bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute febrile neutrophilic vasculitis of the skin of young Shar‐Pei dogs
Authors: MALIK R , FOSTER SF , MARTIN P , CANFIELD PJ , MASON KV , BOSWARD KL , GOUGH A , RIPPON G
Published: March 2008

Three young Shar‐Pei dogs were presented for signs of an acute widespread dermatopathy associated with fever and malaise. Cutaneous lesions initially consisted of multifocal areas of skin discolouration (haemorrhagic papules, macules or plaques) or oedema, preferentially affecting the head and limbs. In some locations, pus‐filled bullae were evident also. Cutaneous lesions exuded seropurulent liquid and, in time, usually progressed to full thickness necrosis and ulceration. Lesions were so widespread and severe that one of the dogs was euthanased because its owners could not afford the reconstructive surgery required to close the skin deficits left at the completion of otherwise successful therapy. Histological examination of representative biopsies showed neutrophilic dermatitis and vasculitis, which ultimately resulted in ischaemic necrosis of skin. Therapy with immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids, and in one case cyclophosphamide, resulted in prompt amelioration of the underlying inflammatory process, although regions of skin deprived of their blood supply eventually became necrotic and sloughed. Healing occurred through granulation, contraction and epithelialisation. The physical findings in these three dogs were so similar that it is likely all suffered from the same breed‐related syndrome, an immune‐mediated vasculitis precipitated by some event, such as vaccination or an undetected infection. Whatever the inciting cause, it was most likely a one‐off event, as the two surviving dogs were readily weaned off immunosu‐pressive medication without relapse.
Atypical multiple, papilliform, xanthomatous, cutaneous neoplasia in a goose (Anser anser)
Authors: JAENSCH SM , BUTLER R , O'HARA A , RAIDAL SR , WYATT K
Published: March 2008

An 18‐month‐old, male greylag goose was presented for assessment of multiple, semi‐pedunculated cutaneous masses limited to non‐feathered areas of skin. Initial biopsy and histopathology revealed a mesenchymal neoplasm suggestive of lipoblastomatosis or atypical xanthoma. Immunohistochemistry was unsuccessful in determining the tissue type of origin. Surgical resection of all masses was prevented by the mucocutaneous location of several masses. Chemotherapy using intralesion cisplatin was unsuccessful in resolving the masses but was well‐tolerated by the goose. Serum lipid and lipoprotein analysis revealed a persistent hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia without biochemical evidence of an underlying metabolic disease. The persistent hyperlipidaemia may have contributed to the formation of the masses identified in this case.
Long QT syndrome in dogs with tick toxicity(Ixodes holocyclus)
Authors: CAMPBELL FE , ATWELL RB
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate cardiac electrical function in dogs with tick toxicity.

DesignA prospective clinical investigation of 39 client‐owned dogs treated for naturally occurring tick toxicity.

ProcedureAn ECG was performed on each dog on several occasions; at admission to hospital with tick toxicity, 24 h later, at discharge from hospital when clinically normal and approxi‐mately

ResultsThe mean QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) was prolonged at admission, 24 h and at discharge compared to the QTc measured 12 months later. T wave morphology was altered in dogs at admission. All other para‐meters were within normal limits.

ConclusionsThe prolonged QTc interval and altered T wave morphology of dogs with tick toxicity reflects delayed cardiac repolarisation and is comparable with long QT syndrome (LQTS) in people who are predisposed to polymor‐phic ventricular tachycardia and sudden death. Resolution of ECG changes lagged behind clinical recovery.
The role of handouts, note‐taking and overhead transparencies in veterinary science lectures
Authors: McLENNAN MW , ISAACS G
Published: March 2008

Objective To study student and staff views of the role and use of handouts, note‐taking and overhead transparencies in veterinary science lectures at the University of Queensland

Methods The Nominal Group Technique was used to help develop a questionnaire, which was completed by 351 students (a response rate of 84%) and 35 staff (76%) from the 5 years of the veterinary course. The data were analysed using the SAS statistical computer package.

Results Staff and students held different views as to the frequency with which handouts should be used, their educational value, and whether they should be complete or partial. Fewer students than staff agreed that handouts discourage further reading in a subject.

Almost all staff and students saw the central functions of note‐taking to be provision of notes for subsequent revision and encoding information given by the lecturer. More students than staff however, considered that note‐taking in lectures interferes with understanding.

Staff and students held similar views as to the uses of overheads in lectures. Interestingly however, more staff than students agreed that overheads often contain too much information.

Conclusion Both students and staff saw the central role of note‐taking as providing a set of good notes for revision. Generally students preferred that this information be provided in the form of partial or complete handouts, while staff preferred students to take notes and to read outside lectures. Surprisingly, more staff than students felt that overhead transparencies often contained too much information. Note‐taking, handouts and overhead transparencies need to be linked in a coherent educational strategy to promote effective learning.
Comparison of copper heptonate with copper oxide wire particles as copper supplements for sheep on pasture of high molybdenum content
Authors: JUDSON GJ , BABIDGE PJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the effectiveness of intramuscular injection of copper heptonate (CuHep) and an oral dose of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) in preventing Cu inadequacy in adult and young sheep on pasture of high Mo content.

Design Field experiments with flocks of mature Merino wethers and crossbred weaners.

Procedure Adult wethers were given 25 or 37.5 mg Cu as CuHep, 2.5 g COWP or no Cu treatment. The weaners were given 12.5 or 25 mg Cu as CuHep, 1.25 g COWP or no Cu treatment. At intervals over the next 12 (adults) or 8 (weaners) months the sheep were weighed and samples of blood and liver were collected for trace element assay. Wool samples collected from the adults at the end of the experiment were assessed for physical characteristics.

Results The higher dosage of CuHep raised liver Cu above control group values for at least 9 months in adults and 3 months in weaners. The lower dosage of CuHep was similarly effective for 3 months in adults but was without effect in weaners.

In adults the response to COWP matched that to the higher dosage of CuHep; in weaners it was greater, lasting at least 5 months. No changes indicative of Cu deficiency, apart from a depressed body weight in adults, were seen.

Conclusions In sheep on pasture of high Mo content a single intramuscular injection of CuHep providing 37.5 mg Cu to adults or 25 mg Cu to weaners will raise liver Cu reserves for at least 9 and 3 months respectively and may be an acceptable alternative to COWP for preventing seasonal Cu deficiency in sheep in southern Australia.
Conservative management of minimally displaced radial fractures in three horses
Authors: MATTHEWS S. , DART AJ , DOWLING BA , HODGSON DR
Published: March 2008

Minimally displaced, spiral, radial fractures were diagnosed in three adult horses. Two horses had open fractures and in one horse the fracture was closed. A diagnosis was made on radiographs taken 24 h, 5, and 9 days after the fracture. There was minimal displacement of the fracture fragments despite the considerable time which had elapsed between fracture and diagnosis and an unfavourable prognosis with internal fixation, so conservative therapy was the preferred method of treatment. One horse developed a sequestrum and draining sinus, which was treated surgically under general anaesthesia 3 months after diagnosis of the fracture. Other complications were minimal and transient. Two horses were being used for pleasure riding 12 months after fracture and one horse was pasture sound at 8 months.
Repeatability of standard transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in horses
Authors: KRIZ NG , ROSE RJ
Published: March 2008

Objectives To assess the repeatability of commonly employed transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in standing horses.

Design Thirteen healthy 3‐ to 4‐year‐old fit Standardbred geldings with a mean weight of 411 (SEM ± 10) kg were studied. The horses' environment, feeding and management regimens were standardised. All measurements were performed by the same investigator at the same time every day for three consecutive days.

Procedures Standard transthoracic measurements were made on all horses. Each measurement was performed over three consecutive cardiac cycles on 1 day and all measurements were performed over 3 consecutive days. Summary statistics of each day were then compared using an analysis of variance with times as a repeated measures factor. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results Many of the standard echocardiographic measurements used to derive quantitative and functional information about the equine heart have a low intra‐observer variability.

Conclusions Standard transthoracic echocardiographic measurements have a low enough intra‐observer variability to warrant their use for clinical and experimental studies.
Effects of mating behaviour and the ovarian follicular state of female alpacas on conception
Authors: VAUGHAN JL , MACMILLAN KL , ANDERSON GA , D'OCCHIO MJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine relationships between mating behaviour, ovarian follicular state and successful conception in receptive female alpacas.

Procedure Seventy pen matings were observed at a commercial alpaca stud in south‐western Victoria. The behaviours observed included time taken to assume sternal recumbency, mating duration, and evidence of nonreceptive behaviour such as spitting, kicking and vocalisation. Ovarian follicular state was determined by ultrasonography, which was complemented by measuring plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone. Pregnancies were confirmed by transabdominal ultrasonography between days 45 and 80 after mating.

Results There were no significant differences between receptive females that conceived and those that failed to conceive in the time taken to adopt the copulation position of sternal recumbency, mating duration, or maximum follicle diameter. There was no significant relationship between time taken to assume sternal recumbency (log10) and maximum follicle diameter or plasma oestradiol (log10). However, there was a significant quadratic relationship between plasma oestradiol concentration (log10) and follicle diameter, and the probability of pregnancy increased as the plasma concentration of oestradiol (log10) at the time of mating increased. Females were sexually receptive most of the time in the absence of a corpus luteum, and regardless of size of the largest follicle or plasma concentration of oestradiol. Breed (Huacaya vs Suri), site of the dominant follicle (left or right ovary), lactation state, number of matings by the male (1 or 2), or interval between parturition and mating, did not affect pregnancy outcome. Follicles with a diameter less than 7 mm were able to ovulate in response to mating. This was smaller than previously reported. Thirty‐four pregnancies (49% pregnancy rate) resulted in 30 (88%) births with a gestation length of 343 days (SEM ± 2, range 316–367 days). There were 4 (12%) abortions between days 45 and 80 of gestation and full term.

Conclusion It was not possible to correlate mating behaviour and ovarian state with conception. To optimise pregnancy rates in receptive alpacas, matings need to occur in the presence of an oestrogenic follicle that is capable of ovulation in response to mating. A simple method of detecting alpacas with follicles in this state is not currently available and treatments that control ovarian follicular growth should therefore be investigated.
The prevalence and distribution of gastric ulceration in 345 racehorses
Authors: BEGG LM , O'SULLIVAN CB
Published: March 2008

Objective To report the prevalence and distribution of gastric ulceration within a group of racehorses and to describe the endoscopic appearance of gastric antrum and pyloric ulceration.

Design Retrospective clinical study.

Procedure Medical records from gastroscopic examinations of 345 racehorses (331 Thoroughbreds and 14 Standardbreds) were reviewed. Prevalence, distribution and severity of gastric ulcers were recorded. Lesions involving the squamous mucosa and the glandular mucosa of the antrum and pylorus were graded and compared.

Results Gastric ulceration was found in 86% of racehorses. The squamous mucosa around the margo plicatus was most commonly affected. The pylorus was examined in 175 horses and 47% were ulcerated. No association was found between presence of lesions of the squamous mucosa and those of the pylorus. Low correlation was found between grade and location of lesions, with the pyloric lesion score being significantly less than the squamous mucosal lesion score.

Conclusion Gastric ulceration was present in a large proportion of racehorses. The pylorus was also an important site of ulceration. There was no association between presence of lesion at one site and the other, although there was a low correlation between grade of lesion and location, with the pyloric ulcer grade being lower.
Role of the sensitivity of detection of oestrus in the submission rate of cows treated to resynchronise oestrus
Authors: CAVALIERI J , EAGLES VE , RYAN M , MACMILLAN KL
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine if failure to detect oestrus in cows treated to resynchronise oestrus leads to fewer cows being inseminated than are truly in oestrus.

Procedure Cows in three herds were enrolled in a controlled breeding program that involved synchronisation of oestrus for a first round of artificial insemination (AI) followed by resynchronisation for a second round of AI. Just before oestrus was expected at the second round of AI, aids for the detection of oestrus were fitted, which included pedometers, radiotelemetric transmitters (HeatWatch®), tail‐paint and heat‐mount detectors. Milk samples were collected at the second round of AI (day 33, herds A and B; day 35, herd C of the treatment program) and were used in combination with pregnancy testing to determine the number of cows that were in oestrus (milk progesterone<2.0 ng/mL) and cows that were not in oestrus (milk progesterone > 2.0 ng/mL or pregnant at second round of AI) at the time samples were collected.

Results The mean sensitivity of detection of oestrus at the resynchronised oestrus was 92.5% and did not differ significantly between herds (P = 0.19). A total of 75% (60/80) of cows that were retrospectively determined to be not pregnant at the time of the second round of AI were classified as having high (≥2.0 ng/mL) concentrations of progesterone in milk at that time. Pregnancy testing of cows about 35 days after AI suggested that early pregnancy loss also contributed to a reduction in submission rates at the resynchronised oestrus.

Conclusion Failure to submit cows for insemination at a resynchronised oestrus was mainly due to cows not being in oestrus rather than due to a failure to detect oestrus.
The use of botulinum toxin A for treatment of possible essential blepharospasm in a dog
Authors: MEYER‐LINDENBERG A. , WOHLFARTH KM , SWITZER EN
Published: March 2008

A 3‐year‐old Great Dane with bilateral possible essential blepharospasm resulting in ocular complications is described. Conservative treatment was not successful and the disease was treated with local injections of botulinum toxin A into the orbicularis oculi muscle. Blepharospasm disappeared completely 5 to 6 days after injection and did not reappear until 3 to 4 months later, at which time the injection was repeated. After several treatments over a period of more than 3 years no side effects have occured. Botulinum toxin A appeared to be effective in the treatment of essential blepharospasm in this dog.
Toxoplasmosis in Indo‐Pacific humpbacked dolphins (Sousa chinensis), from Queensland
Authors: BOWATER R O. , NORTON J. , JOHNSON S. , HILL B. , O'DONOGHUE P. , PRIOR H.
Published: March 2008

Objective

To describe the clinical signs, gross pathology, serology, bacteriology, histopathology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry findings associated with toxoplasmosis in four Indo‐Pacific humpbacked dolphins (Sousa chinensis) that stranded in Queensland in 2000 and 2001.

Design

Clinical assessment, gross necropsy, and laboratory examinations.

Procedure

Necropsies were performed on four S chinensis to determine cause of death. Laboratory tests including serology, bacteriology, histopathology and transmission electron microscopy were done on the four dolphins. Immunohistochemistry was done on the brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen and adrenal gland from various dolphins to detect Toxoplasma gondii antigens.

Results

Necropsies showed all of four S chinensis that stranded in Queensland in 2000 and 2001 had evidence of predatory shark attack and three were extremely emaciated. Histopathological examinations showed all four dolphins had toxoplasmosis with tissue cysts resembling T gondii i n the brain. Tachyzoite stages of T gondii were detected in the lungs, heart, liver, spleen and adrenal gland, variously of all four dolphins. Electron microscopy studies and immunohisto‐chemistry confirmed the tissues cysts were those of T gondii. All four dolphins also had intercurrent disease including pneumonia, three had peritonitis and one had pancreatitis.

Conclusion

Four S chinensis necropsied in Queensland in 2000 and 2001 were found to be infected with toxoplasmosis. It is uncertain how these dolphins became infected and further studies are needed to determine how S chinensis acquire toxoplasmosis. All four dolphins stranded after periods of heavy rainfall, and coastal freshwater runoff may be a risk factor for T gondii infection in S chinensis. This disease should be of concern to wildlife managers since S chinensis i s a rare species and its numbers appear to be declining.
Echocardiographic parameters in 14 healthy English Bull Terriers
Authors: O'LEARY CA , MACKAY BM , TAPLIN RH , ATWELL RB
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the range of various cardiac parameters using echocardiography in apparently normal, healthy English Bull Terriers.

Design FourteenEnglish Bull Terriers were selected for study. Cardiac auscultation of the parents of these dogs was normal. Echocardiographic examination of one parent of each animal showed: no mitral or aortic valve abnormalities; no myocardial lesions; no two dimensional evidence of fixed or dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; and no systolic aortic or left ventricular outflow tract turbulence on colour flow Doppler examination. The 14 selected dogs did not have arrhythmias or murmurs, and on echocardiographic examination had similar findings to their parents. Systolic blood pressure was measured in all dogs and they had no clinical evidence of Bull Terrier polycystic kidney disease or Bull Terrier hereditary nephritis.

ProcedureAll dogs were auscultated and subjected to a sequential global echocardiographic assessment of the heart, including two dimensional long and short axis, and colour flow Doppler interrogation of the mitral and aortic valves. Dimensional measurements, including those from the left atrium, aortic annulus and left ventricle, were taken from a right parasternal window, and derived values such as fractional shortening, stroke volume and left atrial to aortic annulus ratio were calculated. Peak systolic aortic velocity was measured from the left parasternal window using two dimensional‐guided pulsed wave Doppler with angle correction. Systolic blood pressure was measured using a Doppler monitor. The absence of Bull Terrier polycystic kidney disease was determined using renal ultrasonography, and of Bull Terrier hereditary nephritis using urinary protein to creatinine ratio.

ResultsThese 14 dogs had greater left ventricular wall thickness and smaller aortic root diameters than those reported as normal for other breeds of comparable body size. Left atrial dimensions were also larger, however this may have been due to the “maximising’ method of measurement. These apparently normal English Bull Terriers also had higher aortic velocities than those reported for other breeds, possibly due to a smaller aortic root diameter or other anatomic substrate of the left ventricular outflow tract, lower systemic vascular resistance, or breed‐specific “normal’ left ventricular hypertrophy. While these dogs were selected to be as close to normal as possible, the breed may have a particular anatomy that produces abnormal left ventricular echocardiographic parameters.

ConclusionThese echocardiographic parameters may be used to diagnose left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and left ventricular hypertrophy, and inaccurate diagnoses may result if breed‐specific values are not used.
Metaphyseal osteomyelitis in an immature Abyssinian cat
Authors: BRADLEY WA
Published: March 2008

Metaphyseal osteomyelitis is a rarely described condition in small animals, especially the cat. Infection, most commonlyStaphylococcussp, is considered to occur in the metaphyseal region of the immature animal due to vascular anomalies that predispose to the haematogenous seeding of bacteria in this area. There is also speculation that the characteristics of the bacteria that allow them to adhere to cartilage matrix, rather than vascular linings and erythrocytes, may provide an advantage for colonisation in the metaphysis, resulting in infection. This case describes the successful management of a case of distal radial metaphyseal osteomyelitis in an immature cat using surgical intervention and antibacterial therapy.
The frequency of the canine leukocyte adhesion defi‐ciency (CLAD) allele within the Irish Setter population of Australia
Authors: JOBLING AI , RYAN J , AUGUSTEYN RC
Published: March 2008

The frequency of the canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) allele within the Irish Setter population of Australia

Objective To determine the frequency of the 107G→C canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) mutation in Irish Setters from the Australian breeding population.

Method Genomic DNA was isolated from 87 Irish Setter blood samples and a region of the b ‐2 integrin gene (ITGB2), encompassing the mutation, was amplified using real‐time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Two fluorescently labelled probes were hybridised to the fragment, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to detect the 107G→ mutation responsible for CLAD.

Results Three new heterozygotes were identified among 87 healthy Irish Setters from Australia. All originated from a litter sired by a known heterozygote. A total of seven heterozygotes have now been identified in 92 dogs (7.6%), representing over 90% of all major breeding stock in five Australian states. Two of the heterozygotes were recently imported adult dogs and the others were their offspring.

Conclusions The frequency of the 107C allele in the Australian population of Irish Setters is lower than that in Europe. Selective breeding programs should be adopted to eliminate the mutant allele presently in two breeding lines.
Antibiotic responsive ulcerative dermatoses in German Shepherd Dogs with mucocutaneous pyoderma
Authors: BASSETT RJ , BURTON GG , ROBSON DC
Published: March 2008

Mucocutaneous pyoderma is a disease of unknown aetiology affecting mucocutaneous skin and is responsive to antibacterial therapy. It is reported to affect the lips, nasal planum, nares, perioral skin and less commonly, the eyelids, vulva, prepuce and anus. Three cases of mucocutaneous pyoderma are presented. Two of the cases showed ulcerative lesions in the inguinal and axillary regions in addition to more typically reported lesions. Two of the dogs had concurrent atopic dermatitis and the third had clinical signs suggestive of hypersensitivity disease. The clinical and histopathological features, differentiation of mucocutaneous pyoderma from discoid lupus erythematosus, and long‐term management of mucocutaneous pyoderma are discussed.
Estimate of the sensitivity of an ELISA used to detect Johne's disease in Victorian dairy cattle herds
Authors: JUBB TF , SERGEANT ESG , CALLINAN APL , GALVIN JW
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the sensitivity of the ELISA used in dairy cattle herds participating in the Victorian Bovine Johne's Disease Test and Control Program (TCP).

Procedure The percentage of ELISA reactors in age and test cohorts was estimated from age‐specific test data derived from TCP herds with long testing histories. Age‐distribution data from production‐tested herds enabled estimation of reactor rates in animals that were culled or died.

Results ELISA sensitivities at the first test round in herds achieving five, six and seven annual herd tests were 16.1, 14.9 and 13.5% respectively. The ELISA sensitivity in 2, 3 and 4‐year‐old animals at the first test round in herds testing seven times was 1.2, 8.9 and 11.6% respectively but remained between 20 and 30% in older age‐groups.

Conclusion The sensitivity of the ELISA is considerably lower than previous estimates, probably because previous estimates were predominantly measured against faecal culture, which has subsequently been shown to have low sensitivity itself, and did not appreciate the long period that appears to precede detectable faecal excretion in most animals.
Aspergillus clavatus tremorgenic neurotoxicosis in cattle fed sprouted grains
Authors: McKENZIE RA , KELLY MA , SHIVAS RG , GIBSON JA , COOK PJ , WIDDERICK K. , GUILFOYLE AF
Published: March 2008

Beef and dairy cattle from four different herds in southern and central Queensland fed hydroponically‐produced sprouted barley or wheat grain heavily infested with Aspergillus clavatus developed posterior ataxia with knuckling of fetlocks, muscular tremors and recumbency, but maintained appetite. A few animals variously had reduced milk production, hyperaesthesia, drooling of saliva, hypermetria of hind limbs or muscle spasms. Degeneration of large neurones was seen in the brain stem and spinal cord grey matter. The syndrome was consistent with A clavatus tremorgenic mycotoxicosis of ruminants. The cases are the earliest known to be associated with this fungus in Australia. They highlight a potential hazard of hydroponic fodder production systems, which appear to favour A clavatus growth on sprouted grain, exacerbated in some cases by equipment malfunctions that increase operating temperatures.
Effect of mass medication with antibiotics at feedlot entry on the health and growth rate of cattle destined for the Australian domestic market
Authors: CUSACK PMV
Published: March 2008

Objective

T o examine the effectiveness of mass medication with long acting antibiotics at feedlot entry on lot‐fed Australian domestic cattle during a period of high risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD).

Design

Systematic allocation at feedlot entry of tilmicosin, long acting oxytetracycline or no antibiotic treatment, to cattle lot fed for the Australian domestic market. Comparisons of growth rate, disease occurrence and mortality were made between the groups at the conclusion of the feeding period.

Results

Cattle medicated with tilmicosin at 10 mg/kg body weight on entry to the feedlot grew 0.08 kg/d faster than cattle medicated with oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg body weight and non‐medicated cattle. There was no significant difference in growth rate between oxytetracycline medicated cattle and cattle not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry. Cattle medicated with tilmicosin at feedlot entry had 8 fewer cases of disease per 100 animals compared with cattle not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry. There was no significant difference in disease occurrence between oxytetracycline medicated cattle and those not medicated with antibiotic at feedlot entry.

Conclusion

Mass medication with tilmicosin at feedlot entry of cattle destined for the Australian domestic market may be used to reduce disease occurrence and increase growth rate during periods of high risk for BRD.
Swelling of cattle heel horn by urine
Authors: GREGORY NG
Published: March 2008

Objectives

To understand the likely mechanisms responsible for heel horn softening when cattle stand in their own effluent. To examine the effectiveness of some footbath chemicals in preventing heel horn softening.

Procedure

Shavings from the heels of cattle were used in a laboratory test to examine the swelling effects of cow urine, urea, sulphide and ammonia. Formalin, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, alum, tannic acid and a compound containing nitrocellulose plus nylon, were compared for their ability to prevent swelling in heel shavings induced by urea plus 2‐mercaptoethanol.

Results

Cow urine caused heel horn to swell. Urea caused swelling at concentrations normally found in cow urine. Sulphide caused swelling at concentrations normally found in cow slurry. Low concentrations of ammonia solution also resulted in swelling. Formalin and glutaraldehyde prevented swelling induced by high concentrations of urea plus 2‐mercap‐toethanol. Copper sulphate had a moderate anti‐swelling effect. Zinc sulphate, alum, tannic acid, and nitrocellulose plus nylon were relatively ineffective in preventing swelling.

Conclusions

Cow urine can cause degradation of heel horn in cattle feet. The chemical agents that cause this could be urea, sulphide anions and ammonia. Degradation by urine can be prevented by pretreating heel horn with formalin. Glutaraldehyde may be an effective noncarcinogenic alternative to formalin.
Virus strains from a flock exhibiting unusually high mortality due to infectious bursal disease
Authors: IGNJATOVIC J , SAPATS S , REECE R , GOULD A , GOULD G , SELLECK P , LOWTHER S , BOYLE D , WESTBURY H
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) isolated from commercial broiler flocks exhibiting unusually high mortality due to infectious bursal disease (IBD).

Design An IBD outbreak occurred in mid 1999 on two broilers farms (A and B) in northern New South Wales amongst chickens 28 to 38 days of age, with a sharp rise in mortality of 2.5%. Initial histopathological diagnosis indicated acute IBD. Since acute IBD caused by classical pathogenic and very virulent (vv) IBDVs is exotic to Australia, samples from both farms A and B were obtained and used for virus characterisation.

Method Tissue homogenates were made from six bursae collected from farm B. One histological sample from farm A was also used. Nucleotide sequencing of the hypervariable region (HVR) within the VP2 gene of IBDVs was determined and the deduced amino acid sequences compared with previously characterised Australian and overseas IBDVs. The phylogenetic relationship between IBDVs from farm B and IBDVs from Australia and overseas was then determined. Pathogenicity of one isolate, N2/99 from farm B, was compared with 3 other local IBDVs, as well as with three pathogenic overseas strains in 3‐week‐old specific pathogen‐free (SPF) chickens.

Results Initial histopathological characterisation of a sample of bursa from a bird on farm A showed widespread acute lymphoid necrosis, follicular haemorrhage and stromal oedema, indicative of acute IBD. Subsequent analysis using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), followed by nucleotide sequencing of the same bursal sample, as well as 6 samples from nearby farm B, showed that the IBDVs involved were similar in sequence to Australian vaccine strains and not to classical pathogenic or vvIBDVs. One isolate, N2/99 from farm B, was only marginally more pathogenic than other local IBDVs. It induced mild clinical signs in 30% of chicks and no mortality. In comparison, vvIBDV CS89 and classical pathogenic 52/70 strains induced severe clinical signs in 100% and 80% of chickens, respectively with mortalities of 27% and 12%, respectively.

Conclusions The results illustrated the value of nucleotide sequencing as a method for discrimination of local and exotic types of IBDV.
Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics following a single‐dose infusion to sulphur‐crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita)
Authors: GILBERT CM , FILIPPICH LJ , CHARLES BG
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in sulphur‐crested cockatoos, so that its use in clinical studies in birds can be considered.

Design A pharmacokinetic study of doxorubicin, following a single intravenous (IV) infusion over 20 min, was performed in four healthy sulphur‐crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita).

Procedure Birds were anaesthetised and both jugular veins were cannulated, one for doxorubicin infusion and the other for blood collection. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) in normal saline was infused IV over 20 min at a constant rate. Serial blood samples were collected for 96 h after initiation of the infusion. Plasma doxorubicin concentrations were assayed using an HPLC method involving ethyl acetate extraction, reverse‐phase chromatography and fluorescence detection. The limit of quantification was 20 ng/mL Established non‐parametric methods were used for the analysis of plasma doxorubicin data.

Results During the infusion the mean ± SD for the Cmax of doxorubicin was 4037 ± 2577 ng/mL. Plasma concentrations declined biexponentially immediately after the infusion was ceased. There was considerable intersubject variability in all pharmacokinetic variables. The terminal (β‐phase) half‐life was 41.4 ± 18.5 min, the systemic clearance (Cl) was 45.7 ± 18.0 mL//min/kg, the mean residence time (MRT) was 4.8 ± 1.4 min, and the volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) was 238 ± 131 mL/kg. The extrapolated area under the curve (AUC0‐∝) was 950 ± 677 ng/mL.h. The reduced metabolite, doxorubicinol, was detected in the plasma of all four parrots but could be quantified in only one bird with the profile suggesting formation rate‐limited pharmacokinetics of doxorubicinol.

Conclusions and clinical relevance Doxorubicin infusion in sulphur‐crested cockatoos produced mild, transient inappetence. The volume of distribution per kilogram and terminal half‐life were considerably smaller, but the clearance per kilogram was similar to or larger than reported in the dog, rat and humans. Traces of doxorubicinol, a metabolite of doxorubicin, were detected in the plasma.
Generalised granulomatous disease in a horse
Authors: AXON JE , ROBINSON P , LUCAS J
Published: March 2008

A 6‐year‐old gelding was referred with a 3‐month history of recurrent fever, inappetance, lethargy and weight loss. On clinical examination major findings were depression, thin condition, thrombophlebitis, nodules on the scrotal skin, leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia. Pleural fluid and areas of lung consolidation were seen on ultrasonographic examination of the thorax. A diagnosis of chronic respiratory disease was made. Initially there was a response to antibiotic therapy but the horse was presented 3 months later with continued weight loss, recurrent fever and multifocal skin lesions, characterised by scales, crusts and nodules, affecting the nasal bridge, jugular grooves, ventral neck, withers, scrotum, prepuce, and medial gaskins. Histological evaluation of skin biopsies indicated a granulomatous reaction. On ultra‐sonographic examination of the thorax multiple hypoechoic lesions consistent with granulomas were seen in both lungs. A diagnosis of generalised granulomatous disease was made. The horse was euthanased at the owner's request. On necropsy examination the main findings were multiple nodules of fibrotic granulomatous inflammation in the lung, heart, liver, gastrointestinal tract and mesenteric lymph nodes, supporting the diagnosis of generalised granulomatous disease.
Auscultation and echocardiographic findings in Bull Terriers with and without polycystic kidney disease
Authors: O'LEARY CA , MACKAY BM , TAPLIN RH , ATWELL RB
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate a possible association between Bull Terrier polycystic kidney disease (BTPKD) and cardiac disease, to determine the prevalence of mitral valve disease (MVD) and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) in the Australian Bull Terrier population, and to compare auscultation and echocardiography in detection of cardiac disease in Bull Terriers.

DesignNinety‐nine Bull Terriers, ranging in age from 8 weeks to 13 years and 11 months were auscultated and examined using renal ultrasonography; 86 were also examined using echocardiography. The prevalence and severity of heart defects in dogs with BTPKD was compared with that in dogs without BTPKD.

ResultsNineteen of these 99 dogs were diagnosed with BTPKD. Forty‐two percent of Bull Terriers with BTPKD and 28% of those without BTPKD had murmurs characteristic of mitral regurgitation or LVOTO. How recently an animal was descended from an ancestor with BTPKD was associated with presence (P = 0.008) and loudness of a murmur (P = 0.009). Overall, echocardiography detected MVD in 39% of Bull Terriers, with increased prevalence in older animals (P = 0.003). Mitral stenosis was found in eight cases. Fifty‐three percent of dogs in this study had evidence of LVOTO, with obstruction consisting of a complex of lesions including dynamic or fixed subvalvular LVOTO, significantly narrowed left ventricular outflow tract or valvular aortic stenosis. Dogs with BTPKD, or those descended from dogs with BTPKD, were more likely to have MVD (P = 0.006), and while LVOTO was not more common in these dogs, if they did have LVOTO, they were more likely to have severe obstruction than dogs with no ancestors with BTPKD (analysed in three ways P = 0.028 to 0.001). In this study, 46% of Bull Terriers without a murmur or arrhythmia had cardiac disease detected on echocardiographic examination.

ConclusionCardiac disease, especially MVD and LVOTO, was common in Bull Terriers in this study, and those with BTPKD had an increased risk of cardiac abnormalities. Auscultation did not detect a significant number of Bull Terriers with cardiac disease.
Thiamine deficiency in dogs due to the feeding of sulphite preserved meat
Authors: SINGH M. , THOMPSON M. , SULLIVAN N. , CHILD G.
Published: March 2008

A 6‐year‐old dog, a 4‐year‐old dog and three 7‐week‐old puppies were diagnosed with thiamine deficiency caused by feeding sulphite treated meat. The 6‐year‐old dog presented with a history of inappetence, weight loss and vomiting that rapidly progressed to signs of multifocal intracranial disease including mental dullness, paresis, seizures, spontaneous nystagmus and strabismus. Thiamine pyrophosphate effect was elevated at 58% and magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilaterally symmetrical hyperintensity of the caudate nucleus and rostral colliculi. The dog recovered with thiamine supplementation. The 4‐year‐old dog and three 7‐week‐old puppies also presented with rapidly progressive multifocal central nervous system signs including ataxia, paresis, increased muscle tone, seizures, nystagmus and exophthalmos. The 4‐year‐old dog made a rapid recovery with thiamine supplementation. Euthanasia and necropsy of a puppy revealed malacia of multiple brainstem nuclei and oedema of the cerebral cortex. These findings were consistent with thiamine deficiency.
A comparison of two ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to bovine leucosis virus in bulk‐milk
Authors: RIDGE SE , GALVIN JW
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the sensitivity, specificity and detection limits for two bulk‐milk enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, the Svanovir BLV‐gp51‐Ab and the Lactelisa BLV Ab Bi indirect tank 250, for the detection of antibody to bovine leucosis virus in milk.

Procedure Milk samples from 27 cows known to have enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) were serially diluted with milk from a herd known to be free from the disease. The dilution at which antibodies could no longer be detected by each test was determined.

A total of 1,959 bulk‐milk samples submitted to a laboratory for the Victorian (EBL) eradication program were tested with both the Svanovir and the Lactelisa assays. A Bayesian approach was used to calculate maximum‐likelihood estimates of test sensitivity and specificity.

An additional 660 bulk‐milk samples were tested with both the Svanovir and the Lactelisa assays. Herds that had positive results on either or both of the assays were subjected to blood or milk testing of individual cattle.

Results The dilution of milk at which the Svanovir assay failed to detect enzootic bovine leucosis antibody in half of the samples was 1 in 40, whereas the comparable value for the Lactelisa was 1 in 200. Computer modeling of the operating characteristics of the Svanovir assay indicated that the sensitivity of that assay would be considerably lower than that for the Lactelisa, and the specificity was estimated to be higher. Evaluation of the assays using 660 bulk‐milk samples showed that the Lactelisa assay detected four infected herds that were not detected by the Svanovir test. No false positive results were recorded for either assay.

Conclusion Use of the Lactelisa assay in the Victorian EBL eradication program will enhance disease detection and eradication, but may also result in an increased frequency of false positive bulk‐milk test results.
Determining the sensitivity of abattoir surveillance for ovine Johne's disease
Authors: BRADLEY TL , CANNON RM
Published: March 2008

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of abattoir surveillance of intestinal tract lesions for detecting ovine Johne's disease (OJD) under normal meatwork conditions.

Design The design of this study was a diagnostic test validation. The three OJD inspectors were the diagnostic test and follow‐up histopathological examination was used for test validation.

Procedure Approximately 1200 sheep were procured from known high prevalence OJD infected farms. The sheep viscera were tagged (numbered) and then examined as they were processed on the abattoir line by three experienced meat inspectors. Their observations were independently recorded on a cassette tape. Specified sections of viscera were prepared and subjected to histopathological examination and these results were compared with the inspector diagnoses.

Results The sensitivity of abattoir inspection for OJD varied between inspectors from 53 percent to 87 percent. The specificity varied from 97 to 100 percent. It appeared that the level of sensitivity for detecting disease was higher in lines of sheep where the disease was more prevalent. It also appeared that formal training was an important aspect in ensuring a high level of sensitivity.

Conclusion Abattoir surveillance is a very economical and rapid method of assessing the OJD status of sheep. On the basis of these results it is reasonable to suggest that abattoir surveillance has a sensitivity of approximately 70 percent. This technique is useful as an ancillary to other testing regimes for negative assurance programs where a sheep identification system is used.
Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) poisoning in dogs
Authors: GOH CSS , HODGSON DR , FEARNSIDE SM , HELLER J , MALIKIDES N
Published: March 2008

Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) is a widely used pesticide for control of feral animals such as the fox. Accidental poisoning of domestic animals occurs despite strict regulations on 1080 usage. Dogs are particularly susceptible to the toxin.

The mechanism of 1080 toxicity, susceptibility of target and non‐target species, persistence of 1080 in the environment and risk of accidental poisoning are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on 1080 toxicity in the dog. Early recognition of intoxication is most important for prognosis and relies upon characteristic clinical signs and diagnostic findings.

The treatment of 1080 intoxication remains a challenge with no proven antidotes. However, there are possible benefits from monoacetin, acetamide, calcium salts, colestipol, activated charcoal, peritoneal dialysis, sodium bicarbonate, neurotransmitter modulators and four‐methylpyrazole. A recommended treatment protocol for 1080 toxicosis in dogs is included.

Safety measures such as the use of wire dog muzzles and investigating alternatives to 1080 in pest control programs may be the key to reducing the incidence of future accidental poisonings.
Orofacial involvement in multiple sclerosis
Authors: FABIANO JUDEA.
Published: March 2008

Seventy‐six patients with multiple sclerosis were questioned as to the occurrence of orofacia1 symptomS. A total of 52 patients (68.4%) reported a positive history after the onset of their neurologic condition, and 5 (6.6%) listed an orofacial symptom as an initial symptom. Dental treatment did not appear to be a precipitating factor in either the onset or exacerbation of MS.
The development of a modular gerontology curriculum for dental health practitioners
Authors: TEITELMAN JODI L. , PARHAM IRIS A. , SHIPMAN BARRY
Published: March 2008

The modular gerontology curriculum offers dental students a needed introduction to major issues they will confront in their practices with ever‐increasing numbers of elderly patients. The modular curriculum helps sensitize students and make them aware that the needs of the elderly must be addressed, if the delivery of dental services in the future is to be effective. Students' roles in geriatric care will become better accepted as they receive exposure to information about the older patient population. By familiarizing them with accurate ideas about the elderly, the curriculum can help students eliminate stereotyped thinking and improve their attitudes towards this patient population.

As the population becomes progressively more advanced in age, the demand for dental care by practitioners with specialized training in geriatrics will increase. Through the development of structured curriculum in gerontology, dental practitioners will potentially become better prepared to deal with the unique health care needs of this growing population. The development of modular curriculum packages offers a realistic, concise, and timely approach to a cluttered dental curriculum. The appropriate utilization of these packages can stimulate faculty and students to improve and expand their basic gerontologic knowledge, offering improved clinical application. With proper instruction and motivation, the quality of care provided older patients by dentists will improve.
Rehabilitation of the patient after cerebrovascular accident
Authors: WERTSCH JACQUELINE J.
Published: March 2008

After a CVA, frequent and obvious deficits include paralysis of an arm or leg. However, there are other possible losses that are not immediately apparent. These include losses in communication (aphasia, dysarthria, and oral motor apraxia), the ability to orally ingest (dysphagia), and to carry out activities. Unless the specific deficit is recognized, the patient may be inappropriately labeled as senile or uncooperative. The central nervous system is an exceptionally complex control area. The more specific the diagnosis, the better the practitioner can understand the prognosis and prescribe appropriate therapy.