bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Estimate the Far-Side Open Flux Using STEREO Coronal Holes
Authors: Heinemann Stephan G. , Temmer Manuela , Hofmeister Stefan J. , Stojakovic Aleksandar , Gizon Laurent , Yang Dan
Published: September 2021

Global magnetic field models use as input synoptic data, which usually show “aging effects” as the longitudinal $360^{\circ }$

360
∘

information is not obtained simultaneously. Especially during times of increased solar activity, the evolution of the magnetic field may yield large uncertainties. A significant source of uncertainty is the Sun’s magnetic field on the side of the Sun invisible to the observer. Various methods have been used to complete the picture: synoptic charts, flux-transport models, and far side helioseismology. In this study, we present a new method to estimate the far-side open flux within coronal holes using STEREO EUV observations. First, we correlate the structure of the photospheric magnetic field as observed with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (HMI/SDO) with features in the transition region. From the 304 Å intensity distribution, which we found to be specific to coronal holes, we derive an empirical estimate for the open flux. Then we use a large sample of 313 SDO coronal hole observations to verify this relation. Finally, we perform a cross-instrument calibration from SDO to STEREO data to enable the estimation of the open flux at solar longitudes not visible from Earth. We find that the properties of strong unipolar magnetic elements in the photosphere, which determine the coronal hole’s open flux, can be approximated by open fields in the transition region. We find that structures below a threshold of $78\%$
78
%
(STEREO) or $94\%$
94
%
(SDO) of the solar disk median intensity as seen in 304 Å filtergrams are reasonably well correlated with the mean magnetic flux density of coronal holes (cc$_{\mathrm{sp}} = 0.59$

=

sp

0.59
). Using the area covered by these structures ($A_{\mathrm{OF}}$

A
OF

) and the area of the coronal hole ($A_{\mathrm{CH}}$

A
CH

), we model the open magnetic flux of a coronal hole as $|\Phi _{\mathrm{CH}}| = 0.25 A_{\mathrm{CH}}~\mathrm{exp}(0.032 A_{\mathrm{OF}})$
|

Φ
CH

|
=
0.25

A
CH

exp
(
0.032

A
OF

)
with an estimated uncertainty of 40 to $60\%$
60
%
.
Temperature Dependence of the γ/γ′ Interfacial Energy in Binary Ni–Al Alloys
Authors: Ardell Alan J.
Published: September 2021

Published data on the coarsening kinetics of γ′ (Ni3Al) precipitates in binary Ni–Al alloys aged at 12 temperatures ranging from 773 K to 1073 K are analyzed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the temperature dependence of the γ/γ′ interfacial free energy, σ. The data are analyzed using equations of the trans-interface-diffusion-controlled (TIDC) theory of coarsening, with temporal exponent n = 2.4. The results show that σ decreases with increasing temperature, T. A linear empirical equation is fitted to the data on σ
vs
T; it extrapolates to σ = 0 in the liquid region of the Ni–Al phase diagram, as it should do. A quantitative temperature-dependent transition radius, r
trans, is calculated; it depends on the product of the interface width and the ratio of the chemical diffusion coefficients in the γ phase and interface regions. Applying the TIDC coarsening equations to calculate σ is justified when the average radius, 〈r〉, satisfies the condition 〈r〉 < r
trans, which is valid for all the data used in the fit. The data on σ
vs
T are compared with theoretical predictions. The results are discussed in the context of previous work, as well as with values of σ obtained through analyses using the equations of traditional LSW coarsening kinetics, n = 3.
The Noncommutative Fractional Fourier Law in Bounded and Unbounded Domains
Authors: Colombo Fabrizio , Deniz González Denis , Pinton Stefano
Published: September 2021

Using the spectral theory on theS-spectrum it is possible to define the fractional powers of a large class of vector operators. This possibility leads to new fractional diffusion and evolution problems that are of particular interest for nonhomogeneous materials where the Fourier law is not simply the negative gradient operator but it is a nonconstant coefficients differential operator of the form$$\begin{aligned} T=\sum _{\ell =1}^3e_\ell a_\ell (x)\partial _{x_\ell }, \ \ \ x=(x_1,x_2,x_3)\in \overline{\Omega }, \end{aligned}$$T=∑ℓ=13eℓaℓ(x)∂xℓ,x=(x1,x2,x3)∈Ω¯,where,$$\Omega $$Ωcan be either a bounded or an unbounded domain in$$\mathbb {R}^3$$R3whose boundary$$\partial \Omega $$∂Ωis considered suitably regular,$$\overline{\Omega }$$Ω¯is the closure of$$\Omega $$Ωand$$e_\ell $$eℓ, for$$\ell =1,2,3$$ℓ=1,2,3are the imaginary units of the quaternions$$\mathbb {H}$$H. The operators$$T_\ell :=a_\ell (x)\partial _{x_\ell }$$Tℓ:=aℓ(x)∂xℓ, for$$\ell =1,2,3$$ℓ=1,2,3, are called the components ofTand$$a_1$$a1,$$a_2$$a2,$$a_3: \overline{\Omega } \subset \mathbb {R}^3\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$a3:Ω¯⊂R3→Rare the coefficients ofT. In this paper we study the generation of the fractional powers ofT, denoted by$$P_{\alpha }(T)$$Pα(T)for$$\alpha \in (0,1)$$α∈(0,1), when the operators$$T_\ell $$Tℓ, for$$\ell =1,2,3$$ℓ=1,2,3do not commute among themselves. To define the fractional powers$$P_{\alpha }(T)$$Pα(T)ofTwe have to consider the weak formulation of a suitable boundary value problem associated with the pseudoS-resolvent operator ofT. In this paper we consider two different boundary conditions. If$$\Omega $$Ωis unbounded we consider Dirichlet boundary conditions. If$$\Omega $$Ωis bounded we consider the natural Robin-type boundary conditions associated with the generation of the fractional powers ofTrepresented by the operator$$\sum _{\ell =1}^3a_\ell ^2(x)n_\ell (x) \partial _{x_\ell }+a(x)I$$∑ℓ=13aℓ2(x)nℓ(x)∂xℓ+a(x)I, for$$x\in \partial \Omega $$x∈∂Ω, whereIis the identity operator,$$a:\partial \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$a:∂Ω→Ris a given function and$$n=(n_1,n_2,n_3)$$n=(n1,n2,n3)is the outward unit normal vector to$$\partial \Omega $$∂Ω. The Robin-type boundary conditions associated with the generation of the fractional powers ofTare, in general, different from the Robin boundary conditions associated to the heat diffusion problem which leads to operators of the type$$ \sum _{\ell =1}^3a_\ell (x)n_\ell (x) \partial _{x_\ell }+b(x)I$$∑ℓ=13aℓ(x)nℓ(x)∂xℓ+b(x)I,$$x\in \partial \Omega . $$x∈∂Ω.For this reason we also discuss the conditions on the coefficients$$a_1$$a1,$$a_2$$a2,$$a_3: \overline{\Omega } \subset \mathbb {R}^3\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$a3:Ω¯⊂R3→RofTand on the coefficient$$b:\partial \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$b:∂Ω→Rso that the fractional powers ofTare compatible with the physical Robin boundary conditions for the heat equations.
Developments in Qualitative Mindfulness Practice Research: a Pilot Scoping Review
Authors: Frank Pascal , Marken Marieke
Published: September 2021

Objectives

While scholars are increasingly emphasizing the potential of qualitative mindfulness practice research (QMPR) for advancing the understanding of mindfulness practice, there has been no significant empirical inquiry looking at actual trends and practices of QMPR. Consequently, it has been impossible to direct research practices toward under-researched areas and make methodical suggestions on how to approach them. The aim of the present study was to analyze current trends and practices in QMPR in order to address these areas of need.

Methods

Based on a scoping review, 229 qualitative studies published between 2000 and 2019 were analyzed in regard to their disciplinary backgrounds, research questions and intentions, type of mindfulness practice, target population, as well as practices of data collection and analysis.

Results

A strong focus of QMPR lies in the inquiry of mindfulness-based interventions, particularly mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and adaptations. Over 10% of the publications do not fully specify the mindfulness practice. The efficacy and subjective experience of mindfulness practices constitute the dominant research interests of QMPR. Data collection is highly concentrated on practice participants and first-person data. Interpretative paradigms are the predominant analytical approach within QMPR. QMPR studies have a strong proclivity toward emphasizing the positive effects of mindfulness practice. Nine percent of all articles considered for our study did not fully disclose their analytical procedure. Adversarial research groups and pluralistic qualitative research remain scarce.

Conclusions

Future QMPR should (i) include second- and third-person data, (ii) include dropouts and former mindfulness practitioners, (iii) fully disclose details on the mindfulness practice and data analysis, (iv) intensify the application of critical and deconstructivist paradigms, as well as pluralistic qualitative research, and (v) build adversarial research teams.
Morpho-agronomic and genetic variation among Phaseolus vulgaris landraces from selected provinces of South Africa
Authors: Ndlangamandla Valencia Vuyisile , Ntuli Nontuthuko Rosemary
Published: September 2021

Key message

The morpho-agronomic and genetic studies recorded variations in vegetative and reproductive traits, and in molecular information through population structure and clustering approaches among South African Phaseolus vulgaris landraces.

Phaseolus vulgaris L., commonly known as common beans, is widely used for its edible leaves, immature pods, and dry seeds. Studies on variation in morphology and genetics among P. vulgaris landraces are limited in South Africa. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the morpho-agronomic and genetic variations among P. vulgaris landraces. Thirty-eight landraces from different agro-ecological origins, planted in a randomized complete block design, had their variation in vegetative and reproductive traits determined. These landraces were studied for their genetic diversity using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The landraces were clustered in a biplot and dendrogram based on their seed coats, shape, similar morpho-agronomic traits, and their areas of origin. A total of 57 alleles were produced with a mean of 3.64 per SSR locus. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.00 to 0.58. The population structure had the highest delta value K = 2, thus the 38 landraces were divided into two subpopulations based on the Bayesian approach. The population structure showed an overlap among the landraces as several from the Mesoamerican carried some seed traits or genes from the Andean gene pool, and showed a high level of admixtures. The principal coordinate analysis and the dendrogram had a similar clustering pattern as the population structure. This study revealed the potential markers with high diversity that can be used to determine genetically homogenous/heterogeneous landraces. Therefore, the use of PV-ctt001, PV-ag001, and PV-at003 could be beneficial in future breeding, conservation, and marker-assisted selection studies.
Early-diverging fungal phyla: taxonomy, species concept, ecology, distribution, anthropogenic impact, and novel phylogenetic proposals
Authors: Voigt Kerstin , James Timothy Y. , Kirk Paul M. , Santiago André L. C. M. de A. , Waldman Bruce , Griffith Gareth W. , Fu Minjie , Radek Renate , Strassert Jürgen F. H. , Wurzbacher Christian , Jerônimo Gustavo Henrique , Simmons David R. , Seto Kensuke , Gentekaki Eleni , Hurdeal Vedprakash G. , Hyde Kevin D. , Nguyen Thuong T. T. , Lee Hyang Burm
Published: September 2021

The increasing number of new fungal species described from all over the world along with the use of genetics to define taxa, has dramatically changed the classification system of early-diverging fungi over the past several decades. The number of phyla established for non-Dikarya fungi has increased from 2 to 17. However, to date, both the classification and phylogeny of the basal fungi are still unresolved. In this article, we review the recent taxonomy of the basal fungi and re-evaluate the relationships among early-diverging lineages of fungal phyla. We also provide information on the ecology and distribution in Mucoromycota and highlight the impact of chytrids on amphibian populations. Species concepts in Chytridiomycota, Aphelidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Neocallimastigomycota are discussed in this paper. To preserve the current application of the genus Nephridiophaga (Chytridiomycota: Nephridiophagales), a new type species, Nephridiophaga blattellae, is proposed.
Critic-observer-based decentralized force/position approximate optimal control for modular and reconfigurable manipulators with uncertain environmental constraints
Authors: Li Yuanchun , Zhu Xinye , An Tianjiao , Dong Bo
Published: September 2021

A critic-observer decentralized force/position approximate optimal control method is presented to address the joint trajectory and contacted force tracking problem of modular and reconfigurable manipulators (MRMs) with uncertain environmental constraints. The dynamic model of the MRM systems is formulated as an integration of joint subsystems via extensive state observer (ESO) associated with the effect of interconnected dynamic coupling (IDC). A radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) is developed to deal with the IDC effects among the independent joint subsystems. Based on adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) approach and policy iteration (PI) algorithm, the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation is approximately solved by establishing critic NN structure and then the approximated optimal control policy can be derived. The closed-loop manipulator system is proved to be asymptotic stable by using the Lyapunov theory. Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed control method.
Principles of Asian Contract Law at the Crossroads of Standardization and Legal Pluralism
Authors: Grebieniow A.
Published: September 2021

The Principles of Asian Contract Law (PACL) are the most recent addition to the series of uniform laws regarding transnational commercial contracts. This time, the harmonization initiative must address the problem of a great variety of legal traditions, all of which are quite difficult to reconcile. The author focuses on the object and objectives of the PACL by reconsidering the notion of “Asian law” and the alleged cultural neutrality of contract law as a legal discipline. The paper argues that the PACL project lacks clarity. Its ambitious objectives, while apparently intelligible, fail to produce the desired results in their entirety: the Asian regional harmonization of contract law turns out to resemble its occidental forerunners. The study goes beyond the traditional comparative law. It explores the model law (in the making) in a broader context of legal policy, parallel regional private-law-making efforts in the field of contract law as well as in the context of legal globalization.
Cluster Structures on Double Bott–Samelson Cells
Authors: Shen Linhui , Weng Daping
Published: September 2021

Let$\mathsf {C}$be a symmetrisable generalised Cartan matrix. We introduce four different versions of double Bott–Samelson cells for every pair of positive braids in the generalised braid group associated to$\mathsf {C}$. We prove that the decorated double Bott–Samelson cells are smooth affine varieties, whose coordinate rings are naturally isomorphic to upper cluster algebras.

We explicitly describe the Donaldson–Thomas transformations on double Bott–Samelson cells and prove that they are cluster transformations. As an application, we complete the proof of the Fock–Goncharov duality conjecture in these cases. We discover a periodicity phenomenon of the Donaldson–Thomas transformations on a family of double Bott–Samelson cells. We give a (rather simple) geometric proof of Zamolodchikov’s periodicity conjecture in the cases of$\Delta \square \mathrm {A}_r$.

When$\mathsf {C}$is of type$\mathrm {A}$, the double Bott–Samelson cells are isomorphic to Shende–Treumann–Zaslow’s moduli spaces of microlocal rank-1 constructible sheaves associated to Legendrian links. By counting their$\mathbb {F}_q$-points we obtain rational functions that are Legendrian link invariants.
Veto Points Revisited: The Role of Party System Institutionalization in Welfare State Change
Authors: Popic Tamara
Published: September 2021

This article argues that the impact of veto points on a government's policy outcomes depends crucially on the degree of institutionalization of the party system. Specifically, the article claims that two dimensions of party system institutionalization – stability of relations between parties and between parties and voters – condition the ability of the opposition to block governments' policy plans through veto points. It showcases this argument by applying the method of causal process tracing to a comparative analysis of health policy reforms in Slovakia (2002–2004) and Hungary (2006–2008).
A Veterans’ Healthcare Administration (VHA) antibiotic stewardship intervention to improve outpatient antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections: A cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Yoo Minkyoung , Madaras-Kelly Karl , Nevers McKenna , Fleming-Dutra Katherine E. , Hersh Adam L. , Ying Jian , Haaland Ben , Samore Matthew , Nelson Richard E.
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

The Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship provides a framework to improve antibiotic use, but cost-effectiveness data on implementation of outpatient antibiotic stewardship interventions are limited. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of Core Element implementation in the outpatient setting.

Methods:

An economic simulation model from the health-system perspective was developed for patients presenting to outpatient settings with uncomplicated acute respiratory tract infections (ARI). Effectiveness was measured as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Cost and utility parameters for antibiotic treatment, adverse drug events (ADEs), and healthcare utilization were obtained from the literature. Probabilities for antibiotic treatment and appropriateness, ADEs, hospitalization, and return ARI visits were estimated from 16,712 and 51,275 patient visits in intervention and control sites during the pre- and post-implementation periods, respectively. Data for materials and labor to perform the stewardship activities were used to estimate intervention cost. We performed a one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) using 1,000,000 second-order Monte Carlo simulations on input parameters.

Results:

The proportion of ARI patient-visits with antibiotics prescribed in intervention sites was lower (62% vs 74%) and appropriate treatment higher (51% vs 41%) after implementation, compared to control sites. The estimated intervention cost over a 2-year period was $133,604 (2018 US dollars). The intervention had lower mean costs ($528 vs $565) and similar mean QALYs (0.869 vs 0.868) per patient compared to usual care. In the PSA, the intervention was dominant in 63% of iterations.

Conclusions:

Implementation of the CDC Core Elements in the outpatient setting was a cost-effective strategy.
Stability analysis of open-channel flows with secondary currents
Authors: Camporeale Carlo , Cannamela Fabio , Canuto Claudio , Manes Costantino
Published: September 2021

This paper presents some results coming from a linear stability analysis of turbulent depth-averaged open-channel flows (OCFs) with secondary currents. The aim was to identify plausible mechanisms underpinning the formation of large-scale turbulence structures, which are commonly referred to as large-scale motions (LSMs) and very-large-scale motions (VLSMs). Results indicate that the investigated flows are subjected to a sinuous instability whose longitudinal wavelength compares very well with that pertaining to LSMs. In contrast, no unstable modes at wavelengths comparable to those associated with VLSMs could be found. This suggests that VLSMs in OCFs are triggered by nonlinear mechanisms to which the present analysis is obviously blind. We demonstrate that the existence of the sinuous instability requires two necessary conditions: (i) the circulation of the secondary currents

$\omega$

must be greater than a critical value

$\omega _c$

; (ii) the presence of a dynamically responding free surface (i.e. when the free surface is modelled as a frictionless flat surface, no instabilities are detected). The present paper draws some ideas from the work by Cossu, Hwang and co-workers on other wall flows (i.e. turbulent boundary layers, pipe, channel and Couette flows) and somewhat supports their idea that LSMs and VLSMs might be governed by an outer-layer cycle also in OCFs. However, the presence of steady secondary flows makes the procedure adopted herein much simpler than that used by these authors.
Wavefronts and modal structure of long surface and internal ring waves on a parallel shear current
Authors: Hooper Curtis , Khusnutdinova Karima , Grimshaw Roger
Published: September 2021

We study long surface and internal ring waves propagating in a stratified fluid over a parallel shear current. The far-field modal and amplitude equations for the ring waves are presented in dimensional form. We re-derive the modal equations from the formulation for plane waves tangent to the ring wave, which opens a way to obtaining important characteristics of the ring waves (group speed, wave action conservation law) and to constructing more general ‘hybrid solutions’ consisting of a part of a ring wave and two tangent plane waves. The modal equations constitute a new spectral problem, and are analysed for a number of examples of surface ring waves in a homogeneous fluid and internal ring waves in a stratified fluid. Detailed analysis is developed for the case of a two-layered fluid with a linear shear current where we study their wavefronts and two-dimensional modal structure. Comparisons are made between the modal functions (i.e. eigenfunctions of the relevant spectral problems) for the surface waves in homogeneous and two-layered fluids, as well as the interfacial waves described exactly and in the rigid-lid approximation. We also analyse the wavefronts of surface and interfacial waves for a large family of power-law upper-layer currents, which can be used to model wind generated currents, river inflows and exchange flows in straits. Global and local measures of the deformation of wavefronts are introduced and evaluated.
Nutritional intake and malnutrition in institutionalised and non-institutionalised older adults
Authors: Madeira Teresa , Severo Milton , Correia Daniela , Lopes Carla , Gorjão Clara João
Published: September 2021

Malnutrition (synonym: undernutrition) is prevalent among older adults, which may be partly related to changes in dietary intake, but evidence on the link between malnutrition and diet is scarce. The aims of this study were to estimate the association between energy/nutrients intake and malnutrition, and to characterise nutritional inadequacy in institutionalised and non-institutionalised older adults. A national survey was conducted including a Portuguese representative sample of nursing home (NH) residents (n 563) and community-dwellers (n 837) aged ≥ 65 years. Data included socio-demographic characteristics, self-reported health, loneliness feelings, nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment®) and dietary intake (two non-consecutive 24-h recalls). A higher energy intake was associated with lower odds of malnutrition risk (being ‘at risk of malnutrition’ or ‘malnourished’) in both settings, but only significant among NH residents after adjusting for confounders (NH: OR = 0·66, 95 % CI 0·50, 0·86; community: OR = 0·64, 95 % CI 0·37, 1·10). The intake of carbohydrates, fat, fibre, vitamin C, Na, K and Mg was inversely associated with malnutrition risk in NH residents, and protein, fat, vitamin B6, folates, Na, K, Ca and Mg intake in community-dwellers. After additional adjustment for total energy, only Na and Mg intake of community-dwellers remained significantly associated. The prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake was generally higher for the malnutrition risk group, which was particularly evident among community-dwellers. The effect of dietary intake on nutritional status seems more dependent on total energy and carbohydrates intake in institutionalised elders, whereas among community-dwellers protein and some micronutrients appear to have a greater impact.
The “Golden City” under Embargo: Prague's International Trade during the Hussite Wars, 1420–1436
Authors: Kaar Alexandra
Published: September 2021

After the outbreak of the First Hussite Wars (spring 1420), the Hussite capital Prague faced—at least in theory—a total embargo on all trade and commerce. However, trade evidently continued in spite of this embargo. The present article systematically assesses our knowledge on this trade and highlights articles, geographical structures and agents of long-distance trade to and from the Czech metropolis during the war, thus furthering our knowledge about the economic history of early fifteenth-century Central Europe in general. Furthermore, the author uses the example of the anti-Hussite embargo to address important and hitherto largely-neglected methodological questions concerning the analysis of medieval trade prohibitions in general.
Revisiting the phosphorite deposit of Fontanarejo (central Spain): new window into the early Cambrian evolution of sponges and the microbial origin of phosphorites
Authors: Reitner Joachim , Luo Cui , Suarez-Gonzalez Pablo , Duda Jan-Peter
Published: September 2021

Fossils within early Cambrian phosphorites worldwide are often well preserved due to early diagenetic permineralization. Here, we examine the fossil record contained within phosphorites of the Lower Cambrian Pusa Formation (late Fortunian to Cambrian Stage 2) in Fontanarejo, central Spain. The sedimentology and age of these phosphorites have been controversial and are here reviewed and discussed, providing also an updated geological map. The Pusa Formation is composed of fine clastic sediments that are partly turbiditic, with channels of quartz-rich conglomerates and abundant phosphorites in the upper part of the succession. The microfacies and mineralogy of these channel deposits are studied here for the first time in detail, showing that they are mainly composed of subspherical apatite clasts, with minor mudstone intraclasts, quartzite and mica grains. Numerous sponge spicules, as well as entirely preserved hexactinellid sponges and demosponges, were collected within these phosphorites and likely represent stem groups. In addition to sponges, other fossils, such as small shelly fossils (SSF) of the molluscAnabarellasp., were found. The phosphorites exhibit multiple evidence of intense microbial activity, including diverse fabrics (phosphatic oncoidal-like microbialites, thrombolites, stromatolites and cements) and abundant fossils of filamentous microbes that strongly resemble extant sulphur-oxidizing bacteria. Our findings strongly suggest that microbial processes mediated the rapid formation of most of the Fontanarejo apatite, probably accounting for the exceptional preservation of fragile fossils such as sponge skeletons. The apparent presence of taxonomically diverse hexactinellid and demosponge communities at the lowermost Cambrian further corroborates a Precambrian origin of the phylum Porifera.
Licensing null arguments in recipes across languages
Authors: PAUL ILEANA , MASSAM DIANE
Published: September 2021

While much of the literature on recipe contexts has focused on English and the availability of null definite patients, this paper shows that both null agents and null patients are possible in recipes in a range of typologically and genetically diverse languages. It is proposed that null agents in recipes arise due to a variety of syntactic strategies, but null patients are uniformly licensed via a null topic in the left periphery in all the languages considered. These results indicate that while the recipe register does not directly dictate specific syntactic structures such as imperatives or null objects, the register can provide the pragmatic context necessary for certain syntactic processes, such as null topicalization.
Tapirs in trouble: estimating Baird's tapir densities in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Rivero Marina , de la Torre J. Antonio , Camacho Gamaliel , Naranjo Eduardo J. , Tobler Mathias W. , Jordan Christopher A. , Medellín Rodrigo A. , Reyna-Hurtado Rafael
Published: September 2021

Spatial capture–recapture models have been widely used to estimate densities of species where individuals can be uniquely identified, but alternatives have been developed for estimation of densities for unmarked populations. In this study we used camera-trap records from 2018 to estimate densities of a species that does not always have individually identifiable marks, Baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii, in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, southern Mexico. We compared the performance of the spatial capture–recapture model with spatial mark–resight and random encounter models. The density of Baird's tapir did not differ significantly between the three models. The estimate of density was highest using the random encounter model (26/100 km2, 95% CI 12–41) and lowest using the capture–recapture model (8/100 km2, 95% CI 4–16). The estimate from the spatial mark–resight model was 10/100 km2 (95% CI 8–14), which had the lowest coefficient of variation, indicating a higher precision than with the other models. Using a second set of camera-trap data, collected in 2015–2016, we created occupancy models and extrapolated density to areas with potential occupancy of Baird's tapir, to generate a population estimate for the whole Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Our findings indicate the need to strengthen, and possibly expand, the protected areas of southern Mexico and to develop an action plan to ensure the conservation of Baird's tapir.
Mobile-assisted language learning in older adults: Chances and challenges
Authors: Puebla Cecilia , Fievet Tiphaine , Tsopanidi Marilena , Clahsen Harald
Published: September 2021

In an increasingly ageing, multilingual, and digitalised society, there is still a lack of research on older adults’ adoption and use of mobile technology for supporting their self-directed second language learning. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which seniors residing in Germany (aged 60+) engage in mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) and the factors encouraging or discouraging them from using language learning apps by conducting a web-based survey (n= 208) and a series of in-depth individual interviews (n= 22). Our results show that (1) participants were resistant to fully embrace the potential of MALL despite their active engagement in language learning and extensive use of digital technology, online resources, and mobile devices; and (2) self-perceived digital literacy and openness towards new developments are strong factors favouring the use of language learning apps in older adulthood. We interpret and discuss these results in the light of theoretical accounts of mobile learning and education in (older) adults, emphasising the need to consider the specific requirements of late-life learners in future implementations of language learning apps. Based on our results, we highlight several implications for designers and developers of such apps intended to facilitate full inclusion of seniors as mobile language learners.
Successful birth after ICSI with testicular immotile spermatozoa from a patient with total MMAF in the ejaculates: a case report
Authors: Zhang Liuguang , Li Yuhu , Huang Yuqun , Li Zongqiang
Published: September 2021

There has been no report on the outcome of vitrified blastocyst transfer from a vitrified oocyte injected with immotile testicular spermatozoa with only multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). A couple diagnosed with MMAF returned to the clinic to attempt pregnancy using their vitrified oocytes. Testicular spermatozoa were injected intracytoplasmically, and the following intracytoplasmic sperm injection results were observed. In the second cycle, surplus vitrified oocytes and testicular retrieved sperm were used, but no pregnancy ensued. In the third cycle, a surplus vitrified blastocyst was transferred, and a healthy female child was delivered, with a birth weight of 3050 g and a birth length of 53 cm. In this report we describe a successful pregnancy achieved in a patient presenting MMAF. The successful pregnancy was obtained from vitrified oocytes microinjected with testicular retrieved sperm in a vitrified blastocyst transfer.
Ectopic autologous transplantation of ovarian tissue as a feasible technique to assess ovarian morphophysiology
Authors: Nascimento Bárbara Rodrigues , Lopes Guilherme Antonio de Gouvêa , Freitas Danielle Storino de , Campos-Junior Paulo Henrique Almeida
Published: September 2021

The cryopreservation of murine ovarian tissue and its transplantation can be a promising technique for the preservation of fertility and an alternative for the future reconstitution of scientific valuable strains of mice. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to describe the entire surgical procedure for ovariectomy and dorsal subcutaneous autotransplantation in mice, and also some data about the efficiency of this procedure. Female C57Bl/6J mice (n = 18) were anaesthetised and bilaterally ovariectomized. After surgery, ovaries were autotransplanted in small subcutaneous pouches in the dorsal region of the forelimbs. The animals were inspected daily and, 23 days after transplantation, euthanasia and recovery of ovarian tissues were performed. Postoperative recovery, oestrous cyclicity, and folliculogenesis progression were evaluated. At 23 days after transplantation, the recovery of the ovaries was feasible, all classes (primordial to antral) of follicles were observed. Additionally, satisfactory efficiency rates were obtained, with 100% of anaesthesia survival rate, survival, graft recovery, folliculogenesis progression and oestrous cyclicity. In general, this short article describes ovarian ectopic autologous transplantation as an effective technique for maintaining rodent oogenesis and endocrine ovarian function. Even more broadly, we can still assume that the application of this technique may reduce the number of breeding matrices and experimental animals in the near future.
The development of aboriginal brain injury coordinator positions: a culturally secure rehabilitation service initiative as part of a clinical trial
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth , McCoy Kathy , Clinch Rebecca , Merritt Maureen , Speedy Renee , McAllister Meaghan , Heine Kym , Ciccone Natalie , Robinson Melanie , Coffin Juli
Published: September 2021

Brain injury, resulting from stroke and traumatic brain injury, is a common occurrence in Australia, with Aboriginal people affected at a significant rate and impact felt by individuals, families and communities. Access to brain injury rehabilitation services for Aboriginal people is reported to be often limited, with very little support outside the hospital environment. Our research involving Aboriginal brain injury survivors and their families to date has revealed that people often manage ‘on their own’ following such events. Following recommendations from survivors and their families, the Healing Right Way clinical trial, currently underway in Western Australia, has created the role of Aboriginal Brain Injury Coordinator (ABIC) to assist in navigating information and services, particularly after discharge from hospital. Eight positions for this role have been instigated across metropolitan and rural regions in the state. Healing Right Way’s aim is to enhance rehabilitation services and improve quality of life for Aboriginal Australians after brain injury. The ABIC’s role is to provide education, support, liaison and advocacy services to participants and their families over a six-month period, commencing soon after the participant’s stroke or injury has occurred. This paper outlines the development of this role, the partnerships involved, experiences to date and identifies some facilitators and barriers encountered that may impact the role’s ongoing sustainability. Details of components of the planned full Process Evaluation of Healing Right Way related to the ABIC role and the partnerships surrounding it are also provided. In combination with the trial’s ultimate results, this detail will assist in future service planning and provide a model of culturally secure care for stroke and brain injury services that can also inform other sub-acute and primary care models.
CME-Dermatologie 24: Porokeratose CME-Fragen
Authors: Huber Fabienne , Lautenschlager Stephan
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Porokeratosen sind eine heterogene Gruppe von Verhornungsstörungen mit dem charakteristischen histologischen Merkmal der kornoiden Lamellen im Bereich der Randleiste. Es handelt sich um eine seltene, jedoch charakteristische Erkrankung mit hauptsächlichem Vorkommen im Erwachsenenalter, wobei Männer häufiger betroffen sind. Nicht selten wird die Erkrankung fehldiagnostiziert. Die Ätiopathogenese, die zur Umwandlung der Keratinozyten führt, bleibt unklar; beobachtet wurden Zusammenhänge mit genetischen Mutationen sowie Triggerfaktoren wie UV-Strahlen und Immunsuppression. Aufgrund der Gefahr einer malignen Entartung sollten ein konsequenter Sonnenschutz sowie regelmässige klinische Kontrollen stattfinden. Zur Therapie von juckenden, schmerzhaften oder kosmetisch störenden Porokeratosen können je nach Lokalisation und Ausprägung eine Kryotherapie, ablative Lasertherapie, Curettage, photodynamische Therapie oder eine topische Anwendung von Fluorouracil (5-FU), Imiquimod wie auch Retinoide angewendet werden.
HUP‐BMA: An Integration of Hydrologic Uncertainty Processor and Bayesian Model Averaging for Streamflow Forecasting
Authors: Darbandsari Pedram , Coulibaly Paulin
Published: September 2021

Uncertainty quantification and providing probabilistic streamflow forecasts are of particular interest for water resource management. The hydrologic uncertainty processor (HUP) is a well‐known Bayesian approach used to quantify hydrologic uncertainty based on observations and deterministic forecasts. This uncertainty quantification is model‐specific; however, utilizing information from multiple hydrologic models should be advantageous and should lead to better probabilistic forecasts. Using seven, structurally different, conceptual models, this study first aims at evaluating the effects of implementing different hydrologic models on HUP performance. Second, using the concepts of the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) approach, a multimodel HUP‐based Bayesian postprocessor (HUP‐BMA) is proposed where the combination of posterior distributions derived from HUP with different hydrologic models are used to better quantify the hydrologic uncertainty. All postprocessing approaches are applied for medium‐range daily streamflow forecasting (1–14 days ahead) in two watersheds located in Ontario, Canada. The results indicate that the HUP forecasts for short lead‐times are negligibly affected by implementing different hydrologic models, while with increasing lead‐time and flow magnitude, they significantly depend on the quality of the deterministic forecast. Moreover, the superiority of the proposed HUP‐BMA method over HUP is demonstrated based on various verification metrics in both watersheds. Additionally, HUP‐BMA outperformed the original BMA in quantifying hydrologic uncertainty for short lead‐times. However, by increasing lead‐time, considering the effects of initially observed flow on HUP‐BMA formulation may not be beneficial. So, its modified version unconditioned on initial observations is preferred.
Deriving Antarctic Sea‐Ice Thickness From Satellite Altimetry and Estimating Consistency for NASA's ICESat/ICESat‐2 Missions
Authors: Xu Yue , Li Huan , Liu Baojian , Xie Hongjie , Ozsoy‐Cicek Burcu
Published: September 2021

With the launch of the Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2), densely measuring the Antarctic ocean all year long, monthly sea ice thickness changes can be inspected. However, the consistency between ICESat‐2 and its predecessor ICESat remains unknown if a long‐term change of the Antarctic sea ice thickness is to be examined. Due to the complex physical structure of Antarctic sea ice, an improved One‐Layer Method (OLMi) for sea‐ice thickness retrieval, with an ∼0.3 m uncertainty, is proposed in this study. Using this method, the monthly sea ice variation in each sea sector of Antarctica from ICESat‐2 is inspected, revealing detailed characteristics of Antarctic sea ice over sector scale such as bi‐modal distributions. The different retrieving methods for the total freeboard from ICESat are found to be ∼0.036 m lower than that from ICESat‐2. The circum‐Antarctic sea ice thickness shows a decreasing tendency (2003–2020), especially in summer with −0.014 m/yr.
What Controls the Presence and Characteristics of Aftershocks in Rock Fracture in the Lab?
Authors: Davidsen Jörn , Goebel Thomas , Kwiatek Grzegorz , Stanchits Sergei , Baró Jordi , Dresen Georg
Published: September 2021

Aftershock cascades are a characteristic feature of natural seismicity, but underlying mechanisms remain debated. Here, we experimentally explore the presence or absence of aftershocks during failure of intact rock and slip on newly created laboratory faults. We show that the overall activity increase and spatial localization of acoustic emission (AE) events during fracture nucleation occurs without temporal (Omori‐type) correlations. Our analysis shows that this absence of aftershock sequences occurs even beyond peak stress and also when a macroscopic fracture has formed post peak‐stress and propagates. Instead, aftershock triggering does occur during post‐fracture stress relaxation along the newly created lab‐fault and in the presence of large‐scale stress heterogeneities, for example, imposed by a saw‐cut notch. The detected aftershocks in these cases can be described by standard seismological relationships such as a modified Omori‐Utsu relation and its associated inter‐event time distribution and productivity relation. Moreover, AE within all experiments follow the Gutenberg‐Richter relation, with smaller ‐values for triggered events compared to non‐triggered events. Performing full‐moment tensor inversions, we find that seismic events with significant isotropic, compaction components play an important role for aftershock triggering. The resulting triggered events tend to have focal mechanisms similar to their trigger. Seismic events with predominant tensile components, on the other hand, show little evidence for aftershock triggering. This opens up a new perspective on aftershocks, going beyond not only the rate‐and‐state paradigm limited to purely frictional sliding or shear events but also the mainshock attribute paradigm where mainshock attributes control aftershock patterns.
Early Warning for Great Earthquakes From Characterization of Crustal Deformation Patterns With Deep Learning
Authors: Lin J.‐T. , Melgar D. , Thomas A. M. , Searcy J.
Published: September 2021

Although infrequent, large (Mw7.5+) earthquakes can be extremely damaging and occur on subduction and intraplate faults worldwide. Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems aim to provide advanced warning before strong shaking and tsunami onsets. These systems estimate earthquake magnitude using the early metrics of waveforms, relying on empirical scaling relationships of abundant past events. However, both the rarity and complexity of great events make it challenging to characterize them, and EEW algorithms often underpredict magnitude and the resulting hazards. Here, we propose a model, M‐LARGE, that leverages deep learning to characterize crustal deformation patterns of large earthquakes for a specific region in real‐time. We demonstrate the algorithm in the Chilean Subduction Zone by training it with more than six million different simulated rupture scenarios recorded on the Chilean GNSS network. M‐LARGE performs reliable magnitude estimation on the testing data set with an accuracy of 99%. Furthermore, the model successfully predicts the magnitude of five real Chilean earthquakes that occurred in the last 11 years. These events were damaging, large enough to be recorded by the modern high rate global navigation satellite system instrument, and provide valuable ground truth. M‐LARGE tracks the evolution of the source process and can make faster and more accurate magnitude estimation, significantly outperforming other similar EEW algorithms. This is the first demonstration of our approach. Future work toward generalization is outstanding and will include the addition of more training and testing data, interfacing with existing EEW methods, and applying the method to different tectonic settings to explore performance in these regions.
MagIC as a FAIR Repository for America's Directional Archaeomagnetic Legacy Data
Authors: Jones Shelby A. , Blinman Eric , Tauxe Lisa , Cox J. Royce , Lengyel Stacey , Sternberg Robert , Eighmy Jeffrey , Wolfman Daniel , DuBois Robert
Published: September 2021

Beginning in 1964, an academic lineage of Robert DuBois and his students, Daniel Wolfman and Jeffrey Eighmy, developed dedicated United States‐based archaeomagnetic research programs. Collectively, they analyzed over 5,377 archaeomagnetic sites, primarily from North America, dated to less than 2,000 years old. Yet despite their decades of effort, few journal publications resulted. Most of their published results are embedded in archeological reports, often without technical data, which limits the data's accessibility. Furthermore, when published, the results are generally averaged at the site level using statistical conventions different from today's standards, limiting the data's comparability and (re)usability. In 2015, we undertook a salvage archival study to digitize the surviving data and metadata from the scientists' individual estates and emeritus collections. We digitized measurement data from more than 51,000 specimens, reinterpreted them using modern conventions, and uploaded them to the FAIR‐adhering magnetic data repository, earthref.org/MagIC. The reinterpreted site‐level results from the three laboratories are mutually consistent, permitting the individual data sets to be combined and analyzed as single regional entities. Through incorporation into the MagIC repository, these legacy data are now accessible for incorporation into archaeomagnetic and global magnetic field modeling efforts, critical to understanding Earth's magnetic field variation through time. In the Four Corners region of the United States Southwest, this digitized archive advances the development of a new regional paleosecular variation curve used in archaeomagnetic dating. This project highlights both the value and complexities of managing legacy data; the many lessons learned to set a precedent for future paleomagnetic data recovery efforts.