bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The United States and Migration Crises
Authors: Bose Pablo
Published: October 2018

Migration is a particularly controversial topic in the contemporary world, with an increasing number of migrants facing a backlash in rhetoric as well as the policies of immigrant-receiving countries. This chapter explores the complexities of this dynamic—the contested nature of migrant categories as well as the very notion of a ‘migrant crisis. It examines these in the context of the past five years and in light of two particular cases—the global response to the number of Syrian refugees fleeing that country’s conflict, and the history of US refugee resettlement policies.
Migration to Australia in Times of Crisis
Authors: Collins Jock
Published: October 2018

Australia has been one of the western world’s major migration nations for the past seven decades. Immigration has always been controversial, with periodic immigration debates erupting.This chapter reviews the impact of periodic global economic, political, and social crises on Australian immigration policy, on migration discourses and debates, and on migrants themselves. It takes the boat people “crisis,” the global financial crisis, and the crisis in globalization to demonstrate how immigration flows and immigrants themselves have been impacted by these crises and how, at the same time, these events have been politicized and been constructed as a crisis to serve political interests in Australia.
Gender and Genre
Authors: Dowd Michelle M.
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the prevalence of strong female characters in Shakespeare’s comedies, situating them within recent scholarship on the multidimensional status, agency, and lived experience of Englishwomen of different social classes. In particular, the chapter considers female agency in the comedies through the lens of new materialist approaches to Shakespeare and gender. Attending to such materialist concerns as inheritance, property ownership, and domestic management helps illuminate the specific forms of female authority that are enabled and disabled in the comedies. Analysing selected comedies, notably Twelfth Night, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona, this chapter argues that the perceived ‘strength’ of many of Shakespeare’s comic heroines is complexly interwoven with the material conditions of their historical moment.
Encountering the Past II
Authors: Cooper Helen
Published: October 2018

Shakespeare’s comic stagecraft was developed in a world that embraced all kinds of entertainments, from the informality of jesters and festive shows to moral interludes. His choice of plots for his comedies was predominantly governed not by Classical models or humanist theory but by his English dramatic and narrative inheritance. Middle English provided the model of romance that focused on the loves of the high-born, their trials (sometimes including the threat of death) on the way to a happy ending, and a marked emphasis on women’s faithfulness. The most important single author to inspire him was Chaucer, who underlies three of his plays, with Gower in second place. It was an inheritance that made generous space for comedy as funny, but which also opened up the seriousness of the genre such as reached its fullest expression in the last plays.
Encountering the Present II
Authors: Kesson Andy
Published: October 2018

This chapter rereads the generic boundaries of Shakespeare’s writing by exploring two different, and potentially opposed, meanings of the word ‘comedy’ in the sixteenth century. On the one hand, comedy was a recognizable classical concept, representing a range of generic possibilities with implications for tone, prosody, character range and narrative expectation. On the other hand, comedy had also become a vernacular English word which might mean little more than play or story, with no implication about content or style. This chapter suggests that Shakespeare was much more active than previously recognized in creating a dramatic genre built around self-consciously classical principles. The subsequent canonization of Shakespeare’s idiosyncratic take on the genre has in turn inflected the way the much more fluid work of his contemporaries has been read and understood. This chapter explores the multiple meanings of comedy in this early period alongside Shakespeare’s active intervention within it.
Cognitive Integration
Authors: Menary Richard
Published: October 2018

If cognition is fundamentally interactive how did it come to be so? The cognitive integration framework provides an answer: phylogenetically early forms of cognition, in humans, involve sensorimotor interactions with the environment; these are built upon by more recent cultural innovations, which are a product of cultural evolution and niche construction. The key cultural innovations are symbolic representations and the normative cognitive practices that govern their manipulation. These representational systems and cognitive practices are preserved across generations by cultural inheritance. Phylogenetically early sensorimotor capacities for making and manipulating tools can be reused to create and manipulate representations when completing cognitive tasks. Reuse depends upon neural plasticity and social learning, which results in the transformation of our cognitive capacities. The chapter also provides a dimensional analysis of integrated cognitive systems and provides responses to recent criticisms.
Critical Note
Authors: Walter Sven
Published: October 2018

I offer some critical thoughts on some philosophical issues touched upon in the four papers in the section on Cognition, Action, and Perception. I highlight these issues because, apart from revealing some problematic aspects of the arguments presented therein, they illustrate a general concern about some prominent debates in the context of 4E approaches to cognition: that at some times we are so excited that we can bring philosophy in close touch with empirical results that we forget our core business as philosophers—the argument—while at other times we can’t stop overdoing it with our philosophical concept-mongery and thereby fail to see important lessons empirical results have to teach us. In addition, I want to draw attention to a topic that one might have expected to be covered in a handbook on 4E cognition, in particular in the section on Cognition, Action, and Perception, but that isn’t addressed: the topic of self-control.
Disclosing the World
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: October 2018

This chapter defends a general picture of intentionality. Intentional directedness toward the world consists in revealing or disclosing activity: activity in virtue of which an object is revealed as falling under a given mode of presentation. This revealing activity often straddles processes occurring in the brain, in the body more generally, and the environment in which this body is situated. The result is that mental processes are often—not always, not necessarily, but often—embodied, enacted, and extended. There is no principled reason for thinking that the revealing activity that occurs outside the brain and/or body is not mental activity.
Building a stronger concept of embodiment
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: October 2018

After reviewing some disagreements and worries about embodied cognition (EC) as a research field, I focus on the distinction between weak EC, which focuses on brain-based, body-related representations, and strong EC, which takes the extraneural body and environment to be more central to cognition. An important aspect of weak EC is its reliance on the neural reuse hypothesis. I argue that an adequate understanding of neural reuse actually points in the direction of a stronger conception of embodied cognition where extraneural factors play an essential role in evolutionary and developmental time frames. Both body and the environment (including physical, social, and cultural factors) place important constraints on how reuse works.
Critical Note
Authors: Weber Arne M. , Vosgerau Gottfried
Published: October 2018

While Gallagher, Pacherie, Rowlands, and de Vignemont focus on various aspects of a coupling between brain, body, and environment, they want to explain different cognitive and especially perceptual phenomena. Subsequently, we ask in detail for their explanatory aims regarding the specific explananda and the plausibility of each explanans. Thereby, a comparison of given accounts requires a closer evaluation concerning the possible scope of influential factors, theoretical backgrounds of interpretation and, last but not least, if the arguments are conclusive. Sometimes the requirements for the conclusions seem controversial, maybe unwarranted, or the overall explanatory aim is unclear. With each contribution, we get insightful examples for and revealing views into diverse perceptual phenomena with reference to a coupling between brain, body, and environment. After all, our purpose is to suggest a general framework to integrate and understand different approaches to explain cognitive outcomes.
Beyond Mirroring
Authors: Zahavi Dan , Michael John
Published: October 2018

When considering the current debate on empathy, it quickly becomes evident that a diversity of definitions of and approaches to the topic are available, and that no consensus seems forthcoming. The aim of our contribution is not to resolve these disputes or to argue in favor of any one particular way of conceptualizing empathy. Instead, our aim is to open up a new perspective by exploring the potential of applying embodied, extended, enactive, and embedded approaches to empathy research. As we shall see, these approaches help to integrate insights from phenomenology and the cognitive sciences in thinking about empathy, as well as in understanding the role of reciprocity, intentional alignment, embodied simulation, and the second-person perspective in empathy. They also highlight the inadequacy of the widespread assumption that empathy amounts to a form of affective matching or mirroring.
Ecological-Enactive Cognition as engaging with a field of relevant affordances
Authors: Rietveld Erik , Denys Damiaan , Van Westen Maarten
Published: October 2018

The topic of this Oxford handbook is “4E cognition”: cognition as embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended. However, one important “E” is missing: an E for ecological. We sketch an ecological-enactive approach to cognition that presents a framework for bringing together the embodied/enactive program with the ecological program originally developed by James Gibson, in which affordances are central. We call this framework the skilled intentionality framework. The skilled intentionality framework is a philosophical approach to understanding the situated and affective embodied mind. It is a new conceptual framework for the field of 4E cognitive science that focuses on skilled action and builds upon an enriched notion of affordances. We define skilled intentionality as the selective engagement with multiple affordances simultaneously in a concrete situation. The skilled intentionality framework clarifies how complementary insights on affordance responsiveness from philosophy/phenomenology, ecological psychology, emotion psychology, and neurodynamics hang together in an intertwined way.
Embodiment of emotion and its situated nature
Authors: Carr Evan W. , Kever Anne , Winkielman Piotr
Published: October 2018

Social functioning requires emotion. We must be able to recognize, interpret, and generate emotions across a variety of social contexts. But how are emotions conceptually represented in the mind? Embodiment (or grounded cognition) theories propose that processing of emotional concepts is partly based in one’s own perceptual, motor, and somatosensory systems. We review evidence for this account across a variety of domains, including facial expression perception, interpretation of emotional language, somatic involvement in affective processing, and “mirroring” of others’ actions. We also contrast embodiment theories with more traditional “amodal” frameworks, which represent emotional information as abstract language-like symbols in cognitive networks. Overall, we argue that a comprehensive account of emotion concepts requires considering their embodiment. Simultaneously, we highlight that embodiment is flexible and dynamic, especially within the social environment. This means that when and how emotion concepts are embodied critically depends on situational cues and current representational needs.
The Embodiment of Language
Authors: Johnson Mark
Published: October 2018

Analytic philosophy of language was originally based on a fundamentally disembodied view of meaning and language. In contrast, research in cognitive linguistics and neuroscience emphasizes the central role of the body and brain in shaping meaning, concepts, and thought. Meaning is not, in the first instance, linguistic. Instead, language depends on and recruits prior sensory, motor, and affective processes. This article surveys some of the more important embodied structures and processes of meaning-making that give rise to the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of natural languages. This includes body-part projections, perceptual concepts, image schemas, emotions, body-based grammatical constructions, and conceptual metaphors, as those are understood from the perspective of simulation semantics, embodied construction grammar, and the neural theory of language. In addition to the four Es of cognition—embodied, embedded, enactive, extended—we need to add three more Es—emotional, evolutionary, and exaptative.
The Embodiment of Concepts
Authors: Van Elk Michiel , Bekkering Harold
Published: October 2018

We characterize theories of conceptual representation as embodied, disembodied, or hybrid according to their stance on a number of different dimensions: the nature of concepts, the relation between language and concepts, the function of concepts, the acquisition of concepts, the representation of concepts, and the role of context. We propose to extend an embodied view of concepts, by taking into account the importance of multimodal associations and predictive processing. We argue that concepts are dynamically acquired and updated, based on recurrent processing of prediction error signals in a hierarchically structured network. Concepts are thus used as prior models to generate multimodal expectations, thereby reducing surprise and enabling greater precision in the perception of exemplars. This view places embodied theories of concepts in a novel predictive processing framework, by highlighting the importance of concepts for prediction, learning and shaping categories on the basis of prediction errors.
Critical Note
Authors: Glock Hans‐Johann
Published: October 2018

My contribution comments on the chapters by van Elk and Bekkering, Johnson, Liszkowski, and Schmidt and Rakoczy in a sequence taking us from concepts through language to social cognition and normativity. My perspective is philosophical in stressing conceptual questions, yet in a way that acknowledges their dynamic interconnections with empirical and methodological issues. What constitutes the phenomena investigated by 4E cognitive science, such as concepts, meaning, interaction and normativity? How are they understood in different scientific paradigms, research programs, and theories? One of my general conclusions is that at least some factors in the development of both the language faculty and specific languages are not side effects of purely biological adaptations; instead they are directly functional for cooperative and language-wielding primates, and they may be the result of cumulative cultural development or even of (admittedly complex and messy) intentional innovations.
Interpersonal judgments, embodied reasoning, and juridical legitimacy
Authors: Varga Somogy
Published: October 2018

A particular branch of the embodied cognition (EC) research program explicates abstract concepts and metaphors as grounded in particular domains of bodily experience. This chapter explores conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and some recent behavioral and neuroscientific research that appears to offer some support for it. While this research indicates that bodily states exert non-negligible influence on cognition and behavior, the influences appear to occur in a way that is insensitive to reflectively endorsed norms. Assuming that the experimental findings extend to real-life situations, the findings raise a number of questions. The chapter offers reflections on particular questions and concerns in the legal realm and explores whether the findings present potential challenges to juridical legitimacy.
Little Dorrit
Authors: Orestano Francesca
Published: October 2018

By dwelling first on the ‘faults’, then on the ‘excellencies’ remarked by reviewers and critics of Little Dorrit, this chapter also traces the history of that novel’s critical reception as it evolved from a close focus on contemporary politics and economics toward a study of the writer’s Hogarthian skill at building a visual satire. Subsequently the characters’ psychology as well as Dickens’s became the object of critical enquiry. When visual studies brought to the fore the import of perception and its narrative function, another area of investigation opened, in this chapter specifically connected with, and culturally encoded in, the technique of the stereoscope and the scientific notion of the binocularity of vision. Implemented by Dickens in the construction of Little Dorrit, this notion allows for a further critical reading of the novel as lieu de mémoire where real and imagined imprisonments, inscribed in history, also conjure the scene where cultural memory rewrites individual and collective identity in the present.
Great Expectations
Authors: Hammond Mary
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines how Great Expectations, often characterized as Dickens’s ‘best-loved’ novel, has also become one of his most frequently adapted, and suggests that the relationship is not as straightforward as it might appear. Recently, Rachel Malik (2012) has provided us with a promising new avenue for enquiry, attributing the novel’s enduring power and adaptability to its unusual ‘capsularity’, by means of which particular storylines or even paragraphs can be easily extracted for remediation elsewhere. This chapter demonstrates through an analysis of several different—and often lesser-known—examples of such extractions and remediations that situating Great Expectations in a nascent Victorian version of multiplatform publishing of which Dickens was well aware as he was writing offers enormous potential for a better understanding, both of his main creative preoccupations in 1860–1, and of the novel’s power over time and space.
Dickens, Political Economy, and Money
Authors: Çelikkol Ayse
Published: October 2018

This chapter relates Dickens’s career and fiction to contemporary monetary issues and political economy. Criticism in the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries has revealed affinities between mainstream political economists and Dickens, who subscribed to bourgeois ideology by embracing self-help. Dickens was not only a participant in capitalism but an astute observer of its characteristics. In his career as professional author, he took advantage of the credit economy in subtle ways. Further, his fiction reveals an awareness that literature and the economy both revolve around acts of representation and interpretation; his treatment of gender and sexuality, for instance, draws upon and develops though economic metaphors. The chapter interconnects the methodology of economics to Dickens’s fiction in its final section and suggests that both the political economists and Dickens valorize uncertainty.
Dickens and Animal Studies
Authors: McDonell Jennifer
Published: October 2018

As an acute observer and critic of his age, Dickens reproduces in his writing the ubiquity of animals in the everyday lives of Victorians as raw material, labour, transport, food, clothing, entertainment, companionship, and objects of scientific knowledge. Over the past four decades, animal studies scholars have begun to think seriously about such questions as the permeability of the human/animal distinction, non-human agency, interspecies structures of feeling, the function of zoological language, and the materiality of animal lives in relation to situated knowledges and practices. Central to this project has been the ethical imperative of how we might think about animals as animals rather than simply as symbols or metaphors to explain human concerns. This chapter assesses Dickens’s representation of animals in the context of scholarship in both Victorian and human–animal studies, with a view to how such questions might initiate new lines of enquiry for future work in Dickens studies.
Dickens as a Public Figure
Authors: Williams Tony
Published: October 2018

Taking the tributes made to Dickens at the end of his life as its starting point, this chapter seeks to explore ways in which Dickens was regarded by his public and the range of opportunities which existed to create that image. It considers his association with Christmas, his relation with his reading public, his journalism and editing of two major periodicals, his social awareness and philanthropic involvement, his performance in public readings and giving speeches, and his cultivation of his public image through prefaces, addresses, and correspondence. Many people felt he was personally known to them. But alongside this sense of him that he cultivated throughout his lifetime ran a depth of privacy and indeed secrecy about certain aspects of his personal life only partially revealed posthumously by his designated biographer, John Forster. The connections and disconnections between his public life and his private one continue to be subjects for further study.
Introduction
Authors: Jordan John , Patten Robert L. , Waters Catherine
Published: October 2018

The Oxford Handbook of Charles Dickens seeks to emulate the accessibility, innovativeness, and imaginative interest inspired by its inimitable subject. Part I explores Charles Dickens’s personal and professional life. It examines Dickens as a popular writer in an age of significant cultural, political, scientific, industrial, and philosophical transition, and his impact as an entertainer, social and political commentator, philanthropist, and advocate for justice. Part II includes chapters on all Dickens’s major works and Part III illustrates how Dickens's works address issues concerning families, parents and children, their gendered organization and relationship to social structures of work, education, finance, classes, race, religion, and empire. It explores the socio-historic context of Dickens’s work examining such themes as industrialization, scientific progress, and the impact of history on the Victorian era. Part IV studies Dickens’s language and immense rhetorical range, the genres he deployed to create reading experiences that articulated selfhood, romance, realism, imagination, distress and sorrow, violence, and humour; the role that theatre going, theatrical inheritance, and writing, producing, and acting in dramas played in shaping Dickens’s imagination; and how he and his world came to understand the visual as not simply sensations yielding aesthetic pleasure and pain, but also as systems embedding information as fossils and stars embed the history of eons. Part V investigates the effects Dickens's creations have had on global culture and how twentieth- and twenty-first-century media adopted and adapted Dickens to different formats and situations.
Pickwick Papers
Authors: Tambling Jeremy
Published: October 2018

In Pickwick Papers (1836–7), Dickens, planning Gabriel Vardon, The Locksmith of London, a historical, Scott-inspired three-volume novel, learns to write something else: a comic serial and novel. He appropriates thematic materials, and his text is also appropriated by them. Some themes which will always exercise him include hypocrisy and incarceration. He comes under the sway of an energizing city-based poetic language, while drawing on past literature and art: future research could be done on this, the novel’s origins, and the culture which permitted the speed with which it was realized.
Arguing and Deliberation in International Relations
Authors: Risse Thomas
Published: October 2018

It was not until the late 1980s when social constructivism gradually entered the stage that International Relations (IR) scholars started paying attention to communicative action. Today, this picture has changed dramatically and there is no IR textbook which does not cover “discourse” or “discourse theory.” This chapter concentrates on deliberation, arguing, and communicative action in a Habermasian sense. I start with a controversy in the German IR journal Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, which concentrated on the extent to which Habermas’s theory of communicative action could be made fruitful for the study of international relations, namely diplomacy and negotiations. I then discuss the state of the art with regard to the empirical evaluation of Habermasian assumptions. Scholarship not only demonstrated that arguing matters in global affairs, but discerned the (institutional) scope conditions under which deliberation affects negotiation outcomes. The chapter concludes with some thoughts on the normative implications for global governance.
If Deliberation Is Everything, Maybe It’s Nothing
Authors: Goodin Robert
Published: October 2018

The original deliberative democratic ideal, in both its liberal Rawlsian and critical theoretic Habermasian forms, was one of a cooperative quest for a rationally motivated consensus based on the respectful exchange of reasons among free and equal participants. Subsequent work by deliberative democrats has stretched the concept far beyond that—to what often looks more like a fractious struggle to strike a deal underwritten more by pragmatism than reason among people who are not particularly free or equal in their power and influence. Those stretches are motivated by a desire to make the model either more deliberative or more democratic or moral realistic—or sometimes, in the best-case scenario, all three at once. A deliberative systems approach enables all three to be achieved, some at one place in the system and others at other places.
Online Deliberation
Authors: Strandberg Kim , Grönlund Kimmo
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the empirical research on online deliberation, focusing on three aspects: the preconditions of online deliberations, the communicative processes of online deliberations as well as the central outcomes of online deliberations. Regarding preconditions, we provide an overview of sampling choices and use of incentives in recruitment. We also demonstrate the ways in which scholars have designed online deliberations. We gauge elements such as whether online deliberations are asynchronous or synchronous, allow for anonymous participants or not, employ facilitators or not, and how information materials are used. Regarding the communicative processes, we pinpoint a gap in the research since there are still rather few studies actually measuring discursive quality in online deliberation. Concerning outcomes of online deliberations, the chapter focuses mainly on how taking part in online deliberation affects participants. We also provide a brief overview of how online deliberations have been tied to actual policy-making.
Deliberative Democracy in East Asia
Authors: Tang Beibei , Tamura Tetsuki , He Baogang
Published: October 2018

Japan and China offer two interesting case studies of Asian “deliberative turn” and represent different potential paths to deliberative democracy in Asia. Japanese public deliberation promises to deepen democracy within a liberal democratic system, while Chinese deliberative processes may have the potential to introduce democratic moments into an authoritarian system. In this chapter we aim to develop an understanding of how two key East Asian contexts, Japan and China, are developing deliberative institutions. We examine their cultural, institutional, and historical features, discuss the driving forces, characteristics, and patterns of deliberative institutions, and investigate the impact of Confucian culture. To apply the systematic approach we also examine the potential for deliberative capacity building, as well as assess the prospects for deliberative democracy in East Asia.
Reflections on Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Gutmann Amy , Thompson Dennis F.
Published: October 2018

The disparity between the theory and practice of deliberative democracy should stimulate theorists not only to try to improve practice but also to develop the theory in new directions. Theorists need to pay more attention to the role of science in deliberation, the place of non-deliberative institutions, the legitimacy of decision-making deliberative bodies, and forms of institutional support for deliberation over time, such as civic education. The encounter with practice also shows that a theoretical understanding of mutual respect may be more important than continuing to insist on consensus. Systematic comparisons between deliberative and non-deliberative institutions and systems could help keep expectations for the future of deliberative democracy in perspective.
Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Bächtiger Andre , Dryzek John S. , Mansbridge Jane , Warren Mark
Published: October 2018

We define deliberation minimally to mean mutual communication that involves weighing and reflecting on preferences, values, and interests regarding matters of common concern. Deliberative democracy incorporates the requirements that deliberation take place in contexts of equal recognition, respect, reciprocity, and sufficiently equal power for communicative influence to function. These aspirational ideals have inspired a flourishing field, with theoretical and empirical research across many disciplines, and many democratic innovations and practices in many countries and cultures. We survey the evolution of the ideals of deliberative democracy, their numerous sites in deliberative systems, the places of these sites within broader political arenas, and the many critics, criticisms, and revisions the concept and practice of deliberative democracy have attracted.
Deliberation and Citizen Interests
Authors: Ferejohn John
Published: October 2018

The “folk” democratic tradition in the United States sees citizens not only as the unique source of political authorization but also as competent to pursue and protect their interests at the ballot box. Democracy’s commitment to equality requires that each person’s interests and views are entitled to equal consideration. I argue that equal concern for interests has some priority over equal respect for opinions and that plausible institutional realizations of deliberative democracy must reflect this priority. This does not mean that peoples’ opinions or votes can be ignored but that deliberation must aim to educate or “refine and enlarge” public opinion.
Listening and Deliberation
Authors: Morrell Michael
Published: October 2018

One key idea in the history of deliberative theory is that citizens must listen to one another, though the fullest accounts of listening come from the broader field of democratic theory. Bickford’s (1996) theory is enlightening, but more compatible with agonistic democracy. Dobson’s (2014) exhortations to take listening seriously are important, even if he distances himself from deliberation. In practice, scholars of mini-publics have examined the importance of moderators, structures, and dispositions, including empathy, for outcomes related to listening. Studies using the Deliberative Quality Index reveal factors that improve listening in legislatures. Research examining reciprocity utilize measures that could help us better understanding deliberative listening. Work by Hendriks and Sercan (2017) has even directly examined listening in deliberation. Notwithstanding these developments, we must continue refining the conceptualization and operationalization of listening if we are to understand this aspect of a successful deliberative democracy.
A Preface to Studying Deliberation Empirically
Authors: Bächtiger Andre
Published: October 2018

This preface to the methodological part discusses how normative theories of deliberation can be studied empirically. Despite major advances in deliberative methodology, the preface identifies two challenges: on the one hand, quantitative work on deliberative processes still struggles with the challenge of causality, requiring the development and application of more sophisticated quantitative designs; on the other hand, there is an urgent need for better understanding the variegated meaning of deliberative acts, requiring more qualitative approaches. The chapter calls for a “problem-based” approach to studying deliberation empirically, combining advanced quantitative and qualitative designs, and suggests that new methodological tools may need to be developed or borrowed from other disciplines.
Deliberation and Representation
Authors: Brown Mark
Published: October 2018

Questions of representation arise with regard to the authority, legitimacy, and demographic makeup of deliberative bodies of all kinds. In contrast to an earlier focus on state institutions, recent research on representation examines both elected and unelected representatives in a wide range of local, regional, and transnational arenas. Potential constituencies include not just the voters of territorially defined states, but also nonvoters, undocumented immigrants, people in other countries, children, future generations, and nonhumans. This chapter first briefly sketches selected aspects of the historical relation between representation, deliberation, and democracy. It then examines some of the ways that deliberative theorists have taken up questions of representation with regard to representative thinking, social perspectives, and minipublics. The chapter then discusses systemic and constructivist approaches to representation, focusing on their implications for collective identity, democratic legitimacy, and the relation between political theory and politics.
Politics in Translation
Authors: Neblo Michael , White Avery
Published: October 2018

Recently scholars have broadened deliberative democracy’s research agenda by developing its “systemic” interpretation. Conceiving of deliberation as a set of institutions and practices distributed throughout society, with different sites playing functionally differentiated roles simultaneously, brings the theory closer to political practice and opens up new normative potentials. However, the general turn towards a systemic interpretation of deliberation has also issued a substantial theoretical promissory note. Deliberative theorists now owe a detailed specification of what the key sites of deliberation are, how they relate to each other, and how those relations can yield emergent legitimacy, sometimes from practices and institutions that are not obviously deliberative on their face. We attempt to pay off a substantial portion of this theoretical debt by identifying the key connections between sites in the deliberative system, elaborating on the conditions that must obtain for the core of the system to function successfully.
When Blue Turns to Gray: The Enigma of Musician’s Dystonia
Authors: Peterson David , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: October 2018

Musician’s dystonia (MD) is an enigmatic neurologic disorder that selectively interferes with voluntary motor control required for music performance. In many cases it is evident only in certain passages of certain pieces. This contributes to the challenges of assessment and treatment. Oral medications and botulinum toxin injections have shown some limited efficacy, but with adverse side effects. Physical medicine and rehabilitation strategies generally have a lower risk of adverse side effects and show promise in efficacy but are difficult to incorporate in well-controlled studies. MD shares pathophysiologic features with other forms of focal dystonia, including abnormalities in inhibition, sensorimotor integration, and plasticity at many levels of the central nervous system. Theories for the pathogenesis include multiple etiologic factors, such as genetics, gender, and “use patterns.” Ongoing research on assessment, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis should provide rationale bases for managing and even preventing MD.
The Regulation of Theatres
Authors: Russell Gillian
Published: October 2018

Romantic-period theatre faced long-standing legal constraints on where playhouses could be built, the kind of plays that could be staged, and the social status of actors. This chapter shows how new legislation and historical conditions gradually altered this picture. The impact of the French Revolution and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars created a demand for forms of theatrical entertainment that would mediate the rapidity and scale of cultural and political change, forms for which the ‘illegitimate’ theatres of London were particularly suited. The dominant ‘legitimate’ theatres of Covent Garden and Drury Lane responded to this competition by becoming bigger in scale and developing new, visually spectacular genres such as melodrama and Gothic drama. By the 1820s the two-tier system of legitimate and illegitimate theatres had lost its cultural force and actors were legally recognized as no longer akin to vagrants but as professional artists, analogous to poets and novelists.
Critical Judgement and the Reviewing Profession
Authors: Christie William
Published: October 2018

The opening decades of the nineteenth century, which we know as the Romantic period, was also the great age of periodical literature, at the centre of which were the Edinburgh Review, the Quarterly Review, and later the Westminster Review, each offering a politically inflected conspectus of current knowledge and creative literature that was often aggressively argumentative and assumed greater authority than both author and reader. And the big Reviews were by no means the only places where the Romantic reader could find clever, scathing, though often well-informed and well-argued reviews, which contributed to the high degree of literary self-consciousness we associate with Romantic literature. This chapter looks at the phenomenon of critical reviewing in the Romantic period, at the mythologies that grew up around it as an institution, and at some of the ramifications of its critical severity for the evolution of creative literature.
Continental Romanticism in Britain
Authors: Vigus James
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues on the basis of several constellations of writers that British Romanticism, far from being Europhobic, drew strength from direct contact with Continental sources. The term ‘romantic’ itself, as contrasted with ‘classical’, gained a new inflection through the Schlegel brothers’ works. In Weimar in 1804, Henry Crabb Robinson presented lectures on German aesthetics to Germaine de Staël, whose work then popularized the notion of aesthetic autonomy in Britain, paving the way for the reception of A. W. Schlegel’s Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. Friedrich Schlegel’s Lectures on the History of Literature, meanwhile, informed a nationalist approach to literature through J. G. Lockhart’s translation. Italophile writers, by contrast, resisted this northern style of Romanticism. Not only Shelley and Leigh Hunt, but also Byron, who had contact with the Italian exile Ugo Foscolo, came to regard Dante as a model for political renovation after the Napoleonic Wars.
Transatlantic Engagements
Authors: Robertson Fiona
Published: October 2018

Literary works in the Romantic period were fashioned and interpreted in transatlantic contexts. On both sides of the Atlantic during the decades following the ratification of the United States constitution in 1787, a new and pervasive cultural relativism accompanied changes in national, political, and social identity. This chapter considers a cultural relationship which was simultaneously close and fraught. It examines the rift in literary history caused by the independence of the United States; the politics of emigration and the significance of this for literary expression; the literature of the anti-slavery movement in Britain; the transatlantic literary marketplace; and the impact of copyright legislation in the United States. It also explores the stylistic and ideological allure of American Indian cultures and the emergence of new cultural identities on both sides of the Atlantic
England and Englishness
Authors: Stafford Fiona
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores notions of England and Englishness in the Romantic period, in particular the awareness evident in key literary texts of the complexities attendant on patriotic feeling. The chapter takes its cue from Byron, considering the moment in Don Juan when the protagonist arrives in England in relation to the poet’s conflicted sense of personal and national identity. The approach is informed by two decades of critical debate over the national and global implications of ‘English Romantic literature’, but acknowledges the tendency for the question of Englishness to be overlooked in more devolutionary studies. In order to explore the topic in more detail, the chapter pursues the representation of England and Englishness in three key texts of the period—Austen’s Emma, Cowper’s The Task, and Wordsworth’s ‘Sonnets dedicated to Liberty’—and suggests that in each, expressions of amor patriae (love of country) take the form of a critique as much as a celebration.
(To) Queer
Authors: Gould Elizabeth
Published: October 2018

This chapter tells stories of feminist and lesbian activism related to music and musical lives, personally and in terms of sociopolitical movements. Anger functions as a framing device for storytelling in the literary second person apostrophe, which is deployed to deauthorize language, distance the reader from the writer/speaker, destabilize fixed identities, and disrupt time. Related to gender and sexuality, the second person apostrophe stands in for the displaced “I” of Judith Butler’s concept of gender performativity. The chapter theorizes experiences of the life (specific and individual) in conversation with Gilles Deleuze’s concept of a life (indefinite and singular) that exceeds individuation and evades transcendence of the subject—with and through processes of becoming—in this case, queer musician woman becoming-queer musician woman.
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Polymorphism Is Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Widespread Pressure Pain Sensitivity in Women with Chronic, but Not Episodic, Migraine
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Ambite-Quesada Silvia , Florencio Lidiane L , Palacios-Ceña María , Ordás-Bandera Carlos , Arendt-Nielsen Lars
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To analyze the association between the rs4680 catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism and to determine the association of this polymorphism with clinical, psychological, and pain sensitivity variables in women with episodic or chronic migraine.

Methods

Fifty women with episodic migraine, 50 with chronic migraine, and 50 matched healthy women participated. After amplifying the Val158Met polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction, we assessed genotype frequencies and allele distributions. Participants were classified according to the Val158Met polymorphism genotype into Val/Val, Val/Met, or Met/Met. A headache diary was used for collecting migraine pain features. Disability was assessed with the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale, trait/state anxiety levels with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and depression/anxiety with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were bilaterally assessed over the temporalis, the upper trapezius, the second metacarpal, and the tibialis anterior.

Results

The distribution of the rs4680 Val158Met genotype was not significantly different between women with and without migraine (P = 0.157). No differences in migraine features were found to be dependent on the Val158Met genotype. Women with the Met/Met genotype showed higher migraine-related disability than those with the Val/Val or Val/Met genotype in both migraine groups (P < 0.01). Women with chronic, but not episodic, migraine with the Met/Met genotype exhibited higher depressive and anxiety levels and lower PPTs than those with the Val/Val or Val/Met genotype.

Conclusions

The Val158Met rs4680 polymorphism does not appear to be involved in predisposition to suffer from migraine; however, this genetic factor may be involved in the phenotypic expression of chronic migraine, as anxiety, depression, and widespread pressure pain sensitivity were greater in those women with chronic, but not episodic, migraine with the Met/Met genotype.
Pathways to mental health improvement in a community-led area-based empowerment initiative: evidence from the Big Local ‘Communities in Control’ study, England
Authors: McGowan V J , Wistow J , Lewis S J , Popay J , Bambra C
Published: October 2018

Background

Area-based initiatives that include a focus on community empowerment are increasingly being seen as potentially an important way of improving health and reducing inequalities. However, there is little empirical evidence on the pathways between communities having more control and health outcomes.

Purpose

To identify pathways to health improvement in a community-led area-based community empowerment initiative.

Methods

Longitudinal data on mental health, community control, area belonging, satisfaction, social cohesion and safety were collected over two time points, 6 months apart from 48 participants engaged in the Big Local programme, England. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was used to explore pathways to health improvement.

Results

There was no clear single pathway that led to mental health improvement but positive changes in ‘neighbourhood belonging’ featured in 4/5 health improvement configurations. Further, where respondents experienced no improvement in key social participation/control factors, they experienced no health improvement.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a potential pathway between an improvement in ‘neighbourhood belonging’ and improved mental health outcomes in a community empowerment initiative. Increasing neighbourhood belonging could be a key target for mental health improvement interventions.
Regulation of Plant Immune Signaling by Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases
Authors: Bredow Melissa , Monaghan Jacqueline
Published: October 2018

Activation of Ca2+ signaling is a universal response to stress that allows cells to quickly respond to environmental cues. Fluctuations in cytosolic Ca2+ are decoded in plants by Ca2+-sensing proteins such as Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs). The perception of microbes results in an influx of Ca2+ that activates numerous CDPKs responsible for propagating immune signals required for resistance against disease-causing pathogens. This review describes our current understanding of CDPK activation and regulation, and provides a comprehensive overview of CDPK-mediated immune signaling through interaction with various substrates.