bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive Heuristic Approach to Compute Upper and Lower Bounds for The Close-Enough Traveling Salesman Problem
Authors: Carrabs Francesco , Cerrone Carmine , Cerulli Raffaele , Golden Bruce
Published: September 2020

This paper addresses the close-enough traveling salesman problem, a variant of the Euclidean traveling salesman problem, in which the traveler visits a node if it passes through the neighborhood set of that node. We apply an effective strategy to discretize the neighborhoods of the nodes and the carousel greedy algorithm to appropriately select the neighborhoods that, step by step, are added to the partial solution until a feasible solution is generated. Our heuristic, based on these ingredients, is able to compute tight upper and lower bounds on the optimal solution relatively quickly. The computational results, carried out on benchmark instances, show that our heuristic often finds the optimal solution, on the instances where it is known, and in general, the upper bounds are more accurate than those from other algorithms available in the literature.

Summary of Contribution: In this paper, we focus on the close-enough traveling salesman problem. This is a problem that has attracted research attention over the last 10 years; it has numerous real-world applications. For instance, consider the task of meter reading for utility companies. Homes and businesses have meters that measure the usage of gas, water, and electricity. Each meter transmits signals that can be read by a meter reader vehicle via radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology if the distance between the meter and the reader is less than r units. Each meter plays the role of a target point and the neighborhood is a disc of radius r centered at each target point. Now, suppose the meter reader vehicle is a drone and the goal is to visit each disc while minimizing the amount of energy expended by the drone. To solve this problem, we develop a metaheuristic approach, called (lb/ub)Alg, which computes both upper and lower bounds on the optimal solution value. This metaheuristic uses an innovative discretization scheme and the Carousel Greedy algorithm to obtain high-quality solutions. On benchmark instances where the optimal solution is known, (lb/ub)Alg obtains this solution 83% of the time. Over the remaining 17% of these instances, the deviation from the optimality is 0.05%, on average. On the instances with the highest overlap ratio, (lb/ub)Alg does especially well.
Beyond Overall Treatment Effects: Leveraging Covariates in Randomized Experiments Guided by Causal Structure
Authors: Tafti Ali , Shmueli Galit
Published: September 2020

Research Spotlights (practice and policy-oriented abstract)
Tessituras de si: transfigurações do corpo feminino e crítica feminista em Marina Colasanti
Authors: Cordeiro Maisa Barbosa da Silva
Published: September 2020

Neste trabalho analisam-se os contos “Além do bastidor” e “Fio a fio”, presentes no livro Uma ideia toda azul (1979), de Marina Colasanti. A contística da autora, em constante diálogo com a mitologia, é elaborada na confluência entre o imaginário coletivo e a subjetividade, percebida no comportamento das personagens frente às vicissitudes das diegeses. Entre as temáticas abordadas por Colasanti estão as correlações entre mulheres, sejam elas harmoniosas ou conflituosas. Essas relações são evidenciadas, nos dois contos sobre os quais se debruça neste trabalho, por meio das formas de amadurecimento sofridas pelas personagens ao longo das narrativas. Parte-se, neste artigo, especificamente da análise das metáforas do ato de tecer, que se imbricam ao amadurecimento das mulheres representadas e à transfiguração de seus corpos.
A construção da queda em Solness, o construtor, de Henrik Ibsen
Authors: Silva Vicentonio Regis do Nascimento
Published: September 2020

Em Solness, o construtor, Henrik Ibsen descreve a ascensão e a queda de um arquiteto que, na tentativa de ampliar seu poder econômico, social e simbólico, perde o discernimento entre o real e o ilusório, morrendo logo depois desequilibrar-se no topo de uma de suas construções. As personagens femininas alternam-se nas casas actanciais de oponente e adjuvante, ora lutando pela vida do empreiteiro, ora desdobrando-se para que ele morra. Este artigo pretende demonstrar as convergências, as divergências, os diálogos e os trânsitos das personagens femininas na manipulação do protagonista.
Significações sobre a Erer: uma análise de publicações em periódicos da Educação (2015-2019)
Authors: Coelho Wilma De Nazaré Baía , Regis Kátia Evangelista , Silva Carlos Aldemir Farias da
Published: September 2020

No Brasil, as significações sobre a Educação para as Relações Étnico-raciais (Erer) ainda carecem de reflexões. Neste artigo, desenvolvemos uma análise de produções científicas sobre o tema. O objetivo é identificar como os artigos publicados em periódicos da Educação entre 2015 e 2019 abordam as significações sobre a Erer nos currículos brasileiros. Ao todo, 23 artigos foram submetidos à técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2016), às recomendações metodológicas de Lüdke e André (1986) e às concepções teóricas de Silva (2002) e Gomes (2012) sobre a diversidade étnico-cultural. Os resultados sugerem que a Erer continua sendo um tema de estudo relevante, tanto na formação inicial quanto continuada, para uma Educação antirracista que respeite a diversidade étnico-cultural.
Evasão e permanência de cotistas e não cotistas raciais no Ensino Técnico
Authors: Silva Natalino Neves da , Pereira Aline De Carvalho
Published: September 2020

O objetivo deste estudo consiste em analisar o índice de evasão e permanência anual dos estudantes cotistas raciais em comparação com os ingressantes pela ampla concorrência dos cursos técnicos integrados de nível médio, nos anos letivos de 2013 a 2018, em uma instituição federal localizada no Sul de Minas. A abordagem da investigação é de caráter quantitativo e reúne características de pesquisa descritiva e exploratória ao levar em consideração os dados gerados pelo sistema acadêmico, bem como a aplicação de 35 questionários pela Coordenação Pedagógica. Os resultados alcançados revelam que existe uma variação da taxa de evasão e permanência escolar nos três cursos técnicos estudados em relação ao público estudantil de cotistas e não cotistas raciais.
Cinema negro na educação antirracista: uma possibilidade de reeducação do olhar
Authors: Dos Reis Ventura Hélio Lucio , Rodrigues Oliveira Samuel Silva , Borges Roberto
Published: September 2020

Este artigo parte da atual disputa de conceituação daquilo que tem sido chamado “Cinema Negro”. Analisa o “Cinema Novo”, por onde os corpos negros passaram a surgir nas telas do cinema não mais como exceção, mas ainda com graves problemas de representação da subjetividade de pessoas negras e de estereotipia. Nesse caminho, perpassa por uma análise do “Dogma Feijoada”, manifesto marco das grandes inflexões que se deram na produção de cinema no Brasil, quando os produtores de cinema são negros e negras. Argumenta também que as lutas estéticas e políticas do Cinema Negro operam transformações no imaginário social, rompendo com o embranquecimento da linguagem cinematográfica e fomentando novas formas de narrar as experiências dos afro-brasileiros. Para finalizar, inserimos uma breve discussão da Lei 10.639/03 e argumentamos que espaços de formação para além da escola oficial são importantes e necessários na construção de cidadão conscientes de seu papel antirracista.
Rompendo o epistemicídio: conhecimento em Raça e Cultura e a produção do GT 21 da ANPEd
Authors: Dias Lucimar Rosa , Passos Mailsa Carla Pinto , Rodrigues Tatiane Consentino
Published: September 2020

n/a
"Sou mais ativista, militante da área do que propriamente pesquisadora em Educação": Zélia Amador de Deus e educação antirracista
Authors: Dias Lucimar Rosa , Passos Mailsa , Rodrigues Tatiane Cosentino
Published: September 2020

O texto apresenta entrevista realizada com Zélia Amador de Deus, dada a sua importante participação em diferentes momentos históricos do Brasil no que diz respeito à construção de políticas públicas dirigidas ao campo educacional. O objetivo foi trazer as memórias dessa importante ativista como ela prefere se nomear para a seção temática Raça e Cultura, considerando que o contexto em que nasce a proposta se relaciona à história do GT 21 Educação e Relações Étnico-Raciais da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Educação (Anped), que surge em 2001. Para compreender o sentido dessa produção faz-se necessário ouvir esta mulher que explicita como sua trajetória de vida e a produção científica desse campo estão entrelaçadas e são produtos de uma ação política ativa de muitos negros e negras brasileiros. Consolidar um Grupo de Trabalho em uma Associação de Pesquisa desse porte só é possível porque, ao lado dessa, há uma árdua produção de políticas afirmativas. As memórias de Zélia nos possibilitam compreender que a pesquisa é sempre uma implicação política, acadêmica e teórica.
Critical nutrients for brain development in infants and children
Authors: Halnan Bridget
Published: September 2020

The UK Department of Health publishes detailed recommendations for supplements during pregnancy and the postnatal period. Are there potential risks of over-supplementing the maternal diet or to the infant through additional supplements, such as extra vitamins or fortified infant formula? This article will examine the necessary macro- and micronutrients, the best food sources for these and when the sensitive periods of high demand occur for brain development during pregnancy and post-delivery. It will also examine current public health recommendations for ante- and postnatal supplements, and how midwives and health visitors can tailor their advice towards the more vulnerable groups of women and children they serve.
Migrant City
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

London is now a global financial and multicultural hub in which over three hundred languages are spoken. But the history of London has always been a history of immigration. This book explores the rich and vibrant story of London — from its founding two millennia ago by Roman invaders, to Jewish and German immigrants in the Victorian period, to the Windrush generation invited from Caribbean countries in the twentieth century. The book shows how migration has been fundamental to London's economic, social, political, and cultural development. The book sheds light on the various ways in which newcomers have shaped London life, acting as cheap labour, contributing to the success of its financial sector, its curry houses, and its football clubs. London's economy has long been driven by migrants, from earlier continental financiers and more recent European Union citizens. Without immigration, fueled by globalization, the book argues, London would not have become the world city it is today.
Cheap Labour
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on migrant labourers. Here, millions of humble Londoners from Europe and other parts of the world have formed the backbone, skeleton, and flesh and blood of the city's life. It shows how the concept of cheap labour, associated not only with sugar bakers but, more especially, with Jewish ‘sweaters’, arose especially in clothing, shoe, and hat and cap manufacture in the East End before 1914. Cheap labour offers one explanation for the evolution of the concentrations of ethnic labour because, for example, the sugar bakers actually formed part of a migrant employment network, which brought Germans from Hanover in particular to work in this occupation. These networks have characterized numerous other migrant occupations in the metropolis, from German governesses to Irish builders and West Indian bus drivers.
The International Bourgeoisie
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how the international bourgeoisie played a major role in the history of London even before it rose to prominence as the financial capital of the world. It reveals how the bourgeoisie, from Jews to Lombards to Germans to Americans, has since the eighteenth century helped to lead this development. The essence of the London international bourgeoisie does not simply lie in its income, occupation, and lifestyle, but also in its elite international status. These elites usually form part of a wider international network, as families such as the Rothschilds and the Speyers, for example, demonstrates. London has formed one link in a wider chain which could also encompass cities both in other parts of Europe and beyond, especially as the British Empire extended its control to much of the world during the course of the nineteenth century in particular. Within this backdrop, all manner of other elites have used London as a base, especially for political purposes.
Racists, Friends and Lovers
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

This chapter outlines the reality of interaction between different ethnic groups and individuals, from sex and love to violence. On the one hand racism always remains in the background, impacting on virtually every foreigner who has lived in the capital at some stage of their lives, no matter how mild or subtle such an experience may prove. At the other extreme comes the normality of interethnic relationships and marriages, not simply between white Britons and migrants and their descendants but also involving members of different migrant groups. In between come a variety of forms of interaction involving friendships, whether at school, in the workplace, or in the social sphere. Migrants and their descendants form a key part of London society across the social scale, meaning that their experiences simply mirror those of the white majority. Interethnic interaction thus involves both the majority and the minority.
Christians, Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Sikhs
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores religious diversity in London. Because of the variety of ethnic groups living in London by the beginning of the twenty-first century it would seem undeniable that religious diversity increased in London after 1945. However, as this chapter shows, religious diversity in London can be traced even further back — to the Middle Ages. Indeed, religious diversity has characterized the evolution of London since the Reformation as Protestant refugees from the continent moved to the British capital to escape persecution and established their own churches, followed from the seventeenth century by the first of many streams of Jews who constructed their own sacred spaces. The Irish and other Europeans did the same from the nineteenth century while the period since the end of the Second World War has seen the emergence of numerous mosques, some of them with origins in the earlier twentieth century. In London, the place of worship usually forms part of a wider welfare and educational network which attempts to reconnect with believers from the homeland.
Handel to Tempah
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how migrants have contributed to the evolution of music in London. Despite episodes of xenophobia in the London musical scene, xenophilia became stronger, partly driven by the fact that both music and musicians inevitably migrate. This is so that, while national traditions of music may emerge, the process of cultural transfer involving both sound and people mean that such traditions cannot remain sealed off from external influences, even if they may develop national-level identities, at least in the short run. While music and musicians crossed European boundaries, during the twentieth century both performers and their tunes have increasingly spanned global and consequently racial divides. The German assertion that nineteenth-century Britain constituted a ‘Land ohne Musik’ (land without music), while an exaggeration, partly explains the arrival of foreign musicians to Victorian London and the eras before and since. The constant settlement and visits by musicians to the British capital since the early eighteenth century meant that London did not become a city without music, even if the tunes and those who played them often originated from abroad.
The Concept of Tyranny
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the concept of tyranny across three different schools of thought. It first studies the Marxist school, in which tyranny is only one of many faces of political struggle, and every political struggle is at root an economic issue—that is, the class struggle for control over the forces of production. Next, the chapter turns to tyranny as understood in the Western democratic school. According to this school, the human person inclines toward evil as they do toward the good, thus one must take the necessary steps to curb one's inclination toward evil. Finally, tyranny is briefly explored through the Islamic conception of the state.
“A Beautiful Spot for a Grave”
Authors: Barcia Manuel
Published: September 2020

This chapter grapples with a number of issues associated with how diseases associated with the slave trade were perceived across the Atlantic world, and what ideas and methods were advised and devised to prevent their arrival and dissemination. It does so by focusing first on the ways in which authorities and individuals attempted to sanitize ecosystems, in order to reduce the threat that so-called pestilential environments, and second on their need to regulate human behavior so as to prevent the spread of these diseases. It also emphasizes that the decisions and policies featured throughout this chapter were influenced by discussions that took place all over the Atlantic world and beyond during the period.
“Such an Asylum of Wretchedness”
Authors: Barcia Manuel
Published: September 2020

Creating safe havens for the Africans seized on board slave ships was from early on a necessity for all those involved in putting into practice abolitionist policies throughout the Atlantic. This chapter examines the scope and limitations of the most important Atlantic reception centers, while exploring their impact on the places where they were located. It also considers a number of relevant issues related to the postcapture experiences of these Africans, including their mortality and morbidity figures for the period that followed their landing on or near these reception centers. Finally, it offers a discussion of the experiences of medical practitioners in charge of these centers and of the methods used by them to treat diseases.
Closing Remarks
Authors: Barcia Manuel
Published: September 2020

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
An Institutional Resource Curse in Argentina and Brazil
Authors: Wise Carol
Published: September 2020

This chapter details the incorporation of Argentina and Brazil into China’s internationalized development strategy as its demand for natural resources skyrocketed. In doing so, it considers the effects of institutional weakness and natural resource abundance on economic performance and the ways effective institutions deteriorate during a commodity boom. It proceeds in three sections: the first analyzing the rise of China in Argentina and Brazil post-2000, the second reviewing the developmentalist model both countries implemented during that time, and the third analyzing the resulting institutional erosion.
Book Hunger
Authors: Shaver Lea
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins by describing the economic crises in Africa, which sparked desperate shortages of food and many other goods, including books. It was in this context that the continent was first spoken of as a place suffering from a “book famine.” Yet the problem was not limited to that decade; books were always too scarce, and still are. The chapter further explains that many countries in sub-Saharan Africa still cannot provide a textbook for every student. It concludes that while book hunger is most severe in Africa, it remains a problem in every region of the world. Asia's four billion residents speak more than 2,300 languages, but only a minority of these have active publishing industries. Most cities in Brazil have no bookstores, although the Latin American country is one of the world's largest economies.
Going Digital
Authors: Shaver Lea
Published: September 2020

This chapter talks about how internet-capable technologies are rapidly becoming universal even in the developing world. The number of people using mobile phones and tablets to access the Internet doubled between 2012 and 2017. The high rate of mobile access, even among the poor, opens tremendous new opportunities to address book hunger through digital distribution models. The chapter also discusses how digital technologies also make it easier to pay for publishing. Once a title is made available, a digital copy can be transported to a reader anywhere in the world for pennies on the dollar. It concludes that as the cost of technology continues to drop, the advantages of digital approaches become even more prominent. Sooner or later, as with every other sector, digital disruption is coming to charitable book publishing.
Negotiating Permissions
Authors: Shaver Lea
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins with George Kerscher, who launched Computerized Books for the Blind and Print Disabled in 1988. “I was trying to reach people who were blind and physically handicapped,” Kerscher explains, “but also include people who could not read standard print because of dyslexia or some other learning disability.” The enterprise was never formally incorporated as either a for-profit or non-profit organization. The chapter talks about how market for solutions specific to readers with disabilities was too small to lure profit-minded entities, even with strong intellectual property protection. Rather, university scientists and nonprofits serving people with disabilities, and individual inventors with disabilities, did the difficult and unprofitable work of pioneering innovation.
Rethinking Incentives
Authors: Shaver Lea
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins by describing an experience of Iceland that casts Samuel Johnson's claim that “No man but a blockhead ever wrote, except for money” into serious doubt. With only 350,000 speakers, the potential readership for Icelandic books is truly small; yet Iceland's publishing scene is thriving. It discusses the counterproductive effect of financial rewards as the strongest for activities that people find psychologically rewarding because they are fun, culturally valued, or otherwise meaningful. An author can experience the writing process as play, in which the creator enjoys a high degree of control over the outcome and may also feel gratified for having made a contribution to society, advancing knowledge in an area that one cares about, or the pure satisfaction of self-expression. The chapter further clarifies that people internalize the notion that doing something for profit makes it less praiseworthy and being financially rewarded may undermine the sense of pride or virtue associated with it.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Rogers M.
Published: September 2020

Nationalist populist leaders today often claim they will protect “who we are” against cultural and economic threats and corrupt elites, speaking in essentialist terms, even as scholars portray national identities as constructed. But because we have failed to recognize how all human identities are partly constructed, scholars have not accepted the need to compose better stories of peoplehood to combat discriminatory and repressive stories. This book shows how to do so.
Who Are We Americans Now?
Authors: Smith Rogers M.
Published: September 2020

Donald Trump’s “America First” vision calls for total loyalty to the United States. It resonates with millions, but it does not convey respect or a spirit of accommodation toward many of the diverse communities that constitute America. Its intolerance must be combated by better, inclusive stories. Candidates include John Dewey’s view of America as a democratic project; Barack Obama’s story of America as a constitutional project of achieving greater unity without effacing diversity; and Abraham Lincoln’s vision of America as a project of pursuing the enjoyment of the basic rights in the Declaration of Independence for all people, of all colors, everywhere. No single story is perfect. Americans need to build coalitions among proponents of different inclusive stories to win power and guide desirable policies.
Afterword
Authors: Smith Rogers M.
Published: September 2020

Critics may doubt that better stories of political peoplehood are politically necessary or politically feasible. But such stories are inescapably needed to define people’s interests and guide collective action. Demographic and cultural transformations are also making it possible to combat narrow nationalist narratives with more inclusive stories, as recent election results in Peru, Turkey, and Hungary show.
‘A man’s work was a man’s life’
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter reveals the significance for work to male identity. Here, it shows how the centrality of work dominates men's autobiographies. Work was the key feature of a man's life and it was very often the motif by which male writers structured the story of their life. For most working-class men, work was equated with manhood — ‘I was a man and I knew it’. The chapter goes on to discuss how many Victorian children commenced their working lives at a considerably young age, particularly early in the reign when the place of children in the labour market was much more loosely regulated. Furthermore, to a far greater extent than girls, boys' experiences of work were shaped by the legislative framework as child labour laws became increasingly restrictive over time. This changing legal framework for child labour is clearly visible in the male autobiographies.
‘Father disappeared and left mother to brave the storm’
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines when fathers — the economic foundation of any family — were absent. It reveals the distinctive features of urban and industrial areas: a higher death rate, a much higher desertion rate, and a significantly higher risk of being raised in a fatherless household. It is also clear that there was something within the shift from rural to urban areas that destabilised the traditional nuclear family and triggered a breakdown in the social mechanisms that had traditionally upheld the nuclear family of married parents and their children. In the new world of the city, when men found the pressures of marriage and parenthood more than they could bear, they were able to walk away. And the consequences of these changes for families and living standards were profound. In the gender-divided world of nineteenth-century Britain, fathers (and their wages) were vital for family well-being. Male earnings formed the bedrock of family life. Without a male wage earner, mothers had to step in and attempt to earn some income themselves.
Turning Headlines into Lies
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter criticises the Neue Freie Presse. Unlike its liberal colleagues in Berlin, it does not want to be taken by surprise. Being one of the old guard, it surrenders but never dies—surrendering even before the battle has begun. It was the Neue Freie Presse which assured its readers in print that “tranquillity and order prevail” in the Third Reich and that “every German citizen of the Jewish faith can go about his business” at any time and even after the exclusion of Jewish doctors and lawyers from public office. On the eve of the boycott, the Neue Freie Presse even printed the announcement by one firm that in their sphere of operations, there has been no incidence of persecutions against Jews and other targets of the Nazi regime.
Self-Refuting Rhetoric and the Price of Butter
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the view that any creation of living form capable of challenging those powers would be inspired by the belief that language is indeed inviolable. However, it also concedes that, to journalists, this belief must appear an even greater prejudice than the rule of law does to burglars. Sadly, the prejudice repudiated by journalists, unlike that scorned by burglars, cannot be judicially upheld, since the powers that be are infinitely less interested in intellectual property than material property. The chapter considers what recognition and protection a man of property would have if the state took the following statement to heart: “Intellect is not something metaphysical. Intellect is rooted in reality.” Furthermore, it considers Gottfried Benn in particular when demonstrating the refutation of his thought by his language.
Rubbing Salt in the Wound
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter responds to the prospect opened up by Gottfried Benn. It derives insights from a vision that deals not with the birth of the new man but with the destruction of language as touchstone for authentic being. From whatever spiritual underworld—remote from the World Spirit—that vernacular may emanate, its analysis will carry more conviction than attempts by the Office for Racial Purity to establish “whether there is any trace of Jewish blood.” Verbal analysis will trace those bastardised linguistic forms back through the world of commerce to the point where venerable metaphors are betrayed by a new reality. And for someone intimate with language, no revelation could be more astonishing, nor a spectacle more striking, than the sight of the empty husk of a word suddenly filling again with the blood that was once its content. From there, the chapter considers how the renewal of German life has enabled an old phrase to return to its origin in some dire event in the past, losing its figurative applications.
Translations from the Hebrew?
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the author's various encounters with language. It introduces Emanuel bin Gorion. The official commentary explains that the criticism which Bin Gorion, as a Zionist, “consistently directed at assimilated Jewish authors, exemplifies the Jewish-racial principle.” The chapter, however, presents criticisms against Bin Gorion, arguing against his reputation as a standard-bearer in the struggle against the anti-German spirit. It also offered the author's services, however indirectly, to the authority now entrusted with policing the German language. In doing so, the chapter chronicles the author's engagements with Cologne Radio, as a means for Kraus to push through with his own linguistic agendas.
Sexual Hatred, “Unforced” Conversation, and an act of Defiance
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter reveals a venomous witch's brew of sexual hatred and extorted confessions. Such things were spewed out between Nuremberg, Ingolstadt, Mannheim, Worms, and Cassel, and out of this journalistic filth a pillory has been erected day by day “to rehabilitate the race and cleanse nature of its pollution.” Everywhere one could read, with names and addresses supplied, were announcements which denigrated Germans for having relations with Jews. The chapter also returns to the plight of the detainees under protective custody from the previous chapter. Kraus had heard “unforced conversational exchanges with detainees in protective custody,” who personally gave all the information one could ask for—the programme actually bore this title, in itself enough to dispel any suspicion of something done under duress.
Paris Turned Turk
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the presence of Muslim envoys in France as an intentional political act from France's periphery that thrust concerns about France's global position—the very substance of royal authority—to the fore. Those concerns were reflected and refracted in the exploding pamphlet literature, images, and newspapers of the period leading up to the Estates General and in the “crisis of representation” that emerged after the Bastille fell in July 1789. The chapter shows how the “Muslim question” appeared in many different forms in the pamphlet war of 1788–1789. In fact, as a result of the changing geopolitical circumstances, Muslims were indeed passing through Paris, and some had real connections to the revolutionary ferment. These figures of real—and already politicized—Muslims were appropriated, caricatured, and ventriloquized in the pamphlet literature and on the stage.
The Muslim Republic
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the growing interconnection with the Ottoman Empire, and in particular the North African powers, who rejected pressures to join the coalition against France and became increasingly critical partners in economic, military, and diplomatic terms. Algiers at the time was in rapid transformation, a kind of “republic” analogous to France, adapting to the new geopolitical context. North Africans were crossing to France with greater frequency, so much so that the Algerians hoped to establish a passenger ferry between the two countries. As republican France articulated a new openness to Islam, Algeria began to view the republic as a friend and partner rather than a religious enemy. In France, older fears of the barbarian pirates were giving way to the new conceptions of Muslims, but could still exert considerable force. The dey of Algiers demonstrated particular support for the new French Republic, offering financial support that would never be repaid, and which would ultimately serve as a catalyst for the French invasion of Algeria four decades later.
Islam in the Temple of Reason
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the struggle over “dechristianization” and its ways of reconceiving Islam as a historical precedent for religious revolution, as a more rational deism better aligned with revolutionary principles, or as a fanatical superstition to be eliminated. This was not simply a conflict between religion and secularism, but a struggle over what should replace religion that divided even the radical party of revolutionaries. In this struggle, Islam was not swept aside, but on the contrary drawn to the forefront in a number of ways. If atheists saw Islam alongside Christianity and Judaism as a religion to be eliminated, they nonetheless maintained the figure of the Muslim as a test case for the universal vocation of the Revolution. For deists, too, Islam—strictly monotheistic and universalist—could seem much closer to their vision of a purified religion.
Robespierre Mahomet
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes the caricature of Robespierre as a new “Mahomet” within a satirical play by Voltaire. The caricature suggests that he was both an impostor and a fanatic with the preternatural power to make his followers believe his doctrine. The figure of Robespierre-Mahomet was not just an expedient trope: it was situated within the larger set of questions around ending or extending the Revolution, at home and abroad. Robespierre sought to restore religious stability in France through a new republican religion that could unite a fractured polity, while advancing only cautiously and defensively beyond France's borders, and showing particular restraint in regard to the Muslim powers that remained favorable to the republic. His Thermidorean opponents tore down these religious and geopolitical projects, sowing religious chaos in France, while pouring revolutionary energies into expansion across Europe and the Mediterranean.
From Cohong to Comprador
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes how the Republican economic reformer Wu Juenong, in his attempts to revive the collapsed industry, articulated a criticism of the tea merchants as parasitic. These were the same houses who played a crucial, dynamic role during the nineteenth-century golden years of Chinese tea. What had changed by the 1930s was not the comprador (buyer) and tea warehouse merchants' own behavior but instead the perspectives of Chinese economic thought, now rooted in a division between “productive” labor and “unproductive” finance. The chapter introduces the comprador both as a real, historical institution and as a theoretical category in modern Chinese history. As with free labor in India, the oppositional categories of productive and unproductive labor in China signaled an embrace of the industrial capitalist model by nationalists across Asia, in spite of a dearth of the traditional signs of industrialization in either region.
Conclusion
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter synthesizes the various stories from the Chinese and Indian tea war into a handful of observations about history and historiography. First, this book has given substance to a reconceptualization of capitalism's history more flexible and globally oriented than past approaches. Second, this view from two marginal sites in rural Asia also illuminates new conclusions about the rise of the modern economy. In particular, there is evidence to support the hypothesis that putatively backwards and marginal social formations were at times more predisposed to industrial production than their metropolitan counterparts were. Third, beyond challenging the Orientalist categories of economic backwardness and tradition, this book has sought to account for their emergence through a critical history of political-economic thought. Finally, this book can only speculatively gesture in the direction of another major question, namely, the historical relationship between transnational competition and national ideology.
Introduction
Authors: Wood Laurie M.
Published: September 2020

He’s “traveled throughout the world.”

—Louise Aubert, twenty-eight, resident of Île Bourbon, describing the sailor Pitre Paul, about forty, whom she had seen in Paris and Île Bourbon on separate occasions, 18 July 17251

The prison doors will be open to him, if he is ever returned there for any other reason....
The Human Ecology of Justice
Authors: Wood Laurie M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 explores the local configuration and context of the courts (conseils supérieurs) to understand how justice was negotiated. Subjects circulated into and out of courtrooms from urban markets, overseas expeditions, and plantations. Analysis of colonial capitals, including architectural clues, reveals the physical movement and behavior of court participants, such as magistrates, bailiffs, and onlookers. This chapter makes clear the distinctions of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean tropical legal entrepôts. Where the Antillean courts relied much more on their proximity to each other and a regional identity, the Mascarene courts prioritized ties with France in an expression of vulnerability.
Between “Île Deserte” and “Île de France”
Authors: Wood Laurie M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 turns to the problem of dislocation. What happened when French subjects could not reach a legal entrepôt? What kinds of informal and formal legal recourse did they reach for, and in what situations did they obtain aid? Case studies demonstrate that crimes against authority like blasphemy and insolence—perceived or undeniable—could leave conseil participants quite literally stranded. These cases raise questions about how imperial structures, especially courts, could fail subjects marooned outside French jurisdiction. It focuses on local revolts and imperial court suppressions, to understand how judicial crises affected colonial legal regimes.
Entrepôts in a Changing Empire
Authors: Wood Laurie M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 explores the regional situations of Atlantic and Indian Ocean courts, respectively. Within these lively and increasingly interconnected oceanic systems, the Antilles initially gained prominence for their sugar production, and the Mascarenes formed what one traveler called “the arsenal of our forces and the entrepôt of our commerce.” These transformations, however, prompted the migration of court users, from sailors to traders, to legal entrepôts. A unique convergence of colonial expertise, especially regarding cash-crop production and trade, and military skills, regarding colonial defense and imperial objectives, enabled the courts to remain, and grow, as entrepôts at the center of a global ancien régime empire.
Accountable
Authors: Herzog Don
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores attempts to hold sovereign actors accountable in the legal sense. At the same time, the chapter shows that legal accountability is precisely what the classic theory of sovereignty rules out—and precisely what people have struggled for, in episode after episode. It also explores startling cases where mere criticism is reviled as an outrageous affront to sovereignty. These two matters are tied: legal accountability turns out to be another kind of affront. The chapter also addresses accountability in terms of international law and politics. It considers the actions of diplomats in the face of sovereign authority, and also discusses the United Nations under this context.
The Christians Who Became Jews
Authors: Stroup Christopher
Published: September 2020

When considering Jewish identity in Acts of the Apostles, scholars have often emphasized Jewish and Christian religious difference, an emphasis that masks the intersections of civic, ethnic, and religious identifications in antiquity. This book explores the depiction of Jewish and Christian identity by analyzing ethnicity within a broader material and epigraphic context. Examining Acts through a new lens, the book shows that the text presents Jews and Jewish identity in multiple, complex ways, in order to legitimate the Jewishness of Christians. The book begins with an overview of the importance of ethnicity and ethnic rhetoric to the formation of ancient Christian identity. It then situates Acts of the Apostles historically and examines previous scholarship on Jewish identity and Acts before moving on to focus on the production of Jewish identity and difference in Acts 2:5–13. The book assesses how Acts of the Apostles uses the image of Jewishness constructed in Acts 2:5–13 to depict the Jewishness of Christian non-Jews in the Jerusalem council (15:1–21), and explores how Acts of the Apostles and the Salutaris Foundation inscription each uses ethnic reasoning together with civic and imperial space to produce unified identities. The book concludes that Acts of the Apostles' rhetoric of Jewish and Christian identity should be situated within the context of Roman-era cities, in which ethnic, civic, and religious identities were inseparable. Placing Acts within this broader ethnic discourse emphasizes the Jewishness of Christians, even in Acts.
Demography, topography and mental health problems in later life
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 offers an overview of the UK’s socio-demographic and policy context. The UK has an ageing population that is increasingly diverse and heterogenous. Whilst for many older people health outcomes have vastly improved since the introduction of the welfare state, prevalence of ill health does increase with advancing age. The number of older people living with dementia is 850,000, a figure expected to rise to over 2 million by 2051. Disability, pain, chronic physical illness and dementia are risk factors for both depression and suicide. It is estimated that 30 per cent of older people have ‘depressive symptoms’ and that 1 in 8 of all suicides relate to older people. 4 per cent of older people suffer from ‘anxiety disorder’. Although not mental health problems as such, a growth of the number of older people experiencing isolation and loneliness, problem alcohol issues and social exclusion are contributors. In terms of policy, all four UK nations, have specific policies relating to dementia, on the one hand, and policies relating to preventing and treating functional mental health problems on the other. The former tends to be older age focused whilst the latter extends across the whole adult lifespan.
The mental health and well-being of people living with dementia
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Chapters 8 & 9 focus on dementia. There is growing evidence of links between lifecourse inequalities and dementia. These are a mixture of structural issues such as poor education; mental health issues such as persistent mid-life depression; and physical conditions such as diabetes. Age related risk factors include social isolation and loneliness. These links reinforce the ‘accumulation of risks’ thesis and suggest that the causes of dementia are more complex and situated than is traditionally believed. In community-based populations, depression is estimated to affect about a fifth of people with Alzheimer's disease and a third of those with vascular dementia; up to half of care home residents with dementia have depression. Dementia produces high rates of anxiety symptoms particularly restlessness, agitation and fear; delirium is relatively common. The issues that protect quality of life of people with dementia are: psychological wellbeing, autonomy, having a meaningful role, acceptance, agency, promotion of selfhood and identity, relationships, financial security, and religious beliefs. Pre-dementia attributes such as personality type and how well a person adjusts to their diagnosis have a stronger influence on quality of life than having the condition per se. Most work capturing the perspectives of people living with dementia is done with those in the earlier stages.
Reconsidering policy systems
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

Systems thinking has been neglected in the policy sciences, to the detriment of both broad understandings of the role of policy, and of policy-making capacity. This chapter remedies this deficiency by tracing the trajectory of systems thinking in the policy sciences, introducing and explaining themes from complexity science in policy-relevant terms, and concluding with practical examples of applications of systems thinking to real-world policy problems. To illustrate: complex adaptive systems are discussed in the context of regulation and control. Two general claims are made for this approach: firstly, systems thinking is likely to be particularly productive where policy problems defy conventional solutions and unintended consequences are rife. In these situations, systems thinking has the ability to move beyond the specifics of each problem to identify and depict underlying complexity; secondly, in the governance era, sites of policy-relevant action are more likely than in the past to lie outside the formal boundaries of government, and to require complex interactions among stakeholders.
Reconsidering information
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

Information is intrinsic to governing and, by extension, to public policy. Policy-related information defines relationships between the state and its citizens. Through public policies, governments seek to understand and influence the environment in which they operate. Information technologies and social media have extended and complicated these relationships in ways that have proved difficult for policy studies to absorb. This chapter suggests a way forward. Two streams of reconsideration are explored: information within public policy, and information as an object of public policy. The first stream brings together key concepts in policy analysis, and scopes the importance of informational processes within policy systems. Reconsidering in the second sense helps to identify shifts in the relationship between information and public policy as a field of action. Both perspectives help us to draw conclusions about the relationship between public policy and the state. Throughout, this discussion is linked with the general framework of the systems thinking developed in Chapter Two. The chapter concludes with some suggestions as to how an informational perspective can be used to advance research agendas in relation to accountability and forms of governance.