bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is it feasible to develop a supervised learning algorithm incorporating spinopelvic mobility to predict impingement in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty?
Authors: Fontalis Andreas , Zhao Baixiang , Putzeys Pierre , Mancino Fabio , Zhang Shuai , Vanspauwen Thomas , Glod Fabrice , Plastow Ricci , Mazomenos Evangelos , Haddad Fares S.
Published: August 2024

Aims

Precise implant positioning, tailored to individual spinopelvic biomechanics and phenotype, is paramount for stability in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Despite a few studies on instability prediction, there is a notable gap in research utilizing artificial intelligence (AI). The objective of our pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of developing an AI algorithm tailored to individual spinopelvic mechanics and patient phenotype for predicting impingement.

Methods

This international, multicentre prospective cohort study across two centres encompassed 157 adults undergoing primary robotic arm-assisted THA. Impingement during specific flexion and extension stances was identified using the virtual range of motion (ROM) tool of the robotic software. The primary AI model, the Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LGBM), used tabular data to predict impingement presence, direction (flexion or extension), and type. A secondary model integrating tabular data with plain anteroposterior pelvis radiographs was evaluated to assess for any potential enhancement in prediction accuracy.

Results

We identified nine predictors from an analysis of baseline spinopelvic characteristics and surgical planning parameters. Using fivefold cross-validation, the LGBM achieved 70.2% impingement prediction accuracy. With impingement data, the LGBM estimated direction with 85% accuracy, while the support vector machine (SVM) determined impingement type with 72.9% accuracy. After integrating imaging data with a multilayer perceptron (tabular) and a convolutional neural network (radiograph), the LGBM’s prediction was 68.1%. Both combined and LGBM-only had similar impingement direction prediction rates (around 84.5%).

Conclusion

This study is a pioneering effort in leveraging AI for impingement prediction in THA, utilizing a comprehensive, real-world clinical dataset. Our machine-learning algorithm demonstrated promising accuracy in predicting impingement, its type, and direction. While the addition of imaging data to our deep-learning algorithm did not boost accuracy, the potential for refined annotations, such as landmark markings, offers avenues for future enhancement. Prior to clinical integration, external validation and larger-scale testing of this algorithm are essential.

Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(8):671–680.
The Fate of Lumbar Epidural Catheters in the Postoperative Period- A Retrospective Single-center Audit
Authors:   Department of Anesthesiology, Sancheti Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India., Diwan Sandeep , Dongre Himaunshu ,   Department of Anesthesiology, Sancheti Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India., Sancheti Parag ,   Department of Orthopaedics, Sancheti Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Published: August 2024

This paper describes a retrospective audit of fate of epidural catheters in post operative period in adults and elderly patients (more than 65 years) receiving epidural infusion analgesia (EIA) in a single institute. Epidural catheters can either migrate inwards (inward migration of epidural catheter or IMEC) otherwise, outwards (outward migration of epidural catheter or OMEC). The OMEC can lead to failure of epidural analgesia and loss of infusate. The primary aim was to evaluate the incidence of OMEC. The secondary aim was, disconnections, kinking, knotting and breakage of catheter. The primary and secondary aim together were considered as fate of epidural catheter. Our study demonstrates the OMEC occurred at 1.12%, disconnection at 7.32%, kink and knot at 1.12% and 0.016% respectively A good communication at all levels (anesthesiologist-handlers at each level-nursing staff), in event of raised incidence (inform the QHC and concerned anesthesiologist) is mandatory to avoid mishandling of epidural assembly. After identifying some of the causes including the dressing material and fixation methods, changes were implemented which will be audited in the subsequent study. Keywords: Epidural catheter migration, Audit, Observational Study
Ports of Call: A Maritime Study of Korean Modernist Poetry
Authors: Shadel Kevin
Published: August 2024

Abstract: This essay undertakes a survey of Korean modernist poetry in miniature by means of a singular motif—the seaport (hanggu)—in whose tidal vortex the politics and poetics of the Korean Peninsula were recalibrated at the outset of the modern age, specifically the years submerged in the depths of Japanese colonial rule (1910–45). While the essay's comparison between Kim Ch'ang-sul's (1903–50) and Chŏng Chi-yong's (1902–50) 1920s-era modernist aesthetics of dockside labor and harbor construction foregrounds an oscillation between proletarian collectivity and depoliticized solipsism, the pairing of Im Hwa (1908–53) and O Chang-hwan (1918–51) elucidates the divergent vectors of utopian deferral and fatalistic anomie constituting two incommensurable critical standpoints from which to confront the objective upsurge in seaport modernization and industrialization in the late 1930s.
Terahertz image enhancement based on a multiscale feature extraction network
Authors: Hu Shuai , Ma Xiao-yu , Ma Yong , Li Ren-Pu , Liu Hai-Tao , Akbar Jehan , Chen Qian-Bin , Chen Qin , Zhou Tian-Chi , Zhang Yaxin
Published: August 2024

The development and application of terahertz (THz) waves hold great potential in military, industrial, and biomedical fields. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) imaging systems capture a sample’s time-domain spectral signal to achieve imaging through spectral analysis for intensity and phase information. Challenges in terahertz imaging include spatial diffraction limits, poor image contrast and clarity due to atmospheric water molecule absorption, and Gaussian and impulse noise. This study utilizes a generative adversarial network structure in deep learning models to enhance THz image quality by providing improved denoising and resolution. Through the integration of certain encoder and decoder concepts and introduction of pyramid pooling residual dense block module for feature fusion extraction on low-resolution images, a super-resolution network is designed and employed on selected THz images of deformed metal. Multiple standards are introduced for algorithm performance evaluation. Our experimental results demonstrate that compared with bicubic, super-resolution generative adversarial networks (SRGAN), and residual dense network (RDN) algorithms, our algorithm effectively improves image resolution, and removes noise while preserving high-frequency details without introducing unnecessary high-frequency artifacts.
Enhanced fractional-order total variation regularization-based velocity field reconstruction for CUP-VISAR diagnostic system
Authors: Li Miao , Wang Chenyan , Yu Baishan , Wang Xi , Li Yulong , Guan Zanyang , Wang Feng , Zhang Lingqiang , Fu Yuting
Published: August 2024

The fusion of a velocity interferometer system for any reflector with compressed ultrafast photography systems in recent literature can achieve two-dimensional spatiotemporal diagnosis of shock wave velocities. Addressing the limitations posed by 7 × 7 coded aperture sampling, this study introduces an enhanced three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm grounded in fractional-order total variation regularization (E-3DFOTV). Simulated reconstructions and analysis were conducted on 80 frames of 350 × 800 fringes. The results show that compared with TWIST, ADMM, and E-3DTV, the average PSNR of the E-3DFOTV algorithm is increased by 16.81 dB, 14.46 dB, and 2.98 dB, respectively, and the average SSIM of the E-3DFOTV algorithm is increased by 53.20%, 27%, and 3.19%, respectively. Moreover, the reconstruction time consumption of E-3DFOTV is reduced by 33.48% compared with the E-3DTV algorithm and 2.94% compared with the ADMM algorithm. The two-dimensional distribution of shock wave velocity fields reconstructed using E-3DFOTV exhibits minimal errors, with percentages within 1.67%, 1.00%, and 2.14% at different slices, respectively. Moreover, the experiment was conducted on the ShenGuang-III prototype laser facility and VISAR data has been reconstructed in 1.25 ns range. Reconstruction results from experimental data demonstrate that the percentage errors at maximum velocity location for ADMM, E-3DTV, and E-3DFOTV are 12.08%, 19.27%, and 3.59%, and the maximum percentage error for E-3DFOTV is 6.65%, underscoring the feasibility of the algorithm.
Spectra-based color correction method of liquid crystal displays
Authors: Wu Tong , Lv Lvming , Wang Zhiyi , Huang Zhijie , Xie Xufen
Published: August 2024

Reproducing colors under different ambient illumination conditions is a critical issue for monitors. This paper proposes a spectral-based color correction method for liquid crystal displays. The method establishes a model linking RGB values to display emission spectra and its inverse process. It estimates the white point of display images using emission and ambient light spectra. To solve the ill-posed nature of the display illuminance relationship, the method employs dimensionality reduction for spectra and dimensionality expansion for RGB drive values. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves higher accuracy in spectral estimation compared to current methods. It effectively solves the color correction problem under ambient light. Validation images further indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Impact analysis of core layout and crosstalk on the coexistence of quantum key distribution and classical communications in heterogeneous multicore fiber
Authors: Xie Yuheng , Kong Weiwen , Li Zhenhua , Zhao Qi , Dou Tianqi , Pei Li , Tang Jianjun
Published: August 2024

Heterogeneous multicore fibers (Hetero-MCFs) offer relatively lower inter-core crosstalk (XT) and improved bend resistance, making them feasible for the coexistence of quantum key distribution (QKD) and classical communications. However, detailed analyses of their impact on QKD performance remain limited. This study comprehensively investigates the significant effects of core layouts and XT on QKD performance in Hetero-MCFs under varying QKD service demands in theory. When allocating classical and quantum cores based on the maximum XT levels, hexagonal Hetero-MCFs perform the worst under low QKD service demand (LD), but comparably and superior to circular layouts under high QKD service demand (HD). The challenge of determining optimal parameters for the central core in hexagonal Hetero-MCFs critically influences overall QKD performance in both HD and LD scenarios. To address this, we propose a novel trench-assisted Hetero-MCF structure featuring an interleaved hexagonal core layout. This structure achieves at least 29-fold improvement in transmission distance for LD and 32-fold for HD scenarios compared to the benchmark, by utilizing two types of heterogeneous cores and providing greater flexibility. Our results also show that deploying homogeneous cores as quantum channels in Hetero-MCFs enhances QKD performance. Even with strict fabrication tolerances, the proposed structure maintains stable QKD performance with a maximum fluctuation of only 12%. These innovations provide valuable insights for analyzing the performance of Hetero-MCFs under varying QKD demands and further developing their co-fiber transmission applications.
Wafer-scale fabrication of evacuated alkali vapor cells
Authors: Li Yang , Sohn Donggyu B. , Hummon Matthew T. , Schima Susan , Kitching John
Published: August 2024

We describe a process for fabricating a wafer-scale array of alkali
metal vapor cells with low residual gas pressure. We show that by
etching long, thin channels between the cells on the Si wafer surface,
the residual gas pressure in the evacuated vapor cell can be reduced
to below 0.5 kPa (4 Torr) with a yield above 50%. The low residual gas
pressure in these mass-producible alkali vapor cells can enable a new
generation of low-cost chip-scale atomic devices such as vapor cell
optical clocks, wavelength references, and Rydberg sensors.
Imaging with an inverse-designed 50 mm-diameter f/1 MWIR flat lens with enhanced field of view and depth of focus
Authors: Hayward Tina M. , Qadri Syed N. , Santiago Freddie , Cheung C. C. , Christophersen Marc , Brimhall Nicole , Menon Rajesh
Published: August 2024

We utilize inverse design and grayscale optical lithography to create a
flat lens with a diameter and focal length of 50 mm, operating in the
mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) band. This lens demonstrates an
extended depth of focus (DOF ≥±100μm), a field of view (FOV
≥20°), and an angular resolution of
300μrad. We characterize the
lens’s performance and use it as the primary optic in a hybrid
refractive-diffractive telescope, which increases the angular
resolution to 160μrad. Using this telescope,
we perform video imaging of aircraft and vehicles. Our experiments
were constrained by the higher f-number of the focal plane array.
Nonetheless, through rigorous simulations, we demonstrate that the
inverse-designed flat lens surpasses the performance of a conventional
Fresnel zone plate (FZP) in DOF and in FOV, even under these
limitations. The flat lens, weighing approximately
20g, is significantly lighter
than its refractive counterparts, confirming the feasibility of
high-resolution, lightweight MWIR imaging systems.
Direct response of liquid crystal to pH changes for wide range pH sensing via the whispering gallery mode
Authors: Li Xiaoqiang , Ma Zhenyu , Pang Yuchen , Peng Zifu , Zhu Chenlong , Zhou Jiayi , Yang Zhenzong , Zou Xianshao , Liu Yongjun , Makarov Sergey , Yan Yunxiang
Published: August 2024

pH sensing is essential in various fields including healthcare, environmental monitoring, food safety, and agriculture. In this Letter, we propose a method for a wide-range pH measurement based on the direct response of liquid crystal (LC) to pH variations via the whispering gallery mode (WGM). The liquid crystal 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) is selected for its excellent optoelectronic properties and the birefringence of 5CB microdroplets serving as spherical resonators. This sensor achieves wide-range pH sensing without any intermediaries. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) and WGM provide a qualitative morphological analysis and accurate quantitative spectral measurements. Under alkaline conditions (pH 7.6 to 13.3), POM images of 5CB microdroplets show a complete transition from bipolar to radial structures, with an average sensitivity of 1.78 nm/pH of redshift in WGM spectra. In acidic conditions (pH 6.65 to 1.5), structural changes observed by POM are minor, with a sensitivity of 1.06 nm/pH of blueshift in WGM spectra. This difference is attributed to the varying refractive indices of HCl and NaOH solutions. This method offers a reference for theoretical studies on pH and LC interactions and holds promise for the development of LC-based pH sensors.
A proactive/reactive mass screening approach with uncertain symptomatic cases
Authors: Lin Jiayi , Aprahamian Hrayer , Golovko George
Published: August 2024

We study the problem of mass screening of heterogeneous populations under limited testing budget. Mass screening is an essential tool that arises in various settings, e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of mass screening is to classify the entire population as positive or negative for a disease as efficiently and accurately as possible. Under limited budget, testing facilities need to allocate a portion of the budget to target sub-populations (i.e., proactive screening) while reserving the remaining budget to screen for symptomatic cases (i.e., reactive screening). This paper addresses this decision problem by taking advantage of accessible population-level risk information to identify the optimal set of sub-populations for proactive/reactive screening. The framework also incorporates two widely used testing schemes: Individual and Dorfman group testing. By leveraging the special structure of the resulting bilinear optimization problem, we identify key structural properties, which in turn enable us to develop efficient solution schemes. Furthermore, we extend the model to accommodate customized testing schemes across different sub-populations and introduce a highly efficient heuristic solution algorithm for the generalized model. We conduct a comprehensive case study on COVID-19 in the US, utilizing geographically-based data. Numerical results demonstrate a significant improvement of up to 52% in total misclassifications compared to conventional screening strategies. In addition, our case study offers valuable managerial insights regarding the allocation of proactive/reactive measures and budget across diverse geographic regions.
Alternate conformational trajectories in ribosome translocation
Authors: Alejo Jose L. , Girodat Dylan , Hammerling Michael J. , Willi Jessica A. , Jewett Michael C. , Engelhart Aaron E. , Adamala Katarzyna P.
Published: August 2024

Translocation in protein synthesis entails the efficient and accurate movement of the mRNA-[tRNA]2 substrate through the ribosome after peptide bond formation. An essential conformational change during this process is the swiveling of the small subunit head domain about two rRNA ‘hinge’ elements. Using iterative selection and molecular dynamics simulations, we derive alternate hinge elements capable of translocation in vitro and in vivo and describe their effects on the conformational trajectory of the EF-G-bound, translocating ribosome. In these alternate conformational pathways, we observe a diversity of swivel kinetics, hinge motions, three-dimensional head domain trajectories and tRNA dynamics. By finding alternate conformational pathways of translocation, we identify motions and intermediates that are essential or malleable in this process. These findings highlight the plasticity of protein synthesis and provide a more thorough understanding of the available sequence and conformational landscape of a central biological process.
Personalizing the empiric treatment of gonorrhea using machine learning models
Authors: Murray-Watson Rachel E. , Grad Yonatan H. , St. Cyr Sancta B. , Yaesoubi Reza
Published: August 2024

Despite the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the treatment of gonorrhea remains empiric and according to standardized guidelines, which are informed by the national prevalence of resistant strains. Yet, the prevalence of AMR varies substantially across geographic and demographic groups. We investigated whether data from the national surveillance system of AMR gonorrhea in the US could be used to personalize the empiric treatment of gonorrhea. We used data from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project collected between 2000–2010 to train and validate machine learning models to identify resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP), one of the recommended first-line antibiotics until 2007. We used these models to personalize empiric treatments based on sexual behavior and geographic location and compared their performance with standardized guidelines, which recommended treatment with CIP, ceftriaxone (CRO), or cefixime (CFX) between 2005–2006, and either CRO or CFX between 2007–2010. Compared with standardized guidelines, the personalized treatments could have replaced 33% of CRO and CFX use with CIP while ensuring that 98% of patients were prescribed effective treatment during 2005–2010. The models maintained their performance over time and across geographic regions. Predictive models trained on data from national surveillance systems of AMR gonorrhea could be used to personalize the empiric treatment of gonorrhea based on patients’ basic characteristics at the point of care. This approach could reduce the unnecessary use of newer antibiotics while maintaining the effectiveness of first-line therapy.
Intention to leave the current health facility among healthcare workers in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Asres Gizew Dessie , Gessesse Yeshiwork Kebede , Minwagaw Molalign Tarekegn
Published: August 2024

Background

Strengthening workforce management to address retention challenges is worldwide concern. Ethiopia did different human resource reforms to improve retention and performance of available health workforce to step up towards universal health coverage. However, there is limited and fragmented research on intention to leave their current facility and related factors on health workers. This review was done to assess pooled national prevalence of intention to leave their current health facility and related factors among Ethiopian health workers.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. Authors prepared a review protocol per Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) manual for evidence synthesis and got registered from PROSPERO for transparency. The authors conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar and African Index Medicus databases and grey literature like WHO library from 8 June 2022 to 30 May 2023. Pooled prevalence of intention to leave current health facility and related factors was computed using MedCalk, Meta Essentials and R software. Publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test and a funnel plot.

Results

Pooled prevalence of intention to leave among health workers in Ethiopian healthcare setting was found to be 63.52% (95% CI (58.606–67.904)) for random effects model at Q = 141.5689 (I2(inconsistency) = 90.82%, P < 0.0001). Only organizational justice OR = 0.29 (0.14–0.61) was found to be a significantly associated factor for health workers’ intention to leave their current healthcare setting in Ethiopia.

Conclusion

More than 6 in 10 of the health workers in Ethiopia were ready to leave their current healthcare facility. This result was higher than studies done in other parts of the world, even in African countries. The associated factor for health workers’ intention to leave their current health facility was only organizational justice. So, health authorities should improve their organizational justice to retain their employees.
Community efficacy for non-communicable disease management (COEN): Conceptualization and measurement
Authors: Xiong Shangzhi , Zhu Gangjiao , Malhotra Rahul , Chen Xinyue , Gong Enying , Wang Zhan , Zhang Jian’An , Peng Weixia , Wang Shiwei , Jin Xurui , Peoples Nicholas , Østbye Truls , Tian Maoyi , Yan Lijing L.
Published: August 2024

The importance of community-based non-communicable disease (NCD) management has been internationally recognized. However, currently, no instrument is available to evaluate a community’s ability to provide NCD management for its residents. This study defined such an ability as “Community Efficacy for NCD Management” (COEN), and aimed to conceptualize, develop and validate a scale to measure COEN. We first conducted literature review, expert interviews, and Delphi panels to conceptualize COEN and select scale items. Then, we conducted two rounds of community surveys and interviews to validate the COEN scale among local residents in three cities in China. We used Cronbach’s alpha to test the scale’s internal consistency, Kappa test for test-retest reliability, and exploratory factor analysis for structural validity. COEN was conceptualized as “the ability of a community to provide NCD management for its residents, reflected by its natural environment, social relationships, community resources, health services, and resident-engaging activities.” The first community research among 345 residents yielded a 38-item COEN scale with high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.86) and acceptable test-retest reliability (Kappa value >0.2). The second community research tested a shortened COEN scale among 657 residents, yielding a final COEN scale with 14 items from five factors: community management (n = 3), social relationships (n = 4), resource accessibility (n = 3), community health services (n = 2), and resident engagement (n = 2), with an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.79. COEN is a meaningful concept in contextualizing and evaluating NCD management anchored in the community, and the COEN scale is a multi-domain reliable tool to quantify COEN, which can be used to guide future related research and practice in public health.
Caregiver-assisted testing with HIV self-test kits for children 18 months and older: A GRADE systematic review
Authors: McGee Kathleen , Jamil Muhammad S. , Siegfried Nandi , Radebe Busisiwe Msimanga , Barr-DiChiara Magdalena , Baggaley Rachel , Johnson Cheryl
Published: August 2024

Caregiver-assisted testing using HIV self-test (CG-HIVST) kits has been proposed to enhance paediatric HIV case finding and contribute toward ending paediatric HIV/AIDS by 2030. We conducted a systematic review to assess the risks and benefits of CG-HIVST. We searched nine electronic databases and consulted experts to identify relevant articles through 5 February, 2022. Studies comparing CG-HIVST to other testing services among children over 18-months, or to no intervention, were included. Outcomes included uptake, acceptability, diagnostic accuracy, feasibility, HIV positivity, linkage to care, social harm, values and preferences, costs, and cost-effectiveness. Risk of bias was assessed using relevant Cochrane tools and certainty of evidence was evaluated with GRADE. Among 2203 screened articles, nine observational studies from sub-Saharan Africa were included. All studies used and assessed caregiver-assisted testing using oral fluid-based HIVST. In one non-randomized intervention study of 6062 children, overall CG-HIVST uptake was lower than other standard testing services (3.30% vs. 56.71%). In the same study, HIV positivity following CG-HIVST appeared lower or comparable to standard testing (RR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.06, 3.20). Two single-arm studies reported high linkage to confirmatory testing (97.48%) and treatment initiation (97.7%) among children reported positive with CG-HIVST. Pooled positive predictive value was 36.72% across three non-randomized intervention studies. Reported social harms were rare, and acceptability appeared high among caregivers taking up the intervention, but feasibility was unclear as some reported anxiety in relation to reactive results. Evidence was appraised very low certainty. Average CG-HIVST costs varied widely and were consistently higher than standard testing services. CG-HIVST may be acceptable, but feasibility remains uncertain with potential higher costs. Current evidence favours standard testing for uptake and positivity. Low positive predictive values raise concerns about false positives and potential harm. Programmes should prioritize evidence-based approaches for paediatric case-finding, while research to fully evaluate this approach continues.
Usefulness of real-time PCR for urogenital schistosomiasis diagnosis in preschool children in a high-prevalence area in Angola
Authors: Mediavilla Alejandro , Silgado Aroa , Sánchez-Marqués Raquel , Bocanegra Cristina , Nindia Arlette , Salvador Fernando , Pintar Zeferino , Martínez-Vallejo Patricia , Rubio Maturana Carles , Goterris Lidia , Martínez-Campreciós Joan , Aixut Sandra , Oliveira-Souto Inés , Aznar-Ruiz-de-Alegría María Luisa , Espiau María , Molina Israel , Sulleiro Elena
Published: August 2024

Background

Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium is highly endemic in the municipality of Cubal in Angola. Currently, diagnosis is based on the observation of S. haematobium eggs in urine samples by microscopy but this method has low sensitivity. Few studies have been performed using molecular techniques in high-prevalence areas for the detection of S. haematobium. The objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of real-time PCR as a diagnostic technique for urogenital schistosomiasis among preschool-age children and its correlation with morbidity data.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cubal, Angola, involving 97 urine samples from preschool-age children analyzed by the dipstick test, microscopic examination of filtered urine, and real-time PCR. The diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis was based on microscopy and/or real-time PCR results. Clinical and ultrasonography evaluation was performed to rule out complications of schistosomiasis.

Results

We detected a total of 64.95% of samples positive by real-time PCR and 37.11% by microscopy. The sensitivity of parasitological diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis by real-time PCR and microscopy was 95.45% and 54.55%, respectively, and the sensitivity of real-time PCR compared with microscopy was 91.67%. A positive real-time PCR result was significantly related to older age (mean = 3.22 years), detection of eggs by microscopy, and abnormal urine dipstick results (18.56% with proteinuria, 31.96% with leukocyturia, and 31.96% with microhematuria) (p-value<0.05). Ultrasound analysis showed that 23.94% of children had urinary tract abnormalities, and it was significantly related to the real-time PCR diagnosis (p-value<0.05).

Conclusions

Real-time PCR is a more sensitive technique than microscopy for urinary schistosomiasis diagnosis in preschool-age children in Cubal. This increase in sensitivity would allow earlier diagnosis and treatment, thus reducing the morbidity associated with schistosomiasis in its early stages.
Lost in transition: A protocol for a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study for addressing challenges in opioid treatment for transition-age adults
Authors: Aleksanyan Josh , Choi Sugy , Lincourt Patricia , Burke Constance , Ramsey Kelly S. , Hussain Shazia , Jordan Ashly E. , Morris Maria , D’Aunno Thomas , Glied Sherry , McNeely Jennifer , Elbel Brian , Mijanovich Tod , Adhikari Samrachana , Neighbors Charles J.
Published: August 2024

Background

In the United States, there has been a concerning rise in the prevalence of opioid use disorders (OUD) among transition-age (TA) adults, 18 to 25-years old, with a disproportionate impact on individuals and families covered by Medicaid. Of equal concern, the treatment system continues to underperform for many young people, emphasizing the need to address the treatment challenges faced by this vulnerable population at a pivotal juncture in their life course. Pharmacotherapy is the most effective treatment for OUD, yet notably, observational studies reveal gaps in the receipt of and retention in medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), resulting in poor outcomes for many TA adults in treatment. Few current studies on OUD treatment quality explicitly consider the influence of individual, organizational, and contextual factors, especially for young people whose social roles and institutional ties remain in flux.

Methods

We introduce a retrospective, longitudinal cohort design to study treatment quality practices and outcomes among approximately 65,000 TA adults entering treatment for OUD between 2012 and 2025 in New York. We propose to combine data from multiple sources, including Medicaid claims and encounter data and a state registry of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment episodes, to examine three aspects of OUD treatment quality: 1) MOUD use, including MOUD option (e.g., buprenorphine, methadone, or extended-release [XR] naltrexone); 2) adherence to pharmacotherapy and retention in treatment; and 3) adverse events (e.g., overdoses). Using rigorous analytical methods, we will provide insights into how variation in treatment practices and outcomes are structured more broadly by multilevel processes related to communities, treatment programs, and characteristics of the patient, as well as their complex interplay.

Discussion

Our findings will inform clinical decision making by patients and providers as well as public health responses to the rising number of young adults seeking treatment for OUD amidst the opioid and polysubstance overdose crisis in the U.S.
Sex-dependent effects of Setd1a haploinsufficiency on development and adult behaviour
Authors: Bosworth Matthew L. , Isles Anthony R. , Wilkinson Lawrence S. , Humby Trevor
Published: August 2024

Loss of function (LoF) mutations affecting the histone methyl transferase SETD1A are implicated in the aetiology of a range of neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia. We examined indices of development and adult behaviour in a mouse model of Setd1a haploinsufficiency, revealing a complex pattern of sex-related differences spanning the pre- and post-natal period. Specifically, male Setd1a+/- mice had smaller placentae at E11.5 and females at E18.5 without any apparent changes in foetal size. In contrast, young male Setd1a+/- mice had lower body weight and showed enhanced growth, leading to equivalent weights by adulthood. Embryonic whole brain RNA-seq analysis revealed expression changes that were significantly enriched for mitochondria-related genes in Setd1a+/ samples. In adulthood, we found enhanced acoustic startle responding in male Setd1a+/- mice which was insentitive to the effects of risperidone, but not haloperidol, both commonly used antipsychotic drugs. We also observed reduced pre-pulse inhibition of acoustic startle, a schizophrenia-relevant phenotype, in both male and female Setd1a+/- mice which could not be rescued by either drug. In the open field and elevated plus maze tests of anxiety, Setd1a haplosufficiency led to more anxiogenic behaviour in both sexes, whereas there were no differences in general motoric ability and memory. Thus, we find evidence for changes in a number of phenotypes which strengthen the support for the use of Setd1a haploinsufficient mice as a model for the biological basis of schizophrenia. Furthermore, our data point towards possible underpinning neural and developmental mechanisms that may be subtly different between the sexes.
Comparison of the efficacy of seven non-surgical methods combined with mechanical debridement in peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis: A network meta-analysis
Authors: Bai Yingjie , Qin Shengao , Lu Bingshuai , Wang Weiyi , Ma Guowu
Published: August 2024

This network meta-analysis aims to compare the clinical efficacy of seven non-surgical therapies for peri-implant disease, including laser treatment, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), systemic antibiotics (SA), probiotics, local antimicrobials (LA), and air-powder polishing (APP) combined with mechanical debridement (MD). We conducted searches in four electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library, to identify randomized controlled trials of non-surgical treatments combined with MD for individuals (aged at least 18 years) diagnosed with peri-implantitis or peri-implant mucositis with a minimum of 3 months follow-up. The outcomes of the study were the reduction in pocket probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque index (PLI), clinical attachment level (CAL), and marginal bone loss (MBL). We employed a frequency random effects network meta-analysis model to combine the effect sizes of the trials using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Network meta-analyses include network plots, paired comparison forest plots, league tables, funnel plots, surface under the cumulative ranking area (SUCRA) plots, and sensitivity analysis plots. The results showed that, for peri-implantitis, PBMT +MD demonstrated the highest effect in improving PPD (SUCRA = 75.3%), SA +MD showed the highest effect in improving CAL (SUCRA = 87.4%, SMD = 2.20, and 95% CI: 0.38 to 4.02) and MBL (SUCRA = 99.9%, SMD = 3.92, and 95% CI. 2.90 to 4.93), compared to MD alone. For peri-implant mucositis, probiotics +MD demonstrated the highest effect in improving PPD (SUCRA = 100%) and PLI (SUCRA = 83.2%), SA +MD showed the highest effect in improving BoP (SUCRA = 88.1%, SMD = 0.77, and 95% CI: 0.27 to 1.28), compared to MD alone. Despite the ranking established by our study in the treatment of peri-implant disease, decisions should still be made with reference to the latest treatment guidelines. There is still a need for more high-quality studies to provide conclusive evidence and especially a need for studies regarding direct comparisons between multiple treatment options.
Availability and geographic access to breast cancer pathology services in Ghana
Authors: Price Matthew D. , Mali Meghan E. , Ernest Adjei , Abrahams Afua O. D. , Goold Eric , Elvira Liz , Dedey Florence , Rositch Anne F. , Price Raymond R. , Sutherland Edward K.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Breast cancer poses a significant health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Ghana, where late-stage diagnoses and limited healthcare access contribute to elevated mortality rates. This study focuses on the crucial role of pathology and laboratory medical (PALM) services in the timely diagnosis of breast cancer within Ghana.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey of hospitals was completed from November 2020 to October 2021, with 94.8% of identified in-country hospitals participating. Pathology service-related parameters assessed included whether pathology was available for the diagnosis of breast cancer on-site or via external referral, the number of pathology personnel, additional breast cancer diagnostic capabilities including estrogen and progesterone and/or HER2 testing, and the time from biopsy to patients receiving their results. Geospatial mapping was used to identify areas of limited access.

Results

Of the 328 participating hospitals, 136 (41%) reported breast cancer pathology services, with only 6 having on-site capabilities. Pathology personnel, comprising 15 consultants and 15 specialists, were concentrated in major referral centers, particularly in Greater Accra and Kumasi. An assessment of referral patterns suggested that 75% of the population reside within an hour of breast cancer pathology services. Among the 136 hospitals with access to breast cancer pathology, only a limited number reported that results included ER/PR (38%) and HER2 testing (33%).

Conclusion

Ghana has been able to ensure significant pathology service availability through robust referral pathways with centralized labs. Despite this, difficulties persist with the majority of pathology results not including hormone receptor testing which is important in providing tumor specific treatment.
Shaping sustainable futures: The role of micro-entrepreneurs’ personality traits in social innovations
Authors: Zastempowski Maciej
Published: August 2024

In the rapidly evolving business landscape, micro-entrepreneurs stand out as significant contributors to social innovation. However, the link between their personality traits and the social innovations they introduce needs to be studied more. This research, guided by the Big Five model and the Oslo Manual’s innovation framework, aims to address this gap. The central question driving this study is whether the personality traits of micro-entrepreneurs, precisely openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, influence the social innovations they bring forth. Through a comprehensive exploration of literature and empirical analysis—quantitative research on a representative sample of 1848 Polish micro-entrepreneurs—this research examines the interconnectedness between personality characteristics and social innovation outcomes. The key findings suggest that three personality variables characterising micro-entrepreneurs–openness for experience, conscientiousness, and extroversion–emerge as shared, statistically significant factors. These variables positively impact all types of social innovations implemented by micro-entrepreneurs (product and process). In none of the analysed cases, agreeableness and neuroticism were statistically significant. Finally, it’s worth emphasising that the chances of micro-entrepreneurs introducing social innovations increase more strongly with an increase in their openness to experience than in the case of extroversion and conscientiousness.
Geospatial interpolation and hydro-geochemical characterization of alluvial aquifers in the Thal Desert, Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Raza Irfan , Khalid Perveiz , Ehsan Muhammad Irfan , Ahmad Qazi Adnan , Khurram Shahzada , Zainab Rabia , Farooq Salman
Published: August 2024

This study seeks to assess the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the southern part of Thal Desert of Pakistan. The primary focus lies in identifying potential sources of contamination and evaluating their impact on groundwater and the ecosystem. Groundwater samples were collected from diverse sources including shallow hand pumps, tubewells, and dug wells, with depths ranging from 11 to 28 m. A comprehensive analysis was performed to scrutinize the physical, chemical, and microbial attributes of the samples. Utilizing visual aids like the Piper, Durov, and Gibbs diagrams, as well as Pearson correlation, scatter plots, Schoeller diagrams, and pie charts, the study evaluated the groundwater quality and its suitability for consumption. Results indicate that mineral infiltration from rainfall, domestic waste, and industrial effluents significantly affects groundwater quality, leading to widespread salinity. Weathering processes and ion exchange were identified as key factors contributing to elevate levels of bicarbonates, sodium, magnesium, and chloride ions. Employing the Water Quality Index (WQI) on 40 groundwater samples, findings reveal that 52.5% of samples demonstrated poor to not suitable quality, with 27.5% categorized as poor, 2.5% as very poor, and 22.5% not suitable consumption. Conversely, 47.5% of samples showcased good to excellent quality, with 25% rated as good and 22.5% as excellent. These findings provide valuable insights for hydrogeologists to develop appropriate strategies for water treatment and address any concerns related to groundwater quality.
Human procurement of meat from lion (Panthera leo) kills: Costs of disturbance and implications for carnivore conservation
Authors: White Paula A. , Bertola Laura D. , Kariuki Kennedy , de Iongh Hans H.
Published: August 2024

In Africa, humans and large carnivores compete over access to resources, including prey. Disturbance by humans to kills made by carnivores, often for purposes of obtaining all or portions of the carcass, constitutes a form of human-wildlife conflict. However the occurrence of this practice, known as human kleptoparasitism, and its impact on carnivores has received little scientific attention. We obtained expert opinions from African lion researchers and stakeholders via a standardized questionnaire to characterize the geographic extent and frequency of human kleptoparasitism as it occurs in modern times. Our survey found modern human kleptoparasitism on kills made by lions, and possibly other large carnivores in Africa, to be geographically more widespread than previously reported. Meat lost to humans requires carnivores to hunt and kill additional prey thereby causing stress, increasing their energetic costs and risks of natural injury, and exposing them to risk of direct injury or death from human usurpers. Because of their conspicuous behaviors and tendency towards killing large-bodied prey, lions are particularly susceptible to humans detecting their kills. While human kleptoparasitism was geographically widespread, socio-economic factors influenced the frequency of occurrence. Prey type (wild game or domestic livestock) influenced human attitudes towards meat theft; ownership allows for legal recovery of livestock carcasses, while possessing wild game meat is mostly illegal and may incur penalties. Meat theft was associated with other illegal activities (i.e., illegal mining) and most prevalent among people of low income, including underpaid game scouts. Despite quantifiable costs to carnivores of human disturbance to their kills, the majority of experts surveyed reported a lack of knowledge on this practice. We propose that human disturbance at kills, especially loss of prey through human kleptoparasitism, constitutes an important anthropogenic threat that may seriously impact energy budgets of individual lions and other scavengers when meat and carcasses are removed from the ecosystem, and that the costs incurred by carnivores warrants further investigation.
Differences between atrial fibrillation diagnosed before and after stroke: A large real-world cohort study
Authors: Chang Yu-Kang , Hsu Chih-Cheng , Huang Chi-Ting , Lien Chi-Hsun , Hsu Hung-Yi
Published: August 2024

The clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and atrial fibrillation detected after stroke (AFDAS) have not been clearly established. Previous studies evaluating patients with AFDAS were limited by the low prescription rates of anticoagulants and short follow-up periods. Consecutive patients hospitalized for IS between 2014 and 2017 were identified from a National Health Insurance Research Database. The included patients were categorized into three groups: (1) known diagnosis of AF (KAF) before the index stroke, (2) AFDAS, and (3) without AF (non-AF). Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for independent variables and recurrent IS, hemorrhagic stroke, or all-cause mortality. We identified 158,909 patients with IS of whom 16,699 (10.5%) had KAF and 7,826 (4.9%) had AFDAS. The patients with AFDAS were younger, more often male, and had lower CHA2DS2-VASc scores (3.8 ± 1.9 versus 4.9 ± 1.8, p < 0.001) than the patients with KAF. Anticoagulant treatment significantly reduced the risks of all outcomes. The standardized mortality rates were 40.4, 28.6, and 18.4 (per 100 person-years) for the patients with KAF, AFDAS, and non-AF, respectively. Compared with AFDAS, KAF was associated with lower risks of recurrent IS [hazard ratio (HR): 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86–0.97, p < 0.01] and hemorrhagic stroke (HR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79–0.99, p < 0.01) and a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07–1.16, p < 0.001). The risks of recurrent IS and hemorrhagic stroke were higher and of all-cause mortality was lower for patients with AFDAS than with KAF. There is a strong need to refine treatment modalities to reduce the high mortality in patients with KAF and AFDAS.
Synergistic cytotoxicity of olive leaf extract-loaded lipid nanocarriers combined with Newcastle disease virus against cervical cancer cells
Authors: Golalipour Arash , Mohammadi Ali , Hosseinzadeh Saeid , Soltani Alireza , Erfani-Moghadam Vahid
Published: August 2024

Despite recent medical progress, cervical cancer remains a major global health concern for women. Current standard treatments have limitations such as non-specific toxicity that necessitate development of safer and more effective therapeutic strategies. This research evaluated the combinatorial effects of olive leaf extract (OLE), rich in anti-cancer polyphenols, and the oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) against human cervical cancer cells. OLE was efficiently encapsulated (>94% loading) within MF59 lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs; contains Precirol as NLC-P, contains Lecithin as NLC-L) to enhance stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. Physicochemical analysis confirmed successful encapsulation of OLE within nanoparticles smaller than 150 nm. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated significantly higher toxicity of the OLE-loaded nanoparticle formulations on HeLa cancer cells versus HDF normal cells (P<0.05). MF59 achieved the highest encapsulation efficiency, while NLC-P had the best drug release profile. NDV selectively infected and killed HeLa cells versus HDF cells. Notably, combining NDV with OLE-loaded nanoparticles led to significantly enhanced synergistic cytotoxicity against cancer cells (P<0.05), with NLC-P (OLE) and NDV producing the strongest effects. Apoptosis and cell cycle analyses confirmed the increased anti-cancer activity of the combinatorial treatment, which induced cell cycle arrest. This study provides evidence that co-delivery of OLE-loaded lipid nanoparticles and NDV potentiates anti-cancer activity against cervical cancer cells in vitro through a synergistic mechanism, warranting further development as a promising alternative cervical cancer therapy.