bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Messung psychischer Belastungen am Arbeitsplatz
Authors: Nübling Matthias
Published: July 2011

Einleitung

Auf Grund gesetzlicher Verpflichtungen und wegen des starken Ansteigens der Arbeitsunfähigkeitstage und –fälle mit psychischen Diagnosen in den letzten 20 Jahren ist das Thema psychische Belastungen am Arbeitsplatz mehr und mehr in den Fokus von Wissenschaft und Praxis gerückt.

Die zwei führenden Theorien der letzten Jahrzehnte waren das job-strain-model (demand-control-support model, DCS) und das effort-reward imbalance model (ERI).

In jüngerer Zeit wurden Instrumente entwickelt, die durch eine breitere Palette der Aspekte versuchen, ein möglichst vollständiges Bild der psychosozialen Faktoren am Arbeitsplatz zu zeichnen- ein Beispiel hierfür ist der COPSOQ (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire). Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese zusätzlichen Aspekte auch einen höheren Varianzanteil in den Belastungsfolgen (outcomes) erklären können.

Da für die Bewertung der psychischen Belastungen keine cutoff-Werte existieren, ist im praktischen Einsatz solcher Verfahren im Rahmen der Gefährdungsbeurteilung die Verfügbarkeit von tätigkeitsspezifischen Referenzwerten für die Interpretation von Ergebnissen und die Ableitung von Präventionsmaßnahmen hilfreich bzw. notwendig.
Rückengerechte Arbeitsweisen in der Pflege – was wirkt?
Authors: Michaelis Martina
Published: July 2011

Einleitung

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Stand evidenzbasierter Forschung zur Wirksamkeit von Maßnahmen, die die Prävention von Muskel- und Skeletterkrankungen (MSE) bei Pflegenden fokussieren. Effekte singulär durchgeführter Maßnahmen auf MSE scheinen aktuell entweder ungenügend, widersprüchlich oder nicht vorhanden. Für mehrdimensionale Programme ist der Wirksamkeitsgrad nachweislich besser. Es werden Defizite diskutiert, die bestimmend für die Wirksamkeitsbeurteilung einer arbeitsbezogenen Präventionsmaßnahme sind.
Umsetzung des Betrieblichen Eingliederungsmanagements: Praxisprobleme und Empfehlungen
Authors: Vater Gudrun
Published: July 2011

Einleitung

Menschen mit Behinderung oder gesundheitlicher Einschränkung sind in hohem Maße gefährdet, ihren Arbeitsplatz zu verlieren. Der Wiedereinstieg ins Erwerbsleben stellt für diese Personen eine kaum zu bewältigende Herausforderung dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnen präventive Ansätze der Beschäftigungssicherung immer mehr an Bedeutung. Mit der Einführung des Betrieblichen Eingliederungsmanagement § 84, 2 SGB IX (BEM) hat der Gesetzgeber im Jahr 2004 auf diese Situation reagiert.
The assessment of food security in homeless individuals: a comparison of the Food Security Survey Module and the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale
Authors: Holland Anna C , Kennedy Matthew C , Hwang Stephen W
Published: July 2011

Objective

To compare the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), the US Food Security Survey Module (US FSSM) and a modified version of the US FSSM in which references to buying food were changed to references to getting food, in terms of their classification of food security levels among homeless individuals, and to determine which of these instruments was most preferred by homeless individuals.

Design

A cross-sectional survey.

Setting

Recruitment of participants took place at seven shelters and from three drop-in programmes that serve homeless individuals in Toronto, Canada.

Subjects

Fifty individuals who were ≥18 years of age, able to communicate in English and currently homeless.

Results

The modified US FSSM assigned 20 % of participants to a lower ordinal food security category compared with the US FSSM, and only 8 % to a higher food security category. The HFIAS assigned 30 % of participants to a lower food security category compared with either the US FSSM or the modified US FSSM, and only 10–16 % of participants to a higher food security category. When asked to compare all three instruments, the majority of respondents (62 %) selected the HFIAS as the best instrument for people who are homeless.

Conclusions

A majority of homeless individuals selected the HFIAS as the best food security instrument for people who are homeless. Our findings suggest that the HFIAS is a more appropriate instrument than the US FSSM for measuring food security in the homeless population.
Construal Level Theory and Spatial Distance
Authors: Henderson Marlone D. , Wakslak Cheryl J. , Fujita Kentaro , Rohrbach John
Published: July 2011

Growing evidence points to a bidirectional relationship between spatial distance and level of mental representation, whereby distant (vs. near) events are represented by a higher level of representation, and higher levels of representations increase perceptions of distance. In the current article, we review research that establishes this association and explores its implications. We begin by briefly describing construal level theory, the theoretical framework that gives rise to this associative prediction, and then review a set of theory-consistent findings that serve to illuminate the way that spatial distance influences cognition and behavior and the way in which people make judgments about spatial distance. Finally, we discuss open questions for future research on spatial distance using a construal level theory approach.
You Can’t See Much in the Dark
Authors: Steidle Anna , Werth Lioba , Hanke Eva-Verena
Published: July 2011

This article investigates the interplay between darkness, construal level, and psychological distance based on the link between environmental lighting conditions and visual perception. In the dark, visual perception becomes less focused and detailed, leading to more abstract representations. We argue that this link between physical darkness and a global perceptual processing style spills over to the conceptual level. In three experiments, darkness triggered a more global perceptual and conceptual processing style than did brightness, regardless of whether the darkness was physically manipulated or primed. Additionally, two Implicit Association Tests (IATs) showed that darkness is more strongly associated with high-level construal than with low-level construal. Moreover, drawing on the generalized link between construal level and psychological distance, we proposed that darkness is also linked to perceived psychological distance because the lack of detail information and the abstract representations in the dark remove objects and other persons from people’s direct, detailed experience. Eight IATs confirmed the implicit link between darkness and four dimensions of psychological distance. These implications of these results are discussed with regard to thinking styles and social processes like stereotyping and cooperation.
Understanding the Link Between Spatial Distance and Social Distance
Authors: Matthews Justin L. , Matlock Teenie
Published: July 2011

Why do people use spatial language to describe social relationships? In particular, to what extent do they anchor their thoughts about friendship in terms of space? Three experiments used drawing and estimation tasks to further explore the conceptual structure of social distance using friendship as a manipulation. In all three experiments, participants read short narratives and then drew what they imagined happened during the narrative and estimated passing time. Overall, the results of these exploratory studies suggest that the conceptual structure of friendship is linked to thought about space in terms of path drawing. Results are discussed in light of social distance and intercharacter interaction.
Up and Down, Front and Back
Authors: Koch Sabine C. , Glawe Stefanie , Holt Daniel V.
Published: July 2011

The present study shows how directional movement is related to meaning. We measured the influence of congruent versus incongruent movement – meaning pairings on reaction times in a Stroop-type categorization task. Movement-related words corresponding to the vertical up-down axis (e.g., happiness – grief; successful; to sink) and to the sagittal front-back axis (e.g., tomorrow – yesterday; decisive; to retreat) were coupled with actual movement in the vertical and sagittal axes. The color of the word appearing on a computer screen indicated the movement direction, creating congruent and incongruent movement – meaning trials. Participants reacted faster on congruent trials (e.g., happy – upward movement; decisive – forward movement) than on incongruent trials (e.g., happy – downward movement; decisive – backward movement). Results supported the hypothesized movement – meaning relation for both the vertical and the sagittal dimensions.
Moving Forward
Authors: Ruscher Janet B.
Published: July 2011

Two distinct spatial metaphors for the passage of time can produce disparate judgments about grieving. Under the object-moving metaphor, time seems to move past stationary people, like objects floating past people along a riverbank. Under the people-moving metaphor, time is stationary; people move through time as though they journey on a one-way street, past stationary objects. The people-moving metaphor should encourage the forecast of shorter grieving periods relative to the object-moving metaphor. In the present study, participants either received an object-moving or people-moving prime, then read a brief vignette about a mother whose young son died. Participants made affective forecasts about the mother’s grief intensity and duration, and provided open-ended inferences regarding a return to relative normalcy. Findings support predictions, and are discussed with respect to interpersonal communication and everyday life.
What Do Drawings Reveal About People’s Attitudes Toward Countries and Their Citizens?
Authors: Lorenzi-Cioldi Fabio , Chatard Armand , Marques José M. , Selimbegović Leila , Konan Paul , Faniko Klea
Published: July 2011

Participants (N = 567) from six countries (Belgium, Ivory Coast, Italy, Kosovo, Portugal, and Switzerland) drew borders of their own and of neighbor countries on boundary-free maps. It was predicted and found that the tendency to overestimate versus underestimate the sizes of the countries, compared to the original maps, reflects the perceiver’s attitudes toward the target country, status asymmetries, and the quality of relations between the ingroup and outgroup countries. The findings are discussed with regard to the use of drawings in revealing people’s attitudes toward outgroups.
Script Directionality Affects Depiction of Depth in Representational Drawings
Authors: Vaid Jyotsna , Rhodes Rebecca , Tosun Sumeyra , Eslami Zohra
Published: July 2011

This research examined the influence of directional reading/writing habits on the representation of depth in a scene. Participants with English vs. Arabic language backgrounds were asked to represent an imagined scene containing two houses, a “near house” and a “far house.” Nearly all participants drew the near house larger than the far house and drew the near house before drawing the far house. However, significant group differences in spatial strategies and movement biases were noted. Whereas the majority of native English readers drew the near house on the left side of the page and the far house to the right of it, native Arabic readers showed a slight right bias in placement of the near house and tended to place the far house to the left of the near house. This effect of script direction characterized right-handed and left-handed users of each group. Taken together, the findings support a cultural account of asymmetries in representational drawing reflecting biases arising from prolonged experience in reading and writing in a particular direction.
Spatial Representation of Action Phrases Among Bidirectional Readers
Authors: Kazandjian Seta , Gaash Esther , Love Itamar Y. , Zivotofsky Ari Z. , Chokron Sylvie
Published: July 2011

Perceptual bias in simple visuospatial tasks, such as line bisection seen among healthy dextrals, has often been attributed to the hemispheric activation hypothesis. The often reported leftward perceptual bias was explained by an activation of the right hemisphere during visuospatial tasks. However, imposed scanning direction and stimuli saliency have also been used to explain these spatial asymmetries. One example of scanning direction is the well-trained one resulting from reading direction. Here, we present studies that target the role of reading direction on nonverbal tasks: line bisection, esthetic preference, and straight-ahead pointing by comparing left-to-right and right-to-left readers. The findings are discussed regarding the interaction between cultural factors, such as reading habits, and biological factors, such as cerebral lateralization.
Spectrum of facet crystallization waves at smooth 4He crystal surfaces
Authors: Burmistrov S. N.
Published: July 2011

Wavelike crystallization and melting processes or crystallization waves are widely known to exist at 4He crystal surfaces in the rough state. Much less is known about crystallization waves for 4He crystal surfaces in the smooth, well-faceted state below the roughening transition temperature. Here we analyze the spectrum of facet crystallization waves and its dependence on wavelength, perturbation amplitude, and the number of possible facet steps distributed over a wavelength. All the distinctive features of facet crystallization waves compared to conventional waves at a rough surface result from a nonanalytic cusplike behavior in the angular dependence of the surface tension of smooth crystal facets.
Experiments with ultracold neutrons
Authors: Nesvizhevsky V. V.
Published: July 2011

Ultracold neutrons (UCN) form a tiny low-energy fraction of the Maxwellian spectrum of thermal neutrons in moderators of nuclear reactors and spallation sources. Their energy is extremely low (∼10−7 eV), their velocity is a few meters per second, and their effective temperature is as low as ∼1 mK. The specific feature of UCN is their nearly total elastic reflection by the nuclear-optical potential of many materials at any incidence angle, so that they could be stored in closed traps for many minutes, and used for extremely sensitive measurements. The fraction of UCN in a thermal neutron flux is as low as 10−12–10−11, and serious efforts are under way all over the world to produce UCN in larger amounts. UCN are widely used in precision particle physics experiments. Applications of UCN are emerging in surface and nanoparticle physics. Here we focus on recent advances in the field.
Dynamic phenomena of charged clusters in cryogenic liquids
Authors: Chikina I. , Nazin S. , Shikin V.
Published: July 2011

This is a discussion of resonance phenomena in electrolytes related to possible relative motion of the charged core and hydrate (solvate) shell of clusters. The resonances are shown to contain important information on the internal structure of the clusters. Special attention is paid to the formation of cluster-associated mass in the solvent.
Interaction of infrared light with impurity gels in superfluid helium
Authors: Izotov A. N. , Efimov V. B.
Published: July 2011

Rapid cooling of an impurity-helium mixture into superfluid helium produces a distinctive soft matter—impurity-helium gel, clusters of which coagulate into nanoparticles. The sizes of the particles and their mutual interaction depend on the nature of the impurity atoms and the impurity-helium coupling. Here we describe the setup of and preliminary results from an experiment to study infrared absorption by a water-helium gel. Comparisons of the infrared absorption spectra of the gel and of water and ice suggests a peculiar interaction among water molecules in a water-helium gel.
Depth dependency of indentation hardness during solid-state phase transition of shape memory alloys
Authors: Amini Abbas , Yan Wenyi , Sun Qingping
Published: July 2011

We conducted the measurement of the hardness-depth relationship of NiTi shape memory alloy with a sharp Berkovich indenter. Different from most ductile metals, NiTi reacts to the mechanical load of indentation through phase transition underneath the indentation tip. We found that the hardness decreases rapidly with the increase of the indentation depth and eventually approaches a constant. To understand the depth dependency, we performed energy analysis involving the bulk and the interface energies of the transformation zone. We derived the hardness-depth relationship which well explains the experimental results. The finding is useful in hardness measurement of materials involving solid-state phase transitions.
Loss of thermodynamic stability in amorphous materials
Authors: Kokshenev Valery B.
Published: July 2011

The primary relaxation dynamics near the glass transformation temperature Tg exhibits universal features in all glass formers with two-level tunneling states (Low Temp. Phys. 35, 282 (2009)). Researchers have long sought the signature of an underlying “true” ergodic-nonergodic transition at a certain thermodynamic instability temperature Te. Here the relaxation timescale for glass-forming materials is analyzed using a self-consistent thermodynamic cluster model in combination with the concept of cluster percolation. The ergodic hypothesis is violated near a crossover from Gaussian to non-Gaussian (Poisson) cluster-volume fluctuations associated with finite-size fractal-cluster distributions. The transition of compact-structured “ergodic” clusters into hole-like glassy nanoclusters is attributed to critical-size thermal fluctuations. An ergodic-nonergodic phase diagram with Te is constructed in a model-independent form in terms of the glass fragility parameter for organic and inorganic liquids and amorphous solids. In all cases, the ergodic-instability temperature is below and close to the glass transition temperature, and the distance between the two characteristic temperatures decreases with increasing fragility of the material.
Isomerization reaction between linear AlNC and AlCN including the $\tilde X$X̃ 1Σ+ and $\tilde A$Ã 1Π states studied by three-dimensional wave packet propagation
Authors: Tokue Ikuo , Nanbu Shinkoh
Published: July 2011

Excitation transfers between linear AlNC and AlCN via the $\tilde A$Ã 1Π (1 1A″, 2 1A′)−$\tilde X$X̃ 1Σ+ transition were studied by a wave packet propagation method as applied to a simple system for an isomerization reaction. The photoabsorption and fluorescence spectra calculated in this work are in good agreement with Einstein's A and B coefficients reported in our previous paper [I. Tokue and S. Nanbu, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 224301 (2006)]10.1063/1.2207611. In the 2 1A′−$\tilde X$X̃ 1Σ+ excitation of linear AlNC, both isomerization to linear AlCN and dissociation to Al + CN can occur; the probability of both decay channels strongly depends on the vibrational modes of the initial wave packet. The 1 1A″−$\tilde X$X̃ 1Σ+ excitation of linear AlNC results primarily in dissociation with isomerization being found to be a relatively minor phenomenon. For the linear AlCN excitation, vibrational levels above 1000 cm−1 occur for both isomerization and dissociation. The isomerization of AlNC ↔ AlCN was found to occur after the $\tilde A$Ã 1Π−$\tilde X$X̃ 1Σ+ fluorescence of AlNC and AlCN, with even the initial wave packet being made with the vibrational ground level of the $\tilde A$Ã 1Π state, whereas no dissociation was recognized for any of the cases calculated in this study using lower vibrational levels as initial wave packets. The procedure for wave packet propagation employed in this study is concluded to be very effective for analyzing in detail the reaction dynamics of isomerization for triatomic molecules.
Electrical measurement of non-destructively p-type doped graphene using molybdenum trioxide
Authors: Xie Lanfei , Wang Xiao , Mao Hongying , Wang Rui , Ding Mianzhi , Wang Yu , Özyilmaz Barbaros , Ping Loh Kian , Wee Andrew T. S. , Ariando  , Chen Wei
Published: July 2011

We demonstrate effective non-destructive p-type doping of graphene via surface modification with molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) thin film using electrical transport measurements. The p-type doping via MoO3 modification of graphene leads to the downward shift of Fermi level towards the valence band. MoO3 modified graphene retains its high charge carrier mobility, facilitating the observation of quantum Hall effect. In-situ ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy studies also show that air exposure of MoO3 modified graphene reduces the doping efficiency.
Bayesian sampling in visual perception
Authors: Moreno-Bote Rubén , Knill David C. , Pouget Alexandre
Published: July 2011

It is well-established that some aspects of perception and action can be understood as probabilistic inferences over underlying probability distributions. In some situations, it would be advantageous for the nervous system to sample interpretations from a probability distribution rather than commit to a particular interpretation. In this study, we asked whether visual percepts correspond to samples from the probability distribution over image interpretations, a form of sampling that we refer to as Bayesian sampling. To test this idea, we manipulated pairs of sensory cues in a bistable display consisting of two superimposed moving drifting gratings, and we asked subjects to report their perceived changes in depth ordering. We report that the fractions of dominance of each percept follow the multiplicative rule predicted by Bayesian sampling. Furthermore, we show that attractor neural networks can sample probability distributions if input currents add linearly and encode probability distributions with probabilistic population codes.
Aerosol–cloud–precipitation system as a predator-prey problem
Authors: Koren Ilan , Feingold Graham
Published: July 2011

We show that the aerosol–cloud–precipitation system exhibits characteristics of the predator-prey problem in the field of population dynamics. Both a detailed large eddy simulation of the dynamics and microphysics of a precipitating shallow boundary layer cloud system and a simpler model built upon basic physical principles, reproduce predator-prey behavior with rain acting as the predator and cloud as the prey. The aerosol is shown to modulate the predator-prey response. Steady-state solution to the proposed model shows the known existence of bistability in cloudiness. Three regimes are identified in the time-dependent solutions: (i) the weakly precipitating regime where cloud and rain coexist in a quasi steady state; (ii) the moderately drizzling regime where limit-cycle behavior in the cloud and rain fields is produced; and (iii) the heavily precipitating clouds where collapse of the boundary layer is predicted. The manifestation of predator-prey behavior in the aerosol–cloud–precipitation system is a further example of the self-organizing properties of the system and suggests that exploiting principles of population dynamics may help reduce complex aerosol–cloud–rain interactions to a more tractable problem.
Separation of preferential interaction and excluded volume effects on DNA duplex and hairpin stability
Authors: Knowles D. B. , LaCroix Andrew S. , Deines Nickolas F. , Shkel Irina , Record M. Thomas
Published: July 2011

Small solutes affect protein and nucleic acid processes because of favorable or unfavorable chemical interactions of the solute with the biopolymer surface exposed or buried in the process. Large solutes also exclude volume and affect processes where biopolymer molecularity and/or shape changes. Here, we develop an analysis to separate and interpret or predict excluded volume and chemical effects of a flexible coil polymer on a process. We report a study of the concentration-dependent effects of the full series from monomeric to polymeric PEG on intramolecular hairpin and intermolecular duplex formation by 12-nucleotide DNA strands. We find that chemical effects of PEG on these processes increase in proportion to the product of the amount of DNA surface exposed on melting and the amount of PEG surface that is accessible to this DNA, and these effects are completely described by two interaction terms that quantify the interactions between this DNA surface and PEG end and interior groups. We find that excluded volume effects, once separated from these chemical effects, are quantitatively described by the analytical theory of Hermans, which predicts the excluded volume between a flexible polymer and a rigid molecule. From this analysis, we show that at constant concentration of PEG monomer, increasing PEG size increases the excluded volume effect but decreases the chemical interaction effect, because in a large PEG coil a smaller fraction of the monomers are accessible to the DNA. Volume exclusion by PEG has a much larger effect on intermolecular duplex formation than on intramolecular hairpin formation.
Funciones discursivas y gramaticalización del pretérito perfecto compuesto en el español de Lima
Authors: Jara Yupanqui Ileana Margarita
Published: July 2011

La presente investigación busca contribuir al conocimiento del pretérito perfecto compuesto (PPC) he cantado en el español de Lima. Este trabajo da cuenta de funciones innovadoras del PPC en dicha variedad, que prueban su avance en el proceso de gramaticalización iniciado en el latín vulgar, y discute además la superposición de estas funciones con las del pretérito perfecto simple canté (PPS). La primera parte del artículo ofrece un breve recuento diacrónico de los cambios de esta estructura; la segunda introduce la discusión sobre conceptos relativos al análisis (e.g. evidencialidad, relevancia actual); la tercera proporciona información sobre los participantes y el corpus; la cuarta analiza las funciones discursivas del PPC en el español hablado de Lima; la quinta discute estas funciones a la luz de los conceptos introducidos en el marco teórico; finalmente, la última parte presenta las conclusiones de este análisis. Éstas confirman la existencia de diversas instancias en las que el PPC desempeña funciones epistémicas y a la vez asume roles usualmente desempeñados por el PPS. Dichas funciones son las de irrumpir en la narración, ya sea para citar en el discurso reportado, introducir información nueva, formular comentarios, o resumir y evaluar eventos pasados.
The Influences of Body Size, Habitat Quality, and Competition on the Movement and Survival of Juvenile Coho Salmon during the Early Stages of Stream Recolonization
Authors: Pess G. R. , Kiffney P. M. , Liermann M. C. , Bennett T. R. , Anderson J. H. , Quinn T. P.
Published: July 2011

Understanding the factors influencing the success of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. in newly colonized habitats is essential to their recovery in large areas across the West Coast of the United States and Canada. We studied biotic and abiotic factors associated with survival during the early stages of colonization and population establishment of juvenile coho salmon O. kisutch in Rock Creek, a tributary of the upper Cedar River in the Lake Washington basin of Puget Sound, Washington. The stream was occupied by resident fishes (e.g., rainbow trout O. mykiss, cutthroat trout O. clarkii, speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus, and several sculpins Cottus spp.), but adult coho salmon and other anadromous fishes had been excluded by a dam from 1901 until fish ladder installation in 2003. We defined logistic regression models and used an information‐theoretic approach to predict apparent survival with various combinations of individual fish condition, location competition, and local habitat quality. The best‐approximating models included measures of brood year, body size, habitat, and migration timing. Survival was positively associated with body size and habitat quality and negatively associated with competition. Survival from late summer to smolt migration varied among years (mean ± SD = 27 ± 11%) and was significantly higher within Rock Creek (73 ± 11%) than during seaward migration in the Cedar River and Lake Washington (38 ± 14%). Juvenile coho salmon established a population and outnumbered resident salmonid species by 40% in the lower 2 km of Rock Creek within 5 years of colonization. Overall, the results revealed the linkage between the colonization success of juvenile coho salmon and the biotic features and habitat quality in a newly accessible environment during the stream‐rearing phase of their life history.
Taiwanese adolescent cognitive autonomy and identity development: The relationship of situational and agential factors
Authors: Lee Chien‐Ti , Beckert Troy E.
Published: July 2011

Taiwanese professionals have adopted information about adolescent psychosocial development from Western societies. However, scholars know little about whether they have properly applied the models to both rural and urban youth. The purpose of this study was to examine the development of cognitive autonomy and ego identity in Taiwanese adolescents from Taipei City and surrounding rural counties. We controlled for gender and examined both situational (residential location, family income, and school type) and agential factors (culture value affiliation, attachment, and resiliency) to determine the extent to which each predicted psychosocial developmental outcomes. Among all the factors in this study, resiliency had the most distinctive relationship with adolescent psychosocial development. Each factor successfully predicted specific aspects of psychosocial development for these youth. We conclude with a discussion of the utility of using Western models of development.
Adaptive and motivated: Psychological qualities of college students in teacher education programs in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Hsiou‐Huai
Published: July 2011

Teacher quality has been a perennial issue in the field of education. In addition to academic ability, psychological and motivational characteristics are regarded as increasingly important dimensions of teacher quality. This study has established a multidimensional framework of teacher quality including social competency, adaptive ability and career commitment and used it to examine the qualities of pre‐service college students in teacher education programs based on a national survey in Taiwan. It is found that in this country where ‘those who are academically able, teach’ has been a tradition, pre‐service students further possess better adaptive and motivational qualities than their non‐teaching counterparts. The underlying policy and socio‐cultural contexts of such a positive phenomenon of ‘those who are adaptive and motivated, teach’ are further explained and implications for teacher educators and policy makers are discussed.
Whatever happened to entitlement in the National Curriculum?
Authors: Willan Patrick T.
Published: July 2011

In this article I recount the origins of the concept of entitlement in relation to the com‐ pulsory curriculum, particularly the government position (DES, 1987) as stated in the proposal for a National Curriculum. I suggest that the term ‘entitlement’ was then in clanger of being little more than a legitimating shibboleth, employed to lend authority to an educational programme that was substantially political rather than educational. With reference to my own doctoral research, and to subsequent National Curriculum developments, I observe that the passing of a decade has lent weight to this view, even as Sir Ron Dearing's major review (SCAA, 1994) continued to make various claims for entitlement being conveyed upon children.
Broadening the basis of assessment to prevent the narrowing of learning
Authors: James Mary , Gipps Caroline
Published: July 2011

This article presents an argument for a reconsideration of the types of assessment promoted by national policy. It argues that education for the twenty‐first century should place emphasis on higher‐order skills and ‘deep learning’ while not neglecting basic skills. The evidence relating to the impact of assessment on learning is briefly reviewed, as is the current state of understanding about different types of learning. On this basis it is argued that the range of types of assessments used, both formally and informally, should be expanded to illuminate and support a wide spectrum of relevant learning, including both the learning of facts and skills, deeper understandings of concepts and principles and their application in unfamiliar contexts. The implications for policy and for the refocusing of national assessment in England are then discussed and an alternative framework is proposed.
Providing opportunities for active learning: assessing incidence and impact
Authors: Halsall Rob , Cockett Mike
Published: July 2011

An active learning methodology has been advanced by a number of people as a means of promoting more meaningful and effective learning and has underpinned initiatives in schools such as TVEI. However, while there is an extensive literature concerning principles and pedagogy, there have been few attempts to assess the incidence of the provision of active learning opportunities or, indeed, to assess whether such learning has been effected. Two major attempts are reviewed prior to the presentation and discussion of new data which were gathered utilizing newly developed sets of indicators of the provision of active learning opportunities and of active learning itself. The article concludes with a discussion of the constraints on such provision and of the reasons why a renewed focus on active learning might be imminent.
Uncovering music in the National Curriculum ‐ a social semiotic approach to the title page
Authors: Bray Elizabeth
Published: July 2011

This article embraces the notion that visual design, with or without accompanying text, has developed particular characteristics that encode messages between author and reader which often operate below a level of consciousness. As such, it accepts the premise put forward by Kress (1993) that all signs are motivated, rather than arbitrary, and draws heavily on the work of Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996) and other extensive literature in the field. The design subjected to this type of analysis or reading is the title page of Music in the National Curriculum published by the Department For Education in 1995. The article tries to show how the design alone represents a particular view of knowledge and a particular approach to curriculum design, which is then confirmed in the subsequent pages.
The use of narrative in geography teaching
Authors: McPartland Michael
Published: July 2011

This article provides a justification for an increase in the use of narrative as a mode of discourse in the geography classroom. This justification resides in the function of narrative to stimulate the geographical imagination, to act as a vehicle for the transmission of geographical values and to promote geographical knowledge and understanding. With reference to the National Curriculum theme of tectonic processes, it uses the topic of volcanoes both to exemplify the argument and to offer a framework for the inclusion of a stronger narrative dimension in the teaching of the subject.
The contribution of primary school teachers to curriculum planning and development in Iraq
Authors: Al‐Daami Kadhum Khan , Stanley John W.
Published: July 2011

This article describes the role of primary school teachers in Iraq in connection with curriculum change and development. It identifies the ways in which professional teachers have been faced with increased central control and concludes by responding directly to the Ministry of Education. A survey involving interviews and questionnaires was conducted with primary school teachers of different school location, age, gender, experience, qualifications and subjects taught, and in various school locations. Headteachers and education officials were also interviewed to establish the degree of involvement of primary teachers in their curriculum planning process.
Researching workplace spiritualization through auto/ethnography
Authors: Cullen John G.
Published: July 2011

Studying the spiritual in workplace settings presents a significant challenge to the organizational ethnographer. Spirituality is such a fluid and deeply subjective concept that is often understood and practiced in ways that are implicit to individuals and attempts to study it in the workplace risk producing accounts that reductive and inaccurate. In an effort to craft a rigorous and representative account of the deployment of a Spiritual Management Development (SMD) initiative in large Irish services organization, I experimented with a form of autoethnography, referred to as ‘auto/ethnography’ in this article, which attempted to produce a rounded and holistic account of reactions to the initiative. The generic elements of this method are presented with a view to demonstrating the possibilities and difficulties associated with adopting this research approach to the study of workplace spirituality.
The interactive effects of spirituality and trait cynicism on citizenship and counterproductive work behaviors
Authors: James Matrecia S.L. , Miles Angela K. , Mullins Terry
Published: July 2011

Spirituality is increasingly recognized and accepted as part of the total employee and the general work environment. The following study examined spirituality as a moderator between an employee personality trait (cynicism) and discretionary job performance dimensions (citizenship behavior
and counterproductive work behavior). This exploration integrates the literature on spirituality, cynicism and performance by probing the relationship between negative personality traits and performance while considering the interactive effects of cynicism and spirituality. Specifically, trait
cynicism was predicted to have a direct impact on performance. Results did not support this prediction. However, as expected, there was a significant interaction between cynicism and spirituality such that there were significant differences in the performance of highly spiritual cynics and
those low in spirituality. Implications are discussed.
Equity theory and social justice
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Salmon Michael , Rapson Richard L.
Published: July 2011

In the eleventh century, St. Anselm of Canterbury argued that the will possesses two competing affinities: an affection for what is to a person’s own selfish advantage and an affection for justice. The first inclination may be stronger, but the second also matters. Equity theory, too, posits that in personal, social, and societal relationships, two concerns stand out: first, how much reward does a person reap from a given social relationship? Second, how fair and equitable is that relationship? According to equity theory, people feel most comfortable when their relationships are maximally profitable and they are giving and getting exactly what they deserve from their relationships – no more and certainly no less.In this review, we will begin by describing the classic equity paradigm and the supporting research. We will then review the history of equity research. In the 1960s and 1970s, scholars generally concentrated on testing Equity Theory’s applicability to romantic, social, and business relationships. More recently, scholars have attempted to speculate aboutwhypeople in almost all societies share a concern with social justice and equity. We close by predicting that the next stage in equity and social justice research, scholars will explore (1)whois to be included in the “moral community,” (2) a commentary on the current political debate as to the ideal balance between personal interest and social justice, and (3) how governments, business, and social activists can best foster that ideal.
Carol Dieckmann: An eye on organellar biology
Authors: Sedwick Caitlin
Published: July 2011

Carol Dieckmann studies the Chlamydomonas eyespot and mitochondrial gene expression.
Magnetic after-effect study of dislocation relaxation in Fe-based alloys
Authors: Minov B , Dupré L , Konstantinović M J
Published: July 2011

Dislocation-related relaxation processes are studied by measuring the magnetic after-effect spectra as a function of temperature in a variety of non-deformed and cold-worked iron alloys. In the α-Fe and Fe–1%Cu alloys the peak centred at about 320 K appears as a consequence of plastic deformation. On the basis of the behaviour of its parameters, such as the temperature position of the peak, the full width at half maximum and the integrated intensities, this feature is assigned to the relaxation process of thermally activated dislocation motion.
Effect of magnetic annealing on magneto-optical properties of Ce : YIG thin films incorporating gold nanoparticles
Authors: Hamidi S M , Tehranchi M M , Sadeghi S
Published: July 2011

We report an experimental study on the effect of magnetic annealing process on the optical and magneto-optical properties of Ce-substituted yttrium iron garnet thin films incorporating gold nanoparticles. Au nanoparticles were formed by heating an Au thin film on a cubic quartz substrate in a vacuum chamber and a Ce : YIG layer was deposited on them by the aid of the pulsed laser deposition method. Our results show that magnetic annealing leads to an increase in nanoparticle sizes and directs the magnetization to lie on the sample's surface. Hence, Faraday rotation signal decreases and a sufficient increase in the longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect occurs at different oblique incidence angles. Tuning the surface plasmon resonance band by changing the angle of incidence of the excitation light would add an additional degree of freedom and flexibility to the development of magneto-optical sensors.
An axisymmetric 2D model on a high-frequency inductively coupled Ar–Hg discharge with a re-entry bulb
Authors: Liu Yang , Zissis Georges , Chen Yuming
Published: July 2011

An axisymmetric 2D model on a high-frequency inductively coupled Ar–Hg discharge is established, where all important radiation and collision processes between electrons and atoms, or atoms and atoms are involved. The boundary electric field is obtained from experiment with the single coil method. The simulation result depicts a diffusive discharge. It reveals that chemi-ionization between Hg(6-P) atoms plays an important role in ionization balance, while direct ionization of ground Hg atoms can be ignored. The calculated electron density and electron temperature agree well with the experimental results of other researchers.
Oxidation behaviour of carbon monoxide at the photostimulated surface of ZnO nanowires
Authors: Wang Ch Y , Kinzer M , Youn S K , Ramgir N , Kunzer M , Köhler K , Zacharias M , Cimalla V
Published: July 2011

Normally carbon monoxide is considered to be a reducing agent, which can be used for CO detection. However, oxidizing behaviour of CO, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported. In this work, we find that CO can also act as oxidizing gas at room temperature on photostimulated ZnO nanowires. For photostimulation, the low intensity of light emitting diodes is used to induce a very low photocurrent, which, however, leads to a large resistance change due to the ultraviolet light interaction with the nanowire surface. During CO detection, the oxygen vacancies enhance the CO adsorption on the nanowire surface even at room temperature. CO molecules adsorbing on the surface are presumably bound to a zinc–oxygen vacancy complex, causing a reduction in free electron concentration, which leads to an oxidizing effect of CO gas. An adsorption model for CO is proposed to explain the experimental observations. These results shed light on developing room-temperature CO sensor using oxide nanostructures with the help of high energetic photon replacing the high-temperature process normally used in traditional gas sensors.
Transport and magnetic properties of PrCo1−xNixO3 (x = 0.0–0.7)
Authors: Tomeš P , Aguirre M H , Robert R , Shkabko A , Otal E H , Weidenkaff A
Published: July 2011

The influence of Ni substitution on the transport and magnetic properties of the perovskite PrCo1−x
Ni
x
O3 (x = 0.0–0.7) has been investigated by synthesizing and characterizing different samples. The unit cell volume of orthorhombic crystal structure expands with increasing Ni content, affecting the distortion of M–O (I, II)-M bond angles (M = Co, Ni). The expansion of the unit cell volume can be attributed to the larger ionic radii of Ni2+ and to the stabilization of the intermediate-spin state in the low-spin cobalt matrix. The electrical conduction mechanism varies with the Ni content with noticeable change from variable range hopping to nearest neighbour hopping in compositions 0.07 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.29. The Seebeck coefficient is positive for samples with 0.0 < x < 0.49. Only PrCo0.3Ni0.7O3 has a negative Seebeck coefficient. The ZFC/FC curves and M (H) hysteresis loops reveal both a spin-glass behaviour and ferromagnetic ordering below the Curie temperature (T
C) for Ni-substituted samples. By the combination of Seebeck coefficient data and the measured effective magnetic moment μeff, the mixed valences of Co3+/Co4+ and Ni2+/Ni3+ in PrCo1−x
Ni
x
O3 compounds were determined and the values are in agreement with x-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements.
The synergistic effect of bremsstrahlung photons and intense laser radiation on the structural properties of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Nguyen Dinh Hoang , Nguyen Ngoc Trung , Pham Duc Khue , Nguyen Thi Thanh Bao , Phung Viet Tiep , Dao Duy Thang , Nguyen Thanh Binh , Vu Thi Bich
Published: July 2011

We present in this paper the influence of a synergistic radiation effect of both bremsstrahlung photons with maximum energy of 60 MeV and intense laser radiation (up to 60 KW 
cm
−2) on the structural properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The defect formation (damage) in CNTs under separate irradiations of 60 MeV bremsstrahlung photon or intense laser and their combined irradiations has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The experimental results show that (i) our obtained natural CNTs are multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a large number of structural defects, which are non-nanotube carbon impurities; (ii) the MWCNTs were not damaged by the irradiations of an intense laser and a bremsstrahlung photon beam with low electron fluency and the irradiation even leads to more purification/ordering; (iii) the reversible modification in non-irradiated and 60 MeV bremsstrahlung photon irradiated MWCNTs with variation of laser power density (LPD) have been received; (iv) the influence on the structural properties of MWCNTs induced by the combined irradiation was greater than the separate irradiation of a 60 MeV bremsstrahlung photon or intense laser radiation. The result also demonstrates that micro-Raman spectroscopy is a valuable, fast and non-destructive tool for the investigation of purification/ordering of CNTs.
Biologically inspired EM image alignment and neural reconstruction
Authors: Knowles-Barley Seymour , Butcher Nancy J. , Meinertzhagen Ian A. , Armstrong J. Douglas
Published: July 2011

Motivation: Three-dimensional reconstruction of consecutive serial-section transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) images of neural tissue currently requires many hours of manual tracing and annotation. Several computational techniques have already been applied to ssTEM images to facilitate 3D reconstruction and ease this burden.

Results: Here, we present an alternative computational approach for ssTEM image analysis. We have used biologically inspired receptive fields as a basis for a ridge detection algorithm to identify cell membranes, synaptic contacts and mitochondria. Detected line segments are used to improve alignment between consecutive images and we have joined small segments of membrane into cell surfaces using a dynamic programming algorithm similar to the Needleman–Wunsch and Smith–Waterman DNA sequence alignment procedures. A shortest path-based approach has been used to close edges and achieve image segmentation. Partial reconstructions were automatically generated and used as a basis for semi-automatic reconstruction of neural tissue. The accuracy of partial reconstructions was evaluated and 96% of membrane could be identified at the cost of 13% false positive detections.

Availability: An open-source reference implementation is available in the Supplementary information.

Contact:  seymour.kb@ed.ac.uk; douglas.armstrong@ed.ac.uk

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.