bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Klassifizierung sowie zur Existenz, Eindeutigkeit und Stabilität der Lösungen klassischer kontinuumsmechanischer Dämpfungsmodelle
Authors: Nolte B. , Müller zum Hagen H.
Published: April 2005

Hinsichtlich ihres physikalischen und mathematischen Verhaltens werden partielle Differentialgleichungen untersucht, welche die folgenden vier Dämpfungsmodelle beschreiben: Das Maxwell‐Modell, das Jeffreys‐Modell, das Kelvin‐Voigt‐Modell sowie das Poynting‐Thomson‐Modell. Insgesamt handelt sich um sogenannte rheologische Dämpfungsmodelle, die ohne Kenntniss der mikroskopischen Gegebenheiten auskommen und im integralen Mittel die tatsächlichen Phänomene hinreichend gut beschreiben. Zwei der partiellen Differentialgleichungen (Dämpfungsmodell nach Maxwell und Poynting‐Thomson) sind rein hyperbolisch (nach Transformation) und die zwei anderen partiellen Differentialgleichungen sind parabolisch‐hyperbolisch. Für das parabolisch‐hyperbolische partielle Differentialgleichungssystem, welches (nach Transformation) die Dämpfungsmodelle nach Jeffreys und Kelvin‐Voigt beschreibt, wird eine Energieungleichung (a priori Abschätzung) hergeleitet. Aus dieser folgt die Eindeutigkeit und die Stabilität der Lösung. Die Existenz der Lösung lässt sich mit Hilfe der Energieungleichung beweisen. Ferner mußten die Verträglichkeitbedingungen zwischen den Randwertvorgaben (vom parabolischen Anteil) mit den Anfangswertvorgaben berücksichtigt werden. Die Vorgabelinien der Randwerte sind Charakteristiken (bzgl. des hyperbolischen Anteils). Insgesamt stellt diese Arbeit eine Kurzfassung zweier institutsinternen Arbeiten dar ([6,11]).
Second‐order effects in the torsion of elastic materials with voids
Authors: Ieşan D.
Published: April 2005

This paper applies the technique of successive approximation to the nonlinear theory of elastic materials with voids, as developed by Nunziato and Cowin [2]. The complete set of equations for the first and second order approximation is derived. The torsion problem within the second‐order theory is studied. It is shown that the solution can be expressed in terms of solutions of some two‐dimensional problems. The theory is applied to study the torsion of a circular cylinder. It is shown that an infinitesimal twist produces a second‐order volume fraction field which is proportional to the square of the amount of torsion.
On numerical stability in large scale linear algebraic computations
Authors: Strakoš Z. , Liesen J.
Published: April 2005

Numerical solving of real‐world problems typically consists of several stages. After a mathematical description of the problem and its proper reformulation and discretisation, the resulting linear algebraic problem has to be solved. We focus on this last stage, and specifically consider numerical stability of iterative methods in matrix computations. In iterative methods, rounding errors have two main effects: They can delay convergence and they can limit the maximal attainable accuracy. It is important to realize that numerical stability analysis is not about derivation of error bounds or estimates. Rather the goal is to find algorithms and their parts that are safe (numerically stable), and to identify algorithms and their parts that are not. Numerical stability analysis demonstrates this important idea, which also guides this contribution. In our survey we first recall the concept of backward stability and discuss its use in numerical stability analysis of iterative methods. Using the backward error approach we then examine the surprising fact that the accuracy of a (final) computed result may be much higher than the accuracy of intermediate computed quantities. We present some examples of rounding error analysis that are fundamental to justify numerically computed results. Our points are illustrated on the Lanczos method, the conjugate gradient (CG) method and the generalised minimal residual (GMRES) method.
Return to work after comparing outpatient multidisciplinary treatment programs versus treatment in general practice for patients with chronic widespread pain
Authors: Skouen Jan Sture , Grasdal Astrid , Haldorsen Ellen M.H.
Published: April 2005

Former studies have questioned the quality and effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation for working‐age adults with fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain (CWP). High‐quality trials are needed, and return to work should also be included as an outcome variable. This randomized study evaluated the return‐to‐work outcome of an extensive and a light multidisciplinary treatment program combining cognitive strategies and exercise versus treatment‐as‐usual initiated by a general practitioner, for CWP patients. The patients (n = 208), on sick leave for 3 months on average, were randomized to the extensive program including group sessions, a light and more individual program, and to treatment‐as‐usual. The number of days absent from work and full return to work were used as an outcome, and follow‐up lasted 54 months after the programs ended. The regression analysis showed that the extensive program was associated with significantly fewer days absent from work among women. For women, the mean effect of extensive treatment versus treatment‐as‐usual on total number of days absent from work was estimated to −206.95 days. Among men, the light program was associated with significantly more days absent from work compared to treatment‐as‐usual. Both among men and women, independent of type of treatment, patients with poorer health (poor prognosis) were absent from work more days than patients with good prognosis. In our sample, higher age significantly increased the number of days absent from work, but only for women. The extensive outpatient multidisciplinary treatment program was effective in returning women to work.
The subcellular compartmentation of fatty acid transporters is regulated differently by insulin and by AICAR
Authors: Chabowski Adrian , Coort Susan L.M. , Calles-Escandon Jorge , Tandon Narendra N. , Glatz Jan F.C. , Luiken Joost J.F.P. , Bonen Arend
Published: April 2005

Cellular fatty acid uptake is facilitated by a number of fatty acid transporters, FAT/CD36, FABPpm and FATP1. It had been presumed that FABPpm, was confined to the plasma membrane and was not regulated. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that FABPpm and FATP1 are also present in intracellular depots in cardiac myocytes. While we confirmed previous work that insulin and AICAR each induced the translocation of FAT/CD36 from an intracellular depot to the PM, only AICAR, but not insulin, induced the translocation of FABPpm. Moreover, neither insulin nor AICAR induced the translocation of FATP1. Importantly, the increased plasmalemmal content of these LCFA transporters was associated with a concomitant increase in the initial rate of palmitate uptake into cardiac myocytes. Specifically, the insulin‐stimulated increase in the rate of palmitate uptake (+60%) paralleled the insulin‐stimulated increase in plasmalemmal FAT/CD36 (+34%). Similarly, the greater AICAR‐stimulated increase in the rate of palmitate uptake (+90%) paralleled the AICAR‐induced increase in both plasmalemmal proteins (FAT/CD36 (+40%) + FABPpm (+36%)). Inhibition of palmitate uptake with the specific FAT/CD36 inhibitor SSO indicated that FABPpm interacts with FAT/CD36 at the plasma membrane to facilitate the uptake of palmitate. In conclusion, (1) there appears to be tissue‐specific sensitivity to insulin‐induced FATP1 translocation, as it has been shown elsewhere that insulin induces FATP1 translocation in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, and (2) clearly, the subcellular distribution of FABPpm, as well as FAT/CD36, is acutely regulated in cardiac myocytes, although FABPpm and FAT/CD36 do not necessarily respond identically to the same stimuli.
Mutations in the “lid” region affect chain length specificity and thermostability of a Pseudomonas fragi lipase
Authors: Santarossa Gianluca , Lafranconi Pietro Gatti , Alquati Claudia , DeGioia Luca , Alberghina Lilia , Fantucci Piercarlo , Lotti Marina
Published: April 2005

The cold‐adapted Pseudomonas fragi lipase (PFL) displays highest activity on short‐chain triglyceride substrates and is rapidly inactivated at moderate temperature. Sequence and structure comparison with homologous lipases endowed with different substrate specificity and stability, pointed to three polar residues in the lid region, that were replaced with the amino acids conserved at equivalent positions in the reference lipases. Substitutions at residues T137 and T138 modified the lipase chain‐length preference profile, increasing the relative activity towards C8 substrates. Moreover, mutations conferred to PFL higher temperature stability. On the other hand, replacement of the serine at position 141 by glycine destabilized the protein.
The yeast eIF4E‐associated protein Eap1p attenuates GCN4 translation upon TOR‐inactivation
Authors: Matsuo Ryu , Kubota Hiroyuki , Obata Tohru , Kito Keiji , Ota Kazuhisa , Kitazono Takanari , Ibayashi Setsuro , Sasaki Takuma , Iida Mitsuo , Ito Takashi
Published: April 2005

Amino acid‐starved yeast activates the eIF2α kinase Gcn2p to suppress general translation and to selectively derepress the transcription factor Gcn4p, which induces various biosynthetic genes to elicit general amino acid control (GAAC). Well‐fed yeast activates the target of rapamycin (TOR) to stimulate translation via the eIF4F complex. A crosstalk was demonstrated between the pathways for GAAC and TOR signaling: the TOR‐specific inhibitor rapamycin activates Gcn2p. Here we demonstrate that, upon TOR‐inactivation, the putative TOR‐regulated eIF4E‐associated protein Eap1p likely functions downstream of Gcn2p to attenuate GCN4 translation via a mechanism independent of eIF4E‐binding, thereby constituting another interface between the two pathways.
Reversible PEGylation of peptide YY3‐36 prolongs its inhibition of food intake in mice
Authors: Shechter Yoram , Tsubery Haim , Mironchik Marina , Rubinstein Menachem , Fridkin Mati
Published: April 2005

Administration of peptide YY3‐36 (PYY3‐36) to fasting humans or mice shortly before re‐feeding effectively reduced their food intake, but PYY3‐36 exhibited a functional half‐life of only ∼3 h. Attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) to proteins and peptides (PEGylation) prolongs their half‐life in vivo, but completely inactivated PYY3‐36. We developed a reversibly PEGylated PYY3‐36 derivative by coupling it to a 40 kDa PEG through a spontaneously cleavable linker. The resulting conjugate (PEG40–FMS–PYY3‐36) gradually released unmodified PYY3‐36 in vivo, exhibiting an eightfold increase in its functional half‐life, to ∼24 h. This long‐acting PYY3‐36 pro‐drug may serve as an effective means for controlling food intake in humans.
The hydrophobic surface of PaAMP from pokeweed seeds is essential to its interaction with fungal membrane lipids and the antifungal activity
Authors: Peng Cheng , Dong Chunxia , Hou Qiaomin , Xu Chunyu , Zhao Jindong
Published: April 2005

PaAMP is a small seed‐specific antimicrobial protein from pokeweeds. It has a cysteine‐knot fold with a positive patch and a hydrophobic surface. Site‐specific mutagenesis was performed to study the roles of these two domains in antimicrobial activity and we found that the mutations in the hydrophobic surface had a more profound effect than that in the positive patch. A protein–membrane interaction was observed with the green fluorescence protein–PaAMP (GFP–AMP) fusion protein. The mutations that replace the amino acid residues forming hydrophobic surface with neutral residues abolished the interaction of PaAMP with the membrane and the binding of PaAMP to fungal sphingolipids while ergosterol enhanced the binding, suggesting that the hydrophobic surface was required for the interaction between PaAMP and fungal plasma membrane lipid raft.
Origin, distribution and 3D‐modeling of Gr‐EXPB1, an expansin from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis
Authors: Kudla Urszula , Qin Ling , Milac Adina , Kielak Anna , Maissen Cyril , Overmars Hein , Popeijus Herman , Roze Erwin , Petrescu Andrei , Smant Geert , Bakker Jaap , Helder Johannes
Published: April 2005

Southern analysis showed that Gr‐EXPB1, a functional expansin from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis, is member of a multigene family, and EST data suggest expansins to be present in other plant parasitic nematodes as well. Homology modeling predicted that Gr‐EXPB1 domain 1 (D1) has a flat β‐barrel structure with surface‐exposed aromatic rings, whereas the 3D structure of Gr‐EXPB1‐D2 was remarkably similar to plant expansins. Gr‐EXPB1 shows highest sequence similarity to two extracellular proteins from saprophytic soil‐inhabiting Actinobacteria, and includes a bacterial type II carbohydrate‐binding module. These results support the hypothesis that a number of pathogenicity factors of cyst nematodes is of procaryotic origin and were acquired by horizontal gene transfer.
Structure of ACC synthase inactivated by the mechanism‐based inhibitor l‐vinylglycine
Authors: Capitani Guido , Tschopp Markus , Eliot Andrew C. , Kirsch Jack F. , Grütter Markus G.
Published: April 2005

l‐Vinylglycine (l‐VG) is both a substrate for and a mechanism‐based inhibitor of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC) synthase. The ratio of the rate constants for catalytic conversion to α‐ketobutyrate and ammonia to inactivation is 500/1. The crystal structure of the covalent adduct of the inactivated enzyme was determined at 2.25 Å resolution. The active site contains an external aldimine of the adduct of l‐VG with the pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate cofactor. The side chain γ‐carbon of l‐VG is covalently bound to the ε‐amino group of Lys273. This species corresponds to one of the two alternatives proposed by Feng and Kirsch [Feng, L. and Kirsch, J.F. (2000) l‐Vinylglycine is an alternative substrate as well as a mechanism‐based inhibitor of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate synthase. Biochemistry 39, 2436–2444] and presumably results from Michael addition to a vinylglycine ketimine intermediate.
Phoslactomycin targets cysteine‐269 of the protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit in cells
Authors: Teruya Takayuki , Simizu Siro , Kanoh Naoki , Osada Hiroyuki
Published: April 2005

According to the chemical genetic approach, small molecules that bind directly to proteins are used to analyze protein function, thereby enabling the elucidation of complex mechanisms in mammal cells. Thus, it is very important to identify the molecular targets of compounds that induce a unique phenotype in a target cell. Phoslactomycin A (PLMA) is known to be a potent inhibitor of protein Ser/Thr phosphatase 2A (PP2A); however, the inhibitory mechanism of PP2A by PLMA has not yet been elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that PLMA directly binds to the PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) in cells by using biotinylated PLMA, and the PLMA‐binding site was identified as the Cys‐269 residue of PP2Ac. Moreover, we revealed that the Cys‐269 contributes to the potent inhibition of PP2Ac activity by PLMA. These results suggest that PLMA is a PP2A‐selective inhibitor and is therefore expected to be useful for future investigation of PP2A function in cells.
Diagnosis and management of uterine arteriovenous fistulas with massive vaginal bleeding
Authors: Yang J.J. , Xiang Y. , Wan X.R. , Yang X.Y.
Published: April 2005

Objective

To study the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of uterine arteriovenous fistulas with massive vaginal bleeding.

Methods

The clinical records of 15 patients who satisfied the diagnostic criteria were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

All patients had massive vaginal bleeding and a history of cesarean section, curettage, or gynecologic carcinoma. The disease was diagnosed by angiography or color Doppler ultrasonography. Vaginal bleeding can be aggravated by dilation and curettage. No complications occurred in the 14 patients who were treated with uterine artery embolization. Of the 11 patients who underwent successful embolizations, all returned to a normal menstrual cycle and 5 later became pregnant.

Conclusion

Uterine arteriovenous fistula is a rare and potentially life‐threatening condition. Uterine artery embolization is a safe and effective choice of treatment for this condition, and it can preserve both uterus and ovary function.
Program note: Using UN process indicators to assess needs in emergency obstetric services: Bolivia, El Salvador and Honduras
Authors: Bailey P. ,   AMDD Working Group on Indicators
Published: April 2005

The UN process indicators are used to assess the availability, utilization and quality of emergency obstetric care (EmOC). Needs assessments for EmOC in Bolivia, El Salvador and Honduras show reasonable availability of comprehensive EmOC facilities for their population sizes, but a scarcity of basic facilities. Utilization rates among women with obstetric complications are high in El Salvador and Honduras. Case fatality rates tend to be below 1% in all three countries, but the more rural areas in each have poorer indicators.
A predictive model for cesarean section in low risk pregnancies
Authors: Seshadri L. , Mukherjee B.
Published: April 2005

Objective

A small number of women with low risk pregnancies undergo cesarean section. A model that can predict this risk and therefore identify these women will be of help in several hospitals where personnel and resources are limited.

Methods

The study consisted of 2 parts. All charts of women with low risk singleton pregnancies admitted to labor room over a 5‐month period were analyzed. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated to find out relative importance of each risk factor and likelihood ratios were obtained. These were prospectively applied to 1010 consecutive low risk women and the post test probability calculated. Finally the actual incidence of cesarean section was compared with posttest probability derived from predictors.

Results

A combination of maternal age >24 years, primiparity and height <150 cm or a combination of any 2 of the 3 variables is significantly associated with increased cesarean section rate. Individually, primiparity, height <150 cm or age >24 years also significantly increased the chances of cesarean section.

Conclusions

A predictive model consisting of maternal age, parity and height can be used to identify low risk pregnant women who are likely to require cesarean section.
Bioresorbable Glass Fibres Facilitate Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Authors: BUNTING S. , DI SILVIO L. , DEB S. , HALL S.
Published: April 2005

This is a proof of principle report showing that fibres of Bioglass® 45S5 can form a biocompatible scaffold to guide regrowing peripheral axons in vivo. We demonstrate that cultured rat Schwann cells and fibroblasts grow on Bioglass® fibres in vitro using SEM and immunohistochemistry, and provide qualitative and quantitative evidence of axonal regeneration through a Silastic conduit filled with Bioglass® fibres in vivo (across a 0.5 cm interstump gap in the sciatic nerves of adult rats). Axonal regrowth at 4 weeks is indistinguishable from that which occurs across an autograft. Bioglass® fibres are not only biocompatible and bioresorbable, which are absolute requirements of successful devices, but are also amenable to bioengineering, and therefore have the potential for use in the most challenging clinical cases, where there are long inter-stump gaps to be bridged.
Differences in the presence of mechanoreceptors and nerve structures between wrist ligaments may imply differential roles in wrist stabilization
Authors: Hagert Elisabet , Forsgren Sture , Ljung Björn‐Ove
Published: April 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze human wrist ligaments with regard to presence of general innervation and mechanoreceptors. The ligaments studied were: dorsal radiocarpal (DRC), dorsal intercarpal (DIC), long radiolunate (LRL), radioscaphocapitate (RSC), ulnocarpal (UC), scapholunate interosseous (SLI) and lunotriquetral interosseous (LTI) ligaments. Specific immunohistochemical markers were used to target neural/perineurial structures. Both Ruffini and Pacini‐like mechanoreceptors (sensory corpuscles) as well as nerve fascicles/free nerve fibers were identified. Ruffini corpuscles were primarily identified via their dendritic intracapsular nerve endings, whereas the Pacini‐like corpuscles were identified through their thick perineurial capsules with marked p75 immunoreaction. The wrist ligaments were found to vary in innervation, the DIC, DRC and SLI being richly innervated, whereas the LRL being almost without innervation. The difference in innervation between the ligaments might reflect differential function. Ligaments without innervation might act as structures of passive restraint, whereas ligaments with rich innervation are proposed to also provide proprioceptive information. Wrist ligament injuries should, therefore, be regarded as a disturbance not only of the intrinsic carpal kinematics, but also of the coordination and proprioception of the entire wrist joint. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Systemic recruitment of osteoblastic cells in fracture healing
Authors: Shirley Denise , Marsh David , Jordan Grant , McQuaid Stephen , Li Gang
Published: April 2005

We hypothesise that following a bone fracture there is systemic recruitment of bone forming cells to a fracture site. A rabbit ulnar osteotomy model was adapted to trace the movement of osteogenic cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from 41 NZW rabbits were isolated, culture‐expanded and fluorescently labelled. The labelled cells were either re‐implanted into the fracture gap (Group A); into a vein (Group B); or into a remote tibial bone marrow cavity 48 h after the osteotomy (Group C) or 4 weeks before the osteotomy was established (Group D), and a control group (Group E) had no labelled cells given. To quantify passive leakage of cells to an injury site, inert beads were also co‐delivered in Group B. Samples of the fracture callus tissue and various organs were harvested at discrete sacrifice time‐points to trace and quantify the labelled cells. At 3 weeks following osteotomy, the number of labelled cells identified in the callus of Group C, was significantly greater than following IV delivery, Group B, and there was no difference in the number of labelled cells in the callus tissues, between Groups C and A, indicating the labelled bone marrow cells were capable of migrating to the fracture sites from the remote bone marrow cavity. Significantly fewer inert beads than labelled cells were identified in Group B callus, suggesting some of the bone‐forming cells were actively recruited and selectively chosen to the fracture site, rather than passively leaked into the circulation and to bone injury site. This investigation supports the hypothesis that some osteoblasts involved in fracture healing were systemically mobilised and recruited to the fracture from remote bone marrow sites. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Computational bone remodelling simulations and comparisons with DEXA results
Authors: Turner A. W. L. , Gillies R. M. , Sekel R. , Morris P. , Bruce W. , Walsh W. R.
Published: April 2005

Femoral periprosthetic bone loss following total hip replacement is often associated with stress shielding. Extensive bone resorption may lead to implant or bone failure and complicate revision surgery. In this study, an existing strain‐adaptive bone remodelling theory was modified and combined with anatomic three‐dimensional finite element models to predict alterations in periprosthetic apparent density. The theory incorporated an equivalent strain stimulus and joint and muscle forces from 45% of the gait cycle. Remodelling was simulated for three femoral components with different design philosophies: cobalt‐chrome alloy, two‐thirds proximally coated; titanium alloy, one‐third proximally coated; and a composite of cobalt‐chrome surrounded by polyaryletherketone, fully coated. Theoretical bone density changes correlated significantly with clinical densitometry measurements (DEXA) after 2 years across the Gruen zones (R2 > 0.67, p < 0.02), with average differences of less than 5.4%. The results suggest that a large proportion of adaptive bone remodelling changes seen clinically with these implants may be explained by a consistent theory incorporating a purely mechanical stimulus. This theory could be applied to pre‐clinical testing of new implants, investigation of design modifications, and patient‐specific implant selection. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reactivation of Hox gene expression during bone regeneration
Authors: Gersch Robert P. , Lombardo Frank , McGovern Scott C. , Hadjiargyrou Michael
Published: April 2005

Previous studies have explored the link between bone regeneration and skeletogenesis. Although a great deal is known regarding tissue and cell based events, especially those involving ossification and chondrogenesis, much remains unknown about the molecular similarity of repair and development. Since the functional significance of Homeobox (Hox) genes in embryonic skeletogenesis has been well documented through knockout and deficiency studies, we chose to investigate whether members of this family are reactivated during fracture repair. Specifically, we examined the temporal and spatial expression of Msx‐1, Msx‐2, rHox, Hoxa‐2 and Hoxd‐9, because of their involvement in limb development. Utilizing quantitative reverse transcriptase RT‐PCR (qPCR), mRNA levels from all five genes were shown to be upregulated during fracture repair at all times tested (post‐fracture day 3–21), as compared to intact bone. Further, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, spatial expression of these genes was localized to osteoblasts, chondrocytes and periosteal osteoprogenitor cells found within the fracture callus, the foremost cells responsible for the reparative phase of the healing process. Given the contribution of Hox genes in skeletal development, our results suggest that these genes are involved in either the patterning or formation of the fracture callus, further supporting the notion that bone regeneration recapitulates skeletal development. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
On the influence of soft tissue coverage in the determination of bone kinematics using skin markers
Authors: Taylor William R. , Ehrig Rainald M. , Duda Georg N. , Schell Hanna , Seebeck Petra , Heller Markus O.
Published: April 2005

Accurate measurement of underlying bone positions is important for the understanding of normal movement and function, as well as for addressing clinical musculoskeletal or post‐injury problems. Non‐invasive measurement techniques are limited by the analysis technique and movement of peripheral soft tissues that can introduce significant measurement errors in reproducing the kinematics of the underlying bones when using external skin markers. Reflective markers, skeletally mounted to the right hind limb of three Merino‐mix sheep were measured simultaneously with markers attached to the skin of each segment, during repetitions of gait trials. The movement of the skin markers relative to the underlying bone positions was then assessed using the Point Cluster Technique (PCT), raw averaging and the Optimal Common Shape Technique (OCST), a new approach presented in this manuscript.

Errors in the position of the proximal joint centre, predicted from the corresponding skin markers, were shown to be phasic and strongly associated with the amount soft tissue coverage, averaging 8.5 mm for the femur, 2.8 for the tibia and 2.0 for the metatarsus. Although the results show a better prediction of bone kinematics associated with the Optimal Common Shape Technique, these errors were large for all three assessment techniques and much greater than the differences between the various techniques. Whilst individual markers moved up to 4 mm from the optimal marker set configuration, average peak errors of up to 16, 5 and 3 mm (hip, knee and tibio‐metatarsal joints respectively) were observed, suggesting that a large amount of kinematic noise is produced from the synchronous shifting of marker sets, potentially as a result of underlying muscle firing and the inertial effects of heel impact. Current techniques are therefore limited in their ability to determine the kinematics of underlying bones based on skin markers, particularly in segments with more pronounced soft tissue coverage. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The option value of patent litigation: Theory and evidence
Authors: Marco Alan C.
Published: April 2005

In this paper, I use a real options approach to investigate patent litigation when enforcement is costly, winning is uncertain, and beliefs about validity are stochastic. I consider both finite horizon and infinite horizon models. The theoretical results demonstrate that patent value depends not only upon the underlying technology but also upon the degree of uncertainty over the property right. Additionally, imperfect enforceability creates an effective patent term that is less than the statutory term. Using simulation methods and patent data, I estimate the hazard rate of patent litigation. Contrary to previous studies, I find that the rate of forward citations is negatively associated with the litigation rate. The difference arises because (1) I use a dynamic model that exploits the information contained in the timing of litigation and citations, and (2) I control for truncation using a duration model. Using random effects models, I find that heterogeneity in patent litigation is embedded primarily in the heterogeneity in receiving patent citations. Because of this, the patent litigation decision can be modeled as a unilateral decision.
VaR in real options analysis
Authors: Alesii Giuseppe
Published: April 2005

Cash Flow from operations can be controlled using real options. In this normative paper, we quantify Trigeorgis's intuition[Trigeorgis, L., 1996. Real options: Managerial flexibility and strategy in resource allocation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press](p 123), about the risk management properties of real options with respect to downside risk. This result is reached modeling the whole distribution in expanded NPV using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, computing forward the same expected expanded NPV previously obtained in a backward induction process. A number of original results are derived for an all equity financed firm which exercises optimally the options to wait, to mothball, and to abandon. Cash Flow distribution and CFaR are derived for each epoch in the life of the project. A VaR for the expanded NPV at time 0 is derived. A numerical example studies value and risk in shipping finance.
An option pricing framework for valuation of football players
Authors: Tunaru Radu , Clark Ephraim , Viney Howard
Published: April 2005

In this paper we develop a contingent claims framework for determining the financial value of professional football players. Contingent claims style modelling is used to develop two models. The pricing of football players is based on a performance index such as the Carling Opta Index. Unexpected events such as injuries are included into the models as Poisson jump processes. The value of a player varies from club to club, depending on club turnover and the total number of performance points generated by the entire team.
A new formation process for calcic pendants from Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, USA, and implication for dating Quaternary landforms
Authors: Brock Amy L. , Buck Brenda J.
Published: April 2005

It has been assumed that soil pendants form in a similar manner as stalactites, in which innermost laminae are the oldest and outer laminae are the youngest. This study presents a new interpretation for soil pendant development. Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, pendants contain features indicating continued precipitation through time at the clast–pendant contact, implying that the oldest deposits are not always found at the pendant–clast contact, as other studies have assumed. These features include a void at the clast–pendant contact where minerals such as calcium carbonate, silica, and/or fibrous silicate clays precipitate. In addition, fragments of the parent clast and detrital grains are incorporated into the pendant and are displaced and/or dissolved and result in the formation of sepiolite. This study indicates that pendants are complex, open systems that during and after their formation undergo chemical changes that complicate their usefulness for dating and paleoenvironmental analyses.
Late Pleistocene and Late Holocene Lake Highstands in the Pyramid Lake Subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA
Authors: Briggs Richard W. , Wesnousky Steven G. , Adams Kenneth D.
Published: April 2005

Shoreline geomorphology, shoreline stratigraphy, and radiocarbon dates of organic material incorporated in constructional beach ridges record large lakes during the late Pleistocene and late Holocene in the Pyramid Lake subbasin of Lake Lahontan, Nevada, USA. During the late Holocene, a transgression began at or after 3595 ± 35 14C yr B.P. and continued, perhaps in pulses, through 2635 ± 40 14C yr B.P., resulting in a lake as high as 1199 m. During the latest Pleistocene and overlapping with the earliest part of the Younger Dryas interval, a lake stood at approximately 1212 m at 10,820 ± 35 14C yr B.P. and a geomorphically and stratigraphically distinct suite of constructional shorelines associated with this lake can be traced to 1230 m. These two lake highstands correspond to periods of elevated regional wetness in the western Basin and Range that are not clearly represented in existing northern Sierra Nevada climate proxy records.
Within-taxon morphological diversity in late-Quaternary Neotoma as a paleoenvironmental indicator, Bonneville Basin, Northwestern Utah, USA
Authors: Lyman R. Lee , O'Brien Michael J.
Published: April 2005

Ecological data indicate that as the amount of precipitation in an arid areas increases, so too does mammalian taxonomic richness. This correspondence has been found in two late-Quaternary mammalian faunas from Utah, one from Homestead Cave in the Bonneville Basin. We use the remains of two species of woodrat (Neotoma cinerea and Neotoma lepida) from Homestead Cave to test the hypothesis that as the amount of precipitation in an arid area increases, so too does morphological diversity within individual mammalian taxa. Morphological diversity is measured as corrected coefficients of variation and as richness of size classes of mandibular alveolar lengths. Coefficients of variation for N. cinerea are few and coincide with moisture history if temporally successive small samples are lumped together. More abundant coefficients of variation for N. lepida coincide only loosely with moisture history, likely because such coefficients measure dispersion but not necessarily other aspects of variation. Richness of size classes of N. lepida is high during the early and late Holocene when moisture was high, and lowest during the middle Holocene when climate was most arid.
Squaring the circle: academic and entertaining
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: April 2005

Sometimes, less can be more. In ET's twenty years of publication, this issue has the smallest number of contributions ever listed: seven titles in all, whereas traditionally there have been ten or more. It also has the usual number of pages (sixty-four), which means that some or all of the articles are way beyond our long-established norm. Yet at some point this had to happen.
The case against the ‘native speaker’
Authors: Butcher Carmen Acevedo
Published: April 2005

Do we need fairer names for speakers of English? A discussion of current popular early 3rd-millennium definitions attached to the phrase native speaker (meaning ‘someone born and raised speaking correct English’), including an examination of global changes which suggest that a profoundly changed and changing world requires radically new linguistic terms.
Kachru's circles and the growth of professionalism in TESOL
Authors: Alatis James E.
Published: April 2005

[The text of a plenary paper presented as Distinguished Speaker at the conference Globalization and World Englishes: Identity and Creativity, convened by the International Association of World Englishes (IAWE) at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA, 16–18 July 2004.]

I MUST START with two disclaimers: First, my name is not James E. Alatis. It is Demetrious Efstathiou Alatis. In the early days of the 20th century, when many Greeks emigrated to the United States, the immigration authorities were troubled with the polysyllabic Greek names. They proceeded therefore to shorten them or otherwise change them to fit the American assimilationist mold. This was done either by transliteration, phonetic respelling, translation, or shortening: that is to say, initial, medial, or final clipping. The Greeks, of course, had a word for each of these processes: procope, syncope, and apocope. Thus, Papatriandaphilopoulos, became Papas or Poulos or Triandaphilos or Triandos or even just Tree. I knew a man whose name was Constantinous Papatriandaphilopoulos who had his name changed to Gus Rose. My own name, Demetrious, was shortened to Dim, and the closest thing to Dim was Jim. Most Demetriouses in those days became Jims.
Dame un hamburger plain con ketchup y papitas
Authors: Cortés Ileana , Ramírez Jesús , Rivera María , Viada Marta , Fayer Joan
Published: April 2005

English/Spanish contact in Puerto Rico.

ONE OUTCOME of language contact is lexical borrowing. Borrowing in Puerto Rico (for political, economic, and social reasons) is evident in the influence English has had on Spanish, especially in lexical terms. This paper explores the impact of American English on the lexicon of Puerto Rican Spanish, specifically on vocabulary relating to food. Data were collected through participant observation in selected fast food restaurants from different regions in P.R. An analysis of the corpus provides the basis for five categories useful in understanding the influence of English on Spanish in this domain. The study indicates that English borrowings have had a tremendous influence on the Puerto Rican lexicon, and predicts that, even though Spanish will continue to be the dominant Puerto Rican language, it will continue to change under the influence of English.
Global English: gift or curse?
Authors: Smith Ross
Published: April 2005

The status of the English language as the lingua franca of the global information society is beyond dispute, but what is not so clear is whether it is capable of fulfilling that role efficiently. In the following article Ross Smith responds to the supporters of Global English by examining the qualities that an ideal international auxiliary language would possess and then discussing the extent to which those qualities are to be found in modern English.
Unicode for beginners
Authors: Bulley Michael
Published: April 2005

THIS ARTICLE springs from my experiences when I submitted a piece to English Today that contained characters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). I had used a font containing such characters that came with my word-processing program, and I submitted the article electronically as a file attachment. Unfortunately, the characters did not arrive in the same form as they had left, owing to incompatibility between the two computer systems, and so there were parts of the article that did not make much sense. The editor graciously reprinted it in its correct form in the following issue (ET80).
VENUS ON THE SOFA: WOMEN, NEOCLASSICISM, AND THE EARLY AMERICAN REPUBLIC
Authors: WINTERER CAROLINE
Published: April 2005

What did early national Americans mean when they articulated fears of “luxury and effeminacy,” those twin sins of a republic that idolized the classical virtues of manly self-restraint? This essay argues that the fear of luxury and effeminacy circulated not just as airy metaphor but as palpable reality, specifically in the figure of the female recumbent on the sofa. The article traces separately the careers of Enlightenment Venus, who especially in her recumbent form embodied fears of passion in a republic built on reasoned consent, and the sofa, a piece of neoclassical furniture that rose to great popularity at this time and was envisioned as both effeminate and luxurious in fictional and nonfiction writing. The essay then joins the two figures of recumbent Venus and the sofa, showing how they were mutually enabling, and how they entered into early national conversations about labor and race. It concludes by examining how two educated American women, the self-described Roman matrons Mercy Otis Warren and Martha Bayard Smith, incorporated the image of the supine woman and her implied sofa into fictional writings about classical polities in danger. By knitting political ideologies, imaginative worlds, and neoclassical objects, the essay suggests a way for historians to flesh out the intellectual history of early national women, showing how they could participate in a conversation about modern politics and classical antiquity from which we have assumed they were largely disbarred.
OF MARKSMANSHIP AND MARX: REFLECTIONS ON THE LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF CLASS IN SOME RECENT HISTORICAL SCHOLARSHIP
Authors: GOLDSTEIN JAN
Published: April 2005

The historiographical trend that goes under the name of the “linguistic turn,” or, more capaciously, the “new cultural history,” has stressed the enormous plasticity and contingency of the human world. Its proponents have maintained that, instead of being determined by laws analogous to those that govern the physical world, human reality is to a large degree—just how large a degree is, of course, a hotly contested issue—autonomously constructed by the human manipulation of language. Language is, in this view, not confined to passively mirroring a prior social reality; rather, linguistically constituted entities can powerfully influence social life even in the absence of “real,” objective referents. As Sarah Maza notes in the introduction to The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary, 1750–1850, cultural historians have, since the 1970s, enthusiastically embraced such an approach with respect to newer topics of investigation like gender, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Yet its application to the venerable historical category of class, while not altogether lacking, has lagged noticeably behind.
CHARTING THE CIRCUITOUS ROUTE TOWARD RELIGIOUS LIBERTY
Authors: MOORE R. LAURENCE
Published: April 2005

Arguably, with respect to religious practice, the United States Constitution sought to metamorphose what had been restricted practices of religious toleration into what we more commonly and with more generous spirit call religious tolerance. The provisions of toleration laws, making legal concessions under the aegis of an official religion, were better than burning heretics at the stake, a practice that after the bloody Thirty Years War in Europe (1618–48) usually caused more trouble than it was worth. Still they extended only a grudging permission to “dissenters.” The category “dissenter” did not include all religious minorities, and it placed the tolerated minorities at a disadvantage in almost all civil capacities. Religious toleration before the end of the eighteenth century gave some religious believers license to be wrong, but it carried no pledge of respect.
DID THE OLD SOUTH HAVE A MIND OF ITS OWN?
Authors: TURNER JAMES
Published: April 2005

In reality, no one single-handedly creates a new field of historical inquiry. As soon as you open your mouth to pronounce George Grote the modern father of ancient Greek history, you remember that August Boeckh, Karl Otfried Müller, and Connop Thirlwall laid Grote's groundwork. But it almost seems as if Michael O'Brien has pulled off such a feat. Taking the scattered bricks of the intellectual history of the antebellum American South, he has, over long years of labor, built from them a coherent structure where none existed before, a many-roomed mansion of the mind. The two volumes and 1,200 pages of Conjectures of Order: Intellectual Life and the American South, 1810–1860 culminate a quarter-century of rare scholarly achievement.
Aggressives Verhalten und Substanzmittelkonsum bei an Schizophrenie erkrankten Jugendlichen im Vergleich zu dissozialen Jugendlichen, eine follow-up Studie
Authors: Sevecke Kathrin , Dreher Jan , Walger Petra , Junglas Jürgen , Lehmkuhl Gerd
Published: April 2005

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Die Untersuchung vergleicht an Schizophrenie erkrankte Jugendliche mit dissozialen Jugendlichen hinsichtlich quantitativer Unterschiede bzw. unterschiedlicher Profile des fremdaggressiven Verhaltens vor, während und nach der stationären Behandlung in Abhängigkeit zum Substanzkonsum. Methode: Es wurden 21 schizophren erkrankte Jugendliche im Vergleich zu 21 dissozialen Patienten hinsichtlich ihres fremdaggressiven Verhaltens und ihres Substanzkonsums prästationär, stationär und im follow-up ausgewertet. Die Gruppen wurden nach Alter, Geschlecht und Intelligenz parallelisiert. Es wurden Krankenakten ausgewertet und für die follow-up-Erhebung standardisierte telefonische Nachbefragung der Patienten und der Erziehungspersonen durchgeführt. Erhoben wurden fremdaggressive Handlungen gegen Personen und Gegenstände, regelmäßiger Substanzkonsum und strafrechtlich relevantes Fehlverhalten. Ergebnisse: Die schizophren erkrankten Jugendlichen zeigten vor und nach der stationären Behandlung weniger fremdaggressive Handlungen als die dissozialen. Während der stationären Phase ging von den akut schizophren kranken Jugendlichen ein höheres Risiko für fremdaggressive Handlungen aus, was jedoch einer adäquaten Behandlung zugänglich war. Im Verlauf fielen die Psychosepatienten durch weniger Strafanzeigen auf. Mit zunehmendem Substanzkonsum nahmen fremdaggressive Verhaltensweisen zu. Schlussfolgerung: Zur Verringerung des Risikos fremdaggressiver Handlungen sollte insbesondere der Suchtprävention und -behandlung im Jugendalter eine besondere Bedeutung beigemessen werden.
Evaluation mit der Psychotherapie Basisdokumentation für Kinder und Jugendliche: Psy-BaDo-KJ
Authors: Winter Sibylle , Wiegard Anja , Welke Michael , Lehmkuhl Ulrike
Published: April 2005

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Bis dato liegen nur einzelne Instrumente zur Qualitätssicherung und Therapieevaluation im Bereich der Kinder- und Jugendpsychotherapie vor ( Mattejat & Remschmidt, 1993 ). Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Entwicklung eines neuen Instrumentes vor: Psychotherapie Basisdokumentation für Kinder- und Jugendliche: Psy-BaDo-KJ ( Winter, 2002 ). Mit Hilfe dieses Instrumentes können Kinder und Jugendliche, Eltern und Therapeuten individuelle Therapieziele benennen und den Therapieerfolg beurteilen. Methodik: Als Ausgangsinstrument diente die Psychotherapie Basisdokumentation (Psy-BaDo) aus dem Erwachsenenbereich ( Heuft & Senf, 1998 ). Zur Entwicklung des neuen Instrumentes Psy-BaDo-KJ wurde eine Expertenbefragung durchgeführt, die qualitativ ausgewertet wurde ( Glaser & Strauss, 1967 ; Legewie, 1993 ). Die Fragebögen wurden allen stationären Patienten (> = 14 J.), deren Eltern und den Therapeuten im Zeitraum vom 01.01.2002 bis 30.06.2003 vorgelegt. Bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt konnten Daten von 35 Patienten ausgewertet werden. Die Diagnosen wurden nach ICD-10 ( Remschmidt et al., 2002 ) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Patienten, Eltern und Therapeuten durchschnittlich zwei bis drei individuelle Therapieziele mit inhaltlich unterschiedlichen Schwerpunkten formulieren. Bei den Patienten stehen an erster Stelle körperliche Therapieziele; Eltern und Therapeuten nennen überwiegend intrapsychische Therapieziele. In der Einschätzung des Therapieerfolges stimmen Patienten, Eltern und Therapeuten überein; tendenziell sind die Patienten optimistischer als die Eltern und Therapeuten. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Psychotherapie Basisdokumentation für Kinder und Jugendliche (Psy-BaDo-KJ) ist als neues Instrument zur Qualitätssicherung und Therapieevaluation im Bereich Kinder- und Jugendpsychotherapie gut geeignet.