bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Parameter Design of Magnetic Pulse Welding Coil for Dissimilar Metal Joints: Numerical Simulation, Parameter Optimization, and Experiments
Authors: Qin Yangfan , Ji Changhui , Jiang Hao , Jiang Yuefan , Cui Junjia , Li Guangyao
Published: January 2025

As a main component of the magnetic pulse welding (MPW) system, the working coil exerts a great influence on the electromagnetic force and its distribution, which, in turn, affects the quality of the MPW joints. This study proposes a structural parameter optimization of the MPW coil, with the objective of achieving a higher induced current density on the flyer plate. The optimal Latin hypercube sampling technique (OLHS), Kriging approximate model, and the Non-Linear Programming by Quadratic Lagrangian (NLPQL) algorithm were employed in the optimization procedure, based on the finite element model built in LS-DYNA. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicated that all the selected parameters of the coil had a specific influence on the induced current density in the flyer plate. The optimized coil structure serves to refine the pulse current flowing path within the coil, effectively reducing the current loss within the coil. Additionally, the structure reduces the adverse effect of the current within the coil on the induced current within the flyer plate. Numerical results show the peak-induced current of the flyer plate increasing by 25.72% and the maximum Lorentz force rising by 58.10% at 25 kJ with the optimized coil structure. The experimental results show that with the same 25 kJ discharge energy, the optimized coil could increase the collision velocity from 359.92 m/s to 458.93 m/s. Moreover, 30 kJ of discharge energy should be needed to achieve the failure mode of base material failure with the original coil, while only 15 kJ should be applied to the optimized coil. These findings verify the optimization model and give some outline for coil design.
Generalized Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) Expert System Using Compliance and Design Rules
Authors: Aljabali Bader Alwoimi , Parupelli Santosh Kumar , Desai Salil
Published: January 2025

Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the design and production of complex geometries by offering unprecedented creative freedom over traditional manufacturing. Despite its growing prominence, AM lacks automated and standardized design rules tailored to specific AM processes, resulting in time-consuming and expert-dependent manual verification. To address these limitations, this research introduces a novel design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) framework consisting of two complementary models designed to automate the design process. The first model, based on a decision tree algorithm, evaluates part compliance with established AM design rules. A modified J48 classifier was implemented to enhance data mining accuracy by achieving a 91.25% classification performance accuracy. This model systematically assesses whether input part characteristics meet AM processing standards, thereby providing a robust tool for verifying design rules. The second model features an AM design rule engine developed with a Python-based graphical user interface (GUI). This engine generates specific recommendations for design adjustments based on part characteristics and machine compatibility, offering a user-friendly approach for identifying potential design issues and ensuring DfAM compliance. By linking part specifications to various AM techniques, this model supports both researchers and engineers in anticipating and mitigating design flaws. Overall, this research establishes a foundation for a comprehensive DfAM expert system.
Microstructural, Morphological, and Magnetic Effects of NiFe2O4 Shell Formation Around Nanospherical ZnFe2O4 Cores
Authors: Šuljagić Marija , Uskoković Vuk , Kilanski Lukasz , Lewinska Sabina , Khaliq Abdul , Ślawska-Waniewska Anna , Kremenović Aleksandar , Pavlović Vladimir , Jeremić Dejan A. , Andjelković Ljubica
Published: January 2025

First-row transition metal oxides have relatively modest magnetic properties compared to those of permanent magnets based on rare earth elements. However, there is a hope that this gap might be bridged via proper compositional and structural adjustments. Bi-magnetic nanostructures with homogeneous interfaces often exhibit a combination or synergy of properties of both phases, resulting in improved performance compared to their monophasic magnetic counterparts. To gain a deeper insight into these complex structures, a bi-magnetic nanostructured material composed of superparamagnetic nanoparticles comprising a zinc ferrite core and a nickel ferrite shell was synthesized using the seed-mediated growth approach. The resulting ZnFe2O4@NiFe2O4 core–shell nanoparticles were characterized using a series of experimental techniques and were compared to the ZnFe2O4 cores. Most importantly, the formation of the NiFe2O4 shell around the ZnFe2O4 core improved the net crystallinity of the material and altered the particle morphology by reducing the convexity of the surface. Simultaneously, the magnetic measurements demonstrated the coherence of the interface between the core and the shell. These effects combined led to improved spin coupling and stronger magnetism, as evidenced by higher saturation magnetization and the doubling of the blocking temperature for the ZnFe2O4@NiFe2O4 core–shell particles relative to the ZnFe2O4 cores.
Cardiovascular Profile and Cardiovascular Imaging After Bariatric Surgery: A Narrative Review
Authors: Toader Mihaela , Gheorghe Liliana , Chirica Costin , Ghicu Ionuț-Alexandru , Chirica Sabina-Ioana , Mazga Andreea Isabela , Haba Danisia , Maxim Mădălina , Miler Ancuța Andreea , Crișu Daniela , Haba Mihai Ștefan Cristian , Timofte Daniel Vasile
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: Up until now, behavioral interventions and pharmacological therapies were the main approach available for the management of obesity. Diet and exercise, when used as a singular therapeutic method, are inadequate for a successful outcome. Research shows promising results for the surgical treatment of obesity, especially in the area of bariatric surgery (BaS). The relevance of this study is the valuable analysis of the evolution of obese patients with increased cardiovascular risk. Materials and Methods: The patients eligible for BaS commonly suffer from multiple chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, obesity contributes to an increased probability of developing certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis, urinary incontinence, and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we focused especially on the cardiovascular status of obese patients who underwent bariatric procedures. Results: BaS has been found to be strongly associated with a reduced incidence of severe complications in individuals with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) and severe obesity. Specifically, this procedure is linked to a lower occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events and a decrease in overall mortality. Also, BaS is correlated with a reduced risk of recurrent MI and the development of new-onset heart failure. Conclusions: The results of BaS involve a significant amelioration of the BMI, contributing to a considerable decrease in cardiovascular risk factors and to a notable refinement in the cardiovascular structure and function.
Heat Treatment Effect on the Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Sangoi Kevin , Nadimi Mahdi , Song Jie , Fu Yao
Published: January 2025

This study explores the effect of heat treatment on the microstructural characteristics and corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steels (SSs) produced via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), focusing on anisotropic corrosion behavior—a relatively less explored phenomenon in LPBF 316L SSs. By systematically analyzing the effects of varying heat treatment temperatures (500 °C, 750 °C, and 1000 °C), this work uncovers critical correlations between microstructural evolution and corrosion properties. The findings include the identification of anisotropic corrosion resistance between horizontal (XY) and vertical (XZ) planes, with the vertical plane demonstrating higher pitting and repassivation potentials but greater post-repassivation current densities. Furthermore, this study highlights reductions in grain size, dislocation density, and melt pool boundaries with increasing heat treatment temperatures, which collectively diminishes corrosion resistance. These insights advance the understanding of processing–structure–property relationships in additively manufactured metals, providing practical guidelines for optimizing thermal post-processing to enhance material performance in corrosive environments.
An Inexpensive, 3D-Printable, Arduino- and Blu-Ray-Based Confocal Laser and Fluorescent Scanning Microscope
Authors: Loose Justin , Hales Samuel H. , Kendell Jonah , Cutler Isaac , Ruth Ryan , Redd Jacob , Lino Samuel , Munro Troy
Published: January 2025

There is a growing field that is devoted to developing inexpensive microscopes and measurement devices by leveraging low-cost commercial parts that can be controlled using smartphones or embedded devices, such as Arduino and Raspbery Pi. Examples include the use of Blu-ray optical heads like the PHR-803T to perform cytometry, spinning disc microscopy, and lensless holographic microscopy. The modular or disposable nature of these devices means that they can also be used in contaminating and degrading environments, including radioactive environments, where replacement of device elements can be expensive. This paper presents the development and operation of a confocal microscope that uses the PHR-803T optical device in a Blu-ray reader for both imaging and detection of temperature variations with between 1.5 and 15 µm resolution. The benefits of using a PHR-803T confocal system include its relatively inexpensive design and the accessibility of the components that are used in its construction. The design of this scanning confocal thermal microscope (SCoT) was optimized based on cost, modularity, portability, spatial resolution, and ease of manufacturability using common tools (e.g., drill press, 3D printer). This paper demonstrated the ability to resolve microscale features such as synthetic spider silk and measure thermal waves in stainless steel using a system requiring <USD 1000 in material costs.
Investigating the Role of Gut Microbiota in Pediatric Patients with Severe COVID-19 or MIS-C
Authors: Franchitti Elena , Bottino Paolo , Sidoti Francesca , Carpino Andrea , Pruccoli Giulia , Ramenghi Ugo , Costa Cristina , Ala Ugo , Parodi Emilia , Traversi Deborah
Published: January 2025

Severe COVID-19 and MIS-C are rare but serious outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The onset of MIS-C often involves the gastrointestinal system, suggesting a potential connection with gut microbiota. This study aims to compare the gut microbiota of children with severe COVID-19 and those with MIS-C using various biomolecular approaches. Gut microbiota composition and specific microbial modulations were analyzed using fecal samples collected at hospital admission. The study included hospitalized patients (mean age 6 ± 5 years) diagnosed with severe COVID-19 (37 patients) or MIS-C (37 patients). Microbial differences were assessed using both NGS and qRT-PCR methodologies. In 75% of cases, pharmacological treatments included antibiotics and corticosteroids, which influenced the microbiota composition. Early age was found to have the most significant impact on microbiota diversity. Significant differences in alpha and beta diversity were observed between COVID-19 and MIS-C patients, particularly concerning low-abundance species. Levels of Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Akkermansia muciniphila were comparable between groups, while an increased activity of Bifidobacterium spp. was noted in children with positive fecal samples (p = 0.019). An in-depth evaluation of lesser-known gut species may be key to reducing the risk of severe outcomes and developing microbiota-based biomarkers for the early diagnosis of MIS-C.
Identification of Host–Protein Interaction Network of Canine Parvovirus Capsid Protein VP2 in F81 Cells
Authors: Zhou Hongzhuan , Zhang Huanhuan , Su Xia , Xu Fuzhou , Xiao Bing , Zhang Jin , Qi Qi , Lin Lulu , Cui Kaidi , Li Qinqin , Li Songping , Yang Bing
Published: January 2025

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious virus that causes severe hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis, posing a major threat to the life and health of dogs. The molecular mechanism by which VP2, the major capsid protein of CPV, infects host cells and utilizes host cell proteins for self-replication remains poorly understood. In this study, 140 host proteins specifically binding to CPV VP2 protein were identified by immunoprecipitation combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the protein Interaction Network (PPI), the annotation of gene ontology (GO) and the database of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were constructed for in-depth analysis. The results showed that CPV VP2 protein participated mainly in cell metabolism, cell biosynthesis, protein folding and various signal transduction processes. According to the results of proteomics analysis, we randomly selected seven proteins for co-immunoprecipitation verification, and the experimental results were consistent with the LC-MS/MS data. In addition, our study found that the expression level of the VP2-interacting protein FHL2 mediated CPV replication. Preliminary studies have shown that knockdown of FHL2 promotes CPV replication by decreasing the expression of interferon β (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), while overexpression of FHL2 can inhibit the replication of CPV by up-regulating the expression of IFN-β and related ISGs. This study lays the foundation for elucidating the potential function of CPV VP2 protein in the process of viral infection and proliferation which provides a theoretical basis for the design of antiviral agents and vaccines.
Methodology for Analysis of Microplastics in Fine Fraction of Urban Solid Waste
Authors: Avila-Escobedo Katia Paola , Moctezuma-Parra Karen Yazmín , Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos , Espinosa-Valdemar Rosa María , Sotelo-Navarro Perla Xochitl , Vázquez-Morillas Alethia , Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely
Published: January 2025

This study addresses the pressing need for standardized methodologies to quantify microplastics (MPs) within the fine fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW), often overlooked despite its potential environmental impact. Five extraction protocols were evaluated to identify the most effective method for isolating MPs in fine waste. These were specifically applied to samples from the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana and one transfer station in Mexico City. A potassium hydroxide digestion protocol with subsequent flotation and centrifugation steps achieved optimal results, ensuring complete organic matter degradation and high microplastic recovery. Subsequent analyses revealed notable concentrations of MPs, primarily fragments and fibers, with higher abundance at the university site. Statistical tests confirmed significant differences between the sample sites. These findings highlight the vulnerability of MSW fine fractions to microplastic contamination and underline the importance of targeted waste management strategies. This research contributes to understanding microplastic behavior in waste management systems and emphasizes the need for mitigation efforts to prevent environmental contamination.
Design and Modeling of a Reconfigurable Multiple Input, Multiple Output Antenna for 24 GHz Radar Sensors
Authors: Shaban Mahmoud
Published: January 2025

A frequency-reconfigurable MIMO antenna with high gain, low mutual coupling and highly suppressed side lobe level (SLL) for applications in 24 GHz ISM band sensing and automotive radar systems was designed, modeled, and simulated. The reconfigurability feature was modeled with the implementation of a varactor diode in the model to alter the frequency in a wide band around 24 GHz. The design features 2- and 4-port MIMO antenna each comprising a 1 × 8 microstrip patch array. At the core of achieving both a high gain of 16 dBi and high isolation of 38.4 dB at a resonance frequency of 24.120 GHz lies the integration of a metamaterial absorber, comprising an optimized split-ring unit cell to effectively mitigate interference among the MIMO elements. Noteworthy impedance bandwidths of the sensor antenna span from 23.8 to 24.3 GHz, catering to diverse frequency requirements. The proposed sensor antenna feature a half-power beamwidth of 74° in the E-plane and 11° in the H-plane and an SLL of −24 dB at 24.120 GHz showing its robust performance characteristics across multiple operational dimensions.
Preliminary Data of the Nutritive, Antioxidative, and Functional Properties of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) Flour and Seed Protein Concentrate
Authors: Hahn Agata , Liszka Justyna , Maksym Julia , Nemś Agnieszka , Miedzianka Joanna
Published: January 2025

The growing interest in a plant-based diet leads to the search for new sources of protein in the human diet as an alternative to animal proteins. Plant materials that can supplement protein as additives in food products are being studied. Watermelon seeds (Citrillus lanatus L.) are rich in proteins and waste from the food industry; however, their extraction is not completely cost-free, and the flour production process may involve additional costs related to their extraction and processing. The studies showed that watermelon seed protein concentrate, obtained using the alkaline extraction method, contained 82.52 g/100 g of protein and 1.51 g/100 g of fat. The polyphenol content in the protein preparation from defatted watermelon seeds was 1.9 mg gallic acid/g, and the antioxidant activity of the concentrate was 29.26 µmol Trolox/g (by the ABTS+). The obtained watermelon seed protein concentrate was characterised by solubility of more than 80% (at pH = 10), water absorption at the level of 2.46 (g water/g) and oil absorption equal to 2.1 (ml oil/g), showed poor foaming properties (1.51%), and was characterised by low emulsification.
Synthesis of 2-Deoxyglycosides with Exclusive β-Configuration Using 2-SAc Glycosyl Bromide Donors
Authors: Guo Yang-Fan , Xu Tian-Tian , Zhang Guo-Hui , Dong Hai
Published: January 2025

In this study, we developed an indirect method for the synthesis of 2-deoxyglycosides with an exclusive β-configuration using glucosyl and galactosyl bromide donors with 2-thioacetyl (SAc) groups. The 2-SAc glucosyl and galactosyl bromide donors were easily obtained through the treatment of 1-OAc, 2-SAc glucose and galactose with HBr-CH3COOH solution, respectively. The glycosylation of such donors with acceptors under an improved Koenigs–Knorr condition resulted in glycosylation products with an exclusive β-configuration in excellent yields. The synthetic approach of 2-SAc glycosyl donors using glycals as the starting materials was also investigated. Based on these studies, the synthetic method of using 2-deoxyglycosides with an exclusive β-configuration through desulfurization will have more practical applications.
Biorefining Brazilian Green Propolis: An Eco-Friendly Approach Based on a Sequential High-Pressure Extraction for Recovering High-Added-Value Compounds
Authors: Sorita Guilherme Dallarmi , Caicedo Chacon Wilson Daniel , Strieder Monique Martins , Rodriguez-García Camilo , Fritz Alcilene Monteiro , Verruck Silvani , Ayala Valencia Germán , Mendiola José A.
Published: January 2025

Propolis is a valuable natural resource for extracting various beneficial compounds. This study explores a sustainable extraction approach for Brazilian green propolis. First, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process parameters were optimized (co-solvent: 21.11% v/v CPME, and temperature: 60 °C) to maximize yield, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, and LOX (lipoxygenase) inhibitory activity. GC–MS analysis identified 40 metabolites in SFE extracts, including fatty acids, terpenoids, phenolics, and sterols. After selecting the optimum SFE process parameters, a sequential high-pressure extraction (HPE) approach was developed, comprising SFE, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with EtOH/H2O, and subcritical water extraction (SWE). This process was compared to a similar sequential extraction using low-pressure extractions (LPE) with a Soxhlet extractor. The HPE process achieved a significantly higher overall yield (80.86%) than LPE (71.43%). SFE showed higher selectivity, resulting in a lower carbohydrate content in the non-polar fraction, and PLE extracted nearly twice the protein amount of LPE–2. Despite the HPE selectivity, LPE extracts exhibited better acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and LOX inhibition, demonstrating that the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts may be associated with a symbiosis of a set of compounds. Finally, a comprehensive greenness assessment revealed that the HPE process proved more sustainable and aligned with green chemistry principles than the LPE method.
Nanoscale Titanium Oxide Memristive Structures for Neuromorphic Applications: Atomic Force Anodization Techniques, Modeling, Chemical Composition, and Resistive Switching Properties
Authors: Avilov Vadim I. , Tominov Roman V. , Vakulov Zakhar E. , Rodriguez Daniel J. , Polupanov Nikita V. , Smirnov Vladimir A.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the results of a study on the formation of nanostructures of electrochemical titanium oxide for neuromorphic applications. Three anodization synthesis techniques were considered to allow the formation of structures with different sizes and productivity: nanodot, lateral, and imprint. The mathematical model allowed us to calculate the processes of oxygen ion transfer to the reaction zone; the growth of the nanostructure due to the oxidation of the titanium film; and the formation of TiO, Ti2O3, and TiO2 oxides in the volume of the growing nanostructure and the redistribution of oxygen vacancies and conduction channel. Modeling of the nanodot structure synthesis process showed that at the initial stages of growth, a conductivity channel was formed, connecting the top and bottom of the nanostructure, which became thinner over time; at approximately 640 ms, this channel broke into upper and lower nuclei, after which the upper part disappeared. Modeling of the lateral nanostructure synthesis process showed that at the initial stages of growth, a conductivity channel was also formed, which quickly disappeared and left a nucleus that moved after the moving AFM tip. The simulation of the imprint nanostructure synthesis process showed the formation of two conductivity channels at a distance corresponding to the dimensions of the template tip. After about 460 ms, both channels broke, leaving behind embryos. The nanodot, lateral, and imprint nanostructure XPS spectra confirmed the theoretical calculations presented earlier: in the near-surface layers, the TiO2 oxide was observed, with the subsequent titanium oxide nanostructure surface etching proportion of TiO2 decreasing, and proportions of Ti2O3 and TiO oxides increasing. All nanodot, lateral, and imprint nanostructures showed reproducible resistive switching over 1000 switching cycles and holding their state for 10,000 s at read operation.
A Randomized Pilot Study of Time-Restricted Eating Shows Minimal Microbiome Changes
Authors: Johnson Abigail J. , Alvear Alison , Knights Dan , Chow Lisa S. , Bantle Anne E.
Published: January 2025

Objective: TRE is an emerging approach in obesity treatment, yet there is limited data on how it influences gut microbiome composition in humans. Our objective was to characterize the gut microbiome of human participants before and after a TRE intervention. This is a secondary analysis of a previously published clinical trial examining the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE). Methods: In a previously published, 12-week randomized controlled trial, Chow et al. evaluated the effects of an 8-h TRE intervention on body composition in human participants. Chow et al. demonstrated significant reductions in weight, lean mass, and visceral fat in the TRE group compared to those following time-unrestricted eating (non-TRE). Stool samples were collected by a subset of those participants using home kits at both baseline and post-intervention for shotgun metagenomic sequencing for this secondary analysis. Microbiome community composition was compared before and after intervention as alpha and beta diversity. Results: Sixteen participants provided stool samples (eight in the TRE group and eight in the non-TRE group). Stool samples were collected from all participants at at least one time point, but both pre- and post-treatment samples were available from only five participants who completed both baseline and post-treatment collections. In alignment with the findings of Chow et al., the participants in the TRE group of the secondary analysis who collected microbiome sample(s) successfully reduced their eating window from an average of 15.3 ± 0.8 h at baseline to 9.3 ± 1.7 h during the intervention (mean ± SD, p < 0.001) and the non-TRE group’s eating window remained unchanged. While the TRE group lost weight and visceral fat mass, no effect of the TRE intervention was observed on alpha diversity (Shannon index, Simpson index, and number of taxa, linear mixed models), beta diversity (Bray–Curtis, PERMANOVA), even after controlling for weight and visceral fat changes. Conclusions: Our analysis did not detect any significant differences in gut microbiome composition or diversity indices between participants undergoing a TRE intervention and those in the control group. The study’s findings are limited by a small sample size, short duration, and the collection of stool samples at only two time points. Future studies with larger sample sizes, longer durations, and more frequent sampling, and collection of detailed dietary data are needed to better understand the relationship between TRE and gut microbiome dynamics.
The Associations of Dietary Polyamines with Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Large Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong , Qian Mingxia , Liu Min , He Mengyao , Li Fu-Rong , Zheng Liqiang
Published: January 2025

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the associations between dietary polyamine intake and incident T2DM. Methods: This prospective analysis included 168,137 participants from the UK Biobank who did not have T2DM at baseline. Dietary polyamines were calculated based on portion sizes of food items and a nutrient database. Incident T2DM was defined by hospital admissions with ICD10 codes E11–E14. Cox proportional hazard regression models and restricted cubic splines were used to examine the associations between dietary polyamine intake and incident T2DM. Results: During a median follow-up of 11.2 years (IQR, 11.8–13.2), 4422 (2.6%) participants developed T2DM. The average (SD) daily dietary intake was 10.5 (11.8) mg/day for spermidine, 4.3 (2.1) mg/day for spermine, and 12.7 (6.9) mg/day for putrescine. Compared to quintile 1, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for quintiles 2–5 of dietary spermidine were 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96), 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96), 0.91 (0.82 to 0.99), and 0.96 (0.88 to 1.06); for dietary spermine, they were 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11), 1.03 (0.93 to 1.13), 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18), and 1.11 (1.01 to 1.23); and for dietary putrescine, they were 0.84 (0.76 to 0.92), 0.83 (0.79 to 0.91), 0.82 (0.74 to 0.90), and 0.87 (0.80 to 0.96). Conclusions: Higher dietary spermidine and putrescine were associated with a lower risk of T2DM, while higher dietary spermine appeared to be associated with a higher risk of T2DM. These findings suggest optimal levels of dietary polyamine intake and indicate that polyamines may be promising targets for nutritional interventions in the prevention and management of T2DM.
Reduction in Remnant Cholesterol in Obese Individuals After Bariatric Surgery with Gastric Bypass or Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Aaseth Jan O. , Retterstøl Kjetil , Rootwelt Helge , Farup Per G.
Published: January 2025

Background: The effectiveness of bariatric surgery in reducing remnant cholesterol (RC) levels, particularly when obesity is accompanied by elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), is insufficiently investigated. In this study, we aimed to examine the impacts of two common bariatric procedures, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), as regards their effects on RC and HbA1c levels. Methods: Adult morbidly obese subjects were included and assigned to receive either RYGB or SG. The levels of RC and HbA1c were determined 6 and 12 months after surgery and compared to preoperative levels to assess the efficacy of these surgical methods. In the statistical evaluation of covariations between RC and other biomarkers, previously determined C-reactive protein (CRP), triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 6 and 12 months after surgery were included. A linear mixed regression model for repeated analyses was used. Results: The RC levels were markedly reduced both after RYGB and SG but without significant differences between the RYGB and the SG surgery. Furthermore, the RC values were strongly associated with the levels of CRP and HbA1c. Conclusions: A significant lowering of RC values after bariatric surgery appeared paralleled by concomitant reductions in HbA1c values and CRP levels. Together, these effects lead to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.
Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale
Authors: Kahriman Meryem , Baş Murat , Yilmaz Salim
Published: January 2025

Background: Considering the increasing consumption of soft drinks and their adverse health effects, identifying addiction to these drinks in the population is significant. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale. Methods: For this purpose, we included 669 participants and distributed them homogeneously for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To assess the psychometric properties of the scale, we used the Soft Drink Addiction Scale, the Beverage Intake Questionnaire-15, and a questionnaire that included questions assessing self-efficacy regarding soft drinks and attitudes toward alternatives. Results: The mean age of 669 participants was 34.05 ± 9.26 years. A total of 93.72% were female and 6.28% were male. The scale’s Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.942. An exploratory factor analysis revealed the following three-factor structure: withdrawal syndrome symptoms, persistent desire, and decrease in social and recreational activities, which explained 29.1%, 16%, and 16.9% of the total variance, respectively. A confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this construct. Moreover, soft drink addiction was associated with self-efficacy and total calories from beverages questioned in the beverage consumption questionnaire. Conclusions: In conclusion, the Turkish version of the Soft Drink Addiction Scale is a reliable and valid tool.
Theoretical Study of Sphingomyelinases from Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis Sheds Light on the Evolution of Enzymes Needed for Survival and Colonization
Authors: Ramírez-Montiel Fátima Berenice , Andrade-Guillen Sairy Yarely , Medina-Nieto Ana Laura , Rangel-Serrano Ángeles , Martínez-Álvarez José A. , de la Mora Javier , Vargas-Maya Naurú Idalia , Mendoza-Macías Claudia Leticia , Padilla-Vaca Felipe , Franco Bernardo
Published: January 2025

The path to survival for pathogenic organisms is not straightforward. Pathogens require a set of enzymes for tissue damage generation and to obtain nourishment, as well as a toolbox full of alternatives to bypass host defense mechanisms. Our group has shown that the parasitic protist Entamoeba histolytica encodes for 14 sphingomyelinases (SMases); one of them (acid sphingomyelinase 6, aSMase6) is involved in repairing membrane damage and exhibits hemolytic activity. The enzymatic characterization of aSMase6 has been shown to be activated by magnesium ions but not by zinc, as shown for the human aSMase, and is strongly inhibited by cobalt. However, no structural data are available for the aSMase6 enzyme. In this work, bioinformatic analyses showed that the protist aSMases are diverse enzymes, are evolutionarily related to hemolysins derived from bacteria, and showed a similar overall structure as parasitic, free-living protists and mammalian enzymes. AlphaFold3 models predicted the occupancy of cobalt ions in the active site of the aSMase6 enzyme. Cavity blind docking showed that the substrate is pushed outward of the active site when cobalt is bound instead of magnesium ions. Additionally, the structural models of the aSMase6 of E. histolytica showed a loop that is absent from the rest of the aSMases, suggesting that it may be involved in hemolytic activity, as demonstrated experimentally using the recombinant proteins of aSMase4 and aSMase6. Trichomonas vaginalis enzymes show a putative transmembrane domain and seem functionally different from E. histolytica. This work provides insight into the future biochemical analyses that can show mechanistic features of parasitic protists sphingomyelinases, ultimately rendering these enzymes potential therapeutic targets.
Seroprevalence of TORCH Viral Agents in Pregnant Women in Turkey: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kahraman Kilbas Elmas Pinar , Ciftci Ihsan Hakki , Kilbas Imdat , Toptan Hande
Published: January 2025

Rubella Virus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2), Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause serious fetal disease. The seropositivity rates of these agents vary among countries and geographic regions. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence rates and diagnostic methods used in studies investigating the seroprevalence of viral pathogens in the TORCH group among pregnant women in Turkey between 2005 and 2024. A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases between January 2005 and January 2024. A total of 60 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Data quality control was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute guideline prevalence studies checklist. Heterogeneity was measured using the I-squared (I2) statistic in the Comprehensive Meta Analysis (CMA) program. The average seropositivity rates for Rubella, CMV, HSV-2, HBV and HCV in Turkey were determined as 91.18%, 94.81%, 35.52%, 1.66% and 0.25%, respectively. When the diagnostic methods were examined, it was determined that ELISA and ECLIA methods were used most frequently. The seropositivity of the agents did not show statistically significant differences according to the year periods, geographical regions and age of the patients (p > 0.05). The highest prevalence rates of Rubella and HSV-2 in pregnant women were reported in the Mediterranean region, the highest prevalence rates of CMV and HCV in the Southeastern Anatolia region and the highest seroprevalence of Anti HBs in the Marmara region. The results of this study support the necessity of increasing public awareness in the control of fetal infection caused by TORCH viral agents, prenatal screening, vaccination for Rubella and HBV and compliance with hygiene conditions for agents such as CMV, HSV-2 and HCV. The results of this study highlight the need to increase public awareness on prenatal screening for the control of fetal infection caused by all TORCH viral agents, vaccination for Rubella and HBV and compliance with hygiene conditions for agents such as CMV, HSV-2 and HCV.
Τhiazolidine-4-One Derivatives with Variable Modes of Inhibitory Action Against DPP4, a Drug Target with Multiple Activities and Established Role in Diabetes Mellitus Type II
Authors: Amanatidou Dionysia , Eleftheriou Phaedra , Petrou Anthi , Geronikaki Athina , Lialiaris Theodoros
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: DPP4 is an enzyme with multiple natural substrates and probable involvement in various mechanisms. It constitutes a drug target for the treatment of diabetes II, although, also related to other disorders. While a number of drugs with competitive inhibitory action and covalent binding capacity are available, undesired side effects exist partly attributed to drug kinetics, and research for finding novel, potent, and safer compounds continues. Despite the research, a low number of uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibitors, which could be of worth for pharmaceutical and mechanism studies, was mentioned. Methods: In the present study sixteen 3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-aryl thiazolidin-4-ones were selected for evaluation, based on structural characteristics and docking analysis and were tested in vitro for DPP4 inhibitory action using H-Gly-Pro-amidomethyl coumarin substrate. Their mode of inhibition was also in vitro explored. Results: Twelve compounds exhibited IC50 values at the nM range with the best showing IC50 = 12 ± 0.5 nM, better than sitagliptin. Most compounds exhibited a competitive mode of inhibition. Inhibition modes of uncompetitive, non-competitive, and mixed type were also identified. Docking analysis was in accordance with the in vitro results, with a linear correlation of logIC50 with a Probability of Binding Factor(PF) derived using docking analysis to a specific target box and to the whole enzyme. According to the docking results, two probable sites of binding for uncompetitive inhibitors were highlighted in the wider area of the active site and in the propeller loop. Conclusions: Potent inhibitors with IC50 at the nM range and competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive, and mixed modes of action, one better than sitagliptin, were found. Docking analysis was used to estimate probable sites and ways of binding. However, crystallographic or NMR studies are needed to elucidate the exact way of binding especially for uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
Spinorphin Molecules as Opportunities for Incorporation into Spinorphin@AuNPs Conjugate Systems for Potential Sustained Targeted Delivery to the Brain
Authors: Georgieva Stela , Todorov Petar , Tchekalarova Jana
Published: January 2025

Background: This study explores the potential for the synthesis of peptide nanosystems comprising spinorphin molecules (with rhodamine moiety: Rh-S, Rh-S5, and Rh-S6) conjugated with nanoparticles (AuNPs), specifically peptide Rh-S@AuNPs, peptide Rh-S5@AuNPs, and peptide Rh-S6@AuNPs, alongside a comparative analysis of the biological activities of free and conjugated peptides. The examination of the microstructural characteristics of the obtained peptide systems and their physicochemical properties constitutes a key focus of this study. Methods: Zeta (ζ) potential, Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV–Vis spectrophotometry were employed to elucidate the structure–activity correlations of the peptide@nano AuNP systems. Results: The zeta potential values for all the Rh-S@AuNPs demonstrate that the samples are electrically stable and resistant to flocculation and coagulation. The absorption of energy quanta from UV–Vis radiation by the novel nanopeptide systems does not substantially influence the distinctive signal of AuNPs, which is situated at around 531 nm. The FTIR measurements indicate the signals associated with the unique functional groups of the peptides, whereas circular dichroism verifies the synthesis of the conjugated nanocomposites of the spinorphin@AuNP type. An analysis of the SEM and TEM data revealed that most AuNPs have a spherical morphology, with an average diameter of around 21.92 ± 6.89 nm. The results of the in vivo studies showed promising findings regarding the anticonvulsant properties of the nanocompounds, especially the Rh-S@AuNP formulation. Conclusions: All the nanocompounds tested demonstrated the ability to reduce generalized tonic–clonic seizures. This suggests that these formulations may effectively target the underlying neuronal hyperexcitability. In addition, the prepared Rh-S@AuNP formulations also showed anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock test performed in mice, which was evident after systemic (intraperitoneal) administration. The study’s findings indicate that conjugates can be synthesized via a straightforward process, rendering them potential therapeutic agents with biological activity.
The Gut Microbiota-Related Antihyperglycemic Effect of Metformin
Authors: Szymczak-Pajor Izabela , Drzewoski Józef , Kozłowska Małgorzata , Krekora Jan , Śliwińska Agnieszka
Published: January 2025

It is critical to sustain the diversity of the microbiota to maintain host homeostasis and health. Growing evidence indicates that changes in gut microbial biodiversity may be associated with the development of several pathologies, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin is still the first-line drug for treatment of T2DM unless there are contra-indications. The drug primarily inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases the sensitivity of target cells (hepatocytes, adipocytes and myocytes) to insulin; however, increasing evidence suggests that it may also influence the gut. As T2DM patients exhibit gut dysbiosis, the intestinal microbiome has gained interest as a key target for metabolic diseases. Interestingly, changes in the gut microbiome were also observed in T2DM patients treated with metformin compared to those who were not. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the association of the gut microbiome with the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin. Numerous studies indicate that the reduction in glucose concentration observed in T2DM patients treated with metformin is due in part to changes in the biodiversity of the gut microbiota. These changes contribute to improved intestinal barrier integrity, increased production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), regulation of bile acid metabolism, and enhanced glucose absorption. Therefore, in addition to the well-recognized reduction of gluconeogenesis, metformin also appears to exert its glucose-lowering effect by influencing gut microbiome biodiversity. However, we are only beginning to understand how metformin acts on specific microorganisms in the intestine, and further research is needed to understand its role in regulating glucose metabolism, including the impact of this remarkable drug on specific microorganisms in the gut.
Production of Hydrophobic Microparticles at Safe-To-Inject Sizes for Intravascular Administration
Authors: Gomes Francisca L. , Conceição Francisco , Teixeira Liliana Moreira , Leijten Jeroen , Jonkheijm Pascal
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Hydrophobic microparticles are one of the most versatile structures in drug delivery and tissue engineering. These constructs offer a protective environment for hydrophobic or water-sensitive compounds (e.g., drugs, peroxides), providing an optimal solution for numerous biomedical purposes, such as drug delivery or oxygen therapeutics. The intravascular administration of hydrophobic microparticles requires a safe-to-flow particle profile, which typically corresponds to a maximum size of 5 µm—the generally accepted diameter for the thinnest blood vessels in humans. However, the production of hydrophobic microparticles below this size range remains largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate the fabrication of hydrophobic microparticles at safe-to-inject and safe-to-flow sizes (<5 µm) for intravascular administration. Methods: Polycaprolactone microparticles (PCL MPs) are produced using a double-emulsification method with tip ultrasonication, for which various production parameters (PCL molecular weight, PCL concentration, type of stabilizer, and filtration) are optimized to obtain particles at sizes below 5 µm. Results: We achieve a PCL MP size distribution of 99.8% below this size limit, and prove that these particles can flow without obstruction through a microfluidic model emulating a thin human blood capillary (4.1 µm × 3.0 µm width × heigh). Conclusions: Overall, we demonstrate that hydrophobic microparticles can be fabricated at safe-to-flow sizes using a simple and scalable setup, paving the way towards their applicability as new intravascular injectables.
HIFU-CCL19/21 Axis Enhances Dendritic Cell Vaccine Efficacy in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Baek Bum-Seo , Park Hyunmi , Choi Ji-Woong , Lee Eun-Young , Seong Seung-Yong
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Effectively targeting treatment-resistant tumor cells, particularly cancer stem cells (CSCs) involved in tumor recurrence, remains a major challenge in immunotherapy. This study examines the potential of combining mechanical high-intensity focused ultrasound (M-HIFU) with dendritic cell (DC) vaccines to enhance immune responses against OLFM4-expressing tumors, a CSC marker linked to immune evasion and tumor growth. Methods: M-HIFU was applied to induce immunogenic cell death by mechanically disrupting tumor cells, releasing tumor-associated antigens and creating an immunostimulatory environment. DC vaccines loaded with OLFM4 were then administered to boost the immune response within this primed environment. Results: The combination of M-HIFU and DC vaccine significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, with enhanced T-cell activation and increased recruitment of immune cells due to elevated chemokines CCL19 and CCL21. This synergy promoted immune memory, reducing the likelihood of recurrence. Conclusions: M-HIFU effectively promotes the migration of DC vaccines through CCL19/21, presenting a promising approach for cancer treatment. Further studies are recommended to optimize this combination for clinical applications, with potential to improve patient outcomes in challenging cancer types.
Niosome Preparation Techniques and Structure—An Illustrated Review
Authors: Mawazi Saeid Mezail , Ge Yi , Widodo Riyanto Teguh
Published: January 2025

A comprehensive review of recent research on niosomes was conducted using a mixed methodology, including searches in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS). Articles were selected based on relevance. The current review examines the historical development of niosomes focusing on the methods of preparations and the contemporary strategies and prospective advancements within the realm of drug delivery systems, highlighting innovative approaches across transdermal, oral, and cellular delivery. This review reported the method of niosomes preparations including a new and novel approach for the preparation of niosomes known as the ball milling method (BM). This technique allows for the precise manipulation of size and shape, leading to improvements in drug release, encapsulation efficiency, and uniformity compared to traditional methods. Niosomes can serve as carriers for delivering various types of drugs, including hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic. This improves the efficiency of encapsulating different drugs, the size of targeted particles, and the desired zeta potential. This is achieved by using a specific charge-inducing agent for drug delivery and targeting specific diseases. These efforts are crucial for overcoming the current limitations and unlocking the full therapeutic potential of modern medicine.