bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIREITOS SOCIAIS E PATERNALISMO NO CONTEXTO DO ESTADO SOCIAL
Authors: Maliska Marcos Augusto , Carvalho Fabrício
Published: April 2019

O presente trabalho trata das relações entre paternalismo e direitos sociais. O princípio social, adotado pelo Estado sobretudo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, ampliou significativamente o campo de atuação estatal, abrindo um maior caminho para as críticas antipaternalistas. A principal crítica ao paternalismo diz respeito à restrição que ele impõe à autonomia da pessoa – autonomia como capacidade de escolha. Por seu turno, o Estado Social assumiu como tarefas, entre outras, a garantia dos direitos sociais e a uniformização das condições de vida social, que implicam maior intervenção estatal. Assim, o presente artigo procurou afirmar a necessidade de se adequar a crítica antipaternalista às tarefas do Estado Social, bem como demonstrar que, embora nem toda ação paternalista seja justificável, algumas ações paternalistas podem se justificar pelo consentimento – expresso ou hipotético – da pessoa à qual se dispensa um tratamento paternalista. Conclui-se, ao final, que o Estado Social tem a difícil tarefa de intervir na sociedade para promover os direitos sociais – e os direitos fundamentais como um todo –, ao mesmo tempo em que precisa respeitar, na maior medida possível, o direito à autonomia dos indivíduos.
PLANEAMENTO URBANÍSTICO MUNICIPAL, FLEXIBILIDADE E OPORTUNIDADES: UMA PERSPECTIVA JURÍDICA
Authors: Oliveira Fernanda Paula
Published: April 2019

Uma das questões mais prementes que se colocam ao planeamento urbanístico atual é a de saber qual o nível de densidade e de flexibilidade de que podem gozar os planos municipais na regulação da ocupação do território. Questiona-se, assim, se o plano deve regular a ocupação do território até ao mais ínfimo pormenor, cabendo à gestão urbanística a mera aplicação das suas regras às situações concretas, ou se ele deve definir apenas o essencial dessa ocupação, remetendo para a gestão urbanística uma concretização criadora das suas normas, dentro do quadro geral nele definido. A tendência atual tem sido a de privilegiar a flexibilidade em detrimento da rigidez normativa dos “tradicionais” planos urbanísticos, analisando-se, neste texto, os modelos e as técnicas que podem ser utilizados para o efeito.
A LIMITAÇÃO QUANTITATIVA DOS CRÉDITOS TRABALHISTAS NA LEI DE FALÊNCIAS SOB A PERSPECTIVA DA ANÁLISE ECONÔMICA DO DIREITO
Authors: Alves Giovani Ribeiro Rodrigues , Poletto Matheus Filipe
Published: April 2019

O presente artigo busca explicar porque a limitação por valores na classificação dos créditos trabalhistas na falência é uma boa medida para o mercado e para a sociedade. A partir do método de resolução de antinomias reais sob a ótica da Análise Econômica do Direito, buscam-se aquilatar as consequências que determinada decisão irá impor à sociedade, bem como suas externalidades e a eficiência, baseados na polêmica da limitação à preferência dos créditos laborais na falência da empresa. Metodologicamente o artigo se valeu de pesquisa bibliográfica e da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Concluiu-se que, à luz da Análise Econômica do Direito, a limitação aos créditos trabalhistas na Lei de Falências deve ser respeitada, sob pena de desvirtuamento de todo o sistema.
AS ATRIBUIÇÕES DO CONSELHO TUTELAR NA PERSPECTIVA DA ALIENAÇÃO PARENTAL
Authors: Souza Ismael Francisco de , Borges Fabiana Koinaski
Published: April 2019

O presente artigo busca analisar as atribuições do Conselho Tutelar nos casos de ocorrência de alienação parental, em detrimento do desenvolvimento saudável da criança e do adolescente e em desacordo com a teoria da proteção integral. Pelo método dedutivo, técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, e metodologia dedutiva almeja-se esclarecer as atribuições do Conselho Tutelar e quais procedimentos deverão ser adotados na hipótese de alienação parental, a fim de evitar maiores prejuízos de afetividade e desenvolvimento da criança e do adolescente e para preservar os direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes. Foram utilizados livros de doutrinadores jurídicos e aplicadores do Direito e do Serviço Social, bem como entendimentos jurisprudenciais, a título exemplificativo, sobre o tema.
PRINCÍPIO DA DIGNIDADE DA PESSOA HUMANA E SUA EFETIVAÇÃO POR MEIO DO DIREITO À EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: Nalini José Renato , Torres Arthur José Pavan
Published: April 2019

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão acerca da efetivação da dignidade da pessoa humana por meio do direito à educação. A abordagem aqui proposta adota o método dedutivo. O trabalho desdobra-se em quatro partes. Na primeira, serão analisados os direitos fundamentais a partir de um breve relato histórico investigando sua origem e seu desenvolvimento diante da evolução da sociedade chegando à ideia de dignidade da pessoa humana; na segunda, será analisado o princípio da dignidade humana em seu conteúdo e sua aparição no direito brasileiro, como princípio matriz do sistema de direitos e garantias fundamentais. Em seguida, é feita a análise do quanto o direito à educação tem interferência direta no desenvolvimento da dignidade da pessoa humana, e, por fim, como os órgãos públicos da educação têm promovido ações de proteção à dignidade humana.
A percepção pública sobre a política externa russa nos anos 2000: a atuação de Moscou no espaço pós-soviético e além segundo o olhar dos russos
Authors: Bezerra Valdir da Silva
Published: April 2019

O presente artigo visa discutir a repercussão dos principais eventos envolvendo a Federação Russa no plano internacional durante os anos 2000 do ponto de vista da opinião pública. Objetiva-se analisar de que maneira a população russa interpretou - e reagiu – a três situações emblemáticas da política externa russa sob o governo Putin, a saber, a Guerra Russo-Georgiana de 2008 (quando o mesmo era Primeiro-Ministro), a anexação da Criméia à Rússia em 2014 e a intervenção da força área russa durante o conflito na Síria em 2015. Para tal, serão utilizados dados extraídos de pesquisas de opinião pública elaboradas pelo Instituto Levada (de Moscou), coletados a partir dos anos 2000. Como conclusão, será realizada uma análise geral da posição russa quanto aos eventos em questão, identificando os efeitos que tais ações de política externa tiveram sobre a opinião pública nos anos seguintes, bem como suas possíveis implicações para a sociedade e governo.
DISCRETE MELLIN CONVOLUTION WITH DILATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Authors: Plaschinsky Pavel V.
Published: April 2019

The analysis of the discrete Mellin convolution is given. A generalization of rezults from [4,5] is presented. Some applications illustrate the efficiency of proposed methods.
Freshwater mollusks from Neogene-Quaternary Dniester and Prut riverine deposits as indicator paleoenvironments: chemical composition of shells and its palaeoecological interpretation
Authors: Lyubas AA , Kabakov MB , Kriauciunas VV , Obada TF , Nicoara IN , Tomilova AA
Published: April 2019

The respective environments in two ancient rivers were studied using geochemical methods with paleogeographic reconstructions of fossil material represented by shells of freshwater bivalve mollusks. The studied outcrops are located in the basins of the Dniester and Prut rivers. Materials were collected from two Pliocene (Brînza, Giurgiuleşti) outcrops and the ages of the second group of localities (Sucleia, Slobozia Mare, Gura Bîcului) are from Middle to Late Pleistocene. The determination of the taxonomic position was carried out using standard malacological methods. Geochemical data were used for the environmental reconstruction and included stable isotope ratio and trace element compositions in subfossil freshwater bivalve shell (Bivalvia: Unionoida). Key indicators of paleoenvironments show changes in water temperature. Changes in the taxonomic composition of bivalve mollusk assemblages also occurred. In the present study, increasing the water temperature caused a change of stenobiont species of bivalve mollusks to eurybiont species. Eutrophication of watercourses, caused by anthropogenic pollution and climate change in the direction of warming, has led to the replacement of pearl mussels of the family Margaritiferidae by more eurybiont species of the family Unionidae in the benthic communities of European oligotrophic rivers. These processes are similar to those deduced for the Neogene-Quaternary watercourses of the Prut and Dniester basins, but they proceed at a much faster pace. They are processes of eutrophication of watercourses – the main factor leading to the catastrophically rapid modern reduction of the ranges of pearl mussel.
Medium- and large-sized mammals in forest remnants of the southern Cerrado: diversity and ecology
Authors: Oliveira Roniel Freitas , Ribeiro de Morais Alessandro , Terribile Levi Carina
Published: April 2019

Here we present a complete data set on the richness of medium- and large- sized mammals from a fragmented area of the southern Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). We described the frequency, occurrence status and activity period of the most common species. In each remnant, the community of medium- and large-sized mammals was inventoried across the following methods: tracks/prints, vocalizations, sightings, burrows, and camera trap images between August 2016 and January 2017. We recorded 23 species of medium- and large-sized mammals, of which seven are threatened. The study area presented a great potential, where we recorded 45.1% of all medium- and large-sized mammal species occurring in the Cerrado. Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Dasypus novemcinctus, Tapirus terrestris, Cerdocyon thous and Cuniculus paca were classified as common, which was expected since they have large habitat range, and therefore, can be recorded more frequently. Species with large body size, such as T. terrestris, M. tridactyla and C. thous, were also the ones with the greatest variation in time period of activity, occurring both in nocturnal and diurnal time periods. Therefore, our study underscores that this transition area, although fragmented, still maintains an expressive fauna of medium- and large-sized mammals, including endangered species.
Authors: Albero-Andrés Magdalena
Published: April 2019

A pesar de contar ya en el panorama mundial con numerosos estudios e investigaciones sobre la violencia en televisión, sin embargo pocos analizan cómo los niño interaccionan con los contenidos televisivos, cómo sus interpretaciones cambian con la edad, el sexo y otras variables, cuáles son los intereses reales de los niños en el visionado televisivo, así como saber cuál es el papel que juega la televisión en el desarrollo cognitivo de la infancia y adolescencia. La autora de este trabajo nos ofrece los resultados de una rigurosa y completa investigación que nos descubre algunas pistas para ir conociendo estos apasionantes e irresueltos interrogantes.
Derechos Humanos y medios de comunicación
Authors: Tuvilla-Rayo José
Published: April 2019

El autor describe la estrecha relación existente entre Derechos Humanos y medios de comunicación en el sistema de Naciones Unidas, tanto en el ámbito jurídico como en el plano educativo. Esta descripción sirve para reflexionar sobre el papel de los medios de comunicación en el fomento de la paz y la comprensión internacional; así como para presentar, a grandes rasgos, algunos de los desafíos actuales para el ejercicio de los Derechos Humanos en un contexto internacional de mundialización económica.
Authors: Etxeberría-Balerdi Félix
Published: April 2019

Con el tema de los videojuegos, existe una gran preocupación entre los educadores, investigadores, psicólogos, sociólogos, padres y otros profesionales respecto de una posible influencia nociva en el desarrollo de los niños y adolescentes. Tras analizar más de 260 trabajos relacionados con el tema, se concluye que los videojuegos tienen no sólo efectos negativos, como el desarrollo de comportamientos violentos, agresivos y sexistas, sino también otros relacionados con la sociabilidad y el aprendizaje de diversas habilidades. En resumen, el mercado del videojuego plantea problemas en el terreno educativo, pero sus posibilidades educativas y reeducadoras son dignas de tener en cuenta.
Authors: Gila-Ordóñez Juana María , Guil-Bozal Ana
Published: April 2019

Las autoras parten del «conflicto» entre los dos sexos, generados por unas leyes que hoy en día conceden la igualdad teórica a la mujer y una interiorización de los estereotipos genéricos que permanecen en absoluta contradicción con esta supuesta igualdad. Se plantea entonces el enorme poder de los medios de comunicación para crear y/o afianzar estos estereotipos convirtiéndolos en modelos a seguir por los hombres y las mujeres de todo el mundo. A las autoras les preocupa sobre todo la influencia del cine americano en nuestra cultura y proponen intervenir en el aula para discernir esta influencia y protegerse de ella.
Authors: Mendé-Alvarado María Belén , Smith-Pussetto Cintia
Published: April 2019

La comunicación política es un proceso indispensable para el espacio político contemporáneo; permite la confrontación de los discursos políticos y constituye la condición de funcionamiento de la democracia masiva. A partir de este esquema, las autoras de este trabajo analizan el comportamiento de la opinión pública, los medios de comunicación y el Gobierno, en el marco de los estadios de la institución estatal: Estado liberal, de bienestar y sus transformaciones de fines del siglo XX.
Educación mediática y aprendizaje significativo: una relación beneficiosa
Authors: Aranda-Juárez Daniel
Published: April 2019

This article is a reflection on the symbolic relationship between media education and educational reform. We must discover how students create meaning from multiple forms of experience to arrive at significant knowledge. Because this reason, pop culture –mass culture– has to be introduce in schools not as an enemy subject but as a representative way of thinking.

La cultura popular, aquélla que dicen de masas, debe entrar en las escuelas como representante de una manera de pensar, ver y enfrentarse al mundo a partir de la cual construir nuevos conocimientos. El aprendizaje significativo necesita del reconocimiento de la cultura de las mayorías como verdadera cultura y, de esta manera, enfrentarse al estudio y enseñanza de la televisión fuera de las meras propuestas vacunadoras o tecnológicas.
Learning skills with videogames
Authors: Alfageme-González María Begoña , Sánchez-Rodríguez Pedro A.
Published: April 2019

Nowadays, it is necessary to learn new skills and to work with the telematic network. We can learn some of these skills through the videogames, in fact we think that the teacher must study and use them. The authors defend the idea that it may be advisable

En nuestros días cada vez se hace más necesario aprender nuevas habilidades y poder trabajar con las redes telemáticas. Algunas de estas habilidades se pueden aprender con los videojuegos y por ello deben ser estudiadas y utilizadas por parte de los docentes. Los autores defienden la idea de que puede ser conveniente estudiar las características de los videojuegos antes de criticar sus efectos, ya que no se debe olvidar que pueden ser una herramienta privilegiada para introducirla en la nueva y apasionante telemática.
Emotional education and mass media
Authors: Bisquerra-Alzina Rafael , Filella-Guiu Gemma
Published: April 2019

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationships between emotional education and the media from two different points of view. On the one hand, the emotional dimension of the media and their implication in education. On the other hand, the media as a

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre el binomio «educación emocional y medios de comunicación» desde dos puntos de vista. Por un lado, la dimensión emocional de los medios de comunicación y su implicación en la acción educativa y, por otro, los medios de comunicación como transmisores de educación emocional. Los autores finalizan presentando un conjunto de programas de educación emocional.
The meaning of a look
Authors: Cruz-Díaz María-del-Rocío
Published: April 2019

This paper tries to approach non-verbal communication through eyes as a code in social and educational contexts, considering that one´s eyes may become a help or an obstacle for personal relationships. One´s eyes, face, expression are pieces of a social g

El reto de acercarse al lenguaje no verbal a través de la mirada como código de comunicación y expresión en contextos sociales y educativos es la pretensión de este trabajo que parte de la hipótesis de que la mirada puede permitir o dificultar las relaciones personales. Los ojos, el rostro, la mímica facial... son piezas de un juego social que se ven condicionadas por el espacio y el tiempo en el que se manifiestan.
On line (de)formation: e-learning disadvantages
Authors: Ralón Laureano , Vieta Marcelo , Vásquez-de-Prada María Lucía
Published: April 2019

Present-day world organizes itself in according to rules of fitness and uselfulness imposed by world market invisible hands. Therefore, virtuality will be ever present in free time activities, work, learning and other contexts. This advance towards virtua

En la medida en que la «aldea global» continúe organizándose de acuerdo a los principios de eficiencia y practicalidad dictados por la mano invisible del mercado, el cambio hacia lo virtual será progresivo y cada vez más presente en el ocio, el trabajo, la educación y en otros muchos entornos. Esta tendencia, iniciada con la llegada de Internet, fue recibida con aplausos en el nombre del progreso, pero poco se ha dicho de sus desventajas. Este trabajo examina las desventajas del formato on-line en el campo de la educación en general, y al ámbito universitario en particular.
Spectators, the XXI student
Authors: Funes Virginia-Silvina
Published: April 2019

Nowadays, teachers often face apathethic and demotivated pupils. Nevertheless, these students do not show either apathy or demotivation when they stop being students and become spectators: of television, of cinema, of new technologies, of PC displays. If in the 19th century we had citizens and in the 20th century we had speakers, in 21th century we have the figure of the spectator, whose main social experience is the multiplicity of connections with the flow of information. If school was created to learn reading and writing, what do we have to learn watching? It seems that the media youngsters should teach us the way to.

Cotidianamente los profesores de los centros educativos se enfrentan con un alumnado apático y desmotivado. Sin embargo, ni apatía ni desmotivación es lo que demuestran cuando dejan de ser alumnos y se convierten en espectadores de televisión, de cine, de las tecnologías, de las pantallas del PC. Si en el siglo XIX tenemos al ciudadano, y en el XX tenemos al parlante, en el siglo XXI tenemos la figura del espectador, cuya experiencia social fundamental es la experiencia de la multiplicidad de conexiones con el flujo de la información. Si para aprender a leer y a escribir inventamos la escuela, ¿qué dispositivos tenemos para aprender a mirar? Parece que tenemos que aprender nosotros de los jóvenes mediáticos.
Childhood image: iconographyc aspects
Authors: Ramírez-Alvarado María-del-Mar
Published: April 2019

This paper analyses the evolution of childhood image throughout History from the most ancient times, when realistic representation of specific infant features is practically non existent in –or irrelevant to- many cultures. Children´s image, with all its specific characteristics according to each historical period, turns into a major theme in a whole body of religious and secular iconography which grants them a leading role.

Este trabajo analiza la evolución de la imagen de la infancia a lo largo de la historia, desde de la más lejana antigüedad, donde la representación realista de rasgos específicos de la infancia es prácticamente inexistente o carecía de interés en las más variadas culturas. Con el paso del tiempo, la imagen de niños y niñas, con sus características específicas dependiendo del momento histórico, comienza a ser un motivo importante de toda una iconografía religiosa y laica que les convierte en protagonistas.
Archetype and reality on TV: Quality, formats and representation
Authors: Pindado-Pindado Julián
Published: April 2019

This article arises from some conclusions of the «Wise´s Report » and examines the difficulties to obtain a quality TV at the moment. Data demonstrate that the audiences consume a lot of popular entertainment This fact proves that the way towards a quality TV is very difficult, after years of television channels modelling the audience´s tastes. It is necessary to start from the TV current reality to obtain a formative and cultural TV that includes the experience of «telephiles» generations. If these generations prefer entertainment formats, these formats must be used for an education in values.

El «Informe de los sabios» constituye el punto de partida de este artículo en el que se examina la dificultad que entraña conseguir una televisión de calidad en el momento presente. Los datos demuestran que la audiencia es una gran consumidora de entretenimiento popular, lo que dificulta el camino hacia una televisión de calidad tras años de modelación de gustos por parte de los operadores televisivos. Ello plantea la necesidad de partir de la realidad televisiva actual para conseguir unos mínimos de televisión formativa y cultural que tengan en cuenta la experiencia de las generaciones «teléfilas». Si estas generaciones prefieren formatos de entretenimiento, éstos deben aprovecharse para una educación en valores referidos a la representación del otro.
The future of the digital society and values in media education
Authors: Pérez-Tornero José-Manuel
Published: April 2019

As the present world increase its complexity and speed in a society filled with information, it seems necessary to imagine the future. And media education must be included in this reflection because it is important to understand that complexity and that speed at the present as well as in the future, especially if we really want to rule our lives. This is the aim of this paper: to know the two basic pillars of audiovisual communication: digital television and the Internet, trying to deduce the values involved in this process in order to use some of them as a reference to renew the media education.

Cuando los procesos se aceleran del modo que lo hacen en una sociedad plena de información circulante a la velocidad de la luz –como es la sociedad digital–, imaginar el futuro se hace imprescindible. Y a esa necesidad no puede escapar la educación en medios, que, en la medida en que depende de ello, tiene que intentar comprender el aceleradísimo desarrollo mediático del presente y del inmediato futuro, sobre todo, si quiere, aunque sea mínimamente, gobernar su propio presente. A esta tarea arriesgada de imaginación dedicaremos los renglones que siguen. Nos ocuparemos de conocer lo que significa la construcción de la sociedad digital –centrada, sobre todo, en la puesta en marcha de una red universal de comunicación audiovisual que tiene dos pilares la televisión digital e Internet–. Y, posteriormente, de deducir algunos de los valores que están en juego en la construcción de este tipo de sociedad, algunos de los cuales pueden servir de valores de referencia para la renovación de la educación en medios.
The competition as quality gender on Spanish television
Authors: Guerrero-Pérez Enrique
Published: April 2019

Television is entertainment. Nowadays the TV show business is identified to the concept of «trash television» to a greater extent. Nevertheless to entertain offering quality programmes is as respectable and necessary as to inform or educate. Among the immense miscellanea of entertainment genres, subgenres and formats, the game show stands out because of its noble spreading of values as the desire of being better and the stimulate of empathy and knowlodge. In spite of being in television since its birth, the game show has never disappeared of the schedule. The reason of this success is based on its structure and scheduling flexibility, its wide margins of profitability and on its capacity for involving to the audience in the programme itself. In Spain, the game show is one of the most frequent genres –since 1996, Spanish TV production companies have produced an average of more than 32 games each season, a number only overwhelmed by the local fiction (sitcoms and TV movies) - and its presence in the most watched programme ranking is constant in every television season.

La televisión es fundamentalmente entretenimiento. Hoy día, el espectáculo televisivo se identifica en gran medida con la «telebasura». Sin embargo, entretener con un contenido de calidad debería ser considerada una labor tan respetable y necesaria como la de informar o educar. De entre la inmensa maraña de géneros, subgéneros y formatos de entretenimiento, el concurso destaca por la noble difusión de valores como el afán de superación y el estímulo de la empatía o el conocimiento. A pesar de haber estado presente en la pequeña pantalla desde el nacimiento del medio, nunca ha desaparecido de las parrillas televisivas. La razón del éxito radica en su flexibilidad de estructura y programación, los amplios márgenes de rentabilidad que permite y su capacidad para involucrar a la audiencia en el programa. En España, el concurso es uno de los géneros más producidos –desde 1996, las productoras españolas han producido una media de más de 32 concursos cada temporada, cifra exclusivamente superada por la suma de todos los géneros de ficción- y su presencia en el ranking de los programas más vistos es constante en todas las temporadas televisivas.
State Nursing Licensure Questions About Mental Illness and Compliance With the Americans With Disabilities Act
Authors: Halter Margaret J. , Rolin Donna G. , Adamaszek Mona , Ladenheim Miles C. , Hutchens Bridget Frese
Published: April 2019

The current article describes a review of U.S. states and the District of Columbia boards of nursing pre-licensure applications, which were collected, summarized, and evaluated to assess compliance with the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). Less than one half (
n
= 21) of RN licensing boards do not ask questions about mental illness on pre-licensure applications. Of the 30 boards that ask questions about mental illness, eight focus on current disability, which is legal under the ADA. The remaining 22 boards ask non-ADA–compliant questions by targeting specific diagnoses, focusing on historical data in the absence of current impairment, and/or requiring a prediction of future impairment. Nursing boards are urged to join colleagues in law, psychology, and medicine in using ADA–acceptable applications by eliminating mental health questions or limiting them to current impairment queries. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57
(8), 17–22.]
Comparison of Zernike and Fourier Wavefront Reconstruction Algorithms in Representing Corneal Aberration of Normal and Abnormal Eyes
Authors: Yoon Geunyoung , Pantanelli Seth , MacRae Scott
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To investigate the accuracy of Zernike and Fourier reconstruction algorithms in describing simulated wavefront data from corneal topography of normal and abnormal eyes.

Methods

Corneal topography (Orbscan IIz) was collected on 87 normal, 27 keratoconus, 9 penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), and 20 postoperative LASIK symptomatic eyes over a 6-mm pupil. Raw data from slit images were converted into elevation maps, which were then resampled at resolutions of 100, 300, and 500 µm. Differences in elevation between adjacent pixels were used to generate simulated wavefront slope data. Both conventional Zernike and iterative Fourier algorithms were used to reconstruct the elevation map from the same slope information. The difference between the reconstructed and original maps was used to evaluate reconstruction performance, quantified by the residual root-meansquare (RMS) error.

Results

When using the Zernike-based method, residual RMS error decreased substantially as the number of modes used in the reconstruction increased up to approximately the 10th order. Both Zernike and Fourier algorithms performed best when reconstructing simulated wavefronts from normal eyes and worst with PKP eyes. Using a large number of Zernike modes to reconstruct simulated wavefronts of low spatial resolution lead to inaccurate reconstructions. The Fourier method had better reconstruction reliability in the center of the pupil than peripherally. Only 2nd through 5th order Zernike modes were required to produce less residual RMS error than the Fourier method.

Conclusions

For all conditions tested, the Zernike method outperformed the Fourier method when representing simulated wavefront data from topography maps. Even 2nd through 5th order Zernike polynomials were enough to outperform the Fourier method in all populations. Up to 9th order Zernike modes may be required to accurately describe the simulated wavefronts in some abnormal eyes. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:582–590.]
Comparability and Intra-/Interobserver Reliability of Anterior Chamber Depth Measurements With the Pentacam and IOLMaster
Authors: Savant Vijay , Chavan Randhir , Pushpoth Sreekumari , Ilango B.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To assess the comparability and intra-/interobsever reliability of central anterior chamber depth measurements obtained using the Pentacam and IOLMaster.

Methods

Anterior chamber depth was measured in 50 eyes (25 healthy volunteers)—three times on each eye by two independent observers with each method. A total of 12 measurements were performed on each eye. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Mean values, standard deviations, and confidence limits (95% confidence interval) of the two modalities, two observers, and every observer/modality interaction were calculated.

Results

The mean anterior chamber depth values were 3.23±0.031 mm for the IOLMaster and 3.21±0.033 mm for the Pentacam. No statistically significant difference was noted in measurements between the two modalities (
P
=.291) or between the two observers (
P
=.903). Observer/modality interaction was not significant (
P
=.643). The confidence limits for observer 1 were 3.223±0.03 mm and 3.226±0.03 mm for observer 2. The confidence limits were: observer 1/IOLMaster, 3.23±0.04 mm; observer 2/IOLMaster, 3.24±0.04 mm; observer 1/Pentacam, 3.21±0.04 mm; and observer 2/Pentacam, 3.20±0.04 mm. The differences in measurements ranged from −0.14 to +0.10 mm for the IOLMaster and from −0.08 to +0.12 mm for the Pentacam. The worst deviation from the average eye reading of 3.23 mm was only 0.14 (4.3%).

Conclusions

Good agreement exists between anterior chamber depth measurements by the IOLMaster and Pentacam in the assessment of normal eyes, and they offer observer-independent results. Therefore, the modalities are interchangeable. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:615–618.]
Regularity of Human Corneal Flaps Prepared by Femtosecond Laser Technology
Authors: Vossmerbaeumer Urs , Jonas Jost B.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the regularity of intracorneal femtosecond laser incisions for preparation of corneal flaps for LASIK.

Methods

Using a corneal contact lens and a femtosecond laser, superficial corneal flaps of two different thicknesses (140 µm and 260 µm) were created in five human donor eyes. The uniform evenness of the corneal flap thickness was assessed histomorphometrically.

Results

The coefficient of variation was 0.12 for the thin flaps and 0.77 for the thick flaps. Flap thickness did not vary statistically significantly between the peripheral half of the flap diameter (189.9±71.1 µm) and the center of the flap (198.8±80.2 µm). Mean thickness was 133.7±15.33 µm (median 141.1 µm; range: 105 to 151 µm) for the 140-µm intended flaps, and 268.53±20.6 µm (median 269.0 µm; range: 231 to 295 µm) for the 260-µm intended flaps.

Conclusions

Femtosecond laser–prepared corneal LASIK flaps may have acceptable regularity for clinical purposes. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:645–648.]
Photorefractive Keratectomy and Butterfly Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis: A Prospective, Contralateral Study
Authors: Ghanem Vinícius Coral , Kara-José Newton , Ghanem Ramon Coral , Coral Samuel Angelo
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To evaluate results of two surface excimer laser refractive surgery techniques—photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and butterfly laser epithelial keratomileusis (butterfly LASEK).

Methods

A prospective, randomized, double-masked study of 51 patients (102 eyes) who underwent laser refractive surgery. One eye of each patient was randomized to be operated with PRK and the fellow eye with butterfly LASEK. Patients were followed for 1 year.

Results

No significant difference between groups for distance uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) (
P
=.559) was noted. At 1 year, 98% (50 eyes) in the PRK group and 96.1% (49 eyes) in the butterfly LASEK group reached UCVA of 20/20. Predictability, efficacy, safety, and stability were not statistically significant between groups. Safety index was 1.0 for PRK and 0.996 for butterfly LASEK. One eye in the butterfly LASEK group lost one line of best-spectacle corrected visual acuity. At 12 months, 94.1% (48 eyes) and 86.3% (44 eyes) in the PRK and butterfly LASEK groups (
P
=.188), respectively, had a spherical equivalent refraction of ±0.50 diopters. Slight haze was observed in both groups. A statistical difference in haze between the groups was observed only in the first postoperative month, with higher intensity in the butterfly LASEK group (0.18±0.39) compared to the PRK group (0.08±0.21) (
P
=.04).

Conclusions

Butterfly LASEK had similar predictability, efficacy, safety, stability, and haze incidence to PRK for the treatment of low to moderate myopia. However, on the second postoperative day, PRK showed better UCVA than butterfly LASEK. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:671–684.]
Effect of Age on Outcomes in Patients With Keratoconus Treated by Intacs Using a Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Ertan Aylin , Ozkilic Ersel
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To compare the response to Intacs treatment in different age groups of patients with keratoconus.

Methods

One hundred nine eyes with keratoconus treated with Intacs by using femtosecond laser were divided into three groups according to age: group 1, 13 to 19 years old (n=20); group 2, 20 to 35 years old (n=75), and group 3, 35 to 56 years old (n=14). All patients had clear central corneas and were contact lens intolerant. Pre- and postoperative examination data including uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), mean refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), and K-readings were evaluated. Pre- and postoperative corneal topographies were examined. Visual acuities were detected by Snellen chart. Postoperative follow-up was 1 year.

Results

The improvement in UCVA, BSCVA, MRSE, and K-readings postoperatively in each group was statistically significant. The pre- and postoperative differences in UCVA (
P
=.930), BSCVA (
P
=.470), MRSE (
P
=.205), and K-readings (
P
=.545) were similar among groups.

Conclusions

Intacs treatment is safe and effective in all age groups. Therefore, it may be an alternative treatment to penetrating keratoplasty in adolescent patients with keratoconus who are intolerant of contact lenses. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:690–695.]
Influence of Age on Ocular Wavefront Aberration Changes With Accommodation
Authors: Iida Yoshihiko , Shimizu Kimiya , Ito Misae , Suzuki Masanobu
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To perform a quantitative analysis of high order wavefront aberrations of the entire optical system of the eye that accompanies accommodation demands in the healthy and emmetropic eye.

Methods

Fifty-six healthy emmetropic eyes of 30 patients were separated into three groups according to age: group 1, 20 to 29 years; group 2, 30 to 39 years; and group 3, 40 to 49 years. Using iTrace ray-tracing technology, pupil diameter, objective refraction, and wavefront aberrations at accommodation demands of 0 to 4.00 diopters (D) in five 1.00-D increments were determined. In analyzing higher order aberrations in the central 4-mm diameter zone of the pupil, Zernike polynomials were used to study the changes associated with accommodation in the magnitude of total higher order aberrations, third order aberrations (coma-like aberrations), fourth order aberrations (spherical-like aberrations), and the spherical aberration component (

C

4
0

) of the fourth order aberrations.

Results

Pupil diameter decreased significantly (
P
<.05) with accommodation demand in each group. Total higher order aberrations in group 1 increased significantly (
P
<.05). No significant change was seen in third order aberrations in any group, but fourth order aberrations increased significantly (
P
<.05) in group 1. Spherical aberration (

C

4
0

) showed phase shifts from positive to negative in all groups, but the shift in group 3 was minimal, remaining positive even for a 4.00-D accommodation demand.

Conclusions

Among higher order aberrations accompanying accommodation demands, spherical aberration (

C

4
0

) in particular showed characteristic changes; however, these changes showed age-related disparities. The changes were probably due to the effects of reduction in accommodation resulting from age-related changes in the crystalline lens. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:696–701.]
Lack of Progression of Ectasia Seven Years After LASIK in a Highly Myopic Keratoconic Eye
Authors: Jampaulo Mario , Maloney Robert K.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To report a patient with clinically evident keratoconus with a preoperative spherical equivalent refraction of more than −10.00 diopters (D) who underwent successful LASIK with no evidence of progression of ectasia 7 years after surgery.

Methods

Interventional case report.

Results

A patient with clinically evident keratoconus in his left eye underwent bilateral LASIK. Preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) in the left eye was 20/25 with a manifest refraction of −8.50 −3.25 × 126. Seven years later he presented complaining of progressive loss of visual acuity in his left eye. A significant posterior subcapsular and nuclear cataract was present in the left eye. There was no evidence of ectasia on topography. Cataract surgery was performed and BSCVA returned to 20/20.

Conclusions

LASIK can be successful in some eyes with keratoconus, even when deep ablations are performed. It is not appropriate to conclude from this case that LASIK is safe in eyes with keratoconus. This case raises an important question: why do some eyes with normal preoperative topography develop ectasia after LASIK, whereas other eyes with significant keratoconus preoperatively remain stable after LASIK? [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:707–709.]
Immunofluorescence Confocal Microscopy of Porcine Corneas Following Collagen Cross-linking Treatment With Riboflavin and Ultraviolet A
Authors: Bottós Kátia M. , Dreyfuss Juliana L. , Regatieri Caio V.S. , Lima-Filho Acácio A.S. , Schor Paulo , Nader Helena B. , Chamon Wallace
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To assess ultrastructural stromal modifications in porcine corneas after riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure using immunofluorescence confocal imaging.

Methods

Twenty-five freshly enucleated porcine eyes were enrolled in the study. Five eyes served as control (group I). Twenty eyes had their epithelium removed (groups I, II, IV, and V) and five eyes had their epithelium intact (group III). Groups II and III were cross-linked with riboflavin 0.1% solution (10 mg riboflavin-5-phosphate in 10 mL 20% dextran-T-500) and exposed to UVA (365 nm, 3 mW/cm
2
) for 30 minutes. Group IV included five eyes soaked with riboflavin without posterior irradiation, and group V included five eyes irradiated, without previous exposure to riboflavin. Ultra-thin sections (8 µm) of the corneas were stained with anti-collagen I and DAPI and their fluorescence was revealed under confocal microscopy.

Results

Only the cross-linked corneas (group II) showed a pronounced, highly organized anterior fluorescence zone of 182.5±22.5 µm. Using DAPI staining, an anterior and concentrated displacement of cell nuclei due to collagen compaction was observed after cross-linking (group II). No structural changes were observed in all other groups.

Conclusions

The cross-linking treatment effect can be directly visualized using confocal fluorescence imaging, allowing for a quantitative analysis. Cross-linked corneas showed a pronounced and limited anterior zone of organized collagen fibers, which was not observed in the other groups. Treatment of the cornea with riboflavin and UVA without previous deepithelialization did not induce any cross-linking effect. Consequently, to facilitate diffusion of riboflavin throughout the corneal stroma, the epithelium should be removed as an important initial step in the treatment. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:S715–S719.]
Photorefractive Keratectomy Retreatment After LASIK
Authors: Neira-Zalentein Waldir , Moilanen Jukka A.O. , Tuisku Ilpo S. , Holopainen Juha M. , Tervo Timo M.T.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To study the results of late photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in corneas originally subjected to LASIK.

Methods

Seven eyes of seven patients who had LASIK for myopia were retreated with PRK at least 2 years after LASIK. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), refraction, and haze were evaluated before and after LASIK and after retreatment by PRK.

Results

Photorefractive keratectomy retreatment improved BSCVA in six (86%) of seven eyes, and one (14%) eye showed no changes. None of the eyes lost lines of BSCVA. Five of seven eyes developed mild haze, which disappeared before the last postoperative follow-up.

Conclusions

Photorefractive keratectomy retreatment performed at least 2 years after LASIK can improve visual acuity. We hypothesize that LASIK-induced corneal nerve damage disturbs corneal wound healing by increasing the tendency for development of haze. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:710–712.]
Intacs Implantation With Sequential Collagen Cross-linking Treatment in Postoperative LASIK Ectasia
Authors: Kamburoglu Günhal , Ertan Aylin
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To report the postoperative course and refractive results of each eye of a patient with postoperative LASIK ectasia for whom Intacs SK (severe keratoconus, Addition Technology Inc) implantation and collagen cross-linking (CXL) treatments were performed.

Methods

A 27-year-old man with postoperative LASIK ectasia with best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) of 20/60 and 20/80 in the right and left eyes, respectively, was operated for Intacs SK implantation for both eyes. Spherical equivalent refraction and mean keratometric values in the right and left eyes were −14.50 diopters (D) and −10.50 D and 56.20 D and 50.70 D, respectively. Following bilateral Intacs SK implantation, CXL was performed after 1 day in the left eye and 1 month in the right eye.

Results

During follow up, there was an improvement in visual acuity and decrease in manifest refraction and keratometric values in both eyes. A slight regression of these values was noted in the right eye 1 month after Intacs SK implantation, which was reversed by CXL. Eight months postoperatively, BSCVA was 20/25 and 20/25, manifest refractions were −1.50 ×170 and ×1.25 ×50, and mean keratometric values were 47.20 and 44.20 D in the right and left eyes, respectively.

Conclusions

Intacs SK implantation and subsequent CXL may be alternatived in the treatment of postoperative LASIK ectasia. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24: S726–S729.]
Cigarette Smoking is Negatively Associated With Keratoconus
Authors: Spoerl Eberhard , Raiskup-Wolf Frederik , Kuhlisch Eberhard , Pillunat Lutz E.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To investigate a correlation between cigarette smoking and keratoconus.

Methods

Patients with keratoconus who were treated with corneal collagen cross-linking from June 2006 to November 2007 were asked about their smoking habits. A person smoking a minimum of two cigarettes per day for more than 1 year was classified as a smoker.

Results

A total of 180 patients with keratoconus (mean age 28±9 years [range: 15 to 41 years]) were asked about their smoking habits. One hundred seventy-one (95%) were non-smokers and only 9 (5%) were smokers (95% confidence interval, 2.31 to 9.28). Using the chi-square test, a significant correlation was found between non-smokers and keratoconus (
P
<.001).

Conclusions

In this group of patients with keratoconus, few were smokers. Cigarette smoke contains toxic substances. Consequently, people are advised not to smoke. However, we speculate that the by-products of cigarette smoke may lead to cross-linking of collagen, which in the cornea, may prevent the development and progression of keratoconus. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24: S737–S740.]
Conception of a Conversational Interface to Provide a Guided Search of Study Related Data
Authors: Berger Rene , Ebner Markus , Ebner Martin
Published: April 2019

Since the beginning of software development, solution approaches and technolo-gies have changed massively, including the requirements for a user interface. At the very beginning, it was the desktop application, with a classic Graphical User Interface (GUI), which fulfilled the needs of a user. Nowadays, many applica-tions moved to web respectively mobile and the user behavior changed. A very modern concept to handle the communication between a computer and a user is a chatbot. The range of functions of a chatbot can be very simple up to complex ar-tificial intelligence based solutions. This publication focuses on a chatbot solution for Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), which should support the student by finding study related information via a conversational interface.
A System to Measure Physiological Response During Social Interaction in VR for Children With ASD
Authors: Welch Karla Conn , Lahiri Uttama , Warren Zachary E. , Sarkar Nilanjan
Published: April 2019

This chapter presents work aimed at investigating interactions between virtual reality (VR) and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using physiological sensing of affective cues. The research objectives are two-fold: 1) develop VR-based social communication tasks and integrate them into the physiological signal acquisition module to enable the capture of one's physiological responses in a time-synchronized manner during participation in the task and 2) conduct a pilot usability study to evaluate a VR-based social interaction system that induces an affective response in ASD and typically developing (TD) individuals by using a physiology-based approach. Physiological results suggest there is a different physiological response in the body in relation to the reported level of the affective states. The preliminary results from a matched pair of participants could provide valuable information about specific affect-eliciting aspects of social communication, and this feedback could drive individualized interventions that scaffold skills and improve social wellbeing.
Sequential Importance Sampling for Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Yoshida Ruriko , Hara Hisayuki , Saluke Patrick M.
Published: April 2019

Logistic regression is one of the most popular models to classify in data science, and in general, it is easy to use. However, in order to conduct a goodness-of-fit test, we cannot apply asymptotic methods if we have sparse datasets. In the case, we have to conduct an exact conditional inference via a sampler, such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) or Sequential Importance Sampling (SIS). In this chapter, the authors investigate the rejection rate of the SIS procedure on a multiple logistic regression models with categorical covariates. Using tools from algebra, they show that in general SIS can have a very high rejection rate even though we apply Linear Integer Programming (IP) to compute the support of the marginal distribution for each variable. More specifically, the semigroup generated by the columns of the design matrix for a multiple logistic regression has infinitely many “holes.” They end with application of a hybrid scheme of MCMC and SIS to NUN study data on Alzheimer disease study.