bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O fazer teórico-prático do nutricionista na estratégia saúde da família: representações sociais dos profissionais das equipes
Authors: Camossa Ana Cristina do Amaral , Telarolli Junior Rodolpho , Machado Maria Lúcia Teixeira
Published: April 2012

OBJETIVO: Conhecer as representações sociais dos profissionais das equipes de saúde da família sobre o fazer teórico-prático do nutricionista. A pesquisa foi realizada em Unidades de Saúde da Família de um município do estado de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, tendo como sujeitos 27 profissionais, eleitos por critério intencional. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para a interpretação dos dados, utilizou-se a análise categorial temática, apropriando-se da Teoria das Representações Sociais. RESULTADOS: Como resultados, emergiram quatro temas: Nutricionista na Estratégia de Saúde da Família, Abordagem de questões alimentares pelos profissionais da equipe de saúde da família, Educação nutricional e Problematizando a ausência do nutricionista na equipe de saúde da família. As principais representações obtidas com relação ao nutricionista foram relacionadas à prescrição de dietas, além de revelarem um conhecimento mais amplo sobre as funções e atribuições desse profissional. Não houve dúvidas sobre a importância da educação nutricional na promoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis, apesar de os sujeitos terem demonstrado uma visão superficial e pouco abalizada teoricamente sobre o tema. CONCLUSÃO: A ausência do nutricionista na equipe de saúde da família foi atribuída a fatores como o baixo reconhecimento social, a desvalorização profissional, o pouco tempo de existência da profissão, o desconhecimento do núcleo de competência do nutricionista e a manutenção do modelo médico hegemônico. Concluiu-se pela necessidade de mais estudos que problematizem a inserção do nutricionista em equipes de saúde da família.
Desvantagem vocal em cantores de igreja
Authors: Prestes Tatiane , Pereira Eliane Cristina , Bail Denise Ienk , Dassie-Leite Ana Paula
Published: April 2012

OBJETIVO: avaliar a desvantagem vocal de cantores amadores de coros de igreja. MÉTODO: participaram 42 cantores de coros amadores de igrejas, sendo 20 homens e 22 mulheres, com idades entre 18 e 59 anos. Todos responderam a um questionário contendo perguntas sobre autopercepção vocal e práticas de canto, e ao protocolo Índice de Desvantagem para o Canto Moderno (IDCM), composto por 30 questões referentes às subescalas incapacidade, desvantagem e defeito. Foi realizada triagem perceptivo-auditiva para classificação das vozes em adaptadas ou alteradas e mensuração dos graus De alteração. RESULTADOS: a pontuação total média obtida no IDCM foi 23 pontos. Os maiores escores foram obtidos na subescala "defeito" (10,9), seguido por "incapacidade" (7,6) e "desvantagem" (4,5), com diferença entre elas (p= 0,001). Cantores que nunca realizaram aula de canto apresentaram maiores escores no domínio "desvantagem" (p=0,003). À medida que o escore total do IDCM aumentou, a nota atribuída pelo cantor em relação à própria voz diminuiu (p= 0,046). Participantes com qualidade vocal alterada apresentaram maiores escores nas subescalas incapacidade e desvantagem e no domínio total do IDCM quando comparados aos que apresentavam qualidade vocal adaptada (p=0,012, p=0,049 e p=0,015, respectivamente). Além disso, quanto maior o grau de alteração vocal, maiores foram os escores referentes à subescala incapacidade (p=0,022). CONCLUSÃO: cantores de igreja apresentam desvantagem vocal importante. Quando apresentam alterações vocais, esta desvantagem é ainda maior. Quanto maior o grau de alteração vocal, maiores as limitações referentes à voz cantada. Aulas de canto parecem minimizar a desvantagem vocal nessa população.
Is Age Still the Deciding Factor? Commentary on “The Effect of Age on Delay in Diagnosis and Stage of Breast Cancer” by Partridge et al.
Authors: Keating Litton Jennifer
Published: April 2012

The study by Partridge et al., published in this edition of The Oncologist, is examined.
What are we protecting? Fisher behavior and the unintended consequences of spatial closures as a fishery management tool
Authors: Abbott Joshua K. , Haynie Alan C.
Published: April 2012

Spatial closures like marine protected areas (MPAs) are prominent tools for ecosystem‐based management in fisheries. However, the adaptive behavior of fishermen, the apex predator in the ecosystem, to MPAs may upset the balance of fishing impacts across species. While ecosystem‐based management (EBM) emphasizes the protection of all species in the environment, the weakest stock often dominates management attention. We use data before and after the implementation of large spatial closures in a North Pacific trawl fishery to show how closures designed for red king crab protection spurred dramatic increases in Pacific halibut bycatch due to both direct displacement effects and indirect effects from adaptations in fishermen's targeting behavior. We identify aspects of the ecological and economic context of the fishery that contributed to these surprising behaviors, noting that many multispecies fisheries are likely to share these features. Our results highlight the need either to anticipate the behavioral adaptations of fishermen across multiple species in reserve design, a form of implementation error, or to design management systems that are robust to these adaptations. Failure to do so may yield patterns of fishing effort and mortality that undermine the broader objectives of multispecies management and potentially alter ecosystems in profound ways.
Ultrasonographic anatomy of the coelomic organs of boid snakes (Boa constrictor imperator, Python regius, Python molurus molurus, and Python curtus)
Authors: Banzato Tommaso , Russo Elisa , Finotti Luca , Milan Maria C. , Gianesella Matteo , Zotti Alessandro
Published: April 2012

Objective—To determine the ultrasonographic features of the coelomic organs of healthy snakes belonging to the Boidae and Pythonidae families.

Animals—16 ball pythons (Python regius; 7 males, 8 females, and 1 sexually immature), 10 Indian rock pythons (Python molurus molurus; 5 males, 4 females, and 1 sexually immature), 12 Python curtus (5 males and 7 females), and 8 boa constrictors (Boa constrictor imperator; 4 males and 4 females).

Procedures—All snakes underwent complete ultrasonographic evaluation of the coelomic cavity; chemical restraint was not necessary. A dorsolateral approach to probe placement was chosen to increase image quality and to avoid injury to the snakes and operators. Qualitative and quantitative observations were recorded.

Results—The liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines, kidneys, cloaca, and scent glands were identified in all snakes. The hemipenes were identified in 10 of the 21 (48%) male snakes. The spleen was identified in 5 of the 46 (11%) snakes, and ureters were identified in 6 (13%). In 2 sexually immature snakes, the gonads were not visible. One (2%) snake was gravid, and 7 (15%) had small amounts of free fluid in the coelomic cavity. A significant positive correlation was identified between several measurements (diameter and thickness of scent glands, gastric and pyloric walls, and colonic wall) and body length (snout to vent) and body weight.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The study findings can be used as an atlas of the ultrasonographic anatomy of the coelomic cavity in healthy boid snakes. Ultrasonography was reasonably fast to perform and was well tolerated in conscious snakes.
Evaluation of intraocular pressure measurements obtained by use of a rebound tonometer and applanation tonometer in dogs before and after elective phacoemulsification
Authors: Thompson-Hom Amy L. , Gerding Jr Paul A.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To determine whether an applanation tonometer and rebound tonometer can be used to detect similar intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in eyes of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification.

Animals—24 dogs (40 eyes) undergoing elective phacoemulsification.

Procedures—IOP measurements were obtained from each eye by use of both the rebound tonometer and applanation tonometer. Central corneal thickness was measured by use of an ultrasonic pachymeter 3 hours before surgery and 2 and 24 hours after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed by use of paired t tests.

Results—Mean ± SD IOP 3 hours before surgery, 2 hours after surgery, and 24 hours after surgery was 11.9 ± 4.7 mm Hg, 15.5 ± 11.7 mm Hg, and 10.9 ± 6.7 mm Hg, respectively, as measured with the rebound tonometer and 12.2 ± 5.3 mm Hg, 15.7 ± 12.5 mm Hg, and 12.4 ± 5.4 mm Hg, respectively, as measured with the applanation tonometer. Measured IOP did not differ significantly between the 2 tonometers 3 hours before surgery and 2 hours after surgery, but measured IOP differed significantly between the tonometers 24 hours after surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of a rebound tonometer underestimated IOP, relative to results for use of an applanation tonometer, by 1.65 mm Hg in eyes 24 hours after phacoemulsification. Caution should be used when IOP measurements obtained with a rebound tonometer are in the high part of the reference range, and verification of these values with an applanation tonometer would be advised.
Evaluation of coronary band temperatures in healthy horses
Authors: Rosenmeier Jesper G. , Strathe Anders B. , Andersen Pia H.
Published: April 2012

Objective—To measure coronary band temperature (CBT) in healthy horses fed high-fructan or low-carbohydrate diets and to analyze the association of CBT with diet, time of day, and ambient temperature.

Animals—6 healthy horses.

Procedures—Horses were fed 3 diets (treatment 1, 1 g of fructan/kg fed daily in the morning; treatment 2, 1 g of fructan/kg fed daily in the afternoon; and treatment 3, a low-carbohydrate [7.2%] diet) in a 3 × 3 Latin square study design. For each horse, the CBT of all 4 limbs as well as rectal and ambient temperatures were recorded by use of infrared thermometry and standard thermometers hourly from 8 am to 10 pm for 4 consecutive days after the initiation of each diet. Each horse received each diet, and there was a 10-day washout period between each diet change. Data were analyzed by use of a mixed linear model.

Results—4,320 CBTs were obtained from the 6 horses. The CBT ranged from 9.6° to 35.5°C. Coronary band temperature followed a diurnal pattern and was positively associated with ambient temperature but was not associated with diet.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CBT of healthy horses varied significantly during the day and among limbs. These results should be considered whenever increased CBT is used as an indication of incipient laminitis or in other clinical investigations.
Apparitions of ‘Freedom’ (the Word)
Authors: Hobson Marian
Published: April 2012

Derrida thematises his writing through a change of perspective which moves from very detailed examination of an argument to more general statements. This paper is a consideration of how Derrida anchors his close attention to the detail of an argument in a wider philosophical-historical and indeed social framework. In this paper, the word in question is ‘freedom’, discussed with the philosopher and psychoanalyst Elisabeth Roudinesco; this paper moves back chronologically to Force of Law, and finally to a passage in Of Grammatology to demonstrate that in Derrida's work from early to late there is a web of reflection about freedom.
Rational Mutagenesis of Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase at the Calcium Binding Regions for Enhancement of Thermostability
Authors: Goh Poh Hong , Illias Rosli Md. , Goh Kian Mau
Published: April 2012

Studies related to the engineering of calcium binding sites of CGTase are limited. The calcium binding regions that are known for thermostability function were subjected to site-directed mutagenesis in this study. The starting gene-protein is a variant of CGTase Bacillus sp. G1, reported earlier and denoted as “parent CGTase” herein. Four CGTase variants (S182G, S182E, N132R and N28R) were constructed. The two variants with a mutation at residue 182, located adjacent to the Ca-I site and the active site cleft, possessed an enhanced thermostability characteristic. The activity half-life of variant S182G at 60 °C was increased to 94 min, while the parent CGTase was only 22 min. This improvement may be attributed to the formation of a shorter α-helix and the alleviation of unfavorable steric strains by glycine at the corresponding region. For the variant S182E, an extra ionic interaction at the A/B domain interface increased the half-life to 31 min, yet it reduced CGTase activity. The introduction of an ionic interaction at the Ca-I site via the mutation N132R disrupted CGTase catalytic activity. Conversely, the variant N28R, which has an additional ionic interaction at the Ca-II site, displayed increased cyclization activity. However, thermostability was not affected.
Richness of Side-Chain Liquid-Crystal Polymers: From Isotropic Phase towards the Identification of Neglected Solid-Like Properties in Liquids
Authors: Noirez Laurence , Mendil-Jakani Hakima , Baroni Patrick , Wendorff Joachim H.
Published: April 2012

Very few studies concern the isotropic phase of Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymers (SCLCPs). However, the interest for the isotropic phase appears particularly obvious in flow experiments. Unforeseen shear-induced nematic phases are revealed away from the N-I transition temperature. The non-equilibrium nematic phase in the isotropic phase of SCLCP melts challenges the conventional timescales described in theoretical approaches and reveal very long timescales, neglected until now. This spectacular behavior is the starter of the present survey that reveals long range solid-like interactions up to the sub-millimetre scale. We address the question of the origin of this solid-like property by probing more particularly the non-equilibrium behavior of a polyacrylate substituted by a nitrobiphenyl group (PANO2). The comparison with a polybutylacrylate chain of the same degree of polymerization evidences that the solid-like response is exacerbated in SCLCPs. We conclude that the liquid crystal moieties interplay as efficient elastic connectors. Finally, we show that the “solid” character can be evidenced away from the glass transition temperature in glass formers and for the first time, in purely alkane chains above their crystallization temperature. We thus have probed collective elastic effects contained not only in the isotropic phase of SCLCPs, but also more generically in the liquid state of ordinary melts and of ordinary liquids.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy by full-field X-ray microscopy of a thin graphite flake: Imaging and electronic structure via the carbon K-edge
Authors: Bittencourt Carla , Hitchock Adam P , Ke Xiaoxing , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Ewels Chris P , Guttmann Peter
Published: April 2012

We demonstrate that near-edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectra combined with full-field transmission X-ray microscopy can be used to study the electronic structure of graphite flakes consisting of a few graphene layers. The flake was produced by exfoliation using sodium cholate and then isolated by means of density-gradient ultracentrifugation. An image sequence around the carbon K-edge, analyzed by using reference spectra for the in-plane and out-of-plane regions of the sample, is used to map and spectrally characterize the flat and folded regions of the flake. Additional spectral features in both π and σ regions are observed, which may be related to the presence of topological defects. Doping by metal impurities that were present in the original exfoliated graphite is indicated by the presence of a pre-edge signal at 284.2 eV.
Les observatoires territoriaux. Une représentation collective du territoire
Authors: de Sède-Marceau Marie-Hélène , Moine Alexandre
Published: April 2012

Résumé Les observatoires territoriaux, aboutissement instrumenté de la pratique de l’observation, sont confrontés au double défi de produire une représentation collective compréhensible et opérationnelle des territoires tout en devant restituer la complexité inhérente aux systèmes qu’ils décrivent. Les auteurs nous proposent ainsi, partant d’une clarification des enjeux liés à cette problématique puis positionnant les outils d’observation à l’interface entre réalité et connaissance, de revenir sur l’importance des aspects sociocognitifs de l’observation et les attendus techniques de sa mise en œuvre. Sur la base de ces différents éléments, l’article revient ensuite sur les limites de l’exercice mais aussi sur les perspectives nouvelles qui font aujourd’hui des observatoires de véritables outils d’Intelligence Territoriale.
Projet et observatoire : une alliance historique et pragmatique
Authors: Piponnier Anne
Published: April 2012

Résumé Projet et observatoire sont des termes qui s’interpellent et interagissent dans les discours et les pratiques d’acteurs dans de nombreux domaines d’activité. Curieusement, cette interaction est peu interrogée et laisse supposer que la relation va de soi. Cet article propose d’explorer les conditions sociotechniques par lesquelles cette articulation s’est construite pour en comprendre la continuité historique et le regain d’intérêt actuel. L’analyse montre que la relation projet-observatoire est un dispositif de mise en visibilité de l’action qui repose sur de nouvelles formes d’institutionnalisation de la pratique scientifique dans l’espace social.
Petroleum resource potential of the Laurentian Channel area of interest, Atlantic Margin of Canada
Authors: Hannigan P K , Dietrich J R
Published: April 2012

The conventional and unconventional oil and gas resource potential in the Laurentian Channel area of interest on the Atlantic margin of Canada is described in this report. The area of interest (AOI) encompasses approximately 16,000 square kilometres of the
Laurentian Channel located offshore of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (Fig. 1). Parts of two major sedimentary basins (Sydney Basin and Scotian (Orpheus Graben); Fig. 2) occur within the AOI, both of which have conventional oil and gas potential. Quantitative assessments of petroleum potential for the
Laurentian Channel AOI include high-confidence estimates of 40.8 x 106 m3 (257 MMbbls) of oil and 113.1 x 109 m3 (4.0 Tcf) of gas, and speculative estimates of 302.2 x 106 m3 (1901 MMbbls) of oil and 432.7 x 109 m3 (15.3 Tcf) of gas (mean values of inplace volumes). The petroleum resource estimates
are based on a modified areal apportionment of resource potential of previously defined conventional petroleum plays. The high-confidence and speculative estimates reflect two resource distribution scenarios; the high-confidence estimates assume the largest oil or gas fields occur outside the AOI,
and the speculative estimates assume the largest fields are located within the AOI. In the speculative resource scenario, the AOI may contain fields with in-place volumes of 76.2 x 106
m3 (479 MMbbls) of oil and 88.2 x 109 m3 (3.1 Tcf) of gas.
The Laurentian Channel AOI encloses areas of varying prospectivity for conventional petroleum resource. Areas of high to moderate petroleum potential occur in the northern portion of the AOI, where Lower and Upper Carboniferous petroleum plays are present in the Sydney Basin. An area of high
potential for petroleum occurs in the southern portion of the AOI, where numerous stacked petroleum plays occur in the thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic succession of the Orpheus Graben. Small areas of low potential for petroleum are mapped in the northwestern and central AOI, where thin sections of
Carboniferous and Mesozoic strata are found on the margins of Sydney Basin and Burin Platform.
Unconventional coal-bed methane and gas hydrate resources may occur within the Laurentian Channel AOI. Coal-bed methane potential within the AOI is estimated at 45.5 x 109 m3 (1.6 Tcf). Estimates for gas hydrate potential in the AOI vary from 7.1 x 1011 m3 to 2.9 x 1012 m3 (25 to 102 Tcf). Although
gas hydratevolumes may be substantial, technical and economic factors limit the potential for development of gas hydrate resources, much more so than for conventional oil or gas resources.
Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by polyunsaturated fatty acids in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages
Authors: Boeyens J. C. , Chua W-H. , Kruger M.C. , Joubert A.M. , Coetzee M.
Published: April 2012

This study investigated the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on osteoclast formation and bone resorption in RAW 264.7 murine pre-osteoclasts. Data obtained suggests an inhibitory effect of these compounds on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in the cell line tested.
Corneal Cross-Linking for Progressive Keratoconus in Children: Our Experience
Authors: Bakshi Erez , Barkana Yaniv , Goldich Yakov , Avni Isaac , Zadok David
Published: April 2012

Purpose

To assess the effect of corneal cross-linking on progressive keratoconus in children.

Method

In this retrospective study we enrolled nine eyes of nine consecutive children aged 11 to 17 years old who underwent corneal riboflavin-UVA induced cross-linking for progressive keratoconus at the Department of Ophthalmology at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center. They were followed for 6 to 24 months (average 16 ± 8.1 months). Evaluated parameters were uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest refraction, pachymetry, slit lamp examination and corneal topography.

Results

Cross-linking resulted in stability of visual acuity in seven of the nine (77.8%) treated eyes. We found a nonsignificant improvement in UCVA and BSCVA with a small reduction of manifest cylinder. Furthermore, there was an improvement in spherical equivalent that was close to statistical significance (p = 0.07). There was 0.86 D reduction of average Kmax value postoperatively (p = 0.36). Most patients (7 of 9, 77.8%) showed a long-term stability or reduction in Kmax.

Conclusion

In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of corneal cross-linking in arresting the progression of keratoconus in children. We believe that larger scale studies in this age group should be performed to further establish the relevance of this technique in children.

How to cite this article

Bakshi E, Barkana Y, Goldich Y, Avni I, Zadok D. Corneal Cross-Linking for Progressive Keratoconus in Children Our Experience. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):53-56.
Plan Sets the Stage for Rehabilitation and Sustainable Renewal
Authors: D'antoni John , Staggs Roy , Shakyaver Ajay
Published: April 2012

An aging infrastructure and related problems prompted Odessa, Texas, to implement a $42 million water and sewer improvement program. Its experience offers lessons for other cities.
How Do I Ensure Proper Fire Hydrant Use When So Many People Have Access?
Authors: Lauer William
Published: April 2012

Water systems have developed procedures for authorizing fire hydrant use. The goal of these procedures is to limit use to individuals who've been trained or are known to the water system. Most systems have operational policies or city ordinances that describe the permit system, fees, and penalties. The article lists some commonly included elements of hydrant‐use policies, which may differ according to site‐specific factors and unique community issues. Water system integrity is improved by providing training for hydrant users and controlling access with a well‐designed use‐permit system, hydrant locks, and internal backflow prevention devices that include a check valve.
CO
2
‐Expanded Liquids for Nanoparticle Processing
Authors: Saunders Steven R. , Roberts Christopher B. , Hurst Kendall M. , Kitchens Christopher L. , White Gregory Von , Akers D. Brad
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Gas‐Expanded Liquids

Controlling Nanoparticle Dispersibility and Precipitation

Size‐Selective Fractionation of Nanoparticles

Small‐Scale Size‐Selective Fractionation

Large‐Scale Size‐Selective Fractionation

Tuning the Precipitation Range

Effect of Temperature

Effect of Solvent

Effect of Stabilizing Ligand

Modeling Nanoparticle Dispersibility in
CXLs

Thin‐Film Deposition

Nanoparticle Thin‐Film Deposition on
MEMS
Devices

Formation and Synthesis of Nanoparticles in
CXLs

Nanoparticle Phase Transfer Using
CXLs

Conclusion
Nanoencapsulation for Process Intensification
Authors: Yap Aaron J. , Masters Anthony F. , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Scope

Cascade Reactions for Process Intensification

Background

Cascade Reactions with Incompatible Catalysts and Nanoencapsulation

Summary of Reactions and Systems

Other Cascade Reactions with Incompatible Catalysts – Polydimethylsiloxane (
PDMS
) Thimbles for Generic Site Isolation

Potential Methods of Nanoencapsulation

Layer‐by‐Layer (
Lb
L
) Methods

Sol–Gel‐Based Methods

Inorganic Methods

Layered Inorganic Solids

Inorganic Spheres

Polymer‐Based Methods

Micelle/Emulsion Encapsulation

Vesicle‐Based Encapsulation

Cage Protein Encapsulation

Combinatorial Approaches

Conclusion and Future Directions

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments
Formation of Nanoemulsions by Low‐Energy Methods and Their Use as Templates for the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Authors: Calderó Gabriela , Solans Conxita
Published: April 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Use of Nano‐emulsions as Templates for the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Designing for Non‐Persistence
Authors: Howard Philip H. , Boethling Robert S.
Published: April 2012

Under the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, it is the policy of the United States that pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever possible. One way to accomplish this is to design safer chemicals. Until now, safer has usually meant less toxic, but environmental persistence should also be viewed as integral to product safety. Chemicals that persist in the environment remain potentially available to exert toxic effects and bioaccumulate. This chapter addresses the design of small molecules to minimize persistence, along with tools and models that can assist in this task. One of the great challenges is that over 30 000 chemicals are used in commercial quantities, but very few have experimental data on their environmental behavior. This chapter reviews databases that can be searched for such information, but we also outline a path forward for when the chemical of interest does not have any experimental data. Two general approaches are suggested: (1) identify chemicals that are similar in structure and have persistence data; or (2) use structure–degradation relationships or models to predict degradability. Estimation methods are available for the most important degradation processes: atmospheric oxidation, biodegradation, and hydrolysis. Finally, case studies are used to show how these processes and resources can be used to implement design for non‐persistence. The examples also illustrate some of the challenges in designing safer chemicals in the real world, where “green” usually comes only in shades of gray and conflicting demands always lead to compromise.
Reducing Physical Hazards: Encouraging Inherently Safer Production
Authors: Ashford Nicholas A.
Published: April 2012

It is now generally recognized that in order to make significant advances in accident prevention, the focus of industrial firms must shift from assessing the risks of existing production and manufacturing systems to discovering technological alternatives, that is, from the identification of problems to the identification and design of solutions. Encouraging the industrial firm to perform

an inherent safety opportunity audit (ISOA) to identify where inherently safer technology is needed, and

a technology options analysis (TOA) to identify specific inherently safer options, will advance the adoption and design of primary prevention strategies that will alter production systems so that there are fewer inherent safety risks.

Successful approaches require both technological and managerial changes. Firms must have the willingness, opportunity, and capability to change.
Gold‐Catalysis: Highly Efficient and Regio‐Selective Carbonyl Migration in Alkynyl‐Substituted Indole‐3‐Carboxamides Leading to Azepino[3,4‐b]indol‐1‐ones
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Yang Weibo , Rominger Frank
Published: April 2012

An unprecedented rearrangement/anellation sequence allows the clean synthesis of azepino[3,4‐b]indol‐1‐ones from readily available starting materials. Alkyne‐substituted indole‐3‐carboxamides were prepared and converted to azepino[3,4‐b]indol‐1‐ones by the SPhosAuNTf2 catalyst (SPhos=2‐dicyclohexylphosphino‐2′,6′‐dimethoxybiphenyl). The new connectivity, which involves an unprecedented 3,2‐shift of an acylamino group for the product formation, was proven by a crystal structure analysis.
Photocurable transparent cycloaliphatic epoxy hybrid materials crosslinked by oxetane
Authors: Yang SeungCheol , Jin JungHo , Kwak Seung‐Yeon , Bae Byeong‐Soo
Published: April 2012

Organic/inorganic hybrid materials (hybrimers) were fabricated by the photocationic polymerization of sol–gel‐derived cycloaliphatic epoxy oligosiloxane (CAEO)/oxetane blends. The CAEO/oxetane blends showed faster photocationic polymerization rates compared to a CAEO resin. The CAEO/oxetane hybrimers showed a high crosslinking density and flexibility with the addition of oxetane monomer. The increased crosslinking density improved the insulation properties and lowered their dielectric constant. The CAEO/oxetane hybrimer with a substantial thickness of 2 mm showed high transparency (>90%) in the visible range. On the basis of these properties, the CAEO/oxetane hybrimers could be applied to various applications, including optics and display fields. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation of modified starch‐grafted poly(lactic acid) and a study on compatibilizing efficacy of the copolymers in poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch blends
Authors: Wootthikanokkhan J. , Kasemwananimit P. , Sombatsompop N. , Kositchaiyong A. , Isarankura na Ayutthaya S. , Kaabbuathong N.
Published: April 2012

This study has concerned preparation of polylactic acid grafted with maleated thermoplastic starch (PLA‐g‐MTPS) and a study on compatibilizing efficacy of the above copolymers in PLA/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends. The PLA‐g‐MTPS copolymers were prepared by two‐step reaction. First, maleated thermoplastic starch (MTPS) was prepared by reacting cassava starch with glycerol and maleic anhydride (MA). Second, the MTPS was grafted onto PLA molecules using peroxide as an initiator. Chemical structures of the products were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H‐NMR techniques, whereas the acid numbers of the copolymers were determined by titration. Thermal characteristic of the copolymer was also characterized by using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. In total, 5 wt % of the graft copolymer was blended with PLA and TPS in a twin screw extruder. Mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of the blends were evaluated via tensile test, melt flow index test, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. It was found that mechanical properties of the blends depended on starch content and type of the PLA‐g‐MTPS. When the PLA‐g‐MTPS was prepared at low amount (0.25 pph) of peroxide, the mechanical properties of the blend was improved remarkably as compared to those of the normal blend and/or the blend containing different compatibilizers. Compatibilizing efficacy of the above copolymers became more obvious when the thermoplastic starch (TPS) blending ratio was increased. The above results were ascribed in the light of change in the viscosity and morphology of the blends. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Kinetics of thermal degradation of nanometer calcium carbonate/linear low‐density polyethylene nanocomposites
Authors: Cao Xinxin , Gao Jungang , Dai Xin , Liu Yufei , He Xiaofang
Published: April 2012

To improve the thermal properties of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE), the CaCO3/LLDPE nanocomposites were prepared from nanometer calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO3) and LLDPE by melt‐blending method. A series of testing methods such as thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetry analysis, Kim‐Park method, and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa method were used to characterize the thermal property of CaCO3/LLDPE nanocomposites. The results showed that the CaCO3/LLDPE nanocomposites have only one‐stage thermal degradation process. The initial thermal degradation temperature T0 increasing with nano‐CaDO3 content, and stability of LLDPE change better. The thermal degradation activation energy (Ea) is different for different nano‐CaCO3 content. When the mass fraction of nano‐CaCO3 in nanocomposites is up to 10 wt %, the nanocomposite has the highest thermal degradation Ea, which is higher (28 kJ/mol) than pure LLDPE. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Molecular simulation on relationship between composition and microstructure of PP/PC blend
Authors: Dai Shanshan , Ye Lin , Hu Guo‐Hua
Published: April 2012

Simulations based on molecular dynamics and mesodyn theories were used to investigate the compatibility, morphology evolution of polypropylene/polycarbonate (PP/PC) blends, and the relationship between the composition and microstructure. Results of Flory–Huggins interaction parameters, integral structure factor, X‐ray intensity, free‐energy density, and order parameters all indicated that phase separations occurred in all PP/PC blend systems, and poor compatibility was exhibited for this polymer pair. The systems of PP/PC = 54/46, PP/PC = 31/69, and PP/PC = 18/82 showed stronger immiscibility and the faster separation process, while the systems of PP/PC = 82/18 and PP/PC = 5/95 showed less immiscibility and a slower separation process. Compared with the results of mechanical properties tests, the appearance of a cocontinuous structure obtained from simulation corresponds to the transition point of impact strength and tensile strength. After transition, the mechanical properties of the blends depended on the properties of the PC matrix, and the impact strength and tensile strength were both clearly enhanced. As the simulation steps increased, the morphology of PP/PC = 54/46 blend developed into a double‐lamellar structure by coarsening of PC phase from initial homogeneous configuration. In addition, the compatibilizing effect of SEBS was also investigated at the microscale, and varying the content of PS block in SEBS has little effect on the morphology of blend. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The Role of Pendant Amines in the Breaking and Forming of Molecular Hydrogen Catalyzed by Nickel Complexes
Authors: Raugei Simone , Chen Shentan , Ho Ming‐Hsun , Ginovska‐Pangovska Bojana , Rousseau Roger J. , Dupuis Michel , DuBois Daniel L. , Bullock R. Morris
Published: April 2012

We present the results of a comprehensive theoretical investigation of the role of pendant amine ligands in the oxidation of H2 and formation of H2 by [Ni(PR2NR′2)2]2+ electrocatalysts (PR2NR′2 is the 1,5‐R′‐3,7‐R derivative of 1,5‐diaza‐3,7‐diphosphacyclooctane, in which R and R′ are aryl or alkyl groups). We focus our analysis on the thermal steps of the catalytic cycle, as they are known to be rate‐determining for both H2 oxidation and production. We find that the presence of pendant amine functional groups greatly facilitates the heterolytic H2 bond cleavage, resulting in a protonated amine and a Ni hydride. Only one single positioned pendant amine is required to serve this function. The pendant amine can also effectively shuttle protons to the active site, making the redistribution of protons and the H2 evolution a very facile process. An important requirement for the overall catalytic process is the positioning of at least one amine in close proximity to the metal center. Indeed, only protonation of the pendant amines on the metal center side (endo position) leads to catalytically active intermediates, whereas protonation on the opposite side of the metal center (exo position) leads to a variety of isomers, which are detrimental to catalysis.
Iron Borohydride Pincer Complexes for the Efficient Hydrogenation of Ketones under Mild, Base‐Free Conditions: Synthesis and Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Langer Robert , Iron Mark A. , Konstantinovski Leonid , Diskin‐Posner Yael , Leitus Gregory , Ben‐David Yehoshoa , Milstein David
Published: April 2012

The new, structurally characterized hydrido carbonyl tetrahydridoborate iron pincer complex [(iPr‐PNP)Fe(H)(CO)(η1‐BH4)] (1) catalyzes the base‐free hydrogenation of ketones to their corresponding alcohols employing only 4.1 atm hydrogen pressure. Turnover numbers up to 1980 at complete conversion of ketone were reached with this system. Treatment of 1 with aniline (as a BH3 scavenger) resulted in a mixture of trans‐[(iPr‐PNP)Fe(H)2(CO)] (4 a) and cis‐[(iPr‐PNP)Fe(H)2(CO)] (4 b). The dihydrido complexes 4 a and 4 b do not react with acetophenone or benzaldehyde, indicating that these complexes are not intermediates in the catalytic reduction of ketones. NMR studies indicate that the tetrahydridoborate ligand in 1 dissociates prior to ketone reduction. DFT calculations show that the mechanism of the iron‐catalyzed hydrogenation of ketones involves alcohol‐assisted aromatization of the dearomatized complex [(iPr‐PNP*)Fe(H)(CO)] (7) to initially give the Fe0 complex [(iPr‐PNP)Fe(CO)] (21) and subsequently [(iPr‐PNP)Fe(CO)(EtOH)] (38). Concerted coordination of acetophenone and dual hydrogen‐atom transfer from the PNP arm and the coordinated ethanol to, respectively, the carbonyl carbon and oxygen atoms, leads to the dearomatized complex [(iPr‐PNP*)Fe(CO)(EtO)(MeCH(OH)Ph)] (32). The catalyst is regenerated by release of 1‐phenylethanol, followed by dihydrogen coordination and proton transfer to the coordinated ethoxide ligand.
Coordination Studies on Supramolecular Chiral Ligands and Application in Asymmetric Hydroformylation
Authors: Bellini Rosalba , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: April 2012

In this study we introduce a series of monodentate pyridine‐based ligands for which the phosphorus coordination mode to rhodium can be controlled by the binding of ZnII‐templates to the pyridyl group. A series of monodentate phosphoroamidite and phosphite ligands have been prepared and studied under hydroformylation conditions by in situ high‐pressure NMR and IR techniques. These studies reveal the exclusive formation of rhodium hydride complexes in which the phosphorus atom of the ligand resides in an axial position, trans to the hydride, but only after addition of ZnII‐template. In the absence of these templates the usual mono‐coordinated rhodium hydrido complexes are formed, with the phosphorus ligated in the equatorial plane, cis to the hydride. The catalytic performance of these complexes is evaluated in asymmetric hydroformylation of unfunctionalised internal alkenes in which the supramolecular change is reflected in higher activity and selectivity.
Ultrafine and Fine Particles in the Atmosphere – Sampling, Chemical Characterization and Sources
Authors: Müller Konrad , Spindler Gerald , van Pinxteren Dominik , Gnauk Thomas , Iinuma Yoshiteru , Brüggemann Erika , Herrmann Hartmut
Published: April 2012

Atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFP) are high in number but low in mass. Because of the ability to reach deeply into the lungs UFP can influence human health. Chemical analysis of UFP is to some extent possible after sampling by means of low pressure impactors. Main component classes of compounds in UFP are organic and elemental carbon and the water soluble ions ammonium, sulfate and nitrate. Single organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic compounds, alkanes or levoglucosan can also be measured. Primary emissions of traffic and stationary combustion processes are one and secondary formation in the atmosphere from gaseous precursors is another major source. Organic matter and elemental carbon contribute up to 75 % to the mass of UFP. Parallel sampling at three locations, influenced by different emissions, helped to identify sources of particles.
Efficient Engineering by Modularization into Package Units
Authors: Rottke Johannes , Grote Florian , Fröhlich Holger , Köster Dirk , Strube Jochen
Published: April 2012

The development of efficient engineering methods is an objective of many current research activities. One of the main areas of focus in this context is modularization and standardization in order to reduce project execution time. The intellectual key issue of this approach is the definition of modules that can be reused in a multitude of plant designs, thereby gaining efficiency in comparison to individually created designs. The paper describes an approach to configure any plant design for vendor offers based on customer requests concerning varying capacities, product specifications, plant locations and individual modifications. The novel idea is to assemble a set of tools that allows for a direct connection of 3D plant layouts and the corresponding cost calculations. Ultimately, it is aiming to be able to calculate the equipment size by using a process simulation tool in accordance with defined capacities and the local boundaries of the construction site. As a first proof of principle for the concept HPLC technical plants in a scale of 150 to 1000 mm ID are presented and discussed.
CuO/ZnO Nanocomposite Gas Sensors Developed by a Plasma‐Assisted Route
Authors: Simon Quentin , Barreca Davide , Gasparotto Alberto , Maccato Chiara , Tondello Eugenio , Sada Cinzia , Comini Elisabetta , Sberveglieri Giorgio , Banerjee Manish , Xu Ke , Devi Anjana , Fischer Roland A.
Published: April 2012

CuO/ZnO nanocomposites were synthesized on Al2O3 substrates by a hybrid plasma‐assisted approach, combining the initial growth of ZnO columnar arrays by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE‐CVD) and subsequent radio frequency (RF) sputtering of copper, followed by final annealing in air. Chemical, morphological, and structural analyses revealed the formation of high‐purity nanosystems, characterized by a controllable dispersion of CuO particles into ZnO matrices. The high surface‐to‐volume ratio of the obtained materials, along with intimate CuO/ZnO intermixing, resulted in the efficient detection of various oxidizing and reducing gases (such as O3, CH3CH2OH, and H2). The obtained data are critically discussed and interrelated with the chemical and physical properties of the nanocomposites.
Photoanodes Based on Nanostructured WO3 for Water Splitting
Authors: Tacca Alessandra , Meda Laura , Marra Gianluigi , Savoini Alberto , Caramori Stefano , Cristino Vito , Bignozzi Carlo Alberto , Pedro Victoria Gonzalez , Boix Pablo P. , Gimenez Sixto , Bisquert Juan
Published: April 2012

Anodically grown WO3 photoelectrodes prepared in an N‐methylformamide (NMF) electrolyte have been investigated with the aim of exploring the effects induced by anodization time and water concentration in the electrochemical bath on the properties of the resulting photoanodes. An n‐type WO3 semiconductor is one of the most promising photoanodes for hydrogen production from water splitting and the electrochemical anodization of tungsten allows very good photoelectrodes, which are characterized by a low charge‐transfer resistance and an increased spectral response in the visible region, to be obtained. These photoanodes were investigated by a combination of steady state and transient photoelectrochemical techniques and a correlation between photocurrent produced, morphology, and charge transport has been evaluated.
The Yale‐Brown‐Cornell eating disorders scale self‐report questionnaire: A new, efficient tool for clinicians and researchers
Authors: Bellace Dara L. , Tesser Rebecca , Berthod Samantha , Wisotzke Kimberly , Crosby Ross D. , Crow Scott J. , Engel Scott G. , Le Grange Daniel , Mitchell James E. , Peterson Carol B. , Simonich Heather K. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Halmi Katherine A.
Published: April 2012

Objective:

The YBC‐EDS is a semistructured interview assessing core preoccupations and rituals related to eating disorders.

Method:

We developed and conducted an examination of the reliability and validity of a self‐report questionnaire (SRQ) version of the YBC‐EDS. Convergent validity of YBC‐EDS‐SRQ with the YBC‐EDS was examined for 112 eating disordered patients.

Results:

All subscales and total scores were significantly intercorrelated. Thirty‐one additional patients completed YBC‐EDS‐SRQ at admission and again 1 week later. All correlations revealed significant test–retest reliability. Discriminant validity of the SRQ was evaluated for a smaller subset of participants who completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). There were no significant correlations between various symptom dimensions of the YBC‐EDS‐SRQ and the BDI and STAI.

Discussion:

Taken together, these findings indicate that the self‐report form of the YBC‐EDS is both valid and reliable. The SRQ can serve as a useful and efficient assessment of eating disorder patients for clinicians and researchers. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012;45:856–860)
Binge eating during pregnancy and birth outcomes: A cohort study in a disadvantaged population in Brazil
Authors: Nunes Maria Angélica Antunes , Pinheiro Andrea Poyastro , Camey Suzi Alves , Schmidt Maria Ines
Published: April 2012

Objective:

To assess the impact of binge eating behavior (BE) during pregnancy on birth outcomes among 697 Brazilian women who attended primary care.

Method:

Pregnant women answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, obstetric history, and The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q). Perinatal outcomes were obtained from birth records. Birth weight, prematurity, caesarean delivery, being small or large for gestational age were compared among women reporting BE (N = 119) and those without BE (N = 578). Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between BE during pregnancy and birth outcomes.

Results:

BE during pregnancy was not significantly associated with the birth outcomes analyzed. Gestational weight gain was significantly higher among those who reported BE.

Discussion:

Binge eating behavior during pregnancy may not influence birth outcomes as binge eating disorder does but affects gestational weight gain. Women reporting binge eating during pregnancy should undergo a diagnostic assessment for eating disorders. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012;45:827–831)
Modulation of PKC‐α promotes lineage reprogramming of committed B lymphocytes
Authors: Nakagawa Rinako , Vukovic Milica , Cosimo Emilio , Michie Alison M.
Published: April 2012

During hematopoietic lineage development, hematopoietic stem cells sequentially commit toward myeloid or lymphoid lineages in a tightly regulated manner, which under normal circumstances is irreversible. However, studies have established that targeted deletion of the B‐lineage specific transcription factor, paired box gene 5 (Pax5), enables B cells to differentiate toward other hematopoietic lineages, in addition to generating progenitor B‐cell lymphomas. Our previous studies showed that subversion of protein kinase C (PKC)‐α in developing B cells transformed B‐lineage cells. Here, we demonstrate that PKC‐α modulation in committed CD19+ B lymphocytes also promoted lineage conversion toward myeloid, NK‐, and T‐cell lineages upon Notch ligation. This occurred via a reduction in Pax5 expression resulting from a downregulation of E47, a product of the E2A gene. T‐cell lineage commitment was indicated by the expression of T‐cell associated genes Ptcra, Cd3e, and gene rearrangement at the Tcrb gene locus. Importantly, the lineage‐converted T cells carried Igh gene rearrangements reminiscent of their B‐cell origin. Our findings suggest that modulation of PKC‐α induces hematopoietic‐lineage plasticity in committed B‐lineage cells by perturbing expression of critical B‐lineage transcription factors, and deregulation of PKC‐α activity/expression represents a potential mechanism for lineage trans‐differentiation during malignancies.