bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative neurophysiology in DBS for dystonia
Authors: Vitek Jerry L. , DeLong Mahlon R. , Starr Philip A. , Hariz Marwan I. , Metman Leo Verhagen
Published: June 2011

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) has been demonstrated to be an effective therapy for the treatment of primary dystonia as well as tardive dystonia. Results for other forms of secondary dystonia have been less consistent. Although a number of target sites have been explored for the treatment of dystonia, most notably the motor thalamus, the target of choice remains the sensorimotor portion of the GPi. Although the optimal site within the GPi has not been determined, most centers agree that the optimal site involves the posteroventral lateral “sensorimotor” portion of the GPi. Microelectrode recording (MER) can be used to identify boundaries of the GPi and nearby white matter tracts, including the corticospinal tract and optic tract, and the sensorimotor GPi. However, whether or not the use of MER leads to improved outcomes compared with procedures performed without MER has not been determined. Currently, there is no evidence to support or refute the hypothesis that mapping structures with MER provides better short‐ or long‐term outcomes. Centers using MER do not report a preference of one system over another, but there have not been any studies to compare the relative benefits or risks of using more than 1 electrode simultaneously. Comparison studies of different target structures and targeting techniques in dystonia have not been performed. Additional research, which includes comparative studies, is needed to advance our understanding and optimization of DBS targets, techniques, and approaches along with their relative benefits and risks in dystonia. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Study of etching‐induced damage in GaN by hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Narita Tetsuo , Kikuta Daigo , Takahashi Naoko , Kataoka Keita , Kimoto Yasuji , Uesugi Tsutomu , Kachi Tetsu , Sugimoto Masahiro
Published: June 2011

We carried out nondestructive measurements of the depth profile of etching‐induced damage in p‐type gallium nitride (p‐GaN), in particular surface band bending, using Hard X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAX‐PES). HAX‐PES at different take‐off angles of photoelectrons made it clear that etching by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) introduced donor‐like states in a surface layer of GaN. We were able to quantitatively analyze band bending and charge distribution in an etched p‐GaN. The analysis results indicated the existence of deep donors with a concentration of 1–2 × 1020 cm−3 in a surface layer whose thickness increased with increasing a bias power of ICP.
Effects of Pb(Mn,Nb)O3 doping on the properties of PZT‐based films deposited on silicon substrates
Authors: Zhang Tao , Zhang Shu‐yi , Wasa Kiyotaka , Zhang Hui , Chen Zhao‐jiang , Shui Xiu‐ji , Yang Yue‐tao
Published: June 2011

Ternary perovskite compound films of Pb(Mn,Nb)O3‐PbZrO3‐PbTiO3 (PMnN/PZ/PT) with different doping ratios of PMnN into PZT(52/48) matrix are deposited on SrRuO3 buffered Si substrates by a radio frequency magnetron sputtering system. It is found that the crystal structures, orientations, lattice constants of the ternary compound films are strongly dependent on the doping ratios of PMnN as the doping ratios are changed from 6 to 30%. These sputtered films showed polycrystal structures with mixed crystal orientations of (001)/(100), (101), (111) perovskite phases. As the doping ratio of the PMnN is in the range of (5–20)%PMnN‐(95–80)%PZT, the doping greatly improves the ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. The highest values of the effective transversal piezoelective coefficient, e31,f  = −16.94 C/m2, for the thin films is obtained at the doping ratio of 20%PMnN, which is much larger than that of the similar PZT‐based materials and benefit to make piezoelectric devices.
Magnetoelectric effect in bi‐layered ferromagnetic structure
Authors: Gareeva Zukhra , Doroshenko Rurik
Published: June 2011

Magnetoelectric effect and the properties of electric polarization appearing in a vicinity of magnetic inhomogeneity in bi‐layered ferromagnetic film have been theoretically considered. It has been shown that a variety of electric polarization transformations is possible under the action of applied magnetic field.

The magnetization processes and the behaviour of polarization appear to be dependent on the relation between layers parameters. Two situations of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling have been considered and analysed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystallization and physical properties of alkali phosphomolybdate glasses containing niobium oxide
Authors: Valente M. A. , Bih L. , Bih H. , Graça M. P. F.
Published: June 2011

Glasses with transition metal ions have interest because of their potential use in electrochemical, electronic and electro‐optical devices. Molybdenum oxide is not a glass‐forming, but it is able to enter the glass structure in the form of MoO4 tetrahedral or MoO6 octahedral with some glass‐forming, like P2O5. The binary MoO3–P2O5 glasses were stable over a wide range of compositions. The ternary glass P2O5–MoO3–Li2O presents high potentiality as fast ion‐conductors. Ferroelectric crystalline particles (LiNbO3) can be obtained by heat‐treatments of the glass P2O5‐Li2O‐Nb2O5. The heat‐treatment does not promote glass‐ceramics with a single crystalline phase. The quaternary system P2O5‐MoO3‐Nb2O5‐X2O, (X=Li, Na), prepared by melt quenching, allowed the control of the crystalline phases obtained by heat‐treatments. In this work, the transparent as‐prepared glasses were heat‐treated at 550 ºC and 650 ºC for 4 hours. The structure of the samples was analyzed by differential thermal analyses (DTA), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The change of the MoO3/P2O5 ratio is the main chemical parameter that governs the nucleation and growth of different crystallites. The decrease of this ratio induces the formation of non‐linear optical NbOPO4 crystallites in the glass. The increase of the ratio leads to the formation of other phases, such as LiPO3 (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐power GaN‐HEMT with low current collapse for millimeter‐wave amplifier
Authors: Makiyama Kozo , Ohki Toshihiro , Okamoto Naoya , Kanamura Masahito , Masuda Satoshi , Nakasha Yasuhiro , Joshin Kazukiyo , Imanishi Kenji , Hara Naoki , Ozaki Shiro , Nakamura Norikazu , Kikkawa Toshihide
Published: June 2011

There are high expectations for GaN high electron mobility transistors (GaN‐HEMT) to serve as a key device in the production of a high power and high efficiency millimeter‐wave amplifier. Until now, an extremely low three‐terminal pinched‐off‐current of less than 10‐6 A/mm was achieved by applying band engineering. It improved the on‐state breakdown voltage to 50 V and the off‐state breakdown voltage to over 100 V (Makiyama et al., Phys. Status Solidi C 6(S2), S1012 (2009) [1]). However, the output power of a GaN‐HEMT decreases due to current collapse. In particular, the influence of current collapse increases in a GaN‐HEMT with a short gate‐length. In this work, technology was developed to reduce this amount of current collapse. By utilizing thin silicon nitride passivation film that contained many Si‐H bonds, the current collapse was remarkably improved. A 3‐stage common source amplifier MMIC was fabricated that used the current collapse reducing technology. The Pin vs. Pout characteristics were measured at the W‐band. Excellent power characteristics, such as Pout of 1.3 W at 75 GHz at 35 V operation, and a frequency bandwidth of 13 GHz were demonstrated. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Performance improvement of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with atomic layer deposition (ALD) of SiO2 and HfAlO dielectrics
Authors: Kirkpatrick Casey , Lee Bongmook , Yang Xiangyu , Misra Veena
Published: June 2011

GaN metal oxide semiconductor heterojunction field effect transistors have been fabricated with SiO2 and HfAlO gate dielectrics deposited via atomic layer deposition. These transistors have threshold voltages more positive than ‐4 V and exhibit 3 orders of magnitude lower gate leakage than Schottky gated heterojunction field effect transistors (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of semipolar {10$ \bar 1 $1} GaN from c ‐plane‐like sapphire sidewall of patterned n ‐plane sapphire substrate
Authors: Takami Masaki , Kurisu Akihiro , Abe Yuki , Okada Narihito , Tadatomo Kazuyuki
Published: June 2011

The direct growth of semipolar {10$ \bar 1 $1} GaN via metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy has been demonstrated using a patterned n ‐plane sapphire substrate with a c ‐plane‐like sidewall and terrace covered with a SiO2 mask. From X‐ray diffraction analysis, it was clear that a uniformly oriented {10$ \bar 1 $1} GaN layer was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements showed a flat surface morphology. The root‐mean‐square value of the {10$ \bar 1 $1} GaN layer is 0.7 nm over a 5 × 5 μm2 area. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A wavelength engineered emitter incorporating CdSe‐based colloidal quantum dots into nanoporous InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well matrix
Authors: Dang Cuong , Zhang Yu , Han Jung , Nurmikko Arto , Breen Craig , Steckel Jonathan S. , Coe‐Sullivan Seth
Published: June 2011

We have created a nanocomposite material which integrates a nitride semiconductor backbone with colloidal II‐VI nanocrystals. An electronically viable scaffold of nanoporous InGaN/GaN heterostructures was first made by electrochemical etching. High efficiency luminescent, colloidal CdSe‐based quantum dots were then embedded within the nanoporous nitride host. The transfer of the QDs from their native solution environment to the nanoporous host preserves their key light emitting features of photostability and narrow spectral linewidths. The size tunability of QDs allows engineering emission wavelength and creating a multicolor luminescent emitter with aim towards solid state lighting applications. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photocurrent spectroscopy on GaInN/GaN multiple quantum well solar cell structures
Authors: Zhao Liang , Hou Wenting , Li Yufeng , Detchprohm Theeradetch , Wetzel Christian
Published: June 2011

We demonstrate photocurrent (PC) spectroscopy of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum well structures with electroluminescence peak wavelengths near 550 nm. Two classes of closely related samples were grown by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy on c ‐plane (0001) sapphire substrate. Although nominally identical, one set appears optically transparent while the other appears black to the eye. The PC spectrum of the black sample shows a strong enhancement of absorption at wavelengths longer than 450 nm. In UV microscopy clusters of dark areas are found in the black sample. Such findings are commonly ascribed to areas of Indium phase segregation but require further study. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heat‐driven spin currents on large scales
Authors: Brechet Sylvain D. , Ansermet Jean‐Philippe
Published: June 2011

Using a three‐current model (i.e. heat, spin‐up and spin‐down electrons) the thermodynamics of irreversible processes predicts that a temperature gradient gives rise to a spin current on large scales, in particular under the conditions used to measure the spin Seebeck effect. Diffusive currents on large scales are common in thermochemistry. The proportionality between the diffusion current and the gradient of the chemical potential is known as the Soret effect or thermophoresis. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigations of a complex, realistic task: Intentional, unsystematic, and exhaustive experimenters
Authors: McElhaney Kevin W. , Linn Marcia C.
Published: June 2011

This study examines how students' experimentation with a virtual environment contributes to their understanding of a complex, realistic inquiry problem. We designed a week‐long, technology‐enhanced inquiry unit on car collisions. The unit uses new technologies to log students' experimentation choices. Physics students (n = 148) in six diverse high schools studied the unit and responded to pretests, posttests, and embedded assessments. We scored students' experimentation using four methods: total number of trials, variability of variable choices, propensity to vary one variable at a time, and coherence between investigation goals and experimentation methods. Students made moderate, significant overall pretest to posttest gains on physics understanding. Coherence was a strong predictor of learning, controlling for pretest scores and the other experimentation measures. We identify three categories of experimenters (intentional, unsystematic, and exhaustive) and illustrate these categories with examples. The findings suggest that students must combine disciplinary knowledge of the investigation with intentional investigation of the inquiry questions in order to understand the nature of the variables. Mechanically executing well‐established experimentation procedures (such as varying one variable at a time or comprehensively exploring the experimentation space) is less likely to lead students to valuable insights about complex tasks. Our proposed categories extend and refine previous efforts to categorize experimenters by linking scientific procedures with understanding of the science discipline. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 745–770, 2011
Autochthonous fermentation starters for the industrial production of Negroamaro wines
Authors: Tristezza Mariana , Vetrano Cosimo , Bleve Gianluca , Grieco Francesco , Tufariello Maria , Quarta Angela , Mita Giovanni , Spano Giuseppe , Grieco Francesco
Published: June 2011

The aim of the present study was to establish a new procedure for the oenological selection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from natural must fermentations of an important Italian grape cultivar, denoted as “Negroamaro”. For this purpose, 108 S. cerevisiae strains were selected as they did not produce H2S and then assayed by microfermentation tests. The adopted procedure made it possible to identify 10 strains that were low producers of acetic acid and hydrogen sulphide and showed that they completed sugar consumption during fermentation. These strains were characterized for their specific oenological and technological properties and, two of them, strains 6993 and 6920, are good candidates as industrial starter cultures. A novel protocol was set up for their biomass production and they were employed for industrial-scale fermentation in two industrial cellars. The two strains successfully dominated the fermentation process and contributed to increasing the wines’ organoleptic quality. The proposed procedure could be very effective for selecting “company-specific” yeast strains, ideal for the production of typical regional wines. “Winery” starter cultures could be produced on request in a small plant just before or during the vintage season and distributed as a fresh liquid concentrate culture.
Enhanced production of alkaline thermostable keratinolytic protease from calcium alginate immobilized cells of thermoalkalophilic Bacillus halodurans JB 99 exhibiting dehairing activity
Authors: Shrinivas Dengeti , Kumar Raghwendra , Naik G R
Published: June 2011

The thermoalkalophilic Bacillus halodurans JB 99 cells known for production of novel thermostable alkaline keratinolytic protease were immobilized in calcium alginate matrix. Batch and repeated batch cultivation using calcium alginate immobilized cells were studied for alkaline protease production in submerged fermentation. Immobilized cells with 2.5% alginate and 350 beads/flask of initial cell loading showed enhanced production of alkaline protease by 23.2% (5,275 ± 39.4 U/ml) as compared to free cells (4,280 ± 35.4 U/ml) after 24 h. In the semicontinuous mode of cultivation, immobilized cells under optimized conditions produced an appreciable level of alkaline protease in up to nine cycles and reached a maximal value of 5,975 U/ml after the seventh cycle. The enzyme produced from immobilized cells efficiently degraded chicken feathers in the presence of a reducing agent which can help the poultry industry in the management of keratin-rich waste and obtaining value-added products.
A Novel Model for Evaluating Nerve Regeneration in the Composite Tissue Transplant: The Murine Heterotopic Limb Transplant
Authors: Yan Ying , Johnson Philip J. , Glaus Simone W. , Hunter Daniel A. , Mackinnon Susan E. , Tung Thomas H.
Published: June 2011

Purpose For individuals who have experienced debilitating upper extremity injury or amputation, hand transplantation holds the potential for drastic quality of life improvement. This potential depends on adequate nerve regeneration into the transplant and reanimation of graft musculature. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a murine heterotopic limb transplant model for evaluation of nerve regeneration in a composite tissue allograft (CTA). We also compare the effects of various immunosuppressive regimens on nerve regeneration in this model.

Methods

The study consisted of five groups of mice, all of which underwent heterotopic limb transplant with coaptation of the recipient and donor sciatic nerves. The groups received the following immunosuppressive regimens: group A (positive control)—syngeneic transplant, no immunosuppression; group B (negative control)—allogeneic transplant, no immunosuppression; group C—allogeneic transplant, FK-506+MR1; group D—allogeneic transplant, MR1+ CTLA4-Ig; group E—syngeneic transplant, FK-506 treatment with preloading.

Results

Group B animals showed signs of transplant rejection as early as 5 days postoperatively. Except for one mouse from group C and one mouse from group D, all other animals had viable transplants and nerve regeneration present in the donor sciatic nerve at the 3-week endpoint of the study.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this represents the first report of the use of a mouse CTA model for evaluation of nerve regeneration. The mouse heterotopic limb transplant model will be a valuable tool for CTA research since it can be performed with more ease, and with less host morbidity and mortality than the mouse orthotopic model.
Hypoxic respiratory failure due to phrenic nerve palsy from an interscalene brachial plexus block and previously asymptomatic pulmonary embolism
Authors: Minett Danielle M. , Nace Jason E. , Nomura Jason T.
Published: June 2011

Interscalene brachial plexus block is a common regional anesthesia method for upper extremity surgery. A rare complication of this procedure is dyspnea secondary to phrenic nerve palsy and hemidiaphragm paralysis. In our case, this rare complication diagnosed using ultrasound led to the diagnosis of a previously asymptomatic pulmonary embolism. The use of ultrasonography was key in the diagnosis of the iatrogenic nerve palsy and was part of a multiple-modality diagnostic workup for her hypoxemia.
Men’s Migration and Women’s Fertility in Rural Mozambique
Authors: Agadjanian Victor , Yabiku Scott T. , Cau Boaventura
Published: June 2011

Labor migration profoundly affects households throughout rural Africa. This study looks at how men’s labor migration influences marital fertility in a context where such migration has been massive while its economic returns are increasingly uncertain. Using data from a survey of married women in southern Mozambique, we start with an event-history analysis of birth rates among women married to migrants and those married to nonmigrants. The model detects a lower birth rate among migrants’ wives, which tends to be partially compensated for by an increased birth rate upon cessation of migration. An analysis of women’s lifetime fertility shows that it decreases as the time spent in migration by their husbands accrues. When we compare reproductive intentions stated by respondents with migrant and nonmigrant husbands, we find that migrants’ wives are more likely to want another child regardless of the number of living children, but the difference is significant only for women who see migration as economically benefiting their households. Yet, such women are also significantly more likely to use modern contraception than other women. We interpret these results in light of the debate on enhancing versus disrupting effects of labor migration on families and households in contemporary developing settings.
Using electronic medical records to enable large-scale studies in psychiatry: treatment resistant depression as a model
Authors: Perlis R. H. , Iosifescu D. V. , Castro V. M. , Murphy S. N. , Gainer V. S. , Minnier J. , Cai T. , Goryachev S. , Zeng Q. , Gallagher P. J. , Fava M. , Weilburg J. B. , Churchill S. E. , Kohane I. S. , Smoller J. W.
Published: June 2011

Background

Electronic medical records (EMR) provide a unique opportunity for efficient, large-scale clinical investigation in psychiatry. However, such studies will require development of tools to define treatment outcome.

Method

Natural language processing (NLP) was applied to classify notes from 127 504 patients with a billing diagnosis of major depressive disorder, drawn from out-patient psychiatry practices affiliated with multiple, large New England hospitals. Classifications were compared with results using billing data (ICD-9 codes) alone and to a clinical gold standard based on chart review by a panel of senior clinicians. These cross-sectional classifications were then used to define longitudinal treatment outcomes, which were compared with a clinician-rated gold standard.

Results

Models incorporating NLP were superior to those relying on billing data alone for classifying current mood state (area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.85–0.88 v. 0.54–0.55). When these cross-sectional visits were integrated to define longitudinal outcomes and incorporate treatment data, 15% of the cohort remitted with a single antidepressant treatment, while 13% were identified as failing to remit despite at least two antidepressant trials. Non-remitting patients were more likely to be non-Caucasian (p<0.001).

Conclusions

The application of bioinformatics tools such as NLP should enable accurate and efficient determination of longitudinal outcomes, enabling existing EMR data to be applied to clinical research, including biomarker investigations. Continued development will be required to better address moderators of outcome such as adherence and co-morbidity.
To feel safe in everyday life at home – a study of older adults after home modifications
Authors: PETERSSON INGELA , LILJA MARGARETA , BORELL LENA
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to explore aspects contributing to experiences of safety in everyday life for older adults who have received modification services. Qualitative interviews were conducted with eight people. Data were analysed using a comparative approach. Three main categories emanated in the analysis: prerequisites that enable a feeling of safety, strategies that enable safety in everyday life, and use of and reliance on technology impacts on safety. The findings revealed that to feel safe in everyday life was based on three prerequisites: feeling healthy, having someone to rely on and feeling at home. The fulfilment of these prerequisites further impacted on the participants' strategies for handling problems in everyday life but also on the ability to use and benefit from technology such as home modifications. In conclusion, the findings indicated that interventions provided to increase safety for older adults should primarily be focused on the presence and fulfilment of prerequisites and later on other interventions such as technology. Technology such as home modifications and assistive devices was not found in this study to facilitate the feeling of safety unless supported by the fulfilled prerequisites. Implications of these findings for clinical practice are discussed.
Generalized Schwarzian derivatives and higher order differential equations
Authors: CHUAQUI MARTIN , GRÖHN JANNE , RÄTTYÄ JOUNI
Published: June 2011

It is shown that the well-known connection between the second order linear differential equation h″ + B(z)h = 0, with a solution base {h1, h2}, and the Schwarzian derivative

of f = h1/h2, can be extended to the equation h(k) + B(z) h = 0 where k ≥ 2. This generalization depends upon an appropriate definition of the generalized Schwarzian derivative Sk(f) of a function f which is induced by k−1 ratios of linearly independent solutions of h(k) + B(z) h = 0. The class k(Ω) of meromorphic functions f such that Sk(f) is analytic in a given domain Ω is also completely described. It is shown that if Ω is the unit disc or the complex plane , then the order of growth of f ∈ k(Ω) is precisely determined by the growth of Sk(f), and vice versa. Also the oscillation of solutions of h(k) + B(z) h = 0, with the analytic coefficient B in or , in terms of the exponent of convergence of solutions is briefly discussed.
Self-Motivated versus Forced Disclosure of Environmental Information in China: A Comparative Case Study of the Pilot Disclosure Programmes
Authors: Li Wanxin
Published: June 2011

China promulgated the Open Government Information Decree and Measures of Environmental Information Disclosure (Trial) in 2007, but the Pollution Information Transparency Index revealed the poor implementation of disclosing environmental information in 113 cities in 2008. Adopting a comparative case study approach, this article uses a combination of the “cultural roots” and “webs of dialogue” analytical frameworks to analyse the pilot environmental information disclosure programmes in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, and Hohhot, Inner Mongolia from 1999 to 2000. It finds that when the programme was top-down, the commitment, perception and resources of leadership determined its success and nondisclosure did not receive any public attention. However, when environmental NGOs are actively engaged, pressure can be from the bottom up, webs of dialogue can be established, and the public can be empowered to seek and use environmental information actively in development decision-making and redressing pollution harms.
Zero Biasing and Jack Measures
Authors: FULMAN JASON , GOLDSTEIN LARRY
Published: June 2011

The tools of zero biasing are adapted to yield a general result suitable for analysing the behaviour of certain growth processes. The main theorem is applied to prove a central limit theorem, with explicit error terms in theL1metric, for a natural statistic of the Jack measure on partitions.
With and Without Absurdity: Moore, Magic and McTaggart's Cat
Authors: Cave Peter
Published: June 2011

Here is a tribute to humanity. When under dictatorial rule, with free speech much constrained, a young intellectual mimed; he mimed in a public square. He mimed a protest speech, a speech without words. People drew round to watch and listen; to watch the expressive gestures, the flicker of tongue, the mouthing lips; to listen to – silence. The authorities also watched and listened, but did nothing.
Twenty Questions about Hume's “Of Miracles”
Authors: Millican Peter
Published: June 2011

Hume's essay on the credibility of miracle reports has always been controversial, with much debate over how it should be interpreted, let alone assessed. My aim here is to summarise what I take to be the most plausible views on these issues, both interpretative and philosophical, with references to facilitate deeper investigation if desired. The paper is divided into small sections, each headed by a question that provides a focus. Broadly speaking, §§1–3 and §20 are on Hume's general philosophical framework within which the essay is situated, §§4–11 and §19 are on Part 1, §12–18 are on Part 2, and the final three sections §§18–20 sum up my assessment of his arguments.
Editor's Note
Authors: Romero G. E. , Sunyaev R. A. , Belloni T.
Published: June 2011

As any human labor, the editing process of a book is open to human error. Especially, when there are more than 100 contributors and strict deadlines. Ours was not free of such a fate, but the good will of Cambridge University Press allows us to correct an involuntary omission.
Categorical obligation in international law
Authors: Gould Harry
Published: June 2011

International Law in its current form is dominated by positivism and voluntarism; yet, it has accepted a number of concepts from the Natural Law tradition that seem on the face of things to ill-fit the dominant normative complex. Of primary concern here are the Natural Law notions of categorical obligation that have been brought into International Law in the form ofjus cogensrules. A number of interesting questions present themselves. What are positivists doing talking about categoricals? How have they found a way to make this fit within their larger doctrine? Have positivists adopted the language of categorical obligation, but only the language, not the correlative practices? Is it simply a matter of smuggling in alien concepts and shoehorning them despite the lack of fit, or have they created something new that only seems not to fit? Ultimately, what we find is that International Law has accepted this idea in a form that ultimately is limited by voluntarism's insistence on the voluntary and specific character of all obligations.
Fatal attraction: a critique of Carl Schmitt's international political and legal theory
Authors: Teschke Benno Gerhard
Published: June 2011

The ongoing Schmitt revival has extended Carl Schmitt's reach over the fields of international legal and political theory. Neo-Schmittians suggest that his international thought provides a new reading of the history of international law and order, which validates the explanatory power of his theoretical premises – the concept of the political, political decisionism, and concrete-order-thinking. Against this background, this article mounts a systematic reappraisal of Schmitt's international thought in a historical perspective. The argument is that his work requires re-contextualization as the intellectual product of an ultra-intense moment in Schmitt's friend/enemy distinction. It inscribed Hitler's ‘spatial revolution’ into a full-scale reinterpretation of Europe's geopolitical history, grounded in land appropriations, which legitimized Nazi Germany's wars of conquest. Consequently, Schmitt's elevation of the early modern nomos as the model for civilized warfare – the ‘golden age’ of international law – against which American legal universalism can be portrayed as degenerated, is conceptually and empirically flawed. Schmitt devised a politically motivated set of theoretical premises to provide a historical counter-narrative against liberal normativism, which generated defective history. The reconstruction of this history reveals the explanatory limits of his theoretical vocabulary – friend/enemy binary, sovereignty-as-exception, nomos/universalism – for past and present analytical purposes. Schmitt's defective analytics and problematic history compromise the standing of his work for purposes of international theory.
Social, usability, and pedagogical factors influencing students’ learning experiences with wikis and blogs
Authors: Minocha Shailey , Roberts Dave
Published: June 2011

With a variety of technology-enabled tools and environments to choose from, it is increasingly difficult for educators to ascertain the factors that influence the quality of the students’ learning experience and hence make appropriate choices for the use of technology. In this paper, we discuss the role of two technologies — wikis and blogs — in teaching and learning. We provide case studies of two courses at the Open Umiversity, UK and empirical evidence of students’ experiences, perceptions, and expectations on these courses. We discuss the context of these courses and the usage of these technologies: The pedagogical underpinnings and the rationale for introducing these technologies; the intended learning outcomes from the usage of these tools; and the extent to which the activities based around these tools have enabled the intended learning and facilitated the learning process. We report on the social, usability, and pedagogical factors that have influenced the quality of students’ learning experience. The research reported in this paper aims to provide guidance to course designers and educators for choosing tools, particularly wikis and blogs, for their contexts and for creating value and generating a positive student experience to engender student satisfaction and retention.
Software-realized inquiry support for cultivating a disciplinary stance
Authors: Tabak Iris , Reiser Brian J.
Published: June 2011

What role can technology play in cultivating a disciplinary stance — raising questions, planning investigations, interpreting data and constructing explanations in a way that reflects disciplinary values and principles? How can overt and tacit expert scientific knowledge be captured, represented and used to design software that enables novices to assume a disciplinary stance in their investigations? We present The Galapagos Finches software designed to foster a biological and evolutionary stance. Our approach, Discipline-Specific Strategic Support (DSSS), translates the main variable types, comparison types and relationships in a discipline into manipulable objects in the interface. Pre/post-tests show how DSSS helps achieve a balance between content and process goals. A contrastive-case microanalysis of high, medium and low-achieving students’ inquiry shows progress toward a disciplinary stance. Our study shows how software representations carry multiple levels of meaning, and that the efficacy of learning technologies hinges on reflection at both the navigation and disciplinary-signification levels.
Perceptual learning and the technology of expertise
Authors: Kellman Philip J. , Massey Christine , Roth Zipora , Burke Timothy , Zucker Joel , Saw Amanda , Aguero Katherine E. , Wise Joseph A.
Published: June 2011

Learning in educational settings most often emphasizes declarative and procedural knowledge. Studies of expertise, however, point to other, equally important components of learning, especially improvements produced by experience in the extraction of information: Perceptual learning. Here we describe research that combines principles of perceptual learning with computer technology to address persistent difficulties in mathematics learning. We report three experiments in which we developed and tested perceptual learning modules (PLMs) to address issues of structure extraction and fluency in relation to algebra and fractions. PLMs focus students’ learning on recognizing and discriminating, or mapping key structures across different representations or transformations. Results showed significant and persisting learning gains for students using PLMs. PLM technology offers promise for addressing neglected components of learning: Pattern recognition, structural intuition, and fluency. Using PLMs as a complement to other modes of instruction may allow students to overcome chronic problems in learning.
The effect of working memory, semantic access, and listening abilities on the comprehension of conversational implicatures in L2 English
Authors: Taguchi Naoko
Published: June 2011

This research examined the extent to which pragmatic comprehension, namely accurate and speedy comprehension of conversational implicatures, is related to cognitive processing skills and general listening abilities. Thirty-five Japanese students learning English as a second language completed five tasks: (1) a pragmatic listening test (PLT) that measured the ability to comprehend implied speakers’ intentions, (2) a phonemic discrimination test, (3) a listening section of the institutional TOEFL, (4) a working memory test, and (5) a lexical access test that measured the ability to make speedy semantic judgment. The students’ pragmatic comprehension was analyzed for accuracy (scores) and comprehension speed (time taken to answer items correctly). Results revealed a significant relationship between accuracy scores of the PLT and the TOEFL listening scores, but not with phonemic discrimination ability. Response time of pragmatic listening significantly correlated with the semantic access speed, but not with working memory.
Cartographies of cognitive poetics
Authors: Stockwell Peter
Published: June 2011

The founder of Cognitive Poetics, Reuven Tsur, has seen his project broaden and evolve over the last quarter-century. Some of these developments run counter to Tsur’s continuing thinking, and he has been critical of some of the work that now goes under the name ‘cognitive poetics’. This paper is partly a response to criticisms made by Tsur specifically in relation to Stockwell’s work, and partly a more general defence of the broad discipline as it has emerged in recent years. The argument concerns the relationship between literary criticism and cognitive poetics, and the nature of the radical critique of traditional methods offered by the cognitive turn in arts and humanities research. A case for the broad definition of the term and its radical application is made.
Thin(k)ging Shakespeare
Authors: Sharon-Zisser Shirley
Published: June 2011

This review article examines three recent books which offer philosophical reflections on Shakespeare’s texts: Colin McGinn’s Shakespeare’s Philosophy, Anthony Nuttall’s Shakespeare as Thinker, and Tzachi Zamir’s Double Vision: Moral Philosophy and Shakespearean Drama. Taking as its points of departure Freudian-Lacanian psychoanalysis and Heideggerean philosophy, as well as Shakespearean stylistics, the article argues that, whereas the books examined approach the Shakespearean text with a rationalist and thematic conception of thinking as conscious and cognitive content, this conception is precisely what the Shakespearean text — in its being primarily a poetic work of art — objects to. Thrusting forth its style as object to thematization, making cognitive content leak, the Shakespearean text calls forth not thinking but thin(k)ging, a rememoration of an object always already lost.
Distributed language and dynamics
Authors: Cowley Stephen J.
Published: June 2011

Language is coordination. Pursuing this, the present Special Issue of Pragmatics & Cognition challenges two widely held positions. First, the papers reject the claim that language is essentially ‘symbolic’. Second, they deny that minds (or brains) represent verbal patterns. Rather, language is social, individual, and contributes the feeling of thinking. Simply, it is distributed. Elucidating this claim, the opening papers report empirically-based work on the anticipatory dynamics of reading, their cognitive consequences, Shakespearean theatre, what images evoke, and insight problem-solving. Having given reasons for rejecting linguistic autonomy, the papers turn to theory building. Initially, attention is given to a possible origin for semiotic cognition. Then, it is claimed that language functions by realizing values. Next, it is argued that human dynamics are co-regulated by cultural and biological symbols. Finally, in a review article, the distributed view of language is used to contrast Clark’s (2008) organism-centered cognition with what is here called ecologically extended cognition.
The role of anticipation in reading
Authors: Järvilehto Timo , Nurkkala Veli-Matti , Koskela Kyösti
Published: June 2011

The paper introduces measurement of fixation-speech intervals (FSI) as an important tool for the study of the reading process. Using the theory of the organism-environment system (Järvilehto 1998a), we developed experiments to investigate the time course of reading. By combining eye tracking with synchronous recording of speech during reading in a single measure, we issue a fundamental challenge to information processing models. Not only is FSI an authentic measure of the reading process, but it shows that we exploit verbal patterns, textual features and, less directly, reading experience. Reading, we conclude, is not a matter of decoding linguistic information. Far from being a text-driven process, it depends on integrating both sensory and motor processes in an anticipatory meaning generation based on the history of experience and cultural context of the reader. Finally, we conclude with remarks on the social character and cognitive history of reading.
Insightful thinking
Authors: Fioratou Evridiki , Cowley Stephen J.
Published: June 2011

We trace how cognition arises beyond the skin. Experimental work on insight problem solving is used to examine how external artifacts can be used to reach the goal of assembling a ‘cheap necklace’. Instead of asking how insight occurs ‘in the head’, our participants in Experiment 1 can either draw solution attempts or manipulate real objects (specifically, chain links that make up a necklace). Even though performance with real chain links is significantly more successful than on paper, access to objects does not make this insight problem simple: objects themselves do not shape cognition. This challenges extended mind views. While failure often results from the inappropriate (to the current insight problem) application of hill-climbing, material artifacts can trigger solutions. In Experiment 2, we used ‘open link’ conditions of the concretized problem to prompt participants to act (or think). Solutions arrived via insight, serendipity, or trial-and-error. By investigating how objects are used, we show that they do more than supplement neural events. Rather, participants monitor and anticipate the effects of action (and thinking) within an organism-environment system. By analogy, language too draws on experience of monitoring real-time effects as bodily dynamics play out in a normative and cultural world. In engaging with public language, it is likely that verbal patterns function by constraining anticipatory (action-based) cognitive processes.
Mood in complementizer phrases in Spanish
Authors: Dam Lotte , Dam-Jensen Helle
Published: June 2011

This article argues that language provides instructions for the interpretive work of the addressee. The result of this interpretive process is the establishment of linguistic meaning. On this assumption, the article aims at explaining how meaning is established on the basis of the category of mood in Spanish. It is often assumed that the meaning of mood in Spanish is explainable in terms of assertion vs. non-assertion. Contrary to this, we shall claim that assertion belongs to the level of subordination. Instead of the assertion theory, it is suggested that mood may be explained with reference to the notion of factuality. This claim is tested by means of an analysis of mood in complementizer phrases.
On the use and misuse of the “Two Children” brainteaser
Authors: Rutherford Mel D.
Published: June 2011

Cognitive scientists employ brainteasers, or “cognitive illusions” in service of cognitive research. In some cases, rewording or paraphrasing a question can change the correct answer, without the experimenter realizing. In recent published articles describing cognitive research, participants have pondered brainteasers, including what is here called the “Two Children” problem. Although many accounts of this problem in the academic literature navigate its nuances correctly, in the popular press it is usually presented such that the wording of the question does not actually compel the answer that is offered as correct. Unfortunately, cognitive scientists who have used this problem in research have adopted the more informal and ambiguous version that has become common in the popular press. Recent experiments have used the problem to demonstrate that people make common intuitive errors, but they unfortunately employ an ambiguous form of the question and the answer to the problem is not determinate, as they imply.
Factors Important to Success in the Volunteer Long-Term Care Ombudsman Role
Authors: Nelson H. Wayne , Hooker Karen , DeHart Kimberly N. , Edwards John A. , Lanning Kevin
Published: June 2011

This study found that the satisfaction of one state's largely older volunteers' altruistic, affiliation, and self-improvement motives corresponded to increased organizational loyalty and better performance across several dimensions. Younger volunteers served for shorter periods and were more highly motivated by the “self-improvement” need. Altruism and organizational loyalty emerged as particularly important motivations.
Turnover Begets Turnover
Authors: Castle Nicholas G.
Published: June 2011

Purpose: This study examined the association between turnover of caregivers and turnover of nursing home top management. The top managers examined were administrators and directors of nursing, and the caregivers examined were registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nurse aides. Design and Methods: The data came from a survey of 419 nursing facilities and the Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting system. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between turnover of nursing home top management and turnover of caregivers. Results: A 10% increase in top management turnover is associated (p <.05) with a 21% increase in the odds that a facility will have a high turnover rate of nurse aides and is associated (p <.05) with an 8% decrease in the odds that a facility will have a low turnover rate of nurse aides. A 10% increase in top management turnover is associated (p <.1) with a 30% increase in the odds that a facility will have a high turnover rate for registered and licensed practical nurses. Implications: This study provides preliminary evidence that the turnover of top managers may have an important influence on caregiver turnover in nursing homes.
Past, present and impendent hydroelastic challenges in the polar and subpolar seas
Authors: Squire Vernon A.
Published: June 2011

Current and emergent advances are examined on the topic of hydroelasticity theory applied to natural sea ice responding to the action of ocean surface waves and swell, with attention focused on methods that portray sea ice more faithfully as opposed to those that oversimplify interactions with a poor imitation of reality. A succession of authors have confronted and solved by various means the demanding applied mathematics associated with ocean waves (i) entering a vast sea-ice plate, (ii) travelling between plates of different thickness, (iii) impinging on a pressure ridge, (iv) affecting a single ice floe with arbitrarily specified physical and material properties, and (v) many such features or mixtures thereof. The next step is to embed simplified versions of these developments in an oceanic general circulation model for forecasting purposes. While targeted on specific sea-ice situations, many of the reported results are equally applicable to the interaction of waves with very large floating structures, such as pontoons, floating airports and mobile offshore bases.
Conservation of gene function in behaviour
Authors: Reaume Christopher J. , Sokolowski Marla B.
Published: June 2011

Behaviour genetic research has shown that a given gene or gene pathway can influence categorically similar behaviours in different species. Questions about the conservation of gene function in behaviour are increasingly tractable. This is owing to the surge of DNA and 'omics data, bioinformatic tools, as well as advances in technologies for behavioural phenotyping. Here, we discuss how gene function, as a hierarchical biological phenomenon, can be used to examine behavioural homology across species. The question can be addressed independently using different levels of investigation including the DNA sequence, the gene's position in a genetic pathway, spatial–temporal tissue expression and neural circuitry. Selected examples from the literature are used to illustrate this point. We will also discuss how qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the behavioural phenotype, its function and the importance of environmental and social context should be used in cross-species comparisons. We conclude that (i) there are homologous behaviours, (ii) they are hard to define and (iii) neurogenetics and genomics investigations should help in this endeavour.