bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Methods of Teaching the Breaststroke to College-Age Nonswimmers
Authors: Fischman Mark G.
Published: September 2011

The question of whether the breaststroke could be learned via transfer of learning and prior practice of an on-the-back stroke was addressed. One class of 15 college nonswimmers was taught by means of a “modified inverted breaststroke,” a mirror-image of the breaststroke performed in the supine position. A second group of 15 received a more traditional progressive-part method. Analyses of variance on dependent measures of Stroke-Count and Form Rating indicated that the teaching methods were equally effective in improving efficiency of breaststroke and form. These findings indicate that the breaststroke pattern is transferable from back to front and provide aquatic instructors with a method for broadening their teaching repertoire.
Simple Motor and Phonemic Processing Reaction Times of Stutterers
Authors: Rastatter Michael , Dell Carl W.
Published: September 2011

Simple motor and phonemic processing reaction times were gathered for a group of stutterers and were compared to data obtained from normal speakers. The stutterers' responses were significantly more latent under both conditions. Such findings suggested that at least two neurophysiological factors influence stutterers' reaction-time latencies. These include aberrancies in both motor control and auditory processing capacity.
Power Functions of the t Test and Mann-Whitney U Test Under Violation of Parametric Assumptions
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

A Monte Carlo method was used to find power functions of the t test and the Mann-Whitney U test under violation of assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance. These functions showed that the t test was always more powerful than the U test, for differences of any magnitude between population means, even when population distributions did not satisfy parametric assumptions. The difference in power in favor of the t test which characterized nearly normal distributions with equal variances was about the same for distributions far from normal. The difference was proportionally greater for distributions having unequal variances than for those having equal variances.
Volunteer and Risk-Taking Groups are More Homogeneous on Measures of Sensation Seeking than Control Groups
Authors: Watson John S.
Published: September 2011

A trend in the literature was noted for volunteers for psychological experiments and for participants in “risky” jobs or sports to be more homogeneous on measures of sensation seeking than control groups.
Regional Cortical Dysfunction in Schizophrenic Patients Studied by Computerized Neuropsychological Methods
Authors: Levander S. E. , Bartfai A. , Schalling D.
Published: September 2011

18 RDC-diagnosed schizophrenic patients (11 men, 7 women) were compared to 84 normal men with three computerized neuropsychological methods, assumed to reflect lateralized and frontal cortical functions: (1) Bilateral Finger Tapping and Finger Alternation, (2) Bilateral Trail Making, and (3) passively perceived Necker cube reversals. Schizophrenics differed from normals by (1) inferior Tapping/Alternation but only in the right hand, (2) inferior Trail Making, most pronounced for Form B, and (3) lower frequency of Necker cube reversals. Patients with previous neuroleptic medication and prior psychiatric hospitalizations were inferior in Trail Making and had fewer Necker cube reversals. The findings were interpreted in line with recent models of schizophrenia involving a left-hemisphere dysfunction/overactivation and a frontal dysfunction.
Tactile Perceptual Task and Field Dependence-Independence
Authors: Manning-Melean Lilianne , Fernández-Ballesteros Rocío
Published: September 2011

Differential performance with both hands by 60 normal field-dependent or field-independent subjects who were solving Nebes' test, was assessed. No difference was found between hands, but a significant difference was noted for speed of performance between field-dependent and field-independent subjects.
Comparison of the Token Test of Language Development and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised
Authors: Kitson Donald L. , Vance Booney , Blosser Jean
Published: September 2011

Correlations were calculated between the Token Test of Language Development (Token) and scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R) based on responses from 38 Caucasian children (23 boys and 15 girls) of a semi-rural Northeastern Ohio school district. The relatively low Pearson correlations (.25 to .47) between the standard scores in the Token test and WISC-R IQs are discussed in relation to ability and achievement.
Retinal Projection or Size Constancy as Determinants of the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion?
Authors: Von Collani Gernot
Published: September 2011

To compare the influence of the projected retinal size and of the figure size on the perception of the horizontal-vertical illusion, the target size, the viewing distance, and the slant of an illusion figure were varied. In the first experiment the illusion produced by two figures of the same object size but of different retinal size was compared with that of two figures projecting the same retinal size but differing in object size. The illusion diminished when the size of the retinal projection was increased, whereas a change in figure size did not change the illusion. In Exp. II the illusion figure was tilted backwards which reduced the retinal projection of the ‘vertical’ figure limb. The illusion decreased and became negative as a function of the retinal projection, but this decrease was relatively small compared with the reduction of the retinal image. The results are interpreted as supporting a retinal origin as an explanation of the illusion. Although there is strong evidence for size-constancy scaling in a tilted figure, constancy scaling is considered of minor importance as a determinant of the usual illusion.
Twins' Reactions to Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Timmons Beverly A.
Published: September 2011

10 pairs of identical and 10 pairs of fraternal twins, matched by age, spoke under conditions of 0.0-, 100-, 200-, 300-, 400-, and 500-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Length of spoken passages was controlled. Product-moment and intraclass correlations were calculated for speaking times and disfluencies. Significant Pearson rs for times were noted at 0.0 and 300 msec, for both groups and at 100, 200, and 400 msec, for identical twins, while fraternal twins' times were significantly correlated at 500 msec. Difference scores were significantly correlated at 100, 200, 300, and 400 msec, for identical twins. Disfluencies were significantly correlated for identical twins at 400 msec. Data were combined with those of Timmons' (1969) study, increasing subjects to 21 pairs per group. Intraclass correlations supported the contention that responses of identical twin pairs to delayed auditory feedback were more highly correlated than those for fraternal twin pairs.
Ocular Anomalies: A Comparison of Learning Disabled and Nonlearning Disabled Elementary School Children
Authors: Kirkpatrick Sue W. , Wharry Rhoda E.
Published: September 2011

This study compared descriptive data, obtained via retinal reflex photography, concerning ocular anomalies of 439 learning disabled elementary school children, 1657 kindergarten and Grade 1 nonlearning disabled children, and 724 nonlearning disabled children in Grades 2 to 6. Ocular factors included refractive and nonametropic errors as well as severity of the problem. The learning disabled sample had a significantly higher incidence of refractive error than the normal samples in Kindergarten and Grade 1 but lower incidence than the normal sample in Grades 2 to 6. The learning disabled group had a significantly higher incidence of myopia in one or both eyes than did the kindergarten and first grade normal group. No such difference for myopia existed between the learning disabled and the normal sample in Grades 2 to 6. Incidence of hyperopia in both eyes was significantly lower in the learning disabled than in the kindergarten-first grade sample; however, hyperopia in one eye only was greater for the learning disabled than for the older normals. Significant differences between the younger and older normals existed for all types of refractive error except hyperopia in only one eye. Severity of the problem differed significantly between the learning disabled and the kindergarten-first grade sample in the classes of severe and minimal, not at all when comparing learning disabled and older normals, and in all classes when comparing younger and older normals. The learning disabled also had a significantly higher incidence of nonametropic anomalies than did the normal group. Implications relating refractive error and near environment were discussed.
Normative Data for the Hand Dynamometer
Authors: Koffler Sandra P. , Zehler Daniel
Published: September 2011

206 normal adults, aged 22 to 77 yr., were administered the hand dynamometer to obtain normative data with respect to age, sex, and dominant-nondominant hand differences. Application of commonly accepted criteria for detection of motor dysfunction using this instrument were made to the data and resulted in a significant number of false positive classifications. The findings have implications for the clinical use of this instrument.
Effects of Age and Sex on Speed of Finding Embedded Figures
Authors: Huss Eric T. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of age and sex on the speed for school students finding embedded figures. Twenty boys and 20 girls participated. Ten of each sex were in either Grades 3 or 4 and 10 of each sex were in Grades 11 or 12. Each subject was given three pairs of figures and told to find the simple figure which was embedded in the more complex figure. A 2 (age) × 2 (sex) × 3 (figures) mixed analysis of variance showed sex and age were significant. Boys found the hidden figures faster than girls, and older students were faster than younger ones. The results agreed with much of the previous literature.
Response Time and Grip Strength as Possible Factors Affecting Children's Catching Performance
Authors: Isaacs Larry D. , Frederick Stephen D.
Published: September 2011

This investigation was designed to determine the influence of response time (reaction time + movement time) and grip strength on a catching task. 30 boys and 30 girls in Grade 3 were subjects. A standard hand dynamometer was employed to measure grip strength while a unique timing apparatus consisting of two digital stop watches and a strobe light was constructed to measure both reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) while simulating the act of catching. Subjects were allowed 8 attempts to catch a tennis ball which was mechanically projected a distance of 30 ft. Boys were more proficient on the catching task than girls even when adjusting for differences in RT, MT, and grip strength. A significant but weak relationship was found between grip strength and catching performance for the girls.
Correlations of Self-Concept with Locus of Control and Academic Performance
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Williamson J. David , Ginther Dean W.
Published: September 2011

Correlations between selected scales of the Tennessee Self-concept Scales, Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others and Chance Locus of Control Scales, and GPA were explored for 129 university students. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the Internal Scale and most self-concept scores and significant negative correlations between Powerful Others and Chance Scales and most self-concept scores, respectively. GPA correlated significantly with self-satisfaction scores but not with locus of control scores. When men were considered separately, significant negative correlations were found between most self-concept scores and scores on the Powerful Others and Chance Scales. This was not the case for women.
Relationship between Sex-Role and Acquisition of Motor Skill
Authors: Friedman Martin P. , Catalano John F. , Lombardo John P.
Published: September 2011

In an experiment examining the relationship between sex-role and acquisition of motor skill, sex-role was related to performance (time-on-target) and reminiscence for women but not men. 15 androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated men ( n — 60) and women ( n = 60) performed 80 15-sec. trials on the pursuit-rotor. Results indicated that the time-on-target performance of men as a group was significantly better than that of women. However, the data indicated that the performance of androgynous women was not significantly different from all groups of men; feminine women showed the poorest performance. Femininity was related to poorer performance only in women. Feminine women also had the highest reminiscence scores (a measure of recovery from performance decrement during 15-sec. rest intervals). For these performance measures (time-on-target and reminiscence) under these conditions, motor skill varied as a function of sex-role for women.
Two Methods of Assessing Education Majors on Course Content and Attitude
Authors: Powell Jack V. , Weller L. David
Published: September 2011

65 undergraduate majors in elementary education in a methods and curriculum course were tested by paper and pencil or by computer to assess cognitive gains and attitude toward course components. No significant differences were found between the groups on method of testing. Significant relationships on attitude toward course components were found on planning, classroom management, and code of ethics for the paper-and-pencil group.
Some Effects of Feedback Alone and Four Types of Self-Consequation on Selected Measures of Problem Solving
Authors: Jackson Henry J. , Molloy Geoffrey N.
Published: September 2011

This paper examines the relative efficacy of five self-management strategies on four measures of arithmetical problem-solving performance. Four of the self-management contingencies, namely, positive and negative self-reward and positive and negative self-punishment, involved the self-presentation of a tangible consequence, whereas for the fifth or self-recording group the consequence was in the form of veridical feedback and more covert or cognitive in nature. A sixth group served as a control ( n — 84). Analyses of data indicated that the self-reward groups completed significantly more items than the comparison groups. But when accuracy (errors) was the measure of interest, the self-punishment groups were superior. Essentially, these results replicated the data of an earlier exploratory study.
What are the Psychophysical Methods?
Authors: Silvestri Philip , Fisichelli Vincent
Published: September 2011

Textbook definitions of the psychophysical methods indicate differences of opinion among authors regarding the central issues which differentiate one method from another. Some of the disagreement among authors may be traceable to what is apparently a dichotomous approach involving an emphasis upon methods of gathering data and techniques for analyzing data. It is suggested that definitions center upon the aspects of differential sensitivity, namely, a threshold, a frequency of error, and a magnitude of error, rather than upon the ways in which the data are obtained or analyzed.
Verbal Fluency and Figural Fluency in Bright Children
Authors: Evans Randall W. , Ruff Ronald M. , Gualtieri C. Thomas
Published: September 2011

Intellectually bright children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 from one school and adults were assessed on measures of verbal and on a new measure of figural fluency. Consistent with previous research, age-dependent performance was observed on both fluency tasks. Analysis of covariance with motor speed as the covariate reduced the F ratio for the figural task, although age-related significant differences persisted. Results suggest that age-related improvement of performance on fluency measures with intellectually bright subjects differs from that for intellectually average subjects. Hypotheses are also advanced regarding the proposed reliable figural-fluency task as preferable to previously employed nonverbal measures, suggesting a more valid dissociation of function. These preliminary findings encourage further research on the age- and IQ-related aspects of verbal and figural fluency.
Comparison of Arithmetic Measures with Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Estes Robert E. , Hallock Jane E. , Bray Nanci M.
Published: September 2011

Four measures of arithmetic skills were evaluated for 69 learning disabled students (58 boys, 11 girls; 6 to 14 yr. old). These measures were the arithmetic subtests of the Wide Range Achievement Test and Peabody Individual Achievement test, the Key Math, and teachers' ratings. Partial correlations were high, indicating substantial content validity. Mean grade placement scores were generally equivalent for Key Math and teachers' ratings. The Peabody Individual Achievement Test produced significantly higher while the Wide Range Achievement Test resulted in significantly lower grade-placement scores than the other two measures.
College Men's and Women's Motives for Participation in Physical Activity
Authors: Mathes Sharon Ann , Battista Robert
Published: September 2011

The Attitude Toward Physical Activity Questionnaire was utilized to study the importance of nine dimensions (social experience, health and fitness, thrill and risk, beauty in movement, release of tension, prolonged and strenuous training, pursuit of victory, demonstration of ability, competition) in involvement in physical activity of 50 male and 50 female athletes and 100 nonathletes. Factor analyses of intercorrelations among the dimensions reduced these to three factors (competition, health and fitness, social experience). Mean factor scores showed that the total sample rated health and fitness as significantly more important than the other two as a motive for involvement in physical activity. A 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant relationship between sex and skill and the factors. Further univariate analyses showed that men and women similarly rated health and fitness the most important, but women rated competition significantly lower and social experience significantly higher than men. Athletes differed significantly from nonathletes only in the assignment of higher scores to competition.
On Phonetic and Phonemic Mnemonic Systems: A Reply to M. J. Dickel
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

Dickel (1983) compared the effectiveness of the phonetic and the phonemic systems in terms of his three stated principles of encoding mnemonics, namely, recoding, meaningfulness, and organization, and concluded that, in general, the phonetic system is more effective than the phonemic system. In this reply, recoding, involving the encoding-storage-decoding sequence, was considered a fundamental memory operation in mnemonics, whose effectiveness depends on reduction of representational redundancy, on meaningfulness, and on organization. It was shown that the effectiveness of the phonetic system is based primarily on the reduction of redundancy, while the meaningfulness and organization favor the phonetic system. If the recall measure of performance is considered, Dickel's claims have some merit though they are highly hypothetical. Because encoding pathways are multiple, the phonetic system was shown not to be applicable to memory-recognition tasks, while no such limitation is apparent in case of the phonemic recoding system. Some methodological problems of mnemonics testing were considered.
On Development of Drawing a Square from a Cross-Cultural Point of View
Authors: Yamasaki Kiyomi
Published: September 2011

These experiments were designed to analyze the development of the drawings of squares by children in Kanji (Chinese characters) and nonKanji cultures by using a system of writing strokes in an orderly way. This system has been formalized in the Kanji culture. The younger children drew squares naturally in a clockwise sequence and the results seem to be consistent with the serial-recognition hypothesis. But as the children increased in age, they drew lines from the top to the bottom and from the left to the right according to the basic rules of a stroke-order, which seemed to support the hypothesis that familiarity of objects to the subject plays an important role in explaining the development from the serial-recognition hypothesis to the Gestalt hypothesis in recognition of the integrated features as a whole along with motor memory.
Apprehension about Communication and Self-Acceptance: A Correlational Study
Authors: Watson Arden K.
Published: September 2011

To test whether apprehension about communication increases as self-acceptance decreases, data were gathered from 118 adult subjects. Scores of 37 subjects fell into high and low ranges of apprehension and self-acceptance. Of these, 21 subjects (56.8%) scored in the range of high apprehension and low self-acceptance. A significant correlation of —.68 was found between apprehension about communication and self-acceptance.
Motives for Participation and Attitudes toward Physical Activity of Adult Participants in Fitness Programs
Authors: Biddle Stuart J. H. , Bailey Cynthia I. A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated motives for participation and attitudes about physical activity of male and female participants in fitness classes in the English West Midlands. Six attitude subdomains were assessed using Kenyon's 1968 Attitude Toward Physical Activity Inventory, while 12 motives were assessed using a separate questionnaire. Men and women differed significantly in attitudes and motives which supported the choice of activity made by each sex, i.e., self-monitoring circuit training for men and expressive dance-based fitness for women. Correlations calculated separately for each sex did not show associations between individual motives and attitudes. Research must address the issue of generalized attitudes about physical activity and their relation to motives.
High Spatial Frequencies Inhibit Motion Perception
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Berks R. W.
Published: September 2011

Using the duration of the spiral aftereffect as an index of motion perception, the presence of high spatial frequencies inhibited perceived motion for 12 observers.
Signs of Neurobehavioral Dysfunction in a Sample of Learning Disabled Children: Stability and Concurrent Validity
Authors: Morrison Delmont C. , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Carte Estol T.
Published: September 2011

Of 270 learning disabled children with average intelligence and significant delays in reading comprehension a sample of 37 were evaluated for signs of neurobehavioral dysfunction. All such signs—primitive reflexes, equilibrium reactions, and postrotary nystagmus—were reliably assessed. A subsample of 19 children was compared with developmentally normal and mentally retarded samples for the occurrence of tonic neck reflexes and equilibrium reactions. The learning disabled children consistently showed deviancies like those of the retarded children; both of these groups differed from the normal children on most measures. These deviant responses persisted over a 9-mo. period for the learning disabled group. Compared with norms, the total learning disabled sample displayed hyponystagmus, and this depressed nystagmus persisted for 11 mo. Results are discussed in relation to the lack of correlation among the various signs of neurobehavioral dysfunction in the learning disabled children.
Giving Men the Come-On: Effect of Eye Contact and Smiling in a Bar Environment
Authors: Walsh Debra G. , Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

In four conditions, a female confederate established eye contact with a male in a drinking establishment. Eye contact was established once or multiple times within a 5-min. period. After eye contact was established, the confederate smiled or did not smile. In a fifth condition, the female smiled and looked down in the general direction of the designated subject. The dependent variable was whether or not the subject approached and talked to the confederate within a 10-min. period. Two attractive female confederates were each assigned 10 subjects in each of the five conditions. The highest approach behavior (60%) was observed in the condition in which there was repeated eye contact plus smiling. In each of the remaining four conditions, the confederate was approached less than 20% of the time. It was suggested that males may need certain encouragement before approaching a female stranger in a bar environment and that this encouragement is most likely to be effective when it is both repeated and when it is delivered by multiple nonverbal channels.
Perception of Orientation of Motion as Affected by Change in Divergence of Texture, Change in Size, and in Velocity
Authors: Harrington Thomas L. , Harrington Marcia K. , Quon Denise , Atkinson Rick , Cairns Robert , Kline Kriss
Published: September 2011

When there is relative motion between an observer and a textured surface such as the ground, motion-related visual information is available about the orientation of the surface through vergence of the paths of the elements of the texture, change in their sizes and in their velocities. This experiment determined the perceptual effectiveness of each variable in foveal and peripheral viewing for producing perceptions of three-dimensional motion. The three variables were electronically separated and displayed singly, in all possible pairs, and all together. Subjects communicated their perceptions of degree of perceived surface tilt at the top, bottom, and middle of the display for the eight different combinations of variables because, during pilot work perceived surface bendings were frequently noted where top, bottom, and middle appeared tilted to different extents. All three variables can lead to relatively reliable perceptions of perceived orientation of the plane of motion, with change in velocity being the most powerful determiner. Change in size was the weakest. Certain combinations can lead to perceptions of extreme warping and should be avoided in motion displays. Subjects consistently underestimate the amount of simulated tilt. Foveal viewing was more accurate than peripheral viewing but peripheral performance was adequately consistent as an input channel for some orientation tasks.
Effect of Instruction for Creativity on Learning Disabled Students' Drawings
Authors: Jaben Twila H.
Published: September 2011

50 pupils from self-contained classrooms for learning disabled students in Grades 5 and 6 were subjects. The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were used as pretests and posttests to measure the effect of instruction for creativity on drawings by these subjects. For 14 wk. the Purdue Creative Thinking Program was used to stimulate the learning disabled group. These children made significantly higher scores than a control group on the figural subtests of drawing of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking.
Field Dependence and Ability to Judge Spatial Coordinates
Authors: Hicks Lisa Ann , Lindgren Henry Clay
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that field dependence and the ability to judge spatial coordinates are related skills was tested by having 75 female and 29 male undergraduates complete a test, based on Piagetian concepts, that required subjects to solve problems involving spatial coordinates, and a test of field dependence that used embedded-figure problems. Results supported the hypothesis to a moderate degree and were consistent with previous research showing that men perform more competently than women on paper-and-pencil spatial problems.
Naming Reaction Times to Tachistoscopically Presented Pictures: Some Evidence of Right Hemisphere Encoding
Authors: Mc Guire Richard A. , Loren Catherine , Rastatter Michael
Published: September 2011

The present study measured naming reaction times by normal subjects to unilaterally presented picture stimuli. Significant differences in picture-naming reaction time did not exist between left and right visual-field stimulations. The right hemisphere in the intact brain is capable of generating a verbal label for pictured stimuli. A psychological model suggests that a possible processing synergy between the two hemispheres may be tied to spatial processing and elementary linguistics.
Snacking, Aversive Imagery, and Weight Reduction
Authors: Dodd David K.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to explore the relationship between reduced snacking and weight loss and to evaluate the effectiveness of an aversive imagery procedure. Twenty-two participants completed an 11-wk. program designed to reduce the frequency of snacking. Reading an aversive “fat sheet” immediately prior to or after snacking, combined with a point system, was no more effective in reducing snacking than was the point system alone. Although incidence of snacking was significantly reduced, weight loss was greatest during the baseline period, when snacking was most frequent. The correlation between weekly weight loss and weekly number of snacks was nonsignificant. These results suggest that a single-minded focus on the reduction of snacking is unlikely to produce significant weight loss for most dieters.
Visual Correction of a Rapid Goal-Directed Response
Authors: Hay Laurette , Beaubaton Daniel
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of dynamic and static visual cues in improvement of accuracy during a pointing movement. In the experiment, subjects were required to point finger rapidly at visual targets as accurately as possible. Movement amplitude was 15 cm, and movement times ranged from 100 to 190 msec. Three visual feedback conditions were applied: no feedback, dynamic ongoing feedback on the complete hand trajectory, and static error feedback on the movement end-point. Two spatial movement outcomes were considered, mean constant error and intraindividual dispersion of pointings. Data were analyzed with regard to effects of feedback and speed. Under the no-feedback condition, accuracy was lowest; constant error was not speed-dependent, whereas dispersion increased with speed of movement. Accuracy was highest under the complete feedback condition and was speed-dependent, as shown by both constant error and dispersion. Under error feedback, accuracy was intermediate and was also speed-dependent. The results are discussed in terms of the interchange between correcting mechanisms vs delayed control within the motor regulatory processes.
A Longitudinal Study of the Degrees of Reading Power Test
Authors: Kippel Gary M. , Sontag Marvin , Wiener Max
Published: September 2011

The Degrees of Reading Power test was administered in three school districts to determine how well the test measures gains or losses over time. One time interval included summer noninstructional months (April 1981 through October 1981); the other time interval included only regular instructional months (October 1981 through April 1982). For the first interval, October 1981 scores were significantly higher than April 1981 scores in two of the three participating districts. For the second interval, April 1982 scores were significantly higher than October 1981 scores in all three districts. Longitudinal findings appear to reflect the effects of instruction and/or growth.
Peer Academic Rankings and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Seymour Harold L.
Published: September 2011

Two studies are used to evaluate children's ability to rank their peers' academic achievement, their own achievement, and to see how these rankings relate to children's academic self-concept. Analysis shows that elementary-school aged children can accurately rank the achievement of their peers and themselves. Also peers' rankings for academic achievement interact significantly with children's academic self-concepts. Self-rankings and actual achievement do not. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of considering peers when evaluating a child.
Recording Methods and Visual Scoring Criteria of Sleep Records: Comments and Recommendations
Authors: Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

Comments and recommended changes in recording methods and visual scoring criteria of sleep records are presented briefly.
Normal Variation in Reading Acquisition
Authors: Berninger Virginia Wise
Published: September 2011

Visual, linguistic, reading, and spelling tests were administered to the same 45 children at the end of kindergarten and of first grade. Normal variation, i.e., diversity not related to pathology, was found in the visual and linguistic skills and was shown to be related to reading and spelling achievement for a sample of suburban children of similar socioeconomic status. Individual differences in three visual skills—selective attention to letter information (RT), memory for a component letter (accuracy), and memory for a whole word (accuracy)—and two linguistic skills—phonemic analysis and vocabulary understanding—were reliable over the first year of formal reading instruction and had concurrent validity in that they were correlated with achievement in word decoding/encoding at the end of kindergarten and of first grade. Of these five skills, phonemic analysis accounted for more variance in achievement (52% to 64%, depending upon achievement measure) than any other single skill. Significantly mote variance in achievement was accounted for when both a visual skill (memory for a sequence) and a linguistic skill (phonemic analysis) were considered than when either alone was at end of first grade. The predictive validity of quantitatively defined “disabilities” (at or more than a standard deviation below the mean) was investigated; disabilities in both visual and linguistic skills at the end of kindergarten were associated with low achievement in word decoding/encoding at the end of first grade. Two pairs of identical twin girls (each co-twin taught by a different teacher) were not mote congruent on several achievement measures than two pairs of unrelated girls, taught by the same teacher and matched to each other and a twin pair on verbal ability and age. Normal variation in acquisition of word decoding/encoding probably results from an interaction between genetic individual differences in cognitive skills and the processes of assimilation and accommodation during environmental transactions proposed by Piaget.
MMPI and Nightmare Reports in Women Addicted to Alcohol and other Drugs
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Zdenek
Published: September 2011

In a sample of 78 female alcohol and drug addicts, 24.4% marked True the Item 31 (“I have nightmares every few nights”) of the MMPI. The proportion is significantly higher than in normative MMPI data of normal US Midwest women published by Coligan: only 8.2% of the latter marked the item True. The female alcohol and drug addicts who marked the item True differed from those responding with False by higher scores on Schizophrenia, Psychasthenia, Paranoia, Anxiety, Depression, Psychopathic Deviate, and Social Introversion scales and by lower scores on Ego Strength scale. Nightmare sufferers consistently scored in a more pathological direction.
Handedness in the Kwakiutl Totem Poles: An Exception to 50 Centuries of Right-Handedness
Authors: Marrion Leslie V. , Rosenblood Lorne K.
Published: September 2011

A survey of handedness in Kwakiutl Indian totem and house poles found 56% bihandedness, 24% left-handedness, and 20% right-handedness. These findings are in marked contrast to other research findings on artforms, which show about 90% right-handedness. In the previous studies no systematic variation in the incidence of right-handedness was found across time eras, cultures, or geographic location. This apparent consistency was interpreted as supporting an hypothesis that right-handedness is universal and physiological. However, the present authors' findings with regard to Kwakiutl handedness clearly refutes the notion of universal right-handedness in artforms. In the current Kwakiutl population, there is a strong indication that sociocultural and environmental factors may also strongly influence the expression of handedness.
Writing-Hand Differences in Kwakiutls and Caucasians
Authors: Marrion Leslie V.
Published: September 2011

Writing-hand differences in Kwakiutl Indians and Caucasians were compared between and within groups in a cross-cultural cross-sectional study. The Kwakiutl were less right-handed for writing at each of the three ages than the Caucasian sample. Current hypotheses on handedness do not account for the magnitude of these differences.
Relation between Transformational vs Transactional Leadership Preference and Subordinates' Personality: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Singer M. S. , Singer A. E.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to explore the possible links between subordinates' personality traits and their preference for transformational vs transactional leadership style. 87 undergraduate men were required to imagine an “ideal leader” in a work situation and then go through Bass' (1984) Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Form 4, to describe the behavior of this ideal leader. Subjects also completed the Affiliation, Achievement, and Succorance subscales of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule as well as a conformity rating scale. Affiliation correlated significantly with charisma, individualised consideration, and the over-all transformational leadership measure. The personality trait of conformity also correlated significantly with intellectual stimulation, indicating that “nonconformers” prefer leaders who provide intellectual stimulation. There was also a tendency for high achievers to favor such leaders. None of the other ratings of subordinates' personality traits correlated significantly with ratings of ideal leadership. The results also showed that student-subjects in the present study preferred working with leaders who are more transformational than transactional.
Effects of Emotional Illness and Age upon the Resolution of Discrepant Messages
Authors: Reilly Susan S. , Muzekari Louis H.
Published: September 2011

To determine their ability to interpret messages, normal and disturbed children, adolescents, and adults ( ns = 10) were shown videotaped statements containing discrepant verbal and nonverbal components and statements containing consistent verbal and nonverbal components. No significant differences were observed between subjects in response to the consistent messages regardless of age or mental status; however, pronounced differences occurred under the condition with discrepant messages. Among normal subjects a developmental shift was observed, i.e., an inverse relation was found between age and reliance upon verbal content. Younger normal subjects relied upon the verbal content of a message in interpretation, while adults relied upon the nonverbal elements. Disturbed subjects regardless of age relied primarily upon the verbal content of the discrepant message.
Effect of EMG-Biofeedback Training in Reduction of Muscle Tension for Individuals Displaying Type a Behavior Patterns
Authors: Chen William , Coorough Randall
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of EMG biofeedback training in reducing muscle tension among subjects who displayed Type A behavior. 22 Type A college students (19 to 22 yr. old) were randomly assigned to either a biofeedback group or a control group. After 6 wk. of training, Type A subjects showed a significant reduction in muscle tension for both resting and aroused states; however, the reduction of muscle tension did not result in reduction of Type A behavior patterns.
Subjective Time and Perceptual Skill
Authors: Wixen Bradford Dean
Published: September 2011

Subjective time estimation was hypothesized as correlated with the number of discrete events one discerns per interval and one's attentiveness, interest in the experience, and efficiency. It was predicted that one who recognizes many discrete events per interval and rates high on these personality traits tends to underestimate time. For personality attributes, tapped by questionnaire, high scores denote an individual who shows the predicted characteristics of underestimaters. Estimations were made of a 3-min. tone of 191 Hz by 40 college men. Pearson correlation between questionnaire scores and time estimates was —.30. All 8 subjects with scores below 100 overestimated.
Comparison of PPVT—R and WISC—R in a Mild/Moderate Handicapped Sample
Authors: Beck Frances W. , Black Frederick Lee
Published: September 2011

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised, Form L was compared with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised with a sample of 32 mild/moderate handicapped students (24 boys, 8 girls). Significant correlations were found between the WISC—R Full Scale IQ (.46) and the WISC—R Verbal IQ (.50) and the PPVT—R, but no significant correlation was found between the WISC—R Performance IQ and the PPVT—R (.34). Mean scores on the PPVT—R and WISC—R were significantly different.
Reliability and Construct Validity of the Body Cathexis Scale
Authors: Balogun Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability and validity of the Body Cathexis Scale, testing 50 female college students (At age 24.2 ± 1.8 yr.) who completed the Tennessee Self-concept Scale and the Body Cathexis Scale. Two weeks later, the subjects were readministered the Body Cathexis Scale. Pearson's correlations were computed to determine the reliability of the Body Cathexis Scale and the relationship between the Body Cathexis Scale and 7 Tennessee Self-concept subscales. Test-retest reliability was .89. Scores on the Body Cathexis Scale were significantly correlated with those on physical self (.64), personal self (.60), family self (.35), social self (.62) and total positive (.62), but not with moral-ethical self (.23) or self-criticism (– .05). The findings suggest that the Body Cathexis Scale is reliable and has a measure of construct validity.
Time: A Speeding Train or Wind-Driven Sand? The Estimation of Fixed Temporal Intervals as Related to Images of Time
Authors: Krus David J. , Fletcher Stephen H.
Published: September 2011

Relationship between Knapp's metaphor scale of attitudes toward time and subjective estimation of fixed time intervals, measured by a modification of Lovett Doust's method, was described. Results were discussed within the framework of studies relating the measurements of cognitive styles and altered consciousness states to the dilated or accelerated perceptions of time.
Perceptual Learning by Educable Mentally Retarded, Average, and Gifted Children of Primary School Age
Authors: Lutzer Victoria De Filippo
Published: September 2011

A match-to-sample task and a preference-ranking procedure were used to provide predifferentiation experiences on a color discrimination for 6- and 8-yr.-old children. The subjects included an educable mentally retarded 8-yr.-old group, an average 8-yr.-old group, a gifted 6-yr.-old group, and an average 6-yr.-old group. Mental age was the best predictor of success on task. A significant interaction of sex and teaching method suggests an advantage of girls in this age group in instructional situations in which the perceptual learning task and testing tasks are not exactly the same. Girls did better than boys when a different response for task content was required in testing from that in teaching. Boys and girls performed similarly when the training task was the same as the testing task.
Word Processing and Effects of Variability in Type Fonts
Authors: Krulee Gilbert K. , Novy Forrest
Published: September 2011

Current models for reading words often assume the existence of features or shape characteristics for distinguishing one letter from another. However, the form of these features need not be invariant, particularly as one considers variations in type font or in handwriting. In this paper, we introduce the possibility of a two-level process with one level helping the viewer to identify the style or font being used at a given time. This first process leads to the activation of a decision tree that is specialized with respect to a particular set of characteristics while a second process makes use of this decision tree to identify the letter or word being presented. The results of an experiment designed to explore empirical implications of this two-level approach are described. Results are consistent with the model although additional experimentation is needed to explore more fully the implications for the processing of letters and words.
Physiological Changes after Biofeedback and Relaxation Training for Multiple-Pain Tension-Headache Patients
Authors: Lacroix J. Michael , Clarke Melissa A. , Bock J. Carson , Doxey Neville C. S.
Published: September 2011

This paper is concerned with the psychophysiology of “muscle-contraction” headaches in a group of Compensation patients suffering from multiple pain problems in addition to headaches. A total of 55 of these patients were divided into 4 groups which received frontalis EMG biofeedback, relaxation training, combined biofeedback-relaxation training, or no treatment. Differences were observed among the 3 experimental treatments and the control group with respect to headache changes, but there were no differences among groups with respect to the changes observed in four underlying physiological responses as a function of time or practice. While the subjects who showed the largest changes in headache characteristics were those who exhibited the largest decreases in frontalis EMG, these were also the subjects whose initial frontalis EMG levels were the highest. It is concluded that, in keeping with a growing literature, the link between frontalis EMG and “muscle-contraction” headaches is a tenuous one and that the changes brought about in headache symptomatology through biofeedback or relaxation training are most likely attributable to a generalization of feelings of mastery over the environment or of self-efficacy brought about in the subjects through apparent success at the task.
Can Learning Disabled Students Effectively Use Separate Answer Sheets?
Authors: Veit Debra Tolfa , Scruggs Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

101 regular class and learning disabled students were administered three subtests of the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills for which all correct answers had been identified in the students' test booklet. Analysis of the completed separate answer sheets indicated that learning disabled students answered fewer total items than their nondisabled peers but did not differ with respect to percent of items answered correctly. In addition, nonsignificant differences were found for number of answer spaces filled in outside the line. Implications for further research and training are given.
Relationships of Race and Sex to Physical and Motor Measures
Authors: Jones Margaret A. , Buis Joyce M. , Harris I. David
Published: September 2011

Scores on jump and reach, sit-ups, flexed-arm hang, soccer wall volley, sit and reach, Shape-O-Ball, zig-zag run, and 600-yd. walk-run for 2,546 children (both black and white) in Grades 2, 4, and 6 showed few differences in motor performance as a function of race, but clear-cut differences by sex.
Perception of Physical Attractiveness Influenced by Similarity of Attitudes
Authors: Hassebrauck Manfred
Published: September 2011

59 men and women, 20 to 30 yr. old, rated 15 items about everyday life on Likert scales and 5 wk. later rated a male's photograph for attractiveness and similarity. A target person who appeared verbally similar to the subjects was rated more physically attractive than a dissimilar target. No negative effect of dissimilarity was noted.