bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign Exchange Risk and Profit Improvement in the Comprehensive Profit Opportunity and Lost Opportunity Control Model
Authors: Nishimura Akira
Published: March 2016

The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of foreign exchange risks on manufacturing activities (monozukuri in Japanese) and the function of derivatives as a countermeasure against such risk from the viewpoint of management accounting. From this perspective, we examine the Comprehensive Profit Opportunity and Lost Opportunity Control (COLC) model, discussed previously in this journal, and further its practical development and application. To this end, this paper first clarifies the actual situations of major Japanese manufacturing companies in terms of foreign exchange fluctuation earnings and derivative instruments (including hedge accounting). Then, after investigation of the prior research on the interrelation between risk management and management accounting, we theoretically analyze the relations between risks, derivatives, and hedge accounting from the synthetic viewpoint of profit opportunity, risk, and opportunity cost. As a result, this analysis can play an important role in outlining the landscape in which business strategy and enterprise risk management align, both proactively and reflectively, with contemporary management accounting.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Road Transportation Logistics Performance in East Malaysia: A Conceptual Model
Authors: Mohd Zawawi Nur Fadiah , Abd Wahab Sazali , Sofian Yaacob Abu , AL Samy Naresh Kumar , Fazal Syed Ali
Published: March 2016

The successful of any tasks or jobs entrusted to logistics service providers is measured by performance. A good performance means the logistics service providers succeed in fulfilling customers’ requirements and perceptions. Among customers’ requirements are delivery of goods on-time, reasonable costs, the safety of their goods and so forth. However, nowadays this performance is being disturbed by road congestion problems due to the flooding of road logistics transportations which are used to deliver products or goods to their customers, together with the addition of public road transportation. As a result, the delivery of customers’ goods is delayed and the operation costs also increased. This hustle and bustle happens since the global manufacturing sector grows dramatically these days. Consignees do not agree with several solutions to this issue, since it is found to be favouring the customers, without any concern to the consignees themselves. Hence, this study adapted several previous models in order to come out with a new model which can prevent delivery delay and reduce operation cost. This is a promise for an effective and efficient logistics service providers’ performance. With regards to the prior literature, the capability of logistics service providers is very valuable to maintain the good performance of a logistics firm, IT implementation is empirically proven as an enabler for time and cost saving, and innovation capability is important in differentiating one firm to another. Hence, it can sustain the competitive performance and advantages. Therefore, the formation of the mentioned variables has constructed a new model for this study which is expected to benefit logistics service providers to improve their services and simultaneously provide a nice picture to potential investors to invest in our country, Malaysia.
An Empirical Study about the Influence of Word of Mouth on Client Changing Behaviour: The Case of Computer Industry in the State of Kuwait
Authors: Hajjar Said EL , Eidan Jaber AL
Published: March 2016

The Word of Mouth (WOM) was recently considered by marketing management, and adapted by marketers in many industries such as computer manufacturing industry. The study investigated how WOM is presented by sender influences consumer switching behaviour during interaction in the different categories of situations within the computer industry. Five variables were tested to see their correlations with the WOM. These variables are: Switching Cost, Sender expertise, Receiver expertise, Sender Trustworthiness, and Tie Strength. Using convenience-sampling approach, the study obtained 130 usable surveys. Data was randomly selected from four different universities in Kuwait. Data analysis was done through the software SPSS, and the results were obtained through ANOVA. The regression analysis statistical method was implemented to test the influence of the five variables on the variable: Sender influence in Positive WOM. This paper drove its significance in providing empirically evidence that would help marketers to plan strategies or to choose the appropriate way in using the direct influence of WOM in marketing transactions.
Host-Country Market Environment, Intra-Firm Technology Transfer Performance and Corporate Sustainability: A Conceptual Study
Authors: Fazal Syed Ali , Wahab Sazali Abdul , Bin Yaacob Abu Sofian , Mohd Zawawi Nur Fadiah
Published: March 2016

Technological innovations have emerged as crucially significant factor for sustaining market competition and achieving sustainable competitive advantage in the 21st century. The Multinational Corporations (MNCs) as celebrities of innovation play significant role in diffusing technological knowledge throughout firms both nationally and internationally. Although numerous studies exist on technology transfer the majority of existing literature addresses the issues related to inter-firm transfer of technology only while the area related to intra-firm transfer of technology has been largely underexposed; study of which is believed to be ideal for fruitful exploration of profitability in technology transfer projects. By exploring the existing relevant literature, the current study would attempt to posit a new model in regards to the effect of host-country market factors on the performance of technology transferred by the MNCs and its subsequent impact on corporate sustainability. In the present study the relative influence of two market environment factors of the host-country, competitive intensity and market dynamism have been focused on and the study is thereby expected to contribute both theoretically in the body of knowledge and also in terms of practical implication for policy makers and MNCs and hence enriching the existing intra-firm literature simultaneously.
Optimal Two Hubs Location and Network Construction for a Regional Company of WAEMU Zone
Authors: Nelio Ndogotar , G. Diagne Salimata , Gningue Youssou
Published: March 2016

In this paper, the linear integer programming(LIP) was used to model two hubs location problem and network construction for a regional company of WAEMU zone . Taking account of passengers flow and the movements of planes recorded in the airports in the constraints, the model takes into account the rate of filling of the planes, one of the crucial factors for a company to maximize its profit. Minimizing the sum of the distances in the objective, the company makes savings on the fuel and minimizes its costs on aircrew which is remunerated by flight hours.
El edificio urbano como gesto cívico
Authors: Gutiérrez Mozo María Elia
Published: March 2016

La relación dialéctica entre la casa y la ciudad es el tema de este breve discurso, partiendo del modelo clásico, que Alberti formula y describe, y pasando a través de los sucesivos modelos, romántico burgués, moderno y posmoderno, para llegar a definir el sentido, en el entorno actual, de la casa entre medianeras que la limitan jurídica y físicamente. La posibilidad de observar el canon moderno, sin renunciar a una convincente inserción del modelo en la ciudad de ascendencia burguesa, se argumenta por medio de dos ejemplos tomados del mismo arquitecto, Francisco Candel Jiménez, en el ensanche de una ciudad de provincias, Albacete, tratando de demostrar que se puede ser rigurosamente moderno en el lenguaje y, a la vez, obediente a los límites urbanos establecidos. En el primer caso, un edificio de tres plantas para vivienda y estudio de arquitectura en entreplanta, la modestia del entorno no impide que el edificio inscrito en él sea a la vez altamente singular sin sustraerse a las reglas del planeamiento oficial. En el segundo, edificio de viviendas en cinco alturas más ático, y “atendiendo a su carácter urbano y a la actualidad de soluciones técnicas y constructivas”, despliega una amplia ceremonia de cortesía, que, por medio de los recursos propios de una avanzada high-tech, juega con los ritmos de su doble límite, doméstico y urbano, y hace que su modernidad radical eleve la dignidad del vecindario urbano que lo acompaña, sin alzar la voz, pero transmitiendo una lección de arquitectura que hace ciudad

The dialectic relationship between home and city is the subject of this brief discourse, starting with the classical model, described and formulated by Alberti, and going through the successive models, bourgeois romantic, modern and postmodern, in order to define the meaning, in the current environment, of the house between party walls which delimit it both legally and physically. The possibility to observe the modern canon without forgoing a convincing insertion of the model in the bourgeois city is argued here based on two examples by the same architect: Francisco Candel Jiménez, in the expansion district of a provincial town, Albacete, in an attempt to demonstrate that it is possible to be rigorously modern in terms of language while complying with the established urban limits. In the first example, a thee-storey housing building with an architectural studio on the mezzanine floor, the modest environment does not prevent the building inscribed in it from being highly unique at the same time, without avoiding the rules of official urban planning. The second example, a five-storey housing building with an attic, and “according to its urban nature and the current constructive and technical solutions”, displays an ample courtesy ceremony that, through the use of advanced high-tech resources, tinkers with the rhythms of its double limit, domestic and urban, and makes its extreme modernity enhance the dignity of the neighborhood that hosts it, without rising its voice, but teaching a lesson on how architecture makes up a city.
Muebles de patio: sistema modular de mobiliario efímero
Authors: Ballesta Cito , Gómez Marta
Published: March 2016

El proyecto es el resultado del concurso convocado por la feria editorial Libros Mutantes para su edición de 2015 en La Casa Encendida de Madrid, un evento cultural que reúne cada año a editoriales nacionales e internacionales y figuras relevantes de la escena editorial independiente. Este proyecto trata de dar respuesta a las premisas claves del programa: eficiencia del sistema, facilidad de montaje y desmontaje, sostenibilidad, reutilización de materiales, ideología do-it-yourself, y especialmente, coste reducido de materiales e instalación.

This temporary furniture project seeks to answer the fair needs with an efficient, rapid-assembly system, where standardization, repetition, and economy of means solve the functional and aesthetic requirement through the alternative implementation of already existent systems.
La crítica arquitectónica y la imagen del arquitecto
Authors: Gómez-Moriana Rafael
Published: March 2016

La imagen importa más que nunca. En la sociedad en la que vivimos, nos guste o no, la forma cuenta más que el contenido. En arquitectura, esto puede tener varias interpretaciones: que la forma de un edificio mismo importe más que su función, pero también que la ‘representación’ de una obra en medios de comunicación importe más que su fisicalidad; porque siempre será visto por un público mucho más amplio a través de fotografías en medios de comunicación que visitado o palpado ‘in situ’. El medio es el mensaje, como dijo Marshall McLuhan al principio de los 60. Hoy en día este hecho es aún más evidente. Dicho ésto, está claro que también importa la obra física en la arquitectura, sobre todo para los usuarios, y los que están pagando por ella. Pero todos sabemos que la arquitectura, especialmente en casos de obra pública, siempre tiene una ‘utilidad’ adicional al programa de uso, y esa utilidad es crear imagen para alguien. Vivimos en una sociedad cada vez más mediatizada, y cada vez más competitiva, lo que hace que se compita cada vez más en el campo de los medios y las imágenes. Guste o no, es así.

What is architectural critique about: explaining or judging? What is its role in a democratic system, or in a global-scale star system? Why are critics usually so bad-tempered? This article attempts to answer common questions regarding architectural critique, and its relevance today (if it still has any relevance in the era of social media), comparing critique articles with other kinds of writings that build up the image of the architect, and with the architectural photograph that usually accompanies them.
La estructuración del espacio por la gravedad y la luz a lo largo de la historia
Authors: Linares de la Torre Óscar
Published: March 2016

El objetivo del presente artículo es señalar la relación existente entre el desarrollo del conocimiento científico sobre la gravedad y la luz desde el ámbito de la física y las estrategias proyectuales destinadas a manipular ambos fenómenos con fines espaciales a lo largo de la historia. El análisis se articula en base a una interpretación del autor de la teoría de las concepciones espaciales de Sigfried Giedion, según la cual la historia de la arquitectura puede entenderse como una sucesión de distintas maneras de concebir el espacio.

This article aims to illustrate the relationship between the historical evolution of the scientific knowledge of gravity and light and the design strategies to manage both phenomena. The analysis is based on an interpretation of the theory of spatial conceptions developed by Sigfried Giedion, which explains the history of architecture as a succession of different ways of conceiving space.
Le Corbusier, todavía
Authors: Perich Capdeferro Ariadna , Such Sanmartín Roger
Published: March 2016

Cincuenta años después de la muerte de Le Corbusier, se celebra en la ETSA Valencia el Congreso Internacional “LC2015: Le Corbusier, 50 years later”. Este encuentro certifica la capacidad de sugestión que hoy en día sigue despertando la figura de Le Corbusier entre investigadores. Y aunque entre el entorno académico empiezan a sentirse voces cada vez más críticas que afirman haber llegado a un cierto agotamiento del personaje, su presencia en el contexto arquitectónico sigue siendo abundante y actual, lo cual nos lleva a preguntar sobre el porqué de su longevidad crítica.

Este artículo se presenta como una crónica del congreso, a medio camino entre la reseña crítica y la selección personal de extractos. El lector puede escoger el modo como recorrerla, ya sea de manera lineal, a través del texto comentado, o bien de forma intercalada, mediante la selección personal de citas que hemos escogido entre las más de 130 aportaciones de todo el congreso.

Fifty years after Le Corbusier's death, ETSA Valencia hosts the lnternational Congress "LC2015: Le Corbusier, 50 years later''. This event confirms the suggestive quality that Le Corbusier continues to evoke among researchers.

And while a growing criticism seems to be arising in the academic world claiming a certain weariness of the architect , his presence in the current architectural context is still abundant and relevant, which makes us bring into question the reason of his critical longevity.

This article is presented as a congress report, halfway between the critical review and the personal selection of abstracts. The reader may choose the way to go over it, either linearly following the text and its commentaries, or, alternately, through the personal selection of quotes that we have chosen among the more than 130 contributions made at the congress.
Quality Above All
Authors: McCuire Michael J.
Published: March 2016

The early half of the 20th century was all about instituting filtration and disinfection throughout the United States and Canada and conquering typhoid fever and diarrheal diseases. We now face a variety of other water quality challenges – which brings us to the many papers in this issue of the Journal dealing with these challenges.
Categorising YouTube
Authors: Simonsen Thomas Mosebo
Published: March 2016

This article provides a genre analytical approach to creating a typology of the User Generated Content (UGC) of YouTube. The article investigates the construction of navigationprocesses on the YouTube website. It suggests a pragmatic genre approach that is expanded through a focus on YouTube’s technological affordances. Through an analysis of the different pragmatic contexts of YouTube, it is argued that a taxonomic understanding of YouTube must be analysed in regards to the vacillation of a user-driven bottom-up folksonomy and a hierarchical browsing system that emphasises a culture of competition and which favours the already popular content of YouTube. With this taxonomic approach, the UGC videos are registered and analysed in terms of empirically based observations. The article identifies various UGC categories and their principal characteristics. Furthermore, general tendencies of the UGC within the interacting relationship of new and old genres are discussed. It is argued that the utility of a conventional categorical system is primarily of analytical and theoretical interest rather than as a practical instrument.
The empowerment potential of public sector software (PSS)
Authors: Thomas Pradip Ninan
Published: March 2016

Investigations into the potential for public sector software (PSS) to empower citizens are at a very nascent stage. This article explores the theoretical basis for, and practical advantages of, PSS, in the making of an informed and pro-active citizenry. Using the example of the emerging PSS movement in India and in particular the ICT literacy movement in Kerala, South India, it argues, that access to and use of software based on the principles of free and open source has the potential to contribute to an empowered citizenry. However the very concept of PSS is contested by major private software companies given that they stand to lose from public investments that are based on open standards. The article argues that PSS can contribute to the making of an ‘information commons’ and that the need of the hour is for innovative and creative solutions to the information deficits faced by communities in India and elsewhere.
Discourses of positionality and the challenges of democratization in the global south: The case of Nepal and Cameroon
Authors: Thorsen Jacob , Ngomba Teke J
Published: March 2016

In this article, we argue that to conceptually and empirically grasp the dynamics and challenges of processes of civic participation, i.e., the deliberation and empowerment of disenfranchised and marginalized populations in the Global South, communication for social change scholars need to pay more attention to three issues: the quality of citizens’ self-perceptions in relation to their local milieu, inter-citizen perceptions and relations at the local level and lastly, the attendant consequences of these on citizens’ sense of efficacy. To grasp and comprehend the interplay of these three issues, we propose the adoption of Floya Anthias’ concept of narratives of location and positionality and demonstrate the heuristic vitality of this notion through a discussion of some local discourses of positionality in Nepal and Cameroon.
Sports broadcasting, journalism and the challenge of new media
Authors: Frandsen Kirsten
Published: March 2016

This article explores the challenge faced by established media organisations integrating digital media in their production. Using a case study of a Danish broadcaster’s use of blogs in their coverage of major sports events, it is argued that the challenge is strategic in a broader sense, as the move to digital platforms is influenced by economic, organisational as well as conceptual parameters for roles. It is argued that in order to understand the potential and challenges of this case, the peculiarities of the role of sports journalists in broadcasting have to be taken into consideration. The case illustrates how their distinctive engagement with their topic and the audience makes some of them more prone to work for pleasure and produce for the digital platform on very unclear conditions, just as it influences the interaction that takes place in the blogs in various ways.
Organizing for the auteur: a dual case study of debut filmmaking
Authors: Strandvad Sara Malou
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this article, the question of the auteur is transferred from film criticism to filmmaking processes in order to analyze how production practices are organized. By doing so, the article shifts the focus from understanding the concept of the auteur from a textual perspective to a sociological analysis, where the concept is understood as a social resource that enables and structures certain kinds of interactions. Accordingly, the article investigates how the ideal of the auteur is invoked in a dual case study of the making of two Danish debut films. In both projects, the directors embody the motif of the project and the auteur notion thereby comes to be activated as an organizing device. The analysis shows that putting the auteur notion to use to organize the making of films has various consequences, not all of which are intended and beneficial.
“Good Day! My name is Martin and I am Danish citizen”: problem-solving, knowledge-sharing, and trust in online interaction ‒ the case of family reunification
Authors: Jensen Astrid , Grindsted Annette
Published: March 2016

This article focuses on opportunities for citizens to interact with public organisations in the processing of individual cases and how this interaction is facilitated by the Internet. We analysed a string of messages from the online forum of the non-governmental organisation Marriage without Borders, which offers dialogue-based advice to members looking for help prior with the complex application process in relation to family reunification visas in Denmark. The trajectory of the problem-solving interaction clearly demonstrates the Internet’s potential for dynamic online interaction, emphasising the timeliness of a joint accomplishment. Our findings also emphasise the potential of non-governmental web forums to address the needs of member publics and to serve as equalisers in relation to the power gap between the more powerful public authorities and the less powerful individuals. A recurrent theme running through these posts is that you trust the members of the community to help as best they can and that expertise is not allocated to the authorities alone.
Structure, complexity and cooperation in parallel external chat interactions
Authors: Grønning Anette
Published: March 2016

This article examines structure, complexity and cooperation in external chat interactions at the workplace in which one of the participants is taking part in multiple parallel conversations. The investigation is based on an analysis of nine chat interactions in a work-related context, with particular focus on the content of the parallel time spans of the chat interactions. The analysis was inspired by applied conversation analysis (CA). The empirical material has been placed at my disposal by Kristelig Fagbevægelse (Krifa), which is Denmark’s third-largest trade union. The article’s overall focus is on “turn-taking organisation as the fundamental and generic aspect of interaction organisation” (Drew & Heritage, 1992, p. 25), including the use of turn-taking rules, adjacency pairs, and the importance of pauses. Even though the employee and the union members do not know one another and cannot see, hear, or touch one another, it is possible to detect an informal, pleasant tone in their interactions. This challenges the basically asymmetrical relationship between employee and customer, and one can sense a further level of asymmetry. In terms of medium, chat interactions exist via various references to other media, including telephone calls and e-mails.
Spontane strategier i innovationsnetværk: materialitetens betydning for stabiliseringen af virtuelle verdner som professionelt kommunikationsmedie [Spontaneous strategies in innovation networks: The importance of materiality in stabilising virtual worlds]
Authors: Husted Emil , Plesner Ursula
Published: March 2016

Megen forskning har beskæftiget sig med, hvordan sociale og organisatoriske processer ændres, når de finder sted i virtuelle rum. Denne artikel tager udgangspunkt i innovationsprocesser, hvor aktører forsøger at etablere virtuelle verdner som platform for professionel kommunikation, men i stedet for at fokusere på kommunikationsprocesser internt i virtuelle verdner vil artiklen stille spørgsmålstegn ved dikotomien mellem den fysiske og den virtuelle verden og undersøge materialitetens betydning for organiseringen af det virtuelle. Ved at anlægge et perspektiv inspireret af Aktør Netværks Teori vil artiklen argumentere for, at fysiske steder og objekter ikke blot fungerer som kontekst for innovationsprocesser, men tværtimod inddrages som strategiske ressourcer, der aktivt medskaber de virtuelle verdner. Empirisk funderes analysen i fem danske virksomheder og viser, hvordan virksomhederne benytter sig af fysiske steder og objekter som strategisk ressource i innovationsprocessen. Hermed bidrager artiklen til litteraturen omkring innovation inden for nye medier såsom virtuelle verdner.
Chronic sinusitis in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Craig Timothy J , Yeager Michael J , Kakumanu Sujani
Published: March 2016

Cystic fibrosis is a lethal genetic disorder whose victims currently have a median life span of approximately 30 years. With this increased life span, new aspects of the disease are identified in patients with cystic fibrosis, including chronic sinusitis. Sinusitis severely affects the quality of life of patients with sinusitis. This article discusses several aspects of sinusitis in patients with cystic fibrosis, including clinical presentation, radiologic findings, and treatment options. By recognizing and treating sinusitis in patients with cystic fibrosis, physicians may improve the quality of life of these patients.
Risk factors for maternal colonization with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci
Authors: Terry Richard R , Kelly Francis W , Gauzer Cheryl , Jeitler Melissa
Published: March 2016

Colonization with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBS) at any time during pregnancy is an important risk factor for neonatal sepsis. To determine which groups of pregnant women are at high risk for GBS, a retrospective chart review was conducted on 608 pregnant women who had recorded data on prenatal charts and were seen between October 1995 and December 1997 at a family practice-run prenatal clinic. A total of 543 subjects were studied after exclusion of women who had no results of GBS colonization recorded. Demographically, the study population comprised 91.1% white non-Hispanic, 4.8% African-American, 1.5%Asian, and 2.6% white Hispanic women; 28.9% were primiparas, 38.9% unmarried; 60.0% low income; 31.1 % smokers, 7.7% with a history of drug or alcohol use; 8.4% with a history of sexually transmitted disease; and 27.2% with fewer than 11 prenatal visits. The mean age was 26.4 years (range, 14 to 42 years). Seventy-six (14.0%) of the study subjects were colonized with GBS. White non-Hispanic women had a GBS colonization prevalence of 13.6%; for all others, prevalence was 18.7%. No statistically significant differences were found in regard to age, weight, number of prenatal visits, income level, marital status, history of drug use, or parity. The GBS colonization rate for smokers was 33.1 % versus 16.4% for nonsmokers (P=.012). Maternal colonization of GBS was not found to be associated with any of the risk factors studied, other than smoking. This study identified smoking as a possible risk factor for GBS infection. Routine screening for GBS infection during pregnancy may be beneficial because no strong risk factors for colonization exist.
Use of ketorolac in renal colic
Authors: Di Trolio Robert N , Sing Robert F , Bates Gary M
Published: March 2016

Intravenously administered ketorolac tromethamine provided complete pain relief to a 54-year-old man with right-sided testicular pain and nausea and vomiting. The patient had a ureteral calculus documented by computed tomography. This patient's pain initially failed to respond to intravenously administered hydromorphone hydrochloride. Subsequendy, he was admitted to the hospital and had operative removal of his ureteral calculus and placement of a ureteral stent. Based on their findings and review of the literature, the authors recommend that intravenous ketorolac be used as the first-line treatment for acute renal colic in patients in whom the medication is not contraindicated.
Family cluster of atrial septal defect
Authors: DiGiovanna Eileen L
Published: March 2016

Atrial septal defect is one of the most common congenital cardiac defects, occurring in 9% to 15% of live births. This defect has been reported to have a genetic etiology in some cases, although the full extent of genetic involvement in atrial septal defect is not known. Because symptoms are often lacking in childhood and manifest primarily in adulthood and because physical findings may be lacking, it is important to take a family history in patients in whom the defect is suspected. When evaluating children, a family history of atrial septal defect should raise suspicion of increased risk so that early diagnosis and treatment can be made. The author reports a cluster of 11 diagnosed atrial septal defects within one 32-member family group, 6 of whom required surgery to repair the defects. It is significant that most of the individuals were lacking in objective findings on physical examination, notably a murmur, as well as in subjective complaints. Diagnoses were made by use of two-dimensional echocardiography with color-enhanced Doppler ultrasonography in all but two cases-one diagnosed with transesophageal echocardiography and one, serendipitously, during cardiac catheterization. Echocardiography also revealed mitral valve prolapse, thin atrial septal wall, with aneurysm in some cases, and regurgitation of mitral or tricuspid valves in several individuals. Cardiac enlargement, usually of the right atrium, was seen in most of the individuals.
High-performance p-channel polycrystalline-germanium thin-film transistors via excimer laser crystallization and counter doping
Authors: Liao Chan-Yu , Huang Ching-Yu , Huang Ming-Hui , Chou Chia-Hsin , Cheng Huang-Chung
Published: March 2016

High-quality polycrystalline-germanium (poly-Ge) thin films have been successfully fabricated by excimer laser crystallization (ELC). Grains as large as 1 µm were achieved by ELC at 300 mJ/cm2. Meanwhile, the defect-generated hole concentrations in Ge thin films were significantly reduced. Furthermore, the majority carriers could then be converted to n-type by counter doping (CD) with a suitable dose. Then, high-performance p-channel Ge thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a high on/off current ratio of up to 1.7 × 103 and a high field-effect mobility of up to 208 cm2 V−1 s−1 were demonstrated for a channel width and length both of 0.5 µm. It was revealed that ELC combined with CD is effective for attaining high-performance p-channel poly-Ge TFTs.
Effects of metal/Ge contact and surface passivation on direct band gap light emission and detection for asymmetric metal/Ge/metal diodes
Authors: Maekura Takayuki , Yamamoto Keisuke , Nakashima Hiroshi , Wang Dong
Published: March 2016

Direct band gap electroluminescence (EL) and light detection were studied at room temperature for n-type bulk germanium (Ge) by using fin-type asymmetric lateral metal/Ge/metal diodes. HfGe/Ge and PtGe/Ge contacts were used for injecting holes. Electron cyclotron resonance plasma oxidation and physical vapor deposition bilayer passivation (BLP) methods were employed for passivating the surface of the active region. A high EL intensity and a low dark current intensity were observed for the sample with PtGe/Ge contact and BLP, owing to the small/large barrier height of holes/electrons for PtGe/Ge contact, respectively, and the low density of interface states for the active region with BLP. The local-heating-induced redshift of the EL peak for the sample with PtGe/Ge contact is smaller than that for the sample with HfGe/Ge contact, owing to the lower parasitic resistance of PtGe/Ge contact. The diode with PtGe/Ge contact and BLP shows an on/off ratio of ∼104 and a responsivity of 0.70 A/W, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 56.0% under a wavelength of 1.55 µm.
Foreign direct investment
Authors: Moran Theodore
Published: March 2016

Foreign direct investment (FDI) takes place when a corporation in one country establishes a business operation in another country, through setting up a new wholly owned affiliate, or acquiring a local company, or forming a joint venture in the host economy. This article provides an overview of FDI in developed countries; an assessment of strategic motivations for FDI; a look at multinational corporate operations and the benefits of FDI; an analysis of the impact of trade‐and‐FDI on wage disparities at home; an investigation of outward FDI and runaway plants; a framework for judging when foreign acquisitions of national companies might pose a credible threat to national security; and a final summing‐up. This article is a companion to “Foreign direct investment and development”.
Co–Doping of Tin and Zinc into Indium Oxide Nanocrystals Using a Facile Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Lu Jinfeng , Minami Kimitaka , Takami Seiichi , Shibata Masatoshi , Kaneko Yasunobu , Adschiri Tadafumi
Published: March 2016

A simple and rapid synthetic route is developed to produce highly crystalline tin and zinc co‐doped indium oxide (IZTO) nanocrystals. By using a flow‐through reactor, an aqueous metal precursor stream was mixed with another stream of supercritical water containing a reducing agent to continuously produce the IZTO nanocrystals with a mean diameter of 28 nm. Typical reaction conditions were 450 °C, 30 MPa, and 7.0 s. The addition of hexanoic acid into the precursor mixture produced surface‐modified IZTO nanocrystals with a smaller size of less than 20 nm. The obtained surface‐modified IZTO nanocrystals changed their surface chemical property from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and thus dispersed well in organic solvents. In addition, this method is environmentally benign and compatible with industrial scale synthesis. Finally, as a promising transparent electrode material, the conductivity and transmittance of these IZTO nanocrystals were also measured.
Alkali Metal Yttrium neo‐Pentoxide Double Alkoxide Precursors to Alkali Metal Yttrium Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Boyle Timothy J. , Neville Michael L. , Sears Jeremiah M. , Cramer Roger
Published: March 2016

A series of alkali metal yttrium neo‐pentoxide ([AY(ONep)4]) compounds were developed as precursors to alkali yttrium oxide (AYO2) nanomaterials. The reaction of yttrium amide ([Y(NR2)3] where R=Si(CH3)3) with four equivalents of H‐ONep followed by addition of [A(NR2)] (A=Li, Na, K) or Ao (Ao=Rb, Cs) led to the formation of a complex series of AnY(ONep)3+n species, crystallographically identified as [Y2Li3(μ3‐ONep)(μ3‐HONep)(μ‐ONep)5(ONep)3(HONep)2] (1), [YNa2(μ3‐ONep)4(ONep)]2 (2), {[Y2K3(μ3‐ONep)3(μ‐ONep)4(ONep)2(ηξ‐tol)2][Y4K2(μ4‐O)(μ3‐ONep)8(ONep)4]•ηx‐tol]} (3), [Y4K2(μ4‐O)(μ3‐ONep)8(ONep)4] (3 a), [Y2Rb3(μ4‐ONep)3(μ‐ONep)6] (4), and [Y2Cs4(μ6‐O)(μ3‐ONep)6(μ3‐HONep)2(ONep)2(ηx‐tol)4]•tol (5). Compounds 1–5 were investigated as single source precursors to AYOx nanomaterials following solvothermal routes (pyridine, 185 oC for 24 h). The final products after thermal processing were found by powder X‐ray diffraction experiments to be Y2O3 with variable sized particles based on transmission electron diffraction. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy studies indicated that the heavier alkali metal species were present in the isolated nanomaterials.
Does Mode of Transport Confer a Mortality Benefit in Trauma Patients? Characteristics and Outcomes at an Ontario Lead Trauma Hospital
Authors: Buchanan Ian M. , Coates Angela , Sne Niv
Published: March 2016

Objectives

Evidence-based guidelines regarding the optimal mode of transport for trauma patients from scene to trauma centre are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between trauma patient outcomes and mode of transport at a single Ontario Level I Trauma Centre, and specifically to investigate if the mode of transport confers a mortality benefit.

Methods

A historical, observational cohort study was undertaken to compare rotor-wing and ground transported patients. Captured data included demographics, injury severity, temporal and mortality variables. TRISS-L analysis was performed to examine mortality outcomes.

Results

387 rotor-wing transport and 2,759 ground transport patients were analyzed over an 18-year period. Rotor-wing patients were younger, had a higher Injury Severity Score, and had longer prehospital transport times. Mechanism of injury was similarly distributed between groups. After controlling for heterogeneity with TRISS-L analysis, the mortality of rotor-wing patients was found to be lower than predicted mortality, whereas the converse was found with ground patients.

Conclusion

Rotor-wing and ground transported trauma patients represent heterogeneous populations. Accounting for these differences, rotor-wing patients were found to outperform their predicted mortality, whereas ground patients underperformed predictions.
External turbulence-induced axial flow and instability in a vortex
Authors: Stout Eric , Hussain Fazle
Published: March 2016

External turbulence-induced axial flow in an incompressible, normal-mode stable Lamb–Oseen (two-dimensional) vortex column is studied via direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations. Azimuthally oriented vorticity filaments, formed from external turbulence, advect radially towards or away from the vortex axis (depending on the filament’s swirl direction), resulting in a net induced axial flow in the vortex core; axial flow increases with increasing vortex Reynolds number ($Re=$ vortex circulation/viscosity). This contrasts the viscous mechanism for axial flow generation downstream of a lifting body, wherein an axial pressure gradient is produced by viscous diffusion of the swirl (Batchelor, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 20, 1964, pp. 645–658). Analysis of the self-induced motion of an arbitrarily curved external filament shows that any non-axisymmetric filament undergoes radial advection. We then studied the evolution of a vortex column starting with an imposed optimal transient growth perturbation. For a range of Re values, axial flow develops and initially grows as (time)$^{5/2}$ before decreasing after two turnover times; for $Re=10\,000$ – the highest computationally achievable – axial flow at late times becomes sufficiently strong to induce vortex instability. Contrary to a prior claim of a parent–offspring mechanism at the outer edge of the core, vorticity tilting within the core by axial flow is the underlying mechanism producing energy growth. Thus, external perturbations in practical flows (at $Re\sim 10^{7}$) produce destabilizing axial flow, possibly leading to the sought-after vortex breakup.
THE IMAGE OF GOD, CHRISTIAN RIGHTS TALK, AND THE SCHOOL OF SALAMANCA
Authors: Lantigua David M.
Published: March 2016

The salience of rights talk in Western cultures has generated constructive responses from various religious traditions. This article contributes to this religious hermeneutic by turning to the first-generation Spanish theologians of the sixteenth-century School of Salamanca, Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto, as important resources for Christian rights talk. These late scholastic thinkers made the image of God doctrine, as transmitted by Thomas Aquinas, the basis for affirming the worth and human natural rights of Amerindian peoples. To highlight the contemporary relevance of the school, the article engages Nicholas Wolterstorff's recent work on rights and his twofold critique of a capacities approach to human dignity and a virtues approach to justice. The School of Salamanca not only addresses the important concerns raised by Wolterstorff but uniquely offers a view of rights inextricably linked to human capacities and Christian virtue that highlights both the patient and agential dimensions of justice. They provide a critical theological challenge to the dominant secular liberal view of rights in a way that Wolterstorff's account does not.
Initial reconnaissance for a South Georgia ice core
Authors: MAYEWSKI P. A. , KULI A. , CASASSA G. , ARÉVALO M. , DIXON D. A. , GRIGHOLM B. , HANDLEY M. J. , HOFFMANN H. , INTRONE D. S. , KULI A. G. , POTOCKI M. , SNEED S. B.
Published: March 2016

We present the first snow/ice chemistry and ice radar results ever collected from South Georgia as part of an initial reconnaissance with the ultimate goal of assessing the feasibility of a South Georgia ice core to reconstruct past climate in the South Atlantic. South Georgia is well situated to capture a record of past atmospheric chemical composition over the South Atlantic and of past variability in the position and intensity of the austral westerlies. The question is how well preserved an ice core record can be recovered from a region experiencing accelerated melting? The results presented in this paper offer only a preliminary step in determining the feasibility of future deep ice coring on South Georgia. However, this initial reconnaissance does provide some basic information including: the chemistry of the atmosphere over South Georgia relative to other Southern Hemisphere ice coring sites; the potential for preservation of ‘annual layers’ in old ice on the island; a possible age for deep ice in the region; and an estimate of glacier health in the lower elevation regions of the island.
Tobacco Use Among People Who Have Been in Prison: Relapse and Factors Associated with Trying to Quit
Authors: Frank Michael R. , Blumhagen Rachel , Weitzenkamp David , Mueller Shane R. , Beaty Brenda , Min Sung-Joon , Binswanger Ingrid A.
Published: March 2016

Introduction: Tobacco use is common among people who have been in prison. The relationship between social stressors, risky health behaviours, and smoking cessation has not been studied in people recently released from prison. Studying this relationship could yield information that guides strategic and cost-effective tobacco cessation interventions for an under-resourced population.

Methods: One hundred and forty-three smokers were interviewed 7 to 21 days after they had been released from USA prisons. Independent variables included employment status, housing security, relationship problems, educational achievement, risky drinking behaviour, recent drug use, history of drug dependence, and depression. The primary outcome was ‘trying to quit smoking.’ Data were analysed using Pearson chi-square tests and single and multivariable logistic regression models.

Results: Of those who had to quit smoking due to tobacco-free prison policies, 98% reported relapsing on tobacco after release. Trying to quit smoking was associated with the absence of risky drinking behaviour in the past 30 days (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 6.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02–20.48).

Conclusions: The absence of risky drinking behaviour is associated with trying to quit smoking among people recently released from prison. Further research may determine whether interventions addressing risky alcohol use can reduce smoking relapse.
The Neolithic in Northeast Iberia: Chronocultural Phases and14C
Authors: Oms F Xavier , Martín Araceli , Esteve Xavier , Mestres Josep , Morell Berta , Subirà M Eulàlia , Gibaja Juan F
Published: March 2016

As in many other regions, the periodization of the Neolithic in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula was based upon relative dating obtained through ceramic typologies. Moreover, this prehistoric period was structured using nomenclature borrowed from the Neolithization of southern France. A total of 37 new radiocarbon dates for NE Iberia have been recently obtained with appropriate sampling criteria. These results have been used in conjunction with other reliable14C dates in order to assess the validity of traditional classifications established through the study of ceramic typologies. The gradual improvement in the quality of sample choice and the available archaeological records allowed the selection of 187 dates obtained mostly from short-lived taxa. This has enabled the chronological boundaries to be adjusted as precisely as possible.
SEMIGROUPS OF COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON LOCAL DIRICHLET SPACES
Authors: STYLOGIANNIS GEORGIOS
Published: March 2016

We study the strong continuity of semigroups of composition operators on local Dirichlet spaces.
Marks & Spencer and the Decline of the British Textile Industry, 1950–2000
Authors: Toms Steven , Zhang Qi
Published: March 2016

From the end of World War II, British clothing retailers—most notably, Marks & Spencer (M&S)—increasingly dominated the domestic textile industry, to some extent arresting its decline. This article uses financial and archival evidence to examine the distribution of costs and benefits in the M&S vertical network. It shows that these benefits became less tangible for textile firms from around 1985, in the context of lower-cost overseas competition. We chart the visible and invisible evolution of network management, demonstrating that retailer-producer collaboration evolved from a bilateral vertical partnership model to a hybrid version that retained partnerships with leading suppliers and an emphasis on domestic sourcing, but also facilitated offshore production.

Since 1945, staple domestic industries in Western economies have been replaced with global production networks. In the United Kingdom, the cotton textile industry, and then the textile industry in general, declined in the face of increasing overseas competition. Survival strategies were based on restructuring and concentration. During a period of rapid transformation after 1960, cotton was absorbed into vertically structured textile conglomerates. Still, the decline continued, and as protection was phased out, fabric and apparel manufacturing faced similar threats, although rates of decline and strategic response depended on relative position in the vertical production chain. An alternative survival strategy based on vertical partnerships was led by retailers, particularly the dominant clothing retailer Marks & Spencer (M&S).
Assessing floristic representativeness in the protected areas national system of Chile: are vegetation types a good surrogate for plant species?
Authors: URBINA-CASANOVA RAFAEL , LUEBERT FEDERICO , PLISCOFF PATRICIO , SCHERSON ROSA A.
Published: March 2016

Conservation planning relies heavily on representativeness patterns. In Chile, this has not been assessed at the species level. This study evaluates floristic representativeness in the National System of Protected Areas (SNASPE). Species rarefaction and non-parametric estimators were used to extrapolate total representativeness. Given that conservation planning in Chile is mainly based on protecting vegetation types, the effectiveness of using vegetation types as a surrogate of plant species was evaluated based on richness and complementarity. The study found available information for 42% of the 96 protected areas of continental Chile. According to this information the SNASPE protects at least 48% of the native vascular flora. The southern area protects the largest number of species, most of which are non-endemic natives. The largest number of endemic protected species was found in the central-northern area. The SNASPE in its full range is projected to protect 64% of the vascular flora of Chile. Richness and complementarity surrogacy analyses showed weak effectiveness of vegetation types as a surrogate of plant species, although complementarity performed slightly better than richness. Surrogacy effectiveness was lower for endemic species, probably due to their narrow distributions that are more easily missed when vegetation types are considered instead.