bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Content Validity of Drug Addiction Recovery Test Instruments Using Content Validity Ratio (CVR) Method
Authors: Norashida S. R., , Norshahira O. , Lukman Z. M.
Published: July 2021

Recovery is related to control addiction problems among drug addicts based on context environment in Malaysia. This research, to identify several aspects that have relationship with addiction recovery among Malaysian drug addicts specifically. Although there are several measurement instruments that have been developed to assess drug addiction recovery, a good validity instruments are still lacking and limited. In this regard, this study aimed to test content validity of Drug Addiction Recovery Test (DART) instruments specifically among 123 treated addicts in Besut Cure and Care Rehabilitation Centre (CCRC) using the content validation Ratio (CVR) method to ensure that measurement instruments are appropriate for use in local contexts and cultures.  Eight experts selected according to experience they are in a particular field of research. The experts made up of UniSZA, UMT and UPSI. The instrument validation process involved 80 items from four components. The previous study found that the instrument had good validity with the minimum level of CVR value (N=8, CVR = 0.75). A total of 68 items were identified to be retained while the other 12 items had values below 0.75 rated refund and purified. This study found that the instrument is appropriate and relevant and has the potential to be a good instrument for measuring addiction recovery among drug addicts. It is proposed that pilot studies be conducted, and the data should be analysed using more in-depth statistical analysis such as factor analysis to obtain more detailed information about the items.

Keywords: Content validity, Addiction recovery, Drug addict, Expert
Knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to smoking among Burkinabé people residents of Dakar (Senegal) on World No Tobacco Day 2020
Authors: TRAORE Pêngd-Wendé Habib Boussé , TINE Jean Augustin Diegane , SAWADOGO Hamadou , KABORE Carmen Fally Wendyam , OUEDRAOGO Arvis Abraham , OUARE Dono Khadidiatou , OUEDRAOGO Nongamanegre Ulrich Cédric , OUEDRAOGO Pengdwendé Hassan Elie , GOUBA Boris Angelbert , SANDOUIDI Gaëlle , SANA Hassan , FAYE Adama
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The study focused on knowledge attitudes and practices vis-à-vis smoking. It was carried out by the 2020 executive office of the Collective of Burkinabé Students in Health in Senegal on World No Tobacco Day 2020. The objective was initially to assess attitudes and practices in relation to smoking smoked by industrial cigarettes and shisha then knowledge of the anti-smoking law and the possibilities of weaning that exist in Senegal and finally to know the best attitude to fight against smoking.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study for analytical purposes. The sampling technique was voluntary and data collection was self-administered and took place from Monday May 25th to Saturday May 30th, 2020 via electronic questionnaires.

The self-administered data collection technique reduced prevarication and social desirability bias. However, the lack of preliminary calculation of a sample size makes inferences in the general population difficult. The sampling technique that was voluntary exposes itself to self-selection biases. Nevertheless, the study does suggest some very important aspects of smoking among young people.

Results: This study shows that shisha is increasingly becoming the gateway to smoking among young people. It reveals that the health warnings on industrial cigarette packages are less and less dissuasive. It also shows that our study population believes that the two priority actions to be carried out to fight effectively against smoking in Senegal are on the one hand "to improve the offer of help for smoking cessation" and on the other hand " rigorously apply the punitive aspects of the anti-smoking law”.

Conclusion: Smoking is a global epidemic that increasingly affects young people. Tobacco control is multidimensional and requires perfect synchronization of the different actors and continuous assessment of the effectiveness of control and prevention methods.

Keywords: Cigarette, Shisha, Youth, Anti-tobacco control, Senegal
Science communicators intimidated: researchers' freedom of expression and the rise of authoritarian populism
Authors: Valiverronen Esa , Saikkonen Sampsa
Published: July 2021

In this article, we explore scientists' freedom of expression in the context of authoritarian populism. Our particular case for this analysis is Finland, where the right-wing populist Finns Party entered the government for the first time in 2015. More recently, after leaving the government in 2017, the party has been the most popular party in opinion polls in 2021. We illustrate the current threats to Finnish researchers' freedom of expression using their responses on three surveys, made in 2015, 2017 and 2019. We focus on politically motivated disparagement of scientists and experts, and the scientists' experiences with online hate and aggressive feedback. Further, we relate these findings to the recent studies on authoritarian populism and science-related populism. We argue that this development may affect researchers' readiness to communicate their research and expertise in public.
EXTRAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DO ÓLEO DE AMENDOIM ATRAVÉS DO PLANEJAMENTO FATORIAL
Authors: Soares Gustavo Campos , Aguiar Vieira Flávia Guilhermina , Maduro de Carvalho Raquel Moreira
Published: July 2021

O amendoim é uma planta cuja semente é rica em óleo e com excelentes propriedades nutricionais, os grãos contêm 26 % de proteínas, 46 % de óleo, além de sais minerais e um leque de vitaminas e compostos antioxidantes. Existem diversas formas de fazer a retirada do óleo, dentre elas está a extração por solvente orgânico (Soxhlet). Sendo o extrator Soxhlet um dos mais utilizados devido à facilidade do processo e reciclo constante do solvente. Embora a técnica da extração deste óleo através do Soxhlet com o solvente etanol ser bastante estudado, não há dados na literatura para a extração do óleo de amendoim bruto pelo extrator Soxhlet com otimização do volume do solvente e o tempo de extração. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar um planejamento fatorial 22 para volume de solvente e tempo de extração a fim de verificar a significância dessas variáveis no rendimento da extração e também realizar a caracterização físico química do óleo. Foi possível observar que o etanol se mostrou como um bom solvente para extração do óleo de amendoim. No que se refere ao planejamento fatorial o tempo de extração foi significante para o rendimento, entretanto o volume de solvente não se mostrou significante.
O CASO DAS TRÊS PILHAS: RECONSTRUINDO APARATOS HISTÓRICOS PARA ENSINAR E APRENDER FÍSICA
Authors: Silva Ana Paula Bispo , Pinto José Antonio Ferreira , Vicente Samira Arruda , Gonçalves Gerson
Published: July 2021

As atividades experimentais e a história da ciência são uma das possibilidades para aprimorar o ensino e a aprendizagem da ciência por meio da abordagem histórico-investigativa (AHI). Nesta perspectiva, a AHI se concentra principalmente no uso de estudos de caso históricos para explorar os aspectos metodológicos, epistemológicos e conceituais do empreendimento científico. Utilizamos um exemplo de estudo de caso que compreende a reconstrução de um aparato do século 18 (pilha de Volta) e seu uso em atividades de residência pedagógica de um licenciando. Como parte das atividades da residência pedagógica e inserido no contexto de um grupo de pesquisa, o licenciando reconstruiu esse aparato histórico com base na fonte original utilizando-o numa oficina para EB. Ao ler o relato de Volta, ele notou algumas sutilezas relacionadas ao conhecimento do século 18 sobre materiais e procedimentos que não eram explícitos no texto, nem evidentes nas pilhas modernas. Durante a oficina, ele observou que o aparato de Volta, tal como descrito na fonte primária, não era adequado para uso educacional, porque exigia habilidades procedimentais específicas do século 18 para empilhar e conectar placas de metal. Assim, ele construiu duas versões adicionais da pilha de Volta para conciliar o aparato histórico com uma intervenção em sala de aula. Os desafios que o licenciando enfrentou para reconstruir a pilha de Volta prepararam-no para lidar com as dificuldades teóricas e experimentais dos alunos durante as oficinas. Além disso, ajudaram-no a prever possíveis questionamentos em sala de aula. Observou-se nesse processo que a reconstrução do aparato histórico juntamente com a intervenção em sala de aula contribui para uma formação mais reflexiva por parte do licenciando.
Coming Together in Action for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
Authors: Peek C. J. , Allen Michele , Pacala James T. , Nickerson Wendy , Westby Andrea
Published: July 2021

THE CHALLENGE: Family medicine departments see elevating equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI)* as socially necessary and as powerful in achieving core missions. The importance and timeliness of this longstanding issue in medicine are magnified by the COVID-19 pandemic with its disproportionate effect on communities of color and by civil unrest focused on racial justice. EDI plays out in three pillars: (1) care delivery and health, (2) workforce recruitment and retention, and (3) learner recruitment and training. People are at very different places with EDI work with regard to knowledge, experience, comfort and confidence. This is a wide-ranging developmental challenge, not a narrow, technical, or quick fix.
The Immediate Goal: To make a strong start in taking all faculty and staff on a participatory journey that brings changes in everything they do, using inclusive means to this inclusive end.
Initial Achievements: An inclusive process that resulted in (1) a shared intellectual framework—definitions with “north star” goals across the three pillars of EDI action, (2) shared acceptance of need for change, (3) top growth areas with actions to take, and (4) harnessing the energy for action—many volunteers, a visible leader, and charge.
Ongoing Action: Application of an equity lens to department relationships, specific incidents, tools and education, policy review, and measures development.
Invitation to Further Conversation Among Departments: EDI work can quickly create a shared intellectual framework and broadly engage people in taking a department down its developmental path. Operating principles for undertaking such work are offered for conversation among departments.
Next-Generation Sequencing and Genotype Association Studies Reveal the Association of HLA-DRB3*02:02 With Delayed Hypersensitivity to Penicillins
Authors: Gueant Jean Louis , Romano A , OUSSALAH Abderrahim , Chery Celine , Rodriguez-Gueant Rosa Maria , Gaeta Francesco , Cornejo-García José Antonio , ROUYER Pierre , Josse Thomas , Mayorga Cristobalina , Torres María José
Published: July 2021

Background: Nonimmediate (delayed) allergic reactions to
penicillins are common and some of them can be life-threatening. The
genetic factors influencing these reactions are unknown/poorly
known/poorly understood. We assessed the genetic predictors of a delayed
penicillin allergy that cover the HLA loci. Methods: Using
next-generation sequencing (NGS), we genotyped the MHC region in 24
patients with delayed hypersensitivity compared with 20 patients with
documented immediate hypersensitivity to penicillins recruited in Italy.
Subsequently, we analyzed in silico Illumina Immunochip
genotyping data that covered the HLA loci in 98 Spanish patients with
delayed hypersensitivity and 315 with immediate hypersensitivity
compared to 1,308 controls. Results: The two alleles
DRB3*02:02:01:02 and DRB3*02:02:01:01 were reported in twenty cases with
delayed reactions (83%) and ten cases with immediate reactions (50%),
but not in the Allele Frequency Net Database. Bearing at least one of
the two alleles increased the risk of delayed reactions compared to
immediate reactions, with an OR of 8.88 (95% CI, 3.37–23.32; P
<0.0001). The haplotype (ACAA) from rs9268835, rs6923504,
rs6903608, and rs9268838 genetic variants of the HLA-DRB3 genomic region
was significantly associated with an increased risk of delayed
hypersensitivity to penicillins (OR, 1.7; 95% CI: 1.06–1.92;
P=0.001), but not immediate hypersensitivity.
Conclusion: We showed that the HLA-DRB3 locus is
strongly associated with an increased risk of delayed penicillin
hypersensitivity, at least in Southwestern Europe. The determination of
HLA-DRB3*02:02 alleles in the risk management of severe delayed
hypersensitivity to penicillins should be evaluated further in larger
population samples of different origins.
Land use temporarily affects active pond-community structure but not gene expression patterns
Authors: Bizic Mina , Ionescu Danny , Karnatak Rajat , Musseau Camille , Onandia Gabriela , Berger Stell , Nejstgaard Jens , Lischeid Gunnar , Gessner Mark , Wollrab Sabine , Grossart Hans-
Published: July 2021

Changes in land use and agricultural intensification threaten
biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of small water bodies. We studied
67 kettle holes (KH) in an agricultural landscape in northeastern
Germany using landscape-scale metatranscriptomics, to understand the
responses of active communities across the three domains of life,
Bacteria, Archaea, and eukaryotes, to land use. These KH are proxies of
the millions of small standing water bodies of glacial origin spread
across the northern hemisphere. Like other landscapes in Europe, the
study area has been used for intensive agriculture since the 1950s. In
contrast to a parallel eDNA study which revealed the homogenization of
biodiversity across KH conceivably resulting from long-lasting intensive
agriculture, land-use type affected the structure of the active KH
communities during spring crop fertilization, but not a month later.
This effect was more pronounced in eukaryotes than in bacteria. In
contrast, gene expression patterns did not differ between months or
across land-use type, suggesting a high degree of functional redundancy
across the KH communities. Variability in gene expression was best
explained by active community structure, suggesting that these changes
in functioning are primarily driven by interactions between organisms.
Our results show that influences of the surrounding landscape result in
temporary changes in the activity of different community members. Thus,
even in KH where biodiversity has been homogenized, communities continue
to respond to land management. This needs to be considered when
developing sustainable management options for restoration purposes and
for successful mitigation of further biodiversity loss in agricultural
landscapes.
Occurrence patterns of crop-foraging sika deer distribution in an agriculture-forest landscape revealed by nitrogen stable isotopes
Authors: Hata Ayaka , Nakashita Rumiko , Fukasawa Keita , Minami Masato , Fukue Yuko , Higuchi Naoko , Uno Hikaru , Nakajima Yasuhiro , Saeki Midori , Kozakai Chinatsu , Takada Mayura
Published: July 2021

Conflicts arising from the consumption of anthropogenic foods by
wildlife are increasing worldwide. Conventional tools for evaluating the
spatial distribution pattern of large terrestrial mammals that consume
anthropogenic foods have various limitations, despite their importance
in management to mitigate conflicts. In this study, we examined the
spatial distribution pattern of crop-foraging sika deer by performing
nitrogen stable isotope analyses of bone collagen. We evaluated whether
crop-foraging deer lived closer to agricultural crop fields during the
winter and spring, when crop production decreases. We found that female
deer in proximity to agricultural crop fields during the winter and
spring were more likely to be crop-foraging individuals. Furthermore,
the likelihood of crop consumption by females decreased by half as the
distance to agricultural crop fields increased to 10 km and fell to
essentially zero at a distance of approximately 40 km. We did not detect
a significant trend in the spatial distribution of crop-foraging male
deer. The findings of spatial distribution patterns of crop-foraging
female deer will be useful for the establishment of management areas,
such as zonation, for efficient removal of them.
Nest architecture is linked with ecological success in songbirds
Authors: Medina Iliana , Perez Daniela , Silva Ana , Cally Justin , Leon Constanza , Maliet Odile , Quintero Ignacio
Published: July 2021

Bird nests are essential structures that directly determine the fitness
of an organism. While there is theory and evidence predicting an
association between species nest traits and their habitat, few studies
have comprehensively examined the macroevolutionary patterns driving
nest evolution, species niche and their interrelation. Using information
on 3174 species of songbirds, we show that species that build domed
nests (i.e. nests with a roof) have smaller ranges, narrower thermal
niches, are less likely to colonise urban environments and have
potentially higher extinction rates compared to species that build open
nests. Moreover, we show that these macroevolutionary patterns could be
driven by the higher energetic demands when building domed nests, which
consumes more time and might restrict breeding opportunities. These
diverse strands of evidence suggest that the transition from domed to
open nests in passerines represents an important evolutionary innovation
behind the success of the largest radiation of birds.
The Seller's Side of the Story: Acquisition as Courtship and Governance as Syndicate in Entrepreneurial Firms
Authors: Graebner Melissa E. , Eisenhardt Kathleen M.
Published: July 2021

In contrast to the prior acquisitions literature, which has emphasized the buyer's perspective, we examine the seller's perspective. This has important implications for understanding both the acquisition process and, more broadly, corporate governance in successful firms. Using a multiple-case, inductive study of 12 technology-based ventures, we find that acquisition occurs when sellers are pushed toward acquisition by difficult, albeit natural strategic hurdles, such as a chief executive search or funding round, and by strong personal motivations for sale, such as past failures and investments by friends. Sellers are also more likely to be pulled toward acquisition by attractive buyers that offer synergistic combination potential and organizational rapport, factors usually associated with the long-term interests of buyers. We reframe acquisition as courtship and corporate governance as a syndicate, indicating joint decision making with some common goals, and explore the generalizability of these views for private versus public firms and other contingencies. Together, courtship and syndicate suggest a behaviorally informed account of organization that belies the rhetoric of price and self-interest.
Beach Time, Bridge Time, and Billable Hours: The Temporal Structure of Technical Contracting
Authors: Evans James A. , Kunda Gideon , Barley Stephen R.
Published: July 2021

This paper uses data from career histories of technical contractors to explore how they experience, interpret, and allocate their time and whether they take advantage of the temporal flexibility purportedly offered by contract work in the market. Technical contractors offer a unique opportunity for examining assumptions about organizations, work, and time because they are itinerant professionals who operate outside any single organizational context. We find that contractors do perceive themselves to have flexibility and that a few achieve a kind of flexibility unattained by most permanent employees doing similar work, but rather than take advantage of what they call “beach time” and “downtime,” the majority work long hours and rarely schedule their time flexibly. The contractors' use of time is constrained by the cyclic structure of employment, the centrality of reputation in markets for skill, the practice of billing by the hour, and the nature of technical work. Our research suggests that markets place more rather than fewer constraints on workers' time.
Selection-Based Learning: The Coevolution of Internal and External Selection in High-Velocity Environments
Authors: Henderson Andrew D. , Stern Ithai
Published: July 2021

To understand the effects of selection on firm-level learning, this study synthesizes two contrasting views of evolution. Internal selection theorists view managers in multiproduct firms as the primary agents of evolutionary change because they decide whether individual products and technologies are retained or eliminated. In contrast, external selection theorists contend that the environment drives evolution because it determines whether entire firms live or die. Though these theories differ, they describe tightly interwoven processes. In assessing the coevolution of internal and external selection among personal computer manufacturers across a 20-year period, we found that (1) firms learned cumulatively and adaptively from internal and partial external selection, the latter occurring when the environment killed part but not all of a firm; (2) internal and partial external selection co- evolved, as each affected the other's future rate and the odds of firm failure; (3) partial external selection had a greater effect on future outcomes than internal selection; and (4) the lessons gleaned from prior selection were reflected in a firm's ability to develop new products, making that an important mediator between past and future selection events.
How to Make the Team: Social Networks vs. Demography as Criteria for Designing Effective Teams
Authors: Reagans Ray , Zuckerman Ezra , McEvily Bill
Published: July 2021

We compare two alternative approaches for evaluating the potential of a work group or team: one that focuses on team members' demographic characteristics and one that focuses on the members' social networks. Given that people's network contacts often share their demographic attributes (i.e., the network is homophilous), the two approaches seem equivalent and the first seems preferable because it is easier to implement. In this paper, we demonstrate several important limits to this rationale. First, we argue and show, in an analysis of 1,518 project teams in a contract research and development firm, that even when internal organizational networks are significantly homophilous with respect to demographic variables, the very logic of the causal structure that underlies theories of demographic diversity carries ambiguous performance implications. This ambiguity is due to the fact that demographic diversity has opposing effects on two social network variables—internal density and external range—each of which has a positive effect on a team's performance. We also demonstrate that a focus on demographic criteria is problematic because the demographic makeup of an organization can place inherent limits on a manager's ability to shape the demographic composition of a team. The ambiguous performance implications and the inherent limits placed on a manager's ability to manage a team's demography reduce the likelihood that a manager's interventions will be successful. The performance implications of managing a team's social capital, however, are clear.
Friendship and Advice Networks in the Context of Changing Professional Values
Authors: Gibbons Deborah E.
Published: July 2021

In this article, I discuss the attributes of friendship and advice networks and hypothesize about their roles in maintaining and changing professional values. Advice networks sustain existing professional values in organizations. They are less likely to transmit new values because advice relations reflect current practice and may be negatively affected by changing values. Friendships rest on intimacy and trust rather than on existing task structures, so they can facilitate the development of new professional values without negatively affecting the friendship network. A longitudinal study of networks and teaching values in four public schools documented an initial alignment of advisors' and advisees' teaching values, followed by transmission of new teaching values through the friendship network. Changing professional values altered the advice network but did not affect the friendship network.
Stakeholder Rights and Corporate Governance: A Cross-National Study of Hostile Takeovers
Authors: Schneper William D. , Guillén Mauro F.
Published: July 2021

We examine the role of three types of stakeholders in the uneven adoption of an organizational practice in different countries, arguing that organizational practices achieve widespread use only when they are consistent with the interests of the most powerful social actors as enshrined in legal rights. Building on a “stakeholder-power” approach to corporate governance, we examine whether the interests of shareholders, workers, and banks are consistent with the practice of hostile takeovers. Regressions using data on as many as 37 countries between 1988 and 1998 lend support to predictions that hostile takeovers increase in frequency with the extent to which shareholder rights are protected and decrease with the degree to which workers' and banks' rights are protected. We discuss the implications for the analysis of comparative institutions and for organizational theory.
The Diffusion of Ideas over Contested Terrain: The (Non)adoption of a Shareholder Value Orientation among German Firms
Authors: Fiss Peer C. , Zajac Edward J.
Published: July 2021

This study offers a sociopolitical perspective on the international spread of corporate governance models. We unpack the heterogeneity of interests and preferences across and within types of shareholders and senior managers over time in an analysis of the adoption of a shareholder value orientation among contemporary German firms. Using extensive data on more than 100 of the largest publicly traded German companies from 1990 to 2000, we find that the influence of major shareholder groups (e.g., banks, industrial corporations, governments, and families) and senior manager types (differing educational backgrounds and ages) can be clearly observed only after redefining these key actors according to common interests and preferences. We also find evidence that German firms engage in decoupling by espousing but not implementing a shareholder value orientation but show that the presence of more powerful and more committed key actors reduces the likelihood of decoupling. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on symbolic management, the diffusion of corporate practices, and the debate over the convergence of national governance systems. *
Why are Some Organizations More Competitive than Others? Evidence from a Changing Global Market
Authors: Barnett William P. , McKendrick David G.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we question the idea that large organizations have advantages that make them particularly potent rivals. We argue that the ability of large organizations to ameliorate competitive constraints insulates them from an important source of organizational development and protects them from being selected out if unfit. Consequently, we predict that although large organizations are likely to do well in technology contests, they also are likely to become weak competitors over time compared with small organizations. We specify this prediction in an explicit model of “Red Queen” competition, in which exposure to competition makes organizations both more viable and stronger competitors. We find support for our ideas in empirical estimates of the model obtained using data on hard disk drive manufacturers. Large organizations led the technology race in this market yet failed to develop into stronger competitors through Red Queen competition compared with their small counterparts. We also find evidence that all organizations in this market generated increasingly global competition, regardless of the competitiveness of their home markets. In these ways, our model elucidates important reasons why some organizations are stronger competitors and reveals how strategies that isolate organizations from competition may backfire. *
When You Talk, I Remain Silent: Spillover Effects of Peers' Mandatory Disclosures on Firms' Voluntary Disclosures
Authors: Breuer Matthias , Hombach Katharina , Müller Maximilian A.
Published: July 2021

We predict and find that regulated firms' mandatory disclosures crowd out unregulated firms' voluntary disclosures. Consistent with information spillovers from regulated to unregulated firms, we document that unregulated firms reduce their own disclosures in the presence of regulated firms' disclosures. We further find that unregulated firms reduce their disclosures more the greater the strength of the regulatory information spillovers. Our findings suggest that a substitutive relationship between regulated and unregulated firms' disclosures attenuates the effect of disclosure regulation on the market-wide information environment.

JEL Classifications: D82; G38; K22; M41.
Numerical investigation of molten pool dimension, temperature field and melting flow during pulsed laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheets with different thicknesses
Authors: Kholoud Mohammad Javad , Akbari Mohammad
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a transient numerical model of pulsed laser welding is performed to predict the weld depth and width, temperature distribution, and melt flow. The material was made of Ti-6Al-4V with different thicknesses of laser beam energy, and an asymmetric temperature field was obtained. Three different thermal models were used to consider the laser beam energy. The results showed that the combination of Gaussian surface heat flux and heat source provides an accurate prediction of the dimensions and shape of the molten pool. The Marangoni flow due to the surface tension gradient at the surface of the molten pool had the greatest effect on the liquid metal flow. The analysis of the temperature field and dimensions of the weld bead was performed by changing the laser parameters such as welding speed and average power. The results showed that the heat affected zone and molten pool are directed toward the thin sheet. By increasing the movement speed of the laser beam, the molten pool became conical and did not penetrate completely. Also, increasing the average power has the greatest effect on the dimensions of the molten pool, temperature distribution, and liquid metal flow. Increasing the average power from 180 to 240 W increases the maximum temperature in the center of the laser beam by ∼1000 °C.
Artificial intelligence as a technology of the future at the present stage of development of society
Authors: Iasechko Maksym , Kharlamov Mykhailo , Skrypchuk Hanna , Fadyeyeva Kateryna , Gontarenko Lіydmyla , Sviatnaia Oksana
Published: July 2021

The article establishes that the vector of research in the field of artificial intelligence is aimed at developing methods of formalization, generalization, classification, knowledge representation; study and formalization of reasoning, their modeling; research of communication, the specifics of the dialogue between the intellectual system and the person; development of algorithms for the operation of computer technology and training of intelligent systems.
SYRIA: TERRORISM AS A CATALYST FOR PROXY WAR – THE CASE OF THE CIVIL WAR
Authors: Patrycja Patrycja
Published: July 2021

The general meaning of “proxy war” is the pursuit of one’s interests exploiting other actors. Measures to this end can be implemented in two ways: through hard and soft power. As far as countering the activities of terrorist organizations is concerned, it can be seen that self-interest is placed above efforts against terrorism. The civil war in Syria and the activities of terrorist organizations have become grounds for greater involvement of global powers in the struggle for gaining influence in the country. This paper aims to show the actions of global and regional powers and other state actors taken in an attempt to assert power and influence under the guise of the fight against terrorism. The paper is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses aspects related to Josepha Nye’s concept of “smart power” and the notions of “proxy war” and “proxy activities”. The practical part discusses the activities of international actors pursuing their interests through official involvement in the fight against Daesh in the Syrian territory. Keywords: proxy war, Middle East, soft power, hard power, Daesh, Syria
ETHIOPIA: TRUMP’S SECURITIZATION ‘SPEECH ACT’ ON THE GRAND ETHIOPIAN RENAISSANCE DAM (GERD). A RISK ON THE ETHIOPIA-EGYPT WATER DIPLOMACY
Authors: YIMER Nigusu Adem , SUBASI Turgut
Published: July 2021

The involvement of the United States in the negotiation process of the GERD was taken as a good step forward to end the belligerent water diplomacy between Egypt and Ethiopia. However, America’s peace proposal which is named ‘the Trump deal’ ends up further complicating the two countries water diplomacy. Trump’s securitization ‘speech act’ calling Egypt to ‘blow up’ Ethiopia’s dam further escalated the risk of water war between the two states. Eventually, the Trump lead negotiation eroded the perception that the United States would generate a good proposal to halt the belligerency of the Ethio-Egypt relations. This article is intended to chart a new insight on the following questions: given the unpleasant water diplomacy between Egypt and Ethiopia how ‘the Trump deal’ and securitization ‘speech act’ further complicated the matter? Why President Trump worked in securitizing the construction of the GERD on the Blue Nile? And how does the nature of securitization and counter-securitization activities worked in the water diplomacy between Egypt and Ethiopia? In the process of analysis the Copenhagen School (CS) concept of securitization is employed. Keywords: Egypt, Ethiopia, Nile, Dam, Trump, Securitization.
Climate variability in the summer of 2020 in south-west Romania in the context of climate change
Authors: MARINICĂ ION , MARINICĂ ANDREEA , DIACONU LUMINIȚA
Published: July 2021

Globally, 2020 ended the warmest decade since the beginning of the measurements (WMO), and the warmest year was 2016, marked by a strong and intense El Ñino. In Oltenia the warmest year was 2019 with the average for the whole region of 12.4°C and the deviation from normal of 2.5°C, followed by 2020 with the general average of 12.2°C and the deviation from normal of 2.3°C. After the 2019- 2020 warm winter, which was the second Mediterranean winter in southern Romania, followed the normal thermal spring in which climatic anomalies were frequent. The summer of 2020 was warm and marked by great climate variability, given by the presence of a weak La Ñina climate process. Since June, the average temperature is normal and unstable, the climatic alternations and the progressive increase of the air temperature, determined that in August the weather will be the warmest during the summer and an intense heat wave occurred at the end of the month with the peak on 1.IX.2020.The paper analyses special climate variability in the summer of 2020, which is the continuation of an extensive series of works on climate variability and climate change in southwestern Romania (I. Marinică 2006, I. Marinică, Andreea Floriana, 2016, 2020). The paper is useful to all those interested in climate variability and climate change in this part of Romania.
Natural hazards of Izvorul Crișului.
Authors: ROŞIAN GHEORGHE , HORVATH CSABA , MUNTEAN LIVIU
Published: July 2021

" The presence of the Izvorul Crisului local territorial administrative unit (commune), in the western part of the Transylvanian Depression, not far from its border with the Apuseni Mountains, implies the existence of various natural hazardous processes. Their manifestation, in the presence of anthropic components and their activities and goods, determines their hazard attributes. Of the possible natural hazards (geological, geomorphological, atmospheric, hydrological, biological, etc.), only the geomorphological, hydrological, and meteorological ones will be addressed in this paper. The presence of these natural processes may cause material damage and victims, for this it is necessary to know their magnitude. Thus, the present study aims to identify the potential hazards which exist in the Izvorul Crisului administrative unit and to assess the susceptibility to these natural processes. To achieve this objective, specific maps will be made, which finally, beside the supporting role for the analysis of natural processes, will become tools for the management of these conditions, tools to reduce the induced risks."
Tecnologias digitais e educação escolar em tempos de pandemia da COVID-19
Authors: Santos Adriana Cavalcanti dos , Santos Nádson Araújo dos , Santos Wilton Petrus dos
Published: July 2021

Este artigo analisou percepções de professores/as que ensinam Língua Portuguesa na educação básica no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil no contexto pandêmico da Covid-19. O corpus de análise se compõe das respostas a um questionário on-line que tinha por foco coletar dos/as participantes reflexões sobre suas aulas durante o ensino remoto emergencial. Os dados foram tratados a partir da análise textual discursiva, da qual emergiram as categorias de análise: desafios à prática docente; designs de aula; letramento digital no ensino remoto emergencial. O diálogo com as percepções dos professores demonstrou que eles estão ressignificando a sua prática docente ao experienciar os usos das tecnologias digitais nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem da Língua Portuguesa em um novo tempo e espaço.

 

Submetido: 09.02.2021

Aceite: 04.05.2021
Professores em tempos de ensino remoto de emergência
Authors: Torres Ana Cristina , Teixeira Ana Isabel , Pais Sofia Castanheira , Menezes Isabel , Ferreira Pedro Daniel
Published: July 2021

O fecho de escolas durante a primeira onda de pandemia de COVID-19 desafiou os/as professores/as a reorganizarem rapidamente as suas atividades educativas. Essa mudança exigiu uma maior integração das tecnologias no ensino e levou a transformações repentinas nas relações sociais e pedagógicas. Se o acentuar de desigualdades pré-existentes entre os alunos se tornou imediatamente evidente, ficou menos claro como as desigualdades entre os/as professores/as afetaram a sua transição para o ensino remoto de emergência. Este artigo apresenta e discute as perceções e experiências de professores/as portugueses/as sobre os efeitos desta transição no seu ensino e nas relações com outros/as professores/as, alunos/as e suas famílias, a partir dos dados de um inquérito online respondido por 675 professores/as entre 11 e 31 de maio de 2020. Os/as professores/as perceberam efeitos positivos da transição para um ensino remoto de emergência na qualidade de seu ensino e nas suas relações com alunos, famílias e colegas, com algumas diferenças atribuíveis às características territoriais (rural / urbano). As oportunidades de formação e apoio que os professores tiveram durante o período da transição surgem como cruciais para compreender as perceções de mudanças positivas.

 

Submetido: 15.02.2021

Aceite: 10.05.2021
Educação, tecnologias digitais e implicações da COVID-19 no sistema educacional brasileiro
Authors: Cipriani Flávia Marcele , Moreira Antonio Flavio Barbosa
Published: July 2021

A pandemia da Covid-19 causou consideráveis transtornos à sociedade do mundo globalizado. A educação, como um dos sistemas sociais, sofreu importantes impactos que merecem atenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os principais dilemas vivenciados pelos/as professores/as da educação básica brasileira durante o período da suspensão das aulas presenciais e da adoção intensificada das tecnologias digitais no ensino remoto. A abordagem qualitativa e de caráter exploratório adotada estimou a estatística descritiva e a análise de conteúdo dos dados emergentes das respostas ao questionário preenchido pelos/as 209 professores/as que lecionam da educação infantil ao ensino médio na cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. Os resultados apontaram que, apesar das inúmeras dificuldades e de não substituírem as relações presenciais, os/as profissionais reconheceram a validade da educação remota e das tecnologias digitais da comunicação e informação nas práticas educacionais, nesse conturbado período. A preocupação com as desigualdades de condições de acesso à educação, agravadas com a medida emergencial, principalmente pelos/as alunos/ as das escolas da rede pública, foi destacada, o que corrobora a situação de que a universalização da educação, como direito de todos/as, ainda não se consagra no Brasil.

 

Submetido: 01.02.2021

Aceite: 04.05.2021
Zombie jako wyzwanie dla refleksji teoriopolitycznej i dydaktyki nauk politycznych
Authors: Ścigaj Paweł
Published: July 2021

In recent years, zombies have made a stunning career, not only in literature and film, but also in scientificresearch. Zombies appear in scientific discourse as a reflection of fears connected with colonialism,imperialism, capitalism, consumerism, as well as metaphors for threats, like terrorism, asymmetric conflicts,epidemics and many more. It is also a useful concept for capturing ideas and theories remaining in scientificcirculation which are in fact dead. So-called “zombie-categories” reflect theories that either explain nothingor the phenomena they refer to do not exist. Taking this into account, it is hard not to use zombies in politicaltheory, especially as a useful category that enables the identification of “dead and alive” theories. Besides,

zombie metaphors seem to be very promising in the political science teaching and a lot of research hasalready been undertaken in that field bringing unexpected and valuable results.
Krajowe Plany Działania na rzecz realizacji Rezolucji nr 1325. Rady Bezpieczeństwa ONZ w polityce zagranicznej Szwecji i Polski
Authors: Kubka Andrzej
Published: July 2021

The aim of the paper is to find out how the UN agenda “Women, Peace, Security” (WPS) established inUN Security Council’s Resolution 1325 of October 2000 is pursued in Sweden and in Poland. The agendais considered to be the starting point in building a new architecture of security with an equal participationof women and men globally, regionally and nationally. Both Sweden and Poland adopted national actionplans to achieve the goals of the WPS agenda. The reading of these documents in the context of Sweden’sand Poland’s foreign policies shows considerable differences between the two states. Sweden is activelypromoting the WPS agenda in the context of its feminist foreign policy and the activity of its feministgovernment whilst Poland adopted its national action plan relatively late. The documents and statements onthe priorities of the Polish foreign policy do not mention the WPS agenda.
“The United States Cannot Afford to Lag Behind Russia”: Making the Case for an American Nuclear Icebreaker, 1957-1961
Authors: Kikkert Peter
Published: July 2021

Between 1957 and 1961, members of Congress spearheaded efforts to gain authorization for the U.S. Coast Guard to construct a nuclear-powered icebreaker. This article uses congressional hearings, debates, and media coverage to conduct a frame analysis and map the arguments, themes, and stories used to convince decision-makers to build the vessel. While state competition became the central frame used by American nuclear icebreaker proponents, national security, science and technology, an uncertain future, and technical details about the existing fleet’s decline were also popular narratives. Although the push for a nuclear icebreaker enjoyed popular bi-partisan and bi-cameral support in Congress, it failed to convince a budget-conscious Eisenhower administration.

De 1957 à 1961, les membres du Congrès se sont efforcés d’obtenir l’autorisation de la Garde côtière américaine de construire un brise-glace à propulsion nucléaire. À l’aide d’audiences du Congrès, de débats et de reportages dans les médias, cet article effectue une analyse de cadre et recense les arguments, les thèmes et les récits qui ont servi à convaincre les décideurs de construire le navire. Alors que les partisans américains des brise-glaces nucléaires se sont principalement fiés à la concurrence entre états comme leur cadre principal, la sécurité nationale, la science et la technologie, un avenir incertain et des détails techniques concernant le déclin de la flotte existante étaient également des conceptions populaires. Bien que la pression en faveur d’un brise-glace nucléaire ait bénéficié d’un appui populaire bipartite et bicaméral au Congrès, elle n’a pas réussi à convaincre l’administration Eisenhower soucieuse de son budget.
“The Army Origin of the Royal Canadian Navy”: Canada’s Maritime Defences, 1855-1918
Authors: Sarty Roger
Published: July 2021

In 1954 army historian George Stanley claimed that naval initiatives from the eighteenth century to the 1870s by the French and British armies in Canada and the local land militia were the true roots of the Royal Canadian Navy. He privately admitted that he was being intentionally provocative. The present article, however, reviews subsequent scholarship and offers new research that strengthens Stanley’s findings, and shows that the Canadian army continued to promote the organization of naval forces after the 1870s.  The army, moreover, lobbied for the founding of the Royal Canadian Navy in 1910, and supported the new service in its troubled early years.
En 1954, l’historien de l’armée George Stanley a affirmé que les initiatives navales entreprises du 18e siècle aux années 1870 par les armées française et britannique au Canada et par la milice terrestre locale étaient les véritables racines de la Marine royale canadienne. Par contre, il a aussi admis en privé qu’il avait été délibérément provocateur. Le présent article passe en revue les études ultérieures et propose de nouvelles recherches qui viennent renforcer les conclusions de Stanley et indiquent que l’armée canadienne a continué de promouvoir l’organisation des forces navales après les années 1870. De plus, l’armée a fait pression en faveur de la fondation de la Marine royale canadienne en 1910, puis elle a appuyé le nouveau service au cours de ses premières années tumultueuses.
Research Organisations in British Shipbuilding and Large Marine Engine Building Manufacture: 1960-1977 (Part III)
Authors: Murphy Hugh
Published: July 2021

Cet article fait suite aux parties I et II, publiées dans les deux numéros précédents de cette revue. Il traite de la période 1960 à 1977, lorsque la grande majorité des entreprises britanniques de construction navale et de fabrication de gros moteurs marins ont été nationalisées par la British Shipbuilders Corporation en juillet 1977. L’auteur examine la publication de trois rapports historiques parrainés par le gouvernement sur la construction navale et la fabrication de moteurs marins en Grande-Bretagne, soit DSIR en 1960, SIC en 1965-1966 et Booz, Allen et Hamilton en 1973. Il examine également un rapport de 1962 sur la productivité de l’industrie de la construction navale et il termine en évaluant les répercussions de la BSRA, de Pametrada, de Doxford, du YARD et de la Division des navires du NPL sur la construction navale et la fabrication de moteurs marins en Grande-Bretagne jusqu’en 1977.
Bruce Balfour Junor and the Enduring Mystery of the Proceedings on the East Mole at Dunkirk in 1940
Authors: Street Brian Jeffrey
Published: July 2021

Le capitaine de frégate James Campbell Clouston, un Canadien de Montréal, a rejoint les rangs de la Marine royale britannique en 1918 parmi les cadets recrutés grâce au système. Au cours des années, il a accédé au rang d’officier d’artillerie navale, pour ensuite assumer le commandement du contre-torpilleur HMS Isis en 1937. Le navire ayant été endommagé pendant la campagne de la Norvège, Clouston fut envoyé au port de Dunkerque, où il fut nommé officier responsable de la jetée de l’Est lors de l’évacuation des Alliés. La présente note étudie les occasions ratées de recueillir des renseignements indispensables d’un important témoin oculaire concernant le rôle de Clouston dans cet événement historique.