bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Facial Musculature of some Lesser Primates and a Tupaia. A Comparative Study.
Authors: Lightoller G. S.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The facial musculature of four types of Mammals—one Subprimate and three Primates—has been examined. It has been described under five headings, viz.:—platysmal, superior pre‐auricular, oral, retro‐auricular, and stylo‐hyoidean. This classification indicates the matrices from which each group is derived as closely as is consistent with descriptive anatomy. The platysma was well developed in all except the lemurs, in which it failed to attain attachment to the nuchal, omoidean, clavicular, or genal regions; it has, therefore, been called degenerate. Trachelo‐platysmæ were present only in the lemurs and marmoset; no platysmal derivates were found. Of the superior preauricular group, the M. orbicularis oculi was remarkable in the Tupaia and Tarsius; in the former on account of the break in the inferior distal fibres and the attachment to the zygoma of the central fibres. In Tarsius the muscle was of unusual size and had unusual anterior attachments. At present it is difficult to say if these latter represent a primitive condition laid bare, so to speak, by the apparent overstretching of this muscle to such an extent that it is only one fibre in thickness; or whether it is a specialization peculiar to Tarsius. In each of the specimens the M. orbicularis oculi was, laterally, directly continuous with a large superficial orbito‐auriculo‐labial sheet; in Tupaia this was incomplete. In each specimen the lower margin of this sheet was formed by the M. auriculo‐labialis inferior. In the lemurs the muscle lies upon the same plane as, and is closely apposed to, the upper margin of the portio modiolaris platysmæ, as the platysma in this Primate is devoid of a pars supra‐angularis. This led Ruge to consider the M. auriculo‐labialis inferior as a portion of the platysma. In Tarsius, however, the former runs deeply and obliquely to, and is unconnected with, the partes supra‐angularis and modiolaris platysmse, and in consequence the muscle has been classified with the superior pre‐auricular musculature. A M. naso‐labialis was present in each specimen, but it differed from that of the dog, as figured by Huber, in that its fibres extend over the medial frontal region. No M. angulo‐naso‐labialis (caput angulare) was present in any specimen, though in Tarsius a M. infra‐orbito‐labialis (caput infra‐orbitale) was well developed. Of the oral group the M. orbicularis oris of each Primate showed a division into partes marginalis and peripheralis, and in Tarsius the arrangement of these fibres resembled that seen in Anthropoids and Man. In each specimen a M. maxillo‐naso‐labialis was present. With the retro‐auricular group has been classed the M. digastricus posterior and the M. cervicalis transversus. This latter has formerly been considered as a deep layer of the platysma, but the innervation would seem to preclude this.

Bibliography.
On a Collection of Linguatulids (Pentastomida) from Burma, with Description of a new Subgenus.
Authors: Hett Mary L.
Published: May 2010

List of Literature.
Display and the sexual cycle in the Great Grey Bower‐bird (Chlamydera nuchalis Jardine & Selby)
Authors: Marshall A. J.
Published: May 2010

Summary

The Great Grey Bower‐bird (Chlamydera nuchalis) of tropical Australia builds a double‐walled bower and accumulates at its entrances and between its walls a display of sun‐bleached bones, shells and coral, or greyish‐white pebbles of quartz, laterite or other pallid objects. It also collects highly reflecting objects such as glass, tin, steel, brass cartridge cases and other metals. Silvery leaves, silver coins, gold nuggets an opaliferous rock have been found on bowers. Green berries, leaves and plant‐galls are also used.

The species tends to orientate its bower across the path of the sun.

In display the male postures noisily and energetically, with coloured nuchal frill erected, in front of the female which stands impassively watching near the bower. He uses a variety of calls, including vocal mimiery. Vocal mimiery of bird‐calls and other sounds is also used elsewhere.

Males taken outside the display‐season were in a sexually quiescent condition. Those collected while displaying at the bower or taken near the bower, were undergoing spermatogenesis. The bower is deserted and there is an annual nomadic flocking phase at the time of the post‐nuptial moult and metamorphosis of the testes.

The theory that bower‐building and associated activities are essentially “recreational” and unconnected with sexual utilitarianism is rejected. It is held that bower‐activity is essentially sexual activity and that the display‐ground and display are means towards cementing the pair‐bond, synchronizing the reproductive apparatus of the pair, and keeping the female within the male's sphere of influence until insemination occurs at the time when the annual monsoon brings its harvest of protein food and thus renders the environment appropriate for the successful rearing of the young.

The reproduction rate in relation to environmental factors is briefly mentioned.
The internal anatomy of the mite Listrophorus leuckarti
Authors: Hughes T. E.
Published: May 2010

Summary

The endites of the pedipalps form an apparatns for gripping the hair.

The pedipalpal endite has powerful adductors but shorter and weaker abductors.

Taking the musculature and curvature of the endites into consideration, it seems unlikely that the animal can release the hair.

The food appears to be scales and the secretions of epidermal glands scraped off the hair by the chelicerae.

The gut has virtually lost the lateral caeca of the more typical Sarcopti‐formes, and shows no clearly differentiated post‐colon.

The female reproductive system has developed a long median glandular common oviduct.

The female system shows the bursa copulatrix and receptaculum seminis typical of Tyroglyphoidea.

By loss of accessory glands the male reproductive system has come to resemble that of the female quite closely.

The posterior region of the suboesophageal ganglion mass is subdivided into a pair of lobes. Each lobe innervates legs III and IV, the genital valves and dorso‐ventral muscles of its own side.

The muscles associated with movements of the gnathosoma on the podosoma are lost.

Development of lateral plates on the tectum of the gnathosoma and extensions of the epimera of leg I to articulate with the pedipalpal coxae render the gnathosoma immobile.

The adductor system of the legs is modified in that it has its origins not on the body wall or tendinous endoskeleton but on the epimera in the case of legs I and II and on the posterior end of the sternum or an internal projection of the body wall in the case of legs III and IV respectively.
Studies on the life cycle of the pseudophyllidean cestode Schistocephalus solidus
Authors: Clarke A. S.
Published: May 2010

Summary

A study of host‐parasite relationships has been made on the cestode Schistocephalus solidus Müller by examining conditions relating to the infection and growth of the plerocercoid in the stickleback, and‐ its transfer to other hosts for maturation; the infection of Cyclops by the coracidimn with its subsequent change to a procercoid; and the passage of the procercoid into the body cavity of the fish to become a plerocercoid. It has been possible, by establishing suitable techniques, to carry out the whole life cycle in the laboratory and so facilitate these studies.

Eggs were obtained from plerocercoids and observations made on their development. The time of hatching of the coracidium varies considerably, both with temperature and with intrinsic factors. The average time is about three weeks but hatching may occur up to six months after the eggs have been shed.

From such eggs, free coracidia and, subsequently, procercoids in Cyclops and nauplii, were secured and studied. The growth rate of procercoids was determined together with the effect of infection on the growth of nauplii.

Infections in fish were secured from infected Cyclops but not in sufficient numbers to justify more than tentative conclusions about the growth rate of plerocercoids. The time required for penetration of the fish gut wall by the procercoid can be as short as two hours.

Changes in morphology of the worm in its transformation from a coracidium to a plerocercoid were surveyed and it was shown how the formation of the musculature precedes the initiation of strobilation which occurs rapidly and completely, followed immediately by the formation of the genital rudiments.

The excretory system of the plerocercoid could be displayed effectively by a method of embedding in transparent plastic.

Infected fish from one source were collected throughout the year and the weights of the fish and of the worms within them were ascertained. It was found that in the autumn there was an increase in the number of large fish in the marginal zone–possibly related to an increase of plankton–but during the months from winter to summer the mean size of fish was less and remained relatively stable in this zone. The mean weights of plerocercoids however, increased during this period as did the temperature of the water. Some indications of the growth rate of the plerocercoid were observed from the collected data.

An examination of the stomach contents of the fish showed a wide variety of diet with little or no change throughout the year and also indicated that Cyclops form an almost insignificant feature in this diet.
The influence of drought and rainfall on reproduction in Australian desert birds
Authors: Keast J. A. , Marshall A. J.
Published: May 2010

Summary

 Collections of the gonads of desert birds which were made in localities during, and soon after, severe drought revealed striking differences in reproductive development.

 Comparatively meagre rainfall and the resultant creation of relatively beneficial conditions has a more stimulating effect on the male than on the female cycle.

 The failure of the females to respond leads to a disturbance of the normal sequence of events in the male gonad and abnormal conditions, similar to those found in Arctic and other non‐breeders, were observed in the undischarged testis. These are not readily explained by the known facts concerning the hypophysial/gonad relationship in vertebrates.

 Desert birds have evolved an unusually high degree of nomadic mobility to defeat droughts. They exhibit a further vital physiological aspect of drought adaptation in that their sexual cycles can respond quickly to rainfall, or its effects, so that nidification may begin within a few days of heavy precipitation, irrespective of daylength and light increment. On the other hand, the gonads may remain inactive, in the true sense of the word, and reproduction can be inhibited for a succession of seasons during a prolonged drought.
Observations on the abnormal occurrence of Hymenolepis nana fraterna cysticercoids in the liver of a rodent
Authors: Mahon J.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The unusual occurrence of cysticercoids in mammalian liver is recorded. Larval forms of Hymenolepis nana fraterna are described from the liver of a Darling's Mole Rat, and comparisons made with cysts from experimentally infected white mice and with adult material.
The early development stages of the Bass, Morone labrax (L.)
Authors: Jackman L. A. J.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The eggs of the Bass, Morone labrax (L.), in British waters, are larger than those of the Mediterranean eggs observed by Bertolini (1933).

These eggs hatch on the fourth day, and the mean length of newly hatched larvae is 3.83 mm. By the end of twenty‐four hours this length has increased to 4.85 mm., by the third day to 4.98 mm., by the fourth day to 4.99 mm. and on the tenth day the mean length is 5.61 mm.

During the first twenty‐four hours, the early post‐larval stages rest for long periods at the surface of the water. On the third day the larvae begin to sink slowly when at rest, and normal horizontal swimming is commenced on the sixth day. By the tenth day the larvae swim with the mouth open.

From the observed rate of growth of these reared larval stages, it is likely that those taken in the plankton hauls off the Eddystone during the period 1925–1933 (Russell 1935) were from three to fifteen days old.
A comparative study of the umbilical sphincter
Authors: Parry Helen J.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

 The umbilical cords of the cow, rabbit, guinea‐pig and sheep possess a sphincter muscle in the umbilical ring. These cords all enter the abdomen of the foetus at a right angle.

 The umbilical cords of the rat, dog, cat and man make an acute‐angled entry into the abdomen and have no umbilical sphincter. The pangolin and the macaque also fail to develop a sphincter muscle in the umbilical cord.

 The structure of the sphincter is described and some possible functions are discussed.
The oestrous cycle of female Rattus (Mastomys) natalensis (Smith) as observed in the laboratory
Authors: Johnston Helen L. , Oliff W. D.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

 The average period between successive oestrous cycles for Mastomys females has been found to be 8.8±0.4 days.

 Pro‐ and met‐oestrous periods were found to last an average period of 1.9±0.15 days respectively.

 The mean age of females on the perforation of the vulva was 76±5.9 days and their mean age at the first oestrous was 104±9.2 days. The age of females at the birth of their first litters was about 130 days.

 The mean length of the gestation period was 23±10.7 days. Bloodstained vaginal smears were noticed on about the fifteenth day of pregnancy in thirteen out of seventeen cases.

 Post‐partum oestrous occurred regularly during lactation, the first on the average occurring 2.6±0.52 days after the birth of the litter. Oestrous recurred regularly about every six or seven days thereafter if the females did not become pregnant.

 Some females conceived at the first post‐partum oestrous and produced litters twenty‐three or so days after the birth of the previous litter.

 Fairly lengthy periods of anoestrous occurred (37.9±4.98 days) followed by cycles of longer duration than normal. 0.53 of the total life‐times of all the females was spent in anoestrous though only ten periods of anoestrous were observed while the twenty‐five females exhibited eighty‐two oestrous cycles.
Reingestion in the Wild Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)
Authors: Watson J. S.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

An attempt was made to determine the times of day at different seasons when wild rabbits in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, were reingesting soft faecal pellets.

The faecal material eaten by the rabbit varies from distinct mueus‐coated pellets to a semi‐liquid material in which the individual pellets are almost, or completely, unformed. These last are usually produced at the start of the reingestion period.

Pellets can be recognized in the stomach up to nine hours after they have been eaten, so that the time when reingestion is occurring must be determined from the presence of the soft faeces in the rectum.

The majority of rabbits are reingesting from 08.00 to 12.00 hrs. (N.Z. Standard Time) but there is considerable individual variation so that some may start three hours earlier than this and some continue up to three hours longer. There is no apparent seasonal variation in the peak time of this activity but there are indications that the fist animals may start about sunrise.

At the beginning of the reingestion period the soft pellets are produced intermittently in short periods alternating with the production of hard pellets.

Young rabbits begin reingesting as soon as they start eating grass and before they are fully weaned.

The quantity of food in the stomach varies with the time of day and indicates that the main feeding time is in the early morning before the reingestion time.

The main times of reingestion appear to be the same in New Zealand and in England, yet there are individual variations and differences in detail which suggest that the behaviour is easily modified by the environment.
Growth and reproduction in the females of two species of gerbil, Tatera brantsi (A. Smith) and Tatera afra (Gray)
Authors: Measroch Veronica
Published: May 2010

Summary.

 The Tatera brantsi material consisted of 360 females collected between January and December 1946 from the Reef area around Johannesburg. Transvaal, and also of seventeen females which were kept in captivity for eleven months.

The oestrus cycle of the laboratory females was studied by means of daily vaginal smears. The cycle lasted from four to six days from one pro‐oestrus to the next. The average length of gestation was twenty‐two and a half days and of lactation twenty‐two to twenty‐four days. It was apparent that in captivity the gerbils tended to go into anoestrus and only aporadic pregnancies occurred.

The clean body‐weight of females from the field ranged from 12 to 106 gm. with a mean of 60.05. The estimated weight at birth was 5.5 grams the lightest adult female weighed 37 gm. and the lightest pregnant female 52 gm.

Breeding occurred all the year round but was reduced to a minimum in October, November and December. The age at puberty is discussed. It is estimated that a single female produces five to six litters in one year. The mean number of corpora lutea was 2.94 and of embryos 2.64. The different stages of the reproductive cycle are described.

 The T. afra material consisted of 422 females obtained between January and December 1946, in the region of the South‐west Cape. The females ranged from 15 to 90 gm in weight with a mean of 52.2 gm. The estimated weight at birth was 4.5 gm., the lightest adult female weighed 36 gm. and the lightest pregnant female 43 gm.

The breeding season lasted eight months from the beginning of August until the end of March. The age at puberty is discussed. It was estimated that one female could produce six to seven litters in one season. The mean number of corpora lutea was 4.06 and of embryos 3.98. The relationship of the number of ova ovulated to the season, the body‐weight and to intra‐uterine mortality is discussed.

 The main features of reproduction and breeding in T. afra and T. brantsi are compared and contrasted with those of some other small African mammals and British rodents.
A new species of Lobohalacarus and other porohalacarids (Acari) in Windermere
Authors: Green J.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

Lobohalacarus dolgarae sp. n. is described from Windermere. Limnohalacarus Wackeri Walter and Porohalacarus alpinus (Thor) are recorded from Windermere, the latter species being an addition to the British List.
The post‐embryonic development of British Pinnotheres (Crustacea)
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

The early stages of the two species of Pinnotheres occurring at Plymouth have been reared in the laboratory from egg to megalopa for the first time.

P. pisum has four zoeal stages and a megalopa. The megalopal stage was reached in eleven weeks from spawning and six from hatching. These times are probably considerably longer than under natural conditions. The number of swimming setae of the zoeal stages is discussed.

P. pinnotheres has two zoeal stages and a megalopa. The megalopal stage was reached in about nine weeks from early egg and three weeks from hatching. The work on P. pinnotheres confirms that of Lebour (1928 a, b), who obtained the two zoeal stages from the plankton and reared the megalopa from these.

Some observations are given on habits and moulting of the zoeae.
Reproduction in the female Cape Fur Seal, Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber)*
Authors: Rand R. W.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

 An account of the breeding cycle of Arctocephalus pusillus is given based on an examination of 184 specimens.

 The specimens were grouped in age classes separated by the stage of closure of the skull sutures. It was not found possible to age the specimens by growth rings in the teeth.

 A. pusillus remains. at its breeding rookeries throughout the year but the young are born mostly in the late spring, the birth of first pups occurring rather later than those of multiparous females.

 Oestrus occurs about a week after parturition.

 There is a delay in implantation of about four months.

 The averae period of gestation, including the period of delayed implantation, is 259 days.

 There is a phase of follicular activity in the ovaries at the time of implantation of the blastocysts.

 Lactation is prolonged and may last until the birth of a succeeding pup.

 A full description is given of the histological changes in the different parts of the reproductive tract during the breeding cycle.
Observations on the reproductive activities, measurements, and growth rate of the Dikdik (Rhynchotragus kirkii thomasi Neumann) *
Authors: Kellas L. M.
Published: May 2010

Summary.

 The observations in this paper are based on a collection of four hundred and twelve specimens of the East African Dikdik, Rhynchotragus kirkii thomasi Neumann, collected from the Shinyanga District of Tanganyika Territory.

 The flesh and skull measurements are recorded, and there appears to be a sex dimorphism in size and growth rate.

 The use of the closure and partial closure of certain skull sutures is proposed as a convenient index of age. On the basis of this index a comparison is made between the measurements of animals shot in the bush and those of captive specimens of known age. From this comparison it is tentatively concluded that the Dikdik reaches physical maturity before the end of the first year, and becomes sexually mature at about six months. Furthermore, although one captive Dikdik is recorded as surviving to the age of nine years two months, the present analysis suggests that the longevity of Dikdiks in the bush is more nearly five or less than five years.

 The reproductive tracts of both the male and female are described, and the arrangement of the foetal membranes is noted.

 The female is found to be polyoestrus throughout the year with two periods of intense breeding at the beginning and end of the rains respectively. The gestation period lasts about six months, and most females become pregnant twice yearly. Spermatozoa are found in the epididymides of the mature male at all times, but the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles show a seasonal rise and fall in average weight which corresponds in time with the breeding rhythm of the female. The significance of this is discussed.
The functional morphology of the reproductive organs of the Common earwing (Forficula auricularia) and other Dermaptera with reference to the natural classification of the order
Authors: Popham Edward J.
Published: May 2010

The functional morphology of the male and female organs of reproduction of the Common earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) are described together with typical examples of the external male genitalia of most sub‐families of the order. Evolutionary trends involve a gradual reduction in the number of penis lobes from two to one; a process which seems to have taken place several times within the Dermaptera. A natural classification of the Dermaptera is suggested in the light of these data.
Rhythmic activity, temperature‐tolerance, water‐relations and mechanism of heat death in a tropical skink and gecko
Authors: Cloudsley‐Thompson J. L.
Published: May 2010

A comparison is made of the temperature‐ and water‐relations of the day‐active skink Mabuya quinquetaeniatus and nocturnal gecko Tarentola annularis. In darkness with regularly fluctuating temperatures M. Quinquetaeniatus is active during hot periods, T. annularis when the temperature falls. The lethal temperatures of both species for 24 hours exposure are around 40°C, but T. annularis can withstand a considerably higher degree of desiccation which may be correlated with its comparative lack of mobility. High sand temperatures are not avoided by either species until body temperatures rise. It is postulated that if heat‐death results from physiological oxygen deficiency, as previously suggested, some other cause, such as protein coagulation, must operate simulataneously.
The functional anatomy of the mantle cavity, kidney and blood system of some pilid gastropods (Prosobranchia)
Authors: Andrews Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2010

This account is the result of investigations on living and preserved specimens of Pomacea canaliculata as well as preserved specimens of Pila globosa, Turbinicola saxea and Lanistes ovum bangweolicus.

Pilids are amphibious prosobranchs with both a lung and a ctenidium in the mantle cavity. The mantle cavity is broad and shallow, and in addition to the normal pallial complex in these there is a highly extensible pallial inhalant siphon on the left of the head, allowing ventilation of the lung under water, and a fold bordering a longitudinal groove to the right of the head, similar to that in viviparids which creates a separate exhalant channel leading to a samll exhalant siphon. the ctenidium is displaced by the lung to the right and its small leaflets are curved so that they overhang the pallial groove. The hypobranchial gland to the right of the ctenidium extends over the wall of the rectum and genital duct along the right side of the groove.

Blood is carried to the lung by the extension of the afferent ctenidial vein and drained from it by the efferent ctenidial vein. In Pomacea an additional afferent vein to the floor of the lung is apparently developed by the horizontal division of the efferent ctenidial vein. To maintain an ample supply of blood at high pressure to the respiratory organs the visceral vein leads directly on to the mantle skirt and has lost its connection with the afferent renal vein. This results in a highly vascular mantle skirt so that a large volume of blood would be forced into the heart on retraction of the snail into its shell; to accommodate this a highly extensible ampulla is developed on the anterior aorta within the pericardial cavity.

The kidney, like that of other freshwater prosobranchs, is complex and contains an accessory chamber, overlying the posterior part of the mantle cavity, and which appears to be mesodermal in origin. It is much folded and highly vascular, and is supplied by the afferent renal vein and the renal nerve. The epithelium of the chamber excretes some purines other than uric acid as very fine spherules, whereas in the posterior part of the kidney, large concretions containing uric acid are built up. Blood from the anterior chamber drains into the afferent ctenidial vein; the efferent vessel of the posterior chamber is the homologue of the efferent nephridial vein, although the nephridial gland itself is vestigial. The efferent renal vein to the mantle skirt, which is present in other prosobranchs, has lost its connection with the visceral part of the kidney in pilids.
Histological changes in the epidermis of snakes during the sloughing cycle
Authors: Maderson P. F. A.
Published: May 2010

The histological changes which occur in the epidermis of snakes during the sloughing cycle have been studied. The results are based mainly on material obtained from Elaphe taeniura and are supported by observations on material from nine other genera. The sloughing cycle is divided into six stages. The regions of the epidermis and the histological changes occurring in each stage are described. Each region is named and the nomenclature applied is homologized as far as possible with the terminology used by earlier workers. It is suggested that the liberation of the old, outer, keratinized epidermal generation at sloughing is effected by the destruction of a single layer of living cells by the possible protcolytic action of immigrant eosinophil granulocytes.
The food of the Common porpoise (Phocaena phocaena)
Authors: Rae Bennet B.
Published: May 2010

The stomach contents of porpoises from Scottish waters were examined primarily to ascertain if these animals prey on salmon. The dominant fish in the food were clupeoids and gadoids with herring and whiting the commonest individual species. The food types were predominantly pelagic in habit and most of the fish eaten appeared to be less than 25 cm in length. No evidence of salmon was found in the stomachs and from a study of the jaws and dentition of the common porpoise it seems unlikely that the animal is able to eat any fish as large as a salmon.
Masticatory function and skull growth
Authors: Moore W. J.
Published: May 2010

A diminution in function of the masticatory muscles of the rat was produced by feeding upon an abnormally soft diet. As compared with a control group fed on a hard diet, this resulted in a 12% decrease in the mass of the cranium and mandible together with a reduction of some 1 to 2% in the overall dimensions of the cranial and facial skeleton. This contrasted with a decrease of some 4% in the length of the angular process of the mandible which is specifically associated with muscular insertion.

The differences in cranial dimensions of the two groups of rats were unlikely to have resulted from differences in overall body weight.
Evidence for the existence of a new subspecies of Chaetogaster limnaei (Oligochaeta), in Britain
Authors: Gruffydd Ll. D.
Published: May 2010

A study of two distinct forms of Chaetogaster limnaei (Baer) was carried out in a population of Lymnaea pereger. One form inhabits the kidney of freshwater snails and the other lives on the external surface of these molluscs. Various differences between the two forms were studied.

The outer form possesses a significantly greater number of setae per bundle than the kidney form and those of the kidney form are also shorter than those of the outer form. The stomach and intestinal epithelia are considerably thicker in the outer form than in the kidney form.

The contents of the stomach and intestine of both forms was recorded from samples taken over a period of 12 months. It was seen that whilst the outer form fed on various planktonic organisms, the kidney form fed exclusively on cells derived from the kidney. Kidney forms would not under any of the experimental conditions feed on the planktonic organisms normally taken by the outer form.

Both forms were found to be specific in their habitat in that if removed from their host and introduced to another, kidney forms always colonized the kidney and outer forms always remained on the outer surface. Neither lack of planktonic food nor conditions of drought could induce the outer forms to enter the kidney.

Both forms showed a positive reaction to the mucus of their host but that of the outer form was by far the most pronounced. It was shown that the mucous trail left by the host snail assisted the outer form in finding a new host in that if the right direction was taken initially it would follow this trail, overhaul the snail and attach itself to it. The outer form also had greater ability to survive free living than the kidney form. Outer forms were kept alive for a maximum of seven weeks and kidney forms for only three weeks.

It was suggested that the kidney form be considered a subspecies of Chaetogaster limnaei and that it be known as Chaetogaster limnaei vaghini. A brief description of the new subspecies is given.
The biology and morphology of the pelagic annelid Poeobius meseres Heath
Authors: Robbins Diane E.
Published: May 2010

Poeobius meseres Heath was found off Southern California in tows which reached depths from 350 to 1300 metres. It is not strictly confined to the sub‐Arctic water mass. Sensory papillae are found randomly scattered over the anterior and posterior ends of the gelatinous sheath. Isolated sensory cells are distributed over the head epidermis. A group of projections which are granular depositions from the epidermis encircles the extended head. The coelom is divided into three parts by two complete septa. The coelomic diverticula are branched extensions of the anterior coelom into the gelatinous sheath. The palpal coelom is a paired, tubular structure which lies in the head region and reaches between the ventral cavities of each palpus. The coelomic funnels are a pair of lateral tubes placing the middle coelom in communication with the exterior and probably function in gamete emission. The coelomocytes are associated with excretion. They are capable of spreading out within the epidermis of the head regions to dispose of excretory wastes. The nephridiopores are anterior to the tentacles. Excretory concretions may be found within the nephridia. The buccal pad is composed of an anterior tongue‐like portion and a more posterior bulb. The bulbous portion governs food intake by controlling the extent to which the oral aperture is opened. Absorption spectra show that the blood is a haem‐protein and probably a chlorocruorin. Respiration is achieved by the tentacles which contain a vascular loop, and is possibly aided by the highly ciliated and vascular anal area. The septa are ruptured when animals are fully ripe so that the gametes extend throughout the entire coelomic system (except the palpal coelom). Gametes escape through the coelomic funnels. The first two cleavages are holoblastic. Some eggs show an abnormal tri‐astral formation in the second meiotic division. Some gravid females are found in a disintegrated condition due to an unknown cause. The sperms of Poeobius are of the primitive type. Fertilization is external. Three main pairs of nerves arise from the brain to innervate the dorsal part of the nuchal organ, the lateral portion of the nuchal organ, and the palpi and the sub‐esophageal ganglia. The nuchal organs and palpi are sensory. Poeobius displays features primitive to the Polychaeta. It is an early offshoot of the archiannelid line, derived from benthic forms, and resembles the flabelligerids in several respects.
The use of the muscle relaxant suxethonium to immobilize captive animals with the projectile‐syringe rifle
Authors: Jewell P. A. , Keen P. , Tong E. H.
Published: May 2010

The short‐acting muscle relaxant suxethonium (bis‐ethyl succinylcholine chloride) has been used successfully to immobilize a number of domestic and zoo animals. It has been compared with suxamethonium, and acute experiments were carried out to provide information on its mode of action at the neuromuscular junction in ruminants. The species for which an appropriate dosage to produce immobilization has been found are: sheep, goat, dog, pig, red deer, Formosan deer, and collared peccary. A simple field respirator is described for the emergency resuscitation of animals. The problems relating to the use of this type of drug are discussed.
On the placentation of Tupaia
Authors: Hill J. P.
Published: May 2010

The placentation of Tupaia is of particular interest for two main reasons, first because of the suggested relationship of the Tree shrews (Tupaiidae) to the Lemuroidae—a relationship which has been much discussed and on which widely divergent views have been expressed—and second because Tupaia is the only mammal so far described in which the foetus is provided with a double (so called bidiscoidal) placenta of the entothelial chorial type.

The placental sites are easily recognizable in the virgin uterus as two localized areas of the endometrium, respectively dorsal and ventral, and characterized by the absence of uterine glands. On pregnancy supervening the endometrium of each site undergoes a marked decidual reaction forming the maternal component of (1) a temporary omphalopleural (yolk sac) placenta—the foetal component of which is furnished by the vascular omphalopleure—and of (2) the definitive allantoic placenta. The allantois growing down as a flattened lobe on either side and penetrating between the attached trophoblast of the vascular omphalopleure and its mesodermal and endothelial layers ensuring the replacement of the vitelline vessels of the vascular omphalopleure by the allantoic vessels and thus forming a relatively simple labyrinthine endothelio chorial placenta.
Collembola Poduromorpha from the Gambia (West Africa)
Authors: Murphy D. H.
Published: May 2010

Fifteen species are recorded, among which one subgenus, seven species and one “form” are described as new. The list comprises Xenylla crassipila sp. n. X. cf. yucatana Mills, X. (Paraxenylla) mangle subgen. et sp. n. Willemia brevispina Hüther, Onychiurus gambiarius sp. n. Tullbergia cf. foveta Bonet. T. occidafricana sp. n. Pseudanurida cf. bogoyawlensky Becker Friesea gigliolii sp. n. Brachystomella parvula forma divisa nov. B. contorta Denis, Pseudachorutes niloticus Wahlgren. Aethiopella tournieri Delmare, Arlesia delamarei sp. n., and Neanura (Bilobella) guineense sp. n. Body chaetotaxy in illustrated for all species where this has not previously been studied and in several cases represents the first published information on this character for the genus.
The anatomy, life history and size allometry of Mesocoelium monody Dollfus, 1929
Authors: Thomas J. D.
Published: May 2010

Mesocoelium monodi Dollfus (1929) occurs in amphibia and lizards including Agama agama (L.) in Ghana. Its life cycle was studied because although over 30 species occur in this genus, the life cycle has been described imperfectly for only one other species. Tailless, stylet cercariae produced by daughter sporocysts in the digestive gland of the terrestrial gastropod Lamellaxis gracilis Hutton were shown to be the larvae of this parasite, when cercariae from this source which had encysted on the substratum and within the sporocyst developed into egg bearing adults after they had been fed to helminth free juvenile lizards reared from the egg in the laboratory. Metacercariae similar to those were also found in two species of ants. The anatomy of all the stages, including the adult, are described. Particular attention is paid to the considerable intraspecific variability in the adult and to changes in the size and position of the parts relative to total size. In the light of this information, it is shown that many of the characters used previously in specific diagnosis are unreliable. It is shown that the life cycle of M. monodi closely resembles that of Mesocoelium brevicaecum but not those described for other species in the Dicrocoeliidae. Support can therefore be given to the inclusion of the genus Mesocoelium in a separate subfamily Mesocoeliinae, as suggested by Dollfus (1929). However, it is considered that the resemblance of the adult to other members of the Dicrocoeliidae justifies its inclusion in this family until more knowledge of the life cycles is forthcoming.
Traumatic deformity of hippopotamus tusks
Authors: Cave A. J. E. , Blackwood H. H. H.
Published: May 2010

The few recorded examples of injury to the persistently growing tusks of the hippopotamus are reviewed and a description is given of the distinctive deformity manifested by an additional and unique specimen. The principal pathological changes present therein are compared with those of certain malformed elephant tusks and on such a basis are interpreted as an abortive attempt at multiple tusk formation.
Early development of the head and pharynx ofNeoceratoduswith a consideration of its phylogeny
Authors: Fox Harold
Published: May 2010

The development of the head and pharynx of larvae ofNeoceratodus(ranging in length from 11.5 to 34. 5 mm) was investigated form microscopic transverse serial sections. The structures studied included the chondrocranium and visceral arches, ossifications, cranial and anterior spinal nerves, musculature and vascular system. These components ofNeoceratodusare compared with similar ones, likewise investigated, inRana temporariaandRana esculenta(33 and 26 mm long, respectively), and in various genera of Urodela, either previously investigated by the author or by reference to the earlier literature.

Some new homologues of the various morphological components of the head and pharynx of these groups are suggested.

On the basis of the larval structure an assessment is made of the classical view of a close phylogenetic relationship betweenNeoceratodusand the two amphibian groups. it is concluded that they share a common derivation from pro‐dipnoan‐amphibian stock—of crossopterygian ancestry—in the early Devonian: a conclusion which supports an earlier somewhat similar view of Goodrich.

It is further considered that there is evidence of a quasi parallel evolution betweenNeoceratodusand Urodela, though some assumed similarities in larval structure are spurious; nevertheless, in some ways, they are more similar than areNeoceratodusand members of the Anura.

A common origin ofNeoceratodus(Dipnoi) and the amphibian groups supports the vie of a monophyletic derivation of the Tetrapoda.
The incidence of flight polymorphism in British Corixidae and description of the morphs†
Authors: Young E. C.
Published: May 2010

A survey made of the incidence of flight polymorphism in British Corixidae has shown that 21 species, including most Sigara and Corixa species, are polymorphicf or flight only in the development of the flight musculature; a further four species are polymorphic in wing development as well. Only seven species appear to lack flight polymorphism. The differences in the morphs in muscle and cuticle development are described. The differences result from the absence of teneral development in flightless morphs. Some aspects of the thoracic morphology are compared. The species are arranged in series on the basis of changes in the musculature and the degree of reduction of cuticle pigmentation.
The Muridae of Malawi (Africa: Nyasaland)
Authors: Hanney Peter
Published: May 2010

Information upon the distribution and biology of the Muridae occurring in Nyasaland (now the Malawi Republic) was obtained mainly from collections made between February 1962 through June 1963, when a total of 13,190 trap nights and 4417 trap days were expended. Approximations of relative abundance in various areas were made by using standard trap lines. Species only recorded in areas with mean annual rainfall at least 60 inches were Lophuromys flavopunctatus, Praomys jacksoni and Thamnomys cometes. Mus triton was unrecorded in areas with mean annual rainfall less than 38 inches. The greatest biomass was trapped on high rainfall plateaux where predominant species trapped were campestrial and insectivorous. In other areas, species predominant in traps were mainly fossorial and vegetarian. In 78% of the localities examined, one or two species comprised over 65% of the catch.

Some details of the bionomics and breeding biology of the common species were elucidated by regular collections in selected areas throughout the annual cycle. Species studied in detail were found to have a reproductive peak during the wet or the first half of the dry season. Males were consistently larger than females excepting in T. cometes, sexual size differences were statistically significant in several species. Of the 32 species recorded, only four were purely vegetarian while six were mainly insectivorous.
Spatial and temporal variation in population trends in a long‐distance migratory bird
Authors: Morrison Catriona A. , Robinson Robert A. , Clark Jacquie A. , Gill Jennifer A.
Published: May 2010

Aim  Over the past three decades, evidence has been growing that many Afro‐Palaearctic migratory bird populations have suffered sustained and severe declines. As causes of these declines exist across both the breeding and non‐breeding season, identifying potential drivers of population change is complex. In order to explore the roles of changes in regional and local environmental conditions on population change, we examine spatial and temporal variation in population trajectories of one of Europe’s most abundant Afro‐Palaearctic summer migrants, the willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus.

Location  Britain and Ireland.

Methods  We use national survey data from Britain and Ireland (BBS: BTO/RSPB/JNCC Breeding Bird Survey and CBS: BWI/NPWS/Heritage Council Countryside Breeding Survey) from 1994 to 2006 to model the spatial and temporal variation in willow warbler population trends.

Results  Across Britain and Ireland, population trends follow a gradient from sharp declines in the south and east of England to shallow declines and/or slight increases in parts of north and west England, across Scotland and Ireland. Decreasing the spatial scale of analysis reveals variation in both the rate and spatial extent of population change within central England and the majority of Scotland. The rates of population change also vary temporally; declines in the south of England are shallower now than at the start of the time series, whereas populations further north in Britain have undergone periods of increase and decline.

Main conclusion  These patterns suggest that regional‐scale drivers, such as changing climatic conditions, and local‐scale processes, such as habitat change, are interacting to produce spatially variable population trends. We discuss the potential mechanisms underlying these interactions and the challenges in addressing such changes at scales relevant to migratory species.
N‐Acyl amino acids and N‐acyl neurotransmitter conjugates: neuromodulators and probes for new drug targets
Authors: Connor Mark , Vaughan Chris W. , Vandenberg Robert J.
Published: May 2010

The myriad functions of lipids as signalling molecules is one of the most interesting fields in contemporary pharmacology, with a host of compounds recognized as mediators of communication within and between cells. The N‐acyl conjugates of amino acids and neurotransmitters (NAANs) have recently come to prominence because of their potential roles in the nervous system, vasculature and the immune system. NAAN are compounds such as glycine, GABA or dopamine conjugated with long chain fatty acids. More than 70 endogenous NAAN have been reported although their physiological role remains uncertain, with various NAAN interacting with a low affinity at G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and ion channels. Regardless of their potential physiological function, NAAN are of great interest to pharmacologists because of their potential as flexible tools to probe new sites on GPCRs, transporters and ion channels. NAANs are amphipathic molecules, with a wide variety of potential fatty acid and headgroup moieties, a combination which provides a rich source of potential ligands engaging novel binding sites and mechanisms for modulation of membrane proteins such as GPCRs, ion channels and transporters. The unique actions of subsets of NAAN on voltage‐gated calcium channels and glycine transporters indicate that the wide variety of NAAN may provide a readily exploitable resource for defining new pharmacological targets. Investigation of the physiological roles and pharmacological potential of these simple lipid conjugates is in its infancy, and we believe that there is much to be learnt from their careful study.