bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocean surface cross sections for shipborne HFSWR with sway motion
Authors: Sun Minglei , Xie Junhao , Ji Zhenyuan , Yao Guowei
Published: October 2016

To interpret the essential characteristics of the sea echo backscattered from the ocean surface, the first‐ and second‐order ocean surface cross sections are mathematically derived for an omnidirectional receiving sensor in monostatic shipborne high‐frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR), where the uniform linear motion and sway motion are involved simultaneously. The derived cross sections could be reduced to the existing results in HFSWR on a floating platform, shipborne HFSWR with uniform linear motion, and even a stationary land‐based HFSWR. The illustrations and discussions are presented based on the simulated Doppler spectra under different situations. Aside from the Bragg lines broadening due to the uniform linear motion and its variation with wind direction, the sway motion generates additional Doppler spectra, which emerge with the uniform spacing of sway frequency. The theoretical derivations and analyses based on simulations may be of importance to future investigations and applications, not only in target detection but also in ocean remote sensing.
Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness predict incident hypertension: A population‐based long‐term study
Authors: Jae Sae Young , Kurl Sudhir , Franklin Barry A. , Laukkanen Jari A.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

We investigated whether long‐term changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) predict the risk of incident hypertension, independent of risk factors, in initially normotensive men.

Methods

This prospective study from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study included 431 male participants without hypertension who underwent symptom‐limited maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing at baseline and during a second examination, 11‐years later, who were re‐evaluated for hypertension at 20‐year follow‐up. Changes in CRF (%) were calculated as the difference in directly measured maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) between the baseline and second examination, and classified into decreasing tertiles as percentages. Hypertension was defined as systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or hypertension that required antihypertensive medication as diagnosed by a physician.

Results

During a 10‐year follow‐up after the second examination, 165 men (38%) developed hypertension. Men who demonstrated the largest decline in CRF between evaluations (−62.1% to −20.2%) had a 4.33‐fold (95% CI 2.32–8.07, P < .001) risk of incident hypertension compared to men with the smallest decrease or improvement in CRF (−8.8% to 82.0%), after adjusting for age, follow‐up duration, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, serum low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, daily energy expenditure (kcal) via physical activity, glomerular filtration rate, and baseline systolic blood pressure and VO2max.

Conclusions

The present findings indicate that more marked decreases in measured CRF over time are independently associated with the risk of incident hypertension in men, suggesting that CRF should be considered a causal risk factor to predict future hypertension.
Directional Potassium Transport through a Unimolecular Peptide Channel
Authors: Su Ge , Zhang Min , Si Wen , Li Zhan‐Ting , Hou Jun‐Li
Published: October 2016

Three unimolecular peptide channels have been designed and prepared by using the β‐helical conformation of gramicidin A (gA). The new peptides bear one to three NH3+groups at the N‐end and one to three CO2−groups at the C‐end. These zwitterionic peptides were inserted into lipid bilayers in an orientation‐selective manner. Conductance experiments on planar lipid bilayers showed that this orientation bias could lead to observable directional K+transport under multi‐channel conditions. This directional transport behavior can further cause the generation of a current across a planar bilayer without applying a voltage. More importantly, in vesicles with identical external and internal KCl concentrations, the channels can pump K+across the lipid bilayer and cause a membrane potential.
A One‐Pot Cascade Reaction Combining an Encapsulated Decarboxylase with a Metathesis Catalyst for the Synthesis of Bio‐Based Antioxidants
Authors: Gómez Baraibar Álvaro , Reichert Dennis , Mügge Carolin , Seger Svenja , Gröger Harald , Kourist Robert
Published: October 2016

The combination of enzymes with traditional chemical catalysts unifies the high selectivity of the former with the versatility of the latter. A major challenge of this approach is the difference in the optimal reaction conditions for each catalyst type. In this work, we combined a cofactor‐free decarboxylase with a ruthenium metathesis catalyst to produce high‐value antioxidants from bio‐based precursors. As suitable ruthenium catalysts did not show satisfactory activity under aqueous conditions, the reaction required the use of an organic solvent, which in turn significantly reduced enzyme activity. Upon encapsulation of the decarboxylase in a cryogel, the decarboxylation could be conducted in an organic solvent, and the recovery of the enzyme after the reaction was facilitated. After an intermediate drying step, the subsequent metathesis in pure organic solvent proved to be straightforward. The synthetic utility of the cascade was demonstrated by the synthesis of the antioxidant 4,4′‐dihydroxystilbene in an overall yield of 90 %.
Synthesis of β‐Boryl‐α‐Aminosilanes by Copper‐Catalyzed Aminoboration of Vinylsilanes
Authors: Kato Kodai , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro
Published: October 2016

A copper‐catalyzed regioselective and stereospecific aminoboration of vinylsilanes with bis(pinacolato)diboron (pinB‐Bpin) and hydroxylamines has been developed. In the presence of a CuCl/MeO‐dppbz catalyst, the boryl group and amino group are incorporated at the β position and α position, respectively, and the corresponding β‐boryl‐α‐aminosilanes are obtained with good diastereoselectivity. The boryl group is a good latent functional group, and subsequent manipulations provide a variety of β‐functionalized α‐aminosilanes of great potential in medicinal chemistry. Additionally, preliminary application to asymmetric catalysis is also described.
Highly efficient and green oxidation of alkanes and alkylaromatics with hydrogen peroxide catalysed by silver and vanadyl on mesoporous silica‐coated magnetite
Authors: Nouri Seyed Hadi , Hosseini‐Monfared Hassan
Published: October 2016

A heterogeneous catalyst (FeSi/Ag/VO) based on silver and vanadyl as active sites and mesoporous silica‐coated nanospheres of magnetite (Fe3O4@m‐SiO2) as support was successfully prepared by deposition of Ag nanoparticles and the covalent grafting of vanadyl(IV) acetylacetonate on Fe3O4@m‐SiO2. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity for the oxidation of alkanes, benzene and alkylaromatics using green oxidant H2O2 and oxalic acid in acetonitrile at 60 °C.
Polyurethanes based on isophorone diisocyanate trimer and polypropylene glycol crosslinked by thermal reversible diels alder reactions
Authors: Irusta Lourdes , Fernández‐Berridi Ma José , Aizpurua June
Published: October 2016

Crosslinked self‐healing polyurethanes based on Diels–Alder (DA) reaction were synthesized from a trifunctionalized isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and polypropyleneglycol prepolymer with furfuryl alcohol and a commercial bismaleimide. The DA reaction was followed by FTIR spectroscopy at different temperatures. From the infrared results the kinetic rate constants as well as the DA reaction reversibility were established. The retro DA reaction (rDA) and its reversibility was monitored by DSC according to the enthalpy involved in the process. The obtained polymers exhibited thermosetting properties at room temperature, although they showed thermoplastic behavior at high temperatures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44543.
Modeling and Control Approach to Coupled Tanks Liquid Level System Based on Function‐Type Weight RBF‐ARX Model
Authors: Zhou Feng , Peng Hui , Zeng Xiaoyong , Tian Xiaoying , Wu Jun
Published: October 2016

A multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) FWRBF‐ARX model, which adopts radial basis function (RBF) neural networks with function‐type weights (FWRBF) to approximate the coefficients of the state‐dependent AutoRegressive model with eXogenous input variables (SD‐ARX), is utilized for describing the dynamics of a coupled tanks liquid system. Based on local linearization information of the MIMO FWRBF‐ARX model, a predictive control strategy is proposed. In the algorithm, the control actions of the model predictive control (MPC) are calculated based on the local linearization of the MIMO FWRBF‐ARX model at current working point. Real‐time control experiments are carried out on the coupled tanks liquid system. The detailed comparative experiments demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed modeling and model‐based control strategy for the coupled tanks plant.
Screening through the PLICable promoter toolbox enhances protein production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Yang Jianhua , Ruff Anna Joëlle , Hamer Stefanie Nicole , Cheng Feng , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: October 2016

Escherichia coli is a common host for recombinant protein production in which production titers are highly dependent on the employed expression system. Promoters are thereby a key element to control gene expression levels. In this study, a novel PLICable promoter toolbox was developed which enables in a single cloning step and after a screening experiment to identify out of ten IPTG‐inducible promoters (T7, A3, lpp, tac, pac, Sp6, lac, npr, trc and syn) the most suitable one for high level protein production. The target gene is cloned under the control of different promoters in a single and efficient cloning step using the ligase‐free cloning method PLICing (phosphorothioate‐based ligase‐independent gene cloning). The promoter toolbox was firstly validated using three well producible proteins (a cellulase from a metagenome library, a phytase from Yersinia mollaretii and an alcohol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida) and then applied to two enzymes (3D1 DNA polymerase and glutamate dehydrogenase mutant) which are poorly produced in E. coli. By applying our PLICable pET‐promoter toolbox, the authors were able to increase production by two‐fold for 3D1 DNA polymerase (lac promoter) and 29‐fold for glutamate dehydrogenase mutant H52Y (trc promoter).
Scaling up a chemically‐defined aggregate‐based suspension culture system for neural commitment of human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Miranda Cláudia C. , Fernandes Tiago G. , Diogo M. Margarida , Cabral Joaquim M.S.
Published: October 2016

The demand of high cell numbers for applications in cellular therapies and drug screening requires the development of scalable platforms capable to generating highly pure populations of tissue‐specific cells from human pluripotent stem cells. In this work, we describe the scaling‐up of an aggregate‐based culture system for neural induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) under chemically‐defined conditions. A combination of non‐enzymatic dissociation and rotary agitation was successfully used to produce homogeneous populations of hiPSC aggregates with an optimal (140 μm) and narrow distribution of diameters (coefficient of variation of 21.6%). Scalable neural commitment of hiPSCs as 3D aggregates was performed in 50 mL spinner flasks, and the process was optimized using a factorial design approach, involving parameters such as agitation rate and seeding density. We were able to produce neural progenitor cell cultures, that at the end of a 6‐day neural induction process contained less than 3% of Oct4‐positive cells and that, after replating, retained more than 60% of Pax6‐positive neural cells. The results here presented should set the stage for the future generation of a clinically relevant number of human neural progenitors for transplantation and other biomedical applications using controlled, automated and reproducible large‐scale bioreactor culture systems.
Microheterogeneity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is governed by changes in the surface charge of the protein
Authors: Hintersteiner Beate , Lingg Nico , Janzek Evelyne , Mutschlechner Oliver , Loibner Hans , Jungbauer Alois
Published: October 2016

It has previously been shown for individual antibodies, that the microheterogenity pattern can have a significant impact on various key characteristics of the product. The aim of this study to get a more generalized understanding of the importance of microheterogeneity. For that purpose, the charge variant pattern of various different commercially available therapeutic mAb products was compared using Cation‐Exchange Chromatography with linear pH gradient antigen affinity, Fc‐receptor affinity, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and conformational stability. For three of the investigated antibodies, the basic charge variants showed a stronger binding affinity towards FcγRIIIa as well as an increased ADCC response. Differences in the conformational stability of antibody charge variants and the corresponding reference samples could not be detected by differential scanning calorimetry. The different biological properties of the mAb variants are therefore governed by changes in the surface charge of the protein and not by an altered structure. This can help to identify aspects of microheterogeneity that are critical for product quality and can lead to further improvements in the development and production of therapeutic antibody products.
Selective Double Hydrosilylation of Nitriles Catalyzed by an Iron Complex Containing Indium Trihalide
Authors: Ito Masaki , Itazaki Masumi , Nakazawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2016

Selective double hydrosilylation was achieved by using tertiary and secondary silanes with an excess amount of an organonitrile (RC≡N; R=alkyl, aryl) in the presence of a catalytic amount of triirondodecacarbonyl [Fe3(CO)12] and indium trichloride (InCl3). This reaction was also catalyzed by an iron complex containing indium trihalide [Fe(MeCN)6][Fe(CO)4(InX3)2], prepared by the reaction of Fe3(CO)12 with InX3 (X=Cl, Br, I). This is a novel report of the combination of a transition‐metal complex and an indium source in organic synthesis.
Orthogonal Synthesis of Xeno Nucleic Acids
Authors: Fiers Guillaume , Chouikhi Dalila , Oswald Laurence , Al Ouahabi Abdelaziz , Chan‐Seng Delphine , Charles Laurence , Lutz Jean‐François
Published: October 2016

Sequence‐defined peptide triazole nucleic acids (PTzNA) were synthesized by means of a solid‐phase orthogonal “AB+CD” iterative strategy. In this approach, AB and CD building blocks containing carboxylic acid (A), azide (B), alkyne (C), and primary amine (D) functions are assembled together by successive copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and acid–amine coupling steps. Different PTzNA genetic sequences were prepared using a library of eight building blocks (i.e., four AB and four CD building blocks).
Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties of Hexa‐, Octa‐, and Deca‐azaborahelicenes: Influence of Helicene Size and of the Number of Boron Atoms
Authors: Shen Chengshuo , Srebro‐Hooper Monika , Jean Marion , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Toupet Loïc , Williams J. A. Gareth , Torres Alexis R. , Riives Adrian J. , Muller Gilles , Autschbach Jochen , Crassous Jeanne
Published: October 2016

Four members of a new class of cycloborylated hexa‐, octa‐, and deca‐helicenes (1 a–d) have been prepared in enantiopure form, along with two cycloplatinated deca‐helicenes (1 d′, 1 d1), further extending the family of cycloplatinated hexa‐ and octa‐helicenes reported previously. The azabora[n]helicenes display intense electronic circular dichroism and large optical rotations; the dependence of the optical activity on the size of the helix (n=6, 8, 10) and the number of boron atoms (1 or 2) has been examined in detail both experimentally and theoretically. The photophysical properties (nonpolarized and circularly polarized luminescence) of these new fluorescent organic helicenes have been measured and compared with the corresponding organometallic phosphorescent cycloplatinated derivatives (1 a1–d1).
Functions of corazonin and histamine in light entrainment of the circadian pacemaker in the Madeira cockroach,Rhyparobia maderae
Authors: Arendt Andreas , Baz El‐Sayed , Stengl Monika
Published: October 2016

The circadian pacemaker of the Madeira cockroach,Rhyparobia(Leucophaea)maderae, is located in the accessory medulla (AME). Ipsi‐ and contralateral histaminergic compound eyes are required for photic entrainment. Light pulses delay locomotor activity rhythm during the early night and advance it during the late night. Thus, different neuronal pathways might relay either light‐dependent delays or advances to the clock. Injections of neuroactive substances combined with running‐wheel assays suggested that GABA, pigment‐dispersing factor, myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs), and orcokinins (ORCs) were part of both entrainment pathways, whereas allatotropin (AT) only delayed locomotor rhythms at the early night. To characterize photic entrainment further, histamine and corazonin were injected. Histamine injections resulted in light‐like phase delays and advances, indicating that the neurotransmitter of the compound eyes participates in both entrainment pathways. Because injections of corazonin only advanced during the late subjective night, it was hypothesized that corazonin is only part of the advance pathway. Multiple‐label immunocytochemistry in combination with neurobiotin backfills demonstrated that a single cell expressed corazonin in the optic lobes that belonged to the group of medial AME interneurons. It colocalized GABA and MIP but not AT or ORC immunoreactivity. Corazonin‐immunoreactive (‐ir) terminals overlapped with projections of putatively light‐sensitive interneurons from the ipsi‐ and contralateral compound eye. Thus, we hypothesize that the corazonin‐ir medial neuron integrates ipsi‐ and contralateral light information as part of the phase‐advancing light entrainment pathway to the circadian clock. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1250–1272, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic and Bioequivalence Studies of a Newly Developed Branded Generic of Candesartan Cilexetil Tablets in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Patel Rajesh , Palmer Jonathan L. , Joshi Shashidhar , Di Ció Gimena Alejandro , Esquivel Florencia
Published: October 2016

Two bioavailability/bioequivalence studies were carried out to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of candesartan cilexetil 16‐mg tablet formulations. A pilot study was used to optimize the formulation and manufacturing process prior to conducting the definitive study. The pilot study was a single‐dose, randomized, 2‐period crossover, and the definitive study was a single‐dose, randomized, 3‐period, 6‐sequence crossover study in healthy adults. In the pilot study the test formulation was 24% and 18% greater for Cmax and AUC, respectively, compared with the innovator product. Following optimization two 16‐mg candesartan cilexetil tablet formulations were taken forward into the second bioavailability study.  Eighteen healthy fasted adult subjects were dosed with either the test formulations or the innovator. The pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ of candesartan were investigated together with safety and tolerability. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for candesartan, Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ were within the boundary of 0.8–1.25 for one of the test formulations (formulation 2). For test formulation 3 the 90%CI of GMR for Cmax was above (133%) the upper limit of 125% for bioequivalence. Test formulation 2 was found to be bioequivalent and met internationally acceptable regulatory requirements.
Libration of Strongly‐Oriented Polar Molecules inside a Superfluid
Authors: Redchenko E. S. , Lemeshko Mikhail
Published: October 2016

We study a polar molecule immersed in a superfluid environment, such as a helium nanodroplet or a Bose–Einstein condensate, in the presence of a strong electrostatic field. We show that coupling of the molecular pendular motion, induced by the field, to the fluctuating bath leads to formation of pendulons—spherical harmonic librators dressed by a field of many‐particle excitations. We study the behavior of the pendulon in a broad range of molecule–bath and molecule–field interaction strengths, and reveal that its spectrum features a series of instabilities which are absent in the field‐free case of the angulon quasiparticle. Furthermore, we show that an external field allows to fine‐tune the positions of these instabilities in the molecular rotational spectrum. This opens the door to detailed experimental studies of redistribution of orbital angular momentum in many‐particle systems.
Efficient medium access protocol for Internet of things applications
Authors: Hamrioui Sofiane , Lorenz Pascal
Published: October 2016

The recent progresses made in microelectronics and sensor networks led to the emergence of a new family of networks called Internet of things (IoT). Several factors may degrade seriously IoT applications performance and prevent the connected objects to accomplish out their services. One factor is the inability of medium access control (MAC) protocol, namely, DCF 802.11 function, to distinguish between different sources of frame losses. To address this problem, we propose in this article an improvement called MAC protocol with distinction between data losses (MAC‐DL), which consists mainly to consider the different sources of frame losses in the functioning of the backoff algorithm. After the evaluation of MAC‐DL performance, the results showed a better performance compared with MAC protocol with the original DCF 802.11 function and to 2 other protocols proposed in the literature. Our solution improved significantly the quality of service and the energy efficient for typical IoT scenarios.
Early memories come in small packages: episodic memory in young children and adults
Authors: Tustin Karen , Hayne Harlene
Published: October 2016

In two experiments, 3‐year‐old children were tested using an operant train procedure based on one originally developed by Carolyn Rovee‐Collier. Children's behavioral and verbal recall of the event was assessed after a 24 hr (Experiment 1) and a 1‐year delay (Experiment 2). After the 1‐year delay, their mothers’ verbal recall of the same event was also assessed. After both delays, children exhibited excellent nonverbal memory. Children also exhibited verbal, episodic memory of the same event, but their verbal reports were lean relative to those of their mothers, suggesting that the memories may be more vulnerable to forgetting over the long term. These data have important implications for memory development and childhood amnesia.
Predicting persistence of eating disorder compensatory weight control behaviors
Authors: Rohde Paul , Stice Eric , Gau Jeff M.
Published: October 2016

Objective

The study aimed to identify variables that predicted persistence versus desistence of eating disorder‐related compensatory behaviors in a high‐risk factor sample of women who reported repeated compensatory behaviors at baseline. Data came from a randomized trial evaluating two brief obesity prevention interventions for college students with weight concerns.

Method

Two hundred and sixty one young women (Mean age = 19.1, 79% European American) with weight concerns were randomly assigned to one of two brief obesity prevention interventions or educational video control. Participants were assessed at baseline, post‐intervention, 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up by interview, survey, and physical measurements on 6 eating disorder features and 13 psychosocial variables hypothesized to predict onset or maintenance of eating pathology.

Results

Approximately half (48%) reported engaging in recurrent compensatory behaviors in the year preceding study involvement. Among this subset, 61% reported persistent compensatory behaviors over 12‐month follow‐up. Neither study condition and adjunctive treatment, nor eating disorder features predicted persistence. Persistent compensatory behavior was significantly associated with greater sociocultural pressure to be thin, impulsivity, and substance use, and lower perceived sexual attractiveness.

Discussion

Perceived pressure to be thin is an established risk factor for the initiation of disorder eating behaviors but also may serve as a maintenance factor for unhealthy compensatory behaviors. Impulsivity, either as a trait factor or resulting from substance misuse may contribute to poor judgment and ongoing compensatory behaviors. Additional research on factors that predict persistence of eating disordered behaviors is needed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:561–568)
Medicinal plants and natural compounds in the treatment of experimental endometriosis: A systematic review protocol
Authors: Kiani Kiandokht , Sadati Lamardi Seyedeh Nargess , Laschke Matthias W. , Malekafzali Ardakani Hossein , Movahedin Mansoureh , Ostad Seyed Nasser , Aflatoonian Reza , Moini Ashraf
Published: October 2016

Endometriosis is defined as the endometrial tissue growth (containing both glandular and stromal components) on the extra uterine places especially peritoneal and visceral surfaces of the pelvis. The current medical treatments are mainly based on inhibiting oestrogen or treating the symptoms rather than curing the disease. The recurrence rate is nearly high after both current medical and surgical treatments for endometriosis. In recent years, medicinal herbs and other botanical products have become popular for relieving the symptoms of several gynaecologic disorders such as endometriosis. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to provide the pre‐clinical researches on medicinal plants (Not Chinese combinations) and its compounds studied in the treatment of experimental endometriosis. It will also prepare the strengths and limitations of available studies and offer future perspectives in this field. The following electronic databases will be searched up to December 2015: Medline (PubMed platform), Scopus. The grey literatures, Google scholar, and the reference list of all known primary articles, and relevant conference proceedings will also be checked. Only non‐Chinese language papers will be placed in our searches or study selection. For assessing the risk of bias of the included studies, we will use the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation risk of bias tool for animal studies (SYRCLE’s RoB tool). If the studies are sufficiently comparable, outcome data will be pooled. For outcome measures where a meta‐analysis is not possible a qualitative data synthesis of the results from individual studies will be performed.
Diversification in wild populations of the model organism Anolis carolinensis: A genome‐wide phylogeographic investigation
Authors: Manthey Joseph D. , Tollis Marc , Lemmon Alan R. , Moriarty Lemmon Emily , Boissinot Stéphane
Published: October 2016

The green anole (Anolis carolinensis) is a lizard widespread throughout the southeastern United States and is a model organism for the study of reproductive behavior, physiology, neural biology, and genomics. Previous phylogeographic studies of A. carolinensis using mitochondrial DNA and small numbers of nuclear loci identified conflicting and poorly supported relationships among geographically structured clades; these inconsistencies preclude confident use of A. carolinensis evolutionary history in association with morphological, physiological, or reproductive biology studies among sampling localities and necessitate increased effort to resolve evolutionary relationships among natural populations. Here, we used anchored hybrid enrichment of hundreds of genetic markers across the genome of A. carolinensis and identified five strongly supported phylogeographic groups. Using multiple analyses, we produced a fully resolved species tree, investigated relative support for each lineage across all gene trees, and identified mito‐nuclear discordance when comparing our results to previous studies. We found fixed differences in only one clade—southern Florida restricted to the Everglades region—while most polymorphisms were shared between lineages. The southern Florida group likely diverged from other populations during the Pliocene, with all other diversification during the Pleistocene. Multiple lines of support, including phylogenetic relationships, a latitudinal gradient in genetic diversity, and relatively more stable long‐term population sizes in southern phylogeographic groups, indicate that diversification in A. carolinensis occurred northward from southern Florida.
Classification Method for Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on Power Variability of EEG Using Only a Few Electrodes
Authors: UEDA TAISHI , MUSHA TOSHIMITSU , ASADA TAKASHI , YAGI TOHRU
Published: October 2016

Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy people were classified by using power variance function (PVF) of electroencephalography (EEG) recorded on only four electrodes in this study. PVF is an index of power variability of EEG proposed in a previous report. In this study, the balance of PVFs on a head of each person was analyzed. EEG signals of 25 MCI patients and those of 57 healthy people were recorded on 21 electrodes in accordance with the 10 to 20 International System while the patients were at rest with eyes closed for 5 min. After noise reduction, the balance of PVFs of the MCI patients and those of healthy people were compared. The results indicated that for MCI patients, the difference between PVFs of the frontal region and those of the occipital region was significantly smaller than that of healthy people in theta‐alpha band on four electrodes (O1, F3, Fz, and Cz as the reference). These electrodes were, therefore, selected for classification of MCI patients and healthy people. As the classification result, accuracy of 89.0%, sensitivity of 84.0%, and specificity of 91.2% were achieved.
Climate change impacts on freshwater wetland hydrology and vegetation cover cycling along a regional aridity gradient
Authors: Fay Philip A. , Guntenspergen Glenn R. , Olker Jennifer H. , Johnson W. Carter
Published: October 2016

Global mean temperature may increase up to 6°C by the end of this century and together with precipitation change may steepen regional aridity gradients. The hydrology, productivity, and ecosystem services from freshwater wetlands depend on their future water balance. We simulated the hydrology and vegetation dynamics of wetland complexes in the North American Prairie Pothole Region with the WETLANDSCAPE model. Simulations for 63 precipitation × temperature combinations spanning 6°C warming and −20% to +20% annual precipitation change at 19 locations along a mid‐continental aridity gradient showed that aridity explained up to 99% of the variation in wetland stage and hydroperiod for all wetland permanence types, and in vegetation cycling for semipermanent wetlands. The magnitude and direction of hydrologic responses depended on whether climate changes increased or decreased water deficits. Warming to 6°C and 20% less precipitation increased wetland water deficits and more strongly decreased wetland stage and hydroperiod from historic levels at low aridity, especially in semipermanent wetlands, where peak vegetation cycling (Cover Cycle Index, CCI) also shifted to lower aridity. In contrast, 20% more precipitation decreased water deficits, increasing wetland stage and hydroperiod most strongly in shallow wetlands at high aridity, but filling semipermanent wetlands and reducing CCI at low aridity. All climate changes narrowed the range of aridity favorable to high productivity. Climate changes that reduce water deficits may help maintain wetlands at high aridity at the expense of those at low aridity, but with warming certain, increased deficits are more likely and will help maintain wetlands at lower aridity but exacerbate loss of wetlands at high aridity. Thus, there is likely not a universally applicable approach to mitigating climate change impacts on freshwater wetlands across regional aridity gradients. Conservation strategies need to account for aridity‐specific effects of climate change on freshwater wetland ecosystems.
Enabler for process analytical technology implementation in Pichia pastoris fermentation: Fluorescence‐based soft sensors for rapid quantitation of product titer
Authors: Chopda Viki R. , Pathak Mili , Batra Jyoti , Gomes James , Rathore Anurag S.
Published: October 2016

Rapid quantitation of product titer is a critical input for control of any bioprocess. This measurement, however, is marred by the myriad components that are present in the fermentation broth, often requiring extensive sample pretreatment before analysis. Spectroscopy techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy are widely recognized as potential monitoring tools. Here, we investigate the possibility of using fluorescence of the culture supernatant as a potential at‐line monitoring tool to measure the concentration of a recombinant therapeutic protein expressed in a Pichia pastoris fed‐batch fermentation. We propose an integrated method wherein both the target protein and total protein concentrations are predicted using intrinsic riboflavin fluorescence and extrinsic fluorescence, respectively. The root mean square error for estimating the concentrations of the target protein (using riboflavin fluorescence) and total protein (using extrinsic fluorescence) have been estimated to be <0.1 and <0.2, respectively. The proposed approach has been validated for two different biotherapeutic products, human serum albumin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor, that were expressed using Mut+ and Muts strains of P. pastoris, respectively. The proposed approach is rapid (1 min analysis time, 10 min total with at line sampling) and thus could be a significant enabler for process analytical technology implementation in Pichia fermentation.
Digestive enzymes of human and nonhuman primates
Authors: Janiak Mareike Cora
Published: October 2016

All living organisms need to consume nutrients to grow, survive, and reproduce, making the successful acquisition of food resources a powerful selective pressure. However, acquiring food is only part of the challenge. While all animals spend much of their daily activity budget hunting, searching for, or otherwise procuring food, a large part of what is involved in overall nutrition occurs once the meal has been swallowed. Most nutritional components are too complex for immediate use and must be broken down into simpler compounds, which can then be absorbed by the body. This process, digestion, is catalyzed by enzymes that are either endogenous or produced by the host's microbial population.1 Research shows that the nutritional value of food is partially constrained by the digestive abilities of the microbial community present in the host's gut and that these microbes rapidly adapt to changes in diet and other environmental pressures.2 An accumulating body of evidence suggests that endogenously produced digestive enzymes also have been, and still are, common targets of natural selection, further cementing their crucial role in an organism's digestive system.3–5
The Benefits of Internationalization for State‐Owned Enterprises
Authors: Benito Gabriel R.G. , Rygh Asmund , Lunnan Randi
Published: October 2016

Plain language summary

We investigate whether listed state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) benefit more from internationalization than listed private enterprises. We argue that SOEs have a greater scope for benefitting from internationalization because of their previous domestic focus and because of government‐related firm‐specific advantages they can utilize for their internationalization. In listed SOEs, these factors may matter more than noneconomic objectives and corporate governance deficiencies that could reduce SOEs' economic benefits from internationalization. Empirical analysis on a sample of listed Norwegian firms provides modest support for the hypotheses. There is no indication that state ownership reduces the benefits of internationalization.

Technical summary

We consider state ownership as a moderator of the relationship between internationalization and performance in listed firms, developing theoretical arguments on the scope for benefits from internationalization, corporate governance, and government‐related firm‐specific advantages. We propose hypotheses on a positive moderation effect from state ownership overall and on more positive effects in majority state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) than in minority SOEs, on more positive effects in SOEs previously part of the government administration, and on more positive effects from market‐seeking internationalization than from efficiency or resource‐seeking internationalization. Panel data analyses considering listed Norwegian firms (2000 to 2010) provide modest support for the hypotheses. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
The Effect of the New Lease Accounting Rules on Profitability Analysis in the Retail Industry
Authors: Fafatas Stephan , Fischer Dov
Published: October 2016

US accounting principles will soon require companies to capitalize operating leases with terms longer than 12 months. The new rules will have a dramatic effect on the reported amounts of assets and liabilities for companies with significant lease commitments. These changes will also impact common profitability measures that use assets as a base to gauge earnings performance. We explore the implications of the new lease rules on the EBIT/Assets ratio, a measure of operating return on assets. We examine 50 firms with the largest operating lease commitments and find that 22 retail and restaurant companies are most affected, as their average ratio declines by over 400 basis points from 15 percent to 11 percent based on a hypothetical discount rate of 6% and a lease term of 10 years. A more comprehensive analysis on a larger group of retailers and restaurants provides additional evidence on just how significantly the new lease rules will impact this ratio. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the implications of the new lease rules on common methods of financial analysis, particularly when considering those industries that rely heavily on fixed assets like restaurants and retailers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prototyping Growth in Technology Ventures: A Practical Approach
Authors: Pereiro Luis E.
Published: October 2016

A prototype is a plausible growth model that can be parameterized precisely in terms of time and money. Prototypes can be used to determine how much money is needed to fund a start‐up, how much the venture will be worth at exit time, and in which way its ownership should be split between entrepreneur and investor. This article explains how prototypes are constructed and illustrates how they are used in the financing planning of technology ventures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing IT Change—The Business Leader's Role in IT Strategy Development
Authors: Worster Art , Weirich Thomas R. , Andera Frank
Published: October 2016

This article is a continuation of the series focusing on managing IT change in an organization. Specifically, this article highlights the business leader's role, including the management accountant, in IT strategy development. The authors dissect IT strategy into various components and present the role of a business leader in the development and execution of IT strategy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Revenue Recognition Guidelines: There's Work to Be Done
Authors: Youell Nigel
Published: October 2016

New guidelines for revenue recognition (issued jointly by the FASB and IASB) are to be applied by public organizations to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Nonpublic organizations have another year after that to begin to apply the new rules. This article examines the new rules and their impacts, and lays out a four‐stage approach for adopting the new guidelines. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Introduction to Horizontal Management in Financial Services (Part 2 of 2)
Authors: Dauphinee Jeff , Vercio Alan
Published: October 2016

This article is a follow up to “An Introduction to Horizontal Management in Financial Services (Part 1)” published in the July/August issue of JCAF. Part 1 identified the requirements for an organization structure to support horizontal management in financial services. This article, Part 2, establishes the measurement requirements. It begins with the end, which is a horizontal process P&L. Subsequent requirements include data structures to support horizontal management, the operational plan that feeds the financial plan, and the prerequisite operational transparency requirements to achieve financial transparency. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unguarded tricuspid orifice‐‐‐a rare cause of fetal right atrial dilatation with characteristic color doppler sign: Case report with review of literature
Authors: Kumar Vikraman Seneesh , Chandra Vipin , Balakrishnan Bijoy , Jaiman Sunil , Batra Meenu , Kannoly Gopinathan
Published: October 2016

The anatomic causes for fetal right atrial dilatation with tricuspid regurgitation include Ebstein anomaly, tricuspid dysplasia, unguarded tricuspid orifice, and Uhl anomaly. Unguarded tricuspid orifice is characterized by complete or partial agenesis of the tricuspid valvular and subvalvular structures. It is commonly associated with pulmonary atresia. Its prenatal diagnosis is usually associated with unfavorable prognosis. We present a prenatally diagnosed case of fetal unguarded tricuspid orifice with description of its diagnostic workup, along with a review of literature, to enhance the understanding of this rarely reported entity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:370–374, 2017;
Bonded Labour or What Else? A Case Study in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Bhukuth Augendra , Ballet Jérôme , Sirven Nicolas
Published: October 2016

Debt bondage is the focus of an international struggle for its abolition. Yet the literature finds that, in certain circumstances, the credit‐for‐work contracts behind debt bondage are mutually beneficial to both employer and employee. We take on an empirical study in south India to assess whether choosing credit, which can raise a risk of dependence on the lender and therefore a risk of debt bondage, is a choice made to prevent other forms of risk, especially financial risk and the risk of violence. We find this to be the case in our study. From a policy point of view, the abolition of debt bondage in these circumstances could drive up the very same forms of risk against which households seek to guard. In this context, providing alternatives employment solutions to rural workers is a priority. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient synthesis of D6‐clenproperol and D6‐cimaterol using deuterium isopropylamine as labelled precursor
Authors: Sun Kai , Fang Chao , Yang Weicheng , Xu Zhongjie , Wang Haoran , Sun Wen , Luo Yong , Xu Yi
Published: October 2016

This report presents an efficient synthesis of D6‐clenproperol and D6‐cimaterol with 99.5% and 99.7% isotopic abundance in acceptable yields and excellent chemical purities with deuterium isopropylamine as labelled precursor. Their structures and the isotope‐abundance were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Buscopan labeled with carbon‐14 and deuterium
Authors: Latli Bachir , Stiasni Michael , Hrapchak Matt , Li Zhibin , Grinberg Nelu , Lee Heewon , Busacca Carl A. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: October 2016

Hyosine butyl bromide, the active ingredient in Buscopan, is an anticholinergic and antimuscarinic drug used to treat pain and discomfort caused by abdominal cramps. A straightforward synthesis of carbon‐14– and deuterium‐labeled Buscopan was developed using scopolamine, n‐butyl‐1‐14C bromide, and n‐butyl‐2H9 bromide, respectively. In a second carbon‐14 synthesis, the radioactive carbon was incorporated in the tropic acid moiety to follow its metabolism. Herein, we describe the detailed preparations of carbon‐14– and deuterium‐labeled Buscopan.
Phylogenetic implications of sperm storage in Podotremata: Histology and 3D‐reconstructions of spermathecae and gonopores in female carrier crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Homoloidea)
Authors: Becker Carola , Scholtz Gerhard
Published: October 2016

Female reproductive systems are important characters for understanding the evolution of Brachyura and resolving its phylogenetic relationships. We herein investigate a podotreme brachyuran reproductive system comprehensively for the first time studying spermathecae and gonopores of Homoloidea with histological methods, micro‐computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that spermathecal apertures are species‐specific and their shape corresponds closely to that of male copulatory organs. Apertures were either enclosed by membranous cuticle areas or otherwise occluded preventing direct access into spermathecae. 3D‐reconstructions reveal that spermathecae differ between the species Paromola cuvieri and Homola barbata with regard to the involvement of sternite 7 and 8, respectively, in forming the sperm storage chamber. The cuticle epithelium that lines the spermathecal chamber is irregular and distinct from the remaining cylindrical cuticle epithelium. A first uniramous pleopod was present in all homoloids studied and always held in a position to cover spermathecal apertures. Specific pulvinated cuticle structures present on both sides of the first pleopod are herein interpreted as adhesive structures functioning in reproductive processes. The coxal gonopores were enclosed by a laterally arising muscular mobile operculum that resembles opercula described in eubrachyuran vaginae, which raises the question whether these two structures are homologous. Our results are compared with data available for other brachyuran groups and discussed in terms of phylogenetic relationships within the Brachyura and possible functions in insemination and fertilization in Podotremata. J. Morphol. 278:89–105, 2017. ©© 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Growth of wheat and lettuce and enzyme activities of soils under garlic stalk decomposition for different durations
Authors: Han Xu , Cheng Zhihui , Meng Huanwen
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) stalk is a byproduct of garlic production that is normally thought of as waste but is now considered a useful biological resource. It is necessary to utilize this resource efficiently and reasonably to reduce environmental pollution and achieve sustainable agricultural development.

RESULTS

The effect of garlic stalk decomposed for different durations was investigated in this study using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa L.) as test plants. Garlic stalk in early stages of decomposition inhibited the shoot and root lengths of wheat and lettuce, but it promoted the shoot and root lengths in later stages; longer durations of garlic stalk decomposition significantly increased the shoot and root fresh weights of wheat and lettuce, whereas shorter decomposing durations significantly decreased the shoot and root fresh weights; and garlic stalk at different decomposition durations increased the activities of urease, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase in soil where wheat or lettuce was planted.

CONCLUSION

Garlic stalk decomposed for 30 or 40 days could promote the growth of wheat and lettuce plants as well as soil enzyme activities. These results may provide a scientific basis for the study and application of garlic stalk. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry