bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants
Authors: Müller Felix , Kraus Elias , Holze Friederike , Becker Anna , Ley Laura , Schmid Yasmin , Vizeli Patrick , Liechti Matthias E. , Borgwardt Stefan
Published: January 2022

Background

LSD and psilocybin are increasingly used in phase I trials and evaluated as therapeutic agents for mental disorders. The phenomenon of reoccurring drug-like experiences after the acute substance effects have worn off was described for both substances and especially attributed to LSD. According to the DSM-V, the persisting and distressing manifestation of these experiences is called hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Data on both conditions is very limited.

Objective

This study aims to provide descriptive data on reoccurring drug-like experiences after the administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants.

Methods and materials

Data from 142 healthy subjects enrolled in six double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over studies were analyzed. In total, 60 subjects received LSD; 27 subjects received LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine; 31 subjects received LSD and psilocybin; and 25 subjects received psilocybin and escitalopram. At the end-of-study visit (mean 39.8 days after last study session, SD 37.2), subjects were asked for any reoccurring drug effects since the initial substance effects had worn off. Those reporting reoccurring perception changes more than 24 h after administration were contacted for follow-up (mean follow-up duration: 31.2 months, SD 28.6).

Results

Thirteen out of 142 subjects reported reoccurring drug-like experiences (LSD: seven, psilocybin: two, both: four). The reported phenomena were predominantly mild and perceived as neutral to pleasant. Flashbacks were mostly of visual nature, lasted for seconds to minutes, and occurred within a week after the last drug administration. Two subjects reported distressing experiences that subsided spontaneously. One subject reported brief and pleasant visual perception changes which reoccurred for 7 months. None of the subjects reported impairment in their daily lives. None of the cases met DSM-V criteria for HPPD.

Conclusion

Reoccurring drug-like experiences after the administration of LSD and psilocybin are a common phenomenon occurring in up to 9.2% of healthy subjects (7.8% for LSD, 8.3% for psilocybin and 14.3% if both substances are administered). Additionally, our work suggests that flashback phenomena are not a clinically relevant problem in controlled studies with healthy participants.
Survivorship, complications and patient-reported outcomes in calcar-guided short-stem THA: prospective mid-term multicenter data of the first 879 hips
Authors: Kutzner Karl Philipp , Maurer Steven Mark , Meinecke Ingmar , Heers Guido , Bosson Dominique
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Short stems are a bone and soft-tissue preserving alternative to conventional stems. The aim of this multicenter study is to present the mid-term outcomes of a calcar-guided short stem.

Materials and methods

This is a prospective case series of the first 879 total hip arthroplasties performed on 782 patients across 5 centers using identical calcar-guided short stems. In a mid-term follow-up (6 years), rates and reasons for complications and revisions were documented. The Harris Hip Score (HHS) was obtained; patients reported pain and satisfaction using a visual analog scale.

Results

A total of 43 patients died in the study cohort for non-related reasons; 26 patients (3.0%) required at least 1 revision after the index procedure. The survival rate for endpoint stem revision at mid-term was 98.4%. The main reasons for stem revision were aseptic loosening and early periprosthetic fractures. Sex had no influence on stem survival. Older patients or those with a high body mass index showed increased risk for stem revision during follow-up. Dorr type A morphology revealed a significantly lower risk of stem revision than Dorr type B or C (p = 0.0465). The HHS, satisfaction, and load pain at mid-term were 96.5 (SD 8.0), 9.7 (SD 0.9), and 0.5 (SD 1.9), respectively.

Conclusions

This short stem produced highly satisfactory outcomes at mid-term, with 98.4% implant survival for any cause of stem revision and low complication rates. Long-term results are required to further evaluate these promising mid-term results.
Implications of inappropriate prescription of oral nutritional supplements on the quality of life of cancer outpatients: a cross-sectional comparative study
Authors: Hassanin Islam A. , Salih Reem F. M. , Fathy Marwa H. M. , Hassanin Eman A. , Selim Dina H.
Published: January 2022

Background and aims

Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are considered a cornerstone in the treatment plan of malnutrition in cancer patients. However, the prevalence of inappropriate prescription of ONS is high. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of inappropriate oral nutritional supplementation (consisting of prescription of ONS without evident clinical indication, or the absence of ONS when at risk of malnutrition) on the quality of life of cancer outpatients.

Methods

A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in 104 cancer outpatients, receiving ONS without prior malnutrition risk screening (n = 51), and patients not receiving ONS (n = 53). Nutritional risk screening was performed using the abridged patient-generated subjective global assessment (ab-PG-SGA). The quality of life was assessed using EORTC QLQ-C30 version 3.0 questionnaire. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of quality-of-life scales. Age (years), malnutrition (ab-PG-SGA scores), BMI (kg/m2), TSF (mm), MUAC (cm), ONS (yes, no) were entered into the linear regression analysis as predictors (backward stepwise linear regression analysis).

Results

The prevalence of malnutrition risk (ab-PG-SGA ≥ 6) was 74%. The median score of the ab-PG-SGA for ONS receiving group was significantly higher (p = 0.045). Furthermore, univariate analysis showed that the scores of the global health status (QoL) and the role functioning (RF) scales were significantly lower for the ONS receiving group (p = 0.020 and p = 0.016, respectively). Multivariately, malnutrition, inappropriate ONS prescription, and triceps skin fold were found to be predictors of the RF scale, while malnutrition was the only predictor for the QoL.

Conclusion

The inappropriate ONS prescription does not improve nutritional status or quality of life of cancer outpatients.
Effects of workplace skin cancer screenings on preventive and risk behaviour
Authors: Wolf Sandra , Krensel Magdalene , Mohr Nicole , Augustin Matthias , Andrees Valerie
Published: January 2022

Aim

Skin cancer is the most prevalent cancer in western countries and is associated with a high burden of disease. Skin cancer screenings can help detect cancer at an early stage and thus allow for better treatment. We aimed to analyse the impact of workplace skin cancer screenings on prevention behaviour and potential spillover effects on non-participants.

Subject and methods

Participants of workplace skin cancer screenings completed questionnaires at 0, 3 and 12 months on knowledge about and attitudes toward skin cancer and prevention behaviours. Effects over time were compared using McNemar tests. For additional analyses we performed logistic regression analyses.

Results

Of the 998 participants (44.7% women, mean age 43.3 years), 26.7% had never attended a skin cancer screening. The proportion of participants seeking shade for UV protection and the number of visits to dermatologists and general practitioners increased significantly in the year following workplace screening (p < 0.05). Two thirds (66.4%) recommended skin cancer screenings to others and at least 39.2% of them were sure that this recommendation was followed. Characteristics associated with participants’ recommendation for screening included female gender (odds ratio: 1.62), older age (odds ratio: 1.02), and lower education (odds ratio: 1.40).

Conclusion

Workplace screenings can complement routine skin cancer screenings. They inform participants about the existence and benefits of screenings and may have spillover effects for peers. They can also serve as another source of information on prevention and risk behaviours.
Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Drinking Instant Coffee, Instant Coffee Drinks and Coffee Substitutes: Safety and Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Winiarska-Mieczan Anna , Jachimowicz Karolina , Kislova Svitlana , Kwiecień Małgorzata , Zasadna Zvenyslava , Yanovych Dmytro
Published: January 2022

The presence of heavy metals in food is a global problem. The paper aimed to examine the content of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in instant coffee and instant coffee substitutes. The safety of consumption of the beverages by adult Poles was estimated based on the following parameters: tolerable weekly intake (TWI) %, benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) %, chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI), for three beverage consumption patterns—one, two or three servings a day. Forty-nine samples of coffee, instant coffee drinks and coffee substitutes were analysed. The content of cadmium and lead was determined by ICP (inductively coupled plasma) analysis. The maximum level of Cd in the analysed beverages was 3.2 µg, and that of Pb was 82.6 µg per 1 kg. The tolerable level of intake of Cd (TWI) and Pb (BMDL) with the analysed beverages did not exceed 2.5%. The value of CDI, THQ and HI was not higher than 1, which means that the risk of diseases related to chronic exposure to Cd and Pb consumed with coffee should be evaluated as very low. However, special note should be taken of Pb, as the level of this metal was higher than that of Cd, and for beverages with a higher weight per serving (e.g. Cappuccino), the intake of Pb can exceed consumer-safe levels if they are consumed on a regular basis. Therefore, it should be considered whether it is advisable for flavoured multi-ingredient instant coffee drinks to be consumed from time to time only, and natural coffee with optional milk and/or sugar be the choice of regular coffee drinkers.
Potential Applications of Social Robots in Robot-Assisted Interventions for Social Anxiety
Authors: Rasouli Samira , Gupta Garima , Nilsen Elizabeth , Dautenhahn Kerstin
Published: January 2022

Social anxiety disorder or social phobia is a condition characterized by debilitating fear and avoidance of different social situations. We provide an overview of social anxiety and evidence-based behavioural and cognitive treatment approaches for this condition. However, treatment avoidance and attrition are high in this clinical population, which calls for innovative approaches, including computer-based interventions, that could minimize barriers to treatment and enhance treatment effectiveness. After reviewing existing assistive technologies for mental health interventions, we provide an overview of how social robots have been used in many clinical interventions. We then propose to integrate social robots in conventional behavioural and cognitive therapies for both children and adults who struggle with social anxiety. We categorize the different therapeutic roles that social robots can potentially play in activities rooted in conventional therapies for social anxiety and oriented towards symptom reduction, social skills development, and improvement in overall quality of life. We discuss possible applications of robots in this context through four scenarios. These scenarios are meant as ‘food for thought’ for the research community which we hope will inspire future research. We discuss risks and concerns for using social robots in clinical practice. This article concludes by highlighting the potential advantages as well as limitations of integrating social robots in conventional interventions to improve accessibility and standard of care as well as outlining future steps in relation to this research direction. Clearly recognizing the need for future empirical work in this area, we propose that social robots may be an effective component in robot-assisted interventions for social anxiety, not replacing, but complementing the work of clinicians. We hope that this article will spark new research, and research collaborations in the highly interdisciplinary field of robot-assisted interventions for social anxiety.
Semicosciniid bryozoans from the Middle Devonian of Rommersheim (Eifel, Germany)
Authors: Ernst Andrej
Published: January 2022

Two bryozoan species belonging to the Family Semicosciniidae Morozova, 1987 are described from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel—Bigeyina winteri (Bornemann, 1884) and Loculipora alvearis (Maurer, 1885). The two species are endemic to the Middle Devonian (Eifelian–Givetian) of the Eifel. Morphology and taxonomical assignment of the studied bryozoans are discussed. The Family Fenestraporidae Xia, 2002 is considered to be invalid.
Stability of the inverses of interpolated operators with application to the Stokes system
Authors: Asekritova I. , Kruglyak N. , Mastyło M.
Published: January 2022

We study the stability of isomorphisms between interpolation scales of Banach spaces, including scales generated by well-known interpolation methods. We develop a general framework for compatibility theorems, and our methods apply to general cases. As a by-product we prove that the interpolated isomorphisms satisfy uniqueness-of-inverses. We use the obtained results to prove the stability of lattice isomorphisms on interpolation scales of Banach function lattices and demonstrate their application to the Calderón product spaces as well as to the real method scales. We also apply our results to prove solvability of the Neumann problem for the Stokes system of linear hydrostatics on an arbitrary bounded Lipschitz domain with a connected boundary in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$

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Intersection bodies of polytopes
Authors: Berlow Katalin , Brandenburg Marie-Charlotte , Meroni Chiara , Shankar Isabelle
Published: January 2022

We investigate the intersection body of a convex polytope using tools from combinatorics and real algebraic geometry. In particular, we show that the intersection body of a polytope is always a semialgebraic set and provide an algorithm for its computation. Moreover, we compute the irreducible components of the algebraic boundary and provide an upper bound for the degree of these components.
A Silicon Monoxide Lithium-Ion Battery Anode with Ultrahigh Areal Capacity
Authors: Zhong Jiang , Wang Tao , Wang Lei , Peng Lele , Fu Shubin , Zhang Meng , Cao Jinhui , Xu Xiang , Liang Junfei , Fei Huilong , Duan Xidong , Lu Bingan , Wang Yiliu , Zhu Jian , Duan Xiangfeng
Published: January 2022

Silicon monoxide (SiO) is an attractive anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries for its ultra-high theoretical capacity of 2680 mAh g−1. The studies to date have been limited to electrodes with a relatively low mass loading (< 3.5 mg cm−2), which has seriously restricted the areal capacity and its potential in practical devices. Maximizing areal capacity with such high-capacity materials is critical for capitalizing their potential in practical technologies. Herein, we report a monolithic three-dimensional (3D) large-sheet holey graphene framework/SiO (LHGF/SiO) composite for high-mass-loading electrode. By specifically using large-sheet holey graphene building blocks, we construct LHGF with super-elasticity and exceptional mechanical robustness, which is essential for accommodating the large volume change of SiO and ensuring the structure integrity even at ultrahigh mass loading. Additionally, the 3D porous graphene network structure in LHGF ensures excellent electron and ion transport. By systematically tailoring microstructure design, we show the LHGF/SiO anode with a mass loading of 44 mg cm−2 delivers a high areal capacity of 35.4 mAh cm−2 at a current of 8.8 mA cm−2 and retains a capacity of 10.6 mAh cm−2 at 17.6 mA cm−2, greatly exceeding those of the state-of-the-art commercial or research devices. Furthermore, we show an LHGF/SiO anode with an ultra-high mass loading of 94 mg cm−2 delivers an unprecedented areal capacity up to 140.8 mAh cm−2. The achievement of such high areal capacities marks a critical step toward realizing the full potential of high-capacity alloy-type electrode materials in practical lithium-ion batteries.
Establishment of Standard Human Blood Vessel Model Based on Image Registration and Fitting Technology
Authors: Luo Dinghao , Wu Junxiang , Wang Ning , Wang Lei , Xie Kai , Ai Songtao , Fu Lingjie , Hao Yongqiang , Wu Wen
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The blood vessel gives key information for pathological changes in a variety of diseases. In view of the crucial role of blood vessel structure, the present study aims to establish a digital human blood vessel standard model for diagnosing blood vessel-related diseases.

Methods

The present study recruited eight healthy volunteers, and reconstructed their bilateral upper extremity arteries according to CTA. The reconstructed vessels were segmented, registered, and merged into a bunch. After being cut by continuous cut planes, the dispersion of the blood vessel bunches on each cut plane were calculated.

Results

The results demonstrated that the middle segment of the brachial artery, the proximal segment of the ulnar artery, and the middle and distal segments of the radial artery had a low degree of dispersion. A standard blood vessel model was finally established by the integral method using the low-dispersion segments above. The accuracy of the standard blood vessel model was also verified by an actual contralateral vessel, which revealed that the deviation between the model and the actual normal contralateral brachial artery was relatively small.

Conclusion

The structure of the model was highly accordant with the real ones, which can be of great help in evaluating the blood vessel changes in blood vessel-related diseases, bone and soft-tissue tumors, and creating accurate surgical plans.
Twin Based Continuous Patching To Minimize Cyber Risk
Authors: Baiardi Fabrizio , Tonelli Federico
Published: January 2022

Digital twins are virtual replicas to simulate the behavior of physical devices before they are built and to support their maintenance. We extend this technology to cybersecurity and integrate it with adversary emulation to define a remediation policy that selects and schedules patches for the vulnerabilities of an information and communication infrastructure before threat actors can exploit them. Distinct twins model, respectively, the infrastructure and threat actors. The former twin describes the infrastructure modules, their vulnerabilities, and the elementary attacks actors can implement. The attributes of the twin of a threat actor describe its attack surface, its goals, how it selects attacks, and it handles attack failures. The Haruspex software platform builds the twins of the infrastructure and those of the threat actors, and it automates the emulation of an actor. In this way, it can discover the attack paths the actor implements without disturbing the infrastructure. In each path, the actor composes elementary attacks to reach its goal. Multiple emulations can discover all the paths of an actor by covering stochastic factors such as attack success or failure. The knowledge of these paths enables the remediation policy to minimize the patches to deploy. Since new vulnerabilities continuously become public, new countermeasures are needed. A twin-based approach supports a continuous remediation process to handle changes in the infrastructure, new vulnerabilities, and new threat actors because the platform can update the twins and run adversary emulations. If new attack paths exist, the platform applies the remediation policy. Experimental data confirm the effectiveness of this approach.
Analysis of Rocket Modelling Accuracy and Capsule Landing Safety
Authors: Huang Mingyang
Published: January 2022

The capability of performing vertical landing accurately and safely is of great concern for reusable rockets, some of which might carry manned capsules. According to previous technologies, the rocket needs to accurately land on a drone ship that has a limited size of 70 m × 50 m, whereas the capsule needs to safely land on a soil terrain that might be oblique. Currently, there has been various research supporting the landing processes of rockets and capsules. Regardless of the disparity of such research, the accuracy and safety are the essential indicators to be considered. This paper develops a more accurate landing model for rockets by reviewing valid methodologies for error mitigation. The position error of the rocket (13.46 m) is smaller than the radius of the terminal dock of the drone ship (25 m); thus, the modelling accuracy of the rocket is within its accuracy requirement (with a 95% probability). After the performance in terms of accuracy is quantified, a novel landing gear is designed to deal with sloped terrains, which might have a negative effect on landing safety. The struts of the novel landing gear include actuators, buffer struts, and a scanning system. This scanning system is used to extract sloped terrain information, and then the actuators are used for the adjustment of different landing struts, ensuring that these struts touch the sloped terrain at the same time. Compared with conventional landing struts, the novel landing gear is used to increase the buffer efficiencies of the buffer struts.
Responsibility assignment won’t solve the moral issues of artificial intelligence
Authors: Heinrichs Jan-Hendrik
Published: January 2022

Who is responsible for the events and consequences caused by using artificially intelligent tools, and is there a gap between what human agents can be responsible for and what is being done using artificial intelligence? Both questions presuppose that the term ‘responsibility’ is a good tool for analysing the moral issues surrounding artificial intelligence. This article will draw this presupposition into doubt and show how reference to responsibility obscures the complexity of moral situations and moral agency, which can be analysed with a more differentiated toolset of moral terminology. It suggests that the impression of responsibility gaps only occurs if we gloss over the complexity of the moral situation in which artificial intelligent tools are employed and if—counterfactually—we ascribe them some kind of pseudo-agential status.
Asymmetry Models Based on Non-integer Scores for Square Contingency Tables
Authors: Ando Shuji
Published: January 2022

Square contingency tables with ordinal classifications are used in many disciplines that include but are not limited to data science, engineering, and medical research. This study proposes two original asymmetry models based on non-integer scores for the analysis of square contingency tables. The ordinal quasi-symmetry model applies to data sets that can be assigned to known ordered scores for all categories. When we assign the equally spaced score for categories, the ordinal quasi-symmetry model is equivalent to the linear diagonals-symmetry model. The ordinal quasi-symmetry model, however, is not applicable to data sets that cannot be assigned the known ordered scores for all categories. This study addresses this issue. The proposed models apply to data sets that: (i) can be assigned the known ordered scores for all except one category and (ii) cannot be assigned the known ordered scores for all categories. These two models provide a better fit than existing models for real-world data.
Asian Criminology and Non-Western Criminology: Challenges, Strategies, and Directions
Authors: Liu Jianhong
Published: January 2022

Academic criminology originated in Western countries, primarily in Europe and in the USA. It has achieved great success, produced many influential theories, sophisticated methodology, academic institutions, and effective policy products, and has formed a productive paradigm, which has led to a flourishing discipline. However, as there have been growing critiques against “Western-centric” criminology, growing attention has turned to non-Western criminology. As Belknap has said, “We are in an exciting time in criminology, as the scholarship is becoming more global, collaborative, and interdisciplinary.” This paper addresses several important disciplinary questions: the relationship between Western and non-Western criminology, the strategies of developing criminology under non-Western contexts, the relationship between context-dependent findings from the non-West and the scientific traditions that seek unified human knowledge of criminology. The article suggests a strategy for developing non-Western criminology based on the experience of the successful growth of Asian criminology over the past decade under the concept of an “Asian criminological paradigm.”
Female Freedom and The Neapolitan Novels (Part 2)
Authors: Shpall Sam
Published: January 2022

Part 1 of this essay began to develop a philosophical interpretation of The Neapolitan Novels by grounding a vision of the work's moral psychology in the tradition of Italian difference feminism, particularly as it is expressed in the texts of the influential Milan Women's Bookstore Collective. Part 2 advances the interpretive argument by presenting a more detailed literary analysis of the character of Lila Cerullo. After motivating the interest of various aspects of her symbolization by connecting them to important motifs in feminist philosophy and literature, I present evidence of Lila's special status in the work, and the puzzles this status raises. I advance a reading of Lila as a brilliant woman capable of playing the superior role in a hierarchical relationship of entrustment—and of The Neapolitan Novels as a sympathetic yet critical exploration of the viability of such relationships and their connection to female friendship and female freedom. In support of this reading, I give an account of Lila's strange condition of smarginatura (“dissolving margins/boundaries”), the import of her perplexing earthquake speech in which this condition is explicitly addressed, and Elena Greco's troubling reactions.
A numerical and experimental investigation of rolling and sliding motion of rotating spheres inside a cylinder
Authors: Caldag Hakan O. , Demir Ebru , Yesilyurt Serhat
Published: January 2022

Rotating spheres in cylindrical channels roll or slide along the channel depending on the physical and geometric conditions. For a thorough investigation of the phenomenon, finite-element modelling is utilized to obtain the resistance coefficients for the motion of a sphere in a cylindrical channel, with an emphasis on near-wall motion. Extracted coefficients are compared with the data in the literature and utilized in exploring the conditions for rolling versus sliding along the channel. Sliding occurs due to the pressure build-up in the nip region between the wall and the rotating sphere in small confinement ratios, whereas rolling occurs when the shearing forces on the sphere are dominant in larger ratios. According to numerical results, a flow reversal takes place in the nip region and reduces the shear as well. Rolling versus sliding is demonstrated in experiments by using magnetic spherical particles, which are rotated by means of an external magnetic field inside cylindrical channels filled with viscous fluids. Faster axial velocities are observed in narrow channels while sliding than in wider channels while rolling for the same rotation rate of the sphere. Experiment observations are compared with the velocities evaluated from the resistance coefficients, showing that the distance between the sphere and the wall, which is dominated by roughness, plays an important role in the velocity of the sphere.
Theoretical Virtues: Do Scientists Think What Philosophers Think They Ought to Think?
Authors: Schindler Samuel
Published: January 2022

Theoretical virtues play an important role in the acceptance and belief of theories in science and philosophy. Philosophers have well-developed views on which virtues ought and ought not to influence one’s acceptance and belief. But what do scientists think? This paper presents the results of a quantitative study with scientists from the natural and social sciences and compares their views to those held by philosophers. Some of the more surprising results are: (i) all three groups have a preference order regarding theoretical virtues, making theory choice a much more determinate matter than what has sometimes been suggested; (ii) the preference orders are very similar for the three groups; (iii) simplicity is viewed as an epistemic virtue particularly by social scientists (but not by philosophers); and (iv) syntactic parsimony is preferred to ontological parsimony by all three groups.
Beyond Hempel: Reframing the Debate about Scientific Explanation
Authors: Dewulf Fons
Published: January 2022

I argue that Carl Hempel’s pioneering work on scientific explanation introduced an assumption that Hempel never motivated, namely, that explanation is an aim of science. Ever since, it has remained largely unquestioned in analytic philosophy of science. By expanding the historical scope of the debate on explanation to philosophers from the first half of the twentieth century, I show that the debate should include a critical reflection on Hempel’s assumption. This reflection includes two problems: how to motivate one’s position on the aims of scientific knowledge and how to decide which examples count as expressions of those aims.
MARINE ORGANIC CARBON AND RADIOCARBON—PRESENT AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
Authors: Druffel Ellen R M , Beaupré Steven R , Grotheer Hendrik , Lewis Christian B , McNichol Ann P , Mollenhauer Gesine , Walker Brett D
Published: January 2022

We discuss present and developing techniques for studying radiocarbon in marine organic carbon (C). Bulk DOC (dissolved organic C) Δ14C measurements reveal information about the cycling time and sources of DOC in the ocean, yet they are time consuming and need to be streamlined. To further elucidate the cycling of DOC, various fractions have been separated from bulk DOC, through solid phase extraction of DOC, and ultrafiltration of high and low molecular weight DOC. Research using 14C of DOC and particulate organic C separated into organic fractions revealed that the acid insoluble fraction is similar in 14C signature to that of the lipid fraction. Plans for utilizing this methodology are described. Studies using compound specific radiocarbon analyses to study the origin of biomarkers in the marine environment are reviewed and plans for the future are outlined. Development of ramped pyrolysis oxidation methods are discussed and scientific questions addressed. A modified elemental analysis (EA) combustion reactor is described that allows high particulate organic C sample throughput by direct coupling with the MIniCArbonDAtingSystem.
Syphilis resembling human papilloma virus associated oropharyngeal cancer: case report and literature review of recent incidence trends
Authors: Maki D , Ebisumoto K , Sakai A , Okami K
Published: January 2022

Background

The yearly incidence of syphilis has risen markedly in Japan and worldwide. There has also been an increased incidence of human papilloma virus associated oropharyngeal cancer, which presents with clinical features similar to those of syphilis.

Objective

A case of syphilis with clinical manifestation resembling that of human papilloma virus associated oropharyngeal cancer is reported, along with a literature review of similar cases.

Methods

Clinical case reports and review of previous literature.

Conclusion

Syphilis may cause irregular mucosal lesions of the oropharynx and cystic lymphadenopathy. It is difficult to diagnose syphilis only by examining pathological specimens, without clinical information such as Treponema pallidum antibody findings. It is necessary to correctly understand the characteristics of syphilis and human papilloma virus associated oropharyngeal cancer to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment.
A controlled examination of acute warning signs for suicide attempts among hospitalized patients
Authors: Bagge Courtney L. , Littlefield Andrew K. , Wiegand Timothy J. , Hawkins Eric , Trim Ryan S. , Schumacher Julie A. , Simons Kelsey , Conner Kenneth R.
Published: January 2022

Background

Near-term risk factors for suicidal behavior, referred to as ‘warning signs’ (WS), distinguish periods of acute heightened risk from periods of lower risk within an individual. No prior published study has examined, using a controlled study design, a broad set of hypothesized WS for suicide attempt. This study addressed this gap through examination of hypothesized behavioral/experiential, cognitive, and affective WS among patients recently hospitalized following a suicide attempt.

Methods

Participants were recruited during hospitalization from five medical centers across the USA including two civilian hospitals and three Veterans Health Administration facilities (n = 349). A within-person case-crossover study design was used, where each patient served as her/his own control. WS were measured by the Timeline Follow-back for Suicide Attempts Interview and were operationalized as factors that were present (v. absent) or that increased in frequency/intensity within an individual during the 6 h preceding the suicide attempt (case period) compared to the corresponding 6 h on the day before (control period).

Results

Select WS were associated with near-term risk for suicide attempt including suicide-related communications, preparing personal affairs, drinking alcohol, experiencing a negative interpersonal event, and increases in key affective (e.g. emptiness) and cognitive (e.g. burdensomeness) responses.

Conclusions

The identification of WS for suicidal behavior can enhance risk recognition efforts by medical providers, patients, their families, and other stakeholders that can serve to inform acute risk management decisions.
The dynamic interplay between sleep and mood: an intensive longitudinal study of individuals with bipolar disorder
Authors: Lewis K. J. S. , Tilling K. , Gordon-Smith K. , Saunders K. E. A. , Di Florio A. , Jones L. , Jones I. , O'Donovan M. C. , Heron J.
Published: January 2022

Background

Sleep disturbances are important symptoms to monitor in people with bipolar disorder (BD) but the precise longitudinal relationships between sleep and mood remain unclear. We aimed to examine associations between stable and dynamic aspects of sleep and mood in people with BD, and assess individual differences in the strength of these associations.

Methods

Participants (N = 649) with BD-I (N = 400) and BD-II (N = 249) provided weekly self-reports of insomnia, depression and (hypo)mania symptoms using the True Colours online monitoring tool for 21 months. Dynamic structural equation models were used to examine the interplay between weekly reports of insomnia and mood. The effects of clinical and demographic characteristics on associations were also assessed.

Results

Increased variability in insomnia symptoms was associated with increased mood variability. In the sample as a whole, we found strong evidence of bidirectional relationships between insomnia and depressive symptoms but only weak support for bidirectional relationships between insomnia and (hypo)manic symptoms. We found substantial variability between participants in the strength of prospective associations between insomnia and mood, which depended on age, gender, bipolar subtype, and a history of rapid cycling.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the importance of monitoring sleep in people with BD. However, researchers and clinicians investigating the association between sleep and mood should consider subgroup differences in this relationship. Advances in digital technology mean that intensive longitudinal data on sleep and mood are becoming increasingly available. Novel methods to analyse these data present an exciting opportunity for furthering our understanding of BD.
Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to adolescent pregnancy: A multiple mediational model
Authors: Russotti Justin , Font Sarah A. , Toth Sheree L. , Noll Jennie G.
Published: January 2022

Adolescent pregnancy (AP) is a significant public health issue. Child maltreatment (CM) represents an established risk factor, yet little is known about the explanatory mechanisms linking the phenomena. Informed by developmental theory, this study prospectively tested seven multi-level, indirect pathways that could plausibly explain the relationship between CM and AP: (1) substance use (polysubstance use and frequency); (2) sexual risk behavior; (3) depressive symptoms; (4) posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms; (5) cognitive dysregulation; (6) pregnancy desire and difficulty expectancies; and (7) age at menarche. Data came from a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of 469 ethnically diverse, nulliparous adolescent females, designed to examine the impact of substantiated CM on reproductive outcomes such as pregnancy and childbirth (265 maltreated and 204 demographically matched comparison adolescents). A multiple-mediator structural equation model was conducted to simultaneously test multiple indirect effects while accounting for confounding variables. Maltreatment had an indirect effect on pregnancy via substance use and higher pregnancy desire/lower perceived difficulty. Findings represent a step towards elucidating pathways linking CM with AP. Recommendations are offered to prevent pregnancy by addressing the pregnancy-specific mechanisms that are part of the maltreatment sequelae.
Neither environmental unpredictability nor harshness predict reliance on alloparental care among families in Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Rosenbaum Stacy , Kuzawa Christopher W. , McDade Thomas W. , Bechayda Sonny Agustin , Gettler Lee T.
Published: January 2022

Alloparental caregiving is key to humans’ highly flexible reproductive strategies. Across species and across societies, alloparental care is more common in harsh and/or unpredictable environments (HUEs). Currently, however, it is unclear whether HUEs predict intra-population variation in alloparental care, or whether early life HUEs might predict later alloparental care use in adulthood, consistent with adaptive developmental plasticity. We test whether harshness measures (socioeconomic status (SES), environmental hygiene, crowding) and unpredictability measures (parental unemployment, paternal absence, household moves) predicted how much alloparental assistance families in Cebu, Philippines received, in a multigenerational study with data collected across four decades. Though worse environmental hygiene predicted more concurrent alloparental care in 1994, we found little evidence that HUEs predict within-population variation in alloparental care in this large-scale, industrialized society. Indeed, less-crowded conditions and higher SES predicted more alloparental care, not less, in the 1980s and in 2014 respectively, while paternal absence in middle childhood predicted less reliance on alloparental care in adulthood. In this cultural context, our results generally do not provide support for the translation of interspecific or intersocietal patterns linking HUEs and alloparental care to intra-population variation in alloparental care, nor for the idea that a reproductive strategy emphasizing alloparental care use may be preceded by early life HUEs.
GAPS IN THE THUE–MORSE WORD
Authors: SPIEGELHOFER LUKAS
Published: January 2022

The Thue–Morse sequence is a prototypical automatic sequence found in diverse areas of mathematics, and in computer science. We study occurrences of factors w within this sequence, or more precisely, the sequence of gaps between consecutive occurrences. This gap sequence is morphic; we prove that it is not automatic as soon as the length of w is at least
$2$
, thereby answering a question by J. Shallit in the affirmative. We give an explicit method to compute the discrepancy of the number of occurrences of the block
$\mathtt {01}$
in the Thue–Morse sequence. We prove that the sequence of discrepancies is the sequence of output sums of a certain base-
$2$
transducer.
On RVaR-based optimal partial hedging
Authors: Melnikov Alexander , Wan Hongxi
Published: January 2022

The main aim of this paper is to develop an optimal partial hedging strategy that minimises an investor’s shortfall subject to an initial wealth constraint. The risk criterion we employ is a robust tail risk measure called Range Value-at-Risk (RVaR) which belongs to a wider class of distortion risk measures and contains the well-known measures VaR and CVaR as important limiting cases. Explicit forms of such RVaR-based optimal hedging strategies are derived. In addition, we provide a numerical example to demonstrate how to apply this more comprehensive methodology of partial hedging in the area of mixed finance/insurance contracts in the market with long-range dependence.
Remote Stories, Local Meanings: Knowledge Transfer and Acculturation Strategies in Nahua Sociocultural History
Authors: Olko Justyna
Published: January 2022

In this paper I carry out a microphilological study of a section of the Codex Indianorum 7, a colonial devotional manuscript in Nahuatl preserved in the John Carter Brown Library. It contains wisdom teachings derived from the biblical Book of Tobit and directed to both parents and their children. I argue that this hitherto unstudied text reveals the Native author's liberty to creatively mold and adapt a culturally remote European prototype into the Native genre of oratorical art—the huehuehtlahtolli, or “words of the elders.” The author also skillfully embedded and contextualized the content of the biblical instruction in local cultural meanings understandable and valid to an Indigenous audience. As an example of cross-cultural translation and colonial textual production, this source provides new insights into Native forms of agency, intellectual autonomy, and acculturation strategies reflected in creative dialogues with European traditions, developed and maintained despite the seemingly substitutive Christianization policies imposed on Indigenous people in the sixteenth century.
Tracking Crustal Permeability and Hydrothermal Response During Seafloor Eruptions at the East Pacific Rise, 9°50’N
Authors: Barreyre T. , Parnell‐Turner R. , Wu J.‐N. , Fornari D. J.
Published: January 2022

Permeability controls energy and matter fluxes in deep‐sea hydrothermal systems fueling a 'deep biosphere' of microorganisms. Here, we indirectly measure changes in sub‐seafloor crustal permeability, based on the tidal response of high‐temperature hydrothermal vents at the East Pacific Rise 9°50’N preceding the last phase of volcanic eruptions during 2005–2006. Ten months before the last phase of the eruptions, permeability decreased, first rapidly, and then steadily as the stress built up, until hydrothermal flow stopped altogether ∼2 weeks prior to the January 2006 eruption phase. This trend was interrupted by abrupt permeability increases, attributable to dike injection during last phase of the eruptions, which released crustal stress, allowing hydrothermal flow to resume. These observations and models suggest that abrupt changes in crustal permeability caused by magmatic intrusion and volcanic eruption can control first‐order hydrothermal circulation processes. This methodology has the potential to aid eruption forecasting along the global mid‐ocean ridge network.
Where and How Often Does Rain Prevent Dust Emission?
Authors: Okin Gregory S.
Published: January 2022

Precipitation‐derived soil moisture in the active aeolian layer (the top ∼2 mm of the soil) impacts dust emission by increasing the threshold for emission. The purpose of this study was to use data similar to those used in global and regional dust emission models to calculate the probability that a high wind event happens during the period that antecedent precipitation would have left the active layer wet. The results indicate that the answer to this question is more strongly related to regional climate than soil texture. For more than half of the global drylands, the probability of precipitation influencing dust emission is greater than 30%–40%. Thus, rain‐derived soil moisture in the active layer should not be ignored in models throughout much of the world's dust producing regions. However, because the thin active layer dries faster than the underlying soil, models that use thick surface soil layer moisture for this may underestimate dust emission.
Impact of Spreading Rate and Age‐Offset on Oceanic Transform Fault Morphology
Authors: Ren Yu , Geersen Jacob , Grevemeyer Ingo
Published: January 2022

Oceanic transform faults (OTFs) are an inherent part of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics, whereas the process controlling their morphology remains enigmatic. Here, we systematically quantify variations in transform morphology and their dependence on spreading rate and age‐offset, based on a compilation of shipborne bathymetric data from 94 OTFs at ultraslow‐ to intermediate‐spreading ridges. In general, the length, width and depth of OTFs scale systematically better with age‐offset rather than spreading rate. This observation supports recent geodynamic models proposing that cross‐transform extension scaling with age‐offset, is a key process of transform dynamics. On the global scale, OTFs with larger age‐offsets tend to have longer, wider, and deeper valleys. However, at small age‐offsets (<5 Myr), scatters in the depth and width of OTFs increase, indicating that small age‐offset OTFs with weak lithospheric strength are easily affected by secondary tectonic processes.
Deformation of Electron Distributions Due to Landau Trapping by the Whistler‐Mode Wave
Authors: Ke Yangguang , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Wang Xueyi , Chen Rui , Chen Huayue , Wang Shui
Published: January 2022

Whistler‐mode waves can modulate the electron distributions through wave‐particle interactions in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. In this paper, we have investigated the effects of the whistler waves on the electron distributions by a combination of electron magnetohydrodynamics and test‐particle simulations. Our simulations show a parallel whistler wave becomes gradually oblique during its propagation from the magnetic equator to higher latitudes. Such a whistler wave causes distinct flux increases of tens of keV electrons at large pitch angles to form electron butterfly distributions. This whistler wave traps numerous resonant electrons and transports them from lower latitudes to higher latitudes through nonlinear Landau trapping. Meanwhile, these trapped electrons are efficiently accelerated to higher energies contributing to the rapid formation of electron butterfly distributions at higher latitudes. Our study suggests nonlinear Landau trapping is a potential formation mechanism of the electron butterfly distributions observed in the Earth's inner magnetosphere.