bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaeology of the San Augustin Plains, a Preliminary Report
Authors: Hurt Wesley R. , McKnight Daniel
Published: April 2006

The San Augustin Plains of south central New Mexico contain several pluvial lake basins, on the terraces of which are numerous blowout sites with remains of Early Man. The major portion of the Plains lies to the south of U.S. Highway 60, between Magdalena and Datil, New Mexico. This is the area of the basin of extinct Lake San Augustin. The small portion of the Plains to the north of the highway contains the basins of White Lake and North Lake. The Plains consist of a large basin some 60 miles long from northeast to southwest, varying in width from 20 miles at the northeast end to about 6 miles at the southwest. On three sides of the Plains are a series of mountain ranges, while on the west are the ranges that form the continental divide (Fig. 41).
Preliminary Note on the Discovery of Fossil Man at Tepexpan in the Valley of Mexico
Authors: Terra Helmut De
Published: April 2006

My Geological and archaeological studies in the Valley of Mexico, which I have carried out since the end of 1945 under the auspices and with the aid of the Viking Fund, Inc. of New York, were rewarded on February 22 of this year (1947) by an extraordinary find of human skeletal remains in the Upper Pleistocene Bercerra formation at Tepexpan, in the State of Mexico. So far the quest for genuine fossil human remains in North America has been a tantalizing venture because of the incomplete state of preservation and the uncertainty of dating. In this respect the Tepexpan find would seem to meet many of the requirements necessary for assigning it to a known geological formation dating back to the close of the Ice Age. Moreover, the formation in which the human fossil was excavated has yielded at several other localities artifacts which must be regarded as more or less contemporary.
Independent Invention versus Diffusion
Authors: Gladwin Harold S.
Published: April 2006

When Mr. McKern wrote to suggest that I might wish to add a word to the discussion of those cultures which may show some indications of Old World contacts, my first impulse was to burst out with a long list of analogies in support of such an hypothesis. After thinking it over, however, I realized that this had often been done in the past without success, and it occurred to me that it might be more pertinent to try to explain how one diffusionist has reached his present estate, and what symptoms to look for in a person who has been subjected to this form of contagion.
Pipestone and Red Shale Artifacts
Authors: Howell David H.
Published: April 2006

During the summer and fall of 1938 the writer made several trips into Arizona and while there visited various museums in the central and northern part of the state. In each of these he encountered numerous artifacts made of a red shale material which varies in color from a light pink to a dull red. This is often referred to locally as pipestone. On more than one occasion the writer was asked if these rock samples were catlinite and was astonished to find that he could not answer this query, nor, indeed could he define or properly describe catlinite. It was quite apparent, moreover, that much confusion prevailed concerning many of the red-stone artifacts incorporated in the museum collections and that some few people were drawing far-reaching conclusions1 as to the extent of commerce and trade indulged in by our North American predecessors. Regrettable as this tendency is, it is not entirely unexpected since research with pipestone has been neglected.
Reconnaissance of the Central San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Hewes Gordon W.
Published: April 2006

A survey of the central San Joaquin Valley has demonstrated a threefold cultural sequence north of Stockton, upsetting the earlier view that central California archaeology lacked evidence of change; south of Tulare Lake are indications of similar cultural stratification. Before the survey the 160 miles between Stockton and Tulare Lake was known only from scattered specimens and occasional correspondence with local collectors.

The area of the 1939 reconnaissance is bounded on the north by the southern limit of Schenck and Dawson's 1929 report, the Mount Diablo Base Line; on the south, by Gifford and Schenck's northern limit, the southern end of Tulare Lake; on the east and west, by the Valley drainage limits. This territory includes the basin of the second largest river in California, and was formerly occupied by the bulk of the Yokutsspeaking peoples, and by some of the Miwok and Mono.
Some Textile Specimens from the Aleutian Islands
Authors: Gebhard Paul , Kent Kate Peck
Published: April 2006

The twelve specimens here analysed were obtained from the island of Kagamil in the Four Mountain Group and from the island of Shiprock in Umnak Pass. No date other than merely "pre-Russian" has been assigned either burial cave from whence the specimens were obtained, although it is likely that Dr. Aleš Hrdlička will formulate a satisfactory chronology for the known sites of the Aleutian Islands. The specimens consist of the fragments of five baskets or mats, five cords, and two bird skins, the latter presumably from parkas. While these specimens are few in number and in no wise unique, the paucity of published material on the prehistoric textiles of the Aleutian Islands justifies this paper.
The Locus of the Natchez Pelvis Find
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

Some time between 1837 and 1844 Dr. Montroville Wilson Dickeson found a fossil human pelvis and bones of extinct animals in the vicinity of Natchez, Mississippi (Culen 1900: 113–5).

In 1846 Dickeson reported this find to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, stating in substance that the human bone was found at least 2 feet below 3 associated skeletons of Megalonyx in a “plateau of blue clay … that underlies the diluvial drift of Natchez“ (Dickeson 1846: 106–7).
Recent Investigations in Fort Randall And Oahe Reservoirs, South Dakota
Authors: Cooper Paul L.
Published: April 2006

One of the consequences of the Missouri Basin development program will be the virtual obliteration of the Missouri River between Yankton, South Dakota, and the Montana-North Dakota line. The lakes to be created by the various dams proposed or under construction by the Army Corps of Engineers will inundate all but short stretches of the terraces on which are situated literally hundreds of fortified and unfortified earth-lodge villages and other, earlier, occupational sites. Situated near the northern limit of agriculture but heavily populated by sedentary, horticultural people for a period of several hundreds of years, this anthropologically fascinating area has been barely touched scientifically.
Comment on “Method and Theory in American Archeology”
Authors: Phillips Philip , Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

In the July number of this journal Albert C. Spaulding delivered himself of a most penetrating review of the first of the authors’ 2 Anthropologist papers on method and theory in American archaeology. This note is in no sense a reply to his review but it seems to us that additional information about our paper and its subsequent history might prevent misunderstanding. Shortly after its publication in December, 1953, we received a long letter from Spaulding in which this paper and its authors were subjected to similar but even stronger criticism than in the review under discussion.
Curvilinear Motifs on New York Coastal Pottery: A Reply
Authors: Lopez Julius
Published: April 2006

Robert C. Suggs (1958: 432-3) mentions having found at the Manakaway site in Greenwich, Connecticut, sherds from a vessel decorated with curvilinear motifs in dentate stamping. At the Pelham Boulder site, Bronx County, New York, similar pottery has been found by the writer in the subsoil, and within the lowest third of the midden, never higher. Suggs implies that I attributed the sherds to "Hopewellian contact" in a short preliminary paper I wrote (1956). Nowhere in my paper have I mentioned a Hopewellian contact. I did say, however, that “such motifs are reminiscent of some Hopewellian patterns.” There is quite a difference in meaning and implication.
Mogollon Settlement Patterns in Pine Lawn Valley, New Mexico
Authors: Bluhm Elaine
Published: April 2006

Settlement patterns are described for each phase of the sedentary agricultural occupation of the area from Pine Lawn phase (200 B.C.-A.D. 500) through Tularosa phase (A.D. 1100-1250), when the area was abandoned. Through time domestic structures changed from rounded to rectangular, from semi-subterranean to surface, and decreased in size. Earlier villages tended to be on higher, more defensible locations while later ones were lower, closer to water and arable land. Villages were generally random in plan, and great kivas, the only ceremonial structures identified in the area, appear to have served more than one village. From the settlement pattern data it is possible to construct a population curve for the area which may be partially explained in terms of botanical and climatological as well as cultural factors. Pine Lawn Valley Mogollon may have had some multi-village social organization which in later times may have united the entire valley. In this respect the Mogollon may have been intermediate between the well-integrated, segmented Anasazi communities in the plateau and the more politically structured Hohokam communities in the desert.
Attributes and the Discovery of Projectile Point Types: With Data from the Columbia-Fraser Region
Authors: Smith Marian W.
Published: April 2006

The Classification of pottery types has apparently already reached a satisfactory degree of descriptive accuracy. Although problems remain, numerous site comparisons and important cultural connections have been based upon pottery. Classification of stone artifacts is not in so happy a state. Wheat has also recently called attention to this fact (1953, p. 196): “If cultures predominantly lithic in complexion are to be correlated satisfactorily with each other … we must pay the same attention to artifacts of stone, bone, shell, etc., that has yielded such valuable results in the study of pottery.” Considerable difficulties are inherent in the classification of stone implements but close inspection shows that these are further increased by a terminology which occasionally serves as much to confuse the picture as to clarify it.

Such phrases as “leaf-shaped” or “triangular” blades are common in archaeological literature. Yet the descriptive accuracy of these terms rests upon a meaningful and generally accepted contrast between leaf-shaped and triangular which is not substantiated by the inquiry into their use as presented below.
Snaketown IV vs. The Facts
Authors: Schroeder Albert H.
Published: April 2006

In 1937 Gila Pueblo reported on its excavations at Snaketown, a large Hohokam site in southern Arizona, in which a time range from 300 B.C. to 1100 A.D. was assigned (Gladwin, et al, 1937). Gladwin (1942) then presented a revision, based on his own comparative treering research, in which he raised the beginning date for the site up to 600 A.D. In his latest publication Gladwin (1948) brings a second revision in which additional time and cultural alterations are offered. These are again based on his own dendrochronological studies. These results he correlates in turn, on a broad scale, with the Mogollon development.
Culture Chronology in Texas
Authors: Stephenson Robert L.
Published: April 2006

This brief statement is presented as a summary of the archaeological sequences as they have been postulated to date in the Texas area. It is a compilation of the results of investigations by.several dozen archaeologists who have worked in the area during the past quarter century or more. Necessarily it is brief and only a bare minimum of description of each cultural group has been included. Also, the sequential alignments are for the most part tentative. Only in rare instances has extensive field work established definitely the positions suggested. The McKern system of culture designation has been used to indicate groups and subdivisions of groups throughout, although the term aspect tends to have more of a temporal than spatial implication.
Bone Grease
Authors: Leechman Douglas
Published: April 2006

In the early literature, especially that relating to the prairies, there are numerous brief references to the extraction of oil or grease from bones by boiling. For instance, W. R. Gerard in his article on pemmican in Bulletin 30 of the Bureau of American Ethnology says: “Sweet pemmican is a superior kind of pemmican in which the fat used is obtained from marrow by boiling broken bones in water.” Wissler in his paper on the Material Culture of trte Blackfoot Indians says: “Marrow fat was obtained by boiling cracked bones and skimming the floating fat from the top of the kettle with a dipper made of horn.” A still earlier reference to the same process is found in Schoolcraft's History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes (Vol. 4, p. 107) in which he says: “The men break bones, which are boiled in water to extract the marrow to be used for frying and for other culinary purposes. The oil is then poured into the bladder of the animal, which contains when filled about twelve pounds, being the yield of the marrow bones of two buffaloes.”
Comments on Incense Burners from Copan, Honduras
Authors: Borhegyi Stephan F. de
Published: April 2006

John M. Longyear, in his excellent presentation of the ceramics of Copan (1952), describes a vessel which he tentatively labels an incense burner. The vessel in question belongs to his Archaic period (?-A.D. 300). He considers it to be the only vessel from this period with possible ceremonial connotations. Quoting Longyear (p. 24): “It is a thick-walled, rough-finished vase, set on three solid cylinder legs (fig. 42 a [reproduced here as Fig. 86, a]). The body is pierced by a number of large, horseshoe-shaped holes. This may very well have been an incensario of some sort.” Longyear gives more details about the same vessel (p. 92). “Other thickwalled, coarsely finished sherds appear to come from incensarios of jar type, only two of which could be reconstructed. One is a large jar, of ‘hourglass” silhouette, supported on three long solid cylinder legs. The walls are pierced by an undetermined number of horseshoe-shaped windows, and the basal angle bears indentations made by the fingertip (fig. 42a).
Excavations in Jamaica
Authors: Dewolf Marian
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of excavations conducted in 1933, as yet unreported, and to correlate the findings with present knowledge of Jamaican and other West Indian prehistory. Descriptions of the sites and specimens may be of value to archaeologists in this area.

Since 1933 great strides have been made in archaeological knowledge of the West Indies. Irving Rouse has correlated known cultures in most of the Greater Antilles and in some of the Lesser Antilles. He has established seven arbitrary time periods, I, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, and IVb, for the area (Rouse, 1939, 1941, 1948, 1951, 1952) on the basis of stratigraphy, sedation of modes, establishment of style sequences, and cross-dating of trade objects. During these periods four cultures existed. The period I culture is preceramic and is associated with the Ciboney Indians who may have come from North America. The first ceramic culture, Igneri, is associated with the Arawak Indians, who pushed north and east from the Orinoco Valley in period II. It lacks the ceremonial complex which distinguishes the two later ceramic cultures, sub-Taino and Taino, which developed in the Greater Antilles during periods III and IV, the former as a simpler variant of the latter.
The Central California Chronological Sequence Re-Examined
Authors: Belous Russell E.
Published: April 2006

For a number of years the subject of California archaeology has undergone a great deal of discussion. A large measure of this discussion has been concerned with the problem of chronology. Heizer (1949) has postulated a classification of cultural and temporal relationships for central California. His chronology is based primarily on stratigraphic sequences together with intrasite comparisons and geological-chemical soil and bone analysis.

This paper is an attempt to examine a part of his sequences using a new method for the chronological ordering of archaeological deposits (Brainerd 1951; Robinson 1951). The material to follow will be divided into three categories: 1) theory and method; 2) a discussion of the sequences resulting from the application of the method used here; and 3) the nature of the conclusions which one may safely draw in the light of 1) and 2) above.
Radiocarbon Dates from an Early Archaic Deposit in Russell Cave, Alabama
Authors: Miller Carl F.
Published: April 2006

During recent excavations in the archaeological deposits in Russell Cave, Jackson County, Alabama (Miller 1956), we reached a depth of 13 feet. From this level we collected a large sample of charcoal found in association with chert projectile points whose shape suggests a placement at the end of paleo-Indian times and the beginning of early Archaic times.
An Early Speculation concerning the Asiatic Origin of the American Indian
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

Speculations concerning the origin of the American Indian began almost as soon as it became known that America Septentrional was inhabited. Most current theories favor an Asiatic origin, with migration through northern Kamchatka and Alaska. This is supported by rather plentiful evidence. A few anthropologists postulate an island-hopping trans-Pacific migration at relatively low latitudes. This theory is supported by conclusive modern proof that such voyages are possible. Other proposed origins include Palestine (“The Lost Tribes of Israel”), Argentina (Ameghino's “Hombre Terciaro”), various lost continents (such as James Churchward's Mu), and other planets, some no longer extant. These latter theories are based either on misinterpreted evidence (such as the Hombre Terciaro), or overactive imagination (such as Mu), and merit no further consideration here.

Although the theory of Asiatic origin of the American Indian is the most widely accepted today, its first proposal seems quite difficult to locate, particularly as Columbus and his crewmen believed that the inhabitants of the New World were Asiatics.
Archaeology in the Brooks Range of Alaska
Authors: Irving William
Published: April 2006

A cursory survey of the archaeology of parts of the Endicott mountains was made by the writer during 1950. It served to confirm a belief that the mountain region is and in the past has been hospitable to small groups of people dependent on hunting and fishing. Ten sites near the Anaktuvuk and Killik rivers were examined, and the probable locations of several others were obtained from local Eskimos. Recognizable culture phases encountered include types comparable with the modern and recent-prehistoric Eskimo, and Denbigh Flint complex, as described by Giddings (J. L. Giddings, “Early Flint Horizons on the North Bering Sea Coast,” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 3, March 15, 1949, pp. 85-90). In addition, a number of flint implements which are not readily identifiable were found in the sand dunes along the Killik River (Fig. 34). No evidence of ground slate or jade was found anywhere, and implements of organic materials were preserved only in the most recent sites.
Comments on the Review of “The Effigy Mound Culture of Wisconsin”
Authors: McKern W. C.
Published: April 2006

David Baerreis’ review of The Effigy Mound Culture of Wisconsin, by Chandler Rowe (American Antiquity, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 320–1), includes certain criticisms of methods and procedures underlying the author’s treat’ ment of his subject that raise important questions as to the general status of archaeological concept and methodology.

For example, commenting on Rowe’s rejection of the early guess that effigy mound shapes represent clan symbols, Baerreis appears to argue that at some time, some tribe or tribes could possibly have possessed totemic patterns that might account for effigy mound shapes.
Ceramic Systems and Eastern Archaeology
Authors: Sears William H.
Published: April 2006

The system of ceramic taxonomy presented by Phillips for use in the Southeast is considered to be too formal and rigid. While it attempts to serve the same functions as the currently used concepts of type and variety, the proposed new system would be considerably more complex in its application. The ceramic type, as currently defined and used, is well adapted for establishing skeletal chronicle. Any modification would lessen its usefulness. A greater emphasis on including descriptive classes in reports is offered as more valuable than the adoption of a formal taxonomy. The content of the classes cannot be determined prior to description, whereas the formal taxonomy prescribes the content of each taxonomic unit. These classes would increase the utility of sherd collections by making available data which can be applied to problems, such as those of process, for which neither the type nor the proposed new varieties are suitable.
Shakespeare's Arena – stage at Court
Authors: Hotson Leslie
Published: April 2006

Discovery of new documents revolutionizes our ideas of Shakespeare's methods of production at Court. We know now that his plays were acted completely 'in the round.' No authority exists for the universal assumption that for plays at Court the stage was set against the lower or 'screen' end of the Hall (as it was for the curtained tableaux of scenic masques, pastorals, or 'shows').
Symonds on Bruno—An Early Draft
Authors: Remnant Peter
Published: April 2006

Filippo Bruno was born in Nola, Italy, in 1548. At the age of seventeen he joined the Dominican Order in Naples and changed his given name to Giordano. Eleven years later, anticipating an indictment for heresy, he put off his monastic dress and fled. During the next sixteen years he wandered throughout Europe, pausing here and there until his welcome wore out. Three of these years were spent in England, where he became a member of the circle surrounding Florio, Philip Sidney and Fulke Greville. It was during these three years that he produced the writings, in Italian, by which he is best known. In 1591, after further wanderings, he made the fatal mistake of returning to Italy. He was arrested in Venice and, after some dispute among the interested authorities, was consigned to the Inquisition in Rome. His trial occupied the remainnig eight years of his life.
On The Causes of the Renaissance
Authors: Bennett Josephine Waters
Published: April 2006

The weakest spot in the attempt to define, describe, and understand the Renaissance is our failure to consider causes. This failure is largely due to a failure of definition in time. The beginning has been placed anywhere between the Sixteenth and the Fourteenth Centuries. Most of the causes which have been suggested (the fall of Constantinople, the invention of printing, the discovery of America) are Fifteenth Century phenomena. But it is generally agreed that humanism began with Petrarch. I think we must ask ourselves why the Latin classics, which had been lying about in neglected corners of libraries, should suddenly become the most valuable things in the world. It is not enough to attribute this new enthusiasm to “fashion.” Men turn eagerly to new ideas chiefly when they are dissatisfied with the old; and there were good reasons for dissatisfaction in Italy in Petrarch's day.
Marvell's ‘Bermudas’ and the Puritan Paradise
Authors: Colie Rosalie L.
Published: April 2006

It is often difficult to remember that Andrew Marvell the poet was also a polemical Puritan and practical politician, so little do his surviving poems reflect his public activity. Least of all, one would think, could his Garden poems, where his private intentions seem most highly developed and his general Neoplatonism most sharply particularized, yield up any reference to his Puritan life. But when we examine his ‘Bermudas’, one of Marvell's subtlest shorter poems and strikingly close to ‘The Garden’ in both its imagery and its implications of paradise, we cannot fail to realize its background of English expansion into the New World and of the religious drives that sent Englishmen oat from their island into harsher climates in the expectation of some sort of practical Eden. Marvell's song is the song of praise of his mariners to the God that led them ‘through the watry Maze’ to another island, long hidden from their knowledge and far kinder than England itself.
Sidney's Sister as Translator of Garnier
Authors: Beauchamp Virginia Walcott
Published: April 2006

In the major study concerning the relationship between the French dramatist, Robert Garnier, and the Elizabethan drama, the author, A. M. Witherspoon, tends to see literary choice as primarily motivated by casual personal considerations. He claims, for example, that Garnier, living in a period of civil strife in France, chose Roman themes for several of his tragedies because he admired ‘the Roman genius for organization’. Likewise he explains the Countess of Pembroke's attraction to Garnier's tragedies in that they centered around strong-minded women like Portia and Cornelia.

Although one cannot, of course, discount the importance of congeniality of theme in a dramatist's selection of a subject to portray or of a translator's choice of a work to render, one must not at the same time overlook certain other influences which govern these choices. And, in fact, since both Garnier and the Countess of Pembroke wrote as members of learned and circumscribed coteries, we might expect external influences to assume more than usual importance.
Erasmus' Ideas of his Rôle as a Social Critic ca. 1480–1500
Authors: Adams Robert P.
Published: April 2006

A distinctive feature of early Tudor humanism, with St. Thomas More, Erasmus, John Colet, and John Lewis Vives, was a trenchant critique of war's place in the social pattern, coupled with sustained efforts to effect peaceful reforms in England. This criticism of society not only marks their kind of humanism but was indeed destined to help shape the modern mind. On the English record, Colet appears as the pioneer, beginning with his Oxford lectures on St. Paul (1496), in which he broke with the main traditional concept of ‘just’ and ‘unjust’ war, reaching a conclusion that it is impossible for evil and war to produce good or to be a Christian thing. The means Colet used to reach this view is itself notable.
Ransom in ‘Samson Agonistes’
Authors: Gossman Ann
Published: April 2006

Milton's comprehensive ability to synthesize diverse elements from different traditions according to his artistic purpose is one of the most outstanding ways in which he manifested his originality. Even Manoa's attempt to ransom his son, one of the most remarkably original episodes in Samson Agonistes, has not only profoundly Christian overtones, but also, I should like to suggest, two classical analogues.

To the Christian reader the word ‘ransom’ inevitably suggests Christ's redemption of mankind, ‘Thy ransom paid, which Man from death redeems’. Just as surely as Job's declaration of faith, ‘I know that my redeemer liveth’, has been taken as an anticipation of Christ; the correspondences between Christ and Samson would have been evident to Milton's audience.
On Machiavelli's Idea of Virtu
Authors: Gilbert Felix
Published: April 2006

The following observations are hardly more than a footnote, but a footnote to one of the most discussed questions of Machiavelli's thought, to his concept of virtù. When scholars became aware of the central importance of this term in Machiavelli's thought, they also realized that virtù was a most elusive term to which it was difficult to assign a precise and definite meaning; the term seemed to contain a great variety of meanings. In recent times, almost each new interpretation of Machiavelli's thought has implied a new intepretation of his virtù-concept, or, at least, has stressed the decisive significance of one particular factor among the various elements which went into the making of this concept.
‘Hamlet’ and the Circumference of Action
Authors: Calhoun Jean S.
Published: April 2006

When Coleridge says that Hamlet's tragedy is owing to his failure to realize that ‘action is the chief end of existence’, when Dr. Johnson says that the prince is ‘throughout the whole play, rather an instrument than agent’, each is noticing the extent to which the nature and meaning of action by human agency is the pivot on which Shakespeare's play turns. Among modern critics, Maynard Mack has commented on Hamlet's central concern with action: he says, ‘“Act” . . . I take to be the play's radical metaphor. It distills the various perplexities about the character of reality into a residual perplexity about the nature of an act.‘ I see ‘act’ as not just a metaphor, in Mack's sense that the play uses its concern for action to imply something about the larger issue of reality itself, for I think Hamlet expresses what may be a deeper insight, that action may not only ‘represent’ reality, but, in some sense that the play tries to define, is reality, as Coleridge suggests.
Music for Poetry in France (1550–1580)
Authors: Graham Victor E.
Published: April 2006

The year 1549 is a familiar one to all those interested in sixteenth-century French poetry because it marks the date of publication of the Deffence et illustration de la langue francoyse which stands as a sort of manifesto of the nascent Pléiade. In this document of Italian inspiration Du Bellay repudiated most of the indigenous poetic forms in favor of the classical ode and eclogue and the Petrarchan sonnet. In the second part of the work he exhorted his young poet thus: ‘Chante moy ces odes incongnues encor’ de la Muse Francoyse, d'un luc, bien accordé au son de la lyre Grecque et Romaine’ (II, iv).
John Bois's Notes
Authors: Allen Ward
Published: April 2006

After the translators of the Authorized Version of the Bible had finished their work, six men, according to Anthony Walker, or twelve, according to the report of the Synod of Dort, assembled at Stationers’ Hall to survey and revise the whole work; for, as the translators apprised their readers in the preface to the AV, ‘neither did we disdain to revise that which we had done, and to bring back to the anvil that which we had hammered.’ Anthony Walker, in his sketch of the life of John Bois, reports: ‘Whilst they were imployed in this last businesse, he, & he only, took notes of their proceedings: which notes he kept till his dying day.’ The notes, it has been thought, were lost.
The African Standpoint
Authors: Gutmann Bruno
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The State in its essential nature is power. Its character is determined by the force with which it asserts its distinction from neighbouring states, by its dealing with the organic bonds in which the life of the people finds expression, and by its success in absorbing into and developing within its own structure the underlying spirit of those bonds. The origin of the State's consciousness of power lies at the point in the interlacing roots of tribal organization where the tension between associations based on kinship and those based on age brings about a change of balance, and leadership begins to pass to the latter, the age-class becoming a warrior class which outgrows the clan and subjects kinship-groupings to its own leaders. Once this change in leadership has taken place, that is to say, when no longer the spirit of the clan but the spirit of the age-class becomes dominant, then, by reason of the resulting tightening-up of the forces of war and of expansion, it is only a question of time before the age-class associations pass into a system of vassalage, with leaders who emerge from the age-grade system and acquire an authority more or less political in character. With the individualization of the leadership goes the differentiation of function in the State, which is first required in the organization of the army. Henceforward the tasks in the service of the State are no longer dependent on a man's place in the tribal organization, but upon accomplishments which can be learned. To acquire these forms of skill, to become proficient in their use and to obtain the advantages secured by them becomes an absorbing task which is pursued in common and given stability by associations for the purpose. This is the birth of organization. Without such organizations the State cannot take form, for they alone ensure to it the concentration of the primitive forces of the tribe for the accomplishment of the aims of the State. Thus these organized associations become agencies to develop and foster the consciousness of statehood. The tribal community consciousness which still persists in the organic tribal relationships and in their leadership systems is gradually, under the absorptive power of the new state-consciousness, forced back into the realm of mere emotion and habit and finally deprived entirely of its spiritual leadership. So that what is in reality the starting-point of man's spiritual existence, namely, his membership of an organic and tribal order of society, comes to be regarded as something purely natural and as the sphere of the instinctive preservation of the species.
The Educational Work of Missionary Societies
Authors: Oldham J. H.
Published: April 2006

The educational work of missionary societies is a wide subject, and I propose to limit what I say to three topics: first, the quality of missionary education; secondly, missions and native society; thirdly, missions and governments.

When I was in Africa a few years ago I remarked on one occasion to a prominent official, ‘All the mistakes in native education in East Africa have been made by the missionaries.’ He looked at me in surprise at so frank an admission from a representative of missions. I added, ‘The reason is that they were the only people who could make them, since they have been the only people engaged in education.’ Throughout the greater part of Africa we are still only on the threshold of educational development. Ten years ago there were no education departments in Uganda or Nyasaland or Northern Rhodesia or the Belgian Congo or in Portuguese colonies, and those in other territories, British and non-British, were doing very little.
Privileged Obstruction of Marriage Rites among the Gusii
Authors: Mayer Philip
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

A Sketch of two incidents recorded in my field notes will serve to introduce the subject of this paper.

1. Nanyuki and his wife Mwango were completing their marriage by the enyangi ceremony. I was to see the second of the major sacrifices, which takes place at the husband's homestead. A day after the appointed time, Nanyuki informed me that everything was being held up. Mwango, he said, refused to go on unless he gave her a he-goat. He had tried all day in vain to get her one; none of his neighbours wanted to barter, and he could not afford money. I almost suspected a device for putting me off and preventing me from being present at the ceremony. Why should Nanyuki, who, I knew, was eager to get back to work in his swamp garden, allow his plans to be upset by Mwango's whim? However, his anxiety and exasperation seemed genuine enough; he told me that he could not think what to do, and would have to consult Kebaso, his dead father's brother.
XIII. Bakwiri, British Cameroons
Authors: Njoh A. S.
Published: April 2006

Witches are people believed to possess invisible powers, that nobody can explain, to do harm to others. This power is said to be in the heart of one so accused and it is not quite certain whether he knows of it himself. To prove that one is a witch or wizard the root of a certain herb (pwave) is mixed with water in a bowl and given to one to drink of it. If he does not vomit he is said to be a witch, but if he does he is not a witch.
The effects of dominance, species ranking and species matching on some similarity indices
Authors: Sgardelis S. P. , Stamou G. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The performance of certain indices of sample similarity was explored with respect to variation in species matching, species ranking and dominance of simulated samples. An index of similarity is suggested which accounts for variation in species matching and ranking rather than for differences in dominance.
The Style of Anglo-Saxon Poetry
Authors: Tolman Albert H.
Published: April 2006

The theory of Heinzel. Style and Metre: connected. The Metre. Four accents versus Eight accents. The Alliteration.
Hear These Beautiful Sacred Selections
Authors: Green Archie
Published: April 2006

Few pioneering works on American culture are as significant as George Pullen Jackson's White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands: The Story of the Fasola Folk, Their Songs, Singings, and “Buckwheat Notes” (1933). To this seminal book Jackson added four others, which fixed his name as the key interpreter of the Anglo-American religious folksong tradition within the United States. In White Spirituals Jackson set for himself a large and ambitious goal: to define and study a corpus not previously recognized as folksong by orthodox ballad scholars. In the process, he added to our understanding of the tune-family concept and helped to establish a multi-faceted model of folk society identified by geography, institutional structure, and philosophic belief.
Drone and ‘Dyaphonia Basilica'
Authors: Gerson-Kiwi Edith
Published: April 2006

In placing European music within the wider frame of global music, we have lately begun to revise our views on certain processes of composition which have until now appeared axiomatic and unchangeable. One of these views was that early polyphony underwent a slow and toilsome evolution, emerging from the preceding monophony which was considered the more primary utterance of man. But the history of medieval music has taught us repeatedly how artful a monodic song can be and how artless, indeed primitive, the first attempts at polyphony had been, that is, if we would rely on written sources only. History does not proceed stepwise, and musical artifacts do not indicate a tidy rational progression from monophony to part-singing in two, three, or four voices. Co-existent, and presumably even older than monophony, are certain basic forms of polyphony, such as the bourdon.
Prediction of Equilibrium Partitioning of Nonpolar Organic Solutes in Water‐ Surfactant Systems by UNIFAC and COSMO‐RS Models
Authors: Buggert M. , Mokrushina L. , Smirnova I. , Schomäcker R. , Arlt W.
Published: April 2006

In the present study the potential of two thermodynamic‐based models (the group‐contribution UNIFAC model and the a priori predictive COSMO‐RS model) to predict solute partitioning in aqueous surfactant solutions is evaluated. In order to take into account the small size of micelles, the UNIFAC model was extended by the interfacial contribution based on the Gibbs‐Thompson equation. The applicability of the approach was successfully proved for the partitioning of nonpolar solutes (toluene, p‐xylene) in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants. The original COSMO‐RS model underestimates the concentration of the solute in the aqueous phase in the case of micellar systems since it does not account for the small size of micelles. At the same time, this model gives quantitative results for the octanol/water partition coefficients of both solutes under study leading to the conclusion that the affinity of both solutes to a certain solvent is well described. Thus, extending the COSMO‐RS by the interfacial term seems to be promising.
The contents of proteins and phospholipids in cloudy (veiled) virgin olive oils
Authors: Koidis Anastasios , Boskou Dimitrios
Published: April 2006

Extra virgin olive oil is produced in the form of a “suspension–dispersion” which can persist for several months before full deposition of a residue. Many consumers and chefs prefer unfiltered raw olive oil because it looks thicker and richer in flavors. The nature of the material in the suspension–dispersion is poorly described. The presence of proteins has been connected with the appearance of the “veiled” oil and also with its oxidative stability, although there are discrepancies in the literature with regard to their levels. The level of phosphorus, a measure of phospholipids, is also poorly studied. This work aims at quantifying proteins and phospholipids in cloudy olive oil. For the analysis of proteins, a practical method is used that can be applied for routine analysis. The proteins are precipitated with acetone and determined colorimetrically using the Bradford method suitably modified to measure protein dye‐binding at low concentrations. Twenty three virgin and one refined olive oil samples from different places in Greece were all found to have protein levels below 2.5 mg/kg. In most of the samples, values were lower after filtration of the cloudy oils. In the refined oil samples, protein was hardly determined (value ≤0.1 mg/kg). Phosphorus levels ranged from 0.8 to 4.8 mg/kg. These correspond to approximately 21–124 mg/kg of phospholipids. The results are discussed in relation to the oxidative and physicochemical stability of the veiled oils.
Generalized lattice‐BGK concept for thermal and chemically reacting flows at low Mach numbers
Authors: Hänel D. , Lantermann U. , Kaiser R. , Wlokas I.
Published: April 2006

The lattice‐BGK method has been extended by introducing additional, free parameters in the original formulation of the lattice‐BGK methods. The relationship between these parameters and the macroscopic moment equations is analysed by Taylor series and Chapman–Enskog expansion. The parameters are determined from the macroscopic moment equations by comparisons with the governing equations to be modelled. Extensions are presented for the Navier–Stokes equations at low Mach numbers in Cartesian or axisymmetric coordinates with constant or variable density, for scalar convection–diffusion equations and for equations of Poisson type. The generalized lattice‐BGK concept is demonstrated by two applications of chemical engineering. These are the computation of chemically reacting flow through an axisymmetric reactor and of the transport and deposition of particles to filters under the action of different forces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoothed binary regression quantiles
Authors: Kordas Gregory
Published: April 2006

This paper extends results regarding smoothed median binary regression to general smoothed binary quantile regression, discusses the interpretation of the resulting estimators under alternative assumptions, and shows how they may be used to obtain semiparametric estimates of counterfactual probabilities. The estimators are applied to a model of labour force participation of married women in the USA. We find that the elasticity with respect to non‐labour income is significantly negative only for women that belong to the middle of the conditional willingness‐to‐participate (WTP) distribution. In comparing the quantile models with parametric logit and semiparametric single‐index specifications, we find that the models agree closely for women around the centre of the WTP distribution, but there are considerable disagreements as we move towards the tails of the distribution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular structure of ferrocenethiol islands embedded into alkanethiol self‐assembled monolayers by UHV‐STM
Authors: Müller‐Meskamp L. , Lüssem B. , Karthäuser S. , Prikhodovski S. , Homberger M. , Simon U. , Waser R.
Published: April 2006

[11‐(Acetylthio)‐1‐oxoundecyl]‐ferrocene and 1,1″‐Dithiobis‐ferrocene are inserted into alkanethiolate self‐assembled monolayers from solution. Upon annealing, the inserted molecules form separated domains, which protrude as islands from the surrounding monolayer. The resulting thin‐films are studied by UHV‐STM. For both compounds the density of the molecules in close packed SAMs is determined. Furthermore for ferroceneundecanethiols the molecular structure and orientation of the endgroups is resolved. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neurophysiological effects of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) on isolated rat intestines
Authors: Radenkovic M. , Ivetic V. , Popovic M. , Mimica‐Dukic N. , Veljkovic S.
Published: April 2006

Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is well known as a medicine from ancient times and the earliest notes. Today it is used as a remedy. The aim of this research was to examine the effects of mistletoe extracts and their components on some neurophysiological parameters in rat intestines. The tonus and contractile responses of isolated intestinal segments (duodenum, ileum and distal colon) were analysed. The experiment was carried out in three groups. In the first group (control group) different concentrations of acetylcholine were added into the organ bath (10–50 nmol/L). In the second group, mistletoe extracts were added into the organ bath with increasing concentrations and in the third group, atropine, a non‐selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, was added into the organ bath (concentration 10−7 mol/L) and after atropine plant extracts were administered. The results obtained suggest that extracts from different parts of mistletoe have neurophysiological effects and change intestinal contractions. The results also suggest that the effects of mistletoe extracts on intestinal contractility act via cholinergic pathways, activating muscarinic receptors in the intestines. However, in order to establish the subtype of receptors, further investigations are necessary where selective antagonists of muscarinic cholinergic receptors should be used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antienterobacterial activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. root extract
Authors: Das Sarita , Devaraj S. Niranjali
Published: April 2006

The antienterobacterial activity of the chloroform and methanol extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root was demonstrated using a variety of methods and different enterobacterial strains. Although the constituents were similar in the chloroform extract (CHI) and the fatty substance separated (ME1) from the methanol extract (MHI), ME1 was found to be more effective than CHI as evident from the disc diffusion method. ME1 was found to be more active than MHI, followed by CHI. This may be due to the inefficient diffusion of CHI into the medium. In a modified agar well diffusion and swab method the activity of the extract against different strains was observed in a single plate. The extracts inhibited growth in a dose dependent manner; both MHI and CHI were most effective against S. flexneri, least effective against S. dysenterie and moderately effective against the other strains. The presence of antimicrobial trace elements such as copper and zinc, along with other active constituents may contribute to the antienterobacterial activity of Hemidesmus indicus root. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiplatelet activity of aporphine and phenanthrenoid alkaloids from Aromadendron elegans blume
Authors: Jantan Ibrahim , Raweh Salwa M. , Yasin Yusyila Harlina Mohd , Murad Shahnaz
Published: April 2006

Six aporphine and one phenanthrenoid alkaloids isolated from Aromadendron elegans Blume were investigated for their ability to inhibit arachidonic acid (AA), collagen and ADP induced platelet aggregation in human whole blood. The antiplatelet activity of the compounds was measured in vitro by the Chrono Log whole blood aggregometer using an electrical impedance method. Of the compounds tested, (‐)‐N‐acetylnornuciferine, (‐)‐N‐acetylanonaine and 1‐(N‐acetyl‐N‐methylamino)ethyl‐3,4,6‐trimethoxy‐7‐hydroxyphenanthrene showed strong inhibition on platelet aggregation caused by all three inducers. (‐)‐N‐acetylanonaine was the most effective antiplatelet compound as it inhibited both arachidonic acid, collagen and ADP‐induced platelet aggregation with IC50 values of 66.1, 95.1 and 80.6 µm, respectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.