bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROELEMENTS IN THE FORMATION OF MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION OF THE BODY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS FACTORS
Authors: Velichko V. O.
Published: June 2021

Analysis of literature data and the results of our own research show that even with intensive rearing of animals with the use of balanced feeding and keeping them in accordance with the technology - it is almost impossible to avoid stress. And especially, excessive man-made load on agroecosystems also has a negative impact on animal life.

Factors that cause a decrease in immune status and the emergence of immune pathology in animals include: industrial technology of animal husbandry, chemicalization in crop and livestock production, man-made pressure, dietary imbalance in nutrients and biologically active substances. This increases the impact on the body of heavy metals, which displace nutrients from body tissues, in particular trace elements and replace them in metabolic processes, which is a potential prerequisite for the development of oxidative stress. The mechanism of development of stress reaction of an organism is closely connected with activity of POL (lipid peroxidation) and depression of antioxidant potential. Under these conditions, the ability of the organism to mobilize protective and adaptive capabilities in response to the action of negative factors becomes especially important. Keeping productive animals in adverse conditions, unbalanced feeding are components of immobilization stress, which reduces their productivity, affects reproductive function, metabolic and functional disorders, reducing nonspecific and specific resistance of the organism (Fedoruk & Kravtsiv, 2003; Velychko, 2008; Velychko, 2011).

Under conditions of man-caused load on the environment, respectively, and animals – it is promising to develop effective methods for regulating the activity of the enzymatic system of antioxidant protection with the help of biologically active substances, in particular trace elements. The results of research confirm that this has a positive effect on the formation of productive and adaptive properties of animals.

The system of antioxidant protection is a necessary part of non-specific reactions of the organism, a component of the processes of its adaptation to environmental conditions, a component of normal life, a factor in maintaining homeostasis. Widespread immunodeficiency and elucidation of the main links of their pathogenesis have exacerbated the problem of regulating disorders of the immune system. Therefore, knowledge of the patterns of formation of the immune status of animals, especially in the early postnatal period, is important in the development of methods for the correction of immunodeficiency, antioxidant protection.
TECHNICAL REGULATIONS AS A COMPLEX REGULATOR AND EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF VETMEDICINE ENTERPRISES IN MARKET CONDITIONS
Authors: Velichko V. O. , Grymak A. V. , Kurylas L. V. , Senyshyna T. Ye.
Published: June 2021

In modern market conditions, knowledge of laws and regulations in the field of technical regulation allows managers and specialists of veterinary medicine to avoid unnecessary costs and risks in the development, supply and organization of production, greatly facilitates the preparation and completion of registration procedures in Ukraine and protects against inconsistencies in activities.

Given the importance of this, the President of Ukraine in 2005 issued a Decree "On measures to improve activities in the field of technical regulation and consumer policy." For its implementation in Ukraine the Concept of development of technical regulation and consumer policy is developed. The purpose of the Concept is to create a modern system of technical regulation and consumer protection adapted to EU and WTO requirements, which will promote economic development, entrepreneurship, fair competition, protection of human health and the environment, consumer rights to quality and safe products, eliminate trade inconsistencies. In these conditions, national standardization is rapidly being established. Since 2005, the Law of Ukraine “On Standards, Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment Procedures” has been implemented. Introduced a new type of legal document - technical regulations, and this significantly and targeted-specifically increases the level of requirements for all types of enterprises, including enterprises of veterinary medicine. The main requirement laid down in the technical regulations is the quality and safety of products. Quality is the absolute confidence of the manufacturer in its products at any level of its development, production and consumption. Therefore, a justified and cost-effective policy for veterinary enterprises should be to focus on advanced achievements in ensuring stable and competitive product quality.

The technical regulation, as a normative legal document, directly and through reference contains mandatory requirements for the technology of production of products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, rules of conformity assessment, rules of identification, packaging, labeling, etc. These requirements are enshrined in the new Law of Ukraine "On Veterinary Medicine".

It is also important that strict compliance with the provisions of technical regulations gives manufacturers the opportunity to assess and control the risks that are significant in terms of product safety, and to implement in the practice of the enterprise rules of good manufacturing practice.

Regarding the completeness of the development of technical regulations that would take into account the specialization of enterprises, there is a need to continue research, summarize the experience of leading foreign firms, improve the mechanisms of their implementation in the practice of veterinary enterprises.
INFORMATION SUPPORT OF MARKETING EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Authors: Grymak A. V. , Kurylas L. V. , Senyshyna T. Ye.
Published: June 2021

The experience of leading foreign and domestic companies, enterprises of veterinary medicine confirms the priority role of marketing as a mechanism for generalization and information modeling of the market for products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. Marketing organizes and manages the activities of enterprises for the production and sale of products, taking into account the processes and relationships that develop in the market. Market marketing information is a comprehensive knowledge of the market, which includes the study of factors without the knowledge and analysis of which the probability of making an unreasonable or positive payback decision is quite high. Therefore, manufacturers of products for veterinary medicine consider priority price information in the markets of different levels, the level of competitiveness of products and its range, on consumer inquiries. Important is the information for enterprises, market participants, on agricultural policy news, statistical reports on production, processing, sales of competitors' products and prices, commercial offers. In particular, the Agricultural Marketing Project with the support of APK-Inform (Andrushko, 2004; Yarmak, 2004) provides and provides the following information to product manufacturers, respectively market participants, namely:

– information on prices that are formed in the product market;

– analyze and forecast price trends and the development of the price situation in the market;

– information about round tables, exhibitions, seminars, trainings that take place with market participants;

– provide statistical data on production, processing, consumption of products, forecast expected changes;

– information market participants about price offers from companies that produce or sell products;

– information about legislative changes.

Information support of marketing tasks is based on the use of both socio-economic and scientific and technical information. The peculiarity of marketing information is the need to study the characteristics of products taking into account the existing and future opportunities of the market, a comprehensive analysis of all its components.

However, the use of business information in the management system of processes occurring in market relations, require improvement and modernization of methods of its collection and analysis. The lack of information needed to ensure the completeness of market research is not only because some important data are not collected, respectively, and not analyzed, but also not communicated to consumers. In modern conditions, the orientation of producers of products for veterinary medicine and animal husbandry to the real requirements of the market encourages a new assessment of information marketing links, which will contribute to the effective operation of enterprises based on balanced improvement of product quality, competitiveness, demand and cost haring at all stages.
SENSITIVITY OF SWINE CORONAVIRUS TO ACTION OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Klestova Z. S.
Published: June 2021

Coronavirus infections are currently receiving a lot of attention due to the emergence of the covid-19 pandemic in the world. The search for models with which it is possible to obtain an adequate result to identify the properties of coronaviruses is intensive. For comparison with the results of our experiments, the article also presents data on the duration of preservation of the infectious properties of the SARS-Cov-2 virus by contamination of surfaces made of different materials and at different temperatures.

We studied the long-term effect on coronavirus, the causative agent of transmissible swine gastroenteritis (TGE), a number of temperatures: + 4ºC, + 25ºC, minus 13ºC, minus 20ºC and thirteen-fold change in temperature, which was in the range of 31-33ºC. It was found that both vaccine and epizootic strains of TGE coronavirus after long-term storage reduce the infectious properties, but when in contact with a sensitive biological system (in vitro) quickly enough (in the case of successive passages in this system) restore them. We proved that the TGE coronavirus during storage for more than two years reduced, but did not lose infectious properties at temperatures minus 13ºC, minus 20ºC, which were restored during subsequent passage in sensitive biological systems in vitro. The same trend was observed for storage of the virus for 8 years at a temperature of + 4ºC. The fastest decrease in coronavirus titer occurred at a temperature of + 25ºC, but more stable under these conditions was the epizootic strain of the virus, which requires attention when working with field isolates of coronavirus.

The general tendency of animal and human coronaviruses to decrease the survival time of the pathogen with increasing exposure temperature has been established. Resistance of the virus to repeated sharp changes in temperature (from minus 13 ± 0.5°C to room temperature) without loss of infectious properties was revealed.
INVESTIGATION OF DIAZINON DEGRADATION IN MODEL SOLUTIONS USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Korobova O. V. , Samarska L. K. , Humenjuk S. L. , Bereziyk M. I. , Yurkevych M. V.
Published: June 2021

Aim of our war was to investigate the degradation of diazinon in the model mixture in comparison with the experimental preparation. Methyl alcohol was used as a basis for the manufacture of diazinon drops and the model mixture. The concentration of diazinon was determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography on the third, fourteenth and twenty-first day after preparation of the model mixture and experimental preparation when stored at room temperature.

Despite the large number of publications studying the degradation of diazinon under the influence of various factors, there is a need to study this process in mixtures of a specific composition, in particular in new veterinary drugs that have not yet been studied. This article presents the results of determining the content of diazinon in 10% of the drug and the model mixture based on methyl alcohol.

The analyzes were performed on a Knauer liquid chromatograph with a spectrophotometric detector equipped with a Luna® Omega Polar C 18 150 × 4.6 mm column filled with a 5 μm particle sorbent from Phenomenex with a universal C 18 pre-column 4 × 3.0 mm ID. Mobile phase: degassed mixture of acetonitrile: water in the ratio 65:35, flow rate was 1.1 ml/min, temperature of the column was ambient. Diazinone was detected at 245 nm. Injection volume was 0.050 ml and the time of one separation – 20 minutes.

The appearance of an unknown peak on the 3 min chromatogram of the solution of the production experimental preparation was revealed. On the twenty-first day of storage of the experimental drug, the content of diazinon decreased to 34 % of the stated amount. On the third and twenty-first day of storage of the model mixture, a decrease in the content of diazinon by 16 % and 79%, respectively, and the appearance of an additional peak were observed.

The use of methyl alcohol with other components is likely to be a factor in the breakdown of diazinon in the drug. According to the recipe of the drug, methanol is about half the content of ingredients. This composition does not provide stability of the proposed dosage form of the drug. The next step will be to study the effect of other solvents on maintaining the stated concentration of diazinon.
СHARACTERISTICS OF DIETARY FEEDS FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET OF UKRAINE
Authors: Kosenko Yu. M. , Vezdenko O. S. , Zaruma L. Ye. , Sekh O. A. , Shkilnyk O. S.
Published: June 2021

Complete and complementary dietary feeds are feeds intended for special nutritional purposes and used when the nutritional needs of the animal's body are met. The labeling of feeds intended for special nutritional purposes must contain the word "dietary". Their composition is balanced by proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, pre- and probiotics, and other pharmacologically active components that affect the digestive processes, excretion or prevention of kidney stones, strengthening joint tissue, suspending allergic reactions, renal dysfunction, liver, promote recovery from stress, etc.

The article describes the characteristics of feeds intended for special nutritional purposes for pets, that are imported or the domestic products, which are authorized in Ukraine for the period 2015-2019. The names of finished feed products, in addition to trademarks, reflect the animal species and purpose, depending on the identified abnormalities in their health, which determines the special purpose for their use.

According to the authorized products list, the largest number of names falls on dietary foods for pets used in kidney disease and kidney stones (70), digestive disorders (51) and allergies (37). A significant number (28) are low-calorie diets for overweight cats and dogs. The share occupied by certain groups of complete feeds by purpose meets the needs of the domestic market of complete dietary feeds for pets. This distribution of feeds intended for special nutritional purposes helps to ensure proper care for pets of different ages and breeds that are prone to disease. Feeds entering the market in Ukraine meet the requirements of national regulations and the main safety criteria of the European Federation of Animal Feed Manufacturers (FEDIAF) and the ISO standard 22 000: 2005.

According to scientific research, the most common groups of feeds intended for special nutritional purposes for pets are described; the characteristics of the main feed ingredients in the formulas, and substantiated their function as a part of nutrition at special nutritional purposes of the animal's body.
ACTIVITY AND CONTENT OF ISOZYMES OF ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE IN CONNECTION WITH THE SURVIVAL OF BULL SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Kuzmina N. V. , Ostapiv D. D. , Chajkovska O. I. , Ostapiv R. D. , Panych O. P.
Published: June 2021

The activity and content of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) isoforms in bovine ejaculates due to sperm survival were studied.

Ejaculates of bulls of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed (n = 22) were selected for research. In freshly obtained and incubated semen the activity and isozymes of AST was studied in connection with spermatozoa survival at a temperature of 2-4 ° C (on the first, second, third and fourth days) until the cessation of rectilinear translational movement.

AST activity depended on the duration of sperm survival. When survival was more than 100 hours - AST activity was the highest - 65.2 ± 1.7 nmol / min × mg of protein. When survival was lower - up to 100 hours, enzymatic activity lower by 26.8% (P <0.001). Two enzymes of the enzyme (AST1 and AST2) were found in the semen of the fetuses, which differ in electrophoretic mobility and intensity of staining in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel.

The established correlation with sperm survival time has a strong straight line for AST1 (η2АSТ1 = 0.88) and inverse - for AST2 (η2АSТ2 = 0.87) isozymes. During sperm incubation, the ratio of AST isozymes changes - the content of AST1 increases and decreases - AST2. The correlation ratio for sperm survival for enzyme activity and isozymes is up to 100 hours, respectively. - η2АSТ = 0.83; η2АSТ1 = 0.68 and η2АSТ2= 0.69 and more than 100 hours - η2АSТ = 0.75; η2АSТ1= 0.92 and η2АSТ2= 0.69.

Therefore, ejaculates of bulls with reduced sperm survival are characterized by lower AST activity and, accordingly, the speed of the amino acid transamination process. Increased supply of substrates from the cytosol in the mitochondria of germ cells ensures high survival of sperm. Changes in the activity and content of AST isozymes, which characterize the energy supply of germ cells, can serve as a criterion for the physiological quality of sperm of freshly obtained sperm.
THE INFLUENCE OF POLYHEXAMETHYLENE GUANIDINE SALTS ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER
Authors: Kushnir I. M. , Kolodiy G. V. , Kushnir V. I. , Murska S. D. , Semen I. S. , Berbeka U. Z.
Published: June 2021

The article represent the use of disinfectant which was made based on salts of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PGMG-hydrochloride) and polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PGMG-phosphate) for water disinfection. Water plays one of the most important roles in almost all life processes. Water is a part of the blood, participates in blood circulatory system, delivers nutrients and oxygen to the organs, participates in oxidation reaction, hydrolysis and other reactions of intercellular metabolism, forms an environment to maintain a healthy microflora of the digestive tract, which provides effective breakdown of nutrients by the optimal amount of enzymes.

Good drinking water quality must to be epidemically safe and free of pathogenic microbes, viruses and other biological inclusions. Also must be harmless in chemical composition, have good organoleptic properties ‒ be transparent, colorless, have no taste or odor.

Water quality is assessed by total microbial contamination and the amount of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group in 1 cm3 of water, and also by thermostable Escherichia coli (fecal coliforms) in 100 cm3 of water, pathogenic microorganisms and the amount of coli-phages.

In result of the conducted researches it was found that the use of disinfectant in 0,2 % concentration did not reduce the total microbial pollution of water. In particular, the efficiency of 1, 2 and 3-hour of exposure was 57, 62 and 68 %, respectively.

After application of disinfectant in 0,3 % concentration the efficiency of its application was for 1 h – 69 %, 2 h – 82 %, 3 h – 100 %.

It was found that the use of a disinfectant, which was made based on PGMG salts in 0,4 % concentration contributed to reduce the total microbial contamination of water. The efficiency by the 1, 2 and 3 hour of exposure was, respectively, 73, 86 and 100 %.

Therefore, the use of a disinfectant, containing in its composition PGMG salts, in 0,3% concentration at 3 hours of exposure was more optimal, which contributed to reduce the total microbial contamination of water.
ASSESSMENT OF FEED SUPPLEMENT SAFETY FOR CHICKEN BROILERS
Authors: Levytskyy T. R. , Boiko H. I. , Vilkha O. M. , Nedilka H. Ju. , Fedor H. Ju.
Published: June 2021

A study of the safety of the use of feed additive Liaform for the target species – broiler chickens.

Liaform is a yellowish liquid with a specific odor. The feed additive contains lactic acid, formic acid, sodium formate, propionic acid and water. Given the composition of the additive, it can be attributed to two functional groups: preservatives – substances or microorganisms that protect feed from damage by microorganisms or their metabolites, acidity regulators – substances that regulate the pH of feed.

For the study was formed on the principle of analogues of 3 groups of broiler chickens of 15 heads (control and 2 experimental) from 8 days of age. Feeding of chickens of the control group was carried out by standard complete feed. Feeding of chickens of the first experimental group was carried out with standard complete feed, in which the feed additive Liaform was added at the rate of 2 g / kg, feeding of chickens of the second experimental group was carried out with standard complete feed, in which feed additive Liaform was applied in 10 times the recommended dose of 20 g/kg. During the experiment, the general condition of the bird, the safety of the bird, zootechnical and hematological parameters were monitored.

It was found that the studied feed additive in 10 times the recommended dose does not have a negative impact on productivity, growth and development of broiler chickens, feed absorption. As a result of the use of Liaform feed additive in 10 times the recommended dose, the live weight of broiler chickens in the experimental group was higher compared to the control and lower compared to the recommended dose. The use of a feed additive in 10 times the dose did not have a negative effect on hematological parameters and serum protein levels, did not cause a negative effect on the condition of internal organs.
SOME QUALITY INDICATORS OF VEGETABLE OILS UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS
Authors: Levytskyy T. R. , Moravskaya O. V. , Fedor G. Yu. , Nedilka G. Yu. , Kushnir G. V.
Published: June 2021

The aim of our work was to study the quality of vegetable oils - unrefined sunflower oil (grade I) and soy hydrated oil (grade I). One of the stages of the study was to determine the quality of vegetable oils - peroxide value (characterizes the amount of primary oxidation products of fats - peroxide compounds) and acid number (characterizes the total content of free fatty acids) in the samples of vegetable oils. The acid number was determined by titration (neutralization) of free fatty acids with alkali in the presence of an indicator (phenolphthalein). The peroxide number was determined by titration of the isolated iodine with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. Each study was reproduced 5 times. First of all, the quality indicators of oils (acid number and peroxide number) were determined in samples of fresh oils. Subsequently, the oil was kept for 3 months (in compliance with the recommended requirements for storage of oils and without compliance with the requirements for storage of oils) and re-determined these indicators.

The quality of the investigated vegetable oils was determined by the indicators of acid number and peroxide number in accordance with the established requirements of the State Standards of Ukraine (DSTU EN ISO 660: 2009; DSTU 4570: 2006).

The results of our research show that the level of acid number and peroxide level in samples of fresh oils meet the requirements of the State Standards of Ukraine (DSTU EN ISO 660: 2009; DSTU 4570: 2006) for this type of oil, which confirms the quality of oils and compliance with production , processing and transportation. It is shown that in the samples of aged oils (3 months, subject to storage requirements) the level of acid number and the level of peroxide number increases within normal limits. However, in the samples of aged oils (3 months, without compliance with storage requirements) there is a significant increase in the level of acid number and peroxide number, which does not meet the requirements of State Standards of Ukraine.

As a result of research it is shown that the quality of vegetable oils depends on compliance with the recommended norms and conditions in the process of production, processing, transportation and storage. It is proved that under the conditions of violation of the recommended norms of storage in samples of high-quality vegetable oils the level of quality indicators of vegetable oils - acid number and peroxide number significantly increases.
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF SOYBEAN AND SUNFLOWER PROCESSING PRODUCTS
Authors: Ryvak Н. P. , Boyko G. I. , Ryvak R. O.
Published: June 2021

The literature review of the article presents the characteristics of the protein value of plant feed materials, in particular, of soybean and sunflower processing products, depending on the production technology. Their amino acid composition ideally meets the needs of young animals and poultry due to the high content of essential amino acids.

The section «Materials and methods» presents methods for determining: crude protein by the Kjeldahl method, soluble protein in 0.2% potassium hydroxide, Barnstein protein, falsification of protein products with inorganic nitrogen, as well as characteristics of methods for determining the content of essential and non-essential amino acids, incl. sulfur-containing, using the system of capillary electrophoresis «Drops-105M».

As a result of the research it was found that of the total number of analyzed samples of soybean meal in terms of protein content, 30.8% of products did not meet the declared values of producers and were in the range of 37.4 - 40.8%, in terms of protein solubility were in the range of 75 - 78%, which meets the norms of feeding.In addition, 5.0% of the total number of samples analyzed, were falsified after Bard alcohol, falsification of inorganic nitrogen was not found. The use of low-protein raw materials for the production of sunflower meal and cake was reflected in their protein content and ranged from 26.3 to 33.7%.

Fermented soybean product and toasted soybean meal are characterized by a higher total content of essential amino acids in the protein, which was 26.3% and 27.2%, respectively, compared with full-fat expanded soybean expanded, where this figure was at 20.25%, and prevailed other analyzed products by methionine, threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, alanine etc.

The analyzed sample of sunflower meal, produced by a special technology is equivalent in total amino acid content in the studied soy products. Its content of methionine was 1.5 and 2.1 times higher, compared with toasted soybean meal and full-fat soybean, respectively. Also, the content of threonine, glycine, cystine, tryptophan, aspartic and glutamic acids in the sample of sunflower meal prevailed the content of the same amino acids in soybean products.

Thus, the comprehensive assessment of plant protein components makes it possible to control not only the quantitative content of protein and amino acids, but also provides a detailed assessment of feeding.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF BACTERIA OF THE FAMILY PASTEURELLACEAE, PATHOGENS OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF CATTLE AND PIGS
Authors: Stetsko T. I.
Published: June 2021

In the article a literature review of scientific papers on the topic of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae, pathogens of respiratory diseases in pigs and cattle, is presented. The main mechanisms of the development of Pasteurellaceae resistance to β-lactam antibiotics are the synthesis of β-lactamases by bacteria, what are able to break the beta-lactam ring, thereby inactivating β-lactams, or alteration of the penicillin-binding proteins structure. Other mechanisms, such as reduced permeability of the outer membrane or the process of active removal of antibiotics from the bacterial cell (efflux), are very rare. Resistance among Pasteurellaceae to β-lactams is often associated with plasmids. Eflux and ribosomal protection are the main mechanisms for the development of resistance of Pasteurellaceae to tetracyclines. At least nine tetracycline resistance genes (tet genes) have been identified in bacteria of the genus Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus and Haemophilus, what encode these processes. Resistance to aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols is mainly caused by enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, as well as through mutations in chromosomal genes. Many plasmids carry genes of resistance to aminoglycosides, causing resistance to antibiotics of other groups. Chemical modification of a ribosomal target by rRNA methylases and mutations in ribosomal proteins are the main resistance mechanisms of bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae to macrolides. Many gram-negative bacteria have a natural resistance to macrolide antibiotics. The development of lincosamide resistance is influenced by methyltransferase 23S rRNA, active efflux proteins, enzymatic inactivation and chromosomal mutations. Resistance of bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae to chloramphenicol is caused mainly by enzymatic inactivation, while the emergence of resistance to fluorophenicol is associated with the efflux of an antibiotic from a bacterial cell. Plasmids carrying phenicol resistance genes were detected in isolates of P. multocida, M. haemolytica, A. pleuropneumoniae and H. parasuis. Usually the level of bacteria sensitivity of the genus Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Actinobacillus and Haemophilus to quinolones is quite high. Resistance to quinolones mainly occurs due to mutational alterations in chromosomal genes, and may also be in consequence of the export antibiotics from the cell by membrane proteins or thanks to qnr genes of plasmids. The main mechanism of resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim is both plasmid-mediated and mutation-induced production of altered dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase with reduced affinity with these antimicrobials. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance with the determination of its mechanism phenomenon will facilitate the choice of an effective agent of etiotropic therapy of respiratory diseases of cattle and pigs caused by bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae.
FATTENING AND MEAT QUALITIES OF GEESE OF OBROSHIN SELECTION WITH GRAY AND WHITE PLUMAGE
Authors: Ferenc L. V. , Petriv M. D.
Published: June 2021

The research work provided a solution to the problem of preserving the gene pool of Obroshyn gray (OS) and Obroshyn white (OB) geese, which will improve and enhance the valuable qualities of the original flock of geese, gain the desired economic characteristics and thus ensure the competitiveness of the industry in modern conditions.

The research was conducted in the laboratory of small livestock ISGKR NAAS and on the basis of SE DG "Miklashiv".

The main method of breeding is the selection and selection of individuals with high productive qualities in order to obtain the same type of bird that would meet the planned performance parameters.

Selection work was carried out by individual mass selection, aimed at consolidating the standard for each breed group of traits. Before the beginning of the breeding period, males and females of both groups were individually assessed by the exterior, typical plumage, live weight.

It was found that both Obroshyn gray and Obroshyn white geese were well selected for productive characteristics and showed high fattening and meat qualities. All birds are well adapted to the natural conditions of the western region.

Body sex measurements (chest circumference, torso length, keel, and metatarsus) were higher in males of the Obroshyn gray breed group of geese. Males at different ages had higher rates than females.

Obroshyn gray geese (group I) outperformed their peers from group II in terms of meat qualities, the weight of uncorked and gutted carcass, and yield of edible parts.

The pre-slaughter live weight of carcasses of males of group I (OS) was 4722 g and prevailed over peers of group II (OB) by 2.94%, and the live weight of females was 4149 g and was higher by 4.19%.

It was found that the difference in the number of erythrocytes in males and females was insignificant and almost does not change with age, and hemoglobin on the contrary - increases with age. Males in all study periods had higher serum total protein compared to females. The lowest rate was in males and females аt 4 weeks of age, however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and total protein content.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE VALIDATION OF THE METHOD FOR TRIMETOPRIM RESIDUES DETERMINATION IN TISSUES SAMPLES USING THE METHOD OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
Authors: Yanovych D. , Zasadna Z. , Rydchuk M. , Plotycya S. , Kislova S. , Pazderska O.
Published: June 2021

The article presents the results of the development of sample preparation method of muscle and parenchymal tissues for their further testing on trimethoprim residues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Trimethoprim test kits from Kwinbon Biotechnology (China), designed to analyze another target matrix, viz. honey. The results of the comparison of sample preparation methods with the use of different techniques of analyte extraction from tissues, with the established percentage of extraction are presented. The most effective conditions are proposed: acetonitrile extraction using ultrasonic intensification, subsequent concentration of the analyte by evaporation, reconstitution of dried residue and degreasing. This approach makes it possible to determine trimethoprim residues in poultry tissues at the level of 5-10 μg/kg with an absolute recovery of about 75%. In accordance with the Decision of the European Commission 2002/657/EC, the validation of the proposed method was carried out taking into account the maximum permissible levels (MRL) of trimethoprim in the tissues of productive animals. The suitability of the method was confirmed on the basis of establishing of the main validation parameters for screening methods (technical threshold and cut-off factor) using control (pure) and spiked with a standard solution of trimethoprim at the level of ½ MRL samples of muscle and parenchymal tissues of broiler chickens. The main advantages of the developed technique are simplicity of performance, rapidity and cost effectiveness. The certainty of the results obtained using the developed method was verified using the confirmatory UPLC-MS/MS method. The article presents the results of a comparative study of pure samples of broiler chickens muscles and parenchymal tissues and spiked at the level of ½ MRL with a standard solution of trimethoprim. The developed screening technique of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is recommended for determination of residual amounts of trimethoprim in tissue samples and can be used for routine laboratory tests, as well as to study the withdrawal procedure of veterinary drugs based on this drug.
Hybrid Machine Learning Approach to Detect the Changes in SAR Images for Salvation of Spectral Constriction Problem
Authors: R Dhaya
Published: June 2021

For implementing change detection approaches in image processing domain, spectral limitations in remotely sensed images are remaining as an unresolved challenge. Recently, many algorithms have been developed to detect spectral, spatial, and temporal constraints to detect digital change from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The unsupervised method is used to detect the appropriate changes in the digital images, which are taken between two different consecutive periods at the same scene. Many of the algorithms are identifying the changes in the image by utilizing a similarity index-based approach. Therefore, it fails to detect the original changes in the images due to the recurring spectral effects. This necessitated the need to initiate more research for suppressing the spectral effects in the SAR images. This research article strongly believes that the unsupervised learning approach can solve the spectral issues to correct in the appropriate scene. The convolutional neural network has been implemented here to extract the image features and classification, which will be done through a SVM classifier to detect the changes in the remote sensing images. This fusion type algorithm provides better accuracy to detect the relevant changes between different temporal images. In the feature extraction, the semantic segmentation procedure will be performed to extract the flattened image features. Due to this procedure, the spectral problem in the image will be subsided successfully. The CNN is generating feature map information and trained by various spectral images in the dataset. The proposed hybrid technique has developed an unsupervised method to segment, train, and classify the given input images by using a pre-trained semantic segmentation approach. It demonstrates a high level of accuracy in identifying the changes in images.
An Analysis of Students’ Reading Skill Using Electronic Book to Improve Students’ English Reading Literacy in Elementary School
Authors: Dwipayana Made Angga
Published: June 2021

This study was analyzed student reading skill using electronic book to improve students’ English literacy in elementary school. The subjects of the study were five articles are chosen from how the research to implement electronic book as a teaching tool to improve student reading skill. The data obtained was descriptive qualitative research. This research described the result of using e-book as a teaching tool in elementary school. The data in this study is taken from five articles that examine the use of e-book in elementary school. The result of the study showed that the interesting way to implement reading literacy for teacher in the classroom is using e-book. Electronic book can make students more interested in reading with many features. In addition, the effects of an e-book reading on the following aspects: 1) vocabulary increase, and 2) motivation and interest on reading.
Teachers’ Role in Developing Indonesian Students’ Character Education at School
Authors: Yanti Gusti Ayu Made Trisna
Published: June 2021

Character education as one of important lesson should be learned by students. It is important in order to build a good behavior of students. Moreover, it also important because the quality of a nation can be seen from the quality of the citizen. The more educated a person is, the more advanced the intelligence of nation. However, there were lot of students who still do unwanted thing at school which categorized as bad attitude. Unwanted activities may happen because students were lack of character education. Therefore, this study aimed to describe theoretical concept of teacher’s role in order to develop character education at school. Teacher’s role in developing character education is very important due to most of students’ time they spend at school. There were two main roles and several addition roles which can be taken by the teacher in order to teach character education and build a good character of students
Thinking Critically through Storytelling Technique: Enhancing Students’ HOTS and English Speaking Skill
Authors: Dewi Kadek Trisna Kusuma
Published: June 2021

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using storytelling technique in enhancing students’ critical thinking (HOTS) and English speaking skill in language learning. This study was designed by using library research method. This method is known as a method for collect data from various sources such as journal articles and books to write papers. The data was collected from several related literature reviews and which was qualitatively described. The finding showed that storytelling is to the use of storytelling shows that storytelling give positive effect on students’ in enhancing students’ speaking skills and make them think critically (HOTS). Therefore storytelling technique can be an effective’s solution for teacher in enhancing students’ critical thinking (HOTS) and their speaking skill in language learning.
The Implementation of Online Formative Assessment in English Learning
Authors: Kristiyanti Komang Lisna
Published: June 2021

The pandemic of COVID-19 is one of the major disasters in 2020 that have occurred throughout the world, including Indonesia. In the present situation and condition, in which most schools are currently implementing an online learning process, it is necessary to make sure that every students gain the information or knowledge that they must get as the result of the learning process. Hence, the formative assessment is in accordance with everyone's expectations that student must continue to gain information as their online learning outcomes.  This study aimed to review other studies conducted by some previous researchers regarding the implementation of formative assessment in online learning environment. Since this kind of assessment was only recently applied in the COVID-19 pandemic situation, it is important to investigate the effect, as well as the perception of students and teacher in implementing formative assessment in online learning environment. A library research was conducted to collect the data. From this review study, it can be concluded that this assessment technique has the potential to be very useful to be implemented in English learning, both for teachers and students. There are correlation between motivation, self-efficacy, and strategic regulation of learning. The students and teacher also showed positive perception towards online formative assessment. Both the students and the teacher gained many beneficial things after the implementation of online formative assessment in English learning.
Schoology as Learning Media to Improve Students’ Writing Skill
Authors: Widianingsih Putu Yuni , Dewi Diah Ayu Manik Pradnya , Kristianti Putu Enik
Published: June 2021

The development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) offers many solutions for the teacher to use an effective learning platform to improve students’ writing skills. Schoology is a learning application that can be used by teachers and students to teach and to learn writing. This paper aims to explain the use of Schoology in teaching writing and its benefits for students’ writing skills. Literature study was used as the method of this study in collecting the data. The study found that: 1). Students who were taught by using Schoology had better writing skill than those who were not. 2). Schoology was found effective media for teaching writing due to its easiness and friendly display. The findings are expected to be an alternative learning media used by both teachers and students in supporting the teaching and learning process in writing.
Universitarios de nuevo ingreso y el reto de los hábitos de estudio
Authors: Román Fuentes Juan Carlos , Gordillo Martínez Ángel Esteban , Franco Gurría Rafael Timoteo
Published: June 2021

Aun cuando las causas de los problemas de rezago y deficiente rendimiento escolar son variadas; esta aportación coincide con quienes sostienen que tratándose de educación universitaria, contar con inapropiados hábitos de estudio figura como una de las razones principales del fracaso escolar; de ahí que, realizar un diagnóstico respecto a los hábitos adquiridos por estudiantes que aspiran a cursar una licenciatura dentro de la universidad, debiera constituir referente para implementar estrategias que faciliten el desarrollo del aprendizaje e incluso destinarle espacios importantes en los procesos de rediseño curricular que permitan atender las áreas de oportunidad que se detecten con quienes se incorporan por primera vez a la educación superior; con esta consideración, se presenta diagnóstico sobre hábitos de estudio con que ingresan alumnos del primer semestre para cursar las licenciaturas en Administración y Contaduría, impartidas en la Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas; construido a partir de la aplicación de test, integrado con 39 reactivos de respuesta dicotómica, en donde se miden ocho variables, aplicado a universo de 717 estudiantes; los resultados muestran como aceptables los hábitos: actitud hacia el estudio, técnicas de estudio, preparación de pruebas y estado fisiológico; en contraste las áreas de oportunidad en ambas licenciaturas son: lectura, distribución del tiempo; ambiente físico y concentración.
Performance of Dynamometer with Sensor Type Single Bar for Measuring Drive Power of Rotary Friction Welding Machine
Authors:   Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Riau, Indonesia, Yohanes Yohanes , Andri Novri ,   Laboratory Technology Production Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Riau, Indonesia
Published: June 2021

This study aims to determine the performance of the dynamometer design as a measure of mechanical power on a rotary friction welding machine. The design of the dynamometer includes the design, manufacture, calibration, and testing of the dynamometer. The design and manufacture of strain dynamometers is adjusted to the motor of the rotary friction welding machine at the University of Riau's Mechanical Engineering Production Technology Laboratory. The design of the strain dynamometer has a dimension of 175 mm × 3 mm × 50 mm and serves to determine the motor torque value with the help of a 120 ohm strain gauge sensor. The device designed is equipped with an electrical microcontroller device and an optocoupler sensor to measure the angular speed of the motor. Next, the dynamometer performance testing is performed on the rotary friction welding machine. The results of testing in the rotary welding process, the greater the pneumatic pressure exerted during welding, the greater the measured power. The largest measured power value is 2452.92 Watt in the forging process, and the smallest measured power value is 2050.24 Watt in the first time of the initial motor rotation. After doing the research, it can be concluded that the tools designed and built can work and have a fairly good performance.
Optimization of Gas Turbine Maintenance Scheduling in PLN Tanjung Datuk Pekanbaru
Authors:   Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Riau, Indonesia, Nofri Bambang , Susilawati Anita ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Riau, Indonesia, Romy Romy ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Riau, Indonesia
Published: June 2021

This study discusses determining the optimal scheduling for maintenance of gas turbine engines in PLN Tanjung Datuk Pekanbaru. The optimal maintenance scheduling is done on critical components, namely turbine blade and AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) using Monte Carlo simulation. The optimal scheduling maintenance scenario is done by generating random numbers from MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) and MTTR (Mean Time To Repair) values and data validity testing. The results of research for optimal checking of turbine engines are once every 10 days with the reliability of turbine engines 43%. The optimal time for repairing a gas turbine in case of damage is 1.49 hours. The checking time for critical components of the turbine blade is 9 days and AVR of 12 days. The scenario of preventive maintenance is likely need special repair or replacement periodically that is 117 days for turbine blade components and 173 days for AVR.