bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pineal Region Tumors of Childhood
Authors: Packer Roger J. , Sutton Leslie N. , Rosenstock Jeffrey G. , Rorke Lucy B. , Bilaniuk Larriss T. , Zimmerman Robert A. , Littman Phillip A. , Bruce Derek A. , Schut Luis
Published: December 2021

The incidence, response to treatment, and outcome of children with pineal region neoplasms is poorly characterized. Since 1975, in one institution, 25 consecutive patients with pineal tumors have undergone biopsy prior to further treatment. This constituted 11% (25/234) of all brain neoplasms seen over this time period. Specific tumors diagnosed included pineal parenchymal tumors (pineoblastomas, pineocytomas) in eight patients (32%); germ cell tumors (embryonal cell carcinomas, teratomas, germinomas) in eight patients (32%); glial tumors (astrocytoma, ganglioglioma) in eight patients (32%); and ganglioneuroblastoma in one patient (4%). Clinical parameters, computed tomographic findings and CSF markers (alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin) were unreliable in discriminating between specific tumor types. Response to treatment and patterns of disease relapse were dependent on the type of tumor present. Five of eight children with pineal parenchymal tumors had disease recurrence, and in all leptomeningeal dissemination occurred prior to or concurrent with local relapse. Three of eight children with germ cell tumors and two of eight patients with glial tumors suffered a relapse; in all five children recurrence was initially local. Findings suggest that pineal region neoplasms are not infrequent in childhood; that these tumors vary greatly in histologic type; that contrary to other reports germinomas do not constitute the majority of pineal tumors; and that histologic confirmation is necessary prior to treatment for appropriate management.
Readability of Pediatric Biomedical Research Informed Consent Forms
Authors: Tarnowski Kenneth J. , Allen Denise M. , Mayhall Christine , Kelly Patricia A.
Published: December 2021

Informed consent forms are used in biomedical research as a mechanism to convey study information to potential subjects so that they may arrive at a decision concerning their willingness to participate. Although the Department of Health and Human Services Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects require the presentation of specific study information at a level that is easily understood, according to research concerning adult biomedical consent forms, the typical form is not readily comprehensible. Unfortunately, no data exist concerning the readability of informed consent forms that are used in the context of pediatric biomedical research. In the present study, readability analyses were conducted on a large sample (N = 238) of pediatric biomedical informed consent forms obtained during a 10-year period from a large midwestern children's hospital. For the entire sample, results derived from two readability estimates (Fry grade equivalent and Flesch Reading Ease methods) indicated that the consent forms were written at the college graduate level. Although there was a linear increase in the length of the consent document during the 10-year period evaluated, expanded length was not associated with improved readability. According to analyses, a differential pattern of reading difficulty was associated with specific sections of the informed consent document. Findings are highly consistent with those from studies of adult biomedical consent forms and document that the purpose of the informed consent form is being compromised, in part, by a readability factor. Suggestions for solving this critical problem are advanced.
Intellectual Impairment in Children of Women Who Smoke Cigarettes During Pregnancy
Authors: Olds David L. , Henderson Charles R. , Tatelbaum Robert
Published: December 2021

Objective. To examine the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and children's intellectual functioning during the first 4 years of life.

Design. Prospective follow-up of participants in a randomized trial of pregnancy and infancy nurse home visitation.

Setting. Semirural community in Upstate New York.

Participants. 400 families in which the mothers registered before the 30th week of pregnancy and had no previous live births. Eighty-five percent of the mothers were either teenagers (<19 years at registration), unmarried, or poor. Analysis limited to whites who comprised 89% of the sample.

Main results. Children in the comparison group whose mothers smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy had Stanford-Binet scores at 3 and 4 years of age that were 4.35 (95% CI: 0.02, 8.68) points lower (after controlling for a wide range of variables) than their counterparts whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy.

Conclusions. The results of this study add to the increasingly consistent evidence that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy poses a unique risk for neurodevelopmental impairment among children and provide an additional reason for pregnant women not to smoke cigarettes.
Neuron-Specific Enolase and Myelin Basic Protein: Relationship of Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations to the Neurologic Condition of Asphyxiated Full-Term Infants
Authors: Garcia-Alix Alfredo , Cabañas Fernando , Pellicer Adelina , Stinis Tom A. , Quero Jose , Hernanz Angel
Published: December 2021

Objective. We questioned whether neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and myelin basic protein (MBP) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the first 72 hours of life are correlated with the neurologic condition of asphyxiated full-term infants in the neonatal period and at 1 year of age.

Patients and methods. Sixty-nine asphyxiated infants were studied with serial neurologic examination, cranial ultrasonography, and neurologic follow-up. CSF samples were obtained by lumbar puncture at 12 and 72 hours of life. NSE was measured by enzyme immunoassay, and MBP was measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results. Twenty infants had no neonatal encephalopathy and 49 exhibited different stages of encephalopathy. NSE and MBP concentrations in CSF at 12 and 72 hours of life were related to the degree of neonatal encephalopathy. Neither NSE nor MBP levels were correlated with any perinatal factors. Infants with documented brain injury had the highest concentrations of both NSE and MBP. The concentrations of these two biochemical markers at both 12 and 72 hours correlated with adverse outcome (death or cerebral palsy at 1 year). Based on a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis for any given specificity, NSE at 12 hours was a more accurate marker than MBP at either 12 or 72 hours for distinguishing infants with motor impairment at age 1 year from infants with normal outcome at the same age.

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that NSE and MBP are reliable biochemical markers for early estimates of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in asphyctic full-term newborns, NSE being superior to MBP.
Clinical Consequences and Treatment of Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes Characterized by Functional T and B Lymphocyte Anomalies (Combined Immune Deficiency)
Authors: Berthet Françoise , Le Deist Françoise , Duliege Anne Marie , Griscelli Claude , Fischer Alan
Published: December 2021

Objective. To review the clinical presentation and outcome of patients with an unusual primary T + B lymphocyte immunodeficiency syndrome, characterized by the presence of T lymphocytes with no detectable gross phenotypic anomaly, but which are not activated in vitro or in vivo in response to antigens, although they do respond to mitogens.

Methods. A retrospective analysis of clinical and immunological data recorded in 25 cases. Acquired immunodeficiencies and known primary T cell immunodeficiency syndromes (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, Di-George syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, cartilage hair hypoplasia, Omenn's syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, defective expression of major histocompatability complex class II molecules, and defective expression of the CD3/T cell receptor complex) were excluded.

Results. The patients had severe and particularly protracted infections, mainly of the respiratory tract and gut. Severe viral infections, generally due to herpes viruses, occurred in nearly two-thirds of the patients, with a median follow-up of 54 months. Autoimmune manifestations are frequent (60%), targetting mainly marrow-derived cells, and were characterized by a tendency to relapse and by a dependence on immunosuppressive therapy. Allergic manifestations were also frequent (48% of cases). Eight of the 19 patients who had not undergone bone marrow transplantation died. All but one of the 11 survivors had moderate to severe sequelae. Bone marrow transplantation seemed to be the treatment of choice, because four of six recipients of HLA-identical (n = 2) or nonidentical (n = 4) marrow are alive and the immune deficiency has been corrected.

Conclusion. Early recognition of these life-threatening syndromes may improve the chances of cure. Despite common clinical manifestations and prognosis, these functional immunodeficiencies appear heterogeneous regarding inheritance pattern and at least existence of a B cell immunodeficiency.
Infant Dietary Experience and Acceptance of Solid Foods
Authors: Sullivan Susan A. , Birch Leann L.
Published: December 2021

Objective. To examine the effects of dietary experience and milk feeding regimen on acceptance of their first vegetable by 4-to 6-month-old infants.

Design. Longitudinal study, of 26-days duration, observing infants aged 4 to 6 months at the start of the study. Random assignment to treatments, within-subject control.

Setting. General community in a medium-sized mid-western town.

Subjects. Thirty-six infants and their mothers. Subjects were solicited through birth records and advertisements in local newspapers.

Interventions. Infants were randomly assigned to be fed one vegetable on 10 occasions, either salted or unsalted peas or green beans, for a 10-day period.

Outcome measures. Infant intake of the vegetable consumed during the 10-day exposure period; intake of salted and unsalted versions: (1) before the 10-day exposure period, (2) immediately after the exposure period; and (3) after a 1-week period of delay. Intake of a control food was also measured before and after repeated consumption of the vegetable. Adult ratings of the infants' videotaped responses during test feedings were also obtained before and after the exposure period.

Results. After 10 opportunities to consume the vegetable, all infants significantly increased their intake (P < .001). Although they did not differ initially, infants fed breast milk showed greater increases in intake of the vegetable after exposure and had an overall greater level of intake than formula-fed infants. Adult ratings of the infants' nonverbal responses correlated positively with infant intake.

Conclusions. Infants increase their acceptance (reflected both in changes in intake and in behavioral response) of a novel food after repeated dietary exposure to that food. Relative to formula-feeding, breast-feeding may facilitate the acceptance of solid foods.
Universal Screening for Infant Hearing Impairment: Not Simple, Not Risk-Free, Not Necessarily Beneficial, and Not Presently Justified
Authors: Bess Fred H. , Paradise Jack L.
Published: December 2021

In our judgment, before any societal decision is made as to whether to institute a universal screening program for hearing impairment in young infants, many questions for which answers are not now available must be answered. To answer those questions will require extensive research. Clearly, the authors of the Consensus Statement were not unmindful of the scope of the problem, for they included in the Statement a listing of proposed future studies they considened important. Among these were: "controlled trials of screening by audiologists versus trained non-professionals on volunteers; controlled trials of the influence of different settings...on the effectiveness of screening procedures; comparison of early intervention with later intervention...; evaluate the validity and reliability of screening instruments...; test the feasibility of screening methods...in infant populations...in remote satellite clinics...; determine whether a two-tier screening system...wonks better than [a single scneen]...study the cost-effectiveness of universal screening for infant hearing impairment." We heartily agree that these studies, and other studies, are important—indeed, crucial. So crucial, in fact, that, until they have been conducted and their results tabulated, no rational decision on undertaking universal screening for infant hearing loss is possible. We, too, believe that early identification is important; however, the precipitate launching of mass screening could work to deter the eventual development of an effective early identification program. In the meantime, to identify infants at risk for hearing impairment, continued reliance on the high-risk register as recommended by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing,4 but in combination with an automated rather than conventional ABR screen, seems to be a more practical, cost-effective approach.
Health Care of Children in Foster Care
Authors:   Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care
Published: December 2021

The foster care system in America has evolved as a means of providing protection and shelter for children who require out-of-home placement.1 It is designed to be a temporary service, with a goal of either returning children home or arranging for suitable adoptive homes. In recent years, child welfare agencies have been directing greater efforts toward supporting families in crisis to prevent foster care placements whenever feasible and to reunify families as soon as possible when placements cannot be avoided. Increasingly, extended family members are being recruited and assisted in providing kinship care for children when their biologic parents cannot care for them. However, during the past decade the number of children in foster care has nearly doubled, despite landmark federal legislation designed to expedite permanency planning for children in state custody.2 It is estimated that by 1995 more than 500 000 children will be in foster care.3 In large part, this unrelenting trend is the result of increased abuse and neglect of children occurring in the context of parental substance abuse, mental illness, homelessness, and human immunodeficiency virus infection.4 As a result, a disproportionate number of children placed in foster care come from that segment of the population with the fewest social and financial resources and from families that have few personal and limited extended family sources of support.5

It is not surprising then that children entering foster care are often in poor health. Compared with children from the same socioeconomic background, they suffer much higher rates of serious emotional and behavioral problems, chronic physical disabilities, birth defects, developmental delays, and poor school achievement.6-13
Practice Guidelines for Management of Infants and Children With Fever Without Source (FWS)
Authors: Toll David
Published: December 2021

While recognizing that the "Guidelines for Management of Fever Without Source"1 are the result of a remarkable retrieval of information and a sophisticated statistical analysis leading to an admirable and helpful aid in decision making, I cannot help but observe that >90% of such decisions are made by practicing physicians outside the medical center without a supervising academician at hand. Because these are clinical guidelines, is it possible that nonacademic clinicians could have contributed to making the guidelines even more helpful?
Does Immunization in the Buttocks Cause Sciatic Nerve Injury?
Authors: MacDonald Noni , Marcuse Edgar K.
Published: December 2021

Currently, US and Canadian authorities (Canadian Green Book, US Red Book, and ACIP Recommendations) advise the anterolateral thigh or deltoid as the preferred site for immunization injections in infants and children, and caution against using the buttock because of the possibility of damaging the sciatic nerve. Curiously, some authorities state that the buttock site can be considered "when large volumes must be given, eg, immune globulin." Review of the English language literature yields several reports of direct nerve injury after injection into the buttocks of an infant or child of antibiotics or antiserum, but none associated with modern childhood vaccines.
Early Intervention and the Role of Pediatricians
Authors: Rose Laura , Herzig Lisa D. , Hussey-Gardner Brenda
Published: December 2021

Growing evidence supports the efficacious nature of early intervention (EI) services to children with developmental delays and their families. Pediatricians can play a crucial role in identifying developmental delays and referring families to EI services provided by each state, under Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The goals of this article are to educate pediatricians about the benefits of EI services and resources available within their state to help facilitate family involvement in EI. By being involved in the EI process, pediatricians can work as partners with parents and multidisciplinary teams to provide seamless coordinated care to children and their families.
Concordancia y subregistro en la notificación de brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos en Colombia
Authors: Borbón Ramos Milena Edith , Prieto Alvarado Franklyn Edwin
Published: December 2021

Objetivos Determinar la concordancia y el subregistro entre la notificación de brotes en registros individuales y colectivos de enfermedad transmitida por alimentos, notificados al sistema de vigilancia en salud pública durante 2013.Métodos Análisis retrospectivo a partir de la revisión y depuración de las bases de datos de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos de registros individuales y colectivos notificados al sistema de vigilancia en salud pública; se determinó la concordancia entre brotes notificados en cada registro por entidad territorial. A través del método captura–recaptura se estableció el subregistro de brotes notificados, estimando la pre- valencia para cada registro.
Resultados El 38,4% de los brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos se noti- ficaron en ambos registros, el 11,3% en colectivo y el 50,3% en individual. Por medio del método de captura y recaptura, se estimaron 1 680 brotes (IC-95%; 1 632-1 730), se determinó que en registro individual se detecta el 77,5% y en colectivo el 43,3% de los brotes estimados, para un subregistro del 12,8% de brotes.
Discusión Se estableció una baja concordancia entre ambos registros y un alto subre- gistro en registro colectivo al sistema nacional de vigilancia; lo que dificulta la detección de brotes y oportuna aplicación de medidas de mitigación y control.
Intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging
for lumbar multifidus and anterolateral abdominal muscles in females with recurrent low
back pain: an observational, cross-sectional study
Authors: Zamani Hamid , Dadgoo Mahdi , Akbari Mohammad , Fernández-Jara Javier , Pourahmadi Mohammadreza
Published: December 2021

Aim: To examine the reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging performed to
measure the thickness of the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique,
and lumbar multifidus muscles in females with recurrent low back pain. Material and
methods: A sample of 15 women was recruited. Two independent examiners recorded the
thickness of their deep abdominal and spinal muscles by rehabilitative ultrasound
imaging. Imaging scans of the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, and external
oblique muscles were performed in the supine position and in the midaxillary line,
between the lower edge of the ribcage and the iliac crest. Imaging of the lumbar
multifidus was done in the prone position and at the level of the L5/S1 zygapophyseal
joints. Imaging scans were performed bilaterally in rest and contraction, three times by
the first examiner (at baseline, after two hours, and one week later) and once by the
second examiner. Results: Good to excellent within-session intra-rater (ICC = 0.76,
0.97), good to excellent between-session intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.73, 0.93), and
good to excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.73, 0.98) were obtained. Conclusions:
The results showed that rehabilitative ultrasound imaging can be used as an excellent
reliable instrument by one or two examiners to measure the thickness of the transverse
abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique and lumbar multifidus muscles in females
with recurrent low back pain.
DINAMIKA PENGATURAN TENAGA KERJA ASING DI INDONESIA
Authors: Djazuli Riza Fauziah
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe unemployment rate in Indonesia has soared high enough since August 2020 with a total of 9,77 million person, while data on foreign labor recorded in 2020 amounted to 98.902 person. From this data, foreign workers from China rank first, namely 35,781 people or the equivalent of 36.17%. The research purposes are, firstly, to analyze the legal aspects of foreign labor in terms of national responsibility which is closely related to Article 27 verse (2) of the Constitution of 1945; secondly, to analyze the efforts to protect Indonesian employment law in terms of the national responsibility which is closely related to Article 27 verse (2) of the Constitution of 1945. This research used descriptive analytical method with normative juridical approach. Aspects of foreign employment law in terms of national responsibility are seen in the regulation of the control of foreign labor which can only be done in a work relationship for a certain time. Even though this needs to be emphasized regarding legal protection and social welfare insurance like domestic workers. In addition, in terms of supervision of foreign workers, there should be no imbalance in rights and obligations between foreign workers and domestic workers.. Efforts to protect Indonesian labor law in terms of the national responsibility can be seen in the implementation of efforts to educate and train domestic labor in order to improve competency standards that are able to compete with foreign labor.AbstrakAngka pengangguran di Indonesia melonjak cukup tinggi terhitung sejak Agustus 2020 dengan jumlah 9,77 juta orang, sementara data Tenaga Kerja Asing (TKA) pada tahun 2020 tercatat berjumlah 98.902 orang. Berdasarkan data tersebut, TKA yang paling banyak di Indonesia berasal dari Negara China yaitu 35.781 orang atau setara 36,17%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah, pertama untuk  menganalisis aspek hukum ketenagakerjaan asing ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan Pasal 27 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945; kedua untuk menganalisis upaya perlindungan hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan Pasal 27 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif analitis menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Aspek hukum ketenagakerjaan asing ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara dilihat pada pengaturan atas pengendalian TKA yang hanya dapat dilaksanakan dalam hubungan kerja pada waktu tertentu. Malahan perlu ditekankan mengenai perlindungan hukum dan jaminan kesejahteraan sosial layaknya tenaga kerja dalam negeri. Selain itu, dalam hal pengawasan tenaga kerja asing seharusnya tidak ada ketimpangan hak dan kewajiban antara tenaga kerja asing dan tenaga kerja dalam negeri. Upaya perlindungan hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara ini dapat dilihat pada implementasi mengenai upaya mendidik dan melatih tenaga kerja dalam negeri guna meningkatkan standar kompetensi yang mampu bersaing dengan tenaga kerja asing.
Peralihan Cara Pandang Masyarakat Terhadap Praktik Pernikahan Dini
Authors: Raden Andi Nur Fikriana Aulia , Fariska Azmil Fauzi , Mariana Mariana
Published: December 2021

The public understands early marriage as stated in Law No. 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage as an amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 that child marriage occurs at the age of under 19 years for both men and women and or those who have not reached puberty. This paper aims to examine the shift in the public's perspective on the practice of early marriage explicitly that occurred in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi, and its relation to Human Rights. This study uses qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques with stages; data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. Researchers conducted interviews with informants who had been selected through snowball sampling and purposive sampling techniques. This study shows that the community's response to early marriage has changed along with the times, namely that in the past people considered early marriage as a way to maintain family honor, but is now considered a family disgrace. Factors for early marriage include promiscuity; the honor of family and relatives, local customary norms, less educated parents, and the economic burden of the family. Meanwhile, from a human rights perspective, the practice of child marriage is a serious part of child abuse concerning the right to education and employment.Masyarakat memahami pernikahan dini sebagaimana tercantum dalam UU No. 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perkawinan sebagai perubahan terhadap UU Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 bahwa pernikahan anak terjadi pada usia di bawah 19 tahun bagi laki-laki maupun bagi perempuan dan atau mereka yang belum akil baligh. Tulisan ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengkaji peralihan cara pandang masyarakat terhadap praktik pernikahan dini secara eksplisit yang terjadi di Kabupaten Bone Sulawesi Selatan serta kaitannya dengan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data deskriptif kualitatif dengan tahapan; reduksi data, penyajian data, dan kesimpulan. Peneliti melakukan wawancara terhadap informan yang sudah dipilih melalui teknik snowball sampling dan purposive sampling. Penelitian ini memberikan hasil bahwa respon masyarakat terhadap pernikahan dini berubah seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, yakni yang dulunya masyarakat menganggap pernikahan dini sebagai salah satu cara untuk menjaga kehormatan keluarga, namun sekarang dianggap sebagai aib keluarga. Faktor terjadinya pernikahan dini diantaranya adalah pergaulan bebas; kehormatan keluarga dan kerabat, norma adat lokal, orang tua yang kurang terpelajar, dan beban ekonomi keluarga. Adapun jika dipandang dari perspektif HAM, praktik pernikahan anak merupakan bagian serius dari pelecehan anak sehubungan dengan hak atas pendidikan dan ketenagakerjaan.
Kebiri Kimia sebagai Sanksi Tindakan dalam Double Track System
Authors: Jamaludin Ahmad
Published: December 2021

The punishment policy in the form of chemical castration for perpetrators of sexual crimes is a confusing policy when viewed from the perspective of a double-track system. The application of castration sanctions is contrary to the purpose of action sanctions in the double-track system because it does not aim to restore the perpetrators, but rather to provide a deterrent effect and retaliation. So that the chemical castration policy is wrong because it is not in accordance with following the principle of action sanctions in the double-track system. The research method used is normative juridical using primary and secondary data and then analyzed qualitatively. This study aims to find out about the double-track system and to determine the action of chemical castration in the perspective of the double-track system. The results of this study show, First in the double-track system, the criminal system is known in two ways, namely, through legal sanctions and witnesses of action, legal sanctions are oriented towards revenge for their behavior while action sanctions are oriented towards improving the perpetrators so that they can be accepted back in the community. The two sanctions for castration are not included as witnesses for acts in the double-track system, because the basic idea is to improve the perpetrators, while chemical castration is more directed at retaliation. This research can be a reference for criminal law policymakers so that the legal policy does not get out of the basic idea of criminal law itself. Kebijakan pemidanaan berupa sanksi tindakan kebiri kimia bagi palaku kejahatan seksual menjadi kebijakan yang membingungkan jika dilihat dalam perpektif double track system. Penerapan sanksi tindakan kebiri kimia bertolak belakang dengan tujuan dari sanksi tindakan dalam sistem double track system dikarenakan tidak bertujuan memulihkan pelaku, namun lebih kepada pemberian efek jera dan pembalasan. Sehingga kebijakan kebiri kimia menjadi kebijakan yang keliru karena tidak sesuai dengan prinsip sanksi tindakan dalam sistem double track system. Penelitian ini menggunakan yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang double track system dan untuk mengetahui tindakan kebiri kimia dalam per­spektif double track system. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan, Pertama dalam sistem double track system, sistem pemidanaan dikenal dengan dua jalan yakni melalui sanksi hukum dan saksi tindakan, sanksi hukum berorientasi pada upaya balas dendam terhadap prilakunya sedangkan sanksi tindakan berorientasi pada perbaikan pelaku agar bisa diterima kembali di masyarakat. Kedua saknsi tindakan kebiri tidak terma­suk saksi tindakan dalam double track system, sebab ide dasarnya perbaikan terhadap pelaku sedangkan kebiri kimia lebih mengarah kepada pembalasan. Penelitian ini dapat menjadi referensi pembuat kebijakan hukum pidana agar kebijakan hukum tersebut tidak keluar dari ide dasarnya hukum pidana itu sendiri.
Peran Perempuan dalam Pencegahan Kekerasan Terorisme dan Radikalisme
Authors: Achmad Adang Darmawan , Qotadah Hudzaifah Achmad , Abdul Aziz Muhammad Sophy , Al Anshary Abdurrahman Achmad
Published: December 2021

There have been several instances of terrorism in Indonesia, including multiple suicide bombs, shootings, and other acts that have threatened public safety and impeded governmental functions. This issue has resulted in anxiety and insecurity, posing a threat to people's lives, particularly women's. As a result, all parties involved, especially women, must take adequate measures to anticipate and address these issues. Women are one of the possible individuals who can play a strategic role in limiting the spread of violent terrorism and extremism. They are also one of the most vulnerable groups. A thorough qualitative method is used in this article to examine the role of women in averting violent terrorism and radicalism. Following the findings of the study, it was discovered that a woman can play a significant role in violence prevention if she can create a happy home environment that always promotes good and moderate religious values that are in accordance with the real teachings of Islam. Thus, individuals and families are the primary representatives of either the anti-terrorism and anti-radicalization awareness campaign.Di berbagai daerah di Indonesia, telah banyak terjadi serangkaian peristiwa ekstremisme radikal, termasuk bom bunuh diri, penembakan, dan lain sebagainya yang mengusik keselamatan masyarakat dan kegiatan pemerintah. Fenomena ini jelas melahirkan rasa takut dan ketidakamanan yang mengusik berbagai elemen kehidupan masyarakat. Kare­nanya, pihak terkait, termasuk perempuan, perlu melakukan respon yang tepat untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Perempuan dapat menjadi salah satu figur poten­sial yang mempunyai peran strategis dalam membantu pencegahan terorisme, kekerasan dan radikalisme. Makalah ini berfokus pada peran perempuan dalam pencegahan kekerasan terorisme dan radikalisme dimana penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif penuh dengan merujuk kepada sumber-sumber yang berkaitan dengan topik penelitian dan kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa seorang perempuan berperan penting dalam pencegahan kekerasan jika perempuan tersebut mampu membangun lingkungan kehidupan keluarga yang harmonis dan senantiasa menekankan norma-norma keagamaan yang baik dan moderat sesuai dengan ajaran Is­lam yang sebenarnya. Maka, individu dan keluarga merupakan pendukung utama pro­gram kewaspadaan terhadap bahaya terorisme dan radikalisme.
Functional and technological properties of food additive "Magnetofood" in production of shaped jelly marmalade on agar and pectin
Authors: Tsykhanovska I. , Yevlash V. , Trishch R. , Lazarieva T. , Alexandrov A. , Nikulina A.
Published: December 2021

Jelly and marmalade products are "lyophilic colloids" – lyophilic colloidal-dispersed, ie microheterogeneous (multi- or polyphasic) systems based on high molecular weight compounds (gelatin, pectin, agar, etc.). Therefore, the problem of stabilizing their polyphasic structure is relevant. In addition, the expansion and improvement of the production of jelly and marmalade products requires the search for simplified resource- and energy-saving technology, increasing the stability of the colloidal disperse system, improving the quality and extending the shelf life of finished products. Promising technological applications have food additives in the nanometer range, due to specific and stable physical and chemical parameters, a wide range of functional and technological properties. The paper proposes the solution of the problem of stabilization of the polyphase structure of jelly-marmalade products and the formation of their quality by using the food additive "Magnetofood" (based on double oxide of divalent and trivalent iron: FeO×Fe2O3). "Magnetofood" - highly dispersed powder with a particle size (70–80) nm, which has a fairly diverse functional and technological potential: high ζ-potential and surface activity; clusterophilicity and amphiphilicity; complexing, thickening, structuring, stabilizing, thixotropic properties. This allows us to recommend "Magnetofood" as a food additive of complex action to improve the quality and prolong the shelf life of jelly-marmalade products, in particular jelly-shaped marmalade. The surface-active properties of nanoparticles of the food additive "Magnetofood" are determined: a rather significant value of ζ-potential (34-44) mV, amphiphilicity (marginal wetting angle Q<90o by polar-nonpolar medium) - show signs of stability and stability on polyphasic colloidal-dispersed systems , which increases in acidic environments, in solutions of polysaccharides, proteins on average by (55±)%, which is due to clusterophilicity and self-organization of nanoparticles "Magnetofood" into electrostatic complexes with proteins, polysaccharides and their spatial structuring. It was found that the addition of "Magnetofood" in the mass fraction (0,10–0,20)% to the mass of the structurant increases the viscosity of aqueous solutions of gelling agents in (1,22–1,27) times for agar and in (1,24–1,29) times for pectin and the rate of structuring of gel masses in (1,73±0,01) times for agar and in (1,67±0,01) times for pectin due to the structure-forming action of nanoparticles "Magnetofood". In addition, the ability of the gel structure to thixotropy increases by (1,4–1,5) times and the mechanical strength of the gel well by (1,32–1,80) times for agar and (1,49–1,57) times for pectin due to the stabilizing action of Magnetofood nanoparticles, which allows to reduce the amount of gelling agent by (9.0–11.0)% for agar and by (7.0–9.0)% for pectin.
Preservation of rapana meat by the irradiation technology
Authors: Lebska T. , Bal-Prylypko L. , Kovalinska T. , Sakhno V. , Bondarenko Ye. , Mikhneva E. , Kravchenko O. , Bondarenko V.
Published: December 2021

The article considers the technology of maturing preserves from the meat of the Black Sea gastropod mollusc Rapana thomasiana using irradiation technologies. The methods of improving the technology of processing rapana meat have been studied in order to ensure long-term storage of the finished product without using artificial preservatives. The technology is based on the preliminary preparation of the semi-finished product, which includes defrosting, sorting, cutting, washing, inspection, portioning, blanching, and cooling. It has been studied how different methods of preprocessing the raw material affect the mechanostructural properties of rapana preserves. Blanching the meat of rapana has proved practical. Acetic acid has been shown to increase the sensitivity of rapana muscle tissue to picowaves. It has been found effective to soften rapana muscle tissue by marinating with acetic acid and by using picowave irradiation in various doses (2 to 10 kGy) for 60 s. The choice of the recommended dose of 2 kGy has been substantiated. It has been established that after picowave processing, the sensory properties of the finished product do not change. The system of picowave processing of preserved meat to soften its inhomogeneous structure has been described. The shift of kinetic energy in the electronic field using thin targets to form the required radiation field of different sizes has been used. This has allowed influencing the inhomogeneous structure of the raw material. It has been proved that after picowave irradiation with the dose 2 kGy, the preserved rapana meat is microbiologically safe and can be stored for 90 days at 4±2°С. The technological scheme of making preserves from rapana meat using PWP has been provided. The studies indicate that using the irradiation technology is practical, as it ensures the maturation of low-maturing aquatic organisms, extends the shelf life of food, guarantees safety and high quality
Optimisation of conditions for deacetylation of chitin-containing raw materials
Authors: Pavlova O. , Trusova M.
Published: December 2021

The paper describes the differences between chitosan and chitin, and reviews works by foreign scientists on obtaining chitosan from various raw materials. Methods of modifying chitosan and obtaining combined sorbents have been analysed. It has been studied whether chitosan is applicable in the technology of wines and alcoholic beverages as a sorbent. The purpose of the study was determining the optimal conditions of the deacetylation stage to obtain chitosan with the best sorption properties from Aspergillus niger biomass. A three-factor experiment has been carried out. It involved obtaining 27 samples of chitosan using sequential four-step acid-base hydrolysis under various conditions of the deacetylation stage. The deacetylation process was optimised under alkaline conditions depending on the alkali concentration, processing temperature, and exposure. For each of the samples obtained, the adsorption activity, specific surface area, and distribution coefficient in the sorbent–sorbate system have been determined. The degrees of deacetylation of all chitosan samples have been determined by potentiometric titration. The study has resulted in determining the optimal conditions for the deacetylation stage: processing temperature 110–130°C, sodium hydroxide concentration 27–36 g/dm3, exposure 45 to 65 minutes. The sample deacetylated at the temperature 120 °C, alkali concentration 30 g/dm3, and exposure 45 minutes has shown the best adsorption activity values: the adsorption activity for methyl orange 347.96 mg/g, the specific surface area of the sorbent samples 0.52·105 m2/g, the distribution coefficient in the sorbent–sorbate system 3.29·10-3 ml/g. This sample had the highest degree of deacetylation, 43.6%. The sample has been analysed using IR spectroscopy, and its main characteristic frequencies have been studied. It has been concluded that the sample obtained was equivalent to the reference chitosan
Assessment of the Human Capital of an Enterprise and its Management in the Context of the Digital Transformation of the Economy
Authors:   Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Orlova E.V.
Published: December 2021

Current technological development amid the fourth industrial revolution inevitably changes the nature and conditions of work. The quality of human capital constitutes a significant contribution not only to labor productivity growth, but also contributes to the growth of social connections, loyalty and trust by employees. It increases the market share and the competitiveness of products. Consequently, the problem associated with improving the quality of human capital as the most important productive resource of a company is relevant, timely, socially and economically significant. The aim of the study is to develop a technology for human capital management based on a new methodology for assessing human capital and a scheme for the formation of individual trajectories of professional development, ensuring an increase in the quality of human capital and an increase in the company's efficiency. The proposed method for assessing human capital is designed to identify the digital twin of an employee and takes into account such traditional characteristics as age, education, professional experience and competencies, as well as additional characteristics - social status, health quality, inter-professional competencies, motivation and involvement, and provides a comprehensive assessment of human capital in enterprises in the course of digital transformation. Based on the results of the assessment of human capital, management decisions are developed for the individual trajectories of professional development design, aimed at increasing labor productivity and contributing to the companies’ operational efficiency growth. Experimental studies have been carried out on the use of the proposed technology for human capital management based on the data of a large oil-producing enterprise in the Republic of Bashkortostan. It is shown that the introduction of individual trajectories of professional development makes it possible to increase labor productivity by 6–7 % in the next 2–3 years, the company's revenue by 5–7 % and profit by 2 %. The theoretical significance of the results is concerned with the identified features of the human capital of a company associated with the health quality, the development of interdisciplinary knowledge, skills and abilities, motivation and involvement which should be taken into account during the process of assessment. The developed technology provides support for making managerial decisions for working out individual trajectories of employees’ development. The practical outcome of the study is the methods for human capital assessment and its development, which ensure the labor productivity growth, companies’ revenue and profit increase with minimal cost.
Using Models of the GARCH Family to Estimate the Level of Food and Non-Food Inflation in Ethiopia
Authors:   Ambo University, Abebe T.H.
Published: December 2021

An increase in inflation volatility implies higher uncertainty about future prices. As a result, producers and consumers can be affected by the increased inflation volatility, because it increases the uncertainty and the risk in the market. Thus, inflation volatility attracts the attention of researchers to find a suitable model which can predict the future conditions of the market. This study aims to fit appropriate ARMA-GARCH family models for food and non-food inflation rate of from the period January 1971 through June 2020. Since the main objective of the study is identifying an appropriate model for inflation series, the null and alternative hypotheses are defined in comparison of the two types of models. H0: The symmetric GARCH models better capture inflation volatility of Ethiopia. H1: The asymmetric GARCH models better capture inflation volatility of Ethiopia. The ARMA-GARCH family models were applied to capture the stylized facts of financial time series such us leptokurtic, volatility clustering and leverage effects. The mean model results show that, an ARMA (1, 2) and ARIMA (0, 1, 1) models are identified as the best fitted model for food and non-food inflation, respectively. From the estimation results of volatility model, an asymmetric TGARCH (1, 1) model with Student's t- distributional assumptions of the residual is the best model for non-food inflation. Thus, modeling of information, news of events is very significant determinants of volatility and GARCH family models are appropriate for the given series (monthly food-inflation volatility) of Ethiopia under the study period considered.
The Influence of Media Coverage of Corporate Social Responsibility Projects on the Market Value of Shares of Russian Companies
Authors:   Perm Branch of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Artemyev D.G. , Kuznetsov N.A. ,   Perm Branch of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Gergert D.V. ,   Perm Branch of the National Research University Higher School of Economics
Published: December 2021

The study empirically analyzes the impact of media coverage of corporate social responsibility projects both in the media and by the official press centers of companies on the market value of the shares of these companies. Such coverage can have both positive and negative effects. The research interest is whether corporate social responsibility projects are important to investors. The purpose of this study is to create a model for assessing the impact of media coverage of corporate social responsibility projects on the market value of companies' shares. Based on data on the market value of shares of Russian companies, using regression models, the influence of the press coverage of such projects on the market value of shares was estimated. Thus, the hypothesis was confirmed that official company news about corporate social projects and news published by external sources have a connection with the market value of shares. In addition, the study found that corporate social responsibility project news published by a company has a greater impact on institutional investors, while news published by external sources has a greater impact on individual investors. An industry-specific phenomenon has been identified. News published by the company on corporate social responsibility projects has a greater impact on stock prices in the metals, telecommunications, fuel, oil and gas and energy industries, while the coverage of such projects in external sources has a greater impact in the banking sector, construction and development, and the financial sector. The models proposed in the study have fairly high predictive and explanatory quality. This suggests that Russian public companies are following an international trend towards an increase in the number of corporate social responsibility projects and information about such projects is quite important for investors. The application of the proposed model allows us to understand how the market expectations will change as a whole, and therefore to predict the movement of shares in the short term.
Emotional support for healthcare professionals children: virtual intervention during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Horta Pedro , Vera Costa Ana , Da Silva Mendes Sandra , Pires Sofia , Melo Sara , Calejo Jorge Joana , Borges Sandra , Araújo Manuel , Mendes Graça
Published: December 2021

The SARS-CoV2 pandemic context and sanitary confinement measures have exposed the population to anxiety and depressive symptoms and became a permanent mark in children’s psychosocial and affective development. This effect was certainly evident in healthcare professional’s children that saw their parents being called to the battlefield front line against an invisible enemy and at the same time facing the media avalanche propelling fear and insecurity. Material and Methods: This state of restlessness and vulnerability promoted the development of therapeutic mindfulness groups for children or children and parents (healthcare professional related), from a Hospital Reference Center, over a period of eight weeks. Results: Throughout the sessions, high adherence to conscious attention techniques was observed, allowing the children to overcome physical distance obstacles in a virtual context used as a gateway to the living circumstances and the difficulties experienced at the time of the intervention. Discussion: In the end, improvements were reported in anxious and depressive symptoms with greater capacity for emotional regulation, interpersonal communication and impulse management. Conclusion: These results instigated an intervention protocol elaboration and a research project ongoing at the date of this publication.