bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semiclassical spin transport in LaO/STO system in the presence of multiple Rashba spin-orbit couplings
Authors: Kundu Anirban , Siu Zhuo Bin , Jalil Mansoor B A
Published: December 2022

The interaction between linear and cubic spin–orbit couplings with magnetic moments and mobile spin-polarized carriers in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LaO/STO) system provides new avenues for spin transport applications. We study the interplay between linear and cubic Rashba spin orbit coupling (RSOC) on in-plane magnetic moments in the LaO/STO system using the Boltzmann transport theory based on the relaxation time approximation (RTA) and the more refined Schliemann-Loss (SL) delta-potential scattering model. In general, both methods yield a linear (quadratic) relationship in the spin accumulation (spin current) when one of the three RSOC strengths is varied and the other two fixed. The simultaneous presence of multiple types of RSOC with distinct angular dependencies facilitates the breaking of the k-space symmetry of the Fermi surface, thus ensuring a finite spin accumulation upon integration over the entire Fermi surface. While the oft-used RTA method is sufficiently accurate for spin accumulation calculations, the more refined SL model is required for spin current calculations because the RTA method neglects the anisotropy of the Fermi contour arising from the cubic RSOC terms. Based on the refined SL model and under optimal tuning of the RSOC parameters, the spin charge conversion in LaO/STO is predicted to reach a remarkable efficiency of 30%.
Cosmological constraints on decaying axion-like particles: a global analysis
Authors: Balázs Csaba , Bloor Sanjay , Gonzalo Tomás E. , Handley Will , Hoof Sebastian , Kahlhoefer Felix , Lecroq Marie , Marsh David J.E. , Renk Janina J. , Scott Pat , Stöcker Patrick
Published: December 2022

Axion-like particles (ALPs) decaying into photons are known to affect a wide range of
astrophysical and cosmological observables. In this study we focus on ALPs with masses in the
keV–MeV range and lifetimes between 104 and 1013 seconds, corresponding to decays between
the end of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and the formation of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).
Using the CosmoBit module of the global fitting framework GAMBIT, we combine state-of-the-art
calculations of the irreducible ALP freeze-in abundance, primordial element abundances (including
photodisintegration through ALP decays), CMB spectral distortions and anisotropies, and
constraints from supernovae and stellar cooling. This approach makes it possible for the first
time to perform a global analysis of the ALP parameter space while varying the parameters of ΛCDM
as well as several nuisance parameters. We find a lower bound on the ALP mass of around ma
>
300 keV, which can only be evaded if ALPs are stable on cosmological timescales. Future
observations of CMB spectral distortions with a PIXIE-like mission are expected to improve this
bound by two orders of magnitude.
SImMER: A Pipeline for Reducing and Analyzing Images of Stars
Authors: Savel Arjun B. , Hirsch Lea A. , Gill Holden , Dressing Courtney D. , Ciardi David R.
Published: December 2022

We present the first public version of SImMER, an open-source Python reduction pipeline for astronomical images of point sources. Current capabilities include dark-subtraction, flat-fielding, sky-subtraction, image registration, FWHM measurement, contrast curve calculation, and table and plot generation. SImMER supports observations taken with the ShARCS camera on the Shane 3 m telescope and the PHARO camera on the Hale 5.1 m telescope. The modular nature of SImMER allows users to extend the pipeline to accommodate additional instruments with relative ease. One of the core functions of the pipeline is its image registration module, which is flexible enough to reduce saturated images and images of similar-brightness, resolved stellar binaries. Furthermore, SImMER can compute contrast curves for reduced images and produce publication-ready plots. The code is developed online at https://github.com/arjunsavel/SImMER and is both pip- and conda-installable. We develop tutorials and documentation alongside the code and host them online. With SImMER, we aim to provide a community resource for accurate and reliable data reduction and analysis.
An imputation approach for a time-to-event analysis subject to missing outcomes due to noncoverage in disease registries
Authors: Shih Joanna H , Albert Paul S , Fine Jason , Liu Danping
Published: December 2022

Disease incidence data in a national-based cohort study would ideally be obtained through a national disease registry. Unfortunately, no such registry currently exists in the United States. Instead, the results from individual state registries need to be combined to ascertain certain disease diagnoses in the United States. The National Cancer Institute has initiated a program to assemble all state registries to provide a complete assessment of all cancers in the United States. Unfortunately, not all registries have agreed to participate. In this article, we develop an imputation-based approach that uses self-reported cancer diagnosis from longitudinally collected questionnaires to impute cancer incidence not covered by the combined registry. We propose a two-step procedure, where in the first step a mover–stayer model is used to impute a participant’s registry coverage status when it is only reported at the time of the questionnaires given at 10-year intervals and the time of the last-alive vital status and death. In the second step, we propose a semiparametric working model, fit using an imputed coverage area sample identified from the mover–stayer model, to impute registry-based survival outcomes for participants in areas not covered by the registry. The simulation studies show the approach performs well as compared with alternative ad hoc approaches for dealing with this problem. We illustrate the methodology with an analysis that links the United States Radiologic Technologists study cohort with the combined registry that includes 32 of the 50 states.
Dorsal posterior cingulate cortex responds to negative feedback information supporting learning and relearning of response policies
Authors: Wolff Susann , Brechmann André
Published: December 2022

Many challenges in life come without explicit instructions. Instead, humans need to test, select, and adapt their behavioral responses based on feedback from the environment. While reward-centric accounts of feedback processing primarily stress the reinforcing aspect of positive feedback, feedback’s central function from an information-processing perspective is to offer an opportunity to correct errors, thus putting a greater emphasis on the informational content of negative feedback. Independent of its potential rewarding value, the informational value of performance feedback has recently been suggested to be neurophysiologically encoded in the dorsal portion of the posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC). To further test this association, we investigated multidimensional categorization and reversal learning by comparing negative and positive feedback in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. Negative feedback, compared with positive feedback, increased activation in the dPCC as well as in brain regions typically involved in error processing. Only in the dPCC, subarea d23, this effect was significantly enhanced in relearning, where negative feedback signaled the need to shift away from a previously established response policy. Together with previous findings, this result contributes to a more fine-grained functional parcellation of PCC subregions and supports the dPCC’s involvement in the adaptation to behaviorally relevant information from the environment.
The role of left insula mediating impaired error processing in response inhibition in adult heavy drinkers
Authors: Ikeda Yumiko , Funayama Takuya , Okubo Yoshiro , Suzuki Hidenori
Published: December 2022

Identification of neurobiological mechanisms underlying development of alcohol use disorder is critical to ensuring the appropriate early-phase treatment and prevention of the disorder. To this aim, we tried to elucidate the disturbance of neural functions in heavy drinking, which can lead to alcohol use disorder. Because response inhibition is affected by alcohol use disorder, we examined neural activation and task performance for response inhibition using the Go/No-Go task in an fMRI paradigm in adult non-dependent heavy and light drinkers. We examined the neural activation for error processing and inhibitory control, components of response inhibition. We then investigated the mediating effect of the relevant neural substrate on the relationship between the level of alcohol drinking and task performance using mediation analysis. We found that heavy drinking significantly decreased activation in the left insula during error processing and increased the mean commission error rate for No-Go trials compared with light drinking. Mediation analysis demonstrated full mediation of the left insula activation during error processing for the relationship between drinking level and commission error rate. Our results suggested that left insula activation may be a neural marker pivotal for potential conversion to alcohol use disorder in individuals with high clinical risk such as heavy drinking.
Pre-operative oil ingestion reduces the probability of thoracic duct trunk ligation during esophagectomy
Authors: Yang Yong-Bo , Dai Liang , Wu Ya-Ya , Yan Wan-Pu , Liang Zhen , Lin Yao , Chen Ke-Neng
Published: December 2022

Chylothorax is an important complication after esophagectomy. Ligation of the injured thoracic duct is the main method to prevent chylothorax after esophagectomy, but may be associated with adverse effects. Whether ligation of the injured tributary alone, keeping the main trunk intact, may suffice to prevent post-operative chylothorax is not well known. Since March 2017, 40 mL of olive oil was administered to patients posted for esophagectomy. We compared patients admitted between March 2017 and December 2019 with patients admitted between July 2014 and February 2017, who had not received pre-operative oil. The outcome measures were the need for thoracic duct main trunk or tributary ligation, development of chylothorax and missed ligation. There were 371 patients in the oil ingestion group and 308 patients in the standard control group. Chylothorax in the oil ingestion group was significantly lower than that in the standard control group (1.3% vs. 4.5%, P = 0.012). Chyle leak from thoracic duct tributaries was diagnosed in a significantly higher percentage (5.7% vs. 0.0%, P < 0.001) and missed ligation of the injured thoracic duct was significantly lower (0.3% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.002) in the oil ingestion group compared with the standard control group. The incidence of post-operative chylothorax was not statistically different (6.3% vs. 10.0%, P = 1.000) between the tributary and the trunk ligation group. Pre-operative oil ingestion can help visualize the thoracic duct trunk and its tributaries during esophagectomy. Thus, non-selected thoracic duct trunk ligation and missed ligation during esophagectomy can be reduced. Precise ligation of the injured tributary while the main trunk is intact can also prevent post-operative chylothorax.
Reflecting on the advancements of HFrEF therapies over the last two decades and predicting what is yet to come
Authors: Piña Ileana L , Gibson Gregory T , Zieroth Shelley , Kataria Rachna
Published: December 2022

What was once considered a topic best avoided, managing heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has become the focus of many drug and device therapies. While the four pillars of guideline-directed medical therapies have successfully reduced heart failure hospitalizations, and some have even impacted cardiovascular mortality in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), patient-reported outcomes have emerged as important endpoints that merit greater emphasis in future studies. The prospect of an oral inotrope seems more probable now as targets for drug therapies have moved from neurohormonal modulation to intracellular mechanisms and direct cardiac myosin stimulation. While we have come a long way in safely providing durable mechanical circulatory support to patients with advanced HFrEF, several percutaneous device therapies have emerged, and many are under investigation. Biomarkers have shown promise in not only improving our ability to diagnose incident heart failure but also our potential to implicate specific pathophysiological pathways. The once-forgotten concept of discordance between pressure and volume, the forgotten splanchnic venous and lymphatic compartments, have all emerged as promising targets for diagnosing and treating heart failure in the not-so-distant future. The increase in heart failure-related cardiogenic shock (CS) has revived interest in defining optimal perfusion targets and designing RCTs in CS. Rapid developments in remote monitoring, telemedicine, and artificial intelligence promise to change the face of heart failure care. In this state-of-the-art review, we reminisce about the past, highlight the present, and predict what might be the future of HFrEF therapies.
Older adults experiencing polypharmacy preferred to continue their non-prescription products during a card sorting activity
Authors: Maitah Yehya , Rana Ruchi , Vordenberg Sarah E
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To explore the extent to which adults 65-years and older who reported taking 10 or more non-prescription products were interested in deprescribing.

Methods

During an online semi-structured interview, participants were asked to imagine their primary care provider raised the idea of deprescribing. Participants sorted each prescription and non-prescription medication into a category: continue, stop or lower (deprescribe), or unsure. Findings were summarized using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

Key findings

Participants (n = 15) were interested in deprescribing 6% of the non-prescription medications (n = 12/207).

Conclusions

Older adults were resistant to deprescribing non-prescription products.
Identification, Pathogenicity, and Culture Conditions of a New Isolate ofCordyceps javanica(Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) From Soil
Authors: Xing Peixiang , Diao Hongliang , Wang Di , Zhou Wenwen , Tian Jing , Ma Ruiyan
Published: December 2022

This study decribes a highly effective insecticidal isolate of Cordyceps javanica (Frieder. & Bally) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) named IJ-tg19, which was isolated from soil. Spray bioassays were performed with IJ-tg19 on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) adults, third-instar nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and third-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to determine the pathogenicity of the isolate. The corrected mortality rates for all three pests were 100% when the conidia concentration was 1 × 106 conidia/ml, the lowest concentration in this study, and the median survival times (MST) were 4, 4, and 3 d. The MST shortens with increasing conidia concentration. The effects of laboratory culture conditions on the sporulation and growth of the isolate were also studied. This isolate had the greatest conidia production and fastest growth rate on malt extract agar medium at 25°C. The amount of conidia produced had positive correlation to light duration, with the highest production at 24 hr light. The growth of mycelium can adapt to a moderately alkaline environment, but the optimum conidial production occurred at the pH of 7. Our finding and research will be useful in biocontrol programs that are considering using the new isolate of C. javanica against greenhouse pests.
Clerical independence and the religious field in post-colonial Mauritania
Authors: Thurston Alexander
Published: December 2022

Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of the ‘religious field’, this paper examines the roles available to Mauritanian clerics at different points in the country’s postcolonial history. The paper retraces the interaction between an imam, his students, and the postcolonial state. Buddāh Wuld al-Būṣayrī (1920–2009), the longtime official imam of Mauritania’s capital Nouakchott, had state backing for much of his career and was an interlocutor for heads of state. Yet he periodically wielded his symbolic capital to criticize state policies, and he acted as a mentor to Salafīs, Islamists, and other activists, all without facing repression. His students and successors, however, faced an environment that was increasingly hostile to clerical dissent from the 1990s onward. Fiercer electoral competition, fragmentation within the religious field, and the advent of the Mauritanian iteration of the ‘Global War on Terror’ all undercut possibilities for clerical independence, as the state became more concerned about the constituencies for which individual clerics were perceived to speak. This case study sheds light on global dynamics in the Muslim world in an era where clerical independence is often constrained by expanding state power—including forms of ‘official Islam’ that seek to co-opt certain clerics while branding others as dissidents and troublemakers.
Progressive Grand Strategy: A Synthesis and Critique
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey A
Published: December 2022

This article evaluates emerging progressive ideas about US grand strategy. Progressives’ distinctive analytic premise is that structural inequality undermines America's national interests. To combat this problem, progressives recommend retrenching US primacy in a manner that resembles the grand strategy of restraint. However, progressives also seek to build a more democratic international order that can facilitate new forms of global collective action. Progressives thus advocate ambitious international goals at the same time as they reject the institutional arrangements that the United States has traditionally used to promote its global agenda. No other grand strategy shares those attributes. After articulating the core elements of a progressive grand strategy, the article explores that strategy's unique risks and tradeoffs and raises several concerns about the theoretical and practical viability of progressive ideas.
RNA editing of microtubule-associated protein tau circular RNAs promotes their translation and tau tangle formation
Authors: Welden Justin Ralph , Margvelani Giorgi , Arizaca Maquera Karol Andrea , Gudlavalleti Bhavani , Miranda Sardón Sandra C , Campos Alexandre Rosa , Robil Noémie , Lee Daniel C , Hernandez Alvaro G , Wang Wang-Xia , Di Jing , de la Grange Pierre , Nelson Peter T , Stamm Stefan
Published: December 2022

Aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau characterizes tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-Tau). Gene expression regulation of tau is complex and incompletely understood. Here we report that the human tau gene (MAPT) generates two circular RNAs (circRNAs) through backsplicing of exon 12 to either exon 7 (12→7 circRNA) or exon 10 (12→10 circRNA). Both circRNAs lack stop codons. The 12→7 circRNA contains one start codon and is translated in a rolling circle, generating a protein consisting of multimers of the microtubule-binding repeats R1–R4. For the 12→10 circRNA, a start codon can be introduced by two FTLD-Tau mutations, generating a protein consisting of multimers of the microtubule-binding repeats R2–R4, suggesting that mutations causing FTLD may act in part through tau circRNAs. Adenosine to inosine RNA editing dramatically increases translation of circRNAs and, in the 12→10 circRNA, RNA editing generates a translational start codon by changing AUA to AUI. Circular tau proteins self-aggregate and promote aggregation of linear tau proteins. Our data indicate that adenosine to inosine RNA editing initiates translation of human circular tau RNAs, which may contribute to tauopathies.
HP1 proteins regulate nucleolar structure and function by secluding pericentromeric constitutive heterochromatin
Authors: Ballmer Daniel , Tardat Mathieu , Ortiz Raphael , Graff-Meyer Alexandra , Ozonov Evgeniy A , Genoud Christel , Peters Antoine HFM , Fanourgakis Grigorios
Published: December 2022

Nucleoli are nuclear compartments regulating ribosome biogenesis and cell growth. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), nucleoli containing transcriptionally active ribosomal genes are spatially separated from pericentromeric satellite repeat sequences packaged in largely repressed constitutive heterochromatin (PCH). To date, mechanisms underlying such nuclear partitioning and the physiological relevance thereof are unknown. Here we show that repressive chromatin at PCH ensures structural integrity and function of nucleoli during cell cycle progression. Loss of heterochromatin proteins HP1α and HP1β causes deformation of PCH, with reduced H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and HP1γ levels, absence of H4K20me3 and upregulated major satellites expression. Spatially, derepressed PCH aberrantly associates with nucleoli accumulating severe morphological defects during S/G2 cell cycle progression. Hp1α/β deficiency reduces cell proliferation, ribosomal RNA biosynthesis and mobility of Nucleophosmin, a major nucleolar component. Nucleolar integrity and function require HP1α/β proteins to be recruited to H3K9me3-marked PCH and their ability to dimerize. Correspondingly, ESCs deficient for both Suv39h1/2 H3K9 HMTs display similar nucleolar defects. In contrast, Suv4-20h1/2 mutant ESCs lacking H4K20me3 at PCH do not. Suv39h1/2 and Hp1α/β deficiency-induced nucleolar defects are reminiscent of those defining human ribosomopathy disorders. Our results reveal a novel role for SUV39H/HP1-marked repressive constitutive heterochromatin in regulating integrity, function and physiology of nucleoli.
Wise and Humorous Words
Authors: Litovkina Anna T. , Vargha Katalin , Barta Péter , Hrisztova-Gotthardt Hrisztalina
Published: December 2022

Proverbs, riddles, and jokes constitute an ample and varied part of Hungarian verbal folklore. All three genres were originally coined by an individual and then gradually spread among the speech community to become “anonymous” texts, both oral and written. These short and concise texts contain bits of folk wisdom and may be meant to be humorous and entertaining (jokes, riddles, and anti-proverbs) or not (proverbs). This chapter is organized into three sections. While the first section addresses Hungarian proverbs and anti-proverbs, the second one treats riddles, and the third discusses jokes. Each section provides a short overview of the collection and study of the respective genre. The nature and origin of each genre, its specific features and subgenres, its pragmatic functions and usage, as well as its contemporary forms are also briefly explored.
Hard Love Part 1
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai
Published: December 2022

Women ethnographers have played prominent roles in shaping the field of Hip Hop dance studies. This chapter analyzes the insights from some of those women ethnographers, particularly practitioner-researchers, on Hip Hop streetdances in relation to three themes: self-presentation and identity in the field; strategies for navigating interpersonal relationships while maintaining personal and professional boundaries; and the bodily realities (or corporealities) of race, gender, age, and nation as they shape those experiences. The ethnographers interviewed include a variety of women who approach ethnography in both academic and non-academic professions. They deal with what the chapter calls “hard love,” which speaks to their commitment to balancing scholarly obligations and Hip Hop cultural imperatives, in spaces where women are often a minority and researchers are distrusted. The chapter expands on what we know about researching in these sites, and offers new areas of inquiry for future research.
Is She B-Boying or B-Girling? Understanding How B-Girls Negotiate Gender and Belonging
Authors: Simard Helen
Published: December 2022

This chapter considers the practices of b-boying and b-girling through the lens of gender, by examining the discourses surrounding the dance practices of female breakers, and some of the ways these discourses impact on women’s social interactions within their dance community. Using the methodological framework of discourse analysis, and drawing from West and Zimmerman’s (1987) conception of gender, I discuss some of the ways by which gender is “accomplished” by female breakers, at the discursive, embodied, and interactional levels. Data collected in a review of the literature, and from both artifact and video analysis, was cross-referenced with transcripts of interviews conducted with female breakers in Montreal, Canada, and analyzed through thematic comparison, highlighting both the struggles women may face when participating in this implicitly masculine lifestyle community, and the ways in which their presence and participation can help to challenge hegemonic definitions of masculinity and femininity.
Through Sound and Space
Authors: Petchauer Emery
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on the roles that sound and space play in becoming a b-boy or b-girl. The word sound refers to the music that breaking-oriented DJs play and what comes from their application of hip hop aesthetics like rupture and flow. Space refers to cyphers in which breaking most often takes place. I frame “becoming” as a process of social-identity formation and acquisition of musical competence connected to these sounds and spaces. Overall, the chapter makes the case that sounds and spaces—both changing over time—are important for understanding breaking, how people become b-boys and b-girls, and why we jam on the groove.
Negotiating the Metaspace
Authors: Sadot Paul
Published: December 2022

With patronage from powerful mainstream institutions and corporations, Hip Hop dance theater (HHDT) is under the influence of cultural industry conditions, thereby having become a commodity that is, in its ascendancy, part of the United Kingdom’s neoliberal creative economy. This chapter argues that long-established notions of “what hip hop dance is” are perpetuated in HHDT productions via a type of choreopolicing. This wider space, or metaspace, of supervision is inhabited by interconnected elements including mentorships, funding strategies, and the state-led commodification of arts and culture. The chapter examines how these processes have an impact on the agency and (im)mobility of artists working in the HHDT mold and connect to the wider processes of gentrification and “culturfication” (a neologism for the manufacture of culture) that presently permeate London’s sociocultural, political, and artistic landscape.
Can Expert Dancers Be a Springboard Model to Examine Neurorehabilitation via Dance?
Authors: Barnstaple Rebecca , Rabinovich Débora B. , DeSouza Joseph Francis Xavier
Published: December 2022

Neuroimaging research in dance investigates neural signatures and networks to better understand the effects of dance on the brain. From studies of experts showing regions involved in learning choreography to looking at how long-term practice of dance may be reflected in structural and functional brain changes, a growing body of evidence suggests that engagement in dance may be both neuroprotective and neurorehabilitative across the life span. This body of research provides a strong basis and explanatory framework for the emerging trend of using dance in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease. We investigate elements of dance that contribute to these findings, and review recent research in this nascent field, starting with a study involving expert breaker Ken Swift. We also look at applications such as Popping for Parkinson’s®, an international project that specifically draws on the cultural and movement vocabulary of Hip Hop. Linking research on expert dancers and the experiences of older adults participating in dance, this chapter presents a comprehensive model of the ways in which dance can contribute to health and well-being across the lifespan.
Learn Your History
Authors: Park MiRi
Published: December 2022

Academic oral history is a valuable methodology for hearing multiple stories, particularly in cases of hotly contested histories. This methodology allows for many voices to coexist, provides a long-form space for presenting people’s experiences, and connects to the practices of the griot and informal oral histories. This chapter explores how academic oral history complicates master narratives by looking at an oral history project about New York City b-girls who were active in the 1990s. It also examines how this approach creates a fuller picture of breaking history than what has commonly been depicted in both the media and among practitioners.
“They Come for the Hip Hop but Stay for the Healing”
Authors: Leafloor Stephen “Buddha”
Published: December 2022

This chapter is about mental health outreach and community healing through Hip Hop in remote Indigenous communities, Canada’s high Arctic, and in maximum-security youth prisons. It considers empowering youth to heal and find their own voices using a variety of best-practice techniques, including traditional culture and the elements of Hip Hop, also utilizing the power of the drum, stomping, meditation, and the spoken word. Blueprintforlife and Blueprint Pathways were founded by Canadian B-boy Stephen Leafloor, aka “Buddha” who has been streetdancing since 1975. Their work has been the recipient of many national and international awards, and the focus of ten documentaries. The chapter includes a number of stories to illustrate the work.
Foundation
Authors: Gabbert Kenneth “Ken Swift” , Lutz Yarrow “Osofly”
Published: December 2022

Breaking is a dance with five main components: top rock, go downs, footwork, spins, air moves, and freezes. These traditional elements make up the form’s fundamentals and ground an approach where creativity, innovation, and improvisation are valued, keeping the dance progressing. The traditions of Breaking are also rooted in music, personal style, battling, crews, and fashion. This chapter describes these fundamentals as they existed in the developmental stages of Breaking in the late 1970s and as they continue to evolve today, as subsequent practitioners build upon Breaking’s foundational blueprint.
Make the Letters Dance
Authors: DeNaro Anthony “YNOT” , Fogarty Mary
Published: December 2022

Writing (“Aerosol Art”) is more than an inspiration for some Hip Hop dance practitioners. For those that combine the various elements in Hip Hop, the relationship between them is the generative impulse for creation. In the quest to create a personal signature in the city, Hip Hop arts express not only the visual name but also the rhythm of the letters, and how their movement connects to space and time. YNOT’s output as a B-boy is the result of investigations into other art forms and cultural backgrounds. The chapter identifies some of the practices of iconic artists that inspired YNOT’s output, such as RAMM:ELL:ZEE, Donald “DONDI” White, Jeffrey “DOZE” Green, and Jorge “POP MASTER” FABEL. It discusses how art schools are often places to gather and experiment and have contributed to creativity in Hip Hop culture. Understanding and relating the structures of art forms can deepen art practices and help decolonize disciplines. This chapter examines Hip Hop methodologies while showing how the integrity of this work is connected to knowledge of self and openness to divergent experiences.
Introduction
Authors: Fogarty Mary , Johnson Imani Kai
Published: December 2022

Laying out a groundwork for the emerging area of scholarship devoted to Hip Hop dance, the introduction contextualizes the structure and content of this anthology. It emphasizes the advantages of including practitioners, practitioner-scholars, dance scholars, and community workers in understandings of the experience of Hip Hop dance(s). Framed as a “love letter” to students of the dances that fall under the rubric of Hip Hop, the editors point to the future possibilities of the field of Hip Hop dance studies, in relation to its political, cultural, aesthetic, and institutional frameworks. The introduction also seeks to name the motivations and stakes of this emerging field and provides a brief overview of the content of each chapter of this Handbook.
Living in the Tension
Authors: Roberts Rosemarie A.
Published: December 2022

Hip hop movement practices are central to understanding not only dance but also the ways in which subversive knowledges are produced and performed. This chapter examines the Hip Hop dance performance, Popping, and what it reveals about social injustices and social justice practices. Working at the intersections of social science, dance and performance, the chapter analyzes Stephan “Mr. Wiggles” Clemente’s Popping aesthetic to examine physicalized micro-level containments, pops, tensions, and releases, and what they convey about the structural realities within which Popping was produced. This analysis is situated within a social justice framework in order to intervene in the movement practices that typically define acts of social justice. Reading Popping logics and aesthetics as embodiments of knowledge foregrounds the ways in which performing individual dancing bodies transform into a collective body to perform historical knowledges, even when those knowledges are choreographed rather than lived.
Spectralism and Research in Psychoacoustics and Music Perception
Authors: Lalitte Philippe
Published: December 2022

Although work in the sciences of musical perception did not wait until the 1970s to reach composers, those in the spectral movement were particularly attentive and used some aspects to fertilize their theoretical thought and their compositional practice. This chapter examines the different ways in which these composers appropriated the knowledge of sound and auditory perception. The chapter will first examine the paradigm shift that has led from note to sound culture and to an awareness of the role of perception in composition. It will then discuss the question of the appropriation of concepts from acoustics and psychoacoustics by spectral composers. Finally, it will focus on some scientific-inspired techniques of composition.
Carl Stumpf and the Phenomenology of Musical Utterances
Authors: Kursell Julia
Published: December 2022

This chapter identifies a key to Carl Stumpf’s early perspective on phenomenology in his notion of Sachverhalt (state of affairs). It argues that this notion enabled him to combine a rigorous philosophical approach to phenomenology with a practice of putting together an empirical basis for his research. In a threefold historical analysis, it first surveys the philosophical and legal contexts for Stumpf’s notion, then discusses his developing research practices in the field of sound and music, and eventually distinguishes his practice from Husserlian phenomenology as it emerged later. The discussion highlights three aspects of Stumpf’s practice in particular—the collection of utterances, the modes of comparison among them, and their experimental production—and each relates to topics of Stumpf’s broader research that have been chosen for the discussion: tone psychology, ethnography, and experimental phonetics.
Research in Pregnancy
Authors: Little Margaret Olivia , Wickremsinhe Marisha N. , Lyerly Anne Drapkin
Published: December 2022

While pregnant people are among those most in need of access to effective treatment and preventive drugs and vaccines, evidence to inform use of pharmaceuticals in pregnancy is sorely lacking. Recent years have seen growing recognition of the urgent need to increase responsible research in pregnancy. This chapter outlines the state of play on key issues regarding such research. First, it describes evidence gaps, their systemic causes, and their human and moral costs. Next, it addresses conditions under which pregnant people may ethically be included in studies, highlighting issues of allowable risk, consent, and abortion. Finally, it turns to the important issue of fair inclusion of pregnant participants in research, at the levels of both agenda-setting structures and individual trials. Together these considerations point to the collective responsibility of the global research community to identify and pursue research that meets the needs and honors the interests of pregnant people.
Pacific Trade
Authors: Fukunaga Yuka , L. Hsieh Pasha
Published: December 2022

The chapter provides an overview of the main legal structures that govern Pacific trade in the Third Regionalism. It offers insight into the evolution of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community, as well as ASEAN’s external agreements with Asia-Pacific economies including China, India, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. It also discusses legal and policy considerations for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) based on ASEAN Plus One agreements. Furthermore, by focusing on the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the chapter analyses key issues such as rules of origin, market access, electronic commerce, state-owned enterprises and currency manipulation. It is imperative to understand these critical developments of ASEAN, the CPTPP and the RCEP amid trade protectionism and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Trade and Investment Liberalization
Authors: Gao Henry
Published: December 2022

The article starts by tracing China’s long and storied history with the GATT and WTO, highlighting challenges posed by China’s unique economic system and the key commitments designed to alleviate these problems. The next parts discuss China’s role in the Doha Round, as well as its efforts to build its own network of trade agreements and arrangements, including not only traditional free trade agreements, but also the Belt and Road Initiative, and free trade zones. This is followed by a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the main issues in the current discussions on WTO reform, a process that started at the last WTO Ministerial Conference held in December 2017. In particular, the paper examines in detail the efforts by some major players to turn it into a so-called ‘China Round’, and China’s reactions. The paper concludes with a review of the failed attempt of the United States to address some of these issues through the US-China trade war and suggests that multilateral negotiation is the best way forward.
The Relationship Between Intellectual Property and Trade Through the Lens of Geographical Indications
Authors: Calboli Irene
Published: December 2022

This chapter addresses the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and trade through the lens of the international, and controversial, protection of geographical indications (GIs). This methodological choice—focusing on a specific IP topic instead of multiple rights—is not only due to the wording limitations of the chapter, but also to the fact that the international regulation of GIs well illustrates the changes, successes and challenges of the international IP system, at the multilateral, regional and bilateral levels. In particular, this chapter recounts how the international system of GI protection developed across several periods. At first, GIs were protected at the multilateral level, but only by a small number of countries. Then, in the 1990s, the TRIPS Agreement included GIs into the global IP agenda. At the turn of the century, however, GI negotiations shifted—even more than other IPRs—to regional and bilateral FTAs. Still, multilateralism showed its resilience precisely with the revisions of a GI agreement, the Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement, in 2015. Ultimately, this chapter supports that the main take away of the journey across international GI protection is that the international IP landscape has become more complex and multilayered and the ‘new normal’ relationship between IPRs and trade is the co-existence and combination of multilateralism, bilateralism and regionalism.
Environment
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S.
Published: December 2022

Questions on the relationships and possible conflicts between trade law and environmental law have resulted in some of the most charged debates in international law over the last few decades. While a lot of progress has been made in clarifying the legal interactions between, and the complementary benefits of, these two important areas of law, a number of questions remain unresolved. These debates have assumed greater significance and urgency as the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development underscores the need for enhanced partnership—globally, regionally, and nationally—on trade and environment issues.

The first objective of this chapter is to consider the key phases in efforts to harmonize trade and environmental regimes at the international level. It examines how the interactions between both regimes have moved from an informal alliance phase, confrontation and formal recognition phase, and then to an increasingly formalized partnership phase. The second objective of this chapter is to examine key unresolved challenges and questions that remain about how to effectively interpret and implement international treaty obligations on free trade and the environment in a coordinated, coherent, and less fragmented manner. The key issues remain threefold: harmonizing existing WTO rules with obligations set out in MEAs; advancing coordination and partnership between trade and MEA institutions; and reducing or eliminating tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in environmental goods and services. This chapter considers these questions and suggests a wide array of mutually supportive solutions to maximize coherence and harmonization between trade and environmental regimes.
Digital Trade
Authors: Peng Shin-yi
Published: December 2022

Digital technology has transformed the way trade is conducted, and the need to modernize trade agreements to reflect this reality is long overdue. In terms of market access, WTO case law has confirmed that GATS disciplines and obligations apply to digital means of service delivery that have emerged since the WTO was concluded in 1994. However, judicial interpretation may not be the most appropriate method of clarifying whether the W/120 and the CPC cover certain international trade enabled by digital technologies. GATS classification/scheduling system must be reformed in light of innovative advances and trends toward a data-driven economy. In terms of domestic regulation, governments are facing dilemmas between maximizing opportunities stemming from digital trade by freeing the flow of data and managing the impact of cross-border data flows for other policy objectives, which include privacy and cybersecurity. Drawing from the experiences of the FTAs, an obvious challenge is the inherent sensitivity of interfering with other parties’ ‘digital sovereignty’. Particular attention should be paid to the soft legal nature of certain provisions and loose exceptions under the digital trade/e-commerce chapters. Furthermore, ‘special and differential treatment’ will eventually be the focal points of digital trade and data governance.
Interpretation
Authors: Van den Bossche Peter , Ganeriwal Parika
Published: December 2022

This chapter on the interpretation of WTO agreements and regional trade agreements seeks to answer the relevant ‘how’ and ‘what’ questions, namely ‘how’ to interpret these agreements and ‘what’ rules apply to the interpretation. To that end, this chapter addresses the principles of and the jurisprudence on the interpretation of trade agreements. It begins with an exploration of the provisions of the WTO agreements that provide guidance on the interpretation of WTO law. It subsequently discusses the codified rules on treaty interpretation as comprised in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) and examines the application of these rules by the WTO Appellate Body in its interpretation of provisions of the WTO agreements. The application by the Appellate Body of non-codified principles of interpretation, such as the principle of effectiveness and the principle of in dubio mitius, as well as the evolutionary approach to interpretation are also discussed. This chapter concludes with an examination of the rules applicable on, and applied to, the interpretation of free trade agreements other than the WTO agreements.
The Regulation of International Trade
Authors: Saggi Kamal , Schropp Simon
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the various economic rationales that underlie international trade agreements and analyses how the principal rules and design features of such agreements help achieve their key objectives. Our contribution is twofold. First, we provide an intuitive discussion of the economics of international trade agreements in general and the GATT 1947/WTO Agreement in particular. Second, we examine the economic underpinnings of some of the key rules of the international trading system, including the most-favored-nation and the national-treatment obligations, the principle of reciprocity, as well as various exceptions to non-discrimination found in the GATT 1947/WTO system, and address some important regulatory developments since the early GATT years.
West- and East-European Sources and Contexts for the Late-Soviet Underground
Authors: Glanc Tomáš
Published: December 2022

The import of foreign cultural stimuli played a fundamental role in the Soviet underground. The Soviet cultural politics, on the one hand, limited an access to foreign materials and information. On the other hand, precisely these factors heightened interest in anything “prohibited” or difficult to access. Other socialist countries’ cultural contexts and their representatives played a specific role in adjusting relationships between the “homegrown” and the “foreign” (Western). Channels of communication can be divided into media and person-to-persona and include different forms of appropriation and translations, cultural diplomacy and black market. In all these cases, situations of mis- or incomprehension accompanies processes of appropriation and translation (not only linguistic) of cultural materials.
Indigenous Archaeology in Waitukubuli (Dominica)
Authors: Auguiste Irvince Nanichi , Hofman Corinne L.
Published: December 2022

Dominica is currently home to approximately 3,200 Carib or Kalinago. They named their island Oüaitoucoubouli/Waitukubuli (tall is her body). For more than two centuries, colonial forces attempted to gain control of the island, but the Kalinago met them with fierce resistance. The most devastating impact of the European invasion on Kalinago culture was on the Kalinago language. Until the 1920s, few Kalinago could speak or remember the language; the Kalinago language was rapidly replaced by French Kwéyol and, to a lesser extent, English. Today, most Kalinago are unable to speak their native language, but many Kalinago names and words remain in common use. At present, the Kalinago are strongly engaged in promoting their heritage in light of economic development to provide both direct and indirect economic gains to the residents of the community and to foster greater awareness and appreciation of the Kalinago culture. This chapter discusses the long-lasting relationship between the Kalinago communities and archaeologists with a view to contributing to these efforts. The co-creation between archaeologists and community members in all stages of research has stimulated interest in and a better understanding of the archaeological work done on the island. Moreover, it has brought together a number of Indigenous leaders and other public figures in archaeological forums for the first time.