bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1992
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set on 18 Jun at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 2 ft apart within rows and rows were on 10 ft centers. Single-row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were initiated at first fruiting, and applied on 26 Jul, 4, 14 and 25 Aug, and 1 and 9 Sep. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 50 psi and delivering 50-100 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew) through 6 hollowcone nozzles per row. Each row was sprayed on both sides with three nozzles spaced 12 inches apart on the spray wand. Rainfall was abundant throughout the trial period, with 5.83 inches in Jun, 1.72 inches in Jul, 8.11 inches in Aug, and 2.9 inches in Sep. PA populations were monitored by observing 10 leaves (1st leaf below terminal flower) per treatment (40 total) and recording number infested with >1 apterous aphid. Thrips were sampled by counting total thrips in each of 10 flowers per treatment (40 total). Mature fruit (pink stage) were harvested weekly from 26 Aug to 30 Sep, and those damaged by SB and lepidopterous pests (TFW and CL), and infested with sooty mold were recorded.
Black Cutworm Control in No-Till Corn, 1992
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of black cutworm larvae. The test plot was planed in a continuous com field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm in Fayette Co., KY, on 1 May as a randomized block design with replicates. Individual plots consisted of 2 rows of no-till corn, 11 m long, with 96.5 row spacing. All insecticides were applied as a T-band at planting with a Gandy granular applicator. Gramoxone Extra 2.5 S and Bicep 6 WDL were applied on May 1, 1992, for weed control at 2.25 pt/acre and 2.4 qt/acre, respectively. Ten-inch aluminum barriers were buried 4 to 5 inches into the soil around a 2 m by 2 m section in the middle of each plot. Plants began to emerge on 12 May. On 15 May, 16 third instar black cutworms, obtained from the USDA-ARS Com Insect Research Unit, Ankeny, IA, were released inside each of the barriers. Stand counts and numbers of cut plants were recorded on 15, 16, 19, 22, and 25 May. A plant was considered cut if at any time it was cut off by cutworms; regrowth was disregarded. Data were transformed by acrsin-squareroot then subjected to ANOVA and treatment means compared to the control by LSD (SAS Institute).
Insecticidal Corn Rootworm Control Using Various Application Rates and Techniques, 1991
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: March 2022

Three studies were conducted at sites in Brookings, Garretson, and Nunda, SD. Treatments consisted of varied rates and application techniques (band and in-furrow) of registered and experimental insecticides for control of corn rootworm larvae. Design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of insecticide granules directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all sites. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Corn rootworm infestations were low to moderate, which was consistent with very few grower reports of significant rootworm damage. Above normal spring rainfalls were experienced, although no plots were lost due to flooding. However, the abundance of postapplication precipitation may have affected efficacy associated with application technique.
Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, 1992
Authors: Luedeman J. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

Performance of aerially applied permethrin against ECB was evaluated using 2 different volumes of water carrier. The site was a 135.9 ha commercial corn field located north of Sauk Centre, Stearns county, MN, planted on 5 May, at a population of 71,662 plants/ha. The plots, which measured 15.2 m by 304.8 m (0.91 m row spacing), were established on 12 Jul. Treatments included permethrin @ 0.17 kg(AI)/ha aerially applied with 18.7 liter/ha water and 28.01 liter/ha water and an untreated check. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied in a 15 m swath by a Piper Brave equipped with MultiTeeJet (46 core with no. 7 spinner) nozzles on 13 Jul from 6-9 pm under light winds (4.8-14.5 km/h) and moderate temperatures (17.8-21.1 C). Performance was evaluated on 22 Sep by dissecting 10 plants at 5 locations per plot and recording the number of tunnels per plant, and on 8 Nov by harvesting the plots. Statistical procedures used to analyze the data include ANOVA and LSD.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer in Corn 1992
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: March 2022

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for 2nd generation European corn borer were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 19 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn hi-boy calibrated to deliver 19 gal/acre at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn hi-boy with 10 inch row banders. Forty-eight h prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked corn plants in each replicate. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. On 21 Sep, 10 marked plants per replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control on Field Corn, 1992
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Laub C. A. , Kuhar T. P. , Nixon K. H.
Published: March 2022

Two experiments were conducted in Rockridge Co. Virginia to determine the effectiveness of several experimental and commercial granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae. The 1st experiment evaluated the effectiveness of Lorsban 15 G with 3 experimental formulations of Lorsban 15 G (i.e., XRM 4372, XRM 5362, and NAF), whereas the 2nd experiment evaluated the effectiveness of 1 experimental and 3 commercial granular insecticides. Both experiments were conducted near the center of a no-till corn field which had been in continuous corn production since 1988. The field had not been treated with granular insecticides at planting since 1988, and the predominant soil type of the field is an Alonzville fine sandy loam. Both experiments consisted of a randomized complete block design, with all treatments replicated 3 times in the first experiment and 4 times in the second experiment. All plots were 30-ft long and consisted of 2 rows spaced 30 inches apart. A John Deere, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant all plots on 22 May at a population density of 24,200 seeds per acre. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch wide T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. Each of the regular granular insecticide applicators was removed from the planter and replaced with a wooden device designed to hold inverted pint canning (Mason) jars used in dispensing the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of the wooden holders was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was laboratory-calibrated to deliver insecticides accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing 1 or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, 2 jars containing the appropriate insecticide granules were inverted and placed in the wooden holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only 1 pass per plot. The roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from the check plots of each experiment on 14 Jul and washed of excess soil. Likewise, the roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from each of the remaining treatment plots on 17 Jul and washed of excess soil. Corn rootworm damage ratings were made the same day that the corn roots were dug and were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1–no feeding; 6–3 or more root nodes completely destroyed). Stand counts were not made because of irregular seed spacing that occurred in 1 of the rows during planting. The statistical analysis for both experiments involved ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD to test for differences among treatment means.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticide Mixtures Against Late Season Populations of Bollworm, Tobacco Bud-Worm and Beet Armyworm, 1992
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 6 Jul with plots consisting of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row).at 2.1 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8, 11, 18, and 28 Sep against an established population of bollworms and tobacco budworms (primarily tobacco budworms). Efficacy against bollworms and tobacco budworms was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of feeding damage and the presence of larvae on each of 3 observation dates. Efficacy against beet armyworms was determined by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a standard (38 cm diameter) sweep net.
Apple, Seasonal Insecticide Evaluations, 1991
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Cook K. E.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticides were applied to 8-year-old ‘Ida Red’ apple trees. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replicates. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Mite populations were evaluated on each sample date by randomly selecting 25 leaves per replicate, brushing them onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile mites and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Densities of specific predators of mites were determined by counts of three minutes per replicate. RAA and the AA-SA complex populations were sampled using four different methods: 1) each replicate tree was ranked from 0-5 (5 = heavily infested); 2) 25 terminal shoots per replicate were examined and the number of active colonies recorded; 3) the number of active colonies observed during a 3 minute examination of each replicate tree was recorded; and 4) average ranks (0 = none, 5 = heavily infested) of aphid populations on 5 succulent terminal shoots were calculated for each replicate. WALH populations were sampled using method 1 above and also by counting leafhoppers per 20 leaves per replicate (80 per treatment). The latter count was made 48 hr after treatments were applied. Populations of STL, ALM, and WAA, were evaluated on 28 Aug by counting all vacated (old) and occupied (new) STL mines, WAA colonies, and ALM infested leaves observed per replicate during a 3 minute count. One hundred apples per replicate were picked at harvest. Fifty apples were graded for stem end and side russet on a scale from 0-5 for each category where 0 = no russeting and 5 = completely russeted. These data were used to assign each fruit to the appropriate USDA grade (extra fancy, fancy, No. 1, or utility). All injuries caused by RBLR, TABM, CM, and other Lepidoptera were recorded. The orchard was inoculated with CM infested fruit in the fall of 1990 and twice during the 1991 season.
Apple, Kelthane 50W Vs European Red Mite at Ph 6.5, 1992
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. J. , Warren J. R.
Published: March 2022

A randomized block design was used in this for treatment, four replicate experiment conducted in a 9-year-old block of‘Lawspur Rome’ at the Research Farm Orchard. Treatments were Kelthane 50W .64 kg/ha + Latron AG 44; Kelthane 50W .64 kg/ha; Latron AG 44 + water (50 gal/acre = 189.27 liters/ha) and a water control 50 gal/acre (189.27 liters/ha). In all treatments the amount of Latron AG 44 used was that sufficient to lower the spray mixture to a pH of 6.5. Sprays were applied on 15 Jul with a power-take-off driven FMC (model 252S) sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre (6 x concentration). Replicates of each treatment consisted of three trees in a row (data collected from the center trees only). Buffer rows of untreated trees separated rows of treatment trees. Insect predators were counted during a three minute visual observation of the center tree in each replicate on 17 Jul (2 days after treatment). Mite data were generated using the Henderson-McBurnie method of brushing 20-leaf samples from each replicate on each sample date.
Apple, Tufted Apple Bud Moth Control Tactics, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J.
Published: March 2022

We sprayed 12-15 tree plots in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of alternating trees of‘Yorking,’ and ‘Golden Delicious.’ These trees were planted 18 x 25 ft apart and were 13 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre at 2.4 mph, except for the last Lorsban/Lannate treatment which received 50 gal/acre at 2.8 mph. Application timings were based on accumulated degree days following various biofix points (i.e., 1st egg hatch). Degree day calculations were based on minimum and maximum developmental thresholds of 45°F and 91°F, respectively. All applications were complete sprays, except for the second RH-5992 treatment, which was applied using the alternate row middle (ARM) method. A routine schedule of fungicides (Penncozeb, Rubigan, captan 50 WP and Topsin M 85 DF) was maintained throughout the experiment. ARM applications of Carzol 92 SP at 0.55 lb Al/acre 1.1 lb Al/acre (expressed as amount/acre for a complete spray) for white apple leaihopper control were made on 22 May and 1 Jun, respectively. Four ARM applications of Swat 8 E at 0.075 lb AI/acre (expressed as amount/acre for a complete spray) for control of apple aphid were made on 8, 19 and 29 Jun and 24 Jul. A complete application of Omite 6 E at 1.8 lb Al/acre was made on 8 Jul for mite control. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree (100 leaves/treatment). Effect of sprays on SP was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury to drop apples on 13 Aug, 2 and 14 Sep from the center two ‘Yorking’ trees. For ‘Golden Delicious,’ 120 apples were picked per replicate (40 apples on each of 6 trees). For ‘Yorking,’ 360 picked apples and 150 dropped apples per replicate were evaluated for injury. Pest pressure was high throughout the season.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with AC 303630, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

The experimental insecticide AC 303630 was evaluated for its ability to control CM when used in a seasonal spray program. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Trees were 12-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious.’ The orchard was irrigated by over-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of five single-tree replicates per treatment arranged in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. The first application, 29 May, coincided with beginning of CM egg hatch as predicted by the CM degree day (°D) model (250 °D after BIOFIX = first capture of CM in pheromone traps).
Apple, Comparison of Neem Seed Extract and Conventional Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Straub R. W. , Jentsch P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to eight-tree plots replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained one tree each of the following varieties: ‘McIntosh,’ ‘Cortland,’ ‘Delicious,’ ‘Rhode Island Greening,’ ‘Empire,’ ‘Early McIntosh,’ ‘Rome Beauty,’ and ‘Golden Delicious.’ All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 21 kg/cm2 delivering from 10.2 to 15.9 liters spray/tree or 2450 to 3805 liters/ha depending upon foliage and weather conditions. Trees on the EMU rootstock were 28 yr-old, 3 m high, and 3.7 m wide. Treatments were applied at pink (1 May), petal fall (19 May), and as cover sprays on 3 and 17 Jun, 1, 15 and 28 Jul and 12 Aug. Only Guthion 35 W was applied at pink. The petal fall application of TD-2321-1 was delayed 7 d because the material arrived late. By design, the second cover spray of Imidan was omitted. Insect damage to mature fruit was assessed at harvest (11 Sep) by examining 100 ‘McIntosh’ apples from each replicate. Combined first and second brood STLM was evaluated on 7 and 21 Jul by counting for three min mines on randomly selected ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves. RLH nymphs were counted on 25 randomly selected ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves on 14 and 20 Jul. The aphid complex was evaluated on 12 and 22 Jun by walking the tree line and counting infested terminals per ‘Golden Delicious’ tree.
Apple, Mite Control with Fluazinam, 1992
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Borchert D. M. , Palmer C. R.
Published: March 2022

Studies were conducted in a 13 year-old block of ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Five-tree plots were sprayed season-long with different fungicides to determine the acaricidal activity of fluazinam. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied dilute with a Swanson airblast sprayer delivering 209 gal/acre on 7, 14, and 22 Apr, 1 and 11 May, 2, 16 and 30 Jun, 15 and 29 Jul, and 11 and 25 Aug. All treatments were sprayed with the same season-long insecticide program consisting of Lorsban, Thiodan, Guthion, Dimethoate and Imidan. In addition, Omite 30 W (4.2 lb/acre) was applied to all treatments on 2 Jun and 12 Aug. Mite populations were monitored by collecting 20 leaves from each of two trees/treatment, placing them through a mite brushing machine, and counting ERM eggs, motiles (immatures and adults), and AF adults under a stereo-microscope.
Pear, Season Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Felland Carl M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 6-15 tree plots in a block of ‘Bartlett’ (84%), ‘Bosc’ (9%), and ‘D’Anjou’ (7%) pears. Trees were planted 24 x 24 ft apart and were 14 years old. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied dilute to run off with a handgun from a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer at 400 psi. An average of 2.3 gal were applied per tree at 190 gal/acre. Insecticide application dates varied among treatments and are listed in the table. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50 DF, Streptomycin, Ziram 76 WP, and Topsin-M 85 DF. All sampling was conducted on the middle ‘Bartlett’ tree in each replicate. All treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples at 6-17 day intervals. Counts were made on 10 spur leaf samples from 11-18 May, on 7 spur and 8 third most distal leaf samples from 26 May to 16 Jun, and on 15 third most distal leaf samples from 22 Jun to 15 Jul.
Control of Mountain Leafhopper on Cherry, 1992
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Fouche C. F. , Grant J. A. , Purcell A. H.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature ‘Bing’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Stockton, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree, and there was one buffer tree in each direction from the experimental tree. Treatments were applied on 9 Jun (test A) and 21 Jul (test B) with a hand gun sprayer operating at 300 psi (test A) and 250 psi (test B) and delivering a rate of 300 gal/acre of finished spray (full coverage). Control was evaluated by determining the mortality of 20 laboratory-cultured adult mountain leafhoppers after they had been caged on the foliage for 12 h (7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) at 0 through 4 weeks after treatment (test A) and at 0 through 6 weeks after treatment (test B).
Flea Beetle and Sawfly Control, 1992
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied on 27 May for early instar BFB larval control and 3 Jun for mid-instar BS larval control to 20 × 20 ft plots in crop year blueberry fields at Township 25 (BFB) and Crawford (BS), Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a completely random design with 5-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot; in the BFB test, there were only 2 replications for the ‘no insecticide’ treatment. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. At treatment, plants showed ca. 65% loose cluster and 35% bloom for BFB control and 5% loose cluster and 95% bloom for BS control. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the tests.
Evaluation of a Horticultural Spray Oil For Control of Eastern Grape Leafhopper (EGLH), 1992
Authors: Muza Andrew J. , Saunders Michael C.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a mature vineyard at the Erie County Field Research Laboratory in North East, PA. Treatments were applied to Concord grapes trained to the single curtain (no tie) system. Treatments consisted of 6-vine plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Each treatment row was separated by 2 untreated buffer rows. Applications were made using a Friend, small plot sprayer equipped with an FMC, vineyard boom. Treatments were applied at 100 gal/acre with pressure adjusted to 100 psi. The treatments were applied on Aug. Nova 40 W was applied to the treatment areas on 10 Jun at 3 oz/acre and 28 Jul and 18 Aug at 4 oz/acre to control black rot and powdery mildew. Precipitation for May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep and Oct was 1.63, 2.10, 3.09, 4.62, 6.62 and 3.22 inches, respectively. A pretreatment count of leafhopper nymphs was taken on 17 Aug. Posttreatment evaluations were conducted 8, 14, and 20 days after application. Evaluations consisted of randomly selecting 20 injured leaves per plot (pretreatment) and 10 injured leaves per plot (posttreatment) and recording the number of leafhopper nymphs. Berry samples for determining degrees Brix were collected on 5 Nov. The apical portion from each of 10 basal clusters were collected from the center of each plot.
Evaluation of BAS 300 001 and Bas 300 111 for Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1992
Authors: French J. Victor , Hernandez Elias
Published: March 2022

Experimental BAS 300 001 and BAS 300 111, alone and tank mixed with ATPLUS 411 spray oil, were compared to Vendex for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 4 times in a 30-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 16 x 22 ft spacing. Trees were sprayed on 4 Jun to foliar runoff (ca. 3.0 gal/tree) by handgun using a portable Hypro 5200 high pressure sprayer operating at 200 psi. Post spray counts were made at 7 days and at ca. 2-week intervals thereafter. At each count date, 13 fruit per replicate (52/treatment) were randomly selected at arms length in the tree canopy and examined for CRM in situ with a 10 X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Citrus Red Mite Control on ‘4-40’ Satsuma Selection in Louisiana, 1991
Authors: Bourgeois W. J. , Pollet D. K.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a plot of‘4-40’ satsuma mandarin trees located at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center’s Citrus Research Station, Port Sulphur, LA. Pretreatment mite counts were made 11 Jun, and all treatments were applied 13 Jun with the aid of a FMC model 100 CP airblast sprayer and a tractor speed of 3rd low 1200 RPM to generate an operating pressure of approximately 200 psi. The study consisted of 5 treatments with 10 single tree replications from which mite counts were determined by taking 5 leaves per tree and counting the number of live mites on the right bottom half of the leaf and then doubling the count to obtain the number of mites per leaf. After treatment application mite counts were made at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAT. All miticide spray solutions were buffered to a pH of approximately 6.0 with the addition of Triton AG-44 M (Latron AG-44 M).
Pyrethroids for Hickory Shuckworm and Pecan Nut Casehearer Control, 1990
Authors: Aguirre Luis A. , Corrales Jorge , Flores Mariano
Published: March 2022

The effect of pyrethroid insecticides over HSW and 1st and 2nd generation PNC were evaluated in Coahuila. Trials were conducted at Estancias and Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila under field conditions on 15-18 yr old Western pecan trees. A complete randomized block design was used consisting of 12 treatments: 3 doses of Ambush, Cymbush and Karate; one dose of Guthion and Zolone the most used insecticides as comparative checks and the unsprayed check, with 3 replicates and one tree/treatment/block. Foliage treatments were made on 7 May and 12 July for 1st and 2nd generation PNC and 12 Aug for HWS. Post-treatment counts were made 8 and 15 DAT. Sampling consisted on checking 25 nut clusters/tree for damaged nuts. Data were subjected to ANOVA and LSD tests.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Dry Bean, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Maher Pat
Published: March 2022

Plots were placed in a commercial cranberry bean field planted on 13 May. Plot size was 4 rows, 9.1 m long x 0.75 m wide. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Pretreatment PLH counts were 1.2/leaf. Foliar materials were applied on 8 and 22 Jul. Each application consisted of a 2 liter total applied to 0.00167 ha. PLH counts in untreated plots on 22 Jul were 1.1/leaf.
Cabbage and Green Peach Aphid Control on Seed Broccoli, 1992
Authors: Rethwisch M.D. , Shaw M. , Peralta M.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticide treatments were applied to broccoli grown for seed within a fabric-meshed greenhouse of Rogers-NK Seed located near Yuma, AZ. Treatments were applied with a back-pack CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 13.8 gal/acre at 30 psi with two T-Jet 23 disc cones and D2 orifice discs on 13 Mar. Plots were 25 ft long X 1 row wide (40 inch) and treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Vegetable Oil Concentrate was added to all insecticide treatments at a 1 qt/acre rate. Broccoli was in full bloom when treatments were applied and CA were present in moderate numbers. Plants were sampled in 14, 19 Mar, 2, 10 and 17 Apr with sampling being discontinued as plants were drying and being harvested. Plots were sampled by tapping six inches of flower/seed stalk from three plants over a 6.5 inch wide round plastic bowl, collecting the aphids, which were then frozen and later counted. Heavy rains on 26 Mar prevented a sample during that week. The sample in 14 Mar consisted of examining 30 flower stalks/plot for presence/absence of CA. CA were counted in all samples by GPA were present only in Apr samples.
Jeffrey Pine Needle Miner, Laboratory Spray Tests, 1976
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Shon Fay , Boelter Lucille M.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory spray tests of 4 insecticides (Imidan 1-E, Orthene 75S, FMC 33297, Decis) in water were conducted on cut shoots of Jeffrey pine heavily infested with penultimate and last stage Jeffrey pine needle miner. The shoots were collected in Snow Valley in the San Bernardino National Forest, California, and held in a greenhouse until used. For treatment, each shoot was placed in the bottom of a stainless steel laboratory spray chamber and sprayed until run-off. Each was held for 3 days post-treatment with the cut end in water. Needles from each shoot were then removed and individually inspected over a light table for the presence of an insect. Insects were prodded with jeweler's forceps to determine whether they were alive or dead. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance.
Arborvitae, Bagworm Control, Zanesv1Lle, Ohio, 1976
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Balderston C. P.
Published: March 2022

A commercial planting of 3m American arborvitae, lightly infested with 1.5 cm long bagworm larvae, was selected for insecticide evaluation. Five larvae on each of 4 replicate trees/treatment were ragged prior to application of insecticides July 19. Trees were sprayed to runoff (ca. 1 gal finished spray/tree) with a Myers Baronet wheelbarrow hydraulic sprayer under sunny skies (ca. 30°C) when larvae were actively feeding. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1 week after application by counting the number of tagged larvae surviving on each tree. A second, preliminary test, was conducted later with newly available experimental materials. Single trees were sprayed Aug 4; efficacy was evaluated 1 week later (as above).
Space Fumigation Tests Against Selected Greenhouse Pests, 1976
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Pilitt Dana R. , Cawley Bryant M.
Published: March 2022

C02 propelled unmicronized dusts (active ingredient plus HiSil) were tested against selected greenhouse pests on either host plants or media by fumigation of 1100 ft3 J sealed trailers. Doors were opened 10 min after pesticide release. Insects were exposed 30 min total. Two replications were used for each pesticide tested. Temperature during test period ranged from 25° to 29° C. This procedure was utilized to evaluate rapid (2 sec) system for possiblegreenhouse fumigation.
Mimosa Webworm Control on Mimosa: 1976
Authors: Karner Miles , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard G.
Published: March 2022

This experiment consisted of spraying 20 mimosa trees distributed over the Oklahoma State University campus. The test was non replicated except for the untreated trees which were replicated three times. Spray applications were applied as needed using a John Bean Sprayer 55, series L-1565-2 and a 785 John Bean Spraymaster deluxe gun which delivered 2.5 gal of finished spray for a 2 minute period at 450 p.s.i. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Sprays were applied to all treatments on June 21. The second spray application varied according to the infestation: treatment 7, July 16; treatments 1 , 2 , 4 , July 23; treatments 3, 8, 9, 10, Aug 9 and treatments 5, 6, Aug 18. All treatments received two applications over the growing season. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by either counting the number of dead larvae found in 10 webbed bipinnately compound leaves per tree or recording the total number of webbed bipinnately compound leaves per tree. Dead larval counts were made the day following treatment. These dates were June 22, July 17, Aug 24, Aug 10 and Aug 19 depending upon treatment. Webbed bipinnately compound leave counts were made on June 2 1 , 28, July 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, Aug 5 , 1 1 , 18, and 26. After each count all webbed leaves were clipped from the tree so that they would not enter into succeeding counts.
Scotch Pine, Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Carrollton, Ohio, 1976
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Balderston C. P.
Published: March 2022

A stand of 1.5-2m Scotch pine Christmas trees, partially harvested in Nov of 1975, was used for insecticide evaluation. Pretreatment populations were determined by hand digging stumps and inspecting for eggs and small larvae in and beneath bark during late Mar and early Apr. A row of trees containing at least 10 newly cut stumps (less than 1 year old) was treated as one replicate/treatment. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each stump received ca 4 oz finished spray delivered by a compression sprayer Apr 13 or 14. Air temp was 20° C; soil temp 10° C. Weevils were actively mating and ovipositing at this time. Fifteen stumps (5 from each of 3 reps) were inspected during the last half of Aug for chip cocoons following removal of bark to first lateral root. No attempt was made to differentiate between cocoons of the 2 weevils.
Aerial Application of Insecticides To Control Flies At Feedlots, 1970-76
Authors: Campbell J. B.
Published: March 2022

ULV and LV aerial applications by fixedwing and rotary blade aircraft were evaluated for control of stable and house flies at feedlots in Nebraska. Fly counts were taken ca 24 hr pre and posttreatment. Stable fly numbers were determined by counting the flies on the inside of 1 front leg and the outside of the other on a minimum of 50 cattle per lot. The resultant number was termed "flies per leg". House flies were counted by the Scudder Grid method (average high 5 of 10 counts of flies landing on grid in 30 sec). Flights were made at temperatures above 80° F and when wind velocity was below 10 MPH. Helicopter flights were made at altitudes of 35 ft and at 45 MPH. Fixed-wing flights were made at altitudes of 25 ft and at 80 MPH.
Fly Larvicide in Horse Manure, 1976
Authors: Jones C. J. , Schmidtmann E. T.
Published: March 2022

Seven ponies of 159 to 204 kg were held in separate indoor pens and fed 4.4 g of 7.76% Rabon Horse Oral Larvicide as a top dress on moistened feed pellets daily for 14 days. Three ponies of similar size and fed an identical ration without the top dress were used as checks. On days - I , 7, and 14, all feces voided from each animal during a 24-hr period were collected and blended. Four 200-300 g portions from each sample were placed in .95 litre plastic cartons, moistened with 5-20 ml of distilled water, and each was seeded with 25 newly hatched Muscadomestica L. or Stomoxyscalcitrans (L.) 1st instar larvae. Each carton was then covered with a double layer of cheesecloth and held at room temperature for at least 21 days. All emergent flies were then tallied, and the percent emergence was determined for each container. A mean percent reduction, using the mean percent emergence for each treatment, was calculated by using Abbott's formula. The M. domestica were F5 and F0 progeny of wild flies captured from 3 farms in Tompkins County, New York; S. calcitrans were F] progeny from the same sources.
Stable Fly,

STOMOXYS

CALCITRANS

(L.), AND HOUSE FLY,

MUSCA

DOMESTICA

L.; INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS, 1976
Authors: Wright James E.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-five pupae each of the stable fly and house fly that were still opaque white externally were treated topically with 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001 µg CGA-19255 in 1µl acetone solution. They were held at 27°C and ca 98% RH for 10 days. The number of emerged adults was recorded, and pupae from which no adults emerged were dissected for determination of incomplete adult development, i.e., pupaladult intermediates. In other tests, the chemical was incorporated into larval diet (bagasse, whole wheat flour, and fish meal) at levels of 100, 10, and 1 ppm dry weight as follows: The chemical was dissolved in 1 ml acetone and added to 200 ml of water. The solution was mixed with 50 g of dry matter and placed in a 250-ml glass beaker. Eggs (100) less than 2 hr old were placed on the top of the medium, and the beaker was covered with tissue paper and held at 27°C. After 22 days the number of adults that emeroed was determined.
Apple, Early Mite Control, 1976
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 11-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi and at a rate of ca 500 gal per acre. Spray dates were April 23 (half-inch green). May 10 (pink), June 2-3 (petal fall), June 10 (first cover), and June 24 (second cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of captan 80W.(1.25 lb/100 gal) on 14 dates, Epsom salts (15 lb) and Marlate 50W (3 lb) on June 3, 11, and 24, and Sevin 80W (1.25 lb) on July 8 and 22. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 Cortland and 2 Early Mcintosh cultivars per treatment in Test 1, 4 Red Delicious per treatment in Test 2, and 2 Mcintosh and 2 Golden Delicious per treatment in Test 3. From each tree, 25 leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was not very severe. Following hot and dry weather the first half of June, there was abundant rainfall through July.
Apple, Preliminary Insecticides Test, 1976
Authors: Reissig Harvey , Dunham D. H. , Hebding Harold E.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute to run off with a hand sprayer (450 psi) 2nd through 6th cover sprays on June 18, June 28, July 14, August 2, and August 18. Each treatment was replicated 3 times on single tree plots (2 Mcintosh and 1 Cortland cultivars) arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest 150 and 100 fruit were scored, respectively, from each Mcintosh and Cortland tree. Ten actively growing terminals/tree collected on June 30 were placed in a Berlese funnel to sample apple aphids. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 10 distal leaves of 10 terminals on each tree on August 30. The number of leaves infested with spotted tentiform leafminers was recorded during a 10 minute search around the canopy of each tree from the ground to eye level on August 30.
Pear, Cutworm Control, 1976
Authors: Howell J. Franklin , Anthon Edward W.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated for control of 2 species of cutworms in a block of mature Bartlett pear trees. Plots (a 600-sq ft area with a tree at each corner of the plot) were replicated twice in a randomized block design. A handgun operated at a pump pressure of 500 psi was used to apply the sprays (volume of 500 gal/acre) in an effort to penetrate the cover crop of mixed broadleaf weeds and grasses. Effectiveness was determined by counting live larvae and cadavers in four 1/4 m2 quadrats chosen at random. Pretreatment counts were made July 28 and Aug 2, 1976; posttreatment counts were made Aug 5 and 6. The spray was applied Aug 2. Control was based on the number of cadavers vs. the number of live larvae recovered.
Control of Grapevine Aphid, 1976
Authors: Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for control of the grapevine aphid on 2-year-old potted grape vines reared in a greenhouse. Cultivars used in tests were Chancellor, Aurore, Cayuga White, Seyval, Clinton, Vidal 256, Ellen Scott, Vignoles, Villard Noir, Gewurztraminer and Chardonnay. All cultivars were naturally infested by the aphids. In Test I , plants were carried outside the greenhouse, sprayed and left outdoors until counts were made. In Test I I , plants were sprayed in hooded area of greenhouse and held inside until mortality was recorded. Treatments were composed of single vines replicated 4 times in randomized blocks. Only the aphids on the apical 1 1/2 inches of one shoot per vine were considered. Counts were made prior to and 24 hr after application. Sprays were applied to run-off, at the rate of 100 gal per acre using a Hudson 6209 Favorite sprayer at 40 psi. Nu-Film-17 extender was added to all treatments at the rate of 1 pt/100 gal.
Control of Citrus Red Mite with Pp 199 (Ici), 1976
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Four rates of PP 199 and two standards (Omite 30WP and Kelthane 4MF) were applied to mature lemon trees in this test on the Yuma mesa on April 27, 1976. Three trees were sprayed with each rate of PP 199 and the standards. The applications were made with a ground sprayer equipped with a pistol-type handgun at a rate of approximately 4 gallons of spray per tree simulating thorough coverage (TC) or to the point of runoff.
The Use of Transformations in the Analysis of Field Data
Authors: Frazee James R.
Published: March 2022

Statistics is used in biological experiments to summarize and evaluate observations in order to test a principle or hypothesis. However, if misused these statistical procedures can be misleading and cause researchers to reach conclusions that are not justified. Statistics have been widely used in agricultural research to identify and understand the distribution of organisms in space and to determine the effects of treatments on yield, quality and pest control. Confidence limits of statistical tests are based on populations that have a normal distribution. However, not all biological data follow this distribution. Once the population distribution has been identified, specific transformations of the data are essential in order to accurately interpret field results. The purpose of this report is to describe a statistical technique to identify population distributions most commonly associated with biological data and to suggest the appropriate transformation to use on the data prior to running the analysis of variance and establishing confidence limits.
Foliar Sprays To Control The Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn, 1976
Authors: Hofmaster R. N.
Published: March 2022

'N&K 199' sweet corn was planted, 10 inch spacing in 3 ft rows, on June 4 , 1976. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of three 25 ft long rows with a single untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Insecticides were applied to the ear area with a D. B. Smith 5 gallon knapsack, hand-operated compressed air sprayer at the rate of 25 gal/acre at cq/40 psi, using a Spraying Systems Cone Jet Y 8 nozzle. Treatments were initiated at first silk on July 26 and continued through August 6, a total of 6 treatments in a l l . It had been intended to make another foliage application but the sweet corn was leveled by hurricane Belle on August 8 and further treatment was impossible. Twenty-five ears were harvested from each replicate and checked for earworms on August 11 . The following categories were selected for evaluation: 1) Clean - no evidence of earworm; 2) Slight - damage confined to silks or extreme ear tip; 3) Medium - injury less than 1 .5 inches below tip, ear could be clipped; and 4) Severe - damage well beyond ear tip and of such nature that ear could not be clipped or salvaged for use.
Control of Alfalfa Looper on Pea, 1976
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Treat T. L.
Published: March 2022

The peas, 'Perfected Freezer', were planted in 1.5 x 6 m, 8-row beds (18 cm interrow spacing) on March 26. They were sprinkle irrigated until 20 days before the harvest on June 30. The afternoons prior to the treatments on June 15 and 22, 1.2 x 1.5 m sites at the ends of each bed were infested with 2nd to 5th stage larvae from the laboratory culture to ensure populations of uniform size and stage. The 4 replications of each treatment were applied the next morning between 0600 and 0900 h. The percentage control was determined 2-3 days after the final treatment by cutting the foliage in each site and examining i t and the ground surface for live and dead larvae. All treatments were applied at 4.2 kg/cm' (air pressure) and 380 L/ha through D2-13 "TEEJET" hollowcone nozzles mounted 28 cm apart on a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-1520 tractor travelling at 4.4 km/h. The boom height was adjusted to provide maximum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew.
Potato Pest Control, Rosemount, Minnesota, 1976
Authors: Cancelado Rafael E. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

'Russet Burbank' potatoes were planted May 18 at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Plots were 6 rows, by 60 feet long, and randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. The soil was a Waukegan silt loam with medium organic matter. Bravo fungicidal sprays were applied weekly from June 17. Systemic insecticides were applied as in-furrow, split-band treatments at planting. Foliar insecticidal sprays were made on July 13, July 27, August 10, August 24, and September 7, in 100 gallon water/acre at 320 psi. Using a tractor drawn boom sprayer with 3 drop nozzles per row; only the 4 center rows of each plot were sprayed. Potato leafhopper nymphs and green peach aphid and potato aphid apterae were counted from 35 randomly selected, mid-plant leaves from the center 2 rows of each plot. Counts were made 1 day before spraying and 1 day after spraying except for the 1st spray when only post-spray counts were made.
Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides For Potato Leafhopper, Flea Beetle Control and Yield of Potatoes, 1976
Authors: Libby J. L. , Longridge J . L.
Published: March 2022

Two-row 54 ft plots with rows 36 inches apart were planted with ‘B-size’ certified seed of the 'Superior' cultivar at the U. W. Research Farm, Arlington, Wisconsin on May 11. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as granules mixed with the fertilizer and banded in-furrow through a Lockwood 2-row potato planter or were sprayed in the open furrow with a Solo back pack sprayer delivering 72 gallons of spray per acre. The soil type was Piano silt loam (sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 18%) with a pH 6.0. Yields were taken September 12. The total rainfall on this non-irrigated crop was only 9.22 inches from planting to vine killing on August 27. Insect counts were taken with a 15 inch diameter sweep net.
Irish Potato: Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1976
Authors: Storch R. H. , Sewell Gary H. , Simpson Geddes W.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was a 13 × 6 randomized complete block design planted May 18, 1976 at Presque Isle, Maine on land which was fallow in 1975. The 7.62 m space between blocks was bare soil. The space between columns was machine planted with 2 rows of untreated seed (57 g average), 30.5 cm apart. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, 0.86 m apart and 12.19 m long. The 57 g average seed pieces were hand planted 30.5 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling were normal for the area. Late blight control was effected by weekly foliar applications of Rohm & Haas M 45 (2242 g ai/ha July 10 through August 3 1 , 1976). Soil treatments in the experiment were made in the furrow just prior to planting with a plastic tube containing previously weighed amount of insecticide. Foliar applications were made with a Slosser sprayer (14.1 kg/cm2 and 1.2 kl/ha). Numbers of egg masses, larvae, and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the 2 middle rows of each plot. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the raw data using logjQ (x + 1). Means of sum of all stages of the beetle were compared using Duncan's new multiple range test and then reconverted as given in the Table. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. For the growing season, rainfall for June, July, and August was 112, 140, and 174 percent of normal. Temperatures for the same 3 months departed + 3.5°C, + 1.0°C, and 0.0°C from normal.