bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Kolka-54 core, Latvia
Authors: LOYDELL D. K. , NESTOR V. , MÄNNIK P.
Published: November 2009

Integrated graptolite, conodont and chitinozoan biostratigraphical data are presented from the Llandovery and Wenlock of the Kolka-54 core, Latvia. Correlations between graptolite and chitinozoan biozones are consistent with those published from other East Baltic sections and the Welsh Basin. While most correlations between graptolite and conodont biozones agree with those presented in previous studies, there are important exceptions. Significantly, we report here the discovery ofDistomodus staurognathoidesBiozone conodonts in the lowest AeronianDemirastrites triangulatusgraptolite Biozone. The base of theD. staurognathoidesBiozone was previously considered to lie much higher in the Aeronian. Also it is shown thatWalliserodussurvived the late Wenlock Mulde Event, during which it was considered previously to have become extinct.
FINANCE, LOCALISM, AND MILITARY REPRESENTATION IN THE ARMY OF THE EARL OF ESSEX (JUNE–DECEMBER 1642)
Authors: GRAHAM AARON
Published: November 2009

Work on the ‘county community’ during the English Civil War, and tensions between centre and periphery, has focused exclusively upon forms of political and cultural representation. However, this article argues that local communities also sought to achieve agency within the wider war effort by lobbying for military representation. In return for financial contributions, supporters wanted an ‘interest’ in the units they raised, mainly through control over the nomination of officers. The history of the army of the earl of Essex between June and December 1642 indicates the financial consequences of neglecting such military representation. Its structure dissolved particularist interests, orientating the army towards the pursuit of a national strategy, but this gave local supporters no confidence that their concerns were being represented. The result was an assertion of localism, a decline in donations, and a financial crisis within the army.
Transcritical shallow-water flow past topography: finite-amplitude theory
Authors: EL G. A. , GRIMSHAW R. H. J. , SMYTH N. F.
Published: November 2009

We consider shallow-water flow past a broad bottom ridge, localized in the flow direction, using the framework of the forced Su–Gardner (SG) system of equations, with a primary focus on the transcritical regime when the Froude number of the oncoming flow is close to unity. These equations are an asymptotic long-wave approximation of the full Euler system, obtained without a simultaneous expansion in the wave amplitude, and hence are expected to be superior to the usual weakly nonlinear Boussinesq-type models in reproducing the quantitative features of fully nonlinear shallow-water flows. A combination of the local transcritical hydraulic solution over the localized topography, which produces upstream and downstream hydraulic jumps, and unsteady undular bore solutions describing the resolution of these hydraulic jumps, is used to describe various flow regimes depending on the combination of the topography height and the Froude number. We take advantage of the recently developed modulation theory of SG undular bores to derive the main parameters of transcritical fully nonlinear shallow-water flow, such as the leading solitary wave amplitudes for the upstream and downstream undular bores, the speeds of the undular bores edges and the drag force. Our results confirm that most of the features of the previously developed description in the framework of the unidirectional forced Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) model hold up qualitatively for finite amplitude waves, while the quantitative description can be obtained in the framework of the bidirectional forced SG system. Our analytic solutions agree with numerical simulations of the forced SG equations within the range of applicability of these equations.
Mackerel and Sunshine
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: November 2009

In his paper on “Plankton Studies in Eelation to the Western Mackerel Fishery,” in the last number of this Journal (Vol. VIII., p. 269), G. E. Bullen shows that for the years 1903–1907 there appears to be a correlation between the number of mackerel taken during May and the amount of Copepod plankton, upon which the mackerel feed, taken in the neighbourhood of the mackerel fishing grounds during the same month.
The Decapoda collected by the “Huxley” from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906
Authors: Kemp Stanley
Published: November 2009

The collection of Decapoda made by the Huxley during her short cruise on the north side of the Bay of Biscay is an extensive one; it comprises no less than forty-nine species—a number which speaks well for the efficiency of the gear employed.
An Experiment in the Transplantation of Plaice from the Barents Sea (“White Sea”) to the North Sea
Authors: Atkinson George T.
Published: November 2009

About midnight on 26th June, 1908, at the close of a voyage to the White Sea fishing grounds, undertaken by Mr. A. E. Hefford and myself in the Hull steam trawler Princess Louise, H 837, Captain Turner of that vessel did me the great favour of taking a short haul to procure plaice for transplantation to the North Sea.
Preface to the Journal of the Marine Biological Association
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: November 2009

The Council of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom has determined to issue to its members notes and reports concerning the work of the Association in the form of a Journal, which will appear at intervals, determined by the amount of material ready for publication. It is not proposed to limit the contents of this Journal to formal reports, nor to publish in it lengthy scientific memoirs, but to include within its pages, besides the official statements of the Council, brief records of observations relating to the marine biology and fisheries of the coasts of the United Kingdom which may appear to have a definite bearing upon the work actually in progress under the auspices of the Association. With this object in view the Council of the Association invite communications from fishermen and naturalists, which may either be printed in full in this Journal or form the subject of a note.
Notes on the Fishing Industry of Plymouth
Authors: Heape Walter
Published: November 2009

In the following Notes on the Fishing Industry of Plymouth the information obtained is divided into three sections, which are again subdivided as follows:

I.—Methods of fishing, localities fished, and fish caught. There are eleven different methods of fishing carried on in Plymouth:

1. Beam trawling. 2. Drift-net fishing. 3. Moored-net fishing. 4. Seine fishing. 5. Bultering, or long-line fishing. 6. Hand-line fishing. 7. Eel spearing. 8. Mullet trapping. 9. Crab and lobster fishing. 10. Shrimp and prawn fishing. 11. Oyster, mussel, and cockle fishing.
Investigating differential symptom profiles in major depressive episode with and without generalized anxiety disorder: true co-morbidity or symptom similarity?
Authors: Sunderland M. , Mewton L. , Slade T. , Baillie A. J.
Published: November 2009

Background

Large community-based epidemiological surveys have consistently identified high co-morbidity between major depressive episode (MDE) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Some have suggested that this co-morbidity may be artificial and the product of the current diagnostic system. Because of the added direct and indirect costs associated with co-morbidity, it is important to investigate whether methods of diagnostic classification are artificially increasing the level of observed co-morbidity.

Method

The item response theory (IRT) log-likelihood ratio procedure was used to test for differential item functioning (DIF) of MDE symptoms between respondents with and without a diagnosis of GAD in the 2001–2002 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).

Results

The presence of GAD significantly increased the chances of reporting any symptom of MDE, with odds ratios ranging from 2.54 to 5.36. However, there was no indication of significant DIF of MDE symptoms in respondents with and without GAD.

Conclusions

The lack of any significant DIF indicates that cases with GAD do not present with a distinct MDE symptom profile, one that is consistent with the endorsement of symptoms that are conceptually similar in nature between the two disorders, compared to cases without GAD. This does not support the hypothesis that co-morbidity between MDE and GAD is artificially inflated because of the similar symptom criteria required by the current diagnostic system. Instead, MDE and GAD may be thought of as two distinct diagnostic entities that frequently co-occur because of a shared underlying trait.
Sufficient conditions under which a transitive system is chaotic
Authors: AKIN E. , GLASNER E. , HUANG W. , SHAO S. , YE X.
Published: November 2009

Let (X,T) be a topologically transitive dynamical system. We show that if there is a subsystem (Y,T) of (X,T) such that (X×Y,T×T) is transitive, then (X,T) is strongly chaotic in the sense of Li and Yorke. We then show that many of the known sufficient conditions in the literature, as well as a few new results, are corollaries of this statement. In fact, the kind of chaotic behavior we deduce in these results is a much stronger variant of Li–Yorke chaos which we call uniform chaos. For minimal systems we show, among other results, that uniform chaos is preserved by extensions and that a minimal system which is not uniformly chaotic is PI.
SUP-TESTS FOR LINEARITY IN A GENERAL NONLINEAR AR(1) MODEL
Authors: Francq Christian , Horvath Lajos , Zakoïan Jean-Michel
Published: November 2009

We consider linearity testing in a general class of nonlinear time series models of order one, involving a nonnegative nuisance parameter that (a) is not identified under the null hypothesis and (b) gives the linear model when equal to zero. This paper studies the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio test and asymptotically equivalent supremum tests. The asymptotic distribution is described as a functional of chi-square processes and is obtained without imposing a positive lower bound for the nuisance parameter. The finite-sample properties of the sup-tests are studied by simulations.
IMPROVED AND EXTENDED END-OF-SAMPLE INSTABILITY TESTS USING A FEASIBLE QUASI-GENERALIZED LEAST SQUARES PROCEDURE
Authors: Kim Dukpa
Published: November 2009

This paper extends the Andrews (2002,Econometrica71, 1661–1694) and Andrews and Kim (2006,Journal of Business & Economic Statistics24, 379–394) ordinary least squares–based end-of-sample instability tests for linear regression models. The author proposes to quasi-difference the data first using a consistent estimate of the sum of the autoregressive coefficients of the error process and then test for the end-of-sample instability. For the cointegration model, the feasible quasi-generalized least squares (FQGLS) version of the Andrews and Kim (2006)Ptest is considered and is shown, by simulations, to be more robust to serial correlation in the error process and to have power no less than Andrews and Kim’s original test. For the linear time trend model, the FQGLS version of the Andrews (2002)Stest is considered with the error process allowed to be nonstationary up to one unit root, and the new test is shown to be robust to potentially nonstationary serial correlation. A simulation study also shows that the finite-sample properties of the proposed test can be further improved when the Andrews (1993,Econometrica61,139–165) or Andrews and Chen (1994,Journal of Business & Economic Statistics12, 187–204) median unbiased estimate of the sum of the autoregressive coefficients is used.
ASYMPTOTICS OF SPECTRAL DENSITY ESTIMATES
Authors: Liu Weidong , Wu Wei Biao
Published: November 2009

We consider nonparametric estimation of spectral densities of stationary processes, a fundamental problem in spectral analysis of time series. Under natural and easily verifiable conditions, we obtain consistency and asymptotic normality of spectral density estimates. Asymptotic distribution of maximum deviations of the spectral density estimates is also derived. The latter result sheds new light on the classical problem of tests of white noises.
Travelling wavefronts for a non-divergent degenerate and singular parabolic equation with changing sign sources
Authors: Yin Jingxue , Jin Chunhua
Published: November 2009

We discuss travelling wavefronts of a degenerate and singular parabolic equation in non-divergent form with changing sign sources. Necessary and sufficient conditions will be given for the existence of smooth or non-smooth and non-decreasing or non-increasing solutions. We also study the regularity of such solutions.
The inverse nodal problem and the Ambarzumyan problem for the p-Laplacian
Authors: Law C. K. , Lian Wei-Cheng , Wang Wei-Chuan
Published: November 2009

We study the issues of the reconstruction and stability of the inverse nodal problem for the one-dimensional p-Laplacian eigenvalue problem. A key step is the application of a modified Prüfer substitution to derive a detailed asymptotic expansion for the eigenvalues and nodal lengths. Two associated Ambarzumyan problems are also solved.
Multiple positive solutions for a critical elliptic system with concave—convex nonlinearities
Authors: Hsu Tsing-San , Lin Huei-Li
Published: November 2009

We consider a semilinear elliptic system with both concave—convex nonlinearities and critical growth terms in bounded domains. The existence and multiplicity results of positive solutions are obtained by variational methods.
Multiple positive solutions for an unbounded Dirichlet boundary problem involving sign-changing weight
Authors: Wu Tsung-fang
Published: November 2009

We study the multiplicity of positive solutions for the following semilinear elliptic equation:

where 1 < q < 2 < p < 2* (2* = 2N/(N − 2) if N ≥ 3, 2* = ∞ if N = 2), the parameters λ, μ ≥ 0, is an infinite strip in ℝN and Θ is a bounded domain in ℝN−1 We assume that fλ(x) = λf+(x) + f−(x) and gμ(x) = a(x) + μb(x), where the functions f±, a and b satisfy suitable conditions.
Clinical pharmacology of analgesics in old age and frailty
Authors: Mitchell Sarah J , Hilmer Sarah N , McLachlan Andrew J
Published: November 2009

There is a high prevalence of pain in older people. Optimal assessment and management of pain in this population is challenging. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesic medications are affected by ageing and frailty, as well as by intercurrent medical conditions and their treatments. This review describes what is currently understood about the impacts of old age and frailty on the clinical pharmacology of commonly used analgesics, to provide a rational basis for the use of these medicines. In view of the wide age-related inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesic medications, monitoring of clinical response and adverse effects is essential to optimize pain control in older people.
Multinomial Processing Tree Models for Discrete Choice
Authors: Batchelder William H. , Hu Xiangen , Smith Jared B.
Published: November 2009

This paper shows how to develop new multinomial processing tree (MPT) models for discrete choice, and in particular binary choice. First it reviews the history of discrete choice with special attention to Duncan Luce’s book Individual Choice Behavior. Luce’s choice axiom leads to the Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) paired-comparison model which is the basis of logit models of discrete choice used throughout the social and behavioral sciences. It is shown that a reparameterization of the BTL model is represented by choice probabilities generated from a finite state Markov chain, and this representation is closely related to the rooted tree structure of MPT models. New MPT models of binary choice can be obtained by placing restrictions on this representation of the BTL model. Several of these new MPT models for paired comparisons are described, compared to the BTL model, and applied to data from a replicated round-robin data structure.
Error Monitoring in College Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Chang Wen-Pin , Davies Patricia L. , Gavin William J
Published: November 2009

Recent error-related event-related potential (ERP) studies suggest that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in error monitoring compared to control children. Information regarding error monitoring deficit in adults with ADHD, however, is scarce. We investigated error monitoring in a sample of college students with ADHD and compared them to their control peers. In addition to error (-related) negativity (Ne/ERN) and error positivity (Pe), we examined behavioral performance such as reaction time (RT) as well as self-reported monitoring behaviors in daily-life situations. Thirty-two college students with no known disorders and 36 college students with ADHD between 18 and 30 years of age participated in this study. Results showed that college students with ADHD were slower in their RT and displayed more RT variability. College students with ADHD also demonstrated significantly smaller Ne/ERN amplitude and shorter Ne/ERN latency compared to control students. There were, however, no significant group differences in either Pe amplitude or Pe latency. With self-reported monitoring behaviors, ADHD students reported significantly more difficulties in both the Self-Monitor and Task Monitor scales of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult Version (BRIEF-A) compared to control students. Collectively, these results suggest that college students with ADHD have atypical error monitoring as measured by brain processing, behavioral performance, and self-report.
Functional Locus of Intensity Effects in Choice Reaction Time Tasks
Authors: Jaśkowski Piotr , Szumska Izabela , Sasin Edyta
Published: November 2009

Long reaction times (RT) paradoxically occur with extremely loud auditory stimuli ( Van der Molen & Keuss, 1979 , 1981 ) or with ultrabright and large visual stimuli ( Jaśkowski & Włodarczyk, 2006 ) when the task requires a response choice. Van der Molen and Keuss (1981 ) hypothesized that this effect results from an arousal-driven elongation of response-selection processes. We tested this hypothesis using visual stimuli and chronopsychophysiological markers. The results showed that the latency of both early (P1 recorded at Oz) and late (P300) evoked potentials decreased monotonically with intensity. In contrast, the latency of stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) abruptly increased for the most intense stimuli, thus mirroring the reaction time–intensity relationship. Response-locked LRPs revealed no dependency on intensity. These findings suggest that the processes responsible for the van der Molen-Keuss effect influence processing stages that are completed before the onset of LRP. The van der Molen-Keuss effect likely occurs later than those represented by early sensory potentials. This is in keeping with the hypothesis of van der Molen-Keuss.
The Inventory of Personality Organization–Revised
Authors: Smits Dirk J.M. , Vermote Rudi , Claes Laurence , Vertommen Hans
Published: November 2009

The Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO, Kernberg & Clarkin, 1995 ; Lenzenweger, Clarkin, Kernberg, & Foelsch, 2001 ) is a self-report instrument intended to measure a patient’s level of personality organization. This manuscript describes the development of a shortened version of the IPO (the IPO-R). Construct validity of the IPO-R is determined by investigating (a) its latent structure, (b) the equivalence of this latent structure in a normal and a clinical sample (structural validity), and (c) differences between mean scores of the IPO-R scales for a normal population, axis-I disordered and axis-II disordered patients (concurrent validity). The IPO-R showed adequate construct validity in a normal and a clinical sample.
A new water vapor algorithm for TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) measurements based on a log linear relationship
Authors: Wang Yu , Fu Yunfei , Liu Guosheng , Liu Qi , Sun Liang
Published: November 2009

A new algorithm is proposed for retrieving atmospheric columnar water vapor (CWV) over ocean in the absence of rain by using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) measurements. Applying a log linear relationship between the brightness temperatures and main environmental variables including CWV, sea surface temperature, wind speed, cloud liquid water path, and cloud temperature, this five‐channel‐based algorithm was developed through radiative transfer model simulations. The unique advantage of this algorithm is that the retrieved CWV, derived simply from only the five channel brightness temperatures without other ancillary data, is hardly influenced by other geophysical variables. Retrievals are compared against radiosonde observations, which showed a good agreement with a bias less than 0.7 kg m−2 and a root mean square error about 2.5 kg m−2, regardless of the presence of clouds. Additionally, comparison is made with CWV retrievals from the Remote Sensing Systems, which showed a high consistency between the two algorithms with a mean difference of 0.021 kg m−2 and a root mean square difference of 2.076 kg m−2. Finally, the similarity of CWV global distributions based on this algorithm to those from other independent data sets suggests that the new algorithm can be applied for climatic applications.
Net exchange parameterization of thermal infrared radiative transfer in Venus' atmosphere
Authors: Eymet V. , Fournier R. , Dufresne J.‐L. , Lebonnois S. , Hourdin F. , Bullock M. A.
Published: November 2009

Thermal radiation within Venus atmosphere is analyzed in close details. Prominent features are identified, which are then used to design a parameterization (a highly simplified and yet accurate enough model) to be used in General Circulation Models. The analysis is based on a net exchange formulation, using a set of gaseous and cloud optical data chosen among available referenced data. The accuracy of the proposed parameterization methodology is controlled against Monte Carlo simulations, assuming that the optical data are exact. Then, the accuracy level corresponding to our present optical data choice is discussed by comparison with available observations, concentrating on the most unknown aspects of Venus thermal radiation, namely the deep atmosphere opacity and the cloud composition and structure.
Characterization of the nighttime low‐latitude water ice deposits in the NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model 2.1 under present‐day atmospheric conditions
Authors: Nelli Steven M. , Murphy James R. , Feldman William C. , Schaeffer James R.
Published: November 2009

This effort advances the exploration of the current Martian water cycle by analyzing the nighttime equatorial water ice deposits in the NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model (version 2.1). The possibility that the current Martian water cycle plays a role in the generation or maintenance of the longitudinally confined tropical maxima of water‐equivalent hydrogen (WEH) in the near‐surface regolith is also investigated. Mars Odyssey Orbiter Gamma Ray suite observations indicate that tropical latitudes exhibit longitudinally distinct maxima of the presence of near‐surface hydrogen, likely in the form of hydrated minerals, in the Arabia and Tharsis regions. Atmospheric numerical simulations with the NASA Ames Mars General Circulation Model produce an annual water cycle that faithfully reproduces the cycle derived from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer measurements. This simulated water cycle produces maxima of near‐surface tropical water condensation at longitudes consistent with the WEH maxima regions, though these maxima are shifted north of the Odyssey Gamma Ray suite WEH regions. While the simulated pattern of near‐surface tropical water condensation does exhibit a longitudinal structure consistent with the observed WEH maxima, it is concluded that the current water cycle is not playing a dominant role in the formation or retention of those maxima. Thus, atmospheric involvement in the formation of the WEH‐rich regions must occur during past climatic conditions, if at all.
Joint inversion for Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs at SAFOD, Parkfield, California
Authors: Zhang Haijiang , Thurber Clifford , Bedrosian Paul
Published: November 2009

We refined the three‐dimensional (3‐D) Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs models around the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) site using a new double‐difference (DD) seismic tomography code (tomoDDPS) that simultaneously solves for earthquake locations and all three velocity models using both absolute and differential P, S, and S‐P times. This new method is able to provide a more robust Vp/Vs model than that from the original DD tomography code (tomoDD), obtained simply by dividing Vp by Vs. For the new inversion, waveform cross‐correlation times for earthquakes from 2001 to 2002 were also used, in addition to arrival times from earthquakes and explosions in the region. The Vp values extracted from the model along the SAFOD trajectory match well with the borehole log data, providing in situ confirmation of our results. Similar to previous tomographic studies, the 3‐D structure around Parkfield is dominated by the velocity contrast across the San Andreas Fault (SAF). In both the Vp and Vs models, there is a clear low‐velocity zone as deep as 7 km along the SAF trace, compatible with the findings from fault zone guided waves. There is a high Vp/Vs anomaly zone on the southwest side of the SAF trace that is about 1–2 km wide and extends as deep as 4 km, which is interpreted to be due to fluids and fractures in the package of sedimentary rocks abutting the Salinian basement rock to the southwest. The relocated earthquakes align beneath the northeast edge of this high Vp/Vs zone. We carried out a 2‐D correlation analysis for an existing resistivity model and the corresponding profiles through our model, yielding a classification that distinguishes several major lithologies.
Pan arctic terrestrial snowmelt trends (1979–2008) from spaceborne passive microwave data and correlation with the Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Tedesco M. , Brodzik M. , Armstrong R. , Savoie M. , Ramage J.
Published: November 2009

We report pan‐arctic terrestrial snowmelt trends for the period 1979 – 2008 derived from spaceborne microwave brightness temperature (Tb) and study the correlation between these trends and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Melting is detected using a spatially and temporally dynamic algorithm using the difference between daytime and nighttime Tb values (Diurnal Amplitude Variations, DAV). Results indicate statistically significant negative trends for melt onset and end dates as well as for the length of the melt season. On the average, over the past 30 years melt has been starting (finishing) ∼0.5 days/year (∼1 days/year) earlier and the length of the melting season is shortening by ∼0.6 days/year. Results indicate that the AO index variability can explain up to 50% of the melt onset variability over Eurasia and only 10% of that over North America, consistent with spatial patterns of surface temperature changes related to the AO.
Effect of seismic source bandwidth on reflection sections to image water structure
Authors: Hobbs R. W. , Klaeschen D. , Sallarès V. , Vsemirnova E. , Papenberg C.
Published: November 2009

The seismic reflection profile is the convolution of the seismic acquisition impulse response and the target impedance contrasts. In the ocean, these contrasts are mainly determined by the widths and gradients of the temperature transitions between the different water masses. Hence seismic oceanography profiles are sensitive to the frequency bandwidth of the seismic acquisition system. We tested a novel seismic source that allowed us to simultaneously profile the ocean with differing impulse responses. We show that frequencies ∼20 Hz are best to delineate large impedance contrasts that occur over a vertical scale of several tens of meters whereas frequencies ∼80 Hz image the boundaries of layers of around 10 m. We demonstrate a towed acquisition system that can operate from a research vessel to give a bandwidth from 10 to 120 Hz that could, if required, be modified to provide frequencies up to 200 Hz.
Eddy covariance mapping and quantification of surface CO2 leakage fluxes
Authors: Lewicki Jennifer L. , Hilley George E.
Published: November 2009

We present eddy covariance measurements of net CO2 flux (Fc) made during a controlled release of CO2 (0.3 t d−1 from 9 July to 7 August 2008) from a horizontal well ∼100 m in length and ∼2.5 m in depth located in an agricultural field in Bozeman, MT. We isolated fluxes arising from the release (Fcr) by subtracting fluxes corresponding to a model for net ecosystem exchange from Fc. A least‐squares inversion of 611 Fcr and corresponding modeled footprint functions recovered the location, length, and magnitude of the surface CO2 flux leakage signal, although high wavenumber details of the signal were poorly resolved. The estimated total surface CO2 leakage rate (0.32 t d−1) was within 7% of the release rate.
Solar wind charge exchange observed through the lunar exosphere
Authors: Robertson I. P. , Sembay S. , Stubbs T. J. , Kuntz K. D. , Collier M. R. , Cravens T. E. , Snowden S. L. , Hills H. K. , Porter F. S. , Travnicek P. , Carter J. A. , Read A. M.
Published: November 2009

X‐rays can be generated by charge exchange between highly‐charged heavy solar wind ions and neutrals. Previously, simulations have only been performed for X‐ray emission due to solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) with geocoronal and interstellar neutrals. However, X‐rays can also be generated by SWCX with the Moon's tenuous exosphere, which should be detectable by an imaging X‐ray instrument located on the Moon. In addition, lunar‐based observations of X‐ray emission originating from Earth's magnetosheath will be able to provide information on the dynamic response of the bow shock and magnetopause to solar wind variations. Furthermore, X‐ray emissions from SWCX within the heliosphere constitute part of the soft X‐ray background (SXRB) emission, competing with emissions originating from outside the solar system. Lunar observations of soft X‐rays will give additional information about these charge exchange processes and be critical in removing the heliospheric component of the SXRB.
Year‐round measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the tropical North Atlantic marine boundary layer
Authors: Lee J. D. , Moller S. J. , Read K. A. , Lewis A. C. , Mendes L. , Carpenter L. J.
Published: November 2009

A highly sensitive chemiluminescence instrument has been deployed to measure nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory in the remote tropical North Atlantic marine boundary layer (MBL). Using two different methods, the instrument was assessed to have a detection limit of around 1.8 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) for NO and 5.5 pptv for NO2 for hour‐long integration periods. The overall accuracy was estimated at ∼18% for NO and 30% for NO2. Measurements of NO, NO2, and ozone (O3) over a period of 12 months in 2007 show very low levels of NOx (typically <30 pptv) and net daytime ozone destruction on most days of the measurement period. Air originating over Africa exhibited the highest levels of NOx (∼35 pptv) and reduced daily O3 destruction, with O3 production observed on a few days. Air that had not originated over Africa showed lower NOx levels (∼25 pptv), with greater observed O3 destruction. A dependence of the observed O3 destruction on NO mixing ratios, averaged over all air masses, was observed and reproduced using a simple box model. The model results imply that the presence of between 17 and 34 pptv of NO (depending on the month) would be required to turn the tropical North Atlantic from an O3 destroying to an O3 producing regime.
Intra‐annual cycles of NMVOC in the tropical marine boundary layer and their use for interpreting seasonal variability in CO
Authors: Read K. A. , Lee J. D. , Lewis A. C. , Moller S. J. , Mendes L. , Carpenter L. J.
Published: November 2009

Carbon monoxide and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) have been measured for the first time on a continuous basis in the tropical marine boundary layer of the Atlantic Ocean. CO and ethane, which have similar lifetimes with respect to OH degradation, vary intra‐annually with the sinusoidal variability expected due to a primary hydroxyl radical (OH) sink, but with CO showing a smaller cycle amplitude. The ethane measurements were used to derive the seasonal variation in the nominal OH concentration (n[OH]) experienced along the air mass trajectories arriving at Cape Verde. The n[OH] represents the variability in both the true OH concentration and any intra‐annual changes in ethane emissions, and was subsequently used to simulate the seasonal cycle of CO, allowing identification of potentially differing sources and sinks from those of ethane. Deviation of the observed CO from the n[OH] fit indicated that summer sources of CO are approximately 60% (30–68%) higher than winter, assuming values of ±8% and ±49% seasonal variability, respectively, in fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions of CO and ethane, and including −29% uncertainty due to the losses of ethane through reaction with chlorine atoms. The evidence suggests that secondary production of CO from the oxidation of methane (CH4) and NMVOC and in particular from methanol, acetone and acetaldehyde may be dominant summer CO sources in this region.
Three‐dimensional study of Mars upper thermosphere/ionosphere and hot oxygen corona: 1. General description and results at equinox for solar low conditions
Authors: Valeille Arnaud , Tenishev Valeriy , Bougher Stephen W. , Combi Michael R. , Nagy Andrew F.
Published: November 2009

Unlike Earth and Venus, Mars with a weak gravity allows an extended corona of hot species and the escape of its lighter constituents in its exosphere. Being the most important reaction, the dissociative recombination of O2+ is responsible for most of the production of hot atomic oxygen deep in the dayside thermosphere/ionosphere. The investigation of the Martian upper atmosphere is therefore complicated by the change in the flow regime from a collisional to a collisionless domain. Past studies, which used simple extrapolations of 1‐D thermospheric/ionospheric parameters, could not account for the full effects of realistic conditions, which are shown to be of significant influence on the exosphere both close to and far away from the exobase. In this work, the combination of the new 3‐D Direct Simulation Monte Carlo kinetic model and the modern 3‐D Mars Thermosphere General Circulation Model is employed to describe self‐consistently the Martian upper atmosphere at equinox for solar low conditions. For the first time, a 3‐D analysis and shape of the Martian hot corona is provided, along with density and temperature profiles of cold and hot constituents as functions of position on the planet. Atmospheric loss and ion production (found to be more than an order of magnitude lower than the neutral escape), calculated locally all around the planet, provide valuable information for plasma models, refining the understanding of the ion loss, atmospheric sputtering, and interaction with the solar wind, in general.
Radar remote sensing of pyroclastic deposits in the southern Mare Serenitatis and Mare Vaporum regions of the Moon
Authors: Carter Lynn M. , Campbell Bruce A. , Hawke B. Ray , Campbell Donald B. , Nolan Michael C.
Published: November 2009

We use polarimetric radar observations to study the distribution, depth, and embedded rock abundance of nearside lunar pyroclastic deposits. Radar images were obtained for Mare Vaporum and the southern half of Mare Serenitatis; the imaged areas contain the large Rima Bode, Mare Vaporum, Sulpicius Gallus, and Taurus‐Littrow pyroclastic deposits. Potential pyroclastic deposits at Rima Hyginus crater, the Tacquet Formation, and a dome in Mare Vaporum are also included. Data were acquired at S band (12.6 cm wavelength) using Arecibo Observatory and the Green Bank Telescope in a bistatic configuration. The S band images have resolutions between 20 and 100 m/pixel. The pyroclastic deposits appear dark to the radar and have low circular polarization ratios at S band wavelengths because they are smooth, easily penetrable by radar waves, and generally contain few embedded blocks. Changes in circular polarization ratio (CPR) across some of the pyroclastic deposits show areas with increased rock abundance as well as deposits that are shallower. Radar backscatter and CPR maps are used to identify fine‐grained mantling deposits in cases where optical and near‐infrared data are ambiguous about the presence of pyroclastics. The Tacquet Formation in southern Serenitatis, areas near Hyginus crater, and a dome in Mare Vaporum have lower‐backscatter cross sections than would be expected for mare basalts of similar estimated titanium content. Combined with very low CPR values, this is strong evidence that these areas are covered in fine‐grained pyroclastic mantling material.
Blood Constituents Trigger Brain Swelling, Tissue Death, and Reduction of Glucose Metabolism Early after Acute Subdural Hematoma in Rats
Authors: Baechli Heidi , Behzad Melika , Schreckenberger Matthias , Buchholz Hans-Georg , Heimann Axel , Kempski Oliver , Alessandri Beat
Published: November 2009

Outcome from acute subdural hematoma is often worse than would be expected from the pure increase of intracranial volume by bleeding. The aim was to test whether volume-independent pathomechanisms aggravate damage by comparing the effects of blood infusion with those of an inert fluid, paraffin oil, on intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), local cerebral blood flow (CBF), edema formation, glucose metabolism ([18F]-deoxyglucose, MicroPET), and histological outcome. Rats were injured by subdural infusion of 300 μL venous blood or paraffin. ICP, CPP, and CBF changes, assessed during the first 30 mins after injury, were not different between the injury groups at most time points ( n=8 per group). Already at 2 h after injury, blood caused a significantly more pronounced decrease in glucose metabolism in the injured cortex when compared with paraffin ( P<0.001, n=5 per group). Ipsilateral brain edema did not differ between groups at 2 h, but was significantly more pronounced in the blood-treated groups at 24 and 48 h after injury ( n=8 per group). These changes caused a 56.2% larger lesion after blood when compared with paraffin (48.1±23.0 versus 21.1±11.8 mm3; P<0.02). Blood constituent-triggered pathomechanisms aggravate the immediate effects due to ICP, CPP, and CBF during hemorrhage and lead to early reduction of glucose metabolism followed by more severe edema and histological damage.
Androgen regulation of the prostatic tumour suppressor NKX3.1 is mediated by its 3′ untranslated region
Authors: Thomas Marc A. , Preece Darren M. , Bentel Jacqueline M.
Published: November 2009

The homeodomain transcription factor NKX3.1 is a prostate-specific tumour suppressor, expression of which is reduced or undetectable in the majority of metastatic prostate tumours. In the normal prostate and in prostate cancer cells, NKX3.1 expression is under tight androgenic control that we have shown to be mediated by its ~2.5 kb 3′UTR (3′ untranslated region). Reporter deletion analysis of the NKX3.1 3′UTR identified three regions that were transactivated by DHT (5α-dihydrotestosterone) in the AR (androgen receptor)-expressing prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Reversal of DHT effects by the anti-androgen bicalutamide supported an AR-mediated mechanism, and bioinformatic analysis of the NKX3.1 3′UTR identified canonical AREs (androgen-response elements) in each of the androgen-responsive regions. EMSAs (electrophoretic mobility-shift assays) indicated binding of the AR DNA-binding domain to two of the AREs, a proximal ARE at +2378–2392 from the transcription start site, and a more distal ARE at +3098–3112. ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) analysis provided further evidence of ligand-dependent recruitment of endogenous AR to sequence encompassing each of the two elements, and site-directed mutagenesis and deletion analysis confirmed the contribution of each of the AREs in reporter assays. The present studies have therefore demonstrated that the NKX3.1 3′UTR functions as an androgen-responsive enhancer, with the proximal ARE contributing the majority and the distal ARE providing a smaller, but significant, proportion of the androgen responsiveness of the NKX3.1 3′UTR. Characterization of androgen-responsive regions of the NKX3.1 gene will assist in the identification of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that lead to the deregulation of NKX3.1 expression in advanced prostate cancers.
S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
Authors: Pegg Anthony E.
Published: November 2009

S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase is a key enzyme for the synthesis of polyamines in mammals, plants and many other species that use aminopropyltransferases for this pathway. It catalyses the formation of S-adenosyl-1-(methylthio)-3-propylamine (decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine), which is used as the aminopropyl donor. This is the sole function of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. Its content is therefore kept very low and is regulated by variation in the activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase according to the need for polyamine synthesis. All S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases have a covalently bound pyruvate prosthetic group, which is essential for the decarboxylation reaction, and have similar structures, although they differ with respect to activation by cations, primary sequence and subunit composition. The present chapter describes these features, the mechanisms for autocatalytic generation of the pyruvate from a proenzyme precursor and for the decarboxylation reaction, and the available inhibitors of this enzyme, which have uses as anticancer and anti-trypanosomal agents. The intricate mechanisms for regulation of mammalian S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity and content are also described.
Polyamine analogues targeting epigenetic gene regulation
Authors: Huang Yi , Marton Laurence J. , Woster Patrick M. , Casero Robert A.
Published: November 2009

Over the past three decades the metabolism and functions of the polyamines have been actively pursued as targets for antineoplastic therapy. Interactions between cationic polyamines and negatively charged nucleic acids play a pivotal role in DNA stabilization and RNA processing that may affect gene expression, translation and protein activity. Our growing understanding of the unique roles that the polyamines play in chromatin regulation, and the discovery of novel proteins homologous with specific regulatory enzymes in polyamine metabolism, have led to our interest in exploring chromatin remodelling enzymes as potential therapeutic targets for specific polyamine analogues. One of our initial efforts focused on utilizing the strong affinity that the polyamines have for chromatin to create a backbone structure, which could be combined with active-site-directed inhibitor moieties of HDACs (histone deacetylases). Specific PAHAs (polyaminohydroxamic acids) and PABAs (polyaminobenzamides) polyamine analogues have demonstrated potent inhibition of the HDACs, re-expression of p21 and significant inhibition of tumour growth. A second means of targeting the chromatin-remodelling enzymes with polyamine analogues was facilitated by the recent identification of flavin-dependent LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1). The existence of this enzyme demonstrated that histone lysine methylation is a dynamic process similar to other histone post-translational modifications. LSD1 specifically catalyses demethylation of mono- and di-methyl Lys4 of histone 3, key positive chromatin marks associated with transcriptional activation. Structural and catalytic similarities between LSD1 and polyamine oxidases facilitated the identification of biguanide, bisguanidine and oligoamine polyamine analogues that are potent inhibitors of LSD1. Cellular inhibition of LSD1 by these unique compounds led to the re-activation of multiple epigenetically silenced genes important in tumorigenesis. The use of these novel polyamine-based HDAC or LSD1 inhibitors represents a highly promising and novel approach to cancer prevention and therapy.
Modeling the flux of high energy negative ions during reactive magnetron sputtering
Authors: Mahieu S. , Leroy W. P. , Van Aeken K. , Depla D.
Published: November 2009

The negative ion flux during reactive sputtering from planar and rotating cylindrical magnetrons has been studied. Energy resolved mass spectrometry was used to measure the energy and mass distribution of the negative ions. Also the angular distribution of the high energy ions was characterized for planar as well as for rotating cylindrical magnetrons. Besides these measurements, a binary collision Monte Carlo simulation code, SiMTRA, was adapted in order to simulate the energy, mass, and angular distribution of the high energy negative ions. All simulated distributions, for both planar and rotating cylindrical magnetrons, were in excellent correspondence with the experimental observations. Also a model for the amount of high energy negative O− ions was proposed. Indeed, the logarithm of the amount of high energy negative O− ions is shown to be related to the secondary electron emission yield of the oxide target, and these two parameters are known to be related to the work function. The SiMTRA simulations, in combination with knowledge of the work function or secondary electron emission yield of the target, allow modeling the flux of high energy negative ions during reactive magnetron sputtering.
Self-assembled nanodielectrics and silicon nanomembranes for low voltage, flexible transistors, and logic gates on plastic substrates
Authors: Kim Hoon-Sik , Won Sang Min , Ha Young-Geun , Ahn Jong-Hyun , Facchetti Antonio , Marks Tobin J. , Rogers John A.
Published: November 2009

This letter reports the fabrication and electrical characterization of mechanically flexible and low operating voltage transistors and logic gates (NOT, NAND, and NOR gates) using printed silicon nanomembranes and self-assembled nanodielectrics on thin plastic substrates. The transistors exhibit effective linear mobilities of ∼680 cm2/V s, on/off ratios >107, gate leakage current densities <2.8×10−7 A/cm2, and subthreshold slopes ∼120 mV/decade. The inverters show voltage gains as high as 4.8. Simple digital logic gates (NAND and NOR gates) demonstrate the possible application of this materials combination in digital integrated circuits.
Isofulminic acid, HONC: Ab initio theory and microwave spectroscopy
Authors: Mladenović Mirjana , Lewerenz Marius , McCarthy Michael C. , Thaddeus Patrick
Published: November 2009

Isofulminic acid, HONC, the most energetic stable isomer of isocyanic acid HNCO, higher in energy by 84 kcal/mol, has been detected spectroscopically by rotational spectroscopy supported by coupled cluster electronic structure calculations. The fundamental rotational transitions of the normal, carbon-13, oxygen-18, and deuterium isotopic species have been detected in the centimeter band in a molecular beam by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy, and rotational constants and nitrogen and deuterium quadrupole coupling constants have been derived. The measured constants agree well with those predicted by ab initio calculations. A number of other electronic and spectroscopic parameters of isofulminic acid, including the dipole moment, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and centrifugal distortion constants have been calculated at a high level of theory. Isofulminic acid is a good candidate for astronomical detection with radio telescopes because it is highly polar and its more stable isomers (HNCO, HOCN, and HCNO) have all been identified in space.