bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urethral adenocarcinoma with bilateral iliac and inguinal lymph nodes which revelead by urethra ectropion in 67-year-old woman: A case report
Authors: Yde SOUMANOU Fouad kolawalé
Published: May 2018

We reported a case of urethral adenocarcinoma in a 67-year-old woman who was admitted for difficulty voiding, irritative voiding symptoms, bloody urethral discharge and urinary incontinence. Physical examination was realised by gyneacologist and conclued to urological pathology. Urological examination was showed urethral ectropion which was bleeding. She had no fewer, no pelvic pain even less loss weight. Her general state was satisfactory. The lymph nodes of right side inguinal were felt. Computed imaging was showed involvement of right side bladder and bilateral iliac inguinal lymph nodes. Urethral ectropion biopsy anatomopathological screening was conclued to clear cell adenocarcinoma but CIS lesions were not found. The tumor staging was T3N2M0. A radiotherapy was perfomed. The patient was improvement of voiding symptoms and decrease lymph nodes size. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare pathology especially in the woman. Several histological types exist. However, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are very effective on very advanced stages. This cancer may be revealed by an urethral ectropion in a year-old woman.
A Neglected Resource in Community Development: Participation of Ethiopian Academics in the Development of their Communities
Authors: Legesse Worku , Tadele Getnet , Adugna Aynalem , Kloos Helmut
Published: May 2018

This article examines three community development projects initiated by university educated individuals in or near their places of birth with the aim of presenting evidence that academics can be instrumental in contributing to development in their communities. The three projects used different approaches and resources. The project in Arya Jawi Kebele was developed and managed by a church-linked family association that aimed at broadly based development of this rural district guided by the theological principles of an Ethiopian evangelical church. The project in Kersole Village was initiated and managed by six university educated brothers, four of whom are currently living in the United States. Their primary objective was to help their family and secondly to improve livelihoods in the community. The project in the small town of Azena, conceived and fostered by a professor at Addis Ababa University, focused on the construction of a bridge over a river and several schools, with financial support mainly from several international NGOs. The academics’ familiarity with the needs of and their acceptance by the communities facilitated interaction with local leaders, organizations and craftsmen during the planning and implementation processes and promoted community participation.
Soil Microbial-Community Alteration in Response to Heterotheca subaxillaris – an Invasive Alien Plant
Authors: Wasserstrom Haggai , Steinberger Yosef
Published: May 2018

Plant invasions have become one of the biggest threats to natural ecosystems across the globe during the last decade, and there is growing interest in their effect on the native flora and biota in invaded areas. However, little is known about their effect on soil microbial communities, especially non-fungal communities, in harsh environments such as a sand-dune ecosystem. The objective of this study, conducted in the northern Sharon sand-dune area of Israel, was to investigate the influence of the invasive alien plant Heterotheca subaxillaris on a sand-dune microbial community. Soil samples were collected under the canopies of the invasive plant, a native plant (Artemisia monosperma), and from bare areas at two sites, at different distances from the seashore going inland during the wet and dry seasons. MicroRespTM system methodology provided data on microbial biomass, basal respiration, and the community-level physiological profile (CLPP) at the community level, in addition to abiotic components, e.g., soil moisture, organic matter, conductivity, and pH. The microbial community in the soil samples found under the canopy of H. subaxillaris was less active and exhibited significantly lower CLPP, microbial biomass, and basal respiration than in the A. monosperma (native plant) samples. Soil abiotic variables were strongly affected by seasonality, sites, and were related to plant cover and the ecophysiological adaptation of each one. This study emphasizes the threat to soil microbial communities induced by plant invasion, especially in unique and harsh sand-dune ecosystems. This threat might also affect other organisms living in this fragile environment.
Modules Whose Nonzero Endomorphisms Have E-small Kernels
Authors: DIALLO Abdoul , DIOP Papa , BARRY Mamadou
Published: May 2018

Let $R$ be a commutative ring and  $M$ an unital $R$-module.  A submodule $L$ of $M$ is called essential submodule of $M$, if $L\cap K\neq\lbrace 0\rbrace$ for any nonzero submodule $K$ of $M$. A submodule $N$ of $M$ is called e-small submodule of $M$ if, for any  essential submodule   $L$ of $M$, $N+L= M$  implies $L=M$. An $R$-module $M$ is called e-small quasi-Dedekind module if, for each $f\in End_{R}(M),$ $ f\neq 0$ implies $Kerf$ is e-small in $M$. In this paper we introduce the concept of e-small quasi-Dedekind modules as a generalisation of quasi-Dedekind modules, and give some of their  properties and characterizations.
Influences on the Diffusion of Environmental Programmes in Small Businesses in the Greening of an Industry for Sustainability: The Case of Golf
Authors: Minoli Dino M.
Published: May 2018

Globally there are around 34,000 golf facilities including very many small golf clubs that collectively generate significant economic, social and environmental impacts. Thus, small golf clubs have an important role to play in the greening of golf in support of sustainability. Environmental programmes (EPs) were developed to improve the environmental performance of all types and sizes of golf facilities. However, EPs are rarely employed in small golf clubs and no research until now has explored the reasons for this. Data from an in-depth mixed methods case study found several internal and external influences on the level of implementation of EPs in small golf clubs. Interventions are suggested to stimulate the uptake of EPs in smaller golf clubs. The study is of value to the golf sector, government policy and organisations concerned with the greening of small businesses in the greening of an industry sector for sustainability. The study also provides a conceptual/empirical framework for further studies in this under-researched yet noteworthy field.
Editorial v. 7, n. 1
Authors: Carneiro da Cunha Júlio Araujo
Published: May 2018

No ano de 2017, a PODIUM contou com quatro edições, sendo três tradicionais e um número especial. Foram publicados durante o ano 32 artigos. Ao longo de toda a trajetória da revista, esse foi o ano o qual tivemos mais artigos publicados. Contamos com três números tradicionais da revista e mais um número especial com os melhores artigos do SBS (Sport Business Symposium) 2017 que ocorreu em Tarragona, na Espanha. São iniciativas que não apenas trazem artigos de interesse para a revista, como também ampliam as potencialidades de internacionalização da PODIUM. Esses trabalhos foram oriundos de 10 diferentes Estados brasileiros (mais o Distrito Federal) e de oito países de fora do Brasil (Chile, Cuba, Equador, Espanha, Estônia, Inglaterra, Irã e Paquistão). A partir desses dados, destaco aqui as iniciativas da revista em buscar artigos que possam representar diversidade de regiões do Brasil e também a recepção de artigos em inglês e espanhol de diversas partes do mundo. Isso é resultado da busca por maio internacionalização da PODIUM. Acreditamos que ter diversidade de conhecimentos, além de diferentes pensamentos e escolas de pesquisa, é uma maneira de estimular o avanço da área de Turismo, Lazer e Gestão do Esporte...
Sports Activity After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Rocha Da Silva Robson , Filardi De Oliveira Priscila , Almeida Matos Marcos
Published: May 2018

Background. Osteoarthritis of the knee is a degenerative disease which affects the functional status and qua­lity of life of patients. The treatment of choice in advanced stages is total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Although the procedure consistently yields good results, functional limitations may persist after surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of TKA on the practice of sport and how this relates to factors such as demographic and clinical data.
Material and methods. This is a cross-sectional cohort study of operated vs. unoperated patients. A standar­diz­ed instrument for data collection was employed. Information collected comprised personal, socio-demographic and clinical data. Patients were asked about their current practice of physical exercise. We also recorded group-specific data; for the operated group, we recorded data about the surgery and, for the unoperated group, we recorded data about the disease.
Results. Patients who had undergone TKA practiced sport twice as much as those who had not been opera­ted on yet (33.8% versus 15.5%). The prevalence of the practice of sports was significantly higher in older patients with lower levels of pain, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively.
Conclusions. 1.The findings of our study support the conclusion that patients are significantly more active after total knee arthroplasty. 2. Low and medium intensity sports modalities were more prevalent in operated patients. 3.We also identified that active patents tend to be older, with lower level of pain, have better functional class, and a higher level of education.
Use of dialogue to scaffold students’ inquiry-based learning
Authors: Kolstø Stein Dankert
Published: May 2018

This paper suggests a set of theoretical principles to guide teachers’ use of dialogue to scaffold students’ inquiry-based learning. To find out how teachers might make use of dialogue, six documents presenting instructional models of IBST are analysed. The document analysis and the identification of theoretical principles are guided by Dewey’s concept of a complete act of thought, Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism, and the concept of authenticity in use of language. All analysed documents suggest the use of dialog, but are only specified for certain phases of the inquiry process. Only three documents provide arguments for the relevance of dialogue using theories of language and learning. Two documents argue that language use that is personally meaningful to the individual is important for the learning process. The suggested theoretical principles includes six basic types of learning dialogues suitable for stimulating learners to enter different phases of reflective thinking needed to develop deep understanding.
An unexpected discovery of a new subgenus and a species of Plusiocampa (Campodeidae, Diplura) alongside an overview of Central European subterranean campodeids
Authors: Sendra Alberto , Weber Dieter
Published: May 2018

An unexpected new subgenus and species of Campodeidae (Diplura), Plusiocampa (Pentachaetocampa) inopinata subgen. et sp. nov., a troglobitic species found in Schallsinger Höhle in an isolated karstic region in southwestern Germany is described. The new taxon shows two unique characters for the genus Plusiocampa: five dorsal femoral macrosetae and the presence of g1-glandular setae in females. Two other Plusiocampa species have been studied and taxonomic remarks made for them; both are also cave dwelling species from Germany: Plusiocampa dobati Condé in Dobat, 1975 studied from eight caves in the Swabian Alb, and one unnamed species of Plusiocampa (Plusiocampa) from four caves in the Franconian Alb. The biogeographical and taxonomic affinities among Plusiocampa species of Central Europe are discussed. The distribution of Plusiocampa species in Central Europe runs alongside the frontier of the Pleistocene glaciations, with non-troglomorphic Plusiocampa species adjacent to the glacial limits and troglomorphic Plusiocampa species below. Worthy of note is the presence only in the northeast of the Central Alps of two relict Plusiocampinae species, the already known Hystrichocampa pelletieri Condé, 1948 and the new species P. (P.) inopinata subgen. et sp. nov.
A Feasibility Study of Novel “Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy with Loop Gastroileal Bypass” for Obesity: An Indian Experience
Authors: Vennapusa Amar , Panchangam Bhargav R. K. , Madivada Mukharjee S. S.
Published: May 2018

Objective:

This study is aimed to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of a novel technique: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with loop gastroileal bypass.

Summary of Background Data:

Standard bariatric surgeries, such as sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, although very effective, carry certain inherent limitations and inevitable sequelae. Newer bariatric/metabolic surgeries are required to address these limitations.

Methods:

Between February 2016 and February 2018, a total of 113 Indians suffering from obesity with or without type 2 diabetes underwent sleeve gastrectomy with loop gastroileal bypass. Meticulous analysis of prospectively documented data was performed.

Results:

Mean age was 40.74 ± 10.4 years, mean body mass index was 43.48 ± 7.57 kg/m2. A total of 54 of 113 patients (47.79%) had type 2 diabetes. Mean duration of surgery was 148.36 ± 38.56 minutes. Common channel length was 250 cm in 18 patients, 300 cm in 88 patients, and 350 cm in 7 patients. There were no major complications, such as major intra-abdominal bleeding, perforation, or leak. According to Indian standards, when 23 kg/m2 was taken as a cutoff upper limit for normal weight, percentage of excess weight loss was 25.04% ± 10.13%, 67.81% ± 23.17% and 94.33% ± 24.96%, respectively, at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery. A total of 51 of 54 patients with type 2 diabetes stopped using antidiabetes medications within 1 week after surgery.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with loop gastroileal bypass appears to be a promising procedure to address limitations associated with standard bariatric procedures.
Descriptive Analysis of the Instructional Control of Teachers in a Classroom of Students with Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Eldar Eitan , Ayvazo Shiri , Hirschmann Michal
Published: May 2018

Classroom management still remains a topic of major apprehension for teachers, and especially for those teaching students who display challenging behaviors. This paper presents an empirical examination that supplemented an exceptional project of the ministry of education in a small Middle-East country to support students with severe problem behaviors in a unique self-contained classroom. The paper conceptualizes classroom management as instructional stimulus control manifested by superior identification of the discriminative stimulus, repertoire of responses, timing, and latency. The purpose of this study was to assess teachers' instructional control by identifying and measuring co-variations between their behaviors and students' behaviors. The teachers interchangeably taught a class of 12 boys, age 8-10 with severe problem behaviors. The variables measured were teaching behaviors (e.g., type of interaction with the students, reaction time, and proximity) and students' inappropriate behaviors. Data are presented and analyzed graphically. The discussion illuminates levels of inappropriate behavior in correspondence to the type of teaching behaviors displayed, and the differences between the teachers' instructional control. Possible implications for teacher training programs are provided.
Sexual Cultures inNordicCultures
Authors: Kontula Osmo
Published: May 2018

Inhabitants of Nordic countries have in international comparisons liberal sexual values and attitudes. Nordic countries are more tolerant than other Europeans about accepting, for example, sex without love and they are exceptionally liberal also in approval of abortion and homosexuals. However, Nordic people are nowadays very strict concerning unfaithfulness. Nordic countries represent an advanced model of a comprehensive sex education program in Europe. Despite this background decreasing trends in the age at first intercourse started first in Nordic countries and was followed later in other western European countries. Young people are nowadays sexually active a long time before they start to cohabit.
LatinAmerican Queer Activism
Authors: Viehmann Avery
Published: May 2018

Queer activism surfaced in Latin America in the 1970s as part of the movements toward progressive politics and democracy. It has seen a significant rise since that period and has made important strides since the early 2000s. Activism has been a major driving force toward increased legal rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals in many Latin American countries. However, social challenges still remain for these individuals and for the activism movements in general.
Gender Diversity: Trans, Transgender, Transsexual, and Genderqueer People
Authors: Devor Aaron H.
Published: May 2018

Trans*, transgender, transsexual, and genderqueer people include those individuals who do not identify with the sex or gender assigned to them at birth. They may or may not take steps to better express their gender identities, which may include altering their appearances through social, hormonal, or surgical techniques. Trans*, transgender, transsexual, and genderqueer people suffer from institutionalized and systemic discrimination. Despite these barriers, many trans*, transgender, transsexual, and genderqueer people are successful and contributing members of society.
Aging, Demography of
Authors: Wang Rebecca , Wilmoth Janet
Published: May 2018

The demography of aging primarily uses quantitative methods to document population aging worldwide and in the United States. In doing so, it provides a justification for studying older adults, identifies the demographic mechanisms driving population aging, and considers the various consequences of shifting population age structure. Demography of aging documents changes in mortality, morbidity, and disability, and identifies trends in the composition of the older adult population. Social demographers examine the social causes and consequences of demographic aging trends, as well as variation across different groups such as gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
Aging and Health Policy
Authors: Wallace Brandy Harris
Published: May 2018

In many nations, people 65 and older are the fastest growing segment of the population, with the most rapid growth occurring among individuals aged 85 and older. Illness and disability are not an inevitable component of advancing age. Many people remain in good health into very old age, and early diagnoses and treatment of conditions associated with aging combined with healthy lifestyle choices can mitigate the effects of age‐related diseases and conditions. Nonetheless, population aging raises critical health policy issues because the elderly have more hospitalizations and chronic conditions than younger adults. Concerns about how governments will finance both the acute and chronic care costs of an aging population remain a central issue in most health policy debates. Healthcare policy‐making in the future is likely to involve some targeting of benefits to the older, poorer, more disabled population.
Alienation
Authors: Crowley Martha
Published: May 2018

Alienation is a psychological condition reflecting disconnect from other people, institutions, or one's natural state of being. Rooted in Marxist theory, the concept traditionally focused on subjective work experiences, but its use has expanded to encompass separation from social, civil and political life – often drawing from Durkheimian or Durkheimian‐derived theory. The scope of alienation has expanded in workplace research as well, as scholars develop the concept for application across occupational sectors and over time.
Childcare
Authors: Xu Qiong , Harvell Janet
Published: May 2018

The concept of care is developing over time. More specifically, the word “childcare” is most frequently used to describe the role of adults who take responsibility for the care of young children from birth to eight years. Traditionally, childcare has been seen as the responsibility of parents, with intervention only occurring when a child is deemed to be at risk of, or vulnerable to, abuse and/or neglect; although there are notable exceptions to this such as the Scandinavian countries. Within this context, it is used when discussing more familial childcare arrangements, provided by family members, which takes place within a home environment. More recently, it tends to refer to childcare undertaken by adults working within registered/regulated childcare settings such as childminders, nurseries, kindergartens/preschools, and children's centers as a result of the increasing participation of both parents in the labor market.
Class, Perceptions of
Authors: Curtis Josh
Published: May 2018

Research in sociology has long been concerned with perceptions of social class. This literature takes many forms – class identification, class awareness, and class consciousness – and is often directly related to politics and political behavior. This entry explains the differences between class identification, class awareness, and class consciousness and how “perceptions of class” influence political behavior and class politics in society today.
Community
Authors: Mah Alice , Carpenter Mick
Published: May 2018

“Community” is an important, long‐standing, and contested sociological concept. It is one of the central concepts of both classical and contemporary sociology. This entry provides a brief overview of the concept of community within both these traditions, within sociological research in general, and within political discourse and social policy.
Cults: Social Psychological Aspects
Authors: Richardson James T.
Published: May 2018

“Cults,” referred to by most scholars as new religious movements (NRMs), burst on the American scene in the late 1960s and 1970s, and then spread to other western nations and beyond, as some of the groups developed impressive international recruitment efforts. This entry will offer an analysis of how and why cults or NRMs happened. It will focus first on powerful myths that developed around the unexpected occurrence of many relatively affluent and well‐educated young people “getting religion.” These myths will be critiqued, and then some rather mundane social psychological theorizing will be applied to the NRM phenomenon that will demonstrate that what occurred with the development and spread of these groups was actually explicable through existing theories. The conclusion will be that esoteric ideas were needed for understanding what had occurred with the development of “cults” or NRMs.
Culture Industry
Authors: Cremin Colin
Published: May 2018

The concept of the culture industry, introduced by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer in 1944, explains why, under conditions of servitude, people identify with interests that they ought logically to oppose. Adorno and Horkheimer's main interest is not culture industries themselves, but rather the adaptation of factory‐style techniques to aesthetic production for the purposes of exchange. This process leads to the standardization of culture and the reification of easily reproducible, interchangeable, and marketable qualities of artifacts – be they films, music, paintings, celebrities, and so on. Familiarity is key to popularity. By seeking out and consuming the ever same, the aesthetic sensibilities and intellectual capacities of the individual are stunted and they regress into a childlike state. To engender novelty, minor variations are factored into cultural production. By identifying with and recognizing him‐ or herself in these novelties, the person becomes a pseudo‐individual; anything substantive has been liquidated. Such people become, like their CV, facsimiles of a broader, mass‐produced sensibility. The consequences are profound and enduring, both for the individual and for society.
Culture of Poverty
Authors: Schaefer Richard T.
Published: May 2018

Culture of poverty, first formulated by Oscar Lewis after studying Latino families, describes a way of life that involves no future‐planning, no enduring commitment to marriage, and absence of the work ethic. So strong is this lifestyle, according to this argument, that it is passed on from generation to generation much like other elements of culture. Critics view this as another way of blaming the victim. The affluent are not responsible for social inequality, nor are the policy‐makers; it is the poor who are to blame for their own problems. This stance allows government and society to attribute the failure of antipoverty and welfare programs on poor people, rather than on the programs themselves.
Education, Social Functions of
Authors: Kantzara Vasiliki
Published: May 2018

Education as an institution is related in multiple ways to organized society. The education system has been established recently in human history and, since then, has found itself in a reciprocal relationship with other societal institutions and with society as a whole. In the sociology of education, in particular, this relationship has been analyzed by employing the term “function.” The most important functions of education are socialization and qualification: New members of society are socialized into the mores and codes of the dominant culture and equipped with qualifications testifying to the knowledge and skills necessary for their subsequent social roles as citizens. At a broader scale, education contributes to social integration and cohesion and guarantees societal continuity, but it also helps to reproduce existing hierarchies and inequalities in future generations. Education, one could argue, oscillates between degrees of societal preservation and transformation.
Fans and Fan Culture
Authors: Bennett Lucy
Published: May 2018

Fans and fan culture raise important issues of power, creativity, and knowledge within media sociology and cultural studies. Digital technology in particular has altered the landscape of fandom, offering new forms of interaction with the object of fandom and the wider fan community, and enhanced possibilities for creativity – a vibrant sphere of fan culture. As it stands, fan cultures and fan studies scholarship is a dynamic discipline that can inform us richly about active audiences and engagement with texts, power, consumption, and more broadly about human behavior, understandings, and interactions. This entry traces the development of fandom and fan studies and considers the discussions, concerns, and research areas that are currently igniting the field.
Foucauldian Archaeological Analyses
Authors: McMahon Samantha , Harwood Valerie
Published: May 2018

Foucauldian archeological analyses are useful for understanding how knowledge about a given topic is constructed. Because of this, Foucauldian archeology can be argued to be a powerful way to uncover the taken for granted and to inspire different ways of thinking about knowledge and the practices on which it is based. This entry provides a brief outline of Foucauldian archeology and then presents an example where this style of analysis was put to work to examine knowledge of “challenging behavior,” particularly how it is applied in teacher education.
Gender, Friendship and
Authors: Felmlee Diane H. , Peoples Crystal E.
Published: May 2018

Gender interacts in noteworthy ways with the vital bond of friendship. Women tend to emphasize self‐disclosure in friendships more often than men, whereas men stress shared activities and instrumentality. Patterns emerge among the social norms or expectations that characterize friendships. Thus women react more negatively than men to violations of trust and intimacy and have higher expectations from their friends, especially regarding communion; men have higher expectations concerning friends' agency. Both sociocultural and contextual structural factors contribute to gender discrepancies. Differences can be exaggerated, however, and it remains important not to discount similarities between women and men. Friendship ties also tend to be segregated by gender – that is, to exhibit gender homophily (i.e., friendships with those of the same gender); and this type of homophily contributes to the development of societal gender inequality. Cross‐gender and cross‐sexual orientation friendships, however, challenge traditional gender assumptions. Finally, the Internet represents a novel frontier in research on the intersections between gender and the crucial ties of friendship.
Hegemonic Masculinity
Authors: Aboim Sofia , Hearn Jeff , Howson Richard
Published: May 2018

The concept of hegemonic masculinity is examined in terms of its foundational definitions and theoretical influences, its relevance for the analysis of men, women, and gender relations, its theoretical and empirical revisions and challenges, and transnational and contemporary changes to it, before some brief final comments.
Posthumanism
Authors: Moore Lisa Jean , Moran Kyle
Published: May 2018

Posthumanism seeks to overthrow anthropocentrism by drawing attention to the nonhuman objects that fundamentally shape social life. Whereas classical and contemporary sociological thought identified the human species as the force that determines the universal status of things, posthumanism maintains that this position is in dire need of reconsideration. In the western tradition, the human is viewed as the ultimate social/rational/political being: one that is able to perceive the world, think about it, and communicate it back to others.
Schumpeter,JosephA. (1883–1950)
Authors: Bögenhold Dieter
Published: May 2018

Joseph A. Schumpeter (1883–1950) was an Austrian economist who had professorships in Austria and Germany before joining Harvard University in the early 1930s, where he spent the rest of his career. Although Schumpeter is widely classified as one of the world's most eminent economists of the twentieth century, his works fall into further thematic areas from today's point of view; over a time span of nearly 50 years Schumpeter published numerous articles and books. Schumpeter is regarded as one of the pioneers of evolutionary economics. He viewed capitalism as a form or method of economic change and hisCapitalism, Socialism, and Democracycontains the famous expression “creative destruction,” which has to be seen in a wider context of innovation and entrepreneurship for which Schumpeter is well known. He defined an entrepreneur as a person who comes up with new combinations (new goods, new methods of production, new markets, new sources of supply, new organizations of any industry, or combinations between these), which are commonly called innovation.
Tradition
Authors: Otto Ton
Published: May 2018

Tradition refers to the process of handing down beliefs, institutions, and objects from one generation to the next. In popular usage it denotes cultural continuity and resistance to change. In social theory, tradition was originally used to characterize slowly changing societies in contrast to modern ones, and also to identify conservative institutions and beliefs within modern societies. Later research problematized this dichotomy between tradition and modernity and showed that traditions are often created in times of social change. Traditions are objectified forms of culture, referring to the past, that can be used as political and economic resources and that can function as means both to create stability and to legitimate change.
Evaluation of projection‐ and dual‐energy‐based methods for metal artifact reduction in CT using a phantom study
Authors: Long Zaiyang , Bruesewitz Michael R. , DeLone David R. , Morris Jonathan M. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Adkins Mark C. , Glazebrook Katrina N. , Kofler James M. , Leng Shuai , McCollough Cynthia H. , Fletcher Joel G. , Halaweish Ahmed F. , Yu Lifeng
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Both projection and dual‐energy (DE)‐based methods have been used for metal artifact reduction (MAR) in CT. The two methods can also be combined. The purpose of this work was to evaluate these three MAR methods using phantom experiments for five types of metal implants.

Materials and Methods

Five phantoms representing spine, dental, hip, shoulder, and knee were constructed with metal implants. These phantoms were scanned using both single‐energy (SE) and DE protocols with matched radiation output. The SE data were processed using a projection‐based MAR (iMAR, Siemens) algorithm, while the DE data were processed to generate virtual monochromatic images at high keV (Mono+, Siemens). In addition, the DE images after iMAR were used to generate Mono+ images (DE iMAR Mono+). Artifacts were quantitatively evaluated using CT numbers at different regions of interest. Iodine contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) was evaluated in the spine phantom. Three musculoskeletal radiologists and two neuro‐radiologists independently ranked the artifact reduction.

Results

The DE Mono+ at high keV resulted in reduced artifacts but also lower iodine CNR. The iMAR method alone caused missing tissue artifacts in dental phantom. DE iMAR Mono+ caused wrong CT numbers in close proximity to the metal prostheses in knee and hip phantoms. All musculoskeletal radiologists ranked SE iMAR > DE iMAR Mono+ > DE Mono+ for knee and hip, while DE iMAR Mono+ > SE iMAR > DE Mono+ for shoulder. Both neuro‐radiologists ranked DE iMAR Mono+ > DE Mono+ > SE iMAR for spine and DE Mono+ > DE iMAR Mono+ > SE iMAR for dental.

Conclusions

The SE iMAR was the best choice for the hip and knee prostheses, while DE Mono+ at high keV was best for dental implants and DE iMAR Mono+ was best for spine and shoulder prostheses. Artifacts were also introduced by MAR algorithms.
On Kinetics of Grain Refinement and Strengthening by Dynamic Recrystallization
Authors: Belyakov Andrey , Tikhonova Marina , Dolzhenko Pavel , Sakai Taku , Kaibyshev Rustam
Published: May 2018

The grain refinement and strengthening of an austenitic stainless steel are studied under multiple multidirectional forging at 1073 K up to strains of 4. The structural changes are characterized by the development of discontinuous and continuous dynamic recrystallization (DRX) leading to the grain refinement down to submicrometer level. The new ultrafine grains develop primarily along original grain boundaries and deformation microbands, leading to heterogeneous necklace‐like microstructures at intermediate strains followed by rapid expansion of the DRX grains occupying the whole worked sample at large strains. The change in the fraction of ultrafine grains is commonly characterized by a sigmoid‐type dependence on strain and can be expressed by a modified Jonson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation. The DRX development is accompanied by a stepwise decrease in the flow stress at reloading in each subsequent forging pass especially in intermediate strains. This stepwise softening results from rapid growth of freshly nucleated grains. In contrast, after forging, both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength at room temperature increase progressively with an increase in the number of forging passes. The strengthening during DRX development can be attributed to concurrent contribution of work‐hardening and grain refinement and can be expressed by a summation of recovered and recrystallized fractions.
Bulk Hexagonal Boron Nitride with a Quasi‐Isotropic Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Mateti Srikanth , Yang Keqin , Liu Xuan , Huang Shaoming , Wang Jiangting , Li Lu Hua , Hodgson Peter , Zhou Menhan , He Jian , Chen Ying
Published: May 2018

Hexagonal boron nitride (BN) is electrically insulating and has a high in‐plane thermal conductivity. However, it has a very low cross‐plane thermal conductivity which limits its application for efficient heat dissipation. Here, large BN pellets with a quasi‐isotropic thermal conductivity are produced from BN nanosheets using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The BN pellets have the same thermal conductivity from both perpendicular and parallel directions to the pellet surface. The high quasi‐isotropic thermal conductivity of the bulk BN is attributed to a quasi‐isotropic structure formed during the SPS process in which the charged BN nanosheets form large sheets in all directions under two opposite forces of SPS compression and electric field. The pellet sintered at 2300 °C has a very high cross‐section thermal conductivity of 280 W m−1 K−1 (parallel to the SPS pressing direction) and exhibits superior heat dissipation performance due to more efficient heat transfer in the vertical direction.
Freestanding, Fiber‐Based, Wearable Temperature Sensor with Tunable Thermal Index for Healthcare Monitoring
Authors: Trung Tran Quang , Le Hoang Sinh , Dang Thi My Linh , Ju Sanghyun , Park Sang Yoon , Lee Nae‐Eung
Published: May 2018

Fiber‐based sensors integrated on textiles or clothing systems are required for the next generation of wearable electronic platforms. Fiber‐based physical sensors are developed, but the development of fiber‐based temperature sensors is still limited. Herein, a new approach to develop wearable temperature sensors that use freestanding single reduction graphene oxide (rGO) fiber is proposed. A freestanding and wearable temperature‐responsive rGO fiber with tunable thermal index is obtained using simple wet spinning and a controlled graphene oxide reduction time. The freestanding fiber‐based temperature sensor shows high responsivity, fast response time (7 s), and good recovery time (20 s) to temperature. It also maintains its response under an applied mechanical deformation. The fiber device fabricated by means of a simple process is easily integrated into fabric such as socks or undershirts and can be worn by a person to monitor the temperature of the environment and skin temperature without interference during movement and various activities. These results demonstrate that the freestanding fiber‐based temperature sensor has great potential for fiber‐based wearable electronic platforms. It is also promising for applications in healthcare and biomedical monitoring.
A Colloidal‐Quantum‐Dot‐Based Self‐Charging System via the Near‐Infrared Band
Authors: Baek Se‐Woong , Cho Jungmin , Kim Joo‐Seong , Kim Changjo , Na Kwangmin , Lee Sang‐Hoon , Jun Sunhong , Song Jung Hoon , Jeong Sohee , Choi Jang Wook , Lee Jung‐Yong
Published: May 2018

A novel self‐charging platform is proposed using colloidal‐quantum‐dot (CQD) photovoltaics (PVs) via the near‐infrared (NIR) band for low‐power electronics. Low‐bandgap CQDs can convert invisible NIR light sources to electrical energy more efficiently than wider spectra because of reduced thermalization loss. This energy‐conversion strategy via NIR photons ensures an enhanced photostability of the CQD devices. Furthermore, the NIR wireless charging system can be concealed using various colored and NIR‐transparent fabric or films, providing aesthetic freedom. Finally, an NIR‐driven wireless charging system is demonstrated for a wearable healthcare bracelet by integrating a CQD PVs receiver with a flexible lithium‐ion battery and entirely embedding them into a flexible strap, enabling permanent self‐charging without detachment.
Metal on Graphenated Metal for VLSI Interconnects
Authors: Narula Udit , Tan Cher Ming , Tok Eng Soon
Published: May 2018

Copper is running out of steam for modern very large scale integration (VLSI) technology and therefore there is a need for paradigm shift to a more reliable interconnect structure. Metal–graphene–metal structure is suggested to be a suitable candidate. A new method is devised wherein graphene synthesized on copper foil can act as a reducing agent for electroless plating of copper without the need of any other chemical species, making such novel interconnect structure feasible in practice. The superiority of such interconnect structure can be seen both experimentally and simulationally. Such deposition is also possible for synthesized or transferred graphene on other metals such as nickel, titanium, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, palladium, having metal–graphene interface separation of less than 3.2–3.6 Å as derived from its fundamental principle.
Benefit of Backing‐Layer Compliance in Fibrillar Adhesive Patches—Resistance to Peel Propagation in the Presence of Interfacial Misalignment
Authors: Booth Jamie A. , Bacca Mattia , McMeeking Robert M. , Foster Kimberly L.
Published: May 2018

Investigations of backing‐layer effects in bioinspired fibrillar adhesives have shown that increased compliance is detrimental to the strength of fibril arrays under normal loading due to an increase in severity of a circumferential load concentration. In this work, the impact of misalignment on the performance of fibrillar adhesive patches contacting smooth flat surfaces is examined, demonstrating that the conditions for circumferential detachment are extremely limited. For an array of fibrils on a backing layer of varying thickness, normal adhesion tests are performed against a flat surface that maintains a fixed angle of misalignment with respect to the adhesive surface. In the aligned state the detachment is circumferential and the detachment force is highest for the thinnest, least compliant backing layer. However, for misalignment angles on the order of just 0.1°, peel‐like detachments are observed. The thickest backing layer, being 210% more compliant than the thinnest, yields a 43% increase in the adhesive strength at a misalignment angle of 0.4°. This suggests that out‐with conditions of precise alignment, backing‐layer compliance is beneficial to strength under normal loading. A mechanical model is presented, revealing the mechanism behind enhanced resistance to peel propagation is deformation of the backing layer at the detachment front which reduces differential stretching of fibrils.
Structured Optical Materials Controlled by Light
Authors: Nocentini Sara , Martella Daniele , Parmeggiani Camilla , Zanotto Simone , Wiersma Diederik S.
Published: May 2018

Materials whose optical response is determined by their structure are of much interest both for their fundamental properties and applications. Examples range from simple gratings to photonic crystals. Obtaining control over the optical properties is of crucial importance in this context, and it is often attempted by electro‐optical effect or by using magnetic fields. In this paper, the use of light is introduced to switch and tune the optical response of a structured material, exploiting a physical deformation induced by light itself. In this new strategy, light drives an elastic reshaping, which leads hence to a change in the optical response. This is made possible by using liquid crystalline networks structured by direct laser writing. As a proof of concept, a grating structure with sub‐millisecond time response is demonstrated for optical beam steering, exploiting an optically induced reversible shape change. Experimental observations are combined with finite‐element modeling in order to understand the actuation process dynamics, and to obtain information on how to tune the time and the power response of this technology. This optical beam steerer opens up full optical control of light in a broad range of structured optical materials.
Chemo‐Enzymatic Oxidative Rearrangement of Tertiary Allylic Alcohols: Synthetic Application and Integration into a Cascade Process
Authors: Brenna Elisabetta , Crotti Michele , De Pieri Matteo , Gatti Francesco G. , Manenti Gabriele , Monti Daniela
Published: May 2018

A chemo‐enzymatic catalytic system, comprised of Bobbitt's salt and laccase from Trametes versicolor, allowed the [1,3]‐oxidative rearrangement of endocyclic allylic tertiary alcohols into the corresponding enones under an Oxygen atmosphere in aqueous media. The yields were in most cases quantitative, especially for the cyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐ol or the cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ol substrates without an electron withdrawing group (EWG) on the side chain. Transpositions of macrocyclic alkenols or tertiary alcohols bearing an EWG on the side chain were instead carried out in acetonitrile by using an immobilized laccase preparation. Dehydro‐Jasmone®, dehydro‐Hedione®, dehydro‐Muscone and other fragrance precursors were directly prepared with this procedure, while a synthetic route was developed to easily transform a cyclopentenone derivative into trans‐Magnolione® and dehydro‐Magnolione®. The rearrangement of exocyclic allylic alcohols was tested as well, and a dynamic kinetic resolution was observed: α,β‐unsaturated ketones with (E)‐configuration and a high diastereomeric excess were synthesized. Finally, the 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinium tetrafluoroborate (TEMPO+BF4−)/laccase catalysed oxidative rearrangement was combined with the ene‐reductase/alcohol dehydrogenase cascade process in a one‐pot three‐step synthesis of cis or trans 3‐methylcyclohexan‐1‐ol, in both cases with a high optical purity.

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Computational Design of Photocured Polymers Using Stochastic Reaction–Diffusion Simulation
Authors: Sarkar Swarnavo , Lin‐Gibson Sheng
Published: May 2018

Photopolymerization is widely used for creating materials for biomedical applications, lithography, and fast 3D fabrication. The resin composition and curing protocol during polymerization define a high‐dimensional parameter space that dictates the reaction kinetics, network structures, and physical properties of polymerized materials. But a quantitative map from the input parameter space to the transient and final properties does not exist. Here, a computational method is presented to simulate network growth as a stochastic process using reaction‐diffusion master equations. The evolving diffusivity of reacting species during polymerization is modeled using effective medium method, thereby making the rates of reaction and fluctuation events sensitive to the spatial configuration of a growing network. The numerical studies show that this method can correlate fabrication parameters to polymer properties like crosslink heterogeneity, relaxation time, phonon density of states, and bulk modulus, in silico. Hence, stochastic simulation of polymerization is broadly applicable to accelerate the design of polymeric materials with targeted physical properties for specific applications.
Graphene‐Oxide‐Catalyzed Direct CH−CH‐Type Cross‐Coupling: The Intrinsic Catalytic Activities of Zigzag Edges
Authors: Wu Hongru , Su Chenliang , Tandiana Rika , Liu Cuibo , Qiu Chuntian , Bao Yang , Wu Ji'en , Xu Yangsen , Lu Jiong , Fan Dianyuan , Loh Kian Ping
Published: May 2018

The development of graphene oxide (GO)‐based materials for C−C cross‐coupling represents a significant advance in carbocatalysis. Although GO has been used widely in various catalytic reactions, the scope of reactions reported is quite narrow, and the relationships between the type of functional groups present and the specific activity of the GO are not well understood. Herein, we explore CH−CH‐type cross‐coupling of xanthenes with arenes using GO as real carbocatalysts, and not as stoichiometric reactants. Mechanistic studies involving molecular analogues, as well as trapped intermediates, were carried out to probe the active sites, which were traced to quinone‐type functionalities as well as the zigzag edges in GO materials. GO‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative coupling is operationally simple, shows reusability over multiple cycles, can be conducted in air, and exhibits good functional group tolerance.