bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying emotion in invertebrates: what has been done, what can be measured and what they can provide
Authors: Perry Clint J. , Baciadonna Luigi
Published: July 2018

Until recently, whether invertebrates might exhibit emotions was unknown. This possibility has traditionally been dismissed by many as emotions are frequently defined with reference to human subjective experience, and invertebrates are often not considered to have the neural requirements for such sophisticated abilities. However, emotions are understood in humans and other vertebrates to be multifaceted brain states, comprising dissociable subjective, cognitive, behavioural and physiological components. In addition, accumulating literature is providing evidence of the impressive cognitive capacities and behavioural flexibility of invertebrates. Alongside these, within the past few years, a number of studies have adapted methods for assessing emotions in humans and other animals, to invertebrates, with intriguing results. Sea slugs, bees, crayfish, snails, crabs, flies and ants have all been shown to display various cognitive, behavioural and/or physiological phenomena that indicate internal states reminiscent of what we consider to be emotions. Given the limited neural architecture of many invertebrates, and the powerful tools available within invertebrate research, these results provide new opportunities for unveiling the neural mechanisms behind emotions and open new avenues towards the pharmacological manipulation of emotion and its genetic dissection, with advantages for disease research and therapeutic drug discovery. Here, we review the increasing evidence that invertebrates display some form of emotion, discuss the various methods used for assessing emotions in invertebrates and consider what can be garnered from further emotion research on invertebrates in terms of the evolution and underlying neural basis of emotion in a comparative context.
Eco-immunology in the cold: the role of immunity in shaping the overwintering survival of ectotherms
Authors: Ferguson Laura V. , Kortet Raine , Sinclair Brent J.
Published: July 2018

The effect of temperature on physiology mediates many of the challenges that ectotherms face under climate change. Ectotherm immunity is thermally sensitive and, as such, environmental change is likely to have complex effects on survival, disease resistance and transmission. The effects of temperature on immunity will be particularly profound in winter because cold and overwintering are important triggers and regulators of ectotherm immune activity. Low temperatures can both suppress and activate immune responses independent of parasites, which suggests that temperature not only affects the rate of immune responses but also provides information that allows overwintering ectotherms to balance investment in immunity and other physiological processes that underlie winter survival. Changing winter temperatures are now shifting ectotherm immunity, as well as the demand for energy conservation and protection against parasites. Whether an ectotherm can survive the winter will thus depend on whether new immune phenotypes will shift to match the conditions of the new environment, or leave ectotherms vulnerable to infection or energy depletion. Here, we synthesise patterns of overwintering immunity in ectotherms and examine how new winter conditions might affect ectotherm immunity. We then explore whether it is possible to predict the effects of changing winter conditions on ectotherm vulnerability to the direct and indirect effects of parasites.
Fin and body neuromuscular coordination changes during walking and swimming inPolypterus senegalus
Authors: Foster Kathleen L. , Dhuper Misha , Standen Emily M.
Published: July 2018

The ability to modulate the function of muscle is integral to an animal's ability to function effectively in the face of widely disparate challenges. This modulation of function can manifest through short-term changes in neuromuscular control, but also through long-term changes in force profiles, fatigability, and architecture. However, the relative extent to which shorter-term modulation and longer-term plasticity govern locomotor flexibility remains unclear. Here, we obtain simultaneously-recorded kinematic and muscle activity data of fin and body musculature of an amphibious fish, Polypterus senegalus. After examining swimming and walking behaviour in aquatically-raised individuals, we show that walking behaviour is characterized by greater absolute duration of muscle activity in most muscles when compared with swimming, but that the magnitude of recruitment during walking is only increased in the secondary bursts of fin muscle and in the primary burst of the mid-body point. This localized increase in intensity suggests that walking in P. senegalus is powered in a few key locations on the fish, contrasting with the more distributed, low intensity muscle force that characterizes the stroke cycle during swimming. Finally, the increased intensity in secondary, but not primary, bursts of the fin muscles when walking likely underscores the importance of antagonistic muscle activity to prevent fin collapse, add stabilization, and increase body support. Understanding the principles that underlie the flexibility of muscle function can provide key insights into the sources of animal functional and behavioural diversity.
Análise dos efeitos adversos associados ao uso do anorexígeno sibutramina: revisão sistemática
Authors: E Vargas Mariana Alves , Teixeira Analizha Lopes , Anastácio Lucas de Barros , Alves Geisa Cristina da Silva , Baldoni Nayara Ragi , Chequer Farah Maria Drumond
Published: July 2018

Introdução: nos dias atuais, a obesidade tornou-se um problema de saúde pública em escala global. Entre os tratamentos disponíveis, destaca-se o uso da sibutramina. Entretanto, este fármaco apresentou diversos efeitos adversos (EA), sendo os de maior relevância os cardiovasculares. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a terapia com a sibutramina traz malefícios à saúde humana. Métodos: a revisão sistemática foi realizada seguindo o protocolo PRISMA para revisões sistemáticas e utilizando as bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciElo. Nestas, buscaram-se estudos publicados entre 2006 e 2016, utilizando-se dos descritores “sibutramine” e “adverse effects” junto com o operador booleano “AND”. Resultados: dezoito artigos, das 479 publicações encontradas, atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo, então, utilizados para compor a presente revisão. Os EA mais encontrados foram complicações cardiocirculatórias (66,6%), sendo as mais frequentes a taquicardia e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Adicionalmente a esses, a constipação intestinal e a boca seca/xerostomia (55,5%), cefaleia e insônia (38,8%) e alterações de humor (26,6%) também foram relatados. Além disso, o tratamento com sibutramina mostrou-se eficaz na perda de peso em 88,88% dos estudos analisados. Conclusão: apesar da terapêutica com sibutramina ter apresentado efetividade na redução de peso, não se pode concluir acerca da segurança desse fármaco.
Relato de una estrategia lúdica educativa que promueve el control de insectos de importancia médica e interés en Salud Pública
Authors: De Santana Síria Ferreira , Aguiar Naara de Azevedo , Santos Junior Edemilton Ribeiro , Santos Luis Eduardo de Oliveira , Trzan Gabriela Ferraz Libório , Fonsêca Carlos Henrique Araújo , Amor Ana Lúcia Moreno
Published: July 2018

Introducción:  Lugares sin baños y sin agua limpia, combinados con falta de higiene y bajo desarrollo económico, son condiciones que favorecen la aparición de insectos. Estos pueden actuar como vectores de peligrosos agentes patógenos, y por tal motivo su control es importante para la salud pública. Objetivo: Promover la importancia de controlar y combatir los insectos vectores de patógenos mediante la planificación y presentación de actividades lúdicas (fábulas/ teatro infantil) en una comunidad rural de Santo Antonio de Jesús - Bahia – Brasil. Materiales y métodos. Planificamos y trabajamos una actividad lúdica, con contenido científico teórico en entomología (insectos vectores) que mimetiza con la realidad presentada y la cultura de la población objetivo: niños en edad escolar de una comunidad rural. Donde los personajes principales eran diversos tipos de insectos (moscas, mosquitos, vichunca, piojos, pulgas, chinches y abejas). Resultados. En la fábula participaron los estudiantes y la comunidad siguiendo un texto preparado llamado “La fiesta de los insectos”, era una escuela de educación infantil. Tanto los niños como los maestros, los padres y otras personas entendidas y aportaban en el diálogo de la fábula utilizando la música de mayor alegría y de integración. Conclusiones. La actividad lúdica permite una mejor asimilación y expresión del niño en los temas tratados (insectos vectores), por tanto, permite y fomenta una interpretación a través de la creatividad y la conciencia crítica, lo que permite una mayor eficacia en la multiplicación de lo trabajo de información para su entorno sociocultural.al.
Febre Maculosa por Rickettsia parkeri no Brasil: condutas de vigilância epidemiológica, diagnóstico e tratamento
Authors: Faccini-Martínez Álvaro A. , Oliveira Stefan Vilges de , Cerutti Junior Crispim , Labruna Marcelo B.
Published: July 2018

Introdução: A febre maculosa (FM) é uma doença infecciosa, aguda, transmitida por carrapatos, e de gravidade variável. No Brasil, recentemente, tem sido descrita uma nova FM causada por Rickettsia parkeri, cujo perfil clínico, epidemiológico e laboratorial é diferente do perfil da FM causada por Rickettsia rickettsii. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão narrativa cujo objetivo é caracterizar a febre maculosa causada por Rickettsia parkeri no Brasil, discutindo as condutas de vigilância epidemiológica, diagnóstico e tratamento. Resultados: A febre maculosa por Rickettsia parkeri no Brasil é produzida, principalmente, pela R. parkeri cepa Mata Atlântica, presente no bioma Mata Atlântica das regiões Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste, onde o carrapato Amblyomma ovale figura como o principal vetor da doença. A suspeição clínica e epidemiológica deve considerar os pacientes que apresentam doença febril e presença da escara de inoculação, associadas à visita em área de mata e ou contatos com carrapatos. A coleta de material biológico (que inclua a escara de inoculação) deve ser realizada, oportunamente, para a caracterização do agente etiológico. O tratamento com antibioticoterapia deve ser iniciado já no início dos sintomas, e todos os casos devem ser notificados ao Ministério da Saúde e investigados imediatamente. A caracterização do ambiente de infecção é importante para melhor compreensão da ecoepidemiologia da doença e desencadeamento de medidas de prevenção e controle. Conclusão: Estabelecemos um protocolo para os profissionais de saúde com as condutas de vigilância epidemiológica, diagnóstico e tratamento para febre maculosa causada por Rickettsia parkeri no Brasil.
Ο ΥΠΕΡΠΑΡΑΘΥΡΕΟΕΙΔΙΣΜΟΣ ΕΙΣ ΤΑ ΖΩΑ
Authors: LIEGEOIS F.
Published: July 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΚΛΙΝΙΚΑΙ ΤΙΝΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ ΕΠΙ ΤΗΣ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΣΤΕΙΡΟΤΗΤΟΣ ΤΟΝ ΣΥΩΝ
Authors: ΧΙΔΙΡΟΓΛΟΥ Μ.
Published: July 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΠΑΣΤΕΡΕΛΛΑ ΝΕΟΚΤΟΝΟΣ (PASTEURELLA NOVICIDA) EN NEON ΕΙΔΟΣ ΠΑΣΤΕΡΕΛΛΑΣ
Authors: ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ ΑΓΓΕΛΟΣ
Published: July 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
ΜΕΛETAI ΕΠΙ ΤΩΝ ΒΡΟΥΚΕΛΛΩΣΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΖΩΩΝ ΕΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΙ. Ι. ΕΣΤΙΑ ΣΥΕΙΟΥ ΒΡΟΥΚΕΛΛΩΣΕΩΣ ΕΝ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ
Authors: ΚΑΡΔΑΣΗΣ Ι.
Published: July 2018

NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE
Service Agreement Trifecta: Backup Resources, Price and Penalty in the Availability-Aware Cloud
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Das Sanjukta , Ramesh R. , Qiao Chunming
Published: July 2018

Service Level Agreements (SLA) for cloud services entail complex trade-offs between interrelated variables such as price, penalty, and service availability (uptime) guarantee, with resource management strategies affecting fulfillment of the SLA. In this study, we address three key components of the SLA-based cloud resource management and pricing problem, from the service-provider’s perspective: (1) availability-aware backup resource provisioning; (2) price-penalty schedule determination; and (3) penalty-deferred pricing over two periods. Using the convexity of the provider’s expected total cost over the number of backup resources, we present a dichotomous search algorithm to derive the total cost minimizing number of backup resources for a given level of SLA-specified service availability guarantee. Next, we derive closed-form solutions for the lower bound of the feasible price range, yielding a schedule of breakeven price-penalty combinations, which establishes the baseline required in the economic modeling of the service contracts and related negotiation processes, and may also elicit client preference information. We then model a two-period pricing problem specifically designed to incentivize penalty deferrals in the event of an SLA violation. Detailed experimental studies of the proposed models have been carried out using real-world datacenter log data. The computational study validates the convexity of the probability density function of SLA violations over the number of backup resources. The results demonstrate significant interaction effects between the SLA parameters (price, penalty rate, and provisioning cost) and the backup resource provisioning decisions made by the provider, leading to key practical managerial implications for SLA design and resource deployment in the availability-aware cloud.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0755 .
The conundrum of accountable care organisations explained
Authors: Deffenbaugh John
Published: July 2018

This is the final in a series of three articles that explains integrated care and explores its impact on NHS England. This article unearths the controversial debate about accountable care organisations. Their planned introduction has resulted in judicial reviews and has called into question the principles that underpin the NHS. The article begins with an outline of the concept of accountable care organisations, and the controversy that has been stirred up by proposals for their launch. The article then explores three issues that are behind this controversy. The first is the role of government, and how the latest phase of public policy is reshaping government's role in society and the delivery of health and social care. The second is the debate between ‘make or buy’, and how the pendulum is swinging between in-house provision and contracting out. The final issue is the is exploration of value in healthcare, and how the outcome focus that is integral to integrated care will have an impact on the role of accountable care organisations. The article concludes with the themes from the three articles that will shape the implementation of integrated care and accountable care organisations.
LETTERS
Authors: Leitch Neil , Tanuku Purnima , Bayram Liz
Published: July 2018

MA Education Ltd, St Jude's Church, Dulwich Road, London, SE24 0PB neil.henty@markallengroup.com
How Reconnect can build and sustain attachment
Authors: Dewsbury Felicity
Published: July 2018

Bowlby's work on attachment has had a profound and long-lasting impact on early childhood education and care, but there is still a great deal to learn for practitioners working at every level.
Planning and observing
Authors: Sargent Marianne
Published: July 2018

This article is an extract from the Practical Pre-School book, Developing Early Maths Skills Outdoors; it explores planning for outdoor maths provision and how to observe and assess learning and engagement.
Development of a core outcome set to evaluate physical activity interventions for people living with dementia
Authors: Gonçalves Ana-Carolina , Marques Alda , Demain Sara , Samuel Dinesh
Published: July 2018

Background/Aims:

Evidence on the benefits of physical activity for people with dementia remains disparate, mainly due to the selection of heterogeneous outcomes and measurement tools. This delays clear and specific recommendations for research and clinical practice. The development of a core outcome set can contribute to overcoming this heterogeneity.

Methods:

This is a study protocol for the development of a core outcome set applicable to physical activity interventions in any setting for people with dementia, across all stages of disease progression. This is a mixed methods study divided into four phases: 1) a literature review to identify outcomes used in previous literature; 2) a qualitative study to explore valued outcomes from the perspectives of different stakeholders; 3) a Delphi survey and consensus meeting to reach a minimum set of outcomes; and 4) a literature review to link the agreed core outcomes to the most appropriate measurement tool.

Conclusions:

A core outcome set in this field has the potential to allow fast-tracking recommendations for application in research and clinical practice. However, dissemination activities are required to encourage researchers to implement the core outcome set.
Xylitol toxicosis in dogs
Authors: Bates Nicola
Published: July 2018

Xylitol is a commonly available sugar substitute found in sugar-free chewing gums and as an excipient in some medicines. It is used for its benefits on oral hygiene and its low-calorie content. It is also found in some peanut butters, ice creams and toothpastes, and can be used as a sugar substitute in baking. Xylitol causes hypoglycaemia (due to stimulation of insulin release) and liver failure in dogs, but not in cats, rabbits or rodents. The hypoglycaemia may be rapid in onset but can be delayed if xylitol-containing chewing gum has been ingested. Management of dogs that have ingested xylitol includes gut decontamination, monitoring, correction of hypoglycaemia and liver protectants. Prognosis is good in most cases and death from profound, uncontrolled hypoglycaemia or liver failure is not common.
Hannah Arendt lectora de Franz Kafka: una mirada pedagógica a la razón poética
Authors: Billitteri Serena
Published: July 2018

Abordar el tema de la razón poética en Hannah Arendt, a través de una intención pedagógica, ha abierto principalmente dos caminos de investigación. Las primeras consideraciones nos han guiado hasta el reconocimiento del pensamiento poético, con su proximidad con el lenguaje común, como la forma humana de comprender de una manera diferente y esencial, forma de reflexionar sobre lo que es imprevisible e indefinible. Un segundo camino consiste en mostrar cómo la razón poética se puede desarrollar, en educación, a partir de una revaluación de la tradición y del pasado. Casi que Hannah Arendt quiera indicar el patrimonio humanístico, a menudo desacreditado por las ciencias de la formación, como el lugar desde donde mirar el mundo como algo en común, un hogar compartido, desde el que puede empezar una forma auténtica de comunicación.
Hacia una nueva conceptualización del control parental desde la teoría de la autodeterminación
Authors: Rodríguez-Menéndez Carmen , Viñuela-Hernández María Paulina , Rodríguez-Pérez Sara
Published: July 2018

Las investigaciones desarrolladas sobre los estilos educativos parentales, específicamente, aquellas en las que se aborda el estudio del «control parental», se han realizado sobre múltiples conceptualizaciones de este término. Esta disparidad en la acepción del concepto ha tenido un efecto directo sobre los resultados de las investigaciones, de modo que la evidencia empírica sobre los efectos del control parental en menores ha sido frecuentemente inconsistente o equivocada. En este contexto, el artículo analiza los principales problemas epistemológicos y metodológicos producidos por el uso ambiguo del término. Además, y desde el marco que proporciona la teoría de la autodeterminación, se propone una nueva definición del constructo y se explicitan sus relaciones con otras dimensiones educativas parentales. Específicamente, se proponen dos dimensiones que son complementarias: apoyo a la autonomía versus control y estructura parental. Esta propuesta permite superar los problemas mencionados y abrir un nuevo campo en el estudio de la parentalidad.
La nueva educación y el trabajo escolar: horizonte y polaridades de una visión educativa
Authors: Filipe Araújo Alberto , Machado Araujo Joaquim
Published: July 2018

En este artículo revisamos los principios básicos y conceptos clave de las Escuelas Nuevas y señalamos el interés por la psicología del desarrollo y la defensa de la necesidad de dejar madurar la infancia en los niños (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) y de fomentar su educación desde dentro mediante la práctica de métodos activos. A continuación, identificamos en el ideario de la Educación Nueva las ideas de progreso y de perfectibilidad apreciadas por la tradición iluminista y, a partir de la idea de rendimiento escolar, indagamos si la propuesta de la Educación Nueva se aproxima o se aleja de la perspectiva taylorista y cómo incorpora las concepciones de hombre económico y de hombre social. Estas concepciones influencian la organización del trabajo, en particular la organización del trabajo escolar, y determinan dos importantes polos que balizan las pedagogías en acción.
Trayectorias profesionales comprometidas con la educación democrática
Authors: García Gómez Teresa
Published: July 2018

Este trabajo reconstruye las trayectorias profesionales de dos maestras de educación primaria comprometidas con otras formas de hacer escuela. El objetivo de esta investigación era conocer sus aportaciones en la construcción y desarrollo de un modelo democrático de educación. Modelo que se sitúa en lo que denominamos alternativas pedagógicas democráticas, y que definimos en primer lugar para poder contextualizar las prácticas educativas de ambas maestras. El estudio se realiza con una metodología cualitativa, mediante la técnica de entrevistas biográficas para realizar dos historias de vida, que tienen en común haber dedicado parte de sus vidas a un proyecto educativo alternativo. Los resultados muestran dos trayectorias que difieren en el punto inicial de vinculación a un proyecto alternativo de educación, uno es la participación en un proyecto democrático la que concientiza, y otro desde la concientización se busca el proyecto que le permita participar de una educación crítica y transformadora.
Avaliação numérica da eficiência da remediação de plumas de nitrato a partir de pulsos de injeção de etanol
Authors: Teramoto Elias Hideo , Chang Hung Kiang
Published: July 2018

O nitrato representa, em termos mundiais, o contaminante mais disseminado em aquíferos rasos, oferecendo riscos à saúde humana pela ingestão de água subterrânea contaminada. Deste modo, a descontaminação in situ do aquífero deve ser considerada. Embora testes de campo sejam escassos, testes laboratoriais têm indicado a forte eficiência do etanol na redução do nitrato. Com vistas a avaliar a viabilidade do emprego de técnicas de remediação baseadas na desnitrificação induzida pela injeção de solução com elevadas concentrações de etanol, foram utilizadas simulações numéricas de transporte reativo em área contaminada do Aquífero Rio Claro. Os resultados apontam que, nas condições técnicas impostas, a remediação foi eficiente para remoção do nitrato, restituindo a potabilidade da água subterrânea por um período superior a 500 dias. Contudo, para que essa solução seja eficiente em longo prazo deve ser combinada com a eliminação da fonte de contaminação, para evitar o aporte de novos contaminantes.
Especiação Química do Sulfato em Águas Subterrâneas do Domínio Hidrogeológico Sedimentar do Estado da Bahia - Brasil, Utilizando o Método Tableau
Authors: Vasconcelos Maiana Azevedo , De Oliveira Iara Brandão
Published: July 2018

Especiação consiste em identificar as formas químicas de um elemento no meio aquático, ajudando a elucidar a origem, mobilidade, e o impacto das espécies predominantes na qualidade da água. Este trabalho utilizou o método Tableau para obter a especiação química do sulfato nas águas subterrâneas do domínio sedimentar do Estado da Bahia. A depender da espécie química, a água subterrânea pode ter sabor salgado ou amargo, além de efeito laxativo. Foram utilizados resultados do banco de dados hidrogeológicos da CERB para poços perfurados entre 2003-2013. A ênfase foi para poços com sulfato acima do limite de 250 mg L-1, estabelecido pela Portaria do Ministério da Saúde n° 2914/11. O Tableau transforma um problema químico num conjunto matemático de equações, com base nas reações químicas e constantes de equilíbrio. Após a aplicação do método, encontrou-se concentrações maiores para MgSO4(aq), seguido de CaSO4(aq) e NaSO4- e baixas concentrações de KSO4-. Conquanto a presença de uma espécie química dependa da ocorrência dos minerais envolvidos na litologia, este trabalho não verificou para a mesma litologia, a mesma concentração das espécies químicas nas águas subterrâneas. Também não foi possível verificar que as concentrações estavam associadas aos índices pluviométricos locais. Portanto, futuras pesquisas devem considerar outros fatores não estudados aqui, para determinar os fatores influentes na especiação química do sulfato nas águas subterrâneas do Estado da Bahia.
EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON THE REAL STRUCTURE AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF ADVANCED LASER PROCESSED AISI H13 TOOL STEEL
Authors: Trojan Karel , Ocelík Václav , Ganev Nikolaj , Němeček Stanislav , Čech Jaroslav , Čapek Jiří , Němeček Jakub
Published: July 2018

The aim of this paper is to describe the effects of annealing on the microstructure of laser cladded AISI H13 tool steel using various methods. Advanced laser technology has the potential to replace conventional methods to make and repair dies. However, it has to be determined whether the newly created surface still needs to be heat-treated, which would cause additional repair costs. No significant effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and real structure of the clads was detected, but further confirmation, in particular by measuring wear resistance, is needed.
FITEXC – DIFFRACTION PROFILE FITTING PROGRAM RUN IN MS EXCEL
Authors: Vertat Petr , Drahokoupil Jan
Published: July 2018

We present our custom made diffraction fitting program FitExc for the basic treatment of the 1D diffraction profiles, in particular, the Intensity(2θ) of X-ray, synchrotron or neutron diffraction measurements. In the current state, the program allows for simultaneous fitting of up to three profiles in one data set and is intended to be used mainly for precise lattice parameters determination or fitting of overlapped peaks. The entire program is built in the common MS Excel environment, it does not require any installation and is free to use.
Ethno-Cultural Aspects of Tourism Development in the Republic of Kalmykia
Authors: BOLDYREVA S. B. , KEKEEVA Z. O. , KЕKEEV O. I.
Published: July 2018

The problem under study is topical and significant because of the needs of modern man in the development of different types of leisure activities and travel in spare time with a rational use of all available tourist resources. The purpose of the article is to identify ethno-cultural aspects of tourism development in the Republic of Kalmykia. The leading method of study is marketing analysis of the recreational areas in the Republic of Kalmykia which allows us to identify ethnic and cultural aspects of tourism development based on Buddhist local colour of the region. The main results of the article present the thorough data analysis of domestic and foreign scientific and methodical literature on the problem of tourism development in Russia and abroad. These results allowed us to draw conclusions about the the tourism development as an environmentally safe form of recreation and travel in the international trade in services. The article has practical value for solving economic, social, demographic and cultural challenges in tourism development. The article also provides knowledge of the folklore and ethnographical traditions of the Kalmyk people.
Intraoperative low field MRI in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery
Authors: Møller Morten Winkler , Andersen Marianne Skovsager , Pedersen Christian Bonde , Kristensen Bjarne Winther , Poulsen Frantz Rom
Published: July 2018

Background

Intraoperative low field MRI (iMRI, 0.15 T) during transsphenoidal surgery on pituitary adenomas (PAs) may significantly improve tumor removal. However, extensive surgery can lead to pituitary hormone deficiency. Furthermore, introduction of iMRI will prolong duration of surgery, which may elevate risk of postoperative infections.

Methods

Overall, 180 transsphenoidal surgeries for PAs from 2007 to 2015 were included. IMRI was available from 2011 to 2015, during this period 67/78 (86%) surgeries were with iMRI (iMRI, n = 67). A total of 113 surgeries were performed without iMRI (controls). All surgical procedures were performed by microscopic technique. Tumor size, hormonal status and vision were assessed before surgery and 3–5 months postoperatively.

Results

Gross total resection (GTR), mean tumor remnant volume and ∆-volumes were comparable between iMRI and controls: 15% (10/66) vs 23% (26/109) (P = 0.17), 2.97 cm3 (0.9–5) vs 2.1 cm3 (1.6–2.6) (P = 0.3) and 4.5 cm3 (3.6–5.5) vs 5.1 cm3 (4.2–6) (P = 0.4), respectively. Duration of surgery was significantly longer during iMRI vs controls: 126 min (117–135) vs 98 min (92–103) (P < 0.001). New pituitary–adrenal deficiency in iMRI vs controls was seen in 35% (17/48) and 35% (23/66) of surgeries, respectively (P = 0.95). New thyroid deficiency was found in 33% (13/29) and 41% (28/69) and visual field deficiencies improved in 44% (19/43) and 38% (23/60) in iMRI vs controls, respectively (P > 0.1).

Conclusion

Tumor remnant after pituitary surgery was not significantly reduced using intraoperative low field MRI. Duration of surgery was increased in iMRI, but was not associated with increased infection rate. Pituitary hormonal function and vision were comparable between iMRI and controls.
Role of early life nutrition on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis of the bull
Authors: English Anne-Marie , Kenny David A. , Byrne Colin J , Sauerwein Helga , Urh Christiane , Crowe Mark A , Staub Christophe , Waters Sinead Maria , Fair S.
Published: July 2018

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of nutrition during the first 18 weeks of life on the physiological and transcriptional functionality of the hypothalamic, anterior pituitary and testes in Holstein Friesian bull calves. Holstein Friesian bull calves with a mean (±S.D.) age and bodyweight of 19 (±8.2) days and 47.5 (±5.3) kg, respectively, were assigned to either a HIGH (n=10) or LOW (n=10) plane of nutrition, to achieve an overall target growth rate of 1.2 or 0.5 kg/day, respectively. At 126±1.1 days of age, all calves were euthanised. Animal performance (weekly) and systemic concentrations of metabolic and reproductive hormones (at four week intervals) were assessed. Testicular histology, targeted gene and protein expression of the arcuate nucleus, anterior pituitary and testes were also assessed using qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Testicular tissue from post pubertal 19 month old Holstein Friesian bulls (n=10) that were reared under similar conditions was also available for comparative gene expression analysis. The metabolites and metabolic hormones generally reflected the improved metabolic status of the calves on HIGH bull calves (P<0.001). Only ghrelin receptor was upregulated in the anterior pituitary (P<0.05) and arcuate nucleus (P<0.10) in LOW compared to HIGH bull calves. Calves offered a high plane of nutrition were heavier at slaughter (P<0.001), had larger testes P<0.001), larger seminiferous tubule diameter P<0.001), more mature spermatogenic cells P<0.001) and more Sertoli cells (P<0.05) in accordance with both morphological and transcriptional data. This study indicates that a high plane of nutrition during early calf-hood alters gene expression which advances testicular development and hastens spermatogenesis
Shale Oil: Its Present Role in the World Energy Mix
Authors: Omar S. Al-Ayed  , Rasha A. Hajarat
Published: July 2018

When oil shale rocks are heated (pyrolysed) in absence of oxygen it produces shale oil. The shale oil available technologies and production capacities in million bbl/year are the Enefit280, (1.7) VKG Petroter, (0.63), (while total Estonian companies production is 1.6) Brazilian Petrosix, (1.0) Fushun retorts processes, (0.9) and the newly installed ATP process in China in testing stage. The shale oil produced by these technologies is used as heavy fuel oil for heating purposes or ships fuels due to its physical properties and contaminants. The contribution of shale oil in the energy mix is increasing but up to now is insignificant.
Neuroleptic Prescribing and Monitoring Practices in Pediatric Inpatient Medical and Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Le Lan , Bostwick Jolene R. , Andreasen Arnold , Malas Nasuh
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND:

Pediatric use of second-generation antipsychotics, or neuroleptics, has increased over the past decade. Neuroleptic use can have significant and lasting adverse neurologic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects. In the current literature, neuroleptic prescribing and monitoring is described in outpatient settings, with little description of inpatient pediatric practice. In this study, we are the first to explore prescribing and monitoring in inpatient pediatrics, highlighting similarities and differences in practice between pediatric medicine and psychiatry.

METHODS:

This retrospective study included patients <18 years of age who received a neuroleptic during inpatient hospitalization between September 2014 and March 2015, within either the pediatric inpatient medical or psychiatric setting. Data collected included sex, age, race, height, weight, length of stay, service providing care, details involving the neuroleptic(s) administered, comorbidities, lipid and glycemic monitoring, and results, monitoring for extrapyramidal symptoms, and mental health consultation.

RESULTS:

Factors associated with improved neuroleptic monitoring included longer length of stay and evidence of an adverse drug effect. Clearly specified indication for use was associated with improved neuroleptic monitoring. Although neuroleptic initiation during admission had improved indication documentation and monitoring practices compared with initiation before admission, a significant gap exists between inpatient psychiatry and medical settings in adverse drug effect monitoring, particularly extrapyramidal symptom monitoring and lipid collection.

CONCLUSIONS:

In our study, we describe current practice in the use and monitoring of neuroleptics in inpatient pediatric medical and psychiatric settings. In this study, we suggest that the use of neuroleptics in inpatient pediatrics, particularly inpatient medical settings, is conducted with suboptimal monitoring and, at times, without clear documented indication.
Accuracy of Administrative Codes for Distinguishing Positive Pressure Ventilation From High-Flow Nasal Cannula
Authors: Good Ryan J. , Leroue Matthew K. , Czaja Angela S.
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVES:

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is increasingly used in critically ill pediatric patients, despite limited data on safety and efficacy. Administrative data may be a good resource for observational studies. Therefore, we sought to assess the performance of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision procedure code for NIPPV.

METHODS:

Patients admitted to the PICU requiring NIPPV or heated high-flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) over the 11-month study period were identified from the Virtual PICU System database. The gold standard was manual review of the electronic health record to verify the use of NIPPV or HHFNC among the cohort. The presence or absence of a NIPPV procedure code was determined by using administrative data. Test characteristics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated, comparing administrative data with the gold standard.

RESULTS:

Among the cohort (n = 562), the majority were younger than 5 years, and the most common primary diagnosis was bronchiolitis. Most (82%) required NIPPV, whereas 18% required only HHFNC. The NIPPV code had a sensitivity of 91.1% (95% CI: 88.2%–93.6%) and a specificity of 57.6% (95% CI: 47.2%–67.5%), with a positive likelihood ratio of 2.15 (95% CI: 1.70–2.71) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.15 (95% CI: 0.11–0.22).

CONCLUSIONS:

Among our critically ill pediatric cohort, NIPPV procedure codes had high sensitivity but only moderate specificity. On the basis of our study results, there is a risk of misclassification, specifically failure to identify children who require NIPPV, when using administrative data to study the use of NIPPV in this population.
Znaczenie regionalnych komisji orzekających w systemie odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych
Authors: Sołtyk Piotr
Published: July 2018

The article examines the activities of the regional arbitration commission (RAC) in the system of liability for breach of public finance discipline. It covers attributed acts of violations of public finance discipline, applications for punishment, derogations from punishment, verdicts of acquittal and verdicts of punishment of the accused.The aim of the article is to present selected issues of RAC activities over the years 2011–2016. To this end, the subject literature, legal regulations and reports of the Main Arbitration Commission in cases of violation of public finance discipline are analysed.
Evaluating Visual Reasoning Through Grounded Language Understanding
Authors: Suhr Alane , Lewis Mike , Yeh James , Artzi Yoav
Published: July 2018

Autonomous systems that understand natural language must reason about complex language and visual observations. Key to making progress toward such systems is the availability of benchmark data sets and tasks. We introduce the Cornell Natural Language Visual Reasoning (NLVR) corpus, which targets reasoning skills like counting, comparisons, and set theory. NLVR contains 92,244 examples of natural language statements paired with synthetic images and annotated with Boolean values for the simple task of determining whether the sentence is true or false about the image. While it presents a simple task, NLVR has been developed to challenge systems with diverse linguistic phenomena and complex reasoning. Linguistic analysis confirms that NLVR presents diversity and complexity beyond what is provided by contemporary benchmarks. Empirical evaluation of several methods further demonstrates the open challenges NLVR presents.
The 25th International Conference on Case‐Based Reasoning
Authors: Aha David W. , Bach Kerstin , Gundersen Odd Erik , Lieber Jean
Published: July 2018

ICCBR‐2017, the 25th International Conference on Case‐Based Reasoning, was held in Trondheim (Norway) in June 2017. The conference included 27 original contributions presented in oral sessions and a poster session. In addition to three invited talks, the meeting also included workshops on CBR and deep learning, computer analogy, and process‐oriented CBR, as well as a doctoral consortium, the Computer Cooking Contest, and the first CBR video competition.
An interview with Tracey Williamson, chair, British Dam Society
Authors: Pether Rachel
Published: July 2018

The following is an interview with the current chair of the British Dam Society (BDS), Tracey Williamson, BEng, CEng, FICE. Tracey is an associate director at Arup and a supervising engineer, and has had a diverse career including 5 years as dam safety manager at Dwr Cymru Welsh Water (DCWW), experience in the United Kingdom and overseas, and with both consultancy and client organisations within the dams industry. In this interview, Tracey describes her aspirations for the BDS, both during her time as chair and beyond, and she discusses some of the challenges and opportunities that the industry currently faces.
Integration of the Bride as a Requirement for a Valid Customary Marriage: Mkabe v Minister of Home Affairs 2016 ZAGPPHC 460
Authors: Bakker Pieter
Published: July 2018

Since the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1996 was promulgated in 15 November 2000 the courts are faced with the daunting task to determine whether a customary marriage is valid under the Act. The courts find it troublesome to determine exactly what the essential requirements under the living customary law are. One of the issues the courts have to deal with is the question whether the incorporation of a bride into her husband's family is an essential requirement for a valid customary marriage or can the families waive the requirement or condone non-compliance? The court in Mkabe v Minister of Home Affairs [2016] ZAGPPHC 460 found that the requirement can be waived or condoned. This case note criticises the Mkabe decision and illustrates why the incorporation of the bride is indeed an essential requirement for a valid customary marriage.
The Testamentary Trust: Is it a Trust or a Will? Hanekom v Voigt 2016 1 SA 416 (WCC)
Authors: Nel Eben
Published: July 2018

The recent judgment in Hanekom v Voigt 2016 1 SA 416 (WCC) is evaluated in the light of the traditional understanding of the testamentary trust. It is evaluated from both a testamentary disposition and a trust law perspective, with the aim of determining whether the Hanekom matter has touched a particular nerve in the will versus trust debate as far as the trust mortis causa is concerned. From this judgment, the importance of differentiating between the spheres of testamentary law and trust law, to ensure legal certainty, became clear. The court submitted that the mere fact that a trust happens to be of testamentary origin should not influence the evaluation of the validity of the amendment of the trust instrument. The court underlined the dynamic nature of the trust figure in referring to it as a "supple, living institution." The nature of the powers vested in the Master of the High Court, both as far as the appraisal of the trust instrument and the appointment of trustees are concerned, is also considered in the judgement. In evaluating the facts of the case, the court recognised the applicability of the Oudekraal principle as it has been developed in the field of administrative law. The writer comes to the conclusion that, while the Hanekom case does illustrate some legal challenges in the last will and testament environment, it also offers a number of valuable lessons for will-drafters. The approach by the court is encouraging, as it shows some sensitivity for the true nature of the testamentary trust. The confirmation by the court that a testamentary trust is in the first instance a trust and not a will per se is to be welcomed, and is a true and realistic reflection of the nature of the institution.
Leadership, Social Justice and Transformation – Inspire a Leader
Authors: Theron Leona Valerie
Published: July 2018

Transformation is not impossible. In 1994 there were about 150 judges in this country. Of this number, one was female and one was black. Today there are 227 judges in South Africa, of whom 82 are female and 145 male. 34% are white and 64% are black. The judiciary has been totally transformed. This can and should happen in other areas.
GETTING ON THE RADAR SCREEN: HOMESCHOOLING LITIGATION AS AGENDA SETTING, 1972–2007*
Authors: Boutcher Steven A. , Kronberg Anne-Kathrin , Werum Regina E.
Published: July 2018

Since the legalization of homeschooling in 1972, litigation by homeschooling adversaries has shaped the legal frameworks regulating its practice. Adjudicating between complementary theoretical claims, we examine whether homeschooling litigation trends—specifically the ability of either side to set the agenda by getting on court dockets—reflect concerns over contentious educational practices and policies or broader cultural and political dynamics. We employ a unique longitudinal dataset on precedent-setting state and federal cases (1972–2007). Analyses show that litigation trends remained largely unaffected by changing educational dynamics, except via racialized status competition dynamics. Instead, litigation trends primarily reflect political and cultural factors, including the liberalization of public attitudes on socially contentious issues. Most importantly, mobilization and countermobilization dynamics have driven the ability of homeschooling rivals to use the courts for agenda-setting purposes. Our results highlight how political and cultural contexts shape movements' ability to set policy agendas through the courts.
OPPORTUNITY WITHOUT ORGANIZATION: LABOR MOBILIZATION IN EGYPT AFTER THE 25TH JANUARY REVOLUTION*
Authors: Barrie Christopher , Ketchley Neil
Published: July 2018

Prevailing understandings of labor protest and strikes take as their focus stable democratic settings where autonomous trade union structures are an established component of the organizational resources available to workers. We extend the analysis of labor mobilization to a radically different context: Egypt in the year of the January 25th Revolution, when workers mobilized en masse in the absence of union leadership. For this, we use a catalogue of 4,912 protest events reported in Arabic-language newspapers. Our findings point to the importance of cross-sectoral demonstration effects in contexts of political disorganization—local and national mobilization advancing both labor and nonlabor demands inspired subsequent labor protest. This speaks to the value of understanding labor protest and strikes not as delimited domains of action but as parts of a wider universe of contentious politics. In addition, state-level signals of opportunity and shifts in economic conditions are also found to pattern the incidence of labor mobilization.
Comparative proteomic profiling of nuclear and cytosolic fractions from cell lines of different origin
Authors: Vakhrushev I.V. , Novikova S.E. , Tsvetkova A.V. , Pyatnitskiy M.A. , Yarygin K.N.
Published: July 2018

Proteomic analysis of the nuclear fraction is of great importance, since many cellular processes are initiated in the nucleus. Refinement and choice of experimental procedures for cell lysate fractionation and parameters for mass spectrometric detection and data processing continue to be of current interest. The mass spectrometry analysis presented here was tested on human cell lines derived from different tissues: HL-60 (peripheral blood); HepG2 (liver); EA.hy926 (vascular endothelium). High reproducibility of results and their consistency with biological properties of the objects under study were demonstrated. The use of cells of different types made it possible to reveal a set of 16 proteins whose LFQ-values allow for the discrimination between proteome fractions regardless of cell origin. Also, a set of 16 proteins is suggested which are associated with individual characteristics of cell lines regardless of cell fraction. These protein panels can serve as parameters to verify the proteomic analysis done was of sufficient quality, in particular as indicators of successful fractionation of cell or tissue lysate.
Improving of HDL capacity for macrophages cholesterol efflux after plasma incubation with phospholipid nanoparticles
Authors: Kudinov V.A. , Zakharova T.S. , Torkhovskaya T.I. , Kashirtseva V.A. , Morosevich G.E. , Ipatova O.M. , Archakov A.I.
Published: July 2018

In connection with recent data about antiatherogenic importance of not only plasma HDL concentration, but of their cell cholesterol efflux capacity as well, the possibility of its correction by phospholipid (PL) nanoparticles was studied. Blood plasma was incubated with earlier elaborated PL nanoparticles emulsion with the particle diameter up to 30 nm, and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity of apo B-depleted plasma was studied. Using macrophages THP-1 preloaded 3H-cholesterol were used. The addition of incubated plasma supernatants with the elevated PL/apo A-1 ratio to cell media resulted in almost increase in two fold 3H-cholesterol efflux as compared with native HDL. The maximal efflux was observed at the PL/apo A-1 ratio of 1.06 as compared with native apo B-depleted plasma (the PL/apo A-1 ratio of 0.85). Results suggest possible usage of ultrasmall PL nanoparticles for regeneration of impaired antiatherogenic HDL functionality. This approach seems to be predominant compared with the usage of PL emulsions with detergent or apoprotein A1.