bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of environmental problems of glass and plastic recycling
Authors: Mironkina Alina , Belokopytov Alexey , Lazko Olga
Published: June 2023

The article deals with the topical issue of getting glass and plastic into the garbage and its further burial in landfills. The authors propose to change the order of collection for the recycling of glass and plastic, make proposals to solve this problem, simultaneously bringing both environmental and economic benefits.
Possibility of balanced development of the Volga Federal District of Russia while maintaining the carbon cycle and transition to renewable energy
Authors: Dvinin Dmitry , Davankov Aleksey , Plaksina Anna
Published: June 2023

The article provides an assessment of the possibility of a balanced development of the regions of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation due to an increase in the share of renewable energy in the regional energy balance and subject to the preservation of the carbon cycle. Particular attention was paid to agricultural areas, which, in a case of irrational nature management, can significantly disrupt the carbon cycle. Thanks to the use of a special indicator, it was found that the Volga Federal District is in an unbalanced state. It is possible to correct the situation by increasing the share of alternative energy to 52-96 per cent in regional energy balances (77 per cent on average in the district). In eleven regions of the District, there is carbon dioxide emission from anthropogenically disturbed territories, covered mainly by agricultural areas. In order to preserve the carbon cycle in the Volga Federal District, it is necessary to bring 136,200 sq. km of territory into a special nature management regime, mainly steppe ecosystems and pastures, which cover 10.9 per cent of the total area of the district.
Influences of meteorological conditions in PM2.5 levels in Krasnoyarsk city atmosphere
Authors: Volodko Olga , Yakubailik Oleg , Lapo Tatiana , Dergunov Alexander
Published: June 2023

The relationship between meteorological conditions and the levels of PM2.5 in Krasnoyarsk city atmosphere for the period from 2019 to 2022 were investigated. The meteorological data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (NCEP GFS) reanalysis model was used. PM2.5 data were obtained from the ground monitoring stations. Analysis of variances (one-way and two-way ANOVA) and the Tukey Test showed statistically significant differences for temperature inversions, months in the cold period (November-February), and calm wind. In the case of high daily PM2.5 surface and elevated inversions occurred at 69% cases and strong temperature inversions at 74%. In the reverse case, in the presence of surface and elevated temperature inversions, high daily PM2.5 occurred in 53% of cases, and the presence of strong temperature inversions in 44%.
The state of the population of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, Linnaeus) in the Belgorod region
Authors: Zheltukhina V. , Kulikova M. , Melentiev A. , Kotlyarova E. , Manokhina L.
Published: June 2023

The population of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, Linnaeus), in comparison with other ungulate populations, has a fairly high ecological alent and has a good reproductive potential. Currently, an increase in the number and density of individuals of this species is observed on the territory of the Belgorod region. According to the results of the analysis of static indicators of the population, the progressive nature of the dynamic indicators of the roe deer population has been established. The main regulator of the roe deer population in the conditions of the Belgorod region is the anthropogenic factor in the form of sport hunting.
Field studies of the wave roller
Authors: Kurdyumov V.I. , Proshkin V.E. , Kurushin V.V. , Proshkin E.N. , Bogatsky R.V.
Published: June 2023

The article presents a description of a fundamentally new design of a soil-cultivating wave roller and presents the results of its research. Adequate mathematical models of the soil rolling process are presented from the standpoint of compliance with the reference values of its density and aggregate composition. Thanks to the research, it was found that the quality of rolling by the developed wave roller is 20.9% better than that of the KKZ-6 roller commercially produced by the industry. To obtain the most high-quality rolling result, the developed wave roller determined its main design and operating parameters optimized for the process of surface tillage, namely: the speed of movement and the distance from the edge of the hollow cylinder to the inner surface of the compactor.
Estimation of dendrometric characteristics in city parks according to data from UAVs and ground-based LiDAR
Authors: Kabonen Alexey , Olkhin Yuri
Published: June 2023

The possibilities of using ground-based LiDAR and processing of aerial photography data to assess the characteristics of individual trees in urban parks are shown. The actual data obtained during the examination of the object by these methods made it possible to analyze the state of the plantation and identify dendro parameters. It has been established that the methods of automatic search for trees using 3D point clouds can be successfully used in artificial plantations. The UAV data processing method made it possible to correctly detect in automatic mode about 64% of the park’s trees (343 trees), while the number of false positives and the number of missed trees was quite high (111 and 195 trees, respectively), which was associated with a large proportion deciduous trees in the park. The weighted average of the quality of automatic tree detection in the park was 0.69. Ground-based LiDAR data in manual mode made it possible to detect all trees, determine their heights, crown diameter and trunk diameter at a height of 1.3 m, as well as identify tree species and condition category (using panoramic images). To increase the correctness of tree detection by 3D point clouds, the methods used need to be improved.
Integrated approach to assessment and formation of sustainable development of the territory of the city of Tyumen
Authors: Podkovyrova M.A. , Kucherov D.E. , Ogneva Y.E.
Published: June 2023

The multifunctionality of the city covers in its development all its subsystems, modifying them throughout all life cycles. It is difficult to stop this process, but it is possible to reduce anthropogenic and man-made stresses. For this, according to the authors of the article, it is necessary to model the electronic resource of the urban (territorial) information and analytical space containing up-to-date data, which will allow on the basis of the key principles of environmental management, integrated landscape and urban planning, to ensure the maximum possible sustainable development of the territory of the urban planning system.
Faunistic spectrum of terraneous mollusks of Uzbekistan and bordering territories
Authors: Gaibnazarova Feruza
Published: June 2023

The article presents a list of species of 11 families, their ecological and geographical characteristics. The features of the distribution of terrestrial mollusks in connection with the vertical geobotanical belt in the conditions of the mountain systems of Uzbekistan and adjacent territories have been studied. The ecological groups of terrestrial molluscs have been determined in relation to the moisture factor and habitats. The faunistic spectrum of terrestrial mollusks was studied based on the materials of our collections, the material for this work was collected in Karzhantau, Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Talass, Kuramin, Fergana, Alai, Turkestan, Zarafshan, Gissar, Nurata, Kugitagtangtau in Chirchiko- Akhangaran, Zarafshan, Kashkadarya and Surkhan-Sherabad valleys, as well as extensive collections of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Zoological Museum of Moscow University
Humanitarian knowledge in higher education: On the issue of training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel (on the example of graduate ecologists)
Authors: Kornienko Natalia V. , Mekhrishvili Lamara L. , Tkachyova Nina A.
Published: June 2023

The purpose of the research is to peruse the dynamics of the real-life context for young graduates in Russia with regard to socio-cultural, axiological and pedagogical perspectives. Under the pressure from accelerating social demand to stimulate economic advancement, the tertiary education strives to align graduate research programmes with national priorities. Being a part of the Humanitarisation Project of the Industrial University of Tyumen, this research presents an analysis drawn from the perceptions of graduate students in ecology as the key stakeholders in their scientific pursuit.
Justification of technologies of minimum (surface) tillage
Authors: Iovlev G.A. , Pobedinsky V.V. , Goldina I.I. , Zorkov V.S. , Nesgovorov A.G.
Published: June 2023

With the modern development of agricultural production, the introduction of resource-saving technologies, technologies based on intelligent systems, there is a need to introduce a system of machines for the implementation of surface tillage technologies (mini-till, no-till). The main factor largely determining the choice of an agricultural machine, its working bodies, and processing technology are the agrophysical properties of the soil. The research was based on experiments to determine the hardness after various types of treatment of various soils with different granulometric composition. The research was carried out for one year (autumn 2021, spring 2022, autumn 2022), a total of 12 fields were examined, the sample was about 300 measurements. As a result, mathematical dependences were obtained for determining the change in the depth of processing at different soil hardness and the working speed of the machine-tractor unit when performing the technological operation cultivation to a depth of 10 cm. Theoretical studies on the effect of different soil hardness and working speed on the resistivity of the cultivator were carried out according to the formulas of Kirtbay Yu.K. (1982) and Iofinov S.A. (1985). When processing experimental data obtained in determining the resistivity on soils of different hardness and different operating speeds, using the Matlab program, more precise mathematical dependences were obtained that determine the dependence of resistivity on the operating speed on soils with different hardness. Calculations on the formation of optimal aggregates of tractors with toothed chain harrows, performed considering theoretical and experimental studies on the effect of soil hardness and operating speeds on processing depth and resistivity revealed that the optimal unit with a harrow with a working width of 12 m is the Belarus 2022 + BZC-12 unit, with a harrow width of 18 m and 24 m – in a unit with a tractor K-744R1.
Developing the Adapted Scale of Microphenological Phases for the Controlled Sprouting of Grain Crops
Authors: Timakova Roza , Iliukhin Ruslan
Published: June 2023

As a result of the research and in view of the methodological approach to the controlled sprouting of grain crops, the term “sprouted grain” adapted to the conditions of controlled sprouting has been proposed. A unified scale of microphenological phases for controlled sprouting of different types of grain crops treated with low doses of gamma radiation has been developed. In order to take the reading for the quiescence state of the grains of the “Ekaterina” soft spring wheat and the “Remembrance of Chepelev” spring barley of 2019-2021 harvest years zoned in the Ural region, the treatment with low doses of ionizing gamma radiation (5Gy, 10Gy, and 15Gy) has been carried out. In the developed scale of microphenological phases for germination of grain crops, the dry grain phase has been introduced and the technological features of the sprouting and its effectiveness have been given. In the second phase of the sprouting, intense water absorption is observed in all groups of samples. Bioactivation of grain crops effects the increase in germination energy—up to 92-93% when treated with a dose of 10Gy. The germination rate of the 1st seed is on average 2-3 days. Low-dose gamma radiation of grains is distinguished by its industrial applicability when sprouted grains are used as an independent product or as a raw material component.
The implementation of the FAO Carbon Protocol (GSOC-MRV) in the experimental farm of the Ural State Agrarian University
Authors: Vashukevich Nadezhda
Published: June 2023

The introduction of various methods of conservation and maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC) reserves in soils is directly related to the active development of carbon trading markets, the evidence base for which is, in particular, the GSOC-MRV Protocol. This article presents the first results of the practice of implementing the carbon protocol on the territory of the educational farm of the Ural State Agrarian University. In particular, sites were selected to assess the carbon pool in soils under conventional agricultural production practices (BAU), as well as when implementing Sustainable Soil Management (SSM) practices. The first studies showed that as a result of applying the soil-protective agriculture practice in the form of sideration, 64 tons of Sorghum ha-1 for a layer of 0-10 cm and 48 tons for a layer of 10-20 cm were accumulated in 5 years on experimental plots. The approximate rate of soil organic carbon accumulation for the conditions of the Middle Urals when using sideral crops is about 11 carbon units per year. The work was carried out within the framework of the State Task of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, number FEUZ-2023-0023 Ural-Carbon project.
Stellenwert der kardialen MRT bei Patienten mit ventrikulären Arrhythmien und zur Prävention des plötzlichen Herztods
Authors: Fenski Maximilian , Krüger Leo Dyke , Schulz-Menger Jeanette
Published: June 2023

Die kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomografie (CMR) hat nicht nur einen besonderen Stellenwert als Diagnostikum, sondern auch eine zunehmende Bedeutung hinsichtlich therapeutischer
Entscheidungen bei Patienten mit ventrikulären Arrhythmien und in der Prävention des plötzlichen Herztods.

Die Übersichtsarbeit diskutiert auf Grundlage der aktuellen ESC-Leitlinie die Rolle der CMR in diesem Anwendungsbereich mit besonderem Fokus auf die dilatative, hypertrophe und
arrhythmogene Kardiomyopathie sowie auf Patienten im chronischen Stadium nach einem Myokardinfarkt. Darüber hinaus werden entsprechende MRT-Basistechniken und Protokolle dargestellt sowie
ein Ausblick hinsichtlich zu erwartender Studienergebnisse und aktuell bestehender Wissenslücken präsentiert.
Akuttherapie ventrikulärer Arrhythmien mit Schwerpunkt elektrischer Sturm
Authors: Ene Elena , Nentwich Karin , Berkovitz Artur , Deaconu Alexandru Ioan , Deneke Thomas
Published: June 2023

Ein elektrischer Sturm ist definiert als rezidivierende ventrikuläre Tachykardien innerhalb von 24 Stunden und ist assoziiert mit einer schlechten kurz- und langfristigen Prognose. In der
Regel ist neben initiierenden Auslösern in der Vielzahl der Fälle ein arrhythmogenes Substrat vorhanden. Durch die zunehmende Anzahl an Patienten mit implantierten Defibrillatoren steigt
auch die Zahl der Patienten, die sich akut entweder im niedergelassenen, aber auch im stationären Sektor vorstellen. Dies ist im Wesentlichen abhängig von den individuellen Beschwerden,
die von asymptomatisch bis zur Reanimationssituation reichen können. Ein standardisiertes Vorgehen fokussiert auf Auslöser der Arrhythmie, die darunterliegende strukturelle Herzerkrankung
und den hämodynamischen Status. Das akute Management beinhaltet normalerweise eine multimodale Medikation sowie leichte bis moderate Sedierung. Die Katheterablation spielt eine dezidierte
Rolle in der Anfangsphase der Behandlung und weniger in der Akutphase des elektrischen Sturmes.
ICD-Therapie zum Schutz vor dem plötzlichen Herztod. Sind die Leitlinien aktuell genug?
Authors: Dagres Nikolaos , Hindricks Gerhard
Published: June 2023

Patienten mit struktureller Herzerkrankung haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für den plötzlichen Herztod. Eine stark eingeschränkte linksventrikuläre Pumpleistung ist ein Risikofaktor für den
plötzlichen Herztod. Ältere und die aktuellen Leitlinien empfehlen deshalb bei diesen Patienten die primärprophylaktische Implantation eines Kardioverter-Defibrillators (ICD). In diesem
Artikel werden die Limitationen dieser Strategie sowie neueste Forschungsergebnisse aufgeführt.
Endoscopic resection-related colorectal strictures: risk factors, management, and long-term outcomes
Authors: Gupta Sunil , Vosko Sergei , Shahidi Neal , O’Sullivan Timothy , Cronin Oliver , Whitfield Anthony , Kurup Rajiv , Sidhu Mayenaaz , Lee Eric Y. T. , Williams Stephen J. , Burgess Nicholas G. , Bourke Michael J.
Published: June 2023

Introduction Colorectal strictures related to endoscopic resection (ER) of large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps (LNPCPs) may be problematic. Data on prevalence, risk factors, and management are limited. We report a prospective study of colorectal strictures following ER and describe our approach to management.

Methods We analyzed prospectively collected data over 150 months, until June 2021, for patients who underwent ER for LNPCPs ≥ 40 mm. The ER defect size was graded as < 60 %, 60 %–89 %, or ≥ 90 % of the luminal circumference. Strictures were considered “severe” if patients experienced obstructive symptoms, “moderate” if an adult colonoscope could not pass the stenosis, or “mild” if there was resistance on successful passage. Primary outcomes included stricture prevalence, risk factors, and management.

Results 916 LNPCPs ≥ 40 mm in 916 patients were included (median age 69 years, interquartile range 61–76 years, male sex 484 [52.8 %]). The primary resection modality was endoscopic mucosal resection in 859 (93.8 %). Risk of stricture formation with an ER defect ≥ 90 %, 60 %–89 %, and < 60 % was 74.2 % (23/31), 25.0 % (22/88), and 0.8 % (6 /797), respectively. Severe strictures only occurred with ER defects ≥ 90 % (22.6 %, 7/31). Defects < 60 % conferred low risk of only mild strictures (0.8 %, 6/797). Severe strictures required earlier (median 0.9 vs. 4.9 months; P = 0.01) and more frequent (median 3 vs. 2; P = 0.02) balloon dilations than moderate strictures.

Conclusion Most patients with ER defects ≥ 90 % of luminal circumference developed strictures, many of which were severe and required early balloon dilation. There was minimal risk with ER defects < 60 %.
Progressive Encephalomyelitis with Rigidity and Myoclonus with an Aggressive Presentation Mimicking Septic Shock: A Pediatric Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Ho Samuel C.S. , Leung K. Y. , Ng Grace S.F. , Yiu W. L. , Yau Eric K.C. , Fong N. C.
Published: June 2023

Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) is a relapsing–remitting neurological disorder that falls within the stiff person syndrome–spectrum disorders. We report a 16-year-old girl with PERM associated with an anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody. She had an aggressive initial presentation mimicking fulminant septic shock, followed by truncal and lower limb rigidity, stimulus-sensitive spasm, cognitive impairment, brainstem signs (hyperekplexia, nystagmus), and dysautonomia (urinary retention, constipation, facial flushing, blood pressure fluctuation). Cerebrospinal fluid, electroencephalography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine showed features suggestive autoimmune encephalitis and myelitis. The serum anti-GAD antibody was positive, and the diagnosis of PERM was made. She had fluctuating clinical response despite intravenous immunoglobulin, steroids, plasmapheresis, and symptomatic medications. Eventually, in the fourth month since admission, she showed gradual and persistent clinical improvement after introducing rituximab. She was discharged after 6 months of hospitalization, and no relapse was observed in the first 3 years of follow-up.

PERM is a rare and underrecognized condition in children. Contrary to previous reports, our case describes an aggressive and life-threatening presentation for PERM. Vague symptoms and the lack of gold diagnostic tests hinder a timely diagnosis. Our study also highlights the need for developing standardized diagnostic criteria and consensus in managing PERM.
Factor XII Structure–Function Relationships
Authors: Shamanaev Aleksandr , Litvak Maxim , Ivanov Ivan , Srivastava Priyanka , Sun Mao-Fu , Dickeson S. Kent , Kumar Sunil , He Tracey Z. , Gailani David
Published: June 2023

Factor XII (FXII), the zymogen of the protease FXIIa, contributes to pathologic processes such as bradykinin-dependent angioedema and thrombosis through its capacity to convert the homologs prekallikrein and factor XI to the proteases plasma kallikrein and factor XIa. FXII activation and FXIIa activity are enhanced when the protein binds to a surface. Here, we review recent work on the structure and enzymology of FXII with an emphasis on how they relate to pathology. FXII is a homolog of pro-hepatocyte growth factor activator (pro-HGFA). We prepared a panel of FXII molecules in which individual domains were replaced with corresponding pro-HGFA domains and tested them in FXII activation and activity assays. When in fluid phase (not surface bound), FXII and prekallikrein undergo reciprocal activation. The FXII heavy chain restricts reciprocal activation, setting limits on the rate of this process. Pro-HGFA replacements for the FXII fibronectin type 2 or kringle domains markedly accelerate reciprocal activation, indicating disruption of the normal regulatory function of the heavy chain. Surface binding also enhances FXII activation and activity. This effect is lost if the FXII first epidermal growth factor (EGF1) domain is replaced with pro-HGFA EGF1. These results suggest that FXII circulates in blood in a “closed” form that is resistant to activation. Intramolecular interactions involving the fibronectin type 2 and kringle domains maintain the closed form. FXII binding to a surface through the EGF1 domain disrupts these interactions, resulting in an open conformation that facilitates FXII activation. These observations have implications for understanding FXII contributions to diseases such as hereditary angioedema and surface-triggered thrombosis, and for developing treatments for thrombo-inflammatory disorders.
The Modern Hearing Care Landscape: Toward the Provision of Personalized, Dynamic, and Adaptive Care
Authors: Glista Danielle , Schnittker Jean Anne , Brice Sophie
Published: June 2023

New technologies and developments in hearing healthcare are rapidly transforming service models, delivery channels, and available solutions. These advances are reshaping the ways in which care is provided, leading to greater personalization, service efficiencies, and improved access to care, to name a few benefits. Connected hearing care is one model with the potential to embrace this “customized” hearing experience by forging a hybrid of health–technology connections, as well as traditional face-to-face interactions between clients, providers, and persons integral to the care journey. This article will discuss the many components of connected care, encompassing variations of traditional and teleaudiology-focused services, clinic-based and direct-to-consumer channels, in addition to the varying levels of engagement and readiness defining the touch points for clients to access a continuum of connected hearing care. The emerging hearing healthcare system is one that is dynamic and adaptive, allowing for personalized care, but also shifting the focus to the client's needs and preferences. This shift in the care model, largely driven by innovation and the growing opportunities for clients to engage with hearing technology, brings forth new, exciting, and sometimes uncomfortable discussion points for both the provider and client. The modern hearing care landscape benefits clients to better meet their needs and preferences in a more personalized style, and providers to better support and address those needs and preferences.
Long-term Effects of Intratracheal Budesonide and Surfactant for the Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Nobile Stefano , Di Sipio Morgia Chiara , Hall Michael
Published: June 2023

Objective This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of intratracheal administration of budesonide and surfactant with surfactant alone for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) prevention in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

Study Design A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and gray literature. Assessment of quality was conducted using CASP tool, ROBIS tool, and GRADE framework.

Results A systematic review and meta-analysis and three observational studies were identified. Budesonide was associated with reduced incidence and severity of BPD, reduced mortality, patent ductus arteriosus, need for additional surfactant doses, hypotension, duration of invasive ventilation, hospital stays, salbutamol prescriptions, and hospitalizations in the first 2 years of life. The safety of budesonide on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 to 3 years of corrected age was reported.

Conclusion Budesonide might be associated with a reduction in BPD incidence and severity, without evidence of impaired neurodevelopment at 2 to 3 years of age. According to the GRADE framework, the level of evidence is low due to significant heterogeneity of studies and other bias.

Key Points
Screening for Pompe Disease in High-Risk Pediatric Patients: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in Rajasthan
Authors: Nagpal Tuhina , Goyal Manisha , Mathur Priyanshu , Agrawal Kamlesh Kumar , Gupta Ashok
Published: June 2023

A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose rare genetic disorders, such as Pompe disease, with common clinical manifestations in children. There is a need to sensitize physicians regarding cues to early screening and diagnosis of such patients. Minimal epidemiological data are available on Pompe disease in India. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Pompe disease in high-risk pediatric populations and determine the appropriateness of screening dried blood spot (DBS) tests to facilitate the diagnosis of Pompe disease. We screened pediatric patients presented with (1) unexplained hypotonia, respiratory distress, cardiomyopathy, and elevated liver function tests; and (2) unexplained limb girdle muscle weakness through a DBS test for enzyme assay. Those patients found positive underwent acid alpha-glucosidase mutational analysis. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 45 suspected patients after approval from the institutional ethical committee. Of the 45 suspected patients, 9 (20%) were found to be positive by DBS test. Out of these nine tested, four (44.4%) were positive, two (22.2%) were negative, and three (33.3%) could not be tested for mutation analysis. The prevalence of genetically confirmed Pompe disease in high-risk populations was 8.8%. The results of this study show that clinical suspicion and DBS filter paper test facilitate early diagnosis and management, thereby improving the quality of life in patients. DBS test acts as a robust, rapid first-tier screening test for Pompe disease.
Model-less prediction filter for adaptive adjustment process noise
Authors: Min Wuzhi , Zhao Hui , Li Yingzhi , Qin Liang , Cheng Lan
Published: June 2023

In this study, a filtering scheme suitable for high-precision sensors was proposed to extract high-precision sensor information. According to the principle of Kalman gain based on data fusion, a model-less prediction filter with minimum gain measurement noise compensation and process noise posteriori constraint adjustment was developed. In comparison to various Kalman filter methods, the proposed algorithm demonstrated better accuracy in the steady state. The high precision performance and effectiveness of the model-less prediction filter were verified under a digitally controlled linear power supply.
The real honeycomb structure—From the macroscopic down to the atomic scale
Authors: Gura Leonard , Brinker Matthias , Marschalik Patrik , Kalaß Florian , Junkes Bettina , Junkes Heinz , Heyde Markus , Freund Hans-Joachim
Published: June 2023

The honeycomb’s eponymous structure is omnipresent in our every day lives. We want to provide some inspiration to perform structural analyses of these structures and to draw comparisons between them. In the present study, we detect honeycomb patterns and related complex network structures on different length scales ranging from macroscopic objects down to the atomic scale of 2D materials. In 2D materials, a subset of the honeycomb structure—the kagome lattice—is very interesting due to unique material properties. For structure detection, we developed a program written in Python. The program is very adaptable and provides a graphical user interface to modify the detected network interactively. With the help of this program, we directly compare honeycomb structures with atomic network structures. Both honeycombs and 2D atom networks can show local deviations from their characteristic hexagonal pattern. The structural deviations at the macroscopic scale and at the atomic scale are very similar. We provide additional structural analyses of every day objects and encourage everyone to use our software that is freely accessible.
A high resolution compact all-fiber spectrometer based on periodic refractive index modulation
Authors: Chen Hongzhou , Duan Zhenyu , Guan Chunying , Gao Shan , Ye Peng , Liu Yan , Yang Jing , Liu Hongchao , Shi Jinhui , Yang Jun , Yuan Libo
Published: June 2023

The realization of a miniaturized spectrometer with high resolution is highly desired but is still a big challenge. Although all-fiber spectrometers based on speckle detection show their great potential for high resolution ones, their long fiber lengths set the greatest obstacle for the miniaturized design. Here, we demonstrate a compact all-fiber speckle spectrometer by using cascading coreless fibers and photonic crystal fibers. A unique cascaded structure readily excites more guided modes, in which the speckle patterns are formed by modal interferences. Using only a 10 cm-long fiber with 20-segment spliced elements, a resolution of 0.03 nm over a bandwidth from 1540 to 1560 nm is achieved. The spectral resolution is comparable to that of a 2 m multimode fiber spectrometer and approximately 20 times higher than that of the same length multimode fiber. Narrow linewidth and broadband spectra are individually reconstructed to demonstrate the excellent performance of the spectrometer. The proposed processing technique of the dispersive element is versatile, reproducible, and controllable, promising for different application scenarios.
Geometry effects on the droplet shock-induced cavitation
Authors: Schmidmayer K. , Biasiori-Poulanges L.
Published: June 2023

Assessment of geometry effects affecting shock-induced cavitation within a droplet is investigated for the first time. To do this, we use a thermodynamically well-posed multiphase numerical model accounting for phase compression and expansion, which relies on a finite pressure-relaxation rate formulation and which allow for heterogeneous nucleation. These geometry effects include the shape of the transmitted wave front, which is related to the shock speed to droplet sound speed ratio and the droplet geometry (cylindrical vs spherical). Phenomenological differences between the column and the droplet configurations are presented. In addition, the critical Mach number for cavitation appearance is determined for both cases: between M = 1.8 and M = 2 for the column, and between M = 2 and M = 2.2 for the droplet. Based on the transmitted wavefront geometry, with Mach number varying from 1.6 to 6, two cavitation regimes have been identified, and the transition has been characterized: an exponentially (M < 4.38) and a linearly (M > 4.38) increasing bubble-cloud volume. On more applied aspects, we also investigate the influence of the bubble cloud on the interface disruption and compare the results against the pure liquid droplet test case. A parallel with the technique of effervescent atomization is eventually presented.
A review of subsurface damage detection methods for optical components
Authors: Cui Yana , Wang Chunyang , Liu Xuelian , Wu Yajie , Li Zhengze , Li Rong , He Wen
Published: June 2023

Subsurface damage (SSD) induced during the processing of optical components, which are key parts of large optical systems, can deteriorate optical system performance or damage the complete system. To eliminate the SSD of optical components in subsequent processing, it must be accurately detected. This paper presents a review of the principle, characteristics, research status, and development trends of SSD detection methods for optical components. This review finds that destructive detection methods can damage the components and cannot detect SSD online, but they are reliable and accurate and characterized by facile principles, easy implementation, and inexpensive equipment. Consequently, such methods are widely used for the validation of non-destructive methods and quality control of components in industrial production. In comparison, non-destructive detection methods can detect SSD online without destroying the components, shorten the detection cycle, increase the overall production efficiency, and decrease the cost. Therefore, non-destructive detection methods have promising development prospects.
Modeling electronic conduction in quantum dot constituted assemblies coupled to metallic electrodes
Authors: Eshraghi K. , Natani S. , Bandaru P. R.
Published: June 2023

It is shown that the electrical transport in quantum dot (QD) constituted films, synthesized through electrochemical doping, could be described through a two-step model considering (i) the tunneling transport of electrons from an electron source, and subsequent (ii) Ohmic transport through the film governed by a temperature (T) dependent mobility (μ), varying as T−α. A transfer matrix algorithm based approach for electrical field induced tunneling and α ∼ 1, was used. The indicated modeling principles could be deployed to predict the current–voltage characteristics of QD films and assemblies coupled to metallic electrodes.
Duration and sex-dependent effect of betaine supplementation on growth performance and carcass backfat of finisher pigs
Authors: Liu Fan , Walker Jake , Brewster Chris J. , Henman David J. , Smits Robert J. , Cottrell Jeremy J. , Dunshea Frank R.
Published: June 2023

Context Developing strategies to reduce carcass fatness is vital to the profitability of animal production, particularly in a market where excessive backfat causes price penalties. Studies have shown that betaine supplementation has inconsistent effects on carcass fatness, which are due in part to variability in the betaine dose, duration of supplementation and growth state. Grower pigs have a greater lean:fat deposition ratio than do finisher pigs and are more sensitive to anabolic stimuli. The betaine-spared energy may be deposited as more lean tissue when betaine is supplemented during the grower phase. We hypothesised that 0.1% betaine supplementation within the grower phase is more effective in reducing carcass backfat than is supplementing in the finisher phase. Such an effect may also interact with sex. Aims The objective was to optimise betaine supplementation duration to reduce carcass backfat thickness of finisher pigs. Methods Eighty pens of pigs (39 pigs/pen) were allocated to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement on the basis of sex (immunocastrated male vs female pigs), betaine supplementation (0 vs 0.1%) during the grower phase (10–16 weeks of age) and the finisher phase (16 weeks of age to approximately 22 weeks of age). Growth performance, carcass weight and backfat thickness were recorded. Key results Betaine supplementation during the grower phase or finisher phase reduced backfat thickness in female pigs by 0.7 mm and 0.5 mm respectively. But the effect in reducing female backfat diminished when the supplementation extended to both grower and finisher phases. No such effect was found in immunocastrated male pigs (grower phase diet × finisher phase diet × sex, P < 0.05). Betaine supplementation during the finisher phase reduced growth rate by 40 g per day, regardless of sex (finisher phase diet, P < 0.05). Conclusions The effect of betaine in reducing carcass backfat was observed in female pigs only. Additionally, this occurred only when betaine was supplemented for 6 weeks in either the grower or finisher period, with supplementation for the 12-week period negating the effect. Implications The effectiveness of betaine supplementation in reducing carcass backfat is sex and duration dependent.
Arabidopsis plasma membrane intrinsic protein (AtPIP2;1) is implicated in a salinity conditional influence on seed germination
Authors: Hoai Phan Thi Thanh , Qiu Jiaen , Groszmann Michael , De Rosa Annamaria , Tyerman Stephen D. , Byrt Caitlin S.
Published: June 2023

Dynamic changes in aquaporin gene expression occur during seed germination. One example is the ~30-fold increase in Arabidopsis thaliana PIP2;1 transcripts within 24 h of seed imbibition. To investigate whether AtPIP2;1 can influence seed germination wild-type Columbia-0, single (Atpip2;1) and double (Atpip2;1-Atpip2;2) loss-of-function mutants, along with transgenic 2x35S::AtPIP2;1 over-expressing (OE) lines and null-segregant controls, were examined. The various genotypes were germinated in control and saline (75 mM NaCl treatment) conditions and tested for germination efficiency, imbibed seed maximum cross sectional (MCS) area, imbibed seed mass, and seed Na+ and K+ content. Seed lacking functional AtPIP2;1 and/or AtPIP2;2 proteins or constitutively over-expressing AtPIP2;1, had delayed germination in saline conditions relative to wild-type and null-segregant seed, respectively. Exposure to saline germination conditions resulted in Atpip2;1 mutants having greater imbibed seed mass and less accumulated Na+ than wild-type, whereas lines over-expressing AtPIP2;1 had reduced imbibed seed mass and greater seed K+ content than null-segregant control seed. The results imply a role for AtPIP2;1 in seed germination processes, whether directly through its capacity for water and ion transport or H2O2 signalling, or indirectly through potentially triggering dynamic differential regulation of other aquaporins expressed during germination. Future research will aid in dissecting the aquaporin functions influencing germination and may lead to novel solutions for optimising germination in sub-optimal conditions, such as saline soils.
Emergence of specialized third-party enforcement
Authors: Mohlin Erik , Rigos Alexandros , Weidenholzer Simon
Published: June 2023

The question of how cooperation evolves and is maintained among nonkin is central to the biological, social, and behavioral sciences. Previous research has focused on explaining how cooperation in social dilemmas can be maintained by direct and indirect reciprocity among the participants of the social dilemma. However, in complex human societies, both modern and ancient, cooperation is frequently maintained by means of specialized third-party enforcement. We provide an evolutionary-game-theoretic model that explains how specialized third-party enforcement of cooperation (specialized reciprocity) can emerge. A population consists of producers and enforcers. First, producers engage in a joint undertaking represented by a prisoner’s dilemma. They are paired randomly and receive no information about their partner’s history, which precludes direct and indirect reciprocity. Then, enforcers tax producers and may punish their clients. Finally, the enforcers are randomly paired and may try to grab resources from each other. In order to sustain producer cooperation, enforcers must punish defecting producers, but punishing is costly to enforcers. We show that the threat of potential intraenforcer conflict can incentivize enforcers to engage in costly punishment of producers, provided they are sufficiently informed to maintain a reputation system. That is, the “guards” are guarded by the guards themselves. We demonstrate the key mechanisms analytically and corroborate our results with numerical simulations.
Astrocytic engagement of the corticostriatal synaptic cleft is disrupted in a mouse model of Huntington’s disease
Authors: Villanueva Carlos Benitez , Stephensen Hans J. T. , Mokso Rajmund , Benraiss Abdellatif , Sporring Jon , Goldman Steven A.
Published: June 2023

Astroglial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease (HD), and glial replacement can ameliorate the disease course. To establish the topographic relationship of diseased astrocytes to medium spiny neuron (MSN) synapses in HD, we used 2-photon imaging to map the relationship of turboRFP-tagged striatal astrocytes and rabies-traced, EGFP-tagged coupled neuronal pairs in R6/2 HD and wild-type (WT) mice. The tagged, prospectively identified corticostriatal synapses were then studied by correlated light electron microscopy followed by serial block-face scanning EM, allowing nanometer-scale assessment of synaptic structure in 3D. By this means, we compared the astrocytic engagement of single striatal synapses in HD and WT brains. R6/2 HD astrocytes exhibited constricted domains, with significantly less coverage of mature dendritic spines than WT astrocytes, despite enhanced engagement of immature, thin spines. These data suggest that disease-dependent changes in the astroglial engagement and sequestration of MSN synapses enable the high synaptic and extrasynaptic levels of glutamate and K
+
that underlie striatal hyperexcitability in HD. As such, these data suggest that astrocytic structural pathology may causally contribute to the synaptic dysfunction and disease phenotype of those neurodegenerative disorders characterized by network overexcitation.
No quiero batirme con vos... ni reñir contigo
Authors: Gutiérrez Maté Miguel , Uhl Patricia
Published: June 2023

Abstracta

El sistema de formas de tratamiento ha experimentado distintos procesos de variación a lo largo de la diacronía y la diatopía de la lengua española, más aún durante el español clásico (o ‘áureo’). Sus implicaciones pragmáticas, socio-discursivas y culturales hacen de los tratamientos un sistema en ‘crisis’ (Hummel, 2020), con múltiples variables cuyos valores necesitan fijarse e irse actualizando en la comunicación. Recogemos aquí los avances recientes de la investigación en este campo y los aplicamos en un contexto de enseñanza/aprendizaje del español: para ello, proponemos un enfoque didáctico textual, válido tanto en las clases de secundaria en Lengua Castellana y Literatura como en las clases de E/LE. El texto escogido para discutir estos problemas lingüísticos es un fragmento de una novela de Las aventuras del capitán Alatriste, que recrea la lengua del siglo XVII. La metodología de análisis demuestra que, mediando las adaptaciones pertinentes y partiendo de los textos adecuados, casi cualquier problema filológico y/o lingüístico-teórico puede plantearse para su aprendizaje en enseñanza secundaria y en E/LE.
Development of ultrafast camera-based single fluorescent-molecule imaging for cell biology
Authors: Fujiwara Takahiro K. , Takeuchi Shinji , Kalay Ziya , Nagai Yosuke , Tsunoyama Taka A. , Kalkbrenner Thomas , Iwasawa Kokoro , Ritchie Ken P. , Suzuki Kenichi G.N. , Kusumi Akihiro
Published: June 2023

The spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy has recently been greatly enhanced. However, improvements in temporal resolution have been limited, despite their importance for examining living cells. Here, we developed an ultrafast camera system that enables the highest time resolutions in single fluorescent-molecule imaging to date, which were photon-limited by fluorophore photophysics: 33 and 100 µs with single-molecule localization precisions of 34 and 20 nm, respectively, for Cy3, the optimal fluorophore we identified. Using theoretical frameworks developed for the analysis of single-molecule trajectories in the plasma membrane (PM), this camera successfully detected fast hop diffusion of membrane molecules in the PM, previously detectable only in the apical PM using less preferable 40-nm gold probes, thus helping to elucidate the principles governing the PM organization and molecular dynamics. Furthermore, as described in the companion paper, this camera allows simultaneous data acquisitions for PALM/dSTORM at as fast as 1 kHz, with 29/19 nm localization precisions in the 640 × 640 pixel view-field.
Rapidly evolving aerosol emissions are a dangerous omission from near-term climate risk assessments
Authors: Persad G , Samset B H , Wilcox L J , Allen Robert J , Bollasina Massimo A , Booth Ben B B , Bonfils Céline , Crocker Tom , Joshi Manoj , Lund Marianne T , Marvel Kate , Merikanto Joonas , Nordling Kalle , Undorf Sabine , van Vuuren Detlef P , Westervelt Daniel M , Zhao Alcide
Published: June 2023

Anthropogenic aerosol emissions are expected to change rapidly over the coming decades, driving strong, spatially complex trends in temperature, hydroclimate, and extreme events both near and far from emission sources. Under-resourced, highly populated regions often bear the brunt of aerosols’ climate and air quality effects, amplifying risk through heightened exposure and vulnerability. However, many policy-facing evaluations of near-term climate risk, including those in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment report, underrepresent aerosols’ complex and regionally diverse climate effects, reducing them to a globally averaged offset to greenhouse gas warming. We argue that this constitutes a major missing element in society’s ability to prepare for future climate change. We outline a pathway towards progress and call for greater interaction between the aerosol research, impact modeling, scenario development, and risk assessment communities.
Learning to live with smoke: characterizing wildland fire and prescribed fire smoke risk communication in rural Washington
Authors: D’Evelyn Savannah M , Wood Leah M , Desautel Cody , Errett Nicole A , Ray Kris , Spector June T , Alvarado Ernesto
Published: June 2023

Extreme smoke events from wildland fires are increasing in frequency and intensity across the country. Risk communication around wildland and prescribed fires is an essential component of both smoke-readiness and resilience. To date, little research has been conducted on how smoke exposure risks can be communicated effectively, especially within the context of rural and tribal communities, who experience a disproportionate burden of smoke risks and impacts. This qualitative study analyzed how tribal and non-tribal communities in the Okanogan River Airshed Emphasis Area (ORAEA) receive and share information about smoke exposure to highlight gaps and communication opportunities for smoke risk communication. The ORAEA is a region of north-central Washington that is frequently blanketed with smoke year-round from wildland fire in the summer, prescribed fire in the fall and spring, and wood burning stoves in the winter. This study was the result of a partnership between the Okanogan River Airshed Partnership, the Natural Resource Division for the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Colville Environmental Trust Air Quality Program, and the University of Washington. The study team conducted seventeen key informant interviews and six focus groups to identify community perceptions of smoke exposure and describe its impact. A thematic analysis of interview and focus group data identified five themes around wildfire smoke risk communication: (1) perception of the health risks of smoke; (2) current ways of sharing information about smoke; (3) trusted sources of information; (4) gaps and communication opportunities; and (5) perceptions of prescribed fire. Based on these themes, we developed a set of six recommended actions. To create effective smoke risk communication that may be applicable to smoke-impacted regions across the country, messaging must address barriers to action, be rooted in community perceptions of risk, and be delivered through trusted channels.