bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charge distribution and hydrogen bonding of a collagen α2‐chain in vacuum, hydrated, neutral, and charged structural models
Authors: Eifler Jay , Podgornik Rudi , Steinmetz Nicole F. , French Roger H. , Parsegian V. Adrian , Ching Wai‐Yim
Published: February 2016

A challenging task in computational biophysics is to ascertain the solvent effect on the electronic structure and interatomic bonding at the atomistic level. Simulations must be carried out on reasonably large biomolecules for accurate calculations to yield valid results. We report the results of a calculation on collagen model in the form of a peptide under three different environments: vacuum, solvated and with neutral and charged sites. Quantitative results and analysis of the partial charge (PC) distribution on each amino acid are discussed. A significant charge transfer of more than 1 electron from protein to water molecules is found with similar results when the model contains charged sites. The main contributions to the interatomic bonding are from hydrogen bonds (HBs) between water‐water and water‐protein pairs. A connection between PC and HBs can be established since the nonpolar amino acids form no HBs and have the smallest PC and vice versa. The ab initio PC obtained are used in the NAMD simulation showing significant improvement over the default values as reflected in the root mean square deviation of atomic positions in the MD steps and the total free energy in energy minimization. These results could facilitate the interpretation of data on interaction of various ligands in charged proteins in relation to isoelectric points. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Patients Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines?
Authors: Yates Bernice C. , Pozehl Bunny , Kupzyk Kevin , Epstein Crystal M. , Deka Pallav
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to describe subjective and objective physical activity (PA) levels of two groups of cardiovascular patients who were either postcoronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery or diagnosed with heart failure (HF).

Design:

A descriptive comparative design was used for this secondary analysis of data from two prior studies.

Methods:

A convenience sample of 62 outpatients was used to examine PA objectively (Actiheart accelerometer) and subjectively (PA interview).

Findings:

Objectively, 33% of CABG patients and no HF patients met PA recommendations of ≥150 minutes per week. Subjectively, 56% of CABG and 38% of HF patients reported meeting PA guidelines recommendations.

Conclusions:

Few patients in this study met PA guidelines recommendations.

Clinical Relevance:

Innovative rehabilitation nursing practice strategies are needed (e.g., use of activity trackers, making PA a vital sign) to assist patients in gaining the knowledge and skills to be more active and adhere to PA guidelines recommendations.
Feasibility and Effects of a Nursing Intervention for Patients with Peripheral Vestibular Disorders
Authors: Faag Carina , Bergenius Johan , Forsberg Christina , Langius-Eklöf Ann
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

To explore the feasibility and possible outcomes of a nursing intervention in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.

Design:

A randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Methods:

Thirty-six patients participated in the study: the intervention group (n = 18), who received the intervention, and patients in a control group (n = 18), who received standard care. The intervention includes patient education and individualized nursing support during a 6-month rehabilitation period. Outcomes were symptoms, well-being, sense of coherence, and self-care measured at baseline before randomization and at 6 and 9 months later.

Findings:

At the 9-month follow up, the patients who received the intervention rated significantly fewer vertigo-related symptoms and a higher sense of coherence than the control group.

Conclusion:

The intervention was feasible and seems to support the patients to manage symptoms, but confirmative studies are warranted.

Clinical Relevance:

Patient education in combination with individual support may be beneficial to help patients with peripheral disorders during their rehabilitation.
Diurnal Variations in Psychological Distress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Chan-Thim Emilie , Dumont Marie , Rizk Amanda K. , Parwanta Zohra , Pepin Véronique , Moullec Grégory
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between depressive symptoms severity and amplitude of diurnal variations in depression symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Design:

Prospective, observational proof-of-concept study.

Methods:

Fourteen participants with moderate/severe COPD completed a 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) estimating depressive symptoms severity. Throughout one week, the four-item very short version of the CES-D was completed every day in the morning, afternoon, and evening.

Findings:

Strong positive correlations were observed between depressive severity and the mean range of diurnal variations in positive (r = .61) and depressed affects (r = .67), somatic complaints (r = .82), and disturbed interpersonal relationships (r = .71).

Conclusion:

In COPD patients, a greater diurnal variation in depression symptoms was associated with greater depression severity. This relationship seems independent of COPD severity.

Clinical Relevance:

Diurnal variation in the symptoms of depression is a new method of identifying depression severity in COPD.
Security bootstrapping of mobile ad hoc networks using identity‐based cryptography
Authors: Adli Mehr Kamal , Musevi Niya Javad
Published: February 2016

Widespread utilization of mobile ad hoc networks, which communicate via broadcast wireless channels without any sort of infrastructure, raises security concerns. Introduction of identity‐based cryptography shed some light to security problems of mobile ad hoc networks. Key management (KM) plays significant role in network security. Although many proposals are suggested for identity‐based KM, they usually assume a trusted set of nodes during network initialization, which is not the case in many real‐world applications. In this paper, a novel identity‐based KM method is proposed, which utilizes Pedersen's verifiable secret sharing method. By distributing shared secret and key generation role among network nodes, the proposed method provides high levels of availability and scalability, while eliminating single point of failure. The proposed method provides a mechanism to check the validity of secret shares, which are generated by network nodes. To illustrate the effectiveness and capabilities of the proposed methods, they are simulated and compared with the performance of the existing methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting JitterBug covert timing channel with sparse embedding
Authors: Zhai Jiangtao , Wang Mingqian , Liu Guangjie , Dai Yuewei
Published: February 2016

As the detection methods of covert channels can provide a better way to detect the existence of advanced persistent threat, it has become a hot research topic in the field of network security. Although the existing methods can achieve feasible performance for detecting the JitterBug covert timing channel, they are ineffective when the covert timing channels are implemented with sparse embedding, especially for low embedding probability. In this paper, a new method to detect JitterBug covert timing channel with sparse embedding is proposed, in which the timing intervals are first modeled in histogram statistics, and then the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic is used for detection. In addition, the diversifications of the references and the model updating scheme in practical usage are analyzed. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective when the embedding probability is 0.3, while the existing methods can effective only when the embedding probability is larger than 0.6. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A weighted U statistic for association analyses considering genetic heterogeneity
Authors: Wei Changshuai , Elston Robert C. , Lu Qing
Published: February 2016

Converging evidence suggests that common complex diseases with the same or similar clinical manifestations could have different underlying genetic etiologies. While current research interests have shifted toward uncovering rare variants and structural variations predisposing to human diseases, the impact of heterogeneity in genetic studies of complex diseases has been largely overlooked. Most of the existing statistical methods assume the disease under investigation has a homogeneous genetic effect and could, therefore, have low power if the disease undergoes heterogeneous pathophysiological and etiological processes. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneity‐weighted U (HWU) method for association analyses considering genetic heterogeneity. HWU can be applied to various types of phenotypes (e.g., binary and continuous) and is computationally efficient for high‐dimensional genetic data. Through simulations, we showed the advantage of HWU when the underlying genetic etiology of a disease was heterogeneous, as well as the robustness of HWU against different model assumptions (e.g., phenotype distributions). Using HWU, we conducted a genome‐wide analysis of nicotine dependence from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environments dataset. The genome‐wide analysis of nearly one million genetic markers took 7h, identifying heterogeneous effects of two new genes (i.e., CYP3A5 and IKBKB) on nicotine dependence. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propensity score matching with clustered data. An application to the estimation of the impact of caesarean section on the Apgar score
Authors: Arpino Bruno , Cannas Massimo
Published: February 2016

This article focuses on the implementation of propensity score matching for clustered data. Different approaches to reduce bias due to cluster‐level confounders are considered and compared using Monte Carlo simulations. We investigated methods that exploit the clustered structure of the data in two ways: in the estimation of the propensity score model (through the inclusion of fixed or random effects) or in the implementation of the matching algorithm. In addition to a pure within‐cluster matching, we also assessed the performance of a new approach, ‘preferential’ within‐cluster matching. This approach first searches for control units to be matched to treated units within the same cluster. If matching is not possible within‐cluster, then the algorithm searches in other clusters. All considered approaches successfully reduced the bias due to the omission of a cluster‐level confounder. The preferential within‐cluster matching approach, combining the advantages of within‐cluster and between‐cluster matching, showed a relatively good performance both in the presence of big and small clusters, and it was often the best method. An important advantage of this approach is that it reduces the number of unmatched units as compared with a pure within‐cluster matching. We applied these methods to the estimation of the effect of caesarean section on the Apgar score using birth register data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rapid enrollment design for Phase I clinical trials
Authors: Ivanova Anastasia , Wang Yunfei , Foster Matthew C.
Published: February 2016

We propose a dose‐finding design for Phase I oncology trials where each new patient is assigned to the dose most likely to be the target dose given observed data. The main model assumption is that the dose–toxicity curve is non‐decreasing. This method is beneficial when it is desirable to assign a patient to a dose as soon as the patient is enrolled into a study. To prevent assignments to doses with limited toxicity information in fast accruing trials we propose a conservative rule that assigns temporary fractional toxicities to patients still in follow‐up. We also recommend always using a safety rule in any fast accruing dose‐finding trial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element analysis of extended stiffened end plate link‐to‐column connections
Authors: Pirmoz Akbar , Ahadi Parviz , Farajkhah Vahid
Published: February 2016

The applicability of extended stiffened end plate (ESEP) connections used as link‐to‐column connections in eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) with long (flexural yielding) links is examined in this paper. A finite element method (FEM) is used for this purpose, based on a validated parametric FE benchmark. Analysing the numerical model of an ESEP connection designed to the recent seismic design rules for special moment frames reveals that the link‐to‐column connections of EBFs sustain more severe conditions than the moment connections of moment‐resisting systems. The design approach implemented is examined and the results are discussed. The results demonstrate that ESEP connections can be used as a successful alternative for the link‐to‐column connections of EBFs and the system with this type of connection can achieve the required rotations for long or flexural links.
Deformations of the steel shell of a vertical cylindrical tank caused by underpressure
Authors: Ziółko Jerzy , Mikulski Tomasz , Supernak Ewa
Published: February 2016

Underpressure in a tank with a fixed roof may arise in the final stage of its construction as well as during its usage. After completing the construction, when the tank is empty and all manholes and valves, through which air could get into the tank, are tightly closed, underpressure may arise in the case of a sudden change in the weather (air pressure and temperature), which is particularly dangerous in spring or summer. When the tank is in use, underpressure may arise if breather valves are obstructed, e.g. covered by snow during pumping out a product stored in the tank. Underpressure may cause extensive deformations of the shell or the roof of the tank. However, the shell undergoes deformation more frequently, since the roof has a stiff supporting structure.

This article presents stages of deformations of the tank shell and their development from the occurrence of the first deformation to either removal of the causes of underpressure or cracking of the steel shell and thus automatic equalization of pressure inside the tank with atmospheric pressure.
Modeling and control of a cascaded multilevel converter‐based electronic power transformer
Authors: Huang Hui , Zhang Junfeng , Mao Chengxiong , Lu Jiming , Wang Dan
Published: February 2016

Control strategy of a cascaded multilevel converter based electrical power transformer (EPT) in a distribution system with capabilities of low voltage ride‐through and unbalanced load current management is investigated in this study. The mathematical model and decoupled control schemes of the system, including a high‐voltage side control scheme, an isolation‐stage control scheme, and a low‐voltage side control scheme, are presented in detail. A dual current control scheme is introduced to control both positive and negative sequence currents for enhancing the low voltage ride‐through capability of the high‐voltage side cascaded H‐bridge converter. Positive, negative, and zero‐sequence voltages are controlled for the low voltage side three‐phase four‐wire converter in the decoupled control scheme, respectively, for unbalanced load current management. A proportional resonant controller (PRC) is utilized to control the zero‐sequence voltage, while the root locus method is applied in the PRC design. Three‐dimensional space vector pulse width modulation (PWM) switching strategy is then used for the low voltage side converter. Simulation studies were conducted with MATLAB/Simulink to validate the coordinated control strategy. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care”
Authors: Peters Emmanuelle , Ward Thomas , Jackson Mike , Morgan Craig , Charalambides Monica , McGuire Philip , Woodruff Peter , Jacobsen Pamela , Chadwick Paul , Garety Philippa A.
Published: February 2016

Individuals reporting persistent psychotic experiences (PEs) in the general population, but without a “need for care”, are a unique group of particular importance in identifying risk and protective factors for psychosis. We compared people with persistent PEs and no “need for care” (non‐clinical, N=92) with patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder (clinical, N=84) and controls without PEs (N=83), in terms of their phenomenological, socio‐demographic and psychological features. The 259 participants were recruited from one urban and one rural area in the UK, as part of the UNIQUE (Unusual Experiences Enquiry) study. Results showed that the non‐clinical group experienced hallucinations in all modalities as well as first‐rank symptoms, with an earlier age of onset than in the clinical group. Somatic/tactile hallucinations were more frequent than in the clinical group, while commenting and conversing voices were rare. Participants in the non‐clinical group were differentiated from their clinical counterparts by being less paranoid and deluded, apart from ideas of reference, and having fewer cognitive difficulties and negative symptoms. Unlike the clinical group, they were characterized neither by low psychosocial functioning nor by social adversity. However, childhood trauma featured in both groups. They were similar to the controls in psychological characteristics: they did not report current emotional problems, had intact self‐esteem, displayed healthy schemas about the self and others, showed high life satisfaction and well‐being, and high mindfulness. These findings support biopsychosocial models postulating that environmental and psychological factors interact with biological processes in the aetiology of psychosis. While some PEs may be more malign than others, lower levels of social and environmental adversity, combined with protective factors such as intact IQ, spirituality, and psychological and emotional well‐being, may reduce the likelihood of persistent PEs leading to pathological outcomes. Future research should focus on protective factors and determinants of well‐being in the context of PEs, rather than exclusively on risk factors and biomarkers of disease states.
Determination of Bile Acids in Piglet Bile by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography‐Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mi Si , Lim David W. , Turner Justine M. , Wales Paul W. , Curtis Jonathan M.
Published: February 2016

An LC/MS/MS‐based method was developed for the determination of individual bile acids (BA) and their conjugates in porcine bile samples. The C18‐based solid‐phase extraction (SPE) procedure was optimized so that all 19 target BA and their glycine and taurine conjugates were collected with high recoveries for standards (89.1–100.2 %). Following this, all 19 compounds were separated and quantified in a single 12 min chromatographic run. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and recovery. An LOD in the low ppb range with measured precisions in the range of 0.5–9.3 % was achieved. The recoveries for all of the 19 analytes in bile samples were all >80 %. The validated method was successfully applied to the profiling of BA and their conjugates in the bile from piglets treated with exogenous glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) in a preclinical model of neonatal parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease (PNALD). The method developed is rapid and could be easily implemented for routine analysis of BA and their conjugates in other biofluids or tissues.
A Review on Frying: Procedure, Fat, Deterioration Progress and Health Hazards
Authors: Hosseini Hamed , Ghorbani Mohammad , Meshginfar Nasim , Mahoonak Alireza Sadeghi
Published: February 2016

For decades, frying has been a popular technique for the preparation of foods, both on domestic and industrial scales. The effects of edible oil type and frying operation conditions on the shelf‐life of fried products, the deterioration progress and the health hazards of fried foods have been studied by various researchers. To achieve a clear conception of the present situation, a collection of the results obtained from previous studies about product deterioration and safety issues due to the frying process, along with related tables, are of prime importance. According to the studies, it can be concluded that a vacuum, oil replenishment, frying temperature, and time of process are the most important parameters affecting the quality of oils and fried products; hence, by controlling them, it is possible to prevent the formation of toxic compounds and loss of nutritional components to a considerable extent during frying operation. Furthermore, according to recent studies indicating significant formation of toxic compounds before the chemical indices of the oil reach the disposal point, more studies are needed to determine whether they are formed at levels that compromise safety and affect consumers’ sensory perception before the established discard points.
Comparing two versions of the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)
Authors: Miley Anna Åkerstedt , Kecklund Göran , Åkerstedt Torbjörn
Published: February 2016

The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) is frequently used to study sleepiness in various contexts. However, it exists in two versions, one with labels on every other step (version A), and one with labels on every step (version B) on the 9-point scale. To date, there are no studies examining whether these versions can be used interchangeably. The two versions were here compared in a 24 hr wakefulness study of 12 adults. KSS ratings were obtained every hour, alternating version A and B. Results indicated that the two versions are highly correlated, do not have different response distributions on labeled and unlabeled steps, and that the distributions across all steps have a high level of correspondence (Kappa = 0.73). It was concluded that the two versions are quite similar.
Patients with cancer at the margins of reproductive age had reduced levels of anti‐Müllerian hormone compared with patients experiencing infertility
Authors: Naasan Mashhour , Harrity Conor , Rajab Hassan , Ranisavljevic Noemi , Khalid Srwa , Mocanu Edgar
Published: February 2016

Objective

To compare the ovarian reserves between female patients with cancer and patients experiencing infertility.

Methods

A retrospective age‐matched observational study was performed at Rotunda Hospital, Dublin. The study group included data from all female oncology patients attending for oocyte or embryo cryopreservation between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2013. Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were recorded at patients' initial visits before beginning chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The control group included patients without cancer who had their AMH levels recorded to investigate fertility or as a baseline level prior to beginning assisted reproductive treatment.

Results

The records of 118 oncology and 5231 control patients from the study period were identified. There was no difference in AMH levels between patients in the oncology and control groups aged 30–38 years; however, significantly lower AMH levels were observed in patients in the oncology group aged 29 years and younger (17.89 pmol/L vs 23.35 pmol/L; P = 0.015), or at least 39 years (2.65 pmol/L vs 5.87 pmol/L; P = 0.028).

Conclusion

Before commencing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, patients in the oncology group at the margins of reproductive age had a diminished ovarian reserve compared with the control group. This should be considered when planning optimal doses of follicular stimulating hormone as part of controlled ovarian‐stimulation regimes performed for embryo or oocyte cryopreservation prior to chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Multifocal Tubercular Dactilytis of Feet with Tubercular Ulcers
Authors: Aditi Jha , Shailendra Khare , Pratima Khare
Published: February 2016

Tuberculosis is a common disease in developing countries like India, affecting all age groups. Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most common manifestation of the disease but the disease may affect almost any part of the body. Among cases presenting with skeletal tuberculosis, tuberculosis of the spine, commonly known as Pott's spine, is the most common. Tuberculosis of the short and tubular bones of hands and feet is called tubercular dactilytis. It is a very rare presentation of the disease, usually affecting the small bones of the hand in children younger than 6 years. Tubercular dactilytis, particularly involving the small tubular bones of the foot, is extremely rare.
On the age of the Mangyshlakian deposits of the northern Caspian Sea
Authors: Bezrodnykh Yuri P. , Sorokin Valentin M.
Published: February 2016

The distribution, sedimentology, and age of early Holocene Mangyshlakian deposits beneath the northern Caspian Sea are studied. Analyses and interpretations derive from high-resolution sub-bottom profiling, lithological analysis of core sections and boreholes, biostratigraphic analysis of mollusc shells, and radiocarbon dating. We show that the Mangyshlakian deposits overlie Upper Pleistocene Khvalynian deposits, filling valleys and depressions that formed during lower water levels, similar to present lacustrine water bodies (ilmeni) of the Volga Delta. Transgressive marine Holocene Neo-Caspian sediments that are filling facies overlie the Mangyshlakian deposits. The deposits are composed of both organogenous and terrigenous materials. The flora and fauna in the sediment indicate deposition into freshwater, differing from marine biota in the underlying and overlying sediments. Eighteen radiocarbon ages indicate that the Mangyshlakian deposits accumulated between 9 and 12 ka.
The Strategic Use of Human Rights Treaties in Hong Kong’s Cage-Home Crisis: No Way Out?
Authors: MARSH Luke
Published: February 2016

Using a socioeconomic rights framework, this article will evaluate government policy relating to housing welfare in Hong Kong. In particular, it will explore the alarming plight of cage tenants in Hong Kong, a highly marginalized group estimated to be as many as 200,000 in number, who live day to day in cramped, dank dwellings averaging 15 square feet in size. It will argue that current government policies are incompatible with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). It will further look at strategies for domesticating these international human rights treaties. In doing so, this article will contribute to the ongoing debate concerning the legal nature of socioeconomic rights.
Cavity formation in the wake of falling spheres submerging into a stratified two-layer system of immiscible liquids
Authors: Tan Benedict C.-W. , Vlaskamp J. H. A. , Denissenko P. , Thomas P. J.
Published: February 2016

We experimentally study the cavities forming in the wake of rigid spheres when submerging into a stratified, two-layer system of immiscible, quiescent liquids comprising a thin layer of oil above a deep pool of water. The results obtained for our two-layer system are compared with data from the literature for the corresponding type of cavities formed when spheres enter a homogeneous liquid that is not covered by an oil layer. The discussion and the data analysis reveal that the oil coating acquired by the spheres while propagating through the thin oil layer, before entering the pool of water underneath, substantially affects qualitative and quantitative aspects of the dynamics associated with the cavity formation. In particular, we observe the formation of a ripple-like pattern on the cavity walls which is not known to exist when spheres enter a homogeneous liquid. The data analysis suggests that the ripple patterns form as a consequence of a two-dimensional instability arising due to the shear between the oil layer coating the spheres and the ambient water.
Challenges of Integrating Tobacco Cessation Interventions in TB Programmes: Case Studies from Nepal and Pakistan
Authors: Dogar Omara , Elsey Helen , Khanal Sudeepa , Siddiqi Kamran
Published: February 2016

Introduction: Offering tobacco cessation interventions to TB patients is highly desirable due to the interaction between TB and tobacco use and the potential benefits of quitting. However, implementing such interventions in TB programmes remains a challenge and an under-researched area. Using two initiatives to implement tobacco cessation within TB programmes in Nepal and Pakistan as case studies, we describe these challenges and highlight lessons learnt in the process.

Methods: We first conducted a documentary review of all published and unpublished reports of the two initiatives including relevant qualitative and quantitative data and its’ analyses. We then analysed this information using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) under the five domains of implementation: intervention characteristics, outer settings, inner settings, participant characteristics and the process of implementation.

Findings: We faced a number of challenges in implementing tobacco cessation within TB programmes both in Nepal and in Pakistan. These included: doubts about the contextual relevance of the intervention, environments conducive to smoking and political inertia for a cultural shift, service providers’ workload, priorities, and their motivation and capacity to deliver tobacco cessation, and inadequate training and support during implementation. We learned that by adapting intervention to the local context, securing mandate from higher authorities, aligning tasks to service providers’ roles and receptivity, building capacity through adequate training and providing support, monitoring and feedback during implementation can help in integrating tobacco cessation within TB programmes.

Conclusions: Lessons from existing studies can help TB programmes in implementing tobacco cessation interventions and enable greater integration and sustainability of cessation services within routine TB care.
Girl Zine Networks, Underground Itineraries, and Riot Grrrl History: Making Sense of the Struggle for New Social Forms in the 1990s and Beyond
Authors: RADWAY JANICE
Published: February 2016

Drawing on recently established zine archives and oral-history interviews with former girl zine producers, as well as with zine librarians, archivists, and commentators, this essay explores the significance of the fact that dissident girls and young women developed an interest in what are now called “girl zines” through a number of different routes, with a range of different interests, and at different moments over the course of the last twenty-five years. Some were directly inspired by riot grrrl bands in the early 1990s. Others happened upon zines at alternative bookstores and info-shops and as part of their participation in the larger punk underground. Still others learned of them through popular magazines, college courses, and public and private libraries, or through quite varied friendship networks. The fact of this social, material, and temporal variability raises important questions about whether “girl zines” should be thought of as a unitary genre and, correlatively, about whether the girl zine explosion itself should be construed as a secondary effect of the riot grrrl phenomenon of the early 1990s. Building on recent critiques made by punks and zinesters of color of the now-dominant narrative about the history of riot grrrl and the role of zines within it, the essay traces how that narrative developed in the context of a backlash against feminism and how it led, ultimately, to the creation of the genre now known as “girl zines” and the founding of archives designed to ensure their preservation. Though both are seen as significant political achievements for feminism, by considering Mimi Thi Nguyen's recent claim that the dominant narrative and the genealogies it constructs tend to ignore the important but often differently motivated contributions of punks and zinesters of color, the essay explores the question of what it might mean to focus on the varied itineraries that girls pursued into the punk underground and on how those itineraries affected the zines they created for often quite distinct purposes. Ultimately, the essay asks how riot grrrl and girl zine-ing ought to be understood. That is, should they be construed as a singular event, as a coherent social movement, as a fractious discourse, as a complex set of social practices, as a political intervention, or as something else? In the end, the author argues that attending to the disagreements and contestations among girl punks and zinesters who constantly called each other out over their differences suggests that as a youthful cohort profoundly affected by the vast social and cultural change associated with what is now call neoliberalism, these young people were arguing among themselves and with the surrounding culture over how to craft new, more flexible forms of subjectivity and sociality adequate to the challenges of the twenty-first century.
The anthelmintic effects of the ethanol extract ofTerminalia catappaL. leaves against the ruminant gut parasite,Fischoederius cobboldi
Authors: ANURACPREEDA PANAT , CHANKAEW KANOKWAN , PUTTARAK PANUPONG , KOEDRITH PREEYAPORN , CHAWENGKIRTTIKUL RUNGLAWAN , PANYARACHUN BUSABA , NGAMNIYOM ARIN , CHANCHAI SUMALEE , SOBHON PRASERT
Published: February 2016

Presently, no effective anthelmintic drugs have been used to treat and control paramphistomosis, a severe disease of ruminants. In this study, we have investigated thein vitroanthelmintic effect of the leaves ofTerminalia catappaL. crude extract (TcCE) and albendazole (ABZ) on adultFischoederius cobboldiafter incubating the flukes in RPMI-1640 medium containing the TcCE at various doses and times. The TcCE-treated flukes at all dosages exhibited rapid decrease of motility, and the relative motility (RM) values were decreased sharply from start to 3 h. Worms were killed after 6 and 12 h of treatment with 1000, 1500 and 2000µg mL−1as well as 500µg mL−1of TcCE, respectively. By light microscopy examination, the flukes exhibited the earliest alteration in a limited area of the tegument. At scanning electron microscopy level, the flukes’ tegument showed similar sequence of morphological alterations after treatment with ABZ and TcCE that consisted of swelling of ridges and folds, followed by blebbing and rupturing of the blebs, leading to the erosion, lesion and disruption of the tegument. Hence,in vivostudies should be performed to examine whether the TcCE may serve as a powerful anthelmintic drug for treatment of paramphistomosis.
CHALLENGES FACED IN TRANSFERRING ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS TO MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES
Authors: Drummond Michael , Augustovski Federico , Kaló Zoltán , Yang Bong-Min , Pichon-Riviere Andres , Bae Eun-Young , Kamal-Bahl Sachin
Published: February 2016

Background: Decision makers in middle-income countries are using economic evaluations (EEs) in pricing and reimbursement decisions for pharmaceuticals. However, whilst many of these jurisdictions have local submission guidelines and local expertise, the studies themselves often use economic models developed elsewhere and elements of data from countries other than the jurisdiction concerned. The objectives of this study were to describe the current situation and to assess the challenges faced by decision makers in transferring data and analyses from other jurisdictions.

Methods: Experienced health service researchers in each region conducted an interview survey of representatives of decision making bodies from jurisdictions in Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, and Latin America that had at least 1 year's experience of using EEs.

Results: Representatives of the relevant organizations in twelve countries were interviewed. All twelve jurisdictions had developed official guidelines for the conduct of EEs. All but one of the organizations evaluated studies submitted to them, but 9 also conducted studies and 7 commissioned them. Nine of the organizations stated that, in evaluating EEs submitted to them, they had consulted a study performed in a different jurisdiction. Data on relevant treatment effect was generally considered more transferable than those on prices/unit costs. Views on the transferability of epidemiological data, data on resource use and health state preference values were more mixed. Eight of the respondents stated that analyses submitted to them had used models developed in other jurisdictions. Four of the organizations had a policy requiring models to be adapted to reflect local circumstances. The main obstacles to transferring EEs were the different patterns of care or wealth of the developed countries from which most economic evaluations originate.

Conclusions: In middle-income countries it is commonplace to deal with the issue of transferring analyses or data from other jurisdictions. Decision makers in these countries face several challenges, mainly due to differences in current standard of care, practice patterns, or gross domestic product between the developed countries where the majority of the studies are conducted and their own jurisdiction
The Law of Self-Defence and the New Argumentative Landscape on the Expansionists’ Side
Authors: VAN STEENBERGHE RAPHAËL
Published: February 2016

Recent developments in legal scholarship evidence that the orthodoxy on the law on the use of force has dramatically switched from a restrictivist to an expansionist perspective. This article seeks to analyse this recent shift, especially with respect to the law of self-defence, from an expansionist point of view. Its purpose is to examine the argumentative landscape which currently exists on the expansionists’ side about that law. It observes that such argumentative landscape has significantly changed, as expansionists tend to pay less attention to the traditional arguments based on state practice and increasingly rely on policy considerations in order to strengthen and to go deeper in their wide conception of the law of self-defence. It calls into question such increasing recourse to policy oriented arguments and argues that those arguments cannot justify alone any evolution of the law of self-defence, while emphasizing that state practice remains central in that respect and explaining the different ways through which this practice may play such a role.
Customary Constraints on the Use of Force: Article 51 with an American Accent
Authors: BANKS WILLIAM C. , CRIDDLE EVAN J.
Published: February 2016

This article, prepared for the symposium on ‘The Future of Restrictivist Scholarship on the Use of Force’, examines the current trajectory of restrictivist scholarship in the United States. In contrast to their counterparts in continental Europe, American restrictivists tend to devote less energy to defending narrow constructions of the UN Charter. Instead, they generally focus on legal constraints outside the Charter's text, including customary norms and general principles of law such as necessity, proportionality, deliberative rationality, and robust evidentiary burdens. The article considers how these features of the American restrictivist tradition reflect distinctive characteristics of American legal culture, and it explores the tradition's influence on debates over anticipatory self-defense and the use of force against non-state actors abroad. The article concludes by examining how the American restrictivist tradition is beginning to shape the United States’ approach to the use of force in response to cyber attacks.
Concerning Violence: A Post-Colonial Reading of the Debate on the Use of Force
Authors: MARTINEAU ANNE-CHARLOTTE
Published: February 2016

This article examines the debate on the use of force ‘from the periphery’, both in the geographical sense and outside the mainstream discourse. It offers an alternative reading of the evolution of the law on the use of force, starting not with the end of the Cold War, but with the process of decolonization. My argument is that this reading is missing from the debate framed as an opposition between a restrictivist and an expansionist camp. Yet it is crucial if one wants to understand the normative pull that is left of legal concepts such as non-intervention, aggression, and self-determination.
The Paris Peoples' Tribunal and the Istanbul Trials: Archives of the Armenian Genocide
Authors: SIMM GABRIELLE
Published: February 2016

The decisions of international courts and tribunals affect how we read history. Alternative tribunals, such as peoples’ tribunals, attempt to write alternative histories to counter the official versions. This article locates controversies over the Armenian genocide in debates about the relationship between history and international law. It considers ways of reading archives and the role of archives in informing those debates. It compares the Istanbul war crimes trials held in 1919–1920 before the Ottoman Military Tribunals with the Paris session of the Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal held in 1984 that dealt with questions of history and memory through the juridical format of a hearing. A century after the events of 1915, the contested historiography of the Armenian genocide influences how international lawyers and historians seek to pass judgment on the past.
Aesthetic, Social, and Material Networks: A Perspective from the Flint Daggers at Çatalhöyük, Turkey
Authors: Nazaroff Adam Joseph , Tsoraki Christina , Vasic Milena
Published: February 2016

The Neolithic period bore witness to the emergence of novel engagements between humans and the material world. In the Middle East, these interactions were important components of broader social and ritual developments which came about with the rise of sedentary communities. In this paper, we examine the significance of these processes as represented by elaborate flint daggers at the site of Çatalhöyük in Central Anatolia. Detailed analyses of the manufacture, use and deposition of these items indicate that they were central nodes in multiple social and material relations, and functioned as durable facets of Çatalhöyük's artisanal social fabric. Their presence at the apogee of Çatalhöyük's ritual florescence further identifies their importance to particular segments of the community. Studying the intentionality of dagger production and use, we conclude, allows us to comment on the particulars of material milieu in shaping the social networks necessary for the development of large-scale sedentary communities.
Protecting Against the Dead? On the Possible Use of Apotropaic Magic in the Oseberg Burial
Authors: Bill Jan
Published: February 2016

The use of apotropaic practices, that is, of magic to protect against evil, is sometimes included in archaeological interpretations on the basis of similarities between archaeological objects and objects used in historically documented or present-day apotropaic practices. The present article attempts to develop the archaeological study of apotropaism by focussing on apotropaic ritual, in addition to apotropaic devices. The case study is a burial in ad 834 of a high-ranking Viking Age woman in the Norwegian Oseberg ship grave. Drawing on cognitive magic ritual theory, the study focuses on identifying both a repeated ritual core and a counter-intuitive, magic element in the series of actions that led to the deposition of five elaborately carved wooden animal heads in the burial, each combined with a rattling device probably related to horse driving. The study demonstrates that apotropaism provides a viable explanation for this rather puzzling aspect of the burial. In a wider perspective it emphasizes the importance of the contextual, in addition to the functional, interpretation of objects in graves. It also suggests that the use of animal figures and animal style in Viking Age artwork may have been more intimately connected with apotropaic beliefs than previously suggested.
The Emergence of Complex Silver Metallurgy in the Americas: A Case Study from the Lake Titicaca Basin of Southern Peru
Authors: Schultze Carol A. , Huff Jennifer A. , Rehren Thilo , Levine Abigail R.
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses the emergence of silver metallurgy some two millennia ago in the south central Andes. It is argued that the availability of multiple abundant resources and a high population density were instrumental in the development of this complex technology. The potential for such resource-rich environments to stimulate and sustain innovation is briefly discussed, particularly for prestige goods in societies engaged in socially competitive networks. The Puno Bay area of Lake Titicaca and its hinterland is shown to be one such resource-rich region, which may have contributed to its role in developing a complex and labour-intensive silver metallurgy as part of a larger mining-metallurgical landscape.
Internet addiction: reappraisal of an increasingly inadequate concept
Authors: Starcevic Vladan , Aboujaoude Elias
Published: February 2016

This article re-examines the popular concept of Internet addiction, discusses the key problems associated with it, and proposes possible alternatives. The concept of Internet addiction is inadequate for several reasons. Addiction may be a correct designation only for the minority of individuals who meet the general criteria for addiction, and it needs to be better demarcated from various patterns of excessive or abnormal use. Addiction to the Internet as a medium does not exist, although the Internet as a medium may play an important role in making some behaviors addictive. The Internet can no longer be separated from other potentially overused media, such as text messaging and gaming platforms. Internet addiction is conceptually too heterogeneous because it pertains to a variety of very different behaviors. Internet addiction should be replaced by terms that refer to the specific behaviors (eg, gaming, gambling, or sexual activity), regardless of whether these are performed online or offline.
On Kant’s Duty to Speak the Truth
Authors: Mertens Thomas
Published: February 2016

In ‘On the Supposed Right to Lie from Philanthropy’, Kant defends a position that cannot be salvaged. The essay is nonetheless important because it helps us understand his philosophy of law and, more specifically, his interpretation of the social contract. Kant considers truthfulness a strict legal duty because it is the necessary condition for the juridical state. As attested by Kant’s rejection of Beccaria’s arguments against the death penalty, not even the right to life has such strict unconditional status. Within the juridical state, established by the social contract, the (single) innate right to freedom is transformed into a bundle of merely positive rights, including the right to life. Understanding the reason for the rejection of ‘the right to lie from philanthropy’ thus helps us understand the, in a sense, ‘positivist’ character of Kant’s legal philosophy. In conclusion, some suggestions are made to bring his position closer to our common moral understanding.
The Public Form of Law: Kant on the Second-Personal Constitution of Freedom
Authors: Zylberman Ariel
Published: February 2016

The two standard interpretations of Kant’s view of the relationship between external freedom and public law make one of the terms a means for the production of the other: either public law is justified as a means to external freedom, or external freedom is justified as a means for producing a system of public law. This article defends an alternative, constitutive interpretation: public law is justified because it is partly constitutive of external freedom. The constitutive view requires conceiving of external freedom in a novel, second-personal way, that is, as an irreducibly relational norm.