The Influence of Mass Media on Italian Web Users during COVID-19: an Infodemiological Analysis.
Authors: Rovetta Alessandro , Castaldo Lucia 
Published: July 2021

Background: Alongside the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has had to face a growing infodemic, which has caused severe damage to economic and health systems and has often compromised the effectiveness of infection containment regulations. Although this has spread mainly through social media, there are numerous occasions in which the mass media have shared dangerous information, giving resonance to statements without a scientific basis. For these reasons, infoveillance and infodemiology methods are increasingly exploited to monitor online information traffic. The same tools have also been used to make epidemiological predictions. Among these, Google Trends - a service by GoogleTM that quantifies the web interest of users in the form of relative search volume - has often been adopted by the scientific community. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to use Google Trends to estimate the impact of Italian mass media on users' web searches in order to understand the role of press and television channels in both the infodemic and the interest of Italian netizens on COVID-19.Methods: First, from January 2020 to March 2021, we collected the headlines containing specific COVID-19-related keywords published on PubMed, Google, the Ministry of Health, and the most read newspapers in Italy. These keywords were selected based on previous literature and the related queries of Google Trends. Second, we evaluated the percentage of infodemic terms on these platforms. Third, through Google Trends, we looked for correlations between newspaper headlines and Google searches related to COVID-19. We assessed the significance and intensity of changes in user web searches through Welch's t-test and percentage differences or increases. We also highlighted the presence of trends via the Mann-Kendall test. Finally, we analyzed the web interest in infodemic content posted on YouTube. In particular, we counted the number of views of videos containing disinformation for each channel considered.Results: During the first COVID-19 wave, the Italian press preferred to draw on infodemic terms (from 1.6% to 6.3%) and moderately infodemic terms (from 88% to 94%), while scientific sources favored the correct names (from 65% to 88%). The correlational analysis showed that the press heavily influenced users in adopting the terms to identify the novel coronavirus (best average correlation = 0.91, P-value &lt;.001). The use of scientific denominations by the press reached acceptable values only during the third wave (about 80% except for Rai and Mediaset). Web queries about COVID-19 symptoms also appeared to be influenced by the press (best average correlation = .92, P&lt;.007). Furthermore, users have shown a pronounced web interest in YouTube videos of an infodemic nature. Finally, the press gave resonance to serious fake news on COVID-19 that caused pronounced spikes of interest from web users.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the Italian mass media have played a decisive role both in the spread of the infodemic and in addressing netizens' web interest, thus favoring the adoption of terms unsuitable for identifying the novel coronavirus (COVID- 19 disease). Therefore, it is highly advisable that the directors of news channels and newspapers be more cautious and government dissemination agencies exert more control over such news.