bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fate of pathogen indicators in a domestic blend of food waste and wastewater through a two-stage anaerobic digestion system
Authors: Rounsefell B. D. , O'Sullivan C. A. , Chinivasagam N. , Batstone D. , Clarke W. P.
Published: November 2012

Anaerobic digestion is a viable on-site treatment technology for rich organic waste streams such as food waste and blackwater. In contrast to large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants which are typically located away from the community, the effluent from any type of on-site system is a potential pathogenic hazard because of the intimacy of the system to the community. The native concentrations of the pathogen indicators Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphage were tracked for 30 days under stable operation (organic loading rate (OLR) = 1.8 kgCOD m−3 day−1, methane yield = 52% on a chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis) of a two-stage laboratory-scale digester treating a mixture of food waste and blackwater. E. coli numbers were reduced by a factor of 106.4 in the thermophilic stage, from 107.5±0.3 to 101.1±0.1 cfu 100 mL−1, but regenerated by a factor of 104 in the mesophilic stage. Neither the thermophilic nor mesophilic stages had any significant impact on C. perfringens concentrations. Coliphage concentrations were reduced by a factor of 101.4 across the two stages. The study shows that anaerobic digestion only reduces pathogen counts marginally but that counts in effluent samples could be readily reduced to below detection limits by filtration through a 0.22 µm membrane, to investigate membrane filtration as a possible sanitation technique.
Photochemical degradation of 4-chlorophenol in the aqueous phase using peroxyacetic acid (PAA)
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Mausumi , Daswat Dhiraj P.
Published: November 2012

The photochemical degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) using ultraviolet irradiation (UV) of 6, 12 and 18 W with peroxyacetic acid (PAA) was studied in a batch reactor. The objective of this work was to investigate degradation and mineralization of 4-CP by PAA. The degradation efficiency increased with increasing UV input. The degradation process was also pH and initial PAA concentration dependent. The optimum conditions for the photochemical degradation of 4-CP as UV input, pH and PAA concentration was found to be 18 W, 9.5 and 3,040 ppm. The reaction efficiency decreased with increasing initial 4-CP concentrations. More than 95% mineralization of 4-CP was achieved with the UV/PAA process. The chloride ion concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was evaluated. The chloride ion concentration and COD were decreased gradually with increasing UV input. Samples were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV spectrophotometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for residual concentration and identification of final degraded products.
Response surface optimization of fluidized roasting reduction of low-grade pyrolusite coupling with pretreatment of stone coal
Authors: Feng Y. , Cai Z. , Li H. , Du Z. , Liu X.
Published: November 2012

Research on the novel technology of fluidized roasting reduction of low-grade
pyrolusite coupling with pretreatment of stone coal has been conducted.
According to the response surface design and the analysis of results,
orthogonal experiments have been conducted on the major factors and effects
of the factors on the manganese reduction efficiency have been studied. The
quadratic model between the manganese reduction efficiency and the factors
has been established. Meanwhile, the contour or 3D response surface of the
manganese reduction efficiency among various factors has been presented. The
maximum manganese reduction efficiency could be optimized to nearly 100%,
when the mass ratio of stone coal to pyrolusite was 2.5:1, the roasting
temperature of stone coal was 1080?C, the roasting temperature of pyrolusite
was 775?C, and the roasting time was 2h. The results of the manganese
reduction efficiency of the actual experiments were close to those of the
fitting model by the verification experiments, indicating that the optimum
solution has a relatively high reliability. Other low-grade pyrolusite such
as Guangxi pyrolusite (China), Hunan pyrolusite (China), and Guizhou
pyrolusite (China) were tested and all these materials responded well giving
nearly 100% manganese reduction efficiency.
‘A Big Door Opened for Us’: Parents' Perceptions of Comprehensive Preschool
Authors: Demulder Elizabeth K. , Stribling Stacia M.
Published: November 2012

This qualitative research study was designed to explore the perceptions of parents with low income regarding the effects of involvement in a comprehensive preschool program on their children's development and on the families' quality of life. A purposeful sample of parents who became actively involved in the preschool community was interviewed about their experiences and the experiences of their children. These interviews were analyzed using the constant comparative method for emerging themes related to their experiences of the preschool. Parents' perspectives provided important insights into the processes that influence what they identified as positive outcomes. These insights, all connected to a larger theme of empowerment, included: (1) replacing isolation with affiliation, (2) increased self-confidence, (3) enhanced opportunity and ability to set goals and develop skills that promote self-sufficiency and goal attainment, and (4) empowering parents to empower their children through positive parenting. The evidence suggests that preschool structures and processes can enhance the development of the whole family by serving as a support system, and by nurturing relationships that are at the core of academic success. The study contributes to the research base on the effects of comprehensive preschool approaches to support families living in poverty.
Heterogeneity of Responses to Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring (RT-CGM) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Its Implications for Application
Authors: Fonda Stephanie J. , Salkind Sara J. , Walker M. Susan , Chellappa Mary , Ehrhardt Nicole , Vigersky Robert A.
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

To characterize glucose response patterns of people who wore a real-time continuous glucose monitor (RT-CGM) as an intervention to improve glycemic control. Participants had type 2 diabetes, were not taking prandial insulin, and interpreted the RT-CGM data independently.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data were from the first 12 weeks of a 52-week, prospective, randomized trial comparing RT-CGM (n = 50) with self-monitoring of blood glucose (n = 50). RT-CGM was used in 8 of the first 12 weeks. A1C was collected at baseline and quarterly. This analysis included 45 participants who wore the RT-CGM ≥4 weeks. Analyses examined the RT-CGM data for common response patterns—a novel approach in this area of research. It then used multilevel models for longitudinal data, regression, and nonparametric methods to compare the patterns of A1C, mean glucose, glycemic variability, and views per day of the RT-CGM device.

RESULTS

There were five patterns. For four patterns, mean glucose was lower than expected as of the first RT-CGM cycle of use given participants’ baseline A1C. We named them favorable response but with high and variable glucose (n = 7); tight control (n = 14); worsening glycemia (n = 6); and incremental improvement (n = 11). The fifth was no response (n = 7). A1C, mean glucose, glycemic variability, and views per day differed across patterns at baseline and longitudinally.

CONCLUSIONS

The patterns identified suggest that targeting people with higher starting A1Cs, using it short-term (e.g., 2 weeks), and monitoring for worsening glycemia that might be the result of burnout may be the best approach to using RT-CGM in people with type 2 diabetes not taking prandial insulin.
Two new gene mutations for late onset mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE)
Authors: Etienne Gathline , Shamseddine Khadijah , Pulley Michael , Milfred Fatima
Published: November 2012

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE) is a multisystem, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ptosis, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, gastroparesis cachexia, peripheral neuropathy, and diffuse leukoencephalopathy. MNGIE is rare and the prevalence is unknown, however, to date there have been 76 mutations reported in the TYMP gene associated with MNGIE. We report two novel mutations that have not been previously described in a patient with clinical MNGIE syndrome.
Seeking what?
Authors: Kelly John
Published: November 2012

Hardt and Negri's transvaluation of violence into the sign of emergent revolutionary subjectivity begins in a philosophical dream, not any actual historical anthropology. Negri's politics of subversion attempt to articulate the ongoing constitution of a new multitude but actually constitute the alter ego to Pax Americana's vision of nation-state sovereignty and finance-dominated capitalism. Thorstein Veblen's critique of the finance-dominated, postmodern new order, first rendered in 1919, draws similar conclusions about fictions in sovereignty by nation-state and contradictions between vested interests and the global commons. But Veblen correctly warns against romanticizing violent tactics. An anthropology of situations will better help scholars clarify contemporary predicaments and potentials than will search for an insurgent global multitude. The issue is urgent in the situation of globalized counterinsurgency. Anthropology can and should mount a better critique of actual global politics than it can find within the values of any philosophy, even one committed to the Spinozan celebration and amplification of immanence.
Hypnosis for cancer care: Over 200 years young
Authors: Montgomery Guy H. , Schnur Julie B. , Kravits Kate
Published: November 2012

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE

Hypnosis has been used to provide psychological and physical comfort to individuals diagnosed with cancer for nearly 200 years. The goals of this review are: 1) to describe hypnosis and its components and to dispel misconceptions; 2) to provide an overview of hypnosis as a cancer prevention and control technique (covering its use in weight management, smoking cessation, as an adjunct to diagnostic and treatment procedures, survivorship, and metastatic disease); and 3) to discuss future research directions. Overall, the literature supports the benefits of hypnosis for improving quality of life during the course of cancer and its treatment. However, a great deal more work needs to be done to explore the use of hypnosis in survivorship, to understand the mediators and moderators of hypnosis interventions, and to develop effective dissemination strategies. CA Cancer J Clin 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Towards a Casimir Force Measurement between Micromachined Parallel Plate Structures
Authors: Nawazuddin Mubassira , Lammerink Theo , Berenschot Erwin , Boer Meint , Ma Ke-Chun , Elwenspoek Miko , Wiegerink Remco
Published: November 2012

Ever since its prediction, experimental investigation of the Casimir force has been of great scientific interest. Many research groups have successfully attempted quantifying the force with different device geometries; however, measurement of the Casimir force between parallel plates with sub-micron separation distance is still a challenging task, since it becomes extremely difficult to maintain sufficient parallelism between the plates. The Casimir force can significantly influence the operation of micro devices and to realize reliable and reproducible devices it is necessary to understand and experimentally verify the influence of the Casimir force at sub-micron scale. In this paper, we present the design principle, fabrication and characterization of micromachined parallel plate structures that could allow the measurement of the Casimir force with tunable separation distance in the range of 100 to 1000 nm. Initially, a gold coated parallel plate structure is explored to measure the Casimir force, but also other material combinations could be investigated. Using gold-silicon eutectic bonding, a reliable approach to bond chips with integrated suspended plates together with a well-defined separation distance in the order of 1–2 μm is developed.
Predicting Retention Times of Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography: A Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship (QSRR) Approach
Authors: Akbar Jamshed , Iqbal Shahid , Batool Fozia , Karim Abdul , Chan Kim
Published: November 2012

Quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRRs) have successfully been developed for naturally occurring phenolic compounds in a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) system. A total of 1519 descriptors were calculated from the optimized structures of the molecules using MOPAC2009 and DRAGON softwares. The data set of 39 molecules was divided into training and external validation sets. For feature selection and mapping we used step-wise multiple linear regression (SMLR), unsupervised forward selection followed by step-wise multiple linear regression (UFS-SMLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Stable and robust models with significant predictive abilities in terms of validation statistics were obtained with negation of any chance correlation. ANN models were found better than remaining two approaches. HNar, IDM, Mp, GATS2v, DISP and 3D-MoRSE (signals 22, 28 and 32) descriptors based on van der Waals volume, electronegativity, mass and polarizability, at atomic level, were found to have significant effects on the retention times. The possible implications of these descriptors in RPLC have been discussed. All the models are proven to be quite able to predict the retention times of phenolic compounds and have shown remarkable validation, robustness, stability and predictive performance.
4-{[(1-Phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)oxy]methyl}-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
Authors: Vilkauskaitė Gytė , Holzer Wolfgang , Šačkus Algirdas
Published: November 2012

The title compound was obtained by the reaction of tosylated glycerol carbonate with 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ol in a good 71% yield. Detailed spectroscopic data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 15N-NMR, IR, MS) are presented.
Unifying Themes in the Oeuvre of John M. Headley
Authors: Weiss James M.
Published: November 2012

The great variety of historical figures and themes found in the published works of John Headley since 1963 reveal a unity of themes and values. The numerous persons whom Headley studied all envisioned a humane universal order even as they moved from theoretical reflection to actual political implementation. His more recent work holds up the European legacy of human rights, democracy, and freedom that have become a Western gift and challenge to non-Western cultures.
Botulinum Toxin Physiology in Focal Hand and Cranial Dystonia
Authors: Karp Barbara
Published: November 2012

The safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal hand and cranial dystonias are well-established. Studies of these adult-onset focal dystonias reveal both shared features, such as the dystonic phenotype of muscle hyperactivity and overflow muscle contraction and divergent features, such as task specificity in focal hand dystonia which is not a common feature of cranial dystonia. The physiologic effects of botulinum toxin in these 2 disorders also show both similarities and differences. This paper compares and contrasts the physiology of focal hand and cranial dystonias and of botulinum toxin in the management of these disorders.
A Simple Framework for Evaluating the Economic Welfare of a Large Event
Authors: Li Shina
Published: November 2012

Large events have become an important and unique economic phenomenon. Although existing studies have assessed the total economic impact of a large event measured by gross domestic product (GDP), few studies have examined the welfare impacts of an event on local residents. To fill in
this gap, this article builds a simple framework for assessing the economic welfare of a large event measured by Equivalent Variation. In this framework, extensions to modeling event investment and expenditure, such as event tourism expenditure and investment in the construction, are introduced
to a standard computable general equilibrium model. The main critic for previous studies is that they always generate unrealistically large economic results. This framework attempts to overcome this by modeling investment in the event construction in a more reasonable method—modeling
both positive and negative impacts. The framework is then applied to assessing the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Findings show that welfare gains generated in 2008 by holding the Beijing Olympics account for 0.33% and 7% of real GDP growth in China and Beijing, respectively. This implies that economic
benefits in terms of welfare gains brought by holding the Beijing Olympics are not significant at both the national and city levels. Based on the model results, some policy implications are suggested.
Cyprus as a Winter Destination: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Karyopouli Savvina , Koutra Christina
Published: November 2012

Seasonal fluctuations of demand are regular in the Mediterranean islands. this could be attributed to the distinct qualities of island destinations, their vulnerability, peripherality, and isolation. this article aims to determine whether Cyprus has the geographical and governance qualities
needed to address seasonality by diversifying its tourism product. An exploratory, interpretive, inductive approach to research was undertaken with key informers within the industry to investigate these issues. the findings indicate that Cyprus has the necessary geographical features to address
seasonality. however, there is high dependency on small number of tour operators, air travel companies, the narrow sun-and-sea product, and governmental control, which prevents winter tourism development.
A FUZZY MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE UTILITY MODEL FOR INTELLIGENT BUILDING ASSESSMENT
Authors: Kahraman Cengiz , Kaya Ihsan
Published: November 2012

Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) is an evaluation scheme which is very popular by decision makers for evaluating their judgments. According to MAUT, the overall evaluation U(x) of an object x is defined as a weighted addition of its evaluation with respect to its relevant value dimensions. The recent years have witnessed a huge concentration and interest in intelligent buildings’ performance that is increasingly evidenced in building design and construction. Intelligent buildings (IBs) are also under assessment according to their IB related characteristics and actual circumstances. For this aim, in this paper a fuzzy multiple attribute utility model for intelligent building assessment is proposed and three alternative intelligent buildings for a business center in Istanbul are evaluated.
NONSTATIONARITY ANALYSIS IN WIND-RAIN-INDUCED VIBRATION OF STAY CABLES
Authors: He Xu-hui , Yu Xiang-dong , Chen Zheng-qing
Published: November 2012

Wind and wind-rain-induced cable vibration are usually nonstationary. Based on the field measured wind data from the Dongting Lake Bridge (DLB) in China, a wavelet-based method was developed to investigate the wind characteristics of wind-rain-induced cable vibration. By using the wavelet analysis, the time-varying mean wind speed is extracted and a nonstationary wind speed model is proposed. The turbulence intensities and probability distributions of measured wind data are calculated using the proposed nonstationary model and compared with those based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and design values. The correlation between wind and wind-rain-induced acceleration response are discussed. At the same time, the relativity of acceleration responses of cable and the wind speed are discussed via calculating root mean square (RMS) averaging and acceleration response peak factors.
DESIGN OF FRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS FOR SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Barris Cristina , Torres Lluís , Miàs Cristina , Vilanova Irene
Published: November 2012

Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may govern the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars because of the mechanical properties of FRP materials. This paper investigates the design of Fibre Reinforced Polymer reinforced concrete (FRP RC) beams under the SLS of cracking, stresses in materials, and deflections. A formulation to calculate the bending condition at which crack width and stresses in materials requirements are fulfilled is presented based on principles of equilibrium, strain compatibility and linear elastic behaviour of materials. The slenderness limits to comply with the deflection limitation are redefined and a methodology to calculate the optimal height of an FRP RC beam to satisfy all of these serviceability requirements is proposed. This procedure allows optimising the dimensions of an FRP RC beam taking into account the specific characteristics of the element, such as the mechanical properties of materials and the geometric and loading conditions.
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PORTFOLIO SELECTION MODEL FOR CONTRACTOR FIRMS CONSIDERING THE RISK FACTOR
Authors: Abbasianjahromi Hamidreza , Rajaie Hossein
Published: November 2012

Regarding to the high importance of project selection in the project life cycle, solving bid/no-bid problems, especially in the construction industry, is a subject of most recent research. Portfolio selection has been the most interesting area in the last two decades in management research but there is poor investigation in the construction industry. Taking into account the risk, which is inherent in the construction industry and especially in the project selection phase is inevitable. This paper intends to propose a model for project selection and developing two main concepts including company portfolio and risk. The main innovation of this paper is presenting a new framework, which attempts to optimize project selection based on the endurable risk level of a company with regard to the existing portfolio. Considering the user-friendly characteristic of the model, this paper has applied the fuzzy multi criteria decision-making approaches. Finally, the model is implemented in a real case study.
Discrimination fondée sur le sexe aux États-Unis : une notion juridique sous tensions
Authors: Mercat-Bruns Marie
Published: November 2012

Résumé La lutte contre les discriminations raciales aux Etats-Unis a servi, initialement, de modèle, par analogie, à la construction d’un corpus juridique propre aux droits des femmes. Cependant cette analogie entre race et sexe a connu certaines limites, sur le plan constitutionnel notamment. À première vue, cette vision moins ambitieuse de l’égalité entre hommes et femmes paraît décevante pour la cause féministe. Pourtant elle se révèle, au bout du compte, salvatrice sur le plan de certaines avancées législatives qu’elle a permises qui ont bénéficié, à leur tour, grâce à la jurisprudence, à la cause des Noirs américains. À partir des années 1970 jusqu’à aujourd’hui, la réflexion juridique de la doctrine américaine, d’inspiration foucaldienne, fait apparaître les rapports de pouvoir inhérents à la lutte contre les discriminations fondées sur le sexe et les tensions que suscite le droit entre égalité concrète et égalité formelle. Ces interrogations ne sont pas non plus une menace qui pèse sur le débat féministe. L’apparition du critère du genre en droit, à côté du sexe et l’intérêt que suscitent la parentalité et les discriminations systémiques, au-delà des discriminations individuelles fondées sur le sexe, ne sont en aucun cas un désaveu vis-àvis des règles visant spécifiquement les femmes. C’est une chance à saisir de renouveler le débat juridique féministe sur le sexe lui-même et même de l’enrichir.
Gender studies et études de genre : le gap
Authors: Downs Laura Lee , Rogers Rebecca , Thébaud Françoise
Published: November 2012

Résumé Travail, genre et sociétés a demandé à trois historiennes – dont deux franco-américaines – de réfléchir ensemble à la question « pourquoi et comment les études de genre, les études sur la sexualité, sur les femmes, se sont développées de manière si différente de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique ? » Plusieurs dimensions de la question sont abordées dans l’entretien à trois voix qui résulte de cette demande : l’idée d’un retard français dans ce domaine par rapport à l’avancée américaine ; blocages et résistances institutionnelles ; rôle des revues et des réseaux d’ami-e-s ou de militant –e-s dans la circulation transatlantique des idées ; pluralité d’approches qui caractérise ces études de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique. Au travers de cette discussion riche et variée, on voit clairement le rôle pionnier qu’ont joué les études de genre dans l ‘évolution épistémologique des sciences humaines depuis les années 1970.
Bioinformatic and Empirical Analysis of Novel Hypoxia-Inducible Targets of the Human Antituberculosis T Cell Response
Authors: Gideon Hannah P. , Wilkinson Katalin A. , Rustad Tige R. , Oni Tolu , Guio Heinner , Sherman David R. , Vordermeier H. Martin , Robertson Brian D. , Young Douglas B. , Wilkinson Robert J.
Published: November 2012

We analyzed whole genome–based transcriptional profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subjected to prolonged hypoxia to guide the discovery of novel potential Ags, by a combined bioinformatic and empirical approach. We analyzed the fold induction of the 100 most highly induced genes at 7 d of hypoxia, as well as transcript abundance, peptide-binding prediction (ProPred) adjusted for population-specific MHC class II allele frequency, and by literature search. Twenty-six candidate genes were selected by this bioinformatic approach and evaluated empirically using IFN-γ and IL-2 ELISPOT using immunodominant Ags (Acr-1, CFP-10, ESAT-6) as references. Twenty-three of twenty-six proteins induced an IFN-γ response in PBMCs of persons with active or latent tuberculosis. Five novel immunodominant proteins—Rv1957, Rv1954c, Rv1955, Rv2022c, and Rv1471—were identified that induced responses similar to CFP-10 and ESAT-6 in both magnitude and frequency. IL-2 responses were of lower magnitude than were those of IFN-γ. Only moderate evidence of infection stage–specific recognition of Ags was observed. Reconciliation of bioinformatic and empirical hierarchies of immunodominance revealed that Ags could be predicted, providing transcriptomic data were combined with peptide-binding prediction adjusted by population-specific MHC class II allele frequency.
Die Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk en die menseregtevraagstuk: 1910-1990
Authors: Ernst J.H.
Published: November 2012

The Dutch Reformed Church and the human rights issue: 1910-199 Research in the field of church history reveals that the Dutch Refonned Church disposes its own human rights tradition that should be viewed and judged alongside and not in opposition 10 its apartheid tradition. As common factor "Human Rights" proved to be a suitablkey to unlock the history of the theology of apartheid ("evangelie van volksvryhede") of the Afrikaans churches, the theology of civilisation ("gospel of co-operation") of the English churches and the theology of liberation ("gospel of humanisation") of the Black church movement in an impartial and systematical way.
Gelykenisse in konteks: Aantekeninge oor Matteus 24:45–25:30
Authors: Botha P.J.J
Published: November 2012

Parables in conte:d: some comments on Matthew 24:45-25:30 The  three parables  in Matthew  24:45-25:30 are usually  read as advice  to the  church  on  how  to  behave while waiting for the  return  of  the Lord.  An alternative  reading  is  proposed  in  this  article:  Matthew  discusses  the relationship  between  various  Jewish  groups,  explaining  who the  disciples of  the  Kingdom  are  and  why  fonnative  Judaism,  competing  for  the allegiance  of  Jews  of  the  late first  century,  is  not a  viable  option for  the future of  Israel's  inheritance.
Johan Heyns and the class of '51 – prolegomena to a story of people who got hurt
Authors: Landsman C
Published: November 2012

Johan Heyns  and  the  class  of  '51  - prolegomena  to  a  story  of people who got hurt This  article consists of  three parts.  In  the first part a story  is  told of  Johan Heyns and some of  the men who shared with him the  final year of  theologi-cal  training  at  the  University  of Pretoria  in  1951.  In  the  second  part prolegomena  to  the  telling  of  a  new story  of  Johan  Heyns  are  explained. Finally  this  new story  is  told by  using  the  voices  of  six people  - students, colleagues andfamily  - who  interrupt  each  other's  voice  on  Johan  Heyns, thereby undermining  the popular ideal amongst local church historians that religion  biography  can  and  should  recreate  a  complete  and  consistent image of  a person's  (moral)  reality.
Traditional African economies in conflict with western capitalism
Authors: Pauw C.M.
Published: November 2012

Traditional Mrican economies  in conflict with western capitalism Some of  the fundamental differences between two  economic systems which, by  and large,  have  come  into  conflict with  one another  in Africa south  of the  Sahara  are  analised,  i e  traditional African  economies  and western, capitalist oriented  economies.  The  dire  economic  conditions prevailing  in Africa are the result,  to a  large extent,  of  a  long history of  exploitation and economic  disempowerment particularly  by  western  powers.  Not  all  the strategies and programs to  counter this poverty are equally appropriate or acceptable.  In  the  meantime  a  unique  coping  mechanism  is  developing, particularly within African Independent Churches which may provide some answers.
Psalm 49 and the book of Qohelet
Authors: Spangenberg I.J.I.
Published: November 2012

Psalm 49 and the Book of Qohelet. Although a number of scholars have criticised Casetti's analysis of Psalm 49. Zenger and Bossfeld employed his ideas in their recent commentary on the Psalms. According to these scholars the psalm consists of two distinct layers: a basic pessimistic psalm to which a second author later added two further strophes and an introduction. The basic psalm reflects the tone of the Book of Qohelet, but probably originated prior to that book as it does not reflect a hellenistic background. This article argues that the psalm should be read with the aid of Albertz' description of the social situation in Judaea during the fifth century BeE. There is no basis for splitting the psalm into two layers. Rather, Psalm 49 addresses two segments of the Judaean upper class.
Gospel, culture and mission: Revisiting an enduring problem
Authors: Kalu O.U.
Published: November 2012

Gospel, culture and mission: Revisiting an enduring problem This article reflects on the 1996 Conference on World Mission and Evangelism. The relation between gospel, culture and mission is considered, especially from an Africa perspective, but not reserved to it in application. Apart from considering the problem of appropriate terminology to express the intricacies concerning the subject, a deeper search is conducted into the complex relationship between the believer, his mission to, and his distancing from divergent cultural sources and manifestations. Emerging perspectives are considered, which help to formulate mission strategies and historic viewpoints and attitudes. Knowledge of these perspectives is essential for a more responsible answering to the call made to all believers.
Paulus se vernuftige vervlegting van antropologie en eskatologie in 2 Korintiërs 4:7-5:10
Authors: Du Rand J.A.
Published: November 2012

It has been said that Paul is not really Pauline in his eschatological thoughts in 2 Corinthians 4:7-5:10. What could be the reasonfor that? The discourse is very personal. What emerges in the foreground are Paul's tribulations and suffering in his apostolic ministry. It is narrated in such a way that it forms the basis for understanding his anthropology and eschatology. His apostolic existence runs between two poles: his faith in Christ and his eschatological hope. Therefore, his anthropology is only to be understood in the light of his eschatology and his eschatology in the light of his anthropology.
Psalm 54: The power of positive patterning
Authors: Botha P.J.
Published: November 2012

Psalm 54: The power of positive patterning Psalm 54 is analysed in 'n literary, rhetorical and socio-critical way in order to determine the dominant textual strategy and the way in which it was supposed to function. It is established that the basic concern of the psalm is with the honour of the individuals for whom the psalm was intended as a cultic prayer. The way in which words with a positive and those with a negative connotative meaning are arranged, is found to be compliant with the purpose of having the enemies exposed and the self vindicated. What is more, this pattern seems to have been devised also to be of therapeutic value for the suppliant himself.
Understanding the concept of "time" in Daniel
Authors: Venter P.M.
Published: November 2012

The temporal axis of apocalypses has always invited a wide range of interpretations. Not only dispensational schemes since the Christian era, but especially contemporary mass suicides arising from activist millennialism, points to the role of the conceptualization of time in eschatology. Mbiti's African concept of time as well as Malina's description of Mediterranean time indicate an alternative matrix for understanding time in the book of Daniel. An investigation into commentaries on Daniel shows that commentators are rather using a Western concept of time than an ancient Near Eastern concept. The need for reorientation in the time concept for studying the apocalyptic materials of Daniel is indicated.
Imitatio Christi in the fourth gospel
Authors: Van der Merwe D.G.
Published: November 2012

Imitatio Christi is a concept which, although not referred to explicitly in the Fourth Gospel, is clearly spelled out in relation to the agency motif occurring in the Gospel. The disciples of Jesus have been appointed as his agents to continue his mission after his departure to his Father. In giving this message through to his readers, the Fourth Evangelist refers to Jesus' calling of his disciples, [Foreign font omitted]; pictures Jesus as [Foreign font omitted]; uses [Foreign font omitted] (the particle of comparison) to compare the lives of the disciples with that of Jesus; points out the tasks the disciples had to perform after Jesus' ascension and, finally, indicates how Jesus dwells in his disciples through the Paraclete.
The United Congregational Church of Southern Africa (UCCSA) - A case study of a united and ecumenical church
Authors: Van der Water D
Published: November 2012

In this article, the ecumenical heritage of the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa is described by the General Secretary of that church. The early history of the UCCSA, related to the London Missionary Society, created a sense of self-awareness that led to the unification of racially divided congregational churches during 1967. This set the ground for the active involvement of the UCCSA in the political liberation processes in Southern Africa. In addition, the UCCSA 's continued exploration of further ecumenical endeavours is traced. The covenental theology of the UCCSA forms a unifying thread throughout these processes.
Psalm 137: 'n (On)Christelike Psalm?
Authors: Mar L.P.
Published: November 2012

Christians tend to be horrified and embarrassed by the bloodthirstiness of Psalm 137, especially in the light of Jesus' command to forgive one's enemies. A prayer, which rejoices in the cold blooded murder of innocent children, seems totally unchristian. However, the psalm is part of the Christian canon, and therefore it cannot be ignored. It is the aim of this article to show that Psalm 137 can and should take its rightful place in the life and worship of the Christian Church.
Forensic Metaphors in Romans and their soteriological significance
Authors: Du Toit A B
Published: November 2012

Previous studies on legal references in Paul concentrated almost exclusively on matters of civil law. A study  of  five  important  passages  in Romans and an overview of the rest of Romans  indicate  that  this  letter contains an unusual number of forensic metaphors and  that  Paul,  in Romans, packaged his soteriology within a forensic setting. This  suggests that he deliberately created an implicature, inviting his readers to compare the iustitia Dei with the iustitia romana. Contrary to the latter, which was  expected  to function on the basis of equity and with which Paul’s addressees were all too well acquainted, the iustitia Dei proves to be astonishingly unconventional. This judge operates with grace. Ironical as it may seem, exactly by using  forensic  imagery, Paul completely delegalized the Christian message.
Back to the Future
Authors: Duncan G A
Published: November 2012

The Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa was formed on 26th September 1999 as the result of the union of the black Reformed Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa and the white-dominated Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa. Various unsuccessful attempts had been made since the latter part of  the  nineteenth century to effect union. In the spirit of national euphoria which surrounded the first democratic elections in South Africa in1994, the Reformed Presbyterian Church initiated union discussions with  the Presbyterian Church. The subsequent union was based on what are now considered to be inadequate preparations and many unresolved problems have emerged to test the witness of the new denomination, not the least of which is racism. At its 2002 General Assembly, as the result of what appeared to be a financial crisis, the Uniting Presbyterian Church appointed a Special Committee on Reformation was established to investigate the problems in the denomination and to bring proposals for dealing with these issues.
Die wetenskaplike onderbou van DieBybel@kinders.co.za
Authors: Stander H.F.
Published: November 2012

One of the latest translations of the Bible in Afrikaans is DieBybel@kinders.co.za. The target group of this Bible is kids. Since this is a children’s  Bible, the scientific basis of this project is often overlooked. In this article the translational and semantic principles underlying this Bible are discussed. Valuable experience is being shared with other scholars. It is done in order to equip people who want to undertake similar projects in the future. The need for similar projects in the other official languages of South Africa is also emphasized.
Gebruik van twee tale in die Daniëlboek
Authors: Nel Marius
Published: November 2012

The  Book of Daniel is characterized by a change of language, from Hebrew to Aramaic to Hebrew (in Dan 2:4b to Aramaic and in Dan 8:1 to Hebrew). What caused the change from the ‘sacred’ to a  ‘heathen’ language and back? Does the change of language implicate something about the date of origin of the tales (Dan 1-6) and visions (Dan 7-12)? The rabbinical answer to the question and the results of modern research into the book are being investigated. The words “in Aramaic” (in Dan 2:4a) was probably a mistake made by a later  scribe when  he incorporated  a note from the margin into the Biblical text that  was  used  to  warn  the reader that the language changes at this point. The result  is  that  the  text now  reads  as  if the wise men answer the king, who speaks Hebrew, in Aramaic. This  leaves  the necessary  room to speculate that the use of the two languages may have something to do with the process in which the tradition was handed down to the second century writer or redactor of the book.
Violence and hatred in Psalm 137: The psalm in its ancient social context
Authors: Steenkamp Y
Published: November 2012

Psalm 137 has become notorious for the brutality and bloodthirstiness that characterise its last verses. In the face of many past criticisms which rejected the Old Testament as a book of violence, both Christians  and  Jews need to take texts such as Psalm 137 seriously and interpret them against the  social  and cultural customs of their time. Before Psalm 137 can be judged against the ethical norms of modern societies, the text must first be understood in its ancient context. The aim of this paper is to show that a better understanding of the socio-cultural background of the Psalm may enhance our understanding of vv. 7-9, as well as of the Psalm as a whole. The hypothesis is that the social values of honour and shame feature so prominently in the Psalm that they form a key to the interpretation of the poem.
Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: the role of the faith communities
Authors: Meiring P G J
Published: November 2012

Ten years after the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission commenced with its work (1995), the author – using the statements made by representatives of the different faith communities in South Africa – analyses the role the communities played in the past: as agents of oppression, as victims of apartheid, as opponents of apartheid, as well as their role in the country’s transition to a new democratic society. Finally, the contribution of the faith communities in the process of reconciliation and nation building is discussed.
Geloof as antwoord op versoening – ’n Pauliniese perspektief
Authors: Van Aarde A G
Published: November 2012

The aim of this article is to critically assess Friedrich Nietzsche’s accusation of Paul that he replaced the “gentle gospel” of Jesus with an ideology of punishment, forgiveness, and reward. The article argues that the Pauline perspective on reconciliation has not the purport to satisfy either divine wrath or human needs – whether born from particularistic ethnocentrism or liberal globalism. Besides a siscussion of the expressions used by Paul to articulate his kerygma about redemption the article demonstrates that for Paul, faith functions as response to God’s act of reconciliation. God’s righteousness is the most prominent result of being reconciled. Faith as response to God’s salvation implies therefore that transformation and ethics are two sides of a responsive conduct which follows when God, as a gift, expiates the inequities of human beings.
Christianity in Africa: a historical appraisal
Authors: Fatokun Samson A
Published: November 2012

In this article, the author challenges the popular public conception that Christianity in Africa is a latecomer introduced only with the advent of colonialism. By tracing the origins of the Christian faith in both North and sub-Saharan Africa (including, North-Central and West Africa), this paper seeks to show that Christianity has been in Africa virtually since its inception and that the continent’ s own adherents to this faith played an important role in the formation and advance of Christianity elsewhere. Moreover, Christianity in Africa can be found almost everywhere on the continent and indigenous varieties of the tradition developed which allowed it to become as part of Africa as African traditional religions.
AGS-pastore se belewenis van hulle teologiese opleiding
Authors: Mar Leonard P
Published: November 2012

Theological training is in a crisis worldwide. Although the role that Theological Seminaries have fulfilled is acknowledged, there is a growing concern about the ability of these institutions to serve the upcoming generations of Christian leaders. Some warn they may not be well tailored for our post-modern age. Many people feel that the Seminary as an institution is in danger of extinction due to irrelevancy. Seminaries, in general, are perceived as not connecting to the needs of today’ s church. The  Auckland Park Theological Seminary (ATS), whose training is the subject of this research, is not excluded from this concern of the Church for relevant theological training. Many pastors of the AFM of SA are of the opinion that the training offered at the ATS does not effectively train pastors for the ministry. The purpose of this article is to investigate and describe how pastors who studied at the ATS experienced their theological training, as well as to offer guidelines to the Church and the ATS to develop a more effective model for theological training.
Publieke Pastorale Leiers 2: Roeping, Werwing, Keuring, Opleiding, Ordening
Authors: Nel Malan
Published: November 2012

In the first article it was attempted to provide insight into the corporate nature of being called to ministry. The article also tried to discern what the specifics of the  ministry of the public pastoral leader were. Equally important what I call in this article the teleological core of theological education. I want to build upon the concepts established in the first article. I explore the contributions of a number of well-known scholars who devoted much of their research to this field: Schner , Farley,  Wood, Hough and Cobb, Heitink, Van der Ven and others. The ultimate issue is that there is some consensus about the telos of  theological education. It is phrased differently and the different dimensions are indeed complementary. Concepts like ‘vision and discernment’, ‘critical reflection’  ‘reflective practitioner’, ‘hermeneutical-communicative competence’  and others are being discussed as it relate to the core research problem as described in article number 1. In this article I also explore the implications of the departure points for the praxis of recruiting, screening and training of future public pastoral leaders. The article points towards necessary changes that need to take place to get the local church involved in recruitment and screening - taking it serious that ‘we’  are all in the ministry. It also describes how a few churches are managing the process. In doing this, the place of the denominational community of churches is also emphasized and described.
Boekresensies/Book reviews
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: November 2012

Hahn, Ferdinand, Theologie des Neuen Testaments. 2 Bande.Witherington, Ben III (with Darlene Hyatt),  Paul’ s Letter to the Romans.Zangenberg, Jürgen & Labahn, Michael (eds),  Christians as a Religious Minority in a Multicultural City. Modes of Interaction and Identity Formation in Early Imperial Rome
Augustine and manichaeism: new discoveries, new perspectives
Authors: Van Oort H
Published: November 2012

The subject ‘Augustine and Manichaeism’  is a very extensive one. In this article the author confines himself to some main lines and argues that the subject is of central importance in the history of Christianity He shows how the theology of the most important Western Church Father was influenced by Manichaeism and suggests that without Manichaeism Western theology cannot really be comprehended.
The significance of the use of ganja as a religious ritual in the Rastafari movement
Authors: Pretorius SP
Published: November 2012

In 2000, the South African Constitutional Court ruled that religious freedom, including the exercise of religious rituals, may not contradict the laws of the country. This ruling came as a result of the Western Cape Law Society’s refusal to admit a Rastafarian as lawyer because of his habit of smoking marijuana. He appealed to the Constitutional Court and claimed that the ruling infringed upon his right to religious freedom. The Constitutional Court upheld the decision that no exception may be made for one religion.
Die Ou Testament en/in die kerk van Jesus Christus?
Authors: Snyman SD
Published: November 2012

The question raised in this contribution is suggested in the title: Should the place of the Old  Testament be regarded as outside of, over against and thus not really part of the church or should the Old Testament be regarded as in the church as part of the canon of scriptures together with the New Testament. A historical overview is given to illustrate a movement in the interpretation of the Old Testament that started initially as a christological interpretation but developed in a more theological appreciation of the Old Testament. It is further indicated that the  emphasis in both the exegesis and theology of the Old  Testament is on the Old  Testament's own theological integrity.  Therefore there is no pressing need for a christological interpretation of the Old Testament as if that would be the one and only valid way of reading the Old Testament.