bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poverty and income inequality effects of the relocation program in Shaanxi, China
Authors: Li Cong , Wang Lei , Feldman Marcus W. , Li Shuzhuo
Published: September 2021

Governments in developing countries often consider relocation an effective way of fighting poverty. However, few studies have examined the impact of relocation on household livelihoods. This paper examines the impact of the largest relocation in modern Chinese history on migrants' well‐being from the dual perspectives of poverty and income inequality reduction. Using survey data from southern Shaanxi and counterfactual analysis, we simulated the incomes of migrants in a non‐relocation counterfactual scenario. We found a significant increase in household income and a significant reduction in the incidence, depth, and severity of household poverty after relocation. However, there was an increase of income inequality among relocated households. To promote more balanced development among those resettled, fairness of resource redistribution should first be ensured. Second, timely improvement in support services and facilities for the resettled communities should make full use of information technology to promote equal access to public services and ensure that migrants enjoy equal opportunities for development. Third, communication infrastructure between cadres and the masses should be improved, the information gap between them should be reduced, and there should be regular evaluation of migrants' satisfaction. Fourth, give full play to the role of religious and other charitable organisations in the fight against poverty, strengthen the synergy between different regions and groups, and foster a cooperative relationship between the strong and the weak.
Characterization of pottery from the Neolithic Huadizui site, Henan province, China by using a multi‐analytical approach
Authors: Yuan Chao , Wang Fen , Yuan Shiling
Published: September 2021

This paper represents the first study on the Xinzhai Culture pottery from Huadizui site, China using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and petrographic. Huadizui pottery is considered to be produced locally, and the raw materials for making pottery come from the Xiaoqinling‐Xiong'er Mountain and Songshan Mountain chain. There are at least two or three clay sources or workshops in the Huadizui site, which is evidenced by petrographic characteristics and the chemical composition of samples. All of the investigated samples were mainly related to quartz and feldspar pellets. The corresponding relationship between the characteristics of the matrix and pottery categories reflects potters pursuing the function of vessels at that time. The range of firing temperature of almost all vessels is between 750 and 950°C.
The impact of family physicians in rural maternity care
Authors: Deutchman Mark , Macaluso Francesca , Bray Emily , Evans David , Boulger James , Quinn Kathleen , Pierce Carrie , Onello Emily , Porter Jana , Warren Wendy , Erickson Jay S. , Bright Patrick , Maness Philip , Luke Shanon , James Katherine A.
Published: September 2021

Background

Reduced access to maternity care in rural areas of the United States presents a significant burden to pregnant persons and infants. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of family physicians (FPs) on access to maternity care in rural United States hospitals, especially where other providers may not be available.

Methods

We administered a survey to 216 rural hospitals in 10 US states inquiring about the number of babies delivered from 2013 to 2017, the types of delivering physicians, and the maternity services offered. We calculated the percentage of rural hospitals in our sample where FPs performed vaginal deliveries, cesareans, and vaginal births after cesarean (VBACs), and the percentage of all babies delivered by FPs. We estimated the distance patients would have to travel for care if FPs were not providing care locally.

Results

The final study population consisted of 185 rural hospitals. FPs delivered babies in 67% of these hospitals and were the only physicians who delivered babies in 27% of these hospitals. FPs provided VBAC at 18% and cesarean birth services at 46% of the rural hospitals, but with wide geographic differences. Many patients would have to drive an average of 86 miles round‐trip to access care if those FPs were to stop delivering.

Conclusions

Family physicians are essential providers of maternity care in the rural United States. Family Medicine residency programs should ensure that trainees who intend to practice in rural locations have adequate maternity care training to maintain and expand access to maternity care for rural patients and their families.
First‐in‐human study of milvexian, an oral, direct, small molecule factor XIa inhibitor
Authors: Perera Vidya , Wang Zhaoqing , Luettgen Joseph , Li Danshi , DeSouza Mary , Cerra Michael , Seiffert Dietmar
Published: September 2021

Milvexian (BMS‐986177/JNJ‐70033093) is a small molecule, active‐site inhibitor of factor XIa (FXIa) being developed to prevent and treat thrombotic events. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of milvexian were assessed in a two‐part, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, sequential single ascending dose (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) study in healthy adults. Participants in SAD panels (6 panels of 8 participants; n = 48) were randomized (3:1) to receive milvexian (4, 20, 60, 200, 300, or 500 mg) or placebo. The 200‐ and 500‐mg panels investigated the pharmacokinetic impact of a high‐fat meal. Participants in MAD panels (7 panels of 8 participants; n = 56) were randomized (3:1) to receive milvexian (once‐ or twice‐daily) or placebo for 14 days. All milvexian dosing regimens were safe and well‐tolerated, with only mild treatment‐emergent adverse events and no clinically significant bleeding events. In SAD panels, maximum milvexian plasma concentration occurred 3 h postdose in all fasted panels. The terminal half‐life (T1/2) ranged from 8.3 to 13.8 h. In fasted panels from 20 to 200 mg, absorption was dose‐proportional; results at higher doses (300 and 500 mg) were consistent with saturable absorption. Food increased milvexian bioavailability in a dose‐dependent fashion. In MAD panels, steady‐state milvexian plasma concentration was reached within 3 and 6 dosing days with once‐ and twice‐daily dosing, respectively. Renal excretion was less than 20% in all panels. Prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time was observed and was directly related to drug exposure. These results suggest that the safety, tolerability, PK, and PD properties of milvexian are suitable for further clinical development.
Cardiovascular risk factors early in the course of treatment in people with type 2 diabetes without established cardiovascular disease: A population‐based observational retrospective cohort study
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh , Hertz Christin L. , Husemoen Lise Lotte N. , Mocevic Emina , Nordsborg Rikke B. , Piltoft Johanne S. , Bain Stephen C.
Published: September 2021

Aims

To characterise the cardiovascular risk of people with type 2 diabetes without established cardiovascular disease but with risk factors, relative to those with established cardiovascular disease, to provide information on which patients could benefit from early use of glucose‐lowering therapies that also reduce cardiovascular risk.

Methods

Data from people with type 2 diabetes initiating second‐line glucose‐lowering medication were retrieved from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database and linked with Hospital Episode Statistics and Office for National Statistics (2001–2016). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks of major adverse cardiovascular events within groups defined by the presence of selected risk factors in people without versus with established cardiovascular disease.

Results

Of 53,182 individuals, 19.4% had established cardiovascular disease (i.e. a prior cardiovascular event). Over 5–7 years’ follow‐up, the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events was 14.0 and 49.6 events/1000 person‐years without and with established cardiovascular disease, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26, 0.29). Compared with a reference HR 1.0 for participants with established cardiovascular disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min was the single factor associated with the highest risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.70, 0.81) and mortality (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07, 1.18) in people with type 2 diabetes without established cardiovascular disease. The combination of chronic kidney disease with older age, smoking and/or dyslipidaemia was associated with a similarly high risk of cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes and without cardiovascular disease compared with those having established cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions

These analyses provide important information to identify people who may benefit from primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors should be controlled early in all individuals with type 2 diabetes (as well as in all individuals with cardiovascular disease).
A real‐world study of alemtuzumab in a cohort of Italian patients
Authors: Russo Cinzia Valeria , Saccà Francesco , Frau Jessica , Annovazzi Pietro , Signoriello Elisabetta , Bonavita Simona , Grasso Roberta , Clerico Marinella , Cordioli Cinzia , Laroni Alice , Capobianco Marco , Torri Clerici Valentina , Sartori Arianna , Cavalla Paola , Maniscalco Giorgia Teresa , La Gioia Sara , Caleri Francesca , Giugno Alessia , Iodice Rosa , Carotenuto Antonio , Cocco Eleonora , Fenu Giuseppe , Zaffaroni Mauro , Baroncini Damiano , Lus Giacomo , Gallo Antonio , De Mercanti Stefania Federica , Lapucci Caterina , Di Francescantonio Valeria , Brambilla Laura , Sormani Maria Pia , Signori Alessio
Published: September 2021

Background and purpose

Real‐world data on alemtuzumab are limited and do not provide evidence of its effectiveness after various disease‐modifying therapies (DMTs). Our aim was to provide real‐world data on the impact of clinical variables and previous DMTs on clinical response to alemtuzumab.

Methods

Sixteen Italian multiple sclerosis centers retrospectively included patients who started alemtuzumab from January 2015 to December 2018, and recorded demographics, previous therapies, washout duration, relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, and magnetic resonance imaging data. Negative binomial regression models were used to assess the effect of factors on annualized relapse (ARR) after alemtuzumab initiation.

Results

We studied 322 patients (mean age 36.8 years, median EDSS score 3, median follow‐up 1.94 years). Previous treatments were: fingolimod (106), natalizumab (80), first‐line oral agents (56), first‐line injectables (interferon/glatiramer acetate; 30), and other drugs (15). Thirty‐five patients were treatment‐naïve. The pre‐alemtuzumab ARR was 0.99 and decreased to 0.13 during alemtuzumab treatment (p < 0.001). The number of previous‐year relapses was associated with alemtuzumab ARR (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 1.38, p = 0.009). Progression‐free survival was 94.5% after 1 year, and 89.2% after 2 years of alemtuzumab treatment. EDSS score improvement occurred in 13.5% after 1 year, and 20.6% after 2 years. Re‐baselining patients after 6 months of alemtuzumab treatment, led to no evidence of disease activity status in 71.6% after 1 year and 58.9% after 2 years.

Conclusions

Alemtuzumab decreases ARR independent of previous therapy, including patients with disease activity during natalizumab treatment. Overall, 90% of patients showed no disease progression, and 20% an improvement after 2 years of alemtuzumab.
The Development, Evaluation, and Implementation of Parenting‐Focused Prevention Programs in Collaboration with Family Court
Authors: O'Hara Karey L. , Wolchik Sharlene A. , Sandler Irwin N.
Published: September 2021

Promoting the well‐being and best interests of children in separated and divorcing families is a shared value among family court professionals and prevention scientists who develop and evaluate intervention programs. This article chronicles the development, evaluation, and implementation of two programs—the New Beginnings Program (NBP), a parenting intervention for separated/divorcing parents, and the Family Transitions Guide (FTG), an intervention designed to motivate high conflict separated/divorcing parents to attend the NBP. The development and evaluation of these programs was facilitated by a long‐standing collaboration with Maricopa Family Court. We discuss the process of developing these programs, their underlying small theories, and the evaluation of their effects in randomized trials. We also describe our collaboration with the family court and ways that the court promoted the development and evaluation of these programs. Finally, we summarize lessons learned and discuss future directions to bolster the public health impact of evidence‐based programs for separated/divorcing families.
Atmospheric brightening counteracts warming‐induced delays in autumn phenology of temperate trees in Europe
Authors: Wu Zhaofei , Chen Shouzhi , De Boeck Hans J. , Stenseth Nils Christian , Tang Jing , Vitasse Yann , Wang Shuxin , Zohner Constantin , Fu Yongshuo H.
Published: September 2021

Aim

Ongoing climate warming has been widely reported to delay autumn phenology, which in turn impacts carbon, water, energy and nutrient balances at regional and global scales. However, the underlying mechanisms of autumn phenology responses to climate change have not been fully elucidated. The aims of this study were to determine whether brightening that was defined as the increase of surface solar radiation and warming during recent decades affect autumn phenology in opposite directions and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Location

Central Europe.

Time period

1950–2016.

Major taxa studied

Four dominant European tree species in central Europe: Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur.

Methods

We investigated the temporal trends of leaf senescence, preseason temperature and radiation by separating the period of 1950–2016 into two sub‐periods (1950–1982 and 1983–2016) and determined the relationship between temperature, radiation and leaf senescence using partial correlation analysis.

Results

We found a significant warming and brightening trend after the 1980s in central Europe, yet this led to only slight delays in leaf senescence that cannot be explained by the well‐known positive correlation between leaf senescence and autumn warming. Interestingly, we found opposite effects between warming (partial correlation coefficient, r = .37) and brightening (r = −.23) on leaf senescence. In addition, the temperature sensitivity of leaf senescence decreased with increasing radiation (−5.08 days/℃/108 J/m2).

Main conclusions

The results suggested that brightening accelerated the leaf senescence dates, counteracting the warming‐induced delays in leaf senescence, which may be attributed to photooxidative stress and/or sink limitation. This emphasizes the need to consider radiation to improve the performance of autumn phenology models.
Age and paleoclimatic implication of middle to upper Miocene plant‐bearing strata in the southern Kanazawa area, Ishikawa Prefecture, Central Japan, based on refined Neogene palynostratigraphy in the Hokuriku district
Authors: Teduka Shota , Yamada Toshihiro
Published: September 2021

13–8 Ma (middle to late Miocene) is a key period for understanding how the unique vegetation was established in Japan. Palynostratigraphy is useful for estimating the ages of plant‐bearing strata deposited in shallow‐marine and non‐marine environments, but has low temporal resolution for this key period in Japan. We compiled Neogene and early Quaternary palynological records for the Hokuriku district of Central Japan to clarify palynostratigraphic events that may improve the temporal resolution. Our results showed that palynoassemblages changed considerably during 10–6.4 Ma in the Hokuriku district, following a relatively stable period during 13–10 Ma. We found that evergreen Quercus abundance increased at 11.5–10 Ma. We used these palynostratigraphic signatures, along with other biostratigraphic markers, to infer the ages of the Miocene plant‐bearing Saikawa and Koderayama Formations in the southern Kanazawa area of Ishikawa Prefecture in the Hokuriku district. The ages of the Saikawa and Koderayama Formations were inferred as ~13 and 10–6.4 Ma, respectively. The palynoflora of the Koderayama Formation shows floristic similarity to that of present south China, implying that the unique flora of Japan established after the age of the Koderayama Formation.
Rethinking trade union density: A new index for measuring union strength
Authors: Metten Anne
Published: September 2021

Although trade union density is the most influential and most commonly used indicator to map trade union strength, comparing between countries and time, the author argues that trade union density is lacking both specificity and comparability. Additionally, many studies on industrial relations neglect developing countries. Therefore, the paper offers a new concept based on a combination of different theoretical approaches that identify determinants of trade union strength involving developing countries. On that basis, the author creates a novel, composite index that is better at capturing trade union strength than previous indices. First evaluations of this collective labour force index, which covers the years 2000 to 2016 in 72 countries, show that it is quite capable of doing so.
Antimicrobial protein REG3A and signaling networks are predictive of stroke outcomes
Authors: Sands Madison , Frank Jacqueline A. , Maglinger Benton , McLouth Christopher J. , Trout Amanda L. , Turchan‐Cholewo Jadwiga , Stowe Ann M. , Fraser Justin F. , Pennypacker Keith R.
Published: September 2021

Regenerating Family Member 3 Alpha (REG3A) is a multifunctional protein with antimicrobial activity, and primarily secreted by the intestine and pancreas. Studies have shown an increased expression of REG3A in systemic inflammatory responses to acute injury and infection, but studies investigating REG3A during the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke are limited. The aims of this study were to examine the associations between arterial expression of REG3A and other arterial inflammatory proteins implicated in stroke pathogenesis, as well as associations between REG3A and markers of poor outcome for ischemic stroke. The University of Kentucky Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC) protocol (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683) utilizes thrombectomy to isolate intracranial arterial blood (i.e. distal to thrombus) and systemic arterial blood (i.e. carotid). Samples were analyzed by Olink Proteomics for N = 42 subjects. Statistical analyses of plasma proteins included 2‐sample t‐tests, spearman and biserial correlations, and robust regression models to elucidate network signaling and association to clinical outcomes. Results indicated that levels of systemic REG3A were positively correlated with inflammatory proteins interleukin IL6 (R = 0.344, p = 0.030) and IL17C (R = 0.468, p = 0.002). 2‐sided t‐ tests examining differences of systemic REG3A within quartiles of NIHSS admission score depicted significant differences between quartiles. Those with NIHSS scores corresponding to moderate and moderate‐severe neurofunctional deficits had significantly higher levels of systemic REG3A compared to those with NIHSS scores corresponding to mild and mild‐moderate neurofunctional deficits (p = 0.016). STRING analyses of proteins in each robust regression model demonstrated substantial networking between REG3A and other systemic proteins highly relevant to ischemic stroke. The present study provides novel data on systemic REG3A in the context of ischemic stroke. These results demonstrate the influential role of REG3A regarding surrogate functional and radiographic outcomes of stroke severity. Additionally, they provide novel insight into the role of REG3A and related proteins during the complex neuroinflammatory process of ischemic stroke. These data provide a foundation for future studies to investigate REG3A and related networking proteins as potential biomarkers with prognostic potential, as well as potential therapeutic targets.

image
Expression profiles of tRNA‐derived small RNA and their potential roles in oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Zeng Liujun , Peng Hui , Yu Huiqiao , Wang Weiming , Duan Chaojun , Fang Changyun , Wu Yingfang
Published: September 2021

Background

Although transfer RNA (tRNA) has been found to be the main source of a rich class of noncoding RNA, the tRNA‐derived small RNA (tsRNA) has been proved to play an irreplaceable role in the human body, and its dynamic imbalance could affect the progress of the disease. However, the research on tsRNA in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is still scarce.

Methods

We sequenced the OSF and validated it by PCR. We found that there were significant differences in their expression levels in OSF. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis was performed to explore the roles of these fragments in oral submucous fibrosis.

Results

Of 126 tsRNAs in OSF were dysregulated, including 73 upregulated tsRNAs and 53 downregulated tsRNAs. The downregulated tiRNA‐Val‐CAC‐002, tRF‐Asn‐GTT‐005, tRF‐Trp‐CCA‐007 and upregulated tRF‐Gly‐TCC‐016, tRF‐Pro‐TGG‐009 showed significant differences by qRT‐PCR validation, which were consistent with the results of RNA sequencing. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed that tRF‐Gly‐TCC‐016 would possibly promote the formation and progress of OSF through cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction and cAMP signal pathway, while tiRNA‐Val‐CAC‐002 could be primarily concerned with the transition from OSF to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Conclusion

tRNA‐derived fragments are dysregulated and could be involved in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. tRF‐Gly‐TCC‐016 and tiRNA‐Val‐CAC‐002 may be new regulatory molecules that could affect the process of OSF by regulating signal pathways through interacting with multiple genes.
Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in male neutered cats anesthetized with isoflurane
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Shilo‐Benjamini Yael
Published: September 2021

This study characterized the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Six young healthy male neutered cats were used. Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Catheters were placed in a jugular vein for blood sampling and in a medial saphenous vein for butorphanol and lactated Ringer's solution administration. Butorphanol tartrate (1 mg/kg over 5 min) was administered intravenously. Blood samples were collected prior to butorphanol administration and at various times up to 365 min following administration. Plasma butorphanol concentration was measured using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time‐concentration data using nonlinear mixed effect modeling. A three‐compartment model best fitted the data. Typical value (% interindividual variability) for the three volumes of distribution, the metabolic clearance, and the two distribution clearances were 230 (72), 1095 (not estimated), and 2596 (not estimated) ml/kg, and 18.4 (72), 169.6 (52), and 55.0 (43), respectively. Pharmacokinetic simulation suggested that a loading dose (µg/kg) calculated as 0.287 × target plasma concentration in ng/ml (CT) followed by intravenous infusions (µg/kg/min) of 0.098 × CT for 20 min, 0.049 × CT for 40 min, and 0.022 × CT thereafter would rapidly achieve and maintain CT ± 10% for up to 6.5 h.
Exploring the connections between giraffe skin disease and lion predation
Authors: Muneza A. B. , Linden D. W. , Kimaro M. H. , Dickman A. J. , Macdonald D. W. , Roloff G. J. , Hayward M. W. , Montgomery R. A.
Published: September 2021

Rates at which predators encounter, hunt and kill prey are influenced by, among other things, the intrinsic condition of prey. Diseases can considerably compromise body condition, potentially weakening ability of afflicted prey to avoid predation. Understanding predator–prey dynamics is particularly important when both species are threatened, as is the case with lions (Panthera leo) and giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis). Importantly, an emergent disease called giraffe skin disease (GSD) may affect predatory interactions of lions and giraffes. Hypotheses suggest that GSD may negatively affect the likelihood of giraffes surviving lion attacks. We evaluated giraffe–lion interactions in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania, where 85% of the giraffe population has GSD. We monitored lion hunting behaviour and estimated proportion of the giraffe population with GSD and evidence of ‘lion marks’ from assumed previous lion predation attempts (i.e. claw marks, bite marks and missing tails). Although we recorded lions hunting and feeding on 16 different prey species, giraffes represented the largest prey category (27%; n = 171 of 641). For age and sex cohorts combined, 26% (n = 140 of 548) of encountered giraffes displayed evidence of previous lion predation attempts. Occurrence of lion marks was higher for adults and males in the giraffe population, suggesting that these individuals were more likely to survive lion attacks. We also found marginal evidence of a positive relationship between giraffes with severe GSD and occurrence of lion marks. Our results identify giraffes as important prey species for lions in Ruaha National Park and suggest that GSD severity plays a minor role in likelihood of surviving a lion attack. This is the first study to explore connections between lion predation and GSD. We explore the ecological implications of disease ecology on predator–prey interactions and consider opportunities for future research on causal links between GSD and giraffe vulnerability to lion predation.
Light Up the Brain: An Exploratory Study of Applying Functional Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in an Authentic Video Task
Authors: Chang Christine S. , Seccia Amanda , Bruce David
Published: September 2021

Digital video (DV) is widely used in education settings; however, few researchers have explored the neurocognitive underpinnings of DV tasks. Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) records neurological activity in real time, is robust to movement, and provides information about cognitive load and engagement levels during authentic learning tasks. This study used fNIRS to measure hemodynamic responses while eight participants completed a DV task. Statistically significant differences in hemodynamic responses during the editing and evaluation stages of the DV task were found. fNIRS can help researchers understand cognitive load and engagement levels during DV tasks, which can help inform learning and instruction.
Self in medicine: Determinants of physician well‐being and future directions in improving wellness
Authors: Mendelsohn Daniel
Published: September 2021

Context

Medicine, a profession dedicated to the wellness of patients, is struggling with a crisis of physician and trainee wellness. Physicians and trainees are burning out at alarming rates. Historically, medicine has been characterised by challenging working conditions and inattention to physician wellness and self‐care. Healthy physicians are better at promoting wellness to their patients, and physicians who are suffering from burnout can deliver compromised patient care.

Discussion

In recent years, research has increasingly focused on the causes of unwellness among doctors, and a broad range of health determinants have been identified. Studies of interventions for improving trainee and physician wellness have identified individual‐focused and organisational approaches that can address the root causes of burnout. Insights from the corporate workplace may help guide interventions. Strategies for addressing physician burnout and improving wellness will involve innovative and multifaceted approaches. Despite a growing emphasis of physician wellness in the literature, implementation of wellness interventions is lagging, and quality improvement methods can address these challenges.

Conclusion

Physician wellness is a shared responsibility among doctors, health care organisations and governing bodies. Addressing burnout and improving physician wellness will require transformational change and the embracement of a culture of wellness in medicine. Quality improvement methods are the next step in identifying effective wellness interventions and the targeted groups of physicians and trainees who will most benefit.
The contemporary crisis of hallway healthcare: Implications of neoliberal health policy on the rise of emergency overcrowding
Authors: Lopez Lorena K. , Weerasinghe Navisha , Killackey Tieghan
Published: September 2021

The provision of hallway healthcare is a growing concern within contemporary healthcare systems. Hallway healthcare or hallway medicine is defined as the use of unconventional spaces, such as hallways, to provide patient care in the acute care setting. Negative effects associated with the prevalence of hallway healthcare may hinder the healing trajectory of vulnerable and ageing populations. Nurses have an intimate role in the provision of care and can offer valuable insight for the advocacy of high quality and safe patient care. Moreover, hallway healthcare is associated with the development of suboptimal working conditions that have resulted in negative impacts on the nursing profession. The authors seek to better understand the occurrence of this phenomenon by exploring the development of healthcare policies in relation to the neoliberal tenets of, individualism, free market via deregulation and privatization, and decentralization. This article provides an analysis of the historical evolution of hallway healthcare and neoliberalism. Furthermore, the authors aim to explore and demonstrate how the COVID‐19 pandemic has shed light on the inefficiency of neoliberalism ideologies for healthcare. Based on the analysis, the authors shall provide suggestions for nurses and stakeholders to enact meaningful change in an international context.
Exposure order effects of consecutive stressors on communities: the role of co‐tolerance
Authors: MacLennan Megan M. , Vinebrooke Rolf D.
Published: September 2021

Cumulative impacts of multiple extreme and novel environmental changes on communities are often the result of asynchronous rather than simultaneous exposures to such stressors. Yet, the importance of temporal dynamics remains a major knowledge gap in multiple stressor ecology, lacking theory or evidence. We provide a conceptual template for predicting the ecological importance of the order in which consecutive stressors occur (i.e. an exposure order effect) based on correlated species responses. Negative correlation of species responses is hypothesized to increase, while positive correlation is expected to reduce, exposure order effects of consecutive stressors on communities. Towards a proof of concept, we experimentally exposed planktonic communities from fishless mountain lakes to different temporal sequences of two stressors, namely invasive sportfish and elevated water temperatures. Both stressors suppressed the same resident top predator and large grazers while eliciting positive responses from smaller tolerant taxa, attesting to their interchangeable effects across species based on size selection. As a result, reversal of the order of exposure to the two stressors did not alter their combined effects on community composition and function. Our findings highlight how the order in which consecutive stressors occur may not matter to a community if ecological memory of either stressor induces tolerance of the other.
Resequencing of 301 ramie accessions identifies genetic loci and breeding selection for fibre yield traits
Authors: Zeng Zheng , Zhu Siyuan , Wang Yanzhou , Bai Xuehua , Liu Chan , Chen Jianrong , Zhang Ting , Wei Yiping , Li Fu , Bao Zhigui , Yan Li , Wang Hengyun , Liu Touming
Published: September 2021

Ramie is an important fibre‐producing crop in China; however, the genetic basis of its agronomic traits remains poorly understood. We produced a comprehensive map of genomic variation in ramie based on resequencing of 301 landraces and cultivars. Genetic analysis produced 129 signals significantly associated with six fibre yield‐related traits, and several genes were identified as candidate genes for respective traits. Furthermore, we found that natural variations in the promoter region of Bnt14G019616 were associated with extremely low fibre abundance, providing the first evidence for the role of pectin methylesterase in fibre growth of plants. Additionally, nucleotide diversity analysis revealed that breeding selection has been markedly focussed on chromosome 9 in which ~ 39.6% sequence underwent selection, where one gibberellin‐signalling‐repressed DELLA gene showed distinct selection signatures in the cultivars. This study provides insights into the genetic architecture and breeding history of fibre yield traits in ramie. Moreover, the identification of fibre yield‐related genetic loci and large‐scale genomic variation represent valuable resources for genomics‐assisted breeding of this crop.
Prenatal diagnosis of maternal serum from mothers carrying β‐thalassemic fetus
Authors: Fazal Yumna , Zohaib Muhammad , Syed Basir , Ansari Saqib H. , Hashim Zehra , Ahmed Aftab , Zarina Shamshad
Published: September 2021

Background

This study focuses on the discovery of protein biomarkers from the maternal serum of β‐thalassemic trait mothers carrying the normal fetus and β‐thalassemic major fetus.

Methods

Serum samples from β‐thalassemic trait mothers carrying major (N = 5) and normal fetuses (N = 5) were studied. The IVS1‐5 thalassemia mutation was common among β‐thalassemic trait mothers who were carrying a homozygous β‐thalassemic fetus (IVS1‐5/ IVS1‐5 mutation) or a normal fetus (no mutation). We employed two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis to explore differentially expressed maternal serum proteins from thalassemia carrier couples with the same β‐thalassemia mutation. Western blotting was performed for one of the identified proteins to validate our data.

Results

Ten proteins were identified in the maternal serum of β‐thalassemic trait mothers carrying the β‐thalassemic major fetus and normal fetus. Among these, serotransferrin, haptoglobin, α‐1 anti‐trypsin, apo‐lipoprotein A1, and the fibrinogen‐β chain were found to be upregulated in mothers carrying major fetuses and are known to be associated with pregnancy‐related disorders. The expression of α‐1 anti‐trypsin was validated through western blotting.

Conclusions

Proteins identified in the current study from maternal serum are reported to contribute to hereditary disorders. We suggest that these can serve as putative screening markers for non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis in β‐thalassemic pregnancies.
“Structural Injustice” as an analytical tool
Authors: Sankaran Kirun
Published: September 2021

“Structural Injustice” refers to injustices that can't be attributed to particular actions by bad actors. This article surveys Iris Marion Young's influential account of structural injustice; lays out some considerations related to the concept's use as an analytical tool; and critically surveys Young's account of individual responsibility for structural injustice.
Varieties of conceptual analysis
Authors: Kölbel Max
Published: September 2021

What exactly does conceptual analysis consist in? Is it empirical or a priori? How does it support philosophical theses? and What kinds of thesis are these? There is no consensus on these questions in contemporary philosophy. This study aims to defend conceptual analysis by showing that it comprises a number of different methods and by explaining their importance in philosophy. After setting out an initial dilemma for conceptual analysis, the study outlines a minimal ecumenical account of concepts, as well as an account of concept possession and concept employment. On the basis of these accounts, the study then argues that there are both empirical and a priori forms of conceptual analysis, and that each can be defended as legitimate methods. The philosophical interest of conceptual analysis, however, resides in relying on all three types of method in the service of answering philosophical concerns. This is illustrated by three sample cases.
Porcine scabies induces marked apoptosis, increased pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1, TNF‐α and shedding of ICAM‐1
Authors: Joshi Vivek , Dimri Umesh , Gopalakrishnan Arumugam , Bhanuprakash Asandi Govindappa , Gupta Vinod Kumar
Published: September 2021

Background

Scabies is one of the leading causes of morbidity in pigs worldwide. Limited data are available regarding the role of immune reactions in the development of porcine scabies.

Materials and Methods

The aim of this study was to investigate key pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1, TNF‐α), soluble variant of adhesion molecule ICAM‐1 and mite‐mediated apoptosis of peripheral leukocytes in 20 pigs with scabies, in addition to 10 healthy controls. The pigs with at least three typical clinical signs and found positive for Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in microscopy were recruited for the present study.

Results

IL‐1 acted as the major pro‐inflammatory cytokine as serum IL‐1 concentrations showed significantly (p < .05) higher levels (7‐fold increase) in cases than in controls. The minor cytokine TNF‐α was 4‐fold higher during scabies, and its mean serum concentration was significantly increased (p < .05) in cases when compared to healthy controls. Soluble ICAM‐1 levels were significantly higher (p < .05) in all the pigs of infested group compared with the controls. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic leukocytes was found to be significantly higher (p < .05) in scabies positive pigs as compared to the healthy controls.

Conclusion

It is concluded that systemic elevation in pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1 and TNF‐α, shedding of soluble ICAM‐1 variant in peripheral blood and increased rate of host‐cell apoptosis in peripheral leukocytes might be implicated in the immunopathology of naturally acquired porcine scabies.
Dental management of a 26‐year‐old female with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: A case report
Authors: Hietanen Benjamin , Sullivan Maureen , Frustino Jennifer , Cantie Shawn , Kapral Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The purpose of the report is to present a rare case of clinical management of a 26‐year‐old patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), and discuss treatment options and possible outcomes.

FOP is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder of the connective tissue that affects one in two million people. It is characterized by multiple areas of progressive heterotopic endochondral ossifications. The symptoms typically begin with painful soft tissue swellings in the patient's first decade, which frequently occur after minor trauma, but may also happen spontaneously. The soft tissue swellings eventually form hard bony masses that cause joint limitations, growth defects, skeletal deformities, and chronic pain. The results are severely limiting to the activities of daily living and overall quality of life with the average life expectancy being 40 years of age. Medical and dental treatment, including the use of general anesthesia, may be complicated by increased risk of ossification of the soft tissues in the airway and lungs. The following case report focuses on a 26‐year‐old Caucasian female, with FOP. The patient presented to the Erie County Medical Center Dental clinic in Spring 2019 with generalized dental pain. She reported a history of multiple dental infections over many years which were periodically treated with antibiotics. A thorough intraoral exam and radiographs were not able to be completed upon initial presentation due to severe trismus and mobility limitations. The patient was a wheelchair user, verbal, and maintained a completely liquid diet by mouth. The patient also had a medical history significant for dysphagia and aspiration. After a substantial pre‐operative optimization process, the patient was brought to the operating room for full mouth dental extractions. At the 2‐week follow‐up from surgery the patient showed excellent healing.

Conclusion

While there are greater potential risks with placing a patient with FOP patient under general anesthesia, proper management of dental disease can relieve the patient from recurrent infections and discomfort.
Peritoneal dialysis resulting in discontinuance of recurring attacks of acute intermittent porphyria: A case report
Authors: Østergaard Maria Grostøl Ørnhøj , Erlandsen Erland Jørn , Thomsen Henrik Holm , Randers Else
Published: September 2021

Acute intermittent porphyria is one of eight disorders arising from disturbances in heme biosynthesis where the precursors, 5‐aminolevulinate and porphobilinogen, are elevated in plasma and urine. Attacks are characterized by severe abdominal pain, vomiting and/or obstipation, neurological manifestations, and psychological disturbances. The mainstay of treatment is hemin infusion to induce the negative feedback of heme synthesis. Hemodialysis is casuistically suggested as an alternative treatment. We present a case report of a 78‐year‐old male with acute intermittent porphyria and renal failure treated with peritoneal dialysis resulting in complete discontinuance of longstanding painful and disabling porphyria attacks.
Decoupling between upper crustal deformation of southern Tibet and underthrusting of Indian lithosphere
Authors: Wang Shiguang , Replumaz Anne , Chevalier Marie‐Luce , Li Haibing
Published: September 2021

More accurate normal fault mapping and more recently constrained extension rates in southern and central Tibet allow to better discuss the mechanical processes responsible for the distribution of extension in Tibet. First, we show that the location of the rifts in southern Tibet south of the Karakorum‐Jiali fault zone (KJFZ) does not exactly correspond to that of the rigid Indian lower lithosphere flattening below southern Tibet (underthrusting) inferred by P‐waves global tomography, thus suggesting an absence of mechanical coupling between the two processes. Instead, E‐W extension south of the KJFZ appears primarily due to divergent, orthogonal thrusting along the curved Himalayan arc, as proposed earlier. North of the KJFZ however, lower amplitude extension, distributed on numerous scattered normal faults in the western Qiangtang terrane, absorbs distributed eastward extrusion, while eastern Qiangtang is extruded more rigidly by the Xianshuihe fault, following a slip‐line resulting from in‐plane forces due to the collision/indenter, visible as a major discontinuity in the GPS velocity field.
Myosin XI‐B is involved in the transport of vesicles and organelles in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Tian Xiulin , Wang Xingjuan , Li Yan
Published: September 2021

The movement of organelles and vesicles in pollen tubes depends on F‐actin. However, the molecular mechanism through which plant myosin XI drives the movement of organelles is still controversial, and the relationship between myosin XI and vesicle movement in pollen tubes is also unclear. In this study, we found that the siliques of the myosin xi‐b/e mutant were obviously shorter than those of the wild‐type (WT) and that the seed set of the mutant was severely deficient. The pollen tube growth of myosin xi‐b/e was significantly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching showed that the velocity of vesicle movement in the pollen tube tip of the myosin xi‐b/e mutant was lower than that of the WT. It was also found that peroxisome movement was significantly inhibited in the pollen tubes of the myosin xi‐b/e mutant, while the velocities of the Golgi stack and mitochondrial movement decreased relatively less in the pollen tubes of the mutant. The endoplasmic reticulum streaming in the pollen tube shanks was not significantly different between the WT and the myosin xi‐b/e mutant. In addition, we found that myosin XI‐B‐GFP colocalized obviously with vesicles and peroxisomes in the pollen tubes of Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results indicate that myosin XI‐B may bind mainly to vesicles and peroxisomes, and drive their movement in pollen tubes. These results also suggest that the mechanism by which myosin XI drives organelle movement in plant cells may be evolutionarily conserved compared with other eukaryotic cells.
Contracting for Criminal Investigation
Authors: Ciorciari John D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores efforts to fight corruption and impunity by sharing sovereign authority over domestic criminal investigation. It focuses on the UN International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), the pioneering venture in this domain, and shows how a confluence of political factors led the Guatemalan government to agree in 2007 to outsource authority over certain complex criminal investigations to UN personnel. CICIG was then able to earn strong public and international legitimacy through its performance. Nevertheless, a backlash within some circles of the Guatemalan political elite eventually led to CICIG’s closure in 2019, leaving its legacy of reform in peril.
Cosigning to Curb Corruption
Authors: Ciorciari John D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyzes the possibilities for sharing authority outside the judicial sphere in order to curb corruption. It concentrates on the seminal experiment in this area: the Governance and Economic Management Program in Liberia, created in 2005, which granted external actors cosigning authority with certain key Liberian officials. GEMAP was able to deliver important service benefits to Liberia during the tenure of President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, thus helping to justify deep international involvement in Liberia’s domestic economic affairs. The case nevertheless shows the limits of sovereignty-sharing mechanisms in implanting sustainable reforms when domestic commitment ebbs and problematic incentive structures remain.
Estrategia de posicionamiento en bases internacionales de las revistas de psicología editadas y coeditadas por el Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid
Authors: Tortosa-Pérez Macarena , González Sala Francisco , Aguilar-Bustamante María Constanza , Santolaya Prego de Oliver Jesus
Published: September 2021

La presencia de colegios profesionales, universidades y fundaciones como editoriales es una característica de las revistas iberoamericanas de psicología indexadas en el Journal Citation Reports (JCR). Este trabajo analiza, desde una perspectiva sociobibliométrica, la estrategia de posicionamiento seguida por el Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid (COP Madrid) en relación con las revistas de psicología que edita. Los resultados indican un aumento de las revistas coeditadas y editadas por el Colegio en los últimos años, siete en JCR y ocho en SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), y una mayor visibilidad al darse un aumento en el número de citas, de visitas y de descargas de los artículos publicados en ellas. Se puede concluir que la estrategia seguida por el COP de Madrid unificando las normas de edición de todas sus revistas, la profesionalización de la gestión editorial, la edición electrónica, de acceso abierto y la inclusión en bases de datos internacionales ha llevado a este a ser el principal grupo editorial de revistas de psicología en JCR y SJR en España e Iberoamérica, si bien se requiere una estrategia más amplia que contemple la igualdad de género en los equipos directivos.