bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI Languages and Processing
Authors: Vranes Sanja J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Knowledge Representation

Logic Programming

Logic Languages

Functional Programming Languages

Hybrid Languages
Planning
Authors: Hertzberg Joachim
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Planning

Advanced Planning

Applications

Historical and Bibliographical Remarks
Belief Maintenance
Authors: Musick Ron
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Logic

Graphical Probabilistic Models

Belief Networks

Conclusion

Appendix
Artificial Intelligence, Generalization
Authors: Wah Benjamin W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Concept Generalization Using Induction

Generalizability Measures

Acknowledgment
Theorem Proving
Authors: Plaisted David A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History, Status, and Future Prospects

Propositional Logic

Propositional Proof Procedures

First‐order Logic

First‐Order Proof Systems

Equality

Other Logics

Current Research Areas

Acknowledgment
Cooperative Database Systems
Authors: Chu Wesley W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview

Structured Approach for Query Relaxation

Automatic Knowledge Acquisition

Cooperative Operations

A Scalable and Extensible Architecture

Performance Evaluation

Technology Transfer of Cobase

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Object‐Oriented Database for Radar Signature Analysis
Authors: Bhattacharyya Asoke K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Object‐Oriented Database Development

Radar Signature Analysis

Discussions, Conclusions

Future Plan

Appendix A

Appendix B: Correlation Scheme

Appendix C: Complex Resonant Frequency Data for Targets
Optical Materials
Authors: Kulkarni Anand K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Ferroelectrics

Semiconductors

Glass

Polymers

Optical Properties

Optical Coatings
Electro‐Optical Filters
Authors: Sakata Hajime
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Directional Coupler Filters

Spectral Selectivity

Wavelength Tunability

Weighted Coupling

Dependence on the State of Polarization

Survey of Applications
Electro‐Optical Switches
Authors: Tavlykaev R. F. , Ramaswamy R. V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Main Characteristics Ofelectro‐Optic Modulators

Modulators Incorporating Coupled Waveguides

1 × 2 (Y‐fed) Directional Coupler

Interferometric Modulator

Total Internal Reflection Switch

Switches Employing Mode Conversion

Main Trends of Development of Electro‐Optical Modulators

Conclusion
Optical Communication
Authors: DeCusatis Casimer
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fundamentals of Optical Fiber

Link Budget

Optical Link Standards

Advanced Topics

Conclusion
Optical Properties
Authors: Stenzel Olaf , Stendal Alexander
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Light Propagation in Classical Physics

Selected Problems of Optical Characterization
Integrated Optic Waveguides
Authors: Chiang Kin Seng
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Planar Waveguides

Two‐Dimensional Waveguides

Photonic Bandgap Waveguides

Directional Couplers

Fabrication Techniques

Characterization and Measurements

Concluding Remarks
Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Hunt Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Stimulated Raman Scattering

Two‐Photon Absorption

Four‐Wave Mixing Spectroscopy

High‐Resolution Nonlinear Spectroscopy

Detection of Rare Atoms and Molecules

Multiphoton Spectroscopy

Surface Nonlinear Optical Characterization
Magnetic Bubble Memory
Authors: Friedlaender F. J. , Nyenhuis J. A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Magnetic Bubble Memory

Bloch Line Memory
Magnetic Recording Heads
Authors: Brug James , Bhattacharyya Manoj , Anthony Thomas , Tran Lung , Nickel Janice
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Operation

Types of Recording Heads

Head Materials and Processing

Theory of Operation

Recording Head Testing

Future Directions
Soft Magnetic Materials
Authors: Fiorillo F. , Bertotti G. , Appino C. , Pasquale M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Iron, Low‐Carbon Steels, and Silicon Steels

Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys

Nickel‐Iron and Cobalt‐Iron Alloys

Soft Ferrites
Magnetic Storage Media
Authors: Gao Chuan , Robertson Brian W. , Shan Z. S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Magnetic Recording Media on Rigid Disks

Sputtered Thin‐Film Media

The Future of Magnetic Recording Media
Permanent Magnets
Authors: Coey J. M. D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Magnetic Properties

Magnet Processing

Magnet Materials

Magnet Applications

Prospects
Magnetoresistance
Authors: Ramesh R. , Venkatesan T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Concluding Remarks
Micromagnetics
Authors: Oti John O.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Maxwell's Equation for Magnetostatic Conditions

Free‐Energy Densities and Effective Fields

Energy Minimization Examples

Acknowledgment
Magnetic Modeling
Authors: Vajda Ferenc
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Classical Preisach Framework

Calculation of The Magnetization Using The Classical Preisach Model

Properties of The Classical Preisach Model

Improved Preisach‐Based Models
Magnetic Refrigeration
Authors: Hepburn I. D. , Smith A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History and Current Status of Magnetic Refrigerators

Theory

Paramagnetic Materials

Magnetic Refrigerator Operation

Temperature Regulation
Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Motokawa Mitsuhiro
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

How to Observe EPR (Experimental Method)

Ferromagnetic Resonance

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Magnetism in Semiconductors

Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors

Magnetic Semiconductor Heterostructures
Electromagnetic Ferrite Tile Absorber
Authors: Holloway Christopher L. , Baker–Jarvis James R. , Johnk Robert T. , Geyer Richard G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Modeling Ferrite Tiles

Measurements of Material Properties

Reflectivity Measurements

Conclusion
Superconducting Electromagnets
Authors: Williams John E. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Technical Superconductors

High‐Temperature Superconductors

Stability

Protection

Operation in Time‐Varying Fields

Forces and Stresses
Magnetic Circuits
Authors: Sykulski Jan K. , Stoll Richard L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Magnetic Quantities

Nonlinearity and Saturation

Duality Between Magnetic and Electric Circuits

Maxwell’S Equations

Potentials

Diffusion Equation and Eddy Currents

Boundary Conditions

Tubes and Slices

Finite Differences

Finite Elements

Linear Magnetic Actuator
Eddy Current Losses
Authors: Moses A. J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Magnetic Core Losses

Electrical Steels

Domain Structures in Electrical Steels

Losses in Thin Laminations

Flux and Loss Distribution Electrical Machines
Magnetic Levitation
Authors: Hull John R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Magnetic Levitation Methods

Applications
Magnetic Logic
Authors: Johnson Mark
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Concept

Logic Gates

Gain and Fanout

Nonlatching Gates

Unique Attributes of Magnetic Logic
Magnetic Particles
Authors: Novotny M. A. , Rikvold P. A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Magnetic Materials

Relationships Between the Vector Fields

Magnetic Energies

Dynamics of Magnetic Particles

Magnetocaloric Effects

Acknowledgments
Magnetic Structure
Authors: Idzerda Yves U.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Source of Magnetism

Determining Magnetic Structure

Examples
Magnetic Switching
Authors: Geyer Richard G. , Kabos Pavel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Magnetic Moments

Magnetic Domains

Magnetic Switching Analysis
Magnetic Tapes
Authors: Weick Brian L. , Bhushan Bharat
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Description of Tape Materials

Design Considerations for Development of Advanced Ultrathin Magnetic Tapes

Tensile Properties

Viscoelastic Characteristics (Nonpermanent Deformation)

Shrinkage, Thermal, and Hygroscopic Expansion (Permanent Deformation)

Tribological Characteristics

Mechanical Design Considerations
Magnetic Thin Films
Authors: Gutierrez Carlos J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts for Magnetic Thin Film Formation

Magnetic Film Fabrication Techniques

High Vacuum Evaporation of Magnetic Films

Summary and Further Reading

Acknowledgments
Magnetic Variables Control
Authors: Levi Emil
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Mathematical Modeling of an Induction Machine

Principles of Vector Control of Induction Machines

Parameter Variation Effects in Rotor Flux Oriented Induction Machines

Compensation of Parameter Variation Effects

Optimal Efficiency Control

Speed‐Sensorless Control

Trends in Vector Control of Induction Machines
Computational Magnetostatics
Authors: Lobry Jacques , Broche Christian , Trécat Jacques
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Equations and Modeling

The Finite‐Element Method

Nonlinear Problems

Postprocessing Operations

Example

Three‐Dimensional Magnetostatics
Magnetostrictive Devices
Authors: Dapino Marcelo J. , Calkins Frederick T. , Flatau Alison B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Magnetostrictive Materials

Magnetostrictive Device Transduction Basics

The Magnetoelastic Effect

Magnetostrictive Actuators

Magnetostrictive Sensor Applications

Magnetostrictive Device Modeling

Concluding Remarks
Thermal Magnetoresistance
Authors: Uher Ctirad
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Heat Conduction in Solids

Magnetically Ordered States Relevant to Thermal Magnetoresistance

Experimental Techniques of Thermal Magnetoresistance

Thermal Magnetoresistance in GMR Structures

Thermal Magnetoresistance in Colossal Magnetoresistance Structures

Thermal Magnetoresistance In High‐Temperature Superconductors
Magnetic Media, Magnetization Reversal
Authors: Ross C. A. , Schabes M. E. , Nolan T. , Tang K. , Ranjan R. , Sinclair R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Mechanism of Magnetization Reversal in Magnetic Media

Time Dependence of Magnetization Process

Long‐Term Stability of Magnetization Patterns

Conclusions
Micromechanical Resonators
Authors: Beeby S. P. , Tudor M. J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Micromechanical Resonators

Micromechanical Resonator Materials

Resonant Silicon Sensors

Comparison of Silicon Sensing Technologies

Vibration Excitation and Detection Mechanisms

Theory of Resonance

Quality Factor

Non Linear Behavior

Hysteresis

Micromechanical Resonant Sensors

MicromechanicalRFResonators

Conclusions
Medical Image Processing
Authors: Alison Noble J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Data Processing

Image Understanding, Analysis, and Interpretation

Some Applications

Further Reading
Radionuclide Imaging
Authors: Madsen Mark T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Radioactive Decay

β Decay

Counting Statistics

γ‐Ray Interactions with the Matter

Scintillators

Emission Tomography

Image Quality

Applications
X‐Ray Apparatus
Authors: Wu Xizeng , Liu Hong
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic Radiation

X‐Ray Tubes

X‐Ray Generators

Apparatus for Projection Radiography

Signal‐To‐Noise Ratio Analysis of Radiological Imaging
Magnetic Source Imaging
Authors: Hämäläinen M. S. , Nenonen J. T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

MEG and MCG Studies

Instrumentation

Generation of Bioelectromagnetic Fields

Source Modeling

Integration with Other Imaging Modalities

Applications

Other Applications

Discussion
Diagnostic Imaging
Authors: Budinger Thomas F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

X Ray

X‐Ray CT

Ultrasound

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Radionuclide Emission Imaging (Nuclear Medicine Imaging)

Endoscopy

Interventional Radiology

Diagnostic Radiological Imaging

Brain

Chest (Lung) Radiology

Breast Cancer

Heart

Gastrointestinal

Genital and Urinary

Skeletal System

Acknowledgments
Document Interchange Standards
Authors: van Herwijnen Eric
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Standards for Document Interchange

The Standard Generalized Markup Language

Continuous Acquisition and Life‐Cycle Support

The Hypertext Markup Language and the Extensible Markup Language

Hypermedia/Time Based Structuring Language

Document Layout

Multimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group

Presentation Environment for Multimedia Objects

Conclusion
Distributed Multimedia Systems
Authors: Ghandeharizadeh Shahram , Shahabi Cyrus
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview of Magnetic Disks

Continuous Display

Stream Scheduling and Synchronization

Optimization Techniques

Case Study

Acknowledgments
Hypermedia
Authors: Hardman Lynda , Bulterman Dick C. A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Applications

Definitions of Hypertext, Multimedia, and Hypermedia

Hypertext Systems

Application Areas

Visual Design for Anchors

Document Models

Future Directions
Acoustic Microwave Devices
Authors: Smith Peter M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Saw Device Structures

Applications

Substrates

Acoustic Modes

Device Models

Future Trends
Chirality
Authors: Lakhtakia Akhlesh
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Natural Optical Activity

Chiral Media: Natural and Artificial

Constitutive Relations of an Isotropic Chiral Medium

Artificial Isotropic Chiral Media

Beltrami Fields in an Isotropic Chiral Medium

Representation of Beltrami Fields

Sources in an Isotropic Chiral Medium

Theorems for Scattering in an Isotropic Chiral Media

Structurally Chiral Media
Dielectric Resonator Oscillators
Authors: Fusco Vincent F. , Dearn Andrew
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dielectric Resonators

Dielectric Resonator Material Properties

Quality Factor

Lumped Element Coupling Models

Measurement Of DR Coupling Coefficient

Dielectric Resonator Coupled to a Microstrip Line

Dielectric Resonator Tuning

Oscillator Basic Theory

Oscillator Phase Noise

Design Example—10.8 GHz DRO

DRO CAD Techniques
Electromagnetic Modeling
Authors: Vahldieck R. , Hoefer Wolfgang J. R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Frequency Domain Methods

Time‐Domain Methods

Hybrid Methods

Further Reading
Numerical Modeling of Circulators
Authors: Krowne Clifford M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Computer‐Aided Design of Planar Circulators

Ferrite Material Parameters Affecting Modeling

Uniform Two‐Dimensional Green's Function

Uniform Three‐Dimensional Green's Function

Inhomogeneous Two‐Dimensional Dyadic Green's Function

Inhomogeneous Three‐Dimensional Dyadic Green's Function

Multiple Layers Under the Circulator Metallization

Loss Contributions

Matching Sections

Numerical Studies and Comparison with Experiment

Future Developments
Microwave Ferrite Materials
Authors: Schloemann Ernst F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview: Microwave Behavior of Ferrite Materials

Microwave Behavior of Ferrites at Low Power

Microwave Behavior of Ferrites at High Power

Microscopic Theories of Damping

Microwave Behavior of Partially Magnetized Ferrites

Mathematical Models of Polycrystalline Ferrites
Ferrite Loaded Waveguides
Authors: Marqués Ricardo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals of Electrodynamics of Ferrite Materials

Microwave Propagation in Ferrite Loaded Waveguides

Ferrite Loaded Waveguides for Practical Applications

Ferrite Loaded Microstrips, Slot Lines and Fin Lines
Ferrite Phase Shifters
Authors: Hord William E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Ferrite Materials and Properties

Types of Ferrite Phase Shifters

Phase Shifter Characteristics

Future Developments
Finlines
Authors: Hoefer Wolfgang J. R. , Vahldieck Ruediger
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Classification of Finlines

Construction of Finlines

Basic Electromagnetic Properties of Finlines

Finline Discontinuities

Transitions to other Transmission Media

Conclusion

Further Reading
Finline Components
Authors: Menzel Wolfgang S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Passive Finline Components

Diode‐Based Finline Components

Finline Oscillators and Amplifiers

Integrated Finline Components and Front Ends
Frequency Converters and Mixers
Authors: Angelov Iltcho , Kollberg Erik L. , Zirath Herbert
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Properties Of Two‐Terminal Non‐Linear Devices

Systems Aspects

Schottky Diode Mixers

Diode Mixer Topologies and Mixer Design

Harmonic Mixers

Parametric Frequency Conversion

Negative Resistance Diode Mixers

Self‐Oscillating Mixers

Bolometer Mixers

Mixers Based on Superconducting Devices
High‐Frequency Transmission Lines
Authors: Teixeira F. L. , Radhakrishnan K. , Chew W. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Perspective

Comparison of Transmission Lines

Propagation in Guiding Structures

Hollow Waveguides

Open Waveguides

Microwave Integrated Circuit Transmission Lines
Impatt Diodes and Circuits
Authors: McClymonds James W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Impatt Diode Overview

Impedance Matching of a Negative Resistance Device

Parametric Oscillation

Types of Impatt Circuits

Impatt Circuit Characterization

Transmitters Using a Combiner Plate

Conclusions and Future Directions
Microwave Solid State Devices
Authors: Schreurs Dominique
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Microwave and Millimeter Wave Diodes

Microwave and Millimeter Wave Transistors
Slotlines
Authors: Lee Chung‐Yi , Itoh Tatsuo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theoretical Analysis
Slotline Components
Authors: Fan Lu , Chang Kai
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Slotline Configurations

Passive Slotline Components

Solid‐State Integrated Circuits (Active Components) using Slotlines
Striplines
Authors: Bhartia Prakash , Pramanick Protap
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Configuration

Modes in a Stripline and the Maximum Usable Frequency

Characteristic Impedance of a Balanced Stripline

Characteristic Impedance of an Unbalanced Strip Transmission Line

The Propagation Constant in a Stripline

Synthesis of Striplines

Attenuation Constant in Striplines

The Power‐Handling Capability of Striplines

Stripline Discontinuities

Suspended Stripline

Analysis of Suspended Stripline

Suspended Stripline Discontinuities

Stripline and Suspended Stripline Transitions
Stripline Components
Authors: Sarkar T.K. , Adve R. S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Superconducting Microwave Technology
Authors: Choudhury Durga P. , Sridhar S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Superconducting Materials

The Superconductor–Microwave Interaction

Passive Microwave Circuits

Active Microwave Circuits

Acknowledgments

Suggestions for Further Reading
Waveguides
Authors: Vorst André Vander
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals

Theory

Advanced Topics
Dielectric Resonator Filters
Authors: Bila S. , Baillargeat D. , Verdeyme S. , Guillon P.
Published: September 2005

Dielectric resonators (DRs) are widely used in microwave circuitry since these components offer a higher integration than do classical empty waveguides and, at particular frequency bands, equivalent electrical performances. This article deals with the design of bandpass microwave filters employing DRs. The electrical characteristic parameters of these circuits are introduced in the first section. In the second section, different topologies of microwave filters using cylindrical DRs are described. The third section is a review of particular applications of DRs in microwave filtering: power handling, out‐of‐band rejection, and high frequency. Finally, the last section proposes an electromagnetic optimisation methodology for the design of DR filters.
Radio‐Frequency Multipliers
Authors: Thomas D. G. , Branner G. R. , Kumar B. P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications of Frequency Multipliers

Passive Frequency Multipliers

Active Frequency Multipliers
Art Neural Nets
Authors: Georgiopoulos Michael , Heileman Gregory L. , Huang Juxin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fuzzy Art

Fuzzy ARTMAP

Templates in Fuzzy Art and Fuzzy Artmap: A Geometrical Interpretation

Fuzzy Art Example

Fuzzy ARTMAP Example

Applications

Theoretical Results
Divide‐and‐Conquer Methods
Authors: Bartal Yair
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Modeling and Control
Feedforward Neural Nets
Authors: Fine Terrence L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Neural Network Elements and Notation

The Literature

Roles for Artificial Neural Networks

Mathematical Setup for Feedforward Neural Networks

Basic Properties of the Representation by Neural Networks

The Representational Power of a Single‐Hidden‐Layer Network

Training a Neural Network: Background and Error Surface

Training: Backpropagation

Descent Algorithms

Trends and Open Problems
Neural Net Architecture
Authors: Liu Kelly
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Perceptron

Multilayer Network

Recurrent Network

Radial Basis Function Network

Neural Networks for Control
Neurocontrollers
Authors: Werbos Paul J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Neurocontrol: An Overview for the Practitioner*

Neurocontrol: Detailed Overview of the Designs
Perceptrons
Authors: Sussner Peter
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Neural Network Concepts

Introduction to Perceptrons

Training and Learning in Multilayer Perceptrons

Generalization

Hardware Implementations in VLSI

Stochastic Perceptrons

Conclusion
Neural Nets, Recurrent
Authors: Forcada Mikel L. , Gori Marco
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Discrete‐Time Recurrent Neural Nets for Sequence Processing

Discrete‐Time Recurrent Neural Nets as Neural State Machines

Application of Dtrnns to Sequence Processing

Learning inDTRNNs

Relaxation Discrete‐Time Recurrent Neural Nets

Continuous‐Time Recurrent Neural Nets

Further Reading
Self‐Organizing Feature Maps
Authors: Abdel‐Aty‐Zohdy H. S. , Zohdy M. A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Self‐Organization Principles

Learning Algorithms

Computer Simulations

Conclusion and Advanced Applications
Constructive Learning and Structural Learning
Authors: Honavar Vasant , Yang Jihoon , Parekh Rajesh
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

DISTAL

Acknowledgments
Neural Nets Based on Biology
Authors: Micheli‐Tzanakou Evangelia , Aleynikov Sergey
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Network Architecture

Executing the Network

Results

Discussion

Appendix 1
Neural Architecture in 3‐D
Authors: Micheli‐Tzanakou Evangelia , Dasey Timothy J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Architecture

Simulations

Discussion
Fusion Reactor Instrumentation
Authors: Young Kenneth M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Measurements for Control of the Plasma

Plasma Measurement Techniques Currently in use

Development Issues to be Pursued

Acknowledgments
Fusion Reactors
Authors: Grisham Larry R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Nuclear Fusion

Fusion Reactor Fuels

Possible Types of Confinement for Fusion Reactors

Magnetic Confinement Fusion

Major Components of a Tokamak Fusion Reactor

Inertial Confinement

Progress in Fusion Energy
Nuclear Engineering
Authors: Lee John C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear Reactor Physics

Nuclear Reactor Safety

Thermal and Hydraulic Analysis of Nuclear Power Plants

Selection of Materials for Nuclear Power Plant Components

Interaction of Radiation with Matter

Neutron Diffusion Theory

Reactor Kinetics

Reactor Physics Analysis and Core Design

Thermal‐Hydraulic Analysis for Reactor Cores and Power Plants

Fuel Cycle Analysis for Nuclear Power Plants

Radioactive Waste Disposal

Probabilistic Safety Analysis of Nuclear Power Plants

Instrumentation and Control Systems in Nuclear Power Plants

Temperature Coefficients of Reactivity and Inherent Reactor Safety

Numerical Solution of theMGDEquations

Neutron Transport Theory and Computational Algorithms

Advanced Reactor Designs and Challenges for Nuclear Engineers

Cross‐references:
Radiation Detection
Authors: Entine Gerald , Squillante Michael R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Interactions of Ionizing Radiation with Matter

Mechanisms of Detection

Nonelectronic Mechanisms of Detection

Electronic Mechanisms of Detection

Semiconductor Detectors
Ionization Chambers
Authors: Goodman Charles D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

USES

Ionizing Radiation

Further Considerations
Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks
Authors: Suda Tatsuya
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

ATM Standards

ATM Traffic Control

Hardware Switch Architectures for ATM Networks

Continuing Research in ATM Networks
Multicast
Authors: Polyzos George C. , Katsaros K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Multipoint Routing and Multicast Tree Algorithms

Feedback Control and Reliable Multicast

Multicasting Real‐Time Continuous Media

Multicasting on the Internet

Multicast inATMand Other Technologies

Application‐Level Multicast
Client–Server Systems
Authors: Goscinski Andrzej , Zhou Wanlei
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Client‐Server Model

Communication Between Clients and Servers

Sun’s Network File System

The Development of the Rhodos

Building the Distributed Computing Environment on Top of Existing Operating Systems
Code Division Multiple Access
Authors: Kiasaleh Kamran
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Signal Generation and Mathematical Modeling

Despreading and Detection

Synchronization

Interference

Near‐Far Problem and Power Control

Channel Effects

Interference‐Dispersive Channel

Rake Receiver
Channel Coding
Authors: Reed Irving S. , Chen Xuemin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Error‐Handling Processes and Error‐Control Strategies

Basic Principles of Error‐Control Codes

Linear Block Codes

Cyclic Codes

BCH Codes

Reed–Solomon Code

Noisy Channel Coding Theorem

Coding Performance and Decoding Complexity
Ethernet
Authors: Molle Mart L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Ethernet Components

Ethernet Operation

Ethernet System Design Issues

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Standard

History
High‐Speed Protocols
Authors: Zitterbart Martina
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Characteristics of High‐Speed Networks

Light‐Weight Transport Protocols

Evolution of TCP

Implementation Techniques
Intelligent Networks
Authors: Place J. , Stach J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

In Telecommunications Standards Bodies

Transaction‐Based Call Processing

Intelligent Network Conceptual Model

In Services

New Telecommunications Services and the In

In Evolution

Conclusion
Internetworking
Authors: Sunshine Carl A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of Computer Internetworking

Major Technical Issues

Major Internet Examples

Future Directions
ISO OSI Layered Protocol Model
Authors: Tang Adrian
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Interoperability

OSI Reference Model

OSI Application Standards

OSI Concepts

OSI Layers

Conclusions
Local Area Networks
Authors: Evans Joseph B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Lan Topologies

Ieee 802 Lan Standards

Protocol Layering

Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

Token Passing Bus (IEEE 802.4)

Map/Top

Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)

Other Token Rings

Hyperchannel and Hippi

Other Lan Protocols

Wireless Lans
Metropolitan Area Networks
Authors: Maxemchuk N. F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Differences Among Lans, Mans, and Wans

The Man Anomaly

The Fiber Distributed Data Interface

The Distributed Queue, Dual Bus Protocol

The Manhattan Street Network

Comparison of FDDI, DQDB, and the MSN

CATV

Conclusion
Multiple Access Schemes
Authors: Sidi Moshe
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Model

Conflict‐Free Schemes

Contention‐Based Schemes

Collision Resolution Schemes
Network Management
Authors: Yemini Yechiam
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Challenges and Problems

Architecture of Network Management Systems
Network Operating Systems
Authors: Dasgupta Partha
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Services for Network Operating Systems

Mechanisms for Network Operating Systems

Kernel Architectures

Theoretical Foundations

System Features

Related Topics
Network Performance and Queueing Models
Authors: Azizoglu Murat , Barry Richard A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Role of Queueing Analysis in Network Design and Operation

An Introduction to Queueing Theory

Little's Result

Arrival and Service Distributions in Queueing

Basic Queueing Models

Priority Queueing

Networks of Queues

Discrete‐Time Queues

Future Trends in Queueing Analysis and Network Performance
Network Reliability and Fault‐Tolerance
Authors: Medhi Deepankar
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Network Availability and Performability

Survivable Network Capacity Design

Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration

Advanced Preparation for Network Reliability

Recent Issues
Network Routing Algorithms
Authors: Varvarigos Emmanouel (Manos) , Yeh Chi‐Hsiang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Routing Algorithms

Routing Algorithms

Shortest Path Algorithms

Minimum Weight Spanning Tree Algorithms

Examples of Routing Algorithms Used In Practice

Deadlocks and Deadlock Avoidance
Remote Procedure Calls
Authors: Ruddock David E. , Wikoff Richard , Salz Richard
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

RPC Features

RPC Technical Overview

RPC‐Based Distributed Computing Benefits and Drawbacks

RPC Products

Evolution of RPCs

Programming with RPCs

Advanced RPC Topics
Signaling
Authors: La Porta Thomas F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

ISDN Signaling Architecture

Access Signaling

Network Signaling

Signaling Network Management

Signaling for B‐ISDN
Telephone Networks
Authors: Holt Gary K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Telephone Network Evolution

Numbering System

Telephone Network Hierarchy

Postdivestiture Network

Analog and Digital Signals

Basic Switching Types

Signaling

Multiplexing

Network and Traffic Management

Advanced Telephone Network Service
Token Ring Networks
Authors: Bux Werner , Strole Norman C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Brief History of Ring Networks

Token‐Ring Technology

Token‐Ring Access Protocol, Monitoring, and Recovery

Multiring Networks

Dedicated (“Switched”) Token Ring
Wireless Networks
Authors: Zahedi Ali , Pahlavan Kaveh , Krishnamurthy Prashanth
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Wireless Access

Effect of Distance

General Overview and Classification of Wireless Networks

Wireless Local Area Networks

Wireless Local Loop Technology

Broadband Wireless Access

Satellite Networks
Hydrophones
Authors: Rittenmyer Kurt M. , Schulze Walter A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theory

Conventional Piezoelectric Hydrophones

New Piezoelectric Materials and Hydrophones

Fiber‐Optic Hydrophones

Conclusions

Appendices: Some Typical Dielectric, Piezoelectric, and Elastic Properties of Hydrophone Materials
Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Yuh Junku
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Underwater Vehicles

Vehicle Subsystems

Applications

Information Resources
Sonar Target Recognition
Authors: Kil David H. , Shin Frances B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Integrated Sonar ATR Processing

Real‐World Experiments

Emerging Technologies in Sonar Target Recognition

Acknowledgment
Sonar Tracking
Authors: Samant Vivek , Klamer Dale
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Correlation, Association, and Fusion

Classification and Identification

Sensor Management in Fusion Systems

Mathematical Formulation and Representations for the Sensor Management Function
Underwater Sound Projectors
Authors: Marshall William J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Evaluation Methods and Metrics

New High‐Power Driver Materials
Underwater Acoustic Communication
Authors: Stojanovic Milica
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Channel Characteristics

System Design

Signal Processing Methods for Multipath Compensation

Active Research Topics
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Hyötyniemi Heikki
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview

Knowledge representation

Planning and problem solving

Reasoning and inference

Machine learning

Future perspectives
Optical Character Recognition
Authors: Mohiuddin K. M. , Mao Jianchang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

OCR Systems

Segmentation–Dissection Techniques

Recognition of Segmented Characters

Recognition‐Guided Segmentation

Contextual Postprocessing

The State of the Art in OCR
Face Recognition
Authors: Phillips P. Jonathon
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications

Face Recognition Versus Pattern Recognition

General Outline of Algorithms

Projection‐Based Algorithms

Wavelet‐Based Algorithms

Databases and Evaluation

Future Directions and Conclusions
Feature Extraction
Authors: Medioni Gérard
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Extraction of Point Features

Extraction of Curve Features

Extraction of Region Features

Coupled Extraction of Points, Curves, and Regions

Conclusion
Fingerprint Identification
Authors: Mehtre B. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fingerprint Patterns

Ways of Capturing Fingerprints

Early Manual Procedures

Fingerprint Representation

Early Research Efforts

Automatic Fingerprint Identification System

Feature Extraction

Fingerprint Matching

Applications of Fingerprint Identification

Conclusion
Image Segmentation
Authors: Kothari Ravi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Threshold‐Based Image Segmentation

Edge‐Based Image Segmentation

Edge Linking

Texture‐Based Image Segmentation

Region Growing

Distance‐Transform‐Based Segmentation

Motion‐Based Image Segmentation

Scale Space and Image Segmentation

Conclusion and Future Directions
Natural Language Understanding
Authors: Cercone Nick , Naruedomkul Kanlaya
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Understanding Natural Language

Machine Translation

Natural Language Interfaces to Databases

Question Answering, Information Retrieval, and Text Summarization

Acknowledgments

Appendix: Some Commercial Natural language Interfaces
Pattern Recognition
Authors: Schalkoff Robert J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Patterns and Features

Statistical Pattern Recognition (StatPR)

Syntactic (Structural) Pattern Recognition

Neural Pattern Recognition
Stereo Image Processing
Authors: Smith Philip W. , Abidi Mongi A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Correspondence Problem

Epipolar Geometry

3‐D Scene Reconstruction

Instrumentation

Concluding Remarks
Active Perception
Authors: Fermüller Cornelia , Aloimonos Yiannis
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Where are We Heading?

The Competences

Learning and Memory

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Range Images
Authors: Besl Paul J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Applications

Methods for Acquiring Range Images

Range Image Quality

Point Ordering Issues

Application Algorithms

Continuing Problems

Future Directions
Image Classification
Authors: Hung Chih‐Cheng , Kuo Bor‐Chen , Fahsi Ahmed , Coleman Tommy L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Unsupervised Classification

Supervised Classification

Hybrid Classification

Multiple Classifier Systems

Classification Accuracy Assessment

Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms

Textural, Contextual, and Neural Networks Classifiers

Reduction of the Computational Complexity

Feature Extraction and Selection

Use of Classified Images in Geographical Information Systems

Some Image Classification Software Packages
Image Processing Contrast Enhancement
Authors: Chatterjee Chanchal , Roychowdhury Vwani P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Contrast Enhancement with Camera Eletronics

Contrast Enhancement in the Digital Domain

Contrast Enhancement in Digital and Analog (Hybrid) Domains

Contrast Enhancement with CCD Cameras

Contrast Enhancement in the Digital Domain

Analog‐to‐Digital (Hybrid) Contrast Enhancement

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Maximum Likelihood Detection
Authors: Colmenarez Antonio J. , Huang Thomas S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Visual Object Detection

Bayes Decision Rule

Probability Models

Information‐Based Maximum Discrimination

Face and Facial Feature Detection and Tracking
Advanced Publishing Technologies and Services
Authors: Novak Pamela N. , Danielson Gary R. , Turner Alan E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Desktop Publishing

The Future of Print Publishing

Online Publishing

The Future of Online Publishing

Conclusion
Data Presentation
Authors: Nagle Joan G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Equations

Tables

Computer Printouts

Expression of Numerical Information

Metric Conversion

Data Editing

Nonprint Documents
Document and Information Design
Authors: Redish Janice C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Exploring what Makes Documents Successful

Using a Process Model as a Job Aid for Successful Documents

Planning Successful Documents

Working out the Logistics of a Document Project

Focusing on the Content that users Need

Organizing to help users

Writing so users can Understand what they Find

Formatting (The Other Meaning of “Document Design”)

Reviewing, Evaluating, and Revising Drafts
Engineering Notebooks
Authors: Nagle Elliott V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Professional Notebook‐Keeping

The Uses of Engineering Notebooks

What Information is Collected in an Engineering Notebook?

Who Prescribes the Rules for Entries into the Engineering Notebook?

Rules and Guidelines for Notebook‐Keeping

Appendix 1. Electronic Notebooks
Professional Journal Articles
Authors: Beebe Linda
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Journal Literature Media

Journal Articles Described

Journal Submissions

Rights and Responsibilities

Peer Review

Production Process

Distribution

Access and Archiving

Conclusion
Parallel Numerical Algorithms and Software
Authors: Houstis E. N. , Sameh A. , Vavalis E. , Gallopoulos E. , Papatheodorou T. S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Parallel Elliptic PDE Solvers

Parallel Dense Linear Algebraic Solvers

Parallel Sparse Linear Algebraic Solvers

Acknowledgments
Parallelizing and Vectorizing Compilers
Authors: Eigenmann Rudolf , Hoeflinger Jay
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Parallel Machines

Programming Parallel Machines

Program Analysis

Enabling Transformations

Vectorization: Exploiting Vector Architectures

Parallelization: Exploiting Multiprocessors

Exploiting Parallelism at the Instruction Level

Compiler‐Internal Concerns
Parallel and Vector Programming Languages
Authors: Pingali Keshav
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Lock‐Step Synchronous Parallel Languages

Bulk Synchronous Parallel Languages

Fine‐Grain Synchronous Parallel Languages

Implicitly Parallel Programming Languages

Conclusion
Data‐Flow and Multithreaded Architectures
Authors: Kim Chinhyun , Gaudiot Jean‐Luc
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Programming Languages for Data‐Driven Execution

Data‐Flow Architectures

Multithreaded Architectures
Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing
Authors: Markatos Evangelos P. , LeBlanc Thomas J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Multiprogramming Shared‐Memory Multiprocessors

Multiprogramming Distributed‐Memory Multiprocessors

Multiprogramming Networks of Workstations

Acknowledgments
Parallel Programming Tools
Authors: Rajamony Ramakrishnan , Cox Alan L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Debugging Parallel Programs

Performance Tuning Parallel Programs
Array and Pipelined Processors
Authors: Raghavendra Undaru , Agrawal Dharma P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Pipelined Processors

SIMD Processors

Example SIMD Systems

Concluding Remarks
Message‐Passing Software Systems
Authors: J. Dongarra Jack , Fagg Graham E. , Hempel Rolf , W. Walker David
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Parallel Programming Model

Message Passing

Message Passing Research and Experimental Systems

The Message Passing Interface Standard ‐MPI

Lessons Learned
Parallel Processing, Superscalar and Vliw Processors
Authors: Conte Thomas M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Instruction‐Level Parallelism

VLIW and Superscalar Processors

Overview of Superscalar Implementation

Overview of VLIW Implementation

Comparisons and Conclusions
Distributed Memory Parallel Systems
Authors: Panda Dhabaleswar K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concept of Message Passing

Communication Primitives

Message Passing Standards and Libraries

Architectural Issues

Performance Issues

Architecture of Example Systems

Current and Future Trends

Conclusions
Parallel Database Systems
Authors: Williams Denver , Bassiouni Mostofa A. , Orooji Ali
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Classifying Database Systems

Conventional Database Systems

Distributed Database Systems

Parallel Database Systems

Hardware Database Machines

Software Database Machines

Other Software Database Systems and Concepts

Summary and Conclusions
Heterogeneous Distributed Computing
Authors: Maheswaran Muthucumaru , Braun Tracy D. , Siegel Howard Jay
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Examples of HC Application Studies

Examples of HC Environments and Tools

PVM and HeNCE

Taxonomies of Heterogeneous Computing

A Conceptual Model of Heterogeneous Computing

Task Profiling and Analytical Benchmarking

Matching and Scheduling

Matching and Scheduling Metatasks

Summary and Future Directions

Acknowledgment
Motor Drives, DC
Authors: Barton Thomas H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Constant Torque and Constant Power Modes

Basic Drive Configuration

Optimum Operation

Force Commutated Rectifiers

Regeneration and Dynamic Braking

Speed Measurement

Armature Current Limiting

DC Drive Motors

Brushless DC Motors

Single‐Phase Systems

Choppers
Induction Motor Drives
Authors: Murphy John M. D. , Moynihan J. F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Induction Motors

Static Frequency Conversion

Power Semiconductor Devices

Power Converters

Control Techniques for Variable Frequency Drives

Advanced Topics in Induction Motor Drives
Switched Reluctance Motor Drives
Authors: Ehsani Mehrdad , Fahimi B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Background

Basic Principles of Operation

Basics of SRM Control

Basic Design of SRM

Methods of Control With Sensor

Sensorless Operation

Overview of Critical Issues

Advanced Control Schemes

Applications
AC–DC Power Converters
Authors: Smedley Keyue Ma , Santi Enrico
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Classification

Basic Rectifier Configurations

Commutation, Inductive Drop, Line Notching, and Distortion

General Analysis

Voltage Doublers and Voltage Multipliers

Pulse‐Width Modulation (PWM) Rectifiers
DC–AC Power Converters
Authors: Heumann K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definitions

Types of Inverters

History of Development

Inverter Valves

Externally Commutated Inverters

Self‐Commutated Inverters

Construction and Design

Applications

Technological Trends
Resonant Power Converters
Authors: Bhat Ashoka K. S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Load Resonant Inverters

Load‐Resonant DC‐to‐DC Converters

Quasi‐Resonant Converters

Resonant Transition Converters
High‐Frequency Lighting Supplies
Authors: Ji Yunfen , Davis Robert
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Ballasts

Starting Methods

Performance Characteristics

Ballast Life and Reliability

Dimming Electronic Ballasts
Diodes for Power Electronics
Authors: Danielsson Bo , Waldmeyer Jürg
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Device Design and Applications

Diode Theory

The Power Diode in High Injection

Advanced Designs

Conclusion

Appendix
Transistors, Bipolar Junction
Authors: Frisina Ferruccio , Patti Alfonso , Saggio Mario , Raciti Angelo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic BJT Operations

Structure and Fabrication Technology

Reverse Behavior: Off State

Forward Behavior: on State

Thermal Ratings

Safe Operating Areas

Switching Transients

Multiple Connections of BJTs

Modeling and Simulation

Trends in BJT Development
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
Authors: Godbold C. V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Forward Drop

Switching Speed and Controllable Switching Trajectories

Reverse Blocking

Device Failure

Device Paralleling

Lifetime Killing

Numerical Modeling of the IGBT

Further Research
Inverter Thyristors
Authors: Hudgins Jerry L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Thyristor Behavior

Thyristor Physics and Design

Future Trends for Thyristors
Thyristor Phase Control
Authors: Heumann Klemens
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of Development

Phase Control

Types of Thyristors

I‐V Characteristics

Physical Mode of Operation

Two‐Transistor Analog

Electrical Properties

Switching Behavior

Triggering Properties

Snubber Circuits

Parallel and Series Connection

Mechanical Design

Losses in Thyristors

Cooling

Typical Values for Thyristors

Main Applications of Phase Control Thyristors

Development Trends
Electric Fuses
Authors: Narayanan Mysore
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Characteristics of Fuses

Coordination of Fuses

Low‐ and High‐Voltage Fuses

Special Applications
Surge Protection
Authors: Rousseau Alain , Gumley Rick
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Technology Trends

Components

Low‐Voltage Systems

Installation of LV Spds

Power SPDs

Other SPDs