bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment Instrument of Learning Interest Based on Website for Elementary School Students
Authors: Hairida  , Hartoyo Agung , Pranata Rio , Munawar  , Fatmadiwi Anggi
Published: February 2025

The availability of standard integrated diagnostic assessment tools for measuring students' learning interests with technology for the Entikong border area is not yet available, so an instrument is needed to help educators measure students' initial assessments. This study aimed to analyze non-cognitive diagnostic assessments of website-based learning interests. The Research and Development (R&D) method was used in this study, with three stages of activity, namely Need Analysis & Design, Development, and Evaluation. The subjects of validation were 10 assessment experts and five website graphic experts. A limited trial for practicality testing was carried out during the Evaluation stage. The instruments used were interview guidelines, validity questionnaires, and response questionnaires for practicality testing. Data analysis was quantitative and qualitative, using the Lawshe formula to measure validity. The results showed that the assessment developed had an average CVR value of 0.99 and 1 with a valid category and a practicality test of 93.75% with a convenient category. This study concludes that the non-cognitive diagnostic assessment instrument for website-based learning interests developed meets the requirements for validity and practicality. This research implies that educators can use the website-based non-cognitive diagnostic assessment instrument as a reference in designing learning according to student needs based on the Independent Curriculum.
Big Book Media Based on Local Wisdom Batang Regency Material on Making Friends in Diversity
Authors: Setyaningrum Atika , Witanto Yuli
Published: February 2025

Indonesian language in elementary school plays a vital role in developing emotions, but many students still get low learning outcomes. This is because students still have difficulty reading. This study aims to create big book media to improve the reading skills of second-grade elementary school students. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), which uses the 8-stage development procedure of the Sugiyono model. The subjects of the study were learning media experts and learning material experts. The trial subjects were 30 students. The methods used in collecting data were observation, interviews, questionnaires, documentation and tests. The techniques used to analyze the data were qualitative, quantitative, descriptive analysis, and inferential statistics. The study's results were the assessment given by learning media experts of 93.47% (very good) and learning material experts 81.66% (very good). The results of teacher and student assessments obtained a percentage of 100% (very good). The t-test results showed a significant difference between learning outcomes in the pretest data, namely before and after using the Big Book media. Therefore, the big book media based on Local Wisdow is effective for learning Diversity Material for Grade II Elementary Schools in Batang Regency.
Preliminary Survey Results From a Medieval Islamic Settlement Site in Eastern Ethiopia: First Archaeological Insight from Fedis
Authors: Siraj Endris Hussien , Abubaker Meftuh S. , Mohammed Habir
Published: February 2025

Islam in Ethiopia has a profound impact as one of the streams of its long history. It has been present in the country for almost one and a half millennia. It was first introduced to Axum in northern Ethiopia in AD 615, also referred to as the ‘first hijra’, followed by the subsequent expansions to Shoa in central and eastern Ethiopia through Dahlak and Zeila ports since the 9th century AD. The main agents of these expansions were caravan traders and refugees. Coinciding with such intensified trade and the Islamisation process, eastern Africa witnessed the emergence and consolidation of several Muslim principalities, including in modern-day Ethiopia, from the 11th century AD onwards. Fedis, as one of those principalities within modern-day Ethiopia, was mentioned in Amde Seyon’s chronicle in the 14th century AD. However, Islamic history and archaeology in Ethiopia remain understudied until recently. As part of this negligence, Fedis site has never been studied until the completion of this research. Inspired by its historical mentions and an old map revealing several ruins of settlement sites south of Harar, the researchers conducted a preliminary survey of this particular site in 2021 and 2022. Accordingly, various remains were identified from Fedis that confirmed the site’s archaeological potential. During the fieldwork, ruins of an elaborate stone-built defensive wall, a succession of mosques, a stepwell, carnelian-made seal carved with Arabic text, beads of various kinds, storage pits of different sizes and burials were the findings explored, among many others. As confirmed from these findings, this pilot research sheds new and first archaeological insight into the medieval Islamic site of Fedis in eastern Ethiopia.
Evaluating the Impact of Big Data Analytics in Rural-Based Hospitals.
Authors: Rambau Thifhindulwi Maxwell , Munyoka Willard , Mashau Nkhangweni Lawrence
Published: February 2025

While the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, rural-based hospitals face unique challenges in providing quality patient care amidst resource constraints and geographical isolation. This study evaluates the impact of big data analytics in rural-based hospitals in relation to service delivery and shaping future policies. Evaluating the impact of big data analytics in rural-based hospitals will assist in discovering the benefits and challenges pertinent to this hospital. The study employs a positivist paradigm to quantitatively analyze collected data from rural-based hospital professionals from the Information Technology (IT) departments. Through a comprehensive evaluation of big data analytics, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the feasibility, infrastructure, policies, development, benefits and challenges associated with incorporating big data analytics into rural-based hospitals for day-to-day operations. The findings are expected to contribute to the ongoing discourse on healthcare innovation, particularly in rural-based hospitals and inform strategies for optimizing the implementation and use of big data analytics to improve patient care, decision-making, operations and healthcare sustainability in rural-based hospitals.
Innovative convenience: Evaluating the design and market impact of Cdev, a web-based Malaysian Chinese food delivery platform
Authors: Hakimi Halimaton , Liangmou Zhang , Abdollah Aziah , Nizam Namazee , Farid Qistina , Oliva Ricky Micheal
Published: February 2025

The article highlights Malaysia’s multicultural history, the advancement of Internet technology, and the worldwide appeal of Chinese food, all of which serve as a good basis for the project. This study focuses on Malaysian Chinese takeout systems. The research’s primary goals include developing new business options for the Chinese food sector, as well as enhancing customer happiness and efficiency of takeout systems. As a result, the project intended to create a Web-based system for managing several tasks associated with meal ordering by users. For the system development, an Object-Oriented System Development (OOSD) methodology was used, mostly with the Java programming language. Model-View-Control (MVC) framework was employed throughout development to improve system administration. Redis and HTTP session technologies were included for user login to increase system security. For database operations, MyBatis and MyBatis Plus were also employed to enhance ease and security. The system adheres to design principles and leverages technologies like ElementUI and jQuery to further fulfill this criterion to provide a user-friendly interface. The results of this study demonstrate significant improvements in the overall efficiency of the takeout process, leading to enhanced user experiences and greater customer satisfaction. In addition to streamlining operations, the system opens new avenues for the Malaysian Chinese food industry to capitalize on the growing demand for online food ordering. This research provides a solid foundation for future innovations in takeout systems and serves as a reference point for enhancing the Chinese gastronomy sector in a rapidly digitizing world.
Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Coronaviruses Isolated in Quebec and Comparison with the Nebraska Calf Coronavirus
Authors: Dea S. , Roy R. S. , Begin M. E.
Published: February 2025

Four coronavirus-like agents (BCQ 1, 2, 3, and 4) isolated from feces of diarrheal calves in Quebec dairy and beef herds and adapted to Vero and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cell cultures were characterized as coronaviruses. Their physicochemical and biological properties were compared with those of the Nebraska calf diarrhea coronavirus (ncdc) adapted to the same permissive cell cultures. Isopycnic gradient ultracentrifugation of the viral material produced in Vero cells with ncdc or BCQ 1, 2, 3, and 4 viruses resulted in three different infective particles with buoyant densities of 1.15, 1.18 to 1.21, and 1.23 g/ml in sucrose. For all isolates studied, infectivity was maximal at the density 1.18 to 1.21 g/ml, and the particles in this peak were generally circular, had a mean diameter of 100 nm, and were covered with petal-shaped projections 10 to 15 nm long. Incompleted particles were observed at the densities 1.15 and 1.23 g/ml. Studies on the filterability of the viruses supported the finding that bovine coronaviruses have a mean diameter of 100 nm. As with ncdc, the growth of the Quebec coronaviruses was not inhibited by inhibitors of DNA metabolism and all viruses were sensitive to lipid solvents and heat treatment, especially at temperatures higher than 45 C. The Quebec bovine coronavirus isolates except BCQ 3 were stabilized at 50 C in presence of 1 M MgCl2 and were stable at pH 3.0. The sensitivity of bovine coronaviruses to trypsin was shown to differ greatly from one isolate to the other. Studies on the pathogenicity of ncdc and one Quebec virus demonstrated that bovine coronaviruses are not virulent for neonatal mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs; nor did these viruses grow in embryonating chicken eggs. All Quebec isolates were shown to agglutinate the same erythrocyte species as the ncdc (rats, mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs), and the hemagglutination was not dependent on the temperature of incubation (4, 25, and 37 C).
Contagious Equine Metritis: Effect of Intrauterine Inoculation of Contagious Equine Metritis Agent in Pony Mares
Authors: Sahu S. P. , Pierson R. E. , Dardiri A. H.
Published: February 2025

Actively growing culture of contagious equine metritis (cem) bacteria or infective exudate (or both) were inoculated intrauterine in pony mares. A direct relationship was observed between (i) appearance and duration of cervicitis and vaginitis and (ii) vaginal exudate. Clinical signs appeared 1 to 3 days after mares were inoculated and lasted 7 to 23 days.

In the acute phase of infection, all uterine and cervical samples yielded cem bacteria. In the asymptomatic stage of infection, cem bacteria were not isolated from uterine and cervical samples; however, in 33%, 28%, and 20% of the pony mares, cem bacteria were present in clitoral fossa, clitoral sinus, and urethral vestibule, respectively. Sampling during early estrus increased the bacterial isolation rate to 57% in mares that were previously negative; however, 3 days later, cem bacteria could not be isolated from 62% of the positive mares.

The results of repeated exposure experiments indicated the presence of local antibodies, as no cem bacteria could be recovered at 2, 7, and 15 days after reexposure with a small number of bacterial cells (8.4 × 105 cells). The cem bacteria were isolated from all mares reexposed with a large number of bacterial cells (7.2 × 108) at 2 days after second inoculation and from 50% at 7 days. However, all of the mares were negative by day 15 after reexposure, indicating increased resistance to cem bacteria.
Radiographic Changes Associated with Developing Dirofilariasis in Experimentally Infected Dogs
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Badertscher Robert R. , Lewis Robert E. , McCall John W. , Losonsky John M.
Published: February 2025

Experimental heartworm infection was established in ten dogs. Five had mild infections (8 to 21 worms) and five had severe infections (41 to 96 worms). After larval inoculation, dogs were radiographed each month for 1 year to evaluate cardiopulmonary changes occurring as the heartworm disease developed.

Changes seen radiographically during the first year of heartworm infection were related to the magnitude of the worm burden. In mild infections, changes mainly involved the terminal portion of the right caudal lobar pulmonary artery and were minimal. In severe infections, changes mainly involved the entirety of the right caudal lobar pulmonary artery. In some dogs, an increase in size of the right cranial lobar pulmonary artery was seen. Gross changes in the size of the right ventricle and main pulmonary artery did not frequently occur during the first year.
Somatic Cell Hybrids of Canine Peritoneal Macrophages and SV40-Transformed Human Cells: Derivation, Characterization, and Infection with Ehrlichia canis
Authors: Stephenson E. H. , Osterman J. V.
Published: February 2025

Somatic cell hybrids were obtained by fusion of canine peritoneal macrophages and SV40-transformed human skin fibroblasts. A cell line (WRH-2) was established from a single isolated hybrid clone. The WRH-2 cell line has been serially passaged 60 times and has a population doubling time of approximately 24 hours. Karyotypic analysis showed the modal number of chromosomes to be 80, with a selective segregation of canine chromosomes. Expression of incorporated canine DNA was substantiated by cellular enzyme activities and antigen expression. The susceptibility of 5% to 7% of WRH-2 cells to Ehrlichia canis infection was associated with phagocytic properties of these cells. Magnetic separation of phagocytic cells after ingestion of carbonyl iron resulted in a significant enhancement of the phagocytic population with a concomitant increase in the percentage of cells susceptible to ehrlichial infection. Serial passage of the selected subpopulation of hybrid cells, however, resulted in a rapid diminution in the percentage of phagocytic cells.
An Area of T Cell Localization in the Cloacal Bursa of White Leghorn Chickens
Authors: Odend'hal Stewart , Breazile James E.
Published: February 2025

Within the cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius), there is a diffusely infiltrated area (dia)of lymphoid cells just dorsal to the bursal duct opening. Because this region displayed certain histologic characteristics of thymus-dependent areas found in mammals, such as high endothelial venules, heavy reticular fiber components, and epithelium infiltrated with lymphocytes, experiments were conducted to determine whether thymus-derived cells (T cells) were present.

Two independent methods substantiated the presence of T cells in the dia. After the acid α-naphthyl acetate staining technique, the characteristic T cell focal esterase activity could be demonstrated in significant numbers of cells found in the dia. Also autologous radioactively labeled thymocytes could be identified in the dia by autoradiography a few hours after iv injection. This establishment of a definite T cell area within the bursa gives additional credence to the contention that the bursa functions as a secondary lymphatic organ.
Antibacterial Antibodies in Swine Colostrum
Authors: Inoue Takeshi , Inoue Kuniyuki , Kitano Kazuhiro
Published: February 2025

Antibacterial antibody activities were examined in 138 samples of swine colostrum by O-agglutinin test with serotypes of Escherichia coli (O- 6, 0-45, O-81, O-83, O-115, O-138, O- 139, and O-126), Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella cholerae suis. The mean agglutinin titer of E coli O-83 was the highest; E coli Ο-115 was next highest. The mean agglutinin titer of S cholerae suis was lowest; S typhimurium was next to lowest.

Correlation coefficients among these O-agglutinin titers were between 0.109 and 0.693. Correlations of S typhimurium were the poorest; those of E coli O-83, E coli O-138, and S cholerae suiswere also poor.

By principal component analysis, it was possible to classify ten kinds of O-agglutinins into four groups. The cumulative proportion of the first four principal components accounted for 77.97% of the total variance. Cumulative coefficients of factor loadings were from 65.25% to 99.50% of these O-agglutinins.
Hereditary Esophageal Dysfunction in the Miniature Schnauzer Dog
Authors: Cox V. S. , Wallace L. J. , Anderson V. E. , Rushmer R. A.
Published: February 2025

Miniature Schnauzers maintained in a colony for 9 years were used to study the inheritance of esophageal dysfunction (canine achalasia, megaesophagus). All dogs were evaluated radiographically, using a barium swallow contrast technique which clearly distinguished normal and affected pups. At 4 to 6 months of age, all affected dogs had recovered clinically except one, and radiographic evidence of dysfunction was markedly diminished. None of the affected dogs required a special feeding regimen. Analysis of breeding pairs revealed a ratio of 9 affected/11 normal dogs when an affected male was mated with a normal female, and a 13/3 ratio was observed when two affected dogs were mated. These ratios were compatible with a simple autosomal dominant or a 60% penetrance autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance. Outbreeding to an affected Miniature Schnauzer/Poodle crossbred dog resulted in only two of 30 affected pups, indicating a polygenic mode of inheritance in outbred populations.
Experimental Induction of Cutaneous Streptococcal Abscesses in Swine as a Sequela to Swinepox
Authors: Miller R. B. , Olson L. D.
Published: February 2025

Streptococcal abscesses were experimentally induced in skin of swine as a sequela to swinepox. Swinepox lesions were more uniform in distribution when infection was induced by iv injection of swinepox virus than when induced by lice (Haematopinus suis) or scarification of skin. The incubation period for swinepox was between 10 and 14 days when virus was administered iv. Cutaneous abscesses developed in swine given iv injection of streptococci 10 and 14 days after they were injected with swinepox virus, but not when they were given the streptococci 7 days after virus injection or simultaneously with virus injection. Abscesses did not develop when streptococci were applied topically to swinepox lesions.
Field and Experimental Studies in Cattle and Sheep Poisoned by Nitro-Bearing Astragalus or Their Toxins
Authors: James L. F. , Hartley W. J. , Williams M. C. , Van Kampen K. R.
Published: February 2025

Various species of nitro-containing Astragalus, and the toxic principle of these plants, 3-nitropropionic acid or 3- nitro-1-propanol, were fed to sheep and cattle at doses which produced chronic or acute intoxication. The signs of intoxication produced were similar to those observed in poisoning that occurs under field conditions. The signs of intoxication were emphysema and difficulty in locomotion. Primary microscopic lesions were observed in the lungs and cns. The lungs had varying degrees of alveolar emphysema and there were varying degrees of wallerian degeneration of the spinal cord.
Lateral Migration of Haemonchus contortus Larvae on Pasture
Authors: Skinner William D. , Todd Kenneth S.
Published: February 2025

Fecal pellets containing infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus were deposited in short grass (10 cm) and tall grass (20 cm) on pasture plots for a 4-month period. One, 2, 4, and 7 days later, grass and mat samples were collected at 10 equal distances within 1 m from the feces, and the larvae were counted. Weather data were recorded and compared with lateral migration of larvae.

A few infective larvae of H contortus (0.001% of the larvae placed on the plot) were found as far as 90 cm from the feces after 24 hours. Generally, over 90% of the larvae were found within 10 cm of the feces, and the number decreased logarithmically as the distance from the feces increased.

Moisture and temperature were the most important weather factors associated with lateral larval migration. An insignificant amount of migration occurred during hot, dry weather. More migration occurred during cool, wet weather than during cool, dry weather. Temperatures recorded 5 cm below the ground and at ground level showed the closest linear correlation to lateral migration. During the late summer and fall, lateral migration increased as temperatine decreased. Survival of larvae correlated closely with lateral migration except during moderately dry periods. In such situations, lateral migration was reduced, even though there was little larval mortality.

When fecal pellets were spread away from the deposits by environmental factors such as heavy rainfall and wind, the larvae were also disseminated. Invertebrates also appeared to have a role in the dissemination of larvae.
Modification of Lethality Induced by Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Dutch Rabbits
Authors: Liu C. T. , Sanders R. P.
Published: February 2025

Intramuscular injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb) at a dosage level of 50 µg/kg of body weight caused death in Dutch rabbits. Lethality was not modified markedly by morphine pretreatment or by hyperthermia, thyrotoxicosis, propylthiouracil feeding, thyroparathyroidectomy, water deprivation, or fasting. The administration of acetylsalicylic acid to the seb-inoculated rabbit also failed to protect the rabbits from the effect of seb. Seemingly, the seb molecular destruction was not markedly modified by alteration of cellular metabolism, and lethal effects of seb remained unchanged in the morphine- or acetylsalicylic acid-treated rabbits.

When seb was given to six rabbits 3 days after total-body X-irradiation, fever persisted and three rabbits survived. An identical dose of seb to nonirradiated rabbits produced fever initially, followed by hypothermia and death of all six rabbits.
Dose-Response of Topical Pilocarpine in the Normotensive and Glaucomatous Beagle
Authors: Whitley R. David , Gelatt Kirk N. , Gum Glenwood G.
Published: February 2025

Single-dose loading with a placebo (isotonic saline solution), and 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, and 8% pilocarpine hydrochloride (pH 7.4) was evaluated in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagle dogs to determine dose response. The seven concentrations of pilocarpine significantly (P < 0.01) reduced intraocular pressure and pupil size in the normotensive and glaucomatous-treated eyes at most time intervals as compared with baseline (pre-drug) values, untreated fellow eyes, and placebo-treated eyes. There was no significant (P > 0.40) contralateral effect on intraocular pressure or pupil size by unilateral pilocarpine administration as compared with base-line values or placebo-treated eyes.
Influence of Bronchoalveolar Washing Supernatants and Stimulated Lymphocyte Supernatants on Uptake of Pasteurella haemolytica by Cultured Bovine Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Markham R. J. F. , Wilkie B. N.
Published: February 2025

Bovine alveolar macrophages cultured for 12 hours with normal bovine bronchoalveolar washing supernatants (bws) showed impaired phagocytosis of Pasteurella haemolytica when compared with phagocytosis in control cultures. Such impairment was not observed when another gramnegative bacillus, Yersinia enterocolitica, was used.

The bws from calves inoculated subcutaneously or intrabronchially with P haemolytica inhibited uptake of P haemolytica when bws were incubated with the bacteria prior to addition to macrophage cultures. However, serum from these calves had pronounced opsonizing activity.

Supernatants from stimulated and nonstimulated bovine peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures also inhibited phagocytosis of P haemolytica.
Lidocaine: Effect on Phagocytosis and Purification of Monocytes in Bovine Peripheral Blood
Authors: Hu Wensi S. , Muscoplat Charles C.
Published: February 2025

Enumeration of bovine monocytes was determined by latex ingestion, using live cell and fixed cell techniques. Approximately 7.33% of the mononuclear leukocytes were found to phagocytize latex particles by live-cell technique and approximately 7.38% of mononuclear leukocytes phagocytized latex particles by fixed-cell technique. Lidocaine (30 mM) significantly inhibited phagocytosis of latex particles; however, the effects of lidocaine can be reversible. Adherent monocytes can be removed with lidocaine treatment and can be enriched to as much as 90% pure monocytes. Removal of lidocaine was associated with a return to normal cell function.
Increased Susceptibility of Lead-Exposed Swine to Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf
Authors: Lassen E. D. , Hoffman L. J. , Kaeberle M. L. , Buck W. B.
Published: February 2025

The effect of oral subclinical lead exposure on the susceptibility of swine to Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf was studied in two experiments. In experiment 1, 18 pigs were exposed to lead acetate and 18 pigs were exposed to sodium acetate for 1, 2, or 3 weeks and then challenge exposed intraperitoneally. In experiment 2, 8 pigs were exposed to lead chloride for 2 weeks, 8 pigs were exposed to lead chloride for 1 week, and 8 pigs were exposed to sodium chloride for 2 weeks. These pigs were then challenge exposed orally.

Only one pig (sodium acetate-exposed) died during experiment 1, but clinical signs were more severe in sodium acetate-exposed than in lead acetate-exposed animals. In experiment 2, 93.6% of the lead-exposed pigs died, whereas control pigs had 50.0% mortality. In experiment 2, clinical signs were more severe in lead-exposed pigs, and bacteria were more widespread in the tissues of these animals. Significant reductions of β- or γ-globulin concentrations or of agglutinating antibody titers were not observed in lead-exposed pigs in either of the trials.

Possible mechanisms of the increased susceptibility in lead-exposed pigs of experiment 2 are discussed.
Histologic Evaluation of the Effects of Diethylstilbesterol and Zeranol on Certain Lamb Tissues
Authors: Wiggins J. P. , Rothenbacher H. , Wilson L. L.
Published: February 2025

Forty-eight lambs with equal numbers of rams, ewes, and wethers were used in a growth and metabolism trial. Within each sex, equal numbers were used as controls, and implanted with zeranol or diethylstilbestrol (des) or both. The lambs were slaughtered 44 days after implanting and the effects of the different implants (or in combination) on certain endocrine glands, urogenital tracts, and other selected tissues were determined.

All animals given implants had adrenal cortical hyperplasia. Thyroid gland activity was depressed by des implants in wethers, and by the combination of zeranol and des in wethers and rams. Changes in the urogenital tracts of des-implanted lambs, including the urethra, seminal vesicle, epididymis, testis, and uterus, were similar to those observed following treatment with exogenous estrogens. The results of this evaluation confirm that des has higher estrogenic activity than zeranol. When these two compounds were used in combination, their estrogenic effects were additive.
Polyvinyl Alcohol Toxicosis as a Model of Glomerulonephritis in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Riviere J. Edmond , Coppoc Gordon L. , Carlton William W. , Hinsman Edward J.
Published: February 2025

Investigation of pharmacokinetics of certain drugs in experimental models of glomerulonephritis would facilitate development of dose schedules for dogs with this disease. Polymerized polyvinyl alcohol (pva)-induced glomerulonephritis was investigated in healthy, 15-week-old purebred Beagle dogs. Three dogs were injected daily with 20 ml of 5% (w/v) pva (125,000 molecular weight, 88% hydrolyzed) in phosphate-buffered saline solution. One control was given only phosphate-buffered saline solution. Determinations were made of complete blood count, pcv, serum urea nitrogen, specific gravity, urine pH, and protein. Tissue specimens were taken for light microscopic and electron microscopic examinations. Injections were stopped after 3 weeks due to severe cns depression and anemia in the principals. Proteinuria appeared shortly before dogs were euthanatized, but there were no other signs of renal disease. The dominant lesions were foam cell formation in glomeruli and diffuse vacuolation of splenic red pulp cells. Lesions were also visible in electron microscopic sections of glomeruli. Abnormalities were not observed in the control dog. Due to the severity of the nonrenal lesions, pva (the type used here) is not useful for creating a model of renal disease in dogs.
Isoamylases in Clinically Normal Dogs
Authors: Stickle Julia E. , Carlton William W. , Boon G. Daniel
Published: February 2025

Isoenzymes of canine serum amylase were evaluated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes in a discontinuous buffer system. Two isoamylase groups were identified in the serum of clinically normal dogs. Most of the serum amylase activity was the more cathodal isoamylase. The anodal isoamylase was rarely observed in serum from normal dogs and, when present, accounted for little of the enzymatic activity.

Amylase activities of various tissues were determined and isoenzymes were identified. The anodal isoenzyme was found in the pancreas and uterus. The cathodal isoamylase had its origin mainly from the intestinal tract. Activities of other tissues were not greater than was serum amylase activity.

Effects of feeding upon total serum amylase activity and isoenzyme composition also were examined over a period of 5 minutes to 7 hours. Feeding did not markedly alter the serum amylase activity.
Immunization of Cattle with a Babesia bigemina Antigen in Freund's Complete Adjuvant
Authors: Kuttler K. L. , Johnson L. W.
Published: February 2025

Three adult intact cattle and five splenectomized calves were immunized against Babesia bigemina by the subcutaneous injection of an adjuvant-vaccine given twice at 3- and 4-week intervals, respectively. The antigen consisted of B bigemina parasites and erythrocytic stroma. The vaccinated adults plus one control, and the vaccinated splenectomized calves plus four comparable controls were challenge exposed at 67 and 33 days, respectively, after the last vaccine injection. All control animals died of acute babesiosis. The intact vaccinated adult cows showed only minimal response and little or no drop in packed cell volume. Three of five vaccinated splenectomized calves showed a moderate response to challenge exposure and recovered rapidly.
Plasma Concentrations of Insulin, Growth Hormone, and Prolactin in Pregnant Cows Subjected to Ovariectomy or Induced Parturition
Authors: Chew B. P. , Erb R. E. , Malven P. V. , Veenhuizen E. L.
Published: February 2025

By using validated radioimmunoassay procedures, insulin (ins), growth hormone (gh), and prolactin (prl) were quantified in blood plasma collected from dairy cows late in gestation to 3 days after parturition. In control cows, plasma ins decreased during gestation to the day of calving (av gestation day 280) and then increased. Plasma gh in controls tended to increase during the last 2 weeks of gestation and then to decrease after parturition. Plasma prl in controls increased rapidly 12 to 24 hours before parturition and then decreased abruptly.

Pregnant cows, which were ovariectomized on gestation day 218 and which delivered live calves after gestation day 250 (av 268 days), lactated normally. In ovariectomized cows, plasma concentrations of ins and prl were similar to concentrations in controls. After injections of dexamethasone and estradiol-17β on gestation day 266, intact cows delivered live calves prematurely on gestation day 268; their subsequent lactations were normal. The foregoing injection treatment caused increased plasma ins during the 41 ± 2 hours from the time of injection to the time of calving, and plasma prl decreased less rapidly after parturition in treated cows than it did in controls. During the last 7 days before parturition, concentrations of plasma gh tended to be lower in ovariectomized and induced cows than in controls. Cows of both treated groups calved at an earlier stage of gestation than did controls, and this may have caused the difference in plasma gh values.

Concentrations of plasma ins, gh, and prl collected 3 or more days before parturition were correlated with each other and with the major estrogens in plasma. Plasma ins, gh, and prl were not significantly correlated with plasma progesterone.
Factors Affecting the Production of Bovine Type I Interferon on Bovine Embryonic Lung Cells by Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid
Authors: Rossi Charles R. , Kiesel George K.
Published: February 2025

Variables believed to affect the amount of interferon (if) produced in bovine embryonic lung cell cultures by polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly (rI:rC)) were investigated. A concentration of 100 µg of poly (rI:rC)/ml consistently induced substantial amounts of if. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection of cultures did not interfere with induction of if by poly (rI:rC). Neither the age of cells nor the passage level of the cultures seemed to affect the amount of if produced. Priming of cultures with large concentrations of if before treatment with poly (rI:rC) was more effective than priming with small concentrations of if. Furthermore, priming for 24 hours was more effective than was priming for 12 hours. The use of 2% bovine fetal serum in the medium, subsequent to treatment with poly (rI:rC) markedly enhanced if production. Practically all if was produced within a few hours after treatment with poly (rI:rC).
Cardiopulmonary, Behavioral, and Pharmacokinetic Effects of Propoxyphene in Horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , Sams R. A. , Huffman R.
Published: February 2025

The acute behavioral cardiopulmonary and pharmacokinetic effects of propoxyphene hydrochloride were studied in seven adult horses. Each horse was given three different dosages of propoxyphene (0.5, 1.0, 2.2 mg/kg) iv. Fourteen days was allotted between each drug administration. The lower iv dosages of propoxyphene (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) resulted in no changes in indices of cardiopulmonary function. Four horses demonstrated a transient period of muscle fasciculations when given 0.5 mg of propoxyphene/kg. Horses given 1.0 mg/kg demonstrated a brief period of euphoria, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations followed by a period of increased motor activity lasting for approximately 30 minutes. Horses given 2.2 mg of propoxyphene/kg demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure and, after a brief period of ataxia and disorientation, displayed increased motor and locomotor activity lasting several hours. These behavioral effects were less apparent in three of four horses 4 hours after their appearance by the iv administration of naloxone.

Propoxyphene exhibited a dose dependent half-life of from 61 to 135 minutes and an apparent volume of distribution of from 2.54 to 4.26 L/kg. Total body clearance was 21.9–28.4 ml/min/kg.

In the adult pain-free horse, propoxyphene causes dose dependent excitatory effects similar to the narcotic analgesics.
Testicular Changes of Acute Vitamin A Deficiency of Cockerels
Authors: Hall W. C. , Damjanov I. , Nielsen S. W. , van der Heide L. , Eaton H. D.
Published: February 2025

Sixty, 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler cockerels, randomly allotted to three groups, were fed a vitamin A-deficient diet, vitamin A complete diet (control diet), or control diet pair-fed in an amount equal to the quantity consumed by the vitamin A-deficient group. Secondary sex characteristics, as indicated by comb enlargement, developed more rapidly in cockerels consuming the deficient diet. A difference in direct testicular weight was not observed between vitamin A-deficient birds and pair-fed controls, but the testicular weight relative to body weight and the level of testicular maturity were greater in the former. Ultrastructurally, lipid droplets were found in Sertoli cells and germinal epithelium of the deficient birds, but not the pair-fed controls. Paradoxically, serum testosterone concentrations were significantly reduced in sequential serum samples from vitamin A-deficient chicks, but not controls. The evidence indicated that vitamin A deficiency has an androgenic effect in cockerels despite reduced testosterone concentrations.
Oviduct (Uterine Tube) Transport of Ova in the Cow
Authors: Crisman Russell O. , McDonald Leslie E. , Wallace Charles E.
Published: February 2025

Normal oviduct (uterine tube) transport of ova was studied in 12 nulliparous heifers oophorosalpingo-hysterectomized at various times (range, 26 to 85.25 hours) after the end of estrus. The mean oviduct length ± sem was 19.7 cm ± 0.38. The means of left and right oviduct length were not different (P > 0.10). The ampulla and isthmus of the oviduct could be identified grossly by a definite reduction in lumen size and represented 0.66 and 0.34 of the total oviduct length, respectively.

The oviduct ipsilateral to ovulation was divided into eight equal segments. Each segment and the uterine horn were flushed with saline solution. An ovum or zygote was recovered from the oviduct of nine heifers. A zygote was surgically recovered from the uterus of one heifer at 76.75 hours after the end of estrus. An ovum or zygote was not recovered from two of the heifers.

A significant linear relationship (P < 0.01) existed between the estimated time after ovulation and the distance the ovum or zygote had traveled. Therefore, the ovum or zygote in these heifers was transported through the oviduct at a constant rate.
Protective Cellular Antigen of Clostridium chauvoei
Authors: Stevenson John R. , Stonger Kelly A.
Published: February 2025

Cellular antigens of Clostridium chauvoei, strain IRP-128, were demonstrated to be important in induction of immunity against this bacterium in guinea pigs. At least one major component of the cellular antigen complex was heat-labile. Acid extraction of the bacterial cells, followed by selective purification for flagella, led to the preparation of an acid extract antigen that possessed a high degree of immunogenicity. The acid extract antigen contained flagellar components and was resolved into two major and approximately five minor protein components by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Experimentally Induced Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Authors: Weiss Richard C. , Dodds W. Jean , Scott Fredric W.
Published: February 2025

Disseminated intravascular coagulation was induced in kittens by intraperitoneal inoculation of feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv). Kittens seronegative to fipv survived significantly (P < 0.05) longer than those seropositive to fipv.

Pyrexia, anemia, icterus, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated concentrations of liver-specific enzymes were detected in the inoculated cats. Lesions induced included disseminated fibrinonecrotic and pyogranulomatous inflammation, hepatic necrosis, and widespread phlebitis and thrombosis. Localization of fip viral antigen and immunoglobulin G was demonstrated in foci of hepatic necrosis by immunofluorescence microscopy.

Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and increased quantities of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products were present in cats after the onset of clinical illness. Depression of factor VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII plasma activities and prolongation of prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times also developed in infected cats.

The accelerated onset of clinical disease and mortality in seropositive kittens vs seronegative kittens and the association of virus and antibody in multiple foci of hepatic necrosis suggest an immune-mediated component is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
A Technique Developed for Isolated Canine Papillary Muscle Function in Various Plasmas; and Utility Ascertained with Plasma Containing Myocardial Depressant Factors
Authors: Hembrough F. B. , Miller C. D. , Williams Koudy , Anderson Arthur
Published: February 2025

Isolated papillary muscles from young dogs were studied to determine the feasibility of utilizing plasma, without added foam depressants, as a test solution to support muscle function. Diluted canine plasma, undiluted canine plasma, plasma with adjusted protein content, monkey plasma, and plasma containing myocardial depressant factors (mdf) were evaluated. For each test, each papillary muscle served as its own control, with either Krebs-Henseleit solution or a control plasma to establish a basis for evaluation of the test plasma.

A technique was implemented to oxygenate the muscle, in plasma, without foam production and to monitor pH continuously. These studies indicated that plasma (diluted, undiluted, or with protein adjustments to accommodate experimental procedural requirements) was a satisfactory test solution. Furthermore, plasma from species unrelated to the dog could be utilized. In utilizing plasma, it was essential to establish or adjust the pH and osmolarity for normal muscle function.

These studies with plasma containing mdf indicated that mdf depressed canine papillary muscle function. The Vmax values and Po values were decreased and latency was increased. The effects of mdf in canine papillary muscle preparations were completely reversible in short-term studies (up to 10 hours’ duration).
Struvite Urolithiasis in a Litter of Miniature Schnauzer Dogs
Authors: Klausner J. S. , Osborne C. A. , O’Leary T. P. , Gebhart R. N. , Griffith D. P.
Published: February 2025

Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi developed in the urinary bladders and urethras of four of five offspring of Miniature Schnauzer parents with recurrent struvite urolithiasis. Calculi were detected by radiography when the dogs were 12 to 15 months old. Males and females were affected. A significant number of urease-producing staphylococci were identified in the urine of three of four dogs before urolith formation, and in one dog after urolith formation.

The dogs were evaluated until they were 26 months old. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were inside usual limits throughout the study. Abnormalities that might predispose to urinary tract infection were not identified by radiography or necropsy studies. In one dog, bladder calculi recurred after surgical removal of multiple cystoliths. In another, urethral obstruction and acute generalized pyelonephritis induced a lethal uremic crisis. Gross and microscopic lesions, detected after necropsy of all dogs with uroliths, were typical of bacterial infection.
Occurrence of the Vir Plasmid Among Animal and Human Strains of Invasive Escherichia coli
Authors: Lopez-Alvarez J. , Gyles C. L.
Published: February 2025

Forty-six isolates of Escherichia coli recovered from systemic diseases in animals and persons were studied to determine which isolates possessed properties attributed to the Vir plasmid. These properties were production (i) of a chick lethal toxin and (ii) of a specific surface antigen. Neither toxic activity nor surface antigen production could be detected in nine E coli strains from septicemia in chickens and 11 from human cerebrospinal fluid. Two of 8 strains from human septicemic disease and 3 of 18 isolates from calf septicemia produced the toxin, but lacked the characteristic surface antigen. Two of the 18 bovine strains had both characteristics.

Several methods of screening for Vir+ transconjugants were investigated in an attempt to facilitate their recognition after mating a Vir+ donor with a suitable recipient. These methods, which included precipitation in agar plates containing antiserum, immunodiffusion tests, and fluorescent antibody tests, were unsuccessful. It was observed, however, that the pattern of growth in tryptic soy broth of the Vir+ transconjugants was usually different from that of the Vir− clones. Vir+ transconjugants grew as a heavy sediment with a clear supernatant, whereas their Vir− counterparts showed a uniform turbidity.

When the Vir plasmid was transferred to an E coli strain which lacked appendages, fimbriae were observed to be associated with the presence of the plasmid. Two types of fimbriae were evident. One type appeared to be sex fimbriae and the other was probably the surface antigen associated with the Vir phenotype.
Anatomic Arrangement of the Hepatic Veins in the Goat
Authors: Brikas P. , Tsiamitas Ch.
Published: February 2025

In gross anatomic and angiographic examinations of the hepatic veins of 15 goats, the following were seen: (i) The middle hepatic vein was formed by the contribution of two main branches, one branch coming from the quadrate lobe and the other branch from the right lobe. (ii) There were two right hepatic veins, one of them running along the caudate process and the other formed by branches coming from the dorsal part of the right lobe. (iii) The entrance of the middle hepatic vein, as well as the entrance of the left hepatic vein into the caudal vena cava were partly covered by valvelike membranous flaps.
Viral Agents Recovered from Ornithodoros coriaceus, A Vector of Epizootic Bovine Abortion
Authors: McKercher D. G. , Wada E. Μ. , Ault S. K. , Theis J. H.
Published: February 2025

Two unidentified viral isolates from the tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus, the probable vector of the causative agent of epizootic bovine abortion, did not cause any untoward reactions in pregnant heifers which were experimentally inoculated or which were exposed to bites of O coriaceus that had been infected with cultures of the two isolates. Seemingly, neither viral isolate is involved in the cause of epizootic bovine abortion.
Immunologic Phenomena in the Effusive Form of Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Authors: Pedersen Niels C. , Boyle John F.
Published: February 2025

The effusive form of feline infectious peritonitis (fip) was reproduced by injecting 12- to 16-week-old kittens intraperitoneally with a cell-free inoculum derived from the tissues of infected cats. The kittens used for the study were either positive for fip virus-reacting antibodies before inoculation or they were seronegative. Seropositive kittens were obtained from a cattery where the natural infection was enzootic, and seronegative kittens were obtained from a specific-pathogen-free cattery.

Only about half the kittens that were seronegative before inoculation developed disease or serum antibodies to the tissue-derived virus. Seronegative kittens that developed disease showed no signs of illness until 8 to 10 days after inoculation, and they lived for 7 to 14 days after clinical signs appeared. The onset of clinical disease coincided with the appearance of serum antibodies. In contrast, all of the seropositive kittens became ill within 36 to 48 hours after inoculation, and died within 5 to 7 days. If seronegative kittens were treated with immune serum or immunoglobulin (Ig)G, they developed disease with the same frequency, acuteness, and severity as seropositive kittens.

Foci of hepatitis and serositis in seropositive kittens contained viral antigen, IgG bound to antigen, and complement. Serum complement activity also decreased several days before death in seropositive kittens inoculated with tissue-derived fip virus. The temporal relationship of clinical disease and the appearance of serum antibodies, the more acute and severe nature of the disease produced in seropositive kittens, and the presence of antibody and complement in the lesions indicated that effusive fip is immunologically mediated.