bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ DERGİSİNDE TARİH EĞİTİMİ TARTIŞMALARI (1963-1978)
Authors: VURGUN Ahmet , OKUMUŞ Osman
Published: July 2021

Tarih disiplini, insanlara geçmişle ilgili bilgi sunmasından kaynaklı hemen her dönem değer gören bir alan olmuştur. Sosyal ve siyasi pek çok konu vasıtasıyla insanlar ve toplumlar, yaşadığı değişimleri görme ve geldikleri durumu değerlendirme fırsatı bulmuşlardır. Bu anlamda toplumlarda tarih öğretimine önem verilmiş ve bu dersten bireysel ve toplumsal bir takım faydalar sağlaması beklenmiştir. Dersin insan ve toplum hayatına katkısının verimli bir şekilde arttırılması konusunda da çeşitli alanlarda (sempozyum, dergi, kitap vs.) görüş ve öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu görüş ve önerilerin incelenmesi; dönemin tarih anlayışı, tarih öğretiminin durumu gibi pek çok önemli konu hakkında bilgi birikimini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu kaynaklardan biri dergilerdir. Süreli yayınlar kapsamında olan dergilerin yayınlandığı dönemin temel tartışmalarına ışık tuttuğu söylenebilir. Tarih eğitimi kapsamında yapılan çalışmaları incelemeye olanak sağlayan dergilerden biri Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü tarafından 1962-1980 yılları arasında yayınlanan Türk Kültürü dergisidir.

Türk Kültürü dergisi yayınlandığı dönemde dil, tarih, kültür gibi konularda önemli bilimsel çalışmalar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ortaya çıkan bu çalışmaların çeşitli alanlara katkı sağlayacak şekilde değerlendirilmesi mümkündür. Bu çalışmada doküman incelemesi yoluyla Türk Kültürü dergisinde yayınlanan tarih eğitimi makaleleri incelenmiş ve bu makalelerdeki temel tartışma alanları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Böylelikle dergide savunulan ve ortaya konulan düşüncelerin derli toplu bir şekilde sunulması da sağlanmıştır. Dergide tarih eğitimiyle ilgili ilk makalenin 1963 yılında son makalenin ise 1978 yılında kaleme alındığı görülmüştür. Tarih aralığının çok uzun olmaması belirtilen dönemdeki tartışmaların daha açık görülmesini sağlamıştır.

İnceleme sonucunda, makaleler ele aldıkları konu bağlamında gruplandırılmış; Atatürk ve tarih, yükseköğretimde tarih araştırmaları ve öğretimi, ortaöğretimde tarih öğretimi başlıklarına ilişkin bilgiler elde edilmiştir. Çalışmalarda özellikle tarihin öneminden hareketle tarih konularının öğretimi ve içerikle ilgili vurgunun daha yoğun olarak yapıldığı görülmüştür. Özellikle dergi ideolojisi doğrultusunda Atatürk dönemine de atıf yapılarak, milli tarih mevzuu ayrıntılı olarak ortaya konulmuştur. Atatürk ve tarih konusunda; öncelikle Atatürk’ün tarihe olan ilgisinin, tarih görüşünün ve bu dönemde yapılan çalışmaların Cumhuriyetin tarih anlayışını inşa ettiği belirtilmiştir. Yükseköğretimdeki tarih araştırmaları ve öğretimi konusunda gelişen akademik tarihçiliğe bir metod ve disiplin kazandırılması ve verilen tarih eğitiminin niteliğinin arttırılması düşüncesi vurgulanmıştır. Ortaöğretimdeki tarih öğretimi hakkında da mevcut durum resmedildikten sonra müfredatta ve ders kitaplarında milli tarih anlayışının hâkim olması düşüncesi savunulmuştur. Genel olarak; Atatürk’ün tarih anlayışı ve konu hakkındaki çalışmaları, ortaöğretim ve yükseköğretimde tarihin durumu ve yapılması gerekenler üzerine bilgiler sunularak değerlendirilmiştir.
İDİL-URAL VE TÜRKİSTAN’DA FİKİR HAREKETLERİ-DİNİ ISLAHÇILIK VE CEDİTÇİLİK
Authors: KARTAL Ayşe Zuhal
Published: July 2021

Ceditçilik, 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Çarlık Rusya içerisindeki Türk kökenli Müslüman halklar arasında ortaya çıkan sosyal ve siyasi bir aydınlanma hareketidir. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar Rusya Müslümanlarında eğitim medreselerde veriliyordu. “Usul-i Kadim” denilen bu geleneksel eğitim yönteminde muallim her öğrenciye tek tek ders veriyordu, bu durum da eğitim süresinin uzamasına sebep oluyordu. Medreselerde okuma yazma öğretiminin dışında Kur’an sureleri ezberletiliyor ancak öğrenciler ezberledikleri surelerin dışındaki Arapça bir kitabı okuyamıyorlardı. Ceditçiler ise bu eğitim yöntemine karşı çıkarak “Usul-i Cedid” adıyla Batıdaki eğitim sistemini örnek alan bir eğitim reformuna gitmek istiyorlardı.
How Egocentric Biases Maintain Social Anxiety: A Literature Review
Authors: Mingus Kyra
Published: July 2021

Biases and heuristics are mental shortcuts that help guide our daily decision making and cognitive processing but can often lead us astray when they account for inaccurate or misinterpreted information. In this review I aim to understand how the spotlight effect (Gilovich et al., 2000), the overestimation of how attentive others are to our actions, and the illusion of transparency (Gilovich et al., 1998), the overestimation of how easily others can discern our internal state, maintain social anxiety by disrupting the anchoring component these shortcuts rely on. Through a detailed analysis of major research conducted by Brown and Stopa (2007) and Haikal and Hong (2010), I was able to synthesize the empirical findings, discuss clinical implications, and propose future directions for research.
From University to School—Experiences of Teaching Practice in Three Countries
Authors: Dan Zhan , Liu Xu
Published: July 2021

Teaching practice plays an important role in preparing future teachers. More and more countries pay attention to teaching practice in teacher education and take measures to improve the system of teaching practice. This paper examines the characteristics of teaching practice through the perspective of comparative analysis, comparing the situations in China, the UK and the USA. The different characteristics are presented, particularly in the goal of teaching practice, the duration of the internship and the cooperation system among education administration departments, universities, and schools. Some suggestions are proposed to improve teaching practice generally based on experience of these three countries. As such, it provides insight into practice for policymakers and academics in the field of teacher education.
First and Second Phase of Human Centered Design Method in Design of Exterior Seating Furniture
Authors: Szökeová Sarah , Fictum Lukáš , Šimek Milan , Sobotkova Alena , Hrabec Marek , Domljan Danijela
Published: July 2021

The article describes a part of the designing process of exterior furniture that utilizes HPL (high pressure laminate) with the reduced use of construction metal elements, using user-centered design methods. The process is divided into several phases. This article primarily uses human-centered design and describes the process of researching user attitudes and market research, as important methods in the overall design process. The observed results are crucial especially when introducing new products based on products already existing on the market. The contemporary market is filled up with a surplus of products that are not so customer-oriented, and customers are often lost in their choice. Currently, there is a tendency on the market to personalize each product to the customer, so this becomes one of the main designer’s methods in designing a product. The designer can personalize a product based on the user and market research. New products can be different in the approach to customer’s needs and attitudes in cases that the designing process follows the current needs. Also, it is important to present it properly to the public. It is necessary to create a representative customer, who can represent the potential group. This young woman has specific characteristics that can be used in the rest of the designing process – her relationship with nature and sitting outdoors, her relationship with furniture and her ability to purchase a new product.
The Borg Scale at high altitude
Authors: Küpper Thomas , Heussen N. , Morrison Audry , Schöffl Volker , Basnyat Buddha , Hillebrandt David , Milledge Jim , Steffgen Jürgen , Meier Beate
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The Borg Scale for perceived exertion is well established in science and sport to keep an appropriate level of workload or to rate physical strain. Although it is also often used at moderate and high altitude, it was never validated for hypoxic conditions. Since pulse rate and minute breathing volume at rest are increased at altitude it may be expected that the rating of the same workload is higher at altitude compared to sea level.
 Material and methods: 16 mountaineers were included in a prospective randomized design trial. Standardized workload (ergometry) and rating of the perceived exertion (RPE) were performed at sea level, at 3,000 m, and at 4,560 m. For validation of the scale Maloney-Rastogi-test and Bland-Altmann-Plots were used to compare the Borg ratings at each intensity level at the three altitudes; p < 0.05 was defined as significant.
Results: In Bland-Altmann-Plots more than 95% of all Borg ratings were within the interval of 1.96 x standard deviation. There was no significant deviation of the ratings at moderate or high altitude. The correlation between RPE and workload or oxygen uptake was weak.
Conclusion: The Borg Scale for perceived exertion gives valid results at moderate and high altitude – at least up to about 5,000 m. Therefore it may be used at altitude without any modification. The weak correlation of RPE and workload or oxygen uptake indicates that there should be other factors indicating strain to the body. What is really measured by Borg’s Scale should be investigated by a specific study.
Nondum me esse: La Ontología temprana de Agustín
Authors: Kenney John Peter ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: July 2021

While ontological discourse is unfashionable in contemporary theology, it was prominent in the works of Augustine of Hippo. This article will concentrate on Augustine’s attribution of «esse» and related terms to God in his early works. Contrasting readings of Augustine’s ontological discourse will be reviewed, especially those of Émile Zum Brunn and Jean-Luc Marion. Texts under consideration will be drawn from Cassiciacum dialogues, the anti-Manichaean treatises, and Confessions. The article will conclude by clarifying the larger implications of Augustine’s commitment to ontological theology in the context of his account of contemplation.
Economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic on air traffic
Authors: Radić Nikola , Radić Vlado , Grujić Biljana
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented event in modern history, not only of aviation, but also of humanity. The negative consequences of the pandemic are not only related to the suspension of flights and the inability to transport passengers, but also have a great impact on other industries, such as the production of aircraft, systems and engines, tourism, the food industry, etc. The suspension of flights has led to many times lower revenues than planned, the dismissal of a large number of employees in this industry, as well as the cancellation of new airplanes ordered. Also, the prescribed health care measures that airlines must apply will affect a smaller number of passengers on planes, which means that each flight will be less cost-effective. Faced with large losses, airlines must organize in order to achieve maximum efficiency and a partial return to the levels of flying and transportation of people and goods that were achieved during 2019. The paper analyses the state and importance of the global aviation industry, the impact of the pandemic on business results and solving the problems of airlines.
Audio recordings of hymns from the Octoechos as written down by Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac
Authors: Ribić Romana
Published: July 2021

This paper presents three different audio recordings of hymns from the Octoechos as written down by Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac (1856-1914). The recordings were made in a studio. Two of the recordings feature selections of hymns by the performers, while the third recording contains an integral version of the collection.
The discourse of travelogues about Stevan Mokranjac and the Belgrade Choral Society in the national political context before the First World War
Authors: Milanović Biljana
Published: July 2021

The paper deals with the travelogues Iz Beograda u Solun i Skoplje by Spira Kalik (1894), Sa Avale na Bosfor by Dragomir Brzak (1897), and Na Adriju by Milivoje Komarčić (1911), which describe the concert tours of Stevan Mokranjac and the Belgrade Choral Society to Thessaloniki and Skopje (1893), Sofia, Istanbul, and Plovdiv (1895), and Sarajevo, Mostar, Cetinje, Split, Šibenik, and Zadar (1910). The goal is to examine the discourse of these travelogues and to interpret it as a source on Mokranjac and his ensemble's missions abroad in the national-political context of the 1890s and the years preceding the First World War.
Czech music and musicians as Mokranjac's companions on his path towards the professionalization of Serbian music
Authors: Gajić Milica
Published: July 2021

The great anniversary - 100 years since the death of Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac - is an opportunity to survey his overall activity from a different angle, which has so far been sidelined in our historiography: his contacts and cooperation, but also discords with some of the many Czech musicians who played various roles in Serbian music during the 1800s and early 1900s. For the sake of clarity, they are presented here in the context of those institutions where Mokranjac was personally most involved and made important achievements along various developmental lines of our music history: in the domains of interpretation, teaching, and compositional creativity. Also, the paper mentions only those who helped Mokranjac as his driving force, loyal or like-minded associates in the realization of his diverse musical and creative intentions.
Pitch-class analysis: Some aspects of IC5 and IC1 design in Gyôrgy Ligeti's piano 'Études'
Authors: Yu Man-Ching
Published: July 2021

This paper investigates pitch-class organization in Gyorgy Ligeti's Piano Études, focusing on the organizational design of particular interval classes. In the etudes, IC5 and IC1 are generative in constructing materials in different dimensions and at different surface levels. Additionally, the unfolding of pitch classes initiates ascending and descending circles of fifths, at small-scale and large-scale structural levels alike, illuminating the prominence of the fifth in Ligeti's work, which harks back to the common practice period.
Primary crusher site selection in open pit mines: Case study in Sungun copper mine
Authors: Nasirinezhad Ali , Stevanović Dejan , Ignjatović Dragan , Rahmanpour Mehdi
Published: July 2021

Facility site selection, (such as Primary or in pit Crusher location) is one of the most important steps in mine design process that has a significant impact on economy of the mining operation. This study covers an attempt to find the optimal location for primary crusher in order to support the expansion of Sungun copper mine, which is the second largest open pit mine in Iran. Recent exploration drilling has led to a considerable increase in the ore reserve. Therefore, Sungun started the studies followed with an expansion plan with the goal to increase the capacity from 14 to 28 Mt/Year within the next 8 years. In this paper, 14 effective parameters for finding the best location for a new crusher in five possible options were considered. The options were evaluated based on weighted linear combination method. The results show that the location in South East part of the open pit is the best option for locating of the new crusher. Finally, based on the economic parameters and copper price forecasts, pit optimization and sensitive analysis are applied. Results show that in the worst case, just 0.17 % of ore reserve is affected by the selected area and the minable reserve can cover 78 years of operation.
X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis of waste sulfur modification for use in concretes
Authors: Đorđević Nataša , Vlahović Milica , Martinović Sanja , Bugarčić Mladen , Mihajlović Slavica
Published: July 2021

Secondary sulfur obtained as a by-product in the oil refining process is a major problem as an environmental pollutant. One of the possibilities of environmental protection is the use of sulfur obtained in this way as a component of sulfur concrete. Mixing of sulfur with suitable additives can provide longer working lifetime of sulfur concrete, as well as maintenance of the former physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of concrete. Such mixtures are usually called modified sulfur or sulfur cement. Secondary sulfur produced in the oil refining process by the Klaus process (approval of crude oil) cannot be used in this form. In order to be ready for the use of sulfur concrete and asphalt, it is necessary to modify elemental sulfur from cyclic to chain form, obtaining of modified sulfur whose application is as a binding agent in a concrete instead of portland cement is described in this paper. Influence of dicyclopentadien, an organic additive, on sulfur modification has been studied in this research. Microstructure and mineral analysis of modified and unmodified sulfur cement binding are performed using polarized and scanning electron microscopes and X-ray diffraction spectrometer.
Emergency governance (un)bound: A brief reflection on Southeast Europe's response to Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Miljojković Teodora
Published: July 2021

Relying on the Madison-Schmitt dichotomy in the theory of emergency governance, this article will explore to what extent constitutional courts of Southeast Europe imposed warranted limits to the executive power in their responses to the Covid-19 global pandemic. The specific aim of this article is to illustrate how the constitutional courts of Croatia and Serbia responded to the question of whether the Covid-19 pandemic called for the introduction of the state of emergency. The dilemmas that emerged in the Covid-19-related rulings of these courts reflect the heated constitutional theoretical debates on emergency powers, which could be roughly reduced to three main points of examination: (1) Is the executive de facto Schmitt's sovereign , who decides on the case of exception even when the constitution states other-wise? (2) Should the courts, following the historically repetitive practice, demonstrate special deference to other branches of government in the time of crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic? (3) Are the courts in the position to assess the constitutionally envisaged facts and conditions for introducing the emergency regime, e.g., to go into a formal and substantive review of the declaration of the state of emergency? The analysis will conclude that the constitutional courts of Serbia and Croatia failed to set out a robust doctrine of emergency powers and constrain other branches of governments effectively. In Serbia, that resulted in a constitutionally legitimized NEO-Schmittian model, which presupposes that in the time of a crisis, the powers of emergency decision making significantly shift to the executive. On the other hand, the Croatian Constitutional Court missed the chance of entrenching a strong Madisonian model based on the interbranch checks and balances and cooperation.
What happened to aesthetics and art over the last 100 years?: Contradictions and antagonisms: Theory wars!
Authors: Šuvaković Miško
Published: July 2021

The subject of my paper is the dynamic and transformational relations between aesthetics and art from 1919 to 2019. The first problem to be discussed will be the relationship between art and politics at the Bauhaus and art institutes of the Soviet avant-garde. Next, I will point to differences in Marxist concepts of socialist realism and critical theory on modern culture and art. I will analyse the relationship between the concept of the autonomy of art, especially painting and minimal art. A comparison will be derived between anti-art (Dada, NEO-Dada) and anti-philosophy (Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Jacques Lacan). I will highlight approaches from analytical meta-aesthetics to the interpretation of Duchamp's readymade, deriving a theory of art in conceptual art. Special attention will be paid to the "theoretical conflicts" between phenomenology and structuralism, as well as poststructuralism. I will conclude my discussion by identifying the "aesthetic condition" in relation to "contemporary art" (feminist, activist, political, ecological, participatory, and appropriative art). The aim of my discussion will be to highlight the character of modern and contemporary aesthetics in relation to art theory, by way of diagrammatic reflection on the binaries, differences, and reconstructions of dialectics.
International aesthetics and its congresses
Authors: Erjavec Aleš
Published: July 2021

In recent decades international congresses of aesthetics have been and remain the most visible and influential aesthetics gatherings in the world. At such congresses their participants strengthen their identification with aesthetics and separate themselves from it at the same time: they cover the broad and undefined territory called 'theory'. By taking place in different geographical and thereby specific cultural and historical localities, aesthetics congresses not only bring together foreign participants, but also bring domestic audiences into contact with global authors, themes, issues and methods. The themes, issues and methods mediated through art and philosophy help make aesthetics a relevant theoretic activity. This is true concerning some noteworthy recent events: the rise and decline of postmodernism; the reintegration of the former Eastern Europe into global culture; and a similar but also profoundly different transformation of aesthetics in China, where a new revival of aesthetics, often with Chinese colours, is intensively present. These are, I would claim, three historic events that have emerged in aesthetics over the past three decades. They are still with us today and thus remain crucial to understanding our reality. Exceptions exist too, proving that novel philosophical aesthetic theories are rare today but not impossible; such as that of Jacques Rancière, for example. These will be some of the main issues of this paper.
Collective thought-action: On lecture performances, transmedia knowledge and designing possible worlds
Authors: McKenzie Jon
Published: July 2021

The election of Donald Trump has exposed a politics of resentment dividing rural and urban populations, as well as communities and colleges. This division stretches back to Plato's Academy. When Plato threw the poets out of the Republic, he banished practices such as poetry, music, and dance from the realm of true, epistemic knowledge, which he opposed to doxa or common knowledge. Centuries later, this opposition would shape European colonialism's approach to indigenous life worlds, whose "primitive" rituals, myths, and fetishes would confront the "civilized" methods, histories, and objects of Western knowledge. These same oppositions structure ideological critiques of popular culture. However, the emergence of lecture performances, theory rap, and info comics within twenty-first century research universities suggests that traditional knowledge production is under stress inside and outside the academy. Emerging is a transmedia knowledge that engages different audiences by mixing episteme and doxa. At stake here: the role of aesthetics in post-disciplinary societies of control and in resistant modes of collective thought-action. Across both the arts and sciences, scholars worldwide are turning to transmedia knowledge not simply for communication but also for co-creation of research. Here transmedia knowledge can function as civic discourse and as a conduit of a generalized aesthetics.
The differences of needle length of Douglas-fir provenances at two sites in test plantations
Authors: Lavadinović Vera , Marković Nenad
Published: July 2021

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii/Mirb.Franco) is the most successful introduced and ecologically adapted species in Europe since 1827. Its natural range extends from British Columbia in the North, as far as New Mexico in the south. Douglas-fir has the most extensive latitudinal range of any North American commercial conifer, from 19 to 55 North latitude (New Mexico - British Columbia). Genetic and ecological diversity of Douglas-fir results from its wide natural range of species distribution. Such a wide distribution of a species requires the testing of its characteristics. One of the models for testing the genetic diversity, variability and adaptability of introduced species is the provenance test. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of site environmental factors upon morphological characteristics of Douglas-fir needles.
Natural regeneration of beech forests in Serbia
Authors: Čokeša Vlado , Koprivica Miloš , Stajić Snežana , Miletić Zoran , Matović Bratislav
Published: July 2021

Natural regeneration of beech forests has been studied in eleven high beech stands in Serbia. The stands are very heterogeneous and predominantly uneven-aged in terms of structure, owing to which group-shelterwood felling was recommended as a means of regeneration. The regeneration process is unmethodical, while the number and quality of young growth are unsatisfactory. The optimum canopy closure for a successful beech regeneration is from 0.6 to 0.7. If canopy closure is higher, a spontaneously occurred young growth will die out, while in case it is lower than the optimum value, weed infestation occurs.
Beech and fir forest resources in the Pešter plain area
Authors: Ratknić Mihailo , Rakonjac Ljubinko , Ratknić Tatjana , Braunović Sonja
Published: July 2021

According to EUNIS classification, the analysed stands belong to a mixed beech-fir forest type (G4.61). The soils are eutric cambisol, eutric rankers, distric cambisol and luvisol. 65 plants were identified, out of which 6 tree species, 9 shrub species and 50 ground flora species. The ecological indices have the following averages values: humidity from 2.90 to 3.00, soil chemical reaction from 2.71 to 3.15, nutrient matter from 2.55 to 2.83, light from 2.28 to 2.60 and temperature from 2.56 to 3.07. Out of the total number of recorded plants, 29, that is, 46.0% are medicinal, namely; 4 species come under healing class one, 2 come under healing class two, 11 come under healing class three, 6 come under healing class four and 6 come under healing class five. The following fruit tree species were identified: Vaccinium myrtillis, Crataegus monogyna, Fragaria vesca, Sorbus aucuparia, Lonicera nigra, Rubus hirtus, Sorbus austriacus. 24 melliferous plants were recorded in beech and fir forests, out of which 6 woody, 6 shrub and 10 herbaceous plants. The highest number of melliferous plants blossom in May. The beech and fir forest was recorded on 464.09 hectares. The total volume is 161,015 m3 . The trees with a diameter lower than 30 cm account for 51.5%.
Microbiological activity of the forest soil in the areas within the territory of Belgrade
Authors: Veselinović Milorad , Golubović-Ćurguz Vesna , Mitrović Suzana , Dražić Dragana , Čule Nevena , Nikolić Biljana , Jović Đorđe
Published: July 2021

Within the process of matter circulation, soil microorganisms play a decisive role in the biological circulation of nutrition elements, i.e. plant assimilatives, through the process of organic matter (detritus) degradation via biosynthesis (humification) and mineralization (dehumification), releasing plant assimilatives and thus enabling forests to survive as natural ecosystems. Development of appropriate physiological groups of microorganisms participating in such processes and their biological activity are prerequisites of forest ecosystem stability. The results of the research in microbiological activity of the forest soil conducted in the areas within the territory of Belgrade include 19 locations of forested areas in both state and private ownership. Preliminary research suggested that the process of ammonification is by far the most significant in both synthesis and degradation of humus for plant assimilative formation (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur etc.); therefore the measures undertaken must be focused on ensuring normal and regular course of such processes.
Analysis of the impact of injuries caused by the influence of mechanical and abiotic factors on the occurrence of harmful fungal organisms
Authors: Marković Miroslava , Rajković Snežana , Rajković Radoslav
Published: July 2021

The research described in this paper is focused on the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms on beech trees relative to the presence of tree injuries, with the aim to ensure protection and preservation of this species in Serbia. The research was conducted in Eastern Serbia, in a hillside beech forest Fagetum moesiacae submontanum of generative origin. The testing was carried out on two sites over 51 testing plots, with a total of 829 trees and 21 species of identified fungi. On the first site it was found that the appearance of fungi primarily depends on the presence of mechanical damage on trees (as much as 73.46%), while the presence of abiotic damage has almost no bearing (only 3.21%). On the second site there was a strong correlation link between the occurrence of fungi and presence of mechanical damage - 51.88%, as well as between the fungi and abiotic damage - 47.96%. The health condition of high beech stands was found to be heavily dependent on careful and proper manipulation during harvesting, while each injury inflicted on a beech live tree during logging opens the door to infection with pathogenic microorganisms.
The most invasive five woody plants control risks assessment: Strategic precondition for sustainable governance of natural resources in Serbia
Authors: Gagić-Serdar Renata , Nevenić Radovan , Bilibajkić Svetlana , Stefanović Tomislav , Poduška Zoran , Đorđević Ilija , Češljar Goran
Published: July 2021

Risks assessmentand management can play a key role in the reduction of damage caused by different types of forest pests, diseases and weeds in sustainable forestry practice development. Significant diversity of serious threats to forest ecosystems condition demands special governance instruments in a goal of increasing productivity while an environmental contamination and health hazard needs to be reduced to a minimum. Sustainable forest management can be better achieved through the preferment of appropriate assessment tools (with proper risk evaluation model developing and adapting it). During testing the increasing desire to apply the "precautionary principle" in the face of scientific uncertainty had been recognized. There's luck of scientific knowledge; studies are ongoing intensive but with decade or less delay of our country/ forest practice/ introduced plant influence research object existing results or their control usage background. Potentially serious consequences prejudgment leads to the driving force of a multidisciplinary approach in research process, with objective and invaluable field experience at the first place and guidance of it.
Next directions in measurement of the home mathematics environment: An international and interdisciplinary perspective
Authors: Hornburg Caroline Byrd , Borriello Giulia A. , Kung Melody , Lin Joyce , Litkowski Ellen , Cosso Jimena , Ellis Alexa , King Yemimah A. , Zippert Erica , Cabrera Natasha J. , Davis-Kean Pamela , Eason Sarah H. , Hart Sara A. , Iruka Iheoma U. , LeFevre Jo-Anne , Simms Victoria , Susperreguy María Inés , Cahoon Abbie , Chan Winnie Wai Lan , Cheung Sum Kwing , Coppola Marie , De Smedt Bert , Elliott Leanne , Estévez-Pérez Nancy , Gallagher-Mitchell Thomas , Gardner-Neblett Nicole , Gilmore Camilla , Leyva Diana , Maloney Erin A. , Manolitsis George , Melzi Gigliana , Mutaf-Yıldız Belde , Nelson Gena , Niklas Frank , Pan Yuejuan , Ramani Geetha B. , Skwarchuk Sheri-Lynn , Sonnenschein Susan , Purpura David J.
Published: July 2021

This article synthesizes findings from an international virtual conference, funded by the United States National Science Foundation, focused on the home mathematics environment (HME). In light of inconsistencies and gaps in research investigating relations between the HME and children’s outcomes, the purpose of the conference was to discuss actionable steps and considerations for future work. The conference was composed of international researchers with a wide range of expertise and backgrounds. Presentations and discussions during the conference centered broadly on the need to better operationalize and measure the HME as a construct—focusing on issues related to child, family, and community factors, country and cultural factors, and the cognitive and affective characteristics of caregivers and children. Results of the conference and a subsequent writing workshop include a synthesis of core questions and key considerations for the field of research on the HME. Findings highlight the need for the field at large to use multi-method measurement approaches to capture nuances in the HME, and to do so with increased international and interdisciplinary collaboration, open science practices, and communication among scholars.
Motivated to express: Salience of oppression toward other women encourages women’s self-expression
Authors: Al-Khouja Maya , Weinstein Netta , Legate Nicole
Published: July 2021

Women’s oppression undermines and inhibits women but may also prompt an enterprising reaction. In this paper, three studies explored the extent to which women respond to awareness of the oppression of other women with an increased desire for self-expression, a reactive but constructive response. Study 1 explored reactions to two forms of other women’s oppression: restricted self-expression and restricted economic opportunities. Women reported an increased desire to self-express after exposure to either form of oppression, as compared to a control group. Study 2 compared British women’s reactions to stories of a woman versus a man being oppressed, finding the former group wrote more words about an unrelated, but timely and consequential topic (Brexit). Finally, Study 3 replicated the effect of greater self-expression after being exposed to women’s oppression, and furthermore identified an indirect effect through reactance. Findings are discussed in relation to identity, constructive forms of reactance, and implications for current women’s rights movements.
A network perspective on animal welfare
Authors: Rowland T , Pike TW , Burman OHP
Published: July 2021

The scientific study of animal welfare involves measuring physiological, behavioural, and/or cognitive variables to infer the welfare state of animals. Such an approach implies these measures are indicators, or reflect, an unmeasured latent variable of welfare state. Drawing inspiration from recent developments in human psychology and psychiatry, in this paper we propose an alternative perspective in the form of a network theory of animal welfare. This theory posits that there is no latent variable; rather, welfare is a network system of causal interactions between and within behavioural, physiological, and cognitive components. We then describe a statistical network modelling approach motivated by network theory, in which welfare-related response variables are associated with each other after controlling for all other variables measured. In three examples using simulated data, we demonstrate how this approach can be used, and the sort of novel insights it can bring. These examples cover a range of species and research questions, which network analysis is well suited to address. We believe a network approach to animal welfare science holds promise for developing our understanding of the concept of animal welfare, as well as producing practical and meaningful information to improve the welfare of animals.
The effect of hutch compass direction on primary heat stress responses in dairy calves in a continental region
Authors: Bakony M , Kiss G , Kovács L , Jurkovich V
Published: July 2021

Heat stress reduction in hutch-reared dairy calves is overlooked on most dairy farms. We hypothesised that during summer, the microclimate within hutches is directly affected by compass direction as a result of differences in exposure to solar radiation. On a bright, mid-August day a number of behavioural and physiological heat stress response measures (respiratory rate, body posture, being in the shade or sun) were recorded in 20-min intervals from 0720-1900h on calves housed in hutches with entrances facing all four points of the compass. In conjunction with this, dry bulb (ambient) and black globe temperatures, and wind speed were recorded both inside the plastic hutches and at one sunny site at the exterior. Data were compared in terms of distinct periods of the day (0720-1100, 1120-1500, 1520-1900h). Dry bulb temperatures were higher inside hutches compared to outside while for black globe temperatures the opposite was true. Daily average temperatures and respiratory rates did not differ between hutches facing different compass points. In the morning and afternoon, hutch temperature and calf respiratory rate differed relative to compass point. Calves in east- and north-facing hutches were seen more in the shade than those in south- and west-facing ones. Our conclusion was that in a continental region having hutch entrances face towards the east or north confers some advantages in mitigating severe solar heat load in summer.
Borgring. Uncovering the strategy for a Viking Age ring fortress in Denmark
Authors: Christensen Jonas , Daly Aoife , Henriksen Peter Steen , Holm Nanna , Jessen Catherine , Jørgensen Sofie , Olesen Line , Olesen Jesper , Schultz Maja Kildetoft , Sindbæk Søren Michael , Ulriksen Jens
Published: July 2021

In 2014, Borgring, near Køge, Denmark, was identified as the fifth geometrical Viking Age ring fortress in Denmark, complementing an exclusive group of monuments including Trelleborg. Excavations and surveys in 2016–18 allow a detailed reconstruction of the site and its history. Borgring is a fortification with the same geometry, construction, and location as other Trelleborg-type fortresses, though exhibiting notable differences. Finds, including beads, ornaments, and iron tools, reflect activities and links to other fortress sites. The dating of Borgring is established with reference to wiggle-matched 14C dates.
El socio de cooperativa y el de sociedad de capital, puntos de divergencia y convergencia en torno a los principios que dirigen la dinámica interna cooperativa. Libre adhesión, control democrático y participación económica del socio
Authors: Macías Ruano Antonio José
Published: July 2021

Sociedad cooperativa y sociedad de capital son dos estructuras jurídicas para el desarrollo de una actividad empresarial que, operando en el mismo mercado, tienen unos marcados caracteres diferenciadores que se plantean como opuestos. Sus respectivos integrantes, los socios, tienen un estatus y desarrollan papeles diferenciados en la estructura. El concepto legal de cooperativa centra la caracterización en el régimen de libre adhesión y baja voluntaria, con estructura y funcionamiento democrático. Estas notas definitorias deberían bastar para distinguir a las cooperativas de cualquier sociedad de carácter capitalista. Sin embargo, en el ámbito legislativo se producen distintos puntos de convergencia entre ambas clases de sociedades y respecto a las actuaciones de sus socios que, sin confundirlas, comparten soluciones que provocan un acercamiento mutuo que homogeneiza la proyección interna y externa de ambos operadores, y esto se aprecia más que como una tendencia, como un sino, lo que nos debe llevar a una reflexión sobre la asunción de tal homogenización legislativa o la necesidad de su diferenciación para mantener la identidad.
Las cooperativas de trabajo asociado en la economía de plataformas
Authors: Villalba Sánchez Alicia
Published: July 2021

De la Cuarta Revolución Industrial han aflorado espacios virtuales donde intercambiar prestaciones de todo tipo. Las de servicios no han permanecido ajenas a este fenómeno, resultando usual encontrar ecosistemas digitales que, merced a una gestión algorítmica, fueron concebidos para organizar e incluso albergar trabajo de todo tipo. Tratándose de un entorno inédito, las relaciones concertadas en su seno han sido poco propensas a la regulación, integrándose en el vago concepto de la “economía colaborativa”. La concurrencia en ellas de trazos distintivos de otras conocidas por el ordenamiento jurídico obliga a resolver dicha confusión distinguiendo colaboración de cooperación, con el firme propósito de deslindar el espacio que la cooperativa de trabajo asociado está llamada a ocupar dentro de la economía de plataformas previniendo, a su vez, el uso espurio que de ella pudiera hacerse disimulando otras formas de prestar servicios.
Outline of the Workers Co-operative Act in Japan - Líneas generales de la Ley de cooperativas de trabajadores en Japón
Authors: Kurimoto Akira
Published: July 2021

The Japanese co-operative legislation is characterized by the separate laws that are specializing to regulate the particular categories of co-operatives and enacted in line with the industrial policies, and the strong government’s control on incorporation and business activities. The Industrial Co-operative Act of 1900 was a uniform law following the German model and provided for the legal framework of credit, supply, marketing and production2 co-operatives. After the Second World War, the allied force introduced the radical land reform as a part of economic democratization programs and helped to enact the Agricultural Co-operative Act in 1947 to cement the effects of reform through organizing farmers in agricultural co-operatives. Then, the other co-operative laws were enacted in line with industrial policies (fishery, forestry, banking, SMEs etc.) during 1948-1978.
Los requisitos para el ejercicio de la profesión de gestor de transporte en las cooperativas: el régimen español, más amplio y controvertido, que el marco general comunitario. Comentario a las SSTS, Sala 3ª, números 1235/2020 y 1236/2020, ambas de fecha 1 de octubre de 2020
Authors: Molina Hernández Cecilio , Monjas Barrena Miriam
Published: July 2021

El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis de dos sentencias del Tribunal Supremo donde se aprecia que, siguiendo el ordenamiento comunitario, la figura del gestor de transporte en el ordenamiento español cuenta con los requisitos básicos de la norma jerárquicamente superior, pero, además, se añaden otros criterios que, en ningún caso, implica una vulneración de la supremacía de la norma comunitaria ni, además, suponen un desagravio para el fomento de las cooperativas. Estos requisitos versan sobre el régimen de cotización en la Seguridad Social y la participación en el capital social que debe reunir el gestor del transporte en la sociedad en la que desarrolla sus funciones.
U.S. – China trade war as an attempt to regain global leadership
Authors: Iuniushkina Anna Sergeevna , Shapovalova Kristina Alekseevna , Katkova Evgeniya Yur'evna
Published: July 2021

Confrontation between the two most economically developed countries and the advent of coarse trade wars has disturbed the international arena in 2017. One of the causes for such contradictory relations is presidency and election campaign of Donald Trump, who actively advocated the need to change the structure of relations between the United States and China. This article is an attempt to get a grasp on the origins of contradictions, trace the chronology of the development of trade wars, and carry out a comprehensive analysis of the methods and instruments used by the governments of both countries to resolve the conflict. The key goal of this research is to determine the main causes underlying the trade-economic rivalry between China and the United States, as well as the prerequisites for the emergence of trade wars between the countries. Special attention is given to the U. S. – China contradictions during the presidency of D. Trump. Methodological framework is comprised of theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison, as well as systematic approach for examining the key challenges emerging in the trade relations between China and the United States, and mechanisms for overcoming them. In the studying the in-depth motives of the modern conflict, the authors referred to the power transition theory, which clarifies the origins of contradictions between the countries. The novelty of this work consist is consideration of the current stage of U. S.  – China trade war, which continues despite the outbreak of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion is made that the contradictions between PRC and the United States are of compound, and thus, not limited by contradictions in the trade-economic sphere, which conditions for long-run conflict.
The specificity and prospects of the current leadership of Germany in the European Union: settlement of the eurozone crisis, migration crisis and COVID-19 crisis s
Authors: Sevastianova Daria , Rustamova Leili
Published: July 2021

This article analyzes the German leadership in settlement of the three crises faced by the European Union – the eurozone crisis (2009-2015), migration crisis (2015-2020), and COVID-19 crisis (2020-2021) – in order to determine the specificity of the leadership of Germany in the EU. The conceptual approach for the analysis includes the leadership criteria offered by the German researcher Joachim Schild, which allow drawing the line between the hegemonic and non-hegemonic leadership, as well as consider the factor of legitimacy and soft power. The author also discusses the role of factors that hold back the fulfillment of the leadership potential of Germany. The novelty this research consists in application of this approach for determining the specificity of German leadership on the example of settlement of crises and challenges faced by the European Union, including the ongoing crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic. The use of case study method allows concluding that Germany, indued with, is capable to show its leadership potential only in the conditions of cooperation with France. The author believes that its successful leadership is impeded by the domestic political factors and politicization of the European agenda in the EU member-states. The relevance of drawn conclusions consists in their contribution to further analysis and forecast of the foreign policy actions of Germany aimed at settling the COVID-19 crisis and other challenges faced by the European Union at the current stage of development.
State support for self-employed citizens during the coronavirus pandemic
Authors: Kirakosyan Susana Arsenovna , Akaeva Elmira Azretovna
Published: July 2021

The subject of this research is the support measures provided by the government Russian Federation for self-employed citizens who fall under a special tax regime “tax on professional income” in the conditions of the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The experiment of implementation of a special tax regime and the adoption of measures to support self-employed population in the time of pandemic plays an important role for the Russian economy. Legalization of activity of the growing number of self-employed citizens is the indicator of awareness and the manifestation of legal culture of the Russian population, and support provided by the government testifies to their participation in well-being of the population. Successful accomplishment of the set task is reflected in the statistics – as of December 31,.2020, the number of self-employed population amounted to 1,603,638 persons, while in the beginning of the pandemic it was 563,722 persons across the Russian Federation. The authors determine the two types of state support measures: general measures for businesses and the self-employed; as well as special measures intended solely for the self-employed. The application of systematic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, and structural-functional methods, allows examining the state support measures for the self-employed within the framework of implementation of the economic function by the government. Analysis is conducted on the actual statistical data and recent amendments to the legislation. The scientific novelty and practical importance of this work lies in comprehensive examination of the key measures of provided by the government of the Russian Federation for self-employed citizens in the time of COVID-19 pandemic, as well as in comparative analysis with the measures provided in foreign countries. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of state support measures in Russia and Germany.