bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Race and Resources in Large American Cities
Authors: Erickson Rodney A. , Miller Theodore K.
Published: March 2007

Information on race, poverty, and socioeconomic variables for an extensive sample of neighborhoods in the 25 largest American cities was factor analyzed to examine underlying relationships. A dominant factor emerged in both central city and sub urban observation sets similar to that documented previously in certain single city ecologies and labeled "race and resources." This factor is comprised of poverty, family (dis)organization, and race variables. Examination of factor loadings and variable parameters indicates a strong association of blacks with poverty in sub urban areas despite the greater association with nucleated family structures, and provides additional support for the position that suburbanization of blacks has not changed the intrametropolitan distribution of minority economic welfare.
Private Neighborhood Redevelopment and Displacement
Authors: Goldfield David R.
Published: March 2007

As a result of various economic and demographic factors, Washington, D.C. is leading a national trend toward the private revitalization of inner city areas. It is not yet clear whether this trend represents a back-to-the-city movement or merely the shifting of population from one section of the city to another. Research to date is inconclusive both as to the extent of displacement and to the deposition of the displaced households. The local government had adopted, but not seriously enforced, several measures that would limit real estate speculation and protect the rights of the typically poor inhabitants.
A Little Pregnant
Authors: Goetz Edward G.
Published: March 2007

The author uses an interrupted time series analysis to evaluate the housing market effects of moderate rent control in San Francisco. Using data on multifamily-housing construction and rent levels from 1960 to 1991, the analysis shows that rent control did not inhibit the development of new multifamily housing. In fact, the rate of multifamily-housing production has increased more rapidly after the program's initiation. Additionally, the analysis shows that rents for advertised units in San Francisco have significantly risen after the implementation of rent control.
Can Suburbs Survive without their Central Cities?
Authors: Hill Edward W. , Wolman Harold L. , Ford Coit Cook
Published: March 2007

Based on recent findings that changes in average suburban incomes are positively associated with changes in average central-city incomes, some have concluded that disparities between central cities and their suburbs cause decline in metropolitan economic growth. The authors argue that causality runs in the other direction—metropolitan-wide growth narrows disparities. The authors argue that cities and suburbs are interdependent, that there can be healthy individual suburbs and weak central cities, and that there can be healthy suburbs in the aggregate and extremely poor central cities.
Specialization in Government
Authors: Foster Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

Relatively little is known about the remarkable increase in the use of special districts for urban service delivery. The author assesses the utility of four alternative theoretical perspectives on the uneven use of districts in metropolitan areas. Empirical analysis of district patterns in more than 300 metropolitan areas in 1987 reveals multiple influences on district use. Local government structure and legal factors emphasized by institutional-reform and metropolitan-ecology perspectives are especially important relative to the service-demand factors asserted by public-choice and critical political-economy perspectives. Of particular note are different motivations associated with use of different geographic and financial subtypes of districts.
Local Policy Subsystems and Issue Definition
Authors: Goetz Edward G. , Sidney Mara S.
Published: March 2007

Using a policy subsystem approach, the authors examine the politics of community development in Minneapolis. A cohesive and stable community development subsystem evolved during the 1970s and early 1980s, dominated by community development corporations and the city's multifamily housing development bureaucracy. Recent changes in community development policy reflect changes in the subsystem dynamics, including a challenge to the dominant coalition by neighborhood groups and external factors such as the redefinition of policy objectives. Subsystem analysis helps to explain policy change at the local level; explicit consideration of the social construction of issues and of the impact of issue redefinition will enrich subsystem analysis.
Crime and Trust in Local Government
Authors: Howell Susan E. , Marshall Brent K.
Published: March 2007

Prior research has indicated that the election of a black mayor is accompanied by increased trust in local government on the part of the black electorate. The authors explore contextual effects of the crime and drug epidemic on black trust in local black government. They draw on seven public opinion surveys of citizens of New Orleans, a black empowerment area, conducted between 1985 and 1994. Black confidence in local black government declined during that period, partially as a result of rising crime and the declining quality of urban life. Models of trust in government and the future of black empowerment are discussed.
Gender Reactions to TV Political Broadcasts
Authors: Kaid Lynda Lee , Holtz-Bacha Christina
Published: March 2007

This study investigated differences in male and female responses to political television broadcasts during recent elections in the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Poland, and Romania. Experimental studies indicated that male and female voters responded differently to the political broadcasts but that these patterns were not uniform across the countries.
Political Communication Culture in the United States and Germany
Authors: Pfetsch Barbara
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the norms and communication roles that govern the interaction between political spokespeople and journalists in the center of the governmental systems in the United States and Germany. Using data from an exploratory study of political spokespeople and journalists, the empirical reconstruction of actors' attitudes points to a media-driven political communication culture in the United States and a politically motivated political communication in Germany. The differences are understood as the expression and consequence of a presidential governmental system and the stark commercialization of the U.S media, as compared to a system of party government and a politicized media system in Germany.
The “Americanization” of Political Communication
Authors: Negrine Ralph , Papathanassopoulos Stylianos
Published: March 2007

This article examines the notion of the “Americanization” of political and campaign communication. Beginning with the literature on the evolution of political communication practices in the United States and their adoption in other political systems, We explore the significance of the seeming convergence of practices and the implications for future patterns of political communication and sociopolitical development. Finally, we seek to link the notion of the Americanization of politics with a discussion of the “modernization” of societies.
Is Local TV News Still Local?
Authors: Kiolbassa Jolene
Published: March 2007

This study examines local television coverage of the 1992 presidential and Senate elections and the 1996 presidential primaries in the Los Angeles media market. The core question is whether local stations have a specifically “local” focus in their news-casts, or whether instead their coverage has become similar to the national network news. The paramount finding is that in 1992, Los Angeles stations carried ten times the amount of stories about the presidential race compared to the coverage of the state's two Senate races; a corollary finding is that the 1996 primary reports are similar in style and substance to their 1992 counterparts. Local stations chose to use the presidential campaign as a symbol for government generally and were aided in their coverage by new technology, such as satellite hookups and video services.
Is the Sun Shining on Tony Blair?
Authors: Curtice John
Published: March 2007

The British press is both highly partisan and predominantly pro-Conservative. It thus provides an important test case of the ability of partisan newspapers to influence both the voting behavior of individual voters and overall electoral outcomes. However, since 1992, many traditionally pro-Conservative newspapers have been highly critical of the incumbent Conservative government, providing a particularly valuable opportunity to study their influence. Panel data collected regularly since 1992 suggest that partisan newspapers have only a marginal influence on the voting preferences of individual readers and that they have little or no influence on overall outcomes.
U.K. Political Parties and the Internet
Authors: Gibson Rachel K. , Ward Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a study that examined the effects of U.K. political parties' use of the Internet on intraparty democracy and interparty competition. Using party official questionnaire data and content analysis of party Web sites, the study explored the extent to which parties are using the World Wide Web (WWW) and email to promote their members' views and examined whether the Internet provides minor parties with more equal access to the electorate compared with the traditional media. The findings indicate that parties do recognize the Internet's potential for increasing internal party debate; however, it is used primarily as a tool for downward information dissemination. In terms of interparty competition, minor parties are leveling the communications field in the quality of their WWW sites, although limited Internet use by the electorate prevents the medium from being exploited to its fullest extent.
On the X-Ray Theory of Twinning
Authors: Ericksen J. L.
Published: March 2007

Twinning equations associated with the X-ray theory are conceptually different from others in the literature, in that they are not linked to deformation. Despite this, they have been applied to deformation twins, as well as to growth twins, with some success. In part, this is an exposition of such theory, but it also contains new results.
Mathematical Analysis of Lattice-type Structures with Complicated Geometry
Authors: Cioranescu Doina , Janati Abdessalam El
Published: March 2007

We present a method to study the asymptotic behavior of lattice-(or truss-) type structures with complicated geometry. This method is a combination of classical variational arguments with the flux balance method introduced by N. Bakhvalov and G. Panasenko. It is important to note that the overall (limit) coefficients thus obtained are simple algebraic expressions of physical ones.
Unilateral Problems for Nonlinearly Elastic Plates and Shallow Shells
Authors: Gratie Liliana
Published: March 2007

Using the topological degree for pseudo-monotone operators of type (S+), we establish a general existence result for variational inequalities of von Karman type, which model unilateral problems for nonlinearly elastic plates. Then, we give a reduced operatorial form of Marguerre von Karman equations for nonlinearly elastic shallow shells and get a new existence result for this model.
Some Remarks on Invariance Requirements for Constrained Rods
Authors: O'Reilly Oliver M. , Turcotte Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

In the context of the theory of a directed or Cosserat curve, the implications of invariance requirements for constrained elastic rods are re-examined.
Adiabatic Phase Boundary Propagation in a Theromoelastic Solid
Authors: Turteltaub Sergio
Published: March 2007

The dynamical aspects of solid-solid phase transformations are studied within the framework of the theory of thermoelasticity. A problem of the Riemann type for a one-dimensional bar undergoing an adiabatic process is analyzed. It is shown that by imposing a kinetic relation and a nucleation criterion, it is possible to single out a unique solution. This extends to the thermomechanical case results previously found in a purely mechanical context.
Remarks on Nonlinear Membrane Shell Problems
Authors: Genevey Karine
Published: March 2007

We analyze the membrane model established by Miara for nonlinearly elastic shells. In particular, we show that the associated energy functional is coercive but not sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous. To prove this last property, it is shown that the energy density is not rank-1 convex and thus not quasi-convex. The authors also consider the membrane models derived by Le Dret and Raoult, using F- convergence methods. An expression of the F-limit energy density is given in terms of the partial derivatives of the displacement, valid for certain classes of deformations. It is also shown that, for plane membranes as for membrane shells, the formal asymptotic method and the F-convergence approach coincide, provided that the singular values of the deformation gradient belong to a specific subset of R2.
Irrotational Deformations in Finite Compressible Elasticity
Authors: Murphy Jeremiah G.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines nonhomogeneous deformations of homogeneous, isotropic, compressible, nonlinearly elastic solids. It is assumed that the deformation is the gradient of a scalar field, and then determine the equation satisfied by this field from the equation of equilibrium. The strain energy function assumed is a generalization of the harmonic material and the generalized Varga material. For the special case of the generalized Varga material, a similarity solution is found for the scalar field. This solution describes the deformation of regions bounded by a family of surfaces which includes circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas in two and three dimensions. The solution is then partially extended to the more general elastic material.
Wound Care in the Age of PPS: Tools for Survival
Authors: Corbett Lisa Q. , Milne Catherine T.
Published: March 2007

Successfully providing wound care to patients under the prospective payment reimbursement system can be considered a challenge or an opportunity. Home care organizations are seeking methods to provide cost-effective wound care with optimal clinical outcomes. This article will discuss specific strategies for surviving the upcoming changes while simultaneously meeting the goals of providing wound care in a cost-conscious environment.
Home Health Care Nurses’ Job Satisfaction: A System Indicator
Authors: Ellenbecker Carol Hall
Published: March 2007

The home health care industry has recently undergone tremendous change. How providers of care are adapting to the changes in their environment and the effect this has on nurses’ job satisfaction has not been explored. Nurses’ job satisfaction provides an indicator of a change in the system’s ability to deliver quality patient care and to attract and retain staff. The purpose of this study is to describe the level of job satisfaction of home health care nurses in three regions of the country. Neal’s theory of becoming a home health nurse was used as a framework for understanding the findings. Nurses in this study were satisfied with aspects of their job related to professional autonomy, relationships with patients and peers, and a sense that their work is worthwhile and important. They are less satisfied with their relationship to administration and their ability to effect changes in the system.
Interviewing: Tips from a seasoned manager
Authors: Dete Mary K.
Published: March 2007

Make the preemployment interview pay off. A seasoned manager provides tips for efficient and effective interviewing. The better you draw the portrait of the desired candidate, the more fo cused your search will be. Your real work takes place before the candidates arrive. Employee selection is one of the most costly decisions you make. Spend your resources wisely. The inter view is an opportunity, not a punishment. Key words: experience, conduct, preparation, job description, situations, guided questions
Psychiatric Home Health Care: A Team Approach
Authors: Earle Gail K.
Published: March 2007

Holistic home health care is increasingly important as managed care and shortened hospital stays become the norm. With the advent of psychiatric home health care programs across the country, exciting possibilities arise as mental health needs can be addressed in the natural home environment. This benefits not only those with primary psychiatric diagnoses, but also those whose medical conditions are complicated by mental health issues.
Cultural Diversity in Grief
Authors: Esposito Linda , Buckalew Pamela , Chukunta Tabiri
Published: March 2007

"Culture in its broadest sense, is what makes you a stranger when you are away from home. It includes all those beliefs and expectations about how people should speak and act which have become a kind of second nature to you as a result of social learning. However, direct exposure to an alien society usually produces a disturbing feeling of disorientation and helplessness that is called 'culture shock.'"1 This article explores various cultures and beliefs and attitudes concerning death and grief. By reexamining attitudes toward patients of different cultures and gaining understanding of their cultures and psychosocial environment, the caregiver begins to develop cultural competence in dealing with cross- cultural issues.
The Rehabilitation Nurse in the Home Health Care Setting
Authors: Neal Leslie Jean
Published: March 2007

The primary goals of home health care nursing and rehabilitation nursing are strikingly similar. Rehabilitation nursing principles should guide home health care nurses as they formulate and deliver quality patient care. Home health care agencies eager to keep up with the emerging trends in health care delivery are encouraged to recruit and hire rehabilitation nurses. This article discusses the principles of rehabilitation nursing and demonstrates, with case examples, how these principles can be applied to the home setting and, consequently, can improve patient outcomes.
When Physical Illness Becomes a Crisis
Authors: Frisch Noreen
Published: March 2007

Modern health care practices put clients and their families in situations in which coping with physical illness, hospitalization, and follow-up care create stress that can leave the individual overwhelmed and "in crisis. " Nurses who understand the subjective experience of physical illness and the phases of illness can assess the illness reaction, the type of crisis, and the degree of adaptation required of the client. Nursing interventions such as active listening, supporting client strengths, and using family, community, and health care resources to provide ongoing support are particularly helpful. Electronic resources are a new source of information that can assist nurses to find support and discussion groups and other information of help to clients.
Using Proactive Marketing to Compete in the Managed Care Marketplace
Authors: Cherney Alison
Published: March 2007

Marketing is typically thought of as selling, but marketing includes the services delivered, pricing strategies, and distribution as well as promotional strategies. Managed care is forcing companies to shift their marketing strategies to be successful. Marketing needs to be proactive rather than reactive, and too many home care companies merely react to managed care organizations (MCOs). Reactive marketing means companies lower their prices without adjusting their services or just answer requests for proposals (RFPs) without discerning the individual service needs of particular types of MCOs. This article details the critical aspects of managed care marketing strategies that will help home care companies reengineer to grow in managed care.
Cultural Influence on the Assessment and Treatment of Chronic Pain
Authors: Kodiath Mary F.
Published: March 2007

The therapeutic management of pain, both acute and chronic, is of international concern. It is important, in particular, to health care providers in all countries and in all health care settings, be that of hospital, home health care, residential care, ambulatory care, or hospice care. To assess pain properly, it is essential to be aware of the cultural implications and meanings that pain has for each person experiencing it. The meaning given to a particular painful experience is influenced by a person's culture. This article compares the differences in meaning that patients with chronic pain in the United States and those with chronic pain in India described when interviewed. Patients in both cultures who find meaning in their pain show markedly less suffering than those who find pain to be meaningless.
Mobilizing and Motivating the Front Line Manager
Authors: Sullivan Kathleen
Published: March 2007

The last few years have presented enormous obstacles and challenges to the home care industry. Between the growth of managed care and the erosion of the Medicare home health benefit, home care managers have been forced to reengineer their core business processes in order to maintain their equilibrium; often on the backs of the front line manager. This article identifies some of the key stressors affecting home care managers today and explores several options available to home care organizations that have proven useful in easing those burdens.
Home Infusion: Pharmacy Case Study
Authors: Arnold Carol M.
Published: March 2007

The goal of all home infusion caregivers is to ensure that the patient and family have all of the information and supplies necessary to independently administer home infusions in the absence of a nurse. After-hours deliveries of medication or supplies are sometimes required, which is a costly activity for the home infusion industry. To better control expenses, this organization studied the reasons for generating after-hours deliveries and found that inadequate communication was the primary cause of these visits. Through ongoing tracking and benchmarking, this organization was able to improve its performance by decreasing the number of after-hours deliveries and to increase the satisfaction of staff and clients.
Improving the Timeliness of Hospice Appropriate Admissions: An Intraorganizational Experience with Organization wide Results
Authors: Labson Margherita C.
Published: March 2007

The timeliness of a patient's admission to hospice services remains a topic of both dialogue and debate, but when mortality rates in a home care department exceeded the rates reported in the hospice, the leadership recognized a defining moment and responded. Acknowledging that an agency that provided both home care and hospice services was obligated to ensure that those services were effectively coordinated, the organization embarked on a journey to improve its performance and learned much about itself along the way.
Gaia Rising
Authors: Ryland Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

A review of the environmental literature reveals the existence of a widespread and deeply felt concern for the environment. Unfortunately, this concern has not yet created enough proenvironmental behavior to ensure general sustainability. This article explores the seemingly irrational gap between concern and action by presenting a Jungian perspective on environmental consciousness. Central Jungian concepts are introduced to explore and explain the gap between knowledge and action, including psyche, archetype, complex, and symbol. Environmental consciousness is interpreted as the activated archetype of Mother Earth expressed in the environmental angst complex and in the environmental symbol of Gaia. Jungian analysis offers a positive view of individuation: the integration and healing of the psyche. This process has its environmental counterpart in deep ecology. Some examples are provided of how Jungian dynamics can operate in an organizational setting, activating environmentally sustainable business practices and impacting the bottom-line mentality of corporate actors.
Parents' acceptability of alternative treatments for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wilson L.J. , Jennings J.N.
Published: March 2007

Ninety-six parents evaluated alternative treatments for a child diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), according to both DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria. All subjects evaluated three psychosocial treatments for ADHD children (i.e., self-management therapy, parent training, parent-child interaction training) in addition to a no-treatment option. Half of the subjects also evaluated the acceptability of psychosocial interventions combined with psychostimulant medication. Results indicated that psychosocial treatments combined with psy chostimulant medication were rated significantly lower in acceptability than psychosocial treat ments alone. Child self-management therapy, parent training, and parent-child interaction train ing were generally rated as equivalent interventions although parent-child interaction training revealed the highest acceptability scores. All therapies were preferred to the no-treatment option.
Renewables on Main Street
Authors: Thornton John P.
Published: March 2007

Photovoltaics (PV), a technology capable of generating electricity directly from sunlight, is commonly viewed as a rural technology that is best suited to supplying power for small villages and remote farms. Most people are surprised to learn that one of the fastest growing markets for PV is in urban areas. Energy generated by PV can be a powerful, cost-effective tool in the hands of municipal planners for lowpower, mobile applications when power from the local utility is neither available nor cost-effective to extend. It is quiet, reliable, safe, and environmentally benign. It blends unobtrusively into parks, bus stops, rail stations, and other urban landscapes or streetscapes. In many cases, it is the least expensive option.
Capital Requirements for Elementary and Secondary Public Schools in the Context of Funding Public School Construction
Authors: Crihfield John B. , Piotrowski Suzanne J.
Published: March 2007

A recent study by the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) found that years of underfunding through 1994 had left investment in U.S. public schools short by $126 billion. To better understand the GAO finding, the authors estimated capital stocks in U.S. public schools; they then projected future capital stocks and infrastructure deficiencies. They use this framework to interpret two federal public school construction financing options: tax credit bonds, promoted by the Clinton administration, and expanding “arbitrage” earnings possibilities for those state and local governments that issue school bonds, promoted by many Republicans in Congress.
Privatizing Municipal Water and Wastewater Systems
Authors: Werkman Janet , Westerling David L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the argument that using design-build-operate (DBO) contracting instead of traditional approaches (such as contract operations) to expand the private sector role in the management of municipal water and wastewater systems will lead to more efficient investment and operational practices. Privatization research reviewed in this article suggests that capturing and maintaining the benefits of market competition on the cost of service under a DBO contract may be an elusive objective. For cities considering long-term DBO privatization, the research and case studies presented demonstrate the importance of investing in the necessary expertise to (a) plan and structure a procurement process that generates meaningful price competition, (b) develop contract terms that give the public owner input into and control over key design criteria for capital improvements, and (c) realistically assess the impact of changing circumstances on future costs to develop accurate long-term cost projections.
The Privatization of Commercial Airports in the United States
Authors: Mew Keith
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes current discussion regarding the privatization of U.S. airports in general and the Federal Aviation Administration airport privatization pilot program in particular. The lack of success of this program is analyzed in terms of general airline opposition to privatization and the inherent advantages to the airlines of the current airport financial system. Those advantages are primarily (a) the historic cost method of calculating landing fees and (b) the subsidization of the capital improvement program. Reference is made to other airport financial systems that may be more successful, such as the management of Indianapolis Airport by the British Airport Authority U.S., Inc.
Managing to Grow with Environmental Justice
Authors: Warner Kee
Published: March 2007

Much of the activism for environmental justice has focused on the toxic by-products of industrial production, but the environmental conditions of low-income and minority communities are also affected in important ways by broader patterns of urban growth. This article examines the conceptual and policy linkages that can be made between managing growth and enhancing environmental quality for all segments of the community. This is based on an examination of three areas of local policy—managing local environments, guiding development, and managing infrastructure—using local examples and with a discussion of implications for research and practice.
Implementing Regional Transportation Planning
Authors: Pindur Wolfgang , Yacus George M.
Published: March 2007

The typical metropolitan transportation system focused on the interests of individual jurisdictions rather than cooperatively with regional partners. By overcoming typical barriers and working as a strategic team focused on regional interests, transportation planning can be improved to better serve a region. This article focuses on a recent Federal Highway Authority (FHWA) initiative for early deployment of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technology in Hampton Roads, Virginia, and reveals lessons learned. Issues include identification of stakeholders, team building, soliciting customer input, constructing a regional information architecture, andpromoting potentialpublic-private partnerships. Specific suggestions on methods for enhancing regional transportation system planning and implementation are provided. Data was gathered while the authors were under contract to conduct an evaluation of the regional transportation-planning initiative. Methods included participant observations, case studies, surveys, and document review. Results of the study validate the strength of strategic planning, evaluation of planning processes, and customerfocus.
Smart Growth
Authors: Tregoning Harriet
Published: March 2007

As urban development and redevelopment practices evolve, infrastructure, housing, and other public service policies should consider current thinking on "best development practices, " or what is now called "Smart Growth. " This commentary builds on a number of recent publications and on the work of academics, developers, architects, and others known by some as "new urbanists, " who provide best practices to guide development strategies, innovative land use patterns, and infrastructure projects.
A Postmortem Analysis of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s 20-Year Long-Range Plan
Authors: Rubin Thomas A. , Moore James E. , Lee Shin
Published: March 2007

After spending or committing almost $7 billion on light and heavy rail lines, the Board of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) has voted to suspend most rail construction. This is an analysis of the current MTA long-range 20-year plan, “A PLAN FOR LOS ANGELES COUNTY: Transportation for the 21st Century,” adopted March 1995. The plan is inconsistent with federal planning requirements. Performance indicators described in the plan are skewed in favor of rail in part because the plan accounts only for local costs in cost-effectiveness calculations. The plan does not evaluate reasonable alternatives to rail lines, avoiding discussion of lower cost options. We conclude that the Los Angeles rail plan was never realistic. The plan was crafted to justify the decision to build the Los Angeles rail system and not to guide, inform, or improve this decision.
Behavioral Characteristics and Level of Involvement for Victims of Homicide
Authors: SOBOL JAMES J.
Published: March 2007

Few studies have differentiated demographic and situational correlates for victims within and among the various types of homicide. This article seeks to provide a comparative basis for certain victim types, and more important, to discern victims who were more culpable from those who were more or less guiltless in the events surrounding their victimization. The study involves 157 homicide victims in the city of Buffalo, New York, for the years 1992 and 1993. The data reveal that types of victimization vary depending on the characteristics and behavior of the victim as well as the situation in which the violence developed. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the etiology of homicide must consider less direct forms of victim contribution in order to specify those behaviors that have significant risk potential. Implications for future research and identification of high-risk homicide victim populations are discussed.
The Role of Drug Markets and Gangs in Local Homicide Rates
Authors: COHEN JACQUELINE , CORK DANIEL , ENGBERG JOHN , TITA GEORGE
Published: March 2007

The presence of ongoing enterprises, sustained by a purpose and life beyond those of the current participants, distinguishes drug- and gang-related homicides. Without these enterprises that are sustained over time within distinctive spatial areas, violence would be reduced to individual acts precipitated by unique features of interactions between distinct individuals. Consistent with expectation, drug and gang homicides display substantial concentrations of violent incidents spatially and temporally within different neighborhoods in a city. The authors also find evidence for localized temporal dependencies in which a recent homicide alters the probability of another homicide in the same local area. Both drug and gang homicides display evidence of self-limiting suppression effects that inhibit extended periods of sustained high rates of these types of violence in the same area. Finally, there is evidence of cross-type diffusion from drug and gang homicides to subsequently higher rates of other gun homicides involving young offenders or victims.
Males and Honor Contest Violence
Authors: POLK KENNETH
Published: March 2007

This article examines characteristic elements of male violence that take the form of honor contests. Several examples are drawn from previous investigations of male violence to emphasize that honor contests cross historical and cultural boundaries. Next it analyzes three features of honor contests: (a) characteristics of those who participate (usually male, young, and lower class); (b) the settings where such violence occurs (leisure scenes where young working-class males can circulate and where their leisure involves consumption of alcohol and an audience of other males for the violent episodes); and (c) the interactional dynamics of these contests (consisting of opening moves, countermoves, and then a working agreement to engage in violence). Recognition of this form of violence will contribute to a better-informed theoretical discussion of the masculine nature of lethal violence than is possible through more conventional categories of classification of either social relationships or motivations in cases of homicide.
Suggestions for the Analysis of Qualitative Dependent Variables
Authors: Friedman Philip
Published: March 2007

The interpretation of regression coefficients when the dependent variable is qualitative is not impaired by the scale variance which accrues from order preserving transformations of the dependent variable. The article compares the scale variance of dependent qualitative variables to the more familiar scale variance of independent or dummy variables. Further analysis is conducted about the properties of trichotomous dependent variables as applied to a specific example in the estimation of revealed preference and public choice.
Alternative Methods of Taxing Realized and Unrealized Capital Gains
Authors: De Wulf Luc
Published: March 2007

Capital gains receive preferential tax treatment under present U.S. legislation. Three alternative methods of taxing these are analyzed and the revenue and distributional implications of these alternatives are simulated for 1966. The methods analyzed are: (1) annual taxation of accrued capital gains; (2) full taxation of realized gains combined with periodic taxation of unrealized gains and taxation of unrealized gains held by decedents (only post-1956 gains are taxed); (3) full taxation of all realized gains combined with constructive realization at death.
Inflation and Local Government Expenditures and Revenues: Method and Case Studies
Authors: Greytak David , Jump Bernard
Published: March 2007

Inflation affects both the expenditures and the revenues of local governments. Unfortunately, measurement of the overall effect of inflation on a government's budget is hampered by the absence of appropriate inflation indexes. This paper describes a methodology for computing such indexes and applies the technique in an examination of the effects of inflation on six local governments during the period 1971-1974.
A Catastrophe Theory Analysis: City Government Finances
Authors: Newbould Gerald D.
Published: March 2007

This article utilizes a novel development in mathematics-catastrophe theory—to examine the finances of the top 48 U. S. cities. The conclusion is that all the cities are m situations comparable to New York's and Cleveland's, where the potential for catastrophe exists.
Accelerating Inflation and Nonassumable Fixed-Rate Mortgages: Effects On Consumer Choice and Welfare
Authors: Hendershott Patric H. , Sheng Hu
Published: March 2007

As a result of both the decline of real user cost of owner-occupied housing and the failure of this cost for nonresidential investment to fail similarly, some have argued that the U.S. economy has overinvested to housing at the expense of industrial capital and thus has suffered substantial productivity losses.
The Welfare Economics of Taxes: a Three-Class Disposable Income Growth Model
Authors: Seidman Laurence S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an alternative approach to the welfare economics of taxes, and to the choice between an income, wage, and consumption tax. In contrast to standard efficiency analysis of taxes, and to much of the optimal growth literature, the central focus is on the welfare of different classes under alternative taxes in a multiclass growth model when redistributive transfers are excluded as unfeasible. When tax rates are set to achieve the same steady-state tax revenue per effective labor and equal progressivity in a three-class disposable income growth model, an income tax always achieves a lower welfare for the low-skilled labor class than either a wage or consumption tax due to the "horizontal redistribution effect. "It is also shown that it is possible for a citizen to sensibly prefer a tax that achieves a capital-intensity in excess of the golden rule level; and for a tax switch that maintains progressivity and raises capital-intensity to benefit low-skilled workers in the short as well as long run.
Interstate Differences in Individual Income Taxes
Authors: Hunter William J. , Scott Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Income taxes vary significantly across states. Typical measures of these varia-tions utilize aggregate measures, such as per capita taxes or taxes per thousand dollars of income. In this article the income tax systems, as opposed to the taxes paid, are described and compared for the various states. It is demonstrated that the diversity in the treatment of individuals for income tax purposes is vast. We propose that analysis of state taxation and its effect on individuals and businesses be conducted on a disaggregated basis.
Fiscal Illusion and "Excessive" Budgets: Some Indirect Evidence
Authors: Cullis John G. , Jones Philip R.
Published: March 2007

The Leviathan literature has, as one of its themes, the manipulation of tax structures to minimize voter perceptions of their tax shares and hence predicts excessive public budgets. Existing confirmatory tests of this proposition, including those published in this journal, have been indirect and concentrated on the tax side of the budget in isolation. Questionnaire evidence on U.K. fiscal knowledge of both expenditure and taxation suggests no overall bias toward pessimistic or optimistic tax illusions but rather general ignorance.
A Public Choice Explanation for the Decline in Real income Transfers
Authors: Colburn Christopher B.
Published: March 2007

A public choice model is used to explain the decline in the sum of AFDC and food stamp transfers that occurred about the time the food stamp program was introduced. The theoretical results suggest that the decline may be due to an increase in the marginal cost of income redistribution that results from the negative income tax feature of the food stamp program and the increase in federal tax that is required to finance the program.
Valuation of In-Kind Transfers and the Measurement of Poverty
Authors: Browning Edgar K.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses three related but distinct issues relevant to the valuation of in-kind transfers. First, it shows that the census bureau's widely cited recipient value approach substantially underestimates the true cash equivalent value of in-kind transfers. Second, it shows that the true cash equivalent value of income can exceed even the income value arrived at by adding the market value of in-kind transfers to cash income. Third, it presents some reasons for preferring that income be measured at its market value rather than at its cash equivalent value, at least when the goal is identifying poverty status.
Form of Government and Collective Bargaining Outcomes
Authors: O'Brien Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine which form of government, city manager or elected mayor, is more successful in minimizing labor costs. The two competing theories are the city manager efficiency theory, which argues that city managers are more successful than mayors in restraining labor costs, and the equal incentive theory, which argues that both forms of government are equally adept at restraining labor costs. Differing from earlier studies, these theories are examined here explicitly within a collective bargaining framework, where labor costs are frequently determined in the local public sector. To empirically test which theory is valid, national cross-sectional samples of cities with bargaining units for police and firefighters were collected. Contrary to previous studies, it is found for the police sample that mayors are actually more efficient than city managers. For the firefighter sample the results support the equal incentive theory. The general conclusion from both samples is that city managers are not more efficient than mayors and may actually be less efficient.
Politico-Economic Interactions in Canada: an Empirical Assessment
Authors: Pétry François , Harmatz Howard R.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the respective impact of economic and political factors on federal public expenditure by replicating the Frey and Schneider politico-economic model with Canadian data from 1954 to 1992. We show that federal expenditure has been sensitive to (a) the rate of unemployment and the real wage rate and (b) the interplay of reelection and ideological influences. Although partisan cycles fail to appear when pohtico-economic interactions are specified, following the general Frey and Schneider model, they emerge when we adjust the general model to take into account specific Canadian institutional features, namely, the existence of minority governments, and the Quebec origin of the government leader.
"The Marginal Cost of Redistribution": Comment
Authors: Dahley Bev G. , Ruggeri Giuseppe C.
Published: March 2007

The authors discuss the measurement and interpretation problems with Browning's 1993 analysis of the marginal cost of redistribution (MCR) through a linear income tax. They derive a general expression for the social MCR and show that Browning's measure inflates the MCR because (a) he ignores the income effects of tax changes and income transfers and (b) he defines the ratio of gains to losses in an arbitrary fashion. The authors argue that his conclusion that the MCR from general income redistribution programs is almost certain to be high is misleading because (a) there are other ways of redistributing income that may have lower cost and (b) the social gains from redistribution are also high.
New Service Teams as Information-Processing Systems
Authors: Lievens Annouk , Moenaert Rudy K.
Published: March 2007

This article theoretically and empirically examines the antecedents and consequences of project communication during the new financial service innovation process. The authors analyze project communication comprising both intraproject communication and extraproject communication (i.e., boundary spanners) and adopt the view that project teams within banks are primarily information-processing systems directed toward reducing innovative uncertainty. The research findings indicate that the level of complexity contributes to intraproject communication, whereas centralized project environments appear to be a barrier for communication within the project team. Curvilinear relationships (inverted U) are substantiated between project climate and intraproject communication and between formalization and boundary-spanning communication. The authors’ findings provide support for the fact that effective project communication is contingent upon the level of cross-functional cooperation and that the relationship with project success is an indirect one, mediated by the level of innovative uncertainty reduction.
The Relationship between Product Quality and Revenue Per Available Room at Holiday Inn
Authors: Kimes Sheryl E.
Published: March 2007

Three years of quality and operational performance data from 1,135 franchised Holiday Inn hotels were analyzed to determine the relationship between product quality and operational performance. Hotels with at least one quality defect in the exterior, the guest room, and the guest bath had a revenue per available room per day (RevPAR) of approximately $2.80 less than hotels that did not have defects in each of the areas. This implies that to be successful, a hotel must concentrate on maintaining high quality standards in areas that have the greatest impact on financial return.
Sport, Spinal Cord Injury, Embodied Masculinities, and the Dilemmas of Narrative Identity
Authors: SPARKES ANDREW C. , SMITH BRETT
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the narrative identity dilemmas of four men who have experienced spinal cord injury (SCI) through playing rugby football union and now define themselves as disabled. The biographical data illustrate how body-self relationships moved from an absent presence in the lives of these men to something that was other, problematic, and alien. This transformation instigated anxieties concerning the combined loss of specific masculine and athletic identities that were formerly at the apex of the participants' identity hierarchy. In such circumstances, the desire for a restored self is highlighted, as are the limited narrative resources that frame this coping strategy. Suggestions for how this situation might be changed are then offered.