bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying multifaceted needs captured at the point of care. Development of a Disabilities Terminology Set and Disabilities Complexity Scale
Authors: Horridge Karen A , Harvey Carl , McGarry Kenneth , Williams Jane , Whitlingum Gabriel , Busk Mary , Fox Suzanne , Baird Gillian , Spencer Andy
Published: March 2016

Aims

To develop a Disabilities Terminology Set and quantify the multifaceted needs of disabled children and their families in a district disability clinic population.

Method

Data from structured electronic clinic letters of children attending paediatric disability clinics from June 2007 to May 2012 in Sunderland, north‐east England collected at the point of clinical care were analysed to determine appropriate terms for consistent recording of each need and issue. Terms were collated to count the number of needs per child.

Results

A Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms subset of 296 terms was identified and published, and 8392 consultations for 1999 children were reviewed. The required number of clinic appointments correlated strongly with the number of needs identified. Children with intellectual disabilities in addition to cerebral palsy and epilepsy had more than double the number of conditions, technology dependencies, and family‐reported issues than those without. Disabled children who subsequently died had the highest burden of needs (p=0.007).

Interpretation

Detailed data about needs generated outputs useful for local care pathway development and service planning. Sufficient evidence was provided for successful business cases leading to the appointment of additional paediatric disability consultants. Counting numbers of needs and issues quantifies complexity in a straightforward way. This could underpin needs‐based commissioning of services.
Assessment of Atrial Electromechanical Delay and Left Atrial Mechanical Functions in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Nar Gokay , Ergul Bilal , Aksan Gokhan , Inci Sinan
Published: March 2016

Objective

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common inflammatory bowel disease causing systemic inflammation, which may also affect the cardiovascular system, as well as other organ systems. The aim of the current study was to evaluate left atrial (LA) mechanical functions and duration of atrial electromechanical delay (AEMD) with echocardiography in patients with UC.

Method

A total of 91 patients, 45 with UC (Group 1) and 46 healthy individuals as control (Group 2) were included in the study. The demographic and laboratory data were recorded, and echocardiographic measurements were taken for all patients.

Results

In the evaluation of basal clinical and laboratory findings, no difference was detected between the two groups, except for white blood cell count (WBC) (8.26 ± 2.71 vs. 7.06 ± 1.70, P = 0.013) and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (Hs‐CRP; 3.4 ± 1.7 vs. 1.0 ± 0.8, P < 0.001). The echocardiographic assessment revealed that the diastolic parameters such as E‐, E/A‐, and E‐ waves decreased in the UC group when compared to the control group. LA mechanical functions were different between groups, except for left atrial (LA) maximal volume: LA minimum volume (22.2 ± 12.9 vs. 15.3 ± 4.7, P = 0.001), LA volume before atrial systole (29.9 ± 14.2 vs. 24.2 ± 4.9, P = 0.021), LA ejection fraction (27.4 ± 16.5 vs. 38.6 ± 10.1, P < 0.001), LA total emptying volume (17.9 ± 6.9 vs. 21.9 ± 5.9, P = 0.004), LA active emptying fraction (27.4 ± 16.5 vs. 38.6 ± 10.1, P < 0.001), LA active emptying volume (7.7 ± 3.6 vs. 9.4 ± 2.9, P = 0.013), LA passive emptying fraction (26.8 ± 10.2 vs. 33.2 ± 9.2, P = 0.002), and LA passive emptying volume (10.3 ± 4.9 vs. 12.5 ± 4.5, P = 0.029). There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of AEMD durations, except time interval from the onset of the P‐wave on the surface ECG to the peak of the late diastolic wave (PA) of the tricuspid valve. The correlation analysis revealed that age and duration of disease were correlated with AEMD.

Conclusion

The current study reported that LA volume and mechanical functions degenerated and AEMD increased in patients with UC when compared to the control group. These findings demonstrate that UC may have effects on LA electromechanical functions related to duration of disease.
The impact of sub‐national institutions
Authors: Leonard Carol S. , Nazarov Zafar , Vakulenko Elena S.
Published: March 2016

This paper assesses the effect of sub‐national institutions on the economic performance of Russia's regions (oblasts, republics, krais and okrugs) from 2001 to 2008, a period of rapid economic advancement and recentralization. Approximating sub‐national institutions with the RA Expert index of investment risk, we find that a reduction in investment risk by one standard deviation increases output by 1.4 percent in the short run and 11.9 percent in the long run, suggesting a substantial regional performance gap in government practices, despite intensive political recentralization. Assuming that the main components of effective governance are running satisfactory public health programmes aimed at decreasing overall mortality among the working‐age population, creating fair labour market conditions and improving the regional institutional climate to encourage investment in fixed assets, we argue that sub‐national institutions remain important for growth in post‐Soviet Russia after 2000. This paper contributes to the literature on institutional persistence.
Preference and performance of generalist and specialist herbivores on chemically defended host plants
Authors: KELLY CAITLIN A. , BOWERS M. DEANE
Published: March 2016

1. Both the physiological efficiency (PE) hypothesis and the preference–performance (PP) hypothesis address the complex interactions between herbivores and host plants, albeit from different perspectives. The PE hypothesis contends that specialists are better physiologically adapted to their host plants than generalists. The PP hypothesis predicts that larvae perform best on the host plant preferred by ovipositing females.

2. This study tests components of both hypotheses using the specialist checkerspot, Euphydryas anicia, the generalist salt marsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea, and host plants in the genus Penstemon, which are defended by iridoid glycosides.

3. In laboratory experiments, the generalist preferred and performed significantly better on the less well defended host plant species. This is consistent with results from a common garden experiment where the less well defended Penstemon species received more damage from the local community of generalists. Larvae of the specialist checkerspot preferred the more chemically defended species in the laboratory, but performed equally well on both hosts. However, field experiments demonstrated that adult checkerspot females preferred to oviposit on the less well defended host plant.

4. Components of the physiological efficiency hypothesis were supported in this system, as the specialist outperformed the generalist on the more iridoid glycoside‐rich host plant species. There was no support for the PP hypothesis, however, as there was no clear relationship between female preference in the field and offspring performance in the laboratory.
Tigecycline targets nonsmall cell lung cancer through inhibition of mitochondrial function
Authors: Jia Xuefeng , Gu Zhenfang , Chen Wenming , Jiao Junbo
Published: March 2016

Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer with a high mortality rate and still remains therapeutically a challenge. A strategy to target NSCLC is to identify agents that are effective against NSCLC cells while sparing normal cells. We show that tigecycline, an FDA‐approved antibiotic drug, preferentially targets NSCLC cells. Tigecycline is effective in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of multiple cell lines derived from two common NSCLC subtypes: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Tigecycline also dose‐dependently inhibits colony formation of NSCLC subpopulation of cells with highly proliferative and invasive properties. Compared to NSCLC cells, tigecycline affects proliferation and survival of normal fibroblast cells significantly to a less extent. More importantly, tigecycline significantly inhibits NSCLC tumor growth through decreasing proliferation and increasing apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo. Tigecycline significantly inhibits mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP levels and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that tigecycline impairs mitochondrial functions. Our study suggests that tigecycline may be a useful therapeutic agent, and inhibiting mitochondrial functions may represent a new targeted therapy for NSCLC.
Sex differences in the incidence of skin and skin‐related diseases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States, and a comparison with other rates published worldwide
Authors: Andersen Louise K. , Davis Mark D. P.
Published: March 2016

Many skin and skin‐related diseases affect the sexes unequally, with attendant implications for public health and resource allocation. To evaluate better the incidence of skin and skin‐related diseases affecting males vs. females, we reviewed published population‐based epidemiology studies of skin disorders performed utilizing Rochester Epidemiology Project data. Females had a higher incidence of the following diseases: connective tissue diseases (scleroderma, morphea, dermatomyositis, primary Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus [not in all studies]), pityriasis rosea, herpes progenitalis, condyloma acuminatum, hidradenitis suppurativa, herpes zoster (except in children), erythromelalgia, venous stasis syndrome, and venous ulcers. Males had a higher incidence of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, basal cell carcinoma (exception, females aged ≤40 years), squamous cell carcinoma, and lentigo maligna. Incidence rates were equal in males and females for cutaneous malignant melanoma (exception, higher in females aged 18–39 years), lower‐extremity cellulitis, cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, Behçet disease, delusional infestation, alopecia areata, and bullous pemphigoid. Many of the population‐based sex‐specific incidence rates of skin and skin‐related diseases derived from the Rochester Epidemiology Project are strikingly different from those estimated elsewhere. In general, females are more commonly affected by skin and skin‐related diseases. The reasons for this imbalance remain to be determined and are likely multifactorial.
Multi‐site placebo‐controlled randomised clinical trial to assess protection following oral immunisation with inactivated non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Clancy R. L. , Dunkley M. L. , Sockler J. , McDonald C. F.
Published: March 2016

Background

Previous studies identified factors that modify response to an oral non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) vaccine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): severe COPD, moderate–severe exacerbations as end‐point and a threshold prevalence of NTHi in the study population. More data are needed to confirm parameters that influence clinical outcomes.

Aims

The primary aim was to determine the efficacy of an oral NTHi vaccine (HI‐164OV) in reducing the rate of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids or hospitalisation in COPD. Secondary aims included effect on the proportion of patients experiencing such exacerbations, severity of infections and quality of life (St George Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD patients (SGRQ‐C)).

Methods

This multi‐centre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was conducted at 21 Australian sites for 9 months in 2011.

Results

Three‐hundred and twenty subjects with COPD, FEV1
<60% predicted and ≥1 moderate–severe exacerbations in the previous 12 months were recruited. The primary and secondary end‐points for the intention‐to‐treat population aged 40–88 years were not achieved, and only 5% of subjects had an H. influenzae‐positive sputum sample. Subsequent exploratory analysis of patients <65 years (91 subjects) indicated protection with respect to the primary and most of the secondary end‐points, with SGRQ‐C symptom scores lower at 3 and 6 months.

Conclusion

Patients aged 40–88 years with moderate to severe COPD and low rates of H. influenzae‐positive sputum were not protected against exacerbations by HI‐1640V. Further studies are needed to confirm protection in subjects aged <65 years. Older age and low colonisation rates appear to affect adversely response to this vaccine.
Low pathogenicity of flounder iridovirus (FLIV) and the absence of cross‐protection between FLIV and rock bream iridovirus
Authors: Jung M H , Lee J , Jung S J
Published: March 2016

The genus Megalocytivirus is known to infect a wide range of cultured marine fish. In this study, we examined the pathogenicity of FLIV (Megalocytivirus from olive flounder, genotype III) and RBIV (Megalocytivirus from rock bream, genotype I) to their homologous and heterologous host species. Olive flounder (7.5 ± 1.3 cm) injected with FLIV [major capsid protein (MCP) gene copies, 6.8 × 103–6.5 × 106/fish] at 24 °C did not die until 90 days post‐infection (dpi). The average virus replication in the spleen peaked (1.27 × 106/fish) at 20 dpi. Rock bream (6.5 ± 1.5 cm) injected with FLIV (8.8 × 105 and 6.5 × 106/fish of MCP copies) showed no mortality until 50 dpi. The rock bream that survived after FLIV infection were rechallenged with RBIV at 50 dpi had 100% mortality, showing that there is no cross‐protection between FLIV and RBIV. Temperature shifting (26 °C and 20 °C at 12 h intervals) did not cause FLIV‐specific mortality into olive flounder, but higher virus copies were observed in the fish exposed to higher stocking density. This study demonstrates that FLIV and RBIV have different antigenic and pathogenic characteristics and that FLIV has low pathogenicity to olive flounder.
Global Drivers of Russian Timber Harvest
Authors: Liang Sai , Guo Sen , Newell Joshua P. , Qu Shen , Feng Yu , Chiu Anthony S.F. , Xu Ming
Published: March 2016

Russian forest resources are important for global carbon cycling. In contrast to traditional analyses that focus on the harvest and direct use of Russian timber resources (a.k.a. production‐based accounting), this study investigates how the consumption of nations drives Russian timber harvest (a.k.a. consumption‐based accounting or the Russian timber footprint). China is the biggest direct importer and final consumer of Russian timber. The United States, Japan, and major European countries directly import relatively small amounts of Russian timber, but serve to drive large amounts of Russian timber harvest through their final consumption. Through structural path analysis, individual supply chain paths are delineated to show linkages between Russian timber harvest and the final consumption of nations. Findings of this study inform consumption‐side measures for Russian forest conservation, for example, taking shared responsibility and improving the production efficiency of key sectors in consuming nations.
Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Model for Comparing Plug‐in versus Wireless Charging for an Electric Bus System
Authors: Bi Zicheng , De Kleine Robert , Keoleian Gregory A.
Published: March 2016

An integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost (LCC) model was developed to compare the life cycle performance of plug‐in charging versus wireless charging for an electric bus system. The model was based on a bus system simulation using existing transit bus routes in the Ann Arbor–Ypsilanti metro area in Michigan. The objective is to evaluate the LCCs for an all‐electric bus system utilizing either plug‐in or wireless charging and also compare these costs to both conventional pure diesel and hybrid bus systems. Despite a higher initial infrastructure investment for off‐board wireless chargers deployed across the service region, the wireless charging bus system has the lowest LCC of US$0.99 per bus‐kilometer among the four systems and has the potential to reduce use‐phase carbon emissions attributable to the lightweighting benefits of on‐board battery downsizing compared to plug‐in charging. Further uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis indicate that the unit price of battery pack and day or night electricity price are key parameters in differentiating the LCCs between plug‐in and wireless charging. Additionally, scenario analyses on battery recycling, carbon emission pricing, and discount rates were conducted to further analyze and compare their respective life cycle performance.
Degrees of (Self‐)Exploitation: Learning to Labour in the Neoliberal University
Authors: Brienza Casey
Published: March 2016

Much has been written on the neoliberalization of the academy on the one hand and precarious creative labour/work in the culture industries on the other, but there has been comparatively little writing which makes explicit the intimate links between these two sociological phenomena and how they have come to complement and reinforce one another. Taking as a case study a new postgraduate MA course in Self‐Publishing, this article aims to fill this gap, arguing that fundamental to learning to labour in the neoliberal university is both ready acquiescence to exploitation and further willingness to self‐exploit on the part of both staff and students. Furthermore, incumbents of a profoundly unequal and managerial knowledge hierarchy benefit from the introduction of programmes which neither train students vocationally nor educate them liberally. This, in turn, threatens the autonomy within institutions of higher education while simultaneously undermining future artistic and intellectual flourishing.
Relationship Churning and Parenting Stress Among Mothers and Fathers
Authors: Halpern‐Meekin Sarah , Turney Kristin
Published: March 2016

Researchers have documented the consequences of relationship instability for parenting stress but have given little attention to within‐partner relationship instability. In this study, the authors used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,544) to estimate the association between within‐partner relationship instability (known as churning or on‐again/off‐again relationships) and parenting stress. First, they found that by the focal child's 5th birthday about 16% of biological parents experience churning. Second, compared to being stably together with or stably separated from the child's other parent, churning is associated with greater parenting stress for both mothers and fathers. Because parenting stress is the same or higher among churners compared to their counterparts who stably separate, this suggests that, more than a change in partner, relationship instability—whether within or across relationships—is tied to parenting stress.
Immunohistochemical expression of GLUT‐1, GLUT‐3, and carbonic anhydrase IX in benign odontogenic lesions
Authors: Vasconcelos Roseane Carvalho , de Oliveira Moura Jamile Marinho Bezerra , Lacerda Brasileiro Junior Vilson , da Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas , de Souza Lélia Batista
Published: March 2016

Background

Some benign odontogenic lesions have a distinct biological behavior with high recurrence rates and local aggressive behavior. To determine whether glucose transporters proteins (GLUT‐1 and GLUT‐3) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) are associated with the development of as dentigerous cyst (DC), odontogenic keratocyst (OK), and ameloblastoma (AM), we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins in these lesions.

Materials and methods

Immunoexpression of GLUT‐1, GLUT‐3, and CA IX was evaluated semiquantitative fields in each of the 20 cases of OK, AM, and DC. The cases were classified according to the scores: 0 (0% positive cells), 1 (<10% of positive cells), 2 (10–50% of positive cells), and 3 (>50% of positive cells). The statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi‐square, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests.

Results

All cases were positive for GLUT‐1 and 65% of OK showed scored 3. Staining was diffuse in 90% of OK and 85% of DC cases (P < 0.001). In 50% of OK and AM, staining was only observed in the membrane (P = 0.01). Most of the samples (66.7%) were negative for GLUT‐3. Staining intensity for anhydrase was higher in the epithelium of DC when compared to OK (P = 0.01). Strong staining was observed in 55% of DC and 20% of OK samples (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

These results suggest that GLUT‐1 may be involved in the metabolic regulation of glucose in odontogenic lesions studied. In addition, CA IX appears to influence the development of AM, OK, and DC which can explain the differences their biological behavior.
Vagal tone: effects on sensitivity, motility, and inflammation
Authors: Bonaz B. , Sinniger V. , Pellissier S.
Published: March 2016

The vagus nerve (VN) is a key element of the autonomic nervous system. As a mixed nerve, the VN contributes to the bidirectional interactions between the brain and the gut, i.e., the brain‐gut axis. In particular, after integration in the central autonomic network of peripheral sensations such as inflammation and pain via vagal and spinal afferents, an efferent response through modulation of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and/or preganglionic sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord is able to modulate gastrointestinal nociception, motility, and inflammation. A low vagal tone, as assessed by heart rate variability, a marker of the sympatho‐vagal balance, is observed in functional digestive disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. To restore a normal vagal tone appears as a goal in such diseases. Among the therapeutic tools, such as drugs targeting the cholinergic system and/or complementary medicine (hypnosis, meditation…), deep breathing, physical exercise, VN stimulation (VNS), either invasive or non‐invasive, appears as innovative. There is new evidence in the current issue of this Journal supporting the role of VNS in the modulation of gastrointestinal functions.
An Understanding of the Photocatalytic Properties and Pollutant Degradation Mechanism of SrTiO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: da Silva Luís F. , Lopes Osmando F. , de Mendonça Vagner R. , Carvalho Kele T. G. , Longo Elson , Ribeiro Caue , Mastelaro Valmor R.
Published: March 2016

Strontium titanate nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their physical and chemical properties, especially as photocatalysts under ultraviolet irradiation. In this paper, we analyze the effect of heating rate during the crystallization process of SrTiO3 nanoparticles in the degradation of organic pollutants. The relationship between structural, morphological and photocatalytic properties of the SrTiO3 nanoparticles was investigated using different techniques. Transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption results show that particle size and surface properties are tuned by the heating rate of the SrTiO3 crystallization process. The SrTiO3 nanoparticles showed good photoactivity for the degradation of methylene blue, rhodamine B and methyl orange dyes, driven by a nonselective process. The SrTiO3 sample with the largest particle size exhibited higher photoactivity per unit area, independent of the molecule to be degraded. The results pointed out that the photodegradation of methylene blue dye catalyzed by SrTiO3 is caused by the action of valence band holes (direct pathway), and the indirect mechanism has a negligible effect, i.e. degradation by O2−• and •OH radicals attack.
Self‐Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism
Authors: Gertler Brie
Published: March 2016

How does one know one's own beliefs, intentions, and other attitudes? Many responses to this question are broadly empiricist, in that they take self‐knowledge to be epistemically based in empirical justification or warrant. Empiricism about self‐knowledge faces an influential objection: that it portrays us as mere observers of a passing cognitive show, and neglects the fact that believing and intending are things we do, for reasons. According to the competing, agentialist conception of self‐knowledge, our capacity for self‐knowledge derives from our rational agency—our ability to conform our attitudes to our reasons, and to commit ourselves to those attitudes through avowals (Burge 1996; Moran 2001; Bilgrami 2006; Boyle 2009).

This paper has two goals. The first is exegetical: to identify agentialism's defining thesis and precisely formulate the agentialist challenge to empiricism. The second goal is to defend empiricism from the agentialist challenge. I propose a way to understand the role of agency in reasoning and avowals, one that does justice to what is distinctive about these phenomena yet is compatible with empiricism about self‐knowledge.
Fiscal Consolidation and the Public Sector Balance Sheet in South Africa
Authors: Burger Philippe , Siebrits Krige , Calitz Estian
Published: March 2016

Between 1994 and 2008 the South African government reduced its debt/GDP ratio from almost 50% to 27%. Unfortunately this reduction was accompanied by a significant decrease in government's fixed capital/GDP ratio from 90% to 55% – fiscal sustainability might have been restored, but government's balance sheet did not improve. A similar story can be told for State Owned Enterprises. Since the Great Recession the fiscal situation worsened markedly – the public debt ratio again approaches 50%. To restore fiscal sustainability this article suggests that the government faces two options: (1) to create room for future countercyclical policy, the government must cut current expenditure and reduce the public debt/GDP ratio to its pre‐crisis level, or (2) substitute much‐needed infrastructure capital expenditure for current expenditure while stabilising the debt/GDP ratio at its post‐crisis level. Given that the much lower fixed capital/GDP ratio inhibits economic growth, the latter option might be more sensible.
Governing Social Innovation: Exploring the Role of ‘Discretionary Practice’ in the Negotiation of Shared Spaces of Community Food Growing
Authors: Franklin Alex , Kovách Imre , Csurgó Bernadett
Published: March 2016

Despite the extensive areas of under‐used green and brownfield land that remain in public ownership, little academic attention has thus far been given to the role of the public sector in utilising this resource for shared forms of community food growing. Building upon recent calls for more research targeted towards the governance of social innovation, but also the spaces and places in which it occurs, this article presents an in‐depth qualitative account of one such public sector‐led attempt at instigating the co‐production of community food growing. Guided by social innovation theory and Lipsky's (1980) street level bureaucracy, the discussion pays particular attention to the discretional practice of front line public sector workers. Whilst at one level public sector‐led initiatives lack sufficient intention or scope for bringing about the transformation of existing social orders, their contribution to propagating individual and smaller scale occurrences of social innovation in the context of community food security should nevertheless not be overlooked. It is by adopting a more micro‐level, situated and process orientated approach to the analysis of alternative forms of collaborative public sector‐led community food growing, that it becomes possible to evidence the presence of innovative practice as it unfolds on the ground.
Bi‐Oblique Dynamic Proximal Ulnar Osteotomy: Surgical Technique and Clinical Outcome in 86 Dogs
Authors: Caron Alexandre , Fitzpatrick Noel
Published: March 2016

Objective

To describe the technique of bi‐oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy (BODPUO) and report the clinical outcome in a series of dog with medial compartment disease and other developmental elbow diseases.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Dogs (n=86; 120 elbows) treated for elbow disease with BODPUO.

Methods

Medical records and diagnostic images were reviewed. Type and frequency of complications and treatment required were recorded. Force plate data were reported in dogs for which data had been recorded preoperatively and at follow‐up.

Results

Mean (standard deviation) final follow‐up was 23.4 (35.6) weeks. There were minor complications in 15 elbows (12%, 14 dogs). There were no major complications. The caudo‐cranial and latero‐medial mean osteotomy angles were 55° (7°) and 48° (10°), respectively. The most caudo‐proximal point of the osteotomy was located at a mean of 39% (5%) of the total ulnar length from the olecranon. Sixty of 68 elbows (88%) were considered healed by 4 months postoperative based on radiographs. Subjective lameness scores were significantly decreased by final follow‐up for all dogs. For dogs treated with BODPUO alone for medial compartment disease, peak vertical force was significantly higher at 6 months postoperative.

Conclusion

Dogs with medial compartment disease undergoing BODPUO showed clinical improvement in the 6 month follow‐up. No complications required surgical intervention.
Numerical Simulation Comparison of Two Reactor Configurations for Chemical Looping Combustion and Chemical Looping With Oxygen Uncoupling
Authors: Hamilton Matthew A. , Whitty Kevin J. , Lighty JoAnn S.
Published: March 2016

Chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is a carbon capture technology that utilizes a metal oxide as an oxygen carrier to selectively separate oxygen from air and release gaseous O2 into a reactor where fuel, such as coal, is combusted. Previous research has addressed reactor design for CLOU systems, but little direct comparison between different reactor designs has been performed. This study utilizes Barracuda-VR® for comparison of two system configurations, one uses circulating fluidized beds (CFB) for both the air reactor (AR) and fuel reactor (FR) and another uses bubbling fluidized beds for both reactors. Initial validation of experimental and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations was performed to show that basic trends are captured with the CFD code. The CFD simulations were then used to perform comparison of key performance parameters such as solids circulation rate and reactor residence time, pressure profiles in the reactors and loopseals, and particle velocities in different locations of the reactor as functions of total solids inventory and reactor gas flows. Using these simulation results, it was determined that the dual CFB system had larger range for solids circulation rate before choked flow was obtained. Both systems had similar particle velocities for the bottom 80% of particle mass, but the bubbling bed (BB) obtained higher particle velocities as compared to the circulating fluidized-bed FR, due to the transport riser. As a system, the results showed that the dual CFB configuration allowed better control over the range of parameters tested.
Atomic layer deposition of cerium oxide for potential use in diesel soot combustion
Authors: Ivanova Tatiana V. , Toivonen Jenni , Maydannik Philipp S. , Kääriäinen Tommi , Sillanpää Mika , Homola Tomáš , Cameron David C.
Published: March 2016

The particulate soot emission from diesel motors has a severe impact on the environment and people's health. The use of catalytic convertors is one of the ways to minimize the emission and decrease the hazard level. In this paper, the activity of cerium oxide for catalytic combustion of diesel soot was studied. Thin films of cerium dioxide were synthesized by atomic layer deposition using tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)cerium [Ce(thd)4] and ozone as precursors. The characteristics of the films were studied as a function of deposition conditions within the reaction temperature range of 180–350 °C. Thickness, crystallinity, elemental composition, and morphology of the CeO2 films deposited on Si (100) were characterized by ellipsometry, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The growth rate of CeO2 was observed to be 0.30 Å/cycle at temperatures up to 250 °C with a slight increase to 0.37 Å/cycle at 300 °C. The effect of CeO2 films grown on stainless steel foil supports on soot combustion was measured with annealing tests. Based on the analysis of these, in catalytic applications, CeO2 has been shown to be effective in lowering the soot combustion temperature from 600 °C for the uncoated substrates to 370 °C for the CeO2 coated ones. It was found that the higher deposition temperatures had a positive effect on the catalyst performance.
Multiscale approach for the construction of equilibrated all-atom models of a poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel
Authors: Li Xianfeng , Murthy N. Sanjeeva , Becker Matthew L. , Latour Robert A.
Published: March 2016

A multiscale modeling approach is presented for the efficient construction of an equilibrated all-atom model of a cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel using the all-atom polymer consistent force field (PCFF). The final equilibrated all-atom model was built with a systematic simulation toolset consisting of three consecutive parts: (1) building a global cross-linked PEG-chain network at experimentally determined cross-link density using an on-lattice Monte Carlo method based on the bond fluctuation model, (2) recovering the local molecular structure of the network by transitioning from the lattice model to an off-lattice coarse-grained (CG) model parameterized from PCFF, followed by equilibration using high performance molecular dynamics methods, and (3) recovering the atomistic structure of the network by reverse mapping from the equilibrated CG structure, hydrating the structure with explicitly represented water, followed by final equilibration using PCFF parameterization. The developed three-stage modeling approach has application to a wide range of other complex macromolecular hydrogel systems, including the integration of peptide, protein, and/or drug molecules as side-chains within the hydrogel network for the incorporation of bioactivity for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery applications.
Faraday cage angled-etching of nanostructures in bulk dielectrics
Authors: Latawiec Pawel , Burek Michael J. , Sohn Young-Ik , Lončar Marko
Published: March 2016

For many emerging optoelectronic materials, heteroepitaxial growth techniques do not offer the same high material quality afforded by bulk, single-crystal growth. However, the need for optical, electrical, or mechanical isolation at the nanoscale level often necessitates the use of a dissimilar substrate, upon which the active device layer stands. Faraday cage angled-etching (FCAE) obviates the need for these planar, thin-film technologies by enabling in situ device release and isolation through an angled-etching process. By placing a Faraday cage around the sample during inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching, the etching plasma develops an equipotential at the cage surface, directing ions normal to its face. In this article, the effects that Faraday cage angle, mesh size, and sample placement have on etch angle, uniformity, and mask selectivity are investigated within a silicon etching platform. Simulation results qualitatively confirm experiments and help to clarify the physical mechanisms at work. These results will help guide FCAE process design across a wide range of material platforms.
Subducting Slab Ultra-Slow Velocity Layer Coincident with Silent Earthquakes in Southern Mexico
Authors: Song Teh-Ru Alex , Helmberger Donald. V. , Brudzinski Michael R. , Clayton Robert W. , Davis Paul , Pérez-Campos Xyoli , Singh Shri K.
Published: March 2016

Seismic mapping suggests that silent earthquakes may be related to an ultralow velocity layer on top of a subducting slab.
Don't blame sports for Zika's spread
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: March 2016

Viral genomes suggest ordinary travel brought the disease to Brazil in late 2013.
Slaughter at the bridge
Authors: Curry Andrew
Published: March 2016

Grisly find suggests Bronze Age northern Europe was more organized—and violent—than thought.
Reproducibility in density functional theory calculations of solids
Authors: Lejaeghere Kurt , Bihlmayer Gustav , Björkman Torbjörn , Blaha Peter , Blügel Stefan , Blum Volker , Caliste Damien , Castelli Ivano E. , Clark Stewart J. , Dal Corso Andrea , de Gironcoli Stefano , Deutsch Thierry , Dewhurst John Kay , Di Marco Igor , Draxl Claudia , Dułak Marcin , Eriksson Olle , Flores-Livas José A. , Garrity Kevin F. , Genovese Luigi , Giannozzi Paolo , Giantomassi Matteo , Goedecker Stefan , Gonze Xavier , Grånäs Oscar , Gross E. K. U. , Gulans Andris , Gygi François , Hamann D. R. , Hasnip Phil J. , Holzwarth N. A. W. , Iuşan Diana , Jochym Dominik B. , Jollet François , Jones Daniel , Kresse Georg , Koepernik Klaus , Küçükbenli Emine , Kvashnin Yaroslav O. , Locht Inka L. M. , Lubeck Sven , Marsman Martijn , Marzari Nicola , Nitzsche Ulrike , Nordström Lars , Ozaki Taisuke , Paulatto Lorenzo , Pickard Chris J. , Poelmans Ward , Probert Matt I. J. , Refson Keith , Richter Manuel , Rignanese Gian-Marco , Saha Santanu , Scheffler Matthias , Schlipf Martin , Schwarz Karlheinz , Sharma Sangeeta , Tavazza Francesca , Thunström Patrik , Tkatchenko Alexandre , Torrent Marc , Vanderbilt David , van Setten Michiel J. , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Wills John M. , Yates Jonathan R. , Zhang Guo-Xu , Cottenier Stefaan
Published: March 2016

A comparison of DFT methods

Density functional theory (DFT) is now routinely used for simulating material properties. Many software packages are available, which makes it challenging to know which are the best to use for a specific calculation. Lejaeghere
et al.
compared the calculated values for the equation of states for 71 elemental crystals from 15 different widely used DFT codes employing 40 different potentials (see the Perspective by Skylaris). Although there were variations in the calculated values, most recent codes and methods converged toward a single value, with errors comparable to those of experiment.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aad3000
; see also p.
1394
Direct observation of proton pumping by a eukaryotic P-type ATPase
Authors: Veshaguri Salome , Christensen Sune M. , Kemmer Gerdi C. , Ghale Garima , Møller Mads P. , Lohr Christina , Christensen Andreas L. , Justesen Bo H. , Jørgensen Ida L. , Schiller Jürgen , Hatzakis Nikos S. , Grabe Michael , Pomorski Thomas Günther , Stamou Dimitrios
Published: March 2016

A proton pump in action

P-type adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump cations across biological membranes. The electrochemical gradients that are generated control many essential cellular processes. Veshaguri
et al.
incorporated a plant proton pump into vesicles and monitored the dynamics of single pumps. Pumping was stochastically interrupted by long-lived inactive or leaky states. The work reveals how these proton pumps are regulated by a protein domain and by pH gradients.

Science
, this issue p.
1469
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells revealed by germline-targeting immunogen
Authors: Jardine Joseph G. , Kulp Daniel W. , Havenar-Daughton Colin , Sarkar Anita , Briney Bryan , Sok Devin , Sesterhenn Fabian , Ereño-Orbea June , Kalyuzhniy Oleksandr , Deresa Isaiah , Hu Xiaozhen , Spencer Skye , Jones Meaghan , Georgeson Erik , Adachi Yumiko , Kubitz Michael , deCamp Allan C. , Julien Jean-Philippe , Wilson Ian A. , Burton Dennis R. , Crotty Shane , Schief William R.
Published: March 2016

Baby steps toward bNAbs

Some HIV-infected individuals develop heavily mutated, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that target HIV. Scientists aim to design vaccines that would elicit such antibodies. Jardine
et al.
report an important step toward this goal: They engineered an immunogen that could engage B cells from HIV-uninfected individuals that express the germline versions of the immunoglobulin genes harbored by a particular class of bNAbs. The frequencies of these B cells, their affinities for the immunogen, and structural analysis suggest that the immunogen is a promising candidate. Further shaping of the B cell response with subsequent immunogens may eventually elicit bNAbs in people.

Science
, this issue p.
1458
Catalyst-controlled selectivity in the C–H borylation of methane and ethane
Authors: Cook Amanda K. , Schimler Sydonie D. , Matzger Adam J. , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: March 2016

Methane borylation in a cyclohexane sea

Although methane combusts readily at high temperatures, it is generally the hardest hydrocarbon to transform under gentler conditions, owing to its particularly strong C-H bonds. Cook
et al.
now show that soluble rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium catalysts can slice through these C-H bonds to add boron substituents to methane at 150°C. Smith
et al.
report the iridium-catalyzed reaction using phosphine ligands to enhance activity. Both studies were performed in cyclohexane solvent, revealing a remarkable selective preference for the methane reaction over functionalization of the cyclic hydrocarbon.

Science
, this issue pp.
1421
and
1424
Photon recycling in lead iodide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Pazos-Outón Luis M. , Szumilo Monika , Lamboll Robin , Richter Johannes M. , Crespo-Quesada Micaela , Abdi-Jalebi Mojtaba , Beeson Harry J. , Vrućinić Milan , Alsari Mejd , Snaith Henry J. , Ehrler Bruno , Friend Richard H. , Deschler Felix
Published: March 2016

Perovskite solar cells recycle photons

Inorganic-organic perovskite solar cells are very efficient in part because the charge carriers exhibit very long path lengths. Pazos-Outón
et al.
show that photon recycling, as seen previously in highly efficient gallium arsenide solar cells, contributes to this effect (see the Perspective by Yablonovitch). In most solar cells, the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers (electrons and holes) wastes all of the energy. In these lead tri-iodide cells, recombination emits a photon that can be reabsorbed and create more charge carriers.

Science
, this issue p.
1430
; see also p.
1401
Don't forget the surface
Authors: Noziere Barbara
Published: March 2016

Surface effects play a key role in cloud droplet formation

[Also see Report by

Ruehl
et al.

]
Lead halides join the top optoelectronic league
Authors: Yablonovitch Eli
Published: March 2016

Lead halide materials have the properties needed to reach the highest photovoltaic efficiencies

[Also see Report by

Pazos-Outón
et al.

]
Two-dimensional nanofluidics
Authors: Koltonow Andrew R. , Huang Jiaxing
Published: March 2016

Restacked exfoliated sheets create interconnected nanofluidic channels for ion transport
Practical Value of Food Pathogen Traceability through Building a Whole-Genome Sequencing Network and Database
Authors: Allard Marc W. , Strain Errol , Melka David , Bunning Kelly , Musser Steven M. , Brown Eric W. , Timme Ruth
Published: March 2016

The FDA has created a United States-based open-source whole-genome sequencing network of state, federal, international, and commercial partners. The GenomeTrakr network represents a first-of-its-kind distributed genomic food shield for characterizing and tracing foodborne outbreak pathogens back to their sources. The GenomeTrakr network is leading investigations of outbreaks of foodborne illnesses and compliance actions with more accurate and rapid recalls of contaminated foods as well as more effective monitoring of preventive controls for food manufacturing environments. An expanded network would serve to provide an international rapid surveillance system for pathogen traceback, which is critical to support an effective public health response to bacterial outbreaks.
Superior Efficacy of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Combined with Antiretroviral Prevention in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Challenged Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Le Grand Roger , Dereuddre-Bosquet Nathalie , Dispinseri Stefania , Gosse Leslie , Desjardins Delphine , Shen Xiaoying , Tolazzi Monica , Ochsenbauer Christina , Saidi Hela , Tomaras Georgia , Prague Mélanie , Barnett Susan W. , Thiebaut Rodolphe , Cope Alethea , Scarlatti Gabriella , Shattock Robin J.
Published: March 2016

Although vaccines and antiretroviral (ARV) prevention have demonstrated partial success against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in clinical trials, their combined introduction could provide more potent protection. Furthermore, combination approaches could ameliorate the potential increased risk of infection following vaccination in the absence of protective immunity. We used a nonhuman primate model to determine potential interactions of combining a partially effective ARV microbicide with an envelope-based vaccine. The vaccine alone provided no protection from infection following 12 consecutive low-dose intravaginal challenges with simian-HIV strain SF162P3, with more animals infected compared to naive controls. The microbicide alone provided a 68% reduction in the risk of infection relative to that of the vaccine group and a 45% reduction relative to that of naive controls. The vaccine-microbicide combination provided an 88% reduction in the per-exposure risk of infection relative to the vaccine alone and a 79% reduction relative to that of the controls. Protected animals in the vaccine-microbicide group were challenged a further 12 times in the absence of microbicide and demonstrated a 98% reduction in the risk of infection. A total risk reduction of 91% was observed in this group over 24 exposures (
P
= 0.004). These important findings suggest that combined implementation of new biomedical prevention strategies may provide significant gains in HIV prevention.

IMPORTANCE
There is a pressing need to maximize the impact of new biomedical prevention tools in the face of the 2 million HIV infections that occur each year. Combined implementation of complementary biomedical approaches could create additive or synergistic effects that drive improved reduction of HIV incidence. Therefore, we assessed a combination of an untested vaccine with an ARV-based microbicide in a nonhuman primate vaginal challenge model. The vaccine alone provided no protection (and may have increased susceptibility to a simian-HIV vaginal challenge), while the microbicide reduced the infection risk compared to that of vaccinated and naive animals. Importantly, the combined interventions provided the greatest level of protection, which was sustained following withdrawal of the microbicide. The data suggest that provision of ARV prophylaxis during vaccination reduces the potential for unexpected increased risks of infection following immunization and augments vaccine efficacy. These findings are important for the potential adoption of ARV prophylaxis as the baseline intervention for future HIV/AIDS vaccines.