bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Sunda Strait tsunami hazard due to the current deformation of Anak Krakatau
Authors: Karima S , Sujatmiko K A , Latief H , Abdurrachman M , Ihsan U , Husrin S
Published: June 2024

The tsunami Sunda Strait event at 2018 is a prove that volcanic activity may trigger a devastating and unpredictable tsunami. Several findings indicate that this catasrophe generated by flank collapse caused by the instability of Gunung Anak Krakatau (AK). Other processes of volcanic activity that cause tsunamis include pyroclastic flows, subaerial and submarine landslides, underwater explosions, blasts, and caldera collapse. In the 1883, Krakatau Mount produced the largest tsunami event, and it is apparent that AK is one of threats in Sunda Strait that may potentially produce tsunami in the future since it is still active until now. Some latest research shows there are two submarine landslide threats near Gunung Anak Krakatau; in the northeast part of AK and an elliptical landslide source in the west part of AK with the estimated landslide volume about 0.014 km3 and 0.6 km3, respectively. Those threats will be simulated by shallow water equation model to obtain the tsunami wave height near the source and at crucial areas along Sunda Strait as well as its tsunami time arrival. The first scenario is sourced from a new deposit from the 2018 eruption, and the latter is a change of slopes bathymetry due to volcanic or seismic activity. It is observed that the highest elevation of tsunami from the first scenario reached only 2.5 cm at Tanjung Lesung, Banten and 80 cm at the nearest island, Panjang Island. The second scenario has the height of 50 cm at Labuan, Banten and 70 cm at Panjang Island. The tsunami time travel at the surrounding islands is ranging between 0.6 - 5.8 minutes (scenario 1) and 0.7-4.9 minutes (scenario 2). Both scenario reached the inexpensive device of sea level monitoring at the east side of Rakata after 5 minutes and the height is 30 cm and 1.6 cm respectively for scenario 1 and 2.
Profile of seawater quality in Cirebon, northern coast of West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Oktaviani D F , Widyananto P A , Nur A A , Jeon C K
Published: June 2024

Cirebon is a coastal area where the economic activities of some people rely on water conditions. Besides that, the city is known to have an industrial area. Therefore, along with the rapid development of industrializations and urbanizations, it will also have an impact on the environmental quality particularly in coastal area. Assessing the profile of water quality could be the approach to knowing the environmental conditions. This research was aimed to understanding the current coastal condition based on the physical-chemical properties in Cirebon seawater. The data was collected using Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) and nutrient auto analyzer (NAA). Several parameters were collected including temperature, salinity, pH, levels of dissolved oxygen (DO), concentration of chlorophyll, nitrate (NO3-N), nitrite (NO2-N), ammonia (NH3-N), orthophosphate (PO4-P) and silicate (SiO2) from 11 points of survey area. The results showed that several parameters were similar in all stations, while some had different values between stations. Nutrient’s enrichment and chlorophyll were found to be higher in particular areas. The highest NO2-N content found in station 10 (0.005 mg/L), NO3-N in station 7 (0.343 mg/L), NH3-N in station 10 (0.044 mg/L), PO4-P in station 1 (0.087 mg/L), SiO2 in station 6 (1.281 mg/L) and chlorophyll in station 11 (2.12 ug/L). The average concentration was relatively found to be high in the station near the coastal area compared to the open sea. This can happen due to supply of organic substances into the coastal waters from the rivers that were being carried away by the current.
Coastal Hazards in the Sunda Strait: Mitigation Strategy and Coastal Management
Authors: Heriati A , Mustikasari E , Solihuddin T , Salim H L , Daulat A , Purbani D
Published: June 2024

Sunda strait is one of the strategic waters in Indonesia situated at the Indonesian archipelagic sea lane passage. The water is also known as one of the national strategic regions as governed in the Presidential Decree of 32/2019 about marine spatial planning. The coasts of the region have been developed as industrial areas, marine tourism and associated facilities, fisheries, agriculture, mining, etc. Despite the huge economic potency, Sunda Strait has high coastal hazards due to volcanic and tectonic activities. The Krakatau volcanic eruption in 1883 generated a tsunami run-up to ∼35 m high causing catastrophic damage along the coasts of Banten and Lampung and more than 36.000 people were reported killed. More recently, the eruption and flank collapse of the Anak Krakatau volcano generated a tsunami in the Sunda Strait causing severe damage, extensive inundation, and more than 430 deaths. Likewise, the Sunda Strait has a high potency of tsunami impacts generated by the earthquake sourced from the subduction zone known as megathrust. These conditions must become a valued lesson learned to all of us to raise awareness and preparedness through mitigation-based disaster management. Thus, we can reduce the impacts of the disaster and the high investment for post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Spatial and temporal pattern of thermal front in Republic of Indonesia fisheries management area 571 (FMA 571)
Authors: Lukman A A , Tarya A , Pranowo W S
Published: June 2024

The spatial pattern of thermal front were obtained by processing sea surface temperature (SST) data using the SIED (Single Image Edge Detection) method. The objective of this research is to establish the characteristics of the surface thermal front in the Republic of Indonesia Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 571 based on its spatial and temporal map in the year of 2010-2020. SST & chlorophyll-a of AquaMODIS satellite imagery and FMA 571 bathymetry of the Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency data are used in this research. This research results that the maximum & the minimum average thermal front are found in the southwest monsoon and the first inter-monsoon with values of 135 and 39 events, respectively. The maximum (minimum) SST average is 32.182°C (30.483°C) and the maximum (minimum) average chlorophyll-a concentration value is 0.858 mg/l (0.577 mg/l). The optimum SST is estimated ranges of 30.483°C – 31.831°C for thermal front formation. The Pearson correlation analysis reveals a significant positive correlation coefficient of 0.674 during the northeast monsoon, highlighting the association between thermal fronts and chlorophyll-a concentration. Spatially persistent thermal front always appears in the northern part of FMA 571.
The added value of Himawari-8 satellite radiance data assimilation for very heavy rainfall prediction in the Indonesian Maritime Continent (Case study: East Kalimantan)
Authors: Mukhsinin H.M. , Trilaksono N.J. , Giriharta I.W.G. , Simanjuntak J.T.
Published: June 2024

This study evaluates the impact of assimilating Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) radiance data on the 8-10 water vapor channel using the three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) technique for the very heavy rainfall events in East Kalimantan on June 2-4, 2019. We utilized the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and WRF Data Assimilation (WRFDA) system to run assimilation and prediction model simulations. To compare the assimilated model with AHI data and without assimilation, we devised two experimental schemes: 3DVAR and NODA. We assessed the enhancement in model prediction by comparing simulation results based on convection evolution, vertically integrated moisture flux convergence (VIMFC) increment, and rain prediction skill metrics, including Threat Score (TS), Equitable Threat Score (ETS), and Fractions Skill Score (FSS). Our findings suggest that the incorporation of AHI data results in a substantial improvement of the WRF model’s prediction of the very heavy rainfall events in East Kalimantan.
Human iPSC-derived liver co-culture spheroids to model liver fibrosis
Authors: Cools Laura , Dastjerd Mina Kazemzadeh , Smout Ayla , Merens Vincent , Yang Yuwei , Reynaert Hendrik , Messaoudi Nouredin , Smet Vincent De , Kumar Manoj , Verhulst Stefaan , Verfaillie Catherine , van Grunsven Leo A
Published: June 2024

The lack of adequate human in vitro models that recapitulate the cellular composition and response of the human liver to injury hampers the development of anti-fibrotic drugs. The goal of this study was to develop a human spheroid culture model to study liver fibrosis by using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived liver cells. iPSCs were independently differentiated towards hepatoblasts (iHepatoblasts), hepatic stellate cells (iHSCs), endothelial cells (iECs) and macrophages (iMΦ), before assembly into free floating spheroids by culturing cells in 96-well U-bottom plates and orbital shaking for up to 21 days to allow further maturation. Through transcriptome analysis, we show further maturation of iECs and iMΦ, the differentiation of the iHepatoblasts towards hepatocyte-like cells (iHeps) and the inactivation of the iHSCs by the end of the 3D culture. Moreover, these cultures display a similar expression of cell-specific marker genes (CYP3A4, PDGFRβ, CD31 and CD68) and sensitivity to hepatotoxicity as spheroids made using freshly isolated primary human liver cells. Furthermore, we show the functionality of the iHeps and the iHSCs by mimicking liver fibrosis through iHep-induced iHSC activation, using acetaminophen. In conclusion, we have established a reproducible human iPSC-derived liver culture model that can be used to mimic fibrosis in vitro as a replacement of primary human liver derived 3D models. The model can be used to investigate pathways involved in fibrosis development and to identify new targets for chronic liver disease therapy.
High Quality of Care Delivery Improves Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Life Outcomes After Breast Augmentation
Authors: Luong Kim Phi , ter Stege Marloes H P , Hummelink Stefan , Zaal Laura , Slijper Harm P , Ulrich Dietmar J O
Published: June 2024

Background

Breast augmentation is one of the most common aesthetic procedures worldwide. Most studies have focused on evaluating the outcome with validated patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and factors that may influence them. However, the influence of care delivery, which can be measured with patient-reported experience measures (PREMs), is rarely considered in studies of breast augmentation patients.

Objectives

In this study we aimed to evaluate the associations between PREMs and PROMs in patients who underwent breast augmentation.

Methods

A multicenter cohort study was conducted in breast augmentation patients. Patients completed PREMs, including items such as communication between physician and patient, expectation management, welcome, and hygiene, and the BREAST-Q PROM (satisfaction with breasts and psychosocial, physical, and sexual well-being) preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the associations between PREMs and PROMs.

Results

Overall, 329 patients were included between 2018 and 2022. Univariate regression analysis showed a positive association between PREM and PROM scales. The feeling of being heard (B = −38.39 and B = −18.90), the opportunity to ask questions (B = −9.21), and trust in their physician (B = −39.08) had the highest association with change in the 4 BREAST-Q scales. The multivariable regression analysis showed that the variance in PROMs related to changes in PREMs (19%) was little influenced by patient characteristics (1%).

Conclusions

Patient outcomes are more positive after breast augmentation when patients feel they are being heard, have the opportunity to ask questions, and have trust in their physician. Future studies should be targeted at optimizing patient-reported experience to investigate whether this improves patient-reported outcomes.

Level of Evidence: 3
Approaches to embryonic neurodevelopment: from neural cell to neural tube formation through mathematical models
Authors: Rafati Ali H , Joca Sâmia , Vontell Regina T , Wegener Gregers , Ardalan Maryam
Published: June 2024

The development of the human central nervous system initiates in the early embryonic period until long after delivery. It has been shown that several neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases originate from prenatal incidents. Mathematical models offer a direct way to understand neurodevelopmental processes better. Mathematical modelling of neurodevelopment during the embryonic period is challenging in terms of how to ‘Approach’, how to initiate modelling and how to propose the appropriate equations that fit the underlying dynamics of neurodevelopment during the embryonic period while including the variety of elements that are built-in naturally during the process of neurodevelopment. It is imperative to answer where and how to start modelling; in other words, what is the appropriate ‘Approach’? Therefore, one objective of this study was to tackle the mathematical issue broadly from different aspects and approaches. The approaches were divided into three embryonic categories: cell division, neural tube growth and neural plate growth. We concluded that the neural plate growth approach provides a suitable platform for simulation of brain formation/neurodevelopment compared to cell division and neural tube growth. We devised a novel equation and designed algorithms that include geometrical and topological algorithms that could fit most of the necessary elements of the neurodevelopmental process during the embryonic period. Hence, the proposed equations and defined mathematical structure would be a platform to generate an artificial neural network that autonomously grows and develops.
Deletion variants calling in third-generation sequencing data based on a dual-attention mechanism
Authors: Wang Han , Li Chang , Yu Xinyu , Gao Jingyang
Published: June 2024

Deletion is a crucial type of genomic structural variation and is associated with numerous genetic diseases. The advent of third-generation sequencing technology has facilitated the analysis of complex genomic structures and the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying phenotypic changes and disease onset due to genomic variants. Importantly, it has introduced innovative perspectives for deletion variants calling. Here we propose a method named Dual Attention Structural Variation (DASV) to analyze deletion structural variations in sequencing data. DASV converts gene alignment information into images and integrates them with genomic sequencing data through a dual attention mechanism. Subsequently, it employs a multi-scale network to precisely identify deletion regions. Compared with four widely used genome structural variation calling tools: cuteSV, SVIM, Sniffles and PBSV, the results demonstrate that DASV consistently achieves a balance between precision and recall, enhancing the F1 score across various datasets. The source code is available at https://github.com/deconvolution-w/DASV.
Demultiplexing of single-cell RNA-sequencing data using interindividual variation in gene expression
Authors: Nassiri Isar , Kwok Andrew J , Bhandari Aneesha , Bull Katherine R , Garner Lucy C , Klenerman Paul , Webber Caleb , Parkkinen Laura , Lee Angela W , Wu Yanxia , Fairfax Benjamin , Knight Julian C , Buck David , Piazza Paolo
Published: June 2024

Motivation

Pooled designs for single-cell RNA sequencing, where many cells from distinct samples are processed jointly, offer increased throughput and reduced batch variation. This study describes expression-aware demultiplexing (EAD), a computational method that employs differential co-expression patterns between individuals to demultiplex pooled samples without any extra experimental steps.

Results

We use synthetic sample pools and show that the top interindividual differentially co-expressed genes provide a distinct cluster of cells per individual, significantly enriching the regulation of metabolism. Our application of EAD to samples of six isogenic inbred mice demonstrated that controlling genetic and environmental effects can solve interindividual variations related to metabolic pathways. We utilized 30 samples from both sepsis and healthy individuals in six batches to assess the performance of classification approaches. The results indicate that combining genetic and EAD results can enhance the accuracy of assignments (Min. 0.94, Mean 0.98, Max. 1). The results were enhanced by an average of 1.4% when EAD and barcoding techniques were combined (Min. 1.25%, Median 1.33%, Max. 1.74%). Furthermore, we demonstrate that interindividual differential co-expression analysis within the same cell type can be used to identify cells from the same donor in different activation states. By analysing single-nuclei transcriptome profiles from the brain, we demonstrate that our method can be applied to nonimmune cells.

Availability and implementation

EAD workflow is available at https://isarnassiri.github.io/scDIV/ as an R package called scDIV (acronym for single-cell RNA-sequencing data demultiplexing using interindividual variations).
Racially Minoritised Young People’s Experiences of Navigating COVID-19 Challenges: A Community Cultural Wealth Perspective
Authors: Bernard Claudia , Gupta Anna , Lakhanpaul Monica , Sharma Anita , Peres Teresa
Published: June 2024

This article explores the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on racially minoritised children and young people. It draws on a study that investigated the factors that impacted the well-being and resilience of Black and Asian children and young people in the UK during the pandemic. The study employed a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with Black and Asian children aged twelve to nineteen years, to explore their perspectives of the contributing factors that impacted the health, well-being and the coping strategies and support they were able to draw upon to navigate challenges. The thematic analysis highlighted themes of: (1) Support and well-being and (2) coping strategies and resilience to understand the layered elements of multiple intersecting identities and inequities. The findings revealed insights into the intersection of multiple disadvantages, namely economic stressors, food poverty, digital inequality, disrupted education and disproportionate losses that impacted family functioning, peer-to-peer support, friendships and social connection. Through the lens of community cultural wealth, this article seeks to examine key factors that need to be foregrounded when lived experiences are rooted in the cumulative effects of multiple intersecting inequalities. The findings provide insights into the challenges exacerbated by structural inequalities and racial disparities that disproportionately impacted youth experiences.
The neural representation of body part concepts
Authors: Mazurchuk Stephen , Fernandino Leonardo , Tong Jia-Qing , Conant Lisa L , Binder Jeffrey R
Published: June 2024

Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies provide evidence for a degree of category-related organization of conceptual knowledge in the brain. Some of this evidence indicates that body part concepts are distinctly represented from other categories; yet, the neural correlates and mechanisms underlying these dissociations are unclear. We expand on the limited prior data by measuring functional magnetic resonance imaging responses induced by body part words and performing a series of analyses investigating the cortical representation of this semantic category. Across voxel-level contrasts, pattern classification, representational similarity analysis, and vertex-wise encoding analyses, we find converging evidence that the posterior middle temporal gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, and the ventral premotor cortex in the left hemisphere play important roles in the preferential representation of this category compared to other concrete objects.
EUKARYOME: the rRNA gene reference database for identification of all eukaryotes
Authors: Tedersoo Leho , Hosseyni Moghaddam Mahdieh S , Mikryukov Vladimir , Hakimzadeh Ali , Bahram Mohammad , Nilsson R Henrik , Yatsiuk Iryna , Geisen Stefan , Schwelm Arne , Piwosz Kasia , Prous Marko , Sildever Sirje , Chmolowska Dominika , Rueckert Sonja , Skaloud Pavel , Laas Peeter , Tines Marco , Jung Jae-Ho , Choi Ji Hye , Alkahtani Saad , Anslan Sten
Published: June 2024

Molecular identification of micro- and macroorganisms based on nuclear markers has revolutionized our understanding of their taxonomy, phylogeny and ecology. Today, research on the diversity of eukaryotes in global ecosystems heavily relies on nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) markers. Here, we present the research community-curated reference database EUKARYOME for nuclear ribosomal 18S rRNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rRNA markers for all eukaryotes, including metazoans (animals), protists, fungi and plants. It is particularly useful for the identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as it bridges the four commonly used molecular markers—ITS1, ITS2, 18S V4–V5 and 28S D1–D2 subregions. The key benefits of this database over other annotated reference sequence databases are that it is not restricted to certain taxonomic groups and it includes all rRNA markers. EUKARYOME also offers a number of reference long-read sequences that are derived from (meta)genomic and (meta)barcoding—a unique feature that can be used for taxonomic identification and chimera control of third-generation, long-read, high-throughput sequencing data. Taxonomic assignments of rRNA genes in the database are verified based on phylogenetic approaches. The reference datasets are available in multiple formats from the project homepage, http://www.eukaryome.org.
Rapid adaptation of the rainbow trout intestinal microbiota to the use of a high-starch 100% plant-based diet
Authors: Defaix Raphaël , Lokesh Jep , Calo Jessica , Biasutti Sandra , Surget Anne , Terrier Frédéric , Soengas José Luis , Panserat Stéphane , Ricaud Karine
Published: June 2024

Short-term adaptation of the microbiota could promote nutrient degradation and the host health. While numerous studies are currently undertaking feeding trials using sustainable diets for the aquaculture industry, the extent to which the microbiota adapts to these novel diets is poorly described. The incorporation of carbohydrates (CHO) within a 100% plant-based diet could offer a novel, cost-effective energy source that is readily available, potentially replacing the protein component in the diets. In this study, we investigated the short-term (3 weeks) effects of a high CHO, 100% plant-based diet on the mucosal and digesta associated microbiota diversity and composition, as well as several metabolic parameters in rainbow trout. We highlighted that the mucosa is dominated by Mycoplasma (44.86%). While the diets did not have significant effects on the main phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria), after 3 weeks, a lower abundance of Bacillus genus, and higher abundances of four lactic-acid bacteria were demonstrated in digesta. In addition, no post-prandial hyperglycemia was observed with high carbohydrate intake. These results provide evidence for the rapid adaptation of the gut microbiota and host metabolism to high CHO in combination with 100% plant ingredients in rainbow trout.
COVID-19 Stress and Cognitive Disparities in Black, MENA, and White Older Adults
Authors: Ajrouch Kristine J , Zahodne Laura B , Brauer Simon , Tarraf Wassim , Antonucci Toni C
Published: June 2024

Background and Objectives

Population aging has led to an increased interest in cognitive health and, in particular, the role that stress plays in cognitive disparities. This paper extends previous work by characterizing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stress type prevalence and its association with cognitive health in metro-Detroit among Black, Middle Eastern/Arab (MENA), and White older adults.

Research Design and Methods

Data come from a regionally representative sample of adults aged 65+ in metro-Detroit (N = 600; MENA n = 199; Black n = 205; White n = 196). We used generalized linear models to compare groups on sociodemographic, objective stress, and social stress indicators. Multiple group structural equation models evaluated whether COVID-19 stress predicted cognitive health and whether that association varied across racial/ethnic groups.

Results

MENA and Black older adults reported higher levels of objective stress than Whites. There were no racial/ethnic group differences in social stress. More objective stress was associated with better cognitive health, and more social stress was associated with worse cognitive health. The positive effect of objective stress was especially apparent for White older adults.

Discussion and Implications

Though it appears that minority stress was not exacerbated in the context of pandemic stress, links between greater objective stress and better cognitive health apparent among White older adults were not evident among MENA or Black older adults. Broadening health disparities research by including underrepresented populations allows us to elevate scientific knowledge by clarifying what is universal and what is unique about the stress process.
Numerical prediction of the aerodynamics and aeroacoustics of a 25 kW horizontal axis wind turbine
Authors: Wang Wen-Yu , Ferng Yuh-Ming
Published: June 2024

In this study, low-frequency-based numerical methods were used to predict the noise radiating from rotating horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) blades. The flow parameters in the vicinity of blade surfaces, which are required for the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) equation, were calculated using ANSYS FLUENT. The numerical model was verified against the experimental results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase VI wind turbine blades. The coupling analysis was integrated with four Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence models and FW–H equation under various boundary conditions. The standard k-ε, SST k-ω and V2f turbulence models produced results in agreement with the available experimental pressure coefficient and relative velocity distribution data in the flow fields. Under the verification of aeroacoustic results, the SST k-ω turbulence model was more consistent with the large eddy simulation data. An Institute of Nuclear Energy Research 25-kW HAWT was employed to predict noise frequency distribution at nine points on the tower on the windward and leeward sides under different operating conditions. Noise frequency distributions on the windward and leeward sides exhibited slight differences, whereas those on the left and right sides of the tower were different because of wind-shear influence. Under operating conditions, the decibels of the low-frequency noise at 0–200 Hz were ∼25–40 dB, and the noise frequency distributions on the windward and leeward sides were similar. With increasing distance, the decibel number of the monitoring point ∼25 m away dropped to 0 dB. For the noise prediction in Case 2 (wind speed = 12 m/s, pitches = 18°), the decibel number at 50 m was ∼25 dB and was ∼15 dB at 70 m. In Case 3 (wind speed = 18 m/s, pitches = 33°), the decibel number at 50 m was ∼30 dB and was ∼20 dB at 70 m. The peak amplitude of the noise was inversely proportional to the increasing distance from the tower but proportional to the wind and rotational speeds.
Quasi-isotropic UV emission in the ULX NGC 1313 X–1
Authors: Gúrpide A , Castro Segura N
Published: June 2024

A major prediction of most super-Eddington accretion theories is the presence of anisotropic emission from supercritical discs, but the degree of anisotropy and its dependence on energy remain poorly constrained observationally. A key breakthrough allowing to test such predictions was the discovery of high-excitation photoionized nebulae around ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). We present efforts to tackle the degree of anisotropy of the ultraviolet/extreme ultraviolet (UV/EUV) emission in super-Eddington accretion flows by studying the emission-line nebula around the archetypical ULX NGC 1313 X–1. We first take advantage of the extensive wealth of optical/near-UV and X-ray data from Hubble Space Telescope, XMM–Newton, Swift X-ray telescope, and NuSTAR observatories to perform multiband, state-resolved spectroscopy of the source to constrain the spectral energy distribution (SED) along the line of sight. We then compare spatially resolved cloudy predictions using the observed line-of-sight SED with the nebular line ratios to assess whether the nebula ‘sees’ the same SED as observed along the line of sight. We show that to reproduce the line ratios in the surrounding nebula, the photoionizing SED must be a factor of ≈4 dimmer in UV emission than along the line of sight. Such nearly iosotropic UV emission may be attributed to the quasi-spherical emission from the wind photosphere. We also discuss the apparent dichotomy in the observational properties of emission-line nebulae around soft and hard ULXs, and suggest that only differences in mass-transfer rates can account for the EUV/X-ray spectral differences, as opposed to inclination effects. Finally, our multiband spectroscopy suggests that the optical/near-UV emission is not dominated by the companion star.
CO in the Draco nebula: the atomic–molecular transition
Authors: Bieging John H , Kong Shuo
Published: June 2024

This paper presents maps of the J=2-1 transition of CO towards the Draco nebula intermediate-velocity cloud (IVC). The maps cover 8500 square arcmin with a velocity resolution of 0.33 km s$^{-1}$ and angular resolution of 38 ${\rm arcsec}$, or 0.11 pc at the cloud distance of 600 pc. The mapped area includes all the emission detected by the Herschel satellite with 250 $\mu$m intensity >5 MJy sr−1. Previously published observations of the far-infrared (far-IR) emission and the 21 cm line of HI are used to derive the column density distribution of H$_2$ and the abundance ratio CO/H$_2$, as well as the distribution of the molecular fraction of hydrogen, which approaches 90 per cent over much of the brighter parts of the nebula. The CO emission is highly clumpy and closely resembles the structures seen in far-IR images. The kinematics of the CO show supersonic motions between clumps but near-thermal to trans-sonic motions within clumps, consistent with model predictions that the scale length for dissipation of supersonic turbulence should be $\sim 0.1$ pc, mediated by kinematic viscosity and/or ambipolar diffusion. Different parts of the nebula show evidence for a spread of molecular formation time-scales of a few 10$^5$ yr, comparable with the dynamical time-scale of the infalling gas. The IVC will likely merge with the Galactic interstellar medium in $\sim 10^7$ yr, and the densest clumps may form an unbound cluster of low-mass stars.
TOI-2374 b and TOI-3071 b: two metal-rich sub-Saturns well within the Neptunian desert
Authors: Hacker Alejandro , Díaz Rodrigo F , Armstrong David J , Fernández Fernández Jorge , Müller Simon , Delgado-Mena Elisa , Sousa Sérgio G , Adibekyan Vardan , Stassun Keivan G , Collins Karen A , Yee Samuel W , Bayliss Daniel , Bieryla Allyson , Bouchy François , Butler R Paul , Crane Jeffrey D , Dumusque Xavier , Hartman Joel D , Helled Ravit , Jenkins Jon , Keniger Marcelo Aron F , Lewis Hannah , Lillo-Box Jorge , Lund Michael B , Nielsen Louise D , Osborn Ares , Osip David , Paegert Martin , Radford Don J , Santos Nuno C , Seager Sara , Shectman Stephen A , Srdoc Gregor , Strøm Paul A , Tan Thiam-Guan , Teske Johanna K , Vezie Michael , Watanabe David , Watkins Cristilyn N , Wheatley Peter J , Winn Joshua N , Wohler Bill , Ziegler Carl
Published: June 2024

We report the discovery of two transiting planets detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), TOI-2374 b and TOI-3071 b, orbiting a K5V and an F8V star, respectively, with periods of 4.31 and 1.27 d, respectively. We confirm and characterize these two planets with a variety of ground-based and follow-up observations, including photometry, precise radial velocity monitoring and high-resolution imaging. The planetary and orbital parameters were derived from a joint analysis of the radial velocities and photometric data. We found that the two planets have masses of (57 ± 4) M⊕ or (0.18 ± 0.01) MJ, and (68 ± 4) M⊕ or (0.21 ± 0.01) MJ, respectively, and they have radii of (6.8 ± 0.3) R⊕ or (0.61 ± 0.03) RJ and (7.2 ± 0.5) R⊕ or (0.64 ± 0.05) RJ, respectively. These parameters correspond to sub-Saturns within the Neptunian desert, both planets being hot and highly irradiated, with Teq  ≈ 745 K and Teq  ≈ 1812 K, respectively, assuming a Bond albedo of 0.5. TOI-3071 b has the hottest equilibrium temperature of all known planets with masses between 10 and 300 M⊕ and radii less than 1.5 RJ. By applying gas giant evolution models we found that both planets, especially TOI-3071 b, are very metal-rich. This challenges standard formation models which generally predict lower heavy-element masses for planets with similar characteristics. We studied the evolution of the planets’ atmospheres under photoevaporation and concluded that both are stable against evaporation due to their large masses and likely high metallicities in their gaseous envelopes.
A unified accretion disc model for supermassive black holes in galaxy formation simulations: method and implementation
Authors: Koudmani Sophie , Somerville Rachel S , Sijacki Debora , Bourne Martin A , Jiang Yan-Fei , Profit Kasar
Published: June 2024

It is well established that supermassive black hole (SMBH) feedback is crucial for regulating the evolution of massive, if not all, galaxies. However, modelling the interplay between SMBHs and their host galaxies is challenging due to the vast dynamic range. Previous simulations have utilized simple subgrid models for SMBH accretion, while recent advancements track the properties of the unresolved accretion disc, usually based on the thin α-disc model. However, this neglects accretion in the radiatively inefficient regime, expected to occur through a thick disc for a significant portion of an SMBH’s lifetime. To address this, we present a novel ‘unified’ accretion disc model for SMBHs, harnessing results from the analytical advection-dominated inflow–outflow solution (ADIOS) model and state-of-the-art general relativistic (radiation-)magnetohydrodynamics (GR(R)MHD) simulations. Going from low to high Eddington ratios, our model transitions from an ADIOS flow to a thin α-disc via a truncated disc, incorporating self-consistently SMBH spin evolution due to Lense–Thirring precession. Utilizing the moving mesh code arepo, we perform simulations of single and binary SMBHs within gaseous discs to validate our model and assess its impact. The disc state significantly affects observable luminosities, and we predict markedly different electromagnetic counterparts in SMBH binaries. Crucially, the assumed disc model shapes SMBH spin magnitudes and orientations, parameters that gravitational wave observatories like LISA and IPTA are poised to constrain. Our simulations emphasize the importance of accurately modelling SMBH accretion discs and spin evolution, as they modulate the available accretion power, profoundly shaping the interaction between SMBHs and their host galaxies.
Spatial clustering of gravitational wave sources with k-nearest neighbour distributions
Authors: Gupta Kaustubh Rajesh , Banerjee Arka
Published: June 2024

We present a framework to quantify the clustering of gravitational wave (GW) transient sources and measure their spatial cross-correlation with the large-scale structure (LSS) of the universe using the k-nearest neighbour (kNN) formalism. As a first application, we measure the nearest neighbour distributions of 53 suitably selected binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected in the first three observation runs of LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA and cross-correlate these sources with $\sim 1.7 \times 10^7$ galaxies and quasars from the WISE$\times$ SuperCOSMOS all-sky catalogue. To determine the significance of the clustering signal while accounting for observational systematics in the GW data, we create 135 realizations of mock BBHs that are statistically similar to the observed BBHs but spatially unclustered. We find no evidence for spatial clustering or cross-correlation with LSS in the data and conclude that the present sky localization and number of detections are insufficient to get a statistically significant clustering signal. Looking forwards, the statistically large number of detections and the significant improvements in sky localizations expected from future observing runs of LIGO (including LIGO India) and the next generation of GW detectors will enable measurement of the BBH–LSS cross-correlation and open a new window into cosmology.
Significance of eGFR and proteinuria for cardiovascular disease in individuals beyond 85 years of age
Authors: Azegami Tatsuhiko , Kaneko Hidehiro , Okada Akira , Suzuki Yuta , Fujiu Katsuhito , Morita Hiroyuki , Takeda Norifumi , Takeda Norihiko , Fukui Akira , Yokoo Takashi , Node Koichi , Yasunaga Hideo , Nangaku Masaomi , Hayashi Kaori
Published: June 2024

Background

There are limited data on how advancing age influences prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria, especially in older adults, including those aged ≥85 years old. This study aimed to clarify the association of eGFR and proteinuria with CVD outcomes and the impact of age on this association.

Methods

The distribution of eGFR and urine protein in Japan was assessed retrospectively using real-world administrative claims and health checkup data collected between April 2014 and November 2022. We investigated the associations of these two parameters with the incidence of CVD, with an emphasis on the impact of aging.

Results

We assessed 1 829 020 individuals for distribution of eGFR and proteinuria; after excluding those with known CVD, their association with CVD risk was examined in 1 040 101 individuals aged ≥40 years. The prevalence of impaired kidney function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) increased with age, being 0.7%, 9.2%, 21.9%, 40.2% and 60.2% at the ages of 18–39, 40–64, 65–74, 75–84 and ≥85 years, respectively (P for trend <.001); similarly, the proportion with positive proteinuria increased with age, being 2.7%, 4.3%, 5.6%, 9.2% and 15.8%, respectively (P for trend <.001). Both eGFR and urine protein were identified to be independent risk factors for CVD. Hazard ratios for CVD increased significantly when eGFR was <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the ages of 40–64, 65–74 and 75–84 years and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 at ≥85 years, while proteinuria remained significantly associated with a high CVD risk regardless of age. These findings were consistent even when analyzed separately by sex.

Conclusions

This study identified eGFR and urine dipstick proteinuria to be independent risk factors for CVD, even among individuals aged ≥85 years. However, the contribution of eGFR to the CVD risk was attenuated by aging, whereas proteinuria remained less affected by advancing age.
Severe and rapidly changing hypophosphatemia in cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report
Authors: Acharya Prakash , Mishra Aakash , Kuikel Sandip , Mishra Aman , Rauniyar Robin , Khanal Kunjan , Nepal Amit Sharma , Thapaliya Sahil
Published: June 2024

The increasing prevalence of cannabis worldwide requires awareness of a potential, less recognized, paradoxical entity, the cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). This includes cyclic episodes of nausea, vomiting, and compulsive hot water bathing for alleviation in individuals with chronic cannabis use. An 18-year-old male with daily and prolonged cannabis use has excessive nausea and vomiting, is diagnosed with CHS, and is further complicated by severe and rapidly fluctuating hypophosphatemia. He was successfully managed with intravenous (IV) antiemetic (metoclopramide) and IV normal saline in the emergency department. Hypophosphatemia was treated with IV phosphorous. Although hypophosphatemia in CHS is a rare encounter, the authors share their experience to promote broader recognition and insight into successful management.
The Lifetime Impacts of the New Deal's Youth Employment Program
Authors: Aizer Anna , Early Nancy , Eli Shari , Imbens Guido , Lee Keyoung , Lleras-Muney Adriana , Strand Alexander
Published: June 2024

We study the lifetime effects of the first and largest American youth employment and training program in the United States—the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 1933–1942. We match newly digitized enrollee records to census, World War II enlistment, Social Security, and death records. We find that longer service in the CCC led to improvements in height, health status, longevity, geographic mobility, and lifetime earnings but did not improve short-term labor market outcomes, including employment and wages. We address potential selection into CCC duration using several approaches, most importantly two newly developed control-function approaches that leverage unbiased estimates of the short-term effects of a randomized controlled trial of Job Corps (the modern version of the CCC). Our findings suggest that short- and medium-term evaluations of employment programs underestimate effects because they fail to capture lifetime effects and often ignore or underestimate health and longevity benefits that increase in magnitude at later ages.
Incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Finland, 2000–2020
Authors: Uusitupa Erika , Rahikkala Heidi , Sard Sirja , Pokka Tytti , Salo Henri , Kärki Johanna , Sokka-Isler Tuulikki , Backström Maria , Vähäsalo Paula
Published: June 2024

Objective

Previous epidemiological data of JIA in Finland are from the turn of the millennium. We aimed to determine the recent annual incidence of JIA in several consecutive years in Finland and to explore the differences in incidence between sexes, age groups and regions.

Methods

We analysed all children <16 years of age who met the ILAR classification criteria for JIA. Cases from 2000–2020 were identified from two national registers: the Care Register for Health Care of the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the Reimbursement Register containing medication data from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; cases from 2016–2020 were identified from the Finnish Rheumatology Quality Register.

Results

The incidence of JIA was 31.7 per 100 000 (95% CI 30.2, 33.1), according to the Care Register in 2000–2020 and peaked in 2010–2014. No considerable differences in incidence rates were observed among registers. In all age groups, incidence in girls was predominant compared with boys. The incidence in girls peaked at the ages of 2 years and 14–15 years. Decreasing incidence was observed among boys 0–3 years old during the entire study period, whereas increasing incidence was observed among teenage girls and boys 4–7 years old in 2000–2013.

Conclusion

The incidence of JIA is not only very high with respect to that in other parts of the world but also higher than previously reported in Finland. The incidence varied by region and year but was not higher at the end than the beginning of the study period.
One-year effectiveness of long-term exercise therapy in people with axial spondyloarthritis and severe functional limitations
Authors: van Wissen Maria A T , van den Ende Cornelia H M , Gademan Maaike G J , Teuwen Max M H , Peter Wilfred F , Mahler Elien A M , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , van Gaalen Floris A , Spoorenberg Anneke , van den Hout Wilbert B , van Tubergen Astrid M , Vliet Vlieland Theodora P M , van Weely Salima F E
Published: June 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of long-term, personalized, supervised exercise therapy on functional ability compared with usual care in people with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and severe functional limitations.

Methods

Participants were randomly 1:1 assigned to the intervention [maximal 64 sessions, with 14 additional optional sessions of supervised active exercise therapy (e.g. aerobic and muscle strengthening) with individualized goal-setting, education and self-management regarding physical activity] or usual care (care determined by clinician(s) and participants themselves). Primary endpoint was the change in the Patient-Specific Complaints activity ranked 1 [PSC1 (0–10)] at 52 weeks. Secondary endpoints were the PSC activities ranked 2 and 3, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, 6-min walk test, Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Physical Function-10 and the Short Form-36 Physical and Mental Component Summary Score (SF-36 PCS and MCS). Statistical comparisons comprised independent student t-tests and linear mixed models, based on intention-to-treat.

Results

214 participants [49% female, age 52 (s.d. 12) years], were randomized to the intervention (n = 110) or usual care (n = 104) group. In the intervention group 93% started treatment, using on average 40.5 sessions (s.d. 15.1). At 52 weeks, the difference in change in PSC1 between groups favoured the intervention group [mean difference (95% CI); −1.8 (−2.4 to −1.2)]. Additionally, all secondary outcomes, except the SF-36 MSC, showed significantly greater improvements in the intervention group with effect sizes ranging from 0.4 to 0.7.

Conclusion

Long-term, supervised exercise therapy proved more effective than usual care in improving functional disability and physical quality of life in people with axSpA and severe functional limitations.

Trial registration

Netherlands Trial Register NL8238, included in the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP) (https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NL8238).
Five-year follow-up of patients with difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Takanashi Satoshi , Takeuchi Tsutomu , Kaneko Yuko
Published: June 2024

Objectives

To elucidate the long-term outcomes of patients with difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis (D2T RA).

Methods

We collected data on the clinical course of patients who had been identified as D2T RA in 2018 until 2023. We stratified the patients according to outcomes at the last visit: resolved D2T RA, persistent D2T RA and mortality. We compared their clinical characteristics and investigated the predictive factors for the resolution of D2T RA or mortality. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of the causes of D2T RA identified in 2018, multidrug resistance, comorbidities and socioeconomic factors on outcomes in 2023.

Results

Of 173 patients identified as D2T RA in 2018, 150 were included in the analysis. Among them, D2T RA was resolved in 67 (45%), 75 (50%) remained as D2T RA, and 8 (5%) died. Patients with resolved D2T RA were significantly younger at the latest visit (P = 0.02), had a higher proportion of treatment changes during five years (P  = 0.002), and had a higher proportion of interleukin-6 receptor inhibitors use in 2023 (P = 0.04) than those in patients with persistent D2T RA or those who died. D2T RA resolved in 38% of patients with multidrug resistance, mainly with treatment changes. Rheumatic disease comorbidity index and glucocorticoid dose escalation were independent risk factors for mortality [odds ratio (OR), 3.50; P = 0.02 and OR, 31.9; P  = 0.002, respectively].

Conclusion

Further modifications in RA treatment are useful for resolving D2T RA. Multiple comorbidities and glucocorticoid use are associated with mortality.
Religious Polarization in Europe
Authors: Wilkins-Laflamme Sarah , Voas David , Hewlett Kirstie
Published: June 2024

We define two types of religious polarization and investigate the extent to which they are present across European countries, based on data from the 2008 to 2017 European Values Study and hierarchical linear modeling. The first type is polarization by religiosity, with declines in the middle ground between the actively religious and the nonreligious as secularization reaches an advanced stage. The second type is issue polarization, with the religious and secular taking different positions on a range of socio-political values, including social conservatism and ethnic nationalism. We find limited evidence of bimodality in the distribution of religiosity. We find more evidence, however, of issue polarization between the religious and secular in Europe, especially in social conservatism. Religious polarization should thus be understood as a multidimensional concept where one dimension may be more prevalent than others in society.