bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erlotinib: Recent Clinical Results and Ongoing Studies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Perez-Soler Roman
Published: August 2007

The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib has shown to provide clinical benefit to patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after failure of front-line chemotherapy in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. More importantly, because of its unique mechanism of action, erlotinib seems to provide higher clinical benefit to specific subgroups of patients. The continued development of erlotinib in NSCLC is focused on the following areas: (a) validating clinical and molecular markers of clinical benefit in front-line therapy, (b) developing therapies for acquired and naturally resistant tumors, (c) revisiting combinations with chemotherapy, (d) developing combinations with antiangiogenesis agents, and (e) understanding the biological significance of the skin toxicity and developing rational approaches for its treatment. Clinical studies addressing these five areas are ongoing and are briefly described in this review.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Trap in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Riely Gregory J. , Miller Vincent A.
Published: August 2007

Several drugs currently in development target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, a validated target in the treatment of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most clinical trial data generated to date have been with either bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody to VEGF, or small-molecule inhibitors of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase activity (sunitinib, sorafenib, and ZD6474). VEGF Trap, an engineered soluble receptor made from extracellular domains of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, binds to all isoforms of VEGF and to placental growth factor. VEGF Trap binds to VEGF-A and VEGF-B with markedly higher affinity than bevacizumab. The toxicities seen in phase I trials of s.c. and i.v. administration of VEGF Trap, hypertension and proteinuria, are similar to those seen with other molecules that target the VEGF pathway. In the s.c. VEGF Trap phase I trial, significant radiographic improvement was observed in a patient with heavily pretreated NSCLC. Ongoing phase I trials are evaluating combinations of VEGF Trap with platinum-based doublets and single-agent docetaxel. The activity of single-agent VEGF Trap in NSCLC is being assessed in a multicenter phase II trial.
Bevacizumab in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sandler Alan
Published: August 2007

Angiogenesis, the growth of new vessels from preexisting vessels, is a fundamental step in tumor growth and progression. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key angiogenic factor implicated in tumor blood vessel formation and permeability. Overexpression of VEGF has been observed in a variety of cancers and has been associated with a worse relapse-free and overall survival. The antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF, has shown clinical benefit in multiple cancers, including non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Based on the favorable results of a prior randomized, phase II trial, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group conducted a trial (E4599) to evaluate the efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with recurrent or advanced stage IIIB or IV nonsquamous cell NSCLC. Exclusion criteria included squamous cell histology, brain metastases, significant hemoptysis, or inadequate organ function or performance status >1. The primary study end point was overall survival. The median duration of survival in the chemotherapy plus bevacizumab group was 12.3 months compared with 10.3 months in the chemotherapy alone group (P = 0.003). Significant bleeding was more frequent in the chemotherapy plus bevacizumab group, 4.4% compared with 0.9% (P = 0.001). There were 15 treatment-related deaths in the chemotherapy plus bevacizumab group, including 5 due to pulmonary hemorrhage. Future and current directions include evaluation of bevacizumab in earlier stages of NSCLC, in SCLC, and in combination with other targeted agents, such as erlotinib.
Different Forms of Helper Tolerance to Carcinoembryonic Antigen: Ignorance and Regulation
Authors: Pickford Wendy J. , Watson Angus J.M. , Barker Robert N.
Published: August 2007

Purpose: Understanding the mechanisms of immune tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) is an important step in the design of cancer immunotherapy. The aim was to determine how T helper (Th) cell tolerance is mediated for a prototypic TAA, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).

Experimental Design: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 50 healthy volunteers were stimulated with CEA, and the type and fine specificity of any Th cell responses were identified. The inhibitory effects of T regulatory (Tr) populations were determined by depleting “natural” CD25+ Tr cells or neutralizing cytokine produced by the “induced” Tr form.

Results: Proliferative Th cell responses were consistently induced by CEA in 22 of 50 individuals. Responding cells were drawn from the CD45RA+ “naive” or quiescent population. Depleting the CD25+ fraction did not enhance CEA responsiveness. However, CEA elicited secretion of the Tr cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in 23 of 50 donors, including 20 of 22 where no proliferation was induced. Neutralizing IL-10 revealed previously unseen proliferation to CEA by CD45RO+ “memory” Th cells. Epitope maps revealed differences in the fine specificities of Th cells capable of proliferating or secreting IL-10.

Conclusions: There are at least two major forms of CEA tolerance in different individuals. One is “ignorance,” a failure of specific Th cells to respond to antigen presented in vivo. The other, seen when ignorance is lost, is mediated by IL-10–secreting Tr cells that recognize CEA. TAA tolerance, for example to colorectal carcinoma cells expressing CEA, may be overcome by peptide vaccines that exploit the differences in epitopes recognized by effector and Tr responses.
Cancellation of Aerosol Indirect Effects in Marine Stratocumulus through Cloud Thinning
Authors: Wood Robert
Published: August 2007

Applying perturbation theory within a mixed layer framework, the response of the marine boundary layer (MBL) cloud thickness h to imposed increases of the cloud droplet concentration Nd as a surrogate for increases in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations is examined. An analytical formulation is used to quantify the response and demonstrate theoretically that for the range of environmental conditions found over the subtropical eastern oceans, on time scales of less than a day, the cloud thickness feedback response is largely determined by a balance between the moistening/cooling of the MBL resulting from the suppression of surface precipitation, and the drying/warming resulting from enhanced entrainment resulting from increased turbulent kinetic energy. Quantifying the transient cloud response as a ratio of the second to the first indirect effects demonstrates that the nature of the feedback is critically dependent upon the nature of the unperturbed state, with the cloud-base height zcb being the single most important determinant. For zcb < 400 m, increasing Nd leads to cloud thickening in accordance with the Albrecht hypothesis. However, for zcb > 400 m, cloud thinning occurs, which results in a feedback effect that increasingly cancels the Twomey effect as zcb increases. The environmental conditions favoring an elevated cloud base are relatively weak lower-tropospheric stability and a dry free troposphere, although the former is probably more important over the subtropical eastern oceans. On longer time scales an invariable thickening response is found, and thus accurate quantification of the aerosol indirect effects will require a good understanding of the processes that control the time scale over which aerosol perturbations are modified.
Collisions of Cloud Droplets in a Turbulent Flow. Part IV: Droplet Hydrodynamic Interaction
Authors: Pinsky M. B. , Khain A. P. , Shapiro M.
Published: August 2007

The paper presents a computationally accurate and efficient method for calculation of cloud droplets’ collision efficiency in a turbulent flow with the properties typical of atmospheric clouds. According to Part III, the statistical properties of a turbulent flow are represented by a set of noncorrelated samples of turbulent velocity gradients and Lagrangian accelerations. Long series of these samples were generated for turbulent parameters typical of different atmospheric clouds. Each sample can be assigned to a certain point of the turbulent flow. Each such point can be surrounded by a small elementary volume with the linear length scale of the Kolmogorov length scale, in which the Lagrangian acceleration and the velocity gradient tensor can be considered uniform in space and invariable in time. For each sample (or an elementary volume), fluxes of droplets of one size onto droplets of another size are calculated both in the presence and absence of hydrodynamical droplet interaction (HDI). In each elementary volume, the collision efficiency is calculated as the ratio of these fluxes.

Using a set of the collision efficiency and kernels, the probability distribution functions (PDFs) and the mean values of collision efficiency and collision kernels are calculated under different dissipation rates and Reynolds numbers. It is shown that turbulence significantly increases the collision efficiency, especially for droplets of close sizes and droplet pairs containing a few-microns-radius droplet. The results suggest that the main mechanism by means of which turbulence increases the rate of cloud droplets’ collisions is its influence on HDI.
Inertia–Gravity Waves Spontaneously Generated by Jets and Fronts. Part I: Different Baroclinic Life Cycles
Authors: Plougonven Riwal , Snyder Chris
Published: August 2007

The spontaneous generation of inertia–gravity waves in idealized life cycles of baroclinic instability is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Two substantially different life cycles of baroclinic instability are obtained by varying the initial zonal jet. The wave generation depends strongly on the details of the baroclinic wave’s development. In the life cycle dominated by cyclonic behavior, the most conspicuous gravity waves are excited by the upper-level jet and are broadly consistent with previous simulations of O’Sullivan and Dunkerton. In the life cycle that is dominated by anticyclonic behavior, the most conspicuous gravity waves even in the stratosphere are excited by the surface fronts, although the fronts are no stronger than in the cyclonic life cycle. The anticyclonic life cycle also reveals waves in the lower stratosphere above the upper-level trough of the baroclinic wave; these waves have not been previously identified in idealized simulations. The sensitivities of the different waves to both resolution and dissipation are discussed.
Intraseasonal Variability in a Dry Atmospheric Model
Authors: Lin Hai , Brunet Gilbert , Derome Jacques
Published: August 2007

A long integration of a primitive equation dry atmospheric model with time-independent forcing under boreal winter conditions is analyzed. A variety of techniques such as time filtering, space–time spectral analysis, and lag regressions are used to identify tropical waves. It is evident that oscillations with intraseasonal time scales and a Kelvin wave structure exist in the model tropical atmosphere. Coherent eastward propagations in the 250-hPa velocity potential and zonal wind are found, with a speed of about 15 m s−1. The oscillation is stronger in the Eastern Hemisphere than in the Western Hemisphere.

Interactions between the tropical and extratropical flows are found to be responsible for the simulated intraseasonal variability. Wave activity flux analysis reveals that a tropical influence occurs in the North Pacific region where a northeastward wave activity flux is found associated with the tropical divergent flow in the western and central Pacific. In the North Atlantic sector, on the other hand, a strong extratropical influence is observed with a southward wave activity flux into the Tropics. The extratropical low-frequency variability develops by extracting kinetic energy from the basic mean flow and through interactions with synoptic-scale transient eddies. Linear experiments show that the tropical atmospheric response to the extratropical forcing in the North Atlantic leads to an eastward-propagating wave in the tropical easterly mean flow of the Eastern Hemisphere.
The Spectral Ice Habit Prediction System (SHIPS). Part I: Model Description and Simulation of the Vapor Deposition Process
Authors: Hashino T. , Tripoli G. J.
Published: August 2007

This paper describes the Spectral Ice Habit Prediction System (SHIPS), which represents a continuous-property approach to microphysics simulation in an Eulerian cloud-resolving model (CRM). A two-moment hybrid-bin method is adopted to predict the solid hydrometeor distribution, where the distribution is divided into the mass bins with a simple mass distribution inside each bin. Each bin is characterized by a single representative ice crystal habit and the type of solid hydrometeor. These characteristics are diagnosed based on a series of particle property variables (PPVs) of solid hydrometeors that reflect the history of microphysical processes and the mixing between bins and air parcels in space. Thus, SHIPS allows solid hydrometeors to evolve characteristics and size distribution based on their movement through a cloud.

SHIPS was installed into the University of Wisconsin-Nonhydrostatic Modeling System (UW-NMS) and tested for ice nucleation and vapor deposition processes. Two-dimensional idealized simulations were employed to simulate a winter orographic storm observed during the second Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) campaign. The simulated vertical distributions of ice crystal habits showed that the dynamic advection of dendrites produces wider dendritic growth region than local atmospheric conditions suggest. SHIPS showed the sensitivities of the habit distribution in the low- and midlevel to the upper-level growth mode (T < −20°C) of ice crystals through the sedimentation. Comparison of the results to aircraft observations casts doubt on the role of the columnar growth mode (T < −20°C) traditionally thought to be dominant in the literature. The results demonstrated how the complexity of the vapor deposition growth of ice crystals, including dendrites and capped columns, in varying temperature and moisture lead to particular observed habits.
Near-Surface Intensification of Tornado Vortices
Authors: Lewellen D. C. , Lewellen W. S.
Published: August 2007

An idealized analytical model and numerical large-eddy simulations are used to explore fluid-dynamic mechanisms by which tornadoes may be intensified near the surface relative to conditions aloft. The analytical model generalizes a simple model of Barcilon and Fiedler and Rotunno for a steady supercritical end-wall vortex to more general vortex corner flows, angular momentum distributions, and time dependence. The model illustrates the role played by the corner flow swirl ratio in determining corner flow structure and intensification; predicts an intensification of near-surface swirl velocities relative to conditions aloft of Iυ ∼ 2 for supercritical end-wall vortices in agreement with earlier analytical, numerical, and laboratory results; and suggests how larger intensification factors might be achieved in some more general corner flows. Examples of the latter are presented using large-eddy simulations. By tuning the lateral inflow boundary conditions near the surface, quasi-steady vortices exhibiting nested inner and outer corner flows and Iυ ∼ 4 are produced. More significantly, these features can be produced without fine tuning, along with an additional doubling (or more) of the intensification, in a broad class of unsteady evolutions producing a dynamic corner flow collapse. These scenarios, triggered purely by changes in the far-field near-surface flow, provide an attractive mechanism for naturally achieving an intense near-surface vortex from a much larger-scale less-intense swirling flow. It is argued that, applied on different scales, this may sometimes play a role in tornadogenesis and/or tornado variability. This phenomenon of corner flow collapse is considered further in a companion paper.
Near-Surface Vortex Intensification through Corner Flow Collapse
Authors: Lewellen D. C. , Lewellen W. S.
Published: August 2007

Results are presented from a large set of large-eddy simulations of a class of unsteady vortex evolution that may sometimes play a role in tornadogenesis or tornado variability. Beginning with a high-swirl parent vortex with an excess of low-swirl flow through the surface/corner/core region, perturbation of the low-swirl near-surface inflow at a large radius can trigger a subsequent dynamic “corner flow collapse” producing dramatic near-surface intensification relative to conditions aloft of an order of magnitude or more in velocity scale. This paper presents a more detailed treatment of the physics and simulation of corner flow collapse, expanding upon the presentation given in a companion paper treating near-surface vortex intensification more generally for both steady and unsteady conditions. The basic scaling of the onset, intensification, structure, and duration of the phenomenon is explored as a function of some of the dominant physical parameters involved. A dimensionless rate of change of the low-swirl flux through the surface/corner flow during the process is identified as a critical governing parameter. Given the mode of triggering near the surface at large radii, the large intensification that can result, and the sensitivity to some of the parameters involved, corner flow collapse may provide a mechanism by which the rear-flank downdraft can promote tornadogenesis and help explain why seemingly similar conditions sometimes produce intense tornadoes and other times do not.
Maximum Entropy Production in Climate Theory
Authors: Goody Richard
Published: August 2007

R. D. Lorenz et al. claim that recent data on Mars and Titan show that planetary atmospheres are in unconstrained states of maximum entropy production (MEP). Their model as it applies to Venus, Earth, Mars, and Titan is reexamined, and it is shown that their claim is not justified. This does not necessarily imply that MEP is incorrect, and inapplicable to atmospheres, but it does mean that the difficult and unexplored problem of dynamical constraints on the MEP solution must be understood if it is to be of value for climate research.
A New Surface Model for β-Plane Turbulence
Authors: Panayotova Iordanka N.
Published: August 2007

This paper introduces a new numerical model for studying wave–turbulence interactions in a continuously stratified rotating flow, having a uniform potential vorticity and a rigid boundary. The meridional variation in the Coriolis parameter (β effect), a channel geometry, and the first-order nonlinear terms in a small Rossby number expansion are included into the surface quasigeostrophic dynamics. The model contains important dynamical characteristics of three-dimensional flows such as advection by ageostrophic winds, and stretching and tilting of relative vorticity. Nevertheless, it has the computational economy of two-dimensional flows. Long-term direct numerical simulations are performed for decaying turbulence arising from random initial conditions.

In addition to the formation of steady zonal jets, frequently reported as a possible end state under the β effect, this model exhibits several other realistic physical effects that were lacking in the previously studied β-plane models for wave–turbulence interactions. There is a significant contrast in the spatial and time scales of the formed eddies, resulting in high meridional asymmetry of the flow. Mean surface cooling and persistent large-scale blocking eddies are observed as well. The surface potential temperature variance spectrum exhibits a well-resolved k−5/3 inertial range.
Entrainment-Mixing and Radiative Transfer Simulation in Boundary Layer Clouds
Authors: Chosson Frédérick , Brenguier Jean-Louis , Schüller Lothar
Published: August 2007

In general circulation models, clouds are parameterized and radiative transfer calculations are performed using the plane-parallel approximation over the cloudy fraction of each model grid. The albedo bias resulting from the plane-parallel representation of spatially heterogeneous clouds has been extensively studied, but the impact of entrainment-mixing processes on cloud microphysics has been neglected up to now. In this paper, this issue is examined by using large-eddy simulations of stratocumulus clouds and tridimensional calculations of radiative transfer in the visible and near-infrared ranges. Two extreme scenarios of mixing are tested: the homogeneous mixing scheme with constant concentration and reduced droplet sizes, against the inhomogeneous mixing scheme, with reduced concentration and constant droplet sizes. The tests reveal that entrainment-mixing effects at cloud top may substantially bias the simulated albedo. In the worse case, which corresponds to a fragmented and thin stratocumulus cloud, the albedo bias changes from −3% to −31% when using both mixing schemes alternatively.
Multiscale Models with Moisture and Systematic Strategies for Superparameterization
Authors: Majda Andrew J.
Published: August 2007

The accurate parameterization of moist convection presents a major challenge for the accurate prediction of weather and climate through numerical models. Superparameterization is a promising recent alternative strategy for including the effects of moist convection through explicit turbulent fluxes calculated from a cloud-resolving model. Basic scales for cloud-resolving modeling are the microscales on the order of 10 km in space on time scales on the order of 15 min, where vertical and horizontal motions are comparable and moist processes are strongly nonlinear (meso-gamma scale). In this paper, systematic multiscale asymptotic analysis is utilized to develop simplified microscale mesoscale dynamic (MMD) models for interaction between the microscales and spatiotemporal mesoscales on the order of 100 km and 2.5 h (meso-beta scale). The new MMD models lead to a systematic framework for superparameterization for numerical weather prediction (NWP) generalizing the traditional column modeling framework. The MMD formulation also provides a flexible systematic framework for devising new parameterization strategies for NWP intermediate between the two extremes of column modeling and detailed cloud-resolving modeling. It is also established here that these MMD models fit crudely into the recent systematic multiscale framework developed to explain the observed larger-scale statistical self-similarity of tropical convection, and therefore provide a systematic framework for superparameterization. Finally, it is shown that the new MMD models have the structure of a heterogeneous multiscale method so that many numerical techniques recently developed in the applied mathematics literature can be applied to this formulation.
Breaking Waves at the Tropopause in the Wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Climatological Analyses of the Orientation and the Theoretical LC1/2 Classification
Authors: Martius O. , Schwierz C. , Davies H. C.
Published: August 2007

Breaking waves on the tropopause are viewed as potential vorticity (PV) streamers on middle-world isentropic levels. A Northern Hemisphere winter climatology of the streamers’ spatial distribution and meridional orientation is derived from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset, and used to assess the nature and frequency of occurrence of breaking synoptic-scale waves. The streamers are grouped into two classes related to the so-called cyclonic (LC2) and anticyclonic (LC1) patterns, and the ambient wind strength and wind shear is also noted.

It is shown that the occurrence of cyclonic and anticyclonic PV streamers exhibits a distinct spatial variability in the horizontal and the vertical. The majority of cyclonic PV streamers are found on lower isentropic levels that intersect the tropopause at more poleward latitudes, whereas anticyclonic streamers predominate at higher elevations in the subtropics.

An analysis of the streamer patterns for the two phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) reveals significant differences in the location and frequency of both cyclonic and anticyclonic streamers in the Euro–Atlantic region on the 310-K isentropic level. Likewise, for the two phases of the ENSO and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern, there are marked differences in the frequency pattern of cyclonic streamers. An examination of the tropopause-level hemispheric flow pattern at the time of and prior to a streamer’s formation indicates a linkage to the presence or absence of double jet structures.
Wave Energy Associated with the Variability of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex
Authors: Liberato M. L. R. , Castanheira J. M. , de la Torre L. , DaCamara C. C. , Gimeno L.
Published: August 2007

A study is performed on the energetics of planetary wave forcing associated with the variability of the northern winter polar vortex. The analysis relies on a three-dimensional normal mode expansion of the atmospheric general circulation that allows partitioning the total (i.e., kinetic + available potential) atmospheric energy into the energy associated with Rossby and inertio-gravity modes with barotropic and baroclinic vertical structures. The analysis mainly departs from traditional ones in respect to the wave forcing, which is here assessed in terms of total energy amounts associated with the waves instead of heat and momentum fluxes. Such an approach provides a sounder framework than traditional ones based on Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux diagnostics of wave propagation and related concepts of refractive indices and critical lines, which are strictly valid only in the cases of small-amplitude waves and in the context of the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffries (WKBJ) approximation.

Positive (negative) anomalies of the energy associated with the first two baroclinic modes of the planetary Rossby wave with zonal wavenumber 1 are followed by a downward progression of negative (positive) anomalies of the vortex strength. A signature of the vortex vacillation is also well apparent in the lagged correlation curves between the wave energy and the vortex strength. The analysis of the correlations between individual Rossby modes and the vortex strength further confirmed the result from linear theory that the waves that force the vortex are those associated with the largest zonal and meridional scales.

The two composite analyses of displacement- and split-type stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events have revealed different dynamics. Displacement-type SSWs are forced by positive anomalies of the energy associated with the first two baroclinic modes of planetary Rossby waves with zonal wavenumber 1; split-type SSWs are in turn forced by positive anomalies of the energy associated with the planetary Rossby wave with zonal wavenumber 2, and the barotropic mode appears as the most important component. In respect to stratospheric final warming (SFW) events, obtained results suggest that the wave dynamics is similar to the one in displacement-type SSW events.
A Break with Tradition: Ordaining Women Rabbis
Authors: Maher Michael
Published: August 2007

In 1972 the Reform branch of Judaism ordained the first woman rabbi ever to be ordained in a rabbinical college. The Reconstructionists followed suit in 1974. In 1985 the leaders of the Conservative Movement ordained the first woman rabbi in their community. The article that follows gives a brief account of the processes of study, reflection, and debate that led these three communities to act in a manner that was contrary to the whole of Jewish tradition and to ordain women rabbis. The author also shows that although the leaders of Orthodox Judaism regard the ordination of women as an unacceptable deviation from Jewish tradition, there are those within the Orthodox fold who advocate the ordination of female rabbis in their community.
From the Statehouse to the White House?
Authors: Burnside Randolph , Whitehurst Kami
Published: August 2007

This study examines Senator Barack Obama's record as an Illinois State Senator. Specifically, the authors look at his sponsorship and cosponsorship of legislation to determine his level of activity, type of legislation proposed, and overall legislative success. The authors find that Senator Obama was the most active in sponsoring social welfare legislation and using cosponorship as a way to address other substantive policy areas. These findings will be central in how his opponents for the Democratic nomination will characterize him during the nominations process.
Loading Rate Sensitivity of Jute/Glass Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Effect of Surface Modifications
Authors: Srivastav A.K. , Behera M.K. , Ray B.C.
Published: August 2007

The present experimental work is aimed at studying the effect of different loading rates on the mechanical behavior of jute/glass reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Surface modification was done in order to get better interfacial bonding between jute and resin. The hybrid composite showed insensitive behavior at high loading rates. The loading rate behavior of the hybrid composite was compared on the basis of different surface treatments of jute fiber. UV-treated samples have shown better yield properties at higher loading rates. Untreated samples exhibited better ILSS values at higher loading rates. The findings are explained in terms of varying failure mechanisms at different loading rates.
Longitudinal myelitis in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, homozygous prothrombin G20210A and heterozygous MTHFR 677T
Authors: Touma Z. , Atweh SF , Kibbi L. , Arayssi T.
Published: August 2007

Longitudinal myelitis is an uncommon complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We describe an unusual case of longitudinal myelitis and ischemic stroke in the presence of homozygous prothrombin G20210A, heterozygous MTHFR 677T mutations and the absence of antiphospholipid antibodies in a young woman with SLE. Lupus (2007) 16, 517—520.
The subconscious in James Joyce's `Eveline': a corpus stylistic analysis that chews on the `Fish hook'
Authors: O'Halloran Kieran
Published: August 2007

In James Joyce's short story, `Eveline', a young woman is thinking about a new life away from an unhappy existence which involves caring for a violent father. In the story, Eveline is to elope with Frank to Buenos Aires, but Eveline fails to join him on the night boat. This story has attracted much critical attention. In particular, commentators have picked up on the faint clues throughout that Eveline is not going to leave her home. It is as though Eveline's subconscious is communicating this while she is consciously reflecting on whether to elope with Frank. But how can such clues be identified in a systematic way whilst responding to the familiar charges made by Stanley Fish that stylistic analysis and interpretation is arbitrary and circular? In this article, I perform a corpus-informed stylistic analysis of `Eveline' in order to reveal some of these subconscious intimations whilst reducing as much as possible arbitrariness and circularity in analysis and interpretation. To do so, I build on formal insights into `Eveline' provided in Michael Stubbs's corpus-informed analysis by proceeding to a more functional exploration of the story.
BIT BY BIT: A game simulating natural language processing in computers
Authors: Kato Taichi , Arakawa Chuichi
Published: August 2007

BIT BY BIT is an encryption game that is designed to improve students' understanding of natural language processing in computers. Participants encode clear words into binary code using an encryption key and exchange them in the game. BIT BY BIT enables participants who do not understand the concept of binary numbers to perform the process of converting decimal into binary and vice versa. This understanding helps participants to comprehend one of the concepts of computer science (i.e., how computers express natural languages using signals).
The Organizational Context of Moral Dilemmas: The Role of Moral Leadership in Administration in Making and Breaking Dilemmas
Authors: Covrig Duane M.
Published: August 2007

This paper reviews literature on ethics, ethical decision making and moral leadership in order to frame moral leadership in the organizational context of administration. Both organizational contexts and administrative decisions are characterized as having routines, challenges and dilemmas. Moral leadership in administration attempts to use these types of decisions to lead the organization through the four stages of moral decision—making—moral awareness and sensitivity, judgment, intent and action. Guiding institutionalization and nurturing conflict are both viewed as useful in moral leadership within organizations.
Leadership And Motivating Missions: A Model For Organizations From Science Literature
Authors: Tesone Dana V.
Published: August 2007

The phenomenon of motivating missions linked with high levels of performance and leadership excellence is a topic cited in both popular and academic literature. The author of this paper posits a model of leadership applied to examples in hospitality organizations from literature in the areas of biology, chemistry, and physics that explain the mechanics of the systems approach to managing organizations. Future empirical studies done by other researchers will advance the model presented in the paper to additional levels of development.
Travel Experience in the Formation of Leadership: John Quincy Adams, Frederick Douglass and Jane Addams
Authors: Hunt James B.
Published: August 2007

Scholarship on leadership has tended to emphasize its nature and its behavioral features. This article focuses on the formation of leadership by paying particular attention to the role of travel experience in a young (11-29) person's life. The study examines the travel experiences of three nineteenth-century American leaders: John Quincy Adams, Frederick Douglass and Jane Addams. The author's findings establish the importance of travel in the formation of a person's sense of self-confidence, perspective, skills, and sense of purpose, all of which contribute to the formation of their leadership abilities.
Meaning From Within: Possible Selves and Personal Meaning of Charismatic and Non-Charismatic Leaders
Authors: Sosik John J.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary The leadership literature has identified both the leader's self-concept and personal meaning as sources of motivation for charismatic and non-charismatic leaders. However, while several versions of charismatic and non-charismatic leadership theory predict such effects, none of them explains how the content of a leader's personal meaning is influenced by the self-concept. This article seeks to advance leadership theory by addressing this fundamental problem. Based on theories of possible selves, personal meaning and charismatic leadership, this article describes how a leader's thoughts about his or her potential and future may influence the personal meaning of charismatic and non-charismatic leaders.
Clarifying the Concept of Respect: Implications for Leadership
Authors: DeLellis Anthony J.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary Respect is a pervasive factor in practicing, teaching and studying leadership. In this article the concept of respect is clarified using three methods: review of literature; selection of an inter-related series of seven near-synonyms for respect (subjective sense of the person who is respecting); and creation of a view of respect based on twelve distinct objects of respect (what is respected). Together, the series of near-synonyms and the twelve objects of respect constitute the Integrated Typology of Respect. The author suggests implications for leadership theory development, and the study, practice and teaching of leadership, and closes with conclusions and recommendations for future research.
A River Runs Through It: A Metaphor for Teaching Leadership Theory
Authors: Burns John S. (Jack)
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary Leadership educators are some of the best teachers around when it comes to creating exciting, effective experiential learning opportunities, which teach students leadership skills. Where the curriculum and instruction falls short is when we try to teach leadership theory. Some courses and programs even omit theory as part of the curriculum. This article explores a new instructional metaphor for teaching leadership theory. The metaphor has been an effective tool for helping students understand the historical development of leadership theory as a foundation for the leadership skills they are learning.
Developing Global Leadership Competencies
Authors: Chen Oi Chin  , Gu John , Tubbs Stewart L.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary This paper documents the intense need for greater global leadership competencies in American and Chinese business leaders. The paper also explores some of the cultural and philosophical differences. Finally, the paper explains an original conceptual model for developing global leadership competencies. This is offered as a heuristic attempt to advance the research and development on this topic.
Intentional Forgiveness in Relational Leadership: A Technique for Enhancing Effective Leadership
Authors: Ferch Shann R. , Mitchell Matthew M.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary The call for effective leadership echoes throughout our society. Leaders are advised to inspire a vision, empower their followers, and not mistake management for leadership—all in an attempt to build more effective social structures. This focus on effectiveness can lead to a productivity orientation that may in fact undermine the development of organizations. The authors of this article believe that a deepened understanding of effective leadership is built on relationships, and that the quality of relationships reflects the quality of leadership. Relational leadership is introduced as a forum for enhancing effective leadership. The approach is centered on interpersonal relationships. In this article, the authors outline a technique called intentional forgiveness designed to restore meaningful relationships necessary in the context of effective leadership.
Lessons in Leadership from Three American Presidents
Authors: Siegel Michael Eric
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary This essay presents a model of effective leadership based on a four-part framework used to analyze the performance of three recent American presidents (Carter, Reagan, Bush). The author suggests that the framework can be used more generally by leaders and managers in public and private sector organizations to analyze their own performance in four critical areas of leadership: (1) policy (vision), (2) politics (strategy, implementation), (3) structure (organization, management) and (4) process (decision-making).
The Links between Followership and the Experiential Learning Model: Followership Coming of Age
Authors: Densten lain L. , Gray Judy H.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary Followership is a critical area for the investigation and comprehension of leadership and yet research in the field is limited and dominated by a few theorists such as Kelley (1992, 1998) and Hollander (1978). This paper investigates the contemporary views on followership and draws on educational research to provide a more comprehensive understanding of followers as learners. Kolb's (1974) Experiential Learning Model (ELM) is used to augment Kelley's (1992) Followership Model to strengthen the theoretical foundations of followership and to provide insight into the relationship between leadership behaviors and follower development. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. The paper argues that viewing followers as learners will provide opportunities to advance our understanding of a neglected area of leadership, and should enable followership to finally come of age.
Gender Differences in Leadership: Current Social Issues and Future Organizational Implications
Authors: Stelter Nicole Z.
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary This paper seeks to review and discuss recent literature devoted to the tasks of identifying and explaining gender difference in leadership behavior(s) and effectiveness. In addition to reviewing U. S. and international trends in leader demographics, attention is paid to the social impact of perceived gender differences and the need for future research. Theoretical models are reviewed and discussed in terms of their contribution to arguments for and against gender differences. The contextual issues of national and organizational culture, stereotype, and perception of subordinate and superior roles are reviewed and discussed. Rationale for gender differences in leadership style are also reviewed within the context of perceptions of leadership effectiveness.
A Hierarchical Taxonomy of Leadership Behavior: Integrating a Half Century of Behavior Research
Authors: Yukl Gary , Gordon Angela , Taber Tom
Published: August 2007

A major problem in leadership research and theory has been lack of agreement about which behavior categories are relevant and meaningful. It is difficult to integrate findings from five decades of research unless the many diverse leadership behaviors can be integrated in a parsimonious and meaningful conceptual framework. An emerging solution is a hierarchical taxonomy with three metacategories (task, relations, and change behavior). Confirmatory factor analysis of a behavior description questionnaire found more support for this taxonomy than for alternative models.
Organizational and Leadership Virtues and the Role of Forgiveness
Authors: Cameron Kim , Caza Arran
Published: August 2007

The investigation of virtues in organizational life has been neglected. Systematic studies of the development and demonstration of virtue have been all but absent in the organizational sciences. This article highlights the potential impact of virtues in organizations, particularly the power of forgiveness to affect individual and collective outcomes. Under conditions of organizational injury and trauma, such as when organizations downsize, leaders have an especially important role to play in demonstrating virtuous behaviors. In this paper, we describe some early research findings that explore the effects of organizational virtues, and we highlight the role of one particularly misunderstood virtue--organizational forgiveness--and its role in the leadership of effective organizations.
Encouraging Knowledge Sharing: The Role of Organizational Reward Systems
Authors: Bartol Kathryn M. , Srivastava Abhishek
Published: August 2007

This article examines the role of monetary rewards in encouraging knowledge sharing in organizations through four mechanisms of knowledge sharing. We argue that the system of contributing knowledge to databases is the most amenable to rewards contingent on knowledge sharing behaviors because of opportunities for the reward allocator to measure the knowledge sharing behaviors. In the case of formal interactions within or across teams and work units, while rewards could be made partly contingent on knowledge sharing behaviors as in merit pay, rewards based on collective performance are also likely to be effective in creating a feeling of cooperation, ownership, and commitment among employees. In addition, we propose that team-based rewards and company wide incentives (profit sharing, gainsharing, and employee stock options) would be particularly instrumental in enhancing knowledge sharing within teams and across work units, respectively. In the case of knowledge sharing through informal interactions, the key enabling factor is trust between the individual and the organization. In this case, the role of rewards is indirect, that is, procedural and distributive fairness of organizational rewards are important factors in the development of trust. We also consider knowledge sharing in communities of practice and theorize that intrinsic rewards and factors that build expertise and provide recognition are the most appropriate means of fostering feeling of competence. Finally, we discuss the research implications.
Individualized Leadership
Authors: Yammarino Francis J. , Dansereau Fred
Published: August 2007

In this article, we describe Individualized Leadership. The development, overview, and extensions of individualized leadership are presented. In particular, we focus on the one-to-one relationship between a superior and a specific subordinate, involving (1) the supervisor's investments in and returns from the subordinate, and (2) the subordinate's investments in and returns from the superior. Key variables involved are providing support for a subordinate's feelings of self-worth by a superior, and providing satisfying performance to a superior by a subordinate. These variables and their association operate in terms of whole dyads; i.e., agreement within a superior-subordinate dyad and differences between multiple dyads reflect, "individualized leadership. " Implications for future research are discussed throughout.
The Relationship of Perceived Leadership Behaviors to Organizational Efficacy
Authors: Bohn James G.
Published: August 2007

Although leadership is an endlessly debated topic, the influence of leadership on Organizational Efficacy has not been analyzed. Organizational Efficacy, has been shown to vary among organizations (Bohn, 2001, 2002). A question we pose is why Organizational Efficacy would vary, and we suggest that one component would be leadership. This research evaluated several specific aspects of leadership, using Bandura's approach, to assess the relationship between leadership and organizational confidence.
The Rhetoric of Women's Leadership: Language, Memory and Imagination
Authors: Stephens Jane
Published: August 2007

This study examines women's leadership through a rhetorical lens. Thirty women leaders in church, business, and higher education were interviewed with an eye toward discovering ways in which their use of language shapes and is shaped by their sense of themselves as leaders, the legacy of leadership they bring to their roles, and the importance of their words for the people with whom they work. The women included Euro-American, African-American and African leaders ranging in age from thirty-five to seventy years old.
Spanning Two Worlds: Social Identity and Emergent African-American Leaders
Authors: Slay Holly S.
Published: August 2007

The literature that explores African-American leadership has largely examined the institutional and societal factors that threaten the likelihood that African-Americans will emerge or be successful as leaders. However, in recent years, the emergence of African-Americans in key executive positions within the Fortune 500 suggests that select individuals are managing to overcome external threats to success. I argue that the social identity literature provides fresh theoretical perspectives for understanding the determinants of behavior that enable minorities to navigate institutional barriers to advancement. This literature enables the examination of leadership as a function of ingrouplout-group membership. This paper focuses on choice in identification as an antecedent of leadership attributions, and possibly, success. This is an important perspective because it enables the analysis of African Americans as members of multiple constituents groups, specifically, various work groups and political coalitions (which all nascent leaders must negotiate) and the African-American ethnicity (into which they are born and may feel some degree of duty). The role of social context is also explored.