bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic management of post‐tonsillectomy pain in children
Authors: Jensen Daniel R.
Published: May 2021

Tonsillectomy is a very common procedure in children, often performed on an outpatient basis. Severe postoperative pain is common, and can be prolonged. Despite a large number of available analgesic medications, often employed in combination, achieving adequate pain control remains a persistent challenge. Research suggests a tendency among caregivers to undertreat pain, and a need for detailed care instructions and education to ensure adequate pain management. Furthermore, ongoing questions regarding the safety and efficacy of the most commonly used medications have led to wide variance in practice patterns and continuous reassessment through research that yields sometimes conflicting results. This review summarizes the current state of the literature and presents a management approach which attempts to maximize pain control while minimizing potential harm with combinations of medications and modification based on patient‐specific factors.
Across Type, Time and Space
Authors: Dombrowski Peter , Reich Simon
Published: May 2021

The field of grand strategy is exceptionally American-centric theoretically, methodologically and empirically. Indeed, many scholars treat the United States as a unique case, and thus incomparable. This Element addresses the shortcomings of this approach by developing a novel framework for the purpose of systematic comparison, both within and among different countries. Using the United States as a benchmark, three dimensions are considered in which grand strategy can be compared: first, attributes of the major types commonly discussed in the literature; second, similarities and differences in the implementation of grand strategies over time, using US strategic relations with contemporary Russia as an example; and finally, across space, properties of the grand strategies that are interactively employed by other major powers in relation to the United States in the Indo-Pacific. The Element can be used by scholars and students alike to expand analysis beyond the confines that currently dominate the field.
Only Connect: Learned Societies in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Lubenow William C.
Published: May 2021

In the early modern period the subject of knowledge was dogma. Early modern knowledge was often tied to confessional tests and state-building. One road to modernity could be read as escape from institutional and confessional restraints to the freedom of reason. A second one could be read as escape to networks of association and belonging. In the nineteenth century, the latter space was filled in Britain by learned societies (within or outside universities) or even clubs. It was a movement toward a different kind of method and a different kind of learning. Learned societies and clubs became contested sites in which a new kind of identity was created: the charisma and persona of the scholar, of the intellectual. The history of cognition in nineteenth-century Britain became a history of various intellectual enclaves and the people who occupied them. This book examines the nature of knowledge in nineteenth-century Britain and the role of learned societies, clubs and coteries in its formation, organization and dissolution. Drawing on numerous, unpublished, private papers and manuscripts, it looks predominantly at societies in the metropolitan centres of London, Oxford and Cambridge. It also takes up the relation of British styles of learning, in contrast to Continental forms, which aimed to produce people of culture and character suited for positions of public authority. While the British owed much to German exemplars, a tension in these intellectual exchanges remained, magnified by the Great War. The study concludes by comparing British cognitive niches with similar social formations in Germany, France and the United States. William C. Lubenow is Distinguished Professor of History at Stockton College of New Jersey. His previous books include Liberal Intellectuals and Public Culture in Modern Britain (Boydell, 2010), The Cambridge Apostles, 1820-1914 (1998) and Parliamentary Politics and the Home Rule Crisis (1988). He has been president of the North American Conference on British Studies.
The Origins of Primitive Methodism
Authors: Calder Sandy
Published: May 2021

This book shows that while the Primitive Methodist Connexion's mature social character was working-class, this did not reflect its social origins. It was never the church of the working class, the great majority of whose churchgoers went elsewhere: rather it was the church whose commitment to its emotional witness was increasingly incompatible with middle-class pretensions. Sandy Calder shows thatthe Primitive Methodist Connexion was a religious movement led by a fairly prosperous elite of middle-class preachers and lay officials appealing to a respectable working-class constituency. This reality has been obscured by the movement's self-image as a persecuted community of humble Christians, an image crafted by Hugh Bourne, and accepted by later historians, whether Methodists with a denominational agenda to promote or scholars in search of working-class radicals. Primitive Methodists exaggerated their hardships and deliberately under-played their social status and financial success. Primitive Methodism in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became the victim of its own founding mythology, because the legend of a community of persecuted outcasts, concealing its actualrespectability, deterred potential recruits. SANDY CALDER graduated with a PhD in Religious Studies from the Open University and has previously worked in the private sector.
Order and Disorder in the British Navy, 1793-1815
Authors: Malcomson Thomas
Published: May 2021

Churchill once famously remarked that he would not join the navy because it was "all rum, sodomy and the lash". How far this was true of the navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is the subject of this important new book. Summary punishments, courts martial, flogging and hanging were regularly made use of in this period to establish order in the navy. Based on extensive original research, including a detailed study of ships' captain's logs and muster tables, this book explores the concepts of order and disorder aboard ships and examines how order was preserved. Itdiscusses the different sorts of disorder and why they occurred; argues that officers too sometimes pushed against the official order; and demonstrates that order was much more than the simple enforcement of the Articles of War. The book argues that the behaviours that were punished, how and to what degree reveal what the navy saw as most resistive or dangerous to its authority and the order it wanted established. In addition, it considers the role of patronage in shaping order, outlining how this was affected by Admiralty moves to centralise appointments, and shows that acts of disorder were plentiful, and increasing, in this period, and that the imbalance in court martial outcomes for sailors, marines and warrant officers, in comparison to commissioned officers, points to a flawed system of justice. Overall, the book provides an extremely nuanced picture of order and how it was preserved. Thomas Malcomson is a Professor in the School of Liberal Arts and Sciences atGeorge Brown College, Toronto, Ontario. He completed his doctorate in history at York University, Toronto.
Motherhood and Meaning in Medieval Sculpture
Authors: Bleeke Marian
Published: May 2021

What can medieval sculptural representations of women tell us about medieval women's experiences of motherhood? Presumably the work of male sculptors, working for clerical patrons, these sculptures are unlikely to have been shaped by women's maternal experiences during their production. Once produced, however, their beholders would have included women who were mothers and potential mothers, thus opening a space between the sculptures' intended meanings and other meanings liable to be produced by these women as they brought their own interests and concerns to these works of art.
Building on theories of reception and response, this book focuses on interactions between women as beholders and a range of sculptures made in France in the twelfth through sixteenth centuries, aiming to provide insight into women's experiences of motherhood; particular sculptures considered include the Annunciation and Visitation from Reims cathedral, the femme-aux-serpents from Moissac, the transi of Jeanne de Bourbon-Vendome, the Eve from Autun, and a number of French Gothic Virgin and Child sculptures.

Marian Bleeke is Associate Professor of Art History and Chair of the Department of Art and Design at Cleveland State University.
On Durban's Docks
Authors: Callebert Ralph
Published: May 2021

Offers a new approach to the study of labor on the subcontinent and globally, questioning the relevance of the predominant wage labor paradigm for Africa and the Global South.
Mediators, Contract Men, and Colonial Capital
Authors: Mark-Thiesen Cassandra
Published: May 2021

An innovative study of labor relations, particularly the interactions of recruitment agents and migrant workers, in the mining concessions of Wassa, Gold Coast Colony, 1879 to 1909.
Making Martyrs
Authors: Minkova Yuliya
Published: May 2021

Examines the ideology of sacrifice in Soviet and post-Soviet culture, analyzing a range of fictional and real-life figures who became part of a pantheon of heroes 'primarily because of their victimhood.'
Listen with the Ear of the Heart
Authors: Guarino Maria S.
Published: May 2021

A contemplative 'ethnographic study of a Benedictine monastery in Vermont known for its folk-inspired music.'
Assessment of the Meteorological Impact on Improved PM2.5 Air Quality Over North China During 2016–2019 Based on a Regional Joint Atmospheric Composition Reanalysis Data‐Set
Authors: Kou Xingxia , Peng Zhen , Zhang Meigen , Zhang Ning , Lei Lili , Zhao Xiujuan , Miao Shiguang , Li Ziming , Ding Qiuji
Published: May 2021

In the context of China's clean air policy, the meteorological impacts on improved particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality during 2016–2019 are investigated based on a four‐year high‐resolution atmospheric composition reanalysis data‐set, which has been produced by the Joint Data Assimilation System to resolve long‐term fine‐scale air quality variability over China. The reanalysis assimilates surface air quality observations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry and an ensemble‐based assimilation algorithm, and simultaneous assimilations of meteorological observations, chemical initial conditions (ICs) and emissions are applied to help reduce the uncertainty in meteorology, ICs and the emissions inventory. Further, objective weather classification method is applied to quantitatively explore synoptic circulation pattern changes and associated PM2.5 variability over North China by using this unique reanalysis data‐set. PM2.5 reanalysis data are also investigated according to different circulation types, and results indicate that temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 are found to be closely connected with weather and circulation patterns. The northerly types correspond to the lower PM2.5 levels, while the southerly and easterly types correspond to the higher PM2.5 concentration due to favorable local meteorological conditions. According to the quantitative evaluation on circulation pattern changes, meteorological contribution have played a positive role in improving air quality in the context of China's clean air policy during 2016–2019. This study serves as a basis for future retrospective assessments of air pollutant variation and emissions regulation measures.
Calibration and Characterization of Satellite‐Borne Microwave Sounders With the Moon
Authors: Burgdorf M. J. , Buehler S. A. , Prange M.
Published: May 2021

A major problem with calculating the uncertainties of measurements with weather satellites is the fact that a full characterization and calibration of their instruments can only be carried out before launch. The Moon, however, makes at least some of these activities possible in flight as well by providing a reliable flux reference at a well‐defined position. We used serendipitous observations of the Moon with AMSU‐B and MHS on eight different satellites to measure pointing accuracy, spectral channels coregistration, and beamwidth with unprecedented accuracy in flight. In addition, we compared these findings with the corresponding values obtained on ground. By analyzing more than a hundred Moon intrusions in the deep space view, we could determine the radiance of the Moon as a function of its phase angle and distance from the Sun. The difference in average brightness temperature of the lunar disk between perihelion and aphelion amounts to 4.4 ± 2.3 K at 183 GHz. We compare the measured brightness temperature of the Moon as a function of phase angle between −85° (waxing) and +76° (waning) with the predictions from two models and find that one of them reproduces the shape of this function very well.
Transpolar Arcs During a Prolonged Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Field Interval
Authors: Park Jong‐Sun , Shi Quan Qi , Nowada Motoharu , Shue Jih‐Hong , Kim Khan‐Hyuk , Lee Dong‐Hun , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Degeling Alexander W. , Tian An Min , Pitkänen Timo , Zhang Yongliang , Rae I. Jonathan , Hairston Marc R.
Published: May 2021

Transpolar arcs (TPAs) are believed to predominantly occur under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions with their hemispheric asymmetry controlled by the Sun‐Earth (radial) component of the IMF. In this study, we present observations of TPAs that appear in both the northern and southern hemispheres even during a prolonged interval of radially oriented IMF. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16 and the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellites observed TPAs on the dawnside polar cap in both hemispheres (one TPA structure in the southern hemisphere and two in the northern hemisphere) during an interval of nearly earthward‐oriented IMF on October 29, 2005. The southern hemisphere TPA and one of the northern hemisphere TPAs are associated with electron and ion precipitation and mostly sunward plasma flow (with shears) relative to their surroundings. Meanwhile, the other TPA in the northern hemisphere is associated with an electron‐only precipitation and antisunward flow relative to its surroundings. Our observations indicate the following: (a) the TPA formation is not limited to northward IMF conditions; (b) the TPAs can be located on both closed field lines rooted in the polar cap of both hemispheres and open field lines connected to the northward field lines draped over one hemisphere of the magnetopause. We believe that the TPAs presented here are the result of both indirect and direct processes of solar wind energy transfer to the high‐latitude ionosphere.
Sedimentary Structure Derived From Multi‐Mode Ambient Noise Tomography With Dense OBS Network at the Japan Trench
Authors: Yamaya Lina , Mochizuki Kimihiro , Akuhara Takeshi , Nishida Kiwamu
Published: May 2021

We derive the 3‐D S‐wave velocity structures of sediments and upper crust in the region off Ibaraki at Japan Trench subduction zone by applying ambient noise tomography to a dense array of short‐period ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). The cross‐spectra were calculated using 27 or 142‐day continuous seismic data, and the phase velocities of the fundamental and the first‐higher Rayleigh wave modes are obtained in the frequency ranges of 0.1–0.25 Hz and 0.17–0.3 Hz, respectively. Our 1‐D S‐wave velocity inversion based on the trans‐dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo method revealed multiple sedimentary layers above the acoustic basement and the upper crustal structure. The 1‐D structure was then used as a reference model to conduct ambient noise tomography and non‐linear inversion of the 3‐D S‐wave velocity structure by collecting data of the local 1‐D S‐wave velocity structure. Our 3‐D S‐wave velocity structure revealed three main points: (a) The acoustic basement is situated at a depth of ∼4 km depth; (b) the crustal structure is more complex than that of the sedimentary layers; and (c) the southern region has a complex crustal structure in which subducting seamounts were identified by previous P‐wave velocity tomographies.
Fine-tuning neural excitation/inhibition for tailored ketamine use in treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Fagerholm Erik D. , Leech Robert , Williams Steven , Zarate Carlos A. , Moran Rosalyn J. , Gilbert Jessica R.
Published: May 2021

The glutamatergic modulator ketamine has been shown to rapidly reduce depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD). Although its mechanisms of action are not fully understood, changes in cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) following ketamine administration are well documented in animal models and could represent a potential biomarker of treatment response. Here, we analyse neuromagnetic virtual electrode time series collected from the primary somatosensory cortex in 18 unmedicated patients with TRD and in an equal number of age-matched healthy controls during a somatosensory ‘airpuff’ stimulation task. These two groups were scanned as part of a clinical trial of ketamine efficacy under three conditions: (a) baseline; (b) 6–9 h following subanesthetic ketamine infusion; and (c) 6–9 h following placebo-saline infusion. We obtained estimates of E/I interaction strengths by using dynamic causal modelling (DCM) on the time series, thereby allowing us to pinpoint, under each scanning condition, where each subject’s dynamics lie within the Poincaré diagram—as defined in dynamical systems theory. We demonstrate that the Poincaré diagram offers classification capability for TRD patients, in that the further the patients’ coordinates were shifted (by virtue of ketamine) toward the stable (top-left) quadrant of the Poincaré diagram, the more their depressive symptoms improved. The same relationship was not observed by virtue of a placebo effect—thereby verifying the drug-specific nature of the results. We show that the shift in neural dynamics required for symptom improvement necessitates an increase in both excitatory and inhibitory coupling. We present accompanying MATLAB code made available in a public repository, thereby allowing for future studies to assess individually tailored treatments of TRD.
Inhibition of the mTOR pathway and reprogramming of protein synthesis by MDM4 reduce ovarian cancer metastatic properties
Authors: Lucà Rossella , Assenza Maria Rita , Maiullari Fabio , Pieroni Luisa , Maiullari Silvia , Federici Giulia , Marini Federica , Rizzi Roberto , Urbani Andrea , Soddu Silvia , Moretti Fabiola
Published: May 2021

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a highly heterogeneous disease with a high death rate mainly due to the metastatic spread. The expression of MDM4, a well-known p53-inhibitor, is positively associated with chemotherapy response and overall survival (OS) in EOC. However, the basis of this association remains elusive. We show that in vivo MDM4 reduces intraperitoneal dissemination of EOC cells, independently of p53 and an immune-competent background. By 2D and 3D assays, MDM4 impairs the early steps of the metastatic process. A 3D-bioprinting system, ad hoc developed by co-culturing EOC spheroids and endothelial cells, showed reduced dissemination and intravasation into vessel-like structures of MDM4-expressing cells. Consistent with these data, high MDM4 levels protect mice from ovarian cancer-related death and, importantly, correlate with increased 15 y OS probability in large data set analysis of 1656 patients. Proteomic analysis of EOC 3D-spheroids revealed decreased protein synthesis and mTOR signaling, upon MDM4 expression. Accordingly, MDM4 does not further inhibit cell migration when its activity towards mTOR is blocked by genetic or pharmacological approaches. Importantly, high levels of MDM4 reduced the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in constraining cell migration. Overall, these data demonstrate that MDM4 impairs EOC metastatic process by inhibiting mTOR activity and suggest the usefulness of MDM4 assessment for the tailored application of mTOR-targeted therapy.
Simultaneously targeting SOAT1 and CPT1A ameliorates hepatocellular carcinoma by disrupting lipid homeostasis
Authors: Ren Meiling , Xu Huanji , Xia Hongwei , Tang Qiulin , Bi Feng
Published: May 2021

Lipid homeostasis plays a fundamental role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms that regulate lipid homeostasis to avoid lipotoxicity in HCC remain elusive. Here, we found high-fat diet (HFD) improved the expression of sterol o-acyltransferase1 (SOAT1) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) in diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC. Bioinformatic analysis showed that SOAT1-mediated fatty acid storage and CPT1A-mediated fatty acids oxidation (FAO) formed a double-negative feedback loop in HCC. We verified that SOAT1 inhibition enhanced CPT1A protein, which shuttled the released fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation in vivo and in vitro. Besides, we further confirmed that CPT1A inhibition converted excess fatty acids into lipid drops by SOAT1 in vitro. Simultaneously targeting SOAT1 and CPT1A by the small-molecule inhibitors avasimibe and etomoxir had synergistic anticancer efficacy in HCC in vitro and in vivo. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of lipid homeostasis and suggests the combination of avasimibe and etomoxir is a novel strategy for HCC treatment.
Effect of circular RNA, mmu_circ_0000296, on neuronal apoptosis in chronic cerebral ischaemia via the miR-194-5p/Runx3/Sirt1 axis
Authors: Huang Keyu , Yang Chunqing , Zheng Jian , Liu Xiaobai , Liu Jie , Che Dongfang , Xue Yixue , An Ping , Wang Di , Ruan Xuelei , Yu Bo
Published: May 2021

Chronic cerebral ischaemia (CCI) is a common pathological disorder, which is associated with various diseases, such as cerebral arteriosclerosis and vascular dementia, resulting in neurological dysfunction. As a type of non-coding RNA, circular RNA is involved in regulating the occurrence and development of diseases, such as ischaemic brain injury. Here, we found that HT22 cells and hippocampus treated with CCI had low expression of circ_0000296, Runx3, Sirt1, but high expression of miR-194-5p. Overexpression of circ_0000296, Runx3, Sirt1, and silenced miR-194-5p significantly inhibited neuronal apoptosis induced by CCI. This study demonstrated that circ_0000296 specifically bound to miR-194-5p; miR-194-5p bound to the 3′UTR region of Runx3 mRNA; Runx3 directly bound to the promoter region of Sirt1, enhancing its transcriptional activity. Overexpression of circ_0000296 by miR-194-5p reduced the negative regulatory effect of miR-194-5p on Runx3, promoted the transcriptional effect of Runx3 on Sirt1, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis induced by CCI. mmu_circ_0000296 plays an important role in regulating neuronal apoptosis induced by CCI through miR-194-5p/Runx3/Sirt1 pathway.
Selective separation of branched alkane vapor by thiacalixarene supramolecular crystals having shape-recognition properties
Authors: Yamada Manabu , Uemure Fumiya , Katagiri Hiroshi , Akimoto Kazuhiko , Hamada Fumio
Published: May 2021

Shape-recognition properties of preorganized voids constructed from thiacalix[4]arene molecules improved the research octane number (RON) by selective uptake of isooctane vapor.
Directional imbalance of Bloch surface waves for ultrasensitive displacement metrology
Authors: Wang Ruxue , Lei Xinrui , Jin Yi , Wen Xiaolei , Du Luping , Wu Aimin , Zayats Anatoly V. , Yuan Xiaocong
Published: May 2021

A high-precision displacement sensing technique based on the detection of asymmetric intensity patterns of Bloch surface waves is proposed, with a sensitivity of 0.122 nm−1 and a resolution better than 10 nm.
Determining Michael acceptor reactivity from kinetic, mechanistic, and computational analysis for the base-catalyzed thiol-Michael reaction
Authors: Huang Sijia , Kim Kangmin , Musgrave Grant M. , Sharp Marcus , Sinha Jasmine , Stansbury Jeffrey W. , Musgrave Charles B. , Bowman Christopher N.
Published: May 2021

A systematic investigation extends the fundamental understanding of the structure–property relationships between vinyl functionality and the reaction kinetics for the thiol-Michael reactions.
A humidity sensing and respiratory monitoring system constructed from quartz crystal microbalance sensors based on a chitosan/polypyrrole composite film
Authors: Liu Xiaohua , Zhang Dongzhi , Wang Dongyue , Li Tingting , Song Xiaoshuang , Kang Zhanjia
Published: May 2021

This paper reviews the experimental device and results of the CS/PPy QCM humidity sensor. An app was designed to accurately determine the type of breathing and demonstrate the potential respiratory monitoring of patients.
A high-stability weighing paper/polytetrafluoroethylene-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered In2O3 nanocubes/SnS2 nanoflower NO2 gas sensors
Authors: Yang Yan , Zhang Dongzhi , Wang Dongyue , Xu Zhenyuan , Zhang Jianhua
Published: May 2021

This paper reviews experimental devices and results of a self-powered NO2 sensor.
Hybrid precoding codebook design in millimetre‐wave massive MIMO systems with low‐resolution phase shifters
Authors: Tan Jingbo , Suo Shiqiang , Qin Haichao
Published: May 2021

Millimetre‐wave (mmWave) massive multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) is one of the promising techniques for 5G wireless communications and beyond. Low‐resolution hybrid precoding using low‐resolution phase shifters (PSs) is considered to be promising for mmWave massive MIMO, since it can realize an acceptable performance with significantly reduced energy consumption. However, to realize accurate channel state information acquisition, the traditional channel feedback codebooks that quantize the channel with high resolution are not suitable for low‐resolution hybrid precoding. To solve this problem, angle‐based codebook is proposed here. In the proposed codebook, the analog codebook is designed based on the channel angle‐of‐departures (AoDs) and the digital codebook is generated by the random vector quantization. Specifically, the analog codewords are optimized by a neighbour search algorithm under the constraint of low‐resolution PSs. These analog codewords are designed to be aligned with channel AoDs. In this way, they can remain unchanged in a much larger time scale, since the angle‐coherence time is much longer than the channel‐coherence time. Therefore, the channel feedback overhead can be significantly reduced. Both theoretical analyses and simulation results illustrate that the proposed codebook can achieve the acceptable achievable rate performance with low channel feedback overhead.
Deep unfolding based hyper‐parameter optimisation for self‐interference cancellation in LTE‐A/5G‐transceivers
Authors: Motz C. , Paireder T. , Huemer M.
Published: May 2021

Deep unfolding is a very promising concept that allows to combine the advantages of traditional estimation techniques, such as adaptive filters, and machine learning approaches, like artificial neural networks. Focusing on a challenging self‐interference problem occurring in frequency‐division duplex radio frequency transceivers, namely modulated spurs, it is shown that deep unfolding enables remarkable performance gains. Based on the hyper‐parameter optimisation of several least‐mean squares (LMS) variants and the recursive‐least squares algorithm, the importance of a well‐chosen loss function are highlighted. Especially the variable step‐size LMS and the transform‐domain LMS vastly benefit without increased runtime complexity.
An improved Hausdorff distance method for locating single phase to ground fault in neutral non‐effectively grounded system
Authors: Wu Wenhao , Zhang Xinhui , Zhang Jun , He Yu , Bai Wenyuan
Published: May 2021

Neutral non‐effectively grounded mode is widely used in medium‐voltage distribution networks in China. When a single‐phase grounding fault occurs in distribution networks, abundant transient signals will be generated. Here, a fault location method based on improved Hausdorff distance is proposed with transient zero‐sequence current and transient zero‐sequence voltage of bus. First, according to the impedance characteristic analysis of the zero‐sequence network, the selected frequency band (SFB) is determined, and the transient signals in the SFB are extracted by the digital filter. Second, the projection components of transient zero‐sequence currents at each monitoring point of faulty feeder are obtained by the principle of orthogonalization. Finally, the projection component values of each section are calculated by the improved Hausdorff distance, and the maximum value is selected. If the maximum value is much larger than the sum of the values of other sections excluding the maximum value, the section where the maximum value is located is judged as a faulty section, otherwise, the downstream section of the last monitoring point is determined as the faulty section. Matlab/Simulink simulation shows that the proposed method can locate accurately under different fault conditions.
A three‐dimensional direct lightning strike model for lightning protection of the substation
Authors: Guo Jun , Zhang Xudong , Wang Bangyong , Hao Xuezhao , Zheng Shengquan , Xie Yan‐Zhao
Published: May 2021

Lightning strikes to a substation happen frequently, which has a serious impact on the safety of the power system. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of the direct lightning to the substation for the sake of protection. However, since the propagation and attachment of the lightning leader is a typical random process, it is hard to sufficiently represent the effect of the direct lightning by some deterministic models. In order to take into consideration the randomness of the lightning propagation process, in this paper, a three dimensional lightning fractal model that reproduces the tortuosity and branching of natural lightning is established. The proposed model is then applied to the effect analysis of the direct lightning to a typical 220 kV substation. Moreover, the protection effect of different distribution and height schemes of lightning rods is investigated using the proposed model. This work helps to understand the lightning strike risk that the substations face and also provides a promising way to improve and optimize the protection design.
Multi‐label learning based target detecting from multi‐frame data
Authors: Mei Mengqing , He Fazhi
Published: May 2021

In the field of target detecting, lots of progress have been made in recent years. Owing to the progress of multiple frames time series data, or video satellites, target detecting from space‐borne satellite videos has been available. However, detecting a slightly moving target from space‐borne videos is still a difficult task, because of the low resolution and illumination variation influence. This paper considers target detecting from time series data as multi‐label problem as there are several different kinds of background objects and targets of interest. To some extent the background of time series data is comparative invariant, using background analysis method to extract the target from the background is promising. This paper proposes a novel target detecting algorithm based on multi‐label learning and Gaussian background description model aiming at extracting slowly moving target. To further enhance performances, multi‐frame fusion and post processing method was utilized to catch the slight difference due to movement. Experimental results on real world datasets indicate that the proposed method outperforms some state‐of‐the‐art algorithms.
Analysis and design of a sharp‐rejection wideband bandstop filter with multi‐transmission zeros and reflection zeros
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Wang Xiaolong , Lu Geyu
Published: May 2021

Analysis and design of a wideband bandstop filter with multi‐transmission zeros (TZs) and reflection zeros (RZs) are presented. The proposed topology consists of N‐1 shunt open‐circuited stubs (OCSs) cascaded through N‐sections of transmission lines, and two M‐sections of OCSs are shunted at two output ports, respectively. After complicated mathematical analysis, the numbers of TZs and RZs are determined by section numbers M and N. By using the proposed algorithm, equal ripples with controllable ripple levels can be realized in the passband. Although the ripples in the stopband have different levels, each ripple level can be designed independently. As the proposed algorithm can design the positions of TZs and RZs, upper and lower attenuation rates can be increased dramatically. Therefore, compared with former works, the proposed work provides enhanced sharp‐rejection and simultaneously maintains wide stopband performance. For verification, two experimental circuits are fabricated, and the proposed design theory and algorithm are well verified by the measured frequency response.
Headache Before and After Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Tumor Surgery: A Prospective Study
Authors: Andersson Agnes , Hallén Tobias , Olsson Daniel S. , Farahmand Dan , Olofsson Ann-Charlotte , Jakobsson Ung Eva , Jakobsson Sofie , Bergquist Henrik , Johannsson Gudmundur , Ragnarsson Oskar , Skoglund Thomas
Published: May 2021

Objective Headache is a common symptom among patients with pituitary tumors, as it is in the general population. The aim of the study was to investigate headache as a symptom in patients with pituitary tumors before and 6 months after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (TSS).

Design This is a prospective observational cohort study.

Setting This study was conducted at university tertiary referral hospital.

Participants A total of 110 adult patients underwent endoscopic TSS for pituitary tumors.

Main Outcome Measures The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire was used before and 6 months after surgery for the assessment of headache. Clinical variables with potential influence on headache were analyzed.

Results Sixty-eight (62%) patients experienced headaches at least once during the 3 months before surgery. Thirty (27%) patients reported disabling headache before surgery, with younger age being an independent associated factor (p < 0.001). In patients with disabling headache before surgery, the median (interquartile range) MIDAS score improved from 78 (27–168) to 16 (2–145; p = 0.049), headache frequency decreased from 45 (20–81) to 14 (4–35) days (p = 0.009), and headache intensity decreased from 6 (5–8) to 5 (4–7) (p = 0.011) after surgery. In total, 16 of the 30 (53%) patients reported a clinically relevant improvement and five (17%) a clinically relevant worsening. Four (5%) patients developed new disabling headache. No predictor for postoperative improvement of headache was identified.

Conclusion In this prospective study, the results show that disabling headache improves following endoscopic TSS in a subset of patients with pituitary tumors. However, no predictive factors for improvement could be identified.
Ceratitis quinaria (five-spotted fruit fly).
Authors: Weldon Chris
Published: May 2021

Ceratitis quinaria has a disjunct distribution, being found in West Africa, countries surrounding the Red Sea, eastern and southern Africa. It has an economic impact in countries where it is in high abundance, affecting production, control costs and market access. It is particularly a pest of mangoes, in which high levels of infestation and damage have been recorded. The United States Department of Agriculture recognises C. quinaria as a fruit fly species of concern, and the European Plant Protection Organization lists it as a quarantine pest. It is difficult to determine its invasiveness because its current distribution includes areas with a poor record of fruit fly surveillance.
Cassava brown streak viruses (cassava brown streak disease).
Authors: Winter Stephan , Thresh Mike
Published: May 2021

CBSD was formerly of limited importance in Africa as a whole because of its restricted distribution along lowland coastal areas of Kenya and Tanzania and in parts of Malawi (Legg and Raya, 1998; Hillocks et al., 2001; Gondwe et al., 2003; Shaba et al., 2003). However, the disease was later found to be prevalent in northern Mozambique (Hillocks et al., 2002). Since 2004 it has been causing increasingly severe problems in Uganda and the Lake Victoria zone of Tanzania. It has also been detected recently in Rwanda, Burundi and parts of DRC.
East African cassava mosaic virus.
Authors: Alabi Olufemi Joseph , Mulenga Rabson
Published: May 2021

Like other CMGs, cassava is the primary host of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) and related viruses, although the virus has been detected in other plant species (Ogbe et al., 2006; Alabi et al. 2015). Analysis of the genomes of different isolates of EACMV-type viruses show considerable genetic variability and genome plasticity relative to ACMV isolates. The primary means of virus spread is via movement of contaminated vegetative cassava cuttings and secondary spread occurs via the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci. Perhaps the most notable documentation of invasiveness of EACMV-type viruses is the regional pandemic of a severe CMD in East Africa caused by EACMV-UG which began in Uganda in the early to mid-1990s (Gibson et al., 1996; Otim-Nape et al., 1997) on popular and widely cultivated cassava varieties and soon spread to other countries in East Africa, including Kenya and Tanzania (Otim-Nape et al., 1997; Legg, 1999). The pandemic resulted in famine-related deaths (Otim-Nape et al., 1998) due to complete devastation of affected cassava farms in the region. EACMV is not on the IUCN or ISSG alert list.
Aphis craccivora (groundnut aphid).
Authors: Whittaker Angela
Published: May 2021

Introduction: A. craccivora is a cosmopolitan species with a worldwide distribution; abundant in subtropical and tropical regions, and in the Mediterranean. It is one of the commonest aphid species in the tropics.
Propagations of Fresnel diffraction accelerating beam in Schrödinger equation with nonlocal nonlinearity*
Authors: Zhang Yagang , Pei Yuheng , Yuan Yibo , Wen Feng , Gu Yuzong , Wu Zhenkun
Published: May 2021

Accelerating beams have been the subject of extensive research in the last few decades because of their self-acceleration and diffraction-free propagation over several Rayleigh lengths. Here, we investigate the propagation dynamics of a Fresnel diffraction beam using the nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NNLSE). When a nonlocal nonlinearity is introduced into the linear Schrödinger equation without invoking an external potential, the evolution behaviors of incident Fresnel diffraction beams are modulated regularly, and certain novel phenomena are observed. We show through numerical calculations, under varying degrees of nonlocality, that nonlocality significantly affects the evolution of Fresnel diffraction beams. Further, we briefly discuss the two-dimensional case as the equivalent of the product of two one-dimensional cases. At a critical point, the Airy-like intensity profile oscillates between the first and third quadrants, and the process repeats during propagation to yield an unusual oscillation. Our results are expected to contribute to the understanding of NNLSE and nonlinear optics.
A 37 mJ, 100 Hz, high energy single frequency oscillator*
Authors: Shen Yu , Bo Yong , Zong Nan , Zhang Shenjin , Peng Qinjun , Xu Zuyan
Published: May 2021

Ways on energy enhancement for single frequency oscillator are reported in this paper. By quantitative analysis on gain and loss coefficients for each cavity mode with inserted etalons, a 37 mJ, 100 Hz high energy single-frequency Nd:YAG oscillator is obtained. The pulse energy is promoted by enhancement of nearly 7 times for a single frequency oscillator reported. The result proves that this method does help for energy enhancement. It has attractive potential for high energy single frequency oscillator design, especially on condition of intensive side pumped or long cavity laser, where strong competitors exist and are hard to be suppressed.
Simple Reciprocal Fairness Message to Enhance Non-Donor’s Willingness to Donate Blood
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn , Edwards Abigail R A , Masser Barbara M
Published: May 2021

Background

Against a background of declining blood donor numbers, recruiting new donors is critical for the effective operations of healthcare providers. Thus, interventions are needed to recruit new blood donors.

Purpose

We provide initial evidence for Voluntary Reciprocal Altruism (VRA) to enhance nondonors’ willingness to become blood donors. VRA interventions involve asking two questions: one on accepting a blood transfusion if needed and one on willingness to donate. As early trials often use self-reports of willingness to perform blood donation behavior, we derive a correction factor to better estimate actual behavior. Finally, we explore the effect of VRA interventions on two prosocial emotions: gratitude and guilt.

Methods

Across three experiments (two in the UK and one in Australia: Total N = 1,208 nondonors) we manipulate VRA messages and explore how they affect both reported willingness to make a one-off or repeat blood donation and influence click through to blood donation, organ donation and volunteering registration sites (behavioral proxies). We report data from a longitudinal cohort (N = 809) that enables us to derive a correction for self-reported behavioral willingness.

Results

Across the three experiments, we show that exposure to a question that asks about accepting a transfusion if needed increased willingness to donate blood with some spillover to organ donor registration. We also show that gratitude has an independent effect on donation and report a behavioral correction factor of .10.

Conclusions

Asking nondonors about accepting a transfusion if needed is likely to be an effective strategy to increase new donor numbers.
A primer on ocular viscosurgical devices
Authors: Gerberich Amanda J , Ipema Heather J
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To provide pharmacists with an overview of ocular viscosurgical devices (OVDs) and a comprehensive resource describing characteristics of commercially available agents.

OVDs are substances that are injected into the eye during ophthalmic procedures, such as cataract surgery, to reduce injury to the endothelium that may result from surgical manipulation. Currently available OVDs are composed of one or more of the following active ingredients: sodium hyaluronate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Rheologic properties of OVDs, such as viscosity, elasticity, pseudoplasticity, and cohesion, affect the products’ function and performance. Based on rheologic properties, OVDs can be generally classified as cohesive or dispersive. Given each products’ unique characteristics, OVDs are not interchangeable. An understanding of OVD characteristics and role in practice allows for improved product selection, which varies based on patient characteristics and procedure. Availability of OVD information and literature is generally lacking since OVDs are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as medical devices. This primer includes an overview of relevant ophthalmic surgical practices and the landscape of comparative efficacy and safety literature to assist in formulary decision-making. This review also provides a comprehensive guide to commercially available OVDs and a discussion on practical considerations for the pharmacist.

Conclusion

Pharmacists may be tasked with handling OVDs in institutional settings. Knowledge about OVD rheologic properties, product characteristics, role in practice, and available literature is necessary for managing formularies and ensuring optimal product selection.
Continental-scale distribution and diversity ofCeratobasidiumorchid mycorrhizal fungi in Australia
Authors: Freestone Marc W , Swarts Nigel D , Reiter Noushka , Tomlinson Sean , Sussmilch Frances C , Wright Magali M , Holmes Gareth D , Phillips Ryan D , Linde Celeste C
Published: May 2021

Background and Aims

Mycorrhizal fungi are a critical component of the ecological niche of most plants and can potentially constrain their geographical range. Unlike other types of mycorrhizal fungi, the distributions of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) at large spatial scales are not well understood. Here, we investigate the distribution and diversity of Ceratobasidium OMF in orchids and soils across the Australian continent.

Methods

We sampled 217 Ceratobasidium isolates from 111 orchid species across southern Australia and combined these with 311 Ceratobasidium sequences from GenBank. To estimate the taxonomic diversity of Ceratobasidium associating with orchids, phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequence locus was undertaken. Sequence data from the continent-wide Australian Microbiome Initiative were used to determine the geographical range of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in orchids, with the distribution and climatic correlates of the two most frequently detected OTUs modelled using MaxEnt.

Key Results

We identified 23 Ceratobasidium OTUs associating with Australian orchids, primarily from the orchid genera Pterostylis, Prasophyllum, Rhizanthella and Sarcochilus. OTUs isolated from orchids were closely related to, but distinct from, known pathogenic fungi. Data from soils and orchids revealed that ten of these OTUs occur on both east and west sides of the continent, while 13 OTUs were recorded at three locations or fewer. MaxEnt models suggested that the distributions of two widespread OTUs are correlated with temperature and soil moisture of the wettest quarter and far exceeded the distributions of their host orchid species.

Conclusions

Ceratobasidium OMF with cross-continental distributions are common in Australian soils and frequently have geographical ranges that exceed that of their host orchid species, suggesting these fungi are not limiting the distributions of their host orchids at large spatial scales. Most OTUs were distributed within southern Australia, although several OTUs had distributions extending into central and northern parts of the continent, illustrating their tolerance of an extraordinarily wide range of environmental conditions.