bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verification Method to Optimize Multiple Engine Functions in a Short Time Using Multi-Objective Design Exploration
Authors: Sano Yuki , Fukuda Suguru , Watanabe Kazuaki
Published: April 2024

Model-based Development (MBD) has been employed for engine development to reconcile the contradictory relationship between numerous functions and systems at a high level and in a short span of time. However, in actuality, as engines have become more advanced, it has become challenging to even satisfy the requirements of individual components. Moreover, reconciling multiple contradictory functions like engine power and strength and durability performance, as well as coordinating many related systems, requires an even higher level of skill. Such harmonization techniques require total optimization studies that cover a wide range of designs, and which requires several years of examination with current development processes. Multi-objective Design Exploration (MODE) methods [1] using parametric models [2] and surrogate models [3] are being used to shorten the development period and achieve more balanced designs. However, there are few cases in which multiple functions such as structure, fluid, heat, engine emissions (EM), and mechanism have been studied like in engines. Therefore, this study aims to further advance MODE by constructing a method for using multi-objective design exploration to quickly determine specifications that simultaneously satisfy the various related multifunctional engine requirements that are influenced by numerous systems. In this study, we analyzed multiple required values, then constructed and adopted surrogate models for thermal management, engine friction, and EM, which had been considered challenging to model in the past due to the many development issues. We carried out MODE with newly constructed surrogate models in addition to engine power, fuel economy, strength and durability, and NV. This enabled us to quickly narrow down the wide range of design spaces and satisfy required values in a single stroke. We thus report the construction of a new MBD process aimed at reducing overall engine development time.
Numerical Modeling of Liquid Film Boiling, Urea Deposition and Solidification in SCR Applications
Authors: Bhatt Mrugank P. , Yang Pengze , Habchi Chaouki
Published: April 2024

The proposed Euro 7 regulation aims to substantially reduce the NOx emissions to 0.03 g/km, a trend also seen in upcoming China 6b and US EPA regulations. Meeting these stringent requirements necessitates advancements in Urea/Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) aftertreatment systems, with the urea deposit formation being a key challenge to its design. It’s proven that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be an effective tool to predict Urea deposits. Transient wall temperature prediction is crucial in Urea deposit modeling. Additionally, fully understanding the kinetics of urea decomposition and by-products solidification are also critical in predicting the deposit amount and its location. In this study, we introduce (i) a novel film boiling model (IFPEN-BRT model) and (ii) a new urea by-product solidification model in the CONVERGE CFD commercial solver, and validate the results against the recent experiments. The IFPEN-BRT model handles the spray-wall heat transfer in various boiling regimes, and the urea by-product solidification model separates solid deposits from liquid film parcels and renders them inert on the walls. We couple the by-product solidification model with the detailed decomposition model for urea. We use surface morphing feature developed in CONVERGE to enable realistic representation of solid surface topology once the solid deposits are formed on the testing plate. Multiple acceleration schemes have been employed to achieve a faster turnaround time while maintaining high fidelity. Additionally, the fixed flow approach has been used to accelerate the simulation and reach the time scale required for appreciable deposit formation. The simulations, incorporating both the IFPEN-BRT model and the urea by-product solidification model, matches the experiments very well on several fronts: the wall temperature contours, the temporal evolution of wall temperature profiles, and film/deposit patterns. The simulations also correctly predict cyanuric acid (CYA) as the primary solid deposit, aligning with experimental findings after 20 minutes real time simulation.
Sulfur Impact on Methane Steam Reforming over the Stoichiometric Natural Gas Three-Way Catalyst
Authors: Kim Mi-Young , Dadi Karthik Venkata , Gong Jian , Kamasamudram Krishna
Published: April 2024

The steam reforming of CH4 plays a crucial role in the high-temperature activity of natural gas three-way catalysts. Despite existing reports on sulfur inhibition in CH4 steam reforming, there is a limited understanding of sulfur storage and removal dynamics under various lambda conditions. In this study, we utilize a 4-Mode sulfur testing approach to elucidate the dynamics of sulfur storage and removal and their impact on three-way catalyst performance. We also investigate the influence of sulfur on CH4 steam reforming by analyzing CH4 conversions under dithering, rich, and lean reactor conditions. In the 4-Mode sulfur test, saturating the TWC with sulfur at low temperatures emerges as the primary cause of significant three-way catalyst performance degradation. After undergoing a deSOx treatment at 600 °C, NOx conversions were fully restored, while CH4 conversions did not fully recover. Experimental data under fixed lambda conditions reveal that sulfur stored on the catalyst leads to reduced CH4 conversions by steam reforming at high temperatures under rich conditions. In contrast, CH4 conversions by oxidation at high temperatures under lean conditions remain consistent, indicating a greater impact of sulfur on CH4 steam reforming. Analysis using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) shows the potential for sulfur-induced deterioration of active sites and oxygen storage capacity, resulting in the formation of carbonaceous species on the catalyst surface.
Investigation of Truck Tire Rubber Material Definitions Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Ly Alfonse , El-Sayegh Zeinab , El-Gindy Moustafa , Oijer Fredrik , Johansson Inge
Published: April 2024

This paper investigates the tire-road interaction for tires equipped with two different solid rubber material definitions within a Finite Element Analysis virtual environment, ESI PAMCRASH. A Mixed Service Drive truck tire sized 315/80R22.5 is designed with two different solid rubber material definitions: a legacy hyperelastic solid Mooney-Rivlin material definition and an Ogden hyperelastic solid material definition. The popular Mooney-Rivlin is a material definition for solid rubber simulation that is not built with element elimination and is not easily applicable to thermal applications. The Ogden hyperelastic material definition for rubber simulations allows for element destruction. Therefore, it is of interest and more suited for designing a tire model with wear and thermal capabilities. Both the Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden-equipped Mixed Service Drive truck tires are subjected to a simulated static vertical stiffness test to validate their static domain characteristics against experimental data. The tires are then subjected to simulated rolling resistance tests using Finite Element Analysis at varying operating conditions and the results are compared. These tests yield normalized Rolling Resistance Coefficient results that can be analyzed. The Rolling Resistance Coefficient is a suitable output as it is a tire-terrain parameter that is dependent to varying operating conditions. The operating conditions consist of a range of vertical loads (13.3 kN-40 kN), a range of tire inflation pressures (586 kPa-1275 kPa), and a constant longitudinal velocity of 25 km/h. This work investigates the effect of the different material definitions against the Rolling Resistance Coefficient at varying operating conditions using the Finite Element Method. The difference in tire-road results between the two material definitions in this study were found to be miniscule. This research aims to set the foundation for a tire model that is equipped with the more capable Ogden material card definition for tire wear and thermal applications. The study suggests that Ogden-equipped Mixed Service Drive Tire tire performs similarly to the Mooney-Rivlin tire and is capable to perform potential thermal and wear simulations through the newer advanced Finite Element Analysis platform.
Effects of Framing on Tradespace Exploration Decision-Making for Vehicle Design
Authors: Sutton Meredith , Turner Cameron , Hartman Gregory , Gorsich David , Skowronska Annette
Published: April 2024

Tradespace exploration (TSE) describes the activity occurring early in the design process through which stakeholders explore a broad solution space in search of more-optimal alternatives. In doing so, these stakeholders attempt to maximize the utility inherent in the chosen solution while understanding the tradeoffs and compromises that may be required to find an acceptable solution. In the field of vehicle design, tradespaces are often comprised of vast amounts of alternatives which increases the complexity of the decision-making process. Additionally, the number of stakeholders has grown, as decision-makers seek to include more variety in both perspectives and expertise. As such, decision-making stakeholders can often find themselves working at odds and attempting to maximize vastly different objectives in the process. One way to rectify these contrasting viewpoints can be to intentionally introduce a group framing prior to the start of decision making. In this experiment, teams of students were presented with a TSE problem represented by morphological matrices and utility functions and asked to find the most optimal vehicle configuration from the constituent alternatives. Students worked through three problems in three conditions, simulating a conventional team decision-making approach, an antagonistic approach, and a group-framed collaborative approach.
Revolutionizing Battery Cooling: 2-Phase Immersion Cooling System for Thermoplastic Battery Enclosures
Authors: Mimberg Gero , Lipperheide Moritz
Published: April 2024

Fast charging of traction batteries in passenger cars enables comfortable travel with electric vehicles, even over longer distances, without having to oversize the installed batteries for everyday use.

As an enabling technology for fast charging, Kautex presents the implementation of 2-phase immersion cooling, where the traction battery serves as an evaporator in a refrigeration process. The 2-phase immersion cooling enables very high heat transfer rates of 3400 W/m^2*K and at the same time maximizes temperature homogeneity within the battery pack at optimal battery operating temperature. Thus, heat loads at charging rates of more than 6C can be safely and permanently managed by the battery thermal system. The cooling performance of 2-phase immersion cooling can also successfully suppress thermal propagation inside a thermoplastic battery housing. While the introduced 2-phase immersion cooling can dissipate the heat to the environment for temperatures up to 30 °C, the thermal cycle is reversable for efficient battery heating in cold ambient conditions. The implementation of flow boiling heat transfer ensures constant high heat transfer without collapse of the vapor bubbles and consequent cavitation damage.

This paper presents the realization of this technology on the test bench, as well as the integration in a demonstrator vehicle. Also, Kautex presents the integration of this technology in a thermoplastic battery housing, which is designed for manufacturing in an injection molding process to achieve readiness for serial production of the system.
Numerical Analysis of Different Hydrogen Injector Characteristics in a Constant Volume Chamber
Authors: Moreno Cabezas Kevin , Zaihi Abdullah , Liu Xinlei , Aljohani Bassam , Wu Hao , Ben Houidi Moez , Roberts William L. , Im Hong G.
Published: April 2024

Hydrogen is anticipated to play a pivotal role as a green energy carrier in both heavy industry and transportation. Utilizing hydrogen directly in internal combustion engines (ICE) could offer several advantages compared to alternative technologies. To achieve this objective, a proper understanding of the physical mechanisms and dynamics involved in the injection of this fuel is needed.

This study applied high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to describe the flow characteristics of hydrogen injection using hollow- and single- and multi-solid-cone injectors and their effect on mixing quality and characteristics in a constant volume quiescent environment. A reference hollow-cone configuration was used to validate the model.

The results indicate that solid-cone configurations achieve greater penetration due to the flow patterns they generate. However, an increase in the number of holes leads to reduced penetration length, projected area, and induced turbulence. Solid-cone configurations exhibit a faster transition to a lean mixture compared to the hollow-cone injector, implying higher mixing efficiency. In particular, the four-hole configuration covers a larger area. While this is favorable for a constant volume quiescent environment, further studies should be conducted in an engine application context to validate these findings.
Dynamic Characterization of a Twin Plate Torque Converter Clutch During Controlled Slip
Authors: Robinette Darrell , Blough Jason , Jurmu Luke , Reynolds Craig , Scheich Andrew
Published: April 2024

This paper details testing for torque converter clutch (TCC) characterization during steady state and dynamic operation under controlled slip conditions on a dynamometer setup. The subject torque converter under test is a twin plate clutch with a dual stage turbine damper without a centrifugal pendulum absorber. An overview is provided of the dynamometer setup, hydraulic system and control techniques for regulating the apply pressure to the torque converter and clutch. To quantify the performance of the clutch in terms of control stability, pressure to torque relationship and the dynamic behavior during apply and release, a matrix of oil temperatures, output speeds, input torques, and clutch apply pressures were imposed upon the torque converter. The torque capacity of the clutch is estimated with the dimensions of the friction surfaces and pressure plate and an enhanced lookup data of K-factor obtained through testing of the hydrodynamics at input torques from 10 to 200 Nm over a speed ratio range consistent with controlled slip. The influence of controlled operating point parameters is reported as TCC apply pressure verse estimated TCC torque. The effect of temperature, output speed and the sign of input torque are shown to a departure from the normally assumed linear relationship between pressure and torque. The results and procedures presented can be utilized to improve in vehicle control schemes through more accurate pressure to torque gain scheduling.
Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of High-Speed Reducer for Pure Electric Vehicles
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Wang Yujie , Meng Dejian , Li Wenbo
Published: April 2024

In view of the vibration and noise problem in the electric drive system, the vibration characteristics of its high-speed reducer are analyzed and studied. Through the vibration and noise bench test of the integrated electric drive system, the contribution of high-speed reducer gear meshing order vibration noise to the vibration noise of the electric drive system was studied. A rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model of high-speed reducer was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified. At the same time, based on the gear modification theory, the effects of different gear modification parameters on the peak-to-peak value of high-speed reducer gear transmission error, the amplitude of each order harmonic of the transmission error, and the vibration acceleration response of the high-speed reducer shell surface were studied. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the gear modification parameters, and the optimization method was simulated and verified. The results show that the optimized gear transmission error peak-to-peak value, transmission error first-order harmonic amplitude and high-speed reducer shell surface vibration acceleration response amplitude have all been significantly reduced, and have good working condition applicability.
Compatibility Between Vehicle Seating Environments and Load Legs on Child Restraint Systems (CRS)
Authors: Mansfield Julie
Published: April 2024

Load legs on child restraint systems (CRS) protect pediatric occupants by bracing the CRS against the floor of the vehicle. Load legs reduce forward motion and help manage the energy of the CRS during a crash. As more CRS manufacturers in the United States (US) consider incorporating these safety features into their products, benchmark data are needed to guide their design and usage. The objective of this study is to develop benchmark geometrical data from both CRS and vehicle environments to help manufacturers to incorporate compatible load legs into the US market.

A sample of vehicle environments (n=104 seating positions from n=51 vehicles, model years 2015 to 2022) and CRS with load legs (n=10) were surveyed. Relevant measurements were taken from each sample set to compile benchmark datasets. Corresponding dimensions were compared to assess where incompatibilities might occur. Additionally, three CRS models with load legs were installed into 42 vehicle seating positions each (n=126 installations) to document physical incompatibilities.

When comparing second row outboard seating positions to second row center seating positions, seat cushion angles were significantly steeper (14.5° vs. 12.7°, respectively, p=0.0299), seat cushion lengths were significantly longer (45.1 vs. 42.9 cm, respectively, p=0.0028), and the heights of the seat cushions were higher from the floor (37.4 vs. 29.3 cm, respectively, p<0.0001). Seat cushion heights from the floor did not appear to vary by vehicle size class, but sedans had significantly shorter seat cushion heights in the center position compared to other vehicle types (minivans, trucks, SUV/CUVs). Of the physical installations completed, n=4 in center positions had load legs which were too long to accommodate large drivetrain tunnels on the floor (i.e., the load leg could not be shortened far enough to allow a flush installation against the seat cushion). Interference occurred between the load leg and front center console in n=3 installations. Most load leg incompatibilities appear to occur in the second row center or third row seating positions.
Modelling, Simulation and Testing of Adaptive Sliding Mode Control for Semi-Active Suspension System Based on Road Information
Authors: Wang Zhenfeng , Liao Yinsheng , Zhang Zhijie , Hu Zhiming , Zhao Gaoming , Huang Taishuo , Zhang Lei
Published: April 2024

The accuracy of chassis control for intelligent electric vehicles (IEVs), especially in road-based IEVs control for improving road holding and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the intelligent transport system. Due to the high fatality rate caused by inaccurate road-based control algorithms, how to precisely and effectively choose a reasonable road-based control algorithm become a hot topic in both academia and industry. To address and improve the performance of road holding and ride comfort of IEVs by using a semi-active suspension system, an adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) algorithm-based road information is proposed to realize the overall performance of the intelligent vehicle chassis system in the paper. Firstly, the models of road excitation and equivalent hybrid control of a quarter semi-active suspension system are established. Secondly, connecting with the minimum redundancy maximum relevance (MRMR) approach and probability neural network (PNN) theory, the method of road classification is developed based on the MRMR-PNN algorithm under various road excitation. Thirdly, using the sliding mode variable structure and neural network control theory, an ASMC algorithm based road information is developed. Then, a cuckoo search-based multi-objective optimization method is employed to obtain the optimization control parameters of the proposed ASMC algorithm. Finally, compared with the passive suspension system, the skyhook control algorithm, and the ASMC algorithm by simulation and test, the performance indexes of road holding and ride comfort are analyzed under ISO-C road excitation. Simulation and experimental results show that the better performance of the proposed ASMC algorithm can be obtained under different control weights of semi-active suspension system performance indexes, but also the root mean square values of sprung mass acceleration and rattle space compared with passive suspension system optimize no less than 6%. The research achievements develop a reasonable algorithm to apply to improving chassis performance for electric vehicles.
Revealing the Impact of Motorcycle Caster Angles on Weave and Wobble: A Comprehensive Analysis through Visualized Stability Testing
Authors: Sakai Hideki
Published: April 2024

Since it takes a long time to design motorcycles in order to prevent weaving and wobbling, which are self-excited oscillations, this paper aims to shorten the design process. The reason for the extended duration is that the weave and wobble strongly depend on ‘forward speed’ when the design variables are altered. Therefore, this paper focuses on speed and visualizes the region where self-excited oscillation does not occur for each design variable as a function of vehicle speed. The results demonstrate that at high speeds, the caster angle and steering damper are the only design variables for which this region exists near the design value. Due to the narrowness of these sweet spots, they become the most crucial variables in the design. However, this paper solely considers the caster angle as the most important design variable, as the steering damper adversely affects handling. In addition to the caster angle, the design variables with the most significant effects in the regions for changes in design variables are the trail and front tire radius, the moment of inertia of the front wheels, and the relaxation length of the front wheels. As an illustration of a design that utilizes these variables, this paper demonstrates the elimination of self-excited oscillation at high speeds by adjusting the caster angle and trail. Consequently, by concentrating on the caster angle’s sweet spot where self-excited oscillation does not occur, weaving and wobbling at high speeds can be eliminated in a short time. As a result, weaving and wobble at high speeds can be eliminated in a short time by concentrating on setting the sweet spot of the caster angle that does not cause self-excited oscillation.
Experimental Study on Ammonia-Methanol Combustion and Emission Characteristics in a Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Lin Zhelong , Liu Shang , Qi Yunliang , Chen Qingchu , Wang Zhi
Published: April 2024

Ammonia and methanol are both future fuels with carbon-neutral potential. Ammonia has a high octane number, a slow flame speed, and a narrow ignition limit, while methanol has a fast flame speed with complementary combustion characteristics but is more likely to lead to pre-ignition and knock. In this paper, the combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia-methanol solution in a high compression ratio spark ignition engine are investigated. The experimental results show that the peak in-cylinder pressure and peak heat release rate of the engine when using ammonia-methanol solution are lower and the combustion phase is retarded compared with using methanol at the same spark timing conditions. Using ammonia-methanol solution in the engine resulted in a more ideal combustion phase than that of gasoline, leading to an increase in indicated thermal efficiency of more than 0.6% and a wider range of efficient operating conditions. The use of ammonia-methanol solution increases unburned NH3 emissions and THC emissions, resulting in lower thermal efficiency compared with the use of methanol. Using ammonia-methanol solution reduces CO2 emissions and increases NOx and N2O emissions, eventually resulting in similar greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions to the use of methanol, both of which are 10% lower than the use of gasoline.
Combustion Timing Control Based on First Modal Coefficients of Individual Cylinder Pressure Traces
Authors: Kang Jun-Mo , Lin Hejie
Published: April 2024

When an SI engine is equipped with individual cylinder pressure transducers, combustion timing of each cylinder can be precisely controlled by adjusting spark timing in real-time. In this paper, a novel method based on principal component analysis (PCA) is introduced to control the combustion timing with a significantly less computational burden than a conventional method.
Innovative Virtual Evaluation Process for Outer Panel Stiffness Using Deep Learning Technology
Authors: Uhm Taekyoung , Oh Seunghyeok
Published: April 2024

During the vehicle lifecycle, customers are able to directly perceive the outer panel stiffness of vehicles in various environmental conditions. The outer panel stiffness is an important factor for customers to perceive the robustness of the vehicle. In the real test of outer panel stiffness after prototype production, evaluators manually press the outer panel in advance to identify vulnerable areas to be tested and evaluate the performance only in those area. However, when developing the outer panel stiffness performance using FEA (Finite Element Analysis) before releasing the drawing, it is not possible to filter out these areas, so the entire outer panel must be evaluated. This requires a significant amount of computing resources and manpower. In this study, an approach utilizing artificial intelligence was proposed to streamline the outer panel stiffness analysis and improve development reliability. A deep learning-based prediction technology was developed to predict force-displacement curves of target evaluation points from structural images extracted from the finite element model. Convolutional neural network-based prediction models for the entire outer panel systems were constructed, and the key factors influencing outer panel stiffness were identified and analyzed using the Grad-CAM technique. Additionally, an innovative virtual process was proposed, which uses AI to predict vulnerable areas in advance and perform confirmation analysis solely on those areas. The effectiveness and innovativeness of this process were verified through pilot application in the regular development stage. This process promises a 90% reduction in analysis workload for outer panel stiffness evaluation, significantly boosting vehicle development efficiency. Furthermore, it is expected to significantly improve the drawing completeness.
Experimental Investigation on Indirect Heat Pump System Performance using R290 Refrigerant for Automotive Application
Authors: Gupta Raghav , Saraswat Rohan , Gravelle Aled
Published: April 2024

A ban on Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) has enforced automobile companies to find alternatives to current R1234yf refrigerant. One such natural substitute, R290 (propane), is becoming popular with automotive manufacturers and suppliers due to its high performance and efficiency. However, due to its high flammability, R290 is not allowed in the cabin evaporator/condenser in order to ensure the safety of the driver and passenger. This requires the design of a novel indirect Heat Flux Management System (HFMS) with coolant as a working fluid to transfer heating to cabin and powertrain cooling components. The design of the heat pump system confines flammable R290 refrigerant to a hermitic compact box to avoid leakages. This paper aims to investigate the performance and efficiency of a new R290 refrigerant-based indirect heat pump system. The system is tested on a test bench, and the results are compared to an indirect heat pump system with R1234yf refrigerant. The study and results are used to check the feasibility of introducing R290 refrigerant as a potential alternative to PFAS refrigerant in automotive systems and related domains.
Accuracy of 2016-2022 EDRs in IIHS Crash Tests
Authors: Ruth Richard , King Charles , Rich Andrew , Sadrnia Hamed
Published: April 2024

Event data recorders (EDRs) were harvested and imaged after Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) 56 km/hr frontal and 64.4 km/hr frontal offset crashes of 15 different brands of 2016-2022 vehicles. The speed and delta-V in the EDR were compared to reference instrumentation. Speed data was accurate within the generally accepted range of +/-4%. The 40% overlap tests had generally similar vehicle kinematics, and their delta-Vx data was accurate. However, there was a much greater variance in the small (25%) overlap tests. Some outliers in the small overlap delta-Vx tests required further analysis using overhead video analysis. The video analysis more closely matched the EDR recorded values.

These offset tests create significant post-crash rotation, and both EDR and IIHS instrumentation were affected by their location away from the center of gravity. The Y-axis was affected much more than the X-axis. The data scatter in Y-axis was significant, particularly in the IIHS reference instrumentation. Quantitative corrections were calculated and reduced the data set differences, but did not bring every crash test into agreement.
Study on a Method for Reconstructing Pre-Crash Situations Using Data of an Event Data Recorder and a Dashboard Camera
Authors: Matsumura Hideki , Sugiyama Motoki , IWATA Takekazu
Published: April 2024

When investigating traffic accidents, it is important to determine the causes. To do so, it is necessary to reconstruct the accident situation accurately and in detail using objective and diverse information. We propose a method for reconstructing the accident situation (“reconstruction method”) which consists of rebuilding the situation immediately before the collision (“pre-crash situation”) using data collected during that time by an event data recorder (EDR) and a dashboard camera (DBC) onboard one or both of the vehicles involved. First, the vehicle’s traveling trajectory was integrally calculated using the vehicle speed and yaw rate recorded by the EDR, each point along the trajectory being linked to the EDR data. After being combined with the DBC’s video data, the trajectory was projected onto the road surface around the accident site, which allowed us not only to display on a single road map the vehicle’s traveling trajectory, but also to provide, on each point along the trajectory, diverse information from EDR data and freeze-frame pictures of the road ahead from the DBC. The reconstruction method was then applied to a real-world accident involving the collision of two vehicles at an intersection. The analysis of the reconstructed accident situation showed that the Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS) of one of the vehicles was not designed to be activated in this collision scenario. Using this reconstruction method, objective and diverse pieces of information (collected by EDRs and DBCs) and traveling trajectories obtained from traffic accident investigations were projected onto a road map in a chronological and integrated way to reconstruct the pre-crash conditions as accurately and in as much detail as possible. Further, if one or both vehicles involved in the accident had the EDR’s pre-crash data and the DBC’s images regarding an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), this reconstruction method allows us to easily understand the pre-crash situation through the diagram that reconstructed how the ADAS was working (EDR data) and the position of the other vehicle ahead immediately before the accident (DBC images).
Aproximación estético-musical a la obra compositiva del ecuatoriano Daniel Flores Días
Authors: Pardo Frías Verónica Fernanda
Published: April 2024

Este trabajo presenta una aproximación estético-musical a la obra compositiva de Daniel Flores Días, así como también la influencia de la filosofía andina reflejada en la música de Kotama. Se detallan datos sobre su formación y etapas, que ponen en contexto al sujeto en estudio. El marco metodológico es abordado desde el enfoque cualitativo cuyo método de investigación narrativo-biográfico combinado con la técnica de la entrevista se convierten en una fuente primaria para el desarrollo de la investigación. En el epígrafe de resultados, el análisis de los elementos musicales nativos y su propuesta Runa Fractal 1.3 aportan insumos para comprender la experimentación del compositor con técnicas vanguardistas, para finalmente arribar a manera de conclusión en la identificación de su pensamiento composicional denominado por el compositor como ‘identidad sonora no occidental’.
La premiada Cantata al Conservatorio del Tolima, de Fritz Voegelin. Centro, periferia e identidad cultural
Authors: Sánchez Suárez Sergio Andrés
Published: April 2024

Este artículo se centra en los concursos polifónicos internacionales y su impacto en la sociedad Ibaguereña, en Colombia. Se conceptualizan las nociones centro y periferia y los procesos de identidad, en el caso de la Cantata al Conservatorio del Tolima, del compositor suizo Fritz Voegelin. Ganadora en 1984 del III Concurso Internacional de Composición “Ibagué Ciudad Musical”, la obra se motivó en la conmemoración del octogésimo aniversario de la fundación del conservatorio. Se analiza el uso de valores regionales, aires musicales autóctonos y una exaltación de los ideales sociales atribuidos al Tolima. Luego de dilucidar el concepto de “cantata” en el contexto latinoamericano, sus características, funciones e impacto, se concluye que los mecanismos de colonización del poder, aún con la búsqueda identitaria que caracterizó a este evento cultural, prevalecieron en la obra premiada.
Nutriswasthya- The Path to Vibrant Health through Nutrition using IoT
Authors: Chowdary Y. Reshma , Yogi Manas Kumar
Published: April 2024

Health plays a vital role in every aspect of our lives. When we are in good health, we have the energy and vitality to pursue our goals and engage in various activities. Recognizing the importance of health, it is crucial to prioritize preventive measures such as maintaining a balanced diet etc. The lack of sufficient nutrients among people in many villages and impoverished communities is a pressing concern nowadays. Many individuals are not adequately informed about the nutritional content of various foods, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats etc. The absence of vital knowledge leads to dietary imbalances; this can result in malnutrition, under nutrition and over nutrition. This "IoT-based Food Nutrition Detection device" addresses the growing concerns regarding accurate food labelling and empowers consumers to make informed decisions about their dietary choices. This IoT device represents a promising step towards a more health-conscious and technology-driven future in the food industry.
Supuestos de interacción de los tres poderes: Reformas legislativas e inejecución de sentencias
Authors: Fernández Valverde Rafael
Published: April 2024

SUMARIO: I. La actual situación del urbanismo. II. La ejecución de sentencias: principios y procedimiento. III. La ejecución de sentencias: supuestos de imposibilidad legal. IV. La culminación de las dificultades legales para la ejecución de sentencias.
Ультразвукова діагностика ушкодження м’яких тканин нижніх кінцівок при бойовій травмі
Authors: Lurin I. A. , Abdullaiev R. Ya. , Shcherbina O. V. , Voronzhev I. O. , Korol P. O. , Abdullaiev R. R.
Published: April 2024

Мета. Оцінити можливості ультрасонографії у діагностиці характеру ушкоджень м'яких тканин кінцівок при вогнепальних пораненнях.

Матеріали та методи. Проведено аналіз результатів комплексної ультрасонографії у діагностиці характеру ушкоджень м'яких тканин кінцівок у 147 пацієнтів з різними видами вогнепальних поранень. Вік пацієнтів варіював у межах 28-49 років, у середньому 31±6 років.

Результати. Вогнепальні поранення нижніх кінцівок з єдиною локалізацією реєструвалися у 109 (74,2%), з множинною локалізацією - у 38 (25,8%) поранених. Загальна кількість вогнепальних поранень гомілки становила 83 (42,8%), стегна – 76 (39,2%), ступні – 35 (18,0%). Балістичні поранення були у 49 (25,3%) випадках, осколкові поранення – у 124 (63,9%) та мінно-вибухові – у 21 (10,8%) випадку. Ураження нервів спостерігалося у 42 (21,6%) випадках, судин – у 49 (25,3%) та інших м'яких тканин – у 103 (53,1%) випадках. Тромбоз великої підшкірної вени реєструвався в 4, поверхневої стегнової вени – у 5, литкової вени – у 7, підколінної вени – у 8 випадках.

Висновки. Ультрасонографія з доплерографією може використовуватися як основний метод діагностики вогнепальних ушкоджень м'яких тканин кінцівок, зокрема магістральних судин та периферичних нервів.
EDUCAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA E MATEMÁTICA NA FORMAÇÃO DE PEDAGOGOS
Authors: Souza Ednilson Sergio Ramalho de
Published: April 2024

Em um mundo cada vez mais complexo e tecnológico, a educação científica e matemática assume um papel fundamental na formação de cidadãos críticos e atuantes. Nesse contexto, o papel do pedagogo se torna crucial, pois ele é o profissional responsável por mediar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem e preparar os alunos para os desafios do século XXI (Rego, 2019). A educação científica, segundo Zabala (2014), busca desenvolver nos alunos a capacidade de compreender o mundo natural e social, de forma crítica e reflexiva. Através do ensino de ciências, os alunos devem ser incentivados a questionar, investigar, formular hipóteses e testar suas ideias. Dessa forma, eles desenvolvem habilidades essenciais para a vida, como a resolução de problemas, o pensamento crítico e a criatividade. A educação matemática, por sua vez, tem como objetivo desenvolver nos alunos o domínio de conceitos matemáticos e a capacidade de utilizá-los para resolver problemas do cotidiano. Segundo Skovsmose (2017), a matemática deve ser vista como uma ferramenta para compreender o mundo e para interagir com ele de forma crítica e criativa. Nessa esteira, a formação de pedagogos para o ensino de ciências e matemática é um desafio que exige constante reflexão e atualização. As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Curso de Pedagogia (DCN) (Brasil, 2006) estabelecem que a formação em educação científica e matemática deve contemplar os seguintes aspectos: Produção e difusão do conhecimento científico-tecnológico do campo educacional, em contextos escolares e nãoescolares; Relacionar as linguagens dos meios de comunicação à educação, nos processos didático-pedagógicos, demonstrando domínio das tecnologias de informação e comunicação adequadas ao desenvolvimento de aprendizagens significativas; Identificar problemas socioculturais e educacionais com postura investigativa, integrativa e propositiva em face de realidades complexas, com vistas a contribuir para superação de exclusões sociais, étnico-raciais, econômicas, culturais, religiosas, políticas e outras; Desenvolver trabalho em equipe, estabelecendo diálogo entre a área educacional e as demais áreas do conhecimento.
The Role of Job Satisfaction in Mediating the Workload on Employee Performance in the Canned Fish Industry Sector in Bitung City, North Sulawesi
Authors:   STIE PETRA Bitung, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, Said Basmi
Published: April 2024

This research was conducted with the aim of measuring the influence of workload on employee performance through employee job satisfaction in the fish canning industry sector, Bitung City, North Sulawesi. The research population was 2,751 people, and the research sample was 118 respondents, using the Slovin formula. The data analysis techniques used in this research are validity testing, reliability testing, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. The research results show that Workload has a positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction. Workload has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Job satisfaction influences employee performance. Furthermore, workload influences employee performance through job satisfaction.
Examining Livelihood Status of Migrants: A Case Study of Barpeta Road Town, Assam
Authors:   Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Raiganj University, Islam Mahibul , Saha Prof. Dr. Subrata ,   Department of Economics, Raiganj University
Published: April 2024

The objective of this article is to examine the life realities of the rural urban migrants of Barpeta Road town, who came from the different adjoining villages of the Barpeta town. In the present study, we have randomly taken 100 respondents and age of the most of the respondent is around 22 to 65. The approach of the present study is explanatory. The research was designed to discover and to describe the hopes of the rural urban migrants at the village level and the experience of the migrants at destination, Barpeta Toad Town. The characteristics of primary data collection are qualitative and quantitative and based on empirical study as well as ground survey.The study focuses on the phenomenon of rural to urban migration into Barpeta Road Town that had taken place and which continues till date, despite the existence of massive unemployment in the city. The result of the study shows the migrants happens for push and pull factors for their movement to the urban environment.The study identifies the factor affecting rural to urban migrants and problems in settlements. The study demonstrates that the pull factor among many include income, education and better health facilities andthe push elements were conflicts, quarrels, absence of farmland to manage the need of the household and other multitudes of crime though they do not want to disclose the details.The present study reveals that the realities and the qualities of the life for the migrants of their destination was extremely different and sometimes challenging for independent survival and they had unofficial network to cope up with most challenging problems. Only few of migrants have an opportunity to enjoy quality life and others remain in trouble.
Structural and Thermal Analysis of Diesel Engine Piston by Changing the Number of Ribs and Materials
Authors: Baba Saheb K  , Raj Kumar Reddy M  , Kusuma K  , Tej Manoj K
Published: April 2024

A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. The power produced by the engine & its efficiency depends on piston. In this paper both Structural & Thermal Analysis is carried out on Diesel engine piston considering three materials such as Aluminum Alloy (Al6061) & Forged Steel also by varying number of ribs. For this Analysis, Modeling of a piston is done using Catia V5 Software & then it is imported into Ansys Workbench. Stress, Strain & Deformation Values are decreased with the increase of Ribs in the Piston Design. The amount of heat flux is more for a piston provided with six ribs. Considering both Structural & Thermal Analysis it is observed that Aluminum Alloy with EIGHT Ribs has shown good results
Influence of Awj Parameters on Material Removal Rate, Surface Roughness, and Kerf Angle during Machining of Prosopis Juliflora Bark Fibres/Carbon Reinforced Hybrid Polymeric Composites
Authors: Sivanesh.A.R  , Natrayan.M  , Jothish.J  , Midhun.S  , Vignesh.V
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the impact of changing the settings of the Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) on the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, and kerf angle during the machining process of carbon-reinforced hybrid polymeric composites and Prosopis juliflora bark fibres. The hybrid nature of these materials presents unique machining opportunities as well as difficulties. As a result, optimizing the AWJ settings is essential for productive and efficient machining. The findings demonstrate the intricate connections between the AWJ parameters and the machining characteristics of the hybrid composite. To optimize MRR while minimizing surface roughness and controlling the kerf angle, the optimal parameter combinations are identified. The findings provide valuable insights for the manufacturing industry, particularly concerning sustainable materials and hybrid composites.
​​Auditory Sensitivity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Assessment, Challenges, and Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Liu Peter
Published: April 2024

In recent years, our understanding of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has evolved, allowing us to better understand and treat those affected by it. ASD affects behavior, physical aspects, and social development in millions of individuals nationwide. Among ASD the challenges faced by individuals with ASD, hyperacusis (reduced sound tolerance) is commonly found. This paper examines ASD's link to auditory sensitivity, especially hyperacusis, covering symptoms, causes, and interventions. Interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and desensitization methods show promising results in alleviating symptoms of those with ASD. In conclusion, tailored approaches are needed for complex ASD challenges and treatment varies by individual. In order to better treat ASD, more research must be done to better understand the etiology and intricacies of this disorder. This paper emphasizes the significance of understanding ASD nuances and auditory aspects, promoting research for enhanced autism spectrum lives.
I131T Mutation’s Effects on Van der Waals Forces and Solvation Energy in Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: Nguyen Khoa , Vu Oanh
Published: April 2024

Garcia et al. (2017) unraveled the intricate mechanisms underlying the impact of the p.I131T mutation on the Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor (TRHR), a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). This mutation leads to Congenital Hypothyroidism in an 8-year-old patient with homozygosity and Hyperthyrotropinemia in heterozygous family members. The mutation substitutes a polar Thr for a non-polar Ile, disrupting the hydrophobic pocket within the TRHR-G-protein interface. While Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations unveiled this interaction, the absence of experimental data on the activated TRH-TRHR-G protein complex hindered a comprehensive assessment. Addressing this gap, when Youwei Xu et al. (2022) recently presented the Cryo-EM structure of the activated complex, we employed Rosetta (Alford, et al., 2017) to optimize this structure and generated 100 starting structures; the five best ones were used as starting template structures to produce protein structures for both wild-type and mutant TRHR-TRH-G protein complexes. Our study not only validated Garcia et al.’s findings on reduced signal transduction but also pinpointed critical chemical interactions affected by the p.I131T mutation—specifically, Van der Waals forces and Solvation energy.
O meio ambiente em discussão
Authors: Martins Lilian Al-Chueyr Pereira , Brando Fernanda da Rocha
Published: April 2024

O objetivo do presente artigo é revisitar duas importantes conferências que aniversariam neste ano e que chamaram atenção do mundo para as questões ambientais e do desenvolvimento. A seguir, fazer algumas reflexões acerca de seu aporte e desdobramentos. A Conferência de Estocolmo detectou vários problemas e a importância da educação ambiental, contribuindo para a produção de uma legislação ambiental. O Relatório Brundtland, entre outros aspectos, trouxe a ideia de que desenvolvimento não é incompatível com a sustentabilidade. A Rio 92 que focou no impacto das atividades socioeconômicas no meio ambiente, teve como resultado a produção de documentos que sugeriam ações a serem implementadas pelos Estados, visando o desenvolvimento sustentável. Adicionalmente, a preservação das culturas tradicionais, da biodiversidade, das florestas, enfatizando o papel da mulher e dos jovens no processo estiverem em destaque. Infelizmente, apesar de algumas conquistas, a crise ambiental vem se agravando e o desenvolvimento econômico de modo sustentável permanece ainda um desideratum.