bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The General Linear Model I
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces the general linear model for response variables with a normal distribution. The lognormal distribution is mentioned in relation to the general linear model. We explain simple and multiple linear regression analysis. We discuss the importance of standardizing continuous explanatory variables, and its implications for the interpretation of model parameters. We mention polynomial regression as a special case of multiple regression. We provide a first introduction to the definition of priors in general linear models. We also discuss the main graphical tools involved in the assessment of the goodness of fit of statistical models that will be used throughout the book, which are plots of residuals vs. predicted values, residuals vs. explanatory variables, quantile–quantile plots, and Cook distances. All statistical models are fitted in both frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
When the Response Variable is Binary
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter starts by discussing the use of the binomial distribution to model binary response variables. It then defines odds, log odds, and the logit link function involved in binary GLMs, and discusses grouped and ungrouped binary analyses in relation to the formatting of the data. It has a strong focus on the interpretation of the fitted parameters of binary GLMs, and discusses the assessment of the goodness of fit of binary GLMs, including the calculation and interpretation of receiver operating curves and the area under the curve, the use of Brier scores, and of the randomized quantile residuals. All statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
When the Response Variable is a Count, Often with Many Zeros
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter starts by discussing the Poisson and negative binomial distributions to model counts, and the associated log link function. It discusses over-dispersion, a common problem arising in the modeling of counts, along with its consequences and solutions. It illustrates the use of the negative binomial distribution as a continuous Poisson–gamma mixture to deal with over-dispersion, and finally covers the use of mixture models to model counts with an excess of zeros in the two main cases: zero-inflated and zero-augmented models. All the statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
Mixed Hierarchical Models and Experimental Design Data
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses the formulation and interpretation of generalized linear mixed/hierarchical models. It illustrates the use of these models with three case studies involving randomized block, repeated measures, and split-plot designs with different types of response variables. We discuss the interpretation of the estimated fixed (population) and random (group-level) effects, and the asssessment of their goodness of fit with detailed residual analysis. All statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
Introduction
Authors: Burke Mary M.
Published: December 2022

Figures from the Scots-Irish Andrew Jackson to the Caribbean-Irish Rihanna, as well as literature, film, caricature, and beauty discourse, convey how the Irish racially transformed multiple times: in the slave-holding Caribbean, on America’s frontiers and antebellum plantations, and along its eastern seaboard. This cultural history of race and centuries of Irishness in the Americas examines the forcibly transported Irish, the eighteenth-century Presbyterian Ulster Scots, and post-1845 Famine immigrants. Their racial transformations are indicated by the designations they acquired in the Americas: ‘Redlegs,’ ‘Scots-Irish,’ and ‘black Irish.’ In literature by Fitzgerald, O’Neill, Mitchell, Glasgow, and Yerby (an African-American author of Scots-Irish heritage), the Irish are both colluders and victims within America’s racial structure. Depictions range from Irish encounters with Native and African Americans to competition within America’s immigrant hierarchy between ‘Saxon’ Scots-Irish and ‘Celtic’ Irish Catholic. Irish-connected presidents feature, but attention to queer and multiracial authors, public women, beauty professionals, and performers complicates the ‘Irish whitening’ narrative. Thus, ‘Irish Princess’ Grace Kelly’s globally-broadcast ascent to royalty paves the way for ‘America’s royals,’ the Kennedys. The presidencies of the Scots-Irish Jackson and Catholic-Irish Kennedy signalled their respective cohorts’ assimilation. Since Gothic literature particularly expresses the complicity that attaining power (‘whiteness’) entails, subgenres named ‘Scots-Irish Gothic’ and ‘Kennedy Gothic’ are identified: in Gothic by Brown, Poe, James, Faulkner, and Welty, the violence of the colonial Irish motherland is visited upon marginalized Americans, including, sometimes, other Irish groupings. History is Gothic in Irish-American narrative because the undead Irish past replays within America’s contexts of race.
Complicit Irishness: Plantation Novels by Yerby, Mitchell, and Faulkner
Authors: Burke Mary M.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 considers three plantation novels that depict—in different registers—Southern planters of pre-Famine Irish and Scottish Gaelic origin: Margaret Mitchell’s Gerald O’Hara in Gone with the Wind, William Faulkner’s Thomas Sutpen in Absalom, Absalom! (both 1936), and Stephen Fox in Foxes of Harrow (1946), a bestselling novel by Frank Yerby, an African-American author of Scots-Irish maternal ancestry. (The film adaptation of the last, starring Maureen O’Hara, is also considered.) The chapter’s discussion of the entwined roots of the slave-holding Southern plantation, the Caribbean Great House, and the Irish Big House also encompasses an Elizabeth Bowen-inspired Eudora Welty short story. The three planter novels centre on initially penniless and ‘off-white’ protagonists of broadly Irish association who transform themselves into the exploitative and unconditionally white landowner class to whom they themselves had once been subject. These three novelists were all of Southern birth in a period in which that region was still racially segregated, and all three claimed Scottish Gaelic or pre-Famine Irish descent. Nevertheless, their origins do not conform to the dominant image of the Irish-connected writer as white, Catholic, and northeastern post-Famine by origin.
White Wedding
Authors: Burke Mary M.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 5 suggests that the WASP persona movie studio executives created for film star Grace Kelly (later known as Princess Grace of Monaco) was meant to diminish the usual associations of her background. These Famine-Catholic Philadelphia roots are explored through the neglected drama of her Pulitzer Prize-winning uncle, George Kelly. The symbiosis between ‘whiteness’ and the images of women deployed to sell beauty, fashion, and film industry products is well documented. Such links, overlooked in male-centred accounts of the ‘whitening’ of Irish America, are used to analyse Kelly’s impact. In Dial M for Murder, Kelly performs a woman who duplicitously performs the role of a proper English wife, for which she was coached by Alfred Hitchcock. They shared a surprisingly similar background: both were, by origin, Catholic-Irish outsiders to elite WASP culture who learned to ‘pass’. Kelly’s wedding to Prince Rainier of Monaco in 1956 was one of the largest international media events of that decade. To Catholic-Irish Philadelphia it constituted the rejoinder of a ‘hometown girl’ to the 1953 spectacular of Elizabeth II’s coronation. Grace’s globally broadcast ascent to fairy-tale whiteness paved the way for ‘America’s royals’, the Kennedy dynasty, as well as broader Irish America’s assimilation. However, centuries of Gothic literature holds that where there is a fair princess in a castle, there is soon to be horror, as the epilogue unfolds.
Stirring Up Life from Its Deepest Foundations
Authors: Holm Isak Winkel
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 is concerned with two religious discourses Kierkegaard published in his own name, ‘To Gain One’s Soul in Patience’ and ‘To Preserve One’s Soul in Patience’. In these discourses, patience is used to designate ‘noir optimism’—the strength of soul in the face of the future disaster. Kierkegaard’s discussion of prophetic noir takes as its point of departure Jesus’s prophecy of doom as recorded by Luke the Evangelist. The discourses’ existential analysis of the sombre mood brings into view an opposition between two kinds of existential time, between the suddenness of the heroic deed and the ongoingness of unheroic practices of care. The relation between care work and catastrophe is conceptualized with the help of Hannah Arendt and Lisa Baraitser. Moreover, Kierkegaard’s exploration of catastrophized temporality is discussed in dialogue with the interpretation of Kierkegaard’s religious discourses presented by the Kierkegaard scholar David Kangas.
Possibility’s Course in Calamity
Authors: Holm Isak Winkel
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 explores prophetic noir as ‘noir anxiety’, a kind of anxiety Vigilius Haufniensis, Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous author, diagnoses in the second half of The Concept of Anxiety. In the second paragraph of chapter III, ‘Anxiety Dialectically Defined in Terms of Fate’, and in the concluding chapter V, ‘Anxiety as Saving through Faith’, Haufniensis examines noir anxiety as a question concerning the subject’s relation to fate. As a consequence, he approaches prophetic noir as a contradiction between freedom and necessity, between the human subject and the objective force of fate. The conceptual background for this contradiction is provided by theories of the tragic found in German Idealism. The chapter argues that this struggle between freedom and necessity is relevant for the study of literature in the Anthropocene, drawing on Georg Lukács’s The Theory of the Novel (1920) and Amitav Ghosh’s The Great Derangement (2012).
Social Nutrition and Accountability for Mass Starvation
Authors: Jaspars Susanne
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines social nutrition as a framework for understanding the social and political causes of malnutrition at population level and whether it can assist in strengthening accountability for mass starvation. It provides an overview of nutrition concepts, the evolution in identifying causes, and the processes of deprivation that lead to increased mortality. It discusses the importance and the challenges in linking malnutrition to its structural political causes and in delineating responsibility and intent. Examples from a range of famine contexts are used. The chapter concludes with areas that require further exploration and discussion to develop a politically oriented approach to nutrition that can help address starvation as a political act.
‘An Unprosecuted Crime’
Authors: Conley Bridget , DeFalco Randle , Abraha Senai , de Waal Alex
Published: December 2022

This chapter presents four cases where starvation crimes featured in a conflict and were investigated in the course of subsequent transitional justice efforts, but were not prosecuted as such: Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge (1975–79), Ethiopia under Mengistu Haile Mariam (1974–91), the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–95), and the conflict and atrocities in Darfur, Sudan (2003–08). In both Cambodia and Ethiopia, famine conditions resulted from policies directed against entire civilian populations. In Bosnia, through concerted international humanitarian intervention, only discrete pockets of extreme deprivation occurred, despite the fact that throughout the conflict access to food, water, and other life-supporting supplies was manipulated to serve war aims. Only prosecutions related to Cambodia addressed starvation, and even there, only partially. In Darfur, the humanitarian crisis claimed at least 200,000 lives and the ICC prosecutor framed charges against President Omar al-Bashir that included the destruction of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population and obstructing humanitarian assistance, with genocidal intent. Although al-Bashir was overthrown and at the time of writing is in custody in Sudan, no prosecutions on this basis have yet been commenced. Together, the case studies reveal the prosecutorial caution and evidential complexities of prosecuting starvation.
‘Once We Control Them, We Will Feed Them’
Authors: Sarkar Aditya
Published: December 2022

This chapter addresses the causes of the protracted food security crisis in Yemen. Pre-war Yemen was the poorest and most food-insecure country in the Arab world but had not experienced famine or mass starvation. Conditions of extreme deprivation and perhaps even famine have arisen from the combination of economic policies and military policies pursued by all the belligerents to the conflict (although there has been no ‘official’ declaration of famine by the United Nations). The strategies used by the Internationally Recognized Government and its regional backers (the Saudi-led coalition (SLC)) and the Houthis have included blockades and siege warfare, a destructive aerial bombing campaign (waged by the SLC), artillery and mortar attacks as well as the indiscriminate use of landmines near food and water points, the destruction of essential infrastructure (including water and power infrastructure), agricultural facilities as well as attacks on healthcare facilities. Humanitarian access has been restricted by all parties. At the outset of the conflict, the warring parties—especially the SLC—might have pleaded ignorance of the devastating consequences of their chosen means of pursuing their military and political goals, but as the conflict war on and those calamitous humanitarian outcomes became clear, no such pleas are credible. Yemen is the largest and most protracted case of man-made famine of our times.
Prosecution of Starvation in South Sudan
Authors: Jordash Wayne , Yasar Aysev Uzay
Published: December 2022

This chapter fuses the legal analysis and the factual circumstances to provide a roadmap for the prosecution of the war crime of using starvation as a method of warfare in South Sudan in the course of the civil war which started in December 2013. To this end, the authors analyse the factual patterns that emerge from the conduct of the governmental armed forces during the civil war and discuss the potential issues that future prosecutors may face in prosecuting the war crime of starvation in South Sudan. The authors provide an assessment of the evidence currently available as derived from publicly available sources and discuss if/how the legal elements of the war crime of starvation as well as certain applicable modes of liability (such as co-perpetration, joint criminal enterprise, and command responsibility) could be established in order to effect the potential prosecution of senior South Sudanese perpetrators. Parallels are drawn with other cases, including Syria and Yemen, where applicable
Humanitarian Challenges and Implications for Famine Early Warning Systems
Authors: Maxwell Daniel
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides an overview of famine early warning systems (EWS) that have developed since the 1970s. With advances in the measurement and monitoring of malnutrition, augmented by new information and communication technologies, these systems have become increasingly sophisticated in the past decade, but they still tend to be based on the assumption that extreme food insecurity is an amplified version of regular seasonal stresses in agrarian societies, and is driven primarily by environmental and economic factors. Despite internationally agreed priorities about the links between armed conflict and extreme hunger, EWS can’t always deal directly with question of deliberately inflicted hunger. This is partly because they are either government-owned systems (and governments are frequently parties to the conflicts that cause contemporary famines) or they are managed by UN agencies that have to negotiate presence in and access to affected populations, and are therefore reluctant to anger parties to the conflict (be they government or non-state actors). Even attempting to track and analyse conflict can be difficult; tracking or analysing the use of hunger as a weapon of war is difficult for these formal, government- or UN-led systems. These arguments are exemplified in discussion of Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, and Yemen.
Sex, Gender, Age, and Mass Starvation
Authors: Mazurana Dyan , Conley Bridget , Spears Kinsey
Published: December 2022

This chapter applies an analysis of sex, gender, and age to issues related to mass starvation, including risks, protection, and accountability. Discussing the evidence from across cases of famine and mass starvation, the chapter proposes that in contexts where sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) inhibits maternal care, SGBV might be considered as a specific starvation crime. It further argues that mass starvation and SGBV are mutually reinforcing atrocity crimes. Widespread conditions of deprivation and starvation can increase the risk of SGBV. At the same time, SGBV, and in some cases even the threat of SGBV, can increase the risk of starvation, in ways that differ by sex, gender, age, and context. The authors document and analyse the long-term, intergenerational gender- and age-influenced health and socio-cultural risks associated with exposure to mass starvation. They conclude with recommendations for how to improve the investigation, analysis, research, and prosecution of SGBV in the context of mass starvation.
The Hunter
Authors: Lal Rattan
Published: December 2022

The narrator’s wife is musing by the side of the window. She is watching a crane in the Dal Lake. Her husband’s hunter friend has come to catch the crane. Her husband is asking for the key of the storeroom so that he can take the logs and make a boat for his friend. She is unhappy that her husband is arranging a boat for the hunter. Later some boys arrange the boat, and the hunter is going to catch the beautiful crane. The husband assures her that the crane will not be killed. The wife seems to identify herself with the condition of the crane, with memories of how her house in Kashmir was pounded with stones by neighbourhood boys (probably Muslims).
Separation
Authors: Lal Rattan
Published: December 2022

This is a post-migration story. A story of the loss of Roshan Lal’s mother Arni, Kashmir, and Roshan’s niece, Usha. The latter gets married outside the community against the wishes of Roshan Lal. The main character Roshan Lal is living with some other Kashmiri pandits in a tent in a refugee colony in Jammu. Roshan Lal’s mother has died a few days ago. He appears to be lost in sadness. When his niece Usha comes to visit him along with her husband Ajeet Kumar, Roshan is still in the same state, and people are trying to bring him out of despondency. Towards the end, people feel glad when he gets up to speak, but he only ends up talking about his father who has died twenty years ago in Kashmir!
Earth
Authors: Lal Rattan
Published: December 2022

It is a story in flashback. The narrator and Jala Sahab (nickname Joal in childhood) are in Jammu recalling the game of tipcat they played in Kashmir before migration. They were three friends: the narrator, Joal, and Banna. There was curfew outside on the day they played the game and their mothers were worried about their safety. Then they saw a man injured on the carrier of a cycle. He had received a bullet in his foot. Now, many years after their exile from Kashmir, their homes are two mounds of earth on which Muslim boys are playing.
Dry Stream of the Camp
Authors: Lal Rattan
Published: December 2022

Jagarnath and his wife Kamlavati are living with Indravati in a cramped refugee tent. Indravati is the mother of their daughter-in-law, Veena. Jagarnath and his wife suspect that their son Teja has abandoned them at the behest of his wife and occupied the room allotted to them by govt. Indravati also feels that her daughter is not caring enough. Indravati’s son Pupa hears Jagarnath say that he would throw his son out of the room and also take the ration card. Pupa disappears after a rainy night. After return, he gives the reason why he had disappeared. He had gone to inform Teja and Veena. He could not reach there because the bridge had been washed away. Jagarnath denies having said this and watches the volume of his voice from that day onwards.
Intervention
Authors: Lal Rattan
Published: December 2022

The third-person narrator tells the reader that Autar Krishan has returned to Jammu after seven years from Kashmir. His mother-in-law Kamlavati has died. The other Hindu migrants in the refugee camp are angry at his arrival. Because he had abandoned his wife Usha and daughter Pinky with his mother-in-law Kamlavati in Jammu. They suspect that he has come to light the pyre and he will slip back to Kashmir leaving behind his wife and daughter. However, dead Kamlavati, surprisingly, does not close her mouth until her son-in-law, daughter, and granddaughter have put water in her mouth. The refugee camp dwellers find out to their utter surprise that Autar has returned to Jammu for good.
Gauri’s Div Gaam
Authors: Lal Rattan
Published: December 2022

Gauri Shauri is from a village in Kashmir called Div Gaam, but now living in a refugee camp in Jammu. She fled from Kashmir with two precious things in a trunk: her husband’s passbook and a blue cylindrical stone which is her deity, her Thokuir or Div Shuir. She desires to build a temple in the refugee camp and install this deity. Initially, the Camp dwellers are indifferent, and even her daughter-in-law Sheela is cynical and does not like her husband Pushkar going along with his mother with the planned construction of a temple. All along the story, Gauri recalls her life in the native village of Div Gaam from the day when she had come as a bride.
Introduction
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of environmental regulation in India. On the surface, India’s extensive environmental regulations comprise statutes that adopt command and control strategies backed by penal sanctions. What sets apart this legal regime from others is the distinctive and indeed, disproportionate role of judges and citizens in making the law work. By 2000, India had in place the basic building blocks for environmental regulation. On the statutory front, the pollution control framework comprised the Water Act of 1974, the Air Act of 1981, and the umbrella Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 (EPA). Meanwhile, with the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010, India entered a select band of nations that have established judicial fora for environmental adjudications. The chapter then presents readings on the space that a democracy offers to officials and citizens keen on promoting development while protecting the environment, before looking at the special features of environmental law and the roles of courts and tribunals.
Judicial Remedies and Procedures
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on judicial remedies and procedures under environmental law in India. Frequently, for lack of staff, money, capacity, or will, administrative agencies created under environmental statutes fail to implement the laws under which they operate, and ecological degradation continues unabated. In this event, the citizen has a choice of three civil remedies to obtain redress: (1) an original application or appeal to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) under the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010; (2) a writ petition to compel the agency to enforce the law and to recover clean up or remedial costs from the violator; or (3) a common law tort action against the polluter. Among the civil remedies, the NGT is now the most popular. In addition, if the pollution amounts to a ‘public nuisance’, a remedy under the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973 is also available.
Water Pollution Control
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This chapter addresses water pollution control in India. The Indian legal system provides four major sources of law for addressing water pollution problems. These include (1) a comprehensive scheme of administrative regulation through the permit system of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974; (2) provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 relating to water quality; (3) public nuisance actions against polluters, including municipalities charged with controlling water pollution; and (4) the common law right of riparian owners to unpolluted water. In addition, the Union Government has developed action plans for rejuvenating the Ganga and restoring the quality of her waters. The Supreme Court of India, the High Courts, and the National Green Tribunal have added to the force of these laws by hearing petitions that seek implementation of measures to prevent water pollution.
Forests
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores forest laws in India. When India gained independence, forests were placed on the State List of the Constitution. Forest departments of individual states continued to regulate forests in accord with the Indian Forest Act of 1927, as implemented by state regulations. The Indian Forest Act gives the states jurisdiction over both public and private forests and facilitates the extraction of timber for profit. Public forests, those in which state governments have a proprietary interest, are divided into three categories: reserve forests, village forests, and protected forests. In extending to forest lands which are not the property of the government, the Indian Forest Act represents strong governmental intrusion into private rights. Countering governmental powers under the Act, the Indian Forest Act also provides protection and compensation for legally recognized individual or community rights to forest land or forest products. The chapter then considers the Forest Conservation case, the Dehradun Quarrying litigation, and mineral extraction in forests.
Urban Problems
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This chapter highlights planning laws in India. The reasons for the slide in the quality of urban life are complex, involving an interplay of demographic factors, obsolete land-holding and rental laws, the failure of administrators to anticipate and plan for future needs, and economic constraints. As the edifice of many smaller towns deteriorates and the larger cities suffer from intolerable levels of air, water, and noise pollution and a strain on the housing, energy, and transport infrastructure, citizen groups have sprung up across the country to spur the civic administration into action. The chapter analyzes the judicial response to citizens’ complaints. It looks at the right to the city before outlining the principles of planning law. The chapter also considers public parks, solid waste management, the translocation of industries, and cultural heritage.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This chapter reviews the environment impact assessment (EIA), which is a common term that regularly appears in environmental campaigns, literature, and cases. The EIA procedure culminates in an environmental clearance (EC), which is a permission allowing the project to proceed. Generally, the EC requires the applicant to fulfill dozens of conditions at the time of establishing and operating the project. When it comes to large projects, defects in the EIA procedure and the substance of the reports generated in the process are often the most tangible weapons used to challenge the project. On the other side, project proponents defending the EC rely on the layered decision-making EIA process to urge deference by the National Green Tribunal and courts. The chapter begins by tracing the evolution of EIA leading to the present statutory framework. It also examines the shortcomings that have limited the effectiveness of EIA. Finally, the chapter explores some of the significant Supreme Court judgments on EIA and the patchy record of the judiciary in requiring meaningful implementation.
Regulation of Hazardous Substances
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This chapter evaluates the general regulatory regime covering hazardous substances in India and the case law. Section 2(e) of the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 (EPA) defines a ‘hazardous substance’ to mean ‘any substance or preparation which, by reason of its chemical or physico-chemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm to human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms, property or the environment’. The chapter then looks at the legal fallout from the Bhopal Gas Leak disaster which occurred on December 3, 1984, and remains the worst industrial accident in history. The ripples of that tragedy continue to affect victims and scar the community after three and a half decades. The chapter also considers the Shriram Gas Leak case and pesticide and radiation cases.
Introduction
Authors: Futhazar Guillaume , Maljean-Dubois Sandrine , Razzaque Jona
Published: December 2022

Aiming at setting the scene, the introduction to this collective work presents our understanding of international biodiversity law in the context of this project. It highlights how this branch of international law is far-reaching both in terms of topics and temporality. It discusses the current centrality of the Convention on Biological Diversity for international biodiversity law as a whole and the unfortunate lack of effectiveness of this branch. Yet, litigation appears as one of the tools that can help to facilitate better implementation of biodiversity law and policies. As shown by climate change litigation, judges are increasingly contributing to counterbalance the discrepancy between the international commitments of states and their inadequate implementation. Surprisingly, biodiversity litigation has not been explored in a systematic way by legal scholarship. It is this shortcoming that this collective work aims to remedy. The introduction highlights the methodology chosen to study biodiversity litigation and the rationale for the selection of the case studies. It also exposes and justifies the set of questions that the contributing authors have been asked to answer.
The Passions of John Addington Symonds
Authors: Butler Shane
Published: December 2022

This book offers a critical survey of the writing of John Addington Symonds (Bristol 1840–Rome 1893), one of Victorian Britain’s most prolific authors and a major figure in queer history and thought. Works examined include An Introduction to the Study of Dante (1872), Studies of the Greek Poets (1873–6), The Renaissance in Italy (1875–86), Animi Figura (1882), Vagabunduli Libellus (1884), Life of Michelangelo Buonarroti (1893), In the Key of Blue (1893), and Sexual Inversion (written with Havelock Ellis, published posthumously in 1897), as well as the privately printed essays A Problem in Greek Ethics (1883) and A Problem in Modern Ethics (1891), the latter of which contains the first appearance in English print of the word “homosexual,” a recent coinage of German sexology. Symonds’s Memoirs, the first complete edition of which appeared in 2016, are the principal subject of two chapters and play a prominent role in most of the others. Also explored are Symonds’s relationships to predecessors like Winckelmann, Byron, and Hegel; contemporaries like Robert Louis Stevenson, Walter Pater, and Henry James; and successors like Sigmund Freud. Close reading across Symonds’s varied oeuvre reveals the entanglement of sexual desire and self-understanding in a range of seemingly unrelated objects of attention, such as color. This book also tracks Symonds’s enduring engagement with the art and literature of classical antiquity. The result is a portrait of a remarkably complex thinker, with a bold vision of the queerness of the world itself.
Animi Figura
Authors: Butler Shane
Published: December 2022

To mitigate the effects of his worsening tuberculosis, Symonds fled to Davos, Switzerland, which soon became his primary home. There he befriended Robert Louis Stevenson, from whom he sought advice on plans to publish a new collection of poems, Animi Figura, which would appear in 1882, supplemented two years later by a privately printed volume, Fragilia Labilia, and a published one, Vagabunduli Libellus. In their frequent conversations, Symonds partly embraced, partly contested the theories of psychic doubleness espoused by Stevenson, who would later base his Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde on Symonds. This chapter considers these poetic collections and Stevenson’s influence on them in order to construct a first picture of Symonds’s own psychological views.
Self-love and Other-hatred (Pascal, Hobbes, Rousseau, Leopardi)
Authors: Harris Joseph
Published: December 2022

Widening the historical and conceptual focus of the previous chapter, Chapter 4 explores four thinkers from the mid-seventeenth century to the early nineteenth who suggest that misanthropy is not limited to specific individuals but is in fact in some sense endemic to human nature or society itself. For the theologian Blaise Pascal, each ‘self’ hates and seeks to dominate all the others, and only Christianity can overcome this impulse by refracting hatred of others into salutary self-hatred. The political philosopher Thomas Hobbes famously casts pre-social existence as a ‘war of all against all’—a notion which Jean-Jacques Rousseau later insists is an unfair projection of civilized man back onto natural man. Finally, Giacomo Leopardi conceptually sunders our natural, instinctive hatred of others from reasoned and deliberate misanthropy, which he professes to warn against. In different ways, all four thinkers trace the complex roots of hatred of others in our amour-propre, or self-love.
Cures, Conversions, and Corrections
Authors: Harris Joseph
Published: December 2022

The question of whether misanthropy might be curable gained a particular urgency across the eighteenth century. Whereas some thinkers recommend solitude as a cure for misanthropy—or at least as a means to make its symptoms more manageable—others fear that reclusiveness can actually exacerbate misanthropic melancholy. This chapter explores a variety of ‘misanthropic conversion narratives’ from the 1720s onwards—works depicting curmudgeonly main characters being coaxed out of their misanthropy and rehabilitated into society, in ways that their original solitude had not managed to achieve. While people often fall into misanthropy by random misfortune, these ‘conversion narratives’ invariably suggest that their re-emergence from misanthropy and reconciliation with society must be deliberately orchestrated by a third party. Indeed, although the events that cure misanthropy frequently prove fanciful and even supernatural in origin, the means by which they operate are recognizably human, and reveal much about understandings of misanthropic psychology.
Malicious Misanthropy
Authors: Harris Joseph
Published: December 2022

Despite Enlightenment attempts to revalorize misanthropy as something positive, misanthropy remained a morally ambivalent phenomenon across the period. This final chapter explores the re-emergence of misanthropy towards the end of the eighteenth century as something cruel, malicious, perverse, or even demonic. As Jean-Jacques Rousseau and others demonstrate, these newfound anxieties about misanthropy as something socially dangerous rest on a counter-intuitive new understanding of misanthropy itself. Far from being a recluse, this new, perverse misanthrope is paradoxically driven into sociability by the desire to witness or even inflict suffering. Exploring a variety of texts—from tragedy to medicine, from thought to early Romantic poetry—this chapter explores misanthropy’s relation to schadenfreude, vindictiveness, immorality, villainy, and cruelty. As it demonstrates, the period from 1790 to 1830 marks both the heyday of ‘misanthropy’ as a term but also its dissolution as a single, recognizable concept.
Exploitation as Domination
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas
Published: December 2022

The exploitation of human by human is a globally pervasive phenomenon. Slavery, serfdom, and the patriarchy are part of its lineage. Guest and sex workers, commercial surrogacy, precarious labour contracts, sweatshops, and markets in blood, vaccines or human organs, are some contemporary manifestations of exploitation. What makes these exploitative transactions unjust? And is capitalism inherently exploitative? This book offers answers to these two questions. In response to the first question, it argues that exploitation is a form of domination, self-enrichment through the domination of others. On the domination view, exploitation complaints are not, fundamentally, about harm, coercion or unfairness. Rather, they are about who serves whom and why. Exploitation, in a word, is a dividend of servitude: the dividend the powerful extract from the servitude of the vulnerable. In response to the second question, the book argues that this servitude is inherent to capitalist relations between consenting adults; capital just is monetary title to control over the labour capacity of others. It follows that capitalism, the mode of production where capital predominates, is an inherently unjust social structure.
Quest for Energy, Connectivity, and Security
Authors: Dave Bhavna
Published: December 2022

This chapter seeks to identify the processes that shaped India’s diplomacy towards Central Asia under the two United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments, leading to the adoption of ‘Connect Central Asia’ policy and its ensuing implementation. The chapter analyses the policies and measures adopted by the UPA in four key areas: (i) connectivity; (ii) energy partnerships; (iii) strategic engagement; and (iv) multilateral cooperation. It details how India-Central Asia relations evolved during the period through adjustment to a number of important geopolitical shifts in the region. In conclusion, the chapter notes that being at a geographical disadvantage that turned it into a late mover to the region, India, during the UPA period, has had to carve out its options through an enhanced multilateral cooperation with a range of actors and institutions and build on the niches where it possessed a distinct edge.
Introduction
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: December 2022

Introducing the book as a whole, this chapter points to a major semantic transformation in what was understood as “climate” during the period between 1770 and 1860. At this time, the American tropics functioned both as the economic motor of the Atlantic economy and as a site of climatic anxiety and sensory confusion. The chapter argues that this conjuncture eventually resulted in the reconfiguration of climate from a spatial denominator for geographical zones on the world map into a temporal one. It illustrates this process by juxtaposing eighteenth-century debates on probable knowledge, and the role of climatic determination in it, with recent polemics on climatic change. In arguing that the temporalization of climate should be traced back to fraught encounters with the tropics, the chapter thus suggests a new genealogy for modern climate thinking predating the rise of climatology toward the end of the nineteenth century.
The Climatic Regime
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: December 2022

This chapter details the book’s theoretical premises, which are derived from Reinhart Koselleck’s conceptual history. Koselleck argued that in modernity, certain words come to function as abstract metaconcepts that serve to helm public debate and organize the future. The introduction argues that the word “climate,” which originally was used as a marker of spatial difference, started to function as an expectation concept of this kind in Anglo-American discourse toward the late eighteenth century. This shift was most acutely in evidence in the Caribbean, where economic and political interests, industrial slavery, and massive ecological degradation clashed in dramatic ways with a new semantics of freedom and progress. As a result of such tensions, the chapter argues, the concept climate was subjected to a process of temporalization. This trend can be observed in the aesthetics of landscape description, particularly in the use of the picturesque aesthetic, which displays the heightened temporal sensitivity that also characterizes modern climate discourse.
God or Clockwork?
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

This chapter begins with the choice between external and internal influences on what we observe in the world—that is, between ‘God and clockwork’. By this we mean that the sciences exist as theories competing against preceding superstitions and have to work to distinguish themselves as ‘true’. An early example of this was the shift in astronomy from the Earth to the Sun as the centre for observed planetary motions. An important first principle in all research is the initial acceptance of ignorance—that there is something unknown in need of discovery. Analogies can be drawn with Renaissance-era maps and their newly empty spaces, or with the first periodic table of elements drawn up in 1869 with its gaps waiting to be filled in. However, retaining an awareness of ignorance, and the objectivity that stems from it, is challenging as a researcher, and it doesn’t get any easier.
Careful Observation
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

Having accepted that there are things we don’t know and that need to be discovered, research often begins with the principle of careful observation and, through its use, the process of deriving wider truths—the theory of ‘induction’. The importance of observation is seen in the emergence of zoology, botany, and geology as scientific disciplines in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These in turn led to the development of taxonomy, as a means of categorizing and systematizing descriptions of the living world. Species diversity and discoveries from palaeontology, in turn, supported a new way of thinking about creation, just as a physician with an interest in zoology came up with the idea of vaccination—all of them theories derived from observation.
Consensus
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

Causal criteria are all very well, but it remains the case that research tends to move knowledge forward by gradual accumulation of evidence rather than game-changing single findings. This can be described statistically using Bayesian theory, or conceptually as ‘paradigm shifts’, and the process can be mechanized via systematic reviews. However, it still tends to come down in the end to consensus within research communities. This may work satisfactorily in many circumstances but is fraught with challenges when the end result requires public and political action, if there are vested interests involved, and if evidence only gradually becomes definitive. These have all been exemplified in the debate over anthropogenic climate change.
Power and politics
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

Negotiating institutional and other power structures is another inevitable feature of a research career. Relationships are generally more civil in research than in other competitive fields, although there have been notable exceptions. Knowledge tends to advance inexorably but is still portrayed as the achievement of individuals—hence, there is ample scope for simultaneous discovery and the bad feeling and competitiveness that accompany this, compounded by longstanding inequalities that have been historically fostered by university systems. Researchers and politicians have had uneasy relationships throughout history, and the argument is made that the two fields are best kept apart where possible, as each inevitably compromises the principles of the other. Uneasy relationships with the general public underlie some of this, which often come down to the ‘whose consensus?’ paradox when communicating academic opinion.
How to be a Researcher
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

This concluding chapter revisits what seem to be unchanging fundamental principles underlying research and outlines some practicalities of a research career—common challenges, personality types, leadership issues, and how to get started. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is considered up to the time of writing (early 2022), including public debates and challenges to ‘expert’ opinion. Given that research activities and careers have changed beyond recognition over the last 500 (and even 100) years, the safest prediction is that they will continue to do so; hence the importance of maintaining objectivity, scepticism, and flexibility, which is how research began in the first place.
Mill’s Metaphysics
Authors: Pelczar Michael
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 introduces Mill’s original phenomenalist theory and puts it into historical context, both in relation to the 18th and early 19th century metaphysics that preceded it, and the late 19th to early 20th century metaphysics that followed.
Possibilities for What?
Authors: Pelczar Michael
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 develops a notion of an ideal spacetime in which the experiences of different conscious subjects can occur, and defines ideal objects and events in terms of interdependent experiences co-located in ideal spacetime.
What Kind of Possibility?
Authors: Pelczar Michael
Published: December 2022

Chapter 5 replaces Mill’s rough-and-ready concept of a “possibility” of sensation with the concept of a probability for one phenomenological states of affairs conditional on another.
Meditations on Beliefs Formed Arbitrarily
Authors: Schoenfield Miriam
Published: December 2022

Had we grown up elsewhere or been educated differently, our view of the world would likely be radically different. What to make of this? This chapter takes an accuracy-centered first-personal approach to the question of how to respond to the arbitrary nature in which many of our beliefs are formed. I show how considerations of accuracy motivate different responses to this sort of information, depending on the type of attitude we take towards the belief in question upon subjecting the belief to doubt.
Conclusion
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyses normative justifications across conflicts. It develops an empirically grounded typology of four distinct visions of data governance that show how value orders are used in the resolution of conflicts. It outlines four distinct visions: local liberalism, digital economy, security partnership, and global cooperation. These visions specify different levels of restrictions for data use and sharing based on the proposed conceptualizations of data as a governable object as well as distinct justifications. The chapter further presents the central findings of the book, pointing to challenging actors, a stabilization mechanism, and the interlinkages with the normative structure of the field. In light of the emergence of new regulatory players such as China, the chapter finally assesses the potential for and implications of jurisdictional conflicts and their resolution across the globe.