bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the structure of highly unsaturated fatty acids of fish oils by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis
Authors: Hashimoto Tetsutaro , Nukada Kenkichi , Shiina Hisako , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: June 2007

Methyl esters of highly unsaturated fatty acid concentrates were prepared from fish oils by the urea‐adduct method. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the mixed esters and some related pattern compounds were analyzed. As a result, it was concluded that the structure of highly unsaturated fatty acids has divinylmethane arrangement of the ethylenic bonds and no divinylethane arrangement, and that one methylene group is present between the terminal methyl group and the double bond located at the remotest position from a carboxyl group in the acids.
Thin‐layer chromatographic separation of some bromo‐and hydroxyderivatives of stearic acid
Authors: Sgoutas Demetrios , Kummerow F. A.
Published: June 2007

Addition of polar substituents to unsaturated fatty acids or their methyl esters enhanced the adsorption affinity contributed by each unsaturation site to such an extent that the resulting derivatives could be easily separated by differential adsorption on a silica gel coating. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids could be separated by thin layer chromatography after either bromination of their methyl esters or oxidation of their mixture into unsaturated esters, monoenoates, dienoates, and trienoates. Furthermore, it was possible to separate the configurational isomers of the hydroxystearic acids derived fromcis andtrans hydroxylation of oleic and linoleic acids.
Fat and oil products in urethane polymers
Authors: Goldblatt L. A. , Lyon C. K.
Published: June 2007

Urethane polymers comprise one of the most rapidly expanding areas of the organic chemical industry. Polyurethane production, estimated at about 100 million lb in 1960, is expected to rise to 500 million lb in 1965 and to have an ultimate potential in excess of a billion lb. The polymers are used in foams (flexible, semi‐rigid and rigid), plastics, fibers, solid elastomers, surface coatings and adhesives. Fat‐ and oil‐derived products have potential utility in all these applications. Fat‐derived reactants include natural glycerides (e.g., castor oil), and other esters derived from reaction of fatty acids with polyols such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, sucrose, alkanol amines, etc., polymerized fatty acids, alkylene oxide derivatives of fatty acids and tall oil. The reactions of primary importance in the production of polyurethanes from isocyanates, including the urethane reaction, urea reaction, allophanate and biuret formation are discussed. A generalized treatment of the chemical technology involved in the preparation of representative polyurethane products is presented and the major areas in which fat and oil products are finding application in polyurethanes are noted.
Solvent extraction of pelleted oilseeds and related materials
Authors: Pritchard J. L. R.
Published: June 2007

A method of seed preparation is described in which the comminuted seed is formed into pellets by a conventional feed pelleting mill. Small scale preparation of pellets from soybeans, expelled palm kernels, sheanuts, and rice bran is described and extraction rates for different sized pellets of soybeans and rice bran with trichloroethylene at 55C are compared. Bulk densities and solvent retention by the marc were also measured and the results showed promise of an increase in plant capacity and a reduction in steam consumption for soybeans and rice bran.

Soybeans were selected for plant scale experiments in which 3.17 mm diam and 4.76 mm diam pellets were processed successfully through a Bibby basket extractor on trichloroethylene backed either by a desolventizer‐toaster or a Bibby steamer. An increase in the maximum throughput of 40舑50% with a residual oil of 0.8% in the marc for the same steam consumption as on rolled soybeans was achieved with the smaller pellets. The advantages of using the process on a hexane plant are also discussed.
Preparation of pure petroselinic acid
Authors: Chobanov D. , Agova M. , Chooparova E. , Chaluckova R.
Published: June 2007

Petroselinic acid of 99.5舑100% purity has been isolated from coriander, fennel and anise oil by acid soap crystallizations at 4C, followed by urea segregations at room temperatures.
Improved procedure for extracting food fatty acids
Authors: Lough A. Kenneth , Navia Juan M. , Harris Robert S.
Published: June 2007

Estimations of the fat content of food are generally based on the weight of the fraction extracted by a solvent. Unfortunately these solvents extract varying amounts of substances which are nonlipids, and they fail to extract all of the fatty acids, especially those present in complex forms. Though current procedures are simple, they are unreliable. Calories contributed by food fats can be calculated accurately only from data on the total fatty acid content of these foods.

An improved method for the complete extraction of food fatty acids is described. This method involves an extraction of food samples with chloroform: methanol (2蝘1) both before and after treatment with 2 N hydrochloric acid in methanol, removal of the solvent from the combined extracts, and then extraction with chloroform.

This method was compared with the AOAC method in the analysis of 18 foods for fatty acid content. The values obtained by the new method were higher in every case, and significantly higher in most cases, due primarily to a more complete extraction of the bound fatty acids. The usefulness of the new method in the routine analysis of foods was demonstrated in 58 additional food samples.
Fats and Oils report
Authors: Malone Patrick J.
Published: June 2007

Conclusion

At current price levels there is a potential demand for an increase of nearly 50 million bushels in domestic crushings and 30 million bushels in exports. Using 57 million bushels for feed, seed and residual this implies a total demand of about 924 million bushels or not much less than the currently indicated production.
Comparison of some commercial waxes by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Tulloch A. P.
Published: June 2007

Volatile components (hydrocarbons, monoesters, free acids as methyl esters and free alcohols as acetates) of seven unhydrolyzed commercial waxes‐ouricury, carnauba, Chinese insect, lac, esparto, candelilla and Japan wax—have been analyzed and compared by gas liquid chromatography. Though appreciable portions of the waxes were nonvolatile, the results were sufficient to distinguish the seven waxes completely. Methanolysis products were analyzed directly by gas liquid chromatography, and the results agreed with those previously obtained for hydrolysis products of these waxes. Ouricury wax gave 18% C24−C34 αω‐diols and 4% C24−C32 ω‐hydroxy acids, in addition to 28% C20−C32 aciods and 17% C22−C34 alcohols, on methanolysis.
The effect of positional and geometrical isomerism on the dilatometric properties of some octadecenoic acids
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Ward T. L.
Published: June 2007

Four isomeric octadecenoic acids, oleic, elaidic, petroselinic, and petroselaidic, were prepared and their expansibility determined. The melting dilation of each acid was calculated and found to increase in the order oleic, petroselinic, petroselaidic, and elaidic. In each instance the melting dilation of the trans acid was greater than that of its cis isomer. Of the two cis acids studied, the melting dilation was less for the acid with the double bond farther from the carboxyl end of the carbon chain. The trans acids did not follow this pattern.

At temperatures above 52°C., at which all acids were liquid, the absolute specific volumes of the acids were very nearly equal whereas at temperatures below −7°C, at which all were in the solid state, the specific volumes of petroselinic and elaidic acids were at variance with the specific volumes of oleic and petroselaidic acids. This variance must be attributed to differences in crystal packing.

Oleic acid clearly showed the two polymorphic forms previously recognized and, in addition, apparently reversibly transformed at about −5°C., indicating the possible existence of a third polymorphic form. These transformations of oleic acid occurred regardless of tempering, and without visual melting. The other three acids did not exhibit polymorphism under the conditions employed in the dilatometric measurements.
Determination of the fatty acid composition of partially hydrogenated tung oils
Authors: Planck Ralph W. , Pack Frank C. , Heinzelman Dorothy C. , Stansbury Mack F. , O'Connor Robert T.
Published: June 2007

Recently developed spectrophotometric methods for the determination of linoleic and conjugated dienoic acids in the presence of large amounts of eleostearic acid have been applied to the determination of the fatty acid composition of a series of progressively hydrogenated tung oils. Utilizing hydrogen‐iodine values and independently obtained values for saturated fatty acids, it has become possible to calculate concentrations of isolinoleic and of monoethenoic acids. Use of these methods gives a more complete and accurate knowledge of the fatty acid composition of a partially hydrogenated tung oil, or mixture of other oils containing the same types of components, than has been obtainable by previously published spectrophotometric methods. They are also much less time‐consuming than solvent fractionation methods.

Data are presented which show the changes in fatty acid composition occurring during the hydrogenation (170°, 5 p.s.i.g. H2, 0.1% Ni) of a domestic tung oil from an iodine value of 231 to 78.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids. I. A survey of possible animal sources
Authors: Holman Ralph T. , Greenberg Sheldon I.
Published: June 2007

Lipids were extracted from various tissues of lambs, hogs, and cattle, and the content of tetraenoic, pentaenoic, and hexaenoic acids were determined upon the lipids.

Reproductive and glandular tissue lipids have the highest contents of polyunsaturated acids. Lamb testes lipid, containing 15.6% hexaenoic acid, was found to be the richest source of this acid. It also contains 10.3% arachidonic acid. The most practical sources for isolation of these acids from the point of view of availability as well as content are beef testes lipid and hog brain lipid for hexaenoic acid and hog liver lipid for arachidonic acid.

Extraction by saponification of the entire tissue generally increases yield of total fatty acids above the yield of lipid obtained by ethanol extraction, but the total acids obtained have generally lower content of hexaenoic acid. Ethanol extraction is preferred. No lipid was extractable from dehydrated blood.
Effects of certain operating variables on the continuous solvent extraction of vegetable oils
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , P'Pool Robert S.
Published: June 2007

Data have been secured on the countercurrent extraction of soybean flakes by trichloroethylene in a laboratory extraction pilot plant having a capacity of about 10 lb. per hour. Feed rates and extraction times departed only slightly from a straight line relationship with the speed of the chain used to move the flakes through the extractor. Over the ranges studied, changes in solvent‐feed ratios had a much greater effect than the extraction time on the amount of oil extracted. Over a practical range of temperatures with the solvent‐feed ratio constant, the residual oil content of the meal showed a straight line relationship with the temperature.
Chromatographic separation of unsaturated fatty acids as their 2,4‐dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride derivatives
Authors: Simmons R. O. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: June 2007

Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were found to react with 2,4‐dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride to form addition products of constant composition. Saturated acids did not react. The derivatives of mixed acids were separable into well defined bands on MgSO4 columns and recoverable as individual compounds in the eluate, with yields above 95% in each case.

This technique provided the basis for a new method of analysis, which we have called the “isolation” method. Results obtained in the analysis of 100‐mg. samples of common vegetable oils compared favorably with those obtained by the spectral absorption method except that isolation values for saturated acids were lower.
The rate of development of acidity in stored tung seeds and kernels
Authors: Holmes Raiford L. , Minor Jacob C. , McKinney Robert S.
Published: June 2007

Whole tung seeds, whole kernels, and chopped kernels of high, medium, and low moisture contents were sealed in tin cans and stored in incubators maintained at 25°, 31°, and 38°C. At intervals samples were removed and the acid value of the oil determined.

The different temperatures used had slight effect on the rate of development of free fatty acids in the oil of the whole seeds and kernels, but the higher temperatures greatly increased the rate of development of free acid in the chopped kernels.

Whole seeds containing 7% and 12% moisture were stored for 4 weeks and seeds containing 17% moisture were stored for 2 weeks, during which periods the oils developed free fatty acids equivalent to acid values of 2.0 or less. Under none of the conditions used did the acid values of the oils exceed 8.0 after storage for 13 weeks.

Whole kernels developed even less free fatty acids than seeds stored under similar conditions. Kernels containing 4% and 6% moisture were stored for 12 weeks during which period the acid value of the oil never exceeded 1.5. Even in kernels containing 12% moisture the acid value of the oil did not exceed 6.0 at the end of 12 weeks.

Chopped kernels with moisture contents of 5% and 7% could be stored for 12 days without developing an acid value in the oil of more than 8.0. However chopped‐kernels with a moisture content of 12% developed an acid value in the oil in excess of 8.0 in less than a week.

Whole seeds with as much as 15% moisture could probably be stored for several weeks without developing an objectionable amount of free fatty acids. Since commercial hulled “nuts” practically always contain some broken kernels, to avoid development of free fatty acids in storage they should be dried to 10% or less moisture before storage.
Pilot‐plant application of filtration‐extraction to rice bran
Authors: Graci A. V. , Reuther C. G. , Eaves P. H. , Molaison L. J. , Spadaro J. J.
Published: June 2007

Summary and Conclusion

The pilot‐plant application to rice bran of a recently developed method of solvent extraction, called filtration‐extraction, has been described.

The process consists simply of mildly cooking the rice bran, cooling to about 130° F., slurrying the cooked bran with a miscella filtrate, filtering the slurry and countercurrently washing the cake three times on a continuous, rotary, vacuum filter, followed by conventional recovery of oil and meal products. The advantageous effects of cooking under the conditions described in the paper are reflected in the shorter filtration cycle time, better extractability, and virtual elimination of the fines problem. For example, tests showed that uncooked bran required filtration cycle times of more than 30 minutes compared to 30 to 60 seconds for cooked bran.

This development makes available to the industry a feasible continuous solvent‐extraction process for rice bran. Feasibility of the process is due primarily to the practical elimination of the inherently serious fines problem and to other advantages of the process, such as the possibility of attaining high capacities for small units; lower solvent content of extracted cake and of final miscella, which should decrease recovery costs; lower solvent requirements; and extraction to a residual lipides of 1 to 1.5%. Because of the reduced equipment size and simplicity of the process, it should prove economically feasible for the small and medium‐sized plant, where heretofore a solvent‐extraction plant required the processing of relatively large quantities of material daily.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. XI. Phytic acid as an inactivating agent for trace metals
Authors: Evans C. D. , Cooney Patricia M. , Moser Helen A. , Schwab A. W.
Published: June 2007

Phytic acid, a natural constituent of cereal grains and oilseeds, is shown to be highly effective in the control of metallic contamination in edible oils. Phytic acid added to regularly processed edible oils at the 0.01% level has shown a marked improvement in the organoleptic and oxidative stability of these oils.

We could not establish whether the mode of action of phytic acid was the result of the direct formation of insoluble phytate salts, or the breakdown of phytic acid with the formation of phosphoric acid which would serve as the active agent. Phytic acid solutions all contained some free phosphoric acid. Most phytic acid samples darkened with age and showed a progressive increase in the amount of free phosphoric acid. To be effective, it was necessary to add phytic acid prior to the deodorization process.

Evidence is presented to show that a large part of the synergistic effects of many activators can be explained by metallic inactivation. It is suggested that much of the antioxidant effect observed for rice bran, oat “flour”, and cereal brans could be the result of metal inactivation by the phytic acid present in these materials.
The effect of nonionic surfactant structure on hemolysis
Authors: Ohnishi Masako , Sagitani Hiromichi
Published: June 2007

The hemolytic properties of polyoxyethylene‐type nonionic surfactants were investigated in the concentration range of 0.1–5.0 wt/vol%. The effects of hydrophiliclipophilic balance, molecular weight, chemical structure and solubilizing ability of the nonionic surfactants in hemolysis are discussed. Bulky surfactants with three or four alkyl chains in their molecules, which show low solubilizing ability of lipids, were the least likely to induce hemolysis. Morphological observations of erythrocytes by video‐enhanced microscopy showed that linear surfactants induce the formation of spherocytes and cause hemolysis, whereas bulky surfactants induce only morphological changes from discocytes to spheroechinocytes.
Solubilization of phospholipid bilayer caused by surfactants
Authors: de la Maza A. , Parra Juez J. L.
Published: June 2007

The interaction of surfactants with liposomes eventually leads to the rupture of such structures and the solubilization of the phospholipid components. In this paper, solubilization is regarded as a decrease in light scattering of liposome suspensions. To this end, in accordance with the nomenclature, adopted by Lichtenberg, three parameters were considered as corresponding to the effective surfactant/lipid molar ratios (Re) at which light scattering starts to decrease, Resat; reaches 50% of the original value, Re50; and shows no further decrease, Resol. These parameters corresponded to the Re at which the surfactant (i) saturated the liposomes, (ii) resulted in a 50% solubilization of vesicles and (iii) led to a total solubilization of liposomes. The surfactants tested were the nonionic surfactant octylphenol ethoxylated with 10 units of ethylene oxide or Triton X‐100 (OP‐10EO), two anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl ether sulfate, and an amphoteric surfactant dodecyl betaine (D‐Bet). Unilamellar liposomes formed by egg phosphatidylcholine containing increasing amounts of phosphatidic acid were used. The Re parameters were the lowest for D‐Bet, followed by OP‐10EO, whereas the anionic surfactants always showed the highest values regardless of the electrical charge of the lipid bilayers. These parameters seem also to be inversely related to the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant, except for OP‐10EO. Moreover, the CMC values of the surfactant/lipid systems at 0.5 mM lipid concentration corresponded in all cases to the surfactant concentration at which liposomes were saturated by surfactants. As a consequence, this ratio can be regarded as an interesting parameter associated with the mixed micelle formation in liposome solubilization.
Effect of narrowing oxirane adduct distribution on some properties of ethoxylated alcohol‐based sulfosuccinic acid halfesters
Authors: Hreczuch W. , Krasnodębski Z. , Szymanowski J.
Published: June 2007

Foaming and viscosity build‐up properties are presented for sulfosuccinic acid derivatives of ethoxylated alcohols with broad‐ and narrow‐range polyoxyethylene chains. Narrow‐range ethoxylated alcohol‐based sulfosuccinic acid halfesters show better foaming ability. The effect is especially visible at 50°C. Better viscosity build‐up properties, as well as higher electrolyte resistance thereof, are also demonstrated.
Polarity of broad and narrow distributed ethoxylates of fatty alcohols
Authors: Voelkel A. , Szymanowski J. , Hreczuch W.
Published: June 2007

The polarity of broad‐ and narrow‐range alcohol ethoxylates was studied by inverse gas chromatography. The narrow‐range alcohol ethoxylates (NRD) exhibit higher polarity at 70°C than the broadly distributed products (BRD). The difference in polarity between BRD and NRD products decreases, however, with increasing temperature and diminishes at 110°C, which can be predicted from structural increments. The rise of the average number of oxyethylene units increases polarity of the examined products. The changes of ethoxylate polarity are well described by examined parameters with the exception of ΔGms(CH2).
The chemistry of gangliosides: A review
Authors: Ledeen Robert
Published: June 2007

Gangliosides are lipids which are found primarily in gray matter of the brain, with lesser amounts in white matter and in some tissues outside the central nervous system. At least ten different gangliosides have been isolated from brain, four of which are major components accounting for over 90% of the mixture. Three of these and possibly the fourth possess a common asialo unit consisting of ceramide, glucose, galactose, and N‐acetylgalactosamine in the molar ratios 1蝘1蝘2蝘1.

Structural work emanating from the laboratories of Kuhn, Klenk, Svennerholm, and others has shown the major monosialoganglioside to be

The two major disialo species contain this unit plus an additional NANA attached to terminal galactose in one case, and to the first NANA in the other. The major trisialo may also be related to these, though its structure is not yet settled.

The minor gangliosides generally contain fewer carbohydrate units. One of these has been found to resemble the major ganglioside of Tay‐Sachs disease, which is a monosialo species lacking the terminal galactose of the major normal brain types. A number of neurological disorders, including other sphingolipidoses, have characteristic alterations in both pattern and level of brain gangliosides.
Immunochemical properties of glycolipids
Authors: Brady Roscoe O.
Published: June 2007

Lipids of the nervous system and other tissues which contain at least one molecule of a carbohydrate have been shown to exhibit haptenic properties. The specificity of the antibodies produced by the administration of these materials is directed by specific portions of the carbohydrate moiety. Examples of antibodies induced by the polyhexoside and N‐acetyl neuraminic acid portions of gangliosides will be shown. The potential usefulness of such antigen‐antibody systems for structural studies will be illustrated. Some consideration will be given to the possible role of glycolipid haptens in pathological conditions such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil with sodium borohydride‐reduced catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao , Dutton H. J.
Published: June 2007

The reaction of metallic salts in aqueous solution with sodium borohydride produces finely divided metals that are catalytically active for hydrogenation. Salts of nickel, cobalt, palladium and platinum give active catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. Iron and silver salts, when reduced with sodium borohydride, show no activity at 200C and atmospheric hydrogen pressure. The cobalt catalyst produces the least amount of stearate. Incorporation of palladium, platinum, copper or chromium up to 2% enhance the activity of the nickel catalyst. Copper and chromium salts, when reduced together, form catalysts that hydrogenate linolenyl groups in soybean oil seven times more rapidly than linoleyl groups. No stearate formation is observed with these binary catalysts.
Properties of frying fat. I. The relationship of viscosity to the concentration of non‐urea adducting fatty acids
Authors: Rock S. P. , Roth H.
Published: June 2007

The extent of the thermal oxidative change in commercial frying fats as measured by the amount of non‐urea adducting fatty acids formed in the fat and the viscosity of the fat was compared. A direct and highly significant relationship was found. The relationship was found to be dependent upon the source and processing of the fat as well as the conditions of use.
Types of obesity: A review
Authors: Reichard George A.
Published: June 2007

Whether obesity is the result of excess caloric intake or an inherent metabolic aberration has long been debated. In the laboratory animal, particularly the mouse, numerous studies suggest that obesity may be divided into two broad categories, regulatory and metabolic. Typical of the regulatory obesities are those induced by surgical or chemical destruction of certain areas of the hypothalamus with resultant hyperphagia and obesity. Metabolic obesity, on the other hand, is characterized by the fact that it is the result of an inborn error of metabolism and, when compared with regulatory obesity, stands in striking contrast to it.

While metabolic studies in the normal and obese human are still somewhat sparse, it is of interest to compare the results of these investigations with those obtained in the metabolic and regulatory obese laboratory animal. From this comparison it would appear that many obese humans exhibit metabolic characteristics similar to those seen in the genetically obese laboratory animal.
Lipids in soil
Authors: Stevenson F. J.
Published: June 2007

As much as 20% of soil humus occurs in the form of lipids. High values are characteristic of Podzol soils and highmoor peats. Lipids of the following types are known to be present: paraffin hydrocarbons, phospholipids, fats, waxes, fatty acids, and terpenoids. A long list of compounds have been reported; the identification of many of them require confirmation using modern analytical techniques. Some of the lipids known to occur in soil have phytotoxic properties; these may have a depressing effect on seed germination and on root and shoot growth. Waxes and similar materials may be responsible for the difficultly wettable condition of certain sands.
Alkanes in aqueous systems. I. Exploratory investigations on the accommodation of C20蜢C33 n‐alkanes in distilled water and occurrence in natural water systems
Authors: Peake E. , Hodgson G. W.
Published: June 2007

In order to understand more fully the mechanisms by which hydrocarbons may be mobilized for the ultimate formation of oil fields, the n‐alkane content of several aqueous systems was measured. Both laboratory and natural systems were studied.

Exploratory measurements by gas liquid chromatography of total C20 to C33 n‐alkanes accommodated in distilled water, alkaline solutions, and solutions containing surfactants fell in the range of 1 to 10 mg/1. Millipore filtration markedly reduced the alkane content with a filter of 0.05 ॖ pore size removing as much as 97% of the accommodated alkanes. Alkaline solutions accommodated higher quantities of alkanes than the distilled water, but the addition of surfactants had little further effect.

Natural waters had low total C20 to C33 n‐alkane content. Samples of surface waters showed values of 0.2 ॖg/1 in sea water, 0.5 ॖg/1 in lake waters, and 1.5 ॖg/1 in a river water.

Coproduced oil field waters generally had a slightly higher n‐alkane content with values of 1 to 1.4 ॖg/1.

Waters expressed from recent lake sediments contained up to 50 ॖg/1 of total C20蜢C33 n‐alkanes. Addition of sodium bicarbonate and surfactants to the sediment prior to expressing water had little or no effect.

The data presented appear to be of geochemical significance as they indicate that water has the capacity to accommodate significant quantities of n‐alkanes in a distribution remarkably similar to that of alkanes in the reference crude oil of A.P.I. Project 6.
Chemical reactions involved in the catalytic hydrogenation of oils. III. Further identification of volatile by‐products
Authors: Kawada Tsukasa , Mookherjee B. D. , Chang Stephen S.
Published: June 2007

Two distinct types of hydrogenation flavor may originate from catalytic hydrogenation of fats and oils. One is the characteristic flavor developed during hydrogenation. After it is removed by deodorization, the second type of hydrogenation flavor may develop during the storage of the bland deodorized hydrogenated fat.

The precursors of the characteristic flavor developed during catalytic hydrogenation were demonstrated as the hydroperoxides of the unsaturated fatty esters. A total of 37 compounds was chemically identified by the combination of infrared and mass spectrometry as the major components of the volatile by‐products developed during catalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil with nickel as catalyst. Out of the 37 compounds, 14 were hydrocarbons, eight were alcohols, one was an ester, four were aldehydes, eight were ketones, and two were lactones. The seven largest peaks of the gas chromatogram of the volatile by‐products were all alcohols and hydrocarbons. It was concluded that the characteristic flavor developed during catalytic hydrogenation appears to be due to the higher members of the aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols and the lactones.
Effect of composition and polymorphic form on the hardness of fats
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Guice Wilma A.
Published: June 2007

Hardness is an important index in the performance of confectionery and other fats.

Using an instrument and technique which were essentially a modification of those used in the Brinell test as applied to metals, the effect of composition and polymorphic form on the hardness of fats was investigated.

It was found that the hardness of a given sample of fat was influenced by the degree of tempering to which the sample had been subjected. Hardness always increased as the components of a fat were converted to higher‐melting polymorphs. However the hardest test specimens were not obtained with the highest tempering temperatures. Presumably the use of too high a temperature in tempering melted some of the lowermelting polymorphs and allowed them to resolidify in larger crystals producing a softer matrix.

Adding progressively larger amounts of one fat to another generally increased or decreased the hardness of the mixture in a more or less uniform manner. Adding small amounts of liquid oil to a hard fat greatly decreased the hardness index.

Apparently the hardness index of a given fat decreases as the crystal size increases. It is believed that fats containing a sizable proportion of liquid component will become softer on prolonged storage because the presence of the liquid component makes possible a gradual increase in crystal size.
The determination of conjugatedcis‐trans andtrans‐trans methyl octadecadienoates by infrared spectrometry
Authors: Chipault J. R. , Hawkins J. M.
Published: June 2007

Pure conjugated methylcis‐trans andtrans‐trans octadecadienoates have been prepared and used to develop a method for the determination of these compounds by infrared spectrometry.Cis‐trans compounds alone or in the presence oftrans‐trans conjugation may be determined directly by the absorption at 10.55 μ. In the absence ofcis‐trans isomers conjugatedtrans‐trans octadienoates may be determined directly from the absorption at 10.11 μ. When both types of compounds are present however, a correction must be applied for the contribution of thecis‐trans isomers to the 10.11 μ absorption of thetrans‐trans material.
The preparation and properties of some urethane foams from castor oil and elaidinized castor oil
Authors: Yeadon D. A. , Markezich A. R. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: June 2007

The preparation and properties of two series of castor oil urethane foams, one from castor oil and the other from elaidinized castor oil, were investigated. The first series of foams was made from prepolymers containing 60% of castor oil prepared at increasing temperature levels to vary the degree of crosslinking in the final foams. These foams had lower tensile strengths than observed for a previously prepared foam of 60% castor oil and did not show significant differences in water resistance as crosslinking varied. They were increased nearly 100% in compressive strength with increased crosslinking and had very good shrinkage characteristics as values of only 1 to 2% were obtained.

A second series of foams was prepared from 50, 60, 70, and 80% of elaidinized castor oil to compare with foams from a similar series from castor oil. This series of foams of 50 to 80% elaidinized castor oil contents was similar in density (1.7 to 6.7 lbs./cu. ft.), had improved shrinkage characteristics (11, 1, 3, and 4%, respectively), showed increased compressive and tensile strengths (up to 12.1 p.s.i. at 50% compression modulus and 34.7 p.s.i. ultimate tensile for the 60% foam formulation), and had better water‐resistance properties (411 to 155%vs. 515 to 170% water absorption) than the analogous foams from castor oil. In general, humid aging only slightly affected the values obtained for the foams and was significant in only a few instances,e.g., decreased tensile in the elaidinized castor oil series.

Thus increasing crosslinks in the foam apparently did not improve water resistance but did improve shrinkage characteristics in addition to some increased strength properties, as would be anticipated. Foams from elaidinized castor oil, while similar in density and foaming characteristics to analogous foams from castor oil, exhibited less shrinkage and improved water‐resistance.
Alternation of melting points in homologous series of long‐chain compounds
Authors: Larsson Kȩre
Published: June 2007

The different possibilities of stacking of layers in long‐chain compounds have been analyzed with reference to structural differences between even and odd members of homologous series. It has been possible to correlate packing differences with alternation of melting points and explain the alternation behavior completely on this basis. The theory can also be applied to surface films and mesomorphous phases. Alternation of en‐antiotropic transition temperatures and other physical properties are also discussed.
A miniature dishwashing evaluation method
Authors: Anstett R. M. , Schuck E. J.
Published: June 2007

A new procedure for evaluating dishwashing products has been developed. Good precision and favorable correlation with older methods ar obtained with minimum requirements of manpower, time and materials.

Hydrogenated vegetable oil shortening proves to be an ideal soil for dishaashing evaluation if the physical state of the soil is carefully controlled. With such control, it is seen that dishwashing performance is a linear function of detergent concentration. Fatty soil and its effect on foam is discussed and compared with other soils. Variations of evaluation results with water hardness are described.
Some derivatives of 5‐eicosenoic acid
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Sumrell Gene
Published: June 2007

cis‐5‐Eicosenoic acid and its methyl ester have been epoxidized. Preparation of an hydroxylactone through lactonizaton of both the 5,6‐epoxy acid and the 5,6‐dihydroxy acid has been investigated. 5‐Eicosenoic acid has also been converted to े‐lactone through use of perchloric orp‐toluenesulfonic acid. The preparation of several other related new compounds is described.
Key operations in the wet‐rendering of peanut for the isolation of protein, oil and starch
Authors: Eapen K. E. , Kalbag S. S. , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: June 2007

Separation of oil and suspended solids from peanut slurry are two important interdependent operations in wet rendering of peanuts. A 3‐way centrifuge cannot be used efficiently for the separation of the different phases due to the large volume of fibrous suspended solids in peanut slurry. Removal of suspended solids from the slurry by filtration is too slow and incomplete, as the fine particles tend to block the screen. The alternative method of centrifugal sedimentation of the suspended solids causes emulsification of the oil and results in the inefficient separation of the oil. It is shown in the paper that efficiency of the separation of oil and carbohydrate fraction from peanut by wet rendering method depends on careful conditioning of the seed.
Comparisons of the fatty acid content of cottonseed oil used in glass and iron pans
Authors: Kilgore Lois
Published: June 2007

A half of each of 20 chickens was fried in cottonseed oil in an iron pan and the opposite halves were fried in cottonseed oil in a glass ceramic pan. Oil was reused with replenishing additions of fresh oil until ten chicken halves had been fried. In a separate experiment oil was heated intermittently in glass or in iron pans until it had been heated for a total of 47 1/2 hours. The linoleic acid content of the oil (determined chromatographically) decreased significantly with heating or frying. Oil aliquots from the iron pans were not statistically different from aliquots (treated alike) taken from the glass pans.
A method for adsorbent fractionation of cottonseed oil for experimental intravenous fat emulsions
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Brown M. L. , Zeringue H. J.
Published: June 2007

Results of animal screening tests of emulsified cottonseed oils of the glanded and glandless varieties justify attributing some of the undesirable effects to pigments and minor polar component. A bleaching earth‐alumina fractionation method for removal of pigments and polar components of cottonseed oil was developed whereby the triglyceride portion was obtained as an essentially pure, water‐white fraction. Bleaching earth and chromatographic alumina when used in sequence were very satisfactory adsorbents, at concentrations of 20 wt % of earth and a 1‐to‐1 wt ratio of alumina‐to‐oil. Thin‐layer chromatography indicated the presence of sterol esters in the fractionated oil, but no polar components were detected.
A gas chromatographic method for measuring rancidity in vegetable oils
Authors: Scholz R. G. , Ptak L. R.
Published: June 2007

A simple gas chromatographic procedure was developed for measuring the degree of rancidity in cottonseed oil and other vegetable oils. The procedure employs and internal standard for quantitating the amount ofn‐pentane in the oil samples and relates this quantity to organoleptic panel tests. The precision is good, and the results correlate well with panel tests. The procedure is very sensitive to detection and quantitation of oxidative changes in oils. Its use minimizes manipulation of the sample and thus avoids alteration of the rancidification products or the state of oxidation.
Occurrence and inheritance of linolenic and linoleic acids in soybean seeds
Authors: White H. B. , Quackenbush F. W. , Probst A. H.
Published: June 2007

The range of linolenic acid in the oil from 251 field‐grown varieties and introductions of soybeans was 4.89 to 9.28% and that of linoleic, 35.8 to 53.4%.

Crosses of varieties and introductions “high” and “low” linolenic acid indicated that inheritance of both acids was quantitative rather than qualitative. Transgressive segregation, particularly to low values, was observed occasionally. However 3.35% was the lowest linolenic acid value observed. Environmental effects markedly influenced the quantity of both acids.

F2 plants from one cross (P.I.80476×P.I.85671), grown in the greenhouse, showed a dissimilar type of frequency distribution for the two acids but a significant positive correlation (P<1%) between their percentages. A similar relation was not detected for field‐grown plants.
Analyses of lipids and oxidation products by partition chromatography. Fatty acid hydroperoxides
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Evans C. D. , Mcconnell D. G. , Jones E. P.
Published: June 2007

A liquid partition chromatographic method was developed to isolated and determine hydroperoxides in autoxidized fatty acids or their methyl esters. By the use of benzene containing 2 to 4% methanol as the mobile solvent, the hydroperoxides were separated from unoxidized fatty acids or methyl esters and from secondary and polymeric decomposition products. In the analyses of oxidized fatty acids, diethyl ether was necessary to elute the secondary decomposition products.

Saponification of autoxidized fatty esters destroyed the peroxides as determined iodometrically, but the resulting acids contained a fraction which was eluted in the same position as hydroperoxide acids. Evidence showed that this fraction is a monomeric hydroxy fatty acid containing conjugated cis‐traux and trans‐trans unsaturation.

Fatty ester hydroperoxides were isolated chromatographically in yields and purity comparable to those reported in the literature by countercurrent distribution. The concentrations of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide determined chromatographically were smaller than indicated by the peroxide value and diene conjugation of the autoxidized methyl linoleate.
New information on the morphology of the gossypol pigment gland of cottonseed
Authors: Moore Anna T. , Rollins Mary L.
Published: June 2007

Exploratory electron microscope studies of the cottonseed pigment gland demonstrate a complex internal structure in which discrete particles ranging in size from one micron to less than 0.2 micron diameter are held within a membranous meshlike network. This structure is extremely sensitive to water, and it may be the rapid swelling of the network which results in the explosive release of pigment particles from the gland on exposure to moisture. Pigment particles are spherical, of a wide range of diameters, and exhibit no birefringence in the gland or when extruded. Calculations of specific surface based on sizes of particles and density of purified gossypol (1.34) indicate surface area per gram of gossypol particles of the order of 8 square meters. Further work is indicated to determine details of the structure of the platelets, which constitute the wall of the gland, and to establish the relationship of gossypol and gossypurpurin to morphological features within the gland.
Cyclic fatty acids: Removal of aromatic acids formed during hydrogenation
Authors: Eisenhauer R. A. , Beal R. E. , Black L. T. , Friedrich J. P.
Published: June 2007

Monomeric fatty acids derived from the alkali treatment of linseed oil at temperatures above 200C contain cyclic (1,2‐disubstituted cyclohexadiene) and straight‐chain fatty acids. Hydrogenation converts cyclic to liquid, saturated cyclic acids that can be recovered in a pure state by crystallization. During hydrogenation (palladium catalyst) some of the unsaturated cyclic acids form aromatic fatty acids by loss of hydrogen and under some conditions are not subsequently hydrogenated. It was necessary to establish conditions for complete hydrogenation since color and oxidative stability at high temperature are inversely related to aromatic content. Previously, the preparation of cyclic acids free of aromatic acids was by hydrogenation in the presence of a high concentration of acetic acid. A further study of reaction variables established conditions to make saturated cyclic fatty acids free of aromatic without acetic acid. Factors favoring the elimination of aromatic acids include a high catalyst concentration, high temperature and pressure, good hydrogen dispersion in the liquid and good agitation.
Resume of total operation of waste treatment facility for animal and vegetable oil refinery
Authors: Seng W. C. , Kreutzer G. M.
Published: June 2007

A 2 year study in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been conducted to define and treat effluent from one of Swift’s edible oil refineries. As a result of this study, the existing treatment system was modified to produce effluent suitable for discharge to the Kankakee, Ill., sanitary district and at the same time eliminate surcharges and the need for a lagoon. The treatment system consists of a skim tank which is cathodically protected, automatic pH and chemical addition control, and an air flotation cell also cathodically protected. Provisions also were made to recover the inedible oil for sale as a by‐product. The skimmings from the skim tank and from the air flotation cell are acid treated, heated, and centrifuged to recover 7–10,000 lb/day of inedible oil. Sale of recovered inedible oil can cover 60–80% of the direct costs of operation of the waste treatment system. Recent improvements in the system have reduced the cost of treatment even further and rasied effluent quality. With impressed current and chemicals, the biochemical oxygen demand is reduced from 3300 to 150, fats, oils, and greases from 2500 to 75, and suspended solids from 3000 to 150 ppm.
Development of effluent guidelines and Environmental Protection Agency research and development program for edible oils industry
Authors: Lacy William J. , Keeler George , Webster George R.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the statutory basis for the establishment of effluent limitations guidelines and standards of performance for this industry including remarks on water quality standards. The Environmental Protection Agency’s research, development, and demonstration program is presented. The specific objectives, solution required, activities, and best available treatment, zero discharge concept, and total elimination of discharges (elimination of multi‐media pollution discharges) are discussed. The synopsis of two Environmental Protection Agency‐industry sponsored demonstration grants is presented. The seven most frequently asked questions and their answers regarding the water pollution control act also are introduced. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 directed that the U.S. embark upon major new efforts for controlling pollution at its source. The new Act provides for uniform effluent limitations for industrial categories and achievement dates. Congress set two interim dates of July 1, 1977, and July 1, 1983, by which different levels of treatment are to be reached. It is a timetable based upon advances in technology. For all dischargers, other then publicly owned treatment works, not later than July 1, 1977, effluent limitations are to be achieved which represent the application of the “best practicable control technology currently available.” At the same time, all publicly owned waste treatment facilities must utilize “secondary treatment,” and, if an industrial discharger sends its wastes through a publicly owned treatment works, certain “pretreatment standards” must be met. An additional requirement is that by the July 1977 date, effluent limitations may be imposed so that any state law will be met. Not later than July 1, 1983, effluent requirements must be met which represent the “best available technology economically achievable” and for publicly owned waste treatment facilities which represent the application of the “best practicable waste treatment technology.” Any other applicable pretreatment standards also must be attained by that date. Special standards for toxic substances also must be observed from that date of promulgation of regulations covering such substances.