bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turning a Blind Eye to Bribery: Explaining Failures to Comply with the International Anti-corruption Regime
Authors: Gilbert Jo-Anne , Sharman J. C.
Published: August 2014

This article questions rationalist and constructivist expectations that democracies are conditioned to comply with international rules prohibiting foreign bribery. It employs process-tracing case studies to addresses challenges of endogeneity and selection effects that have resulted in an overstated picture of compliance with international agreements. Successive British and Australian governments have demonstrated a pattern of wilful blindness toward major violations of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. These enforcement failures reflect a disinclination to comply – not a lack of ability. Previously, constructivist scholars have overstated the power of moral suasion, and rationalists have failed to fully appreciate the incentives for democratic governments to ignore corrupt conduct, relative to the politically expedient priorities of being seen to promote and protect jobs and export earnings, and minimize adverse media coverage. The article thus contests the conventional wisdom concerning the anti-corruption successes of developed democracies. More generally, it cautions against excessively optimistic conclusions on compliance with international agreements.
A case of abatacept associated neutrophilic dermatosis and a review of the literature
Authors: Tiwari Shevya Manjri , Wood Benjamin A , Skender‐Kalnenas Theresa , Cook Nicola
Published: August 2014

Abatacept is a novel biological agent that dampens the immune response by blocking the co‐stimulation of T‐cells, thus downregulating T‐cell activation. It is currently approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The group of novel immunomodulatory agents, referred to as biologics, have now been used extensively, with established safety and side‐effect profiles. There are, however, increasing reports of adverse paradoxical reactions, most notably resulting from anti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. While cutaneous adverse reactions to abatacept are rare, there are a few reports of such paradoxical reactions. We report a case of an idiosyncratic paradoxical neutrophilic dermatosis associated with the use of abatacept.
Influences of Age, Gender, and Circadian Rhythm on Deceleration Capacity in Subjects without Evident Heart Diseases
Authors: Zhao Ruifu , Li Dan , Zuo Ping , Bai Rong , Zhou Qiang , Fan Jingjing , Li Chengpeng , Wang Lin , Yang Xiaoyun
Published: August 2014

Background

Deceleration capacity (DC) is a newly found predictor of mortality after myocardial infarction. Age‐, gender‐, and circadian rhythm–related differences in DC may limit its predictive value, which should be considered in clinical settings.

Methods

DC, average heart rate, and HRV parameters, including 24 hours, awaking state (15:00–20:00) and sleeping mode (00:00–05:00) strips from 24 hours Holter recordings in 636 subjects without heart diseases were examined. Heart rate variability was analyzed in time domains (standard deviation of all normal‐to‐normal intervals [SDNN], normal‐to‐normal RR intervals in all 5‐minute segments [SDANN], and root mean square successive difference [RMSSD]).

Results

The DC, SDNN, SDANN, RMSSD, and heart rate decreased with age. Deceleration capacity was significantly lower in patients greater than 50 years of age. The largest decrease of SDNN, SDANN, and RMSSD occurred in patients 30–39 years of age. The values of SDNN, SDANN, and DC of women were lower than that of men in the young and middle‐aged groups, but age‐related decrease of DC in men was greater than that in women. Heart rate of women was significantly higher than that of men in younger subjects, especially in a sleeping mode. There were higher values of DC and RMSSD during sleeping than that during a waking state.

Conclusions

The age, gender, and circadian rhythm may be useful when evaluating cardiac autonomic function and need to be considered when evaluating DC and HRV in clinical and scientific researches.
Cystoprostatectomy versus prostatectomy alone for locally advanced or recurrent pelvic cancer
Authors: Turner Greg A. , Harris Craig A. , Eglinton Tim W. , Wakeman Chris J. , Kueppers Frank , Dixon Liane , Dobbs Bruce R. , Frizelle Frank A.
Published: August 2014

Background

There is minimal published data evaluating the oncological outcome of rectal resection with prostatectomy alone versus rectal resection with cystoprostatectomy in patients undergoing pelvic exenteration for locally advanced or recurrent pelvic cancer. This study aims to evaluate the oncological and functional outcomes of performing rectal resection with prostatectomy alone compared with rectal resection with cystoprostatectomy in patients undergoing pelvic exenteration.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing pelvic exenteration for locally advanced or recurrent pelvic cancer between 1998 and 2012 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients undergoing rectal resection with prostatectomy alone were compared with a control group who underwent rectal resection with cystoprostatectomy and urostomy formation. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes analysed in the prostatectomy group included completeness of resection, continence and erectile function.

Results

Eleven rectal resections with prostatectomy were compared with 20 rectal resections with cystoprostatectomy. R0 resection was achieved in 73 and 65% respectively. There was no difference in overall survival (P = 0.40). Urinary continence was achieved in 36% of prostatectomy alone patients, while 27% experienced mild incontinence. Erectile function was poor, with only one patient able to maintain normal erections.

Conclusion

In appropriately selected patients with invasive pelvic tumours, rectal resection with prostatectomy alone provides adequate oncological outcomes. The ability to achieve an R0 resection was not compromised and overall survival is comparable with cystoprostatectomy. Urinary function is reasonable in most patients, although sexual function is compromised in almost all.
Optical coherence tomography‐based retinal vessel analysis for the evaluation of hypertensive vasculopathy
Authors: Schuster Alexander Karl‐Georg , Fischer Joachim Ernst , Vossmerbaeumer Christine , Vossmerbaeumer Urs
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Evaluation of retinal vessels in cardiovascular disease traditionally relies upon funduscopy, but more recently digital photo analysis has expanded the spectrum. As spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows an in‐vivo assessment of retinal tissue and its vessels on a histological scale, our study aimed at using this tool for the analysis of the retinal vasculature.

Methods

Circumferential peripapillary OCT scans (3DOCT‐2000; Topcon Inc., Tokyo, Japan), with centration on the optic nerve head, were taken from 20 eyes (20 participants) with normal blood pressure and 20 eyes (20 participants) with arterial hypertension above 120 mmHg (mean blood pressure). The diameter of all vessels intersecting the scan line was measured in the OCT and used to calculate central vessel equivalents, and the A/V ratios were calculated. Bland‐Altman analysis was performed to evaluate reliability. Correlation coefficients were determined for reliability of the method as well as with the individual mean arterial blood pressures.

Results

Forty eyes (40 participants) were included in the study. Mean arterial blood pressure was 96 ± 4 mmHg in the control group and 132 ± 7 mmHg in the hypertonic group. Mean A/V ratio as determined from OCT scans was 0.82 ± 0.13 (normotonic) versus 0.62 ± 0.11 (hypertonic). A Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.67 (p < 0.001) was determined between A/V ratio and blood pressure.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the feasibility of retinal vessel measurements in spectral domain OCT. A relation between mean arterial blood pressure and OCT‐based A/V ratio was established. Further research will elucidate influencing factors and provide a broader basis for therapeutic approaches.
Graft rejection and failure following endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and penetrating keratoplasty for secondary endothelial failure
Authors: Pedersen Iben B. , Ivarsen Anders , Hjortdal Jesper
Published: August 2014

Purpose

To compare the frequency of rejection and graft failure after Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for secondary endothelial failure.

Methods

Seventy‐eight eyes undergoing DSAEK from 2006 to 2013 and 80 eyes undergoing PK from 1998 to 2013 were included. Indications were endothelial failure due to pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (82%), previous eye trauma (8%), uveitis (4%) or other causes (6%). Rejection episodes and graft failure were recorded, together with preoperative risk factors (glaucoma, neovascularization and active inflammation). Kaplan–Meier survival curves with up to 4 years follow‐up were used to compare DSAEK with PK, as well as low‐risk with high‐risk eyes.

Results

During follow‐up, 15% of the PK‐treated eyes and 4% of the DSAEK‐treated eyes experienced rejection. Graft failure occurred in 8% of the PK‐treated eyes and in 7% of the DSAEK‐treated eyes. No significant differences were found in the rate of rejection (p = 0.11), graft failure (p = 0.29) or rejection‐related graft failure (p = 0.30) between DSAEK and PK in low‐risk eyes. In DSAEK, high‐risk eyes (mainly with glaucoma) experienced significantly more rejection episodes (p = 0.01), graft failures (p = 0.04) and rejection‐related graft failures (p = 0.04) compared with low‐risk eyes. No differences were seen between high‐risk and low‐risk PK‐treated eyes (p > 0.40).

Conclusion

In the present, relatively small study, no differences in rejection rate or graft failure were found between DSAEK and PK in low‐risk eyes. However, glaucoma seems to increase the risk of graft complications after DSAEK for secondary endothelial failure. Long‐term studies of larger samples sizes are needed to confirm this.
Lack of association of LOXL1 gene variants in Japanese patients with central retinal vein occlusion without clinically detectable pseudoexfoliation material deposits
Authors: Tanito Masaki , Hara Katsunori , Akahori Masakazu , Harata Ayano , Itabashi Takeshi , Takai Yasuyuki , Kaidzu Sachiko , Ohira Akihiro , Iwata Takeshi
Published: August 2014

Purpose

A possible association has been reported between exfoliation syndrome (EX) and various ocular and systemic vascular disorders; however, it is unclear if there is an association between EX and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Because latent deposits of exfoliation materials might not be recognized during slit‐lamp examination, an ocular biopsy is required to establish a precise diagnosis. We evaluated a possible association between EX and CRVO using lysyl oxidase‐like 1 (LOXL1) gene variants as alternative markers for EX.

Methods

The allelic and genotypic frequencies of three LOXL1 variants (rs1048661, rs3825942, and rs2165241) were determined in 68 consecutive Japanese patients with CRVO [15 with exfoliation syndrome (EX+) and 53 without exfoliation syndrome (EX−)] and 90 control patients with cataract without EX (CT).

Results

The frequencies of the rs1048661 and rs3825942 variants showed borderline difference between the CRVO and CT groups (p = 0.04085 and p = 0.06088, respectively, for allelic frequencies, and p = 0.06838 and p = 0.03482, respectively, for genotypic frequencies). Compared with the CT group, subgroup analysis showed that the CRVO EX+ group had significant differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of rs1048661 (p = 0.0006447 and p = 0.0001392, respectively) and had borderline differences in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of rs3825942 (p = 0.03403 and p = 0.07341, respectively), while the CRVO EX− group did not (p = 0.1324–0.6306). Subgroup analysis showed that the frequencies of rs2165241 did not differ between the CRVO and CT groups.

Conclusions

When the LOXL1 variants were used as disease markers for clinically undetectable EX, there was no association between CRVO and EX. The results suggested that the LOXL1 variants, which are well‐established markers for EX, are not likely genetic markers for CRVO in Japanese subjects.
Serum regenerating islet‐derived 3‐alpha is a biomarker of mucosal enteropathies
Authors: Marafini I. , Di Sabatino A. , Zorzi F. , Monteleone I. , Sedda S. , Cupi M. L. , Antenucci C. , Biancheri P. , Giuffrida P. , Di Stefano M. , Corazza G. R. , Pallone F. , Monteleone G.
Published: August 2014

Background

The clinical presentation of organic and functional intestinal disorders can overlap and clinicians often rely on invasive and time‐consuming procedures to make a final diagnosis. Regenerating islet‐derived 3‐alpha (Reg3α) is detectable in the circulation of patients with intestinal graft‐versus host disease and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Aim

To determine whether serum Reg3α testing is useful for discriminating mucosal enteropathies from functional intestinal disorders.

Methods

We prospectively included 47 patients with active coeliac disease (ACD), 13 patients with refractory coeliac disease (RCD), seven patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 72 patients with active Crohn's disease, 22 patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) and 28 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)‐related diarrhoea. Sera were also taken from 10 CD patients before and after 6–12 months of a gluten‐free diet (GFD) and from 14 patients with IBD before and after induction therapy with Infliximab (IFX). Sera of 119 healthy volunteers were used to determine the cut‐off value. Reg3α levels were measured by a commercial ELISA kit.

Results

Levels of Reg3α exceeded the cut‐off value of the assay in 43/47(91%) ACD patients, 13/13(100%) RCD patients, 7/7(100%) CVID patients, 65/72(90%) Crohn's disease patients, 17/22(77%) UC patients and one patient with IBS(4%). Reg3α levels distinguished mucosal enteropathies from IBS with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 96%. Reg3α levels significantly decreased in CD patients following a GFD and in IBD patients after treatment with IFX.

Conclusion

Reg3α is a serum biomarker of intestinal damage that, combined with clinical data, identifies patients who should undergo invasive tests for diagnosing enteropathies.
Quantification of clonal circulating plasma cells in relapsed multiple myeloma
Authors: Gonsalves Wilson I. , Morice William G. , Rajkumar Vincent , Gupta Vinay , Timm Michael M. , Dispenzieri Angela , Buadi Francis K. , Lacy Martha Q. , Singh Preet P. , Kapoor Prashant , Gertz Morie A. , Kumar Shaji K.
Published: August 2014

The presence of clonal circulating plasma cells (cPCs) remains a marker of high‐risk disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. However, its prognostic utility in MM patients with previously treated disease is unknown. We studied 647 consecutive patients with previously treated MM seen at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester who had their peripheral blood evaluated for cPCs by multi‐parameter flow cytometry. Of these patients, 145 had actively relapsing disease while the remaining 502 had disease that was in a plateau and included 68 patients in complete remission (CR) and 434 patients with stable disease. Patients with actively relapsing disease were more likely to have clonal cPCs than those in a plateau (P < 0·001). None of the patients in CR had any clonal cPCs detected. Among patients whose disease was in a plateau, the presence of clonal cPCs predicted for a worse median survival (22 months vs. not reached; P = 0·004). Among actively relapsing patients, the presence of ≥100 cPCs predicted for a worse survival after flow cytometry analysis (12 months vs. 33 months; P < 0·001). Future studies are needed to determine the role of these findings in developing a risk‐adapted treatment approach in MM patients with actively relapsing disease.
Special issue of BJP on Nanomedicine
Authors: Owen Andrew
Published: August 2014

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Nanomedicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐17
A distinct immunogenic region of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 is naturally processed and presented by human islet cells to cytotoxic CD8 T cells
Authors: Knight R R , Dolton G , Kronenberg-Versteeg D , Eichmann M , Zhao M , Huang G C , Beck K , Cole D K , Sewell A K , Skowera A , Peakman M
Published: August 2014

CD8 T cells specific for islet autoantigens are major effectors of β cell damage in type 1 diabetes, and measurement of their number and functional characteristics in blood represent potentially important disease biomarkers. CD8 T cell reactivity against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) in HLA-A*0201 subjects has been reported to focus on an immunogenic region 114–123 (VMNILLQYVV), with studies demonstrating both 114–123 and 114–122 epitopes being targeted. However, the fine specificity of this response is unclear and the key question as to which epitope(s) β cells naturally process and present and, therefore, the pathogenic potential of CD8 T cells with different specificities within this region has not been addressed. We generated human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-restricted CD8 T cell clones recognizing either 114–122 alone or both 114–122 and 114–123. Both clone types show potent and comparable effector functions (cytokine and chemokine secretion) and killing of indicator target cells externally pulsed with cognate peptide. However, only clones recognizing 114–123 kill target cells transfected with HLA-A*0201 and GAD2 and HLA-A*0201+ human islet cells. We conclude that the endogenous pathway of antigen processing by HLA-A*0201-expressing cells generates GAD65114–123 as the predominant epitope in this region. These studies highlight the importance of understanding β cell epitope presentation in the design of immune monitoring for potentially pathogenic CD8 T cells.
Pathophysiology of blast‐induced ocular trauma in rats after repeated exposure to low‐level blast overpressure
Authors: Choi Jae Hyek , Greene Whitney A , Johnson Anthony J , Chavko Mikulas , Cleland Jeffery M , McCarron Richard M , Wang Heuy‐Ching
Published: August 2014

Background

The incidence of blast‐induced ocular injury has dramatically increased due to advances in weaponry and military tactics. A single exposure to blast overpressure (BOP) has been shown to cause damage to the eye in animal models; however, on the battlefield, military personnel are exposed to BOP multiple times. The effects of repeated exposures to BOP on ocular tissues have not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to characterize the effects of single or repeated exposure on ocular tissues.

Methods

A compressed air shock tube was used to deliver 70 ± 7 KPa BOP to rats, once (single blast overpressure [SBOP]) or once daily for 5 days (repeated blast overpressure [RBOP]). Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize the pathophysiology of ocular injuries induced by SBOP and RBOP. Apoptosis was determined by quantification activated caspase 3. Gliosis was examined by detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Inflammation was examined by detection of CD68.

Results

Activated caspase 3 was detected in ocular tissues from all animals subjected to BOP, while those exposed to RBOP had more activated caspase 3 in the optic nerve than those exposed to SBOP. GFAP was detected in the retinas from all animals subjected to BOP. CD68 was detected in optic nerves from all animals exposed to BOP.

Conclusion

SBOP and RBOP induced retinal damage. RBOP caused more apoptosis in the optic nerve than SBOP, suggesting that RBOP causes more severe optic neuropathy than SBOP. SBOP and RBOP caused gliosis in the retina and increased inflammation in the optic nerve.
Façade to Street to Façade: Negotiating Public Spatial Legality in a World Heritage City
Authors: LITTLE WALTER E.
Published: August 2014

All UNESCO urban World Heritage sites are strictly regulated. In Antigua, Guatemala, this includes building façades and streets, as well as the use of public places. Homeowners and building owners, however, challenge regulations by using unapproved paints, signs, and building materials. Residents modify building façades to accommodate cars and open walls to effectively blend home‐based businesses with the street. At the same time, street vendors contest regulated public spaces by behaving inappropriately by selling goods on public streets rather than designated marketplaces. Rather than conceive of property owners and vendors behavior as outside and in contrast to the building and street vending regulations, I reframe their actions within what I am calling urban spatial permissiveness, a concept I derive from Roy's (2004) theory of the unmapping—flexible regulation—of urban space. Antigua offers an ethnographic setting that shows how regulations are not always rigidly enforced but are negotiated to deal with everyday contingencies that relate to residents' and vendors' rights to the city (Harvey 2008). By way of conclusion I consider Foucault's concept of governmentality as a negotiated process, in order to argue that relationships between building regulations and public space usage reveal the limits of legality and strict enforcement policies.
How to Evade States and Slip Past Borders: Lessons from Traders, Overstayers, and Asylum Seekers in Hong Kong and China
Authors: MATHEWS GORDON , LIN DAN , YANG YANG
Published: August 2014

This paper analyzes how traders, overstayers, and asylum seekers in Hong Kong and south China experience and evade the state. It does this by utilizing two of Ananya Roy's key ideas—the organizational logic of informality, and “unmapping” as an informalization of the state. It considers the organizational logic of informality by examining the individual strategies followed by traders, overstayers, and asylum seekers in their conduct of low‐end globalization. These strategies include laying low beneath the notice of the state, using one's social networks and cultural capital in one's evaluation of uncertain information, and engaging in self‐presentation that remains carefully concealed. The paper applies Roy's concept of unmapping to the governments of Hong Kong and China in their informalization of state control over immigration and police, rendering the enforcement of low‐priority laws a matter of the individual discretion of state agents. However, even if the state does not usually act, it could act, making the lives and livelihoods of these immigrants particularly uncertain. This paper shows how Roy's ideas may be applied to a realm of analysis far from her original purview. [traders, overstayers, asylum seekers, low‐end globalization, Hong Kong, China]
Effects of framework design and layering material on fracture strength of implant‐supported zirconia‐based molar crowns
Authors: Kamio Shingo , Komine Futoshi , Taguchi Kohei , Iwasaki Taro , Blatz Markus B. , Matsumura Hideo
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of framework design and layering material on the fracture strength of implant‐supported zirconia‐based molar crowns.

Material and methods

Sixty‐six titanium abutments (GingiHue Post) were tightened onto dental implants (Implant Lab Analog). These abutment–implant complexes were randomly divided into three groups (n = 22) according to the design of the zirconia framework (Katana), namely, uniform‐thickness (UNI), anatomic (ANA), and supported anatomic (SUP) designs. The specimens in each design group were further divided into two subgroups (n = 11): zirconia‐based all‐ceramic restorations (ZAC group) and zirconia‐based restorations with an indirect composite material (Estenia C&B) layered onto the zirconia framework (ZIC group). All crowns were cemented on implant abutments, after which the specimens were tested for fracture resistance. The data were analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U‐test with the Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05).

Results

The following mean fracture strength values (kN) were obtained in UNI design, ANA design, and SUP design, respectively: Group ZAC, 3.78, 6.01, 6.50 and Group ZIC, 3.15, 5.65, 5.83. In both the ZAC and ZIC groups, fracture strength was significantly lower for the UNI design than the other two framework designs (P = 0.001). Fracture strength did not significantly differ (P > 0.420) between identical framework designs in the ZAC and ZIC groups.

Conclusions

A framework design with standardized layer thickness and adequate support of veneer by zirconia frameworks, as in the ANA and SUP designs, increases fracture resistance in implant‐supported zirconia‐based restorations under conditions of chewing attrition. Indirect composite material and porcelain perform similarly as layering materials on zirconia frameworks.
Embryogenesis ofHeliconius erato(Lepidoptera,Nymphalidae): A contribution to the anatomical development of an evo‐devo model organism
Authors: Aymone Ana Carolina Bahi , Lothhammer Nívia , Valente Vera Lúcia da Silva , de Araújo Aldo Mellender
Published: August 2014

This study reports on the embryogenesis ofHeliconius erato phyllisbetween blastoderm formation and the prehatching larval stage. Syncytial blastoderm formation occurred approximately 2 h after egg laying (AEL) and at about 4 h, the cellular blastoderm was formed. The germ band arose from the entire length of the blastoderm, and rapidly became compacted occupying approximately two‐thirds of the egg length. At about 7 hAEL, protocephalon and protocorm differentiation occurred. Continued proliferation of the germ band was followed by penetration into the yolk mass, forming a C‐shaped embryo at about 10 h. Approximately 12 hAEL, the gnathal, thoracic and abdominal segments became visible. The primordium of the mouthparts and thoracic legs formed as paired evaginations, while the prolegs formed as paired lobes. At about 30 h, the embryo reversed dorsoventrally. Approximately 32 hAEL, the protocephalon and gnathal segments fused, shifting the relative position of the rudimentary appendages in this region. At about 52 h, the embryo was U‐shaped in lateral view and at approximately 56 h, the bristles began evagination from the larval cuticle. Larvae hatched at about 72 h. We found thatH. erato phyllisfollowed an embryonic pattern consistent with long‐germ embryogenesis. Thus, we believe thatH. erato phyllisshould be classified as a long‐germ lepidopteran. The study ofH. erato phyllisembryogenesis provided a structural glimpse into the morphogenetic events that occur in theHeliconiusegg period. This study could help future molecular approaches to understanding the evolution ofHeliconiusdevelopment.
Activity patterns of Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) in the staging area of the Pascagoula River during fall outmigration
Authors: Grammer Paul O. , Mickle Paul F. , Peterson Mark S. , Havrylkoff Jeanne‐Marie , Slack William T. , Leaf Robert T.
Published: August 2014

Environmental cues that are associated with individual movement of threatened Gulf Sturgeon from upriver areas to nearshore and offshore winter feeding areas have been described throughout much of their range in the Gulf of Mexico. In this study, we focus on small‐scale movement of Gulf Sturgeon between summer ‘holding’ areas and the fall staging area in the Pascagoula River system (Mississippi, USA). We evaluated a set of logistic regression models using Akaike's Information Criterion and found that relative changes in barometric pressure, time of day, and water temperature were cues for small‐scale Gulf Sturgeon movements during fall outmigration. Numerous environmental cues appear to drive the activity of Gulf Sturgeon in staging areas, indicating the complexity of abiotic factors affecting the observed staging patterns during emigration. The identification of the environmental drivers that are associated with Gulf Sturgeon movement is particularly important if these known saline transition zones change spatially annually with variable rainfall or due to water withdrawals and are used by Gulf Sturgeon making osmotic adjustments while moving downriver.
Poor self‐recognition of disordered eating among girls with bulimic‐type eating disorders: cause for concern?
Authors: Gratwick‐Sarll Kassandra , Bentley Caroline , Harrison Carmel , Mond Jonathan
Published: August 2014

Aim

Bulimic‐type eating disorders are common among young women and associated with high levels of distress and disability and low uptake of mental health care. We examined self‐recognition of disordered eating and factors associated with this among female adolescents with bulimic‐type eating disorders (n = 139) recruited from a large, population‐based sample.

Methods

A vignette of a fictional character with bulimia nervosa was presented, followed by a series of questions addressing the nature and treatment of the problem described. One of these questions required participants to indicate whether they currently had a problem such as the one described. Self‐report measures of eating disorder symptoms, general psychological distress and quality of life were also completed.

Results

More than half of participants (58%) did not believe that they currently had a problem with their eating. In multivariable analysis, impairment in emotional well‐being and self‐induced vomiting were the only variables independently associated with self‐recognition. Participants who recognized a problem with their eating were more likely to have sought treatment for an eating problem than those who did not.

Conclusions

Recognition of disordered eating among adolescents with bulimic‐type eating disorders may be poor and this may be a factor in low uptake of mental health care. Health promotion efforts may need to address the misconception that only bulimic‐type disorders involving self‐induced vomiting are pathological.
Client and key worker ratings of need in first‐episode psychosis early intervention programmes
Authors: Hensel Jennifer M. , Banayan David J. , Cheng Chiachen , Langley John , Dewa Carolyn S.
Published: August 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to fill a gap in the literature by examining agreement on need as rated by clients and their key workers from first‐episode psychosis early intervention programmes. Compared with adult populations and more chronic courses of illness, these clients may have unique needs given the onset of their illness in adolescence or early adulthood.

Methods

Needs agreement between clients and key workers was assessed using the Camberwell Assessment of Need in a sample of 188 client–key worker pairs recruited from six early intervention programmes in Ontario, Canada. Ratings were assessed with percentage agreement and prevalence‐adjusted Cohen's kappa.

Results

At the aggregate level, both clients and key workers rated a mean of 2.6 unmet needs. Compared with other diagnoses, key workers rated significantly more unmet need in clients with primary psychotic disorders. Agreement between individual client and key worker ratings was highest (adjusted κ > 0.85) in the domains of telephone, risk to others, child care and accommodation. Lowest agreement (adjusted κ < 0.4) was found in the domains of psychological distress, sexual expression, company, daytime activities and intimate relationships.

Conclusions

While congruence is present in concrete domains, there is substantial variability in how clients and their key workers perceive need in more personal areas. The initial focus of care may necessarily be on needs such as shelter, food and treatment; however, subsequent care should incorporate a shared assessment of need to support strong relationships with providers and ongoing engagement in treatment.
Co‐inheritance of the rare β hemoglobin variants Hb Yaounde, Hb Görwihl and Hb City of Hope with other alterations in globin genes: impact in genetic counseling
Authors: Vinciguerra Margherita , Passarello Cristina , Leto Filippo , Cassarà Filippo , Cannata Monica , Maggio Aurelio , Giambona Antonino
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Nearly 1183 different molecular defects of the globin genes leading to hemoglobin variants have been identified (http://globin.bx.psu.edu) over the past decades. The purpose of this study was to report three cases, never described in the literature, of co‐inheritance of three β hemoglobin variants with other alterations in globin genes and to evaluate the clinical significance to conduct an appropriate genetic counseling.

Patients and methods

We report the molecular study performed in three probands and their families, sampling during the screening program conducted at the Laboratory for Molecular Prenatal Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathies at Villa Sofia‐Cervello Hospital in Palermo, Italy.

Results

This work allowed us to describe the co‐inheritance of three rare β hemoglobin variants with other alterations in globin genes: the β hemoglobin variant Hb Yaounde [β134(H12)Val>Ala], found for the first time in combination with αααanti3.7 arrangement, and the β hemoglobin variants Hb Görwihl [β5(A2)Pro>Ala] and Hb City of Hope [β69(E13)Gly>Ser], found both in association with β0‐thalassemia.

Conclusion

The present work emphasizes the importance of a careful evaluation of the hematological data, especially in cases of atypical hematological parameters, to carry out an adequate and complete molecular study and to formulate an appropriate genetic counseling for couples at risk.
3,6‐Epidioxy‐1,10‐bisaboladiene inhibits G1‐specific transcription through Swi4/Swi6 and Mbp1/Swi6 via the Hog1 stress pathway in yeast
Authors: Imamura Yuko , Yukawa Masashi , Ueno Masaru , Kimura Ken‐ichi , Tsuchiya Eiko
Published: August 2014

3,6‐Epidioxy‐1,10‐bisaboladiene (EDBD), a bisabolane sesquiterpene endoperoxide compound, was previously isolated from Cacalia delphiniifolia and C. hastata in northern Japan. EDBD has cytotoxic effects and induces apoptosis via phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase in human promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells. However, the mechanism of action of EDBD has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms of EDBD in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EDBD arrested the growth of S. cerevisiae cells by suppressing progression from the G1 phase to the S phase and from the G2 phase to the M phase. Moreover, biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that EDBD activated environmental stress–response pathways involving Hog1 and affected Cln3/G1 cyclin activity, thereby inhibiting the expression of SCB‐binding factor and MCB‐binding factor target genes. Our results provided important insights into the functions of EDBD in tumor cells and may facilitate the development of EDBD‐based antitumor therapies.

Structured digital abstract

•Swi4 physically interacts with Swi6 by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Walking deficits and centrophobism in an α‐synuclein fly model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Chen A. Y. , Wilburn P. , Hao X. , Tully T.
Published: August 2014

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, constituting difficulties in walking and abnormal gait. Previous research shows that Drosophila expressing human α‐synuclein A30P (A30P) develop deficits in geotaxis climbing; however, geotaxis climbing is a different movement modality from walking. Whether A30P flies would exhibit abnormal walking in a horizontal plane, a measure more relevant to PD, is not known. In this study, we characterized A30P fly walking using a high‐speed camera and an automatic behavior tracking system. We found that old but not young A30P flies exhibited walking abnormalities, specifically decreased total moving distance, distance per movement, velocity, angular velocity and others, compared with old control flies. Those features match the definition of bradykinesia. Multivariate analysis further suggested a synergistic effect of aging and A30P, resulting in a distinct pattern of walking deficits, as seen in aged A30P flies. Psychiatric problems are common in PD patients with anxiety affecting 40–69% of patients. Central avoidance is one assessment of anxiety in various animal models. We found old but not young A30P flies exhibited increased centrophobism, suggesting possible elevated anxiety. Here, we report the first quantitative measures of walking qualities in a PD fly model and propose an alternative behavior paradigm for evaluating motor functions apart from climbing assay.
Master apical file size – smaller or larger: a systematic review of healing outcomes
Authors: Aminoshariae A. , Kulild J. C.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine in patients undergoing root canal treatment, whether apical enlargement affected the healing outcome. A PICO (population, intervention, comparison and outcome) strategy was developed to identify studies dealing with apical size of canal and healing outcome as measured clinically and radiographically. The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane and PubMed databases were searched. Additionally, the bibliography of all relevant articles and textbooks was manually searched. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reviewers independently selected the relevant articles. Four articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria. There were no studies that evaluated apical enlargement and healing outcome using cone beam computed tomography. The results of the systematic review confirmed that more evidence‐based research in this area is needed. With the limited information available, the best current available clinical evidence suggests that for patients with necrotic pulps and periapical lesions, enlargement of the apical size would result in an increased healing outcome in terms of clinical and radiographic evaluations.
Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of five edible Hymenomycetes mushrooms
Authors: Zhang Ning , Chen Haixia , Zhang Yu , Xing Lisha , Li Shuqin , Wang Xiuming , Sun Zhen
Published: August 2014

Ethanol extracts (LEE: ethanol extract from Lentinus edodes; TEE: ethanol extract from Tremella fuciformis; AEE: ethanol extract from Auricularia polytricha; GEE: ethanol extract from Ganoderma lucidum; IEE: ethanol extract from Inonotus obliquus) and water extracts (LWE: water extract from Lentinus edodes; TWE: water extract from Tremella fuciformis; AWE: water extract from Auricularia polytricha; GWE: water extract from Ganoderma lucidum; IWE: water extract from Inonotus obliquus) were obtained from five mushrooms. The contents of their main active constituents were analysed, and the antioxidant properties were studied by three in vitro assay systems. It was found that IEE had the highest phenolic content (55.94 mg g−1), flavonoid content (67.33 mg g−1) and the contents of five individual phenolic compounds (total amount was 4538.36 μg g−1). The highest content of neutral sugar was found in TWE (668.10 mg g−1), uronic acid in AWE (134.42 mg g−1), and the protein content was the highest in IWE (523.79 mg g−1). The antioxidant order was Inonotus obliquus > Ganoderma lucidum > Lentinus edodes > Tremella fuciformis > Auricularia auricula. IEE showed the highest antioxidant activities, and it might be used as a new candidate antioxidant.
A tale of two coalitions – marginalising the users while successfully implementing an enterprise resource planning system
Authors: Lyytinen Kalle , Newman Mike
Published: August 2014

Classic analyses of system implementations view user participation as a key element for successful implementation. However, under some conditions, avoiding user participation offers an alternative route to a successful implementation; this is advisable especially when the user network is weak and aligning user needs with the technological capabilities will take too much resource. To illustrate such situation, we analyse how a successful implementation outcome of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system emerged in a recently established conglomeration of two previously independent universities. The ERP was used to replace several legacy student administration systems for both political and functional reasons. It was deemed successful by both project consultants and the new university's management while the users were marginalised (‘black boxed’) and left to ‘pick up the pieces’ of an incomplete system using traditional methods such as shadow systems and work‐a‐rounds. Using a process approach and an actor–network theory ‘reading’ of related socio‐technical events, we demonstrate how three networks of actors – management, the project team and the administrative users – collided and influenced the implementation outcome and how the management and project network established the ERP as a reliable ally while at the same time the users – while being enrolled in the network – were betrayed through marginalisation. Our analysis also suggests a useful way to conduct a ‘follow the network’ analysis explaining and accounting for the observed implementation outcome. We illustrate the benefits of using a socio‐technical processual analysis and show how stable actor networks must be constructed during large‐scale information technology change and how different actor groups perceive and influence differently the implementation outcome.
Nursing‐sensitive indicators: a concept analysis
Authors: Heslop Liza , Lu Sai , Xu Xiaoquan
Published: August 2014

Aim

To report a concept analysis of nursing‐sensitive indicators within the applied context of the acute care setting.

Background

The concept of ‘nursing sensitive indicators’ is valuable to elaborate nursing care performance. The conceptual foundation, theoretical role, meaning, use and interpretation of the concept tend to differ. The elusiveness of the concept and the ambiguity of its attributes may have hindered research efforts to advance its application in practice.

Design

Concept analysis.

Data sources

Using ‘clinical indicators’ or ‘quality of nursing care’ as subject headings and incorporating keyword combinations of ‘acute care’ and ‘nurs*’, CINAHL and MEDLINE with full text in EBSCOhost databases were searched for English language journal articles published between 2000–2012. Only primary research articles were selected.

Methods

A hybrid approach was undertaken, incorporating traditional strategies as per Walker and Avant and a conceptual matrix based on Holzemer's Outcomes Model for Health Care Research.

Results

The analysis revealed two main attributes of nursing‐sensitive indicators. Structural attributes related to health service operation included: hours of nursing care per patient day, nurse staffing. Outcome attributes related to patient care included: the prevalence of pressure ulcer, falls and falls with injury, nosocomial selective infection and patient/family satisfaction with nursing care.

Conclusion

This concept analysis may be used as a basis to advance understandings of the theoretical structures that underpin both research and practical application of quality dimensions of nursing care performance.
Trophic State in Voyageurs National Park Lakes before and after Implementation of a Revised Water‐Level Management Plan
Authors: Christensen Victoria G. , Maki Ryan P.
Published: August 2014

We compiled Secchi depth, total phosphorus, and chlorophylla(Chla) data from Voyageurs National Park lakes and compared datasets before and after a new water‐level management plan was implemented in January 2000. Average Secchi depth transparency improved (from 1.9 to 2.1 m,p = 0.020) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011 in Kabetogama Lake for August samples only and remained unchanged in Rainy, Namakan, and Sand Point Lakes, and Black Bay in Rainy Lake. Average open‐water season Chlaconcentration decreased in Black Bay (from an average of 13 to 6.0 μg/l,p = 0.001) and Kabetogama Lake (from 9.9 to 6.2 μg/l,p = 0.006) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011. Trophic state index decreased significantly in Black Bay from 59 to 51 (p = 0.006) and in Kabetogama Lake from 57 to 50 (p = 0.006) between 1977‐1999 and 2000‐2011. Trophic state indices based on Chlaindicated that after 2000, Sand Point, Namakan, and Rainy Lakes remained oligotrophic, whereas eutrophication has decreased in Kabetogama Lake and Black Bay. Although nutrient inputs from inflows and internal sources are still sufficient to produce annual cyanobacterial blooms and may inhibit designated water uses, trophic state has decreased for Kabetogama Lake and Black Bay and there has been no decline in lake ecosystem health since the implementation of the revised water‐level management plan.
Global patterns of arthropod herbivory on an invasive plant, the physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.)
Authors: Lama A. D. , Vuorisalo T. , Niemelä P.
Published: August 2014

The physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is a multipurpose and oil‐producing shrub of Central and South American origin. Since the 15th century, this shrub has existed across tropical regions. Despite its presumed resistance to herbivores, reports show that arthropod herbivores infest it. However, no comprehensive account of arthropod herbivores, which consume the physic nut, exists. Here, we conducted a literature review that provides a comprehensive account of arthropod herbivores of the physic nut. Based on the co‐evolutionary hypothesis, we expected to find a higher herbivore of species richness and a larger proportion of native herbivores within the native range than elsewhere. As physic nut is a well‐defended plant chemically, we expected to find evidence for highest herbivory levels in plant parts that are the least defended. By the literatures review, we compiled 78 arthropod herbivores representing nine orders and from 31 families that feed on physic nut across the globe. As expected, the highest numbers of herbivores (34 species) were documented within the native range of the J. curcas and the lowest species number (21 species) in Africa. Of the 34 species in Central and South America, 94% were of native origin. Nine species were found feeding on J. curcas on more than one continent. Origins of 49% of species were from the native range of J. curcas. The highest percentage (54%) of species belonged to Hemiptera. With regard to feeding guilds, 59% of the herbivores belonged to sucking and 41% to chewing species. Forty‐one per cent of species were flower or fruit feeders, and 36% foliage feeders. We conclude that J. curcas is, despite its toxicity, vulnerable to herbivory, mainly to foliage, flower and fruit feeders.