bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Siberian City in the Era of Wars and Revolutions (Review on: Shumilova E.E. Povsednevnayazhizn' krupnykhgorodovZapadnoiSibirivgodyPervoimirovoivoiny, Yekaterinburg, Izdatel'skie resheniya Publ., 2020, 175 p.)
Authors: Bogomolov I. K.
Published: October 2024

The review is devoted to the monograph of PhD in Historical Sciences E.E. Shumilova about the everyday life of large cities of Western Siberia during the First World War. The author focuses on the socio-economic situation of Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Novonikolaevsk. The state of the urban economy on the eve of the war, the housing stock, the medical system is analyzed. The author drew on the materials of four archives, having studied in detail the movement of the population, public sentiment, the development of trade, the sanitary condition of cities. The main conclusion of the study is that the large cities of Western Siberia were initially not ready for the burden imposed on them by the protracted war: large-scale mobilization, the influx of refugees and prisoners of war. The accompanying economic problems - high prices, interruptions in the supply of food and fuel - increased social tension and adversely affected the state of the urban environment. Despite the name, E.E. Shumilova paid great attention to the period “from February to October”, the development of the revolutionary situation in the region. The author did not attract materials from the regional periodical press and military censorship, which would significantly expand knowledge about public sentiment. Little attention is paid to anti-government agitation on the one hand, and government propaganda on the other. The choice of the study regions also raises questions: Novonikolaevsk and Barnaul were included, but Tyumen and Tobolsk, no less large and significant Siberian cities, were ignored. Despite these shortcomings, E.E. Shumilova made a significant contribution to the study of everyday life in Siberia on the eve of the 1917 revolution.
Two Russia in One Destiny: to the Biography of Ivan G. Galkin (1896-1937)
Authors: Bodrova L.A. , Petin D.I.
Published: October 2024

The transformation of Russian society, caused by the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War, led to the emergence of categories and strata of the population that became alien to the Soviet society, as a result, were subjected to various kinds of restrictions and discrimination. The officers were in a special position in this respect. On the one hand, they attracted the attention of the Soviet government, since they were “potentially inclined” to counterrevolution. But on the other hand, their experience, both military and civilian, was, at times, relevant for the institutions of the new regime. Studying the difficult situation of the former officers in the RSFSR-USSR, specialists are increasingly resorting to biographical research. At the same time, close attention is paid to, among other things, ordinary participants in the events, whose fate, sometimes, is also in many ways indicative. In the light of this problem, this work presents the complex and ambiguous life path of the wartime officer Ivan G. Galkin, who consistently served in the Russian (Imperial), White and Red armies, who later became a Soviet employee in Novosibirsk. The genre features of the presentation determined the theoretical basis for the preparation of the work - the combined combination of the anthropological approach, the theory of social adaptation and the historical and biographical method. The purpose of this publication is to reconstruct the life path of Ivan G. Galkin, to present the forms of social adaptation of “former people” in Soviet Russia. The study is based on a set of unpublished biographical sources from the funds of federal and regional state archives, as well as documents and oral history preserved in the family of the hero of the publication. The fate of the hero of the article vividly demonstrates the contradictions of social and political everyday life in the first years of Soviet power. The ambiguous position of the representatives of the former officers in Soviet Russia is clearly shown. Indeed, as can be seen from the example under consideration, despite honest service in the Red Army and Soviet institutions, Ivan G. Galkin remained a stranger to Soviet society. This publication may be of interest to researchers of the military and social history of Russia in the first quarter of the 20th century, as well as to specialists in practical genealogy.
Priamursky Zemsky Duma: Last Parliament of Antibolshevik Russia
Authors: Zemlyanskiy V.L.
Published: October 2024

The purpose of the article is to study the position and activities of the Priamursky Zemsky Duma. The sources of the article were the files of the State Archives of the Russian Federation, materials from the periodical press of the period under study and the memoirs of the participants in the events. In early August 1922, the highest representative body of power in the Primorsky region, the Priamursky Zemsky Sobor, elected Lieutenant General M.K. Dieterichs. On August 8, the ruler issued decree No. 2, according to which the Priamursky Zemsky Duma was established. On August 15, Dieterichs tasked the Duma with developing a bill on local self-government. Exactly one month later, the functions of executive power were entrusted to the Duma and a new body of power was established - the Council of the Zemsky Duma, which, among other things, headed the Duma commissions. On September 19, by decree No. 46, the Council of the Zemsky Duma was entrusted with the consideration of bills prepared by members of the Duma. Thus, the Duma became a bicameral representative body of power (the upper chamber is the Council, the lower one is the Duma) with legislative powers, combining the functions of the executive power and the highest civilian governing body of the Priamursky Zemsky territory. The members of the Duma were elected at the Zemsky Sobor, were introduced into its composition by decrees of Dieterichs and were appointed according to their official position. Commissions of the Zemsky Duma regularly discussed the most pressing issues of internal life: local government, economic situation and education. Not having worked even three months, the Duma ended its activities in connection with the defeat at the front and the termination of the existence of the Priamursky Zemsky territory.
Intensification of Lecture Political and Educational Work in Altai in the Post-War Period
Authors: Benevalenskaya E.N. , Demin M.A.
Published: October 2024

In modern historiography, the problem of the relationship between party-political interpretations of the past and the mass historical ideas constructed in the post-war decade remains poorly understood. The article undertakes a socio-cultural analysis of lecture activities in Altai in the ideological space of 1945-1955. The research is based on the normative documents of the Central and Altai Regional Committees of the Communist Party; clerical sources of propaganda and agitation bodies of the region from the funds of the State Archives of the Altai Territory; materials of the press, educational and instructive literature on the issues of ideological work. It has been established that during the period under review in Altai, the propaganda network, reduced during the war years, was expanding, which was faced with the task of constructing in the minds of the population ideas about justice and the advantages of the socio-political system in Soviet Russia. The agitation carried out in the region pursued the goal of eradicating from the worldview of the inhabitants of the traditional views that did not fit into the creation of the image of the USSR as an advanced superpower based on the idea of modernization. At the same time, in the conditions of post-war devastation, the fulfillment of the large-scale task of constructing a unified model of collective identification was complicated by a complex of difficulties caused by the socio-cultural situation of the agrarian peripheral region.
Museum-reserve “Marcial Waters” in 1950s-1960s: the Issue of Museum Profiling and Its Influence to Representation of the Historical Past
Authors: Kayumova M.R.
Published: October 2024

The issue of the defining a museum profile and its influence to the ideas represented in expositions is concerned in the article. The expositions of museum-reserve “Marcial Waters” which were existed in 1950s-1960s are the examples of the museum curators' endeavor to find the optimal profile against the background of the changes in society and soviet historiography. Museum expositions are considered in the article as specific forms of historical representation. The aim of historical representation is to form particular notion of historical events, processes, historical figures. The same is true for historical museum expositions. A vector of representation is specified by the context of the time of its creation and creators' notion about the object of representation. The information content of the expositions was defined by the dominant paradigms in the Soviet historiography. Different aspects of the historical past represented in museum exposition shifted from one to another by significant changes in historiographical trends and sociopolitical context. The recipients of the representation, museum visitors, read the main ideas of museum expositions, interpreted and reflect them partly in guestbooks. Thus the main sources for the research are the documents which allow deducing these three phases of representation. Minutes of Museum Council and authentic historiographical researches give a notion about the context of the creation of expositions. Thematic-expositional plans reveal the expositions' content: exhibits and texts. Guestbooks were used for analyzing the reception of expositions. Under the influence of political, historiographical changes and curators' endeavor to focus on objects more than on texts museum reshaped the profile of its exposition from memorial (Peter's the Great museum) to topical (Museum of the first Russian resort). Despite the exhibits and expositional space mostly of museum stayed the same the ideas of the expositions successfully transmitted to visitors.
Archpriest Alexander Sulotsky in the Omsk cadet corps (according to the memoirs of his students)
Authors: Kotova K. I.
Published: October 2024

Archpriest Alexander I. Sulotsky (1812-1884) left a significant mark in the life of Omsk. But in modern historiography, his personality and his contribution to the intellectual landscape of the city are presented very fragmentary. In 1848, A.I. Sulotsky was appointed a catechist in the Siberian Cadet Corps in Omsk and rector of the corps church. This activity of A.I. Sulotsky was reflected in the memoirs of his students. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct image based on memoirs of the cadet corps graduates - Archpriest Mikhail Putintsev and Lieutenant General, historian of the Siberian Cossacks, local historian, public figure G.E. Katanaev.Being a catechist and a priest, A.I. Sulotsky actively studied the history of Siberia, the enlightenment of its small nations and left behind not only a scientific legacy, but also a spiritual one, reflected in the worldview of his pupils. Sulotsky was described as loving mentor and reverent priest in the memoirs of his students. He loved his subject and Worship and was able to instill this love in his pupils, some of them, like M. Putintsev and A. Sharapov, were ordained priests. Of course, it is impossible not to pay attention to the idealization of the image of the teacher. Probably, the attitude of the Omsk cadets to the teaching of the Law of God was not so equally enthusiastic. Clarification of this issue requires the search for additional sources. Unfortunately, memoirists do not talk about the scientific works of Alexander I. Sulotsky and this area of his activity needs further research.
Foreign intervention in Siberia in the works of the first Soviet researchers Who participated in the events of the civil war
Authors: Stelmak M. M.
Published: October 2024

The paper examines the study of foreign intervention in the works of Soviet researchers of the Civil War in Russia in the first decade after its end. During this period, ideological pressure on historians was significantly less than in the next decade, which allowed a more balanced assessment of the role of foreign allies of the anti-Bolshevik movement. Particular attention was paid to serious contradictions in the allied camp. The authors pointed out that Great Britain, the USA, France, Japan had favorites in the anti-Bolshevik movement, betting on helping them, which further deepened the contradictions between foreign powers. At the same time, the Western powers themselves and Japan did not have a single plan of their actions in Siberia and the Far East. Such contradictions had a serious impact on the Omsk authorities, who were extremely interested in supporting powerful powers. But in the end, failures on the front of the Civil War forced the allied forces to curtail support for the counter-revolution in Siberia. In all works, attention was focused specifically on the Czechoslovak corps, serious internal contradictions between the allies were analyzed. It is important to remember that almost all researchers were repressed. Nevertheless, their contribution to the study of the history of the Civil War and military intervention in Siberia was actively used by Soviet historians in the post-Stalin period.
Influence of quality of life on social tension and protest activity in Russia: theory and practice of modeling
Authors: Kapoguzov E.A. , Kefner N.V. , Chupin R.I.
Published: October 2024

In the context of the expansion of protest activity and the growth of social tension in Russia in the last decade, the ratio of subjective and objective factors that determine them receives scientific understanding. In addition to traditional political and sociological methods, in our opinion, it is advisable to apply economic and mathematical methods that operate on official statistics and are objective. The article analyzes the possibilities of including econometric discourse in the discussion of the relationship between the quality of life and protest activity. Publications are considered using the main economic and mathematical methods, devoted to the analysis of factors affecting the quality of life, the improvement of which is one of the key goals of national development. The work used both economic and mathematical modeling and the analysis of statistical data using machine learning and building a software algorithm. Based on data from 78 Russian cities on 17 parameters that affect protest activity, the authors analyzed the relationship between the determinants of the quality of life and protest activity. The model was developed and implemented in the Python environment. As a result, the developed model shows no connection between the quality of life parameters and protest activity, which may indicate its exogenous nature. Consequently, the issue of research into the nature and patterns of protest moods is not directly related to statistically measurable indicators that determine the quality of life in Russian cities.
Management of modern German tourism industry within the concept of sustainable tourism
Authors: Degtyareva S. V. , Degtyareva T. O.
Published: October 2024

The management of German tourism industry successfully implemented within the concept of sustainable tourism for a long time. The study of positive experience of this management is relevant in modern world economy. And it is the purpose of this article.The object of the study is sustainable tourism, the subject of the study is the management features of the modern German tourism industry based on the concept of sustainable tourism.The authors applied general scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, logical method, historical method, quantitative and qualitative analysis, comparative analysis and generalization method. German official documents, analytical materials, tourism forecasts, programmes and open Internet resources were used in the course of the work on the article.First of all, the authors revealed the content of the concept of sustainable tourism in general, as presented in academic studies and official UNWTO documents. The authors further examined the specifics of management of the German tourism industry within the framework of the concept of sustainable tourism was presented by the developers of the German National Tourism Strategy. The right balance must be found between economy, environment and social responsibility in sustainable tourism, according to this Strategy.The authors' perception of management system of German tourism industry until 2019 was formed on an analysis of German official documents. Firstly, the management Germany's tourism industry is top-down - from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (federal level) through regional organizations: the German National Tourism Board and the Federal Association of the German Tourism Industry (regional level) to 16 federal states (municipal level). Secondly, self-governance of destinations was carried out as part of each of 16 federal states' local sustainable tourism program. Thirdly, this entire management system includes elements of sustainable tourism in its three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. The article presents the accumulated positive experience of management destinations and the promotion of types and directions of tourism in 16 federal states of Germany until 2019. It is noted that sustainable tourism covers these types and directions.The authors conclude that the implementation of the concept of sustainable tourism in the national tourism strategy of the country as a balance (measure) of the three dimensions: economic, social and environmental, is an expression of the national, cultural and unique natural identity of each destination (country).
Historical-archaeologycal investigation of Tara's fortress
Authors: Tataurov S. F. , Tikhonov S. S.
Published: October 2024

In Russian archaeology, there has been a steady increase in the attention of scientists to the study of materials of Russian pioneers who founded the first Siberian towns, one of which is Tara.The first two centuries of its existence, the town was the southernmost outpost of the Russians in the Irtysh region, a military, trade and diplomatic center. During excavations in 2007-2020, an expedition of the Omsk archaeologists studied the sections of the Tara fortress proper, its guard part and the posad. In the cultural layer up to 4.5 meters thick, from 3 to 7 building horizons were cleared with the remains of up to 11 lower rims of residential (the estate of a rich tarchanin with all the buildings was excavated almost completely), economic structures (cellars, baths, wells), the remains of wooden pavements, gutters, boxes for garbage collection, the remains of fences and stockades that separate one dwelling from another. Studied two fortress towers - Knyazhya and Tobolskaya - and storage for gunpowder. There were also found places where the workshops of a tanner, a potter, a place for the production of mica windows were located. The good preservation of wooden structures and products made from organic materials (leather, wood, birch bark, silk and cotton fabrics) was facilitated by the special conditions for the formation of a wet cultural layer saturated with manure and wood chips.Foundations of churches destroyed during the years of Soviet power were found (Tikhvin, Assumption, Pyatnitskaya). The foundation of the Nikolsky Cathedral was excavated, around which there was a church cemetery. The objects found in the cultural layer allow us to speak about the directions of the Tara trade: China, the Bukhara Khanate, the European part of the Muscovite state and, through it, the western countries: definitely Poland and Venice. The same finds indicate that not only ethnic Russians from the northern parts of the state and indigenous Siberian Tatars lived in Tara, but also immigrants from the Polish-Lithuanian state (“Lithuania”, “Poles”, “Germans”), Sarts (Bukharlyk, Kirghiz) from Small and Big Bukharia.The obtained materials correlate well with the data of written sources, information on the geography and statistics of the peoples of the Irtysh region, and significantly supplement and expand the ideas of scientists about one of the first Siberian cities.
Timid modernization: the period of “pre-reforms” of 1797-1806 in the Prussian history
Authors: Sterkhov D. V.
Published: October 2024

The article suggests considering the period of 1797-1806 in the Prussian history as epoch of “pre-reforms”. The term “pre-reforms” was coined by the German social historian Otto Hintze (1861-1940). Over the past 20 or 30 years, the historical research in the field of the Prussian history has been collecting empirical evidence confirming the fact that between 1797 and 1806 the Prussian government was attempting to carry out practical reforms with the purpose to modernize the political, social, economic and military structures of the Prussian kingdom. These reforms were attempted mostly on the provincial level rather than on the national one, which points to the regionalism as the major feature of the Prussian state system. The modernization process in Prussia affected first the provinces and then the center. The politics of “pre-reforms” was initiated by the King Frederick William III himself as well as by his advisors who sought to realize in Prussia the idea of a “revolution from above” in contrast to the French “revolution from below”. The actively propagated image of Frederick William III as “bourgeois king” also pursued this aim. Due to the lack of political will as well as time the modernization potential of the Prussian higher bureaucracy was not realized to the full extent, the “pre-reforms”, however, laid the grounds for the more radical reforms of Heinrich Friedrich vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg (1807-1812). Applying the term “pre-reforms” to 1797-1806 allows us to consider this period not as the time of crisis and decline, but as a part of a long modernization process of the Prussian state from Frederick II's “enlightened absolutism” to the Stein-Hardenberg reforms (mid-1750s - early 19th century).
REVIEW OF THE BOOK: Kolchinsky E.I. (ed.). Mobilization and Reorganization of Russian Science and Education During the First World War, St. Petersburg, Nestor-Istoriya Publ., 2018, 672 p
Authors: Bushueva L. A.
Published: October 2024

The review analyzes the book “Mobilization and Reorganization of Russian Science and Education during the First World War”, prepared by a team of authors under the leadership of E.I. Kolchinsky. It is shown that the authors of the work were able to present a holistic analysis of the transformations of the Russian scientific community and its institutions caused by the crisis of the war years, as well as show the consequences of these changes for the development of Russian science already in the Soviet period.
Bookselling activities of P.I. Makushin: development challenges and success factors
Authors: Timofeeva Yu. V. , Panchenko A. M.
Published: October 2024

The bookselling activity of P.I. Makushin is analyzed. His main enterprises in the field of book trade are listed: stationary - bookstores, kiosks, shops, non-stationary - delivered to the Tomsk province. His most successful projects were bookstores in Tomsk (the first specialized bookstore in Siberia) and in Irkutsk, which existed until nationalization in 1920. The obstacles to the development of book trade in Siberia in the late 19th - early 20th century were called and characterized. In general, they led to the failures of individual book trading projects of P.I. Makushin in particular, and the conditions for the successful functioning of his bookstores in Tomsk and Irkutsk. Among the reasons for the failures are the underdevelopment of transport infrastructure, the low level of literacy of the population, the predominance of traditional culture characteristic of the 19th century, a wary attitude to book trade by the authorities and difficulties in recruiting personnel. The authors propose to divide the success factors into objective and subjective. Among the first are the modernization changes of traditional society that took place in the late 19th - early 20th century, including the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the increase in literacy of the population and the number of libraries, created conditions for the development of book trade in the region. Among the second - the personality of P.I. Makushin himself, who had entrepreneurial talent, indefatigable energy, dedication to his cause and many other qualities that allowed him to gain all-Russian fame as a book seller, publisher, enlightener and active public figure in one person. To expand the book market, the formation of new groups of readers, he carried out active work, the result of which was the construction of about 600 new libraries in the Tomsk province. In addition, he used the newest for his time achieving marketing and management. The dual role of the absence of zemstvos in Siberia in the development of book trade in the region is shown. The conclusion was made about the integrated approach of P.I. Makushin to the organization and development of his book trading enterprises.
Sociocultural activities of Voronezh governors in the second half of the 19th century: main trends and influence on the development of state-public dialogue
Authors: Filimonov A.V.
Published: October 2024

One of the most important conditions for solving modern social and cultural problems is effective cooperation between the authorities and the population. Establishing a dialogue between the state and society largely depends on the figure of the official. The historical experience of the participation of representatives of the Russian bureaucracy in this process is explored in the article using the example of the social and cultural activities of Voronezh governors in the second half of the 19th century. The reforms of Alexander II contributed to the development of provincial society and the transformation of the social and professional group of the bureaucracy, in particular, the governors. The inclusion of heads of provinces in sociocultural processes coincided with the dynamics of the development of public organizations in the second half of the 19th century. On the basis of membership in organizations, priority areas of the sociocultural activities of Voronezh governors are highlighted: charity, social support, hunting, breeding and protection of animals. The governors took an active part in the creation and management of public organizations, in particular, helping in the drafting of the charter, fundraising and attracting new members. All the heads of the Voronezh province were characterized by joint participation in sociocultural activities (primarily in charity and social support) with their wives. The success of the sociocultural events of the Voronezh governors largely depended on cooperation with the zemstvo and city governments. For the second half of the 19th century, there is a general positive trend in the implementation of joint initiatives with city councils, while relations with the zemstvo gradually deteriorated.
On the question of the political propaganda of Alexander i of Macedon
Authors: Soloveva A. S.
Published: October 2024

The greatest amount of evidence about the reign of Alexander I of Macedon is contained in the work of Herodotus. The ancient historian is the only author who gives a detailed description of Alexander's policy during the Greco-Persian wars. This article is dedicated to several questions. First of all, the author discusses the question of what sources Herodotus could use for his stories about the Macedonian king. The author raises the question of the possible personal stay of Herodotus in Macedonia and comes to the conclusion that the most presumable point of view that Herodotus visited Macedonia in the middle of the 5th century BC. The ancient author could have the possibility to speak directly with Alexander and get detailed description of his policy during the Greco-Persian wars.An equally important question remains the question of what Alexander's propaganda was. The paper examines the evidence of Herodotus about Alexander, the direct speeches of the Macedonian king, as well as the numismatics of Alexander's time. The general idea of Alexander's speeches boils down to the assertion that the Macedonians have Greek origin. Among other things, the first mention of the legend about the Greek origin of Argead dynasty appears in the work of Herodotus. In the time of Alexander, iconography with Greek symbols appears on Macedonian coins.The author comes to the conclusion that Alexander's propaganda was aimed at proving the Greek origin of the Macedonians and improving relations with the Greek world. To a greater extent, propaganda was directed precisely at the citizens of Athens, since Macedonia continued to be an important economic partner of this policy.
Political disloyalty and war crimes of the Baltic nobles during the first world war
Authors: Zverev V. O.
Published: October 2024

In the Soviet historiography of the First World War, a false opinion was formed that representatives of the large local nobility who had “Germanic roots” (as a rule, natives of Germany or persons who had Russian and German citizenship) were a category of persons politically disloyal to the Russian autocracy. They allegedly saw their national-patriotic mission in acts of overt and covert sabotage of Russia's military security in the Baltic states - from hanging the national flags of Germany on the roofs of their estates to creating favorable conditions for the invasion of “Teutonic knights”.Another myth that can be traced in some works of modern Russian historians is that all Baltic barons of German origin, in the conditions of an armed clash between Russian and German military and naval forces, remained loyal to the Tsar and the Fatherland (Russian Empire) to the end.In this article, the author set himself the goal of reconciling the existing historical differences and contradictions, showing an objective picture of front-line political life, the central figures of which in the Baltic provinces (at different times, some districts of Courland and Livonia) were German barons. For this, an attempt was made to trace the evolution of the “enemy image”, which was embodied in the “Eastsee nobles”. It was concluded that their initial stereotypical perception and misinterpretation of the border threat was based only on the speculation of police and military officials.This and other (including those opposite in meaning) conclusions were based on archival documents discovered and introduced by the author into scientific circulation. Initially, the counterintelligence officers of the Northern Front did not have a clear idea of the hostile intentions and, moreover, the illegal activities of the Baltic barons. However, with the beginning of the “Great Retreat” of the Russian armies, some of them were faced with a difficult moral choice: Whom should they be loyal to and serve - their ancestral homeland or their homeland (Russia)? As a result of the preferences given, the overwhelming minority of the nobility, as follows from the correspondence on the counterintelligence line, committed crimes that were qualified by the current Russian criminal legislation as treason. And, at the same time, due to the fact that none of the criminally prosecuted, first of all, Courland barons ended up in the dock, and the judicial authorities never passed a single guilty verdict, we cannot consider them criminals.
Migration policy of Russia in the 2010s: problems and prospects
Authors: Arshin K. V.
Published: October 2024

The article examines the evolution of the migration policy of the Russian Federation in the second decade of the 21st century. The main legislative innovations related to the tightening of migration legislation are analyzed in detail. Conflicts related to the preparation and adoption of the main documents concerning the strategy of the country's migration policy - the Concept of Migration Policy - are considered separately. It also analyzes the institutionalization of migration policy in the 2010s. - liquidation of the Federal Migration Service, post of special representative for migration and citizenship, etc.
From a bipolar world to multipolarity. Leadership evolution
Authors: Cherepanov K. V.
Published: October 2024

The article touches upon the problem of “leadership” in international relations of the second half of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of well-known historical material, taking into account the positions of domestic and foreign politicians, the author seeks to trace the evolution of leadership during the transition from the “bipolar” system of the post-war world order to the modern “multipolarity”. The whole motley and unstable picture of the world order, often referred to as the Versailles-Washington system, which arose on the ruins of former European empires, was destroyed and destroyed in the conflagration of the Second World War. What came to replace it in many ways only accidentally took the form of a “bipolar” world. A status of peace that lasted from 1945 to 1989 rather, it was rather unique for international relations and was the result not so much of the all-out strengthening of overseas democracy, but of the hypertrophied growth of the role and influence of the Soviet Union, which bore most of the hardships and losses that fell on the countries of the European continent. The supertension undertaken by the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War allowed the Soviet country not only to make a decisive contribution to the defeat of Hitlerite Nazism, but also to expand its influence far beyond even the tsarist empire. A new factor that radically changed the entire post-war system of international relations was the emergence of a third center of power that broke away from the Soviet bloc and eventually turned into a new “superpower” - the PRC. The idea is substantiated that both retention and loss of leadership positions are directly related to success in interstate competition and rivalry. The late Soviet leadership, like the leadership of the Russian Federation, refused, first of all, from the role of an alternative center of the world to the West. Recognized its failure, as such, and defeat in competition with free market economies.
Modern Islamism in foreign discourse
Authors: Khayrullin T. R.
Published: October 2024

The article presents the results of a historiographical review of foreign scientific literature on the nature of Islamism. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing role of Islamist movements and Islamism in general in the destabilizing processes in the Middle East and North Africa. The systematic approach used in the study made it possible to analyze not only individual aspects of Islamism, but also to synthesize them into a single picture. Islamism as an ideological model replaced the previously dominant ideas of Arab nationalism, which flourished in the 1950s - 1960s. During this period, Islamist ideas were in the process of formation and could not compete with nationalist ideas. Starting from the turn of the 1970s - 1980s and up to the present, there has been a certain evolution of Islamist ideas. It was found out that in foreign discourse Islamism did not have a clear distinction in such concepts as “Islamic fundamentalism”, “political Islam”, and was viewed more from negative positions. Foreign researchers held different points of view regarding the social environment that gave rise to Islamist ideas, as well as the reasons for the rise in popularity of Islamism at the turn of the 1970s - 1980s. An important role in foreign discourse was played by the study of the radical component in Islamism, which also has various modifications and shades. In many ways, this was due to the increase in violence caused by the actions of radical Islamist movements that advocated forceful methods in achieving political power. Special attention was paid to the political features of Islamism and its definition. Moreover, according to foreign scholars, Islamism failed to achieve the main goal of building an Islamic state in the shortest possible time and underwent revision, resulting in more liberal post-Islamist ideas.
“Checking the major points, on which reposes the cyclist concept of Eduard Meyer”: a plan of Vassiliy Struve's work at GAIMK in 1933 and its discussion
Authors: Ladynin I. A.
Published: October 2024

The article analyses and publishes documents from the Department of Manuscripts, Scientific Archives of the Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, which reflect the working plans of the Soviet Orientalist Vassiliy Vassilievich Struve (1889-1965) under the auspices of the State Academy for the History of Material Culture (GAIMK) in 1933. There are five documents: Struve's working plan of 25 March 1933 (Fund 2. Dossier 1 (1933). Unit 24. L. 14-16); minutes of the meeting of the “brigade for the research of the mode of production”, GAIMK section of the slave-owning formation, dated to the same day (L. 40-46); Struve's working plan of 31 March 1933 (L. 17); documents on the completion of Struve's plan (Unit 31. L. 45; 54-54 ver.). Struve's earlier plan was forwarded after GAIMK faced the task to speed up the research of slavery and of the class struggle of slaves after Stalin's words of 19 February 1933 on the “slave revolution”. Struve contemplated a rather vast analysis of evidence from Hittite Asia Minor, Eastern Mediterranean, Carthage, Mesopotamia and Egypt in order hammer the views of Eduard Meyer concerning the prevalence of serfdom and not slavery at the Ancient Orient and the absence of the “slave hunting” there. Besides, Struve planned to discover slave rebellions in various Oriental countries. Members of the “brigade” met the plan with objections on two points: Struve's ideas on the “serfdom of the conquering type” and on the “irrigation slavery”. In a long run, the plan was not implemented and replaced with a more concise research of the Hittite society (drafted in the document of 31 March).
“Forest frontier” of the Russian Empire: lower administrative-territorial structures of the Tara district of the first half of the 18th century
Authors: Suvorova N. G.
Published: October 2024

The lack of bureaucratic funds in the state, especially in the outskirts, remoteness from the center, imperfect means of communication led to a forced deconcentration of power at all levels. The only force capable of keeping the local authorities from arbitrariness and abuse were traditional potestary organizations that arose spontaneously, as a result of the natural desire of society to self-organize. The central government was forced to rely on local societies and traditional institutions of self-government, using them as a lower level of power, endowing them with powers of power and retaining for them a certain degree of independence and basic principles of formation. The situation was aggravated in the conditions of the Asian border zones, where the low density, sparseness of the local indigenous population was combined with rather mobile and caste-diverse groups of newcomers. By the beginning of the 18th century. the rural population of the Tara district, more than a hundred years after the founding of the military, border center, retained the features of a frontier community. Moreover, the frontier zones or zones of contact between the indigenous and newcomers here remained not so much on the external borders, but inside the territory. The difference between the “forest frontier” and the “steppe” (conventionally, Omsk) was that the “flow” or “interspersion” of immigrants led to an interlacing arrangement of ethnically, confessional and class diverse groups. The steppe model assumed the delimitation of internal, inhabited and colonized territories and external only annexed, Cossack lines. Land contact and communications on this issue between settlers and indigenous people determine not only the complexity of delimitation of land, natural conflict situations, but also affects the emerging institutions and mechanisms designed to resolve disputes on the ground. As a source for identifying the problems of the emerging rural society in the Tara district, the Patrol book of the Tara district of 1701 was used. The research methodology is based on the main provisions of the institutional-regional approach proposed by A.V. Belt concept “geography of power”, covering the administrative-territorial and institutional structures of the region
Financing of the pharmaceutical supply of the rural medical system in Siberia in the late 19th - early 20th century
Authors: Pocherevin E. V.
Published: October 2024

The article examines the mechanisms of financing the pharmaceutical supply of rural hospitals in Siberia in the late 19th - early 20th century. Rural health care was an integral part of the local economy system. It was subject to the rules and principles of financing taken in this area. The main source for the study was the three-year zemstvo estimates of the Siberian gubernias and regions. Since the establishment of the “rural medical unit”, the legislation has regulated the provision of drugs to hospitals. It was based on a statistical analysis principle. For three years, information was collected on the costs of medication for rural medicine. Based on the average data for the three years, planned allocations were made at the rate of five kopecks for each outpatient and three kopecks for each day of the patient's stay in the hospital. However, it was extremely difficult to comply with the standards. An obstacle to compliance with the rules was the incomplete statistical picture of the needs of rural medicine. The frequent absence of doctors in rural hospitals resulted in unstable expenditure indicators; the average data did not reflect the real situation at the time of drafting zemstvo estimates. In addition, numerous complaints from doctors about the lack of medicines forced the provincial authorities to increase the planned allocations. Zemstvo estimates compiled by local Siberian administrations were approved by a number of central departments. In particular, a special committee at the Ministry of Finance was of decisive importance, considering the legality and feasibility of planned local expenditures. The capital-based departments were sympathetic to the decisions of local authorities. When approving the estimates they usually agreed with the motives for increasing the cost of pharmaceutical provision of rural health care. The practitioners believed that the allocated funds were insufficient for the normal functioning of health facilities. In the materials of the First Congress of the Tobolsk gubernia rural doctors, numerous critical remarks and constructive proposals regarding the provision of drugs for hospitals are seen. The uyezd officials and representatives of the population, during the work of the uyezd management committees, also put forward proposals to increase appropriations for medicines. By 1915, the norms for calculating the need for drugs were changed, allocations were increased, but this did not affect the current situation.
The image of the Scottish highlander in the Walter Scott's novels
Authors: Shestakova N. F.
Published: October 2024

The period of the middle of the 18th century and the early 19th century was notable for the extraordinary development of archaeology, antiquarianism explosion and primitivism domination, which contributed significantly to raising the interest in history and culture of Celtic nations; those were seen as indigenous people of the British Isles and were highly idealized. However, within official colonial discourse of the Crown of England the other side of primitivism was inculcated. Namely, they were stereotypically considered as ‘noble savages', who forewent any opportunity for growth. During this time, The Highlands of Scotland still remained a stronghold of wildness and barbarity. In this study the author made an afford, from one hand, to identify and trace how extrinsic ethos of Highlanders has transformed in the estimation of the public on the basis of visual sources of information. On the other hand, comparison of this notion with Walter Scott's Highlanders characters forms a significant part of the research. In the course of thy study the following conclusions were reached: despite the fact that the writer endorsed some of the stereotypes, that were common among Englishmen, he established a romantic and heroic image of a native of the Highlands of Scotland as a symbol of freedom and the personification of Scottish cultural identity.
Human resources of the Soviet atomic project: quantitative and qualitative characteristics
Authors: Melnikova N. V.
Published: October 2024

The article examines the socio-demographic features, the quantitative and qualitative dynamics of the Soviet atomic project's manpower. The chronology is from 1945 to the second half of the 1950s. It was time between the beginning of the project active stage after a protracted start and its completion, when the main results were achieved. It is the first comprehensive research of the Soviet atomic project's manpower in the historiography of this topic. The work is based on published primary sources and declassified archival documents collected by the author. The author used the methods of statistical analysis and case-study methods. The last one helps to overcome the problems of the topic's sources base: quite a few of primary sources have not been declassified, and most of declassified documents are devoted to scientific and technical details, but not social aspects. The author examines the dynamics of the number of Soviet “atomic” manpower, based on the currently known data. The figures obtained allow us to assess the scale of “atomic” employment - about 0,3% from the USSR population in the late 1940s - the first half of the 1950s. This correlates with the Manhattan Project's the cumulative employment. The author investigates the following groups of the Soviet atomic project's human resources: scientific and industrial heads, grassroots cadres (residents of closed nuclear towns), foreign specialists, prisoners, including scientists, other specific Soviet slave categories (so-called spetscontingent), military builders, as well as personnel of Soviet uranium enterprises outside the Soviet Union. It were analyzed such indicators as sex, age, ethnicity, social origin and status, official capacity, education, together with the changes in the structure and ratio of different personnel groups. The study raises controversial issues: number of foreign specialists, the prevalence of prisoners among the project's human resources and mortality rate. The study shows that ‘atomic” personnel selection in general prefers young, men, Russians, educated. Membership in the Communist Party was important for the leaders of the Soviet and foreign enterprises, and for last one it was more important than education. At the same time, membership in Party and social origin were not so important for scientists. The mortality rate in the project was not catastrophic and the prisoners did not make up half of the project's human resources, as a number of publications claim. The project developed on the way to a gradual refusal of indentured labor.