bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF HUMAN SERUM ON HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S. , Stock C. Chester
Published: June 2004

Aerobic Tests. Changes in pH Which Occurred during Incubation.—(a) The pH of sterile specimens of both normal and patients' sera increased, during 24 hours incubation, from 8.0–8.8 up to 9.2–9.6. (b) The pH of patients' sera, inoculated with hemolytic streptococci, progressed in the alkaline direction as did the sterile specimens. (c) The pH of normal sera, inoculated with hemolytic streptococci, pursued a variable course at lower levels than the sterile specimens. The differences in the changes in pH which occurred in streptococcidal sera and in normal controls were dependent upon and secondary to the presence or absence of killing action in the specimens.

Aerobic Tests. Effect of Different Levels of Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Adjusted at Beginning of Experiment, but Uncontrolled during Period of Incubation.—(a) The streptococcidal activity of patients' sera was inactivated when the hydrogen ion concentration of the specimens was adjusted to levels ranging from 6.4 to 7.4. The inactivation of highly potent samples of sera required a greater reduction in pH than did specimens of moderate killing activity. (b) Normal sera, adjusted to pH 9.2 or higher, exhibited a relatively slowly acting bactericidal process, which seemed to represent the toxic effect of alkalinity.

Aerobic Tests. Effect of Glutathione and Sodium Ascorbate.—The streptococcidal action of patients' sera was markedly impaired by the addition of reducing agents. The inactivation was, in general, comparable to that previously obtained under conditions of anaerobiosis. The results, suggesting that some factor pertaining to biological oxidation-reduction may influence the streptococcidal action of sera, have been discussed.

Tests Performed in Closed Jars by Means of Which Relatively Constant pH Was Maintained during the Period of Incubation.—Under the experimental conditions which were employed, the effectiveness of the streptococcidal action of patients' sera was maintained only in alkaline ranges. The most potent specimens of sera were active at lower levels of pH (7.9–8.2) than were other samples (8.4–8.8).

All of the observations reported in this article were made with a strain of hemolytic streptococcus of the beta type, which is highly sensitive to the destructive action of serum from acutely ill patients.
CHANGES IN BLOOD VESSELS (CAPILLARY FRAGILITY) WITH INFLAMMATION
Authors: Zander Ernst
Published: June 2004

Suction with a partial vacuum of –70 mm. Hg applied to normal skin of rabbits causes intracutaneous hemorrhage after an average time of 8 minutes.

Inflammation produced by various agents, including turpentine, killed streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci or meningococci, and filtrates from cultures of meningococci or typhoid bacilli, produces a series of changes that are almost uniform.

Immediately after injection of the irritant there is greatly increased resistance to the production of hemorrhage by suction so that the time required may be from ½ hour to almost 2 hours. This increased resistance to suction applied to the surface of the skin is doubtless caused by contraction of blood vessels following injection of the irritant.

The period of increased resistance is soon followed by diminished resistance of the vascular walls so that hemorrhage after 12 to 24 hours following injection occurs within from 1 to 4 minutes of suction.

The subsequent course of events varies; resistance of the vascular wall to suction, designated for convenience capillary fragility, may return to normal after from 2 to 9 days (observed with turpentine, streptococcus), or for several days may considerably exceed this level (observed with staphylococcus, pneumococcus), or may remain at a low level for a week or more (observed with tuberculin).

With inflammation in a sensitized animal (allergic inflammation) the preliminary period of resistance may be diminished and the appearance of capillary fragility hastened, so that hemorrhage occurs after 2 minutes of suction applied 6 hours after injection, and later it may fall to an even lower level (observed with hemolytic streptococci in sensitized animals).

The preparatory injection of toxic substances, such as meningococcus or typhoid filtrate, used in the production of the Shwartzman phenomenon, causes inflammation with injury of small blood vessels indicated by susceptibility to hemorrhage with suction. It is probable that subsequent intravenous injection causes hemorrhage by further injury to these injured blood vessels.
THE CALCIUM CONTENT OF THE KIDNEY AS RELATED TO PARATHYROID FUNCTION
Authors: Donohue William , Spingarn Clifford , Pappenheimer Alwin M. ,   With the Assistance of Nancy Downes
Published: June 2004

Partial nephrectomy in rats leads to an increase in the calcium content of the residual renal tissue.

This increase is correlated with enlargement of the parathyroid glands, the degree depending upon the severity of the kidney lesions.

Early removal of the parathyroid glands almost completely prevents this increase in kidney calcium.
PROTHROMBIN DEFICIENCY AND THE BLEEDING TENDENCY IN LIVER INJURY (CHLOROFORM INTOXICATION)
Authors: Smith H. P. , Warner E. D. , Brinkhous K. M.
Published: June 2004

The bleeding tendency in acute chloroform intoxication is due to deficiency in both plasma fibrinogen and plasma prothrombin. If the disorder is mild, no bleeding occurs. However, the prothrombin falls to rather low levels, although the fibrinogen falls only moderately.

A bleeding tendency may also be produced by giving small repeated doses of chloroform. In such experiments, the hemorrhagic tendency is due to a deficiency in prothrombin alone. The fibrinogen level is unaffected.

The relation of the liver injury to the plasma prothrombin level indicates that the liver is concerned in the manufacture of prothrombin. Prothrombin formation appears to be more easily interfered with than does fibrinogen formation.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory , Morell S. A.
Published: June 2004

Several physicochemical properties of the active principles of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates have been investigated.

Ultrafiltration through Zsigmondy filters of graded porosities has shown that the active substances are retained by membranes finer than 100 to 120 seconds, whereas coarser ones readily permit their passage. The average porosity of this filtration end-point represents a particle size of about 50 to 100 mµ.

When fractionally precipitated with ammonium sulfate, most of the activity of a culture filtrate was concentrated in the two-thirds saturated portion.

Isoelectric properties were studied by means of capillary analysis and cataphoresis. At pH 3.0 and below, the substances suspended in the culture filtrates migrated to the cathode; activity in this chamber, however, could not be demonstrated. At pH 4.0 and above, reversal to the anode occurred, as the active materials became negatively charged and readily migrated to this chamber. The isoelectric point, therefore, was considered to be between pH 3.0 and 4.0.

Preliminary experiments on adsorption, extraction, and pH stability have been described.
THE RÔLE OF THE THYROID IN THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL OF RABBITS
Authors: Turner Kenneth B. , Present Clara H. , Bidwell Emily H.
Published: June 2004

1. The blood cholesterol of rabbits on a normal diet without added cholesterol is increased only slightly (19 per cent) by thyroidectomy.

2. In rabbits with a hypercholesterolemia due to long continued cholesterol feeding, thyroidectomy causes a marked rise (137 per cent) in the blood cholesterol. This rise is usually maintained.

3. When long continued cholesterol feeding has failed to cause a rise in the blood cholesterol of rabbits, thyroidectomy abolishes this resistance and a hypercholesterolemia is promptly produced.

4. A single injection of thyroxin causes a significant drop in the blood cholesterol of rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. This reaction is not influenced by thyroidectomy.

5. Potassium iodide causes an increase in the blood cholesterol of rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. This reaction is not influenced by thyroidectomy in contrast to the effect of KI in preventing a rise in blood cholesterol when given concurrently from the beginning of cholesterol feeding, an effect which is abolished by thyroidectomy. It is suggested that two different mechanisms are involved.

6. A single injection of insulin produces a fall in the blood cholesterol of rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. If anything, thyroidectomy increases the magnitude of this effect.
THE PRESERVATION OF VIRULENT TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND TREPONEMA PERTENUE IN THE FROZEN STATE; WITH A NOTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF FILTRABLE VIRUSES
Authors: Turner Thomas B.
Published: June 2004

1. A simple method for freezing and maintaining tissue specimens in a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and 95 per cent ethyl alcohol at a temperature approximating –78°C. is described.

2. When frozen and maintained at this temperature Treponema pallidum and Treponema pertenue, upon thawing, exhibited normal morphology and motility and their virulence for rabbits was not appreciably altered after periods of at least 1 year. This applied to a number of different strains of each organism. The infectivity of material in which treponemes were scant was maintained as well as of material in which they were abundant.

3. At temperatures of –10°C. and –20°C. syphilis treponemes did not survive as long as 2 months. Death of the organism occurred not at the time of freezing but during the maintenance period.

4. Treponemes did not commonly survive freezing and desiccation, although one lot of dried material which contained T. pallidum was infective for rabbits 1 day after desiccation.

5. The viruses of human influenza, yellow fever, and spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice when frozen and maintained at –78°C. showed substantially the same titer after 6 months as before freezing.

6. Certain practical applications of the method are suggested.
INDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE BLOOD TO INDOL
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Miller D. K.
Published: June 2004

1. Indol, orally administered, causes anemia when certain deficient diets are fed.

2. The same amount of indol causes no considerable hematologic disturbance when normal diets are fed.

3. The anemia can be cured by supplementing the diet with liver extract, or by substituting a normal diet for the deficient diet.

4. Neither the diet alone nor the administration of indol alone produces marked anemia under the experimental conditions observed.
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF A PAPILLOMA VIRUS ON THE TARRED SKIN OF RABBITS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

The Shope papilloma virus elicits carcinomas forthwith, as well as papillomas in great variety, when it is distributed by way of the blood stream to the tarred epidermis of domestic rabbits.

The phenomenon will be analyzed in succeeding papers with the aid of additional instances.
THE ABSENCE FROM THE URINE OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA PATIENTS OF A MOSQUITO GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN NORMAL URINE
Authors: Trager W. , Miller D. K. , Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

Extracts prepared from the urine of normal persons or patients with aplastic anemia or leukemia contain a substance, possibly flavine or a flavine compound, which under suitable conditions of test enhances the growth of larvae of the mosquito, Aëdes aegypti. This substance is lacking, or is present in much smaller amount, in extracts from the urine of pernicious anemia patients showing symptoms of the disease. Extracts from the urine of the same patients after adequate treatment contain as much of the substance as normal urine extracts.
THE METABOLISM OF LUNG TISSUE IN EXPERIMENTAL LOBAR PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Friedemann Theodore E. , Graeser James B.
Published: June 2004

The metabolism of infected and uninfected lung tissues was determined at various stages of experimental lobar pneumococcus pneumonia in dogs. Analyses of tissues and analyses of the blood entering and leaving the lungs indicate a fairly normal aerobic metabolism of the tissue throughout the course of the infection.
THE COURSE OF VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT PAPILLOMAS AS DETERMINED BY VIRUS, CELLS, AND HOST
Authors: Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

An experimental analysis of the factors responsible for the observed differences in the course of virus-induced papillomas of the rabbit has shown that some are referable to the virus, others to the cells, and yet others to host influences. The interplay of these factors affords enlightening illustration of the nature of the cell-virus relationship in virus-induced tumors. Retrogression of the rabbit papillomas appears to be consequent on a generalized resistance of host origin, elicited by and directed against the proliferating, virus-infected cells.
A STABLE HEMOLYSIN-LEUCOCIDIN AND ITS CRYSTAL-LINE DERIVATIVE ISOLATED FROM BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Czarnetzky E. J. , Morgan Isabel M. , Mudd Stuart
Published: June 2004

1. A chemically pure hemolysin-leucocidin has been isolated from ß hemolytic streptococci, but not from other species of bacteria studied.

2. It does not give rise to antibodies, but precipitates immune sera against hemolytic streptococci, and is therefore a hapten.

3. A highly purified sample of S. H. up to a dilution of 1:128,000 hemolyzes red blood cells. Its hemolytic activity is not specifically neutralized by antiserum versus ß hemolytic streptococci. It is leucocidic in that it inhibits the reduction of methylene blue by leucocytes.

4. The hemolysin-leucocidin is stable to oxygen, to heat and to moderate changes in hydrogen ion concentration. Its chemical structure has been determined in part. Its molecular weight is 2260.

5. A crystalline derivative has been isolated as the sodium salt from the hemolysin-leucocidin. As the free acid it has a molecular weight of 720. Its hemolytic and leucocidic activity parallels that of S. H., although it is not serologically active. It possesses a high degree of toxicity for mice and rabbits.
UTERINE ADENOMATA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. , Saxton John A.
Published: June 2004

83 cases of an adenomatous tumor of the uterine mucosa have been observed in a colony of rabbits during the past 4 years The results of a clinical and pathological study of the tumor, together with a description of transplantation experiments are included in the present report.

The clinical histories of tumor bearing animals are similar in all cases. Discovery of the tumor is preceded by a long period of reproductive disturbance, and its subsequent course is one of slow, continuous growth which has terminated in death with metastasis in all animals held under observation for longer than 1 year.

Microscopically, the tumor shows an atypical alveolar structure, and its characteristics closely resemble those of an adenocarcinoma of the uterine fundus in women. Pathological changes similar to those observed in mice after treatment with estrogenic substances occur in the thyroid, suprarenal, pituitary and mammary glands.

Intraocular transplantation of the tumor has been successful, and at the present time the growth has been carried through 6 generations by serial transfer.
SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF INFECTION WITH HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN SWINE
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Antibodies capable of neutralizing human influenza virus were present in the sera of old swine on two New Jersey institution farms, but absent from the sera of young swine on the same farms. The old animals had lived through the winter of 1936–37 in which outbreaks of upper respiratory tract disease were prevalent among the human inmates of the two institutions, while the young swine studied were born long after these outbreaks. It is believed that the swine whose sera neutralized human influenza virus had undergone an unrecognized human influenza virus infection acquired from man. The possible bearing of these observations upon the theory that swine influenza was originally of human origin is discussed.
ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULAR NEPHRITIS IN RABBITS: A CORRELATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES
Authors: Ehrich William E. , Wolf Richard E. , Bartol George M.
Published: June 2004

It has been shown in this paper that structural and functional changes in acute glomerular nephritis in rabbits produced by nephrotoxins by the method of Masugi are the same as those found in human glomerular nephritis. The morbid anatomy is characterized by glomerular cell proliferation, and in some cases by deposition of fibrin and crescent formation of the glomeruli and by fatty changes of the tubules. The functional changes are: oliguria, proteinuria, hematuria, cylindruria, edema, rise in blood urea, and according to Masugi (1933, 1934) and Smadel (1936, 1937), rise in blood pressure, lipuria, and fall in urea clearance and plasma proteins. As we are unaware of any discrepancies between the experimentally induced disease and human nephritis, the conclusion follows that the two so closely resemble each other that they appear to be identical.

As to the pathogenesis, it has been shown that the disease begins with a period of latency. This is characterizied anatomically by hyperemia of the glomeruli; and functionally, in at least a number of cases, by an increased diuresis. It follows, therefore, that the theory of Volhard, according to which glomerular nephritis is caused by arteriolar spasms, can no longer be maintained. It has further been demonstrated that proliferation of glomerular cells is the typical lesion, and that deposition of fibrin and crescent formation occur only in certain cases, and in these only in a widely varying number of glomeruli. As crescents are found as early as the proliferation itself, it follows that they should not be regarded as pathognomonic of the subacute phase, but that they represent a complication which probably aggravates the disease.

As to correlation of morphological and functional changes, it has been demonstrated that oliguria, marked proteinuria and diminished excretion of cyanol appear at the time when the glomerular changes are at their peak. Evidence has been presented that the oliguria and the decrease in cyanol excretion in acute glomerular nephritis are chiefly the result of the glomerular damage. It has further been demonstrated that the excretion of azofuchsin was unchanged, except for a diminution in the rabbit which at autopsy showed a marked fatty change of the tubules. We regard these observations as evidence, that, in acute glomerular nephritis in rabbits, glomeruli and tubules may function independently of each other.
BILE AND BLOOD PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AS INFLUENCED BY BLOOD DESTRUCTION IN NORMAL AND BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: Wright A. , Hawkins W. B.
Published: June 2004

Destruction of large amounts of red cells in normal and bile fistula dogs by means of acetyl phenylhydrazine causes no significant alterations of the blood plasma but there is some decrease in the bile cholesterol.

During Bartonella canis infection the splenectomized bile fistula dog periodically breaks down large quantities of red cells with slight decrease in the plasma cholesterol and marked decrease in the bile cholesterol.

In the periods of blood regeneration following such acute anemias there are no significant alterations in the values for plasma or bile cholesterol.
IMMUNITY OF MICE FOLLOWING SUBCUTANEOUS VACCINATION WITH ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

1. Susceptible mice injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with 15,000 intracerebral lethal doses of St. Louis encephalitis virus develop an immunity in 4 to 7 days to 1,000 to 1,000,000 lethal doses given either intracerebrally or intranasally.

2. This immunity persists 4 to 6 weeks, then decreases gradually and disappears after 8 to 12 weeks.

3. More than 1,000 intracerebral doses of virus given as a vaccine do not materially increase the amount or duration of the immunity; less than 1,000 doses give little or no immunity.

4. Test virus injected intracerebrally into immunized mice induces few lesions and is rapidly destroyed; instilled intranasally, it rarely reaches the olfactory lobes or brain.

5. While immunity is maximum, circulating neutralizing antibodies are not detectable. Moreover, the immunity is not affected by endothelial cell blockade or by splenectomy.

6. A few moments after the immunizing virus is given, it can be recovered from the blood in relatively high concentration. After 24 hours, the blood no longer contains demonstrable virus nor do any organs thus far tested except the spleen. The brain and cord remain entirely normal. The spleen, however, becomes enlarged and harbors virus for as long as 30 days.
IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS AGAINST LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS WITH FORMOLIZED TISSUE VACCINES
Authors: Traub Erich
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs can be immunized against lymphocytic choriomeningitis by 2 or 3 injections with formolized vaccines prepared from a variety of infected guinea pig tissues. Vaccines prepared from the consolidated areas of diseased lungs gave the best results. The immunity produced was partial in the majority of the cases, in that the vaccinated animals as a rule showed fever after the test of immunity and virus was present in the circulation during the febrile period.

Vaccines prepared from infected mouse tissue had no, or very little, immunizing power for guinea pigs, even when prior to formolization they contained at least as much virus as guinea pig tissue vaccines. This failure to immunize appears to be due to the interference by heterologous antigens, since the immunity induced by homologous vaccines was often inhibited when formolized normal mouse tissue suspensions treated in the same manner as the guinea pig tissue vaccines were added to the latter before inoculation. The inhibitory effect of the heterologous tissue was less marked when it was not mixed with the vaccine but injected simultaneously on the opposite side of the body.

The immunizing power of homologous vaccines did not parallel their virus content prior to formolization.

A high degree of immunity, characterized by protective antibodies in the serum, was produced in some guinea pigs by prolonged treatment with large doses of homologous vaccine, while sera of guinea pigs vaccinated in the ordinary manner contained no detectable neutralizing antibodies. It is possible, therefore, that the immunity produced by inactive virus differs only quantitatively from that induced by an infection.
AN UNIDENTIFIED VIRUS PRODUCING ACUTE MENINGITIS AND PNEUMONITIS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P.
Published: June 2004

An infectious agent is described which belongs apparently to the class of filtrable viruses, but which, on the basis of the evidence at hand, is not to be identified with any virus previously described.

The virus has multiple tropisms and is pathogenic for mice, ferrets, and monkeys of both M. rhesus and M. cynomolgos species. Intranasal infection of mice and ferrets causes extensive pneumonic lesions of fatal severity. Intracerebral inoculation of the virus produces in monkeys a lymphocytic choriomeningitis from which the animal recovers, while in mice a rapidly fatal choriomeningitis is produced. Fatal paralysis occurs in a moderate proportion of mice which receive the virus by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous routes, while the remainder become immune to the intracerebral test but not to the intranasal test. Subcutaneous inoculation of mice, monkeys, ferrets, rabbits, and guinea pigs causes local granulomatous induration of the skin with enlargement of the regional lymph nodes.

The virus was repeatedly recovered in 1936 from ferrets inoculated with throat washings of patients suffering from an epidemic disease clinically indistinguishable from epidemic influenza. It is impossible, however, to conclude whether the virus is of ferret or human origin.

Although possessing many features in common with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis and the virus of lymphogranuloma inguinale, cross immunity tests have failed to yield any evidence that the new agent is immunologically related to either of the aforementioned viruses.

For purposes of identification the name virus of acute meningopneumonitis is suggested.
THE EFFECT OF THE PULSE UPON THE FORMATION AND FLOW OF LYMPH
Authors: Parsons Robert J. , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

The ears of rabbits were perfused with defibrinated rabbit's blood in such a way that pulsation could be imparted to the perfusate or withheld from it at will. In the absence of pulsation there was almost no lymph flow, whereas when it was present lymph flow was rapid despite the fact that the "systolic" pressure of the perfusate never exceeded the constant pressure in the non-pulsatile instances and the volume flow was far less.

Non-pulsatile perfusion led to a slight flow of lymph in ears that were becoming edematous, whereas when it was pulsatile the lymph flow was enormous.

The pulse exercises an influence to move fluid into the lymphatics and along them.
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

A catarrhal reaction manifested by a coryza and a pneumonia of characteristic pathology was regularly produced in mice by the nasal instillation of vaccinia virus. Inoculation into embryonated eggs indicated that the virus entered the circulation as early as the 2nd day after injection.

The vaccinial catarrh was readily transmissible by the passage of nasal exudate but not by contact. Dosage was important in establishing the virus in the nasal passages, the limiting dilution being approximately 10–3 of an egg membrane suspension (at least 1000 times the amount required to infect an embryonated egg).

The morbidity rate was variable but in general high, reaching 70 per cent in 2 groups of 50 mice. An immunity which was effective against reinfection for several months but ultimately declined was attendant on recovery. The amount of virus required to produce this immunity was significantly less than the infective dosage.
A PYOGENIC FILTERABLE AGENT IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Woglom William H. , Warren Joel
Published: June 2004

A filterable agent resembling the viruses is described. It was encountered in sarcoma 39, a propagable neoplasm of the white rat, and has now been maintained in this species for 28 passages over a period of some 7 months without appreciable loss in virulence. Its chief effect is the production of large abscesses in an animal species comparatively resistant both to viral diseases and suppuration. The white mouse is more susceptible than the white rat, the rabbit less so, and the guinea pig highly resistant.

The agent has been repeatedly recovered from sarcoma 39 treated in special ways, but under the ordinary circumstances of routine transplantation it does not manifest itself. As yet there is no certainty on where it came from or how it maintains itself under natural conditions.
CELLULAR REACTIONS TO POLYSACCHARIDES FROM TUBERCLE BACILLI AND FROM PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sabin F. R. , Joyner A. L. , Smithburn K. C.
Published: June 2004

1. Purified tuberculo-polysaccharides are relatively innocuous both to normal and to tuberculous guinea pigs.

2. Both tuberculo-polysaccharides and polysaccharides from pneumococci call larger numbers of leucocytes from the blood vessels than do saline and dextrose and trehalose.

3. The mechanisms controlling the delivery of lymphocytes and neutrophils into the blood stream are different.

4. Slight irritation of the peritoneal lining slows the delivery of lymphocytes to the blood stream.

5. There are two phases in the reaction of the bone marrow to intraperitoneal injections. Correlated with the draining of neutrophils from vessels to tissues, owing to the presence of foreign materials in the latter, there is a draining of young neutrophils from the marrow into the sinuses of the marrow as these same materials reach the sinuses. The subsequent disintegration of the neutrophils extravasated into the tissues is correlated with increased myeloid activity in the marrow.
ULTRACENTRIFUGATION STUDIES ON THE ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Pickels Edward G. , Shedlovsky Theodore
Published: June 2004

Ultracentrifugal studies of the CL dermal strain of vaccine virus warrant the following conclusions:

1. When suspended in increasing concentrations of sucrose, glycerol, or urea solutions, elementary bodies of vaccinia show variations in sedimentation rate which indicate changes in the density or size of the particles. For a given change in the density of the medium these changes are smallest with sucrose and most marked with urea. The normal rate of sedimentation of Paschen bodies may be restored by resuspending them in dilute buffer solution.

2. The density of elementary bodies of vaccinia suspended in dilute buffer solutions is estimated to be 1.16 gm. per cc. Higher values for the density are found if the particles are suspended in solutions containing sucrose, glycerol, or urea. In 53 per cent sucrose, for example, the density is 1.25 gm. per cc.

3. Paschen bodies appear to be quite permeable to water and urea, less so to glycerol, and only slightly, if at all, to sucrose.

4. The increased density of the elementary bodies of vaccinia in sucrose solutions may be accounted for by an osmotic extraction of water from the particles. On this basis the water which can be thus extracted corresponds to at least a third of the original volume of the particles.
THE LYMPHATIC PATHWAY FROM THE NOSE AND PHARYNX
Authors: Yoffey Joseph M. , Drinker Cecil K.
Published: June 2004

1. In the monkey, dog, cat, and rabbit the cervical lymph duct was cannulated, and then a solution of T-1824, or trypan blue, or a fine graphite suspension, all in physiological saline, was dropped into the nose. T-1824 was used in all four animals, trypan blue in the cat and dog, the graphite suspension (Hydrokollag) in the cat alone.

2. No Hydrokollag was ever found in the cervical lymph.

3. Trypan blue and T-1824 appear in the cervical lymph 15 to 30 minutes after being placed in the nose of the cat and monkey, 51 to 53 minutes in the dog, and 14 minutes in the rabbit.

4. T-1824 and trypan blue were also absorbed from the nose directly into the blood.

5. Neither the dyes nor the Hydrokollag, though left in the nose for as long as 6 hours, were found to pass through the cribriform plate and reach the interior of the cranium.

6. In the monkey cervical lymph passes through a chain of five or more lymph nodes, in the rabbit frequently through two nodes, in the cat through one node except in rare instances, and in the dog through one node.
TUBERCULAR ALLERGY WITHOUT INFECTION
Authors: Sabin Florence R. , Joyner Austin L.
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs can be rendered hypersensitive to tuberculo-protein by small, repeated, intradermal injections of active tuberculo-protein.

2. The addition of tuberculo-phosphatide to the protein speeds up the process of sensitization and enhances it so that the reactions become indurated and necrotic, closely simulating those of the disease.

3. Active tuberculo-proteins induce a new formation of monocytes and some epithelioid cells. The addition of phosphatide to the protein brings about a massive formation of epithelioid cells.

4. With the increased cellular reaction to the mixed injections may be correlated the increase in the speed and intensity of the sensitization.

5. The intradermal route is the best for these sensitizations, probably because it provides the greatest dose per cell of the sensitizing agent.

6. The degree of sensitization artificially obtainable by the synergistic action of tuberculo-phosphatide and tuberculo-protein is quite comparable to the degree of sensitization naturally occurring in tuberculous animals; moreover, this degree of sensitization may be induced with amounts of the materials from the bacilli which could conceivably be present in the tissues of an infected host.
THE PRODUCTION BY A NEW METHOD OF RENAL INSUFFICIENCY AND HYPERTENSION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Drury D. R.
Published: June 2004

A simple method is described for the production of renal insufficiency in rabbits by limiting the blood flow through one kidney and later removing the other. Renal insufficiency of any desired degree of severity can be obtained.

The limitation of blood flow should be produced by allowing the artery to grow up to the size of a loop of thread laid around it when the rabbit is small. Attempts to reduce the blood flow by constricting the renal artery in the adult rabbit usually result in necrosis of the kidney.

The induction of renal insufficiency is usually followed by loss of weight and disturbance of the equilibrium apparatus. Hemorrhages into the intestinal wall and into the lumen of the intestine are frequent.

A moderate degree of anemia, as judged from hematocrit readings, comes on very rapidly after reduction in total kidney mass. The total red blood cell volume seems to assume a new and lower level which is maintained for a long time.

Hypertension is present before the right kidney ablation and becomes more severe after this operation.

A certain degree of hypertension can be produced in adult rabbits by moderate restriction of renal blood flow of one kidney. The severity of this is increased by removal of the other kidney.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH A VIRUS CAUSING PAPILLOMAS IN RABBITS
Authors: Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

The sera of rabbits bearing virus-induced papillomas have been found to bind complement when mixed with antigens consisting of extracts or filtrates of the growths containing the virus. The sera of normal rabbits, of those immune to other viruses (vaccinia, herpes, fibroma, myxoma), of rabbits with syphilis, or of those with papillomas consequent on tarring, did not fix complement upon admixture with the papilloma antigens.

The complement-binding antibody was present in the serum specimens in the same relative proportions as the virus-neutralizing antibody, and both were present in greatest amount in the sera of rabbits that had borne large papillomas over considerable periods of time. A few sera were come upon that neutralized small amounts of the virus yet failed to bind complement to any noteworthy degree in the tests.

The sera of cottontail rabbits fixed complement and neutralized the virus in much higher titer than the sera of domestic rabbits with comparable growths.

The implications of the findings will be discussed in a subsequent paper, after the properties of the complement-binding antigen have been scrutinized.
INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRACEREBRAL ROUTES IN SERUM PROTECTION TESTS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Harford Carl G.
Published: June 2004

Minute amounts of antiserum injected intraperitoneally protect against large doses of equine encephalomyelitis virus given intramuscularly or intraperitoneally in 12 to 15 day old mice. Antiserum given intraperitoneally with virus intracerebrally or intranasally results in little or no protection. These phenomena occur as well when serum-virus mixtures are injected at the different sites. The marked variation of the protective capacity of antiserum as thus displayed would appear to be dependent upon the differing pathways of progression of the virus from the site of injection to the central nervous system.
STUDIES ON THE NASAL HISTOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE FERRET
Authors: Francis Thomas , Stuart-Harris C. H.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the nasal histology in normal ferrets and in ferrets during and after infection with epidemic influenza virus. During the acute stage of infection the respiratory epithelium of the nasal mucous membrane undergoes necrosis with desquamation of the superficial cells and exudation into the air passages, and an inflammatory reaction occurs in the submucosa. Repair begins on the 4th day after infection, and from the 6th to the 14th day the respiratory area is covered successively by a transitional, a stratified squamous, and finally a stratified columnar epithelium. By the 21st day after infection the epithelium has been largely restored to normal but repair in the submucosa and cartilage is still in progress. The respiratory mucosa is substantially normal in structure 1 month after infection although minor abnormalities of cellular arrangement and type can still be distinguished.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN DOUBLE ZONE BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI IN THE UDDER OF THE COW
Authors: Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

Human strains of double zone beta hemolytic streptococci produced mastitis in 11 quarters of 4 young cows. Following the acute phase of the infection, the streptococci were eliminated from 6 quarters at various intervals. However, sufficient positive infections were maintained throughout the period of observation to show that the human strains can produce the same degree of infection as bovine double zone beta hemolytic streptococci.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Grabar Pierre , Treffers Henry P.
Published: June 2004

1. Tested quantitatively, antibody recovered by dissociation of specific precipitates from antipneumococcus sera reacts with homologous polysaccharide almost as does the antibody in the original sera.

2. The dissociation methods employed appear to yield a portion of all of the anticarbohydrates of differing reactivities in the sera, rather than a fraction of low or high reactivity.

3. The reversible inactivation of purified pneumococcus anticarbohydrate by formaldehyde is confirmed, and the failure of data on the formaldehyde-antibody reaction to permit a choice between alternative theories of specific precipitation is shown.
VASCULARIZATION OF THE CORNEA OF THE RAT IN RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY, WITH A NOTE ON CORNEAL VASCULARIZATION IN VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Authors: Bessey O. A. , Wolbach S. B.
Published: June 2004

Vascularization of the cornea of the rat in the absence of antecedent pathology is probably a specific and the most reliable criterion of riboflavin deficiency.

Its initiation and repair may be used for testing the biological activity of compounds structurally related to riboflavin.

The facts that the invading capillaries are easily visible in the living animal and that the growth and regression of the blood vessels are under dietary control and for a considerable period of time unaccompanied by other pathological reactions, make this method very suitable for the study of problems related to capillary growth.

We believe that the best hypothesis in explanation is that the vascularization is a response to asphyxia of the tunica propria.
THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kabat Elvin A.
Published: June 2004

1. Highly purified preparations of homogeneous antibody can be made by the salt dissociation methods (6, 7) without any change in sedimentation due to the method of purification.

2. Antibodies prepared from sera of various animal species fall into two groups as regards molecular weight; in one group cow, horse, and pig, a heavy molecule of molecular weight 990,000 is formed; in human being, rabbit, and monkey, the molecular size is that of the normal γ serum globulin. Both types of antibody molecules are either not compact or not spherical since the frictional ratios f/f0 are 2.0 and 1.5 respectively.

3. Horse antibody shows an unchanged activity and sedimentation diagram between pH 3.44–9.06, although there is some aggregation at the more acid and some dissociation at the more alkaline pH. At pH 1.44 the antibody activity is unchanged but some breakdown of the molecule takes place. At pH 12.4 activity is destroyed and the molecule is completely broken down.

4. Some horse antibody preparations show evidence of breakdown of the antibody into inhomogeneous material on continued immunization over a long period.
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF IMMUNE SERA AND PURIFIED ANTIBODY PREPARATIONS
Authors: Tiselius Arne , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: June 2004

1. Antibody produced in the horse migrates as a new serum component between the ß and γ components, whereas rabbit antibody is electrophoretically identical with the γ globulin component of the serum.

2. In rabbit and monkey antisera the percentage of antibody in the serum and in the γ globulin fraction can be determined by integration of the electrophoresis diagrams of unabsorbed and absorbed sera. Antibody solutions of high purity can be obtained by electrophoretic isolation of the γ globulin of rabbit antisera in which the percentage of antibody to total γ globulin is high.

3. The isoelectric points of pig, cow, horse, and rabbit antibodies have been determined.

4. In horse sera prolonged immunization is accompanied by the formation of another antibody component of lower mobility.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE EYE TO IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Woods Alan C. , Campbell Alexander D.
Published: June 2004

Three experiments are reported in which an attempt has been made to determine the extent to which the eye participates in the general resistance which develops in rabbits during the course of syphilitic infection. Rabbits treated with arsphenamine well after the period when they would be expected to be immune to intratesticular or intracutaneous inoculations were reinoculated with the homologous strain of T. pallidum, the organisms being injected into either the cornea itself or the anterior chamber. Altogether in the three experiments 43 presumably immune animals were injected, 25 into the cornea itself and 18 into the anterior chamber. 41 normal animals were used as controls. In the immune animals 27 or 62 per cent showed lesions in the cornea. 14 of the 43 test animals were inoculated simultaneously in the cornea and in the skin of the back. In 9 of these 14, lesions developed in the cornea although no lesions developed in the skin.

The lesions developing in the corneas of the "immune" animals had a longer incubation period on the average, were often of longer duration, and in some instances were more severe than the lesions developing in the control animals. In the case of some animals, also, they showed a greater tendency to recur. The immediate reactions in both the normal and the "immune" animals were entirely comparable and there was no evidence of an accelerated reaction in the test animals.

It is concluded that the eye of the syphilitic rabbit does not share to the same extent as other tissues in the general resistant state which develops in that animal during the course of syphilitic infection. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.
A SPREADING FACTOR IN CERTAIN SNAKE VENOMS AND ITS RELATION TO THEIR MODE OF ACTION
Authors: Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

The venom of several species of poisonous snakes acts to spread India ink through the skin as do the spreading factors procurable from certain tissues and elaborated by invasive bacteria. The factor is most abundant in the venom of the Viperidae (rattlesnake) family and relatively scant in the venom of Colubridae proteroglypha (cobra) family, and it is absent from toad venom. Extracts of the supralabial glands of harmless snakes contain only negligible amounts of the factor.

Rattlesnake venom heated at 65° to 100° loses a large proportion of its toxicity but retains the ability to spread ink.

Rattlesnake venom that has lost its toxicity on standing or on heating markedly enhances the infection produced by bacterial or virus suspension in the rabbit skin.

Antivenine serum inactivates both the toxic and spreading factors of venom.
STUDIES ON ANTIBACTERIAL IMMUNITY INDUCED BY ARTIFICIAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Goebel Walther F.
Published: June 2004

1. An artificial antigen containing the azobenzyl glycoside of cellobiuronic acid gives rise in rabbits to antibodies which: (a) give the Neufeld reaction and agglutinate Type III pneumococci, (b) confer passive protection on mice against infection with Types II, III, and VIII pneumococci.

2. Rabbits immunized with the artificial cellobiuronic acid antigen acquire active resistance to infection with virulent Type III pneumococci.

3. The antibodies evoked by an antigen containing the azobenzyl glycoside of cellobiose exhibit none of these phenomena.
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO SWINE INFLUENZA
Authors: Rosenbusch Carlos T. , Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Antibodies that neutralize swine influenza virus became detectible in the serum of swine on the 6th or 7th day after infection with swine influenza. Their appearance corresponded rather closely with clinical recovery. In swine with the milder filtrate disease, neutralizing antibodies did not appear until sometime between the 7th and 10th days. The maximum antibody titers ranged from 1:60 to 1:160 and were attained on from the 14th to the 27th days after infection.
CAUSES OF THE CESSATION OF GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS CULTIVATED IN EMBRYO JUICE
Authors: Baker Lillian E.
Published: June 2004

Experiments designed to ascertain the reason for the cessation of growth of heart fibroblasts when they are cultivated in a plasma coagulum with embryo juice as nutrient fluid have shown that it is due, first, to the gradual removal of serum from the coagulum, and second, to an insufficient supply of embryo juice. In a medium containing embryo extract at 66 per cent concentration and serum at 8 per cent concentration, growth continued until the entire coagulum in a 3½ cm. flask was covered with tissue. The serum is needed to furnish additional nutriment, and also to prevent digestion of the coagulum.
THE ENHANCING EFFECT OF AZOPROTEINS ON THE LESIONS PRODUCED BY VACCINE VIRUS, THE SHOPE FIBROMA VIRUS, AND THE AGENT TRANSMITTING CHICKEN TUMOR I
Authors: Claude Albert
Published: June 2004

It is known that azoprotein solutions, like testicular extracts, possess the property of causing particles to spread through the dermis. The present work shows that azoproteins exhibit, like testicular extract, the power to increase the size of virus lesions in the skin of rabbits, and the size of tumors in chickens. The results indicate that the extent of the lesion is roughly proportional to the spreading power of the solution. This suggests that the spread of the infective material, over a larger area of skin, is directly responsible for the enhancing effect.

The production of extensive lesions by means of spreading agents may have a practical value when large amounts of working material are needed.