bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recruiting hospitalized patients for research: How do participants differ from eligible nonparticipants?
Authors: Voss Rachel , Gravenstein Stefan , Baier Rosa , Butterfield Kristen , Epstein‐Lubow Gary , Shamji Hannah , Gardner Rebekah
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

Randomized controlled trials provide strong evidence for guidelines and interventions. Yet, much of the eligible population declines to be studied.

OBJECTIVE

To identify differences between participants and eligible nonparticipants in (1) perceived stress, (2) self‐efficacy, (3) recovery expectations, (4) discussing advance directives, and (5) understanding a standard prescription label (health literacy).

DESIGN

Quasi‐experimental prospective cohort study in 5 acute‐care hospitals.

METHODS

We approached 295 hospital inpatients as they were being recruited for a behavioral intervention and asked them to answer 5 screening questions. We matched respondents' answers to their acceptance of the behavioral intervention and to Medicare claims and enrollment data. We used multivariate logistic regression to compare consent rates based on screening‐question responses.

SETTING/PATIENTS

Hospitalized fee‐for‐service Medicare patients.

RESULTS

Patients were less likely to consent to the behavioral intervention when they reported feeling unable to control important things in their lives (odds ratio [OR]: 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14‐0.92), had low recovery expectations (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.06‐0.45), or were confused by any question (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05‐0.24). Conversely, individuals who answered the medication question incorrectly were more likely to consent to the behavioral intervention (OR: 3.82, 95% CI: 1.12‐13.03). There were no significant differences in consent for patients who reported feeling overwhelmed or reported discussing advance care planning with family members or doctors.

CONCLUSIONS

Hospitalized eligible nonparticipants differ in constructs related to perceived stress, recovery expectation, and health literacy. Recognizing such characteristics may inform strategies to improve intervention recruitment in the hospital and representation in clinical trials. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:208–214. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Novel GNE compound heterozygous mutations in a GNE myopathy patient
Authors: Cai Huaying , Yabe Ichiro , Shirai Shinichi , Nishimura Hiroaki , Hirotani Makoto , Kano Takahiro , Houzen Hideki , Yoshida Kazuto , Sasaki Hidenao
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Molecular studies have revealed that some patients with myopathies with rimmed vacuoles have pathogenic mutations in the UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine‐2‐epimerase/N‐acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) and Z‐band alternatively spliced PDZ motif‐containing protein (ZASP) genes. Methods: We investigated a patient with distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles by muscle biopsy and sequenced 6 candidate genes. Results: The patient carried GNE compound heterozygous missense mutations (p.V421A and p.N635K) and a ZASP variant (p.D673N). This patient also presented with distal weakness sparing the quadriceps muscles and had atypical results for Z‐band‐associated protein immunostaining. This finding indicates that the GNE mutations are pathogenic, and the diagnosis is compatible with GNE myopathy. Conclusions: By combining pathological studies and candidate gene screening, we identified a patient with GNE myopathy due to novel GNE compound heterozygous mutations. Muscle Nerve 48: 594–598, 2013
Mehr als unzählige Kristalle
Authors: Bartel Hans‐Georg , Remane Horst
Published: April 2013

Carl Friedrich Rammelsbergs Forschungen vereinten anorganische Chemie, Kristallografie und Mineralogie. Am 1. April dieses Jahres jährt sich sein Geburtstag zum 200. Mal.
Anionic to metathesis transformation polymerisation
Authors: Amass Allan J. , Gregory Denis
Published: April 2013

An anionic to metathesis transformation reaction has been devised to study the mechanism of initiation of the metathesis ring‐opening polymerisation of cyclic alkenes and, by inference, the metathesis of alkenes also. The products of the reaction have been analysed by g.p.c. using a dual detector system to establish that block copolymers are formed when polystyryl lithium and tungsten hexachloride are used as initiator for the polymerisation of cyclopentene. A mechanism is proposed for the incorporation of polystyrene segments during the initiation step involving the formation of a bimetallic bridged complex that rearranges to form the active centre. There is also evidence that polystyrene segments are introduced during the termination reaction of the kinetic chain.
Thermal degradation of some polyimides
Authors: Crossland Barbara , Knight Graham J. , Wright Walter W.
Published: April 2013

Four different polyimides have been studied by thermogravimetry to ascertain their relative thermal stabilities in both inert and oxidising atmospheres. Experiments have been carried out at a rate of temperature rise of 2°C min −1 and isothermally at a number of temperatures in order to calculate overall activation energies for breakdown. The polymers have also been examined by pyrolysis‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry using two different procedures. In the first, fresh samples were pyrolysed at a number of increasing temperatures, whereas in the second, the same sample was subjected to successive pyrolyses at the same temperature intervals. The results are compared with those of other workers derived using different techniques.
Reactions of initiating radicals with unsaturated derivatives of pyridine
Authors: Bevington John C. , Huckerby Thomas N. , Varma Sushil C.
Published: April 2013

2,2′‐Azo‐bis‐isobutyronitrile (AIBN), enriched in its methyl groups with carbon‐13, has been used to initiate copolymerizations at 60°C of 2‐vinylpyridine (2VP) with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Examination by 13C n.m.r. of the end groups in the copolymers indicates that 2VP is 2–4 times as reactive as MMA towards the 2‐cyano‐2‐propyl radical. The presence of either 4‐styrylpyridine of 2,6‐distyrylpyridine in MMA or styrene causes considerable alteration of the 13C n.m.r. signals from C6H513COO—end groups in polymers prepared at 60°C using benzoyl peroxide as initiator but has no effect on the signals from (13CH3)2C(CN)— end groups derived from AIBN. It is deduced that the styrylpyridines are rather reactive towards the benzoyloxy radical but are unreactive towards the 2‐cyano‐2‐propyl radical.
Living carbocationic polymerisation. XI. Copolymerisation of isobutylene with isoprene. Initial investigations
Authors: Faust Rudolf , Fehérvåri Ægota , Kennedy Joseph P.
Published: April 2013

The copolymerisation of various isobutylene (IB)‐isoprene (IP) charges has been investigated by the use of the cumyl acetate‐BCl3 complex initiating system in CH3Cl or CH2Cl2 diluents at — 30°C. Conditions have been defined under which charges containing 2 0 120mol % IP lead to living copolymerizations and yield soluble (gel‐free) copolymers containing from 1 2 to 7 8 mol % 1,4‐IP units in the M̄;n = 2400−12 100 range with M̄;w/M̄;n ∼ 1 8. Conversion (rate) and M̄;n decrease with increasing IP in the charge. The reactivity ratios in this IP range are rIB = 2 4 ± 0 35 and rIP = 4 5 ± 3 0, i.e. rIBrIP = 10 8; nonetheless the copolymers are statistical because of the very low IP contents in the charge. With 20–50 mol % IP in the charge two or more contiguous IP units will be formed at the growing chain end which may lead to cyclisation. Cyclisation leads to proton elimination which ultimately results in chain transfer to monomer. A mechanism has been developed that accounts for the observations and points the way for further research.
Reactivity of cis and trans forms of ion‐pairs in the anionic polymerisation of butadiene
Authors: McDonald R. T. , Bywater S.
Published: April 2013

cis and trans forms of n‐butylallyl potassium have been prepared by low temperature metallation of cis and trans heptene‐2. Their rates of reaction with butadiene in tetrahydrofuran have been measured as a function of temperature. The trans form is more reactive. The results are compared with the propagation rates of butadiene in tetrahydrofuran using K+ as counter‐ion.
Acid and enzymatic saccharification of agricultural mixed polymers for alcohol production
Authors: Tewari H. K. , Marwaha Satwinder S. , Singh L , Kennedy John F.
Published: April 2013

The paper reports the evaluation of potentials of acid (HCl and H2SO4) and enzymatically (cellulase) saccharified corncob, groundnut shell, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw biopolymers for ethanol production. Of the three yeast isolates tested, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus was found to be most efficient, closely followed by Kluyveromyces marxianus NCYC 179 in its ability to ferment enzymatically hydrolysed mash of all the substrates tested to ethanol. However, S. cerevisiae NCYC 240 and acid hydrolysed agricultural polymers were found to be a poor organism and poor substrates, respectively, for ethanol fermentation. The order of ethanol production on substrate basis was corncob > wheat straw > sugarcane bagasse > groundnut shell biomass biopolymer. An incubation period of 24 h was found optimum for the optimal production of ethanol by S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus in both acid and enzymatically hydrolysed agricultural residues.
Thermal behaviour of films of partially neutralized poly(acrylic acid). 2: The influence of univalent cations
Authors: Nicholson John W. , Wilson Alan D.
Published: April 2013

Further studies have been carried out on the thermal behaviour of partially neutralized poly(acrylic acid), using ammonium or sodium ions as the neutralizing species. It was found that, unlike the partial poly(acrylates) of lithium, sodium or potassium, partially neutralized ammonium poly(acrylate) did not undergo thermal decarboxylation on heating to 250°C. Instead, the anhydride groups, formed by reaction of the unneutralized portions of the poly(acrylic acid) macromolecule, underwent no further reaction. On the other hand, further study of the decarboxylation of 10% neutralized sodium poly(acrylate) has shown the process to be first‐order in anhydride groups, with a rate constant of 2 23 × 10‐3 s−1 at 250×C. A mechanism consistent with the kinetic data is proposed to account for the overall sequence leading to decarboxylation.
Properties of positive resists. I. irradiation‐induced degradation and sensitivity of certain methyl methacrylate copolymers
Authors: Parsonage Edward E. , Peppas Nikolaos A.
Published: April 2013

Poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐itaconic acid), poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride), poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐itaconic acid), poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐maleic anhydride), and poly(itaconic acid) were prepared by copolymerization of the appropriate amounts of the two monomers at 50°C for 24–40 h using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Selected samples were γ‐irradiated with a total dose ranging from 2 to 12 Mrad. The unexposed and degraded polymers were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and their molecular weight distribution was determined by gel permeation chromatography. It was found that M̄n decreased drastically with increasing irradiation dose. The presence of various functional groups in both unexposed and irradiated samples was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The copolymer thermodynamic compatibility with various solvents was evaluated on the basis of their fractional solubility parameters. The Gs values of these copolymers were determined using the gel permeation chromatography data. It was established that, among those studied, poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride) is the best material for positive resist application based on a Gs value of 8 9 scissions per 100eV.
Tensile strength and toughness of acetylated pine and lime flakes
Authors: Rowell Roger M. , Banks W. Bart
Published: April 2013

Thin strips of pine, Pinus sylvestris, and lime, Tilia vulgaris, were acetylated with acetic anhydride to various levels of acetyl weight gains. Increase in thickness, due to the bulking effect of acetylation, and increase in equilibrium moisture content at 65% relative humidity were determined. Equilibrium moisture content decreased as the degree of acetylation increased for both pine and lime.

Finite span tensile strength was determined on thin control and acetylated pine and lime strips. No significant loss of tensile strength was found in either species due to acetylation. Total work expended in fracturing the specimens (work‐to‐failure) was slightly decreased for acetylated pine but remained essentially unchanged for acetylated lime as compared to controls. This indicates that the toughness of the material is only slightly reduced by the acetylation process.
Polymer pyrolysis: A resolution of anomalies in kinetic schemes for the rate of evolution of volatile products
Authors: Hammond Timothy , Lehrle Roy S.
Published: April 2013

Kinetic schemes proposed by three groups of workers for polymer pyrolysis have been critically examined, in order to resolve apparent anomalies, especially in the way in which the overall first‐order rate constant for volatile evolution by depropagation mechanisms, involving different modes of initiation and termination, have been interpreted. In one scheme, the treatment of rate was found to be inappropriate for changing‐volume systems, and the resulting rate expressions therefore cannot be recommended. When choice of units, conventions, and symbols was taken into account, the other schemes were found to be totally compatible. These schemes lead to identical expressions for the initial rate of evolution of a volatile product, provided the symbols are defined specifically according to the conventions chosen. These expressions are to be recommended for studies of this kind.
Polyethers for biomedical applications: Bulk and surface characterisation of crosslinked blends of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide)
Authors: Bots Jan Gert , van der Does Leen , Bantjes Adriaan , Lutz Bert
Published: April 2013

Bulk and surface properties of crosslinked and non‐crosslinked blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPOX) were studied for the elucidation of the behaviour of these materials in contact with blood. In the crosslinked blends the hydrophilic character increased with increasing PEO content, as concluded from swelling experiments and contact angle determinations. D.s.c. and dynamic mechanical measurements indicated the occurrence of phase separation in the blends and d.s.c. showed that on equilibration with water the PEO phase loses its crystallinity. F.t.‐i.r.‐a.t.r. analysis of the surface of crosslinked PPOX‐PEO films showed an enrichment of the surface with PEO.

These observations indicate that the good blood‐compatibility of PPOX‐PEO blends might be explained by the presence of an amorphous, PEO‐enriched, hydrophilic surface.
Relative performance of tracking versus fixed tilt photovoltaic systems in the USA
Authors: Drury Easan , Lopez Anthony , Denholm Paul , Margolis Robert
Published: April 2013

Tracking systems can increase the amount of electricity generated by photovoltaic (PV) modules, by actively orienting each module to intercept more solar energy. We find that horizontal one‐axis tracking systems can increase PV generation by 12–25% relative to south‐facing fixed mount PV systems with 25° tilts in the contiguous USA, and two‐axis tracking systems can increase PV generation by 30–45% relative to fixed mount systems. Tracking systems increase PV generation more significantly in arid regions such as the southwest USA than in humid regions with persistent cloud cover such as the Pacific Northwest and coastal Atlantic states. We find that fixed and tracking PV systems have similar interannual variability in their generation profiles, and this variability is primarily driven by project location. Tracking PV projects cost more than fixed tilt systems, per unit capacity, and we explore how much more tracking projects could cost while generating similar levelized costs of energy as fixed tilt systems. We define this as the breakeven additional cost of tracking and find that it is primarily driven by three factors: (i) regional tracking performance, (ii) fixed tilt system costs that tracking projects compete against, and (iii) additional tracking operation and maintenance costs. Using this framework, we explore the relative competitiveness of tracking systems for a range of fixed and tracking PV prices and evaluate how tracking competitiveness varies by region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A functional study of two dsRNA binding protein genes in Laodelphax striatellus
Authors: Lu Ding‐hao , Wu Min , Pu Jian , Feng Ai , Zhang Qian , Han Zhao‐jun
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

One of the key limiting factors for using RNA interference technology to develop new pest control practices is the toxicological effectiveness. In order to explore potential methods to improve the efficiency of RNAi in insects, we cloned two dsRNA binding proteins from Laodelphax striatellus and investigated their functions.

RESULTS

In this study, the genes homologous to the dsRNA binding proteins TRBP and STAU in L. striatellus were first cloned and designated as LsTRBP and LsSTAU. Using the chitinase gene Chi, which has been confirmed to have lethal effects when knocked down by RNAi, as a reporter, the functions of these two dsRNA binding proteins were then investigated by using dsRNA feeding. The results showed that feeding with dsChi alone caused significant lethal effects, with a mortality four‐fold higher than that of the control, whereas feeding with dsTRBP or dsSTAU alone did not yield any significant lethal effects. When dsChi was fed in the mixture 1:1 with dsSTAU, it also resulted in high mortality, which was a little lower than feeding with dsChi alone, but not statistically significant. However, when fed in the 1:1 mixture with dsTRBP, the lethal effect of dsChi was completely eliminated. Further analysis of gene expression found that single dsRNA depressed only its own target gene. When treated in 1:1 mixture, dsSTAU or dsChi did not change significantly the depression of the other dsRNA, but dsTRAB counteracted almost all the effect of dsChi.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that the loss of LsTRBP can significantly inhibit dsChi‐mediated genetic interference. These findings not only suggest that the LsTRBP gene in L. striatellus plays an important role in regulating RNAi but also imply that the metabolic regulation of dsRNAs with respect to genetic interference in L. striatellus is similar to that in higher animal species. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Valence band structure engineering of thin SiGe/Si quantum wells for piezoresistive applications
Authors: Reparaz J. S. , Goñi A. R. , Alonso M. I. , Garriga M.
Published: April 2013

In this work, we have theoretically investigated the influence of quantum confinement, biaxial stress, and high hydrostatic pressure on the valence band structure of Si1−xGex/Si quantum wells (QW) with x ranging from 0.1 to 0.75, QW thicknesses up to 50 nm, and hydrostatic pressures up to 8 GPa. Using the Nextnano simulator, we have solved the 6 × 6 k · p Hamiltonian obtaining the valence band eigenvalues (for light‐ and heavy‐hole states) as well as their dispersion close to k = 0. We have found that for specific combinations of x, QW thickness, and hydrostatic pressure, it is possible to tailor the energy of the light‐ and heavy‐hole states in such a way that they become almost degenerate for k = 0.

This results in a larger interaction between these sub‐bands leading to an electron‐like dispersion of certain hole sub‐bands. We present representative examples showing that as pressure increases from 0 to 4 GPa the dispersion type of the hole states progressively evolves from electron‐like to almost hole‐like, which naturally produces sharp peaks in their corresponding density of states at k ≠ 0. The opposite transition from hole‐like to electron‐like band dispersion is also briefly discussed. This peculiar behavior of the dispersion type of the valence sub‐bands induced by hydrostatic pressure results particularly interesting for piezoresistive applications, since large changes in the electrical conductivity are expected as a function of external stress.
Phase competition in (La1 − c,Src)CoO3 solid solutions: ab initio thermodynamic study
Authors: Fuks David , Weizman Amir , Kotomin Eugene
Published: April 2013

Statistical thermodynamics and density functional theory (DFT) formalisms are combined to analyze the phase competition of energetically preferable phases in (La1 − c,Src)CoO3 solid solutions upon LaCoO3 doping with Sr. La/Sr sublattice in ABO3 perovskite structure is considered as immersed in the field of CoO3 units and the superstructures that are stable with respect to the formation of antiphase domains are analyzed. The concentration‐dependent energy parameters determining the relative stability of the cubic superstructures (phases) are extracted. This allows us calculations of concentration‐ and temperature dependences of the long‐range order (LRO) parameters for different phases. The temperatures of the order–disorder phase transformations for energetically stable at T = 0 K phases are obtained. It is shown that the phase corresponding to the (La0.875,Sr0.125)CoO3 composition may exist at low temperatures. Nevertheless, already at room temperature it fails in the phase competition with the disordered (La1 − c,Src)CoO3 solid solution and the phase corresponding to the (La0.75,Sr0.25)CoO3 composition and thus hardly can be observed.
Charge transfer processes and magnetoresistance in strontium ferromolybdate with dielectric barriers
Authors: Kalanda N. A. , Kovalev L. V. , Zheludkevich M. L. , Garamus V. M. , Willumeit R. , Sobolev N. A.
Published: April 2013

The Sr2FeMoO6−δ compound attracts the attention of researchers due to a high Curie temperature, large values of negative magnetoresistance at room temperature and a practically 100% spin polarization of conduction electrons. We have studied the role of grain boundaries on the electrical transport in Sr2FeMoO6−δ in applied magnetic fields up to 8 T. The compound was synthesized out of partially reduced SrFeO3−x, SrMoO4−y precursors (sample I). At the first oxidation stage upon annealing at 700 K in argon with a partial oxygen pressure p(O2) = 10 Pa for 15 h (sample II), the internal structure of the Sr2FeMoO5.82 grains did not change. Sample II exhibits a mixed type of electrical conduction. In a magnetic field B its resistivity decreases without changing the mixed regime of charge transport, only shifting the temperature of minimum resistivity (TmB) to lower values. At temperatures above TmB the conductivity is predominantly metallic, whereas below TmB down to 4.2 K it is of semiconductor type. The increase of the annealing time up to 30 h (sample III) brings about an increase of the resistivity and the appearance of semiconductor‐type conductivity at T = 300–4.2 K, which indicates the formation of a continuous insulating interlayer between the grains. In a magnetic field, the resistivity decreases, with the conductivity changing from the semiconducting to a mixed one. In the latter case the charge transport can occur both through point metallic contacts and by means of spin‐dependent tunneling across dielectric interlayers between Sr2FeMoO5.82 grains.
FISH ASSEMBLAGE RELATIONSHIPS WITH PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRESENCE OF DAMS IN THREE EASTERN IOWA RIVERS
Authors: Pierce C. L. , Ahrens N. L. , Loan‐Wilsey A. K. , Simmons G. A. , Gelwicks G. T.
Published: April 2013

Fish assemblages in rivers of the Midwestern United States are an important component of the region's natural resources and biodiversity. We characterized the physical environment and presence of dams in a series of reaches in three eastern Iowa rivers tributary to the Mississippi River and related these characteristics to the fish assemblages present. Some physical characteristics were similar among the 12 study reaches, whereas others differed substantially. We found a total of 68 species across the 12 study reaches; 56 in the Turkey River, 51 in the Maquoketa River and 50 in the Wapsipinicon River. Seventeen species could be described as ‘downstream‐distributed’; 15 being found only in the lowest reach of one or more rivers and the other two being found only in the lowest reaches or two or more contiguous reaches including the lowest reach. Two species could be described as ‘upstream‐distributed’, being found only in an uppermost reach. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination illustrated similarities among reaches, and five physical variables were significantly correlated with assemblage similarities. Catchment area and number of dams between reaches and the Mississippi River were strongly correlated with assemblage similarities, but the directions of their effects were opposite. Catchment area and number of dams were confounded. The collective evidence to date suggests that the pervasiveness of dams on rivers significantly alters fish assemblages, making underlying patterns of species change and relationships with naturally varying and human‐influenced physical characteristics along a river's course difficult to discern. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Response‐adaptive decision‐theoretic trial design: operating characteristics and ethics
Authors: Lipsky Ari M. , Lewis Roger J.
Published: April 2013

Adaptive randomization is used in clinical trials to increase statistical efficiency. In addition, some clinicians and researchers believe that using adaptive randomization leads necessarily to more ethical treatment of subjects in a trial. We develop Bayesian, decision‐theoretic, clinical trial designs with response‐adaptive randomization and a primary goal of estimating treatment effect and then contrast these designs with designs that also include in their loss function a cost for poor subject outcome. When the loss function did not incorporate a cost for poor subject outcome, the gains in efficiency from response‐adaptive randomization were accompanied by ethically concerning subject allocations. Conversely, including a cost for poor subject outcome demonstrated a more acceptable balance between the competing needs in the trial. A subsequent, parallel set of trials designed to control explicitly types I and II error rates showed that much of the improvement achieved through modification of the loss function was essentially negated. Therefore, gains in efficiency from the use of a decision‐theoretic, response‐adaptive design using adaptive randomization may only be assumed to apply to those goals that are explicitly included in the loss function. Trial goals, including ethical ones, which do not appear in the loss function, are ignored and may even be compromised; it is thus inappropriate to assume that all adaptive trials are necessarily more ethical. Controlling types I and II error rates largely negates the benefit of including competing needs in favor of the goal of parameter estimation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Edelstahlgewebeanbindung für explosionssichernde Gläser
Authors: Neugebauer Jürgen
Published: April 2013

Explosionssichernde Gläser bestehen im Allgemeinen aus Verbundsicherheitsgläsern, um die Druckwelle bei einer Explosion aufhalten zu können. Bei dieser hochdynamischen Belastung kommt es zu einem Glasbruch und somit zu einem Übergang von einer Lastabtragung durch reine Biegung zu einer Abtragung über Biegung und Membrankräfte. Das Problem besteht in der Lastausleitung der Membrankräfte aus den Verbundsicherheitsgläsern. Ohne zusätzliche Maßnahmen kommt es zu einem Herausziehen des Verbundsicherheitsglases aus den Auflagern und dadurch zu einem Versagen im Explosionsfall. Ein in die Folie eingebettetes Edelstahlgewebe kann diese Membrankräfte aufnehmen und durch angeschweißte Edelstahlprofile an die Auflagerkonstruktion weiterleiten.

Stainless steel fabric connection for bomb blast glass. Bomb blast glass generally consists of laminated safety glass and has to withstand the blast wave in the case of an explosion. This high dynamic stress causes a breakage and a transition from a load transfer by pure bending to a load transfer bending and membrane forces. The problem is to catch and support these membrane forces in the laminated safety glass. Without additional measures, it occurs a pull out of the laminated safety glass out of the supporting system that would result in a collapse in case of bomb blast. A stainless steel mesh embedded in the interlayer is able to catch these membrane forces and transfer it via stainless steel profiles to the substructure.
Optische Charakterisierung von Oberflächenschäden auf Einscheiben‐Sicherheitsglas bei Fassaden‐ und Dachverglasungen
Authors: Schula Sebastian , Sternberg Paula , Schneider Jens
Published: April 2013

Mit zunehmenden Scheibengrößen und in vielen konstruktiven Anwendungen werden bei Fassaden‐ und Dachverglasungen immer häufiger Einscheiben‐Sicherheitsgläser (ESG) verwendet. Diese Gläser erfahren während ihrer Lebensdauer in der alltäglichen Nutzung (z.B. aus Reinigung, Betretung/Begehung, etc.) Oberflächenschäden, häufig in Form von Kratzern. An genutzten Fassadenverglasungen und betretbaren Dachverglasungen aus ESG wurden visuell und mikroskopisch sichtbare Kratzer charakterisiert und typisiert. Hierzu wurden die Oberflächenschäden mit Hilfe einer fluoreszierenden Eindringprüfung zunächst makroskopisch detektiert und mit Hilfe von mikroskopischen Untersuchungen (Lichtmikroskop (LM), Raster‐Elektronen‐Mikroskop (REM)) und dreidimensionalen, taktilen Messungen (Profilometer) vermessen.

Characterisation of surface flaws on fully tempered facade and roof glazing. With increasing pane dimensions and in many structural applications in facades and roof glazing fully tempered glass (FTG) is frequently used. Due to everyday use, the glasses are getting damaged (e.g. due to cleaning or accessing) in the form of surface flaws, especially in terms of scratches. On the basis of used façade glazing and roof glazing of FTG, visually and microscopically scratches were characterized and classified. For this, the flaws were macroscopically detected by a fluorescent penetrant and subsequently surveyed by microscopic investigations (light microscope, scanning‐electron‐microscope (SEM)) and three dimensional tactile measurements (profilometer).
Experimentelle und numerische Analyse des thermisch‐induzierten Glaskantenbruchs
Authors: Hildebrand Jörg , Pankratz Maria
Published: April 2013

Bei modernen Gebäudehüllen aus komplexen Glaskonstruktionen und bei Solarmodulen treten Glasspannungen aus der thermischen Beanspruchung auf, die teilweise zum Glasbruch führen. Anhand eines entwickelten Versuchstandes, mit dem eine Temperaturdifferenz in unterschiedlichen Bereichen der Scheibe erzeugt werden kann, wurde der thermische Glasbruch in Abhängigkeit verschiedener Glasdicken und Kantenbearbeitungen untersucht. Die numerischen Analysen des thermischen und mechanischen Verhaltens der Scheibe wurden mit experimentell ermittelten Daten verifiziert. Es wurden numerische Untersuchungen an ausgewählten praxisnahen Fällen unter Berücksichtigung des solaren Energieeintrages zur Identifikation kritischer Spannungszustände durchgeführt.

Experimental and numerical analysis of thermally induced glass edge failure. At modern building envelopes consisting of complex glass structures and at solar modules, tensions resulting from thermal stress occur and lead to failure in some cases. By using a special developed test station, that makes it possible to create a difference in temperature at various areas of a pane, the thermally induced glass failure has been analyzed in dependence of various glass thicknesses and edge finishing’s. The numerical analyses of the thermal and mechanical behavior of the panes have been verified with experimental data. Taking into account the solar energy input, numerical studies on selected practical cases have been performed to identify critical stress states.
Glasscheiben mit photokatalytischen Eigenschaften und erhöhter Transmission
Authors: Tölke Tina , Pfuch Andreas , Heft Andreas , Grünler Bernd
Published: April 2013

In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene Methoden zur Abscheidung von photokatalytisch aktiven Schichten mit erhöhter Transmission auf Floatglasscheiben, insbesondere für Photovoltaik‐Anwendungen, beschrieben. Die Schichten wurden zum einen mittels konventioneller Sputtertechnik, zum anderen durch ein modifiziertes C‐CVD‐Verfahren abgeschieden. Zunächst wurden die photokatalytischen und optischen Eigenschaften von TiO2‐Schichten in Abhängigkeit von den Abscheideparametern untersucht. Eine Transmissionserhöhung der selbstreinigenden Oberflächen im Vergleich zu kommerziell verfügbaren Produkten konnte durch die Erzeugung eines Interferenzschichtsystems erreicht werden, welches die photokatalytisch aktive TiO2‐Phase enthält.

Glass panes with photocatalytic properties and enhanced transmission. In this article different methods for the deposition of photocatalytically active layers with improved transmission, especially for photovoltaic applications, on float glass panes will be described. The films were deposited using conventional sputtering technology as well as a modified C‐CVD‐technique. First of all the photocatalytical and optical properties of TiO2‐layers according to the deposition parameters were investigated. By creating an interference layer system including the photocatalytically active TiO2 modification, an enhanced transmission of the self‐cleaning surfaces in comparison to commercially available products could be acquired.
Das Dreischeibenhaus Düsseldorf, The Landmark
Authors: Lutz Martin , Einck Jürgen
Published: April 2013

Das Dreischeibenhaus in Düsseldorf darf zweifelsfrei als Ikone bezeichnet werden. Das weltberühmte Architekturdenkmal ist nicht nur in der Branche bekannt. Bisherige Versuche, Ideen für eine wirtschaftliche Komplettsanierung des seit Auszug von Thyssen Krupp im Jahre 2010 leer stehenden Hochhauses zu entwickeln, blieben erfolglos. Der Schlüssel hierzu ist die denkmalgeschützte Fassade. Nach dem Erwerb der Immobilie durch die Hamburger MOMENI Gruppe und Black Horse Investments setzen wir gemeinsam mit HPP Architekten und Witte Projektmanagement eine neue, sehr kostengünstige Idee in die Realität um. Die denkmalgeschützte Fassade bleibt erhalten, eine neue Fassade wird innen zwischen die Rohbaudecken eingesetzt. Die zukünftigen Nutzer profitieren von dem hohen Komfort. Denkmalschutz und Projektentwickler sind hochzufrieden.

The Three Slice Building Düsseldorf, the Landmark. The Three Slice Building in Düsseldorf is, without doubt, an historic monument with an iconic effect, and is certainly well known to Architects and throughout the entire building and design sector. During the last few years the building was not rented out. In this period, there were some unsuccessful attempts to find ideas, to develop a complete economic refurbishment. The key to such a renovation is certainly the listed facade. After the purchase of the object by the Hamburg based developer MOMENI‐Group/Black Horse Investments we are implementing a new, very inexpensive idea into reality in cooperation with HPP architects/Witte Project Management. The existing facade will not be removed but will be subject to only minor modifications. An additional facade will be inserted within the building with a minimum offset to the existing facade allowing for the implementation of highly efficient sun shades within the naturally ventilated facade cavity. Future users will benefit from the high comfort level. Both Monument Preservation officials and developer are highly satisfied.
Statische Analysen zur Dimensionierung von Solarmodulen
Authors: Zapfe Cedrik
Published: April 2013

Photovoltaikanlagen zu Gewinnung von solarer Energie sind den natürlichen klimatischen Umgebungsbedingungen des Standorts ausgesetzt. Aus Wind, Schnee und Temperatureinwirkungen entstehen Beanspruchungen, die das Modul und die Tragkomponenten über den geplanten Nutzungszeitraum zuverlässig ertragen müssen. Photovoltaikanlagen gelten im Sinne der Bauordnung als Teil eines Gebäudes oder als Bauwerk an sich, so dass die einschlägigen Regelungen des Bauwesens zu berücksichtigen sind. Aus dieser Forderung leitet sich der Bedarf nach einer statischen Auslegung nach den anerkannten Regeln der Technik und der Baukunst ab. Aus der politischen Vorgabe stetig fallender Einspeisevergütungen bedingt der wirtschaftliche Betrieb von Photovoltaikanlagen Rationalisierungen im Bereich der Modultechnik und des Montagesystems, die mit höheren Ausnutzungsgraden sämtlicher Systemkomponenten einhergehen. In diesem Kontext sind sorgfältige statische Analysen in Verbindung mit experimenteller Verifikation unabdingbar, um Schäden im Laufe der Standzeit des Systems zu vermeiden.

Structural Design analyses for dimensioning of photovoltaic modules. Photovoltaic Plants for the generation of solar energy are exposed to the natural climatic environmental conditions of the respective location. Wind, snow and temperature impacts create loads which both the module and the bearing components have to bear reliably throughout the entire intended period of utilization. According to the building regulations, photovoltaic plants are regarded as building parts or buildings themselves, so that the respective regulations of construction engineering have to be considered. This requirement results in the need for a static calculation according to the acknowledged rules of technology and architecture. Due to the political guideline of permanently decreasing compensations for electricity fed into the grid, the economic operation of photovoltaic plants determines rationalizations in the area of module technology, which go along with higher utilization factors of all system components. In this context, thorough static analyses in combination with experimental verifications are indispensable, in order to avoid damage during the operating life of the system.
Innovative und energiesparende Fassadentechnik am Beispiel der KfW Westarkade, Frankfurt/Main
Authors: Winterstetter Thomas , Sobek Werner
Published: April 2013

Die Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau in Frankfurt am Main hat als einer der Hauptfinanzierer für energetische Sanierung und Niedrigenergiebauweise eine Vorreiterrolle im Bereich nachhaltiges Bauen. Deshalb wurde im Zuge des Ausbaus der Konzernzentrale in Frankfurt ein gleichermaßen architektonisch wie bautechnisch innovatives Konzept umgesetzt. Ein wesentliches Element des Bauwerks und der zur Energieoptimierung notwendigen hochintegrierten Gebäudeplanung ist die in changierenden Farbtönen gehaltene, geschuppte Fassade. Diese Gebäudehülle macht die Westarkade zu einem der weltweit ersten Bürohochhäuser mit einem jährlichen Primärenergiebedarf von weniger als 100 KWh pro Quadratmeter.

Innovative and Energy‐Efficient Façade Technology for the KfW Westarkade Highrise in Frankfurt/Main. The KfW bank group in Frankfurt is one of the main supporters for energy‐efficient construction in Germany. Their new Headquarters was equipped with the latest design and technical innovations. A major element of the energy efficiency concept is the multi‐colored, shingled, double‐skin façade, making it one of the first highrises with an annual primary energy consumption of less than 100KWh per sqm. The KfW Westarkade was awarded “Best Highrise of the World 2011” by the renowned CTBUH, Chicago.
Schlaues Haus, intelligente Fassade: Tourismus‐ und Ausstellungszentrum Oldenburg
Authors: Kimpel Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Tückmantel Peter
Published: April 2013

Die Stadt Oldenburg, Stadt der Wissenschaft 2009, initiierte am Schlossplatz 16 den beispielhaften Umbau und die Erweiterung eines der ältesten Häuser Oldenburgs mit einer öffentlichen Nutzung. Der denkmalgeschützte Teil zum Schlossplatz war stark sanierungsbedürftig. Die Baulücke zum Schlosswall ermöglichte eine Erweiterung, die funktional mit dem Altbau verbunden wurde. Die besondere planerische Herausforderung dabei war es, innerhalb der historisch dichten innerstädtischen Bebauung ‐ einem engen Grundstück mit nur 10 m Breite und 33 m Tiefe mit Brandwandanforderungen an den Längsseiten und angrenzend an eine stark befahrene Straße ‐ ein Gebäude zu planen, das hohen Nutzerkomfort und räumliche Qualität mit Energieeffizienz verbindet.

Smart House, Clever Façade Design. The German City Oldenburg, City of Science 2009, initiated the exemplary renovation and extension of one of the city’s oldest houses to implement public use. The listed part of the existing building facing the Schlossplatz needed to be renovated. The space between two buildings on the other side, facing the castle’s ridge enabled an extension, being functionally connected to the existing building. The architectural and engineering challenge was to both combine high comfort for users and quality of space with an efficient energy concept, especially in the context of a narrow plot to build on, with fire protecting walls on both long sides and a busy street on one short side.
Shake table testing and numerical simulation of a utility‐scale wind turbine including operational effects
Authors: Prowell Ian , Elgamal Ahmed , Uang Chia‐Ming , Enrique Luco J. , Romanowitz Harold , Duggan Edward
Published: April 2013

Shake table tests were undertaken on an actual wind turbine (65 kW rated power, 22.6 m hub height and a 16 m rotor diameter) using the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table at the University of California, San Diego. Each base shaking event was imparted in two states, whereas the turbine rotor was still (parked), and while it was spinning (operational). Each state was tested in two orientations of shaking direction, one parallel (fore‐aft) and another perpendicular (side‐to‐side) to the axis of rotation of the rotor. Structural response characteristics are presented for motions imparted in both configurations and both operational states. Modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes) were estimated throughout the testing program. It is found that shaking imparted in the fore‐aft direction while spinning is the only observed situation where operational effects appear significant, with reductions up to 33% in seismic bending moment demand near the tower base. Using modifications developed by the research team to the FAST code, experimental results are compared with corresponding simulations to show that dynamic characteristics, acceleration time histories and trends in tower bending seismic demand can be numerically approximated. This experimental evidence and associated numerical simulations suggest that modeling of combined wind and earthquake loading with existing turbine specific codes produce meaningful results. Discrepancies between experimental and numerical results support that further refinement of simulation codes can improve accuracy beyond the current state. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome Prediction of Pulmonary Metastasectomy Can Be Evaluated Using Metastatic Lesion in Osteosarcoma Patients
Authors: Matsumoto Isao , Oda Makoto , Yachi Tsuyoshi , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Zen Yoh , Watanabe Go
Published: April 2013

Background

We investigated whether molecular prognostic factors should be evaluated in specimens of the primary or the metastatic lesion and if the prognosis after initial pulmonary metastasectomy can be predicted based on evaluation of metastatic lesion specimens in osteosarcoma patients.

Methods

This retrospective study included 29 osteosarcoma patients with pulmonary metastases (19 males, 10 females; age 21 ± 10 years). Molecular prognostic factors were the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor type A (VEGF‐A), VEGF type C (VEGF‐C), and Ki67. Primary and pulmonary metastatic lesions could be compared in 18 patients regarding the values of marker expressions and the prognosis after initial pulmonary resection. Finally, the prognosis of all 29 cases was compared according to the molecular markers of the metastatic lesions.

Results

Evaluation of the metastatic lesions reflected the prognosis after pulmonary metastasectomy more than that of the primary lesions. In the metastatic lesions, positive expression of VEGF‐A (n = 15), VEGF‐C (n = 2), and Ki67 (n = 15) was associated with a significantly poorer prognosis (p = 0.0013, 0.0001, and 0.037, respectively). No patients with positive expression of both VEGF‐A and Ki67 (n = 7) survived more than 5 years after the initial pulmonary resection. All patients who had negative reactions to both VEGF‐A and Ki67 (n = 6) were alive at the end of the study.

Conclusions

Molecular prognostic factors should be investigated in specimens of the metastatic lesion. Combined evaluation of VEGF‐A and Ki67 and of VEGF‐C using pulmonary metastatic lesion specimens in osteosarcoma patients effectively reflects survival after pulmonary metastasectomy.
Thyroid Surgery in a District Hospital in Southern Ethiopia: Experience from a Rural Center
Authors: Ramos J. M. , Abate N. , Reyes F. , Belate W. , Mohammed F. , Gorgolas M.
Published: April 2013

Background

Diseases of the thyroid are not uncommon, particularly in the highlands of Ethiopia. The aim of the present study was to describe the experience of thyroid surgery in a rural hospital in Southern Ethiopia.

Methods

The present study was based on review of surgical cases of thyroid diseases operated in a rural hospital in Southern Ethiopia during the period 2009–2010.

Results

During the study period, 211 patients underwent surgery for goiter. The mean age was 31.9 years (range: 14–80 years). The sex ratio, M:F, was 1:9. A total of 103 patients had unilateral nodules, and in 108 patients the nodules were located bilaterally. The mean duration of symptoms was 5.7 years (range: 0.7–25 years). In total, 161 (76.7 %) subtotal thyroidectomy operations, and 50 (23.3 %) hemi‐thyroidectomy operations were performed. Histological examination revealed multinodular goiters in 203 (96.2 %) cases. Papillary and follicular cancers were found in 7 (3.3 %) and 1 (0.5 %) cases, respectively.

Conclusions

Thyroid surgery is feasible in a small rural Ethiopian District Hospital. The provision of surgical services in rural areas of low income and middle income countries is extremely important and delivers more health opportunities to the local people.
Bath-Tubs in Ancient Greece
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: April 2013

A survey of Greek baths can hardly begin without a mention of Agamemnon. The murder of the victorious King of Men in his bath is one of the facts that make history ring true. In her trance before the house of the Atreidai Kassandra sees the deed done. False Klytaimestra has scrubbed her husband clean (λουτροῖσι φαιδρύνασα), and enveloping him in some sort of a net she stabs him to death. He falls down in the watery vessel (ἐνύδρῳ τεύχει). ‘That’, says the prophetess, ‘is the tale of the murderous cauldron’ Anyone who reads the passage carefully must begin to wonder: was Agamemnon really immersed in a bath? Or was he just standing with his feet in the sort of shallow basin that we see in vase-paintings? If we turn to Professor Fraenkel's great edition of the Agamemnon we find that he has his doubts: ‘Aeschylus is likely’, he writes, ‘to have left to his audience the choice between thinking either of the vessels for washing and bathing with which they were familiar themselves or of what they imagined the ἀσάμινθοι of the Homeric poems to be like.’ Our first step, then, must be back to the Homeric bath.