bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DksA Modulates Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Kim Nayeong , Son Joo-Hee , Kim Kyeongmin , Kim Hyo-Jeong , Shin Minsang , Lee Je-Chul
Published: December 2021

The stringent response regulators, (p)ppGpp and DksA, modulate various genes involved in physiological processes, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria. This study investigated the role of DksA in the antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii. The ∆dksA mutant (KM0248D) of A. baumannii ATCC 17978 and its complemented strain (KM0248C) were used, in addition to the ∆dksA mutant strain (NY0298D) of clinical 1656-2 strain. The microdilution assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to analyze the expression of genes associated with efflux pumps. The KM0248D strain exhibited an increase of MICs to quinolones and tetracyclines, whereas KM0248D and NY0298D strains exhibited a decrease of MICs to aminoglycosides. The expression of genes associated with efflux pumps, including adeB, adeI/J, abeM, and/or tetA, was upregulated in both ∆dksA mutant strains. The deletion of dksA altered bacterial morphology in the clinical 1656-2 strain. In conclusion, DksA modulates the antimicrobial susceptibility of A. baumannii. The ∆dksA mutant strains of A. baumannii upregulate efflux pump gene expression, whereas (p)ppGpp-deficient mutants downregulate efflux pump gene expression. (p)ppGpp and DksA conduct opposite roles in the antimicrobial susceptibility of A. baumannii via efflux pump gene regulation.
Microbiota Targeted Interventions of Probiotic Lactobacillus as an Anti-Ageing Approach: A Review
Authors: Ishaq Muhammad , Khan Ashiq , Bacha Ali Sher , Shah Tariq , Hanif Anum , Ahmad Anum Ali , Ke Wencan , Li Fuhou , Ud Din Ahmad , Ding Zitong , Guo Xusheng
Published: December 2021

With the implementation of modern scientific protocols, the average human lifespan has significantly improved, but age-related problems remain a challenge. With the advent of ageing, there are alterations in gut microbiota and gut barrier functions, weak immune responses, increased oxidative stress, and other age-related disorders. This review has highlighted and discussed the current understanding on the significance of gut microbiota dysbiosis and ageing and its inherent effects against age-related oxidative stress as well as on the gut health and gut-brain axis. Further, we have discussed the key mechanism of action of Lactobacillus strains in the longevity of life, alleviating gut dysbiosis, and improving oxidative stress and inflammation to provide an outline of the role of Lactobacillus strains in restoration of gut microbiota dysbiosis and alleviating certain conditions during ageing. Microbiota-targeted interventions of some characterized strains of probiotic Lactobacillus for the restoration of gut microbial community are considered as a potential approach to improve several neurological conditions. However, very limited human studies are available on this alarmed issue and recommend further studies to identify the unique Lactobacillus strains with potential anti-ageing properties and to discover its novel core microbiome-association, which will help to increase the therapeutic potential of probiotic Lactobacillus strains to ageing.
New Expressions for Sums of Products of the Catalan Numbers
Authors: Xie Conghui , He Yuan
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we perform a further investigation for the Catalan numbers. By making use of the method of derivatives and some properties of the Bell polynomials, we establish two new expressions for sums of products of arbitrary number of the Catalan numbers. The results presented here can be regarded as the development of some known formulas.
Change Point Detection Using Penalized Multidegree Splines
Authors: Lee Eun-Ji , Jhong Jae-Hwan
Published: December 2021

We consider a function estimation method with change point detection using truncated power spline basis and elastic-net-type L1-norm penalty. The L1-norm penalty controls the jump detection and smoothness depending on the value of the parameter. In terms of the proposed estimators, we introduce two computational algorithms for the Lagrangian dual problem (coordinate descent algorithm) and constrained convex optimization problem (an algorithm based on quadratic programming). Subsequently, we investigate the relationship between the two algorithms and compare them. Using both simulation and real data analysis, numerical studies are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed method.
Unravelling the Role of PAX2 Mutation in Human Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Longaretti Lorena , Trionfini Piera , Brizi Valerio , Xinaris Christodoulos , Mele Caterina , Breno Matteo , Romano Elena , Giampietro Roberta , Remuzzi Giuseppe , Benigni Ariela , Tomasoni Susanna
Published: December 2021

No effective treatments are available for familial steroid-resistant Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), characterized by proteinuria due to ultrastructural abnormalities in glomerular podocytes. Here, we studied a private PAX2 mutation identified in a patient who developed FSGS in adulthood. By generating adult podocytes using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), we developed an in vitro model to dissect the role of this mutation in the onset of FSGS. Despite the PAX2 mutation, patient iPSC properly differentiated into podocytes that exhibited a normal structure and function when compared to control podocytes. However, when exposed to an environmental trigger, patient podocytes were less viable and more susceptible to cell injury. Fixing the mutation improved their phenotype and functionality. Using a branching morphogenesis assay, we documented developmental defects in patient-derived ureteric bud-like tubules that were totally rescued by fixing the mutation. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the PAX2 mutation has a dual effect, first in renal organogenesis, which could account for a suboptimal nephron number at birth, and second in adult podocytes, which are more susceptible to cell death caused by environmental triggers. These abnormalities might translate into the development of proteinuria in vivo, with a progressive decline in renal function, leading to FSGS.
Visual Quantitation of Copper Ions Based on a Microfluidic Particle Dam Reflecting the Cu(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Damage of DNA
Authors: Cui Chenyu , Chen Ting-Hsuan
Published: December 2021

Due to the use of copper water pipes and the discharge of industrial wastewater, contamination of copper ions in drinking water has become a severe hazard globally. To routinely check water safety on a daily basis, easy-to-use platforms for quantitative analysis of trace amounts of copper ions (Cu2+) in drinking water is needed. Here, we report microfluidic particle accumulation integrated with a Cu(II)-catalyzed Fenton reaction for visual and quantitative copper ion detection. Microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) are connected via a single strand DNA, MB155. However, when Cu2+ is present, MB155 is cleaved by hydroxyl free radicals (•OH) produced from Cu2+/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Fenton reactions, causing an increased amount of free PMPs. To visually count them, the particle solution is loaded onto a microfluidic chip where free MMPs and MMPs–MB155–PMPs can be collected by the magnetic separator, while the free PMPs continue flowing until being accumulated at the particle dam. The results showed a good linear relationship between the trapping length of PMP accumulation and the Cu2+ concentration from 0 to 300 nM. A limit of detection (LOD) of 70.1 nM was achieved, which is approximately 449 times lower than the 2 × 103 μg·L−1 (~31.5 μM) required by the World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, the results showed high selectivity and good tolerance to pH and hardness, indicating compatibility for detection in tap water, suggesting a potential platform for the routine monitoring of copper contamination in drinking water.
Design of an Integrated Microfluidic Paper-Based Chip and Inspection Machine for the Detection of Mercury in Food with Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Fu Lung-Ming , Shih Ming-Kuei , Hsieh Chang-Wei , Ju Wei-Jhong , Tain You-Lin , Cheng Kuan-Chen , Hsu Jia-Hong , Chen Yu-Wei , Hou Chih-Yao
Published: December 2021

For most of the fast screening test papers for detecting Hg2+, the obtained results are qualitative. This study developed an operation for the μPAD and combined it with the chemical colorimetric method. Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) colloids were adopted as the reactive color reagent to combine and react with the Hg standards on the paper-based chip. Then, the RGB values for the color change were used to establish the standard curve (R2 > 0.99). Subsequently, this detection system was employed for the detection tests of actual samples, and the detected RGB values of the samples were substituted back to the formula to calculate the Hg2+ contents in the food. In this study, the Hg2+ content and recovery rate in commercially available packaged water and edible salts were measured. The research results indicate that a swift, economical, and simple detection method for Hg2+ content in food has been successfully developed.
Current Trends and Future Directions in Knowledge Management in Construction Research Using Social Network Analysis
Authors: Senaratne Sepani , Rodrigo Muhandiramge , Jin Xiaohua , Perera Srinath
Published: December 2021

The growing interest in Knowledge Management (KM) has led to increased attention to Social Network Analysis (SNA) as a tool to map the relationships in networks. SNA can be used to evaluate knowledge flows between project teams, contributing to collaborative working and improved performance. Similarly, it has the potential to be used for construction projects and organisations. This paper aims at identifying current trends and future research directions related to using SNA for KM in construction. A systematic review and thematic analysis were used to critically review the existing studies and identify potential research areas in construction specifically related to research approaches and explore the possibilities for extension of SNA in KM. The findings revealed that there are knowledge gaps in research approaches with case study-based research involving external stakeholders, collaborations, development of communication protocols, which are priority areas identified for future research. SNA in KM related to construction could be extended to develop models that capture both formal and informal relationships as well as the KM process in pre-construction, construction, and post-construction stages to improve the performance of projects. Similarly, SNA can be integrated with methodological concepts, such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), knowledge broker, and so forth, to improve KM processes in construction. This study identifies potential research areas that provide the basis for stakeholders and academia to resolve current issues in the use of SNA for KM in construction.
Viability of Activated Carbon Derived from Polystyrene Sulphonate Beads as Electrical Double Layer Capacitors
Authors: Folaranmi Gbenro Babajide , Ekennia Anthony , Ani Nkiruka Chidiebere , Ehiri Richard Chukwuemeka
Published: December 2021

In this paper, a commercial polymeric resin precursor (polystyrene sulphonate beads) was used as a source of carbon spheres. The resin was pyrolyzed at different temperatures (700, 800, and 900 °C) and the resulting carbons were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). From the result of EIS, carbon spheres obtained at 700 °C (CS−700) have the least ohmnic resistance and highest capacitance. In furtherance, the resin was chemically activated with iron (III) chloride FeCl3·6H2O at different concentration (0.1 M, 0.3 M, and 0.5 M) and pyrolyzed at 700 °C to obtain activated carbon sphere namely (ACS 700−0.1, ACS 700−0.3, and ACS 700−0.5) in which the last digit of the samples denotes the concentration of FeCl3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the carbon is of spherical shape; X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photon electron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed successful introduction of Fe on the surface of the carbon. Out of all the activated carbon spheres, ACS 700−0.1 exhibited highest double layer capacitance of 9 µF cm−2 and lowest charge transfer resistance of 3.33 KΩ·cm2. This method shows that carbon spheres obtained from a polymeric source can be easily improved by simple resin modification and the carbon could be a potential candidate for an electrical double layer capacitor.
Cell-Type-Specific Profibrotic Scores across Multi-Organ Systems Predict Cancer Prognosis
Authors: Fan Huihui , Jia Peilin , Zhao Zhongming
Published: December 2021

Fibrosis is a major cause of mortality. Key profibrotic mechanisms are common pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Characterizing the profibrotic phenotype will help reveal the underlying mechanisms of early development and progression of a variety of human diseases, such as fibrosis and cancer. Fibroblasts have been center stage in response to various stimuli, such as viral infections. However, a comprehensive catalog of cell types involved in this process is currently lacking. Here, we deployed single-cell transcriptomic data across multi-organ systems (i.e., heart, kidney, liver, and lung) to identify novel profibrotic cell populations based on ECM pathway activity at single-cell resolution. In addition to fibroblasts, we also reported that epithelial, endothelial, myeloid, natural killer T, and secretory cells, as well as proximal convoluted tubule cells of the nephron, were significantly actively involved. Cell-type-specific gene signatures were enriched in viral infection pathways, enhanced glycolysis, and carcinogenesis, among others; they were validated using independent datasets in this study. By projecting the signatures into bulk TCGA tumor samples, we could predict prognosis in the patients using profibrotic scores. Our profibrotic cellular phenotype is useful for identifying new mechanisms and potential drug targets at the cell-type level for a wide range of diseases involved in ECM pathway activation.
Mitochondrial Plasticity Promotes Resistance to Sorafenib and Vulnerability to STAT3 Inhibition in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Pandit Shusil K. , Sandrini Giada , Merulla Jessica , Nobili Valentina , Wang Xin , Zangari Alessia , Rinaldi Andrea , Shinde Dheeraj , Carbone Giuseppina M. , Catapano Carlo V.
Published: December 2021

The multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib is a primary treatment modality for advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the therapeutic benefits are short-lived due to innate and acquired resistance. Here, we examined how HCC cells respond to sorafenib and adapt to continuous and prolonged exposure to the drug. Sorafenib-adapted HCC cells show a profound reprogramming of mitochondria function and marked activation of genes required for mitochondrial protein translation and biogenesis. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins and components of translation and import machinery are increased in sorafenib-resistant cells and sorafenib-refractory HCC patients show similar alterations. Sorafenib-adapted cells also exhibited increased serine 727 phosphorylated (pSer727) STAT3, the prevalent form in mitochondria, suggesting that STAT3 might be an actionable target to counteract resistance. Consistently, a small-molecule STAT3 inhibitor reduces pSer727, reverts mitochondrial alterations, and enhances the response to sorafenib in resistant cells. These results sustain the importance of mitochondria plasticity in response to sorafenib and identify a clinically actionable strategy for improving the treatment efficacy in HCC patients.
Pre-Clinical In Vitro Models Used in Cancer Research: Results of a Worldwide Survey
Authors: Martinez-Pacheco Sarai , O’Driscoll Lorraine
Published: December 2021

To develop and subsequently get cancer researchers to use organotypic three-dimensional (3D) models that can recapitulate the complexity of human in vivo tumors in an in vitro setting, it is important to establish what in vitro model(s) researchers are currently using and the reasons why. Thus, we developed a survey on this topic, obtained ethics approval, and circulated it throughout the world. The survey was completed by 101 researchers, across all career stages, in academia, clinical or industry settings. It included 40 questions, many with multiple options. Respondents reported on their field of cancer research; type of cancers studied; use of two-dimensional (2D)/monolayer, 2.5D and/or 3D cultures; if using co-cultures, the cell types(s) they co-culture; if using 3D cultures, whether these involve culturing the cells in a particular way to generate spheroids, or if they use additional supports/scaffolds; techniques used to analyze the 2D/2.5D/3D; and their downstream applications. Most researchers (>66%) only use 2D cultures, mainly due to lack of experience and costs. Despite most cancer researchers currently not using the 3D format, >80% recognize their importance and would like to progress to using 3D models. This suggests an urgent need to standardize reliable, robust, reproducible methods for establishing cost-effective 3D cell culture models and their subsequent characterization.
Alterations of Chromatin Regulators in the Pathogenesis of Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Hoffmann Michèle J. , Schulz Wolfgang A.
Published: December 2021

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most frequent histological type of cancer in the urinary bladder. Genomic changes in UC activate MAPK and PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathways, which increase cell proliferation and survival, interfere with cell cycle and checkpoint control, and prevent senescence. A more recently discovered additional category of genetic changes in UC affects chromatin regulators, including histone-modifying enzymes (KMT2C, KMT2D, KDM6A, EZH2), transcription cofactors (CREBBP, EP300), and components of the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF (ARID1A, SMARCA4). It is not yet well understood how these changes contribute to the development and progression of UC. Therefore, we review here the emerging knowledge on genomic and gene expression alterations of chromatin regulators and their consequences for cell differentiation, cellular plasticity, and clonal expansion during UC pathogenesis. Our analysis identifies additional relevant chromatin regulators and suggests a model for urothelial carcinogenesis as a basis for further mechanistic studies and targeted therapy development.
Going with the Flow: Modeling the Tumor Microenvironment Using Microfluidic Technology
Authors: Xie Hongyan , Appelt Jackson W. , Jenkins Russell W.
Published: December 2021

Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have led a paradigm shift in the treatment of multiple malignancies with renewed focus on the host immune system and tumor–immune dynamics. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to immunotherapy limits patient benefits and wider application. Investigations into the mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy have demonstrated key tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic factors. Studying complex interactions with multiple cell types is necessary to understand the mechanisms of response and resistance to cancer therapies. The lack of model systems that faithfully recapitulate key features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a challenge for cancer researchers. Here, we review recent advances in TME models focusing on the use of microfluidic technology to study and model the TME, including the application of microfluidic technologies to study tumor–immune dynamics and response to cancer therapeutics. We also discuss the limitations of current systems and suggest future directions to utilize this technology to its highest potential.
Applicability of Nickel-Based Catalytic Systems for Hydrodehalogenation of Recalcitrant Halogenated Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Weidlich Tomáš
Published: December 2021

This review summarizes recent applications of nickel as a nonprecious metal catalyst in hydrodehalogenation (HDH) reactions of halogenated aromatic compounds (Ar–Xs). Nickel-based HDH catalysts were developed for reductive treatment of both waste containing concentrated Ar–Xs (mainly polychlorinated benzenes) and for wastewater contaminated with Ar–Xs. Ni-catalyzed HDH enables the production of corresponding nonhalogenated aromatic products (Ar–Hs), which are principally further applicable/recyclable and/or Ar–Hs, which are much more biodegradable and can be mineralized during aerobic wastewater treatment. Developed HDH methods enable the utilization of both gaseous hydrogen via the direct HDH process or other chemical reductants as a source of hydrogen utilized in the transfer of the hydrodehalogenation process. This review highlights recent and major developments in Ni-catalyzed hydrodehalogenation topic since 1990.
Au/CeO2 Photocatalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols in Water under UV, Visible and Solar Irradiation
Authors: García-López Elisa I. , Abbasi Zahra , Parrino Francesco , La Parola Valeria , Liotta Leonarda F. , Marcì Giuseppe
Published: December 2021

Au nanoparticles supported on CeO2 have been prepared and investigated as photocatalysts for the photocatalytic selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol to the correspondent benzaldehydes, in aqueous suspensions and room conditions under UV, visible and natural solar light irradiation. Au nanoparticles have been supported by impregnation (1 and 3 wt.%) on two types of CeO2 (i.e., a commercial one and a home prepared oxide obtained in the presence of NaOH as precipitation agent). The Au impregnated samples showed strong visible radiation absorption at 565–570 nm associated to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The bare CeO2 samples are activated by UV light and resulted virtually inactive under visible irradiation, whereas the presence of Au improved both the conversion of the alcohols and the selectivity of the reaction towards the aldehyde, giving rise to good results, particularly under visible and natural solar light irradiation. The activity of the materials increased by increasing the Au content.
Coupling DNA Replication and Spindle Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Liakopoulos Dimitris
Published: December 2021

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA replication and spindle assembly can overlap. Therefore, signaling mechanisms modulate spindle dynamics in order to ensure correct timing of chromosome segregation relative to genome duplication, especially when replication is incomplete or the DNA becomes damaged. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms that coordinate DNA replication and spindle dynamics, as well as on the role of spindle-dependent forces in DNA repair. Understanding the coupling between genome duplication and spindle function in yeast cells can provide important insights into similar processes operating in other eukaryotic organisms, including humans.
Dendritic Cell Migration Is Tuned by Mechanical Stiffness of the Confining Space
Authors: Choi Yongjun , Kwon Jae-Eun , Cho Yoon-Kyoung
Published: December 2021

The coordination of cell migration of immune cells is a critical aspect of the immune response to pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs), the sentinels of the immune system, are exposed to complex tissue microenvironments with a wide range of stiffnesses. Recent studies have revealed the importance of mechanical cues in immune cell trafficking in confined 3D environments. However, the mechanism by which stiffness modulates the intrinsic motility of immature DCs remains poorly understood. Here, immature DCs were found to navigate confined spaces in a rapid and persistent manner, surveying a wide range when covered with compliant gels mimicking soft tissues. However, the speed and persistence time of random motility were both decreased by confinement in gels with higher stiffness, mimicking skin or diseased, fibrotic tissue. The impact of stiffness of surrounding tissue is crucial because most in vitro studies to date have been based on cellular locomotion when confined by microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane structures. Our study provides evidence for a role for environmental mechanical stiffness in the surveillance strategy of immature DCs in tissues.
Structural and (Pseudo-)Enzymatic Properties of Neuroglobin: Its Possible Role in Neuroprotection
Authors: De Simone Giovanna , Sbardella Diego , Oddone Francesco , Pesce Alessandra , Coletta Massimo , Ascenzi Paolo
Published: December 2021

Neuroglobin (Ngb), the third member of the globin family, was discovered in human and murine brains in 2000. This monomeric globin is structurally similar to myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin (Hb) α and β subunits, but it hosts a bis-histidyl six-coordinated heme-Fe atom. Therefore, the heme-based reactivity of Ngb is modulated by the dissociation of the distal HisE7-heme-Fe bond, which reflects in turn the redox state of the cell. The high Ngb levels (~100–200 μM) present in the retinal ganglion cell layer and in the optic nerve facilitate the O2 buffer and delivery. In contrast, the very low levels of Ngb (~1 μM) in most tissues and organs support (pseudo-)enzymatic properties including NO/O2 metabolism, peroxynitrite and free radical scavenging, nitrite, hydroxylamine, hydrogen sulfide reduction, and the nitration of aromatic compounds. Here, structural and (pseudo-)enzymatic properties of Ngb, which are at the root of tissue and organ protection, are reviewed, envisaging a possible role in the protection from neuronal degeneration of the retina and the optic nerve.
Role of Senescence and Aging in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Disease
Authors: Lynch Seodhna M. , Guo Guangran , Gibson David S. , Bjourson Anthony J. , Rai Taranjit Singh
Published: December 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a global pandemic associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, with particular risk for severe disease and mortality in the elderly population. SARS-CoV-2 infection is driven by a pathological hyperinflammatory response which results in a dysregulated immune response. Current advancements in aging research indicates that aging pathways have fundamental roles in dictating healthspan in addition to lifespan. Our review discusses the aging immune system and highlights that senescence and aging together, play a central role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. In our review, we primarily focus on the immune system response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the interconnection between severe COVID-19, immunosenescence, aging, vaccination, and the emerging problem of Long-COVID. We hope to highlight the importance of identifying specific senescent endotypes (or “sendotypes”), which can used as determinants of COVID-19 severity and mortality. Indeed, identified sendotypes could be therapeutically exploited for therapeutic intervention. We highlight that senolytics, which eliminate senescent cells, can target aging-associated pathways and therefore are proving attractive as potential therapeutic options to alleviate symptoms, prevent severe infection, and reduce mortality burden in COVID-19 and thus ultimately enhance healthspan.
Age Related Differences in Monocyte Subsets and Cytokine Pattern during Acute COVID-19—A Prospective Observational Longitudinal Study
Authors: Pirabe Anita , Heber Stefan , Schrottmaier Waltraud C. , Schmuckenschlager Anna , Treiber Sonja , Pereyra David , Santol Jonas , Pawelka Erich , Traugott Marianna , Schörgenhofer Christian , Seitz Tamara , Karolyi Mario , Jilma Bernd , Resch Ulrike , Zoufaly Alexander , Assinger Alice
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically highlighted the vulnerability of the elderly population towards viral and other infectious threats, illustrating that aging is accompanied by dysregulated immune responses currently summarized in terms like inflammaging and immunoparalysis. To gain a better understanding on the underlying mechanisms of the age-associated risk of adverse outcome in individuals experiencing a SARS-CoV-2 infection, we analyzed the impact of age on circulating monocyte phenotypes, activation markers and inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the context of COVID-19 disease progression and outcome in 110 patients. Our data indicate no age-associated differences in peripheral monocyte counts or subset composition. However, age and outcome are associated with differences in monocyte activation status. Moreover, a distinct cytokine pattern of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF in elderly survivors versus non-survivors, which consolidates over the time of hospitalization, suggests that older patients with adverse outcomes experience an inappropriate immune response, reminiscent of an inflammaging driven immunoparalysis. Our study underscores the value, necessity and importance of longitudinal monitoring in elderly COVID-19 patients, as dynamic changes after symptom onset can be observed, which allow for a differentiated insight into confounding factors that impact the complex pathogenesis following an infection with SARS-CoV-2.
The Potentials of Methylene Blue as an Anti-Aging Drug
Authors: Xue Huijing , Thaivalappil Abhirami , Cao Kan
Published: December 2021

Methylene blue (MB), as the first fully man-made medicine, has a wide range of clinical applications. Apart from its well-known applications in surgical staining, malaria, and methemoglobinemia, the anti-oxidative properties of MB recently brought new attention to this century-old drug. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in systematic aging that affects many different tissues, including the brain and skin. This leads to increaseding oxidative stress and results in downstream phenotypes under age-related conditions. MB can bypass Complex I/III activity in mitochondria and diminish oxidative stress to some degree. This review summarizes the recent studies on the applications of MB in treating age-related conditions, including neurodegeneration, memory loss, skin aging, and a premature aging disease, progeria.
A Call to Broaden Investment in Drinking Water Testing and Community Outreach Programs
Authors: Hubbart Jason A. , Gootman Kaylyn S.
Published: December 2021

Ensuring access to safe drinking water is a challenge in many parts of the world for reasons including, but not limited to, infrastructure age, source water impairment, limited community finances and limitations in Federal water protections. Water quality crises and the prevalence of impaired waters globally highlight the need for investment in the expansion of drinking water testing that includes public and private water systems, as well as community outreach. We provide justification including a case example to argue the merits of developing drinking water testing and community outreach programs that include drinking water testing and non-formal education (i.e., public outreach) regarding the importance of drinking water quality testing for human well-being and security. Organizers of drinking water testing programs should: (1) test drinking water quality; (2) develop drinking water quality databases; (3) increase public awareness of drinking water issues; (4) build platforms for improved community outreach; and (5) publish program results that illustrate successful program models that are spatially and temporally transferrable. We anticipate that short-term and intermediate outcomes of this strategy would improve access to drinking water testing, facilitate greater understanding of water quality and increase security through inclusive and equitable water quality testing and outreach programs.
Radiological Outcomes of Femoral Head Resection in Patients with Cerebral Palsy: A Retrospective Comparative Study of Two Surgical Procedures
Authors: Horsch Axel , Hahne Finja , Ghandour Maher , Platzer Hadrian , Alimusaj Merkur , Putz Cornelia
Published: December 2021

Background: We conducted this study to compare postoperative radiological outcomes of two surgical procedures (femoral head resection (FHR) and femoral head cap plastic surgery (FCP)) in patients with CP and hip dislocation. Methods: CP patients with Gross Motor Function Classification Score (GMFCS) IV or V, who underwent either FHR or FCP between 2007 and 2018 at Heidelberg University Hospital in Germany, were included. Most participants underwent postoperative traction in an attempt to prevent telescoping. Besides the above-mentioned objectives, we examined the association between telescoping and spasmolytic use, traction weight, and traction duration. Results: Thirty-eight CP patients were included, of whom 15 (25 hips) underwent FHR and 23 (30 hips) underwent FCP. Heterotopic ossification (grades I, II, and III) occurred in 80% and 83.3% of patients in the FHR and FCP groups, respectively. Telescoping occurred in 18.68 and 31.99% of patients in the FHR and FCP groups, respectively (p = 0.999). Other complications were similar between both groups. Conclusions: The postoperative outcomes of FHR and FCP are similar in terms of telescoping, heterotopic ossification, and complications. Although telescoping was encountered more in the FCP group, no significant difference from the FHR group was found. We noted that the weight of traction could reduce the development of telescoping.
Stimulus Control Procedure for Reducing Vocal Stereotypies in an Autistic Child
Authors: Esposito Marco , Pignotti Laura , Mondani Federica , D’Errico Martina , Ricciardi Orlando , Mirizzi Paolo , Mazza Monica , Valenti Marco
Published: December 2021

Stereotyped vocal behavior exhibited by a seven-year-old child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and maintained by automatic reinforcement was placed under stimulus control through discrimination training. The training consisted of matching a green card (SD) with free access to vocal stereotypy and a red card (SD-absent) with interruption of stereotypy and vocal redirection. At the same time, appropriate behaviors were reinforced. After discrimination training, the child rarely engaged in vocal stereotypy in the red card condition and, to a greater extent, in the green card condition, demonstrating the ability to discriminate between the two different situations. After the training, the intervention began. Once they reached the latency criterion in the red stimulus condition, the child could have free access to vocal stereotypy (green card condition). The latency criterion for engaging in stereotypy was gradually increased during the red card condition and progressively decreased during the green card condition. The intervention follows a changing criterion design. This study indicates that stimulus discrimination training is a useful intervention to reduce vocal stereotypy in an autistic child.
Sensitivity to Emotion Intensity and Recognition of Emotion Expression in Neurotypical Children
Authors: Barisnikov Koviljka , Thomasson Marine , Stutzmann Jennyfer , Lejeune Fleur
Published: December 2021

This study assessed two components of face emotion processing: emotion recognition and sensitivity to intensity of emotion expressions and their relation in children age 4 to 12 (N = 216). Results indicated a slower development in the accurate decoding of low intensity expressions compared to high intensity. Between age 4 and 12, children discriminated high intensity expressions better than low ones. The intensity of expression had a stronger impact on overall face expression recognition. High intensity happiness was better recognized than low intensity up to age 11, while children 4 to 12 had difficulties discriminating between high and low intensity sadness. Our results suggest that sensitivity to low intensity expressions acts as a complementary mediator between age and emotion expression recognition, while this was not the case for the recognition of high intensity expressions. These results could help in the development of specific interventions for populations presenting socio-cognitive and emotion difficulties.
Structural and Tribological Properties of Heat-Treated Stainless Steels against Abrasive and Lubricant Wear Conditions
Authors: Al-Shelkamy Samah A. , Abu Hashish Hassan M. , Mahdy Amir A.
Published: December 2021

The current paper investigates the effect of the heat treatment process on three grades of stainless steel alloys against the abrasive and the lubricant wear conditions, using 25 wt.% glucose solution for the industrial agriculture applications. The heat treatment process was carried out for one hour at 900 ± 10 °C, followed by quenching with monograde motor oil and tempering for more than two hours at 200 ± 10 °C. Several analyses were conducted to estimate the final mechanical, surface morphological and tribological properties for the studied materials, before and after the heat treatment process. The heat-treated martensitic stainless steel grade exhibited superior wear resistance and higher hydrophobicity compared to the other two heat-treated austenite stainless steel grades. Therefore, the mechanism of the heat treatment process, the chemical and physical nature of the parent material, and the viscosity of the selected lubricant all influence the final behaviour of the studied material against the applied operating conditions for the selected application.
Influence of Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP) and Recycled Brick Powder (RBP) on the Physical/Mechanical Properties and Durability of Raw Soil
Authors: Zhou Li’an , Liu Yang , Lu Jiacheng , Zhou Wenjuan , Wang Hui
Published: December 2021

The influence of recycled concrete powder (RCP) and recycled brick powder (RBP) on the dry density, optimal water content, and compressive strength of raw soil materials was investigated in this study. Moreover, the following resistance of freeze–thaw cycles was also considered. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were selected to detect its mineral composition and observe the microstructure, further revealing the mechanism of performance change. The mass ratios of recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder were 2~14%. Results showed that the dry density decreased and the optimal water content increased with the increasing dosage of recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder. When the dosage of RCP or RBP was lower than 14%, raw soil with RCP showed higher optimal water content and lower dry density. However, when the dosage was higher than 14%, the result was the opposite. The addition of recycled concrete powder and recycled brick powder was able to decrease the compressive strength of raw soil, except for 10% of recycled brick powder. Raw soil with recycled brick powder presented higher compressive strength than that of raw soil with recycled concrete powder. RBP could improve the freeze–thaw cycles’ resistance of specimens; however, RCP led to decreasing the resistance of freeze–thaw cycles. These research findings can provide reference to the recycling of construction waste.
A Bio-Based Render for Insulating Agglomerated Cork Panels
Authors: Barreca Francesco , Arcuri Natale , Cardinali Giuseppe Davide , Di Fazio Salvatore
Published: December 2021

Natural and bio-based thermal insulation materials play an important role in the lifecycle impact of buildings due to their influence on the amount of energy used in indoor temperature control and the environmental impact of building debris. Among bio-based materials, cork is widespread in the Mediterranean region and is one of the bio-based materials that is most frequently used as thermal insulation for buildings. A particular problem is the protection of the cork-agglomerated panels from external stress and adverse weather conditions; in fact, cork granulates are soft and, consequently, cork panels could be damaged by being hit or by excessive sun radiation. In this study, an innovative external coat for cork-agglomerated panels made of a blending composite of beeswax and rosin (colophony) is proposed. The performance of this composite, using different amounts of elements, was analysed to discover which mix led to the best performance. The mix of 50% beeswax and 50% rosin exhibited the best performance out of all the mixes. This blend demonstrated the best elongation and the lowest fracture density, characteristics that determine the durability of the coating. A performance comparison was carried out between cork panel samples coated with lime render and beeswax–rosin coating. The coating of beeswax and resin highlighted a detachment value about 3.5 times higher than the lime plaster applied on the side of the cork.
The Effect of Reaction Conditions and Presence of Magnesium on the Crystallization of Nickel Sulfate
Authors: Jenssen Ina Beate , Bøckman Oluf , Andreassen Jens-Petter , Ucar Seniz
Published: December 2021

Recycling of valuable metals such as nickel is instrumental to meet the need from the dramatic increase in electric vehicle battery production and to improve its sustainability. Nickel required in the battery manufacture can be recovered from the hydrometallurgical industrial process streams by crystallization of nickel sulfate. Here, crystallization of nickel sulfate is studied from an industrial point of view, investigating the effects of temperature, seeding and presence of magnesium on the formation of various solid phases for the evaluation of their potential influence on the process design. Results showed that the precipitating phase was dictated both by seed amount and reaction temperature. Transformation of metastable phases both in suspension and in a dry state was observed over time. Presence of magnesium was shown to promote formation of NiSO4·7H2O in solution and increased its stability in a dry form. In their dry state, nickel sulfate that was formed in the absence of magnesium transformed towards α-NiSO4·6H2O, whereas those precipitated in the presence of high magnesium concentrations transformed towards β-NiSO4·6H2O, indicating that magnesium inhibited the phase transformation towards α-NiSO4·6H2O. Knowledge about various solid phases of varying crystal morphology and stability can be used as input to decisions for the best suited solid product type and how this relates to the initial conditions of the sidestreams.
Capsule Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: When? To Whom?
Authors: Na Soo-Young , Lim Yun-Jeong
Published: December 2021

Capsule endoscopy (CE) has proven to be a valuable diagnostic modality for small bowel diseases over the past 20 years, particularly Crohn’s disease (CD), which can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. CE is not only used for the diagnosis of patients with suspected small bowel CD, but can also be used to assess disease activity, treat-to-target, and postoperative recurrence in patients with established small bowel CD. As CE can detect even mildly non-specific small bowel lesions, a high diagnostic yield is not necessarily indicative of high diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the cost effectiveness of CE as a third diagnostic test employed usually after ileocolonoscopy and MR or CT enterography is an important consideration. Recently, new developments in colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) have increased the utility of CE in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and pan-enteric CD. Although deflation of the colon during the examination and the inability to evaluate dysplasia-associated lesion or mass results in an inherent risk of overestimation or underestimation, the convenience of CCE examination and the risk of flare-up after colonoscopy suggest that CCE could be used more actively in patients with UC.
Predicting Prolonged Length of ICU Stay through Machine Learning
Authors: Wu Jingyi , Lin Yu , Li Pengfei , Hu Yonghua , Zhang Luxia , Kong Guilan
Published: December 2021

This study aimed to construct machine learning (ML) models for predicting prolonged length of stay (pLOS) in intensive care units (ICU) among general ICU patients. A multicenter database called eICU (Collaborative Research Database) was used for model derivation and internal validation, and the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) III database was used for external validation. We used four different ML methods (random forest, support vector machine, deep learning, and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT)) to develop prediction models. The prediction performance of the four models were compared with the customized simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) II. The area under the receiver operation characteristic curve (AUROC), area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC), estimated calibration index (ECI), and Brier score were used to measure performance. In internal validation, the GBDT model achieved the best overall performance (Brier score, 0.164), discrimination (AUROC, 0.742; AUPRC, 0.537), and calibration (ECI, 8.224). In external validation, the GBDT model also achieved the best overall performance (Brier score, 0.166), discrimination (AUROC, 0.747; AUPRC, 0.536), and calibration (ECI, 8.294). External validation showed that the calibration curve of the GBDT model was an optimal fit, and four ML models outperformed the customized SAPS II model. The GBDT-based pLOS-ICU prediction model had the best prediction performance among the five models on both internal and external datasets. Furthermore, it has the potential to assist ICU physicians to identify patients with pLOS-ICU risk and provide appropriate clinical interventions to improve patient outcomes.
Symptomatic Intraosseous Lipoma of the Calcaneum
Authors: Khal Adyb Adrian , Mihu Razvan Catalin , Schiau Calin , Fetica Bogdan , Tomoaia Gheorghe , Luna Manuel Vergillos
Published: December 2021

Intraosseous lipomas are rare bone lesions that can affect any part of the skeleton. In the calcaneum, they are, generally, asymptomatic, but in some cases, patients may complain of pain, swelling or tenderness. Well-conducted radiography and MRI examinations can lead to an accurate diagnosis. In most cases, patients could benefit from conservative means of treatment, but in long-lasting symptomatic cases, surgical treatment may be a good option. The purpose of this article is to increase clinicians’ awareness of this lesion as a possible cause of heel pain and to describe a case of a symptomatic intraosseous lipoma of the calcaneum who underwent curettage and bone cement filling after failure of conservative treatment.
The Potential Use of Volatile Biomarkers for Malaria Diagnosis
Authors: Chai Hwa Chia , Chua Kek Heng
Published: December 2021

Pathogens may change the odor and odor-related biting behavior of the vector and host to enhance pathogen transmission. In recent years, volatile biomarker investigations have emerged to identify odors that are differentially and specifically released by pathogens and plants, or the pathogen-infected or even cancer patients. Several studies have reported odors or volatile biomarkers specifically detected from the breath and skin of malaria-infected individuals. This review will discuss the potential use of these odors or volatile biomarkers for the diagnosis of malaria. This approach not only allows for the non-invasive mean of sample collection but also opens up the opportunity to develop a biosensor for malaria diagnosis in low-resource settings.