bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INNOVATIONS IN SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: FROM PHOTOVOLTAICS TO SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Regina Dr. Thoudam , Mahima Ms.
Published: June 2024

In the quest for sustainable energy solutions amidst the looming threat of climate change, solar energy emerges as a beacon of hope. This chapter explores the dynamic landscape of solar energy innovation, driven by the imperative to mitigate climate change and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. From photovoltaic (PV) to solar thermal systems, the evolution of solar technologies holds transformative potential for global energy supply. Solar energy, harnessed from the sun's radiant energy, has garnered significant attention as a cleaner and more efficient energy source. Notable progress has been achieved in recent decades across various applications of solar energy. Photovoltaic and solar thermal systems stand out as primary drivers of this transformative journey. The remarkable strides in PV technology have propelled it to the forefront of solar energy solutions. PV cells, embedded in solar panels, directly convert sunlight into electricity, with advancements yielding enhanced efficiency, reduced production costs, and increased design flexibility. Innovations such as bifacial panels, perovskite cells, and transparent solar windows are expanding the horizons of solar electricity generation, making it more accessible and aesthetically appealing. The ongoing advancements in solar energy technology hold promise for a sustainable energy future. By leveraging innovations in PV and solar thermal systems, humanity can transition towards cleaner, more resilient energy systems, thereby mitigating the impacts of climate change and fostering global energy security
SUSTAINABLE SPARKS: IGNITING INNOVATION IN ENERGY CONSERVATION
Authors: Vinchu Dr. Shifa Jhangir
Published: June 2024

The world's energy demand is growing at a rate rapidly beyond installable generation capacity can keep up with demand. Therefore, Future energy needs should be improved and met efficiently and securely. Renewable sources of energy should be used as backup energy solutions. To satisfy the worldwide demand for primary renewable energy currently provides barely anything to the worldwide primary energy supply. In the years ahead, both commercialized and emerging nations will unquestionably continue to depend on fossil fuels. The issue is more awkward in developing nations than in wealthy nations. Many emerging nations have been attempting to reorganize their energy industries. It appears that implementing innovations is challenging. Additionally, emerging technologies that facilitate the use of renewable energy sources will assist in reducing environmental issues. By using sustainable energy and guaranteeing that all residents have access to modern, affordable, sustainable, and reliable energy, sustainable development is made feasible. The significant advances in renewable energy include potential hiring and investing, challenges, and estimates and projections for electricity production. Maintaining inexpensive, dependable, sustainable, and contemporary energy supplies for inhabitants, together with the utilization of sustainable energy, are prerequisites for sustainable development. This article attempts to outline futuristic trends in energy conservation, including smart grids, advanced energy storage, renewable integration, energy-efficient buildings, IOT driven automation, and green transportation. These initiatives collectively strive for sustainability and efficiency in addressing environmental concerns and growing energy demands
UNDERSTANDING THE FOOD, WATER AND ENERGY NEXUS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kalra Dr. Ruchi
Published: June 2024

For supporting growing population, population movement, rising standards of living, high incomes and disposal of income on various energy and water intensive activities, increasing urbanization and climate change have increased demand of food, water and energy to a great extent and this demand is still rising. Water, energy and food are interlinked, these interlinks have shown in the form of any action in one sector affect the other two these interactions have been termed as food, water and energy nexus. To obtain sustainable development the interconnection between renewable energy, food production, and water resources needs to be understood deeply. Integrated approach to resolve the issues regarding resource efficiency can lead to proper utilization and maintenance of natural resources and sustainable development. The concept of renewable energy emerges from change in form of energy that is recycling the energy and its best utilization for human activities and producing goods and services for supporting growing population. The renewable energy cannot be encouraged without understanding of this nexus. This chapter explores the intricate associations among renewable energy, food, and water, bringing the synergies, challenges, and opportunities presented by their interconnectedness. It also aims upon shed light on the prospective integrated solutions that can drive global efforts towards a more sustainable future
BIOLOGICAL SOURCES AS AN INGENIOUS RENEWABLES
Authors: Kalia Dr. Preeti
Published: June 2024

Due to continuous increase in the emission of green house gases, climate change, the need is to switch to some sustainable alternative sources which not only causes substantial reduction in global warming but also is cost effective and helps in conserving the fossil fuel reserves which are near to depletion. The biological resources which includes animal and plant not only plays significant role in maintaining biodiversity but also act as source of renewables. Biological sources contribute in generation of clean and green energy and the various options for generating the same have been discussed like animal bio-waste in the form of fish scales from fish markets act as a potent source of green energy, insects can be used to generate green energy. The use of the renewables should be encouraged for sustainable and secure future.
HYDROGEN ENERGY STORAGE: POTENTIAL APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Verma Shrishti , Singh Prabhat , Kabra Sagarika , Saini Deepika
Published: June 2024

In our daily lives, energy is essential subject. The use of energy has increased as a result of population growth and technological advancements. The main issue is the struggle between rising demand of energy along with limited supply of fossil fuels currently available, and the issues related to the usage of typical fossil fuels, including the release of greenhouse gases contributing to climate change and the detrimental effects of other associated pollutants on human health
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
Authors: Singh Prabhat , Kabra Sagarika , Sadique Mr , Verma Shikhar , Saini Deepika
Published: June 2024

Hydropower is defined as the sustainable energy source that generates electricity by changing the natural flow of rivers and some other water bodies by using dams and deviation structures. Hydropower produces one-sixth of the world's electricity and will produce around 4,500 TWh by 2020, this is much higher than all energy sources and nuclear power combined. Hydropower has the ability to provide as much less carbon electricity as needed and it is the dominant source of safe and clean electricity. The amount of electricity a turbine can produce depends on how much water passes through the turbines (flow) and how much the water "falls” from the height. Hydropower is the largest renewable energy source in the world. When water falls under gravity, it is used to spin turbines and generators to generate electricity. It plays an important role in numerous parts of the world, and about 150 countries producing electricity. The world has approximately 700 GW of installed capacity producing 2,600 TWh per year, about 19% of global electricity production
PHASE CHANGE HEAT STORAGE MATERIALS IN SCHEFFLER REFLECTOR: AN INSIGHTFUL SUSTAINABLE STUDY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Authors: Rana Virendra Singh , Arya Mohit Kumar , Mathur Dr. Nishant , Singh Dr.Ram Karan
Published: June 2024

Energy is the requirement for the people to cater their basic necessities. Biomass, fossil and other carbon based fuels are the primary sources of natural energy. These carbon based fuels are limited and have negative impact on the environment. There is an urgent need of clean and environmental – friendly innovative energy technologies. Solar energy can be a feasible solution for the sustainable development especially when the world is facing environmental, population and economic growth problems. The Scheffler is a special solar concentrator device which can reach high temperature within a short interval of time. The heat retention capability of Scheffler can be increased significantly by assembling a heat storage unit in it. In this study, properties based on thermal and physical (density, thermal conductivity and melting point of different thermal storage materials (bricks, concrete, water, Phase Change Material (PCM), Latent Heat Storage Material (LHS), aluminum, iron, molten salts, silicon etc.) are compared which are used to store the heat energy for a longer period. It is observed that the heat capacity of LHS is much higher as compared to other storage materials which makes Scheffler to store heat for extended duration and using it in a sustainable way. Results and reports are highlighted in a comparative format using tables and graphs to analyze the effect of properties like melting point, thermal conductivity, and density on the specific heat of a LHS material. High heat retention material’s need is predicted to rise in the future, as it can fill the energy scarcity of the people especially for cooking and can help in achieving the various sustainable development goals
WATER SCARCITY ANALYSIS USING GEOSPATIAL DATA AND RANDOM FOREST
Authors: Jadhav Monali B. , Deshmukh Prof. Ratnadeep. R.
Published: June 2024

The climate change is responsible for the various disasters including the tsunami, flood, earthquake, and drought etc. Drought is most dangerous disaster which affects the billions of the peoples on the earth. It leads to the water scarcity problems in the regions. Therefore, the water demand hikes in the regions. Similarly, the unavailability of the water for the domestic, industry, and agriculture sector affects the national development. The region was faced a normal drought condition in a year 2016. Due to satisfactory rainfall was received in the region, therefore, next two years, the region does not face a problem of the water scarcity. Conversely, in the year 2019, the region was received the lowest rainfall in the 5 years, so that, the region was faced high severity of the drought conditions. Such type of conditions are responsible for the water scarcity problem in the region. The SPI was calculated by using the historical time series data of the 39 years from 1981-2019. The SPI value (1.14) for the year (2015-2016) shows normal drought. In contrast, the SPI value of -1.22 shows extreme drought because of the rainfall deficiency in the year 2019. The entire region was affected by the worst meteorological drought disaster in the year 2019 compared to 2016, which is mainly responsible for the water scarcity problems in the area. The LULC analysis shows that the vegetation cover was positively affected due to deficient rainfall in the year 2019. The second dominant area was fallow land which was increased by 23771H in 2019.
ADULTERATION DETECTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL MATERIALS USING HYPERSPECTRAL DEVICE AND MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Gupta Rohit S. , Deshmukh Ratnadeep R.
Published: June 2024

The pharmaceutical industry is expanding rapidly all over the world. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest and most developed industry. Falsified or counterfeit drugs are one of the major problems in the world today. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the global market for counterfeit medications generates about $200 billion annually (USD). Such a fake medications have the potential to not only cause significant disease but also death. Ensuring quality of medicine is becoming more important and challenging, this generates the need for more fast and smart technique to identify the fake medicines. Now a days the Remote Sensing techniques like Near Infrared Spectroscopic technique are widely used in pharmaceutical industry because of its numerous advantages. In this research work we analyze the different types of manufacturers Paracetamol tablets, excipients used for making tablets in pharmaceutical area by using hyperspectral non imaging data developed by using ASDFieldSpec4 Spectroradiometer, Chemometric and Statistical techniques, Preprocessing techniques like Savitzky golay filter combine with Second derivative, Standard normal variate techniques for noise removal and smoothing of spectral data. Hyperspectral dataset developed by ASDFieldSpec4 Spectroradiometer and Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques was used to developed model that can predict the Paracetamol contents from tablets. Partial least square regression, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Decision tree, K-Nearest Neighbor machine learning algorithms was used for development of model. The model is giving good prediction accuracy by using all the algorithm used in this model, out of this the PLSR algorithm and Random Forest given higher accuracy on original dataset and with PCA feature extraction algorithm compare to all other algorithms. The accuracy given by PLSR is 98% and by Random Forest is 99%.
VIRTUAL REALITY IN REHABILITATION: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Jaishree (PT) Dr. , Bhowmik (PT) Dr. Sunanda
Published: June 2024

In the late 1980s, Jaron Lanier developed virtual reality (VR), a technology which allows users to interact with graphical Components in a variety of fields to be adaptable and imaginative. VR enhancing data visualisation, gaming, and immersive educational opportunities in rehabilitation for better motor and cognitive functions.
18 HERBS ORGANICS - STRESS RELIEF OIL – ASUVAGENTHI BALALAKSHATHI THAILAM
Authors: Sruthy Keerthy
Published: June 2024

We hereby attest to the authenticity of the study and guarantee that the data is accurate to the best of our knowledge. We also attest that the study was conducted in full compliance with BIS Specification, IS 4011:2018 Methods of test for safety evaluation of cosmetics, reaffirmed (2004), Edition 3.2 (2007-11), second revision (ICS 7 1.1 00.40), clause 4.3.1, 4.3.1.2 BIS 2008. Skin Irritation Test On human subjects, guidelines, and regulations of the Independent Scientific and Ethics Committee for the Purpose of control and supervision of experiments and on getting approval of the sponsor. The study was conducted as per the protocol, Good Clinical Practice (GCP), International Council for Harmonization (ICH).
AN OVERVIEW ON SWARM ROBOTS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Authors: Kanchi Sravanthi , Kamble Aarti
Published: June 2024

Machine to Machine Economy (M2M) and industry 4.0 are going to see a rise in technologies like Machine Learning, Robotics and Machine and Machine Communication in the next 5-10 years. Swarm Robotics — A technology inspired by Swarm Intelligence is enhancing and helping these 2 trends and will see scalable applications with swarm robots. Swarm Robotics has multiple applications like manufacturing, agriculture and will give rise to more futuristic applications in the upcoming years. Here, we share developments and some applications of swarm robots and cover how a group of robots work together to accomplish a complex task. This chapter gives an overview of the literature was used to conduct the research, with books and papers on artificial intelligence and swarm robot applications.
INNOVATIONS IN IRRIGATION AUTOMATION FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Authors: Sindhu V K , Brar A S , Johal Norah , Sahoo Priyanka , Kaur Harjeet
Published: June 2024

Irrigation plays a critical role in global food security, with over 70% of water usage dedicated to irrigating crops. Developing countries heavily rely on irrigation, accounting for over 80% of freshwater withdrawals, and improving water use efficiency in these regions could significantly conserve water resources. With the world's population projected to increase, particularly in South Asia, where India alone will account for a substantial portion, the demand for irrigation water is expected to rise, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices to meet future food production needs while addressing the challenges posed by climate change. The implementation of automated irrigation systems holds promise in addressing various challenges associated with irrigation. While automated irrigation has been widely used in different water distribution systems, its adoption in flood irrigation systems has been limited. This chapter aims to assess the current state and advancements in automated irrigation for crops, including its components and technologies. Additionally, it identifies potential factors that may impede the widespread adoption of existing systems and highlights the need for additional features in automated irrigation systems to maximize water savings in commercial crop production. To fully realize the socio-economic and environmental paybacks of automation, further research is obligatory to determine optimal parameters for irrigation scheduling. Resolving the research and technical gaps could facilitate the extensive adoption of automated irrigation practices, leading to improved water use efficiency, crop productivity, and profitability, reduced labor requirements, and minimized environmental impact.
DETECTION OF CROP FLOW PATH IN AXIAL FLOW PADDY THRESHER BY USING MAGNETOMETER
Authors: C R Chethan , Dogra Baldev , Dogra Ritu , Singh Derminder
Published: June 2024

Threshing is a significant operation in paddy cultivation, which affects quantitative and qualitative losses of grains. The axial flow paddy thresher ensures higher threshing quality by allowing crop to thresh in multiple passes. However, the retention time, over threshing and crop back feeding are some of the major issues in axial flow threshers and are mainly dependent on louvers spacing and inclination angle. Analysis of actual crop flow within the threshing unit will provide an opportunity to suggest improvementin existing axial flow paddy threshers. A magnetometer sensor (Make: Honeywell, Model: HMR 2300) based instrumentation system has been developed to analyse the crop flow path within axial flow threshing unit. A crop movement monitoring software was specially developed for instrumented system to record incident magnetic field. The developed system records incident magnetic field accurately and thus the actual crop flow path within threshing unit was easily detected. The observations revealed that the crop reappearedfor more than 2 – 4 times at the feed entrance after completion of one drum revolution, which leads to over threshing.
BUND DETECTION SYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSORS: A REVIEW
Authors: Singh Davinder , Dogra Ritu , Dogra Baldev , Arora Rashmi
Published: June 2024

Optimum header height control system for combines minimises harvest losses, chances of equipment damage and operator fatigue. To control the header height of combine harvester the researcher used different mechanical and electronic systems. In mechanical systems, iron fingers are attached to the bottom of the cutter bar and a hydraulic system is used for sampling the ground profile and to detect any obstacle in the running path. Ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, and video-based predictions were used in electronic systems for controlling header height. Research data shows that vertical sensor orientation provides more accurate sensor-to-target readings as compared to horizontal sensor orientation. Ultrasonic sensors can perform better than Infrared sensors for tile, plastic, wood, or sponge types of obstacles. The accuracy of ultrasonic sensors was dependent on targetto-sensor distance and terrain type and independent of the speed of the machine. The ultrasonic sensor showed a maximum average error when the sensor's interference was analysed at 30 cm apart. A major limitation of the header control system was that it showed instability due to hydraulic actuator speed and crop conditions.
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT- A CASE STUDY ON HARSULE VILLAGE
Authors: Singh Armaanjot , Kaur Samanpreet , Siag Mukesh
Published: June 2024

India takes up about 2.4 percent of the world's total land area. Land is limited and there is a large population. Consequently, agricultural fields are deteriorating and becoming wasteland-like. Therefore, it is essential to reestablish the arid, non-forested areas. Development of a wasteland is need to take on the available land's full potential. resources and stop it from degrading further. the issue Managing water audits and degraded land is difficult. And Its development strives to be multidimensional. utilizing human resources to develop watersheds management. Several Ministries, including the Ministry of Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Agriculture, and Ministry Forests and the Environment have participated in Programs for watershed development that differ significantly in their strategies. The Watershed's major goal is to The development initiative aimed to upgrade irrigation infrastructure, conservation of water and a strategy of land usage that led to higher farming output in drought-prone regions Desert-prone regions. Reduced poverty, improved living conditions, and better biophysical, social, and environmental conditions would result in sustainable growth. The place Near Harsule, a water shed development project has been chosen. village in the Nashik District's Sinnar Taluka. It is 13 miles away. 33 kilometers separate Sinnar Town from Nashik City. It is at latitude Longitude is 73.940904 and latitude is 19.822455. In the summer There are water issues and the water table is dropping. To recharge the ground, some steps have been needed. Using the right methods, you can conquer the water sources.
TRAJECTORY TRACKING OF TRACK BELT ROBOT WITH ITS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURFACES
Authors: Arora Rashmi , Maurya Sunil Kumar
Published: June 2024

Robotics being a major community in the upcoming progressive terminology of modern era, it plays an important role in cutting down manpower in certain areas. Nowadays robotics is being utilized in numerous areas and is playing effective and beneficial role in the respective. In this paper such kind of walking robots are being discussed whose presence makes things easy for humans specially certain jobs where manpower is excessively needed. Manpower being utilized to uplift things or transport things from one place to other can be minimized with the help of these walking robots which are meant to carry loads and transport them from one place to other. In this paper comparison of different models and working terminologies of robots are introduced in order to find the best amongst them and work further on their development and further processing to enhance their characteristics. Modern Robotic era plays with the signs and sight of work load reduction and enhancing work as well outcome efficiency for better results. In this paper comparison of legged, wheeled and track robots are shown according to their performance with respect to the working conditions and specifications of robot.
INNOVATIVE ROLE OF ENDOPHYTES IN MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASES OF DIFFERENT CROPS
Authors: Anwar Ali , Shahnaz Effat , Nabi Asha , Bhat F. A. , Wani Fazil Fayaz , Mushtaq Shahid , Amin Zakir , Wani T. A.
Published: June 2024

Endophytic microbes, which live in the tissues of living plants, are understudied yet have the potential to yield new natural compounds that could be used in agriculture. According to this theory, the microbe receives nutrients from the plant while the microbe itself may create substances that defend the host plant from pests including animals, insects, and other microorganisms. Since these fungi and bacteria have been researched for biological control and manufacture of chemicals with pharmacological qualities, studies on microbes from plant species are now more common. They are distinct from epiphytic microorganisms, which reside on the surface of plant organs and tissues, and they differ from phytopathogenic microorganisms in that they are not harmful, do not infect plants, and do not cause illness. A single endophytic fungal species often colonizes each host in these systems, and these fungi appear to have experienced extensive coevolution with their hosts moreover these fungi are typically transferred vertically which incites this transmission pattern and expected to encourage positive interactions with the host plants. However, endophytic relationships in grasses can have a variety of outcomes, from parasitic microbes to highly mutualistic microbes. Beneficial effects for hosts consist of elevated tolerance to drought , inhibition of herbivorous insects , defense against parasites such as , and resistance towards pathogenic fungi. In the host plant, endophytic bacteria can infiltrate and spread throughout the entire organism, aggressively colonizing the apoplast, conducting vessels, and occasionally intracellular regions. These endophytic bacteria can therefore function as biological control agents against pathogens since this colonization creates an ecological niche that is comparable to that inhabited by plant pathogens. In this regard, endophytic microbes' ability to control plant diseases has been shown in a number of pathosystems.
DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS OF FAMILY TUBULICRINACEAE FROM DISTRICT CHAMBA OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
Authors: Poonam Sabrwal Dr. , Sumit Miss
Published: June 2024

The purpose of the present chapter is to illustrate 10 taxa (Hyphodontia alutaria, H. arguta, H. pallidula, H. rimosissima, H. sambuci, Tubulicrinis chaetophorus, T. orientalis, T. strangulates, Xylodon asper and X.spathulata) belonging to 3 genera (Hyphodontia, Tubulicrinis and Xylodon) of family Tubulicrinaceae based on samples gathered from several areas in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh (HP). Out of the taxa described Hyphodontia rimosissima is the new addition to mycofloristic diversity from district Chamba of HP.
NOVEL RELATIVE STUDIES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION OF COPOLYMER COMPOSITES AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY
Authors: Rathod Yashpal , Parmar Anup , Gurnule Wasudeo
Published: June 2024

The antimicrobial study of copolymer/activated charcoal composites underwent a unique comparative analysis. 8-hydroxyquinoline5-sulphonic acid, guanidine and formaldehyde were utilized to create the copolymer resin, and activated charcoal was used to create the new composite. The properties and structure of the copolymer and the copolymer/activated charcoal composite were assessed using a variety of characterisation methods, such as FTIR, NMR (1H), elemental analysis, and SEM. The differences in the antibacterial activity of copolymer/activated charcoal composites could be attributed to the material's nature, metal ions, high porosity, large surface area, and particle size. Additionally, the copolymer's and its composite's antibacterial outcomes were contrasted.
FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NAIL PAINT REMOVER CREAM
Authors: Misar K. S. , Khachane P. T. , Taywade M. H. , Raut M. R. , Gurnule W. B.
Published: June 2024

Nail paint remover plays a significant role in personal grooming products and it is commonly used for removal of nail paints from the surface of nails. However, these products often contain harsh chemicals that can lead to nail dryness, irritation and lingering odour. It is reported that, Dibutyl Adipate is often employed as a plasticizer, a colourless, odourless,clear liquid having good solvency, moisturizing effect and skin conditioning property. Hence, in this research study, we propose the formulation, development and evaluation of nail paint remover cream, having gentle nail paint removing ability with moisturizing effect by using Dibutyl Adipate as an active. The idea of formulation was designed to improve efficacy and reduced skin irritation as compared to traditional liquid nail paint removers. Hence nail paint remover cream with Dibutyl Adipate was formulated to offer a convenient, moisturising and mess free alternative for nail paint removers. Suitable nail paint remover cream was developed with three different concentrations of Dibutyl Adipate and final formulation with 25% of active was evaluated for parameters such as colour, odour, pH, and appearance, nail paint removing ability and accelerated stability study. Subjective evaluation was carried out to study the functional parameters of the final formulation, like time required to remove nail paint from nail surface, moisturizing effect on nails, irritancy to nails on human volunteers. The study showed that the nail paint remover cream with 25% Dibutyl Adipate gives satisfactory nail paint removing activity and moisturizing effect on nail surface with no irritation.
NATURAL COSMECEUTICALS CONTRIBUTION TO SKIN CARE PREPARATIONS: A REVIEW
Authors: Gajbhiye Ruchira , Shambharkar Sonali , Meshram Pratiksha , Marwadkar Pratiksha
Published: June 2024

The present chapter is based on the use of natural cosmeceuticals in skin care preparations. Nowadays, natural cosmeceuticals are introduced in the market as many people are looking for natural alternatives to synthetic chemicals found in traditional skincare. Cosmeceutical means a combination of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals which are applied topically, as cosmetics yet contain therapeutic or bioactive ingredients that affect the skin’s biological function. The use of bioactive extracts or phytochemicals from a variety of botanicals can be accomplished in skin care preparations that act as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-acne, sun protective, and skin whitening agent. In the present review, extensive literature research was undertaken to summarize suitable natural cosmeceuticals that can be suggested for the contribution to skin care preparations. Various ayurvedic medicinal plants and herbs are beneficial for contributing to skin care preparations and in addition to skin healing benefits, future research should attempt to determine this directly.
EFFECT OF TOXIC HEAVY METALS ON ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Bobdey Dr. R. A.
Published: June 2024

Surface water has been utilized for a wide range of purposes by humans. It serves as a source of drinking water after undergoing treatment, and it's also used as a source of untreated domestic water, particularly in rural areas of developing countries. Farmers rely on it for irrigation, while fishermen make their living by harvesting fish from numerous freshwater sources. Additionally, it is used for recreational activities like swimming and serves as attractions for tourists. It is essential to take measures to safeguard surface water from pollution. In many developing countries worldwide, a significant portion of the population still relies on untreated surface water as their primary source of household water. This is primarily due to the lack of access to treated drinking water or insufficient water delivery systems, a problem that is particularly acute in rural regions. The issue is further exacerbated in these rural areas. The increasing population and industrialization are putting undue stress on surface water resources. In aquatic and soil ecosystems, various forms of trace metals exist, both soluble and particulate, which can influence their impact on these biological systems. To accurately determine the low concentrations of these metals, it is essential to employ proper techniques for inspection and investigation. Although many regulatory programs assess metals based on data related to their total concentrations, such values often do not directly correlate with their environmental impacts. Consequently, alternative approaches are needed to predict potential risks effectively.
FENTON OXIDATION PROCESS FOR TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING DYES
Authors: Shrivastava Seema , Rao Sumita N.
Published: June 2024

Dyeing is the process that imparts colour to the fabric, making it attractive. It is one of the primary processes in the textile industry. Since ancient times, natural fabric dyes were used all over the world. Several plants and animals were used to produce various natural dyes for the fabrics. In 1070 BC the Tai Kang of the Xia Dynasty used purple dye, which was obtained from the tropical Murex Snails. Large amount of snails was needed to produce an ounce of dye. Mauveine, the first synthetic dye, was discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856. Since then many acid, basic, reactive, mordant, vat, azoic, sulfur dyes were synthesized and found numerous applications in dyeing industries.
HEAVY METALS: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH
Authors: Bargah Rohit Kumar
Published: June 2024

The industries that produce batteries, metal plating, chemical synthesis, catalysis, fertilizer, paint, paper, and mining are responsible for the presence of heavy metals in aquatic systems and the atmosphere. Industrial releases and human activity both contribute to the soil's contamination with heavy metals. They are absorbed by the body through vegetables and plants. In humans, heavy metals can lead to a variety of acute and chronic illnesses. Fish and other aquatic species that consume heavy metals have an impact on aquatic life, as well as humans who eat them. Heavy metals are widely recognized as environmental contaminants due to their toxicity, long-lasting presence in the environment, and ability to accumulate in living organisms. They have both natural sources, such as the weathering of metal-rich rocks and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced sources, including mining and various industrial and agricultural activities. Mineral resource extraction, exploitation, and further processing for commercial, industrial, and agricultural reasons have increased the amount of these elements released into the environment, upsetting their normal biogeochemical cycles. Toxic heavy metal pollution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is a serious environmental and public health risk. These persistent pollutants pose a health concern to consumers, including humans, since they build up in the environment and pollute food systems. This page provides a thorough analysis of the many dangerous properties of heavy metals, emphasizing their toxicity to living things, ability to accumulate in the environment, and persistence in the environment. The bioaccumulation of these substances and its effects on human health are also discussed, with a focus on fish, rice, and tobacco. Researchers in the environmental sciences as well as graduate and undergraduate students will find the article to be a useful educational resource. Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Ni) are notable toxic heavy metals and metalloids that are relevant to the environment. These elements have important effects on animal and human health when they move through terrestrial and marine food chains and webs. The amounts of potentially hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in different environmental compartments and resident biota must be evaluated and tracked. An in-depth analysis of these dangerous substances' environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology highlights the necessity of taking action to lessen their negative effects on the environment and human health.
A COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF CTAB-COATED NiCuZn SPINEL NANO FERRITE
Authors: Suryawanshi Shrikant M. , Badwaik Dilip S. , DAF Sarang R. , Zingare Pooja A. , Hedaoo Pushpalata S. , Channe Lalit D.
Published: June 2024

The spinel nano ferrite with elemental composition Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4Fe2O4 and CTAB-coated Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4Fe2O4was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The modification in microstructural, magnetic, and dielectric properties was recorded by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), and Impedance Spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction pattern with a prominent (311) plane confirms spinel ferrite with space group Fd-3m. Additionally, the intensity ranges from 569-1797cps and the 2θ position is between 35.571°-35.626°, indicating a more ordered structure of spinel ferrite with CTAB. The modification in the structural parameter was observed through crystallite size(18-25nm), strain (6.240x10-3-4.383x10-3), dislocation density (3.023x1015-1.496x10151/m2), packing factor (72.113-102.746), lattice dimension (8.3638-8.3433A°), stacking fault (0.448-0.446), X-ray density (5.417-5.457 g/cm3), experimental density (2.861-3.253 g/cm3), specific surface area (60.90 x103 -42.53 x103 m2/g) and % porosity (47.18-40.38). Additionally, this research explores the relationship between magnetic properties and X-ray diffraction analysis. Interionic distances (p, q, r, s, b, c, d, e, f) and bond angles (θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4, and θ5) were calculated to determine A-A, A-B, and B-B interactions for all samples. The recorded strong vibrations within the range of 400-600 cm-1 using FTIR confirm the presence of the Fe-O functional group of spinel ferrite in all the materials that were prepared. The smooth magnetic isotherm (M-H loop) with coercivity (165.661-75.231Oe), magnetic saturation (41.469-61.880 emu/g), retentivity (9.730-5.526 emu/g), magnetic anisotropy (7010-4398 erg/cm3) and magnetic moment (1.770-2.6420μB) corresponds to elevation in spin-orbit interaction, noncollinear arrangement of surface spins and spin canting in the sublattice respectively. The squareness ratio in the range of 0.217-0.096 indicates that the prepared nano ferrite is of a pseudo-single domain nature and suitable for Multilayer Chip Inductor (MLCI) application.
CYCLODEXTRIN AND THEIR IMMINENT APPLICATIONS: A SOPHISTICATED PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT FOR DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: Ahmed Niku , Deka Dabasish
Published: June 2024

Cyclodextrin signifies an important class of supramolecular chemistry. In this book chapter; fundamental ideas of structure, synthesis and application of this class of supramolecular chemistry is explored. Focus has been given to medicinal application like drug delivery and encapsulation with potential impact.
ROLE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN CANCER TREATMENT
Authors: Bendi Anjaneyulu , Versha Ms. , Anoosha K. , Dharma Rao G. B.
Published: June 2024

Cancer remains a substantial global health concern, and finding effective treatments stays a top priority in oncology research. In recent years, natural products have long been recognized as a valuable resource for discovering and developing cancer preventive and anticancer drugs. Natural products derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms exhibit an extensive array of bioactive compounds with diverse chemical structures. These compounds have demonstrated the ability to interfere with various molecular pathways in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Furthermore, they often display selectivity for cancer cells, sparing normal cells from severe side effects commonly associated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Their diverse chemical structures and biological activities make them promising candidates for potential therapies in cancer treatment and prevention. In this chapter, we have examined the crucial role of organic substances in the realm of cancer therapy, drawing upon the insights presented in recent years’ literature.
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES UTILIZING PLANT EXTRACT
Authors: Sameeran Kumar Das Dr.
Published: June 2024

Nanoparticles (NPs) being used most widely now-a-days, are in verge of developing new methodologies for their preparation. Focusing on the sustainable development goal and understanding the Green Chemistry principles, it is given utmost importance for synthesis of NPs utilising different plant extracts. Here in this chapter, we are discussing on synthesis of NPs.
NANOSENSORS FOR DETECTION OF GASES AND HEAVY METALS
Authors: S. Chobe Santosh , M. Mathure Savita , S. Savale Tulsidas , M. Mathure Dyandevi , M Patil Arvind , C. Sawant Ratnnadeep
Published: June 2024

Environmental monitoring is a crucial activity for protecting the public from dangerous substances released into the environment and for alerting them to their presence. Pollutants can be found in a variety of environmental media, including air, soil, and water. Hazardous gases from sources like automobile emissions, power plants, refineries, industrial and laboratory activities, as well as volatile organic compounds, such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide, are examples of air pollutants. The synthesis, characteristics, and uses of materials with nanoscale dimensions are the focus of the newly growing scientific field known as nanoscience. Comparing the nanodimensional materials to their bulk equivalents reveals that they frequently exhibit completely unique characteristics and behaviours. The principal sources of heavy metal ions are natural and man-made substances. Due to its acknowledged accumulation and hazardous effects on the environment as well as biological media, it has grown to be one of the most significant societal challenges. To limit the hazards posed by environmental hazardous metal contaminants, important steps are needed. The utilization of technologies based on electrochemical detection in combination with tailored nanomaterials, as well as expanded research into heavy metal ions detection, is a crucially novel and promising approach that may be able to limit heavy metal poisoning. The application of Nanosensors for the detection of gases and heavy metals has been examined in this review.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYSTYRENE / TITANIUM DIOXIDE (PS/TIO2) NANO COMPOSITES
Authors: Revathi Mrs. R. , Ajithsivam P.
Published: June 2024

Titanium dioxide is of very high technical importance due to its excellent electrical, optical, and chemical properties such as no toxicity, transparency in visible light, wide gap energy, high refractive index, electrochemical stability, and good insulation properties. The PS/TiO2 Nano composite was synthesized by Sol-Gel method and the gel were coated in substrate by doctor blade coating method. Polymer has been used since they have beneficial properties like Biodegradability and Biocompatibility. The characterization studies such as XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX were carried out for the nanocomposite material. The X-ray diffraction was used for structural investigations and calculated the crystalline size through Debye Scherrer’s equation. The morphology of the film was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Then, FTIR was used to determine Functional Groups which presents between wavelengths of 400 to 4000 cm -1 range.
ISOTOPE HYDROCHEMISTRY AS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FINGERPRINTS OF POLLUTION IN MINING-METALLURGICAL COMPLEX OF SUBARNAREKHA BASIN, GHATSHILA, JHARKHAND, INDIA
Authors: Ray Susnata , Deodhar Archana , Arzoo Ansari Md. , Chakrabarti Sharadindra
Published: June 2024

The Singhbhum region of Jharkhand is a geologically significant mineralized zone having long history of mining and beneficiation of strategic minerals namely copper and uranium [1]. Back then, the mining and mineral processing wastes have grossly polluted the water courses in associated Subarnarekha basin. The understanding of recharge mechanism and hydrogeological dynamics of this mining-smelter affected watershed is important for protection and sustainable water management system. Subsurface water primarily exists in unconfined and confined conditions and moves slowly through hydraulically significant fracture zones. The Subarnarekha is the principal pollution recipient of mining and industrial discharges, also acts as the lifeline of water supply to nearby towns and urban/rural hamlets. But no notable research exists in literature that sheds light on exact source, pattern and pathways of surface/sub-surface pollution conduits in this mine impacted river basin [2].
AN APPROACH TO DETECT REAL-TIME MAC LAYER DOS ATTACKS IN IEEE 802.11 WIRELESS NETWORKS
Authors: Saravanakumar SM , Rohit P Srii , Revathi Dr. T.
Published: June 2024

This paper suggests a method to detect real-time attacks on MAC layer in IEEE 802.11 networks. The malicious nodes manipulate the MAC protocol parameter such as DCF Interframe Space (DIFS), Short Interframe Space (SIFS) or floods the network with huge volume of packets capturing the entire network bandwidth. The detection method requires collecting throughput, delay and change point detection algorithm is used. All these attacks are simulated in GNS-3 network simulator.
A NEW WORLD: METAVERSE
Authors: Sharma Ms. Shaily , Jain Ms. Anjali
Published: June 2024

As the digital world is developing rapidly, all the areas and companies started enter into the virtual world thus narrowing the frontier between the physical world and virtual world using Metaverse. Many virtual environments have been already developed where people can play games, can do shopping and can also buy/sell properties. This all can happen because of AI and Cryptocurrency in metaverse. This chapter first introduces about the metaverse, the evolution of metaverse and seven layers of metaverse. After this Virtual reality, Augmented Resality and Mixed Reality has focused. This chapter explains the technologies we use in metaverse and how this metaverse will change the technique how we work. Finally this chapter concludes with the future scope and technologies in metaverse. The Metaverse involves many technologies like video conference, games such as Minecraft or Roblox, cryptocurrency, email, VR experience, interaction in social media and live stream ability. In this digital era, these various components originate a run-time and interconnected digital ownership by combining those components.[1] From way back, the metaverse was not popular. But with the digital development of Internet, the distance between physical and virtual world are being narrowing.
SMART SWITCHBOARD
Authors: Oza Alpa K. , Patel Maitri , Shah Parita V , Dave Krupali , Sathavara Shwetal
Published: June 2024

In light of anthropogenic influence and its adverse effects on the global environment, there is a discernible transition towards a more ecologically sound and enduring energy framework across the globe. Within both individual and communal structures, there exists a compelling aspiration to curtail electricity consumption, mechanize appliances, and optimize the utilization of electric power within edifices. This undertaking introduces a comprehensive exposition and realization of a fortified intelligent residential switching system founded on wireless intercommunications and autonomous energy acquisition. The proposed fortified intelligent residential switching system seamlessly amalgamates building electricity access control, self-energy procurement and retention mechanisms for dynamic electronic components and circuitry, as well as wireless communication functionalities for intelligent switches and electrical outlets.
BINARY PSO BASED OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR THE IMAGE CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICAL TOOLS
Authors: Dhal Pradip , Kumar Jha Prakash , Kumar Pulkit , Pradhan Buddhadeb
Published: June 2024

Machine tool use is crucial for the industrial industry. Manufacturers can reduce costs, increase productivity, and improve quality by implementing machine tools. Large and small businesses today place online orders for mechanical tool items. Different photos of various products have been displayed on several websites, and companies put their orders on those websites. In this work, we have suggested a hybrid framework built on Feature Selection (FS) with ensemble-based for the Mechanical Tool Classification (MTC) problem. We applied the Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) based FS methodology to complete the FS assignment. The ensemble-based classification algorithm has been fed the resulting features after that. We have also used the SMOTE approach to address the class imbalance issue.