bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MULTICRITERIA VERBAL ANALYSIS FOR THE DECISION OF CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS
Authors: Ustinovichius Leonas , Barvidas Arunas , Vishnevskaja Andzelika , Ashikhmin Ilya V.
Published: May 2009

The paper aims to analyse the construction contracts and to determine their effectiveness by verbal methods. Contractors of international construction projects are often faced with complicated situations working in the conditions of uncertainty in construction. One of the potential risk factors is associated with the requirements of contract conditions. A simple quantitative method for evaluating the requirements defined in specifications of the contract is presented. One of the major aspects is project or contract management. Project developers need various models of managing large and complex projects. The suggested method for evaluating contract effectiveness may be widely applied at one of the stages of project management. A case study of practical use of verbal methods is presented. Santrauka Siekiama išanalizuoti statybos sutartis ir nustatyti jų efektyvumą daugiatiksliu verbaliniu metodu. Tarptautiniuose statybos projektuose rangovai dažnai susiduria su sudėtingomis situacijomis ir darbo sąlygų neapibrėžtumais. Tai yra pagrindinis rizikos veiksnys sudarant statybos rangos sutartis. Pateiktas metodas įvertina sutarties specifikacijų reikalavimus. Vienas iš svarbiausių aspektų yra projekto ar sutarties valdymas, todėl projekto valdytojams reikalingi įvairūs modeliai dideliems ir sudėtingiems projektas kontroliuoti. Siūlomas sutarties efektyvumo įvertinimo metodas gali būti plačiai taikomas visam projektui ar atskirai jo daliai. Straipsnyje yra pateiktas pavyzdys taikant daugiatikslį verbalinį metodą.
Borax‐Catalyzed and pH‐Controlled Selective Oxidation of Organic Sulfides by H2O2: An Environmentally Clean Protocol
Authors: Hussain Sahid , Bharadwaj Saitanya K. , Pandey Ravindra , Chaudhuri Mihir K.
Published: May 2009

The selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones was achieved in high yields at room temperature with borax as a recyclable catalyst and H2O2 as the terminal oxidant by varying the pH of the reaction medium. The borax/H2O2 system can chemoselectively oxidize alkyl and aryl sulfides in the presence of oxidation‐prone functional groups such as C=C, –CN, and –OH.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Sequential Hiyama Coupling/Narasaka Acylation Reaction of (E)‐1,2‐Disilylethene: Rapid Assembly of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Motifs
Authors: Thiot Carine , Mioskowski Charles , Wagner Alain
Published: May 2009

The synthesis and application of (E)‐1,2‐disilylethene 5 as a central functional building block in a sequential Hiyama coupling/Narasaka acylation reaction are described. Its use in the rapid and versatile construction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl motifs found in a number of polyunsaturated natural products has been demonstrated. It was observed that due to the differential intrinsic reactivity of the two carbon–silicon bonds, this bis‐metallated lynchpin‐type reagent is activated selectively and sequentially by Pd and Rh catalysis, negating the need for any protecting group. A number of (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones were efficiently synthesized with complete chemoselectively in the presence of a variety of halides and anhydride acids. Conjugated polyunsaturated ketones and diversely α′‐functionalized α,β‐enones, such as chalcones, a heterocyclic dienone and the highly conjugated ethyl (2Z,4E)‐6‐oxo‐6‐(2‐thienyl)hexa‐2,4‐dienoate, were obtained in good overall yields. Thus, this coupling sequence provides a high degree of modularity, that is, a single template is likely to produce a large number of synthetic targets.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Facile Access to Fluorinated Aryl and Vinyl Ethers through Copper‐Catalysed Reaction of Fluoro Alcohols
Authors: Vuluga Daniela , Legros Julien , Crousse Benoit , Bonnet‐Delpon Danièle
Published: May 2009

Fluorinated alcohols react with aryl and vinyl halides by copper‐catalysed cross‐coupling reactions to afford the corresponding ethers. With trifluoroethanol (TFE) the reaction proceeds with both iodides and bromides and a wide range of aromatic substituents are tolerated. When higher fluorinated homologues such as C7F15CH2OH were used, the corresponding products were obtained in good yields, thus offering an interesting entry to fluorous tagging. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Implementation of semi‐discrete, non‐staggered central schemes in a colocated, polyhedral, finite volume framework, for high‐speed viscous flows
Authors: Greenshields Christopher J. , Weller Henry G. , Gasparini Luca , Reese Jason M.
Published: May 2009

We describe the implementation of a computational fluid dynamics solver for the simulation of high‐speed flows. It comprises a finite volume (FV) discretization using semi‐discrete, non‐staggered central schemes for colocated variables prescribed on a mesh of polyhedral cells that have an arbitrary number of faces. We describe the solver in detail, explaining the choice of variables whose face interpolation is limited, the choice of limiter, and a method for limiting the interpolation of a vector field that is independent of the coordinate system. The solution of momentum and energy transport in the Navier–Stokes equations uses an operator‐splitting approach: first, we solve an explicit predictor equation for the convection of conserved variables, then an implicit corrector equation for the diffusion of primitive variables. Our solver is validated against four sets of data: (1) an analytical solution of the one‐dimensional shock tube case; (2) a numerical solution of two dimensional, transient, supersonic flow over a forward‐facing step; (3) interferogram density measurements of a supersonic jet from a circular nozzle; and (4) pressure and heat transfer measurements in hypersonic flow over a 25∘–55∘ biconic. Our results indicate that the central‐upwind scheme of Kurganov, Noelle and Petrova (SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 2001; 23:707–740) is competitive with the best methods previously published (e.g. piecewise parabolic method, Roe solver with van Leer limiting) and that it is inherently simple and well suited to a colocated, polyhedral FV framework. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastatic carcinoma in a 14th–19th century skeleton from Constância (Portugal)
Authors: Assis S. , Codinha S.
Published: May 2009

During 2002, the extensive archaeological excavations of the ancient Constância necropolis (Centre of Portugal), dated from 14th–19th centuries, resulted in the exhumation of 151 individuals. Among the several paleopathological cases, a middle‐aged female skeleton with osteolytic lesions in her skull, axial skeleton, upper limbs and femurs was observed. These pathological findings are characterised by an asymmetric pattern with osteolytic focus of distinct size and irregular shape. Some skeletal elements display both osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions. The latter exhibit deposition of fine layers of woven bone. Lesions were observed macroscopically and radiology was used as a complementary method of scrutiny, especially in cases of unclear observation. The case was diagnosed as that of a probable metastatic carcinoma due to the multifocal distribution of the lesions in areas of intense haematopoietic activity, their morphology and some osteoblastic responses, as well as the presence of pathological fractures in the ribs. The skeleton's sex and age at death are in agreement with the proposed diagnostic, constituting the first case of malignant carcinoma detected in non‐identified Portuguese human skeletal remains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis B virus: the genotype E puzzle
Authors: Andernach Iris E. , Hübschen Judith M. , Muller Claude P.
Published: May 2009

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly endemic throughout sub‐Saharan Africa. One of the two genotypes A and E dominates in most countries. With several subgenotypes and variants, genotype A is more diverse in Africa (4.00%) than in the rest of the world (2.96%), suggesting an African origin and a long history on the continent. Despite the African slave trade, genotype E has only sporadically been found within the Americas, indicating that this genotype was introduced only during the past 200 years into the general African population. A short history for this genotype in Africa is also supported by its conspicuously low genetic diversity (1.75%), which contrasts, however, with its excessively high HBsAg prevalence and its extensive spread throughout the vast West‐African genotype E crescent. We discuss the spread and routes of transmission of genotype E and suggest that the distribution and current high prevalence levels of HBV (genotype E) in Africa are the result of the extensive use of unsafe needles, potentially solving the current African genotype E puzzle and shedding new light on the high HBV prevalence in Africa. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strengthening the ‘social’ in sustainable development: Developing a conceptual framework for social sustainability in a rapid urban growth region in Australia
Authors: Cuthill Michael
Published: May 2009

The South East Queensland region in Australia is experiencing rapid urban growth. In response to this growth, regional level planning and reporting frameworks have been developed relating to both hard infrastructure and natural resource management. However, there has been no formal acknowledgement of a similar need for regional responses as regards the social dimensions of sustainable development. This paper describes a two year action research process, involving diverse public, private and community stakeholders, that focused on developing a social sustainability framework in response to this issue. Key components of the framework are discussed, including social capital, social infrastructure, social justice and equity, and engaged governance. Broad implications for policy and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Thoracolumbar burst fracture with complete paraplegia: rationale for second-stage anterior decompression and fusion regarding functional outcome
Authors: Prabhakar Mukund M. , Rao Bhagwat Singh , Patel Lilam
Published: May 2009

Background

Appropriate management of thoracolumbar injury with complete paraplegia remains controversial. Purpose of present study is to study whether advantages are worth the morbidity associated with staged anterior decompression in these patients.

Materials and methods

Forty patients (90% male) with fracture of T12 (32 cases) and L1 (8 cases) with complete paraplegia underwent transpedicular fixation. Average age of patients was 42 years (range 13–57 years). Most common fracture pattern was type A3.1 (55%). Rational staged anterior decompression was done in 20 cases. One group received transpedicular fixation (n = 20) and another fixation and staged decompression (n = 20). Average follow-up was 2.5 years.

Results

Mean functional independence measurement (FIM) score was 98 in fixation group and 112 in decompression group; mean neurological recovery as measured by American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade was 1.3 and 1.75, respectively. Incidence of postoperative complications was 20% and 60%, respectively. Sphincter control did not recover in either group.

Conclusions

Rehabilitation is better after staged anterior decompression and fusion in burst fracture of thoracolumbar junction with complete paraplegia.
Septic physeal separation of proximal femur in a newborn
Authors: Schiavon Roberto , Borgo Andrea , Micaglio Andrea
Published: May 2009

In newborns physeal separations and septic osteomyelitis or arthritis are unusual, representing a problem in diagnosis and treatment. Therapy needs to be carried out soon in order to prevent anatomical and functional consequences. Association between septic event and physeal separation is rare. We report a 28-day-old female, admitted for elevated temperature, who underwent three nonorthopaedic surgical procedures before, and orthopaedic evaluation 8 days after admission. After an X-ray and an ultrasonography a septic arthritis with consequent hip dislocation was supposed. Only at the time of surgery a separation between the epiphysio-trochanteric nuclei complex and the femoral shaft was observed, with clear hip joint. The interest in this case consists in the difficulty of the differential diagnosis at the first evaluation, the orthopaedic misdiagnosis based on the lack of complete preoperative imaging, and finally the long-term excellent result after a prompt surgical treatment.
Plant Sterol and Policosanol Characterization of Hexane Extracts from Grain Sorghum, Corn and their DDGS
Authors: Leguizamón Carolina , Weller Curtis L. , Schlegel Vicki L. , Carr Timothy P.
Published: May 2009

Plant sterols (PS) and policosanols (PC) have been attributed with plasma cholesterol‐lowering properties in humans. Hexane extracts from grain sorghum, corn and their distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), an important co‐product of ethanol production, contain these health promoting compounds, which could be used to develop health promoting dietary products. However, limited information is currently available regarding optimal methods of extraction and their influence on plant sterol or PC levels and compositions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify lipids, particularly PS and PC extracted from grain sorghum and its DDGS using reflux and Soxtec methods. Corn and its DDGS were also extracted to compare lipid yields and PS/PC compositional profiles in these two related cereals. Intact grains were extracted either as whole or ground kernels. Lipid yields from all the corn sources were typically greater than those obtained from grain sorghum. Lipid yields from DDGS were the highest among all the forms of the grains used whereas corn/sorghum DDGS contained the highest levels of PS and PC, respectively. Additional study demonstrated that hydrolysis (acidic and alkaline) of ground sorghum or sorghum DDGS increased the levels of total extractable plant sterols. Overall, the Soxtec method extracted higher amounts of lipids than the reflux method.
The social market economy as a bridge in times of crisis: ‘Human dignity shall be inviolable’
Authors: Borchard Michael
Published: May 2009

What has been found when a country's economy is weak, its social system suffers more than anything else, whereas a stable currency safeguards the beneficial social effects of a competitive system. Social regulation needs as much attention as financial regulation as it is only in this way that states can guarantee that their citizens profit from the economic system. The scope of the article is international even though the author places much focus on the German social market economy, suggesting that it serve as a model for an international financial and economic system.
Ways towards a more stable and credible financial sector
Authors: Mariani Pierre
Published: May 2009

The author in his article gives a brief analysis of the origins of the current financial crisis which has swept across the globe in recent months. He explores the inefficient controls, including regulation and accounting rules, carried out by financial actors which are at the heart of this economic turmoil. Proposals for more efficient financial architecture are then put forward. Mariani concludes that much time, confidence and discipline are needed to surmount the recession and reform the financial system.
Volumetry of human taste buds using laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Just T , Srur E , Stachs O , Pau H W
Published: May 2009

Objective:

In vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy is a relatively new, non-invasive method for assessment of oral cavity epithelia. The penetration depth of approximately 200–400 µm allows visualisation of fungiform papillae and their taste buds.

Materials and methods:

This paper describes the technique of in vivo volumetry of human taste buds. Confocal laser scanning microscopy used a diode laser at 670 nm for illumination. Digital laser scanning confocal microscopy equipment consisted of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph HRTII and the Rostock Cornea Module. Volume scans of fungiform papillae were used for three-dimensional reconstruction of the taste bud.

Results:

This technique supplied information on taste bud structure and enabled measurement and calculation of taste bud volume. Volumetric data from a 23-year-old man over a nine-day period showed only a small deviation in values. After three to four weeks, phenomenological changes in taste bud structures were found (i.e. a significant increase in volume, followed by disappearance of the taste bud and appearance of a new taste bud).

Conclusions:

The data obtained indicate the potential application of this non-invasive imaging modality: to evaluate variation of taste bud volume in human fungiform papillae with ageing; to study the effects of chorda tympani nerve transection on taste bud volume; and to demonstrate recovery of taste buds in patients with a severed chorda tympani nerve who show recovery of gustatory sensibility after surgery.
Distant muscular (rectus femoris) metastasis from laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kulahci Y , Zor F , Onguru O , Bozkurt M , Duman H
Published: May 2009

Objective:

We report an extremely rare case of distant metastasis to the rectus femoris muscle from a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Method:

We present a case report and a review of the world literature concerning distant skeletal muscle metastasis from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Results:

The patient showed no evidence of distant muscular recurrence at follow up after 21 months; however, two years later he died from brain and suprarenal metastases.

Conclusion:

This report describes the first case of haematogenous distant metastasis to the left rectus femoris muscle from a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, without evidence of cervical lymph node metastases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second reported case of muscular distant metastasis without cervical lymph node involvement. Although the prognosis associated with skeletal muscle metastasis is considered to be poor, surgical excision may be indicated for an isolated muscular metastasis.
Rates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia colonization and infection in relation to antibiotic cycling protocols
Authors: PAKYZ A. L. , FARR B. M.
Published: May 2009

This study evaluated whether antibiotic cycling programmes using broad-spectrum agents including carbapenems were associated with increased rates of colonization or infection by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Retrospective analyses of colonization or infection by S. maltophilia from 1992 to 2002 were conducted using University of Virginia Hospital clinical microbiology records of patients with any culture positive for S. maltophilia and hospital epidemiology records of nosocomial S. maltophilia infections. Incidence rates were calculated and compared for cycling and non-cycling periods. No significant differences were found in incidence rates of S. maltophilia isolates between cycling and non-cycling periods, but there was a significant secular increase in the hospital-wide rate of infections caused by S. maltophilia (P=0·01728). Antibiotic cycling protocols were not associated with a significantly increased rate of colonization of S. maltophilia as determined by the frequency of patients having at least one positive routine clinical culture in this hospital.
Hypoxaemia and stroke
Authors: Roffe C , Corfield D
Published: May 2009

The topic of hypoxaemia after stroke was last reviewed in this journal in 2001. Since then a lot of new information on the subject has been published, and while some questions have been resolved, new problems have emerged. This article discusses new research in the light of what is already known and outlines areas of persisting uncertainty.
Ten percent organic within 15 years: Policy and program initiatives to advance organic food and farming in Ontario, Canada
Authors: MacRae R. , Martin R.C. , Juhasz M. , Langer J.
Published: May 2009

With growth in retail sales estimated by industry at 15–25% yr−1, organic food represents the only significant growth sector in Canada's food system. This reality, in combination with mounting evidence that substantial environmental and economic benefits can arise from organic farming adoption, suggests that organic sector development should be a priority for governments. However, organic food remains a marginal component of Canadian agricultural and trade policy. This study was designed to examine the opportunities and costs to the province of Ontario of strategic investment in the expansion of the organic sector. Drawing on existing literature and Ontario land use and production data, the study used an iterative process to identify how the province could reach a target of 10% of Ontario's cropped acres in organic production within 15 years, from the current level of about 1%. We concluded that after 15 years 5343 organic farmers would be producing organically in all major commodities, including 4254 converting farmers entering the organic sector and 600 new entrants to farming. The 489 organic farms reported in 2004 would be included in this total of 5343 because we assume that they all make modest additions over this time period to their existing operations. Organic production would occur on about 367,000 ha of land, and some 1.4 million animals would be reared organically. After 15 years, these farmers would reduce fertilizer applications by about 43 million kg (saving $18.4 million yr−1), pesticide applications by about 296,000 kg active ingredient (saving $9.1 million yr−1), and 7079 kg of growth-promoting antibiotics/medications consumed in animal feed. This 30-point program would require new investments by the provincial government of about $51 million over 15 years. Phase I (first 5 years) costs would total $7.1 million and Phase II (following 10 years) costs $43.9 million. Net program costs would be significantly lower since farmers would have directly saved on inputs and received premium organic prices for most of their goods sold, thereby reducing government costs related to supporting farm finances. Additionally, this program would contribute significantly to reducing the externalized costs of current approaches to agriculture, conservatively estimated at $145 million annually or $2.18 billion over the 15-year life of the program. Not all those costs would be saved within 15 years, but this exceedingly modest investment in organic production, representing only 2.3% of these externalized costs, would generate savings in externalized costs far beyond this one-time investment. Implementation of this plan would allow domestic producers to capture 51% of Ontario's organic consumption, up from the currently low-range estimate of 15%. Organic foods would represent 1.9% of the total food retail market after 5 years and 5.3% of the total market after 15 years.
Numerical evidence of elliptical polarization in homogeneous fluid‐saturated porous sandstone and the nexus to inhomogeneous plane waves
Authors: Quiroga‐Goode G. , Jiménez‐Hernández S. , Padilla‐Hernández R.
Published: May 2009

The polarization of body waves in a fluid‐saturated homogeneous porous sandstone is quantified by computing the Green's function; the findings are confirmed with grid modeling. Both results agree that forces in an unbounded homogeneous isotropic porous medium generate harmonic perturbations whose particle motion varies along the wavefront from linear to elliptical; such behavior typically associated to homogeneous and inhomogeneous viscoelastic plane waves in layered media. Following this analogy, it is concluded that the attenuation angle γ is the function of the direction of wave propagation, wave type, and direction of the applied force. With this information, the attenuation angle γ1 of the initial ray segment can be estimated, resolving in a different manner the issue of indeterminacy in the asymptotic ray solution. It is also concluded that the assumption of γ1 = 0 for normally incident viscoelastic plane waves in layered media may be correct, but only for P waves generated by vertical forces; as propagation direction increases, so does the error, the rate depending on Q. The results also show that (1) a P wave resembles a S wave and vice versa for preferred directions and (2) the sense of particle motion is opposite for both waves, prograde and retrograde, respectively, and vice versa, depending on the direction of the applied force.
Geomagnetic dipole moment collapse by convective mixing in the core
Authors: Liu Lijun , Olson Peter
Published: May 2009

Convective mixing in the fluid outer core can induce rapid transient decrease of the geomagnetic dipole. Here we determine rates of dipole moment decrease as a function of magnetic Reynolds number following convective instability in a numerical dynamo and in axisymmetric kinematic flows. Our calculations show that mixing flows induce reversed magnetic flux on the core‐mantle boundary through expulsion of mostly poloidal magnetic field by convective upwellings. The dipole field collapse is accelerated by enhanced radial diffusion and meridional advection of magnetic flux below the core‐mantle boundary. Magnetic energy cascades from the dipole to smaller scales during mixing, producing a filamentary magnetic field structure on the core‐mantle boundary. We find that the maximum rate of dipole moment decrease on century time scales is weakly sensitive to the mixing flow pattern but varies with the velocity of the flow approximately as cRmβ, with Rm the magnetic Reynolds number and (c, β) ≈ (0.2 ± 0.07, 0.78 ± 0.05). According to our calculations, a mixing flow in the outer core with Rm in the range of 200–300 can account for the historically‐measured rate of decrease of the geomagnetic dipole moment, although it is unlikely that a single mixing flow event with this intensity would cause a full dipole collapse or polarity reversal.
Lunar surface charging during solar energetic particle events: Measurement and prediction
Authors: Halekas J. S. , Delory G. T. , Lin R. P. , Stubbs T. J. , Farrell W. M.
Published: May 2009

We analyzed lunar surface charging during solar energetic particle (SEP) events, utilizing Lunar Prospector measurements of surface potentials and electron fluxes, and upstream energetic particle data. Outside of the magnetosphere, we find a nearly one‐to‐one correspondence between extreme negative lunar surface charging and large solar proton events. Using new techniques to correct for spacecraft potential, we present the first quantitative measurements of lunar charging during SEP events, during which we find that the nightside surface reaches potentials of up to −4.5 kV, with negative potentials of a kilovolt or larger often observed. These potentials are far higher than typical nightside potentials of a few hundred volts negative and may increase the risk of electrostatic discharge and/or dust effects, introducing an additional hazard to the already dangerous radiation environment. For eight of eleven event periods, surface potentials correlate with electron temperature and with the ratio of energetic electron flux to both energetic proton flux and total electron flux. For these eight events, charging models taking into account both thermal/suprathermal and energetic particle fluxes, as well as secondary emission, can successfully predict surface potentials. However, during the other three events, surface potentials do not correlate with the same measurable quantities, and charging models cannot reproduce measured potentials. In order to develop reliable and accurate models for lunar surface charging during SEP events, we will need better measurements of ion and energetic particle behavior in the lunar environment, secondary electron emission from lunar materials, and lunar surface potentials.
Role of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in the Sex-Specific Vascular Response to Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Zhang Wenri , Iliff Jeffrey J , Campbell Caitlyn J , Wang Ruikang K , Hurn Patricia D , Alkayed Nabil J
Published: May 2009

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), a key enzyme in the metabolism of vasodilator eicosanoids called epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), is sexually dimorphic and suppressed by estrogen. We determined if the sex difference in blood flow during focal cerebral ischemia is linked to sEH. Soluble epoxide hydrolase expression in brain, hydrolase activity in cerebral vessels, and plasma 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-DHET) were determined in male and female wild-type (WT) and sEH knockout (sEHKO) mice. Male, female, and ovariectomized female WT and sEHKO mice were subjected to 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and infarct size was measured at 24 h of reperfusion. Laser—Doppler cortical perfusion during MCAO was compared among groups and differences in cortical blood flow rates were confirmed using in vivo quantitative optical microangiography. Cerebrovascular expression and activity of sEH and plasma 14,15-DHET were lower in WT female than male mice, and blood flow during MCAO was higher and infarct size was smaller in WT female compared with male mice. Sex differences in cerebral blood flow and ischemic damage were abolished after ovariectomy and were absent in sEHKO mice. We conclude that sEH is an important mechanism underlying sex-linked differences in blood flow and brain damage after cerebral ischemia.
Nonischemic cerebral venous hypertension promotes a pro-angiogenic stage through HIF-1 downstream genes and leukocyte-derived MMP-9
Authors: Gao Peng , Zhu Yiqian , Ling Feng , Shen Fanxia , Lee Brian , Gabriel Rodney Allanigue , Hao Qi , Yang Guo-Yuan , Su Hua , Young William L
Published: May 2009

Cerebral venous hypertension (VH) and angiogenesis are implicated in the pathogenesis of brain arteriovenous malformation and dural arteriovenous fistulae. We studied the association of VH and angiogenesis using a mouse brain VH model. Sixty mice underwent external jugular vein and common carotid artery (CCA) anastomosis (VH model), CCA ligation, or sham dissection ( n = 20). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal-cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) expression, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity were analyzed. We found VH animals had higher ( P < 0.05) sagittal sinus pressure (8 ± 1 mm Hg) than control groups (1 ± 1 mm Hg). Surface cerebral blood flow and mean arterial pressure did not change. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, VEGF, and SDF-1α expression increased ( P < 0.05). Neutrophils and MMP-9 activity increased 10-fold 1 day after surgery, gradually decreased afterward, and returned to baseline 2 weeks after surgery. Macrophages began to increase 3 days after surgery ( P < 0.05), which coincided with the changes in SDF-1α expression. Capillary density in the parasagittal cortex increased 17% compared with the controls. Our findings suggest that mild nonischemic VH results in a pro-angiogenic stage in the brain by upregulating HIF-1 and its downstream targets, VEGF and SDF-1α, increasing leukocyte infiltration and MMP-9 activity.
The Role of the Choroid Plexus in Neutrophil Invasion after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Szmydynger-Chodobska Joanna , Strazielle Nathalie , Zink Brian J , Ghersi-Egea Jean-François , Chodobski Adam
Published: May 2009

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently results in neuroinflammation, which includes the invasion of neutrophils. After TBI, neutrophils infiltrate the choroid plexus (CP), a site of the blood—cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB), and accumulate in the CSF space near the injury, from where these inflammatory cells may migrate to brain parenchyma. We have hypothesized that the CP functions as an entry point for neutrophils to invade the injured brain. Using the controlled cortical impact model of TBI in rats and an in vitro model of the BCSFB, we show that the CP produces CXC chemokines, such as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 or CXCL1, CINC-2α or CXCL3, and CINC-3 or CXCL2. These chemokines are secreted both apically and basolaterally from the choroidal epithelium, a prerequisite for neutrophil migration across epithelial barriers. Consistent with these findings, we also provide electron microscopic evidence that neutrophils infiltrate the choroidal stroma and subsequently reach the intercellular space between choroidal epithelial cells. This is the first detailed analysis of the BCSFB function related to neutrophil trafficking. Our observations support the role of this barrier in posttraumatic neutrophil invasion.
Elevated levels of IL-1β in Fanconi anaemia group A patients due to a constitutively active phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt pathway are capable of promoting tumour cell proliferation
Authors: Ibáñez Ana , Río Paula , Casado José Antonio , Bueren Juan Antonio , Fernández-Luna José Luis , Pipaón Carlos
Published: May 2009

FA (Fanconi anaemia) is a hereditary disease characterized by congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure and an extraordinary elevated predisposition to develop cancer. In the present manuscript we describe an anomalous high level of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β (interleukin-1β) present in the serum of FA patients. The elevated levels of IL-1β were completely reverted by transduction of a wild-type copy of the FancA cDNA into FA-A (FA group A) lymphocytes. Although the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) is a well established regulator of IL-1β expression, our experiments did not show any proof of elevated NF-κB activity in FA-A cells. However, we found that the overexpression of IL-1β in FA-A cells is related to a constitutively activated PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-Akt pathway in these cells. We provide evidence that the effect of Akt on IL-1β activation is mediated by the inhibition of GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β). Finally, our data indicate that the levels of IL-1β produced by FA-A lymphoblasts are enough to promote an activation of the cell cycle in primary glioblastoma progenitor cells. Together, these results demonstrate that the constitutive activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in FA cells upregulates the expression of IL-1β through an NF-κB-independent mechanism and that this overproduction activates the proliferation of tumour cells.
Spermine analogue-regulated expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase and its effects on depletion of intracellular polyamine pools in mouse fetal fibroblasts
Authors: Uimari Anne , Keinänen Tuomo A. , Karppinen Anne , Woster Patrick , Uimari Pekka , Jänne Juhani , Alhonen Leena
Published: May 2009

SSAT (Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, also known as SAT1), the key enzyme in the catabolism of polyamines, is turned over rapidly and there is only a low amount present in the cell. In the present study, the regulation of SSAT by spermine analogues, the inducers of the enzyme, was studied in wild-type mouse fetal fibroblasts, expressing endogenous SSAT, and in the SSAT-deficient mouse fetal fibroblasts transiently expressing an SSAT–EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion gene. In both cell lines treatments with DENSpm (N1,N11-diethylnorspermine), CPENSpm (N1-ethyl-N11-[(cyclopropyl)-methy]-4,8-diazaundecane) and CHENSpm (N1-ethyl-N11-[(cycloheptyl)methy]-4,8-diazaundecane) led to high, moderate or low induction of SSAT activity respectively. The level of activity detected correlated with the presence of SSAT and SSAT–EGFP proteins, the latter localizing both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. RT–PCR (reverse transcription–PCR) results suggested that the analogue-affected regulation of SSAT–EGFP expression occurred, mainly, after transcription. In wild-type cells, DENSpm increased the amount of SSAT mRNA, and both DENSpm and CHENSpm affected splicing of the SSAT pre-mRNA. Depleted intracellular spermidine and spermine levels inversely correlated with detected SSAT activity. Interestingly, the analogues also reduced polyamine levels in the SSAT-deficient cells expressing the EGFP control. The results from the present study show that the distinct SSAT regulation by different analogues involves regulatory actions at multiple levels, and that the spermine analogues, in addition to inducing SSAT, lower intracellular polyamine pools by SSAT-independent mechanisms.
Non-Markovian renormalization of kinetic coefficients for drift-type turbulence in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Zagorodny A. , Weiland J.
Published: May 2009

The problem of derivation of the kinetic equations for inhomogeneous plasma in an external magnetic field is considered. The Fokker–Planck-type equations with the non-Markovian kinetic coefficients are proposed. In the time-local limit (small correlation times with respect to the distribution function relaxation time) the relations obtained recover the results known from the appropriate quasilinear theory and the Dupree–Weinstock theory of plasma turbulence. Kinetic calculations of the dielectric response function are also performed with regard to the influence of turbulent fields on particle motion. The equations proposed are used to describe zonal flow generation and to estimate the diffusion coefficient for saturated turbulence.
Rotational excitation and de-excitation of C2(X Σ1g+) by para-H2(j=)
Authors: Najar F. , Ben Abdallah D. , Jaidane N. , Ben Lakhdar Z. , Chambaud G. , Hochlaf M.
Published: May 2009

For the van der Waals C2(X Σ1g+)–H2 molecular system, we generated a new ab initio potential energy surface (PES). We mapped this PES at the multireference internally contracted configuration-interaction method including the Davidson correction together with a large diffuse basis set. Then, we incorporated our PES into quantum scattering calculations at the close coupling and infinite order sudden approximation methods to cover collision energies ranging from 0.1 up to 4000 cm−1. After Boltzmann thermal averaging, rate coefficients for temperatures of up to 1000 K are deduced. Discrepancies between our new rates and those computed previously are noticed. This should induce deviations in astrophysical modeling.
Dynamics of a protein and its surrounding environment: A quasielastic neutron scattering study of myoglobin in water and glycerol mixtures
Authors: Jansson H. , Kargl F. , Fernandez-Alonso F. , Swenson J.
Published: May 2009

In this quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) study we have investigated the relation between protein and solvent dynamics. Myoglobin in different water:glycerol mixtures has been studied in the temperature range of 260–320 K. In order to distinguish between solvent and protein dynamics we have measured protonated as well as partly deuterated samples. As commonly observed for bulk as well as for confined water, the dynamics of the surrounding solvent is well described by a jump diffusion model. The intermediate scattering function I(Q,t) from the protein (partly deuterated samples) was analyzed by fitting a single Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) stretched exponential function to the data. However, due to the limited experimental time window, two different curve fitting approaches were used. The first one was performed with the assumption that I(Q,t) decays to zero at long times, i.e., it was assumed that all protein relaxations that are observed on the experimental time scale, as well as would be observed on longer time scales, can be described by a single KWW function. In the second approach we instead assumed that both the protein relaxation time τp and the stretching parameter βKWW were Q-independent, i.e., we assumed that the protein dynamics is dominated by more local motions. Advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed. The first approach appears to work best at higher Q-values, indicating a power law relation of the Q-dependent protein dynamics for all samples and temperatures, whereas the second approach seems to work at lower Q-values, where the expected confined diffusion of hydrogen atoms in the protein gives the assumed Q-independent relaxation time. Independent of the chosen approach we find a significant correlation between the average relaxation time of the protein and the diffusion constant (or in this case the related relaxation time) of the solvent. However, the correlation is not perfect since the average relaxation time of the protein is more strongly dependent on the total amount of solvent than the diffusion constant of the solvent itself. Thus, the average relaxation time of the protein decreases not only with increasing solvent mobility, but also with increasing solvent content.
Spin-transfer-torque-induced ferromagnetic resonance for Fe/Cr/Fe layers with an antiferromagnetic coupling field
Authors: Seki Takeshi , Tomita Hiroyuki , Tulapurkar Ashwin A. , Shiraishi Masashi , Shinjo Teruya , Suzuki Yoshishige
Published: May 2009

In order to understand the effect of spin-transfer-torque (STT) on artificial magnetic structures, STT-induced and magnetic field-induced ferromagnetic resonances (FMRs) were investigated for Fe/Cr/Fe layers with an antiferromagnetic coupling field. The magnetic field-induced FMR showed high resonant frequency at zero magnetic field owing to the antiferromagnetic coupling field. FMR modes characteristic of antiferromagnetic coupling were induced by STT. From the STT-FMR spectra, the critical current density for magnetization instability was estimated to be ∼7×107 A/cm2, suggesting the possibility that STT gives rise to the dynamic phase of magnetization in such artificial magnetic structures.
Seasonal nitrogen dynamics in a seepage lake receiving high nitrogen loads
Authors: Piña-Ochoa Elisa , Álvarez-Cobelas Miguel
Published: May 2009

Studies on nitrogen dynamics in seepage lakes are seldom undertaken, yet our understanding of the complex pattern of the nitrogen (N) cycle is complicated by its temporal and spatial heterogeneity. This research investigated temporal variation in N concentration, considering different forms of N (NO3–, NO2–, NH4+, dissolved organic N, particulate organic N) in a Spanish flowthrough seepage lake (Colgada Lake) receiving high N loads. The study was based on monthly data collected over the period 2003–2005 from lake inputs and outputs, vertical profiles at a single representative site in the middle of the lake and fluxes of NH4+ and NO3– at the sediment–water interface. The distribution of total N (TN) inputs and outputs did not follow a clear temporal pattern. TN inputs varied from 27.70 to 125 tonnes N month–1, 75–84% of which is NO3–. Temporal variation of concentration profiles for different N forms measured showed significant differences owing to stratification. Ammonium always entered the sediment, whereas sediments acted as either a sink or source of NO3–. Fluctuation in N dynamics in this lake was more influenced by external factors, such as the input variability, than by the turnover of nitrogenous substances in the water body. Comparing seasonal N dynamics, there seems to be temporal differences between seepage lakes and drainage lakes. In seepage lakes, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) peaks were reached in early spring and after overturn, whereas in drainage lakes, the autumn minimum gradually increased to maxima in late winter and during the stratification period.
Age and growth of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the south-eastern Pacific off Chile
Authors: Cerna Francisco , Licandeo Roberto
Published: May 2009

The shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, is a large pelagic shark with a widespread global distribution. However, very little is known about most aspects of this species for the south-eastern Pacific. In the present paper, the age and growth parameters of the shortfin mako, caught by Chilean swordfish longline fisheries from 2004 to 2005, are reported. Ages were estimated by counting band-pairs from sections of vertebral centra from 547 individuals, ranging from 76 to 330 cm in total length (TL). Trends in the proportion of opaque edges for all ages combined and grouped into ages 0–6 and 7–26 years indicated that they are formed during summer and showed that annually, one band-pair is formed in the vertebrae of shortfin makos. Modal-progression analysis was used to verify the first three age classes (ages 0–2 years). For both sexes, the oldest estimated age was 25+ years. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated at L∞ = 325.29 cm TL, K = 0.076 year–1 and t0 = –3.18 years for females and L∞ = 296.60 cm TL, K = 0.087 year–1 and t0 = –3.58 years for males. The results indicated that this species is highly vulnerable to exploitation and, thus, urgent conservation measures are required.
Infaunal macroinvertebrate assemblages of the eastern Great Australian Bight: effectiveness of a marine protected area in representing the region's benthic biodiversity
Authors: Currie David R. , Sorokin Shirley J. , Ward Tim M.
Published: May 2009

Marine reserves are used widely throughout the world to conserve biodiversity, but in many instances uncertainties exist over how well these areas represent biodiversity at a regional scale (i.e. 100–1000 km). In the present study, infaunal assemblages were examined in the eastern Great Australian Bight (GAB) to evaluate the efficacy of the Benthic Protection Zone of the GAB Marine Park in representing regional biodiversity. Distributional patterns in infauna were further examined in relation to epifaunal species composition and environmental conditions to investigate structural forcing. Grab samples of infauna were collected from the same 65 sites sampled in an earlier survey of epifauna. In total, 240 taxa belonging to 11 phyla were collected. Most taxa were uncommon, with 96% representing less than 2% of the total number of individuals collected and 39% occurring at only one site. Unlike the epifauna, the infauna of the eastern GAB does not appear to be particularly diverse. Sessile filter feeders dominated the infaunal communities of the inner shelf, whereas motile, deposit-feeding organisms dominated the shelf break. As was the case with the epifauna, the highest numbers of taxa and individuals were recorded near the head of the bight and in inner-shelf waters off the western Eyre Peninsula, where productivity is enhanced by upwelling. Cluster analysis identified three community groupings, which were strongly correlated with depth. All three communities and 72% (172) of the 240 taxa collected were represented within the Benthic Protection Zone of the GAB Marine Park, confirming findings from the epifaunal survey that this protected area is well placed to represent the benthic biodiversity of the eastern GAB.
Effect of follicle size on mRNA expression in cumulus cells and oocytes of Bos indicus: an approach to identify marker genes for developmental competence
Authors: Caixeta Ester Siqueira , Ripamonte Paula , Franco Maurício Machaim , Junior José Buratini , Dode Margot Alves Nunes
Published: May 2009

To identify the genes related to oocyte competence, we quantified transcripts for candidate genes in oocytes (H1Foo, H2A, H3A, GHR, GDF9, BMP15, OOSP1) and cumulus cells (FSHR, EGFR, GHR, PTX3, IGFII) using the follicle size model to select oocytes of better developmental quality. Follicles were dissected and distributed into four groups according to diameter as follows: 1.0–3.0, 3.1–6.0, 6.1–8.0 and ≥8.1 mm. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were released, classified morphologically, matured, fertilised and cultured in vitro or denuded for measurement of diameter and determination of gene expression. Denuded germinal vesicle oocytes and their cumulus cells were used for gene expression analysis by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The blastocyst rate was highest for oocytes recovered from follicles >6 mm in diameter. In the oocyte, expression of the H2A transcript only increased gradually according to follicle size, being greater (P < 0.05) in oocytes from follicles ≥8.1 mm in diameter than in oocytes from follicles <6.0 mm in diameter. In cumulus cells, expression of FSHR, EGFR and GHR mRNA increased with follicular size. In conclusion, we confirmed the importance of H2A for developmental competence and identified important genes in cumulus cells that may be associated with oocyte competence.