bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Composition of CoNi and Graphene as a Free-Standing Cathode for a High-Performance Solid-State Zinc–Air Battery
Authors: Hu Jian , Liu Yuan , Han Tian , Xu Lei , Sun Ningkang
Published: April 2024

The development of solid-state zinc–air batteries (SZABs) has stimulated significant interest. However, the practical use of SZABs still encounters difficulties due to the complicated preparation process and low-performance air cathode. In this study, we developed a free-standing CoNi/graphene composite cathode without current collectors and binders. The simplified cathode structure decreased the preparation process, and the self-assembled conductive matrix increased charge transfer, which holds promise for facile preparation and high-performance SZABs. Specifically, a free-standing CoNi/graphene film was fabricated by a simple composition method. The CoNi/graphene electrocatalyst exhibited comparable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity to that of Pt/C. Furthermore, the CoNi/graphene film could be directly used as a cathode, which showed an open-circuit voltage of 1.41 V and a power density of 210 mW cm−2 in alkaline liquid ZABs, as well as an open-circuit voltage of 1.43 V and a power density of 40 mW cm−2 in alkaline SZABs. This facile preparation and excellent performance offer substantial potential for practical SZAB applications.
Modeling of Selected Parameters of Used Lubricating Oil Diluted with Diesel Oil Using the Characteristics of Fresh Lubricating Oil
Authors: Chybowski Leszek , Szczepanek Marcin , Sztangierski Robert , Brożek Piotr
Published: April 2024

This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted to determine the flash point, initial boiling point, density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C, and viscosity index. The analysis covers fresh oil and used SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 oil taken from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, 4-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine that is located in the Marine Power Plant Laboratory of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Undiluted lubricating oils (both fresh and used) and mixtures of lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel is used to prepare the mixtures. The functions approximating the parameters for fresh oil are determined and adapted to describe the variation of the same parameters for the used lubricating oil. For each case, the coefficient of determination, the maximum relative error of the model fitting to the experimental results, and the root mean square error (RMSE) are determined. In the experiment, the variation in the parameters of the used lubricating oil remained the same as for fresh oil parameters. Thus, the research hypothesis is confirmed.
Experimental Study on a Photovoltaic Direct-Drive and Municipal Electricity-Coupled Electric Heating System for a Low-Energy Building in Changchun, China
Authors: Zhao Qi , Liu Xiaoyue , Gu Shijie , Tao Jin , Wu Wende , Ma Shuang , Jin Hongwen
Published: April 2024

This paper takes a low-energy building in Changchun, China, as an object to test and study the characteristics of two heating modes, AC/DC (Alternative current/Direct current) switching and AC/DC synthesis, from the perspectives of temperature change, irradiation intensity, power generation, electricity consumption, etc. Firstly, the experimental research was conducted under two heating cable modes by establishing mathematical models and a test rig, and it was found that the photoelectric conversion efficiency on sunny, cloudy, and overcast days was 18%, 14.5%, and 12%, respectively. A simulation model was established by TRNSYS to run an ultra-low-energy building throughout the year. It was found that the highest and lowest monthly power generation occurred in February and July, respectively. The annual power generation of the system was 6614 kWh, and the heating season power generation was 3293.42 kWh. In the current research, the DC electricity consumption was slightly higher than the AC electricity consumption. Under conditions of similar radiation intensity and power generation, the indoor temperature of the AC/DC synthesis cable heating mode were 1.38% higher than the AC/DC switching heating able mode, and the electricity consumption were 10.9% and 4.76% higher, respectively, than those of the AC switching heating cable mode. This is of great significance for clean-energy heating, energy savings, and emissions reduction in northern China.
Model-Based Algorithm for Flexible Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Participation in Primary Frequency Regulation
Authors: Cristaldi Loredana , Faifer Marco , Laurano Christian , Petkovski Emil , Ponci Ferdinanda , Sowa Igor , Toscani Sergio
Published: April 2024

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly designed for maximum energy production. However, as their presence grows, revised grid regulations increasingly require these systems to partially adhere to the primary frequency regulation (PFR) by reducing their power production when the grid frequency exceeds the nominal value. Nevertheless, full participation in PFR of PV systems, without battery storage, would require operating with a dedicated active power reserve to be utilized in the event of underfrequency conditions. This paper presents a model-based (MB) flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm for PV systems. Results of a microgrid simulation show that the proposed algorithm enables a PV system with a nominal power of 100 kW to maintain a 20 kW active power reserve under various irradiation and temperature conditions, with a relative error lower than 3%. Furthermore, a simulation of the PV system assisting in primary frequency regulation is presented. Thanks to the proposed strategy, when employing the algorithm, the frequency deviation is reduced both in the event of underfrequency and overfrequency conditions. By enabling operation with a constant active power reserve, as well as a quick adjustment of the produced active power, in the event of frequency imbalance, the proposed MB algorithm is an interesting candidate for achieving complete PFR capabilities of PV systems.
Methods and Techniques Supporting Energy and Media Savings in Maintenance of Public Transport Buses—State of the Art and Recommendations
Authors: Wieczorek Andrzej , Stecuła Kinga , Grebski Wieslaw Wes
Published: April 2024

In the article, the authors discussed the topic of energy and media savings in a public transport company. The article is of a review nature, referring to 100 sources, including scientific papers, books, conference proceedings, and websites. In the first part, a detailed literature review on environmental protection problems in road transport and methods of solving them was conducted. Subsequently, the authors reviewed the literature content on maintenance as a pro-environmental activity in transport companies. The great accent was paid to the problem of saving energy and media in the maintenance of public transport buses. Based on the literature and knowledge, the authors proposed the possibilities of conducting a rational method of managing the operation and maintenance of buses from the point of view of environmental protection, based on the strategy of predictive bus maintenance.
Integrating an Ensemble Reward System into an Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for the Economic Dispatch of Small Modular Reactor-Based Energy Systems
Authors: Arvanitidis Athanasios Ioannis , Alamaniotis Miltiadis
Published: April 2024

Nuclear Integrated Energy Systems (NIES) have emerged as a comprehensive solution for navigating the changing energy landscape. They combine nuclear power plants with renewable energy sources, storage systems, and smart grid technologies to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption across sectors, improving efficiency, reliability, and sustainability while addressing challenges associated with variability. The integration of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in NIES offers significant benefits over traditional nuclear facilities, although transferring involves overcoming legal and operational barriers, particularly in economic dispatch. This study proposes a novel off-policy Reinforcement Learning (RL) approach with an ensemble reward system to optimize economic dispatch for nuclear-powered generation companies equipped with an SMR, demonstrating superior accuracy and efficiency when compared to conventional methods and emphasizing RL’s potential to improve NIES profitability and sustainability. Finally, the research attempts to demonstrate the viability of implementing the proposed integrated RL approach in spot energy markets to maximize profits for nuclear-driven generation companies, establishing NIES’ profitability over competitors that rely on fossil fuel-based generation units to meet baseload requirements.
Wave Basin Tests of a Multi-Body Floating PV System Sheltered by a Floating Breakwater
Authors: van der Zanden Joep , Bunnik Tim , Cortés Ainhoa , Delhaye Virgile , Kegelart Guillaume , Pehlke Thomas , Panjwani Balram
Published: April 2024

The development of floating photovoltaic systems (FPV) for coastal and offshore locations requires a solid understanding of a design’s hydrodynamic performance through reliable methods. This study aims to extend insights into the hydrodynamic behavior of a superficial multi-body FPV system in mild and harsh wave conditions through basin tests at scale 1:10, with specific interest in the performance of hinges that interconnect the PV panels. Particular effort is put into correctly scaling the elasticity of the flexible hinges that interconnect the PV modules. Tests of a 5 × 3 FPV matrix are performed, with and without shelter, by external floating breakwater (FBW). The results show that the PV modules move horizontally in the same phase when the wave length exceeds the length of the FPV system, but shorter waves result in relative motions between modules and, for harsh seas, in hinge buckling. Relative motions suggest that axial loads are highest for the hinges that connect the center modules in the system and for normal wave incidence, while shear loads are highest on the outward hinges and for oblique incidence. The FBW reduces hinge loads as it attenuates the high-frequency wave energy that largely drives relative motions between PV modules.
Elucidating Interfacial Hole Extraction and Recombination Kinetics in Perovskite Thin Films
Authors: Kim Sunkyu , Lee Wonjong , Irshad Zobia , Yun Siwon , Han Hyeji , Adnan Muhammad , Chang Hyo Sik , Lim Jongchul
Published: April 2024

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are receiving huge attention owing to their marvelous advantages, such as low cost, high efficiency, and superior optoelectronics characteristics. Despite their promising potential, charge-carrier dynamics at the interfaces are still ambiguous, causing carrier recombination and hindering carrier transport, thus lowering the open-circuit voltages (Voc) of PSCs. To unveil this ambiguous phenomenon, we intensively performed various optoelectronic measurements to investigate the impact of interfacial charge-carrier dynamics of PSCs under various light intensities. This is because the charge density can exhibit different mobility and charge transport properties depending on the characteristics of the charge transport layers. We explored the influence of the hole transport layer (HTL) by investigating charge transport properties using photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved (TRPL) to unveil interfacial recombination phenomena and optoelectronic characteristics. We specifically investigated the impact of various thicknesses of HTLs, such as 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), and poly(triaryl)amine (PTAA), on FA0.83MA0.17Pb(Br0.05I0.95)3 perovskite films. The HTLs are coated on perovskite film by altering the HTL’s concentration and using F4-TCNQ and 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSi) as dopants both for spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA. These HTLs diversified the charge concentration gradients in the absorption layer, thus leading to different recombination rates based on the employed laser intensities. At the same time, the generated charge carriers are rapidly transferred to the interface of the HTL/absorption layer and accumulate holes at the interface because of inefficient capacitance and mobility differences caused by differently doped HTL thicknesses. Notably, the charge concentration gradient is low at lower light intensities and did not accumulate holes at the HTL/absorption layer interface, even though they have high charge mobility. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of interfacial charge recombination and charge transport phenomena to achieve highly efficient and stable PSCs.
Optimizing Critical Overloaded Power Transmission Lines with a Novel Unified SVC Deployment Approach Based on FVSI Analysis
Authors: Jaramillo Manuel Dario , Carrión Diego Francisco
Published: April 2024

This paper proposes a novel methodology to improve stability in a transmission system under critical conditions of operation when additional loads that take the system to the verge of stability are placed in weak bus bars according to the fast voltage stability index (FVSI). This paper employs the Newton–Raphson method to calculate power flows accurately and, based on that information, correctly calculate the FVSI for every transmission line. First, the weakest transmission line is identified by considering N−1 contingencies for the disconnection of transmission lines, and then all weak nodes associated with this transmission line are identified. Following this, critical scenarios generated by stochastically placed loads that will take the system to the verge of instability will be placed on the identified weak nodes. Then, the methodology will optimally size and place a single static VAR compensator SVC in the system to take the transmission system to the conditions before the additional loads are connected. Finally, the methodology will be validated by testing the system for critical contingencies when any transmission line associated with the weak nodes is disconnected. As a result, this paper’s methodology found a single SVC that will improve the system’s stability and voltage profiles to similar values when the additional loads are not connected and even before contingencies occur. The methodology is validated on three transmission systems: IEEE 14, 30, and 118 bus bars.
A Generalized Empirical Model for Velocity Deficit and Turbulent Intensity in Tidal Turbine Wake Accounting for the Effect of Rotor-Diameter-to-Depth Ratio
Authors: Shariff Kabir Bashir , Guillou Sylvain S.
Published: April 2024

Commercial scale tidal stream turbines (TST) are expected to be deployed in shallow water where the depth varies from 1.5 to 3 turbine diameters. In this study, numerical simulation is conducted at realistic hydrodynamic conditions of potential tidal sites using the stationary actuator disc method at ambient turbulence varying from 5% to 20%, a range of rotor realistic rotor thrust coefficient from 0.64 to 0.98 and a rotor-diameter-to-depth ratio of 20% to 60%. The result shows that the TST wake is affected by the rotor-diameter-to-depth ratio, ambient turbulence, and thrust coefficient. The new empirical model is in accordance with the numerical simulation of a full-scale turbine and is validated with the TST experiment at different rotor-diameter-to-depth ratios with reasonable results in the far wake. This low computational model can benefit the investigation of tidal turbine parks at different configurations where the far wake is pertinent.
Optimally Splitting Solar Spectrums by Concentrating Solar Spectrums Splitter for Hydrogen Production via Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Lang Shaocheng , Yuan Jinliang , Zhang Houcheng
Published: April 2024

The concentrating solar spectrums splitter (CSSS)-driven solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is an attractive technology for green hydrogen production. The CSSS mainly comprises a concentrating photovoltaic (CPV), which converts sunlight with shorter wavelengths into electricity, and a concentrating solar collector (CSC), which converts the remaining sunlight into heat. However, the optimal splitting of the solar spectrums is a critical challenge that directly impacts the efficiency and normal operation of the SOEC. To address this challenge, a mathematical model integrating the CSSS with the SOEC is developed based on principles from thermodynamics and electrochemistry. By analyzing the requirements of electricity and heat for the SOEC, the model determines the optimal configuration and operational parameters. The results show that the anode-supported type, higher operating temperature, larger inlet flow rate of water, higher operating pressure of the SOEC, higher operating temperature of the CSC, and larger electric current of the CPV contribute to allocating more solar spectrums to the CSC for heat generation. However, the greater effectiveness of the heat exchangers, higher operating temperature, and larger optical concentration ratio of the CPV exhibit contrasting effects on the spectrum allocation. The obtained results provide valuable theoretical guidance for designing and running the CSSS for hydrogen production through SOEC.
Analysing the Effects of Thin Object Shading on PV Sources: A Dual Approach Combining Outdoor and Laboratory Solar Simulator Experimentation
Authors: Axisa Matthew , Demicoli Marija , Mule’Stagno Luciano
Published: April 2024

The impact of shading has been a prominent subject of discourse within the realm of photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting and is recognized as a significant detriment to the system’s overall efficiency. Nevertheless, prevailing investigations, which predominantly focus on the hard shading originating from building structures and vegetation, singularly address the umbra shadow phenomenon while overlooking the complexity of shadow properties and their varying intensities. In this context, this present research aims to analyze the impact of shading caused by thin objects, wherein shadow formation deviates from a singular-intensity umbra to a blend of umbra and penumbra, exhibiting diverse intensities. In the initial experimental approach, outdoor trials produced statistically significant findings, identifying both the distance and thickness of shading objects as primary determinants influencing the impact of thin object shading on the power output of PV systems. Furthermore, the analysis of the results revealed that under the specified parameters and assumptions, when considering a thin object with a thickness-to-distance ratio of 2.3 mm/225 cm, the resulting power loss of 1.65% is statistically insignificant. Remarkably, laboratory investigations unveiled a notable correlation between penumbra and power loss, contrasting with outdoor experimentation results. The findings highlight the distinction between indoor and outdoor methodologies, stemming from discrepancies in shadow formation characteristics, thereby emphasizing the necessity of acknowledging and comprehending these variations.
Low-Carbon Optimization of Integrated Energy Systems with Time-of-Use Carbon Metering on the User Side
Authors: Yang Yulong , Zhang Jialin , Chen Tao , Yan Han
Published: April 2024

In the wake of the dual-carbon objective, the call for low-carbon attributes in integrated energy systems is ascending, with an amplified imperative to integrate wind and solar power efficiently. This study introduces an advanced low-carbon optimization framework for integrated energy systems, incorporating a sophisticated time-differentiated carbon accounting mechanism attentive to consumer emissions. A nuanced carbon accounting model is crafted to assess consumer emissions with greater accuracy. Predicated on these emissions, a refined low-carbon demand response model is articulated, factoring in the influence of carbon emission factors pertinent to electricity and heat procurement on user conduct. This model integrates the consideration of heat reclaimed from methanation processes, which in turn informs the carbon emission factors associated with purchased heat, and evaluates the subsequent optimization impact on the system. The proposed model is designed to curtail the system’s operational expenditures and is operationalized via the CPLEX solver. Through the establishment of various scenarios for evaluative comparison, the model is corroborated to substantially augment the system’s proficiency in assimilating wind and solar energy, markedly curtail carbon emissions, and facilitate a sustainable and cost-efficient operation of the integrated energy system.
Study on Hydrocarbon Fuel Ignition Characterization Based on Optimized BP Neural Network
Authors: Chen Zhihan , Wei Lulin , Ma Hongan , Liu Yang , Yue Meng , Shi Junrui
Published: April 2024

The investigation of the ignition delay of hydrocarbon fuel is highly valuable for enhancing combustion efficiency, optimizing fuel thermal efficiency, and mitigating pollutant emissions. This paper has developed a BP-MRPSO neural network model for studying hydrocarbon fuel ignition and clarified the novelty of this model compared to the traditional BP and ANN models from the literature. The model integrates the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with MapReduce-based parallel processing technology. This integration improves the prediction accuracy and processing efficiency of the model. Compared to the traditional BP model, the BP-MRPSO model can increase the average correlation coefficient, from 0.9745 to 0.9896. The R2 value for predicting fire characteristics using this model can exceed 90%. Meanwhile, when the two hidden layers of both the BP and BP-MRPSO models consist of 9 and 8 neurons, respectively, the accuracy of the BP-MRPSO model is increased by 38.89% compared to the BP model. This proved that the new BP-MRPSO model has the capacity to handle large datasets while achieving great precision and efficiency. The findings could provide a new perspective for examining the properties of fuel ignition, which is expected to contribute to the development and assessment of aviation fuel ignition characteristics in the future.
A Mini Review on Sewage Sludge and Red Mud Recycling for Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Xiong Yaxuan , Zhang Aitonglu , Zhao Yanqi , Xu Qian , Ding Yulong
Published: April 2024

Sewage sludge and red mud, as common industrial waste, have become a research hotspot in the field of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, reducing carbon emissions, and solving environmental problems. However, their treatment and disposal have always been a difficult problem in the environmental field. Utilizing these two materials for thermal energy storage can not only improve energy utilization efficiency but also further reduce carbon emissions during their treatment process, providing a new approach for sustainable development in the industrial sector. This article summarizes the research progress for the resource recovery of sewage sludge and red mud for direct thermal energy recovery and composite phase change energy storage. After proper treatment, sludge and red mud can be directly used as energy storage materials. In addition, sludge and red mud can be combined with phase change materials to prepare composite materials with an excellent energy storage performance. This composite has broad application prospects in fields such as solar energy utilization and building energy efficiency. However, there are still some challenges and issues in this resource recovery and utilization, such as potential environmental pollution during the treatment process, the long-term stability of energy storage materials, and cost-effectiveness, which require further research and resolution. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of sewage sludge and red mud as energy storage materials, to explore their feasibility and advantages in practical applications, and to reveal the research progress, technical challenges, and future development directions of these two materials in the field of thermal energy storage.
Numerical Modeling of Non-Isothermal Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer of Paraffinic Oil with Yield Stress in a Pipe
Authors: Zhapbasbayev Uzak , Bekibayev Timur , Pakhomov Maksim , Ramazanova Gaukhar
Published: April 2024

This paper presents the results of a study on the non-isothermal laminar flow and heat transfer of oil with Newtonian and viscoplastic rheologies. Heat exchange with the surrounding environment leads to the formation of a near-wall zone of viscoplastic fluid. As the flow proceeds, the transformation of a Newtonian fluid to a viscoplastic state occurs. The rheology of the Shvedoff–Bingham fluid as a function of temperature is represented by the effective molecular viscosity apparatus. A numerical solution to the system of equations of motion and heat transfer was obtained using the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm. The calculated data are obtained at Reynolds number Re from 523 to 1046, Bingham number Bn from 8.51 to 411.16, and Prandl number Pr = 45. The calculations’ novelty lies in the appearance of a “stagnation zone” in the near-wall zone and the pipe cross-section narrowing. The near-wall “stagnation zone” is along the pipe’s radius from r/R = 0.475 to r/R = 1 at Re = 523, Bn = 411.16, Pr = 45, u1 = 0.10 m/s, t1 = 25 °C, and tw = 0 °C. The influence of the heat of phase transition of paraffinic oil on the development of flow and heat transfer characteristics along the pipe length is demonstrated.
Experimental Study on Two-Phase Countercurrent Flow Limitation in Horizontal Circular Pipes
Authors: Zhu Xixi , Xu Chende , Gu Mingzhou , Wang Naihua
Published: April 2024

The two-phase countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) in horizontal channels is important in relation to nuclear reactor safety. In this study, we aim to investigate the CCFL characteristics and the flow behaviors in horizontal circular pipes with small diameters. The effects of pipe diameter and the water head in the upper plenum on CCFL characteristics are experimentally studied. An image-processing technique and statistical treatments are implemented to analyze the horizontal countercurrent flow. The results show that the CCFL characteristics for the horizontal circular pipes with small diameters can be well correlated using the dimensionless parameters, which are based on adding fluid viscosity to the Wallis parameters. The CCFL characteristics are significantly affected by the pipe diameter and are slightly affected by the water head above the horizontal pipe. The gas–liquid interface fluctuates with certain periods, and flow pattern transitions happen in the horizontal air–water countercurrent flow. As the air flow rate increases, the occurrence location of the liquid slug appears to shift towards the water entrance. In addition, the further away from the water entrance, the lower the average of liquid holdup.
Plant-Wide Models for Optimizing the Operation and Maintenance of BTEX-Contaminated Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Authors: Bencsik Dániel , Wadhawan Tanush , Házi Ferenc , Karches Tamás
Published: April 2024

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, collectively known as BTEX compounds, are significant emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater. Stricter effluent quality regulations necessitate their removal, especially with concerns about organic micropollutant concentrations. Water scarcity further underscores the need for wastewater treatment to ensure safe agricultural or drinking water supplies. Although biological treatment partially reduces BTEX levels through processes like biodegradation and sorption, additional purification using physico-chemical methods is crucial for substantial reduction. This paper aims to outline plant-wide simulation methods for treating BTEX-contaminated sewage and facilitating reuse, adhering to IWA Good Modelling Practice Guidelines. The model, built upon the MiniSumo process model, incorporates equations detailing BTEX metabolism and removal kinetics, informed by an extensive literature review. Using a variant of the Benchmark Simulation Model with granular activated carbon for water reuse, the study examines strategies for improving effluent quality and minimizing operational costs. These strategies include adjusting the sludge retention time and airflow to enhance BTEX degradation and stripping, respectively, and comparing maintenance approaches for the GAC tower.
Dynamic Change and Attribution Regarding Fractional Vegetation Coverage in Mengdong River Basin
Authors: Cao Dan , Wen Shizhi
Published: April 2024

The situation of rocky desertification in the southwestern part of China is very serious and has been included as one of three major ecological problems. In this study, using Landsat images as the data sources, we estimated the fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) in the Mengdong River Basin in the Hunan Province over the past 40 years, analyzed its spatio-temporal variation characteristics, and explored the driving mechanism (climate and anthropogenic) using the Mann–Kendall, Hurst index, and partial correlation methods. Specifically, the impact of ecological engineering on the recovery of vegetation cover in rocky desertification areas was analyzed and discussed in this study. The results demonstrate the following: (1) The changes in FVC in the study area before and after the rocky desertification management ecological project differed significantly, with a very small change in the rate of change in the mean value of FVC between 1987 and 1999 (<0.1%), while the FVC had a significant linear growth trend between 2000 and 2022 (>0.9%). (2) The Hurst index of FVC ranged from −0.233 to 2.476, with an average value of 0.864. The area with an H value greater than 0.75 accounted for 80.12%, indicating that the future trend in the vast majority of regions will develop in accordance with the current change trend. (3) The average partial correlation coefficients between FVC and precipitation and between FVC and temperature were −0.02 and 0.27, respectively, showing that FVC is more sensitive to temperature than precipitation. The combination of climate change and human activities is the main cause of FVC change. The contributions of climate change (precipitation and temperature) and human activities to FVC variation are about 30% and 70%, respectively. Ecological restoration projects have a significant positive effect on the recovery of vegetation in rocky desertification areas. The results of this study are intended to provide a scientific basis for analyzing the characteristics of vegetation restoration in existing rocky desertification areas and ecological management in future rocky desertification areas.
Assessing the Productivity of the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve: Review of One of the Best-Managed Mangrove Forests
Authors: Khan Waseem Razzaq , Nazre Mohammad , Akram Seemab , Anees Shoaib Ahmad , Mehmood Kaleem , Ibrahim Faridah Hanum , Edrus Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al , Latiff Abdul , Fitri Zohari Ahmad , Yaseen Muhammad , Li Ping , Zhu Xiaoshan
Published: April 2024

Mangrove ecosystems are crucial for biodiversity and coastal protection but face threats from climate change and human activities. This review assesses the productivity of the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) in Malaysia, which is recognised as one of the best-managed mangrove forests, while also addressing challenges such as deforestation and climate change-induced factors. This review explores the concept of productivity in mangrove forests, highlighting their role in carbon sequestration and discussing litterfall measurements as fundamental metrics for assessing primary productivity. An analysis of historical changes in MMFR’s biomass and productivity revealed fluctuations influenced by logging, reforestation, and climatic conditions. Trends in MMFR productivity indicate a concerning decline attributed to anthropogenic activities such as aquaculture and industrial projects. A regression analysis conducted on Rhizophora apiculata data with age as the predictor and AGB as the response variable indicated a positive trend (slope = 3.61, R-squared = 0.686), suggesting a quantitative increase in AGB with age. Further analysis revealed a significant negative trend in MMFR’s overall productivity over years (coefficient = −3.974, p < 0.05) with a strong inverse relationship (rho = −0.818, p < 0.05), indicating declining AGB trends. Despite these challenges, this review underscores the significance of sustainable management practices, effective conservation efforts, and community engagement in maintaining mangrove ecosystem health and productivity. In conclusion, sharing management lessons from MMFR can contribute to global conservation and sustainable mangrove forest management efforts, fostering resilience in these vital ecosystems.
Dynamic Estimation of Mangrove Carbon Storage in Hainan Island Based on the InVEST-PLUS Model
Authors: Shi Xian , Wu Lan , Zheng Yinqi , Zhang Xiang , Wang Yijia , Chen Quan , Sun Zhongyi , Nie Tangzhe
Published: April 2024

Mangrove ecosystems are pivotal to the global carbon budget. However, there is still a dearth of research addressing the impact of regional mangrove land use and land cover change (LUCC) on carbon sequestration and its associated spatial distribution patterns. To investigate the impact of different development scenarios on the carbon storage capacity of mangrove ecosystems, we focused on Hainan Island. We used LUCC data from 2010 to 2020 from mangrove-inhabited regions. The Markov-PLUS model was applied to predict the spatiotemporal dynamics of mangrove coverage under the natural increase scenario (NIS) and the mangrove protection scenario (MPS) over the next 40 years. Carbon storage was estimated using the InVEST model based on field-measured carbon density data. The outcomes show the following: (1) The Markov-PLUS model, with an overall accuracy of 0.88 and a Kappa coefficient of 0.82, is suitable for predicting mangrove distribution patterns on Hainan Island. (2) Environmental factors were the main drivers of historical mangrove changes on Hainan Island, explaining 54% of the variance, with elevation, temperature, and precipitation each contributing over 13%. (3) From 2025 to 2065, the mangrove area on Hainan Island is projected to increase by approximately 12,505.68 ha, mainly through conversions from forest land (12.73% under NIS and 12.37% under MPS) and agricultural land (39.72% under NIS and 34.53% under MPS). (4) The carbon storage increment within Hainan Island’s mangroves is projected at 2.71 TgC over the whole island, with notable increases expected in the eastern, northern, and northwestern regions, and modest gains in other areas. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics and future trends of carbon storage in the mangroves of Hainan Island, offering invaluable guidance for the long-term management of mangrove ecosystems and the realization of carbon neutrality goals by 2060.
Monitoring Forest Dynamics and Conducting Restoration Assessment Using Multi-Source Earth Observation Data in Northern Andes, Colombia
Authors: Pedraza Carlos , Clerici Nicola , Villa Marcelo , Romero Milton , Dueñas Adriana Sarmiento , Rojas Dallan Beltrán , Quintero Paola , Martínez Mauricio , Kellndorfer Josef
Published: April 2024

Examining the efficacy of current assessment methodologies for forest conservation and restoration initiatives to align with global and national agendas to combat deforestation and facilitate restoration efforts is necessary to identify efficient and robust approaches. The objective of this study is to understand forest dynamics (1996–2021) and assess restoration implementations at the Urra’s supplying basin hydroelectric reservoir in Colombia. The processing approach integrates optical and radar Earth Observation (EO) data from Sentinel-2 and Landsat for forest mapping and multi-temporal forest change assessment (1996–2021), and a Sentinel-1 backscatter time-series analysis is conducted to assess the state of forest restoration implementations. The processing chain was scaled in a cloud-based environment using the Nebari and SEPPO software and the Python language. The results demonstrate an overall substantial decrease in forested areas in the 1996–2000 period (37,763 ha). An accuracy assessment of multi-temporal forest change maps showed a high precision in detecting deforestation events, while improvements are necessary for accurately representing non-forested areas. The forest restoration assessment suggests that the majority of the 270 evaluated plots are in the intermediate growth state (82.96%) compared to the reference data. This study underscores the need for robust and continuous monitoring systems that integrate ground truth data with EO techniques for enhanced accuracy and effectiveness in forest restoration and conservation endeavors.
Can Cooperatives Enhance the Income-Generating Effect of Eco-Industries for Farmers?—Empirical Evidence from the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve, China
Authors: Ma Li , Chen Zimeng , Su Kaiwen , Zhang Han , Wen Yali , Hou Yilei
Published: April 2024

Promoting the development of eco-industries plays a significant role in achieving the harmonious symbiosis between economic growth and environmental protection as well as enhancing the comprehensive effectiveness of ecological and economic benefits. Due to their unique nature, cooperatives may play a crucial role in facilitating the integration between farmers and the development of eco-industries. To investigate whether cooperatives possess the capacity to enhance the income-generating effects for farmers involved in eco-industries, this study selected the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve (CINNR), a representative area for eco-industry development, as the research site. Data were gathered through face-to-face interviews, and this research empirically analyzed the impact of cooperatives on the income-generating effect of farmers using endogenous switching regression (ESR). The findings are threefold. First, cooperatives indeed enhance the income-generating effects for farmers engaged in eco-industries. Second, variables such as the distribution of agroforestry materials, premium capacity, soil quality, and status of village cadres have a positive impact on farmers joining cooperatives, whereas punishment initiatives discourage their participation. Third, for farmers who have joined cooperatives, factors such as the distribution of agroforestry materials, premium capacity, low-cost conservation initiatives, land area, status of village cadres, the proportion of labor force, technical training, soil quality, and land area positively affect their income from eco-industries. Conversely, punishment initiatives, age, and land location negatively impact their income. The results of this study provide new ideas for farmers to participate in the development of eco-industries, new evidence showing co-operatives can improve farmers’ income, and new directions for coordinating conflicts between conservation and development in protected areas.
The Genetic Diversity of Natural Ilex chinensis Sims (Aquifoliaceae) Populations as Revealed by SSR Markers
Authors: Hou Sixuan , Zhou Peng , Fang Yanming , Wang Xuejie , Zhang Min , Zhang Qiang
Published: April 2024

Ilex chinensis Sims. is an evergreen tree species native to China and mainly distributed in the region south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huai River. This species has important ornamental, medicinal, ecological, and economic values, and plays a positive role in improving the environment and people’s lives. To reveal the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 401 individuals from 14 populations in the major distribution area of I. chinensis, 11 pairs of SSR primers were selected for PCR amplification. The products were then subjected to capillary electrophoresis, and the genetic diversity of Ilex individuals was analyzed using relevant software. The results showed that the genetic diversity of I. chinensis was at a moderate-to-high level. A total of 54 alleles were detected at 11 SSR loci in the 14 Ilex populations, with an average of 4.831 alleles per locus. AMOVA analysis indicated that the genetic variation of I. chinensis populations mainly originated within populations. A STRUCTURE analysis divided the 401 I. chinensis individuals into four different genetic clusters. The unweighted pair group methods using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clustering based on Nei’s genetic distance revealed that the population from Xinping of Yuxi, Yunnan Province (XP), and the population from Longan of Qianxinan, Guizhou Province (LoA) were located in the outermost layer of the phylogenetic tree, indicating the furthest genetic relationship between these two population and other populations. The remaining populations could be roughly divided into two groups. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) demonstrated that the 401 individuals were clearly divided into three groups, which was consistent with the results of the STRUCTURE analysis and UPGMA clustering. This study identified the hotspots of genetic diversity of I. chinensis, as well as units for the conservation of individuals. It also revealed the patterns of genetic variation and population distribution of I. chinensis in different regions, providing a molecular basis for the geographical zoning and formulation of breeding programs for I. chinensis, as well as germplasm resource management.
Functional Study of Different Lignocellulases from Trichoderma guizhouence NJAU4742 in the Synergistic Degradation of Natural Straw
Authors: Li Tuo , Pei Ronghua , Wang Jiaguo , Zhou Yihao , Liu Dongyang
Published: April 2024

The enzyme-based degradation of lignocellulose for bioenergy production is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach. This study aimed to elucidate the enzymatic characteristics of endoglucanase (EGL), β-glucosidase (BGL), and xylanase (XYN) from Trichoderma guizhouence NJAU4742, and to explore the potential mechanisms underlying their synergistic degradation of different natural substrates. The results demonstrated that the three enzymes possessed remarkable high-temperature catalytic activity, broad pH adaptability, and responsiveness to different metal ions. The functional group absorption peaks of different substrates were shifted and altered after the synergistic action, particularly for C=O and O-H. Simultaneously, the crystallinity index of wheat straw, soybean straw, rice straw, and corn straw decreased by 7.40%, 2.37%, 20.60%, and 7.67%, respectively, compared to CK (natural straw). Additionally, the dense structure of different substrates was destroyed, and the inner parenchyma began to be exposed after the synergistic action, as observed by SEM. These findings offer valuable theoretical guidance for the development of lignocellulase applications.
A Blockchain-Based Real-Time Power Balancing Service for Trustless Renewable Energy Grids
Authors: Calvagna Andrea , Marotta Giovanni , Pappalardo Giuseppe , Tramontana Emiliano
Published: April 2024

We face a decentralized renewable energy production scenario, where a large number of small energy producers, i.e., prosumers, contribute to a common distributor entity, who resells energy directly to end-users. A major challenge for the distributor is to ensure power stability, constantly balancing produced vs consumed energy flows. In this context, being able to provide quick restore actions in response to unpredictable unbalancing events is a must, as fluctuations are the norm for renewable energy sources. To this aim, the high scalability and diversity of sources are crucial requirements for the said balancing to be actually manageable. In this study, we explored the challenges and benefits of adopting a blockchain-based software architecture as a scalable, trustless interaction platform between prosumers’ smart energy meters and the distributor. Our developed prototype accomplishes the energy load balancing service via smart contracts deployed in a real blockchain network with an increasing number of simulated prosumers. We show that the blockchain-based application managed to react in a timely manner to energy unbalances for up to a few hundred prosumers.
Integrating Real-Time Meteorological Conditions into a Novel Fire Spread Model for Grasslands
Authors: Zhang Yakun , Yu Huimin , Huang Wenjiang , Huang Tiecheng , Fan Meng , Wang Kun
Published: April 2024

Accurate comprehension of grassland fires is imperative for maintaining ecological stability. In this study, we propose a novel fire model that incorporates real-time meteorological conditions. Our methodology integrates key meteorological factors including relative humidity, temperature, degree of solidification of combustible materials, and wind speed. These factors are embedded into a comprehensive function that determines both the downwind and upwind spreading speeds of the fire. Additionally, the model accommodates fire spread in the absence of wind by incorporating the direction perpendicular to the wind, with wind speed set to zero. By precisely determining wind speed, the model enables real-time calculation of fire spread speeds in all directions. Under stable wind conditions, the fire spread area typically adopts an elliptical shape. Leveraging ellipse properties, we define the aspect ratio as a function related to wind speed. Consequently, with knowledge of the fire duration, the model accurately estimates the area of fire spread. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of this model in predicting and evaluating fires in the Hulunbuir Grassland. The model offers an innovative method for quantifying grassland fires, contributing significantly to the understanding and management of grassland ecosystems.
The Efficacy of Dietary Intake, Supplementation, and Blood Concentrations of Carotenoids in Cancer Prevention: Insights from an Umbrella Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sui Jing , Guo Jingwen , Pan Da , Wang Ying , Xu Ying , Sun Guiju , Xia Hui
Published: April 2024

Previous meta-analyses of multiple studies have suggested that dietary intake and blood concentrations of carotenoids, as well as dietary supplement of certain carotenoids, play a role in reducing the risk of cancer. However, the conclusions of these studies have been subject to controversy. We conducted an umbrella review of meta-analyses to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the evidence pertaining the association between carotenoids and cancer outcomes. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases of meta-analyses and systematic reviews up to June 2023. Our selection criteria encompassed meta-analyses of cohort and case-control studies, as well as randomized controlled clinical trials, which investigated the associations between carotenoids and cancer risk. We also determined the levels of evidence for these associations with AMSTAR 2 criteria. We included 51 eligible articles, including 198 meta-analyses for qualitative synthesis in the umbrella review. Despite the presence of moderate to high heterogeneity among the studies, dietary intake, supplementation, and blood concentrations of carotenoids were inversely associated with the risk of total cancer, and certain specific cancers of lung, digestive system, prostate, breast, head and neck, and others. Subgroup analysis also showed that individual carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene) offer certain protection against specific types of cancers. However, high doses of carotenoid supplements, especially β-carotene, significantly increased the risk of total cancer, lung cancer, and bladder cancer. Our umbrella meta-analysis supported that high intake of dietary carotenoids as a whole food approach could be more beneficial in reducing cancer risk. Concurrently, the findings suggest that the efficacy of single-carotenoid supplementation in cancer prevention remains a subject of controversy.