bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collaborative digitization programs: a multifaceted approach to sustainability
Authors: Middleton Ken
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To provide an introduction to the eight articles in the issue that deal with collaborative digitization programs.

Design/methodology/approach

This introduction summarizes the articles within the context of sustainability.

Findings

In addition to business planning, efforts to build collaborative networks, empower content providers, and engage end‐users are central to developing sustainable programs.

Originality/value

Readers gain a quick overview of some of the key issues that digitization programs face.
Ohio Memory Online Scrapbook: creating a statewide digital library
Authors: Gemmill Laurie , O'Neal Angela
Published: June 2005

Purpose

To provide a model for statewide collaborative digitization projects, based on the development of the Ohio Memory Online Scrapbook.

Design/methodology/approach

Using Ohio Memory as a model, this paper establishes a three‐pronged approach to creation of a digital library. Creation of content, development of tools and a focus on outreach were critical to the success of Ohio Memory, a statewide digitization project involving 330 historical societies, libraries and museums throughout Ohio.

Findings

This paper establishes a three‐pronged approach to digitization. Creation of content, development of tools and a focus on outreach were critical to the success of Ohio Memory. The collaborative nature of the project is an underlying aspect of Ohio Memory, it led to the creation of a standardized, central point of access for digitized primary source materials relating to Ohio's history.

Practical implications

This paper provides helpful advice to organizations considering digitizing their collections and details a model framework for statewide collaborative projects.

Originality/value

As more organizations establish digital libraries to enhance access to collections, this paper offers an example of a successful project. It also details significant considerations to take into account when building a digital library.
The IP's guide to the galaxy of portal planning
Authors: Augustyniak Rebecca H. , Aguero Dawn B. , Finley Amy M.
Published: June 2005

Purpose

This article is the first in a four‐part series that aims to illustrate the processes involved in planning a portal and creating a portal definition document.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a review of the academic and industry literature and using a case study, the authors share their experience in planning the Florida ExpertNet Research portal.

Findings

Portal development is a complex and costly endeavor that requires meticulous planning and design. As with any system development initiative, the time and energy spent in the planning process is reflected in the success or failure of the end product. Creating a portal vision is the first step in developing the portal definition document and includes the following areas: mission statement, objectives, needs assessment, creative layout, benefits, and funding and sponsorship.

Originality/value

This series will be useful to the information professional who is contemplating portal development and may be used as a model in developing a blueprint – the portal definition document. Whether the information professional is considering doing the development or outsourcing, it is important to understand the architectural requirements of a portal.
Sequencing shop floor operations: a practical approach
Authors: Yeh Chung‐Hsing
Published: June 2005

Purpose

The work sequence indicated by a production schedule generated by existing scheduling techniques may not necessarily meet the need for efficient sequencing of day‐to‐day shop floor operations in a dynamic job shop environment. The purpose of this paper is to present a new practical approach to efficiently sequencing day‐to‐day shop floor operations of a job shop.

Design/methodology/approach

A color coding and priority system is introduced to identify production jobs that are to be processed at work centers which have a work sequence preference for performing various jobs. Based on a realistic production schedule, a three‐phase sequencing method is developed to create a truly feasible shop schedule, with the most efficient work sequence possible.

Findings

Specific features of the approach are presented and illustrated with a numerical example. It enables production jobs to be run in the best possible way at individual work centers. Various options of implementing the approach in practical applications are discussed.

Research limitations/implications

The approach serves as an enhanced supplement to a job shop operations scheduling system for efficient sequencing of shop floor operations. It is to be implemented at the shop floor level.

Practical implications

The approach can be implemented as a real‐time computer integrated shop dispatching system to ensure an efficient work sequence for shop floor operations of job shops in actual industrial settings.

Originality/value

The paper addresses the need for effectively coordinating production jobs of varying routings on the shop floor, which cannot be met by existing scheduling techniques or shop dispatching practice. It provides manufacturing practitioners with a structured approach for managing shop floor operations.
Cross‐reactivity between nickel and palladium demonstrated by systemic administration of nickel
Authors: Hindsén M. , Spirén A. , Bruze M.
Published: June 2005

Concomitant patch test reactions to nickel and palladium have frequently been reported in patients undergoing investigation because of suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Theoretically, these reactions can be explained by multiple, concomitant, simultaneous sensitization as well as cross‐sensitization. We studied whether concomitant reactions to nickel and palladium could represent cross‐sensitization in females hypersensitive to combinations of nickel, palladium and cobalt. Females were patch tested with serial dilutions of nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride and palladium chloride on the upper back. 1 month later, when the patch test reactions were gone, the patients were randomized into 2 groups that were challenged orally with either nickel or placebo. 1 day later, the areas of previous positive patch test reactions were read in a blind way looking for flare‐up reactions. Nickel provocation but not placebo yielded flare‐up reactions on sites previously tested with nickel (P = 0.012) and palladium (P = 0.006), but were also observed on sites previously tested with cobalt, even though this was not statistically significant. Flare‐up reactions of previous patch test reactions to nickel and palladium after oral challenge with nickel speak in favour of a cross‐reactivity mechanism.
Comparative study of CD34, α‐SMA and h‐caldesmon expression in the stroma of gynaecomastia and male breast carcinoma
Authors: Kalekou H , Kostopoulos I , Milias S , Papadimitriou C S
Published: June 2005

Aims : To address the fibroblastic/myofibroblastic nature of stroma in gynaecomastia and in male breast carcinoma, the expression of CD34, α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA) and h‐caldesmon in the stromal cells was investigated by immunohistochemistry.

Methods and results : Representative archival paraffin blocks were collected from male patients with gynaecomastia (32 cases) and mammary carcinoma (24 cases) between 1984 and 2004 and CD34, α‐SMA and h‐caldesmon were assessed immunohistochemically using a streptavidin–biotin method. Thirty cases of gynaecomastia showed a CD34+, α‐SMA– and h‐caldesmon– immunophenotype with different CD34 staining intensity in the various histological subtypes. Positivity for α‐SMA and negativity for CD34 and h‐caldesmon was found in a case of florid gynaecomastia relating to reactive fibrosis due to previous surgical intervention. Acquisition of α‐SMA expression by stromal fibroblasts but absence of CD34 staining was identified in 22 cases of male breast carcinoma.

Conclusions : The immunophenotype of periductal connective tissue stroma in gynaecomastia appears to parallel the phenotype of normal breast stroma. In male breast carcinoma the stromal cell immunophenotype is similar to that of its female counterpart showing myofibroblastic differentiation. However α‐SMA+ and CD34– are not specific to malignancy because such findings are also encountered in reactive fibrosis.
Expression of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) in human liver cirrhosis and carcinoma
Authors: Thasler W E , Schlott T , Thelen P , Hellerbrand C , Bataille F , Lichtenauer M , Schlitt H‐J , Jauch K‐W , Weiss T S
Published: June 2005

Aims : To determine the expression of a protein termed augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), recently found to have a specific and beneficial effect on the process of liver regeneration in normal and diseased human liver.

Methods and results : ALR expression in normal and cirrhotic human livers with various underlying diseases as well as in tissue samples of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) was analysed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transciptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Expression analysis of ALR in total liver protein extracts by Western blotting showed mainly dimeric ALR protein. Immunohistochemically, cytosolic and perinuclear immunosignals were found in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in normal, cirrhotic or cancerous liver tissue and only weak signals in some endothelial cells in normal livers. Quantitative mRNA analysis revealed significantly increased ALR expression in cirrhosis compared with normal liver tissue. In HCC and CCC ALR mRNA expression was also significantly enhanced compared with normal liver tissue, but expression levels did not differ from the matching non‐neoplastic tissue in the same patient.

Conclusions : The findings suggest an important role for ALR in hepatocellular regeneration in liver cirrhosis as well as in hepatocarcinogenesis and therefore its potential value in the clinical diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis and cancer.
Major histocompatibility complex class I polymorphism in Asiatic lions
Authors: Sachdev M. , Sankaranarayanan R. , Reddanna P. , Thangaraj K. , Singh L.
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica), whose only natural habitat in the world is the Gir forest sanctuary of Gujarat State in India, are highly endangered and are considered to be highly inbred with narrow genetic diversity. An objective assessment of genetic diversity in their immune loci will help in assessing their survivability and may provide vital clues in designing strategies for their scientific management and conservation. We analyzed the comparative sequence polymorphism at exon 2 and exon 3 of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in three groups of lions, i.e. wild Asiatic (from Gir forest), captive‐bred Asiatic (from zoological parks in India), and Afro‐Asiatic hybrid groups (from zoological parks in India) through polymorphism chain reaction‐assisted sequence‐based typing. The two exons were amplified, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed for polymorphism at nucleotide and putative translated product level. The analysis revealed extensive sequence polymorphism not only between clones derived from different lions but also the clones derived from a single lion. Furthermore, the wild Asiatic lions of Gir forest exhibited abundant sequence polymorphism at MHC class I comparable with that of Afro‐Asiatic hybrid lions and significantly higher than that of captive‐bred Asiatic lions. We hypothesize that Asiatic lions of Gir forest are not highly inbred as thought earlier and they possess abundant sequence polymorphism at MHC class I loci. During this study, 52 new sequences of the multigene MHC class I family were also identified among Asiatic lions.
Distinct clinicopathological entity ‘autoimmune pancreatitis‐associated sclerosing cholangitis’
Authors: Uehara Takeshi , Hamano Hideaki , Kawa Shigeyuki , Sano Kenji , Honda Takayuki , Ota Hiroyoshi
Published: June 2005

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a recently proposed disease entity, in which an elevated serum IgG4 is characteristic. This disease is sometimes associated with other inflammatory diseases: Sjögren's disease, or sclerosing cholangitis. The aim of the present paper was to examine the difference in pathophysiology between AIP‐associated sclerosing cholangitis (AIP‐SC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The clinicopathological findings and the immunohistochemical expressions of IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) were evaluated for the two aforementioned diseases (six patients with each disease). Radiologically, the extrahepatic bile duct was involved in AIP‐SC, whereas both extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts were involved in PSC. Clinically, bile duct lesions in the former responded well to steroid therapy. Histologically, various degrees of mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrosis around bile ducts and portal tracts were found in all patients. Immunohistochemically, the IgG4‐positive plasma cell/mononuclear cell ratio was significantly higher in AIP‐SC than in PSC (P < 0.05). The IgG4‐positive plasma cell/mononuclear cell ratio is a useful index to help distinguish AIP‐SC from PSC. A mechanism similar to that involved in AIP may be involved in AIP‐SC. The latter is a distinct clinicopathological entity that should be distinguished from PSC because it responds well to steroid therapy.
Possible mechanism of metastasis in lung adenocarcinomas with a micropapillary pattern
Authors: Miyoshi Tatsu , Shirakusa Takayuki , Ishikawa Yuichi , Iwasaki Akinori , Shiraishi Takeshi , Makimoto Yoshifumi , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Nabeshima Kazuki
Published: June 2005

Micropapillary differentiation in adenocarcinomas has recently been associated with poor prognosis because these tumors are more likely to metastasize. However, no clear explanation exists as to why the presence of a micropapillary pattern is associated with metastasis. A case of primary lung adenocarcinoma with a prominent micropapillary pattern is presented here, with special reference to the immunohistochemical expression of the E‐cadherin‐mediated system and IQGAP1. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as a moderately differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma, showing an extensive micropapillary pattern, with intrapulmonary metastases, pulmonary disseminations, lymphovascular invasions, and lymph node metastases. Immunohistochemically, positive staining for the adhesion molecules E‐cadherin, α‐catenin, and β‐catenin was detected in both the micropapillary and non‐micropapillary areas, whereas IQGAP1 was detected in the micropapillary, but not in the non‐micropapillary, area. The adhesive function of E‐cadherin depends on the integrity of the entire cadherin–catenin–actin network, and thus the expression of IQGAP1 may lead to adherens junction disassembly, and consequently, the release of carcinoma cells organizing in a micropapillary pattern. This is the first report to suggest correlation between adenocarcinoma with a micropapillary pattern and the presence of adhesion molecules, and offers an intriguing first glimpse on the role of the micropapillary pattern in the process of metastasis.
Systemic chemotherapy in patients with indwelling ureteral stenting
Authors: OH SEUNG‐JUNE , KU JA HYEON , BYUN SEOK‐SOO , LEE SANG WOOK , JEON HWANG GYUN , KIM HYEON HOE
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background:  We investigated whether systemic chemotherapy increased episodes of acute pyelonephritis (APN) in patients with an indwelling double‐J stent due to non‐urological malignant ureteral obstruction.

Methods:  A retrospective study was performed on a total of 74 patients (16 men and 58 women; median age, 53.0; range, 34–84 years) with non‐urological malignant ureteral obstruction, who were managed by double‐J stenting between October 1997 and December 2001. The patients were divided into those who received (33 patients, group I) and those who did not receive systemic chemotherapy (41 patients, group II) during the stent indwelling period (median, 7.0; range, 1–44 month). Routine antibiotic prophylaxis was not administered to any patient. Median follow‐up was 10.5 (range, 1–45) months. Clinical features, including the incidence of febrility and APN, were compared between the two groups.

Results:  Of the 74 patients, 18 patients (24.3%) experienced acute febrile episodes during ureteral stenting, but only five (6.8%) patients were diagnosed as having APN. No significant difference in the incidence of fever or APN was found between the two groups (P = 1.000 and P = 0.651, respectively). Univariate logistic analysis indicated that only the duration of follow‐up was a risk factor for an episode of fever. Other parameters had no clinical significance.

Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that systemic chemotherapy may not predispose the risk of acute pyelonephritis in patients with an indwelling ureteral stent due to non‐urological malignant ureteral obstruction.
The Effect of Insomnia Definitions, Terminology, and Classifications on Clinical Practice
Authors: Krystal Andrew D.
Published: June 2005

There is a need for newer, more clinically useful classifications for insomnia. Identification of specific subtypes of insomnia helps anchor research, allows for prediction of prognosis/course of the condition, and may allow for individualization of treatment. Existing classifications differ, and many terms remain inadequately defined, which leads to diagnostic confusion. Historically, insomnia has been classified according to symptom type, symptom duration, and underlying cause, but these classifications have not been based on evidence of their utility, and newer research suggests the need for change.

Symptoms may include difficulty falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, and not feeling restored by sleep, although it has not been clear that it is possible to identify distinct subtypes of patients by symptom or that distinguishing symptom type affects the course of clinical treatment. Classification of insomnia by duration most commonly involves three categories: transient (no more than a few days), short‐term (up to 3 weeks), and long‐term (more than 3 weeks). This categorization is of uncertain utility and has been primarily based on nonempiric concerns about treatment with sedative‐hypnotic medications for periods longer than several weeks. The subtyping of insomnia in terms of whether there is an identifiable underlying cause such as a psychiatric or medical illness was based on an unproven assumption that in most instances other disorders caused insomnia.

Recent studies suggest the need to revisit these classification strategies. Evidence that symptom types typically overlap and change over time complicates the categorization of subjects by whether they have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep or have nonrestorative sleep. New studies of the treatment of chronic insomnia change the perspective on duration of treatment and, as a result, classification of duration of disease. Two studies of nightly pharmacotherapy for insomnia including more than 800 insomnia patients have not identified any increase in the risks after 3 to 4 weeks of treatment. In addition, nonpharmacological treatments demonstrate long‐lasting efficacy in patients with chronic insomnia, and the development of abbreviated cognitive‐behavioral therapies, which are particularly well suited to primary care practice, have improved their applicability. Newer studies of the relationships between insomnia and associated medical and psychiatric conditions undermine the notion that insomnia is always a symptom and caused by an underlying condition. They suggest that, although it is important to identify and treat these conditions, this may not be sufficient to alleviate the insomnia, which may adversely affect the course of the associated disorder. As a result, treatment targeted specifically to the insomnia should be considered.

All of these developments point to an increasing ability to tailor therapy to the particular needs of patients and to optimize the clinical management of insomnia.
Diagnosis and Management of Insomnia in Older People
Authors: McCall W. Vaughn
Published: June 2005

Insomnia is a common but underrecognized problem in elderly patients. Five basic steps can help clinicians identify and treat insomnia. The first step is to ask a single question about sleep at every new patient visit, which goes a long way toward detection of patients with insomnia. The second step is to perform an initial evaluation of the problem, including symptoms, contributing factors, and effects on daytime function. Step three is to determine whether the patient is in crisis. True sleep emergencies are rare, and in most cases, treatment can be delayed until another appointment can be made for a full evaluation of the problem. A sleep evaluation constitutes the fourth step and focuses mainly on a thorough sleep history; blood tests and polysomnography rarely have a role. The final step is intervention. Nonpharmacological strategies are a mainstay of treatment for chronic insomnia, but hypnotics have a role in treating transient insomnia and chronic insomnia that does not improve with nonpharmacological treatment or treatment of associated primary conditions. Pharmacological therapy usually consists of benzodiazepines with short half‐lives or nonbenzodiazepines such as zolpidem and zaleplon, although lack of demonstrated efficacy against sleep maintenance difficulties, one of the primary symptoms of insomnia among older people, limits use of these agents. Emerging nonbenzodiazepine agents such as indiplon and eszopiclone may specifically address sleep maintenance problems in elderly patients and are pending Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. (Editor's note: Since preparation of this manuscript, the FDA has approved eszopiclone for treatment of insomnia.)
Partisan Probing and Democratic Decisionmaking Rethinking the Nimby Syndrome
Authors: McAvoy Gregory E.
Published: June 2005

In this paper, I focus on Minnesota's unsuccessful attempt to site a hazardous waste stabilization and containment facility, but argue that this should not be seen as another siting failure due to irrational and self‐interested citizens who subverted a well‐conceived and essential disposal facility, Through a detailed comparison of citizen and elite claims about the facility, I show that many of the sources of disagreement between citizens and siting officials involve value trade‐offs rather than technical issues, and contend that state officials’ views on these matters should not take precedence. Through “partisan probing,” citizens actually contribute to effective policymaking rather than detract from it.
Choosing Not to Choose in Comparative Policy Research Design: The Case of the Research Network on Gender, Politics, and the State
Authors: Muzur Amy G. , Parry Janine
Published: June 2005

This research note presents the research design for an in ‐progress comparative study on women's policy offices being conducted by the Research Network on Gender. Politics. and the State. The goal of this article is to examine how this project has been integrating a combined approach into its core research design. It argues that rather than conceptualizing the research design enterprise in terms of a zero‐sum game, where a decision to use either quantitative or qualitative methodology compromises potential research findings, researchers may want to combine the strength of each approach in a single project.
Rethinking American Public Policy: The Environment, Federalism, States, and Supranational Influences
Authors: Holzinger Brenda E.
Published: June 2005

The politics of American public policy recently have transformed in response to changing power relationships between levels of government in the United States. Certain policy choices now are made in different arenas–for example, state and local government institutions often make policy decisions that previously had been within the jurisdiction of America's national government. At the same time, new policy relationships between states also are altering previous political patterns. This article highlights and explains this phenomenon, and focuses particularly on the changing power relationships between levels of government in the United States–national, state, and local–and the resulting policies and politics. More specifically, it closely examines two 20th century innovations in government and public policymaking within the context of a discrete case study. One of these innovations is institutional–the rise of public authorities or public corporations as highly insulated, governmental entities. The other is procedural–the environmental impact statement process. Together, these innovations, in concert with broader international and global trends, have played a large role in the shifting power structure and politics underlying American public policymaking activities.
The Advocacy Coalition Framework and Implementation of the Endangered Species Act: A Case Study in Western Water Politics
Authors: Ellison Brian A.
Published: June 2005

Theories about subsystem activity typically focus on policy formulation processes. One causal model of public policymaking, the advocacy coalition framework, offers a potentially useful way to bridge the gap between policy formulation and implementation in examining subsystem activity. The purpose of this paper is to assess the analytical utility of the advocacy coalition framework by examining the stability of policy‐producing coalitions over time in the face of implementation complexities. An analysis of the policy changes that occurred during the implementation of the Endangered Species Act vis‐à‐vis planning for the construction of the Bureau of Reclamation's Animas‐La Plata water project is conducted. The analysis reveals how coalitions protect their policy core beliefs during technical disputes through the acquiescence of secondary aspects of belief systems.
Comparative Environmental Policy: Market‐type Instruments in Industrialized Capitalist Countries
Authors: Lotspeich Richard
Published: June 2005

This paper examines experiences of five industrialized capitalist countries in using effluent charges, tradable permits, and subsidies as tools of environmental regulation and compares their programs to economists’models of the market approach. Observed disparity between theory and practice suggests that advantages of the market approach are not as significant as proponents contend. Reasons are identified, and differences in national characteristics of public administration are considered toward explaining differences in how countries have applied market instruments.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Stull Donald D. , Moos Felix
Published: June 2005

In comparison with the other social and behavioral sciences, there has been a general lack of anthropological input or interest in public policy.

This absence from the public policy arena has been the result of both historical developments and theoretical biases within the field. Nevertheless, there have been certain periods when significant numbers of anthropologists have worked in policy areas‐the 1930s. World War Il‐but even then their influence was not great. However, in recent years we have witnessed a rapidly growing emphasis on public policy in applied anthropology which promises to give the discipline the opportunity to become atruly holistic policy science.

In addition to the discussion of the factors which have impeded and, more recently, contributed to anthropological involvement with public policy, each of the symposium papers is briefly introduced.
ANTHROPOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY IN ALASKA: RECENT POLICY RELATED TO LEGAL SYSTEMS NATIVE SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
Authors: Feldman Kerry D.
Published: June 2005

The past and potential contributions of anthropology to public policy have been described andlor argued for by numerous writers in the past decade, but the primary application and concern have been at the national and international levels. The present paper continues this discussion, but focuses on state‐level policy in Alaska. The work of three Alaskan anthropologists is presented; they have made significant contributions to policy in the areas of law, Native Alaskan subsistence rights and fisheries management. Their work is evaluated in the context of a five‐step model for conducting policy analysis which begins with the assessment of policy‐making environments and ends with an evaluation of policy alternatives. The primary policy concerns of the anthropologists discussed involved the traditional research focus of anthropology, Native Alaskans; however, the tools they employ and background they bring to their work, the specific kinds of policy issues and problems confronted, are not as traditional. One of the anthropologists discussed is atlingit Indian completing doctoral studies at Harvard University, another is a lawyer‐anthropologist, and the third is highly trained in biological and economic theory as well as computer technology. It is argued that the “hyphenated“ anthropologist, at least as exemplified in the cases discussed, is most readily equipped to make policy relevant contributions.
APPLICATION OF MARKET MECHANISMS TO POLLUTION*
Authors: Hahn Robert W. , McRae Gregory J.
Published: June 2005

The authors indicate how science and social science can be combined to assess the range and effectiveness of policy alternatives available to environmental decision‐makers. They focus on cost‐effective regulatory alternatives to the Los Angeles particulate sulfate problem. Both sciences are applied to the relationship of emissions to pollution levels and environmental quality. They reject the notion that a simple reduction in emissions leads to a commensurate reduction in pollution levels. The problem of applying licenses and emissions fees are reviewed, as are the difficulties of political feasibility.
THE PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION OF TEXAS: A CASE OF CAPTURE OR RAPTURE?1
Authors: Anderson James E.
Published: June 2005

Anderson reviews the notion of the “captured” regulatory agency and summarizes four theories for how it occurs. The author then uses the example of the newly formed Texas Public Utility Commission to demonstrate none of the four apply; that the regulators became “enraptured” with the interests of the industry rather than “captured” by them.
DEREGULATION OF PARAPROFESSIONALS AND HEALTH CARE COST CONTAINMENT: THE CASE OF DENTISTRY
Authors: Lipscomb Joseph
Published: June 2005

The author argues that the development of satisfactory market models in dentistry and other health care areas is crucial to a realistic examination of various deregulation proposals. He argues that such examinations cannot rely on the logic of economics alone, but must be rooted in empirical analyses well‐founded in theory. Using expanded function dental auxiliaries as an example, the author demonstrates the complexities of the issues involved and the relevance of political economy models.
THE POPULATION TURNAROUND IN RURAL AND SMALL TOWN AMERICA
Authors: Beale Calvin L.
Published: June 2005

Noting the continuing rural in‐migration of the 197Os, the most prominent of contemporary rural demographers looks at some initial interpretations from the emerging 1980s census data. This in‐migration to all types of rural areas reverses a trend of several decades and signals new challenges for rural areas. Some observable population patterns are discussed including the predominant influx of white upper income groups and those on government transfer programs, including retirees.
RHETORIC AND REALITY IN THE REFORM OF JUVENILE JUSTICE POLICY
Authors: Bullington Bruce , Katkin Daniel , Hyman Drew
Published: June 2005

In the 1960s and 1970s dissatisfaction with the administration of juvenile justice led to a reform movement which advocated “diversion, deinstitutionalization,” and the decriminalization of status offenses as strategies to reduce the harmfulness of official contacts. This paper argues not only that these reforms have not been successfully implemented, but also that the traditional system has been maintained and extended. Explanations for the failure of these reforms are offered and a new direction is suggested.
UTILIZATION IN THE POLICY CYCLE: DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH*
Authors: Nachmias David , Felbinger Claire
Published: June 2005

The study of policy utilization has been unnecessarily confined to one policy stage and to one group of policymakers‐high ranking civil servants. This article suggests to broaden research concerns by including the various stages of the policy cycle and the various policymakers. Utilization plays different functions in different stages and the incentives of policymakers in each stage are guided by self‐interest and political‐bureaucratic efficacy.
CONSUMER PROTECTION PROGRAMS IN FOOD COOPERATIVES
Authors: Sommer Robert , Fjeld Carla
Published: June 2005

Food cooperatives have played a vanguard role in consumer protection through (a) information and education, (b) selective merchandising and boycotts, and (c) political lobbying. While education and selective merchandising benefit primarily their own membership, the political efforts have benefited all consumers.
THE CONSUMER INFORMATION OVERLOAD CONTROVERSY AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Rudd Joel
Published: June 2005

It is widely believed that providing consumers with more product information produces “overload” and leads to confusion and poorer quality consumer decisions. The existence of a consumer information overload phenomenon has been used by marketers and others to argue against regulations and legislation mandating additional consumer information provision. The belief that a consumer information overload phenomenon exists is based largely on misinterpretations of research findings. The present paper reviews the consumer information overload research literature and concludes that existing research data support the contention that provision of more information, rather than producing overload, actually improves consumer decision making. Implications of the information overload research controversy for consumer policy makers are discussed.
REGULATION OF THE FREE‐ADVERTISING AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT
Authors: Rotfeld Herbert J.
Published: June 2005

The “new” line between communications that have full First Amendment protection and those that are subject to regulation is still in the process of being delineated by the Supreme Court; legal and mass a communication scholars are proposing a plethora of tests for future cases. Rather than proposing yet another test, this article starts from the premise that future advertising regulation cases will be based on legal philosophy and judicial “world view” as well as law and precedent. First Amendment law and advertising regulation concerns have historically been based on two different concerns and perspectives that have only recently been seen to interact. This article charts a perspective on the differences in the legal, philosophical and historical roots of these two areas, shows how and why they are now seen as interrelated and attempts to give some insight into possible future legal directions in this area.
INTERVENOR FUNDING AT THE FTC: BIOPSY OR AUTOPSY?
Authors: Mayer Robert N. , Scammon Debra L.
Published: June 2005

Intervenor funding, an innovative method for encouraging public participation in government rule‐making, is examined by focusing on the experience of the Federal Trade Commission. The paper reviews the program's goals, the arguments of critics, and the perceptions of individuals and groups who applied for intervenor funding. The program's effects on both agency decision‐making and on the applicants themselves are evaluated.
EXPECTATIONS AND WELFARE WORK: WIN IN NEW YORK CITY
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: June 2005

Work requirements for welfare recipients have done l i t t l e to reduce the welfare rolls. The usual explanation that limited skills and openings prevent recipients working is unpersuasive, since low‐skilled work seems to be quite widely available. This study of the Work Incentive (WIN) program, the main welfare work program, in New York City found that whether recipients work depends mainly on whether WIN seriously expects them to. Thus, the welfare work problem is more political than economic.

It lies in our reluctance to obligate recipients to function socially as we would other people.
INVESTING IN PEOPLE
Authors: Vaughan Roger J. , Sekera June A.
Published: June 2005

Education and training may be the single most important elements of a national revitalization strategy. In spite of their importance, public policies which address the major issues in education and training do not exist for the most part. Where policies do exist, they are founded on incorrect premises or are made inappropriate by incompatible policies in other domains. This paper attempts to identify the problems and offers solutions to the issue of education and training.
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION VERSUS PROGRAM DESIGN: WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR POLICY “FAILURE”?
Authors: ROBERTSON DAVID BRIAN
Published: June 2005

Many influential implementation scholars now argue that “street‐level” bureaucrats, rather than legislators or high‐level administrators, make public policy in the U.S. Such authors as Pressman and Wildavsky cite creaming in employment and training programs as an especially clear example of well‐meaning programs that fail when implemented. This paper argues that two of the most significant and lasting of these programs, the U.S. Employment Service and the Manpower Development and Training Act, were designed to encourage creaming. The essay asserts implementation scholars overstate the disconnection between program design and program implementation because they assume there is little disconnection between program legitimation and program design. A better conception of design permits one to perceive that these programs were legitimated on the grounds they would serve a large number of constituents, but were designed to do so by serving employers. The combination of these premises made creaming an imperative of program operation, and the implementors who cream remain faith ful to original program strategy. This finding suggests a redirection of policy research toward a more rlgorous analysis of program design and a better understanding of the relationship between legitimation, design, and implementation.
THE POLITICS OF MICROPOLICY: INNOVATION AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: MERRILL STEPHEN A.
Published: June 2005

The author compares the origins and prominence of efforts in the U.S. to initiate innovation policy and industrial policy. Efforts to develop innovation policy have proven t o be obscure, episodic, relatively noncontroversial, and confined to a narrow political arena. They typically resulted in short‐lived spending programs. In contrast, in less than four years the industrial policy proposals introduced have been far more ambitious, generated broad interest groups support and opposition, and sparked vigorous, widely publicized controversy. These differences cannot be explained by differences in analytical difficulties or in the uncertainty of benefits derived. They derive from the failure and success of the two issues to engage politically active constituencies and from the corresponding roles of Congress and the bureaucracy.
EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION POLICY–CONCEPTS, METHODS AND LESSONS
Authors: MEYER‐KRAHMER FRIEDER
Published: June 2005

The first part of this article describes the methods most frequently used in evaluations of government technology and innovation policies and discusses the limitations and appropriate applications of each. The second part summarizes important findings from German evaluation research: innovation policies tend to focus on large enterprises; efforts to stimulate private investment in research and development produce relatively little effect; and grants for specific research and development projects and increased research and development personnel are effective in stimulating action that would not have otherwise occurred. The most promising methodological strategy for evaluating innovation policies involves mixing methods to avoid the limitations of individual approaches.
THE EVALUATION OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES FOR INNOVATION
Authors: GIBBONS MICHAEL
Published: June 2005

This article is based on two premises: current innovation polices are based on very limited understanding of how Innovation occurs and the contribution to understanding that available policy research might make is severely limited by its fragmentation. The author cites Nelson's three models of the policy process as an example of the different paradigms that have guided innovation research. But, he argues, new developments suggest that the rigid boundaries are breaking down. Three examples are offered in support, each nominally based in one of the three paradigms but representing a loosening of its strictures.
PUBLIC POLICY AS THE CONTINUATION OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY BY OTHER MEANS
Authors: Branden William P.
Published: June 2005

The paper suggests that the oldest and newest glsubfieldslg of political science—political philosophy and public policy analysis–share important features lacking in those areas of the discipline that have modeled themselves after the natural sciences. Both are incompatible with the belief social sciences can be “value‐free” and both are legitimate academic pur‐ suits that aspire to systematic and rigorous analysis of significant questions or problems. Fundamental considerations link the two enterprises. (1) Public policy analysis as currently practiced i s based largely on economics which i s the instantiation of a particular moral philosophy. (2) Logical problems in the basic assumptions of applied economics and policy analysis require the kind of fundamental reexamination to which moral philosophy can contribute.

The second section uses three health policy examples–tax expenditures that promote the purchase of health insurance, euthanasia, and long‐term institutional care for the elderly–to show how moral philosophy can help in policy analysis.

The third section, an examination of Graham Allison's three epistemological models for understanding public policy, demonstrates that work in public policy also should stimulate philosophical inquiry.
FROM SOCIAL DOCTRINE TO IMPLEMENTATION: AGENDA SETTING IN COMPARABLE WORTH
Authors: Johansen Elalne
Published: June 2005

Comparable worth is a policy issue with twofaces. It is both a social doctrine proposing equal pay for work of comparable value and a methodology in personnel administration, called “objective job evaluation,” that introduces new evaluative criteria to assess job worth. It has achieved policy status on the subnational level through the use of multiple agenda setting and implementation strategies by coalitions of women's advocacy groups and unions. The shifting use of comparable worth as a social doctrine or as a methodology to assess jobs has varied with the distribution of power resources of the sponsors and the receptiveness of the policy setting. The paper explores how comparable worth developed as a general policy issue on the subnational level. It offers a policy framework to interpret i t s transformation into policies and programs and assesses i t s probable impact on personnel administration.
LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL POLICY
Authors: Mueller Keith J.
Published: June 2005

This article is an examination of failures in implementing intergovernmental programs. The programs were failures in the sense that actions to implement programs were delayed far beyond the expected dates of completion. Two such failures in cities implementing two different programs (wastewater management and Section 8 housing programs) are contrasted with one instance of success (in Section 8 housing). If a Sharkansky's discussion of political and policy routines is found to be a useful explanation of the different results. When local government routines must be broken to comply with the goals and objectives of federal programs, local actors will do all they can to resist the federal program. This finding demonstrates the importance of varying local political environments in explaining varying patterns of implementation of federal programs.
SELF SUFFICIENCY, DELINKAQE AND FOOD PRODUCTION: LIMITS ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Authors: Plcard Louis A.
Published: June 2005

Development strategies exist in conflict with international economic and market constraints for much of Africa. Third World commodltles in general have been in less demand, and agriculture has suffered as a result. Given the current nature of the economic system, there are few solutions for these resourcefully abundant countries other than food dependency. Development needs to occur within that context .
FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Welnbaum Marvin G.
Published: June 2005

Despite petrodollars, ideological and economic divisions in the Middle East make for difficult agricultural development. High food deficits plague the area and projections are for Increased consumptlon and food shortfalls. However, the area has seen some dramatic production and development growth and external food aid t ofurther this development seems worthwhile for the Middle East and the West.
CARTER, REAGAN, AND THE QUEST FOR LEADERSHIP
Authors: Klrkwood Ronn B.
Published: June 2005

Books reviewed in this article.

Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and David deF. Whitman, The President as Policymaker: Jimmy Carter and Welfare Reform

Anthony King (Ed.), Both Ends of the Avenue: The Presidency, the Executive Branch, and Congress in the 1980s

Fred I. Creenstein (Ed.), The Reagan Presidency: An Early Assessment
IDEOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH: THE CASE OF MURRAY'S LOSING GROUND
Authors: Dolbeare Kenneth M. , Lidman Russell M.
Published: June 2005

Ideology and policy research are intertwined in many ways; an example is Murray's Losing Ground which uses “science” to justify racial, sexual, and class discrimination. Murray is utterly faithful to the neoconservative version of how liberalism went wrong in the 1960s. He says an intellectual elite shifted the blame for poverty, crime and low achievement to “the system” destroying individual responsibility. But his argument is not supported by evidence. Data are bent tofit foregone conclusions. He argues that more people are becoming dependent on government support, but his method of counting who receives assistance is a fiction. Nevertheless his argument has wide appeal among Americans. Why? His argument touches the self‐interested Social Darwinist in almost all of us.
THE SUBURBAN MOVEMENT TO LIMIT GROWTH: REASONS FOR SUPPORT IN ORANGE COUNTY
Authors: Baldassare Mark
Published: June 2005

Several studies have shown that suburban residents favor growth controls. It is usually argued that high‐status residents and those living in growing comniunities want limited growth. This paper examines an alternative perspective; support for growth limits broadly found among individuals who perceive community problems. Specific reasons for wanting limited growth, however, vary in importance among different social group. These hypotheses are confirmed by 1,009 Orange County, California residents. Support for growth limits is strongest among those who perceive rapid growth, are dissatisfied with c i t y government, and perceive service problems. Environniental reasoris for wanting limited growth are mentioned most frequently. These concerns are especially noted by the high‐status residents and nonfiscal conservatives. Economic reasons for limited growth are stated by a large minority, and are especially of interest to the lowstatus residents and fiscal conservatives. The results indicate public concerns vary among social groups comprising the citizen support for suburban growth limits. The implications for suburban policy formation and implementation are discussed.