bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Responses to Organizational Wrongdoing: A Study of Intentions of Management Accountants
Authors: Casal Jose C. , Bogui Frederic B.
Published: September 2010

It has been proposed that employees aware of organizational wrongdoing face two decisions: whether or not to blow the whistle and whether or not to leave their organizations. Of these only the decision to blow the whistle has received attention, leaving a gap in knowledge; thus, a survey of 330 management accountants was analyzed to examine potential predictors of intended responses to organizational wrongdoing. Analysis of ratings indicated that intent to leave increased with seriousness of wrongdoing and expected retaliation for whistleblowing and decreased with expected effectiveness of whistleblowing. Intent to stay and blow the whistle increased with expected effectiveness of whistleblowing and role responsibility for reporting and decreased with expected retaliation for whistleblowing; intent to leave and blow the whistle increased with expected effectiveness of whistleblowing and role responsibility for reporting.
Test-Retest Reliability, Internal Consistency, and Construct Validity of the Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Inventory
Authors: Bayani Ali Asghar
Published: September 2010

This study examined the reliability and preliminary evidence for validity of a Farsi (Persian) version of the Oxford Happiness Inventory with 309 undergraduate students (161 women and 148 men). Participants completed the Farsi versions of four subscales of the Oxford Happiness Inventory, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Depression-Happiness Scale. Analyses indicated that the Farsi version of the Oxford Happiness Scale has reliability as a measure of well-being and provided some preliminary evidence of construct validity.
Avoidance Ratings and Fears of Chinese Adults by Age, Ethnic Group, Sex, and Residency
Authors: Davey Gareth
Published: September 2010

Few studies among the Chinese population concerning avoidance out of fear have been reported. Existing studies are limited to school and collegiate samples while overlooking ethnic minorities, of which China has more than 50. In this study, a general population sample in China indicated the level at which they would avoid certain situations. The data were analyzed relative to age, ethnicity, sex, and the amount of time living in urban or rural areas. Three samples (urban Han, n = 144; rural Han, n = 144; Urban Huí, n = 72) were selected using stratified quota sampling. Respondents identified that they avoided social situations the most and agoraphobic situations the least. Overall, women expressed significantly greater fear. This sex difference was less marked in the urban sample where the Chinese tradition of male dominance has been diluted due to urbanization and modernization. There were few age-related differences, although some fears among the elderly were explained by age-related vulnerabilities and folklore. The Hui minority group had significantly lower overall scores than the Han group; this was attributed to the role of their Islamic beliefs.
Possible Relations between General Population Suicide Rates and Societal Crime: A Cross-National Study
Authors: Shah Ajit , Bhandarkar Ritesh
Published: September 2010

Crime may be associated with a less structured society, less social integration, and feelings of less security and greater distress among citizens, which characteristics may lead to mental illness and subsequent suicide. Therefore, a cross-national analysis examining the association of general population suicide rates with percent of males and females in the population victimised by different categories of crime was undertaken using cross-national data from the World Health Organization and United Nations for 42 countries. Spearman correlations were generally weak and not statistically significant. Those values were at variance with the study's hypothesis and may be explained by several factors, including methodological issues. Individual-level case-control or cohort studies of suicides and attempted suicides in the general population may permit exploration of the relation of general population suicides with experience and percent by nations of being victimised by crime.
Variance among Interviewers in Data for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–IIIA
Authors: Traxel Nicole , Zhang Bo
Published: September 2010

Variance among interviewers in prior research reflects that answers provided by respondents and recorded on questionnaires varied depending on which interviewer was assigned to the respondent. For scores from the 36-mo. In-Home Longitudinal Study of Pre-School Aged Children, a special module in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, variance among interviewers was evident for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–IIIA and clearly affected inferences made from test data. When variance among interviewers was ignored, mothers' perception of neighborhood closeness was significantly related to childrens' standardized PPVT–IIIA scores; how ever, when variance among interviewers was accounted for statistically, this effect was not significant.
The Internal Consistency and Concurrent Validity of the Hopelessness, Helplessness, and Haplessness Scale in a Turkish Clinical Sample
Authors: Vatan Sevginar , Lester David
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to estimate the concurrent validity of the Hopelessness, Helplessness, and Haplessness Scale developed by Lester (1998). Data were obtained from 75 psychiatric patients. Cronbach alphas ranged from .67 to .90. Scores on the scales were associated with Beck, Weissman, Lester, and Trexler's measure of hopelessness, with the correlation strongest for the new hopelessness scale.
Changes in Achievement Goals and Self-Concept in the Early Months of Junior High School
Authors: Papaioannou Athanasios G. , Siskos Basil N.
Published: September 2010

Changes in goal orientations and self-concept in Greek language and physical education classes during the first months of junior high school in Greece were studied. Participants, 572 students in their first year of junior high school, responded to questionnaires assessing (a) goal orientations and satisfaction in physical education and Greek language classes, (b) multidimensional self-concept, (c) attitudes toward school and teachers, and (d) life satisfaction. The measures were collected in three sessions: at the beginning of the school year, 6 wk. later, and 14 wk. later. The third measurement followed the students' grades for the first term. Students showed significant decreases in mastery and social-approval goal orientations in both physical education and Greek language classes. They also showed negative attitudes toward teachers, perceptions of physical ability, and relationships with parents. Most differences emerged between Weeks 6 and 14. The learning environment and the assessment system in Greek junior high school seem to play an important role in the decrease of students' motivation and perceived competence.
The Relation of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Absolute Finger Length to Pavlovian Temperament Dimensions
Authors: Voracek Martin
Published: September 2010

The associations of digit ratio (2D:4D), a likely marker for prenatal androgen exposure, and absolute finger length, a likely marker for postnatal androgen exposure, with self-reports on three Pavlovian temperament dimensions (strength of excitation, strength of inhibition, and mobility of nervous processes) were investigated in a sample of 84 men and 114 women. In men, left-hand 2D:4D was weakly, but significantly, negatively associated with strength of inhibition, and also weakly negatively, but not significantly, associated with the two other temperament dimensions. These effects were absent for men's right-hand 2D:4D. Finger lengths of both hands in men were weakly, but significantly, positively associated with mobility of nervous processes scores. All associations for women were negligible. Both prenatal and postnatal androgen action may contribute to small amounts of individual differences in Pavlovian temperament dimensions in men but apparently not in women.
A Nonlinear Association of Fertility and Suicide Rates among Elderly Persons
Authors: Shah Ajit
Published: September 2010

A negative linear correlation for crude suicide rates of elderly persons with fertility rates was reported earlier but may mask a curvilinear relation. A re-analysis of those data from 81 countries as reported in the World Health Organization and United Nations data banks yielded a curvilinear (U-shaped curve) relation. Explanations require further study.
Cognitive and Personality Factors Associated with Assaultive and Domestic Offenders
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , de Wit Melanie , Bowes Rebecca
Published: September 2010

An evaluation of domestic assaultive ( n = 46), general assaultive ( n = 23) and nonassaultive (19 property offenders) groups was performed to compare cognitive (Test of Nonverbal Intelligence), personality (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), aggression (Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory), and criminal sentiments (Carlson Psychological Survey). Analysis showed minimal significant differences amongst the groups. A significant difference was found for the Verbal Hostility subscale of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. The domestic assaultive offenders were similar to the general assaultive and nonviolent offenders, with a greater disparity for the control group. Furthermore, a significant difference was noted for the Hypochondriasis scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The general assaultive and control ( n = 15) groups had similar scores, with the greatest difference found for nonviolent offenders who were least anxious. Discriminant analysis showed group membership could be identified for 89.1% of the domestic assaultive group.
Whoever is Influential is Creative: How Chinese Undergraduates Choose Creative People in Chinese Societies
Authors: Yue Xiao Dong
Published: September 2010

This study surveyed 994 undergraduates in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Nanchang, Nanjing and Xian about their nomination and evaluation of the most creative people in Chinese societies as well as their valuation of collectivistic and individualistic goals of creativity. Politicians and scientists/inventors were mostly nominated and were generally rated higher on social contribution than on creativity. Artists/musicians and writers/poets were rarely nominated and were mostly rated higher on creativity than on social contribution. Collectivistic goals of creativity were significantly more valued than individualistic goals of creativity. There appears to be a social validation of creativity such that meritorious salience of creativity and social influence of the creator were greatly emphasized. Merit-based attribution of creators may have a detrimental effect on perception and promotion of general creativity in Chinese societies.
Credit Card Use and Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction: A Study in Neuroeconomics
Authors: Yang Bijou , Spinella Marcello , Lester David
Published: September 2010

In a study of 100 students, no associations were found between a measure of the prefrontal system dysfunction personality with credit card use and attitudes.
Effect of Type of Survey Administrator on Consumer Assessment of Care
Authors: Uttaro Thomas , Leahy Vivian , González Albert , Henri William F.
Published: September 2010

This study evaluated the possible effects of peer, unit staff, and quality management staff survey administrators on item means of the inpatient version of the Consumer Assessment of Care, a 14-item mental health service satisfaction survey developed by the New York State Office of Mental Health and administered at South Beach Psychiatric Center. Of 511 inpatients who completed the survey, 215 were administered by unit staff, 156 by consumers, and 140 by quality management staff. Each subgroup used a mixed-mode administration method for consecutive 6-mo. periods. Reliability and factor analysis indicated the survey was psychometrically robust. Item means for the types of administrator were significantly different. Tukey HSD multiple-comparisons indicated that item means were significantly higher for unit staff administrators than peer and quality management staff administrators, which did not differ from each other. Response set, acquiescence, or socially desirable responding may elicit higher item means for unit staff administrators.
The PC Anxiety Scale: A Cross-Cultural Replication
Authors: Yang Bijou , James Simon , Lester David
Published: September 2010

A brief 6-item scale to measure anxiety about computers, developed using American students, showed good internal consistency, reliability and construct validity for British students (77 men, 65 women).
Psychopathology and Mental Retardation: A Study Using the Rorschach Inkblot Test
Authors: Di Nuovo Santo F. , Buono Serafino , Colucci Gerardo , Pellicciotta Anna
Published: September 2010

The aim of this research was to study the psychological effects of disorders such as schizophrenia and depression associated with mental retardation. The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were administered to a group of 97 subjects (52 women and 45 men) ages 15:10 yr. to 36:6 yr. ( M = 21:5, SD = 5:3). The subjects were divided into four subgroups according to the presence or absence of mental retardation and psychiatric diagnosis (schizophrenia versus depression). The quality of the perception in Rorschach responses and the ErlebnisTypus scores differentiated psychotic and depressed subjects well. These disorders, when associated with mental retardation, make impairment of perceptual performance worse. The interaction between Axis I mental disorders (according to DSM–IV diagnosis) and mental retardation, an Axis II disorder, is discussed.
Suicide Resilience Inventory–25: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties
Authors: Osman Augustine , Gutierrez Peter M. , Muehlenkamp Jennifer J. , Dix-Richardson Felicia , Barrios Francisco X. , Kopper Beverly A.
Published: September 2010

This manuscript describes the development of the Suicide Resilience Inventory–25, used to assess factors that help defend against suicidal thoughts and behaviors. We used multiple sources to generate and evaluate initial items (Study 1), then conducted an iterated principal-axis factor analysis with data from a combined sample of 540 adolescents and young adults. This identified three correlated factors, named Internal Protective, Emotional Stability, and External Protective. Estimated alpha for the total inventory and scales was high (.90 to .95). In Study 1, scores on the inventory significantly differentiated between the responses of adolescents and young adults. In Study 2, the inventory scores significantly differentiated between participants who reported (a) no prior suicide thoughts or attempts (145 men and 153 women), (b) brief suicidal thoughts (55 men and 110 women), and (c) prior suicide plans or attempts (22 men and 55 women). Results of the two studies suggest the inventory is useful for assessing the construct of suicide resilience in terms of these three operationally defined dimensions.
Prayer and Inner Speech: Is There a Connection?
Authors: Schneider Johann F.
Published: September 2010

The present study explored the relation between frequency of prayer, inner speech, and self-efficacy for a sample of 134 Germany adults (88 women and 46 men). It was hypothesized that prayer activity by adults is functionally related to inner speech, and both might result in higher self-efficacy, but the findings challenge the notion that inner speech is associated with frequency of prayer and self-efficacy. More importantly, significant negative correlations were found between self-efficacy and both the measures of frequency of prayer ( r = –.28) and church attendance ( r = –.44). Further research is needed to relate inner speech to different types of private prayer, given that this sample comprised irregular churchgoers who prayed “never” or “sometimes.”
Relationship of Credit Attitude and Debt to Self-Esteem and Locus of Control in College-Age Consumers
Authors: Pinto Mary Beth , Mansfield Phylis M. , Parente Diane H.
Published: September 2010

College-age consumers are one of the groups most highly targeted by credit card marketers. While some college students use their credit cards wisely, others are unable to control their spending. The objective of this study was to investigate differences in attitude toward credit cards and the psychological factors of self-esteem and locus of control among college students who possess one or more credit cards. Attitude was operationalized to include three underlying components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. We separated credit users into subcategories based on amount of installment debt. Convenience users were defined as those consumers who paid the credit-card balance in full each month. Installment users were classified as consumers who carried a balance month-to-month. Convenience users were compared to mild and heavy installment users to assess significance of differences in attitudinal and psychological factors. There were no significant differences in the psychological factors across the credit-card user groups. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference on each of the attitude components (knowledge/beliefs, affect, and behavior) across user groups; convenience users, mild installment, and heavy installment users.
Convergent Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth
Authors: Smith Shannon D. , Schwartz Robert C. , George Roxanne G. , Panke Debra
Published: September 2010

This study investigated the convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth in a sample of 34 children (22 boys, 12 girls) who ranged in age from 7 to 14 years ( M = 11.3, SD = 2.3) by comparing scores with simultaneous ratings on the Children's Depression Inventory. Analysis indicated that the sets of scores correlated very strongly regardless of age or sex. Given that this Beck Depression Inventory has fewer items and is guided by a strong theoretical premise, this scale may be a valuable tool for use with youth by clinicians in various mental health disciplines.
Aggressive Behaviour in Slot Machine Gamblers: A Preliminary Observational Study
Authors: Parke Adrian , Griffiths Mark
Published: September 2010

Gambling is acknowledged to have many negative effects on individuals. However, from a psychological perspective, aggression as an outcome of gambling has been largely overlooked to date. The incidence of aggressive behaviour was monitored in 303 slot machine players over four 6-hr. observation periods. Analysis identified four types of common aggressive behaviour. These were (1) verbal aggression towards the gambling arcade staff, (2) verbal aggression towards the slot machines, (3) verbal aggression towards other slot machine players, and (4) physical aggression towards the slot machines. The findings add support to the increasing number of studies highlighting a possible link between gambling and aggression.
Development and Validation of a Client Problem Profile and Index for Drug Treatment
Authors: Joe George W. , Simpson D. Dwayne , Greener Jack M. , Rowan-Szal Grace A.
Published: September 2010

The development of the Client Problem Profile and Index are described, and initial concurrent and predictive validity data are presented for a sample of 547 patients in outpatient methadone treatment. Derived from the TCU Brief Intake for drug treatment admissions, the profile covers 14 problem areas related to drug use (particularly cocaine, heroin/opiate, marijuana, other illegal drugs, and multiple drug use), HIV risks, psychosocial functioning, health, employment, and criminality. Analyses of predictive validity show the profile and its index (number of problem areas) were significantly related to therapeutic engagement, during-treatment performance, and posttreatment follow-up outcomes. Low moderate to high moderate effect sizes were observed in analyses of the index's discrimination.
Patronizing and Policing Elderly People
Authors: Giles Howard , Zwang-Weissman Yardena , Hajek Christopher
Published: September 2010

426 students rated a vignette wherein an older person was patronized (more or less) or not by a police officer. Trait attributions were linearly related to extent of patronization: predictably negative for the patronizers, yet positive for the recipients. Visual appearances of patronizers and patronizees did not influence these patterns.
On Feeling Negative past as a Part of Current Self: Subjective Temporal Organization of Autobiographical Memories
Authors: Shimojima Yumi
Published: September 2010

When a past event is remembered, the subjective elapsed time is often different from the objective elapsed time, even if the exact date of an event is known. In this study, Feeling of Time Discrepancy between objective elapsed time and subjective elapsed time of turning point events was examined. Participants remembered one turning point event in life, dated the event, and estimated the Feeling of Time Discrepancy. Two groups, formed on their judgement of whether their present understanding of the event is the same or different from understanding when the event occurred (the Same assessment group and the Different assessment group). Analysis showed the Different assessment group felt the turning point event to be more recent than the Same assessment group did, although there was no difference between actual elapsed time and memory vividness for the two groups. In addition, the events which changed from negative to positive were felt subjectively to be more recent than those for which affect was consistently positive. These results suggest that, even if we experience negative events, the event might become a part of the present self and be felt temporally closer to now, when temporal organization of autobiographical memories allow recognition of the event as good experience. Finally, two types of temporal organization of such memory were discussed, the subjective temporal organization of autobiographical memory which is organized only for oneself and the social objective temporal organization of autobiographical memory which becomes organized in sharing it with another person.
A Measure of Parents' Assessments of Their Children's Abilities
Authors: Räty Hannu
Published: September 2010

The present study assessed the psychometric properties of a multidimensional measure of parents' assessments of their children's abilities, including problem-solving skills, social skills, dexterity, creativity, and learning motivation. A nationwide sample of Finnish parents ( N = 432), representing two educational groups, both mothers (64%) and fathers (36%) whose mean age was 37.8 yr. ( SD = 5.3), were asked to assess their children's abilities during preschool and at the end of the first and the third school year. A set of analyses of this longitudinal data indicated that the scales had adequate internal and temporal consistency, the factor structure showed invariability across time, and the scales related meaningfully to the parents' perceptions of their children's competencies in different school subjects.
Inoculation Effect in Prevention of Increased Verbal Aggression in Schools
Authors: Rosenberg Steven
Published: September 2010

This paper presents an argument for the use of intervention programs as inoculation agents in adolescents' social behavior, specifically the prevention of abusive and antisocial verbal aggression. The theoretical substance of the intervention is social-cognitive and eclectic, borrowing from several strategies known to be effective. The bridge between theory and curriculum is an inoculation-like process. Inoculation is not a strategy to change beliefs but rather to reinforce prosocial attitudes and assist students in overcoming influences that might lessen their prosocial stance. Results must include a control group to assess the effect of inoculation.
Do Men Believe That Physically Attractive Women are More Healthy and Capable of Having Children?
Authors: Mathes Eugene W. , Arms Clarissa , Bryant Alicia , Fields Jeni , Witowski Aggie
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that men view physical attractiveness as an index of a woman's health and her capacity to have children. 21 men and 26 women from an introductory psychology course were shown photographs from 1972 of men and women college students, judged in 2002 to be attractive or unattractive. Subjects were asked to rate the photographed individuals' current health, the probability that they were married, the probability that they had children, and whether they had reproductive problems. The hypothesis was generally supported; the men rated the photographs of attractive women as healthier, more likely to be married, and more likely to have children.
Visiting Santa: Another Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: September 2010

An informal enquiry of the facial expressions of children as they queued up to meet Santa Claus during the 2003 Yuletide season showed that about 82% of the 300 children appeared to be indifferent to seeing Santa. As this finding seemed perhaps different from what conventional wisdom would suggest, that most children would be exhilarated or happy to visit with Santa, this study was replicated in 2004.
Effect of Conflicting and No Conflicting Cues on a Rule-Switching Task
Authors: Moriguchi Yusuke , Itakura Shoji
Published: September 2010

This study investigated effects of stimuli in the dimensional change card-sorting task (DCCS task) of Zelazo and colleagues. There is evidence that young preschoolers' difficulty on this task is caused by conflicting first-phase cues for the target cards, but these findings have not been replicated. We examined whether conflicting first-phase cues for the target cards caused young children's ( N = 44, M = 43.3 mo., SD = 2.5) perseveration errors. In the present experiment, we compared a No Conflict condition, in which children did not encounter conflicting first-phase cues, with a Conflict condition (standard task). Analysis indicated that children in the No Conflict condition showed significantly better performance than those in the Conflict condition. This result suggested that children's perseveration errors on the task were, in part, caused by the conflicting first-phase cues for the target cards.
Self-Reference in Elaborative Processing of Desirability of Trait Adjectives
Authors: Nakao Takashi , Miyatani Makoto
Published: September 2010

We investigated whether the desirability of trait adjectives was elaboratively processed during self-reference tasks (Exp. 1–1, 1–2) and whether desirability information played a role in memory processes in self-reference tasks (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1–1, 14 participants performed a series of initial tasks and target tasks, which were self-reference, evaluative, or semantic. Responses on the evaluating target task were faster when the initial task was self-reference rather than semantic. Exp. 1–2 demonstrated that information relevant to the evaluative task did not facilitate the process of performing an other-reference task. Although there was no evidence that desirability information had a role in the self-reference effect in Exp. 2, desirability of trait adjectives was specifically processed during self-reference tasks.
Developmental Dynamics of Workplace Adaptive Skill
Authors: Cronshaw Steven F.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the dynamic development of workplace adaptive skills using the functional-perspectivist paradigm. Extensions to a model of behavioral functionality are tested whereby workers in four age groups are assessed through an interview-based methodology on the improvement and coalescence of their adaptive skills. Analysis of responses show the dynamic structure of workplace adaptive skills changes over the age groups. Workers in their 20s face the developmental task of resolving tensions between their inward- and outward-directed focus. Workers in their 30s must equalize the opposing tendencies of agency and accommodation of purpose. Things, Data, and People functional skills of locus appear to play a stable role within the adaptive skill dynamics across tested age groups. Instability in focus and purpose across age groups is probably brought about by the need to maintain an adaptive balance between innate predispositions toward individual development combined with the simultaneous need of the worker to function effectively within specific social-historical contexts. The functional-perspectivist paradigm is recommended in understanding development of workplace skills.
Relation of the Tendency to Feel Anger and Postanger Reappraisals
Authors: Abe Shingo , Takagi Osamu
Published: September 2010

The present study was designed to identify defensive reappraisals by analyzing their relations to changes in an interpersonal situation following expression of anger and reappraisals as well as to identify the characteristics of people who use defensive reappraisals. Japanese undergraduate students ( N = 229) responded to a questionnaire on how they express anger in daily life. Analysis indicated the group who reported a lower tendency to feel anger (the Low group) reported reappraisals such that Damage to Self was less severe, and Instigator's Responsibility was smaller than that for the group who reported a higher tendency (the High group), which suggested that people who tend to feel less anger use reappraisals to reduce their anger after expression more than those who tend to feel more anger. Moreover, the amount of variance in Reappraisals accounted for by Changes in Interpersonal Situation was small in the Low group ( R2 = .06) compared to that for the High group ( R2 = .48), so people who tend to feel less anger seem to use defensive reappraisals.
Predicting Past Suicidality Using the Manic-Depressiveness Scale
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

Thalbourne's Manic-Depressiveness Scale was given to 1,250 college students and depression scores (but not sex or manic scores) predicted past suicidal ideation and attempts.
Dimensionality and Construct Validity of a Video-Based, Objective Personality Test for the Assessment of Willingness to Take Risks in Road Traffic
Authors: Arendasy Martin E. , Hergovich Andreas , Sommer Markus , Bognar Bettina
Published: September 2010

The study at hand reports first results about the dimensionality and construct validity of a newly developed objective, video-based personality test, which assesses the willingness to take risks in traffic situations. On the basis of the theory of risk homeostasis developed by Wilde, different traffic situations with varying amounts of objective danger were filmed. These situations mainly consisted of situations with passing maneuvers and speed choice or traffic situations at intersections. Each of these traffic situations describes an action which should be carried out. The videos of the traffic situations are presented twice. Before the first presentation, a short written explanation of the preceding traffic situation and a situation-contingent reaction is provided. The respondents are allowed to obtain an overview of the given situations during the first presentation of each traffic situation. During the second presentation the respondents are asked to indicate at which point the action that is contingent on the described situation will become too dangerous to carry out. Latencies for items were recorded as a measure for the magnitude of the person's subjectively accepted willingness to take risks in the sense of the risk homeostasis theory by Wilde. In a study with 243 people with different education and sex, the one-dimensionality of the test corresponding to the latency model by Scheiblechner was investigated. Analysis indicated that the new measure assesses a one-dimensional latent personality trait which can be interpreted as subjectively accepted amount of risk (target risk value). First indicators for the construct validity of the test are given by a significant correlation with the construct-related secondary scale, adventurousness of the Eysenck Personality Profiler with, at the same time, nonsignificant correlations to the two secondary scales, extroversion and emotional stability, that are not linked to the construct.
Exploratory Study of Machiavellianism and Bases of Social Power in Bankers
Authors: Corzine Janice Baker , Hozier George C.
Published: September 2010

This study focused on relationships between Machiavellianism in subordinates and perceived social power bases of supervisors in a sample of 168 bank officers in the western United States. Regression analyses showed no significant relationships between subordinates' Machiavellianism scores and four supervisory power bases subscales. The association between scores on Machiavellianism and coercive power reached p < .06.
Job Characteristics and Burnout among Aging Professionals in Information and Communications Technology
Authors: Kouvonen Anne , Toppinen-Tanner Salla , Huuhtanen Marketta Kivistö pekka , Kalimo Raija
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between job characteristics and burnout, i.e., exhaustion, cynicism and lack of professional efficacy, in a sample of 115 (49- to 61-yr.-old) information and communications technology professionals. Questionnaire survey data were collected at two time points. In 1995 (Time 1), higher quantitative overload and lower job control were associated with higher exhaustion. Job control was negatively associated with lack of professional efficacy. In 2001 (Time 2), quantitative overload and information overload were positively associated with exhaustion, but with job control negatively. Use of new information was negatively associated with cynicism. In addition, job control and use of new information were negatively associated with lack of professional efficacy. Job characteristics at Time 1 were not significantly associated with burnout at Time 2 when job characteristics at Time 2 were controlled.
Quantitative Relation between Conflict and Response Inhibition in the Flanker Task
Authors: Takezawa Tomohiro , Miyatani Makoto
Published: September 2010

The 2001 conflict monitoring hypothesis of Botvinick and colleagues posits that the amount of conflict raised by incongruent stimuli in a flanker task affects subsequent cognitive control, such as response inhibition. The present experiment yielded empirical evidence of the quantitative relation between conflict and response inhibition. Participants judged the direction of a target arrow flanked by distractor arrows presented above and below the target. The amount of conflict was manipulated by varying the distance between the target and the directional distractors. Analysis showed that response times were longer for incongruent trials than for congruent trials, and response times on incongruent trials were longer for the small distance than for the large distance conditions. In addition, the response times in congruent trials became longer as the amount of conflict in the preceding trial increased. These results are consistent with Botvinick, et al.'s hypothesis that the conflict-detection mechanism determines the amount of response inhibition depending on the amount of conflict. Responses on incongruent trials were faster and more accurate when the preceding trial was incongruent than when it was congruent, and the size of this response facilitation was not influenced by the amount of conflict. These results suggest that the conflict detection mechanism modulates the subsequent behaviors by two forms of control which are differently affected by the amount of conflict.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Relative Work Centrality Measure
Authors: Snir Raphael , Harpaz Itzhak
Published: September 2010

The Meaning of Work International Research Team in 1987 developed the Relative Work Centrality measure, on which individuals divide 100 points among five major domains (work, leisure, community, religion, and family) in their lives, based on their relative centrality. The present study examined the test-retest reliability of this measure in a convenience sample of 96 Israeli full-time workers over a 4-wk. period. The sample consisted of 41.7% men and 58.3% women, of whom 48.9% were married. The participants had a mean age of 36.0 yr. ( SD = 11.5) and a mean education of 14.9 yr. ( SD = 2.5). The Spearman rank correlation coefficients for work, leisure, community, religion, and family at Time 1 and Time 2 were, respectively, .66, .76, .64, .76, and .82. These values indicate a fairly high test-retest reliability of the Relative Work Centrality measure and support the notion that this measure can also be applied to assess the relative centrality of each of the other four major life domains, in addition to work.
Authoritarianism and Sociopolitical Attitudes in Response to Threats of Terror
Authors: Hastings Brad M. , Shaffer Barbara A.
Published: September 2010

The relationship between threat and authoritarianism in relation to support for democratic values and military aggression was examined. Participants completed Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale, read a scenario concerning 9/11/01 that was either threatening or nonthreatening, and completed the Democratic Values Scale and the Militarism Scale. Simple linear regressions indicate RWA scores contributed significant variation to Democratic Value Scale scores (43% of the variance) and Militarism Scale Scores (22% of the variance). There was a significant difference in the contribution of RWA scores between the threatening and nonthreatening conditions on the Democratic Values Scale (34% and 17%, respectively). These results suggest that in the presence of threat, there is increased activation of authoritarian responses.
Dimensions of Cancer Locus of Control Scale as Predictors of Psychological Adjustment and Survival in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Cousson-Gélie F. , Irachabal S. , Bruchon-Schweitzer M. , Dilhuydy J. M. , Lakdja F.
Published: September 2010

The Cancer Locus of Control Scale, to investigate specific beliefs of control in cancer patients, was validated previously with an English-speaking population. This study tested the construct and concurrent validity of a 17-item French version of the scale and explored its relations with psychological adjustment and with adaptation assessed two years later. In a sample of 157 women diagnosed with a first breast cancer, the French version was administered along with the Body Image Questionnaire, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Social Support Questionnaire, and the Ways of Coping Checklist. A factor analysis performed on scores identified the three original factors: internal causal attribution, control over the course of the illness, and religious control. Internal causal attribution was associated with high scores for state and trait anxiety, negative body image, emotion-focused coping, and problem-focused coping. Control over the course of the cancer was positively associated with scores on both problem- and emotion-focused coping. Religious control was negatively associated with perceived stress. Emotional adjustment and quality of life were assessed in 59 of the 157 breast cancer patients two years after diagnosis and original testing. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that internal causal attribution significantly predicted 38.1% of the variance in rated state anxiety. None of the dimensions of the Cancer Locus of Control Scale predicted the duration of survival measured two years later in 75 of the 157 patients.
Premature Mortality Due to Suicide, Homicide, and Motor Vehicle Accidents in Health Service Delivery Areas: Comparison of Status Indians in British Columbia, Canada, with All other Residents
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Kunselman Julie C.
Published: September 2010

From each of 15 health regions, potential years of life lost (PYLL) before age 75 for Status Indians is compared for select causes of death with all other residents. Mortality data from 1991 to 2001 for rates of PYLL (standardized to the 1991 population) are from tables of the British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency and First Nations and Inuit Health Branch in 2002. PYLL rate differences and rate ratios were compared for two groups with significance of the former indicated by the 95% confidence interval. Overall, the rates of PYLL for suicide, homicide, and deaths due to motor vehicle accidents were about 224%, 340%, and 248% higher among Status Indians than all other residents. Rates of PYLL for homicide and deaths from motor vehicle accidents among Status Indian women exceeded those of other residents who were men. For suicide, Status Indian men ranked first and all other male residents of British Columbia ranked second.
Sex Differences in Relationships among Anger, Depression, and Coping Strategies of Japanese Students
Authors: Yukawa Shintaro
Published: September 2010

This study investigated sex differences in the relationships among anger, depression, and coping strategies. Undergraduate students, 77 men and 130 women, 3 not identified by sex, voluntarily participated. Participants made ratings on a self-report about anger, depression, coping strategies, and mental health. Analyses showed that women who reported themselves as angry tended to cope with stress by optimistic and active strategies, while women who reported themselves as depressed tended to cope with stress by withdrawn and passive strategies. Men who reported being depressed tended to select emotion-focused cognitive coping, while men who reported being angry selected no specific coping. Adoption of engaged emotion-focused coping strategies were related to mental health only for women.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Parents' and Teachers' Ratings of DSM-IV Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Spanish Sample
Authors: Amador-Campos Juan Antonio , Forns-Santacana Maria , Martorell-Balanzó Bernardí , Guàrdia-Olmos Joan , Peró-Cebollero Maribel
Published: September 2010

Confirmatory factor analysis examined the factor structure of DSM-IV Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and analyzed the differences in informants' ratings of ADHD symptoms by children's age and sex. A sample of 1,018 Spanish school children, 574 girls and 444 boys, ages 4 to 12 years, was rated by teachers and parents. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a similar fit for the three-factor model of Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity (teachers: CFI = .976, RMR = .041, % of total variance = 83.2; parents: CFI = .969, RMR = .037, % of total variance = 82.7) and for the two-factor model of Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity (teachers: CFI = .958, RMR = .044, % of total variance = 79.3; parents: CFI = .961, RMR = .038, % of total variance, 79.9). The two-factor model was selected as a parsimonious representation of the teachers' and parents' ratings of ADHD symptoms. Analyses of variance indicated significant differences in teachers' and parents' mean ratings across sex and school grades of children.
Production of Negative Transfer in a Problem-Solving Task
Authors: Landrum R. Eric
Published: September 2010

72 students solved two problems using a source problem designed to inhibit performance on the target problem relative to baseline performance when the target problem was solved alone. Both source and target problems shared surface similarity but were structurally dissimilar. Negative transfer was found for three different source and target combinations. The decreased performance below baseline for three of the source-target programs provides a reliable context to demonstrate negative transfer and facilitate continued investigation of this phenomenon.
Publication Rates of Male and Female Academic Clinical Psychologists in California
Authors: Posen Marc , Templer Donald I. , Forward Valerie , Stokes Shelley , Stephens John
Published: September 2010

Compared here was the publication rate of men and women surveyed by mail (480 academic clinical psychologists in California) regarding number of publications, self-perception of their role of researcher versus teacher, variables related to research opportunity (grants, time spent in research), and type of institution in which they are employed. The men had 1.6 as many publications per year as did the women, and the semipartial correlation was -.21 for sex in the last step of a multiple regression and accounted for an additional 4% of the variance. Thus, the men published more, even when ostensible opportunities were controlled. For this sample variables of sex and self-perception of role of researcher versus teacher were more highly correlated with number of publications than were the research opportunity variables of grants, time spent in research, and type of academic institution of employment.
Cultural Differences and Economic Development of 31 Countries
Authors: Nadler Scott , Zemanek James E.
Published: September 2010

To update and extend the empirical research of Hofstede, the influence of culture on 31 nations' economic development was examined and support for modernization theory provided. Per capita gross domestic product, literacy rates, the negative of the population growth rate, and life expectancy development data were collected from 31 countries. The pattern of correlations among measures provided partial support for Hofstede's 1980 findings.
Personality and Attitude toward Christianity among Churchgoers: A Replication
Authors: Williams Emyr , Francis Leslie J.
Published: September 2010

A sample of 158 churchgoers attending eight Anglican churches in the United Kingdom completed the abbreviated Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire together with the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity to replicate a 1996 study by Carter, Kay, and Francis. Data confirm that scores on Attitude toward Christianity were significantly negatively related to Psychoticism, but to neither Extra-version nor Neuroticism scores.
Benefits of Negative Thinking and Negative Affect: Analyses of Answers to an Open-Ended Question by Japanese Undergraduates
Authors: Sakamoto Shinji , Moriwaki Aiko , Sasaki Jun , Miyata Yukari , Kobori Osamu , Bando Naoko , Sato Kaori , Okumura Yasuyuki , Tanno Yoshihiko
Published: September 2010

What are the benefits of negative thinking and negative affect? Although previous studies in evolutionary psychology, social psychology, and clinical psychology have clarified the question, there has been no definitive study asking people directly about the perceived benefits. In the present study, 119 Japanese undergraduates were asked how they recognized the benefits of negative thinking and negative affect. Their answers were analyzed qualitatively. The answers were arranged into 30 smaller categories and 12 superordinate ones. The benefits were divided into “benefits to the self” and “benefits to interpersonal relations.” Finally, the conditions necessary for the negative thinking and negative affect being benign, and possible cultural differences, were discussed.
When Does the Daily Hazard Rate for Committing Suicide Stabilize in Psychiatric Outpatients?
Authors: Steer Robert A. , Brown Gregory K. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2010

To ascertain whether the daily hazard risk rate for committing suicide by psychiatric outpatients stabilizes over time, a parametric survival analysis was calculated for the 6,891 outpatients who were followed by Brown, Beck, Steer, and Grisham. Approximately 3¼ years after a patient's initial evaluation, the daily hazard rate leveled off and dropped below the hazard rate that would occur if a constant (exponential) daily hazard rate were assumed. The cost-effectiveness of conducting follow-up studies to identify suicidal risk factors in psychiatric outpatients beyond three years was questioned.