bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large deviations in stochastic heat-conduction processes provide a gradient-flow structure for heat conduction
Authors: Peletier Mark A. , Redig Frank , Vafayi Kiamars
Published: September 2014

We consider three one-dimensional continuous-time Markov processes on a lattice, each of which models the conduction of heat: the family of Brownian Energy Processes with parameter m (BEP(m)), a Generalized Brownian Energy Process, and the Kipnis-Marchioro-Presutti (KMP) process. The hydrodynamic limit of each of these three processes is a parabolic equation, the linear heat equation in the case of the BEP(m) and the KMP, and a nonlinear heat equation for the Generalized Brownian Energy Process with parameter a (GBEP(a)). We prove the hydrodynamic limit rigorously for the BEP(m), and give a formal derivation for the GBEP(a). We then formally derive the pathwise large-deviation rate functional for the empirical measure of the three processes. These rate functionals imply gradient-flow structures for the limiting linear and nonlinear heat equations. We contrast these gradient-flow structures with those for processes describing the diffusion of mass, most importantly the class of Wasserstein gradient-flow systems. The linear and nonlinear heat-equation gradient-flow structures are each driven by entropy terms of the form −log ρ; they involve dissipation or mobility terms of order ρ2 for the linear heat equation, and a nonlinear function of ρ for the nonlinear heat equation.
Design of pulsed guiding magnetic field for high power microwave generators
Authors: Ju J.-C. , Zhang H. , Zhang J. , Shu T. , Zhong H.-H.
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on designing solenoid together with the corresponding power supply system to excite pulsed magnetic field required for high power microwave generators. Particularly, a solenoid is designed and the excited magnetic field is applied to a Ku-band overmoded Cerenkov generator. It is found in experiment that the electron beam is properly guided by the magnetic field and a 1.1 GW high power microwave is achieved at a central frequency of 13.76 GHz. Pulsed solenoid system has the advantages of compactness and low energy consumption, which are of great interest for repetitive operation. The reported studies and results can be generalized to other applications which require magnetic fields.
Deriving the Hirshfeld partitioning using distance metrics
Authors: Heidar-Zadeh Farnaz , Ayers Paul W. , Bultinck Patrick
Published: September 2014

The atoms in molecules associated with the Hirshfeld partitioning minimize the generalized Hellinger-Bhattacharya distance to the reference pro-atom densities. Moreover, the reference pro-atoms can be chosen by minimizing the distance between the pro-molecule density and the true molecular density. This provides an alternative to both the heuristic “stockholder” and the mathematical information-theoretic interpretations of the Hirshfeld partitioning. These results extend to any member of the family of f-divergences.
Enhanced method to reconstruct mode shapes of continuous scanning measurements using the Hilbert Huang transform and the modal analysis method
Authors: Lee Jongsuh , Hussain Syed Hassaan , Wang Semyung , Park Kyihwan
Published: September 2014

Generally, it is time consuming to experimentally identify the operating deflection shape or mode shape of a structure. To overcome this problem, the Hilbert Huang transform (HHT) technique has been recently proposed. This technique is used to extract the mode shape from measurements that continuously measure the vibration of a region of interest within a structure using a non-contact laser sensor. In previous research regarding the HHT, two technical processes were needed to obtain the mode shape for each mode. The purpose of this study is to improve and complement our previous research, and for this purpose, a modal analysis approach is adapted without using the two technical processes to obtain an accurate un-damped impulse response of each mode for continuous scanning measurements. In addition, frequency response functions for each type of beam are derived, making it possible to make continuously scanned measurements along a straight profile. In this paper, the technical limitations and drawbacks of the damping compensation technique used in previous research are identified. In addition, the separation of resonant frequency (the Doppler effect) that occurs in continuous scanning measurements and the separation of damping phenomenon are also observed. The proposed method is quantitatively verified by comparing it with the results obtained from a conventional approach to estimate the mode shape with an impulse response.
Determination of the multiple local properties of thin layer with high lateral resolution by scanning acoustic microscopy
Authors: Bai Xiaolong , Sun Zeqing , Sun Anyu , Chen Jian , Ju Bing-Feng
Published: September 2014

Simultaneous determination of the multiple local acoustic and geometrical properties of the thin layer with a high lateral resolution is of great interest in ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation. In this paper, we propose a technique based on the V(z, t) data to simultaneously determine the four local properties of the thin layer, namely, the thickness, the sound velocity, the acoustic impedance, and the density. First, the V(z, t) data are collected from both the thin layer and the reference material. Then the sound velocity and the thickness are calculated by focusing the point-focusing transducer on the front and back surfaces of the thin layer, with the confocal positions determined by averaging the peak positions in the V(z) curves at different frequencies. Second, the acoustic impedance of the thin layer is obtained based on the experimental and theoretical two-dimensional reflection spectrum using the echo from the front surface of the layer. Finally, the density can be obtained by dividing the acoustic impedance by the sound velocity. The four local properties of an aluminum layer are accurately obtained using our method. The largest relative error of determining the four properties is around 1%. This technique opens a new way of simultaneously measuring the multiple local acoustic and geometrical properties of thin layers.
Note: Enhancement of the extreme ultraviolet emission from a potassium plasma by dual laser irradiation
Authors: Higashiguchi Takeshi , Yamaguchi Mami , Otsuka Takamitsu , Nagata Takeshi , Ohashi Hayato , Li Bowen , D’Arcy Rebekah , Dunne Padraig , O’Sullivan Gerry
Published: September 2014

Emission spectra from multiply charged potassium ions ranging from K3+ to K5+ have been obtained in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral region. A strong emission feature peaking around 38 nm, corresponding to a photon energy of 32.6 eV, is the dominant spectral feature at time-averaged electron temperatures in the range of 8−12 eV. The variation of this emission with laser intensity and the effects of pre-pulses on the relative conversion efficiency (CE) have been explored experimentally and indicate that an enhancement of about 30% in EUV CE is readily attainable.
Extended temperature-accelerated dynamics: Enabling long-time full-scale modeling of large rare-event systems
Authors: Bochenkov Vladimir , Suetin Nikolay , Shankar Sadasivan
Published: September 2014

A new method, the Extended Temperature-Accelerated Dynamics (XTAD), is introduced for modeling long-timescale evolution of large rare-event systems. The method is based on the Temperature-Accelerated Dynamics approach [M. Sørensen and A. Voter, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 9599 (2000)], but uses full-scale parallel molecular dynamics simulations to probe a potential energy surface of an entire system, combined with the adaptive on-the-fly system decomposition for analyzing the energetics of rare events. The method removes limitations on a feasible system size and enables to handle simultaneous diffusion events, including both large-scale concerted and local transitions. Due to the intrinsically parallel algorithm, XTAD not only allows studies of various diffusion mechanisms in solid state physics, but also opens the avenue for atomistic simulations of a range of technologically relevant processes in material science, such as thin film growth on nano- and microstructured surfaces.
Derivation of a Markov state model of the dynamics of a protein-like chain immersed in an implicit solvent
Authors: Schofield Jeremy , Bayat Hanif
Published: September 2014

A Markov state model of the dynamics of a protein-like chain immersed in an implicit hard sphere solvent is derived from first principles for a system of monomers that interact via discontinuous potentials designed to account for local structure and bonding in a coarse-grained sense. The model is based on the assumption that the implicit solvent interacts on a fast time scale with the monomers of the chain compared to the time scale for structural rearrangements of the chain and provides sufficient friction so that the motion of monomers is governed by the Smoluchowski equation. A microscopic theory for the dynamics of the system is developed that reduces to a Markovian model of the kinetics under well-defined conditions. Microscopic expressions for the rate constants that appear in the Markov state model are analyzed and expressed in terms of a temperature-dependent linear combination of escape rates that themselves are independent of temperature. Excellent agreement is demonstrated between the theoretical predictions of the escape rates and those obtained through simulation of a stochastic model of the dynamics of bond formation. Finally, the Markov model is studied by analyzing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix of transition rates, and the equilibration process for a simple helix-forming system from an ensemble of initially extended configurations to mainly folded configurations is investigated as a function of temperature for a number of different chain lengths. For short chains, the relaxation is primarily single-exponential and becomes independent of temperature in the low-temperature regime. The profile is more complicated for longer chains, where multi-exponential relaxation behavior is seen at intermediate temperatures followed by a low temperature regime in which the folding becomes rapid and single exponential. It is demonstrated that the behavior of the equilibration profile as the temperature is lowered can be understood in terms of the number of relaxation modes or “folding pathways” that contribute to the evolution of the state populations.
Enhanced efficiency of p-type doping by band-offset effect in wurtzite and zinc-blende GaAs/InAs-core-shell nanowires
Authors: Song Changsheng , Wang Jiqing , Lin Weixian , Mao Huibing , Zhao Qiang , Yang Pingxiong , Xing Huaizhong
Published: September 2014

Using first principles calculation based on density-functional theory, we investigated p-type electronic structures and the doping mechanism in wurtzite (WZ) and zinc-blende (ZB) GaAs/InAs-core-shell nanowires (NWs) along the [0001] and [111] directions, respectively. Comparing the doping in WZ and ZB core-shell NWs, we found it is easier and more stable to realize dopant in WZ NWs. Due to the type I band-offset, p-type doping in the GaAs-core of GaAscore/InAsshell for both WZ and ZB NWs makes that the valence band-edge electrons in the InAs-shell can spontaneously transfer to the impurity states, forming one-dimensional hole gas. In particular, this process accompanies with a reverse transition in WZ core-shell nanowire due to the existence of antibonding and bonding states.
Light-induced Voc increase and decrease in high-efficiency amorphous silicon solar cells
Authors: Stuckelberger M. , Riesen Y. , Despeisse M. , Schüttauf J.-W. , Haug F.-J. , Ballif C.
Published: September 2014

High-efficiency amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells were deposited with different thicknesses of the p-type amorphous silicon carbide layer on substrates of varying roughness. We observed a light-induced open-circuit voltage (Voc) increase upon light soaking for thin p-layers, but a decrease for thick p-layers. Further, the Voc increase is enhanced with increasing substrate roughness. After correction of the p-layer thickness for the increased surface area of rough substrates, we can exclude varying the effective p-layer thickness as the cause of the substrate roughness dependence. Instead, we explain the observations by an increase of the dangling-bond density in both the p-layer—causing a Voc increase—and in the intrinsic absorber layer, causing a Voc decrease. We present a mechanism for the light-induced increase and decrease, justified by the investigation of light-induced changes of the p-layer and supported by Advanced Semiconductor Analysis simulation. We conclude that a shift of the electron quasi-Fermi level towards the conduction band is the reason for the observed Voc enhancements, and poor amorphous silicon quality on rough substrates enhances this effect.
Ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties in BaTiO3 thin films on Si (100)
Authors: Singamaneni Srinivasa Rao , Punugupati Sandhyarani , Prater John T. , Hunte Frank , Narayan Jagdish
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we report on the epitaxial integration of room temperature lead-free ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin (∼1050 nm) films on Si (100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique through a domain matching epitaxy paradigm. We employed MgO and TiN as buffer layers to create BaTiO3/SrRuO3/MgO/TiN/Si (100) heterostructures. C-axis oriented and cube-on-cube epitaxial BaTiO3 is formed on Si (100) as evidenced by the in-plane and out-of-plane x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoemission spectroscopic measurements show that Ti is in 4(+) state. Polarization hysteresis measurements together with Raman spectroscopy and temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction confirm the room temperature ferroelectric nature of BaTiO3. Furthermore, laser irradiation of BaTiO3 thin film is found to induce ferromagnetic-like behavior but affects adversely the ferroelectric characteristics. Laser irradiation induced ferromagnetic properties seem to originate from the creation of oxygen vacancies, whereas the pristine BaTiO3 shows diamagnetic behavior, as expected. This work has opened up the route for the integration of room temperature lead-free ferroelectric functional oxides on a silicon platform.
Molecular self ordering and charge transport in layer by layer deposited poly (3,3‴-dialkylquarterthiophene) films formed by Langmuir-Schaefer technique
Authors: Pandey Rajiv K. , Singh Arun Kumar , Upadhyay C. , Prakash Rajiv
Published: September 2014

The performance of π-conjugated polymer based electronic devices is directly governed by the molecular morphology of polymer aggregation, the extent to which a molecule is electronically coupled (self ordered and interacted) to neighboring molecules, and orientation. The well electronic coupled and crystalline/ordered polymer films have the potential to enhance the charge transport properties up to a benchmark. However, there is insufficient knowledge about the direct formation of large area, oriented, crystalline, and smooth films. In this study, we have presented Langmuir Schaefer technique to obtain the large area, oriented, crystalline, and smooth film of Poly (3,3‴-dialkylquarterthiophene) (PQT-12) polymer. The effect of self ordering and orientation of PQT-12 polymer on optical, morphological, and charge transport properties has been investigated. The prepared films have been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area diffractions pattern (SAED), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. UV-vis spectra, TEM, SAED, and AFM images of monolayer films reveal the formation of well ordered and electronically coupled polymer domains. Layer by layer deposited films reveal the change in the orientation, which is confirmed by Raman spectra. Electronic properties and layer dependent charge transport properties are investigated using sandwiched structure Al/PQT-12/ITO Schottky configuration with perpendicular to the deposited films. It is observed that the charge transport properties and device electronic parameters (ideality factor and turn on voltage) are significantly changing with increasing the number of PQT-12 layers. Our study also demonstrates the charge transport between polymer crystallites and cause of deviation of ideal behavior of organic Schottky diodes. It may be further explored for improving the performance of other organic and optoelectronic devices.
Comparative study of the mechanical properties of nanostructured thin films on stretchable substrates
Authors: Djaziri S. , Renault P.-O. , Le Bourhis E. , Goudeau Ph. , Faurie D. , Geandier G. , Mocuta C. , Thiaudière D.
Published: September 2014

Comparative studies of the mechanical behavior between copper, tungsten, and W/Cu nanocomposite based on copper dispersoïd thin films were performed under in-situ controlled tensile equi-biaxial loadings using both synchrotron X-ray diffraction and digital image correlation techniques. The films first deform elastically with the lattice strain equal to the true strain given by digital image correlation measurements. The Cu single thin film intrinsic elastic limit of 0.27% is determined below the apparent elastic limit of W and W/Cu nanocomposite thin films, 0.30% and 0.49%, respectively. This difference is found to be driven by the existence of as-deposited residual stresses. Above the elastic limit on the lattice strain-true strain curves, we discriminate two different behaviors presumably footprints of plasticity and fracture. The Cu thin film shows a large transition domain (0.60% true strain range) to a plateau with a smooth evolution of the curve which is associated to peak broadening. In contrast, W and W/Cu nanocomposite thin films show a less smooth and reduced transition domain (0.30% true strain range) to a plateau with no peak broadening. These observations indicate that copper thin film shows some ductility while tungsten/copper nanocomposites thin films are brittle. Fracture resistance of W/Cu nanocomposite thin film is improved thanks to the high compressive residual stress and the elimination of the metastable β-W phase.
Note: Effect of photodiode aluminum cathode frame on spectral sensitivity in the soft x-ray energy band
Authors: McGarry M. B. , Franz P. , Den Hartog D. J. , Goetz J. A. , Johnson J.
Published: September 2014

Silicon photodiodes used for soft x-ray detection typically have a thin metal electrode partially covering the active area of the photodiode, which subtly alters the spectral sensitivity of the photodiode. As a specific example, AXUV4BST photodiodes from International Radiation Detectors have a 1.0 μm thick aluminum frame covering 19% of the active area of the photodiode, which attenuates the measured x-ray signal below ∼6 keV. This effect has a small systematic impact on the electron temperature calculated from measurements of soft x-ray bremsstrahlung emission from a high-temperature plasma. Although the systematic error introduced by the aluminum frame is only a few percent in typical experimental conditions on the Madison Symmetric Torus, it may be more significant for other instruments that use similar detectors.
Hybrid systems of AlInP microdisks and colloidal CdSe nanocrystals showing whispering-gallery modes at room temperature
Authors: Strelow Christian , Weising Simon , Bonatz Dennis , Penttinen Jussi-Pekka , Hakkarainen Teemu V. , Schramm Andreas , Mews Alf , Kipp Tobias
Published: September 2014

We report on the realization of hybrid systems composed of passive optical microdisk resonators prepared from epitaxial layer systems and nanocrystal quantum emitters synthesized by colloidal chemistry. The AlInP disk material allows for the operation in the visible range, as probed by CdSe-based nanocrystals. Photoluminescence spectra at room temperature reveal sets of whispering-gallery modes consistent with finite-difference time-domain simulations. In the experiments, a special sample geometry renders it possible to detect resonant optical modes perpendicular to the disk plane.
Community structure revealed by phase locking
Authors: Zhou Ming-Yang , Zhuo Zhao , Cai Shi-min , Fu Zhongqian
Published: September 2014

Community structure can naturally emerge in paths to synchronization, and scratching it from the paths is a tough issue that accounts for the diverse dynamics of synchronization. In this paper, with assumption that the synchronization on complex networks is made up of local and collective processes, we proposed a scheme to lock the local synchronization (phase locking) at a stable state, meanwhile, suppress the collective synchronization based on Kuramoto model. Through this scheme, the network dynamics only contains the local synchronization, which suggests that the nodes in the same community synchronize together and these synchronization clusters well reveal the community structure of network. Furthermore, by analyzing the paths to synchronization, the relations or overlaps among different communities are also obtained. Thus, the community detection based on the scheme is performed on five real networks and the observed community structures are much more apparent than modularity-based fast algorithm. Our results not only provide a deep insight to understand the synchronization dynamics on complex network but also enlarge the research scope of community detection.
Is electrospray emission really due to columbic forces?
Authors: Aliotta Francesco , Calandra Pietro , Pochylski Mikolaj , Ponterio Rosina C. , Salvato Gabriele , Vasi Cirino
Published: September 2014

Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a widely adopted soft ionization method for mass spectroscopy (MS). In spite of the undeniable success of the technique, its mechanisms are difficult to be analytically modelled because the process is characterized by non-equilibrium conditions. The common belief is that the formation of gas-phase ions takes place at the apex of the Taylor cone via electrophoretic charging. The charge balance implies that a conversion of electrons to ions should occur at the metal-liquid interface of the injector needle. We have detected that the above description is based on unproved assumptions which are not consistent with the correct evaluation of the problem. The comparison between experiments performed under the usual geometry and observations obtained under symmetric field configurations suggests that the emitted droplets cannot be significantly charged or, at least, that any possible ionization mechanism is so poorly efficient to ensure that columbic forces cannot play a major role in jet formation, even in cases where the liquid consists of a solution of ionic species. Further work is required to clearly understand how ionization occurs in ESI-MS.
Selective area growth of GaN nanostructures: A key to produce high quality (11–20) a-plane pseudo-substrates
Authors: Albert S. , Bengoechea-Encabo A. , Zuniga-Perez J. , de Mierry P. , Val P. , Sanchez-Garcia M. A. , Calleja E.
Published: September 2014

Selective area growth of GaN nanostructures was performed on (11-20) a-plane GaN/sapphire templates. The dominant lateral growth rate along the in-plane c-direction produces the coalescence of the individual nanostructures into a continuous film. Photoluminescence measurements show the appearance of donor-bound and free exciton emissions in individual nanostructures, pointing towards an improvement of the material quality as compared to the original template. Upon nanostructures coalescence a decrease of the full width half maximum value, down to 2 meV, is observed. These results reveal the high quality of the coalesced film, opening the way to fabricate high quality, non-polar GaN pseudo-substrates.
Stationary spots and stationary arcs induced by advection in a one-activator, two-inhibitor reactive system
Authors: Berenstein Igal , Bullara Domenico , De Decker Yannick
Published: September 2014

This paper studies the spatiotemporal dynamics of a reaction-diffusion-advection system corresponding to an extension of the Oregonator model, which includes two inhibitors instead of one. We show that when the reaction-diffusion, two-dimensional problem displays stationary patterns the addition of a plug flow can induce the emergence of new types of stationary structures. These patterns take the form of spots or arcs, the size and the spacing of which can be controlled by the flow.
Dancing Letters and Ticks That Buzz around Aimlessly: On the Origin of Crowding
Authors: Strasburger Hans
Published: September 2014

When we see an object, we know where it is. Or do we? Perhaps not in indirect vision, as was observed by the gestalt psychologist Korte in 1923. Objects and object parts appear to ‘dance around’, and these phenomena may underlie a part of what is called the crowding effect today. From Korte's account of pattern recognition in indirect vision, I select two phenomena: A loss of the positional code for letter parts and a loss of the same for whole letters. Using these examples, I present a novel, speculative explanation for a contradiction in the literature: patterns located more peripherally than a target show more interference than do more centrally located patterns, yet for whole-letter confusions the asymmetry is the other way round. The inward, not the outward, flanker is increasingly confused with a target at increasing target eccentricities. I propose that feature-binding decreases with eccentricity such that free-floating letter parts more often intrude from the periphery and whole letters from the centre. I conclude with a few remarks on computational modelling as, hopefully, a challenge to neural computationalists.
Successful reintroduction of the brushtail possum to Wadderin Sanctuary in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia
Authors: Short Jeff , Hide Andrew
Published: September 2014

The brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) was reintroduced to the fox-free habitat of the Wadderin Sanctuary in the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia in 2008. Subsequent monitoring through to 2013 has revealed a small but healthy extant population that occupies all suitable habitat with some animals moving beyond the predator-free sanctuary to adjoining woodland patches. Possums occurred at a low density and had large home ranges relative to other studies at more mesic sites elsewhere. This is likely linked to the low productivity of the site (annual average rainfall of 332 mm) and one-way dispersal of young across the barrier fence. Possums preferentially occupied woodlands of York gum and salmon gum, utilised rock she-oak habitat, but made little use of shrubland and mallee habitats within the sanctuary. Female possums appeared to mature at an early age and to have young for much of the year. Recruitment was biased towards males in the first four years of establishment; although many appeared to rapidly disappear from the population. The success of this reintroduction is most likely linked to the initial release of possums into vacant habitat, the absence of foxes, and the ready availability of hollows in mature eucalypts and shelter sites in rock crevices.
Graded IR Filters: Distinguishing Between Single and Multipoint NO2···I Halogen Bonded Supramolecular Synthons (P, Q, and R Synthons)
Authors: Saha Subhankar , Ganguly Somnath , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: September 2014

The NO2···I supramolecular synthon is a halogen bonded recognition pattern that is present in the crystal structures of many compounds that contain these functional groups. These synthons have been previously distinguished as P, Q, and R types using topological and geometrical criteria. A five step IR spectroscopic sequence is proposed here to distinguish between these synthon types in solid samples. Sets of known compounds that contain the P, Q, and R synthons are first taken to develop IR spectroscopic identifiers for them. The identifiers are then used to create graded IR filters that sieve the synthons. These filters contain signatures of the individual NO2···I synthons and may be applied to distinguish between P, Q, and R synthon varieties. They are also useful to identify synthons that are of a borderline character, synthons in disordered structures wherein the crystal structure in itself is not sufficient to distinguish synthon types, and in the identification of the NO2···I synthons in compounds with unknown crystal structures. This study establishes clear differences for the three different geometries P, Q, and R and in the chemical differences in the intermolecular interactions contained in the synthons. Our IR method can be conveniently employed when single crystals are not readily available also in high throughput analysis. It is possible that such identification may also be adopted as an input for crystal structure prediction analysis of compounds with unknown crystal structures.
The feasibility and appeal of mobile ‘apps’ for supporting healthy food purchasing and consumption among socioeconomically disadvantaged women: a pilot study
Authors: Ball Kylie , Mouchacca Jennifer , Jackson Michelle
Published: September 2014

Aim

This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility and appeal of using existing hand‐held mobile technology (iPod or iPad) ‘apps’ as tools promoting healthy food planning, shopping and eating behaviours among socioeconomically disadvantaged women.

Methods

Surveys were administered before and immediately after a 4‐week trial of seven currently available iPod or iPad apps, each of which addressed known barriers to healthy eating among socioeconomically disadvantaged women. A convenience sample was recruited from a local community in Melbourne, Australia, comprising 19 women with a low education (fewer than 12 years of formal education) or a low income (a household income of less than $1000 per week, and/or having a pension or benefit as the main source of income).

Results

More than half of the sample (n = 11, 61%) used most apps at least weekly over the study period. Few found any of the apps complex or difficult to use, and most (n = 14) reported that they would use their preferred apps again. Features liked included portability, simplicity, user‐friendliness, and novelty/new knowledge provided by certain apps; less appealing features included requirements for time‐consuming data entry and inability to access features offline.

Conclusions

Selected iPod and iPad apps are useable and appealing to socioeconomically disadvantaged women. Particular features of apps, including simplicity of use and providing seasonal information, appear helpful in assisting women to plan, shop and consume healthy foods.

So what?

This study demonstrates a promising approach for reaching and engaging socioeconomically disadvantaged target populations in healthy eating, through the use of mobile apps. Further research establishing the effectiveness of these apps in promoting healthy food planning, shopping and eating behaviours is now warranted.
Prevalence of adolescent violence in the home and service system capacity in rural Victoria
Authors: Reid Carol , Ervin Kaye
Published: September 2014

Adolescent violence in the home (AVITH) is increasing. In Victoria alone, police call-out data indicates a consistent 9% rise per annum from 2006. Community services are struggling to provide a cohesive response to this issue. This study examined the prevalence, risk factors and service system capacity regarding AVITH in Mitchell Shire, a geographical location in central Victoria. The results of the study revealed that specific funding was perceived by organisations to be the single highest need in regards to this phenomenon. Recommendations for the service system in Mitchell Shire included a collaborative approach to establish assessment guidelines, referral pathways and protocols for responding to the disclosure of AVITH. To effectively support workers in Mitchell Shire, a quality service system response would involve the development of common standards of practices across these processes. The methodology used with the AVITH Service System Capacity Assessment Survey, specifically developed for this study, may provide a useful tool for other locations investigating service gaps and needs in relation to adolescent family violence.
Stop codas in Old Chinese and Proto Sino-Tibetan
Authors: Song Chenqing
Published: September 2014

Reconstruction studies of Old Chinese (OC hereafter) and Proto Sino-Tibetan (PST hereafter) have yielded numerous significant discoveries related to the phonological histories of these two ancient languages. Despite recent advancements into OC and PST phonological histories, a few mysteries remain yet unsolved. One such mystery, the ‘stop coda’ problem, is as hotly debated now as it was when it was first raised seventy years ago. This long-running debate focuses on the existence and identity of the ‘stop codas’ in OC and in its parent language, PST. One reason why this debate has failed to reach a satisfactory conclusion is that the reconstruction methodology is limited, which assumes the Neogrammarian law of sound change. This law holds that sound change occurs without exception in every form that meets the structural description. Although this law applies to many sound changes in myriad world languages, it is not the only possible pathway of sound change. In this paper, I will argue that the key to the ‘stop-coda’ problem of OC belongs to another sound change type — lexical diffusion.

The organization of the paper is as follows. In Part One, I will introduce the background of the debate over the ‘stop codas’ in OC. Part Two reviews previous opposing analyses of the ‘stop coda’ debate. Part Three details my proposal for a lexical diffusion analysis of the ‘stop coda’ problem based on internal evidence in Chinese. Part Four investigates the problem using the Comparative Method based on external evidence from Tibetan and loan words from Chinese to Sino-Japanese. In Part Five, I will present my solution to the ‘stop coda’ problem, which is based on the analysis in the two preceding sections. Finally, in Part Six, I will discuss the general methodology of phonological reconstruction in light of the sound change mechanism.
Le prédicat résultatif adjectival en français médiéval
Authors: Troberg Michelle , Burnett Heather
Published: September 2014

The goal of this article is to show that adjectival resultative secondary predication was a syntactic possibility in Medieval French. From a diachronic point of view, the presence of this construction is surprising given that it is attested neither in Latin nor in Modern French. From a typological point of view, the presence of adjectival resultative secondary predicates in Old French is somewhat expected given the presence of other resultative secondary predication constructions during that period. This study takes a predominantly descriptive point of view with the aim of contributing to our knowledge of this stage of the French language and its evolution with respect to other languages.
El metadiscurso en columnas de opinión y en los comentarios de lectores en un ambiente virtual y público
Authors: González Arias Cristian
Published: September 2014

La incorporación de blogs en la prensa electrónica ha estimulado la participación de los lectores como comentaristas de los contenidos periodísticos. Esta práctica produce una unidad textual compuesta por un texto escrito offline, el artículo periodístico, y, adosada a él, una cadena de comentarios escritos online. Este género discursivo compuesto permite estudiar, tanto la evolución de la relación de los medios con sus audiencias, como las propiedades de los textos producidos en los ambientes virtuales y públicos. Esta investigación compara el uso de recursos metadiscursivos interactivos e interaccionales entre las columnas de opinión y los comentarios que reciben, en dos diarios electrónicos chilenos. Los resultados muestran que hay diferencias sistemáticas en el uso de estos recursos metadiscursivos entre los artículos iniciales y los comentarios, así como también, entre los medios estudiados. De estos resultados se desprende que el metadiscurso permite diferenciar los géneros que componen esta práctica (artículos y comentarios), y los medios estudiados (El Mercurio y The Clinic).
Numerical approximation schemes for multi-dimensional wave equations in asymmetric spaces
Authors: Lescarret Vincent , Zuazua Enrique
Published: September 2014

We develop finite difference numerical schemes for a model arising in multi-body structures, previously analyzed by H. Koch and E. Zuazua, constituted by two

n
n

-dimensional wave equations coupled with a

(
n
−
1
)

(n-1)

-dimensional one along a flexible interface.

That model, under suitable assumptions on the speed of propagation in each media, is well-posed in asymmetric spaces in which the regularity of solutions differs by one derivative from one medium to the other.

Here we consider a flat interface and analyze this property at a discrete level, for finite difference and mixed finite element methods on regular meshes parallel to the interface. We prove that those methods are well-posed in such asymmetric spaces uniformly with respect to the mesh-size parameters and we prove the convergence of the numerical solutions towards the continuous ones in these spaces.

In other words, these numerical methods that are well-behaved in standard energy spaces, preserve the convergence properties in these asymmetric spaces too.

These results are illustrated by several numerical experiments.
Modelling and forecasting stock–recruitment: current and future perspectives
Authors: Subbey Sam , Devine Jennifer A. , Schaarschmidt Ute , Nash Richard D.M.
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a brief review of the present state of knowledge in stock–recruitment forecasting, including process and current methodological challenges to predicting stock–recruitment. The discussion covers the apparent inability of models to accurately forecast recruitment even when environmental covariates are included as explanatory variables. The review shows that despite the incremental success in the past hundred years, substantial challenges remain if the process of modelling and forecasting stock–recruitment is to become relevant to fisheries science and management in the next 100 years.
Genetic Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics
Authors: Stallings Michael C. , Gizer Ian R. , Young-Wolff Kelly C.
Published: September 2014

The tools of genetic epidemiology—family, adoption, and twin studies—show convincingly that substance use behavior and substance use disorders are influenced by both genetic and familial and extrafamilial environmental factors. Environmental factors appear to play a more influential role in the early stages of substance use, whereas genetic factors become more important in the development of problem use and substance use disorder. Moreover, some genetic effects are likely conditional on conducive environments; research employing both behavior genetic approaches and measured genes point to important gene–environment interactions that promote substance use and dependence. Consequently, a full understanding of the addiction process requires investigating substance use behavior within its comorbid context. The identification of specific genetic mechanisms underlying these heritable influences is elusive. These findings have prompted the development of new strategies for testing the joint effect of multiple genetic variants in gene-based or gene pathway analyses.
Community-Based Approaches to the Prevention of Substance Use-Related Problems
Authors: Gruenewald Paul J. , Treno Andrew J. , Holder Harold D. , LaScala Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2014

Scientific research into the environmental prevention of alcohol and drug-use problems has a distinguished history, with the goal of identifying environmental factors that can be modified to reduce harmful alcohol and drug use. This chapter shows how effective community-based prevention programs have applied environmental prevention strategies to reduce substance use and abuse. Although not all environmental prevention strategies can be implemented at the community level, communities can use a number of these strategies to reduce heavy drinking, access to harmful legal products, and related problems. The authors contrast environmental prevention strategies with individual-based approaches to highlight differences and demonstrate synergies that exist between efforts to change substance use environments and programs that attempt to affect personal choices to use or abuse drugs. The authors highlight the global breadth of community-based prevention research efforts and contributions to broader based international efforts that benefit all societies, inform community-based prevention programs, and complement individual-based prevention strategies.
Substance Use Disorders and Personality Disorders
Authors: Trull Timothy J. , Solhan Marika B. , Brown Whitney C. , Tomko Rachel L. , Schaefer Lauren , McLaughlin Kristin D. , Jahng Seungmin
Published: September 2014

Personality disorders (PDs) and substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently co-occur both in the general population and in clinical settings. The authors review the recent literature that documents high comorbidity between these two classes of disorders, discuss possible mechanisms of comorbidity, and describe the clinical implications of this comorbidity. Although most attention on comorbidity between PDs and SUDs has focused on antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), it is also clear that other PDs (in particular, paranoid, avoidant, and obsessive compulsive PD) are prevalent among those suffering from SUDs. The effect of SUD on PD expression appears to be one of exacerbating PD symptomatology and, in turn, contributing to chronicity. This has important treatment implications in that clinicians must keep in mind the challenges present when planning and implementing treatment for those with both SUD and PD.
Effects of Alcoholism on Neurological Function and Disease in Adulthood
Authors: Oscar-Berman Marlene , Urban Trinity A. , Holmes Avram J.
Published: September 2014

Alcoholism is associated with disparate and widespread negative consequences for brain anatomy and function. Consistent with a diffuse neurobiological profile, alcoholism is marked by a heterogeneous mix of cognitive and emotional abnormalities. Alcohol use disorders arise through diverse origins and follow an uncertain clinical course, with severity and consequences depending on many factors. The identification of specific alcoholism-related deficits is constrained both by methodological techniques employed and the distinct populations studied. To understand alcoholism-related alterations in brain structure and function, it is critical to consider the influence of contextual factors on clinical course. The optimal approach for understanding alcohol use disorders leverages a variety of scientific methodologies and clinical settings. The resulting confluence of data can provide evidence linking alterations in neurobiology with behavioral and neuropsychological effects of alcoholism. Critically, these data may help determine the degree to which abstinence and treatment facilitate the reversal of brain atrophy and dysfunction.
Religion and Sexuality
Authors: Adams James Eli
Published: September 2014

Victorian sexual attitudes were closely bound up with the impact of Evangelical faith, particularly as it informed two subsequent developments in Victorian Christianity: Tractarianism, which was widely received as a form of Anglo-Catholicism, and ‘muscular Christianity’, which was centrally concerned to rescue the body from the moral rigour of both Evangelicals and Tractarians. In religious controversy, connections between sexuality and faith emerge not only in direct address of central concerns, such as marriage and prostitution, but more obliquely, through the labelling of deviance, particularly the insinuation of ‘unnatural’ desire. Such stigma gave unusual public notice to, or at least glimpses of, proscribed forms of sexuality, which came into increasing visibility in the latter decades of the century, partly through appeals to ancient Greece as the source of a more humane ethos than Christianity.
Religion, the Bible, and Literature in the Victorian Age
Authors: Mason Emma
Published: September 2014

This chapter locates religion at the heart of Victorian literary culture and explores the reciprocal relationship between literary and religious forms, texts, and aesthetics. After outlining the relationship between literature and religion in the period, the chapter reflects on how modern criticism reads this relationship, both historically and philosophically. Suggesting that new historicism and cultural formalism are sometimes methodologically limited in assessing the experiential and immaterial aspects of the literature and religion debate, the chapter asks how criticism might rethink it. Theopoetics and the affective turn are offered as possible ways into the debate, as is the non-dualist approach of Martin Heidegger. Heidegger’s emphasis on care through patient and communal reading forms the basis of what the chapter calls pastoralism, a compassionate and discerning mode of reading attuned to a Victorian perception of ‘love’, ‘spirit’, ‘faith’, and ‘grace’ through religious discourse.
Literature and the Expansion of the Press
Authors: Shattock Joanne
Published: September 2014

This chapter traces the growth of the periodical press from the mid-nineteenth century until the end of the Victorian period, emphasizing the explosion in the number of weekly and monthly publications that serialized fiction. It demonstrates the interconnections between the professionalization of authorship in the Victorian period and the buoyant periodical press. The editorship of a weekly or monthly magazine was a role undertaken by a number of writers, providing a regular income in addition to fees earned from individual works. Poets too profited from publication in magazines, but it was mainly novelists, whose works often first appeared in weeklies and monthlies and who combined reviewing the work of others with creative writing at some point in their careers, who benefited most from the press. Writers discussed include Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, Margaret Oliphant, and Tennyson.
‘You’ve Got Mail’
Authors: Meadows Elizabeth , Clayton Jay
Published: September 2014

Although the Victorian period gave birth to a strong tradition of critique of technology and industrialization, it also fostered a counter-tradition: a new and generative technological imaginary. In recent years, scholars of Victorian culture have begun to map out this technological imaginary in readings of canonical Victorian novels by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, and Elizabeth Gaskell. This chapter surveys this recent critical work, then turns to Anthony Trollope’s The Small House at Allington (1864) as an example of how technologies of communication and transportation become vehicles for rich intersubjective exchanges, generating narrative structures that link characters and novels to one another in complex webs mimicking Victorian Britain’s network of rails, wires, and postal routes.
Celebrity Culture
Authors: Plunkett John
Published: September 2014

The Victorian period saw the power and mystique of ‘celebrity’ become an established part of cultural life. Authors were both subjects and objects of a celebrity culture that were equally evident in theatre, music, painting, fashion, and the sporting world. Victorian celebrity marks the democratization of the public sphere but at the same time its advent is infused by a commercial dynamic, making it more liable to fabrication and an inherent transience. Numerous factors coalesced between 1780 and 1830 to form the recognizable dynamics of modern celebrity and publicity culture. The commercial development of the newspaper and periodical press, coupled with the advent of media like photography, provided a host of new ways for writers like Charles Dickens and Oscar Wilde to interact with readers, overcoming, or perhaps disavowing, their own commodification in order to make a genuine psychological and affective connection with them.