bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise da lógica de intervenção do Programa Nacional de Controle da Dengue
Authors: Figueiró Ana Cláudia , Sóter Ana Paula , Braga Cynthia , Hartz Zulmira Maria de Araújo , Samico Isabella
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a coerência lógica do Programa Nacional de Controle da Dengue no Brasil (PNCD) quanto aos objetivos e meios definidos para o alcance dos resultados. MÉTODOS: pesquisa avaliativa, análise lógica da intervenção, utilizando-se revisão documental de três fontes de informação sobre o PNCD: relatório de painel de especialistas reunidos em seminário internacional para avaliação do programa; documentos técnicos e opinião de especialistas; e estudos científicos. Comparou-se a análise do programa ao modelo da Organização Panamericana da Saúde para prevenção e controle da dengue - Estratégia de Gestão Integrada-Dengue (EGI). RESULTADOS: encontrou-se convergência entre as estratégias quanto aos pressupostos, objetivos, metas gerais e dos componentes, e conteúdos das intervenções. Verificou-se fragilidade na implementação do PNCD no âmbito municipal em sua integralidade, especialmente de estrutura e gestão, bem como para os componentes analisados, com maior comprometimento no componente de controle vetorial. CONCLUSÕES: baixa coerência e necessidade de atualização do modelo teórico-lógico nos diferentes níveis de gestão do PNCD frente ao pequeno alcance dos objetivos gerais e específicos dos componentes.
Ética e medicina preditiva
Authors: Astoni Júnior Ítalo Márcio Batista , Ianotti Giovano de Castro
Published: April 2011

A evolução tecnológica dos tempos modernos penetrou o domínio da genética e atingiu o campo da medicina, constituindo-se na chamada medicina preditiva ou pré-sintomática. A medicina preditiva, utilizando-se de testes genéticos, é a competência prognóstica quanto à possibilidade de um indivíduo vir a desenvolver, no futuro, alguma doença ligada aos genes, objetivando prevenila e remediá-la. Entretanto, como qualquer conhecimento, a ciência do diagnóstico pré-sintomático, capaz de manipular a vida alterando a essência mesma do ser, pode produzir tanto "benefícios" quanto "malefícios", o que torna necessário problematizá-la eticamente. O presente artigo, de natureza conceitual, foi escrito almejando este fim.
Beneficência e paternalismo médico
Authors: Silva Henrique Batista e
Published: April 2011

O autor discute a relação médico-paciente, considerando que na sociedade contemporânea e secularizada as aplicações decorrentes das pesquisas biomédicas trazem dilemas ao exercício profissional. Discorre sobre o atendimento, analisando o paternalismo e a autonomia do paciente na perspectiva dos princípios da beneficência e da autonomia. A beneficência se constitui em uma das prerrogativas do exercício da Medicina dizendo respeito a agir no melhor interesse do paciente. Para a reflexão bioética sua aplicação importa em distinguir a beneficência geral da específica quando da tomada de decisão médica. Desconsiderar a opinião do paciente plenamente capaz constitui conduta unilateral, o paternalismo médico, que pode ser eticamente justificado, e por vezes necessário, apenas quando existe limitação na autodeterminação do paciente, momentânea ou definitiva. Torna-se necessário, portanto, entender que as ações beneficentes no atendimento clínico são inerentes à relação médico-paciente e quanto melhor essa relação é construída, tanto melhor será a decisão médica, que não cause dano ao paciente e possa agir em seu benefício, respeitando sua autonomia. Para compatibilizar beneficência e paternalismo o médico precisa manter sua autoridade, preservando seus conhecimentos e responsabilizando-se pela tomada da decisão, e o paciente participar do processo de escolha de acordo com seus valores morais e pessoais.
Concentração de votos e acordo de acionistas: influências sobre o conservadorismo
Authors: Sarlo Neto Alfredo , Rodrigues Adriano , Almeida José Elias Feres de
Published: April 2011

Este estudo investiga como duas características da estrutura de propriedade das empresas brasileiras, a concentração de votos e o acordo de acionistas, estão associados com o conservadorismo condicional proposto por Basu (1997). Essa associação foi fundamentada pelos efeitos entrincheiramento e enforcement. Considerando que o grau de conservadorismo de uma firma está atrelado aos incentivos advindos de mecanismos que reduzem o risco informacional aos stakeholders, este estudo foi desenvolvido sobre a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Qual a influência da concentração de votos e do acordo de acionistas sobre o grau de conservadorismo nas empresas listadas na Bovespa? Cabe ressaltar que o objetivo principal deste trabalho é tratar de fatores ainda não abordados na literatura (nacional e internacional) produzida por essa linha de pesquisa, fornecendo evidências acerca da influência da estrutura de propriedade sobre o conservadorismo no mercado brasileiro, que possui conflito de agência entre acionistas majoritários (controlador) e minoritários. A amostra do trabalho perfaz 617 observações composta por empresas não financeiras negociadas na Bovespa durante o período de 2000 a 2008. Alternativamente, foi selecionada outra amostra desconsiderando as observações do ano de 2008, de forma a expurgar os efeitos da crise financeira registrada nesse ano. As evidências indicam que a concentração de votos contribui para diminuir o grau de conservadorismo, enquanto, por outro lado, o acordo de acionistas contribui para aumentar. Alternativamente, os resultados considerando o ano da crise global distorcem o funcionamento do modelo de Basu (1997). Espera-se que este estudo contribua para investidores, reguladores, pesquisadores e analistas no entendimento da função da informação contábil no processo de governança das firmas.
Caracterização do sistema de coleta programada de peças, milk run
Authors: Moura Delmo Alves de , Botter Rui Carlos
Published: April 2011

O presente texto relata a nova abordagem de gerenciamento de materiais utilizados pelas indústria automobilísticas nacionais, visando redução do custo de estoque e armazenagem (redução dos custos logísticos). Descreve o sistema convencional (entrega direta) de abastecimento e relata o sistema de coleta programada de peças, Milk Run, com suas particularidades e características. Faz-se a analogia do Milk Run com o sistema Just-in-Time e descreve-se formas de utilização dos dois sistemas relacionado com a distância (montadora/fornecedor) e volume de material a ser obtido de cada fornecedor dentro da cadeia de suprimentos.
Condicionantes internos e externos da atividade do hospital - empresa
Authors: Lima-Gonçalves Ernesto
Published: April 2011

São apresentados os fatores internos e externos condicionantes da atividade do hospital, sempre considerado como uma empresa, bem como a adequação que a organização precisa desenvolver para superá-los. Os condicionantes são agrupados em tres conjuntos, os ambientais, os estruturais e os funcionais. No primeiro conjunto, referente ao ambiente externo em que o hospital se situa, figuram a presença do Estado e a importância do marketing. No segundo grupo, de condicionantes estruturais, são identificados o modelo estrutural, os critérios de avaliação externa e a demanda usuário-dependente. No terceiro conjunto figuram os condicionantes funcionais: o modelo administrativo, o financiamento das atividades, o sistema de informatização, a capacitação dos funcionários e o compromisso do hospital-empresa com o controle de qualidade.
Measuring cultural values at the individual-level: considering morality in cross-cultural value research
Authors: Vauclair Christin-Melanie
Published: April 2011

Shared values are typically seen as one of the core aspects of culture. The usual procedure for deriving shared cultural values is through analyzing individuals' value priorities at the cultural-level. This paper outlines the conceptual and methodological problems associated with this procedure. Findings from selected empirical studies are presented to corroborate this critique. Alternative ways of measuring cultural values at the individual-level are presented and classified into a value taxonomy. Within this taxonomy past studies have so far focused on measuring values through importance ratings reflecting what individuals or social groups "desire". However, the argument is made that if cultural values are supposed to be shared they should reflect what is "desirable", i.e. what one "ought" to value or to strive for as a goal in life in a certain society. This constitutes a new approach for the measurement of cultural values. It is proposed that cultural values are measurable at the individual-level using the concept of morality. Suggestions are made how moral values could be operationalized referring to either the individual's moral values or those of a social group. The benefits of the value taxonomy for future research are eventually described.
O fim da infância? As ações de marketing e a "adultização" do consumidor infantil
Authors: Silveira Netto Carla Freitas , Brei Vinícius Andrade , Flores-Pereira Maria Tereza
Published: April 2011

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar criticamente as representações sobre a infância desenvolvidas nas ações de marketing de uma empresa de vestuário infantil, avaliando se estas podem contribuir para a "adultização" do consumidor infantil. O objeto de estudo foram as duas últimas campanhas de comunicação (outono/inverno 2008 e primavera/verão 2008/2009) da Lilica Ripilica, uma conhecida marca no Brasil no segmento infantil feminino. Utilizamos a metodologia de análise crítica de discurso (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001), em três etapas: a análise textual (uma "descrição" dos textos), a análise processual (análise conjunta dos textos e da prática discursiva) e a análise social (compreensão dos efeitos socioculturais da prática discursiva). Os resultados de tal análise demonstram que o discurso da marca procura "ensinar" às crianças padrões de beleza e de comportamentos associados ao mundo adulto, o que reforça a indissociação criança/adulto. Esse fenômeno já foi identificado em literatura acerca da Idade Média (ARIÈS, 1981). A contribuição deste trabalho se refere à observação dessa mesma indissociação, porém, a partir de outra perspectiva: a "adultização" de crianças como forma de sociabilização destas para o mercado de consumo. A pesquisa mostra que um novo modelo de adulto em miniatura parece se construir mediado pelas ações de marketing.
Roteiro para a experiência de levitação de um imã repelido por um supercondutor no ensino de Física
Authors: Rocha Fábio Saraiva da , Fraquelli Henrique Aita
Published: April 2011

Propõe-se um roteiro para a demonstração do fenômeno da supercondutividade através da experiência de levitação de um ímã repelido por uma amostra de YBa2Cu3O7. A experiência é baseada na manifestação do efeito Meissner, característico de um material no estado supercondutor sob a ação de um campo magnético. A demonstração não requer grande investimento contribuindo com a introdução de tópicos de Física contemporânea na atualização dos currículos. Discute-se a base dos conceitos físicos da supercondutividade envolvidos na levitação do magneto. Ao final é apresentado no apêndice a descrição dos processos envolvidos na fabricação e tratamento térmico de uma amostra do material cerâmico supercondutor de alta temperatura crítica YBa2Cu3O7 (Tc ~ 92 K).
Supersimetria, método variacional e potencial de Lennard-Jones (12,6)
Authors: Araujo João Cesar Boreggio de , Borges Gláucia R.P. , Drigo Filho Elso
Published: April 2011

Neste artigo é feito uma revisão sobre o uso do formalismo da supersimetria em mecânica quântica aliado ao método variacional. Esta abordagem permite obter soluções numéricas dos autovalores de energia da equação de Schrödinger. Como exemplo, o potencial de Lennard-Jones (12,6) é estudado e determina-se autovalores para este potencial. Os resultados obtidos são comparados com os valores encontrados através de outros métodos aproximativos.
O Modelo Padrão da Física de Partículas
Authors: Moreira Marco Antonio
Published: April 2011

Inicialmente, apresenta-se, de modo simplificado, o Modelo Padrão como uma teoria sofisticada que identifica as partículas elementares e suas interações. Depois, no âmbito dessa teoria, focalizam-se aspectos -o vácuo não é vazio; partículas nuas e vestidas; matéria escura e vento escuro; matéria e antimatéria; o campo e o bóson de Higgs; neutrinos oscilantes -que podem ser motivadores do ponto de vista do ensino e da aprendizagem da física. Finalmente, discute-se a provável superação dessa teoria por outra mais completa.
Comparação das respostas cardiorrespiratórias de um exercício de hidroginástica com e sem deslocamento horizontal nos meios terrestre e aquático
Authors: Kanitz Ana Carolina , Silva Eduardo Marczwski da , Alberton Cristine Lima , Kruel Luiz Fernando Martins
Published: April 2011

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias de um exercício de hidroginástica (corrida estacionária) realizado com e sem deslocamento horizontal no meio terrestre (MT), em piscina funda (PF) e em piscina rasa (PR). Seis mulheres jovens realizaram os exercícios durante 4 min numa cadência de 80 bpm. O exercício consistia em flexão e extensão de quadril com os braços simulando um movimento de corrida. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e o consumo de oxigênio (VO2 ) foram coletados no último minuto de exercício e a percepção de esforço (PE) foi coletada ao término do exercício. Para a comparação das variáveis utilizou-se ANOVA two-way para medidas repetidas com fatores meio e forma de execução (p < 0,05). Para todas as variáveis analisadas foram encontrados valores menores no exercício em PR comparado ao exercício no MT. Porém, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre o exercício no MT e em PF, exceto para a FC, que foi menor no exercício em PF. Em relação à forma de execução, para a FC, foram encontrados valores maiores no exercício com deslocamento quando comparado ao exercício sem deslocamento somente na PF. Estes achados sugerem a possibilidade de executar o exercício analisado em PF com gasto energético (GE) similar e FC menor quando comparado ao mesmo exercício no MT. Fato de grande relevância para populações que querem obter um GE semelhante ao exercício no MT, mas que necessitam de uma menor sobrecarga cardiovascular.
É possível determinar a economia de corrida através do teste progressivo até a exaustão?
Authors: Bertuzzi Rômulo Cássio de Moraes , Bueno Salomão , Pasqua Leonardo Alves , Batista Mauro Benites , Roschel Hamilton , Acquesta Fernanda Michelone , Kiss Maria Augusta Pedutti Dal'Molin , Serrão Júlio Cerca , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Tricoli Valmor
Published: April 2011

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a possibilidade de se estimar a economia de corrida (EC) a partir do coeficiente angular gerado pela relação VO2 vs. intensidade de testes progressivos até a exaustão (EC INCLINA). Para tanto, 16 corredores de provas de longa duração (idade 32 ± 7 anos, massa corporal 70,0 ± 6,7 kg, estatura 173,3 ± 5,0 cm, O2máx 57,9 ± 5,8 ml·kg-1·min-1) foram submetidos a um teste incremental e a dois testes de cargas constantes (12 km·h-1 e a intensidade de 90% do segundo limiar ventilatório) para a mensuração da EC. Foram detectadas correlações fracas entre o EC INCLINA e a EC estabelecida a 12 km·h-1 (r = 0,49; p = 0,054) e na intensidade de 90% do segundo limiar ventilatório (r = 0,55; p = 0,027). Além disso, o EC INCLINA também estava negativamente correlacionado com a concentração sanguínea de lactato (r = -0,75; p = 0,001) e a razão de troca respiratória (r = -0,80; p < 0,001) mensuradas ao final no teste progressivo. Portanto, esses achados sugerem que, embora a sua aplicação para determinar a EC seja limitada, o EC INCLINA pode ser um parâmetro alternativo empregado para o diagnóstico da aptidão de corredores de provas de longa duração devido a sua relação com o metabolismo anaeróbio.
Questões de língua, identidade e poder: hibridismos em Timor Leste
Authors: Severo Cristine Gorski
Published: April 2011

Objetiva-se discutir a relação complexa existente entre as noções de língua, discurso, identidade e poder a partir da situação linguística, social, política e histórica do Timor Leste. As noções de língua, discurso e identidade são tematizadas a partir da concepção de hibridismo, em que as misturas e variações colocam em tela uma concepção heterogênea, plural e conflituosa de língua e de sujeitos. A noção de poder se inscreve como constitutiva dos processos de hibridização linguístico-discursivos e das relações dialógicas estabelecidas entre as línguas, os discursos e as identidades. O aporte teórico adotado apoia-se nos trabalhos de Bakhtin e seu Círculo.
The Role of Bisphosphonates in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanisms, Side Effects, and the Future
Authors: Pozzi Samantha , Raje Noopur
Published: April 2011

Zoledronic acid and pamidronate are two potent anticatabolic nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (BPs) used extensively in diseases with high bone turnover such as multiple myeloma (MM). In this review we focus on their biology and their current and future use in MM, and highlight some of the most common and emerging side effects. Although the primary target cells for BPs are osteoclasts, new insights suggest other cell types of the bone microenvironment as possible targets, including osteoblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, and cancer cells. Here, we focus on the current guidelines for the use of BPs in MM and address side effects such as renal toxicity, osteonecrosis of the jaw, and low-energy fractures. Finally, we approach the future of BP use in MM in the context of other bone-targeted agents, evaluating ongoing clinical trials addressing alternate dosing and schedules of BP administration in MM patients.
Impact of Business Cycles on US Suicide Rates, 1928–2007
Authors: Luo Feijun , Florence Curtis S. , Quispe-Agnoli Myriam , Ouyang Lijing , Crosby Alexander E.
Published: April 2011

Objectives. We examined the associations of overall and age-specific suicide rates with business cycles from 1928 to 2007 in the United States.

Methods. We conducted a graphical analysis of changes in suicide rates during business cycles, used nonparametric analyses to test associations between business cycles and suicide rates, and calculated correlations between the national unemployment rate and suicide rates.

Results. Graphical analyses showed that the overall suicide rate generally rose during recessions and fell during expansions. Age-specific suicide rates responded differently to recessions and expansions. Nonparametric tests indicated that the overall suicide rate and the suicide rates of the groups aged 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, and 55 to 64 years rose during contractions and fell during expansions. Suicide rates of the groups aged 15 to 24 years, 65 to 74 years, and 75 years and older did not exhibit this behavior. Correlation results were concordant with all nonparametric results except for the group aged 65 to 74 years.

Conclusions. Business cycles may affect suicide rates, although different age groups responded differently. Our findings suggest that public health responses are a necessary component of suicide prevention during recessions.
Increased Risk of Suicide Attempts Among Black and Latino Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals
Authors: O'Donnell Shannon , Meyer Ilan H. , Schwartz Sharon
Published: April 2011

Members of racial/ethnic minority groups have a lower lifetime prevalence than have Whites of mental disorders, a risk factor for suicide attempts; paradoxically, however, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) ethnic minority youths may be at increased risk for suicide attempts relative to White LGB youths. We found that the increased risk of suicide attempts among racial/ethnic minority LGB respondents in our sample relative to White respondents was not explained by excess youth onset of depression and substance abuse or by a higher susceptibility to suicide in the racial/ethnic minority LGB group.
Facilitating HIV Disclosure Across Diverse Settings: A Review
Authors: Obermeyer Carla Makhlouf , Baijal Parijat , Pegurri Elisabetta
Published: April 2011

HIV status disclosure is central to debates about HIV because of its potential for HIV prevention and its links to privacy and confidentiality as human-rights issues.

Our review of the HIV-disclosure literature found that few people keep their status completely secret; disclosure tends to be iterative and to be higher in high-income countries; gender shapes disclosure motivations and reactions; involuntary disclosure and low levels of partner disclosure highlight the difficulties faced by health workers; the meaning and process of disclosure differ across settings; stigmatization increases fears of disclosure; and the ethical dilemmas resulting from competing values concerning confidentiality influence the extent to which disclosure can be facilitated.

Our results suggest that structural changes, including making more services available, could facilitate HIV disclosure as much as individual approaches and counseling do.
Quantum Mechanics With Application
Authors: R. Afnan Iraj
Published: April 2011

The ebook introduces undergraduate students to the basic skills required to use non-relativistic quantum mechanics for bound and scattering problems in atomic, molecular and nuclear physics. Initial emphasis is on problems that admit analytic solutions. These results are then used in conjunction with symmetry to develop approximation methods for both bound and scattering problems. The text concentrates on the application of computational problems to introduce the basic concepts of quantum mechanics. These are then used to study more complex problems that can be reduced to one-body problems.
Central Force Problem I
Authors: R. Afnan Iraj
Published: April 2011

In this chapter we commence with the solution of the Schrodinger
equation in three dimension and consider the case when the potential has
spherical symmetry. This requires the introduction of spherical polar coordinates
and the reduction of the three dimensional partial differential equation
to a set of ordinary differential equations. The solution of these equations for
the angular dependence will allow us to examine the rotational spectrum of
diatomic molecules.
Approximation Methods for Bound States
Authors: R. Afnan Iraj
Published: April 2011

With a limit on the small number of problems that admit exact
solutions, we turn in this chapter to approximation methods that can be used
for bound state problems. The most commonly used method is the perturbation
theory for which one use a small parameter to form the basis of a systematic
expansion, or a variational method in which one hopes to set the best limit on
the energy of a system. We will consider both of these approximation methods
with applications to problems in atomic and molecular physics.
Tracking the Sputnik Economy
Authors: Barbier Edward B
Published: April 2011

In his 2011 State of the Union address, President Obama stressed investment in infrastructure, education and clean energy in the U.S. economy to "win the future." Edward Barbier of the University of Wyoming argues that to track the progress of such an investment strategy will require replacing GDP per capita as the main economic indicator with a Net Domestic Product (NDP) measure that is "adjusted" for real depreciation or appreciation in the reproducible, human and natural capital stock.
Low-Intensity Adjusted-Dose Warfarin for the Prevention of Hemodialysis Catheter Failure
Authors: Wilkieson Trevor J. , Ingram Alistair J. , Crowther Mark A. , Soroka Steven D. , Nagai Ryuta , Jindal Kailash K. , Clase Catherine M.
Published: April 2011

Background and objectives

To determine whether warfarin prolongs the time to first mechanical-catheter failure.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This was a multicenter parallel-group randomized controlled trial with blinding of participants, trial staff, clinical staff, outcome assessors, and data analysts. Randomization was in a 1:1 ratio in blocks of four and was concealed by use of fax to a central pharmacy. Hemodialysis patients with newly-placed catheters received low-intensity monitored-dose warfarin, target international normalized ratio (INR) 1.5 to 1.9, or placebo, adjusted according to schedule of sham INR results. The primary outcome was time to first mechanical-catheter failure (inability to establish a circuit or blood flow less than 200 ml/min).

Results

We randomized 174 patients: 87 to warfarin and 87 to placebo. Warfarin was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.90 (P = 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57, 1.38) for time to first mechanical-catheter failure. Secondary analyses were: time to first guidewire exchange or catheter removal for mechanical failure (HR 0.78; 95% CI, 0.37, 1.6); time to catheter removal for mechanical failure (HR 0.67; 95% CI, 0.19, 2.37); and time to catheter removal for any cause (HR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.42, 1.81). Major bleeding occurred in 10 participants assigned to warfarin and seven on placebo (relative risk, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.57, 3.58; P = 0.61).

Conclusions

We found no evidence for efficacy of low-intensity, monitored-dose warfarin in preventing mechanical-catheter failure.
Continuous peripheral neural blockade to alleviate signs of experimentally induced severe forelimb pain in horses
Authors: Watts Ashlee E. , Nixon Alan J. , Reesink Heidi L. , Cheetham Jonathan , Fubini Susan L. , Looney Andrea L.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To investigate the efficacy and safety of a low-volume, single-catheter, continuous peripheral neural blockade (CPNB) technique to locally deliver bupivacaine to alleviate signs of severe forelimb pain resulting from experimentally induced tendonitis in horses.

Design—Randomized controlled experimental trial.

Sample—14 horses and 5 forelimbs from equine cadavers.

Procedures—Horses underwent collagenase-induced superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the midmetacarpal region of 1 forelimb. To deliver analgesia, a closed-tip catheter was placed from lateral to medial, approximately 12 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone, between the suspensory ligament and accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. Success of catheter placement and anesthetic delivery was documented ex vivo in 5 forelimbs from equine cadavers. Effective analgesia in affected forelimbs of horses from continuous (n = 7) versus intermittent (7) local anesthetic delivery (intermittent peripheral neural blockade; IPNB) was compared over a 3-day period.

Results—Horses that received CPNB in the affected forelimb were less lame than horses that received IPNB. A lower proportion of CPNB-treated horses had behavioral and physiologic signs of pain, compared with IPNB-treated horses. Neither technique completely blocked the sensation of pain or resulted in swelling in the distal portion of the forelimb, vasodilation, or an increase in lameness. After removal, Staphylococcus aureus was cultured from 1 catheter tip.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For short-term treatment, CPNB was more effective than IPNB for reduction in signs of severe pain in the distal aspect of the forelimb of horses.
Preliminary study on the unusual properties in the habitat of Ranunculetum baudotii in Central Europe
Authors: Spałek Krzysztof , Proćków Jarosław , Staśko Stanisław , Horska-Schwarz Sylwia
Published: April 2011

The study examines the patches of the saltwater association Ranunculetum baudotii in a new, atypical site; i.e., located more than 400 km away from the Baltic coastal line. They were found in a karst spring, and were the first locality of the community identified in Poland. The water and sediments within the patches were analyzed chemically in the laboratory, but, conductivity, water temperature and O2 content were measured in the field. The spring was determined to be a relatively stable aquatic habitat, with a typical chemical composition of subterranean water (a prevalence of hydro-carbonate, calcium and magnesium ions), and rich, e.g., in nitrogen and phosphorus, and disturbed due to increasing anthropopressure. It revealed that the community analyzed favours habitats in the zone of discharge of karst fissure waters from Jurassic, Cretaceous and Triassic water-bearing levels. In Poland, phytocoenoses of this association, in contrast to the patches of the association in other European countries, include no saline taxa. In Europe, Ranunculetum baudotii belongs to the group of much threatened communities and the obtained results provide the basis for its protection.
Mapping of microstimulation evoked responses and unit activity patterns in the lateral hypothalamic area recorded in awake humans
Authors: Wilent W. Bryan , Oh Michael Y. , Buetefisch Catherine , Bailes Julian E. , Cantella Diane , Angle Cindy , Whiting Donald M.
Published: April 2011

Major contributions to the understanding of human brain function have come from detailed clinical reports of responses evoked by electrical stimulation and specific brain regions during neurosurgical procedures in awake humans. In this study, microstimulation evoked responses and extracellular unit recordings were obtained intraoperatively in 3 awake patients undergoing bilateral implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus. The microstimulation evoked responses exhibited a clear anatomical distribution. Anxiety was most reliably evoked by stimulation directed ventromedially within or adjacent to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, nausea was most reliably evoked by stimulation directed at the center of the lateral hypothalamus, and paresthesias were most reliably evoked by stimulation at the border of the lateral hypothalamus and basal nuclei. Regarding the unit recordings, the firing rates of individual neurons did not have an anatomical distribution, but a small subpopulation of neurons located at the border of the lateral hypothalamus and basal nuclei exhibited a fast rhythmically bursting behavior with an intraburst frequency of 200–400 Hz and an interburst frequency of 10–20 Hz. Based on animal studies, the lateral hypothalamic area and surrounding hypothalamic nuclei are putatively involved with a variety of physiological, behavioral, and sensory functions. The lateral hypothalamus is situated to play a dynamic and complex role in human behavior and this report further shows that to be true. In addition, this report should serve as a valuable resource for future intracranial work in which accurate targeting within this region is required.
Dose-dependent neurorestorative effects of delayed treatment of traumatic brain injury with recombinant human erythropoietin in rats
Authors: Meng Yuling , Xiong Ye , Mahmood Asim , Zhang Yanlu , Qu Changsheng , Chopp Michael
Published: April 2011

Object

Delayed (24 hours postinjury) treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) improves functional recovery following experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, the authors tested whether therapeutic effects of delayed EPO treatment for TBI are dose dependent in an attempt to establish an optimal dose paradigm for the delayed EPO treatment.

Methods

Experimental TBI was performed in anesthetized young adult male Wistar rats using a controlled cortical impact device. Sham animals underwent the same surgical procedure without injury. The animals (8 rats/group) received 3 intraperitoneal injections of EPO (0, 1000, 3000, 5000, or 7000 U/kg body weight, at 24, 48, and 72 hours) after TBI. Sensorimotor and cognitive functions were assessed using a modified neurological severity score and foot fault test, and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Animals were killed 35 days after injury, and the brain sections were stained for immunohistochemical analyses.

Results

Compared with the saline treatment, EPO treatment at doses from 1000 to 7000 U/kg did not alter lesion volume but significantly reduced hippocampal neuron loss, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the injured cortex and hippocampus, and significantly improved sensorimotor function and spatial learning. The animals receiving the medium dose of 5000 U/kg exhibited a significant improvement in histological and functional outcomes compared with the lower or higher EPO dose groups.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that delayed (24 hours postinjury) treatment with EPO provides dose-dependent neurorestoration, which may contribute to improved functional recovery after TBI, implying that application of an optimal dose of EPO is likely to increase successful preclinical and clinical trials for treatment of TBI.
Multiple spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Shankar Jai Jai Shiva ,   Karel terBrugge, Krings Timo
Published: April 2011

Synchronous multiplicity of cranial and spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) is known but uncommon. The authors report on a patient with the unusual finding of multiple cranial and multiple separate spinal DAVFs. The patient initially presented with vague visual symptoms in 2004. A cranial DAVF was identified along the left transverse sinus with cortical venous reflux and another DAVF was identified along the posterior part of the superior sagittal sinus with no cortical venous reflux. The first DAVF was treated both endovascularly and surgically and the second was left untreated. The follow-up angiogram showed multiple spinal DAVFs at the levels of C-1, C-2, and C-6 on the left side and at the C-3 level on the right side along with another cranial DAVF along the anterior part of the superior sagittal sinus with cortical venous reflux. A retrospective analysis of the digital subtraction angiogram and MR images suggested that the cervical spinal DAVFs were already present in 2004 (6 years previously). Multiple DAVFs, although rare, do exist and it is important to look for any evidence of their presence when evaluating patients with symptoms suggestive of arteriovenous fistulas.
Registration of ‘Acala 1517–08’ Cotton
Authors: Zhang Jinfa , Flynn Robert , Hughs Sidney E. , Bajaj Sanjay , Waddell Cindy , Jones Don C.
Published: April 2011

‘Acala 1517–08’ (Reg. No. CV‐126, PI 659505) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was developed by the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2010. This cultivar originated as a single‐plant selection derived from a cross between B7636, an unreleased breeding line, and ‘LA 887’, and it possesses the superior fiber quality of Acala cotton and high yield potential. Acala 1517–08 was evaluated in multiple performance trials in New Mexico from 2003 to 2009; Arizona and the Texas High Plains in 2004, 2006, and 2008; and the Southeast and mid‐South United States and southern Texas in 2006 and 2008. Acala 1517–08 had a similar or significantly higher lint yield than ‘Acala 1517–99’ in New Mexico (15.2% higher), the Southeast and mid‐South (16.2%), and Arizona and the Texas High Plains (28.9%). Its lint yield was comparable to or significantly higher than that of ‘PHY 72 Acala’ in all regions. Acala 1517–08 averaged a higher lint percentage and fiber elongation and longer and stronger fibers than Acala 1517–99, but it had a smaller seed size, a similar boll weight, and higher micronaire. Acala 1517–08 is best adapted to the southwest arid region of the Cotton Belt. Acala 1517–08 represents a new conventional Acala 1517 cotton cultivar with a higher yield potential and longer and stronger fibers.
Registration of ‘Gadsby’ Barley
Authors: Juskiw P. E. , Helm J. H. , Oro M. , Nyachiro J. M. , Salmon D. F. , Xi K. , Turkington T. K.
Published: April 2011

‘Gadsby’ (Reg. No. CV‐347, PI 659700; Canadian Food Inspection Agency Reg. No. 6831; Canadian PBR Appl. No. 10‐6980) is a two‐rowed, hulled, spring, general‐purpose barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at the Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC), Lacombe, AB, Canada. Gadsby was tested in FCDC trials as H96043002 from 2002 to 2007 and in Prairie Recommending Committee for Oat and Barley trials as TR08684 during 2008 and 2009. It was registered for production in western Canada because of its good combination of yield, agronomic performance, grain quality traits, and disease resistance. Gadsby is resistant to scald [caused by Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J.J. Davis] and the surfaceborne and loose smuts (caused by Ustilago spp.) and is moderately resistant to the spot form of net blotch (caused by Drechslera teres f. maculata Smedeg). Gadsby has shown resistance to scald similar to that of the two‐rowed cultivar ‘Seebe’, which has proven to have durable resistance in Alberta, Canada.
Primary Empty Sella Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Hossain Md Sanwar , Mumu Mahbuba Ashrafi , PK Md Moyenuddin
Published: April 2011

Primary Empty Sella Syndrome (PES) is a relatively rare or uncommon developmental disease that develops spontaneously. It is characterized by herniation of subarachnoid space within the sella which is often associated with some degree of flattening of pituitary gland. Usually manifested by endocrine abnormalities, ocular abnormalities, rhinitis and intractable persistent headache. It is higher in obese females having multiple pregnancies. Here we report a case of empty sella syndrome in a 27 year old lady to aware the physicians to bear in mind a differential in patients having persistent intractable headache. Key words: Empty Sella Syndrome; Woman; Obesity; Intractable Headache DOI: 10.3329/akmmcj.v1i1.7456 Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 2010; 1(1): 23-25
Leiomyosarcomna Presenting as Abdominal Pain in a 50 Years Old Woman: A Case Report
Authors: Rahman Md Tahminur , Ahmed SS
Published: April 2011

Leiomyosarcoma of uterus is a comparatively rare tumor we come across in daily histopathological examination. Clinical presentation of a leiomyosarcoma is varied and includes dysfunctional uterine bleeding, abdominal distention, abdominal pain and metastatic symptoms depending on the organ involved like Lung, bone and brain. Here we report a case of leiomyosarcoma in a 50 year old woman having a single complain of persistent abdominal pain for last 1 year or so. Clinically and by ultrasonogram it was diagnosed as a case of large fibroid. Subsequent histopathological diagnosis was leiomyisarina. Any post menopausal woman having persistent abdominal pain and a clinical and USG diagnosis of fibroid a differential of leiomyosarcoma should be borne in mind of the physicians. Key Words: Leiomyosarcoma; Abdominal Pain DOI: 10.3329/akmmcj.v2i1.7469 Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 2011; 2(1): 32-35
Screening of Glycosmis pentaphylla for Cytotoxic and Repellent Potentials agains Artemia salina Nauplii and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Adults
Authors: Pramanik MS , Akter MY , Ekram AE , Islam H , Khan AR , Islam N
Published: April 2011

Chloroform extracts of the leaf, stem bark, stem wood and roots of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) were tested against the brine shrimp, Artemia salina nauplii for cytotoxic activity in which the dose-mortality assay revealed LC50 values of 28.579, 28.659, 57.213 and 84.111 ppm respectively, for the plant parts efficacy of which could be arranged in the order of leaf > stem bark > stem wood > root. The same extracts were tested for repellency against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults where the root bark and root wood were separately extracted and used. The F values of the arcsin transformed data were 60.983, 14.177, 19.437, 15.429 and 1.082 respectively for the leaf, stem bark, stem wood, root bark and root wood extracts. Except for the root wood extract, strong repellent activity was observed for the rest of the extracts (P<0.001). Key words: Artemia salina; Tribolium castaneum; Glycosmis pentaphylla; cytotoxic activity; repellent activity. DOI: 10.3329/jles.v3i0.7443 J. Life Earth Sci., Vols. 3-4: 33-36, 2009
Semitic Rhetoric as a Key to the Question of the naẓm of the Qur'anic Text
Authors: Cuypers Michel
Published: April 2011

The question of the composition (naẓm) of the Qur'an is one that has arisen repeatedly in exegetical studies of the Qur'an, without ever having been really resolved. Biblical studies has been confronted with the same question concerning the apparent ‘disorder’ of certain texts of the Bible. In response to this, Biblical scholars developed a method of analysis of the text, ‘rhetorical analysis’, which involves the theorisation of rules of rhetorical composition of speech as used in the ancient Semitic world. These rules can be applied not only to the Bible, but also to the Qur'an and other sacred texts of Semitic antiquity. In the current study, five suras or fragments of suras are analysed according to the paradigm of rhetorical analysis, showing the very elaborate composition of these texts and the light that this aspect of their composition can shed on their interpretation.
Sūrat Maryam (Q. 19): Lexicon, Lexical Echoes, English Translation
Authors: Toorawa Shawkat M.
Published: April 2011

Q. 19 (Sūrat Maryam) – an end-rhyming, and, by general consensus, middle to late Meccan sura of 98 (or 99) verses – has been the subject of considerable exegetical and scholarly attention. Besides commentary, naturally, in every tafsīr of the Qur'an, Sura 19 has also benefited from separate, individual treatment. It has been the object of special attention by modern Western scholars, in particular those of comparative religion and of Christianity, whose attention has centred largely on the virtue and piety of Mary, on the miraculous nature of the birth of Jesus, on Jesus' ministry, and on how Jesus' time on Earth came to an end. In addition, Sura 19 is a favourite of the interfaith community. Given this sustained and multivectored scrutiny, it is remarkable how little analysis has been devoted to its lexicon. This article is a contribution to the study of the lexicon of this sura, with a particular emphasis on three features: rhyming end words, hapaxes, and repeating words and roots, some of which occur in this sura alone.
Ihtijāj in tafsīr Works
Authors: Hamdan Akram Ali
Published: April 2011

Ihtijāj (‘the deduction of supporting arguments from tafsīr’) is, as it were, a hybrid product, the ancestral roots of which may be traced to various disciplines and genres. However, historians of ihtijāj have not yet taken into serious account works on exegesis in their studies, a strange oversight given that books on exegesis provided a fertile source for scholars writing on ihtijāj. This paper will, therefore, examine in some detail those aspects of tafsīr that are significant to ihtijāj. It will particularly look at works of exegesis which show clear interest in Qur'anic readings and interest in defending these readings. Owing to the sheer quantity of tafsīr literature, our examination will focus on five of the most important books in the field: al-Ṭabarī's Jāmiʿ al-bayān, al-Zamakhsharī's al-Kashshāf, al-Rāzī's al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, Abū Ḥayyān's al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ and al-Samīn al-Ḥalabī's al-Durr al-maṣūn. We shall also briefly refer to other works in the field where necessary, but these five scholars, who each evolved independent approaches of interpretation and belonged to different schools of grammar, it will be found, give a clear and comprehensive picture of the contribution that Qur'anic exegesis has made to ihtijāj scholarship.
Testing the Limits of the Middlebrow: The Holocaust for the Masses
Authors: Lassner Phyllis
Published: April 2011

This essay explores how analyzing popular Holocaust films as a representation of Middlebrow cultural production changes conventional assessments of each. Unlike those writers who have suffered the opprobrium of too much accessibility, of being relegated to Middlebrow marginalization from canonical cultural status, Holocaust writers struggle to find the language and forms through which to bear witness to their experiences, in short, to achieve accessibility. In turn, just as popular Holocaust films defy the promises of escapist fantasy, so they demonstrate how Middlebrow culture can be seen as questioning and revising traditional forms of realism and modernist experiment.
Victorian Values
Authors: Birch Dinah
Published: April 2011

The contested values associated with the term ‘Victorian’ call for fresh and informed consideration in the light of far-reaching changes brought about by the global economic downturn. Victorian writers engaged with public questions that were often associated with the issues we must now address, and their vigorously contentious responses reflect a drive to influence a wide audience with their ideas. Fiction of the period, including the sensation novels of the 1860s, provide telling examples of these developments in mid-Victorian writing; but non-fictional texts, including those of the philosopher and political economist John Stuart Mill and the critic John Ruskin, also question the foundations of social thought. As they challenged traditional genre boundaries through the innovative forms that emerged across a range of diverse works, many Victorian authors argued for closer links between the discourses of emotion and those of logic. These are difficult times for researchers and critics, but the stringencies we find ourselves confronting can provide opportunities to create connections of the kind that the Victorians chose to make, bringing together different genres of writing and disciplines of thought, and arguing for a more generous understanding of our responsibilities towards each other.
Wilde and Pater's Strange Appreciations
Authors: Becker-Leckrone Megan
Published: April 2011

This essay explores the intertextuality of Oscar Wilde's ‘Pen, Pencil and Poison’, one of four essays collected in Wilde's 1891 Intentions. It argues that, while its obvious provocation is its subject – notorious nineteenth-century murder, forger, and aesthete, Thomas Griffiths Wainewright, especially the seemingly sympathetic treatment Wilde gives that subject, the essay is also doing other significant things. It does not merely set out to shock its audience with a hyperbolic example of ‘art for art's sake’ (or, as he puts it here, ‘a man's being a murderer is nothing against his prose’) but also engages seriously with the principles of aestheticism. The essay, styled as an ‘appreciation’, models itself on (among other things) Walter Pater's Appreciations, a book Wilde reviewed with keen, high praise just months before publishing ‘Pen, Pencil and Poison’. Pater's essay on William Wordsworth (‘Wordsworth’) in that volume seems to hold a particularly suggestive influence over Wilde's study of Wainewright, with enough textual similarities between the two ‘appreciations’ to suggest that Wilde had not just his minor aesthetic contributions (e.g. journalism, Wilde admits, is largely neither original nor terribly good) but also more serious aestheticist writing and ideas.
The eye of the storm
Authors: Ackland Aileen
Published: April 2011

The claim to be a profession traditionally assumes the need for a University level qualification. In a previously unregulated area of practice, the development of a professional qualification is thus central to the professionalisation process. In Scotland, the development of a Teaching Qualification for Adult Literacies practitioners became the focal point for the tensions in the broader professionalisation project and a site of discursive contestation in an emergent field of practice. This paper explores the play of power and resistance, drawing primarily on two separate but related research studies– a policy analysis and an exploration of practitioners' conceptualisations of practice. Whilst the first study explicitly used the methodological framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 2003) and the second, Personal Construct Theory (Kelly, 1955), they are connected by their postmodern focus on language use and an interest in how practitioners are managed by and, in turn, manage and mediate managerial and professional forms of power; both aimed to examine 'how discourse figures in the processes of change' (Fairclough, 2003, p. 205). Brought into relationship with one another in the context of the nexus of power relations formed by the development of the new qualification, they illuminate the multiple 'projects' competing discursively in the space.