bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haematology and Blood Chemistry of the Free-Living Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw) (Monotremata: Ornithorhynchidae)
Authors: Whittington RJ , Grant TR
Published: June 2005

Blood was collected under ether anaesthesia from a bill sinus in 45 platypuses, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, caught in southeastern New South Wales. Sexual dimorphisms in haematological and blood chemical values were not found, but there were age-related changes. Juvenile animals had greater erythrocyte counts, lower mean corpuscular volumes, higher potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and albumin, but lower sodium, bicarbonate, urea and protein levels than adults. Reasons for these differences are discussed.
Compared to other mammals, the platypus had high haematocrit, erythrocyte count and haemoglobin levels, together with low mean corpuscular volume and high mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, which may indicate adaptation to hypoxia. Reticulocytes were not observed. All animals had a small parasite in fewer than 1% of their red cells. Total leukocyte counts were also higher than in other mammals, the mean for adults being 42.84 X 10*9.l-�. The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes was approximately 0 5. Metamyelocyte neutrophils were present in low numbers in 14 healthy platypuses. Levels of serum potassium and creatinine were lower, while those of urea, alkaline phosphatase, aspartateaminotransferase and alanineaminotransferase were higher than those usually reported for healthy mammals.
Renal Function in Australian Native Rodents
Authors: Hewitt S , Baudinette RV , Wheldrake J.F.
Published: June 2005

Glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma and blood flow rates, and urea clearance have been measured in five species of native Australian rodents (family Muridae) and the laboratory mouse. The effect of solute loading on two of these species, Notomys alexis and N. mitchellii, has also been investigated. When expressed in mass-independent terms, neither glomemlar filtration rate nor renal blood flow show differences which could be related to preferred habitat. Measurements for the clearance of urea were also similar in all species except Notomys alexis and N. mitchellii, the ratio of this parameter to glomerular filtration rate was lowest in N. alexis, P. australis and M. musculus. Solute loadings of dehydrated N. alexis and N. mitchellii with urea and sodium chloride suggested that the former species may recycle urea to aid in the production of concentrated urine, whereas N. mitchellii may use sodium chloride for this purpose.
The Microvascular Organization of the Gas exchange Organs of the Australian Lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft)
Authors: Gannon BJ , Randall DJ , Browing J , Lester RJG , Rogers LJ
Published: June 2005

The general organization of the gill microvasculature of Neoceratodus is similar to that reported for elasmobranchs. A corpus cavernosum is situated between the afferent filamental artery and afferent lamellar arterioles. The microvascular network of the lamellar blood sheet consists of a series of major channels, curving in concentric arcs from afferent to efferent lamellar arterioles, with minor radial cross-connections between these major channels; the basal lamellar channels are not buried in the filament. The afferent filamental arteries also supply blood to the interbranchial septum, which extends almost to the filament tip. The water-blood barrier of 3-4 �m consists of up to three cells: the surface epithelial cell, the pillar cell flange. plus a frequently interposed interstitial cell; there is a prominent basal lamina immediately external to the pillar cell flange. Adjacent gill secondary lamellae are commonly fused at their free margins near the leading edge into groups of from two to five. The micro-organization of the pseudobranch is in general similar to that of the posterior holobranchs.
The lung is divided into a series of air sacs by stout septae which contain large amounts of smooth muscle. The respiratory epithelium is of two types: a squamous epithelium underlain by a dense capillary sheet, and isolated patches of a columnar muco-ciliary epithelium associated with only few capillaries. The air-blood barrier (approximately 3 �m thick) consists of a squamous epithelial cell process and attenuated vesiculated endothelial cell cytoplasm, with two basal laminae and intervening interstitial space situated between these.
The Function of the Katydid Spermatophore and its Role in Fecundity and Insemination (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Gwynne DT , Bowen BJ , Codd CG
Published: June 2005

The spermatophore of Requena verticalis Walker (Orthoptera:Tettigoniidae) consists of two parts, the sperm ampulla and the spermatophylax. The spermatophylax contains no sperm; the female eats it after mating, then removes and eats the empty sperm ampulla. Experiments were conducted to determine if female consumption of the spermatophylax prevents premature removal of the sperm ampulla, or enhances female fecundity, or both of these. Females with the spermatophylax experimentally removed ate the sperm ampulla before insemination. When mated females were given additional spermatophylax, the time until the ampulla was removed was increased relative to that in unmanipulated matings. Although females in unmanipulated matings took about 5 h to eat the spermatophylax, almost all ofthe ejaculate had left the ampulla by 3 h after mating. Inseminated females receiving no, one or two spermatophylaxes did not differ in the number of eggs produced after mating or in the weights of these eggs. Evidence is reviewed that indicates that the spermatophylax provides a nutritional as well as a protective role.
The Katydid Spermatophore (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): Male Nutritional Investment and its Fate in the Mated Female
Authors: Bowen BJ , Codd CG , Gwynne DT
Published: June 2005

In the katydid Requena verticalis Walker. radioactively labelled protein hydrolysate fed to males is incorporated into various parts of the body, but is more concentrated in the reproductive accessory glands that produce the large spermatophore. The spermatophore consists of two parts, only one of which contains sperm. Both parts are eaten by the female after mating. Females mated to these males had high concentrations of label in their spermathecae; this was most probably derived from label in the storedejaculate. Label in other parts of the body is acquired mainly from nutrients in the spermatophore eaten by the female. Ovaries and immature eggs of females at 3 days post-mating had higher concentrations of male-donated proteins than had somatic tissues, but females at 9-13 days post-mating did not show this difference. However, the older females had developed mature ovarian (and thus unfertil- ized) eggs which did have higher concentrations of label.
Cells in the Parenchyma of Temnocephala I. A Large Secretory Cell, with a 'Honeycomb' Nucleus Surrounded by Juxtanuclear Desmosomes: a New Cell Type in Temnocephala novaezealandiae.
Authors: Williams JB
Published: June 2005

In the posterior parenchyma of T. noraezeaiandiae large cells occur which are extensively compartmentalized by intrusive, branching cell processes. The processes protrude into the cell body as far as the perinuclear zone. where they terminate at cup-shaped desmosomes. The desmosomes alternate with mitochondria in a regular arrangement around the nucleus. The perinuclear mitochondria often have an indented form. The nucleus is bordered by a honeycomb layer. in the channels of which are observed many. evidently migratory. perichromatin granules. Dense secretion bodies, synthesized in golgi systems of the large cells, coalesce to form aggregates. The exceptional cytomorphology seems to be an extreme specialization to facilitate intercellular communication.
The Effects of Immersion in Water on Survival to Eclosion of the Embryos of the Buffalo Fly, Haematobia Irritans Exigua De Meijere (Diptera: Muscidae).
Authors: Cook IM , Spain AV , Sinclair DF
Published: June 2005

Within 15 min of oviposition, eggs of the buffalo fly were immersed in water for various periods at constant temperatures of 20,25,30 or 35�C. Mortality among the embryos increased sharply with the duration of immersion. At all temperatures except 25�C, survival levels were predicted to be low when immersion times approached the normal developmental periods.
Hydroptila Dalman and Orthotrichia Eaton (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from the islands of New Guinea and New Britain, with Observations on Relationships.
Authors: Wells A
Published: June 2005

Nine new species of Hydroptila and fourteen of Orthotrichia are described from the islands of New Guinea and New Britain. and new records are given from this region for three previously known species, Hydroptila bispina Kimmins (New Guinea), H. triloba Kimmins (Guadalcanal I.) and H. incertula Mosely (north-eastern Australia). Keys to adult males of all New Guinea species in the two genera are provided and relationships of species are discussed.
Systematics and Biogeography of the Mygalomorph Spider Family Migidae (Araneae) in Australia
Authors: Raven RJ
Published: June 2005

The two Australian migid genera, Migas and Heteromigas. are diagnosed and new species of each, M variapalpus and H terraereginae, are described from southern Queensland The genus Homogona. previously included in the Migidae, is transferred to the Ctenizidae, Heteromigas bonneti Zapfe is tentatively transferred to Actinopus (Actinopodidae) Unnamed Migas species are recorded from Mt Bellenden Ker in north Queensland. coastal areas of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, and Norfolk I
A Revision of the Genus Austrogorytes Bohart (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: Bohart RM
Published: June 2005

Austrogorytes Bohart is an endemic Australian genus in the tribe Gorytini, with 31 known species of which the following are described as new: cardaleae, carinatus, evansi, exleyae, fimbriatus, grahami, houstoni, humphreysi, interruptus, meesi, musgravei, naumanni, norrisi, occidentalis, permaculatus, rieki, rufidulus, tindalei and turneri.
Camaenid Land Sanil Reproductive Cycle and Growth Patterns in Semiarid Areas of North Western Australia
Authors: Solem A , Christensen CC
Published: June 2005

Dissections of camaenid land snails collected in the Kimberley Region of north-western Australia between 1975 and 1980 reveal a general pattern of sexual maturation. Snails reach half adult shell size in the wet season of their birth, reach adult shell size and become mature males at the end of their second wet season, and function as males at the beginning of their third wet season; the female genitalia mature near the end of this season; and snails function as both males and females in their fourth and subsequent wet seasons. A life span of >8 years is demonstrated. Seasonal genital variation in adults involves: (1) gross size reduction of the apical genitalia during the mid-wet season, which provides maximum space for food storage, thereby allowing survival during aestivation over the long dry season; (2) becoming male active at or shortly before the normal start ofthe wet season at that particular locality; (3) activation of the female system after the first rains of the wet season. Adult shell size is hypothesized to depend upon moisture conditions near the end ofthe snail's second wet season: any early interruption of moisture supply causes growth to stop at a lower whorl count and produces smaller adults; favourable moisture conditions allow extended growth time, with cessation occurring at a higher whorl count, and producing a larger sized adult.
Courtship and Mating Behaviour in the Fruit Fly Dioxyna Sororcula (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae).
Authors: Grewal JS , Kapoor VC
Published: June 2005

The courtship and mating behaviour of Dioxyna sororcula (Wied.) were studied by field observations on the host Callendula officinalis Linn. (Asteraceae). Courtship and mating occurred mainly on the disc of the flower head. The possible use of pheromone by either sex was ruled out because potential mates could not recognize each other beyond a distance of 1.5 cm.
A Revision of the Gall-Forming Coccoid Genus Cylindrococcus Maskell (Homoptera: Eriococcidae)
Authors: Gullan PJ
Published: June 2005

The Australian gall-forming eriococcid genus Cylindrococcus Maskell is redescribed. Two species, C. casuarinae Maskell and C. spiniferus Maskell, are recognized and the adult females and their galls are redescribed and illustrated. C. amplior Maskell is synonymized with C. casuarinae, and C. gracilis Fuller is synonymized with C. spiniferus.
A Revision of the Australian Stonefly Genus Austrocercella Illies (Insecta: Plecoptera: Notonemouridae)
Authors: Theischinger G
Published: June 2005

Austrocercella Illies is briefly redescribed and its species are reviewed. Ten new species and two new subspecies are described: Austrocercella alpina, sp. nov.; A. autumnalis, sp. nov.; A. communis, sp. nov.; A. communis obtusa, subsp. nov.; A. distans, sp. nov.; A. elevata, sp. nov.; A. forcipula, sp. nov.; A. illiesi, sp. nov.; A. illiesi tarraensis, subsp. nov.; A. nivalis, sp. nov.; A. verna, sp. nov.; A. weiri, sp. nov. Diagnoses and illustrations are also given for all previously known species. A key to the adults of all the now recognized species of Austrocercella is presented.
A Revision of the Australian Genus Telephlebia Selys (Odonata: Aeshnidae: Brachytroninae)
Authors: Theischinger G
Published: June 2005

Telephlebia Selys is briefly redefined, and its species are reviewed. A subdivision of the genus into two species-groups is proposed. A new species, Telephlebia undia, sp. nov., and the as yet undescribed female of Telephlebia tryoni Tillyard are described. It is established that Telephlebia mjobergi Sjostedt is a junior synonym of Telephlebia tillvardi Campion. A lectotype for Telephlebia godefroji Selys is designated. Descriptive history and illustrations of all known species and an identification key are presented.
New Records and Species of Pateena Hill (Heteroptera: Schizopteridae)
Authors: Hill L
Published: June 2005

Pateena elimata Hill and P, polymitarior Hill are recorded from mainland Australia, and P. elimatula, sp. nov., and P.curta, sp. nov. are described from south-east Australia. The generic definition is revised and a key given to the four species. The relationships of paleena to Duonota Hill and Macromannus Hill are discussed, as well as the conservation status and possible fire-refuge indicator value of Pateena species.
Revision of Australian Holoptilinae (Reduviidae: Heteroptera)
Authors: Malipatil MB
Published: June 2005

The following new species are described: Ptilocnemus darwinensis. sp, nov.; P. distinctus, sp, nov.; P. kakaduensis. sp. nov.; P. borealis, sp. nov. The following synonymies are made: Ptilocnemus plumifer Horvath, 1902 with P. lemur (Westwood. 1840); Ptilocnemus velutinus Miller, 1950, P. occidentalis Miller. 1950. P. glis Miller, 1950, P. tasmaniae Miller, 1950, P. funereus Miller, 1950, and P. opacus Miller, 1950 with P. sidnicus Mayr. 1865: Ptilocnemus vittatus Miller, 1957 with P. pallidus Miller, 1950; Platycnemocoris Miller. 1950 with Smiliopus Bergroth, 1909; Smiliopus compressipes Bergroth, 1909 and Platycnemocoris musculus Miller, 1950 with Ptilocnemus quadrinotatus Reuter, 1883, which is transferred to Smiliopus. Keys to the genera of Australian Holoptilinae and the species of the Australian endemic genus Ptilocnemus are provided. Lectotypes have been designated for Ptilocnemus lemur (Westwood) and P sidnicus Mayr.
Some Factors Affecting the Distribution of Euploea Core Corinna (W.s. Macleay) (Lepidoptera: Danainae).
Authors: Scheermeyer E
Published: June 2005

The temperature requirements and availability of host-plants of Euploea core corinna [E. core] (a polyphagous species that attacks Nerium oleander, Hoya sp. and Stephanotis sp. grown as ornamentals in suburban gardens) were studied in Australia. Low temperatures could restrict the distribution of the danaine in southern Australia, and high temperatures exclude it from much of inland Australia. Non-availability of host-plants could also restrict distribution in some places; some introduced host-plants may serve to enlarge the distribution and local breeding activity of E. core.
Relative Growth in Austrlian Agamid Lizards: Adaptation and Evolution
Authors: Witten GJ
Published: June 2005

Limb, tail and head measurements of 36 species in 11 genera of Australian agamid lizards were analysed
to study relative growth, Strong allometric growth was recorded for many species. Allometric change
tends to be less rapid in larger species. Juvenile proportions are usually similar in closely related species
and may be useful as phylogenetic indicators. Morphometric data appear to be useful taxonomically at
the generic level, and data from this paper could be used to support the erection of some new
genera.
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Status of Living and Fossil Kangaroos and Wallabies of the Genus Macropus Shaw (Macropodidae: Marsupialia), with a New Subgeneric Name for the Larger Wallabies
Authors: Dawson L , Flannery T
Published: June 2005

Historical concepts of the generic status of the macropodines commonly known as kangaroos and wallabies are reviewed in this paper. A new diagnosis is provided for the genus Macropus, encompassing both living and fossil forms, and using cladistic principles to assess the phylogenetic value of diagnostic characters where possible. Cytological, biochemical and anatomical characters are used.
Fourteen living and 11 extinct species of Macropus are recognized. Of these, 20 species have been classified into three subgenera, M.(Macropus), M.(Osphranter) and a new subgenus, M.(Notamacropus), as follows: M.(M.) giganteus, M.(M.) fuliginosus, M.(M.) mundjabus, M.(M.) pan, M.(M.) pearsoni and M.(M.) ferragus; M.(O.) antilopinus, M.(O.) bernardus, M.(O.) robustus, M.(O.) rufus and M.(O.) pavana; ,M.(N.) rufogriseus, M.(N.) eugenii, M.(N.) parryi, M.(N.) dorsalis, M.(N.) irma, M.(N.) agilis, M.(N.) greyi, M.(N.) parma, M.(N.) wombeyensis and M.(N) thor. Four poorly known extinct species, M. dryas, M. rama, M. woodsi and M. narada, have not yet been allocated to a subgenus. Prionotemnus palankarinnicus Stirton, 1957 is shown to belong outside Macropus. Because it is the type-species of Prionotemnus, that name is not available for a subgenus of Macropus. A current synonymy is presented for fossil species and the known stratigraphic range is given for each species. A phylogeny is presented expressing our view that M. (,Votamacropus) is the most plesiomorphic subgenus and M. (Macropus) is the most derived.
Field Metabolic Rate, Water Flux, Food Consumption and Time Budget of Koalas, Phascolarctos Cinereus (Marsupialia: Phascolarctidae) in Victoria.
Authors: Nagy KA , Martin RW
Published: June 2005

Doubly labelled water measurements in free-ranging adult koalas (9.2 kg) indicated that field metabolic rates averaged 0.434 ml CO2 g-�h-� (equivalent to 2090 kJ per animal per day, or 2.59 X basal metabolic rate). Females (7.8 kg) had significantly higher mass-specific metabolic rates than males (10.8 kg). Percentage apparent assimilation of dietary substances was 56% for dry matter, 52% for energy, 32% for nitrogen, and 66% for water. Feeding rates were about 222 g dry food per animal per day (equivalent to 510 g fresh food per animal per day) in both sexes. However, males had a higher water influx rate (475 ml per animal per day) than females (358 ml per animal per day), suggesting either that males selected more succulent food than females, or that males drank rainwater but females did not. Koalas consumed about twice as much dietary nitrogen as they required for maintenance. They maintained constant body masses, and (presumably) had balanced energy, water and nitrogen budgets during our 20-day study, while eating Eucalyptus ovata foliage. Koalas spent about 4.7 h eating, 4 min travelling, 4.8 h resting while awake and 14.5 h sleeping in a 24-h period. Their activity periods were not obviously restricted to periods of daylight or darkness, but were scattered through the 24 hours.
In comparison with free-living, three-toed sloths Bradypus variegatus (4.08 kg) in central America, koalas had significantly higher mass-corrected field metabolic rates (391 kJ kg-0.75 day-� for koalas v.209 for sloths), water influx rates (69.9 ml kg-0.80 day-� for koalas v. 49.8 for sloths), and feeding rates (42.7 g dry food kg-0.75 day-� for koalas v. 21.2 for sloths). Unlike sloths, koalas did not bask in the morning sunshine, and one telemetered koala had a relatively constant body temperature over 24 h (c. 36�C), compared with daily variations between 30 and 38�C in sloths. Population food consumption (g dry food consumed ha-� day-�) was greater for koalas (681 v. 378 for sloths), and koalas consumed most of the leaf production of their preferred food species, E. ovata, which resulted in extensive defoliation of these trees. Although there is similarity in the ecological roles of koalas and sloths, their physiology and behaviour differ substantially.
Further Studies on Australian Diplurinae: A Review of the Genera of the Teylni ( Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae)
Authors: Main BY
Published: June 2005

The tribe Teylini is diagnosed. It comprises Teyl Main, Namea Raven (newly placed) and two new monotypic genera, Teyloides and Pseudoteyl. The two new genera and their type-species, T. bakeri and P. vancouveri from Mt Lofty, South Australia, and West Cape Howe, Western Australia, respectively, are described. Affinities within the Teylini and relationships to other diplurine genera are discussed. It is suggested that the spur on the first tibia, a significant diagnostic character of Australian male diplurines, has evolved at least three times.
Sexual Maturity in the Female Bandicoot Isoodon-Macrourus (Gould) in Captivity
Authors: Gemmell RT
Published: June 2005

In Queensland the bandicoot breeds throughout the year, but the breeding rate decreases from April to June. In this study, it was found that animals born from April to June gave birth to their first litter at an earlier age than those born in January-March, October-December or July-September: 204.0, 229.7, 244.0 and 286.8 days respectively. Similarly, the mean weights of the mothers of the four groups when giving birth to their first litter increased from 845.0 g to 873.0, 938.2 and 954.1 g respectively. The 11 bandicoots born in July-September formed two groups: five animals gave birth at 193.8 � 7.3 days (range 176-212 days) at a weight of 734.0 � 17.3 g (range 680-780 g) six animals gave birth at 364.3 � 7.7 days (range 352-399 days) at a weight of 1137.5 � 42.2 g (range 1020-1307 g). The latter group appeared to have delayed their sexual maturity during the decreased or non-breeding part of the year. Bandicoots which delay their sexual maturity are heavier when they produce their first litter than the faster developing animals. Therefore it is unlikely that decrease growth and development rates during April-June prevents the onset of sexual maturity. It is probable that the environmental cues which inhibit breeding in the adult female also affect the maturation of juvenile females.
Parameters Affecting the Growth of the Estuarine Crocodile, Crocodylus-Porosus, in Captivity
Authors: Garnett ST , Murray RM
Published: June 2005

The effects of variation in diet, density and handling frequency on the growth, intake and conversion efficiency of immature Crocodylus porosus were tested under experimental conditions. The clutch of origin explained most of the variation in all variables. Only after taking clutch into account could it be concluded that diets of pork and beef were superior to fish. Significant interactions between clutch and density and clutch and handling frequency prevented analysis of these treatments: individuals from some clutches responded positively to stress, those from other clutches responded negatively. It was concluded that these clutch-related factors, whether they be genetic or environmental, must be elucidated before the effects of other treatments on crocodile growth can be determined.
Bomolochids (Copepoda, Bomolochidae) Found on the Australian Bream, Acanthopagrus Spp.
Authors: Byrnes T
Published: June 2005

Three species are described: Bomolochus stocki Roubal, 1981 from Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro),
A. australis (Gunther), A. berda (Forskal) and A, latus (Houttuyn); Pseudoeucanthus spinosus, sp. nov.
from A. latus; Holobomolochus australiensis, sp. nov. from A. australis and A. berda. A proposal is made
to relegate Unicolax chrysophryenus Roubal et al., 1983 to Bomolochus chrysophryenus. The host specificity
and zoogeography of all parasites is discussed.
The Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) of Norfolk-Island
Authors: Bock IR
Published: June 2005

Eleven species of Drosophilidae in four genera (Drosophila, including three cosmopolitan species, Scaptomyza, Mycodrosophila, and Leucophenga) are recorded from Norfolk and Philip Is. Four species (two Drosophila, one Scaptomyza, one Leucophenga) are described as new.
The Control of Pouch Vacation in the Tasmanian Bettong, Bettongia-Gaimardi
Authors: Rose RW
Published: June 2005

In continuously breeding marsupials it is possible for successive young to occupy the pouch simultaneously. Although this rarely occurs in nature, it is most likely in some macropodids. Experiments by others have suggested that it is the pouch young which determines the duration of lactation and pouch occupancy. The female Bettongia gaimardi exhibits a precise sequence of events on the night her young vacates the pouch. Initially, the pouch muscle tightens, preventing re-entry by the large young, this is then followed by birth and/or oestrus. When pouch vacation is not followed by birth and/or oestrus, young have stayed in the pouch significantly longer. Experiments in which furred pouch young are replaced by others of different ages have shown that the replacements remain in the pouch until the night of birth and/or oestrus, regardless of their age. This indicates that in this species physiological events in the mother are at least partly responsible for determining the duration of pouch life.
Larval Competition Between the Introduced Vector of Dengue Fever in Australia, Aedes-Aegypti (L), and a Native Container-Breeding Mosquito, Aedes-Notoscriptus (Skuse) (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Russell RC
Published: June 2005

The introduced vector of dengue, Aedes aegypti, has disappeared from New South Wales at the same time as the indigenous Ae. notoscriptus has increasingly intruded into the domestic environment. Laboratory investigations of larval survival and development rates for both species, alone and in various combinations, at two temperatures under varying conditions of density and food, were conducted to test the hypothesis that the latter species had a competitive advantage. For both species, in intra- and interspecific competition, survival declined markedly, and development rate increased considerably, with increasing density and decreasing food in intra- and interspecific competition. Decrease in food supply had relatively greater effect than increase in larval density, although combining both had the greatest effects. Although the native Ae. notoscriptus had a marginal advantage over the introduced Ae. aegypti at 22�C, the situation was reversed at 28�C. Overall, however, the predominant species in mixed cultures was usually advantaged. The hypothesis was not proved, although the results indicated that Ae. notoscriptus may have a competitive advantage over Ae. aegypti in cooler areas when the former species is predominant.
The Effects of Capillaria-Hepatica (Nematoda) on Natality and Survival to Weaning in Balb/C Mice
Authors: Singleton GR , Spratt DM
Published: June 2005

Pathogenicity of the nematode Capillaria hepatica was assessed in female BALB/c mice in terms of the parasite's effect on natality and on survival of young to weaning. C. hepatica infection in female BALB/c mice maintained under standard laboratory conditions resulted in: a significant delay in production of second litters; a significant reduction in the number of live young born and in the number of live young weaned per female over a 90-day breeding period; a significant reduction in the number of live young weaned per litter; but no marked difference in the number of live young born per litter. Demographic studies and computer simulation models infer that 'mouse plagues' can be suppressed if productivity is maintained below an attainable threshhold. The magnitude of the reduction in 'productivity' caused by C. hepatica, and the slight variation in susceptibility of mouse strains to such infection, support the proposal that strategic use of C. hepatica may prevent formation of 'mouse plagues'. This postulate stems from carefully controlled laboratory studies but now requires confirmation from field studies.
Field and Laboratory Observations on Oviposition by Euploea-Core (Insecta, Lepidoptera)
Authors: Daglish G , Zalucki MP , Gynther I , Rahman H , Scheermeyer E , Arura M
Published: June 2005

Oviposition behaviour of female Euploea core butterflies, a polyphagous species, was examined in the field and the laboratory. In the field females oviposited eggs singly on Nerium oleander and Parsonsia straminea. On N. oleander most eggs were laid on flowers and very young leaves. On P. straminea (none of which were flowering) very young leaves were favoured. In both species most eggs were laid on the undersurface of plant structures. Eggs tended to be located in the upper portions of plants, which reflects the general distribution of young foliage and flowers. This was more pronounced in N. oleander (a bush) than P. straminea (a vine). The distribution of eggs among both species was clumped. Height of N. oleander plants appeared to have no effect on oviposition, and neither did the distribution of plants. N. oleander plants in the shade were favoured above those in exposed positions. Plants of pink-, white- or red-flowered varieties were equally likely to be used. In the laboratory females oviposited on all plants offered from the families Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae and Moraceae, with N. oleander and P. straminea receiving many eggs. Asclepias species were sometimes highly favoured for oviposition, although these species are not suitable for larval development. No evidence was found for the prior presence or absence of eggs on plants influencing subsequent oviposition, nor was any evidence found for a marking pheromone influencing oviposition.
The Comparative Myology of the Gliding Membranes of Acrobates, Petauroides and Petaurus Contrasted With the Cutaneous Myology of Hemibelideus and Pseudocheirus (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae) and With Selected Gliding Rodentia (Sciuridae and Anamoluridae)
Authors: Johnson-Murray JL
Published: June 2005

The comparative myology of the gliding membranes of the marsupial genera Acrobates, Petauroides, Petaurus and Hemibelideus is compared with that of the skin musculature of the non-glider Pseudocheirus. An outline of the system used in the naming of the parts of the cutaneus maximus is included. The gliding membranes are compared, functionally, with those of the rodent Petauristinae; the positions of the muscles within the phalanger membranes account for the gliders' ability to execute changes in camber, thus lift and angle of attack. An accessory cartilage associated with the elbow of Petauroides helps to increase the size of the plagiopatagium; its anatomy is compared with that of a similar cartilage in the rodent genus Anomalurus. A scheme for the evolution of the gliders' dermal musculature from a Pseudocheirus- type ancestor is presented; it is suggested, because of its anatomy and habits, that Hemibelideus be elevated to full generic status.
Water Flux in Malleefowl, Leipoa-Ocellata Gould (Megapodiidae)
Authors: Booth DT
Published: June 2005

Water efflux of captive and free-ranging malleefowl Leiopa ocellata (body mass 2.0 kg) was monitored over a complete annual cycle. Water efflux in captive adult birds remained relatively constant throughout the study period and averaged 26.3 ml. kg-'.d-', which is 30% of the predicted rate based on allometric criteria. Water efflux of free-ranging birds was higher and more variable than in captive birds and averaged 49.0 ml. kg-'.d-', 56% of the predicted rate. The low water efflux rates of malleefowl indicate that this species is well adapted to an arid environment. Multiple regression analysis failed to find a significant relationship between rainfall or mean air temperature and water efflux rate in free-ranging birds. An examination of the literature on avian water flux indicated that rates obtained from studies on captive birds are lower than those obtained from free-ranging birds; it is suggested that allometric analysis should take this factor into account. Two allometric equations are presented, one for captive birds, the other for free-ranging birds.
Logical Synthesis of an Animals Environment - Sponges to Non-Human Primates .5. The Cane Toad, Bufo-Marinus
Authors: Niven BS
Published: June 2005

The environment of the cane toad Bufo marinus is classified according to the defining equations given in the first paper of this series. Envirograms are presented, displaying objects in the environment of adult, tadpole and egg in their correct places. Notes on the envirograms include informal versions of the appropriate defining equations that are used for the classification.
Copepods of the Family Chondracanthidae Parasitic on Australian Marine Fishes
Authors: Ho JS , Dojiri M
Published: June 2005

Three species of chondracanthid copepods are described from Australian marine fishes. They are Acanthochondria diastema Kabata, 1965 from Platycephalus sp.; Lagochondria nana gen. & sp. nov. from Callionymus sp.; and Apodochondria medusae gen. & sp. nov. from Neosebastes pandus. The first and last species were found in the collection of the South Australian Museum and the second species was collected from the Arafura Sea.
Field Metabolic-Rate and Food Requirement of a Small Dasyurid Marsupial, Sminthopsis-Crassicaudata
Authors: Nagy KA , Lee AK , Martin RW , Fleming MR
Published: June 2005

Field metabolic rates (FMRs) and rates of water flux in free-ranging fat-tailed dunnarts, Sminthopsis crassicaudata, were measured during spring (late October) using doubly labelled water. Feeding rates were estimated on the basis of water and energy fluxes. FMRs averaged 68.7 kJ d-' in adults (mean body mass= 16.6 g), and were 29.2 kJ d-' in juveniles (6.1 g). These FMRs are 6.6 times basal metabolic rate (BMR), and are much higher than the hypothetical maxima of four to five times BMR. Other dasyurid marsupials also have high FMR/BMR ratios, but so does a small petaurid marsupial. S. crassicaudata consumed 80-90% of its body mass in arthropods each day. The diet of arthropods apparently provided enough water for the animals to maintain water balance without drinking during this study.
Water, Sodium and Energy Turnover in Free-Living Little Penguins, Eudyptula-Minor
Authors: Green B , Brothers N , Gales R
Published: June 2005

Water influx rates of adult little penguins ranged from 20 ml kg-' day-' in fasting (incubating and
moulting) birds to about 650 ml kg-' day- ' in birds that were foraging at sea over extended periods.
The sodium influx rates of adults ranged from almost zero up to 87 mmol kg-' day-', depending
on the activity patterns of the birds, and were closely correlated with water influxes. The metabolic
rates of adult penguins were 1.7 and 2.8 times standard metabolic rates during fasting and foraging
respectively, and were also closely correlated with water influx rates. The mean food consumption rate
for the maintenance of chicks was about 236 g kg-' day-', equivalent to a maintenance energy intake
of 1460 kJ kg-' day-'.
Partitioning calculations show that sea water ingestion during foraging represented about 10% of
total water influx, but about 40% of total sodium influx. Nasal salt secretions were hyperosmotic to
serum and it was calculated that daily sodium influxes could be totally eliminated via this route within
4 hours.
Electrophoretic Identification of a New Species of Antechinus (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Dickman CR , King DH , Adams M , Baverstock PR
Published: June 2005

Two electrophoretically distinct but morphologically cryptic forms of Antechinus 'stuartii', designated 'northern' and 'southern', occur together at Kioloa on the southern coast of New South Wales. These forms are distinguished by fixed allele differences in three proteins (albumin, glycollate oxidase and mannosephosphate isomerase) and by differences in allele frequencies for transferrin, and are separated by a Nei D of 0.11. The two forms are reproductively isolated in sympatry at Kioloa by asynchrony in the timing of reproduction, and may be considered separate biological species. Northern form populations were identified by screening for albumin and transferrin in seven localities on the central coast of New South Wales north of Kioloa. Southern form populations were identified similarly in 13 localities south of Kioloa and inland along the Great Dividing Range, and at a further locality in southern Victoria. Ovulation occurs at different rates of change of photoperiod in the two species, and may ensure that reproductive isolation is maintained in all potential areas of sympatry. The northern form represents A. stuartii sensu stricto and ranges from Kioloa north into south-eastern Queensland. The southern form is an undescribed species of Antechinus that appears to be widely distributed throughout southern New South Wales and Victoria.
Daily Torpor and Thermoregulation in the Small Dasyurid Marsupials Planigale-Gilesi and Ningaui-Yvonneae
Authors: Geiser F , Baudinette RV
Published: June 2005

Torpor in endotherms has only been observed in small species, suggesting that body mass determines the occurrence of torpor. The present study investigates the influence of body mass on the occurrence of torpor and also the pattern of torpor (i.e. minimum body temperature, metabolic rate, and the duration of torpor). The two small dasyurid marsupials Planigale gilesi (8.3 g) and Ningaui yvonneae (11.6 g) entered torpor frequently when food was available; withdrawal of food increased the occurrence of torpor to almost 100%. Minimum body temperatures during torpor in both species were lower and the torpor duration was longer than for most larger dasyurid species studied so far. These findings suggest that the thermal stress on these very small species exerts a strong selective pressure to enhance daily torpor episodes for reduction of heat loss to the environment.
Growth and Development of Pouch Young of Wild and Captive Dasyurus-Geoffroii (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)
Authors: Serena M , Soderquist TR
Published: June 2005

Growth and development of six captive litters of D. geoffroii were monitored at 1-5 day intervals from birth until they were left in dens at about 62-72 days of age. Two neonates were 4.4 mm long and weighed an average 11 mg. By the age of 63 days, juvenile weight had increased 1500-fold, to an average of 16.7 g. Growth of crown-rump length (from 0-40 days) and the square root of head width (from 8-65 days) is linear with respect to time. Wild D. geoffroii were first observed to be left in dens at the age of 62 days, soon after outgrowing the pouch. Wild and captive growth rates appear similar through the first half of pouch life. At older ages, wild litters generally grew more slowly than captive litters; wild litters belonging to thin mothers grew more slowly than litters with medium-weight mothers, which in turn grew more slowly than litters with fat mothers.
The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Survival and Development of the European Rabbit Flea, Spilopsyllus-Cuniculi (Dale)
Authors: Cooke BD , Skewes MA
Published: June 2005

The development of rabbit fleas from eggs to adults is strongly influenced by both temperature and relative humidity. Normal development only occurs if the temperature is between 15 and 30�C and humidity lies between 70 and 95% RH. This is consistent with the ecology of flea larvae which develop in the rabbit's nest where young rabbits generally maintain a warm, humid environment. At 27�C new adult fleas emerge from pupae about 21 days after egg laying.
If environmental air becomes too dry, the water content of the air, even in the rabbit nest, may not always be sufficient to maintain a sufficiently moist microclimate in the nest for the flea larvae. Adult fleas do not appear to have high tolerance to heat or desiccation and, in the more arid parts of Australia, if they left the rabbits during the summer the microclimate of burrows is likely to be too harsh for them to persist.
A Morphological and Electrophoretic Examination of Hydrobia Buccinoides, a Variable Brackish-Water Gastropod From Temperate Australia (Mollusca, Hydrobiidae)
Authors: Ponder WF , Clark GA
Published: June 2005

The morphology of the abundant brackish-water hydrobiid snail known as 'Hydrobia buccinoides' is described. A new genus, Ascorhis, is provided for it and the valid species name for the southern (South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania) and eastern (New South Wales, Queensland) populations is shown to be victoriae T. Woods. The species name buccinoides is based on Assiminea tasmanica and is an earlier name for that species. Morphological and allozyme differences indicate that the Western Australian populations should be distinguished as a separate species and a new name (A. occidua) is provided for these. Both species show a considerable intrapopulation variation in shell sculpture. Salinity tolerance experiments on three Sydney populations indicate that Ascorhis victoriae tolerates a wide range of salinities, the middle of the preferred range being about that of normal seawater.
Nematodes From 9 Species of Varanus (Reptilia) From Tropical Northern Australia, With Particular Reference to the Genus Abbreviata (Physalopteridae)
Authors: Jones HI
Published: June 2005

The nematodes Abbreviata antarctica, A. confusa, A. hastaspicula, A. levicauda, A. glebopalmae sp. nov., A. kimberleyensis sp. nov. and Tanqua tiara were collected from nine species of Varanus monitor lizards in tropical northern Australia. A. glebopalmae sp, nov. is characterised by dorso-ventral enlargement of the pseudolabia, hypertrophy of the anterior end of the oesophagus and an anteriorly situated vulva. A. kimberleyensis sp. nov. differs from A. perenticola (which is allopatric) by having denticles at the dorsal and ventral corner of each pseudolabium, and a row of 6-8 fine even denticles on the subdorsal and subventral medial surface of each pseudolabium.
Species of Abbreviata were recovered from between one and six host species, and each species of Varanus harboured between one and four species of Abbreviata. In each host species usually one (or in some cases two) nematode species were dominant. Ecological factors rather than susceptibility to infection appeared to be the major determinants of the composition of this nematode fauna.
Physalopteroides filicauda, Maxvachonia brygooi, M. chabaudi, and Wanaristrongylus ctenoti were also recovered, probably as accidental infections, and Dioctowittus denisoniae, Hastospiculum gouldi and Oswaldofilaria sp. were recovered from serous cavities. Hastospiculum drysdaliae is reduced to synonomy with H. gouldi.
Fairfaxia-Lethrini, Gen Et Sp-Nov (Digenea, Opecoelidae), From Lethrinus-Chrysostomus Richardson From the Southern Great-Barrier-Reef
Authors: Cribb TH
Published: June 2005

Fairfaxia lethrini, gen. et sp. nov., is described from the intestine of Lethrinus chrysostomus from the southern Great Barrier Reef. The new genus is characterised by its large ventral sucker which interrupts the vitelline fields, small cirrus pouch and median genital pore, short excretory bladder and small post-testicular field into which neither the vitelline follicles nor the caeca extend.
Evolutionary Relationships of Australian Marsupials as Assessed by Albumin Immunology
Authors: Baverstock PR , Krieg M , Birrell J
Published: June 2005

Current phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of Australian marsupials were tested by microcomplement fixation of albumin. The study involved antisera to albumins of 56 species, and cross- reactions to albumins of 199 species. The most notable and controversial features of the study were as follows. (1) Two major lineages are evident among the Australian marsupials- bandicoots-dasyuroids and diprotodontids; the marsupial mole represents a third lineage. (2) The honey possum Tarsipes is clearly a diprotodontid. (3) Acrobates and Distoechurus are monophyletic, but they are not burramyids; they are closely related to Tarsipes; moreover the Acrobates-Distoechurus-Tarsipes clade may be close to petaurids. (4) The New Guinean species of Antechinus are more closely related to the New Guinean Murexia than to Australian species of Antechinus. (5) The bandicoots fall into two groups-the New Guinean genera and the Australian genera; the bilby, Macrotis lagotis, is not clearly distinct from the bandicoots, and may be monophyletic with the New Guinean genera. (6) The banded hare-wallaby Lagostrophus is clearly the sister-group to all other extant macropodines, and may be monophyletic with potoroines rather than macropodines. (7) The genus Macropus may be paraphyletic. (8) The tree-kangaroos Dendrolagus may be closely related to the rock-wallabies and their allies (Petrogale, Peradorcas and Thylogale). (9) The genus Pseudocheirus (ringtail possums) is paraphyletic and its species are highly divergent at the molecular level. (10) The cuscuses (genus Phalanger) are probably a monophyletic assemblage.
Cytogenetics of Some New Guinean Dasyurids and Genome Evolution in the Dasyuridae (Marsupialia)
Authors: Westerman M , Woolley PA
Published: June 2005

Karyotypes have been obtained for ten species of New Guinean dasyurid marsupials. All species have 2n = 14 chromosomes which, except for variation in size and shape of the X chromosome, are similar in morphology, not only between species but also to Australian species. The Y chromosome of all species is punctiform. C- and G-banding procedures have been applied to eight of the species and show (1) there are no major differences between species in amounts of C-band heterochromatin, and (2) the G-band patterns of the autosomes were virtually identical.
These findings suggest that there have been no major karyotypic changes accompanying speciation of dasyurids in New Guinea. Since the G-banded karyotypes are also virtually identical to those reported for Australian dasyurids it would appear that this 2n = 14 karyotype probably represents the ancestral dasyurid form which can be derived as a result of a few inversions from an ancestral marsupial karyotype. These changes must have occurred very early in the dasyurid radiation as the) are found in all extant species and genera examined. However, virtually identical G-banded karyotypes may mask major differences in nuclear DNA values.
Heterosis in F2-Generations of Drosophila-Melanogaster
Authors: Ehiobu NG , Goddard ME
Published: June 2005

Three crosses among inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster generated by eight generation full-sib mating, three Australasian population crosses, and two Australian/English population crosses were raised to the F2 generation, to examine evidence of hybrid breakdown.
Inbred line crosses produced F2 generations that retained, on average, 54% of the F1 heterosis, which was not significantly different from the retention of 50% F1 heterosis expected under a dominance model of heterosis. Australasian population crosses produced F2 generations with significantly less than 50% of the F1 heterosis, while crosses between Australian and English populations produced a F2 generation that generally performed worse than midparent purebred populations.
These results imply epistatic gene action. Because inbred lines contain random combinations of genes, recombination does not necessarily produce hybrid breakdown. However, in crosses between natural populations, recombination is likely to disrupt co-adapted gene combinations leading to poor F2 performance. Populations which rarely exchange migrants are more likely to have alternative gene combinations and to show hybrid breakdown than populations which regularly exchange migrants. The implications of these findings for livestock crossbreeding programs is discussed.