bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual Attentional Span as a Function of a Small Dose of Alcohol
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

An experimental study was performed testing whether a small dose of alcohol would lead to larger decrements in simple visual reaction time for peripheral signals compared to central ones. Analysis indicated such an effect of alcohol, which was discussed as supportive of an interpretation in terms of impaired peripheral sensory sensitivity rather than a redistribution of attention within the visual field.
Paradoxical Instructions in Relaxation Training
Authors: Anderson L. H. , Schneider H. G.
Published: September 2011

The effects of instructions (paradoxical versus standard), treatment technique (EMG biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation and self-relaxation) and subjects' sex were investigated in a 2 by 3 by 2 between-subjects design. Dependent measures were the changes in EMG and skin temperature over one 40-min. training session for 72 volunteers. For EMG change, the main effect of training was significant, with muscle relaxation producing less reduction than other techniques. This finding reflected an increase in EMG in the 5-min. posttreatment interval for the muscle relaxation group. For temperature change, the interaction of instructions and sex was significant, indicating that paradoxical instructions produced greater increases in temperature than standard instructions for men but not for women.
Dream Content after Using Visual Inverting Prisms
Authors: Corsi-Cabrera Maria , Becker Jaqueline , García Leticia , Ibarra Rocío , Morales Marcela , Souza Marta
Published: September 2011

All night sleep electroencephalograms were recorded in 10 healthy adults for 2 nights. On the second night all subjects were requested to be at the laboratory 5 hr. before their usual bedtime and were submitted to the same routine for performance on several visuomotor tasks; experimental subjects were required to use visual inverting prisms upon their arrival and during the performance of the tasks. Subjects were awakened 10 min. after each paradoxical sleep episode for dream collection. Dream content was significantly affected by the use of the inverting prisms: the presleep tasks and day-time activities were more frequently incorporated into the dreams of the experimental subjects. The dreams of the experimental group were more active and vividness was evaluated as lower by them than by the control subjects.
Alcohol, Reaction Time, and Vigilance Settings: Importance of Length of Intersignal Interval
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

An experiment tested the hypothesis that a small dose of alcohol will produce a faster increase in simple auditory reaction time with time on task and increase over-all mean number of and over-all mean duration of extreme long reactions more than a zero-alcohol dose if signal frequency is low. The hypothesis was confirmed and theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Eye Movements and Sequential Tracking: An Effect of Reading Experience
Authors: Newman Stanton , Lamb Rosemarie , Civil Michael
Published: September 2011

This study examines the eye movements of skilled readers in a sequential light-tracking task commonly used with developmental dyslexics. Research with dyslexic readers has frequently indicated that dyslexic readers display erratic eye movements when reading text. Pavlidis proposed that the characteristics of eye movements in a simple light-tracking task may be used to distinguish dyslexic readers from normal readers, constituting an objective test for dyslexia. In this study the performance of English and Iraqi skilled readers was examined during a sequential light-tracking task. Both groups displayed less stable eye movements when performing the tracking task in a direction counter to that by which they normally read script.
Visual Recognition of Equivalent Tactile-Kinesthetic and Verbal Information in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Kazen-Saad Miguel
Published: September 2011

Short-term retention of equivalent tactile-kiaesthetic and verbal information was compared, as well as subjects' ability to construct, and visually recognize information. Sixty undergraduate subjects participated, 30 in each of two groups. The first group received information through the fine movements of the subject's right index finger, whereas the second group was presented exactly the same information verbally coded. Both groups had to recognize visually each of 10 mentally constructed patterns, one at a time, depicted as drawings of a target and four distractors. Although both groups performed above chance level, there was a significant difference in the total number of correct recognitions, favoring the verbal one. It is concluded that: (a) the transformation to a visual code is easier for the verbal system than for the kinesthetic one, perhaps because experience in coding visual information from verbal descriptions is greater. (b) If we want to make meaningful comparisons between motor and verbal short-term memory, it is desirable to use tasks as similar as possible for both conditions. The present work suggests one way to achieve the above.
Differential Effectiveness of Receptive Language and Visual-Motor Assessments in Identifying Academically Gifted Elementary School Students
Authors: Knoff Howard M. , Cotter Valerie , Coyle William
Published: September 2011

A sample of 50 gifted elementary students were administered two receptive language tests (the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and its revised version) and two visual-motor tests (the Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test and the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration). These scores were then evaluated against an achievement test battery. The receptive language and visual-motor measures did not account for a significant amount of the achievement test's variance, although some significant correlations were obtained. These results and their implications for identifying gifted elementary students are discussed.
Sociometric Status and Social Interaction: Are the Neglected Children Socially Less Active?
Authors: Bégin Guy
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have clearly established that isolated children display less social behaviors than popular ones and that poorly accepted as well as isolated children are at risk for future adjustment problems. These findings prompt the author to predict that children of the various sociometric statuses should display differential rates of social interaction with peers. Predictions were tested by administering during the second term to 99 kindergarten children a sociometric measure and by videotaping each child for 1 hr. during free play. Whether or not the child was in social interaction with peers was subsequently coded at 5-sec. intervals by two observers. Sociometric scores and inter- and intraobserver agreements were high. Popular children were the most socially active, followed by the average, the rejected, and then the neglected children, which confirmed all hypotheses. These results give strong support for the validity of the difference between the neglect and rejected vs the popular and the average children and suggested that such work must include the child's rate of social interaction with peers as a covariable in the analyses to identify differences between statuses.
Horizontality as a Function of Sex and Academic Major
Authors: Kalichman Seth C.
Published: September 2011

A paper-and-pencil Piagetian water-level task was administered to 250 undergraduate students within 5 college majors: engineering, natural sciences, social sciences, business, and language arts. Analysis showed significant differences between sexes and college majors. Men were significantly more accurate than women within each college major, and science majors were more accurate than liberal arts majors within each sex. Caution against treating college students as a homogeneous population in research using a water-level task is suggested.
Recognition of Unfamiliar Faces and Common Objects by Neurologically Impaired-Learning Disabled and Normal Children
Authors: Hough Sigmund
Published: September 2011

The performances of 29 normal and 29 neurologically impaired-learning disabled children (aged 7.3 to 15.3 yr.) were evaluated on unfamiliar face and common object recognition tasks. Although the normal children performed better, the relative difficulty of face and object recognition was the same for both groups.
Effect of Levels of Exercise on Psychological Mood States, Physical Fitness, and Plasma Beta-Endorphin
Authors: Williams Jean M. , Getty Deborah
Published: September 2011

Aerobic exercise which resulted in a significant improvement in cardiovascular functioning had no more effect on psychological mood states than did the placebo control of participation in nonaerobic recreational games or no exercise and sport at all ( N = 430 college students). Beta-endorphin levels with the 41 depressed subjects were not a biochemical link that might explain the possible influence of physical activity on depression.
Panic-Disordered Subjects' Perceptions of Film: A Repertory Grid Study
Authors: Blowers G. H. , Mc Clenahan K. L. , Roth W. T.
Published: September 2011

Clinical research into panic attacks over the past two decades has led to the hypothesis that panic-disordered subjects may have a lower threshold to separation anxiety than normals. This hypothesis was investigated by measuring panic-disordered and normal subjects' reactions to viewing a film of a potentially anxiety-provoking situation. The extent to which individuals construe film through identification with the narrative's characters was also examined. To gauge these reactions a repertory grid was administered to 11 subjects with a history of panic disorder and 12 controls after they had watched a half-hour episode from a feature film in which a divorced couple fight acrimoniously over custody of their 17-yr.-old daughter. Five elements were characters mentioned in the film and two were of ‘self,’ one in a secure and another in an insecure situation. Ten constructs were elicited by a triadic sorting procedure and four were supplied. Ratings of elements on all constructs were subjected to a principal components analysis (INGRID). While the construals of the two groups were essentially similar, there were differences between them in terms of the perceived salience of the film's characters. Panic-disordered subjects also construed themselves as more insecure than did the normals. The results affirm the use of the repertory grid in the study of panic disorder and in the analysis of the perception of filmed events.
Prose-Relevant Pictures and Recall from Science Text
Authors: Anglin Gary J. , Stevens J. Truman
Published: September 2011

The effects of prose-relevant pictures on 42 college students' prose recall were studied. Students were given one of two instructional treatments (prose-plus-pictures, prose-only) which included science content. An immediate- and delayed-recall criterion measure was administered. The prose-plus-picture group's mean criterion test score was significantly greater than that of the prose-only group but only in the immediate testing condition.
Relation between Hemispheric Specialization and Gross Motor Control in Normal Right-Handed Children
Authors: Williams Harriet , Werner Peter , Purgavie George
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the nature of the relationship between gross-motor, eye-hand coordination and hemispheric specialization in normal right-handed children. Participants were 30 children, 75–99 mo. 15 boys and 15 girls performed a gross-motor eye-hand coordination task (a controlled, continuous one-handed ball bounce) and a test of hemispheric specialization. A backscreen tachistoscopic projection system was used to present letters and abstract shapes to left and right visual hemifields. A multivariate analysis of variance yielded a significant main effect for eye-hand coordination but not for sex. Follow-up analyses indicated that speed and accuracy of responses to verbal and spatial stimuli presented to the left cerebral hemisphere were significantly related to proficiency of eye-hand coordination. Data suggest that certain aspects of hemispheric specialization may be important to gross-motor eye-hand coordination in young children. Since the left cerebral hemisphere is the major control center for movements of the right side, the hemisphere which controls movements of a particular side may also assume the major responsibility for processing information needed to regulate those movements.
Contrasting Interpersonal Correlates of Mutual Eye-Contact Reports by Self and others
Authors: Hurley John R. , Marsh Vernita A.
Published: September 2011

Four small interpersonal groups' 32 participants estimated each pair's mutual eye contact (MEC) in seconds for 90-min. sessions culminating Hours 6, 22 1/2, 28 1/2, and 45. Individuals also inclusively rated each person's within-group behavior for acceptance of self and of others near Hours 22 and 44. Aggregated to augment reliability, peers' mean estimates of each individual's mutual eye contact showed greater interoccasion consistency and correlated more strongly with each acceptance index than did MEC self-reports. Substantial positive correlations (.47 to .55) between peer-rated self-acceptance and peer-based eye contact consistently exceeded other-acceptance's parallel linkages. In contrast, self-based estimates of mutual eye-contact correlated more positively with acceptance of others than with self-acceptance in all eight separate instances.
Catching and Spatially Locating a Ball in Flight: Variables Underlying Their Development
Authors: Starkes Janet L.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments assessed relative contributions of stereo-acuity, simple reaction time, chronological age, and experience in ball sports to the development of catching as measured by actually catching a ball and a spatial matching task. The spatial matching task was designed to tap underlying perceptual requirements in catching by reducing motor requirements of the task. In Exp. 1 the contribution of each factor was assessed in boys aged 8 to 13 yr. as well as adults. Exp. II replicated certain age groups from Exp. I and also addressed the question of sex differences in catching a ball and spatial matching of location. Both experiments indicated that age and to a lesser extent ball-sport experience, did influence catching a ball, as well as spatial matching performance. Stereoacuity and reaction time showed little influence on catching for either boys or girls. Sex-related differences were routinely found at all ages for both catching a ball and spatial matching.
Effects of Modeling and Goal-Setting on the Jumping Performance of Primary-Grade Children
Authors: Erbaugh Sarah J. , Barnett Mary L.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the effects of two prepractice factors on the jumping performance of children. It was hypothesized that modeling and goal-setting as well as the combination of these two factors would significantly influence children's performance of a rope-jumping task. Subjects were 52 children (33 boys, 19 girls) whose ages ranged from 5.0 to 7.0 yr. Children were randomly assigned to four practice conditions: modeling, goal-setting, modeling-goal-setting, and control. One trial of the experimental task consisted of jumping a horizontally rotating bar for 20 sec. Each child performed one baseline trial followed by 2 three-trial blocks of learning trials and 1 three-trial block of test trials. A one-factor analysis of variance with three covariates—age (mo.), baseline jumping scores, and response speed—was applied to the three blocks of data. The major findings were that the Goal-setting and Modeling-Goal-setting Groups performed the jumping task at a significantly higher level than the Control Group during the last half of learning (Block 2) and on the final test (Block 3). In contrast, the Modeling Group performed at a level only slightly better than the Controls. One conclusion was that goal-setting had a significant effect on primary-grade children's ability to perform the rope-jumping task. It may have motivated children to persist at a rather difficult task. Another conclusion was that goal-setting may be a more important practice factor than modeling especially for young children. Since this is one of the first investigations of these two prepractice factors and children's acquisition of jumping skill, additional research is warranted.
Comparative Validity of Two Wais—R Short Forms with Vocational Rehabilitation Clients
Authors: Clayton Gypsy Abbott , Sapp Gary L. , O'Sullivan Patricia , Hall Livy
Published: September 2011

Scores from two (Vocabulary, Block Design) and four (Arithmetic, Vocabulary, Block Design, and Picture Arrangement) subtest short forms of the WAIS—R were compared with the Full Scale IQs for vocational rehabilitation clients, 305 mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed, and physically handicapped subjects. Some large differences between mean IQs, some low correlations between IQs once corrected for spuriousness, and high misclassification rates suggest caution in using the short-form IQs. Use of the Full Scale IQ for screening vocational rehabilitation clients is recommended.
Effect of Prime Type on Lexical Decision Time
Authors: Algarabel Salvador , Pitarque Alfonso , Soler Maria José , Ruiz Juan Carlos , Baixauli Juan Manuel , Dasí Carmen
Published: September 2011

The present investigation concerns the issues of the control condition and type of related prime-target relationship operationalization in the lexical-decision paradigm. It is shown that the use of a row of asterisks produces strong inhibitory effects on reaction time to the target relative to a control condition formed with the word “neutro” (“neutral”). The operationalization of prime-target relatedness by means of association of category norms seems equally adequate, although category exemplars do not prime category exemplar targets. Both sets of data are discussed in relation to current research trends using lexical-decision time.
Attention Demands of Spatially Locating Position of a Ball in Flight
Authors: Starkes Janet L.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the relative attention demands of an “open skill”, that of spatially locating position of a ball in flight, using the dual task technique. 7 right-handed male university students stood behind a large Plexiglas screen and spatially matched a ball projected over a distance of 20 feet. After 1-sec. flight time the ball contacted the Plexiglas. A secondary cask required response to an auditory stimulus, designed to probe ball flight at 700, 800, or 900 msec. Both vocal and manual responses to the secondary probe were recorded. No significant correlations were noted between radial error and probe RT for either manual or vocal responses. Subjects did not trade off between tasks. Radial error across all probe positions, including catch trials, showed no significant differences. Three factor analyses of variance for manual and vocal probe types showed that more attention was devoted to monitoring the ball as it neared the screen.
Contrast of the Gender-Identity Scale with Bem's Sex-Role Measures and the MF Scale of the MMPI
Authors: Alumbaugh Richard V.
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made of a recently developed instrument, the Masculine Gender-identity scale of Blanchard and Freund with other measures of sex-role, namely, the mf scale of the MMPI and Bern's (1974) sex-role inventory. Scores for 296 women and 200 men from introductory courses in psychology were minimally correlated. The analysis indicated that the masculine identity scale is an independent measure which has utility contingent upon questions asked about gender-related phenomena.
Physical Fitness Levels and Psychological States versus Traits
Authors: Walker Merle , Hailey B. Jo
Published: September 2011

10 men and 12 women joggers who had recently completed assessment of their aerobic capacity, were given the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, and Scales K, 2, 7, 9, and 9–2 (Psychomotor acceleration) from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Multiple regression equations were constructed separately for each sex to determine the effect of statistical control of psychological states on the correlations between aerobic capacity and personality traits. The correlations between aerobic capacity and Factor B (Intelligence) for men and Factor C (Emotionality) for women, were substantially reduced when state variables were controlled, while correlations between aerobic capacity and Factors M (Imagination) for men and Q1 (Experimenting) for women were substantially enhanced by controlling for state variables. The results were interpreted as support for study of state variables as mediating factors in the relationship between physical fitness and personality. Replication with larger samples is necessary.
Task Appropriateness of Mnemonic Techniques
Authors: Herrmann Douglas J.
Published: September 2011

The present article reviewed research in which two or more mnemonic techniques in the paradigms of either free recall, paired-associate, or serial learning have been compared. The review showed that the most effective mnemonic differed across the three paradigms: imagery mediation for paired-associate learning, the story mnemonic for free recall learning, and the method of loci for serial learning. Each mnemonic varies in its suitability for different paradigms, and each paradigm is facilitated more by the use of certain mnemonics than by others. These conclusions support the view that memory processing differs across memory tasks. They also indicate that differences in memory performance across tasks are due not only to differences in basic processes (such as recognition and perception) elicited by tasks but also to the task appropriateness of control processes applied to a task.
Do Individual Reactions Predict Group Reactions?
Authors: Salminen Simo , Luhtanen Pekka
Published: September 2011

Group reactions of three-man groups included in 71 junior ice hockey players were measured using a homeostat. Individual reaction times (simple reaction time, choice reaction time) did not predict group performance.
Relation of Spelling and Writing in Learning Disabilities
Authors: Søvik Nils , Arntzen Oddvar , Thygesen Ragnar
Published: September 2011

The paper describes a study in which the relationship between the cognitive and psychomotor aspects of children's spelling and writing performances was investigated. By comparing data from various categories of children the relationship between the semantic and psychomotor functions could be examined, and differences between the skill performances of the three groups of students were predicted. A four-way 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 orthogonal design with categories of subjects, type, structure, and length of task as independent variables was used in the laboratory study, with 24 “normal”, 24 dyslexic, and 24 dysgraphic nine-year-old children as subjects. Most of the 16 hypotheses were verified by data identifying some of the spelling and writing characteristics of the three groups of children and the effects of contextual parameters on their performances. Dyslexic children, for example, seemed to write more slowly than the others, and their mean score of spelling errors was the highest one, whereas the dysgraphic children had the lowest mean score in writing accuracy and rhythm.
Contemporary Opinions on Business Issues: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: September 2011

Data from undergraduate and graduate students of a school of business showed lack of congruence of opinion on contemporary issues (taxes on energy sources, use of lie detectors, limit on President's tenure) with practitioners in the business world.
Work Perceptions and Leisure Commitments in Amateur Boatbuilders: The Permeability of Time Spheres
Authors: Van De Vliert Evert , Girodo Michel
Published: September 2011

This paper challenges the implicit assumption that work and leisure performances take place within mutually exclusive time frames. Questionnaire data from 122 amateur boatbuilders holding full-time jobs showed that (1) for this population, work and leisure represent psychologically segmented interests. (2) In spite of this, work performances were carried into the time sphere usually allocated for leisure and leisure activities invaded the work place. (3) Both work expansion into leisure time and leisure expansion into work time were positively related to their respective commitments and negatively related to the competing commitment. (4) Nonetheless, the two activity clusters expanded or shrunk independently. These findings are discussed in the context of time and energy conceptualizations.
Individuals' and Groups' Ratings of Appropriateness of Behavior
Authors: Thompson Carl I. , Royce Sean E. , Bankart C. Peter
Published: September 2011

51 male college freshmen, working either individually or in groups of three to six members, were asked to rate the appropriateness of 90 hypothetical behavior-situation combinations on a 10-point scale. The behavior-situation combinations fell into one of three different categories: (1) “High” appropriateness (e.g., ‘Running in the park’); (2) “medium” or relatively neutral appropriateness (e.g., ‘Mumble on a bus’); and (3) “low” appropriateness (e.g., ‘Fight at the movies’). Subjects working in groups rated the appropriateness of the “high” combinations higher and the appropriateness of the “low” combinations lower than did the subjects working individually. These results suggest that groups make judgments of behavior appropriateness that are more extreme than those of individuals.
Retention/Promotion Decisions: Selective Use of Data?
Authors: Willis W. Grant
Published: September 2011

The utility of using psychometric data to facilitate decisions about retention/promotion for 58 kindergarten and first-grade children was investigated. Analyses suggested that members of decision-making teams may use data selectively and that recommendations to retain or promote may be subject to bias.
Stroop Phenomena in the Korean Language: The Case of Hangul, Chinese Characters and Romanization
Authors: Morikawa Yasuo , Kashiwazaki Hideko
Published: September 2011

We compared Stroop phenomena in the three orthographies of Korean: Chinese characters, the phonetic syllabary hangul, and romanization. The amount of Stroop interference was highest in the case of hangul and deceased from hangul to Chinese characters to romanization. Japanese hiragana and katakana, which like hangul are phonetic syllabaries, show a lower interference effect chan Chinese characters in Japanese. This difference is considered to reflect differences in frequency between hangul and the two Japanese orthographies. Reverse Stroop phenomena were observed in Chinese characters and romanization, suggesting that both are processed in the right hemisphere.
Recognition of Faces as a Function of Race, Attitudes, and Reported Cross-Racial Friendships
Authors: Carroo Agatha White
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to assess the ability of 19 black male and 25 female college students to identify previously seen black and white male and female faces as a function of interracial experience, racial attitude, and cross-racial friendships. A significant own-race advantage in recognition was noted; concomitantly, more frequent false responses with white faces were recorded. Trends between performance and cross-racial friendship and interracial experience were noted for black males' recognition of white males' faces. No significant relationships between egalitarian attitude and recognition of white faces were observed. Measures of racial attitude and interracial experience were discussed.
Level of Stress and Sleep Duration
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Garcia Eliot R.
Published: September 2011

30 subjects kept daily diaries of sleep-duration and stress levels for 4 mo. From these data, it was determined that during periods of high stress, sleep was reduced by about one standard deviation while during periods of low stress, sleep increased by about one-half a standard deviation. The relationship of these results to the relevant sleep-stress literature was briefly discussed.
Is the Matching Familiar Figures Test a Measure of Cognitive Style?: A Warning for Users
Authors: Pedro Solís-Cámara R.  , Pedro Solís-Cámara V.
Published: September 2011

A probabilistic model of reflection-impulsivity as measured by the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT) is presented and tested on 77 fourth graders. In testing the model two groups emerged, a random response group ( n = 22) and a cognitive response group ( n = 55), who use the evaluation process. Correlations among latencies, total errors, initial errors, school-scores, and IQs were compared for our total sample and the two groups. The correlation of MFFT latencies and errors disappeared for the random-response group and new correlations with errors appeared while the cognitive response group kept a statistically significant correlation of latencies with errors and no other error correlation was shown. This last group was classified by Kagan's median-split procedure showing that most reflective subjects kept their classification. Preliminary results suggest a reinterpretation of reflection-impulsivity literature, especially as related to the impulsive style.
Relation of Scores on the Open Middle Test to Self-Control and Academic Achievement of Inner-City Fourth-Grade Children
Authors: Elkind Melissa A. , Cohen Jonathan C. , Glenwick David S. , Roth Jan L.
Published: September 2011

The construct validity of the Open Middle Test, a measure of children's social problem-solving ability, was investigated by assessing its relationship to self-control (Self-control Rating Scale) and academic achievement (Wide-Range Achievement Test). Subjects were 113 minority fourth graders from two urban parochial schools. A significant correlation was obtained between Open Middle Test effectiveness scores of first responses and WRAT Reading scores. No other correlations were significant. However, mean differences were significant for Open Middle Test effectiveness ratings of first responses and chosen responses, suggesting possible deficits in the evaluation of self-generated problem solutions. Implications of the results for training programs and for the use of the Open Middle Test as an outcome measure are discussed.
Differences in the Motivational Characteristics of “Professional”, “Serious Amateur” and “Recreational” Sports Performers
Authors: Kerr John H.
Published: September 2011

Conceptualised within the Reversal theory of M. J. Apter is the concept of metamotivational dominance. Dominance is the tendency of an individual to spend longer periods in one metamotivational state, rather than in the other member of the pair which they constitute together. This study examined the nature of telic dominance in male sports performers. Three groups of performers categorised as “professional”, “serious amateur”, and “recreational” were subjects. Telic dominance was measured using the Telic Dominance Scale. Analysis showed that professionals scored significantly higher than the other two groups on 2 of the 3 subscales and on the combined score for telic dominance.
A Method for Examining Gestural Language Structure
Authors: Hass Edward J. , Sams Karen M.
Published: September 2011

This experiment tested the hypothesis that syntactic constituents in American Sign Language (ASL) serve as perceptual units. We adapted the strategy first employed by Fodor and Bever in 1965 in a study of the psychological reality of linguistic speech segments. Four deaf subjects were shown ASL sign sequences constructed to contain a single constituent break. The dependent measure was the subjective location of a light flash occurring during the sign sequence. The prediction that the flashes would be attracted to the constituent boundary was supported for two of the subjects, while the other two showed random placement of the flash location on either side of the constituent boundary. The two subjects not performing in the predicted direction were more proficient in English (written) than the two giving the effect. It was suggested that this relatively greater proficiency may have interfered in some way with the ASL syntax to produce the results obtained.
Extrasensory Perception Examined Using a Reaction Time Measure
Authors: Hines Terence M. , Lang Paul , Seroussi Karyn
Published: September 2011

ESP research has depended almost exclusively on measures of accuracy. Such measures are much less sensitive than reaction time measures, which have never been used to evaluate claims for ESP. In this paper we describe the use of a reaction time paradigm in the investigation of ESP. In spite of the greater sensitivity of this dependent measure, no evidence for ESP was found.
Rorschach Correlates of State and Trait Anxiety in College Students
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Hatzel Debra J.
Published: September 2011

This study was done to determine whether Elizur's anxiety scoring ( AL) for Rorschach content was correlated to scores on Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The definition of anxiety presented by Elizur implies that his technique measures anxiety as a long-term, relatively stable personality characteristic rather than a transitory emotional state, but no research has shown whether AL was correlated with state and/or trait anxiety as defined and measured by Spielberger. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered in small groups to 40 college students with a repeated measure of STAI State-anxiety and the Rorschach given individually following a delay of at least five days. Analysis indicated that the STAI Trait-anxiety measure correlated significantly with AL. Test-retest correlations for STAI State-anxiety measures and STAI State- and Trait-anxiety measures obtained in the same testing session were significant. State-anxiety scores obtained just prior to Rorschach testing were related to STAI Trait-anxiety scores and initial STAI State-anxiety scores correlated with AL.
Self-Esteem of Adolescent Females as Related to Race, Economic Status, and Area of Residence
Authors: Housley Kathleen , Martin Sue , Mc Coy Harriett , Greenhouse Phyllis , Stigger Flavelia , Chopin Lauren
Published: September 2011

The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale was used to measure the self-esteem of 109 14- and l6-yr.-old (±6 mo.) girls. The self-esteem scores were categorized by economic status, race, and area of residence. For urban girls mean self-esteem of upper economic status subjects was significantly higher than that of those at the lower economic status. The self-esteem of upper economic status urban girls was significantly higher than the self-esteem of their rural peers. Finally, the self-esteem of the urban black girls was significantly higher than the self-esteem of the urban white girls.
Aftereffect of Induced Rotation: Number of Pattern Elements and Area of Pattern in Inducing Stimulus
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has suggested that aftereffect of induced rotation can be longer when the number of pattern elements in the inducing stimulus is greater. This was explained by the amount of shearing between pattern elements of inducing and static stimuli. However, the results might also be explained by the greater area occupied by a greater number of pattern elements. The present experiment used three inducing stimuli, in which number of pattern elements and area of pattern were varied independently, to test between these hypotheses. The former was corroborated and the latter refuted.
Orosensory Perception and Articulatory Proficiency in Hearing-Impaired Adults
Authors: Lieberth Ann K. , Whitehead Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Articulation errors and intelligibility of rated speech of 75 hearing-impaired young adults were compared to their errors on a test of orosensory perception. Analysis indicated no significant correlations between articulation, intelligibility of speech, and orosensory perception when total errors were compared. Some significant relationships were evident, however, for types of error. In addition, orosensory perception errors were compared with degree of hearing loss and history of use of amplification. These results indicated no significant relationships between the communication characteristics and total orosensory perception errors; however, when types of orosensory perception errors were compared, several significant relationships were evident. In general, present results may be useful in the development of appropriate remediation strategies for use by speech-language pathologists working with hearing-impaired persons.
Preliminary Evidence for Body-Centered Coding of Tactile Motor Events
Authors: Hasbroucq Thierry
Published: September 2011

A number of experimental studies have consistently shown that on reaction time tasks with visual or auditory stimuli, the subjects code their responses in environmental rather than body-centered terms. The aim of the present study was to determine which of these two frames of reference subjects spontaneously adopt to code tactile motor events. Eight subjects were requested to respond with key-presses to mechanical stimulations delivered under the finger tips. Reaction time was analysed as a function of device- and body-centered S-R relationships. Subjects displayed a strong S-R compatibility effect that suggested their body-centered coding of tactile motor events.
Transfer of Sensory-Integration Training
Authors: Crabtree Darryl A. , Crabtree Mary P.
Published: September 2011

96 university students participated in one of six treatments to assess whether training to make cross-modal or intramodal matches of one linear-movement distance would transfer to other distances. Three groups received unimodal training (vision, audition, or kinesthesis) and three groups received multimodal Training (all combinations of vision, audition, and kinesthesis) to make kinesthetic matches of one common linear-movement distance. All subjects were subsequently tested on kinesthetic matches of novel distances both shorter and longer than the training distance. A multivariate analysis of variance and Bonferroni contrasts indicated that cross-modal matching was enhanced by multimodal experience but only for distances shorter than the training distance. It was speculated that transferring to distances shorter than a training distance might involve processes different from those used to transfer to distances longer than the training distance.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XL. Electromagnetic Stimulation of ‘Extrasensory’ Evoked Potentials
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G.
Published: September 2011

In psychophysiological testing with 10 subjects, an electromagnetic stimulus evoked a long-latency cortical response similar to the long-latency component (P300) of an auditory evoked potential. On a signal-detection test, the electromagnet elicited no conscious sensations.
Variability of Positioning Accuracy following a Maximum Isometric Contraction
Authors: Etnyre Bruce R. , Lee Eva J. , Poindexter Hally B. W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different contraction times and delay times prior to a positioning task. While blindfolded, each of 25 subjects learned to produce elbow-extension movements to a short and a long target using a kinesthesiometer. The subject then produced 30 trials without feedback to each target. These control trials were preceded by a foreperiod of 0-, 3-, or 6-sec. delay. The 60 experimental trials were identical to control trials except the subject isometrically contracted elbow extensor muscles for 3 or 6 sec. prior to each trial. Following each isometric contraction the subject delayed movement for 0, 3, or 6 sec. The 3-sec. and 6-sec. prepositioning contractions produced greater undershooting and variability than no prepositioning contractions, and the 0-sec. delay produced less constant error than either the 3- or 6-sec. delay. It was concluded that following isometric contraction, undershooting a target occurred and this effect did not dissipate within a 6-sec. period.
Sex Differences in Reaction to Spatial Invasion
Authors: Hewitt Jay , Henley Rebecca
Published: September 2011

Men and women invaded the personal space of other men and women in bars and elevators. Men allowed invading women to come the closest followed by women being invaded by women, men being invaded by men, and women being invaded by men.
Perceptions of Importance of Administrative Functions in Physical Education as Differentiated by Sex in Actual and Ideal Work Settings
Authors: Magnotta John R.
Published: September 2011

A job analysis was undertaken to examine rated perceptual differences of 50 men and 30 women, physical education administrators in the secondary schools of Arizona, on their attitudes regarding the importance of administrative duties in both actual and ideal work situations. There were significant differences in six of 10 administrative categories, with the greatest discrepancies found for public relations and intramurals. All significant differences between actual and ideal ratings were greatest for the female administrators.
Effects of a Target RIM on Basketball Shooting Accuracy
Authors: Sage Larry A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a basketball target rim on free-throw and field-goal shooting accuracy. The target rims employed in this study were different from regular rims as the apparatus that connects the target rim to the backboard was painted a neutral color. Subjects included all of the 1984–85 Eastern Washington University men's basketball players and the other players on 10 basketball teams who played games with the Eastern Washington University men's basketball team in the 1984–85 season. Practice statistics were kept in all EWU shooting situations, drills as well as scrimmages. Individual game statistics of the entire basketball game were made for the 10 games in which the target rims were used. A random selection of combined free-throw and field-goal shooting accuracy taken during the practice sessions showed that shooting percentage on the target rim was noticeably higher than the shooting percentage on the regular rim. The shooting accuracy of the EWU team and the visiting teams during game competition showed that accuracy of field-goal shooting on the target rim was significantly better than on the regular rim but not for free-throw accuracy. The target rim may improve shooting accuracy and influence total scoring in basketball.
Effect of Sex, Inferred Sex-Role and Occupational Sex-Linkage on Perceptions of Occupational Success
Authors: Davis Leslie L.
Published: September 2011

In a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 (subject's sex, stimulus-person's sex, stimulus-person's sex-role as inferred from sex-related clothing, and stimulus-person's sex-linked occupation) complete factorial between-subjects experiment, 120 female and 120 male subjects viewed a slide of either a male or female stimulus-person wearing either masculine or feminine clothing. Stimulus persons were also said to be employed in either a masculine, feminine, or sex-neutral occupation. Subjects then recorded their first impressions of the stimulus-person on a person-perception questionnaire. Analysis indicated that persons wearing masculine clothing were perceived as more successful in their occupations than persons wearing feminine clothing for both the masculine and feminine (business) occupations. No differences were found for persons in the sex-neutral occupation. Additional analyses are discussed and conclusions drawn regarding the effect of clothing in sex-role stereotyping in first-impression situations.
The Iowa Pegboard Fine-Motor Task: Normative Performance and Research Applications
Authors: Melby Janet N. , Pease Damaris , Kleckner Kimberly A.
Published: September 2011

The Iowa Pegboard Fine-motor Task is a 60-sec. peg-placement task for use with preschool and school-age children. The instrument has demonstrated validity and reliability. Performance norms by age (means, standard deviations, and range) are presented for 865 observations (420 boys, 445 girls) of 510 Iowa children ranging in age from 33 to 138 mo. Regression analysis yielded the prediction formula: Ŷ = −8.205 + 0.619(age in mo.) − 0.002 (age in mo.)2. Moderate stability, based on 513 comparisons of repeated measures, is evident. Correlations of pegboard and PPVT scores, based on 541 observations of children 33 to 71 mo. of age, are positive and significant. The present findings enhance the use of the instrument in assessing current status of an individual child and/or in comparison within and between individuals.
Skin Temperature Biofeedback for Multiple Sessions with Monetary Incentives
Authors: Barrett Helen R. , Streets Theresa M. , Tucker James H. , Pettaway Gerald T.
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated the relative effectiveness of two incentive contingencies in learning biofeedback-assisted control of peripheral skin temperature: positive versus positive/negative monetary incentives. Both incentive groups of 10 participated in six sessions, including pre- and posttraining voluntary control sessions, and four intervening sessions with visual feedback and monetary contingencies. Each session consisted of adaptation, resting baseline, feedback or voluntary control, and a final resting baseline. The results indicated no significant difference in response control between groups and an over-all decline in temperature within sessions. Self-control was evidenced by the slower rate of decline in temperature for the first as compared to the last session, and feedback control by the attenuation in the rate of decline in the last three training sessions. Based on data from other physiological responses, these findings are not likely due to habituation effects. It was concluded that response control should not necessarily be defined in terms of increasing temperature but rather by reference to an appropriate comparison condition. Motivational effects should be further investigated with alternative incentive contingencies.
Psychometric Validity of Proration and Digit Span Substitution for Estimating WISC—R Verbal and Full Scale IQS
Authors: Boyd Thomas A. , Hooper Stephen R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the merits of substituting the Digit Span subtest for an invalid Verbal Scale subtest versus a proration method in calculating WISC—R Verbal and Full Scale IQ. Subjects were 93 child and adolescent psychiatric patients (67 boys and 26 girls) who ranged in age from 8 to 16 yr. Analysis indicated that the use of Digit Span as a substitute for the regularly administered Verbal subtests was inferior to the use of the comparable proration method. Although relatively few cases of misclassification occurred for either method in relation to Full Scale IQ, the rate of Verbal IQ misclassification by the Digit Span substitution method was significantly greater than with use of its proration. When faced with a choice, clinicians should attach greater validity to prorated estimates of a child's WISC—R Verbal IQ.
Psychology of the Scientist: LV. Social Psychologists' Perceptions of Journals' Readability: How Consistent are They?
Authors: Dobler Judith M. , Gilroy Faith D.
Published: September 2011

Psychologists have long been criticized for the quality of their prose. This study shows, however, that one commonly accepted feature of good writing, readability, is perceived accurately in professional psychology journals by social psychologists and, also, though with less certainty, by their students. The professionals' perceptions are remarkably consistent: they agree when they rank their journals on readability and again on importance. Their perceptions are also realistic: the rankings of readability agree, on the whole, with the objective measures. Even their students are able to perceive, roughly, the journals' levels of readability. In addition, the psychologists' rankings of importance do not contaminate their rankings of readability, although their familiarity with the journals may. Finally, their journals are more alike than different: no significant differences appear in over-all Flesch scores, in polysyllabic words, in sentence length, or in embedded words, despite the very large sample analyzed.