bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Code of Criminal Procedure Relating to Procedure in the Criminal Courts of British India
Authors: Prinsep H. T.
Published: July 2014

Henry Thoby Prinsep (1792–1878), a colonial administrator who reached the highest rank in the East India Company and its successor, the Council of India, published this Code of Practice in 1866: the third edition of 1869, reissued here, was necessitated by new legislation in that year. (Prinsep's earlier work, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, is also reissued in this series.) In the preface to this work, written as a guide for local magistrates and administrators, Prinsep states his intent to present, in a convenient form, all the rules of procedure in the criminal courts of British India. Each stage of the process is annotated with explanatory material, and case law and precedents are also cited where appropriate. Appendices contain further relevant legislation, such as rules on extradition and the conduct of the police. An index of cases cited and a general index are also provided.
Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and the Design of Intelligent Agents
Authors: Gelfond Michael , Kahl Yulia
Published: July 2014

Knowledge representation and reasoning is the foundation of artificial intelligence, declarative programming, and the design of knowledge-intensive software systems capable of performing intelligent tasks. Using logical and probabilistic formalisms based on answer set programming (ASP) and action languages, this book shows how knowledge-intensive systems can be given knowledge about the world and how it can be used to solve non-trivial computational problems. The authors maintain a balance between mathematical analysis and practical design of intelligent agents. All the concepts, such as answering queries, planning, diagnostics, and probabilistic reasoning, are illustrated by programs of ASP. The text can be used for AI-related undergraduate and graduate classes and by researchers who would like to learn more about ASP and knowledge representation.
The Hedaya, or Guide
Authors: Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani
Published: July 2014

Composed in the twelfth century by the leading Muslim jurist Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani (1135–97), the original Arabic al-Hidāyah remains a central text of Islamic personal law. This English translation, from a Persian version of the work, was prepared by the orientalist Charles Hamilton (c.1752–92) for the East India Company in 1791. Although since superseded, it remains a fascinating document in the history of colonial jurisprudence. The legal system was central to the entrenchment of British rule in India, providing the framework for active control of civil administration and the courts. Translations of Islamic texts were intended to remove the language barrier for colonial officials, and blurred British and native law for the first time. Volume 4 contains sections on the partition of property, the eating of meat, sacrifice, abominations, the cultivation of wasteland, prohibited drinks, hunting, pawning, crimes against the person, fines, wills, and hermaphrodites.
History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, till the Year AD 1612
Authors: Ferishta Mahomed Kasim
Published: July 2014

The Persian chronicler Ferishta (1560–1620) composed his great work, published in this four-volume English translation in 1829, at the court of Bijapur - where he spent most of his life - under the patronage of King Ibrahim Adil Shah II. It covers Muslim India from around 975 to 1612 and is notable for its balance, despite Ferishta's close involvement with some of the events and people he records. Valuable additions to the text made by the translator, East India Company officer John Briggs (1785–1875), include genealogical tables and notes, as well as a comparative chronology of events in Europe and India. Volume 2 examines the descendants of Timur (or Tamerlane) and the founding by Babur of the Mughal dynasty in the early sixteenth century. It also contains coverage of the kings of the Deccan to the dissolution of the Bahmani sultanate after 1518.
History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, till the Year AD 1612
Authors: Ferishta Mahomed Kasim
Published: July 2014

The Persian chronicler Ferishta (1560–1620) composed his great work, published in this four-volume English translation in 1829, at the court of Bijapur - where he spent most of his life - under the patronage of King Ibrahim Adil Shah II. It covers Muslim India from around 975 to 1612 and is notable for its balance, despite Ferishta's close involvement with some of the events and people he records. Valuable additions to the text made by the translator, East India Company officer John Briggs (1785–1875), include genealogical tables and notes, as well as a comparative chronology of events in Europe and India. Volume 4 covers the kings of Gujarat, Malwa, Khandesh, Bengal and Bihar, Jaunpur, and Multan. There are also histories of Sindh and Kashmir. A comparative chronology of the minor kingdoms that eventually became part of the Mughal empire is included, and Briggs' appendices provide glossaries of names and places.
The History of India, as Told by its Own Historians
Authors: Elliot Henry Miers
Published: July 2014

This extensive eight-volume work was first published between 1867 and 1877 by the linguist John Dowson (1820–81) from the manuscripts of the colonial administrator and scholar Sir Henry Miers Elliot (1808–53). Before his death, hoping to bolster British colonial ideology, Elliot had intended to evaluate scores of Arabic and Persian historians of India, believing that his translations would demonstrate the violence of the Muslim rulers and 'make our native subjects more sensible of the immense advantages accruing to them under the mildness and the equity of our rule'. Volume 8 addresses criticism of the previously published volumes, and includes additions and corrections to them. The volume also contains extracts of numerous additional histories covering the end of the Mughal Empire from Muhammad Shah (1702–1748) to the establishment of British political and military dominance in India in the mid-nineteenth century.
Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres
Authors: Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de
Published: July 2014

Best known for his ideas relating to evolution, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) first built his reputation as a botanist and was elected to the prestigious Académie des Sciences in 1779. His career took a new turn in 1793 when he was made professor of 'insects, worms and microscopic animals' at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, although he lacked prior knowledge of the subject area. Undaunted, Lamarck set out to classify organisms which few naturalists had considered worthy of study since Linnaeus. He was the first to distinguish vertebrates from 'invertebrates' - a term he coined - by the presence of a vertebral column. In this groundbreaking seven-volume work, published between 1815 and 1822, he arranges invertebrates into twelve classes, laying the foundations for the modern study of these organisms. Volume 2, first published in 1816, covers polyps and radiata.
New Zealand
Authors: Hochstetter Ferdinand von
Published: July 2014

Inhabited by Polynesians since the thirteenth century and discovered by Europeans in the seventeenth, New Zealand is a geologically diverse island group where active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes have resulted in a rich variety of rock formations and geothermal activity. In 1859–60, the geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829–84) was employed by Auckland's government to undertake the first systematic geological survey of the islands, the results of which were first published in German in 1863 and translated into this English version in 1867. Hochstetter describes his travels across New Zealand, his encounters with native people and his scientific observations. He analyses plants, wildlife and fossils, describes mountains, rocks and boiling springs, and evaluates evidence of glaciers and tectonic activity. As a result of Hochstetter's work, several species in New Zealand were named after him. This book remains a valuable resource in the history of Australasian natural science.
The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort
Authors: Martin Theodore
Published: July 2014

A lawyer by profession, Theodore Martin (1816–1909) gained literary distinction as both a humorous essayist and versatile translator. He found his greatest success, however, in the role of biographer to Prince Albert (1819–61). Commissioned by Queen Victoria to memorialise her late husband, this five-volume work was first published between 1875 and 1880. Intended as a continuation of the biography begun by Charles Grey (also reissued in this series), it has been described as 'less adulatory in tone than might be expected'. A treasury of letters and memoranda, it presents a detailed portrait of the character, words and deeds of a man whose life was necessarily immersed in the great events of his time. Volume 2 covers the period from 1848 to 1854, the births of Princes Arthur and Leopold, the collapse of the Chartist movement and the 'spectacular success' of the Great Exhibition of 1851.
Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII
Authors: Giustiniani Sebastiano
Published: July 2014

Sebastian Giustinian (1460–1543) served as the Venetian ambassador to the court of Henry VIII between 1515 and 1519, during which time he sent back frequent and detailed dispatches to the Signory of Venice. In 1515, when Giustinian arrived at the English court, Henry was only twenty-four and described as 'expert in arms, and of great valour, and most excellent in his personal endowments'. In this first of two volumes, Guistinian's letters paint a vivid portrait of a diplomat's life at court, covering treaty negotiations, meetings with Cardinal Wolsey, and the personal qualities of the monarch and his queen. Translator and editor Rawdon Lubbock Brown (1806–83) had an unrivalled knowledge of the Venetian archives: he was the first historian to appreciate the importance of the dispatches sent from London by the Venetian ambassadors. His edition of Giustinian's correspondence provided an entirely new insight into Henry's reign when it was first published in 1854.
Mathematics and the Body
Authors: de Freitas Elizabeth , Sinclair Nathalie
Published: July 2014

This book explores alternative ways to consider the relationship between mathematics and the material world. Drawing on the philosophy of Gilles Châtelet and the post-humanist materialism of Karen Barad, the authors present an 'inclusive materialist' approach to studying mathematics education. This approach offers a fresh perspective on human and nonhuman bodies, challenging current assumptions about the role of the senses, language, and ability in teaching and learning mathematics. Each chapter provides empirical examples from the classroom that demonstrate how inclusive materialism can be applied to a wide range of concerns in the field. The authors analyze recent studies on students' gestures, expressions, and drawings in order to establish a link between mathematical activity and mathematical concepts. Mathematics and the Body expands the landscape of research in mathematics education and will be an essential resource for teachers, students, and researchers alike.
Phase Theory
Authors: Citko Barbara
Published: July 2014

Phase Theory is the latest empirical and conceptual innovation in syntactic theory within the Chomskyan generative tradition. Adopting a cross-linguistic perspective, this book provides an introduction to Phase Theory, tracing the development of phases in minimalist syntax. It reviews both empirical and theoretical arguments in favor of phases, and examines the role phases play at the interface with semantics and phonology. Analyzing current phasehood diagnostics, it applies them in a systematic fashion to a broad range of syntactic categories, both phases and non-phases. It concludes with a discussion of some of the more contentious issues in Phase Theory, involving cross-linguistic variation with respect to phasehood and the dynamic versus static nature of phases.
A POSITIVE SOLUTION FOR A NONLOCAL SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION
Authors: ZHANG YONGCHAO , ZHU GAOSHENG
Published: July 2014

We provide an existence result of radially symmetric, positive, classical solutions for a nonlinear Schrödinger equation driven by the infinitesimal generator of a rotationally invariant Lévy process.
The effect of bushmeat consumption on migratory wildlife in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania
Authors: Rentsch Dennis , Packer Craig
Published: July 2014

Bushmeat hunting is a threat to wildlife populations in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including to migratory wildebeestConnochaetes taurinusand other wildlife populations in the Serengeti ecosystem. Accurate assessments of offtake through bushmeat hunting are necessary to determine whether hunting pressure on the wildebeest population is unsustainable. We used a panel dataset of local bushmeat consumption to measure offtake of wildlife and examine the long-term threat to the Serengeti wildebeest population. Based on these data we estimate an annual offtake of 97,796–140,615 wildebeest (6–10% of the current population), suggesting that previous estimates based on ecological models underestimated the effect of poaching on these populations.
Uphill and level walking of a three-dimensional biped quasi-passive walking robot by torso control
Authors: Cao Ying , Suzuki Soichiro , Hoshino Yohei
Published: July 2014

Passive walking robots can walk on a slight downward slope powered only by gravity. We propose a novel control strategy based on forced entrainment to stabilize a three-dimensional quasi-passive walking robot in uphill and level walking by using torso control in the frontal plane and synchronization of lateral motion with swing leg motion. We investigated the robot's walking energy efficiency, energy transformation, and transfer in simulation. The results showed that the proposed method is effective and energy-efficient for uphill and level walking. The relationship between energy utilization rate of actuation and energy efficiency of the robot was revealed, and mechanical energy transformation and transfer were characterized.
A matter of meaning: reflections on forty years of JCL
Authors: NELSON KATHERINE
Published: July 2014

The entry into language via first words and, the acquisition of word meanings is considered from the perspective of publications in theJournal of Child Languageover the past forty years. Problems in achieving word meanings include the disparate and sparse concepts available to the child from past prelanguage experience. Variability in beginning word learning and in its progress along a number of dimensions suggests the problems that children may encounter, as well as the strategies and styles they adopt to make progress. Social context and adult practices are vitally involved in the success of this process. Whereas much headway has been made over the past decades, much remains to be revealed through dynamic systems theory and developmental semiotic analyses, as well as laboratory research aimed at social context conditions.
Understanding Behavior of Self-Regenerative Catalysts by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Density Functional Theory
Authors: Pan X. , Katz M.B. , Li B. , Du X. , Zhang K. , Duan Y. , Allard L.F. , Chen L. , Van der Ven A. , Graham G.W.
Published: July 2014

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Regulatory Transformations in a Changing City: The Anti-Smoke Movement in Baltimore, 1895–1931
Authors: Szymanski Ann-Marie
Published: July 2014

This study of the Baltimore anti-smoke movement illustrates how Americans altered their approach to environmental regulation during the Progressive Era. After citizen groups came to recognize the limits of common-law regulation, they became enamored with administrative regulation and the promise of rationalized, professional agencies. While Baltimore did mirror the national regulatory trends, the city's unique circumstances limited its capacity to reduce the sooty, black smoke that provoked episodes of public activism. Fearful about the city's economic future, regulators exempted manufacturing from the city's early anti-smoke measures. Furthermore, although railroads were major polluters, they balked at electrifying the bulk of their tracks. Finally, the anti-smoke movement was narrowly based in the northeastern, more affluent parts of the city and failed to expand its support to working-class whites and African Americans. Hence, while theideasabout what constituted appropriate regulation “modernized” in Baltimore, the city did not alter its regulatorypracticesuntil the 1930s, long after other cities had done so:

In the heart of a beautiful residence section of our city, there rises a towering factory structure in the most gruesome ugliness, belching volumes upon volumes of black and angry smoke, flooding our very houses with showers of soot…. It is the sworn duty of our legislators to protect the citizens in all their rights, and it is to be hoped that the crying need of protection from this unbearable smoke nuisance will now be recognized.

—PH. H., February 28, 19012
Design of high-gain SIW and HMSIW H-plane horn antenna using metamaterial
Authors: Kumari Vandana , Bhowmik Wriddhi , Srivastava Shweta
Published: July 2014

In this paper, a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) H-plane horn antenna has been designed for X-band applications. Metamaterial is incorporated for performance enhancement of the designed antenna. Capacitively loaded loop is used as the unit cell of metamaterial for achieving negative values of relative permittivity and relative permeability. A half-mode SIW H-plane horn antenna is also proposed in this paper which reduces the size of the antenna without much effect on its performance. Metamaterial is integrated on the half-mode horn as well for improvement in gain and radiation pattern. The antennas are fabricated and tested. Excellent agreement between the measured and simulated results was obtained.
From Abundance to Indeterminacy: The Precautionary Principle and Its Two Camps of Custom
Authors: Pedersen Ole W.
Published: July 2014

The question of what status the precautionary principle enjoys in international law has once again reared its head, most recently in the Indus Waters Treaty dispute between India and Pakistan before the Permanent Court of Arbitration. This article assesses the current state of play in respect of the precautionary principle and its status in international law. It identifies what it terms the two camps of custom – the custom camp and the no-custom camp – which find themselves on opposing sides in the debate. The article argues that the two camps are equally guilty of misunderstanding the precautionary principle and the nature of customary international law, though for different reasons. In so doing, the article shows that one side is guilty of ‘precaution spotting’, whereas the other ignores the implications of the ‘rule v. standard’ dialectic. These two concepts help us to understand the different claims advanced by the two camps. They also alert us to the fact that it is possible to conceptualize customary international law along two separate lines of inquiry: one lending emphasis to state practice and one relying on statements and declarations of rules. In pursuing these arguments, the article compares the precautionary principle with (other) norms of customary law, such as the ‘no-harm rule’ and the rules on cross-border environmental impact assessment, and argues that customary international law is best understood if we come to accept that there are multiple ways of identifying customary international rules.
A role of disordered domains in regulating protein oligomerization and stability
Authors: Faust Ofrah , Bigman Lavi , Friedler Assaf
Published: July 2014

This work describes a new role of intrinsically disordered regions in regulating the oligomeric state and thermodynamic stability of proteins.
An efficient triazole-pyridine-bistetrazolate platform for highly luminescent lanthanide complexes
Authors: Di Pietro S. , Imbert D. , Mazzanti M.
Published: July 2014

Two new triazole-pyridine-bistetrazolate ligands were synthesized via a versatile procedure that allows for further derivatization; their lanthanide complexes are highly luminescent in the solid state and in a PVA polymeric matrix with measured values for the luminescence quantum yield of 70(7) and 98(9)% for EuIII and TbIII, respectively.
Room temperature light-induced recrystallization of Cu2O cubes to CuO nanostructures in water
Authors: Na Yulyi , Lee Sung Woo , Roy Nitish , Pradhan Debabrata , Sohn Youngku
Published: July 2014

Visible light irradiation induces recrystallization of Cu2O cubes to [010] growth-directed CuO nanoribbons in water due to the creation of active ˙OH and ˙O2− species and outward Cu diffusion along unstable {010} facets.
Novel solvates M(BH4)3S(CH3)2 and properties of halide-free M(BH4)3 (M = Y or Gd)
Authors: Ley Morten B. , Paskevicius Mark , Schouwink Pascal , Richter Bo , Sheppard Drew A. , Buckley Craig E. , Jensen Torben R.
Published: July 2014

Extraction of rare earth metal borohydrides with dimethyl sulfide produces M(BH4)3S(CH3)2 (M = Y or Gd) compounds, which eliminates halide salts.
Reactivity of kiteplatin with S-donor biomolecules and nucleotides
Authors: Petruzzella Emanuele , Margiotta Nicola , Natile Giovanni , Hoeschele James D.
Published: July 2014

Interaction of kiteplatin with S-donors is investigated. Kiteplatin–glutathione adducts can further react with 5′-GMP in presence of O2. This unique reaction may account for its activity toward oxaliplatin-resistant colon cancer.
Synthesis and application of a new triphosphorus ligand for regioselective linear hydroformylation: a potential way for the stepwise replacement of PPh3 for industrial use
Authors: Chen Caiyou , Li Pan , Hu Zhoumi , Wang Heng , Zhu Huaisu , Hu Xinquan , Wang Yan , Lv Hui , Zhang Xumu
Published: July 2014

A new triphosphorus ligand, Tribi, for regioselective linear hydroformylation of terminal and internal olefins with excellent catalytic activity and regioselectivity.
Prebiotic synthesis of triazines from urea: a theoretical study of free radical routes to melamine, ammeline, ammelide and cyanuric acid
Authors: Jeilani Yassin A. , Orlando Thomas M. , Pope Albryona , Pirim Claire , Nguyen Minh Tho
Published: July 2014

Prebiotic formation of triazines from urea was studied using density functional theory methods with the aim of understanding some of the neutral precursors that can lead to a mixture of triazines.
A new class of pyrenyl solid-state emitters: 1-pyrenyl ynones. Synthesisviathe Friedel–Crafts route, molecular and electronic structure and photophysical properties
Authors: Flamholc Rafał , Plażuk Damian , Zakrzewski Janusz , Métivier Rémi , Nakatani Keitaro , Makal Anna , Woźniak Krzysztof
Published: July 2014

Friedel-Crafts acylation of pyrene with alkynoic acids in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride and triflic acid constitutes a direct and efficient route to 1-pyrenyl ynones fluorescent in solution and in the solid state.
Unusual post-translational protein modifications: the benefits of sophistication
Authors: Ravikiran Boddepalli , Mahalakshmi Radhakrishnan
Published: July 2014

This review summarizes the “seemingly bizarre”, yet naturally occurring, covalent non-disulphide cross-links in enzymatic and scaffolding proteins and their functions.
Designing logical codon reassignment – Expanding the chemistry in biology
Authors: Dumas Anaëlle , Lercher Lukas , Spicer Christopher D. , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: July 2014

This review rationalizes the varied designs of systems for incorporation of UAAs into proteinsviacanonical codons.
Nutrient element-based bioceramic coatings on titanium alloy stimulating osteogenesis by inducing beneficial osteoimmmunomodulation
Authors: Chen Zetao , Yi Deliang , Zheng Xuebin , Chang Jiang , Wu Chengtie , Xiao Yin
Published: July 2014

Nutrient element-based Sr2ZnSi2O7 coatings induce favorable osteoimmunomodulation. Material chemistry of Sr2ZnSi2O7 coating modulates the immune environment to induce osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by activating BMP2 signalling pathway.
Holistic Approach to Physical Motor Access Assessment in Pediatric AAC
Authors: Kay David
Published: July 2014

Clinicians in the fields of occupational therapy and speech-language pathology have been involved with assessing children with physical disabilities for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for decades. Still, assessment for these particular children, with their varying levels of complexity, continues to offer significant challenges to clinical evaluation teams. Even when the speech-language pathology intervention seems clear, complications arise and assessments can become stalled as to the child's physical access to the technology. This paper seeks to identify the need for clinicians skilled in the areas of AAC and assistive technology, and review the inherent challenges faced in the assessment of a child with a physical disability for AAC. An introduction to a holistic approach to the physical access assessment portion of the overall AAC assessment is then provided, along with examples where the application of a holistic approach may affect the physical access decisions made by the team.
Evaluating Preferred Augmentative and Alternative Communication Strategies for Patients in Long-Term Health Care Hospitals
Authors: Fager Susan , LeDoux Jenna , Beukelman David
Published: July 2014

Long-term acute medical care hospital (LTACH) units serve a wide range of individuals, with serious medical problems requiring intense, special treatment for an extended period of time. Some of LTACH patients are unable to meet all of their communication needs using their natural speech, either temporarily or permanently. The purpose of this investigation was to survey personnel groups who routinely work in LTACH units regarding their preferences related to 3 communication options containing 27 representative communication boards, that were supported by mobile technology including an iPad only, an iPad with a flat screen that mirrored the iPad screen, and an iPad with a projected image that mirrored the iPad screen. Participants from 3 groups, (1) registered nurses and nursing assistants; (2) allied health professionals including respiratory, physical, and occupational therapists; and (3) speech-language pathologists, ranked the iPad-only AAC choice highest for patients in LTACH units followed by the iPad with screen, and iPad with projector. For the ease of use items by patients, families, and staff, all participant groups rated the iPad alone higher than the iPad with flat screen or the iPad with projector.
Optimal periodic scheduling for remote state estimation under sensor energy constraint
Authors: He Lidong , Han Dongfang , Wang Xiaofan
Published: July 2014

The authors consider a sensor scheduling problem for a scalar system observed by two sensors. The measurements derived from the two local sensors are sent over a bandwidth‐limited network to a remote estimator. The bandwidth constraint allows at most one packet can be sent at each time step. Upon receiving the data, the estimator computes the optimal estimate of the state in the minimum mean‐squared error sense. In consideration of simplicity as well as practical and efficient implementation, the authors focus on periodic scheduling scheme. The authors assume that the sensor energy is so limited that in each period there exist open‐loop predictions at some steps, which makes the problem more challenging. Using some novel tools, it was shown that the ‘as uniformly as possible’ scheme, originally proposed in an early work for minimising the average estimation error covariance when sensor energy is just enough, still holds true in this limited energy case but the optimal steps of open‐loop prediction depend on the system parameters. Such a relationship between scheduling rule and system parameters is novel and does not exist in early works where sensor energy is just enough. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the key ideas of the proposed work.
Sensor fault estimation and accommodation for discrete‐time switched linear systems
Authors: Du Dongsheng , Jiang Bin , Shi Peng
Published: July 2014

In this study, sensor fault estimation and accommodation for discrete‐time switched linear systems are investigated. By using descriptor observer method and switched Lyapunov function technique, efficient conditions to design the fault observer are obtained via a linear matrix inequality formulation. Then, based on the estimation of the sensor fault, an efficient fault‐tolerant operation can be realised via sensor fault compensation. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the developed technique.
Alternative cell polarity behaviours arise from changes in G‐protein spatial dynamics
Authors: Chou Ching‐Shan , Moore Travis I. , Nie Qing , Yi Tau‐Mu
Published: July 2014

Yeast cells form a single mating projection when exposed to mating pheromone, a classic example of cell polarity. Prolonged treatment with pheromone or specific mutations results in alternative cell polarity behaviours. The authors performed mathematical modelling to investigate these unusual cell morphologies from the perspective of balancing spatial amplification (i.e. positive feedback that localises components) with spatial tracking (i.e. negative feedback that allows sensing of gradient). First, they used generic models of cell polarity to explore different cell polarity behaviours that arose from changes in the model spatial dynamics. By exploring the positive and negative feedback loops in each stage of a two‐stage model, they simulated a variety of cell morphologies including single bending projections, single straight projections, periodic multiple projections and simultaneous double projections. In the second half of the study, they used a two‐stage mechanistic model of yeast cell polarity focusing on G‐protein signalling to integrate the modelling results more closely with the authors’ previously published experimental observations. In summary, the combination of modelling and experiments describes how yeast cells exhibit a diversity of cell morphologies arising from two‐stage G‐protein signalling dynamics modulated by positive and negative feedbacks.
Irreversible thermodynamics of open chemical networks. I. Emergent cycles and broken conservation laws
Authors: Polettini Matteo , Esposito Massimiliano
Published: July 2014

In this paper and Paper II, we outline a general framework for the thermodynamic description of open chemical reaction networks, with special regard to metabolic networks regulating cellular physiology and biochemical functions. We first introduce closed networks “in a box”, whose thermodynamics is subjected to strict physical constraints: the mass-action law, elementarity of processes, and detailed balance. We further digress on the role of solvents and on the seemingly unacknowledged property of network independence of free energy landscapes. We then open the system by assuming that the concentrations of certain substrate species (the chemostats) are fixed, whether because promptly regulated by the environment via contact with reservoirs, or because nearly constant in a time window. As a result, the system is driven out of equilibrium. A rich algebraic and topological structure ensues in the network of internal species: Emergent irreversible cycles are associated with nonvanishing affinities, whose symmetries are dictated by the breakage of conservation laws. These central results are resumed in the relation a + b = sY between the number of fundamental affinities a, that of broken conservation laws b and the number of chemostats sY. We decompose the steady state entropy production rate in terms of fundamental fluxes and affinities in the spirit of Schnakenberg's theory of network thermodynamics, paving the way for the forthcoming treatment of the linear regime, of efficiency and tight coupling, of free energy transduction, and of thermodynamic constraints for network reconstruction.
Adapting SAFT-γ perturbation theory to site-based molecular dynamics simulation. II. Confined fluids and vapor-liquid interfaces
Authors: Ghobadi Ahmadreza F. , Elliott J. Richard
Published: July 2014

In this work, a new classical density functional theory is developed for group-contribution equations of state (EOS). Details of implementation are demonstrated for the recently-developed SAFT-γ WCA EOS and selective applications are studied for confined fluids and vapor-liquid interfaces. The acronym WCA (Weeks-Chandler-Andersen) refers to the characterization of the reference part of the third-order thermodynamic perturbation theory applied in formulating the EOS. SAFT-γ refers to the particular form of “statistical associating fluid theory” that is applied to the fused-sphere, heteronuclear, united-atom molecular models of interest. For the monomer term, the modified fundamental measure theory is extended to WCA-spheres. A new chain functional is also introduced for fused and soft heteronuclear chains. The attractive interactions are taken into account by considering the structure of the fluid, thus elevating the theory beyond the mean field approximation. The fluctuations of energy are also included via a non-local third-order perturbation theory. The theory includes resolution of the density profiles of individual groups such as CH2 and CH3 and satisfies stoichiometric constraints for the density profiles. New molecular simulations are conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of each Helmholtz free energy contribution in reproducing the microstructure of inhomogeneous systems at the united-atom level of coarse graining. At each stage, comparisons are made to assess where the present theory stands relative to the current state of the art for studying inhomogeneous fluids. Overall, it is shown that the characteristic features of real molecular fluids are captured both qualitatively and quantitatively. For example, the average pore density deviates ∼2% from simulation data for attractive pentadecane in a 2-nm slit pore. Another example is the surface tension of ethane/heptane mixture, which deviates ∼1% from simulation data while the theory reproduces the excess accumulation of ethane at the interface.
Advanced Si solid phase crystallization for vertical channel in vertical NANDs
Authors: Lee Sangsoo , Son Yong-Hoon , Hwang Kihyun , Shin Yoo Gyun , Yoon Euijoon
Published: July 2014

The advanced solid phase crystallization (SPC) method using the SiGe/Si bi-layer structure is proposed to obtain high-mobility poly-Si thin-film transistors in next generation vertical NAND (VNAND) devices. During the SPC process, the top SiGe thin film acts as a selective nucleation layer to induce surface nucleation and equiaxial microstructure. Subsequently, this SiGe thin film microstructure is propagated to the underlying Si thin film by epitaxy-like growth. The initial nucleation at the SiGe surface was clearly observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) when heating up to 600 °C. The equiaxial microstructures of both SiGe nucleation and Si channel layers were shown in the crystallized bi-layer plan-view TEM measurements. Based on these experimental results, the large-grained and less-defective Si microstructure is expected to form near the channel region of each VNAND cell transistor, which may improve the electrical characteristics.
Controlling solid elastic waves with spherical cloaks
Authors: Diatta A. , Guenneau S.
Published: July 2014

We propose a cloak for coupled shear and pressure waves in solids. Its elastic properties are deduced from a geometric transform that retains the form of Navier equations. The spherical shell is made of an anisotropic and heterogeneous medium described by an elasticity tensor ℂ′ (without the minor symmetries), which has 21 non-zero spatially varying coefficients in spherical coordinates. Although some entries of ℂ′, e.g., some with a radial subscript, and the density (a scalar radial function) vanish on the inner boundary of the cloak, this metamaterial exhibits less singularities than its cylindrical counterpart studied in [M. Brun, S. Guenneau, and A. B. Movchan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 061903 (2009).] In the latter work, ℂ′ suffered some infinite entries, unlike in our case. Finite element computations confirm that elastic waves are smoothly bent around a spherical void.
Low thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in p-type Sb2Te3/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thermoelectric composites
Authors: Zheng Wenwen , Bi Peng , Kang Haochen , Wei Wei , Liu Fengming , Shi Jing , Peng Luxi , Wang Ziyu , Xiong Rui
Published: July 2014

p-type Sb2Te3/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thermoelectric composites are fabricated by embedding PEDOT into Sb2Te3 matrix. The grains of Sb2Te3 in the composites are found to be in micron degree and keep plate-like shapes. The measurements of thermoelectric properties show that the thermal conductivity κ of the composites is about 0.14 W m−1 K−1 in the temperature range of 300–523 K, much lower than that of Sb2Te3 compounds. The maximum of dimensionless figure of merit of the composites reaches to 1.18 at 523 K, which is the highest value for the reported Sb2Te3/organic composites. It is suggested that the plate-like Sb2Te3 grains and the embedded PEDOTs may play a significant role in decreasing the thermal conductivity. Furthermore, results of the thermal cycling between the room temperature and 523 K for 50 cycles show that the composites are stable with κ remaining a low value.
Effect of nitrogen doping on wetting and photoactive properties of laser processed zinc oxide-graphene oxide nanocomposite layers
Authors: György E. , Pérez del Pino A. , Logofatu C. , Duta A. , Isac L.
Published: July 2014

Zinc oxide-graphene oxide nanocomposite layers were submitted to laser irradiation in air or controlled nitrogen atmosphere using a frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG (λ = 266 nm, τFWHM ≅ 3 ns, ν = 10 Hz) laser source. The experiments were performed in air at atmospheric pressure or in nitrogen at a pressure of 2 × 104 Pa. The effect of the irradiation conditions, incident laser fluence value, and number of subsequent laser pulses on the surface morphology of the composite material was systematically investigated. The obtained results reveal that nitrogen incorporation improves significantly the wetting and photoactive properties of the laser processed layers. The kinetics of water contact angle variation when the samples are submitted to laser irradiation in nitrogen are faster than that of the samples irradiated in air, the surfaces becoming super-hydrophilic under UV light irradiation.
Direct-current-assisted microwave quenching of YBa2Cu3O7−δ coplanar waveguide to a highly dissipative state
Authors: Cherpak N. T. , Lavrinovich A. A. , Gubin A. I. , Vitusevich S. A.
Published: July 2014

The paper reports on revealing the effect of a strong change in the microwave losses in an high-temperature superconductor (HTS)-based coplanar waveguide (CPW) at certain values of the input power Pin and direct current Idc. CPW on the basis of 150 nm thick YBa2Cu3O7−δ epitaxial film on a single crystal MgO substrate was studied experimentally. A sharp and reversible transition of the CPW into a strongly dissipative state at the certain values of Pin and Idc depending on temperature were observed. Apparently, the effect can be explained by self-heating of HTS structure caused by magnetic flux flow under the joint influence of microwave field and direct current.
Photoluminescence characteristics of polariton condensation in a CuBr microcavity
Authors: Nakayama Masaaki , Murakami Katsuya , Furukawa Yoshiaki , Kim DaeGwi
Published: July 2014

We have investigated the photoluminescence (PL) properties of a CuBr microcavity at 10 K, including the temporal profiles, from the viewpoint of cavity-polariton condensation. The excitation energy density dependence of the PL intensity (band width) of the lower polariton branch at an in-plane wave vector of k// = 0 exhibits a threshold-like increase (decrease). A large blueshift in the PL energy of ∼10 meV caused by the cavity-polariton renormalization is correlated with the excitation energy density dependence of the PL intensity. The estimated density of photogenerated electron-hole pairs at the threshold is two orders lower than the Mott transition density. These results consistently demonstrate the occurrence of cavity-polariton condensation. In addition, we found that the PL rise and decay times are shortened dramatically by the cavity-polariton condensation, which reflects the bosonic final state stimulation in the relaxation process and the intrinsic cavity-polariton lifetime in the decay process.
All-organic self-contact transistors
Authors: Tamura Sumika , Kadoya Tomofumi , Mori Takehiko
Published: July 2014

Organic transistors with chemically doped source/drain electrodes are fabricated by selectively doping tetracyanoquinodimethane to a thin film of hexamethylenetetrathiafulvalene. Using organic materials to create all components, including substrates, gate electrodes, and dielectrics, all-organic self-contact transistors are realized. Due to the smooth charge carrier injection from organic electrodes composed of the same type of molecules, these transistors exhibit excellent mobility exceeding 1 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Superlensing effect for surface acoustic waves in a pillar-based phononic crystal with negative refractive index
Authors: Addouche Mahmoud , Al-Lethawe Mohammed A. , Choujaa Abdelkrim , Khelif Abdelkrim
Published: July 2014

We demonstrate super resolution imaging for surface acoustic waves using a phononic structure displaying negative refractive index. This phononic structure is made of a monolithic square lattice of cylindrical pillars standing on a semi-infinite medium. The pillars act as acoustic resonator and induce a surface propagating wave with unusual dispersion. We found, under specific geometrical parameters, one propagating mode that exhibits negative refraction effect with negative effective index close to −1. Furthermore, a flat lens with finite number of pillars is designed to allow the focusing of an acoustic point source into an image with a resolution of λ3, overcoming the Rayleigh diffraction limit.
Formation of Core–Shell Structures in Emulsion Electrospun Fibres: A Comparative Study
Authors: Wang Chong , Wang Min
Published: July 2014

Electrospinning has attracted great attention in recent years from different industries including biomedical engineering. Owing to the relative ease of fabricating ultrafine fibres with core–shell structures, emulsion electrospinning has been investigated intensively for making nanofibrous delivery vehicles for local and sustained release of bioactive or therapeutic substances, especially biomolecules such as growth factors. In preparing emulsions for electrospinning, different surfactants, ionic or non-ionic, can be used, which may subsequently influence the evolution of the core–shell structure in the electrospun emulsion jet or fibre. In this investigation, emulsions consisting of deionized water or phosphate buffer saline as the water phase, a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) solution as the oil phase and Span 80 (a non-ionic surfactant) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (an ionic surfactant) were electrospun into fibres for studying the core–shell structure and its evolution in emulsion electrospun fibres. Different microscopies were employed to study the morphological changes of the water phase in fibre samples collected at different locations along the jet (or fibre) trajectory during emulsion electrospinning. It was found that the evolution of the fibre core–shell structure was significantly different when different surfactants were used. If Span 80 was the surfactant, the water phase within the thick emulsion jet (or fibre) close to the Taylor cone existed in a discrete state whereas in ultrafine fibres collected beyond a certain distance from the Taylor cone, a mostly continuous water-phase core was observed. If sodium dodecyl sulfate was the surfactant, the core–shell structure in the thick jet (or fibre) was irregular but relatively continuous. A single core core–shell structure was eventually developed in ultrafine fibres. The core–shell structure in electrospun fibres and its evolution were also affected by the emulsion composition (e.g. polymer solution concentration, water-phase volume, and ion addition in the water phase).
Labor union members play an OLG repeated game
Authors: Kandori Michihiro , Obayashi Shinya
Published: July 2014

Humans are capable of cooperating with one another even when it is costly and a deviation provides an immediate gain. An important reason is that cooperation is reciprocated or rewarded and deviations are penalized in later stages. For cooperation to be sustainable, not only must rewards and penalties be strong enough but individuals should also have the right incentives to provide rewards and punishments. Codes of conduct with such properties have been studied extensively in game theory (as repeated game equilibria), and the literature on the evolution of cooperation shows how equilibrium behavior might emerge and proliferate in society. We found that community unions, a subclass of labor unions that admits individual affiliations, are ideal to corroborate these theories with reality, because (
i
) their activities are simple and (
ii
) they have a structure that closely resembles a theoretical model, the overlapping generations repeated game. A detailed case study of a community union revealed a possible equilibrium that can function under the very limited observability in the union. The equilibrium code of conduct appears to be a natural focal point based on simple heuristic reasoning. The union we studied was created out of necessity for cooperation, without knowing or anticipating how cooperation might be sustained. The union has successfully resolved about 3,000 labor disputes and created a number of offspring.
Public goods in relation to competition, cooperation, and spite
Authors: Levin Simon A.
Published: July 2014

Public goods and common-pool resources are fundamental features of biological and social systems, and pose core challenges in achieving sustainability; for such situations, the immediate interests of individuals and the societies in which they are embedded are in potential conflict, involving game-theoretic considerations whose resolution need not serve the collective good. Evolution has often confronted such dilemmas—e.g., in bacterial biofilms—in the challenges of cancer, in nitrogen fixation and chelation, in the production of antibiotics, and in collective action problems across animal groups; there is much to learn from the Darwinian resolution of these situations for how to address problems our societies face today. Addressing these problems involves understanding the emergence of cooperative agreements, from reciprocal altruism and insurance arrangements to the social norms and more formal institutions that maintain societies. At the core are the issues of how individuals and societies discount the future and the interests of others, and the degree that individual decisions are influenced by regard for others. Ultimately, as Garrett Hardin suggested, the solution to problems of the commons is in “mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon,” and hence in how groups of individuals form and how they arrive at decisions that ultimately benefit all.