bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motion Sickness Symptons and Postural Changes following Flights in Motion-Based Flight Trainers
Authors: Kennedy R.S. , Allgood G.O. , Van Hoy B.W. , Lilienthal M.G.
Published: June 2017

Navy pilots flew over 193 standard training mission scenarios while acceleration recordings in three linear dimensions (gx, gy, and gz) were made for two moving-base flight trainers. The pilots, who were of comparable age and experience in both groups, were interviewed for motion sickness symptomatology and were tested for ataxia after leaving the simulators. The aircraft simulated included a P-3C turboprop fixed-wing patrol aircraft (2F87F), and an SH-3 antisubmarine warfare helicopter (2F64C). Motion sickness incidence was high in the SH-3 simulator and nonexistent in the P-3C. Ataxia scores indicated departures, though not significant, from expected learning curve improvements after exposure in both simulators. Spectral analyses of the motion recordings revealed significant amounts of energy in the nauseogenic region of 0.2 Hz in the SH-3 simulator in the gz and gy, but not in the gx. The levels exceeded those recommended for ship motion exposures by Military Standard 1472C. The P-3C simulator had low levels of energy in these regions, and well below recommended levels. The data are discussed from the standpoint that simulator sickness in moving-base simulation may be, at least in part, a function of exposure to frequencies that make people seasick.
Application of the WDKM Program System to Analysis of Space Structures
Authors: Obrebski J. B.
Published: June 2017

WDKM is designed for use in relation to the analysis of large regular structures. The programs of WDKM are capable of calculating any space bar structure of practically arbitrary global geometry and any type of loading. The system requires less data to be fed in than similar ones based on the finite element method. WDKM is based on the theory of difference-matrix description and the numerical algorithm is suitably prepared. Both static and dynamic analyses are possible. In addition, stability problems and frequency of natural vibrations can be analysed. Large displacements of nodes can be taken into consideration. Moreover, large longitudinal and shear forces in bars are taken into account. Effective computer-aided dimensioning of regular structures is also incorporated in the system.
Non-periodic Space Structures
Authors: Lalvani Haresh
Published: June 2017

An interesting class of two- and three-dimensional space structures can be derived from projections of higher-dimensional structures. Regular polygons and regular-faced polyhedra provide the geometry of families of n-stars from which two- and three-dimensional projections of n-dimensional grids can be derived. These projections are rhombic space grids composed of all-space filling rhombi and rhombohedra with edges parallel to n directions. An infinite class of single-, double- and multi-layered grids can be derived from n-sided polygons and prisms, and a finite class of multi-directional grids from the polyhedral symmetry groups. The grids can be periodic, centrally symmetric or non-periodic, and act as skeletons to generate corresponding classes of space-filling, packings and labyrinths.
New Concepts for Deployable-Collapsable Structures
Authors: Rosenfeld Yechiel , Logcher Robert D.
Published: June 2017

Deployable-collapsable structures have many potential applications, ranging from emergency shelters and facilities, through relocatable semi-permanent structures, to space-station components. A new concept of self-stabilized/self-supported “clicking” structures – featuring stable, stress-free states in both deployed and collapsed forms – shows even greater promise. This article highlights the state-of-the-art in the field of deployable-collapsable structures and discusses their advantages and limitations. A unique concept of “clicking” structures is introduced, and its basic capabilities are presented and discussed. Finally future research needs are mapped out.
Buckling and Postbuckling of Thin-Walled Composite Stiffeners
Authors: Noor Ahmed K. , Peters Jeanne M.
Published: June 2017

A review is given of the different types of symmetry exhibited by the prebuckling, buckling and postbuckling responses of composite stiffeners. A simple and efficient computational strategy is presented for generating both the postbuckling response and the sensitivity derivatives, with respect to lamination and material parameters, in the presence of symmetry-breaking conditions. The potential of the foregoing strategy for solving practical space structure problems is discussed, and its effectiveness is demonstrated by means of a numerical example of the postbuckling and sensitivity analyses of a composite stiffener with a Zee-section subjected to uniform end shortening.
Geodesic Domes Bounded by Symmetrical Mainly Hexagonal Elements
Authors: Pavlov G.N.
Published: June 2017

Geodesic cutting of the “B” system, published by the author [1, 2] has one drawback, namely the existence of asymmetric elements and their mirror counterparts, which considerably increase the number of types of prefabricated members employed in dome structures. We consider here the system of subdivision where by means of assumption of a small number of types of non-plane elements it is possible to eliminate the asymmetric elements. The geometry of such cutting, called the “O” system, is very convenient for practical dome design. The author has designed and constructed many domes based on this system.
Development and Experimental Investigation of a Space Frame Connector
Authors: Swaddiwudhipong S. , Koh C.G. , Lee S.L.
Published: June 2017

A recently developed space frame connector, and the experimental investigation carried out to evaluate its strength and failure mechanisms are presented in this paper. Four sizes of connectors, namely 48 mm, 60 mm, 76 mm and 89 mm joints, are tested to failure. The characteristic and failure behaviour of each connector under the principal actions for axial tension and compression as well as the secondary effect of bending at the joint are observed and reported. Joint and member capacities are also assessed analytically. Useful structural parameters such as rotational stiffnesses of the joints, buckling capacities of members as well as tension and bending capacities are evaluated and compiled for easy reference. Comparison of experimental results and predicted values show reasonably good agreement.
Damage to Spatial Structures by the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake in Japan
Authors: Saka Toshitsugu , Taniguchi Yoshiya
Published: June 2017

This paper shows the results of a survey of damages to spatial structures caused by the earthquake, known as the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. The authors started to survey the damage to spatial structures from the second day of the earthquake. All the results were obtained during their walk through the stricken areas. Although the authors believe this paper may be useful for engineers and researchers, the results of the survey do not serve as a statistical report.
Entrepreneurship Education and Adding Value to New Ventures
Authors: Long Wayne A. , Ohtani Nobuoki
Published: June 2017

Eighteen entrepreneurs involved in the New Venture Development Outreach Program were the project focus for 18 teams of students in four different sections of the MBA new venture marketing course. In-depth market and design feasibility studies were completed by each student team. The client-entrepreneurs estimated that the work completed by the teams would have cost $13,042 on average if completed by professional consultants.
The Marketing Mix: A Retrospection and Evaluation
Authors: Bruner Gordon C.
Published: June 2017

Are the presently used paradigms of the marketing mix adequate for describing the breadth of marketing applications in the 1980s and beyond? Previously proposed models of the mix are evaluated and found to have shortcomings. Criteria are established for evaluating presently available models as well as any paradigms offered in the future.
A Comparison between Gastrils and Aludrox in the Treatment of Gastric Hyperacidity in General Practice
Authors: Jaffé Gabriel , Grimshaw Jack J
Published: June 2017

A single-blind multicentre crossover study was carried out in general practice of 47 patients with symptoms due to hyperacidity. Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment either with Gastrils® for the first 2 weeks followed by Aludrox® tablets for the second 2 weeks, or with Aludrox tablets for the first 2 weeks followed by Gastrils for the second 2 weeks. Clinical evaluation took place initially, after the first 2 weeks treatment and after the second 2 weeks treatment. The efficacy and acceptability of both preparations were compared, likewise the flavours of different Gastrils packs. Analysis of the results showed that peppermint flavoured Gastrils were significantly preferred to Aludrox tablets, and a peppermint flavour to a banana flavour. Side-effects were significantly more prevalent with Aludrox tablets. Differences in antacid response were similar, but numerically, if not statistically significantly, Gastrils had a more beneficial effect.
Drug Sensitivity Pattern of E. Coli Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients
Authors: Jinnah F , Islam M S , Rumi M A K , Morshed M G , Huq F
Published: June 2017

Escherichia coli was isolated from 65 urine samples out of 300 specimens collected from diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infections. All isolates were screened for susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. No remarkable difference in sensitivity pattern was observed between the E. coli isolates from diabetic and non-diabetic out-patients. However, the isolates from hospitalized diabetic patients showed a clear difference in sensitivity; E. coli from this group was more resistant to commonly used antibiotics compared with those from non-hospitalized diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
Red-wine Polyphenols and Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation: Possible Mechanisms, and Potential Use in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Authors: Halpern M J , Dahlgren A-L , Laakso I , Seppänen-Laakso T , Dahlgren J , McAnulty PA
Published: June 2017

An extract from red-wine grape fermentation, ANOX® has been developed as a source of red-wine polyphenols, which are thought to inhibit several of the pathogenic pathways that lead to cardiovascular disease. New data indicate that this extract has a significantly greater effect than either red wine or red-wine powder on the inhibition of platelet aggregation in vitro. Based on this data, about 300–500 mg of the extract is equivalent to the daily dose of red-wine polyphenols that appears to protect against cardiovascular disease. The possible synergistic effect of red-wine polyphenols with vitamin C, their vasorelaxing activity and their possible role in preventing over-crosslinking of connective tissues (premature ageing) are considered. The extract contains standardized amounts of the whole spectrum of polyphenolic compounds found in red wine and may provide a valuable reference substance in clinical investigations of the physiological actions of plant polyphenols; its potential use in functional nutrition and preventive medicine is also discussed.
Orally Administered Ginseng Extract Reduces Serum Total Cholesterol and Triglycerides That Induce Fatty Liver in 66% Hepatectomized Rats
Authors: Cui X , Sakaguchi T , Ishizuka D , Tsukada K , Hatakeyama K
Published: June 2017

The effects of ginseng extract (from the root of Panax ginseng) on factors inducing fatty liver were examined in 66% hepatectomized rats. Oral administration of ginseng extract at 125 or 250 mg/kg/day produced statistically significant reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the blood 3 days after hepatectomy (P < 0.05); the total cholesterol response appeared to be dose-related. Administration of ginseng extract at both doses also reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the liver 3 days after hepatectomy. Food intake and serum chemistry parameters indicating liver and kidney function were unchanged after ginseng administration except for the lipid metabolic parameters. These observations suggest that orally administered ginseng extract can suppress the formation of fatty liver after hepatic resection.
Mastocytoma of the Tongue of a Calf
Authors: Dodd D. C.
Published: June 2017

A case of mast cell tumor of the tongue of a two weeks old calf is described. Gross lesions were found throughout the tongue beneath the epithelium and in the muscle. Microscopically the lesions showed masses of cells with the typical appearance and staining reactions of mast cells. No similar lesions were found in other tissues or organs of this calf at routine meat inspection.
Free Vibrational Responses of FRP Composite Plates: Experimental and Numerical Studies
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Mukhopadhyay M. , Mohanty A. R.
Published: June 2017

A combined experimental and numerical study of the free vibration of composite FRP plates has been carried out. Modal testing has been conducted using impact excitation to determine the respective frequency response functions from which the modal parameters are extracted. A finite element method based computer code using an isoparametric element has also been developed to determine the modal characteristics. A commercial finite element package (NISA) has been used to validate the present code. Both theoretical and experimental results are compared and causes of discrepancies are investigated. The experimental data were found to correlate well with the numerical predictions.
Evaluation of Property Retention in E-Glass/Vinylester Composites after Exposure to Salt Solution and Natural Weathering
Authors: Zhang Shi , Karbhari Vistasp M. , Mai Lin-Ye , Mai Yiu-Wing
Published: June 2017

E-glass fiber reinforced vinylester composites are attractive for use in civil infrastructure applications ranging from repair and rehabilitation to new structural systems due to their potential durability and low cost. However, these materials, generally cured under ambient conditions, must withstand changing and severe environmental conditions over extended periods of time. Data related to their degradation kinetics and property retention are largely anecdotal and lack the existence of both fundamental and mechanistic information and a data-base on the basis of which service life could be reasonably established. This study investigates the degradation of two E-glass architectures after exposure to salt solution, accelerated heat cycles based on a summer in Sydney, and actual outdoor weathering over an 18 month period in Sydney, Australia. It is seen that both tensile strength and modulus are reduced due to the various exposures with attendant degradation at the matrix, fiber, and interphase levels. Based on results of the study it is concluded that natural weathering can lead to rather severe degradation at the surface level, which if not corrected leads to rapid degradation through the thickness, emphasizing the criticality in use of surface coatings and/or veils/layers of mat. It is also shown that changes in Tg are due to both physical and chemical aging with overall effects to an extent being irreversible due to matrix hydrolysis and cracking, and fiber degradation.
A Detailed Examination of the Translation Efficiency of Fiber Strength into Composite Strength
Authors: Pan Ning
Published: June 2017

This work deals with the relationships between the strengths of fiber, fiber bundle and a unidirectionally reinforced fiber composite. A factor designated as the surviving fiber ratio is introduced in this study to reflect the fact that during the fracture process of a fibrous structure, the fibers will not break simultaneously because of the fiber strength variation. This new factor results in a gradual breakage pattern on the stress-strain curve, and hence reduces both the ultimate strength and the breaking strain of the structure. Incorporating this new factor into analysis leads to a more realistic prediction.

Using the previous results on the distributions of fiber and fiber bundle strengths, the distribution function of the composite strength and the related distribution parameters are then derived. The effects of the interactions between fibers and matrix in the composite reflected by the critical fiber length, and the fiber strength variations accounted for by the surviving fiber ratio are included when calculating the distribution parameters for the composite strength.

Next, the comparison between the predicted stress-strain curves of fiber, fiber bundle, and composite is provided to reveal the important mechanisms influencing composite strength. The most probable strength is then derived as the best estimate of the actual strength for these fibrous systems. This actual composite strength a, is compared with the mean composite strength, the actual fiber bundle strength q, and the actual fiber strength Uf so that the translation efficiency of fiber strength into composite strength is described.

Based on the new approach, the important issues such as the fragmentation and the experimentally observed synergetic effects on composite strength are analyzed in detail, and the necessary conditions for these effects to occur are provided. The influences on the composite strength of the fiber and matrix properties, including the fiber scale and shape parameters a, f3, the tensile moduli ratio Em/Ef, the fiber volume fraction Vf and the shear yielding stress rT of the interface, are also discussed.
Experimental Behavior of Concrete Bridge Decks Reinforced with Reinforced Plastic (RP) Rebars
Authors: Ganga Rao Hota V. S. , Faza Salem S. , Kumar Sanjeev V. , Allison Ronald W.
Published: June 2017

The extensive use of deicing chemicals is causing corrosion-related degradation of bridge decks and other highway structures. To improve the longevity of these structures, the use of reinforced plastic (RP) rebars in lieu of steel bars as reinforcement in concrete deck slabs is investigated under static loads, and presented in this paper. Four concrete deck-stringer systems (7' x 12') were cast and tested with the use of RP rebars. The results obtained from these tests will be used to establish a guide to design bridge decks reinforced with RP rebars. The varying parameters investigated in this paper for bending behavior of bridge decks are: (1) non-composite versus composite action; (2) steel stringer spacing; and (3) aspect ratio of the decks. These test results will be used to design and construct the first U.S. concrete bridge deck reinforced with RP rebars.
Effects of Pull Speed on Die Wall Temperatures for Flat Composites of Various Sizes
Authors: Chachad Y. R. , Roux J. A. , Vaughan J. G. , Arafat E. S.
Published: June 2017

Properties of pultruded composites depend strongly on processing variables such as pull speed. Die wall temperatures may change depending on the size of the composite and the pull speed due to heat absorption or heat generation by the composite. It is the objective of this study to emphasize the importance of predicting and understanding the impact of die wall temperatures on centerline temperatures and degree of cure for composites of various thicknesses pultruded at different pull speeds. In order to accomplish this goal, a transient, three-dimensional numerical thermochemical heat transfer model for the heating section of the pultruder was developed. The governing energy and species equations for the composite were solved using a finite difference control volume scheme. The kinetic parameters for Shell EPON 9420 epoxy resin, determined using a heat flux type differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), were employed in this study.

Previous researchers have tended to ignore the variations in die wall temperature distribution or have relied on experimentally obtained die wall temperature data to develop models and make predictions. This research overcomes those restrictions by completely predicting the temperature profiles in the entire die, thereby providing the pultrusion engineer with the tools to design a heating section of a pultrusion machine. An operational envelope has also been developed to establish guidelines for maximum pull speeds that can be used to obtain a specified degree of cure in the composite.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Failure and Damage Progression of Graphite-Epoxy Composites in Flexural Bending Test
Authors: Echaabi J. , Trochu F. , Pham X. T. , Ouellet M.
Published: June 2017

Predicting failure stress and failure modes in composite laminates is very difficult. The choice between failure criteria is complex and there is a lack of experimental study to validate the results obtained. In this paper, a theoretical and experimental study of damage progression and failure modes of graphite-epoxy laminates in three points bending tests is presented. A quasi-isotropic [(± 45/9010)]5 graphite-epoxy composite is investigated. C-scan method and microscopic sectioning permit to monitor damage progression and failure modes during the experiment. Specimens at different failure levels are used to determine damage progression and the effect of geometrical parameters on the successive failures and on failure modes is studied. The progression of damage has been followed experimentally and identified in detail. The theoretical study is based on the classical laminate theory in the case of in-plane loads. A software program has been elaborated for post-failure treatment and experimental results are compared with numerical predictions.
Tow Collapse Model for Compression Strength of Textile Composites
Authors: Emehel T. C. , Shivakumar K. N.
Published: June 2017

The unidirectional composite compression strength model based on microbuckling of fibers embedded in a rigid-plastic matrix was extended to multiaxial laminates and textile composites. The resulting expression is a function of matrix yield strength under the fiber constraint, fiber tow inclination angle, fiber volume fraction, and the area fractions of various sets of inclined tows. The analysis was verified by experimentation. Compression tests were conducted on laminated, three-dimensional triaxially braided and orthogonally woven composites using the IITRI test specimen. The laminate specimens were made up of AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy composite with (0)24, (0/30/0/ - 30)35, and [(0/90)6/0)]s stacking sequence. Textile composites were made of BASF G30-500 graphite fiber tows (tow size is 6K) and Dow Chemicals Tactix 123 matrix. Fiber preform architecture of braided and woven composites before resin consolidation was 0/ + 17 and 0/90, respectively and after consolidation it was about (7/ + 20) and (5/90/90), respectively. The analysis agreed reasonably well with the test data for all cases considered. The axial fiber/tow misalignment angle for laminated, braided, and woven composites were about 4, 7, and 5 degrees, respectively. The compression strength was found to be strongly dependent on the percentage of axial tows and its misalignment angle. A small variation in the off-axis fiber/tow orientation had marginal effect on the compression strength. Hence, the off-axis tow misalignment angle can be assumed to be same as the initial laminate or the tow orientation angle.
Ballistic Impact Resistance of SMA and Spectra Hybrid Graphite Composites
Authors: Ellis Roger L. , Lalande Frederic , Jia Hongyu , Rogers Craig A.
Published: June 2017

The effect of adding small amounts of high strain hybrid components on the impact resistance of graphite epoxy composites subjected to projectiles traveling at ballistic velocities (greater than 900 ft/sec) has been studied. The hybrid components tested include superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) and a high performance extended chain polyethylene (ECPE) known as Spectram. In all cases, the embedded SMA fibers were pulled through the graphite without straining to their full potential. It is believed that this is due to high strain rate effects coupled with a strain mismatch between the tough SMA and the brittle epoxy resin. However, a significant increase in energy absorption was found by adding ECPE and ECPE/SMA layers to the backface of the composite.
The Behavioral-Ecological Model of Intervention with Chicano Gang Delinquents
Authors: Hunsaker Alan
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the use of a behavioral-ecological model to diagnose and prescribe interventions for a community problem. The paper is presented as a case study of a community-based organization that used the model in the treatment and prevention of Chicano gang delinquency. Other purposes of this work included a replication and extension of similar work performed in a different environment and with different subjects as well as a test of the generality of behavioral methods to the treatment and prevention of Chicano gang delinquency. In general, all three purposes were accomplished. Some unanticipated outcomes and future directions are discussed.
Lower Eyelid Rejuvenation with Skin/Skin-Muscle/Fat Repositioning Techniques
Authors: Cook Briggs E. , Lemke Bradley N.
Published: June 2017

A preoperative examination of the cosmetic patient considering lower eyelid blepharoplasty is essential. The preoperative examination allows the patient to express his or her concerns and desires and allows the physician to establish a healthy physician-patient relationship, which is vital in the treatment of the patient. The preoperative examination also allows the physician to explain the surgery and possible complications.

As opposed to the aging patient with severe dermatochalasis and orbital fat prolapse, the cosmetic patient considering lower eyelid blepharoplasty often has specific areas of the eyelids to address. It is important for the surgeon to identify these areas and understand exactly what the patient wishes to accomplish with the surgery. One patient may wish to diminish the prominence of the central and lateral fat pads, whereas another may wish to reduce redundant lower eyelid skin. It is often helpful to have the cosmetic patient hold a hand mirror and point out to the surgeon exactly the areas of concern.

Both anterior and posterior approaches to the lower eyelid exist. The anterior approach to lower eyelid blepharoplasty is made through an infraciliary skin incision, and most patients require excision of excess skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, and fat. In these patients, a skin-muscle flap is removed. If only loose and redundant skin is present, a skin flap with resection of the redundant skin is performed. If only excess fat needs to be removed, a skin-muscle flap is raised, excess fat is removed, and little or no excess skin or muscle is removed.
Combining Cervicofacial Lipodissection with Orthognathic Surgery: Cosmetic Enhancement
Authors: Dreiman Bernard B.
Published: June 2017

Introduction:

The addition of cervicofacial lipodissection to the procedures used with facial osteotomies has been shown to markedly improve the cosmetics of the cervicofacial complex and the results of orthognathic surgery.

Materials and Methods:

A technique, including instrumentation, is described as a combination of liposuction and dissection of the tissues, and photographs of 2 surgical cases are included.

Results:

The benefits of orthognathic surgery and facial osteotomies include improvement of the occlusion, preservation of the dentition, and better function of the temporomandibular joint.

Discussion:

This article is intended to review the anatomy, patient evaluation, and use of lipodissection to improve the cosmesis of the submandibular and neck tissues. The indications for orthognathic surgery are reviewed. The advantages of cervicofacial lipodissection in correcting the submental, neck, and lateral jowl fullness, which accompanies mandibular setback surgery or reduction genioplasty and neck soft tissue fullness not corrected with orthognathic surgery alone, are reviewed. The cosmetic benefits to the older adult patient with aging in the cervicofacial area are described. The benefits of maxillary and mandibular osteotomies, the shortcomings of facial osteotomies in correcting the adverse cosmesis in the neck and submental areas, and a review of the procedures used in treating neck soft tissue redundancy are discussed. The importance of preoperative soft tissue evaluation and a review of the anatomy is presented.

Conclusion:

The addition of lipodissection of the cervicofacial areas may result in a greatly improved neck contour. Considering the large number of surgeons performing orthognathic surgery and the increasing number of surgeons interested in cosmetic surgery, this technique combines the 2 surgical modalities.
Gynecomastia Excision Surgery Using Tumescent Liposuction and Scissors Dissection Technique
Authors: Yoho Robert A.
Published: June 2017

Introduction:

Male gynecomastia is popularly treated with liposuction. This article examines a combination surgery of tumescent liposuction and scissors dissection as an alternative to liposuction.

Materials and Methods:

A 3–4 mm cannula is used to test gynomastia tissue and develop planes above and below the dermis. If indicated, incisions are made with a 15 blade and planar tissue is excised with facelift scissors through a periareolar incision. A Jackson-Pratt drain is sutured into the incision and compressed, draining 15 mL per day for 48 hours. Additional compression is worn for 2 to 4 weeks.

Results:

With skilled surgery, breasts look smooth; nipple discoloration and scarring may occur.

Conclusion:

The combined liposuction-dissection technique may reduce the complications and revision surgery that can occur as a result of liposuction.
The Role of Cosmetic Dentistry in Facial Rejuvenation
Authors: Ong K. S. , Keng S. B.
Published: June 2017

Introduction:

Enhancement of facial beauty is one of the primary goals of patients seeking facial rejuvenation treatment. The lower third of the face, which is affected by the dentoalveolar complex, has a major impact on the perception of facial esthetics. This article aims to educate cosmetic surgeons about the impact that cosmetic dentistry can have on creating facial harmony and esthetics.

Methods:

A simple method of bioesthetic dental evaluation of the patient and common cosmetic dental procedures are discussed.

Discussion:

The importance of a multidisciplinary and multimodality approach by both the cosmetic surgeon and the cosmetic dentist toward creating a more complete, harmonious facial esthetic is emphasized.

Results:

As demonstrated by figures representative of typical cases, a combined cosmetic surgery and cosmetic dental approach yields excellent esthetic results.

Conclusion:

The incorporation of fundamental principles of proper smile design and dental esthetics into a facial enhancement treatment plan can achieve excellent results on a consistent basis.
The Use of Fibrin Sealant in Facelift Surgery
Authors: Fezza John J. , Cartwright Mont J. , Mack William , Flaharty Patrick
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

To report the use of fibrin sealant in facelift surgery.

Methods:

A prospective study of 40 individuals was performed comparing individuals undergoing facelift surgery with and without the use of fibrin sealant. Patients were enrolled in 2 groups: 20 patients underwent facelifts without fibrin glue, and 20 patients with the use of fibrin glue. The amount of bruising and edema was compared in the 2 groups, as was the incidence of complications, such as hematomas. Operating time was also assessed in the 2 groups.

Results:

The patients who underwent the procedure with fibrin sealant had significantly less bruising and swelling and a more rapid healing response. Another benefit was that drains were not needed when glue was used. Operating times were shorter with the use of glue.

Conclusions:

Fibrin sealant has great promise in improving facelift results, with fewer complications and an expedited patient recovery period without the need for drains.
Hydrophilic Polymers Derived from Vitamin E
Authors: Vázquez B. , Ortiz C. , Roman J. San , Plasencia M. A. , Lopez-Bravo A.
Published: June 2017

Vitamin E containing copolymers for biomedical applications were obtained by copolymerization reaction of vitamin E methacrylate (VEMA) with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) or vinyl pyrrolidone (VP), in different experiments. High molecular weight copolymers prepared by free radical reactions initiated by azobisisobutironitrilo, AIBN, present a random distribution of vitamin E derivatives along the macromolecular chains, and the average composition depends on the initial composition of the reaction medium. The relative flexibility of the polymeric systems was analyzed measuring the glass transition temperature of copolymeric sequences and that of the pure alternating diad ( T g12) obtained by the application of the treatments proposed by Johnston and Barton to all the systems. T g12 was higher than the average T g12 of both homopolymers ( T g12) for the VEMA-HEMA system, T g12 was lower than T g12 for the VEMA-DMA system and T g12 was similar to T g for the VEMA-VP system. VEMA-HEMA copolymers gave rise to hydrogels in water, acidic and alkaline media. VEMA-DMA copolymers gave rise to hydrogels in acidic medium and dissolved in water and alkaline medium. VEMA-VP copolymers were soluble in all media. The swelling of all the hydrogels fit a second-order kinetics. A VEMA-HEMA hydrogel was selected for in vivo experiments in order to study the influence of vitamin E on the regeneration process of Achilles tendon. The polymeric derivatives of vitamin E stimulated the regenerative process as a consequence of the antiaging effect in the local area of application.
The Effect of Modification of Acrylic Resins on Controlled Release and Bioadhesion
Authors: Vlachou M. , Choulis N. H. , Efentakis M. , Andreopoulos A. G.
Published: June 2017

The effect of various treatments on the properties of an acrylic matrix was studied, in terms of its swelling properties in buffer solution. The release of two types of drugs from those matrices and their bioadhesive character were also considered.

Calcium stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate were used as additives for the matrix treatment. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate was also used as a reactive agent for the acrylic resin treatment. The main function of the above chemicals is the modification of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the matrix.

This investigation showed that controlled release systems can be designed by adjusting the matrix properties via additives or chemical reaction.
In Vitro Response of Escherichia Coli to Antibiotics and Ultrasound at Various Insonation Intensities
Authors: Williams Richard G. , Pitt William G.
Published: June 2017

Microbial infections on implanted medical devices are difficult to treat. Application of 70 kHz ultrasonic irradiation to gentamicin treatment greatly enhanced the action of the antibiotic in terms of reduced viable bacterial concentrations. Ultrasonic irradiation was carried out at various insonation intensities that were noninhibitory in the absence of antibiotic. Synergistic killing was observed to be a function of ultrasonic intensity. Greatest killing (approximately 5 log reduction in viable population) was realized at full intensity (4.5 W/cm2), and decreased with reductions in power density. At lowest intensity (10 mW/cm2), no significant acoustic enhanced killing was noted.
Chemical and Physical Characterization of a Novel Poly(Carbonate Urea) Urethane Surface with Protein Crosslinker Sites
Authors: Phaneuf Matthew D. , Quist William C. , Logerfo Frank W. , Szycher Michael , Dempsey Donald J. , Bide Martin J.
Published: June 2017

A major complication which occurs with implantable polyurethane biomaterials is bioincompatibility between blood and the biomaterial surface. Development of a novel biodurable polyurethane surface to which biological agents, such as growth factors or anticoagulants could be covalently bound, would be beneficial. The purpose of this study was to synthesize a novel poly(carbonate urea) urethane polymer with carboxylic acid groups which would serve as "anchor" sites for protein attachment. Physical characteristics such as tensile strength, initial modulus, ultimate elongation, tear strength, water/alcohol uptake and water vapor permeation were then evaluated and compared to other biomedical-grade polyurethanes. Covalent linkage of the blood protein albumin to this novel surface was then examined. A biodurable polycarbonate-based polyurethane containing carboxylic acid groups (cPU) was synthesized using a two step procedure incorporating the chain extender 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-propionic acid (DHMPA). Tensile strength of this cPU film was 2.7 and 2.6 fold greater than both a polycarbonate-based polyurethane synthesized with a 1,4-butanediol chain extender (bdPU) and Mitrathane (Mit) controls, respectively. The cPU polymer also possessed 7.8 and 31 fold greater structural rigidity upon evaluation of initial modulus as compared to the bdPU and Mit, respectively. Ultimate elongation for the bdPU films was slightly higher than the cPU and Mit films, which had comparable elongation properties. The force required to tear the bdPU film was 1.9 and 32 fold greater than the cPU and Mit films, respectively. Alcohol solution uptake by all of the polyurethane segments increased with increasing alcohol concentrations, with the cPU having the greatest uptake. Water uptake was minimal for all the polyurethanes examined and was not affected by altering pH. Water vapor permeation was lowest for the cPU films as compared to both bdPU and Mit. Swelling the cPU in 50% ethanol prior to evaluation slightly increased water vapor permeation through the films. Covalent linkage of the radiolabelled blood protein albumin (1251-BSA) to the cPU segments incubated with the heterobifunctional crosslinker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was greatest in the higher percent of ethanol as compared to controls. These results serve as foundation for developing a novel poly(carbonate urea) urethane with physical characteristics comparable to other medical-grade polyurethanes while having protein binding capabilities.
Pathophysiological Concept of Haemophilus Ducreyi Infection (Chancroid)
Authors: Abeck D , Johnson A P
Published: June 2017

Our knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of infection due to Haemophilus ducreyi is incomplete. In order to produce disease, H. ducreyi must presumably penetrate the skin of the external genitalia, colonize subcutaneous tissues, then produce tissue damage which results in ulcer formation. Penetration of the normal skin most likely occurs via minor abrasions. Adherence of H. ducreyi to different cell lines in vitro has been described, and might be mediated by adhesions such as pili or haemagglutinins. In addition, binding to extracellular matrix proteins has also been reported. Extracellular tissue-degrading enzymes were absent from broth culture supernatants of H. ducreyi. Such supernatants also failed to produce cytopathic effects with established or primary cell lines. Both live and heat-killed H. ducreyi organisms were able to produce lesions in a rabbit or a mouse model, although ulcer formation was dependent on viable H. ducreyi organisms in a recently introduced temperature-dependent rabbit model. With an excessive supply of iron, a more prolonged localized inflammatory disease effect was observed. Results derived from a subcutaneous chamber model demonstrated considerable changes in the expression of outer membrane proteins combined with antibody modulation during in vivo growth of H. ducreyi. These might be important factors for maintenance of infection in the human host particularly as these changes also occur in humans. Despite an increased knowledge of the pathogenesis of chancroid, important questions such as growth requirements, bubo-formation, role of cell-mediated immunity and ulcer formation are still unanswered. The application of molecular biological techniques in order to study these problems will be helpful.
Factors Associated with Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Prostitutes in Singapore
Authors: Wong M L , Tan T C , Ho M L , Lim J Y , Wan S , Chan R
Published: June 2017

From June to December 1990, 806 prostitutes registered with the STD programme in Singapore for regular screening for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were investigated for factors associated with STD incidence in the preceding year. The majority were foreigners (92.7% Malaysians and 3.1% Thais). Anal sex (0.4%) and intravenous drug use (0.9%) were rare. The overall STD incidence rate was 47.7 per 100. None was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. The crude and age-adjusted risk of STD was found to increase significantly with client load. An inverse relationship between condom use and STD risk was also observed. Mean condom use among clients was reported as 56.1% for spontaneous use and estimated as 75.4% following negotiation for condom use by prostitutes. Although the prostitutes negotiated for condom use with majority of the clients (85.5%) who did not use condoms spontaneously, they were successful with only about half of them (54.4%). Health education should be targeted at clients on the protective effects of condom use and at the prostitutes on skills in negotiating condom use.
Towards a Christian Social Ecology
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: June 2017

Solutions to the environmental crisis depend on an understanding of its cause. This paper examines the social ecology of Murray Bookchin, who argues that our ecological crisis, seen in the domination of nature by human beings, has its roots in the domination of human by human. Social ecology, which emphasises these social causes, is at odds with much ecotheology, which finds the causes in overpopulation, technology, consumerism and Christianity itself. The differences between these approaches are illustrated with the examples drawn from New Zealand and Australian authors. The author advocates Christianising Bookchin's social ecology, using various theological motifs, but without slipping into an individualistic eco-spiritualism, which avoids the difficult social questions social ecology raises.
Towards a Christian Ethics of Animals
Authors: Wade Richard
Published: June 2017

Ecotheologians and systematic theologians within the various Christian traditions have explored environmental problems. However, there has been little work by Christian ethicists from within the Roman Catholic tradition to develop an ethic of animals. This article remedies this defect Taking up and developing a line of ethical reflection upon animals which Aquinas derived from the Roman jurist Ulpian, it proposes an alternative to Peter Singer's animal ethic, which it finds unsatisfactory on several accounts.
History and Eschatology in Tension: A Literary Response to Daniel 11:40–45 as Test Case
Authors: Meadowcroft Tim
Published: June 2017

Dan 11:40–45 has long been a crux interpretum in the exposition of the visions of Daniel. This is principally due to disagreement over whether to interpret the verses historically with respect to the Hellenist kingdoms of the second century BCE, or eschatologically. My proposal is Daniel 11:pression of chapter 11 and of the account of the final vision in chapters 10–12 as a whole provide us with clues that enable us to unite the temporal and the eschatological in our appreciation of these verses.
Reflections upon Storied Place as a Category for Exploring the Significance of the Built Environment
Authors: Redding Graham
Published: June 2017

This article begins by noting parallels between ancient Israel and New Zealand Maori in the role that narrative plays in defining a sense of place, especially in relation to the land. A convergence of concern across a range of disciplines about the diminished sense of place that exists in modern urban settings is also noted, and various attempts at what might loosely be called narrative-recovery in relation to the built environment are identified. At the same time, the tendency for narratives to be distorted and controlled by those who have vested interests in portraying things in a certain way is exposed, thereby highlighting the complex and problematic nature of stories. Theological questions are raised and possibilities touched on, including a role for the Church in helping society think about what it is that constitutes sacred space. While the issues raised in this paper are relevant to urban environments everywhere, the paper retains a strong New Zealand focus. It includes coverage of the debate surrounding the architectural merits of Te Papa, and asks what it is that constitutes a synthesis of Maori and Pakeha architectural forms and values as we look for signs of a built environment that is increasingly able to reflect our New Zealand identity.
Catholic Spirituality and Religious Identity in Interwar New Zealand
Authors: van der Krogt Christopher J.
Published: June 2017

Four broad but overlapping areas of spirituality can be identified in Catholic life in New Zealand in the period between the two world wars: affective devotion to Christ and the saints; active social engagement, whether in the form of charity or the promotion of Christian values; Eucharistic piety, including the extra-liturgical cult of the Eucharist alongside increased reception of the Blessed Sacrament and greater participation in the liturgy; and the intensification of lay spirituality by imitating the religious life through third orders and retreats. Catholic spirituality was dominated by the clergy and based on international models, thereby promoting a distinct religious identity. Protestant antagonism towards Catholic spirituality was limited, however, and the Church's leaders sought to avoid religious conflict, seeing secular indifference, rather than aggressive Protestantism, as the real threat to Catholic religious commitment and as the primary justification for introducing new forms of spirituality.
Poetry and Revelation: Hopkins, Counter-Experience and Reductio
Authors: Hart Kevin
Published: June 2017

What is “religious poetry”? A brief study of three major critics — Samuel Johnson, T. S. Eliot and Harold Bloom — reveals the guiding assumptions behind the notion. These assumptions are then brought under scrutiny. A close reading of G. M. Hopkins' poem “God's Grandeur” reveals another way of considering religious poetry.
The Doctrine of Appropriation as an Interpretative Framework for Karl Barth's Pneumatology of the Church Dogmatics
Authors: McIntosh Adam
Published: June 2017

Although Karl Barth is widely recognised as the initiator of the renewal of trinitarian theology in the twentieth century, his theology of the Church Dogmatics has been strongly criticised for its inadequate account of the work of the Holy Spirit. This author argues that the putative weakness of Barth's pneumatology should be reconsidered in light of his doctrine of appropriation. Barth employs the doctrine of appropriation as a hermeneutical procedure, within his doctrine of the Trinity, for bringing to speech the persons of the Trinity in their inseparable distinctiveness. It is argued that the doctrine of appropriation provides a sound interpretative framework for his pneumatology of the Church Dogmatics.