bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achievement Prediction in Nursing Education with Cognitive, Attitudinal, and Divergent Thinking Variables
Authors: Owen Steven V. , Feldhusen John F. , Thurston John R.
Published: September 2011

This research was designed to determine whether two attitude measures, designed specifically for prediction of achievement in nursing education, and a set of divergent thinking (DT) tests could increase the predictive efficiency of an established set of cognitive measures. Data were gathered from five schools of nursing. A set of cognitive predictor variables was used as the basic prediction battery. The following attitudinal and DT tests were used: the Nurse Attitudes Inventory (NAI), the Nursing Sentence Completions (NSC), Consequences, Alternate Uses, and a creativity self-rating scale. The criteria were seven semester and cumulative grade averages. Separate multiple regression analyses were used to find the optimum sets of predictors within each of the four sets of measures. Each attitudinal and DT optimum set was then combined with the optimum cognitive set in order to determine the increase in predictive efficiency beyond the optimum cognitive set alone. The multiple correlations were significantly increased for three criteria when the optimum divergent thinking variables, the NAI, and the NSC were added to the optimum cognitive sets of predictors.
Awareness, Social Deprivation and Verbal Operant Conditioning for Adults
Authors: Miller Adam , Hood Randolph
Published: September 2011

In a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial design the effects of social deprivation and reinforcement upon Taffel sentence construction were studied for 40 adults. Only reinforced Ss conditioned, and of them both aware and unaware Ss conditioned. Social deprivation did not affect conditioning or awareness.
Light Increment and Decrement as Sensory Reinforcers for Domestic Chicks
Authors: Meyer Merle E. , Couden Barbara N. , Westford Karen L.
Published: September 2011

Three intensity levels of light increment and decrement treatment conditions with appropriate yoked controls were used to investigate the functional relationship between stimulus change and its reinforcing properties for 240 domestic chicks. The general results substantiated light increment as an effective sensory reinforcer; however light decrement had no demonstrable reinforcing properties.
The Sat as a Measure of Problem-Solving Ability in Males and Females
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Casselman Gertrude G.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were to determine (1) the relationship between mental operations involved in solving 5 insight problems and those used in taking the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and (2) whether the sex difference in problem-solving performance is still present in college students when SAT scores are equated. 264 male and 210 female Ss were tested. It was found that the SAT (Math) scores were correlated with problem-solving ability for both sexes, while the SAT (Verbal) showed little correlation for either sex. All problems contributed to the Math form correlation. Females were found to have scored significantly lower than males on the Math form and on the insight problems but did equally well on the Verbal. Matching of scores on the Math form did not remove the sex difference in problem-solving ability. When these scores were divided into sub-groups by level, it was found that females with high Math scores were responsible for most of the male-female difference in problem solving. Further analysis to determine reasons for this sex difference suggested a qualitative difference in cognitive style as opposed to differential motivation. Females seem to rely relatively more on recall while males rely more on problem solving when taking the SAT (Math).
Manifest Anxiety, Induced Anxiety and Digit Symbol Performance
Authors: Moon W. Harold , Lair Charles V.
Published: September 2011

2 groups ( N = 144) of female undergraduate Ss from Auburn University were divided into three subgroups with different drive levels according to scores on the Taylor MAS. A group having viewed a stressful film showed a significant depression in Digit Symbol scores when compared with a control group which observed a non-stressful film, regardless of MAS scores. Also, differences in gain scores across pre- and post-test trials were noted, with moderate MAS Ss showing significantly greater improvement regardless of stress condition. Interpretation of impaired Digit Symbol performance on the WAIS and the WISC as a response to situational stress is probably more conservative than predicting motivational levels based on a single 90-sec. trial.
Effects of Certain Subject Variables on Stanford-Binet Item Performance of Five-Year-Old Children
Authors: Larsen Mary Juhan , Allen Jerry C.
Published: September 2011

Item performance on the Stanford-Binet by a sample ( n = 289) of Georgia children (CA = 5) and by equivalent-aged children used in the test standardization was compared in terms of 5 subject variables: race, sex, socioeconomic status, intelligence level, and community size. The Georgia Sample's performance exceeded ( p < .01) the norm group's performance on 62% of the items. The five subject variables were associated with these differences: among levels of the variables, variations occurred in the presence and direction of item performance differences; generally, more than one subject variable influenced item performance. These data affirm that certain variables confound intelligence test performance and that norms based on a single variable, like race, do not eliminate test biases.
Comparison of Two Versions of a Minimal Social Behavior Scale
Authors: Finch A. J. , Welsh D. Kent , Haney J. R. , Dinoff Michael
Published: September 2011

16 geriatric patients, distinguished by different degrees of social behavior, were randomly selected from 2 floors. The Minimal Social Behavior Scale (MSBS) in its original form and in a modified form employing a time factor were administered. Results demonstrate the usefulness of the MSBS in discriminating levels of social behavior and the increased sensitivity by adding a time factor weighting.
A Short Social Desirability Scale
Authors: Greenwald Herbert J. , Satow Yoichi
Published: September 2011

Ss' desire to look good, a form of social desirability responding, can powerfully affect their responses. When time is limited, it would be helpful to have a brief measure of this artifact. Such a measure was formed from Marlowe-Crowne and other social desirability items by ranking Likert item-total correlations and then pairing each positively keyed item with a negatively keyed item of corresponding rank. Inventories of two to 38 items resulted, together with a possibility of producing more than one scale of equivalent internal consistency.
Rating Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Hooke James F.
Published: September 2011

This study questions the utility of classifying all juvenile offenders under the single rubric of “delinquent.” It presents two systems for classifying offenders according to the delinquent act. The first is a rating scale for severity. Correlations among the ratings of 13 judges ranged from .56 to 93, with a mean of .77. 10 judges rated direction of aggression—against people, against property, general asocial. The percentages of items on which each judge agreed with each of the other judges ranged from 70 to 97. 34 offenses were rated, and a 9- and a 5-point scale of severity are presented.
Some Effects of Stimulus Typicality in an Impression Formation Task
Authors: Tesser Abraham
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the greater the number of people who could be described with a particular trait the less “information” in that trait and, hence, the less weight it would be given in an impression formation list. 187 adjectives previously scaled for likeability were scaled for information. Eight impression formation lists were formed by systematically varying 2 blocks of selected adjectives per list with respect to order, likeability, and information. Males conformed to the information hypothesis on change in impression and on over-all impression especially with respect to the information content of the positive adjectives ( p < .05). Females did not conform to the hypothesis. A significant ( p < .001) recency effect was obtained.
Systematic Variation in the Clarity of Demand Characteristics in an Experiment Employing a Confederate
Authors: Bruehl Dieter , Solar Diana
Published: September 2011

60 female Ss were randomly assigned to observe an autokinetic light under one of three conditions, a no-confederate condition, a silent-confederate condition, and a talking-confederate condition. Predictions derived from Orne's construct of demand characteristics were generally confirmed, including the following: Variance of social influence scores was greatest for Ss with a confederate whose estimates were unknown to S; conformity to the verbal estimates of a confederate was greatest for Ss who believed E expected conformity. The findings could not be explained by achievement striving or self-persuasion.
Control or Reduction of Variables? An Experimenter Inclusive Model
Authors: Brandt Lewis W.
Published: September 2011

A communication flow chart representing the experimental situation is proposed. Codings by E and S are discussed as uncontrollable intrapersonal variables whose number may be reduced by E serving as S. It is suggested that the designer of an experiment weigh the possible gain from the reduction of the number of uncontrollable variables against the possible loss of information from having only a single S.
Perceived Acceptance and Helpfulness in a Marathon Group
Authors: Walker Martha , Holbert William
Published: September 2011

Two means of exploring what happened in one group marathon ( N = 15) were used. Several statements can be made about the results: (1) Change occurred during the 24 hr. of the marathon in group structure as well as relationships within that structure. (2) Change was most evident in the “mean” population of the group—those persons seen as above or below chance at the onset—not the “extremes”—the leader or the unchosen. (3) Acceptance in a group, as measured by a target sociogram, was not achieved by psychological helpfulness, as measured by the post-marathon evaluation questionnaire. (4) Aggression-confrontation was not perceived as being as important a parameter as empathic identification or acceptance-warmth. (5) The statement: “I was least helpful…” elicited a high response from the participants on the aggression-confrontation dimension as well as the “write-in” dimension. (6) Profiles of helpfulness given, helpfulness received, least helpfulness given, and least helpfulness received differ markedly on the five dimensions of psychological helpfulness perceived by the group sampled in this study.
The Group Therapy Questionnaire: An Instrument for Study of Leadership in Small Groups
Authors: Wile Daniel B. , Bron Gary D. , Pollack Herbert B.
Published: September 2011

The article presents the Group Therapy Questionnaire (GTQ), a research instrument for the study of leadership in group therapy and related small group settings. The GTQ describes 20 realistic situations which may occur in the course of group therapy and asks each S to indicate how he might respond if he were the group leader confronted with such a situation. The format of this instrument constitutes an attempt to deal with the classical incompatibility between clinical meaningfulness and scientific measurability. The particular leadership variables explored by the GTQ were selected primarily because they seemed to involve fundamental decisions concerning leadership in small groups. The article describes four general situations in which the GTQ has potential usefulness: as a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of training courses in group therapy, as a criterion measure for comparing different types of leaders, as an independent variable in outcome studies, and as a teaching device.
More Help for Those Who Try Harder
Authors: Eisenberger Robert , Carlson Carl , Kuhlman David M. , Williams Daniel C.
Published: September 2011

To test the generalization that the amount of altruistic helping behavior is an increasing function of the effort which the donor believes is being expended by the recipient in pursuit of a goal, college students were given the opportunity anonymously to help a peer (actually a confederate of E) whom they perceived to be unsuccessfully attempting to perform an act. As predicted, S's rate of helping responses increased, the greater the recipient's rate of unsuccessful attempts.
Interracial Marriage Attitudes among High School Students
Authors: Martelle Dorothy L.
Published: September 2011

182 white and Negro high school students were surveyed with a forced-choice questionnaire to ascertain whether one group favored interracial marriage more than the other. Chi-square was applied to a 2 × 2 factorial design. Negroes were significantly more favorable toward interracial marriage than whites ( p < .001). Males tended to favor interracial marriage slightly more than females. Interaction between the groups was unrelated to social or economic position, but the factors involved in the process were not identified. Further research is needed to explain the differential sex attitudes and longitudinal studies should be carried out to determine what other factors might be involved in determining Negro and white attitudes toward interracial marriage.
Repetitions of Associations as a Function of Relative Distance between Successive Associates
Authors: Zoh Myeong-Han
Published: September 2011

This study of an hierarchical characteristic of associative strength was concerned with an associative factor of relative distance (RD) measured as distance from a primary associate to the secondary as referred to communality. Different stimulus lists varied RD by making the communality of primaries homogeneous and varying that of secondaries. The method of independent repetitions for successive trials of presentation of a stimulus was adopted, and the repetitive probability of associations and the latencies were measured. The RD directly reflected repetitions of associations, while among the lists of corresponding RD there was no difference in latency. Implications of the RD were discussed.
Relationships among Preadolescents' Reports of Their Parents' Child-Rearing Behaviors
Authors: Armentrout James A.
Published: September 2011

Intercorrelations were calculated among CRPBI dimension scores attributed by 147 fifth and 113 sixth graders to their mothers and fathers. Although the dimensions are hypothetically orthogonal, consistent patterns of negative correlations were found between the extent of parental control and both the degree of parental acceptance and the laxness of parental discipline. Consistently high positive correlations were found between parent pairs' scores on each of the separate dimensions. Characteristics of the subject population and method of questionnaire administration were discussed; it was suggested that young children's reports of parental behavior may not be sufficiently differentiated to support a three-dimensional model appropriate for the views of older children and adults.
Demonstrations in Attitude Change and Persuasive Communication
Authors: Allen Bem P.
Published: September 2011

17 statements representing 17 positions favored (positive) by 119 students at a midwestern university were located. To demonstrate that Ss with extreme positions are resistant to change, communications opposing the two most positive statements were presented to 40 university students. To demonstrate that moderately held positions are likely to change in the same direction, communications supporting the two least positive statements were presented to 40 other students. The replication was performed by presenting Ss with a two-sided communication concerning a statement which was a priori in between most and least positive. Although some exceptions were noted, the replication and demonstrations were successful.
Relation between Attempted Suicide and Completed Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

Recent papers have concluded that attempted suicides and completed suicides were two different but overlapping populations. The present paper has suggested that this view is not the only one possible. It was concluded that available data indicate that suicidal behaviors fall on a continuum of seriousness and that one can extrapolate on the basis of this continuum.
Persistence of Ethnic Stereotypes and the Relative Importance of Positive and Negative Stereotyping for Association Preferences
Authors: Hartsough W. Ross , Fontana Alan F.
Published: September 2011

The stereotyping of 10 ethnic groups by American college students over a 30-yr. period was examined by comparing data from 1932, 1950, and 1961. There was much variation among the time periods but persisting, “core” stereotypes were found for 8 of the groups. Evaluative stereotyping was highly related to preferences for association with ethnic group members in both 1932 and 1961. Subdivision of evaluative stereotyping into its positive and negative components showed that associative preferences were virtually completely predicted by the negative component. The positive component was unrelated to association preferences and served to weaken the predictive power of the negative component when combined with it. The interpretation is offered that substantial stereotyping and prejudice remain among college students but that students are becoming increasingly sophisticated and subtle in their manifestations of them.
Is Hunger Drive Held Constant in the Behavior Experiment Employing a Fixed Food-Deprivation Schedule?
Authors: Ezinga Gerard , Becker Gilbert
Published: September 2011

Body-weight curves based on 4 fixed-amount and 4 fixed-time maintenance schedules are reported. An examination of the literature, using those curves as criteria, suggests an unequivocal “no” to the question posed in the title of this paper. The same curves can serve as one basis for more knowledgably designed experiments in which fixed-deprivation schedules are deemed necessary or convenient.
Relation of Inhibition of Curiosity to Homosexuality
Authors: Schiffer Danella
Published: September 2011

To ascertain whether or not inhibition of curiosity is related to overt homosexuality, a 13-item questionnaire designed to measure level of general curiosity was given to 10 male and 10 female homosexuals, and 10 male and 10 female heterosexuals. The female homosexuals demonstrated a significantly lower measured curiosity score than any of the other three groups, but the male homosexuals did not differ from the heterosexuals.
Utilization of Verbal and Non-Verbal Feedback among College SS
Authors: Lair Charles V. , Smith Richard K.
Published: September 2011

40 college Ss learned a discrimination task under conditions of verbal and non-verbal feedback. Prior information on meaning of overt and covert feedback cues was given half of the Ss. Generally, Ss who had pre-experimental information on the nature of feedback were superior to those who did not receive prior information. However, college Ss do appear to make significantly better use of verbal than non-verbal feedback regardless of the instructional condition.
The Mmpi and Perseverance in the Convent
Authors: Langston Robert D.
Published: September 2011

A study was made of MMPI profiles of 22 girls who have stayed in the convent and 12 who have left. The results indicated no significant differences between two groups who have remained in the convent differing lengths of time. Significant differences were obtained on Scales L, Pd, Sc, Ma, and Si, with the group who left scoring higher on Pd, Sc, and Ma and lower on L and Si. The results suggest that those who left were more immature, rebellious, and impulsive. These data are consistent with those obtained with male seminarians.
Personality Adjective List: I. Factor Structure for a Combined Sample of Male and Female College Students
Authors: Sciortino Rio
Published: September 2011

A principal components analysis was performed on the self-ratings obtained from the Personality Adjective List (PAL-1) for a sample of 202 male and female college students. The obtained components were then rotated according to the varimax procedure. The varimax factors obtained were: Congeniality, Ingenuity, Striving, Vivacity, Articulateness, Curiosity, Meditativeness, Individuality, and Open-mindedness.
Group versus Individual Intelligence Tests in One Sample of Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Willis Jerry
Published: September 2011

IQs obtained on a group intelligence test (Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test) were compared with those obtained on an individual intelligence test (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) for 20 disturbed children. While the correlation between the scores was .81, the mean IQs were significantly different (93 vs 108), group test tending to give much lower IQs.
An Unobtrusive Measure of Prejudice toward Negroes under Differing Durations of Speech
Authors: Jaffee Cabot L. , Whitacre Robert
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the voting behavior of naive white Ss toward a Negro or white individual in a small group discussion when the Negro or white individual talked more than anyone else in the group or did not speak. 64 white female college students were divided into 32 experimental groups engaging in one of two experimental conditions. Groups in one condition consisted of two Ss and one Negro confederate (unknown to Ss). The other condition contained groups composed of two Ss and one white confederate (also unknown to Ss). They solved 20 relatively unstructured concept-formation problems, discussed their solutions, and then voted for the person that they thought had the most insight into the problem. 32 other female college students served in a control condition in which 16 groups, consisting of two Ss and a Negro confederate each, solved concept-formation problems; but no talking was permitted. Results showed that, in the silent control condition, there was no significant difference in Ss' voting behavior where each S voted between the Negro confederate and the other white S. In the high-talk experimental condition, however, the Negro confederates received significantly fewer votes than did the white confederates in their respective groups. It was concluded that the number of votes obtained by an individual depends, to a large extent, on that individual's race when engaged in high verbal interaction but not when engaged in a non-speaking situation.
Effects of Instructions on Human Free-Operant Avoidance Conditioning with White Noise
Authors: Presbie Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Female Ss in a free-operant avoidance procedure had a 100-db white noise of either .5, 3 or 6 sec. duration as a stimulus to be avoided. The noise-noise interval was 7.5 sec., and the response-noise interval was 22.5 sec. Ss were given either minimal or more detailed instructions concerning the key-pressing response to be made. Ss getting the more detailed instructions avoided more of the programmed noises. One effect of receiving only minimal instructions was that such Ss made a number of “odd” non-key-pressing responses such as attempting to or actually breaking the apparatus.
Stylistic Response Variance and Trait Inference from the Study of Values
Authors: Abbott Robert D.
Published: September 2011

The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and four scales accounting for possible trait confounding variance, Edwards' SD, Wiggins' Sd, Marlowe-Crowne, and Welsh's R, were administered to 171 female and 116 male college students. The resultant factor structure and coefficients of determination (all less than .07) between the two sets of scales supported the discriminant validity of the Study of Values scales for the four stylistic sources measured and their continued use as trait indicants unconfounded by stylistic variance.
Validation of the Hooper Visual Organization Test on a New Zealand Psychiatric Hospital Population
Authors: Love Henry G. I.
Published: September 2011

A validation study of the Hooper Visual Organization Test using a New Zealand psychiatric hospital population is reported. The results indicate that the test should not be used with patients having IQs less than 75 and that excluding these patients there is a 14.5% false positive result for nonorganic patients and a 25% false negative result for organic patients.
Self-Destructive Behavior of Uncooperative Diabetics
Authors: Farberow Norman L. , Stein Kenneth , Darbonne Allen R. , Hirsch Sophie
Published: September 2011

12 “uncooperative” diabetic patients were interviewed and tested in the hospital, using a structured interview, behavior and attitude rating schedule, and the Rorschach. A general descriptive picture was derived, but subgroups also appeared, based upon the dynamics of the patient in relation to the illness. In one subgroup, the illness plays no meaningful role; in the second, the illness has been integrated into defensive patterns deliberately manipulated for personal satisfaction. Different treatment procedures are suggested.
Eysenck Personality Inventory as a Mood Test with Manic-Depressive Patients
Authors: Platman S. R. , Plutchik R.
Published: September 2011

The Eysenck Personality Inventory was used as a mood indicator instead of as a trait test with a group of manic-depressive patients associated with a research ward. Some patients completed the EPI while in a normal state, some while in a depressed or manic state, and some in two or more clinically defined states. Results showed that depression was associated with a significant decrease in extraversion and a significant increase in neuroticism. The manic state however, was not clearly differentiated from the normal one. It appears that the inventory may be a useful indicator of depressive mood.
Underemployment: Economic or Psychological?
Authors: Toppen J. T.
Published: September 2011

There are many experimentally untested economic theories on causes of chronic or recurrent “involuntary” unemployment of the able-bodied. The Keynes-inspired theory positing completely impersonal factors such as aggregate demand and the interest rate is usually cited. No one has thus far, systematically tested individual psychological characteristics of chronically underemployed persons to assess possible causes. The WAIS and 4 other tests selected for measuring psychopathic tendencies, rather than clinical psychological illness, were given 50 able-bodied chronically underemployed men. Tests were given orally to avoid illiteracy problems. All tests, except one which was inconclusive, showed statistically significant differences between the underemployed group and a control group of 50 steadily employed men of similar age, with limited, though somewhat higher educational levels. Greater incidence of aberrant test scores among the underemployed persisted after interaction of uncontrolled variables of race and education were statistically excluded. Underemployed showed lower IQs and more socially maladaptive personality characteristics, suggesting early developing, if not lifelong psychological handicap. The findings indicate need of consideration of such factors as sources of underemployment in theoretical and practical approaches to the problem.
Comparison of Chained and Tandem Schedules of Reinforcement
Authors: Meehan J. T. , Sewell W. R. , Cooper A. M.
Published: September 2011

The performance of 6 pigeons was compared on chained and tandem VI-FR and VI-DRL schedules of reinforcement. In the case of the chained schedules, varying the value of the FR or DRL schedule in the final component seemed to have little effect on the rate of responding in the initial component. When a FR schedule was programmed in the final component, consistently higher rates of responding were found in the initial component of the tandem schedules when compared to the chained schedules. However, when a DRL schedule was programmed in the final component the opposite effect was observed, i.e., consistently lower rates of responding were observed in the initial component of the tandem schedule when compared to the chained. These results seemed to indicate that separate factors were controlling performance in the chained and tandem schedules.
Comment on ‘Beyond Empiricism’
Authors: Lambley Peter
Published: September 2011

In this rejoinder to Abramovitz (1971) the author emphasizes the general nature of the shift to broader based epistemologies in psychology and suggests that attempts be directed to clarify issues relevant to the psychologist-in-situation.
Internal-External Locus of Control: A Bibliography
Authors: Throop Warren F. , Donald A. P. Mac
Published: September 2011

Several methods of search yielded for the period 1954 through 1969 11 tests of internal-external control, 169 published papers and books, and 170 references to unpublished work.
Extinction of an Avoidance Response in Rats VIA Response Prevention (Flooding): A Test for Residual Fear
Authors: Baum Morrie
Published: September 2011

In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 80 rats wete trained to avoid either 0.5 or 1.3 mA. shock in an automated apparatus. Following acquisition, the rats were extinguished with or without response prevention (second factor). The results confirmed that response prevention is effective in hastening the extinction of an avoidance response. Following extinction, the application of a loud buzzer induced a recovery-from-extinction of the response in all groups. This was taken to indicate that residual fear was present in all groups and roughly to the same extent. Various theoretical implications were discussed.
Effects of Mode of Presentation of Stimulus Materials in Word-Association Tasks
Authors: Reynolds Richard J. , Bickley A. C. , Champion Sharon , Dekle Ocie
Published: September 2011

Differences in paradigmatic response to oral and visual presentation of word-association tasks were compared at 4 age levels ( n = 40). The syntagmatic/paradigmatic shift was investigated as a function of mode of stimulus presentation. Younger Ss produced more paradigmatic responses than older Ss. The oral mode produced more paradigmatic responses than the visual mode for all Ss. The syntagmatic/paradigmatic shift did not occur, nor was the variation across age groups consistent for the two modalities. Evidence indicated that response to. word-association tasks was a function of stimulus modality.
Validity of Selection Criteria in Determining Success of Graduate Students in Psychology
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Reilly Raymond
Published: September 2011

A set of 6 predictor variables was validated against a discrete criterion measuring success in graduate study in psychology. The predictors were: total undergraduate grade-point average, grade-point average in psychology courses, the three GREs, and a rating of the college in which the baccalaureate degree was earned. The criterion was trichotomized into: two success-level categories and a failure category. Multiple discriminant analysis of the data, based on a sample of 77 students who had been admitted to graduate study in psychology at the University of Rhode Island, yielded a statistically significant value of D2 ( P < .001). The greatest weight in providing the maximum separation among the three criterion groups was assumed by total GPA, GRE-Advanced score, and grades in undergraduate psychology courses.
Operant Therapy for Constant Headache Complaints: A Simple Response-Cost Approach
Authors: Yen Sherman , McIntire Roger W.
Published: September 2011

A procedure based upon simple response cost approach to weaken constant headache complaint was described. S was a 14-yr.-old girl who presented the complaints over a period of 9 mo. Since other consequential means to control this behavior were difficult to employ, the present procedure requested S to write down conditions related to the headache complaints. The effectiveness of the procedure was evaluated by dual assessment method. Data showed that her complaints were eliminated within 8 wk.
Influence of Need for Inclusion on Group Participation
Authors: Vraa Calvin W.
Published: September 2011

A measures of the personality need for Inclusion were explored to determine their relationship with group membership. Group membership was defined on the basis of participation, ability to communicate, attitudes and feelings and respect for other group members. After 10 group sessions the members were ranked; Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that Wanted Inclusion of FIRO-B and Expressed Inclusion of FIRO-F were significantly related to group membership.
Effectiveness of Role Reversal: Actor or Listener
Authors: Johnson David W.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies indicate that Ss who use role reversal change their attitudes about the issue being negotiated more than do Ss who negotiate without role reversal. The conflict theorists hypothesize that such attitude change results from listening to one's opponent reverse his role while the literature on attitude change indicates that it is the actor who is influenced by role reversal, not the listener. In this study the initial effect of (1) engaging in role reversal was compared with (2) listening to one's adversary reverse roles, and (3) engaging in self-presentation without reversing roles. The most attitude change was found in the actor condition and the least took place in the listener condition. These results support the attitude-change explanation of the efficacy of role reversal and indicate that the initial effect of listening to one's adversary reverse roles is to reinforce one's attitudes about the issue being negotiated.
Probability Spaces and the Theory of Error of Measurement
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

A model of variability in measurement, which is sufficiently general for a variety of applications and which includes the main content of traditional theories of error of measurement and psychological tests, can be derived from the axioms of probability, without introducing “true values” and “errors.” Beginning with probability spaces (Ω, P1) and (φ, P2), the set Ω representing the outcomes of a measurement procedure and the set * representing individuals or experimental objects, it is possible to construct suitable product probability spaces and collections of random variables which can yield all results needed to describe random variability and reliability. This paper attempts to fill gaps in the mathematical derivations in many classical theories and at the same time to overcome limitations in the language of “true values” and “errors” by presenting explicitly the essential constructions required for a general probability model.
Background Variables and Outpatient Psychopathology
Authors: Overall John E. , Henry B. W. , Ford Hamilton
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to evaluate the relevance of a number of background variables with regard to psychopathology of outpatients. Some 70 items of personal and social history plus BPRS symptom rating profiles recorded by 2 different professional observers were obtained for a sample of 729 adult psychiatric outpatients. Personal and social characteristics of the patient himself and types of problems encountered by the patient in his social context proved to be the most relevant kinds of information. Items related to the social class of parental family and the type of precipitating event were found to be of lesser relevance. A minimum set of background variables necessary to account for much of the systematic variance in manifest psychopathology in the out. patient population was identified.
Social Class, Reported Parental Behavior and Delinquency Status
Authors: Larson James D. , Fitzgerald Bernard J. , Martin Robert
Published: September 2011

Earlier studies on the etiology of delinquents have been concerned with social delinquency (offenses committed with others) and solitary delinquency (offenses committed alone) as related to social class. Other studies have considered reported parental behavior as an influence on type of delinquency. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of social class on reported parental behavior as a significant factor in social and solitary delinquency status. It was concluded, contrary to previous research, that social class cannot be considered a significant factor in differentiating social and solitary delinquents. Reported parental behavior of delinquents, as measured in this study, was also not highly related to social class. The findings do lend support to earlier research suggesting that solitary and social delinquents vary in etiology of their delinquency.
Experimental Methodology and Theory-Building in Mathematical Psychology
Authors: Natalicio Luiz F. S. , Kidd Ronald V.
Published: September 2011

An inquiry is made into the directions that theory-building in psychology might be taking with respect to the new trend in experimental methodology generated by mathematical models, concept-learning studies, and studies in individual differences. The implications of nomological theories, informal theories, and modeling activities with respect to this trend are analyzed in general, and an integrative description is developed. Particular attention is given to the problems presented by the use of isomorphism as the implicit justification for this methodology. This paper attempts to outline some basic issues in theory-building which seem in need of clarification.
Context Effect in Two-Choice Probability Learning
Authors: Sampson Jeffrey R. , Chen I-Ngo
Published: September 2011

20 male is made two sets of 200 binary predictions in a standard noncontingent probability learning paradigm. Half the Ss saw a series with π = .6 first and then a series with π = .8; the order was reversed for the other half. Results indicated more overshooting on the .6 series when it was preceded by the .8 series and a suggestion of less overshooting on the .8 when it was preceded by the 6. An extinction explanation is rejected in favor of a multiple-strategy hypothesis, in which S is presumed to use a strategy of guessing the more common event in approximate proportion to its degree of success.
Perception of Choice and Locus of Control
Authors: Lewis Philip , Blanchard Edward B.
Published: September 2011

Ss high in either internal or external locus of control as measured by Rotter's I-E Scale were given 3 levels of choice to take the role of either the electric shock-giver or receiver in a learning experiment. The perceived freedom of choice in those conditions in which choice was restricted turned out to be a complex function of locus of control, choice condition, and task role. A tentative explanation is offered in terms of both dissonance and reactance theories.
Effects of Magnesium Pemoline in Dimethylsulfoxide on Reversal Learning, Motor Activity, and Water Intake
Authors: Boitano John J. , Patrissi Geoffrey A. , Simone Susan A.
Published: September 2011

52 rats were given reversal training in a T-maze under magnesium pemoline either dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or suspended in gum tragacanth. The course of reversal learning was unaltered as a consequence of drug administration except for the deleterious performance of the magnesium pemoline in DMSO animals on the 10th reversal. Regardless of vehicle, magnesium pemoline enhanced motor activity in an L-maze. While both magnesium pemoline groups exhibited reduced water consumption relative to controls, both DMSO groups exhibited an increase, concurrent with reduced body weight. It is suggested that DMSO is not an inert placebo and should be used with caution in repeated-administration behavioral studies.
Analysis of Drinking Attitudes and Drinking Behavior in Hospitalized Alcoholics
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Wojtowicz Eugene J. , Anderson Donald E.
Published: September 2011

Responses from 211 male alcoholics hospitalized in 6 different Minnesota Treatment Centers to a 4T-item inventory containing attitudes toward drinking and drinking behavior were factor-analyzed. 12 factors describing the symptomatology of alcoholism were found. It was concluded that drinking attitudes and drinking behavior as measured by this inventory appear to be multidimensional and discriminate between alcoholic and non-alcoholic populations.
Note on Reliability of Peer Ratings of Classroom Performance
Authors: Prien Erich P. , Woodley Kathryn
Published: September 2011

Duplication of a study of the change of internal consistency and temporal reliability of peer ratings of classroom performance as related in increasing amounts of interpersonal exposure time is reported. Ss served in five groups ( Ns = 6, 6, 6, 6, and 5) as part of a 6-wk. course in industrial psychology. Peer ratings were obtained on Days 3, 4, and 5 of the first week, Days 2 and 4 of the second week and on Day 5 of the third through sixth week. In-terjudge consistency increased appreciably as interpersonal exposure time increased but there was also considerable variability between rating sessions.
Social Schemas: An Investigation of Age and Socialization Variables
Authors: Berman Alan L.
Published: September 2011

The Felt Figure Replacement Technique (FFRT) was administered to 160 normally adjusted male Ss in three distinct chronological age groups. It was hypothesized that the existence of common social schemas would vary with age and that a neutral-latency group of Ss (aged 9.5 to 10.5 yr.) would produce different schematic reconstructions based on relative degrees of perceived maternal warmth. Chi-square analyses did not support the hypotheses. The results were interpreted as consistent with studies of perceptual accuracy and at odds with the use of the FFRT by groups of normal children. Contrasts were made with the positive findings of other researchers using deviant and/or mature normal Ss.
Effect of Magnesium Pemoline on the Aversive Threshold to Shock in the Rat
Authors: Miller Loren L.
Published: September 2011

The effect of magnesium pemoline on pain thresholds in 52 rats was tested via the jump-flinch technique in groups receiving 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg of the drug. No significant differences were found between groups in the number of jumps or the specific mean intensity at which the first jump was displayed over 4 series of 17 different shock intensities. The findings were interpreted as refuting the hypothesis that superior performance of drug-treated Ss in avoidance situations is due to a sensitization effect to electric shock brought about by drug action.
Behavior Transactions between Disturbed Children and Their Mothers
Authors: Kogan Kate L. , Wimberger Herbert C.
Published: September 2011

10 children between 4 and 6 yr. of age, coming from families who had sought help from the University of Washington Child Psychiatry Clinic, were observed in the laboratory in interaction with their mothers. Interactive patterns were analyzed, utilizing observational methods and rating procedures developed in other research. Ss each tended to exhibit some unique and deviant occurrences of certain classes of behaviors, but the only respect in which they systematically differed as a group from the comparison sample of non-clinic mother-child pairs was in the more frequent occurrence of strongly controlling behaviors on the part of the mothers. This control characteristically occurred in the context of some degree of high status on the part of the child, whereas in the comparison Ss the child tended to be displaying neutral status when his mother was being strongly controlling. Comparison mothers tended to exercise their control by directing their children what to do; clinic mothers tended to exercise their control by non-acceptance of what their children had already done. Two illustrative cases summarized the application of sequence analysis methods to understanding the unique interaction styles of individual pairs.
Achievement as a Function of Teacher-Initiated Student-Teacher Personal Interactions
Authors: Alexander Larry , Elsom Bill , Means Robert , Means Gladys
Published: September 2011

40 Ss enrolled in an undergraduate education course in audio-visual techniques were rank ordered by past grade point average. The median break technique was used to form two groups, a high-GPA and a low-GPA group. Ss within each of these groups were then randomly assigned to two treatments. Treatment I Ss were treated politely by the instructor but with no personal interest. Treatment II Ss were referred to by name, and the instructor initiated discussion with them. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance design was employed to analyze student performance on the first teacher-made achievement test. Treatment II Ss achieved significantly higher scores than did Treatment I Ss, and high-GPA Ss achieved significantly higher scores than did low-GPA Ss. The interaction was not significant although treatment appeared to have a greater effect on low-GPA Ss than on high-GPA Ss.
Household Pets in Training Schools Serving Delinquent Children
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

112 returns were received in a survey of 150 (48% sample of children, 35% sample of institutions) children's training schools located in the United States inquiring as to the use of animals in farm programs and use of domestic animals as pets for children. 38 schools which had farm programs indicated that cows and hogs were the most popular farm animals. 46 schools which permitted their children to own pets stated that dogs and cats were the most popular pets. In most schools children and staff cooperated in caring for the pets. The school census was not related to the ownership of pets. The questionnaire elicited many volunteered comments regarding pet ownership in the training schools.
Problem-Solving Ability as a Factor in Selection of Major in College Study: Comparison of the Processes of “Idea-Getting” and “Making Essential Distinctions” in Males and Females
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Casselman Gertrude G.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to relate problem solving and academic major among 331 male and 281 female college students through the use of 5 insight problems measuring 2 problem-solving processes: (1) generating the necessary idea for solution (“idea-getting”) and (2) making a distinction which prevents accepting a wrong answer as correct (“making essential distinctions”). Ss were divided into “subject matter groups” of related fields of study. Men's total scores were significantly higher than women's total scores over-all, and in 4 of 9 subject matter groups. For both sexes, the mean for the Physical Science group was significantly higher than for the remaining groups (except the male Biological Science group). The Fine Arts majors were also among the higher-scoring groups for both sexes. The high scores of the Physical Science group were due to significantly higher total scores on both types of problems. In comparing sex differences it was found that female Physical Science majors had a higher mean on the 3 “idea-getting” problems than did male counterparts but scored significantly lower on problems requiring “making essential distinctions.” For the total population, although men scored significantly higher on both types of problems, women did better on the “idea-getting” problems than on those that require “making essential distinctions.” Possible reasons for the superior performance in certain subject matter areas were discussed, as was the seemingly stable phenomenon of superior male ability in problem solving.
Comparison of Verbal Intelligence of Young Children from Low and Middle Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Berg Norman L. , Berg Sandra D.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that 20 young children from a middle-SES school would score higher in verbal intelligence assessed by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test than 20 young children from a low-SES school was not supported. Data showed that racial differences existed in the verbal intelligence of these kindergarteners in a school undergoing racial integration. This finding deserves consideration in programs of rapidly integrating schools and neighborhoods.