bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving the AdS/CFT Y-system
Authors: Gromov Nikolay , Kazakov Vladimir , Leurent Sebastien , Volin Dmytro
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Using integrability and analyticity properties of the AdS5/CFT4 Y-system we reduce it to a finite set of nonlinear integral equations. The
$ {{\mathbb{Z}}_4} $
symmetry of the underlying coset sigma model, in its quantum version, allows for a deeper insight into the analyticity structure of the corresponding Y-functions and T-functions, as well as for their analyticity friendly parameterization in terms of Wronskian determinants of Q-functions. As a check for the new equations, we reproduce the numerical results for the Konishi operator previously obtained from the original infinite Y-system.
Behavior of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide, tert‐Octylphenol (9.5 EO) Ethoxylate and Ethanol Mixtures at the Water–Air Interface
Authors: Bielawska Magdalena , Jańczuk Bronisław , Zdziennicka Anna
Published: July 2012

The surface tension measurements of aqueous solutions of p‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(9.5)ethylene glycol or tert‐octylphenol ethoxylate (TOP10) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) mixtures with ethanol were carried out in the range of the total concentration of CTAB and TOP10 mixtures from 1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−2 M and ethanol from 0 to 17.13 M. In the CTAB and TOP10 mixtures, the mole fractions of TOP10 were equal to 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; and 0.8, respectively. The results obtained were compared to those calculated from the Fainerman and Miller equation developed for ideal mixtures of two homologous surfactants, as well as from the Connors equation derived for the concentrated organic solutions. The calculations of the surface tension from the Fainerman and Miller equation were carried out treating the solvent and solute in a few different ways. The differences between the measured and calculated values of the surface tension were discussed in the light of molecular interaction parameter and the composition of the surface layer. The composition of the mixed surface layer at the solution‐air interface was evaluated according to Rosen using the nonideal solution theory with the assumption that water with ethanol is a mixed solvent. Knowing the values of mole fractions of CTAB and TOP10 in the surface layer, the molecular interaction parameter was determined.
Myosin II‐dependent exclusion of CD45 from the site of Fcγ receptor activation during phagocytosis
Authors: Yamauchi Shota , Kawauchi Keiko , Sawada Yasuhiro
Published: July 2012

Fcγ receptor (FcγR)‐mediated phagocytosis requires myosin II activity. Here we show that myosin II contributes to FcγR activation and subsequent F‐actin assembly at the nascent phagocytic cup. Inhibition of myosin II attenuates phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (ITAM) of FcγR and binding of Syk to the ITAM. Furthermore, FcγR clusters independently of myosin II activity at the phagocytic cup, from which the receptor‐like protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is excluded depending on myosin II activity. These findings suggest that myosin II‐dependent segregation of CD45 from FcγR facilitates phosphorylation of the ITAM and triggers phagocytosis.
The Government of Social Life in Colonial India
Authors: Sturman Rachel
Published: July 2012

From the early days of colonial rule in India, the British established a two-tier system of legal administration. Matters deemed secular were subject to British legal norms, while suits relating to the family were adjudicated according to Hindu or Muslim law, known as personal law. This important new study analyses the system of personal law in colonial India through a re-examination of women's rights. Focusing on Hindu law in western India, it challenges existing scholarship, showing how – far from being a system based on traditional values – Hindu law was developed around ideas of liberalism, and that this framework encouraged questions about equality, women's rights, the significance of bodily difference, and more broadly the relationship between state and society. Rich in archival sources, wide-ranging and theoretically informed, this book illuminates how personal law came to function as an organising principle of colonial governance and of nationalist political imaginations.
Memoirs of the Botanic Garden at Chelsea
Authors: Field Henry
Published: July 2012

Henry Field (1755–1837) was a British apothecary and member of the Society of Apothecaries of London. Besides serving in various administrative capacities for the Society, as well as for the London Annuity Society (founded by his father), he was nominated in 1831 as one of the medical officers for the City of London board of health, charged with taking precautions against an outbreak of cholera in the city. A lecturer and regular contributor to medical journals, Field is also the author of this history of the Chelsea Physic Garden, first published in 1820. The present reissue, published in 1878, was revised and extended by Robert Hunter Semple (1815–91). The garden was originally created by the Society as a professional resource in 1673 and the book covers its development up to 1878, and also includes a ground plan of the garden in that year.
History of the Greek Revolution
Authors: Gordon Thomas
Published: July 2012

Thomas Gordon (1788–1841), a British army officer and philhellene, was actively involved in the Greek struggle for independence during the period 1821–8. This two-volume work, published in 1833, provides a comprehensive account of the Greek Revolution, portraying the war 'as it really was' and describing atrocities perpetrated by both sides. In his preface, Gordon acknowledges that the contest between the Greeks and the Turks has been written about a great deal. He sets out his aims to 'clear away exaggeration, rectify errors and anachronisms, and supply omissions', and he draws upon insights gained from having lived and fought for several years in Greece. In his introduction to Volume 1, Gordon provides background information on Greece's history over the previous 2,500 years. He then describes the course of the revolution to the end of 1822, concluding with some observations on how it was regarded in the rest of Europe.
Thomas Pynchon and the Black Panther Party: Revolutionary Suicide in Gravity's Rainbow
Authors: FREER JOANNA
Published: July 2012

This article pertains to the recent upsurge of interest in the politics of Thomas Pynchon. It considers Pynchon as an author very much of the 1960s counterculture, and explores the countercultural values and ideals expressed in Gravity's Rainbow, with particular emphasis on revealing the novel's attitude to the Black Panther Party. Close textual analysis suggests Pynchon's essential respect for Huey P. Newton's concept of revolutionary suicide, and his contempt for Marxist dialectical materialism, two core elements of Panther political theory. Drawing on an analogy between the BPP and Pynchon's Schwarzkommando, an assessment is made of the novel's perspective on the part played by various factors – including the Panthers’ aggressive militancy, the rise of Eldridge Cleaver through the leadership, and the subtle influence of a logic of power influenced by scientific rationalism – in bringing about the disintegration of the Panther organization by the early 1970s. Given the similarities between the paths taken by the BPP and the wider counterculture in the late 1960s, the article considers Pynchon's commentary on the Panthers to be part of a cautionary tale for future revolutionaries fighting similar forms of oppression.
Biodiversity of trematodes associated with amphibians from a variety of habitats in Corrientes Province, Argentina
Authors: Hamann M.I. , Kehr A.I. , González C.E.
Published: July 2012

The main goals of this study were to compare the richness of parasitic trematodes in amphibians with diverse habits (terrestrial, fossorial, semi-aquatic and arboreal), and to evaluate whether the composition of the trematode community is determined by ecological relationships. Specimens were collected between April 2001 and December 2006 from a common area (30 ha) in Corrientes Province, Argentina. Trematodes of amphibians in this area comprised a total of 19 species, and were dominated by common species. Larval trematodes presented highest species richness, with the metacercaria ofBursotrema tetracotyloidesbeing dominant in the majority (7/9, 78%) of the parasite communities. Adults of the trematodeCatadiscus inopinatuswere dominant in the majority (6/9, 67%) of amphibians. The amphibiansLeptodactylus latinasus,Leptodactylus bufoniusandScinax nasicuspresented a high diversity of trematodes, whereasLeptodactylus chaquensishad the lowest diversity even though it presented with the highest species richness. The patterns of similarity among amphibian species showed groups linking with their habitats. Leptodactilid amphibians, with a generalist diet and an active foraging strategy showed highest infection rates with adult trematodes. The mean richness of trematode species related to host's habitat preferences was higher in semi-aquatic amphibians. Results suggest that semi-aquatic amphibians, present in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, present a greater diversity of parasites as they have a higher rate of exposure to a wider range of prey species and, hence, to diverse infective states. The trematode composition is related to the diets and mobility of the host, and habitat.
The Return of the Family? Welfare State Retrenchment and Client Autonomy in Long-Term Care
Authors: GROOTEGOED ELLEN , VAN DIJK DIANA
Published: July 2012

European welfare states are cutting back their responsibilities for long-term care, emphasising ‘self-reliance’ and replacing care as an entitlement of citizenship with targeted services. But we do not know how former long-term care recipients cope with retrenchment and if they are able to negotiate support from their family and friends. Through an analysis of 500 telephone interviews and thirty face-to-face interviews with long-term care recipients facing reduced care rights in the Netherlands, we found that disabled and elderly persons resist increased dependence on their personal networks. Most clients who face reduced access to public long-term care do not seek alternative help despite their perceived need for it, and feel trapped between the policy definition of self-reliance and their own ideals of autonomy.
Start Up and Sustainability: Marketisation and the Social Enterprise Investment Fund in England
Authors: HALL KELLY , ALCOCK PETE , MILLAR ROSS
Published: July 2012

Since the end of the last century governments in many western welfare regimes have been keen to promote the marketisation of public service delivery. This requires changes in the supply of, and demand for, alternative providers in this market, and in particular for many governments this has included third sector providers. This article examines the attempt by the UK Labour government to promote the supply of social enterprises in the market for health and social care services in England, through the Social Enterprise Investment Fund (SEIF), introduced in 2007. The article reports on research evaluating the effectiveness of the SEIF, employing a ‘theories of change’ approach, drawing on a mix of administrative and survey data, qualitative interviews and case studies. The research found that although the SEIF had significant benefits in supporting the start up and growth of organisations, its contribution to their longer-term sustainability was more mixed as most were dependent on grants as a main source of income and were not in a position to compete for public sector contracts. This suggests that there may be limits to the role that public investment can play in such market making.
On the selection of subaction and measure for a subclass of potentials defined by P. Walters
Authors: BARAVIERA A. T. , LOPES A. O. , MENGUE J. K.
Published: July 2012

Suppose $\sigma $ is the shift acting on Bernoulli space $X=\{0,1\}^{\mathbb {N}}$, and consider a fixed function $f:X \to \mathbb {R}$ satisfying the Walters conditions (defined in [P. Walters. A natural space of functions for the Ruelle operator theorem. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.27 (2007), 1323–1348]). For each real value $t\geq 0$ we consider the Ruelle operator $L_{\mathit {tf}}$. We are interested in the main eigenfunction $h_t$ of $L_{\mathit {tf}}$ and the main eigenmeasure $\nu _t$ for the dual operator $L_{\mathit {tf}}^*$, which we consider normalized in such a way that $h_t(0^\infty )=1$ and $\int h_t \,d\nu _t=1$ for all $t\gt 0$. We denote by $\mu _t= h_t \nu _t$ the Gibbs state for the potential $\mathit {tf}$. By the selection of a subaction $V$, when the temperature goes to zero (or $t\to \infty $), we mean the existence of the limit \[ V:=\lim _{t\to \infty }\frac {1}{t}\log (h_{t}). \] By the selection of a measure $\mu $, when the temperature goes to zero (or $t\to \infty $), we mean the existence of the limit (in the weak* sense) \[\mu :=\lim _{t\to \infty } \mu _t.\] We present a large family of non-trivial examples of $f$ where the selection of a measure exists. These $f$ belong to a sub-class of potentials introduced by Walters. In this case, explicit expressions for the selected $V$can be obtained for a certain large family of parameters.
A traumatic fracture in a giant Eocene penguin from Antarctica
Authors: Acosta Hospitaleche Carolina , Perez Leandro M. , Acosta Walter , Reguero Marcelo
Published: July 2012

A fractured femur of a giant fossil penguin from the Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi Biozone (Late Eocene), Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctica (La Meseta Formation) is described. Palaeoecological, palaeopathological and taphonomical implications derived from the analysis of the kinds of fractures identified are also discussed. The main fracture has irregular margins, indicating there was collagen in the bone at the time of the impact. In this fracture, a mineral deposit was also identified as a fracture hematoma. According to the antemortem classification of fractures, it was produced by an indirect mechanism, provocating a “butterfly wing” or “third fragment” fracture. The remaining fractures are assigned to times of biostratinomic and fossil diagenesis.
Dietary patterns: a novel approach to examine the link between nutrition and cognitive function in older individuals
Authors: Allès B. , Samieri C. , Féart C. , Jutand M.-A. , Laurin D. , Barberger-Gateau P.
Published: July 2012

Cognitive decline may lead to dementia whose most frequent cause is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the many potential risk factors of cognitive decline and AD, diet raises increasing interest. Most studies considered diet in the frame of a single nutrient approach with inconsistent results. A novel approach to examine the link between nutrition and cognitive function is the use of dietary patterns. The aim of the present review was to update and complete the body of knowledge about dietary patterns in relationship with various cognitive outcomes in the elderly. Two approaches can be used: a priori and a posteriori patterns. A priori patterns are defined by the adhesion to a pre-defined healthy diet using a score such as the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) score, the Healthy Eating Index, the Canadian Healthy Eating Index, the French National Nutrition and Health Programme (Programme National Nutrition Santé) Guideline Score (PNNS-GS), the Recommended Food Score (RFS) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH). MeDi score, RFS, PNNS-GS and DASH have been associated with lower risks of cognitive impairment, cognitive decline, and dementia or AD. Principal components analysis, reduced rank regression and clustering methods allow the identification of ‘healthy’ patterns associated with lower risk of cognitive decline. However, some studies did not report any associations with cognitive outcomes and results are discordant especially regarding MeDi and the risk of dementia. Several methodological challenges should be overcome to provide a higher level of evidence supporting the development of nutritional policies to prevent cognitive decline and AD.
Exploring Service Users’ Perceptions of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychosis: A User Led Study
Authors: Kilbride Martina , Byrne Rory , Price Jason , Wood Lisa , Barratt Sarah , Welford Mary , Morrison Anthony P.
Published: July 2012

Background and aims: This study explored individuals’ subjective experiences of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) with the aim of identifying coherent themes consistent across individual accounts and any potential barriers to CBTp effectiveness. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine individuals with experience of CBTp. A qualitative Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyze the data collected to identify common themes. Results: Five super-ordinate themes emerged from our analyses: CBT as a process of person-centred engagement; CBT as an active process of structured learning; CBT helping to improve personal understanding; CBT is hard work; Recovery and outcomes of CBT for psychosis. Conclusions: The theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
A Deconstruction of the Notion of Acquisitive Prescription and Its Implications for the Diaoyu Islands Dispute
Authors: ZHANG Zuxing
Published: July 2012

“Acquisitive prescription” should be denied as a rule of international law governing the acquisition of territorial sovereignty. It is useless in practice and confusing in theory. Replacing it should be the concepts of “historical title” and “tacit agreement”, which would thus expand the traditional five modes for legally acquiring territory to six. This rearrangement would be useful for us to get a clear and correct understanding of this part of international law, and would thus enable international law to play a positive role in dealing with territorial disputes. It would also prevent, hopefully, an exacerbation of the Diaoyu Islands dispute between China and Japan as caused by a misunderstanding of this part of international law.
The Impact of Endorsing the Belief in a Just World on Social Judgments
Authors: Testé Benoît , Perrin Samantha
Published: July 2012

The present research examines the social value attributed to endorsing the belief in a just world for self (BJW-S) and for others (BJW-O) in a Western society. We conducted four studies in which we asked participants to assess a target who endorsed BJW-S vs. BJW-O either strongly or weakly. Results showed that endorsement of BJW-S was socially valued and had a greater effect on social utility judgments than it did on social desirability judgments. In contrast, the main effect of endorsement of BJW-O was to reduce the target’s social desirability. The results also showed that the effect of BJW-S on social utility is mediated by the target’s perceived individualism, whereas the effect of BJW-S and BJW-O on social desirability is mediated by the target’s perceived collectivism.
In situ detection of strong Langmuir turbulence processes in solar type III radio bursts
Authors: Thejappa G. , MacDowall R. J. , Bergamo M.
Published: July 2012

The high time resolution observations obtained by the WAVES experiment of the STEREO spacecraft in solar type III radio bursts show that Langmuir waves often occur as intense localized wave packets. These wave packets are characterized by short durations of only a few ms and peak intensities, which well exceed the supersonic modulational instability (MI) thresholds. These timescales and peak intensities satisfy the criterion of the solitons collapsed to spatial scales of a few hundred Debye lengths. The spectra of these wave packets consist of primary spectral peaks corresponding to beam‐resonant Langmuir waves, two or more sidebands corresponding to down‐shifted and up‐shifted daughter Langmuir waves, and low frequency enhancements below a few hundred Hz corresponding to daughter ion sound waves. The frequencies and wave numbers of these spectral components satisfy the resonance conditions of the modulational instability (MI). Moreover, the tricoherences, computed using trispectral analysis techniques show that these spectral components are coupled to each other with a high degree of coherency as expected of the MI type of four wave interactions. The high intensities, short scale lengths, sideband spectral structures and low frequency spectral enhancements and, high levels of tricoherences amongst the spectral components of these wave packets provide unambiguous evidence for the supersonic MI and related strong turbulence processes in type III radio bursts. The implication of these observations include: (1) the MI and related strong turbulence processes often occur in type III source regions, (2) the strong turbulence processes probably play very important roles in beam stabilization as well as conversion of Langmuir waves into escaping radiation at the fundamental and second harmonic of the electron plasma frequency,fpe, and (3) the Langmuir collapse probably follows the route of MI in type III radio bursts.
The Effect of Talker and Intonation Variability on Speech Perception in Noise in Children With Dyslexia
Authors: Hazan Valerie , Messaoud-Galusi Souhila , Rosen Stuart
Published: July 2012

Purpose

In this study, the authors aimed to determine whether children with dyslexia (hereafter referred to as “DYS children”) are more affected than children with average reading ability (hereafter referred to as “AR children”) by talker and intonation variability when perceiving speech in noise.

Method

Thirty-four DYS and 25 AR children were tested on their perception of consonants in naturally produced CV tokens in multitalker babble. Twelve CVs were presented for identification in four conditions varying in the degree of talker and intonation variability. Consonant place (/bi/-/di/) and voicing (/bi/-/pi/) discrimination were investigated with the same conditions.

Results

DYS children made slightly more identification errors than AR children but only for conditions with variable intonation. Errors were more frequent for a subset of consonants, generally weakly encoded for AR children, for tokens with intonation patterns (steady and rise-fall) that occur infrequently in connected discourse. In discrimination tasks, which have a greater memory and cognitive load, DYS children scored lower than AR children across all conditions.

Conclusions

Unusual intonation patterns had a disproportionate (but small) effect on consonant intelligibility in noise for DYS children, but adding talker variability did not. DYS children do not appear to have a general problem in perceiving speech in degraded conditions, which makes it unlikely that they lack robust phonological representations.
Real-Word and Nonword Repetition in Italian-Speaking Children With Specific Language Impairment: A Study of Diagnostic Accuracy
Authors: Dispaldro Marco , Leonard Laurence B. , Deevy Patricia
Published: July 2012

Purpose

Using 2 different scoring methods, the authors examined the diagnostic accuracy of both real-word and nonword repetition in identifying Italian-speaking children with and without specific language impairment (SLI).

Method

A total of 34 children ages 3;11–5;8 (years;months) participated—17 children with SLI and 17 typically developing children matched for age (TD–A children). Children completed real-word and nonword repetition tasks. The capacity of real-word and nonword repetition tasks to discriminate children with SLI from TD–A was examined through binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results

Both real-word and nonword repetition showed good (or excellent) sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing children with SLI from their TD peers.

Conclusions

Nonword repetition appears to be a useful diagnostic indicator for Italian, as in other languages. In addition, real-word repetition also holds promise. The contributions of each type of measure are discussed.
Using Different Criteria to Diagnose (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder: How Big a Difference Does It Make?
Authors: Wilson Wayne J. , Arnott Wendy
Published: July 2012

Purpose

To quantify how 9 different diagnostic criteria affected potential (central) auditory processing disorder ([C]APD) diagnoses in a large sample of children referred for (central) auditory processing ([C]AP) assessment.

Method

A file review was conducted on 150 children (94 boys and 56 girls; ages 7.0–15.6 years) with normal peripheral hearing who had completed a (C)AP assessment involving low-pass filtered speech, competing sentences, 2-pair dichotic digits, and frequency patterns with linguistic and nonlinguistic report. Each child was classified as having or not having (C)APD based on 9 different sets of diagnostic criteria drawn from published technical reports, position statements, and selected research.

Results

The rates of potential (C)APD diagnosis ranged from 7.3% for the strictest criteria to 96.0% for the most lenient criteria.

Conclusions

Until greater consensus is reached, any diagnosis of (C)APD should be qualified by an explicit statement of the criteria used. Calls to abandon the use of (C)APD as a global label should also be supported.
Auditory Brainstem Response to Complex Sounds Predicts Self-Reported Speech-in-Noise Performance
Authors: Anderson Samira , Parbery-Clark Alexandra , White-Schwoch Travis , Kraus Nina
Published: July 2012

Purpose

To compare the ability of the auditory brainstem response to complex sounds (cABR) to predict subjective ratings of speech understanding in noise on the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ; Gatehouse & Noble, 2004) relative to the predictive ability of the Quick Speech-in-Noise test (QuickSIN; Killion, Niquette, Gudmundsen, Revit, & Banerjee, 2004) and pure-tone hearing thresholds.

Method

Participants included 111 middle- to older-age adults (range = 45–78) with audiometric configurations ranging from normal hearing levels to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. In addition to using audiometric testing, the authors also used such evaluation measures as the QuickSIN, the SSQ, and the cABR.

Results

Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the inclusion of brainstem variables in a model with QuickSIN, hearing thresholds, and age accounted for 30% of the variance in the Speech subtest of the SSQ, compared with significantly less variance (19%) when brainstem variables were not included.

Conclusion

The authors' results demonstrate the cABR’s efficacy for predicting self-reported speech-in-noise perception difficulties. The fact that the cABR predicts more variance in self-reported speech-in-noise (SIN) perception than either the QuickSIN or hearing thresholds indicates that the cABR provides additional insight into an individual’s ability to hear in background noise. In addition, the findings underscore the link between the cABR and hearing in noise.
Gendermedizin – Modewort oder Notwendigkeit? – Die Rolle des Geschlechts in der Medizin
Authors: Kindler-Röhrborn Andrea , Pfleiderer Bettina
Published: July 2012

Frauen und Männer unterscheiden sich in vielem: Anatomie und Physiologie, Krankheitssymptomen und Nebenwirkungen von Medikamenten. Um dem gerecht zu werden, versucht die Gendermedizin die geschlechtsspezifischen Einflussfaktoren bei Diagnose und Therapie zu berücksichtigen. Dabei ist sie weniger eine eigene Fachdisziplin als eine gendersensible Sichtweise, die den meisten Fachgebieten eine neue Dimension eröffnet.
Raus aus der Frauenecke – Gendermedizin ist ein Querschnittsfach und geht alle an
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Gabriele
Published: July 2012

Ihr ausgeprägter Sinn für Gerechtigkeit ist ihr Antrieb, sich unermüdlich für die Gendermedizin einzusetzen. Professor Gabriele Kaczmarczyk fordert, dass Frauen und Männer endlich eine adäquate medizinische Behandlung erfahren. Für ihr Engagement erhielt sie 2010 das Bundesverdienstkreuz.
Optical tweezers with enhanced efficiency based on laser-structured substrates
Authors: Kotsifaki D. G. , Kandyla M. , Zergioti I. , Makropoulou M. , Chatzitheodoridis E. , Serafetinides A. A.
Published: July 2012

We present an optical nanotrapping setup that exhibits enhanced efficiency, based on localized plasmonic fields around sharp metallic features. The substrates consist of laser-structured silicon wafers with quasi-ordered microspikes on the surface, coated with a thin silver layer. The resulting optical traps show orders of magnitude enhancement of the trapping force and the effective quality factor.
Determining the activation volumes in ZnO
Authors: Sakellis I.
Published: July 2012

The study of the properties of the defects provides an effective way to control the physical properties of solids, such as conductivity. Using a thermodynamic model which correlates the activation Gibbs energy with the bulk elastic and expansivity data, we determine the activation volumes for the conduction processes for ZnO. The calculated activation volumes are in agreement with their experimental values.
Comment on “Twin symmetry texture of energetically condensed niobium thin films on sapphire substrates (a-plane Al2O3)” [J. Appl. Phys. 110, 033523 (2011)]
Authors: Welander Paul B.
Published: July 2012

In their recent publication, Zhao et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 110, 033523 (2011)] claim to have found a new three-dimensional relationship for niobium-on-sapphire epitaxy. However, two critical errors were made in the analysis of x-ray diffraction measurements. The crystal structure of sapphire (α-Al2O3) was erroneously cited as hexagonal close-packed, and crystallographic orientations of sapphire were misidentified. Correcting these errors, one finds their claim unjustified.
Response to “Comment on ‘Twin symmetry texture of energetically condensed niobium thin films on sapphire substrate’ ” [J. Appl. Phys. 112, 016101 (2012)]
Authors: Zhao X. , Philips L. , Reece C. E. , Seo Kang , Krishnan M. , Valderrama E.
Published: July 2012

Welander is correct about the misidentified crystal-directions in the top-view sapphire lattice (Fig. 4 [Zhao et al., J. Appl. Phys. 110, 033523 (2011)]). He is also correct about the misorientation of the pole figures in Fig. 4. In Fig. 1 of this response, we have corrected these errors. Perhaps because of these errors, Welander misconstrued our discussion of the Nb crystal growth as claiming a new 3D registry. That was not our intention. Rather, we wished to highlight the role of energetic condensation that drives low-defect crystal growth by a combination of non-equilibrium sub-plantation that disturbs the substrate lattice and thermal annealing that annihilates defects and promotes large-grain crystal growth.
Direct calculation of 1-octanol–water partition coefficients from adaptive biasing force molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Bhatnagar Navendu , Kamath Ganesh , Chelst Issac , Potoff Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2012

The 1-octanol–water partition coefficient log Kow of a solute is a key parameter used in the prediction of a wide variety of complex phenomena such as drug availability and bioaccumulation potential of trace contaminants. In this work, adaptive biasing force molecular dynamics simulations are used to determine absolute free energies of hydration, solvation, and 1-octanol–water partition coefficients for n-alkanes from methane to octane. Two approaches are evaluated; the direct transfer of the solute from 1-octanol to water phase, and separate transfers of the solute from the water or 1-octanol phase to vacuum, with both methods yielding statistically indistinguishable results. Calculations performed with the TIP4P and SPC/E water models and the TraPPE united-atom force field for n-alkanes show that the choice of water model has a negligible effect on predicted free energies of transfer and partition coefficients for n-alkanes. A comparison of calculations using wet and dry octanol phases shows that the predictions for log Kow using wet octanol are 0.2–0.4 log units lower than for dry octanol, although this is within the statistical uncertainty of the calculation.
Near-field focused photoemission from polystyrene microspheres studied with photoemission electron microscopy
Authors: Peppernick Samuel J. , Joly Alan G. , Beck Kenneth M. , Hess Wayne P.
Published: July 2012

We use photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) to image 3 μm diameter polystyrene spheres supported on a metal thin film illuminated by 400 nm (∼3.1 eV) and 800 nm (∼1.5 eV) femtosecond (fs) laser pulses. Intense photoemission is generated by microspheres even though polystyrene is an insulator and its ionization threshold is well above the photon energies employed. We observe intense photoemission from the far side (the side opposite the incident light) of the illuminated microsphere that is attributed to light focusing within the microsphere. For the case of p-polarized, 800 nm fs laser pulses, we observe photoemission exclusively from the far side of the microsphere and additionally resolve sub-50 nm hot spots in the supporting Pt/Pd thin film that are located only within the focal region of the microsphere. We compare the PEEM images with finite difference time domain (FDTD) electrodynamic simulations to model our experimental results. The FDTD simulations predict light focusing in the microsphere and subsequent interaction with the supporting metal surface that is consistent with the experimental observations.
Spin-dependent transport properties through gapless graphene-based ferromagnet and gapped graphene-based superconductor junction
Authors: Hajati Y. , Zargar Shoushtari M. , Rashedi G.
Published: July 2012

By depositing a superconductor on gapped graphene (graphene grown on SiC substrate), the motion of quasiparticles in this superconductor is explained by the massive Dirac equation. In this paper, we study the spin dependent transport properties of graphene-based ferromagnetic/insulator/superconductor (FIS) junction and graphene-based ferromagnetic/ferromagnetic barrier/superconductor (FFBS) junction in which only the superconducting region is deposited on the gapped graphene and the other graphene regions are gapless. We found that in the graphene-based FIS junction and in the thin barrier approximation, by opening the energy gap in the superconducting region, the charge conductance is an oscillatory function of barrier strength (χG), despite the large Fermi energy mismatch between ferromagnetic and superconductor regions. As an important result, we analytically obtained that for the normal incident of charge carriers, this junction is not totally transparent. This means that the second characteristic of Klein tunneling is not satisfied due to the massive Dirac fermions carrying the current in the superconductor region. For the graphene-based FFBS junction, opening the energy gap causes a phase shift as large as π2 to appear between the peaks of charge conductance for parallel and antiparallel configuration versus χG. Interestingly, we obtained that by increasing the energy gap in this junction, the magnetoresistance increases and by approaching the energy gap to the Fermi energy of the superconductor, it reaches its maximum value (more than −150%). This characteristic shows that this junction can be a suitable candidate for application in the graphene-based spintronics devices.
Database of atomistic reaction mechanisms with application to kinetic Monte Carlo
Authors: Terrell Rye , Welborn Matthew , Chill Samuel T. , Henkelman Graeme
Published: July 2012

Kinetic Monte Carlo is a method used to model the state-to-state kinetics of atomic systems when all reaction mechanisms and rates are known a priori. Adaptive versions of this algorithm use saddle searches from each visited state so that unexpected and complex reaction mechanisms can also be included. Here, we describe how calculated reaction mechanisms can be stored concisely in a kinetic database and subsequently reused to reduce the computational cost of such simulations. As all accessible reaction mechanisms available in a system are contained in the database, the cost of the adaptive algorithm is reduced towards that of standard kinetic Monte Carlo.
Colloidal electroconvection in a thin horizontal cell. III. Interfacial and transient patterns on electrodes
Authors: Han Yilong , Grier David G.
Published: July 2012

Previously we have reported a family of convective patterns formed by charge-stabilized aqueous colloidal suspensions under constant (dc) vertical electric fields [Y. Han and D. G. Grier, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 164701 (2005)10.1063/1.1884599; Y. Han and D. G. Grier, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 144707 (2006)10.1063/1.2349486]. These patterns form in the bulk when electrokinetic forces act in the opposite direction to gravity. Here, we report on cellular patterns that silica colloidal spheres form on a horizontal electrode when electrokinetic forces act in the same direction as gravity. We suggest that these cellular patterns form as a result of bulk electroconvection mediated by charge injection into the supporting aqueous electrolyte. This charge-injection mechanism also accounts for some aspects of electroconvective pattern formation in our earlier reports. Cellular patterns reorganize themselves into distinct transient patterns after the driving voltage is turned off. These transients cast new light on the complex interplay between the motions of charged colloidal spheres and the ionic relaxation of water undergoing electrolysis.
TOF-SEMSANS—Time-of-flight spin-echo modulated small-angle neutron scattering
Authors: Strobl M. , Tremsin A. S. , Hilger A. , Wieder F. , Kardjilov N. , Manke I. , Bouwman W. G. , Plomp J.
Published: July 2012

We report on measurements of spatial beam modulation of a polarized neutron beam induced by triangular precession regions in time-of-flight mode and the application of this novel technique spin-echo modulated small-angle neutron scattering (SEMSANS) to small-angle neutron scattering in the very small angle range. It is shown that this method can be implemented straight-forwardly in order to extend the accessible size range of structures to be investigated by SANS towards a microscopic scale by applying a divergent beam and measuring the real space correlation function. The novel approach of SEMSANS enables the application of sophisticated sample environment and measurements of magnetic samples (in contrast to the analogue method SESANS).
Spin-electron beam splitters based on magnetic barrier nanostructures
Authors: Lu Mao-Wang , Zhang Gui-Lian , Chen Sai-Yan
Published: July 2012

With the help of stationary phase method, we investigate the Goos-Hänchen (GH) effect of electrons in nanostructures consisting of realistic magnetic barriers (MB) created by lithographic patterning of ferromagnetic (FM) or superconducting films. Due to intrinsic symmetry, only nanostructures with symmetric magnetic field possess a considerable spin-dependent GH effect, and GH shifts of transmitted spin beams are found to depend upon the incident angle and the incident energy of electrons as well as the size and position of the FM stripe. These interesting properties may provide an effective scheme to realize spin injection into semiconductor and also give rise to a type of spin beam splitters based on MB nanostructures.
Size dependent thermal conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Cao Ajing , Qu Jianmin
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we report a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics study on the size-dependent thermal conductivity in single-walled carbon nanotubes with lengths up to micrometers at room temperature. It is found that the size-dependent thermal conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes can be described by κ(L,d)≈κg(L)(1−e−0.185d/a0), where L is the tube length, d is the diameter, a0=2.46 Å is the graphene lattice constant, and κg(L)∝Lα is the thermal conductivity of a graphene of length L. In the above, α=1 for Ll0, independent of the tube chirality (zigzag or armchair), where l0≈200 nm and 300 nm are the effective phonon mean free path for zigzag and armchair tubes, respectively. Physical interpretations of such geometry dependence are provided in the paper by analyzing the spectral energy density, the dispersion relationship, the phonon density of state, and the power spectrum of phonons.
The origin of persistent shear stress in supercooled liquids
Authors: Abraham Sneha , Harrowell Peter
Published: July 2012

The persistence of shear stress fluctuations in viscous liquids is a direct consequence of the non-zero shear stress of the local potential minima which couples stress relaxation to transitions between inherent structures. In simulations of 2D and 3D glass forming mixtures, we calculate the distribution of this inherent shear stress and demonstrate that the variance is independent of temperature and obeys a power law in density. The inherent stress is shown to involve only long wavelength fluctuations, evidence of the central role of the static boundary conditions in determining the residual stress left after the minimization of the potential energy. A temperature Tη is defined to characterise the crossover from stress relaxation governed by binary collisions at high temperatures to low temperature relaxation dominated by the relaxation of the inherent stress. Tη is found to coincide with the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein scaling of diffusion and viscosity.
Hot spin-wave resonators and scatterers
Authors: Kolokoltsev Oleg , Qureshi Naser , Mejía-Uriarte Elsi , Ordóñez-Romero César L.
Published: July 2012

A method used to achieve efficient optical control of a spin wave system in yttrium iron garnet is described. Using a focused laser beam, spin wave resonators and reflectors are induced by controlled local thermal demagnetization of a thin film. We report on the formation of an optically induced potential well for magnetostatic surface spin waves (MSSWs) leading to the formation of a high-Q MSSW resonator, and a high potential barrier that efficiently reflects magnetostatic backward volume waves.
A new frequency-multiplied interferometer system in the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror
Authors: Kohagura J. , Yoshikawa M. , Shima Y. , Morikawa Y. , Yamada T. , Akita D. , Tatebe K. , Ichimura M. , Hirata M. , Ikezoe R. , Yokoyama T. , Imai T.
Published: July 2012

A new interferometer is installed on the west anchor cell of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. In GAMMA 10, we have used a heterodyne-type interferometer with a 70-GHz IMPATT oscillator and a 150-MHz oscillator for frequency modulation. The new interferometer consists of a 17.5-GHz phase locked dielectric resonator oscillator and a 37.5-MHz temperature-compensated crystal oscillator, as well as frequency multipliers. The main motivation for the new interferometer using frequency multipliers is to achieve a stable and cost effective interferometer. Direct anchor heating experiments with new anchor ion cyclotron range of frequency antennas in both the west and the east anchor cells are carried out. Density increases in both anchor cells are clearly observed using the new interferometer.
Static and dynamic coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock vibrational (hyper)polarizabilities of polyacetylene calculated by the finite field nuclear relaxation method
Authors: Lacivita Valentina , Rérat Michel , Kirtman Bernard , Orlando Roberto , Ferrabone Matteo , Dovesi Roberto
Published: July 2012

The vibrational contribution to static and dynamic (hyper)polarizability tensors of polyacetylene are theoretically investigated. Calculations were carried out by the finite field nuclear relaxation (FF-NR) method for periodic systems, newly implemented in the CRYSTAL code, using the coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock scheme for the required electronic properties. The effect of the basis set is also explored, being particularly important for the non-periodic direction perpendicular to the polymer plane. Components requiring a finite (static) field in the longitudinal direction for evaluation by the FF-NR method were not evaluated. The extension to that case is currently being pursued. Whereas the effect on polarizabilities is relatively small, in most cases the vibrational hyperpolarizability tensor component is comparable to, or larger than the corresponding static electronic contribution.
Demonstration of magnetoelectric effect in ultrathin Cr2O3/Fe2O3 nano-oxide layer by training effect
Authors: Shimomura Naoki , Sawada Kazuya , Nozaki Tomohiro , Doi Masaaki , Sahashi Masashi
Published: July 2012

We identified magnetoelectric effect in an ultrathin (Cr2O3/Fe2O3) nano-oxide layer structure (thickness ∼1 nm) formed on the surface of a Co0.9Fe0.1 metal layer by investigating the training effect as a function of sense current/bias voltage and its direction. A system-dependent constant κMR, which reflects changes in the surface spin, increases (decreases) with increasing current in the pinned (inverse pinned) direction. Furthermore, κMR varies for temperatures up to ∼200 K with current despite the extreme thinness, thus suggesting the current contributes to the surface spin changes. The results indicate the demonstration of the magnetoelectric effect in ultrathin Cr2O3.
Simultaneous measurement of magnitude and phase in interferometric sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Covert Paul A. , FitzGerald William R. , Hore Dennis K.
Published: July 2012

We present a visible-infrared sum-frequency spectroscopic technique that is capable of simultaneously determining the magnitude and phase of the sample response from a single set of experimental conditions. This is especially valuable in cases where the phase stability is high, as in collinear beam geometries, as it enables multiple experiments to be performed without re-measuring the local oscillator phase or the reference phase. After illustrating the phase stability achievable with such a geometry, we provide a technique for quantitatively determining the magnitude and phase from a single set of two-dimensional spectral-temporal interference fringes. A complete demonstration is provided for the C–H stretching frequency region at the surface of an octadecyltricholosilane film.
Assessment of the PW86+PBE+XDM density functional on van der Waals complexes at non-equilibrium geometries
Authors: Arabi Alya A. , Becke Axel D.
Published: July 2012

The deficiency of conventional density-functional theory (DFT) in properly describing van der Waals (vdW) (especially dispersion-bound) complexes has been extensively addressed in the past decade. There are now several new methods published in the literature that are capable of accurately capturing weak dispersion interactions in complexes at equilibrium geometries. However, the performance of these new methods at non-equilibrium geometries remains to be assessed. We have previously published [F. O. Kannemann and A. D. Becke, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 6, 1081 (2010)10.1021/ct900699r; A. D. Becke, A. A. Arabi, and F. O. Kannemann, Can. J. Chem. 88, 1057 (2010)10.1139/V10-073] that the functional PW86+PBE+XDM for exchange + correlation + dispersion, respectively, is a highly accurate functional for general thermochemistry and vdW complexes at equilibrium geometries. Here, we show that this nonempirical, except for two parameters in the dispersion damping part, functional also performs well for vdW complexes at compressed and stretched intermonomer separations. The mean absolute relative error (MARE) is 9.4% overall for vdW complexes in the “S22×5” database incorporating compressed and stretched geometries [J. Rezac, K. E. Riley, and P. Hobza, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 7, 2427 (2011)10.1021/ct2002946]. Our largest MARE on the S22×5 database is 13.3% on the compressed geometry set.
Periodic arrays of magnetic nanostructures by depositing Co/Pt multilayers on the barrier layer of ordered anodic alumina templates
Authors: Piraux L. , Antohe V. A. , Abreu Araujo F. , Srivastava S. K. , Hehn M. , Lacour D. , Mangin S. , Hauet T.
Published: July 2012

We developed a method to fabricate ordered Co/Pt multilayer nanodot arrays using the barrier layer of anodic alumina templates as two-dimensional curved substrates. Large area patterning of self-assembled alumina nanobumps are formed with hexagonally close-packed order. The subsequent deposition of Co/Pt multilayers on this bumpy surface leads to an ordered array of single-domain nanocaps magnetized perpendicularly to the sample surface. Measurement of reversal field as a function of field angle and images of demagnetized state, composed with monobump-wide stripe domains, confirm the weakness of exchange coupling between bits.