bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MRI Tumor Regression Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Alone without Radiation for Rectal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shen Yu , Gong Xiaoling , He Yazhou , Meng Wenjian , Zeng Hanjiang , Wei Mingtian , Qiu Meng , Wang Ziqiang
Published: August 2024

In participants with locally advanced rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) improved the ability of MRI to identify potential pathologic complete response, with DWI-modified MR tumor regression grade enabling accurate prediction of a pathologic complete response (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.90; specificity, 89%; negative predictive value, 93%).
MSKI-RADS: An MRI-based Musculoskeletal Infection Reporting and Data System for the Diagnosis of Extremity Infections
Authors: Chhabra Avneesh , Alaia Erin F. , Ashikyan Oganes , Wong Philip K. , Eajazi Alireza , Taneja Atul Kumar , Colucci Philip , Bajaj Gitanjali , Vossen Josephina A. , Pezeshk Parham , Simpfendorfer Claus , Cardoso Fabiano N. , Komarraju Aparna , Subhawong Ty , Pandey Tarun , Samet Jonathan , Ferreira de Souza Felipe , Lee Kenneth S. , Thakur Uma , Chalian Majid , Duarte Silva Flavio , Rajamohan Naveen , Guirguis Mina , He Angela , Salhadar Karim , Bhavan Kavita , Raspovic Katherine , Wukich Dane K. , Xi Yin , Morrison William B.
Published: August 2024

The MRI-based Musculoskeletal Infection Reporting and Data System provides standardized terminology and recommended management of imaging findings of peripheral extremity infections.
Optimal Large Language Model Characteristics to Balance Accuracy and Energy Use for Sustainable Medical Applications
Authors: Doo Florence X. , Savani Dharmam , Kanhere Adway , Carlos Ruth C. , Joshi Anupam , Yi Paul H. , Parekh Vishwa S.
Published: August 2024

This study explores the balance between accuracy and energy use in different-sized large language models for a medical application, highlighting the importance of model selection to balance performance with resource usage.
Developing a mouse model of human coronavirus NL63 infection: comparison with rhinovirus-A1B and effects of prior rhinovirus infection
Authors: Bentley J. Kelley , Kreger Jordan E. , Breckenridge Haley A. , Singh Shilpi , Lei Jing , Li Yiran , Baker Susan C. , Lumeng Carey N. , Hershenson Marc B.
Published: August 2024

We describe a mouse model of human coronavirus (HCoV) infection. Infection of transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with HCoV-NL63 produced a replicative infection with peribronchial inflammation and nonstructural protein 3 expression. Mice infected with RV-A1B 4 days before HCoV-NL63 showed decreased HCoV-NL63 replication and airway inflammation and increased expression of antiviral proteins compared with sham-treated mice. This research may shed light on human coronavirus infections, viral interference, and viral-induced asthma exacerbations.
Piezo channels modulate human lung fibroblast function
Authors: Zheng Mengning , Yao Yang , Borkar Niyati A. , Thompson Michael A. , Zhang Emily , Drake Li Y. , Ye Xianwei , Vogel Elizabeth R. , Pabelick Christina M. , Prakash Y. S.
Published: August 2024

The lung is an inherently mechanosensitive organ that can respond to mechanical forces in adaptive or maladaptive ways, including via remodeling resulting in increased fibrosis. We explored the mechanisms that link mechanical forces to remodeling using human lung fibroblasts. We found that mechanosensitive Piezo channels increase with stretch and mediate extracellular matrix formation and the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition that occurs with stretch. Our data highlight the importance of Piezo channels in lung mechanotransduction toward remodeling.
Unveiling the Impact and Diverse Contributions of Champions in Community Initiatives for Elderly Individuals with Chronic Conditions: An In‐Depth Examination through a Scoping Review
Authors: Kokorelias Kristina M. , Hayes Annabel , Lim Fat Guillaume , Abdelhalim Reham , Singh Hardeep , Saragosa Marianne , Sheppard Christine L.
Published: August 2024

In response to the global rise in chronic diseases among aging populations, healthcare systems are transitioning from acute care models to community‐based interventions tailored to the diverse needs of older adults. This study aimed to explore the role of champions in implementing community‐based interventions for older adults with chronic conditions to address the gap in understanding the specific functions and impact of champions in these contexts. A scoping review methodology used a six‐stage process aligned with the Arksey and O’Malley framework. After searching across 8 databases, a total of 10 studies met all inclusion criteria. The included studies were predominantly from the United States (n = 6/10, 60%) and the United Kingdom (n = 2/10, 20%). Most studies employed quantitative methodologies (n = 6/10, 60%), describing and evaluating healthcare champion programs or investigating the quality of care for older adults. Community interventions targeted various chronic conditions (e.g., dementia) and health outcomes (e.g., medication reconciliation). Champions, ranging from 17 to 106 individuals, played diverse roles as professional healthcare providers or lay volunteers. They facilitated intervention delivery, advocated for change, participated in evaluation, and fostered collaboration within multidisciplinary teams, contributing significantly to program implementation and health information dissemination. Recognizing champions’ diverse roles, researchers and practitioners can tailor interventions to leverage their strengths and maximize their impact. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of clear definitions and operationalization of champions to ensure consistency across studies and interventions. Practitioners can use this knowledge to identify, train effectively, and support champions within their communities, ultimately enhancing the sustainability and success of interventions for older adults with chronic conditions.
Etiologic Profile of the Pneumococcus in Ghana: A Systematic Review
Authors: Arhin Reuben E. , Donkor Eric S. , Slotved Hans-Christian , Kotey Fleischer C. N. , Dayie Nicholas T. K. D.
Published: August 2024

Objective: To describe the profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae, identify research gaps, and provide in‐depth insights into various aspects related to the pathogen.

Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were searched for all studies on the pneumococcus in Ghana that reported on specimen collected, population and sample size, carriage prevalence, incidence of pneumococcal diseases, age of the study population, types of test performed, serotypes identified, antimicrobial susceptibilities, or molecular analysis on the pneumococci for data extraction.

Results: Overall, a total of 7954 results were obtained from the three‐database search, and of this, 24 articles were selected after screening. A total of 924 isolates were accounted for by serotyping/serogrouping. The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in Ghana ranges from 11.0% to 51.4% in the population depending on the age (≤ 24–80 years), sickle cell disease (SCD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, or health of the study population, and penicillin (Pen)‐nonsusceptible isolates ranged from 17% to 63%. The prevalence of pneumococci found as the etiologic agent of diseases among Ghanaians ranges from 3.4% for otitis media to 77.7% for meningitis. Overall, the 13‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) (PCV‐13) carriage serotypes accounted for 28.4% of the reported pneumococcal isolates. PCV‐13 invasive serotypes accounted for 22.4% of the reported isolates. The non‐PCV‐13 carriage serotypes accounted for most (43.9%) of the reported isolates. In the pre‐PCV‐13 era, the nontypeable (NT) (5.5%) and other nonvaccine types (NVTs) (6.4%) were reported as being predominant. The non‐PCV‐13 serotypes accounted for 4.4% of the reported isolates in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases. Multidrug resistance (MDR) ranged from 7.8% to 100%.

Conclusion: Predicting the invasiveness of pneumococci using molecular typing is the way to go in the future as this will provide answers to the extent to which capsular switching is contributing to the pneumococcal disease burden in Ghana almost a decade after introducing PCV‐13. Continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns at both phenotypic and genotypic levels, along with serotyping and molecular typing, should be a standard practice in the surveillance of pneumococcal disease burden in Ghana.
Protein Sequence‐Based COVID‐19 Detection: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Classification Methods
Authors: Aminah Siti , Ardaneswari Gianinna , Awang Mohd Khalid , Yusaputra Muhammad Ariq , Sari Dian Puspita
Published: August 2024

Coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), continue to pose a significant public health challenge globally, even in 2024. Despite advancements in vaccines and treatments, the accurate classification of coronavirus protein sequences remains crucial for monitoring variants, understanding viral behavior, and developing targeted interventions. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of various classification methods in accurately classifying coronavirus protein sequences. We explore the use of K‐nearest neighbor (KNN), fuzzy KNN (FKNN), support vector machine (SVM), and SVM with particle swarm optimization (PSO‐SVM) algorithms for classification, complemented by feature selection techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) and random forest‐recursive feature elimination (RF‐RFE). Our dataset comprises 2000 protein sequences, evenly split between SARS‐CoV‐2 and non‐SARS‐CoV‐2 sequences. Through rigorous analysis, we evaluate the performance of each classification model in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC‐AUC). Our findings demonstrate consistently high performance across all models, reflecting their efficacy in classifying coronavirus protein sequences. Notably, the PCA + PSO‐SVM model emerges as the top‐performing model, exhibiting the highest classification accuracy, specificity, and ROC‐AUC score, demonstrating its effectiveness in distinguishing between SARS‐CoV‐2 and non‐SARS‐CoV‐2 sequences. Overall, our study highlights the importance of employing advanced classification methods and feature selection techniques in accurately classifying coronavirus protein sequences. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field of bioinformatics and contribute to ongoing efforts in understanding and combating the COVID‐19 pandemic and its evolving challenges.
Development and Application of the Large‐Scale Simulation Experimental System for the In Situ Long‐Term Injection and Production of EGS
Authors: Zhu Haiyan , Zhao Peng , Chen Shijie , Tao Lei , Peng Jiao
Published: August 2024

With the proposal of the double carbon target, the exploration, development, and efficient utilization of geothermal energy is an important field for the energy development. Meanwhile, there also exists a series of challenges. With regard to the injection and production process of enhanced geothermal system, researchers mainly focus on the numerical simulation. As the conceptual model is developed based on several assumptions, the results are unable to truly reflect the heat transfer and seepage process of the fluid. Unfortunately, there are few reports on the large‐scale physical simulation experiments. Considering the present research situation, we have developed a large‐scale physical simulation experiment system in which the in situ long‐term injection and production process of hot dry rock (HDR) can be simulated. The experimental system includes several components: high‐temperature and high‐pressure true triaxial chamber and loading system, multiwell injection system, acoustic emission monitoring system, and flow and temperature monitoring system. By designing the experiments, the performance evaluation of the temperature variation, fluid flow, and heat energy extraction in the long‐term HDR injection and production process can be completed. Taking the granite outcrop rock sample, which is from the Gonghe Basin in Qinghai Province, as an example, we have conducted the long‐term injection and production experiment. The production temperature and flow rate were monitored and discussed. The results showed that the experimental system can simulate the heat transfer and seepage process of the fluid. More working conditions can be designed for the research of the long‐term injection and production process. Hopefully, this will provide an experimental platform for the efficient development of HDR.
In Vitro Effect of the Length of Relocated Cervical Margin with Casting Post and Core, Prefabricated Fiber Post, and Polyethylene Fiber with a Composite Core on Fracture Resistance and Marginal Integrity
Authors: Musapoor Naghmeh , Neshandar Asli Hamid , Mokhtari Soroosh , Babaee Hemmati Yasamin , Falahchai Mehran
Published: August 2024

Objective. This study aimed to assess the effect of length of the relocated cervical margin with casting post and core (CP), prefabricated fiber post and composite core (PFP), and polyethylene fiber‐reinforced composite (PEFRC) on fracture resistance and marginal integrity. Materials and Methods. In this in vitro study, 70 sound human maxillary premolars were divided into seven groups according to the type of post and core system and length of the relocated cervical margin (n = 10): control (no preparation), PFP‐3, PEFRC‐3, CP‐3 with 3 mm of cervical margin relocation (CMR), PFP‐6, PEFRC‐6, and CP‐6 (with 6 mm of CMR). The samples were restored with zirconia crowns (except the control group). Epoxy resin replicas were fabricated before and after thermomechanical loading. Marginal integrity was assessed at the luting cement‐core, core‐tooth, and luting cement‐enamel interfaces under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (×200). Fracture resistance and failure mode were subsequently assessed. Data were analyzed by independent t‐test, paired t‐test, ANOVA, Tukey–Games Howell, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney with Bonferroni correction, and Fisher–Freeman–Halton tests (α = 0.05). Results. The marginal integrity of the groups with 3 mm of CMR followed the following order: PEFRC > PFP > CP at all interfaces (P  < 0.05). In 6‐mm CMR groups, this order was CP < PFP = PEFRC at the luting cement‐core and (CP < PEFRC) = PFP at the core‐tooth interface. No significant difference was found in fracture resistance when comparing the 3‐mm CMR groups with each other (P  > 0.05). PFP‐6 showed higher FR than CP‐6 (P  < 0.001). PEFRC‐6 had no significant difference with PFP‐6 and CP‐6 (P  > 0.05). In each post and core system, 3‐mm CMR groups showed higher marginal integrity and fracture resistance (P  < 0.05). Conclusion. Increasing the length of the relocated cervical margin decreased the marginal integrity and fracture resistance of all three systems of CP, PFP, and PEFRC.
Pediatric Cancer Screening in Hereditary Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk Syndromes: An Update from the AACR Childhood Cancer Predisposition Working Group
Authors: MacFarland Suzanne P. , Becktell Kerri , Schneider Kami Wolfe , Kuiper Roland P. , Lesmana Harry , Meade Julia , Nichols Kim E. , Porter Christopher C. , Savage Sharon A. , Schultz Kris Ann , Scott Hamish , States Lisa , Tabori Uri , Tamura Chieko , Tomlinson Gail , Zelley Kristin , Durno Carol , Bauer Andrew , Plon Sharon E.
Published: August 2024

Gastrointestinal (GI) polyposis and cancer in pediatric patients is frequently due to an underlying hereditary cancer risk syndrome requiring ongoing cancer screening. Identification of at-risk patients through family history, clinical features of a syndrome, or symptom onset ensures appropriate cancer risk assessment and management in childhood and beyond. In this 2024 perspective, we outline updates to the hereditary GI cancer screening guidelines first published by the American Association of Cancer Research Pediatric Cancer Predisposition Workshop in 2017. These guidelines consider existing recommendations by pediatric and adult gastroenterology consortia to ensure alignment with gastroenterology practices in managing polyposis conditions. We specifically address the recommendations for pediatric screening in familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and juvenile polyposis syndrome. Further, we emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary care and partnership with gastroenterology, as it is crucial in management of children and families with these conditions.
Structure-function studies on enterostatin inhibition of insulin release
Authors: Tadayyon M. , Liou S. , Briscoe C.P. , Badman G. , Eggleston D.S. , Arch J.R.S. , York D.A.
Published: August 2024

The pentapeptide enterostatin (Val-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg or VPDPR1) has been shown to inhibit insulin
secretion both in vivo and in isolated rat islets. We report on structure-function studies of enterostatin
in rat islets and in RINm5F insulinoma cells. In isolated rat islets, the tyrosinated version of
enterostatin (YVPDPR) had ~10 fold reduced potency at lower concentrations (10nM versus 1nM) in
inhibiting insulin release compared to nascent enterostatin and did not exhibit activity at 1μM
concentrations. Replacement of the L-valine with D-valine caused total loss of biological activity. The
peptide YPDPR was more efficacious than native enterostatin at 0.1nM but lost activity at higher
concentrations. However, in RINm5F cells, the inhibitory effect of YPDPR was preserved. 3-iodo-
YPDPR exhibited a similar inhibitory profile to enterostatin across a wide concentration. These
studies demonstrate the functional importance of the N-terminal sequences of enterostatin in regulating
insulin secretion but also suggest tolerance to some modifications. Radio-iodinated-YPDPR may be
useful in characterising putative enterostatin receptors.
Beneficial effect and mechanism of action of Momordica charantia in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a mini review
Authors: Garau Celia , Cummings E. , Phoenix David A. , Singh Jaipaul
Published: August 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common of the endocrine disorders and represents a global health problem. DM is
characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia due to relative or absolute lack of insulin or the actions of insulin. Insulin is the
main treatment for patients with type 1 DM and it is also important in type 2 DM when blood glucose levels cannot be
controlled by diet, weight loss, exercise and oral medications alone. Prior to the availability of insulin, dietary measures,
including the traditional medicines derived from plants, were the major form of treatment. A multitude of plants have been
used for the treatment of diabetes throughout the world. One such plant is Momordica charantia (Linn Family: Cucurbaceae),
whose fruit is known as Karela or bittergourd. For a long time, several workers have studied the effects of this plant in DM.
Treatment with M. charantia fruit juice reduced blood glucose levels, improved body weight and glucose tolerance. M.
charantia fruit juice can also inhibit glucose uptake by the gut and stimulate glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells.
Moreover, the juice of this plant preserves islet β cells and β cell functions, normalises the systolic blood pressure, and
modulates xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress. M. charantia also has anti-carcinogenic properties. In conclusion, M.
charantia has tremendous beneficial values in the treatment of DM.
Complement mediated bactericidal activity and humoral immune response in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Islam Laila N. , Hossain Mahmud , Zahid M. Shamim H.
Published: August 2024

Since diabetic patients suffer from protracted infections, the aim of this study was to determine the functions of serum
complement and its relationship with immunoglobulin profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A total of 55
DM patients and 54 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Serum IgG was measured by nephelometry,
complement components C3 and C4, and IgA were measured by immunoturbidometric methods. The bactericidal
activities of complement from fresh serum and complement-inactivated serum were assessed against Escherichia coli
DH5α cells using the standard plate count method. In the DM patients, IgG (P<0.001), IgA (P<0.02) and complement
component C4 (P<0.001) were found to be significantly elevated whereas the levels of C3 were slightly lowered (P<0.4).
The complement mediated bactericidal activity in diabetic patients was significantly lower than the controls (P<0.01).
In contrast, while the serum complements were inactivated by heat treatment, the DM patients had significantly higher
(P<0.01) bactericidal activity associated with heat-stable immune effector molecules, possibly elevated levels of serum
IgG and IgA. The results of this study indicate that serum complement mediated bactericidal activity was impaired in type 2
diabetic patients, which might be a cause for delayed wound healing and repeated infections. (Int J Diabetes Metab 14: 92-97,
2006)
Combinative therapeutic approach for better blood sugar level control in alloxan diabetic mice
Authors: Shah Shweta , Bodhankar Subhash , Bhonde Ramesh , Mohan V.
Published: August 2024

In the present study the combined therapeutic approach of using an isolated compound from a herb and an oral hypoglycemic
drug in alloxan-induced diabetic mice is investigated. Herbal drugs can have beneficial effects in terms of reducing the
dosage, side effects and duration of action of synthetic drugs. The results show that combined therapy with 4-
hydroxyisoleucine and pioglitazone is more beneficial than pioglitazone alone and also more beneficial than the combination
of 4 hydroxyisoleucine and glyburide in the treatment of diabetes. (Int J Diabetes Metab 14: 104-105, 2006)
Plasma glucose response to insulin in hyperglycaemic crisis
Authors: Ehusani-Anumah F.O. , Ohwovoriole A.E.
Published: August 2024

Background and objectives: The outcome of hyperglycaemic emergencies (HEs) depends on effective management for
which insulin therapy is one of the principal cornerstones. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of
the intramuscular route of insulin therapy to the intravenous route in the treatment of these conditions. Subjects, Materials
and Methods: Thirty-two patients presenting with HEs were treated with either intravenous insulin (IVIT) or intramuscular
injection of insulin (IMIT). The patients consisted of 13(40.6%) individuals with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 11(34.4%)
with hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), and 8(25%) with normosmolar non-ketotic hyperglycaemic states (NNHS).
Patients were randomly allocated to either of the insulin regimes. Plasma glucose was monitored hourly until it was lowered
to 250mg/dl along with other indices. Results: The mean hourly rate of fall of plasma glucose level was significantly higher
in the intravenous insulin therapy (IVIT) group than in the intramuscular insulin therapy (IMIT) group. There was a greater
variation in the mean rates of fall of the plasma glucose level(PGL) in the IVIT group than in the IMIT group. The mean
time to lower plasma glucose levels to 250mg/dl was shorter in the IVIT route than in the IMIT route, 3.6 (0.2) hours vs 4.2
(0.3) hours (p < 0.05). Patients with HHS took a longer time to achieve target PGL than the other types of HE. The total
amount of insulin required to achieve a PGL of 250 mg/dl was much higher in the IMIT group than in the IVIT group
[41.9(2.9) v 22.9(1.9) units, p<0.01]. Irrespective of the insulin route, the total amount of insulin needed to achieve PGL of
250 mg/dl was in the decreasing order DKA, HHS, and NNHS. However, within insulin treatment groups, insulin
requirements needed to reach the target plasma glucose concentration varied more widely across HE subtypes in the IVIT
[[18.0(1.8) – 25.2(4.0) ] group than in the IMIT group [40.4(3.0) – 43.3(2.1) units]. Conclusion: The use of IMIT in our
environment is associated with a rate of fall of PGL that is more gradual and more predictable. Therefore in settings such as
ours where most hyperglycaemic emergency patients are managed outside the tertiary health centers, IMIT protocols should
be the preferred route in the management of HEs. (Int J Diabetes Metab 15:17-21, 2007)
A tepary bean diet and exercise delays indices of type 2 diabetes in female fa/fa rats
Authors: Rodgers Carol D. , Burch Pam E. , VanHeest Jaci L. , Suzuki K. , Bussiere Chantal T. , Schemmel Rachel A.
Published: August 2024

Legumes have been shown to protect against the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previous work has focused on the
impact of legumes on the glycemic index with little attention given to other physiological changes. Considerable evidence
also demonstrates that exercise is beneficial for diabetic individuals. This study sought to determine the individual and
synergistic effects of a legume diet and exercise on indices of T2D and tested the hypothesis that the synergy of these factors
would protect against typical changes in glycemic hormones and lipids across the weight gain and insulin resistant stage of
development in genetically obese rats. Fatty Zucker (fa/fa) rats, 6-7 wks of age were assigned to one of four treatment groups
(n = 10/group); 1) tepary bean diet and exercise [TE], 2) tepary bean diet [T], 3) control diet and exercise [CE], 4) control
diet [C]. A legume diet and exercise [TE] resulted in significantly less weight gain (126 g vs. 222 g in [C]) and lower body
mass compared to animals in other treatment groups. The interaction of [TE] also resulted in significantly lower serum
insulin compared to [C] animals across the study period. Diet [T] alone, significantly decreased serum triglycerides and
cholesterol relative to [C] animals. Our results indicate that a tepary bean diet, with exercise, can decrease typical changes in
weight gain, glycemia and lipid profile in fa/fa rats. The adoption of such a program in individuals showing signs of T2D
would also likely serve to protect against these physiological changes. (Int J Diabetes Metab 15: 38-45, 2007)
Control of hypertension in Nigerians with Diabetes Mellitus: A report of the Ibadan Diabetic / Kidney Disease Study Group.
Authors: Arije Ayodeji , Kuti Modupe , Fasanmade Adesoji , Akinlade Kehinde , Ashaye Adeyinka , Obajimi Millicent , Adeleye Jokotade
Published: August 2024

The prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) is high among Nigerians with diabetes mellitus. This study of Nigerian patients
with diabetes examines the adequacy of BP control and antihypertensive therapy as a baseline for establishing conformity
with current guidelines. A total of 256 patients with diabetes, aged between 21 and 83 years (mean 59.1 + 12.8 years)
attending the Diabetes/Endocrine Clinic of the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria were involved in the study. Fifty
seven per cent had co-existing hypertension and 15.5% of these patients were not receiving any antihypertensive agent. There
was a significantly higher systolic BP among females compared to males (p < 0.05). Diabetic patients with hypertension were
significantly older than those with diabetes alone (p < 0.001). The body mass index (BMI) was higher than 25 in 66% of
patients with both diabetes and hypertension compared to 48% in those with diabetes alone ( p <0.005). A satisfactory mean
systolic (<130 mmHg) and diastolic BP (<80 mmHg) BP was obtained in only 38.5% and 42.2% of all patients respectively.
The association between BMI and blood pressure was found to be significant only for the diastolic pressure (p <0.05). Only
52% of the patients with hypertension were receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors as part of their treatment.
The high prevalence and poor control of high BP among Nigerians with diabetes pose an increased risk of future development
of nephropathy. There is need for a more intense awareness programme for doctors in developing countries regarding current
blood pressure management guidelines and the need for adhering to them.
Effect of rosmarinic acid on insulin sensitivity, glyoxalase system and oxidative events in liver of fructose-fed mice.
Authors: Vanithadevi Balasubramanian , Anuradha Carani Venkataraman
Published: August 2024

The study investigates the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) on insulin sensitivity, protein glycation and oxidative events in fructose-fed mice, a model of insulin resistance (IR). Experiments were performed in four groups of animals administered either fructose diet or starch diet with and without RA administration. Insulin sensitivity indices were computed at the end of the treatment period. Redox homeostasis in liver was determined by assaying lipid peroxidative markers and antioxidants in the liver. Glyoxalase system and protein damage were assessed by assaying aldehydes, glyoxalase I and II, protein carbonyls, total thiols and nitrosothiols. Protein glycation was studied by measuring glycated hemoglobin, fructosamine and advanced glycation end products. Mitochondrial function was assessed by assaying succinate dehydrogenase and calcium ATPase. Fructose administration caused glycation of proteins, changes in metabolic parameters, inactivation of the glyoxalase system and depletion of antioxidants. Oxidative stress and reduced mitochondrial function were observed. Administration of RA to fructose-fed mice mitigated the above alterations. The data suggest that metabolic and redox disturbances in this dietary model of IR could be mitigated by RA. The antioxidant action of RA could be one of the contributing mechanisms for the improvement of insulin sensitivity.
Hypoadiponectinemia in obese and diabetic subjects in the State of Qatar
Authors: Rizk N. , Awni R. , Osman M. , Zirie M.
Published: August 2024

Background: Obesity is commonly associated with insulin resistance (IR), and is a common cause of type 2 diabetes. Adiponectin is an adipose tissue protein that enhances insulin sensitivity and has anti-atherogenic properties. Objective: This study was done to determine the adiponectin level and its relations to key components of the metabolic syndrome in obese diabetic (OD), obese non-diabetic (OB) and control [non-obese, non-diabetic (NOND)] Qatari subjects. Research design and Methods: We examined 64 (OD), 61 (OB) and 72 (NOND) male and female subjects. After a 12 h overnight fasting, blood samples were withdrawn for determination of plasma glucose, insulin, adiponectin, HbA1C, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C and LDL-C. Results: Plasma levels of adiponectin in OD (10.60 ± 3.64μg/mL) and OB (11.21 ± 3.41μg/mL) were significantly lower than NOND controls (14.73 ± 4.97μg/mL). Significant, inverse correlations were observed between adiponectin levels and BMI (r=-0.241, p<0.05), plasma glucose (r=-0.221, p<0.05), insulin (r=-0.280, p<0.05), C-peptide (r=-0.334, P<0.01), total cholesterol (r=-0.243, p<0.01,), triglycerides (r=-0.438, p<0.01), LDL-C (r=-0.214, p<0.05) and uric acid (r=-0.286, p<0.05). In addition, correlated positively with HDL-C(r=0.386, p<0.01). In multiple regression analysis, only TG was inversely associated with plasma level of adiponectin in all groups. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence that adiponectin is reduced in Qatari obese subjects with and without diabetes. The measurement of circulating adiponectin among Qatari obese subjects is suggested to monitor cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks. Whether the plasma adiponectin level could be a suitable biomarker for following the clinical progress of CVD among Qatari obese and diabetic subjects warrants further investigation.
The amidase activity of human tissue kallikrein is significantly higher in the urine of patients with either type 1 or gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Miranda Gilmar M. , Magalhães Carolina A. , Bosco Adriana , Reis Janice S. , Oliveira Jr. Antônio R. , Nogueira Anelise I. , Leite Ricardo B.S. , Miranda Paulo A.C. , Figueiredo Amintas F.S.
Published: August 2024

The levels of tissue kallikrein are reduced in humans with hypertension, cardiovascular and renal diseases. There is little information on the participation of human tissue (renal/urinary) kallikrein (hK1) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), and, no information concerning the role of hK1 was reported in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The present study evaluated the roles of insulin and hyperglycemia on urinary hK1 activity in type 1 DM and in GDM. Forty three type 1 DM patients (535 years, disease duration  5 years, receiving insulin, HbA1c > 7.6%) were selected. Forty three healthy individuals, paired according to gender and age, were used as controls. Thirty GDM patients (18−42 years, between the 24th and 37th weeks of pregnancy, recently diagnosed, not under insulin therapy) were also selected. Thirty healthy pregnant and thirty healthy non−pregnant women (18−42 years) were selected as controls. A random midstream urine was used. hK1 amidase activity was estimated with D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan substrate. Albumin was determined with Coomassie Brilliant Blue reagent. Creatinine was determined by Jaffe's method. hK1 specific amidase activity was expressed as μM/(min/mg creatinine to correct for differences in urine flow rate. hK1 specific amidase activity was significantly higher in the urine of type 1 DM and GDM patients, respectively, than in controls. These findings suggest that hyperglycemia rather insulin is involved in the mechanism of increased hK1 specific amidase activity in the urine of both type 1 DM and GDM patients. Albumin/creatinine ratio was increased in type 1 DM, GDM and healthy pregnant women.
Comparative evaluation of spironolactone, atenolol, metoprolol, ramipril and perindopril on diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications in type 1 diabetes in rats
Authors: Goyal Bhoomika R. , Bhadada Shraddha V. , Patel Mayur M.
Published: August 2024

The present study was carried out to study the effect of spironolactone, atenolol, metoprolol, ramipril and perindopril on cardiovascular complications associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats. Single tail vein injection of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) produced type 1 diabetes in Wistar rats of either sex. Spironolactone (SL; 20mg/kg/day), atenolol (10mg/kg/day), metoprolol (10mg/kg/day), ramipril (1mg/kg/day) and perindopril (1mg/kg/day) were administered for 6 weeks after which various biochemical and cardiac parameters were measured. STZ produced hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, bradycardia and cardiac hypertrophy. Chronic treatment with only metoprolol produced a reduction in glucose and spironolactone and metoprolol significantly decreased insulin levels. Spironolactone, ramipril and perindopril significantly reduced cholesterol levels. Spironolactone, metoprolol and perindopril significantly reduced triglyceride levels. Spironolactone and perindopril also increased the serum HDL levels. Spironolactone and metoprolol significantly reduced the serum creatinine levels. Blood pressure was controlled by all the drug treatment. However, heart rate and cardiac hypertrophy were controlled only by spironolactone, metoprolol and perindopril treatment. In conclusion, spironolactone, metoprolol and perindopril prevent not only the STZ-induced metabolic abnormalities but also cardiovascular complications and they appear to be beneficial agents as compared to atenolol and ramipril.
Heritability of quantitative traits associated with type 2 diabetes in an extended family from the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Al Safar Habiba S. , Jamieson Sarra E. , Cordell Heather J. , Blackwell Jenefer M. , Tay Guan K.
Published: August 2024

The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is steadily increasing, posing a major public health problem. This study assessed the value of specific clinical markers for T2DM among five generations of an extended Arab family. This family included 319 members of 41 nuclear families; from which 178 individuals (86 males, 92 females; 66 diabetic, 112 healthy) formed the study sample set. The ages of the participants ranged from 4 to 88 years. All participants completed a questionnaire that focused on baseline factors that have previously been associated with T2DM such as diet, smoking, and family history of the disease. The quantitative traits, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and creatinine levels were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were also recorded. The heritability of these eight quantitative traits were determined with values ranging from 6% to 48%. We found a significant relationship between T2DM diagnosis and waist circumference (p = 2.6, E-9) and BMI (p = 1.0, E-6). The estimated power for these two traits was 80% to 90%, respectively. Creatinine (p = 0.002) and cholesterol (p = 0.02) levels were also associated with T2DM. Our results support the link between environmental and genetic factors in the pathophysiology of T2DM and its related phenotypes in an Arab population.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and adenosine deaminase inhibition by Armenian plants and antidiabetic drugs
Authors: Mardanyan Sona , Sharoyan Svetlanа , Antonyan Alvard , Zakaryan Narine
Published: August 2024

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) converts glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)(7-36), responsible for glucose tolerance into inactive GLP-1(9-36). The pathogenic role of elevated adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity at hyperglycemic conditions was also suggested. Hence, the inhibition of both DPP-IV and ADA would be beneficial in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Screening of the ability of water extracts of 23 Armenian Highland native plants to inhibit the enzymatic activity of DPP-IV and ADA was performed. Over 40% of DPP-IV and ADA activity inhibition was observed by 1 percent extracts from between 6 and 12 plants. Among them, the most effective inhibitor for DPP-IV inhibitor was the extract from the leaves of sea-buckthorn (Hippophaё rhamnoides) (80.5% ± 3.3; IC50 = 2.5mg/ml ± 0.03); and for ADA: from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) (88.3% ±7.4; IC50 = 1.99mg/ml ± 0.3). Very slight ability of the known antidiabetic drugs, diabeton, glurenorm, siofor, glucovance, and the medicinal herbal mixture Arfazetin-A to inhibit the enzymes under study was observed. Moreover, the extracts from clove, cinnamon, green and black tea were highly effective in inhibiting DPP-IV and ADA. The obtained results show that selected Armenian Highland plants: blackberry, melilot; oregano, St. John's wort, sea-buckthorn leaves could be used, in combination with other antidiabetic drugs, for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Effect of a high monounsaturated fat diet supplemented with antioxidants on dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Badkook Maha , McCullough Fiona , Ahmed Nessar
Published: August 2024

Dyslipidemia is a common disorder associated with type 2 diabetes and is the major cause of vascular disease. Antioxidants have been shown to improve dyslipidemia. Also, a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) has been recommended for diabetic patients. The effect of a high-MUFA diet alone or with antioxidants in diabetic dyslipidemia has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consuming a high-MUFA diet alone or with a combination of vitamin E and C, or lycopene on dyslipidemia in diabetic patients from Saudi Arabia. Forty eight type 2 diabetic patients participated in an intervention study lasting 20 weeks divided into three 4 week intervals separated by a washout interval. Subjects consumed 35 g/day olive oil throughout the study. After the first 4 weeks, participants took vitamin E (400 mg/day) and vitamin C (1000 mg/day) supplements. After 4 weeks washout, participants consumed 45g tomato paste (12 mg lycopene/day). Fasting blood samples were analyzed for glucose, lipid profile and total antioxidant status at baseline and at the end of each interval. The high-MUFA intake alone resulted in a significant increase only in HDL-cholesterol (P<0.001). Supplementation with vitamin E and C resulted in a decrease in total, and LDL-cholesterol (P<0.001), but not in HDL-cholesterol, or triacylglycerol (TG). Lycopene consumption significantly increased HDL-cholesterol (P<0.001), with the lowest TC/HDL (p=0.002) ratio among intervals. No change in glucose, TG or TG/HDL ratio was observed at any interval. The total antioxidant status was significantly increased following a high-MUFA diet and with vitamin and lycopene supplementations. Supplementation of a high MUFA diet with vitamin E and C, or lycopene indicated a beneficial effect on dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes.
Changing trend in one decade in the profile of newly diagnosed subjects with type 2 diabetes in India
Authors: Kumpatla Satyavani , Michael Clementina , Aravindalochanan Vigneswari , Viswanathan Vijay
Published: August 2024

The aim was to assess the profile of newly diagnosed subjects with type 2 diabetes and to compare with the cases diagnosed a decade earlier. A total of 840 newly diagnosed subjects with type 2 diabetes were included in this analysis. 589 were consecutively diagnosed with diabetes from a tertiary care centre in the year 2009. Data of 251 new cases diagnosed a decade earlier (1999) was obtained retrospectively from the medical records. Demographic, anthropometric, blood pressure, glycemic and lipid parameters, signs and symptoms, presence of complications were noted.The age at onset of diabetes was much younger in 2009 compared to 1999 (4510.6 vs 49.99.8, p<0.0001). BMI was lower in 2009 than 1999 whereas mean waist circumference was higher in 2009. Prevalence of central obesity was significantly higher (84.6%) in 2009 compared to 1999 (56.6%).Educational and socioeconomic status improved in 2009.Dietary assessment revealed that consumption of calories increased in 2009. Mean HbA1c was higher in 2009 compared to 1999. About 79.3% were tested for diabetic complications in 1999 and it was 91.3% in 2009. Among the complications tested, neuropathy was highly prevalent in 1999 and in 2009 complications were less or similar to that reported in 1999. More than 20% had microalbuminuria in both the groups. Lipid abnormalities also varied between the study groups. The population is undergoing life style transition due to socioeconomic growth. Time related changes are noted in the profile of newly diagnosed subjects with type 2 diabetes in India.
Stress-Induced Oculogyric Crisis in Septo-Optic Dysplasia: Case Report
Authors: Keys Phillip , Davila-Siliezar Pamela , Laylani Noor , Lee Andrew G.
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a dystonic movement disorder of varying durations that manifests as bilateral paroxysmal upward eye deviation accompanied by involuntary blinking, tongue protrusion, and autonomic symptoms. Separately, septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a congenital disorder involving hypoplasia of the optic nerve as well as hypothalamic and pituitary abnormalities. In the presented case, we report a case of OGC in the setting of SOD with proposed pathogenesis. Case Presentation: A 27-year-old female presented with a history of SOD (optic nerve hypoplasia and hypopituitarism) with acute, recurrent, painless, bilateral, intermittent, simultaneous tonic conjugate upward eye deviation (i.e., OGC) and dystonic body posturing. She experienced her first episode upon meeting her biological sister for the first time at a loud, crowded public restaurant with continued episodes of OGC increasing in frequency and duration over the subsequent months. She later responded well to treatment with carbidopa/levodopa. Conclusion: Based on our current understanding of OGC, we hypothesize that acute stressful life events in the setting of prior hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction secondary to SOD could lower the threshold for developing OGC. Although most cases of OGC are idiopathic, various etiologies including medications, stress, and hormonal imbalance have been postulated as possible pathogenic mechanisms. We describe a case of SOD with OGC, and based upon our review of the English language ophthalmic literature, we believe that our case is novel.
A Case of Lens and Posterior Capsule Injury in Chandelier-Assisted Scleral Buckling for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Authors: Kimura Meiko , Sakanishi Yoshihito , Ebihara Nobuyuki
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) presents as a common ophthalmological emergency that impacts vision and may lead to blindness in the involved eye. Recently, chandelier-assisted scleral buckling (SB) is considered as one of procedures for the management of RRD. Herein, we present a case of acute cataract progression caused by a chandelier light during chandelier-assisted SB for RRD. Case Presentation: A 69-year-old male patient presented with right eye RRD. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was reduced to 20/40 in the right eye, and a retinal tear was observed at the upper temporal side with macula-off retinal detachment. The retinal tear was on the periphery, and the crystalline lens opacity was mild; therefore, the patient was treated with SB with a chandelier. Intraoperatively, posterior lens opacity was gradually observed, but it did not affect surgery. Thus, the surgery was completed as planned and retinal reattachment was confirmed. The day after surgery, the cataract had progressed, with a significantly decreased right BCVA of 20/400 in the right eye; therefore, cataract surgery was performed 2 months after the initial surgery. Because the posterior capsule had already ruptured, we performed lens extraction and anterior vitrectomy and fixed the intraocular lens with an optic capture. Postoperatively, the patient’s BCVA had recovered to 20/40 in the right eye. Conclusion: SB with a chandelier is an effective treatment for visibility and educational purposes; however, several points of caution are raised. Proper care should be taken while handling the illumination in the SB.
Viscoelastics Enable Dissection of Anterior Closed Funnels in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Iannetta Danilo , de Smet Marc D. , Valsecchi Nicola , Fontana Luigi , Chhablani Jay
Published: August 2024

Introduction: The present study aimed to describe a case series of patients in which a cohesive ophthalmic viscous device (OVD) was used to viscodissect and posteriorly displace the retina in cases of total retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy, operated with minimally invasive pars plana vitrectomy. Case Presentations: Three patients with a mean age of 67 years were included in the present study. One eye was aphakic, while the others were pseudophakic. OVD injection was performed through the limbus in the aphakic eye and via pars plana in the pseudophakic eyes. In all cases, the OVD injection led to a posterior displacement of the detached retina with a smooth dissection. No complications related to the surgery were observed. At the last follow-up visit, the retina was attached in all cases, with an improvement in visual acuity. Conclusion: To conclude, the injection of a cohesive OVD anterior to the detached retina allowed to posteriorize and viscodissect to some extent the retina, facilitating the implant of trocars.