bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fiber-Matrix Adhesion and Its Effect on Composite Mechanical Properties: II. Longitudinal (0°) and Transverse (90°) Tensile and Flexure Behavior of Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Madhukar Madhu S. , Drzal Lawrence T.
Published: January 2017

An optimum level of interfacial bond strength between reinforcing fiber and a polymeric matrix in which it is placed is essential for acceptable composite mechanical properties and performance. The interfacial bond strength can be optimized only when the relationship between the level of fiber-matrix adhesion and the mechanical and fracture behavior of composites is clearly understood. This study establishes the relationship between the fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength and 0° and 90° tensile and flexure properties of graphite/epoxy composites. A well defined and characterized graphite fiber/epoxy system was chosen in which the level of adhesion between fiber and matrix was changed by using the same graphite fibers through the use of surface treatment and finish. The level of adhesion between the fiber and matrix associated with these changes resulted in an increase of fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength (ISS) by over a factor of two while the fiber and matrix properties remained unchanged. The experimental results demonstrated that the fiber surface modification did not have much effect on the tensile and flexural moduli and on the fiber dominated properties. However, the strengths and maximum strains that are governed by the matrix and interface properties were highly sensitive to the fiber surface modification. In addition, the major failure modes were also found to be affected by the fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength.
A Comparative Study of Admissions to Two Public Sector Regional Secure Units and One Independent Medium-Secure Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Moss Katrina R
Published: January 2017

To date there has been no research carried out in respect of the contribution being made by the independent sector to medium-secure psychiatric care. There are also no published studies comparing the provision of the independent sector with that of the public sector. As such this is a neglected field of study. This paper examines the characteristics of patients admitted to one independent medium-secure psychiatric hospital and two regional secure units in terms of their demographic characteristics, source, detention under the Mental Health Act, 1983, psychiatric diagnosis, criminal history and discharge. The results of the study are tested for their significance using the chi-square distribution.

There is discussion of how the independent sector may be providing a service either unavailable within the National Health Service or for which the National Health Service is unsuitable in terms of patients either requiring medium- to long-term hospital care in conditions of security or those who cannot live independently and therefore require ‘asylum’, which is no longer an option within the National Health Service. In this sense, the independent sector could be seen as meeting a national need by acting as a ‘safety valve’ for National Health Service facilities.
A Study of Outrage of Modesty Offenders in a Singapore Prison
Authors: Lim L E C , Yap A K , Ong S H , Chan K L , Chan A O M
Published: January 2017

Outrage of modesty (OOM) offenders cause considerable annoyance and distress to their victims. The offending behaviours include touching, grabbing or fondling of erogenous or non-erogenous parts of the victim's body. The purpose of this study is to examine a prison cohort of OOM offenders and to compare them with a group of OOM offenders who had been remanded in a state mental hospital.

All prisoners serving sentence over a two-year study period were interviewed. They were of similar mean age to the hospital cohort but were better educated, more likely to be married and most were working. Victims tended to be young females with an average age of 19 years. Psychotic disorders were rarely present, although 15% had a dissocial personality disorder. Those with previous OOM convictions were likely to have had past psychiatric consultations and were more likely to be unmarried. However, there were no statistically significant differences between convicted first-time offenders and repeat offenders with respect to age, educational level, nature of offences and alcohol consumption.

The prisoners were less inclined to commit their offences in the mornings. Breasts and genitalia were the favoured targets for molest action, irrespective of time or place or whether the offence was committed by a first or repeat offender. The offences were often committed along staircases, corridors and in crowded public places.

CONCLUSION: Interesting differences emerged when a cohort of prisoners was compared with another cohort of molesters remanded in a psychiatric hospital. The prison cohort contained fewer individuals with psychiatric illness, whereas the converse was true for the hospital cohort. Although it is thought that sexual offences are typically committed by those with no psychiatric disorders, much depends on the type of study population being evaluated. If the study population is from a prison setting, fewer mentally ill individuals would be expected. In these situations the Dissocial Personality Disorders are expected to be more prevalent.

The surprising finding that the prison group comprised those who were fairly well educated with high employment contrasted with an age-old concept of the criminal population as a whole.

While mental illnesses tended to be found in a minority of the prisoners, there seemed to be an indication that those who had committed repeat offences were in some way more psychologically impaired than those who had molested for the first time. Such impairments were probably responsible for problems in forming intimate relationships leading up to marriage.
Hanging-Delayed Death (A Rare Phenomenon)
Authors: Aggarwal N K , Kishore Upender , Agarwal B B L
Published: January 2017

Hanging is one of the most common methods of suicide in India in which death of the individual occurs instantaneously. However, a few cases have been reported in literature in which death has occurred after a certain period of time or the patient has survived after prolonged resuscitative measures. A case of a 20-year-old female is described who survived for nine days after hanging, remaining unconscious throughout in the hospital. She died due to cerebral damage caused by cerebral anoxia.
Pattern of Fatal Head Injuries in Ibadan — A 10 Year Review
Authors: Akang E E U , Kuti Mao , Osunkoya A O , Komolafe E O , Malomo A O , Shokunbi M T , Amutta S B
Published: January 2017

Head injury is an important cause of mortality worldwide. The objective of the present study was to analyse the pattern of fatal head injury among patients seen in University College Hospital, Ibadan. The study was based on retrospective investigation of cases of fatal head injury referred by the coroner to the Department of Pathology, University College Hospital, between 1991 and 2000. Pertinent clinical and postmortem findings were extracted from available coroner's autopsy records.

There were 529 cases (402 males and 127 females). Their ages ranged from <1 year to 90 years (mean=33 years), the average age of females (27.8) being less than that of males (34.6) (p=0.00003). 83.8% were road traffic accidents, 8.9% falls from a height, 3.8% assault, and 3% gunshot injuries. 79.1% had a GCS of 8 or less at presentation. The mean survival period of children aged less than 15 years was 2 days while that of adolescents and adults aged 15 years and above was 5.6 days (p=0.02). Subdural (62.4%), subarachnoid (24.6%), epidural (10.2%), and intracerebral (10%) haemorrhages were the major causes of death. Skull fractures occurred in 38.2%, while cerebral contusions occurred in 22.1%. Intracranial infection was relatively uncommon in these patients. The present study has shown that young adults, predominantly males in their most productive years of life, are especially prone to fatal head injury.
Pulmonary Changes in Paraffin (Kerosene) Poisoning
Authors: Halford M. E. H.
Published: January 2017

A fatal case of paraffin (kerosene) poisoning is reported in which inhalation caused severe Pulmonary changes with acute systemic toxic effects due to rapid absorption from the lungs.
Cot Deaths—Why Not the Heart?
Authors: Ferris James A. J.
Published: January 2017

Progressive fibrosis with remoulding of the penetrating part of the His bundle has been found in the hearts of 47 infants dying suddenly. It is suggested that these changes may interfere with conduction and if subject to further stimuli could account for the apparent rapidity of death in the cot-death syndrome.
Homicide at Sea
Authors: Bowen David A. L.
Published: January 2017

Five cases of homicide involving British merchant sailors on the high sea which came under the jurisdiction of English law and were examined in this country are considered. The procedure adopted and underlying factors are discussed.
A Study on Suicide
Authors: Patel N. S.
Published: January 2017

From approximately 15,000 consecutive medicolegal autopsies, a series of 764 completed ‘suicides’ has been collected and studied. When analysed, this series revealed three principal types of self-destruction and the important difference between ‘attempted’ and ‘completed’ suicide. Motivation for suicide, medical treatment, family relationship, and alcohol have also been discussed. Still further, while the Registrar-General's figures reveal a considerable reduction in the rate of suicide at a time when it has been escalating—these ‘missed suicides’ are fully explored.
Myocarditis Misdiagnosed as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Authors: Shatz Anat , Hiss Jehuda , Arensburg Baruch
Published: January 2017

In a retrospective study spanning five years, the histologic sections of 35 autopsies of infants diagnosed as SIDS victims were reviewed.

Based on a recently reported study in which findings on marked basement membrane thickening (BMT) in the true vocal cords was suggested as a pathognomonic marker of SIDS, we expected to find BMT in all these cases. However, in seven of the reviewed autopsies (20%) no BMT was detected. Examination of new histologic sections of all the victims revealed myocarditis in these seven cases. In a control group (n=18) of children with known cause of death, neither BMT nor myocarditis were found. The incidence of myocardial diseases in infants and young adults (20% and 22% respectively) reported in the literature indicates that myocarditis is not a rare cause of sudden death in infants. Therefore, in SIDS-suspected cases a meticulous post-mortem microscopic examination of the heart should be carried out, especially whenever BMT of the vocal cords is absent.
A Prospective Study of Coroner's Autopsies in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Amakiri C N T , Akang E E U , Aghadiuno P U , Odesanmi W O
Published: January 2017

The present study reviews 876 consecutive coroner's autopsies performed in the Department of Pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan over a two-year period (1 February 1991 to 31 January 1993). The hospital autopsy rate during the study period was 36.2%, and 62.5 per cent of these post-mortems were medico-legal cases.

The most common indications for coroner's autopsies were sudden natural deaths (55.6%), followed by accidental deaths (35.3%). The proportions of maternal (4.3%), homicidal (3.1%) and suicidal (0.3%) deaths were much lower.

The male to female ratio was 1.7 to 1. Ninety-one (10.4%) of the cases fell within the paediatric age group and the peak age incidence for these cases was in the 5–14 years age group. The remaining 785 (89.6%) cases were adults and the peak age incidence for these cases was in the fourth decade of life.

The most common cause of sudden natural death was cardiovascular disease, of which hypertension constituted the majority of cases. Other major causes of sudden death included pneumonia, meningitis, typhoid fever and neoplastic diseases.

Road traffic accidents accounted for 78 per cent of accidental deaths followed by falls (13.3%) and burns (4.6%).

Abortions, post-partum haemorrhage and eclampsia were the major causes of maternal deaths in the present study.

Homicidal deaths were eight times more frequent in male than female victims and the commonest mode of death was gunshot injuries.

Suicidal deaths remain extremely uncommon in African patients, as confirmed by our study.
Munchausen's Syndrome Presenting as an Acute Sexual Assault
Authors: Gibbon Karen L
Published: January 2017

This report describes a female patient with Munchausen's syndrome who made a false allegation of rape, buggery and indecent assault to the Metropolitan Police. The indecent assault took the form of inserting numerous wax crayons into the vagina, necessitating her admission to hospital for their removal under a general anaesthetic. Whilst in hospital she developed a status epilepticus-like condition, requiring admission to the Intensive Therapy Unit. As a specific method of self-harm in Munchausen's syndrome, this case appears to be unique. It has not previously been reported in the literature.
Nontraditional Work Factors in Farmworker Adolescent Populations: Implications for Health Research and Interventions
Authors: Cooper Sara R. , Cooper Sharon P. , Felknor Sarah S. , Santana Vilma S. , Fischer Frida M. , Shipp Eva M. , Acosta Martha S. Vela
Published: January 2017

Agriculture has been documented to be one of the most hazardous work environments for both adults and children. Adolescents may be especially vulnerable to adverse health effects from agricultural exposures due to the rapid growth and development experienced during those years. Separating the occupational, economic, and social issues in this population is difficult. Weak regulatory protection, lack of compliance with existing regulations, and gaps in service provision characterize the working conditions of adolescent farmworkers. Although there is increasing research on the impact of work organization on mental and physical health in adult working populations, there is a scarcity of research focused on this concept in young workers—and it remains virtually unaddressed in young farmworkers.

Work characteristics of the informal work sector, better delineated in international literature, should be considered when planning research or interventions in this at-risk population. Further, the population of adolescent farmworkers is diverse, and research strategies and interventions need to be targeted and tailored to the heterogeneous groups. This article addresses some of the nontraditional work factors associated with the less-than-formal work organization and environments in the farmworker adolescent population and how these factors may inform the planning of research and interventions. Specifically, mobility, cultural patterns and social networks, alternative sampling strategies, alternative delivery of health care and education, and involvement of a wide range of players in the work environment of adolescent farmworkers should all be considered when conducting research or planning programs for this population.
The SIMPOC Philippine Survey of Children 2001: A Data Source for Analyzing Occupational Injuries to Children
Authors: Castro Charita L. , Gormly Sarah , Ritualo Amy R.
Published: January 2017

Child labor is a global issue that exists in both industrialized and developing countries. With the unanimous adoption of International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 182 in 1999 calling for the immediate elimination of the worst forms of child labor, ratifying member countries have committed themselves to identifying hazardous work for children in the context of their respective legislative frameworks. Part of tackling the problem of child labor is knowing what types of occupational activities children are engaged in, what types of work environments they are under, and what risks of injuries and illnesses they are exposed to while working. Using the Philippines as a country example, this study introduces a promising data source on children's work and presents a methodology for examining hazardous work to children through the examination of injury rates. Data for this study rely primarily on a nationally representative dataset from the Survey of Children 2001 carried out by the Philippine National Statistics Office, covering the months of October 2001 to September 2002.
The Effects of Solvent Exposure on Memory and Motor Dexterity in Working Children
Authors: Saddik Basema , Williamson Ann , Nuwayhid Iman , Black Deborah
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Children working in vehicle spray-painting, mechanical, and other trade workshops are at significant risk of exposure to organic solvents and, as a result, may be at significant risk of developing clinical and subclinical signs of neurotoxicity. This study reports on the association between exposure to solvents and neurobehavioral performance on a number of non-computerized tests for working children exposed to solvents in comparison with nonexposed working children and nonexposed children at school.

Methods.

A convenience cross-sectional sample of 300 male children aged 10–17 years was recruited for study. The exposed working group and the two nonexposed groups (working and nonworking school) were matched, as far as possible, on geographic location of residence and age. Neurotoxic effects were assessed through a questionnaire and the child's performance on a selection of neurobehavioral tests.

Results.

Exposed working children scored worse on the overall neurotoxicity symptoms score (mean=6.8; standard deviation [SD]=3.6) compared with the nonexposed working children (mean = 1.3; SD=2.0) and school children (mean = 1.2; SD=1.8). Analysis of the non-computerized neurobehavioral tests demonstrated that exposed working children performed significantly worse than the two nonexposed groups on the motor dexterity and memory tests. Results of the mood test showed that exposed working children were more angry and confused than the nonexposed groups.

Conclusion.

There is an association between exposure to solvents and lower neurobehavioral performance, with significant neurobehavioral deficits among children exposed to solvents in comparison with working children not exposed to solvents and nonworking school children. Memory and motor dexterity appear to be particularly affected in solvent-exposed working children.
Selecting Nonpharmaceutical Strategies to Minimize Influenza Spread: The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic and beyond
Authors: Barrios Lisa C. , Koonin Lisa M. , Kohl Katrin S. , Cetron Martin
Published: January 2017

Shortly after the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic began, the U.S. government provided guidance to state and local authorities to assist decision-making for the use of nonpharmaceutical strategies to minimize influenza spread. This guidance included recommendations for flexible decision-making based on outbreak severity, and it allowed for uncertainty and course correction as the pandemic progressed. These recommendations build on a foundation of local, collaborative planning and posit a series of questions regarding epidemiology, the impact on the health-care system, and locally determined feasibility and acceptability of nonpharmaceutical strategies. This article describes recommendations and key questions for decision makers.
Hopes and Fears: Community Cohesion and the ‘White Working Class’ in One of the ‘Failed Spaces’ of Multiculturalism
Authors: Thomas Paul , Busher Joel , Macklin Graham , Rogerson Michelle , Christmann Kris
Published: January 2017

Since 2001, community cohesion has been an English policy concern, with accompanying media discourse portraying a supposed failure by Muslims to integrate. Latterly, academia has foregrounded White majority attitudes towards ethnic diversity, particularly those of the ‘White working class’. While questioning this categorisation, we present data on attitudes towards diversity from low income, mainly White areas within Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, a town portrayed in media discourse as one of the ‘failed spaces’ of multiculturalism. Drawing on mixed methods research, we present and discuss data that provide a complex message, seemingly confirming pessimistic analyses around ethnic diversity and predominantly White neighbourhoods but also highlighting an appetite within the same communities for greater and more productive inter-ethnic contact. Furthermore, anxieties about diversity and integration have largely failed to coalesce into broad support for organised anti-minority politics manifest in groups such as the English Defence League.
Creep of Wool Fibers
Authors: Balasubramaniam E. , Whiteley K. J.
Published: January 2017

The molecular mechanical constant α which is directly related to flow hole volume is calculated for wool fibers exhibiting a range of stress-strain properties. It is found that the value of the stress developed at 30% strain ( S30) is invesely proportional to the value of α and that the product of α and S30 is constant. This relationship suggests that the differences observed between wool fibers in water are due to variations in the number of flow units per unit cross sectional area. These variations, in turn, offer an explanation of the large differences in creep behavior among wool fibers in water under constant stress.
The Detection and Analysis of Particulate Contamination in Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Filament Yarn
Authors: Broughton R.
Published: January 2017

Particulate contamination in poly(ethylene terephthalate) can lead to severe problems in melt spinning and processing of textile filament yarns. Procedures are presented for the identification of particulate contamination, with emphasis on polymer gel.
Longitudinal Swelling in Water of Heat-Treated Nylon 66 Yarns and Fabrics
Authors: Shishoo Roshan
Published: January 2017

Longitudinal swelling in water of nylon 66 multifilament yarn and fabric has been measured before and after heat setting. It is shown that relatively large increases in longitudinal swelling of the nylon occur as a result of setting. The swelling produced is to a large extent of reversible nature, which results in considerable stresses being produced in heat-set specimens dried at constant extension.
Dynamic Response Characteristics of the Uster Evenness Transducer
Authors: Williams Robert , Lyons Donald W.
Published: January 2017

The dynamic response characteristics of the evenness transducer of the Uster Evenness Tester was analyzed by studying the transducer response to special test tapes and yarns prepared with various step and periodic irregularities and transported through the transducer at a range of speeds. Limits on the maximum transport speed for reliable relative measurement of various types of random and periodic irregularities were established.
Copolymerization of Addition and Condensation Type Monomers for Flame Retardancy of Cotton and Blend Fabrics
Authors: Blouin Florine A. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: January 2017

Pad-dry-cure treatments of cotton/polyester fabrics with aqueous solutions of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC)/bis(2-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate (BVP)/acrylamide (A)/trimethylolmelamine (TMM) resulted in deposition in the fibers of copolymers formed by apparent coreaction of the two types of monomers. At 40–50% add-on levels, deposition of these phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing copolymers in cotton/polyester knits (35% to 100% cotton) yielded durably flame-retardant (FR) fabrics. These treated knits retained fairly good strength and abrasion properties. Changes in textile properties due to FR treatments were markedly dependent on blend composition. Durable-press (DP) appearance ratings were improved or slightly reduced by the FR treatments. The finish significantly increased the stiffness of these knits, but stiffness was decreased by machine washings. All-cotton sateen fabrics treated with THPC/BVP/A/TMM to add-on levels of 21% and over were durably flame retardant. The FR sateen fabrics possessed a good hand and only slightly increased stiffness. Conditioned wrinkle-recovery angles and DP appearance ratings indicated fairly good levels of resilience. Breaking and tearing strength retentions were good in the warp direction but considerably poorer in the fill direction. Flex abrasion resistance was adversely affected.
The Determination of Fabric Loop Length
Authors: Little T. J. , Hepworth A.
Published: January 2017

An alternative approach towards the measurement of loop length while in fabric form is proposed employing techniques of scanning electron microscopy and aerogrammetry. Distortions inherent in the recorded image have been taken into account by obtaining coordinates at intervals as determined by a micrograph of a cross-ruled grid. The lengths of all the resultant elements have been summed to obtain an estimate of the loop length, which was found to be 4–5% different from that obtained using the HATRA (Hosiery and Allied Trades Research Association, Nottingham, England) Course Length Tester. Some suggestions are offered for improving the estimated loop length by obtaining coordinates for both the face and back views of the same knitted loop. It is proposed that a similar approach would be beneficial towards an understanding of parameters governing the geometry of the knitted loop.
Influence of Prefinishing Preparatory Processes on Strength-Abrasion Retention of Durable-Press Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Varghese J. , Pasad D. M.
Published: January 2017

Two cotton fabrics, one a poplin and another a drill, were processed from the loom state to full bleach at the plant level through four different routes– viz. mercerize-scour (MS), mercerize-scour-bleach (MSB), scour-bleach (SB), and scour-bleach-mercerize (SBM). These were then finished with DMEU from the anti-crease to the durable-press level by the pad-dry-cure technique in the laboratory. Evaluation of these fabrics for resilience and strength-abrasion properties have shown that in the overall performance profile at the durable-press level, the order of preference for poplin among the four routes is MSB > MS/SBM > SB. Similar data on drill show the order of preference as SBM > SB > MS > MSB.
Processing of Greasy Merino Wools Compressed to Very High Densities
Authors: Walls G. W.
Published: January 2017

Ten greasy Merino wools were compressed to densities over 1250 kg/m3, stored at about 900 kg/m3 for up to 28 months, and processed to top. Compared with control lots, there was the same hauteur, the same or less noil, and an apparently greater top and noil yield. One compressed, long, coarse crossbred wool gave more noil and top with the lower hauteur.
2,2î-Bipyridine Catalyzed Bleaching of Cotton Fibers with Peracetic Acid
Authors: Rucker James W. , Cates David M.
Published: January 2017

Peracetic acid can be catalyzed to bleach cotton fibers at temperatures as low as 30°C by incorporating 2,2î-bipyridine in the bleach solution. Treatment of the fibers with HCl prior to bleaching reduces bleaching effectiveness by removing trace transition metal ions from the fibers. Sorption of individual ions (Cr+3 Mn+2, Fe+2, Fe+3 Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2, and Zn+2) by HCl treated cotton fibers prior to bleaching indicates that the ferrous ion produces the greatest catalytic effect, and it is only effective when the metal ion is in the fiber as opposed to in solution. Ferrous ions in the fibers sorb 2,2î-bipyridine from solution to form the tris-2,2î-bipyridine ferrous ion complex that is associated with the fibers, and it is the trischelate associated with the fibers that catalyzes bleaching. The effects of pH, temperature, and concentrations of 2,2î-bipyridine, sodium lauryl sulfate, and transition metal ions (in the fibers and in solution) on bleaching effectiveness and peracetic acid decomposition have been studied, and a bleaching mechanism is proposed.
An Alternative Design for Biaxial Rotation Fiber Fatigue Testing
Authors: Goksoy Mustafa
Published: January 2017

A new multi-station fatigue tester has been developed for testing textile fibers in vacuum and gaseous environments. It is based on the fiber fatigue test technique of “biaxial rotation over a pin,” and it uses a novel “free rise and fall” self-aligning tensioning system. This system permits the application of a wide range of test tensions, most importantly the use of very low level tensions. Thus it surmounts the shortcomings of the previous testers and permits testing of very fine and weak fibers.
Strength at “Theoretically Null Twist” of Acrylic and Polyester/Cotton Rotor Spun Yarns: Application to Prediction of “Machine Twist”
Authors: Manich A. M. , De Castellar M. D. , Barella A. , Castro L.
Published: January 2017

Acrylic staple rotor spun yarns (172) obtained from a BD 200 rotor machine fitted with twelve different spinning heads that combined four different rotors and three different yarn extraction nozzles were tested for strength at a theoretically null twist. A high correlation existed between the theoretically null twist strength and the apparent loss of twist or residual twist. We propose a method for assessing the total twist or machine twist of the yarn from the apparent yarn twist measured in a twist tester and from the yarn strength at a theoretically null twist. Tests on fourteen polyester/cotton yarns obtained from a RU 11 machine seem to indicate that this method of assessment may be applied to other materials and other rotor machines.
Numerical simulation of diverse thermal in situ upgrading processes for the hydrocarbon production from kerogen in oil shale reservoirs
Authors: Lee Kyung Jae , Moridis George J , Ehlig-Economides Christine A
Published: January 2017

We investigate the productivity and product selectivity of diverse thermal in situ upgrading processes in oil shale reservoirs. In situ upgrading processes applying the ideas of Shell In situ Conversion Process, ExxonMobil Electrofrac, and Texas A&M Steamfrac are simulated by using sector models with the assumption of symmetric patterns. In-house fully functional simulator is used, which has been developed for the kerogen pyrolysis and hydrocarbon production. In the simulation cases, sensitivity analyses to the factors having major influence on the productivity and product selectivity are conducted. The effects of the temperature of vertical heaters, the spacing of hydraulic fractures, and the position of horizontal production wells are analyzed in the applied In situ Conversion Process, Electrofrac, and Steamfrac, respectively. In the applied In situ Conversion Process cases, hydrocarbon production increases with the increasing heater temperature. In the applied Electrofrac cases, hydrocarbon production increases with the increasing spacing of hydraulic fractures, even though longer time period for the process is needed. In the applied Steamfrac cases, the case of production well located at the same depth to the injection well shows the least hydrocarbon production. Among the processes, the applied In situ Conversion Process cases show the highest weight percentage of total hydrocarbon components in the produced fluid, and the applied Electrofrac cases follow it. The applied Steamfrac cases show far lower weight percentage of hydrocarbon production than the other methods. In terms of the mass ratio of produced hydrocarbon to decomposed kerogen, the applied Steamfrac cases show the largest value among the processes by aqueous phase sweeping liquid organic phase, but they also show the huge water oil mass ratio by the continuous injection of hot water. All the applied In situ Conversion Process cases and the Electrofrac case with the short spacing of hydraulic fractures show good heating efficiency by decomposing whole kerogen in the system.
The Economics of Old Field Oil Supply
Authors: Farmer Richard D.
Published: January 2017

Most additions to proved reserves of crude oil in the United States are associated with reserve revisions and reservoir extensions, which derive exclusively from the continuing development of known oil fields. This paper reviews the major activities pursued by oil field operators that determine the level of production from those fields. Reported reserve additions reflect the consequencies of these activities for the productive capability of old fields and, thus, should be expected to be related to the costs and benefits of investing in such activities. A simple econometric, analysis is presented that demonstrates the influence of oil prices, lifting costs, taxes, and crude oil price controls on reported reserve revisions and extensions for the United States for the period 1970–1986. The strength of the relationship evaluated is particularly striking in light of the year-to-year variability of revisions data noted in other studies. Based on the economic perspective of reserve additions outlined here, U.S. reserves data for 1986 are used to provide a look at the activities that may thus be presumed to have led to the production losses recorded in that watershed year.
Progress of Geological Exploration for Oil and Gas in the USSR
Authors: Gabrielyants G.A. , Pechnikov V.V. , Korchagin V.I. , Lavrushko I.P. , Fainshtein I.Ya.
Published: January 2017

This paper considers the development of exploration activity for oil and gas in the U.S.S.R. Several stages are distinguished, reflecting the principal changes in directions of exploration which have ensured the increase of efficiency in building up oil and gas reserves. Some regularities in the distribution of oil and gas fields in stratigraphic succession and at different depths are outlined. It is shown that the efficient development of geological exploration has resulted in a rapid rise of oil and gas output and led to changes in the structure of the fuel-energy balance by replacing coal and wood for oil and gas.
The Widow: Homeless and Post-Menopausal
Authors: Leeb Carolyn S.
Published: January 2017

The biblical ‘ almanah or “widow” has been understood recently as a woman whose husband has died and who is without a male guardian, such as an adult son. Several texts have complicated this picture: in two cases women are called “widows” in spite of the identification of their sons, while younger women are not designated as “widows” upon the deaths of their husbands. Both of these apparent contradictions are resolved by understanding the ‘ almanah as a woman who is past the age of bearing children and who is not part of a male-headed household.
Drinking Blood at a Kosher Eucharist? The Sound of Scholarly Silence
Authors: Cahill Michael J.
Published: January 2017

The element of drinking blood in the Eucharistic rite is at once a religious and a theological problem. How does one account for the practice, particularly given the alleged institution by a Jew in a Jewish setting? The lack of adequate attention to this specific issue is extraordinary. Those who insist on the historicity of the institution narratives need to be able to offer a reasonable explanation of a glaring incongruity—simplistic dogmatic assertion does not suffice; those who reject the historicity on the grounds of the incongruity have not provided a satisfactory history of this fascinating religious phenomenon. The state of the question is characterized by a deafening silence, or a tip-toeing side-step, the extent of which needs to be established, and this is done here by means of a comprehensive trawling expedition amidst the shoals of scholarly treatment of the Eucharist. The veritable litany of neglect is revealing. Some shifts in current New Testament scholarship are identified as possible avenues where advances can be hoped for in regard to a sensitive issue.
The Hermeneutics of Abomination: On Gay Men, Canaanites, and Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Stone Ken
Published: January 2017

A number of readers have claimed that injunctions against male homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible are aimed at cultic prostitution supposedly practiced by non-Israelites. Although several scholars have questioned the historical basis for this claim, less attention has been given to the ideological assumptions that underlie the hermeneutic argument. While cultic prostitutes may or may not have existed, the Hebrew Bible does attempt to link non-Israelite populations to sexual practices that are considered unacceptable by its authors. This attempt is an example of a common rhetorical move whereby the “other” is defined in relation to deviant sexual practice. Ironically, gay readers who rely upon this hermeneutic strategy participate in a process, already begun in the Hebrew Bible and taken further by its readers, in which sexual practice becomes the basis for insult, stereotyping, and condemnation. Since the reliance upon such a common mode of ethnic stereotyping cannot be accepted, gay and gay-affirmative readers need to replace such a “hermeneutics of abomination” with a critical study of the relations between gender ideologies and assumptions about sexual practice that are presupposed by the biblical texts.
Association between Bid Premium for Corporate Acquisitions and Executive Compensation
Authors: Jaggi Bikki , Dorata Nina T.
Published: January 2017

This study empirically tests the argument that the magnitude of bid premium is influenced by the executives' self-interest of maximizing their compensation. We evaluate the compensation maximization motivation by examining the association between the magnitude of bid premium and change in CEO cash compensation (salary plus cash bonus) from the pre-acquisition to post-acquisition period. The results, based on 646 mergers/acquisitions from 1994 to 1998, support the expectation that the bid premium is positively associated with the change in CEO cash compensation. The positive association between bid premium and CEO cash compensation is, however, moderated when the CEO has shareholdings in the firm and especially when the acquiring firm undertakes size-contraction activities during the post-acquisition period.
Audit Committee Financial Literacy: A Work in Progress
Authors: Coates Douglas J. , Marais M. Laurentius , Weil Roman L.
Published: January 2017

We develop a classification to score the potential of corporate audit committees to be financially literate, as defined in this paper, based on listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), as promulgated late in 1999. We score audit committees of approximately 300 large companies in 2000 and 2004, and of a subsample in 1996 as well. We find that scores did not change between 1996 and 2000 but have improved significantly since that time. The audit committees have room for improved financial literacy in the sense that we define. We find evidence of superior stock market returns to companies who have improved the potential for financial literacy, as we measure it, of their audit committees over the last four years. The improvers in our sample enjoyed annualized abnormal, excess returns of 4.6 percent per year more than those who did not improve.
Regulation Fair Disclosure and Analysts' First-Forecast Horizon
Authors: Janakiraman Surya , Radhakrishnan Suresh , Szwejkowski Rafal
Published: January 2017

We examine the impact of Regulation Fair Disclosure (RFD) on the horizon of analysts' first earnings forecasts, that is, the first-forecast horizon. The first-forecast horizon is computed as the number of calendar days between the analysts' first earnings forecast for a quarter and the fiscal quarter-end date. We find that the first-forecast horizon has decreased by twelve days after RFD: a 6 percent decrease, on average. Analysts with average annual first-forecast horizon in the top 25 percent for each firm are classified as leaders. Leaders are our proxy for favored analysts who received guidance before RFD. The first-forecast horizon of both the leaders and the followers decreased after RFD. Examining whether the difference between the first-forecast horizon of leaders and followers decreased after RFD provides mixed evidence. This suggests that RFD may not have eliminated the timing advantage that few analysts enjoyed before RFD.
Detecting Information Content of Corporate Announcements Using Variance Increases: A Methodological Study
Authors: Subramaniam Chandra
Published: January 2017

This paper evaluates various methodologies used in event studies to detect the information content of corporate announcements using the increase in the variance of the security returns. Simulation with daily stock return data show that the Patell procedure, the most commonly used method to detect information content, rejects the null hypothesis of no increase in event-induced return variance too frequently when the null is true. A non-parametric cross-sectional rank test of squared abnormal returns similar to that in Corrado (1989) is proposed that is better specified under the null hypothesis and more powerful under the alternative hypothesis than the parametric tests.
White Cell Involvement in the Inflammatory, Wound Healing, and Immune Actions of Vitamin A
Authors: Barbul A. , Thysen B. , Rettura G. , Levenson S.M. , Seifter E.
Published: January 2017

Stress or injury‐induced phenomena, such as impaired wound healing and immune depression, may be related to impaired function of certain leukocyte populations. Since vitamin A prevents some aspects of stress, we studied its effect on various white cell populations in normal and injured rats. Supplemental vitamin A (150,0001U/ kg chow) to normal rats resulted in marked increases in thymic weight and lymphocytes without any ellect on adrenal weight. The basal chow contains 13,700 IU vitamin A per kg. In rats subjected to moderately severe injury (dorsal wounding or unilateral femoral fracture), supplemental vitamin A greatly diminished the thymic involution observed in chow‐fed controls and delayed or minimized the accompanying adrenal hypertrophy. In uninjured rats, supplemental vitamin A induced in three to four days a temporary circulatory leukocytosis characterized by lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and a relative neutropenia. These changes in the blood picture persisted one day after femoral fracture. On the second and third day postfracture the lymphocyte and neutrophil values returned to normal while the monocytosis persisted. Polyvinyl alcohol sponges implanted next to the fracture site demonstrated that supplemental vitamin A consistently increased the number of white blood cells migrating into the wound area and showed significantly larger numbers of monocytes/macrophages. These data suggest that vitamin A influences the numbers and nature of white cells involved in immune, inflammatory, and wound healing processes. In addition to the known antiglucocorticoid activity of vitamin A, these effects may represent a direct beneficial action of dietary vitamin A supplements for stressed and injured animals.
Failure of Short‐Term Nutritional Convalescence to Reverse the Adverse Hemodynamic Effects of Protein‐Calorie Malnutrition in Dogs
Authors: Abel Ronald M. , Paul Jeffery
Published: January 2017

We previously reported that protein‐calorie malnutrition (PCM) exerts adverse hemodynamic effects on left ventricular (LV) structure and function. In the present experiments, we tried to determine the duration of these adverse effects by inducing significant weight loss in matched beagle dogs followed by a short‐term course of nutritional repletion. Following restitution of initial body weight, the animals were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass and an isovolumetric LV preparation was established to determine baseline LV function compared with matched animals that remained normally‐nourished, and with a third group in which the effects of PCM were not reversed. Decreases in LV compliance persisted following refeeding as did the decreases in the first derivative of LV pressure (LV dp/dt). Although animals re‐fed ordinary diets following acute weight loss restored normal concentrations of myocardial glycogen, cardiac abnormalities persisted for more than one month following refeeding. These results suggest that the adverse effects of semistarvation on LV function cannot be completely reversed by short‐term refeeding.
Comparison of Two Commercial Low Residue Diets and a Low Residue Diet of Common Foods
Authors: Bondy Rose A. , Beyer Peter L. , Rhodes James B.
Published: January 2017

Utilizing a cross‐over design two defined formula diets and a low residue diet of common foods were compared in 8 normal healthy subjects. Effectiveness was determined by objective measures of frequency of defecation, stool weight, changes in body weight; fecal fat, moisture and ash; nitrogen balance; and subjective descriptions of bowel movements, physical symptoms, and acceptability. The only statistically significant differences observed were in urine nitrogen, fecal ash, and subjective descriptions of bowel habits. Daily fecal weight ranged from 42 g (SD ± 12) with Diet 1 to 57 g (SD ± 22) with Diet 2. The range for stool frequency was 0.61 stools/day for Diet 1 to 0.76 stools/day for Diet 2. The common foods diet (Diet 3) was the only test diet which maintained subjects in positive nitrogen balance at maintenance caloric levels. The fecal ash value was highest when subjects were maintained on Diet 2 and lowest while on Diet 3. Stools resulting from defined formula diets were watery to mushy in nature, whereas, subjects' stools when consuming common foods diet were hard formed. While consuming the defined formula diets, subjects tended to experience more side effects and complained more about unpalatability of the diets. Subjects ranked the common foods diet as being most acceptable and the amino acid‐based diet least acceptable. While no one test diet proved superior in all parameters, the data indicate that at least in normal healthy subjects a low residue diet of common foods is equally efficacious.
Partial Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm and Newborn Infants during the First Three Days of Life
Authors: Henze G. , Lautner H. , Neubrand W. , Werner E.
Published: January 2017

Eight preterm infants, five with postnatal asphyxia, as well as two hypotrophic neonates and one term infant with severe postnatal asphyxia (mean birth weight 2300 g) were fed, in addition to oral nutrition, partially parenterally with glucose solution and mother's‐milk‐adapted amino acid solution during their first three days of life. By increasing protein supplies with a parenteral share of more than 50% during the three days, the nitrogen balances were positive on all days, although the calories supplied were far below the postulated optimum. On days 2 and 3, nitrogen retention was about 60% of the supply. Every 4 hrs after discontinuation of the 16 hr amino acid infusion, the amino acid levels in the plasma were examined by column chromatography. The resulting mean values did not show any imbalances of amino acid homeostasis. The maximum mean loss in weight of the present group was 4% of the birth weight during the first 10 days of life and thus equalled the loss in weight of normal healthy preterms. Clinical and chemical parameters did not reveal any disadvantageous side effects of partial parenteral nutrition.
Selenium and Total Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: van Rij Andre M. , Mc Kenzie Joan M. , Robinson Marion F. , Thomson Christine D.
Published: January 2017

Despite the increasing recognition of selenium (Se) as an essential trace element in man, little is known about its metabolism during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and the possible development of Se deficiency in high risk patients. From a general population known by its geographical location to have low Se blood levels, we studied a group of 23 surgical patients receiving TPN for at least one week. Whole blood Se levels were less than in the normal general population and, being some of the lowest observed in adult man, approached levels observed in animals with Se‐responsive syndromes. Se continued to be lost predominantly in the urine although the Se content of the TPN fluids was very low (<0.6 μg/24 hr). Patients with excessive volumes of gastrointestinal excretion lost more Se. Se supplementation may be required in some patients receiving TPN.