bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design optimization for cogging torque mitigation in brushless DC motor using multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Nagalingam Umadevi , Mahadevan Balaji , Vijayarajan Kamaraj , Loganathan Ananda Padmanaban
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm based design optimization of Brushless DC (BLDC) motor with a view to mitigate cogging torque and enhance the efficiency.

Design/methodology/approach

– The suitability of MOPSO algorithm is tested on a 120 W BLDC motor considering magnet axial length, stator slot opening and air gap length as the design variables. It avails the use of MagNet 7.5.1, a Finite Element Analysis tool, to account for the geometry and the non-linearity of material for assuaging an improved design framework and operates through the boundaries of generalized regression neural network (GRNN) to advocate the optimum design. The results of MOPSO are compared with Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II based formulations for claiming its place in real world applications.

Findings

– A MOPSO design optimization procedure has been enlivened to escalate the performance of the BLDC motor. The optimality in design has been out reached through minimizing the cogging torque, maximizing the average torque and reducing the total losses to claim an increase in the efficiency. The results have been fortified in well-distributed Pareto-optimal planes to arrive at trade-off solutions between different objectives.

Research limitations/implications

– The rhetoric theory of multi objective formulations has been reinforced to provide a decisive solution with regard to the choice of the design obtained from Pareto-optimal planes.

Practical implications

– The incorporation of a larger number of design variables together with an orientation to thermal and vibration analysis will still go a long way in bringing on board new dimensions to the fold of optimality in the design of BLDC motors.

Originality/value

– The proposal offers a new perspective to the design of BLDC motor in the sense it be-hives the facility of a swarm based approach to optimize the parameters in order that it serves to improve its performance. The results of a 120 W motor in terms of lowering the losses, minimizing the cogging torque and maximizing the average torque emphasize the benefits of the GRNN based multi-objective formulation and establish its viability for use in practical applications.
Compulsive buying: the role of earlier-in-life events and experiences
Authors: Grougiou Vassiliki , Moschis George , Kapoutsis Ilias
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to examine the effects of earlier-in-life family events and experiences on the development of compulsive buying behavior in later life.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study is based on data collected from a self-administered survey of 285 young Greek adults.

Findings

– Young individuals appear to be particularly susceptible to their peers’ evaluations of consumption matters. However, those who experience family disruptions and have a low socio-economic status are least likely to communicate with their peers about consumer matters, possibly as a self-protection coping mechanism. Contrary to previous findings, family communication styles promote rather than deter the development of compulsive tendencies, suggesting the influence of other macro-environmental factors upon the development of young adults’ compulsive consumption tendencies.

Social implications

– Understanding the underlying mechanisms and contexts that promote the development of compulsive buying is imperative for deterring the onset of maladaptive consumption habits that have adverse effects on the individual and on society as a whole.

Originality/value

– Using the multi-theoretical life course paradigm, this study highlights the links between earlier-in-life experiences and social contexts to the onset and development of compulsive behaviors. The findings could assist public policy makers and parents to use strategies that would educate and protect future generations from developing compulsive consumption habits.
When face engulfs the field: differential effects of visual quality levels in print ads
Authors: Kergoat Marine , Meyer Thierry
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to examine the influence of a visual alteration in print advertising on viewers’ responses according to the different textual and pictorial information contained in the ad.

Design/methodology/approach

– Through an experimental design, the presence or not of a human face and the kind of verbal claims (self-centered vs product-centered) were manipulated, as well as visual fluency manipulated by varying the clarity of the ads.

Findings

– As expected, the presence of a human face, as opposed to just a product picture, has led to stronger negative effects on attitudes and purchase intention when the ad was visually altered. In addition, ad’s claim directed toward the self yielded lower purchase intentions compared to arguments directed toward product characteristics. Findings supported our main expectations, but also demonstrated contrasted effect, plausibly due to a bias correction.

Research limitations/implications

– To comfort these findings, further research should be realized on other advertising varying the kind of human face stimuli (e.g. woman/man; smiling/neutral; beautiful/average).

Practical implications

– In terms of practical implications, it highlights the significance of considering the medium of communication used for print ads with caution. The pictorial use of a human face can be particularly harmful in the persuasive process if there is a risk that the ad could be visually altered.

Originality/value

– Currently, little is known about how sub-optimal visual exposition changes attitudes and behaviors depending on the content of an ad. The present study expands research on processing fluency effects and the use of models in advertisements.
The role of MNCs and information flow on institutional change
Authors: Kalliny Morris , Benmamoun Mamoun , Cropf Robert A. , Kim Seung H.
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of large business corporations, particularly media corporations, such as television (e.g. satellite networks), newspapers and social media (e.g. Facebook), on institutional change in the Arab world, which directly impact political and civil liberties in the region.

Design/methodology/approach

– Although there are several methods to measure institutional change, this paper relied on Kaufmannet al.(2010)’s governance indicators that capture, historically, how authority is exercised in a nation state. As the focus of this paper is on how information flows have empowered citizens in the Arab world, we built a panel database around one relevant governance indicator: “Voice and Accountability”. As a measure of governance, “Voice and Accountability” summarizes the condition of political, civil and human rights such as freedom of expression and freedom of association in a given country. This indicator takes scores ranging from 2.5, corresponding to strong governance, to −2.5, corresponding to weak governance.

Findings

– As predicted, the information flows variable has a positive and significant effect on institutional change. Table II also suggests that political globalization has a positive and significant effect on institutional change in the Arab world. In contrast, the variables for cultural proximity and human capital are associated with negative effects on institutional change.

Originality/value

– This paper is unique in the sense that it tackles a growing trend in the Arab world, namely, the impact of media on institutions.
Industry peer effect and the maturity structure of corporate debt
Authors: Duong Hong Kim , Ngo Anh Duc , McGowan Carl B.
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of industry peers in shaping firm debt maturity decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors use idiosyncratic equity shocks as instruments to disentangle industry fixed and peer effects. The authors also employ a three-stage least squares regression (3SLS) model to capture the correlation among thee (short, medium, and long) debt maturity decisions.

Findings

– The authors find that a one standard deviation change in peer short (medium, long) maturity debt leads to a 50 percent (37 percent, 23 percent) change in firm corresponding maturity debt and that these mimetic behaviors are statistically significant within, but not between, firm size groups. The findings also reveal that firms that mimic the short and medium (long) debt maturity structure of their peers tend to increase (decrease) firm performance as measured by profitability, return-on-assets, and stock returns.

Research limitations/implications

– First, given the research design, the authors are constraint from pinpointing the exact date of the mimicking behaviors. This limitation prevents the authors from establishing the causality of the mimicking behavior and firm performance. Future research can extend the findings by solving this problem. Second, it should be interesting to address the question of whether mimicking behavior is good or bad for firm performance. The authors only compare the performance of Close Followers and Loose Followers; however, it would be more precise to compare the performance of mimicking firms with the performance of non-mimicking firms.

Originality/value

– First, the findings extend the debt maturity structure literature by providing empirical evidence that an important determinant of firm debt maturity is industry peer debt maturity. Since debt maturity directly influences firm risk and performance, it is important for debt and equity holders to know how firms choose their debt maturity so that they can estimate their investment risk precisely. Second, the paper provides new empirical evidence supporting the information acquisition and principal-agent theories in demonstrating that firm performance increases when managers herd over short and medium debt maturity decisions and decreases when managers herd over long debt maturity decisions.
The efficiency of the European banking groups and its determinants
Authors: Dell'Atti Stefano , Pacelli Vincenzo , Mazzarelli Gilda
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to measure and compare the efficiency change of French, German, Italian, Spanish and UK banking groups in a context of financial crisis, over the period 2006-2010; second, it attempts to analyse the internal and environmental determinants of banking groups efficiency.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this paper the efficiency is estimated by a two-stage semi-parametric procedure. In the first stage, we build a common production frontier across countries using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) (Debreu, 1951; Farrell, 1957). To further analyse the efficiency changes over years we use the Malmquist total factor productivity index, based on DEA technique. In the second stage, in order to determine the factors that impact on bank efficiency, the authors perform a bootstrapped truncated regression model with discretionary inputs as independent variables, following Simar and Wilson (2007).

Findings

– The empirical results show that overall the “large” banking groups are more efficient than the “small” ones. However the Malmquist total factor productivity analysis highlights that during the crisis, in particular between 2007 and 2009, unless Britain, in all countries the small banks show a better cost performance than the larger ones. In general, the authors find a moderate efficiency convergence between countries and between large and small banking groups. As regards the determinants of banking groups efficiency, we find that more liquid, less capitalized banking groups and those more oriented towards the traditional activity of lending are more efficient.

Practical implications

– The authors find a positive and high statistically significant relationship between both long- and short-term liquidity degree and the cost efficiency of the banking groups. The policy implication of this result is very significative also in the light of the new banking regulation introduced by Basel III that imposes new rules to strengthen the liquidity risk management.

Social implications

– The authors find that the macroeconomic environment variables have some impact on efficiency: the higher the debt and the GDP per capita of the country the lower the bank’s efficiency.

Originality/value

– Unlike the most literature on this topic, that usually considers individual banks even if they belong to the same financial conglomerate, the authors analyse only banking groups. In particular, the authors consider all banking groups belonging to the most industrialized European countries in a context of financial crisis and cross-border aggregation movements. Furhermore the authors compare cross-country cost performance of small and large groups, considering the loan loss provisions as an additional input in order to correct the efficiency score for credit risk.
Improvement in early diagnosis of Japanese spotted fever by using a novel RickPCRsystem
Authors: Kondo Makoto , Akachi Shigehiro , Kawano Mitsuo , Yamanaka Keiichi , Yamagiwa Akisa , Gabazza Esteban C. , Ando Katsuhiko , Mizutani Hitoshi
Published: July 2015

Rickettsiadiseases, including Japanese spotted fever (JSF), are serious infections. Delayed diagnosis occasionally results in life‐threatening liver disorders and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Because of the shortness of the latent period, serological diagnosis is not preferable for early diagnosis ofJSF. Until now, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based diagnosis method has been used for early diagnosis, and the sensitivity reaches as high as 90% using skin biopsy samples as we previously reported. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the samePCRmethod using blood samples is limited at less than 50%. In the present study, using peripheral blood samples, we developed a novel diagnostic method forJSFusing a RickPCRsystem with originalPCRprimers, showing improved sensitivity compared with the conventional nestedPCR. It may constitute a preferable diagnostic tool for early and sensitive diagnosis ofRickettsiainfection.
Reforming Non‐Possessory Secured Transactions Laws: A New Strategy?
Authors: Castellano Giuliano G.
Published: July 2015

Non‐possessory secured transactions are key components of market economies. National and international legal reform projects have been advanced to further their use and broaden access to credit. Yet reforms appear to be limited by practical obstacles posed by national legal categories. This article shifts the focus from domestically defined categories to the operational rules that allow secured transactions to perform their economic function of managing credit risk. This shift leads to a reconsideration of the rules governing publicity and an examination of the policy issues underpinning the evolution of publicity. The article argues that international publicity standards, based on a registry system, could offer a new strategy for reforming secured transactions laws. The recently adoptedUNCITRAL'sRegistry Guide is analysed and considered as a possible tool for reforming national secured transactions laws.
Thisbe silvestresp. nov. (Lepidoptera:Riodinidae): a new myrmecophilous butterfly from theBrazilianAtlanticForest
Authors: Kaminski Lucas A , Iserhard Cristiano A , Freitas André V L
Published: July 2015

This paper describes a new species ofThisbe Hübner from theAtlanticForest of south‐easternBrazil. Both adult and immature morphology are described and illustrated, and the natural history, behaviour and symbiotic interactions with ants (myrmecophily) are documented. This new species,T. silvestresp. nov., is known only from the type locality atParqueNacional doCaparaó,MinasGerais state,Brazil. Due to the isolation of the known population, specialised host plant use, restricted geographic distribution and high degree of specificity in a vulnerable habitat,T. silvestreis considered threatened. Thus, monitoring this population is urgently needed, as well as the search for other populations of this butterfly in potential localities in order to evaluate its conservation status.
Public Pension Programs in Southeast Asia: An Assessment
Authors: Asher Mukul , Bali Azad S.
Published: July 2015

This paper assesses public pension programs in select Southeast Asian economies (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam – henceforth referred to as the SEA6) and the key issues facing them. The criteria used in assessing pension systems are the philosophy of pension design, the extent of coverage, investment policies and performance, and administrative and compliance costs. The paper argues that three broad reform directions to strengthen public pensions merit consideration. The first direction is to enhance the professionalism of the existing provident and pension fund organizations, including their governance practices. The second direction is to strengthen the role of noncontributory budget‐financed pensions (e.g. social pensions). The third is to adopt a systemic perspective to pension reform that includes reforms in complementary areas (labor markets, public financial management practices, and the civil service); developing a financing‐mix of pensions; and lastly, improving effective coverage by exploring complementarities between health care and pension programs.
Novel peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma mutation in a family with familial partial lipodystrophy type 3
Authors: Miehle Konstanze , Porrmann Joseph , Mitter Diana , Stumvoll Michael , Glaser Christiane , Fasshauer Mathias , Hoffmann Katrin
Published: June 2015

Objective

Familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 (FPLD3) is an autosomal dominant disorder with loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue at the extremities and metabolic complications such as insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridaemia and hypertension. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular basis of a family of 5 affected members with FPLD3.

Methods

A 61‐year‐old female index patient and her relatives were assessed by detailed clinical and biochemical examinations. Sequence analysis of the LMNA and PPARG gene was performed. Structure analysis of the identified mutation was carried out using published X‐ray crystal structures.

Results

A novel heterozygous PPARG mutation c.1040A>C was identified in all 5 patients of the family but not in unaffected controls. The resulting amino acid substitution p.Lys347Thr is located at the ligand‐binding domain (LBD) of the protein and is predicted to disrupt critical molecular interactions to the helix 12 of the LBD.

Conclusions

A novel PPARG mutation leading to FPLD3 is described. The results emphasize the importance of the clinical diagnosis and of further molecular genetic analyses in patients with clinical signs of FPLD but unremarkable LMNA findings.
The CDKAL1 gene is associated with impaired insulin secretion and glucose‐related traits: the Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese (CRC) study
Authors: Liang Jun , Pei Ying , Liu Xuekui , Qiu Qinqin , Sun Yuting , Zhu Yan , Yang Manqing , Qi Lu
Published: June 2015

Objective

Insulin secretion and insulin resistance, which affect metabolic homoeostasis, each have a significant genetic component. Cyclin‐ dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) regulatory subunit‐associated protein 1‐like 1 (CDKAL1) rs10946398, a novel body mass index (BMI)‐associated locus specifically in the Asian population, may impair insulin secretion and may be associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to investigate the impact of the rs10946398 polymorphism of CDKAL1 on insulin secretion, insulin resistance and glucose‐related traits in the Chinese population.

Subjects and Methods

The study samples were based on a community‐based health examination survey conducted in central China. Indices of insulin resistance and insulin secretion were derived from fasting glucose measurements and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Using multivariate linear regression models, the relationships between the rs10946398 polymorphism of CDKAL1 and insulin secretion, insulin resistance and quantitative glucose‐related traits were investigated in 2313 participants.

Results

The CDKAL1 rs10946398 C allele showed a significant association with decreased insulin secretion (β = −0·05, P < 0·0005), but not with insulin resistance (β = 0·02, P = 0·08). We also found that the CDKAL1 rs10946398 C allele was significantly associated with glucose‐related traits (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, 2‐h glucose and HbA1c). There was no significant relationship between rs10946398 and other metabolic traits.

Conclusions

rs10946398 of CDKAL1 was associated with markers of impaired insulin secretion. It is reasonable to infer that the relationship between CDKAL1 and metabolic diseases is mediated by its effect on glucose‐related traits.
Characteristics and outcomes of Italian patients from the observational, multicentre, hypopituitary control and complications study (HypoCCS) according to tertiles of growth hormone peak concentration following stimulation testing at study entry
Authors: Losa Marco , Beck‐Peccoz Paolo , Aimaretti Gianluca , Di Somma Carolina , Ambrosio Maria Rosaria , Ferone Diego , Giampietro Antonella , Corsello Salvatore M. , Poggi Maurizio , Scaroni Carla , Jia Nan , Mossetto Gilberto , Cannavò Salvatore , Rochira Vincenzo
Published: June 2015

Objective

To determine whether characteristics and outcomes of Italian patients in the observational global Hypopituitary Control and Complication Study (HypoCCS) differed according to the degree of GH deficiency (GHD).

Design

Patients were grouped by tertiles of stimulated GH peak concentration at baseline (Group A lowest tertile, n = 342; Group B middle tertile, n = 345; Group C highest tertile, n = 338).

Results

Baseline demographics, lipid levels, body mass index categories and mean Framingham cardiovascular risk indexes were similar in the three groups and remained substantially unchanged over time, with no subsequent significant between‐group differences (except mean levels of triglycerides increased in the highest tertile group). GHD was adult‐onset for >75% of patients in all groups. The percentage of patients with multiple pituitary deficiencies was higher in Group A than in the other groups; isolated GHD was reported with highest frequency in Group C. Patients in Group A received the lowest mean starting dose of GH. Hyperlipidaemia at baseline was reported in 35·1%, 31·1% and 24·7% of patients in groups A, B and C, respectively (P = 0·029). Mean duration of GH treatment was 7·21, 5·45 and 4·96 years, respectively. The proportion of patients with adverse events did not differ significantly between groups, with a low prevalence over time of diabetes and cancer.

Conclusions

In Italian patients from HypoCCS, the level of GH deficit did not influence changes over time in metabolic parameters or adverse event profile, despite differences in GHD severity at baseline and in the starting GH dose.
Expression of Concern: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation influences biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight and vitamin D‐deficient women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Foroozanfard Fatemeh , Jamilian Mehri , Bahmani Fereshteh , Talaee Rezvan , Talaee Naeeme , Hashemi Teibeh , Nasri Khadijeh , Asemi Zatollah , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: June 2015

Objective

This study was conducted to determine the effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress among overweight vitamin D‐deficient women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Design, Patients and Measurements

This randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial was performed among 104 overweight vitamin D‐deficient women diagnosed with PCOS aged 18–40 years. Participants were randomly divided into four groups. Group A received 1000 mg calcium daily and vitamin D placebo weekly (N = 26), group B 50000 IU vitamin D weekly and calcium placebo daily (N = 26), group C 1000 mg calcium daily plus 50000 IU vitamin D weekly (N = 26) and group D calcium placebo daily plus vitamin D placebo weekly (N = 26) for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and 8 weeks after intervention to measure inflammatory factors and biomarkers of oxidative stress.

Results

After 8 weeks, individuals taking calcium plus vitamin D supplements had greater decreases in homoeostatic model assessment beta‐cell function (HOMA‐B) score (−11·1 vs −8·6, −3·4 and 13·7, respectively, P = 0·03), serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) (−948·3 vs 802·3, −383·8 and 618·2 ng/ml, respectively, P = 0·04) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (−0·6 vs −0·5, −0·1 and 0·6 μmol/l, respectively, P = 0·009), and significant increases in plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (35·2 vs 21·1, 22·5 and −153·8 mmol/l, respectively, P = 0·006) and glutathione (GSH) levels (216·0 vs 3·9, −47·5 and −160·8 μmol/l, respectively, P = 0·001) compared with calcium alone, vitamin D alone and placebo groups. Calcium plus vitamin D cosupplementation did not influence plasma NO and catalase levels.

Conclusions

We found that calcium plus vitamin D cosupplementation for 8 weeks among overweight and vitamin D‐deficient women with PCOS had beneficial effects on inflammatory factor and biomarkers of oxidative stress.
Positive effect of growth hormone treatment in maternal uniparental disomy chromosome 14
Authors: Stalman Susanne E. , Kamp Gerdine A. , Hendriks Yvonne M.C. , Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Rotteveel Joost
Published: June 2015

Objective

Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 (matUPD(14)) resembles Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). As positive effects of growth hormone (GH) are observed in individuals withPWS, treatment withGHmay be useful in individuals with matUPD(14) as well. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect ofGHtreatment on growth and body composition in children with matUPD(14).

Design

This is a prospective observational study ofGHtreatment in two girls with matUPD(14) during 2 years, and spontaneous growth in another matUPD(14) girl of similar age.

Patients

Three girls (patient A, B and C, aged 8·9, 11·4 and 12·7 years, respectively) with matUPD(14) were included in this study.

Measurements

Patients A and B were treated withGHduring 2 years. Patient C was not treated withGH, as she was diagnosed at an age at which she attained near‐final height. Main outcome measures included height, weight, body proportions,IGF‐1, bone age, andDXAscan for body composition.

Results

In both treated girls, a considerable increase in height (from −2·3SD and −1·2SD to −1·2SDand −0·6SD, respectively) andIGF‐1 levels (from +0·1SDand −1·4SDto +1·3SDand +0·9SD, respectively) and, in patient A, a decrease in weight (+1·2SDto −0·7SD), and improved body composition (fat percentage from 51·5% to 45·4%) were found. Both experienced improved muscle strength.

Conclusions

GHtreatment in matUPD(14) cases can show beneficial effects on growth and body composition if started in time. Larger, international studies to determine detailed effectivity and side effects are suggested.
Clinical significance of serum apolipoproteins as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk in Korean men
Authors: Ryoo Jae‐Hong , Park Sung Keun , Hong Hyun Pyo , Kim Min‐Gi , Ha Chul Soo
Published: June 2015

Objective

Although serum apolipoprotein measurement is known to be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, there is only limited information about the clinical significance of lipid profiles such as ApoA, ApoB and A/B ratio in predicting CHD risk in Asians. Therefore, this cohort study was conducted to evaluate the longitudinal effects of baseline serum apolipoprotein measurements on CHD risk in Korean men.

Design

Initially, an intermediate and high Framingham risk score (FRS)‐free cohort of 23 918 healthy Korean men was followed until 2010. FRS was calculated for each man and divided into three levels of risk <10% (low), 10–19% (intermediate) and ≥20% (high). More‐than‐a‐moderate CHD risk group (participants with FRS ≥ 10%) and high CHD risk group (participants with FRS ≥ 20%) were defined as our two dependent variables. Cox proportional hazards models were performed.

Results

In the more‐than‐a‐moderate CHD risk group, the total and average follow‐up periods were 83340·2 and 3·48 person‐years, respectively, and 3763 (15·7%) incident cases developed between 2006 and 2010. In the high CHD risk group, the total and average follow‐up periods were 87868·8 and 3·67 person‐years, respectively, and 344 (1·4%) incident cases developed between 2006 and 2010. Multivariate‐adjusted analyses showed a strong statistically significant relationship between the quintile groups of apolipoprotein B (ApoB), apolipoprotein A‐1 (ApoA‐1) and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A‐1 (ApoB/A‐1) ratio and both the more‐than‐a‐moderate CHD risk and high CHD risk.

Conclusions

Serum ApoB, ApoA‐1 and ApoB/A‐1 ratio levels are independently associated with CHD risk in Korean men.
Differential effects of low birthweight and intrauterine growth restriction on umbilical cord blood insulin‐like growth factor concentrations
Authors: Tzschoppe Anja , Riedel Christina , von Kries Rüdiger , Struwe Ellen , Rascher Wolfgang , Dörr Helmuth G. , Beckmann Matthias W. , Schild Ralf L. , Goecke Tamme W. , Flyvbjerg Allan , Frystyk Jan , Dötsch Jörg
Published: June 2015

Objective

Alterations in the growth hormone–insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis have been considered as a causal factor for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and for the increased risk of metabolic disease in later life. We compared members of the IGF axis in umbilical cord blood between IUGR neonates, small for gestational age without foetal restriction (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates.

Design

Prospective controlled multicenter study.

Patients

Sixteen ultrasound‐proven IUGR, 8 SGA and 40 AGA neonates.

Measurements

Concentrations of total IGF‐I and total IGF‐II by immunoassays, bioactive IGF by cell‐based bioassay and IGFBP‐I in mixed venous and arterial umbilical cord blood samples at birth. Auxological parameters at birth.

Results

IGF‐I concentrations in IUGR [17·7 μg/l (CI 13·8;21·6)] were clearly below those in AGA [48·3 μg/l (CI 43·7;52·9)] and SGA neonates [36·0 μg/l (CI 26·6;45·4)]. IGF‐II levels were significantly reduced in IUGR [201·4 μg/l (CI 190·2;212·6)] compared to AGA neonates [231·2 μg/l (CI 220·6;241·9)]. A trend for lower IGF‐II concentrations was observed in IUGR when compared to SGA neonates [232·0 μg/l (CI 207·2;256·8)]. These differences could not be explained by confounding. For IGFBP‐1, a trend towards higher values in IUGR was observed.

Conclusions

Low IGF‐I cord blood concentrations in hypotrophic neonates after IUGR might not only result from low birthweight per se, but also reflect prenatal placental environment. Alterations of the IGF axis could be in the causal pathway of IUGR and thus constitute a potential surrogate marker for IUGR in the assessment of foetal programming.
Comparison of differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adolescents (≤20 years) with young adults
Authors: Alzahrani Ali S. , Alkhafaji Dania , Tuli Mahmoud , Al‐Hindi Hindi , Sadiq Bakr Bin
Published: June 2015

Context

Age is a major prognostic factor in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). It is not clear if paediatric DTC has a different histopathological profile and outcome than DTC in adult patients <45 years of age.

Objective

To assess whether DTC in children and adolescents differs from young age group by comparing paediatric DTC (age ≤ 20) with DTC in patients >20 to <45 years of age.

Patients and methods

We studied all cases of paediatric DTC seen during the period 1998–2011. We compared this group with a large sample of 213 consecutive adult patients in the age group >20 to <45 years seen during the period 1998–1999 in terms of their pathological features, extent of the disease and long‐term outcome. Both groups were managed by the same team at a single institution.

Results

A total of 310 DTC were studied including 97 paediatric patients [median age 17 years (range, 8–20)] and 213 young adult patients [median age 33 years (range, 20·5–44·9)]. There was no difference in gender distribution, tumour subtypes, size and tumour multifocality, but there was a significantly higher rate of extrathyroidal extension [40/75 (53·3%) vs 81/213 (38·0%), P = 0·03], lymph node [57/73 (78%) vs 102/183 (55·7%), P < 0·0001] and distant metastases [16/97 (16·5%) vs 8/213 (3·8%), P < 0·0001] in the paediatric than the adult groups. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a higher risk of persistent/recurrent disease in the paediatric group than adults (log‐rank test 0·03). However, there was no mortality secondary to DTC in both groups.

Conclusion

Paediatric DTC is distinct from DTC in the young adults (age >20 to <45 years). It is characterized by a higher rate of extrathyroidal extension, lymph node and distant metastases and a higher risk of persistent/recurrent DTC.
Low iodine diet in differentiated thyroid cancer: a review
Authors: Li Josephine H. , He Zhiheng H. , Bansal Vivek , Hennessey James V.
Published: June 2015

Radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation is a beneficial, adjuvant therapy for the management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) after thyroidectomy. The goal of RAI is to destroy remnant thyroid and microscopic cancerous tissue. Radioactive iodine uptake is enhanced by elevating TSH levels and initiating a low iodine diet (LID) prior to ablation. An ideal LID should preferably not exceed 50 mcg/day of dietary iodine for 1–2 weeks, although the duration may be shortened to a week with a structured patient education programme. A pre‐ablation spot urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of <100 mcg/l and/or a urinary iodine to creatinine ratio (UICR) of <100 mcg/gCr would support an adequate LID preparation. Hyponatraemia, most likely due to iatrogenic hypothyroidism, is a potential side effect associated with LID and occurs during and a few days after the LID. Although the overall incidence of hyponatraemia is low, patients at high risk (older age, female sex, use of thiazide diuretics) may benefit from serum sodium monitoring. The existing evidence on the impact of LID on RAI ablation has been largely inconsistent due to retrospective study designs and the lack of an objective measurement of urinary iodine levels. Future large prospective randomized control trials are needed to elucidate and confirm the crucial role of LID in achieving successful RAI ablation and greater disease‐free survival in DTC.
Effectiveness of anatomic criteria for predicting parotid tumour location
Authors: Kim J.Y. , Yang H.C. , Lee S. , Kim H.C. , Shin D.J. , Cho Y.B. , Cho H.‐H.
Published: June 2015

Objective

We evaluated the accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), specificity and sensitivity of eight anatomic landmarks to differentiate parotid deep lobe tumours from superficial lobe tumours: the lateral margin of the retromandibular vein (RMV), a straight line from the facial nerve trunk (FN trunk) to the mandibular ramus (FN line), a straight line from the FN trunk to the RMV (tRMV), a straight line from the FN trunk to the lateral margin of the masseter (tMasseter), a straight line from the ipsilateral vertebral posterior end to the RMV (U‐line), an arc with a radius of 8.5 mm centred on the mandibular ramus (Conn's arc), a straight line from the lateral surface of the masseter muscle to the lateral margin of the RMV (rMasseter) and an angle from the FN line, tumour and the lateral margin of the masseter muscle (FTM angle).

Methods

A total of 181 patients with a parotid gland tumour who underwent parotidectomy at a tertiary hospital were identified retrospectively from May 2005 to May 2013. Pre‐operative computed tomography and intraoperative findings were compared to evaluate each landmark.

Results

rMasseter (accuracy: 85.5%, PPV: 90.0%, NPV: 85.12%, specificity: 98.1%, sensitivity: 22.2%) and tMasseter (accuracy: 86.3%, PPV: 80.0%, NPV: 87.1%, specificity: 97.1%, sensitivity: 44.4%) showed superior results as diagnostic criteria.

Conclusion

rMasseter and tMasseter were useful as anatomic landmarks to differentiate a parotid deep lobe tumour from a superficial lobe tumour.
Spreading patterns, prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma and salivary gland‐type carcinomas
Authors: Liu L.Z. , Zhang Y.M. , Chen Y. , Li L.
Published: June 2015

Objectives

In this study, we aim to analyse the different spreading patterns, prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma (NPAC) and salivary gland‐type carcinomas (NPCs).

Design, setting and participant

The current study report on a retrospective analysis of oncologic outcome of 76 pathologically confirmed consecutive cases of nasopharyngeal adenocarcinomas (NAC), including 31 NPAC, 33 adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) and 12 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC).

Main outcome measure

Overall survival rates (OS) and disease‐free survival rates (DFS).

Results

In 12 patients with cranial nerve (CN) palsy, there were ACC (n = 9), NPAC (n = 2) and MEC (n = 1) (P = 0.016). CT‐/MRI‐detected CN involvements were found in 22 patients. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 25.8% of NPAC (n = 8), 12.1% of ACC (n = 4) and 8.3% of MEC (n = 1). Significant differences were observed in 5‐year overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) rates between patients with and without CT‐/MRI‐detected CN involvement (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002, respectively), and similar results were found between patients with and without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.002 and P = 0.018, respectively). In 37 patients with early‐stage disease (stages I–II), significant differences were observed in 5‐year OS and DFS rates between the surgical and non‐surgical treated groups (P = 0.031 and P = 0.012, respectively). In 39 patients with advanced‐stage disease (stages III–IV), significant or marginally differences were observed in DFS and OS between the chemoradiotherapy and non‐chemoradiotherapy groups (P = 0.007 and P = 0.062, respectively).

Conclusions

ACC has a higher CN invasion than NPAC and MEC, and NPAC has the highest rate of lymphatic metastases. CT‐/MRI‐detected CN involvements and lymph node metastasis indicate a negative impact on the prognosis. The outcome of surgical patients in our series is encouraging in early‐stage NPAC and NPCs, and chemoradiotherapy may be the optimal treatment for the advanced‐stage patients.
Validation of the “Metroticket” model in a cohort of patients transplanted for hepatocellular carcinoma in southern Brazil
Authors: Machado Adriana , Kiss Guillermo , Ernani Lucas , Marroni Claudio , Zanotelli Maria Lúcia , Cantisani Guido , Cerski Carlos Thadeu , Coral Gabriela , Brandão Ajacio ,   the Liver Transplantation Group
Published: June 2015

This retrospective study evaluated the ability of the Metroticket model to predict five‐yr post‐transplant survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based only on explant data. Five‐yr survival after transplant was estimated using the Metroticket Calculator, and observed survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Metroticket‐predicted survival was compared between deceased and surviving patients using the Mann–Whitney test. The accuracy of Metroticket estimates in discriminating between these two patient groups was assessed using the c‐statistic. Median patient age (n = 109) was 55.7 yr, and 72.5% of the sample were men. Metroticket‐predicted and observed post‐transplant survival at five yr was 71.1% and 58.7%, respectively. Predictions were calculated using the explant data of the 64 survivors and 45 deceased patients. Median five‐yr survival was 72.9% in the former and 69.7% in the latter. The c‐statistic of the Metroticket model for distinguishing surviving from deceased patients was 0.55. In this cohort, the Metroticket model was unable to accurately predict five‐yr post‐transplant survival based only on explant data.
Pulp canal obliteration after replantation of avulsed immature teeth: a systematic review
Authors: Abd‐Elmeguid Ashraf , ElSalhy Mohamed , Yu Donald C.
Published: July 2015

Background

Avulsion of permanent teeth is one of the most serious dento‐alveolar traumatic injuries. Pulp canal obliteration (PCO) is one of the consequences after replantation of avulsed immature teeth. The aim of this systematic review was to determine when calcification following replantation of an avulsed immature tooth begins and to evaluate the prevalence of PCO in these cases.

Materials and methods

Electronic database MEDLINE via Ovid, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of science databases were searched. Hand searching was performed through reference lists of endodontic and trauma textbooks, endodontic and trauma‐related journals, and relevant articles from electronic searching. Pooled data from the selected articles were analyzed for prevalence of healing and PCO as well as mean first evidence of PCO.

Results

Pulp healing after replantation of immature teeth occurred in 32.9%, while pulpal necrosis occurred in 67.1% of teeth. PCO was the most frequent outcome of pulpal healing as it occurred in 96% of healed pulps. First evidence of obliteration was observed from 3 to 14 months with mean time of 9.5 months (95% CI = 4.5–14.5 months).

Conclusions

PCO is considered the mechanism by which the pulp heals after replantation of avulsed immature permanent teeth. PCO is very fast and can be recognized radiographically during the first year from the onset of the trauma.
Delayed in vitro development of Up states but normal network plasticity in Fragile X circuits
Authors: Motanis Helen , Buonomano Dean
Published: July 2015

A broad range of neurophysiological phenotypes have been reported since the generation of the first mouse model of Fragile X syndrome (FXS). However, it remains unclear which phenotypes are causally related to the cognitive deficits associated with FXS. Indeed, because many of these phenotypes are known to be modulated by experience, a confounding factor in the interpretation of many studies is whether some phenotypes are an indirect consequence of abnormal development and experience. To help diminish this confound we first conducted an in vitro developmental study of spontaneous neural dynamics in cortical organotypic cultures. A significant developmental increase in network activity and Up states was observed in both wild‐type and Fmr1−/y circuits, along with a specific developmental delay in the emergence of Up states in knockout circuits. To determine whether Up state regulation is generally impaired in FXS circuits, we examined Up state plasticity using chronic optogenetic stimulation. Wild‐type and Fmr1−/y stimulated circuits exhibited a significant decrease in overall spontaneous activity including Up state frequency; however, no significant effect of genotype was observed. These results demonstrate that developmental delays characteristic of FXS are recapitulated during in vitro development, and that Up state abnormalities are probably a direct consequence of the disease, and not an indirect consequence of abnormal experience. However, the fact that Fmr1−/y circuits exhibited normal homeostatic modulation of Up states suggests that these plasticity mechanisms are largely intact, and that some of the previously reported plasticity deficits could reflect abnormal experience or the engagement of compensatory mechanisms.
The bacteriology of hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review
Authors: Ring Hans Christian , Riis Mikkelsen Peter , Miller Iben Marie , Jenssen Håvard , Fuursted Kurt , Saunte Ditte Marie , Jemec Gregor B.E.
Published: June 2015

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disabling skin disease consisting of recurrent nodules, sinuses, fistulas and scarring involving the intertriginous regions. HS is often a therapeutic challenge and most treatments are off‐label. A better understanding of aetiology and pathogenesis of HS may facilitate the development of effective treatment. Although the clinical presentation is strongly reminiscent of bacterial infection, the role of bacteria remains controversial. Studies have isolated an array of different bacteria specimens. Consistent findings of Gram‐positive cocci and Gram‐positive rods including Staphylococus aureus, coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CoNS) and Corynebacterium species in deep tissue samples have been demonstrated in HS and may constitute a central target for the immune system. Efficacy of antibiotics, that is rifampicin, clindamycin or tetracycline, supports a microbial role in disease pathogenesis. However, these antibiotics also work as immunomodulators of especially T cells, and the underlying mechanisms may therefore be more complex. We performed a systematic review of previous studies investigating the bacterial flora in hidradenitis suppurativa. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Royal Danish Library and Cochrane library (search date 11 December 2014). A total of 66 papers were identified and nine papers published between 1988 and 2014 matched our inclusion criteria, yielding bacteriological data of a total of 324 patients with HS (mean age 36.8 years and female/male ratio 215/109). This overview of the bacteriology may aid researchers and physicians exploring the potential role of bacteria in HS. Furthermore, to stimulate a broader debate, we also present different viewpoints on the possible role of bacteria in HS.
Experiences of Families Transmitting Values in a Rapidly Changing Society: Implications for Family Therapists
Authors: Akyil Yudum , Prouty Anne , Blanchard Amy , Lyness Kevin
Published: July 2015

Intergenerational value transmission affects parent–child relationships and necessitates constant negotiation in families. Families with adolescents from rapidly changing societies face unique challenges in balancing the traditional collectivistic family values that promote harmony with emerging values that promote autonomy. Using modern Turkey as an example of such a culture, the authors examine the transmission process in families that hold more traditional and collectivistic values than their adolescent children. Special consideration is given to generational and cultural differences in the autonomy and relatedness dimensions.