bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of histopathology and gene-expression profiles of synovitis in early rheumatoid arthritis using targeted biopsy specimens
Authors: Tsubaki Takahito , Arita Norimasa , Kawakami Takuma , Shiratsuchi Takayuki , Yamamoto Haruyasu , Takubo Nobuo , Yamada Kazuhito , Nakata Sanpei , Yamamoto Sumiki , Nose Masato
Published: April 2005

The disease category of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been limited with respect to clinical criteria. Pathological manifestations of synovitis in patients whose disease is clinically classified as early RA seem to be heterogeneous, with regular variations. To clarify the relation between the molecular and histopathological features of the synovitis, we analyzed gene-expression profiles in the synovial lining tissues to correlate them with histopathological features. Synovial tissues were obtained from knee joints of 12 patients with early RA by targeted biopsy under arthroscopy. Surgical specimens of long-standing RA (from four patients) were examined as positive controls. Each histopathological parameter characteristic of rheumatoid synovitis in synovial tissues was scored under light microscopy. Total RNAs from synovial lining tissues were obtained from the specimens selected by laser capture microdissection and the mRNAs were amplified by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. Their cDNAs were analyzed in a cDNA microarray with 23,040 cDNAs, and the levels of gene expression in multilayered lining tissues, compared with those of normal-like lining tissues in specimens from the same person, were determined to estimate gene-expression profiles characteristic of the synovial proliferative lesions in each case. Based on cluster analysis of all cases, gene-expression profiles in the lesions in early RA fell into two groups. The groups had different expression levels of genes critical for proliferative inflammation, including those encoding cytokines, adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrices. One group resembled synovitis in long-standing RA and had high scores for some histopathological features – involving accumulations of lymphocytes and plasma cells – but not for other features. Possible differences in the histopathogenesis and prognosis of synovitis between the two groups are discussed in relation to the candidate genes and histopathology.
Effects of milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticusR389 on a murine breast cancer model
Authors: de Moreno de LeBlanc Alejandra , Matar Chantal , LeBlanc Nicole , Perdigón Gabriela
Published: April 2005

Introduction

Antitumour activity is one of the health-promoting effects attributed to the lactic acid bacteria and their products of fermentation. Previous studies in mice demonstrated that bioactive compounds released in milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus R389 contribute to its immunoenhancing and antitumour properties. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of the consumption of milk fermented by L. helveticus R389 or its proteolytic-deficient variant, L. helveticus L89, on a murine hormone-dependent breast cancer model.

Methods

Mice were fed with milk fermented by L. helveticus R389 or L. helveticus L89, during 2 or 7 days. The tumour control group received no special feeding. At the end of the feeding period, the mice were challenged by a subcutaneous injection of tumour cells in the mammary gland. Four days post-injection, the mice received fermented milk on a cyclical basis. The rate of tumour development and the cytokines in serum, mammary gland tissue and tumour-isolated cells were monitored. Bcl-2-positive cells in mammary glands and cellular apoptosis in tumour tissue were also studied.

Results

Seven days of cyclical administration of milk fermented by either bacterial strain delayed or stopped the tumour development. Cytokines demonstrated that L. helveticus R389 modulated the immune response challenged by the tumour. IL-10 and IL-4 were increased in all the samples from this group. In comparison with the tumour control, all test groups showed a decrease of IL-6, a cytokine involved in oestrogen synthesis. Seven days of cyclical feeding with milk fermented by L. helveticus R389 produced an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, compared with all other groups.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that 7 days of cyclical administration of milk fermented by both strains of L. helveticus diminishes tumour growth, stimulating an antitumour immune response. Compounds released during milk fermentation with L. helveticus R389 would be implicated in its immunoregulatory capacity on the immune response in mammary glands and tumour, which were correlated with the cytokines found at the systemic level. The milk fermented by L. helveticus R389 was able to modulate the relationship between immune and endocrine systems (by IL-6 diminution), which is very important in oestrogen-dependent tumour and induced cellular apoptosis.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of MS-275, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced and Refractory Solid Tumors or Lymphoma
Authors: Ryan Qin C. , Headlee Donna , Acharya Milin , Sparreboom Alex , Trepel Jane B. , Ye Joseph , Figg William D. , Hwang Kyunghwa , Chung Eun Joo , Murgo Anthony , Melillo Giovanni , Elsayed Yusri , Monga Manish , Kalnitskiy Mikhail , Zwiebel James , Sausville Edward A.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

The objective of this study was to define the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), the recommended phase II dose, the dose-limiting toxicity, and determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic profiles of MS-275.

Patients and Methods

Patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma were treated with MS-275 orally initially on a once daily × 28 every 6 weeks (daily) and later on once every-14-days (q14-day) schedules. The starting dose was 2 mg/m2 and the dose was escalated in three- to six-patient cohorts based on toxicity assessments.

Results

With the daily schedule, the MTD was exceeded at the first dose level. Preliminary PK analysis suggested the half-life of MS-275 in humans was 39 to 80 hours, substantially longer than predicted by preclinical studies. With the q14-day schedule, 28 patients were treated. The MTD was 10 mg/m2 and dose-limiting toxicities were nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and fatigue. Exposure to MS-275 was dose dependent, suggesting linear PK. Increased histone H3 acetylation in peripheral-blood mononuclear-cells was apparent at all dose levels by immunofluorescence analysis. Ten of 29 patients remained on treatment for ≥ 3 months.

Conclusion

The MS-275 oral formulation on the daily schedule was intolerable at a dose and schedule explored. The q14-day schedule is reasonably well tolerated. Histone deacetylase inhibition was observed in peripheral-blood mononuclear-cells. Based on PK data from the q14-day schedule, a more frequent dosing schedule, weekly × 4, repeated every 6 weeks is presently being evaluated.
The Initial Use of Free-running Electromyography to Detect Early Motor Tract Injury during Resection of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions
Authors: Skinner Stanley A. , Nagib Mahmoud , Bergman Thomas A. , Maxwell Robert E. , Msangi Gaspar
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE:

The resection of intramedullary spinal cord lesions (ISCLs) can be complicated by neurological deficits. Neuromonitoring has been used to reduce intraoperative risk. We have used somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and muscle-derived transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (myogenic TCE-MEPs) to monitor ISCL removal. We report our retrospective experience with the addition of free-running electromyography (EMG).

METHODS:

Thirteen patients underwent 14 monitored ISCL excisions. Anesthesia was maintained with minimal inhalant to reduce motoneuron suppression and enhance the myogenic TCE-MEPs. Free-running EMG was examined in the four limbs for evidence of abnormal bursts, prolonged tonic discharge, or sudden electrical silence. Warning of an electromyographic abnormality or myogenic TCE-MEP loss prompted interventions, including blood pressure elevation, a pause in surgery, a wake-up test, or termination of surgery. Pre- and postoperative neurological examinations determined the incidence of new deficits.

RESULTS:

The combined use of free-running EMG and myogenic TCE-MEPs detected all eight patients with a new motor deficit after surgery; there was one false-positive report. In three of the eight true-positive cases, an electromyographic abnormality immediately anticipated loss of the myogenic TCE-MEPs. Two patients with abnormal EMGs but unchanged myogenic TCE-MEPs experienced mild postoperative worsening of motor deficits; myogenic TCE-MEPs alone would have generated false-negative reports in these cases.

CONCLUSION:

During resection of ISCLs, free-running EMG can supplement motor tract monitoring by TCE-MEPs. Segmental and suprasegmental elicitation of neurotonic discharges can be observed in four-limb EMG. Abnormal electromyographic bursts, tonic discharge, or abrupt electromyographic silence may anticipate myogenic TCE-MEP loss and predict a postoperative motor deficit.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Integrated into Image-guided Surgery: Correlation to Standard Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Tumor Cell Density
Authors: Ganslandt Oliver , Stadlbauer Andreas , Fahlbusch Rudolf , Kamada Kyosuke , Buslei Rolf , Blumcke Ingmar , Moser Ewald , Nimsky Christopher
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE:

In this study, we attempted to improve the delineation of the infiltration zone in gliomas using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI). In conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the boundaries of gliomas sometimes are underestimated. 1H MRSI is a noninvasive tool that can be used to investigate the spatial distribution of metabolic changes in brain lesions. The purpose was to correlate tumor cell density from histopathological specimens with metabolic levels and the coregistered metabolic maps.

METHODS:

We developed a method to integrate spectroscopic data depicted as metabolic maps of biochemically pathological tissue into frameless stereotaxy. In seven patients harboring gliomas, we performed 1H MRSI with high spatial resolution and evaluated the spectral data. An algorithm was developed for user-independent calculation of pathological voxels and for visualization as metabolic maps. These maps were integrated into a three-dimensional MRI data set used for frameless stereotaxy. Stereotactic biopsies were taken from three different areas in and around the tumor involving the maximum pathological change, the border zone, and an area from outside the spectroscopically suspicious area. These specimens were correlated to the exact voxel positions in the stereotactic image space and evaluated histopathologically.

RESULTS:

In all cases, the implementation of the metabolic maps into frameless stereotaxy was successful, and stereotactic biopsies were acquired by use of the spectral data. A relation could be demonstrated between the metabolic changes and tumor cell density ranging from 60 to 100% in the maximum pathological area to 5 to 15% in the border zone. Interestingly, the tumor areas defined by the metabolic maps and histopathologically confirmed by biopsy exceeded the T2-weighted signal change in all cases, ranging from 6 to 32% in the examined volume.

CONCLUSION:

Our preliminary data suggest that 1H MRSI may be useful in combination with frameless stereotaxy to define more exactly the tumor infiltration zone in glioma surgery compared with conventional anatomic MRI alone.
The Role of Intraoperative Electromyographic Monitoring in Lumbosacral Lipomas
Authors: Valentini Laura Grazia , Visintini Sergio , Mendola Carmela , Casali Cecilia , Bono Renata , Scaioli Widmer , Solero Carlo L.
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To demonstrate the role of intraoperative multichannel electromyographic (EMG) monitoring to reduce postoperative deterioration and achieve full untethering of complex occult dysraphisms.

METHODS:

A retrospective analysis was performed on 66 patients who underwent operation for lumbosacral lipomas. Twenty recent cases were submitted to EMG monitoring and stimulation.

RESULTS:

All patients presented symptoms at the time of surgery, and 74% exhibited progressive deterioration during the lengthy preoperative period. Postoperative surgery-related deterioration was observed in 6% of patients. This number was reduced to zero with the introduction of intraoperative EMG monitoring.

CONCLUSION:

Intraoperative multichannel EMG monitoring can be carried out and requires only minimal changes to anesthetic procedures. With this method, it is possible to better identify the neural structures of complex malformations, reducing the risks of surgical damage and incomplete detethering.
Lateral Approach to Anterolateral Tumors at the Foramen Magnum: Factors Determining Surgical Procedure
Authors: Margalit Nevo S. , Lesser Jonathan B. , Singer Michael , Sen Chandranath
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE:

We discuss and evaluate surgical strategies and results in 42 patients with a variety of tumors involving the anterior and anterolateral foramen magnum and present factors affecting the degree of resection and patient outcomes. We describe our surgical techniques for resection of these tumors via the lateral approach, including consideration for occipital condylar resection and vertebral artery management.

METHODS:

A retrospective analysis was performed of 42 surgically treated patients with tumors involving the anterior and anterolateral foramen magnum. Patients received treatment between 1991 and 2002; patients’ files, operative notes, and pre- and postoperative imaging studies were used for the analysis.

RESULTS:

The female-to-male ratio was 28:14. Mean patient age was 47 years. Pathological entities comprised 18 meningiomas, 12 chordomas, 3 glomus tumors, 3 schwannomas, and 6 miscellaneous tumors. We mobilized the vertebral artery at the dural entry point in all patients with meningiomas. The vertebral artery was mobilized at the C1 transverse foramen for the majority of extradural tumors. Partial condyle resection was performed in eight meningiomas and five extradural tumors. Complete condyle resection was required in 12 cases, including 9 chordomas, 2 carcinomas, and 1 bone-invading pituitary adenoma. Thirteen patients required occipitocervical fusion after tumor resection.

CONCLUSION:

In anterior or anterolaterally located foramen magnum tumors, we think the extreme lateral or far lateral approach affords significant advantages. Vertebral artery mobilization and occipital condyle resection may be needed depending on the extent and location of the foramen magnum tumor and its specific pathological characteristics. Tumor invading the occipital condyle or significant condylar resection may cause occipitocervical instability and require fusion.
Transaxillary Carotid Stenting: Technical Case Report
Authors: Wang Huan , Swischuk James L. , Fraser Kenneth , Alvernia Jorge , Lanzino Giuseppe
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:

As endovascular neurointerventions continue to evolve rapidly, angioplasty and stenting of both the extracranial and intracranial vessels have become more routine procedures. When the transfemoral approach is contraindicated or technically difficult, familiarity with alternative access techniques becomes essential. We report a successful transaxillary carotid stenting in a patient with an axillary bifemoral bypass graft.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

A 77-year-old man presented with a symptomatic high-grade stenosis (80%) of the left internal carotid artery. Because of the increased risk of general anesthesia related to his advanced age and severe comorbidities, stenting of the left internal carotid artery was considered. A left transaxillary approach was chosen because of the presence of an axillary bifemoral bypass graft.

TECHNIQUE:

Under ultrasound guidance, the left axillary artery was successfully punctured and cannulated. After a 0.038 Magic Torque wire (Boston Scientific/Medi-Tech, Watertown, MA) was anchored with the tip of the wire in the distal left occipital artery, a 7-French (outer diameter) Vista Bright guiding sheath (Cordis, Miami, FL) was successfully positioned in the mid left common carotid artery, with an MPA catheter (Cordis) used as guiding support. Subsequently, two Precise stents (Cordis) were successfully deployed across the stenosis, yielding a satisfactory angiographic result.

CONCLUSION:

With proper patient selection and the use of ultrasound guidance during the initial puncture, the transaxillary approach is a safe and technically feasible alternative to the transfemoral approach when performing carotid stenting.
ARF6 GTPase controls bacterial invasion by actin remodelling
Authors: Balañá María Eugenia , Niedergang Florence , Subtil Agathe , Alcover Andrés , Chavrier Philippe , Dautry-Varsat Alice
Published: April 2005

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia penetrates the host epithelial cell by inducing cytoskeleton and membrane rearrangements reminiscent of phagocytosis. Here we report that Chlamydia induces a sharp and transient activation of the endogenous small GTP-binding protein ARF6, which is required for efficient uptake. We also show that a downstream effector of ARF6, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase and its product, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate were instrumental for bacterial entry. By contrast, ARF6 activation of phospholipase D was not required for Chlamydia uptake. ARF6 activation was necessary for extensive actin reorganization at the invasion sites. Remarkably, these signalling players gathered with F-actin in a highly organized three-dimensional concentric calyx-like protrusion around invasive bacteria. These results indicate that ARF6, which controls membrane delivery during phagocytosis of red blood cells in macrophages, has a different role in the entry of this small bacterium, controlling cytoskeletal reorganization.
Modeling of vascular networks
Authors: Dawson Thomas H.
Published: April 2005

Vascular networks refer here mainly to the microscale capillary networks of the vascular system of mammals, although they may also be considered to include the small arteries that feed the capillaries and the small veins that drain them. The modeling of these networks for resting mammals is reviewed within the context of describing related scaling laws for mammals of vastly different size. Basic processes are considered and alternative approaches mentioned. All lead to the same scaling laws for the radius, length and number of the vessels. The applicability of the relations is illustrated using existing measurements. Discussion is also included on the effect of strenuous exercise on the scaling law for number of capillary vessels and matters related to it.
Strain analysis of a prelwisted elastic cylinder with an arbitrary cross-section
Authors: Banerjee J R , Su H , Sobey A J , Fitch J
Published: April 2005

Based on well-understood engineering models of an untwisted cylindrical structure, a suitable displacement field for a twisted cylinder is established. This allows for longitudinal, bending, and torsional deformations together with warping to occur and, in particular, local twisting to take place about a variable direction. The procedure requires a geometric framework that varies along the length, which is modelled using a vectorial approach. Direct and shear strains are derived for the continuous system.
Adsorption Behaviour of Tween80 on Graphite
Authors: Qing-Feng Hou , Xian-Cai Lu , Bo-Xing Hu , Jian Shen
Published: April 2005

Techniques including thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were applied to characterize the adsorption behaviour of Tween80 on graphite. TG is a suitable method for determining the amount of Tween80 adsorbed since it is not restricted by the large amount of solvent adsorbed in this disperse system. The results indicate that TG may provide an alternative method for measuring the amount adsorbed in some disperse systems in which there are significant differences between the thermal behaviours of the adsorbate, adsorbent and solvent.

The adsorption isotherms of Tween80 were of the Langmuir type, with the adsorbed amount attaining a maximum value at temperatures between 30°C and 50°C. XPS and FT-IR measurements were used to provide detailed information about the functional group shift. In addition, AFM images indicated that the adsorption of Tween80 has a considerable influence on the topography of graphite, with the adsorbate being adsorbed preferentially on the step defect sites at the edge of the graphite crystal.
Adsorption of Lennard-Jones Fluids in Carbon Slit Pores of a Finite Length. A Computer Simulation Study
Authors: Wongkoblap A. , Junpirom S. , Do D.D.
Published: April 2005

The adsorption of simple Lennard-Jones fluids in a carbon slit pore of finite length was studied with Canonical Ensemble (NVT) and Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo Simulations (GEMC). The Canonical Ensemble was a collection of cubic simulation boxes in which a finite pore resides, while the Gibbs Ensemble was that of the pore space of the finite pore. Argon was used as a model for Lennard-Jones fluids, while the adsorbent was modelled as a finite carbon slit pore whose two walls were composed of three graphene layers with carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern. The Lennard-Jones (LJ) 12–6 potential model was used to compute the interaction energy between two fluid particles, and also between a fluid particle and a carbon atom.

Argon adsorption isotherms were obtained at 87.3 K for pore widths of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 nm using both Canonical and Gibbs Ensembles. These results were compared with isotherms obtained with corresponding infinite pores using Grand Canonical Ensembles. The effects of the number of cycles necessary to reach equilibrium, the initial allocation of particles, the displacement step and the simulation box size were particularly investigated in the Monte Carlo simulation with Canonical Ensembles. Of these parameters, the displacement step had the most significant effect on the performance of the Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation box size was also important, especially at low pressures at which the size must be sufficiently large to have a statistically acceptable number of particles in the bulk phase. Finally, it was found that the Canonical Ensemble and the Gibbs Ensemble both yielded the same isotherm (within statistical error); however, the computation time for GEMC was shorter than that for canonical ensemble simulation. However, the latter method described the proper interface between the reservoir and the adsorbed phase (and hence the meniscus).
Wind Turbine Siting in an Urban Environment: A Successful Case Study at Hull, Massacchusetts
Authors: Manwell J. F. , McGowan J. G. , Rogers A. , Ellis A. , Wright S.
Published: April 2005

The installation of a Vestas 660 kW wind turbine at Windmill Point in Hull, Massachusetts represents a high point in the long history of wind energy activity at this location. The site is in a highly populated coastal area, within 8 miles of Boston (city hall) and within 5 miles of Logan Airport. This paper documents the history of this project, from its early precursors in the 1800's, through the installation of a 40 kW Enertech machine in the 1980's to the installation of the new turbine. The issues that were addressed and the factors that led to successful realization of the project are discussed here. In addition, a summary of the first year's performance of the wind turbine is given. The paper also presents an overview of possible future wind generation projects that are under discussion in the town.
Acoustic Radiation from a Semi-Infinite Duct With a Subsonic Jet
Authors: Zhang X. , Chen X.X. , Morfey C.L.
Published: April 2005

The radiation of high-order spinning modes from a semi-infinite exhaust duct is studied numerically. The issues involved have applications to noise radiation from the exhaust duct of an aircraft engine. The numerical method is based on solutions of linearised Euler equations (LEE) for propagation in the duct and near field, and the acoustic analogy for far field radiation. A 2.5D formulation of a linearised Euler equation model is employed to accommodate a single spinning mode propagating over an axisymmetric mean flow field. In the solution process, acoustic waves are admitted into the propagation area surrounding the exit of an axisymmetric duct and its immediate downstream area. The wave admission is realised through an absorbing non-reflecting boundary treatment, which admits incoming waves and damps spurious waves generated by the numerical solutions. The wave propagation is calculated through solutions of linearised Euler equations, using an optimised prefactored compact scheme for spatial discretisation. Far field directivity is estimated by solving the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations. The far field prediction is compared with analytic solutions with good agreement.
Wake-Airfoil Interaction as Broadband Noise Source: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study
Authors: Boudet Jérôme , Grosjean Nathalie , Jacob Marc C.
Published: April 2005

A large-eddy simulation is carried out on a rod-airfoil configuration and compared to an accompanying experiment as well as to a RANS computation. A NACA0012 airfoil (chord c = 0.1 m) is located one chord downstream of a circular rod (diameter d = c/10, Red = 48 000). The computed interaction of the resulting sub-critical vortex street with the airfoil is assessed using averaged quantities, aerodynamic spectra and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the instantaneous flow fields. Snapshots of the flow field are compared to particle image velocimetry (PIV) data. The acoustic far field is predicted using the Ffowcs Williams & Hawkings acoustic analogy, and compared to the experimental far field spectra. The large-eddy simulation is shown to accurately represent the deterministic pattern of the vortex shedding that is described by POD modes 1 & 2 and the resulting tonal noise also compares favourably to measurements. Furthermore higher order POD modes that are found in the PIV data are well predicted by the computation. The broadband content of the aerodynamic and the acoustic fields is consequently well predicted over a large range of frequencies ([0 kHz; 10 kHz]).
Noise Radiated by Flow Impingement on a Flat Plate Using DNS with a Virtual Boundary Method
Authors: Margnat F. , Morinière V. , Gervais Y.
Published: April 2005

Uniform flow impinging on the rectangular leading edge of a flat plate is simulated using an incompressible, two-dimensional direct numerical simulation with uniform grid, the solid surface being modelled by the virtual boundary method previously developed by Goldstein et al.

Access is given to the hydrodynamic field at a Reynolds number of 500, which shows the separation at the edge, the development of a double recirculating bubble, a periodic vortex-shedding, and the generation of a boundary layer profile after the re-attachment point.

Curle's analogy is then applied to evaluate the sound emission in the far field. Results are given in terms of far field pressure levels directivity and pressure spectra associated with surfacic or volumic sources. The emission from the surfacic sources reaches its maximum value in the direction perpendicular to the plate and acoustic frequencies tend to follow the main wall pressure frequencies of the flow, while the emission from the volumic sources exhibits a shear noise behaviour and acoustic frequencies seem to be the double of the main velocity frequencies.
The treatment of osteochondral lesions using a combination of autologous chondrocyte implantation and autograft
Authors: Sharpe J. R. , Ahmed S. U. , Fleetcroft J. P. , Martin R.
Published: April 2005

In this study a combination of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and the osteochondral autograft transfer system (OATS) was used and evaluated as a treatment option for the repair of large areas of degenerative articular cartilage. We present the results at three years post-operatively. Osteochondral cores were used to restore the contour of articular cartilage in 13 patients with large lesions of the lateral femoral condyle (n = 5), medial femoral condyle (n = 7) and patella (n = 1). Autologous cultured chondrocytes were injected underneath a periosteal patch covering the cores. After one year, the patients had a significant improvement in their symptoms and after three years this level of improvement was maintained in ten of the 13 patients. Arthroscopic examination revealed that the osteochondral cores became well integrated with the surrounding cartilage. We conclude that the hybrid ACI/OATS technique provides a promising surgical approach for the treatment of patients with large degenerative osteochondral defects.
The Oxford hip scores for primary and revision hip replacement
Authors: Field R. E. , Cronin M. D. , Singh P. J.
Published: April 2005

We have used the Oxford hip score to monitor the progress of 1908 primary and 279 revision hip replacements undertaken since the start of 1995. Our review programme began in early 1999 and has generated 3900 assessments.

The mean pre-operative scores for primary and revision cases were 40.95 and 40.11, respectively. The mean annual score for primary replacement at between 12 and 84 months ranged between 20.60 and 22.57. A comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal data showed no significant differences. All post-operative reviews showed a significant improvement (p ≤ 0.0001). The 50- to 60-year-old group scored significantly better than the patients over 80 years of age up to 48 months (p < 0.01). A subgroup of 826 National Health Service (NHS) and 397 private patients, treated by the senior author (2292 Oxford assessments), had a higher (i.e. worse) mean pre-operative score for the NHS patients (p ≤ 0.001). The private patients scored better than the NHS group up to 84 months (p < 0.05). Patients treated by a surgeon performing more than 100 replacements each year had a significantly better outcome up to five years than those operated on by surgeons performing fewer than 20 replacements each year. The age of the patients at the time of operation, and their pre-operative level of disability, have both been identified as affecting the long-term outcome. Awareness of the influence of these factors should assist surgeons to provide balanced advice.
Palsy of the common peroneal nerve after traumatic dislocation of the knee
Authors: Niall D. M. , Nutton R. W. , Keating J. F.
Published: April 2005

Injury to the common peroneal nerve was present in 14 of 55 patients (25%) with dislocation of the knee. All underwent ligament reconstruction. The most common presenting direction of the dislocation was anterior or anteromedial with associated disruption of both cruciate ligaments and the posterolateral structures of the knee. Palsy of the common peroneal nerve was present in 14 of 34 (41%) of these patients. Complete rupture of the nerve was seen in four patients and a lesion in continuity in ten.

Three patients with lesions in continuity, but with less than 7 cm of the nerve involved, had complete recovery within six to 18 months. In the remaining seven with more extensive lesions, two regained no motor function, and one had only MRC grade-2 function. Four patients regained some weak dorsiflexion or eversion (MRC grade 3 or 4). Some sensory recovery occurred in all seven of these patients, but was incomplete. In summary, complete recovery occurred in three (21%) and partial recovery of useful motor function in four (29%). In the other seven (50%) no useful motor or sensory function returned.
Reviewing the evidence: reflections from experience
Authors: Bambra Clare L.
Published: April 2005

English

Evidence-based policy (EBP), along with the ‘systematic review’, has recently emerged as a prominent strand within social science and public policy research. A number of articles have heralded this emergence but the vast majority are theoretical and concerned with how EBP research could be practised. This article reflects on the author’s experiences of identifying and reviewing evidence on the effectiveness of labour market interventions aimed at people with a disability or a chronic illness, to demonstrate some of the methodological challenges and practical problems that arise from the actual conduct of EBP research.
Direct measurement of strain distribution along a wood bond line. Part 2: Effects of adhesive penetration on strain distribution
Authors: Gindl Wolfgang , Sretenovic Aleksandra , Vincenti Angela , Müller Ulrich
Published: April 2005

The effect of adhesive penetration into wood on the distribution of strain along a mechanically strained bond line was evaluated. With this goal, spruce wood specimens were bonded with phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) and one-component polyurethane resin (PUR). Penetration of the adhesives into cell cavities was observed in a zone extending over several 100 μm from the bond line. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry was used to record the elastic deformations caused by mechanical tests in transverse compression. By differentiating 2D displacement maps, the strain distribution was calculated. Both adhesives provided an increase in the stiffness of the adhesive-wood interface due to penetration into cell cavities. Compression strain was much lower in the bond line area than in the wood. Shear strain was also low in the bond line and increased gradually with increasing distance. No change was observed in wood unaffected by the adhesive. The effects were more pro-nounced for PRF resin than for PUR.
Emergence of the Pre-Bötzinger Respiratory Rhythm Generator in the Mouse Embryo
Authors: Thoby-Brisson Muriel , Trinh Jean-Baptiste , Champagnat Jean , Fortin Gilles
Published: April 2005

To obtain insights into the emergence of rhythmogenic circuits supporting respiration, we monitored spontaneous activities in isolated brainstem and medullary transverse slice preparations of mouse embryos, combining electrophysiological and calcium imaging techniques. At embryonic day 15 (E15), in a restricted region ventral to the nucleus ambiguus, we observed the onset of a sustained high-frequency (HF) respiratory-like activity in addition to a preexisting low-frequency activity having a distinct initiation site, spatial extension, and susceptibility to gap junction blockers. At the time of its onset, the HF generator starts to express the neurokinin 1 receptor, is connected bilaterally, requires active AMPA/kainate glutamatergic synapses, and is modulated by substance P and the μ-opioid agonistd-Ala2-N-Me-Phe4-Glycol5-enkephalin. We conclude that a rhythm generator sharing the properties of the neonatal pre-Bötzinger complex becomes active during E15 in mice.
Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Regulates the Excitability of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons via ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels
Authors: Avshalumov Marat V. , Chen Billy T. , Koós Tibor , Tepper James M. , Rice Margaret E.
Published: April 2005

ATP-sensitive K+(KATP) channels link metabolic state to cell excitability. Here, we examined regulation of KATPchannels in substantia nigra dopamine neurons by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is produced in all cells during aerobic metabolism. Blockade of KATPchannels by glibenclamide (100 nm) or depletion of intracellular H2O2by including catalase, a peroxidase enzyme, in the patch pipette increased the spontaneous firing rate of all dopamine neurons tested in guinea pig midbrain slices. Using fluorescence imaging with dichlorofluorescein to visualize intracellular H2O2, we found that moderate increases in H2O2during partial inhibition of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase by mercaptosuccinate (0.1-0.3 mm) had no effect on dopamine neuron firing rate. However, with greater GSH inhibition (1 mmmercaptosuccinate) or application of exogenous H2O2, 50% of recorded cells showed KATPchannel-dependent hyperpolarization. Responsive cells also hyperpolarized with diazoxide, a selective opener for KATPchannels containing sulfonylurea receptor SUR1 subunits, but not with cromakalim, a selective opener for SUR2-based channels, indicating that SUR1-based KATPchannels conveyed enhanced sensitivity to elevated H2O2. In contrast, when endogenous H2O2levels were increased after inhibition of catalase, the predominant peroxidase in the substantia nigra, with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (1 mm), all dopamine neurons responded with glibenclamide-reversible hyperpolarization. Fluorescence imaging of H2O2indicated that catalase inhibition rapidly amplified intracellular H2O2, whereas inhibition of GSH peroxidase, a predominantly glial enzyme, caused a slower, smaller increase, especially in nonresponsive cells. Thus, endogenous H2O2modulates neuronal activity via KATPchannel opening, thereby enhancing the reciprocal relationship between metabolism and excitability.
Ethical variability: Drug development and globalizing clinical trials
Authors: Petryna Adriana
Published: April 2005

The rapid growth of pharmaceutical markets has led to increased demands for human subjects for drug research, particularly in low‐income countries. For regulatory, economic, and even biological reasons, new populations are being pursued as human subjects for pharmaceutical trials. In this article I consider the evolution of commercialized clinical trials and ethical and regulatory environments as they contribute to a dramatic growth of human‐subjects involvement in research. I focus on the operations of U.S.‐based contract research organizations (CROs), which make up a specialized global industry focusing on human‐subjects recruitment and research and the on ways in which they expedite drug testing to low‐income contexts. Specifically, I analyze how these transstate actors interact with regulatory authorities in the United States and how they recast international ethical guidelines as they organize trials for research subjects abroad.
Jazz discourse and black South African modernity, with special reference to “Matshikese”
Authors: Titlestad Michael
Published: April 2005

In this article, I use a jazz structure (made up of a chorus, solo, and coda) to explore both the versions of black modernity advanced in South African jazz discourse and the particular ways in which these are manifest in the journalism of Todd Matshikiza. I set various global flows of the imaginary alongside their local appropriation and manipulation to show how South African writers made use of the jazz episteme to construct tactical (if evanescent) alternatives to the ponderous singularities and teleology of apartheid ideology. In doing so, I seek to describe ways in which jazz generated a parallel textuality in which local versions of freedom and social hope could be imagined and expressed.
Through the looking glass: U.S. aid to El Salvador and the politics of national identity
Authors: Quan Adán
Published: April 2005

From 1980 to 1992, U.S. government aid funded extensive political and social reforms in El Salvador to undermine a revolutionary guerrilla insurgency and consolidate neoliberal governance. On the basis of ethnographic interviews of Salvadoran and U.S. aid managers, I examine the articulation of these U.S.‐sponsored reforms with changing relations of domination in El Salvador. The interaction of notions of Salvadoran sovereignty and national identity with U.S.‐promoted notions of modernity shaped the U.S. management and Salvadoran adoption of aid. This interaction favored a faction of the Salvadoran elite that defined itself as “progressive” yet not too beholden to the United States. As U.S. aid managers favored a Salvadoran elite compatible with U.S. governance schemes, this emerging local class engaged with development projects by relating them to its own evolving notions of national identity and sovereignty.
Germ cell-specific localization of immunoreactive riboflavin carrier protein in the male golden hamster: appearance during spermatogenesis and role in sperm function
Authors: Sreekumar A , Acharya K K , Lalitha H S , Indi S S , Bali P , Seshagiri P B
Published: April 2005

Riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) is a phosphoglycoprotein (37 kDa) that is well studied in chicken. An immunologically cross-reacting protein was identified in mammals and active immunization of male rats and bonnet monkeys with chicken RCP lead to an ∼80% reduction in fertility. However, the physiological mechanism responsible for inhibition of male fertility has not been investigated. Moreover, information on the cell type-specific localization and the origin of immunoreactive RCP during spermatogenesis is extremely limited. Hence, studies were carried out to determine the pattern of expression of immunoreactive RCP during spermatogenesis and its role in sperm function in the golden hamster. Immunoreactive RCP was germ cell-specific, found to be associated with the acrosome-organizing region of early spermatids and showed interesting patterns of immunolocalization during late stages of spermiogenesis. Mature spermatozoa exhibited acrosome-specific localization, mainly in the peri-acrosomal membrane. The immunoreactive protein was undetectable in (non)gonadal somatic cells tested. The protein had a molecular mass of 45–55 kDa and was biosynthesized by round spermatids. The acrosome-specific localization of immunoreactive RCP was unchanged during capacitation, but it was substantially lost during acrosome reaction. Functional studies indicated that treatment of spermatozoa with anti-RCP antibodies did not have any effect on either capacitation or acrosome reaction, but markedly reduced the rate of sperm penetration into zona-free hamster oocytes. These results show the existence of male germ cell-specific immunoreactive RCP, having a potential role in sperm–egg interaction in hamsters. Also the pattern of immunoreactive-RCP localization makes it an ideal marker to monitor development of acrosome in mammalian spermatozoa.
MORPHOLOGICAL, CYTOLOGICAL, AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF CURVULARIA PALLESCENS
Authors: Freire Sônia Valéria Pereira , Paiva Laura Mesquita , Lima Elza Aúrea de Luna-Alves , Maia Leonor Costa
Published: April 2005

Curvularia pallescens Boedijn (Hyphomycetes) is redescribed with the aid of a scanning electron microscope, and the optimal cultural conditions for growing this fungus are discussed. Cytological analysis and nuclear condition, observed through the HCl-Giemsa technique, showed vegetative and reproductive structures (hypha and conidia) formed by uni, bi, tri, and multinucleated segments. Cultures of C. pallescens in Complete medium and in Potato dextrose agar varied on growth, on aspects of the border of the colonies and also on medium pigmentation. The Complete medium and the temperature between 25-28°C were the most indicated for growth of C. pallescens.
INTERFERON SELECTIVELY INHIBITS THE SYNTHESIS OF MAYARO VIRUS GLYCOPROTEINS
Authors: Ferreira Davis F. , Rebello Maria Christina Soares
Published: April 2005

We have previously observed that interferon (recIFNa2b) blocks the process of morphogenesis of Mayaro virus in TC7 cells (monkey kidney). In this work we show that IFNa inhibits preferentially virus glycoproteins and their precursors, and this effect is probably correlated to the alterations in the morphogenesis process previously observed.
Production of a-amylase in acid cheese whey culture media with automatic pH control
Authors: Ferreyra Rosana , Lorda Graciela , Balatti Antonio
Published: April 2005

The influence of aeration and automatic pH control on the production of a-amylase by a strain of Bacillus subtilis NRRL 3411 from acid cheese whey was studied. Tests were carried out in a rotary shaker and in mechanically stirred fermenters. a-amylase was analysed according to DUN’s method. Oxygen absorption rate was determined by Cooper’s method. Cell oxygen demand was determined as oxygen consumption in a Warburg respirometer. The level of dissolved oxygen was measured by means of a galvanic silver-lead electrode. Results suggest the possibility of industrial use of acid cheese whey as a carbon source for a-amylase production, since the yield was similar to that produced with lactose. The highest a-amylase levels 10,000 DUN/ml units were not attained at higher aeration rates -431 mLO2/L.h-. The indicated value correspond to a 96 h process with automatic pH control at 7.5. These conditions resulted in double concentration of a-amylase. The enzyme production was directly related to growth in the form of cell aggregates.
Occurrence of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut products consumed in the State of São Paulo/Brazil from 1995 to 1997
Authors: Sabino Myrna , Milanez Thais Valéria , Lamardo Leda Conceição Antonia , Inomata Emiko Ikejiri , Zorzetto Maria Ângela Pompeu , Navas Sandra Aparecida , Stofer Monica
Published: April 2005

One hundred and thirty seven samples of peanuts and peanut containing foods were collected in markets in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between January 1995 an December 1997. Most of the samples were collected by the Inspection Service of São Paulo Secretary of Health. The foods included raw peanuts, peanut candies ("paçoca" and "pé de moleque"), peanut butter, fried/roasted salted peanuts, "torrone", chocolate coated peanuts and salt-coated peanuts. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxins using a thin-layer chromatographic method. About 45% of the samples were positive for aflatoxins and 27% exceeded the limits of the Brazilian legislation (30.0 µg.kg-1 for aflatoxins B1+G1). The aflatoxins were confirmed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. The 90th percentile was 110.0 in 1995, 60.0 in 1996 and 118.0 µg.kg-1 in 1997. The aflatoxins concentration in the raw peanut samples ranged from 5.0 to 382.0 µg.kg-1 and 27.1% were above the legal limits. Contamination in peanut candies was above the limit in 32.8% of the samples and the aflatoxins levels ranged from 6.0 to 494.0 µg.kg-1. Contamination of salty peanuts was less frequent, around 10% of the samples and the toxin levels were usually below 10 µg.kg-1. The maximum level of contamination, 536.0 µg.kg-1, was found in a sample of peanut with a salty coat ("amendoim japonês"). Results of previous studies in peanuts and peanut products in the city of São Paulo from 1980-1987 had 68.75% of the samples with levels greater than the limit 30.0 µg.kg-1 and the 90th percentile ranged from 42.0 to 333.0 µg.kg-1. In 1994, 36.0% of the samples showed results above the limit and the 90th percentile was 489 µg.kg-1. The results show that aflatoxins contamination in peanuts is decreasing but it is still a serious problem in Brazil, a country where the climate, the agricultural practices and storage conditions favour fungal growth.
Production of amylases by Aspergillus tamarii
Authors: Moreira Fabiana Guillen , Lima Francieli Arrias de , Pedrinho Sophia Renata Fazzano , Lenartovicz Veridiana , Souza Cristina Giatti Marques de , Peralta Rosane Marina
Published: April 2005

A strain of Aspergillus tamarii, a filamentous fungus isolated from soil, was able to produce both a-amylase and glucoamylase activities in mineral media supplemented with 1% (w/v) starch or maltose as the carbon source. Static cultivation led to significantly higher yields than those obtained using shaking culture. The production of amylases was tolerant to a wide range of initial culture pH values (from 4 to 10) and temperature (from 25 to 42oC). Two amylases, one a-amylase and one glucoamylase, were separated by ion exchange chromatography. Both partially purified enzymes had optimal activities at pH values between 4.5 and 6.0 and were stable under acid conditions (pH 4.0-7.0). The enzymes exhibited optimal activities at temperatures between 50o and 60o C and were stable for more than ten hours at 55oC.