bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aristotle and Kant
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

Virtue ethics is often praised, especially at the expense of Kant's deontology, for giving a better account of the moral significance of the emotions than the other ethical approaches, and, in particular, for giving a more attractive account than Kant of ‘moral motivation’. However, a careful consideration of Aristotle's enkrateia/arete distinction ( the distinction between strength of will or ‘continence’ and full virtue) and the famous passage in Kant's Grundlegung in which he discusses moral worth, reveals that, in many ways, Aristotle and Kant are much closer than is usually supposed. In so far as Aristotle has a notion of ‘motivation’, the continent and the fully virtuous agent have the same motivation—they both act from reason (logos) in the form of ‘choice’ (prohairesis.)
Virtue and the Emotions
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

Aristotle is arguably superior to Kant in his account of human rationality, an account that allows the emotions to participate in reason, rather than being mere animal, non‐rational impulses, and thereby play their proper role in the specification of full virtue. The virtues are concerned with actions and feelings, and the moral education needed to develop them involves the education of the emotions. The full significance of this fact can be fruitfully illustrated through an example of moral miseducation, viz. the inculcation of racism.
Moral Motivation
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

Moreover, acting from virtue, from a settled state of character, sets the standard for acting from duty, or because one thinks it is right. Whatever their sincerely avowed reasons for acting, people act ‘from duty’ to the extent that their character resembles that of the ideally virtuous agent. Hence moral motivation can be a matter of degree, and is not introspectible.
The Virtues Benefit Their Possessor
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

Some familiar objections to the very idea that the virtues benefit their possessor can be quickly cleared away. When we consider the claim in the context of bringing up our own children or reflexion on our own lives, rather than in the context of trying to convince the wicked or the moral sceptic, we believe it. According to Phillips and McDowell, we believe it in so far as we are virtuous, because we have special conceptions of eudaimonia, benefit, harm, and loss, which guarantees its truth. But we also believe it on the basis of the sort of ethical, but non‐evaluative beliefs about human nature cited by Hare and Foot.
Naturalism for Rational Animals
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

Ethical naturalism is not to be construed as the attempt to ground ethical evaluations in a scientific account of human nature; ethical evaluations are disanalogous to non‐ethical ones in various ways. Both depend upon our identifying what is characteristic of the species in question. But the other animals’ characteristic ways of going on are many, and ours is just one—a rational way—which introduces a normative aspect.
Objectivity
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

The two different interpretations of the premise that ‘a virtue is a character trait a human being needs for eudaimonia’ can ultimately be seen as interdependent, for both rely on the idea that our nature is such that the virtues, as we know them, suit human beings. The rival view, that human nature is not harmonious is not a new idea arriving with Darwinism, but as old as misanthropy and amounts to global moral scepticism.
Human Nature and the Limits of Science
Authors: Dupré John
Published: October 2003

This book applies to the study of human nature the generally pluralistic metaphysics and methodology developed in the author's earlier work. It begins with detailed criticism of two popular projects for understanding human nature, evolutionary psychology, and rational‐choice theory. The argument shows how the flaws in these projects reflect deep misconceptions about the nature and the legitimate ambitions of science. Such scientific theories necessarily provide highly simplified accounts of a phenomenon as complex as human nature and can provide only a small part of the total picture of such a phenomenon. Only a pluralistic approach, an approach that combines insights from a variety of perspectives not limited to the scientific, can hope to provide anything close to an adequate account of human nature. In addition to a variety of partial perspectives from science, the humanities, and, not least, common human experience, it is argued that there is also room for a conception of human autonomy. The details of this conception, including a sketch of a novel voluntarist theory of freedom of the will, are provided in a concluding chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Dupré John
Published: October 2003

Introduces the background to the scientism criticized in the main body of the work, and discusses its relation to various forms of reductionism and physicalism. (This summarizes, in part, detailed work in the author's earlier book, The Disorder of Things.) There is also a discussion of the essential role of models in scientific theory.
The Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Dupré John
Published: October 2003

Reviews the emergence of evolutionary psychology from an earlier sociobiology, and examines the general arguments for seeing evolution as the key to human nature. Separate sections discuss the atavism that these arguments imply, the mental modules that evolutionary psychologists claim the mind is composed of, and the relationships between genes, brains, and behaviour that their theories assume. Concludes with a discussion of the perennial dichotomy of nature and nurture.
The Evolutionary Psychology of Sex and Gender
Authors: Dupré John
Published: October 2003

Provides an exposition and criticism of the central ideas in the sociobiology and evolutionary psychology of sex and gender. Also reviews the kinds of evidence that are offered for claims in this area, including the alleged evolutionary basis for sexual attraction in each sex, and the alleged male disposition to rape. The poverty of this evidence points to the general weakness of the evolutionary psychological programme.
Kinds of People
Authors: Dupré John
Published: October 2003

Rejects the attempt of evolutionary psychology to deny or minimize the importance of human cultural diversity, and argues for the importance of such diversity. This involves an attempt to understand the causal power of culture and the processes of cultural evolution. Compares human cultural diversity with the diversity found among non‐human species. Finally argues that, despite obvious dangers, cultural diversity should, like biological diversity, be valued. Concludes with some reflections on the so‐called Science Wars.
Rational Choice Theory
Authors: Dupré John
Published: October 2003

Develops a critique of important aspects of rational‐choice theory, parallel in part to the critique of evolutionary psychology. Whereas rational choice informs some potentially useful models of market phenomena, the attempt to conceive all human life as market based is unpromising and provides a paradigm of scientific imperialism. Using as an example the concept of work, criticism of scientific imperialism leads into a more detailed defence of a pluralistic approach to human behaviour. Concludes with a discussion of the distinction between positive and normative economics and a further attack on the fact/value distinction.
Freedom of the Will
Authors: Dupré John
Published: October 2003

Concludes with an elaboration of the conception of autonomy, which, it is argued, is needed to complete a properly pluralistic account of human behaviour. An incompatibilist account of free will grounded in a novel way on the radical indeterminism and causal incompleteness defended in the author's The Disorder of Thingsis introduced. Argues that genuine autonomy can be found in the dialectical relation between the individual and society.
Globalization and Knowledge Flows: An Industrial Geographer's Perspective
Authors: Storper Michael
Published: October 2003

The first part of this chapter argues that the geographical origin, destinations, and mastery of economically useful knowledge have more profound impacts on the changing shape of development than do the issues of location and specialization used in the usual economic analysis. The rest of the chapter discusses standard approaches to the question of globalization and territory, the four levels of globalization, the internationalization of productivity, and price norms in routine contestable production.
Multinational Enterprises and the Knowledge Economy: Leveraging Global Practices
Authors: Sölvell Örjan , Birkinshaw Julian
Published: October 2003

After an introduction, this chapter has five main sections. Sections (2) and (3) provide a brief review of the existing literature on the knowledge‐based economy, and on the forces for globalization and localization, with the purpose of explaining why the nature of the competitive challenge facing multinational enterprises (MNEs) is changing. Section (4) introduces the concept of global practices as a key driver of firm competitiveness in a knowledge economy. Sections (5) and (6) consider the implications of global practices, first in terms of the evolution of the MNE, and then in terms of the theory of the MNE.
Regional Integration and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Globerman Steven , Kokko Ari
Published: October 2003

It is suggested that the most serious challenge facing a study of the relationship between regional integration and foreign direct investment is the multidimensional nature of the issue. In particular, there is reason to believe that the relevant linkages will vary between different integration agreements, and between countries and industries participating in any specific agreement. This chapter therefore sets out some broad theoretical considerations surrounding the linkages between regional integration agreements and foreign direct investment. It then refines these broad considerations into a more focused framework that accounts for some indirect linkages that have, hitherto, been largely ignored in the relevant literature. A brief examination is then made of three recent, and very distinct, cases of regional integration in North and South America with reference to the framework already discussed: Canada joining CUSFTA (the Canada–USA Free Trade Agreement); Mexico's accession to NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement); and the first stage of integration in MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Sur).
Regional Integration: NAFTA and the Reconfiguration of North American Industry
Authors: Eden Lorraine , Monteils Antoine
Published: October 2003

The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show changes in the stock of North American inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the 1985–97 period. Second, two‐way FDI stock data from the OECD (1997) provide a snapshot of intraregional and extraregional North American integration in 1989 and 1994. Third, using US inward FDI data for the 1989–94 period, investment patterns are compared of insider firms (Canada and Mexico) with outsider firms (all others) along four dimensions: timing of FDI, mode of entry, state location, and industry choice. Since NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect on 1 January 1994, the data should be seen as more reflective of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, but some interesting patterns of responses to regional integration are found that suggest the regional integration process in North America is significantly affecting plant location decisions.
Policy Partnership in the Development of Knowledge Industries in Scotland
Authors: Peters Ewen , Hood Neil , Young Stephen
Published: October 2003

Explores ways in which policy partnerships between the public and private sectors in economic development have devolved within one region of the UK (Scotland) over an extended period of time. It concentrates on two elements of the knowledge industries, namely, software and semiconductors, in a context where the majority of leading actors are multinational enterprises (MNEs), which are being progressively shaped by the globalization process. The chapter highlights both processes and challenges facing partnerships that are essentially designed to stimulate economic development within a particular part of the economy, yet where most of the businesses involved are pursuing strategies for Europe and beyond.
Large Firms and Industrial Districts in Europe: Deregionalization, Re‐Regionalization, and the Transformation of Manufacturing Flexibility
Authors: Herrigel Gary
Published: October 2003

The current challenges to industrial districts in Europe are examined, and a range of possible scenarios is outlined for dealing with the situation. The main sections of the chapter address the following: varieties of industrial flexibility; deregionalization and re‐regionalization of production led by large firms; the long‐term viability of industrial districts such as Baden–Württemberg in Germany; and the role of regional governments and policy makers in offering assistance.
Firms, Regions, and Strategy in a Diverging World: The Australian Case
Authors: Sheehan Peter , Grewal Bhajan
Published: October 2003

Many countries distant from the mainstream of knowledge‐based wealth creation have a number of related concerns: whether it can be ensured that, as nations, they will participate fully in emerging global growth processes; what policies, in respect of both multinational enterprises (MNEs) and local firms, will best secure this participation; and whether this participation, if it is achieved, will generate growing divergence on a regional basis within the nation. The objective of this chapter is to explore the reality of these phenomena, and the diversity of policy responses to them, for the case of one small, open economy far removed from the main sources of knowledge generation—Australia. After briefly reviewing some recent relevant developments in economic theory, the analysis focuses particularly on the roles of foreign direct investment (FDI) and of both local firms and MNEs within Australia, and on some of the regional aspects of this involvement.
Innovation Systems, Networks, and the Knowledge‐Based Economy in Korea
Authors: Park Sam Ock
Published: October 2003

Innovation systems and local global networks of high‐technology industry in Korea are examined with regard to the evolution of the knowledge‐based economy. Major data for the study are derived from a recent questionnaire survey of SMEs (small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises) conducted for the IMF in 1997, and from an interview survey conducted in 1995 for the high‐technology industries in Korea. Changes are outlined in Korean industry since the rapid industrialization period of the 1970s, when chaebols (conglomerate business groups) rather than SMEs emerged as the leading actors in industrial development; the chaebol system was broken up following the foreign exchange crisis of November 1997. The main sections of the chapter cover regional variation of innovation performance, local innovation networks of SMEs, and local and global networks of high‐technology clusters in Kyonggi and Kumi.
Singapore: Destination for Multinationals
Authors: Yue Chia Siow
Published: October 2003

Singapore has made the region and the world its economic hinterland and is a favoured destination for multinational corporations. This chapter addresses three main issues: Singapore as a manufacturing base and services hub; the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and multinational corporations (MNCs [or multinational enterprises, MNEs]) in Singapore's economic development; and regionalization and the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore (IMS) growth triangle. It is concluded that the crucial feature in Singapore's success has been to plug into the global and regional economies to gain access to resources for consumption and production, and markets for its goods and services, and to secure the assistance of foreign MNCs.
Globalization, Regionalization, and the Knowledge‐Based Economy in Hong Kong
Authors: Enright Michael J.
Published: October 2003

The Hong Kong economy has been influenced by globalization, regionalization, and the emergence of the knowledge‐based economy perhaps more than any other. Hong Kong is unique in terms of its geographical location, its position in global production and service networks, its openness to market forces, and its history. As a result, it has been able to take advantage of globalization to develop a regional economy that is among the world's most knowledge intensive. This development has created one of the world's most prosperous economies, but it also has left Hong Kong vulnerable to external shocks such as the economic crisis that began to grip Asia in the middle of 1997. This chapter examines these issues.
Towards a Theory of Regional Policy
Authors: Gray H. Peter , Dunning John H.
Published: October 2003

Offers a theory of regional policy—or more accurately, a theory of policy, at various levels of governance, to deal with the allocation of resources and capabilities between and within subnational spatial areas, which, themselves, may vary considerably in size and function. The necessary building blocks for the theory of regional policy are outlined, and a model of subnational regional policy is presented, operationalized, and extended. Regional policy in a system of knowledge capitalism is discussed, and the dynamic aspects of competition among microregions are addressed.
Silicon Valley and the Resurgence of Route 128: Systems Integration and Regional Innovation
Authors: Best Michael H.
Published: October 2003

Seeks to address an explanation for the decline and subsequent resurgence of Route 28, the first high‐technology manufacturing region of the USA, in Massachusetts. The decline was combined with the emergence of Silicon Valley (California), which was based on a completely different business model. It is suggested that both the decline and resurgence of Route 28 can be explained in terms of the emergence of a new competitive advantage. This advantage is based on the principle of systems integration in which the old vertical integration model has been transcended by an open system of specialist firms. This thesis is discussed.
Global Integration, EMU, and Monetary Governance in the European Union: The Political Economy of the ‘Stability Culture’
Authors: Underhill Geoffrey R. D.
Published: October 2003

Aims to set the context for this volume, examining the relationship between the EU as a monetary space and the global monetary and financial system, and the implications of this relationship for the Euro‐zone member states and corporate governance. It elaborates four arguments: first, that there exist strong incentives for policy‐makers at national and EU levels to show a ‘benign neglect’ in their management of the euro's exchange rate; second, that these incentives are reinforced by a lack of clear institutional responsibility for such management; third, that there are considerable pressures for convergence defined less in terms of post‐war forms of socio‐democratic consensus, and more in terms of Anglo‐American, market‐led adjustment processes; and fourth, that these processes are themselves being reinforced by developments in corporate restructuring and models of corporate governance. These arguments combine to place the ‘stability culture’ on a narrow monetary basis—if it is not good enough, for enough of the people, enough of the time, then it will be in jeopardy.
The Political Economy of Fiscal Policy Under Monetary Union
Authors: McKay David
Published: October 2003

This chapter has three objectives: first, to outline the ways in which the fiscal dimension is likely to change the nature of domestic politics in European states; second, to place these changes in a comparative context by reference to the experience of established federal states; and third, to speculate on the ways in which fiscal changes are likely to change the ways in which domestic political actors operate in the context of the institutional framework of the EU. Space limitations preclude a comprehensive coverage of these points. It is not intended to draw systematic distinctions between member states; the country chapters in this volume help provide this detail. Instead, the purpose is to draw on those theoretical perspectives generated by recent research in economics and political science that provide the basis for informed judgements on the effects of EMU on national polities in general and on national fiscal regimes in particular.
Britain and EMU
Authors: Gamble Andrew , Kelly Gavin
Published: October 2003

Explores the impact of EMU on British politics by examining, first, the structures and policies of the British state; second, the political parties and public opinion; third, the evolution of British policy towards European economic integration from the ERM (exchange rate mechanism) to the euro; fourth, discourses and identities in public debate; and finally, the strategic options now facing the UK.
EMU: A Danish Delight and Dilemma
Authors: Marcussen Martin
Published: October 2003

Investigates the various ways in which Danish policies have adjusted towards EMU. The process of adaptation has taken place gradually and almost unnoticed by the broader population. Although the European issue has been widely discussed in Denmark since the early 1970s, issues such as capital liberalization, the Europeanization of corporatism, and of the Social Democratic Party, and the emergence of an ideational elite consensus about the ‘sound policy’ paradigm have not been on the public agenda. The public debates have been about narrow economic benefits resulting from European integration, not about visions for the national and European polities.
The French State in the Euro‐Zone: ‘Modernization’ and Legitimizing Dirigisme
Authors: Howarth David
Published: October 2003

Examines the contribution of EMU to the Europeanization of the French state, and falls into two parts. First, it examines the discursive and ideological structure underpinning and shaping the impact of EMU on French state structures, policy regimes and policies. This discursive structure is shaped principally by a conservative liberalism—in the ascendant, given the economic constraints reinforced by monetary integration—and a rearguard interventionism. Second, substantive state reforms and the strategic behaviour of French policy‐makers in the Euro‐zone reflect the dialectic between these two ideologies. This dialectic and the substantive reforms have contributed to reshaping French state identity. The French decision to embrace EMU should also be seen in terms of French strategy to increase monetary policy‐making power in relation to both the Germans and the Americans.
The Italian State and the Euro: Institutions, Discourse, and Policy Regimes
Authors: Radaelli Claudio
Published: October 2003

Examines the extent to which EMU has changed Italy's economic policy institutions, and seeks to shed light on the type of change involved by discussing two rival hypotheses—of ‘simple coping strategies’ and of ‘paradigmatic response’, which can also be respectively described in terms of ‘simple’ and ‘thick’ learning. The former type denotes a gradual incremental process, whereas the latter denotes a discontinuous jump towards new ways of organizing knowledge. The chapter discusses when, why, and how actors responded to EMU and with what effects, distinguishing between elite behaviour at the constitutive level and its communicative discourse directed at the mass public.
The Netherlands and EMU: A Small Open Economy in Search of Prosperity
Authors: Verdun Amy
Published: October 2003

Examines how EMU has affected Dutch economic and monetary policy. First, it summarizes the Dutch view of EMU since the late 1960s, and indicates how European economic and monetary integration served specific Dutch aims. Second, it discusses structural changes and retrenchment in the Netherlands from the early 1980s through the 1990s, leading to the Polder model; it assesses whether the Dutch model is equipped to deal with the constraints of EMU, and how far the process has changed Dutch attitudes to economic policy‐making. Third, it examines Dutch attitudes to EMU after the Maastricht Treaty, and the extent of active Dutch participation in the European integration process. The final sections review the impact of EMU on Dutch society and sense of place within Europe.
Politics, Banks, and Financial Market Governance in the Euro‐Zone
Authors: Moran Michael
Published: October 2003

The focus of this chapter is on processes—both, those that produced EMU and those that provide financial market governance in the new institutions that EMU has produced—and on the relationship between the key concepts of Europeanization, convergence, and divergence. The substantive argument is that the creation of the Euro‐zone represents the triumph of a particular mode of financial market governance, which both, elevates the management of financial markets to the pinnacle of economic policy‐making, and insulates the development of policy from the institutions of liberal democracy. In doing so, it represents the triumph of the ‘high politics’ tendency in financial market governance and the defeat of the ‘low politics’ tendency.
The Euro and Labour Market and Wage Policies
Authors: Crouch Colin
Published: October 2003

Assesses the capacity of national‐level labour‐market institutions to adapt to developments within the Euro‐zone, and how far the move towards a single currency might provoke or obstruct the coordination of its labour markets. Perhaps its most striking conclusion, which contradicts the zero‐sum assumption that power gained by the EU is lost to member states, is that the re‐nationalization of industrial relations systems that has been provoked by EMU can co‐exist positively with, rather than undermine, the potential growth of Europe‐wide coordination.
Why EMU Is—or May Be—Good for European Welfare States
Authors: Rhodes Martin
Published: October 2003

Argues that the commonly expressed fear, that EMU will contribute to the decline of welfare states in Europe, is not clearly borne out by the historical evidence, and that it may even possibly come to show positive effects in contributing to a new architecture for a coordinated welfare policy. The argument proceeds in four stages. First, it contests the assumption that EMU is a ‘neo‐liberal’ project inherently inconsistent with the preservation of large, re‐distributive welfare states. Second, it shows that, while there have been some corrective adjustments linked to public sector debt reduction, there has been no ‘downward convergence’ in welfare spending. Third, it argues that the Stability and Growth Pact implies no mechanisms inherently adverse to the welfare state, and that EMU implies no weakening of the capacity of Europe's social and employment systems to cope with external shocks. Finally, it considers the experimental development of a new capacity at EU‐level to coordinate broad macroeconomic objectives with social and employment policies.
Perception and Reason
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Discusses the role of conscious experiences in the acquisition of empirical knowledge. Most epistemology of perception takes a person's possession of beliefs about the mind‐independent world for granted and goes on to ask what further conditions these beliefs must meet if they are to be cases of knowledge. I argue that this approach is completely mistaken. Perceptual experiences must provide reasons for empirical beliefs if there are to be any determinate beliefs about particular objects in the world at all. So there are epistemic requirements upon the very possibility of empirical belief. The crucial epistemological role of experience lies in its essential contribution to the subject's understanding of certain perceptual demonstrative contents, simply grasping which provides him with a reason to endorse them in belief. I explain in detail how this is so; defend my position against a wide range of objections; compare and contrast it with a number of influential alternative views in the area; and bring out its connection with Russell's Principle of Acquaintance, and its consequences for the compatibility of content externalism with an adequate account of self‐knowledge.
Historical‐Epistemological Context
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Sets out the epistemological context for my enquiry, by outlining the key moves in a formative phase of its historical development: the writings of Descartes, Locke, Hume, Reid, and Kant. My purpose here is not to engage in the detailed exegesis and interpretation of these philosophers’ views, but to delineate the space of live options in the area, and to point out some dead ends.
Belief and Experience
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Offers the Strawson Argument for the claim, (1), that the most basic beliefs about the spatial world have their contents only in virtue of their standing in certain relations with perceptual experiences. Only an experiential presentation of the particular mind‐independent thing in question suffices to tie down knowledgeable reference to spatial particulars in the face of the permanent epistemic possibility of massive qualitative reduplication of any sector of the physical world elsewhere in the universe. So the possibility of beliefs about mind‐independent particulars depends upon the most basic such beliefs’ standing in certain content‐fixing relations with perceptual experiences of the objects in question.
Epistemological Consequences and Criticisms
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Draws out the fatal consequences of thesis (R) for any reliabilist account of perceptual knowledge; also contains extended critical discussions of the classical foundationalistand classical coherentistattempts to elucidate the truth of (R). Both of these are attempts to give what I call a second‐orderaccount, on which perceptual experiences provide reasons for empirical beliefs only in virtue of the subject's second‐order reflection upon the reliability of the first‐order process by which such experiences produce such beliefs, where the first and second orders are independent of each other in the sense that he might equally have acquired the same beliefs by just the same first‐order method yet not have had the second‐order knowledge in question. In order to give a satisfying elucidation of the truth of (R), then, as I believe we must, we should look to a first‐orderaccount, on which the truth of (R) emerges directly out of a correct account of a person's possession of certain beliefs about the mind‐independent world around him, out of an elaboration of what is involved in his grasping their determinate empirical contents, rather than from any independent requirement upon his second‐order reflection upon the process by which he acquires such beliefs.
Reasons Require Conceptual Contents
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Argues that reasons require conceptual contents. That is to say, a person has a reason for believing something only if he is in some mental state or other with a representational content that is characterizable only in terms of concepts that the subject himself must possess and that is of a form that enables it to serve as a premiss or the conclusion of a deductive argument, or of an inference of some other kind (e.g. inductive or abductive).
The Rational Role of Perceptual Experiences
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Asks how exactly perceptual experiences do provide reasons for empirical beliefs. My answer is that they furnish the subject with certain essentially experiential demonstrative contents—‘that is thus’ (fully conceptual, as they must be)—his grasp of which provides him with a reason to endorse them in belief. For a person's grasp of such contents, as referring to the mind‐independent objects that they do, and predicating the mind‐independent properties that they do, essentially involves his appreciation of them as the joint upshot of the way things are anyway, in the mind‐independent world around him, and his current point of view upon them and other relevant circumstances of perception. That is to say, he necessarily understands that his current apprehension that things are thus is in part due to the very fact that they are. He therefore recognizes the relevant content ashis apprehension of the facts, his epistemic opennessto the way things mind‐independently are out there.
The Epistemological Outlook
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Aims to clarify the epistemological outlook that arises from my positive elucidation of the truth of (R), and also to offer further defence against a number of key objections. Firstly, I explain the position of my own views in the context of the standard opposition between foundationalist and coherentist theories of perceptual knowledge. This brings out precisely the sense in which I succeed in capturing the ‘undeniable datum’ with which I begin Ch. 2, that perception is a basicsource of knowledge about the mind‐independent spatial world. Secondly, I go on to consider two broadly sceptical objections, firstly, from the possibility of perceptual imagination, and secondly, from the possibility of perceptual error. Thirdly, I consider whether my own position is in any way susceptible to objections parallel to those that I myself direct at its classical foundationalist opponents. Fourthly, and finally, I discuss the way in which I am able to capture the intuitive phenomenon of a foreground and background in perceptual consciousness: surely far more is, in some sense ‘experienced’ by a person in perception that is the subject matter of any (conceptual) perceptual demonstrative content that is in the market to be endorsed by him in belief.
Developments and Consequences
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Discusses a number of developments and consequences of my position. Firstly, there is the very important issue of the relation between the basic, essentially experiential, perceptual demonstrative contents that I have been considering up to this point, and the more detached, linguistically articulated and categorized judgements that a person more standardly makes on the basis of perception, and that constitute the normal expression of his perceptual knowledge about the world around him. Secondly, I argue that my account entails a version of Russell's Principle of Acquaintance (1917: 159), which I elucidate, on which singular reference is possible only to objects about which the subject is in a position to acquire, or to express, non‐inferential knowledge Thirdly, I exploit this version of the Principle of Acquaintance to provide what seems to me to be a fully satisfying response to an important objection to the possibility of combining a so‐called externalist theory of empirical content, of the kind that I myself favour and draw on in my account of perceptual knowledge, with a plausible account of a person's knowledge of the contents of his own beliefs.
Thinking about Knowing
Authors: Rosenberg Jay
Published: October 2003

This book offers an unorthodox, systematic view of the relationships among the concepts of knowledge, truth, and justification. It articulates and defends a conception of knowledge as adequately justified belief. We correctly judge that S knows that p, whenever, from our de facto epistemic perspective, we judge S able adequately to justify his belief that p. A further ‘truth requirement’ is arguably vacuous and idle, since truth can function neither as the goal of enquiry nor as a constraining condition on any determinate epistemic policy or practice. The corresponding conception of justification is both proceduralist—what are fundamentally justified or unjustified are epistemic conducts and practices—and internalist—a person's belief is justified only to the extent that she is in a position to justify it. Enquiry is correlatively understood as always addressed to determinate questions, properly raised only within a context of defeasible, but settled background beliefs that guide and constrain the procedures and norms of epistemic activity. The theses that matter‐of‐factual knowledge both needs and has available incorrigible foundations are consequently rejected in favour of a resolute anti‐scepticism coupled with a thoroughgoing fallibilism.
The Myth of Cartesian Scepticism: Dreaming, Doubts, and Epistemic Closure
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F.
Published: October 2003

Offers a critical assessment of Descartes's arguments for external‐world scepticism. Even granted charitable exegetical concessions, the arguments prove to be neither intuitive nor compelling. The same holds true for contemporary sceptical reasonings in the Cartesian style, including those based on epistemic ‘closure principles’ and our inability to rule out particular sceptical scenarios.
The Myth of Cartesian Certainty: Epoché and Inner Sense
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F.
Published: October 2003

Critically addresses the notion of certainty that ostensibly attaches to immediate experience in consequence of its radical subjectivity. Neither Descartes's cogito nor Kant's notion of ‘inner sense’ issues in substantial incorrigible beliefs. Both rather yield either judgements that are trivially ‘infallible’ by virtue of making no truth‐claim or reports of perceptual experiences that do not exclude the possibility of error. The illusion of subjective incorrigibility results from the fact that ordinary judgements of appearance combine both of these aspects.
Immediate Knowledge: The New Dialectic of Givenness
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F.
Published: October 2003

Discusses epistemic foundationalism. Examines the confrontation between Wilfrid Sellars's critique of the ‘Myth of the Given’ and William Alston's defence of ‘immediate knowledge’, and explores and endorses Sellars's strong epistemic internalism and the integrated normative accounts of justification, language‐mastery, concept‐possession, and perceptual experience that support it. The proceduralist thesis that the activity of justifying is prior to the state of being justified is elucidated and defended.
Everyday Knowledge: When Does S Know That P?
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F.
Published: October 2003

Addresses the classical ‘justified true belief’ account of knowledge. Examines Robert Fogelin's reinterpretation of the traditional analysis as conjoining assessments of epistemic propriety and truth‐determinativeness, and the diagnosis of Gettier problems suggested by it. A perspectivalist revision of Fogelin's account is advanced, defended, and distinguished from widespread ‘contextualist’ views. Concludes with a demonstration that the revised analysis avoids various forms of scepticism.
Hegel's Idea of Freedom
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: October 2003

The book offers the first full‐length treatment in English of Hegel's idea of freedom. It explores his theory of what it is for an individual to be free and his account of the social and political contexts in which freedom is developed, realized, and sustained. The book investigates a number of central questions concerning Hegel's ethics and political theory. Is Hegel's outlook unacceptably conservative? Can freedom be equated with rational self‐determination? Is there any special connection between freedom and citizenship? By offering interpretations of Hegel's views on these and other questions, the book develops a novel ‘civic humanist’ reading of Hegel's social philosophy, one that restores to its proper, central place Hegel's idea of freedom. The book is written in a clear and jargon‐free style and will be of interest to anyone concerned with Hegel's ethical, social, and political thought and the sources of contemporary ideas about freedom, community, and the state.
Introduction: Perspectives on Hegel's Idea of Freedom
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: October 2003

Introduces the problem of freedom and community in Hegel's thought. Hegel claims that a particular form of community membership is necessary for individual freedom, but this leads to several puzzles. The chapter contrasts and criticizes several standard interpretations of Hegel's theory of freedom and sketches the alternative interpretation to be advanced in the book. It discusses Hegel's views on the connections between freedom, conventionalism, history, and spirit, and it introduces the ‘civic humanist’ aspect of his thought.
Freedom as Rational Self‐Determination
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: October 2003

Offers an interpretation of the core conception of freedom found in Hegel's social and political philosophy. It argues that to an extent that is sometimes underestimated in the secondary literature Hegel follows Kant in conceptualizing freedom as rational self‐determination. Through a study of Hegel's claim that there is an opposition between freedom and authority, the chapter explains why freedom is associated with rational self‐determination and it considers and responds to various standard objections (e.g. those of Isaiah Berlin) against understanding freedom in this way.
The Reciprocity Thesis in Kant and Hegel
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: October 2003

Hegel shares in common with Kant an understanding of freedom as rational self‐determination. For Kant, this view of freedom implies that freedom and morality are reciprocal concepts: if you are free, then you are subject to morality, and vice versa. Although Hegel is famous for dismissing the Kantian formula for freedom/morality (the Categorical Imperative) as an ‘empty formalism’, he too endorses a version of the reciprocity thesis. The chapter reconstructs and defends Hegel's ‘empty formalism’ critique of Kant and it offers an interpretation of Hegel's own alternative strategy for establishing that freedom and ethical requirements are reciprocally connected.
Hegel and Social Contract Theory
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: October 2003

Considers how Hegel could both accept the starting point of social contract theory (the commitment to freedom) and reject what contractarians take to be an obvious implication of that starting point (the social contract theory of political legitimacy). It also explores the alternative account of social and political legitimacy that Hegel draws from the principle of freedom. A major theme of the chapter is the importance that Hegel attaches to the ways in which the major institutions of the modern community work to develop and sustain individual free agency. Hegel's main objection to the social contract theory is that it ignores the function community plays of constituting free individuals. Through an exploration of Hegel's theory of recognition, the chapter shows that Hegel's own alternative theory of political legitimacy involves determining what a community must be like if it is to be successful in fulfilling this function.
Hegel's Justification of Private Property
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: October 2003

Hegel subscribes to the view that the justification of private property is in some way grounded in the value of individual freedom. The chapter reconstructs Hegel's understanding of, and reasons for holding, this view and partially defends Hegel's position. The interpretation builds critically on a reading of Hegel's view of property developed by Jeremy Waldron. It stresses Fichte's theory of property as essential background to an understanding of Hegel's, and it also emphasizes the role played by recognition in Hegel's view of property.
A Civic Humanist Idea of Freedom
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: October 2003

Explores and partially defends Hegel's claim that freedom is most fully realized through membership in the modern state. It contrasts Hegel's ‘civic humanist’ understanding of this claim with the social contract theory's view of the relationship between freedom and the state. The chapter also argues against those commentators (e.g. Isaiah Berlin and Allen Wood) who see something sinister in the Hegelian association of freedom with the state. In developing its interpretation, the chapter considers Hegel's distinction between state and civil society and it offers an overview of the basic structure of Hegel's main work of political philosophy—the Philosophy of Right.
Conclusion
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: October 2003

The final chapter recapitulates the main puzzles considered in the book and summarizes how the book proposes to solve them. It also raises several problems with Hegel's project.
Theory and Truth
Authors: Sklar Lawrence
Published: October 2003

Sceptics base their claims against taking our best scientific theories as true on several grounds: the positing of unobservable entities and features in these theories, the idealizations made in constructing and using these theories, the fact that we believe these theories to be only temporary occupants of our scientific canon of accepted theories. Arguments familiar from such abstract scepticism play a role within the scientific project of theory construction and evaluation itself. But they take on a very different form when they function internally to science than they have in abstract philosophy.
Idealization
Authors: Sklar Lawrence
Published: October 2003

The construction of our scientific theories, the justification for accepting them, and their application in description and explanation of the world, all often rest upon our idealization of the world the theory is to deal with. We idealize systems as perfectly causally isolated from their environment when they are not. We idealize theories as describing the world completely when they do not. And we deal with systems ‘in the limit’ of such things as infinite time, infinitely low density, and so on. Is the employment of such idealizations grounds for taking our theories as not truly descriptive of the world but only of ‘models’ of it? Or are there, rather, subtler and more important things to say about how idealization in science impacts the way in which our theories characterize the real world?
Transience
Authors: Sklar Lawrence
Published: October 2003

It is a platitude of scepticism that our theories are never more than transient holders of our scientific esteem, soon to be replaced by newer, incompatible theories. What are some ‘global’ responses one can make to such a version of scepticism? How does science deal with the apparent transience of its best theories in its project of going onward to ever better theoretical characterizations of the world? Given the transience of our theories, how would it be best to characterize our epistemic attitude toward our theories: perhaps as believing them to be the appropriate starting points to be reconstructed as the source of our future theories. Science itself can provide theories about our current best theories as guides to the future.