bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Tropospheric Transport in the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) Simulations
Authors: Orbe Clara , Yang Huang , Waugh Darryn W. , Zeng Guang , Morgenstern Olaf , Kinnison Douglas E. , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Tilmes Simone , Plummer David A. , Scinnoca John F. , Josse Beatrice , Marecal Virginie , Jöckel Patrick , Oman Luke D. , Strahan Susan E. , Deushi Makoto , Tanaka Taichu Y. , Yoshida Kohei , Akiyoshi Hideharu , Yamashita Yousuke , Stenke Andreas , Revell Laura , Sukhodolov Timofei , Rozanov Eugene , Pitari Giovanni , Visioni Daniele , Stone Kane A. , Schofield Robyn
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Understanding and modeling the large-scale transport of trace gases and aerosols is important for interpreting past (and projecting future) changes in atmospheric composition. Here we show that there are large differences in the global-scale atmospheric transport properties among models participating in the IGAC SPARC Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). Specifically, we find up to 40 % differences in the transport timescales connecting the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitude surface to the Arctic and to Southern Hemisphere high latitudes, where the mean age ranges between 1.7 years and 2.6 years. We show that these differences are related to large differences in vertical transport among the simulations and, in particular, to differences in parameterized convection over the oceans. While stronger convection over NH midlatitudes is associated with slower transport to the Arctic, stronger convection in the tropics and subtropics is associated with faster interhemispheric transport. We also show that the differences among simulations constrained with fields derived from the same reanalysis products are as large as (and, in some cases, larger than) the differences among free-running simulations, due to larger differences in parameterized convection. Our results indicate that care must be taken when using simulations constrained with analyzed winds to interpret the influence of meteorology on tropospheric composition.
Éxodo a la “tierra prometida”: Del demonio y otros monstruos en la obra de Juan de Dios Mora
Authors: Miramontes Olivas Adriana , De Dios Mora Juan , Caplow Deborah
Published: November 2017

Juan de Dios Mora es grabador y docente en la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio, donde comenzó a enseñar pintura, dibujo y grabado en 2010. Mora es un artista prolífico cuyos grabados han sido publicados en numerosos sitios incluyendo los catálogos New Arte Nuevo: San Antonio 2010 y New Art/Arte Nuevo San Antonio 2012. Este año su obra se exhibió en distintos lugares incluyendo el Museo de Arte McNay en San Antonio, Texas en Juan Mora: Cultural Clash (Juan Mora: Choque Cultural, junio 8 a agosto 13 de 2017) y en el Centro de Arte the Cole en la Galería Reavley en Nacogdoches, Texas, en Juan de Dios Mora. En 2016, Mora participó en la exhibición colectiva Los de abajo: Garbage as an Artistic Source (Los de abajo: la basura como una fuente artística) en el Centro Cultural Guadalupe en San Antonio (de junio 10 a julio 29 de 2016). Mora también ha sido curador de la exhibición Print It Up por varios años, organizada por el artista en el área del centro de San Antonio dándoles una visibilidad sin precedentes a numerosos artistas. Para esta exhibición Mora guía y aconseja tanto a estudiantes como a exalumnos sobre el proceso de exhibición, desde cómo crear un portafolio, enmarcar e instalar obras, hasta realizar contratos con galeristas y vender las obras al público.  Adriana Miramontes Olivas es estudiante de doctorado en el Departamento de Historia del Arte y Arquitectura en la Universidad de Pittsburgh. Completó su licenciatura en la Universidad de Texas de El Paso y la maestría en la Universidad de Texas de San Antonio. Sus intereses en materia de investigación incluyen arte moderno y contemporáneo global con un enfoque en Latinoamérica, estudios de género, sexualidad e identidad nacional. La Dra. Deborah Caplow es historiadora del arte, curadora y autora del libro sobre el ilustrador Mexicano Leopoldo Méndez (Leopoldo Méndez: arte revolucionario y el grabado mexicano, publicado por la Universidad de Texas). Ella enseña historia del arte en la Universidad de Washington, Bothell. Sus áreas de investigación incluyen arte Mexicano del siglo XX, las intersecciones entre arte y política, y la historia de la fotografía. Actualmente hace investigación de grabados contemporáneos en Oaxaca, México.
Performance Evaluation and Determinant Factors of China’s Logistics Enterprises Based on Careersmart Balanced Score Card
Authors: Wu Maoguo , Bai Chengzhe
Published: November 2017

China has become the second-largest market for logistics worldwide. However, its logistics performance index (LPI) is ranked 27th, which is far below the average of East Asia and Central Asia (World Bank, 2016). This paper empirically tests determinant factors of China’s logistics enterprises based on the Careersmart Balanced Score Card. The data are gathered from 42 listed logistics enterprises spanning from 2012 to 2016. Empirical results reveal that corporate performance on the part of China’s logistics enterprises is positively correlated with the factors of human capital investment, long-term liability, research and development expenses, the number of employees with higher education preferably a postgraduate degree, and ownership concentration, while factors negatively correlated with the proportion and cost of core business include management, delay rate, company scale, and other factors. The paper also considers the influence of operational management, customer service, asset structure, and innovation. Policy implications based on empirical results are proposed accordingly.
Land Use Pattern, Drainage System and Waste Management of Saint Martain’s Island: A Geo-Environmental Study
Authors: Muhibbullah Mr. , Sarwar Iqbal
Published: November 2017

Saint Martin’s island is one of the unique coral islands and popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh due to its location and favourable environmental condition. The present study has been taken to know the present and past land use pattern, and to explore the existing drainage system and wastes management of Saint Martin’s island in Bangladesh. To achieve the goals of the study, both primary and secondary data have been collected and incorporated. Primary data have been collected through field observation, questionnaire survey, and focus group discussion (FGD). Total 200 questionnaires have been conducted by random sampling during summer and winter season in the year of 2015. Secondary data were also collected from various official records and related researchers’ publications and articles. It is observed from the study that land use pattern of Saint Martin’s island has already been changed and still changing randomly due to increase of inhabitants, settlers and tourists. Most of the agricultural land and vacant lands are going to turn into the hotels, resorts and other human settlements. There is no structural drainage system in this Island. Moreover, most of the wastes are going to be produced by the tourists, fishermen, hotels and restaurants. The present study suggested taking necessary initiate through solving the waste mismanagement problem and proper drainage system for this unique coral island.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Geography and Geology, Vol. 9, No. 4
Authors: Luo Lesley
Published: November 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Geography and Geology, Vol. 9, No. 4
Proffesionalism in the Post Soeharto Indonesian Military
Authors: Muradi Muradi
Published: November 2017

This paper will discuss the changing role of the military in criminal activity during the Reform Era which was affected by strict regulations, the supervision of institutions and the government's commitment to meet the welfare of the soldiers, with criminal activities referring to activities such as illegal economic activities, extortion, as well as drug and human trafficking. This paper will also analyze the ongoing criminal activity in the military, which mostly originates from personal interest rather than in the interest of the institution. This paper also describes the competition between military and police increasing criminal activities in order to seize illegal financial income potential. This paper will also analyze the methods of Post-Suharto military involvement in criminal activities.
Contesting Syariah Laws in Malaysia: Religion, Human Rights and the State’s Response
Authors: Mohamad Marzuki
Published: November 2017

Malaysia is a multiracial country with Islam as the Religion of the Federation. Its Federal Constitution is crafted in a way that Islam - the religion of the Malay majority - occupies special position in the constitution and makes significant presence in public life. But Malaysia is not a full-fledged Islamic state. Secular criminal and civil laws are in force and attempts to introduce Islamic criminal laws (hudūd) were thwarted by the provisions in the constitution itself. While the more conservative Muslim groups view the entrenched position of Islam in the constitution as one of the most important pillars of Malaysian nation, the more liberal groups see it as a hindrance to the creation of a more liberal and progressive Malaysia. This paper aims at analyzing the contestations between the two groups on the implementation of syariah laws and the impacts of these contestations on politics and law in contemporary Malaysia.
Organizational Commitment and Rewards in Malaysia, with Comparison between University Graduates and Others
Authors: Kokubun Keisuke
Published: November 2017

This study investigates the relationship between rewards and organizational commitment (OC) of 12,076 employees who work for 32 Japanese manufacturing companies in Malaysia. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that all of three types of reward are important for OC, in the order of intrinsic, social and extrinsic rewards. These findings suggest that the antecedents of OC in Malaysia are different from those in the West or other lower income Asian countries such as China. The comparison between University graduates and others showed that extrinsic and intrinsic rewards had stronger while social rewards had weaker influence on OC in university graduates than in others. In detail: satisfaction with personnel evaluation and autonomy were more strongly correlated with OC in university graduates while co-worker support and role clarity were more significantly correlated with OC in others; fatigue was negatively correlated with OC in university graduates while positively correlated with OC in others; other rewards, i.e., satisfaction with other treatments, supervisor support and training, were equally correlated with OC in university graduates and others. Discussions and implications concerning human resource management of Japanese companies in Malaysia are offered.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RDP 2007-2013 AS A TOOL SUPPORTING INVESTMENTS
OF SELF-GOVERNMENTS OF RURAL COMMUNES IN PUŁTUSKI LAU 2
Authors: Rakowska Joanna , Wojciechowska Ewa
Published: November 2017

The main aim of the paper is to define the importance of EU funding under the RDP 2007-2013 for
the implementation of development investments by local governments of rural communes of pułtuski LAU
2 (poviat), based on quantitative secondary data from the CSO Local Data Bank and the RDP database
and the primary qualitative data collected in the survey. The surveyed communes implemented under the
RDP 2007-2013 altogether 76 projects of different character, most of which were infrastructural projects
improving the living conditions of the inhabitants. The quantitative results show a large variation in the
value of funds obtained from the 2007-2013 RDP in absolute terms, per capita (SDm) or in relation to
the average annual total income of the communes (Rsdd). These funds had varied significance for the
implementation of the analyzed projects: in three communes they determined their implementation fully,
in the remaining ones the projects would be implemented without this co-financing either later or at
present but only partly. Independently from the value of obtained EU funding, all local self-governments
highlighted that RDP 2007-2013 was a very important source of funding for their investments.
THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL INCOME
IN EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Runowski Henryk
Published: November 2017

The aim of the study was to identify the problems of using different methods of measuring agricultural income and
the resulting assessments. The system used by the European Union to measure farmers’ incomes is imperfect. The concept
of measuring farm incomes is criticized. There are mentioned, among others no statistics on farm incomes, including
both farm income and non-farm income. The Common Agricultural Policy strives to ensure an adequate standard of
living for the rural population, i.e. the level of disposable income on the farm. The question is, what is the right level?
This is largely determined by the level of social labor productivity attained in agriculture and the income derived from
agriculture to the income generated outside of it by occupational groups attaining similar labor productivity. Only in
this state makes sense to refer to the need to ensure income parity in agriculture and out of this sector.
He's Got All the Answers
Authors: Spangler David B. , Hendrickson Katie A.
Published: November 2017

A cartoon exploring various math thought bubbles is coupled with a full-page activity sheet.
Comparing Turkeys
Authors: Pelikan Stephan , DeJarnette Anna F. , Phelps Stephen
Published: November 2017

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Strategy Keys as Tools for Problem Solving
Authors: Herold-Blasius Raja
Published: November 2017

A simple key image, containing a strategy, can help open doors to learning.
Building picture frames
Authors: Stark Walter
Published: November 2017

The December 2016-January 2017 problem scenario offers students an opportunity to interpret and determine where we find math in the world around and engage in mathematical modeling. Go to http://www.nctm.org/tcm, All Issues to access the full-size activity sheet.
Ma tõstan klaasi vene rahva terviseks: sotskolonialismi diskursiivsed alustalad / I propose a toast to the Russian people: discursive foundations of Soviet colonialism
Authors: Annus Epp
Published: November 2017

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Postkolonialism ja 20. sajandi Balti draama: Benedikts Kalnačsi monograafiast „20th Century Baltic Drama: Postcolonial Narratives, Decolonial Options“ / Postcolonialism and 20th Century Baltic Drama: about the monograph by Benedikts Kalnačs, 20th Century Baltic Drama: Postcolonial Narratives, Decolonial Options
Authors: Epner Luule
Published: November 2017

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CDK4 expression in chordoma: A potential therapeutic target
Authors: Liu Tang , Shen Jacson K. , Choy Edwin , Zhang Yu , Mankin Henry J. , Hornicek Francis J. , Duan Zhenfeng
Published: November 2017

Chordomas are rare bone tumors and treatment is commonly based on a combination of surgery and radiotherapy. There is no standard chemotherapy treatment for chordoma. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) in chordoma and its therapeutic implications. We evaluated CDK4 expression both in chordoma cell lines and in chordoma tissues. Also, we investigated the functional roles of CDK4 in chordoma cell growth and proliferation. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of targeting CDK4 in chordoma were evaluated. We found CDK4 highly expressed in chordoma cell lines and in a majority (97.7%) of chordoma tissues. Higher CDK4 expression correlated with metastasis and recurrence of chordoma. Treatment of chordoma cells using CDK4 inhibitor palbociclib could efficiently inhibit chordoma cells growth and proliferation. These data demonstrate that targeting CDK4 may be useful as a novel strategy in the treatment of chordoma. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1581–1589, 2018.
Synthesis and X‐ray Crystal Structures of Homotrimetallic Zinc Bisureate Complexes
Authors: Bayram Melike , Wölper Christoph , Schulz Stephan
Published: November 2017

Alkane elimination reactions of the tethered bis(urea) proligand 1,4‐(tBuNHCONH)2‐C4H8(1) with ZnR2(R= Me, Et,nPr) yielded trimetallic zinc complexes [RZn‐1,4‐(tBuNHCON)2‐C4H8]2Zn [R= Me (2), Et (3), andnPr (4)].2–4were characterized by heteronuclear NMR (1H,13C) and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Structural characterization of site-modified nanocapsid with monodispersed gold clusters
Authors: Stark Marie C , Baikoghli Mo A , Lahtinen Tanja , Malola Sami , Xing Li , Nguyen Michelle , Nguyen Marina , Sikaroudi Aria , Marjomäki Varpu , Häkkinen Hannu , Cheng R Holland
Published: November 2017

Hepatitis E Virus-like particles self-assemble in to noninfectious nanocapsids that are resistant to proteolytic/acidic mucosal delivery conditions. Previously, the nanocapsid was engineered to specifically bind and enter breast cancer cells, where successful tumor targeting was demonstrated in animal models. In the present study, the nanocapsid surface was modified with a solvent-exposed cysteine to conjugate monolayer protected gold nanoclusters (AuNC). Unlike commercially available gold nanoparticles, AuNCs monodisperse in water and are composed of a discrete number of gold atoms, forming a crystalline gold core. Au102pMBA44 (Au102) was an ideal conjugate given its small 2.5 nm size and detectability in cryoEM. Au102 was bound directly to nanocapsid surface cysteines via direct ligand exchange. In addition, Au102 was functionalized with a maleimide linker (Au102_C6MI) for maleimide-thiol conjugation to nanocapsid cysteines. The AuNC-bound nanocapsid constructs were conjugated in various conditions. We found Au102_C6MI to bind nanocapsid more efficiently, while Au102 remained more soluble over time. Nanocapsids conjugated to Au102_C6MI were imaged in cryoEM for single particle reconstruction to localize AuNC position on the nanocapsid surface. We resolved five unique high intensity volumes that formed a ring-shaped density at the 5-fold symmetry center. This finding was further supported by independent rigid modeling.
Modulation Of Microtubule Acetylation By The Interplay Of TPPP/p25, SIRT2 And New Anticancer Agents With Anti-SIRT2 Potency
Authors: Szabó Adél , Oláh Judit , Szunyogh Sándor , Lehotzky Attila , Szénási Tibor , Csaplár Marianna , Schiedel Matthias , Lőw Péter , Jung Manfred , Ovádi Judit
Published: November 2017

The microtubule network exerts multifarious functions controlled by its decoration with various proteins and post-translational modifications. The disordered microtubule associated Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP/p25) and the NAD+-dependent tubulin deacetylase sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) play key roles in oligodendrocyte differentiation by acting as dominant factors in the organization of myelin proteome. Herein, we show that SIRT2 impedes the TPPP/p25-promoted microtubule assembly independently of NAD+; however, the TPPP/p25-assembled tubulin ultrastructures were resistant against SIRT2 activity. TPPP/p25 counteracts the SIRT2-derived tubulin deacetylation producing enhanced microtubule acetylation. The inhibition of the SIRT2 deacetylase activity by TPPP/p25 is evolved by the assembly of these tubulin binding proteins into a ternary complex, the concentration-dependent formation of which was quantified by experimental-based mathematical modelling. Co-localization of the SIRT2-TPPP/p25 complex on the microtubule network was visualized in HeLa cells by immunofluorescence microscopy using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation. We also revealed that a new potent SIRT2 inhibitor (MZ242) and its proteolysis targeting chimera (SH1) acting together with TPPP/p25 provoke microtubule hyperacetylation, which is coupled with process elongation only in the case of the degrader SH1. Both the structural and the functional effects manifesting themselves by this deacetylase proteome could lead to the fine-tuning of the regulation of microtubule dynamics and stability.
Investigation of specific interactions between T7 promoter and T7 RNA polymerase by force spectroscopy using atomic force microscope
Authors: Zhang Xiaojuan , Yao Zhixuan , Duan Yanting , Zhang Xiaomei , Shi Jinsong , Xu Zhenghong
Published: November 2017

The specific recognition and binding of promoter and RNA polymerase is the first step of transcription initiation in bacteria and largely determines transcription activity. Therefore, direct analysis of the interaction between promoter and RNA polymerase in vitro may be a new strategy for promoter characterization, to avoid interference due to the cell's biophysical condition and other regulatory elements. In the present study, the specific interaction between T7 promoter and T7 RNA polymerase was studied as a model system using force spectroscopy based on atomic force microscope (AFM). The specific interaction between T7 promoter and T7 RNA polymerase was verified by control experiments, and the rupture force in this system was measured as 307.2 ± 6.7 pN. The binding between T7 promoter mutants with various promoter activities and T7 RNA polymerase was analyzed. Interaction information including rupture force, rupture distance and binding percentage were obtained in vitro, and reporter gene expression regulated by these promoters was also measured according to a traditional promoter activity characterization method in vivo. Using correlation analysis, it was found that the promoter strength characterized by reporter gene expression was closely correlated with rupture force and the binding percentage by force spectroscopy. These results indicated that the analysis of the interaction between promoter and RNA polymerase using AFM-based force spectroscopy was an effective and valid approach for the quantitative characterization of promoters.
Effect of post weld heat treatment on weldability of high entropy alloy welds
Authors: Nam Hyunbin , Park Chulho , Kim Cheolhee , Kim Hyoungseop , Kang Namhyun
Published: November 2017

The effect of post weld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature on laser beam welds in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) using a cold-rolled cantor system (CoCrFeMnNi) was investigated. Laser welding of low heat input was applied to reduce thermal distortion. The cold-rolled HEA welds indicated larger grain size and inferior tensile/hardness properties as compared to the base metal (BM). By applying PWHT, the welds showed superior hardness to the BM with no variation in the face-centred cubic phase and a decrease in the size and fraction of CrMn oxide inclusions. As the PWHT temperature increased (800–1000°C), the variation in the grain size decreased between the weld metal and heat-affected zone, thus resulting in approximately the same tensile strength and elongation of the transverse welds as compared to the BM.
Neonatal Nurses Experience Unintended Consequences and Risks to Patient Safety With Electronic Health Records
Authors: Dudding Katherine M. , Gephart Sheila M. , Carrington Jane M.
Published: November 2017

In this article, we examine the unintended consequences of nurses' use of electronic health records. We define these as unforeseen events, change in workflow, or an unanticipated result of implementation and use of electronic health records. Unintended consequences experienced by nurses while using electronic health records have been well researched. However, few studies have focused on neonatal nurses, and it is unclear to what extent unintended consequences threaten patient safety. A new instrument called the Carrington-Gephart Unintended Consequences of Electronic Health Record Questionnaire has been validated, and secondary analysis using the tool explored the phenomena among neonatal nurses (N = 40). The purposes of this study were to describe unintended consequences of use of electronic health records for neonatal nurses and to explore relationships between the phenomena and characteristics of the nurse and the electronic health record. The most frequent unintended consequences of electronic health record use were due to interruptions, followed by a heavier workload due to the electronic health record, changes to the workflow, and altered communication patterns. Neonatal nurses used workarounds most often with motivation to better assist patients. Teamwork was moderately related to higher unintended consequences including patient safety risks (r = 0.427, P = .007), system design (r = 0.419, P = .009), and technology barriers (r = 0.431, P = .007). Communication about patients was reduced when patient safety risks were high (r = −0.437, P = .003). By determining the frequency with which neonatal nurses experience unintended consequences of electronic health record use, future research can be targeted to improve electronic health record design through customization, integration, and refinement to support patient safety and better outcomes.
Management of Reducible Ventral Hernias
Authors: Wolf Lindsey L. , Ejiofor Julius I. , Wang Ye , Hunink Myriam G. , Losina Elena , Haider Adil H. , Smink Douglas S.
Published: November 2017

Objective:

To compare long-term clinical and economic outcomes associated with 3 management strategies for reducible ventral hernia: repair at diagnosis (open or laparoscopic) and watchful waiting.

Background:

There is variability in ventral hernia management. Recent data suggest watchful waiting is safe; however, long-term clinical and economic outcomes for different management strategies remain unknown.

Methods:

We built a state-transition microsimulation model to forecast outcomes for individuals with reducible ventral hernia, simulating a cohort of 1 million individuals for each strategy. We derived cohort characteristics (mean age 58 years, 63% female), hospital costs, and perioperative mortality from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2003–2011), and additional probabilities, costs, and utilities from the literature. Outcomes included prevalence of any repair, emergent repair, and recurrence; lifetime costs; quality-adjusted life years (QALYs); and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. We performed stochastic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to identify parameter thresholds that affect optimal management, using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000/QALY.

Results:

With watchful waiting, 39% ultimately required repair (14% emergent) and 24% recurred. Seventy per cent recurred with repair at diagnosis. Laparoscopic repair at diagnosis was cost-effective compared with open repair at diagnosis (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio $27,700/QALY). The choice of operative strategy (open vs laparoscopic) was sensitive to cost and postoperative quality of life. When perioperative mortality exceeded 5.2% or yearly recurrence exceeded 19.2%, watchful waiting became preferred.

Conclusions:

Ventral hernia repair at diagnosis is very cost-effective. The choice between open and laparoscopic repair depends on surgical costs and postoperative quality of life. In patients with high risk of perioperative mortality or recurrence, watchful waiting is preferred.
The asexual genome of Drosophila
Authors: Schiffels Stephan , Mustonen Ville , Lässig Michael
Published: November 2017

The rate of recombination affects the mode of molecular evolution. In high-recombining sequence, the targets of selection are individual genetic loci; under low recombination, selection collectively acts on large, genetically linked genomic segments. Selection under linkage can induce clonal interference, a specific mode of evolution by competition of genetic clades within a population. This mode is well known in asexually evolving microbes, but has not been traced systematically in an obligate sexual organism. Here we show that theDrosophilagenome is partitioned into two modes of evolution: alocal interferenceregime with limited effects of genetic linkage, and aninterference condensatewith clonal competition. We map these modes by differences in mutation frequency spectra, and we show that the transition between them occurs at a threshold recombination rate that is predictable from genomic summary statistics. We find the interference condensate in segments of low-recombining sequence that are located primarily in chromosomal regions flanking the centromeres and cover about 20% of theDrosophilagenome. Condensate regions have characteristics of asexual evolution that impact gene function: the efficacy of selection and the speed of evolution are lower and the genetic load is higher than in regions of local interference. Our results suggest that multicellular eukaryotes can harbor heterogeneous modes and tempi of evolution within one genome. We argue that this variation generates selection on genome architecture.

Author Summary

TheDrosophilagenome is an ideal system to study how the rate of recombination affects molecular evolution. It harbors a wide range of local recombination rates, and its high-recombining parts show broad signatures of adaptive evolution. The low-recombining parts, however, have remained dark genomic matter that has been omitted from most studies on the inference of selection. Here we show that these genomic regions evolve in a different way, which involves clonal competition and is akin to the evolution of asexual systems. This regime shows a lower efficacy of selection, a lower speed of evolution, and a higher genetic load than high-recombining regions. We argue these evolutionary differences have functional consequences: protein stability and protein expression are gene traits likely to be partially compromised by low recombination rates.
Modeling of half-scale human bodies in active body positions for apparel design and testing
Authors: Vuruskan Arzu , Ashdown Susan P.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The design and testing of clothing for activewear requires complex assessments of the suitability of the clothing when the body is in motion. The purpose of this paper is to investigate full body 3D scanning of active body poses in order to develop “watertight” digital models and half-scale dress forms to facilitate design, pattern making and fit analyses. Issues around creating a size set of scans in order to facilitate fit testing of activewear across a size range were also explored.

Design/methodology/approach

Researchers experimented to discover effective methods for 3D body capture in the cycling position and reconstruction of the body in a reliable way. In total, 25 cyclists were scanned and size representatives were selected from these participants. Methods of creating half-scale forms were developed that make optimum use of modern materials and technologies. Half-scale dress forms were created in two active positions in a range of sizes for fit testing and design. A set of half-scale and full-scale bike shorts in two styles were manufactured and fit tested on the half-scale forms compared to fit testing on the scan participants to test validity of this method of assessing fit.

Findings

Issues in capturing and reconstructing areas occluded in the scanning process, and reconstructing the interface with the bicycle seat were addressed. Active digital forms were developed across the size range, from which both digital avatars and physical mannequins were developed for pattern development and fit testing. The production and use of precisely half-scaled tools for garment testing was achieved and validated by comparing fit test results in active positions on the half-scale forms and on participants who were scanned to create these forms.

Originality/value

Design modifications for active positions to date are based on linear measurements alone, which do not define the 3D body adequately. Despite much research using body scanners, only limited data exist on the body in active poses, and the concept of creating half-scale forms by scanning fit models throughout the size range in active body positions is a novel concept. The progress made in resolving material and process experiments in creating the actual half-scale forms, and testing their suitability for fit testing provides a basis for further research aimed at developing similar dress forms for other activewear garments.
Spirituality and dialogue revisited
Authors: White Richard D.
Published: November 2017

This essay introduces the second and final ethics symposium on spirituality and dialogue. The first symposium, edited by Thomas D. Lynch, Ph.D., focused on individual spirituality. In this, the second symposium, our attention expands to organizations and institutions and now turns to dialogue. Our theme however remains unchanged, for both spirituality and dialogue revolve around a more basic core of ethics that is global in scope. Readers of the dozen papers of the two symposia should look upon them collectively as their overall ethical theme, however loosely coupled, provides a powerful commentary on the emerging role that both spirituality and dialogue will play in a new ethically focused millennium. With little disagreement, the dozen scholars contributing to the two symposia argue that future challenges will require a much higher and more global ethical level in public administration than exists today. In a society where spirituality and dialogue will flourish, a higher ethical level is not only a goal but a reachable one. To some, a higher ethical level is inevitable while to others it is reachable only through the difficult process of individual, institutional and global moral improvement.
LEADING PRINCIPAL MINORS AND SEMIDEFINITENESS
Authors: Mandy David M.
Published: November 2017

Semidefinite matrices often arise in economic models, usually as Hessian matrices of convex or concave functions. Anytime the matrix can be semidefinite, rather than definite, the task of characterizing it is burdensome because extant results require that all principal minors be signed. A theorem is presented that shows it is sufficient to sign only selected principal minors when the matrix has a definite submatrix. This theorem is particularly useful in duality applications. The theorem also provides relatively easy proof of the standard relationship between semidefiniteness and principal minors. (JEL C02)
Stability and Change in Cognitive Status Classification of Black Older Adults
Authors: Aiken‐Morgan Adrienne T. , Gamaldo Alyssa A. , Wright Regina S. , Allaire Jason C. , Whitfield Keith E.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine whether stability and change in cognitive status are associated with sociodemographic characteristics and health function.

Design

Secondary analysis of data.

Setting

Baltimore Study of Black Aging—Patterns of Cognitive Aging.

Participants

Community‐dwelling black adults (N = 407; mean age 68.6 ± 9.1).

Measurements

Baseline (n = 602) and 33‐month follow‐up (n = 450) assessments of cognition, health, and psychosocial function.

Results

For the present analyses, participants were grouped as being cognitively normal (n = 249), having stable mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 32), or being MCI converters (n = 72; normal at baseline, MCI at follow‐up) or reverters (n = 54; MCI at baseline, normal at follow‐up). Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the groups differed significantly in education and lung function (P < .010). Post hoc analyses indicated that converters had fewer years of education than the other groups, whereas those who were cognitively normal had better lung function than converters and reverters (P < .050).

Conclusion

These results suggest that education and lung health are associated with patterns of cognitive status change and stability. Future research should account for sociodemographic and health factors when examining stability of cognitive status classifications.
Effect of Diesel Injection Split on Combustion and Emissions Performance of a Natural Gas–Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at a Low Load Condition
Authors: Guo Hongsheng , Liko Brian , Neill W. Stuart
Published: November 2017

As an inexpensive and low carbon fuel, the combustion of natural gas reduces fuel cost and generates less carbon dioxide emissions than diesel and gasoline. Natural gas is also a clean fuel that generates less particulate matter emissions than diesel during combustion. Replacing diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines is of great interest for industries. Dual fuel combustion is an efficient way to apply natural gas in internal combustion engines.

An issue that to a certain extent offsets the advantage of lower carbon dioxide emissions in natural gas–diesel dual fuel engines is the higher methane emissions and low engine efficiency at low load conditions. In order to seek strategies to improve the performance of dual fuel engines at low load conditions, an experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the effect of diesel injection split on combustion and emissions performance of a heavy duty natural gas–diesel dual fuel engine at a low load. The operating conditions, such as engine speed, load, intake temperature and pressure, were well controlled during the experiment. The effects of diesel injection split ratio and timings were investigated. The engine efficiency and emissions data, including particulate matter, nitric oxides, carbon monoxide and methane were measured and analyzed. The results show that diesel injection split significantly reduced the peak pressure rise rate. As a result, diesel injection split enabled the engine to operate at a more optimal condition at which engine efficiency and methane emissions could be significantly improved compared to single diesel injection.
Spray-Wall Interactions in a Small-Bore, Multi-Cylinder Engine Operating With Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition
Authors: Wissink Martin L. , Curran Scott J. , Kavuri Chaitanya , Kokjohn Sage L.
Published: November 2017

Experimental work on reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) in a small-bore, multi-cylinder engine operating on premixed iso-octane and direct-injected n-heptane has shown an unexpected combustion phasing advance at early injection timings, which has not been observed in large-bore engines operating under RCCI at similar conditions. In this work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to investigate whether spray-wall interactions could be responsible for this result. Comparison of the spray penetration, fuel film mass, and in-cylinder visualization of the spray from the CFD results to the experimentally measured combustion phasing and emissions provided compelling evidence of strong fuel impingement at injection timings earlier than −90 crank angle degrees (°CA) after top dead center (aTDC), and transition from partial to full impingement between −65 and −90°CA aTDC. Based on this evidence, explanations for the combustion phasing advance at early injection timings are proposed along with potential verification experiments.
Thermodynamic Considerations Related to Knock: Results From an Engine Cycle Simulation
Authors: Caton Jerald A.
Published: November 2017

The design and development of high efficiency spark-ignition engines continues to be limited by the consideration of knock. Although the topic of spark knock has been the subject of comprehensive research since the early 1900s, little has been reported on the coupling of the engine thermodynamics and knock. This work uses an engine cycle simulation together with a sub-model for the knock phenomena to explore these connections. First, the autoignition characteristics as represented by a recent (2014) Arrhenius expression for the reaction time of the end gases is examined for a range of temperatures and pressures. In spite of the exponential dependence on temperature, pressure appears to dominate the ignition time for the conditions examined. Higher pressures (and higher temperatures) tend to enhance the potential for knock.

Second, knock is determined as functions of engine design and operating parameters. The trends are consistent with expectations, and the results provide a systematic presentation of knock occurrence. Engine parameters explored include compression ratio, engine speed, inlet pressure, start of combustion, heat transfer, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Changes of cylinder pressures and temperatures of the unburned zone as engine parameters were varied are shown to be directly responsible for the changes of the knock characteristics.
Influence of β-octabromination on free-base triarylcorroles: Electrochemistry and protonation-deprotonation reactions in nonaqueous media
Authors: Song Yang , Fang Yuanyuan , Ou Zhongping , Capar Jan , Wang Chenyi , Conradie Jeanet , Thomas Kolle E. , Wamser Carl C. , Ghosh Abhik , Kadish Karl M.
Published: November 2017

Electrochemical and acid-base properties of four free-base triarylcorroles were examined in nonaqueous media. These compounds are represented here as (tdcc)H[Formula: see text], (tpfc)H[Formula: see text], (Br[Formula: see text]tdcc)H[Formula: see text] and (Br[Formula: see text]tpfc)H[Formula: see text], where tdcc and tpfc are the trianions of tris(2,6-dichlorophenyl)corrole and tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole, respectively. Different spectroscopic and electrochemical properties were observed for the [Formula: see text]-brominated corroles as compared to the non-brominated derivatives, due in part to the corrole ring distortion and in part to the strong electron-withdrawing properties of the Br groups. The brominated free-base corroles are easier to deprotonate than the non-brominated corroles in solution, which was confirmed by electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry as well as protonation/deprotonation reactions of the compounds with acid or base in PhCN. The electrochemistry of the protonated and deprotonated corroles is presented and comparisons made with previously published data for other protonated and deprotonated free-base corroles under the same solution conditions.
Exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in a Paralympic champion rower with spinal cord injury
Authors: Tiller Nicholas B. , Aggar Thomas R. , West Christopher R. , Romer Lee M.
Published: November 2017

The aim of this case report was to determine whether maximal upper body exercise was sufficient to induce diaphragm fatigue in a Paralympic champion adaptive rower with low-lesion spinal cord injury (SCI). An elite arms-only oarsman (age: 28 yr; stature: 1.89 m; and mass: 90.4 kg) with motor-complete SCI (T12) performed a 1,000-m time trial on an adapted rowing ergometer. Exercise measurements comprised pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange, diaphragm EMG-derived indexes of neural respiratory drive, and intrathoracic pressure-derived indexes of respiratory mechanics. Diaphragm fatigue was assessed by measuring pre- to postexercise changes in the twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi,tw) response to anterolateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. The time trial (248 ± 25 W, 3.9 min) elicited a peak O2 uptake of 3.46 l/min and a peak pulmonary ventilation of 150 l/min (57% MVV). Breath-to-stroke ratio was 1:1 during the initial 400 m and 2:1 thereafter. The ratio of inspiratory transdiaphragmatic pressure to diaphragm EMG (neuromuscular efficiency) fell from rest to 600 m (16.0 vs. 3.0). Potentiated Pdi,tw was substantially reduced (−33%) at 15–20 min postexercise, with only partial recovery (−12%) at 30–35 min. This is the first report of exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in SCI. The decrease in diaphragm neuromuscular efficiency during exercise suggests that the fatigue was partly due to factors independent of ventilation (e.g., posture and locomotion).

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This case report provides the first objective evidence of exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in spinal cord injury (SCI) and, for that matter, in any population undertaking upper body exercise. Our data support the notion that high levels of exercise hyperpnea and factors other than ventilation (e.g., posture and locomotion) are responsible for the fatigue noted after upper body exercise. The findings extend our understanding of the limits of physiological function in SCI.
Effects of Dark Chocolate and Almonds on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized Controlled‐Feeding Trial
Authors: Lee Yujin , Berryman Claire E. , West Sheila G. , Chen C.‐Y. Oliver , Blumberg Jeffrey B. , Lapsley Karen G. , Preston Amy G. , Fleming Jennifer A. , Kris‐Etherton Penny M.
Published: November 2017

Background

Consumption of almonds or dark chocolate and cocoa has favorable effects on markers of coronary heart disease; however, the combined effects have not been evaluated in a well‐controlled feeding study. The aim of this study was to examine the individual and combined effects of consumption of dark chocolate and cocoa and almonds on markers of coronary heart disease risk.

Methods and Results

A randomized controlled, 4‐period, crossover, feeding trial was conducted in overweight and obese individuals aged 30 to 70 years. Forty‐eight participants were randomized, and 31 participants completed the entire study. Each diet period was 4 weeks long, followed by a 2‐week compliance break. Participants consumed each of 4 isocaloric, weight maintenance diets: (1) no treatment foods (average American diet), (2) 42.5 g/d of almonds (almond diet [ALD]), (3) 18 g/d of cocoa powder and 43 g/d of dark chocolate (chocolate diet [
CHOC
]), or (4) all 3 foods (
CHOC
+
ALD
). Compared with the average American diet, total cholesterol, non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol after the
ALD
were lower by 4%, 5%, and 7%, respectively (
P
<0.05). The
CHOC
+
ALD
decreased apolipoprotein B by 5% compared with the average American diet. For low‐density lipoprotein subclasses, compared with the average American diet, the
ALD
showed a greater reduction in large buoyant low‐density lipoprotein particles (−5.7±2.3 versus −0.3±2.3 mg/dL;
P
=0.04), whereas the
CHOC
+
ALD
had a greater decrease in small dense low‐density lipoprotein particles (−12.0±2.8 versus −5.3±2.8 mg/dL;
P
=0.04). There were no significant differences between diets for measures of vascular health and oxidative stress.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that consumption of almonds alone or combined with dark chocolate under controlled‐feeding conditions improves lipid profiles. Incorporating almonds, dark chocolate, and cocoa into a typical American diet without exceeding energy needs may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01882881.
The role of abiotic and biotic cues in burrow habitat selection by juvenile crayfish
Authors: Clay Mallary , Stoeckel Jim , Helms Brian
Published: November 2017

Environmental cues contain critical information for individuals while searching for mates and suitable habitat. Crayfish have well-developed chemosensory abilities for detecting environmental cues in water; much less is known about these abilities on land. The Devil crayfish (Cambarus diogenes) is a burrowing crayfish often found in dense floodplain colonies as adults. Juveniles however are released in surface water and must navigate overland to burrow. Previous work demonstrates juveniles use cues from conspecific adults, and to a lesser extent, soil cues, for burrow site selection. Using mesocosms, we build on this by examining burrowing cues associated with (1) congeneric adults, (2) excavated burrow material and (3) other juveniles. In contrast to conspecific adults, cues provided by congeneric adults did not override cues associated with soil type. Similarly, juveniles burrowed closer to conspecific adult burrow mounds than to congeneric and human-built mounds. Juveniles also showed significant grouping behaviour in the absence of all other cues. These results suggest juvenile crayfish integrate multiple terrestrial cues for burrow site selection.