bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyrolysis Kinetic Modelling of Wheat Straw from the Pannonian Region
Authors: Pešenjanski Ivan , Miljković Biljana , Vićević Marija
Published: April 2016

The pyrolysis/devolatilization is a basic step of thermochemical processes and requires fundamental characterization. In this paper, the kinetic model of pyrolysis is specified as a one-step global reaction. This type of reaction is used to describe the thermal degradation of wheat straw samples by measuring rates of mass loss of solid matter at a linear increase in temperature. The mentioned experiments were carried out using a derivatograph in an open-air environment. The influence of different factors was investigated, such as particle size, humidity levels, and the heating rate in the kinetics of devolatilization. As the measured values of mass loss and temperature functions transform in Arrhenius coordinates, the results are shown in the form of saddle curves. Such characteristics cannot be approximated with one equation in the form of Arrhenius law. For use in numerical applications, transformed functions can be approximated by linear regression for three separate intervals. Analysis of measurement resulting in granulation and moisture content variations shows that these factors have no significant influence. Tests of heating rate variations confirm the significance of this impact, especially in warmer regions. The influence of this factor should be more precisely investigated as a general variable, which should be the topic of further experiments.
The AIDS House: Orphan Care and the Changing Household in Lesotho
Authors: Block Ellen
Published: April 2016

HIV/AIDS has brought the connections between care and relatedness into sharp relief. In the midst of social change driven largely by the AIDS epidemic, the house has emerged as the most stable element connecting kin in Lesotho. Houses provide spaces that frame human actions, transform relationships, and reflect the social order. The house is a key crossroads for human movement. It is also the site where physical connections, emotional bonds, and feelings of love and affection are nurtured. Most significantly, it is the site where physical acts of caring take place. Based on extensive ethnographic research, I demonstrate that the house is one of the places where the pressures of AIDS-driven change are most felt because of its role in structuring care. AIDS has intensified the importance of the house as caregiving has become a primary means for shaping relatedness.
Introduction
Authors: Hankins Joseph , Yeh Rihan
Published: April 2016

This introductory essay charts the analytic potential of a concept of commensuration that goes beyond issues of metrics per se, but without diffusing itself into a general metaphor for cultural difference. Commensuration, we argue, is not just a basic psychosocial process, but has also emerged, in the context of “globalization” with its multifarious and wide-ranging flows, as an ideological value in its own right. Explicit negotiations of commensuration, then, have become increasingly fraught, increasingly pivotal practices as group boundaries of all sorts—separating ethnic groups, socioeconomic classes, nations, or “civilizations”—are relentlessly re-erected and re-arranged on the miniscule ethnographic scale of everyday engagements with semiotic forms marked as coming from beyond those boundaries. After laying out the nuts and bolts of our approach, we explore commensuration (and introduce the subsequent collection of essays) via three topical foci: commensuration’s role in securing movement as a semiotic effect; how sovereign power authorizes commensuration and thus comes to be at stake in it; and, finally, the destabilizing and yet productive ways in which failure haunts commensurative projects.
Commensuration in a Mexican Border City: Currencies, Consumer Goods, and Languages
Authors: Yeh Rihan
Published: April 2016

In Tijuana, Mexico, across the border from San Diego, California, dollars and pesos, English and Spanish, US and Mexican commodities circulate apace. Moving beyond both the old fascination with transnational flows and the emphasis on enforcement and prohibition in current research on international borders, this article examines the everyday pragmatics involved in engaging these disparate forms. In multiple contexts and for varied reasons, actors draw them together as sets of commensurables, attempting to claim equivalence between two national regimes of value and thus consolidate their own standing with respect to a range of interlocutors. But even as they do so, their forceful assertions of commensurability feather apart in the face of a persistent remainder which they themselves evoke: the excess value that may attach to US forms, a qualitative difference that seems to fly in the face of comparability. As this inequality emerges in moments of circulation (display, exchange, ascription of possession to others, and so on), it disrupts even the most quotidian attempts at arithmetic conversion, literal translation, or the seemingly straightforward practicalities of purchase. Not all, however, are equally positioned to reap the interactive benefits of either commensuration or the sense of disproportion that interrupts it. By tracking how different subjects move between those two possibilities, the article opens a novel perspective on the complex interweaving of social difference across the border and within Mexico.
Hong Kong Junk: Plague and the Economy of Chinese Things
Authors: Peckham Robert
Published: April 2016

summary: Histories of the Third Plague Pandemic, which diffused globally from China in the 1890s, have tended to focus on colonial efforts to regulate the movement of infected populations, on the state’s draconian public health measures, and on the development of novel bacteriological theories of disease causation. In contrast, this article focuses on the plague epidemic in Hong Kong and examines colonial preoccupations with Chinese “things” as sources of likely contagion. In the 1890s, laboratory science invested plague with a new identity as an object to be collected, cultivated, and depicted in journals. At the same time, in the increasingly vociferous anti-opium discourse, opium was conceived as a contagious Chinese commodity: a plague. The article argues that rethinking responses to the plague through the history of material culture can further our understanding of the political consequences of disease’s entanglement with economic and racial categories, while demonstrating the extent to which colonial agents “thought through things.”
Residential Treatment and the Invention of the Emotionally Disturbed Child in Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Doroshow Deborah Blythe
Published: April 2016

summary: In the 1930s, children who were violent, depressed, psychotic, or suicidal would likely have been labeled delinquent and sent to a custodial training school for punitive treatment. But starting in the 1940s, a new group of institutions embarked on a new experiment to salvage and treat severely deviant children. In the process, psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers at these residential treatment centers (RTCs) made visible, and indeed invented, a new patient population. This article uses medical literature, popular media, and archival sources from several RTCs to argue that staff members created what they called the “emotionally disturbed” child. While historians have described the identification of the mildly “troublesome” child in child guidance clinics, I demonstrate how a much more severely ill child was identified and defined in the process of creating residential treatment and child mental health as a professional enterprise.
Balance de cuatro años de reformas en el sistema tributario cubano
Authors: Pérez Saira Pons
Published: April 2016

This article tracks the key aspects of tax reform in Cuba from 2010 to 2014. Some of the topics considered are the impact of reform on national budget and the redistribution of income, the allocation of special treatments and its implications for investment and competition, fiscal decentralization versus real decentralization, and the determinants of tax evasion.
Myth, Martyrdom, and the Many Deaths of José Martí
Authors: López Alfred J.
Published: April 2016

El mito de la muerte heroica de José Martí lleva tanta importancia para su posición de icono nacional cubano que hasta Abel Prieto—ministro de cultura de Cuba—se ha preguntado que nos quedaría del mito de martirio sin él. Pero sería difícil encontrar un evento histórico en la vida de Martí del cual sabemos menos en concreto, o que ha sido expuesto a mas especulación y hasta invención. Quizás el hecho del vacío histórico que envuelve la muerte de Martí ha inclusive habilitado fabricación: contingencia histórica moldeada en mito, endurecido con el tiempo en ortodoxia incuestionable. Este ensayo presenta la muerte de Martí como parte de un proceso discursivo de invención nacional, por el cual acontecimientos son transformados por el acto de narrar en un mito de orígenes. Un paso indispensable para esta naturalización de contingencia en mito manejable es la supresión de elementos que desafían la coherencia interna del mito, lo que amenaza con desatar el imaginario nacional en el momento crucial de la auto-creación. Este trabajo es parte de un proyecto mas amplio, que pretende demistificar a Martí al revelar la maquinaria narrativa que ata su mito al proyecto de construcción nacional.
Remembering Pedro Pan: Childhood and Collective Memory Making in Havana and Miami, 1960–2000
Authors: Bradford Anita Casavantes
Published: April 2016

Por medio de una perspectiva trasnacional este artículo se propone cuestionar las enzarzadas posiciones acerca de la memoria histórica de la infancia cubana en Miami y La Habana después de 1959. En base a historias orales, documentos gubernamentales, cívicos y religiosos, recuerdos personales, filmes, artículos y noticias extraídos de periódicos y revistas, así como otras producciones culturales, la autora pondera, de manera crítica, el contenido y la forma de los relatos acerca de los catorce mil Pedro Panes, ora narrados por algunos Pedro Panes, ora por otras personas, durante los cuarenta años que distan entre la subida al poder de Fidel Castro y el conflicto sobre la custodia del niño balsero Elián González luego de su rescate en la costa de la Florida en 1999. Durante dicho período influyentes constructores de memorias, tanto en Cuba como en la Florida, promovieron diferentes apreciaciones sobre la Operación Pedro Pan, caracterizadas por contrarios “marcos de recuerdos”. El artículo concluye que tal proceso dialéctico de construcción de memoria ha oscurecido las experiencias reales de los niños que llegaron solos a Estados Unidos, a la vez que ha servido para satisfacer las cambiantes posiciones sociales, culturales, sicológicas y políticas tanto de líderes del gobierno cubano como de importantes sectores de la comunidad cubano-americana y sus aliados en Estados Unidos.
Los desafíos de las relaciones económicas externas de Cuba
Authors: Romero G. Antonio F.
Published: April 2016

The outstanding increase in professional services export revenues, plus international tourism income and remittances from abroad, are the most important factors explaining the significant improvements in Cuba’s external account balance since 2009. However, recent years have observed a very low import substitution ratio, the export sector has maintained low linkages with domestic production, and services exports have not been able to generate the multiplier effect on income as the sugar industry and manufacturing did in past years. Tourism revenues have reduced, and the sector is facing some regional competitive problems; at the same time there is an increase in tourism competition in the geographical area. These elements are directly related to the structural limitations of Cuban production, to the landscape of the national economy, and to the concomitant backwardness concerning innovation, productivity, and competitiveness. This article analyzes the external sector of the Cuban economy during recent years, highlighting the required modifications to advance, sustainably, in the rearticulation process of Cuba’s international economic relations.
Historical Reflections on the Post-Soviet Cuban Health-Care System, 1992–2009
Authors: Thomas Joel G.
Published: April 2016

La extensa literatura sobre el sistema de salud cubano ha enfatizado tradicionalmente el vínculo entre los resultados obtenidos por el sistema y la implementación de ciertas estrategias de salud como los policlínicos, el Programa de Medico de la Familia y las campañas de vacunación masiva. Si bien estas estrategias sólo representan una parte de las iniciativas generales implementadas en el país, podría decirse que ellas son un aspecto crítico vinculado a una gama de importantes índices de salud. Este artículo propone analizar el grado en que estas estrategias de salud fueron institucionalizadas en la era pos-soviética y en qué medida éstas correspondían a tendencias positivas en la mejora de la salud. Centrándose en el periodo comprendido entre la depresión económica del Periodo Especial y la crisis domestica de Cuba, este articulo proporciona una revisión histórica de la eficacia de las estrategias de salud implementadas y sugiere que su éxito se explica por seis principios claves fundamentados en la ideologia y la agenda politica de la epoca. Se afirma que más allá del diseño e implementación de un conjunto de estrategias bien pensadas de salud pública; la supervivencia, la adaptabilidad y la resiliencia del sistema de salud cubano durante la era pos-soviética se entienden mejor en el contexto de estas características políticas fundamentales.
“A Difference in Opinion is Inevitable”: Franklin, Hemphill, and Modern Toleration
Authors: Houston Alan
Published: April 2016

This paper examines Benjamin Franklin’s defense of Samuel Hemphill, an Irish Presbyterian minister who was expelled by the Philadelphia Synod in 1735. The Hemphill affair is important because it sits on the cusp of new forms of religious life and new practices of tolerance and intolerance. Though small and local, and fought with familiar weapons, it illuminates something new: a world in which one of the primary sites of toleration is defined by the ways in which a religious community produces and maintains orthodoxy.
Generations of Business Information, 1937–2012: Moving from Data Bits to Intelligence
Authors: Gross Andrew , Solymossy Emeric
Published: April 2016

In this article, we investigate the collection, organization, and dissemination of business information during the past seventy-five years. Transforming millions of “data bits” to intelligence for better decision making remains a challenge. However, we have come a long way since the late 1930s by building databases, connecting nodes and networks, and constantly upgrading the quality of business information. Classification schemes, search techniques, retrieval methods, delivery speed, and storage capacity have all increased exponentially. The key forces contributing to such transformation were public-private cooperation, the dedication of pioneers who “grew the field,” and the entrepreneurial ventures of data consolidators and research agencies. The social, economic, and organizational forces brought about changes that were coupled with the requisite technology; this paved the way for the creation of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and many related features that range from mobile communication to visualization techniques.
Building Cities, Constructing Citizens: Sustainable Rural Cities in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Soto Valente , Banister Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2016

Este artículo examina los cambios en las prácticas socio-espaciales que han resultado de la reubicación de las comunidades campesinas e indígenas a las Ciudades Rurales Sustentables (SRCs) en Chiapas, México. Las SRCs tienen como objetivo reducir la pobreza y desigualdad a través de la construcción de viviendas en un “ambiente semi-urbano” que ofrece servicios básicos y más complejos. Analizamos esta iniciativa como un intento por reconstituir política y materialmente la vida rural en Chiapas con el fin de crear espacios gobernables y ciudadanos sumisos. Desde esta perspectiva, los objetivos del gobierno pueden verse como una estrategia para dictar las prácticas sociales y políticas a través de la construcción del espacio y el control de los medios de producción, lo que resulta en una mayor dependencia que reduce las posibilidades de auto-organización. Sin embargo, este proceso también está siendo disputado, resultando en nuevos patrones de vida semi-urbana que difieren significativamente de la visión oficial.
Latin American Corruption in Geographic Perspective
Authors: Warf Barney , Stewart Sheridan
Published: April 2016

La corrupción, el abuso del cargo público para obtener beneficios privados, es un fenómeno canceroso en América Latina, aunque también varía ampliamente entre los países de la región. Este documento comienza con un breve examen de las causas y consecuencias de la corrupción, incluidos los papeles decisivos de la pobreza, la desigualdad, el analfabetismo, la democracia y los medios de comunicación. A continuación, se profundiza en las raíces históricas de la corrupción en la región, que en algunos casos se extienden a la época colonial. La tercera parte ofrece una serie de viñetas nacional para resaltar la desigualdad espacial de la corrupción. En cuarto lugar, se evalúa la corrupción Latinoamericana utilizando un índice de Transparencia Internacional, mapas, y ofrece algunas correlaciones simples para examinar sus vínculos con el bienestar nacional. La conclusión resume los hallazgos y observa la ineficacia de las campañas de lucha contra la corrupción.
Spatial Patterns of Frontier Settlement: Balancing Conservation and Development
Authors: Simmons Cynthia , Walker Robert , Perz Stephen , Arima Eugenio , Aldrich Stephen , Caldas Marcellus
Published: April 2016

Apesar do recente decréscimo nas taxas de desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira, a região ainda é alvo de grandes investimento em infra-estrutura. Esse artigo aborda o tema do desenvolvimento sustentável combinando discursos sobre o espaço geográfico no planejamento da conservação e sobre ecologia da paisagem. O artigo aborda a fragmentação tipo “espinha-de-peixe”, os processos generativos de desenvolvimento que levam ao surgimento desse padrão na paisagem com ênfase na construção de estradas, e implicações para a conservação da biodiversidade. O artigo constata que a fragmentação espinha-de-peixe possui características desejáveis que podem promover o bem-estar humano e criar um “filtro” de distúrbio sem romper a conectividade entre ecossistemas localizados ao longo da calha principal do Rio Amazonas e aqueles localizados mais ao sul, cumprindo portanto com objetivos de conservação.
Growing syntax: The development of a DP in North Germanic
Authors: Börjars Kersti , Harries Pauline , Vincent Nigel
Published: April 2016

Grammaticalization as standardly conceived is a change whereby an item develops from a lexical to a grammatical or functional meaning, or from being less to more grammatical. In this article we show that this can only be part of the story; for a full account we need to understand the syntactic structures into which grammaticalizing elements fit and how they too develop. To achieve this end we consider in detail the history of definiteness marking within the noun phrase in North Germanic, and in particular in Faroese. We show how this change requires us to distinguish between projecting and nonprojecting categories, and how a category can emerge over time and only subsequently develop into a head with its own associated functional projection. The necessary structure, rather than being intrinsic to an aprioristic universal grammar, grows over time as part of the grammaticalization process. We suggest that this in turn argues for a parallel correspondence theory of grammar such as the one adopted here, lexical-functional grammar , in which different dimensions of linguistic structure can change at different rates.
The role of indirect positive evidence in syntactic acquisition: A look at anaphoric one
Authors: Pearl Lisa S. , Mis Benjamin
Published: April 2016

Language learners are often faced with a scenario where the data allow multiple generalizations, even though only one is actually correct. One promising solution to this problem is that children are equipped with helpful learning strategies that guide the types of generalizations made from the data. Two successful approaches in recent work for identifying these strategies have involved (i) expanding the set of informative data to include indirect positive evidence , and (ii) using observable behavior as a target state for learning. We apply both of these ideas to the case study of English anaphoric one , using computationally modeled learners that assume one ’s antecedent is the same syntactic category as one and form their generalizations based on realistic data. We demonstrate that a learner that is biased to include indirect positive evidence coming from other pronouns in English can generate eighteen-month-old looking-preference behavior. Interestingly, we find that the knowledge state responsible for this target behavior is a context-dependent representation for anaphoric one , rather than the adult representation, but this immature representation can suffice in many communicative contexts involving anaphoric one . More generally, these results suggest that children may be leveraging broader sets of data to make the syntactic generalizations leading to their observed behavior, rather than selectively restricting their input. We additionally discuss the components of the learning strategies capable of producing the observed behavior, including their possible origin and whether they may be useful for making other linguistic generalizations.
Cumulativity and ganging in the tonology of Awa suffixes
Authors: McPherson Laura
Published: April 2016

This article revives old descriptive data on Awa, a Papuan language of the Kainantu group. The tonal system was described in detail in a paper by Loving (1973), where he reports a series of toneless noun suffixes, falling into six classes depending on their tonal alternations when combined with a noun root. This article demonstrates that the suffixes are best understood as carrying lexical tone; the alternations in form arise from the interaction of typologically natural tonotactic constraints. While the system can be described in autosegmental terms without much difficulty, a formal constraint-based analysis is less straightforward. I show that strict ranking, as in optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky 2004 [1993]), fails to capture the data patterns due to cumulativity effects, some of which cannot be naturally captured even with local constraint conjunction (Smolensky 2006). The data are successfully modeled in harmonic grammar (Legendre et al. 1990).
“Under Four Eyes” (Unter Vier Augen): Ford Madox Ford, Propaganda, and the Politics of Translation
Authors: Hayman Emily
Published: April 2016

The phrase “under four eyes” appears twice in the text of Ford Madox Ford’s most influential novel, The Good Soldier , and although it may seem generic enough to be overlooked, this article argues that it is not only integral to the novel’s themes of sight, impression, and privacy, but also, in its translation from the German idiom unter vier Augen , indicative of Ford’s ambivalent, shifting performance of national identity during World War I. This article explores the connections between The Good Soldier and Ford’s engagement with anti-German propaganda and translation, as well as his later amendment of these views in his postwar work, Parade’s End .
The Pathogenesis of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: A Clinical–Phenomenological Account
Authors: Henriksen Mads Gram , Raballo Andrea , Parnas Josef
Published: April 2016

Abstract:
Although hallucinations are among the most studied psychiatric symptoms, their pathogenesis remains largely unknown and their experiential complexities are rarely accounted for. In schizophrenia, auditory verbal hallucinations are by far the most frequently reported type of hallucination. In this study, we explore verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia and we argue that these are best understood not as abnormal perceptions, but as cognitive phenomena arising from a partial dissolution of certain structures of self-consciousness. Consistent with recent empirical and conceptual studies in phenomenological psychiatry, we claim that specific alterations of self-awareness tend to precede the emergence of verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. We illustrate these altered states of self-awareness in three detailed case vignettes of hallucinating schizophrenia spectrum patients. We propose a clinical–phenomenological account of the pathogenesis of verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia, suggesting that pathological changes in the experience of space and morbid objectification of inner speech may lead to crystalized verbal hallucinations.
Nihilism, Modernity and the “Jewish Spirit”: Margarete Susman’s Transvaluation of a Fin-de-Siècle Trope
Authors: Rubin Abraham
Published: April 2016

Margarete Susman’s reflections on that evocative metaphor known as the “Jewish spirit” begin with the disconcerting identification of Jewishness with nihilism and modernity. This troubling association underlies the anti-Jewish tirades of numerous fin-de-siècle thinkers such as Richard Wagner and Wilhelm Marr. Despite the term’s overridingly negative connotations, Susman grapples with the “Jewish spirit” in her essays from the 1930s for the constructive purpose of articulating her unique vision of German Jewry’s cultural and intellectual legacy. Her reworking of this metaphor represents a unique form of Jewish self-affirmation that differs from both the Zionist and liberal responses to antisemitism. She does not seek to turn the “Jewish spirit” into a resource for collective self-identification, but to undo the very logic that posits this figure as an antithesis of the “German spirit.” In the process of rethinking Jewishness, Susman destabilizes the völkisch conception of Germanness. Not only does her account of the “Jewish spirit” subvert a prevalent antisemitic fantasy, but it also forms a pointed polemic against the identity politics of cultural Zionism. Responding to the reductive essentialism she attributes to both the German völkisch and Jewish-national ideals of collective identity, Susman’s notion of the “Jewish spirit” constitutes a poetically and politically imaginative attempt to interweave German Jewry’s particularistic heritage into the larger story of European modernity.
Taking Care of Our Own: Narratives of Jewish Giving and the Galveston Movement
Authors: Bergoffen Wendy H.
Published: April 2016

During the Progressive Era, American Jewish philanthropists and social workers attempted to reconcile Jewish conceptions of giving ( tzedakah ) with modern, scientific methods of assessing need and dispensing aid. The “distribution” work of the Industrial Removal Office and the Galveston Movement attempted to address both ethnic and civic needs. These projects highlight the benefits and limitations of Jewish reformers adopting bureaucratic methods to address the plight of indigent coreligionists. Proponents of distribution believed their efforts negotiated Jewish and American interests: by sending skilled laborers to the interior where they were needed, Jewish philanthropists addressed the industrial demands of the nation as well as the problems of destitute immigrants. The desire among some of these immigrants to maintain religiously observant lives posed a formidable challenge to Jewish reformers. Their practical philanthropy did not recognize the importance of daily prayer or Sabbath observance. In fact, some viewed traditional religious practice as an obstacle to successful assimilation. This examination demonstrates that Jewish and American interests were not always mutually informing and questions the success of these philanthropic endeavors to meet their exalted goals.
Creative Ontologies and the Infinite Task of Language in Levinas’s and Rosenzweig’s Notions of Poetic Expression
Authors: Giovanini Valerie Oved
Published: April 2016

On the final page of Reality and its Shadow , Emmanuel Levinas states that the task of philosophical interpretation is to become conscious of the creative event, an event that eludes cognition during the very act of creation itself. While it sounds like Levinas demands an impossible task from the philosopher, I will show how this knowledge is possible by understanding the expressive aspect of language and speech that is different from the meanings they aim to convey. Through revealing the ethical possibilities of expressive language, the paper will develop Levinas’s interpretation of Shai Agnon’s poetry, whose work illustrates an ethical rupturing in being’s creative unfolding. Levinas writes in Proper Names that Agnon is an ethical poet who is not bewitched by passive illusions, but rather whose use of language and poetic tropes express a world of shared, cultural, and religious memories to develop the “creature” that is being. Agnon’s poetry will be used as an example to illuminate how echoes of Rosenzweig’s concept of creation is developed in Levinas’s own work on poetic language.
The algorithm for selection of interval of parameters recalculation of control and management objects in automatic control systems of process engineering
Authors: Tynynyka A. N.
Published: April 2016

The author presents an algorithm for selecting of measurements and adjusting interval of parameters of control and management objects of hierarchical ACS, packaged with a variety of technical equipment and means of communication between the components. The interval that is acceptable for fidelity of reproduction of characteristics of objects is determined using Kotelnikov theorem. The algorithm is proposed to be used as a universal sequence of actions in the implementation of the various ways to achieve optimal control. The paper shows the possibility of using the algorithm in the management of dynamic objects with predictive models.
The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression
Authors: Harris Kelley , Nielsen Rasmus
Published: April 2016

Approximately 2–4% of genetic material in human populations outside Africa is derived from Neanderthals who interbred with anatomically modern humans. Recent studies have shown that this Neanderthal DNA is depleted around functional genomic regions; this has been suggested to be a consequence of harmful epistatic interactions between human and Neanderthal alleles. However, using published estimates of Neanderthal inbreeding and the distribution of mutational fitness effects, we infer that Neanderthals had at least 40% lower fitness than humans on average; this increased load predicts the reduction in Neanderthal introgression around genes without the need to invoke epistasis. We also predict a residual Neanderthal mutational load in non-Africans, leading to a fitness reduction of at least 0.5%. This effect of Neanderthal admixture has been left out of previous debate on mutation load differences between Africans and non-Africans. We also show that if many deleterious mutations are recessive, the Neanderthal admixture fraction could increase over time due to the protective effect of Neanderthal haplotypes against deleterious alleles that arose recently in the human population. This might partially explain why so many organisms retain gene flow from other species and appear to derive adaptive benefits from introgression.
Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin: a poorly studied sub-basin of northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Bonato Karine O. , Fialho Clarice B.
Published: April 2016

The streams in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (mainly in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin belonging to the Laguna dos Patos system) have scarce information about their ichthyofauna. Thereby for providing information about stream species, the purpose of the present study was to inventory the ichthyofauna of the streams of the Alto Jacuí sub-basin, located in northwestern state of Rio Grande do Sul. The samples were taken bimonthly from June 2012 to June 2013 using electrofishing technique in 10 streams. A total of 13,247 specimens were collected belonging to 42 species, 10 families and six orders. We report the occurrence of five new species that have not yet been described by researchers.
[Retracted Article] Methylation of the Wnt Signaling Antagonist, Wnt Inhibitory Factor 1 and Dickkopf-1 Genes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia at the Time of Diagnosis
Authors: Ghasemi Ali , Ghotaslou Abbas , Mohammadi Mohsen , Abbasian Sadegh , Ghaffari Kazem
Published: April 2016

Background: In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a large number of tumor suppressor genes are silenced through DNA methylation such as CDKN2B and p73. Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) and Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) are negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Objectives: In the present study, we studied the methylation status of WIF1 and DKK-1 genes in AML patients. Patients and Methods: In this case-control study, blood samples from 120 AML patients and 25 healthy control subjects collected, isolated DNA was treated with sodium bisulphite and examined by methylation specific PCR (MS-PCR) with primers specific for methylated and unmethylated sequences of the WIF1 and DKK-1 genes. Results: The frequency of aberrant hypermethylation of WIF1 and DKK-1 genes in AML patients determined 35% (42/120) and 28.3% (34/120), respectively. In addition, for all subjects in control group, methylation of WIF1 and DKK-1 genes were negative. Patients with M0 subtype of French-American-British (FAB)-AML had the highest incidence of hypermethylation of WIF1 (P = 0.003) and DKK-1 (P = 0.005) genes. Conclusions: The present study showed that, like many solid tumors, WIF1 and DKK-1 genes methylation also occurs in AML. The study of other antagonists of Wnt signaling pathway are recommended.
System Identification applied to virtual machines: an experiment with KVM, Xen and ARIX models
Authors: Keiel Guilherme , Binotti Vinicius , Adami André Gustavo , Bender Fernando Augusto
Published: April 2016

The current consolidation of servers has been made possible due to the virtualization technology, assuring isolation, increasing the exploitation of the resources and reducing operating costs. This article analyses the application of two different virtualization technologies in servers. Virtual environments are created with the KVM hypervisor and with Xen, which uses paravirtualization. Through this virtual environments, experiments regarding dynamic memory allocation for a VM are performed. Knowing the technology with the best outcome, it was assessed which technique based on autoregressive modeling would best represent the virtual machine behavior. The stability of the selected model is analyzed and suggestions are made for applying control using the model for dynamic memory allocation in a virtual machine.  http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v4iss1p15
Visita Domiciliária: percepções no espaço da prática
Authors: Ribeiro Karina Angélica Alvarenga , Figueira Maura Cristiane e Silva , Jacob Lia Maristela da Silva
Published: April 2016

A visita domiciliária (VD) na assistência de saúde é um instrumento capaz de possibilitar a compreensão de características peculiares na identificação do perfil de cada família visitada, proporcionando a construção de intervenções no processo saúde/doença. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a VD no espaço da prática no sentido de ampliar possíveis discussões e reflexões para o exercício desta ação. Trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a prática profissional em unidades de saúde na cidade de Santarém/PA, com alunos de enfermagem e medicina tendo caráter descritivo baseados nas propostas do Ministério da Saúde. Inicialmente destacamos os valores que regem a assistência da VD como construção, conceitos e dificuldades vividas pelos profissionais perante a ação e posteriormente descrevemos o relato de experiência. As concepções da realização das visitas para os acadêmicos da área de saúde puderam ser discutidas e repensadas e com isto ampliaram as discussões sobre práticas reflexivas, críticas e transformadoras da visita domiciliária.

Home visit: perceptions in the practice environment

Abstract - The home visit (HD) in health care is a way to facilitate the understanding of specific characteristics of each family visited, providing the framing of tactics to work in the health / disease process. The aim of this study is to describe the HD in the practice environment in order to increase possible discussions and reflections in this procedure. This is an experience report on professional practice in health facilities in the city of Santarém / PA, with medicine and nursing students based on the Ministry of Health proposals. Initially we highlight the values of HD as development, concepts and difficulties experienced by then in this actions. Conceptions of realization of visits to healthcare scholars could be discussed and reconsidered and with this expanded discussions on reflective practice, critical and transforming the home visit.

 

 
Discursos políticos ante la crisis económica: estudio del líder del PSOE
Authors: Collado Campaña Francisco , Jiménez Díaz José Francisco
Published: April 2016

La crisis económica es una realidad compleja que experimentan distintos países de la Unión Europea. Y es que, debido a sus consecuencias, especialmente el paro y el aumento del déficit público, distintos países han tenido que recurrir al rescate financiero. En el presente trabajo, se analiza el lenguaje político del Presidente del Gobierno de España durante los inicios de la crisis en 2008, para observar la evolución del liderazgo y del discurso de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero desde la perspectiva del constructivismo estructuralista.
Rumores en la enseñanza, profesores de formación profesional
Authors: Ramiro de la Mata Francisco José
Published: April 2016

El presente trabajo es fruto del estudio sobre la comunicación informal por parte de los docentes en los centros públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid, dirigido en concreto hacia los profesores Técnicos de Formación Profesional y la zona sur de la citada comunidad. Las noticias publicadas en medios oficiales relacionadas con los exámenes de oposiciones y todo lo concerniente (amagos y afirmaciones) con los cambios en la enseñanza han servido para abonar un cultivo en el que crecen, entre individuos y/o grupos, comentarios, ciertos o no, pero que influyen en el clima de trabajo de los profesionales del campo de la docencia. Entre otras cuestiones relacionadas con los rumores se tratan el origen, lugar donde se producen, momento, forma, fiabilidad de los mismos y su influencia en el estado de ánimo.
Migraciones forzosas en el mundo clásico: Plutarco y la construcción social de la identidad
Authors: García-Bilbao Pedro A.
Published: April 2016

En el mundo clásico greco-latino hubo dos formas de migraciones forzosas muy singulares: ostracismo y destierro. El autor latino Plutarco escribió una obra sobre el exilio en la que expone una teoría sobre la construcción social de la identidad y de la patria. El artículo reflexiona sobre la necesidad de aprender del mundo clásico para comprender mejor los procesos contemporáneos de las migraciones forzosas y su impacto humano.
Ser joven hoy en España. Dificultades para el acceso al mundo de los adultos
Authors: García Moreno José Manuel , Martínez Martín Rafael
Published: April 2016

El interés por el estudio de los jóvenes españoles ha vuelto con fuerza desde el inicio de la crisis económica. No hay comparecencia pública en la que no se hable del trinomio joven -desempleo- emancipación. Este nos obliga a tratar de explicar no solo las consecuencias directas del desempleo para los jóvenes, sino las consecuencias sociales que, la no transición de estos hacia el mundo de los adultos, tendrá a medio plazo para el conjunto de la sociedad española. El Estado de Bienestar se mantiene, entre otros elementos, con la fuerza del trabajo de los adultos pero, si nuestros jóvenes no pueden llegar a ser adultos, la pregunta es evidente ¿qué puede terminar pasando? En este trabajo debatimos sobre este hecho, sobre la emancipación, sobre la independencia, sobre los recursos necesarios para pasar al mundo adulto y sobre los escenarios que se pueden estar abriendo en la sociedad española.
Interoperabilidad y política sanitaria en España. El caso de la historia clínica digital desde una perspectiva intergubernamental
Authors: Criado Grande J. Ignacio
Published: April 2016

Diferentes proyectos de interoperabilidad se han desarrollado durante los últimos años en todo el mundo. La interoperabilidad en la Administración electrónica es un facilitador clave para compartir información y conocimiento, y resulta también necesaria para cumplir algunas de las promesas derivadas del uso de las Tecnologías de las Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en el sector público. Este artículo presenta una investigación los resultados preliminares de una investigación sobre la interoperabilidad de la política sanitaria en España, con una atención especial a los niveles de gobierno central y autonómico, que cuentan con las competencias para su regulación y gestión. Este estudio tiene como objetivo perfilar cómo se han desarrollado las categorías de interoperabilidad técnica, semántica y organizativa, además de la gobernanza de la interoperabilidad en las relaciones entre gobierno central y autonómico. Para ello, se presenta un proyecto intergubernamental dentro del ámbito sanitario español, la Historia Clínica Digital del Sistema Nacional de Salud, que ha logrado un elevado nivel de desarrollo, no si dificultades y tras un extenso período de definición e implementación. Lo anterior pretende arrojar luz y abrir la discusión en torno a los retos y oportunidades de la aplicación de un sistema de gobernanza multinivel de las TIC en el ámbito de la política sanitaria española.
El papel de los actores sociales en tiempos de crisis
Authors: Medina Iborra Iván , Molins Joaquim M. , Navarro Gómez Carmen
Published: April 2016

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el desempeño de los dos sindicatos mayoritarios (UGT y CCOO) y de la patronal CEOE durante la crisis económica. Se propone un análisis centrado en su posición frente a las principales reformas, las diferencias ideológicas sobre diversas políticas públicas y su capacidad para negociar acuerdos sobre negociación colectiva. Recurrimos a la Constitución Española de 1978, que en su séptimo artículo otorga un papel destacado a sindicatos y asociaciones empresariales en la representación de intereses económicos y laborales, para considerar que los actores sociales disminuyen sus opciones de veto en tiempos de crisis económica dada la situación de excepcionalidad. No obstante, el artículo confirma un distanciamiento en los planteamientos de los actores sociales y las pocas opciones de un diálogo social firme. Esto conduce a un mayor distanciamiento entre los actores sociales y la opinión pública como demuestran los resultados derivados de la encuesta sobre “Cultura y Representación Política en España”.
El incierto sentido del trabajo en la sociedad de riesgo global
Authors: Roche Cárcel Juan A.
Published: April 2016

Partiendo de los objetivos propuestos, el artículo pone de manifiesto la profunda crisis estructural en la que ha entrado el trabajo en la Posmodernidad. Esto ha supuesto, la pérdida de su seguridad en el contexto del cuestionamiento de la prosperidad de la economía, del Estado de Bienestar, del propio Estado y de la democracia. Cierto, el trabajo se presenta hoy con riesgo, precario, inseguro, incierto, desespacializado, fragmentado, acelerado, flexible, desregulado, informalizado, impactado por las nuevas tecnologías, “brasileñizado”, jerarquizado, desigual, individualizado y con el carácter corroído del trabajador. De esta forma, el trabajo se desvaloriza, se convierte en ilegible y pierde su sentido. Además, si se tiene en cuenta que los remedios puestos encima de la mesa en Occidente son claramente insuficientes y poco creativos, parece que nos encontremos ante el colapso o el final de una etapa, del trabajo, del propio capitalismo y del Estado social-liberal-democrático.
La reinvención de las políticas públicas de asistencia y protección social en Colombia
Authors: Varela Barrios Edgar , Otálvaro Marín Bairon
Published: April 2016

Este artículo analiza la transformación de las políticas públicas sociales, que se han venido direccionando en Colombia desde la Presidencia de la República hacia la focalización del gasto y los principios de subsidiaridad. Se muestran algunas experiencias de asistencialismo participacionista en Suramérica, que evidencian logros en la reducción del problema de la pobreza en estos países, y algunas dificultades en términos de la observación de fenómenos políticos e institucionales, relativos al aumento de clientelas políticas, las restricciones en la autonomía relativa de los entes territoriales (gobernaciones y alcaldías), la mercantilización de bienes y servicios sociales, y la puesta en marcha de políticas públicas que buscan la disminución de la pobreza, sin el tratamiento adecuado de problemáticas sociales asociadas a las nuevas demandas de la inclusión social de la sociedad (género, discapacidad, diversidad étnica y sexual) que requieren intervenciones complejas por parte del Estado.
Microbial Contamination of Infant Milk Formula in Local Markets
Authors: AL-Timimi Salim Salih , Manki Nadia Hussein
Published: April 2016

This study is conducted to identify the microbial content of some types of infant milk formula available in the local markets of the city of Baghdad and their conformity microbial limits sited by the Iraqi standard. Seventy samples were collected from trademarks of imported infant milk formula included of five samples of infant milk formula No (1) and five samples of follow-up formula No (2). These samples were collected randomly from shops in the local markets of Baghdad city on both sides of Karkh and Rusafa included the following kinds: Dialac 1, Dialac 2 ,Celia 1, Celia 2 ,Biomil 1, Biomil 2 , Nactalia 1, Nactalia 2, Novalac 1 , Novalac 2 , Similac 1 , imilac 2 , Guigos 1, Guigos 2. Some microbial tests were done which included estimating the number of Total Plate Count bacteria, Coliform bacteria, Salmonella bacteria, Staphylococcus bacteria and Molds,Yeasts . The results show there is no any type of Coliform and Salmonella bacteria in infant milk; While high number of total plate count bacteria, Staphylococcus bacteria,Yeasts and Molds are showed in all kinds of formula, therefore do not exceed the microbiological limits of Iraqi standards(IQS) for good quality infant milk powder, with except the trademark Dialac1, Dialac 2 .
Comparison Between Conventional and Microwave Methods For Extraction Pectin and Degree of Esterification from Orange (Citrus sinesis) and Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) Peels
Authors: Alwan Abdul Kadir Hadi , Kahadom Mohmmad Jaffer , Marai Ali Madlool , Esmaeel Alaa Khudair
Published: April 2016

In this study Microwave and conventional methods have been used to extract and estimate pectin and its degree of esterification from dried grapefruit and orange peels. Acidified solution water with nitric acid in pH (1.5) was used. In conventional method, different temperature degrees for extraction pectin from grape fruit and orange(85 ,90 , 95 and 100?C) for 1 h were used The results showed grapefruit peels contained 12.82, 17.05, 18.47, 15.89% respectively, while the corresponding values were 5.96, 6.74, 7.41 and 8.00 %, respectively in orange peels. In microwave method, times were 90, 100, 110 and 120 seconds. Grapefruit peels contain 13.86, 16.57, 18.69, and 17.87%, respectively, while the corresponding values were of 6.53, 6.68, 7.28 and 9.05 %, respectively in orange peels. The degree of esterification increased gradually in both methods. The maximum values were of 69.7% in orange and of 67% in grapefruit at 95 °C in conventional method, while microwave method the values gave 68.8% and 66.6% for orange and grape fruit pectin at 110 sec, respectively .