bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Widening Horizons
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: May 2023

The period begins with the emergence of another deeply religious confederation, the Almohads in Morocco and their ascendancy over the whole of North Africa eastward to Tripolitania. But in the 1230’s the unity had begun to fragment once more into three tribal states, the Marinids, Zayyanids and Hafsids, while in Egypt the Malmuks took control. These four polities, each commanding a well-defined geographical region, were to remain in power for several centuries creating a degree of stability allowing culture to flourish and trade to continue to develop in comparative peace. South of the desert, in the Sahal, a similar stability emerged. In the west, from the Atlantic coast to the Niger Bend the empire of Mali emerged replacing that of Ghana. When one of its rulers, Mansa Musa set out, via Cairo, for Mecca in 1324, dispersing gold wherever he went, the whole world became aware of the wealth of Mali. Around Lake Chad another trading empire emerged, that of Kanem-Borno, and between Mali and Kanem-Borno, in Hausaland, city-states grew to become major commercial centres. The thriving networks of trade which ran north-south across the desert were now augmented by east-west routes along the full length of the Sahel linking to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes. The whole of northern Africa was now bound up in a World system.
Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: May 2023

This chapter falls into three parts. The first looks at human agency and the major zones of innovation that have shaped Africa’s history, the Mediterranean interface, the East African interface, the Nile valley and the Niger valley. It also reviews the corridors of connectivity, the Red Sea, the Nile and the trans-saharan routes. The second part briefly sketches the last 400 years of African history through the brief colonial interlude to the present day. The final section returns to the two prime movers of history, population and climate change and looks at the effect of both on Africa today.
Homer's Iliad and the Problem of Force
Authors: Stocking Charles H.
Published: May 2023

Beginning with the work of Simone Weil and Bruno Snell, the topic of force has long remained a problem of interpretation for readers of Homer’s Iliad. This book therefore offers the first full-scale treatment of the language of force in the Iliad from both philological and philosophical perspectives. Each chapter explores the question of Iliadic force by way of its reception in the French structuralist tradition and evaluates those receptions through contextualized poetic readings. By combining philological and philosophical perspectives, this book demonstrates that each term for force in the Iliad gives expression to distinct relations between self and “other,” while each utterance on force also calls into question the very relations that it seeks to establish. Thus, the very topic of force allows us to reconsider what it means to be a human subject in Homeric poetry.
Force and Discourse in the Funeral Games of Patroclus
Authors: Stocking Charles H.
Published: May 2023

This chapter takes up an analysis of the language of force as it applies to the physical agōn proper in Homer. It begins with Michel Foucault’s detailed analysis of the chariot race in his posthumously published lecture series, Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling. In that work, Foucault argued specifically that the true function of the agōn was to enact a “liturgy of truth” and this was achieved primarily through the verbal exchanges after the contest proper. Through a more detailed analysis of the funeral games, with a focus on the two biggest “losers” of the games, Eumelus and Ajax, it can be seen how the results of the games run contrary to the authoritative hierarchy of warriors pronounced by the Muse-inspired narrator of the Iliad (Iliad 2.760–70). In addition, nearly every event in the agōn requires speech intervention on behalf of Achilles. Far from being a manifestation of the athlete-warriors’ purely physical abilities, the agōn of Iliad 23 thus demonstrates that it is nearly impossible to disentangle force from discourse.
Sensory biology and neuroanatomy
Authors: Buskirk Steven W.
Published: May 2023

Carnivorans exhibit sensory abilities that vary by modality and reflect the special challenges of living as they do. Pinnipeds use the vibrissae to locate underwater prey without inputs from other modalities, following turbulence wakes left by fish. The chemical senses comprise taste reception, nasal olfactory reception, and the vomeronasal organ system. Carnivorans are less sensitive to saltiness than herbivorous mammals because their animal foods provide ample minerals. Several highly carnivorous lineages have lost their senses of sweetness (mono- and disaccharides), while the folivorous pandas and pinnipeds have lost the umami sense for amino acids. The nasal olfactory sense tends to be more acute in lineages with long skull rostra, which provides more space for the turbinate bones that support the nasal olfactory receptors. Such species also tend to have many functional olfactory receptor genes. The vomeronasal organ functions in intraspecific communication and recognition and is developed variably across the order. As a group, carnivorans have the widest range of frequencies they can sense of any mammalian group, primarily because of their great variation in body size. Visual ability reflects acuity, sensitivity under low light, spectral quality, and stereopsis; carnivorans have abilities similar to or greater than those of other taxa. Pinnipeds, especially deep divers, face special sensory challenges related to living in water and air environments. Carnivorans brains (adjusted for body size) are larger than those of most mammalian groups and vary markedly across carnivoran families. Evidence shows correlation between the size of some brain regions and their putative functions.
Cascades
Authors: Buskirk Steven W.
Published: May 2023

Carnivorans are proposed to initiate several kinds of linked community responses to predation or other forces. Ecological cascades result from predation, competition, pollination, nutrient transport, or facilitation of scavenging, and may descend or ascend trophic levels. Trophic cascades are more narrowly described as effects of predation on herbivore densities or behaviors that in turn affect plant attributes. Evidence exists for some strong ecological cascades initiated by carnivorans. There are two recognized types of trophic cascades. In a density-mediated cascade, predation reduces herbivore densities over an area large enough to be considered a population response. This affects such plant attributes as production, biomass, or reproduction. In a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade, predation risk affects herbivore behavior heterogeneously across a landscape, which affects vegetation attributes. Cascades are now regarded as a general consequence of carnivoran predation, but field studies show highly variable effect sizes, or weak evidence for a cascade. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades seem to be strongest where a single carnivoran species preys on a single herbivore species, where the carnivoran is an ambush predator, and where the landscape produces heterogeneous ambushing success. The Yellowstone system in the US has produced many reports of trophic cascades resulting from the reintroduction of wolves, but some of them have been discredited because of confounding ecological variation, small effect sizes over the short term, or sampling biases.
Population ecology
Authors: Buskirk Steven W.
Published: May 2023

Carnivorans differ from other mammals in some aspects of their population ecology. Carnivorans tend to die from proximate causes that differ from herbivores. Unsurprisingly, they die less from predation and more from interspecific killing than do herbivores. Carnivoran demography has made slow progress because most carnivoran reproduction occurs in protected dens or cavities hidden from view. Dates of parturition, litter sizes, and neonatal survival are difficult to estimate. Relatively few carnivoran species are known well enough to submit to matrix demographic modeling. Most of those are large-bodied species of conservation concern. Carnivorans have larger home ranges, disperse longer distances, and can return to their home ranges (homing) from longer distances than can herbivores, adjusting for body size. Seasonal migration is relatively uncommon for terrestrial carnivorans, in part because of the demands of territory maintenance, as well as challenges of raising altricial neonates. Pinnipeds undergo dramatic seasonal migrations, covering thousands of kilometers of ocean. Landscape genetics connects movement ecology to evolution, and carnivorans show a wide range of population-genetic patterns, including panmixia, isolation by distance, isolation by barrier, and isolation by ecology. Hybridization occurs across named carnivoran species, especially within Genus Canis. Deep introgression between nominal taxa is less common, but some cases involve domestic–wild crosses that have conservation implications. Carnivorans display life histories that do not differ markedly in their variety from those of herbivores. They display a remarkable range of social and mating systems. Many examples of microevolution in carnivorans involve character displacement of body size.
Statehood à la Carte in the Caribbean and the Pacific
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

Statehood à la Carte in the Caribbean and the Pacific explains how leaders from small states in the Caribbean and Pacific regions balance the autonomy-viability dilemma of postcolonial statehood—that political self-determination is perceived as a hollow achievement unless it is accompanied by economic development—by practising statehood à la carte. Previous research has focused on the pursuit of decolonial self-determination through and above the nation state, via regionalism and internationalism, or by creating non-sovereign alternatives to it. This book looks at how communities have sought the same goals below the state, including via secession and devolution. Downsizing is typically portrayed as the antithesis of progressive, cosmopolitan internationalism and employed as evidence for the claim that the age of anticolonial self-determination has ended. Statehood à la Carte in the Caribbean and the Pacific employs a comparative interpretive approach to show how these movements are animated by similar ideas and motivations that are rendered viable by the simultaneous pursuit of regional integration and forms of non-sovereignty. It argues that the à la carte pursuit of political and economic independence through, above, and below the state, and via non-sovereign alternatives to it, is a pragmatic response to the contradictions inherent to coloniality.
Introduction
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the core puzzle that the book addresses: why leaders continually imagine that re-scaling the state, via either integration or secession, will solve political problems. It then provides a synopsis of the main argument: the practice of statehood à la carte is a pragmatic, anti-foundational response to the ‘problem space’ of coloniality which creates an autonomy–viability dilemma for small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific. It then situates these claims in relation to existing studies in political science and political geography, outlines the comparative interpretive approach used for the analysis, and justifies the case selection and data sources. The final section provides a brief summary of each of the subsequent chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Solovieva Olga V.
Published: May 2023

The Introduction details the methodology and intellectual framework of the book, allowing for a new historical and thematic perspective on the work of the renowned Japanese director Akira Kurosawa. Kurosawa’s understanding of “Russia” as differentiated from the “West” on the one side, and from the Soviet Union on the other, emerged from the Japanese reception of Russian democratic literature. Kurosawa stands in the intellectual tradition of the Russian-inflected anarchist dissent of prewar Japan and updates this tradition as a program for postwar reconstruction. Taking into account the Russian (and Russian–Japanese) democratic roots of Kurosawa’s ideological persuasion, the Introduction discusses how the book sidesteps the unproductive debate as to whether Kurosawa is “the most Japanese” or “the most western” of directors.
“Toad in a Box”
Authors: Solovieva Olga V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter reads Kurosawa’s Something Like an Autobiography (1980) as a literary counterpart to the director’s first post-war film No Regrets for Our Youth (1946). Through a detailed discussion of the book’s references to Russian literature, the chapter recovers the genealogy of Kurosawa’s democratic, anti-militarist, and antistatist cinema in pre-war Japanese–Russian anarchist pacifism which Kurosawa understood as an alternative to Western modernity. Kurosawa’s commitment to Japanese grassroots democracy and his self-understanding as a people’s director is shown as an act of self-restoration or repentance and contextualized in the prewar cultures of Russian-inflected free pedagogy, Populist literature, and arts.
The Idiot
Authors: Solovieva Olga V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses Kurosawa’s film Hakuchi, a 1951 adaptation of Dostoevsky’s novel The Idiot. This film finds its proper historical context in post-Second World War cultural critique which coincided with the international revival of interest in Dostoevsky. Kurosawa’s turn to Dostoevsky contributes a Japanese variant to the series of rethinkings by Thomas Mann, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and Mikhail Bakhtin. For them Dostoevsky represented an alternative model for an ethically differentiated collective consciousness, in opposition to the now discredited father of modernism, Friedrich Nietzsche. Through a reading of the film’s crucial scenes and motifs, Kurosawa’s cinematic mediation between the East and the West is shown to have started from the shared premises of an ethically revised modernism that emerged from wartime trauma. Dostoevsky’s structure of consciousness as historical conscience provides Kurosawa with a means of reflection on Japanese war crimes as being a continuation of the criminality inherent in the colonial claims of Western modernity.
“To live! To live how?”
Authors: Solovieva Olga V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses Kurosawa’s adaptation of “Tolstoyan religion” in Ikiru (To Live, 1952). It shows how the plot of the film reproduces the logic of the metatext of Tolstoy’s late writings from The Death of Ivan Ilyich to Bethink Yourselves to The Meaning of the Russian Revolution. The chapter places the film in the context of postwar debates on the meaning of art in the recovery of Japan. It demonstrates how Kurosawa’s Ikiru polemically opposes Tolstoy’s understanding of what art is to the contemporary Sartre-inspired “literature of the flesh.” Via Tolstoy, Kurosawa dismisses aspects of contemporary entertainment culture that in his eyes repress the consciousness of war and defeat and thus interfere with the necessity of mourning as a precondition of postwar recovery.
The Lower Depths
Authors: Solovieva Olga V.
Published: May 2023

Kurosawa’s The Lower Depths (Donzoko, 1957) has been seen exclusively as a literal adaptation of Maxim Gorky’s drama with no content of its own and therefore as a merely formalist exercise in transforming a theatre play into a film. Breaking with the received film-as-theatre approach, this chapter contextualizes the film within the 1953 Japanese debate on photographic realism and Kurosawa’s cinema of the 1950s. Morphing the iconography of post-war misery together with the iconography of the Tokugawa period, Kurosawa’s cinematic rendition of Gorky’s play not only countered the ideological tendency of post-occupation Japan to avoid realistic representation of its war-inflicted destitution but also linked this representation to its causes in the nationalist and militarist past. Reinserted into the context of Kurosawa’s postwar cinema and the 1957 filming of historical epics glorifying Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, The Lower Depths appears as an act of radical defiance against the demands of national narcissism.
The Erased Grave of Dersu Uzala
Authors: Solovieva Olga V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses Kurosawa’s late 70 mm color film Dersu Uzala (1975), made in the Soviet Union, in relation to its source in the writings of the Russian explorer and ethnographer Vladimir Arseniev. The chapter uncovers the meaning of Arseniev’s engagement in the Far East, the colonialist reception of his writings in Japan, and Arseniev’s civilizational criticism and advocacy on behalf of the nomadic populations of the Far East. Kurosawa’s film is revealed as a film drawing on the sensibility of the Japanese Nonwar Movement of the time of the Russo-Japanese War and on still fresh Japanese collective memories of Siberian internment. Through Arseniev’s writings, Kurosawa returns to his postwar project of addressing the question of Japanese colonial crimes against the indigenous populations of Japan’s conquered territories.
The Structure of Acting
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an a priori argument for a specific psychological structure of every action. The structure emerges through solving a Selection Problem, namely the problem agents must solve when confronted with more than one possible action where action requires “selection” of one possibility among others. Action occurs in each case due to bias that exerts pressure on how the Selection Problem is solved. Intentional action distinctively involves intention as a bias. When the agent acts intentionally, she responds in light of how she takes things, given a specific intention. Further, intention establishes control as a contrast to the automatic features of action, with control and automaticity precisely defined. Solving the Selection Problem is connected to its biological implementation in primate agents, and the biological data is reviewed to show how solutions to the Selection Problem are implemented in our world.
Intention as Practical Memory
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2023

Intention is identified as a type of practical memory. In intending to act, the subject remembers what she is aiming to do. Since such memory is put to work to produce action, intention functions like working memory as theorized in cognitive science. Mnemonic actions of remembering, keeping in mind, and recalling are fit to the structure of action. Empirical theories of working memory are discussed and the function of working memory in setting attention through its central executive component is highlighted. This function is the subpersonal reflection of the role of intention in setting attention. Accordingly, it is argued that working memory is the substratum of intention, specifically proximal intentions ready to initiate action and intentions-in-action that regulate action as it is done. The functions of intention in establishing vigilance, a readiness to attend to action-relevant targets, and in maintaining steadfastness, the keeping of the agent on task, are explained.
Automatic Bias, Experts and Amateurs
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2023

This chapter applies the structure of action to understanding what is called implicit bias but which is reconceptualized as automatic bias. Specifically, since attention guides action, attention biases action toward specific targets, and the outcome can be positively, negatively, or neutrally biased behavior. The concept of a bias as a basis for solving the Selection Problem is revealed as a driver of biased behavior through biased attention. These automatic biases have disparate sources. Positive biases in medical attention as seen in radiologists is described, revealing how excellence in learning sets biases that shift a novice toward expertise. Negative biases in vision and memory that have negative social consequences are explained through biased attention due to inadequate upbringing (learning). Some proposals regarding how we might better understand automatic bias so as to mitigate them are explored.
Music in Colonial Punjab
Authors: Kapuria Radha
Published: May 2023

This book offers the first social history of music in undivided Punjab (1849-1947), unearthing new evidence to argue for the power of female performers and the primacy of classical music for a region conventionally understood as a centre of folk music alone. It maps the historical journey of musicians and dancers in colonial Punjab—whether mirāsī (community of bards), kalāwant (higher-status musicians), kanjrī (subaltern female performers) or tawā’if (courtesans)—from the prominence of Pul Kanjri during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s reign in the early nineteenth century, to the emergence of the Patiala gharānā (musical lineage) as the epitome of musical excellence in the early twentieth. The volume examines the history of Punjabi socio-musical reform by the newly emerging Anglicised middle classes—whether Hindu, Muslim or Sikh—and the engagement of British colonial administrators with Punjab’s musician and performing communities. The author reveals the inherently diverse composition of musical connoisseurship in Punjab and positions gender and caste at the heart of the musical transformations wrought by colonialism in the region. Combining insights from history, ethnomusicology, sociology, literature and geography, Music in Colonial Punjab provides a unique perspective on the social history of an activity that still unites a fascinating region today divided between the rival nation-states of India and Pakistan.
Mirāsīs, Missionaries, and Memsahibs
Authors: Kapuria Radha
Published: May 2023

This chapter tracks the shift in the social position of the mirāsīs—Punjab’s caste of hereditary musicians and bard-genealogists—with the dissolution of the Sikh state and the arrival of British rule. It is divided into two parts: Part I is focused on the engagement of colonialists/colonists with Punjab’s mirāsīs and the use of music by missionaries for evangelization, while Part II offers an indigenous perspective on this community of musician-genealogists. The first half examines the mirāsīs’ role in knowledge creation and propagation, especially analysing their interactions with colonial ethnographers and Christian missionaries. In contrast to these Western interlocutors, the second half of this chapter observes music and musicians from the perspective of an ‘insider’: a nineteen-page long Punjabi qissā imbued with a censorious, colloquial view of the mirāsīs, written by a Muslim police constable with social proximity to the mirāsīs themselves. Moored in the politico-economic shifts in Punjabi society attendant upon colonialism in the late nineteenth century, the chapter demonstrates the emergence of unprecedented levels of denunciation of mirāsīs, as against a more ambivalent attitude towards them in pre-colonial times.
Princely Patronage and Musicians
Authors: Kapuria Radha
Published: May 2023

Existing scholarly literature views Patiala either in terms of its association with kīrtan music, which became increasingly popular and definitive of Sikh identity in the earlier twentieth century, or with oral histories of the Patiala gharānā. In this chapter, I attempt a more holistic view of music in Patiala, which places this existing literature in dialogue with a more conventional archival investigation. The chapter explores the hybrid worlds of cross-cultural musical exchange at Patiala, where middle class, devotional aesthetics, and westernized recruitment practices merged with an older, more cosmopolitan trajectory of Hindustani music. It goes on to reposition the importance of the archive in considering the ‘traces’ left behind by little-known, lower-status musicians at the Patiala court. Beyond Patiala, it briefly discusses the Kapurthala gharānā of music and demonstrates the Kapurthala court’s special affinity with western aesthetics and musical practice. Finally, it reveals the circulation of musicians’ networks in significant geographies of music both within Punjab and beyond. In the process, it aims to deepen our historical understanding of the social place of music in the princely states of Patiala and Kapurthala.
Confirmation Bias in Criminal Cases
Authors: Lidén Moa
Published: May 2023

Confirmation bias is a tendency to search selectively for and emphasize information that is consistent with a hypothesis or preferred conclusion. At the same time, opposing information is ignored or interpreted in ways that do not threaten the predetermined conclusion. Importantly, confirmation bias is a more or less subconscious phenomenon. Hence, legal actors and criminal practitioners who are expected to be objective, who may make genuine efforts to be objective, and who also perceive of themselves as objective, may still display a confirmation bias. This includes police officers, crime scene investigators, forensic analysts, pathologists, prosecutors, and judges, and the range of distinct decision-making tasks that these actors undertake; for example, interviews with suspects, witnesses, plaintiffs, crime scene investigations, autopsies, decisions about whether to press charges, and whether to convict. Since confirmation bias can be present at all stages of criminal investigations and proceedings, it constitutes a serious risk of error, for example resulting in wrongful convictions and wrongful acquittals. It is therefore essential to find and use bias mitigation measures, and a good starting point is the explanations of this bias provided in cognitive, emotional and motivational, social and organizational psychology. This includes measures such as changing decision-maker, contextual information management, linear sequential unmasking, and structured evaluations of the evidence.
The ‘Human Factor’ in Criminal Cases
Authors: Lidén Moa
Published: May 2023

The importance of the so-called human factor for the outcome and accuracy of criminal law and procedure has been acknowledged for a long time but only recently has it been specified and more directly addressed in research. Confirmation bias specifically has been identified as a particularly problematic aspect of human reasoning that impacts on legal actors and criminal practitioners subconsciously. This means that even judges or prosecutors who are expected to be objective, and who may perceive of themselves as objective, may display this form of bias. Following the subconscious nature of confirmation bias, legal actors and criminal practitioners are unlikely to detect and mitigate the bias in themselves. Instead, effective bias mitigation requires scientific evaluations by researchers using established methodologies to evaluate different debiasing techniques.
Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigations
Authors: Lidén Moa
Published: May 2023

In criminal investigations, there are some overall as well as context-specific manifestations of confirmation bias. The overall manifestations include suspect-driven investigations, in which investigators early on decide, more or less subconsciously, who the guilty individual is and from there on, the investigation’s only or primary aim is to search for information confirming this hypothesis. Other overall manifestations concern more the evaluation of information including, for example, asymmetrical scepticism; that is, that decision-makers tend to uncritically approve of information supporting their hypothesis but very critically review and counterargue information challenging their hypothesis. Confirmation bias has also been noted in relation to, for example, interviews with suspects, plaintiffs, and witnesses, crime scene investigations, forensic analysis, and autopsies. Bias mitigation measures that have already been identified in research include, for example, using established frameworks for interviewing, changing decision-maker and contextual information management.
Overall Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Lidén Moa
Published: May 2023

Since the 1960s and Wason’s famous experiments, the research into confirmation bias has not only become more field specific and realistic but it has also gradually shifted towards bias mitigation rather than studying the phenomenon of confirmation bias per se. This has become clear not least when it comes to confirmation bias in criminal investigations and proceedings. The chapter summarizes manifestations as well as possible debiasing techniques for specific settings during investigative and litigation phases. This includes interviews, suspect-line ups, crime scene investigations, forensic analysis, and so on (investigative phase) as well as prosecutors’ and judges’ decision-making (litigation phase). It is also clear that mitigating confirmation bias in criminal cases in a wider sense will require joint efforts of all actors included, and is to a certain extent a question of legal policy. It is essential that adjustments are made with a firm basis in research. In this chapter, important suggestions for future research, primarily focusing on debiasing techniques, are outlined.
Introduction
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We introduce and motivate the subject of this book, namely, the study of the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for various fragments of first-order logic. In addition, we survey the basic results in model theory, computability theory and complexity theory assumed in the sequel, and establish terminology and notation.
Counting with one variable
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the notion of counting quantifiers, and presents some fundamental results in the theory of integer linear programming. We explain the notion of the minimal basis of an integer linear programming instance, and obtain bounds on the values occurring in it. We also introduce the notion of the footprint of a solution, and obtain an upper bound on its cardinality. These results will be used throughout the remainder of the book. In the present chapter, they enable us to show that the one-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is in NPTime. We additionally consider the numerical syllogistic, a subfragment of the one-variable fragment with counting quantifiers, originally investigated by A. De Morgan. We show that its satisfiability problem is NPTime-hard.
Counting with two variables
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers. We show that this logic lacks the finite model property, but that its satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems are both nevertheless in NExpTime. Our proof employs the results on integer linear programming obtained in the previous chapter. We also establish parametrized complexity bounds concerning the satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment with counting quantifiers.
Guarded counting
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the guarded two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, a subfragment of the two-variable fragment with counting quantifiers in which, in addition to the requirement of guarding, individual constants do not appear. We show that this logic lacks the finite model property, but that its satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems are both nevertheless ExpTime-complete. We introduce the concepts of database and data complexity, and show that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the guarded two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers and databases remain in ExpTime, and are NPTime-complete for data-complexity.
Equivalence and counting
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers, but where k distinguished binary predicates are constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations. We show that, if k=1, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic remain NExpTime-complete. Our treatment here employs the full power of the results on integer linear programming obtained in Chapter 7. In addition, we show that, if k=2, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic become undecidable.
Introduction
Authors: Demaria Federico
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the keys aspects of (1) Why this book: The research questions; (2) How this book was made: The methods; and (3) What this book is about: A preview of the chapters. Lacking social recognition, recyclers are looked down as beggars, criminals, drug addicts, and alcoholics. Instead, an informal recycler (often called waste picker or rag picker) is a person who salvages reusable or recyclable materials thrown away by others to sell it and obtain a livelihood. According to the International Labour Organization the informal recycling sector is a way of making a living for over 30 million people in the Global South. Despite their large number, they have been neither properly investigated nor taken into account in formal waste management policies. The book aims to fill in this gap. Calls for integrating the informal recycling sector into the formal waste management systems have mainly gone unheard. Improving our understanding of this sector is a first essential step if we intend to improve their conditions and the sustainability of the economy. To this end, from the perspective of situated political ecology, and based on extensive field work lasting a decade, the book focuses on two case studies in India about the social relations of recycling: ship breaking in Alang-Sosiya, and solid waste management in Delhi. The book sheds light on the relationship between social metabolism (that is the flows of energy and materials) and political economy, or else materiality, power relations and social conflicts, with a focus on waste.
Shipbreaking in Alang
Authors: Demaria Federico
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 investigates the management of ocean-going ships as waste. The shipping industry constitutes a key element in the infrastructure of the world’s social metabolism. In fact, more than 80% of international trade in goods by volume is carried by sea. Ocean-going ships are owned and used for their trade by developed countries but are often demolished, together with their toxic materials, in developing countries. Shipbreaking is the process of dismantling an obsolete vessel’s structure for scrapping or disposal. The Alang-Sosiya yard in India, one of the world’s largest shipbreaking yards, is studied with particular attention to toxic waste management. Ship owners and shipbreakers obtain large profits by dumping the environmental costs on workers, local farmers, and fishers. The latter see their means of existence and bodies degraded, at the economic benefit of the former. This unequal distribution of benefits and burdens, due to an international and national uneven distribution of power, has led to an ecological distribution conflict. This is exemplified by the controversy at the Indian Supreme Court in 2006 over the dismantling of the ocean liner Blue Lady, that shows how the different languages of valuation expressed by different social groups clashed and how a language that expresses sustainability as monetary benefit at the national scale, dominated. Shipbreaking in the developing world is not just an externality but a successful case of cost-shifting, or else, capital accumulation by contamination. In this case, it takes place thanks to the indirect profits due to saved costs (i.e. indirect subsidies).
Informal Waste Recyclers and Their Environmental Services
Authors: Demaria Federico
Published: May 2023

Informal waste recyclers are those people who segregate and collect recyclable waste, in order to sell it to make a livelihood. Despite the World Bank reports that the informal recycling sector employs about 1% of the urban population in developing countries, their contribution to waste management has neither been evaluated nor compensated. This chapter fills this gap. First, it provides an assessment of the current available data set on waste management in Delhi, leading to a first approximate estimation of recycling rates. It also discusses a taxonomy of informal recyclers based on their means of transport and their area of collection, as well as how their absolute number can be estimated. Second, it suggests a new methodology to evaluate their contribution. This aims to reliably estimate how much they recycle, what type of materials, and how much they earn. To this end, data for 100 informal recyclers for one year were collected from junk dealers’ ledgers. Results show that in Delhi informal recyclers collect approximately 50 kg of recyclable material per day, mostly plastic and paper (60% and 30% of their income, respectively), but also metals, hair, and organic materials. They earn roughly 8,000 Indian Rupees per month (about US$125). This is close to the minimum wage, but as recyclers themselves claim, public authorities should compensate them for their services. The chapter develops two policy proposals that suggests a monthly payment for collection as well as recycling services, respectively 4,200 Rupees (about US$65), and 1,500 Rupees (US$25).
Domitian’s Banquet (Statius’ Silvae 4.2)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers a close reading of Poem 2 from the fourth book of the Silvae of Statius. Statius’ brilliant word usage in describing a banquet at Domitian’s palace and the architectural magnificence of the emperor’s along with, more generally, the poet’s use of intertexts evoke Virgil’s poetry, as well as Horace’s. Here Statius pushes language to the limits of praise. And yet the recurrent theme in Silvae 4.2 of Dido’s welcome banquet for Aeneas, along with echoes of Virgil’s exiled goatherd of Eclogue 1, Meliboeus, provide a tragic reminder of the precarity of human life and happiness as well as of the limits of poetic power.
Data protection principles and vulnerable data subjects
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio
Published: May 2023

The GDPR has several provisions protecting data subjects’ vulnerability. To understand whether, why, and how the GDPR also protects vulnerable data subjects, this chapter investigates the general concept of vulnerable individuals in different fields: in philosophical terms, in law and economics literature, and in the practical implementation in EU primary and secondary law (with particular attention to consumer protection law and regulation of research). This chapter focuses in particular on the data protection principles in Article 5 of the GDPR and especially on lawfulness, fairness, and transparency; purpose limitation; and data accuracy. The first three are indeed principles requiring a balancing between different positions of the data subject and the data controllers and, consequently, an analysis of the impact of data processing on data subjects, including an analysis of their vulnerability. In addition, the accuracy principle is important to guarantee a correct balancing of interests and prevent biases and actively mitigate specific situations of individual vulnerability.
Assessing (and mitigating) layers of data subjects’ vulnerability
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio
Published: May 2023

The aim of this chapter is then to develop a vulnerability-aware implementation of the GDPR. In particular, building on the notion of layered vulnerability (from Luna’s theory) as assumed in Chapters 3 to 5, this chapter analyses how risk assessment tools in the GDPR could be used in practice as a model to take into account the specific conditions of the data subject and mitigate permanent or temporary situations of vulnerability. Accordingly, the question that this chapter aims to address is: how could we use the GDPR provisions as a tool to mitigate data subjects’ vulnerability? To answer this question, this chapter follows the data protection impact assessment model in Article 35 GDPR. Indeed, in the previous chapters, we observed that data subjects’ vulnerability means a higher risk of being harmed in their fundamental rights and freedoms. We also observed that vulnerability should be understood as a concept comprising several layers. Accordingly, an assessment of these layers might coincide with an analysis of risks of harm to fundamental rights and freedoms. Accordingly, in this chapter, we propose an analysis of vulnerability layers based on the risk assessment model proposed for DPIA by Article 35 GDPR, also proposing some risk mitigation measures for vulnerable data subjects.
The limitations and the alternatives of a vulnerability-based interpretation of the GDPR
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyses the possible criticisms of the DPIA model, the potential solutions to these criticisms, and alternative models. The research questions of this chapter are: what are the limits of a vulnerability-aware interpretation of the GDPR? How can these limits be overcome, de lege lata or de lege ferenda? The possible drawbacks of a comprehensive approach to data subjects’ vulnerability and the consequent vulnerability-aware interpretation of the GDPR can be several, including (i) paternalism, (ii) lack of legal certainty and foreseeability, (iii) risk of an individualistic approach, (iv) the limits of analogical interpretation, and (v) the inconvenience and ineffectiveness of an extensive interpretation of several GDPR provisions. After analysing the relevant potentialities and the limits of a vulnerability-based interpretation of the GDPR, de lege lata, a final step is to look at alternative models de lege ferenda, and this chapter proposes two models: a category-based approach based on a fixed list of vulnerable categories explicitly mentioned in the law, with related rules and safeguards, and a general definition of vulnerable data subjects in the law.
Variation of Orders, Court Procedure, and Other Provisions Including Electronic Monitoring (Sections 44–51)
Authors: Malone* David
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into electronic monitoring's variation of orders, court procedures, and other provisions. The flexibility of the domestic abuse protection order (DAPO) is highlighted due to the requirements imposed by a DAPO can be varied or discharged, which then allows the court to respond to changes in the circumstances of the victim and the perpetrator. Moreover, the Section 46 provision implies who is eligible to appeal a court's decision to make or decline to make, vary, or discharge a DAPO. The chapter covers the special measures for witnesses who are deemed vulnerable and intimidated in criminal and family proceedings. It elaborates on the obligation of the Secretary of State to issue statutory guidance to the police and other related parties.
Powers to Make Other Orders in Court Proceedings Under this Part (Sections 52–56)
Authors: Jones Gillian
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the powers of other orders in court proceedings. It elaborates on the provisions indicated in sections 52-56 of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. Some of the provisions indicate that a conditional fee agreement allows clients to agree that their lawyer will not receive all or part of their fees or expenses regardless if they win or lose their case. The chapter also expounds on the consequential amendments of the Sentencing Code, which revolve around a breach and the power of the court to make a domestic abuse protection order (DAPO). It then details the repeal of provisions of the Crime and Security Act 2010 which gave the court power to issue domestic violence protection notices and make domestic violence protection orders.
The Open-Question Argument in Semantics
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers how the version of the open-question argument developed in the previous chapter for ethical discourse can be adapted to three central semantic discourses—ascriptions of truth, propositional attitudes, and meanings—to argue in each case that the central predicates of the target discourses can’t have referents, and that their sentences can’t have representationalist meaning grounds. The chapter argues that the argument template can be successfully adapted in each of these cases. For ascriptions of propositional attitudes and meanings, the presentation targets attempts to specify the referents of the predicates that figure in these ascriptions in terms of the Representational Theory of Mind and Information-Theoretic Semantics. In the case of meaning ascriptions, the argument is developed in connection with Saul Kripke’s attack on dispositionalist solutions to the rule-following paradox.
Meaning and Truth
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of ascriptions of meanings to linguistic expressions—an account of what makes them have the meaning they have in terms of the procedures that regulate their acceptance. The characterization of the procedures that play this role takes as its starting point the notion of Radical Interpretation, or Translation, as developed by W. V. O. Quine and Donald Davidson. On this basic proposal, meaning ascriptions have the meaning they have by virtue of the fact that they are regulated by the method of Radical Interpretation. This starting point is modified in important ways. The meaning-grounding procedure that’s put forward in the end combines a projection criterion (favouring interpretations that ascribe to speakers the beliefs that we would have in their epistemic situation) and a familiarity criterion (favouring interpretations that use as referents properties corresponding to concepts that can be easily constructed in terms of our atomic concepts). A role in linguistic interpretation is also assigned to non-verbal evidence for belief ascription. The chapter then develops a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of truth ascriptions, based on the acceptance procedure expressed by the disquotational schema. It then offers an account of the contrast between discourses that perform the function of representing the world and other discourses with pragmatist meaning grounds that don’t perform this function. This is done in terms of the idea of an absolute standard of correctness. The chapter then explores the differences between the position presented here and a similar position defended by Crispin Wright.
The Primacy of Practice
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses a more far-reaching application of the pragmatist model. It argues that the application of the representationalist model to theoretical science is also problematic. The problem here concerns our cognitive access to the properties playing the role of referents for the predicates introduced by scientific theories. Adapting David Lewis’s argument for Humility, the chapter contends that it’s not possible for us to gain cognitive access to the identity of the properties that play this role. It proposes that the difficulty can be overcome by adopting a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of these predicates. In the resulting picture, our cognitive grasp of the referents of theoretical scientific predicates consists in our understanding of the abstraction principles generated by our criteria of intertheoretical co-reference. This move has wide-ranging consequences for our understanding of the relationship between language and reality. On a standard version of the representationalist model, the referents of predicates are identified with the language of the natural sciences. Hence, if we adopt a pragmatist account of the meaning grounds of this discourse, it follows that our cognitive access to the referents of most predicates consists in our grasp of abstraction principles generated by the procedures that regulate our ascription of predicates. The chapter argues that the same result can be reached without considering difficulties specific to the language of science, from the reflection that cognitive access to properties through explicit definitions is necessarily dependent on the availability of an alternative method for cognitive access to properties.