bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Trophic Status as a Proxy of Aquatic Ecosystem Service Provisioning on the Basis of Guidelines
Authors: ST-Gelais Nicolas F , Lapierre Jean-François , Siron Robert , Maranger Roxane
Published: August 2020

Ecologists typically associate water quality with trophic status, where oligotrophic is considered excellent and presumably provides more aquatic ecosystem services. However, water quality is perceived differently among observers with different worldviews. For example, agriculture and public health sectors quantify the provisioning of aquatic ecosystem services on the basis of different guidelines, but are their guidelines breached more frequently with increasing productivity? We developed an integrative ecosystem service framework using Canadian guidelines as thresholds for drinking, swimming, irrigation, suitability for livestock and aquatic wildlife in rivers. Drinkability was the most sensitive ecosystem service, met in 23% of the sampling events, whereas livestock was provided in 99%. Trophic status is a fair proxy for ecosystem services limited by fecal contamination, because nutrients are related to human and animal populations but not to those limited by metals. Using guideline thresholds to assess the safe provisioning of multiple aquatic ecosystem services across diverse worldviews could facilitate understanding among different perspectives.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Americans Aboard theDiamond PrincessCruise Ship
Authors: Plucinski Mateusz M , Wallace Megan , Uehara Anna , Kurbatova Ekaterina V , Tobolowsky Farrell A , Schneider Zachary D , Ishizumi Atsuyoshi , Bozio Catherine H , Kobayashi Miwako , Toda Mitsuru , Stewart Andrea , Wagner Riley L , Moriarty Leah F , Murray Rachel , Queen Krista , Tao Ying , Paden Clinton , Mauldin Matthew R , Zhang Jing , Li Yan , Elkins Christopher A , Lu Xiaoyan , Herzig Carolyn T A , Novak Ryan , Bower William , Medley Alexandra M , Acosta Anna M , Knust Barbara , Cantey Paul T , Pesik Nicki T , Halsey Eric S , Cetron Martin S , Tong Suxiang , Marston Barbara J , Friedman Cindy R
Published: August 2020

Background

The Diamond Princess cruise ship was the site of a large outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Of 437 Americans and their travel companions on the ship, 114 (26%) tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Methods

We interviewed 229 American passengers and crew after disembarkation following a ship-based quarantine to identify risk factors for infection and characterize transmission onboard the ship.

Results

The attack rate for passengers in single-person cabins or without infected cabinmates was 18% (58/329), compared with 63% (27/43) for those sharing a cabin with an asymptomatic infected cabinmate, and 81% (25/31) for those with a symptomatic infected cabinmate. Whole genome sequences from specimens from passengers who shared cabins clustered together. Of 66 SARS-CoV-2-positive American travelers with complete symptom information, 14 (21%) were asymptomatic while on the ship. Among SARS-CoV-2-positive Americans, 10 (9%) required intensive care, of whom 7 were ≥70 years.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the high risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission on cruise ships. High rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in cabinmates of individuals with asymptomatic infections suggest that triage by symptom status in shared quarters is insufficient to halt transmission. A high rate of intensive care unit admission among older individuals complicates the prospect of future cruise travel during the pandemic, given typical cruise passenger demographics. The magnitude and severe outcomes of this outbreak were major factors contributing to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s decision to halt cruise ship travel in US waters in March 2020.
Modern Senicide in the Face of a Pandemic: An Examination of Public Discourse and Sentiment About Older Adults and COVID-19 Using Machine Learning
Authors: Xiang Xiaoling , Lu Xuan , Halavanau Alex , Xue Jia , Sun Yihang , Lai Patrick Ho Lam , Wu Zhenke
Published: August 2020

Objectives

This study examined public discourse and sentiment regarding older adults and COVID-19 on social media and assessed the extent of ageism in public discourse.

Methods

Twitter data (N = 82,893) related to both older adults and COVID-19 and dated from January 23 to May 20, 2020, were analyzed. We used a combination of data science methods (including supervised machine learning, topic modeling, and sentiment analysis), qualitative thematic analysis, and conventional statistics.

Results

The most common category in the coded tweets was “personal opinions” (66.2%), followed by “informative” (24.7%), “jokes/ridicule” (4.8%), and “personal experiences” (4.3%). The daily average of ageist content was 18%, with the highest of 52.8% on March 11, 2020. Specifically, more than 1 in 10 (11.5%) tweets implied that the life of older adults is less valuable or downplayed the pandemic because it mostly harms older adults. A small proportion (4.6%) explicitly supported the idea of just isolating older adults. Almost three-quarters (72.9%) within “jokes/ridicule” targeted older adults, half of which were “death jokes.” Also, 14 themes were extracted, such as perceptions of lockdown and risk. A bivariate Granger causality test suggested that informative tweets regarding at-risk populations increased the prevalence of tweets that downplayed the pandemic.

Discussion

Ageist content in the context of COVID-19 was prevalent on Twitter. Information about COVID-19 on Twitter influenced public perceptions of risk and acceptable ways of controlling the pandemic. Public education on the risk of severe illness is needed to correct misperceptions.
Glycoxidation of LDL Generates Cytotoxic Adducts and Elicits Humoral Response in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Abidi Minhal , Mir Abdul Rouf , Khan Farzana , Ali Asif , Uddin Moin
Published: August 2020

This study elucidates the immunological implications of methylglyoxal (MGO) modified LDL in diabetes type 2 patients (T2DM). Under in-vitro modifications, MGO altered the tertiary structure of LDL. TNBS and phenanthrenequinone assays confirmed lysine and arginine residues as main targets of MGO in LDL. HPLC and LCMS studies confirmed the generation of Nϵ-(carboxymethyl) lysine in the modified protein. Comet assay showing increased tail length of DNA in lymphocytes inferred the cytotoxicity of MGO-LDL. The easy penetration of MGO-LDL into the nucleus is possibly a consequence of its reduced size, post-modification, as observed from the studies on hydrodynamic radii studies in DLS experiments. MGO-LDL was found to be more immunogenic, as compared to native LDL, in immunological studies conducted on experimental rabbits. Our results reflect the presence of neo-antigenic determinants on modified LDL. Competitive inhibition ELISA suggested the presence of neo-epitopes with marked immunogenicity eliciting specific immune response. Binding studies on purified IgG confirmed the enhanced and specific immunogenicity of MGO-LDL. Studies on interaction of MGO-LDL with the circulating auto-antibodies from T2DM patients showed high affinity of serum-antibodies towards MGO-LDL. This study suggests a potent role of glycoxidatively modified LDL in the generation of auto-immune response in T2DM patients.
Associations of Cytomegalovirus Infection With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Multiple Observational Cohort Studies of Older Adults
Authors: Chen Sijia , Pawelec Graham , Trompet Stella , Goldeck David , Mortensen Laust H , Slagboom P Eline , Christensen Kaare , Gussekloo Jacobijn , Kearney Patricia , Buckley Brendan M , Ford Ian , Jukema J Wouter , Westendorp Rudi G J , Maier Andrea B
Published: August 2020

Background

Whether latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in older adults has any substantial health consequences is unclear. Here, we sought associations between CMV-seropositivity and IgG titer with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in 5 longitudinal cohorts.

Methods

Leiden Longevity Study, Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk, Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins, and Leiden 85-plus Study were assessed at median (2.8–11.4 years) follow-up . Cox regression and random effects meta-analysis were used to estimate mortality risk dependent on CMV serostatus and/or IgG antibody titer, in quartiles after adjusting for confounders.

Results

CMV-seropositivity was seen in 47%–79% of 10 122 white community-dwelling adults aged 59–93 years. Of these, 3519 had died on follow-up (579 from cardiovascular disease). CMV seropositivity was not associated with all-cause (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], .97–1.14) or cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, .83–1.13). Subjects in the highest CMV IgG quartile group had increased all-cause mortality relative to CMV-seronegatives (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04–1.29) but this association lost significance after adjustment for confounders (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, .99–1.29). The lack of increased mortality risk was confirmed in subanalyses.

Conclusions

CMV infection is not associated with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in white community-dwelling older adults.
Plasma From Recovered COVID-19 Patients Inhibits Spike Protein Binding to ACE2 in a Microsphere-Based Inhibition Assay
Authors: Gniffke Edward P , Harrington Whitney E , Dambrauskas Nicholas , Jiang Yonghou , Trakhimets Olesya , Vigdorovich Vladimir , Frenkel Lisa , Sather D Noah , Smith Stephen E P
Published: August 2020

We present a microsphere-based flow cytometry assay that quantifies the ability of plasma to inhibit the binding of spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Plasma from 22 patients who had recovered from mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and expressed anti–spike protein trimer immunoglobulin G inhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme 2–spike protein binding to a greater degree than controls. The degree of inhibition was correlated with anti–spike protein immunoglobulin G levels, neutralizing titers in a pseudotyped lentiviral assay, and the presence of fever during illness. This inhibition assay may be broadly useful to quantify the functional antibody response of patients recovered from COVID-19 or vaccine recipients in a cell-free assay system.
Technical Note: Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to evaluate humoral responses to vaccination against respiratory viruses in beef cattle
Authors: Cooke Reinaldo F , Paiva Rafael , Pohler K G
Published: August 2020

This experiment evaluated humoral responses in beef calves vaccinated against parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) using serum neutralization (SN) tests or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Blood samples were collected from 50 overtly healthy Angus-influenced steers (183 ± 3 kg of body weight, 212 ± 2 d of age) on days 0, 21, 35, and 49 of the experiment. Steers were vaccinated against respiratory viruses on days 0 and 21. Blood was processed for serum collection and frozen in duplicates. One of the duplicates was analyzed for antibodies against BRSV, PI3, and BHV-1 using commercially available ELISA (IDEXX Switzerland AG, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland), and results reported as sample:positive control (S/P, %) ratio. The other duplicate was analyzed for antibodies against the same vaccine antigens via SN. This method reports results as titers, the greatest dilution that provides complete protection of the cells, which were transformed with base 2 log for statistical analyses. Samples were classified as positive for the presence of antibodies by SN if log-transformed titer ≥ 2 for all viruses, and by ELISA if S/P ratio ≥ 50% for BHV-1 or ≥ 20% for PI3 and BRSV. Day effects were detected (P < 0.01) for SN and ELISA across all vaccine antigens, as antibody levels increased after vaccine administration. Linear fits were detected (P < 0.01) across all vaccine antigens when regressing the SN and ELISA results; as SN titer increased, the ELISA S/P ratio linearly increased (P < 0.01). Kendall (τ) and Spearman’s rank (ρ) correlations were also detected (P < 0.01) between SN and ELISA results across all vaccine antigens. The SN and ELISA were very strongly correlated (ρ ≥ 0.83) for BHV-1 and PI3 and strongly correlated (ρ = 0.66) for BRSV. Cohen’s kappa coefficient for diagnosis agreement between methods was strong for BHV-1 and PI3 (κ ≥ 0.88), but weak (κ = 0.47) for BRSV. The sensitivity of the ELISA in yielding true positive results approached 100% across all antigens. The specificity of the ELISA in yielding negative results was satisfactory for BHV-1 and PI3 assays (84.0% and 88.5%, respectively) but not for BRSV (34.4%). Despite limitations in detecting true BRSV negatives, results from this experiment indicate that the commercial ELISAs tested herein can be used as surrogate for SN tests in quantifying humoral responses to vaccination against BHV-1, PI3, and BRSV in beef cattle.
Verbenone Inhibits Attraction of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Pheromone-Baited Traps in Northern Arizona
Authors: Gaylord Monica L , McKelvey Stephen R , Fettig Christopher J , McMillin Joel D
Published: August 2020

Recent outbreaks of engraver beetles, Ips spp. De Geer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Scolytinae), in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm. (Pinales: Pinaceae), forests of northern Arizona have resulted in widespread tree mortality. Current treatment options, such as spraying individual P. ponderosa with insecticides or deep watering of P. ponderosa in urban and periurban settings, are limited in applicability and scale. Thinning stands to increase tree vigor is also recommended, but appropriate timing is crucial. Antiaggregation pheromones, widely used to protect high-value trees or areas against attacks by several species of Dendroctonus Erichson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Scolytinae), would provide a feasible alternative with less environmental impacts than current treatments. We evaluated the efficacy of the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) in reducing attraction of pine engraver, I. pini (Say), to funnel traps baited with their aggregation pheromone in two trapping assays. Treatments included 1) unbaited control, 2) aggregation pheromone (bait), 3) bait with verbenone deployed from a pouch, and 4) bait with verbenone deployed from a flowable and biodegradable formulation (SPLAT Verb, ISCA Technologies Inc., Riverside, CA). Unbaited traps caught no beetles. In both assays, baited traps caught significantly more I. pini than traps with either formulation of verbenone, and no significant difference was observed between the verbenone pouch and SPLAT Verb. In the second assay, we also examined responses of Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), a common bark beetle predator. Traps containing verbenone pouches caught significantly fewer T. chlorodia than the baited control and SPLAT Verb treatments. We conclude that verbenone shows promise for reducing tree mortality from I. pini.
Hip arthroscopy for lateral cam morphology: how important are the vessels?
Authors: Wininger Austin E , Barter Lindsay E , Boutris Nickolas , Pulido Luis F , Ellis Thomas J , Nho Shane J , Harris Joshua D
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this narrative review is to identify the anatomy and relevant blood supply to the femoral head as it pertains to hip arthroscopy and lateral cam morphology. The primary blood supply to the femoral head is the lateral ascending superior retinacular vessels, which are terminal branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery. These vessels penetrate the femoral head at the posterolateral head–neck junction. Surgeons performing posterolateral femoral osteoplasty must respect this vasculature to avoid iatrogenic avascular necrosis (AVN). Avoidance of excessive traction, avoidance of distal posterolateral capsulotomy and avoidance of disruption of the superior retinacular vessels should keep the risk for AVN low. Hip extension, internal rotation and distraction are useful in hip arthroscopy to better visualize lateral/posterolateral cam morphology to facilitate an accurate comprehensive cam correction and avoid vascular disruption.
Compensating atmospheric turbulence with CNNs for defocused pupil image wavefront sensors
Authors: Gómez Sergio Luis Suárez , González-Gutiérrez Carlos , Suárez Juan Díaz , Valdivia Juan José Fernández , Ramos José Manuel Rodríguez , Ramos Luis Fernando Rodríguez , Rodríguez Jesús Daniel Santos
Published: August 2020

Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor (TPI-WFS), which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements (root mean square error, mean structural similarity and Strehl ratio). The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values.
A hybrid fuzzy clustering approach for diagnosing primary headache disorder
Authors: Simić Svetlana , Banković Zorana , Villar José R , Simić Dragan , Simić Svetislav D
Published: August 2020

Clustering is one of the most fundamental and essential data analysis tasks with broad applications. It has been studied in various research fields: data mining, machine learning, pattern recognition and in engineering, economics and biomedical data analysis. Headache is not a disease that typically shortens one’s life, but it can be a serious social as well as a health problem. Approximately 27 billion euros per year are lost through reduced work productivity in the European community. This paper is focused on a new strategy based on a hybrid model for combining fuzzy partition method and maximum likelihood estimation clustering algorithm for diagnosing primary headache disorder. The proposed hybrid system is tested on two data sets for diagnosing headache disorder collected from Clinical Centre of Vojvodina in Serbia.
Laparoscopic resectional oesophago-gastroplasty: a novel technique for minimally invasive treatment of large high gastric lesser curve GIST involving gastroesophageal junction
Authors: Foo Mang Yik , Yeung Baldwin P M , Tan Jeremy T H
Published: August 2020

A paramount factor in selecting the operative approach for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) is tumour location. Tumours located high along the lesser curve of the stomach pose a challenge in laparoscopic resection. A 56-year-old lady presented with per rectal bleeding and loss of weight. Endoscopic and radiological investigations revealed a large gastric GIST located over the lesser curve with proximal margin <1 cm from the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). We present the steps of a novel technique for laparoscopic resectional oesophago-gastroplasty to resect large high gastric lesser curve GIST involving the GEJ.
The Commonwealth Caribbean and the Westminster Model
Authors: O’Brien Derek
Published: August 2020

This chapter begins by exploring the different constitutional stages that the independent countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean passed through on their journey from colonial rule to independence, the imprint of which is still visible in the post-independence constitutional landscape. It then examines the main features of the region’s independence constitutions that conform to the traditional Westminster model that each country inherited upon independence. It also examines the ways in which the model that was ‘exported’ to the Caribbean differed from the traditional British version. This will be followed by a critique of the operation of the Westminster model, which has survived virtually untouched in the post-independence era. This critique will highlight the key problems that have emerged upon the transplantation of the Westminster model to Caribbean soil and the challenges these present to the maintenance of the rule of law and representative democracy in the region.
Caribbean Constitutions and the Death Penalty
Authors: Burnham Margaret A.
Published: August 2020

The states of the Commonwealth Caribbean have sought to pursue a constitutional path that rests upon the ancient origins of the English common law while also speaking to the unique needs and aspirations of their dynamic and diverse populations. To advance this project, in 2005 the Caribbean Court of Justice was launched to indigenize and harmonize the constitutional law of these small states. An area of great legal intricacy and political complexity has been the death penalty. While capital punishment is declining in popularity and usage around the world, by and large the Commonwealth Caribbean states have resisted these trends. It has been for the appellate courts in the region and in London to integrate local practices, regional rules, and international standards. This chapter examines the origins of Commonwealth Caribbean capital punishment jurisprudence, the status of the mandatory penalty, and the effect of the savings clause on human rights adjudication in this arena.
Mapping the Future of Caribbean Constitutionalism
Authors: Barrow-Giles Cynthia
Published: August 2020

The chapter explores the contours of the major constitutional debates in the Caribbean in the last decade or so. Though the discussion attempts to ferret out some of the major constitutional and legal developments in non-English Speaking Caribbean countries of Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic, in the main, its primary focus is the major recommendations of the various constitutional reform commissions. Drawing on the insights provided by these Commissions, viewed as a main site of resistance and activism, the Chapter attempts to identify the main trends and opinions, as well as resistance to issues of constitutionalism in the post-independence era. Beyond the focus on these commissions, the chapter draws insights of public opinion on issues of constitutional reform as revealed by an assessment of the response of civil society to the various referendum. While not seeking to confront the breath of the challenges of post-colonial constitutional making in the Caribbean, exposes some of the key problems associated with constitutional reformation in the Caribbean. It links these attempts and failures, to some of the values, entrenched traditional beliefs and stated aspirations of its citizens and political elite. It further exposes how the politics of constitutionalism are influenced by constraints and opportunities facing political elites, the imprint of popular mobilisation and the seeming political apathy and tensions around long standing and more recent constitutional questions. It concludes that whilst there is an imperative for reform, there is also tremendous pessimism.
To β or not to β: can higher order Jeans analysis break the mass–anisotropy degeneracy in simulated dwarfs?
Authors: Genina A , Read J I , Frenk C S , Cole S , Benítez-Llambay A , Ludlow A D , Navarro J F , Oman K A , Robertson A
Published: August 2020

We test a non-parametric higher order Jeans analysis method, GravSphere, on 32 simulated dwarf galaxies comparable to classical Local Group dwarfs like Fornax. The galaxies are selected from A Project Of Simulating The Local Environment (APOSTLE) suite of cosmological hydrodynamics simulations with cold dark matter (CDM) and self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) models, allowing us to investigate cusps and cores in density distributions. We find that, for CDM dwarfs, the recovered enclosed mass profiles have a bias of no more than 10 per cent, with a 50 per cent scatter in the inner regions and a 20 per cent scatter near the half-light radius, consistent with standard mass estimators. The density profiles are also recovered with a bias of no more than 10 per cent and a scatter of 30 per cent in the inner regions. For SIDM dwarfs, the mass and density profiles are recovered within our 95 per cent confidence intervals but are biased towards cuspy dark matter distributions. This is mainly due to a lack of sufficient constraints from the data. We explore the sources of scatter in the accuracy of the recovered profiles and suggest a χ2 statistic to separate successful models from biased ones. Finally, we show that the uncertainties on the mass profiles obtained with GravSphere are smaller than those for comparable Jeans methods and that they can be further improved if stronger priors, motivated by cosmological simulations, are placed on the velocity anisotropy. We conclude that GravSphere is a promising Jeans-based approach for modelling dark matter distributions in dwarf galaxies.
Reduced chromatin binding of MYC is a key effect of HDAC inhibition in MYC amplified medulloblastoma
Authors: Ecker Jonas , Thatikonda Venu , Sigismondo Gianluca , Selt Florian , Valinciute Gintvile , Oehme Ina , Müller Carina , Buhl Juliane L , Ridinger Johannes , Usta Diren , Qin Nan , van Tilburg Cornelis M , Herold-Mende Christel , Remke Marc , Sahm Felix , Westermann Frank , Kool Marcel , Wechsler-Reya Robert J , Chavez Lukas , Krijgsveld Jeroen , Jäger Natalie , Pfister Stefan M , Witt Olaf , Milde Till
Published: August 2020

Background

The sensitivity of myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) amplified medulloblastoma to class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has been shown previously; however, understanding the underlying molecular mechanism is crucial for selection of effective HDAC inhibitors for clinical use. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct molecular interaction of MYC and class I HDAC2, and the impact of class I HDAC inhibition on MYC function.

Methods

Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to determine the co-localization of MYC and HDAC2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing and gene expression profiling were used to analyze the co-localization of MYC and HDAC2 on DNA and the impact on transcriptional activity in primary tumors and a MYC amplified cell line treated with the class I HDAC inhibitor entinostat. The effect on MYC was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence.

Results

HDAC2 is a cofactor of MYC in MYC amplified medulloblastoma. The MYC-HDAC2 complex is bound to genes defining the MYC-dependent transcriptional profile. Class I HDAC inhibition leads to stabilization and reduced DNA binding of MYC protein, inducing a downregulation of MYC activated genes (MAGs) and upregulation of MYC repressed genes (MRGs). MAGs and MRGs are characterized by opposing biological functions and by distinct enhancer-box distribution.

Conclusions

Our data elucidate the molecular interaction of MYC and HDAC2 and support a model in which inhibition of class I HDACs directly targets MYC’s transactivating and transrepressing functions.
Inherent Constraints on Constituent Power
Authors: Duke George
Published: August 2020

This article argues that recent attempts to domesticate the concept of constituent power by appeal to inherent liberal-democratic constraints on its exercise are untenable. The article first outlines the conceptual background and some of the underlying motivations for the inherent constraints thesis. It then critically examines two attempts to defend the inherent constraints thesis, by reference to liberal and democratic principles respectively. These attempts, I contend, rest on a conflation of strong and weak popular sovereignty and assumptions about political legitimacy that should be kept conceptually distinct from the theory of constituent power. Finally, the article argues that the inherent constraints thesis ultimately derives from a failure to attend to the ‘ideal’ or ‘central’ concept of the constitution. The conclusion to draw from these arguments is that while there may be some minimal constraints on constituent power, these will not be inherently liberal-democratic in nature.
Organizing and Managing Data Analytics Teams for Procurement
Authors: Shao Benjamin , St. Louis Robert D.
Published: August 2020

Many companies are forming data analytics teams to put data to work. To enhance procurement practices, chief procurement officers (CPOs) must work effectively with data analytics teams, from hiring and training to managing and utilizing team members. This chapter presents the findings of a study on how CPOs use data analytics teams to support the procurement process. Surveys and interviews indicate companies are exhibiting different levels of maturity in using data analytics, but both the goal of CPOs (i.e., improving performance to support the business strategy) and the way to interact with data analytics teams for achieving that goal are common across companies. However, as data become more reliably available and technologies become more intelligently embedded, the best practices of organizing and managing data analytics teams for procurement will need to be constantly updated.
Within-Organizational Structures and Roots of the Buyer–Supplier Relationship
Authors: Andersen Poul Houman , de Boer Luitzen , Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2020

The extant literature conceptualizes a buyer–supplier relationship (BSR) as something that exists between two organizations. These relationships are thought to be captured in short- versus long-term contracts, interorganizational communications, implementation of technologies at the interface such as electronic data interchange, etc. However, this chapter posits that a BSR is defined more by what exists within the two organizations that face each other than by what exists between them. The goal of this chapter is to characterize and substantiate within-organizational structures that support a BSR. This chapter calls such structures the roots of a BSR.
Procurement Analytics
Authors: Goul Michael , Raghu T. S. , Li Ziru
Published: August 2020

As procurement organizations increasingly move from a cost-and-efficiency emphasis to a profit-and-growth emphasis, flexible data architecture will become an integral part of a procurement analytics strategy. It is therefore imperative for procurement leaders to understand and address digitization trends in supply chains and to develop strategies to create robust data architecture and analytics strategies for the future. This chapter assesses and examines the ways companies can organize their procurement data architectures in the big data space to mitigate current limitations and to lay foundations for the discovery of new insights. It sets out to understand and define the levels of maturity in procurement organizations as they pertain to the capture, curation, exploitation, and management of procurement data. The chapter then develops a framework for articulating the value proposition of moving between maturity levels and examines what the future entails for companies with mature data architectures. In addition to surveying the practitioner and academic research literature on procurement data analytics, the chapter presents detailed and structured interviews with over fifteen procurement experts from companies around the globe. The chapter finds several important and useful strategies that have helped procurement organizations design strategic roadmaps for the development of robust data architectures. It then further identifies four archetype procurement area data architecture contexts. In addition, this chapter details exemplary high-level mature data architecture for each archetype and examines the critical assumptions underlying each one. Data architectures built for the future need a design approach that supports both descriptive and real-time, prescriptive analytics.
Cinema
Authors: Weir David
Published: August 2020

This article analyzes the role of decadence in cinema, first by comparing two adaptations of plays by Oscar Wilde: Alla Nazimova’s Salomé (1922) and Ernst Lubitsch’s Lady Windermere’s Fan (1925). These films illustrate, respectively, two subsequent cinema aesthetics that could not be more unlike: the camp and the classic. Nazimova’s inadvertent camp leads to Ken Russell’s deliberately tasteless adaptation of Wilde in Salome’s Last Dance (1988). Questions of taste, technique, and audience become especially problematic in the relationship of John Waters to Douglas Sirk. In the 1950s, Sirk’s melodramatic films were enormously popular with mainstream audiences, but their outlandish plots and artificial style now appeal mostly to the camp sensibility. Waters’s Polyester (1981) doubles down on Sirk’s middle-class decadence: while still camp, Polyester is such an extreme instance of the style that it is better described as “trash,” Waters’s own preferred term for the tasteless fakery of his cinematic world.
Translation, Ideology, and Social Practice
Authors: Petrilli Susan
Published: August 2020

Translation is never completely neutral. On the contrary, it can be used in a double ideological-social sense: to orient people toward unaware, passive acceptance of a given situation or, instead, to evidence the possibility of change. On this account, most interesting are observations made by Marcuse. He analyzes a study conducted on work conditions in a firm in the United States, evidencing how complaints originally formulated by workers as general statements about a common condition lose their “generality” when “translated”: The actual meaning of their statements changes in the “translation.” The tones of protest in accusations denouncing bad work conditions for all are reduced to the status of isolated complaints concerning the life of single individuals. Similar situations abound in social practice and translation today, in the global “communication-production” order where language usage anaesthetizes critical awareness and the common sense of responsibility. This chapter investigates the relationship between words and values, the ideological dimension of sense, and translation, whether intralingual, interlingual, or intersemiotic, either to favor passive compliance to the order of discourse, the condition of “linguistic alienation,” or to develop the capacity for interrogation and conscious awareness in a world, today’s, that, like Orwell’s, resorts to a sort of Newspeak to obtain consensus and assent to the order of discourse, the official order.
Dissemination and Implementation of Evidence-Based Trauma Interventions for Youth
Authors: Kratz Hilary E. , Phan Mary L. , Buck Jacqueline E. , Sanner Kelsey , Tabachnick Alexandra R. , Zentgraf Kelly A. , Beidas Rinad S.
Published: August 2020

Although a number of trauma treatments for youth have demonstrated efficacy in research settings, the promise of these treatments has not yet been realized via widespread implementation in usual care settings. Implementation science, the scientific study of methods to increase the adoption, uptake, and sustainment of evidence-based practices (EBPs), can help to inform this research-to-practice gap. This chapter applies principles from implementation science to review what has been learned so far about the dissemination and implementation of EBPs for youth impacted by trauma in the United States and the next steps for this field. First, the chapter describes the large-scale efforts that have been made in the United States to disseminate and implement these EBPs. Second, it applies an implementation science framework, the exploration, preparation, implementation, and sustainment framework, to organize what has been learned from these efforts about barriers and facilitators to implementation and sustainability. Third, a case study is presented illustrating how this knowledge was applied to develop a trauma-informed system of care in Philadelphia. Finally, the chapter offers research and practical recommendations to improve the dissemination and implementation of EBPs for trauma-affected youth.
Millennial Sovereignty and the Mughal Dynasty
Authors: Moin A. Azfar
Published: August 2020

A distinguishing feature of the Mughal (or Timurid) Empire is that several of its most powerful rulers styled themselves not only as temporal sovereigns but also as sacred beings, and claimed authority over matters of religion. This aspect of Mughal sovereignty was institutionalized by Emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605) when he publicly proclaimed his spiritual lordship close to the turn of the first Islamic millennium and protected all religions and sects under a “universal peace” (sulh-i kull). This article connects and compares this style of Mughal sacred kingship to religious developments in Iran and Central Asia after the Mongol conquests led by Chinggis Khan. There the destruction of the caliphate and the strengthening of Sufi orders had given shape to saintly and messianic forms of sovereignty as exemplified by the Safavid dynasty of ‘Alid and Sufi origins. Less tolerant than the Mughals in India, the Safavids forcibly converted Iran to Shi‘ism.
Sufism and the Growth of State Power in Northern India and the Deccan
Authors: Green Nile
Published: August 2020

This chapter surveys the political and socioeconomic foundations of South Asian Islam in the precolonial period. It examines the relationship between Sufi Islam and political and economic power across a series of Muslim-ruled states. After contextualizing Sufi expansion, and its links to state formation, in South Asia amid a wider set of Eurasian Islamic norms, the chapter turns to the religious institutions (shrines, lodges, pilgrimage centers) that, through royal and aristocratic land grants, assured longevity and resources to Sufi Islam. It then turns to the dynamics of exchange between religious and political elites, showing how royal patronage saw Sufi Islam shape imperial culture at the same time that imperial tastes shaped the architecture and rituals of the Sufis. Finally, the chapter turns to the realm of religious ideas by contextualizing doctrinal circulation into the material and ideological dimensions of Mughal power.
Popular Song and Working-Class Culture
Authors: Rodger Gillian M.
Published: August 2020

This chapter considers the ways that popular songs, circulated via inexpensive sheet music and as printed song sheets that contained only lyrics, reflect the worldview and aspirations of working-class populations in the United States. It shows that when read against theatrical trade newspapers, men’s sporting newspapers, and daily newspapers catering to working men, a richer and more complex view of working-class culture emerges from these songs. Songs reinforced a sense of class cohesion, and articulated class values and working-class gender construction. They also reflected the integration of ethnic groups such as Germans and Irish into American culture, and reinforced social hierarchies based on race, gender, immigrant status, and proficiency with language. While the characters depicted in American popular song were often unique to the United States, the fact that they came from a shared tradition of English humor allowed them to travel globally.
The National and the Universal
Authors: Collins Sarah
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the continuities between the categories of the “national” and the “universal” in the nineteenth century. It construes these categories as interrelated efforts to create a “world” on various scales. The chapter explores the perceived role of music as a world-making medium within these discourses. It argues that the increased exposure to cultural difference and the interpretation of that cultural difference as distant in time and space shaped a conception of “humanity” in terms of a universal history of world cultures. The chapter reexamines those early nineteenth-century thinkers whose work became inextricably linked with the rise of exclusivist notions of nationalism in the late nineteenth century, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and John Stuart Mill. It draws from their respective treatment of music to recover their early commitment to universalizable principles and their view that the “world” is something that must be actively created rather than empirically observed.
Time and Temporality
Authors: Taylor Benedict
Published: August 2020

For the nineteenth century, music was commonly characterized as the “art of time,” and provided a particularly fertile medium for articulating concerns about the nature of time and the temporal experience of human life. This chapter examines some of the debates around music and time from the period, arranged thematically around a series of conceptual issues. These include the reasons proposed for the links between music and time, and the intimate connection between our subjective experience of time and music; the use of music as a poetic metaphor for the temporal course of history; its use by philosophers as an instrument for the explication of temporal conundrums; its alleged potential for overcoming time; its various forms of temporal signification across diverse genres; and the legacy of nineteenth-century thought on these topics today.
Figures and Forms of Analysis Practice
Authors: Campos Rémy
Published: August 2020

For the last twenty years, studies of the history of musical analysis have undergone considerable revision. For a long time, analytical theories had monopolized the attention of historians (Ian Bent, for example). Then, the terms of analytic practice have become a new field of research (cf. Nicholas Cook’s contributions). By shifting interest to the conception and use of analytical discourse, musicologists have pursued an interest in intellectual tools and their dissemination. New players appeared: analysts themselves (and not only their ideas), and amateur and professional musicians made use of the increasing emphasis on analysis in the last two centuries. Finally, related research topics emerged: listening skills, genetic criticism, analysis of music performance—ideas all of are presented in this chapter and which are supported by an extensive bibliography. This chapter will present an overview of these recent changes: the development of musical analysis linked to several major changes in the cultural history (the literacy of musicians, the success of hermeneutics, art criticism or philology, the growing autonomy of art); how the analysis changed the way of composing musical works but also the profession of composer; the globalization of analysis beyond national traditions.
Biography and Life-Writing
Authors: Wiley Christopher
Published: August 2020

This chapter outlines the proliferation of musical biography and life-writing in its multifarious forms across Europe in the long nineteenth century, and its role in establishing and perpetuating the canon, shaping the reception history of specific composers, constructing exemplary lives, providing firm foundations for the intellectual culture of the time, and maintaining a strong relationship to music history and criticism. Two case studies explore distinctive examples of “popular” manifestations of nineteenth-century music-biographical writing by influential authors to educate and entertain wide communities of autodidactic readers. This first concerns a two-volume compilation of anecdotes, surveyed for its reflection of Victorian values and musical preoccupations; the second, a collected biography whose close reading reveals much about the passive role into which women were repeatedly cast in contemporaneous life-writing on the Great Composers. A concluding section considers the extent of the impact and continued indebtedness of modern musical biography and musicology to the legacy of nineteenth-century intellectual developments.
Newspapers, Little Magazines, and Anthologies
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: August 2020

The nineteenth century has been described as the age of the periodical, for good reason. Periodicals were published in large and small formats and in varying quantities; despite their size or circulation, they reached local, national, and global readerships. Most writers were paid on a freelance basis, but those who had achieved a modicum of fame were salaried writers who contributed to the prestige of the periodical. Critics were also mobile and traveled across Europe, to the Americas, and to Australasia, or their articles were sent across the seas by telegraph or shipped in crates to the furthermost outposts of the world, as public libraries and universities were established. This chapter examines a number little and large magazines and periodicals and anthologies to probe the varied intellectual life of music in the nineteenth century to show how ideas about music shifted across seas and continents.
Potassium Channel Mutations in Epilepsy
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth E.
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes recent advances in understanding the clinical significance of rare variants in potassium channel genes in the causation of epilepsy. The α subunits of potassium channels fall into three major families, which are encoded by at least 70 different genes, of which at least 40 are brain-expressed. Brain-expressed potassium channels, in both nerve and glial cells, have complex roles in the regulation of neurodevelopment and cortical excitability. The chapter discusses the 20 potassium channel α-subunit genes in which rare variants have been linked to a wide variety of neurocognitive phenotypes. Advances in the understanding of how gene variants affect channel function to result in neuronal dysfunction and epilepsy are discussed, as well as descriptions of the phenotypic characteristics of the disorder and how a genetic diagnosis currently impacts clinical management. The rapid discovery of potassium channelopathies causal of epilepsy needs to be matched by improved understanding of the impact of individual variants within the human brain in order to develop truly targeted therapies that will result in seizure control and potentially improved neurodevelopmental outcome.
Punk and Aging
Authors: Bennett Andy
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides an in-depth critical analysis of the relationship between punk and aging. It begins with a consideration of the broader field of music and aging studies and the insights that this work has provided concerning the shifting cultural significance of genres such as punk, rock, and dance away from the exclusive domain of youth and toward a more multigenerational significance. This is followed by a focus on various ways in which individuals have aged with punk and how its cultural values and practices have remained with them as they have aged, effectively becoming components of an active and ongoing punk lifestyle. As the chapter illustrates, this extends to what could effectively be termed punk “careers,” whereby those with a strong commitment to a punk ethic strive to create alternative and DIY careers that are independent of traditional career pathways. The final section of the chapter looks at the legacy of punk and the attempts made to preserve and promote this through, for example, museum exhibitions, heritage media, and academic scholarship.
Queer and Feminist Punk in the UK
Authors: Lohman Kirsty
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on contemporary “do it yourself” (DIY) queer and feminist punk scenes in the UK. It traces a lineage from queercore, Riot Grrrl, and punk, noting transatlantic influence and exchange between North American and UK scenes. It delves into issues of identity and inclusion/exclusion, aesthetics, and economic practices. The chapter situates queer and feminist punk as part of wider DIY creative cultures of inclusion and opportunity, with distinct political and organizational modes.