bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ectomycorrhiza formation and root development patterns of conifer seedlings on a high-elevation mine site
Authors: Grossnickle Steven C. , Reid C. P. P.
Published: April 2008

Three conifer species, Pinuscontorta Dougl., Pinusflexilis James, and Piceaengelmannii Parry ex Engelm. were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, Suillusgranulatus (L. ex Fr.) Kuntze, and Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. These, plus noninoculated seedlings were planted under two fertilization treatments and grown for 5 years on a high-elevation (3200 m) mine site. One-year-old P. contorta and P. engelmannii seedlings inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi P. tinctorius and S. granulatus were planted under two fertilization and three water conservation treatments, and grown on a high-elevation mine site for 1 year. After one growing season, mycorrhizae formed by P. tinctorius and S. granulatus were still visible on P. contorta seedlings root systems. However, after five growing seasons, P. tinctorius and C. geophilum were not visible on the roots of P. contorta and P. flexilis seedlings, although mycorrhizae formed by S. granulatus appeared to be present. Few mycorrhizae were observed on the root systems of 1- or 5-year-old P. engelmannii seedlings. Root system development of 1- and 5-year-old P. contorta and P. engelmannii seedlings was dramatically reduced by the sewage sludge and wood-chips fertilization treatment, but fertilization treatments had no apparent effects on root system development of 5-year-old P. flexilis.
Estimation of biomass and nutrient storage in a Himalayan moist temperate forest
Authors: Negi K. S. , Rawat Y. S. , Singh J. S.
Published: April 2008

Aboveground tree biomass, estimated for three relatively protected oak forest sites in the Kumaun Himalaya using allometric equations based on circumference at breast height and density, ranged from 197.2 to 322.8 t•ha−1. Average leaf, twig, branch, and bole biomass proportions were 6.9, 11.6, 29.1, and 52.4%, respectively. Nutrients stored in the aboveground tree biomass on slightly acidic, fairly deep, residual sandy loams averaged (kilograms per hectare): ash, 7962.5; Ca, 4946.6; Mg, 831.9; N, 2270.7.
Metabolism of tritiated water during imbibition and germination of jack pine seeds
Authors: Durzan D. J.
Published: April 2008

Tritiated water was used to study the metabolic fate of water in seeds of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) during imbibition and under the influence of a reversible phytochrome reaction. Since levels of tritium greater than 15 mCi•mL water−1•g seeds−1 inhibited germination in more than 50% of the seeds, all studies were performed well below this level. During imbibition over 80% of the total covalently bound radioactivity derived from tritiated water resided in glucose and fructose. Enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis viz. fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glycolysis viz. phosphoglucose isomerase, in these fat-storing seeds were postulated contributing to the recovery of covalent tritium from glucose especially in red light. Brief exposures of seeds to red and far-red light during imbibition affected mainly the level and distribution of radioactivity in sugars and to a lesser extent the major components of the free amino acid pool, viz. alanine, glutamic acid, and amides. Under cool white light, the highest specific activities were seen with aspartate and γ-aminobutyrate. In germinating seedlings, the recovery of tritium, almost entirely from the deoxyribose moiety of newly synthesized DNA, pointed to the importance of (i) light-mediated ribonucleotide reductases for DNA synthesis, (ii) enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt during imbibition, and (iii) structural integrity of developing subcellular organelles in embryonic cells during imbibition.
The effects of combined nitrogen on growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of black locust seedlings
Authors: Roberts Dane R. , Zimmerman Richard W. , Stringer Jeff W. , Carpenter Stanley B.
Published: April 2008

Black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.) seedlings grown for 50 days in sand culture with 5 mM NH4NO3-supplemented nutrient solution had 74% lower nitrogen-fixation rates (acetylene reduction) than seedlings grown without nitrogen. Nodule activity was not affected by treatment, and differences in nitrogen fixation between treatments reflected decreased nodulation in seedlings grown with NH4NO3. Relative growth rate was approximately 3 times greater in seedlings supplied with NH4NO3, indicating maximum biomass accumulation cannot be supported by nitrogen fixation alone. Growth was positively correlated with the nitrogen-fixation rate in seedlings grown without nitrogen, but this correlation was not found in NH4NO3-treated seedlings. Leaf nitrogen content was less for seedlings grown in the nitrogen-free sand culture and observations suggested that a nitrogen deficiency in these seedlings restricted their growth.
ON LINEAR WEINGARTEN SURFACES
Authors: LÓPEZ RAFAEL
Published: April 2008

In this paper, we study surfaces in Euclidean 3-space that satisfy a Weingarten condition of linear type as κ1 = mκ2 + n, where m and n are real numbers and κ1 and κ2 denote the principal curvatures at each point of the surface. We investigate the existence of such surfaces parametrized by a uniparametric family of circles. We prove that the only surfaces that exist are surfaces of revolution and the classical examples of minimal surfaces discovered by Riemann. The latter situation only occurs in the case (m, n) = (-1, 0).
ON THE TOPOLOGY OF THE EVALUATION MAP AND RATIONAL CURVES
Authors: KOKAREV GERASIM
Published: April 2008

We explore a relationship between topological properties of the orbits of 2-cycles in the symplectomorphism group Symp(M) and the existence of rational curves in M. Under the absence of rational curves hypothesis, we show that the evaluation map vanishies on π2 and obtain a Gottlieb-type vanishing theorem for toroidal cycles in Symp(M).
WOLD DECOMPOSITION FOR REPRESENTATIONS OF PRODUCT SYSTEMS OF C*-CORRESPONDENCES
Authors: SKALSKI ADAM , ZACHARIAS JOACHIM
Published: April 2008

Higher-rank versions of Wold decomposition are shown to hold for doubly commuting isometric representations of product systems of C*-correspondences over [Formula: see text], generalizing the classical result for a doubly commuting pair of isometries due to Słociński. Certain decompositions are also obtained for the general, not necessarily doubly commuting, case and several corollaries and examples are provided. Possibilities of extending isometric representations to fully coisometric ones are discussed.
MIXING OF 1/2- OCTETS UNDER SU(3) SYMMETRY
Authors: CHEN YAN , MA BO-QIANG
Published: April 2008

We investigate the Jp = 1/2- baryons in the octets based on flavor SU(3) symmetry. Since baryons with same quantum numbers can mix with each other, we consider the mixing between two octets before their mixing with the singlet. Most predicted decay widths are consistent with the experimental data, and meanwhile we predict two possible Ξ mass ranges of the two octets.
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN DGP BRANE COSMOLOGY AND 5D RICCI-FLAT COSMOLOGY
Authors: PING YONGLI , XU LIXIN , LIU HONGYA
Published: April 2008

We discuss the correspondence between the DGP brane cosmology and 5D Ricci-flat cosmology by letting their metrics equal each other. By this correspondence, a specific geometrical property of the arbitrary integral constant I in DGP metric is given and it is related to the curvature of 5D bulk. At the same time, the relation of arbitrary functions μ and ν in a class of Ricci-flat solutions is obtained from DGP brane metric.
GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE IN THE CONTEXT OF BRANE WORLD SCENARIO WITH DECAYING VACUUM ENERGY
Authors: BANDYOPADHYAY TANWI , BAVEJA ANUSUA , CHAKRABORTY SUBENOY
Published: April 2008

An FRW brane model embedded in a conformally flat bulk is considered to study gravitational collapse for matter cloud in non-interacting combination of dark matter and dark energy. The form of dark energy is chosen as the decaying vacuum energy. Both expanding and contracting model of the universe are found for different time intervals with a time interval in between, which is a forbidden region.
CHIRAL FREEDOM AND THE SCALE OF WEAK INTERACTIONS
Authors: WETTERICH C.
Published: April 2008

A second rank antisymmetric tensor field is proposed as an alternative to the Higgs scalar. No mass term is allowed by the symmetries. At the scale where the asymptotically free chiral couplings of the fermions grow large, condensates of top–antitop and bottom–antibottom may induce the spontaneous breaking of the electroweak gauge symmetry. This would solve the gauge hierarchy problem by dimensional transmutation, similar to QCD.
UTILITY OF A SPECIAL SECOND SCALAR DOUBLET
Authors: MA ERNEST
Published: April 2008

This review deals with the recent resurgence of interest in adding a second scalar doublet (η+, η0) to the Standard Model of particle interactions. In most studies, it is taken for granted that η0 should have a nonzero vacuum expectation value, even if it may be very small. What if there is an exactly conserved symmetry which ensures 〈η0 〉 = 0? The phenomenological ramifications of this idea include dark matter, radiative neutrino mass, leptogenesis, and grand unification.
PHASE TRANSITION BETWEEN NON-EXTREMAL AND EXTREMAL REISSNER–NORDSTRÖM BLACK HOLES
Authors: MYUNG YUN SOO
Published: April 2008

We discuss the phase transition between non-extremal and extremal Reissner–Nordström black holes. This transition is considered as the T → 0 limit of the transition between the non-extremal and near-extremal black holes. We show that an evaporating process from non-extremal black hole to extremal one is possible to occur, but its reverse process is not possible because of the presence of the maximum temperature. Furthermore, it is shown that the Hawking–Page phase transition between small and large black holes is unlikely to occur in the AdS Reissner–Nordström black holes.
A SOFTWARE COMPONENT REPRESENTATION MODEL FOR COMPOSITIONAL REUSE
Authors: NATH RAJENDER , VOHRA ANIL
Published: April 2008

Software reuse has been getting the attention of the software industry due to its potential to revamp the software development process. The systematic use of software reuse is practical and the industrial user data shows that it improves the productivity and quality of the software. However there are issues which have been limiting the widespread use of software reuse. These relate to software component representation, its storage and retrieval. This paper presents a new software component representation model based on information retrieval theory and pairs of words. The model can implement a domain independent component library and allows one to use uncontrolled vocabulary and automatic indexing. It can be readily implemented in the existing systems.
MEASUREMENT IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING: FROM THE ROADMAP TO THE CROSSROADS
Authors: BELLINI CARLO GABRIEL PORTO , PEREIRA RITA DE CÁSSIA DE FARIA , BECKER JOÃO LUIZ
Published: April 2008

Research on software measurement can be organized around five key conceptual and methodological issues: how to apply measurement theory to software, how to frame software metrics, how to develop metrics, how to collect core measures, and how to analyze measures. The subject is of special concern for the industry, which is interested in improving practices — mainly in developing countries, where the software industry represents an opportunity for growth and usually receives institutional support for matching international quality standards. Academics are also in need of understanding and developing more effective methods for managing the software process and assessing the success of products and services, as a result of an enhanced awareness about the emergency of aligning business processes and information systems. This paper unveils the fundamentals of measurement in software engineering and discusses current issues and foreseeable trends for the subject. A literature review was performed within major academic publications in the last decade, and findings suggest a sensible shift of measurement interests towards managing the software process as a whole — without losing from sight the customary focus on hard issues like algorithm efficiency and worker productivity.
INDEX-MAXMINER: A NEW MAXIMAL FREQUENT ITEMSET MINING ALGORITHM
Authors: SONG WEI , YANG BINGRU , XU ZHANGYAN
Published: April 2008

Because of the inherent computational complexity, mining the complete frequent item-set in dense datasets remains to be a challenging task. Mining Maximal Frequent Item-set (MFI) is an alternative to address the problem. Set-Enumeration Tree (SET) is a common data structure used in several MFI mining algorithms. For this kind of algorithm, the process of mining MFI's can also be viewed as the process of searching in set-enumeration tree. To reduce the search space, in this paper, a new algorithm, Index-MaxMiner, for mining MFI is proposed by employing a hybrid search strategy blending breadth-first and depth-first. Firstly, the index array is proposed, and based on bitmap, an algorithm for computing index array is presented. By adding subsume index to frequent items, Index-MaxMiner discovers the candidate MFI's using breadth-first search at one time, which avoids first-level nodes that would not participate in the answer set and reduces drastically the number of candidate itemsets. Then, for candidate MFI's, depth-first search strategy is used to generate all MFI's. Thus, the jumping search in SET is implemented, and the search space is reduced greatly. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient especially for dense datasets.
A HEURISTIC SCHEDULING APPROACH TO THE DEDICATED MACHINE CONSTRAINT
Authors: SHR ARTHUR , LIU ALAN , CHEN PETER
Published: April 2008

The constraint of having a dedicated machine for the photolithography process in semiconductor manufacturing is a new challenge introduced in photolithography machinery due to natural bias. With dedicated machine constraint, the wafer lots passing through each photolithography process have to be processed by the same machine. The purpose of the limitation is to prevent the natural bias of the photolithography machine. However, much research proposed by previous researchers did not discuss the dedicated photolithography machine constraint. In this paper, we propose the Load Balancing (LB) scheduling approach based on a Resource Schedule and Execution Matrix (RSEM) framework to tackle the constraint. The proposed LB approach schedules each wafer lot at the first photolithography stage to a suitable machine according to the load factor of these photolithography machines. We describe the LB approach and the construction process of the RSEM framework. We also present an example to demonstrate our approach and simulation results to validate our approach.
EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF MACHINE LEARNING BASED SOFTWARE DEFECT PREDICTION TECHNIQUES
Authors: CHALLAGULLA VENKATA UDAYA B. , BASTANI FAROKH B. , YEN I-LING , PAUL RAYMOND A.
Published: April 2008

Automated reliability assessment is essential for systems that entail dynamic adaptation based on runtime mission-specific requirements. One approach along this direction is to monitor and assess the system using machine learning-based software defect prediction techniques. Due to the dynamic nature of software data collected, Instance-based learning algorithms are proposed for the above purposes. To evaluate the accuracy of these methods, the paper presents an empirical analysis of four different real-time software defect data sets using different predictor models.

The results show that a combination of 1R and Instance-based learning along with Consistency-based subset evaluation technique provides a relatively better consistency in achieving accurate predictions as compared with other models. No direct relationship is observed between the skewness present in the data sets and the prediction accuracy of these models. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) does not show a consistent advantage in improving the accuracy of the predictions. While random reduction of attributes gave poor accuracy results, simple Feature Subset Selection methods performed better than PCA for most prediction models. Based on these results, the paper presents a high-level design of an Intelligent Software Defect Analysis tool (ISDAT) for dynamic monitoring and defect assessment of software modules.
CHEMILUMINESCENCE ON OXIDE SURFACE
Authors: IVANKIV L. I. , DZYUPYN O. V. , BALITSKII O. A.
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the oxygen adsorption properties on magnesium oxide surface. The results are compared with theoretical adsorption kinetics. Temperature and time dependences of adsorption mechanisms and chemiluminescence are discussed.
A THEORETICAL STUDY OF UNSATURATED OLEFIN HYDROGENATION AND ISOMERIZATION ON Pd(111)
Authors: BELELLI PATRICIA G. , CASTELLANI NORBERTO J.
Published: April 2008

The addition of hydrogen to the carbon–carbon double bond of 2-butenes adsorbed on Pd (111) was studied within the density functional theory (DFT) and using a periodic slab model. For that purpose, the Horiuti–Polanyi mechanisms for both complete hydrogenation and isomerization were considered. The hydrogenation of cis and trans-2-butene to produce butane proceeds via the formation of eclipsed and staggered-2-butyl intermediates, respectively. In both cases, a relatively high energy barrier to produce the half-hydrogenated intermediate makes the first hydrogen addition the slowest step of the reaction. The competitive production of trans-2-butene from cis-2-butene requires the conversion from the eclipsed-2-butyl to the staggered-2-butyl isomer. As the corresponding energy barrier is relatively small and because the first of these isomers is less stable than the second, an easy conversion is predicted.
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN EVOLUTION WITH TEMPERATURE IN NANOPOROUS SILICON
Authors: MOUSSI A. , BOUHAFS D. , BENREGUIA N. , MAHIOU L. , BELKAID M. S.
Published: April 2008

In this work, a porous layer on an n+ emitter by a chemical route was realized. The MEB observation shows a nanoporous shape of the surface. The subsequent contact depositions needs a heat treatment that has an influence on hydrogen and oxygen distributions in the porous layer. After heat treatments, the porous silicon layer is analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The concentration profile of light elements like H , O , C , F and N are measured and compared with untreated porous layer. The results show that oxygen is present at high level at ambient temperature and then decreases from 25°C to 775°C. This means that oxygen desorption is observed on the surface. At 800°C the oxygen content increases again showing an oxidation of porous layer surface. For hydrogen, the concentration decreases from the ambient temperature until 750°C was noted. Then the hydrogen is restored at its first concentration. The FTIR spectra correlate this hydrogen distribution. The absorption spectra show the appearance of Si – H x bonds (with x = 1, 2, 3) at 2089, 2115, and 2140 cm-1, respectively. Both elements O and H are present deeply in the porous silicon layer as shown by the sputter time.
OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF La2O3 FILMS PREPARED BY ION BEAM ASSISTANT ELECTRON BEAM EVAPORATION
Authors: YANG CHEN , FAN HUIQING , QIU SHAOJUN , XI YINGXUE , FU YUNFEI
Published: April 2008

La 2 O 3 films were deposited on Si (100) substrates by ion beam assistant electron beam evaporation and were annealed at 450–900°C. Crystalline structure was found to change from amorphous structure to cubic and hexagonal structure with the rise in annealing temperature. The near infrared transmittance of the film annealed at 600°C was relatively high and could be further increased using assistant ion beam in deposition. The maximum leakage current density increased dramatically from 10-7 to 10-4 A/cm2 with the rise in annealing temperature. The film annealed at 600°C with cubic structure had a relatively high dielectric constant of ~18.
POLYVINYLPYROLLIDONE AND POLYACRYLAMIDE AS CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR MILD STEEL IN ACIDIC MEDIUM
Authors: UMOREN S. A. , OBOT I. B.
Published: April 2008

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M H 2 SO 4 in the presence of polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) and polyacrylamide (PA) as inhibitors at 30–60°C was studied using gravimetric and gasometric techniques. The inhibition efficiency (1%) increased with increase in concentration of the inhibitors. Increase in temperature increased the corrosion rate in the absence and presence of inhibitors but decreased the inhibition efficiency. Both PVP and PA were found to obey Temkin adsorption isotherm and Kinetic-Thermodynamic Model of El-Awady at all the concentrations and temperatures studied. Phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed from the activation parameters obtained. Thermodynamic parameters reveal that the adsorption process is spontaneous. PVP was found to be a better inhibitor than PA.
MONOLAYER CHARACTERISTICS OF PYRENE MIXED WITH STEARIC ACID AT THE AIR–WATER INTERFACE
Authors: ISLAM MD. N. , BHATTACHARJEE D. , HUSSAIN SYED ARSHAD
Published: April 2008

In the present communication, the monolayer characteristics of pyrene mixed with stearic acid (SA) at the air–water interface have been reported. The monolayer properties are investigated by recording and analyzing the surface pressure–area per molecule isotherm (π–A) of the pyrene–SA mixed films. It is observed that the pyrene and SA are miscible in the mixed monolayer. This miscibility/nonideality leads to phase separation between the constituent components (pyrene and SA). BAM image of the mixed monolayer confirms the miscibility or nonideal mixing at the mixed monolayer.
STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ITO/PS HETEROJUNCTION
Authors: NATARAJAN B. , JEYAKUMARAN N. , RAMAMURTHY S. , VASU V.
Published: April 2008

Transparent conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) films are deposited on Porous Silicon (PS) substrates by spray pyrolysis technique. In this process, the films are formed over the surface and also incorporated into the pores of PS and thereby making a protecting layer as well as a contacting terminal. Thus, the ITO/PS/ Si heterojunction light-emitting devices are fabricated. The growth of ITO on PS is thoroughly investigated by SEM and X-ray diffraction techniques. The features of growth on other substrates like single-crystal p-type (100) silicon and glass are also taken into consideration. The influence on the PS interface is correlated with the electrical and luminescent behavior of the resulting heterojunction diode structure.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TITANIA-PILLARED MONTMORILLONITE
Authors: ZHANG YIMIN , SONG SHAOXIAN , ZHANG MIN , TUO BIYANG
Published: April 2008

In this work, a Ti -pillared montmorillonite with high thermal stability has been prepared by using a Na -montmorillonite as the host clay and polyhydroxy-titania ions as the pillaring precursor. The formation of Ti -pillared montmorillonite has been confirmed from the characterizations through X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimeter, and specific surface area analyses. In the preparation of Ti -pillared montmorillonite several parameters, such as the type of solvent in which the synthesis is realized, the ratio of polyhydroxy-titania ions and montmorillonite, the intercalation time, the calcining temperature, and calcining time, were tested to understand their effects on the basal spacing. It was shown that this method could produce a Ti -pillared montmorillonite with the basal spacing of 3.74 nm, specific surface area of 409 m2/g, and mean pore size of 2.94 nm, as well as a high thermal stability up to 900°C.
Anisotropy in Some Soft Magnetic Materials
Authors: Hutchinson W. B. , Swift J. G.
Published: April 2008

Orientation distribution data are presented for low carbon steel and silicon iron after different rolling and
annealing schedules. Magnetic properties which depend solely on orientation can be well described using such
distributions. A general analysis is demonstrated by which other properties may be divided into two components
which are respectively dependent and independent of orientation. An example of this, a.c. power loss, is considered
in detail. It is shown that the orientation‐dependence of power loss derives entirely from the hysteresis component.
The classical eddy current loss together with an ‘anomalous’ loss of similar magnitude constitute the orientationin‐dependent
part. The analysis may be used to predict properties under a range of conditions in textured materials.
The Spherical Sample Method in Neutron Diffraction Texture Determination
Authors: Tobisch J. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Neutron diffraction proves advantageous as compared to X‐ray diffraction in texture analysis because of the lower
absorption coefficient for a broad variety of materials especially metals. The spherical sample method is recommended
because it yields the most reliable results and it does not require great preparational efforts. The fundamental
difference between the spherical sample method in X‐ray and in neutron diffraction is discussed.
The Development of Rolling Textures in Low‐Carbon Steels
Authors: Inagaki H. , Suda T.
Published: April 2008

The crystallite orientation distribution analysis was applied to the study of the development of the rolling textures
in low‐carbon steels. It was found that the constraining effect of the grain boundary remarkably influences the
rolling textures of polycrystalline iron. This enhances the crystal rotations, which would not be expected to occur
in single crystals; and grains having the {110}〈112〉 orientations are forced to rotate about the 〈111〉axes lying
in the sheet normal direction toward the {110}〈110〉 orientations. This is the origin of the 〈111〉
fiber texture
normally found in the rolling textures of low‐carbon steels. The presence of the partial fiber texture having the
〈111〉
axes inclined 30 deg from the sheet normal toward the rolling direction could not be confirmed.
Texture Development in Ferritic Stainless Steel Sheet
Authors: Yantaç M. , Roberts W. T. , Wilson D. V.
Published: April 2008

Two grades of ferritic stainless steels (495 and 410.types) containing about 13 % chromium have been processed by
cold rolling with intermediate and final anneals. The development of textures has been followed and the plastic
anisotropy of the annealed sheet has been assessed. Processing conditions for the development of anisotropy
favourable for deep drawing applications have been defined for the 405 type stainless steel. The evolution of the
favourable {554} 〈225〉 texture component appears to be progressive throughout the processing. It is particularly
well‐developed after two moderate cold rolling reductions of about 70 % and a final anneal at 850–900°C. Differences
between the 405 and 410 steels have been attributed to differences present in the early stages of processing.
A Test of the Refinement Procedure forDetermining the Crystallite OrientationDistribution: Polyethylene Terephthalate
Authors: Krigbaum W. R. , Vasek Anna Marie Harkins
Published: April 2008

A test of the refinement procedure for improving the crystallite orientation distribution function is presented for a
fiber texture sample of polyethylene terephthalate. This is a particularly difficult example because the triclinic unit
cell offers no simplification due to symmetry, and the pole figures are sharply peaked. The analysis employed 17
observed pole figures and an additional 29 unobserved pole figures reconstructed from the crystallite orientation
distribution function. After three cycles of refinement, in which the maximum value of the coefficient was increased
from 6 to 16, the standard deviations, σq and σw, of the plane‐normal and crystallite orientation distributions were
reduced by about a factor of 3. The refined crystallite orientation distribution function indicates that the c‐axis
tends to align along the fiber axis for this polyethylene terephthalate sample.
Rolling and Annealing of Fine Grained 70:30 Brass
Authors: Yeung W. Y. , Hirsch J. , Hatherly M.
Published: April 2008

The rolling textures and microstructures developed in fine grained (2–5 μm diam.)
70:30 brass are different to those found in coarser grained material. The
{111}〈uvw〉γ fibre usually found at medium reductions is not developed but the
normal {110}〈112〉 texture still emerges at higher reductions. The microstructures
are related to these changes. Although twinning is a deformation mode at low
reductions the volume of twins is never large and the twin alignment characteristic of
normal brass at ∼70% reduction does not occur. The pattern of shear band
development is changed and large areas of the microstructure are featureless at high
reductions. Hardness values show an unexpected rise between 60 and 90% reduction
and this is attributed to a Stage IV regime of strain hardening. After annealing at 300
and 900℃ the textures are typical of those found in coarser grained material.
Analytic Prediction of Texture and Length Changes During Free‐End Torsion
Authors: Tóth L. S. , Jonas J. J.
Published: April 2008

The free‐end torsion length change measurements of Rose and Stüwe (1968), carried
out on cube‐textured Cu tubes, are reanalyzed. Ratios of length change rate to
applied shear rate are calculated using a newly‐developed rate sensitive approach
and also by the CMTP method. The dependence of this ratio on the orientation of
the cube axis is shown to be in good agreement with the measurements, particularly
for lengthening. The analysis is extended to its rate insensitive limit for comparison
with the equivalent predictions of Rose and Stüwe. The rate of lattice rotation is also
predicted; this is shown to be independent of rate sensitivity and identical to the rigid
body rotation rate. Through the lattice rotations, analytic expressions are derived
which predict the dependence of sample length on shear strain. These are also in
good agreement with the experimental observations.
A Positivity Method for the Determination of Complete Orientation Distribution Functions
Authors: Dahms M. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

A refinement of the zero‐range method, a procedure to calculate the odd order
coefficients in the series expansion method of texture analysis, is presented. The only
assumption in this procedure is the positivity condition. In this respect, it is
comparable to the quadratic method. Contrary to this method, however, the even
order coefficients are not changed. No zero range in the pole figures and no shape of
the existing texture is to be assumed.
Determination of the ODF of Hexagonal Symmetry Materials According to the Maximum Entropy Method
Authors: Fu Wang , Jiazheng Xu , Zhide Liang
Published: April 2008

The maximum entropy method (MEM) was applied to the determination of
orientation distribution functions (ODF) of hexagonal materials. It shows that the
ODF determination may be treated as a standard problem of the MEM. Two
examples, which confirm the preferable applicability of this method and the
reliability of its results, are presented.
Properties of Projection Lines in the Space of the Orientation Distribution Function
Authors: Morawiec A. , Pospiech J.
Published: April 2008

The relationship between the orientation distribution function (ODF) and the pole
figure is based on the geometry of projection lines in the orientation space.

The paper presents an analytical description of the projection lines and their
transformations by symmetry operations. Using simple algebraical rules some
properties of the projection lines as well as some properties of the associated
projection lines (coupled due to the centrosymmetry of the pole figure) have been
derived.
Advantages of Neutron Diffraction in Texture Analysis
Authors: Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Neutron diffraction texture analysis is based on pole figure measurement followed by
pole figure inversion. Neutron diffraction pole figure measurement is quite similar to
that by X‐rays. There are, however, several advantages in detail which are mainly
due to the lower absorption coefficient. Besides these quantitative differences, there
is one principle difference between the two methods. Neutron diffraction allows the
magnetic texture to be measured which is not possible by X‐rays. The paper gives a
survey on the advantages of neutron diffraction texture analysis which are only
counteracted by the limited availability and higher costs of neutron diffraction.
Neutron Diffraction Texture Analysis of Multi‐Phase Systems
Authors: Brokmeier H.-G.
Published: April 2008

Neutron diffraction methods for texture analysis are closely parallel to well‐known
X‐ray diffraction techniques. The chief advantage of neutron diffraction over X‐ray
diffraction, however, arises from the fact that the interaction of neutrons with matter
is relatively weak, and consequently the penetration depth of neutrons is 102–103
times larger than that of X‐rays. Hence neutron diffraction is an efficient tool for
measuring textures in multi‐phase systems. Based on the high transmission of a
neutron beam the effect of anisotropic absorption in multi‐phase materials can be
neglected in most cases. Moreover, the analysis of bulk textures becomes possible,
such that textures in a wide variety of multi‐phase systems can be studied which are
of special interest in engineering and science (metals, alloys, composites, ceramics
and geological specimens).
Texture Determination in Aluminium Alloys Using Colour Metallography
Authors: Kröger S. , Dahlem-Klein E. , Weiland H. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Texture components in aluminium alloys can be distinguished by colour metallography
using anodic oxidation and polarization microscopy. This method is
particularly useful for texture inspection in correlation with other structural
parameters such as grain size, orientation correlation and texture inhomogeneity.
The method reveals, however, only two of three orientation parameters. It is
therefor not suitable to obtain complete orientation distribution functions.
Orientation Maps for Cubic Crystal Neighbours
Authors: Prantl W. , Werner E.
Published: April 2008

In texture analysis measured orientations are frequently represented in the Euler
space. To detect special orientations (hkl) [uvw] use can be made of plane sections
(Euler angle φ2 = const) through the Euler space. Orientation relationships appear
as points in these “maps.” For texture analysis the points are plotted in maps for
cubic crystals in an orthorhombic specimen. In this paper similar maps are proposed
to detect special orientation relationships between neighbouring grains in a polycrystal.
These maps, based on the symmetry of the Euler space resulting from the cubic
symmetry of both crystal neighbours, are discussed and their handling is demonstrated
using measured orientation relationships in single and dual‐phase brasses.
An Assessment on Reliability of Quantitative Calculation Method for Obtaining Volume Fractions of TextureComponents With the Reduced ODF
Authors: Zuo L. , Zhao X. , Xu J. , Liang Z.
Published: April 2008

The reliability and the accuracy of a quantitative calculation method for obtaining
volume fractions of texture components of cubic materials were verified for the
reduced ODFs terminated at l max = 22 and at l max = 16. It is concluded that an
integrated width of r = ±10° around selected ideal orientations may be used in
quantitative analysis of texture components. It is also shown that the conventional
peak height method, which does not consider volume fractions, can only roughly give
informations about texture components.
The Development of Dislocation Structure and Texture in Rolled Copper (001)[110] Single Crystals
Authors: Wróbel M. , Dymek S. , Blicharski M. , Gorczyca S.
Published: April 2008

The initial orientation has split into two equally strong symmetric orientations:
(112) and (112). Areas of identical orientation were band shaped and were
called deformation bands. Up to 60% reduction, deformation occurs by slip on one
plane (one from two possible) in two directions. This leads to the appearance of
deformation bands with transition bands between them. Due to such deformation the
initial orientation rotates around transverse direction towards the end‐orientation
{112}〈111〉. Due to rotation of the crystallographic lattice with deformation, the
Taylor factor M changes as well, and it causes the activation of two not coplanar slip
systems which stabilize the end‐orientations {112}〈111〉. Such a sequence of the slip
systems activation was concluded from the agreement of the calculated and
experimental pole figures. The electron microscopy investigations showed that first
shear bands formed due to the activation of these new slip systems.
On the Normal Distribution in the Orientation Space
Authors: Matthies S. , Muller J. , Vinel G. W.
Published: April 2008

The properties of model distributions used in texture analysis up to now are
discussed. The normal distribution in the G‐space (recently investigated by T. I.
Savjolova) is analysed. Its connection with the central limit theorem of probability
theory is demonstrated in a mathematically simplified manner. An analytically closed
approximative expression (with very high precision for halfwidths of practical
interest) for the normal distribution is derived. Possible correlations between forms
of texture components and mechanisms of texture development are mentioned.
ODF‐Analysis of Multipeak Textures
Authors: Bunge H. J. , Morris P. R. , Nauer-Gerhardt C. U.
Published: April 2008

Multipeak textures are defined by an orientation distribution function consisting of a large number
(e.g. 100) of narrow peaks (e.g. 1°) at the orientations gi. Between these peaks the orientation density drops to zero. The peak orientations gi can be calculated from corresponding peak positions in one or several pole figures. Whether this procedure is unique or not depends on the number of peaks and the experimental uncertainty of the peak positions. The number of possible “ghost” positions may thus be estimated. A search procedure is described by which the orientations gi can be found from peak positions in three pole figures. The procedure was tested with several sets of randomly distributed orientations gi.
Texture Induced Magnetic Anisotropy in Fe–Nd–B Magnets Prepared via Rapid Solidification and Hot Extrusion Techniques
Authors: Yang C. J.
Published: April 2008

High performance Fe–Nd–B magnets were prepared by consolidation of rapidly solidified melt spun powder using a hot extrusion technique. The extrusion was carried out with various die openings to
control the distribution of stresses and strains influencing the possible development of texture. A
strong anisotropy in magnetic properties has been found in the extruded magnets. The highest
remanence of 10.6 kG and the maximum energy product of 16.6 MGOe were achieved along the
through‐thickness direction of the magnet extruded into a rectangular cross section. A (001) []
texture was found to develop in the plane normal to the through‐thickness direction. It is suggested
that the enhanced remanent magnetization arises principally from the formation of favorable texture.
Rolling and Recrystallization Textures in Iron–3% Silicon
Authors: Seidel L. , Hölscher M. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

Rolling and recrystallisation textures of Fe–3% Si (HiB) were investigated in center and subsurface
layer by the ODF‐method. Degree of cold rolling and recrystallisation time were varied. The results
were compared with results obtained for low carbon steel and the mechanisms of texture formation
were discussed. At the beginning of the paper the different methods of representation of OVF data
were demonstrated.
The Influence of Thin Nickel Coatings on the Goss‐Texture Development in Iron–3% Silicon
Authors: Gangli P. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

Microstructure and texture (ODF) investigations were carried out on Fe–3% Si electrical steels with different C, MnS and AlN content (CGO and HGO quality). The main result was that by a thin (0.25 μm) Ni layer on the sheet surfaces produced by electroplating before the final anneal the starting temperature of discontinuous grain growth could be decreased and the Goss texture could be sharpened. This effect was influenced by the heating rate and disappeared after decarburization. It is caused by the diffusion of Ni along the grain boundaries by which the segregation and precipitation characteristics of elements like C, N, S, is changed.
Application of Yield Loci Calculated From Texture Data
Authors: van Houtte P. , Mols K. , van Bael A. , Aernoudt E.
Published: April 2008

The concept of the yield locus as a means of representing the plastic anisotropy of a textured material
is remembered. It is shown how such yield loci can be used in a very general way, i.e. in full six‐dimensional stress space. As an example of how such yield loci can actually be obtained, the series expansion method based on Taylor factors is explained. It is finally shown that these six‐dimensional yield loci can be approximated by analytical expressions and under such form brought into finite element calculations of elasto‐plastic forming processes.
Correlation of Texture With Magnetic Properties of Thin Film Storage Media
Authors: Hädicke E. , Werner A. , Hibst H.
Published: April 2008

Thin coherent metal films of Co–Cr alloys on Si or glass substrates were used for high density
magnetic storage media. They were made by sputtering or evaporation. Variation of the deposition
parameters will change the micro structure especially the texture of the thin magnetic layers. We
could relate the crystallographic data (rocking curves and pole figures) with the magnetic data
(hysteresis loops). Correlations between deposition parameters and crystallographic and magnetic
investigations will be discussed in detail.
A Statistical Formulation of Viscoplastic Behavior in Heterogeneous Polycrystals
Authors: Adams Brent L. , Canova Gilles R. , Molinari Alain
Published: April 2008

A formulation for viscoplastic behavior of heterogeneous polycrystals is presented based upon the
familiar constructs of statistical continuum theory. The non‐local interaction law is derived which
relates properties of the local velocity field to correlation functions of the local microstructure. It is
demonstrated that correlation functions, based upon the two‐point orientation coherence function, are
required in a theory which considers first‐order deviations from Taylor′s 1938 uniform strain (rate)
assumption. The evolution of the coherence function with deformation is also briefly considered.
Texture and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

The magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials are closely related to the crystallographic texture,
i.e. the orientation distribution of the crystallites, they are, however, not uniquely determined by the
texture. Higher order “textural quantities” such as, for instance, orientation correlation functions are
additionally needed for a more complete description.

The properties in saturation are uniquely determined by the texture. They can be expressed by a
fourth—or sixth—order approximation of the texture function which can be obtained by “low
resolution” texture measurements.

On the other hand, magnetic anisotropy measurements can only provide a low‐resolution
approximation to the texture function and not the complete function.

The distribution of magnetization directions can be described by a “magnetic texture” which can be calculated from pole figures measured by neutron diffraction using the method of superposed pole
figures.
Interlaboratories Tests of Textures of Zircaloy‐4 Tubes. Part 1: Pole Figure Measurements and Calculation of Kearns Coefficients
Authors: Baron J. L. , Esling C. , Feron J. L. , Gex D. , Glimois J. L. , Guillen R. , Humbert M. , Lemoine P. , Lepape J. , Mardon J. P. , Thil A. , Uny G.
Published: April 2008

Interlaboratories tests of textures initiated by ZIRCOTUBE, a manufacturer of zircaloy tubes and
FRAGEMA, a designer, have been organized. The study focuses on cladding tubes in the cold
worked stress relieved state and on thimble tubes, standard section and reduced section, in the fully
annealed state.

The first part of the tests consists in measuring incomplete pole figures in reflection, in drawing the
(RD, LD) and (RD, TD) linear sections of the pole figure (00.2) and in calculating the ƒR,  ƒT,  ƒL Kearns coefficients relative to the pole figure (00.2).

The synthesis of the reports presented by the three industrial teams and by two university teams,
which have taken part in the interlaboratories tests, shows that the results are rather clustered, the
remaining differences could have been brought about by various preparations of samples and by
various adjustments of the measuring devices.

This study will be completed by three‐dimensional analyses of texture using programs developed or
purchased by the different laboratories (Second part).
The Structural Evolution of an Orthogneiss‐fold Within the Reitzenhainer Rotgneisstruktur (Erzgebirge Mts., GDR)
Authors: Damm V. , Feldmann K. , Frischbutter A. , Kleinsteuber W. , Walther K.
Published: April 2008

The crystallographic preferred orientations of quartz in gneiss taken from different spots of a
recumbent fold structure in the Erzgebirge Mts. (southern GDR) are studied by means of neutron
time‐of‐flight diffraction. A single component texture has been found for all specimens, with quartz
c‐axes parallel to the tectonic a‐direction.
The variations in texture sharpness are related to different
deformation conditions of the samples. A fabric rotation of 30° has been found from the limb to the
crest of the fold on the basis of () and () pole figures. The basal pole figures of quartz derived
from an ODF analysis compared well with optical U‐stage measurements. The determined fabrics are
discussed taking into account model calculations of experimentally deformed quartzites and geological
informations.
Estimation of 8th, 10th and 12thOrder ODF Coefficients From Elastic Properties in Cold Rolled Steel Sheets by Adjustment of Single Crystal Elastic Constants
Authors: Sakata Kei , Daniel Dominique , Jonas John J.
Published: April 2008

In an earlier paper (Sakata et al., 1989), it was shown that the 4th and 6th order ODF coefficients
could be successfully derived from Young′s modulus measurements using the elastic energy method.
However, the values of some of the coefficients fell beyond the expected error ranges. In this study,
more appropriate single crystal elastic constants are selected by means of a fitting procedure. Then
the ODF coefficients are again estimated in the manner described previously. As a result, the values
of the , , and coeffioents, which were somewhat inaccurate in the previous calculation,
are improved considerably. The volume fractions of the principal preferred orientations are then
employed to predict the 8th order coefficients and the fiber components of the l = 10 and l = 12 (,
and ) coefficients. With the aid of the coefficients obtained in this way, both pole and inverse
pole figures are drawn, which are in better agreement with those based on X‐rays than when only the
4th order coefficients are employed.