bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay and Enzyme Immunoassay for Determination of Mumps and Rubella Immune Status in Health Care Personnel
Authors: Kumakura Shunichi , Shibata Hiroshi , Isobe Takeshi , Hirose Masahiro , Ohe Miki , Nishimura Nobuhiro , Onoda Keiichi , Nagai Atsushi , Yamaguchi Shuhei
Published: September 2013

Background

Screening tests are available to determine immunity to vaccine‐preventable diseases, such as mumps and rubella. We aimed to define better assay for detecting immune status of health care personnel to vaccine‐preventable diseases.

Methods

Mumps and rubella antibodies of health care personnel at Shimane University Hospital were examined by hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), comparing with those by enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

Results

A total of 910 sera from health care personnel were tested. There was poor correlation between HI and EIA in detecting mumps antibodies with correlation coefficient values (r) = 0.190 (P < 0.001), but in rubella antibodies HI and EIA were relatively well correlated (r = 0.930, P < 0.001). Seropositivity rate of HI versus EIA was found to be 65.7 versus 93.2, and 89.5 versus 86.5% for mumps and rubella, respectively. As compared with EIA, HI identified sixfold larger seronegative subjects in mumps. Moreover, in mumps, 88.8% of seronegative subjects detected by HI were seropositive by EIA, while 3.7% of seropositive subjects detected by HI were seronegative by EIA. In rubella, 2.1% of seronegative subjects detected by HI were seropositive by EIA, and 1.7% of seropositive by HI was seronegative by EIA.

Conclusion

Considerable difference between HI and EIA in determining immune status of health care personnel to mumps and rubella suggests beneficial use of EIA for the identification of accurate susceptible personnel who subsequently undergo an effective vaccination programs. Seroprevalence survey of health care personnel by using appropriate assay is essential for prevention and infection control strategies in health care settings.
Slip rates and off‐fault deformation in Southern California inferred from GPS data and models
Authors: Johnson K. M.
Published: September 2013

In Southern California, fault slip rate estimates along the San Andreas fault (SAF) and Garlock fault from geodetically constrained kinematic models are systematically at the low end or lower than geologic slip rate estimates. The sum of geodetic model slip rates across the eastern California shear zone is higher than the geologic sum. However, the ranges of reported model and geologic slip rate estimates in the literature are sufficiently large that it remains unclear whether these apparent discrepancies are real or attributable to epistemic uncertainties in the two types of estimates. We further examine uncertainties in geodetically derived slip rate estimates on major faults in Southern California by conducting a suite of inversions with four kinematic models. Long‐term rigid elastic block models constrained by the geologic slip rates cannot fit the present‐day GPS‐derived velocity field. Deforming (permanent off‐fault strain) elastic block models and viscoelastic earthquake cycle block models constrained by geologic slip rates can fit the present‐day GPS‐derived velocity field with 28–33% of the total geodetic moment rate occurring as distributed deformation off of the major faults. Models incorporating viscoelastic mantle flow predict systematically higher slip rates than purely elastic models on many of the major Southern California faults with ranges of (elastic/viscoelastic) 29–34/30–37 mm/yr for the Carrizo SAF segment, 20–24/20–32 mm/yr for the Mojave SAF segment, 14–17/18–22 mm/yr for the Coachella SAF segment, 13–19/14–22 mm/yr for the San Jacinto fault, and 5–11/5–11 mm/yr for the western Garlock fault.
Assessment of environmental controls on acid‐sulfate alteration at active volcanoes in Nicaragua: Applications to relic hydrothermal systems on Mars
Authors: Hynek Brian M. , McCollom Thomas M. , Marcucci Emma C. , Brugman Kara , Rogers Karyn L.
Published: September 2013

A variety of secondary mineralogies has been detected on Mars from both orbiters and landers, indicating widespread aqueous alteration of the crust. Many of these locales exhibit sulfates, which in some cases imply acidic fluids. At present, there are few constraints on the paleoenvironmental conditions that existed during formation of the widespread and diverse classes of secondary minerals on Mars. We investigated hydrothermal systems at three active acidic volcanic systems in Nicaragua, including Cerro Negro, Momotombo, and Telica. The recently erupted materials are similar in composition to the Martian crust and are undergoing extensive acid‐sulfate alteration predominately in gas‐dominated settings (fumaroles). We characterized the secondary mineralogy and local variables, including temperature, pH, rock and gas composition, and fluid‐rock ratio. We find that these environmental parameters exhibit strong controls on the alteration mineralogy. The environments studied include pH that ranged from −1 to 6, temperatures from ambient to hundreds of degrees Celsius, and fumaroles to hot springs. The hottest and most acidic systems contained sulfur, silica, and minor gypsum, while moderately acidic and cooler fumaroles included abundant silica, gypsum and other hydrated sulfates, and phyllosilicates. A setting with a higher fluid‐rock ratio but similar temperature and acidity was dominated by phyllosilicates and, to a lesser degree, sulfates. The characterization of aqueous alteration of basalts under a variety of environmental conditions provides a conceptual framework for interpretation of similar relic environments on Mars. Finally, while identification of phyllosilicates on Mars is generally thought to require neutral to alkaline fluids, we documented significant formation of these minerals in the acidic volcanic systems.
Reliability of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI in elderly populations: Comparison with 15o‐water positron emission tomography
Authors: Kilroy Emily , Apostolova Liana , Liu Collin , Yan Lirong , Ringman John , Wang Danny J.J.
Published: September 2013

Purpose

To investigate the reliability and accuracy of two pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) sequences, using two‐dimensional (2D) gradient‐echo echo planar imaging (EPI) and 3D gradient and spin echo (GRASE) as the readout, respectively.

Materials and Methods

Each sequence was performed twice 4 weeks apart on six normal control subjects, six elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and one participant with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Eight of these subjects also underwent H215O positron emission tomography (PET) scans on the same day or proximal to their second MRI scan. The longitudinal repeatability of EPI and GRASE pCASL were evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and within‐subject coefficient of variation (wsCV).

Results

The ICCs of global perfusion measurements were 0.697 and 0.413 for GRASE and EPI based pCASL respectively. GRASE pCASL also demonstrated a higher longitudinal repeatability for regional perfusion measurements across 24 regions‐of‐interests (ICC = 0.707; wsCV = 10.9%) compared with EPI pCASL (ICC = 0.362; wsCV = 15.3%). When compared with PET, EPI pCASL showed a higher degree of spatial correlation with PET than GRASE pCASL, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

The 3D GRASE pCASL offers better repeatability than 2D EPI pCASL, thereby may provide a reliable imaging marker for the evaluation of disease progression and treatment effects in MCI and early AD subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:931–939. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and cancers at other sites among patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Sweden
Authors: Sundquist Kristina , Sundquist Jan , Ji Jianguang
Published: September 2013

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of most common viral infections worldwide. While chronic HBV infection has been shown consistently to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, data on associations with cancers at other sites are limited. In this study a total of 10,197 patients were diagnosed with chronic HBV infection in Sweden, and they were retrieved from the nationwide Swedish Hospital Discharge Register and Outpatient Register and linked to Cancer Registry data. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for cancers were calculated for these patients in comparison with the population without HBV infection. Five hundred sixty‐seven of whom developed cancer (SIR 1.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.67–1.97)) during the study period. The SIR for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HBV infection was 40.58 (95% CI 30.50–50.07). In addition, a total of seven other cancer sites/types showed increased SIRs: cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, lung, kidney, skin (squamous cell carcinoma), and thyroid gland, and lymphoma and leukemia. The risks of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia were increased in both Swedish‐ and foreign‐born patients with HBV infection. In summary, chronic HBV infection is a strong risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma and also increases the risk of seven other cancers. These findings illustrate the need for surveillance for cancers other than hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 86:18–22, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expanding the motivations for altruism: A philosophical perspective
Authors: Friedland Julian , Cole Benjamin M.
Published: September 2013

We argue that attempts to extrapolate moral motives for non‐egoistic behavior in organizational behavior often interpret results empathically or deontically, while leaving other moral motivational frames, such as the utilitarian and virtue ethical, under‐examined. We encourage the creation of experimental measures to distinguish various philosophical frames. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of the clock genes polymorphisms with colorectal cancer susceptibility
Authors: Karantanos Theodoros , Theodoropoulos George , Gazouli Maria , Vaiopoulou Anna , Karantanou Christina , Stravopodis Dimitrios J. , Bramis Konstantinos , Lymperi Maria , Pektasidis Dimitrios
Published: September 2013

Background and Objectives

The circadian rhythm regulates the cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between polymorphisms in the CLOCK1, PER2, and PER3 genes with the colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility and clinicopathological variables.

Methods

Four hundred two CRC patients and 480 healthy controls were included in a case–control study. Genotype and allelic frequencies of 311T>C (rs1801260) in CLOCK1 gene, G3853A (rs934945) in PER2 gene and 4/5 repeats polymorphisms in PER3 gene were evaluated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism method in the DNA extracted from the peripheral blood of patients and controls.

Results

The frequencies of the 311T>C CLOCK1 gene, CC genotype and C allele were significantly higher among CRC patients compared to controls (P < 0.0001) elevating the CRC risk by 2.78‐ and 1.78‐fold respectively. No correlation was found between G3853A and 4/5 repeats polymorphisms and CRC risk. The C/G/5 and C/G/4 repeats haplotypes were higher in CRC patients (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.038) elevating the CRC risk by 60% and 89% respectively. No correlation was found between any polymorphism and clinicopathological characteristics of CRC patients.

Conclusion

The 311T>C polymorphism in the CLOCK1 gene significantly increases the risk for CRC development while it does not affect the outcome of CRC patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:563–567. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Partial failure of a perforator free flap can be salvaged by a second perforator free flap
Authors: Hallock Geoffrey G.
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Perforator flaps as an innovative method for soft tissue transfer that maximizes function preservation, were originally introduced primarily as free flaps. Their reliability and versatility has been found to not differ from other sources of free flaps where total failure is an uncommon event. Partial failure should also be recognized as a possible dilemma that is perhaps more of a unique untoward sequela of perforator flaps.

Method

A retrospective review of our flap experience over the past decade included 310 perforator free flaps. Partial perforator flap failure that required a second free flap for salvage was selected in 6 patients.

Results

All perforator free flaps in our experience that had some form of partial failure were anterolateral thigh [ALT] free flaps. Clinically initially unrecognizable but ultimately distal flap ischemia could be attributed to poor flap design, and was the cause of immediate partial flap necrosis in 2 cases. Delayed difficulties were complications not specific to perforator flaps. In all cases, a free flap was considered the best option, and a second perforator free flap proved to resolve all reconstructive objectives.

Conclusions

The root cause of partial failure of a perforator free flap was found to be either iatrogenic or de novo in origin. The proper design requires an awareness of the correct topographic axis and an understanding of the perforasome concept to better insure adequate flap perfusion. If a free flap is still considered the best solution after a partial failure, the advantages and benefit of a second perforator free flap should not be overlooked. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:177–182, 2014.
Suprafascial pre‐expansion of perforator flaps and the effect of pre‐expansion on perforator artery diameter
Authors: Hocaoğlu Emre , Emeklİ Ufuk , Çİzmecİ Orhan , Uçar Adem
Published: September 2013

Background

This study addresses the “pre‐expanded perforator flap concept” by demonstrating a case series of relevant reconstructive procedures and evaluate the perforator vessel diameter changes that happen during the pre‐expansion procedure.

Methods

Fourteen patients were treated with 15 flaps. One patient was treated with two pre‐expanded internal mammary artery perforator flaps. In other cases, thoracodorsal, circumflex scapular, lumbar, intercostal, lateral circumflex femoral, and deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps were used. Technical details and rate of complications were noted. Evaluations of the flap pedicles were done both by hand held Doppler and by color Doppler ultrasound (CDU).

Results

Flaps successfully served to resurface and release thick and rigid broad scar tissues and contractures in 11 of relevant 12 patients (in one patient with 50% flap loss, adequate contracture release could only be obtained with addition of a secondary split thickness skin graft to the residual flap) and provided a good source of tissue for anterior neck reconstruction of one patient and penis reconstruction of another patient. In six patients, perforator artery diameters were measured by CDU both before and after the expansion process and a significant increase secondary to the pre‐expansion procedure was detected (Pre‐expansion mean: 0.48 ± 0.08 mm; post‐expansion mean: 0.65 ± 0.10 mm; P < 0.05). Flaps as large as 30 × 20 cm were harvested. Totally three partial flap necroses were experienced in 15 flap procedures.

Conclusions

Suprafascial pre‐expansion of the perforator flaps seems to provide a solution to achieve broader and thinner perforator flaps with larger perforator arteries. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:188–196, 2014.
Pro‐Inflammatory macrophages increase in skeletal muscle of high fat‐Fed mice and correlate with metabolic risk markers in humans
Authors: Fink Lisbeth N. , Costford Sheila R. , Lee Yun S. , Jensen Thomas E. , Bilan Philip J. , Oberbach Andreas , Blüher Matthias , Olefsky Jerrold M. , Sams Anette , Klip Amira
Published: September 2013

Objective

In obesity, immune cells infiltrate adipose tissue. Skeletal muscle is the major tissue of insulin‐dependent glucose disposal, and indices of muscle inflammation arise during obesity, but whether and which immune cells increase in muscle remain unclear.

Methods

Immune cell presence in quadriceps muscle of wild type mice fed high‐fat diet (HFD) was studied for 3 days to 10 weeks, in CCL2‐KO mice fed HFD for 1 week, and in human muscle. Leukocyte presence was assessed by gene expression of lineage markers, cyto/chemokines and receptors; immunohistochemistry; and flow cytometry.

Results

After 1 week HFD, concomitantly with glucose intolerance, muscle gene expression of Ly6b, Emr1 (F4/80), Tnf, Ccl2, and Ccr2 rose, as did pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory markers Itgax (CD11c) and Mgl2. CD11c+ proinflammatory macrophages in muscle increased by 76%. After 10 weeks HFD, macrophages in muscle increased by 47%. Quadriceps from CCL2‐KO mice on HFD did not gain macrophages and maintained insulin sensitivity. Muscle of obese, glucose‐intolerant humans showed elevated CD68 (macrophage marker) and ITGAX, correlating with poor glucose disposal and adiposity.

Conclusion

Mouse and human skeletal muscles gain a distinct population of inflammatory macrophages upon HFD or obesity, linked to insulin resistance in humans and CCL2 availability in mice.
Weight bias internalization, depression, and self‐reported health among overweight binge eating disorder patients
Authors: Pearl Rebecca L. , White Marney A. , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: September 2013

Objective

This study aimed to examine the relationship between internalization of weight bias, which has been linked to specific negative mental health outcomes, and overall mental and physical health among overweight patients with binge eating disorder (BED). The role of depressive symptoms as a potential mediator in this relationship was also tested.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, 255 individuals who were overweight and seeking treatment for BED completed the Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS), Short‐Form 36 Health Survey (SF‐36), and Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI). Regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between the WBIS and the SF‐36, and bootstrapping mediation analyses were conducted to test whether BDI scores mediated this relationship.

Results

Higher weight bias internalization was associated with poorer self‐reported health on all scales of the SF‐36, and BDI scores mediated the relationship. Additional analyses revealed that WBIS scores also mediated the relationship between BDI scores and three SF‐36 scales.

Conclusions

Weight bias internalization is associated with poorer overall mental and physical health, and depressive symptoms may play a role in accounting for this relationship in treatment‐seeking overweight patients with BED.
Use of quantile regression to investigate the longitudinal association between physical activity and body mass index
Authors: Bottai Matteo , Frongillo Edward A. , Sui Xuemei , O'Neill Jennifer R. , McKeown Robert E. , Burns Trudy L. , Liese Angela D. , Blair Steven N. , Pate Russell R.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To examine associations among age, physical activity (PA), and birth cohort on body mass index (BMI) percentiles in men.

Methods

Longitudinal analyses using quantile regression were conducted among men with ≥ two examinations between 1970 and 2006 from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (n = 17,759). Height and weight were measured; men reported their PA and were categorized as inactive, moderately, or highly active at each visit. Analyses allowed for longitudinal changes in PA.

Results

BMI was greater in older than younger men and in those born in 1960 than those born in 1940. Inactive men gained weight significantly more rapidly than active men. At the 10th percentile, increases in BMI among inactive, moderately active, and highly active men were 0.092, 0.078, and 0.069 kg/m2 per year of age, respectively. The 10th percentile increased by 0.081 kg/m2 per birth year and by 0.180 kg/m2 at the 90th percentile, controlling for age.

Conclusion

Although BMI increased with age, PA reduced the magnitude of the gradient among active compared to inactive men. Regular PA had an important, protective effect against weight gain. This study provides evidence of the utility of quantile regression to examine the specific causes of the obesity epidemic.
Through the glass darkly: intraepithelial neoplasia, top‐down differentiation, and the road to ovarian cancer
Authors: Crum Christopher P , Herfs Michael , Ning Gang , Bijron Jonathan G , Howitt Brooke E , Jimenez Cynthia A , Hanamornroongruang Suchanan , McKeon Frank D , Xian Wa
Published: September 2013

It is currently hoped that deaths from extra‐uterine high‐grade serous cancer (HGSC) will be reduced via opportunistic salpingectomy in healthy women. Accumulated data implicate the fimbria as a site of origin and descriptive molecular pathology and experimental evidence strongly support a serous carcinogenic sequence in the Fallopian tube. Both direct and indirect (‘surrogate’) precursors suggest that the benign tube undergoes important biological changes after menopause, acquiring abnormalities in gene expression that are often shared with malignancy, including PAX2, ALDH1, LEF1, RCN1, RUNX2, beta‐catenin, EZH2, and others. However, the tube can be linked to only some HGSCs, recharging arguments that nearby peritoneum/ovarian surface epithelium (POSE) also hosts progenitors to this malignancy. A major sticking point is the difference in immunophenotype between POSE and Müllerian epithelium, essentially requiring mesothelial to Müllerian differentiation prior to or during malignant transformation to HGSC. However, emerging evidence implicates an embryonic or progenitor phenotype in the adult female genital tract with the capacity to differentiate, normally or during neoplastic transformation. Recently, a putative cell of origin for cervical cancer has been identified in the squamo‐columnar (SC) junction, projecting a model whereby Krt7+ embryonic progenitors give rise to immunophenotypically distinct progeny under stromal influences via ‘top down’ differentiation. Similar differentiation can be seen in the endometrium with a parallel in juxtaposed mesothelial and Müllerian differentiation in the ovary. Abrupt mesothelial–Müllerian transitions remain to be proven, but would explain the rapid evolution, short asymptomatic interval, and absence of a defined epithelial starting point in many HGSCs. Resolving this question will require accurately distinguishing progenitor from progeny tumour cells in HGSC and pinpointing where initial transformation and trans‐differentiation occur, whether in the tube or POSE. Both will be critical to expectations from prophylactic salpingectomy and future approaches to pelvic serous cancer prevention. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, biological activities and SAR studies of novel 1‐Ethyl‐7‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydro‐[1,8]naphthyridine‐3‐carboxylic acid based diacyl and sulfonyl acyl hydrazines
Authors: Aggarwal Nisha , Kumar Rajesh , Srivastava Chitra , Dureja Prem , Khurana J. M.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Diacyl hydrazines have attracted significant interest in medicine, pesticide chemistry and material science. It is an important class of insect growth regulators. In this study, acyl hydrazine, the essential active group was incorporated in to nalidixic acid with the aim of combining the active groups to generate more potent agrochemical.

RESULTS

Various nalidixic acid based diacyl and sulphonyl acyl hydrazines derivatives were synthesized and characterized by spectral techniques. These compounds were screened for the antifungal activity against five pathogenic fungi, nitrification inhibitory activity and insect growth regulator (IGR) activity against Spodoptera litura. The fungicidal activity was screened against R. bataticola, S. rolfsii, R. solani, F. oxysporum and A. porri. Most of the compounds showed moderate to good antifungal activity against A. porri (ED50 = 29.6‐495.9 µg/mL). All the compounds showed significant nitrification inhibitory activity at 5% level. IGR activity was examined by feeding method against S. litura.

CONCLUSION

The study revealed that a few compounds possessed good activity against three different pests namely certain fungus, soil bacteria and insect, among which, compound 37 (R' = 4‐chlorophenyl) behaved the best. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamic prediction of risk of death using history of cancer recurrences in joint frailty models
Authors: Mauguen Audrey , Rachet Bernard , Mathoulin‐Pélissier Simone , MacGrogan Gaetan , Laurent Alexandre , Rondeau Virginie
Published: September 2013

Evaluating the prognosis of patients according to their demographic, biological, or disease characteristics is a major issue, as it may be used for guiding treatment decisions. In cancer studies, typically, more than one endpoint can be observed before death. Patients may undergo several types of events, such as local recurrences and distant metastases, with death as the terminal event. Accuracy of clinical decisions may be improved when the history of these different events is considered. Thus, it may be useful to dynamically predict patients’ risk of death using recurrence history. As previously applied within the framework of joint models for longitudinal and time to event data, we propose a dynamic prediction tool based on joint frailty models. Joint modeling accounts for the dependence between recurrent events and death, by the introduction of a random effect shared by the two processes. We estimate the probability of death between the prediction time t and a horizon t + w, conditional on information available at time t. Prediction can be updated with the occurrence of a new event. We proposed and compared three prediction settings, taking into account three different information levels. The proposed tools are applied to patients diagnosed with a primary invasive breast cancer and treated with breast‐conserving surgery, followed for more than 10 years in a French comprehensive cancer center. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential teachers' appropriate and inappropriate application of pedagogical resources in a model‐based physics course: A “knowledge in pieces” perspective on teacher learning
Authors: Harlow Danielle B. , Bianchini Julie A. , Swanson Lauren H. , Dwyer Hilary A.
Published: September 2013

We used a “knowledge in pieces” perspective on teacher learning to document undergraduates' pedagogical resources in a model‐based physics course for potential teachers. We defined pedagogical resources as small, discrete ideas about teaching science that are applied appropriately or inappropriately in specific contexts. Neither right nor wrong, all pedagogical resources can be used to build toward a more sophisticated pedagogical stance. We collected three kinds of data across this 11‐week course: videotapes of class sessions, undergraduates' written assignments and projects, and individual interviews. We qualitatively analyzed these data for pedagogical resources that undergraduates applied both appropriately and inappropriately to make sense of the large concept of model‐based science instruction. We identified four such resources: (1) the teacher's role is to provide the right answer, (2) guiding students is less certain than telling them (the right answer), (3) a good model includes scientific terms, and (4) children are creative thinkers. We examined the ways potential teachers' inappropriate application of these four pedagogical resources interfered with their attempts to understand science teaching through modeling. We also explored how seemingly problematic small ideas about teaching were applied appropriately toward a more nuanced description of model‐based science instruction. In our discussion and implications, we recommended ways content course instructors and science education researchers can identify and build from potential teachers' pedagogical resources to help them better understand the large concept of model‐based science instruction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 1098–1126, 2013
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Compounds Containing the Al–O–Al Motif
Authors: Yang Zhi , Hao Pengfei , Liu Zhihong , Ma Xiaoli , Roesky Herbert W. , Yang Ying , Li Jiarong
Published: September 2013

The reaction of LAlMe2 (1) [L = HC(CMeNAr)2, Ar = 2, 6‐iPr2C6H3] with diphenylstannanediol resulted in the methylalumoxane compound L(Me)Al(μ‐O)Al(Me)L (3). Compound (LAlO)2B(2, 6‐OCH3C6H4)(μ‐O) (4) containing the Al2BO3 six‐membered ring was accomplished by reacting the precursor LAlH2 (2) with 2, 6‐dimethoxyphenylboronic acid. The two compounds were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis.
Here be dragons: the unexplored continents of the CMSSM
Authors: Cohen Timothy , Wacker Jay G.
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The Higgs boson mass and the abundance of dark matter constrain the CMSSM/mSUGRA supersymmetry breaking inputs. A complete map of the CMSSM that is consistent with these two measured quantities is provided. Various “continents”, consisting of non-excluded models, can be organized by their dark matter dynamics. The following mechanisms manifest: well-tempering, resonant pseudo-scalar Higgs annihilation, neutralino/stau coannihilations and neutralino/stop coannihilations. Benchmark models are chosen in order to characterize the viable regions. The expected visible signals of each are described, demonstrating a wide range of predictions for the 13 TeV LHC and a high degree of complementarity between dark matter and collider experiments. The parameter space spans a finite volume, which can be probed in its entirety with experiments currently under consideration.
The Development of Genetic Counseling Services and Training Program in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Qari Alya A. , Balobaid Ameera S. , Rawashdeh Rifaat R. , Al‐Sayed Moeenaldeen D.
Published: September 2013

In 2005 the first Saudi genetic counseling training program was established by the Department of Medical Genetics at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH&RC) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The program has graduated five genetic counselors with high diploma‐level degree. This brief report describes the development of the genetic counseling training program and the factors that led to its establishment. Special emphasis is made to unique cultural practices including consanguinity, religious influence, and termination of pregnancy. This report also describes the current status of the genetic counseling services offered by KFSH&RC and availability of genetic testing.
International Genetic Counseling Students’ Perspective on Their Training Experience in the United States
Authors: Sabbadini Marta , Naldi Mariana , Packman Wendy , Youngblom Janey , Weil Jon
Published: September 2013

International students face social, psychological and academic challenges upon moving to a foreign country to pursue higher education. Clinical disciplines such as genetic counseling present additional challenges adapting to an unfamiliar health care system and different interactions and expectations with patients and colleagues. This study used semi‐structured interviews to identify challenges that international genetic counseling students face during training in the United States. Eight international genetic counseling alumni who graduated from U.S.‐accredited programs were interviewed. Participants stated that the U.S. academic system was unfamiliar—class participation and paper‐writing required the greatest adjustment. There was a need for help in understanding social norms in academic settings. Clinically, they were unfamiliar with the dynamics and communication style of U.S. families. Non‐native English speakers experienced greater difficulty in all areas. Most participants reported that they were uncomfortable asking for help in transitioning to life, study and work. Participants identified mentorship programs for international students as potentially useful in clarifying expectations in academic and clinical settings. These results may assist international students preparing to study genetic counseling in the U.S. and may help genetic counseling training programs identify the academic and clinical challenges faced by international students.
Introduction to this issue of Perspectives on Medical Education
Authors: None
Published: September 2013

None
An integrated model for developing research skills in an undergraduate medical
curriculum: appraisal of an approach using student selected components
Authors: Riley Simon C. , Morton Jeremy , Ray David C. , Swann David G. , Davidson Donald J.
Published: September 2013

Student selected components (SSCs), at that time termed special study modules,
were arguably the most innovative element in Tomorrow’s Doctors (1993), the document
from the General Medical Council that initiated the modernization of medical curricula
in the UK. SSCs were proposed to make up one-third of the medical curriculum and provide
students with choice, whilst allowing individual schools autonomy in how SSCs were
utilized. In response, at the University of Edinburgh the undergraduate medical
curriculum provides an integrated and sequential development and assessment of research
skill learning outcomes, for all students in the SSC programme. The curriculum contains
SSCs which provide choice to students in all 5 years. There are four substantial
timetabled SSCs where students develop research skills in a topic and speciality of
their choice. These SSCs are fully integrated and mapped with core learning outcomes and
assessment, particularly with the ‘Evidence-Based Medicine and Research’ programme
theme. These research skills are developed incrementally and applied fully in a research
project in the fourth year. One-third of students also perform an optional intercalated
one-year honours programme between years 2 and 3, usually across a wide range of honours
schools at the biomedical science interface. Student feedback is insightful and
demonstrates perceived attainment of research competencies.
Key factors in work engagement and job motivation of teaching faculty at a
university medical centre
Authors: Van den Berg B. A. M. , Bakker Arnold B. , Ten Cate Th. J.
Published: September 2013

This study reports about teacher motivation and work engagement in a Dutch
University Medical Centre (UMC). We examined factors affecting the motivation for
teaching in a UMC, the engagement of UMC Utrecht teaching faculty in their work, and
their engagement in teaching compared with engagement in patient care and research.
Based on a pilot study within various departments at the UMCU, a survey on teaching
motivation and work engagement was developed and sent to over 600 UMCU teachers. About
50 % responded. Work engagement was measured by the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale,
included in this survey. From a list of 22 pre-defined items, 5 were marked as most
motivating: teaching about my own speciality, noticeable appreciation for teaching by my
direct superior, teaching small groups, feedback on my teaching performance, and freedom
to determine what I teach. Feedback on my teaching performance showed the strongest
predictive value for teaching engagement. Engagement scores were relatively favourable,
but engagement with patient care was higher than with research and teaching. Task
combinations appear to decrease teaching engagement. Our results match with
self-determination theory and the job demands–resources model, and challenge the policy
to combine teaching with research and patient care.
Mothers' marital history and the physical and mental health of young adults: An investigation over the early life course
Authors: Wickrama Kandauda (K.A.S.) , Lee Tae Kyoung , O'Neal Catherine Walker
Published: September 2013

Using survey data from 12,424 adolescents and their mothers over 13 years in the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the purpose of this study was to examine a life course model exploring the pathways linking mothers' marital history (identified as latent classes) and young adult health outcomes. During young adulthood (Wave 4), respondents ranged in age from 19 to 32. The results demonstrated unique long‐term influences of stressful marital history typologies of mothers (prior to 1995) on the physical and mental health of young adults (2008) with reference to consistently married mothers after controlling for health status in 2001. These influences operated through family processes (economic pressure and parental rejection) and adolescent psychosocial adjustment (self‐esteem, academic performance, and delinquent behavior). Our findings show that vulnerable groups of youth, in terms of mothers' marital history, can be identified early for appropriate intervention efforts.
Introduction: Object shift in the Nordic languages
Authors: Andréasson Maia , Bentzen Kristine , Engdahl Elisabet
Published: September 2013

This special issue of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics is devoted to articles on a construction which since Holmberg (1986) has been referred to as object shift. Whereas sentential adverbs normally precede the object in Scandinavian, as shown in (1a), they tend to follow the object, when it is a pronoun, as in (1b).
Object shift in Scandinavian languages: The impact of contrasted elements
Authors: Andréasson Maia
Published: September 2013

This paper argues for a unified analysis of mainland Scandinavian pronominal object shift and Icelandic full NP shift. Building on data showing the impact of accessibility on object placement in Swedish, Danish and Icelandic, I propose an Optimality Theoretic analysis where semantic/pragmatic constraints involving accessibility, information structure and contrast interact, but are ranked lower than syntactic constraints on, for example, verb placement. Finally, the impact of prosody on pronominal object shift is discussed.
Respiratory morbidity of preterm infants of less than 33 weeks gestation without bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a 12-month follow-up of the CASTOR study cohort
Authors: FAUROUX B. , GOUYON J.-B. , ROZE J.-C. , GUILLERMET-FROMENTIN C. , GLORIEUX I. , ADAMON L. , DI MAIO M. , ANGHELESCU D. , MILORADOVICH T. , ESCANDE B. , ELLEAU C. , PINQUIER D.
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and risk factors for respiratory morbidity during the 12-month period following the first respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) season in 242 preterm infants [<33 weeks gestational age (GA)] without bronchopulmonary dysplasia and 201 full-term infants (39–41 weeks GA) from the French CASTOR study cohort. Preterm infants had increased respiratory morbidity during the follow-up period compared to full-terms; they were more likely to have wheezing (21%vs. 11%,P = 0·007) and recurrent wheezing episodes (4%vs. 1%,P = 0·049). The 17 infants (14 preterms, three full-terms) who had been hospitalized for RSV-confirmed bronchiolitis during their first RSV season had significantly more wheezing episodes during the follow-up period than subjects who had not been hospitalized for RSV-confirmed bronchiolitis (odds ratio 4·72, 95% confidence interval 1·71–13·08,P = 0·003). Male gender, birth weight <3330 g and hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis during the infant's first RSV season were independent risk factors for the development of wheezing episodes during the subsequent 12-month follow-up period.
Landlords, Tenants and Agrarian Reform: Local Elites and Regime Transitions in Avis, Portugal, 1778–2011
Authors: DE ALMEIDA MARIA ANTÓNIA PIRES
Published: September 2013

In a small municipality in the Alentejo region of Portugal, the same group of families, defined by latifundia landownership or tenancy, dominated local political institutions for two centuries during which great changes occurred. Three revolutions resulted in regime transitions: the 1820 Liberal Revolution, the 1910 Republic and the 1926 Dictatorship, which led to Salazar's Estado Novo. Even though a few members of these families offered some resistance to each of these revolutions at an early stage, they all adapted their behaviour and kept local political control within their ranks. Local traditional institutions, such as the local council and mayor, charitable and welfare associations, and corporate institutions created in the 1930s and 1940s to direct economic activities, were all presided over and controlled by members of the same rural elite. This continued until 1974, when the Carnation Revolution and agrarian reform removed and replaced these old elites with new ones. The lords of the land remained lords of the village for as long as control over the main economic resource of the region was the major factor in the maintenance of political power. These land occupations were not permanent. The process was reversed as a result of political factors relating to Portugal's accession to the European Economic Community in 1986. Agrarian elites in Southern Portugal no longer control jobs or the economy and therefore they no longer control local politics as they had for several generations. The Carnation Revolution and agrarian reform removed the old elites and replaced them with new ones. Agriculture is no longer the main economic activity of the countryside. The rural environment has become a hiking ground or an all-terrain vehicles track. The future is elsewhere and the current economic situation and the absence of elites have transformed rural areas into depopulated regions.
NOTES ON (PS.?) BALBUS GROMATICUS PP. 107.10–108.8 ED. LACHMANN
Authors: Bohlin Erik
Published: September 2013

This article subjects the final part of the treatise Expositio et ratio omnium formarum (Systematic presentation of all figures), included in the Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum and commonly ascribed to Balbus, to fresh philological scrutiny (Balbus gromaticus pp. 107.10–108.8 ed. Lachmann). The passage deals with methods of constructing right angles for the purpose of drawing rectangular and rectilinear figures. On the basis of a reconsideration of the preserved textual witnesses and previous scholarship, the passage is critically and interpretatively studied in the form of a running commentary.
Effekt der Schulform auf die Entwicklung der Lesegeschwindigkeit
Authors: Tischler Tanja , Daseking Monika , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2013

Der Schriftspracherwerb ist gekennzeichnet durch einen stufenweise ansteigenden Grad an Automatisierung der Graphem-Phonem-Zuordnung und des sich parallel dazu entwickelnden semantischen Systems. Je intensiver die Beschäftigung mit Wort und Schrift, desto schneller können Wörter aus dem lexikalischen Gedächtnis abgerufen werden. Diese Entwicklung schlägt sich mit zunehmendem Alter in der Lesegeschwindigkeit nieder. Tauchen Probleme im Schriftspracherwerb auf, sind diese neben der Anhäufung von Lesefehlern in einem herabgesetzten Lesetempo beobachtbar. In dieser Studie wurden die Lesegeschwindigkeiten von Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen fünf bis acht untersucht. Die Stichprobe umfasst 420 Schülerinnen und Schülern von Haupt-, Realschulen und Gymnasien. Es wurden Leseproben des Zürcher Lesetest-II (ZLT-II) bezüglich des Lesetempos innerhalb der jeweiligen Schulform und über die Klassenstufen hinweg analysiert. Es lässt sich dabei ein Trend in der positiven Entwicklung des Lesetempos mit zunehmendem Alter sowie mit höherem Bildungsgrad feststellen.
Objektivität von Entwicklungstests
Authors: Macha Thorsten , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2013

Die Objektivität ist der Grundpfeiler der Testgüte von Entwicklungstests. Sie wird jedoch selten empirisch überprüft sondern typischerweise als gegeben angenommen. Entwicklungstests sind nach psychometrischen Kriterien zu konstruieren und unterliegen daher definierten Qualitätsstandards. Es wird anhand verbreiteter deutschsprachiger Entwicklungstests erklärt, welche spezifischen Anforderungen an die Standardisierung von Entwicklungstest und an die Untersucherqualifikationen zu formulieren sind.
Disorder strongly enhances Auger recombination in conductive quantum-dot solids
Authors: Gao Yunan , Sandeep C. S. Suchand , Schins Juleon M. , Houtepen Arjan J. , Siebbeles Laurens D. A.
Published: September 2013

Auger recombination (AR) can be an important loss mechanism for optoelectronic devices, but it is typically not very efficient at low excitation densities. Here we show that in conductive quantum-dot solids, AR is the dominant charge carrier decay path even at excitation densities as low as 10−3 per quantum dot, and that AR becomes faster as the charge carrier mobility increases. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that this efficient AR results from charge carrier congregation in ‘Auger hot spots’: lower-energy sites that are present because of energy disorder. Disorder-enhanced AR is a general effect that is expected to be active in all disordered materials. The observed efficient AR is an issue of concern for devices that work at charge carrier densities in excess of ~10−3 charge carriers per quantum dot. At the same time, efficient carrier congregation could be exploited for fast optical switching or to achieve optical gain in the near infrared.
Defects activated photoluminescence in two-dimensional semiconductors: interplay between bound, charged and free excitons
Authors: Tongay Sefaattin , Suh Joonki , Ataca Can , Fan Wen , Luce Alexander , Kang Jeong Seuk , Liu Jonathan , Ko Changhyun , Raghunathanan Rajamani , Zhou Jian , Ogletree Frank , Li Jingbo , Grossman Jeffrey C. , Wu Junqiao
Published: September 2013

Point defects in semiconductors can trap free charge carriers and localize excitons. The interaction between these defects and charge carriers becomes stronger at reduced dimensionalities and is expected to greatly influence physical properties of the hosting material. We investigated effects of anion vacancies in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides as two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors where the vacancies density is controlled by α-particle irradiation or thermal-annealing. We found a new, sub-bandgap emission peak as well as increase in overall photoluminescence intensity as a result of the vacancy generation. Interestingly, these effects are absent when measured in vacuum. We conclude that in opposite to conventional wisdom, optical quality at room temperature cannot be used as criteria to assess crystal quality of the 2D semiconductors. Our results not only shed light on defect and exciton physics of 2D semiconductors, but also offer a new route toward tailoring optical properties of 2D semiconductors by defect engineering.
Dendrimer–folate–copper conjugates as bioprobes for synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging
Authors: Zhang Yuanqing , Xu Xiaoping , Wang Lu , Lin Jun , Zhu Ying , Guo Zhi , Sun Yanhong , Wang Hua , Zhao Yun , Tai Renzhong , Yu Xiaohan , Fan Chunhai , Huang Qing
Published: September 2013

We present a bioprobe for synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging based on dendrimer–folate–copper conjugates, which exhibit excellent FR-targeting properties in KB cells.