bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criteria for defining a complete remission in acute myeloid leukaemia revisited. An analysis of patients treated in HOVON‐SAKK co‐operative group studies
Authors: De Greef Georgine E. , Van Putten Wim L. J. , Boogaerts Marc , Huijgens Peter C. , Verdonck Leo F. , Vellenga Edo , Theobald Matthias , Jacky Emanuel , Löwenberg Bob ,   The Dutch–Belgian Hemato–Oncology Co‐operative Group HOVON,   The Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research SAKK
Published: December 2004

Complete remission (CR) in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is the primary endpoint for the evaluation of induction treatment and treatment strategies. However, the choice and application of the criteria for a haematological CR can often become a subject of debate because of regeneration more than 5% blasts may be present at the time of response evaluation; platelet and neutrophil recovery may be incomplete and marrow cellularity can vary. This study examined the individual parameters for CR in 1250 adult patients with de novo AML treated according to three successive study protocols. Patients with ≤5% blasts showed the best overall survival (OS) and the lowest relapse risk (RR). This was independent of blast cells present in the peripheral blood or bone marrow (BM) cellularity. In the same patient group, the presence of extramedullary leukaemia, incomplete platelet (<100 × 109/l) or neutrophil (<1·0 × 109/l) recovery caused a reduced OS and increased RR. In conclusion, ≤5% blasts in the BM, recovery of neutrophils and platelets, and the absence of extramedullary disease constitute the cornerstones for the definition of a haematological CR in patients with AML.
Multiple effects of weather on the starvation and predation risk trade‐off in choice of feeding location in Redshanks
Authors: Yasué M. , Quinn J. L. , Cresswell W.
Published: December 2004

Animals should choose the feeding habitat that allows them to meet their energy requirements while minimizing predation risk, but as weather becomes more severe, animals may choose riskier, but more profitable, feeding habitats.

At the Tyninghame estuary, Scotland, Redshanks (Tringa totanus) chose to feed on either a mudflat or saltmarsh. Energy intake rates were 23% higher and thermoregulatory costs were 40% lower on the saltmarsh, but predation risk from sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) was 21 times higher.

The investigation tested whether the riskier habitat was chosen only when weather conditions were such that individuals were unable to meet their energy requirements in the safer habitat, and how any additional effects of weather affected this choice.

When starvation risk increased on the mudflat, more Redshanks selected the saltmarsh where energy budgets alone accounted for 22% of the variation in habitat choice. Temperature and wind may have had smaller additional, independent effects that were probably related to their effects on vigilance behaviour and predator detection.

The results show that weather may be crucial in determining habitat choice through its direct effects on starvation and predation risk, and the importance of considering a wide range of weather conditions when determining habitat requirements.
Natural abundance of 13C and 15N in C3 and C4 vegetation of southern Africa: patterns and implications
Authors: Swap R. J. , Aranibar J. N. , Dowty P. R. , Gilhooly W. P. , Macko S. A.
Published: December 2004

The mean annual rainfall in southern Africa is found to explain over half of the observed variance in the stable nitrogen (N) isotopic signatures of C3 vegetation in southern Africa (r2=0.54, P<0.01). The inverse relationship between the stable N isotopic signatures of foliar samples from C3 vegetation and long‐term southern African rainfall is found on a scale larger than previously observed. A modest relationship is found between stable carbon (C) isotopic signatures of C3 vegetation and rainfall across the region (r2=0.20, P<0.01). No such relationship is found between stable C and N isotopic signatures of C4 vegetation and rainfall. The explanation of the relationship between 15N in C3 vegetation and the mean annual rainfall presented here is that nutrient availability varies inversely with water availability. This suggests that water‐limited systems in southern Africa are more open in terms of nutrient cycling and therefore the resulting natural abundance of foliar 15N in these systems is enriched. The use of this relationship may be of value to those researchers modeling both the dynamics of vegetation and biogeochemistry across this region. The use of the isotopic enrichment in C3 vegetation as a function of rainfall may provide an insight into nutrient cycling across the semi‐arid and arid regions of southern Africa. This finding has implications for the study of global change, especially as it relates to vegetation responses to changing regional rainfall regimes over time.
Interactive effects of soil warming and fertilization on root production, mortality, and longevity in a Norway spruce stand in Northern Sweden
Authors: Majdi Hooshang , öhrvik John
Published: December 2004

The effects of soil warming and nitrogen availability on root production, longevity and mortality were studied using minirhizotrons in irrigation (C), fertilized (F), heated (H), and heated‐fertilized (HF) plots in a Norway spruce stand in northern Sweden from October 1996 to October 1997. Irrigation was included in all treatment plots. Heating cables were used to maintain the soil temperature in heated plots at 5°C above that in unheated plots during the growing season. A Kaplan–Meier approach was used to estimate the longevity of fine roots and Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze the effects of the H, F, and HF treatments on the risk of root mortality.

The proportion of annual root length production contributed by winter–spring production amounted to 52% and 49% in heated plots and heated‐fertilized plots, respectively. The annual root length production in C plots was significantly higher than in other treatments, while the HF treatment gave significantly greater production compared with the F treatment. The risk of mortality (hazard ratio) relative to C plots was higher in H plots (358%) and F plots (191%). The interaction between heating and fertilizing was strongly significant. The increase in the risk of root mortality in combined fertilization and heating (103%) was lower than that in the H or F plots.

The results show that nitrogen addition combined with warmer temperatures decreases the risk of root mortality, and fine root production is a function of the length of the growing season. In the future, fertilization combined with the warmer temperatures expected to follow predicted climatic change may increase root production in boreal forests at low fertility sites.
Clean rain promotes fine root growth and soil respiration in a Norway spruce forest
Authors: Lamersdorf Norbert P. , Borken Werner
Published: December 2004

Soil acidification and N saturation are considered to affect the decomposition of soil organic matter as well as growth and mortality of fine roots in many forest soils. Here we report from a field experiment where ‘clean rain’ has been applied to the soil for about 10 years under a roofed plot of a 71‐year‐old Norway spruce plantation at Solling, Central Germany. Reduced amounts of protons (−78%), sulphate (−53%), ammonium (−86%), and nitrate (−49%) were sprayed on the soil surface of the clean rain plot between 1992 and 2001. In an adjacent roofed control plot, throughfall was collected and immediately re‐sprinkled below the roof construction without any chemical manipulation. One year before the clean rain treatment started, live and dead fine root masses (≤2 mm) were determined from undisturbed soil cores down to 40 cm mineral soil depth. Total live fine root mass was significantly lower in the clean rain plot than in the control plot. After the first sampling, the soil holes were refilled with quartz sand and repeatedly sampled in June 1992, June 1996, and October 2001. There were no differences in live and dead fine root masses between the plots in 1992 and 1996. In 2001, both live and dead fine root masses of the clean rain plot were about twice as high as in the control plot, indicating that fine root growth recovered in the mineral soil following 10 years of clean rain treatment. Moreover, the clean rain treatment significantly reduced the total N concentrations of live fine roots and 1‐year‐old needles. Our results suggest that the reduced N input promoted fine root growth to compensate N deficiency. Reduced Al concentration in soil solution may have contributed to the recovery of fine root growth, however, the toxicity of Al species is largely unknown. Mean annual soil respiration rate was 24% higher in the period from 2000 to 2001, indicating that the clean rain treatment increased respiration of roots and heterotrophic microorganisms within the rhizosphere. Laboratory incubation of samples from the organic horizon and the top mineral soil revealed no differences between the plots in the decay rate of soil organic matter. Our results suggest that strong reductions in atmospheric N deposition from about 30 to 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and decreasing acid stress can have beneficial effects on growth of fine roots in the mineral soil within a decade. We conclude that biological recovery under reduced atmospheric loads can affect the nutrient and carbon budget of spruce soils in the long run.
Oral bexarotene in a therapy‐resistant Sézary syndrome patient: observations on Sézary cell compartmentalization
Authors: El‐Azhary Rokea A. , Bouwhuis Saskia A.
Published: December 2004

Background  A 63‐year‐old man with therapy‐resistant Sézary syndrome was enrolled in a multicenter trial of oral bexarotene for advanced‐stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Methods  Monthly evaluations for efficacy and side‐effects were conducted and documented.

Results  Gradual improvement in erythema, pruritus, and scale was noted during the initial 16‐week trial period and treatment was extended to 40 weeks. From week 20 to week 40, the erythroderma continued to improve and the lymph node burden decreased, but the absolute Sézary cell count inversely increased. By week 40, intractable pruritus and erythroderma abruptly recurred, and bexarotene was discontinued.

Conclusions  Bexarotene is well tolerated and can be efficacious in patients with Sézary syndrome. Shifting of Sézary cells between different compartments was noted. Further studies on the interaction between the skin, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood compartments during bexarotene treatment in this subset of patients with CTCL are needed.
Linguistic sensitivity, indigenous peoples and the mental health system in Wales
Authors: Madoc‐Jones Iolo
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  This paper presents findings from a pilot research project to explore the significance and availability of mental health services in the medium of Welsh in Wales, UK. Based on small‐scale research with Welsh‐speaking mental health service users this article argues that being bilingual can be a significant factor in the complex biopsychosocial matrix that underpins mental health problems amongst Welsh speakers. It also argues that the destructive effects of linguistic oppression, and the difficulties of second language communication for mental health service users, are such that an appropriate health and social care response in Wales involves providing services in a user's preferred language. Service users’ views about the current state of bilingual service provision in Wales are presented, which suggests that insufficient attention is being paid to the linguistic needs of Welsh speakers. Eight principles are proposed for mental health service policy and practice in Wales.
Metacognitive development of deaf children: lessons from the appearance–reality and false belief tasks
Authors: Courtin Cyril , Melot Anne‐Marie
Published: December 2004

‘Theory of mind’ development is now an important research field in deaf studies. Past research with the classic false belief task has consistently reported a delay in theory of mind development in deaf children born of hearing parents, while performance of second‐generation deaf children is more problematic with some contradictory results. The present paper is aimed at testing the metacognitive abilities of deaf children on two tasks: the appearance–reality paradigm designed by Flavell, Flavell and Green (1983) and the classic false belief inference task (Wimmer & Perner, 1983; Hogrefe, Wimmer & Perner, 1986). Twenty‐eight second‐generation deaf children, 60 deaf children of hearing parents and 36 hearing children, aged 5 to 7, were tested and compared on three appearance–reality and three false belief items. Results show that early exposure to language, be it signed or oral, facilitates performance on the two theory of mind tasks. In addition, native signers equal hearing children in the appearance–reality task while surpassing them on the false belief one. The differences of performance patterns in the two tasks are discussed in terms of linguistic and metarepresentational development.
Effect of electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of senile depression with marked pseudohysterical symptoms
Authors: KOBAYASHI Toshiyuki , NOGUCHI Masayuki , ABE Takaaki , KATO Satoshi
Published: December 2004

Two elderly patients with prolonged depression and prominent pseudohysterical symptoms were successively treated using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Patient 1, a 71‐year‐old woman, developed depression in anticipation of her husband's retirement from his post as a college president and his receiving of a civilian decoration. She became bedridden because of the adverse effects of the antidepressants, and she was admitted to our hospital. Initial treatment was efficacious to some extent; however, after moving from a private room to an eight‐person ward, she began to exhibit passive‐aggressive behavior and seemed to seek attention. Her diagnosis and treatment was difficult, but ECT relieved her symptoms. Patient 2, a 74‐year‐old man, developed depression after experiencing domestic trivialities. Treatment as an outpatient produced numerous adverse effects and was of little effect, so the patient was admitted to hospital. As was seen in patient 1, this patient was moved to a ward room after he showed an initial improvement, but his condition deteriorated and he began to show passive‐aggressive behavior; ECT also relieved his symptoms. A multidisciplinary strategy, including ECT during the early period of treatment, might be effective for the treatment of senile depression.
Aluminum alters cell viability and axonal transport system in Alzheimer's disease pathogenic mutation‐bearing cells
Authors: TANII Hisashi , MATSUMOTO Naohiko , KASHIWAGI Yujiro , OKOCHI Masayasu , TANAKA Toshihisa , KUDO Takashi , KAMINO Kouzin , OKAZAKI Yuji , TAKEDA Masatoshi
Published: December 2004

Background:  We previously reported that pulse exposure of cultured rat neurons to aluminum‐maltol resulted in an abnormal distribution of both neurofilament‐L (NF‐L) and fast axonal transported proteins. It was also found that the presenilin 1 (PS1) missense mutation and aluminum affected early neuronal development of the mouse brain. It has been reported that the presenilin (PS) mutation alters neurite outgrowth, and the axonal transport of the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS complex is mediated by kinesin. The present study hypothesizes that aluminum might modulate axonal transport and neurite outgrowth in APP/PS mutant‐bearing cells.

Methods:  We treated SH‐SY5Y cells and HEK293 cells bearing FAD mutations with aluminum‐maltol (Al‐mal) (0, 250 µm, 500 µm, 1 mm, 2 mm) for 1 h, followed by propidium iodide (PI) and Calcein‐AM staining, live and dead assay, double staining of NF‐L/synaptophysin or APP/JNK interacting protein‐1 (JIP‐1) 3 days after treatment.

Results:  Apoptosis was induced Al‐mal treatment in a dose‐dependent manner in all cell lines. In SH‐SY5Y cells bearing PS1 mutations, there were no differences in the rate of cell viability, except for morphological changes observed by Calcein‐AM staining. The distribution of NF‐L and synaptophysin was modified by PS1 mutations and aluminum, suggesting that the PS mutation induces neuronal dysfunction by disturbance of the axonal transport system. The APP mutation‐bearing cell lines showed significant induction of apoptosis compared to that of wild‐type cells. Oxidative stress might thus influence cell viability in APP mutation‐bearing cells. Enhancement of JIP‐1 staining may reflect a disturbance of the intracellular axonal transport system, as well as compensation due to apoptotic changes.

Conclusion:  The present results, when taken together, show that aluminum alters cell viability and the axonal transport system in FAD pathogenic mutation‐bearing cells.
Will photosynthesis of maize (Zea mays) in the US Corn Belt increase in future [CO2] rich atmospheres? An analysis of diurnal courses of CO2 uptake under free‐air concentration enrichment (FACE)
Authors: Leakey A. D. B. , Bernacchi C. J. , Dohleman F. G. , Ort D. R. , Long S. P.
Published: December 2004

The C4 grass Zea mays (maize or corn) is the third most important food crop globally in terms of production and demand is predicted to increase 45% from 1997 to 2020. However, the effects of rising [CO2] upon C4 plants, and Z. mays specifically, are not sufficiently understood to allow accurate predictions of future crop production. A rainfed, field experiment utilizing free‐air concentration enrichment (FACE) technology in the primary area of global corn production (US Corn Belt) was undertaken to determine the effects of elevated [CO2] on corn. FACE technology allows experimental treatments to be imposed upon a complete soil–plant–atmosphere continuum with none of the effects of experimental enclosures on plant microclimate. Crop performance was compared at ambient [CO2] (354 μ mol mol−1) and the elevated [CO2] (549 μmol mol−1) predicted for 2050. Previous laboratory studies suggest that under favorable growing conditions C4 photosynthesis is not typically enhanced by elevated [CO2]. However, stomatal conductance and transpiration are decreased, which can indirectly increase photosynthesis in dry climates. Given the deep soils and relatively high rainfall of the US Corn Belt, it was predicted that photosynthesis would not be enhanced by elevated [CO2]. The diurnal course of gas exchange of upper canopy leaves was measured in situ across the growing season of 2002. Contrary to the prediction, growth at elevated [CO2] significantly increased leaf photosynthetic CO2 uptake rate (A) by up to 41%, and 10% on average. Greater A was associated with greater intercellular [CO2], lower stomatal conductance and lower transpiration. Summer rainfall during 2002 was very close to the 50‐year average for this site, indicating that the year was not atypical or a drought year. The results call for a reassessment of the established view that C4 photosynthesis is insensitive to elevated [CO2] under favorable growing conditions and that the production potential of corn in the US Corn Belt will not be affected by the global rise in [CO2].
Tritrophic interactions in the context of climate change: a model of grasses, cereal Aphids and their parasitoids
Authors: Hoover Julia K. , Newman Jonathan A.
Published: December 2004

Biologists have been challenged to envisage the likely consequences of increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and the suite of accompanying environmental changes (e.g. rising temperature, changing rainfall patterns, etc.) on our biotic systems. Research to date on plant responses has been extensive, but work on herbivore responses has been less complete, and work on higher trophic levels nearly nonexistent. One group of herbivores that has been reasonably well studied is aphids, and at least for this group, researchers have even begun to investigate responses at higher trophic levels, to include parasitoids. In this paper, we develop a mechanistic mathematical model of the general interaction between grasses, cereal aphids and their parasitoids. We used this model to investigate the interacting effects of rising CO2and temperature. The model suggests that, while parasitoids do have an impact on the aphid colony population dynamics, they do not fundamentally alter the aphid response to climate change. The model predicts that for both aphids and their parasitoids, the population responses to combined effects of elevated CO2and temperature will be more similar to current ambient conditions than we might expect from the individual effects of CO2or temperature increases. This interaction has important consequences for the interpretation of results from experiments that study only the effect of rising CO2.
Telomeres and Human Aging: Facts and Fibs
Authors: Aviv Abraham
Published: December 2004

Can telomere dynamics, defined by telomere length and attrition rate, provide information about the biology of human aging above and beyond that provided by chronological age? Accruing data suggest that it can. White blood cells (WBCs) have been used as the primary model in attempts to decipher links between aging, aging-related disorders, and telomere dynamics in humans. The WBC model may be appropriate in clinical settings, provided that we fully appreciate its drawbacks and limitations. On the basis of WBC telomere data, it is evident that age-adjusted telomere length is highly variable, highly heritable, longer in women than men, and shorter in people who harbor a host of age-related disorders, whose common denominators may prove to be increased oxidative stress and inflammation. It appears that shorter age-adjusted WBC telomere length augurs a greater risk of morbidity and premature mortality in the elderly. However, it is unsettled whether human telomere dynamics is only a proxy for fundamental mechanisms that govern the course of aging or a key determinant in its progression.
Cell Signaling and the Genesis of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Ji Ru-Rong , Strichartz Gary
Published: December 2004

Damage to the nervous system can cause neuropathic pain, which is in general poorly treated and involves mechanisms that are incompletely known. Currently available animal models for neuropathic pain mainly involve partial injury of peripheral nerves. Multiple inflammatory mediators released from damaged tissue not only acutely excite primary sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system, producing ectopic discharge, but also lead to a sustained increase in their excitability. Hyperexcitability also develops in the central nervous system (for instance, in dorsal horn neurons), and both peripheral and spinal elements contribute to neuropathic pain, so that spontaneous pain may occur or normally innocuous stimuli may produce pain. Inflammatory mediators and aberrant neuronal activity activate several signaling pathways [including protein kinases A and C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)] in primary sensory and dorsal horn neurons that mediate the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain through both posttranslational and transcriptional mechanisms. In particular, peripheral nerve lesions result in activation of MAPKs (p38, extracellular signal–regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase) in microglia or astrocytes in the spinal cord, or both, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators that sensitize dorsal horn neurons. Activity of dorsal horn neurons, in turn, enhances activation of spinal glia. This neuron-glia interaction involves positive feedback mechanisms and is likely to enhance and prolong neuropathic pain even in the absence of ongoing peripheral external stimulation or injury. The goal of this review is to present evidence for signaling cascades in these cell types that not only will deepen our understanding of the genesis of neuropathic pain but also may help to identify new targets for pharmacological intervention.
Cerebral white matter blood flow is constant during human non-rapid eye movement sleep: a positron emission tomographic study
Authors: Hiroki Masahiko , Uema Takeshi , Kajimura Naofumi , Ogawa Kenichi , Nishikawa Masami , Kato Masaaki , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Nakajima Toru , Takano Harumasa , Imabayashi Etsuko , Ohnishi Takashi , Takayama Yutaka , Matsuda Hiroshi , Uchiyama Makoto , Okawa Masako , Takahashi Kiyohisa , Fukuyama Hidenao
Published: December 2004

This study aimed to identify brain regions with the least decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) and their relationship to physiological parameters during human non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Using [15O]H2O positron emission tomography, CBF was measured for nine normal young adults during nighttime. As NREM sleep progressed, mean arterial blood pressure and whole brain mean CBF decreased significantly; arterial partial pressure of CO2 and, selectively, relative CBF of the cerebral white matter increased significantly. Absolute CBF remained constant in the cerebral white matter, registering 25.9 ± 3.8 during wakefulness, 25.8 ± 3.3 during light NREM sleep, and 26.9 ± 3.0 (ml·100 g−1·min−1) during deep NREM sleep ( P = 0.592), and in the occipital cortex ( P = 0.611). The regression slope of the absolute CBF significantly differed with respect to arterial partial pressure of CO2 between the cerebral white matter (slope 0.054, R = − 0.04) and frontoparietal association cortex (slope − 0.776, R = − 0.31) ( P = 0.005) or thalamus (slope − 1.933, R = − 0.47) ( P = 0.004) and between the occipital cortex (slope 0.084, R = 0.06) and frontoparietal association cortex ( P = 0.021) or thalamus ( P < 0.001), and, with respect to mean arterial blood pressure, between the cerebral white matter (slope − 0.067, R = − 0.10) and thalamus (slope 0.637, R = 0.31) ( P = 0.044). The cerebral white matter CBF keeps constant during NREM sleep as well as the occipital cortical CBF, and may be specifically regulated by both CO2 vasoreactivity and pressure autoregulation.
Culture and Social Comparison Seeking: The Role of Self-Motives
Authors: White Katherine , Lehman Darrin R.
Published: December 2004

Three studies examined the relation between cultural background and social comparison seeking. Compared to European Canadians, Asian Canadians sought more social comparisons, particularly those that were upward (Study 1), more social comparisons after failure (Study 2), and more social comparisons after failure when the opportunity for self-improvement was made salient (Study 3). Taken together, these data spotlight Asian Canadians’ interest in social comparisons that allow for self-improvement.
Task-Set Inertia, Attitude Accessibility, and Compatibility-Order Effects: New Evidence for a Task-Set Switching Account of the Implicit Association Test Effect
Authors: Klauer Karl Christoph , Mierke Jan
Published: December 2004

Based on a task-set switching account of the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the authors predict a specific pattern of aftereffects as a consequence of working through IAT blocks. In Study 1, performance in an evaluative decision task, but not in a color-naming task, was decreased after working through the incompatible rather than compatible block of a flower-insect IAT. In Study 2, response latencies in an evaluative rating task, but not in a color-rating task, were analogously affected, whereas the ratings themselves were not a function of the compatibility of prior IAT blocks. The aftereffects demonstrate reactivity of the IAT; they bear on the mechanisms underlying the IAT and on compatibility-order effects.
Adult Shyness: The Interaction of Temperamental Sensitivity and an Adverse Childhood Environment
Authors: Aron Elaine N. , Aron Arthur , Davies Kristin M.
Published: December 2004

This article examines the relation between adult shyness and sensory-processing sensitivity and posits a new model in which the interaction of sensitivity and adverse childhood environment leads to negative affectivity (with the highly sensitive being more impacted), which in turn leads to shyness. Consistent with this model, two questionnaire studies (N s = 96 and 213) supported three hypotheses: (a) sensory-processing sensitivity interacts with recalled quality of childhood parental environment to predict shyness, (b) sensory-processing sensitivity interacts in the same way with childhood environment to predict negative affectivity, and (c) the interaction effect on negative affectivity mediates the effect on shyness. Hypothesis 2 was tested and supported in an additional questionnaire study (N = 393) and also in an experiment (N = 160) that manipulated negative contemporaneous experience as an analog for adverse childhood environment.
Developments in the Assessment and Treatment of Sexual Offenders
Authors: Abracen Jeffrey , Looman Jan
Published: December 2004

This article provides a brief review of a number of key developments within the area of sexual offending over the past two decades. In addition, several directions for future research are discussed. The review presents information concerning several well-validated risk assessment instruments that are available. As well, some of the accumulating evidence concerning the efficacy of contemporary approaches to treatment with sex offenders is mentioned, as are theoretical developments within the field.
Reflections on 20 Years of Research on Violence and Trauma
Authors: Forde David R.
Published: December 2004

This article is part of a special issue reflecting on what people have learned about violence and trauma over the past 20 years and where we need to go in the next 10 years. The author emphasizes the importance of learning to communicate in order to form effective community partnerships. Evidence-based research is noted as a methodological innovation for policy research. Looking to the future, the author suggests that it will be important for crime prevention researchers to not just rely on Internet-based library searches so that they may avoid problems of innumeracy and ahistoricism.
Of Mice and Men
Authors: Janssen Patricia A. , Nicholls Tonia L. , Kumar Ravinesh A. , Stefanakis Harry , Spidel Alicia L. , Simpson Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2004

The past two decades have yielded a recognition that intimate partner violence is ubiquitous. Although violence within relationships is bidirectional, there is acknowledgment that violence directed against women is more persistent and dangerous. Strategies for treatment of men have been largely unsuccessful, and studies of womencentered approaches to prevention are in their infancy. An emerging concept in the brain-behavior field is the recognition of genetics as a powerful influence on aggressive and violent behaviors. Mouse models of human health and disease have facilitated our understanding of the role of genetics in the manifestation of these traits. There is a need to push the boundaries of research on intimate partner violence by adopting biosocial approaches to understand its causes.
Children’s Exposure to Violence
Authors: Margolin Gayla
Published: December 2004

Identifying mechanisms that explain the children’s differential vulnerability to violence exposure is an important research focus. Developmentally sensitive theories and methods are recommended to better understand children’s risk and resilience to violence exposure. Examples are provided of promising research that links violence exposure to subtle deviations in children’s emotional, cognitive, and physiological functioning, and to disruptions in the family environment.
Understanding Rape and Sexual Assault
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Wasco Sharon M.
Published: December 2004

During the past 20 years, researchers have documented the widespread problem of rape in American society. Approximately one in four women are raped in their adult lifetime, which causes severe psychological distress and long-term physical health problems. The impact of sexual assault extends far beyond rape survivors as their family, friends, and significant others are also negatively affected. Moreover, those who help rape victims, such as rape victim advocates, therapists, as well as sexual assault researchers, can experience vicarious trauma. Future research and advocacy should focus on improving the community response to rape and the prevention of sexual assault.
Inhibition of pathogenic SHIV replication in macaques treated with antisense DNA of interleukin-4
Authors: Dhillon Navneet Kaur , Sui Yongjun , Potula Raghava , Dhillon Sukhbir , Adany Istvan , Li Zhuang , Villinger Francois , Pinson David , Narayan Opendra , Buch Shilpa
Published: December 2004

Interleukin-4 is implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-induced AIDS and causes enhancement of replication of virus strains that use the CXCR4 (X4) coreceptor. In this study, we explored the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) antisense (AS) DNA on replication of X4, simian human immunodeficiency viruses, SHIVKU-2 and SHIV89.6P. AS IL-4 oligomer caused inhibition of virus replication in cultures of CD4+ T cells and macrophages derived from macaques. Plasmid expressing AS IL-4 DNA was also effective in abrogating virus replication in macrophage cultures. Relevance of these cell culture studies was confirmed in vivo by treating SHIV89.6P-infected macaques with AS IL-4 DNA. Six macaques were inoculated with the virus, and 4 were treated with AS IL-4 DNA. This resulted in a significant decrease in viral RNA concentrations in the liver, lungs, and spleen tissues that are all sites of virus replication in macrophages. This is the first demonstration of effective inhibition of an HIV-like virus in tissues by AS DNA of a cytokine. In the present era of increasing resistance of HIV to antiviral compounds, exploration of adjunct therapies directed at host responses in combination with antiretroviral drugs may be of value for the treatment of AIDS.
CD38 is expressed selectively during the activation of a subset of mature T cells with reduced proliferation but improved potential to produce cytokines
Authors: Sandoval-Montes Claudia , Santos-Argumedo Leopoldo
Published: December 2004

CD38 is an ∼45-kDa type II transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Its surface expression is under complex control and varies during lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation, suggesting an important role in these processes. Murine CD38 has been mainly characterized on B lymphocytes, and in humans, the molecule has been studied in T cells. This paper provides evidences that murine CD38 is regulated tightly during T cell activation and differentiation. On the periphery, a subset of mature T lymphocytes was identified by the expression of CD38. These cells showed an activated phenotype; they were larger and more granular than their negative counterparts. In accord with this observation, in vitro-activated T cells up-regulated CD38. Memory T lymphocytes also were CD38-positive. It is interesting that T cells expressing high levels of CD38 had a reduced, proliferative capacity but displayed an improved potential to produce interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, suggesting a role of this molecule during T cell activation and differentiation.
Defensin deficiency, intestinal microbes, and the clinical phenotypes of Crohn's disease
Authors: Wehkamp Jan , Schmid Michael , Fellermann Klaus , Stange Eduard F
Published: December 2004

Crohn's disease is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the intestinal mucosa. Although intestinal bacteria are implicated in disease pathogenesis, the etiology is still unclear. The main location of disease is the small intestine (ileum) and the colon. Ileal disease has been linked to a mutation in the NOD2 gene. Defensins are antimicrobial peptides and in the ileum, are mainly expressed in Paneth cells, epithelial cells that also express NOD2. In the colon, defensins are expressed by enterocytes or metaplastic Paneth cells. Crohn's disease patients with ileal involvement, compared with controls or Crohn's patients without ileal involvement, have diminished expression of ileal Paneth cell defensins. This decrease is even more pronounced in Crohn's patients displaying a NOD2 mutation. In contrast, Crohn's disease of the colon is characterized by an impaired induction of β-defensins in enterocytes. The colonic expression of the constitutive β-defensin 1 is also decreased in the inflamed colonic mucosa, but this decrease is less specific to Crohn's disease, as it can also be found in ulcerative colitis patients. In conclusion, the regional localizations of Crohn's disease, ileal or colonic disease, can be linked to different defensin profiles. Crohn's disease of the ileum is associated with diminished defensin expression in Paneth cells. Crohn's disease of the colon is associated with diminished β-defensin expression in enterocytes. Thus, it can be speculated that decreased defensin levels lead to a weakened intestinal barrier function to intestinal microbes and might be crucial in the pathophysiology of Crohn's disease.
[18O]‐Studien zur Carboxylbeteiligung bei der sauren Hydrolyse von γ‐substituierten Carbonsäuren. 1. Mitteilung: Zum Sauerstoffaustausch von γ‐Lactonen in saurer Lösung
Authors: Moll H.
Published: December 2004

Specifically [18O]‐labelled γ‐valerolactone and 4‐methyl‐γ‐valerolactone were submitted to tracer equilibration in dilute mineral acid at reflux temperature. Though under these conditions the two lactones are known to be hydrolyzed to the extent of about 25% to the corresponding γ‐hydroxy acids only the «tertiary» 4‐methyl derivative lost its alkoxyl label whereas the unsubstituted «secondary» one retained it. – This may be understood on the base of two alternative mecanisms possible for lactone reformation.

The results permit a quantitative evaluation of the amount of carboxyl‐participation during acid hydrolysis of 4‐substituted carboxylic acids to 4‐monoalkylated γ‐butyrolactones.
Die Deprotonierung von Metall‐Aquoionen I.: Be · aq2+ Solvatations‐Isomerie
Authors: Schwarzenbach G. , Wenger H.
Published: December 2004

The reaction of Be · aq2+ with OH− leeds not only to loss of protons by the metalaquo ion but also to structural changes in the solvation sphere. These can be studied by following the pH variations during the first decisecond after mixing the solutions of metal salt and alkali hydroxide. The equilibrium Be2+ ⇌ BeOH+ is reached within 5 milliseconds if acid free Beryllium solutions are used. If the metal solution is strongly acidic, however, the establishment of the equilibrium needs more time because of the slowness of the process H+ + BeOH+ → Be2+ (k ∼ 105 M−1, s−1). The extraction of two protons produces in the first instance an unstable Be(OH) species which transforms into the stable isomer Be(OH)2 (solvatation isomerism) in a first‐order reaction of half‐life of 7 ms. This isomerisation causes almost complete disappearance of BeOH+ from the equilibrium Be2+ ⇌ BeOH+ ⇌ Be(OH)2. (KAKIHANA & SILLEN state that the relaxed solutions contain only Be2+, Be(OH)2, Be3(OH) and some Be2OH3+.) The formation of the polynuclear species Be3(OH) needs about 30 seconds to go to completion.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen XXXVI. Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Bis‐(dialkoxyphosphonyl‐methyl)‐, Bis‐(alkoxyphosphinyl‐methyl)‐und Bis‐(oxophosphoranyl‐methyl)‐phosphinsäureestern sowie der entsprechenden Säuren [1]
Authors: Maier Ludwig
Published: December 2004

High yields of bis‐(dialkoxyphosphonyl‐methyl)‐ phosphinic esters, (RO)2 (O)‐PCH2P(O)OR, bis‐(aloxyphosphinyl‐methyl)‐phosphinic esters, [R(RO)(O)PCH2]2P(O)OR, are obtained by heating bis‐chloromethyl‐phosphinic esters, (CICH2)2P(O)OR, with alkylphoshites, phosphonites and phosphinites, repectively, at 170 to 180°C for several hours. Hydrolysis of these esters in achieved by refluxing with conc. HCl for extended periods.

Bis‐(dihydroxyphosphonyl‐methyl)‐phosphinic acid, HO(O)P[CH2P(O) (OH)2]2, obtained by hydrolysis of the all‐ethyl ester, titrates in aqueous solution as a tetrabasic acid with breaks at pH = 5,2 (three equivalents) and at pH = 8,8 (one equivalent). The fifth proton can be titrated only after addition of NaCl. This acid is an excellent chelating agent for metal ions.

The 1H‐ and 31P‐NMR. spectra of all the compounds prepared are discussed.
Organische Phosphorverbindungen XXXVII. Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Bis‐(dialkoxyphosphonyl‐methyl)‐, Bis‐(alkoxyphosphinyl‐methyl)‐und Bis‐(oxophosphoranyl‐methyl)‐phosphinsäureestern sowie der entsprechenden Säuren [1]
Authors: Maier Ludwig
Published: December 2004

Bis‐chloromethyl‐alkyl‐and ‐ aryl‐phosphine oxides, (CICH2)2P(O)R, which are obtained by reaction of (CICH2)2P(O)Cl with GRIGNARD reagents, undergo a MICHAELIS‐ARBUSOV reaction when heated for several hours with trivalent phosphorus esters (phosphites, phosphonites, or phosphinites) at 170–180°C. The reaction affords bis‐(dialkyloxyphosphonyl‐methyl)‐, bis (alkyloxyphosphinyl‐methyl)‐, and bis‐(oxophosphoranyl‐methyl)‐, ‐alkyl‐ or ‐aryl‐phosphine oxides, R(O)P[CH2P(O)R′R″]2 R = CH3, C2H5, n‐C8H17, n‐C12H25, C6H5; R′ and R″ = C2H5O, C4H9O, C6H5, CH3 in good yields.

Conversion of the compounds containing alkyloxy groups to the free acids is achieved by refluxing with conc. HCl. Bis‐(dihydroxyphosphonyl‐methyl)‐dodecylphosphine oxide, n‐C12H25(O)P[CH2P(O) (OH)2]2, obtained by hydrolysis of the all‐ethyl ester, titrates in aqueous solution as a tetrabasic acid with breaks at pH = 4 (two equivalents), pH = 6,9 (one equivalent) and pH = 9,6 (one equivalent). This acid, its disodium salt (m. p. 405–410°) and its tetrasodium salt (m.p. > 460°) are surface active and are excellent chelating agents.

The 1H‐ and 31P‐NMR. spectra of all the compounds prepared are discussed.
Welkstoffe und Antibiotika. 38. Mitteilung [1]
Authors: Hardegger E. , Rostetter Ch. , Seres J. , Andreatta R.
Published: December 2004

Die Synthese von Anhydro‐lycomarasminsäure (VII) führte zur endgültigen Bestätigung der früher für Lycomarasmin analytisch abgeleiteten Konstitution. Die Ermittlung der absoluten Konfiguration im Diaminopropionsäureteil am C‐5 (vgl. Formel VII) des Lycomarasmins scheiterte an der Herstellung der bereits bekannten S‐(−)‐Piperaz‐2‐on‐5‐carbonsäure, bzw. ihres Antipoden, an deren Stelle das Diketopiperazon XVI, die Aminosäure XV und als Nebenprodukt der α,β‐Diacetamido‐acrylsäure‐methylester (X, bzw. XII, bzw. XIII) erhalten wurden.
Synthese von (±)‐Dictyopteren A
Authors: Ohloff G. , Pickenhagen W.
Published: December 2004

Es wird ein Weg zur Synthese des (±)‐Dictyopterens A (6), sowie seiner Stereoisomeren 7 und 9 angegeben. Der thermische Übergang der Dictyopterene 6–9 in das gemeinsame valenzisomere 6‐n‐Butyl‐cyclohepta‐1,4‐dien (10) wird beschrieben.
Kinetische Untersuchungen über Substitutionsreaktionen an Metallkomplexen. 9. Mitteilung [1]. Kinetik und Mechanismus der Reaktion von Hexamethylborazolchrom‐tricarbonyl mit tertiären Phosphinen und Phosphiten [2]
Authors: Deckelmann E. , Werner H.
Published: December 2004

Hexamethylborazolechromium tricarbonyl B3N3(CH3)6 Cr(CO)3 reacts with tertiary phosphines and phosphites under surprisingly mild conditions by cleavage of the ring‐to‐metal bond. For L = trialkylphosphines and trialkyl‐ or triaryl‐phosphites, compounds of the general composition cis‐Cr(CO)3L3 are formed, whereas for L = triphenyl‐ and tricyclohexyl‐phosphine the complexes trans‐Cr(CO)4L2 are obtained.

The kinetics of the reaction of B3N3(CH3)6 Cr(CO)3 with phosphites P(OR)3 (R = CH3, C2H5, C6H5) have been studied by means of spectrophotometric methods. The second‐order rate law indicates a primary, rate‐determining attack of the phosphite to either the metal atom or the ring ligand of the borazole complex. This attack is favoured by an extremely low activation energy. The mechanism of the substitution process is discussed in detail, and the reactivity of the hexamethylborazole compound is compared with that of other half‐sandwich type complexes.
Synthèses dans la série des constituants odorants caractéristiques de l'essence absolue de cassie (Acacia farnesiana WILLD.): Les acides méthyl‐3‐décène‐3‐oïques cis et trans, méthyl‐3‐décène‐4‐oïques cis et trans, et les quatre méthyl‐3‐décénols‐1 correspondants
Authors: Demole Edouard , Enggist Paul
Published: December 2004

Three new fragrant compounds formerly isolated from the absolute oil of cassie (Acacia farnesiana WILLD.) have been synthesized through stereospecific reactions, and their respective structures thus confirmed. These unusual C11 constituents are cis‐3‐methyl‐dec‐3‐enoic acid (Ia), trans‐3‐methyl‐dec‐4‐enoic acid (IIa) and cis‐3‐methyl‐dec‐3‐en‐1‐ol (Ib). The related ‘non natural’ stereomers, namely, trans‐3‐methyl‐dec‐3‐enoic acid (X) and cis‐3‐methyl‐dec‐4‐enoic acid (XIX), have also been synthesized, as well as the 3‐methyl‐decen‐1‐ols IIb, XVII and XX.
Photochemische Reaktionen. 51. Mitteilung [1]. Zur Photochemie von gesättigten β‐Ketosulfiden III. Strukturaufklärung eines weiteren Photoproduktes Zusammenfassende Beurteilung des photochemischen Reaktionsbildes
Authors: Ganter C. , Moser J.‐F.
Published: December 2004

Ultraviolet irradiation of the saturated β‐ketosulfide 2 [(charge‐transfer)‐ or (n → π*)‐excitation] in methanol or benzene solutions resulted in the formation of the products 4, 5a, 6 (due to α‐cleavage) and 7 [due to (Cα–S)‐fission].

Compounds 4, 6 and 7 have been described earlier [1] [2]. The structure elucidation of 5a is reported in this paper.

The photochemistry of the β‐ketosulfide 2 is summarized.
Photochemische Reaktionen. 53. Mitteilung [1]. Photochemische Addition von Alkylaromaten an Aryl‐Carbonylverbindungen
Authors: Belluš D. , Schaffner K.
Published: December 2004

In the preceding paper [1] a novel primary photochemical process of triplet excited α,β‐conjugated cycloalkenones in toluene solution has been reported: the abstraction of a benzylic hydrogen from the solvent by the β‐carbon (cf. 1 → 2 + 3 + 4). The reaction has been attributed to the π,π* triplet.

Aromatic aldehydes and ketones (5–11a), the triplet state reactivity of which is known to be mostly π,π* in nature, have now been examined under the same irradiation conditions. However, a reaction similar to that of cycloalkenones — expected to result in the addition of hydrogen to the ortho and para positions of the aryl moiety and the formation of benzylcyclohexa‐1,3‐and 1,4‐diene derivatives — could not been found. Compounds 5–10 remained essentially unchanged. 4‐Methoxyacetophenone (11a) reacted slowly to form the same type of products [tert‐carbinol 12a, pinacol 13a and dibenzyl (4)] as the aromatic carbonyl compounds 11b‐d, benzophenone and cyclopropylphenylketone, which exhibit typical n,π* triplet reactivity (hydrogen abstraction by the carbonyl oxygen).
CLAISEN'sche Umlagerungen bei Allyl‐ und Benzylalkoholen mit 1‐Dimethylamino‐1‐methoxy‐äthen
Authors: Felix Dorothee , Gschwend‐Steen Katharina , Wick A. E. , Eschenmoser A.
Published: December 2004

Of experiments on the CLAISEN rearrangement of allylic‐ and benzylic‐alcohols with 1‐dimethylamino‐1‐methoxy‐ethylene, communicated earlier in preliminary form, we still owe the description of the experimental details. Here they are.
Thyrocalcitonin V.. Synthese und Charakterisierung des geschützten Aufbaufragments α‐Thyrocalcitonin‐(1–9)‐nonapeptid
Authors: Kamber B. , Rittel W.
Published: December 2004

In the recently [1] [4] described synthesis of the hypocalcaemic hormone α‐thyrocalcitonin (I) isolated from porcine thyroid glands, the protected nonapeptide sequence 1–9, represented an important intermediate. The present report describes in detail the synthesis of III in which the disulfide ring present in I is already formed. Fragment coupling of the sequences 1–4 and 5–9 led to the protected open chain intermediate Boc‐Cys(Trt)‐Ser(But)‐Asn‐Leu‐Ser(But)‐Thr(But)‐Cys(Trt)‐Val‐Leu‐OH which was obtained in cristalline form. After removal of the protecting S‐trityl groups by mercury acetate as described by ZERVAS, et al. [5], ring closure leading to III was effected by means of diiodoethane according to WEYGAND & ZUMACH [6]. Purification of III was achieved by counter current distribution. Removal of protecting groups by trifluoroacetic acid gave the free α‐thyrocalcitonin‐(1–9)‐nonapeptide IV, which was devoid of biological activity.