bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastric Wash-Based Molecular Testing for Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Baba Satoshi , Oishi Yoshichika , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Oikawa Ritsuko , Morita Ryo , Yoshida Yoshihito , Hiraishi Tetsuya , Maehata Tadateru , Nagase Yoshihiko , Fukuda Yasunobu , Nakazawa Midori , Ishigouoka Shinya , Hattori Nobuhiro , Suzuki Hiromu , Toyota Minoru , Niwa Hirohumi , Suzuki Michihiro , Itoh Fumio
Published: November 2011

Background: A number of noninvasive tests have been developed to establish the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. However, thus far these tests have only been capable of detecting its presence. An increasing number of antibiotic-resistant H. pylori infections have been reported and they are known to be correlated with 23S rRNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We hypothesized that genomic analysis of H. pylori recovered from gastric washes could not only be less invasive, but also useful as a screening test and for assessing the outcome of eradication therapy. Methods: Biopsy specimens and gastric washes were collected from 100 patients during endoscopic examination. Then we analyzed 23S rRNA, ureA, and cagA genes using PCR and high-throughput pyrosequencing analysis. Results: Forty-five percent (44/97) of patients tested positive for ureA and 42.3% (41/97) tested positive by a rapid urease test. One hundred percent (35/35) of patients who tested positive by both methods were observed to have the cagA gene. Among these 35 patients, 23S rRNA SNPs were present in 34.3% (12/35). Conclusions: Gastric wash-based PCR and a pyrosequencing assay were used to rapidly detect and estimate the number of 23S rRNA SNPs in clinical isolates of H. pylori. Not only is this a less invasive technique, but it can also diagnose drug resistance.
Impaired Knowledge of Driving Laws Is Associated with Recommended Driving Cessation in Cognitively Impaired Older Adults
Authors: Alosco Michael L. , Ott Brian R. , Cleveland Mary Jo , Royle Kristy , Snyder Stephanie , Spitznagel Mary Beth , Gunstad John
Published: November 2011

Background/Aims: The present study examined if knowledge of driving laws independently predicts on-the-road driving performance among cognitively impaired older adults. Methods: The current study consisted of retrospective observational analyses on 55 cognitively impaired older adults (77.9 ± 6.4 years) that completed an on-the-road driving evaluation, a 20-item knowledge test of driving laws, and a brief cognitive test battery. Results: Logistic regression found poorer performance on the knowledge test was significantly associated with greater likelihood of recommended driving cessation beyond important demographic and cognitive variables (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cognitively impaired patients’ ability to drive may be related to their knowledge regarding common driving laws, in addition to their current level of cognitive functioning.
Efficacy of Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy in Curatively Resected Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis
Authors: Kim Hye Ryun , Min Byung Soh , Kim Jin Soo , Shin Sang Joon , Ahn Joong Bae , Rho Jae Kyung , Kim Nam Kyu , Rha Sun Young
Published: November 2011

Objectives: Although surgical resection alone has been validated as a standard treatment for patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer, a high rate of recurrence is still an issue to be overcome. We aimed to assess the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy using an oxaliplatin-based regimen in patients who underwent hepatic and primary colorectal cancer resection. Methods: Sixty patients who received oxaliplatin-based postoperative chemotherapy combined with curative resection of primary colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases between January 2000 and February 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival, and prognostic factors were evaluated with the log-rank test. Results: Median overall survival (OS) was 62.8 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 44.1–81.3], and median relapse-free survival (RFS) was 32.8 months (95% CI 5.8–59.6). The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 95.0, 68.8 and 55.5%, respectively. The relapse-free interval and modality of liver resection were independently associated with OS. Conclusions: Oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy after radical resection resulted in increased OS and RFS with acceptable tolerability compared to surgery alone. However, it is not yet clear whether postoperative oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy improves outcome compared to patients treated with 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin.
Impact of Mitral Regurgitation on Reverse Remodeling and Outcome in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Verhaert David , Popović Zoran B. , De Sabe , Puntawangkoon Chirapa , Wolski Kathy , Wilkoff Bruce L. , Starling Randall C. , Tang W.H. Wilson , Thomas James D. , Griffin Brian P. , Grimm Richard A.
Published: November 2011

Background—

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is associated with reduced survival in patients with chronic heart failure, but may be improved with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We sought to evaluate the relationship between serial measurements of functional MR and reverse remodeling and outcomes in patients undergoing CRT.

Methods and Results—

A total of 266 consecutive patients undergoing CRT with available baseline echocardiograms and subsequent clinical and echocardiographic follow-up were included in the analysis. Long-term follow-up included all-cause mortality, heart transplantation, and implantation of a left ventricular (LV) assist device. Temporal changes in MR severity and LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) were evaluated by linear mixed-model analysis. CRT led to an immediate sustained decrease in MR (
P
<0.0001), with no significant subsequent change. The amount of MR decrease correlated with a greater decrease in LVESVi late (
P
≤0.0001), but not early (
P
=0.14), after CRT began. Patients with severe MR before CRT experienced a larger LVESVi decrease (
P
=0.005). Although baseline MR severity was not associated with adverse events (
P
=0.13), a larger MR decrease (
P
=0.001) and a smaller residual MR after the initial 6 months of CRT (
P
=0.03) were predictive of better outcome in a multivariable model.

Conclusions—

Early reversal of functional MR was associated with reverse cardiac remodeling and improved outcomes. Patients with moderately severe to severe MR before CRT experienced relatively more reverse remodeling than patients with lesser degrees of MR.
Jungfrau oder Hetäre? Das ‘Thrakische Füllen’ und seine allegorische Deutung (Anacr. PMG 417 ap. Heraclit. All. 5.10-1 und [Theoc.] Id. 20.11-8)*)
Authors: Geißler Claudia
Published: October 2011

In Ps.-Theocritus 20.13 the hetaira Eunica is portrayed as µµασι λοξ βλποισα. Although it is well known that the passage imitates Anacreon’s poem on the ‘Thracian filly’ (PMG 417.1), it has until now gone unnoticed that the pseudo-Theocritean Idyll displays compelling parallels with Heraclitus’ interpretation of Anacreon’s ‘Thracian filly’ as ‘hetaira’.

While this is perhaps not sufficient to hypothesize an intertextual relationship between the two authors, it nonetheless seems certain that Ps.-Theocritus and Heraclitus drew on a common source documenting this exegesis of πλος. In addition the depictions of the βο&ugr;κλος as a singer and of Eunica as a ‘hetaira’, coupled with the verbal echoes of Anacreon’s and Sappho’s poems, seem to point to a source—yet to be identified—which made use of the literary-biographical tradition concerning Sappho.
“What An Ugly Child”: Abaelard on Translation, Figurative Language, and Logic
Authors: Martin Christopher J.
Published: October 2011

An examination the development of Peter Abaelard’s views on translation and figurative meaning. Mediaeval philosophers curiously do not connect the theory of translation implied by Aristotelian semantics with the multiplicity of tongues consequent upon the fall of Babel and do not seem to have much to offer to help in solving the problems of scriptural interpretation noted by Augustine. Indeed, on the Aristotelian account of meaning such problems do not arise. This paper shows that Abaelard is like others in this respect in not in general finding translation problematic. Two particular cases, oppositio in adiecto and accidental predication, however, present problems for him and the paper examines and tries to explain the differences between the account given in the Dialectica and that given in the Logica ‘Ingredientibus’.
Pragmatics in Peter John Olivi’s Account of Signification of Common Names
Authors: Mora-Márquez Ana María
Published: October 2011

The aim of this paper is to present a reconstruction of Olivi’s account of signification of common names and to highlight certain intrusion of pragmatics into this account. The paper deals with the question of how certain facts, other than original imposition, may be relevant to determine the semantical content of an utterance, and not with the question of how we perform actions by means of utterances. The intrusion of pragmatics into Olivi’s semantics we intend to point out may seem minimal today, but was of a certain importance at his time. Even if the conventional codes still play a role in his explanation of how words acquire a semantical content, both the intention of the speaker and the communication context in which this intention is being effectuated are essential features of the actual signification of names.
Numerical Simulation of Cyclone Sidr Using a Cloud-Resolving Model: Characteristics and Formation Process of an Outer Rainband
Authors: Akter Nasreen , Tsuboki Kazuhisa
Published: November 2011

Cyclone Sidr, one of the most devastating tropical cyclones that resulted in several thousand deaths and substantial damages, developed in the north Indian Ocean and made landfall over the Bangladesh coast on 15 November 2007. Observation and simulation results show that Sidr was embedded in a nonuniform environment and contained an intense outer rainband to the east of its center and a significant frontal band to the northwest. A detailed study of the outer rainband is performed by numerical simulation.

The eastern band was a long, quasi-straight shape in the meridional direction that remained stationary relative to the cyclone center. This band was composed of convective cells that developed southeast of the center within a synoptic-scale convergence zone and propagated along the band toward the northeast quadrant. The speed of the downwind-propagating cells was greater than that of the cyclone, which resulted in a convective cluster northeast of the center. Only the downwind portion of the band consisted of convection with stratiform rain, whereas the upwind and middle portions contained active convective cells without stratiform rain.

The band was located between the synoptic-scale flows of a weakly sheared, gradient-balanced westerly and a strongly sheared, nongradient-balanced prevailing southerly caused by the complex terrain of the Bay of Bengal’s southeast region. Low-level convergence along the band was dominated by cross-band flow from both sides of the band and was confined below 3 km. As the cyclone moved northward, the convergence zone resulted in the extension of band length up to ~800 km. The southerly at the eastern side of the center gradually accelerated and was directed toward the center by a strong pressure gradient force. The flow accumulated a substantial amount of water vapor from the sea in addition to the increased moisture in the lower troposphere, resulting in further intensification of the convective cells.
Observations of the Surf-Zone Turbulent Dissipation Rate
Authors: Feddersen Falk
Published: October 2011

The contributions of surface (breaking wave) boundary layer (SBL) and bottom (velocity shear) boundary layer (BBL) processes to surf-zone turbulence is studied here. The turbulent dissipation rate ε, estimated on a 160-m-long cross-shore instrumented array, was an order of magnitude larger within the surf zone relative to seaward of the surf zone. The observed ε covaried across the array with changing incident wave height, tide level, and alongshore current. The cross-shore-integrated depth times ε was correlated with, but was only 1% of, the incident wave energy flux, indicating that surf-zone water-column turbulence is driven directly (turbulence injected by wave breaking) or indirectly (by forcing alongshore currents) by waves and that the bulk of ε occurs in the upper water column. This small fraction is consistent with laboratory studies. The surf-zone-scaled (or Froude-scaled) ε is similar to previous field observations, albeit somewhat smaller than laboratory observations. A breaking-wave ε scaling is applicable in the midwater column at certain locations, indicating a vertical diffusion of turbulence and ε balance. However, observations at different cross-shore locations do not collapse, which is consistent with a cross-shore lag between wave energy gradients and the surface turbulence flux. With strong alongshore currents, a BBL-scaled ε indicates that shear production is a significant turbulence source within the surf zone, particularly in the lower water column. Similarly for large currents at one location, the dissipation to shear production ratio approaches one. Both dissipation scalings depend upon wave energy flux gradients. The ratio of BBL to SBL ε has complex dependencies but is larger for a deeper part of the surf zone and more obliquely incident waves.
Articulated antipathies: Political influence on anti-immigrant attitudes
Authors: Bohman Andrea
Published: November 2011

This article examines how political factors influence anti-immigrant attitudes by focusing on political articulation performed by political parties active at the national level in 26 European countries. Multi-level analysis reveals a significant positive association between general party articulation and anti-immigrant attitudes. In particular, it seems to be when traditional right- or left-wing parties articulate that attitudes towards immigrants turn increasingly negative. Left-leaning individuals are particularly influenced when parties belonging to the political left raise these issues, which indicates that the ideological position of the individual functions as a mediating factor in this regard. The results contribute to a broader understanding of the role of political factors and underscore the importance of their inclusion in cross-national studies of anti-immigrant attitudes.
Impact strength of optically transparent glass ribbon composites
Authors: Velez M , Braisted WR , Frank GJ , Phillips PL , Day DE , McLaughlin MD
Published: November 2011

Optically transparent ribbon-composite (OTRC) panels were made by reinforcing a clear polymer matrix with glass ribbons of matching refractive index. These panels had glass volume fraction up to 0.60 and tensile strength up to 772 MPa. Impact testing of 610 mm × 910 mm × 6 mm OTRC panels with a 0.45 kg projectile indicated two different failure modes at similar impact energies. One failure mode, corresponding to impact velocities from 883 to 913 km/h, was associated with crack initiation, which transitions to a large delamination zone. The second failure mode, corresponding to a 922 km/h impact velocity, is associated with crack formation as in a typical punch‐through failure. An ABAQUS finite element model was used to analytically predict the impact resistance of OTRC panels.
Mechanical performance and modelling of a fully recycled modified CF/PP composite
Authors: Szpieg M , Wysocki M , Asp LE
Published: November 2011

A fully recycled carbon fiber reinforced maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP)-modified polypropylene (rCF/rPP) composite material has been developed and characterized. This new composite was manufactured employing papermaking principles, dispersing the recycled carbon fibers (rCF) in water, and forming them into mats. Two layers of the recycled polypropylene (rPP) films manufactured using press-forming were sandwiched between three rCF preform layers in a stack. The stack was heated and press-formed resulting in a composite plate with a nominal thickness of 1.20 mm and a fiber volume fraction of 40%. A series of tensile tests using rectangular specimens cut in four different directions (0°, 90°, ± 45°) in the composite plate were performed to confirm in-plane material isotropy. Models to predict stiffness and strength of the short fiber rCF/rPP composite were also employed and validated using experiments. The models were found to be in good agreement with experimental results. Fiber length distribution measurements were performed before (unprocessed) and after (processed) composite manufacturing to investigate the influence of processing on fiber degradation. The results revealed a significant reduction in fiber length by the press-forming operation. To model the viscoelastic and viscoplastic responses of the composite an inelastic material model was employed and characterized using a series of creep and recovery tests. From the creep tests, it was found that the time and stress dependence of viscoplastic strains follows a power law. The viscoelastic response of the composite was found to be linear in the investigated stress range. The material model was validated in constant stress rate tensile tests and the agreement was good, even close to the rupture stress.
Residual failure pressures and fatigue life of filament-wound composite pipes subjected to lateral impact
Authors: Sari Murat , Karakuzu Ramazan , Deniz Mehmet Emin , Icten Bulent Murat
Published: November 2011

This study presents the effect of impact energy on the static failure pressures, and fatigue life of composite pipes. The specimens manufactured have inner diameter 100 mm and length 400 mm. Impact tests were realized at three different energy levels 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 J. Force–deflection curves were plotted. Impacted and non-impacted specimens were subjected to internal pressure statically and dynamically to obtain failure pressure and fatigue life of the composite pipe, respectively. Results indicate that leakage and eruption pressures for static test decrease and perspiration, leakage, and eruption cycles decrease by lateral impact.
H.M. Hyndman and the Russia Question after 1917
Authors: Ruotsila Markku
Published: November 2011

In the last four years of his life the eclectic veteran of British Marxism, H.M. Hyndman (1842–1921), was intimately involved in a transatlantic socialist effort to destroy the Russian Bolshevik regime. Historians have rarely investigated this effort, because it appears not to fit into the customary categories constructed about Marxian socialism. Utilizing Hyndman's extensive published writings and hitherto mostly ignored private correspondence with his many American socialist collaborators, this article reconstructs Hyndman's thinking on Russia after 1917 in an attempt to shed further light on our understanding of socialist anti-Bolshevism in Britain and in the United States. It argues that Hyndman was a much more influential figure in the construction of socialist anticommunism in the English-speaking world (in particular in the United States) than has been generally recognized. His writings and activities in 1917–21 were key not only in setting the ideological bases for much of the English-speaking world's socialist anticommunism but in pioneering the abiding, considered willingness by a significant section of its adherents to use military force to destroy the Soviet regime before and during the Cold War.
An Assessment of the Independent Commission on Banking's Recommendations
Authors: Armstrong Angus
Published: November 2011

The government set up the Independent Commission on Banking (ICB) to consider structural and non-structural measures to promote stability and competition in the UK banking system. They have produced a comprehensive assessment covering some of the key issues facing the banking industry. The ICB's three core recommendations are: a ring-fence to separate retail and wholesale banking activities; banks are required to have more lossabsorbing capital; and greater competition in retail banking markets. In some respects, the recommendations are a step back towards an earlier time of compartmentalised banking. The litmus test is whether they deliver a similar period of financial stability and economic growth.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Coadministered Oseltamivir and Rimantadine in Healthy Volunteers: An Open‐Label, Multiple‐Dose, Randomized, Crossover Study
Authors: Cirrincione‐Dall Georgina , Brennan Barbara J. , Ballester‐Sanchis Rosa M. , Navarro Mercidita T. , Davies Brian E.
Published: October 2011

Preclinical data suggest increased antiviral activity and less viral resistance when neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes are used in combination to harness the complementary effects of their different mechanisms of action. Healthy volunteers were randomized to 5‐day oral treatment with oseltamivir 75 mg or rimantadine 100 mg twice daily as monotherapy or to combination treatment. Each participant received all 3 regimens in 1 of 6 treatment sequences, with a minimum of 7 days' washout between periods. Final follow‐up was 10 to 14 days after the final dose. Drug exposure, elimination, safety, and tolerability were assessed. There were no clinically relevant differences in 12‐hour areas under the concentration—time curves of drug in plasma or peak plasma drug concentrations with combination versus monotherapy. Elimination half‐life was unaffected by coadministration. There were no safety/tolerability concerns. One case of vomiting and 1 of paresthesia were considered remotely related to combination treatment, and 1 episode of toothache and 1 of acne were considered unrelated. There were no serious adverse events and no deaths. Combination therapy with oseltamivir and rimantadine at recommended dosages in adults had no discernible effect on the pharmacokinetics of either drug and raised no tolerability issues.
Reduced Parenteral Nutrition Requirements Following Anastomosis of a Short Residual Colonic Segment to a Short Jejunum
Authors: Smith Katherine H. , Saunders John A. , Nugent Karen P. , Jackson Alan A. , Stroud Michael A.
Published: October 2011

A 22‐year‐old man suffered an acute small bowel infarct leading to extensive bowel resection, resulting in only 20 cm of jejunum to a jejunostomy, although he also had 50 cm of residual colon with a mucous fistula. The patient was out on long‐term home parenteral nutrition (PN) but endured high stomal losses of 5‐6 L per day and, despite all conventional measures, required 6.1 L of fluid (including PN) and 555 mmol sodium per day. Although body mass index was maintained, he suffered debilitating malaise and recurrent episodes of catheter‐related sepsis and also developed persistently abnormal liver function tests. He was considered a potential intestinal transplant patient, but before taking that step, he opted for reanastomosis of his residual colon to his jejunum, ending in a colostomy. At surgery, only 30 cm of additional bowel lengthening could be achieved, but despite this, the patient's stomal losses reduced to 2.5 L per day, intravenous fluid requirements reduced to 4.1 L per day, and liver function normalized. The patient also gained 7.5 kg despite no change in PN caloric prescription, and his quality of life was dramatically enhanced. The case illustrates that even a small length of colon can grant significant improvements, probably via improvements in small bowel transit and adaptive changes, better sodium and water resorption with decreased hyperaldosteronism, and enhanced energy and nitrogen recovery. Reanastomosis of defunctioned colon should therefore always be considered a management option in short bowel syndrome.
Route and Type of Nutrition and Surgical Stress Influence Secretory Phospholipase A2 Secretion of the Murine Small Intestine
Authors: Pierre Joseph F. , Heneghan Aaron F. , Tsao Francis H. C. , Sano Yoshifumi , Jonker Mark A. , Omata Jiro , Lan Jinggang , Kudsk Kenneth A.
Published: October 2011

Background: The function of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is site dependent. In tissue, sPLA2 regulates eicosanoid production; in circulation, sPLA2 primes neutrophils; and in the intestinal lumen, sPLA2 provides innate bactericidal immunity as a defensin‐related protein. Since parenteral nutrition (PN) primes leukocytes while suppressing intraluminal mucosal immunity, the authors hypothesized that (1) PN would diminish luminal sPLA2 activity but increase activity in intestinal tissue and serum and (2) stress would accentuate these changes. Methods: Mice received chow, a complex enteral diet (CED), intragastric PN (IG‐PN), or PN in experiment 1 and chow, chow+stress, PN, or PN+stress in experiment 2. Results: In experiment 1, luminal sPLA2 activity was greatest in chow and decreased in CED, IG‐PN, and PN, with PN lower than CED and IG‐PN. Compared to that after chow, serum sPLA2 activity dropped after CED, IG‐PN, and PN. Serum sPLA2 was higher in portal than systemic serum. In experiment 2, PN lowered luminal sPLA2 activity vs chow. Stress lowered luminal sPLA2 activity in chow, without change in PN. Following stress, luminal immunoglobulin A increased in chow but not PN. Serum sPLA2 activity increased in PN. Conclusions: PN attenuates sPLA2 activity in intestinal fluid, consistent with suppressed innate mucosal defense. Stress suppresses luminal fluid sPLA2 activity in chow but not the immunoglobulin A response; PN impairs both. Stress significantly elevates serum sPLA2 in PN‐fed mice, consistent with known increased neutrophil priming with PN. PN reduces innate bactericidal immunity of the gut but upregulates serum proinflammatory products poststress.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management
Authors: Rhoda Kristen M. , Porter Mary Jo , Quintini Cristiano
Published: October 2011

Fluid and electrolyte management is challenging for clinicians, as electrolytes shift in a variety of settings and disease states and are dependent on osmotic changes and fluid balance. The development of a plan for managing fluid and electrolyte abnormalities should start with correcting the underlying condition. In most cases, this is followed by an assessment of fluid balance with the goal of achieving euvolemia. After fluid status is understood and/or corrected, electrolyte imbalances are simplified. Many equations are available to aid clinicians in providing safe recommendations or at least to give a starting point for correcting the abnormalities. However, these equations do not take into consideration the vast differences between clinical scenarios, thus making electrolyte management more challenging. The supplementation plan, whether delivered intravenously or orally, must include an assessment of renal and gastrointestinal function, as most guidelines are established under the assumption of normal digestion, absorption and excretion. After the plan is developed, frequent monitoring is vital to regain homeostasis. A fluid and electrolyte management plan developed by a multidisciplinary team is advantageous in promoting continuity of care and producing safe outcomes.
What Makes Municipal Councils Effective?
Authors: Nelson Kimberly L. , Gabris Gerald T. , Davis Trenton J.
Published: November 2011

Although local government scholars acknowledge the centrality of the municipal council to overall government performance, the literature provides limited guidance regarding how those councils can improve their effectiveness. Councils that display recurrent patterns of dysfunctional behavior are more likely to be ineffective in their core functions. Although there is research that identifies dysfunctional council behavior and its potential consequences for government performance, there is limited investigation into what aspects of member behavior are related to the functionality of the council itself. This study uses surveys of council members to identify which aspects of council behavior (interpersonal relations, leadership, staff competence, and conflict) have the greatest effect on perceptions of council effectiveness. The findings indicate that both interpersonal relationships between members of council and the mayor’s leadership ability are significantly related to perceptions of council effectiveness.
Micro-Institutional Affordances and Strategies of Radical Innovation
Authors: van Dijk Stephan , Berends Hans , Jelinek Mariann , Romme A. Georges L. , Weggeman Mathieu
Published: November 2011

Institutional theory emphasizes the institutional constraints that render radical innovations illegitimate, but fails to explain how such innovations might succeed. Adopting a micro-institutional perspective, this paper addresses why and how embedded agency may overcome legitimacy crises within established systems. Drawing on a sample of 20 legitimacy problems identified in five radical innovation trajectories at two mature companies, we develop an empirically grounded theory of the institutional work through which proponents legitimize radical innovations within established firms. This theory describes a variety of micro-institutional affordances that enable different strategic responses to legitimacy crises. We thus extend institutional theory by explaining embedded agents’ use of a range of options to pursue radical innovation, providing a robust explanation of both institutional stability and radical change.
Formal and Informal Hierarchy in Different Types of Organization
Authors: Diefenbach Thomas , Sillince John A.A.
Published: November 2011

This paper addresses the paradox that despite all organizational change towards flatter and postmodern organizations, hierarchical order is quite persistent. We develop a differentiated understanding of hierarchy as either formal or informal and apply this analytical framework to several types of organization. The analysis reveals that hierarchy is much more widespread than thought; in particular, postmodern, representative democratic and network organizations are much less ‘alternative’ and ‘hierarchy-free’ than their labels and common understanding may suggest. The main argument is that the persistence of hierarchy in different types of organization can be explained by different dynamic relationships between formal and informal hierarchy.
A Rat Model for Intracranial Facial Nerve Crush Injuries
Authors: Burgette Ryan C. , Benscoter Brent J. , Monaco Gina N. , Kircher Matthew L. , Mantravadi Avinash V. , Marzo Sam J. , Jones Kathy J. , Foecking Eileen M.
Published: November 2011

Objective

(1) Explain the need for an animal model to study intracranial injuries to the facial nerve. (2) Describe various techniques attempted to identify and crush the intracranial segment of the facial nerve in a rat model. (3) Describe in detail a successful rat model of intracranial facial nerve crush injury.

Study Design

Randomized controlled animal study.

Setting

Animal laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

Multiple attempts at surgical approaches to the cerebellopontine angle were attempted on cadaveric rats. Once a successful approach was derived, this was used on 19 live rats under anesthesia. Fourteen rats had a 1‐minute facial nerve crush performed, and 5 had a sham surgery with complete surgical exposure of the facial nerve but no crush. Rats were followed for a 12‐week duration evaluating immediate postoperative facial nerve function, complications, and survival.

Results

All 14 (100%) rats that underwent surgery with crush injury had complete facial paralysis postoperatively. Complete facial paralysis was defined as loss of eye‐blink reflex, flat vibrissae, and lack of vibrissae movement. The 5 sham surgery rats had complete facial function postoperatively. Surgery was performed by 2 separate surgeons with no difference in outcome between the 2. Complications occurred in only 1 animal (1/19, 5.3%), which was a corneal abrasion requiring sacrifice.

Conclusion

Our group describes a consistent method for performing an intracranial crush injury in the rat. This new model and its applications in translational facial nerve research are promising, particularly with tumors or lesions at the cerebellopontine angle.
Endoscopic Management of Sinonasal Hemangiopericytoma
Authors: Tessema Belachew , Eloy Jean Anderson , Folbe Adam J. , Anstead Amy S. , Mirani Neena M. , Jourdy Deya N. , Ruiz Jose W. , Casiano Roy R.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Sinonasal hemangiopericytomas (SNHPCs) are rare perivascular tumors with low‐grade malignant potential. Traditionally, these tumors have been treated with open approaches such as lateral rhinotomy, Caldwell‐Luc, or transfacial approaches. Increased experience with endoscopic management of benign and malignant sinonasal tumors has led to a shift in management of SNHPC. The authors present their experience in the largest series of patients with SNHPC managed endoscopically.

Study Design and Setting

Case series at a tertiary care medical center.

Subjects and Method

A retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing endoscopic management of SNHPC at the University of Miami between 1999 and 2008 was conducted. All endoscopic resections were performed with curative intent.

Results

Twelve patients with the diagnosis of SNHPC were treated endoscopically. Mean age was 62.5 years (range, 51‐83 years). There were 6 men and 6 women. The mean follow‐up was 41 months (range, 15‐91 months). Seven (58.3%) presented with nasal obstruction, whereas 4 (41.6%) had epistaxis as their initial presenting symptom. Preoperative angiography or embolization was not performed in any case. Mean estimated blood loss was 630 mL (range, 100‐1500 mL). Six patients underwent endonasal endoscopic anterior skull base resection; 4 had complete endoscopic resection all with negative margins. None underwent postoperative adjuvant treatment. No recurrence or metastatic disease was observed in this patient population.

Conclusion

Endoscopic management of SNHPC is a feasible approach and did not compromise outcomes in this experience. In this series, familiarity with advance endoscopic sinus surgery was necessary to manage these patients. Postoperative adjuvant therapy was not necessary in this cohort.
State of the art in neuroprotection during acute type A aortic dissection repair
Authors: Haldenwang PL , Bechtel M , Moustafine V , Buchwald D , Wippermann J , Wahlers T , Strauch JT
Published: November 2011

Temporary (TND) or permanent neurologic dysfunctions (PND) represent the main neurological complications following acute aortic dissection repair. The aim of our experimental and clinical research was the improvement and update of the most common neuroprotective strategies which are in present use.

Hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA): Cerebral metabolic suppression at the clinically most used temperatures (18-22°C) is less complete than had been assumed previously. If used as a ‘stand-alone’ neuroprotective strategy, cooling to 15-20°C with a jugular SO2 ≥ 95% is needed to provide sufficient metabolic suppression. Regardless of the depth of cooling, the HCA interval should not exceed 25 min. After 40 min of HCA, the incidence of TND and PND increases, after 60 min, the mortality rate increases.

Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP): At moderate hypothermia (25-28°C), ASCP should be performed at a pump flow rate of 10ml/kg/min, targeting a cerebral perfusion pressure of 50-60mmHg. Experimental data revealed that these conditions offer an optimal regional blood flow in the cortex (80±27ml/min/100g), the cerebellum (77±32ml/min/100g), the pons (89±5ml/min/100g) and the hippocampus (55±16ml/min/100g) for 25 minutes. If prolonged, does ASCP at 32°C provide the same neuroprotective effect?

Cannulation strategy: Direct axillary artery cannulation ensures the advantage of performing both systemic cooling and ASCP through the same cannula, preventing additional manipulation with the attendant embolic risk. An additional cannulation of the left carotid artery ensures a bi-hemispheric perfusion, with a neurologic outcome of only 6% TND and 1% PND.

Neuromonitoring: Near-infrared spectroscopy and evoked potentials may prove the effectiveness of the neuroprotective strategy used, especially if the trend goes to less radical cooling.

Conclusion: A short interval of HCA (5 min) followed by a more extended period of ASCP (25 min) at moderate hypothermia (28°C), with a pump flow rate of 10ml/kg/min and a cerebral perfusion pressure of 50 mmHg, represents safe conditions for open arch surgery.
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a triple reuptake inhibitor GSK372475 in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder: two randomized, placebo- and active-controlled clinical trials
Authors: Learned Susan , Graff Ole , Roychowdhury Suraja , Moate Rachel , Krishnan K Ranga , Archer Graeme , Modell Jack G , Alexander Robert , Zamuner Stefano , Lavergne Agnes , Evoniuk Gary , Ratti Emiliangelo
Published: November 2011

GSK372475 is a triple reuptake inhibitor with approximately equipotent inhibition of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters. Two randomized, placebo- and active-controlled, double-blind studies examined the efficacy and safety of GSK372475 in outpatients (aged 18–64 years) with a diagnosis of major depressive episode associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to placebo, GSK372475 (1–2 mg/d), or active control (Study 1: venlafaxine XR 150–225 mg/d; Study 2: paroxetine 20–30 mg/d). GSK372475 did not significantly differ from placebo on any of the key efficacy endpoints (six-item Bech scale, IDS-Clinician Rated, MADRS) in either study. Both active controls demonstrated significant antidepressant activity compared with placebo on both primary and secondary endpoints. The most common adverse effects (AEs) with GSK372475 were dry mouth, headache, insomnia, and nausea. AEs were more frequent for GSK372475 versus placebo for sleep, anxiety-related, gastrointestinal, and tachycardia events. Increases in mean change from baseline in heart rate and sitting blood pressure were greater for GSK372475 than observed for either placebo or active control groups. Completion rates were lower for GSK372475 (49%, 58%) compared with placebo (67%, 74%), venlafaxine XR (63%), or paroxetine (77%). GSK372475 was neither efficacious nor well tolerated in patients with MDD in two 10-week studies.
From Cattle to Capital: Exchange Value, Animal Commodification, and Barbarism
Authors: Gunderson Ryan
Published: November 2011

In the past half-century, massive structural, geographic, and technological changes have occurred in livestock production. This ‘livestock revolution’ has raised considerable environmental, public health, and ethical concerns. The majority of analyses concerning the negative outcomes associated with these transformations usually condemn industrial technologies as the root of the problem. This article argues that the force behind technological developments in livestock production is to aid capital’s blind drive for self-expansion and self-accumulation and is the source of the majority of contemporary food animal suffering. It analyzes (1) the paramount role of generalized commodity production in altering the welfare of food animals and (2) the potential of fundamentally improving human relations with food animals within the system of capital.
The Influence of Community and the Built Environment on Physical Activity
Authors: Hannon Lonnie , Sawyer Patricia , Allman Richard M.
Published: November 2011

Objective: To examine associations between the built environment and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among African Americans and Whites. Method: Independent and control variables were produced from the literature and theory to represent key components of built environment, sense of community, sociodemographic, and health status characteristics. Logistic regression analysis and descriptive statistics were used to measures correlative relationships with physical activity. Results: Built environment elements, especially homeownership, were associated with LTPA, particularly among older African American rural residents. Discussion: Recommendations include transferring the concept of community ownership to residents living in areas where rates of physical activity are low.
The Flight of the Phoenix
Authors: Huffman Brian J. , Kilian Claire McCarty
Published: November 2011

Although many classroom exercises use movies to focus on management and organizational behavior issues, none of those do so in the context of project management. This article presents such an exercise using The Flight of the Phoenix, an incredibly rich story for any management class, which provides clear examples of organizational behavior issues such as forming teams and the inevitable interpersonal issues (conflict, group process, power) that arise. The movie also highlights the importance of technical issues in projects such as the controlling of budgets and understanding the trade-offs in the project management triangle, and the impact interpersonal issues have on them. Detailed examples from the movie are provided to illustrate key concepts.
Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis and Satureja hortensis against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus in minced beef
Authors: Djenane D. , Yangüela J. , Amrouche T. , Boubrit S. , Boussad N. , Roncalés P.
Published: November 2011

Essential oils (EOs) extracted by hydrodistillation from leaf parts of Algerian Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis and Satureja hortensis were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main components of EOs obtained were γ-terpinene (94.48%), 1,8-cineole (46.98%) and carvacrol (46.10%), respectively, for E. globulus, M. communis and S. hortensis. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the EOs was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus CECT 4459 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 CECT 4267 using the agar diffusion technique. Results revealed that E. globulus and S. hortensis EOs had more antibacterial effects than that from M. communis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) showed a range of 0.05–0.22% (volume by volume [v/v]). Sensitivity of gram-positive S. aureus was much higher than that of gram-negative E. coli. Plant EOs were added to minced beef (two-fold MIC value) at 0.10–0.44%, experimentally inoculated with the same pathogens at a level of 5 × 105 colony forming units (cfu)/g and stored at 5 ± 2 °C. Results showed that the EOs of E. globulus and S. hortensis had remarkable antibacterial properties, higher than that of M. communis, against S. aureus and E. coli. Indeed, a reduction of 5.8 log cfu/g (70.74% of reduction) was recorded after 7 days of storage for S. hortensis against E. coli. However, regarding S. aureus, both S. hortensis and E. globulus caused a highly significant ( p < 0.05) decrease of microbial counts, most evident after 5 days of storage; S. aureus numbers were 3.50 and 2.50 cfu/g, respectively, corresponding to a reduction of 2.20 and 3.20 log cfu/g (38.60 and 56.14% of reduction) after 1 week of storage. Sensory evaluation revealed that the aroma of minced beef meat treated with EOs was acceptable by panelists at the levels used.
Roasting and packaging in nitrogen atmosphere protect almond var. Guara against lipid oxidation
Authors: Sanchez-Bel P. , Egea I. , Pretel M.T. , Flores F.B. , Romojaro F. , Martínez-Madrid M.C.
Published: November 2011

The effect of packaging in nitrogen (N2) atmosphere or in air on the quality of peeled and roasted almond var. Guara during storage for 20 weeks at 20 °C ± 1 °C and 65–70% relative humidity (RH) was studied. No changes in the sugar, fat, protein or fiber contents were observed during the storage period nor in color. Only the lipid fraction showed significant changes with the kind of packaging atmosphere. The composition of fatty acids remained unchanged during the 5 month storage in all the samples. Packaging in N2 atmosphere was seen to have a protective effect against the accumulation of conjugated dienes (CD) in peeled almonds, while in roasted almonds, the protective effect was lower and even nil by the end of storage. The contrary effect was observed for the ultraviolet (UV; K270) index which increased more slowly in the roasted samples packaged in N2, while in peeled samples it reached the same levels at the end of storage regardless of the packaging atmosphere. No effect of the packaging atmosphere was observed on the evolution of the peroxide value in the tested samples (peeled or roasted almonds). None of these changes in the lipid fraction was reflected in the final sensory quality of the samples and the taster panel found no changes in the sensory quality in any case.
Nutritional composition and antioxidant activities of 18 different wild Cantharellus mushrooms of Northwestern Himalayas
Authors: Kumari D. , Reddy M.S. , Upadhyay R.C.
Published: November 2011

A total of 18 wild edible mushrooms of Cantharellus species were collected from northwestern Himalayan region of India. The basic composition (moisture, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, crude fat, ash, nitrogen and protein) and amino acid contents (by high-performance liquid chromatography) of these wild edible mushrooms were determined. The macronutrient profile in general revealed that the wild mushrooms were rich sources of protein and carbohydrates, and had low amounts of fat. Total phenolics and antioxidant activity from water and methanolic extracts of these mushrooms were also determined. These wild mushrooms also had significant amount of phenol content and antioxidant capacity. Studies also provide the precise antioxidant status of 18 indigenous species of mushrooms, which can serve as a useful database for the selection of mushrooms for the function of preparation of mushroom-based nutraceutics.
The body in the corpus
Authors: Pratt Mary Louise
Published: November 2011

Allan Bell calls on hermeneutics to enliven the relation between discourse analysts and the materials they study, exploring the image of the analyst ‘standing before’ a corpus, prepared to be transformed by it. The ingredient of desire must be added to the account, as well as the embodied scenario of interpretation. These elements are mobilized to situate Bell’s rereading of Babel and of empire.
Tolls and Control
Authors: Dyble Louise Nelson
Published: November 2011

This article examines efforts to lease revenue-generating transportation facilities in the twenty-first century, focusing on two high-profile toll roads: the Pennsylvania Turnpike, operated by an independent public authority, and the Chicago Skyway, originally built and managed under the auspices of the City of Chicago. In 2004, the Chicago City Council unanimously approved a ninety-nine-year Skyway lease for $1.83 billion. In contrast, the fate of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was hotly contested, and in 2008 a long-term lease deal failed to win approval. The divergent history of these facilities highlights the close relationship between infrastructure financing and the locus of control, with important implications for transportation planning.
From Freeway to Parkway
Authors: Wells Christopher W.
Published: November 2011

In 1972, an anti-freeway movement in St. Paul, Minnesota, successfully leveraged new federal Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) requirements to bring a halt to construction on the final leg of I-35E, leading into downtown. What began as a typical NIMBY (not in my backyard) battle soon produced a thoughtful environmental critique of urban freeways, sparking a debate over replacing the freeway with a low-speed parkway. Protesters ultimately failed to generate the political support necessary to cancel the Interstate, but when the last leg of I-35E opened in 1990, it was not as a classic urban freeway, but as a “parkway” replete with various “green” features.