bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Retest Effect Impact Test Performance of Repeaters in Different Subgroups?
Authors: Zhou Jiawen , Cao Yi
Published: June 2020

In this study, we explored retest effects on test scores and response time for repeaters, examinees who retake an examination. We looked at two groups of repeaters: those who took the same form twice and those who took different forms on their two attempts for a certification and licensure test. Scores improved over the two test attempts, and repeaters taking the same form twice tended to have larger score gains than those taking different forms. This trend was more salient for female examinees than male and for White and Hispanic/Latino examinees than examinees from other ethnicity groups. In addition, over a third of the examinee responses were incorrect on the same form for both attempts, indicating that the knowledge required for these items was not addressed after these repeaters failed their initial attempt to answer those items correctly. Factors that may be related to these findings are discussed.
Effect of hot smoking treatment in improving Sensory and Physicochemical Properties of processed Japanese Spanish Mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius
Authors: Baten Md. Abdul , Won Na Eun , Mohibbullah Md. , Yoon Sung‐Joon , Hak Sohn Jae , Kim Jin‐Soo , Choi Jae‐Suk
Published: June 2020

Japanese Spanish Mackerel (JSM) Scomberomorus niphonius (Cuvier 1832) is an important commercial fish species in South Korea. The postharvest handling, preservation, and storage of JSM have not been clearly understood, and therefore, it is very often oxidized to produce off‐flavor while marketed as the raw or frozen state. To overcome these problems, the present study was designed to adapt the hot smoke processing technique for improving the sensorial, physicochemical, and microbial qualities of JSM with extended shelf life. The hot smoking (70°C) with different sawdusts at the different smoke times (0, 20, 25, and 30 min) was applied to process JSM fillet. The smoked JSM obtained higher sensory attributes (appearance, odor, taste, color, texture, and overall preferences) and suppressed bacterial growth, pH, volatile base nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive species, and trimethylamine N‐oxide at an optimum smoking time of 25 min using oak sawdust. Moreover, it possessed higher nutritional value and beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 4.19 g/100 g, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 1.82 g/100 g. The smoked JSM product extended shelf life up to 42 days at 10°C storage temperature. The overall findings indicate that the hot smoking technology with JSM could be effective in achieving good sensorial, nutritional, and functional attributes to the consumer.
Oil and Gas in the Age of COVID‐19 —Where Do They Go From Here?
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: June 2020

Within the global financial chaos caused by the impacts of COVID‐19, the oil and natural gas production industry has been hit unusually hard. At the onset of the pandemic, oil was already experiencing severe market distress, as global supply exceeded global demand. OPEC had tried to craft a cutback in production, which then turned into a price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia, driving a dramatic decline in global crude oil prices. Then, as the global pandemic emerged and the response of almost all major consuming nations was to bring travel, industry, and workplace commuting to a screeching full stop, the resulting collapse in demand allowed the oil industry to give an object lesson in supply‐demand economics. The bottom fell out of the crude oil price both internationally and domestically for the United States. Figure 1 charts the price of US crude oil at the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) index at Cushing, Oklahoma, from 2007, when the shale era began, to the current situation (the chart presents the data on a rolling‐monthly‐average basis, to smooth out the high level of daily volatility experienced over that entire 13‐year period).
The Once and Future Argentine Energy Sectors
Authors: Makholm Jeff D.
Published: June 2020

When I began this series of columns in 2015, one of the first was a reflection on the problems of assessing and characterizing international energy.1 Local customs, terms, and methods of regulation are rarely comparable. There are few international energy markets and almost no international legal or political standards for practical energy regulation. What is more, the reasons why democratic governments regulate as they do often reflect legislative, policy, or regulatory reactions in response to strong public opinion stemming from long‐forgotten sources of public frustrations.
Preconception subsidized insurance: Prenatal care and birth outcomes by race/ethnicity
Authors: Palmer Makayla
Published: June 2020

Low‐income pregnant women have been Medicaid eligible since the 1980s, but the Affordable Care Act (ACA)'s expansion of Medicaid to women preconception has the potential to improve pregnancy and birth outcomes by removing delays in Medicaid enrollment. More substantially, the ACA expanded subsidized nongroup maternity coverage. Pre‐ACA, nongroup health insurance had generally excluded maternity coverage and was prohibitively expensive for low‐income individuals, but the ACA's creation of the Marketplace made maternity coverage mandatory and provides income‐based subsidies. I use a simulated eligibility approach to measure how these two aspects of the ACA impacted pregnancy and birth outcomes for first‐time mothers, paying special attention to racial‐ethnic differences. I find expanding Medicaid to women prior to pregnancy significantly improves the share of women with a prenatal care visit in the first trimester for non‐Hispanic Whites and Blacks. Expansions in non‐Medicaid subsidized insurance, such as Marketplace insurance, significantly reduce the share of births paid by Medicaid and increased breastfeeding across all racial and ethnic groups. Neither type of subsidized insurance had significant, robust impacts on birth outcomes.
What the thyroid cancer patient wants to know: ThyCa survey by the American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section
Authors: Dhillon Vaninder K. , Silver Karcioglu Amanda , Bloom Gary , Randolph Gregory , Lango Miriam
Published: June 2020

Objective

To survey a large cohort of thyroid cancer survivors from ThyCa on information needs and expectations of their treatment to better understand the pretreatment counseling, information, and support needs of this population.

Methods

Anonymous survey of thyroid cancer survivors.

Results

One thousand one hundred twenty‐four patients with thyroid cancer participated in the survey. Three hundred sixty‐two (37.44%) reported not having had a full understanding of their treatment plan and 407 (46.41%) reported that their thyroid cancer treatment did not conform to expectations. Patients diagnosed at younger ages were significantly more likely to report inadequate understanding of the treatment, failure of treatment to meet expectations, and call for greater attention to psychological well‐being. Older patients were more likely to report unexpected effects on speech and swallowing. Regardless of age, patients most frequently called for greater attention to management of energy levels (endorsed by 61% of respondents), psychological well‐being (50%), and weight changes (48%).

Conclusions

Improvements are needed in age‐specific communication of thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment.
An information model‐based interface design method: A case study of cross‐channel platform interfaces
Authors: Chiu Ming‐Chuan , Wu Jia‐Jiu
Published: June 2020

Interface design involves large amounts of information and many complex processes. However, existing interface design methods have not addressed the potential to allocate information volume reasonably and effectively. In addition, current usability testing methods do not customize the weights of usability criteria for different displays. This study addresses the problem of too much information in the early stages of interface design and introduces the use of weighted usability criteria for developing different types of the user interface (UI) displays. An information model that can reasonably distribute information to varied interfaces to improve usability is presented. Using the analytic hierarchy process to weight usability criteria according to UI type, the proposed method generates convincing and objective usability test results. It handles the overall processing and effectively distributes information within a reasonable range, allowing designers to improve UI usability levels. Our findings compare the performance of an original interface and an improved interface, resulting in significant differences for both websites and mobile phone apps. This study provides a systematic interface design method enabling developers to use a core set of directions for developing more engaging interfaces and customizing usability criteria according to display type, resulting in more sophisticated and rewarding UI designs.
Prediction of post‐freshman year dental student performance
Authors: Houston JB , Collins T
Published: June 2020

The orientation of the remedial education program was changed as a result of this study. By using freshman achievement to aid in prediction of later performance it was found that inefficient students could be identified much earlier with reliable accuracy (R equal to 0.9). Although the computer program did not produce a reliable formula for the prediction of specific problem disciplines, it allowed a preventive as well as a remedial mechanism to assist the inefficient student.
Role of the dental technician in professional education
Authors: Harrison A , Stephens AP
Published: June 2020

This survey has documented the current role of dental technicians in dental schools in the United States. This role is still rather minor, but it is significant. Some suggestions for improving the situation have been made. A further survey of this kind should be made again in 3–5 years, at which time a comparison with this survey may reveal a developing pattern and some better clues to the future.
Survey of undergraduate endodontic curricula
Authors: Serene TP , Spolsky V
Published: June 2020

A survey of undergraduate endodontic curricula in 67 United States and Canadian schools has been carried out. The response rate was 82%, with 2 of the 53 responses being incomplete. The major findings were as follows: 1. There was an extremely wide range in curriculum hours, but the average number of clock hours (46 hours) for the preclinical lecture and laboratory period compared favorably with the minimum recommended in 1965. 2. The average of about six teeth treated during the clinical period also compared favorably with the minimum recommended in 1965. 3. The average time required for each clinical case (11 hours per tooth) might suggest a critical reevaluation of teaching methods and philosophy.
Financial record‐keeping simulation in the dental auxiliary utilization clinic
Authors: Barron EG , Waller RR
Published: June 2020

A financial record‐keeping and billing simulation program which is part of the Dental Auxiliary Utilization (DAU) didactic and clinical experiences has been reported. Evaluation of student performance has demonstrated a satisfactory level of accomplishment. The students' performance may reflect their awareness regarding the importance of understanding the management of the financial affairs of a dental practice.
Impact of a conference institute taught by individualized instruction
Authors: Mackenzie RS
Published: June 2020

The results indicate that a CI based on individualized, flexible instruction succeeded in aiding acquisition and retention of new knowledge, fostering interactions between dental educators interested in educational research, augmenting a positive feeling toward educational research, and changing the subsequent professional activities of the participants. Data collected and analyzed during a five‐year period following a five‐week CI on educational research indicate the following: 1. The participants acquire, retain, and use an appreciable amount of information taught in a brief time period. 2. Instructional materials sent in advance for voluntary study have little influence on acquisition of knowledge. 3. Informal interactions between participants are an important part of the learning process at a CI. 4. Activities at the home institution do not shift to new broad categories to any appreciable extent, but changes in specific activities directly related to the goals of the CI were observed.
An experience in dental education in Sweden
Authors: Bawden JW
Published: June 2020

On the basis of a one‐year experience as a visiting professor at the University of Lund School of Dentistry in Malmmo, Sweden, the author discusses dental education in the Swedish system and compares it to its American counterpart. The power and independence of the department chairmen and the absolute dependence on research productivity as the criterion for advancement in the academic hierarchy are pervading influences in Swedish dental education. It is difficult to undertake curriculum study and revision in Sweden and to achieve coordination in the educational program. Research efforts in the Swedish schools are of high quality and are remarkably prolific.
Skills analysis of a class I amalgam restoration in a mandibular right first molar
Authors: Salvendy G , Joost MG , Ferguson GW , Wilko RA , Cunningham PR
Published: June 2020

1. Students changed their body position 32% more often than instructors during amalgam condensation. 2. Experienced instructors used 38% fewer strokes than students to condense the amalgam. 3. On the average, instructors used 65% less time per condensation stroke than students. This was not due to ability to move the instrument more quickly, since both students and instructors had similar minimum stroke times, but rather to the fact that instructors performed slowly less often. 4. The upstroke during condensation required nearly the same time for both students and instructors (an eight percent difference). It was the downstroke that was greatly different (a 96% difference). 5. Instructors repeated condensation strokes 22% more often than students, working more systematically with less “jumping around” in the cavity. 6. The total number of carving strokes was not related to experience. 7. Students repeated carving strokes more often than instructors. 8. Students and instructors tended to use the same length of strokes in carving. 9. There was a noticeable difference between instructors and students in the method used to grasp the instruments.
Effect of student academic ability on learning from programed text, slide‐tape, and lecture
Authors: Emling RC , Gellin ME
Published: June 2020

The results of this study demonstrate that the programed text, slide‐tape, and lecture do not differ greatly in effectiveness at any ability level. This fact eliminates the potential nightmare of having to assign dental students to different teaching formats according to academic ability. Future research should concentrate on the long‐range effect of self‐instructional materials, especially for the development of the effective study habits and self‐reliance, which may be particularly important for low academic ability students. It is possible that academic ability is not the most important factor in matching students to teaching formats. Perhaps student personality characteristics will yield more useful guideposts for tailoring teaching to the student's best advantage.
Systematic procedure for determining criterion scores
Authors: Luebke NH
Published: June 2020

The present study describes a systematic method for determining a criterion score in criterion‐referenced measurement. Reliable estimates were obtained by using only three judges who were subject matter experts. This demonstrates that the method can be applied to the test performance levels of individuals who are required to meet the objectives for a subject matter area. The present study showed that reliable judgments could be made even on subject matter of an advanced nature.
Educational value of a university‐sponsored community dental clinic: a three year student evaluation
Authors: Freed
Published: June 2020

The overall assessment of the clinic experience by the students was positive. Response to the open‐ended questions showed that a number of students took pride in the Venice clinic and that they gained a great deal of personal and professional satisfaction from being able to provide service to people in a low‐income and minority community. Almost 90% stated that their understanding of health problems of the poor was improved; 75% felt that their ability to relate to patients from different backgrounds was broadened; and 45% expressed more willingness to practice in a low‐income area. This community setting also enlarged the scope of the students' clinical experience. Over 50% saw pathological conditions that they had not viewed previously. In addition, over 90% of the students did at least 50% more work, and over half of these performed twice as much treatment.
Trial State Boards as a teaching technique
Authors: Kane GV
Published: June 2020

Trial State Boards call upon the dental hygiene student to pull together all the skills and knowledge accumulated during the course of studies before facing the actual Board of Dental Examiners. It has been the experience of many in the field of dental hygiene education that the anxiety created in a testing situation is largely a result of unknowns. At the Ohio State University, the Trial State Board is viewed as an effective means of eliminating some of the anxiety (by eliminating some of the unknowns) and thereby of helping the student to be more relaxed and to emerge with a more accurate evaluation of his or her abilities in terms of taking the licensing examination. Although this process is time consuming, the results seem well worth the time. For the clinical faculty the review by dentists, who do not normally see the students in the clinic, is of great value. Once the testing is over and the dentists have completed their evaluations and comments, these are reviewed by the members of the clinical faculty. A specialized program can be worked out for each student needing additional help to correct any deficiency before graduation. For some the idea of holding a Trial State Board will be a new concept in the traiing of dental hygiene students. For others it may already be part of the training program. For all involved in the education of members of the health professions it is worth considering as both a teaching tool and a learning experience.
A fourth‐year orthodontic elective in an educational group practice
Authors: Marcotte MR
Published: June 2020

An educational group practice is described in which a fourth‐year dental student actively observes and participates in orthodontic decision making and treatment delivery. The student takes part in patient treatment under the direct supervision of a second‐year orthodontic resident. The residents reinforce the skills which the students learn in class and laboratory. In this way an effective learning experience results for both the resident and the fourth‐year student. Students also attend patient care conferences, where treatment points of view and sequences are discussed. In this way, students have a first‐hand glimpse of what a career in orthodontics might be like.
A dental school hypertension screening program
Authors: Abbey LM , Keener LH , Raper AJ
Published: June 2020

This paper has described a hypertension screening program at the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry. The program, which has been in operation for over two years, incorporates referral to a physician and a system of repeated follow‐ups. The results indicate that the program has been successful in that 134 of a total of 141 patients with suspected hypertension have been successfully referred.
Pass/fail versus A‐F grading: a comparative study
Authors: Hall DL , Taft TB
Published: June 2020

This study compared achievement when one half of a class was assigned to take a course on a pass/fail basis and the other half received a letter grade. The unique characteristics were as follows: (1) students were assigned to A‐F and pass/fail groups rather than allowed to choose the grading system, (2) virtually no other course competed for study time, and (3) the course constituted a major field of study for the student. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in achievement on three separate examinations.
Computer‐generated profile of 846 endodontic cases
Authors: Madden RM , Spata TH , Kopecki JP
Published: June 2020

Endodontic patient registration, evaluation, and initial treatment information have been collected and incorporated into an automated evaluation system. The potential of the system has been demonstrated with the generation of a profile report that reflects subjective and objective pulp testing responses and the initial treatment of 846 patients.
Improving evaluation of amalgam restorations
Authors: Salvendy G , Joost MG , Cunningham PR , Ferguson GW , Wilko RA , Dees RW
Published: June 2020

A predictive model of overall quality of performance is presented which might assist both dental students and dental faculty by increasing the reliability of clinical and laboratory evaluations. Training effectiveness can be improved by identification of those restorative skills which contribute most to the quality rating of restoration.
The teaching of pharmacology in dental schools in the United States and Canada
Authors: Kahn N , Neidle EA
Published: June 2020

The teaching of pharmacology in dental schools in the United States and Canada was studied through an analysis of information provided by course directors of 58 schools. The study focuses on the number of courses taught and their position in the curriculum, the faculty and their professional qualifications, the length and content of courses, the textbooks used, methods of teaching, and examinations and other criteria for grading.
Designing and implementing relevant courses in dental management
Authors: Domer LR , Berger PK , Wallace MJ
Published: June 2020

1. Dentist managerial behavior as defined by the dimensions described here is significantly related to dental team effectiveness. 2. Dental management courses and clinical experiences should be based, at least in part, on these dimensions of dentist managerial behavior.
Use of a problem‐oriented dental record in undergraduate dental education
Authors: Tryon AF , Mann WV , DeJong N
Published: June 2020

This paper describes how the concepts and methods of problem‐orientation have been applied in the clinical education of dental students. It makes the point that the problem‐oriented dental record is only one part of a complete system which has five interrelated components. The problem‐oriented dental record is discussed in detail, and the paper includes examples of all four sections of the record. All sections of the record are interrelated, and the steps in identifying and resolving problems follow a logical sequence: (1) collect the data base, (2) write the cue list, (3) write the problem list, (4) write the initial plan, (5) write the final plan, and (6) record progress. The problem‐oriented dental record is seen as a tool for patient care, audit, and education. The main advantage lies in the way information is organized and recorded. The record is highly communicative and permits everyone involved an opportunity to relate the data collected to the problem list and to the decisions made regarding how problems will be resolved. The record and the systems were borrowed from Weed and are being adapted for use in dentistry. Although still in the trial stages, this system has proven to have many more advantages than other record‐keeping systems and is invaluable as a tool for education. In the future we plan to use computers to help store and retrieve data from these records. We anticipate that a dental education built on this record will have a lasting impact on the graduates' approach to patient care. This should result in a graduate who is conversant with medical colleagues and systematic in the collection of data, listing of problems, and resolution of patient problems. Finally, we believe that the problem‐oriented dental record is also a good tool to help the dental graduate become more empathetic with patients and more aware of their total health needs. The record provides a mechanism for recording physical and emotional information as well as the oral status.
An examination model for monitoring clinical competency in operative dentistry
Authors: Livaditis GJ , Mastrola FW , Bradbury  , Maddox EP , Dopson
Published: June 2020

A model for a clinical competency examination has been presented. Extensive efforts were exerted in standardizing the procedures, the criteria, and the examiners. In addition, the examination was designed to permit isolation and documentation of errors in various phases of a class II amalgam restoration.
Experiences with a training course in patient counseling
Authors: Eijkman MA , Karsdorp NE , Boeke B , Karsdorp‐Bimmerman EH
Published: June 2020

A program in patient counseling for dental students is described. The main objective of the present course is to make the students more aware of their own behavior and to train them in patient‐centered behavior. In an effort to evaluate the effects of the training, a pilot evaluation study was completed. Students who had completed training two weeks before the study showed more nondirectiveness, empathy, warmth, and acceptance than students without such training. Seven months after the training a learning effect was evident as well.
A curriculum for primary care dentistry
Authors: Rovin S
Published: June 2020

This paper is a discussion of curricular planning with respect to primary care dentistry. It is meant to be anticipatory, although the proposals contained are transitional and evolutionary rather than abrupt. It is intended to be suggestive rather than authoritarian and exemplary rather than definitive. Many of the recommendations and suggestions are already operative in dental education, albeit in limited or experimental form. An overview of both the content and the process of a primary care dental curriculum is presented, and several specific recommendations for curricular change are submitted. Among the more salient recommendations are (1) changing the admissions process to attract to dentistry those most qualified for primary care; (2) moving the basic sciences into the predental curriculum during the initial phase in the development of primary care dentistry; (3) substantially increasing the amount of behavioral science in the dental curriculum; (4) placing curricular emphasis initially on diagnosis and expanding the competence of the primary care dentist in endodontics, periodontics, pedodontics, orthodontics, and prevention; (5) initiating student group practice as the vehicle for patient care; (6) including intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary training as integral components of primary care curricula; (7) extending the curriculum; (8) establishing general practice or primary care residencies either as an intracurricular experience or as a postdoctoral requirement; (9) reorganizing dental school clinics and clinical training to reflect primary care curricular goals; (10) making more rational use of existing auxiliaries, the eventual goal being auxiliaries who perform most of the routine functions; and (11) ultimately integrating dentistry into medicine so that the future primary care practitioner receives both medical and dental training. It is obvious that the extent to which any of these recommendations will be implemented depends on a great deal more than what happens within a dental school. There are many putative countervailing forces which can make implementation difficult; on the other side of the ledger, these same forces might be propitious. As an illustration, the staggering financial constraints imposed on the dental schools can cause us to throw up our hands in despair or can impel us to look carefully at what we are doing, ask why we are doing it, and by building on what is sound and discarding the antiquated and irrelevant, reassemble our curricula to meet public need better than we have been doing…
An expanded model for extramural dental clinics
Authors: Pride  , Chambers DW
Published: June 2020

The extramural program at the University of the Pacific School of Dentistry is described. The program is designed to facilitate the students' transition from a school clinic to dental practice after graduation. Management skills are taught by providing supervised experience in a model practice setting. Five major facilities are described along with the curriculum modifications made to permit all students to spend eight four‐day weeks in these remote sites. The quality control mechanism is discussed as well as four key concepts developed in the six‐year experience of operating this program.
An outreach cancer education program: a model for continuing education in the dental office
Authors: Sabes WR
Published: June 2020

During the period 1970–1973, only 2.5 percent of the dentists practicing in Kentucky attended cancer continuing education courses offered by the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry. In the fall of 1973 a different approach to cancer education was launched: Learn about Oral Cancer in Your Office. Self‐instructional materials, developed in the College of Dentistry, were taken to the dentist's office on an appointment basis. This method had great appeal and significantly increased the number of dentists involved in cancer continuing education. Other positive results of this approach were a greater awareness on the part of the dentist of his role in cancer detection, a desire amont the participants to alter the pattern of practice to include cancer detection techniques, and exposure of dental auxiliary personnel to cancer education material.
Dental practice management game: a new tool for teaching practice management
Authors: Reisman A , Emmons H , Morito S , Rivaud J , Green EJ
Published: June 2020

This paper describes the structure of a dental practice management game. The game covers a wide spectrum of management decisions in setting up and in running a dental practice. The decisions considered include practice location, the form of practice, staffing mix, salaries, and the purchasing or leasing of equipment. The game also covers major daily, monthly, and yearly decisions including forecasting patient load, economic analysis, and scheduling of patients, workers, and operatories. The paper also discusses the cost and time required to run the game. Many sample printouts are included.
A survey of human genetics in the dental school curriculum
Authors: Sanger RG , Stewart RE
Published: June 2020

A survey of American dental schools was conducted to determine the extent to which genetics is currently taught. Results indicate that there is a stronger emphasis at the postdoctoral level than at the predoctoral level and that the approach to teaching genetics tends to multidisciplinary. Some dental schools have already given organizational status to genetics and have instituted clinical activities in orofacial or craniofacial genetics. Considerable interest was shown in audiovisual materials and autotutorial programs in genetics. A greater emphasis on the teaching of genetics at the predoctoral, postdoctoral, and continuing education level is recommended. More trained orofacial geneticists are needed to support didactic and clinical activities within the dental schools.
Genetics in the postdoctoral dental curriculum
Authors: Stewart RE , Sanger RG
Published: June 2020

Over the past decade, genetics has played an increasingly important role in both predoctoral and postdoctoral dental programs. In an effort to define the scope of genetics education at the postdoctoral level, this paper outlines desired learning objectives and presents a curriculum model which has proven effective in meeting these objectives.
Correlation between preclinical and clinical grades
Authors: Massler M , Evans J
Published: June 2020

This study indicated that grades for preclinical performance in the restorative laboratory were seldom predictive of the same student's performance in the clinic and should be used very carefully by promotions committees in evaluating a student's potential for success.
Faculty practice: advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Klooster J
Published: June 2020

In considering the advantages and disadvantages of full‐time dental faculty members involved in private practice, some suggestions for coping with problems represented by the disadvantages have been cited. Faculty members may find a more satisfactory climate for the patient service aspect of their professional activity in a system where several options are made available from which a teacher may select his preferred office environment and practice style.
How will dental education adapt to the third‐party payment system?
Authors: McLeran JH , Gardner TV , Montgomery JC
Published: June 2020

An increasing number of dental patients will contract for and pay a third party to assume the fiscal responsibility for their dental care. Dental schools, through faculty and students, regularly provide the most carefully monitored, high quality dental services. Dental schools must continue to provide these services in the most “deinstitutionalized” and personalized manner possible. Third parties, whether commercial or governmental, must assure their clients (dental patients) of comprehensive dental coverage and reimbursement policies that are realistic, equitable, and based only upon receiving quality coverage. The quality of the dental educational system is essential to the success of any dental health care program.
Contract grading in community dentistry
Authors: Zucker SB , Odom JG , Cheney HG , Fretwell LD
Published: June 2020

Dental educators are constantly searching for ways to improve the affective environment within dental education. To enhance dental student independence and motivation while reducing anxiety, the authors implemented a contract grading teaching and evaluation technique within their community dentistry courses. This paper reports on faculty and student experiences with the contract grading system. The findings suggest that style of teaching and evaluation may enhance a more personalized understanding of course material and reduce student anxiety during the learning process.
Mastery learning strategy applied to a preclinical course in endodontics
Authors: Tidmarsh BG
Published: June 2020

Student learning is the primary aim of the educational process. Learning is facilitated by designing courses that remove many of the inhibitory factors inherent in conventional lecture/demonstration methods. The development of resource material, testing methods and the changed role of the teacher in Mastery Learning techniques are discussed.
Sample size needed for student ratings of instruction
Authors: Mast TA , Lange AL , Patridge MI
Published: June 2020

The number of evaluation forms students are asked to complete is multiplying. To reduce that number, the present study determines the minimum sample size needed for accurate student ratings of instruction. Typical questionnaire items using four‐ and seven‐category ratings scales were studied. Data for four class sizes (40, 60, 100, 140) were sampled in graduated sizes, and a standard error of the mean was computed for each sample size. A permissible error index was computed to estimate the accuracy of ratings obtained from any sample size needed for the four different class sizes. Figures are presented from which minimum sample sizes necessary for accurate student evaluation of instruction can be computed. The figures show that sampling only one‐third of classes of 100–140 students is sufficient to obtain accurate evaluations.
Comparison of traditional and experimental expanded function dental hygiene students in hand scaling
Authors: Mescher KD
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether an expanded function dental hygiene curriculum prepared students to perform traditional dental hygiene clinical procedures at the same level of competency as a traditional dental hygiene curriculum. Hand scaling was selected as the most appropriate procedure to evaluate. Fourth‐year dental hygiene students enrolled in a special expanded function curriculum were compared to fourth‐year students enrolled in the traditional dental hygiene curriculum during a controlled one‐day experiment. Results indicated no statistically significant differences between the two student groups in the performance of scaling procedures as measured by number of tooth surfaces on which calculus remained. It was concluded that the University of Iowa expanded function dental hygiene curriculum prepared students to perform hand scaling procedures at a competency level comparable to that of the traditional curriculum.
Survey of curriculum and instruction: continuing education courses in pain control
Authors: Dionne RA , Campbell RL
Published: June 2020

Pain and anxiety control is taught at the continuing education level in a large number of diverse courses. This paper reports the results of a survey of those courses offered in 1976. The majority of courses centered on the use of inhalation or intravenous sedation. Relatively few courses were offered on the other aspects of pain and anxiety control. Very little attempt is being made at formally evaluating the competence of participants in these courses. Few courses appear to adequately cover the prevention and management of complications. Based on these findings, changes are suggested in the teaching of pain and anxiety control at the continuing education level.
A dental library current awareness service
Authors: Mason F , Kopel HM
Published: June 2020

A simple, manual current awareness service at the University of Southern California School of Dentistry, designed to provide the user with photocopied tables of contents from selected journals, is described. Other available current awareness and selective dissemination of information services are discussed, and a general comparison and cost analysis is made between the USC program and SDILINE. The service was evaluated by means of a questionnaire distributed to the 30 faculty participants. Results indicate that the service is of value in the teaching and research programs of the school, and has a high degree of user acceptance. Cost of the service is minimal considering the benefits to the faculty.
A progress report on six year's experience with a flexible, modular dental curriculum
Authors: Allen DL , Collett WK
Published: June 2020

A flexible, modular curriculum, using self‐instructional teaching packages, was implemented in 1972 with the first class of students at the University of Florida College of Dentistry. With only minor modifications in design, this program has been utilized continuously since that time. A reaction to the preconceived advantages and disadvantages of this system is presented. In general, the program has been well received, and is considered a feasible and appropriate approach to dental education.
Eliminating some unexpected effects of the dental student admission process
Authors: Waldman HB
Published: June 2020

The admission process has long emphasized criteria which ensure successful completion of dental school and licensing requirements. However, little attention has been paid to the long term career consequences of the process and the effects on the present and the future delivery of dental service. In view of changing demands for dental services, an effort is made to encourage dental school faculties to consider the consequences of their continued adherence to traditional approaches to admission.
An analysis of behavioral contingencies in clinical teaching
Authors: Mackenzie RS , Heins PJ , Holbrook W , Low SB , Kramer M
Published: June 2020

Principles of a contingency management were applied in analyzing student reports on clinical instruction. In behavioral science, a contingency is a relationship between a behavior and its effect. The analysis identifies contingencies arranged by clinical instructors that unintentionally interfere with learning. The faculty responded to the findings by planing changes to overcome the problems identified. Prior to the study, many of the problems uncovered were not recognized by the faculty. Students are usually not open about such sensitives areas of feedback. If dental faculty members of other institutions do not feel that similar findings apply to their schools, the authors recommend that they conduct an analogous study.
The improvement of technical skills in preclinical courses
Authors: Silvestri AR , Cohen SN , Singh I
Published: June 2020

One hundred fifty‐four freshmen dental students were administered a fine motor ability test prior to and at the completion of a series of preclinical technique courses. The pre‐ and posttest performances were compared for each student to determine whether an improvement of technical skill had occurred. The pre‐ and posttests were also graded using the rank ordered method. The number of students who demonstrated improvement in technical skill was compared to the number of students who improved in grades to establish whether the change in grades was indicative of the observed change in technical skill. Most students improved in technical skill; however, grades did not reflect this improvement.
An analysis of the decline in dental school applicants, 1975–1978
Authors: Graham JW , Kinsey RB
Published: June 2020

There has been a significant reduction over the past three years in the number of applicants to dental school. This paper, which is based on an analysis of over 30 variables contained in the American Association of Dental Schools Application Service data bases for the 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1978 entering class years, indicates that only four of these variables are related to the decline in applicants: (1) region of parents' residence, (2) grade point average, (3) college major, and (4) parents' socio‐economic status. The decline in applicants from the socio‐economic lower middle class documented here once again raises the possibility that access to dental education is being denied to the economically disadvantaged.
Dental school of graduation in relation to dentist location
Authors: Johnson DW , Ake JN , Holz FM
Published: June 2020

This is a statistical study of the 1976 location, by region and state, of the active civilian dentists of the United States in relation to the dental schools from which they graduated. The focus of the study is a master matrix table which shows state‐by‐state distribution of the graduates of each dental school and, conversely, where each state obtained its dentists, by individual dental school of graduation. Comparisons are made with similar data from several studies since the early 1950s, certain relationships and trends are identified, and a few projections are made to 1990. The study provides detailed information useful to organizations and individuals studying dental manpower and who are planning dental educational facilities and programs. A most important aid in such planning is information not only on the location but also on the sources of present dentist manpower.
Health for and by the people
Authors: Nikiforuk G , Nikiforuk M
Published: June 2020

The need to extend the search for health beyond the current efforts to control disease is emphasized by citing the deficienceis of the current health care model systems. The escalating costs of health care delivery, the emphasis of the current system on treating episodic illnesses rather than chronic disabilities, and the fact that the health care system has less of an impact on health status than socio‐economic and life style factors represent major deficiencies in health care delivery. Further, the fragmentation and specialization in education and health care, the exclusion of behavioral science teaching, and the teaching of behavioral determinants of diseases are additional deficiencies of health professions education. The need to develop clear and explicit national health policies, including monitoring of health both of people and communities using indices that relate not only to diseases but also to the qualitative aspect of life, is viewed as an essential prerequisite for the health care system. The assignment of much greater priority to the training of a community health worker and health educator is stressed.
Q factor analysis applied to describe attitudes toward dental care
Authors: Willard DH , Luebke NH , Nesterenko A
Published: June 2020

This study used a modified form of Q factor analysis to introduce students to methods to identify and describe patient and provider attitudes toward dental care. Factor analysis of questionnaire results and a person by person correlation matrix allowed students to compare their own attitudes with those of their patients, faculty, and significant people in their lives. Results indicate certain issues regarding dental care on which all subjects agree. Subjects grouped themselves along different factors according to the relative importance each issue had for them. By identifying these issues and groupings, students had a systematic description of their specific “dentist‐patient relationship.” By including clusters of people significant in their own lives, students became personally involved in the purpose, methods, and results of the analysis.
Minimizing costs for casting gold alloy in student preclinical courses and commercial laboratory clinical use
Authors: Parker LA , Mahoney RF
Published: June 2020

With inflation producing a consistantly rising price for casting gold alloy, student use in preclinical courses and clinic use in commercial laboratory castings represent a significant cost to the student and the school. The New Jersey Dental School has developed and instituted a plan to decrease student cost and manage commercial laboratory fees by the purchase of a year's supply of gold. Students use the gold alloy and pay only for lost amounts, while the school replaces the gold used by the commercial laboratory.
Inclusion of a program of instruction in care of the disabled in a dental school curriculum
Authors: Stiefel DJ
Published: June 2020

Lack of practitioner training is considered a major reason for dental neglect of disabled persons. The feasibility of instruction in the care of the disabled for dental and dental hygiene students at the undergraduate level was demonstrated in a prototype program encompassing a continuum of didactic courses, clinical experiences in extramural and intramural settings, inservice training and continuing education, interdisciplinary activities, and evaluative research. Successful implementation of such a program required developing and using appropriate support systems, such as instructional materials, social services, public relations, and monitoring of care delivery. A format combining specific courses with inclusion of disability subject matter in existing courses appeared to be advantageous in intergrating the program into the dental curriculum. Evaluation data indicated the value of undergraduate training in improving access to dental care for the disabled patient.
Teaching clinical problem solving in preclinical occlusion courses
Authors: Cohen SN , Silvestri AR
Published: June 2020

The teaching of the basic principles and concepts of occlusion can be enhanced. Preclinical occlusion courses are made relevant to the clinical experience by introducing clinically related problem‐solving exercises. These exercises develop a student's clinical problem‐solving skill and create an excitement for active learning in the preclinical laboratory. Examples of these exercises are presented.