bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinesin Kip2 enhances microtubule growth in vitro through length-dependent feedback on polymerization and catastrophe
Authors: Hibbel Anneke , Bogdanova Aliona , Mahamdeh Mohammed , Jannasch Anita , Storch Marko , Schäffer Erik , Liakopoulos Dimitris , Howard Jonathon
Published: November 2015

The size and position of mitotic spindles is determined by the lengths of their constituent microtubules. Regulation of microtubule length requires feedback to set the balance between growth and shrinkage. Whereas negative feedback mechanisms for microtubule length control, based on depolymerizing kinesins and severing proteins, have been studied extensively, positive feedback mechanisms are not known. Here, we report that the budding yeast kinesin Kip2 is a microtubule polymerase and catastrophe inhibitor in vitro that uses its processive motor activity as part of a feedback loop to further promote microtubule growth. Positive feedback arises because longer microtubules bind more motors, which walk to the ends where they reinforce growth and inhibit catastrophe. We propose that positive feedback, common in biochemical pathways to switch between signaling states, can also be used in a mechanical signaling pathway to switch between structural states, in this case between short and long polymers.
An aspartyl protease defines a novel pathway for export of Toxoplasma proteins into the host cell
Authors: Coffey Michael J , Sleebs Brad E , Uboldi Alessandro D , Garnham Alexandra , Franco Magdalena , Marino Nicole D , Panas Michael W , Ferguson David JP , Enciso Marta , O'Neill Matthew T , Lopaticki Sash , Stewart Rebecca J , Dewson Grant , Smyth Gordon K , Smith Brian J , Masters Seth L , Boothroyd John C , Boddey Justin A , Tonkin Christopher J
Published: November 2015

Infection by Toxoplasma gondii leads to massive changes to the host cell. Here, we identify a novel host cell effector export pathway that requires the Golgi-resident aspartyl protease 5 (ASP5). We demonstrate that ASP5 cleaves a highly constrained amino acid motif that has similarity to the PEXEL-motif of Plasmodium parasites. We show that ASP5 matures substrates at both the N- and C-terminal ends of proteins and also controls trafficking of effectors without this motif. Furthermore, ASP5 controls establishment of the nanotubular network and is required for the efficient recruitment of host mitochondria to the vacuole. Assessment of host gene expression reveals that the ASP5-dependent pathway influences thousands of the transcriptional changes that Toxoplasma imparts on its host cell. All these changes result in attenuation of virulence of Δasp5 tachyzoites in vivo. This work characterizes the first identified machinery required for export of Toxoplasma effectors into the infected host cell.
Identification of high-efficiency 3′GG gRNA motifs in indexed FASTA files with ngg2
Authors: Roberson Elisha D.
Published: November 2015

CRISPR/Cas9 is emerging as one of the most-used methods of genome modification in organisms ranging from bacteria to human cells. However, the efficiency of editing varies tremendously site-to-site. A recent report identified a novel motif, called the 3′GG motif, which substantially increases the efficiency of editing at all sites tested inC. elegans. Furthermore, they highlighted that previously published gRNAs with high editing efficiency also had this motif. I designed a Python command-line tool, ngg2, to identify 3′GG gRNA sites from indexed FASTA files. As a proof-of-concept, I screened for these motifs in six model genomes:Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Caenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila melanogaster,Danio rerio,Mus musculus, andHomo sapiens. I also scanned the genomes of pig (Sus scrofa) and African elephant (Loxodonta africana) to demonstrate the utility in non-model organisms. I identified more than 60 million single match 3′GG motifs in these genomes. Greater than 61% of all protein coding genes in the reference genomes had at least one unique 3′GG gRNA site overlapping an exon. In particular, more than 96% of mouse and 93% of human protein coding genes have at least one unique, overlapping 3′GG gRNA. These identified sites can be used as a starting point in gRNA selection, and the ngg2 tool provides an important ability to identify 3′GG editing sites in any species with an available genome sequence.
Global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the 15 March 2013 coronal mass ejection event—Interpretation of the 30–80 MeV proton flux
Authors: Wu Chin‐Chun , Liou Kan , Vourlidas Angelos , Plunkett Simon , Dryer Murray , Wu S. T. , Mewaldt Richard A.
Published: November 2015

The coronal mass ejection (CME) event on 15 March 2013 is one of the few solar events in Cycle 24 that produced a large solar energetic particle (SEP) event and severe geomagnetic activity. Observations of SEP from the ACE spacecraft show a complex time‐intensity SEP profile that is not easily understood with current empirical SEP models. In this study, we employ a global three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation to help interpret the observations. The simulation is based on the H3DMHD code and incorporates extrapolations of photospheric magnetic field as the inner boundary condition at a solar radial distance (r) of 2.5 solar radii. A Gaussian‐shaped velocity pulse is imposed at the inner boundary as a proxy for the complex physical conditions that initiated the CME. It is found that the time‐intensity profile of the high‐energy (>10 MeV) SEPs can be explained by the evolution of the CME‐driven shock and its interaction with the heliospheric current sheet and the nonuniform solar wind. We also demonstrate in more detail that the simulated fast‐mode shock Mach number at the magnetically connected shock location is well correlated (rcc ≥ 0.7) with the concurrent 30–80 MeV proton flux. A better correlation occurs when the 30–80 MeV proton flux is scaled by r−1.4(rcc = 0.87). When scaled by r−2.8, the correlation for 10–30 MeV proton flux improves significantly from rcc = 0.12 to rcc = 0.73, with 1 h delay. The present study suggests that (1) sector boundary can act as an obstacle to the propagation of SEPs; (2) the background solar wind is an important factor in the variation of IP shock strength and thus plays an important role in manipulation of SEP flux; (3) at least 50% of the variance in SEP flux can be explained by the fast‐mode shock Mach number. This study demonstrates that global MHD simulation, despite the limitation implied by its physics‐based ideal fluid continuum assumption, can be a viable tool for SEP data analysis.
An effective TEC data detrending method for the study of equatorial plasma bubbles and traveling ionospheric disturbances
Authors: Pradipta Rezy , Valladares Cesar E. , Doherty Patricia H.
Published: November 2015

Using a mechanical analogy of rolling a cylindrical barrel on a rough uneven surface, we developed a special method for detrending the GPS‐derived total electron content (TEC) data. This method is specifically designed to recognize the presence of depletions in the TEC time series data and handle them differently from wavelike features. We also demonstrate a potential application of this technique to map the detailed geographic profile of TEC depletions over the equatorial region, using the South American sector as an example.
The extreme mobility of debris avalanches: A new model of transport mechanism
Authors: Perinotto Hélène , Schneider Jean‐Luc , Bachèlery Patrick , Le Bourdonnec François‐Xavier , Famin Vincent , Michon Laurent
Published: November 2015

Large rockslide‐debris avalanches, resulting from flank collapses that shape volcanoes and mountains on Earth and other object of the solar system, are rapid and dangerous gravity‐driven granular flows that travel abnormal distances. During the last 50 years, numerous physical models have been put forward to explain their extreme mobility. The principal models are based on fluidization, lubrication, or dynamic disintegration. However, these processes remain poorly constrained. To identify precisely the transport mechanisms during debris avalanches, we examined morphometric (fractal dimension and circularity), grain size, and exoscopic characteristics of the various types of particles (clasts and matrix) from volcanic debris avalanche deposits of La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean). From these data we demonstrate for the first time that syn‐transport dynamic disintegration continuously operates with the increasing runout distance from the source down to a grinding limit of 500 µm. Below this limit, the particle size reduction exclusively results from their attrition by frictional interactions. Consequently, the exceptional mobility of debris avalanches may be explained by the combined effect of elastic energy release during the dynamic disintegration of the larger clasts and frictional reduction within the matrix due to interactions between the finer particles.
Unexpectedly frequent occurrence of very small repeating earthquakes (−5.1 ≤ Mw ≤ −3.6) in a South African gold mine: Implications for monitoring intraplate faults
Authors: Naoi Makoto , Nakatani Masao , Igarashi Toshihiro , Otsuki Kenshiro , Yabe Yasuo , Kgarume Thabang , Murakami Osamu , Masakale Thabang , Ribeiro Luiz , Ward Anthony , Moriya Hirokazu , Kawakata Hironori , Nakao Shigeru , Durrheim Raymond , Ogasawara Hiroshi
Published: November 2015

We observed very small repeating earthquakes with −5.1 ≤ Mw ≤ −3.6 on a geological fault at 1 km depth in a gold mine in South Africa. Of the 851 acoustic emissions that occurred on the fault during the 2 month analysis period, 45% were identified as repeaters on the basis of waveform similarity and relative locations. They occurred steadily at the same location with similar magnitudes, analogous to repeaters at plate boundaries, suggesting that they are repeat ruptures of the same asperity loaded by the surrounding aseismic slip (background creep). Application of the Nadeau and Johnson (1998) empirical formula (NJ formula), which relates the amount of background creep and repeater activity and is well established for plate boundary faults, to the present case yielded an impossibly large estimate of the background creep. This means that the presently studied repeaters were produced more efficiently, for a given amount of background creep, than expected from the NJ formula. When combined with an independently estimated average stress drop of 16 MPa, which is not particularly high, it suggests that the small asperities of the presently studied repeaters had a high seismic coupling (almost unity), in contrast to one physical interpretation of the plate boundary repeaters. The productivity of such repeaters, per unit background creep, is expected to increase strongly as smaller repeaters are considered (∝ Mo −1/3 as opposed to Mo −1/6 of the NJ formula), which may be usable to estimate very slow creep that may occur on intraplate faults.
Can we map the interannual variability of the whole upper Southern Ocean with the current database of hydrographic observations?
Authors: Heuzé C. , Vivier F. , Le Sommer J. , Molines J.‐M. , Penduff T.
Published: November 2015

With the advent of Argo floats, it now seems feasible to study the interannual variations of upper ocean hydrographic properties of the historically undersampled Southern Ocean. To do so, scattered hydrographic profiles often first need to be mapped. To investigate biases and errors associated both with the limited space‐time distribution of the profiles and with the mapping methods, we colocate the mixed‐layer depth (MLD) output from a state‐of‐the‐art 1/12° DRAKKAR simulation onto the latitude, longitude, and date of actual in situ profiles from 2005 to 2014. We compare the results obtained after remapping using a nearest neighbor (NN) interpolation and an objective analysis (OA) with different spatiotemporal grid resolutions and decorrelation scales. NN is improved with a coarser resolution. OA performs best with low decorrelation scales, avoiding too strong a smoothing, but returns values over larger areas with large decorrelation scales and low temporal resolution, as more points are available. For all resolutions OA represents better the annual extreme values than NN. Both methods underestimate the seasonal cycle in MLD. MLD biases are lower than 10 m on average but can exceed 250 m locally in winter. We argue that current Argo data should not be mapped to infer decadal trends in MLD, as all methods are unable to reproduce existing trends without creating unrealistic extra ones. We also show that regions of the subtropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and the whole ice‐covered Southern Ocean, still cannot be mapped even by the best method because of the lack of observational data.
Assessing changes in extreme sea levels along the coast of China
Authors: Feng Jianlong , von Storch Hans , Jiang Wensheng , Weisse Ralf
Published: November 2015

Hourly tide‐gauge data along the coast of China are used to evaluate changes in extreme water levels in the past several decades. Mean sea level, astronomical tide, nontidal component and the tide‐surge interaction was analyzed separately to assess their roles in the changes of extreme sea levels. Mean sea level at five tide gauges, Kanmen, Keelung, Zhapo, Xiamen and Quarrybay, show significant increasing trends during the past decades (1954–2013) with a rate of about 1.4–3.5 mm/yr. At Keelung, Kaohsiung and Quarrybay the mean high waters increased during 1954–2013 with a rate from 0.6 to 1.8 mm/yr, while the annual mean tidal range rose at the same time by 0.9 to 3.8 mm/yr. In terms of storm surge intensities, there is interannual variability and decadal variability but five tide gauges show significant decreasing trends, and three gauges, at Keelung, Xiamen and Quarrybay, exhibited significant increases of extreme sea levels with trends of 1.5–6.0 mm/yr during 1954–2013. Significant tide‐surge interactions were found at all 12 tide gauges, but no obvious change was found during the past few decades. The changes in extreme sea levels in this area are strongly related to the changes of mean sea levels (MSL). At gauges, where the tide‐surge interaction is large, the astronomic tides are also an important factor for the extreme sea levels, whereas tide gauges with little tide‐surge interaction, the changes of wind driven storm surge component adds to the change of the extreme sea levels.
CloudSat 2C‐ICE product update with a new Ze parameterization in lidar‐only region
Authors: Deng Min , Mace Gerald. G. , Wang Zhien , Berry Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

The CloudSat 2C‐ICE data product is derived from a synergetic ice cloud retrieval algorithm that takes as input a combination of CloudSat radar reflectivity (Ze) and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation lidar attenuated backscatter profiles. The algorithm uses a variational method for retrieving profiles of visible extinction coefficient, ice water content, and ice particle effective radius in ice or mixed‐phase clouds. Because of the nature of the measurements and to maintain consistency in the algorithm numerics, we choose to parameterize (with appropriately large specification of uncertainty) Ze and lidar attenuated backscatter in the regions of a cirrus layer where only the lidar provides data and where only the radar provides data, respectively. To improve the Ze parameterization in the lidar‐only region, the relations among Ze, extinction, and temperature have been more thoroughly investigated using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement long‐term millimeter cloud radar and Raman lidar measurements. This Ze parameterization provides a first‐order estimation of Ze as a function extinction and temperature in the lidar‐only regions of cirrus layers. The effects of this new parameterization have been evaluated for consistency using radiation closure methods where the radiative fluxes derived from retrieved cirrus profiles compare favorably with Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System measurements. Results will be made publicly available for the entire CloudSat record (since 2006) in the most recent product release known as R05.
Depth, ice thickness, and ice‐out timing cause divergent hydrologic responses among Arctic lakes
Authors: Arp Christopher D. , Jones Benjamin M. , Liljedahl Anna K. , Hinkel Kenneth M. , Welker Jeffery A.
Published: November 2015

Lakes are prevalent in the Arctic and thus play a key role in regional hydrology. Since many Arctic lakes are shallow and ice grows thick (historically 2 m or greater), seasonal ice commonly freezes to the lake bed (bedfast ice) by winter's end. Bedfast ice fundamentally alters lake energy balance and melt‐out processes compared to deeper lakes that exceed the maximum ice thickness (floating ice) and maintain perennial liquid water below floating ice. Our analysis of lakes in northern Alaska indicated that ice‐out of bedfast ice lakes occurred on average 17 days earlier (22 June) than ice‐out on adjacent floating ice lakes (9 July). Earlier ice‐free conditions in bedfast ice lakes caused higher open‐water evaporation, 28% on average, relative to floating ice lakes and this divergence increased in lakes closer to the coast and in cooler summers. Water isotopes (18O and 2H) indicated similar differences in evaporation between these lake types. Our analysis suggests that ice regimes created by the combination of lake depth relative to ice thickness and associated ice‐out timing currently cause a strong hydrologic divergence among Arctic lakes. Thus, understanding the distribution and dynamics of lakes by ice regime is essential for predicting regional hydrology. An observed regime shift in lakes to floating ice conditions due to thinner ice growth may initially offset lake drying because of lower evaporative loss from this lake type. This potential negative feedback caused by winter processes occurs in spite of an overall projected increase in evapotranspiration as the Arctic climate warms.
Methods of Evolutionary Sciences
Authors: Simpson Jeffry A. , Campbell Lorne
Published: November 2015

This chapter covers fundamental principles and concepts that have anchored research methods in the social and behavioral sciences for decades. It hasthree overarching themes. The first theme is that,in order to provide stronger and more definitive tests of theories, multiple research methods and outcome measures must be used to test alternate models within ongoing programs of evolutionary research. The second theme is that there has been an overreliance on certain research methods (e.g., correlational approaches) and certain measures (e.g., self‐reports) that has,at times, impeded the rigorous testing of certain evolutionary‐based phenomena or has not allowed investigators to determine whether the results predicted by evolutionary theories fit observed data better than competing theories. The third organizing theme is the need to test and provide better evidence for the “special design” properties of psychological adaptations. A multimethod/multimeasure approach can help researchers provide better and stronger evidence for the “special design” features of certain evolved traits, behaviors, or characteristics in humans.
The Role of Hormones in the Evolution of Human Sociality
Authors: Flinn Mark V. , Ward Carol V.
Published: November 2015

The human family seems to follow a typical mammalian pattern:intense maternal care including breastfeeding of an altricial (helpless) offspringwith some support from other relatives. Beyond the shared mammal/primate commonality, however, humans have some highly unusual traits. We are the only species characterized by the combination of: stable breeding bonds, extensive paternal care in multimale groups, extended bilateral kin recognition, life‐long brother‐sister bonds, grandparenting, and controlled exchange of mates among kin groups. Perhaps even more surprising than this unique set of universals is the extraordinary diversity in composition and behavior of human families. These characteristics are important pieces of the human evolutionary puzzle, and are critical for theoretical and pragmatic understanding of human family relationships and child development. In this chapter we first review a general model for the evolution of human mating, parenting, and kinship patterns based on a process of runaway social selection. We then evaluate the fossil evidenceand the potential physiological and neurobiological mechanismsthat underpin these central aspects of our sociality. Evidence suggests that humans have a suite of derived traits best explained by an evolutionary history of bilateral, multiple‐generation kin networks, pairbonding, and complex coalitions including intercommunity alliances based in part on mating/marriage relationships.
Adaptations for Reasoning About Social Exchange
Authors: Cosmides Leda , Tooby John
Published: November 2015

Social exchange—cooperation for mutual benefit—is rare in the animal kingdom. Yet it is as characteristic of human beings as language and tool use. We present evidence that our brains contain cognitive adaptations for reasoning about social exchange, which include a subroutine designed for detecting cheaters. The programs that generate cooperative behavior must have very specific computational properties to be evolutionarily stable. When people reason about social exchange, the cognitive system activated has precisely those design features predicted by evolutionary game theory. The cognitive, cross‐cultural, neuropsychological, behavioral economic, and developmental experiments demonstrating this also test—and eliminate—every counterhypothesis that has been proposed to explain reasoning about social exchange. The pattern of results cannot be explained by familiarity effects, a content‐free formal logic, a permission schema, a general deontic logic, or principles for calculating economic advantage. A specialization for reasoning about social exchange reliably develops across cultures, whereas specializations for more commonly encountered reasoning problems do not develop at all. Developmental theories that invoke domain‐general forms of statistical learning or economic reasoning cannot explain this pattern. The most parsimonious theory accounting for all the results is that natural selection built a neurocognitive adaptation designed for reasoning about social exchange.
Reputation
Authors: Barclay Pat
Published: November 2015

Humans—like many other organisms—observe others' interactions to gain useful information about who to challenge, avoid, mate with, or cooperate with. Organisms thus benefit from a reputation for being both able and willing to confer benefits on allies and impose costs on competitors. In humans, the existence of language allows for greater spread of information, and has increased the effects that one's reputation has on one's desirability as a partner or fearsomeness as a competitor. This has created selection pressures for high levels of both cooperation and aggression, as well as for behaviors that function to enhance one's own reputation (or decrease the reputation of one's competitors). A better understanding of reputation will allow us to harness social pressures to promote cooperation and decrease aggression, and help build a more comprehensive science of reputation.
The General Factor of Personality: A Hierarchical Life History Model
Authors: Figueredo Aurelio José , Woodley of Menie Michael A. , Jacobs W. Jake
Published: November 2015

Building on evolutionary models of personality proposed in the first edition of theHandbook of Evolutionary Psychology, this chapter considers the evolutionary significance of a relatively new higher‐order personality construct, the so‐called general factor of personality (GFP). The history of the construct is reviewed, along with a large portion of the recent theoretical literature addressing the existence and nature of the GFP and the empirical literaturerelevant to that. Finally, a review and evaluation is conducted of various recent attempts to develop and test a hierarchical
Evolutionary Psychology and Mental Health
Authors: Nesse Randolph M.
Published: November 2015

Evolutionary biology is the recognized foundation for understanding animal behavior, but only now is it being recognized as essential for understanding abnormal behavior. The range of applications is wide, from recognizing the origins, functions, and regulation of emotions, to evolutionary explanations for the persistence of alleles that predisposed to mental disorders. Like other medical disorders, every mental disorder requires not only a description of the responsible mechanisms, but also an explanation for why those mechanisms are vulnerable to failure. The six reasons for vulnerability from evolutionary medicine help to structure research questions and answers. Some disorders are more common in modern environments, but many are products of the limits of natural selection, or trade‐offs. The principle that natural selection shaped organisms to maximize reproductive success instead of health is crucial for psychiatry. Also essential is recognition of negative emotions as evolved defenses whose apparently faulty regulation can be explained by the smoke detector principle. While some aspects of some mental disorders reflect adaptive traits, many are better interpreted as flaws that exist for good reasons.
A Catalytic Approach to Quinoline Fused Lactones and Lactams from Glycine Derivatives
Authors: Huo Congde , Yuan Yong , Chen Fengjuan , Wang Yajun
Published: November 2015

A dual catalyst system [copper(II) chloride‐sulfuric acid, (CuCl2‐H2SO4)]‐promoted aerobic oxidative reaction of glycine derivatives with 2,3‐dihydrofurans or 2,3‐dihydropyrroles has been explored, affording an efficient synthesis of high value quinoline fused lactones and lactams. The application of this new methodology to the synthesis of a bioactive C ring extension analogue of luotonin A has been accomplished in a concise three‐step sequence.

magnified image
Carbocatalysed Oxidative CC Homocouplings of Benzo‐Fused Heterocycles
Authors: Wirtanen Tom , Mäkelä Mikko K. , Sarfraz Jawad , Ihalainen Petri , Hietala Sami , Melchionna Michele , Helaja Juho
Published: November 2015

Appropriate and fine‐tuned treatments of amorphous carbon (AC) involvingaqua regiaor concentrated HNO3lead to oxidised carbon materials (oAC) which are able to catalyse 2,2′‐ and 3,3′‐homocouplings of various functionalised indoles with outstanding activity. This newly developed carbocatalysed C${{_{sp{^{2}}}}}$C${{_{sp{^{2}}}}}$bond formation can be achieved under mild thermal conditions. The study on the scope of the reaction revealed that the reaction can be extended to the homocoupling of other substrates of high synthetic interest such as 2‐naphthol, 2‐functionalised benzofurans and benzothiofurans. The characterisation of oAC with XPS together withad hocexperiments aimed at blocking the active site revealed that the presence and distribution of CO functionalities is critical and correlates well with the catalytic activity. Such experiments provide solid support for elucidation of the mechanism, suggesting a quinone nature of the active CO groups, which are spontaneously regenerated by oxygen. This is confirmed by the fact that 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) is able to promote the coupling in a stoichiometric fashion.

magnified image
Copper(II)‐Promoted, One‐Pot Conversion of 1‐Alkynes with Anhydrides or Primary Amines to the Respective 2,5‐Disubstituted Furans or Pyrroles under Microwave Irradiation Conditions
Authors: Lee Hyejeong , Yi Yeonhui , Jun Chul‐Ho
Published: November 2015

Furans and pyrroles are prepared from 1‐alkynes by using a Cu(II)‐promoted, one‐pot, microwave irradiation method. Glaser coupling of 1‐alkynes and cyclization of the resulting 1,3‐diyne in the presence of an anhydride or a primary amine results in the formation of the respective 2,5‐diaryl‐ or 2,5‐dialkyl‐substituted furans and pyrroles.

magnified image
Antimicrobial Polyurea: Synthesis, Spectral, and Thermal Overview of Some New Metal Polychelates
Authors: Hasnain Sumaiya , Rasool Raza , Nishat Nahid
Published: November 2015

Novel polyureas were synthesized by the addition polymerization of o‐phenylenediamine and toluene 2,4 diisocyanate in 1:1 molar ratio to investigate the biocidal nature of polyurea ligand and its metal polychelates. Some of the transitional metals were allowed to react with this polyurea in 2:1 ligand to metal mole ratio. The successful preparation of polyurea and metal‐containing polyurea was analyzed by elemental analysis and other analytical techniques such as FTIR and 1H NMR. The geometry of metal‐containing polyurea was determined by electronic spectra and magnetic moment measurement. Thermal stability of entire series of synthesized compound was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, and results show that incorporation of metal enhances thermal stability. Microbial actions of the polyurea's were investigated against some bacteria and fungi, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis (bacteria), Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus (fungi). Antimicrobial screening tests gave good results in the presence of metal ion in the ligand system.
Development and Evaluation of Rosuvastatin Calcium Based Microparticles for Solubility Enhancement: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Sarfraz Rai Muhammad , Ahmad Mahmood , Mahmood Asif , Minhas Muhammad Usman , Yaqoob Ayesha
Published: November 2015

Solubility of poorly water‐soluble drugs is one of the most emerging issue associated with these drugs to form a suitable dosage form that will provide desired pharmacological response. Their low solubility causes elimination of most of the drug from body as such, and desired therapeutic levels are not achieved. Polymers are major players in these formulations, e.g., chitosan, polyvinyl pyrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, β‐cyclodextrin, etc. β‐Cyclodextrin is one of the most efficient polymer among all of these to work as a carrier for these drugs to enhance solubility. In the present work, microparticles were prepared by different techniques to enhance solubility of rosuvastatin calcium. Microparticles were evaluated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis, dissolution studies, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stability studies to confirm enhancement in solubility. Different in vitro kinetic models such as zero order, first order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas were applied to determine the release behavior of drug from prepared formulations. Results were statistically analyzed by the one‐way ANOVA test, and thepvalue was determined to check significant results. Results of PXRD had shown that drug nature was changed from crystalline to amorphous, and FTIR and thermal analysis confirmed that the complex was formed between drug and β‐cyclodextrin. SEM images had shown that microparticles had small size loaded with drug. Results had shown that formulation F3 prepared by solid dispersion of drug and β‐cyclodextrin in 1:3 had achieved maximum release of drug 97% within 45 min.
Highly Twisted Carbazole–Oxadiazole Hybrids as Universal Bipolar Hosts for High Efficiency PhOLEDs
Authors: Cheng Shuo‐Hsien , Hung Wen‐Yi , Cheng Ming‐Hung , Chen Hsiao‐Fan , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Chung Chin‐Lung , Yeh Tzu‐Chin , Tang Wei‐Chieh , Huang Shou‐Ling , Wong Ken‐Tsung
Published: November 2015

Four bipolar molecules oDOXA, mDOXA, oOXA, and mOXA composed of a hole‐transport carbazole (donor, D) and an electron‐transport 1,3,4‐oxadiazole (acceptor, A) bridged with different π‐spacers (biphenyl or o‐terphenyl) are synthesized, characterized, and used as host materials for various colored phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs). The highly twisted geometry established via multiple ortho/meta‐connections effectively inhibits direct electronic D–A coupling and gives these bipolar molecules similar high triplet energies (≈2.70 eV). In addition, distinctive bipolar transport capabilities are observed by time‐of‐flight technique (μh ≈ μe ≈ 10−5–10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1). The D/A connection topology is found to subtly govern the physical properties, rendering these new molecules suitable for serving as bipolar host materials. Among the four host materials, oOXA using the tandem ortho‐linkage terphenyl as a linker outperforms the other three hosts in terms of the device efficiency, in which the maximum external quantum efficiencies (ηext) of the corresponding PhOLEDs are as high as 19.4%, 21.3%, 20.9%, 20.1%, and 19.0% for blue, green, yellow, orange, and red PhOLEDs, respectively. Moreover, a single‐host multilayered warm‐white OLED based on oOXA also shows remarkable efficiency (19.8%, 42.4 cd A−1, and 38.6 lm W−1) with high color‐rendering index of 86.8 and stable chromaticity.
Kinetic Resolution of β‐Sulfonyl Ketones through Enantioselective β‐Elimination using a Cation‐Binding Polyether Catalyst
Authors: Li Liang , Liu Yidong , Peng Yang , Yu Lei , Wu Xiaoyan , Yan Hailong
Published: November 2015

Reported herein is the first enantioselective β‐elimination reaction catalyzed by a chiral cation‐binding polyether. By using this catalytic protocol, a wide range of β‐sulfonyl ketones could be effectively resolved with high stereoselectivity (S up to >300). Key to the success of this process is the favorable secondary interactions of the catalyst with the Lewis basic groups on the sulfone substrate. The enone product of this process can be easily converted into the racemic starting material, and allows an effective recycling and overall synthesis of chiral β‐sulfonyl ketones in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity.
Au+‐vermittelte, effiziente Kupplung eines Carbenliganden mit Methan: Bildung von C2Hx (x=4, 6) bei Raumtemperatur
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Wu Xiao‐Nan , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut
Published: November 2015

Die thermischen Reaktionen des geschlossenschaligen, “nackten” Gold‐Carben‐Komplexes [Au(CH2)]+ mit Methan wurden mittels FT‐ICR‐Massenspektrometrie und quantenchemischen Rechnungen (CCSD(T)//BMK) untersucht. Die effiziente Insertion des Carbenliganden in die C‐H‐Bindung von Methan wird unter mechanistischen Gesichtspunkten beleuchtet, und die Ursache der unerwartet hohen Reaktivität von [Au(CH2)]+ gegenüber dem höchst inerten Kohlenwasserstoff diskutiert.
How cooperatively breeding birds identify relatives and avoid incest: New insights into dispersal and kin recognition
Authors: Riehl Christina , Stern Caitlin A.
Published: November 2015

Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring – usually males – delay dispersal from their natal group, remaining with the family to help rear younger kin. Sex‐biased dispersal is thought to have evolved in order to reduce the risk of inbreeding, resulting in low relatedness between mates and the loss of indirect fitness benefits for the dispersing sex. In this review, we discuss several recent studies showing that dispersal patterns are more variable than previously thought, often leading to complex genetic structure within cooperative avian societies. These empirical findings accord with recent theoretical models suggesting that sex‐ biased dispersal is neither necessary, nor always sufficient, to prevent inbreeding. The ability to recognize relatives, primarily by learning individual or group‐specific vocalizations, may play a more important role in incest avoidance than currently appreciated.
BSA‐conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles as luminescent probes for the determination of histidine
Authors: Wu Dudu , Liang Qiaowen , Chen Zhi
Published: November 2015

Zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with bovine serum albumin were used to determine histidine in aqueous solutions using a fluorescence spectroscopic technique. The results showed that histidine effectively quenched the fluorescence of the modified ZnO nanoparticles, whereas other amino acids did not significantly affect the light emission, thereby allowing selective and sensitive histidine detection in amino acid mixtures. Under optimal conditions (pH 7.0, 25 °C, 10 min preincubation), the detection limit for histidine was ~ 9.87 × 10–7 mol/L. The high value of the determined quenching rate constant Kq (3.30 × 1013 L/mol/s) was consistent with a static quenching mechanism. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of HPLC‐MS/MS to studies of pharmacokinetics and interconversion of isoliquiritigenin and neoisoliquiritigenin in rats
Authors: Peng Fu , Gong Xiao‐hong , Xiong Liang , Chen Jian‐ping , Li Yun‐xia
Published: November 2015

A specific and sensitive HPLC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneously quantification of isoliquiritigenin (ISL) and neoisoliquiritin (NIS) in rat plasma by oral administration. Analytes were analyzed on an Agilent 6460 LC‐MS/MS system (Agilent, USA) using an Agilent Zorbax SB‐C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm). Gradient elution was applied for the analyte separation using a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with a total running time of 12 min. The calibration curves for ISL and NIS showed good linearity in the concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 4.000 μg/mL with correlation coefficients >0.998. The precision, accuracy, recovery and stability were deemed acceptable. The method was applied to the pharmacokinetics study of ISL and NIS in rats by single and combination administration. The result showed that Cmax and AUC0→t of ISL were markedly increased from 0.53 to 1.20 μg/mL, and from 69.63 to 200.74 min μg/mL by combination administration. The mean t1/2 value was also prolonged from 64.55 to 203.74 min in the combination group. These results indicated that NIS may have been metabolized to ISL which increased the absorption and extended the elimination of ISL. However, little difference was found for NIS pharmacokinetics parameters between single NIS and the combination group, which suggested that there was no significant biotransformation of ISL to NIS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learn how the FERPA “Dear Colleague Letter” affects privacy of student health records
Authors: Kelly Sean R. , George Ryan E. San
Published: November 2015

In a recent draft “Dear Colleague Letter,” the U.S. Department of Education explained that the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act requires institutions to weigh competing interests before disclosing student health records in litigation between the student and the college, and even then to disclose only those portions of the confidential records directly relevant to the litigation.
Be consistent, focus on quality as a new chief
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2015

When Sylvia A. Chapa, M.A., was about four or five, she told her father she wanted to be a police officer. He told her she couldn't because she was a girl. Chapa studied psychology in college and worked in security for a number of years before attending the police academy.
Leptomeningeal metastasis of uterine cervical cancer 17 years after primary tumor treatment
Authors: Oike Takahiro , Ohno Tatsuya , Noda Shin‐Ei , Murata Tomomi , Hirakawa Takashi , Hirato Junko , Furuya Mio , Sato Hiro , Hirota Yuka , Minegishi Takashi , Nakano Takashi
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical Message

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) of uterine cervical cancer is extremely rare. A 54‐year‐old woman with uterine cervical cancer treated with surgery and radiotherapy developed LM manifesting as ptosis 17 years later. Although rare, LM should be considered in patients with a history of uterine cervical cancer presenting with cranial nerve symptoms.
Photooxidation of Guaiacol to Organic Acids with Hydrogen Peroxide by Microwave Discharge Electrodeless Lamps
Authors: Zhang Dajie , Sun Binzhe , Duan Lian , Tao Yufang , Xu Aihua , Li Xiaoxia
Published: November 2015

The production of chemicals from lignin by green and sustainable technologies is a promising alternative route to replace fossil fuels. Photooxidation of guaiacol, a model of lignin, to value‐added carboxylic acids with microwave discharge electrodeless lamps as light source was investigated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The coupled UV‐vis/microwave irradiation led to a more effective degradation of guaiacol than with conventional photocatalysis. Hydroxyl radicals as active species, confirmed by electron spin resonance spin‐trapping, were generated and participated in the oxidation. The effect of different operating conditions such as reaction time, guaiacol concentration, solution pH, as well as oxidant concentration, was evaluated.
Monitoring Volatile Fatty Acids and Carbonate Alkalinity in Anaerobic Digestion: Titration Methodologies
Authors: Sun Hao , Wu Shubiao , Dong Renjie
Published: November 2015

Volatile fatty acids and carbonate alkalinity have long been considered the key variables in most anaerobic digestion (AD) monitoring strategies as they not only reflect the current process status, but also mirror their response to incoming imbalances and provide an indication of the buffer capacity of digesters to process disturbance and imminent digester failure caused by sudden operational changes. Titration methods are generally acknowledged for routine monitoring and control of biogas plants due to their simplicity and cost‐effectiveness. Systematical evaluation and comparison of these methods have not been carried out in sufficient depth to date. Basic theories of titration methods, their development, influencing factors, and evolution during recent years are reviewed. This review may provide assistance for selection of the most appropriate titration method and in the development of new methods for stability monitoring in the AD processes.
Selective Coordination of Gallium(III), Zinc(II), and Copper(II) by an Asymmetric Dinucleating Ligand: A Model for Metallophosphatases
Authors: Bosch Simone , Comba Peter , Gahan Lawrence R. , Hanson Graeme R. , Noble Christopher , Schenk Gerhard , Wadepohl Hubert
Published: November 2015

Complexation studies of the dinucleating ligand H3L (H3L=2‐{[bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)amino]methyl}‐6‐{[bis(6‐pivaloylamidopyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)amino]methyl}‐4‐methylphenol), with metal‐binding sites A and B, which both provide four donors to a metal ion; a tertiary amine; two pyridines (substituted with amide hydrogen‐bond donors in site B), and a bridging phenolate, with ZnII, CuII, and GaIII are reported. The titration of H3L with the three metal ions in solution was monitored by NMR spectroscopy or EPR and UV/Vis/near‐IR spectroscopy, as well as by ESI‐MS to analyze the selectivity of the two metal‐ion sites A and B of this model ligand for metallophosphatases; the spectroscopic assignments are supported by X‐ray crystallography results. The first ZnII ion coordinates to site A with unsubstituted pyridine donors and, upon addition of a second equivalent of ZnII, this coordinates to the sterically less accessible site B. From a similar titration with GaIII, it emerges that only a mononuclear complex is obtained, with the GaIII center coordinated to site A. When one equivalent of GaIII is reacted with the mononuclear ZnII complex, ZnII is forced by GaIII to exchange the site; this results in a dinuclear complex with GaIII in site A and ZnII in site B. With CuII, two isomers are observed: one with and the other without a bridging phenolate; these differ significantly in their spectroscopic and magnetic properties.
Experimental study of the hydraulic characteristics of a coal log train in a pipe
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Lu Shengyong , Liu Yong , Yan Jianhua , Buekens Alfons G.
Published: November 2015

The pressure distribution around two coal logs in tandem (a coal log train) flowing in a horizontal pipe (inner diameter of 50 mm) is experimentally studied. Experiments are conducted at three water velocities (0.92, 1.10, and 1.50 m/s; corresponding Reynolds numbers 45 771, 54 726, and 74 627, respectively). The hydraulic characteristics of the coal log train are analyzed, and the results are used to calculate the lift and drag forces together with the lift and drag coefficients. The pressure at the faces and surfaces of the coal log train increases at rising water velocity, enhancing the lift and drag forces. The forces acting on the first coal log are the largest, and forces on other coal logs decrease stepwise. The hydraulic characteristics of the first coal log are more complex than that of other coal logs. The lift and drag coefficients decrease with increasing water velocity. Both the lift and drag forces on individual coal logs are smaller than those on a single coal log in a pipe, when the coal logs follow one another. These results show the great difference in hydraulic characteristics between a coal log train and a single coal log in a pipe.
Do you know the statute of limitations for ADA claims in the nonemployment context?
Authors: Goren William D.
Published: November 2015

The statute of limitations for nonemployment ADA claims is:

The state's personal injury statute of limitations.

The state's disability discrimination statute of limitations.

The federal four‐year statute of limitations.

A, B or C.
Provide accommodations to student‐veterans with PTSD, TBI
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2015

Lauren C. Sebel, M.Ed., coordinator II in student accessibility services at Austin Community College, Highland Campus, explained the problems student‐veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injuries face and how to help them.
Justice Department settlement gives new power to campuses over emotional support animals
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: November 2015

The Justice Department and the University of Nebraska at Kearney recently settled their Fair Housing Act emotional support animal litigation with a court‐approved consent judgment. The court judgment sets a legal precedent, providing campus residence halls more flexibility in assessing student claims for emotional support animals. For the first time, the government has acknowledged that campus residence halls are different from traditional single‐family apartments, and that the differences sometimes may justify refusing a particular request to keep an emotional support animal in certain housing.
Polydopamine‐Functionalized Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanocrystal Clusters – Rapid Magnetic Response and Efficient Antitumor Drug Carriers
Authors: Song Shaokun , Zhu Wanting , Long Chao , Zhang Yang , Chen Shun , Dong Lijie
Published: November 2015

One major focus of antitumor drug delivery is the development of suitable carriers for therapeutic molecules. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are promising magnetic drug carriers as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, readily tunable, superparamagnetic, and, thus, controllable by an external magnetic field. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a bioinspired synthesis of polydopamine‐functionalized superparamagnetic magnetite nanocrystal clusters for antitumor drug delivery. Firstly, an oil‐phase evaporation‐induced self‐assembly strategy was introduced to fabricate magnetite nanocrystal clusters (MNCs), which have the advantage of increased magnetization through a synergistic effect. Secondly, the surface functionalization of the MNCs with polydopamine (PDOPA) was demonstrated. Thirdly, the antitumor drug epirubicin (EPB) was attached to the surface of MNC@PDOPA, and its applicability for use as a magnetically guided carrier for antitumor drug delivery was demonstrated. The achieved MNC@PDOPA exhibits superparamagnetic characteristics, improved magnetization behavior under an external magnetic field, well‐controlled loading, and pH‐responsive properties; therefore, the MNC@PDOPA is a promising nanomaterial for in vivo EPB delivery applications and tumor chemotherapy.
Coordination of {C5Me5Ir}2+ to [M6O19]8– (M = Nb, Ta) – Analogies and Differences between Rh and Ir, Nb and Ta
Authors: Abramov Pavel A. , Vicent Cristian , Kompankov Nikolay B. , Gushchin Artem L. , Sokolov Maxim N.
Published: November 2015

The reactions of [Cp*IrCl2]2 (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with [M6O19]8– (M = Nb, Ta) anions lead to the formation of new hybrid organometallic–polyoxometalate (organometallic–POM) complexes, namely, single‐capped Na8[H2{Cp*IrNb6O18}2(O)]·47H2O (Na8‐IrNb12) and Na6[{Cp*Ir}Ta6O19]·27H2O (Na6‐IrTa6) as well as double‐capped trans‐[{Cp*Ir}2M6O19]4– complexes. Their solution behavior was studied by NMR spectroscopy and ESI‐MS techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments demonstrated efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation in the presence of trans‐[{Cp*Ir}2Nb6O19]4–.