bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Antimicrobial Effects of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)/Xylitol Nanoparticles on Microorganisms Causing Dental Caries (In Vitro Study)
Authors: Ibrahim Ghada Abdul Salam , AL-Rubaee Eaman Ali , Abbas Maha Jamal
Published: December 2024

Background:

Many people all around the world suffer from tooth decay, a chronic infectious disease that can lead to tooth loss. Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are typical microorganisms involved in the caries process. Nanotechnology is one of the most exciting new developments in dentistry and can be used in the prevention of tooth. Xylitol’s antimicrobial action can be enhanced by loading it onto poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, or PLGA) nanoparticles.

Objective:

The purpose of study this is to evaluate the effectiveness of PLGA/xylitol nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent on microorganisms causing dental caries.

Materials and Methods:

Samples from pure isolates of the bacteria and candida were kept in nutrient agar in a fridge until needed for the investigation. The antimicrobial activity of PLGA/xylitol nanoparticles produced using solvent evaporation was evaluated. Using the agar well diffusion method, we evaluated the sensitivity of S. mutans and C. albicans to various concentrations of nanoparticles with that of a positive control [chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2%] and a negative control (de-ionized water). The zone of inhibition is measured across the diameter of each well. A serial dilution method was used to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration of nanoparticles against S. mutans and C. albicans and then determined minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration.

Results:

The results demonstrated the effectiveness of PLGA/xylitol nanoparticles in preventing bacterial and fungal development. As the concentration of nanoparticles increased, the diameter of zones of inhibition against S. mutans and C. albicans grew. Mean values of inhibition zones for S. mutans at 7.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were greater than CHX 0.2%. Nonetheless, for Candida, the mean values of inhibitory zones are still lower than CHX 0.2% at all concentrations with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

PLGA/xylitol nanoparticles are effective in preventing the growth of the microorganisms responsible for tooth caries. Although it is effective against S. mutans, its impact on C. albicans is much lower. The synergistic action of xylitol and PLGA nanoparticles could be responsible for this antimicrobial activity. This treatment could be considered as a way of preventing dental caries.
A Brief Epidemiologic Review of Psoriasis
Authors: Mahmood Nagham Shaheed , Omran Rabab , Abdulla Anwar A.
Published: December 2024

Psoriasis is an intricate, long-lasting, immune-mediated inflammatory skin condition that has a genetic origin. The body is affected to varying degrees; it can affect almost the entire body or just a few isolated red, scaly plaques. Psoriatic lesions may remain unchanged for years, growing, decreasing, and regressing over time. As the patient ages, the condition could develop worse or “wax and wane” in intensity. Indeed, examples of primary skin lesions are pustules, macules, papules, and plaques. Psoriasis, however, tends to affect more than just the skin and nails; it can cause inflammatory arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, patients’ symptoms may vary greatly from one another. Skin appearances can manifest at any age and can be either monomorphic or polymorphic. Furthermore, numerous emotionally charged, stressful physiological and psychological events, systemic infections, and environmental factors are associated with the beginning and worsening of the condition. The underlying patho-mechanisms involve complex interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems. T cells interact with dendritic cells, macrophages, and keratinocytes, which their secreted cytokines can mediate. Biologics targeting tumor necrosis factor, interleukin IL-23, and IL-17 have been developed and approved for treating psoriasis in the past decade. These biologics have dramatically changed the treatment and management of psoriasis.
The Role of Ubiquitin-Like Interferon (IFN)-Stimulated 15 and IFN Gamma Genes Polymorphism with the Severity and Serum Biochemical Markers in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Hosseien Khadijah Gatfan , Tahmasebi Parisa , Hashim Hayder Obayes , Shakir Alaa Tareq , Moghadam Zahra Bozorgi
Published: December 2024

Background:

The ubiquitin-like interferon-stimulated 15 (ISG15) gene belongs to the group of “interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs).” These ISGs are powerful and rapid type 1 interferon (IFN)-stimulated response proteins that suppress viral replication. IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) is a kind of cytokine that plays a significant role in both the induction and regulation of a wide variety of immune responses.

Objectives:

This study examined the relationships between rs1921 and rs1861494 single nucleotide polymorphisms with the manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms in patients and the status of biochemical markers in previously diagnosed cases.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 100 blood samples were collected from COVID-19 patients in different cities in Iraq and tested for hematological parameters, including complete blood count, as well as biochemical markers, such as D-dimer, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Additionally, the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to analyze the genotyping of rs1921 and rs1861494 polymorphisms.

Results:

The results show that different rs1921 genotypes have significant associations with hemoglobin levels, white blood cell counts, basophil counts, and loss of smell. In contrast, there were no significant differences in red blood cell counts, monocyte counts, lymphocyte counts, platelet counts, CRP levels, D-dimer levels, ferritin levels, fever duration, or taste loss. Furthermore, rs1861494 genotypes revealed no significant differences in any of the patients’ parameters.

Conclusion:

Our results indicate that rs1921 is more correlated with COVID-19 patients’ parameters than rs1861494, suggesting the need for further investigation to enhance understanding.
Association Between Dental Caries and Sociobehavioral Factors Among Female Students in Secondary Schools and College of Dentistry in Babylon Province
Authors: Al Jothery Aqeel Handil , Al Helal Ahmed Ghanim
Published: December 2024

Background:

Continuous changes in socioeconomic and lifestyle aspects in Iraq have incurred a lot of adverse effects on oral health quality, especially among adolescents. However, minimal studies have been conducted among adolescent females concerning the prevalence of dental caries (DC).

Objectives:

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DC and its severity concerning different aspects of sociobehavioral (SB) factors among female students in secondary schools and dental colleges in Babylon Province, Iraq.

Materials and Methods:

About 500 students from both Al-Tali’a secondary school (16–18 years) and Babylon Dental College (19–20 years) were recruited in this study from March to May 2023. DC was assessed based on the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT) scores, and SB and socioeconomic factors were obtained from a structured questionnaire.

Results:

The prevalence of DC was high (98.6%), and its association with measured SB factors was not significant. However, the severity of DC was positively (P < 0.05) associated with sugar intake and previous dental visits, but negatively (P < 0.05) associated with the frequency of brushing and household wealth index.

Conclusion:

The results here highlight the considerable effects of SB factors on the severity of DC, which in turn reflect a poor education of oral health among adolescent females in Babylon City, and it also recommends the desperate need for creating preventive programs for reducing the occurrence of DC among the students.
Incidence of Helicobacter pylori in Type l Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Association with Certain HLA Alleles
Authors: Aljawahiry Samir S. , Alkaabawi Naer A. M. , Jawad Alaa A.
Published: December 2024

Background:

Helicobacter pylori infection was mainly the factor that causes both gastric tumors and lymphomas.

Objectives:

This study aimed to detect H. pylori infection and investigate any relationship between the infection of H. pylori and the disease of diabetes, to find out if there is an association with certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA), and to study the frequency of H. pylori infection among type l diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Materials and Methods:

Several 140 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), as well as 60 healthy individuals (nondiabetic) were enrolled in this study. The oligonucleotide technique of sequence-specific was performed for genotyping of HLAs using a polymerase chain reaction machine. A specific screening (H. pylori antibodies combo rapid test) is used to diagnose H. pylori infection by detection of specific antibodies in the samples.

Results:

This study revealed that people who are diagnosed T1DM are more predisposed to be infected by H. pylori (61%) compared with healthier people, and the pathogen infects significantly females compared with males. Results also revealed a great frequency of DQB1*0101 allele within diabetics (30%) in comparison with healthy (control) group, whereas HLA-A*3301,*1122 B*0826,*3948, DRB1*0701,*1101, and HLA-DQB1-*0604,*630,*730 alleles were recorded noteworthy low frequency according to the results after statistical analysis of P value (P < 0.05) in patients compared with healthy control groups.

Conclusion:

Diabetic women of the same age are more susceptible to the infection compared with males. The great frequencies of HLA-DQB1*0101 alleles could be a risk factor for T1DM patients.
Relationship between Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Forced Oscillometric Technique in the Assessment of Asthma
Authors: Abbas Amjed H. , Jasim Ahmed Hussein , Alesawi Kareem Nasir Hussien , Hammoud Samir Sawadi
Published: December 2024

Background:

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and forced oscillometric technique (FOT) represent noninvasive and sensitive tools for measuring airway inflammation and resistance, respectively, but the studies that use FeNO and FOT to assess patients with asthma until now are few.

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the role of FeNO and FOT in the assessment of chronic asthma.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study involved 75 patients (10–70 years old) with chronic asthma who visited a private Spiro clinic in Al-Hilla City, Iraq, in the period from April 2022 to February 2023. They were examined by using the FeNO apparatus and FOT.

Results:

There were no significant differences between the patient and control group regarding age, gender, and body mass index. The study showed a significant relationship between expiratory flow rate and FeNO (P = 0.000). There was also a significant relationship between large airway resistance (Rrs) and FeNO (P = 0.008). In addition, there was a significant relationship between the resistance of small airways (as represented by Rrs19Hz) and FeNO level (P = 0.04). The study also found a significant relationship between reactance and FeNO level (P = 0.008).

Conclusion:

From the results, they conclude that the use of FOT and FeNO together gives considerable importance in the assessment of asthma.
The Prevalence of Premature Loss of Primary Molars Among Children Who Attended College of Dentistry/Hillah City, Iraq
Authors: Al Khafaji Sarah Y. , Wais Zahraa Mohamed Hussain , Salman Omaima Lateef
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:

Early tooth loss can compromise the integrity of the arch length required for subsequent permanent teeth, causing crowding, rotation, and impaction of the permanent teeth.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to assess the frequency of early primary molar loss at the dentistry college in Hillah, Iraq.

Materials and Methods:

An experienced examiner performed each clinical examination while using the proper illumination. For the study, a total of 206 children (84 boys and 122 girls) between the ages of 5 and 10 were chosen. Age and tooth loss were among the information gathered. The acquired data were then subjected to statistical analysis. All statistical calculations are made using the SPSS version 26 software. The Pearson chi-squared test and Cramer V test are used to assess categorical variables, which are provided as absolute numbers and percentages. P values lower than 0.05 were regarded as significant.

Result:

The study found that in the sample, 69.83% had early loss of primary teeth with girls having a higher incidence of primary tooth loss than boys (59.2%). Both first and second molars are affected with premature loss equally. Premature tooth loss was significant in the mandibular left side (36.9%).

Conclusion:

Early primary tooth loss was shown to be more common significantly in girls when compared to boys. The left mandibular tooth was most commonly affected, then right side followed by maxillary right and left side sequentially. First and second molars are equally affected with premature loss.
Mothers’ Knowledge and Noncompliance of Childhood Vaccination in Primary Health Care Centers at Mosul City
Authors: Alsaeed Hana A. , Khaleel Rayyan Ibrahim , Mukhlif Hanaa Hussein
Published: December 2024

Background:

A vaccine ensures children that they are immune to or resistant to an infectious disease.

Objectives:

The study aimed to assess mothers’ knowledge. In addition, identify the reasons for noncompliance with vaccination of their children, and the relationship between the mothers’ knowledge with their educational level.

Materials and Methods:

A descriptive study was designed for a sample of 250 mothers attending primary health care centers between September 15, 2022, and December 20, 2022, for their children’s immunizations. The tool of the study contains questions about the sample’s sociodemographic characteristics. As well as 7 questions about the mother’s knowledge and 12 questions about reasons for children’s inadequate immunizations. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed.

Results:

The results revealed that regarding mothers’ knowledge about immunization, the study revealed that most mothers do not have sufficient knowledge about vaccinations for their children. Most of them believe that vaccines can be harmful to the child (81.2%). The study found a linkage between mothers’ knowledge of vaccinations with their educational level.

Conclusion:

This study concludes that insufficient knowledge of mothers about vaccination and the reasons for fear of side effects and the unavailability of the vaccine entails effective dissemination of information, campaigning, and family involvement.
Role of Axillary Lymph Nodes Involvement in Some Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy
Authors: Obaid Hussein Abbas , Mohammed Mohammed Radhi , Abd Haider Hussein
Published: December 2024

Background:

Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) is an excellent surgical approach for breast cancer. Some complications following mastectomy are wound infection, lymphedema, and seroma.

Objectives:

To explore lymph node involvement role in some complications of MRM.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective study enrolling 100 women with breast cancer admitted to Baghdad Teaching Hospital from January 2015 to January 2018. Data about demography, past medical history, family history, and other relevant data were taken. We did MRM with axillary lymph nodes excision level one, two, and three, depending on the lymph node involvement extent. According to the number of lymph nodes involved, patients were allocated into group one (1–3 lymph nodes), or two (4–9), or three (10 or more). Follow-up lasted 2 years after surgery to detect wound infection, lymphedema, and seroma.

Results:

Wound infection, lymphedema, and seroma occurred more in patients of group three; however, only lymphedema and seroma showed a significantly different rate among the three groups.

Conclusions:

The number and degree of lymph nodes involvement is an important factor in the occurrence of lymphedema and seroma.
The Impact of Chronic Low-Back Pain on Quality of Life among Samples of Iraqi Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Mohammed Jawad Nadia Ayad , Alosami Mohammad Hadi , Mahdi Zainab Fadhil
Published: December 2024

Background:

The term “chronic pain” refers to discomfort that lasts longer than 3–6 months. Particularly in industrialized nations, low-back pain (LBP) and its accompanying limitations are becoming a rising public health concern. Disability is the inability to do an activity in a way that is appropriate for a human being or within their normal range.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and pain severity and quality of life in chronic LBP (CLBP) patients from Iraq.

Materials and Methods:

The study was carried out between September 2020 and January 2021, involving 100 participants conveniently selected in the rheumatology unit at Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City, Iraq. Data were collected using a questionnaire that consisted of the sociodemographic variables, the short form 36 score (SF-36), and the numerical pain score. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for the statistical analysis.

Results:

In the study, there were 100 patients with persistent LBP, ranging in age from 17 to 58, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 45.54 (11.36) years. About 54% of them were female. Approximately 72% were married, and the highest percentage (40%) had a secondary educational level. The individuals under study had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.61 kg/m2. Nearly 12% of them were current smokers, and 46.0% were housewives. A higher mean Numerical Pain Score was reported among current smokers (P = 0.016). A nonsignificant difference in numerical pain score has been noted in relation to gender, age, marital status, occupation, BMI, and educational level (P values of 0.876, 0.06, 0.392, 0.307, 0.139, and 0.664, respectively). This study also revealed a low total score for quality of life among participants with increasing age, retired or not working, and widowed patients.

Conclusion:

Participants’ quality of life is significantly impacted by CLBP. On both the total level of quality of life and the mental area, it has a very adverse effect.
The Impact of Ramadan Fasting on Salivary Oxidative Stress in Relation to a Gingival Health Condition
Authors: Hussein Ryam Abdul Kareem , Awn Baydaa Hussein
Published: December 2024

Background:

In the 9th month of the Islamic lunar calendar, Ramadan, Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset. Remarkably, this fasting process has been known to enhance oral and general health.

Objectives:

Male dental students undergoing Ramadan fasting were the research subjects of a study that aimed to determine the linkage between gingival health and salivary oxidative stress during the fasting.

Materials and Methods:

The subject population of this study comprised 30 male dental students aged 20–23 years old. The sample collection process entailed taking saliva from each student three times—1 week prior to Ramadan’s commencement (T0), during its last week (T1), and 1 month after its end (T2). Alongside these, various clinical and periodontal evaluations were carried out. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed using ELISA for malondialdehyde (MDA)—markers of oxidative stress and a spectrophotometer for determining total antioxidant capacity (TAC).

Results:

During the course of the study, it was found that salivary MDA levels underwent a significant decrease from baseline to Ramadan (P < 0.05), while TAC in the saliva increased from baseline with a significant increase from baseline to after Ramadan fasting (P < 0.05). Significant reductions in gingival index values were observed during the baseline, Ramadan, and after Ramadan periods (P < 0.05). A strong positive correlation between gingival and plaque indices was observed throughout all three periods as well (P < 0.05). additionally, there was also a positive significant correlation observed between the salivary antioxidant capacity and gingival index during baseline and Ramadan (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Ramadan fasting results in lower salivary MDA levels and increased total salivary antioxidant capacity, leading to improved gingival health status.
Lifestyle and Dietary Habits Among Private College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iraq
Authors: Owadh Hasanain Kamil , AbdElrahman Mohamed , Salem Karrar Hazim , Kadhim Zaineb F. , Malik Samir Azzat , Fadhil Ali Q. , Naham Hebatallah S. , Sahb Manar N. , Abdul Hussein Sarah F.
Published: December 2024

Background:

Students’ lifestyles and eating habits can be disturbed due to their busy work schedule.

Objectives:

This study is aimed to assess the prevalence of healthy habits among students from the private colleges of pharmacy and Physical Education Sport Sciences in Iraq.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 358 students of Al-Mustaqbal University in Babylon province, Iraq were participated in this cross-sectional study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a predesigned questionnaire, which includes questions on the student’s sociodemographic information, weight status, meal habits, smoking status, alcohol use, fried food consumption, and overall fruits and vegetables intake. The Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to determine descriptive statistics.

Results:

Students’ body mass index (BMI) revealed that 2.9% of male students were underweight, 51.2% were normal, and 37.3% were overweight, whereas 6.4% of female students were underweight, 64% were normal, and 26.4% were overweight. Eating irregularly was highly reported between females and males (P < 0.001). More students in sports science eat breakfast daily compared with students in pharmacy. Of the total sample, 37.1% and 44.4% of students reported regularly snacking and consuming fried food, respectively. Female student smoking was reported (P < 0.001). Students reported rarely drinking alcohol.

Conclusions:

The findings of this study indicated that students attending private college had lifestyle behaviors that range from healthy to unhealthy. These behaviors were potentially affected by gender and college type.
Pregnant Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: A Physiological Overview
Authors: Ubeid Muhsin Hmeadi
Published: December 2024

Background:

Diabetes is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy and it carries significant risk for the fetus and the mother.

Objectives:

This study includes hematological variables on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in pregnant women that rely on insulin intake.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, there are 60 pregnant individuals with insulin-dependent T2DM and severe hypertension (HTN). In the governorate of Erbil, patients are seen in the medical labs of the Layla Qasim Center, Maternity Hospital, and Rizgary Teaching Hospitals. The control group consists of 20 healthy women.

Results:

The results demonstrate that pregnant women with diabetes, who are dependent on insulin intake, have a mean systolic blood pressure measurement of 153.8 ± 0.11 mm Hg, which is significantly higher than that of the control group. Blood levels of random glucose are significantly linked with HTN. Females with diabetes have a tiny bit fewer red blood cells (RBCs) than females without the disease. The hemoglobin (Hb) levels of pregnant patients with T2DM diabetes revealed lower levels compared to nondiabetic female group. Estimated sedimentation rate (ESR) levels are greater in T2DM than in the control group. The white blood cell (WBC) count is significantly higher in pregnant women with T2DM, particularly in the monocyte subtype of leukocyte, which exhibits a significantly elevated level. However, there is no difference observed in the proportion of high-type neutrophils in diabetes pregnant patients. The lymphocytes of pregnant T2DM patients who are dependent on insulin consumption do not demonstrate any relevance.

Conclusion:

Patients with hyperglycemia dramatically changed their total and differential leukocyte counts. This outcome was caused by an acute infection. Females with diabetes have fewer RBCs than those in the control group. High significance correlation exists between HTN and random blood glucose levels.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Genes (CagA, BabA, and HomB) with Stem Cell Markers (LGR5 and CD133) in Severity of Gastric Disease
Authors: Abdullah Safyia Khalid , Bakir Wasan Abdul-elah , Alsikafi Mais Ibrahim
Published: December 2024

Background:

Gastritis is commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori, which colonizes the mucosa of the gastric epithelium in more than half the population worldwide. It adheres to the gastric epithelium, with an important aspect of the pathogenicity of the microorganism facilitating the transport of certain proteins such as CagA, BabA, and Hom into that epithelium.

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the association between the co-expression of LGR5 and CD133 in patients with gastric diseases and assess the distribution of H. pylori outer membrane genes (CagA, BabA, and HomB) with gastrointestinal disease outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

For the 140 patients enrolled, H. pylori virulence factors including Cag, BabA, and HomB were detected using Multiplex real-time PCR, while LGR5 and CD133 expressions were determined via immunohistochemistry.

Results:

The expressions of BabA and HomB had a significant difference with gastric disease such as gastric cancer, gastric metaplasia, and gastritis with and without the colonization of H. pylori, while there was no significant difference of CAG gene expression with gastric disease. Co-expression of LGR5 and CD133 had significant association with gastric disease.

Conclusion:

There was a significant increase in H. pylori Ag (BabA and HomB) expression among patients with gastric disease. However, no significant differences were observed between H. pylori Cag Ag expression among patients with gastric disease, and all the patients were infected with H. pylori having the Cag gene (100%). It is suggested that CD133 and Lgr5 may play an important role in gastric carcinoma.
Inflammatory Cytokines—The Link between Coronavirus Disease and Abortion: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Alfadhel Samar Muayad , Thamer Niran Ali
Published: December 2024

Background:

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and the risk of abortion have become a major concern for pregnant women worldwide. Whereas research studies have not yet determined the exact risk of abortion due to COVID-19 infection, the virus could increase the risk of pregnancy complications through inflammatory cytokines and immune response.

Objective:

The study highlights prognostic markers for pregnancy complications during COVID-19 infections by testing interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factors-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (INF-γ) in the serum of pregnant women with and without COVID-19.

Materials and Methods:

A case‐control study consists of 100 cases; included are 50 COVID-19 pregnant women matched with 50 non-COVID-19 pregnant women, with both groups free from any abortion risk factors. The study measured serum IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α and INF-γ tests to predict cases with severe infection and those at high risk for fetal loss.

Results:

The statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between elevated immunological markers levels and the severity of COVID-19 and pregnancy complication P value (0.001, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.001 for IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and INF-γ, respectively). Furthermore, the odd ratio explains that elevated immunological markers increased the risk of baby loss; through COVID-19 infection. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis verified these accuracies; the excellent test referred to IL-6, followed by IL-18 and INF-γ very good tests, then TNF-α as a medium test to predict the risk of pregnancy complication.

Conclusion:

These results concluded that monitoring these immunological markers’ levels could help predict COVID-19 infection in the severe stage and the risk of pregnancy complications in COVID-19-positive women.
Role of Soluble CD23 in Patients with Hyperthyroidism: Case–Control Study
Authors: Hassan Salim Hussein , Abd Al-Salam Aqeel S. , Esmaeel Nawras A.
Published: December 2024

Background:

Hyperthyroidism, or Graves’ disease (GD), is the consequence of an overproduction of thyroid hormones.

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the concentration of soluble CD23 in GD patients and the correlation of its level with biomarkers (T.3, T.4, thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], FT.3, FT.4, and vitamin D, among those.

Materials and Methods:

There were eighty patients (50 patients with hyperthyroidism and 30 controls), during the time frame beginning in February 2021 and ending in April 2022 at Karbala city. In this research, participants were required to have a positive result on both an ultrasound of the thyroid and a test for thyrotropin receptor autoantibody (TRAB). FT.3, FT.4, and TRAB. Levels were determined by the VIDAS technique. Serum sCD23 and vitamin D3 levels were determined by ELISA using commercial test kits.

Results:

The mean age of the patients included in this study was 39 ± 12 years, while that of the control group was 30 ± 10 years. GD was noticed among female more than male patients. Regarding the age groups of GD, more patients were in the 25–44 years age group than in the other age groups. The immunological marker sCD23 is higher in the patients’ group when compared with the control group (486.16 ± 185.39, 166.64 ± 61.15, respectively) and no correlation between levels of it and T3, T4, TSH, and vitamin D.

Conclusion:

There was a statistically significant difference between the patient and control groups in the levels of sCD23 and thyroid panel test.
Literacy, Health-Seeking Behavior, and Retinal Diseases in Jos, North Central Nigeria
Authors: Adejoh Mercy Onevoza , Malu Keziah Nanier , Adenuga Olukorede O. , Alada Joel James
Published: December 2024

Background:

Retinal diseases are increasingly becoming a cause for concern worldwide. Despite this, little information on the association between literacy levels, health-seeking behavior, and retinal diseases in North Central Nigeria is available.

Objective:

To explore the relationship between literacy levels and retinal diseases in a tertiary institution in North Central Nigeria. To examine the impact of literacy levels on retinal health, access to eye care, and disease outcomes, and recommend strategies to improve eye health outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study where all new patients attending the eye clinic from June to December 2014 were interviewed. Self-reported information on sociodemographic data, literacy, and health-seeking behavior was obtained using a detailed interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed. Logistic regression was employed to evaluate the association between health-seeking behavior and retinal diseases.

Results:

Two hundred and seventy-eight participants were seen, of which 74 (26.6%) had retinal diseases. Of the 74 study participants with retinal diseases, 5 (6.8%) were illiterate, whereas 69 (93.2%) were literate, where 2 (2.7%) had no formal education (Arabic), 17 (22.9%) had primary school education, 19 (25.7%) had secondary level of education, and 31 (41.9%) attained tertiary level education. Retinal diseases were observed in 23 (31.1%) civil servants, which was more than in other occupations. Logistic regression revealed poor health-seeking behavior was a significant predictor of retinal disease, with a 0.494 chance of increased risk of retinal disease (odds ratio = 0.494, confidence interval = 0.288–0.847, P = 0.010).

Conclusion:

The study findings allude to the need for health education and the development of health interventions, which could ultimately prevent a potential increase in the prevalence of retinal diseases.
Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Treating Diabetic Macular Edema and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Summary of Pivotal Trials and Studies
Authors: Okonkwo Ogugua Ndubuisi , Adio Oluwatunmayowa , Akanbi Toyin , Umeh Chukwuebuka Victor , Okudo Adaora , Martha-Mary Udoh
Published: December 2024

This review summarizes clinical trials involving the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that provided the evidence for therapy and paved the way for a new era in treating diabetic macular edema (DME). In 2006, ranibizumab was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), first for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and then for treating other retinal diseases, including DME. This resulted in outcomes superior to those of retinal laser photocoagulation, the standard of care at that time. These improved outcomes led to a paradigm shift in the management of DME. Over the years, retina physicians and ophthalmologists have witnessed the development of new pharmacological molecules, whose ultimate aim is to provide more effective and durable treatment, extend treatment intervals, and reduce the burden of treatment, without safety concerns. This led to the approval of aflibercept, and brolucizumab, which also inhibit VEGF A. Recently and for the first time a dual-inhibition, anti-VEGF A and anti-angiopoietin-2, drug, faricimab, has been approved and shows promising results in the real-world setting. Also, a higher-dose and longer lasting drug, than conventional aflibercept (Eylea), Eylea HD has been developed and approved, resulting in superior therapeutic effects. Retinal physicians, ophthalmologists, and other retina care providers should familiarize themselves with the design and outcome of the pivotal approval studies and other studies that have shaped clinical care for DME and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Unilateral 360° Peripapillary Myelinated Nerve Fibers with Axial Myopia and Amblyopia: Straatsma Syndrome
Authors: Kaur Rajwinder , Kaur Navdeep , Khan Balbir , Kaur Kirandeep , Gurnani Bharat
Published: December 2024

Myelinated retinal nerve fibers (MNRF) are not a rare congenital anomaly but discovered as an incidental finding in approximately 1% of all eyes. This developmental defect presents as grey-white patches with feathery margins, especially in the peripapillary area. MNRF can be either static or dynamic, and may be congenital or acquired. Straatsma syndrome is a rare condition characterized by a traditional triad of unilateral MNRF, axial myopia, and amblyopia. We hereby present a case report of a 23-year-old male patient diagnosed with this syndrome. Cycloplegic retinoscopy revealed a refractive error of −2.00/−0.75 × 75 in the right eye and plano in the left eye. Best corrected visual acuity improved to 20/40 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Multimodal imaging of the right fundus showed extensive myelination encircling the disc 360 degrees, obscuring the disc margins. The left eye appeared normal. Type 2 MNRF, unilateral myopia, and amblyopia are poor prognostic factors in this case.
Targeted Therapy on Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Sireesha Vankodoth , Ramya Kaluvala , Nikshitha Manne , Nikitha Sunkari , Rao T. Rama
Published: December 2024

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye-related condition in developed countries and can affect elderly individuals to lose their central vision. At first, physicians can spot early AMD by looking for accumulation called macular deposits underneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. It can be broadly divided into dry and wet types. One can analyse dry AMD by seeing many large drusen, and RPE layer detachment leads to central vision impairment. However, wet AMD can be identified by formation of choroidal neovascularisation by using various diagnosis methods. There are many risk factors like genetics and environmental factors (smoking, diet) that can increase the chances of getting and worsening AMD. The main goal in treating AMD is to slow down the disease at an early stage. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medications are used to treat central vision loss patients in order to prevent new blood vessel growth, which helps lessen the loss of vision. A healthy diet rich in antioxidants may help in preventing AMD; understanding the risk factors and improving lifestyle choices are more important. Even though we have made good strides in spotting this disease for better treatment, we still need more research to really understand how it works to reduce disease conditions by various agents. This review article of AMD covers the recent trends in diseases, development of risk factors, diagnosis methods, grading system, and possibilities for AMD therapy.
Demographic Profile and Neuro-Ophthalmic Manifestations in Primary Intracranial Tumours in Adult Patients: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Health Centre in Eastern India
Authors: Mishra Suchismita , Panigrahi Souvagya , Das Suprava , Srija Yamijala Neha , Panigrahi Pradeep Kumar , Patro Manaswini
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To evaluate the demographic profile and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of primary brain tumours in adult patients presenting to a tertiary care centre in eastern India.

Methods:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with primary intracranial tumours presenting to a tertiary care multi-specialty hospital in eastern India from January 2018 to October 2021. A complete neurosurgical, endocrinal, and ophthalmological evaluation was done in each patient.

Results:

A total of 106 patients with primary brain tumours were included in the study. The mean age of presentation was 40.98 ± 12.85 years. There were 50 (47.17%) males and 56 (52.83%) females. The tumour location was supratentorial (ST) in 72 (67.92%) patients and infratentorial (IT) in 34 (32.08%) patients. Pituitary adenoma was the most common tumour in the present study (32.07%). The most common tumour was pituitary adenoma in the ST location and cerebellopontine angle schwannoma in the IT location. Headache and hearing loss were the most common presenting symptoms in ST and IT tumours, respectively. Blurring of vision was the most common ocular symptom in 47.16% of cases. Hemianopic field defect was the most common field defect in our study and was seen in 47.72% of cases.

Conclusion:

Meticulous ophthalmological examination is essential in patients with intracranial tumours. Our study emphasises the importance of a detailed ophthalmological examination and knowledge of associated neurological manifestations in ST and IT tumours.
Secondary Intraocular Lens Options in Intraocular Lens Dislocation: A Review
Authors: Maloof Alexander , James Ava , Pavic Nicholas , Zhang Shane , Wu Stephanie , Go Christopher
Published: December 2024

Intraocular lens dislocation is an uncommon complication of cataract surgery. This review presents an updated summary of the secondary intraocular lens (IOL) options that are described in the literature for the management of IOL subluxation or dislocation. A broad review of the literature was performed. We evaluated different techniques for both IOL lens rescue and secondary IOLs, with a focus on the latter. We structured our review of each option by the salvageability of the IOL, the preservation of the bag, and subsequently the adequacy of capsular support. We then evaluated the techniques available for each option, with a clinical focus on the anatomical indications, technical considerations, advantages, and potential complications, before proposing an algorithm for determining the selection of each major secondary IOL implantation technique. While there are numerous IOL techniques and lens options for addressing IOL dislocation, there is currently no consensus on the optimal method. The choice of secondary IOL and fixation techniques are often guided by patient anatomy and the nature of the dislocation, but in many cases are decided upon the surgeon’s experience and preference.
Orbital Blood Flow and Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome - A Narrative Review
Authors: Paul Anujeet , Naik Aishwarya , Ramesh Prasanna V. , Ghosh Tamanna
Published: December 2024

The narrative review titled ‘Orbital Blood Flow and Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome’ provides a comprehensive exploration of the intricate interplay between pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome and orbital blood flow, offering insights into its clinical ramifications. Commencing with an overview of the historical context and prevalence of PEX, the review traverses various dimensions, including gender and age considerations, mortality/morbidity rates, and the underlying pathophysiology. It delves into the composition of PEX material and delineates the differential gene expression associated with the syndrome. Central to the discourse is the impact of PEX on orbital vasculature, elucidating its correlation with ocular ischemia and alterations in protein levels within the aqueous humour. Techniques for clinical evaluation, notably colour Doppler imaging, emerge as indispensable tools for assessing blood flow in patients with PEX.The article emphasises the significance of vascular dysfunction in PEX, highlighting the findings of decreased blood flow velocities and elevated resistive indices in affected individuals.The review underscores the imperative of comprehending the vascular implications of PEX to optimise diagnostic and management approaches, with far reaching implications for minimising operative complications and enhancing patient outcomes.
A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate the Refractive Status and Dry Eye Disease in Cases of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Verma Sanjeev , Midya Urmi , Kedawat Snehal
Published: December 2024

Objective:

To evaluate newly diagnosed vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients for their symptomatology, refractive errors and presence of dry eye disease along with its severity.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted after approval from the institutional ethics committee, among 100 patients of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After obtaining informed consent, visual acuity and refraction, tear film break-up time, corneal fluorescein staining and Schirmer test (I and II) were performed. An ocular surface disease index questionnaire was filled out for symptomatic evaluation and was also graded on the basis of their ocular findings. The results were analysed by SPSS software.

Results:

In our study, the most common symptoms experienced were itching (87%) and redness (79%). Dry eye symptoms were present in 43% of patients with an ocular surface disease index (OSDI) mean score of 11.3 ± 4.67. Out of 100 patients, 45 patients had mild findings and 55 patients had moderate findings of VKC. The mean value of tear film break-up time (TBUT) was 8.15 ± 4.47 (P: 0.539), that of corneal fluorescein staining was 4.18 ± 3.4 (P: 0.885) and those of Schirmer’s test I and II were 13.4 ± 5.9 mm (P: 0.288) and 12.95 ± 5.8 mm (P: 0.615), respectively. Myopia was found to be the most common refractive error (35%) followed by hypermetropia (30%) and astigmatism (10%).

Conclusion:

The results concluded that patients of VKC showed a mild-to-moderate disease and are associated with dry eye having the values of TBUT, corneal staining and Schirmer test, proving the association. Refractive errors are not present in all patients of VKC but have a positive association with increasing severity of the disease.
The Roles of Christian Theologians in the Church, Academia, and Society in the Context of
Matthew 5:13-16
Authors: Alamu Samuel Sunday , Taiwo Babawale Solomon
Published: December 2024

This article examines the vital role of Christian theologians in engaging the three public domains—Church, Academia, and Society—within the framework of David Tracy’s "three publics" theory. The study is anchored in Matthew 5:13-16, where Jesus describes his followers as the "salt of the earth" and "light of the world," highlighting their transformative and preservative roles. Nigeria, a nation characterized by religious pluralism, socio-political challenges, and developmental needs, serves as the context for this investigation. While existing literature addresses the role of theologians in faith communities, there remains a gap in understanding their integrated contributions to ethical governance, intellectual leadership, and societal transformation in multi-religious and developing contexts like Nigeria. By situating the discussion in Nigeria and extending its relevance globally, the article underscores the potential of Christian theologians to provide innovative solutions to pressing socio-political and ethical challenges, ultimately inspiring global theologians to embrace their multifaceted responsibilities.

Anchored in David Tracy’s "three publics" framework, this study examines how theologians contribute to moral leadership, intellectual advancement, and societal transformation, with a particular focus on Nigeria. As a nation marked by religious diversity, socio-political challenges, and urgent developmental needs, Nigeria provides a compelling context for understanding the intersection of theology and practical societal engagement. The article argues that theologians are pivotal in addressing ethical governance, fostering social justice, and encouraging interfaith dialogue—critical issues that resonate not only in Nigeria but also in other multi-religious and socio-politically complex nations. Ultimately, the study demonstrates how theological insights, when applied thoughtfully, can address both national and global challenges, offering a framework for Christian theologians worldwide to contribute meaningfully to the pressing issues of their times.
Música académica a través de la prensa (1900-1950)
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: December 2024

El presente dossier reúne cuatro trabajos del equipo de investigación de la programación científica FiloCyT F22-019 ‘Músicas académicas a través de la prensa latinoamericana (1900-1950)’, radicado en el Instituto de Artes del Espectáculo “Raúl H. Castagnino” de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. El planteo principal de nuestro proyecto fue el de abordar la prensa como una de las fuentes necesarias para reconstruir las historias de la música (o músicas), en particular las que arrojen luz sobre aquellas de tradición académica y sobre los modos de entenderla en nuestra región.
Shifres, Favio (comp). La psicología de la música en Argentina. Investigación y perspectivas actuales. Bernal: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 2023. 362 pp. ISBN: 978-987-558-871-4
Authors: Sorrentino Sebastián
Published: December 2024

Es evidente que la complejidad del fenómeno musical necesariamente obliga al intercambio disciplinar. Siendo el impacto de la música en aspectos mentales de los sujetos que contemplan o participan de ella un tópico de gran antigüedad, no es extraño que la psicología sea una disciplina históricamente cercana a la musicología. Esta cercanía disciplinar se vio categorizada en el siglo XIX dentro de la musicología sistemática de Guido Adler (1885) como la de una disciplina “auxiliar”, preocupada mayormente por la “conceptualización mental” de tonos e intervalos. 1 Es claro que la idea de auxiliaridad puede denotar una relación servicial hacia la musicología más que de intercambio. A su vez, esta posición sobre la psicología implica cierto tipo de delimitación del campo de estudio como la incorporación de categorías derivadas de la de música europea de tradición escrita. La relación entre psicología y música ha recorrido un largo camino desde tal sistematización, surgiendo enfoques críticos que buscan plantear miradas amplias sobre la experiencia musical que replantean la significación de este intercambio entre disciplinas.