bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It's in your glass: a history of sea level and storminess from the Laphroaig bog, Islay (southwestern Scotland)
Authors: Kylander Malin E. , Söderlindh Jenny , Schenk Frederik , Gyllencreutz Richard , Rydberg Johan , Bindler Richard , Martínez Cortizas Antonio , Skelton Alasdair
Published: August 2019

Severe winter windstorms have become an increasingly common occurrence over recent decades in northwestern Europe. Although there exists considerable uncertainty, storminess is projected to increase in the future. On centennial to millennial time scales in particular, the mechanisms forcing storminess remain unsettled. We contribute to available palaeostorm records by reconstructing changes over the last 6670 years using a coastal peat sequence retrieved from the ombrotrophic Laphroaig bog on Islay, southwestern Scotland. We use a combination of ash content, grain size and elemental chemistry to identify periods of greater storminess, which are dated to 6605, 6290–6225, 5315–5085, 4505, 3900–3635, 3310–3130, 2920–2380, 2275–2190, 2005–1860, 1305–1090, 805–435 and 275 cal. a BP. Storm signals in the first half of the record up to ~3000 cal. a BP are mainly apparent in the grain‐size changes. Samples from this time period also have a different elemental signature than those later in the record. We speculate that this is due to receding sea levels and the consequent establishment of a new sand source in the form of dunes, which are still present today. The most significant events and strongest winds are found during the Iron Ages Cold Epoch (2645 cal. a BP), the transition into, and in the middle of, the Roman Ages Warm Period (2235 and 1965 cal. a BP) and early in the Little Ice Age (545 cal. a BP). The Laphroaig record generally agrees with regionally relevant peat palaeostorm records from Wales and the Outer Hebrides, although the relative importance of the different storm periods is not the same. In general, stormier periods are coeval with cold periods in the region as evidenced by parallels with increased ice‐rafted debris in the North Atlantic, highlighting that sea‐ice conditions could impact future storminess and storm track position.
Therapeutics for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: New directions for precision medicine
Authors: Duce J.A. , Zhu X. , Jacobson L.H. , Beart P.M.
Published: August 2019

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc
Provider and community perspectives of dental therapists in Alaska’s Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta: A qualitative programme evaluation
Authors: Chi Donald L. , Hopkins Scarlett , Zahlis Ellen , Randall Cameron L. , Senturia Kirsten , Orr Eliza , Mancl Lloyd , Lenaker Dane
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Dental therapists deliver preventive and basic restorative care and have been practicing since 2006 in Alaska's Yukon‐Kuskokwim (YK) Delta. In this qualitative programme evaluation, we documented health providers’ and community members’ experiences with dental therapy. The goal of the evaluation was to develop a conceptual model of dental care delivery in Alaska Native Communities centred on dental therapists.

Methods

We developed semi‐structured interview scripts and used snowball sampling to recruit 16 health providers with experience providing care in the YK Delta and 125 community members from six YK Delta Communities in 2017 and 2018. The six communities were a stratified convenience sample based on community‐level exposure to dental therapists (high, medium and no exposure). Interview data were digitally recorded, transcribed, verified for accuracy and coded inductively into conceptual domains using content analytic methods.

Results

Providers believed individuals living in the YK Delta have benefited from clinic‐based restorative care and community‐based education provided by dental therapists. The restricted scope of dental therapy practice limits the complexity of care that may be offered to patients. However, community members expressed high satisfaction with the quality of care provided by dental therapists. Community members noted more widespread knowledge and evolving norms about oral health and believed dental therapists are helping to prevent disease and improve quality of life. Participants believed access to dental care for children has improved over the years, but felt that many adults in the YK Delta continue to have unmet needs. A potential barrier to sustained programme effectiveness is low retention of dental therapists in the region, driven primarily by reports that dental therapists feel overworked, stressed and geographically isolated.

Conclusions

Dental therapists have contributed to the dental care delivery system in Alaska's YK Delta. Future opportunities remain within the system to address the needs of adults, develop strategies to retain dental therapists in the region and incorporate evidence‐based, prevention‐oriented strategies to improve oral health behaviours and reduce oral diseases.
Exploring intergenerational communication and stress in refugee families
Authors: McCleary Jennifer Simmelink , Shannon Patricia J. , Wieling Elizabeth , Becher Emily
Published: August 2019

More than half of the refugees who have resettled to the United States in recent years have been youth. Refugee youth have often witnessed or experienced violence and family separation prior to resettlement and face barriers to successful resettlement such as language and educational challenges. These factors elevate risk for mental and emotional distress, and protective factors like strong familial relationships are important to promoting mental well‐being. This study utilized focus groups with 36 refugees ages 18 to 25 from four ethnic groups to explore conceptualizations of and communication about mental and emotional distress within and outside of family systems. Youth reported a nuanced conceptualization of their premigration and postmigration stressors and their patterns of communication about distress in three domains: (a) exposure to traumatic stress prior to resettlement, (b) stressful experiences in resettlement, and (c) communication about mental health inside and outside of family groups.
The effects of correctional education on juvenile delinquents and the factors for their overall changes: Focusing on academic performance and family‐type environment
Authors: Ohara Takaharu , Matsuura Naomi , Hagiuda Nobuko , Wakasugi Natsuki
Published: August 2019

This study aimed to explore the effects of correctional education on juvenile delinquents at a children's self‐reliance support facility in Japan, which provides delinquents with familial environments and multidimensional, comprehensive education. The purpose of this study was to compare the youth's academic performance and resilience from the time of admission to discharge and to identify which interventions improved participants' academic performance and resilience. We examined juvenile database records and “juvenile diaries” of 283 male youth. Participants were categorized into either an Improvement Group (IG) or a No‐Improvement Group (No‐IG) based on their outcome at discharge. The results showed that their academic performance and resilient characteristics were significantly higher at discharge than at admission. Employing single logistic regression, we found that the length of stay, academic performance, and the number of visits by family and social workers were characteristics associated with membership in the IG. These findings can guide future clinical practices and measures implemented for juvenile delinquents.
Extracellular vesicles in urologic malignancies—Implementations for future cancer care
Authors: Wu Zhangsong , Zhang Zhiqiang , Xia Wuchao , Cai Jiajia , Li Yuqing , Wu Song
Published: August 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous group of vesicles differing in size and shape, cargo content and function, are membrane‐bound and nano‐sized vesicles that could be released by nearly all variations of cells. EVs have gained considerable attention in the past decades for their functions in modulating intercellular signalling and roles as potential pools for the novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets in several cancers including urological neoplasms. In general, human and animal cells both can release distinct types of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, oncosomes and large oncosomes, and apoptotic bodies, while the content of EVs can be divided into proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. However, the lack of standard methods for isolation and detection platforms rein the widespread usage in clinical applications warranted furthermore investigations in the development of reliable, specific and sensitive isolation techniques. Whether and how the EVs work has become pertinent issues. With the aid of high‐throughput proteomics or genomics methods, a fully understanding of contents contained in EVs from urogenital tumours, beyond all doubt, will improve our ability to identify the complex genomic alterations in the process of cancer and, in turn, contribute to detect potential therapeutic target and then provide personalization strategy for patient.
LncRNA LOXL1‐AS1 facilitates the tumorigenesis and stemness of gastric carcinoma via regulation of miR‐708‐5p/USF1 pathway
Authors: Sun Qi , Li Jian , Li Fan , Li Huanqin , Bei Songhua , Zhang Xiaohong , Feng Li
Published: August 2019

Objectives

As one of the most life‐threatening malignancies, gastric cancer is the third contributor of cancer mortalities globally. Increasing studies have proven the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in the development of diverse malignant tumours. But little is known about its function and molecular mechanism in gastric carcinoma.

Materials and methods

RT‐qPCR was performed to measure the expression pattern of LOXL1‐AS1 in gastric cancer. To ascertain its definite role, CCK‐8, EdU, Western blot, transwell and sphere formation assays were adopted. RNA pull‐down, RIP, ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were carried out to investigate the molecular mechanism of LOXL1‐AS1 in gastric carcinoma.

Results

LOXL1‐AS1 was highly expressed in tissues and cells of gastric cancer. The upregulation of LOXL1‐AS1 predicted poor prognosis in gastric carcinoma. Our findings demonstrated that LOXL1‐AS1 accelerated the deterioration of gastric cancer by inducing cell proliferation, migration, EMT and stemness. Moreover, the expression of USF1 in gastric cancer was higher than in normal control and LOXL1‐AS1 negatively modulated USF1. Functionally, LOXL1‐AS1 acted as a ceRNA to upregulate USF1 via sponging miR‐708‐5p. Besides, we confirmed USF1 promoted the transcription of stemness marker SOX2. Rescue experiments testified the stimulative role of LOXL1‐AS1/miR‐708‐5p/USF1 pathway in gastric cancer progression. It was also validated that LOXL1‐AS1 facilitated cell growth of gastric carcinoma in vivo.

Conclusions

Our study unravelled that LOXL1‐AS1/miR‐708‐5p/USF1 pathway contributed to the development of gastric cancer.
Tissue regeneration during lower jaw restoration in zebrafish shows some features of epimorphic regeneration
Authors: Ohgo Shiro , Ichinose Sayaka , Yokota Hinako , Sato‐Maeda Mika , Shoji Wataru , Wada Naoyuki
Published: August 2019

Zebrafish have the ability to regenerate skeletal structures, including the fin, skull roof, and jaw. Although fin regeneration proceeds by epimorphic regeneration, it remains unclear whether this process is involved in other skeletal regeneration in zebrafish. Initially in epimorphic regeneration, the wound epidermis covers the wound surface. Subsequently, the blastema, an undifferentiated mesenchymal mass, forms beneath the epidermis. In the present study, we re‐examined the regeneration of the zebrafish lower jaw in detail, and investigated whether epimorphic regeneration is involved in this process. We performed amputation of the lower jaw at two different positions; the proximal level (presence of Meckel's cartilage) and the distal level (absence of Meckel's cartilage). In both manipulations, a blastema‐like cellular mass was initially formed. Subsequently, cartilaginous aggregates were formed in this mass. In the proximal amputation, the cartilaginous aggregates were then fused with Meckel's cartilage and remained as a skeletal component of the regenerated jaw, whereas in the distal amputation, the cartilaginous aggregates disappeared as regeneration progressed. Two molecules that were observed during epimorphic regeneration, Laminin and msxb, were expressed in the regenerating lower jaw, although the domain of msxb expression was out of the main plain of the aggregate formation. Administration of an inhibitor of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, a pathway associated with epimorphic regeneration, showed few effects on lower jaw regeneration. Our finding suggests that skeletal regeneration of the lower jaw mainly progresses through tissue regeneration that is dependent on the position in the jaw, and epimorphic regeneration plays an adjunctive role in this regeneration.
THE EFFECTS OF GRADUATING FROM COLLEGE DURING A RECESSION ON LIVING STANDARDS
Authors: Kawaguchi Daiji , Kondo Ayako
Published: August 2019

Graduating from college during a recession has persistent negative effects on labor‐market outcomes. This study assesses the welfare impact of a recession at entry by analyzing family formation behaviors and asset holdings. Scrutiny of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) reveals that despite a decline in hourly wages, business cycle conditions at entry to the labor market do not affect family formation, car or home ownership, or net asset holdings in the long run. Evidence suggests that individuals who graduate in bad times tend to move to states with lower living costs to secure living standards. (JEL E21)
Characterizing psychiatric symptoms and neurocognitive functioning among substance‐naïve early adolescents: Associations with sleep problems
Authors: Peiper Nicholas C. , Ridenour Ty A. , Fishbein Diana H.
Published: August 2019

Aim

Evidence consistently links psychiatric symptoms, reduced neurocognitive functioning (NCF) and sleep problems to the initiation of a wide range of risk behaviours. Less is known, however, about the associations between sleep problems with psychiatric symptoms and NCF among early adolescents yet to engage in substance use.

Methods

The present study examined baseline data from an ongoing prospective study of 529 youth aged 10‐12 years who completed a battery of instruments measuring symptom counts for four psychiatric disorders, performance on six tests of NCF and five types of sleep behaviour on week days. We used latent class analysis to classify the 473 substance‐naïve youth into subtypes characterized by probabilistic patterns of psychiatric symptoms and poorer NCF.

Results

Four subtypes emerged: normative (24% of the sample); nonspecific mental health symptoms (27%); lower neurocognitive function (24%) and comorbid psychiatric symptoms and lower neurocognitive function (25%). In a multivariable latent regression model, three or more sleep arousals per night, sleep phase of two or more hours and sleep latency of 20 minutes or more were significantly associated with the two classes having higher symptom counts. Lack of family support was significantly associated with the two classes having lower neurocognitive function and comorbid psychiatric symptoms.

Conclusions

The youth subtypes in this study provide an important baseline characterization to subsequently understand how these neuropsychiatric relationships may change when substance use and other risk behaviours develop during adolescence. Implications for preventing and treating sleep problems associated with psychiatric comorbidity and neurocognitive dysfunctions are discussed.
Both gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function de novo CACNA1A mutations cause severe developmental epileptic encephalopathies in the spectrum of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Raju Praveen K. , D'Avanzo Nazzareno , Lachance Mathieu , Pepin Julie , Dubeau François , Mitchell Wendy G. , Bello‐Espinosa Luis E. , Pierson Tyler M. , Minassian Berge A. , Lacaille Jean‐Claude , Rossignol Elsa
Published: August 2019

Objective

Developmental epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are genetically heterogeneous severe childhood‐onset epilepsies with developmental delay or cognitive deficits. In this study, we explored the pathogenic mechanisms of DEE‐associated de novo mutations in the CACNA1A gene.

Methods

We studied the functional impact of four de novo DEE‐associated CACNA1A mutations, including the previously described p.A713T variant and three novel variants (p.V1396M, p.G230V, and p.I1357S). Mutant cDNAs were expressed in HEK293 cells, and whole‐cell voltage‐clamp recordings were conducted to test the impacts on CaV2.1 channel function. Channel localization and structure were assessed with immunofluorescence microscopy and three‐dimensional (3D) modeling.

Results

We find that the G230V and I1357S mutations result in loss‐of‐function effects with reduced whole‐cell current densities and decreased channel expression at the cell membrane. By contrast, the A713T and V1396M variants resulted in gain‐of‐function effects with increased whole‐cell currents and facilitated current activation (hyperpolarized shift). The A713T variant also resulted in slower current decay. 3D modeling predicts conformational changes favoring channel opening for A713T and V1396M.

Significance

Our findings suggest that both gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function CACNA1A mutations are associated with similarly severe DEEs and that functional validation is required to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms and to guide therapies.
Innovation efficiency and spatial spillover in urban agglomerations: A case of the Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta
Authors: Sheng Yanwen , Zhao Jinli , Zhang Xuebo , Song Jinping , Miao Yi
Published: August 2019

Based on panel data of innovation inputs and outputs in 53 cities of the three major Chinese urban agglomerations (UAs) spanning the 2001–2015 period, this study examines the influence of the spatial spillover effect among cities on innovation efficiency in UAs using the SFA method and a spatial econometric model. Three main conclusions can be draw from the empirical results. First, the innovation efficiency in the three UAs has increased over the research period, but there is enormous potential for improvement. Second, owing to the close socioeconomic linkages and the flow of innovation resources, there is a significantly positive spatial spillover effect between cities on innovation efficiency in the three UAs. In other words, innovation efficiency in a local city was positively influenced by the other cities in the UA. Particularly, the innovation efficiency in a local city is influenced by factors related to not only the city itself but also other cities in the UA. Third, as the geographical distance increases, the spillover effect on innovation efficiency shows nonlinear variations, indicating that the excessive expansion in UAs may not be attributed to innovation development.
A cheat in our midst: How people evaluate and respond to fellow group members who cheat
Authors: Ramdass Jeff V. , Hogg Michael A.
Published: August 2019

Having a group cheat within a group can violate group trust and reduce the benefits gained from group membership. However, group members will sometimes cheat to get an advantage over other in‐group members. In two experiments, the present research investigated how group members evaluate and respond to fellow group members who cheat, and whether group prototypicality or evaluators’ group identification moderate evaluations and behavioral recommendations toward group cheats. In Study 1 (N = 146 undergraduate students), group members evaluated group cheats more negatively than a comparable group deviant. However, highly identified group members would spare a cheat who had high group prototypicality. In Study 2 (N = 227 undergraduate students), highly identified group members rated a one‐time cheat with high prototypicality more favorably than a one‐time cheat with low prototypicality. However, prototypicality did not moderate evaluations toward a multiple time group cheat. In both studies, target evaluations were associated with changes in behavioral recommendations. Overall, results indicate a pattern similar to research on transgression or deviance credit: having group prototypicality can save a group cheat from an initial negative evaluation from highly identified group members, but prototypicality does not buffer against negative evaluations toward multiple time group cheaters.
Estimation of genetic parameters for reproductive traits in connectedness groups of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire pigs in China
Authors: Zhang Suoyu , Zhang Jinxin , Olasege Babatunde Shittu , Ma Peipei , Qiu Xiaotian , Gao Hong , Wang Changcun , Wang Yuan , Zhang Qin , Yang Hongjie , Wang Zhigang , Ding Xiangdong , Pan Yuchun
Published: August 2019

The objective of this study was to estimate group‐ and breed‐specific genetic parameters for reproductive traits in Chinese Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire populations. Records for reproductive traits between April 1998 and December 2017 from 92 nucleus pig breeding farms, which were involved in the China Swine Genetic Improvement Program, were analysed. Due to weak genetic connectedness across all farms, connectedness groups consisting of related farms were used. Three, two and four connectedness groups for Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire were firstly established according to the genetic connectedness rating among farms. For each connectedness group a five‐trait animal model was implemented, and via restricted maximum likelihood procedure the genetic parameters were estimated for five reproductive traits i.e., total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA), litter weight at farrowing (LWF), farrowing interval (FI) and age at first farrowing (AFF). The average of heritabilities among connectedness groups ranged from .01 (for FI in Yorkshire) to .30 (for AFF in Duroc). Estimates of repeatability for litter traits ranged from .14 to .20 and were consistent for each breed, and for FI, the estimates varied from .01 to .11 across breeds and groups. The estimated genetic correlations among litter traits (i.e., TNB, NBA and LWF) were all significantly high (>.56) and similar across breeds. Averaged genetic correlations over three breeds were −.25, −.27, −.18, −.04, −.10, −.02, and .28 for FI‐TNB, FI‐NBA, FI‐LWF, AFF‐TNB, AFF‐NBA, AFF‐LWF and FI‐AFF, respectively. The standard errors of the estimates were all very low (<0.01) in most situations. Results from this study suggest that selection based on TNB which is currently used in dam line selection index can improve NBA and LWF simultaneously. However, care should be taken on FI and AFF as they are both greatly influenced by non‐genetic factors such as management and measurement.
Assessing the accuracy of prediction for milk fatty acids by using a small reference population of tropical Holstein cows
Authors: Petrini Juliana , de Souza Iung Laiza Helena , Petersen Rodriguez Mary Ana , Salvian Mayara , Alberto Rovadoscki Gregori , Colonia Saditt Rocio Robles , Cassoli Laerte Dagher , Lehmann Coutinho Luiz , Fernando Machado Paulo , Wiggans George , Mourão Gerson Barreto
Published: August 2019

Fatty acids (FA) have been related to effects on human health, sensory quality and shelf life of dairy products, cow's health and methane emission. However, despite their importance, they are not regularly measured in all dairy herds yet, which can affect the accuracy of estimated breeding values (EBV) for these traits. In this case, an alternative is to use genomic selection. Thus, the aim was to assess the use of genomic information in the genetic evaluation for milk traits in a tropical Holstein population. Monthly records (n = 36,457) of milk FA percentage, daily milk yield and quality traits from 4,203 cows as well as the genotypes of 755 of these cows for 57,368 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were used. Polygenic and genomic–polygenic models were applied for EBV prediction, and both models were compared through the EBV accuracy calculated from the prediction error and Spearman's correlation among EBV rankings. Prediction accuracy was assessed by using cross‐validation. In this case, the accuracy was the correlation between the genomic breeding values (GEBV) obtained as the sum of SNP effects and the EBV obtained in the polygenic model in each validation group. For all traits, the use of the genomic–polygenic model did not alter the animals' ranking, with correlations higher than 0.87. Nevertheless, through this model, the accuracy increased from 1.5% to 6.8% compared to the polygenic model. The correlations between GEBV and EBV varied from 0.52 to 0.68. Therefore, the use of a small group of genotyped cows in the genetic evaluation can increase the accuracy of EBV for milk FA and other traditional milk traits.
The Kimberley, north‐western Australia, as a cradle of evolution and endemic biodiversity: An example using grunters (Terapontidae)
Authors: Shelley James J. , Unmack Peter J. , Dempster Tim , Le Feuvre Matthew C. , Swearer Stephen E.
Published: August 2019

Aim

To test two prominent, alternate hypotheses that provide explanations for the great accumulation of endemic species in the Kimberley bioregion in north‐western Australia, using an extensively sampled, region wide phylogeny of northern Australia's most species‐rich freshwater fish family, Terapontidae. Specifically, we test whether the Kimberley may act as (1) a “museum” accumulating taxa and endemic species over time or (2) a “cradle” of more recent diversification and neoendemism.

Location

The Australian monsoonal tropics.

Taxon

Grunters (Terapontidae).

Methods

We obtained a robust and well‐supported Bayesian phylogeny for the family using DNA sequences from mtDNA and nuclear gene regions. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using species tree methods including molecular dating analysis, ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analysis.

Results

Based on our phylogeny, the combined molecular clock estimates and likelihood‐based historical‐biogeographic reconstructions suggest that terapontids recently transitioned into the Kimberley from the east during the late‐Miocene. We found that 80% of Kimberley terapontids diversified within the Kimberley in the last 3 Ma. Furthermore, diversification analyses identified a single significant shift in diversification rates ~1.4 Ma that corresponds with a change in global climate midway through the Pleistocene that was predominantly driven by speciation in the Kimberley.

Main conclusions

The weight of evidence suggests that the Kimberley has been a “cradle” of evolution for Terapontidae, rather than a “museum”. Our analysis provides strong evidence for a geologically recent transition of terapontids into the Kimberley from regions to the east during the late‐Miocene followed by a significant increase in speciation rates during the Pleistocene, driven by speciation in the Kimberley. The results provide important insight into the evolutionary and biogeographical processes that have shaped the regions unique biota, which will inform land managers working to protect and conserve both species and the processes responsible for generating and sustaining them.
The cannabinoid receptor 1 is involved in renal fibrosis during chronic allograft dysfunction: Proof of concept
Authors: Dao Myriam , Lecru Lola , Vandermeersch Sophie , Ferreira Mélanie , Ferlicot Sophie , Posseme Katia , Dürrbach Antoine , Hermeziu Bogdan , Mussini Charlotte , Chatziantoniou Christos , François Hélène
Published: August 2019

Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD), defined as the replacement of functional renal tissue by extracellular matrix proteins, remains the first cause of graft loss. The aim of our study was to explore the potential role of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) during CAD. We retrospectively quantified CB1 expression and correlated it with renal fibrosis in 26 kidney‐transplanted patients who underwent serial routine kidney biopsies. Whereas CB1 expression was low in normal kidney grafts, it was highly expressed during CAD, especially in tubular cells. CB1 expression significantly increased early on after transplantation, from day 0 (D0) to month 3 post‐transplant (M3) (22.5% ± 15.4% vs 33.4% ± 13.8%, P < .01), and it remained stable thereafter. CB1 expression correlated with renal fibrosis at M3 (P = .04). In an in vitro model of tacrolimus‐mediated fibrogenesis by tubular cells, we found that tacrolimus treatment significantly induced mRNA and protein expression of CB1 concomitantly to col3a1 and col4a3 up regulation. Administration of rimonabant, a CB1 antagonist, blunted collagen synthesis by tubular cells (P < .05). Overall, our study strongly suggests an involvement of the cannabinoid system in the progression of fibrosis during CAD and indicates the therapeutic potential of CB1 antagonists in this pathology.
Livedoid vasculopathy: how to diagnose and how to treat?
Authors: Lipsker D.
Published: August 2019

Linked article: C. Weishaupt et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33: 1784–1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15639.
‘The psychosocial burden of alopecia areata and androgenetica’: a cross‐sectional multicentre study among dermatological out‐patients in 13 European countries
Authors: Titeca G. , Goudetsidis L. , Francq B. , Sampogna F. , Gieler U. , Tomas‐Aragones L. , Lien L. , Jemec G.B.E. , Misery L. , Szabo C. , Linder D. , Evers A.W.M. , Halvorsen J.A. , Balieva F. , Szepietowski J. , Romanov D. , Marron S.E. , Altunay I.K. , Finlay A.Y. , Salek S.S. , Kupfer J. , Dalgard F.J. , Poot F.
Published: August 2019

Background

Hair diseases play an important burden on patients’ lives, causing significant emotional and psychosocial distress. However, the impairment due to different hair conditions, such as alopecia areata (AA) and androgenetic alopecia (AGA), has rarely been compared.

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the psychological burden of subgroups of patients with different hair diseases and to compare them to a healthy population.

Methods

In this study, we analysed a subgroup of patients with hair diseases from patients of a large multicentre study including 3635 dermatological patients and 1359 controls from 13 European countries. In the subgroup of patients with hair diseases, we analysed the socio‐demographic characteristics, the stress level, and the impact of hair diseases on quality of life (QoL), anxiety, and depression and we compared them among patients with AA, AGA and healthy controls.

Results

The study population included 115 patients (77% women, 23% men) with hair diseases, 37 of whom with AA and 20 with AGA. Patients with hair diseases had a lower education level than healthy controls (medium educational level: 43% vs. 28%). Overall, 41% of the patients reported stressful life events during the last 6 months compared with 31% of the controls. Patients with the same age, sex, depression level and comorbidities had a worse QoL when suffering from AA than from AGA (Mean Dermatology Life Quality Index score: 5.8 vs. 2.5).

Conclusion

Patients with hair diseases are more anxious, depressed and have a lower QoL than controls.
Costs and benefits of giant sperm and sperm storage organs in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Zajitschek Susanne , Zajitschek Felix , Josway Sarah , Al Shabeeb Reem , Weiner Halli , Manier Mollie K.
Published: August 2019

In Drosophila, long sperm are favoured in sperm competition based on the length of the female's primary sperm storage organ, the seminal receptacle (SR). This sperm–SR interaction, together with a genetic correlation between the traits, suggests that the coevolution of exaggerated sperm and SR lengths may be driven by Fisherian runaway selection. Here, we explore the costs and benefits of long sperm and SR genotypes, both in the sex that carries them and in the sex that does not. We measured male and female fitness in inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster derived from four populations previously selected for long sperm, short sperm, long SRs or short SRs. We specifically asked: What are the costs and benefits of long sperm in males and long SRs in females? Furthermore, do genotypes that generate long sperm in males or long SRs in females impose a fitness cost on the opposite sex? Answers to these questions will address whether long sperm are an honest indicator of male fitness, male post‐copulatory success is associated with male precopulatory success, female choice benefits females or is costly, and intragenomic conflict could influence evolution of these traits. We found that both sexes have increased longevity in long sperm and long SR genotypes. Males, but not females, from long SR lines had higher fecundity. Our results suggest that sperm–SR coevolution is facilitated by both increased viability and indirect benefits of long sperm and SRs in both sexes.
Can We Learn From Student Mistakes in a Formative, Reading Comprehension Assessment?
Authors: Liu Bowen , Kennedy Patrick C. , Seipel Ben , Carlson Sarah E. , Biancarosa Gina , Davison Mark L.
Published: August 2019

This article describes an ongoing project to develop a formative, inferential reading comprehension assessment of causal story comprehension. It has three features to enhance classroom use: equated scale scores for progress monitoring within and across grades, a scale score to distinguish among low‐scoring students based on patterns of mistakes, and a reading efficiency index. Instead of two response types for each multiple‐choice item, correct and incorrect, each item has three response types: correct and two incorrect response types. Prior results on reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and predictive utility of mistake subscores are briefly described. The three‐response‐type structure of items required rethinking the item response theory (IRT) modeling. IRT‐modeling results are presented, and implications for formative assessments and instructional use are discussed.
H test for exclusion: A guide to an intervention approach to lessen the risk of aflatoxin‐contaminated foods in sorely contaminated regions
Authors: Elzupir Amin O. , Ahmed Waleed E.
Published: August 2019

This research was done on the assumption that the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development that attributed to the consumption of highly contaminated food (HCF) with aflatoxin, may have a major contribution to the total of expected risk. If this hypothesis is true, it is easy to apply an effective and low‐cost intervention approach by excluding HCF and then subjecting it to treatments before use. To examine this hypothesized, H test for exclusion (Hx) model was developed as a computer program, in order to estimates the daily intake, the margin of exposure, and HCC cases per 105 individuals for selected groups of contaminated food samples. To show how this model works, the model was demonstrated in a real example. The obtained results showed that the actual application of excluding HCF would result in a reduction of the expected cancer cases by 58%. Further, this model illustrates comparisons between permitted and nonpermitted samples with regards to international legislation. The model is particularly suitable for regions where contaminated crops and foods are prevalent. It is also convenient for addressing chronic exposure of commonly consumed food commodities to lower contamination levels.

Practical applications

For aflatoxin in contaminated crops, the Hx program can be used in order to estimates the daily intake, the margin of exposure (MOE), and the expected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases per 105. Furthermore, it provides a smooth rapprochement between non‐permitted and permitted samples in accordance with international legislation. In fact, the actual application of the model in regions where contaminated crops and foods are predominant can lead to efficient treatments with limited economic losses by excluding HCF.
Plug the needle hub during subcision for a bloodless field
Authors: Afra T P , Razmi T Muhammed , Tarun Narang , Dogra Sunil
Published: August 2019

Background

Subcision is a simple such procedure with considerable efficacy especially in the management of the rolling type of atrophic post‐acne scars. Since its introduction in 1995, the technique has undergone several modifications to enhance its results as well as to improve the ergonomics. However, ‘gushing' of blood through the hub of the needle smears the surgeon's gloves and the treatment field, which is not desirable both aesthetically and hygienically.

Aim

To describe a simple technique to avoid blood spillage to the treatment field while doing subcision.

Method

While doing subcision, the open hub of the needle used was plugged with a button of sterile cotton and cyanoacrylate glue. The new technique was demonstrated on a patient with atrophic post‐acne scars.

Results

There was no blood spillage through the hub of the needle.

Conclusion

This simple modification of subcision helps to attain a bloodless treatment area which also has an added advantage of better assessment of the targeted endpoints at the treatment site.
Secularism as a field of class struggle: State, religion, and class relations in Turkey
Authors: Uysal Gönenç
Published: August 2019

The dialectical relationship between secularism and capitalism, where contradictions in this relationship are resolved on the basis of class relations, results in various state‐religion relationships in different social formations. The limitations and particularities of secularism are exaggerated in countries that arrived late at capitalism, such as Turkey. These late‐developers are subject to the dynamics of uneven and combined development. This paper borrows from Marxism, particularly the theory of uneven and combined development, in order to explore the relationship between the consolidation of the modern nation‐state and its secularisation process during the bourgeois revolution of 1923 in Turkey.
The science of childhood and the pedagogy of the state: Postcolonial development in India, 1950s
Authors: Sriprakash Arathi , Sutoris Peter , Myers Kevin
Published: August 2019

This article examines how, in the decade following India's independence, the psychology of childhood became a locus of experimentation, and an avenue through which approaches to postcolonial development were expressed. Tracing the ideas of educational reformers, psychological researchers and child welfare advocates, we show how a ‘science of childhood’ in this period emphasised both the inherent potential and the emotional complexity of India's young citizens. However, while identifying this potential, these actors at times circumscribed it by deploying culturalist assumptions about Indian childhood that were linked to a teleology of the new nation state. These were ideas that shaped a ‘pedagogic’ approach to postcolonial modernisation. Nation‐building was not just a technocratic undertaking, but an educative project that was scientific, spiritual, and therapeutic in orientation. The article argues for greater attention to the pedagogy of the state in analyses of past and present state‐citizen relations.
The Relation Between Family Quality of Life and the Family‐Centered Approach in Families With Children With an Intellectual Disability
Authors: Vanderkerken Lien , Heyvaert Mieke , Onghena Patrick , Maes Bea
Published: August 2019

Although family quality of life (FQOL) and the family‐centered approach (FCA) are often conceptually linked, empirical research on their relation is scarce. This study investigated the relation between the FCA and FQOL in families with a child (0–18 years) with an intellectual disability receiving home‐based support (HBS) in Flanders. The impact of the parental work situation and the child's support needs on FQOL (domains) were studied too. Through the Helpgiving Practices Scale (HPS) and the Enabling Practices Scale (EPS), parents of participating families (n = 58) reported about the FCA in their families' HBS. Using the Beach Center FQOL Scale, mainly mothers reported about their families' quality of life. The relation between the realization of the FCA, parental employment, and the child's support needs on the one hand, and FQOL on the other hand was studied via multiple regression analyses. Additionally, the best predicting model was determined for FQOL (domains). Globally, a positive relation between FQOL and the FCA was found. Dependent on the FQOL domain, a different relation was identified with the family‐centered components. Components of the EPS (i.e., comfort and parental autonomy) were better predictors than those of the HPS. The parental work situation was a significant predictor for satisfaction regarding total FQOL (with and without disability‐related support), family interactions, and parenting. The child's support needs were a significant predictor for emotional well‐being. As the first of its kind, this study investigated the relation between FQOL and the FCA in detail. More, in depth, and especially long‐term research is, however needed to fully understand the relation between FQOL and its contributors.
Exploring Australian parents’ knowledge and awareness of pediatric inpatient falls: A qualitative study
Authors: Shala Danielle Ritz , Brogan Frances , Cruickshank Marilyn , Kornman Kelly , Sheppard‐Law Suzanne
Published: August 2019

Purpose

While there has been extensive published research into adult inpatient falls, less is known about pediatric falls in Australia. Falls pose a safety risk to pediatric patients potentially causing harm, increased length of stay, and death. Parents play a central role in reducing falls‐related incidents given that, as parents, they provide care and/or oversee care delivered to their child at the bedside. Developing a better understanding of what parents and carers know about falls and associated risks, particularly those hospital‐naïve, is central to developing family centered strategies and targeted education to meet the needs of parents. Our study aimed to explore Australian parents’ knowledge and awareness of pediatric inpatient falls.

Design

Qualitative methods utilizing descriptive thematic analysis.

Methods

Parents of children and/or young people hospitalized during the last 6 months were eligible to participate. Potential participants attending the outpatient clinics of two tertiary pediatric outpatient clinics hospitals in Sydney, Australia were invited to participate in the study. Willing participants consented to complete a face to face in‐depth interview. Open‐ended questions sought to explore participants’ knowledge, knowledge acquisition, and awareness of inpatient falls. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data familiarization and open coding were completed by researchers independently. Researchers explored and discussed emerging categories until patterns emerged and a consensus of dominant themes were agreed upon.

Results

Interviews were conducted with mothers (n = 17), fathers (
n = 4), or both parents together (n = 2) of a child or a young person who had been recently hospitalized. Four dominant themes emerged from the data namely: Supervision: falls won't happen, unexpected, parent priorities, and ways of learning about inpatient falls and risks. Despite parents' awareness of falls risk, parents were unaware that falls occur within a hospital setting and did not prioritize “falls prevention” during admission.

Practice implications

Findings have implications for nursing practice, particularly in the delivery, content, and timing of falls prevention education.
Parental emotional and hands‐on work—Experiences of parents with a newborn undergoing congenital heart surgery: A qualitative study
Authors: Thomi Mirjam , Pfammatter Jean‐Pierre , Spichiger Elisabeth
Published: August 2019

Purpose

To explore both mothers’ and fathers’ experiences from prenatal or postnatal diagnosis of their newborn's congenital heart disease (CHD) to the first discharge after heart surgery in a Swiss university children's hospital.

Design and Method

A qualitative research approach, based on a constructivist paradigm, was applied to explore participants’ experiences and perceptions. Parents of nine children with moderate to severe CHD participated in semistructured joint couple interviews. Data were analyzed inductively via an iterative process, following the steps of thematic analysis.

Results

Between the child's CHD diagnosis and hospital discharge after neonatal cardiac surgery, the overarching theme for parents was being confronted with demanding emotional and hands‐on work. This parental work included four themes with subthemes: Parents had to tackle a route through an unknown hospital world from receiving the CHD diagnosis and experiencing delivery to attending to their child in the pediatric intensive care unit and during surgery, as well as during the transfer to and the stay on the pediatric cardiac unit. They experienced an at times challenging interplay with health care professionals, performed teamwork as the nuclear family and managed concerned relatives and friends.

Practice Implications

Health care professionals should establish trustful relationships with parents, while accompanying families continuously, providing consistent, straightforward information, and expressing appreciation for the parents’ exceptional emotional and hands‐on work. Health care professionals’ awareness of parent's experiences is vital to compassionate family‐centered care.
Why health professions education needs functional linguistics: the power of ‘stealth words’
Authors: Konopasky Abigail , Ramani Divya , Ohmer Megan , Durning Steven J , Artino Anthony R , Battista Alexis
Published: August 2019

Context

Language is one of the primary modalities for teaching and learning in the health professions in contexts ranging from the more formal teaching relationships of medical school to the guided practice of trainees through continuing education and the deliberate practice of lifelong learning. Yet linguistic analysis, with the possible exception of discourse analysis, has not become a core methodological tool in the field of health professions education (HPE). The purpose of this paper is to argue for the more widespread adoption of one particular approach to linguistics, one that examines less of what learners and instructors say and looks more at how they say it: functional linguistics.

Functional linguistics: the power of ‘stealth words’

This approach theorises and structures the functions of language, regularly focusing attention on ‘stealth words’ such as I, but and was. Drawing on a rich body of literature in linguistics, psychology, the learning sciences and some early work in HPE, we demonstrate how functional linguistic tools can be applied to better understand learners’ and instructors’ beliefs, reasoning processes, values and emotions.

Functional linguistics and reflection: an application of stealth words

A brief qualitative analysis of one tool – analysis of the generic use of ‘you’ to mean ‘one’ or ‘anyone’ – demonstrates how functional linguistics can offer insight into physicians’ bids for credibility and alignment as they think aloud about their clinical reasoning.

Functional linguistics and hpe: future directions

Finally, we offer suggestions for how functional linguistic tools might address questions and gaps in four active research areas in HPE: reflection; emotion and reasoning; learning in simulated contexts, and self‐regulated learning.

Conclusions

We argue that the words used by learners, instructors and practitioners in the health professions as they move through undergraduate and graduate training into practice can offer clues that will help researchers, instructors and colleagues to better support them.