bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note on an Early Indian Coin
Authors: Barnett L. D.
Published: January 2010

The Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India for 1936–7 contains, among other interesting matter, a report by the late Mr. N. G. Majumdar on the excavation of a large and evidently important building at Lauriya Nandangarh, which seems to date from at least the second century B.C. Among the many things found here is a square leadin coin or token with the mould in which it was cast (pp. 49 f., pl. xxiv, 2–4). This bears on one side the device of the tree in rail and on the other taurine symbol surmounted by a legend in Brāhmī script of about the first century B.C., a ya ri ta sa, which Mr. Majumdar interpreted as Aya Ritasa, Pkt. corresponding to Skt. Ārya Rtasya, and meaning “Of the Honourable Rta”. He remarks that this “does not sound like a king's name …. It is thus possible that the lead piece represents a token and not a coin. Otherwise it would be hard to explain the discovery of a coin mould in the remains of religious establishment”. He thus seems inclined to regard it as a token issued by or for some religious teacher named in Skt. Rta and in Pkt. Rita.
A propos de l'auteur de la récension Bradley de la Grande Chronique d'Ayuthia
Authors: Burnay Par J.
Published: January 2010

IL est de règie de diviser les chroniques siamoises en deux classes: 1˚ les chroniques courtes, sommaires, (, skt sanhhepa), et 2˚ les chroniques longues, développées, (, skt vistdra).

Cette classification, purement formelle en son principe, coïncide pourtant avec la classification génétique de ces textes, du moins en gros. Les chroniques longues semblent dérivées d'une recension de la fin du XVIII e siècle; au contraire, les rapports des chroniques courtes entre elles et avec la recension longue sont fort loin d'être clairs.
An aspect of the forger's art in early Islamic poetry
Authors: 'Arafat W.
Published: January 2010

A study of the poetry of the Sīra shows that a high proportion of it is the work of more or less professional forgers who supplied narrators with poems especially prepared to suit the narrative and appeal to the audience whose outlook towards the events of early Islam had undergone considerable change. Two or three generations after the final victory of Islam and the death of the Prophet, the persons as well as the events of that era were becoming part of pasthistory. Past events had begun to take a different form and when viewed acrossthe years they appeared like a panorama in which only certain high points werevisible, and different landmarks were differently placed in relation to each other. Time had produced a shift of interest and a change in outlook, andcertainpersons were becoming more legendary and less human.
Comments on third-century Shan-shan and the history of Buddhism,
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

The early centuries of the Christian era are of crucial importance for the history of the Buddhist religion. It is customary to ascribe to this periodthe emergence and development of the Mahāyāna; and by the latter half of the second century A.D. , towards the end of the Later Han dynasty, Buddhism hadspread as far as China, where the earliest of the long succession of translatorswere beginning to produce Chinese versions of Indian Buddhist texts, both Hīayāna and Mahāyāna. A detailed and connected narrative of this remarkable expansion of the religion would form one of the most fascinating chapters in theearly history of Asia. Such a narrative, nevertheless, cannot be written: the surviving information is fragmentary, interpretation is often uncertain, theproblems numerous and intractable. Encouraged by sheer exiguity of primary historical evidence, many modern scholars have consecrated to this period whole
The Khotan Dharmapada
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

The famous manuscript in Kharoṣṭhī script which contains an anthology of Buddhist verses similar to the Sanskrit Udānavarga and the Pali Dhammapada became known first in 1892, when portions came into the hands of MM. Dutreuil de Rhins and Grenard in Khotan. They were told that the MS. had been found in the ruins of the Vihāra at the Gośṛnga hill (on this site see M. A. Stein, Ancient Khotan, pp. 185 ff.). Other portions were acquired by the Russian Consul-General in Kashghar, M. N. Th. Petrovskii, and were sent by him to M. S. F. Oldenburg in St. Petersburg in February, 1897. In the same year, 1897, M. Oldenburg prepared a photograph and transcription of one folio of the St. Petersburg collection, which was published and presented by the Oriental Faculty of the University of St. Petersburg to the Eleventh International Congress of Orientalists held in Paris in 1897 (Predvaritel'naja zametka o buddijskoj rukopisi, napisannoj pismenami Kharoṣṭhī, St. Petersburg). Meantime, also in 1897, the portions of the MS. which had been brought to Paris were placed in the hands of M. Émile Senart, who published his reading and interpretation of the MS., with five facsimiles, in the Journal Asiatique (1898, ii, pp. 193–308). He used in addition to the text published in facsimile a large number of small fragments, and was also able to add the readings of that part of the St. Petersburg manuscript which contained half-lines fitting into his fragment B. M. Senart remarked that the portion of the MS. in St. Petersburg was more extensive and better preserved than the portion in Paris.
Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

One of the greatest Persian poets, Afḍal al-Dīn Ibrāhīm Khāqānī, is still insufficiently known to the public. Only in 1937 was his Dīvān printed in Tehran, and before that date the readers had to content themselves with an inconvenient Indian lithograph published some seventy years ago. The long Mathnavī (Tuḥfat al 'Irāqayn) in which the poet describes his pilgrimage accomplished in 551–2/1156–7 is available only in Indian lithographs.
A Turkish-Khotanese Vocabulary
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

Among the unexpected discoveries from the treasure of Central Asian manusćripts found in Tun-huang is a manuscript now belonging to the Fonds Pelliot in the Bibliothèque Nationale, numbered P 2892. This manuscript contains 184 lines of text in the cursive Brahmi script usual in Khotanese manuscripts. In lines 1–165 (mid-line) is written an excerpt in Khotanese from the medical text Siddhasāra corresponding to 5 v 4—14 v 4 of the Siddhāsara published in facsimile in Codices Khotanenses (1938), of which a transliterated text has been in print since December, 1941, in Khotanese Texts I. From the middle of line 165, after an elaborate mark of punctuation, there follow 19 lines of text in a Turkish dialect. It contains a vocabulary of ninety-seven Turkish words concerned with archery and parts of the body. Some of the words are glossed in Khotanese, and for some of these words the Turkish supplies the meaning. The date of the vocabulary may be the ninth or tenth century A.D. It would appear to be written down by a Khotanese scribe who wanted to learn Turkish.
Some Sanskrit Inscriptions of Arakan
Authors: Johnston E. H.
Published: January 2010

Professor E. H. Johnston's sudden death in October, 1942, was a grievous blow to Oriental research. Sir Richard Burn, called in by the authorities of Balliol College to go through his papers, found amongst them a rough manuscript article and other material on the Sanskrit inscriptions of Arakan, together with correspondence on the subject with Mr. G. H. Luce and other scholars who had supplied him with rubbings and photographs. As will be seen from the following letter to Mr. Luce, dated the 15th August, 1942, Professor Johnston was contemplating the preparation of this work for publication:

“I have not yet heard what is your opinion about publishing some of the Arakanese results now. Life is short and uncertain these days, and it will hardly be possible to get anything out in Epigraphia Birmanica for years to come. What I should like to do is to publish Ānandacandra's inscription, omittiṇg all I have said in the draft about the palæography and just mentioning the others, with a brief account of the coins and of the historical conclusions. For one thing it might attract the attention of linguists and lead to some ideas about the vernacular names; e.g. what language is Seviṅreṅ, assuming my reading to be correct? The fuller consideration of details could then be reserved till Epigraphia Birmanica is ready to come about.
A Spurious Folktale
Authors: Henning W.B.
Published: January 2010

Professor G. Vernadsky, well-known as an historian of ancient Russia, recently published an Ossetic folktale, which he had obtained from a Mr. Dzambulat Dzanty, an Ossete by birth, who in his turn stated that he had heard it (and written it down) in his youth, ‘in the village of Great Iron (Bolshoe OsetinsJcoe) at the time of hay-making (xosgärdän), June, 1910’, from an ‘old white-bearded man’ by name of Khulyx [] ‘The
Lame One’, who ‘was a poet himself and in some of his own works followed the pattern of the old Ossetian oral traditions’. As the old gentleman was ‘over seventy in 1910’, we cannot hope to consult him now about his sources or about the numerous strange words and expressions in the text presented, after an interval of 45 years, by Mr. Dzambulat Dzanty.
The Menāqib of Yakhshi Faqīh
Authors: Ménage; V. L.
Published: January 2010

In a passage found in all manuscripts of ‘Āshiqpashazāde's History of the Ottomans, and hence in the two editions ‘C’ and ‘G, the author relates that in 816/1413, when Meḥemmed I marched against his brother Mūsā, he himself—then a lad of about thirteen and evidently accompanying the army—fell ill and was left behind at Geyve (the township where the main road from Ankara to Constantinople crosses the Sakaria).
Vṛtti in the Daśarūpakavidhāya of the Abhinavabhāratī: a study in the history of the text of the Nāṭyaśāstra
Authors: Wright J. C.
Published: January 2010

The translation, included in this study, of the passages concerning vṛtti in the eighteenth chapter of Abhinavagupta's commentary on the Nātyaśāstra has been used as the starting-point for an attempt to determine the manner in which one small portion of the text and commentary reached their present confused state.
Observations on a new comparative Altaic phonology
Authors: Sinor Denis
Published: January 2010

The comparative Altaic phonology recently published by Professor Poppe is the third post-war attempt to give body to the theory of the genetic relationship of Altaic languages. In the recent spectacular renascence of Altaic studies two similar works have been published: one by Kotwicz, the other by Ramstedt. It is interesting to note that these surveys were published at a time when the genetic relationship of the Altaic language had already been tacitly admitted for about a century.
The last emperor of China
Authors: Ch'en Jerome
Published: January 2010

The publication of P'u-yi's autobiography is an occasion of great importance, not merely to sinologists and historians, but also to sociologists and political scientists, for the book contains a wealth of valuable information about the recent past of China, life in the Manchu court, particularly that of the author, and the technique of political education adopted by the Chinese Communists. The book itself is a unique document in two respects—it is the first autobiography of a Chinese monarch and this monarch's life spans the period from the medievalism of Aisin-Gioro to the Communism of Mao Tse-tung.
Clowns in the Szechuan theatre
Authors: Kalvodová Dana
Published: January 2010

The field of the various regional theatres, ti-fang-hsi which represent a substantial part of the traditional Chinese theatre, still remains largely unexplored. It has always been outside the scope of the interest of Chinese and European scholars, who have paid most attention to Yüan-ch'ü the drama of the Mongol era, to the K'un-ch'ü theatre, and lately also to Ching-hsi or Peking opera. The Peking opera is in fact one of the regional theatres by origin, but it occupies an exceptional position because it is distributed throughout China and is not localized in a specific part of the country like other ti-fang-hsi.
New Qatabāni inscriptions
Authors: Ghul Mahmud 'Ali
Published: January 2010

Major M. D. Van Lessen, M.C. (Royal Hampshire Regt.), has made available to me, in photographs and hand-made copies, about 30 inscriptions and graffiti which he had either acquired or come across on rocks and buildings during his tour of duty with the Aden Protectorate Levies. These inscriptions, most of which proved to be hitherto unknown or unpublished, will be numbered in a series under the name-of Van Lessen.
The dialect of Shahrud (Khalkhāl)
Authors: Yarshater E.
Published: January 2010

The object of this paper is to give preliminary information about Shāhrudi, one of the Iranian dialects spoken in Khalkhāl, the south-eastern province of Āzarbāijān lying between the Caspian province of Tālesh to the east, Ardabil to the north, Zanjān to the south, and Miyāna(j) to the west.

Our information about the Iranian dialects of Āzarbāijān, where a form of Turkish is the common language, has until recently been very defective. The scanty material available was summed up by Professor W. B. Henning in a recent article. Since then, however, several studies of the current dialects of Āzarbāijān have been published.
The Vaibhasika theory of words and meanings
Authors: Jaini Padmanabh S.
Published: January 2010

Among the many controversies between the Sautrāntika and the Vaibhāsika recorded in the Abhidharma-koś-bhāsya of Vasubandhu, 1 a large number are devoted to discussions of the reality of a Vaibhāsika category called cittaviprayukta-samslāras (tr. ‘pure forces’ by Stcherbatsky).2 The Vaibhāsikas enumerate thirteen such samskāras 3 and declare them to be distinct from the traditional three categories of dhannas, viz. rūpa (matter), citta (mind), and caitasikas (mental concomitants). Whereas the first ten of these samskāras have a bearing on the Buddhist theories of causation, unconscious
Indo-Turcica
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

In 1904 Dr. H. Stönner published as an appendix to a paper on Zentralasiatische Sanskrittexte in Brāhmīschrift aus Idikutšahri, Chinesisch-Turkistān, i, a short description of a fragment of Turkish in Brāhmi script containing forty lines of text with a Chinese text on the recto side. Its interest and importance for Turkish is evident. We have here a fully vocalized fragment of Turkish. It is therefore somewhat unexpected not to find more use made of it, after the references of Professor F. W. K. Müller in Uigurica [i], 1908, in the many recent publications of Turfan texts. In a brief note, A Brāhmi Aksara, in the JRAS, 1936, 92–4, reference was made to this publication of Dr. Stönner owing to its interest for Iranian studies. Shortly after the publication of that note it was possible to reach clearer views. It had been, however, intended to await the complete publication of the fragment of forty lines. But, since inquiries have made it likely that the publication cannot be expected for a considerable time, and Iranian studies are affected, it has seemed profitable to publish a brief study of the fourteen lines (25–38) already available. They suffice to supplement and correct the earlier note.
The word sunô in the Vendidād
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

The following conjecture which occurred to me owing only to the fact that Persian is my own language, is one of innumerable proofs for the great desirability and the real necessity for an adequate dictionary of the living Persian language.
Notes Sogdiennes
Authors: Benveniste E.
Published: January 2010

Me trouvant pour quelques jours à Londres à, la fin de Juillet 1936, j'ai voulu vérifier sur les manuscrits sogdiens du British Museum certains endroits où la lecture de M. Reichelt, bonne en général, mais établie sur des photographies, me semblait sujette à caution. Puis, constatant que l'examen des originaux fournissait plusieurs corrections au texte de l'édition, je me suis décidé à une révision plus large. Mais comme le temps me manquait pour la faire complète, j'ai dû me limiter: j'ai intègralement contrôlé tous les fragments bouddhiques et révisé partiellement (premières et dernières lignes assez endommagées et divers passages au milieu) les trois grands textes: Vimalakīrtinirdeśasūtra, Dhyānasūtra et Dhūtasūtra.
An Ancient Persian Practice Preserved by a non-Iranian People
Authors: Taqizadeh S. H.
Published: January 2010

It is indeed interesting to find sometimes a national practice of a people in. usage among another nation of quite different race, language, religion, culture, and habitation. This is, however, not a very rare thing if the custom in question was not forgotten, abandoned, or changed among its originators. We have numerous examples of this kind of adoption, in many countries. Amongst others I may mention some superstitious beliefs in the Muhammadan and Near Eastern countries, the origins of which can be traced to Central Asia and China.
Geoģraphical Factors in Persian Art
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

The connection of Ait with Geography is obvious, but in the case of Persia the problem is somewhat different from that presented by other countries.

For example, the most immediate influence of the natural environment on the landscape painters is hardly of any importance in Persia, where the miniaturists present their heroes in purely imaginary surroundings, now of radiant sunny spaces, now of fantastic rocks reminding one of coral reefs.
Manichaean Aramaic in the Chinese hymnscroll
Authors: Yoshida Yutaka
Published: January 2010

The Chinese Manichaean ‘hymnscroll’ was discovered by Sir Aurel Stein in Tunhuang and is now preserved in the British Library, under the number Or. 8210(2659). Apart from Chinese translations from Iranian originals, it contains three hymns in Chinese transcription. These hymns were studied and partly reconstructed by Waldschmidt and Lentz. In particular, the third hymn was identified with the Parthian fragments M259c and 529 in the German Turfan collection together with their Sogdian translation TM351 and reconstructed almost completely, W.-L. i, pp. 80–93. Verses 12 and 13 of the first hymn were identified with the common Middle Persian phrase pr'zyśt 'wd j'yd'n zm'n 'wh byẖ, W.-L. i, p. 111, n. 4. The second hymn was identified with an Iranian fragment M260, W.-L. i, p. 6, and its verses 5–7 were reconstructed by Waldschmidt and Lentz in JRAS, 1926, 116–22, 298–9.
A Theological Text
Authors: Tritton A. S.
Published: January 2010

The kitāb al-fisal wa'l-nihal by Ibn Hazm has been expanded by the insertion of pamphlets which were originally separate works; see Friedlaender's article in the Noeldeke Festschrift. The British Museum manuscript Or. 843 does not contain these additions, but does contain a summary of theological ideas which is not in the printed book. This summary is in five sections, the tenets of the Qadariyya, Murji'a, Khawārij, and Shī'a, and what was thought about 'Alī. Friedlaender published the passage on the Shl'a in Heterodoxies of the Shiites, 1, 78 f., so there is no need to repeat it here. Expositions of Muslim dogma tend to be static; this one tries to be dynamic., to show that one idea grew out of another, often as a reaction. The passage is simple and does not need a translation, but some notes may be useful. As the copy was made some years ago and the MS. is not available, there is no point in attempting a full critical apparatus.
The Uzbek Dialect of Qïzïl Qujaš
Authors: Wurm Stefan
Published: January 2010

The village of Qïzïl Qujašis situated in the district of Okťabŕ, about three miles from Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. I collected material on the dialect of this village from the Uzbeks Xamidov εnver (51 years old) and Eaxmatov Qulmet (49 years old), during their stay in Vienna in August, 1944. Neither of them had ever left their native village, where they had worked as agricultural labourers. Their parents also lived in the same village. These two Uzbeks had never gone to school and were illiterate.
Another Catalogue of the Kanjur
Authors: Kunst Arnold
Published: January 2010

In possession of the Cambridge University Library (Or. 830) there is a copy of a Catalogue of the Kanjur, handwritten in Tibetan characters. The MS. has no head-title or colophon, and no indication of the author or the date of its origin is given. The colophon in the MS. 30a, 2–306,12, refers to the collection, and not to the Catalogue. The MS. is written distinctly, and at least three different handwritings are traceable. The size is a medium quarto, and one side of the paper only is filled. It consists of 22 ff. No original pagination of the folios is to be found, and this fact caused the present pagination, added by somebody not knowing Tibetan, to be utterly misleading. In the first half of the MS. the empty pages are numbered as well as those written on, and thus the next page after 56 is la, after 76, 9a, and so forth. After page 13 the mistake has been corrected and henceforward the pages run in their natural order, except for the other mistake, this time in binding, where the binder confused a few pages, and the “paginator”, not noticing it, kept up the natural order of the numbers.
Notes on Ptolemy
Authors: Vogel J. Ph.
Published: January 2010

Ptolemy (vii, 1, 50) mentions Eragassa as the last but one of eighteen places which he assigns to the Kaspiraioi, whose territory is stated by him to stretch from the country1 of the Pandoouoi (or perhaps from the town Iomusa) towards the east as far as the Ouindion, i.e. the Vindhya. Eragassa is called a metropolis, and must therefore have been a place of some importance. Let us briefly survey the identifications proposed by various scholars. Lassen located Eragassa at “Komulmir”, i.e. Kumalmer, a fort in the Udaipur State of Rajputana. Vivien de Saint-Martin, while suspecting the name to be a “Latin interpolation”, explained it as a corruption of VaranasI, the ancient name of Benares. According to Colonel Yule it would correspond to Giriraja, “Royal Hill”, a name which might indicate Govardhana, near Mathura. Dr. W. W. Tarn1 gives us the choice between Ajmer and Eran in the Sagar district of the Central Provinces. But the ancient name of the lastmentioned place is known from inscriptions to be Airikina or Erakana. Possibly this hst does not exhaust the identifications proposed.
Dravidian Studies VI
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

A frequent phenomenon in Tamil and Malayalam loan–words from early XX Indo–Aryan is the dropping of an initial sibilant.1 More rarely examples occur in Telugu and Kanarese. Cases can be quoted for all the three Sanskrit sibilants, though the immediate source of the borrowings are forms with Prakrit s-.
The Monosyllable In Szechuanese
Authors: Scott N. C.
Published: January 2010

In Le Maître Phonétique for April-June, 1940, I gave some notes on the pronunciation of Mr. Su Cheng, a native of Fengtuhsien, Szechuan. I have recently been able to make further observations in his case, and also to study the pronunciation of Mr. Chao Che Shen, a native of Ipin, Szechuan, which lies some 200 miles to the west of Fengtuhsien.
Legends of Khotan and Nepal
Authors: Brough John
Published: January 2010

It has already been noted by Professor F. W. Thomas 1 that there are several striking coincidences in religious topography between Buddhist Khotan and Nepal. In addition to place–names, however, there is also a considerable body of legendary tradition common to the two countries.
Dravidian Studies VII
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

In two recent articles in the Transactions of the Philological Society the problem of Dravidian words in Sanskrit has been discussed, and a considerable number of etymologies have been presented.1 Roughly 170 Sanskrit words of Dravidian origin are dealt with in the two articles. There remains an even larger amount of material which has not been touched on in the above two articles, and the bulk of this is brought together in the list of etymologies proposed here. The present article contains 315 items, involving a larger number of words since several words may be treated together, bringing the total number of Dravidian words in Sanskrit dealt with in the three articles to well over 500. This is a very considerable number, and shows that the extent of Dravidian influence on Sanskrit has always been underestimated rather than overestimated. It by no means exhausts the field, and another supplementary list will eventually be necessary. When the subject has been fully dealt with, it is unlikely that the total list of Dravidian words in Sanskrit will be less than 750, and it may well turn out to be considerably more.
The Avvai of the Sanģam Antholoģies
Authors: Thompson M. S. H.
Published: January 2010

There is perhaps no writer held in greater esteem in the Tamil country than the poetess Avvai or Auvai, as her name is given in the old commentaries and in a poem of the Sangam age.1 The editor of a selection of poems from those traditionally ascribed to Avvai says that the poetess was an incarnation of the goddess of learning, while the writer of the foreword to his book says the joy of her presence is with us in the world to-day. An editor and annotator of a philosophical work ascribed to her writes in much the same strain, remarking that the work in question is the fruit of the penance of the whole Tamil country.
Two Vedântic Hymns from the Siddhântamuktâvah
Authors: Coomaraswamy Ananda K.
Published: January 2010

The (Vedânta-)Siddhântamuktâvalī of Prakāśânanda, a work of the sixteenth century, written in refutation of Rāmânuja's Tattvasāra, has been edited and translated in another manner by A. Venis in the Pandit, N.S., vols. 11 and 12, and reprinted separately, Benares, 1912. In our version we have endeavoured to be absolutely literal without employing the customary phraseology of Sanskrit scholarship, some of which is actually misleading, and other parts obscure to the general reader.
Some Early Dramas in Bengali
Authors: Dasgupta Jayanta Kumar
Published: January 2010

Rāmnārāyan's Kulīn Kulsarbasva (1854) is often regarded as the first Bengali drama, but there are many other Bengali plays of one sort or another anterior to it in date.

Although Herasim Lebedeff, a Russian adventurer, staged two Bengali plays in Calcutta towards the end of the eighteenth century, these have not come down to us. It is doubtful if Lebedeff's plays, which were translations of English dramatic works, were ever published. No clue to the subsequent fate of these plays is found in the autobiographical introduction to Lebedeff's Grammar of Pure and Mixed East Indian Languages, printed in London in 1801
The Arabic Theatre in Egypt
Authors: Barbour Nevill
Published: January 2010

The establishment of the theatre in Egypt, like many other Western innovations, was aided by the initiative of the KhediveIsmail. The Suez Canal was completed in the year 1869; to celebrate its opening the Khedive decided to form the Ezbekia Gardens and to build the Opera House which still exists beside them. This building, in. whose fabric wood occupies a dangerously large part, was erected in a great hurry and inaugurated in November, 1869. The opera Aida which Verdi was composing for the occasion in return for a fee of 150, 000 francs, on a libretto originally arranged by Mariette Pasha, was not completed in time for the opening, and a performance of Rigoletto was given instead.
Grammatical Categories in the New Hebrides: A Preliminary Study of Linguistic Psychology in Malekula)
Authors: Capel A.
Published: January 2010

Although it is generally admitted that European and extra European grammatical categories do not absolutely coincide, one very rarely sees the grammar of a native language worked out on the clear recognition of this fact. The following paper is intended to illustrate the differences in grammatical thought between English and one language of the New Hebrides. It is not intended to be a full study of that language, but only to indicate what seems to be the mental outlook of the people who speak it. The language in question is that of Achin, one of a group of small islands off the north-eastern coast of Malekula in the northern New Hebrides. The material which has formed the basis of this study I owe to the kindness of Pastor A. G. Stewart, of the Seventh Day Adventist Mission.
A Sabaean Boundary Formula
Authors: Beeston A. F. L.
Published: January 2010

In the of the Fuad I University, vol. 9, part 1, May, 1947, pp. 25–27, Dr. K. Y. Nami has published an interesting boundary inscription now in the possession of that University. In his treatment of the inscription, however, he has overlooked the fact that a parallel text is to be found in the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, iv, 949. This is unfortunate, since a correlation of the two texts is most helpful in understanding the formula contained in them.

The following are the two texts, with the renderings proposed by Nami for his inscription and by Rhodokanakis for the Corpus text.
Old-Iranian “Peership”
Authors: Herzfeld Ernst
Published: January 2010

In the course of studies connected with the social order of Iranian antiquity, I have broached, without expounding it in context, a problem contained in the expressions vispatiš, visō puθra, and vāspuhr. The matter has been taken up by H. H. Schaeder in his contribution to the volume dedicated to Sir George Grierson “ Ein parthischer Titel im Soghdischen,” where, while adopting the main results which I had abstracted from my epigraphical material, he argues against opinions imputed to, but never put forth by me. I may, therefore, be allowed to explain the view I really hold.
Ein tūrkisches Werk von Ḥaydar-Mirza Dughlat
Authors: Validi Von Ahmet-Zeki
Published: January 2010

Unter den osttūrkischen Mss. in der Martin-Hartmann-Sammlung der Berliner Staatsbibliothek gibt es ein in Versen (mutaqarib) verfasstes Werk namens Ǧihān-Nāme (Ms. Oz. Oct. 1704), das in dem Verzeichnis Hartmanns (MSOS, vii, 1904, Bd. ii, S. 10, N. 83) nur als “Erzählung über Firuz-Šah” bezeichnet ist. Als ich 1924 diese Sammlung nach dem Vorschlag von Prof. Weil katalogisiert habe, stellte ich fest, dass es sich hier um ein unbekanntes Werk von Haydar-Mirza Dughlat handelt. Die Hs. besteht aus 125 Seiten im 16° und die Abschrift ist von einem gewissen Molla ‘Umar ibn Molla Hāǧi am 16. Ǧumamacr;di, 1229h. (5. Juni, 1814) vollendet worden.
The e and o of LuGanda and the o of Swahili
Authors: Ashton E. O.
Published: January 2010

It would seem that originally there were two particles in Bantu to indicate pronominal relationship of reference, but that in process of time some languages (among them Swahili) dropped the e and allowed o to usurp some of its functions. The e has been retained in LuGanda and plays its own particular part, o, too, occurs in LuGanda, partly coinciding with its use in Swahili. It also occurs in LuGanda in places which in Swahili would require a different construction.
Bibliography of the Published Writings of Dr. L. D. Barnett
Authors: White Edith M.
Published: January 2010

The haunted house (“ Mostellaria ”) of Plautus. As played by the students of University College, Liverpool, March, 1890. The original text, with a translation... by L. P. Anderson, L. D. Barnett, F. E. Smith, pp. xii, [1], 86. Liverpool, T. Dobb and Co., 1890.
Homily on the Nativity of our Lord by Severian, Bishop of Gabala
Authors: Moss Cyril
Published: January 2010

Bkitish Museum Ms., Oriental 8606, a Syriac codex of Melchite origin, written in the year A.D. 723, contains, besides a Syriac Corpus Athanasianum (the only Syriac Corpus of Athanasian writings so far discovered), a collection of Homilies on the Nativity by various authors. With one exception, a Homily by St. Ephraim, these are all translated from Greek originals. One of these discourses, a Homily by Severian, Bishop of Gabala in Syria, ” On the Nativity of our Lord and against Heretics ”, seems to be no longer extant in Greek, nor, so far as I can discover, has the Syriac version ever been published. This is somewhat surprising since the same discourse is to be found in Cod. Vat. Syr. 369, fol.15v–17v. As very few of Severian's sermons are preserved in the original Greek, it seemed to me that an edition of this piece might be of interest to scholars.
The Tribes of Syria in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Teitton A. S.
Published: January 2010

It is astonishing how soon the Arabs fade out of Muslim history, Arabia itself excepted. There are notable instances to the contrary like the Hamdanids and the Banū Hilāl, but they are few. During the rule of the Fatimids in Egypt the Banū Jarrah of Tai' were the most important of the bedouins in Syria; their chief Mufarrij b. Daghfal b. Jarrāh died in 404/1013 and his son Hassān succeeded him. Contemporary with Hassān was Fadl b. Rabi'a b. Hāzin b. Jarrāh, who was, perhaps, as Ibn Khaldūn suggested and Ibn Hajar affirmed, the ancestor of the Āl Fadl: This Fadl was at times an ally of the Franks and at times an ally of thesultan of Egypt. He was banished and joined Sadaqa b. Mazyad and in 500/1106 was the ally of Sadaqa against the Saljūq sultan Muhammad b. Malikshāh; later he abandoned Sadaqa.
Fīrūzābādī's “Wine-List”
Authors: Fulton A. S.
Published: January 2010

The Arabic manuscript Or. 9200 in the British Museum collection, copied in Cairo in a fairly clear Naskhi hand in the year A.H. 1181 (A.D. 1767), contains three short works. The first of these, covering sixty–one folios, bears the title al–Jalīs al–anīs fī tahrim al–kkandarīs. Its author is the famous lexicographer Muhammad ibn Ya′qūb al–Fīrūzābādī (d. 817/1415). It is a vocabulary of all the Arabic words known to him which signify wine or any other intoxicant, and he is careful to emphasize that he composed it in loyal support of the Islamic ordinance of prohibition no less than as a contribution to Arabic philology.
An Account of the Tārīkhi Qumm
Authors: Lambton K. S.
Published: January 2010

The Tārīkhi Qumm was originally written in Arabic by Hasan b. Muhammad b. Hasan Qumml in the year A.H. 378 (A.D. 988–9). No copy of this is known to exist. A Persian translation was made in the year A.H. 805–6 (A.D. 1402–3) by Hasan b. Alī b. Hasan b. Abd al–Malik Qummī for Ibrāhīm b. Mahmūd b. Muhammad b. Alī as–Safī. The translator states that the original contained twenty chapters and fifty sections. None of the known manuscripts, however, contains more than the first five chapters.
Sanskrit rájas
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

An etymology long current among Indo-Europeanists runs as follows: Gk. “ the dark underworld ” ( “ dark, gloomy ”, “ black, dark ”), Goth, riqis “ darkness ” (riqizyan “ to become dark ”, riqizeins “dark”) Arm. erek “evening”, Skt. rajas “darkness, dimness; dark space, space; dark mist, mist, cloud, atmosphere; dust, dirt; pollen; arable land (as black); the darkening quality, passion, emotion; the second of the three gunas whose nature is active, urgent, and variable ”. As far as the first three languages are concerned the equation is simple and straightforward; but the Sanskrit word creates difficulty on account of the extreme variety of meanings which it is said to possess, and the semantic problems which this involves.
A Malay Herodotus
Authors: Brown C. C.
Published: January 2010

“He was not of course a critical historian: in his materials fact was mixed with myth and folklore in varying proportions and he was not competent to sift them…. His forte is vivid and picturesque description, the lively presentation of scenes and actions, characters and states of society.” These words were written of Herodotus. That they might well have been written of, the author of the Sějarah Mělayu or Malay Annals, whoever he may have been, is the theme of this article.
The Vocabulary of the Japanese Ports Lingo
Authors: Daniels F. J.
Published: January 2010

The ‘makeshift’ or ‘pidgin’ language here discussed has been usuallycalled in English ‘the Yokohama dialect’ or ‘Yokohama Japanese’. In Japanese the corresponding ‘Yokohama-hotoba’ is sometimes heard, but it is hardly a recognized name, and examples of the language are apt to be dismissed as foreigners′ mistakes.
The Unwritten Literature of the Igbo-Speaking People of South-Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Green M. M.
Published: January 2010

Our attention has been drawn by Mrs. Chadwick1 to the need for systematic work on the collection and study of the unwritten literature—the thought of men in artistic form, to use her own phrase—of the peoples of Africa. This article raises very briefly certain points in connection with this study and attempts to illustrate them from Igbo unwritten literature. The causes for the comparative neglect of any thorough research work on African unwritten literature cannot be discussed here. But in passing one may note the tendency to rely predominantly on visual observation which has spread from the natural sciences to other fields and among them to that of social anthropology. It can, however, hardly be doubted that a systematic collection and study of this literature is desirable from the linguistic, the sociological, and the literary point of view.
The Teachers of Shihāb al-Dīn ‘Umar al-Suhrawardi
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

We are informed by Ibn al-‘Imād that Shihāb al-Dīn ‘Umar b. ‘Abd Allāh al-Suhrawardī (d. 632/1234), the celebrated Ṣūfi and founder of the Suhrawardīya Order, “heard Traditions from a number (of scholars)”, and that he wrote “a Mashyakha in an attractive section (fijuz’inlaṭtīf)”. This Mashyakha was known to Ḥājjī Khalīfa,4 but no copy is noted by Brockelmann. Now it is always interesting to have the names of the teachers of famous men, more especially when such information rests on the authority of the celebrities themselves, and it is therefore a fortunate chance that a manuscript of Shihab al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī’s essay in autobiography has actually survived. What is more, this unique copy is in the autograph of an eminent scholar; the colophon is signed Muhammad b. Shukr al-Shāfi‘ī, and is dated 738/1337. To complete the good story, the recension mounts to the author himself, and the learned copyist has transcribed from his archetype a note of samā’ with al-Suhrawardī dated 620/1223 at Baghdad.

The author gives the names of fifteen of his teachers, together with the texts of a small number of Traditions heard by him from each; each Tradition is furnished with a full isnād; and in some instances the dates of the teacher's birth and death are provided. The list begins with Shihāb al-Dīn's uncle, Diyā’ al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Qāhir b. ‘Abd Allāh al-Suhrawardī, himself a well-known Ṣūfī scholar (d. 562/1168, see Brockelmann I 436, Suppl. I 780); significantly enough no mention is made of ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (d. 561/1167) who is commonly reported to have initiated al-Suhrawardī into Ṣūfism.
The Persian Conception of Artistic Unity in Poetry and its Implications in Other Fields
Authors: Wickens G. M.
Published: January 2010

This article takes as its point of departure the conclusions drawn in Professor Arberry's paper “Orient Pearls at Random Strung”. It is hopefully intended both to add to those conclusions in their own sphere of poetical criticism and to suggest something of the relevance of the problem as a whole in the broad structure of Persian thought. (It seems scarcely necessary to add that the extent to which that will imply Islamic thought and Eastern thought generally is, in every sense of the word, incalculable.)
The Phonology of the Sinhalese Inscriptions
Authors: Wijeratne P. B. F.
Published: January 2010

1. Sk. k-.

Initial k- remains:

karanu, karite, karavaya, karavā, kaṭu, koṭu, koṭ, ko(ṭa)vaya, kaḷa-, Kaḷahu, kaḷavun, kaḷamanā, karana-, karaṇa-, karavika, kereyani, kärū, karu (error for kärū), kärävū, kärvū, kärvū, karä, kära, kärä, kaṭäyutu; Kuḍakaṇa-; karanaka; kahāvaṇa; kāru-; Kama(la)-; Kasaba-, Kasub-; kavuḍu; kapa-; Kiliňg-; kusalayan; kämi-; kämiyanaṭ, kämiyan; (kukuḷ)-; käbäli; Kit-; kit; kushi; kavari-; kasun-; kam-; kālayehi; kulen; kuluṇ-; koṭhā, koṭā; keṭū; kī; kiyā; kapanu.
A Study of Two Fijian Texts
Authors: Milner G. B.
Published: January 2010

The two texts which are analysed in the present paper were gathered during a period of fourteen months' lingu stic work in Fiji in 1948 and 1949. As a result of recent developments in linguistics, notably the perceptiblechange of emphasis from comparativeto descriptive work,1 more especially in the study of preliterate languages, the modern field-worker applies himself to gather a large number of texts.He takes down certain utterances and he establishes his text by means of well-defined techniques. Having as alinguist handled the material, both oral and written, to his provisional satisfaction, he can then state his findings in a grammar, under the headings of phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax. When the grammatical system has been stated it would seem that it is.
The Active Participle in an Arabic Dialect of Cyrenaica
Authors: Mitchell T. F.
Published: January 2010

(a) Material for the present article was obtained before and during a recent period of study-leave in Cyrenaica. My particular informant, who also accompanied me during the tour, was Mr. Idris ‘Abdallah, from Gyrene, a member of the Ḥāsa tribe. The dialect illustrated may be termed the Bedouin dialect of the Jebel.

Examples are given throughout in Arabic script and follow the method used by my informant for writing his dialect. Thus presented, they are immediately intelligible to a literate Cyrenaican, who is accustomed to written colloquialisms, for example in letters, petitions, agreements, and vernacular (usually Bedouin) poems appearing in the local Press. The phonetic transcription is intended to suggest a pronunciation for the examples.
Some Notes on the Tsyr
Authors: Whitaker K. P. K.
Published: January 2010

Thetsyr are a comparatively late development in the history of Chinese poetry and less well known in the West than the shy, of which many translations exist. It may be interesting to look at a few examples of tsyr and a few elementary rules of their composition so as to be able to distinguish them from shy and to appreciate their special qualities.
The Main Features of Cambodian Pronunciation
Authors: Henderson Eugénie J. A.
Published: January 2010

The pronunciation here described is that of Mr. Keng Vannsak, a young Cambodian born at Kompong Chhnang.

The words quoted in illustration of the text are shown both in Cambodian script and in a simplified phonetic transcription based on that of the International Phonetic Association. Where it has been considered useful, a more detailed transcription in general phonetic terms has been given in square brackets. All examples have been checked with a second Cambodian, Mr. Keo Mongkry, and where his usage differs from that of Mr. Keng, this has been noted.
Iranian Studies III
Authors: Bailey H. W.
Published: January 2010

“It is so published that injury that comes upon the fruits lies upon the holder of the pledge, that which comes upon the stock, lies upon the farmer.”

For the interpretation of graβakāndār, bar and bun, one may refer to Bartholomae, MM., 1, 14.
A Grammar of the Language of Vaturanga, Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands
Authors: Ivens W. G.
Published: January 2010

Vaturanga itself is the name given to a small district at the extreme north-west end of the island of Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands; but, according to Bishop J. M. Steward, who worked as a missionary on that end of the island, the language spoken along a very considerable portion of the north-west coast, as well as of the north-east coast, of the island is very closely allied to the language of Vaturanga. In addition, through the work of the Melanesian Mission, the language of Vaturanga has become the “ecclesiastical” language in the schools and churches of the mission throughout the portion of the island indicated.
The “Idea” Approach to Swahili
Authors: Ashton E. O.
Published: January 2010

he originating cause of this article lies in an attempt to overcome the difficulties encountered by students when learning Swahili, especially of those, who, having spent a few years in East Africa, are yet unable to attain a fair standard of proficiency.

The difficulties met with by one student, and the mistakes he falls into, appear to be common to many. ‘This suggests that all view Swahili from the same standpoint, and this in turn leads one to think that the study of Swahili needs to be represented from an entirely new angle. This article, therefore, is an attempt to present that new view-point, in subject matter representative and suggestive rather than exhaustive.
Survey of the Language Groups in the Southern Sudan
Authors: Tucker A.N.
Published: January 2010

The Southern Sudan may be regarded a, s one of the most interesting of African fields for the comparative linguist and anthropologist, for it is here that the Eastern “ Sudanic ” and the Western “ Hamitic ” races meet, and it is here also that one finds that peculiar wedge of people who, for want of a better term, are called “ Nilotes ”.
Events in Arabia in the 6th Century A.D.
Authors: Smith Sidney
Published: January 2010

I. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Two accounts of trade conditions in the 6th century show that there had been a great change since the ' Periplus Maris Erythaei' was written, about A.D. 50. The writer of that manual for merchant skippers was precise as to the location of the incense-bearing lands.

After Kanē, as the land continues on, there opens out another, very broad, gulf, stretching a considerable distance in depth. It is called Sakhalitēs, and the ‘ libanos-bearing land ’. It is mountainous and bad for landing. The air is thick, dust-laden with the libanos blown down from the trees. These trees that bear libanos are of no great diameter, and are not tall. They produce the libanos in a solid form on the bark, just as some of our trees in Egypt weep gum. The libanos is handled by the royal slaves and by those sent for punishment. These places are dreadfully infectious and plague-ridden, even for those just sailing along the coast, but for those working there death is in the air, and they are downright destructive because of the insufficiency of food.1
The Popular Verse of the Baḵẖtiāri of S.W. Persia—I
Authors: Lorimer D. L. R.
Published: January 2010

Before proceeding to examine the poetry of the Baḵẖtiāri people, it is desirable to say something about their manner of life and the physical environment which to a large extent has determined it, and which presents those aspects and objects of nature which are familiar to all of them.

The system of mountains which extends from N.W. to S.E. across the south-. western part of Persia is occupied by a series of tribes, all of whom pursue a more or less nomadic form of life. On the west, south of Karmanshah, are the Feili Lurs of what may be called the Kingdom of Pusht i Kūh, with its practically independent ruler, the Wāli. Next, to the east come the large autonomous
Verbal Phrases in Lhasa Tibetan—III
Authors: Sprigg R. K.
Published: January 2010

There is one important respect in which әW differs from yW and wW. For these last it was sufficient to state exponents of ‘ y ’ and ‘ w ’; the exponents of ‘ ә ’ however can be stated only by introducing a further prosodic system, of the initial syllable, y/w, i.e. ‘ y neutral words ’ (yәW) and ‘ w neutral words ’ (wәW). The prosodic and phonematic systems of yәW resemble those stated above for the initial syllable of yW, and those of wәW resemble the systems stated for the initial syllable of wW, i.e.

The two-term y/w system (yә/wә) is stated for the initial syllable of the (ә) word, and is not to be confused with the two-term prosodic system of the syllable initial (y/wl). The exponents of y and w in the initial syllable (CVC) of әW comprise:—