoma in the orchidectomy specimen and an elevated AFP do not have a high probability of finding necrosis only in the RPLND specimen. In fact, the prevalence of persistent cancer is higher compared with the general group of patients that have RPLND after chemotherapy.
Characterizing the obesogenic environment: the state of the evidence with directions for future research
Authors: Kirk S. F. L. , Penney T. L. , McHugh T.‐L. F.
Published: June 2009

Despite the explosion of obesogenic environment research within the last decade, consensus on what constitutes the very environment we are trying to measure has not yet been reached. This presents a major challenge towards our understanding of environmental research for obesity, and the development of a desperately needed contextualized evidence base to support action and policies for curbing this epidemic. Specifically, we lack the application of a cohesive definition or framework, which creates the potential for confusion regarding the role of the environment, misinterpretation of research findings and missed opportunities with respect to possible avenues for environmentally based interventions. This scoping review identified primary studies and relevant reviews examining factors related to body mass index, diet and/or physical activity with respect to the obesogenic environment. Using a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the obesogenic environment, the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO), we identified 146 primary studies, published between January 1985 and January 2008, that could be characterized according to the dimensions of ANGELO. Gaps in the literature were clearly identified at the level of the macro‐environment, and the political and economic micro‐environments, highlighting key areas where further research is warranted if we are to more fully understand the role of the obesogenic environment.
ARCHAEOMETRICAL INVESTIGATION OF SICILIAN EARLY BYZANTINE GLASS: CHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC DATA*
Authors: ARLETTI R. , GIACOBBE C. , QUARTIERI S. , SABATINO G. , TIGANO G. , TRISCARI M. , VEZZALINI G.
Published: June 2009

A series of early Byzantine glasses, recovered in Ganzirri (Sicily, Italy), was analysed for major, minor and trace elements. All the analysed fragments were found to be natron‐based silica–lime glass. Concerning minor and trace elements, the samples can be divided into two groups: glass with high Fe, Ti and Mn contents (HIMT glass) and glass with low levels of Fe, Ti and Mn. These results, strictly in agreement with literature data for glass of the Mediterranean region, can be interpreted as a consequence of the wide trade network established in this region and of the intense circulation of raw glass and artefacts from different Mediterranean areas. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy studies at Fe and Mn K‐edges, performed on HIMT glass, indicate that Fe is in the oxidized form while Mn is in the reduced form.
Doing social volcanology: exploring volcanic culture in Indonesia
Authors: Donovan Katherine
Published: June 2009

Social volcanology refers to the integration of social science research methods into the traditionally physical domain of volcanology. This emerging multi‐methodological research area draws from many disciplines in order to examine hazard‐mitigation strategies that are community focused. A key facet of social volcanology is the role of culture and this paper explores the influence of traditional cultural values in relation to the 2006 volcanic crisis at Mt Merapi (Java). This paper describes the complex amalgam of cultural and socio‐economic factors that influence community reactions to volcanic hazards and demonstrates the need for interdisciplinary hazard research.
Maternal height and length of gestation: Does this impact on preterm labour in Asian women?
Authors: CHAN Ben Chong‐Pun , LAO Terence Tzu‐Hsi
Published: June 2009

Background: Both maternal height and ethnicity may influence the gestation length, but their independent effect is unclear.

Aim: This study was performed to examine the relationship between maternal height and gestational length in women with singleton pregnancies in a Chinese and southeast Asian population.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on women carrying singleton pregnancies with spontaneous labour in a 48‐month period managed under our department to determine the relationship between maternal height, expressed in quartiles, with the mean gestational age and incidence of preterm labour.

Results: Of the 16 384 women who delivered within this period, the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile values of maternal height were 153 cm, 156 cm and 160 cm respectively. Excluded from analysis were 6597 women because of multifetal pregnancy, teenage pregnancy (maternal age ≤ 19 years old), induction of labour or elective caesarean section, or incomplete data due to no antenatal booking in our hospital. Significant differences were found in the maternal weight and body mass index, incidences of multiparity and smokers, gestational age and birthweight among the four quartiles. There was significantly increased incidence of preterm birth between 32 and 37 weeks gestation in women with shorter stature.

Conclusions: In our population, maternal height has an influence on gestational length, and the lower three quartiles was associated with increased odds of labour at > 32 to < 37 weeks. This effect should be taken into consideration in the adoption of international recommendations in obstetric management and intervention.
Mid‐trimester amniotic fluid C‐reactive protein, ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations and subsequent risk of spontaneous preterm labour
Authors: BORNA Sedigheh , MIRZAIE Fatemeh , ABDOLLAHI Alireza
Published: June 2009

Background: Preterm delivery is a serious problem in obstetrics. A pre‐existing inflammation in the first half of gestation has been proposed as a possible condition that leads to preterm delivery.

Aim: Our aim was to compare C‐reactive protein (CRP), ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations in mid‐trimester amniotic fluid of patients with preterm and term deliveries and to found out their predictive values for preterm delivery.

Methods: The study was conducted on 90 pregnant women who underwent genetic amniocentesis between the 15th and the 20th weeks of gestation. The samples were carried immediately to the laboratory for cytogenetic and biochemical examination. Non‐parametric tests and receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis were used for statistical purpose.

Results: This study showed women with preterm delivery at < 37 weeks (n = 17) had a higher median of amniotic fluid LDH concentration than those women who delivered at term (n = 73) (P = 0.003). Amniotic fluid LDH concentration of > 120 IU/L had a sensitivity of 59% and a specificity of 81% in the prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery at < 37 weeks. Maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein levels were higher in patients delivered preterm compared with term deliveries (P = 0.036).

Conclusion: Mid‐trimester LDH is found to be quite effective in the prediction of preterm delivery. Pre‐existing intrauterine inflammatory process early in gestation may be an important risk factor for preterm delivery.
Variation in pika (Ochotona collaris, O. princeps) vocalizations within and between populations
Authors: Trefry Sarah A. , Hik David S.
Published: June 2009

Understanding geographic call variation can resolve evolutionary and behavioural questions, yet the factors influencing divergent acoustic signals remain poorly understood in mammals. We explored call variation between collared pikas in Yukon and Alaska and American pikas in Alberta, and between individuals within a population of collared pikas. Classification trees were used to determine the extent of call divergence between populations and the elements of calls driving these differences. Pika populations had significant differences in call structure, and individual pikas were classified to their correct populations with up to 94% accuracy. To investigate possible mechanisms responsible for interspecific variability, we tested the acoustic adaptation hypothesis by using a playback experiment to explore whether American and collared pika calls transmit with less degradation across their own species' habitat than the habitat of their congener. We found no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis. Geographic call variation in these two species of pikas likely reflects genetic divergence, and may be a result of separate evolutionary histories. We calculated the potential for individual coding for both time and frequency measurements of calls. High frequency harmonics showed greater between‐ than within‐individual variation, and may act as sources of information regarding individual identity.
Constitutively lower expressions of CD54 on primary myeloma cells and their different localizations in bone marrow
Authors: Iqbal Mohd S. , Otsuyama Ken‐Ichiro , Shamsasenjan Karim , Asaoku Hideki , Mahmoud Maged S. , Gondo Toshikazu , Kawano Michio M.
Published: June 2009

To evaluate nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activity in primary myeloma cells from myeloma patients, we confirmed that the expression levels of CD54 showed a good correlation with the levels of DNA binding activity for NF‐κB in human myeloma cell lines, and thus analyzed the expression levels of CD54 on CD38(++) plasma cell fractions as one of NF‐κB activity. Primary myeloma cells unexpectedly showed constitutively lower expressions of CD54 than normal bone marrow (BM) plasma cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of CD54 on these plasma cells showed a significant correlation with the plasma levels of CXCL12 stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α) in their BM aspirates, and the expressions of CXCR4, the receptor for CXCL12, decreased on primary myeloma cells compared with normal BM plasma cells. It was also confirmed that the addition of CXCL12 to the in vitro culture significantly induced the up‐regulation of CD54 expression in primary myeloma cells. In addition, myeloma cells with lower expressions of CD54 were more unstable in the in vitro culture, resulting in a marked reduction of the viable cell number. In the immunohistochemical analysis of BM aspirates, myeloma cells with lower CD54 expression resided in the perivascular regions. Therefore, these data suggest that primary myeloma cells exhibit constitutively lower CD54 that might be partially regulated by CXCL12, and their localizations in the BM may be associated with the expression levels of CD54.
Nuclear expression of YB‐1 in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: correlation with disease activity and patient outcome
Authors: Xu WenLing , Zhou LeiLei , Qin RuJuan , Tang HuaRong , Shen HuiLing
Published: June 2009

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlations among Y‐box binding protein‐1 (YB‐1) and P‐glycoprotein(P‐gp) and their prognostic significance in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The expression of YB‐1 and P‐gp was examined immunohistochemically on 68 patients with DLBCL who were treated from 2003 to 2005. Samples were paraffin‐embedded newly diagnosed DLBCL tissues taken from the surgical specimens before adjuvant chemotherapy. We determined the prognostic significance of YB‐1 and its relationship with P‐gp in patients with DLBCL. Of the 68 tumors examined, 42 (61.8%) were positive for YB‐1 expression in the nucleus. The nuclear expression of YB‐1 was significantly associated with clinical stages, bone marrow involvement, extra nodal involvement, and poor response to chemotherapy. No associations were observed between P‐gp and clinical features, in context of the poor response to chemotherapy. Nuclear expression of YB‐1 was correlated significantly with increased expression of P‐gp patients with a nuclear YB‐1 tumor had a poorer prognosis than did those with a cytoplasmic YB‐1 tumor in all of the DLBCL patients (P = 0.035). Thus, correlation of YB‐1 and P‐gp emerged as a possible biomarker for unfavorable prognosis in DLBCL. It may provide useful information for clinicians to determine the appropriate therapy for each type of DLBCL.
Correlation Between Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) and Sexual Function in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Impact of Treatment of LUTS on Sexual Function
Authors: Jung Jae Hun , Jae Sung Uk , Kam Sung Chul , Hyun Jae Seog
Published: June 2009

Introduction

Although many reports have shown a relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and sexual function (SF), it is not known which symptom(s) among LUTS should be treated to improve SF.

Aim

Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate correlations between LUTS and SF and to determine which symptom(s) should be improved to increase SF.

Main Outcome Measure

The correlation between the severity of LUTS and erectile dysfunction (ED) was investigated, and changes in LUTS were compared and analyzed to determine which symptom(s) should be eliminated to improve SF.

Methods

The correlation between LUTS and SF was investigated in 365 men (62.04 ± 8.26) with benign prostatic hyperplasia. To measure the severity of the LUTS and ED, the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), frequency of nocturia, uroflowmetry, residual urine, transrectal ultrasonography, and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 were performed at the first visit. After 3 months of treatment with α-blockers (n = 304), they were assessed again to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.

Results

All parameters of LUTS (IPSS, age, residual urine, uroflow rate, and nocturia) except prostate volume correlated significantly with the total and each domain of IIEF-5 (P < 0.01). After 3 months, the changed scores in the IPSS-VD domain and IPSS-quality of life (QoL) correlated significantly with the improvement in total IIEF-5 and the domains of IIEF-5 (P < 0.05). The changed rates of the mean uroflow correlated significantly with the improvement in total IIEF-5 and the EF domain (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Among the LUTS parameters, improvement in the IPSS-VD domain, IPSS-QoL, and mean uroflow significantly correlated with an increased score in the IIEF-5 EF domain. Thus, it is expected that the improvement of voiding symptoms and uroflow will be associated with the improvement in erectile function.
Increased Cavernosal Relaxations in Sickle Cell Mice Priapism are Associated with Alterations in the NO-cGMP Signaling Pathway
Authors: Claudino Mário Angelo , Franco-Penteado Carla Fernanda , Corat Marcus Alexandre Finzi , Gimenes Ana Paula , Passos Luiz Augusto Correa , Antunes Edson , Costa Fernando Ferreira
Published: June 2009

Introduction

Priapism is defined as prolonged and persistent penile erection, unassociated with sexual interest or stimulation, and is one of the many serious complications associated with sickle cell disease (SCD).

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the NO-cGMP signaling pathway in priapism in Berkeley murine model of SCD (SS).

Methods

SS mice and C57BL/6 mice (control) penile tissues were removed and the erectile tissue within the corpus cavernosum (CC) was surgically dissected free. The strips were mounted in 10 mL organ baths containing Krebs solution at 37°C (95% O2, 5% CO2, pH 7.4), and vertically suspended between two metal hooks.

Main Outcome Measures

Cumulative concentration-response curves were constructed for acetylcholine (ACh; endothelium-dependent responses), sodium nitroprusside (SNP; endothelium-independent relaxations) and BAY 41-2272 (a potent activator of NO-independent site of soluble guanylate cyclase) in CC precontracted with phenylephrine. Cavernosal responses induced by frequency-dependent electrical field stimulation (EFS) were also carried out to evaluate the nitrergic cavernosal relaxations.

Results

In SS mice, ACh-induced cavernosal relaxations were leftward shifted by 2.6-fold (P < 0.01) that was accompanied by increases in the maximal responses (78 ± 5% and 60 ± 3% in SS and C57B6/6J mice, respectively). Similarly, SNP- and BAY 41-2272-induced CC relaxations were leftward shifted by approximately 3.3- and 2.2-fold (P < 0.01) in SS mice, respectively. A significant increase in maximal responses to SNP and BAY 41-2272 in SS mice was also observed (113 ± 6% and 124 ± 5%, respectively) compared with C57B6/6J mice (83 ± 4% and 99 ± 2%, respectively). The EFS-induced cavernosal relaxations were also significantly higher SS mice.

Conclusion

These results showed that SS mice exhibit amplified corpus carvenosum relaxation response mediated by NO-cGMP signaling pathway. Intervention in this signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target to treat SCD priapism.
Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation Influences Sexual Behavior in Female Rats
Authors: Andersen Monica L. , Alvarenga Tathiana A.F. , Guindalini Camila , Perry Juliana C. , Silva Andressa , Zager Adriano , Tufik Sergio
Published: June 2009

Introduction

Sleep disturbances are a frequent complaint in women and are often attributed to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Rodents have been used as models to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on hormonal and behavioral changes. Among the many comorbidities common to sleep disorders, sexual behavior remains the least well studied.

Aim

To determine whether paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) can affect sexual receptivity (male acceptance) and proceptivity (male solicitation) behaviors in female rats.

Methods

Female Wistar rats were subjected to PSD or were maintained as controls. After this period, the estrous cycle (proestrus, estrus, and diestrus) was determined, and all females were placed with a sexually experienced male. In order to investigate the role of hormones in sexual behavior, we included additional groups that were artificially induced to be sexually receptive via administration of a combination of estradiol and progesterone.

Main Outcome Measurements

Receptivity and proceptivity behaviors, as well as progesterone and corticosterone concentrations were monitored.

Results

Selective sleep loss caused a significant increase in proceptivity and receptivity behaviors in females exclusively during the proestrus phase. The rejection response was increased in PSD rats during the estrus and diestrus phases, as compared with PSD-receptive and proestrus females. PSD reduced progesterone levels during the proestrus phase relative to the respective control group during the same phase of the estrous cycle. The PSD-proestrus females that displayed the most robust sexual response exhibited greater concentrations of corticosterone than PSD-diestrus females, with an absence of sexual solicitation behaviors.

Conclusions

PSD produced a distinct response in the hormonal profile that was consistent with the phase of the estrous cycle. These results show that sleep loss can affect sexual motivation and might lead to important clinical implications, including alterations in female physiology and reproductive abnormalities.
Party Size, Ideology, and Executive‐Level Representation in Advanced Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: FORESTIERE CAROLYN
Published: June 2009

How do party size and ideology matter for executive‐level representation in parliamentary systems? This paper attempts to answer this question by providing and analyzing comparative data on 105 parties across 16 advanced parliamentary democracies. The electoral performance of each party is assessed, alongside the extent of each party's legislative and executive representation over time, from roughly 1945 to 1995. Two main conclusions are derived from the analysis. First, concerning party size, larger parties tend to be overrepresented in government‐level institutions while for smaller parties the evidence is mixed, since almost half of the smaller parties in the data set have never achieved executive‐level representation. Second, concerning party ideology, center parties have been largely overrepresented in executive institutions while left‐wing parties have been the most systematically underrepresented in the 16 countries.

¿Qué tanto importan el tamaño del partido y su ideología para la representación a nivel ejecutivo en los sistemas parlamentarios? Este articulo trata de responder esta pregunta al proveer y analizar información comparativa de 105 partidos a través de 16 democracias parlamentarias avanzadas. La actuación de cada partido es evaluada junto al grado de la representación legislativa y ejecutiva a través del tiempo, aproximadamente desde 1945 hasta 1995. Dos conclusiones principales se derivan del análisis. Primero, en relación al tamaño del partido, los partidos grandes tienden a ser sobre‐representados en las instituciones al nivel del gobierno mientras que para partidos más pequeños la evidencia es mixta, ya que casi la mitad de los pequeños partidos en el conjunto de datos nunca han logrado representación a nivel ejecutivo. Segundo, en relación a la ideología, los partidos de centro han sido mayormente sobre‐representados en las instituciones del ejecutivo mientras que los partidos de izquierda han sido los más sistemáticamente sub‐representados en los 16 países.
Diabetic foot ulcer burden may be modified by high‐dose atorvastatin: A 6‐month randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: JOHANSEN Odd Erik , BIRKELAND Kåre Inge , JØRGENSEN Anders Palmstrøm , ORVIK Elsa , SØRGÅRD Beate , TORJUSSEN Bjørn Rino , UELAND Thor , AUKRUST Pål , GULLESTAD Lars
Published: June 2009

Background:  Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), with a complex pathogenesis. Treatment is difficult and no single treatment with measurable clinical impact is available. In the present clinical pilot trial, we investigated whether statins could be of use against some of the pathogenic factors in DFUs.

Methods:  Thirteen diabetic patients (10 men; 11 with Type 2 DM; mean age 64 years; mean duration of DM 18 years) with neuropathic DFUs <4 months were randomized to treatment with either 10 mg (six patients; six ulcers) or 80 mg (seven patients; nine ulcers) atorvastatin for 6 months in addition to conventional DFU care (i.e. prompt debridement, DFU pressure relief, and management of any underlying infection).

Results:  There were no significant differences in background factors (i.e. HbA1c 8.9%, micro‐ and macrovascular complications, concomitant medications) or DFU characteristics (duration, surface area, grading) between the two groups. All ulcers in the group receiving 10 mg atorvastatin healed, compared with six of nine ulcers in the group receiving 80 mg atorvastatin (NS). However, two previously healed DFUs recurred and six new DFUs developed in the low‐dose group compared with none and one, respectively, in the high‐dose group (P = 0.048). There was a significant decrease in C‐reactive protein (−1.5 mg/L; P = 0.044) and a non‐significant trend towards beneficial effects on lipids and the ankle–arm blood pressure index in the high‐dose compared with the low‐dose group.

Conclusions:  We observed a possible beneficial effect of 6‐months high‐dose atorvastatin on DFUs, which should be tested in appropriately sized prospective studies.
Optical coherence tomography is helpful in the diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia
Authors: Holmström Gerd , Eriksson Urban , Hellgren Kerstin , Larsson Eva
Published: June 2009

Purpose:  To investigate whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) is helpful in the diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia in children.

Methods:  Children with albinism and aniridia were examined with Stratus OCT 3 software 4.0.1 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA). A qualitative examination of the macular area was performed with a 128 A‐scans/second‐single‐scan. Macular thickness was measured quantitatively with an automatic fast macular map protocol. The average thickness/volume of the macula was presented as numerical values and as a false colour code in nine modified early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) areas (A1–A9). A previously collected control group of children was used for comparison.

Results:  Macular thickness in 13 children with albinism and three children with aniridia was measured with OCT. Comparison with healthy children in the same population was performed. Patients with albinism and aniridia had significantly thicker central macula (A1) and foveola than children in the control group.

Conclusion:  OCT was found to be useful in the diagnosis of foveal hypoplasia in children.
Nanodispersion of quercetin and ferulic acid
Authors: Pourmorad F. , Honari S. , Ebrahimzadeh M. A. , Hosseinikhah F.
Published: May 2009

Using natural compounds such as flavonoids in combination therapy methods in various diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are under special consideration. Unfortunately poor solubility of flavonoids is a significant limitation in preparing pharmaceutical dosage forms. It is reported that preparing nanoparticles can overcome poor solubility problem of the compounds. The oil/water nanodispersions are a group of preparations in which the poorly soluble drugs could be dissolved in the oil core and/or adsorbed on the O/W interface. In this study, dispersion of flavonoids, quercetin (QC), and ferulic acid (FA) was prepared by solvent diffusion method in organic phase and lecithin. After adding the dispersion to the aqueous phase, ultrasonication and ultracentrifugation were carried out. A mixture of emulsifier and water were added and the mixture was ultrasonicated again. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure at 50°C using nitrogen-purged vials. The particles were evaluated for size and size distribution, zeta potential (ZEN 3000, Malvern, England), shape, percent entrapment, and in vitro release. Differential scanning calorimetry method was used to understand the thermotropic properties and phase transition behavior. Droplet size of nanoparticles of QC and FA was 298±14 and 289±14nm, respectively. The scanning electron microscope results show that the particles were spherical and majority of them were unilamellar.
Nanoscratch-induced deformation of single crystal silicon
Authors: Wu Y. Q. , Huang H. , Zou J. , Dell J. M.
Published: May 2009

The nanoscratching-induced deformation of monocrystalline Si has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that amorphization and formation of crystalline defects are two dominant phenomena associated with the scratching processes. TEM analyses reveal that amorphization occurs at extremely small scratching loads. Stacking faults and twins are nucleated at a smaller load than that for dislocation. Dislocations start to nucleate along Si {111} planes when the normal scratching load is greater than a threshold value and penetrate deeper into the Si subsurface with the increasing load. Both normal load and tip radius have significant influence on the deformation, which are somehow different from those associated with nanoindentation and nanogrinding.
Configuration control of carbon nanotube probe in atomic force microscopy
Authors: Xu Z. W. , Fang F. Z.
Published: May 2009

To precisely control the nanotube probe’s length and orientation, focused ion beam (FIB) milling and irradiation processes are utilized in the study. The carbon nanotube (CNT) probes’ length is optimized by FIB milling and the end of the CNT probe after FIB processing is found to be a round end with a fullerenelike cap. Using ion beam irradiations method, the carbon nanotube probes are bended and aligned to the desired orientation due to the strain introduced by the ion beam and CNT’s excellent plastic ability as well. The evaluation of carbon nanotube probe’s metrology performance is also made by correlating CNT probe structures with the probe’s atomic force microscopy (AFM) images resolution. It is found that the CNT probe can well overcome the bending response effect on the image resolution if its lateral force constant is larger than 0.086 N/m and CNT probe’s angle is less than 30°. The nanotube probe after FIB alignment shows high image resolution, and it can detect an edge with vertical angle of 88.374°, which a common pyramid-shaped AFM probe is not capable of doing. It is also confirmed that the probes with fullerenelike cap end show higher imaging resolution than those with an open end.
Fabrication of TiO2 and Ag wires and arrays using opal polystyrene crystal templates
Authors: Sawangphruk Montree , Foord John S.
Published: May 2009

Monodispersed polystyrene (PS) colloids suspended in an aqueous phase with diameters of 46±2.0 and 903±9nm were employed to deposit opal templates on electrically conductive diamond substrates using a drop-dry method. Ordered close-packed polystyrene opals were produced in the case of the larger PS spheres. In contrast the smaller spheres exhibited a more disordered packing and produced a periodic arrangement of linear voids as a result of the capillary forces operating during the drying process. The PS arrays produced in this way were infiltrated with titania colloidal solution (particle size of 230nm), followed by drying, dissolution of the PS and calcination. This produced inverse opal titania in the anatase phase for the 903nm PS spheres, whereas it is shown that the structure using the smaller PS spheres is dominated by microwire arrays as a result of the linear voids present in the original template. It is shown that electrochemically deposited Ag also adopts a similar microstructure when using this template.
Efficient mold manufacturing for precision glass molding
Authors: Dambon Olaf , Wang Fei , Klocke Fritz , Pongs Guido , Bresseler Bernd , Chen Yang , Yi Allen Y.
Published: May 2009

Precision glass molding is an efficient near net shape fabrication method for high volume production of aspherical optical glass components. Up until now, the mold manufacturing is still the most cost- and time-consuming process partly due to the fact that the shrinkage error of glass has to be compensated for by means of multiple molding trials and mold modifications (this process is sometimes called mold iteration). The main reason for shrinkage is the different thermal expansions of mold and glass materials during forming and cooling, many other factors such as uneven cooling speed and stress relaxation affect molding process and thus lead to complex form deviation in final geometry. In this paper, an efficient mold manufacturing process with integrated numerical simulation is presented in the form of a case study of an industrial molding example. Taking into account the shrinkage error predicted by process simulation, revised molds are manufactured directly with compensated design. After molding test with the compensated molds, the surface figure of the molded glass lenses was in good agreement with the desired shape within ±1 μm, which matched the original accuracy requirement and no further mold compensation was needed. Based on the result of this work, it is clear that numerical simulation can be used as an efficient tool to predict the final geometrical shape of precision molded glass components, which leads to an efficient mold manufacturing with lower production cost and a shorter cycle time.