bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The future burden of kidney and bladder cancers preventable by behavior modification in Australia: A pooled cohort study
Authors: Laaksonen Maarit A. , MacInnis Robert J. , Canfell Karen , Giles Graham G. , Hull Peter , Shaw Jonathan E. , Cumming Robert G. , Gill Tiffany K. , Banks Emily , Mitchell Paul , Byles Julie E. , Magliano Dianna J. , Hirani Vasant , Connah David , Vajdic Claire M.
Published: May 2019

Substantial changes in the prevalence of the principal kidney and bladder cancer risk factors, smoking (both cancers) and body fatness (kidney cancer), have occurred but the contemporary cancer burden attributable to these factors has not been evaluated. We quantified the kidney and bladder cancer burden attributable to individual and joint exposures and assessed whether these burdens differ between population subgroups. We linked pooled data from seven Australian cohorts (N = 367,058) to national cancer and death registries and estimated the strength of the associations between exposures and cancer using adjusted proportional hazards models. We estimated exposure prevalence from representative contemporaneous health surveys. We combined these estimates to calculate population attributable fractions (PAFs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), accounting for competing risk of death, and compared PAFs for population subgroups. During the first 10‐year follow‐up, 550 kidney and 530 bladder cancers were diagnosed and over 21,000 people died from any cause. Current levels of overweight and obesity explain 28.8% (CI = 17.3–38.7%), current or past smoking 15.5% (CI = 6.0–24.1%) and these exposures jointly 39.6% (CI = 27.5–49.7%) of the kidney cancer burden. Current or past smoking explains 44.4% (CI = 35.4–52.1%) of the bladder cancer burden, with 24.4% attributable to current smoking. Ever smoking explains more than half (53.4%) of the bladder cancer burden in men, and the burden potentially preventable by quitting smoking is highest in men (30.4%), those aged <65 years (28.0%) and those consuming >2 standard alcoholic drinks/day (41.2%). In conclusion, large fractions of kidney and bladder cancers in Australia are preventable by behavior change.
A miniaturized piezoresistive flow sensor for real‐time monitoring of intravenous infusion
Authors: Hagihghi Reza , Razmjou Amir , Orooji Yasin , Warkiani Majid E. , Asadnia Mohsen
Published: May 2019

Drug overdose (DO) is considered one of the current issues of intravenous (IV) infusion particularly resulting in serious injuries and deaths. Malfunction of infusion pumps is reported as the main cause of the drug overdose. Live monitoring and flow rate calculation by health professionals have been practicing to avoid DO. However, human errors and miscalculations are inevitable. A secondary measurement tool is required to avoid the risk of OD when infusion pump malfunctions cannot be detected immediately. Here, inspired by nature, we developed a real‐time monitoring device through which an administrator can review, evaluate, and modify the IV infusion process. Our flow sensor possesses an erected polymer hair cell on a multi‐layered silicon base forming from a patterned gold strained gauge layer on a piezoresistive liquid crystal polymer (LCP) membrane. Gold strain gauges on an LCP membrane have been used instead of a piezoresistive silicon membrane as the sensing element. The combination of gold strain gauges and LCP membrane provides better sensitivity than a piezoresistive silicon membrane of the same dimensions and thickness. We also miniaturized our biocompatible sensor such that it can be possible to install it inside the IV tube in contact with the liquid providing an in‐suite online flow monitoring. The proposed LCP membrane sensor is compared with two commercially available IV sensors to validate its flow sensing ability. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed sensor provides a low threshold detection limit of 5 mL/hr, which betters the performance of other commercial sensors at low flow rates.
Effect of cantilevers' dimensions on phase contrast in multifrequency atomic force microscopy
Authors: Ehsanipour Milad , Damircheli Mehrnoosh , Eslami Babak
Published: May 2019

During the past years, different theoretical and experimental works are done to enhance the observables (mostly higher eigenmode's phase contrast) in multifrequency atomic force microscopy methods. In this study, the geometry of rectangular cantilevers is studied and an optimum dimension that can provide maximum phase contrast for a given set of samples is found. The analysis is done both numerically and experimentally. A sensitivity analysis is provided to demonstrate which dimension (length, width, thickness, tip‐radius, and cantilever and sample angle) of the cantilever has a higher effect on the results. The effects of geometrical dimensions are categorized into to: (a) effect on dynamics of the cantilever (b) effects on cantilever's specifications (i.e., spring constant and quality factor). Length and width of the cantilever dominates the static behavior of the cantilever. While thickness (for lower values), tip radius, and approach angle mostly affect the dynamic behavior of the cantilever. Theoretically, it is found as the length increases the phase contrast increase. This relationship is opposite for width. It was also observed that the effect of thickness for a specific range on the phase contrast depends on the 1st eigenmode amplitude setpoint. This study shows for having higher contrast, lower tip‐radius is needed. The optimum angle between cantilever and sample to enhance bimodal atomic force microscopy imaging is also found. Based on the commercially available cantilevers, the optimum cantilever dimension is provided. Three different cantilevers with similar dimensions are experimentally tested and theoretical results are verified.
The liver as a nursery for leukocytes
Authors: Mafra Kassiana , Nakagaki Brenda Naemi , Castro Oliveira Hortência Maciel , Rezende Rafael Machado , Antunes Maísa Mota , Menezes Gustavo Batista
Published: May 2019

Leukocytes are a large population of cells spread within most tissues in the body. These cells may be either sessile (called as resident cells) or circulating leukocytes, which travel long journeys inside the vessels during their lifespan. Although production and maturation of these leukocytes in adults primarily occur in the bone marrow, it is well known that this process—called hematopoiesis—started in the embryonic life in different sites, including the yolk sac, placenta, and the liver. In this review, we will discuss how the liver acts as a pivotal site for leukocyte maturation during the embryo phase, and also how the most frequent liver-resident immune cell populations—namely Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes—play a vital role in both tolerance and inflammatory responses to antigens from food, microbiota, and pathogens.
The Structure of Creativity in Primary Education: An Empirical Confirmation of the Amusement Park Theory
Authors: Willemsen Robin H. , Schoevers Eveline M. , Kroesbergen Evelyn H.
Published: May 2019

In this study, we explored the structure of pupils’ creativity in primary education following the Amusement Park Theory, by investigating undiscovered linkages between the domains of writing, mathematics, and drawing. More specifically, we examined: (a) whether some domains and general thematic areas are more closely related to each other than to others, (b) whether literacy and mathematical ability are specific underlying traits of creativity in writing and mathematics, respectively, and (c) whether intelligence and divergent thinking are related to creativity in all domains. The sample consisted of 331 Dutch 4th grade pupils. For each research question, a model was analyzed using structural equation modeling. We found creativity in mathematics and creativity in writing to be most similar, followed by creativity in mathematics and creativity in drawing, with creativity in writing and creativity in drawing being least similar. Additionally, we found evidence for several underlying traits (i.e., literacy ability and mathematical ability) and initial requirements of creativity (i.e., intelligence and divergent thinking), none of which were important for creativity in only one domain, and of which only intelligence was important for creativity in all domains. Herewith, our study provides insights regarding the complexity of the structure of creativity in primary education.
Self‐Assembly of Drug–Drug Conjugates as Drug Self‐Delivery System for Tumor‐Specific pH‐Triggered Release
Authors: Li Jiagen , Liu Peng
Published: May 2019

An acid‐labile doxorubicin dimer (D‐DOX) is designed as drug–drug conjugate for tumor intracellular pH‐triggered release, by conjugating doxorubicin (DOX) with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH). The dimer‐based surfactants modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), DOX‐ADH‐DOX‐PEG or are synthesized by mono‐PEGylation and bi‐PEGylation, respectively. Then the prodrug nanoparticles are fabricated with different drug contents via dialyzing the mixture solution of D‐DOX and the PEGylated surfactants in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with different mass ratios against water. It is found that the smaller prodrug nanoparticles (142–163 nm) could be obtained with the mono‐PEGylated surfactant, than those of 157–225 nm with the bi‐PEGylated surfactant. Furthermore, the mono‐PEGylated surfactant results in a higher drug content of 51% due to their lower PEG contents. All prodrug nanoparticles could release DOX completely within 36 h at pH 5.0, with the premature drug leakage of less than 10% at pH 7.4. The 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays demonstrate the proposed drug self‐delivery system possessed an enhanced anticancer efficacy against HepG2 cells than the free DOX.
Fragment Velocity Characteristics of Warheads with a Hollow Core under Asymmetrical Initiation
Authors: An Xuanyi , Dong Yongxiang , Liu Jiayun , Ye Ping
Published: May 2019

Fragment velocity characteristics of warheads are key issues in the field of explosion technology and protection. However, the fragment velocity characteristics of a warhead with a hollow core under asymmetrical initiation are rarely touched. In this work, the effects of the diameter of the hollow core on the fragment velocities of warheads under asymmetrical initiation were investigated by experimentally verified numerical simulations. The results showed that the fragment velocity‐time curves exhibited a second time acceleration due to the collision of the shock/detonation wave and/or that of the detonation products. For warheads under symmetrical initiation, the second time acceleration becomes stronger, and then becomes slightly weaker with the increase of the diameter of the hollow core, due to the combined effects of bigger hollow core and less explosive charge mass. For warheads under asymmetrical initiation, the second time acceleration becomes more obvious with the increase of the diameter of the hollow core, because the larger shaped charge efficiency enhances the collision of the detonation products. A modified formula was proposed to predict the initial fragment velocity in the aiming direction of a warhead with a hollow core under asymmetrical initiation. Experimentally verified numerical simulations were then used to verify the formula and the results showed that the new formula could predict the velocity very well. This work could offer a good reference for the design of tunable effects warheads and aimable warheads.
Studies Towards the Stereoselective Total Synthesis of 7‐O‐methylnigrosporolide
Authors: Baikadi Karunakar , Talakokkula Anil , Narsaiah A. Venkat
Published: May 2019

The first synthetic approach towards the cytotoxic agent, 7‐O‐methylnigrosporolide is described in 13 linear steps with 10.5% overall yield. The synthesis started from commercially available starting materials, D‐mannitol and 5‐hexenol. The key features of the synthetic pathway involved are Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution, C2‐Wittig, CBS reduction, Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons reaction, Shiina macrolacto‐nization and Lindlar reduction.
Glycosylated Amphiphilic Calixarene‐Based Detergent for Functional Stabilization of Native Membrane Proteins.
Authors: Dauvergne Julien , Desuzinges Elodie Mandon , Faugier Clarisse , Igonet Sébastien , Soulié Marine , Grousson Emilie , Cornut Damien , Bonneté Françoise , Durand Grégory , Dejean Emmanuel , Jawhari Anass
Published: May 2019

Structure‐function and drug discovery studies of membrane proteins (MPs) require their extraction from cell membranes. Here we report the synthesis and use of novel glycosylated amphiphilic calixarene‐based detergent, named CALX‐173‐GK, for native membrane protein stabilization. It consists of a nonionic polar part with three saccharide groups, a calixarene ring and an aliphatic tail of seven carbon atoms. Micellization, shape and self‐assemblies were investigated. The function of three native MPs was conserved, enhanced and stabilized overtime when CALX‐173‐GK was used as a solubilization additive. Taken together, the use of this novel glycosylated amphiphilic detergent confirms the added value of combining calixarene and glycosides groups to improve functional stability of MPs. This work also illustrates the advantage of associating solubilizing and stabilizing molecules, providing a new avenue for stabilization of functional membrane proteins.
ICSSP 2018—Special issue introduction
Authors: O'Connor Rory V. , Houston Dan , Hebig Regina , Kuhrmann Marco
Published: May 2019

The International Conference on Software and System Processes (ICSSP) provides a leading forum for the exchange of research outcomes and industrial best practices in process development from software and systems disciplines. ICSSP 2018 was held in Gothenburg, Sweden, May 26 to 27, 2018, colocated with the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE). The theme of ICSSP 2018 was studying “Demands on Processes, Processes on Demand” by recognizing the demands on processes that include the need for both well‐developed plans and incremental deliveries (agile and hybrid processes), utilization of increased automation (model‐based engineering and DevOps), higher degrees of customer collaboration, comprehensive analysis of existing products for reuse (open source and COTS), and performance requirements of enterprise‐level architectures. This special issue includes the revised and extended versions of the five highest ranked full research papers and industry experience papers of ICSSP 2018, including the two award‐winning papers.
Interactive effects of carbon nanotube and montmorrilonite reinforcement polyvinyl alcohol composite system
Authors: Bee Soo‐Tueen , Sin Lee Tin , Ooi Ker Qi Nicole , Ratnam Chantara Thevy , Rahmat A. R.
Published: May 2019

This work was conducted to investigate the interactive effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and montmorillonite (MMT) on the mechanical–physical properties of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) nanocomposites. The increasing of CNTs amounts from 0.5 phr to 1 phr has gradually increased tensile strength and Young's modulus of all PVOH/MMT blends due to good interaction effect between MMT and CNTs with PVOH matrix especially for 2 phr MMT added PVOH blends. Besides, the addition of low CNTs amounts (≤1 phr) in PVOH matrix has significantly weakened the hydrogen bonding polymer matrix of all PVOH/MMT blends as evaluated in FTIR analysis. This is attributed to the good of dispersion of low amounts of CNTs could disturb the hydrogen bonding between PVOH molecules and thus induced the strength of OH stretching in PVOH matrix. However, higher amounts of CNTs (≥1.5 phr) have significantly increased hydrogen bonding in PVOH matrix due to the agglomeration of higher amounts of CNTs particles in PVOH matrix as observed in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis. From X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy observation, the MMT particles were found to effectively exfoliate in PVOH matrix of 2 phr MMT (low amounts) added PVOH/MMT/MCNTs composites, indicates that low MMT amounts could improve the interaction effect between PVOH matrix and CNTs particles. In conclusion, the incorporation of lower amounts of CNTs has effectively improved on the mechanical and physical properties of all PVOH and PVOH/MMT blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 26:77–89, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Self‐control in crows, parrots and nonhuman primates
Authors: Miller Rachael , Boeckle Markus , Jelbert Sarah A. , Frohnwieser Anna , Wascher Claudia A. F. , Clayton Nicola S.
Published: May 2019

Self‐control is critical for both humans and nonhuman animals because it underlies complex cognitive abilities, such as decision‐making and future planning, enabling goal‐directed behavior. For instance, it is positively associated with social competence and life success measures in humans. We present the first review of delay of gratification as a measure of self‐control in nonhuman primates, corvids (crow family) and psittacines (parrot order): disparate groups that show comparable advanced cognitive abilities and similar socio‐ecological factors. We compare delay of gratification performance and identify key issues and outstanding areas for future research, including finding the best measures and drivers of delayed gratification. Our review therefore contributes to our understanding of both delayed gratification as a measure of self‐control and of complex cognition in animals.

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

Psychology > Comparative Psychology
Alcohol, its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body and pharmacokinetic calculations
Authors: Jones Alan W.
Published: May 2019

The ethanol contained in alcoholic beverages is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the maximum blood‐alcohol concentration (BAC) is usually reached between 10 and 60 min postdosing. Once in the bloodstream, ethanol is distributed into the total body water (TBW) compartment, which comprises ~55–60% of body weight in nonobese males and ~50–55% in females. The volume of distribution (Vd) of ethanol depends on a person's age, gender, and degree of adiposity (ratio of fat to lean tissue). Studies have shown that the averageVdfor healthy men and women are ~0.70 and ~0.60 L/kg, respectively. Elimination of ethanol from the body occurs primarily through metabolism (92–98% of dose) by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme located in the liver cytosol and a microsomal enzyme, denoted CYP2E1. A small fraction (0.1–0.2%) of the dose of ethanol ingested undergoes nonoxidative metabolism by phase II conjugation reactions leading to formation of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate. Only between 2 and 10% of the dose of ethanol is excreted unchanged in urine, breath, and in sweat/perspiration. Ethanol exhibits dose‐dependent pharmacokinetics, because the hepatic ADH enzyme is saturated with substrate at BAC above 15–20 mg/100 mL (15–20 mg%). Zero‐order kinetics operate for most of the postabsorptive elimination phase and the BAC decreases at a constant rate per unit time ranging from 10 to 35 mg% per hour (average 15 mg% per hour for moderate drinkers). Examples of various pharmacokinetic calculations are presented because these are often necessary in forensic science and legal medicine casework.

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology > Alcohol

Toxicology > Analytical Toxicology

Toxicology > Drug‐Impaired Driving
Social representations about the functions of deliberate self‐harm: Adolescents and parents
Authors: Duarte Eva , Gouveia‐Pereira Maria , Gomes Hugo S. , Sampaio Daniel
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The understanding of the social representations about the functions of deliberate self‐harm can be an important factor for the comprehension of this phenomenon. Nonetheless, only a few studies focused on this topic and specifically on the social representations from adolescents with and without a history of deliberate self‐harm and their parents.

Methods

This article presents two studies that analysed these representations. Study 1 compared the social representations from 411 Portuguese adolescents (219 females and 192 males, aged 12–19 years), from which 109 reported having a history of deliberate self‐harm. Study 2 focused on the comparison of the social representations from 471 parents (265 mothers and 206 fathers, aged 33–62 years) of Portuguese adolescents. Of the parents in Study 2, 120 had children with a history of deliberate self‐harm.

Results

In Study 1, adolescents without a history of deliberate self‐harm perceived most interpersonal functions as more relevant than adolescents with a history of these behaviours, while adolescents with a history of deliberate self‐harm emphasized one intrapersonal function. In Study 2, no differences were found between parents of adolescents with and without a history of deliberate self‐harm. However, results revealed differences between the representations of mothers and fathers in several intrapersonal functions.

Conclusions

This research provides important insight regarding the social representations about the functions of deliberate self‐harm from adolescents with and without a reported history of these behaviours and their parents. The impact for clinical intervention and prevention programs is discussed.
Modeled and Measured Carbon Isotopic Composition and Petrographically Estimated Binder-Aggregate Ratio—Recipe for Binding Material Dating?
Authors: Michalska Danuta , Pawlyta Jacek
Published: May 2019

This paper presents the results of radiocarbon (14C) dating of bulk mortars and reports an attempt of implementation of the knowledge about the isotopic fractionation, based on δ13C measurements, to make the age correction for mortars, together with verification of such correction based on the percentage estimation of carbonate components, namely binder and aggregate. To evaluate the variability of isotopic fractionation during CO2 absorption by mortar, dependent on the climatic and environmental conditions, and the type of mortar, the δ13C measurements have been performed for the mortars from Sussita (Golan Heights). Such measurements were also made for fragments of natural carbonate rocks and for mortars produced in the laboratory from the same substrate. We propose the recipe for mortars age estimation.
Hypothetical Influence of Bacterial Communities on the Transfer of 14C-Depleted Carbon to Infaunal Foraminifera: Implications for Radiocarbon Dating in Coastal Environments
Authors: Poirier Clément , Baumann Juliette , Chaumillon Eric
Published: May 2019

Little is known about the potential complications that may arise from the use of coastal foraminifera for radiocarbon (14C) dating. The aim of this study is to report the fortuitous finding of 14C-dated Haynesina germanica individuals picked from two sediment cores (Pertuis Charentais, France), which appeared 2500–2000 years older than their expected age of deposition. Stratigraphical and micropaleontogical evidence have ruled out the possible effect of reworking of calcareous tests from previous strata. Similar anomalous 14C ages were obtained on abundant lignocellulose debris recovered from the cores, which are supplied by rivers flowing into the study area. Given that H. germanica is an infaunal species, we hypothesize that in-situ living individuals acquired the 14C-depleted isotopic signature of lignocellulose debris within the sediment prior to definitive burial, following an unexplored pathway of carbon transfer between the two compartments. Based on the literature, we propose a plausible explanation, which involves bacterial communities living in the study area. This putative role of bacteria may have considerable importance for past and future studies of Holocene environmental changes in coastal environments. Further work is now needed to explore this hypothesis with more robust, direct evidence based on comprehensive geochemical, geochronological and microbiological studies.
Correspondence
Authors: Weston Burns H. , Oliver Covey T. , Sweeney Joseph Modeste
Published: May 2019

The American Journal of International Law welcomes short communications from its readers. It reserves the right to determine which letters should be published and to edit any letters printed. Letters should conform to the same format requirements as other manuscripts.
The Francis Deák Prize
Authors: Modeste Sweeney Joseph
Published: May 2019

The AJIL Board of Editors is pleased to announce that the Francis Deák Prize for 1987 has been awarded to C. M. Chinkin for her article, Third-Party Intervention before the International Court of Justice, which appeared in the July 1986 issue at p. 495. Ms. Chinkin is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Sydney.
THE FACTORIAL CONJECTURE AND IMAGES OF LOCALLY NILPOTENT DERIVATIONS
Authors: LIU DAYAN , SUN XIAOSONG
Published: May 2019

The factorial conjecture was proposed by van den Essen et al. [‘On the image conjecture’, J. Algebra 340(1) (2011), 211–224] to study the image conjecture, which arose from the Jacobian conjecture. We show that the factorial conjecture holds for all homogeneous polynomials in two variables. We also give a variation of the result and use it to show that the image of any linear locally nilpotent derivation of $\mathbb{C}[x,y,z]$ is a Mathieu–Zhao subspace.
Gupta on Sellars’s Theory of Perception
Authors: Lee Byeong D.
Published: May 2019

Recently, Anil Gupta raised several important objections against Wilfrid Sellars’s theory of perception. The purpose of this paper is to defend Sellars’s theory of perception against these objections. I admit that some aspects of his theory are problematic: for example, there are good reasons to reject Sellars’s view that the ultimate referent of a perceptual taking is a sense impression. Nonetheless, I argue that a Sellarsian account of perception is still a viable approach to perception, despite Gupta’s powerful objections.
Ascetic Protestantism and Economic Rationalism: Max Weber Revisited after Two Generations
Authors: Lehmann Hartmut
Published: May 2019

Max Weber's essay on the relationship of ascetic Protestantism and the spirit of capitalism, published in 1904/05, is certainly the most controversial and perhaps the most complicated piece he wrote. As we all know, two generations of scholars have discussed Weber's essay since 1905, filling the shelves of libraries with the fruits of their labors. Scholars in different fields have expressed their own version of what Weber supposedly wanted to say, often generalizing Weber's remarks and giving their own rather than Weber's original opinion.
Divine Action as Mediated
Authors: Gill Jerry H.
Published: May 2019

The general concern of Austin Farrer's deservedly well-known approach to our discernment of God's activity in the world is to ground it in our knowledge of our own selves as agents, especially as we interact with God as Divine Agent. In his book The Glass of Vision, Farrer develops an account of how this overall approach applies to the concept of revelation and religious language. The “text” he chose for this book, “Now we see through a glass darkly,” sounds as promising as the title.
Berkeley's Immaterialism and the Scientific Promise of the Christian Doctrine of Creation
Authors: Eaton Jeffrey C.
Published: May 2019

In a rather well-known article published half a century ago Michael Foster argued that modern science is rooted in the Christian doctrine of creation. Ancient science, on the other hand, was, according to Foster, the product of Greek metaphysics. The goal of ancient science was the definition of the essence of its object of investigation. The Greeks assumed that the essence of an object was its form and that the form of a thing was intelligible. The task of science, then, was to bring this intelligibility to light.
United States: Florida International Arbitration Act
Authors: Loumiet Carlos E.
Published: May 2019

In 1986 Florida became the first state in the United States to adopt a statute specifically designed for international arbi–tration. The Florida International Arbitration Act, Chapter 684 of the Florida Statutes, entered into effect on October 1, 1986.
France: Court of Cassation Decision in Southern Pacific Properties Ltd. et al. V. Arab Republic of Egypt(Appellate Review of Arbitral Awards between States and Private Parties)
Authors: Gaillard Emmanuel
Published: May 2019

On January 6, 1987, the French Court of Cassation denied the petition for annulment of the decision rendered by the Paris Court of Appeals on July 12, 1984 [23 I.L.M. 1048 (1984)] which set aside the award rendered by an ICC Arbitral Tribunal on March 11, 1983 in the SPP v. The Arab Republic of Egypt case [22 I.L.M. 752 (1983)].

Ruling on the question of their own competence, the arbitrators accepted jurisdiction over the Arab Republic of Egypt on the ground that by affixing the words “approved, agreed and ratified” by the Minister of Tourism and the signature of the Minister of Tourism to a contract entered into “between” SPP and the Egyptian General Organization for Tourism and Hotels (EGOTH), the State had agreed to be bound by the ICC arbitration clause contained in that contract.
A Digest of Selected Judgments of The Supreme Court of Israel
Authors: Kanafi Menahem
Published: May 2019

The following is a survey of major judgments of the Supreme Court of Israel published in (1986) 40Piskei Din, vols. (i) and (ii), directly following upon our last digest, which appeared in (1987) 22 Is.L.R. 219.

One central decision published in the volumes presently reviewed, that ofZeitsovv.Katz(1986) 40(ii)P.D.85, has not been included in this survey. The decision concerns the suit of a child born with a genetic disease, against a doctor whose allegedly negligent diagnosis led to the child's conception. This case has been discussed at length in an article which appeared previously in the Israel Law Review, and to which our readers are referred.
Who is to Accomplish Criminal Law Reform: The Interrelationship between Parliament and the Judiciary
Authors: Levy Yuval
Published: May 2019

Who ought to bring about the essential reform in criminal law? At first glance, the answer appears obvious and unequivocal. In all modern Western democracies, the norm is for the function of lawmaking to be in the hands of the legislative branch of government, to the exclusion of the judiciary or any other organ inside or outside government.

The question posed above, however, is meant to explore a different issue, namely, the interrelationship between parliament and the judiciary in the province of criminal law reform, and their respective functions in effecting new policies. Assuming the task of legislation to be reserved to parliament, is there no room for judges to read into parliamentary enactments trend-making reformative content which would allow the implementation of what judges conceive to be the policies of the legislature in the field of penal law reform? Or is it, rather, incumbent upon the legislature itself to shape the character of the necessary reform with the statutory tools available to it?
‘BETWEEN EDUCATION AND CATASTROPHE’: CÔTE D'IVOIRE'S PROGRAMME D'ÉDUCATION TÉLÉVISUELLE AND THE URGENCY OF DEVELOPMENT (1968–1983)
Authors: PROSPERETTI ELISA
Published: May 2019

Côte d'Ivoire's Programme d'Éducation Télévisuelle (PETV) was one of postcolonial Africa's most innovative educational reforms. And yet, PETV was implemented by a country exemplary for its educational conservatism. This apparent paradox is explained by the Ivorian state's developmentalist vision had crowned education its ‘priority of priorities‘. By charting the adoption and termination of PETV, this article argues for the centrality of formal schooling to the history of development.
‘IT'S ALL WORK AND HAPPINESS ON THE FARMS’: AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE BLOCS IN NKRUMAH'S GHANA
Authors: LAMBERT KERI
Published: May 2019

This study assesses the agricultural sector under the government of Kwame Nkrumah as a dynamic Cold War front. After Ghana's independence in 1957, Nkrumah asserted that the new nation would guard its sovereignty from foreign influence, while recognizing that it needed foreign cooperation and investment. His government embarked upon a development program with an emphasis on diversifying Ghana's agriculture to decrease her dependence on cocoa. Meanwhile, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought to establish footholds in Ghana through agricultural aid, trade, and investments. In the first years of independence, the Ghanaian state encouraged smallholder farming and American investment. Later, in a sudden change of policy, the government established large-scale state farms along the socialist model. This article brings to light the ways that Ghanaians in rural areas engaged with and interpreted the increasingly interventionist agriculture projects and policies of Nkrumah's government.
The Interaction of Acifluorfen and Bentazon in Herbicidal Combinations
Authors: Sorensen Veldon M. , Meggitt W. F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} and bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] were applied singly, in combination at various rates, with and without a crop oil concentrate to common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE), jimsonweed (Datura stramoniumL. # DATST), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) grown in containers in the greenhouse and outdoors. Without crop oil concentrate, synergistic responses to the combinations were measured in common lambsquarters and velvetleaf. Antagonistic responses were measured in jimsonweed. Redroot pigweed response was antagonistic in the greenhouse and synergistic outdoors. The addition of a crop oil concentrate tended to mask the interactions. Crop oil concentrate also increased the droplet size for common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, jimsonweed, and redroot pigweed 53, 41, 28, and 27%, respectively. Neither herbicide at any rate or combination influenced droplet size. Radiolabeled studies showed reduced uptake of14C-acifluorfen when bentazon was present in common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed by 15 and 10%, respectively. Radiolabeled bentazon uptake was reduced 3% in jimsonweed and increased 20% in redroot pigweed when acifluorfen was present.
Initial Metabolism of Acetochlor in Tolerant and Susceptible Seedlings
Authors: Breaux E. Jay
Published: May 2019

The initial metabolism of acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] in tolerant and susceptible plants was examined to determine if metabolism is a factor in the selective phytotoxicity of this herbicide. Six crop and ten weed species were used. In every case acetochlor was converted initially to thioether conjugates. In thirteen of the species, initial conjugation was with glutathione (GSH). The homoglutathione (hGSH) conjugate was formed in three legumes. Tolerant plant seedlings metabolized acetochlor more readily than susceptible plant seedlings. Based on these results, acetochlor detoxification is a primary factor in the selective phytotoxicity of this herbicide.
Phenology and Germination of Crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides)
Authors: Kaul M. L. H. , Mangal P. D.
Published: May 2019

Crownbeard [Verbesina encelioides(Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex. A. Gray # VEEEN (Compositae)] exhibited rapid seedling, vegetative, and reproductive growth. Seed germination under ideal conditions was high and occurred in varying soils except in gravel. It was significantly suppressed under drought and waterlogged conditions and was maximum at 21% moisture regimes. Larger and heavier seeds which exhibited higher germination were produced by the plants growing in open and sand dune habitats. Seedling emergence was highest from surface-sown seeds and least in those sown at 2.5-cm soil depth, beyond which no emergence occurred. High phenotypic plasticity, ecological variability, phenological diversity, seed germination in varied soils and under diverse moisture regimes, quick seedling growth and subsequent establishment, coupled with versatile breeding system, contribute to the successful growth, propagation, and spread of this species in nature in India.
Interference Periods of Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Snipes Charles E. , Street Joe E. , Walker Robert H.
Published: May 2019

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) was grown in the presence of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumariumL. # XANST) on a Lucedale fine sandy loam. Cotton was maintained weed free or allowed to compete with common cocklebur for 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 weeks after planting. Mathematical predictions of seed cotton yield were optimum when maintained free from common cocklebur interference for 8 weeks or more after cotton emergence in 1981 and 1982, and 10 weeks or more in 1980. Common cocklebur adversely affected yield when allowed to compete longer than 4 weeks in 1981 and 1982, and 2 weeks in 1980.
Controlled-Release Preemergence Herbicide Formulations for Annual Grass Control in Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) Turf
Authors: Chalmers David R. , Hopen Herbert J. , Turgeon Al J.
Published: May 2019

Field, greenhouse, and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of starch xanthide (SX), sludge polymer (SP), and coventional formulations (CF) of benefin [N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine], oxadiazon {3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H-one}, and prosulfalin {N-[[4-dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrophenyl] sulfonyl]-5,5-dimethylsulfilimine} for the control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.) turf. Turf injury was greatest with SP oxadiazon and prosulfalin formulations, while SX formulations of oxadiazon and prosulfalin caused decreased and /or delayed injury and provided control comparable to conventional formulations. Coarse SX granules containing prosulfalin caused less turf injury than fine granules, while the opposite effect sometimes occurred with SX oxadiazon. Differences in control were observed in the greenhouse when SX benefin formulations which varied in cross-linking agent and/or degree of substitution were compared to the conventional formulation on sandy and silt loam soils. Benefin SX formulations also demonstrated controlled-release properties, which improved large crabgrass control when compared to the conventional formulation in the greenhouse. This effect was short lived on silt loam but persisted on sand. SX granules cross-linked with Fe3+extended benefin activity longer than H2O2cross-linked materials on sandy soil only. Release of14C-labeled benefin from SX matrices was altered by the extent of water imbibition, solvent characteristics, and granule size.
Carrier Volume Effects on the Antagonism of Sethoxydim by Bentazon
Authors: Lassiter Ralph B. , Coble Harold D.
Published: May 2019

The effect of spray carrier volume on the antagonism of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} by bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] was investigated under greenhouse and field conditions. In the laboratory, the spray droplet overlap between components of a sequential spray application increased from 17 to 50% as carrier volume was increased from 94 to 374 L/ha, respectively. Carrier volume had a significant influence on treatments of sethoxydim alone and sethoxydim sequentially applied with bentazon, but not on the tank mixture of the two herbicides. Carrier volumes of 94 and 187 L/ha used to deliver sethoxydim alone and the sethoxydim/bentazon sequential treatment were superior to the use of 374 L/ha for the control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanquinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA], fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx. # PANDI), and goosegrass (Eleusine indicaGaertn. # ELEIN). There was no difference in grass control between sethoxydim alone and the sequential treatment except at carrier volumes of 187 L/ha or more with which the sequential treatment was less effective. Rates of 0.06 and 0.11 kg ai/ha of sethoxydim were influenced more by changes in carrier volume than 0.22 kg/ha in both the alone and sequential treatments.
Efficacy of CGA-92194 and Flurazole in Protecting Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) from Herbicide Injury
Authors: Leif John W. , Burnside Orvin C. , Martin Alex R.
Published: May 2019

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted during 1984 through 1986 to examine the efficacy of the seed protectants CGA-92194 {α-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methyl)imino]benzacetonitrile} and flurazole [2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid] for protecting grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] from alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], and propachlor [2-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-phenylacetamide] injury. In the field, CGA-92194 and flurazole protected sorghum from injury, stand reduction, and yield loss due to alachlor and metolachlor. In general, sorghum was protected with either antidote, and protected response to alachlor or metolachlor was similar to sorghum subjected to propachlor. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the response of bronze and yellow pericarp color to seed protectants, six sorghum hybrids to these antidotes, and the effects of cool soil temperature on the early seedling vigor of sorghum protected with the antidotes. The response of sorghum with yellow and bronze pericarp color was similar when compared across antidotes. However, there were differences among the sorghum hybrids when compared across protectants. The potential of CGA-92194 and flurazole to protect against alachlor injury was reduced when sorghum was grown in cool soil.
Effects of Weed Control in Established Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on Forage Yield and Quality
Authors: Cosgrove Dennis R. , Barrett Michael
Published: May 2019

The effects of weed control measures in established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) on forage yield and quality were investigated at three sites with varying alfalfa densities and weed populations. Herbicide treatments were 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] applied in fall or spring, respectively, 1.68 kg/ha pronamide [3,5-dichloro (N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] applied in fall, and combinations of these treatments. First-harvest forage yields (weeds plus alfalfa) were either reduced or unchanged by herbicide treatments. Total forage yield was not altered by the herbicide treatments, but first-harvest and total alfalfa yield as well as first-harvest forage protein content were increased by several treatments, depending on stand density and weed pressure. Little effect was observed on in vitro digestible dry matter or acid detergent fiber content.
Susceptibility of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Various Postemergence Grass Herbicides
Authors: Street Joe E. , Snipes Charles E.
Published: May 2019

A 4-yr study was conducted to evaluate the response of rice (Oryza sativaL. 'Starbonnet′) to sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, haloxyfop {2-[4-[13-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, and quizalofop {(±)-2-[4-(6-chloro-2-quinoxalynyloxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}. In general, rice was more sensitive when herbicides were applied at panicle initiation than at the tillering stage of development. Quizalofop severely reduced rice yield when applied wih a surfactant. Applied at tillering, sethoxydim at 210 g ai/ha did not reduce rice height, grain yield, milling yield, or seed quality.
Low-Cost Weed Control Systems for Close-Row Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Cardina John , Mixon Aubrey C. , Wehtje Glenn R.
Published: May 2019

Weed control, yield, quality, and net return in reduced-cost and standard weed control systems were studied in “Sunbelt runner’ peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.) planted in a twin-row pattern in 1982 to 85 at Tifton, GA, and 1982 to 84 at Headland, AL. Reduced herbicide rates and/or less expensive herbicides were used to decrease weed control costs. In years and locations where weed populations were low there were no differences in weed control, crop yield, or quality. The lowest cost treatment, which included three applications of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), caused reduced weed control at both locations in 1982 and reduced yield in 1982 and 1984. None of the systems consistently resulted in the highest weed control, crop yield, or quality. A system including reduced rates of preplant-incorporated herbicides followed by two applications of paraquat performed as well as the standard system but cost about 40% less. Due to low cost and generally high yields this system resulted in consistently high net returns. Results indicate that the potential exists for reducing herbicide inputs without sacrificing yield or quality.
A Continuous-Flow Model Ecosystem for Studying Effects of Herbicides on Aquatic Plants
Authors: Paterson David M. , Wright S. John L.
Published: May 2019

A continuous-flow system was designed for the culture of aquatic weeds in the laboratory and used to examine the effects of low concentrations of terbutryn [N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N′-ethyl-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and diquat cation (6,7-dihydrodipyrido [1,2-:2′,1′-c] pyrazinediium ion) on algae (epiphyton) growing on surfaces of common elodea (Elodea canadensis L. C. Rich # ELDCA). Terbutryn did not affect the density of the epiphytic algal community, although development of the diatom component was favored at the highest concentration (50 μg/L). Diquat cation stimulated the growth of the epiphyton, particularly the diatoms, at concentrations as low as 5 μg/L. Possible reasons for this response included hormesis, differential tolerance to diquat, and facultative heterotrophy.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Foliar-Applied Imazaquin in Soybeans (Glycine max), Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and Associated Weeds
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Patterson Michael G. , Cole Tracy A.
Published: May 2019

Absorption of foliar-applied14C-imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} 72 h after treatment was higher than 90% for soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Braxton’], peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Florunner’), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumariumL. # XANST), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. # CASOB), and Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(SW.) # DEDTO]. Both symplasmic and apoplasmic translocation of the herbicide were evident. Imazaquin half-life was 4.4 days in soybean, 5.3 days in peanut, 9.6 days in Florida beggarweed, 12.7 days in sicklepod, and 39.8 days in cocklebur. Tolerance of these species to foliar-applied imazaquin as determined in greenhouse studies with 21-day-old seedlings was as follows: soybean = peanut > Florida beggarweed > sicklepod > cocklebur. Tolerance was directly correlated to imazaquin halflife within the tissue of the respective species.
Phytotoxicity and Uptake of Clopyralid in Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) as Affected by Adjuvants and Other Herbicides
Authors: Bovey Rodney W. , Hein Hugo , Meyer Robert E.
Published: May 2019

The addition of surfactant I (trimethylnonylpolyethoxyethanol) or surfactant II (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl cyclohexane) at 0.5% (v/v) to the spray solution or 1:1 mixtures of benazolin [4-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazole-aceticacid], picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), or triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichioro-2-pyridinyl) oxy] acetic acid} with clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) each at 0.28 kg ae/ha enhanced the phytotoxicity of clopyralid on honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosaTorr. # PRCJG) compared to clopyralid applied alone. Addition of surfactant I, surfactant II, picloram, or triclopyr to clopyralid enhanced its absorption into leaves by 4 h after treatment and movement into upper-stem phloem by all additives by 1 day after treatment. When combined at equal rates, more clopyralid than picloram was transported into stems.