bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new developmentalist role: Connecting youth development, mental health, and education
Authors: Schwartz Sarah E. O. , Petersen Sarah Bernhardt
Published: January 2009

The RALLY practitioner implements RALLY's prevention and intervention strategies, working with all of the students in a class to deliver nonstigmatizing, developmentally based services. The practitioner model is based on the philosophy that relationships are key to allowing students to achieve their full health and academic potential. RALLY practitioners work within the classroom individually, in small groups, and in after‐school time. In all of these contexts, RALLY practitioners focus on four major functions: (1) building strong relationships with students, (2) providing developmental and academic support, (3) referring students to services based on their needs and interests, and (4) connecting with teachers, families, clinicians, after‐school staff, and other service providers in order to bridge these worlds. RALLY practitioners offer an in‐novative model to bring mental health and educational support into schools. They have varying educational backgrounds, from high school graduates, to college students, to graduate interns in mental health or education professions. Training and supervision, however, are crucial in helping practitioners of all levels to create integrated systems of support that take all of a student's interests and needs into consideration while moving toward academic success.
Holistic student assessments
Authors: Liu Cindy H. , Malti Tina , Noam Gil G.
Published: January 2009

An assessment from a holistic perspective considers the overall well‐being of the adolescent and seeks to understand the adolescent's development and resiliency in relation to social relationships and their context and risks, given the association between these factors and the goal to promote each area. It is recommended that measures in the assessment obtain information from each of these factors from paper‐and‐pencil questionnaires, to more qualitative means such as forging relationship with practitioners. Ideally, an assessment should be easily administered by youth workers such as practitioners. A successful assessment procedure includes translation of the assessment findings to a referral by the assessment administrator to explain why the service is needed.
A comparison of conventional and in situ methods of transesterification of seed oil from a series of sunflower cultivars
Authors: Harrington Kevin J. , D'Arcy‐Evans Catherine
Published: January 2009

The cost of vegetable oil monoesters represents one of the major restrictions on their use as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. This cost can be reduced by increasing the yield of esters produced from a given quantity of oilseed.

Transesterification of sunflowerseed oil in situ with acidified methanol has been shown to produce fatty acid methyl esters in yields significantly greater than those obtained from conventional reaction with pre‐extracted seed oil. Yield improvements of over 20% were achieved and could be related to the moisture content of the seed. Fatty ester compositions and cloud points of the products from the in situ reactions were virtually identical to those of esters produced using conventional techniques.
Cottonseed oil estimation by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance technique
Authors: Srinivasan V. T. , Singh B. B. , Chidambareswaran P. K. , Sundaram V.
Published: January 2009

Seed asymmetry and moisture associated with the seeds are known to affect seed oil estimation by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique employing free induction decay or single spin echo (SE) pulse sequence. UsingGossypium (cottonseeds) as experimental material, it is shown that transverse relaxation times (T2) of seed oil, in different varieties of seeds, measured in vivo, are not the same. The mean T2 value of tetraploid seeds is found to be significantly higher than that of diploids. The effect of T2 variation and other problems on oil estimation by the free induction decay and SE methods can be avoided by using the Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence to monitor the signal intensities of a certain number of selected echoes and processing them to yield the extrapolated signal intensity at zero time. The oil content values thus estimated are found to agree well with those obtained by Soxhlet method. The agreement between the two methods might depend upon the presence of gossypol and other pigments present in the samples. Neither delinting nor dehydrating the seeds is necessary in the present method. Even with the CPMG sequence, use of individual echoes is not recommended, as the T2 variations give rise to erroneous values.
Effect of molecular weights of fatty acid esters on cetane numbers as diesel fuels
Authors: Klopfenstein W. E.
Published: January 2009

Cetane numbers for various esters of the saturated fatty acids from C8 to C18 have been determined according to ASTM D‐613. For the methyl esters the cetane numbers were found to increase in a non‐linear relationship with the chain length of the fatty acid. Cetane numbers of esters in which the fatty acid is kept constant while the alcohol esterified is altered also increased with the molecular weight of the ester. However, increases in the molecular weight of the fatty acid portion of the ester produce greater increases in cetane number than the same change in molecular weight in the alcohol portion of the ester. Except for the esters of octanoic acid, all of the esters tested had cetane numbers above the value of 40, which is specified as the minimum cetane number for commercial diesel fuel.
Purification and properties of the lipase fromCandida deformans (zach) langeron and guerra
Authors: Muderhwa J. M. , Ratomahenina R. , Pina M. , Graille J. , Galzy P.
Published: January 2009

Palm oil being solid at room temperature could be converted into a fluid oil by substitution of about 40–50% of its palmitic acid. This could be achieved by a fermentation process or using yeast lipase.

Candida deformans CBS 2071 seemed suitable for this purpose: therefore, its lipase was isolated and studied. This enzyme was purified by acetone precipitation followed by chromatographies on Sephadex C 50 and Sephadex G 150. The purification factor achieved was ×70, and the protein and activity yields were 0.25% and 18%, respectively. The homogeneity of the purified enzyme was verified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme molecular weight was estimated at 207,000. Its activity is optimal between 40 C and 50 C and its optimum pH is 7.0. This enzyme is thermo‐resistant and loses only 14% and 18% of its activity, respectively, when heated to 45 C and 55 C for 30 min. Its activation energy was 2.75 kcal.mole−1 and its inactivation energy was around 21 kcal.mole−1. This enzyme is activated by Ca++, Mg++ and Co++ and inhibited by Cu++, Zn++, and p‐chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) and EDTA.

The synthesis of this lipase is induced by lipid substrates in the culture medium and inhibited by glucose. This enzyme attacks primarily the 1‐ (or 3‐) position of all triglycerides tested. Hydrolysis was preferential for triglycerides containing short chain fatty acids. The triglycerides with monounsaturated monoacids were more quickly hydrolyzed, than those with saturated monoacids. The presence of two and especially three double bonds in the fatty acid chain seemed to slow down the rate of hydrolysis.
Photo‐activated metal carbonyl complexes as stereoselective catalysts for the homogeneous hydrogenation of dienes
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Frankel E. N.
Published: January 2009

Significantly increased activity of Cr(CO)6 was achieved for the stereoselective homogeneous hydrogenation of methyl sorbate andtrans,trans‐conjugated fatty esters at ambient temperature and pressure by exposing the catalyst to UV irradiation (3500 Å) in a solvent mixture of cyclohexane‐acetonitrile (20:1). In this solvent mixture, methyl sorbate was converted quantitatively at ambient conditions into methylcis‐3‐hexenoate, and methyltrans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoate into methylcis‐10‐octadecenoate (99.9%). These products are expected by 1,4‐addition of hydrogen. Under these conditions no hydrogenation of methyl linoleate occurred. Under the same conditions, cycloheptatriene‐Cr(CO)3 showed lower activity than Cr(CO)6, and Mo(CO)6 and mesitylene‐Mo(CO)3 showed no significant activity toward conjugated substrates. When Cr(CO)6 and Mo(CO)6 were irradiated at 2537 Å they caused the geometric isomerization of methyl sorbate without hydrogenation, but had no effect on methyl linoleate. A hydrogenation mechanism is proposed for Cr(CO)6 that involves CH3CN‐ and H2‐Cr(CO)3 complexes as intermediates for the stereoselective 1,4‐addition of hydrogen totrans,trans‐conjugated dienes.
Detection of cocoa butter equivalents in chocolate
Authors: Gegiou D. , Staphylakis K.
Published: January 2009

The fatty acids at the sn‐2 position and the sterol composition of cocoa butter and three common cocoa butter equivalents (CBE), namely Coberine, Choclin and Calvetta, were studied comparatively, in order to develop a sensitive method for detecting CBE in chocolate. Differences observed in the composition of saturated fatty acids at position‐sn‐2 present some interest in detecting CBE in chocolate. Differences found in 4‐desmethyl and 4‐methylsterol compositions, although quite significant, did not present any practical interest because of the relatively small amounts present in CBE. The 4,4′‐dimethylsterol or triterpene alcohol fraction was found to have a potential for determining CBE in chocolate. Thus, the triterpene alcohols of Coberine were further fractionated on argentation thin layer chromatography (TLC) and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). α‐Amyrin was found in 48.2% of the triterpene alcohols of Coberine and was absent from cocoa butter. Cycloartenol, the main 4,4′‐dimethylsterol of cocoa butter, and α‐amyrin were well resolved on an OV‐17 glass capillary column.
Studies on applications of lypolytic enzymes in detergency II. Evaluation of adaptability of various kinds of lipases in practical laundry conditions
Authors: Tatara Takako , Fujii Tomiko , Kawase Tokuzo , Minagawa Motoi
Published: January 2009

Kinetic parameter of hydrolysis, degree of hydrolysis, pH and temperature characteristics and positional specificity of hydrolysis of seven kinds of lipases from various microorganisms and a pancreatic lipase were examined for triolein or olive oil emulsion as a substrate and the adaptability of lipases for laundry systems was evaluated on the basis of these properties.

As a result, it was found that lipases from yeast ofCandida cylindracea (Lipase MY® and OF®) were excellent in kinetic parameter and degree of hydrolysis and temperature characteristics and had no positional specificity, and that lipases from mold ofMucor (Lipase M‐AP® and SP®) were excellent in pH and temperature characteristics and had positional specificity. On the viewpoint of the present laundry practice under alkaline conditions and the tendency toward low temperature washing, lipases fromCandida andMucor seem to be more suitable for laundry systems in comparison with lipases from other microorganisms and a pancreatic lipase.

The effect of positional specificity in hydrolysis of lipase will be discussed on the basis of examination on the removal of triglyceride and its hydrolysates by surfactant solution in a subsequent paper.
New bile alcohols II: Synthesis and mass spectra of C26 bile alcohols
Authors: Kuramoto Taiju , Cohen Bertram I. , Mosbach Erwin H.
Published: January 2009

Abstract and Summary

The synthesis of (23α‐) and (23β‐)24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,23,25‐tetrols (VII‐a and VII‐b) and 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,25,26‐tetrol (VIII) is described. Dehydration of 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,25‐triol (II) (synthesized from methyl chenodeoxycholate via a Grignard reaction) with acetic anhydride and acetic acid yielded two unsaturated compounds. These were oxidized with osmium tetroxide to produce a mixture of 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α‐diacetoxy‐23ξ,25‐diol (V) and 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α‐diacetoxy‐25,26‐diol (VI). After separating these diols (V and VI) by column chromatography, each compound was hydrolyzed with KOH to give 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,23ξ,25‐tetrol (VII) and 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,25,26‐tetrol (VIII), respectively. Two isomers of the tetrol (VII) were separated using alumina column chromatography (VII‐a and VII‐b).
Effect of the unsaturated acyl position in triglycerides on the Hydrogenation rate
Authors: Drozdowski Bronislaw
Published: January 2009

Abstract and Summary

Linseed and cod liver oil triglycerides as well as the randomly rearranged triglycerides of soybean and rapeseed oils were subjected to partial hydrogenation in the presence of nickel or platinum catalyst. The hydrogenated triglycerides were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase in order to determine the changes of their structure. It follows from the data obtained that the position of an unsaturated acyl in a triglyceride affects its hydrogenation rate.
Trisaturates in the hydrogenation of canola oil with a commercial nickel catalyst
Authors: Deman L. , Deman J. M. , Ackman R. G. , Ratnayake W. M. N.
Published: January 2009

Refined and bleached Canola oil was hydrogenated with Pricat 9906 catalyst to an iodine value of 65 using various temperatures, pressures and catalyst concentrations. Hydrogenation with this catalyst resulted in great differences in SFI curves of fats with the same IV. Hydrogenation rate, dropping point, trisaturate content and linoleate selectivity were determined. All of the oils hydrogenated to IV 65 contained almost the same amount of solid fat at 20 C. For this reason, the crystal structure of the fats was examined by X‐ray diffraction at 20 C. The catalyst was found to be non‐selective. Increased selectivity can be obtained by careful temperature and pressure control. Reactivity also is temperature and pressure dependent. High trisaturate content increased instability by promoting formation of β crystals. The catalyst had excellent filterability characteristics.
A quantitative comparison of the yields of radiolysis products in various meats and their relationship to precursors
Authors: Merritt C. , Vajdi M. , Angelini P.
Published: January 2009

A detailed analysis has been made of the composition of radiolysis products formed in beef, pork, ham, and chicken. The yields of the various compounds are related linearly to irradiation dose, and the fat, fatty acid and triglyceride composition of the meats.
Effect of frost damage on the quality of canola(B. napus)
Authors: Daun J. K. , Clear K. M. , Mills J. T.
Published: January 2009

Samples of frost‐damaged rapeseed from the 1982 Western Canadian Crop were tested for oil content, protein content, fat acidity, chlorophyll content, fatty acid composition, glucosinolate content, conductivity and germination. These quality factors were related to two frost‐related damage factors, green seeds and external “frost‐damage,” used in the Canadian grain grading system. The green seed factor was positively correlated with chlorophyll, free fatty acids and conductivity, and a negative correlation was found with linolenic acid, iodine value and germination. The frost‐damage factor was positively correlated with conductivity, free fatty acids and palmitic acid and negatively correlated with linolenic acid, iodine value, oil content and germination. The effects of frost damage were explained by assuming that the seed maturation process was halted due to freezing.
Chlorinated long‐chain fatty acids. Their properties and reactions. XII. The dechlorination pathways of sodium 9(10)‐chloro‐10(9)‐oxooctadecanoates in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution
Authors: Ketola M. , Leskinen U.
Published: January 2009

The dechlorination pathways of the equal mixture of 9‐chloro‐10‐oxo‐and 10‐chloro‐9‐oxooctadecanoic acids in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were investigated. The reaction product mixture of these acids, isolated after dechlorination, was found to contain α‐hydroxyoxo and long‐chain alkanedioic acids at a weight ratio of 15 to 1. The most abundant compounds formed were 9‐hydroxy‐10‐oxo and 10‐hydroxy‐9‐oxooctadecanoic acids. The minor reaction products consisted of Favorskii rearrangement products, 2‐heptyl‐1,11‐undecanedioic, 2‐octyl‐1,10‐decanedioic and 2‐nonyl‐1,9‐nonanedioic acids. On the other hand, the expected α,β‐unsaturated oxoacids could not be detected in the reaction product mixture.
Crystal Structure of Hydrogenated Canola Oil
Authors: Naguib‐Mostafa A. , Smith A. K. , deMan J. M.
Published: January 2009

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the crystal structure of hydrogenated Canola oil. Fixation of the samples was carried out at 10 C using osmium tetroxide vapor in a sealed container. Tristearin was used as a standard and was prepared in its three reported polymorphic forms α, β′ and β. Crystallization from ethyl acetate gave either a mixture of β′ and β or pure β′ polymorphic forms depending on the concentration of tristearin. Micrographs of these forms were obtained showing the morphology of the crystals. A Canola sample which was selectively hydrogenated to an iodine value of 70 was detergent fractionated, washed, dried and subjected to the same fixation procedure. Micrographs were obtained of its predominant β‐polymorphic form.
Lipid methodology — Chromatography and beyond. Part III. Analyses of natural and2H‐labeled glycerolipids by GC/MS and LC/MS with specific enzymic hydrolyses
Authors: Kuksis A. , Myher J. J. , Marai L.
Published: January 2009

In the concluding part of this series, the authors review recent attempts to adopt combinations of chromatography with other complementary analytical techniques to the study of stable isotope‐labeled molecules as tracers of glycerolipid metabolism. It is shown that LC/MS in combination with specific enzymic hydrolyses has special advantages for this purpose. Using deuterium‐labeled non‐lipid precursors, effective labeling of both newly synthesized fatty acids and glycerol has been obtained and their molecular association and positional distribution (fatty acids) in the newly formed glycerolipid molecules has been determined as an indicator of the metabolic pathways involved. The above experimental routines extend the analytical lipid methodology beyond the capabilities of chromatography and radio‐chromatography with or without complementary enzymatic analyses.

The studies reviewed in the present part and in the previous two parts of this series provide outlines for a potential practical assessment of the various metabolic pathways of glycerolipids, including the identification and quantitation of the true precursor and product pools involved in specific biosynthetic or degradative transformations. Such investigations have not been possible in the past by chromatographic or radio‐chromatographic means. Some of the problems that remain may be subject to solution by means of GC/MS/MS and LC/MS/MS. It is hoped that the new and improved methodology will be matched in the future by comparable advances in the sampling of plasma and cellular components, in selected isotope labeling of the de novo products, and by improvements in the overall design of the metabolic experiments. Although the extension of lipid methodology beyond chromatography has greatly simplified the demands of the experimental design, it is obvious that improved experimental design and sampling techniques will result in further advances in the quality of the observations and in the understanding of lipid metabolism.
Lipids in margarines and margarine‐like foods
Authors: Slover H. T. , Thompson R. H. , Davis C. S. , Merola G. V.
Published: January 2009

The lipid composition of margarines from stores in selected locations in the U.S. is reported. The lipids determined include the fatty acids, tocopherols and major plant sterols. Data are included for isomeric octadecenoic fatty acids (14 isomers or groups of isomers) and four isomeric octadecadienoic fatty acids common in partially hydrogenated vegetable fats, insofar as these are separable by capillary gas chromatography. Amounts of individual lipids found in vegetable oil margarines, spreads, imitation and diet margarines were: palmitate, 8.49 to 13.17% (normalized weight percent, calculated as triglyceride); stearate, 4.78 to 9.53%; linoleate, 6.06 to 46.39%; linolenate, 0.18 to 3.57%; α‐tocopherol, 0.3 to 24.3 mg/100g; γ‐tocopherol, 3.0 to 55.0 mg/100g; δ‐tocopherol, 0.5 to 18.9 mg/100g; campesterol, 10.6 to 106.3 mg/100g; stigmasterol, 13.1 to 60.9 mg/100g; sitosterol, 42.3 to 412.9 mg/100g. Amounts oftrans‐unsaturated octadecenoic fatty acids in these margarines varied from 10.74 to 30.06%. Small amounts of thetrans,trans, trans,cis andcis,trans isomers of linoleate also are reported.
Analysis of lipids by high performance liquid chromatography—chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Erdahl W. L. , Privett O. S.
Published: January 2009

The apparatus and techniques for the analysis of lipids by high performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with computer controlled chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry are presented. The interfaces between the liquid chromatograph and the mass spectrometer and between the computer and the mass spectrometer are described. The identification of lipid classes separated by adsorption chromatography and molecular species by reverse phase chromatography also is presented. The techniques are applied to reference compounds and to examples of plant and animal lipids.
Refining, bleaching and hydrogenating meat fats
Authors: Latondress E. G.
Published: January 2009

Meat fats are most often steam refined. This has been the accepted practice for at least 35 years. Meat fats are caustic refined for a few specialized products. The caustic refining conditions differ from those used for vegetable oils primarily in the amount of mixing used after the addition of caustic.

Bleaching of meat fats is accomplished easily. Most meat fats are light in color and require clarification more than bleaching. The green color of tallows containing large amounts of chlorophyll is easily removed with activated earth.

Meat fats are hydrogenated to develop the SFI curves needed for various products and also are hydrogenated to saturation for use as plasticizing agents. The hydrogenation of lard and tallow is not as complicated as that of most vegetable oils, because the original fat is more saturated and the reaction has fewer possible routes to follow.
Fluorination of methyl ricinolate with N,N‐diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropylamine
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Usui Y.
Published: January 2009

Fluorination of methyl ricinolate (I) with N,N‐diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoroprophylamine (PPDA) was attempted to give methyl 12‐fluoro‐9‐octadecenoate (II) in 61% yield.
Peritonectomy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Long‐Term Outcomes from a Single Brazilian Institution
Authors: Akaishi Eduardo , Teixeira Frederico , Katayama Marcelo , Mizumoto Nelson , Costa Frederico P. , Buzaid Antonio Carlos , Hoff Paulo M.
Published: January 2009

Background

The objective of this study was to evaluate the long‐term outcomes of a single institution, Hospital Sírio‐Libanes in São Paulo, Brazil, regarding the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Methods

Between October 2002 and October 2006, 46 consecutive patients were treated with radical cytoreduction and hyperthermic peritoneal chemotherapy. There were 21 patients with peritoneal surface malignancy (PSM) from colorectal origin (among whom 8 had an appendiceal primary), 15 with ovarian carcinomas, 2 with primary peritoneal mesotheliomas, and 8 with other cancers. The median age was 49 years (range 18–77 years). All patients were followed for a median of 20 months. Demographic data, tumor histology, the peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI), operative procedures (extension of resection, lymphadenectomy), and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) characteristics (drugs, temperature, duration) were prospectively recorded. Perioperative mortality and morbidity and the long‐term outcome were assessed.

Results

Complete cytoreduction was achieved in 45 patients. The median PCI was 11, and the mean operating time was 17 h. There were no procedure‐related deaths, but major morbidity was observed in 52% and included fistulas, abscesses, and hematologic complications. The overall Kaplan–Meier 4‐year estimated survival was 56%. Among patients with PSM from colorectal carcinoma, the estimated 3‐year survival was 70%. Nine (42%) patients had a recurrence, three with peritoneal disease. The median disease‐free‐interval was 16 months. The ovarian cancer patients had an estimated 4‐year survival rate of 75% and median disease‐free survival duration of 21 months.

Conclusions

Cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC may improve survival of selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, with acceptable morbidity.
Coevolution of dispersal in a parasitoid–host system
Authors: Green Darren Michael
Published: January 2009

Interspecific interactions and the evolution of dispersal are both of interest when considering the potential impact of habitat fragmentation on community ecology, but the interaction between these processes is not well studied. We address this by considering the coevolution of dispersal strategies in a host–parasitoid system. An individual‐based host–parasitoid metapopulation model was constructed for a patchy environment, allowing for evolution in dispersal rates of both species. Highly rarefied environments with few suitable patches selected against dispersal in both species, as did relatively static environments. Provided that parasitoids persist, all the variables studied led to stable equilibria in dispersal rates for both species. There was a tendency toward higher dispersal rates in parasitoids because of the asymmetric relationships of the two species to the patches: vacant patches are most valuable for hosts, but unsuitable for parasitoids, which require an established host population to reproduce. High host dispersal rate was favoured by high host population growth rate, and in the parasitoid by high growth rates in both species.
Peripheral neuropathy in a patient with d‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Authors: Haliloglu G. , Temucin C. M. , Oguz K. K. , Celiker A. , Coskun T. , Sass J. O. , Fischer J. , Topcu M.
Published: January 2009

d‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D‐2‐HGA; OMIM 600721) is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder with a wide clinical spectrum. The severe phenotype is homogeneous and is characterized by early infantile‐onset epileptic encephalopathy with hypotonia, delayed cerebral visual development, cardiomyopathy and facial dysmorphic features. The mild phenotype has a more variable clinical expression with hypotonia and developmental delay. We present peripheral neuropathy as an additional clinical and electrophysiological feature in a 16‐year‐old boy with a homozygous missense mutation in exon 3 of the d‐2‐hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase gene (D2HGDH) at position c.458T>C. This mutation results in replacement of a methionine residue, which was highly conserved during evolution, by threonine (p.Met153Thr).
Sequence variants in four candidate genes (NIPSNAP1, GBAS, CHCHD1 and METT11D1) in patients with combined oxidative phosphorylation system deficiencies
Authors: Smits P. , Rodenburg R. J. , Smeitink J. A. M. , den van Heuvel L. P.
Published: January 2009

The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, comprising five enzyme complexes, is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria and is the final biochemical pathway in oxidative ATP production. Defects in this energy‐generating system can cause a wide range of clinical symptoms; these diseases are often progressive and multisystemic. Numerous genes have been implicated in OXPHOS deficiencies and many mutations have been described. However, in a substantial number of patients with decreased enzyme activities of two or more OXPHOS complexes, no mutations in the mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes known to be involved in these disorders have been found. In this study, four nuclear candidate genes—NIPSNAP1, GBAS, CHCHD1 and METT11D1—were screened for mutations in 22 patients with a combined enzymatic deficiency of primarily the OXPHOS complexes I, III and IV to determine whether a mutation in one of these genes could explain the mitochondrial disorder. For each variant not yet reported as a polymorphism, 100 control samples were screened for the presence of the variant. This way we identified 14 new polymorphisms and 2 presumably non‐pathogenic mutations. No mutations were found that could explain the mitochondrial disorder in the patients investigated in this study. Therefore, the genetic defect in these patients must be located in other nuclear genes involved in mtDNA maintenance, transcription or translation, in import, processing or degradation of nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins, or in assembly of the OXPHOS system.
Consumers’ Desire towards Current and Prospective Reproductive Genetic Testing
Authors: Hathaway Feighanne , Burns Esther , Ostrer Harry
Published: January 2009

As our knowledge and abilities in molecular genetics continues to expand, so does our ability to detect certain conditions/traits prenatally; however, it is unknown if this increase in scientific ability will be utilized by the consumers of genetic services. Our study gauges the consumers’ opinion towards reproductive testing for diseases and enhancements. Prior to their initial visit with a genetic counselor, patients were asked to participate in a survey. These consumers were asked to indicate traits and conditions for which they would choose reproductive genetic testing. The majority of respondents would elect to have prenatal genetic testing for mental retardation (75%), deafness (54%), blindness (56%), heart disease (52%), and cancer (51%). Our results indicated that 49.3% would choose testing for a condition that resulted in death by 5 years of age, whereas only 41.1%, 24.9%, and 19% would choose testing for conditions that results in death by 20, 40, and 50 years of age, respectively. Most respondents did not desire testing for enhancements (e.g. 13% would choose testing for superior intelligence). Our study suggests that consumers desire more reproductive genetic testing than what is currently offered; however, their selection of tests suggests self‐imposed limits on testing.
High-yield Synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube by Mechanothermal Method
Authors: Manafi SA , Amin MH , Rahimipour MR , Salahi E , Kazemzadeh A
Published: January 2009

This study reports on the mechanothermal synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) from elemental graphite powder. Initially, high ultra-active graphite powder can be obtained by mechanical milling under argon atmosphere. Finally, the mechanical activation product is heat-treated at 1350°C for 2–4 h under argon gas flow. After heat-treatment, active graphite powders were successfully changed into MWCNTs with high purity. The XRD analyses showed that in the duration 150 h of milling, all the raw materials were changed to the desired materials. From the broadening of the diffraction lines in the XRD patterns, it was concluded that the graphite crystallites were nanosized, and raising the milling duration resulted in the fineness of the particles and the increase of the strain. The structure and morphology of MWCNTs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The yield of MWCNTs was estimated through SEM and TEM observations of the as-prepared samples was to be about 90%. Indeed, mechanothermal method is of interest for fundamental understanding and improvement of commercial synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). As a matter of fact, the method of mechanothermal guarantees the production of MWCNTs suitable for different applications.
Lithography-Free Fabrication of Large Area Subwavelength Antireflection Structures Using Thermally Dewetted Pt/Pd Alloy Etch Mask
Authors: Lee Youngjae , Koh Kisik , Na Hyungjoo , Kim Kwanoh , Kang Jeong-Jin , Kim Jongbaeg
Published: January 2009

We have demonstrated lithography-free, simple, and large area fabrication method for subwavelength antireflection structures (SAS) to achieve low reflectance of silicon (Si) surface. Thin film of Pt/Pd alloy on a Si substrate is melted and agglomerated into hemispheric nanodots by thermal dewetting process, and the array of the nanodots is used as etch mask for reactive ion etching (RIE) to form SAS on the Si surface. Two critical parameters, the temperature of thermal dewetting processes and the duration of RIE, have been experimentally studied to achieve very low reflectance from SAS. All the SAS have well-tapered shapes that the refractive index may be changed continuously and monotonously in the direction of incident light. In the wavelength range from 350 to 1800 nm, the measured reflectance of the fabricated SAS averages out to 5%. Especially in the wavelength range from 550 to 650 nm, which falls within visible light, the measured reflectance is under 0.01%.
In‐Situ X‐Ray Studies of Cocoa Butter Droplets Undergoing Simulated Spray Freezing
Authors: Pore M. , Seah H. H. , Glover J. W. H. , Holmes D. J. , Johns M. L. , Wilson D. I. , Moggridge G. D.
Published: January 2009

Spray freezing offers a novel manufacturing route to fine powders with controlled crystalline structures. Here we simulate this process by freezing (using a cold dry air flow) suspended 2‐mm diameter droplets of cocoa butter such that X‐ray diffraction observation of the droplet’s evolving crystalline structure is possible in situ. Initially the Form I polymorph is observed in the droplets: this transforms to Form II over a few minutes and then to Form III over a few hours, even at 0 °C. If the droplet is then warmed to 24 °C, further transformation to Form IV and then Form V occur over approximately 2 h. These phase transformations are similar to those which would be expected in a bulk cocoa butter sample, but occur significantly faster in the droplets. Small crystal sizes in the frozen droplet, resulting from the droplet’s low Biot number (and thus even temperature distribution), is postulated as being the cause for the unexpectedly rapid evolution in the crystal habit.
Strichartz estimates for the wave equation on manifolds with boundary
Authors: Blair Matthew D. , Smith Hart F. , Sogge Christopher D.
Published: January 2009

We prove certain mixed-norm Strichartz estimates on manifolds with boundary. Using them we are able to prove new results for the critical and subcritical wave equation in 4-dimensions with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. We obtain global existence in the subcritical case, as well as global existence for the critical equation with small data. We also can use our Strichartz estimates to prove scattering results for the critical wave equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions in 3-dimensions.
Good Banach spaces for piecewise hyperbolic maps via interpolation
Authors: Baladi Viviane , Gouëzel Sébastien
Published: January 2009

We introduce a weak transversality condition for piecewise

C^{1 + \alpha }

and piecewise hyperbolic maps which admit a

C^{1 + \alpha }

stable distribution. We show bounds on the essential spectral radius of the associated transfer operators acting on classical anisotropic Sobolev spaces of Triebel–Lizorkin type which are better than previously known estimates (when our assumption on the stable distribution holds). In many cases, we obtain a spectral gap from which we deduce the existence of finitely many physical measures with basin of total measure. The analysis relies on standard techniques (in particular complex interpolation) but gives a new result on bounded multipliers. Our method applies also to piecewise expanding maps and to Anosov diffeomorphisms, giving a unifying picture of several previous results on a simpler scale of Banach spaces.
Use and Misuse of Testicular Ultrasound in Routine Clinical Practice in a UK Teaching Hospital
Authors: Parkinson Richard J. , Walton T.J. , Lemberger R.J.
Published: January 2009

Testicular ultrasound is a non-invasive and accurate investigation for testicular abnormalities. However, the majority of testicular problems are amenable to diagnosis by clinical examination alone. Testicular USS requests and reports generated over an 18-month period (03/2006 to 09/2007) at Nottingham City Hospital were examined to determine the indication for the test and the ultrasound findings. 2475 scans were performed: 576 were requested by urologists; 1899 by GPs and other hospital specialists. The most common findings were a completely normal scan (825) and epididymal cyst (637). In the majority of cases, the ultrasound scan was not necessary to make a diagnosis and added nothing to the findings at clinical examination. Correlations of ultrasound findings with the clinical reason for the test are presented in order to suggest suitable indications for this investigation. The total cost of testicular scans performed was around £200,000. It is estimated that at least £130,000 per year could be saved in a single hospital by avoiding unnecessary testicular scans. However, where the clinical findings are equivocal, ultrasound remains an excellent diagnostic tool.
Feed‐back regulation of successive meiotic cytokinesis
Authors: Shamina Natalia V. , Zharkov Nikolai A. , Omelyanchuk Leonid V.
Published: January 2009

The paper considers a number of abnormal phenotypes with impaired temporal regulation of cytokinesis during the meiotic division of pollen mother cells. The phenomenon of “non‐stop” cytokinesis with blocked arrest of the phragmoplast centrifugal motion and cell plate growth as well as incomplete and premature cytokinesis are described. The obtained data suggested a model for regulation of the processes involved in the arrest of the main cytokinesis processes during its completion in the plant meiosis.
Self-Care Behaviour and Factors Associated with Patient Outcomes Following Same-Day Discharge Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Lauck Sandra , Johnson Joy L. , Ratner Pamela A.
Published: January 2009

Background: The demand for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) exerts constant pressure on health care systems to meet the growing needs of patients. The practice of same-day discharge PCI has emerged as a medically safe option to optimize resource utilization and improve access to care.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe elective same-day discharge PCI patients' self-care behaviour in the two to five days following their procedure, and the factors associated with cardiac self-efficacy (CSE) and self-care agency (SCA).

Methods: Using a cross-sectional correlational design, 98 consecutive patients were contacted by telephone, following PCI, and asked about their CSE, SCA, and adherence to discharge recommendations. Associations between selected variables were explored through multiple regression analysis.

Results: The findings revealed a high degree of adherence to discharge recommendations, although participants' appreciation of the long term management of their chronic disease was limited. Factors associated with lower levels of CSE and SCA included the burden of having additional chronic co-morbidities, living alone and lacking social support, and a positive screening for psychosocial distress.

Conclusion: Same-day discharge PCI presents a sustainable option for delivery of care for most patients. Some clients may require additional support to manage the transition between acute intervention and chronic disease management.
Expression analysis of phytohormone‐regulated microRNAs in rice, implying their regulation roles in plant hormone signaling
Authors: Liu Qing , Zhang Yu-Chan , Wang Cong-Ying , Luo Yu-Chun , Huang Qiao-Juan , Chen Shao-Yu , Zhou Hui , Qu Liang-Hu , Chen Yue-Qin
Published: January 2009

Twenty‐two conserved miRNAs were chosen to investigate the expression pattern in response to phytohormone treatments, in which the effects of five classic plant hormone stresses were surveyed in Oryza sativa. The results showed that 11 miRNAs were found to be dysregulated by one or more phytohormone treatments. The target genes of these miRNAs were validated in vivo and their expression profiling were revealed. We also analyzed the promoter regions of the 22 conserved miRNAs for phytohormone‐responsive elements and the existence of the elements provided further evidences supporting our results. These findings enable us to further investigate the role of miRNAs in phytohormone signaling.
Consumer decision making and aging: Current knowledge and future directions
Authors: Yoon Carolyn , Cole Catherine A. , Lee Michelle P.
Published: January 2009

We review existing knowledge about older consumers and decision making. We develop a conceptual framework that incorporates the notion of fit between individual characteristics, task demands and the contextual environment. When the fit is high, older consumers use their considerable knowledge and experience to compensate for the impact of any age‐related changes in abilities and resources. When the fit is relatively low, older consumers feel increased need to adapt their decision making processes. We discuss these consumer adaptations and propose a number of research questions related to the processes underlying them in order to contribute to a better understanding of how they can lead to more effective consumer decision making for older adults. We further consider some pragmatic implications of the adaptations for marketing management and public policy.
The effects of innovation–cost strategy, knowledge, and action in the supply chain on firm performance
Authors: Craighead Christopher W. , Hult G. Tomas M. , Ketchen David J.
Published: January 2009

Despite the importance of supply chains within today's economy, we know little about how the knowledge of supply chains can contribute to superior performance at the firm level. Building on the resource‐based view, knowledge‐based view and strategic choice theory, we develop hypotheses linking two knowledge‐driven supply chain phenomena (i.e., knowledge development capacity and intellectual capital), innovation–cost strategy, and action to firm‐level performance. Using survey and archival data from 489 firms, we found that performance is influenced by how well knowledge development capacity and intellectual capital efforts complement alternative chain strategies. More specifically, each strategy type requires different constellations of knowledge development capacity and intellectual capital to enhance action and create superior firm performance. These results highlight the importance of supply chain phenomena for firm‐level performance, and more broadly, the value of supply chains as a competitive weapon in contemporary firms.
Lipid peroxidation is not a prerequisite for the development of obesity and diabetes in high-fat-fed mice
Authors: Sohet Florence M. , Neyrinck Audrey M. , Dewulf Evelyne M. , Bindels Laure B. , Portois Laurence , Malaisse Willy J. , Carpentier Yvon A. , Cani Patrice D. , Delzenne Nathalie M.
Published: January 2009

The mechanism, by which a high-fat (HF) diet could impair glucose metabolism, is not completely understood but could be related to inflammation, lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. Lipid peroxides have been proposed as key mediators of intracellular metabolic response. The purpose of the present study was to analyse, in mice fed with a HF diet, the possible association between obesity and glucose tolerance on the one hand, and between oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation on the other hand. The present results show that a HF diet (70 % energy as fat),v.a high-carbohydrate chow diet (control), increases body weight and fat mass development, and impairs glycaemia and insulinaemia within 4 weeks. It also promotes the expression of NADPH oxidase in the liver – signing both oxidative and inflammatory stress – but decreases thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content in the liver as well as in epididymal, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. HF diet, with elevated vitamin E content, induces high concentration of α-tocopherol in liver and adipose tissues, which contributes to the protection against lipid peroxidation. Thus, lipid peroxidation in key organs is not necessarily related to the development of metabolic disorders associated with diabetes and obesity.
Malignant triton tumour of right paranasal sinuses: case report
Authors: Xue T , Wei L , Qiao L , Zha D J , Chen X D , Qiu J H
Published: January 2009

Objective:

We report an extremely rare case of malignant triton tumour.

Method:

Case report and review of the world literature concerning malignant triton tumour and heredity.

Results:

We present the case of a 47-year-old woman who underwent a lateral rhinotomy surgical resection of a malignant triton tumour of the right paranasal sinuses, a rare location for this tumour. Thereafter, she received adjuvant radiotherapy. The prognosis for this group of tumours is poor. Radical surgical excision of the tumour followed by radiation therapy must be the treatment of choice.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is a rare report in the world literature of malignant triton tumour. This case indicates that malignant triton tumour of the paranasal sinuses is a rare disease which otolaryngologists should be aware of, and one which should be included in the differential diagnosis of malignant lesions involving the sinonasal tract.
Aggravation of pathogenesis mediated by ochratoxin A in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Authors: KIBUGU J. K. , NGERANWA J. J. N. , MAKUMI J. N. , GATHUMBI J. K. , KAGIRA J. M. , MWANGI J. N. , MUCHIRI M. W. , MDACHI R. E.
Published: January 2009

Mice fed 1·5 mg ochratoxin A (OTA) per kg body weight and infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were compared with trypanosome-infected placebo-fed and uninfected OTA-fed controls. Uninfected OTA-fed mice showed fever, lethargy, facial and eyelid oedemas, mild hepatitis and nephritis, and high survival. Infected placebo-fed controls had mean pre-patent period (PPP) of 3·26 days, lethargy, dyspnoea, fever, facial and scrotal oedema, survival of 33–65 days, reduced red cell counts (RCC: 10·96–6·87×106 cells/μl of blood), packed cell volume (PCV: 43·19–26·36%), haemoglobin levels (Hb: 13·37–7·92 g/dL) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 37·96–41·31 fL, hepatosplenomegaly, generalized oedemas, heart congestion, hepatitis and nephritis. Compared to infected placebo-fed controls, infected OTA-fed mice had significantly (P<0·05) shorter mean PPP (2·58 days), reduced survival (6–47 days), more pronounced fever and dyspnoea. The latter had significantly (P<0·05) reduced RCC (10·74–4·56×106 cells/μl of blood), PCV (43·90–20·78%), Hb (13·06–5·74 g/dL), increased MCV (39·10–43·97 fL), severe generalized oedemas, haemorrhages, congestion, hepatic haemosiderosis, hepatitis, nephritis, endocarditis, pericarditis and exclusively, splenic macrophage and giant cell hyperplasia, expanded red pulp and splenic erythrophagocytosis. It was concluded that OTA aggravated the pathogenesis of T. b. rhodesiense infection in mice, and should therefore be taken into consideration during trypanosomosis control programmes.
Virtue, Mixed Emotions and Moral Ambivalence
Authors: Carr David
Published: January 2009

Aristotelian virtue ethics invests emotions and feelings with much moral significance. However, the moral and other conflicts that inevitably beset human life often give rise to states of emotional division and ambivalence with problematic implications for any understanding of virtue as complete psychic unity of character and conduct. For one thing, any admission that the virtuous are prey to conflicting passions and desires may seem to threaten the crucial virtue ethical distinction between the virtuous and the continent. One recent attempt to sustain this distinction – considered in this paper – maintains that the contrary-to-virtue emotions and desires of the virtuous (by contrast with those of the continent) must relinquish their motive power as reasons for action. Following some attention to the psychological status of feelings and emotions – in particular their complex relations with cognition and reason – this paper rejects this solution in favour of a more constructive view of emotional conflict.