bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural tube closure: cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms
Authors: Nikolopoulou Evanthia , Galea Gabriel L. , Rolo Ana , Greene Nicholas D. E. , Copp Andrew J.
Published: February 2017

Neural tube closure has been studied for many decades, across a range of vertebrates, as a paradigm of embryonic morphogenesis. Neurulation is of particular interest in view of the severe congenital malformations – ‘neural tube defects’ – that result when closure fails. The process of neural tube closure is complex and involves cellular events such as convergent extension, apical constriction and interkinetic nuclear migration, as well as precise molecular control via the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway, Shh/BMP signalling, and the transcription factors Grhl2/3, Pax3, Cdx2 and Zic2. More recently, biomechanical inputs into neural tube morphogenesis have also been identified. Here, we review these cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms involved in neural tube closure, based on studies of various vertebrate species, focusing on the most recent advances in the field.
Giant FAZ10 is required for flagellum attachment zone stabilization and furrow positioning in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Moreira Bernardo P. , Fonseca Carol K. , Hammarton Tansy C. , Baqui Munira M. A.
Published: February 2017

The flagellum and flagellum attachment zone (FAZ) are important cytoskeletal structures in trypanosomatids, being required for motility, cell division and cell morphogenesis. Trypanosomatid cytoskeletons contain abundant high molecular mass proteins (HMMPs), but many of their biological functions are still unclear. Here, we report the characterization of the giant FAZ protein, FAZ10, in Trypanosoma brucei, which, using immunoelectron microscopy, we show localizes to the intermembrane staples in the FAZ intracellular domain. Our data show that FAZ10 is a giant cytoskeletal protein essential for normal growth and morphology in both procyclic and bloodstream parasite life cycle stages, with its depletion leading to defects in cell morphogenesis, flagellum attachment, and kinetoplast and nucleus positioning. We show that the flagellum attachment defects are probably brought about by reduced tethering of the proximal domain of the paraflagellar rod to the FAZ filament. Further, FAZ10 depletion also reduces abundance of FAZ flagellum domain protein, ClpGM6. Moreover, ablation of FAZ10 impaired the timing and placement of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, resulting in premature or asymmetrical cell division.
Error-prone meiotic division and subfertility in mice with oocyte-conditional knockdown of pericentrin
Authors: Baumann Claudia , Wang Xiaotian , Yang Luhan , Viveiros Maria M.
Published: February 2017

Mouse oocytes lack canonical centrosomes and instead contain unique acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs). To test the function of these distinct aMTOCs in meiotic spindle formation, pericentrin (Pcnt), an essential centrosome/MTOC protein, was knocked down exclusively in oocytes by using a transgenic RNAi approach. Here, we provide evidence that disruption of aMTOC function in oocytes promotes spindle instability and severe meiotic errors that lead to pronounced female subfertility. Pcnt-depleted oocytes from transgenic (Tg) mice were ovulated at the metaphase-II stage, but show significant chromosome misalignment, aneuploidy and premature sister chromatid separation. These defects were associated with loss of key Pcnt-interacting proteins (γ-tubulin, Nedd1 and Cep215) from meiotic spindle poles, altered spindle structure and chromosome–microtubule attachment errors. Live-cell imaging revealed disruptions in the dynamics of spindle assembly and organization, together with chromosome attachment and congression defects. Notably, spindle formation was dependent on Ran GTPase activity in Pcnt-deficient oocytes. Our findings establish that meiotic division is highly error-prone in the absence of Pcnt and disrupted aMTOCs, similar to what reportedly occurs in human oocytes. Moreover, these data underscore crucial differences between MTOC-dependent and -independent meiotic spindle assembly.
Selective transport of neurotransmitters and modulators by distinct volume-regulated LRRC8 anion channels
Authors: Lutter Darius , Ullrich Florian , Lueck Jennifer C. , Kempa Stefan , Jentsch Thomas J.
Published: February 2017

In response to swelling, mammalian cells release chloride and organic osmolytes through volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). VRACs are heteromers of LRRC8A and other LRRC8 isoforms (LRRC8B to LRRC8E), which are co-expressed in HEK293 and most other cells. The spectrum of VRAC substrates and its dependence on particular LRRC8 isoforms remains largely unknown. We show that, besides the osmolytes taurine and myo-inositol, LRRC8 channels transport the neurotransmitters glutamate, aspartate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the co-activator D-serine. HEK293 cells engineered to express defined subsets of LRRC8 isoforms were used to elucidate the subunit-dependence of transport. Whereas LRRC8D was crucial for the translocation of overall neutral compounds like myo-inositol, taurine and GABA, and sustained the transport of positively charged lysine, flux of negatively charged aspartate was equally well supported by LRRC8E. Disruption of LRRC8B or LRRC8C failed to decrease the transport rates of all investigated substrates, but their inclusion into LRRC8 heteromers influenced the substrate preference of VRAC. This suggested that individual VRACs can contain three or more different LRRC8 subunits, a conclusion confirmed by sequential co-immunoprecipitations. Our work suggests a composition-dependent role of VRACs in extracellular signal transduction.
Mitochondrial depolarization in yeast zygotes inhibits clonal expansion of selfish mtDNA
Authors: Karavaeva Iuliia E. , Golyshev Sergey A. , Smirnova Ekaterina A. , Sokolov Svyatoslav S. , Severin Fedor F. , Knorre Dmitry A.
Published: February 2017

Non-identical copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) compete with each other within a cell and the ultimate variant of mtDNA present depends on their relative replication rates. Using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells as a model, we studied the effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on the competition between wild-type mtDNA and mutant selfish mtDNA in heteroplasmic zygotes. We found that decreasing mitochondrial transmembrane potential by adding uncouplers or valinomycin changes the competition outcomes in favor of the wild-type mtDNA. This effect was significantly lower in cells with disrupted mitochondria fission or repression of the autophagy-related genes ATG8, ATG32 or ATG33, implying that heteroplasmic zygotes activate mitochondrial degradation in response to the depolarization. Moreover, the rate of mitochondrially targeted GFP turnover was higher in zygotes treated with uncoupler than in haploid cells or untreated zygotes. Finally, we showed that vacuoles of zygotes with uncoupler-activated autophagy contained DNA. Taken together, our data demonstrate that mitochondrial depolarization inhibits clonal expansion of selfish mtDNA and this effect depends on mitochondrial fission and autophagy. These observations suggest an activation of mitochondria quality control mechanisms in heteroplasmic yeast zygotes.
Jumping performance of flea hoppers and other mirid bugs (Hemiptera, Miridae)
Authors: Burrows M. , Dorosenko M.
Published: February 2017

The order Hemiptera includes jumping insects with the fastest take-off velocities, all generated by catapult mechanisms. It also contains the large family Miridae or plant bugs. Here we analysed the jumping strategies and mechanisms of six mirid species from high speed videos and from the anatomy of their propulsive legs and conclude that they use a different mechanism in which jumps are powered by the direct contractions of muscles. Three strategies were identified. First, jumping was propelled only by movements of the middle and hind legs which were respectively 140% and 190% longer than the front legs. In three species with masses ranging from 3.4 to 12.2 mg, depression of the coxo-trochanteral and extension of femoro-tibial joints accelerated the body in 8-17 ms to take-off velocities of 0.5 to 0.8 m s− 1. The middle legs lost ground contact 5-6 ms before take-off so that the hind legs generated the final propulsion. The power requirements could be met by the direct muscle contractions so that catapult mechanisms are not implicated. Second, other species combined the same leg movements with wing beating to generate take-off during a wing downstroke. In the third strategy, up to four wing beat cycles preceded take-off and were not assisted by leg movements. Take-off velocities were reduced and acceleration times lengthened. Other species from the same habitat did not jump. The lower take-off velocities achieved by powering jumping by direct muscle contractions may be offset by eliminating the time taken to load catapult mechanisms.
Structure of the Escherichia coli ProQ RNA-binding protein
Authors: Gonzalez Grecia M. , Hardwick Steven W. , Maslen Sarah L. , Skehel J. Mark , Holmqvist Erik , Vogel Jörg , Bateman Alex , Luisi Ben F. , Broadhurst R. William
Published: February 2017

The protein ProQ has recently been identified as a global small noncoding RNA-binding protein in Salmonella, and a similar role is anticipated for its numerous homologs in divergent bacterial species. We report the solution structure of Escherichia coli ProQ, revealing an N-terminal FinO-like domain, a C-terminal domain that unexpectedly has a Tudor domain fold commonly found in eukaryotes, and an elongated bridging intradomain linker that is flexible but nonetheless incompressible. Structure-based sequence analysis suggests that the Tudor domain was acquired through horizontal gene transfer and gene fusion to the ancestral FinO-like domain. Through a combination of biochemical and biophysical approaches, we have mapped putative RNA-binding surfaces on all three domains of ProQ and modeled the protein's conformation in the apo and RNA-bound forms. Taken together, these data suggest how the FinO, Tudor, and linker domains of ProQ cooperate to recognize complex RNA structures and serve to promote RNA-mediated regulation.
Translation of poly(A) tails leads to precise mRNA cleavage
Authors: Guydosh Nicholas R. , Green Rachel
Published: February 2017

Translation of poly(A) tails leads to mRNA cleavage but the mechanism and global pervasiveness of this “nonstop/no-go” decay process is not understood. Here we performed ribosome profiling (in a yeast strain lacking exosome function) of short 15–18 nucleotides mRNA footprints to identify ribosomes stalled at 3′ ends of mRNA decay intermediates. In this background, we found mRNA cleavage extending hundreds of nucleotides upstream of ribosome stalling in poly(A) and predominantly in one reading frame. These observations suggest that decay-triggering endonucleolytic cleavage is closely associated with the ribosome. Surprisingly, ribosomes appeared to accumulate (i.e., stall) in the transcriptome when as few as three consecutive ORF-internal lysine codons were positioned in the A, P, and E sites though significant mRNA degradation was not observed. Endonucleolytic cleavage was found, however, at sites of premature polyadenylation (encoding polylysine) and rescue of the ribosomes stalled at these sites was dependent on Dom34. These results suggest this process may be critical when changes in the polyadenylation site occur during development, tumorigenesis, or when translation termination/recycling is impaired.
Using Mendelian randomization to determine causal effects of maternal pregnancy (intrauterine) exposures on offspring outcomes: Sources of bias and methods for assessing them
Authors: Lawlor Deborah A. , Richmond Rebecca , Warrington Nicole , McMahon George , Smith George Davey , Bowden Jack , Evans David M
Published: February 2017

Mendelian randomization (MR), the use of genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to test causal effects, is increasingly used in aetiological epidemiology. Few of the methodological developments in MR have considered the specific situation of using genetic IVs to test the causal effect of exposures in pregnant women on postnatal offspring outcomes. In this paper, we describe specific ways in which the IV assumptions might be violated when MR is used to test such intrauterine effects. We highlight the importance of considering the extent to which there is overlap between genetic variants in offspring that influence their outcome with genetic variants used as IVs in their mothers. Where there is overlap, and particularly if it generates a strong association of maternal genetic IVs with offspring outcome via the offspring genotype, the exclusion restriction assumption of IV analyses will be violated. We recommend a set of analyses that ought to be considered when MR is used to address research questions concerned with intrauterine effects on post-natal offspring outcomes, and provide details of how these can be undertaken and interpreted. These additional analyses include the use of genetic data from offspring and fathers, examining associations using maternal non-transmitted alleles, and using simulated data in sensitivity analyses (for which we provide code). We explore the extent to which new methods that have been developed for exploring violation of the exclusion restriction assumption in the two-sample setting (MR-Egger and median based methods) might be used when exploring intrauterine effects in one-sample MR. We provide a list of recommendations that researchers should use when applying MR to test the effects of intrauterine exposures on postnatal offspring outcomes and use an illustrative example with real data to demonstrate how our recommendations can be applied and subsequent results appropriately interpreted.
Micro-epidemiological structuring of Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in regions with varying transmission intensities in Africa.
Authors: Omedo Irene , Mogeni Polycarp , Bousema Teun , Rockett Kirk , Amambua-Ngwa Alfred , Oyier Isabella , Stevenson Jennifer C. , Baidjoe Amrish Y. , de Villiers Etienne P. , Fegan Greg , Ross Amanda , Hubbart Christina , Jeffreys Anne , Williams Thomas N. , Kwiatkowski Dominic , Bejon Philip
Published: February 2017

Background: The first models of malaria transmission assumed a completely mixed and homogeneous population of parasites.  Recent models include spatial heterogeneity and variably mixed populations. However, there are few empiric estimates of parasite mixing with which to parametize such models.

Methods: Here we genotype 276 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5199 P. falciparum isolates from two Kenyan sites and one Gambian site to determine the spatio-temporal extent of parasite mixing, and use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and linear regression to examine the relationship between genetic relatedness and relatedness in space and time for parasite pairs.

Results: We show that there are no discrete geographically restricted parasite sub-populations, but instead we see a diffuse spatio-temporal structure to parasite genotypes.  Genetic relatedness of sample pairs is predicted by relatedness in space and time.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that targeted malaria control will benefit the surrounding community, but unfortunately also that emerging drug resistance will spread rapidly through the population.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT IN THE SYSTEM OF JURISDICTIONAL BODIES (OF GODLY SINS OF CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE)
Authors: Бондарь Николай , Bondar Nikolay
Published: February 2017

Analyzing the place and role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the institutional system of national and supranational jurisdictions, there is the author’s approach to the study of this institution in particular through the prism of the so-called constitutional paradoxes (“godly sins”) of the constitutional justice. Among them: legal involvement of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the resolution of important constitutional questions at the intersection of law and policy; entering into the system of justice and at the same time transcending it as the trial of the government and the law; the legal force of the final acts, which are not laws, can be above the law; the stability of the Constitution in conjunction with socio-historical dynamism, the problems of guaranteeing its supremacy in collaboration with supranational jurisdiction, the need to ensure by the constitutional justice of the Constitutions’ supremacy in collaboration with the international-legal regulation and supranational jurisdictional practices. The article explains that the status characteristics of the national organs of constitutional justice, manifested in the contemporary world order and in relations with bodies of international jurisdiction, have a constitutional good nature and serve as a confirmation of the special role of these bodies in the justice system in modern constitutional democracies.
ROLE OF JUDGES’ DIALOG IN PROVING OF THE RULE OF LAW
Authors: Гаджиев Ханлар , Gadzhiev Khanlar
Published: February 2017

The article discusses the problem of interpretation of the provisions of the European Convention on human rights by European Court of Human Rights, as well as the development of dialogue between judges of different levels, aimed at the formation of the European “common” law. Placing at the forefront the principle of the rule of law as the basis for all the guarantees of human rights, the author substantiates the necessity of the interaction of various levels courts, based on mutual respect, dialogue of the courts, what will undoubtedly lead to the enrichment of the legal system, searching for the most complete and effective regulation of social relations. According to the author, the effectiveness of interaction between courts is based primarily on a shared understanding of the importance of the activities of ECtHR judges in the development of common approaches to the protection of human rights and consolidation of the efforts in search of forming a common legal space. Using the example of some cases considered by the ECtHR, the article illustrated the options of interaction of the Court with national courts. The article reveals some problematic issues in the activity of the ECtHR, in particular the lack of involvement the principle of harmonious interpretation.
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN THE XXI CENTURY: DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
Authors: Журавлева Оксана , Zhuravleva Oksana
Published: February 2017

In the beginning of the XXI century constitutions of countries changed frequently. Tax matter was involved in the search of the balance between private and public interests. The taxation models vested in national constitutional acts were transformed. This article deals with the main tendencies in the constitutional design of different countries in the framework of tax matter. Author investigates the provisions connected with taxation, which were enacted in new constitutions in XXI century. Some traditional rules of different legislations’ branches (tax, budget, criminal law) are now becoming embodied in the new constitutional acts. In the explored constitutions the main tendencies, which were revealed, are the constitutionalisation of national tax law and the formation of the new tax principles. The wide variety of the tax regulation on the constitutional level was revealed. It is concluded that the approaches to the realization of the main taxation principles in new constitutional acts were transformed in XXI century.
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP AND TRUST: EXPERIENCE OF CIVIL LAW COUNTRIES
Authors: Мазаева Анна , Mazaeva Anna
Published: February 2017

The increasing complexity and internationalization of economic processes, escalation of risks of solo asset management, constant change of market conditions, emergence of new means of earning income from property demand from the owner of any valuable assets to find a professional who can effectively manage an estate. Lack of clearness in legislative regulation in the Russian Federation stimulates the title holders to use international law institutes such as trust, rather than national asset management. The author underlines unrecoverable problems occurring during attempts of implementation of trusts into the legislation of European countries, gives examples of alternative institutes of an asset management. The article describes problems occurring because of trust implementation into civil law. The author makes the comparative analysis of the “contract” model and the “trust” model of asset management and gives several examples of successful application of trust-like institutions in civil law countries, such as: Institution of precede and subsequent successors (Vorerbe and Nacherbe); Dauertestamentsvollstrecker and Treuhand in the law of succession and corporate law of Germany; la fiducie in civil law of France. The article contains a brief overview of the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition 1985 as an example of harmonization of common understanding of trust among European countries and the resolution of the problem of legal qualification of trust relations by civil courts.
INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIVE BODIES ON THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION: COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Берлявский Леонид , Berlyavskiy Leonid , Расчетов Владимир , Raschetov Vladimir
Published: February 2017

An article describes reasons of formation on the Territory of the Former Soviet Union of independent preliminary investigation bodies in the form of investigative committees. A comparative research was carried out on the ground of investigative committees in Belarus, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia, their purposes, organization and functional features, determined by the specifics of national criminal justice systems. Additionally their similarities and differences were describes. The author defines the place of such bodies in countries’ state mechanism and the their possible development trends. Historically along with other measures of protection of the the rights and freedoms of a person exist criminal-legal regulation of social relations and crime prevention through early prevention, detection, prevention, suppression, disclosure and investigation of crimes in criminal proceedings, which includes preliminary (pretrial) investigation of crimes. The most complicated categories among them is carried out in the form of preliminary investigations by specially authorized investigative authorities. The efficiency and effectiveness of the performance of duties of these bodies depends on the scope of the powers and their legal status in the state mechanism, and, therefore, protection of the protection of human rights and civil liberties. The conclusions based on the study of the period of reasons of formation on the Territory of the Former Soviet Union of independent preliminary investigation bodies may help to improve the state penal policy and develop ways of implementation of state policies in the sphere of enforcement of the Criminal Procedure law.
ENGLISH-IRISH TYPE OF EUROPEAN PENAL SYSTEMS: ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FUNDAMENTALS, MEANS OF PRISONERS´ TREATMENT AND CONDITIONS OF THEIR DETENTION
Authors: Тепляшин Павел , Teplyashin Pavel
Published: February 2017

The scientific basis of the classification and typology of the European penitentiary systems are presented. The method of comparative jurisprudence and the system analysis of the European penitentiary reality are used in this article. The methodological substantiation of the existence of a group of European states with their typical features of penitentiary practice is given. The author states the up-to-date characteristic of the Anglo-Irish type characterized by peculiarities caused, first of all, by its scope of the legal system of Common Law and the decline of the settled liberal approaches to a crime and penal pragmatism. The main characteristics of the type under consideration are joint jurisdiction of penal authorities, considerable specific proportion of prisons among correctional institutions, essential development of the elements of progressive penal correctional system, diverse and active usage of rehabilitative means and individual rehabilitative programs for prisoners as well as measures of prisoners’ re-socialization and relatively wide usage of the institution of public private partnership in the penal sphere. The attention is focused on the fact that in the context of active maintaining the progressive standards of treatment of convicted persons in prisons of the Benelux Union, some violations of the convicted persons’ rights are noted in the reports of the representatives of the CPT who visited Ireland, England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. The author draws a conclusion that the analysis of Anglo-Irish penitentiary type in the context of the controversial reform of the national penal system causes the natural research interest to the further typological comparative and legal study of European penitentiary chart.
FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH IN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Попова Анна , Popova Anna
Published: February 2017

Health is the main value for any person so its defense appears to be the main task of a modern legal and social state. However international and regional instruments that contain the concept of health fasten different wordings, namely: “health”, “health of the nation”, “public health” which having different meaning. Moreover, legal acts and scientific literature include similar in sound but not in the legal sense constructions such as “protection of health”, “health”, “ensuring the basic preconditions for health” which trouble determination of the content of the right to health. The author on the basis of a comparative legal analysis of legal regulation of the legal categories of “right to health”, as contained in international instruments and Russian legislation, concludes that the realization of the right to health is connected with various activities aimed at ensuring individual and community health. Among these events, the world health organization includes assistance to mothers and children, prevention and control of endemic diseases, major infectious diseases; professional health care is based on the use of high technologies and promotion of healthy lifestyle, creation of healthy environment adequate to the modern realities of working conditions, improved nutrition and sanitary conditions, accommodation for vulnerable in social terms, individuals located on the territory of the state. The author advocates the position that the right to health at the same time is interpreted as a collective right (the addressee of a package of measures for the protection of health is not the individual citizen, and the population of the state) and as an individual right, to which corresponds the duty of the state to take measures to ensure against its citizens and persons within its territory.
Inventory Decisions and Signals of Demand Uncertainty to Investors
Authors: Lai Guoming , Xiao Wenqiang
Published: February 2017

This paper examines how managerial short-termism can affect a firm’s inventory decision when external investors have only partial information about the firm’s demand uncertainty. We first study the scenario where the manager’s short-termism is exogenously given. We derive the full equilibrium spectrum ranging from stable separating to pooling equilibria, which yields insights for learning firms’ demand uncertainty from their inventory and sales information and for understanding the effect of managerial short-termism on firm performance. We then analyze the scenario where the manager’s short-termism is endogenous. We find that, unlike the scenario with exogenous short-termism, the first-best inventory decisions might be achieved in equilibrium on the basis of an alternative signal.

This paper has been accepted for the Manufacturing & Service Operations Management Special Issue on Interface of Finance, Operations, and Risk Management.
Healthy eating: Help pupils ‘Be Food Smart’ in 2017
Authors: Tedstone Alison
Published: February 2017

With more than one in five children starting primary school overweight or obese, urgent action is needed. Dr Alison Tedstone shares some of the resources the ‘Be Food Smart’ campaign offers.
Acute anaphylaxis: What to do in an emergency
Authors: Hammett Emma
Published: February 2017

It has been estimated that at least one quarter of school children in Europe are affected by allergies, which may affect quality of life and school performance and even put them at risk of severe allergic reactions.
Supporting children with chronic illness and their family
Authors: Thornton Stephanie
Published: February 2017

An estimated one in ten children suffer from a life-changing illness. Stephanie Thornton looks at the impact of chronic illness on children and their family, and makes some practical suggestions on how to support their mental health and wellbeing.
Looking at the benefits of the national childhood flu immunisation programme
Authors: Letley Louise
Published: February 2017

The annual administration of flu vaccine to children is expected to substantially reduce flu-related illness, GP consultations, hospital admissions and deaths. Louise Letley provides an overview of the programme and explains its benefits.
Simulasi Rekonstruksi Citra Pada Sensor Brain ECVT (Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography) dengan Metode ILBP (Iterative Linear Back Projection)
Authors: Handayani Nita , H Kharisma Fajar , Haryanto Freddy , K Siti Nurul , Baidillah Marlin R , Taruno Warsito P
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study is to simulate the sensor 32-channel Brain ECVT image reconstruction using ILBP (Iterative Linear Back Projection) methods. ECVT is a dynamic volume imaging technique that utilizes non-linear difference of electric field distribution to determine the distribution of permittivity in the sensing area. ECVT has measured the capacitance of data as a result of changes in the permittivity distribution between the electrode pairs. ECVT device consists of three main parts: helmet-shaped sensors, DAS (Data Acquisition System), PC for display and image reconstruction process. Simulation of sensor design using COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5 software, while the process of image reconstruction and analysis of the results using Matlab software 2009a. The principle of ECVT includes two stages of data collection capacitance of electrodes (forward problem) and image reconstruction from the measured capacitance (inverse problem). In the study, the simulation of image reconstruction was done by varying the object position, the number of objects and charge density of the object. From the simulation results showed that the reconstructed image with ILBP method is influenced by several parameters: the object's position in the sensor,charge density value of the object, an alpha value and the number of iterations was selected.
Identifikasi Bidang Gelincir di Dusun Dukuh, Desa Koripan, Kecamatan Matesih, Kabupaten Karanganyar, Menggunakan Metode Geolistrik Resistivitas Konfigurasi Wenner Alfa
Authors: Romadon Irwan , D Darsono , Koesuma Sorja
Published: February 2017

Slip surface identification in Dukuh, Koripan Village, Matesih Sub-district, Karanganyar District has been conducted with geoelectrical resistivity method with Wenner Alfa configuration. Data acquisitions was done on 5 sample lines. The length of each line is 75 meter. The smallest electrode spacing’s 3 meter, with multiplier (n) between 1 to 5. Two dimensional results show that slip surface in every sample lines formed by watertight wet clays material, with resistivity 8,99 Ωm until 13,4 Ωm. The depth of the slip surface in each line is varies. Slip surface of the line 1 was found at a depth of 1 meter to 3,7 meter, the line 2 was found at 2 meter to 4 meter, the line 3 was found at 0,75 meter to 3,78 meter, the line 4 was found at 1,5 meter to 3,5 meter, and the slip surface of line 5 was found at 0,75 meter to 3 meter. Three dimenisonal result show that the area with high land movement was covered by sandy-clay materials.
Spaces of inequality: It’s not differentiation, it is inequality! A socio-spatial analysis of the City of Porto
Authors: Alves Sónia
Published: February 2017

As territorial magnets for people and activities, cities simultaneously concentrate opportunities (e.g. employment, consumption, entertainment) and problems (e.g. unemployment, lack of affordable housing, crime). As a result, they can be regarded as complex social systems, which to some extent are characterized by, and are a source of, inequalities. By analysing the issue of inequality from a socio-spatial perspective, this article aims to show that the post-industrial city is changing insofar as social and spatial disparities are increasing on the basis of income and political influence. The article consists of two parts. The first addresses the issue of inequality and the city, providing a review of the literature on the relationship between social and spatial inequalities. The second is empirical, focusing upon the city of Porto and exploring several intersecting ideas related to the selective processes of de-concentration (or suburbanization) of people and activities, and the way they shape the separation of classes across geographical space. The results confirm the initial hypotheses of increasing socio-spatial inequality in Porto, in a context in which public policies are not geared towards the goal of mitigating socio-economic disparities, but are shaped inversely by consolidated economic ones.
The counter hegemonic discourse of human rights in the Bolivarian Revolution
Authors: Betencourt Rafael
Published: February 2017

This article analyses the human rights discourse of the Bolivarian government as a means of establishing a counter-hegemonic position in international politics. It seeks to explain how the politicization of human rights in the Bolivarian Revolution reveals a conflict regarding the moral legitimacy of the manifestation of power and a social model. This discourse adheres to the ideological paradigms of the revolution, which can only be understood through a knowledge of the history of Venezuelan society. On the basis of this analysis it is possible to understand the polarization caused by the Bolivarian political venture: on the one hand, the capitalist neo-liberal democracy; and on the other, the democratic radicalism of Venezuelan socialism. In view of this, the language of human rights has often become an ideological tool, that in each case is representative of two distinct ideological models.
Integrating Multiple Textural Features for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection
Authors: Li Qingyu , Huang Xin , Wen Dawei , Liu Hui
Published: February 2017

This paper proposes a multi-texture change detection method by integrating macro- and micro-texture features. Macro-textures are related to the information defined by the whole image scene, while micro-textures describe distributions and relationships of the gray levels within a local
window. Moreover, we propose two strategies, random forests (RF) and a fuzzy set model, to integrate different characteristics of the textures. Experiments were conducted on ZY-3 (the first civilian high-resolution stereo mapping satellite of China) orthographic
images of the cities of Wuhan and Tokyo, as well as WorldView-2 multi-spectral images of the city of Kuala Lumpur. Results showed that the wavelet-based features obtained the highest accuracy among the macro-textures, while the morphological attributes obtained the best results for the micro-textures.
By integrating both micro- and macro-textures, the texture combination using both RF and a fuzzy set model can further improve the accuracy of change detection.
Automatic 3D Surface Co-Registration Using Keypoint Matching
Authors: Persad Ravi Ancil , Armenakis Costas
Published: February 2017

A framework for co-registering multi-temporal 3D point cloud surfaces (PCSs) is presented, which addresses the co-registration of urban and non-urban 3D surfaces formed by 3D
points. These surfaces are acquired from different surface measurement sensors and are in different coordinate systems. No prior information about initial transformation parameters or proximate matching is assumed. A keypoint matching approach is proposed to co-register two PCSs.
First, surface curvature information is utilized for scale-invariant keypoint extraction. Then, every keypoint is characterized by a scale, rotation, and translation invariant surface descriptor called the radial geodesic distance-slope histogram. Keypoints with similar surface descriptors
on the two PCSs are matched using bipartite graph matching. Given scale, rotation and translation changes between PCS pairs, co-registration tests on multi-sensor urban and non-urban datasets gave rotation errors from 0.017° to 0.023°, translation errors
from 0.007 m to 0.013 m and scale factor errors from 0.0002 to 0.0014.
Sumario
Authors: - -
Published: February 2017

Sumario
Enseñanza del discurso científico en el ámbito de las ingenierías. Una propuesta orientada al uso del español como lengua materna y extranjera disciplinar
Authors: Demarchi Analía , Mattioli Estela
Published: February 2017

Nuestra experiencia como docentes de Lengua en el ámbito de las carreras deingeniería de la Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas (FICH) de la UniversidadNacional del Litoral (UNL) nos ha permitido arribar a algunas apreciaciones concep-tuales y metodológicas respecto de la importancia del conocimiento sobre el lenguajeen la formación académica de las carreras involucradas; y también nos ha posibilitadoindagar en algunos problemas lingüísticos que deben afrontar los estudiantes ligadosa su aprendizaje disciplinar.En este sentido, el propósito de nuestra investigación es aportar estrategias deenseñanza en el aula universitaria que permitan resolver problemas vinculados a lasprácticas lectocompresivas de los estudiantes (nativos y extranjeros) de las cuatrocarreras de ingeniería que se desarrollan en la unidad académica: Informática, Am-biental, Recursos Hídricos y Agrimensura.En este trabajo presentamos una propuesta de enseñanza del género a partir de lacontrastación de textos (Moreno, 2008) utilizando categorías operativas elaboradaspor la Lingüística Sistémica Funcional, particularmente por Halliday (1982) y Eggins& Martin (2003). Esta metodología ha favorecido la elaboración de una secuenciadidáctica progresiva que propicia la reflexión acerca del uso adecuado del lenguaje enel campo disciplinar que aprenden, así como una autorreflexión de las actividades deaprendizaje, las que se van desarrollando inicialmente con la guía constante del docentepara concluir con el trabajo independiente y autorregulado del estudiante. Contribuye,además, a la elaboración de un registro de diagnóstico respecto de las decisiones sobre66 { texturas 15los contenidos lingüísticos a enseñar en etapas posteriores de la secuencia didáctica con el fin de introducir y afianzar progresivamente el manejo de herramientas lingüísticas necesarias para adecuar el uso del lenguaje a distintos contextos de situación.El proyecto integral posee una orientación lingüística y didáctica que promueve larelevancia del desempeño del docente como mediador entre los textos y el estudiante,reponiendo aquellos aspectos formales y de contenido que el aprendiz necesita y queel texto del experto no despliega.
The effect of intellectual capital on financial performance and market value of manufacturing companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2010 - 2012
Authors: Andriani Lusia Amaluddin , Herlina Erida
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of intellectual capital on financial performance and market value of the manufacturing companies. The sample consists of manufacturing companies, which are consistently registered, in the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of 2010-2012. Intellectual capital was calculated using value added intellectual coefficient (VAICTM). The main components of VAICTM are physical capital (VACA), human capital (VAHU) and structural capital (STVA). Financial performance is measured using Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Earning per Shares (EPS). Market value is measured using Price Book to Value (PBV) and Price Earnings Ratio (PER). The sampling in this study is using purposive sampling method. Based on the purposive sampling method, it was obtained 71 manufacturing companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period of 2010-2012. The data analysis was done by using Partial Least Square (PLS). The results show that: (1) intellectual capital has an effect on the financial performance, (2) intellectual capital has no effect on the market value, (3) financial performance is able to mediate the relationship between intellectual capital and market value.
Risk-based credit analysis using ethnomethodology approach
Authors: Rahayu Tri Puji , Shonhadji Nanang
Published: February 2017

The economic activities in Mojokerto Regency are much related to the world of bank-ing. Therefore, banking industries in this regency have a very important role to pro-mote the economy of a country. This study is to determine the credit risk analysis and the causes of the possible occurrence of the risk, as well as the policies conducted to control of the credit risk. This research uses ethnomethodology, a method which focus-es on interview with informants based on their experiments. The data collection me-thod is observation, interview, documentation, and literature study. The result of this study shows the importance of the credit risk control policies, which are implemented by Bank Saudara Mojokerto Branch. Credit risk can be derived from both external and internal. Many researchers focus on the internal risk, such as human error or bad attitude of the bank staff. The implementation of credit risk control policies is intended to anticipate the fraud committed by internal bank staff.
Analysis of the effect of GCG quality on the financial performance of Islamic banks
Authors: Dewany Flowurrence Wibawanti
Published: February 2017

This research aims to know the effect of the quality of Good Corporate Governance implementation on the rate of return, measured using Return on Assets (ROA), the risk of financing, measured using Non Performing Financing (NPF), and capitals measured using Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) on Islamic Banks in Indonesia. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling method with the limi-tation of Islamic Banks registered in Bank Indonesia, publish annual report and dis-close reports of Good Corporate Governance from 2010 to 2013. The result shows that the quality of Good Corporate Governance implementation on Islamic banks in Indo-nesia is categorized good, based on the composite mean value of 1.70676. The quality of Good Corporate Governance implementation has no effect on the rate of return and the risk of financing, but it has an effect on the capital.
The effect of professionalism and locus of control on the auditor’s job performance with working motivation as intervening variable
Authors: Siregar Alex Dwiputra , Nahumury Joicenda
Published: February 2017

This research aims to analyze the effect of professionalism and locus of control on the auditor’s job performance using work motivation as intervening variable. This study uses primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires to auditors who work at Audit Firms in Surabaya area listed on the Audit Firms (KAP) Directory issued by the Institute of Indonesia Chartered Accountants (IAPI) in 2010. The sampling is using convenience-sampling method, while the data analysis method is using path analysis. The result of path analysis test shows that (1) professionalism has an effect on the value of job performance (2) professionalism has no significant effect on the value of job performance with work motivation as an intervening variable (3) locus of control has no significant effect on the auditor’s job performance (4) locus of control has significant effect on the auditor’s job performance with work motivation as an intervening variable.
The effect of budget goal clarity, organizational commitment, accounting control, and adherence to laws on the perception of government performance of Central Lombok Regency
Authors: Jawadi Fathul , Basuki H. Prayitno , Effendy Lukman
Published: February 2017

This research was conducted to examine the effect of budget goal clarity, organization-al commitment, accounting control and adherence to laws on the perceptions of gov-ernment performance. The respondents consists of the structural positions in a region-al government such as the chair person of a body, an agency, a division, a subdivision, and the team of government performance report of Central Lombok Regency. It used a purposive sampling method to get the respondents. They were asked to respond a set of questions in a questionnaire. Of the 90 questionnaires distributed, only 78 question-naires were valid for analysis. The data were analyzed using multi-linear regression method with SPSS 18.0. The results show that budget goal clarity and organizational commitment have an effect on the perception of government performance. The ac-counting control and adherence to laws have no effect on the perceptions of govern-ment performance. It implies that is important to have observation of planning and budget execution as well as the local government commitment to make the financial transaction control and adherence of laws run effectively. The local government shall obey the existing laws in order to integrate the strategic plan system, governance accounting system, budgeting system and exchequer system into an integrated system by improving human resource and information technology.
The effect of good corporate governance mechanism and leverage on the level of accounting conservatism
Authors: Habiba Habiba
Published: February 2017

Accounting conservatism is a condition where a company acknowledges the debts and costs more quickly, but on the other hand, the company acknowledges the income and assets more slowly. Some factors that can affect the accounting conservatism are stan-dards changes, corporate governance, and so forth. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect occurring on the variable of accounting conservatism when using comprehensive income and income for the current year in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2012 and 2013. The variables studied are institutional ownership, managerial ownership, the existence of audit committee, the number of audit committee meetings, and leverage. The statistical method used in this study is multiple regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that institu-tional ownership, managerial ownership, and the number of audit committee meetings do not have significant effect on accounting conservatism when using comprehensive income and income for the current year, but the variables of the existence of audit committee and leverage have significant effect on accounting conservatism when using comprehensive income and income for current the year.