bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Stimulation Modulates Microglia M1/M2 Polarization and Affects Hippocampal Proteomic Changes in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Lu Xinliang , Sun Wenxian , Leng Li , Yang Yuting , Gong Shuting , Zou Qi , Niu Haijun , Wei Cuibai
Published: November 2024

Background

The effectiveness of ultrasound stimulation in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been reported in previous studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of ultrasound stimulation on the proportion and function of microglia of different phenotypes, as well as on the levels of inflammatory factors. Additionally, it revealed the alterations in proteomic molecules in the mouse hippocampus following ultrasound stimulation treatment, aiming to uncover potential new molecular mechanisms.

Methods

Ultrasound stimulation was used to stimulate the hippocampus for 30 min per day for 5 days in the ultrasound stimulation‐treated group. Amyloid plaque deposition was measured using immunofluorescence staining. M1 and M2 type microglia were labeled using immunofluorescent double staining, and the ratio was calculated. The levels of Aβ42, IL‐10, and TNF‐α were determined using ELISA kits. The quantitative proteomics method was employed to explore molecular changes in hippocampal proteins.

Results

Ultrasound stimulation treatment reduced the average fluorescence intensity of amyloid plaques and the concentration of Aβ42. Compared to the AD group, ultrasound stimulation resulted in a 14% reduction in the proportion of M1 microglia and a 12% increase in the proportion of M2 microglia. The concentration of the anti‐inflammatory factor IL‐10 was significantly increased in the ultrasound stimulation‐treated group. Proteomics analysis revealed 753 differentially expressed proteins between the ultrasound stimulation‐treated and AD groups, with most being enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway of mitochondria. Additionally, the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, involved in oxidative phosphorylation, was increased after ultrasound stimulation treatment.

Conclusions

Ultrasound stimulation affects microglial polarization, reduces amyloid plaque load, and enhances levels of anti‐inflammatory factors in APP/PS1 mice. Proteomics analysis reveals molecular changes in hippocampal proteins after ultrasound stimulation treatment. The mechanism behind ultrasound stimulation‐induced modulation of microglial polarization may be related to changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Uncertainty, Skewness, and the Business Cycle Through the MIDAS Lens
Authors: Castelnuovo Efrem , Mori Lorenzo
Published: November 2024

We employ a mixed‐frequency quantile regression approach to model the time‐varying conditional distribution of the US real GDP growth rate. We show that monthly information on financial conditions improves the predictive power of an otherwise quarterly‐only model. We combine selected quantiles of the estimated conditional distribution to produce novel measures of uncertainty and skewness. Embedding these measures in a VAR framework, we show that unexpected changes in uncertainty are associated with an increase in (left) skewness and a downturn in real activity. Business cycle effects are significantly downplayed if we consider a quarterly‐only quantile regression model. We find the endogenous response of skewness to substantially amplify the recessionary effects of uncertainty shocks. Finally, we construct a monthly frequency version of our uncertainty measure and document the robustness of our findings.
Enhancing Spatial Resolution of Three‐Dimensional Pulse Waves Through Advanced Photometric Stereo Techniques
Authors: Sun Jiuai , Li Kai , Li Zengkai , Zhang Mingji , Wu Zhonghang , Zhang Dida
Published: November 2024

Three‐dimensional pulse wave's morphologies are essential biomarkers for assessing cardiovascular functionality. However, existing methods only provide sparse amplitude representations, limiting their diagnostic potential. This study employs a photometric stereo approach to enhance the spatial resolution of pulse waves by capturing video footage of skin surface micro‐vibrations induced by blood volume fluctuations in underlying arteries. This non‐invasive imaging modality enables the reconstruction of three‐dimensional pulse waves and enriches our understanding of their spatial and temporal characteristics. By visualizing and analyzing the captured data, we gained new insights into the physiological origins of the optical signals reflected from the skin surface and their dynamic features, which are critical for evaluating cardiovascular health. This study has potential to advance new biomarkers for cardiovascular function assessment and improve the accuracy of diagnostic tools.
Mechanisms of METTL14‐Mediated m6A Modification in Promoting Iron Overload‐Induced Lipid Peroxidative Damage in Vascular Endothelial Cells to Aggravate Atherosclerosis
Authors: Min Xiao‐li , Lin Si‐xian , Zhao Xiao‐hong , Zhao Qing , Li Yun‐fei , Li Xu‐hui , Liu Xiao‐yong , Cao Yi , Sun Yu‐long , Zeng Yong
Published: November 2024

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic multifactorial disease with damage to vascular endothelial cells (VECs). This study sought to delve into the mechanism of methyltransferase‐like 14 (METTL14) in iron overload‐induced lipid peroxidative damage in AS. AS mouse model and cell model were established. Levels of METTL14/circRNA coded by the Arhgap12 (circARHGAP12)/Aspartate β‐hydroxylase (ASPH) were determined. AS plaque area/lipid deposition/lipid metabolism in AS mice and iron overload in VECs were evaluated. N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) level and METTL14 enrichment and human antigen R (HuR) in circARHGAP12 or ASPH were measured. The mRNA stability of circARHGAP12 or ASPH was analyzed. We observed that METTL14 was upregulated in AS mice. METTL14 downregulation reduced plaque area/lipid deposition/iron overload/peroxidative damage in AS mice. In cell models, METTL14 downregulation could VEC injury/iron overload/lipid peroxidative damage. Mechanically, METTL14 increased the stability and expression of circARHGAP12 through m6A modification, further stabilized ASPH mRNA, and promoted ASPH transcription by binding to HuR. Overexpression of circARHGAP12 or inhibition of ASPH averted the protective role of METTL14 downregulation against iron overload‐induced peroxidative damage in AS. In conclusion, METTL14‐mediated m6A modification upregulated circARHGAP12 and ASPH to aggravate overload‐induced lipid peroxidative damage and facilitate AS progression.
Embryonic Flubendiamide Exposure Alters Expression of OTX2 and Other Early Regulators in Domestic Chick Leading to Congenital Eye Defects
Authors: Danes Dhanush , Parmar Bhaval , Vaishnav Juhi , Umar Shweta , Sharma Shashikant , Balakrishnan Suresh
Published: November 2024

Flubendiamide, a phthalic acid diamide insecticide, has been implicated in potential teratogenic effects on non‐target organisms, especially during embryonic development. This study examines the impact of flubendiamide on eye development in chick embryos, a well‐established model for vertebrate development. Exposure to 0.5 µg/µL of flubendiamide significantly impaired early ocular morphogenesis, resulting in severe defects such as underdeveloped optic cups and the absence of lens and corneal structures. Histopathological analysis demonstrated disrupted optic cup differentiation, while in silico docking studies revealed strong interactions between flubendiamide and key oculogenic proteins, including OTX2, PAX6, and SOX2. These interactions were associated with altered expression patterns of these critical regulators, alongside overexpression of SHH and downregulation of BMP4, BMP7, and FGF8, which are essential for optic vesicle formation and lens differentiation. Additionally, increased CASPASE‐3 expression indicated enhanced apoptosis, contributing to the observed ocular anomalies. These findings suggest that flubendiamide disrupts key signaling pathways necessary for proper eye development, potentially leading to congenital eye defects. The study highlights the need for a thorough evaluation of the molecular mechanisms driving flubendiamide‐induced teratogenicity to ensure safer pesticide use and protect environmental and human health.
CCL2‐CCR2 Axis Inhibition in Osteosarcoma Cell Model: The Impact of Oxygen Level on Cell Phenotype
Authors: Petrosiute Agne , Musvicaitė Justina , Petroška Donatas , Ščerbavičienė Alvilė , Arnold Sascha , Matulienė Jurgita , Žvirblienė Aurelija , Matulis Daumantas , Lučiūnaitė Asta
Published: November 2024

Treatment of osteosarcoma is hampered by tumor hypoxia and requires alternative approaches. Although the CCL2‐CCR2 axis is indispensable in tumor‐induced inflammation and angiogenesis, its blockade has not been effective to date. This study aimed to characterize how CCR2 inhibition affects the crosstalk of osteosarcoma cells with immune cells to better delineate tumor resistance mechanisms that help withstand such treatment. In this study, 143B cells were exposed to healthy donor PBMC supernatants in a transwell assay lacking direct cell‐to‐cell contact and subjected to different oxygen concentrations. In addition, mice bearing orthotopic 143B tumors were subjected to CCR2 antagonist treatment. Our findings show that hypoxic conditions alter cytokine and cancer‐ related protein expression on cells and impair CCR2 antagonist effects in the experimental osteosarcoma model. CCL2‐CCR2 axis blockade in the 143B xenografts, which are positive for hypoxia marker CAIX, did not slow 143B tumor growth or metastasis but altered tumor microenvironment by VEGFR downregulation and shift in the CD44‐positive cell population towards high CD44 expression. This study highlights differential responses of tumor cells to CCR2 antagonists in the presence of different oxygen saturations and expands our knowledge of compensatory mechanisms leading to CCL2‐CCR2 treatment resistance.
Using RZWQM2‐P to capture tile drainage phosphorus dynamics in Ohio
Authors: Grewal Harmanpreet Singh , Qi Zhiming , Shedekar Vinayak , King Kevin
Published: November 2024

Phosphorus (P) loading from tile‐drained agricultural lands is linked to water quality and aquatic ecosystem degradation. The RZWQM2‐P model was developed to simulate the fate and transport of P in soil‐water‐plant systems, especially in tile‐drained croplands. Comprehensive evaluation and application of RZWQM2‐P, however, remains limited. This study evaluates RZWQM2‐P in simulating P dynamics using extensive data and assesses the potential of management practices for mitigating P losses. Subsurface drainage and surface runoff flows were monitored at a tile‐drained site from 2017 to 2020 in Ohio, and the water flow and P loss data were summarized on a daily basis. RZWQM2‐P was calibrated and validated using those observed data and was subsequently used to assess the effectiveness of controlled drainage (CD) and winter cover crops (CC) in reducing P losses. The model satisfactorily simulated dissolved reactive P (DRP) loss from tile drainage on daily and monthly bases (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency [NSE] = 0.50, R2 = 0.52, index of agreement [IoA] = 0.84 for daily; NSE = 0.73, R2 = 0.78, IoA = 0.94 for monthly) and total P (TP) loss on a monthly basis (NSE = 0.64, R2 = 0.65, IoA = 0.88), but the daily TP simulation was less accurate (NSE = 0.30, R2 = 0.30, IoA = 0.59). Simulations showed that winter rye CC reduced DRP by 16% and TP by 4% compared to the base scenario, whereas CD increased DRP (60%–129%) and TP (5%–17%) losses at three tested outlet elevations compared to free drainage. RZWQM2‐P can capture P dynamics in tile‐drained cropland and is a promising tool for effective P management.
Differential Gene Expression and Transcriptomics Reveal High M‐Gene Expression in JN.1 and KP.1/2 Omicron Sub‐Variants of SARS‐CoV‐2: Implications for Developing More Sensitive Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Siddique Aktarul Islam , Sarmah Neelanjana , Bali Nargis K. , Nausch Norman , Borkakoty Biswajyoti
Published: November 2024

SARS‐CoV‐2, a positive‐strand RNA virus, utilizes both genomic replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) from clinical samples can estimate viral gene expression levels. WGS was conducted on 529 SARS‐CoV‐2 positive clinical samples from Assam and northeastern India to track viral emergence and assess gene expression patterns. The results reveal differential expression across structural, non‐structural, and accessory genes, with notable upregulation of the M gene, especially in the Omicron variant, followed by E and ORF6. The mean transcript per million (TPM) expression levels of the M gene were significantly higher in Omicron variants (175 611 ± 46 921), peaking in the KP.1/KP.2 sublineage (220 493 ± 34 917), compared to the Delta variant (129 717 ± 33 773). The relative fold change of M gene expression between Delta and Omicron 2024 subvariants showed a 1.6‐fold change. Variant‐wise gene expression analysis suggests a correlation between gene expression and viral mutation, impacting replication. As anticipated, the expression levels of genes surge with the increase in the virus mutation. The Chi‐square trend for average substitution count versus average TPM of the M gene was highly significant (72.78., p < 0.0001). The M gene's high expression and low mutation rate make it an ideal target for designing a real‐time RT‐PCR kit assay. These findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance and understanding of viral gene expression dynamics for effective COVID‐19 management. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the significance of these observations in viral pathogenesis and transmission dynamics.
Human Astrovirus Infection and Outbreaks in Japanese Children Before and After the Emergence of COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Ushijima Hiroshi , Pham Ngan Thi Kim , Nishimura Shuichi , Kobayashi Masaaki , Sugita Kumiko , Hoque Sheikh Ariful , Kumthip Kattareeya , Kotaki Tomohiro , Onda‐Shimizu Yuko , Okitsu Shoko , Komoto Satoshi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Komine‐Aizawa Shihoko , Hayakawa Satoshi , Maneekarn Niwat , Khamrin Pattara
Published: November 2024

Human astroviruses (HAstVs) were examined in 1625 stool samples collected from outpatient children with diarrhea who visited clinics in 4–6 prefectures in Japan. The study was conducted over a period of 4 years from July 2018 to June 2022, spanning the period before and after the emergence of COVID‐19. The HAstV and other diarrheal viruses including group A rotavirus, norovirus and sapovirus were screened by RT‐PCR. Of these, HAstV was detected in 140 out of 1625 (8.6%). When the stool samples were categorized by the year of collection, HAstV was detected in 2018–2019, 2019–2020, 2020–2021, and 2021–2022 with the prevalences of 3.1%, 6.6%, 3.0%, and 20.1%, respectively. Among 140 HAstV positive cases, HAstV1, MLB1, MLB2, HAstV3, MLB3, and VA2 were detected in 77, 46, 10, 3, 2, and 2 samples, respectively. High infection rate was found in children 1–3 years of age (95/140; 67.9%). Severity of the disease increased with the co‐infection with norovirus. During the surveillance of 2021–2022, two outbreaks of HAstV were detected, one was an outbreak of HAstV1 and MLB2 in September, 2021 in Kyoto, the second was an outbreak of HAstV1 and MLB1 in December, 2021 in Kyoto and Shizuoka. It was interesting to observe that mixed‐infection of astroviruses between HAstV1 and MLB1 was reported for the first time in this study. Characterization of the subgenotypes in HAstV1 and HAstV3 indicated that most HAstV1 circulating in Japan belonged to HAstV1a and only a single strain was HAstV1b, whereas all HAstV3 was identified as the HAstV3c subgenotype. In conclusion, several HAstV genotypes, including classic HAstV, novel MLB, and VA genotypes, were detected in this study. The incidence of astrovirus outbreaks was also reported after the pandemic of COVID‐19 in 2021–2022.
45° helical plates are a valid alternative to straight plates for treatment of proximal humeral shaft fractures
Authors: Pastor Tatjana , Zderic Ivan , Beeres Frank J. P. , Helmy Nader , Richards R. Geoff , Kriechling Philipp , Drenchev Ludmil , Skulev Hristo K. , Gueorguiev Boyko , Pastor Torsten
Published: November 2024

Helical plates used for proximal humeral shaft fracture fixation avoid the radial nerve distally as compared to straight plates. To investigate in a human cadaveric model the biomechanical competence of straight lateral plates versus 45° helical plates used for fixation of proximal comminuted humeral shaft fractures, eight pairs of human cadaveric humeri were instrumented using either a long straight PHILOS plate (Group 1) or a 45° helical plate (Group 2) for treatment of an unstable proximal humeral shaft fracture. All specimens were tested under non‐destructive quasi‐static loading in axial compression, internal and external rotation, and bending in four directions. Subsequently, progressively increasing cyclic loading in internal rotation was applied until failure and interfragmentary movements were monitored by motion tracking. Axial displacement (mm) was 3.13 ± 0.31 in Group 1 and 2.60 ± 0.42 in Group 2, p = 0.015. Flexion/extension deformation (°) in Group 1 and Group 2 was 0.56 ± 0.42 and 0.43 ± 0.23, p = 0.551. Varus/valgus deformation (°) was 6.39 ± 0.44 in Group 1 and 5.13 ± 0.87 in Group 2, p = 0.012. Shear (mm) and torsional (°) displacement were 5.36 ± 0.76 and 17.75 ± 1.06 in Group 1, and 5.03 ± 0.46 and 16.79 ± 1.36 in Group 2, p ≥ 0.090. Cycles to catastrophic failure were 10000 ± 1401 in Group 1 and 9082 ± 1933 in Group 2, p = 0.708. From a biomechanical perspective, 45° helical plating is associated with lower axial and varus/valgus displacement under axial loading and demonstrates comparable resistance to failure versus straight plating. Therefore, 45° helical plates can be considered as a valid alternative to straight plates for treatment of proximal humeral shaft fractures.
Coacervate Droplets as Biomimetic Models for Designing Cell‐Like Microreactors
Authors: Ivanov Tsvetomir , Doan‐Nguyen Thao. P. , Belahouane Mohammed Amin , Dai Zhen , Cao Shoupeng , Landfester Katharina , Caire da Silva Lucas
Published: November 2024

Coacervates are versatile compartments formed by liquid–liquid phase separation. Their dynamic behavior and molecularly crowded microenvironment make them ideal materials for creating cell‐like systems such as synthetic cells and microreactors. Recently, combinations of synthetic and natural molecules have been exploited via simple or complex coacervation to create compartments that can be used to build hierarchical chemical systems with life‐like properties. This review highlights recent advances in the design of coacervate compartments and their application as biomimetic compartments for the design of cell‐like chemical reactors and cell mimicking systems. It first explores the variety of materials used for coacervation and the influence of their chemical structure on their controlled dynamic behavior. Then, the applications of coacervates as cell‐like systems are reviewed, focusing on how they can be used as cell‐like microreactors through their ability to sequester molecules and provide a distinct and regulatory microenvironment for chemical reactions in aqueous media.
Polyphenols and Functionalized Hydrogels for Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration
Authors: Xv Dejia , Cao Yuming , Hou Yue , Hu Yuelin , Li Minqi , Xie Chaoming , Lu Xiong
Published: November 2024

Osteoporosis induces severe oxidative stress and disrupts bone metabolism, complicating the treatment of bone defects. Current therapies often have side effects and require lengthy bone regeneration periods. Hydrogels, known for their flexible mechanical properties and degradability, are promising carriers for drugs and bioactive factors in bone tissue engineering. However, they lack the ability to regulate the local pathological environment of osteoporosis and expedite bone repair. Polyphenols, with antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and bone metabolism‐regulating properties, have emerged as a solution. Combining hydrogels and polyphenols, polyphenol‐based hydrogels can regulate local bone metabolism and oxidative stress while providing mechanical support and tissue adhesion, promoting osteoporotic bone regeneration. This review first provides a brief overview of the types of polyphenols and the mechanisms of polyphenols in facilitating adhesion, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and bone metabolism modulation in modulating the pathological environment of osteoporosis. Next, this review examines recent advances in hydrogels for the treatment of osteoporotic bone defects, including their use in angiogenesis, oxidative stress modulation, drug delivery, and stem cell therapy. Finally, it highlights the latest research on polyphenol hydrogels in osteoporotic bone defect regeneration. Overall, this review aims to facilitate the clinical application of polyphenol hydrogels for the treatment of osteoporotic bone defects.
Interpret Gaussian Process Models by Using Integrated Gradients
Authors: Zhang Fan , Ono Naoaki , Kanaya Shigehiko
Published: November 2024

Gaussian process regression (GPR) is a nonparametric probabilistic model capable of computing not only the predicted mean but also the predicted standard deviation, which represents the confidence level of predictions. It offers great flexibility as it can be non‐linearized by designing the kernel function, made robust against outliers by altering the likelihood function, and extended to classification models. Recently, models combining deep learning with GPR, such as Deep Kernel Learning GPR, have been proposed and reported to achieve higher accuracy than GPR. However, due to its nonparametric nature, GPR is challenging to interpret. While Explainable AI (XAI) methods like LIME or kernel SHAP can interpret the predicted mean, interpreting the predicted standard deviation remains difficult. In this study, we propose a novel method to interpret the prediction of GPR by evaluating the importance of explanatory variables. We have incorporated the GPR model with the Integrated Gradients (IG) method to assess the contribution of each feature to the prediction. By evaluating the standard deviation of the posterior distribution, we show that the IG approach provides a detailed decomposition of the predictive uncertainty, attributing it to the uncertainty in individual feature contributions. This methodology not only highlights the variables that are most influential in the prediction but also provides insights into the reliability of the model by quantifying the uncertainty associated with each feature. Through this, we can obtain a deeper understanding of the model′s behavior and foster trust in its predictions, especially in domains where interpretability is as crucial as accuracy.
Cross‐shaped windows transformer with self‐supervised pretraining for clinically significant prostate cancer detection in bi‐parametric MRI
Authors: Li Yuheng , Wynne Jacob , Wang Jing , Qiu Richard L. J. , Roper Justin , Pan Shaoyan , Jani Ashesh B. , Liu Tian , Patel Pretesh R. , Mao Hui , Yang Xiaofeng
Published: November 2024

Background

Bi‐parametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI) has demonstrated promising results in prostate cancer (PCa) detection. Vision transformers have achieved competitive performance compared to convolutional neural network (CNN) in deep learning, but they need abundant annotated data for training. Self‐supervised learning can effectively leverage unlabeled data to extract useful semantic representations without annotation and its associated costs.

Purpose

This study proposes a novel self‐supervised learning framework and a transformer model to enhance PCa detection using prostate bpMRI.

Methods and materials

We introduce a novel end‐to‐end Cross‐Shaped windows (CSwin) transformer UNet model, CSwin UNet, to detect clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) in prostate bpMRI. We also propose a multitask self‐supervised learning framework to leverage unlabeled data and improve network generalizability. Using a large prostate bpMRI dataset (PI‐CAI) with 1476 patients, we first pretrain CSwin transformer using multitask self‐supervised learning to improve data‐efficiency and network generalizability. We then finetune using lesion annotations to perform csPCa detection. We also test the network generalization using a separate bpMRI dataset with 158 patients (Prostate158).

Results

Five‐fold cross validation shows that self‐supervised CSwin UNet achieves 0.888 ± 0.010 aread under receiver operating characterstics curve (AUC) and 0.545 ± 0.060 Average Precision (AP) on PI‐CAI dataset, significantly outperforming four comparable models (nnFormer, Swin UNETR, DynUNet, Attention UNet, UNet). On model generalizability, self‐supervised CSwin UNet achieves 0.79 AUC and 0.45 AP, still outperforming all other comparable methods and demonstrating good generalization to external data.

Conclusions

This study proposes CSwin UNet, a new transformer‐based model for end‐to‐end detection of csPCa, enhanced by self‐supervised pretraining to enhance network generalizability. We employ an automatic weighted loss (AWL) to unify pretext tasks, improving representation learning. Evaluated on two multi‐institutional public datasets, our method surpasses existing methods in detection metrics and demonstrates good generalization to external data.
Evidence for extirpation of native kokanee in a large impounded watershed following introduction of a conspecific
Authors: Breault Paige W. , Wetklo Mike , Shrimpton J. Mark
Published: November 2024

Objective

Williston Reservoir in north-central British Columbia was stocked with kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka from the Columbia River during the 1990s. A native population of kokanee already existed in the reservoir, but that population has not been found in sampling efforts since 2000. Most of the recent sampling, however, has targeted tributaries, and the stocked Columbia River-type kokanee are stream spawners, whereas Thutade Lake kokanee, from which the native Williston Reservoir kokanee originated, are shore spawners.

Methods

In August 2021, pelagic surveys were conducted in Williston Reservoir by gillnetting and trawling to capture kokanee for subsequent genotyping to assess whether the native Williston Reservoir kokanee have persisted. We used 14 microsatellite loci to genotype 165 samples from the pelagic surveys and compared them to 623 previously genotyped kokanee from four reference populations: native reservoir fish; fish from the source population (Thutade Lake) that naturally colonized the reservoir; fish from isolated lakes in the Williston Reservoir watershed; and Columbia River-type fish that now spawn in tributaries to the reservoir.

Result

Kokanee collected from the pelagic survey conducted in Williston Reservoir were entirely assigned to the Columbia River type by using the Bayesian clustering program STRUCTURE and a discriminant analysis of principal components. We found no evidence of any native Williston Reservoir genotypes.

Conclusion

Formation of Williston Reservoir favored pelagic species, such as kokanee, which have gradually increased in proportion over time—particularly since the introduction of kokanee from the Columbia River. Unfortunately, native Williston Reservoir kokanee appear to have been extirpated from the reservoir and were likely outcompeted by the introduced Columbia River-origin kokanee.
How do ice anglers and their fishing behaviors differ from non-ice anglers? Insights drawn from a large-scale survey of anglers from Ontario, Canada
Authors: Hunt Len M.
Published: November 2024

Objective

The research goal was to understand who are ice and non-ice (i.e., open water only) fishers and how do they fish (e.g., target species choice and travel distance to fishing sites). To achieve this goal, hypotheses were developed and tested that ice fishing participation and fishing behaviors would be influenced by (1) the availability of quality ice fishing opportunities, (2) the commitment level of the angler to fishing, and (3) the urban or rural location of residence and gender identity of an angler.

Methods

Differences between ice and non-ice fishers from Ontario, Canada, were assessed using inferential statistics and general linear models and cross tabulations from responses to a large-scale survey of resident Ontario anglers in 2020.

Result

Ice fishing participation rates were higher among fishers who resided in areas with longer (better quality) ice fishing seasons; showed increased commitment to fishing by purchasing more expensive fishing licenses and fishing more days during the open-water season; and were rural residents, males, and younger individuals. When compared to open water, ice fishing activity was more spatially constrained and heavily targeted towards fish species that prefer cool- or coldwater habitats. Even among ice fishers, these individuals targeted cool- and coldwater fish species at higher rates during the ice than open-water fishing seasons.

Conclusion

Ice fishers differ from non-ice fishers in who they are (more likely to be male, rural, and younger), how they connect to fishing (more likely to be committed to fishing), and how they fish (more likely to target cool- and coldwater species). These differences suggest that some water bodies (e.g., those near angling populations that hold coldwater fish species) may be at a greater risk from being overexploited during the ice than open-water season.
Machine learning‐based screening of pesticide adjuvants for reduction of pesticide losses on wheat leaf surfaces
Authors: Ma Xiaoxu , Chen Yanzhen , Song Yuying , Liu Mingxin , Cao Lidong , Pengyue Zhao , Huang Qiliang , Cao Chong
Published: November 2024

Using pesticide spray adjuvants to improve the physicochemical properties of pesticide liquids can effectively increase droplet deposition on target surfaces. However, there are no clear guidelines for the selection among complex and diverse adjuvants. We aimed to build a model for screening pesticide adjuvants through machine learning. In this paper, five machine learning classification models (decision tree, support vector machine, random forest, logistic regression, and naive Bayes) were developed to predict droplet deposition performance on the superhydrophobic plant leaf surfaces based on the physicochemical properties of pesticide liquids. Among these models, decision tree, support vector machine, and random forest exhibited superior performance. Significance analysis showed that adhesion, equilibrium surface tension, and contact angle are critical factors influencing droplet deposition on wheat leaves. Notably, the decision tree model, due to its simplicity and intuitiveness, is particularly suitable for field applications. Our findings provide a platform for the rapid and accurate screening of pesticide spray adjuvants by simply measuring the physicochemical properties of pesticide droplets.
Concurrent and prospective associations of social media usage with binge eating symptoms in early adolescence
Authors: Shi Xinyi , Duck Sarah Ann , Jansen Elena , Borsarini Bianca , Blackwell Courtney K. , Li Yuchen , Carnell Susan
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study investigated longitudinal relationships between social media usage and binge eating (BE) in early adolescence and explored potential moderating effects of sex and BMI.

Methods

Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, including 1940 participants aged 11 to 12 years at Wave 1, were analyzed over three annual waves. Social media addiction (SMA) scores and time spent on social media were calculated from self‐report questionnaires. BE symptoms were evaluated using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS‐5) through self‐reports and parent reports. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate associations, adjusting for demographic and behavioral covariates.

Results

SMA symptoms, but not time on social media, were cross‐sectionally and prospectively associated with BE. Prospective associations were stronger in male adolescents and differed by baseline body weight. The consistently high SMA group showed the strongest association with follow‐up BE compared with the consistently low SMA group, whereas decreased and increased SMA groups showed similarly positive associations.

Conclusions

SMA scores predict BE in early adolescence, with differentiation in the relationship by sex and weight status. Further observational and interventional research could illuminate underlying mechanisms and test the value of targeting social media‐addictive behaviors to mitigate the risk of disordered eating.
Association Between Perioperative Celecoxib, Acetaminophen, and Opioid Consumption After Palate Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Badash Ido , Wong Stephanie , Biju Kevin , Hur Kevin , Commesso Emily , Kezirian Eric J.
Published: November 2024

Objective

To examine the effect of perioperative celecoxib and acetaminophen administration on opioid consumption in the first 24 hours after palate surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary academic center.

Methods

Adults with OSA undergoing soft palate surgery and admitted to the hospital postoperatively between July 2013 and June 2023 were included. Study participants were also included if they underwent concurrent nasal surgery but excluded if they underwent any pharyngeal surgery other than tonsillectomy or were taking opioids prior to surgery. Opioids administered after surgery were converted to morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between total MME consumed in the first 24 hours postoperatively and celecoxib and acetaminophen usage.

Results

A total of 210 study participants (15.7% female) were included with a mean age of 48.8 ± 37.5 years. The mean MME consumed in the first 24 hours after palate surgery was 80.2 ± 63.9. One hundred and twenty‐six (60%) study participants received perioperative celecoxib, while 195 (93%) received perioperative acetaminophen. Celecoxib use was associated with lesser MME (−2.7 ± 1.1 MME per 100 mg; P = .018) consumed postoperatively, while acetaminophen was not (−0.3 ± 0.3 MME per 100 mg; P = .43). Female gender, Asian race, and African American race were also associated with lesser MME consumed postoperatively, while autoimmune/immunosuppressive conditions and tonsillectomy were associated with greater MME consumption.

Conclusion

Perioperative celecoxib was associated with reduced MME consumption in the first 24 hours after palate surgery. No association was found between acetaminophen and postoperative opioid use.
Understanding the Composition of a Comprehensive Otolaryngologist's Practice Through Medicare Reimbursements
Authors: Torabi Sina J. , Vasandani Sagar , Patel Rahul A. , Peter Manes R. , Kuan Edward C.
Published: November 2024

Objective

With a rising number of otolaryngology (ORL) graduates completing a fellowship, the number of generalists (also known as comprehensive ORLs [c‐ORLs]), arguably the group of ORLs most needed, is likely to decrease. However, the practice and reimbursement patterns of c‐ORLs have yet to be examined.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional retrospective analysis.

Setting

2019 Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Datasets.

Methods

All ORLs were isolated (n = 8959), and then a random 10% sample was obtained. These 897 ORLs were queried for fellowship completion, isolating out those who have not completed a fellowship, and characterizing their practice patterns with regards to Medicare, the largest insurer in the US.

Results

Within the random sample, 554 (61.8%) were c‐ORLs, of which 47 (8.5%) practiced in an academic setting. c‐ORLs billed a mean of 52.9 (SD: 26.6) Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), and community‐based c‐ORLs had a more diverse practice (P < .001). On average, Medicare paid $138,942 ($117,563) to each c‐ORL for 1982.2 (2614.7) services for 451.7 (296.9) patients. Ninety‐five percent of their total reimbursements were office‐based. Of 250 unique CPT codes billed, 52.8% of all c‐ORLs reimbursements were from evaluation and management services, 17.8% from rhinology, 9.7% from otology/neurotology, and 9% from laryngology.

Conclusion

Though surgery is an integral aspect of all ORLs' training and practice, c‐ORLs practice in a largely office‐based setting, at least with regard to Medicare patients. While c‐ORLs clearly practice with a diverse skill set, their reimbursement patterns suggest rhinology makes up the largest proportion of their procedural practice.
Childhood Body Fat Patterns and Obesity Prevalence in Kazakhstan
Authors: Abdrakhmanova Shynar , Aringazina Altyn , Kalmakova Zhanar , Utemissova Laura , Heinen Mirjam , Buoncristiano Marta , Williams Julianne , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Hudda Mohammed T
Published: November 2024

Background

In Kazakhstan the pediatric population levels of obesity based on fat mass (FM) assessment are currently unknown. The present work aimed to assess average childhood FM levels and the prevalence of high levels of adiposity (based upon FM levels).

Methods

Cross‐sectional data from 2015 to 2020 nationally representative Childhood obesity surveillance initiative and 2022 regional surveys were used for this study of children aged 8 years (n = 4770) and 9 years (n = 3863). Childhood FM assessment was made using a validated prediction model using height, weight, age, sex and ethnicity. Average levels of FM, fat mass percent (FM%) and the prevalence of overfat and obesity were estimated.

Results

Amongst 8‐year‐olds, the population average FM% was 32.3% (95% CI: 31.7%–32.8%) for boys and 35.2% (95% CI: 34.8–35.6) for girls (2015) and 32.7% (95% CI: 32.3–33.1) for boys and 35.1% (95% CI: 34.7–35.5) for girls in 2020. The Almaty region had the average FM% 32.7% (95% CI: 32.1–33.2) and 34.8% (95% CI: 34.3–35.4) for boys and girls respectively in 2022. The similar pattern was observed for 9 year old children.

Conclusions

The present study reveals high FM% levels in primary school age children from Kazakhstan across study years. Understanding patterns of FM levels is important for preventing and addressing childhood obesity.
Exploring patient perspectives on shared decision making about bariatric surgery in two healthcare systems
Authors: McTigue Kathleen , Courcoulas Anita , Wellman Robert , Tavakkoli Ali , Eavey Joanna , Klawson Emily , Anau Jane , Garcia Robin , Stilwell Diana , Ahmed Bestoun , Fischer Gary S. , Maier John , Paul Kathleen , Handley Matt , Saurabh Shireesh , Daigle Christopher , Elwyn Glyn , Arterburn David
Published: November 2024

Objective

To assess patient perspectives on the level of shared decision making (SDM) experienced related to bariatric surgery.

Background

Severe obesity is common and has serious health implications. Yet, few eligible patients pursue bariatric surgery. Shared decision making could be a useful approach for considering treatment options.

Methods

Patients were surveyed at Kaiser Permanente and UPMC clinics providing bariatric surgical services. Cross‐sectional samples represent three time points: (a) Cohort 1 (C1): following referral; (b) Cohort 2 (C2): after initial bariatric practice appointment; (c) Cohort 3 (C3): following pre‐operative visit. Patients completed the electronic survey instruments: CollaboRATE, SDM‐Q‐9, and National Quality Forum (NQF) SDM process measures.

Results

The sample included 167 participants, half from each site. Cohort distribution was 35% C1, 33% C2, and 32% C3. Mean age was 43.8 years (SD 13.5), BMI was 48 kg/m2 (SD 8.63), 81% were female and 73% were white. Overall, 62% reported CollaboRATE top scores, with a dose‐response (C1: 54%, C2: 60%, C3: 72%). Mean (SD) SDM‐Q‐9 score (possible range: 0–100) was: 79.6 (22.5); with C1: 66.9 (26.5), C2: 83.4 (18.0), and C3: 88.4 (15.9). The average NQF score (possible range: 0–4) was 3.11 (1.14), with C1: 2.71 (1.27), C2: 3.31 (1.09), and C3: 3.28 (0.97).

Conclusions

Patients seeking bariatric care reported moderate or high levels of SDM. In general, SDM metrics were highest just before surgery.
Measuring the Barriers in Adoption of IFRS for SMEs in Developing Economies: An ISM‐MICMAC Approach
Authors: Pramahender
Published: November 2024

Present study explores various macroeconomic determinants, which have a direct or indirect impact on the implementation of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) for small and medium enterprises, especially in emerging economies like India. Based on the identification of variables/measures from existing literature, the study further used multi‐criteria decision‐making approach's interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis using driving and dependence powers to frame hierarchy‐based model of barriers in IFRS adoption. The paper has developed an interrelationship among 11 identified variables using ISM methodology and found that a full set of IFRS (Factor 1) forms the base of the completely proposed model, as per expert input, with all other factors relating to it either directly or indirectly. While common law system (2), taxation compliances (5), and professional education (4) are weak factors, which depend upon strong factors, the study found strong factors, that is, full IFRS (Factor 1), institutional factors (Factor 8), access to foreign capital (Factor 3), and complexity (Factor 6). Additionally, four factors, such as implementation costs or cost benefit analysis (Factor 9), inadequate infrastructure (Factor 11), firm size and internationalization (Factor 7), and perception of accountants (Factor 10), are identified as linkage variables. Further, using dependent and driving powers of identified variables were analyzed with the help of MICMAC analysis. The present work will be helpful to academicians, practitioners, and various concerned stakeholders in the relevant field.

JEL Classification: M 40, M 41, M 48
Dual phase‐field model for immiscible fluid flow through fractured unsaturated porous media
Authors: Peters Sven , Heider Yousef , Markert Bernd
Published: November 2024

The immiscible multiphase fluid flow in intact and fractured porous media is relevant to numerous engineering sectors, including industrial processes, geo‐engineering, and civil engineering. These encompass crucial applications that pose significant challenges in modeling, such as carbon dioxide () storage in underground reservoirs, contaminant transport, and desiccation‐induced hydraulic fracturing in unsaturated soils. In this work, a macroscopic framework is developed to describe the transport of immiscible and multiphase fluids in intact and fractured porous materials. The modeling approach utilizes the embedding of two phase‐field models within the continuum Theory of Porous Media (TPM). The case of negligible capillary pressure in the macroscopic scale is associated with many numerical challenges in solving this nonlinear DAEs system, which forms the major subject of the current work. Hence, the problem of the neglected capillary pressure is defined as a target problem. To deal with this, a thermodynamically consistent modified problem is defined, which incorporates an additional artificial macroscopic capillary pressure based on the Cahn–Hilliard phase‐field approach. To increase the robustness and stability of the numerical solution, the Newton–Raphson method is replaced by a homotopy method that allows a gradual transformation of a simpler, solvable problem into the original target problem that usually converges poorly. The sharp crack topology in the fracture regions is approximated by another phase‐field method, which forms a diffusive transition zone across the crack edges of the deformable porous material. For the solid matrix, we consider a small strain assumption with a heterogeneous distribution of the permeability parameter. The inclusion of heterogeneity allows for a more realistic modeling of crack propagation and fluid‐fluid interaction. For the numerical framework, the coupled DAE system is approximated by the finite element method (FEM), implemented in the open‐source project FEniCSx. Appropriate stabilization techniques are also discussed.
Computing upper probabilities of failure using optimization algorithms together with importance sampling
Authors: Fetz Thomas , Oberguggenberger Michael
Published: November 2024

This paper addresses efficient computation of the upper probability of failure of an engineering structure, when the uncertainty is modeled by a family of probability densities. We develop an algorithm significantly reducing the sample sizes required in the optimization algorithm by adopting a recursive approach. The algorithm is based on importance sampling, reweighting, comparing sample ratios and setting up an iterative scheme that allows one to re‐use previously computed sample points in the optimization. The efficiency of the method is analyzed by means of a moderate scale engineering structure.
Influx ratio preserving coupling conditions for the networked Lighthill–Whitham–Richards model
Authors: Kolbe Niklas
Published: November 2024

A new coupling rule for the Lighthill–Whitham—Richards model at merging junctions is introduced that imposes the preservation of the ratio between inflow from a given road to the total inflow into the junction. This rule is considered both in the context of the original traffic flow model and a relaxation setting giving rise to two different Riemann solvers that are discussed for merging 2‐to‐1 junctions. Numerical experiments are shown, suggesting that the relaxation based Riemann solver is capable of suitable predictions of both free‐flow and congestion scenarios without relying on flow maximization.
Determining Line of Therapy from Real‐World Data in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Grady Connor B. , Hwang Wei‐Ting , Reuss Joshua E. , Iams Wade , Cass Amanda , Liu Geoffrey , Patel Devalben , Liu Stephen V. , Montenegro Gabriela Liliana Bravo , Patil Tejas , Nieva Jorge J. , Herrmann Amanda , Marrone Kristen A. , Lam Vincent K. , Schwartzman William , Dowell Jonathan , Villaruz Liza C. , Miller Kelsey Leigh , Weiss Jared , Sun Fangdi , Velcheti Vamsidhar , Camidge D. Ross , Aggarwal Charu , Sun Lova , Marmarelis Melina E.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Determining lines of therapy (LOT) using real‐world data is crucial to inform clinical decisions and support clinical research. Existing rules for determining LOT in patients with metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) do not incorporate the growing number of targeted therapies used in treatment today. Therefore, we propose rules for determining LOT from real‐world data of patients with mNSCLC treated with targeted therapies.

Methods

LOT rules were developed through expert consensus using a real‐world cohort of 550 patients with ALK+ or ROS1+ mNSCLC in the multi‐institutional, electronic medical record‐based Academic Thoracic Oncology Medical Investigators Consortium's (ATOMIC) Driver Mutation Registry. Rules were subsequently modified based on a review of appropriate LOT determination. These resulting rules were then applied to an independent cohort of patients with EGFR+ mNSCLC to illustrate their use.

Results

Six rules for determining LOTs were developed. Among 1133 patients with EGFR mutations and mNSCLC, a total of 3168 regimens were recorded with a median of 2 regimens per patient (IQR, 1–4; range, 1–13). After applying our rules, there were 2834 total LOTs with a median of 2 LOTs per patient (IQR, 1–3; range, 1–11). Rules 1–3 kept 11% of regimen changes from advancing the LOT. When compared to previously published rules, LOT assignments differed 5.7% of the time, mostly in LOTs with targeted therapy.

Conclusion

These rules provide an updated framework to evaluate current treatment patterns, accounting for the increased use of targeted therapies in patients with mNSCLC, and promote standardization of methods for determining LOT from real‐world data.