bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conidial size and contents in Verticillium as affected by environmental factors
Authors: Pelletier Gilles , Aubé Claude
Published: February 2010

The influence of temperature, culture medium, and age of colony on the morphology of conidia of Verticillium albo-atrum, V. dahliae, and V. nigrescens was determined. Staining solutions were used to follow the development of lipids, cytoplasm, and vacuole in conidia. The spore sizes of the Verticillium isolates differed in various culture media, temperature, and periods of growth. Spore contents could not be used to differentiate species. Spore size, therefore, is not justifiable as the only criterion for species determination in Verticillium.
Oncolytic activity of Clostridium M55 spores
Authors: Fredette V. , Planté C.
Published: February 2010

The intravenous injection of (20–40) × 106 heat-treated spores of Clostridium M55 into Swiss mice bearing a 10 × 10 mm Ehrlich solid tumor was followed in about 15 days by regression of the tumor in 3 out of 10 animals. Histological sections confirmed the absence of tumor cells. This result was obtained with only two lots of spores; on the other hand, four additional lots cured 2 tumors out of 10. Since growth of Clostridium M55 in cellophane tubes shows that the active principle does not dialyze but may occasionally diffuse into the surrounding culture fluid, it would appear interesting to study the conditions which permit this liberation with the hope that it may be extracted, purified, and identified. In conclusion, it would appear that this is the first time that a biological material causes regression of Ehrlich's solid tumor in the mouse.
Nutrition and distribution of salt response in populations of moderately halophilic bacteria
Authors: Forsyth M. P. , Kushner D. J.
Published: February 2010

Cultures of Micrococcus halodenitrificans and Vibrio costicolus can grow in the presence of 0.4–3.5 M NaCl. Three lines of investigation: attempts to select for more or less salt-tolerant cells; colony counts at different salt concentrations; and replica plating experiments, suggested that populations of these organisms were genetically homogeneous in their salt response. That is, each cell in a population could grow over the whole range of salt concentration in which the culture grew.The nutritional requirements of V. costicolus were studied. This organism can grow in a minimal (salts–glucose) medium at pH values above 6.0 and in a salt concentration range 0.5–2.2 M. Increasing the concentration of phosphate buffer greatly increased cell yield. The range of salt concentration in which V. costicolus could grow depended on the nutrient supply, being widest in complex media. A wider range was possible in the presence of amino acids than in a salts–glucose medium. All growth factors permitting growth to occur at high salt concentrations were not identified.
H-1 virus growth in synchronized rat embryo cells
Authors: Hampton E. Gambetta
Published: February 2010

Cultures of rat embryo cells were partially synchronized by the use of amethopterin and adenosine, thymidine, or deoxyguanosine and infected with H-1 virus in the G2 period and at various intervals during the S period. Infection at the beginning of the S period led to the production after 1 or 2 days of considerably more virus than did infection later in the S period or in the G2 period. It is concluded that this small DNA virus probably uses the DNA-synthesizing system of the host for its own replication. Cells infected in the G2 period were not able to reach an S period under the conditions used. The factor or factors operating against virus production in the G2 period have not yet been identified.
Light and electron microscope studies on the conidium and germ tube of Sphaerotheca macularis
Authors: Mitchell N. L. , McKeen W. E.
Published: February 2010

Measurements made from electron micrographs of serial sections and from thoroughly plasmolyzed conidia indicate that more than 50% of the volume of the conidia of Sphaerotheca macularis consists of vacuoles in which most of the water in the conidia is stored. Electron-dense granules inside the vacuoles evidently include storage materials. Some developing vacuoles, particularly those of the germ tube, enclose membrane-bound bodies resembling lysosomes which later disappear as the vacuoles enlarge. Conspicuous multimembraned myelin-like bodies project inside the vacuolar cavity, their membranes being continuous with the vacuolar membrane. These bodies are believed to function in the synthesis of new cytoplasmic materials from the reserves in the vacuoles.The conidium, which may later produce up to four germ tubes, always retains a nucleus. The nucleus contains a peripheral granule which maintains a leading position on migrating nuclei and divides into two during the initial stages of nuclear division.Germ tubes respond positively to the stimulus of unilateral illumination and are produced on the illuminated sides of the conidia. Cytoplasmic changes which accompany germination include the increase in number and size of mitochondria, particularly in the germ tube. Their multiplication appears to be by fission. Endoplasmic reticulum is greatly increased and ribosomes are more abundant. Aggregated granules resembling glycogen particles also occur, these not being usually seen in resting conidia.
Bacterial growth in refrigerated, vacuum-packed luncheon meats
Authors: Kempton A. G. , Bobier S. R.
Published: February 2010

The shelf life of vacuum-packed luncheon meats during refrigerated storage was not related to "total" counts since the only organisms that multiplied in this environment were lactic acid bacteria, which formed only a small proportion of the initial population.Bacterial growth curves obtained from several Canadian products were remarkably similar, but the spoilage patterns differed. For example, wiener spoilage was a function of bacterial growth while bologna spoiled from the accumulation of bacterial end products. After 15 weeks at 5 °C, the meats contained 0.6 to 0.8% lactic acid and the pH of comminuted meats dropped below 5.0. Cooked ham contained much less carbohydrate than comminuted meats, and the pH remained above 6.0. Under these conditions, ham is susceptible to putrefaction although this was not observed during this study.It was found that cooking can eliminate all lactic acid bacteria present in the raw meats but the products become recontaminated during slicing and packaging. The cleaning and sanitizing procedure used by the Company that cooperated in this study was efficient, but it was recommended that the packaging room be cleaned more often, and that a selective medium for lactic acid bacteria be used in sanitation surveys.
Microorganisms in soil as observed by staining with rhodamine-labeled lysozyme
Authors: Millar W. N. , Casida Jr. L. E.
Published: February 2010

Indigenous soil microorganisms on soil contact slides were stained with rhodamine-labeled lysozyme and counterstained with fluorescein-labeled gelatin. Bacteria and actinomycetes on these slide preparations were readily observed by fluorescence microscopy even if they occurred on or near soil particles. Many fungal hyphae were also stained by the fluorochrome-labeled lysozyme, and it is suggested that chitin, which is present in the cell walls of many fungi, is responsible for the fungal adsorption of lysozyme.
Browning of acetate medium by Herellea vaginicola (Achromobacter anitratus)
Authors: Affeldt Mary M. , Rockwood Susan W.
Published: February 2010

A brown coloration developed in the culture filtrate when Herellea vaginicola (Achromobacter anitratus) grew profusely in a sodium acetate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate basal salts liquid medium. Variations of environmental and cultural conditions affected the intensity of the brown color. The conditions studied were temperature, 25° and 37°, duration of incubation, aeration of growing cultures, and various concentrations of the nitrogen and carbon source. Spectrophotometric and solubility studies suggest that the observed brown coloration was not due to a bacterial pigment. Chromatographic analyses of freeze-dried culture fluid after acid hydrolysis showed six amino acids, one amino hexose, and two hexoses. A Maillard reaction occurring among the components in the supernatant appears to be responsible for the observed brown color.
Enteropathogenic factors of food-poisoning Clostridium perfringens type A
Authors: Hauschild A. H. W. , Niilo L. , Dorward W. J.
Published: February 2010

The possible involvement of the following factors in Clostridium perfringens type A enteritis was investigated: cellular constituents of C. perfringens, extracellular components, gas generated by growing cultures, and organic acid production. Lambs were used as experimental animals, and all materials were administered by the intraduodenal route.Vegetative cells (1.5 to 5 × 109) administered along with fresh medium caused diarrhea while 100 times the number of cells in spent medium or saline had no effect. Sporulating cells in saline, and their extracts, caused profuse diarrhea. Supernatant fluids from both vegetative and sporulating cultures concentrated by dialysis against polyethylene glycol had no effect, but diarrhea was produced by supernatant fluids from vegetative cultures concentrated by rotary evaporation, and by the gas generated during growth. The effect of the gas was simulated with hydrogen. The pH of the fluid in the small intestine remained constant during C. perfringens enteritis.It was concluded (i) that the factor responsible for experimental enteritis in lambs resulting from infection of the small intestine with vegetative cells of C. perfringens is produced in situ, and (ii) that of the various factors tested, a heat-sensitive, nondialyzable component of sporulating cells is most likely identical with the main enteropathogenic factor in C. perfringens enteritis.
Response of ligated intestinal loops in lambs to an enteropathogenic factor of Clostridium perfringens type A
Authors: Hauschild A. H. W. , Niilo L. , Dorward W. J.
Published: February 2010

Concentrated supernatant fluids from vegetative cultures and cell extracts from sporulating cultures of Clostridium perfringens type A, both of which had previously been found to cause diarrhea in lambs, were tested in ligated intestinal loops of lambs. The concentrated supernatant fluids had no detectable effect in the loops while the cell extracts caused extensive accumulation of fluid. Rabbit immune sera prepared against extracts from sporulating cells completely inhibited the activity of the cell extracts in the ligated loops.Vegetative cells, injected into ligated loops with fresh medium, sporulated in situ and caused fluid accumulation. This accumulation of fluid was not prevented by the immune sera prepared against extracts from sporulating cells.
Mutagenic effects of the herbicide 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide and its degradation products
Authors: Prasad Ishwari
Published: February 2010

3′,4′-Dichloropropionanilide; its biodegradation products 3,4-dichloroaniline and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene; and related chloroaniline and chlorobenzenes were tested for effects on the back mutation frequency of the meth3 locus in Aspergillus nidulans. 3,4-Dichloroaniline was more mutagenic than 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene and 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide. Chlorine in the para position on benzene ring increased mutagenicity more than chlorine in the meta or ortho position. Chloroaniline was more mutagenic than the corresponding dichlorobenzene.
Bacteria in estuarine (Bras d'Or Lake) sediment
Authors: Anthony E. H.
Published: February 2010

The number of bacteria in sediment from an estuarine environment, salinity 20–25‰, in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, was determined by membrane filter counts from 73 fresh (on board ship) and 67 frozen (in laboratory) samples from 20 stations and the results compared. Taylor's model (log variance = a + b log mean) was used to determine dispersion on filters and normalizing transformations in preference to aligning data with Poisson expectation via Fisher's χ2 test. Mean with 95% [Formula: see text] colonies per gram dry sediment [Formula: see text] from fresh samples. Variance between replicate filters was negligible. Most remaining variance was between samples. Conversion of counts to weight basis introduced negligible variance. Counts from frozen samples were less variable than those from fresh samples. Fresh and frozen counts correlated well after transformation. Freezing confirmed as a method of preserving sediment for bacterial counts. Distribution in sediment of bacteria detected by these counts was slightly overdispersed (aggregated). Chromogenic colonies were prominent in the counted flora and their significance is discussed.
Pyocyanine degradation by apyocyanogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Azuma Y. , Witter Lloyd D.
Published: February 2010

Six apyocyanogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were shown to be capable of degrading pyocyanine under conditions normally conducive to pigment formation. P. aeruginosa B-275 was shown to metabolize pyocyanine to the extent that it was no longer chloroform extractable by following the fate of 14C-labeled pyocyanine. Also, P. aeruginosa B-275, an apyocyanogenic strain, was found capable of producing pyocyanine by the dilution of radioactivity in undegraded 14C-labeled pigment.
Growth of Enterobacter aerogenes in a lathyrogen-containing medium
Authors: Aleo Joseph J. , Smith Rodney F. , Ellen Richard P.
Published: February 2010

Enterobacter aerogenes was examined for its ability to utilize a known lathyrogen or chemically related compounds for use in developing an in vitro model system to study experimental lathyrism. Enterobacter aerogenes grew in a minimal medium containing the lathyrogen, beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate. Related compounds or combinations of related compounds which together contained all the constituents of the lathyrogen failed to support growth. The specificity of this compound in supporting growth of this polysaccharide-producing microorganism suggests that this microorganism may be useful in developing an in vitro model system to study polysaccharide metabolism in experimental lathyrism.
Inhibition of cell division in L5178Y cells by arginine-degrading mycoplasmas: the role of arginine deiminase
Authors: Gill Peter , Pan Julian
Published: February 2010

Viable cultures, culture supernatants, and killed sonicated preparations of various species of arginine-degrading mycoplasmas are capable of inhibiting cell division in L5178Y cells. The inhibition can be prevented by adding excess arginine at the same time as the mycoplasmal material and can be reversed by adding arginine after the cells have been blocked in division. Partially purified arginine deiminase from Mycoplasma orale and from baker's yeast show similar toxicities. The mycoplasmal enzyme is inhibited by specific antiserum. When L5178Y cells are cultured in arginine-free medium, cell division stops, but the inhibition can be overcome by the addition of arginine.
Volatile acid production by Clostridium botulinum type F
Authors: Moss C. Wayne , Howell R. T. , Farshy D. C. , Dowell V. R. , Brooks J. B.
Published: February 2010

The proteolytic activity and volatile fatty acid production of 10 isolates of Clostridium botulinum type F from diverse geographical locations were determined. Two of the 10 strains were non-proteolytic, 3 were slightly proteolytic, and 5 were strongly proteolytic. The non-proteolytic cultures and the slightly proteolytic cultures produced acetic and butyric acid. The strongly proteolytic cultures produced mainly acetic, butyric, isobutyric, and isovaleric acid, and small to trace amounts of propionic, isocaproic, and caproic acid. The relative amounts of the various acids produced were markedly influenced by the growth medium. The addition of glucose to the growth medium caused an increase in the relative amount of butyric acid and a decrease in isobutyric and isovaleric acid.
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus of deer: an electron microscopic study
Authors: Tsai Kin-Son , Karstad Lars
Published: February 2010

A mouse brain adapted strain of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus of deer was studied by ultrathin section and negative contrast electron microscopy. In sections of infected BHK-21 cells and neurons of newborn mouse brains, aggregates of virus particles, some appearing to be lacking their outer coats, were observed within membrane-bound vesicles. The development of virus particles was associated with intracytoplasmic viral matrices, consisting of moderately electron-dense granules. The viral particles measured about 58.8 nm in diameter in ultrathin sections and 62.3 nm in negative contrast preparations. Tubular structures, closely associated with viral matrices, were frequently found in infected cells. In one deer intracerebrally inoculated with virulent EHD virus, viral matrices, virus particles, and tubular structures, identical with those in infected BHK-21 cells and mouse neurons, were found in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood vessels. The morphological details of EHD virus are compared with those of other viruses, and the differences in structure are discussed.
Electron microscopy of adenosine triphosphatase in Escherichia coli cells
Authors: Kushnarev V. M. , Smirnova T. A. , Dudenkova L. G.
Published: February 2010

The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in Escherichia coli cells was investigated by a combination of electron microscopic and cytochemical methods. The activity is located in the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane. After prolonged incubation in the substrate medium, the insoluble calcium phosphate was concentrated into several conglomerations and probably extruded from the cell. The possible mechanism of extrusion is also discussed.The location of ATPase in the membrane preparations was investigated by similar technique. The activity in the membranes is located in between the membrane subunits. The order of the subunits became well arranged after incubation with ATP.
Four bacterial soil populations characterized and compared by a factor analytical method
Authors: Sundman Veronica
Published: February 2010

Bacterial populations from four adjacent sites with different soils were compared. The sites sampled were acid forest humus, grassland soil, and adjacent duplicates of open field soil. About a hundred random isolates from each of the four soil samples, 467 in all, were submitted to 44 two-state tests. The correlations between the tests were computed in terms of the test results obtained with all the isolates. Forty-two of the tests were accepted for further consideration. Their correlation matrix was factorized, and the first nine principal factors, covering 99% of the total estimated communality, were taken into account after varimax rotation.With the aid of within/between population variance, the ecologically discriminating efficiency of the factors was determined. For qualitative description of the populations six significantly discriminating factors (P < 0.1%) were used. These factors covered 56% of the total factor variance considered. The populations were characterized by the position in the 6-factor space of the point centroids (population means or "centers of gravity") of all the item points making up a population.The six factors of ecologically discriminating efficiency were dominated by attributes on (1) oxidase, and nitrate reductase, (2) Bacillus characteristics, (3) protocatechuic acid utilization, (4) pH tolerance, (5) nutritional demands, and (6) pigment-correlated hydrolytic abilities.The similarity or difference between the populations was expressed as the squared distance (d2) between the population means in the selected discriminating 6-factor space. This parameter varied from 10 for the pair of duplicate field soil populations, to 172 between one of the field soil populations and the forest humus population.
Ultrastructure and respiration of oidia and basidiospores of Coprinus lagopus (sensu Buller)
Authors: Heintz Caryl E. , Niederpruem Donald J.
Published: February 2010

The ultrastructural features and respiratory characteristics of ungerminated oidia and basidiospores of Coprinus lagopus were determined. Basidiospores had a thick multilayered wall, and in the characteristically dense cytoplasm, mitochondria and lipid droplets could be seen. Oidia were enclosed by a less complex cell wall and within the cytoplasm of each oidium were seen mitochondria, lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen granules, and a solitary nucleus. The respiratory capacity of both propagules was low and stimulated only slightly by glucose or fructose. Prior heat shock stimulated respiration of oidia but not basidiospores. Enzymes of terminal respiration and carbohydrate metabolism occurred in cell-free extracts of both forms.
New Herpetosiphon species (Flexibacterales)
Authors: Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

Three new species of Herpetosiphon (unbranched, sheathed flexibacteria) are described, with their molar proportions of guanine plus cytosine (GC%). They were isolated from marine shores: H. persicus (GC% = 52) from Co. Galway, Ireland; H. cohaerens (GC% = 44) from Biarritz, France; and H. nigricans (GC% = 53) from Lagos, Nigeria. A fourth, isolated from orange tufts in a hotspring in Baja California, Mexico, is considered to represent a species hitherto described as a blue-green alga, Phormidium geysericola. Its transfer to the genus Herpetosiphon is recommended accordingly: H.geysericolus nov. comb. (GC% = 48).
Purification and properties of biologically active factors in lipid extracts of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Tadayon R. A. , Carroll K. K. , Murray R. G. E.
Published: February 2010

Lipid extracts of Listeria monocytogenes, capable of producing monocytosis and lymphopenia in mice, were fractionated by column chromatography on acid-treated Florisil. The biological activity was associated with a phospholipid fraction and further separation of this fraction by thin-layer chromatography indicated that most of the activity was in the slower running components which gave a positive reaction with ninhydrin. Water-soluble ninhydrin-positive material was separated from either the crude lipids or the phospholipid fractions by techniques such as a Folch wash, chromatography on Sephadex, or dialysis of a chloroform solution of the lipids against water. These water-soluble materials were also able to produce monocytosis and lymphopenia in mice, but the remaining phospholipid was still ninhydrin-positive and biologically active. Most of the water-soluble material was dialyzable, but the biological activity appeared to be concentrated largely in the non-dialyzable fraction. This fraction contained protein, and digestion with Pronase appeared to enhance the biological activity and to make the active material more readily dialyzable. Extraction of the lipid-extracted bacterial residue with saline yielded additional non-dialyzable water-soluble material with activity comparable to that shown by the lipid extracts.
Mixed infections of Coxiella burnetii in restrictive host cells: an immunofluorescent study
Authors: Kordova Nonna , Kováčová Elena , Wilt J. C.
Published: February 2010

The animal-maintained "phase I" (Ph I) and the egg-grown "phase II" (Ph II) strain of Coxiella burnetii (Cb) were each made up of a natural mixture of particles with different densities (23). When examined by immunofluorescence (IF), their populations behaved as if they were monophasic, both before and after separation by cesium chloride. The Ph I strain, made up of particles of both densities, showed Ph I reactivity and particles of the Ph II strain showed Ph II reactivity. When L-cells (which represent a restrictive host-system for Ph I Cb) were inoculated with large doses of either the Ph I strain of Cb or with particles of a relative density of 1.32 (Ph I), only a few L-cells contained Cb which stained with biphasic serum. The Ph II strain of Cb and particles with a density of 1.27 (Ph II) multiplied well in L-cells and stained readily with Ph II antiserum. Particles which stained with biphasic serum, however, were seen in a few L-cells which had a multiple infection with Ph II Cb. A large inoculum of artificial mixtures of Ph I and Ph II strains of Cb produced many particles in L-cells which stained predominantly with biphasic serum. Interference of growth of Cb occurred using a small inoculum of the mixtures of Ph I and Ph II.Mixtures of active particles of Ph I Cb (host-dependent) and of heat-inactivated Ph II Cb, produced enhancement of growth of Cb. The reactivated Cb were stained predominantly with Ph II antiserum. The possibility that phenotypic mixing of Cb is related to its mode of replication is discussed.
Effects of some phenylamide herbicides and their degradation products on soil nitrification
Authors: Corke C. T. , Thompson F. R.
Published: February 2010

The effects on nitrification as studied by soil perfusion techniques of the herbicides 3′, 4′-dichloro-propionanilide (propanil), 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (diuron), 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), and the compounds 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DMU), 3, 4-dichlorophenylurea (DU), 3, 4-dichloroaniline (3, 4-DCA), and 3, 3′,4, 4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) are reported. Propanil at a concentration of 100 μg/g of soil resulted in marked retardation of the nitrification process for about 2 months. High application rates of linuron, diuron, DU, and TCAB were required to inhibit nitrification. Among the degradation products, 3, 4-DCA inhibited the oxidation of NH4-N to NO2-N, but was inactive against the organisms oxidizing NO2-N to NO3-N. DMU inhibited the oxidation of NO2-N to NO3-N by Nitrobacter spp., resulting in accumulations of NO2-N in soil from NH4-N. Moreover, the presence of DMU could be detected within 1 month after application of either linuron or diuron to soil by the changes in normal nitrification patterns. The significance of antimicrobial activity of the herbicides and degradation products is discussed.
Factors affecting the production of m-cresol by Valsa friesii
Authors: Child J. J. , Haskins R. H.
Published: February 2010

A chemically defined medium for the cultivation of Valsa friesii Duby (Fuckel) PRL 1736 has been developed and conditions established for accumulation of high yields of m-cresol in the culture filtrate. Yields of 1 g per liter as determined by colorimetric assay using 4-aminoantipyrine are obtained after 10 days' incubation in shake culture at 28 °C in the absence of light on a medium containing glucose, 15 g; alanine, 2 g; K2HPO4, 0.3 g; KH2PO4, 0.2 g; salts (0.2 g MgSO4∙7H2O, 0.1 g NaCl, 0.1 g CaCl2, 0.015 g FeSO4, and 0.25 mg ZnCl2); and vitamins (4 mg each of thiamine HCl, pyridoxin HCl, 10 mg inositol, and 10 μg biotin) per liter of distilled water. The organism is shown to tolerate higher concentrations of m-cresol than do eight other fungi tested.
The mapping of genes for spore formation on the chromosome of Bacillus licheniformis
Authors: Rogolsky Marvin
Published: February 2010

A total of 59 asporogenous mutants of Bacillus licheniformis were isolated after treatment with nitrosoguanidine or ethyl methanesulfonate. Forty-one of the 59 asporogenous sites were mapped by SP-15 mediated transduction on an abbreviated genetic map of B. licheniformis which contained 12 reference markers. Linkage data revealed that genes for sporulation occupied at least five separate and distinct areas of the chromosome. B. licheniformis was noted to resemble B. subtilis in that most of the spore genes in both species mapped in a cluster to the left of an identical sequence of terminal auxotrophic markers. The terminal spore cluster in B. licheniformis, as in B. subtilis, contained a locus which when defective, blocked the synthesis of a protease believed to regulate an early function of spore formation.
Control of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon and other effects of benomyl soil drenches
Authors: Wensley R. N. , Huang C. M.
Published: February 2010

The application of benomyl (Benlate),* methyl 1-(butyl-carbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate, to infested soils controlled populations of the wilt Fusarium (F. oxysporum f. melonis), reduced wilt losses to low levels, and permitted a harvest to be taken. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) was also inhibited. In pot culture the compound was effective in single or split applications of 0.08 g active material and in a single application of 0.16 g or 4 applications of 0.04 g each per 1000 g soil. At the above rates Benlate prevented increases in populations of the pathogen in soil planted with susceptible melons. In the field, three applications of 0.64 g each/0.09 m2 (11.49 kg/ha), or one application of either 1.28 g (7.66 kg/ha), or 2.56 g (15.32 kg/ha) controlled wilt. Treatments that controlled wilt also retarded early growth and delayed the onset of fruiting. Recovery was made, however, followed by a prolonged period of growth and fruit production.
Ultrastructure of rickettsia-like microorganisms in the midgut of a plant bug, Stenotus binotatus Jak. (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Chang K. P. , Musgrave A. J.
Published: February 2010

It is suggested that, on the basis of staining reaction, ultrastructure, and occasional intranuclear location, entities in the midgut of a local population of Stenotus binotatus Jak. (Miridae) may well be rickettsiae. Their relationship with the insect host is uncertain.
Antigen-sensitive spleen cells and the adjuvant activity of Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Finger H. , Emmerling P. , Büsse M.
Published: February 2010

In this study we determined at both the cellular and humoral level whether or not the primary immune response of mice can be significantly enhanced by administration of a bacterial adjuvant after the primary immunization with sheep erythrocytes. As compared to the immunization of mice with 8 × 106 sheep erythrocytes alone, the simultaneous injection of 3 × 109Bordetella pertussis cells and 8 × 106 sheep erythrocytes resulted in an accelerated and prolonged multiplication of hemolysin-forming spleen cells. The adjuvant effect was also documented by increased production of serum hemolysins. When the bacterial adjuvant was given 6, 12, or 24 h after the primary antigenic stimulus, however, neither increased plaque counts nor enhanced serum hemolysin titers were detectable. These findings agree with the concept that B. pertussis cells cause multiplication of antigen-sensitive target cells or affect the initial stages of differentiation of these cells.
Enzyme studies (phosphorylation) during Newcastle disease virus infection of chick embryo cells
Authors: Consigli R. A. , Lerner M. P.
Published: February 2010

The infection of chicken embryo cells with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) caused the increased incorporation of 3H-uridine into viral ribonucleic acid (RNA). However, when uridine kinase activity was assayed, it was found that infected cells demonstrated the identical activity as uninfected chicken embryo cells. Hexokinase and adenosine triphosphatase showed the same trend as uridine kinase. However, carbamyl phosphate synthetase was found to increase in activity during NDV infection.
Inhibition and enhancement of cephalosporin beta-lactamase activity by specific antisera
Authors: Chong D. V. , Goldner M.
Published: February 2010

Certain penicillin beta-lactamase antisera have been reported to enhance, rather than neutralize, the bacterial enzyme activity. A similar study with antisera to cephalosporin beta-lactamase from two different strains of Enterobacter cloacae was undertaken. The effects of the antisera from rabbits immunized with each enzyme preparation were evaluated by neutralization tests using a spectrophotometric method. The antisera were also examined by immunoelectrophoresis. From the neutralization tests, it was observed that either an inhibition or an enhancement of the cephalosporin beta-lactamase activity occurred in the presence of antisera produced in different rabbits under the same conditions and to the same antigen. The inhibiting antisera to the beta-lactamase from each of the two strains were shown to cross-react by neutralization and immunoprecipitin tests; similarly, the two enhancing antisera were also shown to cross-react. Either inhibition or enhancement of the enzyme activity could be obtained with the cross-reactions and with one strain these effects were even greater than with the homologous reactions. The immunoprecipitin results revealed apparent differences between the inhibiting and enhancing antisera.
Erythemal activity of the cellular enteropathogenic factor of Clostridium perfringens type A
Authors: Hauschild A. H. W.
Published: February 2010

Extracts from sporulated cells of Clostridium perfringens type A, capable of producing diarrhea and fluid accumulation in ligated intestinal loops of rabbits and lambs, also caused erythema in guinea pigs and rabbits when injected intradermally. None of the known toxins of C. perfringens type A contributed significantly to the skin reaction. Both the enteropathogenic and erythemal activities were sensitive to heat, nondialyzable, precipitable with ammonium sulfate, antigenic, and insensitive to treatment with C. perfringens type A antitoxin. The enteropathogenic activities varied widely between three individual strains but showed a direct relationship to their erythemal activities. Both activities were eluted as a single fraction on a column of Sephadex G-100. It was concluded that the enteropathogenic and erythemal activities are due to a single component of sporulated C. perfringens cells.The assay of the enteropathogenic factor by the skin test is rapid, reproducible, accurate, and about 1000 times as sensitive as the intestinal loop technique in rabbits.
Fate of Bacillus thuringiensis in soil: effect of soil pH and organic amendment
Authors: Saleh S. M. , Harris R. F. , Allen O. N.
Published: February 2010

Bacillus thuringiensis spores germinated, grew, and sporulated in soils of neutral pH amended with alfalfa or casein. Numbers of viable spores of B. thuringiensis increased 100-fold and more than one million spores/g soil were maintained throughout a 3-month incubation period. B. thuringiensis spores apparently germinated but the resulting vegetative cells did not survive in acid soils amended with alfalfa or casein. It appears that B. thuringiensis spores can remain viable for long periods of time in soil and that the organism can compete successfully under conditions favoring the bacillus component of soil microbial populations.
Expression of the lac operon in Escherichia coli infected with RNA phage R23
Authors: Watanabe Hiroko , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: February 2010

Infection of Escherichia coli by R23 results in a coordinate repression of permease and β-galactosidase genes of the lactose operon but this effect is not mediated at the level of the regulatory or promoter genes. Immediately preceding the inhibitory phase there is a transient phase of increased inducer uptake and enzyme synthesis which may be attributed to permeability changes resulting from R23 infection. After this period there is an initial, relatively small decrease in β-galactosidase synthesis which is dependent on phage adsorption but not on viral RNA penetration. A more severe repression of β-galactosidase synthesis begins about 25 min after infection and becomes more pronounced over the next 30 min; this phase of inhibition is dependent on viral RNA penetration and expression of at least the RNA synthetase cistron.
Immunoglobulins of the hamster. 3. Immunofluorescent localization of γA, γ1, and γ2 in various tissues
Authors: Dolezel Joseph , Bienenstock John
Published: February 2010

The immunofluorescent localization of γ2, γ1, and γA immunoglobulins was determined in various hamster tissues. It was found that γA containing plasma or lymphocytoid cells predominated in submaxillary gland, jejunum, colon, gall bladder, and liver. Spleen contained similar numbers of different classes of immunoglobulin containing cells. Peyer's patch tissue was not stained with H chain specific antisera to γ2, γ1, or γA. However, an antiserum directed against γ2 H chains and L chains revealed a crescent of cells in the portion of tissue closest to the mucosa. It is suggested these may be γM containing cells. Liver and kidney specimens from "normal" animals revealed early portal cirrhosis and proliferative glomerulonephritis with basement membrane deposition of γ2. Urinary bladder and lung tissues did not stain with any of the antisera used.
Electron microscopy of the yeast to mycelial phase conversion of Sporotrichum schenckii
Authors: Lane James W. , Garrison Robert G.
Published: February 2010

Ultrastructural events occurring during the yeast-like to mycelial phase conversion of the dimorphic fungal pathogen Sporotrichum schenckii were studied by electron microscopy of thin sections. Discrete intracytoplasmic membrane systems were formed as early as 6 h after induction of the conversion stimuli. Within 12 to 18 h, a transitional cell was formed from the parent yeast-like cell. Definite streaming of yeast-like cell cytoplasm and mitochondria was noted before septal formation in the intermediate cell. Although the cell wall of the parent yeast-like phase cell is present in two distinct layers, only the inner layer persists upon transitional cell formation. Yeast-like to mycelial phase reorganization of S. schenckii resembles closely that described for Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and it is suggested that yeast to mold transformation of these dimorphic fungi may proceed via a common conversional mechanism.
Chemically defined media for Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella ureae, and a comparison of their thiamine requirements with those of Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Wessman G. E. , Wessman Geraldine
Published: February 2010

Chemically defined media supported heavy cell yields of Pasteurella multocida and moderate yields of P. ureae (P. haemolytica var ureae). The medium for P. multocida consisted of 17 amino acids, plus inorganic salts, citrate, nicotinamide, pantothenate, thiamine or thiamine monophosphate, adenine, guanine, uracil, and energy source; the medium for P. ureae was the same except that it contained an additional amino acid. Six strains of P. multocida, five of P. ureae, and two of P. haemolytica grew well with normal amounts of thiamine; however, 9 of 11 strains of P. haemolytica could satisfy their thiamine requirement with free thiamine only if large amounts of the vitamin were provided. All strains used thiamine monophosphate or thiamine pyrophosphate efficiently. Pasteurella multocida grew well with a combination of the thiamine moieties, 4-methyl-5(β-hydroxyethyl)thiazole, and 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl pyrimidine, or with their phosphate esters; P. haemolytica grew only if the phosphates were provided.
Identification of products produced by the anaerobic degradation of rutin and related flavonoids by Butyrivibrio sp. C3
Authors: Krishnamurty H. G. , Cheng K. -J. , Jones G. A. , Simpson F. J. , Watkin J. E.
Published: February 2010

Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degrades rutin anaerobically to yield phloroglucinol, carbon dioxide, 3,4-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The sugars are first released by intracellular glycosidases and then the heterocyclic ring of the aglycone undergoes hydrolytic cleavage. The glycosides of quercetin added to the medium are readily metabolized, but the aglycone is not.
Antifungal effect of an ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungus, Lactarius sp., associated with basswood seedlings
Authors: Park J. Y.
Published: February 2010

An ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungus associated with basswood, Lactarius sp., produces a potent antifungal compound. The compound's strength was assessed by determining the percentage spore germination of Penicillium implication in Lactarius sp. culture filtrates. Antifungal properties were evaluated by pairing Lactarius sp. with 23 known pathogenic fungi on Hagem agar plate cultures. Greenhouse tests revealed a strong inhibitory effect of Lactarius sp. against fungi that frequently cause damping-off of pine seedlings.
Some factors influencing vitamin B12 production by Pseudomonas denitrificans
Authors: Daniels Horace J.
Published: February 2010

The effect of known precursors and cofactors on vitamin B12 production has been studied in a basal, chemically defined medium composed of sucrose, glutamic acid, and mineral salts. Only a carbon source, betaine, and Co2+ were found to be essential for vitamin B12 production. Known precursors such as methionine, δ-aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, and 1-amino-2-propanol had no effect. Glycine was inhibitory to growth. Oxalic acid, lactic acid, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, and Mo2+ stimulated vitamin B12 biosynthesis. Of special interest is oxalic acid, which at a level of 0.04% w/v increased vitamin production about 20%, and with washed cells could replace glutamic acid, which had been demonstrated to be essential for both growth and vitamin B12 production. When use of oxalate was followed, it was found that this acid disappeared during the period of rapid growth and vitamin production and then reappeared during the final stages of the fermentation cycle.
Metabolic control in Acinetobacter sp. II. Effect of C4 versus C2 substrates on alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase synthesis
Authors: Sturm Robert N. , Herman Norma J. , Bell Emily J.
Published: February 2010

The synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase by a species of Acinetobacter growing in the presence of C4 compounds (succinate or malate) and in the presence of a C2 compound (acetate), as sole carbon sources, has been investigated. The rate of synthesis of this enzyme is increased rapidly when cells are inoculated into a succinate medium, and growth is initiated essentially without a lag period. The enzyme is synthesized after some lag period in the presence of malate and growth begins as the rate of enzyme synthesis begins to increase. On the contrary, growth begins immediately upon inoculation of the cells into an acetate medium. After a few hours of growth the level of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase begins to fall and apparent repression of synthesis occurs. These results are discussed in the light of isocitrate lyase levels in the cells at the same time periods and the evidence indicates that when levels of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are high, those of isocitrate lyase are low. This suggests a control mechanism regulating the concurrent operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxylate by-pass. Data are presented also which correlate substrate oxidation by succinate-grown cells and the cellular levels of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Oxidation of elemental sulfur and sulfur compounds and CO2 fixation by Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)
Authors: Silver Marvin
Published: February 2010

The characteristics of growth of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans on elemental sulfur are reported. This organism is not able to oxidize thiocyanate, but can oxidize elemental sulfur, sulfite, dithionite, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, and sulfide. Sulfide is only partially oxidized. All compounds that can be oxidized support CO2 fixation.
Comparative biology of five RNA phages, R23, f2, Qβ, R34, and R40
Authors: Watanabe Hiroko , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: February 2010

The RNA bacteriophage R23 inhibits the synthesis of bacterial RNA and protein to a greater extent than phages f2, Qβ, R34, or R40. Various aspects of the process of infection of Escherichia coli by these phages have been examined to assess their possible role in determining the extent of viral RNA synthesis and inhibition of the host. There was little difference between R23, R34, R40, and f2 in the rate of adsorption and "eclipse of infectivity," time of appearance of the first intracellular phage, and overall efficiency of infection at multiplicities over 5 phage/cell. But the phage yield of R23, in terms of plaque-forming units and total particles, was higher than that of R34, R40, or f2. R23 also had the longest life cycle with a relatively prolonged latent period. Qβ appeared to infect cells less efficiently under the experimental conditions used; this probably accounted for its lesser detectable effect on host metabolism. In successfully infected cells, the particle yield of Qβ may be comparable to that of R23 but the yield of viable phage was less.
Behavior of urease added to unsterilized, steam-sterilized, and gamma radiation-sterilized black spruce humus
Authors: Roberge M. R.
Published: February 2010

Because of the widespread use of urea fertilizer, it became evident that an assessment of urease addition on natural ureolysis was pertinent. Samples of each layer of the surface organic horizon of a black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) stand at Baie-Comeau, Quebec, were treated with urease then tested for ureolysis activity. Added urease was active in all samples; the increase of activity was affected by the type of sterilization treatment used and the layer of the surface organic horizon. Additional ureolysis was greatest in unsterilized samples, less in radiation-sterilized samples, least in steam-sterilized samples, and decreased with depth of layers. Autoclaving inhibited activity of urease added previously or subsequently while irradiation had a lesser effect. Every layer had an upper limit of urease adsorption and was characterized by a definite capacity to adsorb urease which increased with depth of layers. The pattern of ureolysis observed when urease was added to solutions obtained from layer samples was similar to that observed when urease was added to the layer samples themselves. All solutions inhibited the action of added urease.
Serological relationships of endoplasm antigens of saprophytic mycobacteria
Authors: Kwapinski J. B. G. , Alcasid Alice , Palser Helen
Published: February 2010

Endoplasms prepared from 76 strains of saprophytic mycobacteria (Runyon's group IV), were tested with 25 antiendoplasm sera by an immunodiffusion method. Endoplasms of 88% of the relatively closely related strains possessed one to four major antigenic factors. The endoplasms of the remaining 12% of strains contained one of two common antigenic factors, which were different from the major factors. Thirteen endoplasm serotypes were distinguished by the patterns of the serological reactions with six selected "standard" antisera.
Are there multiple attachments between bacterial DNA and the cell membrane?
Authors: Driedger A. A.
Published: February 2010

Brief exposure of Micrococcus radiodurans cells to 0.02 M spermidine before fixation with osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy led to marked changes in the distribution of DNA within the cell. The altered appearance is consistent with the hypothesis of multiple attachment sites between DNA and the membrane.
Rôle des facteurs de croissance dans la formation des structures de réserve de Verticillium dahliae et V. nigrescens
Authors: Pelletier Gilles , Aubé Claude
Published: February 2010

The influence of temperature, culture medium, and the elapsed time of incubation on the morphology and development of resting structures of Verticillium dahliae and V. nigrescens was determined. The development of resting structures is mainly governed by the growth medium. Temperature might be useful in species determination but the kind of medium and the age of culture are critical in this evaluation.The results are discussed more particularly in relation to the evolution of Verticillium species.
Rhombohedral twisted crystalloids found in the cytoplasm of nuclear-polyhedrosis-infected larvae of the ugly-nest caterpillar
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: February 2010

Rhombohedral crystalloids were found in the cytoplasm of cells of virus-infected larvae of Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch). These crystalloids are composed of proteins, dissolve at the same pH value as the polyhedra, and melt at the polyhedra melting temperature. Crystalloids change their shape in an alkali solution or when heated.
Evidence for branching in Sphaerophorus necrophorus
Authors: Teresa G. W. , Vough R. , Beck S. M. , Fales W.
Published: February 2010

Photographic evidence revealing Y-type branching in Sphaerophorus necrophorus is reported.