bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Nutritional Content of Food
Authors: Jensen Helen H.
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the changes in nutrient content of the food supply in the United States and then describes core concepts used in the assessment of the adequacy of (or excess in) diets. Factors that affect nutrient availability in the food supply—such as the convergence of dietary patterns and food production and processing and distribution technologies—affect nutrient content. The article also discusses the fortification of food products and technological interventions to change the nutritional content of available foods. This has important implications for health. Economic factors play an important role in determining the available nutrients in the food supply. Finally, the article concludes that understanding the strength of consumer preference, and changes in preference across income levels, offers the opportunity to tie foods more closely to health outcomes.
Consumer Demand for Food Variety
Authors: Weiss Christoph R.
Published: February 2013

This article briefly reviews the different theoretical approaches that are put forward to relate a preference for variety to an individual's purchasing and consumption behavior. This article reviews the existing empirical evidence on the demand for variety by discussing various ways to measure variety in food consumption. It focuses on preferences in explaining differences in individual behavior and introduces an additional approach to understanding consumers' demand for variety, which is based on the theory of household production. It summarizes a few stylized facts emanating from this literature on the impact of various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of households and consumers on their demand for food variety. It finally addresses some issues that have been neglected in the economic analysis of the demand for food variety.
Environmental Concerns in Food Consumption
Authors: Teisl Mario F.
Published: February 2013

This article outlines the major environmental issues related to food consumption, which encompass not only the impacts caused by the production of food, but also those generated by food transport, processing, packaging, consumption, and disposal. Much of the literature cited here uses product- or process-based lifecycle analysis (LCA), also known as lifecycle assessment or eco balance analysis. It discusses a recent issue that is related to the environmental impacts of food consumption and is the concept of food miles; i.e., the environmental costs related to transportation of food from the farm or production facility to the retail store. Most of the comparisons are meant to be qualitatively illustrative. The article examines the source materials directly for some of the issues related to LCA. It discusses a critical role that packaging plays in food safety, storage, and transport.
Linguistic Issues in Statutory Interpretation
Authors: Solan Lawrence M.
Published: February 2013

In legal systems throughout the world, legislatures write laws, and judges construe and apply them when a dispute arises over their interpretation. This article focuses on the nature of the language issues which cause problems in statutory interpretation, and the ways that courts tend to address them. It looks at American law, in part because American judges, who operate in the common law tradition, generally justify their decisions in written opinions, creating a body of information about interpretive arguments and techniques that makes this legal system a good laboratory for investigating these issues. After describing and illustrating some of the linguistic problems that make language inadequate to define rights and obligations without considering other values, the article discusses linguistic indeterminacies of different sorts, including syntactic ambiguity, semantic ambiguity, ambiguity of reference, and vagueness. It also examines laws whose meaning changes over time, creating a mismatch between the language and the goals of the enacting legislature, and concludes by focusing on legislative errors.
Challenges To The Legal Translator
Authors: Šarčević Susan
Published: February 2013

Focusing on the link between law, language, and culture, J. B. White notes that legal translation is a ‘necessarily imperfect process’. This article focuses on challenges to legal translators caused by the inherent incongruity of legal systems, cultures, and languages. It attempts to ‘demystify’ the ‘miracle’ of legal translation, showing how skilled translators with legal expertise and cultural sensitivity use language effectively to compensate for conceptual incongruity by creating ‘terminological bridges’. The article then outlines some of the basics of legal translation, with the main emphasis on the special nature of legal texts, their function, and the degree of accuracy required to achieve intercultural communication for various purposes. It also considers the role of skopos (communicative purpose) in legal translation and considers terminological problems in legally binding instruments. Like comparativists, translators need to use methods of comparative law in their search for potential equivalents and to test their adequacy by comparative conceptual analysis. The article concludes by discussing considerations about the effectiveness of multilingualism.
The Language of Criminal Trials in an Inquisitorial System: The Case of the Netherlands
Authors: Komter Martha L. , Malsch Marijke
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the role of language in inquisitorial systems, also known as civil law systems. It focuses on the highly professionalized inquisitorial criminal justice system in the Netherlands, where the dependence on documentary evidence is noticeable the moment one enters a Dutch courthouse. Ushers can be seen pushing trolleys stacked with files and papers, on their way to the courtroom or to the archives. The prominent role of the case file is also evident inside the courtrooms, not only as a central source of information around which the events are organized, but also as material presence. The discussion starts by considering how adversarial systems differ from inquisitorial criminal justice systems, and then describes some typical features of Dutch criminal trials, positioning these in relation to adversarial and other inquisitorial criminal justice systems. It concludes by discussing the language of Dutch criminal trials focused on the central position of the case file for the activities of the judges.
Instructing the Jury
Authors: Marder Nancy S.
Published: February 2013

In the American legal system, a defendant in a serious criminal case and parties in certain types of civil cases are entitled to a trial by jury. In both criminal and civil jury trials, jurors are drawn from a ‘fair-cross-section’ of the community. Although they are usually untrained in the law, jurors provide the ‘common-sense judgment’ of the community. At the end of a jury trial, whether in a civil or criminal case, the judge instructs the jury on the relevant law. The jury is supposed to use the jury instructions in the course of its deliberations, although much of the empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that juries have difficulty understanding these instructions. This article examines why jury instructions are so difficult to grasp, and what steps judges and committees can take to make them more accessible to jurors. After discussing the language of the instructions, it looks at how the instructions are presented.
Language And Copyright
Authors: Butters Ronald R.
Published: February 2013

A copyright is one of four legally enforceable limitations on the general public's freedom of expression with respect to a wide variety of creative productions, legally termed ‘intellectual property’, including works of visual art, music, and language. The laws that govern intellectual property create specified, exclusive rights, which permit only specific individuals to use particular creations if those individuals can claim to have had a significant creative role in their origination; all other citizens are denied the specified uses, or, in some instances, have the right to use the material, but must pay to do so. As part of its focus on language and copyright, this article explores the legal aspects of copyright and considers other types of intellectual property. It then examines the scope of copyright protection and looks at, as well of the role of linguists with respect to, copyright infringement. The article concludes by presenting three court cases in which linguists have attempted to apply linguistic principles to copyright issues as expert consultants in litigated cases.
Author Identification In The Forensic Setting
Authors: Chaski Carole E.
Published: February 2013

Author identification can play a role in the investigation of many different types of crimes, civil transactions, and security issues. Over the last fifteen years, author identification has become increasingly recognized by research-funding agencies, investigative agencies, the forensic science community, and the courts, as a forensic science that deals with pattern evidence. Forensic authorship identification methods, despite their differences, require that similar steps be taken: choosing an appropriate linguistic level, coding, engaging in statistical analysis and decision making, and conducting validation testing. This article presents a review of currently available and emerging methods for identifying authorship in the forensic setting, presents some current methods based on the categorization scheme, and provides some ideas about why some methods fail to obtain high accuracy. Finally, it considers two methods that are currently used in criminal investigations and trials: forensic stylistics and software-generated analysis.
Forensic Speaker Comparison: A Linguistic–Acoustic Perspective
Authors: Foulkes Paul , French Peter
Published: February 2013

Two of the tasks undertaken in forensic voice and speech analysis are speaker profiling and speaker or voice comparison (or speaker/voice identification). The first task involves an examination of features of the voice to ascertain information about the speaker's regional, social, and ethnic background. The second involves comparative analysis against a reference sample known to have been produced by a particular talker. Although analysis of vocal features cannot determine a speaker's identity, it can provide a wealth of information about the speaker, albeit to varying degrees of precision and confidence. It is for this reason that the label ‘speaker comparison’ is now preferred to identification. Globally, speaker comparison is carried out using three general methodologies: ‘voiceprinting’, analysis using automatic systems, and linguistic-acoustic analysis. This article first presents a brief historical review of forensic speaker comparison and then explores the use of the linguistic-acoustic method in forensic speaker comparison.
Comparative Constitutional Law: Methodologies
Authors: Jackson Vicki C.
Published: February 2013

Methodologies of constitutional comparison vary at least as much as, if not more than, methodologies more generally in comparative law. Methods vary in what they aim to do and in who is engaged in comparisons, particularly if the comparative enterprise is defined broadly to include doctrine produced by courts, features of government, and the processes of constitution-making and adoption. This article discusses the different communities of comparative constitutional analysis and identifies some methodological challenges of comparative constitutional analysis.
Carving Out Typologies and Accounting for Differences Across Systems: Towards a Methodology of Transnational Constitutionalism
Authors: Zumbansen Peer
Published: February 2013

This article outlines and assesses the role of ‘typologies’ in comparative constitutional thought. It discusses the transnational context of comparative constitutionalism, constitutionalism in world society, the form and substance of constitutionalism, and the law's troubled relation to society.
Constitutionalism in Illiberal Polities
Authors: Li-ann Thio
Published: February 2013

This article examines constitutionalism in illiberal polities. It discusses the range of constitutionalisms, liberal constitutionalism and its discontents, anatomy of constitutionalism in an illiberal polity, mixed constitutionalism, theocratic constitutionalism, communitarian constitutionalism, and the possibility and limits of constitutionalism in illiberal polities.
Constitutions and Constitutionalism
Authors: Holmes Stephen
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the following: realism and idealism in constitutional theory; drill and discipline; the paradox of limited power; monarchical constitutions; cognitive constitutionalism; insulation through abdication; joint agency and corruption; constitutionalism and democracy; and judicial review.
Democracy
Authors: Frankenberg Günter
Published: February 2013

Democracy has oscillated between individualist, collectivist, and organicist notions since the revolutionary era. Similarly, throughout history, democratic movements have agonized over what the power of the people should mean and how it could be exercised democratically. Today, models prevail that transform the fictive will of the people by elective procedures into regimes of (limited) majority rule based on the representational transmission of power, some representative regimes are complemented by forms of direct popular participation. And, consequently, the various narratives of democracy mirror until today the theoretical and practical-institutional attempts to limit majority rule in order to lend some credibility to the idea and ideology that minorities may become majority and vice versa — an interplay that qualifies democracy as legitimate popular self-rule. This article discusses the varieties of constitutional democracy and the dangers posed by democracy.
State Neutrality
Authors: Kis János
Published: February 2013

This article attempts to spell out the main tenets of the principle of state neutrality and to explain how they hang together. It examines the central objections, and explores revisions that may enhance the theory's defensibility. Specifically, it discusses neutrality as non-discrimination, neutrality as shared reasons, objections to liberal neutrality, and religious neutrality.
Constitution-Making: Process and Substance
Authors: Klein Claude , Sajó András
Published: February 2013

This article considers the procedural and resulting legitimacy issues of constitution-making and fundamental constitutional amendment. These procedures are partly related to the different historical scenarios and substantive (material) factors that give rise to e-constitutions. It considers only those political and economic factors which contribute to specific constitution-making features. In this regard, revolutions, regime change, and state-building are particularly relevant. In the case of revolutions there is a deliberate departure from, a rupture with, the existing constitution and the processes of legal and therefore legitimate change. This raises a fundamental issue of legitimacy: What gives the right (authority) to enact a new constitution? The article refers to the process that is not based on pre-existing rules of procedure as one of creation and the related constitution-making is called creation ex nihilo. In the case of regime change or reform the procedural modalities of the existing constitution might be observed.
War Powers
Authors: Hasebe Yasuo
Published: February 2013

This article offers a comparative survey of war-power arrangements in the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Germany, and Japan. The United Kingdom, United States, and France — long-standing liberal democracies and permanent members of the UN Security Council — have been quite active in deploying military forces abroad. In contrast, Germany, and Japan are latecomers both as liberal democracies and as participants in international military operations. The article focuses mainly on powers of initiating armed conflicts, including that of deploying armed forces into actual or potential conflicts, but deals neither with conducting war nor ending it, nor with related treaty-making power.
Federalism: Theory, Policy, Law
Authors: Halberstam Daniel
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on federalism and attempts to lay the foundation for understanding the constitutional significance of arrangements among multiple levels of authority from private to global governance. The article is organized as follows. Section II critically examines the (relevance of) historical debates about defining federalism. Section III turns to arguments about the origins of federations. Section IV analyzes normative federalism theory and its applicability in legal disputes. Section V discusses the sustainability of federal systems. Section VI considers the consequences of federalism for various policy outputs. Section VII takes federalism beyond its traditional boundaries — first down to regional, local, and private governance, and then up into the global arena. A brief conclusion ends the article.
Proportionality (1)
Authors: Schlink Bernhard
Published: February 2013

This article presents a conception of the proper role of the proportionality standard. It begins by discussing proportionality and justice, the elements of proportionality, and approaches to proportionality analysis. It then discusses steps of proportionality analysis; the structure of proportionality analysis; evolution, constitutional foundation, and distribution of the principle of proportionality; the strength of rights and freedoms in proportionality analysis; and the future of proportionality analysis.
Freedom of Religion
Authors: Sajó András , Uitz Renáta
Published: February 2013

This article begins with a discussion of the constitutional significance of free expression. It then discusses constitutional freedom of expression clauses; interpreting freedom of expression clauses; balancing freedom of expression and other interests; and freedom of expression and the media.
The Use of Foreign Law in Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Halmai Gábor
Published: February 2013

This article analyzes the use of foreign law in constitutional interpretation. It discusses the three broadly defined positions in the scholarly controversy over the uses of comparative constitutionalism: scholars supporting the idea of the use of foreign law legitimate this practice with the sameness of both the problems and solutions of constitutional law for all constitutional democracies; the second position's starting point is that although the problems of constitutional law are the same for all democratic countries, the solutions to should differ from one constitutional system to another; and the followers of the third position claim that neither the constitutional problems nor their solutions are likely to be the same for different constitutional democracies. The article then identifies some criteria that can explain why particular judges and courts decide to use or, conversely, not to use foreign materials. Four case studies are selected to address the more empirical questions of the use of foreign materials, namely to what extent does it happen, and where?
Introduction
Authors: Narrog Heiko , Heine Bernd
Published: February 2013

This introductory article discusses the theme of this volume, which is about grammaticalisation. It explains that grammaticalisation is considered a young sub-field of linguistics because the term was coined only in 1912 by Antoine Meillet and provides background information on modern studies in grammaticalisation which began in the early 1970s. This volume analyses grammaticalisation in relation to linguistic theory and discusses the domains of grammaticalisation. It also explores the grammaticalisation of form classes and categories and describes the different faces of grammaticalisation across languages.
Construction grammar and grammaticalization
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas , Patten Amanda
Published: February 2013

This article reviews literature on constructional change and its integration with grammaticalisation theory. It discusses a number of issues that are relevant to work on grammaticalisation and addresses several questions which fall out from a constructional view of grammaticalisation. It explores a constructional approach to grammaticalisation and the question of how constructions change and evaluates whether construction grammar is useful to linguists examining grammaticalisation changes to lexical items. It also considers the relationship between constructional change and the grammaticalisation of lexical items.
Grammaticalization and prosody
Authors: Wichmann Anne
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the relevance of prosodic change in the analysis of the grammaticalisation processes in languages that are typologically very diverse. It shows how the availability of recorded speech now allows us to explore synchronic data for evidence of prosodic change. It argues that present-day prosodic realization provides vital evidence to complement independent analyses of historical change. It explains that the prosodic analysis of discourse markers has a number of implications, not least for their classification in relation to other, more prototypical grammaticalised items.
Grammaticalization and word formation
Authors: Wischer Ilse
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relation between grammaticalisation and word formation, focusing on derivations and phrasal compounds. It suggests that grammaticalization and word formation must be considered distinct processes because grammaticalisation is a process by which linguistic elements change into constituents of grammar while word formation allows for the production of new lexical items. The analysis reveals that the formation of phrasal compounds can be accompanied by a grammaticalisation process which may affect the whole construction or only part of it and that some syntactic constructions can be lexicalized.
Iconicity versus grammaticalization: a case study
Authors: Haiman John
Published: February 2013

This article presents a case study concerning the differences between iconicity and grammaticalisation, focusing on the Hua and Khmer languages. It explains that among the universally acknowledged side-effects of economically motivated reduction in general and grammaticalization is the loss of semantic transparency and that one striking example of the trade-off between transparency and compactness is offered by the relatively exotic grammatical category of medial verbs commonly found in many Papuan languages. It contends that grammaticalisation through everyday use is the constant, cunning, and patient adversary of iconicity.
Degrammaticalization
Authors: Norde Muriel
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the status of degrammaticalisation in grammaticalisation studies. It describes the main similarities and differences between grammaticalisation and degrammaticalisation and outlines a typology of degrammaticalisation changes. It argues that there are three basic types of degrammaticalisation, which include degrammation, deinflectionalisation, and debonding. It contends that degrammaticalisation is a composite change whereby a gram in a specific context gains in autonomy or substance on more than one linguistic level.
The grammaticalization of evidentiality
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the grammaticalisation of the grammatical category of evidentiality. It explains that evidentiality is a verbal category in its own right and it does not bear any straight-forward relationship to the expression of speaker's responsibility, or attitude to the statement. Grammaticalisation of evidentials follows two general paths. Markers of evidentiality may develop out of grammaticalising a lexical item and an evidential may also evolve out of an evidentiality strategy, acquiring the status of a grammatical system in its own right. Evidentials evolve from a variety of sources, including forms from open classes and from closed classes and reinterpretation and reanalysis of evidentiality strategies.
The Grammaticalization of subordination
Authors: Ohori Toshio
Published: February 2013

This article discusses issues relevant to the grammaticalisation of subordination. It explains that this is defined as a relation in which a clause has a function equivalent to that served by a word in a simple clause and that it has occupied an important place in grammaticalization studies. It analyses the general tendencies of the grammaticalisation of subordination and reviews some selected cases of the development of the three types of linguistic construction.
Progress in Physics and Psychological Science Affects the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
Authors: Worthington Everett L.
Published: February 2013

In the present chapter, I argue that general culture is strongly influenced by three assumptions that have derived from modern science. These include the following: (1) Big numbers in time and space make anything thought to be statistically possible to eventually be thought of as likely. (2) We can be optimistic that this will eventuate in progress. (3) Life is all about relationships. The main implication of these assumptions is that the psychology of religion will soon become the psychology of religion and spirituality. Based on a review of quantum mechanics and cosmology, I suggested that there are four types of spirituality: (a) religious spirituality, (b) human spirituality, (c) nature or environment spirituality, and (d) cosmos spirituality (or transcendent spirituality). Each of these is defined in terms of close or intimate connection or relationship with a different object, and each has been formed primarily by the wonder, awe, and lack of determinancy found in different fields of study—theology, psychological science, biological science, and physics, respectively.
Psychoanalysis, Psi Phenomena, and Spiritual Space: Common Ground
Authors: Rosenbaum Ruth
Published: February 2013

Psychoanalysis, psi phenomena (telepathy, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis), and spirituality might appear to be strange bedfellows. However, with the evolution of psychoanalytic theories of intersubjectivity and scientific studies of psi phenomena, a portrait has emerged of the kind of space within which the self exists. It is a space characterized by indistinct boundaries between self and other, a shared space, and it appears to be crucial for psychological growth and transformation. This concept of the self connecting with an “other” beyond its own localized boundaries is also the basis of spiritual experience and spiritually inspired forms of transformation, such as miracles and mystical states. In exploring the common ground shared by these overlapping territories of the self's expansive reach, we may discover the conditions that enhance the possibilities for change and growth in psychoanalysis and, in the process, approach a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of consciousness itself.
Eastern Traditions, Consciousness, and Spirituality
Authors: Patel Kartikeya C.
Published: February 2013

This chapter discusses the constructs of consciousness and spirituality in the Eastern tradition of early Buddhism. The descriptive explanations of the following basic and yet complex questions are offered: What are the contents of consciousness? Are there content-less states of consciousness? What is spiritual inquiry? If states of consciousness are multileveled and multifaceted, how one can understand the process of transformation and attainment of these states? Although a comprehensive presentation of various Eastern traditions is not possible in a brief book chapter, it is hoped that a detailed look at early Buddhism will give the reader a taste of the issues that Eastern theories and practices attempt to address.
Spirituality, Science, and the Human Body
Authors: Jonas Wayne B. , Fritts Matt , Christopher Gail , Jonas Maeba , Jonas Susan
Published: February 2013

Cultures throughout the world and over millennia have described the intimate relationship between spirit and body. Presently, we have an unprecedented opportunity to bring sophisticated scientific methods to the study of this relationship. In this chapter, we present a unified model of the whole person (spirit, mind, and body) and describe examples of practices from Eastern and Western traditions that are grounded in the assumption of body-mind-spirit unity. In addition, we give an overview of modern physical measurement options, such as neuroimaging and genomics, which allow for more detailed study of the spiritual interactions with the body. A fuller understanding of this relationship can lead to deep healing.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Lisa J.
Published: February 2013

This introductory article starts by defining psychology and discussing the importance of psychology and how it relates to spirituality. The contributors to this book see spirituality as being fundamental to the human constitution and foundational to the nature of the surrounding world. By deeply integrating spirituality into the existing landscape of psychology, this book hopes to reveal an entirely new formulation of psyche. In this book, spirituality is understood as ontologically real. Psyche connects us with the greater spirit, or consciousness, that is in us, through us and around us. This book defines an emerging field within a spiritual psychological framework, that of postmaterialism, a science beyond the limitations of exclusive ontological materialism and mechanism.
Cultural Histories of Food
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2013

Because of its essential role in human life, food has been a part of historical narratives since antiquity. As the proper subject of professional inquiry, however, food gained recognition only in the 1990s with the advent of the so-called new cultural history. Whereas the disciplinary hegemony of culture has begun to fragment and decline, the field of food history continues to grow significantly. Therefore, it is only fitting to reflect on the historical study of food as a cultural expression, to differentiate it from cultural approaches to the history of food politics, nutrition, and the like. Changing scholarly assumptions about culture have had an impact in terms of understanding what cuisine is all about. Drawing on the theories of Jack Goody, Sidney Mintz, and Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson about cuisine, this article examines historical change at three interrelated levels: the circulation of texts, the tastes of dining, and the practices of cooking.
Geography of Food
Authors: Mandelblatt Bertie
Published: February 2013

The study of food essentially deals with the interrelationships between the social and cultural worlds of humans and the zoological and physical worlds of climate and ecology. This article examines the debates over food as they have developed within geography in both the English- and French-speaking worlds, particularly in light of the recent interest in food studies both within academia and in the public sphere. Geographers, known for their disciplinary focus on the spatial element of human life, tend to conceptualize foodways in fluid relation to place. This article first discusses global and transnational food scales, before turning to national and regional food scales as well as food consumption at the urban and domestic scales. The article also explores geography's engagement with agriculture, animal husbandry, and rural food production and distribution networks.
Fast Food
Authors: Penfold Steve
Published: February 2013

Fast food probably originated in 1948, when Dick and Maurice McDonald re-designed their successful restaurant. Few of the brothers' "innovations" were entirely new. They specialized in a small number of familiar foods and applied systematic thinking to production. By fitting into existing and emerging cultures of age, family, leisure and consumption, the brothers' new outlet acquired a social life. Under Ray Kroc's leadership, McDonald's grew from its first outlet near Chicago to more than 300 locations in 44 states by 1961, when he bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million. Over the next decade, McDonald's emerged as a dominant fast food chain in the United States, spread to Canada, and eventually turned into a global brand. Four themes—expansion, taste, systems, and social life—might be viewed as the basic elements of a global history of fast food, one that has similarities to the McDonald's story but is unique on its own. Technology and technocracy allowed food to become fast food.
Food, Time, and History
Authors: Mandala Elias
Published: February 2013

In the African countryside, food has a social biography which is both linear and cyclical. According to the golden-age theory, every member of the community deserves access to food, while the alternative perspective argues that not all members enjoy those rights. Both theories fall within what Stephen J. Gould called "time's cycle" or "the intelligibility of timeless order and lawlike structure." As components of time's cycle, the alternative vision and the golden-age theory address the problem of order and represent peasants' collective protest against what Mircea Eliade termed "terror of history," which refers to terrifying events such as famine. The linear nature of the social biography of food is part of Gould's "time's arrow." The old Mang'anja of Malawi referred to famine, a one-time event, as chaola, or moment of rottenness, which is different from recurrent hunger or njala. The history of Malawi's food system represents a story about irreversible change and about days and seasons.
National Cuisines
Authors: Smith Alison K.
Published: February 2013

In 2005, the Council of Europe released a book celebrating the "culinary cultures of Europe." Consisting of essays, the volume describes the food of forty European nations. In his introduction, Fabio Parasecoli focuses on the created nature of national cuisines as well as the many "signifying networks [that] define the key concepts of tradition and authenticity," which play a key in constructing what is "typical." These signifiers therefore define local, regional or even national identities, and include ingredients, techniques, trade, location, time and media, all of which give rise to variations and, eventually, differences that are interpreted as national. Yet national cuisines remain a complicated part of the world of globalization (and, in the European context, of pan-European administration). Russia is one country where the broad array of influences on national cuisines is evident.
Reading Race Through Disability: Slavery and Agency in Mark Twain'sPudd'nhead Wilsonand “Those Extraordinary Twins”
Authors: Samuels Ellen
Published: February 2013

This article examines the persistence of race, slavery, and disability issues in nineteenth-century American literature. It employs both critical race and disability analysis to argue for a mutually constitutive relationship between these categories of representation in nineteenth-century American literature. The article comments on Mark Twain's novel Puddn'head Wilson and his short story “Those Extraordinary Twins,” which are structured around the mutually supportive tropes of conjoined twins and racial ambiguity.
Creole Kinship: Privacy and The Novel in the New World
Authors: Bentley Nancy
Published: February 2013

This article examines the so-called Creole kinship in American novels during the nineteenth century. It argues in the first instance that the political origins of the novel are the source of the genre's ability to conduct experiments in imagining subjectivity, the space of interior thought and feeling. The article investigates why novels about New World families knock notions of liberal subjectivity off their stable centers and discusses the explanations of several well-known American personalities on the topic of kinship and privacy, including Abraham Lincoln, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Nancy Bentley.
On The Redundancy of “Transnational American Studies”
Authors: Hickman Jared
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the profound redundancy, terminological and historical, of transnational American studies. It argues that transnational American studies is a logically incoherent formulation whose plausibility arises from its perpetuation of a hemispheric cultural–political project of a very long nineteenth century which has distinguished America as more than yet another nation but rather a teeming nation of nations. The article discusses the works of Thomas Paine, Simón Bolívar, and José Vasconcelos.
Whose Protest Novel?Ramona, TheUncle Tom's Cabinof the Indian
Authors: Gillman Susan
Published: February 2013

This article examines so-called protest novels in the U.S.A. It discusses Ramona, the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the Indian, and compares present-day protest novels with those of the nineteenth century. The article analyzes the social-protest literature authored and/or adapted by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Helen Hunt Jackson, and José Martí, and argues that the Stowe–Jackson text network suggests a way for the comparatively minded to think both within and beyond comparison.
Musical Lives of Infants
Authors: Adachi Mayumi , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: February 2013

In recent years there has been increasing interest in and speculation about infants' natural propensity for music, their ease of learning, and their musical environment. This interest has fueled a new frontier of music education or intervention aimed at infants, parents, and, in some cases, expectant parents. This article summarizes the available information on responsiveness to music and on music learning both before and after birth. It also considers the limited data on emerging music production skills and early musical environments provided by contemporary urban parents. In addition, the article provides a glimpse of interventions designed to alter the natural musical landscape. Current evidence is consistent with the view that infants are naturally receptive to music and are capable of learning from incidental as well as intentional exposure to music. What remains unresolved is the utility or merit of prenatal and early postnatal musical interventions aimed at enriching the lives of infants and their parents.
Musicality and Musical Culture: Sharing Narratives of Sound from Early Childhood
Authors: Trevarthen Colwyn , Malloch Stephen
Published: February 2013

This article, which focuses on the early experiences of the young child and the ways these lay the foundations for playful and communicative engagement with music throughout life, discusses a theory of the beginnings of music; music teaching and learning; and creative musicality in action. It concludes that as our musicality is shaped by our particular cultural heritage, it can either be helped by sensitive teachers who walk with us along a path of mutual cultural discovery, or hindered by those who would see culture as something to be upheld and protected, separate from life. To trust that, with sensitive guidance, our ingenious musical creativity will find its own way within the rich, complex cultural worlds humans have created is the paradox which all teachers of music face.
Creating in Music Learning Contexts
Authors: Wiggins Jackie , Espeland Magne I.
Published: February 2013

This article, which focuses on learners' composing original music in classroom contexts because, in the past 50 years, classroom composing has become an important part of music curricula, considers sociocultural and musical contexts that potentially foster and support music learners' creative work in school settings. It begins by sharing some perspectives on the nature of music and the nature of learning, and how they inform music teaching, and then considers what researchers say about learners' collaborative creative work in music classroom settings. Finally, the article looks at some instances of music learning in the context of collaborative composing in elementary and primary classroom settings.
Youth Culture and Secondary Education
Authors: Allsup Randall Everett , Westerlund Heidi , Shieh Eric
Published: February 2013

Music teachers and researchers are looking more closely at the young people in their classrooms, as if in response or in reaction to increasing diversity and globalization. Relevance is no longer assumed to be automatic, and a quest for so-called real-world or authentic musical experience is sought as a way to direct what gets taught and why. However, such questions of worth and value, with their attendant concerns with authenticity and identity, are imperfect. Rather, youth culture is more adequately understood as cultures of youth—creative, plural, contradictory, dynamic, and purposeful. Thus, with no essentialized view of adolescence to guide educators, and a suspicion about what counts as real or unreal, the central questions that guide contemporary music education should be those which address agency and criticality. How do youths develop critical and creative agency through the study of music, and what role do the cultures of youth play in this development? Using this conceptual frame, this article repositions the varied literature on the culture industry, popular music, informal learning, and community music in search for a space of praxis, where the tensions between cultural integration and youth agency might be negotiated and the business of education conducted. In doing so, it advocates a pedagogy that addresses both the present and future lives of youths, and their multiple and contingent cultures.
The Older Singer
Authors: Sataloff Robert T. , Davidson Jane W.
Published: February 2013

An interest in singing and voice training may begin at any point in the lifespan. Singing lessons can benefit students of any age, provided the teaching is age-appropriate. This article, which highlights factors that affect older singers, draws attention to the range of information and techniques available for the voice educator, and begins by focusing on how anatomical, physiological, and endocrinological factors affect the aging singer. It continues by exploring psychological aspects that impact singing and the motivation to sing. The article concludes with strategies the educator may employ to optimize and maximize the positive benefit of singing for the older singer, drawing on the range of disciplinary information now available.
The Sociology and Policy of Ensembles
Authors: Richmond John W.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses music ensembles from two complementary perspectives—sociology and policy—within the context of music education. It begins with a discussion of the reciprocal influences of individuals on groups and of groups on individuals—the sociological perspectives of the music ensemble experience—with particular focus on questions of identity formation and meaning in music ensemble settings. The article also examines policy formation and evolution as they pertain to ensembles. While many of the policy questions that follow relate to the United States, attempts are made to draw connections to international contexts wherever possible. Particular attention is given to matters of equality of opportunity, tort liability, and copyright compliance.
Community Music Ensembles
Authors: Coffman Don D. , Higgins Lee
Published: February 2013

This article contextualizes what community music ensembles mean, and then provides examples of them in practice. It proposes three broad perspectives of community music: (1) community music as the “music of a community”; (2) community music as “communal music-making”; and (3) community music as an active intervention between a music leader or leaders and participants. The article suggests that participating in community ensembles is much more than just music-making—it can have life-changing effects.
Sport and Performance Psychology: Ethical Issues
Authors: Hankes Douglas M.
Published: February 2013

The psychology of human performance, which includes the domains of sport and other performance areas such as dance and music, offers a unique and complex environment in which to engage in ethical practice. Regardless of what “type” of psychology the practitioner is providing, the American Psychological Association's General Principles and Ethics Code guides the psychologist and consultant in their work with performers and the organizations to which they belong and interact within. Much of the work that sport and performance psychologists and consultants provide is done outside of traditional practice models, so a commitment to ethical practice is imperative.

This chapter discusses some of the fundamental elements that may serve to encourage and nurture ethical practitioners, including the development of sound clinical judgment, utilization of personal skill inventories, adoption of a lifelong learning attitude, incorporation of peer supervision, and the selection of a decision-making model for ethical questions. The different training backgrounds of sport and performance psychologists and consultants, including certification and proficiency standards, are also explored. Finally, the three major areas of ethical issues in the practice of sport and performance psychology are examined, including competence and training, confidentiality and informed consent, and multiple relationships and boundaries. Case examples and vignettes are provided to illustrate the relevant ethical considerations.
The Role of Superior Performance Intelligence in Sustained Success
Authors: Jones Graham
Published: February 2013

This chapter introduces a new theoretical concept, superior performance intelligence (SPI), to help organize and understand the psychological research on sustained success. It describes an interview-based investigation of top performers from a variety of performance fields. The findings reveal a common critical awareness and know-how among top performers, from athletes to business leaders to cardiologists to performing artists to military leaders to entrepreneurs, that enables them to apply their minds, skills, techniques, strategies, and tactics to the same high standard every time they perform. This chapter proposes that a high level of SPI is at the core of high performance delivered on a consistent basis and comprises three components: knowing how to maximize your potential; knowing how to work with your environment; and knowing how to deliver high performance. The introduction of a new concept into the performance psychology literature suggests a number of potential research and applied directions; a small number of the more pressing ones are identified in this chapter.
Motivation: Self-Determination Theory and Performance in Sport
Authors: Standage Martyn
Published: February 2013

Performance, by its very nature, epitomizes the construct of human motivation (i.e., individuals being moved to act). Motivation research therefore plays a vital role in providing a better understanding of the conditions and processes that support optimal performance, as well as a performer's well-being, development, functioning, and persistence. In this chapter, the central components and phenomena addressed within the meta-theory of self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000, 2008) are outlined. A critique of empirical work related to performance and achievement is then provided before the focus shifts to an appraisal of a number of key issues related to sport performance and measurement. In the penultimate section, a number of applications aimed at supporting optimal performance and engagement are presented in the form of supports for basic psychological needs (i.e., for autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Last, a number of future research directions are presented and discussed.