bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral structures of backward stimulated Brillouin scattering driven by a picosecond laser
Authors: Wang Chen , An Hong-Hai , Xiong Jun , Fang Zhi-Heng , Ji Yu , Lian Chang-Wang , Xie Zhi-Yong , Guo Er-Fu , He Zhi-Yu , Cao Zhao-Dong , Wang Wei , Yan Rui , Pei Wen-Bing ,   Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Shanghai 201800, China,   Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
Published: September 2021

Laser plasma interaction (LPI) is an important content in laser plasma related research, and it is one of the key issues related to the success or failure of inertial confinement fusion ignition, and has received extensive attention. In order to suppress the relevant LPI process as much as possible, the major laboratories around the world have developed a variety of beam smoothing methods through decades of research. However, the current understanding and suppression of LPI are still far from enough, and further in-depth studies are still needed. Generally, the research of LPI is based on nanosecond laser driving, and focuses mainly on the effects of the related LPI process caused by nanosecond lasers. However, the LPI processes, such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), etc., occur and develop on a time scale of picoseconds.The comprehensive effect can be studied only on a longer scale of nanosecond. For highly nonlinear LPI processes, the comprehensive effect may be difficult to reflect the real physical laws. The emergence of the picosecond laser has made it possible to study the LPI process in more detail and on a more appropriate time scale. The present research tries to gain an understanding of LPI from a more refined perspective. The experimental research of picosecond laser driving LPI is carried out on the Shenguang-Ⅱ upgrade and picosecond laser facilities. First, a nanosecond laser is used to irradiate a target to generate a large-scale plasma, and a few nanoseconds later, the picosecond laser is injected as an interaction beam to drive the LPI scattering such as SBS and SRS. The spectral signal of backscatter light is measured experimentally by using the method of diffuse reflector. From the research results it is found that the backward signals of the band near the laser wavelength contain, in addition to the true backward SBS component, a large number of interference signals introduced by picosecond laser and nanosecond laser. The interference signal introduced by nanosecond laser can be eliminated by using specific measures, but the interference signal introduced by picosecond laser cannot be eliminated experimentally, which will affect the estimation of the true share of the backward SBS. The comprehensive results show that under different experimental conditions, the backward scatter energy of SBS may be less than half that of the total recorded signals. This result is helpful in further understanding and re-recognizing previous relevant experimental data.
Relationship between Local Chief Executive’s Character Traits and Governance Practices in Northern Samar, Philippines
Authors: Asis-Estigoy Karene Maneka A. De
Published: September 2021

This study evaluated the character traits and governance practices of local government officials in the Local Government Units (LGUs) of Northern Samar. The findings of the study would generally benefit not only the stakeholders of the local government units in the province but also in the national government. Specifically, findings of the study would benefit the LGU Chief Executives. The results of this study would provide the chief an opportunity to evaluate the relationships that exists between their character traits and governance practices. In effect, they may realize their strengths and weaknesses in running the local government. This study utilized the Big Five-character trait dimensions also known as Five Factor Model consisting of the five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism were also determined. This research includes Local Chief Executives (LCEs) in the municipalities of Northern Samar. A total of 12 LCEs were randomly selected to participate in this study. The governance practices such as transparency, participation, accountability, leadership, general organization and governance, inter-governmental relations, rule of law continuity in the implementation of programs, predictability and sustainability, preference for the poor, and effective, responsive provision of basic services were correlated with character traits of the local executives. The respondents of the study are the current LCEs and selected employees with permanent status in the municipalities covered. Significant difference was found between local chief executives and employees’ perception on the character traits of the LCEs. Significant difference on the agreeableness as character trait means that the degree to which the LCEs is able to get along with others by being good-natured, cooperative, forgiving, compassionate, understanding, and trusting is higher than the employees and stakeholders did not differ significantly. The test of relationship between the chief executives’ character traits and governance practices showed that openness is significantly correlated with transparency, participation and leadership.
Effects of Course Related Factors on Academic Performances of Undergraduates-A Study with Science Courses
Authors: Karunarathna K. A. N. K.
Published: September 2021

Aims: Academic performances of undergraduate students may depend on many factors. Researches in literature have taken different factors into consideration and these effects may vary depending on different aspects such as place, period and group. This study aimed to identify effects of course related factors on academic performances, which are linked with design of courses. As the course related factors, subject of course, type of course (theoretical, practical), volume of course (number of credits), and level of course (year of study)  were considered.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Sri Lanka with the undergraduate courses in the science stream and results of students in a batch completed the degree recently.

Methodology: A group of all students in a batch that recently passed out from the faculty was used as the sample and there were 109 students. Data including gender, stream of study, subject of course, type of course (theoretical/practical), volume of course in terms of numbers of credits, levels of courses were gathered as the factors and grades of courses was taken as the measure that represents academic performances of students. Grades were transformed to grade point values and then it was used as the main response. Analysis was carried out with both parametric and nonparametric statistical approaches.

Results: It could be revealed that academic performances of undergraduates depend on course related factors tested. Performances tend to decrease with the increase in number of credits of the course meanwhile higher performances could be observed in practical courses compared with theory based courses. Irrespective of other factors, performances for courses in the third year of study were higher than that of courses in other years of studies.

Conclusion: Academic performances of undergraduates are dependent on these factors related to courses. However, it needs further work to generalize the results.
Malaria Prevalence and Its Demographic Determinants in Oyigbo Local Governement Area, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria
Authors: EGBOM Sylvia E. , OGIDI Margaret , NDUKA Florence O. , NZEAKO Sidney O.
Published: September 2021

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of malaria and how demographic factors influence malaria parasite transmission among persons attending primary health care facilities in Oyigbo LGA, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria.

Methodology: Intra-venous blood samples were obtained from 190 participants who enrolled for the study. These blood samples were stored in ethylene diamine tetra acetate bottles (EDTA) and used to make thick and thin films for malaria parasite detection using standard parasitological techniques (Cheesbrough 1998). Questionnaires were administered to the participants to obtain their demographic data. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 and presented using descriptive statistics. Chi-square was used to obtain level of significance (p<0.05).

Results: Of the 190 persons examined, 109 were positive, giving a prevalence of 57.4%. Plasmodium falciparum was the only malaria parasite observed. Females 67 (59.82%) were more affected than males 42 (53.84%) but this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Age group 41-50 and those with Secondary education had higher prevalence. The difference observed in these groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). Artisans had the highest prevalence whereas the unemployed had the least prevalence. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Demographic factors have been shown to influence malaria transmission. Therefore, malaria control efforts should be intensified, taking into cognizance, the role of demographic factors in transmission.
Effect of Radiation on Germanium Doped SiO2 Fibres
Authors: Hossain I. , Yaakob A. N. H. , Wagiran H.
Published: September 2021

We report comparative effect of radiation on Germanium incapacitated Optical fibres and commercially available TLD-100. The experiments were carried out using Siemens linear accelerator (LINAC) Primus Multileaf Collimator (MLC) 3339 to deliver photon and electron beams. The Harshaw model 3500 TLD reader with WinREMS software were used in this experiment. Both media were irradiated with 6 x106 eV electrons and 6 x106 volts photons beam. We found a good linearity for TL dose in the range from 20 to 240 mGy. Comparative studies of these compounds indicate that the TL responses using photon and electron irradiation are similar and the average intensity is enhanced by about 1.30 times in electrons than those for photon irradiation. The information of the mini review report of this paper presents in valuable for clinical linear accelerators applications.
Video Ads in Digital Marketing and Sales: A Big Data Analytics Using Scrapy Web Crawler Mining Technique
Authors: Clement Addo Prince , Maxwell Dorgbefu Jnr. , Bakabbey Kulbo Nora , Kofi Akpatsa Samuel , Andy Ohemeng Asare , Caleb Dagadu Joshua , Oliver Boansi Kufuor , Nkrumah Kofi Frimpong Adasa
Published: September 2021

The survival of the global economy is rooted in the production of goods, rendering of valuable services, and formulation and implementation of favorable trade policies. These goods and services supported by related policies however, must reach prospective customers unblemished in good time, through planned advertisement strategies. Advertisement over the years has evolved from the traditional one-on-one to technology induced ones such as digital marketing and sales. Technological advancement has diversified advertisement into a multi-faceted and dynamic channel with enormous growth and prospects. In this paper, we made a significant effort to identify actual online data to justify why short video (SV) adoption is essential in e-commerce and digital marketing. A total of 23589 datasets were drawn from three global B2C and C2C websites using the scrappy web crawlers to investigate a resilience model in the relationship between SV advertising adoption, quality signals, customer satisfaction, price fairness, and sales in digital marketing. Whereas shop location is vital in traditional shopping, logistics service quality overrides its influence in online shopping settings.
Approach to Kirana Store Product Arrangement Using Machine Learning
Authors: Patel Ajita , Tiwari Krishna Kumar
Published: September 2021

Market Basket Analysis (MBA) is a method for determining the association between entities, and it has often been used to study the association between products in a shopping basket. Trained Computer vision models are able to recognize objects in photos so accurately that it can even outperform humans in some instances. This study shows that combining objective detection techniques with market basket analysis can assist Stores/Kirana in organizing the products effectively. With the use of MBA and Object detection, we formulated recommendations for store arrangements along with putting a recommendation engine on top to help shoppers. After deploying this to local Kirana stores, the Kirana store was able to see an increase of 7% in the sale. The recommendation engine performed better than just the domain knowledge of the kirana store.
Anatomical Studies of the Foliar Epidermis and Petiole of some Lannea Species in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Okanume Ogochukwu E. , Ebelebe Lynda C. , Oso O. A.
Published: September 2021

Aims: Leaf epidermal morphology and petiole anatomy of seven Lannea species namely; Lannea velutina, Lannea kerstingii, Lannea egregia, Lannea schimperii, Lannea acida, Lannea microcarpa, and Lannea edulis in Nigeria were investigated to provide new taxonomic characters that could help in proper identification and delimitation of the taxa.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Jos, Nigeria between August 2020 and March 2021.

Methodology: Transverse sections of petioles were cut using a rotary microtome and epidermal peels were made. Staining was done using Safranin and slides observed using a light microscope.

Results: Stomatal distribution was hypostomatic except for L. velutina and L. edulis with amphistomatic distribution. Three stomata types are found; paracytic occurring in L. velutina, L. edulis and L. egregia, cyclocytic in L. schimperii and L. microcarpa and anomocytic in L. kerstingii and L. acida. Stomata index vary among taxa with L. egregia and L. acida having the highest (22.43%) and lowest (12.17%) respectively. The epidermal cell shape was polygonal in all the species and anticlinal wall patterns were straight to slightly curved. Unicellular/multicellular uniseriate trichomes were observed in L. schimperii, L. egregia and L. kerstingii distinguishing them from other species. Petiole outlines were circular to oval, epidermis was uniseriate and vascular bundles are collateral. Presence of continuous sclerenchyma rings surrounding the vascular bundles in L. kerstingii and L. microcarpa serve as a distinguishing character. Other distinguishing characters are presence of crystals, druses and phenolic idioblasts. A taxonomic key was produced using the anatomical character as an aid to the identification of the species.

Conclusion: Variations observed in the stomata types, petiole outline, petiole vasculature type, trichome type and stomata index could be employed for species identification and delimitation.
Existence and Nonexistence of Nontrivial Doubly Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear Telegraph Equations
Authors: Deng Nan
Published: September 2021

Aims/ Objectives: We discuss the existence and nonexistence of nontrivial nonnegative doubly periodic solutions for nonlinear telegraph equations

                                                                 utt-uxx+cut+a(t,x)u=λf (t,x,u) ,

where c > 0 is a constant, λ > 0 is a positive parameter, a ∈ C(R2,R+), f ∈ C(R2 × R+,R+), and a, f are 2π-periodic in t and x. The proof is based on a known xed point theorem due to Schauder. In previous articles, a single telegraph equation or telegraph system have been widely studied, but there is relatively little research on nonlinear telegraph equations with a parameter and the nonlinearities are nonnegative. We would like do some research on this topic. We give new conclusions on the existence and nonexistence of nontrivial nonnegative doubly periodic solutions for nonlinear telegraph equations under sublinear assumptions. Study Design: Study on the existence and nonexistence of nontrivial nonnegative doubly periodic solutions. Place and Duration of Study: School of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, September 2020 to present.Methodology: We prove the existence and nonexistence of nontrivial nonnegative doubly periodic solutions by the results of Schauder's xed point theorem. Results: We give new conclusions of existence and nonexistence of nontrivial nonnegative doubly periodic solutions for the equations. Conclusion: We prove the existence and nonexistence of nontrivial nonnegative doubly periodic solutions for nonlinear telegraph equations                                                                 utt − uxx + cut + a(t, x)u = λf (t, x, u), and give new conclusions.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties of the Hydro-Ethanolic Leaf and Stembark of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) on Cariogenic and Periodontopathic Bacteria
Authors: Agafina Fowedlung Ngufor , Agbor Ashu Michael , Pierre René Fotsing Kwetche , Estella Tembe Fokunang , Charles Pilipili , Ntungwen Fokunang Charles
Published: September 2021

Background: Caries and periodontal diseases are major public health problems. Due to increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, there is a need to promote the known potential of plants and search for new anti-infectious substances as therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.

Aims: This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial property of the hydro-ethanolic leaf and stem bark extracts of Psidium guajava on cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria.

Methodology: This was an experimental study that took place in the Laboratory of Chemistry and Microbiology (Clinique Universitaires des Montagne (CUM)) of Bangangté between January to June 2020. They were dried in shade for 3 weeks and ground to obtain a coarse powder. The dried powders were macerated for 72 hours in a water-ethanol mixture (30:70). Then, the phytochemical screening and quantification of the total polyphenol content followed. Microdilutions were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of guava. Müller Hinton agar was used for obtaining the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and the determination of inhibition diameters of the bacteria.

Results: Extraction yields of 17.36g and 42.55g were obtained for leaf and stem bark, respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites among which the total phenol content was quantified at 236.1878 and 255.7682 mg equivalent of gallic acid per gram for leaf and stem bark, respectively. The carious bacteria isolated were: Streptococcus mutans, Actinomycetes viscosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus.While, the periodontal bacteria were: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum ,Tannerella forsythensis. The results obtained showed that the combined extracts of leaf and stem bark had an activity higher than that of the stem bark which in turn had a higher activity than the leaves. 

Conclusion: Non-invasive independent predictors for screening esophageal varices may decrease medical as well as financial burden, hence improving the management of cirrhotic patients. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability.
Influence of Chemicals, Botanicals and Growth Regulator Treatments on Plant Growth and Yield Attributing Traits of Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) Variety: K-75
Authors: Ramesh Avuta Saipriya , Rai Prashant Kumar , Nagar Sasya
Published: September 2021

The experiment was conducted in post graduate Seed Testing Laboratory and Field Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P) during Rabi season 2020-2021, in order to standardize the suitable pre-sowing seed treatment for Lentil (K-75). Different pre-sowing seed treatments viz.,T0-Control (untreated), T1- KCL @1%, T2- KCL @ 3%, T3- KNO3 @ 1%, T4- KNO3 @ 3%, T5- Panchagavya @ 2%, T6 – GA3 @ 20ppm, T7 – Panchagavya @ 4%, T8 – GA3 @ 10ppm,T9 – Panchagavya @ 6%,T10 – Tulasi Leaf Extract @ 2%, T11 – Tulasi Leaf Extract @ 4%,T12 – Tulasi Leaf Extract @ 6% were evaluated by screening of 12 hour. It was found that all the pre-sowing seed treatments recorded the significant difference with that of control. In field condition highest field emergence percentage,yield and yielding attributes was found in T7 -Panchagavya @ 4%. Pre-sowing seed treatment with Panchagavya @ 4% followed by GA3 @ 10 ppm, Panchagavya @ 2%, KCL @ 1% significantly increased the germination and yielding attributes of Lentil. Pre-sowing seed treatments with Panchagavya (4%) and GA3 (10ppm) resulted in maximum increase in field emergence, vigour of Lentil seeds and found to be lowest in control seeds. Pre-sowing seed treatment that leads to a physiological condition that allows the seed to germinate more effectively and no costly equipment and chemical requirements could be used. Hence it is a simple method for overcoming weak germination and seedling establishment and helps to preserve agriculture and economical, non-toxic, eco-friendly sources.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Nutrient Concentration of Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Tiwari Uma Shankar , Yadav Kamlesh Kumar , Singh Pankaj Kumar , Sulekha . , Narayan Ashesh
Published: September 2021

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur to evaluate the integrated nutrient management on nutrient concentration. The experiment was comprising sixteen  treatments viz. T1- control, T2- 100% RDF,T3- 100% RDF+S, T4- 100% RDF+S+Zn, T5- 100% RDF + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ P.S.B.), T6- 100% RDF + 25% N through F.Y.M., T7- 100% RDF + 25% N through FYM + S, T8- 100% RDF + 25% N through FYM + S + Zn, T9-100% RDF. + 25% N through F.Y.M. + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer  (Azotobactor+ P.S.B.), T10-100% RDF + 25% N through vermi compost, T11- 100% RDF + 25 % N through vermicompost + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ PSB), T12- 75 % RDF T13- 75 % RDF + 25 % N through FYM T14- 75% RDF + 25% N through vermi compost, T15-75% RDF + 25% N through FYM + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ P.S.B.) and T16- 75% RDF + 25% N through vermi compost + S + Zn + bio-fertilizer (Azotobactor+ P.S.B.). Contents of N, P, K, S and Zn. Increased linearly and non-significantly except N content in grain and straw and Zn content at all the stages of crop growth in comparison to control. Highest concentration of N, P, K, S and Zn at late tillering, milking and at harvest in grain and straw was recorded with T11 (100% R.D.F. + 25% N through vermicompost+S + Zn + bio- fertilizers (Azotobactor+P.S.B.) followed by T9 (100% R.D.F. + 25% N through F.Y.M. + S + Zn+bio-fertilizers   (Azotobactor+P.S.B.) and minimum at control (T1) during both the years. Integration of sulphur, zinc, bio-fertilizers, FYM and vermicompost with 100% RDF and 75% RDF treatments also influences N, P, K, S and Zn content at all the stages of crop growth during both the years. It was also observed that integration of sulphur and zinc showed higher increases and its content also increase the concentration of others nutrients higher with 100% RDF treatments in comparison to 75% RDF treatments. The higher concentration of N, P, K, S and Zn to be attributed to higher availability and synergistic effects of these nutrients to each other at all the stages of crop growth.
Squamous Odontogenic Tumor of Posterior Maxilla-A Report of a New Unusual Case & Literature Review
Authors: Sihmar Sandeep S. , Ramalingam Karthikeyan , Rathi Shalini , Kumar Abhishekh
Published: September 2021

Squamous odontogenic tumor is a benign epithelial odontogenic tumor that is very unusual in the maxilla & mandible. Mostly, these are present as single lesions, but rarely they can be multifocal lesions. The nature of maxillary lesions is more aggressive. Because of their benign nature, these lesions are frequently treated with conservative surgical techniques that include curettage and surgical enucleation. We will discuss the instance of a 29-year-old lady who was misdiagnosed and treated conservatively by us. This case was examined in the light of current knowledge of the prevalence, genesis, diagnosis, and treatment of squamous odontogenic tumors, as well as a literature review.
Review for Analytical Methods for the Determination of Mefenamic Acid
Authors: Ashira T. V. , Rafeeque T. Mohamed , Maanvizhi Saba , Kathirvel S. , Indukala P. C. , Safeetha S.
Published: September 2021

Mefenamic acid (MFA) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that belongs to the anthranilic acid derivative family. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain. The present review article includes a compilation of articles on the various properties along with an extensive literature survey on the reported analytical methods of MFA. Using a comprehensive computer assisted literature review; this article discusses the analytical methodologies for quantifying MFA both in active pharmaceutical ingredient and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This is the first review article in this series with focus on the analytical profile of MFA. Although, several methods like High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, turbidimetry, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and electro analytical methods were reported in the literature, HPLC stands out first for the quantification of MFA.
Health in Digital World: A Regulatory Overview in United States
Authors: Mishra Ashutosh , Gowrav M. P. , Balamuralidhara V. , Reddy Kolli Suhas
Published: September 2021

Adaptation towards digitalization in pharmaceuticals leads to the utilization and development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Significantly it is reducing human workload with the help of an algorithm. Already AI is acting as a key in clinical trial, health care, quality management, manufacturing, product development, and management. Top pharmaceutical companies have adopted AI in different applications within the pharma sector. Different AI models like Machine learning, Artificial Neural Network, Deep Learning, robotics, and Natural Language Processing are being used in pharmaceuticals and healthcare systems. The Worldwide AI market is growing remarkably with a compound annual growth rate of 49.6% and is expected to reach $18,119 million by 2025. So, for better regulation, concerning safety, privacy regulatory strategy is heading towards a better framework. Different regulatory authorities like China, Europe, and United States (US) have adopted AI for economic and policy aspects. Emerging countries are using these tools for administrative work. US has begun implementing frameworks for AI adaptation, research, and development. The AI policy strategy started in 2016 with a series of workshops conducted under the Obama administration. Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also published draft guidance for regulatory oversight of AI and Machine Learning. In 2021 FDA published a draft regulation for software as a medical device. This review article provides a snapshot of AI implementation in pharmaceuticals and health care with the regulatory approach in the US.
Effect of Remineralisation with Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and Non-collagenous Protein Analogues (PAA and STPP) on the Micro Tensile Bond Strength of the Resin Composites to Dentin – An In vitro Study
Authors: Nair Soumya , Mathew Sylvia , George John V. , Mathew Rhea , Nair Arathi S. , Issac Chutty
Published: September 2021

Background: Resin-dentin bonds are less durable than enamel as they rely on organic part for mineralisation. Bond denaturation mainly takes place because of hydrolysis of polymerized resin or degradation of water-rich, resin-sparse collagen by collagenolytic endogenous matrix metalloproteinase and cysteine cathepsins. Hence, this limited stability of dentin bonding tenaciously reduces the longevity of tooth-coloured restorations. One of the strategies adopted to encounter this shortcoming is to induce biomimetic remineralisation.

Aim: To assess the microtensile bond strength of resin composites to dentin following remineralisation using an experimental paste containing nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and biomimetic analogues, Poly Acrylic Acid (PAA) and Sodium Tri Polyphosphate (STPP).

Methodology: Nine intact freshly extracted third molar were used for this study to evaluate the microtensile bond strength after treating with three different groups; Group I with paste containing nano hydroxyapatite nHAp Group II paste containing nHAp and non-collagenous protein analogues such as (Polyacrcrylic acid and Sodium tripolyphosphate) and the control groups containing adhesive and resin composite with no additional treatment. The samples were observed over a period of 24 hours and 1 week the inter group data analysis was done using ANOVA and paired sample t test and the intra-group data analysis over period of 24 hours the post HOC Bonferroni test was used for the statistical analysis.

Results: After 24 hours the group with nHAp group showed highest value for microtensile bond strength among other groups, however after one week the group with nHAp +NCP analogues(PAA+STPP) showed highest value for microtensile bond.

Conclusion: The treatment with the experimental paste [nHAp+NCP] analogues (PAA+STPP)] can bring about remineralisation to improve bonding to dentin.
Molecular Docking Study of 3, 4- Dihydropyrimidone Derivatives as Novel Anti-inflammatory Agents
Authors: Panaskar Amit N. , Jain Ashish , Mohanty Pradeep Kumar
Published: September 2021

Aim: Currently, researchers have developed a lot of new active substances as anti-inflammatory agents. One of the target proteins for anti-inflammatory agents is the selective COX-2 active site. Selective COX-2 inhibition is the regulator of the inflammatory reaction cascade. In this research, 3, 4- Dihydropyrimidone derivatives were used to design the anti-inflammatory agent through a selective COX-2 inhibition. The potential activity of 3, 4- Dihydropyrimidone derivatives maybe increase due to the preparation of the Schiff base with aromatic aldehydes. Selective COX-2 inhibition was required to predict their anti-inflammatory activity so, the aim in the present study, molecular docking study of 3,4- dihydropyrimidone derivatives have performed using COX-2 enzyme active site.

Methodology: The molecular docking of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidone derivatives were carried out using AutoDock vina Ver.1.1.2. Twenty 3,4-dihydropyrimidone derivatives were docked into the COX-2 active site with Protein data bank code 3LN1. The interactions were evaluated based on the docking score. Celecoxib was used as the reference standard for this study.

Results: Twenty 3, 4- dihydropyrimidone derivatives showed the approximate docking score -8.4 to -10.1 kcal/mol. Fourteen 3,4-dihydropyrimidone derivatives have a greater docking score compared to celecoxib used as a standard compound. Derivative D-1 had higher binding energy than other 3,4-dihydropyrimidone derivatives because it has the smallest docking score.

Conclusion: All new 3,4-dihydropyrimidone derivatives are feasible to synthesize and performed their in-vitro evaluation.
Increased Hatchability of Chickens against the Background of the Use of Water-Soluble Antioxidants
Authors: Ostrenko Konstantin S. , Deltsov Alexander A. , Maximov Vladimir I. , Sukharenko Elena V.
Published: September 2021

The use of antioxidants is an effective means of increasing egg production and hatchability of chickens. The difficulty in application is in the methods of administration of drugs to chickens. Fat-soluble antioxidants are mainly available on the market.

Aims: The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of water-soluble antioxidants on physiological and zootechnical indicators of egg incubation and hatchability of offspring.

Methodology: The study was conducted on two groups of laying hens of Ostad, selected by random sampling of one hundred heads per group. For 41 days, the chickens of the experimental group received a basic diet enriched with dihydroetoxychine (DHE) in order to increase the antioxidant status at a dosage of 100 mg/kg of feed. Samples were taken from the axillary vein on the 25th day of application of the supplement (n=5) for physiological and biochemical studies.

Results: During the study, it was found that in the experimental group, the concentration of cholesterol in the high-density lipoprotein fraction doubled (P<0.01), and in the low-density lipoprotein fraction decreased by almost 50% (P<0.01) compared to the control. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood of chickens of the experimental group was 82.00% relative to that in the control, and in the egg yolk – only 37.42%. Egg production of chickens of the experimental group exceeded the control by 7.27%.

Conclusion: The totality of the information provided confirms the physiological adequacy for laying hens of the introduction of dihydroethoxychine in the specified dose.
A Study on Microbial and Macronutrient Composition of Breast Milk Varies with Lactation Duration
Authors: Deshmukh Urmila , Dhobale Madhavi , Dhar Anju , Warthe Vinit , Thakar Yagnesh
Published: September 2021

Complementary feeding and continuation of breast feeding is directed and advised by the national and international child health agencies. Breast milk, a complex biological fluid, shows changes in its cellular, microbial and nutrient composition as lactation progresses. In a cross-sectional study, hospital-based pilot project showed the composition of microbial and macronutrients and compared their differences before and after first six months of lactation. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant bacterium found in breast milk, and 45% (15/33) of samples within first six months and only 13% (3/22) from those more than six months of lactation showed any bacterial growth (p=0.013). The protein content was less in breast milk samples after six months compared to those within six months of lactation (mean difference, 95% CI: 0.33 (0.10, 0.55) gm/dL, p=0.005). After controlling the lactation period, bacterial culture positivity in breast milk was associated directly with the breast milk protein content. Our pilot study observations indicate the need to study microbial and nutrient changes in breast milk as lactation advances, in a longitudinal study with larger sample size, and investigate its associations with maternal factors, infant growth, establishment of infant gut microbiota and possible role in environmental enteric dysfunction.
Transcription factor SOX2 contributes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development by regulating the expression of the fatty acid transporter CD36
Authors: Shen Chen , Chen Jin Hong , Oh Ha Ram , Park Ji Hyun
Published: September 2021

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The level of the transcription factor SOX2 correlates with HCC progression, but its role in fat accumulation remains unclear. Here, a high‐fat diet, with and without fructose, significantly upregulated SOX2 in murine liver tissue. Treatment with free fatty acids (FFAs) and fructose upregulated SOX2 in murine FL83B hepatocytes. SOX2 overexpression or knockdown regulated triglyceride synthesis and lipid accumulation after FFA stimulation. CD36, a fatty acid transporter, and Yes‐associated protein (YAP), a downstream molecule of the Hippo signaling pathway, were upregulated by FFA/fructose in vivo and in vitro. Transcriptional regulation of CD36 by SOX2 suggested the involvement of CD36 in SOX2‐mediated hepatic steatosis. Thus, SOX2 may be a target to prevent NAFLD development.
General Principles for the Detection of Modified Nucleotides in RNA by Specific Reagents
Authors: Helm Mark , Schmidt‐Dengler Martina C. , Weber Marlies , Motorin Yuri
Published: September 2021

Epitranscriptomics heavily rely on chemical reagents for the detection, quantification, and localization of modified nucleotides in transcriptomes. Recent years have seen a surge in mapping methods that use innovative and rediscovered organic chemistry in high throughput approaches. While this has brought about a leap of progress in this young field, it has also become clear that the different chemistries feature variegated specificity and selectivity. The associated error rates, e.g., in terms of false positives and false negatives, are in large part inherent to the chemistry employed. This means that even assuming technically perfect execution, the interpretation of mapping results issuing from the application of such chemistries are limited by intrinsic features of chemical reactivity. An important but often ignored fact is that the huge stochiometric excess of unmodified over‐modified nucleotides is not inert to any of the reagents employed. Consequently, any reaction aimed at chemical discrimination of modified versus unmodified nucleotides has optimal conditions for selectivity that are ultimately anchored in relative reaction rates, whose ratio imposes intrinsic limits to selectivity. Here chemical reactivities of canonical and modified ribonucleosides are revisited as a basis for an understanding of the limits of selectivity achievable with chemical methods.
Electrons Meet Alloy Development: A γ‐TiAl‐Based Alloy Showcase
Authors: Holec David , Abdoshahi Neda , Gehringer Dominik , Hatzenbichler Lukas , Sakic Amin , Clemens Helmut
Published: September 2021

Density functional theory is a workhorse of present electronic structure calculations. These are increasingly more applied in materials science as they allow for insight beyond experimental capabilities, testing hypotheses, or isolating various phenomena. Herein, an overview of the applications of the electronic structure calculations applied to extracting alloying trends, which, in turn, leads to refining of alloys, is presented. The topic covers the construction of structural models by properly considering site preference. Next are discussed alloying trends in structural and mechanical properties. The final part deals with microstructure features such as extended defects or multiphase constitutions. The unifying themes of the presented application are compositional trends in properties of lightweight intermetallic γ‐TiAl‐based alloys.
Cobalt(II)‐Centered Fluorinated Phthalocyanine‐Sulfur SNAr Chemistry for Robust Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Superior Conversion Kinetics
Authors: Kim Jiheon , Shin Hyuksoo , Yoo Dong‐Joo , Kang Sangho , Chung Sung‐Yoon , Char Kookheon , Choi Jang Wook
Published: September 2021

Due to the exceptional theoretical energy density and low cost of elemental sulfur, lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are spotlighted as promising post‐lithium‐ion batteries. Despite these advantages, the performance of Li–S batteries would need to be improved further for their wide dissemination in practical applications. Here, cobalt(II)‐centered fluorinated phthalocyanine, namely, F‐Co(II)Pc, is reported as a multi‐functional component for sulfur cathodes with the following benefits: 1) enhanced conversion kinetics as a result of the catalytic effect of the cobalt(II) center, 2) efficient sulfur linkage via the fluorine functionality, which undergoes a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction, 3) suppression of the shuttling issue by the nitrogen atoms because of their strong affinity with polysulfides, and 4) the necessary aromaticity to engage in π–π interaction with reduced graphene oxide for electrical conductivity. The resulting electrode has promising electrochemical properties, such as sustainable cycling for 700 cycles and robust operation with a sulfur loading of 12 mgsulfur cm−2, unveiling the promising nature of phthalocyanine and its related molecular families for advanced Li–S batteries.
Graphene Oxide Encapsulating Liquid Metal to Toughen Hydrogel
Authors: Hu Yijie , Zhuo Hao , Zhang Yu , Lai Haihong , Yi Jiwang , Chen Zehong , Peng Xinwen , Wang Xiaohui , Liu Chuanfu , Sun Runcang , Zhong Linxin
Published: September 2021

Stretchable and tough hydrogels are highly required for various flexible devices. Liquid metal (LM) emerges as an attractive applicant in preparing functional hydrogels due to its unique features. However, the high fluidity of LM and incompatibility between LM and polymer matrix make it hard to fabricate tough hydrogels. Herein, inspired by the function of ligaments in biological structure, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets are introduced to encapsulate LM droplets. GO nanosheets form strong interaction with both LM and polymer matrix to create a stable shell that prevents LM droplet from fracture and exudation to polymer network. The flexible LM/GO core–shell microstructure avoids phase separation and produces a tough hydrogel with stress of high up to 303 kPa at 1240% elongation. It also shows notch insensitivity and strong adhesion to various surfaces. This study opens the possibility of using LM in stretchable and tough hydrogels.
Large‐Area Epitaxial Film Growth of van der Waals Ferromagnetic Ternary Chalcogenides
Authors: Giri Anupam , De Chandan , Kumar Manish , Pal Monalisa , Lee Hyun Hwi , Kim Jun Sung , Cheong Sang‐Wook , Jeong Unyong
Published: September 2021

Following the first experimental realization of intrinsic ferromagnetism in 2D van der Waals (vdW) crystals, several ternary metal chalcogenides with unprecedented long‐range ferromagnetic order have been explored. However, the synthesis of large‐area 2D ternary metal chalcogenide thin films is a great challenge, and a generalized synthesis has not been demonstrated yet. Here, a quick and scalable synthesis of epitaxially aligned ferromagnetic ternary metal chalcogenide thin films (Cr2Ge2Te6, Cr2Si2Te6, Mn3Si2Te6) is reported. The synthesis is based on the flux‐controlled surface diffusion of Te on metal (Cr, Mn)‐deposited wafer (Ge, Si) substrates. Magnetic anisotropy study of the epitaxial ternary thin films reveals the intrinsic magnetic easy axis; out‐of‐plane direction for Cr2Ge2Te6 and Cr2Si2Te6, and in‐plane direction for Mn3Si2Te6. In addition to the synthesis, this work creates an opportunity for transfer‐free device fabrication for realizing magnetoelectronics based on the electrical control of both charge and spin degrees of freedom in 2D ferromagnetic semiconductors.
Flexible PDMS/Al2O3 Nanolaminates for the Encapsulation of Blue OLEDs
Authors: Li Yun , Xiong Yingfei , Cao Weiran , Zhu Qianqian , Lin Yuan , Zhang Yinghao , Liu Mengjia , Yang Fan , Cao Kun , Chen Rong
Published: September 2021

In this work, the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Al2O3 nanolaminates with optimized sublayer thickness and interfaces have been developed to protect the organic light‐emitting didoes (OLEDs) from the erosion of the moisture in the ambient. The O2 plasma pretreatment is used to tune the wettability of the ultrathin PDMS sublayers with nanoscale thickness, and the distinct interfaces between the Al2O3 and PDMS sublayers are obtained. The electrical calcium test is exploited to evaluate the barrier properties of the encapsulation nanolayers, and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) value of the 2.5 PDMS/Al2O3 dyads can reach the range of ≈10−5 g m−2 day−1. The mechanical stability of the nanolaminates is further improved by introducing the top epoxy layer, which helps move the neutral axis (NA) to the center of the barrier, and the applied external strain decreases significantly. Compared with the sample without the epoxy layer, a slighter increase of the WVTR value of the multilayered encapsulation films with optimized NA position is obtained. Furthermore, the operational lifetime of blue OLEDs encapsulated with the multilayered encapsulation films improves from 6 to more than 370 h, which shows significantly improved stability and reliability.
2D Optical Waveguides Based on Hierarchical Organic Semiconductor Single Crystals
Authors: Ma Yingxin , Zong Yi , Yin Huiling , Lin Hongtao , Chen Shuhai , Wang Xue‐Dong
Published: September 2021

Toward the evolution of integrated optoelectronic circuits, it is vital matter to realize 2D optical waveguide at micro/nanoscale. However, due to the waveguiding principle of the traditional dielectric waveguide, the transverse and longitudinal dimensions cannot be greatly reduced, thus the size of photonic apparatus is far from reaching the size level for the microelectronic device. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve a high‐level hybrid integration of integrated optical path and microelectronic circuit. However, the organic crystals with polygonal structure and hierarchical structure as the medium also can form optical waveguide by confining photons/electrons at the micro/nanoscale along different directions, and these organic microcrystals can be well applied into the ultracompact optoelectronic devices. Herein, the fabrication of organic crystals as the medium of 2D optical waveguide is briefly introduced, as well as the 2D optical waveguide phenomenon existing in these polygonal and hierarchical microcrystals. Moreover, a conclusion is drawn and expectations are expressed for the 2D optical waveguide based on organic microstructure in the near future.
Cover crops and residual herbicides reduce selection pressure for Palmer amaranth resistance to dicamba‐applied postemergence in cotton
Authors: Hand Lavesta C. , Randell Taylor M. , Nichols Robert L. , Steckel Lawrence E. , Basinger Nicholas T. , Culpepper A. Stanley
Published: September 2021

The most widely planted cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] varieties in the United States are resistant to the herbicide dicamba. Measures to reduce selection pressure for dicamba‐resistant weeds is paramount. Four studies evaluated strategies to reduce selection pressure for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Watson) resistance to dicamba applied postemergence (POST) in cotton. A split‐plot arrangement consisted of conventional tillage or cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) cover crop as the whole plot. The subplot included four herbicide systems: no herbicide, 3 POSTs, fomesafen plus diuron applied pre‐emergence (PRE) followed by (fb) 3 POSTs, and PRE fb 2 POSTs fb diuron plus monosodium methyl arsenate applied lay‐by post‐directed (LPD). The POST herbicide applications were glyphosate plus dicamba. The cover crop reduced Palmer amaranth density 75, 70, and 54% at the time of POST 1, POST 2, and POST 3 application, respectively. Pre‐emergence herbicides fb POST applications reduced Palmer amaranth densities 99, 99, and 96% at the aforementioned application timings, respectively. Cover crop plus PRE herbicides provided similar reductions. Cumulative for the season, Palmer amaranth exposure to dicamba was reduced 65% by the cover crop, 98% by both PRE herbicides and cover crop plus PRE herbicides compared to 3 POST applications. An LPD application reduced Palmer amaranth exposure to dicamba by 38,319 plants ha–1compared to a third POST. Cotton stand was higher in conventional systems when soil temperatures were 30–37 °C during emergence; however, stand in the cover crop was greater when soil temperatures were 40–43 °C. Yields were reduced 14% in a total POST herbicide program, and were improved 14% in a cover crop. A cereal rye cover crop and residual PRE herbicides had the biggest impact on reducing selection pressure for Palmer amaranth resistance to dicamba while also improving yield.