bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Translocation of 2,4-D in Leafy Spurge
Authors: Hunter James H. , McIntyre G. I.
Published: May 2019

The translocation of foliar-applied14C-labelled 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in seedlings of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL.) was investigated. Approximately 90% of the tracer was extracted from the tissues with 80% ethanol. Seven days after treatment 48% of the14C in the shoot extract and 75% of that extracted from the root were identified chromatographically as 2,4-D. Translocation out of the treated leaves and into the shoot, root, and root buds was significantly increased both by decapitation of the shoot and by increasing the nitrogen supply. This effect is attributed to the marked promotion of bud growth produced by both of these treatments.
Effect of Petroleum Oils on the Uptake of Atrazine-14C by Corn
Authors: Coats G. E. , Foy C. L.
Published: May 2019

Selected paraffinic and naphthenic phytobland oils used as adjuvants markedly enhanced the foliar uptake and acropetal translocation of ring-labeled atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine] by corn (Zea maysL. ‘VPI 646′), when compared with atrazine-14C applied with nonionic polysorbate surfactant or in aqueous 25% methanol alone. Generally,14C uptake increased with increasing concentration (1.25 to 20.0%) of a 100-sec viscosity paraffinic oil and with time (up to 32 hr) after application. No consistent additional promotion of atrazine-14C uptake was derived from the use of emulsifier concentrations above 2.0% in the oil of a 10% oil-in-water emulsion. With a few exceptions, paraffinic and naphthenic oils of comparable viscosities were about equally effective as penetrant aids for atrazine. For both the paraffinic and naphthenic series, the 100-sec viscosity oils appeared to be slightly better penetrant aids than comparable 70, 150, and 200-sec oils.
Behavior and Fate of Metribuzin in Soybean and Hemp Sesbania
Authors: Hargroder T. G. , Rogers R. L.
Published: May 2019

The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H) one] by soybean (Glycine maxMerr. ‘Lee 68′) and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltataL.) grown in nutrient solution and in soil treated with14C-metribuzin were investigated. Absorption studies indicated there were no significant differences in the amount of14C-metribuzin absorbed from treated nutrient solution by soybean (tolerant) and hemp sesbania (susceptible). When these species were grown in14C-metribuzin treated soil, hemp sesbania absorbed appreciably more herbicide than did soybean.14C-metribuzin and (or) its14C-metabolites were translocated from the roots to the shoots of both species. Radioactivity was rapidly translocated and accumulated in all the leaves of hemp sesbania, but it tended to accumulate to the greatest extent in the roots and lower leaves of soybean. Translocation differences between the two species were apparent in plants grown either in soil or nutrient solution treated with14C-metribuzin. However, differences were greatest in plants grown in treated soil. Preliminary metabolic studies indicated that a higher rate of metribuzin degradation occurred in soybean than in hemp sesbania. The major14C-metabolite appeared to be the relatively nonphytotoxic deaminated diketo derivative [6-tert-butyl-1,2,4,-triazine-3-5(2H,4H)dione]. Thus, differences in the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of metribuzin all appeared to contribute to the differential susceptibility of soybean and hemp sesbania to metribuzin.
Distribution of Organic Nitrites in Astragalus
Authors: Williams M. Coburn , Parker Robert
Published: May 2019

Leaf samples from Utah State University herbarium specimens of Astragalus were analyzed qualitatively for organic nitrites. Of 324 species and varieties examined, 69 (21%) were positive for nitrites. Excluding varieties, 251 species were examined, of which 56 (22%) contained nitrites. Organic nitrites were found to be stable in dried specimens for decades. Both recently collected and 80- to 90-year-old specimens of the same species or variety tested positive for organic nitrites. Astragalus species known to cause the loco syndrome in livestock did not contain nitrites. Only one seleniferous species, A. toanus Jones, synthesized moderate amounts of organic nitrites.
Phytochrome Controlled Basal Bulb Formation in Purple Nutsedge
Authors: Chetram Ritchie S. , Bendixen Leo E.
Published: May 2019

Tubers of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) were soaked in distilled water, 9.3 × 10−6M 6-benzylamino-9 (tetrahydropyran-2yl)-9 H-purine (SD8339), or 1.39 × 10−7M kinetin and sprouted in darkness. Excised plants from tubers sprouted in sand culture were grown in half-strength Hoagland solution in 50-ml erlenmeyer flasks enclosed with aluminum foil. The leaves and upper part of the stem of each plant were exposed to an illumination of 32 klux. Rhizomes as well as untreated and treated tubers were exposed to red (R), red followed by far-red (R-FR), or red followed by far-red and red (R-FR-R) monochromatic light. R, R-FR, and R-FR-R illuminations of rhizomes from untreated tubers and plants produced basal bulbs while dark controls did not. Pfr did not revert to Pr. Dark controls produced significantly fewer basal bulbs than did rhizomes of untreated tubers and plants exposed to R, R-FR, or R-FR-R illuminations. There was no significant difference between R, R-FR, and R-FR-R illuminations. Tubers treated with SD8339 or kinetin produced basal bulbs in darkness but untreated tubers did not. Rhizomes of tubers treated with SD8339 or kinetin and exposed to R illumination produced basal bulbs. There was a significant difference in the number of bulbs produced by SD8339 or kinetin treatments and R illumination in contrast with the water controls in darkness. The effect of R illumination was similar to that of SD8339 or kinetin.
Mortality of Honey Mesquite and Huisache Seedlings from Herbicides and Top Removal
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Meyer R. E.
Published: May 2019

Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) were sprayed at 0.28 kg/ha on honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell] and huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.] seedlings 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after emergence from seed under greenhouse conditions. Picloram or 2,4,5-T killed 73% or more of the honey mesquite up to 8 weeks after emergence, but the percent killed declined thereafter. Picloram killed more than 90% of the huisache seedlings when applied from 1 to 8 weeks after emergence. Less than 60% of the honey mesquite or huisache seedlings were killed with dicamba at any treatment date. Clipping the plants at the soil level resulted in high mortality (96 to 100%) of both species 1 to 2 weeks after emergence. Treating regrowth of clipped 1-year-old honey mesquite and huisache with 0.28 kg/ha of picloram, dicamba, or 2,4,5-T produced results similar to those obtained from plants grown from seed.
Effect of 2,4-D on Ametryne Toxicity
Authors: Diem J. R. , Davis D. E.
Published: May 2019

Nontoxic concentrations of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] increased the toxicity of ametryne [2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], when applied to the roots of waterhyacinth [Eichornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms], when applied to the roots or foliage of corn (Zea maysL.), and to a lesser extent, when applied to the roots of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Nontoxic concentrations of 2,4-D frequently also increased the absorption of ametryne, water, and radioactive calcium by all three species. Mixtures containing toxic concentrations of 2,4-D with ametryne were not synergistic and sometimes the mixtures were less toxic than ametryne alone. Toxic concentrations of 2,4-D also decreased plant dry weight and the absorption of ametryne, water, and calcium. Low concentrations of ametryne increased the absorption of water and sometimes calcium while high concentrations decreased dry weight and the absorption of water and calcium.
Growth and Development of Three Johnsongrass Selections
Authors: Wedderspoon I. M. , Burt G. W.
Published: May 2019

Three selections of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) were collected from three locations and designated as the N, NS, and S selections, respectively. The selections were studied for growth differences and for a differential response to dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid). The N selection control plants flowered 2 weeks earlier than the other selections. The S selection yielded significantly greater root, rhizome, and total fresh weight than the NS and N selections. The N selection exhibited the most susceptibility to dalapon by producing the shortest plants, the least stem and leaf numbers, and the lowest shoot, root, rhizome, and total fresh weight of the three selections.
Potential Controlled-Release Herbicides from 2,4-D Esters of Starches
Authors: Mehltretter C. L. , Roth W. B. , Weakley F. B. , McGuire T. A. , Russell C. R.
Published: May 2019

Unmodified, cyanoethylated, and crosslinked corn starches were reacted with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl chloride in pyridine to produce the corresponding 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]esters of high acyl content. Hydrolysis studies at pH 6 and 8 at ambient temperature showed that these insoluble compositions liberated varying amounts of 2,4-D and soluble 2,4-D esters by ester link and glucoside bond cleavage, respectively, at rates that indicate their possible use as controlled-release herbicides.
Phenology ofChrysothamnus viscidiflorussubspeciesviscidiflorus(Hook.) Nutt.
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: May 2019

The configuration of the growth pattern forChrysothamnus viscidiflorus(Hook.) Nutt. was determined from vegetative bud burst to flowering. Important portions of the pattern are: restrictive growth during early spring, accelerated growth in late spring when the optimum susceptibility to herbicides occurs, and a leveling off of growth before flowering. Seedlings and young plants have a more rapid and greater annual stem elongation than mature or senescent plants. Elongation during the accelerated growth period can be predicted from early spring growth with moderate precision when soil moisture and temperatures are not limiting. Populations growing on sites of higher or lower elevations or of pronounced aspect will have growth patterns moderately varying from the modal populations. The greatest factor influencing the growth pattern on years with adequate soil moisture was competition from other species and the combination of competition and age of the rabbitbrush plants.
Barban Selectivity for Wild Oat in Wheat
Authors: Neidermyer Robert W. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) was studied as influenced by plant morphology and air temperature after application. Growth of wheat and wild oat seedlings was reduced by barban at 0.3 μg and 0.6 μg applied to the first node, respectively. Barban application to the base and midpoint of the first leaf blade required a lower dose to reduce wild oat growth than wheat growth. Increased tillering occurred from barban injury to the main culm in wheat. Wheat and wild oat susceptibility to barban increased as the post-treatment temperature decreased from 32 to 10 C. Barban selectivity for wild oats in wheat was greater at 27 and 21 C than at 16 and 10 C.
Effect of Cacodylic Acid and MSMA on Microbes in Forest Floor and Soil
Authors: Bollen W. B. , Norris Logan A. , Stowers Kathleen L.
Published: May 2019

Cacodylic acid (hydroxydimethylarsine oxide) and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) gave slightly-visible inhibition of bacterial growth in pure culture at 1000 mg/L arsenic and moderate inhibition at 10,000 mg/L arsenic. There were no effects at 100 mg/L arsenic. Carbon dioxide evolution from three kinds of forest floor declined with increasing concentrations of MSMA and cacodylic acid. Increasing concentrations of MSMA caused an increase in carbon dioxide evolution from soil but cacodylic acid had no effect. Concentrations less than 10 mg/kg arsenic forest floor including L, F, and H horizons, or soil had no pronounced effect on organic matter decomposition.
Responses of Rice to Postemergence Treatments of Propanil
Authors: Smith R. J.
Published: May 2019

In a 3-year study propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) at 6.7 or 9.0 kg/ha was applied postemergence as single or split applications to rice (Oryza sativaL. ‘Starbonnet’ and ‘Nova 66′) 15 to 75 days after crop emergence. The effect on crop injury, maturity, grain yield, and seed and milling quality was measured on rice grown in weed-free plots. Residues of DCA (3,4-dichloroaniline) in grain and straw from treated rice plants and of propanil and TCAB (3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene) in treated soil were determined. Propanil applied at all times and rates in 1968 and 1970 or applied at all rates at 15 to 55 days after crop emergence in 1969 did not reduce grain yields, but 6.7 kg/ha applied 65 and 75 days after crop emergence in 1969 injured rice plants vegetatively and reduced grain yields. Plant maturity, seed viability and milling quality of grain were not affected. Residues of DCA in grain and straw were highest from treatments applied 65 and 75 days after crop emergence; rice straw contained more DCA than did grain.
A Portable Electric Sprayer for Small Plots
Authors: Duffy Spencer L. , Schneider Bernard A.
Published: May 2019

A portable electric sprayer is described which can be used for greenhouse and small field experiments. It has the flexibility of larger conventional sprayers and precision of laboratory sprayers. The unit is compact, lightweight, and easy to construct.
Foliar Abscission of Woody Plants by Combinations of Endothall and Ethephon
Authors: Sterrett J. P. , Leather G. R. , Tozer W. E. , Foster W. D. , Webb D. T.
Published: May 2019

Foliar abscission induced by mist blower applications of endothall [7-oxabicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid] combined with ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] occurred within 14 days on six field-grown deciduous species. Refoliation was essentially complete after one dormant season except on pin oak (Quercus palustrisMuenchh.), which exhibited shoot damage from May and June treatments. Abscission did not occur on coniferous species. Effective doses ranged from 150 to 2,400 μg/ml endothall with 4,800 μg/ml ethephon. In greenhouse experiments on white ash (Fraxinus americanaL.), the most effective levels of surfactant with endothall/ethephon ranged from 0.5 to 1.3%, and a spray volume as low as one-quarter runoff gave adequate coverage.
Control of Canada Thistle by Soil Fumigation without Tarpaulins
Authors: Ogg A. G.
Published: May 2019

Three years of field experiments showed that Canada thistle. [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] could be controlled with deeply injected soil fumigants without covering the soil with a tarpaulin. The degree of control depended on the kind of fumigant, the rate of application, and the depth of injection. Weed control with fumigants usually improved as the rate of application and depth of injection increased. The most effective treatment was 1,3-dichloropropene at 560 kg/ha injected to a depth of 46 cm. Good to excellent control of Canada thistle was also obtained with 1,3-dichloropropene at 280 kg/ha injected either 23 or 46 cm and ethylene dibromide at 160 kg/ha and chloropicrin + ethylene dibromide at 20 + 55 kg/ha injected at 46 cm. Results with ethylene dibromide and chloropicrin + ethylene dibromide were more erratic than with 1,3-dichloropropene. Increasing the percentage of chloropicrin in the combination reduced the control of Canada thistle.
Uptake, Movement, and Metabolism of Cyanazine in Fall Panicum, Green Foxtail, and Corn
Authors: Kern A. D. , Meggitt W. F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse studies root absorption after postemergence applications of cyanazine 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile enhanced phytotoxicity to fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx.), green foxtail (Setaria viridisL.), and corn (Zea maysL.). Less14C-cyanazine was taken up by the foliage of corn than by the weed species. A lower concentration of parent cyanazine in corn leaves was also evident. The addition of a phytobland oil to the treatment solution increased foliar cyanazine absorption 1 and 5 days following treatment. Although rapid metabolism occurred in corn roots, the large amount of cyanazine absorbed via the root system resulted in internal concentrations of parent cyanazine similar to that observed in the weed species. Cyanazine translocation was mainly acropetal from the point of application. The basis of selectivity is not solely based on the differential foliar uptake of cyanazine, but also on the proportion taken up by the foliage and roots. Under conditions favoring uptake by roots, the margin of selectivity may be reduced.
Effects of Triallate on Wild Oat Grown in a Growth Chamber
Authors: McKercher R. B. , Ashford R. , Morgan R. E.
Published: May 2019

Triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] mixed with soil (1.5 ppmw) stimulated coleoptile extension, reduced the length of the primary leaf, but had no effect on mesocotyl development of wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) grown in soil in a growth chamber. Incubation of the triallate-treated soil for as long as 20 weeks at constant temperatures (10 C, 16 C, and 20 C) did not reduce phytotoxicity. Triallate phytotoxicity was similar at soil moisture levels of either 5% greater than wilting point or 5% less than field capacity. The phytotoxicity remained the same after a freezing cycle during an 8-week soil incubation. Phytotoxic effects of triallate were markedly reduced as soil organic matter increased.
The Effects of Diallate and Its Isomers on the Growth of Wild Oats
Authors: Rummens F. H. A. , Rummens-Ditters D. C. M. , Smith A. E.
Published: May 2019

The growth of germinating wild oat seedlings (Avena fatuaL.) in soil treated with a range of concentrations of the individual isomers of diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] and mixtures thereof has been studied. on the basis of diallate concentration required to reduce height by 50%, thecisisomer is less effective than thetransisomer by about 65%. A mixture of 42%transand 58%cisdiallate is shown to exhibit an antagonistic effect of about 95%. Thetransisomer is more effective than the 42/58 mixture by a factor of 2.6. It is shown that height vs concentration response curves can be represented by y = A {(x/C)B+ 1}-1, where y = height and x = concentration. A computer program has been developed to find the best parameters A, B, and C from any set of individual response data. A new technique for calculating synergism or antagonism has been employed in the part dealing with mixtures of diallate.
Translocation of14C-SAN 6706 in Cotton, Soybean, and Corn
Authors: Strang R. H. , Rogers R. L.
Published: May 2019

The technique of microautoradiography was used to study the localization of14C-SAN 6706 [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H-pyridazinone] in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Coker 203’), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee’], and corn (Zea maysL. ‘W.F. 9’). SAN 6706 was removed from the treatment solutions by absorption and also by adsorption onto the surfaces of roots. Absorbed SAN 6706 appeared to move primarily in the apoplast and to be translocated acropetally and laterally in the transpiration stream. The herbicide accumulated in striking concentrations in the lysigenous glands and trichomes of the cotton plant. This accumulation is postulated to be a major factor in lowering the effective concentration of SAN 6706 in the leaves of cotton as compared to the leaves of the more susceptible soybean and corn plants, and thus may be a significant factor in the tolerance of cotton to SAN 6706.
CFNP a Selective Herbicide for Sunflower
Authors: Takematsu Tetsuo , Konnai Makoto , Takeuchi Yasutomo
Published: May 2019

Two, 4-dichloro-6-fluorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (CFNP) is similar in herbicidal property and chemical structure to nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether). CFNP inhibits the growth of the hypocotyl and young buds of germinating weeds. Henry Crabgrass (Digitaria adscendensH.B.K. Henr.) was controlled by CFNP at 0.5 kg/ha, however sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) was tolerant to 16 kg/ha of CFNP. CFNP also effectively controlled largeseed dodder (Cuscuta indecoraChoisy) which is a serious problem in sunflower. Although trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) did not control common dodder at 8 kg/ha, CFNP gave control at 0.5 kg/ha.
Preplanting Applications of Diuron With and Without Trifluralin in Cotton
Authors: Hamilton K. C. , Arle H. F.
Published: May 2019

Preplanting applications of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] with and without trifluralin (a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were made for 5 years in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.). All treatments containing trifluralin temporarily stunted cotton. In two of the 5 years, trifluralin reduced diuron injury to cotton seedlings which resulted in better crop stands. The trifluralin-diuron combinations resulted in better weed control at harvest than either herbicide alone. The 5-year average yield of cotton was greater with trifluralin-diuron combinations than with the same rates of diuron alone.
Arsenic in Soil with Five Annual Applications of MSMA
Authors: Robinson Edward L.
Published: May 2019

Arsenic residues in soil were examined annually over a 5-yr period following annual applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) at 4.4, 9, 13, 18, 22, 36, 72, 144, and 288 kg/ha. Elemental arsenic did not increase in any plot receiving MSMA rates less than 36 kg/ha. Plots receiving 72, 144, and 288 kg/ha of MSMA for 5 yr showed significant increases in arsenic residues. The arsenic residues for the two heaviest treatments (144 and 288 kg/ha) increased significantly during the first 4 yr, but did not increase in the fifth year.
Postemergence Control of Large Crabgrass and Goosegrass in Turf
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Single and repeated applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) with and without 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one], and methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-di-one] were evaluated for control of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop.) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn.). Large crabgrass was controlled satisfactorily at Griffin in 1972 and 1973 with a single application of 1.7 kg/ha of MSMA, however, repeated applications were required for similar control at Griffin in 1974 and at Blairsville in 1973 and 1974. Repeated treatments at 0.6 kg/ha resulted in satisfactory large crabgrass control in only 2 of 3 years at Griffin and 1 of 3 experiments at Blairsville. The optimum time interval between the first and second MSMA treatments (average 1973 and 1974) was 12 days for the 1.1 kg/ha rate and anytime between 12 and 19 days for the 1.7 and 2.2 kg/ha rates. There was no advantage in large crabgrass control from treatments of methazole, metribuzin, or combinations of MSMA + 2,4-D when compared with MSMA. Single applications of 1.1 kg/ha of metribuzin or 2.2 kg/ha of methazole resulted in excellent goosegrass control without causing any permanent injury to common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Repeated treatments of 3.3 kg/ha of MSMA were required to obtain satisfactory goosegrass control.
Crop Response to Soil Applications of Ethofumesate
Authors: Schweizer E. E.
Published: May 2019

Tolerance of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘Mono-Hy A1’) to ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulphonate) was associated with rate of application and soil type. Yield of roots was significantly reduced by preplant-incorporated applications of 3.4, 4.5, or 9.0 kg/ha of ethofumesate to a sandy loam soil, but only the 9.0 kg/ha rate reduced the yield on a loam soil. Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Idaho #111’) yielded normally when planted on a sandy loam soil within 4 to 6 weeks after ethofumesate was incorporated at rates of 2.2 to 9.0 kg/ha. Corn [Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer brand 3773 MFS(N) hybrid’] yields were reduced in proportion to the rate of herbicide applied 3 weeks before planting. In greenhouse studies, barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Moravian’) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Scout’) were about 10 times more susceptible to soil residues of ethofumesate than corn. Concentrations of ethofumesate in the soil as low as 0.1, 0.2, and 1.5 ppmw reduced the height of wheat, barley, and corn, respectively.
Chlorobenzoyl Chloride and Methyl Chlorobenzoate as Synthetic Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Allen T. J. , Leinweber C. L. , Prince D. K. , Bouchard D. F.
Published: May 2019

CBC (2,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride) and MCB (methyl-2,5-dichlorobenzoate) function as plant growth regulators in a gaseous phase or in an aqueous solution. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘Martin’] and soybean [Glycine bicolor (L.) Merr. ‘Lee’] seeds were temporarily inhibited or delayed from germinating, but overcame the inhibition in time so there was no significant reduction in total germination. Seedlings produced from sorghum and soybean seed germinated and grown in aqueous solution of 35 μg/ml CBC or MCB were shorter and weighed less than control seedlings. Soybean seed treated with the vapors of CBC and MCB produced seedlings significantly reduced in dry weight as compared with that of controls. Foliar application of 500 or 1000 μg/ml of CBC significantly reduced the growth of soybean but not sorghum seedlings. Soybean seedlings treated with the vapors or an aqueous solution produced leaflets more narrow and thicker than control seedlings. A lethal response attributable to CBC or MCB was not recorded.
LA SOCIETÀ POST-INDUSTRIALE TRA SVILUPPO E CRISI
Authors: Fisichella Domenico
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Non ha torto Bertrand de Jouvenel quando scrive che la «previsione sociale» è relativamente meno difficile della «previsione politica»; ma non ha torto a condizione che le trasformazioni economiche e tecnologiche — alle quali inerisce la previsione sociale — continuino a configurare processi di mutamento «lento e faticoso». Se il quadro cambia, e se cambia la «velocità», la differenza tra previsione sociale e previsione politica può attenuarsi fino a sparire del tutto.
LA TEORIA DELL'ORGANIZZAZIONE: LINEAMENTI DI SVILUPPO E RECENTI ORIENTAMENTI
Authors: Balducci Massimo , Martini Massimo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Da lungo tempo si sta avendo, negli Stati Uniti d'America ed in alcuni paesi europei, una fioritura di studi relativi al fenomeno organizzativo, studi pressoché assenti in Italia. Con questo lavoro ci proponiamo di dare un rapido resoconto di tali lavori: a tal uopo cercheremo di sistemare le varie teorie organizzative fin qui elaborate secondo alcuni parametri di fondo che sembrano aver guidato lo sviluppo storico di quella che, ormai, può venire identificata come una disciplina a sé stante.
LE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI: TEORIA E AZIONE
Authors: Papisca Antonio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

È stato asserito che la disciplina delle relazioni internazionali è una scienza sociale a finalità applicative, la quale difetterebbe ancora di una corrispondente scienza ≪ pura ≫, a carattere teoretico. Nel nostro campo non potrebbero quindi darsi rapporti del tipo di quelli intercorrenti, per esempio, tra fisica nucleare (scienza pura) e ingegneria nucleare (scienza applicata).
LA POLITICA NELLA SOCIETÀ POSTINDUSTRIALE
Authors: Huntington Samuel P.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il concetto di società postindustriale fu proposto, all'inizio degli anni sessanta, da Daniel Bell come modello di società paragonabile — anche se notevolmente diverso — con i modelli delle società agricola e industriale. Nel decennio che seguí, il concetto fu perfezionato dallo stesso Bell, riformulato da altri e infine ribattezzato.
INTERPRETAZIONI DEL SISTEMA POLITICO ITALIANO
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La produzione scientifica sul sistema politico italiano, nel suo complesso e su alcuni aspetti specifici, ha registrato di recente notevoli passi avanti sia in senso quantitativo sia in senso qualitativo. Predominano, naturalmente, gli studi e le ricerche empiriche svolte dagli stranieri, anche per una piú o meno naturale riluttanza degli studiosi italiani ad impegnarsi in un lavoro di descrizione-spiegazione globale del funzionamento del sistema politico italiano che potrebbe oscillare pericolosamente tra la Scilla dell'eccessiva genericità e la Cariddi della preminenza dell'interpretazione politica a scapito dell'apporto descrittivo. La rassegna critica qui presentata, oltre ad offrire un contributo al lettore che voglia orientarsi nella letteratura recente, seppur non analizzata in maniera esaustiva, intende enucleare quei temi che piú si prestino ad approfondimenti con ricerche empiriche e sottolineare novità di approccio e di metodo degli scritti esaminati.
MISURE DI DEMOCRAZIA E DI LIBERTÀ: DISCUSSIONE DI ALCUNE ANALISI EMPIRICHE
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il dibattito sulle democrazie reali, cioè sui modi di realizzazione di sistemi politici detti ≪ democratici ≫, si è fissato soprattutto intorno a due ordini di problemi, spesso trattati congiuntamente. Da un lato, si sono cercate le condizioni culturali, sociali, economiche, o anche politiche, della genesi e della persistenza di un regime democratico. Dall'altro, si sono enucleati gli indicatori piú sicuri di tale regime, e poi gli indici e le misure di democraticità. Ci occuperemo qui del secondo ordine di problemi, che ha attirato un'attenzione sempre maggiore anche in seguito alla spinta quantitativizzante della letteratura politologica dell'ultimo ventennio. In particolare, mostreremo le due strade percorse nel tentativo di rilevare e misurare la democrazia: quella che considera alcuni processi ritenuti tipicamente democratici, e quella che rileva soprattutto il quantum di libertà, politiche e civili, esistenti nei sistemi politici. L'ultima parte presenterà i risultati di un ampio survey sulle misure di libertà, condotto tra il 1972 e il 1974. Occorre anche premettere che la democrazia che si vuole misurare è quella che si è realizzata, in diversi modi e forme, soprattutto nel mondo occidentale. Stiamo parlando, cioè, delle liberal. democrazie o poliarchie, come le definisce Dahl per evitare pericolose confusioni terminologiche, o delle democrazie costituzionali secondo la definizione preferita da Gastil — attento agli istituti tipici di regimi legibus non soluti — nel survey che presenteremo nella terza parte.
Sex and age distributions of persons in foodborne disease outbreaks and associations with food categories
Authors: Strassle P. D. , Gu W. , Bruce B. B. , Gould L. H.
Published: May 2019

Sex and age differences in food preferences may be reflected in the demographics of outbreaks. Outbreaks from 1998–2015 with a single confirmed implicated food source in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System were analysed using logistic regression to assess associations between a food category, sex and age. Males were more likely to be involved in outbreaks attributed to beef, pork, game, dairy and shellfish; females were more likely to be involved in grains-beans, nuts-seeds, fruits, sprouts and vegetable row crops outbreaks. Children <5-years-old were more likely than other age groups to be involved in dairy outbreaks, children 5–19-years-old were most likely to be involved in beef and game outbreaks, adults 20–49-years-old were most likely to be involved in fish, shellfish and sprout outbreaks and adults ⩾50-years-old were most likely to be involved in turkey outbreaks. Age and sex are associated with specific food categories in outbreaks. This information may be useful in helping to identify sources of foodborne disease outbreaks.
MULTIPLE REASONABLE BEHAVIORS CASES: THE PROBLEM OF CAUSAL UNDERDETERMINATION IN TORT LAW
Authors: Gilboa Maytal
Published: May 2019

This article introduces a significant yet largely overlooked problem in the law of torts: causal underdetermination. This problem occurs when the causal inquiry of a but-for test produces not one but two results, which are contradictory. According to the first, the negligent defendant is the likely cause of the plaintiff's injury, whereas according to the second, she is not. The article explains why causal underdetermination has escaped the radar of tort scholars and is perceived by courts as lack of causation. It demonstrates that the current practice in cases of causal underdetermination might lead to erroneous decisions, absolving negligent defendants of tort liability even when the evidence suggests that they are in fact the likely cause of the plaintiff's injury. This, in turn, the article asserts, may not only lead to underdeterrence among potential defendants, but also encourage manipulative litigation strategy to escape liability in retrospect. The article then proposes solutions that contend with causal underdetermination and resolve the difficulties that the current practice entails.
Using energy requirements to compare the suitability of alternative methods for broadcast and site-specific weed control
Authors: Coleman Guy R. Y. , Stead Amanda , Rigter Marc P. , Xu Zhe , Johnson David , Brooker Graham M. , Sukkarieh Salah , Walsh Michael J.
Published: May 2019

The widespread use of herbicides in cropping systems has led to the evolution of resistance in major weeds. The resultant loss of herbicide efficacy is compounded by a lack of new herbicide sites of action, driving demand for alternative weed control technologies. While there are many alternative methods for control, identifying the most appropriate method to pursue for commercial development has been hampered by the inability to compare techniques in a fair and equitable manner. Given that all currently available and alternative weed control methods share an intrinsic energy consumption, the aim of this review was to compare methods based on energy consumption. Energy consumption was compared for chemical, mechanical, and thermal weed control technologies when applied as broadcast (whole-field) and site-specific treatments. Tillage systems, such as flex-tine harrow (4.2 to 5.5 MJ ha−1), sweep cultivator (13 to 14 MJ ha−1), and rotary hoe (12 to 17 MJ ha−1) consumed the least energy of broadcast weed control treatments. Thermal-based approaches, including flaming (1,008 to 4,334 MJ ha−1) and infrared (2,000 to 3,887 MJ ha−1), are more appropriate for use in conservation cropping systems; however, their energy requirements are 100- to 1,000-fold greater than those of tillage treatments. The site-specific application of weed control treatments to control 2-leaf-stage broadleaf weeds at a density of 5 plants m−2 reduced energy consumption of herbicidal, thermal, and mechanical treatments by 97%, 99%, and 97%, respectively. Significantly, this site-specific approach resulted in similar energy requirements for current and alternative technologies (e.g., electrocution [15 to 19 MJ ha−1], laser pyrolysis [15 to 249 MJ ha−1], hoeing [17 MJ ha−1], and herbicides [15 MJ ha−1]). Using similar energy sources, a standardized energy comparison provides an opportunity for estimation of weed control costs, suggesting site-specific weed management is critical in the economically realistic implementation of alternative technologies.
Mapping Subglacial Meltwater Channels
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: May 2019

Researchers find that past studies underestimate the friction meltwater channels exert on glaciers by orders of magnitude.
Selective cell death of latently HIV-infected CD4+ T cells mediated by autosis inducing nanopeptides
Authors: Zhang Gang , Luk Brian T. , Wei Xiaoli , Campbell Grant R. , Fang Ronnie H. , Zhang Liangfang , Spector Stephen A.
Published: May 2019

Despite significant advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection, antiretroviral therapy only suppresses viral replication but is unable to eliminate infection. Thus, discontinuation of antiretrovirals results in viral reactivation and disease progression. A major reservoir of HIV latent infection resides in resting central memory CD4+ T cells (TCM) that escape clearance by current therapeutic regimens and will require novel strategies for elimination. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of autophagy-inducing peptides, Tat-Beclin 1 and Tat-vFLIP-α2, which can induce a novel Na+/K+-ATPase dependent form of cell death (autosis), to kill latently HIV-infected TCM while preventing virologic rebound. In this study, we encapsulated autophagy inducing peptides into biodegradable lipid-coated hybrid PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for controlled intracellular delivery. A single dose of nanopeptides was found to eliminate latent HIV infection in an in vitro primary model of HIV latency and ex vivo using resting CD4+ T cells obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral with fully suppressed virus for greater than 12 months. Notably, increased LC3B lipidation, SQSTM1/p62 degradation and Na+/K+-ATPase activity characteristic of autosis, were detected in nanopeptide treated latently HIV-infected cells compared to untreated uninfected or infected cells. Nanopeptide-induced cell death could be reversed by knockdown of autophagy proteins, ATG5 and ATG7, and inhibition or knockdown of Na+/K+-ATPase. Importantly, viral rebound was not detected following the induction of the Na+/K+-ATPase dependent form of cell death induced by the Tat-Beclin 1 and Tat-vFLIP-α2 nanopeptides. These findings provide a novel strategy to eradicate HIV latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells, the major reservoir of HIV latency, through the induction of Na+/K+-ATPase dependent autophagy, while preventing reactivation of virus and new infection of uninfected bystander cells.
Reducing MSH4 copy number prevents meiotic crossovers between non-homologous chromosomes in Brassica napus
Authors: Gonzalo Adrián , Lucas Marie-Odile , Charpentier Catherine , Sandmann Greta , Lloyd Andrew , Jenczewski Eric
Published: May 2019

In allopolyploids, correct chromosome segregation requires suppression of non-homologous crossovers while levels of homologous crossovers are ensured. To date, no mechanism able to specifically inhibit non-homologous crossovers has been described in allopolyploids other than in bread wheat. Here, we show that reducing the number of functional copies of MSH4, an essential gene for the main crossover pathway, prevents non-homologous crossovers in allotetraploid Brassica napus. We show that non-homologous crossovers originate almost exclusively from the MSH4-dependent recombination pathway and that their numbers decrease when MSH4 returns to single copy in B. napus; by contrast, homologous crossovers remain unaffected by MSH4 duplicate loss. We also demonstrate that MSH4 systematically returns to single copy following numerous independent polyploidy events, a pattern that is probably not by chance. These results suggest that stabilization of allopolyploid meiosis can be enhanced by loss of a key meiotic recombination gene.
The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth
Authors: Fettweis Jennifer M. , Serrano Myrna G. , Brooks J. Paul , Edwards David J. , Girerd Philippe H. , Parikh Hardik I. , Huang Bernice , Arodz Tom J. , Edupuganti Laahirie , Glascock Abigail L. , Xu Jie , Jimenez Nicole R. , Vivadelli Stephany C. , Fong Stephen S. , Sheth Nihar U. , Jean Sophonie , Lee Vladimir , Bokhari Yahya A. , Lara Ana M. , Mistry Shreni D. , Duckworth Robert A. , Bradley Steven P. , Koparde Vishal N. , Orenda X. Valentine , Milton Sarah H. , Rozycki Sarah K. , Matveyev Andrey V. , Wright Michelle L. , Huzurbazar Snehalata V. , Jackson Eugenie M. , Smirnova Ekaterina , Korlach Jonas , Tsai Yu-Chih , Dickinson Molly R. , Brooks Jamie L. , Drake Jennifer I. , Chaffin Donald O. , Sexton Amber L. , Gravett Michael G. , Rubens Craig E. , Wijesooriya N. Romesh , Hendricks-Muñoz Karen D. , Jefferson Kimberly K. , Strauss Jerome F. , Buck Gregory A.
Published: May 2019

The incidence of preterm birth exceeds 10% worldwide. There are significant disparities in the frequency of preterm birth among populations within countries, and women of African ancestry disproportionately bear the burden of risk in the United States. In the present study, we report a community resource that includes ‘omics’ data from approximately 12,000 samples as part of the integrative Human Microbiome Project. Longitudinal analyses of 16S ribosomal RNA, metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and cytokine profiles from 45 preterm and 90 term birth controls identified harbingers of preterm birth in this cohort of women predominantly of African ancestry. Women who delivered preterm exhibited significantly lower vaginal levels of Lactobacillus crispatus and higher levels of BVAB1, Sneathia amnii, TM7-H1, a group of Prevotella species and nine additional taxa. The first representative genomes of BVAB1 and TM7-H1 are described. Preterm-birth-associated taxa were correlated with proinflammatory cytokines in vaginal fluid. These findings highlight new opportunities for assessment of the risk of preterm birth.
Neonatal thrombocytopenia: Thrombin generation in presence of reduced platelet counts and effects of rFVIIa in cord blood
Authors: Haidl Harald , Pohl Sina , Leschnik Bettina , Gallistl Siegfried , Muntean Wolfgang , Schlagenhauf Axel
Published: May 2019

Healthy neonates exhibit a well-functioning haemostatic system despite peculiarities regarding composition of clotting factors and inhibitors as well as impaired platelet aggregation. Thrombocytopenia and severe bleeding events are feared in sick infants. Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is a haemostatic agent used as a last resort in neonates with refractory bleedings. Aim of this study was to investigate in-vitro (i) changes in thrombin generation with different platelet counts, (ii) effects of rFVIIa under conditions of thrombocytopenia and (iii) potentially differing dose-response of rFVIIa in cord blood as a surrogate for neonatal blood compared to adult blood. Thrombin generation parameters were observed in cord blood plasma and adult plasma with various platelet counts, with or without addition of rFVIIa, respectively. Low platelet counts did not influence thrombin generation in cord blood in contrast to adult blood. RFVIIa primarily affected lag time throughout all platelet concentrations. Interestingly, peak height was reduced exclusively in cord blood plasma after addition of rFVIIa. No significant differences regarding dose-response were observed between cord blood and adult blood. In contrast to adult blood, thrombocytopenia in cord blood does not significantly influence thrombin generation. Even at very low platelet counts there is enough negatively charged surface to support rFVIIa action in plasma from cord blood and adult blood in-vitro.
Abundance estimates and habitat preferences of bottlenose dolphins reveal the importance of two gulfs in South Australia
Authors: Bilgmann Kerstin , Parra Guido J. , Holmes Lauren , Peters Katharina J. , Jonsen Ian D. , Möller Luciana M.
Published: May 2019

Informed conservation management of marine mammals requires an understanding of population size and habitat preferences. In Australia, such data are needed for the assessment and mitigation of anthropogenic impacts, including fisheries interactions, coastal zone developments, oil and gas exploration and mining activities. Here, we present large-scale estimates of abundance, density and habitat preferences of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins (Tursiopssp.) over an area of 42,438km2within two gulfs of South Australia. Using double-observer platform aerial surveys over four strata and mark-recapture distance sampling analyses, we estimated 3,493 (CV = 0.21; 95%CI = 2,327-5,244) dolphins in summer/autumn, and 3,213 (CV = 0.20; 95%CI = 2,151-4,801) in winter/spring of 2011. Bottlenose dolphin abundance and density was higher in gulf waters across both seasons (0.09-0.24 dolphins/km2) compared to adjacent shelf waters (0.004–0.04 dolphins/km2). The high densities of bottlenose dolphins in the two gulfs highlight the importance of these gulfs as a habitat for the species. Habitat modelling associated bottlenose dolphins with shallow waters, flat seafloor topography, and higher sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in summer/autumn and lower SSTs in winter/spring. Spatial predictions showed high dolphin densities in northern and coastal gulf sections. Distributional data should inform management strategies, marine park planning and environmental assessments of potential anthropogenic threats to this protected species.
ICE SXT vs. ICESh95: Co-existence of Integrative and Conjugative Elements and Competition for a New Host
Authors: Parmeciano DI Noto Gisela , Iriarte Andrés , Ramírez María Soledad , Centrón Daniela , Quiroga Cecilia
Published: May 2019

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements that contribute to horizontal gene transfer. The aim of this work was to study different types of ICEs in clinical isolates of the emergent pathogen Shewanella spp., to compare their transfer efficiency and their ability to integrate a new host. Here we show that 3 out of 10 clinical isolates contained an ICE. Two of these elements were similar to ICEs from the SXT/R391 family and the other one was similar to ICESh95, a hybrid platform. Mating assays showed that these elements co-exist for several generations in the same host. Furthermore, transfer rates and competition assays between ICESh95 and ICESh392, an SXT-like element, suggest that the latter has evolved into a well-oiled machine that efficiently spread to different bacteria. Our results provide strong evidence of the role that ICEs play in the dissemination of genetic traits in nature and the implications that they have in the global threat of antimicrobial resistance.
Interplay of fibroblasts with anaplastic tumor cells promotes follicular thyroid cancer progression
Authors: Fozzatti Laura , Alamino Vanina Alejandra , Park Sunmi , Giusiano Lucila , Volpini Ximena , Zhao Li , Stempin Cinthia Carolina , Donadio Ana Carolina , Cheng Sheue-yann , Pellizas Claudia Gabriela
Published: May 2019

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is one of the most aggressive thyroid tumors. It is known that activation of oncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in tumor cells promotes tumorigenesis. The microenvironment of the tumor also plays a key role on cancer development and progression in a variety of tumors. However, the mechanisms by which tumor-stroma crosstalk in thyroid cancer remains poorly characterized. In this study we aimed to understand how interactions between fibroblasts and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells contribute to thyroid carcinogenesis. We first characterized the phenotypic changes of human fibroblasts in vitro through co-cultures by using transwells as well as by using anaplastic thyroid cancer cells-derived conditioned media. We found that fibroblasts acquired an activated phenotype or also known as cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype after being in contact with soluble factors secreted from anaplastic thyroid cancer cells, compared to the fibroblasts in mono-cultures. All the changes were partly mediated through Src/Akt activation. Treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine reversed in part the metabolic phenotype of activated fibroblasts. Remarkably, conditioned media obtained from these activated fibroblasts promoted cell proliferation and invasion of follicular thyroid cancer cell line, FTC-133 cells. Thus, a reciprocal and dynamic interaction exists between tumor and stromal cells, which results in the promotion of thyroid tumorigenesis. The present studies have advanced the understanding of the molecular basis of tumor-stroma communications, enabling identification and targeting of tumor-supportive mechanisms for novel treatment modalities.