bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Striking Lack of Evidence for Nonbelief‐Based Attitude Formation and Change: A Response to Five Commentaries
Authors: Fishbein Martin , Middlestadt Susan E.
Published: March 2004

In a recent article (Fishbein & Middlestadt, 1995) we attempted to show that much of the evidence supporting nonbelief‐based models of attitude formation and change could be viewed as methodological artifacts. Perhaps not surprisingly, the article has stimulated a number of responses. Unfortunately, many of these commentaries appear to be more a defense of a dual processing model of attitude formation and change than an attempt to address what we believe to be a fundamental methodological issue in attitude research—namely, can one demonstrate nonbelief‐based attitude formation or change without appropriately assessing the belief structure that theoretically underlies the attitude? In this article, we review the three types of evidence that were presented in support of nonbelief‐based attitude formation and change, and we conclude that there is little empirical evidence to support such a nonbelief‐based view. Other theoretical and methodological issues raised by the commentaries are also addressed.
Comment on Social Marketing: Are We Fiddling While Rome Burns?
Authors: Wells William D.
Published: March 2004

In “Social Marketing: Are We Fiddling While Rome Burns?” Goldberg urged university‐based consumer psychologists to “take on some of the many social marketing issues that lie awaiting” (Goldberg, 1995, p. 367). He also urged us to focus on “upstream” rather than “downstream” issues (pp. 357–366), employ “micro‐lab experimentation” (pp. 356–357), and enter the political arena to advance the implications of our work (pp. 366–367).

It easy to agree that we should address social issues. Many do that now. It is not so easy to agree that we should focus on upstream rather than downstream issues or that micro‐lab experimentation is the method of choice. It is very difficult to agree that we should enter the political arena where, as Goldberg acknowledged, “the adversaries are contending for power, not truth” (p. 366).
Applying the Functional Theory of Attitudes to Understanding the Influence of Store Atmosphere on Store Inferences
Authors: Schlosser Ann E.
Published: March 2004

Past research suggests that store atmosphere affects merchandise quality inferences, in turn affecting store image. Yet, lighting, music, and other atmospheric features also serve a social identity function (i.e., a social role). According to the functional theory of attitudes, appeals are most persuasive when they address the motives underlying the attitude targeted for change. If store atmosphere acts as a social identity appeal, then an aesthetically pleasing atmosphere should positively influence quality perceptions of social identity products (i.e., socially communicative products) but not utilitarian products (i.e., intrinsically rewarding products). To test this, two experiments were conducted that differed in the type of social and utilitarian products under evaluation and the degree of store information provided. The results of both studies indicated that store atmosphere influenced perceptions of social identity products but had little effect on perceptions of utilitarian products. Furthermore, store atmosphere elicited different shopping motives and purchasing intentions. In addition to contributing to the understanding of how store atmosphere affects store inferences, this article extends previous research and theory on attitude functions by suggesting that situations can elicit motives as well as serve as subtle, product‐nonspecific appeals, selectively affecting judgments of products that are consistent (rather than inconsistent) with the situational appeal's function.
The Effects of Brand Name Suggestiveness and Decision Goal on the Development of Brand Knowledge
Authors: Sen Sankar
Published: March 2004

This research represents an initial step toward understanding how the brand name interacts with associated brand information in the development of brand knowledge. In particular, it draws on extant research on psycholinguistics, consumer memory, and decision making to demonstrate, in 2 experiments, that a brand name's semantic suggestiveness interacts with the type of decision task involved in the initial brand encounter to influence the brand information encoded and recalled during a subsequent encounter with a proposed brand extension. When information about an efficient set of new brands is learned through a choice task, brand names that suggest general superiority appear to benefit subsequent brand extensions more than names that are suggestive of category‐specific, attribute‐based superiority. After a judgment task, however, the latter names appear to benefit brand extensions more than the former ones. Moreover, this interactive effect of brand name suggestiveness and decision goal on brand extension evaluations is accompanied by systematic shifts in the extent to and the manner in which individuals process attribute information about the parent brands and recall and identify such information.
The Double Chorus in Bach's St. Matthew Passion
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: March 2004

Bach's St. Matthew Passionhas long been interpreted and analyzed as a double-chorus work, largely under the influence of typical modern performances. But Bach's original performing materials and analytical features of the work show that very little is actually scored for equal choruses and that the two ensembles do not have the same status. Chorus 2 is subordinate to Chorus 1 and is better viewed as a ripieno ensemble that most often supports the work's concertists (Chorus 1), only occasionally gaining a measure of independence. This flexible and expanded role for a group of ripieno singers had its origins in a movement from Bach's St. John Passion and was particularly suited to the dialogue texts at the core of the St. Matthew Passion's libretto. It is also consistent with the particular performance forces Bach had at his disposal. Understanding the work in this way clarifies its close continuity with eighteenth-century church music practice and with Bach's earlier music.
The Classical Cadence: Conceptions and Misconceptions
Authors: Caplin William E.
Published: March 2004

The article examines notions traditionally attached to the concept of cadence in general, retains those features finding genuine expression in "the classical style" (as defined by the instrumental works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven), and investigates problematic ideas that have the potential of producing theoretical and analytical confusion. It is argued that cadence effects formal closure only at middle-ground levels of structure; a cadential progression is highly constrained in its harmonic content; cadential function precedes the moment of cadential arrival, whereas the music following this arrival may be postcadential in function; cadential content must be distinguished from cadential function; cadence represents a formal end, not a rhythmic or textural stop; and cadential strength can be distinguished in its syntactical and rhetorical aspects. An analysis of selected musical passages demonstrates that an accurate identification of cadence has a major impact on the interpretation of musical form and phrase structure.
The Origins and Early History of L'homme armé
Authors: Planchart Alejandro Enrique Planchart
Published: March 2004

This study examines the tune L'homme armé and presents evidence from number symbolism embedded in the song that it is a product of the Burgundian court milieu and dates from after 1433. Musical and number symbolism evidence points to Guillaume Du Fay as the composer of Il sera par vous -L'homme armé, and the relationship between Du Fay and Symon le Breton is examined and elucidated. A date for the chanson of early 1460 is postulated, and a chronology of the earliest masses on L'homme armé may be suggested: Ockeghem and Du Fay ca. 1461, Caron and Regis (between 1462 and 1467), Busnoys and the Naples masses (after 1467, probably 1468 for Busnoys). The Christological program of the Du Fay mass is examined, as is the relationship between the masses of Du Fay and Ockeghem, and an explanation is proffered for the tradition of a Bb signature in some versions of L'homme armé.
The Function of "Rules" in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
Authors: Marvin William M. Marvin
Published: March 2004

This study offers a reading of Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg in relation to compositional rules. By separating the latter into categories of rhetorical and tonal rules, one may determine first if either set of rules is followed adequately by the various characters in the opera, and also whether the rules themselves are sufficient for the composition of master songs. The rhetorical rules are abstracted from the libretto, while tonal rules are the principles of harmony and counterpoint as understood within Heinrich Schenker's theory of tonality. The essay focuses specifically on Walther's songs "An stillen Herd," "Fanget An!," and the multiple verses and versions of the Morning Dream/Prize Song. Close analyses of these songs lead to a better understanding of what Wagner may have intended to teach his characters and his audience about compositional rules.
Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative (Emdogain) on Bone Defects in Rabbit Tibias
Authors: Cornelini Roberto , Scarano Antonio , Piattelli Maurizio , Andreana Sebastiano , Covani Ugo , Quaranta Alessandro , Piattelli Adriano
Published: March 2004

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain, Biora, AB, Malmö, Sweden) on bone healing. Ten New Zealand rabbits, weighing about 2.5 kg, were used. One 8-mm bone defect was created in each tibia. The defect on the right leg was filled with Emdogain, whereas the defect on the opposite leg was left unfilled as control. A total of 20 defects were created. Five rabbits each were killed at 4 and 8 weeks with an overdose of Tanax. Block sections containing the defects were retrieved and the specimens processed for light microscopy examination. The slides were stained with acid and basic fuchsin and toluidine blue. Histologically, no differences were noted in both groups at each observation period; in the test group, remnants of the implanted Emdogain were not present at 4 weeks. Newly formed bone was detectable in both groups at all observation times. At 8 weeks, both groups showed mature bone, and in the test group the material implanted was not visible. No inflammatory cells were visible in both groups. In conclusion, our results indicate that Emdogain implanted in bone defects is fully resorbed after 4 to 8 weeks and does not adversely affect bone formation.
Implant Biomechanics in Grafted Sinus: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Fanuscu Mete I. , Vu Hung V. , Poncelet Bernard
Published: March 2004

This in vitro study investigated the stress distribution in the bone surrounding an implant that is placed in a posterior edentulous maxilla with a sinus graft. The standard threaded implant and anatomy of the crestal cortical bone, cancellous bone, sinus floor cortical bone, and grafted bone were represented in the 3-dimensional finite element models. The thickness of the crestal cortical bone and stiffness of the graft were varied in the models to simulate different clinical scenarios, representing variation in the anatomy and graft quality. Axial and lateral loads were considered and the stresses developed in the supporting structures were analyzed. The finite element models showed different stress patterns associated with helical threads. The von Mises stress distribution indicated that stress was maximal around the top of the implant with varying intensities in both loading cases. The stress was highest in the cortical bone, lower in the grafted bone, and lowest in the cancellous bone. When the stiffness of the grafted bone approximated the cortical bone, axial loading resulted in stress reduction in all the native bone layers; however, lateral loading produced stress reduction in only the cancellous bone. When the stiffness of the graft was less than that of the cancellous bone, the graft assumed a lesser proportion of axial loads. Thus, it caused a concomitant stress increase in all the native bones, whereas this phenomenon was observed in only the cancellous bone with lateral loading. The crestal cortical bone, though receiving the highest intensity stresses, affected the overall stress distribution less than the grafted bone. The stress from the lateral load was up to 11 times higher than that of the axial load around the implant. These findings suggest that the type of loading affects the load distribution more than the variations in bone, and native bone is the primary supporting structure.
Technique for Achieving a Passive Framework Fit: A Clinical Case Report
Authors: Swallow Stephen T.
Published: March 2004

The clinical application of a 4-step technique for achieving the passive fit of an implant-supported cast bar or framework is reported. Implant-level transfers were attached, splinted intraorally with pattern resin, picked up in an open-tray elastomeric impression, and used to fabricate a working cast containing implant analogs. A light-cured template was used to verify master cast accuracy. A ceramometal fixed partial denture restoration was fabricated on the working cast with a preliminary try-in of the cast metal framework. A passive prosthesis fit was achieved. Failure to create an accurate working cast can distort the intended fit of a cast framework on the abutments in the patient's mouth. Optimal positioning of the implant analog in the master cast depends on (1) the transfer technique and (2) the ability of the system to maintain precise rotational orientation of the transfer components. The splinted transfer technique developed 20 years ago has sometimes been effective in improving the accuracy of framework fit with external hexagon implant-abutment connections, but it has not been documented with newer implant-abutment connections. Techniques for reestablishing master cast accuracy and correcting the superstructure are presented. The use of the presented technique resulted in a passive-fitting framework.
Young people's attitudes towards guns in America, Great Britain, and Western Australia
Authors: Cooke Claire Ann
Published: March 2004

Attitudes of young people in the United States of America (n=145), Great Britain (n=177) and Western Australia (n=219), towards the possession and use of firearms were explored. These were measured on an Attitudes Toward Gun Scale [Branscombe et al., 1991 “A three factor scale of attitudes towards guns,” Aggr. Behav. 17:261], with particular reference to its three underlying dimensions (rights, causes crime, and protects from crime). Findings on these three dimensions of the ATGS indicate American respondents to be in greatest favour of gun possession, scoring significantly higher than Australian and British respondents in the belief that it is a citizen's right to own a gun, and that guns provide protectionfrom crime. Australian and British respondents scored higher on items referring to the belief that guns stimulate crime. An additional item added to the scale by Cooke and Puddifoot [2000] concerning the right to carry concealed weapons gained little support from British, Australian, or American respondents. This, together with low mean scores by respondents from all nations on protection, questions the introduction of ‘gun‐carry’ laws in many states throughout the USA. Discussion centres upon the implications of such findings, and the usefulness for future research of a measure designed to explore why people own guns, choose to carry weapons, and keep guns in the home. Aggr. Behav. 30:93–104, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Female aggression” revisited: Variable‐ and person‐centered approaches to studying gender differences in different types of aggression
Authors: Salmivalli Christina , Kaukiainen Ari
Published: March 2004

We looked for evidence supporting the hypothesis that girls are more indirectly aggressive than boys by 1) comparing the average scores of girls and boys on the Direct Indirect Aggression Scales [Björkqvist et al., 1992b], and 2) by comparing the distributions of boys and girls in five cluster groups representing different ‘aggression profiles’, or combinations of values in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression. The subjects were 526 children in three separate age groups: 10, 12, and 14 years. While boys were, on average, both directly and indirectly more aggressive than girls, the cluster analysis revealed a group of highly aggressive adolescents whose use of aggression was predominantly indirect. The members of this cluster group (n=36) were all girls. Aggr. Behav. 30:158–163, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Play fighting and real fighting: Using video playback methodology with young children
Authors: Smith Peter K. , Smees Rebecca , Pellegrini Anthony D.
Published: March 2004

This study develops a video playback methodology: children aged five to eight years viewed taped play fighting and real fighting bouts in which they were both participants and nonparticipants. Views of participants were also compared for immediate and delayed viewing. The methodology examines the criteria used to distinguish play fighting and real fighting; views concerning the characteristics of such episodes; and the motivations involved. The methodology was found to be feasible at this age; and useful in terms of differing views of participants and nonparticipants. There was evidence for increased insight from participants, who used more criteria to make their judgments, and more informative criteria such as knowledge of the rules of a game being played. Participant knowledge was most evident at the immediate viewings, but was partially retained one week later. Participants (more than nonparticipants) mostly described play fighting as friendly, and not involving hurt or showing off. The methodology could usefully be applied to examine further developmental changes in older children. Aggr. Behav. 30:164–173, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anger management therapy with young male offenders: An evaluation of treatment outcome
Authors: Ireland Jane L.
Published: March 2004

The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of a brief group‐based anger management intervention with young male offenders. Eighty‐seven prisoners were assessed as suitable for the intervention. Fifty of these made up the experimental group and 37 the control. Prior to intervention prisoners completed a self‐report anger questionnaire (Anger Management Assessment questionnaire: AMA). Prisoners were also assessed by officers on a checklist addressing angry behaviour (Wing Behaviour Checklist: WBC). Both measures were completed approximately two weeks before the date of the intervention and eight weeks after the intervention (and while the control group remained on the waiting list). It was predicted that the experimental group would show significant improvements in both measures following intervention and that no such change would be observed in the control group. This hypothesis was supported, with significant improvements observed in the experimental group and no change observed in the control. Aggr. Behav. 30:174–185, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blind MIMO equalization with optimum delay using independent component analysis
Authors: Zarzoso Vicente , Nandi Asoke K.
Published: March 2004

Blind space–time equalization of multiuser time‐dispersive digital communication channels consists of recovering the users' simultaneously transmitted data free from the interference caused by each other and the propagation effects, without using training sequences. In scenarios composed of mutually independent non‐Gaussian i.i.d. users' signals, independent component analysis (ICA) techniques based on higher‐order statistics can be employed to refine the performance of conventional linear detectors, as recently shown in a code division multiple access environment (Signal Process2002;82:417–431). This paper extends these results to the more general multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) channel model, with the minimum mean square error (MMSE) as conventional equalization criterion. The time diversity introduced by the wideband multipath channel enables a reduction of the computational complexity of the ICA post‐processing stage while further improving performance. In addition, the ICA‐based detector can be tuned to extract each user's signal at the delay which provides the best MMSE. Experiments in a variety of simulation conditions demonstrate the benefits of ICA‐assisted MIMO equalization. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audio source separation: solutions and problems
Authors: Mitianoudis Nikolaos , Davies Mike E.
Published: March 2004

The problem of separating out a number of audio sources observed from an array of microphones in a real room environment has received a great deal of attention in the past decade. While there are now a number of workable methods that can even deal with relatively high reverberation (IEEE Trans Audio Speech Process, 2003;11:489–497), a number of interesting problems still remain. In this paper, the authors review the methods based aroundindependent component analysis, discussing the various choices available in algorithm design. We then explore the issue of sensitivity to speaker movement which appears to impose fundamental limitations on BSS performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Is 15q26.1‐26.2 a candidate locus?
Authors: Biggio Joseph R. , Descartes Maria D. , Carroll Andrew J. , Holt R. Lynn
Published: March 2004

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a developmental abnormality due to failure of the normal formation of the diaphragm. While the majority of cases are idiopathic, chromosomal abnormalities have been implicated in approximately 15% of cases. Several recent series have suggested that 15q24‐26 is critical in normal development of the diaphragm. We present a patient with a karyotype of 46, XX, del (15)(q26.1) born with a diaphragmatic hernia, coarctation of the aorta, and dysmorphic features. This patient represents the smallest isolated chromosomal aberration on distal 15q reported to date. The DNA regulatory proteins, myocyte‐specific enhancer factor 2 proteins (MEF2), play a critical role in the control of muscle differentiation and development. One member of this gene family, MEF2A, maps to 15q26. We propose that this region is a candidate locus for diaphragmatic hernia and future investigations should examine the role of MEF2A in diaphragm formation. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypercalciuria and kidney calcifications in terminal 4q deletion syndrome: Further evidence for a putative gene on 4q
Authors: Giuffrè Mario , Placa Simona La , Carta Maurizio , Cataliotti Antonella , Marino Maria , Piccione Maria , Pusateri Francesco , Meli Ferdinando , Corsello Giovanni
Published: March 2004

We report a newborn girl with a de novo terminal 4q deletion (q31.3 → qter) and a characteristic phenotype of minor facial anomalies, cleft palate, congenital heart defect, abnormalities of hands and feet, and postnatal onset of growth deficiency. Laboratory studies showed excessive urinary calcium excretion on standard milk formula and on oral calcium load. Blood measurements of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, and urinary measurements of phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, potassium were normal for age. At 2 months of life, ultrasonography showed kidney calcifications. Clinical and laboratory data support the diagnosis of absorptive hypercalciuria or abnormal regulation of calcium‐sensing receptors in the renal tubules. The evidence of hypercalciuria and kidney calcifications associated with 4q terminal deletion strengthens the hypothesis that a putative gene for hypercalciuria is located on the terminal segment of chromosome 4q. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Club feet with congenital perisylvian polymicrogyria possibly due to bifocal ischemic damage of the neuraxis in utero
Authors: Kammoun Fatma , Tanguy Alain , Boesplug‐Tanguy Odile , Bensahel Henri , Khouri Nejib , Landrieu Pierre
Published: March 2004

Club foot is a common congenital deformity, for which a neurogenic process in utero has been proposed in some severe forms, but in most cases its cause remain uncertain. We report on four patients with an unilateral (three cases) or bilateral (one case) clubfoot and a bilateral perisylvian cortical dysplasia. All had severe dysarthria with mild mental retardation, epilepsy occurred in three cases. Direct evidence of fetal lesions of the spinal cord was occasionally present, such as signs of motor axonopathy in two cases analyzed by electrophysiological methods and syringomyelic cavitation at the thoracic level in one case. Even though the sensitivity of the investigations to demonstrate microcopic scars in the spinal cord remains weak, the presence of polymicrogyric rearrangements in the perisylvian cortex, known to proceed from a transient ischemic process occurring in the carotid territory during mid‐gestation, strongly suggests that a similar mechanism occured in the spinal cord. In fact, the foot deformity cannot be viewed as the consequence of lesions to brain regions that do not control the foot motility in the fetus. Extraneurological lesions such as jejunal atresia, possibly proceeding from localized vascular compromise, were also encountered. In one sibship, one sister was found to have a severe developmental anomaly of one foot, suggesting that genetic factors may be involved. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypical variation in cousins with the identical partial trisomy 9 (pter‐q22.2) and 7 (q35‐qter) at 16 and 23 weeks gestation
Authors: Metzke‐Heidemann S. , Kuhling‐von Kaisenberg H. , Caliebe A. , Janssen D. , Jonat W. , Grote W. , von Kaisenberg C.S.
Published: March 2004

From the study of numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, there is convincing evidence and accumulating information of a direct karyotype to phenotype correlation. Knowledge of phenotypic consequences of a specific chromosomal imbalance is important for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. However, for unbalanced non‐Robertsonian translocations a precise karyotype to phenotype correlation is difficult to predict for several reasons: (I) unbalanced non‐Robertsonian translocations are rare, (II) the published case reports are often not age‐matched, (III) varying breakpoints result in different lengths of the monosomic and trisomic segments and therefore the phenotype will depend on additional genes present or the loss of coding regions, and (IV) the combination of the same trisomy with different monosomies, or vice versa, can result in diverging phenotypes. Therefore, the study of the karyotype to phenotype correlation in affected relatives of the same age and the identical unbalanced translocation provides a good model to investigate phenotypic consequences of a specific genetic imbalance. We report of two second trimester fetuses with the identical major partial trisomy 9 (9pter‐9q22.2) and minor partial trisomy 7 (q35‐qter) resulting from a familial translocation (7;9)(q35;q22.2)mat. One fetus presented with a Dandy–Walker malformation, polymicrogyria, and mild dysmorphic features, whereas the other fetus showed unilateral cleft lip and palate without cerebral anomalies. Potential mechanisms for this different phenotypic expression of the same unbalanced translocation resulting in partial trisomy 9 and 7 in the two cousins and possible consequences for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are discussed. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neocortical neuronal arrangement in LIS1 and DCX lissencephaly may be different
Authors: Viot Géraldine , Sonigo Pascale , Simon Isabelle , Simon‐Bouy Brigitte , Chadeyron Frédéric , Beldjord Cherif , Tantau Julia , Martinovic Jelena , Esculpavit Chantal , Brunelle Francis , Munnich Arnold , Vekemans Michel , Encha‐Razavi Férechté
Published: March 2004

In type I or classical lissencephaly, two genetic causes, namely the LIS1 gene mapping at 17p13.3 and the DCX (doublecortin on X) gene mapping at Xq22.3 are involved. These are considered to act during corticogenesis on radial migratory pathways. The prevailing view is that heterozygous mutations in the LIS1 gene and hemizygous mutations in the DCX gene produce similar histological pattern. The present detailed neuropathological study in two unrelated fetuses with respectively a mutation in the LIS1 and the DCX genes do not confirm this view. In LIS1 mutation, the cortical ribbon displays a characteristic inverted organization, also called “four layered cortex” while in DCX mutation, the cortex displays a roughly ordered “six layered” lamination. Our hypothesis is that mutations of the LIS1 and DCX genes, may not affect the same neuronal arrangement in the neocortex. Because the pathology of proven XLIS is rarely documented, further detailed neuropathological analysis in other cases identified through molecular study would be of a great help in the recognition of neuronal population involved in these migrational disorders and their underlying molecular mechanism. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to therapy in carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency due to a novel missense mutation
Authors: Iacobazzi Vito , Pasquali Marzia , Singh Rani , Matern Dietrich , Rinaldo Piero , di San Filippo Cristina Amat , Palmieri Ferdinando , Longo Nicola
Published: March 2004

Deficiency of carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the carnitine cycle resulting in the inability to transfer fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Only a limited number of affected patients have been reported and the effect of therapy on this condition is still not well defined. Here, we report a new patient with this disorder and follow the response to therapy. Our patient was the product of a consanguineous marriage. He presented shortly after birth with cardiac myopathy and arrhythmia coupled with severe non‐ketotic hypoglycemia. Initial metabolic studies indicated severe non‐ketotic C6–C10 dicarboxylic aciduria, plasma carnitine deficiency, and a characteristic elevation of plasma C:16:0, C18:1, and C18:2 acylcarnitine species. Enzyme assay confirmed deficiency of CACT activity. Molecular studies indicated that this child was homozygous, and both parents heterozygous, for a single bp change converting glutamine 238 to arginine (Q238R). Therapy with a formula providing most of the fat via medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and carnitine supplementation reduced the concentration of long‐chain acylcarnitines and reversed cardiac symptoms and the hypoglycemia. These results suggest that carnitine and MCT may be effective in treating this defect of long‐chain fatty acid oxidation. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UBE3A gene mutations in finnish Angelman syndrome patients detected by conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis
Authors: Rapakko Katrin , Kokkonen Hannaleena , Leisti Jaakko
Published: March 2004

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder associated with a loss of maternal gene expression in chromosome region 15q11‐q13 due to either maternal deletion, paternal uniparental disomy (UPD), imprinting mutation, or mutation in the UBE3A gene. UBE3A encodes an ubiquitin‐protein ligase and shows brain‐specific imprinting. We have done conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) mutation analysis of the UBE3A coding region in nine AS patients, who had shown a normal biparental inheritance and methylation pattern of the 15q11‐q13. Disease‐causing mutations were identified in five of them: three deletions (1930delAG, 3093delAAGA) and two missense mutations (902A → C, 975T → C). Both deletions have also been detected in other AS patients, suggesting these sites may be prone to deletions in the UBE3A gene. All AS cases were sporadic, but a mosaicism for mutation 902A → C was present in a patient's mother. Screening for the UBE3A mutations in the AS patients was found useful both for the confirmation of diagnosis and genetic counseling. CSGE was found to be a sensitive and simple screening method for these mutations. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recurrence of achondrogenesis type II within the same family: Evidence for germline mosaicism
Authors: Faivre Laurence , Merrer Martine Le , Douvier Serges , Laurent Nicole , Thauvin‐Robinet Christel , Rousseau Thierry , Vereecke Inge , Sagot Paul , Delezoide Anne‐Lise , Coucke Paul , Mortier Geert
Published: March 2004

Achondrogenesis type II is a lethal skeletal dysplasia caused by new dominant mutations within the type II collagen gene (COL2A1). Here we report on two pregnancies of a healthy, nonconsanguineous young couple. In the first pregnancy, severe micromelia and generalized edema were noted on ultrasound at 21 weeks' gestation. Clinical, radiological, and histological evaluation of the fetus after termination of the pregnancy showed typical findings of achondrogenesis type II. In the second pregnancy, fetal hygroma was noted at 11 weeks' gestation. Similar clinical, radiographic, and histologic findings were observed in the second fetus, suggesting the recurrence of achondrogenesis II within this family. Molecular analysis of genomic DNA extracted from amniotic cells of the second fetus revealed heterozygosity for a 1340G > A missense mutation (G316D) in the COL2A1 gene. This mutation was not found in the parents. Although, we could not evaluate the presence of this mutation in the first fetus, we strongly believe that our data are in favor of germline mosaicism as the most likely explanation for the recurrence of type II achondrogenesis in both sibs. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
9q34.3 deletion syndrome in three unrelated children
Authors: Iwakoshi Mie , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Harada Naoki , Nakamura Tsuyoshi , Yamamori Shunji , Fujita Hiroko , Niikawa Norio , Matsumoto Naomichi
Published: March 2004

We described three unrelated children with cryptic 9q34.3 rearrangements and similar clinical manifestations: two with 9q34.3 terminal deletions and the other with an unbalanced translocation involving 9q34.3‐qter monosomy and 6p25‐pter trisomy. Common features among the three we studied and the other six patients with 9q34.3 deletions in the literature include microcephaly, mental retardation (MR), hypotonic, and epileptic seizures. Their facial characteristics included flat face, arched eyebrows, synophrys, hypertelorism, short nose, anteverted nostrils, carp mouth, protruding tongue, micrognathia, and pointed chin. Other frequent abnormalities were cardiac abnormalities, cryptorchidism or hypospadias, and abnormal toes. These findings are characteristic enough to be a clinically recognizable syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A syndrome with multiple malformations, mental retardation, and ACTH deficiency
Authors: Kajantie Eero , Otonkoski Timo , Kivirikko Sirpa , Somer Mirja
Published: March 2004

We report on a patient with severe pre‐ and post‐natal growth retardation, moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, unusual face with marked micrognathia and cleft palate, minor skeletal abnormalities, atrioseptal defect, hypospadias, hearing loss, and secondary adrenal insufficiency due to isolated ACTH deficiency diagnosed at 7 years of age. Family history was negative. Adrenal insufficiency is an uncommon feature in multiple malformation syndromes and may thus serve as a diagnostic handle for recognizing other possible patients with a similar syndrome. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel SURF1 mutation in a child with subacute encephalopathy and without the radiological features of Leigh Syndrome
Authors: Salviati Leonardo , Freehauf Cindy , Sacconi Sabrina , DiMauro Salvatore , Thoma Janet , Tsai Anne Chun‐Hui
Published: March 2004

Mutations in SURF1, a gene involved in cytochrome‐c oxidase (COX) assembly, cause COX deficiency and Leigh Syndrome (LS). Typical presentation is in the first year of life, with failure to thrive, psychomotor regression, ataxia, signs of brainstem dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy. Progression is rapid and patients usually die of respiratory failure before 2 years of age. LS is characterized by symmetrical bilateral lesions in the brainstem and basal ganglia, revealed premortem as signal hyperintensities in T2‐weighted MRI imaging. Here, we describe a 10‐year‐old boy with a novel mutation in SURF1 associated with an unusually mild clinical course. At 39 months, there were no MRI lesions, and a follow‐up MRI at 8 years of age showed only brainstem and cerebellar involvement without lesions in the basal ganglia or subthalamic nuclei. These data confirm that the spectrum of MRI findings in LS is variable and that SURF1 mutations should be considered in patients with encephalomyopathy and COX deficiency even when early MRI findings are negative. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GM haplotype diversity of 82 populations over the world suggests a centrifugal model of human migrations
Authors: Dugoujon Jean‐Michel , Hazout Serge , Loirat France , Mourrieras Bruno , Crouau‐Roy Brigitte , Sanchez‐Mazas Alicia
Published: March 2004

This study investigates the GM genetic relationships of 82 human populations, among which 10 represent original data, within and among the main broad geographic areas of the world. Different approaches are used: multidimensional scaling analysis and test for isolation by distance, to assess the correlation between genetic variation and spatial distributions; analysis of variance, to investigate the genetic structure at different hierarchical levels of population subdivision; genetic similarity map (geographic map distorted by available genetic information), to identify regions of high and low genetic variation; and minimal spanning network, to point out possible migration routes across continental areas. The results show that the GM polymorphism is characterized by one of the highest amounts of genetic variation observed so far among populations of different continents (Fct = 0.3915,P< 0.0001). GM diversity can be explained by a model of isolation by distance (IBD) at most continental levels, with a particularly significant fit to IBD for the Middle East and Europe. Five peripheral regions of the world (Europe, west and south sub‐Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and America) exhibit a low level of genetic diversity both within and among populations. By contrast, East and North African, Southwest Asian, and Northeast Asian populations are highly diverse and interconnected genetically by large genetic distances. Therefore, the observed GM variation can be explained by a “centrifugal model” of modern humans peopling history, involving ancient dispersals across a large intercontinental area spanning from East Africa to Northeast Asia, followed by recent migrations in peripheral geographic regions. Am J Phys Anthropol 123:000–000, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial evolution in sakis (Pithecia, Platyrrhini) I: Interspecific differentiation and allometric patterns
Authors: Marroig Gabriel , Cheverud James M.
Published: March 2004

Patterns of interspecific differentiation in saki monkey (Pithecia) skulls are quantitatively described. The taxonomic arrangement previously proposed by Hershkovitz ([1987] Am. J. Primatol. 12:387–468) is consistent with quantitative differences in saki morphology. Discriminant analyses on 39 skull traits show that Pithecia species and subspecies are well‐differentiated. Morphological distances (D2) among sakis clearly show the morphological unity of the pithecia‐chrysocephala (Pithecia) and irrorata‐vanzolinii‐monacha (Monacha) species groups. The Pithecia species group is distributed north of the Amazon and has a smaller cranium than the Monacha group, distributed south of that river. Despite the size difference, multivariate static allometric patterns among sakis are quite similar. After removing size and allometric changes in shape from the data, species and subspecies are still differentiated, although to a lesser extent. D2 distances obtained from these scale‐corrected data are similar in magnitude and pattern to the original D2, but show a closer similarity of P. monacha with the Pithecia group. P. monacha is a scaled‐up version of the smaller sakis. Am J Phys Anthropol 124:000–000, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate apportionment of global human craniometric diversity
Authors: Roseman Charles C. , Weaver Timothy D.
Published: March 2004

Extensive research in human genetics on presumably neutral loci has shown that the overwhelming majority of human diversity is found among individuals within local populations. Previous apportionments of craniometric diversity are similar to these genetic apportionments, implying that interregionally differing selection pressures have played a limited role in producing contemporary human cranial diversity. Here we show that when cranial variation is independently partitioned using principal components analysis of Mosimann shape variables, some estimates of interregional craniometric differentiation are larger than those for most genetic loci. These estimates are similar to estimates for genetic loci where interregionally differing selection pressures are implicated in producing the observed patterns of variation within and among regions. These results suggest that differences among regions in at least some cranial features, particularly in the nasal region, are in part the product of interregionally differing selection pressures. Moreover, these results have implications for assessing the biological affinities of prehistoric samples that are temporally separated from contemporary human reference populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 124:000–000, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Das chemische Laboratorium, Quelle des Fortschritts oder Kammer des Schreckens?
Authors: Krätz Otto
Published: March 2004

Chemie ist, wenn es stinkt und kracht?Das Laboratorium als düstere Szenerie, als Wirkungsstätte sonderbarer Finsterlinge, deren unheiliger Zweck allein darin besteht, allerlei Gifte und Säuren zu produzieren, findet sich als gerne bemühtes Stereotyp in der Belletristik. Realistische Schilderungen sind dagegen ausschließlich Sache schriftstellernder Chemiker. Ein Streifzug durch die Literatur vermittelt uns ein bisweilen beklemmendes Bild der Chemie in der Öffentlichkeit.
Effect of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole level on kinetics of natural rubber vulcanization
Authors: Wang Ping‐Yue , Qian Hong‐Lian , Yu He‐Ping
Published: March 2004

The kinetics of natural rubber vulcanization were investigated by use of a vulcameter. The vulcanization process before tdis (the time when the accelerators and/or intermediates react to depletion) was expressed in an equation as ln(MH − Mt) = ln A − k1(t − t0)α, which is different from the famous equation of Vut = −[α(k3/k4)]ln[(k2e − k1e)/(k2 − k1)] deduced by Coran. It was found that the rate constants of two vulcanization processes with different reaction mechanisms before and after tdis increase and their activation energies decreased with an increase in 2‐mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT) level. The considerable effect of MBT level on the activation energies of the vulcanization process before tdis and the obvious temperature dependency of the reaction rate of vulcanization process after tdis were observed. The time tdis was shortened with an increase in MBT level, whereas the degree of vulcanization at tdis remained unchanged. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3260–3265, 2004
Synthesis and characteristics of biodegradable copolyesters from the transesterification of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐succinate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Kim Sang‐Woo , Lim Jeong‐Cheol , Kim Dae‐Jin , Seo Kwan‐Ho
Published: March 2004

Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐succinate) (PBAS), an aliphatic polyester, is known for its excellent biodegradability, but its physical and mechanical properties are poor. To improve the physical properties, stiff aromatic rings were added to PBAS through transesterification with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). New biodegradable copolyesters were prepared by the intermolecular ester‐exchange reactions between molten PBAS and PET. The transesterification reaction was carried out at 280°C without a catalyst. The newly synthesized copolyesters were characterized with 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties were measured with a universal test machine, and the biodegradability was also investigated. By the new peaks appearing in 1H‐NMR spectra of the copolyesters, the occurrence of the transesterification reaction between PBAS and PET was confirmed. A reduction of the melting temperature was observed for the copolyesters. The elongations at break of the new copolyesters increased for all compositions and reaction times, in comparison with PBAS. However, the tensile strength decreased with the induction of terephthalate units in the copolyesters. The biodegradability of the copolyesters also depended on the number of terephthalate units. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3266–3274, 2004
Thermal and morphological study of polyurethanes based on Eucalyptus tar pitch and castor oil
Authors: Melo Breno N. , Pasa Vânya M. D.
Published: March 2004

This article presents the results of the synthesis and characterization of environmentally friendly polyurethanes based on renewable polyols, and specially highlights the use of Eucalyptus tar pitch, a byproduct of the charcoal making industry in Brazil, to obtain PUs. Eucalyptus tar pitch and castor oil PUs synthesized with MDI in THF, catalyzed by dibutyltin dilaurate, were prepared with NCO/OH equal to 1, and vacuum cured. The addition of Eucalyptus tar pitch to the formulation of PUs showed a tendency to increase the formation of rigid segments, and consequently, to modify thermal stability. SEM micrographs confirm this behavior, displaying different materials. Homogeneous polyurethane elastomers become rigid and acquire lamella structure with the addition of biopitch, as confirmed by tensile strength assays. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3287–3291, 2004
Synthesis and surface‐active properties of a trisiloxane‐modified oligo(propylene oxide‐block‐ethylene oxide) wetting agent
Authors: Kim Doo‐Won , Noh Si‐Tae
Published: March 2004

Polydisperse 1,1,1,3,5,5,5‐heptamethyltrisiloxane‐oligo(propylene oxide‐block‐ethylene oxide) wetting agents were synthesized through the hydrosilylation of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5‐heptamethyltrisiloxane (HMTS) with active hydrogen and allyl oligo(propylene oxide‐block‐ethylene oxide) [allyl oligo(PO‐b‐EO)] with hexachloro dihydrogen platinate(IV) as a catalyst. Allyl oligo(PO‐b‐EO) with a hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance was synthesized through the combination of propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide with allyl alcohol. The wetting agents with a hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance were synthesized. The aqueous solutions of the wetting agents (0.1 wt %) were almost visibly turbid. An increase in the number of hydrophobic groups of HMTS and PO for the wetting agents resulted in a lower critical solution temperature. Lower surface tensions of 20–25 dyn/cm were found above the critical micelle concentration (cmc), and they decreased with an increase in the number of hydrophobic groups. The cmc's were below 0.01 wt %, decreasing with as the number of hydrophobic groups increased. The wetting power and emulsion stability for the oil‐in‐water systems increased as the concentration of the wetting agents increased, and they decreased as the number of hydrophobic groups increased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3292–3302, 2004