bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exit, Voice, and Solidarity
Authors: Doellgast Virginia
Published: November 2022

Work has become more insecure and unequal. Corporate restructuring strategies hold a good share of the blame, as managers seek to cut costs and shift risk through downsizing, outsourcing, and intensifying performance management. Under what conditions do companies take alternative approaches to restructuring, that balance market demands for profits with social demands for high-quality jobs? In Exit, Voice, and Solidarity, Doellgast argues that labor unions can play a central role in encouraging high road practices. But they face steep challenges where they lack strong and inclusive social institutions, based on high minimum standards and worker rights to participate in management decisions. Based on detailed case studies in the US and European telecommunications industry, Doellgast shows that cross-national differences in these institutions have led to significant differences in restructuring strategies, with implications for worker pay, security, and well-being. However, building and defending these strong social institutions required solidaristic organizing strategies, to push back against intensifying competition across workers and within the labor movement. Constraints on employer exit, support for collective worker voice, and strategies of inclusive labor solidarity together proved to be crucial sources of worker power within core firms and across increasingly fissured and outsourced workplaces. Findings from Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Czech Republic, and Poland give both a wide-ranging and in-depth look at why unions succeed or fail in fights to contest intensifying precarity at work and to propose more socially sustainable alternatives.
Theorizing Exit, Voice, and Solidarity
Authors: Doellgast Virginia
Published: November 2022

Chapter 1 develops a framework for analyzing the sources of labor union power based on past theory and research in the comparative political economy, employment relations, and sociology of work literatures. The introduction summarizes Hirschman’s (1970) classic book, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty and relates his framework to the one developed in this book. The remainder of the chapter is organized around a discussion of the three components of this book’s framework: constraints on employer exit, support for collective worker voice, and strategies of inclusive labor solidarity. For each, theory and evidence are summarized regarding how each factor advances the social regulation of work, and developments are examined that are contributing to a shift toward more market-oriented institutions and strategies.
Mapping Exit, Voice, and Solidarity in the Case Studies
Authors: Doellgast Virginia
Published: November 2022

Chapter 2 compares institutions across the ten countries included in this study, particularly those affecting the telecom sector and incumbent telecom companies. Constraints on exit take the form of legal or negotiated job security protections and inclusive minimum standards via equal pay rules, sectoral bargaining, and transfer of undertakings protections. Institutional support for collective worker voice is based on differences in participation rights and structures, as well as mobilization capacity associated with union membership and rules or rights concerning industrial action. The dynamics of labor solidarity are influenced by structures that support cooperation among worker representatives, as well as the identity or ideology of the national labor movement and major union federations. The chapter concludes by outlining a model for comparing the cases, based on the intersection of exit, voice, and solidarity.
Performance Management
Authors: Doellgast Virginia
Published: November 2022

Chapter 4 compares negotiations over performance management in four case study companies: BT (United Kingdom), France Telecom (France), TDC (Denmark), and Deutsche Telekom (Germany). Performance management can contribute to precarious employment conditions, particularly based on pay insecurity (connected to variable pay) and job insecurity (connected to fear of losing your job if you do not meet performance goals). A comparison of call center and technician jobs shows that constraints on exit via job security and support for voice via participation rights and structures together shaped the performance management model. Where both were strong, management was not able to use discipline to motivate workers, encouraging a focus on training and development; and performance targets were fairer and more transparent. Labor solidarity played a particularly important role in campaigns to establish pay equity and reduce precarity for the most vulnerable groups of workers.
Conclusions
Authors: Doellgast Virginia
Published: November 2022

Chapter 6 summarizes the book’s findings and discusses implications for theory, policy, and labor strategy. The problem of expanding precarious work has been framed in popular debates as requiring either more informed, mutual gains–oriented strategic choices by management, or top-down policies that help individuals adjust to changing skill and labor demands under technology-driven globalization. The framework in this book suggests instead the need for strong labor market and collective bargaining institutions, that constrain exit and bind employers to negotiated compromises with their workforce. These institutions are most likely to be built and sustained where worker representatives succeed in bridging labor divides based on inclusive strategies of solidarity.
Introduction
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

This introduction is an overview of the contents, claims, arguments, and philosophical temperament presented in No Professor’s Lectures Can Save Us: William James’s Pragmatism, Radical Empiricism, and Pluralism. It sets forth seven main points. First, the book explicates the philosophy of William James. Second, it is comprehensive and ranges across all of James’s work. Third, this account of James’s thought adopts a Jamesian attitude or temperament. Fourth, the book spells out disagreements with some of James’s views where those views are shown to be faulty or incomplete. Fifth, the book is not primarily about James but, rather, through James; it makes use of James to address in original ways central philosophical issues. Sixth, in a Jamesian spirit, the book’s claims are not presented as final or absolute. Seventh, the book is aimed at readers who grasp their own situatedness and partiality and who value open-mindedness, practicality, inclusivity, and diversity. It takes up James’s insights as a resource for new possibilities and new forms of personal and social life.
Possibilities, Faith, and Action
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter analyzes the main themes of William James’s entire philosophy as presented in his 1897 The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. Arguing against abstract, non-pluralistic, and intellectualist interpretations of James, it shows that James viewed philosophies as expressions of irreducibly personal vision and successful philosophies as ones that satisfy the rational expectancies of this vision. From this perspective, James set forth four central commitments. First, life must be a struggle; there must be something to strive against, and there must be real victories and real losses. Second, this struggle must demand our energies and powers for its improvement and redemption. Third, the universe must support our free use of these powers. And, fourth, there are facts brought into being only by our strenuous faith in them. This is a thoroughgoing pluralism and empiricism.
Pluralism Unconcluded
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter critically examines and extends William James’s pluralism and his views of the universe as unfinished. Section 1 explains the pragmatic meaning of pluralism. Section 2 establishes the basis of this pluralism in concrete experiences rather than abstract proofs, paying particular attention to James’s rejection of Hegelianism and its reliance on transcendental arguments—arguments that conclude what logically must be the case on the basis that something else is the case. Section 3 traces James’s refinement of pluralism in his manuscript “The Many and the One,” a refutation of the views of Bradley, and in his transformational efforts to respond to criticisms that his own view was internally inconsistent. Section 4 highlights James’s breakthrough account of pluralism made possible by his (and Bergson’s) rejection of vicious intellectualism. The final two sections provide a novel account of pluralism in terms of multiplicity and non-abstract differences, a point of contact between James and Gilles Deleuze. This makes possible a philosophy beyond intellectualism.
Introduction
Authors: Lie Erik
Published: November 2022

This chapter introduces the book. The major premise of the book is that cash deficiencies are costly. A secondary premise is that excess can also be costly. Based on a simplified framework, there are two ways to control cash holdings. One way is for firms to engage in risk management to mitigate the effect of risk factors. The other way is for firms to regulate payouts to investors.
Optimal Cash Holdings
Authors: Lie Erik
Published: November 2022

This chapter presents trends for corporate cash holdings and lists the pros and cons of such holdings. The costs of insufficient cash, referred to as “ripple effects,” are discussed in detail. They arise because the firm is unable to invest in value-enhancing projects, must raise expensive external capital, or is forced to sell assets. Firms with the greatest potential to experience ripple effects include those with good investment opportunities, long-lasting products, unique assets, opaque operations, and high correlation with peers. Those firms should project future cash distributions, because it is cheaper and easier to remedy a predicted cash shortage before it occurs.
Identifying and Measuring Risk Exposure
Authors: Lie Erik
Published: November 2022

The chapter explains direct and indirect exposure to risk factors. The concept of a natural hedge is also introduced. The chapter then shows how to measure risk exposure via either regressions or simulations. Both methods come with challenges and weaknesses. Last, the chapter discusses the components of risk, including firm-specific risk, market risk, and commodity risk.
Christian Homeland
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H.
Published: November 2022

Christian Homeland examines the history of the Episcopal Church’s involvement in missionary work in the Middle East in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and it describes how the denomination’s evangelistic activities and theological ideas influenced the response of church members to a variety of political and social issues affecting them as Americans during that same period. Beginning in the 1830s, Episcopalians established mission posts in Athens and Istanbul, from which they sought to convert the Muslims and Jews of the Ottoman Empire to Christianity, but failing to achieve any appreciable evangelistic success with non-Christians, they turned their attention to reforming the Eastern Christian churches instead. Receiving key assistance in these efforts from the Anglican missionary bishopric in Jerusalem, a small, but influential corps of Episcopalians dedicated themselves to keeping church members informed about the Middle East, particularly the status of the region’s Christian population, through the middle of the twentieth century. In addition to its study of Episcopal missionaries, this book explores other topics related to their evangelization concerns; these include immigration into the United States, the Armenian genocide, humanitarian relief for refugees and victims of persecution, anti-Semitism and anti-Judaism, Zionism and the formation of the State of Israel, and the contemporary Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Pure and Undefiled Religion
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H.
Published: November 2022

This chapter outlines the initial forays of American missionaries into the Middle East during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Although agents of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) were the first to enter the region, missionaries of the Episcopal Church soon followed. The most important of these Episcopalians was Horatio Southgate, who was appointed in 1844 to serve as a missionary bishop representing his denomination at the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. Although Southgate first hoped to convert the Muslim population of the Middle East to Christianity, he soon realized the hopelessness of that undertaking and turned instead to the reformation of Middle Eastern Christianity—a purpose that was soon transformed into the development of ecumenical relations between High Church Episcopalians and leaders of Eastern churches such as the Greek Orthodox, Syriac Orthodox (Jacobite), Armenian, Assyrian, and others.
Emotional Typhoon
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H.
Published: November 2022

This chapter focuses on events in Palestine during and immediately after World War II, culminating in May 1948 with the declaration of Israeli independence, outbreak of the First Arab-Israeli War, and resultant Palestinian refugee crisis. During these years Anglican missionaries continued to resist Jewish immigration into Palestine, and despite growing knowledge of the manifold evils of Nazism, they persisted in employing anti-Semitic tropes and stereotypes to express their opposition to Zionism. Although Charles Bridgeman returned to the United States in 1944, Francis J. Bloodgood and Walter C. Klein—his successors on the Anglican bishop’s staff in Jerusalem—maintained the ministry he had instituted among Middle Eastern Christians, assisting Arab Anglicans in particular to recover from the immense damage to Christian institutions caused by the 1948 war. Finally, this chapter highlights the intense verbal battles among Episcopalians in the United States over the appropriateness of American recognition of the Jewish state.
Epilogue
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H.
Published: November 2022

This epilogue links the book’s prior narrative to the recent history of the Episcopal Church, explaining the connections between ideas that Episcopalians expressed about the Middle East in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the attitudes and activities of the church in the present day. It focuses primarily on resolutions debated at the denomination’s triennial meetings of its General Convention in the years between 1961 and 2018, and it demonstrates how themes articulated at earlier times in the church’s history—the support of Eastern Christians, including Anglican congregations in the Holy Land; concern for refugees displaced by wars and violence caused by ethnic and religious differences; and suspicious attitudes toward Jews (anti-Semitism) and Judaism as a religion (anti-Judaism), especially in relation to the contemporary Israeli-Palestinian conflict—remained current in the twenty-first century.
The Principle of Political Hope
Authors: Goldman Loren
Published: November 2022

This book provides an action-theoretic view of political hope that draws on German idealism, critical theory, and American pragmatism. It offers an alternative to standard perspectives that reduce hope to either a subjective element of individual psychology or to the passive anticipation of the supposedly objective tendencies of the world itself. Featuring chapters on Immanuel Kant, Ernst Bloch, Charles Peirce, and William James, it presents hope instead as a practice of political action that both buttresses and promotes democratic experimentation. By reconstructing hope as a necessary condition for social and political engagement, it furthermore argues for the centrality of utopian thinking for practical action.
Dewey and Democratic Experimentation
Authors: Goldman Loren
Published: November 2022

This chapter reconstructs John Dewey’s theory of political hope and argues that he makes it a necessary condition for democracy. It begins with Dewey’s philosophical anthropology of an ecological self, one that denies any hard lines between self and other, will and world, or individual and environment. From there, it explains the transformation of circumstances as a recursive transformation of the habits of the self. Democracy is then presented as a social formation that enables intelligent, experimental reconstruction of the public in the light of ideals. It argues, finally, that this emphasis on experimentation allows Dewey to avoid the limitations seen in the ultimately one-sided perspectives of thinkers treated in earlier chapters. Because hope is inextricably related to the possibility of political action, the chapter concludes with reference to Dewey’s radical activism for the furtherance of American democracy.
Domains and Major Transitions of Social Evolution
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J.
Published: November 2022

Evolutionary change is usually incremental and continuous, but some increases in organizational complexity have been radical and divisive. Evolutionary biologists, who refer to such events as “major transitions,” have not always appreciated that these advances were novel forms of pairwise commitment that subjugated previously independent agents. Inclusive fitness theory convincingly explains cooperation and conflict in societies of animals and free-living cells, but to deserve its eminent status it should also capture how major transitions originated: from prokaryote cells to eukaryote cells, via differentiated multicellularity, to colonies with specialized queen and worker castes. As yet, no attempt has been made to apply inclusive fitness principles to the origins of these events. Domains and Major Transitions of Social Evolution develops the idea that major evolutionary transitions involved new levels of informational closure that moved beyond looser partnerships. Early neo-Darwinians understood this principle, but later social gradient thinking obscured the discontinuity of life’s fundamental organizational transitions. The author argues that the major transitions required maximal kinship in simple ancestors—not conflict reduction in already elaborate societies. Reviewing more than a century of literature, he makes testable predictions, proposing that open societies and closed organisms require very different inclusive fitness explanations. It appears that only human ancestors lived in societies that were already complex before our major cultural transition occurred. We should therefore not impose the trajectory of our own social history on the rest of nature. This thought-provoking text is suitable for graduate-level students taking courses in evolutionary biology, behavioral ecology, organismal developmental biology, and evolutionary genetics, as well as professional researchers in these fields. It will also appeal to a broader, interdisciplinary audience, including the social sciences and humanities. Jacobus J. Boomsma is Professor of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Copenhagen.
Establishing the moral duty of a promisor to provide for the promisee
Authors: Braun Alexandra
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines ways in which the family provision legislation can come to the aid of promisees whose expectation of an inheritance have been frustrated. It explores what promisees need to prove and what forms of relief are available to them. The chapter shows that while the legislation was never meant to tackle instances of broken testamentary promises, it can offer a means to obtain redress, though usually only one of last resort. Indeed, a promise of an inheritance coupled with a performance on the part of the promisee can help establish a moral duty on the part of the promisor to make provision for the promisee in her will, and in some jurisdictions may even lead to a transfer of the promised asset. However, the scope of the family provision legislation is such that it can only benefit those eligible under the legislation. Also, the legislative claim only arises on the promisor’s death and, at least in principle, only against the net estate. As a result, the protection that it provides is generally weaker than the protection under contract law, proprietary estoppel, or enrichment law.
Establishing an employment relationship
Authors: Braun Alexandra
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines how testamentary promisees can seek redress on the basis of §§ 611(1) and 612 of the German BGB by arguing that their relationship with the promisor is to be characterized as an employment relationship. The chapter analyses how German courts have gone about implying service contracts so as to allow promisees to claim payment of unpaid wages for services they have rendered on the basis of an expectation engendered by a promise to be compensated in the form of an inheritance. It examines what promisees need to prove and how the award is quantified with a view to exploring the extent to which this approach is capable of protecting their interests and caters for the specificities of the setting in which such promises are made. It shows that German courts have adapted a provision that was never meant to deal with instances of unfulfilled testamentary promises and have done so in a way that is for the most part sensitive to the particular context, except for the fact that subjective motives and societal expectations can occasionally hinder a promisee from obtaining payment of wages.
Selfhood and Rationality in Ancient Greek Philosophy
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: November 2022

This book is a collection of fourteen essays on the themes of selfhood and rationality in ancient Greek philosophy. The discussion ranges over seven centuries of innovative thought, starting with Heraclitus’ injunction to listen to the cosmic logos, and concluding with Plotinus’ criticism of those who make embodiment essential to human identity. For the Greek philosophers the notion of a rational self was bound up with questions about divinity and happiness called eudaimonia, meaning a god-favoured life or a life of likeness to the divine. While these questions are remote from current thought, Long also situates the book’s themes in modern discussions of the self and the self’s normative relation to other people and the world at large. Ideas and behaviour attributed to Socrates and developed by Plato are at the book’s centre. They are preceded by essays that explore general facets of the soul’s rationality. Later chapters bring in salient contributions made by Aristotle and Stoic philosophers. All but one of these pieces has been previously published in periodicals or conference volumes, but the author has revised and updated everything. The book is written in a style that makes it accessible to many kinds of reader, not only professors and graduate students but also anyone interested in the history of our identity as rational animals.
Introduction
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: November 2022

This book is a collection of fourteen chapters on the themes of selfhood and rationality in ancient Greek philosophy. The discussion ranges over seven centuries of innovative thought, starting with Heraclitus’ injunction to listen to the cosmic logos, and concluding with Plotinus’ criticism of those who make embodiment essential to human identity. For the Greek philosophers the notion of a rational self was bound up with questions about divinity and happiness called eudaimonia, meaning a god-favoured life or a life of likeness to the divine. While these questions are remote from current thought, the author also situates the book’s themes in modern discussions of the self and the self’s normative relation to other people and the world at large. Ideas and behaviour attributed to Socrates and developed by Plato are at the book’s centre. They are preceded by chapters that explore general facets of the soul’s rationality. Later chapters bring in salient contributions made by Aristotle and Stoic philosophers. All but one of these pieces has been previously published in periodicals or conference volumes, but the author has revised and updated everything. The book is written in a style that makes it accessible to many kinds of reader, not only professors and graduate students but also anyone interested in the history of our identity as rational animals.
Finding Oneself in Greek Philosophy
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: November 2022

The human capacity to view the world objectively first came to light in the speculations of the early change “early” to “earliest” Greek cosmologists. How we understand that history changes because we change. It invites us, as post-Cartesians, to ask how we position ourselves both as subjective individuals and as physical participants in the world’s natural processes. Heraclitus is the key figure to study concerning the integration of these two perspectives. He urges his listeners to situate themselves in a non-anthropocentric understanding of nature. His project invites comparison with Thomas Nagel’s notion of the objective self in his book The View from Nowhere, and the stance of Marcus Aurelius in his Meditations.
Roberts & Zuckerman's Criminal Evidence
Authors: Roberts Paul , Zuckerman Adrian
Published: November 2022

Roberts & Zuckerman's Criminal Evidence gives an authoritative commentary on the fundamental principles and underlying logic of criminal evidence laws. It also tackles the foundations of principles for a fair trial, the presumption of innocence, the privilege against self-incrimination, and bad character evidence while engaging with the broader jurisprudential, moral, and political significance of evidence rules. Major doctrinal developments on evidence changes and cases are addressed such as cases relating to confession evidence, torture evidence, reverse onus clauses, confrontation, hearsay, previous sexual history, and bad character evidence. The title also includes the forensic applications of inductive logic, narrative, and probability.
Self-Reductions
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2022

What kind of fictional construct is the neoliberal subject? Homo psycho-economicus, whose core is the competitive drive. This subject commits itself to enterprise and production. It stands in an entrepreneurial relation to itself, and must develop skills in self-promotion, self-management, and ‘leverage’. It aims for ‘visibility’ but remains ‘authentic’. Yet the self-promoting cannot coincide with the self-promoted self. The neoliberal subject is inwardly flawed and vulnerable, as it must be to keep on overcoming itself. Coetzee has a horror of this subject. His autobiographical writings instead make visible a reticent, self-effacing, self-critical, shame-filled subject. This subject is also properly unknowable and can never reach authenticity. Rather than self-promotion, it chooses a self-presentation involving duty and responsibility, and therefore negation or self-reduction. The neoliberal psyche appears to have gained ground hugely at the expense of the understated or self-diminishing subject. Coetzee counters its Moebius-strip logic with his own.
Countenancing Grace
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2022

Neoliberal culture has exhibited two strikingly polarized understandings of contingency. Philosophers, writers, and artists have privileged the contingent event as never before. The larger culture, by contrast, has repeatedly repressed, denied, or excluded the possibility of it. The chapter traces this paradox through (a) a range of philosophers and writers, but also ecologists, climatologists, and geophysicists; and (b) the media, the culture of security, and managerialism, paying special attention to the last. Coetzee occupies a complex and very distinctive position relative to the opposition and paradox in question. As I show with reference to four texts, his work is concerned with four modalities of (rendering) the event, or what he calls grace: the debarring or death of grace, told ironically; the theoretical recognition of why grace can never be ruled out; the intellectual commitment to the thought of grace; and the moment of grace and fidelity to it.
Aesthetics of Failure
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2022

The coda takes Beckett’s and Cioran’s ‘aesthetics of failure’ and reads Coetzee’s late ‘Jesus trilogy’ in relation to it. The trilogy dramatizes and enacts failure. Literary and intellectual poverty becomes Coetzee’s actual material: the literary theme park or purgatory of clichés, thought now a drift of ideas inseparable from opinion. So, too, this Jesus flags. The story sags. Its central question (the possibility of grace in the modern world) goes unanswered. The trilogy weighs up values radically at odds with those of the culture contemporary with it (amplitude, enrichment, success, mastery, domination, triumph). But the project (the trilogy, and by implication the corpus) may not have worked. To say this, however, is not to lapse into defeatism. Its effects will endure. It may be reborn differently, at a different time. The sense of a possible secular grace is always transmissible, even when grace itself seems historically to have disappeared.
Victorian Paper Art and Craft
Authors: Lutz Deborah
Published: November 2022

Deborah Lutz ponders how authors in nineteenth-century Britain used the materials of writing (and of reading, drawing, and handicraft) for inspiration and creative composition. In doing so, Lutz reshapes the sensory history of working on and with paper. These activities were many and varied: Charlotte Brontë composed poems and doodled in the margins of school books, George Eliot recorded writing ideas on her blotter, Elizabeth Barrett Browning sewed paper to paper to edit her poems, and Jane Austen employed straight pins to “cut and paste.” Albums provided a playful space to collect and to produce text-and-collage gifts for friends, circumventing print culture for a more intimate book making, as Elizabeth Gaskell and Anna Atkins knew. Notebooks and commonplace books were vital to Eliot, Michael Field, and Emily Brontë as part of a writing process. Writers experimented with crafts and needlework to compose text without paper and ink, most notably in the case of samplers. What writing and drawing happened on—including bibles, sewing patterns, and walls—mattered, as related to and generative of the themes of the work. This expansive field of meanings that creativity with textual (and material) things could have was common to the Victorians, but the writers explored here were extravagant even among their self-reflexive contemporaries in their undoing, remaking, miniaturizing, encrypting, reusing, and transforming. The edge of the page, the width of the margin, and the covers of the book were limiting factors, but also provocations to push on further, be radical.
Marginal Scribbling and Defacing
Authors: Lutz Deborah
Published: November 2022

Chapter 1 considers books from writers’ libraries that they have marked, autographed, and supplemented with matter such as pressed plants, feathers, and fingernail scorings. These haptic texts, thickened with time and adaptation, gained singularity, with meaning developing when samples of the real were left behind. Eliot used some of her books to memorialize—to observe a passing moment, to remember a personal exchange—while in others she wrote comments, indexes on their endpapers, and other glosses of a scholarly nature. Charlotte and Emily Brontë, contrarily, penned diaries in their books, doodled in them, and generally defaced them. This thinking of the published, printed volume as paper with blank spaces inciting script, as a bearer of relationships and memory, as a magical object set in place and time, and as a space that could be inhabited shaped these writers’ own creative acts.
Researching and Performing
Authors: Lutz Deborah
Published: November 2022

Chapter 3 takes up a related activity—that of researching. Writers such as Eliot, Michael Field, Charles Reade, and Emily Brontë kept commonplace books, notebooks, journals, diaries, almanacs, and other sorts of memoranda as fodder for their writing lives. Eliot, along with many of her contemporaries (like Anne Lister), inhabited the initially blank books that she bought at shops, usually stationers, and she recognized the ways they inhabited her. They often had pockets (where she stored things), attached pencils, and clasps, and she pasted paper labels on the front or just inside, where she also affixed newspaper articles or extra sheets. She sometimes sewed another cover on top when the original one wore out, re-stitched the binding when it began to fall apart, and cut out tabs from fore-edges to alphabetize. Eliot’s novels in particular evolved out of this magpie collection of quotes, poems, and sayings of others, a network of associations seen most obviously in the epigraphs in Middlemarch.
Essays on Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2022

This book brings together fourteen of the author’s essays on the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, all but one previously published in journals or scholarly collections. They illuminate central philosophical issues in Nietzsche and Schopenhauer—the death of God, the meaning of existence, suffering, compassion, the will, Christian values, the affirmation or negation of life. Some of the essays concern Schopenhauer in his own right, focusing on his concept of will to life, an underlying drive which constitutes our inner essence, but which traps us in self-centred desire, a wrong identification of our true self with the human individual, an egoistic conception of the good, conflict with other beings, and an existence pervaded by suffering. Opposed to the will to life stands everything of real value: art, morality, and the kind of redemption from suffering recognized by mystics from several of the world’s religions. Other essays discuss Nietzsche’s critical responses to Schopenhauer, and his own challenging views on related topics. For Nietzsche, morality is a questionable phenomenon and egoism is wrongly maligned; suffering is an enhancement of life, and the attempt to eliminate it is impoverishing; art is full, not drained, of willing; the world religions and the whole idea of being saved from our life are symptoms of a malaise from which modern culture has somehow to recover. The book also features discussions of the reception of Schopenhauer by two contemporaries of Nietzsche, Richard Wagner and the analyst of pessimism, Olga Plümacher.
The Real Essence of Human Beings
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2022

The chapter focuses on Schopenhauer’s conception of the will as a blind striving for existence, life, and reproduction. The true core of the personality is not the self-conscious ‘I’ or subject of knowledge, but rather the will, which is fundamentally blind and without knowledge. Schopenhauer makes various psychological observations about the interplay of intellect and will. These include the omnipresence of sexual desire in or beneath our experience; the persistence of desires and affects unknown to the self-conscious intellect; the will’s capacity to prohibit representations in the intellect that are liable to arouse certain emotions; and the occurrence of madness when memories painful to the will are shielded from the intellect and arbitrary representations are substituted. The chapter also discusses the extent to which these ideas influenced Freud’s conception of the unconscious.
Schopenhauer on the Aimlessness of the Will
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2022

Schopenhauer asserts that ‘the will, which is objectified in human life as it is in every appearance, is a striving without aim and without end.’ The chapter interprets this as follows: however many specific aims of my specific desires I manage to attain, none is a final aim, in the sense that none terminates my ‘willing as a whole’, none turns me into a non-willing being. To understand Schopenhauer’s claim we must recognize his central contrast between happiness and will-lessness. Happiness is the satisfaction of individual desire, but no act of will that succeeds in satisfying individual desire is the attainment of a final aim, in that none brings about a conscious state in which the subject experiences no more unfulfilled desires. Such a state is the ultimate goal of existence, in Schopenhauer’s view, but happiness does not provide a route along which it can be attained.
Beyond the Individual
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2022

Schopenhauer has two contrasting concepts of love: sexual love (Geschlechtsliebe) and loving kindness (Menschenliebe). The erotic kind of love is worthless to the individual, who is deluded by the ‘will of the species’ that drives the human being to reproduction. By contrast, the selfless, moral kind of love is a step on the path to redemption through extinction of desire and of the individual-self in consciousness. In Tristan and Isolde Wagner tried to rectify Schopenhauer’s philosophy by making sexual love the route to a redemption that transcends individuality. However, rather than rectifying Schopenhauer’s philosophy, Wagner’s intervention is quite incompatible with it. Although both kinds of love trade on the idea that individuation is illusory, Geschlechtsliebe is part of Schopenhauer’s diagnosis of what is wrong with the human condition, while Menschenliebe belongs to his proposed remedy for that condition.
Schopenhauer’s Consoling View of Death
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2022

Fear of death, for Schopenhauer, stems from our non-rational will to life, is not rational, and should be overcome. Death is an opportunity no longer to be the human individual with all his or her troubles. Yet he says it is a mistake to terminate one’s life by suicide because of its sufferings. This chapter argues that his view is consistent: suicide may attain a kind of good by ending suffering, but it prevents the more valuable outcome of redemption through negation of the will. Schopenhauer appears to suggest that death can be welcomed as an annihilation. However, he in fact claims that something about us is not destroyed when we die. Appealing to analogous views in Indian philosophy, Schopenhauer regards individuation as illusory, and consoles us with the thought that the underlying will, which he describes as the true self, persists when the individual dies.
Worse than the Best Possible Pessimism? Olga Plümacher’s Critique of Schopenhauer
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2022

In her 1884 book, Olga Plümacher cites Schopenhauer as the first proponent of philosophical pessimism and Eduard von Hartmann as the thinker who has developed it further. She criticizes Schopenhauer for not achieving as good a pessimism as he might have done, on the following major grounds: that his account of pleasure as merely privative is implausible, that he has a confused account of individuation, that his retention of a Christian notion of guilt is gratuitous, that he lapses into the self-pitying subjectivity of the condition she calls Weltschmerz, and that his philosophy leads to quietism, and is thus inferior to von Hartmann’s combination of pessimism and optimism, which allows for social progress. Nietzsche made some borrowings from Plümacher’s book. Her advocacy of von Hartmann’s position is unconvincing, but her critique of Schopenhauer is penetrating and prefigures some later commentaries.
Beauty is False, Truth Ugly
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2022

Some passages in Nietzsche’s corpus suggest that he thinks the evaluative attitudes to life that may be derived from art are simply a matter of illusion, falsification, and deception. This chapter argues that Nietzsche’s construal of the relation of art to truth is always more subtle than that. In The Birth of Tragedy three different relations of art to truth are juxtaposed: the Apollonian, the tragic, and the Socratic. In later works, especially The Gay Science, there is much to suggest that art is necessary as the provider of illusions that make life bearable. Yet at the same time, the chapter contends, Nietzsche promotes the ‘intellectual conscience’ which entails a commitment to affirmation of life ‘as it is’. The chapter considers ways in which this tension might be resolved, but argues that the relation between art and truth continues to be unstable for Nietzsche.
Nietzsche on Morality, Drives, and Human Greatness
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2022

Nietzsche presents as an ideal the affirmation of oneself, or one’s life, as a whole, without wanting anything to be different. He also talks of greatness in terms of an internal constitution of the drives. The chapter argues that Nietzschean drives and instincts are dispositions of a certain kind that are not fully within the agent’s rational control, but are mutable and subject to alteration by cultural environments. Moral beliefs and other consciously held moral attitudes must be seen as effects of states of the drives, but also as causally influencing the states of the drives, since Nietzsche regards morality as both a symptom of decline in human flourishing and a danger to it. The converse of this is that an attitude of self-affirmation can function both as a symptom of the state of the drives characteristic of greatness, and as a promoter of that state.
Internally Displaced Persons and International Refugee Law
Authors: Ní­ Ghráinne Bríd
Published: November 2022

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are persons who have been forced or obliged to leave their places of habitual residence because of armed conflict, violence, human rights violations, or natural or human-made disasters, but who remain within their states. There are about 55 million IDPs in the world today, outnumbering refugees by roughly 2:1. Although IDPs and refugees have similar wants, needs, and fears, IDPs have traditionally been seen as a domestic issue and the international legal and institutional framework of IDP protection is still in its relative infancy. This book explores to what extent the protection of IDPs complements or conflicts with international refugee law. Specifically, it asks (i) what is the legal and normative relationship between IDPs and refugees? (ii) to what extent is an individual’s risk of internal displacement in their country of origin relevant to the qualification and cessation of refugee status? (iii) to what extent is the availability of IDP protection measures an alternative to asylum? It argues that the IDP protection framework does not, as a matter of law, undermine refugee protection. The availability of protection within a country of origin cannot be a substitute for granting refugee status unless it constitutes effective protection from persecution and there is no real risk of refoulement. The book concludes by identifying current and future challenges in the relationship between IDPs and refugees, by illustrating the overall impact and importance of the findings of the research, and by setting out questions for future research.
Framing the enquiry
Authors: Wallace Mike , Reed Michael , O’Reilly Dermot , Tomlinson Michael , Morris Jonathan , Deem Rosemary
Published: November 2022

The conceptual orientation to achieve the book’s critical explanatory purpose is detailed. The research conducted by the authors was underpinned by a critical realist metatheoretical position, justified on the grounds that it facilitates explanation through inferred generative causal mechanisms, of which the subjects of research may be unaware. The theoretical orientation is elaborated to grasp the complex change process through which the national leadership development interventions were mounted and implemented, and to examine how they impacted on senior staff from public service organizations participating in the provision. A structurally based elite perspective on the dynamics of domination is articulated, entailing uses of hard power and soft power in committing symbolic violence, where perpetrators and recipients collude in sustaining domination. It is complemented by a focus on the orchestration of change by elites and their associates, achieved through the expression of corporate agency across different administrative levels within a public service system.
Investigating an extreme case: national interventions to develop public service leaders
Authors: Wallace Mike , Reed Michael , O’Reilly Dermot , Tomlinson Michael , Morris Jonathan , Deem Rosemary
Published: November 2022

This chapter outlines the large-scale qualitative research that the authors conducted in England during the mid-2000s on three of the national leadership development interventions from the suite constituting our extreme case: for school education, healthcare, and higher education. The investigation focused on perceptions and motivations framing the actions of elite groups across the administrative system, including their uses of persuasive power to shape the culture of senior staff from public service organizations. The scope of data generation and analysis is summarized, entailing critical discourse analysis of policy documents and interviews with policy makers, senior officials responsible for the interventions and commissioned trainers, senior officials of representative bodies for senior staff, and senior staff themselves. The key heuristic concept of leaderism is defined, capturing the ideological discourse of leadership comprising an emergent offshoot of managerialism. One key research focus was on the linkage forged by government elites between leaderism and implementing regulated marketization reforms.
The ‘new normal’
Authors: Wallace Mike , Reed Michael , O’Reilly Dermot , Tomlinson Michael , Morris Jonathan , Deem Rosemary
Published: November 2022

The diffuse contemporary legacy left by the extreme case of national leadership development interventions is explored through a comparative desk research-based review of one national or regional intervention for school education, healthcare, and higher education in the United States of America (USA), Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and England. Varied contextual factors affect engagement in large-scale interventions. Governments in all five countries are pursuing public service neoliberalization through regulated marketization reforms. England remains an outlier in terms of the centralization and comprehensiveness of national leadership development interventions for school education and healthcare, but several other governments are also mounting major interventions for these service sectors. Interventions for higher education are mounted by representative bodies or non-profit organizations promoting the professionalization of their senior staff members as leaders. The greatest potential for the interventions reviewed to operate as an elite policy meta-lever lies in England for school education and healthcare, but they may not do so in practice.
Have you ACED it? How to successfully implement performance-oriented, Acute Critical Event Debriefing
Authors: Dahan Maya , Lirette Marie-Pier , Campbell Douglas M , Moga Michael-Alice
Published: November 2022

Acute Critical Event Debriefing (ACED) after cardiopulmonary arrests should be the standard of care. However, little literature exists on how to implement performance-focused ACED in healthcare. Based on a series of successful ACED implementations in a variety of our settings, we describe key learnings and propose best practices to aid clinicians and organizations in establishing a successful ACED program. Within this practical guide, we also present a novel, standardized debriefing tool (Hotwash) that has been adapted for a variety of clinical settings.