bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
French recommendations for the management of systemic sclerosis
Authors: Hachulla Eric , Agard Christian , Allanore Yannick , Avouac Jerome , Bader-Meunier Brigitte , Belot Alexandre , Berezne Alice , Bouthors Anne-Sophie , Condette-Wojtasik Geraldine , Constans Joël , De Groote Pascal , Diot Elisabeth , Dumas Florence , Jego Patrick , Joly Francisca , Launay David , Le Guern Veronique , Le Quintrec Janine-Sophie , Lescaille Geraldine , Meune Christophe , Moulin Bruno , Nguyen Christelle , Omeish Nadine , Pene Frederic , Richard Marie-Aleth , Rochefort Juliette , Roren Alexandra , Sitbon Olivier , Sobanski Vincent , Truchetet Marie-Elise , Mouthon Luc ,   Collaborators, Bayen Marc , Bergot Emmanuel , Berthier Sabine , Bosco Julia , Bouhnik Yoram , Chaigne Benjamin , Cottin Vincent , Crestani Bruno , Deligny Christophe , Descroix Vianney , Farge Dominique , Godard Dominique , Granel Brigitte , Guilpain Philippe , Imbert Bernard , Le Quellec Alain , Lega Christophe , Lok Catherine , Maillard Hélène , Martin Thierry , Pugnet Grégory , Queyrel Viviane , Raffray Loïc , Rilliard Frédéric , Romier Mélanie , Schuller Laurence , Servettaz Amélie
Published: July 2021

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disease of the connective tissue, arterioles, and microvessels, characterized by the appearance of fibrosis and vascular obliteration. There are two main phenotypical forms of SSc: a diffuse cutaneous form that extends towards the proximal region of the limbs and/or torso, and a limited cutaneous form where the cutaneous sclerosis only affects the extremities of the limbs (without passing beyond the elbows and knees). There also exists in less than 10% of cases forms that never involve the skin. This is called SSc sine scleroderma. The prognosis depends essentially on the occurrence of visceral damage and more particularly interstitial lung disease (which is sometimes severe), pulmonary arterial hypertension, or primary cardiac damage, which represent the three commonest causes of mortality in SSc. Another type of involvement with poor prognosis, scleroderma renal crisis, is rare (less than 5% of cases). Cutaneous extension is also an important parameter, with the diffuse cutaneous forms having less favorable prognosis.
DeTOKI identifies and characterizes the dynamics of chromatin TAD-like domains in a single cell
Authors: Li Xiao , Zeng Guangjie , Li Angsheng , Zhang Zhihua
Published: July 2021

Topologically associating domains (TAD) are a key structure of the 3D mammalian genomes. However, the prevalence and dynamics of TAD-like domains in single cells remain elusive. Here we develop a new algorithm, named deTOKI, to decode TAD-like domains with single-cell Hi-C data. By non-negative matrix factorization, deTOKI seeks regions that insulate the genome into blocks with minimal chance of clustering. deTOKI outperforms competing tools and reliably identifies TAD-like domains in single cells. Finally, we find that TAD-like domains are not only prevalent, but also subject to tight regulation in single cells.
Single and combined effect of kinesio tape and warm-up on sprint cycling performance
Authors: Rossi Alessio , Formenti Damiano , Cavaggioni Luca , Alberti Giampietro , Esposito Fabio , D’Angelo Fabio , Trecroci Athos
Published: July 2021

Background

The fact that kinesio tape may be capable to enhance muscle power would qualify it as practical tool to be considered during passive warm-up (WU) or coupled with active WU processes prior to power-based performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the single and combined effect of kinesio tape (KT) and WU on sprint cycling performance.

Methods

In a repeated measure design, fifteen participants underwent six sessions to assess sprint cycling performance involving a combination of three taping conditions (without KT: NoKT; with KT positioned vertically over the thigh muscles KT; with KT positioned horizontally over the thigh muscles: Sham) with two pre-exercise routines (with WU: WU; without WU: NoWU) in a randomized order. Allometric scaling of peak power (PP) and average power (AP) values were considered for each sprint.

Results

KT-WU demonstrated the highest PP and AP with respect to the other conditions (p < 0.05), except for AP that was similar to Sham-WU (p > 0.05). Moreover, NoKT-NoWU showed the lowest PP and AP with respect to the other conditions (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Overall, our findings suggest that kinesio tape might be a possible tool to be combined with an active WU routine, inducing benefit on sprint performance. Moreover, KT may be considered a potential strategy to include within a passive WU, perhaps where an active WU is not feasible. However, as the influence of KT on muscle function is still unclear, our results should not be overinterpreted.
Exploring health workers’ experiences of mental health challenges during care of patients with COVID-19 in Uganda: a qualitative study
Authors: Muzyamba Choolwe , Makova Ogylive , Mushibi Geofrey Samukulu
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study is to qualitatively investigate the lived experiences of mental health among frontline health workers providing COVID-19-realted care in Uganda. This study provides insights into the contextual realities of the mental health of health workers facing greater challenges given the lack of adequate resources, facilities and health workers to meet the demand brought about by COVID-19.

Results

All in all, our findings suggest that healthcare workers are under enormous stress during this pandemic, however, in order to effectively respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda, it is important to understand their challenges and sources of these challenges. The government thus has the reasonability to address most of the sources that were highlighted (long working hours, lack of proper equipment, lack of sleep, exhaustion, and experiencing high death rate under their care). Further, the Ugandan social fabric presents an opportunity for coping through its strong communal links and networks. Scaling these forms of local responses is cheap but contextually useful for a country with limited resources like Uganda.
MEK inhibition ameliorates social behavior phenotypes in a Spred1 knockout mouse model for RASopathy disorders
Authors: Borrie Sarah C. , Plasschaert Ellen , Callaerts-Vegh Zsuzsanna , Yoshimura Akihiko , D’Hooge Rudi , Elgersma Ype , Kushner Steven A. , Legius Eric , Brems Hilde
Published: July 2021

Background

RASopathies are a group of disorders that result from mutations in genes coding for proteins involved in regulating the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway, and have an increased incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Legius syndrome is a rare RASopathy caused by loss-of-function mutations in theSPRED1gene. The patient phenotype is similar to, but milder than, Neurofibromatosis type 1—another RASopathy caused by loss-of-function mutations in theNF1gene. RASopathies exhibit increased activation of Ras-MAPK signaling and commonly manifest with cognitive impairments and ASD. Here, we investigated if aSpred1-/-mouse model for Legius syndrome recapitulates ASD-like symptoms, and whether targeting the Ras-MAPK pathway has therapeutic potential in this RASopathy mouse model.

Methods

We investigated social and communicative behaviors inSpred1-/-mice and probed therapeutic mechanisms underlying the observed behavioral phenotypes by pharmacological targeting of the Ras-MAPK pathway with the MEK inhibitor PD325901.

Results

Spred1-/-mice have robust increases in social dominance in the automated tube test and reduced adult ultrasonic vocalizations during social communication. Neonatal ultrasonic vocalization was also altered, with significant differences in spectral properties.Spred1-/-mice also exhibit impaired nesting behavior. Acute MEK inhibitor treatment in adulthood with PD325901 reversed the enhanced social dominance inSpred1-/-mice to normal levels, and improved nesting behavior in adultSpred1-/-mice.

Limitations

This study used an acute treatment protocol to administer the drug. It is not known what the effects of longer-term treatment would be on behavior. Further studies titrating the lowest dose of this drug that is required to alterSpred1-/-social behavior are still required. Finally, our findings are in a homozygous mouse model, whereas patients carry heterozygous mutations. These factors should be considered before any translational conclusions are drawn.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate for the first time that social behavior phenotypes in a mouse model for RASopathies (Spred1-/-) can be acutely reversed. This highlights a key role for Ras-MAPK dysregulation in mediating social behavior phenotypes in mouse models for ASD, suggesting that proper regulation of Ras-MAPK signaling is important for social behavior.
A Sri Lankan girl with a new genetic variant in the PKLR gene causing pyruvate kinase deficiency: a case report
Authors: Sivashangar Ahalyaa , Gooneratne Lallindra , Clark Barnaby , Rees David , Jayasinghe Saroj , Laas Claire
Published: July 2021

Background

Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase is expressed under the control of the PKLR gene located on chromosome 1q21. Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the final steps of the glycolytic pathway and creates 50% of the red cell total adenosine triphosphate. Pyruvate kinase deficiency is the commonest glycolytic defect causing congenital non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia inherited in an autosomal recessive trait in which homozygotes and compound heterozygotes are common. Over 200 mutations have been described in patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency. This case report identifies a new pathogenic variant in PKLR gene detected in a patient with severe pyruvate kinase deficiency.

Case presentation

A Sri Lankan Sinhalese girl who developed neonatal anemia and jaundice within 24 hours of birth with mild hepatomegaly. She was from a nonconsanguineous marriage and had two siblings who had no hematological disorders. She had repeated admissions due to similar illnesses and at the age of 8 years was found to have pyruvate kinase deficiency associated with a novel homozygous pathogenic variant c.507+1delG in the PKLR gene.

Conclusions

A novel genetic variant in PKLR gene, consistent with pyruvate kinase deficiency, was detected in a Sri Lankan girl. This genetic variant may be specific to the Asian population and requires further studies.
Modeling the temporal dynamics of cervicovaginal microbiota identifies targets that may promote reproductive health
Authors: Munoz Alexander , Hayward Matthew R. , Bloom Seth M. , Rocafort Muntsa , Ngcapu Sinaye , Mafunda Nomfuneko A. , Xu Jiawu , Xulu Nondumiso , Dong Mary , Dong Krista L. , Ismail Nasreen , Ndung’u Thumbi , Ghebremichael Musie S. , Kwon Douglas S.
Published: July 2021

Background

Cervicovaginal bacterial communities composed of diverse anaerobes with low Lactobacillus abundance are associated with poor reproductive outcomes such as preterm birth, infertility, cervicitis, and risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Women in sub-Saharan Africa have a higher prevalence of these high-risk bacterial communities when compared to Western populations. However, the transition of cervicovaginal communities between high- and low-risk community states over time is not well described in African populations.

Results

We profiled the bacterial composition of 316 cervicovaginal swabs collected at 3-month intervals from 88 healthy young Black South African women with a median follow-up of 9 months per participant and developed a Markov-based model of transition dynamics that accurately predicted bacterial composition within a broader cross-sectional cohort. We found that Lactobacillus iners-dominant, but not Lactobacillus crispatus-dominant, communities have a high probability of transitioning to high-risk states. Simulating clinical interventions by manipulating the underlying transition probabilities, our model predicts that the population prevalence of low-risk microbial communities could most effectively be increased by manipulating the movement between L. iners- and L. crispatus-dominant communities.

Conclusions

The Markov model we present here indicates that L. iners-dominant communities have a high probability of transitioning to higher-risk states. We additionally identify transitions to target to increase the prevalence of L. crispatus-dominant communities. These findings may help guide future intervention strategies targeted at reducing bacteria-associated adverse reproductive outcomes among women living in sub-Saharan Africa.
Intracranial calcification in venous congestion
Authors: Sankala Hairuddin Achmad , Hashim Hilwati
Published: July 2021

Background

Intracranial calcification is a common finding on brain imaging which can be non-specific. The calcification can be physiological or pathological. Likewise, subcortical calcification is a non-specific finding on non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography. This could be secondary to multiple underlying diseases such as Sturge-Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Fahr disease, post-chemoradiotherapy change, and metabolic disorders secondary to parathyroid or thyroid gland abnormalities. On the other hand, subcortical calcification secondary to arteriovenous malformation and dural venous fistula are uncommon findings. We report two cases with subcortical calcification secondary to these vascular malformations. We aim to highlight the importance of recognising subcortical calcification as one of the possible imaging appearances of dural venous fistula and arteriovenous malformation.

Case presentation

We report two cases, whom were a 45-year-old lady and a 20-year-old man, with subcortical calcification on non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography, which were later confirmed to be secondary to chronic venous congestion as the results of dural venous fistula and arteriovenous malformation, respectively. Both patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and digital substraction angiography to confirm the diagnosis. Subsequently, both patients were offered embolisation with the 45-year-old lady opting for conservative management and the 20-year-old man waiting for the procedure, at the time of writing.

Conclusion

Venous congestion secondary to intracranial vascular malformation is an important differential diagnosis for extensive subcortical and basal ganglia calcification. Knowledge on the possibility of vascular malformation to present with subcortical calcification is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis and mismanagement of the patients.
Mental health services in the prisons of Bangladesh
Authors: Khan Al Aditya , Ryland Howard , Pathan Tayeem , Ahmed Helal Uddin , Hussain Amir , Forrester Andrew
Published: July 2021

In this narrative review we consider what is known about mental health conditions in the prison system in Bangladesh and describe the current provision of mental health services for prisoners with mental health needs. We contextualise this within the literature on mental health conditions in correctional settings in the wider sub-continental region and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) more broadly. We augment findings from the literature with information from unstructured interviews with local experts, and offer recommendations for research, policy and practice.
Acalabrutinib Versus Ibrutinib in Previously Treated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Results of the First Randomized Phase III Trial
Authors: Byrd John C. , Hillmen Peter , Ghia Paolo , Kater Arnon P. , Chanan-Khan Asher , Furman Richard R. , O'Brien Susan , Yenerel Mustafa Nuri , Illés Arpad , Kay Neil , Garcia-Marco Jose A. , Mato Anthony , Pinilla-Ibarz Javier , Seymour John F. , Lepretre Stephane , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Robak Tadeusz , Rothbaum Wayne , Izumi Raquel , Hamdy Ahmed , Patel Priti , Higgins Kara , Sohoni Sophia , Jurczak Wojciech
Published: July 2021

PURPOSE

Among Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, acalabrutinib has greater selectivity than ibrutinib, which we hypothesized would improve continuous therapy tolerability. We conducted an open-label, randomized, noninferiority, phase III trial comparing acalabrutinib and ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

METHODS

Patients with previously treated CLL with centrally confirmed del(17)(p13.1) or del(11)(q22.3) were randomly assigned to oral acalabrutinib 100 mg twice daily or ibrutinib 420 mg once daily until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was independent review committee–assessed noninferiority of progression-free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

Overall, 533 patients (acalabrutinib, n = 268; ibrutinib, n = 265) were randomly assigned. At the data cutoff, 124 (46.3%) acalabrutinib patients and 109 (41.1%) ibrutinib patients remained on treatment. After a median follow-up of 40.9 months, acalabrutinib was determined to be noninferior to ibrutinib with a median PFS of 38.4 months in both arms (95% CI acalabrutinib, 33.0 to 38.6 and ibrutinib, 33.0 to 41.6; hazard ratio: 1.00; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.27). All-grade atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter incidence was significantly lower with acalabrutinib versus ibrutinib (9.4% v 16.0%; P = .02); among other selected secondary end points, grade 3 or higher infections (30.8% v 30.0%) and Richter transformations (3.8% v 4.9%) were comparable between groups and median overall survival was not reached in either arm (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.15), with 63 (23.5%) deaths with acalabrutinib and 73 (27.5%) with ibrutinib. Treatment discontinuations because of adverse events occurred in 14.7% of acalabrutinib-treated patients and 21.3% of ibrutinib-treated patients.

CONCLUSION

In this first direct comparison of less versus more selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in CLL, acalabrutinib demonstrated noninferior PFS with fewer cardiovascular adverse events.
“When I Heard the Word Palliative”: Obscuring and Clarifying Factors Affecting the Stigma Around Palliative Care Referral in Oncology
Authors: Formagini Taynara , Poague Claire , O'Neal Alicia , Brooks Joanna Veazey
Published: July 2021

PURPOSE:

Palliative care (PC) can help patients with cancer manage symptoms and achieve a greater quality of life. However, there are many barriers to patients with cancer receiving referrals to PC, including the stigmatizing association of PC with end of life. This study explores factors that obscure or clarify the stigma around PC referrals and its associations with end of life in cancer care.

METHODS:

A qualitative descriptive design using grounded theory components was designed to investigate barriers to PC referrals for patients receiving treatment at an outpatient cancer center. Interviews with patients, caregivers, and oncology professionals were audio-recorded, transcribed, and independently coded by three investigators to ensure rigor. Participants were asked about their perceptions of PC and PC referral experiences.

RESULTS:

Interviews with 44 participants revealed both obscuring and clarifying factors surrounding the association of PC as end of life. Prognostic uncertainty, confusion about PC's role, and social network influence all perpetuated an inaccurate and stigmatizing association of PC with end of life. Contrarily, familiarity with PC, prognostic confidence, and clear referral communication helped delineate PC as distinct from end of life.

CONCLUSION:

To reduce the stigmatizing association of PC with end of life, referring clinicians should clearly communicate prognosis, PC's role, and the reason for referral within the context of each patient and his or her unique cancer trajectory. The oncology team plays a vital role in framing the messaging surrounding referrals to PC.
War on Dirt: Aesthetics, Empire, and Infrastructure in the Low Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kopec Andrew
Published: July 2021

This essay considers the politico-aesthetics of infrastructure by focusing on poems that anticipate, justify, and critique internal improvements, from Joel Barlow’s early Republican vision of the Erie and Panama Canals to texts that document the ruin caused by the works Barlow imagined as glorious. Historical scholarship has long assessed the mania for cutting roads and canals into the landscape. But engaging an emerging infrastructuralism—and turning to imaginative texts that exist underneath the ground typically trod by US literary studies, from Philip Freneau’s celebratory ode to the Erie Canal to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ironic canal travel sketches to Margarita Engle’s recent historical verse-novel tallying the devastations of the Panama Canal—this essay identifies an infrastructural dialectic in which writers view infrastructure, initially, as awesome so as to justify its ecological and social violence and, subsequently, as banal so as to render it invisible within the settler state. Oscillating between awe and irritation, the sublime and the stuplime, then, these texts both expose the rhythm of infrastructure’s long—that is, low—relation to the structure of coloniality and, in Engle’s case, model how to disrupt it so as to imagine a more just life “after” infrastructure.
Prediction of Stability Constants for Novel Chelates Design in Minor Actinides Partitioning over Lanthanides Using Density Functional Theory Calculation
Authors: Kaneko Masashi , Sasaki Yuji , Wada Eriko , Nakase Masahiko , Takeshita Kenji
Published: July 2021

Density functional theory calculation is applied to predict the stability constants for Eu3+ and Am3+ complexes in aqueous solution for molecular modelling of novel separation agents for minor actinides over lanthanides. The logarithm of experimental stability constants correlates with calculated complex formation enthalpies with high reproducibility (R2 > 0.98). Prediction of stability constants of novel chelates is demonstrated and indicates a potential availability of the derivatives of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid type chelate in acidic condition and enhancement of Am3+ selectivity over Eu3+.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-responsive Organic Nanotubes
Authors: Ding Wuxiao , Kameta Naohiro , Oyane Ayako
Published: July 2021

Facilely synthesized thioether amphiphiles can self-assemble into nanotubes in water. The nanotubes exhibit quick reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsivity in H2O2 or against the ultraviolet-triggered ROS from the encapsulated corannulene. Oxidation of the thioether amphiphile disassembles the long nanotubes into short ones and eventually into solubilized amphiphile.
Sex Differences in Muscle Metaboreflex Activation after Static Handgrip Exercise
Authors: LEE JORDAN B. , NOTAY KARAMBIR , SEED JEREMY D. , NARDONE MASSIMO , OMAZIC LUCAS J. , MILLAR PHILIP J.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Larger blood pressure (BP) responses to relative-intensity static exercise in men versus women are thought to involve altered muscle metaboreflex activation, but whether this is because of an intrinsic sex difference in metabolite production or differences in muscle strength and absolute load is unknown.

Methods

Continuous BP and heart rate were recorded in 200 healthy young men and women (women: n = 109) during 2 min of static handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), followed by 2 min of postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was recorded in a subset of participants (n = 39; women, n = 21), permitting calculation of signal-averaged resting sympathetic transduction (MSNA-diastolic BP). Sex differences were examined with and without statistical adjustment for MVC. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of BP responses.

Results

Men had larger systolic BP responses (interactions, P < 0.0001) to static handgrip exercise (24 ± 10 vs 17 ± 9 mm Hg [mean ± SD], P < 0.0001) and PECO (20 ± 11 vs 16 ± 9 mm Hg, P < 0.0001). Adjustment for MVC abolished these sex differences in BP (interactions, P > 0.7). In the subset with MSNA, neither burst frequency or incidence responses to static handgrip exercise or PECO differed between men and women (interactions, P > 0.2). Resting sympathetic transduction was also similar (P = 0.8). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that MVC or the change in MSNA, were predictors of BP responses to static handgrip, but only MVC was associated with BP responses during PECO.

Conclusions

Sex differences in absolute contraction load contribute to differences in BP responses during muscle metaboreflex isolation using PECO. These data do not support an intrinsic effect of sex as being responsible for exercise BP differences between men and women.
Individual versus Group Calibration of Machine Learning Models for Physical Activity Assessment Using Body-Worn Accelerometers
Authors: MONTOYE ALEXANDER H. K. , WESTGATE BRADFORD S. , CLEVENGER KIMBERLY A. , PFEIFFER KARIN A. , VONDRASEK JOSEPH D. , FONLEY MORGAN R. , BOCK JOSHUA M. , KAMINSKY LEONARD A.
Published: July 2021

Modeling approaches for translating accelerometer data into physical activity metrics are often developed using a group calibration approach. However, it is unknown if models developed for specific individuals will improve measurement accuracy.

Purpose

We sought to determine if individually calibrated machine learning models yielded higher accuracy than a group calibration approach for physical activity intensity assessment.

Methods

Participants (n = 48) wore accelerometers on the right hip and nondominant wrist while performing activities of daily living in a semistructured laboratory and/or free-living setting. Criterion measures of activity intensity (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous) were determined using direct observation. Data were reintegrated into 30-s epochs, and eight random forest models were created to determine physical activity intensity by using all possible conditions of training data (individual vs group), protocol (laboratory vs free-living), and placement (hip vs wrist). A 2 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare epoch-level accuracy statistics (% accuracy, kappa [κ]) of the models when used to determine activity intensity in an independent sample of free-living participants.

Results

Main effects were significant for the type of training data (group: accuracy = 80%, κ = 0.59; individual: accuracy = 74% [P = 0.02], κ = 0.50 [P = 0.01]) and protocol (free-living: accuracy = 81%, κ = 0.63; laboratory: accuracy = 74% [P = 0.04], κ = 0.47 [P < 0.01]). Main effects were not significant for placement (hip: accuracy = 79%, κ = 0.58; wrist: accuracy = 75% [P = 0.18]; κ = 0.52 [P = 0.18]). Point estimates for mean absolute error were generally lowest for the group training, free-living protocol, and hip placement.

Conclusions

Contrary to expectations, individually calibrated machine learning models yielded poorer accuracy than a traditional group approach. In addition, models should be developed in free-living settings when possible to optimize predictive accuracy.
Head Impact Exposure of a Youth Football Team over Eight Consecutive Seasons
Authors: DORMAN JASON C. , POEL DANIEL N. , VALENTINE VERLE D. , MUNCE THAYNE A.
Published: July 2021

Despite growing evidence for the potential risk of brain injury due to repetitive, subconcussive head impacts in youth football, a longitudinal assessment of head impact exposure (HIE) in this population is lacking.

Purpose

This study examined HIE of middle school football players over multiple seasons.

Methods

Head impact exposure was evaluated in 103 football players (11–14 yr) who participated in a community-based youth tackle football program, up to 2 yr, with the same coaching staff over eight consecutive seasons (2012–2019). Head impact exposure was assessed using the Head Impact Telemetry System. Median of individual mean head impacts per session (HIPS) and median of individual 50th and 95th percentile head impact magnitudes were compared across seasons.

Results

There were 33,519 head impacts measured throughout the study. Median HIPS for all sessions decreased every year, with a significant reduction from 2012 to 2019 (11.1 vs 2.3 HIPS; P < 0.05). Median game HIPS were significantly reduced in 2019 compared with 2012–14 (5.00 vs 16.30–17.75 HIPS; P < 0.05). Median practice HIPS were reduced by 81.3%, whereas median game HIPS were reduced by 69.3%. Median 50th and 95th percentile linear and rotational acceleration were lower in 2019 compared with some earlier years but remained unchanged during games.

Conclusions

Head impacts incurred by youth football players decreased substantially over eight seasons, with players in the final year sustaining approximately one fifth the HIPS as players experienced during the first year. The most prominent decline occurred in practices, although players also had much fewer head impacts in games. These results suggest that coaches’ and/or players’ behavior can be modified to greatly reduce the head impact burden in youth football.
Common Ownership in America: 1980–2017
Authors: Backus Matthew , Conlon Christopher , Sinkinson Michael
Published: July 2021

We empirically assess the implications of the common ownership hypothesis from a historical perspective using the set of S&P 500 firms from 1980 to 2017. We show that the dramatic rise in common ownership in the time series is driven primarily by the rise of indexing and diversification and, in the cross section, by investor concentration, which the theory presumes to drive a wedge between cash flow rights and control. We also show that the theory predicts incentives for expropriation of undiversified shareholders via tunneling, even in the Berle and Means (1932) world of the widely held firm. (JEL D22, G32, G34, L21, L25)
The ribosome epitranscriptome: inert—or a platform for functional plasticity?
Authors: Georgeson Joseph , Schwartz Schraga
Published: July 2021

A universal property of all rRNAs explored to date is the prevalence of post-transcriptional (“epitranscriptional”) modifications, which expand the chemical and topological properties of the four standard nucleosides. Are these modifications an inert, constitutive part of the ribosome? Or could they, in part, also regulate the structure or function of the ribosome? In this review, we summarize emerging evidence that rRNA modifications are more heterogeneous than previously thought, and that they can also vary from one condition to another, such as in the context of a cellular response or a developmental trajectory. We discuss the implications of these results and key open questions on the path toward connecting such heterogeneity with function.
An ecological study on the association between early childhood caries and intimate partner violence in 20 low- and middle-income countries: 2007-2017
Authors: Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Obiyan Mary O. , El Tantawi Maha , Kemoli Arthur , Al-Batayneh Ola B. , Gaffar Balgis , Schroth Robert J. ,   Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group
Published: July 2021

Background:Women are the worst affected by intimate partner violence (IPV), and this impacts negatively on the health of the children they care for. This study aimed to determine the relationship between IPV and the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 3-5-year-olds.

Methods:This was an ecological study using IPV (physical, sexual, emotional) data extracted from the Demographic Health Survey of 20 low- and middle-income countries and ECC data for 3-5-year-olds of the same countries for the period 2007-2017. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the percentage of 3-5-year-olds with ECC (outcome variable) and IPV indicators (physical, sexual, emotional). The model was adjusted for the country’s gross national income and the percentage of women with secondary or higher education. Partial eta squared (ηp2), regression coefficients, confidence intervals and p-values were calculated.

Results:Data on ECC in 3-5-year-olds and IPV were available for six low-income-countries, 10 lower-middle-income-countries and four upper-middle-income-countries. The most prevalent form of IPV was physical violence (10.09%). The Democratic Republic of Congo had the highest prevalence of physical violence (45.8%), sexual violence (25.4%), and ECC (80.0%). The strongest association was between the prevalence of ECC and emotional violence (ηp2=0.01), followed by physical violence (ηp2=0.005), and sexual violence (ηp2=0.003). For every 1% higher prevalence of emotional violence, there was 0.28% higher prevalence of ECC, and for every 1% higher percentage of physical violence, there was 0.21% higher prevalence of ECC. On the contrary, for every 1% higher prevalence of sexual violence, there was 0.35% lower prevalence of ECC prevalence.

Conclusions:The association between IPV and the prevalence of ECC in 3-5-year-olds is minor, with the strongest direct association effect being with emotional violence; and there was an inverse association between sexual violence and the prevalence of ECC. These findings need to be studied further.
An approach to identifying young children with developmental disabilities via primary care records
Authors: Masefield Sarah C. , Prady Stephanie L. , Pickett Kate E.
Published: July 2021

Background:Preschool aged children with developmental disabilities frequently receive a diagnosis of an indicator of disability, such as developmental delay, some time before receiving a definitive diagnosis at school age, such as autism spectrum disorder. The absence of a definitive diagnosis potentially underestimates the need for support by families with young disabled children. Our aim was to develop a two-part strategy to identify children with probable and potential developmental disabilities before the age of five in primary care records for a UK birth cohort, considering how the identification of only probable or potential developmental disability might also influence prevalence estimates.

Methods:As part of a study of the effects of caring for young children with developmental disabilities on mothers’ health and healthcare use, we developed a two-part strategy to identify: 1) children with conditions associated with significant disability and which can be diagnosed during the preschool period; and 2) children with diagnoses which could indicate potential disability, such as motor development disorder and developmental delay. The strategy, using Read codes, searched the electronic records of children in the Born in Bradford cohort with linked maternal and child sociodemographic information. The results were compared with national and Bradford prevalence estimates, where available.

Results:We identified 83 children with disability conditions and 394 with potential disability (44 children had both a disability condition and an indicator of potential disability). When combined, they produced a developmental disability prevalence of 490 per 10,000 which is above the UK estimate for developmental disabilities in children under five (468 per 10,000) and within the 419-505 per 10,000 prevalence estimated for Bradford (for children aged 0-18).

Conclusions:When only conditions diagnosed as developmental disabilities are used for case ascertainment, most of the young children with developmental disabilities likely to be diagnosed at later ages will be missed.
Simulation of a heating automation system for a «smart» residential building
Authors: Polyakov Sergey
Published: July 2021

The article deals with the issues of constructive, structural modeling and automatic control of room heating. The dynamics of the object-the heating system of a residential building-is obtained. Dynamic errors are determined by the dynamic characteristics of the temperature sensor. The design scheme of the object is presented. The heating control system contains three temperature controllers. Using structural modeling, various methods of automatic control of the heating system are evaluated. The technical structure of the automatic temperature control system (ACS) in a residential building is implemented by a cascade three-circuit control with two executive elements. Experimental studies of transients in a closed ACS with three types of regulators are presented. The results obtained make it possible to implement adaptive control of the heating system on a real object.
Analysis by the mixed method of statically indeterminate frames with elements of increased rigidity and numerical verification of the calculation results using the finite element method
Authors: Sazonova Svetlana , Asminin Viktor , Zvyaginceva Alla
Published: July 2021

The sequence of application of the mixed method for calculating internal forces in statically indeterminate frames with elements of increased rigidity is given. The main system is chosen for the frame with one kinematic and one force unknown. The canonical equations of the mixed method are written, taking into account their meaning. Completed the construction of the final diagram of the bending moments and all the necessary calculations and checks. When calculating integrals, Vereshchagin's rule is applied. The solution of the problem is checked by performing the calculation using the computer program STAB12.EXE; the results of the calculations are numerically verified using the finite element method. An example of the formation of the initial data for the STAB12.EXE program and the subsequent processing of the calculation results, the rules for comparing the numerical results and the results obtained in the calculation of the frame by the mixed method are given.
Experimental and analytical method for evaluating the effectiveness of measures to increase the resistance of ECB to the effects of AI CP by single effects
Authors: Kozyukov Aleksandr , Chubunov Pavel , Zolnikov Konstantin , Skvortsova Tatyana , Zhuravleva I.
Published: July 2021

The essence of the method discussed in the article is to test the product of the electronic component base of the ECB, which uses methods of parrying failures, with the system of parrying failures disabled according to standard test methods. This method is effective if the direct method cannot be applied, due to the fact that the flow of TKP reaches such a value that, the correction scheme will not be able to handle the failures that occur.
Suicide trends in the elderly during the ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic- a public health urgency
Authors: Sarangi Ashish , Sozan Fares  , Noha Eskander
Published: July 2021

Background: Older adults experience an increased risk for suicide compared to the overall population, and therefore the circumstances surrounding the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may potentiate this risk. COVID-19 pandemic social distancing policies and ethical guidelines for COVID-19 treatment may exacerbate experiences of social isolation, perceived expendability, and exposure to suffering, which are associated with the three main components of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (i.e., thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness to society, and capability for suicide). 
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a drain on services and has drawn ethical debates about policies around treating younger adults first. These experiences may lead older adults to possess reduced access to needed medical and psychiatric services and should convey damaging messages of expendability. Furthermore, the potential prolonged stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic may affect neurological, immunological, and health functioning—exacerbating suicide risk. Potential venues to extend treatment options and reduce social isolation are discussed.
Conclusion: We acknowledge optimistic effects also, like “pulling together” as a society and therefore the many valuable ways older adults may contribute during this crisis.
Colorectal cancer disparities and African Americans: is it time to narrow the gap?
Authors: Iwuji Kenneth , Hyde Briget , Uke Nkemjika
Published: July 2021

Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in both men and women. Although the overall incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer are declining, African Americans have significantly higher rates of colorectal cancer than Caucasians, and they have worse 5-year survival rates. This article reviews some of the contributing factors that lead to this racial disparity in colorectal cancer between these groups. The increase in poor health outcomes among African Americans is due to low socioeconomic standing, poor compliance, psychosocial barriers, and patient mistrust of healthcare providers and the healthcare system. Research on interventions to improve health outcomes is important to reduce the causes of these disparities.
Keywords: colorectal cancer; screening; African Americans; Blacks; health disparities; interventions; public health
Analysis of a DKA protocol: Laboratory tests and outcomes
Authors: Motes Arunee , Fernandez Fabiana , Edriss Hawa
Published: July 2021

Most hospitals use protocols to manage diabetic ketoacidosis using laboratory criteria to monitor the response to insulin and fluid therapy. This study analyzed information collected prospectively on a group of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis to review outcomes and management details. The study included 37 patients with a mean age of 38.1 ± 18.5 years. The initial blood glucose was 546.4 ± 296.3 mg/dL. The initial anion gap was 31.8 ± 7.8 meq/L. The mean time to anion gap closure twice was 19.2 ± 12.8 hours. The mean fluid administered until anion gap closure was 3694.9 ± 2484.6 mL. The insulin dose during the first day of management was 69.5 ± 49.9 units; the mean number of point-of-care glucose levels during the first 24 hours was 21.2 ± 6. The number of basic metabolic panels collected during hospital management was 12.2 ± 13.7. The mean ICU length of stay was 2.5 ± 3.8 days with no mortality. This study indicates that patients with diabetic ketoacidosis had a large number of basic metabolic panel tests and a large number of point of care glucose measurements using this protocol. This protocol needs review to determine whether or not the number of tests can be reduced, and transfer out of the ICU can occur more quickly.
Key words: Diabetic ketoacidosis, glucose levels, anion gap, basic metabolic panels, outcomes
Label-free imaging of fibroblast membrane interfaces and protein signatures with vibrational infrared photothermal and phase signals: publisher’s note
Authors: Samolis Panagis D. , Langley Daniel , O’Reilly Breanna M. , Oo Zay , Hilzenrat Geva , Erramilli Shyamsunder , Sgro Allyson E. , McArthur Sally , Sander Michelle Y.
Published: July 2021

This publisher’s notes amends the funding of [Biomed. Opt. Express 12, 303 (2021) 10.1364/BOE.411888].
Weakly supervised anomaly segmentation in retinal OCT images using an adversarial learning approach: publisher’s note
Authors: Wang Jing , Li Wanyue , Chen Yiwei , Fang Wangyi , Kong Wen , He Yi , Shi Guohua
Published: July 2021

This publisher’s notes amends the funding of [Biomed. Opt. Express 12, 4713 (2021) 10.1364/BOE.426803].
The burden of skin disease and eye disease due to onchocerciasis in countries formerly under the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control mandate for 1990, 2020, and 2030
Authors: Vinkeles Melchers Natalie V. S. , Stolk Wilma A. , van Loon Welmoed , Pedrique Belén , Bakker Roel , Murdoch Michele E. , de Vlas Sake J. , Coffeng Luc E.
Published: July 2021

Background

Onchocerciasis (“river blindness”) can cause severe morbidity, including vision loss and various skin manifestations, and is targeted for elimination using ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA). We calculated the number of people with Onchocerca volvulus infection and onchocercal skin and eye disease as well as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost from 1990 through to 2030 in areas formerly covered by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control.

Methods

Per MDA implementation unit, we collated data on the pre-control distribution of microfilariae (mf) prevalence and the history of control. Next, we predicted trends in infection and morbidity over time using the ONCHOSIM simulation model. DALY estimates were calculated using disability weights from the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Results

In 1990, prior to MDA implementation, the total population at risk was 79.8 million with 26.0 million (32.5%) mf-positive individuals, of whom 17.5 million (21.9%) had some form of onchocercal skin or eye disease (2.5 million DALYs lost). By 2030, the total population was predicted to increase to 236.1 million, while the number of mf-positive cases (about 6.8 million, 2.9%), people with skin or eye morbidity (4.2 million, 1.8%), and DALYs lost (0.7 million) were predicted to decline.

Conclusions

MDA has had a remarkable impact on the onchocerciasis burden in countries previously under the APOC mandate. In the few countries where we predict continued transmission between now and 2030, intensified MDA could be combined with local vector control efforts, or the introduction of new drugs for mopping up residual cases of infection and morbidity.
Linked surveillance and genetic data uncovers programmatically relevant geographic scale of Guinea worm transmission in Chad
Authors: Ribado Jessica V. , Li Nancy J. , Thiele Elizabeth , Lyons Hil , Cotton James A. , Weiss Adam , Tchindebet Ouakou Philippe , Moundai Tchonfienet , Zirimwabagabo Hubert , Guagliardo Sarah Anne J. , Chabot-Couture Guillaume , Proctor Joshua L.
Published: July 2021

Background

Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) was detected in Chad in 2010 after a supposed ten-year absence, posing a challenge to the global eradication effort. Initiation of a village-based surveillance system in 2012 revealed a substantial number of dogs infected with Guinea worm, raising questions about paratenic hosts and cross-species transmission.

Methodology/principal findings

We coupled genomic and surveillance case data from 2012-2018 to investigate the modes of transmission between dog and human hosts and the geographic connectivity of worms. Eighty-six variants across four genes in the mitochondrial genome identified 41 genetically distinct worm genotypes. Spatiotemporal modeling revealed worms with the same genotype (‘genetically identical’) were within a median range of 18.6 kilometers of each other, but largely within approximately 50 kilometers. Genetically identical worms varied in their degree of spatial clustering, suggesting there may be different factors that favor or constrain transmission. Each worm was surrounded by five to ten genetically distinct worms within a 50 kilometer radius. As expected, we observed a change in the genetic similarity distribution between pairs of worms using variants across the complete mitochondrial genome in an independent population.

Conclusions/significance

In the largest study linking genetic and surveillance data to date of Guinea worm cases in Chad, we show genetic identity and modeling can facilitate the understanding of local transmission. The co-occurrence of genetically non-identical worms in quantitatively identified transmission ranges highlights the necessity for genomic tools to link cases. The improved discrimination between pairs of worms from variants identified across the complete mitochondrial genome suggests that expanding the number of genomic markers could link cases at a finer scale. These results suggest that scaling up genomic surveillance for Guinea worm may provide additional value for programmatic decision-making critical for monitoring cases and intervention efficacy to achieve elimination.