bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: THE 9‐AZABARBARALANE(9‐AZATRICYCLO(3,3,1,0(2,8))NONA‐3,6‐DIENE) SYSTEM
Authors: ANASTASSIOU A. G. , WINSTON A. E. , REICHMANIS E.
Published: March 2016

Die Belichtung des Aminonitrils (I) in Aceton und in Gegenwart von Michlers Keton liefert das Cyan‐aza‐barbaralan (II), das durch Behandlung mit 30%igem alkalischem Wasserstoffperoxid das cyclische Harnstoff‐Derivat (III) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: KOMPLEXCHEMIE POLYFUNKTIONELLER LIGANDEN 27. MITT. BIS‐(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)‐AMIN, DARSTELLUNG AUS 1,2,4,5‐TETRABROM‐BENZOL UND NATRIUMDIPHENYLPHOSPHID IN FLUESSIGEM AMMONIAK UND DIE REAKTION MIT CHROMHEXACARBONYL
Authors: ELLERMANN JOCHEN , GRUBER WOLFGANG H.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelreaktion führt zum Titelamin (II) anstatt zum erwarteten Tetrakis‐[diphenylphosphino]‐benzol.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROSOLATE UND NITROSOLATOKOMPLEXE 1. MITT. DARSTELLUNG UND EIGENSCHAFTEN SALZARTIGER NITROSOLATE 2. MITT. STRUKTUR UND SPEKTREN SALZARTIGER NITROSOLATE
Authors: VETTER GOTTLIEB , KLAR GUENTER
Published: March 2016

Die Oxime (I) setzen sich mit wäßrigem NH3 zu den Ammoniumsalzen (II) (Z: NH4) der entsprechenden Nitrosolsäuren um, aus deren Lösungen sich mit AgNOa die betreffenden Silbersalze (II) (Z: Ag) fallen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFACHE SYNTHESE 4‐MONOSUBSTITUIERTER ARSA‐ UND PHOSPHABENZOLE
Authors: MAERKL GOTTFRIED , KNEIDL FRITZ
Published: March 2016

Die Methoxide (I) (die entsprechenden Pentadiinole sind aus den betreffenden Carbonsäureestern und Na‐acetylid leicht zugänglich) reagieren mit Di‐n‐butyl‐zinnhydrid in Gegenwart von Azoisobuttersäuredinitril unter Cycloaddition zu den Dihydrostanninen (II), die sich mit AsCl3 zu den Arsabenzolen (III) umsetzen (in Gegenwart von Triphenylphosphin sind die Ausbeuten erheblich besser).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANO‐MAGNESIUMVERBINDUNGEN UEBER ANIONEN, SAEURE‐BASE‐REAKTION BEI DER SUBSTITUTION AN ORGANO‐MAGNESIUMVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: CAILLET A. , BAUER D.
Published: March 2016

Aus Magnesiumsalzen wie (II) und Organo‐Metallverbindungen (I) entstehen die Organo‐Magnesiumverbindungen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF LITHIUM DIORGANOCUPRATES(I) WITH TOSYLATES PART 2, STEREOCHEMICAL, KINETIC, AND MECHANISTIC ASPECTS
Authors: JOHNSON CARL R. , DUTRA GERARD A.
Published: March 2016

Das (+)‐(S)‐Tosylat und das ‐Methylat (I) reagieren mit dem Li‐cuprat(I) (II) unter vollständiger Inversion zu dem optisch‐reinen (‐)‐(R)‐Phenylbutan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND X‐RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF TETRANITROSYLBIS‐(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)DI‐IRIDIUM
Authors: ANGOLETTA M. , CIANI G. , MANASSERO M. , SANSONI M.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung des Iridiumtrihydrids (II) mit Stickstoffmonoxid in siedendem Tetrahydrofuran und in Gegenwart von.N‐Methyl‐N‐nitroso‐p‐toluolsulfonamid (I) ergibt in hoher Ausbeute den Komplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ACETONIDE FORMATION FROM OLEAN‐12‐ENE‐16ALPHA,28‐ AND 16BETA,28‐DIOLS
Authors: PYREK J. S.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Triolen (I) und (II) erhält man bei der Behandlung mit Aceton in Gegenwart von p‐Toluolsulfonsäure und überschüssigem 2,2‐Diäthoxy‐propan die Acetonide (III) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SOME REACTIONS OF 3BETA‐MESYLOXYCHOLESTANE‐5ALPHA,6BETA‐DIOL AND CHOLEST‐2‐ENE‐5ALPHA,6BETA‐DIOL ACETATES
Authors: TSUI P. , JUST G.
Published: March 2016

′IE6 Das Mesyloxydiacetoxycholestan (I) geht unter der Einwirkung von Pyridin‐Dimehylfoimamidbei 102°C in das Cholestantrioldiacetat (II) über.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCHE UMWANDLUNGSREAKTIONEN AN ENONEN, EINFLUSS DER UMGEBUNG AUF DIE REAKTIVITAET VON METHOXY‐CYCLOHEXENONEN
Authors: PETE J. P. , WOLFHUGEL J. L.
Published: March 2016

Aus 4‐Methoxy‐l ,4‐cholestadien‐3‐on (I) entsteht bei der Belichtung ( ′=36O nm) das Umlagerungsprodukt (II), das zu (III) hydriert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NEIGHBOURING HYDROXY‐GROUP PARTICIPATION IN THE OPENING OF EPOXIDES BY NUCLEOPHILES
Authors: BARTON D. H. R. , HOUMINER Y.
Published: March 2016

Die Behandlung der Epoxide (I), (II) und (IV) mit einem l0Ofachem Überschuß Natriumazid in einem siedendem 2:1‐Gemisch aus Aceton und Wasser ergibt die Azide (V), (VI) bzw. (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐GLYCOSYLINDAZOLES
Authors: KORBUKH I. A. , BLANCO F. F. , PREOBRAZHENKAJA M. N.
Published: March 2016

Indazol (I) wird mit acetylierten Zuckern bei 160°C in Gegenwart von Jod zu den Kondensaten (IIa) und (IIIa) umgesetzt, die..sich zu (IIb) bzw. (IIIb) verseifen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF BICYCLIC NUCLEOSIDES RELATED TO CYTIDINE, 3‐(BETA‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)ISOGUANINE
Authors: SCHMIDT C. L. , TOWNSEND L. B.
Published: March 2016

4,5,6‐Triamino‐pyrimidin‐2‐on (I) reagiert mit Thioharnstoff (II) zum 8‐Mercaptoisoguanin (IIIa), aus dem die Jodverbindung (IIIb) hergestellt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: VERGLEICH DER POLAROGRAPHIE VON EISEN UND TITAN IN GEGENWART VON MANNITOL, NACHWEIS VON TITAN IN GEGENWART VON EISEN IN LOESUNGEN MIT BASISCHEM PH, LABORATORIUMSNOTIZ
Authors: LIEGEOIS CHANTAL
Published: March 2016

3 ist bei einempH‐Wert von 9, bei etwa gleichem und einer Mannitolkonzentration von etwa 8 bis lle des Fe ist dann gut getrennt von der Eine Bestimmung von Ti neben Fe Gehalt von Ti und Fe in der Lösung 10 Gew.% möglich.
ChemInform Abstract: AN APPLICATION OF THE 0S‐FUNCTION TO MOLECULAR SYSTEMS OF H2(+) AND H2
Authors: ISHIMARU SHINGO , TANAKA KAZUYOSHI , YAMABE TOKIO
Published: March 2016

Es wird die Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Os‐Funktionen auf molekulare Systeme untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DARSTELLUNG UND STRUKTUR VON NA4SNS4.14H2O
Authors: SCHIWY W. , POHL S. , KREBS B.
Published: March 2016

Natriumorthothiostannat Na4SnS4 · 14 H2O wurde aus wäßriger Lösung rein dargestellt und durch eine vollständige Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PEROWSKITPHASEN IN DEN SYSTEMEN AO‐SE2O3‐UO(2,X) MIT A=ERDALKALIMETALL UND SE=SELTENERDMETALL, LA SOWIE Y 5. MITT. EXISTENZBEREICH DER PEROWSKITPHASEN A2SEU(V)O6
Authors: KEMMLER‐SACK S.
Published: March 2016

In den Systemen AO‐SE2O3‐ U02′); erstreckt sich, nach den röntgenographischen und spektroskopischen Untersuchungen, die Perowskitphase A2SE0,67+ ,(U035 + 3 x/z (x 0,33) in den meisten Fällen nicht bis zur Grenzzusammensetzung A2SEUO6.
ChemInform Abstract: IONENSOLVATATION
Authors: STREHLOW H. , KNOCHE W. , SCHNEIDER H.
Published: March 2016

Es wird über die Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Ionensolvatation berichtet, die aus der Kinetik der Ionenassoziation sowie aus der Untersuchung von Elektrolyten in gemischten Lösungsmitteln gewonnen wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: ELEKTROCHEMISCHE ENERGIEUMWANDLUNG
Authors: KORDESCH KARL V.
Published: March 2016

Wärmekraftmaschinen und Batterien werden verglichen und die verschiedenen Systeme galvanischer Elemente werden diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REFLEXIONSSPEKTROSKOPISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN DER ELEKTROLYTISCHEN METALLABSCHEIDUNG AUF ZINKOXID
Authors: KOLB D. M.
Published: March 2016

Mit Hilfe der differentiellen Reflexionsspektroskopie wird die elektrolytische Abscheidung von Ag‐ und Zn‐Atomen auf ZnO untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: OPTISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUM ENTSTEHUNGSMECHANISMUS DER LOCHFRASSKORROSION
Authors: PAATSCH W.
Published: March 2016

Passive Ni‐, Fe‐ und Ti‐Elektroden wurden im Bereich beginnender und stabiler Lochfraßkorrosion modulationsspektroskopisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE SURFACE ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA ACCOMPANYING SORPTION OF OXYGEN ON TRANSITION METAL OXIDES PART 1, GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NICKEL OXIDE
Authors: NOWOTNY J.
Published: March 2016

Die Kinetik der Änderungen der Elektronenaustrittsarbeit von reinem polykristallinem NiO bei der isothermen Wechselwirkung mit geringen Sauerstoffmengen bei 400°C wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REAGENTIEN ZUR PARAMAGNETISCHEN VERSCHIEBUNG VON SIGNALEN IN DER KERNRESONANZSPEKTROSKOPIE
Authors: SLONIM I. YA. , BULAI A. KH.
Published: March 2016

Übersicht über die Struktur paramagnetisch verschiedener ′ Verbindungen, namentlich von Seltenerdmetall‐Komplexen mit Diketonen, und den Mechanismus ihrer Wechselwirkung mit den Substraten bei kemresonanzspektrometrischen Untersuchungen.
ChemInform Abstract: PALLADIUM(0) KATALYSIERTE KONDENSATION AROMATISCHER HALOGENIDE MIT OLEFINEN
Authors: JULIA MARC , DUTEIL MICHEL
Published: March 2016

Jodbenzol′ (Ia) reagiert mit dem Acrylat (II) im Autoklav an Pd‐Kohle zum Zimtsäureester (III).
ChemInform Abstract: NEW SYNTHETIC REACTIONS, ASYMMETRIC INDUCTION IN ALLYLIC ALKYLATIONS
Authors: TROST BARRY M. , DIETSCHE THOMAS J.
Published: March 2016

Die in Gegenwart von Trimethylphosphin, Trimethylphosphit, 1,2‐Bis‐[diphenyl‐ phosphino]‐äthan oder Tetramethyläthylendiamin durchgeführte Reaktion des π‐Allyl‐Pd‐Komplexes (I) mit dem Na‐malonsäurediester (II) ergibt das asymm. Alkylierungsprodukt (III) in guten Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON ALKOHOLEN MIT BETA‐ALLEN‐GRUPPIERUNG DURCH REDUKTION VON EN‐(2)‐IN‐(4)‐OLEN‐(1) 2. MITT.
Authors: SANTELLI M. , BERTRAND M.
Published: March 2016

Das Acetat (Ia) bildet bei der Reduktion mit LiAlD4 und nachfolgender Hydrolyse mit H2O den β‐deuterierten Alkohol (II) und bei der Reduktion mit LiAlH4 und Hydrolyse mit D2O die Isomeren (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON AZIRIDINEN DURCH REAKTION VON METALLORGANISCHEN VERBINDUNGEN MIT CYCLOHEXANONONOXIMEN, RELATIVE KONFIGURATIONEN UND KONFORMATIONEN
Authors: CHAABOUNI REFAAT , LAURENT ANDRE
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung mit den entsprechenden Grignard‐Verbindungen in siedendem Toluol wurden aus den Oximen (I) und (V) die Aziridine (II) bzw. die Isomeren (VI) und (VII) (deren relative Konfigurationen NMR‐spektroskopisch bestimmt wurden) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PSYCHOTROP AKTIVE VERBINDUNGEN, SYNTHESE VON 11‐(1‐ALKYL‐PIPERIDYL‐(4))‐DIBENZO(A,D)CYCLOHEPTENEN UND DEN ENTSPRECHENDEN 10,11‐DIHYDRO‐DERIVATEN
Authors: FOUCHE JEAN , BLONDEL JEAN‐CLAUDE , HORCLOIS RAYMOND , JAMES CLAUDE , LEGER ANDRE , POIGET GILBERT
Published: March 2016

Ausgehend von den Cycloheptenonen (I) werden nach angegebenem Schema Dibenzocycloheptene, wie z.B. (VI), dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 2,6‐DICYANOPYRIDINE
Authors: PEARSE G. A. , WISOWATY J.
Published: March 2016

2,6‐Dibrom‐pyridin (I) reagiert mit Cyanid zum Dinitril (II), Dieses Verfahren erweist 4 sich als das beste der bekannten Verfahren.
ChemInform Abstract: AZOLE CHEMISTRY PART 8, RING‐CHAIN TAUTOMERISM OF SOME 2‐MERCAPTOPERIMIDINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: ALPER H. , LIPSCHUTZ B. H.
Published: March 2016

2‐Mercapto‐perimidin (I) reagiert mit den Halogenmethyl‐ketonen (II) zu den in den Ring‐ und Ketten‐tautomeren Formen (III) und (IV) vorliegenden Kondensationsprodukten.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DEN GEGENSEITIGEN EINFLUSS VON SUBSTITUENTEN IN TRIARYLPHOSPHAZOBENZOLEN
Authors: ZHMUROVA I. N. , YURCHENKO V. G. , YURCHENKO R. I.
Published: March 2016

Das Pyrazolon (I) reagiert mit p‐Aminobenzaldehyd (II) zu dem Benzylidenpyrazolon (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ZUR DARSTELLUNG VON 2‐OXO‐3‐PHENYL‐1,3,2‐OXAZAPHOSPHOLANEN
Authors: PUDOVIK M. A. , PUDOVIK A. N.
Published: March 2016

Durch Hydrolyse des 2‐Chlor‐3‐phenyl‐1,3,2‐oxaza‐phospholans (I) erhält man das cyclische Phosphit (III) in reiner Form.
ChemInform Abstract: A MU‐DINITROGEN COMPLEX WITH A LONG N‐N BOND, X‐RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ((P(CH3)2C6H5)4CLREN2MOCL4(O‐CH3))
Authors: MERCER M. , CRABTREE R. H. , RICHARDS R. L.
Published: March 2016

Der Rhenium‐Komplex (I) bildet mit der überschüssigen Molybdän‐Verbindung (II) den Komplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CLEAVAGE OF ALPHA‐NITROKETONES BY PLATINUM(II) AND PLATINUM(0) AND FORMATION OF PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES CONTAINING FULMINATO‐ AND CARBOXYLATOGROUPS
Authors: ALESSANDRINI SAVERIO , COLLAMATI INES , ERCOLANI CLAUDIO
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion des Dichloro‐Pt(II)‐Komplexes (I) mit den Tl‐a‐nitroketonaten (II) führt nicht zu entsprechenden Pt(II)‐nitroketonaten sondern unter Spaltung einer C‐C‐Bindung des ot‐Nitroketons zu den Fulminato‐ und Carboxylato‐Pt(II)‐Komplexen (III)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: INDOLE 5. MITT. SYNTHESE VON AM C‐15 OXYGENIERTEN EBURNAN‐ UND HOMOEBURNAN‐DERIVATEN
Authors: IMBERT THIERRY , THAL CLAUDE , HUSSON HENRI‐PHILIPPE , POTIER PIERRE
Published: March 2016

Das durch Kondensation des Carbolins (I) mit dem Ester (IIa) erhaltene Immoniums (IIIa) liefert in saurem Medium den Pentacyclus (IV), Das analog dargestellte Immoniumsalz (IIIb) gibt in siedendem Methanol in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin den Ester (V), der mit K‐tert.‐butoxid zum pentacyclischen Lactam (VI) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKALOIDS OF THE PAPAVERACEAE PART 20, 2,9‐DIMETHOXY‐3‐HYDROXYPAVINANE, A NEW ALKALOID FROM ARGEMONE MUNITA SUBSP. ROTUNDATA
Authors: COOMES R. M. , FALCK J. R. , WILLIAMS D. K. , STERMITZ F. R.
Published: March 2016

Das Alkaloid (I) wird isoliert und in seiner Struktur sichergestellt.
Correlative scheme for predicting carbon dioxide solubility in fractioned bitumen
Authors: Bayestehparvin Bita , Abedi Jalal
Published: March 2016

This study employs the response surface method in conjunction with a user‐defined design to model the solubility of carbon dioxide in different bitumen cuts. Two different sets of data for carbon dioxide solubility in Cold Lake bitumen were considered. Temperature, pressure, and the bitumen cuts' molecular mass were selected as the explanatory variables. Scatter plots were used to determine the appropriate transformations for the explanatory variables. An ANOVA test was considered in a step‐wise manner to select the significant parameters. A second‐order dependency on temperature and a first‐order dependency on the pressure and molecular mass were observed. In addition, a binary interaction between the molecular mass and pressure was observed. The developed correlation modelled carbon dioxide solubility in bitumen cuts with an AARD of 5 % for all the experimental data. The perturbation curve emphasized the strong dependency of solubility on temperature and pressure.
The posteromedial thigh (PMT) flap for lower extremity reconstruction
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Hsieh Ching‐Hua , Giovanoli Pietro , Chen Yen‐Chou
Published: March 2016

Background

The posteromedial thigh (PMT) perforator flap is a new reliable flap with versatility. The purpose of this article was to report our experience with the use of free PMT flaps for reconstruction of defects of the lower extremity.

Patients and methods

From July 2014 to May 2015, 8 patients received reconstruction with 8 free PMT flaps. The defect locations included the heel (1 case), dorsal foot (2 cases), plantar foot (1 case), lateral malleolus (1 case), Achilles tendon (1 case), and tibia (2 cases). Flaps were raised based on the first medial perforator of the profunda femoris artery (PFA) (7 cases) and medial circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) perforator (1 case). The dorsalis pedis artery (3 cases), anterior tibia artery (1 cases), posterior tibial artery (3 cases), and medial sural pedicle (1 case) were dissected as recipient vessels.

Results

The flap sizes varied from 10 × 10 to 30 × 11 cm. All the flaps survived completely after surgery. The donor sites were all primarily closed with minimal morbidities. Follow‐up observations were conducted for 3–12 months, and all patients had good functional recovery with satisfactory cosmetic results.

Conclusion

Perforators arising from the PFA in the posterior medial thigh can be used to design pliable fasciocutaneous flaps. The pedicle length and the vessel diameter are adequate for microvascular anastomosis to the lower extremities recipient vessels. The free PMT flap serves as a good new option for reconstructing lower extremity defects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:865–872, 2017.
The Challenge of Innovation in Highly Complex Projects: What Can We Learn from Boeing's Dreamliner Experience?
Authors: Shenhar Aaron J. , Holzmann Vered , Melamed Benjamin , Zhao Yao
Published: March 2016

Understanding the link between project complexity and innovation is highly pertinent. Yet, the challenge of innovative complex projects has received limited research attention and little theory development. This article provides a retrospective analysis of the difficulties experienced by Boeing during the development project of its highly innovative Dreamliner aircraft. Eventually successful, this project suffered extensive delays and cost overruns. The article analyzes the project's complex nature of innovation, while using several frameworks to provide an integrative view of its challenges and suggesting possible alternative ways to address them. Insights for complex project teams and future research directions are offered.
Computing maximal weak and other bisimulations
Authors: Boulgakov Alexandre , Gibson-Robinson Thomas , Roscoe A. W.
Published: March 2016

We present and compare several algorithms for computing the maximal strong bisimulation, the maximal divergence-respecting delay bisimulation, and the maximal divergence-respecting weak bisimulation of a generalised labelled transition system. These bisimulation relations preserve CSP semantics, as well as the operational semantics of programs in other languages with operational semantics described by such GLTSs and relying only on observational equivalence. They can therefore be used to combat the space explosion problem faced in explicit model checking for such languages. We concentrate on algorithms which work efficiently when implemented rather than on ones which have low asymptotic growth.
Stratigraphic Evolution of the Proterozoic Succession in the Western Part of the Chattisgarh Basin, India
Authors: Bhattacharya Purbasha , Patranabis-Deb Sarbani
Published: March 2016

The Meso to Neoproterozoic succession in the western Chattisgarh basin around Rajnandgaon has been classified into coarse siliciclastic dominated proximal and fine siliciclastic-carbonate dominated distal assemblages. The proximal assemblage, the Chandarpur Group, unconformably overlies the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Dongargarh-Kotri volcanics (c.2.2-2.3 Ga), Bengpal Granite (c.2.5-2.6 Ga) and BIF of the Dalli-Rajhara Group (∼2.4 Ga). The Chandarpur Group consists of 15-20 m thick conglomerate and feldspathic sandstone at the basal part of the succession, which is mapped as a lateral equivalent of the Lohardih Formation. The coarse clastics, conglomerate succession gradationally passes up to ∼280 m thick succession of supermature sandstone, the Kansapathar Formation. The thick mudstone dominated heterolithic unit, the Gomarda Formation and its lateral equivalent, the Chaporadih Formation is not present in the western part of the Chattisgarh basin. The fine siliciclastic-carbonate assemblage of the Raipur Group conformably overlies the Chandarpur Group. The Raipur Group consists of Charmuria Limestone (∼320 m), Gunderdehi Shale (∼450 m), Chandi Limestone (∼ 550 m) with Deodongar Member (∼50 m) and Tarenga Shale. The sediments of Chandarpur Group were deposited in a shallow marine environment with occasional fluvial input in a relatively fluctuating sea level. The palaeoshoreline was NW-SE oriented with an open sea towards north which remained same throughout the deposition of the Chandarpur-Raipur sequence. It has also been inferred that the Lohardih Formation and the Kansapathar Formation represents a rifting phase followed by a stable subsidence stage when the basin evolved into a large epicontinental sea. The sequences further display signatures of passive margin sedimentation with multiple events of carbonate-shale rhythmite deposition.
Magnetic Susceptibility Studies of the Upper Albian-Danian Sediments of Cauvery Basin, South India
Authors: Prasannakumar V. , Pratheesh P. , Vikas C. , Reghunath Rajesh , Prasanth R. S.
Published: March 2016

The Cauvery basin of the Indian Peninsular shield, formed during the fragmentation of the Gondwana Supercontinent, continued to evolve until the end of Neogene through rift, pull-apart, shelf sag and tilt processes. The basin witnessed many cycles of transgression, regression, erosion and deposition. A more or less complete succession of upper Cretaceous–Paleocene sediments is exposed in the Ariyalur–Pondicherry depression of the basin. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique is applied in an attempt to examine the depositional and eustatic conditions prevailed during the formation of these sedimentary sequences. AMS results point to the sedimentation history dominated by marked sea level changes with several phases of transgression and regression. The sedimentation occurred mainly in a shallow epicontinental sea which has been punctuated with terrigenous supply more often. Greater utility of magnetic fabrics is suggested as a tool to trace fluvial responses to tectonic and climatic changes.
Fußball und Regionalentwicklung. Eine Analyse der regionalwirtschaftlichen Effekte eines Fußball-Bundesliga-Vereins – dargestellt am Beispiel des Borussia VfL 1900 Mönchengladbach
Authors: Hamm Rüdiger , Jäger Angelika , Fischer Christina
Published: March 2016

Soccer—the world’s most important triviality—is not only the most popular sport in Europe, but has furthermore become an increasingly important research subject for various scientific disciplines. For regional economists and policy advisers, especially the estimation of regional economic impacts of soccer clubs and their regular major sport events are of high importance and interest. Whereas athletic success and challenges are achieved within the stadium, along with the popularity of the soccer club and its athletes, significant economic benefits can arise for the cities and regions hosting a soccer club. The purpose of this article is to analyze and estimate the impact, the German national league soccer club Borussia VfL 1900 Mönchengladbach exerts on its surrounding region, the Middle Lower Rhine Region in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The analysis differentiates expenditure-based and supply side effects. On one hand, the value added effect for the hosting region is estimated at nearly 100 mio. € annually. In addition, employment effects arise from the 1.075 employees working for the club. On the other hand, the results indicate that the club’s effects on the region’s perception, awareness and public image—which are mostly not included in comparable scientific studies, as it is difficult to quantify and measure these effects—are significant and should no longer be neglected in cost-benefit analysis of large sporting events. The results also suggest the existence of a positive influence on the local identity and sense of belonging of the population that is characterized in this study as “psychological income”. Summarized, a soccer club is identified as a significant and valuable location factor.
Exploring the effects of medical trainee naming: a randomized experiment
Authors: Chaitoff Alexander , Joshua Niforatos Joshua , Vega José
Published: March 2016

Purpose There is no rigorous exploration of how the different titles used by medical trainees in medical school affect patients’ perceptions of trainees. This study has two aims: (1) to understand the effects of medical trainee title on subjects’ perceptions, and (2) to understand the effects of informing subjects about the medical education system on comfort with trainees. Methods A survey was distributed utilizing Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n = 432). To explore aim 1 and 2, the survey included one randomized experimental treatment asking participants to imagine they were partaking in a hypothetical clinical encounter with a medical trainee using one of three titles. To explore aim 2, the survey instrument included an educational section and assessed changes in subjects’ comfort with trainees. Results There was no association between trainee title and subjects’ perceptions of trainee responsibility, education level, or comfort with being examined. However, 41.4 % (n = 179) of subjects were not aware of the medical trainees’ training level, and education resulted in significant increases in comfort with being interviewed and examined by a trainee (p < 0.001). Conclusions While trainee naming was not directly associated with subjects’ perceptions, educating patients about the medical education system may increase comfort level when they are with medical trainees.
Cognitive styles and psychological functioning in rural South African school students: Understanding influences for risk and resilience in the face of chronic adversity
Authors: Cortina Melissa A. , Stein Alan , Kahn Kathleen , Hlungwani Tintswalo Mercy , Holmes Emily A. , Fazel Mina
Published: March 2016

Adverse childhood experiences can show lasting effects on physical and mental health. Major questions surround how children overcome adverse circumstances to prevent negative outcomes. A key factor determining resilience is likely to be cognitive interpretation (how children interpret the world around them). The cognitive interpretations of 1025 school children aged 10–12 years in a rural, socioeconomically disadvantaged area of South Africa were examined using the Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children (CTI‐C). These were examined in relation to psychological functioning and perceptions of the school environment. Those with more positive cognitive interpretations had better psychological functioning on scales of depression, anxiety, somatization and sequelae of potentially traumatic events. Children with more negative cognitions viewed the school‐environment more negatively. Children living in poverty in rural South Africa experience considerable adversity and those with negative cognitions are at risk for psychological problems. Targeting children's cognitive interpretations may be a possible area for intervention.
Family functioning and adolescent alcohol use: A moderated mediation analysis
Authors: Ohannessian Christine McCauley , Flannery Kaitlin M. , Simpson Emily , Russell Beth S.
Published: March 2016

The primary goals of this longitudinal study were to examine the relationship between family functioning and adolescent alcohol use and to examine whether depressed mood mediates this relationship. An additional goal was to explore whether these relations were moderated by gender. The sample included 1031 high school students from the Mid‐Atlantic United States. Participants completed surveys in school during the spring of 2007, 2008, and 2009. Path analysis results indicated that family functioning predicted alcohol use for girls. Moreover, depressed mood mediated this relationship. None of the direct paths between family functioning and adolescent alcohol use were significant for boys. However, similar to girls, depressed mood negatively predicted alcohol use for boys. Taken together, the findings highlight the need for prevention programs targeting adolescent substance use to consider gender‐specific trajectories.
Facial nerve trunk variations with surgical implications: A cadaveric study
Authors: Zhong Wenjie , Ashwell Kenneth
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose:

: Anterograde identification of facial nerve trunk (FNT) identification is paramount, because FNT injury causes substantial morbidity. This study reexamines controversial landmarks and considers the importance of gender and dentition in landmark choice.

Methods:

Distances from key landmarks to FNT were measured and compared by side, gender and dentition (92 specimens). Landmarks included posterior belly of digastric muscle (PBM), tragal pointer (TP), mastoid process (MP), external acoustic meatus (EAM) and transverse process of axis (TPA).

Results:

Two-sample T tests showing longer distances from: MP/TPA to FNT in men than in women (14.8 ± 2.2 mm vs. 13.5 ± 1.6 mm, P = 0.004; 37.6 ± 4.4 mm vs. 32.7 ± 4.2 mm, P = 0.001); EAM to FNT on occlusal sides than on the counterparts (14.2 ± 1.8 mm vs. 16.0 ± 3.8 mm, P = 0.020). One-sample T tests showing longer distances from: TP to FNT on right than on left side (21.4 ± 2.7 vs. 19.9 ± 2.9, P = 0.006); MP to FNT on the less dentulous maxillae than on the counterpart (14.4 ± 2.1 vs. 13.0 ± 1.6, P = 0.027); PBM/EAM to FNT on the less dentulous mandible than on the counterpart (9.8 ± 1.6 vs. 7.8 ± 2.5, P = 0.039; 16.4 ± 3.0 vs. 14.1 ± 1.5, P = 0.020).

Conclusion:

Surgeons should be aware that distances of MP, PBM and EAM, to FNT, are lengthened in less dentulous patients, especially when maxilla and mandibles are non-occlusive. Overall, soft landmarks are less reliable than osseous landmarks.

Highlights:
There and back again: multiple and return exchange of humpback whales between breeding habitats separated by an ocean basin
Authors: Stevick Peter T. , Berrow Simon D. , Bérubé Martine , Bouveret Laurent , Broms Fredrik , Jann Beatrice , Kennedy Amy , López Suárez Pedro , Meunier Marine , Ryan Conor , Wenzel Frederick
Published: March 2016

In species that aggregate for reproduction, the social and fitness costs of movement between groups frequently lead to restricted exchange between breeding areas. We report on four individual humpback whales identified in both the Cape Verde Islands and Guadeloupe; locations separated by an ocean basin and >4000 km. This rate of exchange is rarely encountered between such geographically discrete breeding areas. Two individuals returned to the area where they were originally identified. In contrast, no individuals from the Cape Verde Islands were resighted to the much larger sample from the Dominican Republic, though the migratory distances from the feeding areas are comparable between these areas. The social factors driving the stark difference between groups that is observed here are not clear. Effective conservation requires an understanding of the extent and pattern of movement between population units. The findings presented here suggest that there may well be more than one behaviourally distinct group within the West Indies. More broadly, they argue that considerable caution is warranted in assumptions made regarding the number, boundaries and status of population units based solely on spatial separation or proximity.
Morphometric and gonad maturity of the spider crabLibinia ferreiraeBrito Capello, 1871 (Decapoda: Majoidea: Epialtidae) on the south-eastern Brazilian coast
Authors: Gonçalves Geslaine Rafaela Lemos , Bolla Júnior Eduardo Antonio , Negreiros-Fransozo Maria Lucia , Castilho Antonio Leão
Published: March 2016

Sexual maturity of the spider crabLibinia ferreiraewas assessed for each sex, based on body dimensions and observations of gonad condition. A total of 346 crabs were analysed, of which 68% were females. Immature and adult individuals were recognized based on their allometric growth and gonad development. Abdomen width (AW)vscarapace width (CW) and propodus length (PL)vsCW were the relationships that best separated allometric groups of females and males, respectively. For females, gonad and allometric morphological maturity were, respectively, 38.77 and 39.43 mm of CW, which is close to the carapace size of the smallest ovigerous female (38.08 mm). For males, gonad maturity was 34.86 mm of CW and three allometric phases were observed: immature (IM♂), adolescent (AD♂) and adult morphometrically mature (MM♂). The IM♂ phase showed lower values of CW and PL than the AD♂ phase, without spermatophores inside the vas deferens; the AD♂ phase exhibited higher CW values than IM♂, but lower CW and PL values than the MM♂ phase, and the presence of spermatophores in the vas deferens; the MM♂ phase had higher values of CW and PL than the AD♂ phase and spermatophores in the vas deferens. Therefore, females showed synchronic morphometric, gonadal and functional maturity, while in males, gonadal maturity was attained before morphometric maturity, which probably could be a reproductive strategy for this species.
Structurally preserved fungi from Antarctica: diversity and interactions in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic polar forest ecosystems
Authors: Harper Carla J. , Taylor Thomas N. , Krings Michael , Taylor Edith L.
Published: March 2016

Chert and silicified wood from the Permian through Cretaceous of Antarctica contain abundant information on fungal diversity and plant–fungal interactions. The chert deposits represent a particularly interesting setting for the study of plant–fungal interactions because they preserve remains of distinctive high latitude forest ecosystems with polar light regimes that underwent a profound climate change from icehouse to greenhouse conditions. Moreover, some of the cherts and wood show the predominance of extinct groups of seed plants (e.g. Glossopteridales, Corystospermales). Over the past 30 years, documentation of fossil fungi from Antarctica has shifted from a by-product of plant descriptive studies to a focused research effort. This paper critically reviews the published record of fungi and fungal associations and interactions in the late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic cherts and silicified wood from Antarctica; certain fungal palynomorphs and fungal remains associated with adpression fossils and cuticles are also considered. Evidence of mutualistic (mycorrhizal), parasitic and saprotrophic fungi associated with plant roots, stems, leaves and reproductive organs is presented, together with fungi occurring within the peat matrix and animal–fungus interactions. Special attention is paid to the morphology of the fungi, their systematic position and features that can be used to infer fungal nutritional modes.
Corpus-based learning of Cantonese for Mandarin speakers
Authors: Wong Tak-Sum , Lee John S. Y.
Published: March 2016

This article presents the first study on using a parallel corpus to teach Cantonese, the variety of Chinese spoken in Hong Kong. We evaluated this approach with Mandarin-speaking undergraduate students at the beginner level. Exploiting their knowledge of Mandarin, a closely related language, the students studied Cantonese with authentic material in a Cantonese-Mandarin parallel corpus, transcribed from television programs. They were given a list of Mandarin words that yield a range of possible Cantonese translations, depending on the linguistic context. Leveraging sentence and word alignments in the parallel corpus, the students independently searched for example sentences to discover these translation equivalents. Experimental results showed that, in both the short- and long-term, this data-driven learning approach helped students improve their knowledge of Cantonese vocabulary. These results suggest the potential of applying parallel corpora at even the beginners’ level for other L1-L2 pairs of closely related languages.
Surviving the industrial city: the female poor and the workhouse in late nineteenth-century Belfast
Authors: PURDUE OLWEN
Published: March 2016

In common with many British cities, but unlike the rest of Ireland, late nineteenth-century Belfast experienced rapid industrialization and physical expansion. Women formed a significant proportion of the city's workforce, attracted by the employment opportunities represented in the burgeoning textile industry. Many of them were economically vulnerable, however, and could find themselves destitute for a number of reasons. This article sets Belfast's Poor Law workhouse in the landscape of welfare in the city, exploring how its use reflected the development of the city and the ways in which the female poor engaged with it in order to survive.
Early hybrid approach and enteral feeding algorithm could reduce the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis in neonates with ductus-dependent systemic circulation
Authors: Manuri Lucia , Morelli Stefano , Agati Salvatore , Saitta Michele B. , Oreto Lilia , Mandraffino Giuseppe , Iannace Enrico , Iorio Fiore S. , Guccione Paolo
Published: March 2016

Background

The reported incidence of necrotising enterocolitis in neonates with complex CHD with ductus-dependent systemic circulation ranges from 6.8 to 13% despite surgical treatment; the overall mortality is between 25 and 97%. The incidence of gastrointestinal complications after hybrid palliation for neonates with ductus-dependent systemic circulation still has to be defined, but seems comparable with that following the Norwood procedure.

Methods

We reviewed the incidence of gastrointestinal complications in a series of 42 consecutive neonates with ductus-dependent systemic circulation, who received early hybrid palliation associated with a standardised feeding protocol.

Results

The median age and birth weight at the time of surgery were 3 days (with a range from 1 to 10 days) and 3.07 kg (with a range from 1.5 to 4.5 kg), respectively. The median ICU length of stay was 7 days (1–70 days), and the median hospital length of stay was 16 days (6–70 days). The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 3 days. Hospital mortality was 16% (7/42). In the postoperative period, 26% of patients were subjected to early extubation, and all of them received treatment with systemic vasodilatory agents. Feeding was started 6 hours after extubation according to a dedicated feeding protocol. After treatment, none of our patients experienced any grade of necrotising enterocolitis or major gastrointestinal adverse events.

Conclusions

Our experience indicates that the combination of an “early hybrid approach”, systemic vasodilator therapy, and dedicated feeding protocol adherence could reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal complications in this group of neonates. Fast weaning from ventilatory support, which represents a part of our treatment strategy, could be associated with low incidence of necrotising enterocolitis.
REAL ESTATE CYCLES, ASSET REDISTRIBUTION, AND THE DYNAMICS OF A CRISIS
Authors: Chakraborty Suparna
Published: March 2016

In this paper, I explore the dynamics of real estate market fluctuations and business cycle co-movements in a neoclassical setting. Applying a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of collateral constraints with asset reallocation to Japan, I find that public policy shocks account well for the business cycle dynamics. In particular, taxes on land holdings of households mimic the impact of a housing preference shock, and if volatile enough, can trigger large asset price fluctuations. However, in the absence of volatility, the impact on prices is intrinsically linked to the persistence of shocks. Dependence on fixed assets such as real estate to secure collateral-based financing significantly amplifies the effect of initial shocks on the real macro aggregates. The financial accelerator works through the “redistribution channel,” shifting a large fraction of the collateral between constrained and unconstrained agents in response to an external stimuli.
Hubble Gazes at Europa's Aurora
Authors: Zastrow Mark
Published: March 2016

Scientists get their best glimpse yet of the shimmering phenomena on one of Jupiter's most intriguing moons.
Correction: Corrigendum: Tunable continuous wave emission via phase-matched second harmonic generation in a ZnSe microcylindrical resonator
Authors: Vukovic N. , Healy N. , Sparks J. R. , Badding J. V. , Horak P. , Peacock A. C.
Published: March 2016

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 11798; published online: 02 July 2015; updated: 17 March 2016 The Acknowledgements section in this Article is incomplete. “The authors acknowledge EPSRC (EP/J004863/1 and EP/I035307/1), NSF (DMR-1107894), the Penn State Materials Research Science and EngineeringCenter (NSF DMR-0820404), and the Air Force Research Laboratory (FA8650-10-C-1902) for financial support.
Strain-induced magnetic domain wall control by voltage in hybrid piezoelectric BaTiO3 ferrimagnetic TbFe structures
Authors: Rousseau Olivier , Weil Raphael , Rohart Stanislas , Mougin Alexandra
Published: March 2016

This paper reports on the voltage dependence of the magnetization reversal of a thin amorphous ferromagnetic TbFe film grown on a ferroelectric and piezoelectric BaTiO3 single crystal. Magneto-optical measurements, at macroscopic scale or in a microscope, demonstrate how the ferroelectric BaTiO3 polarisation history influences the properties of the perpendicularly magnetized TbFe film. Unpolarised and twinned regions are obtained when the sample is zero voltage cooled whereas flat and saturated regions are obtained when the sample is voltage cooled through the ferroelectric ordering temperature of the BaTiO3 crystal, as supported by atomic force microscopy experiments. The two steps involved in the TbFe magnetization reversal, namely nucleation and propagation of magnetic domain walls, depend on the polarisation history. Nucleation is associated to coupling through strains with the piezoelectric BaTiO3 crystal and propagation to pinning with the ferroelastic surface patterns visible in the BaTiO3 topography.
Solvent-Free Manufacturing of Electrodes for Lithium-ion Batteries
Authors: Ludwig Brandon , Zheng Zhangfeng , Shou Wan , Wang Yan , Pan Heng
Published: March 2016

Lithium ion battery electrodes were manufactured using a new, completely dry powder painting process. The solvents used for conventional slurry-cast electrodes have been completely removed. Thermal activation time has been greatly reduced due to the time and resource demanding solvent evaporation process needed with slurry-cast electrode manufacturing being replaced by a hot rolling process. It has been found that thermal activation time to induce mechanical bonding of the thermoplastic polymer to the remaining active electrode particles is only a few seconds. Removing the solvent and drying process allows large-scale Li-ion battery production to be more economically viable in markets such as automotive energy storage systems. By understanding the surface energies of various powders which govern the powder mixing and binder distribution, bonding tests of the dry-deposited particles onto the current collector show that the bonding strength is greater than slurry-cast electrodes, 148.8 kPa as compared to 84.3 kPa. Electrochemical tests show that the new electrodes outperform conventional slurry processed electrodes, which is due to different binder distribution.
Weighted Uncertainty Relations
Authors: Xiao Yunlong , Jing Naihuan , Li-Jost Xianqing , Fei Shao-Ming
Published: March 2016

Recently, Maccone and Pati have given two stronger uncertainty relations based on the sum of variances and one of them is nontrivial when the quantum state is not an eigenstate of the sum of the observables. We derive a family of weighted uncertainty relations to provide an optimal lower bound for all situations and remove the restriction on the quantum state. Generalization to multi-observable cases is also given and an optimal lower bound for the weighted sum of the variances is obtained in general quantum situation.
ICP4-induced miR-101 attenuates HSV-1 replication
Authors: Wang Xiangling , Diao Caifeng , Yang Xi , Yang Zhen , Liu Min , Li Xin , Tang Hua
Published: March 2016

Hepes simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped DNA virus that can cause lytic and latent infection. miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and our previous work has indicated that HSV-1 infection induces miR-101 expression in HeLa cells. The present study demonstrates that HSV-1-induced miR-101 is mainly derived from its precursor hsa-mir-101-2 and the HSV-1 immediate early gene ICP4 (infected-cell polypeptide 4) directly binds to the hsa-mir-101-2 promoter to activate its expression. RNA-binding protein G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF1) was identified as a new target of miR-101; GRSF1 binds to HSV-1 p40 mRNA and enhances its expression, facilitating viral proliferation. Together, ICP4 induces miR-101 expression, which downregulates GRSF1 expression and attenuates the replication of HSV-1. This allows host cells to maintain a permissive environment for viral replication by preventing lytic cell death. These findings indicate that HSV-1 early gene expression modulates host miRNAs to regulate molecular defense mechanisms. This study provides novel insight into host-virus interactions in HSV-1 infection and may contribute to the development of antiviral therapeutics.
To Be a Flower or Fruiting Branch: Insights Revealed by mRNA and Small RNA Transcriptomes from Different Cotton Developmental Stages
Authors: Sun Quan , Du Xiongming , Cai Chaowei , Long Lu , Zhang Sai , Qiao Peng , Wang Weina , Zhou Kexue , Wang Guanghao , Liu Xin , Zhang Hui , Geng Shuaipeng , Yang Can , Gao Wei , Mo Jianchuan , Miao Chen , Song Chunpeng , Cai Yingfan
Published: March 2016

The architecture of the cotton plant, including fruit branch formation and flowering pattern, is the most important characteristic that directly influences light exploitation, yield and cost of planting. Nulliplex branch is a useful phenotype to study cotton architecture. We used RNA sequencing to obtain mRNA and miRNA profiles from nulliplex- and normal-branch cotton at three developmental stages. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs were identified that preferentially/specifically expressed in the pre-squaring stage, which is a key stage controlling the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. The DEGs identified were primarily enriched in RNA, protein and signalling categories in Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum. Interestingly, during the pre-squaring stage, the DEGs were predominantly enriched in transcription factors in both G. barbadense and G. hirsutum and these transcription factors were mainly involved in branching and flowering. Related miRNAs were also identified. The results showed that fruit branching in cotton is controlled by molecular pathways similar to those in Arabidopsis and that multiple regulated pathways may affect the development of floral buds. Our study showed that the development of fruit branches is closely related to flowering induction and provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of branch and flower development in cotton.
Efficient monitoring of the blood-stage infection in a malaria rodent model by the rotating-crystal magneto-optical method
Authors: Orbán Ágnes , Rebelo Maria , Molnár Petra , Albuquerque Inês S. , Butykai Adam , Kézsmárki István
Published: March 2016

Intense research efforts have been focused on the improvement of the efficiency and sensitivity of malaria diagnostics, especially in resource-limited settings for the detection of asymptomatic infections. Our recently developed magneto-optical (MO) method allows the accurate quantification of malaria pigment crystals (hemozoin) in blood by their magnetically induced rotation. First evaluations of the method using β-hematin crystals and in vitro P. falciparum cultures implied its potential for high-sensitivity malaria diagnosis. To further investigate this potential, here we study the performance of the method in monitoring the in vivo onset and progression of the blood-stage infection in a rodent malaria model. Our results show that the MO method can detect the first generation of intraerythrocytic P. berghei parasites 66–76 hours after sporozoite injection, demonstrating similar sensitivity to Giesma-stained light microscopy and exceeding that of flow cytometric techniques. Magneto-optical measurements performed during and after the treatment of P. berghei infections revealed that both the follow up under treatment and the detection of later reinfections are feasible with this new technique. The present study demonstrates that the MO method – besides being label and reagent-free, automated and rapid – has a high in vivo sensitivity and is ready for in-field evaluation.