bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Up‐Regulation of Cell Surface Insulin Receptor by Protein Kinase C‐α in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Yamamoto Ryuichi , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Yanagita Toshihiko , Yokoo Hiroki , Kurose Takeshi , Shiraishi Seiji , Minami Shin‐ichi , Matsukura Shigeru , Wada Akihiko
Published: July 2010

Our previous study showed that treatment of cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells with phorbol 12, 13‐dibutyrate (PDBu) or 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA) caused a rapid (<15

min) and persistent (>15 h) translocation of both conventional (c) protein

kinase C‐α (PKC‐α) and novel PKC‐ε (but not atypical

PKC‐ζ) from cytosol to membranes, whereas thymeleatoxin (TMX) increased

the similar but selective membrane association of only cPKC‐α. In the

present study, chronic (≥12 h) treatment of chromaffin cells with PDBu

raised cell surface 125I‐insulin binding without altering the

KD value ; it developed in a concentration

(EC50 = 1.9 nM)‐and time (t1/2 = 14.6

h)‐dependent manner, reaching its maximum 115% increase at 48 h. Either TPA

(30 nM) or TMX (EC50 = 6.4 nM) also increased

125I‐insulin binding by 97 or 88%, whereas the biologically

inactive 4α‐TPA had no effect. The increasing effect of PDBu (30

nM for 24 h) on 125I‐insulin binding was significantly

blocked, even when H7, an inhibitor of PKC, was added at 8 h after the

initiation of PDBu treatment. Concurrent treatment with brefeldin A, an

inhibitor of vesicular transport from the trans‐Golgi network,

cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, or 5,6‐dichlorobenzimidazole

riboside, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, abolished the PDBu‐induced increment

of 125I‐insulin binding. Western blot analysis, using antibody

against the β‐subunit of the insulin receptor, showed that treatment with

PDBu (30 nM) or TMX (EC50 = 2.3 nM) increased

levels of insulin receptor precursor (~190 kDa ; t1/2 =

7.1 h) and insulin receptor β‐subunit (t1/2 = 15.4

h), causing their almost maximum 52 and 59% rises, respectively, at 24 h.

Northern blot analysis revealed that PDBu or TMX increased levels of insulin

receptor mRNAs by ~35% as soon as 3 h, producing its monophasic peak ~76%

increases at 24 h. All of these increasing effects of PDBu and TMX on

125I‐insulin binding and insulin receptor β‐subunit and insulin receptor mRNA levels were entirely prevented by simultaneous treatment with Gö6976, a selective inhibitor of cPKC. These results suggest that long‐term activation of cPKC‐α up‐regulates the density of the cell surface insulin receptor via transcriptional/translational events.
The localisation of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) in rat brain
Authors: Haag Christine , Berkels Reinhard , Gründemann Dirk , Lazar Andreas , Taubert Dirk , Schömig Edgar
Published: July 2010

The extraneuronal monoamine transporter plays an important role in the inactivation of monoamine transmitters. A basal extraneuronal tissue expression of this transporter has been reported, but it is also expressed in CNS glia. As little is known about the expression pattern and the function of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter in the brain, we performed a detailed investigation. Firstly, a northern blot analysis of different rat organs revealed that the transporter is strongly expressed in placenta, lung and heart and less prominently in the whole brain, brain stem, intestine, testis, epididymis, stomach, kidney and skeletal muscle. It was not expressed in cerebellum, liver and embryo. Using an in situ hybridization to the rat brain, we detected a marked and highly confined expression of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter in the area postrema, but in no other brain areas. These findings were confirmed by polyclonal antibodies against rat extraneuronal monoamine transporter showing an intensive signal in the area postrema, although a few cells in the cerebellum and the brain stem also showed a signal. Additionally, a partly overlapping expression pattern of the monoamine oxidase‐B was detected. Summarizing, we firstly describe a marked and highly confined expression of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter in the rat area postrema by in situ hybridisation which may play a role in physiological functions of this circumventricular organ such as emesis, food intake and the regulation of cardiovascular functions.
D1‐like dopamine receptors regulate GABAA receptor function to modulate hippocampal neural progenitor cell proliferation
Authors: Goffin Darren , Aarum Johan , Schroeder Jörn E. , Jovanovic Jasmina N. , Chuang Tsu Tshen
Published: July 2010

The proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor (NP) cells can be regulated by neurotransmitters including GABA and dopamine. The present study aimed to examine how these two neurotransmitter systems interact to affect post‐natal hippocampal NP cell proliferation in vitro. Mouse hippocampal NP cells express functional GABAA receptors, which upon activation led to an increase in intracellular calcium levels via the opening of L‐type calcium channels. Activation of these GABAA receptors also caused a significant decrease in proliferation; an effect that required the entry of calcium through L‐type calcium channels. Furthermore, while activation of D1‐like dopamine receptors had no effect on proliferation, it abrogated the suppressive effects of GABAA receptor activation on proliferation. The effects of D1‐like dopamine receptors are associated with a decrease in the ability of GABAA receptors to increase intracellular calcium levels, and a reduction in the surface expression of GABAA receptors. In this way, D1‐like dopamine receptor activation can increase the proliferation of NP cells by preventing GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibition of proliferation. These results suggest that, in conditions where NP cell proliferation is under the tonic suppression of GABA, agonists which act through D1‐like dopamine receptors may increase the proliferation of neural progenitors.
The Reck tumor suppressor protein alleviates tissue damage and promotes functional recovery after transient cerebral ischemia in mice
Authors: Wang Huan , Imamura Yukio , Ishibashi Ryota , Chandana Ediriweera P. S. , Yamamoto Mako , Noda Makoto
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 385–398.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is important for both structural integrity and functions of the brain. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play major roles in ECM‐remodeling under both physiological and pathological conditions. Reversion‐inducing cysteine‐rich protein with Kazal motifs (Reck) is a membrane‐anchored MMP‐regulator implicated in coordinated regulation of pericellular proteolysis. Although patho‐physiological importance of MMPs and another group of MMP‐regulators, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, in brain ischemia has been demonstrated, little is known about the role of Reck in this process. In this study, we found that Reck is up‐regulated in hippocampus and penumbra of subventricular zone after transient cerebral ischemia in mice. Most of the Reck‐positive cells found at day 2 after ischemia are positive for Nestin as well as Ki67 and localized to the CA2 region of the hippocampus. At day 7 after ischemia, the Reck‐positive cells increased in number, extended processes, expressed the reactive astrocyte marker GFAP and the neuronal marker NF200, and were widely distributed in the hippocampus. In the mutant mice carrying single functional Reck allele (Reck+/−), tissue damage and cell death after cerebral ischemia were augmented, the recovery of long‐term potentiation in the hippocampus was compromised, NR2C subunit of NMDA receptor was up‐regulated, gelatinolytic activity of MMPs were up‐regulated and laminin‐immunoreactivity was reduced. Our data implicate Reck in protection of ECM/tissue integrity and promotion of functional recovery in the brain after transient cerebral ischemia.
A Contribution to the Chemistry of Benzidine
Authors: Hodgson H. H.
Published: July 2010

This paper deals with—

The substantive character of disazo‐dyestuffs from benzidine and its derivatives.

The diphenyl problem.

The Cain isomerism.

Isomeric benzerythrenes.

Preparation of 4‐chloro‐3‐nitroaniline and the violent explosiveness of its diazonium sulphate.

Preparation of 4: 4′‐dichloro‐3: 5′‐di‐nitrodiphenyl.

The nitration of diphthalylbenzidine.
Colour and Constitution. Part VIII–Some Colour Problems from the Viewpoint of Resonance Theory*
Authors: HODGSON H. H.
Published: July 2010

H. E. Armstrong's quinonoid and triple colour‐centre hypotheses are discussed from the standpoint of modern resonance theory, on which the quinonoid system is only one type of oscillating system which can exhibit resonance. The older theory fails completely to explain the colours of the aliphatic nitrosocompounds and of the absence of colour in pp′‐quinonediimine, as well as the enhanced colour of quinhydrone. The earlier attempts, however, laid the foundation for the later quasi‐quantitative theory. That Armstrong should take iodoform as a reference substance in his wider generalisation indicated beyond doubt the necessity for a theory such as that provided by the concept of resonance.
The Application of Chrome Dyes to Nylon Textiles
Authors: HAFITELD H. B. , SHABINO D. N.
Published: July 2010

A laboratory study of the behaviour of chrome dyes on nylon textiles is described. Sufficient experimental evidence has been obtained to provide a general picture of the mechanism governing their application. This included measurement of the absorption of potassium dichromate by undyed nylon and by nylon dyed with chrome dyes. By measurement of the reflectance ourves of chrome–dyed nylon the rate of formation of the chromium complex within the nylon has been determined. Evidence has been obtained which suggests that the groups in nylon responsible for the absorption of dye are responsible also for the absorption of dichromate ions. In heavy dyeings, where these groups are praotioally saturated by the dye, the absorption of dichromate is partly effected by reduction of the dichromate within the nylon by formic acid, a reaotion which produces further absorption of dichromate due to the alteration in charge from the dichromate anion to the chromic cation. This reduction mechanism appears to be catalysed by the dye.

The various methods of dyeing nylon with chrome dyes are critically discussed, and recommendations are made for the application of these dyes to nylon textiles.
Dyeing and Finishing from the Consumer Angle
Authors: ELLIOTT R. L.
Published: July 2010

The author, who was for some years in charge of technical quality control and testing on the textile side of a very large retail organisation, and who has held a similar appointment with one of the Services, discusses the retailer's viewpoint as influenced by customer reaction. He traces back some sources of customer dissatisfaction to various shortcomings in manufacturing as well as finishing, and emphasises the need for further research and intelligent control in all sections of the trade.
The Production of Pictorial Effects in Textile Printing
Authors: Yelland N. W.
Published: July 2010

As occasionally required, photographs, pictures, etc. could be reproduced by printing on textiles in colour or monochrome, if means could be found to engrave intaglio rollers so that they would print precisely the required graduated density of colour at each point of the surface. Experiments are described which were made to ascertain what colour‐tones are produced by various strengths of engraving of two possible types– (i) intaglio half‐tone (graduated cell‐area) and (ii) photogravure (graduated depth of etching). Tone values were obtained by calculation from refleetometer measurements on the prints.

Photogravure grounds could give smoother quality of tone, being potentially less subject to producing thread‐moiré effects than is half‐tone, but they are less easy to control in practice. Means are described for making intaglio half‐tone dot positive films to produce the required tone‐rendering with any given combination of cloth and printing colour. The apparatus employs for half‐tone conversion a form of halftone screen in which every aperture is a microscopic lens, in combination with a light‐source which is regulated to control the radial distribution of light in the half‐tone dots.

A typical experiment is described to ascertain what gamut of mixture‐colours can be obtained in three‐colour printing on textiles when the colours fall on in the wet state. The Munsell colour‐atlas was used for approximate colorimetry in this experiment.

Images in monochrome and in three colours can also be produced on cloth by direct photography from suitable sets of negatives or diapositives.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Vat Dyes by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Klingsberg Erwin
Published: July 2010

By operating in a nitrogen atmosphere, it has been found possible to effect chromatographic separations of vat dyes in leuco form on strips of paper or synthetic fibres. The technique has been applied to the quantitative analysis of model mixtures, employing spectrophotometric determination of the individual constituents after their chromatographic isolation from the mixture.
The Effect on Wool of Boiling in Aqueous Solutions I‐Solutions at pH 1.5–9 with and without Sodium Sulphate
Authors: Peryman E. V.
Published: July 2010

Wool of 64s quality, in the form of yarn and cloth, has been given boiling treatments of 3 hr. with 50 min. for raising to the boil to imitate prolonged commercial dyeing processes but without the addition of dye. The pH of the solutions has been controlled at selected pH values between 1.5 and 9 by the gradual addition of sulphuric acid or sodium carbonate during the boiling. The wool has subsequently been examined for modification by means of determinations of alkali solubility, soluble nitrogen, disulphido sulphur, total sulphur, breaking load air‐dry and wetted with water, extension at break, abrasion resistance, and loss in weight. A smaller quantity of 56s Corriedale wool has been treated concurrently though subjected to fewer tests. The conclusions reached are‐ (1) the wools have suffered minimum modification when boiled at pH 3–3.5; (2) sodium sulphate, in concentrations up to 9.2 g./litre, has shown relatively little effect on the wool within the pH range 1.7–6.8, but above pH 6.8 the presence of sodium sulphate has caused alkali damage, which increases rapidly with increase of salt concentration and rise of pH; (3) a strong correlation has been found between disulphidê content and wet breaking load for treatments having pH values above 4; a similar correlation has been found to apply to abrasion resistance after about 20% of the original disulphide sulphur has been broken down; (4) alkali solubility and soluble nitrogen have shown a strong correlation with abrasion resistance and to a lesser extent with wet strength for treatments having pH values below 2.5. The practical implications are discussed.
The Irgalan Dyes‐Neutral‐dyeing Metal‐complex Dyes
Authors: Schetty Guido
Published: July 2010

Dedicated to the late F. L. Goodall, M.Sc, F.R.I.C., F.S.D.C., Joint Managing Director of The Geigy Company Ltd., Manchester, who was President of the Society of Dyers and Colourists during 1953–1954.

Mr. Goodall took a very keen interest in the field of neutral‐dyeing metal‐complex dyes, which have recently become very popular, and he enriched and enlarged this field by his own dyeing experiments and ideas. His was the special merit of recognising for the first time the particularly favourable behaviour of Irgalan dyes, which, from the application point of view, is fundamentally different from that of the metal‐free milling dyes.

As one of the initiators of the present work, he helped with the drafting of this paper in the spring of 1954. “Unfortunately, owing to his very sudden and early death, he did not live to see the completion of this paper.

The chemistry of chromium‐complex dyes is discussed in relation to dyeing properties on wool, with particular reference to the problem of avoiding skittery dyeing arising from differences between individual wool fibres. The structural features required for dyes to give non‐skittery dyeings under neutral conditions are deduced, and it is shown how these researches resulted in the production of the Irgalan (Gy) dyes.
II–The Effect of Liquor Ratio on Direct Dyeing
Authors: ARMFIELD W. , BOULTON J. , CRANK J.
Published: July 2010

Package dyeing has been carried out on a laboratory apparatus with a number of dyes, each in 6 and 20 volumes, with enough sodium chloride added at the commencement of dyeing to give roughly the same final exhaustion at the two liquor ratios for any particular dye. After 30 min., with the same rate of flow, the 6‐vol. dyeing was always more level than the corresponding 20‐vol. dyeing.

Special consideration is given to a class C dye which without added salt has a very high exhaustion in low volumes, due to the salt contained in the dye. Here also the 6‐vol. dyeing was more level than the 20‐vol. dyeing after 30 min., although the former package was more than twice as heavily dyed. These observations have been confirmed by dyeing commercial viscose rayon cakes on a laboratory cake‐dyeing machine with single dyes and mixtures.

The advantage gained by working in low volumes is shown to be due to an increase in the dyebath cycle rate, and an expression is given showing the relationship of this to yarn weight and rate of flow. The variation in yarn weight in bulk cake‐dyeing is considered in so far as it affects liquor ratio and dyebath cycle rate.

In the second part of the paper the results are examined in the light of a theoretical model of package dyeing previously described. It is found that, when certain parameters are chosen to give a fit with measured skein‐dyeing curves, the main conclusions about package dyeing based on the experimental results are substantiated by the model. At the same time, more information is provided on the rate of exchange of dyes between liquor and yarn within the package, and on the influence of the three basic parameters on which package‐dyeing behaviour depends.
Pacta Conventa— The Last Days of Perkin & Sons
Authors: CLIFFE W. H.
Published: July 2010

A study of the private papers of the late Sir William Perkin has enabled the first public account to be written of the terms of the sale of Perkin & Sons' Greenford Green works to Brooke, Simpson & Spiller. It is based largely on statements made in 1874 by Thomas Dix Perkin.
Possibilities and Limitations of the Application of Pigments to Textiles
Authors: KASS W.
Published: July 2010

The fixation of pigments on various types of fibres by means of synthetic resins is discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of tnia type of process are considered.
Some Recent Developments in Dyeing for the Carpet Trade
Authors: Beal W.
Published: July 2010

The large‐scale introduction of synthetic fibres into the carpet trade has caused many dyeing problems. The way in which these problems are being overcome is reviewed together with developments which have been taking place in dyeing for all‐wool pile carpets.
The Union Dyeing of Acrilan‐Wool Blends
Authors: Hindle Walter H.
Published: July 2010

Early methods of dyeing Acrilan–wool blends in solid, shades are outlined and the limitations stated. A new method is described which is applicable to all classes of wool dyes. Data are presented to show how the concentration of sulphuric acid and of a cation‐active dyeing assistant may be varied to control the relative dyeing rates of wool and of Acrilan and the migration of dye from wool to the Aerilan acrylic fibre to produce solid shades.
Chemical Modification of Flax Cellulose I–Action of Acrylonitrile, Chloroacetic Acid, and β–Propiolactone
Authors: GOKAL N. , SKELLY J. K.
Published: July 2010

The reaction of flax yarn with acrylonitrile, chloroacetic acid, and β–propiolactone in presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst has been studied. The results are compared with those obtained with cotton in earlier work. Under the experimental conditions used, measurable differences in reactivity between the two fibres are apparent. The cause of this difference in reactivity has been investigated and is explained by consideration of the effect of different concentrations of sodium hydroxide solutions on the two fibres. In general, for a given alkali concentration flax absorbs more sodium hydroxide and water than does cotton. This gives a greater change in the fine structure of the flax fibre produced by mercerising strengths of alkali. The effect of mercerising–strength sodium hydroxide on the nodes present in flax fibre, which act as major points of entry to the fibre, is also pointed out.
Some Experiments on the Effect of Dye, Fibre, and Atmosphere on Light Fastness
Authors: Schwen G. , Schmidt G.
Published: July 2010

The influence of light on dyeings on various fibres of basic dyes of different structures has been investigated in dry and moist oxygen and nitrogen. The results have been compared with those obtained under similar conditions in a normal atmosphere. It has been found that some dyes fade more rapidly in oxygen than in nitrogen. Contrary to expectation, certain dyes were found to fade much more rapidly in the nitrogen atmosphere than in the oxygen atmosphere or under normal atmospheric conditions. As expected, all the dyeings were found to fade more rapidly in a moist atmosphere. An attempt has been made to interpret the results as either an oxidation or a reduction of the dye, depending on its constitution. The water contained in the fibre is regarded as an essential component in the oxidation‐reduction process.
The Diazo Reaction in the Coloration of Hydrophobic Man‐made Fibres
Authors: Hadfield H. R. , Liquorice W. F.
Published: July 2010

The use of azoic dyes for dyeing synthetic fibres is reviewed, and the application techniques are compared with those employed for dyeing cellulosic fibres. New information is given on the development of azoic combinations on secondary cellulose acetate and Terylene.
The Alkaline Degradation of Chemically Modified Cellulose
Authors: Corbett W. M.
Published: July 2010

A review is presented of recent work on the alkaline degradation of mono‐ and poly‐saccharide derivatives which are structurally similar to oxidised celluloses. The importance of a β‐alkoxycarbonyl elimination reaction is emphasised, and it is shown how such a reaction explains the occurrence of a chain‐scission reaction in alkali‐treated oxidised celluloses, as well as the formation of several of the acidic products.
The Biological Chemistry of Cellulose
Authors: Gascoigne J. A.
Published: July 2010

The rôle of biological catalysts in the breakdown of celluloses and hemicelluloses is discussed. Whereas micro‐organisms readily degrade crystalline celluloses, the isolated enzymes only effect hydrolysis of the more accessible amorphous regions; the possibility exists of at least two types of enzyme being active in cellulose hydrolysis. Methods of preventing biological degradation are described, and particular attention is given to substitution and resinification. In the biosynthesis of cellulose, a nucleotide is a likely intermediate, and studies of cell‐wall removal from cellulose‐synthesising bacteria, reveal that the cell wall plays an important part. Hopes are entertained of producing some modification of cellulose during its growth in the plant.
Foam‐backed and Coated Fabrics
Authors: Levy I.
Published: July 2010

The combination of textile fabrics either to other textiles or to plastics materials has opened up new fields. The pace of development during the past fifteen years has been spectacular. Some of the most interesting advances have been made in the field of expanded plasties, especially expanded vinyls and polyurethanes, and we are really only at the beginning. In this paper an attempt has been made to outline the main methods used for combining textile and plastics materials. This has been followed by a short description of the methods used to produce expanded vinyls. The main part of the paper deals with the development of flexible polyurethane foams, their combination to textile materials, and the evaluation of the final laminate. The field of expanded plastics is latent with possibility; some applications have been indicated.
Newer Methods of Dyeing Courtelle
Authors: Edwards H. D.
Published: July 2010

New developments in the dyeing of Courtelle acrylic fibre are described in detail, with emphasis on the dyeing of high‐bulk yarns on packages and of woven fabrics containing high‐bulk yarns. Beaus dyeing is discussed with particular reference to double‐jersey fabrics, and the dyeing of woven fabrics by Pad–Roll and pad–steam processes is considered with particular reference to blends with cellulosic fibres.
A Comparative Study of Natural and Xenotest Exposure Condition: for Measuring Fading and Degradation
Authors: Friele L. F. C.
Published: July 2010

The degradation of a series of synthetic‐fibre yarns was studied during a period of two years' exposure in the open. Yarns of the same type were exposed in the Xenotest under a variety of conditions and the fading of the SDC blue standards was similarly studied. Air temperature, black‐panel temperature, and humidity content were measured for natural and Xenotest exposure conditions, together with the fading of the moisture‐sensitive azoic red dyeing used by McLaren. The information obtained from different linos of approach led to a better formulation of standard conditions for artificial exposures, which are intended to reproduce the behaviour of textile materials under natural conditions.
Dyeing and Wet Processing of Man‐made‐fibre Tows
Authors: Blackburn D. , Ward J. S.
Published: July 2010

A brief review is made of the uses of man‐made‐fibre tows. The development of batchwise dyeing methods for such tows is described and an account is given of current commercial procedures, with particular reference to the handling techniques needed to preserve the physical form of the tow. Possible methods for the continuous dyeing of tow are discussed, including the use of continuous high‐pressure steaming. Experimental results are given for various dye‐fibre systems.
Detection of Resin‐bonded Pigments and Mass‐pigmented Fibres
Authors: Burdett B. C.
Published: July 2010

Coloration of fibres by mass‐pigmentation and resin‐bonding techniques is becoming increasingly important. It is thus obviously desirable to be able to recognise and distinguish between materials coloured by these methods and those coloured conventionally. Such recognition is normally possible by observing pigment particles during examination of single fibres under the polarising microscope. Fibres coloured by conventional dyeing and printing methods generally appear uniforrnly coloured. Mass‐pigmented fibres show a uniform distribution of pigment particles, whereas resin‐bonded materials have an irregular distribution of particles on the fibre surface.
Reactive Dyes: The Technical Basis for Choosing between Dyes of High and Dyes of Low Reactivity
Authors: Fowler J. A. , Marshall W. J.
Published: July 2010

The factors influencing the choice between reactive dyes of high and of low reactivity for batchwise, semi‐continuous, and continuous dyeing of cotton materials are discussed. It is concluded that, for most applications, dyes of high reactivity, as typified by the Procion M (ICI) dyes, are preferred, largely on the score of economics and convenience of application. Selected dyes of low reactivity, as typified by Procion H (ICI) dyes, areof particular interest on grounds of hue or fastness. Moreover, for certain cloth structures, a higher‐quality dyeing is obtained by using dyes with a lower rate of reaction wit the fibre. It is further concluded that the main area of conflict in choice between dyes of high and of low reactivity lies in batchwise or semi‐continuous dyeing. In continuous dyeing the advantages of the highly reactive dyes are much more pronounced.
Colour‐matching Ability—Can it be Measured?
Authors: LAKOWSKI R.
Published: July 2010

Conventional colour‐vision tests can be used for selecting colour workers, and to do this it is necessary to assess the predictive value of the tests in some particular industrial task involving colour. Little research on this topic has so far been carried out, but the results of four such studies are examined, showing that, when the task is simple and entails only the recognition and correct naming of well‐known colours, dichromats alone fail to carry it out. For this purpose, the use of tests capable of detecting such colour defects is sufficient and this also applies if the matching of identical colours is involved. However, if it is necessary to measure competence in matching using a visual colorimeter, only the anomaloscope is capable of doing so.
A Laboratory Study of Dry Chlorination of Wool at Atmospheric Pressure I—Conditions of Treatment
Authors: NORDON P. , BAINBRIDGE N. W.
Published: July 2010

A laboratory study is reported of the gas‐phase chlorination of wool at atmospheric pressure. The influence of chlorine concentration in chlorine—air mixtures, regain of wool, and temperature on the extent of the reaction has been measured. Two small‐scale pilot plants for the chlorination of top are described, one for batchwise and one for continuous operation. The washing performance of samples of wool chlorinated in these plants was tested; the results are given in Part II of this paper.
Automation in the Paper Industry
Authors: KIRK L. A.
Published: July 2010

A few of the areas of paper making where automation has had a significant impact are reviewed, viz. in stock proportioning, consistency control, control of the drying of paper, continuous colouring of paper, basis‐weight control, and the problem of trim. On‐line computer control of the paper‐making machine is briefly discussed.
Wool Dyeing—A Path to Progress
Authors: LEWIS D. , SELTZER I.
Published: July 2010

Recent advances in the dyeing technology of man‐made and cellulosic fibres have far outstripped those for wool. The reasons for this are discussed, and possible developments are described on the basis of achievements in other fields of textile dyeing. The present position is analysed from the viewpoint of dyeing techniques and in terms of the dyes and auxiliary products available. Current difficulties in producing dress fabrics to meet fashion demands for bright fast colours are used to illustrate the points raised, and possible methods of surmounting this immediate problem are examined. Special attention is given to the possibilities offered by continuous dyeing procedures for wool, and existing methods are critically surveyed. An attempt is made to define the operating limits of common wool‐dyeing machinery, and thereby to underline the areas where re‐equipment is needed if instrument‐control and automation techniques are to be utilised fully.
The Dyeing of Acrylic Fibres
Authors: KELLETT H.
Published: July 2010

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held at the Kings Head Hotel, Loughborough, on 9 November 1966, Mr D. O. Douglas in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held at the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on 10 November 1966, Miss E. Smith in the chair; and of the London Region, held in the Rooms of the Royal Society, Burlington House, London, on 3 March 1967, Mr R. F. York in the chair

The present position in the dyeing of acrylic fibres is reviewed. Methods of control that assist in the batchwise production of level dyeings are discussed. Recent developments in continuous processing are reviewed and the dyeing of modacrylic fibres is mentioned.
Future Trends in the Chemistry of Polymers
Authors: Bawn C. E. H.
Published: July 2010

Certain well‐defined trends are discernible in the chemistry of polymers: (1) an improvement in mechanical properties and processing, especially with respect to the development of stiffer and tougher materials; (2) an increase in physical and chemical inertness, for example good ageing characteristics, stability against light, reduction of flammability and resistance against chemicals; and (3) the widening of the temperature range in which the material may be used, for example, polymers which may be used at high temperatures. New products are being introduced, and processes are being improved to obtain better and more desirable properties from a wide range of existing materials. The broad correlation of molecules, structure and properties which determines the end‐use of the material is discussed. Particular attention is paid to heat‐resistant and heat‐stable polymers and fibre‐reinforced plastics.
Tracer Diffusion of Chloride Ions in Nylon 6 Film
Authors: Chantrey G. , Rattee I. D.
Published: July 2010

Tracer diffusion coefficients of chloride ions in nylon 6 film have been determined by standard techniques combined with liquid scintillation counting. The tracer diffusion coefficients depend markedly on the amount of chloride ion sorbed by the nylon. The observed diffusional flux is a function of two diffusional interaction coefficients relating to the interaction of the diffusing ion with ‘unoccupied’ charge centres in the polymer and with the absorbed water. The interplay of these two interactions may be important in connection with the problem of dyeing barré nylon.
Experiences with Automation in Yarn Dyeing
Authors: Pester A. J.
Published: July 2010

Experiences with Thies yarn‐dyeing machines fitted with Ramstetter controls are discussed.
Camouflage Colours*
Authors: Overton T. K.
Published: July 2010

Factors influencing the recognition of camouflage are discussed. Of these factors, only contrasts of brightness and of colours can be measured. Contrasts of texture and the geometry of boundaries between contrasting zones are also important. There are three main land backgrounds: white (snow), green (vegetation) and tan (desert and rock). Green backgrounds are discussed in detail. Finally, the basic procedure to conceal a target is outlined.
Colour Measurement — Present Position and Future Developments
Authors: Coates E.
Published: July 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘The Next Fifty Colourful Years’, held by the Huddersfield Region at Huddersfield College of Technology, on 18 October 1968, Mr G. England in the chair

The contributions to colour theory and colour measurement which have been made during the last 50 years and which led directly to some industrial end‐use are reviewed briefly. Some of the more important applications are discussed and the associated difficulties for extension of use are outlined. The requirements for automated, colour‐monitored dyeing processes are considered generally.
A Study of the Dyeing of Wool from Long Liquors in the Cold
Authors: Asquith R. S. , Booth Miss A. K.
Published: July 2010

The influence of disaggregation of dyes on their penetration into wool in the cold has been studied. Urea acts as an efficient disaggregating agent. The failure of urea to increase the rate of dyeing in the cold of a high‐molecular‐weight dye has been explained. Dyeing in the cold with such dyes can be achieved if the wool is pre‐swollen.
Dye Auxiliaries in the Application of Disperse Dyes to Man‐made Fibres
Authors: MURRAY A. , MORTIMER K.
Published: July 2010

The different types of auxiliaries used in the dyeing of man‐made fibres with disperse dyes are considered. The requirements of dispersing agents are discussed in relation to the chemical nature and properties of the agent (anionic, cationic or non‐ionic). The uses and properties of carriers are discussed, and, in particular, the carrier dyeing of fibre blends is described. A thorough understanding of the properties of auxiliaries enables the dyer to obtain the best results.
The Measurement and Assessment of Colour Differences for Industrial Use. IV—The Accuracy of Visual Assessments
Authors: Coates E. , Provost J. R. , Rigg B.
Published: July 2010

The magnitude of the errors in the visual assessment of colour differences is discussed. The errors are likely to vary with the particular form of visual assessment. Methods are described for estimating visual errors from data in which the visual assessments are expressed as percentage acceptance and rank orders as well as ratios of other colour differences. The results indicate that experienced observers tend to have a greater degree of discrimination than inexperienced observers. Between‐observer variation is greater than within‐observer variation, suggesting that the mean of many repeat observations by a single observer may differ significantly from the mean derived from a number of different observers. For colour passing, the error of a single observer varies with the size of the colour difference and is given by the equation: σ=0.4+ 0.25 δν where δν is the true visual difference expressed in units equivalent to the average unit given by the AN40 equation.
Effects of Gaseous Diffusion in the Substrate on Light Fastness of Dyes
Authors: Giles C. H. , Shah C. D. , Johari D. P. , Sinclair R. S.
Published: July 2010

Various disperse dyes in cellulose triacetate (cta) film and some dyes in Cellophane regenerated‐cellulose film, sealed in envelopes of undyed hydrophobic films, viz. polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe), polyacrylonitrile (pan), polyethylene terephthalate) (pet) and cta, have been exposed to light from a 400‐W mercury lamp. Fading is retarded by the undyed films. The order of effectiveness is ptfe> pan > pet > cta. The permeability of water vapour (except for pan) or oxygen through these films decreases in the above order. The retardation is similar in magnitude to the corresponding differences in light fastness of the disperse dyes on textile fibres. It is suggested that the action, except possibly in pan, is caused by retardation of the diffusion of an oxygen molecule towards contact with a dye molecule during the short life‐time of the excited state of the dye; calculation shows that there is only a very small chance of such contact. An expression is derived which shows that the rate of fading depends on both the life‐time of the excited dye molecule and the rate of diffusion of oxygen in the substrate. The retardation effect, termed ‘diffusion‐restriction’ (dr) effect, probably operates to some extent in all fading of colorants in fibres or films.
A Theoretical and Practical Study of Compatibility in the Basic Dye—Acrylic Fibre Dyeing System
Authors: Anderson W. L. , Bent C. J. , Ricketts R. H.
Published: July 2010

The theoretical background to the compatibility of mixtures of basic dyes in the basic dye‐acrylic fibre system is described, and a simple test to predict compatible combinations is given. The selection and use of suitable auxiliaries to improve the compatibility of incompatible combinations of basic dyes are considered. The development of practical dyeing methods based on the use of such products is discussed, with particular reference to a method for the dyeing of Courtelle (Courtaulds) commencing at the boil.
The Textile Industries of the Expanded EEC
Authors: Catling Harold
Published: July 2010

Consumption patterns, production facilities and the structure of the textile industries of the countries in the expanded EEC are presented. The implications to the U.K. textile industry of joining the EEC are discussed.
The Reactions of Disulphide Dyes for the Covalent Coloration of Keratin
Authors: ASQUITH RAYMOND S. , CARTHEW PHILIP , FRANCIS THOMAS TREVOR
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of one ortho‐ and three para‐azo disulphide dyes is described. Disulphide exchange between these dyes and model compounds (cysteine and thioglycollic acid) has been studied. Previously reported work has indicated that covalent binding of colouring matters to wool can occur by disulphide exchange. The present dyes were therefore applied to keratin. The lack of fastness of the ortho‐azo dye showed that no disulphide exchange leading to covalent bonding occurred. The para‐azo disulphide dyes underwent disulphide exchange, but under the conditions used, this was effective only at high concentrations ofdye. Even then, only slight covalent bonding was achieved.
Concentration Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficients of Disperse Dyes in Polyethylene Terephthalate
Authors: Kojima H. , Ujima T.
Published: July 2010

Diffusion coefficients of disperse dyes have been calculated by Matano's method from diffusion profiles in polyethylene terephthalate(PET). The diffusion coefficients (Dc) clearly indicate concentration‐dependence. It has been found, from the densities of the dyed PET and the dye, that there is no overall change in the volume of the PET and dye in dyeing. The instrinsic diffusion coefficients have been calculated from Dc and the volume fraction (φ1) of penetrant in the amorphous region. From these values, thermodynamic diffusion coefficients (χẗ) were obtained. It has been found that the relation between 1/log (χẗ/χo) and 1/φ1 is a straight line, and it therefore seems reasonable to assume that the diffusion of disperse dyes in PET can be described by Fujita's ‘free volume theory’ for the diffusion of low molecular‐weight organic compounds in an amorphous high‐polymer.
The Effect of Urea on Wool Fibres
Authors: BRADY P. REX
Published: July 2010

The role of urea in the cold dyeing of wool fabrics by commercially feasible methods which use dye liquors containing high concentrations of urea was examined. Urea was found to penetrate wool fibres readily and promote swelling particularly in the presence of sodium bisulphite.
A Retailer's View of Transfer Printing
Authors: EASTER D. B.
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the effect that the transfer printing industry has on the retailer, in particular the retailer engaged in mail‐order and chain‐store trading. The comments apply mainly to apparel fabrics, with some lesser reference to household textiles and knitwear.
The Behaviour of Dyes in Continuous Vacuum Transfer
Authors: ANSELRODE L.
Published: July 2010

A laboratory apparatus has been constructed to study the behaviour of disperse dyes in vacuum transfer printing. Equations have been derived whereby the results of dye transfer experiments can be expressed in the form of curves relating the degree of vacuum to transfer efficiency and time of transfer. Problems associated with the choice of suitable dyes for the transfer printing of different fabrics are discussed. The Stork TC 451 vacuum calender is described and illustrated diagrammatically.
The Removal of Colour from Effluent using various Adsorbents: Some Preliminary Economic Considerations
Authors: McKay Gordon , Otterburn Michael S. , Sweeney Andrew G.
Published: July 2010

A series of isotherms have been measured to study the adsorption of four classes of dyes on various adsorbents. Decolorizing carbon has the highest adsorptive capacity, but an economic model indicates that peat and wood may be used since they too have high adsorptive capacities as well as being much cheaper.
Industry, Education and Management
Authors: HOPE ROBIN P.
Published: July 2010

This paper was presented as the Twelfth George Douglas Memorial Lecture, held at the University of Bradford on 6 September 1978. The proceedings were chaired by the President of the Society, Mr J.H Leach.
Automation—a User's View
Authors: PARK J.
Published: July 2010

The basic parameters and bulk dyeing factors which must be controlled to obtain a high degree of reproducibility in dyeing are discussed. This objective can be largely achieved by manual systems. It is essential that high reproducibility is obtained before automation is considered since automation is only of real value if labour costs can be decreased significantly.

An automated system for package dyeing of yarn is discussed briefly and the effect of such a system on management philosophy is described. In the light of practical experience, the steps necessary to develop an automated dyehouse and a proposed system are described.
Package Dyeing of Acrylic Fibre Yarn: Important Parameters which Influence Level Dyeing
Authors: HEANE D. G. , HILL T. C. , PARK J. , SHORE J.
Published: July 2010

Flow rate, ramp (constant rate of temperature rise), and package density are recognized to be particularly important for obtaining uniform uptake in the package dyeing of acrylic fibre yarns. This paper is concerned with the contribution of these three parameters to levelness in this system. An attempt is made to define empirical mathematical relationships between these variables and the observed rate of dyeing, in order to be able to specify those values of these parameters which would be expected to give rise to unlevel dyeings.

Linear relationships were found between these parameters and the rate of exhaustion per circulation of the dyebath, expressed either as the overall rate or as separate rates for the two successive stages of the exhaustion process (attributed to adsorption at the surface of the fibre and diffusion into the interior). The equations relating rate of exhaustion to package density, ramp and the reciprocal of the rate of liquor flow can be combined into a single equation. This enables the relative effects of these variables to be calculated. For example, the equation can be used to decide which combination of ramp and flow rate will give a pre–determined rate of exhaustion by a package of given density. In a similar way, the corresponding equation relating the instrumental criterion of degree of unlevelness to package density, ramp and rate of flow forms a convenient means of predicting the effects that these three variables will have on the possibility that unlevel dyeing will occur.
Synthesis and Application of Some New Reactive Chlorohydrin Dyes
Authors: FARAG AHMED A. , MAHMOUD HASSAN S. , SALEM A. GHONEIM , SALEH M. SALAH E. , HASSAN M. SHAWKIM. , GEMEI MERVAT
Published: July 2010

Azo and phthalocyanine dyes carrying the chlorohydrin group, as the precursor of the reactive epoxy group, were prepared using new catalyzed reactions. The reactive group is attached to the coupling component in some cases and to the diazonium component in other cases. A phthalocyanine dye carrying two reactive groups was also synthesized.

The dyeing of cotton, wool and multifibre fabrics was studied, under different dyeing conditions. Various techniques of dyeing and printing were used. Exhaustion and padding methods were investigated for dyeing, and direct, reserve and discharge methods for printing. One–stage and two–stage procedures were employed for both printing and dyeing.

It was found that the chlorohydrin reactive dyes prepared in the present work could be applied by nearly all known methods of dyeing and printing on cotton, wool, viscose rayon, nylon and acrylic fibres. The dyeings obtained had satisfactory fastness properties and showed fairly good dye fixation on the substrate.
Carrier Dyeing of Polyester Fibre
Authors: ROBERTS G. A. F. , SOLANKI R. K.
Published: July 2010

Aspects of the diffusion of carriers in polyester fibre have been studied using several compounds representative of commercial carriers. The apparent diffusion coefficients, activation energies of diffusion, and entropies of activation of diffusion have been determined. The apparent diffusion coefficients were found to be several orders of magnitude greater than those of disperse dyes, whilst the apparent activation energies and entropies of activation of diffusion were lower. A major difference in the diffusion behaviour of carriers, compared with that of disperse dyes, is the concentration–dependence of the diffusion coefficients of the former class of compound.
Contribution of Singlet Oxygen to the Photofading of Indigo
Authors: KURAMOTO NOBUHIRO , KITAO TEIJIRO
Published: July 2010

The photofading of indigo in solution is examined. This photofading is accelerated in the presence of sensitizers of singlet oxygen, e. g. Methylene Blue or Rose Bengal. The fading is retarded by adding effective singlet oxygen quenchers, such as β–carotene, DABCO or nickel di–methyldithiocarbamate. In irradiations of both filtered (λ > 390 nm) and nnfiltered types, isatin is formed as the main photofading product. It is suggested that the photofading of indigo in solution may be due to a self–sensitized photo–oxidation involving singlet oxygen. By carrying out competitive photo–oxidation experiments in solution, the relative rate constant for the reaction with singlet oxygen is determined.