bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of chromic oxide, titanium dioxide and lignin as indigestible markers for the determination of ileal and faecal digestibility of nitrogen in the pig
Authors: Jagger S. , Wiseman J. , Cole D.J.A.
Published: June 2019

Indigestible markers are important in the determination of digestibility values when only a sample of the material may be collected. This situation arises when collecting ileal digesta for determination of ileal digestibilities via a T-piece cannula. Consequently a comparison of indigestible markers was undertaken.

The trial consisted of five treatments: (a) 0.1% Cr2O3, (b) 0.5% Cr2O3, (c) 0.1% TiO2, (d) 0.5% TiO2 and (e) no external marker. Treatment (e) was used for the determination of lignin. 5 cannulated (Landrace x Large White) x Landrace gilts, initially weighing an average of 35 kg, were arranged in a 5 x 5 Latin square. They were placed in metabolism crates, for the collection periods, and housed in a building with a controlled environment. Each of the five periods was preceded by a 9 day acclimatization period. Before period 1 faecal samples had been taken from the 5th to the 9th day after external markers had been included in the diets. These samples were used to determine the quantity of marker excreted in relation to time after inclusion in the diet. Each period consisted of a 5 day marker-to-marker collection of faeces and collection of ileal digesta on the 1st, 3rd and 5th day after the faecal collection. Ileal digesta was collected every 2 hours for 12 hours. Pooled samples of ileal digesta and faeces for each period were used for the determination of nitrogen digestibility.
The effects of two levels of protein in the compound diet and of implantation with oestradiol - 17 β during the finishing period of friesian and hereford cross friesian steers
Authors: Thicket W S , Cuthbert N H , Taylor J
Published: June 2019

The introduction of the hormonal implant,oestradiol - 17 β in a slow release form (Compudose 365 Elanco) offers the benefit in an “18 month” beef system of improved live-weight gain of steers at grass, continued during the final finishing period without further handling and cost. In this trial the persistence of the benefit over a 12 month period and of any interaction with the level of protein fed in the compound diet during the last 4 months of winter feeding was examined.
Concentrates saved by ammonia-treating barley straw for over-wintering Hereford x Friesian heifers
Authors: Owen E. , Kitivo D. , Russell M.
Published: June 2019

Ammonia treatment of straw to improve its nutritive value has been widely investigated (Sundstføl and Coxworth, 1984) and techniques are now being applied commercially in many countries. Despite much research, there is a lack of experimental data collected under farm-scale conditions to demonstrate that ammoniating straw is worthwhile under United Kingdom conditions. Experiment 1 in the present study was a farm-scale trial and aimed to over-winter beef cattle at a growth rate of 0.55 kg/day, using concentrate supplements and untreated or ammonia-treated barley straw. Experiment 2 aimed to define the digestibility and intake of the straws, using wether sheep.
The Supplementation of Ammonia Treated Straws for Suckler Cows
Authors: Turner P J , Perks D A
Published: June 2019

A further experiment in a series of trials to look at the effects of treating straws on their feed values, and the responses to different supplements was carried out in the winter of 1982-83. The treatments were:-

1)

Untreated barley straw (DBS) plus 1.5 kg rolled barley/urea per day

2)

Ammonia treated barley straw (TBS) alone

3)

Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) alone

4)

Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.5 kg rolled barley

5)

Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.5 kg soya bean meal

6)

Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.25 kg rolled barley and 0.25 kg fishmeal

There were 7 Hereford x Friesian cows per treatment, all mature animals (third calvers or more) calved in May, bulled with a Charolais bull in July and calves weaned off and cows yarded in November 1982. The trial ran for 145 days from 25 November 1982 to 19 April I983 covering about months 4 to 8 of pregnancy. They were group fed.
The Appetite Potential of Jersey Cows
Authors: Brigstocke T. D. A. , Lindeman M. A.
Published: June 2019

A previous trial (Brigstocke et al., 1982) had indicated that mature Jersey cows ate considerably more dry matter (DM) in relation to their body size than was currently projected from the multiple regression equations used for appetite prediction. However this trial was run on one large high-yielding herd with only a small number of animals and it was not known whether the results were applicable to the more average Jersey producer.
Effects of diet density and environmental temperature on performance and carcass quality of pigs fed ad libitum to bacon weight
Authors: Edwards S.A. , Armsby A.W. , Spechter H.H.
Published: June 2019

Ad libitum feeding from hoppers offers a simple system for feeding growing pigs and maximises liveweight gain. High feed intake in the later stages of production often results in excessive backfat deposition, making it difficult to achieve optimum carcass gradings with pigs kept to bacon weight. Both nutrient density of the diet and ambient temperature may influence voluntary feed intake. This experiment investigated the extent to which these factors could be used under commercial conditions to manipulate growth rate and fat deposition of pigs on an ad libitum feeding system.
Evaluation of partial weaning and treatment with PG600 at weaning in relation to subsequent reproduction in the sow.
Authors: Foxcroft G. R. , English P. R. , Bampton P. R. , MacPherson O. , Birnie M. , Bark L. J.
Published: June 2019

’Partial’ or ‘split’ weaning involves the earlier weaning of part of the litter before the normal weaning date. There have been isolated reports which claim that such a practice can reduce final weaning to service and conception interval and increase the size of the subsequent litter. However, these possible effects have not been quantified adequately and accordingly a study was carried out to further evaluate this practice.

The study was conducted on a 700 sow commercial unit in Aberdeen-shire with crossbred Large White (LW) x Landrace (LR) sows mated to LW, LR or LW x LR boars. Sows and litters were accomodated in conventional farrowing pens and weaning took place when litters averaged 17 days of age. Following weaning, sows were transferred to dry sow stalls adjacent to boar pens. Newly weaned pigs were transferred to flat-deck nursery accomodation.
Supplementation of Scottish Blackface Gimmers During Mating and Mid-pregnancy
Authors: Waterhouse A , McClelland T H
Published: June 2019

Lamb output in terms of both reproductive performance and lamb growth during lactationof hill gimmers (18 months old at first mating) is typically well below that of their multiparous contemporaries. This paper reports an attempt to evaluate the effects of supplementary feeding during the mating period and mid-pregnancy on gimmer performance.

Three hundred and ninety three Scottish Blackface gimmers from two hirsels (flocks of sheep from contiguous areas of land) of Auchtertyre Farm in west Perthshire were split according to the following design.
Comparison of systems for estimating protein allowances for dairy cows
Authors: Waters C.J. , Dewhurst R.J. , Webster A.J.F.
Published: June 2019

The proposed Agricultural Research Council (ARC 1984) protein evaluation system for ruminants provides lower nitrogen allowances than any other. (National Research Council 1985; Alderman 1987). A U.K. Interdepartmental Working Party (IDWP) was set up to consider the ARC (1980) proposals and recommend a practical protein evaluation system for ruminants for use by the advisory services. Its provisional proposals have been reported by Webster (1987). This trial was set up to provide a practical evaluation of the two systems in a commercial dairy herd.

Animals. Thirty-three Friesian cows (mean livewewight 590kg, mean previous milk yield 6120 kg), in early lactation were blocked according to (a) previous treatment, (b) number of previous lactations and (c) previous milk yield. The cows were randomly allocated within blocks to one of three dietary treatments.

Treatments. Dietary nitrogen allowances were calculated, according to (1) ARC(1984) and (2) IDWP (Webster, 1987) except that the ARC (1984) concept of essential amino acid nitrogen was included in the IDWP calculations. The difference in nitrogen allowances between the two systems was so great as to warrant a third intermediate treatment (INT), calculated to provide allowances mid-way between the other two.
Effects of ratio of white clover to grass in silage and concentrate supplementation on intake and performance of ewes in late pregnancy
Authors: Orr R.J. , Treacher T.T.
Published: June 2019

Widespread adoption of sheep systems based on mixed swards of white clover and grass may result in conservation cuts with a high proportion of clover, which will affect the intake of the silage or hay. The effect of proportion of clover in silage on voluntary intake was measured by offering mixtures of clover and grass silage with clover proportions of 0, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.60 with (S) and without (U) a ration of 600 g fresh weight per day of a barley, soya and fishmeal concentrate to 78 Finn Dorset ewes. The concentrate was formulated to have a crude protein content (CP) of 160 g per kg DM with 30 g per kg DM derived from fishmeal. The silages were made separately in 1984, with formic acid added at approximately 3.51 per tonne, from uninterrupted spring growths of perennial ryegass (Loliua perenre cv. Melle) cut on 16 June and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca) cut on 17 July and both were chopped. Mixtures of the two silages were made for each individual ewe separately each day, immediately prior to feeding.
Liveweight losses in store lambs during transit between the Island of Lewis and the mainland of Scotland and analysis of associated factors
Authors: Kerr S. , Burgess G. , English P. R. , Williamson J. , Bampton P. R. , MacPherson O. , Overton D.
Published: June 2019

Lewis Livestock Ltd., in liaison with Highlands and Islands Livestock Ltd., has initiated a cooperative marketing scheme involving the sale of store lambs from crofts in the Western Isles to finishing farms on the British mainland. The crofter-producers’ revenue depends on the sale price to finishers which is based primarily on liveweight recorded at the Island Collection Centres. Management problems have arisen due to losses in liveweight between weighing in the Islands and off-loading and weighing on mainland farms (time interval ranges from 14 to 26 hours) since finishers feel that they are being charged excessively for the weight of lamb as delivered to their farms. A study was undertaken to quantify the extent of this weight loss and try to identify predisposing causes.
Lamb Production from Summer Lambing Ewes
Authors: King Margaret E , Keeling Beverley J
Published: June 2019

The majority of lamb production in Britain is concentrated in March and April resulting in a glut of lambs during July-September when the guaranteed price is at its lowest. Trials were carried out over 3 years to assess the feasibility of lambing hill and lowground ewes in early summer when grass is at its most productive and little concentrates are necessary prior to lambing.

Trial 1 involved 20 bought-in Blackface (BF) ewes which were exposed to the tup in January/February in a sheltered field. Hay was available but no concentrates were fed. Ewes were outwintered and lambed in June/July when they were moved onto clean grazing. Concentrates were fed at the rate of 150g/d rising to 300g/d from 4 weeks pre-lambing to 10 days post-lambing. Results are shown in table 1.
Alternative Ways of Oestrus Induction in Early Lambing Ewes
Authors: Keeling B J , Gunn G J , King M E , Logue D N , Gill A , Rodway R G , Ibrahim M
Published: June 2019

The majority of early lambing flocks in the UK consist of crossbred ewes which do not normally cycle at a time consistent with an early January lambing. Oestrus stimulation is therefore necessary and is generally achieved by the use of progesterone-impregnated sponges and Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG). Alternative techniques to sponges and PMSG to induce oestrus may become increasingly important in the future if restrictions are placed on the use of synthetic hormones. The present study aimed to

a) Investigate alternative ways of advancing the breeding season naturally using vasectomised males and ovariectomised, oestrus-induced females. (Teasing).

b) Assess whether treatment of ‘teased’ ewes with melatonin would enhance any effect of teasers.
Digestibility of amino acids in maize, wheat and barley meals measured in pigs with ileo-rectal anastomosis and isolation of the large intestine
Authors: Green S. , Bertrand S. , Duron M. , Maillard R.
Published: June 2019

Evaluation was made of the extent to which amino acids in maize, wheat and barley meals were digested by pigs.

Apparent Digestibility (AD) of an individual amino acid was determined as the difference between amino acid intake and amino acid in the ileal digesta, expressed as a percentage of the intake. AD was adjusted to True Digestibility (TD) by correcting for the endogenous amino acid in the digesta, measured after feeding protein-free diets. An attempt was made to account for the possible influence of dietary fibre on digestility determinations by using protein-free diets which provided similar intakes of crude fibre as that achieved with the cereals.

4 littermate male pigs (22 kg live weight) were each surgically modified to create an ileo-rectal anastomosis. The large intestine was sealed at both ends and a cannula exteriorized from its lumen to enable fermenting residues to escape. Pigs were housed in individual metabolism crates. Digesta by-passed the large intestine, were expelled via the anus and collected in trays. The spurious influence of bacteria in the large intestine, on digestibility measurement, was thus avoided.
Naked oats in the diets of young pigs
Authors: Davies O D
Published: June 2019

The Welsh Plant Breeding Station at Aberystwyth has bred varieties of oats which do not retain their husk (Lemma and Palea) when threshed. These “naked” oats (Avenu nuda) are of a relatively high nutritional value, and at Trawsgoed EHF a spring sown variety, Rhiannon, has been used to evaluate their suitability as an alternative to expensive cereal products, such as oat flakes, presently used in piglet rations. Chemical analyses showed Rhiannon to contain in each kg 15.5 MJ of digestibile energy, 132 g of crude protein, 5.5 g of lysine and 8.2 g of lipid. Crude fibre content was low as expected (21 g/kg).
A Comparison of Hereford x Friesian and Limousin x Friesian Suckler Dams
Authors: Drennan M.J. , More O’Ferrall G.J.
Published: June 2019

Hereford x Friesian (HF) and Limousin x Friesian (LF) heifers purchased at two weeks of age were artificially reared under the same conditions. They were first bred to calve at two years using one Aberdeen-Angus bull. One Simmental sire was used for the second and fourth calvings and one Charolais sire was used for the third calving. Data are presented for the cow herd up to the date of fifth calving and on their progeny to weaning for each of the first four calving seasons. Calving was in the period March/June. Animals were put to pasture in April. Weaning was in October/November when all animals were housed. Cows were fed grass silage in winter. Information was available for 36, 35, 27 and 24 calvings in seasons 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The corresponding figures for calves available at weaning were 26, 35, 25 and 22.
The use of exotic sires for mating to maiden suckler heifers
Authors: Dolman D F , Broadbent P J
Published: June 2019

Sires from British breeds are less likely to cause calving difficulties than sires from Continental breeds. Consequently, heifers have usually been mated to Aberdeen-Angus, Beef Shorthorn or Hereford sires although Continental sires produce bigger, faster growing calves which mature at heavier weights. However, information is available on calving difficulties for sires used in AI and this enables easy calving Continental sires to be selected.

A group of 70 Hereford x British Friesian heifers were allocated at random to be mated, using AI, to a progeny tested high performance easy calving Aberdeen-Angus or to an easy calving sire of the Blonde d'Aquitaine, Limousin and Simmental breeds.

Only one sire from each breed was involved. The heifers were mated to commence calving in mid August 1985. A combined PRID/PG (PRID, CEVA; prostaglandin ICI Estrumate) technique was used to synchronise oestrus in the heifers and they were served by AI at 72 and 96 hours after the PG injection.
Tragedy and the Performance of Tragedy in Late Roman Antiquity
Authors: Kelly H. A.
Published: June 2019

It is a widely held view that by the beginning of the Christian era the staging of full-length dramas had become very rare or had ceased altogether, and that any plays that were written during this time, like the ten 'Senecan’ plays that survive, were probably intended as no more than closet dramas. But the question of whether such plays were ever staged (and hence the question of whether they were intended to be staged or were even stageable) is complicated by the fact that the word ‘tragedy’ was also applied to other forms of dramatic performances: to the ballet of the pantomime artist (tragoedia saltata) and to short concert productions (tragoedia cantata). There was also thecitharoedia, a solo performance which consisted of a tragic aria accompanied by the lyre. Finally, the traditional kind of tragedy could be recited rather than staged. Each of these kinds of performances could take place in or out of the theater, with varying degrees of elaboration. When, therefore, an ancient writer speaks of the performance of a tragedy, it is not always clear just what type of production is being alluded to. When, for instance, Dio Cassius says that the Emperor Caligula just before his assassination (A.D. 41) wished to put on a ballet and enact a tragedy (ϰαὶ ὀϱχήσασθαι ϰαὶ τϱαγῳδίαν ὑποϰϱίνασθαι ἠθέλησεν) and announced that the revels would be prolonged three more days for the purpose, what does he mean ? Was there to be only one kind of performance or two? That is, were thepantomimusand hishypocritaeto dance and act a single tragedy, or was a story to be rendered first in dance, and then the same or another story acted out in dialogue and song? If the latter supposition is correct, was the tragedy to be a large-scale play or a modified and shortened concert tragedy? We know from Suetonius that the same play could be conceived of as being performed in different ways. He says that on the day before Caligula was killed, thepantomimusMnester danced the same tragedy that thetragoedusNeoptolemus had acted in the games at which Philip of Macedon was killed. Of course, in judging this matter we must also consider the question of how accurately the conceptions and practices reported by Suetonius (ca. 120) and Dio (ca. 220) correspond to those of Caligula's time.
Die Früh- und hochmittelalterliche Konzilsidee im Kontext der ‘Filioque’-Kontroverse
Authors: Sieben Hermann-Josef
Published: June 2019

Das große abendländische Schisma (1378–1449) brachte zahlreiche Abhandlungen zum Thema Konzil hervor, aus denen die Konzilsidee des Spätmittelalters gewonnen werden kann. Namen wie Dietrich von Niem, Konrad von Gelnhausen, Heinrich von Langenstein, Pierre d'Ailly, Jean Gerson, Jean Courtecuisse, Juan Torquemada u.a. verdeutlichen das Gemeinte. Im Umkreis der Literatur zum zweiten Nicaenum (787), vor allem in den Libri Carolini, ist andererseits die spätpatristische Konzilsidee greifbar. Zwischen dem großen abendländischen Schisma und dem zweiten Nicaenum aber liegt ein Zeitraum von 500 Jahren und damit ein halbes Jahrtausend Entfaltung der Konzilsidee. Wie denkt man in dieser Zeitspanne über Konzilien? Auf welche Momente und Aspekte konzentriert sich das Interesse? Wo liegen die wesentlichen Unterschiede im Vergleich zur patristischen Phase der Entfaltung dieser Idee? Die entscheidende Vorfrage lautet natürlich: Welche Quellen stehen uns für den genannten Zeitraum zur Beantwortung unserer Frage zur Verfügung? Wie für die patristische Periode kommen auch für die mittelalterliche wieder einzelne Autoren in Frage. Männer wie der streitbare Bischof Hinkmar von Reims und der Unionstheologe Anselm von Havelberg, vielleicht auch Gerbert von Aurillac, der nachmalige Papst Silvester II., sind hier zu nennen.
Hostiensis and Some Embrun Provincial Councils
Authors: Kay Richard
Published: June 2019

In 1262 Henry of Susa, archbishop of Embrun, became cardinal-bishop of Ostia, the see with which he became synonymous to later generations who knew him simply as Hostiensis. And yet the statutes of Henry, archbishop of Embrun, published in a provincial council at Seyne-les-Alpes in the diocese of Embrun, appear in the conciliar collections under the year 1267, the date given in their preface.
Some Brief Reflections on Digital Technologies and Economic Development
Authors: Sachs Jeffrey D.
Published: June 2019

Among the many disruptions caused by artificial intelligence (AI) and other digital technologies (including automation, cyberwarfare, surveillance, loss of privacy, fake news, infrastructure vulnerability), the effects on development pathways are likely to be significant and complex. AI will enable low-income countries to leapfrog in several sectors, including e-governance, e-finance, e-health, and e-education. Yet AI will also lead to automation, reducing the demand for labor, especially unskilled labor. Labor-intensive sectors such as apparel will provide fewer jobs, and lower export earnings. Development strategies will need to adjust accordingly.
International economic law and the quest for universality
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence
Published: June 2019

The quest for universality in international economic law has met many obstacles. This article begins from the proposition that there are various ways to conceive of universality in international law, for example whether the rules are accepted widely among states (omnipresence) or whether they are broadly coherent (generality). Homing in on trade and investment law, the article assesses how each of these areas has functioned as a testing ground for these different conceptions. An in-built quasi-universality characterizes international trade law with the WTO as a seemingly centralized universal institution. Such universality, however, has often been achieved through differentiation of rights and obligations (e.g., the Enabling Clause and regional trade agreements). In investment law, attempts at universalization through the construction of centralized institutions have failed. Nevertheless, certain common standards have emerged in this fragmented regime. There is also a debate around the use of the MFN clause as a universalizing tool and renewed efforts to universalize investment law are afoot. More generally, it is clear that there is little appetite for codification of international economic law, and that states wish to control its content through the conclusion of treaties. In the final analysis, this article asks whether it is time to conceive of universality differently, and particularly whether equity and collective preferences should be a more central part of the quest.
Use of oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue staining enhances rabbit cloned embryo development in vitro
Authors: Jia Linying , Ding Bo , Shen Chong , Luo Shiwei , Zhang Yanru , Zhou Lin , Ding Ruike , Qu Pengxiang , Liu Enqi
Published: June 2019

Rabbits play an important role in people’s lives due to their high nutritional value and high-quality hair that can be used as raw material for textiles. Furthermore, rabbits are an important animal model for human disease, as genome-edited animals are particularly valuable for studying gene functions and pathogenesis. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an important technique for producing genome-edited animals and it has great value in saving endangered species and in clone stem cell therapy. However, the low efficiency of SCNT limits its application, with the selection of suitable rabbit oocytes being crucial to its success. In the present study, we collected oocytes from ovarian follicles and stained them with 26 μM brilliant cresyl blue (BCB). We then matured the oocytes in vitro and used them for SCNT. Comparison of the BCB-positive oocytes with BCB-negative oocytes and the control group showed that the BCB-positive group had a significantly higher maturation rate (81.4% vs. 48.9% and 65.3% for the negative and control groups, respectively), cleavage rate (86.6% vs. 67.9% and 77.9%), blastocyst rate (30.5% vs. 12.8% and 19.6%), total number of blastocysts (90±7.5 vs. 65.3±6.3 and 67.5±5.7), and inner cell mass (ICM)/ trophectoderm (TE) index (42.3±4.2 vs. 30.2±2.1 and 33.9±5.1) (P<0.05). The BCB-positive group had a significantly lower apoptosis index (2.1±0.6 vs. 8.2±0.9 and 6.7±1.1 for the negative and control groups, respectively) (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate that BCB-positive oocytes have a higher maturation ability and developmental competence in vitro, indicating that BCB staining is a reliable method for selecting oocytes to enhance the efficiency of SCNT.
Passing on the fire - To further inspire people to contribute to the management of animal genetic resources
Authors: Kubbinga B. , Hoffmann I. , Scherf B.
Published: June 2019

In light of the upcoming first International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources (September 2007), experts have been interviewed to tell about their experiences in the management of animal genetic resources over the past fifty years. They identified three milestones in the history of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) management: the foundation of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (1973), the FAO/UNEP 1980 Technical Consultation on AnGR, and the signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). Conservation of AnGR started at grassroot level and eventually led to policies at governmental level. The passion of civil society organizations remains vital to conserve local livestock breeds. Technical and financial support will be crucial for the future of AnGR conservation. The next milestone will be a Global Plan of Action that is expected as one outcome of the International Technical Conference.
Archeological Methods for Reconstructing Human Predation on Terrestrial Vertebrates
Authors: Haynes Gary
Published: June 2019

Archeological interest in predation ranges from studies of the earliest evidence for human meat-eating, to attempts to understand the fossil record's ambiguity about the meaning of associated animal bones and human artifacts. A number of quantitative measures are used to find the meaningful patterns in archeological assemblages, and taphonomic research has also provided analogs and comparative standards for interpreting human behavior based on the evidence for predation. The most important methods, approaches, and interests are discussed here, using case studies to illustrate the way archeologists have thought about the record of humans as predators.
The Fossil Record of Predator-Prey Arms Races: Coevolution and Escalation Hypotheses
Authors: Dietl Gregory P. , Kelley Patricia H.
Published: June 2019

Arms races between predators and prey may be driven by two related processes—escalation and coevolution. Escalation is enemy-driven evolution. In this top-down view of an arms race, the role of prey (with the exception of dangerous prey) is downplayed. In coevolution, two or more species change reciprocally in response to one another; prey are thought to drive the evolution of their predator, and vice versa. In the fossil record, the two processes are most reliably distinguished when the predator-prey system is viewed within the context of the other species that may influence the interaction, thus allowing for a relative ranking of the importance of selective agents. Detailed documentation of the natural history of living predator-prey systems is recommended in order to distinguish the processes in some fossil systems. A geographic view of species interactions and the processes driving their evolution may lead to a more diverse array of testable hypotheses on how predator-prey systems evolve and what constraints interactions impose on the evolution of organisms. Scale is important in evaluating the role of escalation and coevolution in the evolution of species interactions. If short-term reciprocal adaptation (via phenotypic plasticity or selection mosaics among populations) between predator and prey is a common process, then prey are likely to exert some selective pressure over their predators over the short term (on ecological time scales), but in the long run predators may still exert primary “top-down” control in directing evolution. On the scale of evolutionary time, predators of large effect likely control the overall directionality of evolution due to the inequalities of predator and prey in control of resources.
Lessons from the History and Philosophy of Science regarding the Research Assessment Exercise
Authors: Gillies Donald
Published: June 2019

The Research Assessment Exercise (henceforth abbreviated to RAE) was introduced in 1986 by Thatcher, and was continued by Blair. So it has now been running for 21 years. During this time, the rules governing the RAE have changed considerably, and the interval between successive RAEs has also varied. These changes are not of great importance as far as the argument of this paper is concerned. We will concentrate on the main features of the RAE which can be summarised as follows.
What's the point in Scientific Realism if we don't know what's really there?
Authors: Allen Sophie R.
Published: June 2019

The aim of this paper will be to show that certain strongly realist forms of scientific realism are either misguided or misnamed. I will argue that, in the case of a range of robustly realist formulations of scientific realism, the ‘scientific’ and the ‘realism’ are in significant philosophical and methodological conflict with each other; in particular, that there is a tension between the actual subject matter and methods of science on the one hand, and the realists' metaphysical claims about which categories of entities the world contains on the other.
Is Simplicity Evidence of Truth?
Authors: GrüNbaum Adolf
Published: June 2019

In a short 1997 book entitled Simplicity as Evidence of Truth, the Oxford philosopher Richard Swinburne has put forward the following thesis summarily: ‘… for theories (of equal scope) rendering equally probable our observational data (which, for brevity I shall call equally good at “predicting”), fitting equally well with background knowledge, the simplest is most probably true’.
Who is deterministic? On the nature of interdisciplinary research in archaeology
Authors: Kristiansen Kristian
Published: June 2019

Arponenet al.’s paper is a timely discussion paper which raises basic issues about the relationship between environmental science and archaeology, and thus about the relationship between science and archaeology more broadly. My comments will therefore begin with a discussion of the nature of interdisciplinary research, as a background for re-evaluating the question of determinism in environmental research. Thus more recently we have seen a critical concern or even anxiety emerge over how to reconcile science-based and humanistic traditions of interpretation in a period of expanding importance of science-based knowledge in aDNA studies (Callaway 2018; Sørensen 2017; Kristiansen 2017). It raises the question of their relationship and of what provides good practice.
Access to care of frail community-dwelling older adults in Belgium: a qualitative study
Authors: Fret Bram , De Donder Liesbeth , Lambotte Deborah , Dury Sarah , Van der Elst Michaël , De Witte Nico , Switsers Lise , Hoens Sylvia , Van Regenmortel Sofie , Verté Dominique
Published: June 2019

Aim

This paper aims to identify barriers that frail community-dwelling older adults experience regarding access to formal care and support services.

Background

Universal access to healthcare has been set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a main goal for the post-2015 development agenda. Nevertheless, regarding access to care, particular attention has to be paid to the so-called vulnerable groups, such as (frail) older adults.

Methods

Both inductive and deductive content analyses were performed on 22 individual interviews with frail, community-dwelling older adults who indicated they lacked care and support. The coding scheme was generated from the conceptual framework ‘6A’s of access to care and support’ (referring to work of Penchansky and Thomas, 1981; Wyszewianski, 2002; Saurman, 2016) and applied on the transcripts.

Findings

Results indicate that (despite all policy measures) access to a broad spectrum of care and support services remains a challenge for older people in Belgium. The respondents’ barriers concern: ‘affordability’ referring to a lot of Belgian older adults having limited pensions, ‘accessibility’ going beyond geographical accessibility but also concerning waiting lists, ‘availability’ referring to the lack of having someone around, ‘adequacy’ addressing the insufficiency of motivated staff, the absence of trust in care providers influencing ‘acceptability’, and ‘awareness’ referring to limited health literacy. The discussion develops the argument that in order to make care and support more accessible for people in order to be able to age in place, governments should take measures to overcome these access limitations (eg, by automatic entitlements) and should take into account a broad description of access. Also, a seventh barrier (a seventh A) within the results, namely ‘ageism’, was discovered.
Mapping livestock and poverty: a tool for targeting research and development
Authors: Thornton P.K. , Kristjanson P.M. , Kruska R.L. , Reid R.S.
Published: June 2019

Detailed geographical profiles of poverty and inequality can be extremely valuable to governments, non-governmental organizations, and multilateral institutions that aim to strengthen the impact of their spending on poverty. Some developing countries use information on the geographical distribution of welfare indicators to guide the allocation of resources among local agencies or government as a first step in reaching the poor. Poverty maps can also be important tools for researchers.
Demand and supply side changes in the Santa Cruz, Bolivia, milk sector 1985 – 2002: impact on small-scale producers and poor consumers
Authors: Rushton J. , Duran N. , Anderson S.
Published: June 2019

During the past three decades worldwide dairy policies have been implemented to promote the consumption of milk and milk products in urban areas and the production from rural areas close to big cities (Aldermanet al., 1987). Bolivia and the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra have been influenced by these worldwide directives and this current study examines the impact of policies on the demand and supply side of the sector, but with particular emphasis on smallholder milk producers and poor urban consumers. The current research is part of a multi-country study on the supply, demand and impact of dairy and other policies over a 10 to 15 year period (1985 to 2000) of the milk sectors of Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Nairobi, Kenya; and Kathmandu, Nepal.
Reference Frames for Minor Planets, Comets and Satellites
Authors: Roemer Elizabeth
Published: June 2019

Because of relatively large orbital inclinations of some minor planets and many comets, coupled with occasional close approaches to the Earth, it may be necessary to measure positions of these objects anywhere in the sky. Brightnesses range widely, some comets becoming bright enough to be readily visible with the naked eye, while small or remote objects challenge the limit of detectability at the largest telescopes. The brightness of a given object observed over an interval of time also will vary, sometimes over many magnitudes, as geocentric and heliocentric distances change.
Comparison of the Optical and Radio Reference Frames
Authors: Johnston K. J. , de Vegt Chr.
Published: June 2019

The Very Large Array (VLA) has made possible the measurement of the precise positions of the radio emission associated with stars. This allows the direct comparison of the optical reference frame (FK4) with the radio reference frame which is defined by the quasi-absolute positions of extragalactic radio sources. This comparison is limited by the small number of bright stars that display detectable radio emission and the lack of knowledge of the precise coincidence of the radio emission with the optical photocenter of the star. Since the VLA is the most sensitive astrometrically capable radio telescope, positions of the largest number of stars north of declination -20 degrees can be measured. The accuracy of the positions on the extragalactic reference frame should approach a milliarcsecond.
Dynamics of the Epsilon Aurigae Ring Model
Authors: Wilson R.E. , Van Hamme W.
Published: June 2019

It has recently been suggested (Lissauer and Backman, 1984; Eggleton and Pringle, 1985) that the secondary mass within the Epsilon Aurigae disk is not a single object but an embedded binary. Lissauer and Backman pointed out that this idea would help greatly to account for its low ratio of luminosity to mass, while Eggleton and Pringle argued in addition that the system’s evolution could be much better understood in terms of such a configuration. They also noted that a central opening in a thin disk, which was proposed by one of us (Wilson, 1971) as a means to produce certain unusual features of the eclipse, can be accounted for quite naturally if the disk has a binary at its center. With such an embedded binary, circular orbits will be impossible for particles inside a critical radius, leading to an effective viscosity which will cause disk material to spiral inward.
Intergalactic Neutral Hydrogen
Authors: Terzian Yervant
Published: June 2019

Here I would like to report on the HI intergalactic cloud in the Leo group of galaxies, which was first announced in 1983 by Schneider, Helou, Salpeter and Terzian (1983). This unexpected discovery was made accidentally by S. Schneider while calibrating the Arecibo λ21 cm system by looking at a part of the sky where no HI emission was expected at high velocities. These observations were made during a project of studying the HI distribution in binary galaxies and in small galaxy groups.
Convection as a Regulator of Dynamos
Authors: Gray David F.
Published: June 2019

Evidence is given for convection controlling dynamo activity and the rotation of some stars.
Evolution of High Mass Stars
Authors: Maeder André
Published: June 2019

Several properties of massive star evolution are of great interest for the understanding of young populations in galaxies: -the genetic connections predicted by the models for the various types of massive stars allow us to understand their filiation; -in order to study the differences of the relative star frequencies in galaxies, we have to know which properties affect the lifetimes in the various evolutionary stages; -the composition of stellar winds is interesting to discuss the wind injections into the interstellar material, particularly the injections by Wolf-Rayet stars, and to discuss the influence of mass loss on nucleosynthesis and chemical yields. Here we shall briefly summarize some recent results on these various problems. For more details the reader may refer to general reviews (cf. Humphreys, 1984; Maeder, 1984a,b; Chiosi and Maeder, 1986).
The Dynamical Evolution of Young Clusters and Associations
Authors: Mathieu Robert D.
Published: June 2019

A young cluster or association bears the imprint of the conditions at its birth for perhaps ten million years, after which the initial conditions are lost to either dilution in the galactic field or erasure by orbital mixing and stellar encounters. In its youngest years, however, the dynamical state of the system can provide valuable information concerning the structure and energetics of the parent gas, the star-formation efficiency and the star-formation process itself. This short review discusses recent theoretical and observational progress in the study of the very youngest of stellar systems.
The Molecular Cloud Content of Spiral and Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Rickard L. J
Published: June 2019

This paper concentrates on the molecular cloud component in its role as the site of current star formation – especially massive star formation. It is further restricted to the molecular component as traced by CO, the preeminent tracer of molecular gas in galaxies despite the problems discussed here. The basic topics addressed are (1) the variation of CO properties with galactic environment and type; (2) the problems involved in the inference of H2 distributions for individual galaxies from CO observations; and (3) the particular question of the presence of spiral structure in the CO component.
Supernovae and Stellar Mass Loss
Authors: Chevalier R. A.
Published: June 2019

Type I supernovae can be modeled as the carbon deflagration of white dwarfs and Type II supernovae as the explosions of massive stars with hydrogen envelopes. The massive stars at the ends of their lives are expected to be red supergiants, which are observed to have slow, dense winds. The interaction of the supernova kinetic energy and radiation with the circumstellar gas gives rise to observational phenomena at a range of wavelengths. Additional phenomena, such as a scattered light echo, are predicted. While the light from a Type II supernova near maximum light is probably from energy deposited in the initial explosion, there is now good evidence that the radioactive decay of 56Co powers the emission at late times. It was been noted that the explosions of massive stars without hydrogen envelopes would be quite unlike normal Type II supernovae. There is now good evidence for such explosions – SN1985f and the class of peculiar Type I supernovae. It is suggested that these supernovae be called Type III with the spectroscopic definition of a) no H lines and b) broad [01] lines at late times. That not all very massive star explosions are of this type is indicated by SN1961v, which was probably a very massive explosion, but in which hydrogen was present.
Models for the Early and Late Spectra of Supernovae
Authors: Fransson Claes
Published: June 2019

The ionizing and heating effects of the radiation from the supernova on the circumstellar matter are discussed. In particular, it is shown how observations of UV absorption lines can give information about the ionization structure and radiative acceleration of the gas. In the second part, the physics of the late phases of supernovae is studied with special emphasis on the metal rich interiors of massive corecollapse supernovae. These results are then applied to SN 1985f.
Supernovae and Cosmology
Authors: Bartel Norbert
Published: June 2019

I review the presently existing four partly independent methods of determining extragalactic distances through supernova investigations and conclude that, although each of these methods has its difficulties, application of all of them on the same class of objects provides the opportunity of obtaining unique redundancy in determinations of extragalactic distances and Hubble’s constant.
Vlbi Observations of the Compact Components in M82
Authors: Bartel N. , Ratner M.I. , Rogers A.E.E. , Shapiro I.I. , Bonometti R.J. , Cohen N.L. , Gorenstein M.V. , Marcaide J.M.
Published: June 2019

The nearby IrrII galaxy M82 (3C 231, NGC3034) is known to have a complex, very elongated radio brightness distribution in the central region of the galaxy (e.g., Kronberg and Wilkinson 1975). Because of the galaxy’s proximity (distance ~ 3.3 Mpc; Tammann and Sandage 1968), the brightness distribution can be investigated in considerable detail. Recently Unger et al. (1984) and Kronberg, Biermann, and Schwab (1985; see also Kronberg 1986) distinguished about 20 compact components in the central region, most of them unresolved with an upper limit on their angular sizes of ~ 150 mas corresponding to an upper limit on their linear sizes of ~ 2 pc. About half of the components were observed at more than one frequency and at several epochs and were found typically to have steep spectra between 5 and 15 GHz and (Kronberg and Sramek 1985) slowly decreasing flux densities.
Radio Supernova Candidates in the M82 Starburst
Authors: Kronberg Philipp P.
Published: June 2019

An entire population of radio supernova and SNR candidates has been discovered and monitored in the region near M82’s nucleus. VLA maps at a resolution of 150 milliarcseconds have thus far detected the order of 100 discrete radio sources in the inner 600 pc nuclear region. None is optically identified due to obscuration, but the brightest sources have radio luminosities and variability behaviour which are comparable to some identified radio SN in other nearby galaxies.
Coronal Response to Energy Release During Solar Flares
Authors: Antonucci Ester
Published: June 2019

The observations obtained with high resolution spectrometers flown in the past solar maximum, in the years 1979-1981, have shown that the soft x-ray plasma during the impulsive phase of solar flares is characterized by upflows. as well as by isotropic flows, at velocities of a few hundred km s-1. Isotropic flows can be directly related to the primary energy release process. While, upflows are an indication of chromospheric material heated to coronal temperatures and evaporating along the magnetic fluxtubes; they are therefore related to the development of the coronal soft x-ray source in the flare region.
Report of Joint Meeting held on 1985 November 22 to consider the MERIT/COTES recommendations for a new international earth-rotation service
Authors: McCarthy D D , Yatskiv Y A , Wilkins G A
Published: June 2019

A Joint Meeting of Commissions 19 and 31 was held during the IAU General Assembly at Delhi to consider the recommendations for a new international earth-rotation service put forward by the IAU/IUGG Joint Working Groups on the rotation of the Earth and the conventional terrestrial reference system. Wilkins gave summaries of the MERIT programme of activities to monitor earth rotation and intercompare the techniques of observation and analysis and of the COTES programme to establish the basis of a new conventional terrestrial reference system. He reviewed the recommendations of the Groups, and then introduced a draft resolution of the Commissions. An amendment on the continuation of the use of the technique of optical astrometry was accepted and the resolution was then adopted without objection. Four papers on work related to the MERIT/COTES programmes were then presented. Paquet discussed the agreement in the results by different techniques for polar motion and universal time. Preuss presented a paper by Campbell and Schuh on short-period variations in earth-rotation determined by VLBI. Dickey discussed the intercomparisons between the earth-orientation parameters obtained by different techniques and then reviewed the close correlation between the length of the day and the angular momentum of the atmosphere. Finally, Vicente and Verbeiren presented new techniques for processing time and polar motion series.
Principles and Scope of Synthetic Photometry
Authors: Buser Roland
Published: June 2019

We describe the synthetic photometry algorithm and its general usefulness in a wide range of applications.
A Reconsideration of the Galactic Constants
Authors: Kerr F. J. , Lynden-Bell D.
Published: June 2019

Whereas the I.A.U. standard values of the constants Ro, ⊙o, A, and B, differ from those currently considered best, the errors of current determinations are still rather large. Although the means of recent determinations lead to a fairly consistent set of values for the four main constants, the agreement may be largely coincidental. However, a case can be made for agreeing on a new pair of standard values for Ro and ⊙o as a matter of practical convenience.