bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
17
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I developed epilepsy at the age of 14. From the very beginning, my parents and siblings were always very caring and supportive, but they did not allow me to use seizures as an excuse. As a result, epilepsy has not affected my family relationships or my friendships because I have not let it. I always let people know I have epilepsy, but do not use it as a ‘‘pity me’’ tool. When I was 24 years old, I moved to a different state in order to gain my independence. I was in between jobs, and my best friend suggested the move. It was the best thing I ever did. Until that time, I was very dependent on my parents and needed to get that far away so that I couldn’t run home every time I had a seizure or something went wrong.
18
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I have seizures at least once a month due to my period. The seizure comes either at the beginning of the cycle or at the end. I hate having seizures because they affect my work. When I have a seizure, I have to take a day off because of the aftereffects.
25
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

The ‘‘bad old days’’ would start with small complex partial seizures every few hours. I would still go to work. The seizures would consist of a feeling in the pit of my stomach that would travel up and get to the point that I would feel like I was going to throw up. I would swear I was going to throw up. I would hang my head over a barrel and tell everyone with such conviction that they would all believe me. Then the seizure was over. I never did throw up, not once.
28
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Because of my epilepsy, my family felt an increased sense of obligation to me, to the point of suffocation. This has affected all aspects of my family life. Here are some examples of their interactions with me, which I acutely feel: with epilepsy. I have learned that prior to a long-term commitment, all aspects of epilepsy must be discussed—treatment, payment plans, accommodations, and most importantly, the need for expressions of love. Maturity is necessary to balance any relationship. But an extra amount is needed when one person has a disability.
35
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

My diagnosis of epilepsy has affected my life in many different ways. When I have a seizure, I am usually not aware of what is happening. I become very disoriented, confused, and sometimes lost. I may black out and fall. Seizures are very unpredictable, and that makes them scary. One morning I was standing on a bus. Before I realized it, I was in an ambulance. Apparently, I had a seizure on the bus, which was frightening to me. As usual, I had no forewarning (aura) that would have let me known the seizure was coming.
39
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

In many ways, I feel emotionally like a 16-year-old. I suppose it’s understandable. I started having complex partial seizures when I was 3 years old. No doctor figured out I was having seizures until I was 21. I missed out on the opportunity to fully develop socially and emotionally during those years that I was living without any treatment for my undiagnosed seizures. As a child, and particularly as a teenager, I was often described as ‘‘inattentive,’’ ‘‘flippant,’’ ‘‘disaffected,’’ ‘‘underachieving,’’ and ‘‘antisocial.’’ I only later found out that all of those terms could be used to describe what happens to someone when they have complex partial seizures. The neurologist prescribed medication and sent me on my way. I was relieved to know that I wasn’t crazy, and that many of my behaviors were not my fault and not within my control.
53
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I’ve had epilepsy for a little over a year now, and I’m finally learning how to deal with it in a positive way. My cousin has had epilepsy his whole life, and he made it look so easy to live with it. I had my first seizure when I was at my freshman college orientation. What a great first impression! From that point, I had at least two seizures every month, usually at the same time every month. My mother and I feel it had to do with my menstrual cycle. I still think it does.
56
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

daytime seizure in over 10 years. On the other hand, nothing has ever controlled my nocturnal seizures. I only know when I have them because I do a tongue check every morning. I’ve been told that I see and say things during a seizure. I never remember it, but the very idea fills me with wonder and joy. A historical overview: in some cultures, I would have been made a shaman; in some, considered holy; in some, burnt for being possessed; in others, given medication so no one had to know.
58
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I am a 56-year-old woman, and although I have been engaged three times, I never married. My reasons for ending these and other relationships were many, though there was one reason that was true for all: they all wanted to see me or be around me too much and that made me feel smothered. I had to get out.
61
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I think I have desired independence since my high school years. Back then, I would say to myself, ‘‘I am not going to get married until I am 32 years old, like Mom did. I want to live my life and prove that I can be somebody without the help of someone else.’’ Mom and Dad had always felt that their child—female especially— needed their help; and so I grew up needing their solutions and wisdom, but got spoiled and a little naïve about how to function in the world.
Descriptions by Providers
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: October 2023

I have come into contact with thousands of people in a variety of ways. My career began in Montreal. From there I went to the West Coast, then to the East Coast, and finally to the Midwest. Several of my former patients have followed my career moves across the coun- try. They continue to send Christmas cards, call to say they are still seizure-free, and tell me how much they appreciate the part I played in changing their lives. I have learned that some of my patients divorced their spouses after becoming seizure-free. Their family dynamics changed so much that it was really better for them to start a new life. Ironically, my commitment to patients with epilepsy most certainly contributed to my divorce from my first husband.
Providers with Epilepsy
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: October 2023

Psychotherapist By nature, I am not a procrastinator, but as I try to find the words to describe my lifelong experience with epilepsy, I find the task somewhat daunting. And yet, it is really very simple. After all, I have lived with epilepsy all my life. Living with epilepsy seems ever challenging—sometimes more, sometimes less—but always there. During my adolescence, well- respected and well-intentioned physicians sought 100% control of my seizures. In my twenties, I slowly began to realize that this goal would probably never be realized and I came to accept the chronic nature of my seizure disorder. I did not exactly lose hope; rather, I began to accept the inevitable. Seizures were predictably unpredictable.
David Wark Griffith
Authors: Stokes Melvyn
Published: October 2023

In 1914, when his path crossed that of Thomas Dixon Jr. for the second time in their lives, David Wark Griffith was already a commanding figure in American cinema. The principal director for the Biograph company since 1908, Griffith had produced more than four hundred motion pictures before quitting Biograph in late 1913 to produce longer films. Griffith’s interest in using Dixon’s story of The Clansman as the basis for a film was to lead to the release of The Birth of a Nation. It was also in many ways to transform the American film industry. To appreciate Griffith’s part in making The Birth of a Nation as well as his creative role in early American cinema, it is necessary to know something of the man himself.
Guiding Approaches to International Insolvency Law
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J
Published: October 2023

As the frame of reference in any given insolvency case expands beyond the borders of an individual nation, the same fundamental issues discussed in the preceding chapter present themselves again on a meta-level. The same basic struggle reemerges among individual claims, now divided not only by the boundaries between types of claims, but also by national borders. With the complications of an international perspective, however, the range of agreement on core principles narrows even further.
History of Evolving Treatments for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Blankenship George W
Published: October 2023

The earliest known written record of diabetes was by the Hindu physician Susruta who described a condition of honey urine. Descriptions of diabetes also appear in early Egyptian records, and Greek physicians reported the melting away of Lesh and limbs to urine. Other diabetic complications such as blindness undoubtedly occurred, but were probably rare because of the patients’ relatively short life span following the development of diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy was first described by von Jager in 1855 [1]. Initially, the fundus changes were thought to be the result of hypertension that often coexisted with diabetes, or an inLammatory response to elevated albumin and urea levels resulting in the descriptive term diabetic retinitis.
Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Smiddy, William e. , Flynn harry w.
Published: October 2023

Indications for pars plana vitrectomy in the management of complications from diabetic retinopathy have changed substantially since the inception of vitrectomy. Generally, vitrectomy is recommended early in the disease process, especially for type 1 diabetic patients, before irreversible changes occur.Panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) is recommended before vitrectomy whenever the clinical presentation and course allow it. New instrumentation and techniques, including high-speed vitrectomy instruments, wide Eeld viewing systems, and transconjunctival systems, have facilitated the objectives of diabetic vitrectomy.
Future Therapies: Rationale for and Status of Antiangiogenic and Antipermeability Interventions
Authors: Timothy Nigel h. , Sun jennifer k. , cavallerano jerry , Gardner thomas w. , aiello lloyd paul
Published: October 2023

There have been several recent advances in the development and clinical testing of antiangiogenic and antipermeability agents for treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Unresolved challenges include method of drug delivery, duration of action, and potential toxicity. Even though diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of new-onset blindness among working-age Americans [1,2], dramatic advances have been achieved over the preceding three decades in our understanding of the natural history of the disease, and in the development and validation of therapeutic modalities. Current therapeutic approaches permit remarkable reductions in diabetes-associated visual loss if timely and appropriate ocular care is provided to all patients with diabetes [3]. Nevertheless, laser photocoagulation, the mainstay of current therapy, is an inherently destructive procedure that obliterates areas of retina in an effort to preserve vision. Thus, the treatment itself can be associated with signiEcant side effects and visual loss can progress despite timely and appropriate therapy.
B
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

B type See eidetic imagery.

B1  Thiamine (q.v.).

B6  Pyridoxine (q.v.).

B12 The vitamin cyanocobalamin, a precursor of the coenzymes methylcobalamin and 5-deoxy-adenosylcobalamin, which are needed for cell growth and replication and for the maintenance of myelin in the nervous system. See posterolateral sclerosis.

babbling A form of speech preceding articulate speech, characterized by sound combinations devoid of meaning. See language acquisition.

Babcock sentence(s) Any of the statements suggested by Babcock (1930) to test a subject ‘s ability to learn new information and reproduce it immediately. One that is frequently used is: One thing a nation must have to become rich and great is a large secure supply of wood.

Babinski reflex Described by Babinski in 1898 and 1903, as extension of the toes instead of flexion when stimulating the sole of the foot. Great toe extension may also be elicited by other tests—see Chaddock reflex, Gordon reflex, Oppenheim reflex.

Babinski-Nageotte syndrome (Joseph François Felix Babinski, Paris physician 1857–1932, and Jean Nageotte, Paris histologist, 1866–1948) A bulbar syndrome produced by scattered lesions of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory (bulbar portion), and trigeminal nerves. Symptoms are homolateral paralysis of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx; homolateral loss of taste in posterior tongue; homolateral Horner syndrome; homolateral loss of pain and temperature sense in the face; homolateral asynergia and ataxia with a tendency to fall to the side of the lesion; contralateral hemiplegia, and contralateral dissociate hemianesthesia with loss of pain and temperature sense but preservation of touch and pressure.
D
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

D1 receptor See dopamine.

DA Dopamine.

Da Costa syndrome Effort syndrome; neurocirculatory asthenia; soldier ‘s heart. See asthenia, neurocirculatory.

dacrygelosis Obs. Condition characterized by spells of alternate weeping and laughing; seen most frequently in hebephrenic schizophrenia.

daemonic character The person who is his own worst enemy and throughout his life (unconsciously) brings ill fortune upon himself. See accident proneness; masochism.

daemonophobia A morbid fear of ghosts, spirits, devils, etc.

DAF Delayed auditory feedback (q.v.).

DAG Diacylglycerol (q.v.).

DAH Disordered action of the heart; the syndrome is known as neurocirculatory asthenia or effort syndrome.

Dale ‘s principle Dale ‘s law; based on the work of Sir Henry Dale in the early 1930s, the principle states that a neuron releases a single transmitter from all its terminals. The original version has undergone considerable revision. It is now known that more than one neurotransmitter (q.v.) can be released from a single neuron; most often, the combination involves a biogenic amine or amino acid neurotransmitter with a neuropeptide as cotransmitter. The cotransmitter exerts a long-term modulatory effect on adjacent cells. Although approximately 30 neurotransmitters were known by 1987, the fact that they work in combination indicates that any satisfactory description of neurotransmission must make allowance for the 435 combinations of these transmitters that might occur.
L
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

LAAM l-α-acetylmethadol, a longer acting congener of methadone (72 hours as compared with 24 hours). See methadone; narcotic blockade.

labeled line code See code, labeled line.

labeled lines Anatomically and physiologically distinct neurons that are specifically associated with particular sensations. See code, labeled line.

labeling theory The sociologic hypothesis that deviance is determined by the reactions of others, in that defining a person as deviant automatically consigns him to a path of mental illness or criminality. Deviance thus is in the eye of the beholder, whose labeling of another as abnormal or delinquent constitutes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Also known as societal reaction theory.

labetolol A beta blocker (q.v.).

labile Characterized by free and usually uncontrolled expression of the emotions. See lability.

lability Volatility; instability. Emotional lability refers to emotions that are inordinately mobile and hence not under adequate control; seen most commonly in the organic brain syndromes and in the early stages of the schizophrenias.

labyrinthine A type of schizophrenic speech that wanders aimlessly, from one topic to another, without obvious connection between the various topics. Certain topics may be elaborated tangentially, and others appear to be an outgrowth of circumstantiality; the overall effect on the listener is to produce a massive, vague, hazy maze of words, made all the more remarkable by the fact that typically the patient is able to return to the initial topic of conversation and appears to think that his incomprehensible ramifications have been appropriately related to that topic.
M
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

μ-receptor A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)–linked opiate receptor, the major opiate receptor for morphine like opiates, including heroin. Long-term opiate administration produces tolerance by decreasing μ-opiate receptor signaling in the noradrenergic LC (locus coeruleus). Opiates initially inhibit camp-dependent phosphorylation in the Na+ ion channel. With long-term opiate administration, the camp pathway is unregulated and the sodium channel becomes more fully phosphorylated, making LC neurons hyper excitable. Adaptations in the camp signal transduction pathway underlie the mechanisms of opiate tolerance and dependence, and up-regulation of these components plays an important role in the onset of the withdrawal syndrome.

Endogenous opioid binding to μ receptors is also one neural mediator of infant attachment behavior, which entails display of affiliative behaviors and establishment of a special bond with caregivers. Malfunctioning of the endogenous opioid system may be implicated in the social indifference displayed by autistic infants. See attachment.
U
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

UAI Unprotected anal intercourse; in public health surveys of HIV-positive populations, MSM (q.v.) are typically asked to provide data on their use of insertive or receptive unprotected anal intercourse. In one study of YMSM (Y = young, between the ages of 17 and 28 years), nonhomeless YMSM reported remarkably high rates of lifetime exposure to a variety of drugs. Roughly 18, reported drug use in their last sexual encounter. Over 11, reported insertive UAI in their last sexual encounter, and nearly a third (31,) of these events involved the use of drugs.
Lyme Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Lyme disease is a chronic infection by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried by mammals such as deer and deer mice and spread by very small deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). The ticks bite an infected animal and pick up the spirochete with their blood meal. They then transfer the spirochete to people or animals they feed on, infecting them with Lyme disease.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Children with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) are ANA-positive like children with SLE, but typically have high titers of antibodies to RNP as well. The precise relationship of MCTD to SLE and the other rheumatic diseases remains unclear. Symptoms of MCTD may also be characteristic of dermatomyositis and scleroderma. Obviously, these diseases are somehow interrelated, but there is no clear explanation yet. Although MCTD was originally described as a subtype of SLE, it is probably more closely related to scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

The combination of dry eyes and dry mouth that is characteristic of Sjögren’s syndrome may be the result of inflammation of the glands that produce tears and saliva. Children with Sjögren’s syndrome are often sent to the rheumatologist by a dentist who has noted that they have unusually severe cavities or by an ophthalmologist who has noted that their complaints of eye discomfort are due to chronically dry eyes and poor tear production. Most of these children are ANA-positive, and the majority test positive for antibodies to Ro (see below). Other children with Sjögren’s syndrome are sent to the rheumatologist because of Raynaud’s syndrome and a positive ANA or rheumatoid factor.
Understanding Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I discuss the most common laboratory and diagnostic tests. There are a number of less commonly used diagnostic tests that are specific to different diseases; rather than discuss each of them here, I have included them in the sections related to those diseases where they are relevant. If you have concerns about a test not discussed here, ask your physician for more information.
Spondyloarthropathies E n thesitis-associated Arthritis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Fifteen-year-old Samantha began to complain of hip pain after a skiing accident. When repeated evaluations of her injury were negative, she was told that the hip was “bruised.” Although she improved with physical therapy, her parents became concerned when she awoke a few months later with pain in the opposite hip. A family friend told them that the pain was a symptom of Lyme disease. However, visits to several doctors confirmed that all of the tests for Lyme disease were negative. Samantha began experiencing intermittent pain in both hips and occasional knee pain. When she went for long car rides, she could barely get out of the car. When she did, she walked like “a little old lady” for ten to fifteen minutes until she loosened up. She was diagnosed with fibromyalgia by an adult rheumatologist. On physical examination, she was found to be tender in several fingers. She nearly jumped off the table when I percussed her sacroiliac joints. She had pain in the tendon insertions around her knees and her ankles.
Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Billy was a three-year-old boy who had always been in good health. Ten days before he was sent to my office, his mother noted that he appeared irritable. He had a low-grade fever, and the next day he was taken to the pediatrician to be checked for an ear infection. There was no otitis, but Billy was given antibiotic drops for his conjunctivitis. Over the next two days, Billy remained irritable. Although his eyes got better, his fever continued.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Sue Ellen was a sixteen-year-old who complained of fatigue and weakness. She was unable to go to school because she could not get out of bed in the morning and complained of hurting all over. Six months previously, she had developed a severe viral infection with fever, rash, and diffuse aches and pains. Although the fever and rash resolved within a week, she never regained her strength. She had been seen by several physicians and had been treated for Lyme disease—despite negative blood tests—with no response. A thorough physical examination and comprehensive laboratory testing found no abnormalities except for multiple trigger points. I explained to Sue Ellen and her family that we would all have to work together to help her get well. With the aid of her family, and friends, a program of steadily increasing activities and school attendance was devised. She often became discouraged because she tried to do too much and exhausted herself. It took several months for Sue Ellen to resume her normal activities. However, once she realized that she was the most important member of the team working to restore her health, she made steady progress to a full recovery.
Genetic Conditions
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Jennifer was a 13-year-old girl who puzzled her physician. Routine blood tests were normal, but she complained of feeling stiff all the time. She had frequent upper respiratory infections as a young child, and they continued as she got older. On exam, she was found to have limitation in her elbows without swelling. The pediatrician thought she might have juvenile arthritis (JA). The pediatrician had also noticed a heart murmur, and Jennifer was scheduled to be seen by a cardiologist, but she had gotten an appointment with me first. She was pleasant and normal in both appearance and intelligence. However, on complete examination, I noted that while she had slightly cloudy corneas, she had never complained to her family of visual difficulties. The heart murmur was evident, as was mild hepatosplenomegaly. X-rays of her arms revealed a curved radius with a tilted radial epiphysis, and the radiologist was uncertain what that meant. Putting the symptoms together, it was clear that Jennifer had Scheie syndrome, a milder variant of mucopolysac charidosis (MPS I) that was likely to cause progressive difficulties over time if not treated.
Understanding Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

When I was a medical student first learning about diagnostic tests, I was present when a nervous mother asked the radiologist about the dangers of X-rays and whether it was really necessary to X-ray her child. The radiologist assured the mother that a single set of films would not cause problems, but she seemed only partially comforted. After she left, he smiled at me as I put the lead apron I had been wearing back on the rack with a questioning look. “That’s what people don’t understand,” he said. “We do this all day, every day, for years at a time. That much exposure can add up and cause problem. I’ve never seen a patient with any problem that resulted from routine radiographs, but I’ve seen plenty of problems that became serious because people waited to long to do the appropriate tests.”
Perception with Unstable Fixation
Authors: Abadi Richard V
Published: October 2023

Fixation behavior has an enormous influence on perception. Too little image motion and the scene fades; too much, and blurring and oscillopsia are experienced. To keep within an optimal operating range, a number of feedback control systems counter drifts and suppress unwanted saccades. Vision, which is driven by both bottom-up and topdown processing, is an important component. Thus physiological microsaccades and saccadic intrusions are modulated by exogenous and endogenous attention, while early onset afferent defects often lead to strabismus and nystagmus. The visual consequences of such fixation failures depend on the onset time of the visual loss, the nature of any attendant afferent defect, and the retinal-image dynamics. This chapter describes psychophysical studies that examine the spatial (contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, vernier acuity, and stereopsis) and temporal (absolute and relative detection and discrimination motion thresholds) visual performance of individuals with idiopathic and nonidiopathic congenital nystagmus.
Studies of the Ability to Hold the Eye in Eccentric Gaze: Measurements in Normal Subjects with the Head Erect
Authors: Somers Jeffrey T , Reschke Millard F , Feiveson alan H , leigh R John , Wood scott J , Paloski, William H , Kornilova Ludmila
Published: October 2023

During natural activities, human subjects often direct their line of sight at an object of interest located off to one side and maintain the eyes at eccentric positions in the orbits while the object is watched. In order to program such “eccentric gaze-holding,” the brain must take into account the mechanical properties imposed by the orbital tissues. Specifically, a sustained contraction of the extraocular muscles is necessary to oppose the elastic forces that continually pull the eye back to the central position.1,2 To achieve this sustained muscle contraction, the ocular motoneurons must generate commands with an eye position component.
Expanding the Original Behavioral Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome Model to Jerk Waveforms and Gaze-angle Variations
Authors: Wang Zhong I , Dell’osso, louis F , Jacobs jonathan B
Published: October 2023

Our objective was to expand the behavioral ocular motor system (OMS) model for infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) by (a) incorporating jerk and jerk with extended foveation waveforms using a unify-ing mechanism for both pendular and jerk wave-forms and (b) incorporating idiosyncratic variation of INS amplitude with gaze angles.
Using Wavelet Analysis to Evaluate Effects of Eye and Head Movements on Ocular Oscillations
Authors: liao Ke , hong simon , Zee david S , Optican, lance M , leigh R John
Published: October 2023

Oscillations are commonly encountered in biological signals. Studying the properties of oscillations often provides insights about their physiological mechanism, and may also aid understanding of the pathogenesis of abnormal oscillations. Important properties of the oscillations include amplitude, phase, and frequency, which are easily visualized with a power spectrum. If the oscillations are pure sinusoidal or combinations of a few sinusoidal waves, these properties are relatively easy to determine by using the traditional Fourier transformation. However, almost all biological signals (for example, from cardiac and skeletal muscle and from brain) have nonperiodic properties, and their frequency components vary with the time, which makes the traditional Fourier analysis impractical for analyzing the waveform’s properties. Short-term Fourier analysis can be used to analyze different frequency components at different times, but it cannot reach high resolution in both frequency and time domains.
Multifocal Electroretinographic Study of Patients with Oculocutaneous Albinism and Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome
Authors: bala Elisa , Jacobs, jonathan B , Peachey neal S
Published: October 2023

Spatial vision is degraded by nystagmus due to the instability of visual targets on the retina. Strategies to decrease nystagmus could, therefore, improve spatial vision, provided that the individual possesses a normal retinal architecture. This may not be the case, however, in all patients with nystagmus, particularly albinos in whom the fovea is abnormal.1,2 As a result, it would be useful to obtain an objective determination of the retinal architecture prior to initiating any treatment, particularly treatment that involves surgery. There are a number of approaches by which this information could be obtained. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows the thickness of the retinal layers to be noninvasively assessed, and has been used to document foveal hypoplasia in albinos.3,4 While the presence of a normal foveal cup would indicate a better chance of improved acuity following treatment to reduce nystagmus, accurate OCT measurements require steady fixation, and significant nystagmus may obviate the ability of OCT to collect accurate measurements.
In Search of Jefferson‘s Moose
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

In 1787, Thomas Jefferson, then the American Minister to France, had the "complete skeleton, skin horns" of an American moose shipped to him in Paris and mounted in the lobby of his residence as a symbol of the vast possibilities contained in the strange and largely unexplored New World. Taking a cue from Jefferson's efforts, David Post, one of the nation's leading Internet scholars, here presents a pithy, colorful exploration of the still mostly undiscovered territory of cyberspace--what it is, how it works, and how it should be governed. What law should the Internet have, and who should make it? What are we to do, and how are we to think, about online filesharing and copyright law, about Internet pornography and free speech, about controlling spam, and online gambling, and cyberterrorism, and the use of anonymous remailers, or the practice of telemedicine, or the online collection and dissemination of personal information? How can they be controlled? Should they be controlled? And by whom? Post presents the Jeffersonian ideal--small self-governing units, loosely linked together as peers in groups of larger and larger size--as a model for the Internet and for cyberspace community self-governance. Deftly drawing on Jefferson's writings on the New World in Notes on the State of Virginia, Post draws out the many similarities (and differences) between the two terrains, vividly describing how the Internet actually functions from a technological, legal, and social perspective as he uniquely applies Jefferson's views on natural history, law, and governance in the New World to illuminate the complexities of cyberspace. In Search of Jefferson's Moose is a lively, accessible, and remarkably original overview of the Internet and what it holds for the future.
Mapping The Territory: The Geography of Nowhere
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

We need to get our bearings before we set out. Jefferson, helpfully, provided the reader of Notes on the State of Virginia with a map of the place (see following page).
Jefferson‘s Moose And The Problem Of Scale I
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

Turning Small into Big can be a tricky proposition indeed, because scaling problems—the problems that arise solely as a consequence of increasing size or increasing numbers—can be profound, and profoundly dificult to solve.
Language II
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

One of the Enlightenment ‘s Big Ideas was that languages evolve, changing over time in systematic ways. Though the idea was not original to him, Jefferson probably understood and appreciated it as well, or better, than anyone then alive. It was pretty radical stuff , for the late eighteenth century; it meant that the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, with its simultaneous creation of all human languages in a single cataclysmic moment, was not to be taken literally. It meant that Anglo-Saxon, and Chaucerian English, and the English of Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson, and Thomas Jeff erson were all connected to one another through an unbroken chain of intermediates, the many shades of mutation by which the language has tapered down to its modern form.
Governing Cyberspace III Law
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

Code may be law in cyberspace, but law—ordinary law, the rules contained in the statutes and ordinances and municipal regulations and constitutions and court decisions and all the rest—is also law in cyberspace. It, too, constrains—at the very top of the protocol stack, as it were—what you may or may not do on the inter-network.
Germany: German Tax Implications on E-Commerce Activities
Authors: Sinewe Patrick
Published: October 2023

E-Commerce—that is, commerce transacted by means of electronic networked communication systems—has recorded enormous rates of growth throughout the world and, in particular, within Germany. According to the statement of the Federal Association of Mail Order Membership Corporation (BIundesverband Versandhandel e.V.), the mail order business alone handled E6.1 billion e-commerce orders of goods and services over the Internet in Germany in 2005.
Greece: Electronic Transactions and the Boundaries of National Tax Legislation
Authors: Skouzos Theodoros
Published: October 2023

Whilst the Internet and other electronic tools facilitate the efficient allocation of global resources, taxing Internet use struggles to retain national character and is an obstacle to the development of e-commerce. E-Commerce increasingly involves the international sharing of tax revenues. According to this argument, failure of the applicable international and local laws to tackle the increased role of e-commerce in global business will result in revenue losses for some countries and revenue increases for others, but also, potentially, to double taxation of the same revenues. The result will vary not only according to the way in which the issue is handled by internationally applicable rules but also more importantly by local laws, to the extent that taxation retains its national character. The increased role of electronic transactions facilitates tax competition between states. On the other hand, the power of a state to impose tax is now challenged by the fact that the traditional rules defining the country to which one is subject to tax, such as the notion of permanent establishment, were not originally designed to accommodate e-businesses.
Introduction
Authors: Lubet Steven
Published: October 2023

Ayoung lawyer moved from the Indian Territories (now Oklahoma) to Texas, in the early spring of 1888. Eager to get started, he rented a small office and put his shingle on the door, but he still had to be admitted to practice. There were few law schools in those days, and there was no formal bar exam. Instead, each aspiring lawyer, whether a youngster or a newcomer, had to appear for a personal interview before the Texas Supreme Court.

Our young man made his way to Austin, apprehensive but ready for what he expected to be a rigorous examination by the notoriously hard-nosed justices. Surprisingly, however, they asked him only four questions: Had he studied Blackstone? Did he read the Bible? Did he know his Shakespeare? And could he play poker?

The first three questions were easy to understand. Black-stone’s Commentaries was the basic reference book for lawyers everywhere; and on the frontier it was often just about the only source available.
Spades Digging for Information
Authors: Lubet Steven
Published: October 2023

Knowledge is power in almost every setting where power makes a difference, but seldom more than in poker and law. In both pursuits, there is a premium on reliable information, as adversaries are constantly trying to spot each other’s weaknesses and outwit their opponents.

In the film Legally Blonde, Reese Witherspoon plays a California sorority girl named Elle Woods who is trying to reinvent herself as a Harvard law student. She turns out to be smarter than anyone suspected and is asked to assist one of her professors in defending a young woman charged with murdering her very wealthy 60-year-old husband. As proof of motive, the prosecution calls the couple’s hunky pool boy, who testifies that he was having an affair with the attractive defendant. He seems to be lying, but how to prove it?

During a recess, Elle finds herself standing in line for the water fountain, as the prosecution witness takes his sweet time drinking. Frustrated by his rudeness, she taps her foot impatiently.
Medieval Medicine: Fifth to Fourteenth Centuries CE
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: October 2023

The second great sweep of medical history begins at the end of the fourth century, with the founding of the first Christian hospital at Caesarea in Cappadocia, and concludes at the end of the fourteenth century, with medicine well ensconced in the universities and in the public life of the emerging nations of Europe. After Galen’ s magisterial summation and revision of Hippocratic medicine, literate medicine went stale for some five centuries, suffering the same fate as literature, the arts, and government in the general decay of the Western Roman Empire.
Ethics in American Medicine
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: October 2023

British medicine came to North America with the early colonists, who brought its pharmacopoeia but little of its learning. American doctors in the eighteenth century were mostly self-taught or apprenticeship-trained. Any doctor could take on apprentices, and no system, either of regulation or education, imposed any pattern. A few books on the doctor’ s shelf, most of them of ancient vintage, provided the only references for theory and practice. The rough, haphazard medical world of the early colonies distressed those Americans who were familiar with the more sophisticated and learned world of British medicine.
Author’s Rights and Neighboring Rights
Authors: Hansen Peter W
Published: October 2023

The UAE Constitution gives the Federation exclusive jurisdiction to legislate in relation to the protection of “literary, artistic and industrial property and the rights of authors—printed matter and publishing. . . .”

Although the UAE issued its first author’s rights law in 1992, the 1980 law in relation to printed matter and publishing extensively regulated the matter in which author’s rights might have subsisted. The main areas dealt with by the 1980 publishing law are the licensing and regulation of various forms of media, including printing presses, newspaper publishers, and cinemas, and of publications and films, their circulation, import, and export. It also sets out a number of prohibitions against the publication of certain material, including criticism of the head of state and the rulers of the emirates, as well as insults against Islam, the system of government, unjust imputations of blame against Arabs, or misrepresentation of Arabic culture or heritage. It establishes the Film Censorship Committee and empowers it to remove parts of films containing unacceptable content. Several provisions relate more directly to intellectual property. Its definition section includes a definition of a “work,” just as the ARL 2002 does.
Introduction
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: October 2023

This is a book defending judicial review: the power of courts to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. Judicial review was an American invention, but it has spread to most democracies around the world. Courts in countries as diverse as Canada, India, Israel, Germany, and South Africa now exercise the power to enforce their constitutions. Ironically, American judicial review has seemingly suffered a kind of crisis of legitimacy at home just when it has attained acceptance abroad. Some critics denounce judicial rulings as politics disguised in legal jargon. Other critics seemingly believe that judicial review can be salvaged, but only by adopting some rigid method for deciding cases, such as strict adherence to the original understanding of the Constitution at the time of its adoption. Both sets of critics agree that constitutional law, as it has actually been practiced, allows a few justices to impose their political preferences on the population at large. Their solutions may vary, then, but their diagnosis of the problem is the same: When it comes to judicial discretion, it is either the heavens or the abyss.
Waking Up and Hitting the Road Extubation, Post-Op, and Giving Report
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

Anesthesia has been likened to flying an airplane, with induction as our version of takeoff and maintenance of anesthesia replacing level flight. Just as landing a plane safely and smoothly is one of a pilot’s hardest jobs, a gentle emergence is one of ours: a combination of art and science. There are multiple reasons that a smooth emergence is challenging. Emergence in itself depends on unpredictable physiological factors, chief among them a patient’s place on the bell curve of responsiveness to volatile anesthetics. When sedatives are given for premedication, patients may not fully metabolize these during a short surgery; these too affect emergence. Even when there is no surgical stimulation, the presence of an endotracheal tube is intensely unpleasant and patients often gag on the tube as soon as they “come to.”Let’s first look at the various demands placed upon us at the end of the case, and then consider how we can balance them.
Sharp Objects, Part I IVs, Arterial Lines, and Central Lines
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

A side from intubation, most procedures in anesthesia involve some sort of needle. Proper technique is important both for a successful procedure and for the safety of the anesthesia team. In this chapter, we’re going to see how to do three basic procedures safely and effectively: IVs, arterial lines, and central lines.
privacy’s second home: Building a New Home for Privacy Under Section 15 of the Charter
Authors: Gilbert Daphne
Published: October 2023

In Canada, any constitutional “right”1 to privacy has been housed in section 7 or section 8 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Located as such, privacy is grounded and protected within the Legal Rights portion of the Charter, the provisions of which set out the rights of people in dealing with the justice system and law enforcement. Although sections 7 and 8 of the Charter guard recognized “zones” of privacy in certain, primarily criminal contexts, the positioning of privacy in the Legal Rights section alone neglects privacy’s relevance to other Charter guarantees. This is an impoverished interpretation of what privacy could offer to human rights protections in Canada. Privacy can be viewed as more than simply a legal interest, and finding a home for it, outside of the Legal Rights section of the Charter, opens new possibilities for expanding its constitutional protection and its utility as a tool in advancing other Charter rights.
Reclaiming the Social Value of Privacy
Authors: Steeves* Valerie
Published: October 2023

The protection of privacy has been on the policy agenda since Alan Westin first published his seminal work, Privacy and Freedom, in 1967. The book was followed swiftly by a series of governmental studies in France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, and the United States, and each of these countries subsequently passed data protection laws based on Westin’s definition of privacy as informational control. By 2000, over forty countries around the world had passed similar legislation as part of an ongoing international effort to harmonize the legal regime governing privacy. However, critics argue that the legislative activity of the past forty years has done little to constrain the collection of massive amounts of personal information on the part of governments and corporations. Sociologists have been particularly critical of Westin’s conceptualization of privacy, arguing that as “appealing and seemingly intuitive as this concept is, it plainly doesn’t work.” Their argument is supported by the fact that data protection has been unable to stop the rollout of technologies like closed-circuit television cameras in public places, remote-activated location devices in cell phones, iris scans in school cafeteria lunch lines, and security cameras in bathrooms, hotel rooms, and school buses, in spite of concerns that the surveillance these technologies enable may have deleterious effects on our social and political relationships. The conceptualization of privacy as informational control has also arguably displaced broader—and potentially more empowering—discourses rooted in a human rights model that seeks to protect human dignity and democratic freedoms in the surveillance society.
Dignity and Selective Self-Presentation
Authors: Matheson David
Published: October 2023

Human dignity can be a puzzling phenomenon upon first consideration. often we ascribe it in full measure to all individuals at all times, thus treating it as an inseparable aspect of human personhood—something that can no more be lost or diminished than the most basic of human rights. The United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights1 provides a prominent example of this approach to dignity when it begins with its recognition of the inherency and equality of dignity among all members of the human family. Yet our ascriptions of dignity are, at other times, moderated in the light of individuals’ circumstance, condition, or behavior. When characters in Jonathan Larson’s Rent sing “Will I lose my dignity:” the question they pose is presumably not to be settled by a reminder of the truth that the UN Declaration is driving at in its opening lines. A laborer might justifiably complain that her working environment is degrading, and petition for a more dignity-friendly state of affairs. I might seek to preserve my dignity by avoiding the public expression of my feelings for certain others. In such cases, dignity seems both gradational and alienable: it’s the sort of thing that people can lose as well as retain, have more or less of. In the next section, I will propose a solution to this puzzle—an explanation of why human dignity seems both nongradational and inalienable, on the one hand, and gradational and alienable, on the other. According to my solution, our ascriptions of dignity sometimes pertain to a basic capacity, at other times to a disposition, and at other times yet to a kind of behavior.