bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boost the Circularly Polarized Phosphorescence of Chiral Organometallic Platinum Complexes by Hierarchical Assembly into Fibrillar Networks
Authors: Gong Zhong‐Liang , Dan Ti‐Xiong , Chen Jian‐Cheng , Li Zhong‐Qiu , Yao Jiannian , Zhong Yu‐Wu
Published: April 2024

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)‐active molecular materials have drawn increasing attention due to their promising applications for next‐generation display and optoelectronic technologies. Currently, it is challenging to obtain CPL materials with both large luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and high quantum yield (Φ). A pair of enantiomeric N N C‐type Pt(II) complexes (L/D)‐1 modified with chiral Leucine methyl ester are presented herein. Though the solutions of these complexes are CPL‐inactive, the spin‐coated thin films of (L/D)‐1 exhibit giantly‐amplified circularly polarized phosphorescences with |glum| of 0.53 at 560 nm and Φair of ~50 %, as well as appealing circular dichroism (CD) signals with the maximum absorption dissymmetry factor |gabs| of 0.37–0.43 at 480 nm. This superior CPL performance benefits from the hierarchical formation of crystalline fibrillar networks upon spin coating. Comparative studies of another pair of chiral Pt(II) complexes (L/D)‐2 with a symmetric N C N coordination mode suggest that the asymmetric N N C coordination of (L/D)‐1 are favorable for the efficient exciton delocalization to amplify the CPL performance. Optical applications of the thin films of (L/D)‐1 in CPL‐contrast imaging and inducing CP light generation from achiral emitters and common light‐emitting diode lamps have been successfully realized.
A Nonlinear Photochromic Reaction Based on Sensitizer‐Free Triplet–Triplet Annihilation in a Perylene‐Substituted Rhodamine Spirolactam
Authors: Kawai Genki , Nagai Yuki , Tsuji Kanna , Okayasu Yoshinori , Abe Jiro , Kobayashi Yoichi
Published: April 2024

Nonlinear photochromic reactions that work with weak incoherent light are important for molecular operations with high spatial resolution and multiple photofunctions based on single molecules. However, nonlinear photochromic compounds generally require complex molecular design, restricting accessibility in various fields. Herein, we report nonlinear photochromic properties in a perylene‐substituted rhodamine spirolactam derivative (Rh−Pe), which is synthesized from rhodamine B in facile procedures. Direct excitation of Rh−Pe produces the triplet excited state via the charge‐transfer (CT) state. The triplet excited state causes triplet–triplet annihilation to bring the generation of the intensely colored ring‐open form with nonlinear behavior. Furthermore, green‐ and red‐light‐induced photochromism was achieved in Rh−Pe using triplet sensitizers, although Rh−Pe can be directly excited only by ultraviolet and blue light. Our findings are expected to contribute to the development of photofunctional materials showing nonlinear behavior and low‐energy light responsivity.
Cervical anatomy and its relation to foraging habits in aquatic birds (Aves: Neornithes: Neoaves)
Authors: Buchmann Richard , Rodrigues Taissa
Published: April 2024

Birds have extremely flexible necks, which help in their search for food. However, studies on the variation in bird cervical anatomy and its relationship with foraging are rare, despite the different habits presented between species. Here, we analyze the anatomy of the neck of aquatic birds and relate it to their foraging strategies. We dissected specimens representing four species of Charadriiformes, 11 species of Phaethoquornithes, and two specimens belonging to the outgroup Telluraves. We chose to emphasize Charadriiformes and Phaethoquornithes because they present several strategies that require cervical mobility and stability. We note that vertebral anatomy and dimensions vary, which affects the shape and size of the soft tissues attached throughout the neck. The synovial cartilage present in the articulatio intercorporalis represents an additional length in the neck, however, this is not longer than that observed in animals with intervertebral discs. Our analysis indicates that birds have a prevalence of dorsoventral movements in the middle of the neck and lateral and rotational movements near the base of the neck, while the region near the head presents a wide range of movement in all directions. Cervical ligaments and muscles throughout the neck provide stability in all segments, although the robustness of the soft tissues indicates that the most caudal portion of the neck is the most stable. The vertebral and soft tissue anatomy is consistent with the extensive mobility in pitching, yaw, and roll movements performed mainly by the head and first segment of the neck during the different foraging of the analyzed birds. Furthermore, the muscles closer to the skull are robust and allow the execution of a variety of habits to capture food in different species. The subsequent cervical segments present differences that explain their reduction in mobility, but they are equally stable.
Real‐world patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and treatment outcomes of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma by line of therapy
Authors: Sineshaw Helmneh M. , Zettler Christina M. , Prescott Jennifer , Garg Mahek , Chakraborty Samhita , Sarpong Eric M. , Bai Claire , Belli Andrew J. , Fernandes Laura L. , Wang Ching‐Kun
Published: April 2024

Background

Although initial treatment of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CHOP) can be effective, up to 50% of patients will develop refractory or relapsed (R/R) disease. This study aimed to provide contemporary data on characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes for R/R‐DLBCL.

Methods

Patients with incident (January 2016 to March 2021) DLBCL age ≥18 years who initiated first‐line (1L) therapy were identified from the COTA real‐world database. Baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and real‐world outcomes, including time to next treatment (rwTTNT) and overall survival (rwOS), were assessed for the study population and by line of therapy (LOT).

Results

A total of 1347 eligible DLBCL patients were identified. Of these, 340 (25.2%) proceeded to receive 2L, of whom 141 (41.5%) proceeded to receive 3L, of whom 51 (36.2%) proceeded to receive 4L+. Most common treatments were R‐CHOP in 1L (63.6%), stem cell transplant (SCT) in 2L (17.9%), polatuzumab vedotin, bendamustine, and rituximab (Pola‐BR) in 3L (9.9%), and chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy (CAR‐T) in 4L (11.8%). Treatment patterns were more variable in later LOTs. One‐ and 3‐year rwOS from 1L initiation were 88.5% and 78.4%, respectively. Patients who received later LOTs experienced numerically lower 1‐ and 3‐year rwOS (from 2L initiation: 62.4% and 46.4%, respectively).

Conclusions

In this real‐world analysis, 25.2% of patients experienced R/R‐DLBCL after 1L with poor outcomes. Given the findings of this study, there is a high unmet need for novel, safe, and effective treatment options for patients with R/R DLBCL.
Chidamide plus envafolimab as subsequent treatment in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer patients resistant to anti‐PD‐1 therapy: A multicohort, open‐label, phase II trial with biomarker analysis
Authors: Zhang Yaxiong , Chen Zihong , Liu Yu , Han Liang , Jiang Wei , Wang Qiming , Shi Jianhua , Lu Liqin , Li Jianying , Zhang Mingjun , Huang Yan , Yang Yunpeng , Hou Xue , Zhang Li , Li Jing , Fang Wenfeng , Chen Gang
Published: April 2024

Background

Combination of chidamide and anti‐PD‐L1 inhibitor produce synergistic anti‐tumor effect in advanced NSCLC patients resistant to anti‐PD‐1 treatment. However, the effect of chidamide plus envafolimab has not been reported.

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of chidamide plus envafolimab in advanced NSCLC patients resistant toanti‐PD‐1 treatment.

Materials and Methods

Eligible advanced NSCLC patients after resistant to anti‐PD‐1 therapy received chidamide and envafolimab. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). The secondary end points included disease control rate (DCR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and safety. The expression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), PD‐L1, and blood TMB (bTMB) was also analyzed.

Results

After a median follow‐up of 8.1 (range: 7.6–9.2) months, only two patients achieved partial response. The ORR was 6.7% (2/30), DCR was 50% (15/30), and median PFS (mPFS) was 3.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.9–5.5) months. Biomarker analysis revealed that patients with high‐level HDAC2 expression had numerically superior ORR (4.3% vs. 0), DCR (52.2% vs. 0) and mPFS (3.7 vs. 1.4m). Patients with negative PD‐L1 had numerically superior DCR (52.2% vs. 33.3%) and mPFS (3.7m vs. 1.8m), so were those with low‐level bTMB (DCR: 59.1% vs. 16.7%, mPFS: 3.8 vs.1.9m). Overall safety was controllable.

Discussion

High HDAC2patients showed better ORR, DCR, and PFS. In addition, patient with negative PD‐L1 and low‐level bTMB had better DCR and PFS. This may be related to the epigenetic function of chidamide. However, the sample size was not big enough, so it is necessary to increase sample size to confirm the conclusion.

Conclusion

Combination of chidamide and envafolimab showed efficacy signals in certain NSCLC patients. But further identification of beneficial population is necessary for precision treatment.
Atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4/CCX‐CKR): A comprehensive exploration across physiological and pathological landscapes in contemporary research
Authors: Naser Israa Habeeb , Hamza Asia Ali , Alhili Ahmed , Faisal Ahmed Naser , Ali Mohammed Shnain , Kadhim Noor Abdulaala , Suliman Muath , Alshahrani Mohammad Y. , Alawadi Ahmed
Published: April 2024

Atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4), also known as CCX‐CKR, is a member of the chemokine receptor family that lacks typical G protein signaling activity. Instead, ACKR4 functions as a scavenger receptor that can bind and internalize a wide range of chemokines, influencing their availability and activity in the body. ACKR4 is involved in various physiological processes, such as immune cell trafficking and the development of thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Moreover, ACKR4 has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer, heart and lung diseases. In cancer, ACKR4 plays a complex role, acting as a tumor suppressor or promoter depending on the type of cancer and the stage of the disease. For instance, ACKR4 may inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer, but it may also promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer. In inflammatory situations, ACKR4 has been found to modulate the recruitment and activation of immune cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of diseases such as myocardial infraction and pulmonary sarcoidosis. The study of ACKR4 is still ongoing, and further research is needed to fully understand its role in different physiological and pathological contexts. Nonetheless, ACKR4 represents a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for various diseases.
Host‐Guest Stimuli‐Responsive Click Chemistry
Authors: Blanco‐Gómez Arturo , Díaz‐Abellás Mauro , Montes de Oca Iván , Peinador Carlos , Pazos Elena , García Marcos D.
Published: April 2024

Click chemistry has reached its maturity as the weapon of choice for the irreversible ligation of molecular fragments, with over 20 years of research resulting in the development or improvement of highly efficient kinetically controlled conjugation reactions. Nevertheless, traditional click reactions can be disadvantageous not only in terms of efficiency (side products, slow kinetics, air/water tolerance, etc.), but also because they completely avoid the possibility to reversibly produce and control bound/unbound states. Recently, non‐covalent click chemistry has appeared as a more efficient alternative, in particular by using host‐guest self‐assembled systems of high thermodynamic stability and kinetic lability. This review discusses the implementation of molecular switches in the development of such non‐covalent ligation processes, resulting in what we have termed stimuli‐responsive click chemistry, in which the bound/unbound constitutional states of the system can be favored by external stimulation, in particular using host‐guest complexes. As we exemplify with handpicked selected examples, these supramolecular systems are well suited for the development of human‐controlled molecular conjugation, by coupling thermodynamically regulated processes with appropriate temporally resolved extrinsic control mechanisms, thus mimicking nature and advancing our efforts to develop a more function‐oriented chemical synthesis.
On the Synthesis and Structure of ‘Naked’ Ga(I) and In(I) Salts and the Surprising Stability of Simple Ga(I) and In(I) Salts in the Coordinating Solvents Ether and Acetonitrile
Authors: Barthélemy Antoine , Scherer Harald , Weller Hanna , Krossing Ingo
Published: April 2024

In this work, we present the solid‐state structures of solvent‐free Ga[pf] and In[pf] salts ([pf]−=[Al(ORF)4]−; RF=C(CF3)3), which are very rare examples of salts with truly ‘naked’ metal cations. Both salts may serve as starting materials for subvalent gallium and indium chemistry with very weakly coordinating ligands providing the freedom of choice for solvents and ligands for the future. On the other hand, we report and rationalize the formation and isolation of [M(OEt2)2][pf] and [M(MeCN)2][pf] (M=Ga, In), underlining the surprising stability of these subvalent group 13 M+ ions against disproportionation. Unexpectedly, dicoordinate and carbene analogous [M(L)2]+ ions with the [pf]− counterion are stable in L=acetonitrile and diethyl ether at room temperature, opening up possible applications for example in organic synthesis and catalysis.
Prediction of Acute Hepatotoxicity With Human Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Derived Hepatic Organoids
Authors: Kim Hyemin , Kim Sang Kyum , Oelgeschläger Michael , Park Han‐Jin
Published: April 2024

Recent development of hepatic organoids (HOs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides an alternative in vitro model that can mimic the human liver detoxification pathway for drug safety assessment. By recapitulating the high level of maturity and drug‐metabolizing capacity of the liver in a three‐dimensional organoid culture, HOs may allow researchers to assess drug toxicity and metabolism more accurately than animal models or hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Although this promising potential has contributed to the development of various protocols, only a few protocols are available to generate functional HOs with guaranteed CYP450 enzymatic activity, the key feature driving toxic responses during drug metabolism. Based on previously published protocols, we describe an optimized culture method that can substantially increase the expression and activity of CYP450s, in particular CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, in HOs. To generate mass‐produced and highly reproducible HOs required as models for toxicity evaluation, we first generated hepatic endodermal organoids (HEOs) from hPSCs capable of in vitro proliferation and cryopreservation. The stepwise protocol includes generating HEOs as well as efficient methods to enhance CYP450 expression and activity in terminally differentiated HOs. Furthermore, we present a simple protocol for the assessment of HO cytotoxicity, one of the hallmarks of drug‐induced acute hepatotoxicity. The protocols are relatively straightforward and can be successfully used by laboratories with basic experience in culturing hPSCs. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Generation of hepatic endodermal organoids from human pluripotent stem cells

Basic Protocol 2: Expansion and cryopreservation of hepatic endodermal organoids

Basic Protocol 3: Differentiation of hepatic organoids from hepatic endodermal organoids

Basic Protocol 4: Evaluation of hepatotoxicity using hepatic organoids

Support Protocol: Human pluripotent stem cell culture
Evaluation of variation in seedling root architectural traits and their potential association with nitrogen fixation and agronomic traits in field pea accessions
Authors: Dhillon Loveleen Kaur , Chandnani Rahul , Nakhforoosh Alireza , Qin Tongfei , Panjvani Karim , Feurtado J. Allan , Kochian Leon , Warkentin Thomas D.
Published: April 2024

Root system architecture (RSA) plays a central role in water and nutrient acquisition in plants. Plasticity and genetic variation in RSA can be used as an adaptive strategy to optimize plant performance under variable environments. We quantified phenotypic variation for seedling RSA among 44 diverse pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes, including breeding lines and germplasm accessions, grown under controlled conditions for 14 days using two‐dimensional hydroponic root imaging. Root image analysis revealed significant genotypic variability among the lines for all root traits, namely root length (RL), root diameter (RD), root volume, root surface area, number of tips, network width (NW), network depth (ND), and network convex area. Significant positive correlations were observed among the evaluated root traits, ranging from 0.5 to 0.9. Pea lines were ranked based on estimated means for root traits, with lines E20, F1, and F8 showing high rankings, while E4 and F5 received low rankings for most traits. To associate root traits with nitrogen (N) fixation and field agronomic performance, we performed redundancy analysis (RDA). The quantified root traits accounted for significant variation in the agronomic traits (R2 = ∼30%, p < 0.001). RDA showed a positive association between lodging susceptibility and root system NW and between plant height and root system ND. RD was positively associated with grain yield and N fixation. N fixation was positively associated with the number of lateral roots. The findings of this study indicate that variation for seedling root traits in pea could aid selection for N fixation and other important agronomic traits.
Genetic variation for endosperm carbohydrates and total soluble solids in shrunken2, sugary1, waxy1, and wild‐type near‐isogenic corn lines across three harvest dates
Authors: Wilson Alexa R. , Fiore Isabella G. , McCluskey Cathleen , Tracy William F.
Published: April 2024

Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars must meet stringent quality standards to be accepted in the marketplace. Breeding for eating‐quality traits, such as sweetness, typically involves taste ratings or quantification of carbohydrate content. Total soluble solids (TSS) content is used as a proxy for sweetness in many fruit crops. Using a diallel of near‐isogenic corn lines for sugary1, shrunken2, waxy1, and wild‐type (WT) endosperm types, a combining ability analysis for carbohydrate traits and TSS content determined the relationship of these traits over three harvest dates. Variation existed for total sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, total polysaccharides, and starch content within and across endosperm types and harvest dates, but strong correlations with TSS content were present only when assessed across all endosperm types. Strong similarities existed among WT, waxy1, and sugary1 near‐isogenic lines for general combining ability for carbohydrate traits, while shrunken2 near‐isogenic lines had different desirable combiners. Line C40 was a desirable general combiner for carbohydrate traits among WT, waxy1, and sugary1 endosperm types, while Ia5125, P39, and Ia453 were desirable general combiners for shrunken2 endosperm. This experiment also determined that TSS content is not a useful trait in sweet corn breeding for quality traits.
Large‐scale breeding population validating significant loci for the 1000‐kernel weight of wheat
Authors: Jiang Peng , Li Chang , Cui Fa , Wu Lei , Zhang Zhaoyang , He Yi , Zhang Peng , Ma Hongxiang , Zhang Xu
Published: April 2024

As an important component of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, 1000‐kernel weight (TKW) has played a crucial role in yield improvement in recent decades. Marker‐assisted selection is an effective tool for improving quantitative traits; however, most markers have not been effectively applied in TKW improvement despite the identification of many loci associated with TKW. In this study, association mapping was performed using local cultivated varieties, and a previous linkage analysis was integrated to identify 10 candidate intervals. The corresponding kompetitive allele‐specific PCR markers associated with TKW were successfully developed and screened in 1153 F4 breeding lines. Three markers, namely, Ktkw‐5B2, Ktkw‐5D, and Ktkw‐7D, were proved to be significantly related to TKW according to large‐scale association mapping, and their ability to increase TKW was enhanced in combination. We applied the three markers in 150 F6 breeding lines and obtained 25 high‐TKW lines, indicating the availability in marker‐assisted selection. The TKW‐increasing allele for Ktkw‐5D was heavily selected in the present breeding program, while that for Ktkw‐5B2 was low and for Ktkw‐7D tended to increase after 2000. Furthermore, strategies for gene exploration in the three significant intervals were proposed. These results are expected to provide an efficient route for improving TKW in wheat high‐yield breeding.
Addition of Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid to Improve Methanol Production in Polyamine‐Assisted CO2 Capture and Conversion Systems Using Pincer Catalysts
Authors: Koch Christopher J. , Goeppert Alain , Surya Prakash G. K.
Published: April 2024

Ionic liquids have been studied as CO2 capture agents. However, they are rarely used in combined CO2 capture and conversion processes. Utilizing imidazolium‐based ionic liquids, the conversion of CO2 to methanol was greatly improved in polyamine assisted systems catalyzed by homogeneous pincer catalysts with Ru and Mn metal centers. Among the ionic liquids tested, [BMIM]OAc was found to perform the best under the given reaction conditions. Among the polyamine tested, pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) led to the highest conversion rates. Ru‐Macho and Ru‐Macho‐BH were the most active catalysts. Direct air capture utilizing PEHA as the capture material was also demonstrated and produced an 86 % conversion of the captured CO2 to methanol in the presence of [BMIM]OAc.
Outcomes of 6‐mm diameter fully covered self‐expandable metal stents for preoperative biliary drainage in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroki , Takeda Tsuyoshi , Okamoto Takeshi , Mie Takafumi , Kasuga Akiyoshi , Sasaki Takashi , Ozaka Masato , Matsuda Takahisa , Igarashi Yoshinori , Sasahira Naoki
Published: April 2024

Background

10‐mm self‐expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are commonly used for preoperative biliary drainage in pancreatic cancer. However, smaller diameter SEMSs have attracted attention with the attempt to reduce stent‐related adverse events (AEs).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed consecutive borderline resectable pancreatic cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy and fully covered SEMS (FCSEMS) placement from April 2015 to May 2023. The primary outcome was stent‐related non‐event rate (NER), which was defined as the rate of completion of surgery without developing any preoperative events (recurrent biliary obstruction [RBO] or stent‐related AEs). Secondary outcomes included stent‐related AEs, causes of RBO, and cumulative incidence of RBO. Risk factors for pancreatitis, RBO, and stent migration were also examined.

Results

A total of 76 patients were included (6‐mm group: 23; 10‐mm group: 53). Stent‐related NER (57% vs. 64%, p = 0.610), stent‐related AEs (4% vs. 15%, p = 0.263), overall RBO rates (39% vs. 23%, p = 0.168), cumulative incidence of RBO (hazard ratio, 2.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.95–5.25; p = 0.065) were not significantly different between the two groups. Tumor involvement of the pancreatic duct was identified as a risk‐reducing factor for pancreatitis, while an FCSEMS diameter of 6 mm was not identified as a risk factor for RBO and stent migration.

Conclusions

Stent‐related NER was not significantly affected by FCSEMS diameter. Further studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of 6‐mm diameter FCSEMS for preoperative biliary drainage in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.
Optimal sampling interval for characterisation of the circadian rhythm of body temperature in homeothermic animals using periodogram and cosinor analysis
Authors: Goh Grace , Vesterdorf Kristine , Fuller Andrea , Blache Dominique , Maloney Shane K.
Published: April 2024

Core body temperature (Tc) is a critical aspect of homeostasis in birds and mammals and is increasingly used as a biomarker of the fitness of an animal to its environment. Periodogram and cosinor analysis can be used to estimate the characteristics of the circadian rhythm of Tc from data obtained on loggers that have limited memory capacity and battery life. The sampling interval can be manipulated to maximise the recording period, but the impact of sampling interval on the output of periodogram or cosinor analysis is unknown. Some basic guidelines are available from signal analysis theory, but those guidelines have never been tested on Tc data. We obtained data at 1‐, 5‐ or 10‐min intervals from nine avian or mammalian species, and re‐sampled those data to simulate logging at up to 240‐min intervals. The period of the rhythm was first analysed using the Lomb–Scargle periodogram, and the mesor, amplitude, acrophase and adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) from the original and the re‐sampled data were obtained using cosinor analysis. Sampling intervals longer than 60 min did not affect the average mesor, amplitude, acrophase or adjusted R2, but did impact the estimation of the period of the rhythm. In most species, the period was not detectable when intervals longer than 120 min were used. In all individual profiles, a 30‐min sampling interval modified the values of the mesor and amplitude by less than 0.1°C, and the adjusted R2 by less than 0.1. At a 30‐min interval, the acrophase was accurate to within 15 min for all species except mice. The adjusted R2 increased as sampling frequency decreased. In most cases, a 30‐min sampling interval provides a reliable estimate of the circadian Tc rhythm using periodogram and cosinor analysis. Our findings will help biologists to select sampling intervals to fit their research goals.
Where east meets west: Phylogeography of the high Arctic North American brant goose
Authors: Wilson Robert E. , Boyd W. Sean , Sonsthagen Sarah A. , Ward David H. , Clausen Preben , Dickson Kathryn M. , Ebbinge Barwolt S. , Gudmundsson Gudmundur A. , Sage George K. , Rearick Jolene R. , Derksen Dirk V. , Talbot Sandra L.
Published: April 2024

Genetic variation in Arctic species is often influenced by vicariance during the Pleistocene, as ice sheets fragmented the landscape and displaced populations to low‐ and high‐latitude refugia. The formation of secondary contact or suture zones during periods of ice sheet retraction has important consequences on genetic diversity by facilitating genetic connectivity between formerly isolated populations. Brant geese (Branta bernicla) are a maritime migratory waterfowl (Anseriformes) species that almost exclusively uses coastal habitats. Within North America, brant geese are characterized by two phenotypically distinct subspecies that utilize disjunct breeding and wintering areas in the northern Pacific and Atlantic. In the Western High Arctic of Canada, brant geese consist of individuals with an intermediate phenotype that are rarely observed nesting outside this region. We examined the genetic structure of brant geese populations from each subspecies and areas consisting of intermediate phenotypes using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data and microsatellite loci. We found a strong east–west partition in both marker types consistent with refugial populations. Within subspecies, structure was also observed at mtDNA while microsatellite data suggested the presence of only two distinct genetic clusters. The Western High Arctic (WHA) appears to be a secondary contact zone for both Atlantic and Pacific lineages as mtDNA and nuclear genotypes were assigned to both subspecies, and admixed individuals were observed in this region. The mtDNA sequence data outside WHA suggests no or very restricted intermixing between Atlantic and Pacific wintering populations which is consistent with published banding and telemetry data. Our study indicates that, although brant geese in the WHA are not a genetically distinct lineage, this region may act as a reservoir of genetic diversity and may be an area of high conservation value given the potential of low reproductive output in this species.
Comparative reproductive ecology of Old and New World Trogons, an order in decline across the world
Authors: Şahin Arslan Necmiye , Martin Thomas E.
Published: April 2024

Many tropical species show declining populations. The pantropical order Trogoniformes has 76% of its species ranked as declining, reflecting a worldwide problem. Here, we report on the reproductive ecology and life history traits of the declining and near‐threatened old world Whitehead's Trogon (Harpactes whiteheadi), the declining new world Collared Trogon (Trogon collaris), and the stable Masked Trogon (T. personatus). We also reviewed the literature on reproductive ecology and life history traits of trogons to assess possible commonalities that might help explain population declines. We found that the declining Whitehead's and Collared Trogons had reasonable nest success (32% and 25%, respectively), while the stable Masked Trogon had poor reproductive success (9%), all contrary to population trends. However, the limited literature data suggested that poor reproductive success may be common among trogons, which may contribute to population declines. Parents fed young at a low rate and had long on‐bouts for incubation and nestling warming that reduced activity at the nest, as favored by high nest predation risk over evolutionary time. We found that young fledged from the nest with poorly developed wings, as also favored by high nest predation risk. Evolved nestling periods among trogon species suggests that poor wing development is likely common. Wing development has been shown to affect juvenile survival after leaving the nest. The poor wing development may be an important contributor to population declines that deserves more attention. Evolved life history traits are important to recognize as creating population vulnerabilities in a changing world.
Elevating metaverse virtual reality experiences through network‐integrated neuro‐fuzzy emotion recognition and adaptive content generation algorithms
Authors: Khalaf Oshamah Ibrahim , Srinivasan Dhamodharan , Algburi Sameer , Vellaichamy Jeevanantham , Selvaraj Dhanasekaran , Sharif Mhd Saeed , Elmedany Wael
Published: April 2024

Interactions between individuals and digital material have completely changed with the advent of the Metaverse. Due to this, there is an immediate need to construct cutting‐edge technology that can recognize the emotions of users and continuously provide material that is relevant to their psychological states, improving their overall experience. An inventive method that combines natural language processing adaptive content generation algorithms and neuro‐fuzzy‐based support vector machines natural language processing (SVM‐NLP) is proposed by researchers to meet this demand. With this merging, the Metaverse will be able to offer highly tailored and engaging experiences. Initially, a neuro‐fuzzy algorithm was developed to identify people's emotional moods from their physiological reactions and other biometric information. Fuzzy Logic and Support Vector Machine work together to manage the inherent ambiguity and unpredictability, which results in a more exact and accurate categorization of emotions. A key component of the ACGA is NLP technology, which uses real‐time emotional data to dynamically modify and personalize characters, stories, and interactive features in the Metaverse. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the innovative integration of neuro‐fuzzy‐based SVM‐NLP algorithms to accurately recognize and adapt to users' emotional states, enhancing the Metaverse experience across various applications. The proposed method is implemented using Python software. This adaptive approach significantly enhances users' immersion, emotional involvement, and overall satisfaction within the augmented reality environment by tailoring information to their responses. The findings show that the SVM‐NLP emotion identification algorithm based on neuro‐fuzzy, has a high degree of accuracy in recognizing emotional states, which holds promise for creating a Metaverse that is more emotionally compelling and immersive. Stronger human–computer interactions and a wider range of applications, including virtual therapy, educational resources, entertainment, and social media networking, might be made possible by integrating SVM‐NLP. These sophisticated systems are around 92% accurate in interpreting the emotions.
Quality of life after surgical treatments for facial palsy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: van der Lely Johannes N. , Nieuwdorp Niek J. , Smits Ineke C. A. W. , van Zijl Floris V. W. J. , Corten Eveline M. L. , Mureau Marc A. M.
Published: April 2024

Background

Facial palsy profoundly affects patients' quality of life (QoL). We evaluated the effect of various surgical procedures on QoL using patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) to provide evidence‐based recommendations for improved care.

Methods

Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL were searched for studies on QoL in patients with facial palsy who had undergone reconstructive surgery with preoperative and postoperative data from validated PROMs. After conducting the quality assessment, data were subtracted from the articles. Meta‐analyses of subgroups were performed when study outcomes where compatible.

Results

Incorporating 24 studies (522 patients), our systematic review revealed consistent and significant QoL improvements following diverse reconstructive surgical procedures.

Conclusions

Our systematic review and meta‐analysis showed the positive effects of different reconstructive surgical procedures on QoL of patients with facial palsy. These results support clinicians to better inform patients about their potential outcomes, optimizing informed and shared decision‐making and ultimately improving overall QoL in patients with facial palsy.
Long-term, landscape-level assessment of aquatic pesticide exposure to identify amphibian ontological traits affecting vulnerability
Authors: Awkerman Jill A. , Purucker Steven T. , Raimondo Sandy , Oliver Leah
Published: April 2024

Amphibians worldwide are threatened by habitat loss, some of which is driven by a changing climate, as well as exposure to pesticides, among other causes. The timing and duration of the larval development phase vary between species, thereby influencing the relative impacts of stochastic hydroregime conditions as well as potential aquatic pesticide exposure. We describe the stages of breeding through metamorphosis for eight amphibian species, based on optimal hydroregime conditions, and use a model of pesticide fate and exposure representative of central Florida citrus groves to simulate hydrodynamics based on observed weather data over a 54-year period. Using the Pesticide in Water Calculator and Plant Assessment Tool, we estimated daily wetland depth and pyraclostrobin exposure, with label-recommended application quantities. Species' timing and duration of larval development determined the number of years of suitable hydroregime for breeding and the likelihood of exposure to peak aquatic concentrations of pyraclostrobin. Although the timing of pesticide application determined the number of surviving larvae, density-dependent constraints of wetland hydroregime also affected larval survival across species and seasons. Further defining categorical amphibian life history types and habitat requirements supports the development of screening-level assessments by incorporating environmental stochasticity at the appropriate temporal resolution. Subsequent refinement of these screening-level risk assessment strategies to include spatially explicit landscape data along with terrestrial exposure estimates would offer additional insights into species vulnerability to pesticide exposure throughout the life cycle. Computational simulation of ecologically relevant exposure scenarios, such as these, offers a more realistic interpretation of differential agrichemical risk among species based on their phenology and habits and provides a more situation-specific risk assessment perspective for threatened species. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1667–1676. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Key Points

Novel quantitative approaches to ecological risk assessment for amphibians include species life history and environmental stochasticity for a long-term perspective on variable breeding conditions in ephemeral wetlands and aquatic pesticide exposure effects to determine species vulnerability.
An overview of current assessment techniques for evaluating cutaneous perfusion in reconstructive surgery
Authors: Fiedler Lukas Sebastian , Daaloul Houda
Published: April 2024

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of modern techniques used in the assessment of cutaneous flaps in reconstructive surgery. It emphasizes the importance of preoperative planning and intra‐ and perioperative assessment of flap perfusion to ensure successful outcomes. Despite technological advancements, direct clinical assessment remains the gold standard. We categorized assessment techniques into non‐invasive and invasive modalities, discussing their strengths and weaknesses. Non‐invasive methods, such as acoustic Doppler sonography, near‐infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging thermal imaging, and remote‐photoplethysmography, offer accessibility and safety but may sacrifice specificity. Invasive techniques, including contrast‐enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography angiography, near‐infrared fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green, and implantable Doppler probe, provide high accuracy but introduce additional risks. We emphasize the need for a tailored decision‐making process based on specific clinical scenarios, patient characteristics, procedural requirements, and surgeon expertise. It also discusses potential future advancements in flap assessment, including the integration of artificial intelligence and emerging technologies.
Pitfalls of ultrasound for deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities
Authors: Gao Luying , Wang Yahong , Fu Shuai , Cai Sheng , Li Jianchu , Yang Xiao
Published: April 2024

Venous ultrasound is the primary, widely accepted diagnostic tool to assess deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities. However, other focal lesions in the lower extremities can be identified on ultrasound. The sonographic appearance of these abnormalities may overlap the thrombosis, which included vascular tumors, Baker's cyst, hematoma, cancer thrombosis, and peripheral nerve tumors. This essay derives from cases diagnosed in our centers and published literature, with images available for illustrations, which may help to improve the clinical management of these findings.
Development and evaluation of a writing retreat program to build community and promote productivity in academic hospital medicine
Authors: Bonafide Christopher P. , Maletsky Kristin D. , Kenyon Chén , Doupnik Stephanie K. , Vasan Aditi , Rasooly Irit R. , Goldstein Laura , Galligan Meghan , Hart Jessica , Ruppel Halley , Feudtner Chris , Tenney‐Soeiro Rebecca
Published: April 2024

Background

Scientific writing is a core component of academic hospital medicine, and yet finding time to engage in deeply focused writing is difficult in part due to the highly clinical, 24/7 nature of the specialty that can limit opportunities for writing‐focused collaboration and mentorship.

Objective

Our objective was to develop and evaluate an academic writing retreat program.

Methods

We drafted a set of key retreat features to guide implementation of a 3‐day, 2‐night retreat program held within a 2 h radius of our hospital. Agendas included writing blocks ranging from 45 to 90 min interspersed with breaks and opportunities for feedback, exercise, and preparing meals together. After each retreat, we distributed an evaluation with multiple choice and free text response options to characterize retreat helpfulness and later gathered data on the status of each paper and grant worked on.

Results

We held 4 retreats between September 2022 and October 2023, engaging 18 faculty and fellows at a cost of $296 per attendee per retreat. In evaluations, nearly 80% reported that the retreat was extremely helpful, and comments praised the highly mentored environment, enriching community of colleagues, and release from commitments that get in the way of writing. Of the 24 papers attendees worked on, 12 have been accepted and 6 are under review. Of the 4 grant proposals, 2 are under review.

Conclusions

We implemented a low‐cost, productive writing retreat program that attendees reported was helpful in supporting deep work and represented a meaningful step toward building a community centered around academic writing.
Cocirculation and coinfection of multiple respiratory viruses during autumn and winter seasons of 2023 in Beijing, China: A retrospective study
Authors: Li Yi , Yu Jinhan , Wang Yao , Yi Jie , Guo Lina , Wang Qing , Zhang Ge , Xu Yingchun , Zhao Ying
Published: April 2024

China experienced severe epidemics of multiple respiratory pathogens in 2023 after lifting “Zero‐COVID” policy. The present study aims to investigate the changing circulation and infection patterns of respiratory pathogens in 2023. The 160 436 laboratory results of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from February 2020 to December 2023, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) from June 2020 to December 2023, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, adenovirus, and human rhinovirus from January 2023 to December 2023 were analyzed. We observed the alternating epidemics of SARS‐CoV‐2 and influenza A virus (IAV), as well as the out‐of‐season epidemic of RSV during the spring and summer of 2023. Cocirculation of multiple respiratory pathogens was observed during the autumn and winter of 2023. The susceptible age range of RSV in this winter epidemic (10.5, interquartile range [IQR]: 5–30) was significantly higher than previously (4, IQR: 3–34). The coinfection rate of IAV and RSV in this winter epidemic (0.695%) was significantly higher than that of the last cocirculation period (0.027%) (p < 0.001). Similar trend was also found in the coinfection of IAV and SARS‐CoV‐2. The present study observed the cocirculation of multiple respiratory pathogens, changing age range of susceptible population, and increasing coinfection rates during the autumn and winter of 2023, in Beijing, China.
Booster visits in the management of the acute musculoskeletal injuries: Transforming care to improve outcomes–A perspective review
Authors: Paterno Mark V. , Fitzgerald G. Kelley
Published: April 2024

The current healthcare delivery system for patients with acute musculoskeletal injury is failing. Current rehabilitation management of acute musculoskeletal injury typically includes physical therapy, focused on management of impairments, with an eventual transition to functional activities and release to prior level of function. At that point, formal physical therapy is often discontinued, despite the knowledge that a high percentage of patients fail to maintain preinjury level of activity and often reduce participation in regular physical activity. Further, for those who attempt to return to prior levels of pivoting and cutting activities, there is a high second injury rate. The long‐term human experience is compromised by the current model of care which terminates at the point of transition to activity. This model of care fails to meet the continued needs of these patients and may result in long term deficits and potential disability. Extended care models include intermittent follow up visits after discharge from an acute episode of care and have been efficacious and cost effective in some patient populations with musculoskeletal conditions. Specifically, a type of extended care model, labeled “booster sessions,” represents an opportunity to provide structured, intermittent care to assist in a smooth transition back to function, following an acute episode of care and promote a healthier life outcome. This perspective review will discuss the opportunity to transform acute musculoskeletal care to booster visit care model in an attempt to develop a more efficacious and cost‐effective system of care which could be generalizable to all musculoskeletal conditions.
Speciation of arsenic in milk from cows fed seaweed
Authors: Xiong Chan , Petursdottir Asta H , Rikhardsson Gunnar , Stergiadis Sokratis , Raab Andrea , Feldmann Jörg
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Including seaweed in cattle feed has gained increased interest, but it is important to take into account that the concentration of toxic metals, especially arsenic, is high in seaweed. This study investigated the arsenic species in milk from seaweed‐fed cows.

RESULTS

Total arsenic in milk of control diets (9.3 ± 1.0 μg As kg−1, n = 4, dry mass) was significantly higher than seaweed‐based diet (high‐seaweed diet: 7.8 ± 0.4 μg As kg−1, P < 0.05, n = 4, dry mass; low‐seaweed diet: 6.2 ± 1.0 μg As kg−1, P < 0.01, n = 4, dry mass). Arsenic speciation showed that the main species present were arsenobetaine (AB) and arsenate (As(V)) (37% and 24% of the total arsenic, respectively). Trace amounts of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenocholine (AC) have also been detected in milk. Apart from arsenate being significantly lower (P < 0.001) in milk from seaweed‐fed cows than in milk from the control group, other arsenic species showed no significant differences between groups.

CONCLUSION

The lower total arsenic and arsenate in seaweed diet groups indicates a possible competition of uptake between arsenate and phosphate, and the presence of AC indicates that a reduction of AB occurred in the digestive tract. Feeding a seaweed blend (91% Ascophyllum nodosum and 9% Laminaria digitata) does not raise As‐related safety concerns for milk. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.