bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are animal personality, body condition, physiology and structural size integrated? A comparison of species, populations and sexes, and the value of study replication
Authors: Gaona‐Gordillo Irene , Holtmann Benedikt , Mouchet Alexia , Hutfluss Alexander , Sánchez‐Tójar Alfredo , Dingemanse Niels J.
Published: June 2023

A major question in behavioural ecology is why behaviour, physiology and morphology are often integrated into syndromes. In great tits,Parus major, for example, explorative males are larger (vs. smaller) and leaner (vs. heavier) compared to less explorative individuals. Unfortunately, considerable debate exists on whether patterns found in specific studies are replicable. This debate calls for study replication among species, populations and sexes.

We measured behavioural (exploration), physiological (breathing rate) and morphological traits (body mass, tarsus length, wing length, bill length) in two species (great vs. blue titsCyanistes caeruleus), two populations (Forstenrieder Park vs. Starnberg) and two sexes (males vs. females). We then tested whether the same pattern of integration characterized all unique combinations of these three biological categories (hereafter called datasets).

We used a multi‐year repeated measures set‐up to estimate among‐individual trait correlation matrices for each dataset. We then used structural equation modelling to test for size‐dependent behaviour and physiology, size‐corrected (i.e. size‐independent) behaviour‐physiology correlations and size‐corrected body mass‐dependent behaviour and physiology. Finally, we used meta‐analyses to test which structural paths were generally (vs. conditionally) supported (vs. unsupported).

We found general and consistent support for size‐dependent physiology and size‐corrected body mass‐dependent physiology across datasets: faster breathers were smaller but heavier for their size. Unexpectedly, condition‐dependent behaviour was not supported: explorative birds were neither leaner, nor was this relationship heterogeneous across datasets. All other hypothesized patterns were dataset‐specific: the covariance between size and behaviour, and between behaviour and physiology differed in sign between datasets, and both were, on average, not supported. This heterogeneity was not explained by any of our moderators: species, population or sex.

The specific pattern of size‐ and condition‐dependent physiology reported for a unique combination of species, population, and sex, thus generally predicted those in others. Patterns of size‐ or condition‐dependent behaviour (i.e. ‘personality’), or behaviour‐physiology syndromes reported in specific datasets, by contrast, did not. These findings call for studies revealing the ecological background of this variation and highlight the value of study replication to help understand whether patterns of phenotypic integration reported in one study can be generalized.
Definitive management of near‐hanging at major versus non‐major trauma centres
Authors: Mitra Biswadev , Maiden Matthew J , Read David , Nehme Ziad , Bernard Stephen , Cameron Peter A
Published: June 2023

Objectives

The Victorian State Trauma System recommends that all major trauma patients receive definitive care at a major trauma service (MTS). The aim of the present study was to assess the outcomes of patients with major trauma after near‐hangings who received definitive management at an MTS compared to a non‐MTS.

Methods

This was a registry‐based cohort study of all adult (age ≥16 years) patients with near‐hanging included in the Victorian State Trauma Registry from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2019. Outcomes of interest were death at hospital discharge, time to death and extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) score of 5–8 (favourable) at 6 months.

Results

There were 243 patients included and 134 (55.1%) in‐hospital deaths. Among patients presenting to a non‐MTS, 24 (16.8%) were transferred to an MTS. There were 59 (47.6%) deaths at an MTS and 75 (63.0%) at a non‐MTS (odds ratio [OR] 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32–0.89). However, more patients were managed at a non‐MTS after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (58.8% vs 50.8%) and less patients had serious neck injury (0.8% vs 11.3%). After adjustment for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests and serious neck injury, management at an MTS was not associated with mortality (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.61; 95% CI 0.23–1.65) or favourable GOSE at 6 months (aOR 1.09; 95% CI 0.40–3.03).

Conclusions

After major trauma sustained from near‐hanging, definitive management at an MTS did not offer a mortality benefit or better functional outcomes. Consistent with current practice, these findings suggest that most near‐hanging related major trauma patients could be managed safely at a non‐MTS.
Immobilized glucoamylase based on ZIF‐8: Preparation, response surface optimization, characterization
Authors: Zong Xuyan , Huang Min , Wen Lei , Li Yuanyi , Li Li
Published: June 2023

The glucoamylase@ZIF‐8 was prepared using ZIF‐8 material as the carrier in this study. The preparation process was optimized by response surface methodology, and the stability of glucoamylase@ZIF‐8 was determined. The material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the optimum preparation process of glucoamylase@ZIF‐8 was 1.65 mol 2‐methylimidazole, 5.85 mL glucoamylase, 33°C stirring temperature, 90 min stirring time, and 84.0230% ± 0.6006% embedding rate. At 100°C, the free glucoamylase completely lost its activity, whereas the glucoamylase@ZIF‐8 still had a retained enzyme activity of 12.0123% ± 0.86158%; at pH 3–6, the highest activity of glucoamylase@ZIF‐8 was 95.9531% ± 0.96181%, and about 80% of glucoamylase activity could be retained under alkaline conditions. When the ethanol concentration was 13%, the retained enzyme activity was 7.9316% ± 0.19805%, significantly higher than free enzymes. The Km of glucoamylase@ZIF‐8 and free enzyme were 1235.6825 and 80.317 mg/mL, respectively. Vmax was 0.2453 and 0.149 mg/(mL min), respectively. The appearance, crystal strength, and thermal stability of glucoamylase@ZIF‐8 were improved after optimization, and they had high reusability.
Diagnostic accuracy of a simple qualitative ultrasound assessment for the diagnosis of empty stomach in the adult: A supplementary analysis of a prospective observer‐blind randomized crossover study
Authors: Bouvet Lionel , Desgranges François‐Pierrick , Barnoud Sophie , Cordoval Julien , Chassard Dominique
Published: June 2023

Background

It has been reported that qualitative ultrasound assessment performed in the semi‐upright position had high sensitivity to detect gastric fluid volume >1.5 mL.kg−1. Nevertheless, the diagnostic accuracy of qualitative assessment for the diagnosis of empty stomach (fluid volume <0.8 mL.kg−1) has not been assessed. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of simple qualitative ultrasound assessment with and without head‐of‐bed elevation to 45° for the diagnosis of an empty stomach. We also aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of a composite ultrasound scale and clinical algorithm.

Methods

We performed a supplementary analysis of a prospective observer‐blind randomized crossover trial in which adult fasting volunteers attended two distinct sessions, with the head‐of‐bed angled either at 0° or 45°, in a randomized order. Three tests were performed within each session, each corresponding to a different (either 0, 50, 100, 150 or 200 mL) and randomized volume of water; the same volumes were ingested in both sessions, in a randomized order. Ultrasounds were performed 3 min after water ingestion, blindly to the volume ingested.

Results

We included 20 volunteers in whom 120 measurements were analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of the qualitative assessment in the semirecumbent position were 93% (95% CI: 68–100) and 89% (95% CI: 76–96), respectively. The composite scale and clinical algorithm did not have better diagnostic accuracy than the qualitative assessment performed with head‐of‐bed elevation. Without head‐of‐bed elevation, the clinical algorithm had significantly higher specificity (98% [95% CI: 88–100]) than qualitative assessment (67% [95% CI: 51–80]; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These results suggest that qualitative assessment in the semirecumbent position had high diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of fluid volume <0.8 mL.kg−1; this method can be used in clinical practice for reliable diagnosis of empty stomach.
Patient perspectives on emergency department initiation of medication for alcohol use disorder
Authors: Forsgren Ethan , Steiger Athreya , Perez Yesenia , Salazar David , McCollough Maureen , Taira Breena R.
Published: June 2023

Objective

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a leading cause of preventable death and is a frequent diagnosis in the emergency department (ED). Treatment in the ED, however, typically focuses on managing the sequelae of AUD, such as acute withdrawal, rather than addressing the underlying addiction. For many patients, these ED encounters are a missed opportunity to connect with medication for AUD. In 2020, our ED created a pathway to offer patients with AUD treatment with naltrexone (NTX) during their ED visit. The aim of this study was to identify what barriers and facilitators patients perceive to NTX initiation in the ED.

Methods

Adopting the theoretical framework of the behavior change wheel (BCW), we conducted qualitative interviews with patients to elicit their perspectives on ED initiation of NTX. Interviews were coded and analyzed using both inductive and deductive approaches. Themes were categorized according to patients’ capabilities, opportunities, and motivations. Barriers were then mapped through the BCW to design interventions that will improve our treatment pathway.

Results

Twenty‐eight patients with AUD were interviewed. Facilitators of accepting NTX included having recently experienced sequelae of AUD, rapid management of withdrawal symptoms by the ED provider, having a choice between intramuscular and oral formulations of the medication, and experiencing positive interactions in the ED that destigmatized the patient's AUD. Barriers to accepting treatment included lack of provider knowledge about NTX, dependence on alcohol as self‐treatment for psychiatric trauma and physical pain, perceived discriminatory treatment and stigma about AUD, aversion to potential side effects, and lack of access to continued treatment.

Conclusions

Initiation of treatment of AUD with NTX in the ED is acceptable to patients and can be facilitated by knowledgeable ED providers who create a destigmatizing environment, effectively manage withdrawal symptoms, and connect patients to providers who will continue treatment.
Implementation of an emergency department back pain clinical management tool on the early diagnosis and testing of spinal epidural abscess
Authors: Cai Angela G. , Zocchi Mark S. , Carlson Jestin N. , Bedolla John , Pines Jesse M.
Published: June 2023

Background

Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a rare, catastrophic condition for which diagnostic delays are common. Our national group develops evidence‐based guidelines, known as clinical management tools (CMT), to reduce high‐risk misdiagnoses. We study whether implementation of our back pain CMT improved SEA diagnostic timeliness and testing rates in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study before and after implementation of a nontraumatic back pain CMT for SEA in a national group. Outcomes included diagnostic timeliness and test utilization. We used regression analysis to compare differences before (January 2016–June 2017) and after (January 2018–December 2019) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) clustered by facility. We graphed monthly testing rates.

Results

In 59 EDs, pre versus post periods included 141,273 (4.8%) versus 192,244 (4.5%) back pain visits and 188 versus 369 SEA visits, respectively. After implementation, SEA visits with prior related visits were unchanged (12.2% vs. 13.3%, difference +1.0%, 95% CI –4.5% to 6.5%). Mean number of days to diagnosis decreased but not significantly (15.2 days vs. 11.9 days, difference −3.3 days, 95% CI −7.1 to 0.6 days). Back pain visits receiving CT (13.7% vs. 21.1%, difference +7.3%, 95% CI 6.1% to 8.6%) and MRI (2.9% vs. 4.4%, difference +1.4%, 95% CI 1.0% to 1.9%) increased. Spine X‐rays decreased (22.6% vs. 20.5%, difference 2.1%, 95% CI –4.3% to 0.1%). Back pain visits receiving erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C‐reactive protein increased (1.9% vs. 3.5%, difference +1.6%, 95% CI 1.3% to 1.9%).

Conclusions

Back pain CMT implementation was associated with an increased rate of recommended imaging and laboratory testing in back pain. There was no associated reduction in the proportion of SEA cases with a related prior visit or time to SEA diagnosis.
β‐Pinene + ethanol attracts more red turpentine beetles than carene+ ethanol, with or without traces of frontalin, at prescribed burn or thinned sites
Authors: Kelsey Rick G. , Westlind Douglas J.
Published: June 2023

Red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), previously responded more strongly to (−)‐β‐pinene + ethanol than (+)‐3‐carene + ethanol lures at sites burned the prior year by wildfire in Oregon and northeastern California, whereas at a thinned‐unburned Arizona site (+)‐3‐carene + ethanol was the stronger attractant. This discrepancy was further examined to tease apart whether D. valens attraction varies by region or previous forest disturbance types.

Here, (−)‐β‐pinene + ethanol and (+)‐3‐carene + ethanol lures were tested in pine stands at two Oregon sites disturbed the previous year by a prescribed burn or thinning only. Both lures were tested also with or without trace amounts of the pheromone frontalin, as its presence enhanced attractions in China but had not been tested in North America.

At both sites, regardless of prior forest disturbance, (−)‐β‐pinene + ethanol lures attracted the most beetles. Lures releasing trace frontalin attracted more beetles than their corresponding lures without it at both sites, except in one case.

Overall, previous year disturbances from disparate management treatments had minimal influence on lure attraction to D. valens. For detection, monitoring or management (−)‐β‐pinene + ethanol + frontalin in trace amounts attracts the most beetles of lures tested to date in Pacific Northwest pine forests.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin in preterm and term neonates with late‐onset sepsis. Can saliva samples replace plasma samples?
Authors: Samb Amadou , Sinkeler Fleur , Bijleveld Yuma A. , van Kaam Anton , de Haan Timo R. , Mathôt Ron
Published: June 2023

Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is frequently used for the treatment of neonatal late‐onset sepsis, for which therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is advised. In order to decrease the TDM associated burden of plasma sampling, a noninvasive TDM method using saliva samples was investigated.

Methods

This was a prospective single‐centre, observational feasibility study with 23 premature and term neonates from whom up to 8 saliva samples were collected, together with residual plasma from clinical routine. Amikacin concentrations in saliva and plasma were quantified with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to develop an integrated pharmacokinetic model of amikacin in plasma and saliva and for the identification of covariates. TDM performance of different sampling regimens was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations in a fictional cohort of representative neonates (n = 10 000).

Results

Amikacin could be detected in saliva and a saliva compartment was appended to a 2‐compartment plasma model. First‐order absorption (k13) of the saliva compartment was 0.0345 h−1 with an interindividual variability of 45.3%. The rate of first‐order elimination (k30) was 0.176 h−1. Postmenstrual age had a significant negative covariate effect on k13, with an exponent of −4.3. Target attainment increased from 77.6 to 79.2% and from 79.9 to 83.2% using 1–to 5 saliva samples or 1–5 plasma samples, respectively.

Conclusion

TDM of amikacin using saliva samples results in target attainment comparable to plasma samples and may be beneficial for (premature) neonates with late‐onset sepsis.
Australian daily cannabis users' use of police avoidance strategies and compensatory behaviours to manage the risks of drug driving
Authors: Mills Laura , Freeman James , Rowland Bevan
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Daily use of cannabis is increasing in Australia, yet there is limited understanding of the driving behaviours within this cohort, including how they perceive and manage the risks of being apprehended for drug driving and involved in a crash after consumption.

Methods

An online survey was completed by 487 Australians who reported daily cannabis use (30% medically prescribed patients, 58% male).

Results

Current drug driving (i.e., driving within 4 h of consuming cannabis each week) was reported by 86% of participants. Future drug driving was anticipated by 92% of the sample. While most participants (93%) disagreed that their risk of crash increased following cannabis use, participants reported that they would drive more carefully (89%), leave greater headway (79%) and/or drive slower (51%) following cannabis consumption. Half of the sample (53%) perceived the risk of apprehension for drug driving to be likely to some extent. Strategies to reduce the likelihood of being detected were used by 25% of participants, and included using Facebook police location sites (16%), driving on back roads (6%) and/or consuming substances to mask the presence of drugs (13%). The regression analysis revealed that individuals who reported more occasions of cannabis use per day, and who perceived that cannabis does not reduce driving ability, reported a greater extent of current drug driving.

Discussion and Conclusions

Interventions and education which aim to challenge this perception that ‘cannabis does not reduce driving ability’ may prove important for reducing drug driving among the most frequent consumers of cannabis.
Citizen science can complement professional invasive plant surveys and improve estimates of suitable habitat
Authors: Dimson Monica , Berio Fortini Lucas , Tingley Morgan W. , Gillespie Thomas W.
Published: June 2023

Aim

Citizen science is a cost‐effective potential source of invasive species occurrence data. However, data quality issues due to unstructured sampling approaches may discourage the use of these observations by science and conservation professionals. This study explored the utility of low‐structure iNaturalist citizen science data in invasive plant monitoring. We first examined the prevalence of invasive taxa in iNaturalist plant observations and sampling biases associated with these data. Using four invasive species as examples, we then compared iNaturalist and professional agency observations and used the two datasets to model suitable habitat for each species.

Location

Hawai'i, USA.

Methods

To estimate the prevalence of invasive plant data, we compared the number of species and observations recorded in iNaturalist to botanical checklists for Hawai'i. Sampling bias was quantified along gradients of site accessibility, protective status and vegetation disturbance using a bias index. Habitat suitability for four invasive species was modelled in Maxent, using observations from iNaturalist, professional agencies and stratified subsets of iNaturalist data.

Results

iNaturalist plant observations were biased towards invasive species, which were frequently recorded in areas with higher road/trail density and vegetation disturbance. Professional observations of four example invasive species tended to occur in less accessible, native‐dominated sites. Habitat suitability models based on iNaturalist versus professional data showed moderate overlap and different distributions of suitable habitat across vegetation disturbance classes. Stratifying iNaturalist observations had little effect on how suitable habitat was distributed for the species modelled in this study.

Main Conclusions

Opportunistic iNaturalist observations have the potential to complement and expand professional invasive plant monitoring, which we found was often affected by inverse sampling biases. Invasive species represented a high proportion of iNaturalist plant observations, and were recorded in environments that were not captured by professional surveys. Combining the datasets thus led to more comprehensive estimates of suitable habitat.
Molecular regulatory mechanisms of erythropoiesis and related diseases
Authors: Zhu Lin , He Chunyu , Guo Yuhao , Liu Huirong , Zhang Suli
Published: June 2023

The metabolism of cells and blood circulation allow for the constant production and destruction of red blood cells. Erythrocyte formation allows red blood cells to regenerate, which is crucial for maintaining the equilibrium of the organism. Erythrocyte formation is a multi‐step, intricate process with distinct structural and functional characteristics at each stage. Erythropoiesis is regulated by a number of signaling pathways; malfunctional regulatory mechanisms may result in disease and aberrant erythropoiesis. Therefore, this article focuses on a review of the erythroid formation process, related signaling pathways, and red blood cell lineage diseases.
Motor resonance to non‐visible postural adaptation: A novel aspect of the mirror mechanism
Authors: Bolzoni Francesco , Montanari Beatrice , Farinelli Veronica , Adamo Paola , Temporiti Federico , Marino Giorgia , Fesce Riccardo , Gatti Roberto
Published: June 2023

The activation of the Mirror Neuron System (MNS) has been described to reflect visible movements, but not postural, non‐visible, adaptations that accompany the observed movements. Since any motor act is the result of a well‐tailored dialogue between these two components, we decided to investigate whether a motor resonance to nonvisible postural adaptations could be detected. Possible changes in soleus corticospinal excitability were investigated by eliciting the H‐reflex during the observation of three videos, corresponding to three distinct experimental conditions: ‘Chest pass’, ‘Standing’ and ‘Sitting’, and comparing its size with that measured during observation of a control videoclip (a landscape). In the observed experimental conditions, the Soleus muscle has different postural roles: a dynamic role in postural adaptations during the Chest pass; a static role while Standing still; no role while Sitting. The H‐reflex amplitude was significantly enhanced in the ‘Chest pass’ condition compared to the ‘Sitting’ and ‘Standing’ conditions. No significant difference was found between ‘Sitting’ and ‘Standing’ conditions. The increased corticospinal excitability of the Soleus during the ‘Chest pass’ condition suggests that the mirror mechanisms produce a resonance to postural components of an observed action, although they may not be visible. This observation highlights the fact that mirror mechanisms echo non intentional movements as well and points to a novel possible role of mirror neurons in motor recovery.
Cognitive disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease: Approaches to prevention and treatment
Authors: Pépin Marion , Klimkowicz‐Mrowiec Aleksandra , Godefroy Olivier , Delgado Pilar , Carriazo Sol , Ferreira Ana Carina , Golenia Aleksandra , Malyszko Jolanta , Grodzicki Tomasz , Giannakou Konstantinos , Paolisso Giuseppe , Barbieri Michelangela , Garneata Liliana , Mocanu Carmen Antonia , Liabeuf Sophie , Spasovski Goce , Zoccali Carmine , Bruchfeld Annette , Farinha Ana , Arici Mustafa , Capasso Giovambattista , Wiecek Andrzej , Massy Ziad A. ,   the CONNECT (Cognitive Decline in Nephro‐Neurology: European Cooperative Target) Action
Published: June 2023

Background

Cognitive impairment is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and early intervention may prevent the progression of this condition.

Methods

Here, we review interventions for the complications of CKD (anemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, metabolic acidosis, harmful effects of dialysis, the accumulation of uremic toxins) and for prevention of vascular events, interventions that may potentially be protective against cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we discuss nonpharmacological and pharmacological methods to prevent cognitive impairment and/or minimize the latter's impact on CKD patients' daily lives.

Results

A particular attention on kidney function assessment is suggested during work‐up for cognitive impairment. Different approaches are promising to reduce cognitive burden in patients with CKD but the availabe dedicated data are scarce.

Conclusions

There is a need for studies assessing the effect of interventions on the cognitive function of patients with CKD.
Effect of starter inoculation proportions on the attributes of a superior new variety Osmanthus glutinous rice‐fermented milk beverages
Authors: Li Ziqi , Shao Yanchun , Gong Yunxia , Wu Wanrong , Cao Lerui , Li Baixue , Lu Youyou
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to reveal different inoculation proportions starters (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) on the quality of Osmanthus glutinous rice fermented‐milk1/2/3 (GRFM1/2/3), which was a superior new variety of glutinous rice with rich nutrition, but its refined development was still lacking. The results showed during fermentation stages, pH of GRFM1 decreased faster (6.95 ± 0–4.67 ± 0.02), and acidity increased faster (25 ± 0–78.33 ± 2.89°T). In 21‐day preservation period, Day11 was an important turning point. At the begin of storage period, there were 7 main categories of volatile flavour compounds (VFCs): esters, alcohols, acids, ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and phenols, but the main different VFCs were hexanal. At the end, main VFCs differences were propane, 2‐chloro‐2‐nitro, etc. In brief, GRFM1 was the best inoculation proportions starter in superior new variety Osmanthus glutinous rice‐fermented milk for quality properties.
Development of a composite job quality index for LGBTQ+ workers in Quebec (Canada)
Authors: BAIOCCO Michele , BLAIS Martin , SAMOILENKO Mariia , CHAMBERLAND Line , CÔTÉ Isabel
Published: June 2023

When heterosexism and cisgenderism leads to social exclusion at work, it negatively affects the well‐being of LGBTQ+ people. To measure this phenomenon, the authors constructed a specific job quality index based on a sample of 1,761 LGBTQ+ Quebec workers recruited as part of the UNIE‐LGBTQ survey (2019–2020). The index was created using factor scores; it comprises 16 indicators and covers five dimensions. It has acceptable internal consistency and is moderately associated with LGBTQ+ job satisfaction. Its conceptual validity is bolstered by the fact that it reflects anticipated differences between groups.
Exploring leadership in health professionals following an industry‐based leadership program: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Middleton Rebekkah , Montgomery Amy , Murray Suzanne , Peters Sally , Halcomb Elizabeth
Published: June 2023

Aim

To evaluate the self‐reported leadership practices and behaviours of health professionals following a leadership program and explore factors that impacted leadership style.

Design

An online cross‐sectional survey was conducted from August to October 2022.

Methods

The survey was disseminated via email to leadership program graduates. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Form—6S was used to measure leadership style.

Results

Eighty completed surveys were included in the analysis. Participants scored highest on transformational leadership and lowest on passive/avoidant leadership style. Participants with higher qualifications scored significantly higher in the inspirational motivation scores (p = 0.03). As years in their profession increased, there was a significant decrease in contingent reward scores (p = 0.04). The younger participants scored significantly higher on the management‐by‐exception than older participants (p = 0.05). There were no significant associations with the year the leadership program was completed, gender or profession and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Form ‐ 6S scores. Most participants (72.5%) strongly agreed that the program enhanced their leadership development and 91.3% strongly agreed or agreed that they routinely apply the skills and knowledge learnt in the program in their workplace.

Conclusion

Formal leadership education is important in developing a transformational nursing workforce. This study found that program graduates had adopted a transformational leadership style. Education, years of experience and age impacted the specific leadership elements. Future work needs to incorporate longitudinal follow‐up to relate changes in leadership with impact on clinical practice.

Implications for the Profession

Transformational leadership as a dominant style can contribute to nurses and other disciplines positively contributing to innovative and person‐centred approaches to health service delivery.

Summary Statement

What already is known—Leadership amongst nurses and other health professionals impacts patients, staff, organizations and ultimately healthcare culture.

What this paper adds—Formal leadership education is important in developing a transformational healthcare workforce.

Implications for practice/policy—Transformational leadership can enhance nurses and other disciplines commitment to innovative and person‐centred approaches.

Impact Statement

This research identifies that lessons learnt from formal leadership education are retained over time by healthcare providers. This is important for nursing staff, and other healthcare providers, who are leading teams and overseeing care delivery, can ensure leadership behaviours and practices are enacted to influence a transformational workforce and culture.

Reporting Method

This study adhered to STROBE guidelines. No Patient or Public Contribution.
Welfare and performance of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) reared at two different temperatures after a preparatory feeding trial with enhanced dietary eicosapentaenoic acid
Authors: Kottmann Johanna S. , Berge Gerd M. , Kousoulaki Katerina , Østbye Tone‐Kari Knutsdatter , Ytteborg Elisabeth , Gjerde Bjarne , Lein Ingrid
Published: June 2023

Concerns have long been raised about the welfare of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) used for the biological control of sea lice in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. This study assessed the effect of increased dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels and initial condition factor (CF) on the subsequent performance and welfare of ballan wrasse farmed in high and low water temperatures. Fish were fed a diet with either commercial or high EPA levels for 3 months at 15°C. Subsequently, fish were tagged with a passive integrated transponder, measured for their CF and divided into two groups consisting of fish from both treatments and reared for 4.5 months at either 15 or 6°C fed a commercial diet. Each fish was categorized as high (≥2.7) or low CF (<2.7) fish based on the calculated average CF of the population. Dietary composition influenced the fatty acid (FA) profile of the stored lipids without affecting the growth or welfare of ballan wrasse. Fish reared at 15°C showed higher growth, more fat and energy reserves and less ash content. Fish reared at 6°C lost weight, using up their body lipids at the end of the temperature trial. Gene expression analyses showed upregulation of the positive growth marker (GHrα) and two genes involved in the synthesis and oxidation of FAs (elovl5, cpt1) and downregulation of the negative growth marker (mstn) in fish reared at 15°C compared to those reared at 6°C. Fish reared at 6°C showed upregulated levels of il‐6 compared to those reared at 15°C, suggesting an enhanced immune reaction in response to low temperature. Fish with high CF showed better survival, growth and performance compared to those with low CF. External welfare scoring showed higher prevalence and severity in emaciation, scale loss and the sum index score (of all measured welfare parameters) in fish reared at 6°C compared to those reared at 15°C and better welfare in fish with high CF compared to those with low CF. Histological examination of the skin showed that fish reared at 6°C had decreased epidermal thickness, a lower overall number of mucous cells in the inner and outer epidermis and a different organization of mucous cells compared to fish reared at 15°C, indicating stress in fish reared at 6°C. Overall, low water temperatures had profound effects on the performance and external and internal welfare parameters of ballan wrasse and can be considered a stressor likely affecting the delousing efficacy. These findings support the seasonal use of different cleaner fish species. High CF, but not increased dietary EPA levels, appeared to help fish cope better with low water temperatures and should thus be assessed and considered before deploying them in salmon cages.
MAFLD might be better in identifying subjects with sarcopenia or cardiovascular risk than NAFLD: A nationwide study
Authors: Han Eugene , Chun Ho Soo , Lee Yong‐ho , Lee Jae Seung , Lee Hye Won , Kim Beom Kyung , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Lee Byung‐Wan , Kang Eun Seok , Cha Bong‐Soo , Ahn Sang Hoon , Kim Seung Up
Published: June 2023

Background and Aim

Clinical features of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but not fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), remain unclear. We investigated the risk of sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in MAFLD and non‐metabolic risk (MR) NAFLD.

Methods

Subjects were selected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008–2011. Liver steatosis was assessed using fatty liver index. Significant liver fibrosis was defined using fibrosis‐4 index, categorized by age cut‐offs. Sarcopenia was defined as the lowest quintile sarcopenia index. Atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk score > 10% was defined as high probability.

Results

A total of 7248 subjects had fatty liver (137 with non‐MR NAFLD, 1752 with MAFLD/non‐NAFLD, and 5359 with overlapping MAFLD and NAFLD). In non‐MR NAFLD group 28 (20.4%) had significant fibrosis. The risk of sarcopenia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.71, 95% confidence index [CI] = 1.27–5.78) and high probability of ASCVD (aOR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.23–6.35) was significantly higher in MAFLD/non‐NAFLD group than in non‐MR NAFLD group (all P < 0.05). The risk of sarcopenia and high probability of ASCVD was similar between subjects with and without significant fibrosis in non‐MR NAFLD group (all P > 0.05). However, the risk was significantly higher in MAFLD group than in non‐MR NAFLD group (aOR = 3.38 for sarcopenia and 3.73 for ASCVD; all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The risks of sarcopenia and CVD were significantly higher in MAFLD group but did not differ according to fibrotic burden in non‐MR NAFLD group. The MAFLD criteria might be better for identifying high‐risk fatty liver disease than the NAFLD criteria.
Risk classification with on‐demand insurance
Authors: Braun Alexander , Haeusle Niklas , Thistle Paul
Published: June 2023

On‐demand insurance is an innovative business model from the InsurTech space, which provides coverage for episodic risks. It makes use of a simple fact in a practical way: People differ in their frequency of exposure as well as the probability of loss. The extra dimension of heterogeneity can be used to screen the insured and shifts the utility‐possibility frontier outward. We provide a sufficient condition under which type‐specific full insurance at the actuarially fair price is incentive compatible. We also show that our results hold for various real‐world implementations of on‐demand insurance.
Mental health emergency admissions in the paediatric emergency department
Authors: Oktay Mehmet A , Derinöz Güleryüz Okşan , Akyüz Oktay Selin , Akca Caglar Ayla
Published: June 2023

Aim

To evaluate the demographic characteristics, diagnoses and length of stay of mental health emergency attendance to the paediatric emergency department (ED), to determine the burdens these patients brought to the paediatric ED and to the national economy by examining hospital costs.

Methods

This retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary hospital's paediatric ED in Turkey. Data were obtained from the electronic medical record system from January 2018 to January 2020.

Results

A total of 142 admissions were included of whom 60% were female. The mean age was 15.2 ± 1.8 years, 50% of cases were suicide attempts and 19% were alcohol intoxications. The majority (85.9%) of patients were discharged from the emergency observation unit. Among the diagnostic groups, the mean age was higher in patients with a history of substance abuse. There was a female predominance among patients who were admitted due to suicide attempts. Among the diagnostic groups, the duration of hospital stay and cost of hospitalization were higher in patients who were followed up with a diagnosis of suicide attempt.

Conclusions

Mental health problems are frequent in the paediatric ED. We determined that the most common cause of attendance in paediatric emergencies was suicide attempts, and the length of hospital stay and hospital cost were higher in this diagnostic group. Although further research is necessary to determine national trends in paediatric mental health problems in the paediatric ED, screening strategies and early detection and interventions in primary healthcare may allow more effective care for childhood mental health problems.
Effective contact texture region aware pavement skid resistance prediction via convolutional neural network
Authors: Shi Weibo , Niu Dongyu , Li Zirui , Niu Yanhui
Published: June 2023

The surface texture of asphalt pavement has a significant effect on skid resistance performance. However, its contribution to the performance of skid resistance is non‐homogeneous and subjects to local validity. There are also a few deep learning models that take into account the effective contact texture region. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network model based on the effective contact texture region, containing macro‐ and micro‐scale awareness sub‐modules. In this study, the asphalt mixture with varying gradations was designed to accurately obtain the effective contact texture region. Then, the textures were disentangled into macro‐ and micro‐texture scales by applying the fast Fourier transform and fed into the model for training. Finally, the area of effective contact texture region was calculated, and the effective contact ratio parameter was then proposed using the triangulation algorithm. The results showed that the effective contact texture area of pavement varies by the asphalt mixture type. The effective contact ratio parameter exhibited a significant positive correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.901, R2= 0.8129) with skid resistance performance and was also influenced by key sieve aggregate content from 2.36 to 4.75 mm. The data of effective contact texture region following disentanglement significantly released the model performance (the relative error dropped to 1.81%). The model exhibited improved precision and performance, which can be utilized as an efficient, non‐contact alternative method for skid resistance analysis.
Extraradical hyphae alleviate nitrogen deposition‐induced phosphorus deficiency in ectomycorrhiza‐dominated forests
Authors: Zhang Ziliang , Guo Wanji , Wang Jipeng , Lambers Hans , Yin Huajun
Published: June 2023

The continuous imbalance between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition is expected to shift many ecosystems from N‐ to P limitation. Extraradical hyphae of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi play important roles in plant nutrient acquisition under nutrient deficiency. However, whether and how ECM hyphae enhance soil P availability to alleviate N‐induced P deficiency remains unclear.

We investigated the impacts of ECM hyphae on transformations among different soil P fractions and underlying mechanisms under N deposition in two ECM‐dominated forests.

Ectomycorrhizal hyphae enhanced soil P availability under N addition by stimulating mineralization of organic P (Po) and desorption and solubilization of secondary mineral P, as indicated by N‐induced increase in positive hyphal effect on plant‐available P pool and negative hyphal effects on Po and secondary mineral P pools. Moreover, ECM hyphae increased soil phosphatase activity and abundance of microbial genes associated with Po mineralization and inorganic P solubilization, while decreasing concentrations of Fe/Al oxides.

Our results suggest that ECM hyphae can alleviate N‐induced P deficiency in ECM‐dominated forests by regulating interactions between microbial and abiotic factors involved in soil P transformations. This advances our understanding of plant acclimation strategies via mediating plant–mycorrhiza interactions to sustain forest production and functional stability under changing environments.
Intimate partner violence and preschool self‐regulation: Examining the role of maternal emotion socialization in Black families
Authors: Lamoreau Renee , Park Jae eun , Skov Hilary , Pequet Allison , Gray Sarah A. O.
Published: June 2023

The ways that parents respond to children's negative emotions shape the development of self‐regulation across early childhood. The objective of this study was to examine child self‐regulation in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure in a sample of Black, economically marginalized mothers and their young children (aged 3–5 years, N = 99). The study investigates the conditional effects of emotion socialization practices that (1) encourage expression of and problem‐solving around negative affect (“supportive”), and (2) encourage suppression of affective displays (“suppressive”) on children's self‐regulation. We found a significant association between higher child self‐regulation and supportive parental reactions in the context of psychological IPV. We also found a significant association between higher child self‐regulation and suppressive parental reactions in the context of psychological IPV. Our findings are consistent with prior research suggesting Black parents who teach varied strategies for emotional expression may promote children's adaptation in high‐stress family environments. Macrosystem factors such as systemic racism and discrimination as well as the threat of family violence may shape how parents approach emotion socialization and the teaching of affective self‐expression and self‐regulation.
Mothers’ communicative cues and the development of infants’ helping: Linking participation and problem solving in the first year of life
Authors: Edwards Victoria L. L. , Hammond Stuart I.
Published: June 2023

There is an ongoing debate on the role of socialization in the development of infants’ helping. Although opportunities for the socialization of early helping are rare in problem solving (bystander intervention), there are many opportunities for socialization in participation (working alongside others), and infants’ experiences of participation could socialize problem solving indirectly. The present study links participation and problem solving conceptually by drawing on a Hebbian concept of indirect learning and through a study examining mothers’ communicative cues in both forms of helping. Forty mother‐infant dyads engaged in two semi‐structured helping tasks, a participation task and a problem‐solving task at five, eight, and ten months of age. Mothers’ communicative cues and infants’ return of the object were examined using coding schemes adapted from prior research. Mothers used similar communicative cues (reaches, give‐me gestures, and verbal requests) in both tasks, and more maternal scaffolding contributed to greater object handover. Infants showed higher object handover in participation tasks. The findings, framed in Tomasello's neo‐Vygotskian account of prosocial development, offer a synthesis of the debate on the role of socialization where prosocial behavior emerges first between people, and then becomes individualized.
Monitoring the effects of pesticide pellets to address farmers' concerns on soil fauna, specifically earthworms
Authors: Dummett I. , Sturrock C. J. , Stroud J. L.
Published: June 2023

Slugs are a major pest in arable agriculture that are typically controlled by using pesticide‐impregnated pellets (molluscicides). We received multiple requests from farmers in 2018 for research into the impact of slug pellets on earthworms because they had been told that ferric‐based pellets were ‘worm‐friendly’. We measured soil fauna feeding activities within Lumbricus terrestris middens on a replicated field plot experiment comparing the recommended product rates of a metaldehyde (4%) based or ferric phosphate EDDS (3%) based slug pellets. There was a significant decrease in feeding activity in the presence of either type of slug pellet, particularly in the top 25 mm of the soil indicating movement away from the pesticide. This could be explained by the significantly lower abundance (numbers and biomass) of earthworms in the topsoil. Four months after ferric phosphate‐based slug pellet application, there was no significant difference between the control and treated plots in earthworm abundance, indicating the effects were temporary. In the laboratory, individual Lumbricus terrestris earthworms consumed up to 4 slug pellets over 14 days and no significant differences in biomass were measured. A burrowing fitness assay indicated that earthworms exposed to ferric phosphate‐based slug pellets burrowed to a greater depth. This suggests an avoidance behaviour response, which could also explain the field results. A consultation with farmers (n = 68) rated this information service as useful and indicated widespread interest in minimizing the effects of pesticides on non‐target soil fauna.
The balance and weight of reasons
Authors: Makins Nicholas
Published: June 2023

The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed characterisation of some ways in which our preferences reflect our reasons. I will argue that practical reasons can be characterised along two dimensions that influence our preferences: their balance and their weight. This is analogous to a similar characterisation of the way in which probabilities reflect the balance and weight of evidence in epistemology. In this paper, I will illustrate the distinction between the balance and weight of reasons, and show how this is crucial for an adequate account of preference and choice. The upshot is a more complete picture of a particular kind of decision, labelled by Isaac Levi and, more recently, Ruth Chang as ‘hard choices’. These are choices in which one option is better than another in some ways, the other is better than the first in some ways, but neither seems better overall. The distinction between the balance and weight of reasons presents a new way of understanding how hard choices vary by degree and what it is that makes them so hard.
Spatial organization and dynamics of chromosomes and microtubules during barley mitosis
Authors: Kaduchová Kateřina , Marchetti Cintia , Ovečka Miroslav , Galuszka Petr , Bergougnoux Véronique , Šamaj Jozef , Pecinka Ales
Published: June 2023

Mitosis and cytokinesis are fundamental processes through which somatic cells increase their numbers and allow plant growth and development. Here, we analyzed the organization and dynamics of mitotic chromosomes, nucleoli, and microtubules in living cells of barley root primary meristems using a series of newly developed stable fluorescent protein translational fusion lines and time‐lapse confocal microscopy. The median duration of mitosis from prophase until the end of telophase was 65.2 and 78.2 min until the end of cytokinesis. We showed that barley chromosomes frequently start condensation before mitotic pre‐prophase as defined by the organization of microtubules and maintain it even after entering into the new interphase. Furthermore, we found that the process of chromosome condensation does not finish at metaphase, but gradually continues until the end of mitosis. In summary, our study features resources for in vivo analysis of barley nuclei and chromosomes and their dynamics during mitotic cell cycle.