bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALBANIAN MIGRATION TO GREECE: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION IN THE LABOUR MARKET
Authors: Lazaridis Gabriella , Koumandraki Maria
Published: March 2007

The Albanian case represents the most spectacular instance of East–West migration after the dismantling of the Iron Curtain. This paper examines the ways in which Albanians have been able to access employment in Greece and analyzes the processes through which the exclusion of Albanians in employment has occurred. In doing so, we acknowledge the multi-dimensionality of the concept and we look at what kind of inclusion different groups and individuals of Albanian origin achieve in the Greek society and why some migrants do better than others. We will identify three groups of migrants: those who have no contact with any networks of support, are unable to find a job and are in need of help; those who are at risk, fragile in economic terms, without access to social provisions or benefits; and finally those who after regularization have a relatively stable job, and access to social provisions and benefits.
Sediment characteristics and sedimentation-erosion processes on Ketenisse polder one year after levelling
Authors: Verbessem I. , Van den Bergh E. , De Regge N. , Soors J. , De Belder W. , De Groot R.
Published: March 2007

The Ketenisse polder is a former intertidal brackish marsh of 30 ha situated between the fortress of Liefkenshoek and the Kallo sluice on the left bank of the Schelde estuary, Belgium. In the 19th century its central part was embanked as a polder. During the construction of a traffic tunnel in the late eighties, the excavated soil was dumped between a lower summer dike and the damming dike. The area was restored in 2002 as compensation for the construction of a container terminal on a mudflat in 1994-1995. The rubble of the summer dike and the dumped material were removed and the area was levelled with the intention of creating the optimal starting conditions for the development of new tidal mudflats and marshes.

Developments concerning morphology, sediment characteristics and sedimentation-erosion processes are monitored. Six transects with sedimentation-erosion plots were placed perpendicular to the shoreline. This article discusses those monitoring results, mainly for the first year after levelling.

Sedimentation as well as erosion between 0 and 30 cm was observed in the first year. Local changes in stream current patterns caused erosion on some parts of the former mudflats; sheltered depressions filled up relatively fast. Median grain size showed large variation, both spatial and temporal. Organic matter content of the sediment varied between 0.5 and 15% and was closely related to sediment median grain size.
Restrictions on dredging as an impaired beneficial use under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
Authors: Krantzberg Gail , Montgomery Kelly
Published: March 2007

As part of the commitments made by the governments of Canada and the United States in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) are being developed and implemented at Great Lakes Areas of Concern. The Areas of Concern are specific places around the Great Lakes basin ecosystem where environmental quality is degraded to the point that certain beneficial uses (the ability of fish, wildlife and humans to thrive) are impaired. Many communities are struggling to determine at what point in time ecological conditions are such that the geographic Area of Concern can be considered no longer degraded. Due to semantics and lack of clarity, one example of which is called “restrictions on dredging,” many communities continue to debate approaches without learning from the discussions in other communities. This paper outlines how to develop a delisting target for this particular Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement impairment.
Which stage of the process of apotransketolase interaction with thiamine diphosphate is affected by the regulatory activity of the donor substrate?
Authors: Esakova O. A. , Meshalkina L. E. , Golbik R. , Brauer J. , Hübner G. , Kochetov G. A.
Published: March 2007

The interaction of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) with transketolase (TK) involves at least two stages: [image omitted] During the first stage, an inactive intermediate complex (TK···ThDP) is formed, which is then transformed into a catalytically active holoenzyme (TK* ‐ ThDP). The second stage is related to conformational changes of the protein. In the preceding publication (Esakova, O. A., Meshalkina, L. E., Golbik, R., Hübner, G., and Kochetov, G. A. Eur. J. Biochem. 2004, 271, 4189 ‐ 4194) we reported that the affinity of ThDP for TK considerably increases in the presence of the donor substrate, which may be a mechanism whereby the activity of the enzyme is regulated under the conditions of the coenzyme deficiency. Here, we demonstrate that the substrate affects the stage of the reverse conformational transition, characterized by the constant k‐1: in the presence of the substrate, its value is decreased several fold, whereas Kd and k+1 remain unchanged.
IUBMB Life, 59: 104‐109, 2007
A Search Space Reduction Algorithm for Improving the Performance of a GA-Based QoS Routing Method in Ad-Hoc Networks
Authors: Barolli Leonard , Ikeda Makoto , De Marco Giuseppe , Durresi Arjan , Koyama Akio , Iwashige Jiro
Published: March 2007

A lot of work has been done on routing in MANETs. However, the proposed routing solutions deal only with the best effort data traffic. Connections with Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are not supported. The QoS routing has been receiving increasingly intensive attention in the wireline network domain. However, for MANETs only few QoS routing algorithms are proposed. For MANETs, approximated solutions and heuristic algorithms should be developed and QoS routing algorithms should be adaptive, flexible, and intelligent. In our previous work, we proposed a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based routing method for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (GAMAN). In this paper, we enhance the proposed algorithm by adding an effective topology extraction algorithm to reduce the search space of GAMAN. We call this algorithm E-GAMAN. The E-GAMAN uses two QoS parameters for routing. The performance evaluation via simulations show that E-GAMAN has a good performance.
Performance of Cooperative Time-Reversal Communication in a Mobile Wireless Environment
Authors: Barton Richard J. , Chen Ji , Huang Kyle , Wu Dagang , Wu Hsiao-Chun
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we study the performance of a technique called time reversal for cooperative communication in a mobile wireless environment. To put the work in context, a brief introduction to time-reversal communication (TRC) in general and cooperative TRC in particular is presented. Performance of a proposed cooperative TRC scheme is evaluated numerically via a simulated indoor environment containing multiple wireless communication nodes. We characterize the behavior of the peak power received at a target node as a function of the number of cooperating transmitting nodes and as a function of the distance of the target from its predicted location within the simulated environment. The results demonstrate that the performance of cooperative TRC is less sensitive to uncertainty in the target position than might be expected from standard assumptions regarding the relationship between signal wavelength and spatial channel correlation in a complex multipath environment.
Sensing with One or with Four? A Comparison of Two IEEE 802.15.x Protocols for Use in Sensor Networks
Authors: Mišić Vojislav B. , Mišić Jelena
Published: March 2007

In this paper we compare the pertinent features of the two emerging technologies for wireless sensor networks: IEEE Standards 802.15.1 and 802.15.4. We review the main features of the MAC protocols defined by those standards, describe their operation, and compare them in terms of characteristics such as performance (access and end-to-end packet delays), bandwidth utilization, and scalability for the deployment of large networks. Our findings indicate that there is no clear winner in all categories; the best protocol (and the underlying technology) to use, are heavily dependent upon the requirements for a particular sensing application. While the main focus of our analysis is the MAC layer, certain important parameters of the Physical (PHY) layer are considered as well, together with some other networking aspects. The results of this analysis should be of interest to the designer and operators of wireless sensor networks.
Transport Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions
Authors: Jones Justin , Atiquzzaman Mohammed
Published: March 2007

Characteristics of wireless sensor networks, specifically dense deployment, limited processing power, and limited power supply, provide unique design challenges at the transport layer. Message transmission between sensor nodes over a wireless medium is especially expensive. Care must be taken to design an efficient transport layer protocol that combines reliable message delivery and congestion control with minimal overhead and retransmission. Sensor networks are created using low cost, low power nodes. Wireless sensors are assumed to have a finite lifetime; care must be taken to design and implement transport layer algorithms that allow maximum network lifetime. In this paper we present current and future challenges in the design of transport layers for sensor networks. Current transport layer protocols are compared based on how they implement reliable message delivery, congestion control, and energy efficiency.
Distributed Overlay Formation in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Ou Si-Yu , Hsiao Hung-Chang , Chiang Chi-Kuo , King Chung-Ta
Published: March 2007

The scale and functional complexity of future-generation wireless sensor networks will call for a non-homogeneous architecture, in which different sensors play different logical roles or functions, or have different physical capabilities in terms of energy, computing power, or network bandwidth. When sensors of the same group need to communicate with each other, their communications often have to pass through other sensors, thus forming an overlay on top of the wireless sensor network. The topology of the overlay is critical. It must have a low diameter to reduce the communication latency between those sensors. It also needs to avoid using other sensors for relaying the communications as much as possible, so as to preserve the energy of other sensors. In this paper, we propose a distributed overlay formation protocol taking account of the above factors. Through simulation, we compare our protocol with two overlay formation protocols, one that generates a fully connected topology and the other a minimum spanning tree. The results show that our protocol can achieve better performance both in message latency and energy consumption.
Power-Aware Node Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Liu Yunhuai , Ngan Hoilun , Ni Lionel M.
Published: March 2007

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted intense interest due to their extensible capability. In this paper, we attempt to answer a fundamental but practical question: how should we deploy these nodes. In most current designs, sensor nodes are randomly or uniformly distributed because of their simplicity. However, the node deployment has a great impact on the performance of WSNs. Instead of maintaining the coverage for some snapshots of a WSN, it is essential that we can provide a continuous coverage in the whole lifecycle of the WSN. We will exhibit the weakness of the uniform distribution by disclosing the fatal sink routing-hole problem. To address this problem, we propose a non-uniform, power-aware distribution scheme. Our analysis and simulation results show that the power-aware deployment scheme can significantly improve the long-term network connectivity and service quality.
Introducing telehealth to English prisons
Authors: Fallon Paul V.
Published: March 2007

North American and Australasian Correctional Departments have not only been quick to see the advantages of using modern telecommunications technology to facilitate health
consultation between patients in custody and clinicians in the community, but they have lost no time in its wide‐scale implementation. Here, Belmarsh High Secure Prison and
Greenwich Hospital NHS Trust have piloted telehealth, but not taken it beyond the experimental stage. What exactly is telehealth? Sometimes referred to as telemedicine, it is the delivery in real time of health‐related treatment, triage, diagnosis, services, information and clinical supervision (patients and clinicians, individually and in groups) using telecommunication technology.
Asymmetries in cue competition in forward and backward blocking designs: Further evidence for causal model theory
Authors: Booth Samantha L. , Buehner Marc J.
Published: March 2007

A hallmark feature of elemental associative learning theories is that multiple cues compete for associative strength when presented with an outcome. Cue competition effects have been observed in humans, both in forward and in backward blocking procedures (e.g., Shanks, 1985) and are often interpreted as evidence for an associative account of human causal learning (e.g., Shanks & Dickinson, 1987). Waldmann and Holyoak (1992), however, demonstrated that cue competition only occurs in predictive, and not diagnostic, learning paradigms. While unexplainable from an associative perspective, this asymmetry readily follows from structural considerations of causal model theory. In this paper, we show that causal models determine the extent of cue competition not only in forward but also in backward blocking designs. Implications for associative and inferential accounts of causal learning are discussed.
Second-order conditioning in human predictive judgements when there is little time to think
Authors: Karazinov Danielle M. , Boakes Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Associative accounts uniquely predict that second-order conditioning might be observed in human predictive judgements. Such an effect was found for cue X in two experiments in which participants were required to predict the outcomes of a series of training trials that included P + and PX−, but only when training was paced by requiring participants to make a prediction within 3 s on each trial. In Experiment 1 training on P + ended before training was given on PX − . In Experiment 2 trials with P+, PX−, T + and other cues were intermixed. In the unpaced group inhibitory learning was revealed by a summation test, TX versus TM, where M was a control stimulus. These results suggest either that pacing interferes with learning successive associations more than with learning simultaneous associations or that lack of time to think interferes with inferential processes required for this type of inhibitory learning.
A dissociation between causal judgement and the ease with which a cause is categorized with its effect
Authors: Mitchell Chris J. , Livesey Evan , Lovibond Peter F.
Published: March 2007

The associative view of human causal learning argues that causation is attributed to the extent that the putative cause activates, via an association, a mental representation of the effect. That is, causal learning is a human analogue of animal conditioning. We tested this associative theory using a task in which a fictitious character suffered from two allergic reactions, rash (O1) and headache (O2). In a conditioned inhibition design with each of these two outcomes (A–O1/AX– and B–O2/BY–), participants were trained that one herbal remedy (X) prevented O1 and that the other (Y) prevented O2. These inhibitory properties were revealed in a causal judgement summation test. In a subsequent categorization task, X was most easily categorized with O1, and Y with O2. Thus, the categorization data indicated an excitatory X–O1 and Y–O2 association, the reverse of the inhibitory relationship observed on the causal judgement measure. A second experiment showed that this pattern of excitation and inhibition is dependent on intermixed A–O1 and AX– trials. These results are problematic for the standard application of associative activation theories to causal judgement. We argue instead that the inhibition revealed in the causal judgement task reflects inferential reasoning, which relies, in part, on the ability of the cue in question to excite a representation of the outcome, as revealed in the categorization test.
Predictions and causal estimations are not supported by the same associative structure
Authors: Vadillo Miguel A. , Matute Helena
Published: March 2007

Studies performed by different researchers have shown that judgements about cue–outcome relationships are systematically influenced by the type of question used to request those judgements. It is now recognized that judgements about the strength of the causal link between a cue and an outcome are mostly determined by the cue–outcome contingency, whereas predictions of the outcome are more influenced by the probability of the outcome given the cue. Although these results make clear that those different types of judgement are mediated by some knowledge of the normative differences between causal estimations and outcome predictions, they do not speak to the underlying processes of these effects. The experiment presented here reveals an interaction between the type of question and the order of trials that challenges standard models of causal and predictive learning that are framed exclusively in associative terms or exclusively in higher order reasoning terms. However, this evidence could be easily explained by assuming the combined intervention of both types of process.
Outcome maximality and additivity training also influence cue competition in causal learning when learning involves many cues and events
Authors: Vandorpe Stefaan , De Houwer Jan , Beckers Tom
Published: March 2007

Recent evidence shows that outcome maximality (e.g., De Houwer, Beckers, & Glautier, 2002) and additivity training (e.g., Lovibond, Been, Mitchell, Bouton, & Frohard, 2003) have an influence on cue competition in human causal learning. This evidence supports the idea that cue competition is based on controlled reasoning processes rather than on automatic associative processes. Until now, however, all the evidence for controlled reasoning processes comes from studies with rather simple designs that involved only few cues and events. We conducted two experiments with a complex design involving 24 different cues. The results showed that outcome maximality and additivity training had an influence on cue competition but that this influence was more pronounced for forward cue competition than for retrospective cue competition.
Depressive realism and the effect of intertrial interval on judgements of zero, positive, and negative contingencies
Authors: Msetfi Rachel M. , Murphy Robin A. , Simpson Jane
Published: March 2007

In three experiments we tested how the spacing of trials during acquisition of zero, positive, and negative response–outcome contingencies differentially affected depressed and nondepressed students’ judgements. Experiment 1 found that nondepressed participants’ judgements of zero contingencies increased with longer intertrial intervals (ITIs) but not simply longer procedure durations. Depressed groups’ judgements were not sensitive to either manipulation, producing an effect known as depressive realism only with long ITIs. Experiments 2 and 3 tested predictions of Cheng's (1997) Power PC theory and the Rescorla–Wagner (1972) model, that the increase in context exposure experienced during the ITI might influence judgements most with negative contingencies and least with positive contingencies. Results suggested that depressed people were less sensitive to differences in contingency and contextual exposure. We propose that a context-processing difference between depressed and nondepressed people removes any objective notion of “realism” that was originally employed to explain the depressive realism effect (Alloy & Abramson, 1979).
The sad truth about depressive realism
Authors: Allan Lorraine G. , Siegel Shepard , Hannah Samuel
Published: March 2007

In one form of a contingency judgement task individuals must judge the relationship between an action and an outcome. There are reports that depressed individuals are more accurate than are nondepressed individuals in this task. In particular, nondepressed individuals are influenced by manipulations that affect the salience of the outcome, especially outcome probability. They overestimate a contingency if the probability of an outcome is high—the “outcome-density effect”. In contrast, depressed individuals display little or no outcome-density effect. This apparent knack for depressives not to be misled by outcome density in their contingency judgements has been termed “depressive realism”, and the absence of an outcome-density effect has led to the characterization of depressives as “sadder but wiser”. We present a critical summary of the depressive realism literature and provide a novel interpretation of the phenomenon. We suggest that depressive realism may be understood from a psychophysical analysis of contingency judgements.
A Complex Muscle Fiber Network in the Cricothyroid Muscle: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Hyodo Masamitsu , Taguchi Aki , Yamagata Takahiko , Desaki Junzo
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To examine the three‐dimensional ultrastructure of cricothyroid (CT) muscle fibers to elucidate their morphologic characteristics with regard to the specific functions of the muscle.

Study Design: An anatomic animal study.

Methods: The CT muscles of five adult rats were processed using the HCl‐hydrolysis method to remove the peri‐ and intramuscular connective tissue components. The fine muscle fiber arrangements were observed by scanning electron microscopy.

Results: Complex muscle fiber interconnections (myomyous junctions) were identified in the muscles. Myomyous junctions were characterized by the connection of many villous processes that were 1 to 2 μm in diameter and 2 to 4 μm in length with a serrated appearance at the ends of a lateral branch or a bifurcating trunk of the muscle fibers.

Conclusions: Myomyous junctions form a complex muscle fiber network, which is thought to synchronize the activity of the CT muscle fibers. This is the first three‐dimensional demonstration of the muscle fiber network in the CT muscle; this network may play a major role in the functional specificity of the CT muscle.
Practice Patterns, Safety, and Rationale for Tracheostomy Tube Changes: A Survey of Otolaryngology Training Programs
Authors: Tabaee Abtin , Lando Tali , Rickert Scott , Stewart Michael G. , Kuhel William I.
Published: March 2007

Introduction: Tracheotomy for long‐term ventilation is a common surgical procedure in the hospital setting. Although the postoperative care is often perceived as routine, complications associated with tracheostomy changes may result in loss of airway and death. In addition, the practice patterns, rationale, and complications related to tube changes have been poorly described.

Study Design and Methods: A survey of chief residents in accredited otolaryngology training programs was performed to determine the management strategies, rationale, and complications associated with postoperative tracheostomy tube changes.

Results: The first tube change was performed after a mean of 5.3 (range, 3–7) days after the procedure, most frequently by junior residents. The first change was performed in a variety of locations including the intensive care unit (88%), step down unit (80%), and regular floor (78%). Twenty‐five percent performed these changes at night or on weekends. The most frequently reported rationale for performing routine tracheotomy changes was examination of the stoma for maturity (46%), prevention of stomal infection (46%), and confirmation of stability for transport to a less monitored setting (41%). Twenty‐five (42%) respondents reported awareness of a loss of airway, and nine (15%) respondents reported awareness of a death as a result of the first tube change at their institution during their residency. A statistically significant higher incidence of airway loss was reported by respondents who reported performing the first tube change on the floor (96.1% vs. 63.6%).

Conclusion: There is significant variability in the approach to postoperative tracheostomy tube management. The occurrence of major complications including deaths from routine tube changes requires an examination of the rationale and safety of this practice.
Tonsil Surgery in Youths: Good Results With A Less Invasive Method
Authors: Ericsson Elisabeth , Hultcrantz Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

Objective: Comparison of two types of tonsil surgery for 16‐ to 25‐year‐old patients, with respect to primary morbidity, snoring, and recurrent infections after 1 year. Teenagers and young adults are a significant proportion (26%) of the population that receive tonsil surgery each year and appear to suffer more pain than younger children. Recurrent tonsillitis, in combination with obstructive problems, is the main indication for surgery.

Method: One hundred fourteen patients 16 to 25 years of age were randomized to tonsillotomy (TT) with radiosurgery (RF) (Ellman International) or to cold tonsillectomy (TE). Pain and analgesics were logged until patients were pain free.

Results: Thirty‐two patients were operated on with TT and 44 with TE. The TT group had less blood loss during surgery and no postoperative bleedings, compared with the TE group (2 primary and 4 late hemorrhages). The TT group recorded significantly less pain from the first day, had less need of analgesics (diclofenac and paracetamol), and were pain free and in school/at work 4 days earlier than the TE group. After 7 days, the TE patients had lost a mean of 1.8 kg compared with TT, with no significant weight loss. After 1 year, both groups were satisfied. The positive effect on snoring was the same for both groups. There were few throat infections in both groups.

Conclusion: TT with RF is an effective method for tonsil surgery for many teenagers and young adults, with much less postoperative morbidity than regular TE. Long‐term follow‐up is necessary.
A large number of novel coding small open reading frames in the intergenic regions of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome are transcribed and/or under purifying selection
Authors: Hanada Kousuke , Zhang Xu , Borevitz Justin O. , Li Wen-Hsiung , Shiu Shin-Han
Published: March 2007

Large-scale cDNA sequencing projects and tiling array studies have revealed the presence of many unannotated genes. For protein coding genes, small coding sequences may not be identified by gene finders because of the conservative nature of prediction algorithms. In this study, we identified small open reading frames (sORFs) with high coding potential by a simple gene finding method (Coding Index, CI) based on the nucleotide composition bias found in most coding sequences. Applying this method to 18 Arabidopsis thaliana and 84 yeast sORF genes with evidence of expression at the protein level gives 100% accurate prediction. In the A. thaliana genome, we identified 7159 sORFs that are likely coding sequences (coding sORFs) with the CI measure at the 1% false-positive rate. To determine if these coding sORFs are parts of functional genes, we evaluated each coding sORF for evidence of transcription or evolutionary conservation. At the 5% false-positive rate, we found that 2996 coding sORFs are likely expressed in at least one experimental condition of the A. thaliana tiling array data. In addition, the evolutionary conservation of each A. thaliana sORF was examined within A. thaliana or between A. thaliana and five plants with complete or partial genome sequences. In 3997 coding sORFs with readily identifiable homologous sequences, 2376 are subject to purifying selection at the 1% false-positive rate. After eliminating coding sORFs with similarity to known transposable elements and those that are likely missing exons of known genes, the remaining 3241 coding sORFs with either evidence of transcription or purifying selection likely belong to novel coding genes in the A. thaliana genome.
Managing the relationship between knowledge and power in organisations
Authors: Kelly Catherine
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on knowledge management implementation from an organisational culture perspective and analyse the relationship between knowledge and power within this context. It outlines the reasons why knowledge is a power resource, and proposes that, as such, it can only be managed successfully within the framework of an effective and legitimate use of all organisational power resources. The paper looks at the factors that constitute a legitimate use of power in the Western organisational context of the twenty‐first century which in turn engenders the development of trust within employment relationships. The development of trust ensures that knowledge is used to further the achievement of organisational goals. Finally, the paper addresses the ways in which effective knowledge management practice contributes to this desired state, and outlines the role of the knowledge manager in facilitating this.

Design/methodology/approach

The method adopted is a literature‐based analysis of the main issues covered. These include: the development of the knowledge society and attendant theories around optimal organisational structures, the relationship between knowledge and power, the development of legitimate authority within organisations, and how this impacts on the creation of trust, and finally the impact which the presence of trust has on knowledge‐sharing behaviours within the organisation.

Findings

Pulling together evidence from across a wide range of academic disciplines leads to the conclusion that the successful management of the relationship between access to knowledge and access to power must be framed within an overall organisational context, in which all power resources are seen to be exercised in a legitimate manner. In this context, knowledge is no longer regarded as a personal power resource, but rather as a communal resource which will then be more likely to be shared freely in order to facilitate the joint and mutually beneficial achievement of organisational goals. Underpinning this organisational dynamic is an environment of trust.

Originality/value

The paper provides a summary of the literature around pivotal aspects of the question of the relationship between access to knowledge and the perception of knowledge as a source of power in the organisational context. It pulls together a range of material looking at the needs of the knowledge economy and at issues around the development of legitimate authority and the development of trust in the organisational context. It then relates this back to the successful development of a knowledge‐sharing culture, and outlines the role of the knowledge manager in working with employees at all levels in the organisation in developing an optimal culture for knowledge creation and sharing.
The I in information architecture: the challenge of content management
Authors: Batley Sue
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of content management in the context of information architecture.

Design/methodology/approach

The method adopted is a review of definitions of information architecture and an analysis of the importance of content and its management within information architecture.

Findings

Concludes that reality will not necessarily match the vision of organisations investing in information architecture.

Originality/value

The paper considers practical issues around content and records management.
Phenomenography: a conceptual framework for information literacy education
Authors: Andretta Susie
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the adoption of a phenomenographic conceptual framework to investigate learning from the perspective of the learner, with the aim of reflecting on the features that this approach shares with information literacy education in general, and with the relational model in particular.

Design/methodology/approach

The study offers an analysis of phenomenographic research on learning undertaken by Marton, which is further elaborated by examples of collaborative work by Marton and Booth, as well as by Fazey and Marton. The relationship between understanding and learning, promoted by this perspective, is explored in this paper to illustrate its impact on retention and transfer of the learning process. This is compared with the iterative and independent learning approaches promoted by information literacy education, and specific examples are used to illustrate the pedagogical overlap between phenomenography and information literacy. In addition, the paper examines the relational approach of information literacy promoted by the individual and collective works of Bruce, Lupton, and Edwards to demonstrate how the person‐world relation, advocated by phenomenography, is used to examine the learner‐information relationship promoted by the work of these authors.

Findings

The paper reflects on the potential impact that phenomenography and the relational perspectives have on pedagogical practices in Higher Education. In particular, it aims to demonstrate how the relational approach, together with the learn‐how‐to‐learn ethos of information literacy, is fundamental in promoting a framework for lifelong learning that leads to the empowering of the learner through an iterative cycle of reflection and practice, i.e. what phenomenography defines as variation in practice to foster the ownership of learning.

Originality/value

In line with the person‐world relation, the paper explores the relationship between learners and information by outlining its internal/subjective and external/objective dynamics. Claims that the learner's ability to reflect on these dynamics enhances his or her independent learning attitude are explored in the light of current phenomenographic and information literacy research.
Flight simulation and testing of the FanWing experimental aircraft
Authors: Ahad O. , Graham J.M.R.
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to create an accurate computer‐based flight simulation of the FanWing experimental aircraft. The model would then be used to record and document the aircraft's performance and handling qualities.

Design/methodology/approach

The project consisted of three phases. The first was to simplify and convert existing aerodynamic data into a form that was compatible with the simulation software. The second phase involved the development of the model, and the third, flight testing.

Findings

The aircraft performance and handling qualities of the aircraft were recorded in all flight phases.

Research limitations/implications

The FanWing's aerodynamics are unusual and software limitations prevented its characteristics from being implemented directly. This meant that certain flight tests could not be carried out accurately.

Practical implications

The model will likely be used as a preliminary training tool for the FanWing's first pilots. It is also a useful publicity tool for the aircraft, and provides an insight into how this unusual aircraft flies, from a pilot's perspective.

Originality/value

Prior to this research, only aerodynamic data had documented the aircraft's performance. The simulation model allowed for conventional flight data to be recorded, and compared with similar aircraft.
Helicopter stability and control in the presence of windshear
Authors: Su Yuan , Cao Yihua , Yuan Kungang
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to present a theoretical method for analyzing the stability and control of a hingeless helicopter in the presence of windshear.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the stability and control of a hingeless helicopter in the presence of windshear are investigated. First, the rotary wing dynamic model considered is the one of flap‐pitch (including the elastic deformation of the control system)‐torsion coupling. The induced velocity nonuniform distribution derived from vortex theory is taken into account. Then, as for atmospheric turbulence, the linear windshear model is used for modeling the variation of wind field. Finally, according to the calculated results of the stability characteristic roots and the control response of the helicopter, the helicopter performance in wind shear field is analyzed, and some conclusions are obtained.

Findings

Some useful conclusions are obtained through sample analysis.

Research limitations/implications

Although the analyses for stability and control of a hingeless helicopter in the presence of windshear could be obtained using the current method, the model of complex wind field will still be expected in future studies.

Practical implications

A very useful method for analyzing helicopter stability and control.

Originality/value

The proposed method is valid and available for the analysis of helicopter flight dynamics.
Formulation for flutter and vibration analysis of a hingeless helicopter blade in hover: Part I
Authors: Ozdemir Ozgumus Ozge , Kaya Metin O.
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This study aims to derive the kinetic and the potential energy expressions of a rotating uniform hingeless rotor blade and the aerodynamic loads that act on the blade element in hovering flight conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

The blade is modeled as an Euler‐Bernoulli beam. The governing partial differential equations of motion and the associated boundary conditions are derived using the Hamilton's principle.

Findings

The derivations of the energy expressions and the aerodynamic loads are made in a detailed way by including several explanatory tables. The resultant equations of motion are in good agreement with the literature. Additionally, in this work the hub radius effect is included in the equations of motion.

Originality/value

Arguably this study achieves a breakthrough in deriving the kinetic and the potential energy expressions of a rotating uniform hingeless rotor blade and the aerodynamic loads that act on the blade element in hovering flight conditions.
The FDM solution of unsteady inverse problem for two‐dimensional oscillating airfoils
Authors: Yang Ai‐ling , Yao Zheng , Liu Gao‐lian
Published: March 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to develop an approach for the unsteady inverse problem of two‐dimensional oscillating airfoils based on the finite difference method (FDM) solution of the transient Euler equations.

Design/methodology/approach

The solution strategies are determined according to the mathematical model for the inverse‐problem of oscillating airfoils. Then the unsteady nonreflecting far field boundary condition and the permeable wall boundary condition are employed to treat the boundary conditions. The applications are carried out for the modification of an oscillating airfoil according to the design targets of the unsteady pressure distribution in an oscillating period.

Findings

The results show that the pressure distributions over the new airfoils coincide with the design objects indicating that the mathematical model and solution strategy developed in this paper is rational and reliable.

Research limitations/implications

This method is limited to frictionless flow.

Originality/value

The paper provides a new FDM solution of unsteady inverse problem for oscillating airfoils, which can be extended to treat the multipoint problem of airfoil design.
Potential of kefir as a dietetic beverage – a review
Authors: Sarkar S.
Published: March 2007

Purpose

Kefir, the self‐carbonated beverage, possesses nutritional attributes due to its content of vitamins, protein and minerals and therapeutic attributes contributed by its antibacterial spectrum, gastro‐intestinal proliferation, hypocholesterolemic effect, anti carcinogenic effect, L(+) lactic acid content, β‐galactosidase activity and bacterial colonization. Inclusion of kefir in the diet as a dietetic beverage may confer nutritional and therapeutic advantages to the consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

By reviewing the literature the chemical, microbiological, nutritional and therapeutic characteristics of kefir have been highlighted to justify its consumption as a dietary beverage.

Findings

Kefir grains, kefir starter and kefir beverage vary considerably in microflora of bacterial and yeasts. The nutritional attributes of kefir are due to its chemical ingredients such as vitamins, protein and minerals and fermentation induces further enhancement in its nutritional profiles. Kefir exhibits varied therapeutic attributes due to possession of different therapeutic components. Kefir can be recommended for consumption by normal and sick adults as well as infants as a dietetic beverage.

Originality/value

Due to various nutritional and therapeutic attributes of kefir, it may occupy an important place in the diet of those consumers inclined towards dietetic foods.
Categorizing genetically modified food products
Authors: Tenbült Petra , De Vries Nanne , Dreezens Ellen , Martijn Carolien
Published: March 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into whether GM‐labelling leads to different processing behaviour of food stimuli compared to when products are not labelled.

Design/methodology/approach

A task was designed to investigate people's categorization behaviour as a function of information provided. In two studies each participant was randomly allocated to either the experimental “GM‐labelled condition”, or the control “non‐labelled condition”.

Findings

Different processing strategies and different characteristics are used to judge products that are labelled as genetically modified or not. GM labelling of foods is interpreted to induce analytical processing of information and therefore the products are classified relatively more often on the basis of verifiable categorization criteria compared to when they were not labelled as GM. When products are not labelled as GM, information is more likely to be automatically processed and non‐verifiable categorization criteria are used.

Originality/value

This is the first study to examine the processes that labelling as GM brings about.
Ranganathan's relevance in the 21st century
Authors: McMenemy David
Published: March 2007

Purpose

To discuss the importance of S.R. Ranganathan's teachings for librarians in the 21st century.Design/methodology/approach – The article is a reflective piece examining Ranganathan's five laws of library science in their modern context.Findings – That we owe as much of a debt to Ranganathan today as we did when he first published his five laws in the 1920s. His laws remain relevant in numerous areas of modern library and information practice, and will continue to be reinterpreted by the profession for a long time to come.Practical implication – The paper argues for a revisiting of the works of Ranganathan and a continued championing of them in the library world.Originality/value – The value of the paper is in examining traditional library values in the modern era
UK digital library licences and authentication systems: national versus local approaches
Authors: Joint Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Purpose

To examine the system of electronic library service licences and authentication in the UK, and highlight its hybrid local – national approach.

Design/methodology/approach

A narrative account of our national negotiating and network security practice, combined with brief illustrations of alternative practices elsewhere in the world.

Findings

That the UK system may be nearing the end of its lifespan, given the level of resourcing available to UK HE.

Research limitations/implications

The relationship between educational funding levels and national licensing practice and authentication systems needs to be explored in some depth by timely, focussed research – research that should show full awareness of other international models.

Practical implications

New directions in model licences and authentication practice in the UK may be very resource‐intensive to pursue at grass‐roots institutional level. The practical difficulties should be scrutinised very carefully before our time‐honoured system is given a new lease of life.

Originality/value

The paper challenges the view that the UK information system is broadly as well positioned as it could be in terms of licence and digital library security/authentication systems. We in the UK should take a humble look at other international models and learn lessons from them.
The modernization of hospital food service – findings from a longitudinal study of technology trends in Danish hospitals
Authors: Høy Engelund Eva. , Lassen Anne , Egberg Mikkelsen Bent
Published: March 2007

Purpose

Hospital food has come into focus during the last decade due to reports of under‐nutrition and at the same time food service has undergone significant changes. The aim of this paper is to document and discuss the change in technology and logistics used in the Danish hospital food service during the years 1995‐2003. Further, the aim is to discuss possibilities for integrating food production and patient nutrition at hospitals in order to improve patient nutrition.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical data consist of quantitative serial data on Danish hospital food service collected over a period starting in 1995 and ending in 2003. Data have been collected as part of two large surveys describing the food service systems in Danish hospitals in 1995 and in 2003. Both surveys were carried out by the Food Research Department of the Danish Food Authorities. Answers were compared by means of Chi‐square (χ2) tests with Yates’ correction. Two‐sided p‐values <0.05 were considered significant.

Findings

There have been significant changes in food production systems during the years 1995‐2003. A change in employee profiles in the kitchens has followed this trend.

Practical implications

Plating systems have changed as well with a higher use of buffets and satellite kitchens and less use of central plating during the period 1995‐2003. The educational background of employees has also changed resulting in an increase in number of skilled employees (cooks, catering assistants) and fewer unskilled employees in the kitchens. Increased focus on nutritional status of patients has been observed from ward personnel with no connection to the kitchen. It is suggested that food ambassadors be responsible for the nutritional status of patients.

Originality/value

Success in explaining technological and logistical changes in Danish hospital food service 1995‐2003 another integration of food production and patient nutrition in hospitals.
Dietary factors and fertility in women of childbearing age
Authors: Derbyshire Emma
Published: March 2007

Purpose

Research indicates that there has been an overall decline in fertility rates amongst the British female population, particularly in older females. Although subfertility and infertility can be attributed to a range of genetic and medical perturbations, research suggests that specific dietary factors can impact upon fertility status. The aim of this paper is to give an overview on how dietary factors can affect female fertility.

Design/methodology/approach

The most up‐to‐date and pertinent studies within the literature have been included and summated in this review.

Findings

Infertility is known to affect one in ten couples, and, although multifactorial, can be attributed to external dietary factors. High alcohol and caffeine intakes and low intakes of antioxidants and minerals are all associated with reduced fertility. The findings from this overview indicate that health messages portraying the link between diet and infertility need to be imparted to women of childbearing age. Dietary advice may also be effective at later stages alongside fertility treatments when couples are having trouble conceiving.

Originality/value

This paper gives a concise, up‐to‐date overview on how a range of dietary factors can affect female fertility.