bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Dowel Bar Retrofit on Rigid Pavement to Load Transfer Restoration
Authors: Peng Peng , Tian Bo , Mo Xiu Xiong , Niu Kai Min
Published: December 2013

Finite element model analysis was performed with respect to patterns of load transfer relying on the action of aggregate interlocking and on the concurrent action of aggregate interlocking and dowel bars. The best timing for dowel bar retrofit was determined by way of increase in load transfer efficiency and maximum tensile stress borne at joints. The situation of dowel bar retrofit to restore load transfer efficiency was verified by way of onsite tests and economic analysis performed before we came to the conclusion that the way of dowel bar retrofit to restore load transfer efficiency is fairly cost effective. The construction technique of dowel bar retrofit to restore load transfer efficiency is finally summarized in light of engineering practice.
The Unsteady Flow and Forced Response for a Variable Nozzle Turbine
Authors: Liu Yi Xiong , Lao Da Zhong , Liu Yin Hong , Yang Ce , Ma Chao Chen
Published: December 2013

Variable nozzle turbine (VNT) has become a popular technology for diesel application. While one of the major challenges for VNT is resonant vibration due to the fluctuating pressure in unsteady flow. Both the leakage flow forms inside the nozzle clearances and the shock produces under small nozzle openings increase the flow unsteadiness inside downstream rotor tunnel. In this paper, the unsteady simulation of the turbine was conducted to investigate the effects of nozzle clearances and openings on the transient load fluctuation of the blades. Then a finite element model of turbine wheel was built and blade forced response was simulated with harmonic analysis. The results showed that the decrease of nozzle opening would intensify rotor vibration and increase the blade dynamic stress. The simulation of blade resonance showed that the 1st order resonance located at the blade trailing edge while the 2nd order resonance happened at the leading edge, which was consistent with the blade actual crack.
3D Simulation Training Systems on Ship Lift of Hydropower Station
Authors: Xiao Zhi Huai , Chen Yu Fan , Song Li Bo , He Xin Ying
Published: December 2013

In order to meet the needs of 3D simulation training system, this paper proposed a three-dimensional simulation training system based on Web3D technology. 3Dmax,Balder3D and Silverlight5 are used to build 3D models, construct 3D scene and bear the 3D scene, respectively. Combining with the ASP.NET platform, we constructed a 3D training system platform, which could be applied to the hydropower plant simulation training system. The system includes whole process simulation, single-step simulation and dynamic simulation. Since its built on B/S structure, users have an easy access to the simulation system by using the browser. So the system will surely help the users to get a more intuitive and convenient knowledge of ship lift operation process.
Effect of the Gas Composition at the Electrical Explosion of Wires on the Nanopowders Properties
Authors: Nazarenko Olga B. , Ilyin Alexander P. , Tikhonov Dmitry V.
Published: December 2013

In this paper we present the study results of nanopowders properties produced by electrical explosion of wires in argon-oxygen and argon-air mixtures with different ratios of oxygen and air (0.5-30 vol. %). The products of aluminum, titanium and copper wires explosions were studied. The effect of the synthesis conditions on the metal content in the nanoparticles and their phase, chemical and size composition is discussed. The oxygen addition of 10-30 vol. % leads to a reduction in the metal content in the particles and to the formation of metals oxide. The small additives of reactive gases (< 2 vol. %) into the inert gas in the discharge chamber can be used for production of metal powder.
Electron Beam Sintering of Zirconia Ceramics
Authors: Burdovitsin Victor , Dvilis Edgar S. , Zenin Aleksey , Klimov Aleksandr , Oks Efim , Sokolov Vitaliy , Kachaev Artem A. , Khasanov Oleg L.
Published: December 2013

The work demonstrated the sintering of zirconium dioxide ceramics by means of an electron beam produced by a plasma-cathode e-beam source operating at fore-vacuum pressure. The sintered ceramics consist of tetragonal-modified zirconium dioxide with grain size from 0.7 to 10 micrometers, depending on the sintering conditions. At constant sintering temperature, the density of the material and its grain size depend on the integrated energy injected into the sintered material by the electron beam.
Effect of Graphene Structure on Mechanical Properties of Graphene/Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Dong Dong , Zhao Dong Lin , He Bin
Published: December 2013

Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) were mass-produced from flake natural graphite by oxidation, rapid expansion and ultrasonic treatment. The effects of ultrasonic times on the morphology and structure of GNSs and mechanical properties of GNS/epoxy nanocomposites were systematically investigated. GNS/epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated by ultrasonication and cast molding method. The mechanical properties of GNS/epoxy nanocomposites were influenced by the specific surface area, layer stacking and oxygen-containing functional group contents of GNSs. GNSs had excellent exfoliation degree when the sonication time was 15 h and there were some slightly changes on surface functional group comparing with 0 h sonication graphene and 5 h sonication graphene. When the sonication time was 15 h, the tensile strength and flexural strength of GNS/epoxy nanocomposites reached the highest value of 60.9 MPa and 91.33 MPa, which were increased by 25.3% and 30.94%, respectively, compared with pristine epoxy. The stress-strain curves of tensile testing demonstrated that extending the sonication time of GNSs can increased the fracture toughness of GNS/epoxy nanocomposites.
Osteoconduction and Bioresorption of Bone Allograft versus Anorganic Bovine Bone Xenograft: A Histomorphometric Study in Humans
Authors: Sousa Sandro Bittencourt , Castro-Silva Igor Iuco , da Rocha Coutinho Lawrence Andrade Costa , Lenharo Ariel , Granjeiro José Mauro
Published: December 2013

This clinical study evaluated the tissue repair process using different bone grafts. Nine dental patients with indication for posterior implantodontic treatment were submitted to maxillary sinus lifting procedures associated to grafting. After 6 months, bone biopsies (6 sites with allogenous bone grafting and 13 sites with bovine xenogenous bone grafting/OsseusTM) were removed and processed for histopathological and histomorphometric analyses (ANOVA and Tukey's test). Both groups had tissue biocompatibility without significant inflammatory response, only punctual presence of multinucleated giant cells in xenograft group. Osteoconductive potential was evidenced by new bone tissue surrounding and in direct contact with the granules of both grafts. Volume density of connective tissue was similar between groups, although there were significant differences in allograft group in comparison to xenograft as the presence of new bone formation (48.50%±13.93 versus 29.83±9.56, respectively, p<0.05) and remnant biomaterial (1.57±2.39 versus 22.23±12.41, respectively, p<0.001), suggesting a greater osteoconductivity and faster bioresorption in the allograft group. These results demonstrate that allogenous bone and OsseusTM can be satisfactorily used as grafts in minor oral surgeries for bone augmentation in humans.
Polymorphisms and Interspecies Differences of the Activating and Inhibitory FcγRII of Macaca nemestrina Influence the Binding of Human IgG Subclasses
Authors: Trist Halina M. , Tan Peck Szee , Wines Bruce D. , Ramsland Paul A. , Orlowski Eva , Stubbs Janine , Gardiner Elizabeth E. , Pietersz Geoffrey A. , Kent Stephen J. , Stratov Ivan , Burton Dennis R. , Hogarth P. Mark
Published: December 2013

Little is known of the impact of Fc receptor (FcR) polymorphism in macaques on the binding of human (hu)IgG, and nothing is known of this interaction in the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), which is used in preclinical evaluation of vaccines and therapeutic Abs. We defined the sequence and huIgG binding characteristics of the M. nemestrina activating FcγRIIa (mnFcγRIIa) and inhibitory FcγRIIb (mnFcγRIIb) and predicted their structures using the huIgGFc/huFcγRIIa crystal structure. Large differences were observed in the binding of huIgG by mnFcγRIIa and mnFcγRIIb compared with their human FcR counterparts. MnFcγRIIa has markedly impaired binding of huIgG1 and huIgG2 immune complexes compared with huFcγRIIa (His131). In contrast, mnFcγRIIb has enhanced binding of huIgG1 and broader specificity, as, unlike huFcγRIIb, it avidly binds IgG2. Mutagenesis and molecular modeling of mnFcγRIIa showed that Pro159 and Tyr160 impair the critical FG loop interaction with huIgG. The enhanced binding of huIgG1 and huIgG2 by mnFcγRIIb was shown to be dependent on His131 and Met132. Significantly, both His131 and Met132 are conserved across FcγRIIb of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. We identified functionally significant polymorphism of mnFcγRIIa wherein proline at position 131, also an important polymorphic site in huFcγRIIa, almost abolished binding of huIgG2 and huIgG1 and reduced binding of huIgG3 compared with mnFcγRIIa His131. These marked interspecies differences in IgG binding between human and macaque FcRs and polymorphisms within species have implications for preclinical evaluation of Abs and vaccines in macaques.
Do geriatrics require dose titration for antidiabetic agents?
Authors: Shastry R , Adhikari P , Kamath A , Chowta M , Ullal S , Pai MRSM
Published: December 2013

Objective:

To evaluate the antidiabetic drug dosage differences between geriatric and nongeriatric diabetics with reference to duration of disease and creatinine clearance (Crcl).

Materials and Methods:

Prospective study conducted for 6 months in a tertiary care hospital. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were grouped into geriatric (age ≥60 years) and nongeriatric (age <60 years). Patients’ demographic data, duration of diabetes, medication, and serum creatinine were recorded. Crcl was calculated using Cockcroft-Gault formula. Doses of sulfonylureas (SU) were converted into equivalent doses, taking glibenclamide as standard. Univariate analysis was done for comparison of drug doses between groups. Result: A total of 320 geriatric and 157 nongeriatric diabetics completed the study. The duration of diabetes and Crcl adjusted dose reduction of glibenclamide (mean dose: Geriatrics 7.2±0.4 mg, nongeriatrics 9.6±0.7 mg; P=0.01) and gliclazide (mean dose: Geriatrics 85.5±11.5 mg, nongeriatrics 115.3±32.7 mg; P=0.42) was 25%, glimepiride (mean dose: Geriatrics 1.62±0.13 mg, nongeriatrics 2.1±0.18 mg; P=0.06) was 22%. Glipizide did not require dose reduction. Mean converted equivalent dose of sulfonylurea monotherapy was significantly lower in geriatrics than nongeriatrics (3.2±0.5 vs 6.4±1.02 mg; P=0.01) and showed 50% dose reduction. Mean dose of metformin was lower in geriatrics (901±32.2 mg vs 946.7±45.8 mg; P=0.45) and showed 5% reduction in dosage. There was no difference in the mean drug doses of thiazolidinediones and insulin between the groups.

Conclusion:

A substantial dose reduction of glibenclamide (25%), gliclazide (25%), glimepiride (22%), and metformin (5%) in geriatrics compared to nongeriatrics was observed. Smaller dosage formulations like 0.75 mg glibenclamide, 0.5 mg glimepiride, 20 mg gliclazide, and 250 mg metformin may be of value in geriatric diabetic practice.
Isolated familial pneumothorax in a Taiwanese family with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome
Authors: Yang CY , Wang HC , Chen JS , Yu CJ
Published: December 2013

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax usually occurs as a sporadic event, but may be clustered in certain families with an underlying inherited disorder. Birt-Hogg-Dubι (BHD) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease accounting for familial pneumothorax. BHD syndrome, caused by mutation of the folliculin gene, is characterized by skin fibrofolliculoma, pulmonary cysts, pneumothorax, and renal cancer. We describe a BHD-affected Taiwanese family with clinical and genetic study. A rare mutation of the folliculin gene was detected in the patient and members with pulmonary cysts or pneumothorax, but no skin or renal lesions were found. This mutation was reported in a Taiwanese family and might indicate a pneumothorax-predominant phenotype. Isolated pneumothorax is an uncommon initial presentation of BHD syndrome. Family history should be carefully reviewed when managing a patient with pneumothorax.
Agronomic practices to reduce leaf spotting and Fusarium kernel infections in durum wheat on the Canadian prairies
Authors: May W. E. , Fernandez M. R. , Selles F. , Lafond G. P.
Published: December 2013

May, W. E., Fernandez, M. R., Selles, F. and Lafond G. P. 2014. Agronomic practices to reduce leaf spotting and Fusarium kernel infections in durum wheat on the Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 141–152. Fusarium head blight (FHB) has become an important disease of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn] in the humid and sub-humid regions of the prairies along with leaf spots, black point and red smudge. Together, they contribute to lower grain yields and grain quality. The study objective was to determine the effect of seeding rate, nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate, fungicidal treatment, and cultivar on disease severity, crop development, grain yield and quality in durum. A four-way factorial design was used with two seeding rates (150 and 300 viable seeds m−2), two N rates (75 and 100% of recommended rate), three cultivars (AC Avonlea, AC Morse and AC Navigator), four fungicide treatments (no application, propiconazole at flag leaf, tebuconazole at anthesis, and propiconazole at flag leaf followed by tebuconazole at anthesis) and three locations (two in Saskatchewan and one in Manitoba) from 2001 to 2003. There were no interactions among fungicide, seeding rate, N fertilizer and cultivar for all measured variables. Foliar fungicide treatments resulted in greater kernel weight, grain yield and test weight than the no-fungicide treatment. The application of tebuconazole at anthesis did not reduce the amount of FDK in the harvested grain. The application of a fungicide increased the percentage of kernels infected by black point from 0.38% to over 0.50% and red smudge from 0.54 to 0.61%. Two fungicide applications increased red smudge to 0.85%. Grain yield increased by 2.4% when the seeding rate was increased from 150 to 300 plants m−2. Increasing N fertilizer rate increased grain yield by 5.2%, protein concentration by 5.4% and hard vitreous kernels (HVK) by 2.6%, but decreased test weight by 0.5%. Cultivar selection had the largest effect on FDK. In conclusion, effects of a fungicide application on durum wheat did not interact with selection of seeding rates, cultivars or N rates used in this study.
Helicoidal Minimal Surfaces in a Finsler Space of Randers Type
Authors: Maria da Silva Rosângela , Tenenblat Keti
Published: December 2013

We consider the Finsler spaceobtained by perturbing the Euclidean metric of ℝ3by a rotation. It is the open region of ℝ3 bounded by a cylinder with a Randers metric. Using the Busemann–Hausdorff volume form, we obtain the differential equation that characterizes the helicoidal minimal surfaces in. We prove that the helicoid is a minimal surface inonly if the axis of the helicoid is the axis of the cylinder. Moreover, we prove that, in the Randers space, the only minimal surfaces in the Bonnet family with fixed axis Ox̄3are the catenoids and the helicoids.
Hospitalizations and Deaths Caused by Diarrhea in Children Five Years Old and Younger at Four Hospitals in Haiti, 2010–2012
Authors: Derby Kiersten S. , Lucien Mentor Ali Ber , Leshem Eyal , Steenland Maria W. , Juin Stanley , Joseph Gerard A. , Katz Mark A.
Published: December 2013

Worldwide, diarrhea is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in children; however, there are few data on the burden of diarrheal disease in Haiti. We conducted a retrospective review of hospital discharge registries from 2010 to 2012 in the pediatric wards of four Haitian hospitals and recorded the number of all-cause hospitalizations and deaths as well as diarrheal hospitalizations and deaths by age (≤ 2 and 3–5 years) and epidemiological week. Diarrhea was associated with 3,582 (33.7%) of 10,621 hospitalizations and 62 (11.5%) of 540 in-hospital deaths in children ≤ 5 years old. Of these children, 88.5% and 96.8%, respectively, were among children ≤ 2 years old. The highest proportions of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations occurred from January to April. At four Haitian hospitals over a 3-year period, during which time a major epidemic of cholera occurred, diarrheal disease in children ≤ 5 years was a major contributor to pediatric hospitalizations and mortality.
SAGE version 7.0 algorithm: application to SAGE II
Authors: Damadeo R. P. , Zawodny J. M. , Thomason L. W. , Iyer N.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. This paper details the SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) version 7.0 algorithm and how it is applied to SAGE II. Changes made between the previous (v6.2) and current (v7.0) versions are described and their impacts on the data products explained for both coincident event comparisons and time-series analysis. Users of the data will notice a general improvement in all of the SAGE II data products, which are now in better agreement with more modern data sets (e.g., SAGE III) and more robust for use with trend studies.
Observation of tropospheric δ D by IASI over the Western Siberia: comparison with a GCM
Authors: Pommier M. , Lacour J.-L. , Risi C. , Bréon F.-M. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P.-F. , Gribanov K. , Hurtmans D. , Jouzel J. , Zakharov V.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. This study presents the joint H216O and HDO retrieval from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) spectra over the Western Siberia. IASI is an instrument on board the MetOp-A European satellite. The global coverage of the instrument and the good signal-to-noise ratio allow us to provide information on δ D over this remote region. We show that IASI measurements may be used to estimate integrated δ D between the surface and 3 km altitude or from 1 to 5 km depending on the thermal contrast, with observational errors lower than 4% and 8%, respectively. The retrieved data are compared to simulations from an isotopic GCM, LMDZ-iso over 2011. The satellite measurements reproduce well the seasonal and day-to-day variations for δ D, showing for the latter a good correlation with the model (r up to 0.8 with the smoothed data in summer). The IASI-based retrievals also show the seasonal variation of the specific humidity in both altitude ranges.
Comparing a thermo-mechanical Weichselian ice sheet reconstruction to GIA driven reconstructions: aspects of earth response and ice configuration
Authors: Schmidt P. , Lund B. , Näslund J-O.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. In this study we compare a recent reconstruction of the Weichselian ice-sheet as simulated by the University of Main ice-sheet model (UMISM) to two reconstructions commonly used in glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modeling: ICE-5G and ANU (also known as RSES). The UMISM reconstruction is carried out on a regional scale based on thermo-mechanical modelling whereas ANU and ICE-5G are global models based on the sea-level equation. The Weichselian ice-sheet in the three models are compared directly in terms of ice volume, extent and thickness, as well as in terms of predicted glacial isostatic adjustment in Fennoscandia. The three reconstructions display significant differences. UMISM and ANU includes phases of pronounced advance and retreat prior to the last glacial maximum (LGM), whereas the thickness and areal extent of the ICE-5G ice-sheet is more or less constant up until LGM. The final retreat of the ice-sheet initiates at earliest time in ICE-5G and latest in UMISM, while ice free conditions are reached earliest in UMISM and latest in ICE-5G. The post-LGM deglaciation style also differs notably between the ice models. While the UMISM simulation includes two temporary halts in the deglaciation, the later during the Younger Dryas, ANU only includes a decreased deglaciation rate during Younger Dryas and ICE-5G retreats at a relatively constant pace after an initial slow phase. Moreover, ANU and ICE-5G melt relatively uniformly over the entire ice-sheet in contrast to UMISM which melts preferentially from the edges. We find that all three reconstructions fit the present day uplift rates over Fennoscandia and the observed relative sea-level curve along the Ångerman river equally well, albeit with different optimal earth model parameters. Given identical earth models, ICE-5G predicts the fastest present day uplift rates and ANU the slowest, ANU also prefers the thinnest lithosphere. Moreover, only for ANU can a unique best fit model be determined. For UMISM and ICE-5G there is a range of earth models that can reproduce the present day uplift rates equally well. This is understood from the higher present day uplift rates predicted by ICE-5G and UMISM, which results in a bifurcation in the best fit mantle viscosity. Comparison of the uplift histories predicted by the ice-sheets indicate that inclusion of relative sea-level data in the data fit can reduce the observed ambiguity. We study the areal distributions of present day residual surface velocities in Fennoscandia and show that all three reconstructions generally over-predict velocities in southwestern Fennoscandia and that there are large differences in the fit to the observational data in Finland and northernmost Sweden and Norway. These difference may provide input to further enhancements of the ice-sheet reconstructions.
Comparison of the sensitivity of determining soyeabean allergens by ELISA method and SYBR green I
Authors: Golian Jozef , Belej Ľubomir , Židek Radoslav , Trandží­k Jozef , Čapla Jozef , Zajác Peter
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the suitability of two methods for detecting defatted soybean powder; SYBR Green I Real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Analysis of 20 artificially contaminated samples prepared by simple dilution with wheat flour revealed that both techniques were able to detect defatted soybean powder, although there were significant differences between the two methods. Wheat flour contamination with defatted soybean powder was detected in samples 1-5, (0.012 %; 120 mg.kg-1), but not in samples with lower contamination with soybean powder saples 6-20 using SYBR Green I real-time PCR. Samples 1-10 could not be quantified by ELISA as the absorbance values were greater than the detection limit, and while samples 11-20 were measured, only the values of samples 16, 17 and 18 were within the guaranteed quantification range specified by the ELISA kit manufacturer. Defatted soybean powder contamination was detected in samples 19 and 20, but absorbance values were highly similar to those of the negative control sample.
Hall and Ohmic Heating Effects on the Peristaltic Transport of a Carreau–Yasuda Fluid in an Asymmetric Channel
Authors: Hayat Tasawar , Abbasi Fahad M. , Alsaedi Ahmed , Alsaadi Fuad
Published: December 2013

The effects of Hall current and Ohmic heating are analyzed for the peristaltic flow of a Carreau- Yasuda fluid in an asymmetric channel. The mathematical model for peristalsis of the Carreau- Yasuda fluid is provided for the first time in the literature. The problem is developed in the presence of viscous dissipation. Solutions for pressure gradient, stream function, axial velocity, and temperature are established and discussed. The heat transfer rate at the wall is first computed numerically and then examined. A comparative study for viscous, Carreau, and Carreau-Yasuda fluids is also made.
A new genus of the millipede tribe Brachyiulini (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae) from the Aegean region
Authors: Lazányi Eszter , Vagalinski Boyan
Published: December 2013

A new genus of the julid tribe Brachyiulini, Enghophyllum gen. nov., is described, comprising two species from Greece. The type-species, E. naxium (Verhoeff, 1901) comb. nov. (ex Megaphyllum Verhoeff, 1894), appears to be rather widespread in the Aegean: it is known from Antiparos Island and Naxos Island (the type locality), both in the Cyclades, as well as East Mavri Islet, Dodecanese Archipelago (new record). The vulva of E. naxium is described for the first time. In addition, E. sifnium gen. et sp. nov. is described  based on a single adult male from Sifnos Island, Cyclades. The new genus is distinct from other genera of the Brachyiulini mainly by its peculiar gonopod structure, apparently disjunct and at least mostly apomorphous: (1) promeres broad, shield-like, in situ protruding mostly posteriad, completely covering the opisthomeres and gonopodal sinus; (2) transverse muscles and coxal apodemes of promere fully reduced; (3) opisthomere with three differentiated processes, i.e., lateral, basal posterior and apical posterior; (4) solenomere rather simple, tubular. The evolution and biogeography of the new genus are briefly discussed, both suggesting its profoundly long isolation in the Aegean region from the contribal genera in the adjacent Balkans and Anatolia.
Understanding utility disincentives to water conservation as a means of adapting to climate change pressures
Authors: Kenney Douglas S.
Published: December 2013

A management model that systematically provides incentives for consumption more so than conservation may no longer promise the greatest social benefits.
L’échange de droits d’émission de gaz à effet de serre sous la loupe de l’analyse économique du droit
Authors: Papy Jacques
Published: December 2013

Le Québec a jeté, en 2012, les bases du système de plafonnement et d’échange de droits d’émission de gaz à effet de serre. Le système pourrait, à terme, constituer l’un des maillons d’un marché commun du carbone à l’échelle de l’Amérique du Nord. Celui-ci appartient cependant à une catégorie d’instruments économiques de protection de l’environnement encore peu connue des juristes. L’exploration de l’architecture de cet instrument et l’examen des enjeux qui le traversent sont donc d’actualité. Pour ce faire, l’auteur propose une ébauche de modélisation, à la lumière de l’analyse économique du droit, de l’architecture de ce type de régime, en s’attardant plus particulièrement aux problèmes posés par l’organisation de l’échange de droits d’émission. La modélisation permet d’éclairer le rapport théorique étroit que le droit entretient avec l’efficacité économique lorsque le régulateur recourt au marché afin d’assurer la protection de l’environnement. Le modèle proposé met ainsi en lumière, de manière générale, les points de friction qui sont susceptibles de survenir aux différentes étapes de l’échange de droits d’émission et qui peuvent faire obstacle à son efficacité économique. Le modèle permet également de tirer quatre recommandations préliminaires qui pourraient être pertinentes pour le régulateur, à l’occasion de l’élaboration de la mise en oeuvre du système québécois de plafonnement et d’échange de droits d’émission de gaz à effet de serre.
How to survive a nerve-wracking journey
Authors: Yung Andrea , Goodrich Lisa V
Published: December 2013

When the axons that carry signals to muscles are growing, they rely on help from Frizzled3—a protein that is known to perform a number of other important functions in cells—to reach their final destination.
Neutralization of the intervocalic rhotic contrast in Northern Belizean Spanish
Authors: Balam Osmer
Published: December 2013

 

While it has been contended that the tap/trill intervocalic contrast has been lost in many Spanish varieties, maintenance of the normative intervocalic tap/trill contrast has been attested via segmental duration rather than the number of lingual contacts. The present paper investigates the neutralization of the intervocalic rhotic contrast in emerging, bi-dialectal speakers of Northern Belizean Spanish, an understudied variety of contact Spanish with innovative patterns of rhotic distribution. Acoustic analysis of data from 10 adolescent speakers from Orange Walk, Belize showed that in the elicited, oral production data, speakers were able to more consistently maintain their native Spanish variety's intervocalic tap/retroflex approximant phonemic contrast. However, in an effort to phonetically switch to a more standard variety of Spanish in the read-aloud task, speakers' overgeneralization of the tap led to neutralization of the tap/trill contrast and partial loss of their native Spanish variety's intervocalic phonemic contrast. 

 
Spanish clitic clusters
Authors: Cuervo María Cristina
Published: December 2013

This paper deals with a small set of data from clusters of three clitics in Spanish that questions the empirical adequacy and scope of previous analyses of clitic clusters in Romance. It is shown that the output of the Spurious se Rule is not identical to genuine se, at some level that is relevant for linearization of clitics within a cluster. A proposal is presented to capture the neglected data, and this is done in a way that illuminates the debate on the division of labour in clitic phenomena between phonology, morphology and syntax. Central questions in morphology, such as ordering of operations, syncretisms, linearization principles and consequences of lexical insertion are addressed and re-examined.
Differential Object Marking, Case and Agreement
Authors: Ormazabal Javier , Romero Juan
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we present empirical evidence showing that Differential Object Marking (DOM)  in Spanish is determined by structural conditions related to Case and agreement. We also argue that semantic concepts such as specificity, definiteness, animacy, or topicality, tightly connected to the presence or absence of A, must be parasitic on the syntactic configurations where DOM is licensed. We also present some consequences of our analysis for the general theory of agreement. We argue that the same structural relation is involved in all cases of DOM, as well as in Dative Clitic Constructions, where the presence of the particle A preceding clitic-doubled datives is syntactically unified with DOM phenomena. The accusative/dative distinction traditionally attributed to the Spanish pronominal system does not correspond, in synchronic terms, to different case relations, but distinguishes between agreeing and non-agreeing arguments. Similarly, the distribution of DOM corresponds to a Case-checked/Caseless difference. We extend the analysis to account for well-known restrictions on the co-appearance of two DOM arguments, which  are analyzed as the consequence of a competition between two arguments for a single target.
A investigação em turismo em Portugal: um contributo para a sua caracterização
Authors: Silva João Albino , Valle Patrícia Oom do
Published: December 2013

Este trabalho pretende ser um primeiro contributo para a caracterização da investigação em Turismo em Portugal, focando a sua atenção no perfil do investigador e nas características da investigação. Para o efeito e tendo por base uma rede de investigadores em Turismo em Portugal, foi possível identificar 166 investigadores a trabalhar nesta área, distribuídos por cerca de 30 instituições de ensino superior, posteriormente convidados a preencher um questionário online. A fase de recolha de dados, em Março de 2013, permitiu obter 111 respostas válidas cuja análise se apresenta neste estudo. Os resultados evidenciam uma comunidade científica predominantemente jovem e em crescimento e sublinham igualmente uma diversa, sólida e estimulante perspectiva disciplinar.
Xu Shen’s Scholarly Agenda
Authors: O'Neill Timothy
Published: December 2013

This article puts forward a new interpretation of the lexicographic method of the Shuowen jiezi 說文解字 by rereading the original text and traditional commentaries through the lens of authorial intention. Within the paradigm of traditional Chinese hermeneutics, intentionality serves as the linchpin of philological methodology. The central argument of the article is that the lexicographic macrostructure and microstructures of the Shuowen are designed to prove that the changes in the writing systems are historically and graphemically observable, and consequently that the original intentions of the sages who used guwen to write the classics are literally recoverable by working backwards through the reforms and changes in writing to a proper understanding of how they classified and used their words in the guwen writing system. An annotated translation of the “Shuowen Postface” in light of this new interpretation concludes the discussion.
Kleinfunde aus Elfenbein und Knochen aus Assur. By Dirk Wicke
Authors: Dunham Sally
Published: December 2013

Kleinfunde aus Elfenbein und Knochen aus Assur. By Dirk Wicke. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 131. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010. Pp. xi + 268, plates. €78.
Pentateuch. Edited by Thomas B. Dozeman; Konrad Schmid; and Baruch J. Schwartz
Authors: Erisman Angela Roskop
Published: December 2013

The Pentateuch. Edited by Thomas B. Dozeman; Konrad Schmid; and Baruch J. Schwartz. Forschungen zum Alten Testament, vol. 78. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011. Pp. xviii + 578. €129.
Transformation of Muslim Mystical Thought in the Ottoman Empire: The Rise of the Halveti Order, 1350–1650. By John J. Curry
Authors: Clayer Nathalie
Published: December 2013

The Transformation of Muslim Mystical Thought in the Ottoman Empire: The Rise of the Halveti Order, 1350–1650. By John J. Curry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010. Pp. xviii + 330. $105.
Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China. By Yuri Pines
Authors: Levine Ari Daniel
Published: December 2013

The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China. By Yuri Pines. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Pp. vii + 245. $39.50.
Classical Indian Philosophy: A Reader. By Deepak Sarma
Authors: Nicholson Andrew J.
Published: December 2013

Classical Indian Philosophy: A Reader. By Deepak Sarma. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. Pp. xxii + 243. $29.50.
Unraveling Megathrust Seismicity
Authors: Funiciello Francesca , Corbi Fabio , van Dinther Ylona , Heuret Arnauld
Published: December 2013

The majority of global seismicity originates at subduction zones, either within the converging plates or along the plate interface. In particular, events with Mw ≥ 8.0 usually occur at the subduction megathrust, which is the frictional interface between subducting and overriding plates. Consequently, seismicity at subduction megathrusts is responsible for most of the seismic energy globally released during the last century [Pacheco and Sykes, 1992]. What's more, during the last decade giant megathrust earthquakes occurred at an increased rate with respect to the last century [Ammon et al., 2010], often revealing unexpected characteristics and resulting in catastrophic effects. Determining the controlling factors of these events would have fundamental implications for earthquake and tsunami hazard assessment.
“Nonempty” Gap Between Radiation Belts: The First Observations
Authors: Panasyuk Mikhail
Published: December 2013

The first space experiments carried out in 1958 by the scientific groups of James Van Allen (United States) on board the first Explorer satellites and Sergey Vernov (Soviet Union) on board the satellite Sputnik 3 led to the discovery of the Earth's radiation belts—the particles (mainly protons and electrons) captured by the magnetic field of the Earth. Two scientific groups independently came to the conclusion that the electrons in the geomagnetic trapping region fill two areas, inner and outer radiation belts, unlike the protons, which fill the whole trapping region [see, e.g., Lemaire, 2000].
Globally mapping baseflow characteristics
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2013

Characterizing baseflow, the slowly varying portion of streamflow, is important for water resources management, hydropower generation, tracking contaminant transport, and other applications. Most previous studies of baseflow have analyzed small groups of catchments with similar characteristics. Now, to develop globally applicable models of baseflow characteristics, Beck et al. studied observations from 3394 catchments around the world with a variety of climatic, hydrological, and physiographic characteristics. Their novel approach investigates the relationship between catchment characteristics and baseflow characteristics, showing how baseflow is related to annual potential evaporation, mean snow water equivalent depth, abundance of surface water bodies, and other landscape characteristics. Their global maps of baseflow characteristics—which could be useful for benchmarking and calibrating hydrological models and for a variety of other hydrological applications—are freely available at http://www.hydrology‐amsterdam.nl.
Coseismic thrusting and folding in the 1999 Mw 7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake: A high‐resolution approach by aerial photos taken from Tsaotun, central Taiwan
Authors: Kuo Yu‐Ting , Ayoub Francois , Leprince Sébastien , Chen Yue‐Gau , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Shyu J. Bruce H. , Lai Kuang‐Yin , Kuo Yu‐Ju
Published: December 2013

We used aerial photos taken before and after the 21 September 1999, Mw 7.6, Chi‐Chi earthquake in central Taiwan to measure the near‐field ground deformation. A total of 12 pairs of images were processed with Co‐registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation to produce a horizontal displacement map of a 10 km × 10 km area near Tsaotun. Using pairs of images with different viewing angles, both the horizontal and vertical slip across the fault zone can be measured. Our measurements when resampled into lower resolution are consistent with lower resolution measurements of horizontal displacements obtained from SPOT images, as well as with vertical displacements obtained from repeated leveling measurements and field observations. Horizontal strain is strongly localized along the Chelungpu fault (CLPF) and along a secondary scarp that runs parallel to the CLPF about 2 km to the east, the Ailiao fold scarp (ALF). This pattern closely matches the surface ruptures mapped in the field. Horizontal strain across CLPF correlates remarkably well with the topographic features produced by long‐term deformation. The cumulative horizontal shortening across the CLPF and ALF amounts to 4.9 ± 0.4 and 6.1 ± 0.6 m, respectively, and fault‐parallel displacement is 3.4 ± 0.4 m. The pattern of surface strain is consistent with the interpretation of the ALF as a fold scarp formed over an active axial hinge zone. This study shows that, even in this compressional setting, most surface deformation is localized within narrow fault zones or active axial hinges.
Crustal velocity structure associated with the eastern Tennessee seismic zone: Vp and Vs images based upon local earthquake tomography
Authors: Powell Christine A. , Withers Mitchell M. , Cox Randel Tom , Vlahovic Gordana , Arroucau Pierre
Published: December 2013

We present three‐dimensional P and S wave velocity models for the active eastern Tennessee seismic zone (ETSZ) using arrival time data from more than 1000 local earthquakes. A nonlinear tomography method is used that involves sequential inversion for model and hypocenter parameters. We image several velocity anomalies that persist through most of the inversion volume. Some anomalies support the presence of known features such as an ancient rift zone in northern Tennessee. Other anomalies reveal the presence of basement features that can be correlated with regional gravity and magnetic anomalies. We image a narrow, NE‐SW trending, steeply dipping zone of low velocities that extends to a depth of at least 24 km and is associated with the vertical projection of the prominent New York‐Alabama magnetic lineament. The low‐velocity zone may have an apparent dip to the SE at depths exceeding 15 km. The low‐velocity zone is interpreted as a major basement fault juxtaposing Granite‐Rhyolite basement to the NW from Grenville southern Appalachian basement to the SE. Relocated hypocenters align in near‐vertical segments suggesting reactivation of a distributed zone of deformation associated with a major strike‐slip fault. We suggest that the ETSZ represents reactivation of an ancient shear zone established during formation of the super continent Rodinia.
High‐resolution 3‐D P wave attenuation structure of the New Madrid Seismic Zone using local earthquake tomography
Authors: Bisrat Shishay T. , DeShon Heather R. , Pesicek Jeremy , Thurber Clifford
Published: December 2013

A three‐dimensional (3‐D), high‐resolution P wave seismic attenuation model for the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is determined using P wave path attenuation (t*) values of small‐magnitude earthquakes (MD < 3.9). Events were recorded at 89 broadband and short‐period seismometers of the Cooperative New Madrid Seismic Zone Network and 40 short‐period seismometers of the Portable Array for Numerical Data Acquisition experiment. The amplitude spectra of all the earthquakes are simultaneously inverted for source, path (t*), and site parameters. The t* values are inverted for QP using local earthquake tomography methods and a known 3‐D P wave velocity model for the region. The four major seismicity arms of the NMSZ exhibit reduced QP (higher attenuation) than the surrounding crust. The highest attenuation anomalies coincide with areas of previously reported high swarm activity attributed to fluid‐rich fractures along the southeast extension of the Reelfoot fault. The QP results are consistent with previous attenuation studies in the region, which showed that active fault zones and fractured crust in the NMSZ are highly attenuating.
Consistent Environmental Stimulation from Birth to Elementary School
Authors: Pianta Robert C.
Published: December 2013

The vast majority of policy and programmatic efforts in early care and education that focus on improving children's school readiness call attention primarily to a set of skills and competencies demonstrated by children in various ways. Years of measuring, conceptualizing, and improving these skills have reified a sense that young children's competencies are somehow independent of the contexts and settings in which these skills have been developed or are elicited. Although, to some extent, the existence of reliable and valid assessment of young children's school‐readiness skills and their precursors demonstrates the validity of considering school readiness as a characteristic of a child—and such assessments can be thoughtful anchors of early education systems—this chapter argues that it is an equally if not more important consideration to measure, conceptualize, and improve school‐readiness competencies through processes located in the interpersonal relationships between children and adults. Not only may interactions and relationships be the most effective pathway to address a child's difficulties in acquiring developmental competencies at any given time, but such a relational or transactional approach to fostering skills may also increase the likelihood that the child will be able to successfully develop needed competencies in the future. Implications of this perspective for conceptualizing and assessing school‐readiness skills, and for policies related to school readiness, are presented.
Organizational Characteristics of Happy Organizations
Authors: Simmons Bret L.
Published: December 2013

Even though we are still in the very early stages of understanding characteristics of happy organizations, there is good reason to believe that organizational happiness does provide a competitive edge. The goal of this chapter is to offer a concise, evidence‐based guide on organizational happiness for practicing managers. This chapter will discuss what it means to be happy, how happiness has been measured, and the evidence on its consequences and causes. Two frameworks for explaining why happiness should matter and some recommendations for organizational characteristics to enhance happiness will also be discussed.
Quality of Urban Spaces and Wellbeing
Authors: Adams Mags
Published: December 2013

What constitutes quality in an urban context is subjective and open to interpretation. This chapter begins by looking at the ways in which definitions of quality have been applied to the urban environment. It identifies that much research has focused on objective indicators including social indicators of poverty, and the geographical distribution of housing types. However, others, such as Pacione, provide a more context‐dependent interpretation which allows for the assessment of the quality of urban spaces and their relationship to wellbeing to be considered in a more holistic way. This chapter follows this interpretation by taking a sensory urbanism approach and turns its gaze on the experiential aspects of urban spaces, the perceived quality of such spaces, both objective and subjective, and the relationship between the physical, the experienced, and wellbeing.
When Vitality Meets Longevity
Authors: Westendorp Rudi G. J. , Mulder Bert , van der Does A. J. Willem , van der Ouderaa Frans J. G.
Published: December 2013

Public health strategies have been successful in preventing morbidity and death during the prime years of our lives but there is too little knowledge on how to address the consequences of our success, the fate of the overwhelming majority of people now enjoying higher longevity. We assert that striving for just healthy longevity is too limited an approach as for most people a satisfactory life is not dependent on an optimal level of physical and mental functioning. Here we present a conceptual framework, introducing vitality as a key competence that combines the narrow, functional definition of health and the broader perception of self‐rated life satisfaction. Vitality is the ability of a person to set ambitions which are appropriate for one's life situation and to realize these goals despite functional limitations. A focus on vitality presents a striking opportunity to experience a satisfactory life in keeping with longevity from which society as a whole could strongly benefit. It necessitates a paradigm shift in our thinking that should lead to a new type of health strategy that appropriately integrates the needs and desires of the older generation.
Mental Health
Authors: Layard Richard
Published: December 2013

This chapter argues that mental health is a major factor of production. It is the biggest single influence on life satisfaction, with mental health status 8 years earlier a more powerful explanatory factor than current income. Mental health also affects earnings and educational success. But, most strikingly, it affects employment and physical health. In advanced countries mental health problems are the main illness of working age—amounting to 40% of all illness under 65. They account for over one third of disability and absenteeism in advanced countries. They can also cause or exacerbate physical illness. It is estimated that, in the absence of mental illness, the costs of physical health care for chronic diseases would be one third lower. The good news is that cost‐effective treatments for the most common mental illnesses now exist (both drugs and psychological therapy). But only a quarter of those who suffer are in treatment. Yet psychological therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, if more widely available, would pay for itself in savings on benefits and lost taxes. The chapter ends by illustrating how rational policy can be made using life‐course models of wellbeing. Such policies should include a much greater role for the treatment and prevention of mental illness.