bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The powerful potential of amino acid menthyl esters for anti‐inflammatory and anti‐obesity therapies
Authors: Takasawa Seidai , Kimura Kosuke , Miyanaga Masato , Uemura Takuya , Hachisu Masakazu , Miyagawa Shinichi , Ramadan Abdelaziz , Sukegawa Satoru , Kobayashi Masaki , Kimura Seisuke , Matsui Kenji , Shiroishi Mitsunori , Terashita Kaori , Nishiyama Chiharu , Yashiro Takuya , Nagata Kazuki , Higami Yoshikazu , Arimura Gen‐ichiro
Published: May 2024

Our newly developed menthyl esters of valine and isoleucine exhibit anti‐inflammatory properties beyond those of the well‐known menthol in macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in a mouse model of colitis induced by sodium dextran sulfate. Unlike menthol, which acts primarily through the cold‐sensitive TRPM8 channel, these menthyl esters displayed unique mechanisms that operate independently of this receptor. They readily penetrated target cells and efficiently suppressed LPS‐stimulated tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (Tnf) expression mediated by liver X receptor (LXR), a key nuclear receptor that regulates intracellular cholesterol and lipid balance. The menthyl esters showed affinity for LXR and enhanced the transcriptional activity through their non‐competitive and potentially synergistic agonistic effect. This effect can be attributed to the crucial involvement of SCD1, an enzyme regulated by LXR, which is central to lipid metabolism and plays a key role in the anti‐inflammatory response. In addition, we discovered that the menthyl esters showed remarkable efficacy in suppressing adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes at the mitotic clonal expansion stage in an LXR‐independent manner as well as in mice subjected to diet‐induced obesity. These multiple capabilities of our compounds establish them as formidable allies in the fight against inflammation and obesity, paving the way for a range of potential therapeutic applications.
Investigating the synergistic effect of ZnO/GO nanocomposite films for methylene blue removal
Authors: Yildirim Fatma , Canpolat Nurtac , Aydogan Sakir , Yilmaz Mehmet
Published: May 2024

This study aims to reveal the growth kinetics of ZnO nanoflakes and ZnO/GO nanocomposite films obtained at different Zn precursor salt concentrations by electrochemical deposition method and to evaluate the catalytic performances of the obtained films. The films were grown on FTO substrate with Zn precursor salt concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.125 M, and 0.175 M. Characterization of the obtained films was performed by XRD, SEM, UV–vis–NIR, Raman, and XPS analyses. The strong photocatalytic capabilities of the synthesized ZnO nanoflakes and ZnO/GO nanocomposite films were demonstrated by comparative analyses with the existing literature. Accordingly, photocatalytic experiments carried out under UVA irradiation revealed the high performance of the synthesized samples in the degradation of MB dye. The reaction kinetics were investigated using the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood kinetic model, resulting in high kobs values and R2 coefficients. ZnO nanoparticles showed a kobs of 0.038 min−1 and an R2 value of 0.96, while ZnO/GO nanocomposite films showed a kobs of 0.055 min−1 and an R2 value of 0.92. The significant increase in the degradation percentage shows the significant improvement achieved by the integration of GO, despite a slightly lower R2 value for the ZnO/GO nanocomposite film compared with ZnO nanoflakes films.
EPAS1, a hypoxia‐ and ferroptosis‐related gene, promotes malignant behaviour of cervical cancer by ceRNA and super‐enhancer
Authors: Lu Xiaoqin , Zhang Wenyi , Zhang Jingyan , Ren Dan , Zhao Panpan , Ying Yanqi
Published: May 2024

Hypoxia and Ferroptosis are associated with the malignant behaviour of cervical cancer. Endothelial PAS domain‐containing protein 1 (EPAS1) contributes to the progression of cervical cancer. EPAS1 plays important roles in hypoxia and ferroptosis. Using the GEO dataset, machine‐learning algorithms were used to screen for hypoxia‐ and ferroptosis‐related genes (HFRGs) in cervical cancer. EPAS1 was identified as the hub gene. qPCR and WB were used to investigate the expression of EPAS1 in normal and cervical cancer tissues. The proliferation, invasion and migration of EPAS1 cells in HeLa and SiHa cell lines were detected using CCK8, transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. A dual‐luciferase assay was used to analyse the MALAT1‐miR‐182‐5P‐EPAS1 mRNA axis and core promoter elements of the super‐enhancer. EPAS1 was significantly overexpressed in cervical cancer tissues. EPAS1 could increase the proliferation, invasion, migration of HeLa and SiHa cells and reduce the apoptosis of HeLa and SiHa cell. According to the double‐luciferase assay, EPAS1 expression was regulated by the MALAT1‐Mir‐182‐5p‐EPAS1 mRNA axis. EPAS1 is associated with super‐enhancers. Double‐luciferase assay showed that the core elements of the super‐enhancer were E1 and E3. EPAS1, an HFRG, is significantly overexpressed in cervical cancer. EPAS1 promotes malignant behaviour of cervical cancer cells. EPAS1 expression is regulated by super‐enhancers and the MALAT1‐miR‐182‐5P‐ EPAS1 mRNA axis. EPAS1 may be a target for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.
Three dimensional (3D)‐printed foods: A review of recent advances in their ingredients, printing techniques, food printers, post‐processing methods, consumer acceptance and safety
Authors: Mudau Masala , Adebo Oluwafemi Ayodeji
Published: May 2024

Three‐dimensional food printing (3DFP) involves layer‐by‐layer deposition of food materials to transform a part model into a food product. With this cutting‐edge food processing technology, food's acceptability, among others, can be enhanced, consequently contributing to food security. This review focuses on 3D‐printed foods (3DPFs), with an overview of 3DPFs, describing various printing techniques and the differences between them in terms of the principles used, and the food fabricated. This review also thoroughly elucidates the various kinds of 3D‐printable materials, functional ingredients, and the health advantages of using them to obtain 3DPFs. The consumer acceptance and safety of 3DPFs, research drawbacks, and promising aspects related to 3DFP are also explicated in this review. As the food industry looks for ways to reduce waste and boost the production of individualized and customized foods, 3D printing of foods is a sustainable way of food production for now and the future.

Practical applications

Adopting 3D food printing in the food industry can help minimize manufacturing costs while providing a variety of food whose designs are customizable, whose nutrients can be digitalized, and which can satisfy individuals' specific dietary requirements. With much more recent developments in novel ingredients, printing technologies, and food printers, post‐processing techniques, among others, this technology can significantly contribute to ensuring food security.
The effect of abdominal massage and in‐bed ROM exercise on gastrointestinal complications and comfort in intensive care unit patients receiving enteral nutrition: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Turan Mensure , Cengiz Zeliha
Published: May 2024

Aim

Abdominal massage facilitates gastric and colonic motility, reduces intra‐abdominal distension and increases circulation. In‐bed range of motion (ROM) exercise has effects on muscle strength, cardiac parameters and excretion. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of abdominal massage and in‐bed ROM exercise on gastrointestinal complications and patient comfort in intensive care patients receiving enteral nutrition.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the internal intensive care units of two tertiary public hospitals. The sample consisted of 130 patients randomly assigned to three groups (abdominal massage = 44, in‐bed ROM exercise = 43, control = 43). The individuals received abdominal massage and in‐bed ROM exercises every morning before enteral feeding for 3 days. We assessed gastrointestinal complications and comfort levels of the patients 24 h after each intervention.

Results

While the differences in abdominal distention, defecation status, constipation, and gastric residual volume complications were significant (p < .05), there was no significant difference in diarrhea and vomiting (p > .05). Comfort level showed a statistically significant change in the experimental groups in the in‐group comparison (p < .05).

Conclusion

Abdominal massage and in‐bed ROM exercise reduce abdominal distention, constipation and gastric residual volume. Abdominal massage affects the frequency of defecation; and, both interventions increase the comfort while reducing the pain level over time.
A review: Pancreatic enzymes in the treatment of chronic pancreatic insufficiency in companion animals
Authors: Szkopek Dominika , Pierzynowski Stefan G. , Pierzynowska Kateryna , Zaworski Kamil , Kondej Agata , Wychowański Piotr , Konieczka Paweł , Seklecka Blanka , Donaldson Janine , Jank Michał , Woliński Jarosław
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this review was to analyze the scientific literature on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs and cats and our own research on porcine model to compare animal‐ and microbial‐derived enzymes in the treatment of animals with this disease. Clinical signs of EPI occur when more than 85% of the pancreatic parenchyma is non‐functional. EPI can be a consequence of various diseases. The insufficient activity or deficiency of pancreatic enzymes leads to impaired digestion and absorption, and consequently, to malnutrition. The primary treatment for enzyme insufficiency is pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). PERT in animals with EPI is a lifetime therapy. Most commercially available products are of animal origin (processed pancreata obtained from a slaughter house) and contain lipases, alpha‐amylase, and proteases. Enzymes of microbial and plant origin seem to be a promising alternative to animal‐derived enzymes, but to date there are no registered preparations containing all enzymes simultaneously for use in clinical practice to treat EPI. Results from some previous studies have highlighted the “extra‐digestive” functions of pancreatic enzymes, as well as the actions of pancreatic‐like microbial enzymes. For example, trypsin activates protease‐activated receptor and provokes maturation of enterocytes and enterostatin inhibits fat absorption. It has been postulated that intrapancreatic amylase is the main component of the acini‐islet‐acinar axis—the reflex which down regulates insulin release, while gut and blood amylase exhibit anti‐incretin actions “per se.” Additionally, high but still physiological blood amylase activity coincide with physiological glucose homeostasis and a lack of obesity.
Structural change and productivity revolutions: Some hints from the Italian case, 1979–2016
Authors: Brambilla Carlo , Lavista Fabio
Published: May 2024

The reallocation of resources between sectors is classically regarded as the engine of long‐term growth. The different technological opportunities and the inherent levels of productivity that characterise each sector explain why changes in sectoral composition trigger development processes. Conversely, in the short run, productivity growth is associated with differentiation processes among firms operating in the same industry. The recent debate on the decline in Italian productivity has mainly focussed on short‐term interpretations. Using a new dataset on the largest Italian companies between the 1970s and the 2010s period, the paper examines the role of structural change in determining productivity changes.
Activation of innate immunity selectively compromises mitochondrial complex I, proline oxidation, and flight activity in the major arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti
Authors: Gaviraghi Alessandro , Barletta Ana Beatriz F. , Silva Thiago Luiz Alves E. , Oliveira Matheus P. , Sorgine Marcos H. F. , Oliveira Marcus F.
Published: May 2024

Aedes aegypti females are natural vectors of important arboviruses such as dengue, zika, and yellow fever. Mosquitoes activate innate immune response signaling pathways upon infection, as a resistance mechanism to fight pathogens and limit their propagation. Despite the beneficial effects of immune activation for insect vectors, phenotypic costs ultimately affect their fitness. However, the underlying mechanisms that mediate these fitness costs remain poorly understood. Given the high energy required to mount a proper immune response, we hypothesized that systemic activation of innate immunity would impair flight muscle mitochondrial function, compromising tissue energy demand and flight activity. Here, we investigated the dynamic effects of activation of innate immunity by intra‐thoracic zymosan injection on A. aegypti flight muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Zymosan injection significantly increased defensin A expression in fat bodies in a time‐dependent manner that compromised flight activity. Although oxidant levels in flight muscle were hardly altered, ATP‐linked respiratory rates driven by mitochondrial pyruvate+proline oxidation were significantly reduced at 24 h upon zymosan injection. Oxidative phosphorylation coupling was preserved regardless of innate immune response activation along 24 h. Importantly, rotenone‐sensitive respiration and complex I‐III activity were specifically reduced 24 h upon zymosan injection. Also, loss of complex I activity compromised ATP‐linked and maximal respiratory rates mediated by mitochondrial proline oxidation. Finally, the magnitude of innate immune response activation negatively correlated with respiratory rates, regardless of the metabolic states. Collectively, we demonstrate that activation of innate immunity is strongly associated with reduced flight muscle complex I activity with direct consequences to mitochondrial proline oxidation and flight activity. Remarkably, our results indicate a trade‐off between dispersal and immunity exists in an insect vector, underscoring the potential consequences of disrupted flight muscle mitochondrial energy metabolism to arbovirus transmission.
Synovial osteoclastogenesis mediated by chondrocyte‐secreted TNFα promotes TMJ condylar resorption
Authors: Xiao Yan , Ran Liu , Xuemin Zeng , ChenZhi Li , Qiang Zhang , Xiao Yuan , Dapeng Ren
Published: May 2024

Background

Insufficient occlusal support (IOS) frequently causes subchondral bone absorption in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis, and the underlying mechanism requires further investigation.

Methods

An IOS model was established by abrading rat molars. Micro‐computed tomography was used to evaluate subchondral bone changes. Osteoclastogenesis of synovium‐derived macrophages (SDMs) was confirmed by TRAP staining. Cartilage‐specific TNFα depletion was achieved by intra‐articular injection of adeno‐associated virus carrying shRNA against murine TNFα under control of collagen type II. In vitro, chondrocytes were mechanically compressed and conditioned medium (CM) was collected to detect its ability to induce osteoclastogenesis of SDMs.

Results

Synovial osteoclastogenesis and condyle resorption were observed following IOS. TNFα level was elevated in hypertrophic chondrocytes after IOS. Synovial Wnt5a level increased, but Wnt3a level decreased after IOS. Depletion of TNFα in chondrocytes alleviated the synovial osteoclastogenesis and condyle bone resorption. In vitro compression of chondrocytes potentiated TNFα expression and secretion. The CM promoted osteoclastogenesis of SDMs, which were partially prohibited by TNFα neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, inhibition of Wnt3a facilitated osteoclastogenesis, whereas inhibition of Wnt5a partially suppressed osteoclastogenesis, of SDMs cultured in CM.

Conclusion

Chondrocyte‐secreted TNFα induced by IOS is a critical regulator of synovial osteoclastogenesis and subsequent condylar resorption, partially through non‐canonical Wnt5a pathway.
Hyperspectral image classification based on superpixel merging and broad learning system
Authors: Xie Fuding , Wang Rui , Jin Cui , Wang Geng
Published: May 2024

Most spectral–spatial classification methods for hyperspectral images (HSIs) can achieve satisfactory classification results. However, the common problem faced with these approaches is the need for a long training time and sufficient training samples. To address this issue, this study proposes an effective spectral–spatial HSI classification method based on superpixel merging, superpixel smoothing and broad learning system (SMS‐BLS). The newly introduced parameter‐free superpixel merging technique based on local modularity not only enhances the role of local spatial information in classification, but also maintains class boundary information as much as possible. In addition, the spectral and spatial information of HSIs is further fused during the superpixel smoothing process. As a result, with limited training samples, using merged and smoothed superpixels instead of pixels as input to the broad learning system significantly improves its classification performance. Moreover, the merged superpixels weaken the dependence of the classification results on the superpixel segmentation scale. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated on three HSI benchmarks, namely Indian Pines, Pavia University and Salinas. Experimental and comparative results show the superiority of the method to other state‐of‐the‐art approaches in terms of overall accuracy and running time.
Restructuring reforms for green growth
Authors: Cevik Serhan , Jalles João Tovar
Published: May 2024

Policymakers across the world are striving to tackle the century‐defining challenge of climate change without undermining potential growth. This paper examines the impact of structural reforms in the energy sector (electricity and gas) on environmental outcomes and green growth indicators in a panel of 25 advanced economies during the period 1970–2020. We obtain striking results. First, while structural reforms so far failed in reducing greenhouse gas emissions per capita, there is some evidence for greater effectiveness in lowering emissions per unit of GDP. Second, although energy reforms are not associated with higher supply of renewable energy as a share of total energy supply, they appear to stimulate a sustained increase in environmental inventions and patents per capita over the medium term. We also find strong evidence of nonlinear effects, with market‐friendly energy reforms leading to better environmental outcomes and green growth in countries with stronger environmental regulations. Looking forward, therefore, structural reforms should be designed not just for market efficiency but also for green growth.
Plant density and variety effect on yield, leaf spot disease, weed species richness and diversity of groundnut production in northern Ghana
Authors: Abdul Rahman Nurudeen , Larbi Asamoah , Tanzubil Paul , Kizito Fred , Hoeschle‐Zeledon Irmgard
Published: May 2024

Low plant density and weed infestation are major challenges for groundnut production in northern Ghana. A two‐year on‐farm study was conducted to determine the effect of plant density and variety on grain and fodder yields, incidence of leaf spot disease, weed species diversity and biomass. A factorial treatment combination of 6 varieties and 4 plant densities laid in strip plot design with 4 replications was used. The varieties were (early maturity type: Chinese, Yenyewoso, Samnut 23 and late maturity type: Azivivi, Manipinta, Samnut 22). The plants density included 9, 11, 15 and 22 plants/m2. The late maturity varieties recorded higher (p < .05) canopy cover, grain and fodder yields relative to that of the early maturity varieties. The late maturity varieties also recorded the least sedge weed species frequency, density and incidence of leaf spot disease compared with that of the early maturity varieties. The canopy cover, grain and fodder yields increased with increasing plant density. Broadleaf weed species frequency and density, weed biomass, richness, and diversity declined with increasing plant density. Grain yield showed negative and significant correlation with broadleaf weed species frequency, density and weed biomass. The results suggest that both early and late maturity groundnut varieties can be planted at a density of 22 plants/m2 to increase grain and fodder yields and reduce weed species richness, diversity and growth in northern Ghana and similar agro‐ecology in West Africa.
The Liouville theorem for a class of Fourier multipliers and its connection to coupling
Authors: Berger David , Schilling René L. , Shargorodsky Eugene
Published: May 2024

The classical Liouville property says that all bounded harmonic functions in , that is, all bounded functions satisfying , are constant. In this paper, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions on the symbol of a Fourier multiplier operator , such that the solutions to are Lebesgue a.e. constant (if is bounded) or coincide Lebesgue a.e. with a polynomial (if is polynomially bounded). The class of Fourier multipliers includes the (in general non‐local) generators of Lévy processes. For generators of Lévy processes, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a strong Liouville theorem where is positive and grows at most exponentially fast. As an application of our results above, we prove a coupling result for space‐time Lévy processes.
Occupational therapy assessments and interventions for patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Rider John V. , LaVerdure Abigail E. , De Armond Megan
Published: May 2024

Objective:

The proposed scoping review aims to explore the literature on the occupational therapy (OT) scope of practice for patients with ankylosing spondylitis, including assessment methods and intervention approaches used by OT practitioners, areas of impairment addressed, and practice settings where OT practitioners provide services.

Introduction:

Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of spondyloarthritis primarily involving inflammation of the spine. Studies have begun to examine the role of OT in addressing pain, function, and disability among patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Given the increased recognition of OT services for this population, a comprehensive understanding of the assessment methods and intervention approaches used by OT practitioners when working with ankylosing spondylitis would benefit clinicians, providers, and patients and support future research efforts.

Inclusion criteria:

The review will consider studies that include participants of any age diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis and any form of OT assessment and intervention. All relevant published and unpublished studies will be considered, without date or language limitations, including all primary studies, gray literature, textual evidence papers, and clinical guidelines.

Methods:

The review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Searches will be conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Scopus, PsycINFO (EBSCOhost), ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, SportDiscus (EBSCOhost), OTDBase, OTSeeker, and Google Scholar. Two reviewers will independently extract data from selected papers using a standardized tool modified for the review. The results will be presented using frequency tables and will be accompanied by a narrative summary.

Review registration:

Open Science Framework https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VPY56
Effect of high‐fat diet on isometric, concentric and eccentric contractile performance of skeletal muscle isolated from female CD‐1 mice
Authors: Tallis Jason , James Rob S. , Eyre Emma L. J. , Shelley Sharn P. , Hill Cameron , Renshaw Derek , Hurst Josh
Published: May 2024

Despite evidence inferring muscle and contractile mode‐specific effects of high‐fat diet (HFD), no study has yet considered the impact of HFD directly on eccentric muscle function. The present work uniquely examined the effect of 20‐week HFD on the isometric, concentric and eccentric muscle function of isolated mouse soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. CD‐1 female mice were randomly split into a control (n = 16) or HFD (n = 17) group and for 20 weeks consumed standard lab chow or HFD. Following this period, SOL and EDL muscles were isolated and assessments of maximal isometric force and concentric work loop (WL) power were performed. Each muscle was then subjected to either multiple concentric or eccentric WL activations. Post‐fatigue recovery, as an indicator of incurred damage, was measured via assessment of concentric WL power. In the EDL, absolute concentric power and concentric power normalised to muscle mass were reduced in the HFD group (P < 0.038). HFD resulted in faster concentric fatigue and reduced eccentric activity‐induced muscle damage (P < 0.05). For the SOL, maximal isometric force was increased, and maximal eccentric power normalised to muscle mass and concentric fatigue were reduced in the HFD group (P < 0.05). HFD effects on eccentric muscle function are muscle‐specific and have little relationship with changes in isometric or concentric function. HFD has the potential to negatively affect the intrinsic concentric and eccentric power‐producing capacity of skeletal muscle, but a lack of a within‐muscle uniform response indicates disparate mechanisms of action which require further investigation.
Anomalous diffusion of synaptic vesicles and its influences on spontaneous and evoked neurotransmission
Authors: Lamanna Jacopo , Gloria Giulia , Villa Antonello , Malgaroli Antonio
Published: May 2024

Neurons in the central nervous system communicate with each other by activating billions of tiny synaptic boutons distributed along their fine axons. These presynaptic varicosities are very crowded environments, comprising hundreds of synaptic vesicles. Only a fraction of these vesicles can be recruited in a single release episode, either spontaneous or evoked by action potentials. Since the seminal work by Fatt and Katz, spontaneous release has been modelled as a memoryless process. Nevertheless, at central synapses, experimental evidence indicates more complex features, including non‐exponential distributions of release intervals and power‐law behaviour in their rate. To describe these features, we developed a probabilistic model of spontaneous release based on Brownian motion of synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic environment. To account for different diffusion regimes, we based our simulations on fractional Brownian motion. We show that this model can predict both deviation from the Poisson hypothesis and power‐law features in experimental quantal release series, thus suggesting that the vesicular motion by diffusion could per se explain the emergence of these properties. We demonstrate the efficacy of our modelling approach using electrophysiological recordings at single synaptic boutons and ultrastructural data. When this approach was used to simulate evoked responses, we found that the replenishment of the readily releasable pool driven by Brownian motion of vesicles can reproduce the characteristic binomial release distributions seen experimentally. We believe that our modelling approach supports the idea that vesicle diffusion and readily releasable pool dynamics are crucial factors for the physiological functioning of neuronal communication.

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Key points

We developed a new probabilistic model of spontaneous and evoked vesicle fusion based on simple biophysical assumptions, including the motion of vesicles before they dock to the release site.

We provide closed‐form equations for the interval distribution of spontaneous releases in the special case of Brownian diffusion of vesicles, showing that a power‐law heavy tail is generated.

Fractional Brownian motion (fBm) was exploited to simulate anomalous vesicle diffusion, including directed and non‐directed motion, by varying the Hurst exponent.

We show that our model predicts non‐linear features observed in experimental spontaneous quantal release series as well as ultrastructural data of synaptic vesicles spatial distribution.

Evoked exocytosis based on a diffusion‐replenished readily releasable pool might explain the emergence of power‐law behaviour in neuronal activity.
Implementation of a New Smart-Lubricant Model Using Generalized Newtonian Approach in Soft Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Authors: Meghpara Nirav Kantilal , Kumar Punit , Bhushan Gian
Published: May 2024

This is an inceptive attempt to replace the classical Bingham fluid model with a continuous double Newtonian power law-based constitutive equation for smart lubricants like magneto-rheological, electro-rheological, and ferro-fluids. The implementation of Bingham model in hydrodynamic (HD) and elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication analyses is highly challenging and inconvenient due to its inherent discontinuity. Therefore, the present work demonstrates the use of an already existing rheological model with an appropriate set of parameters to describe the flow behavior of smart lubricants in a soft-EHD lubrication algorithm based on the generalized Newtonian approach. The formation of both floating and adherent cores validates the proposed model. An extensive parametric study is also performed to explore the effects of operating speed, load, and slide-to-roll ratio on the soft-EHL characteristics. The results are very promising, showing that it's possible to customize smart lubricants to match specific operating conditions. This is achieved by adjusting the yield stress value accordingly, allowing for the desired variation in lubrication characteristics.
Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearing Test Rig With Novel Bearing Alignment System
Authors: Fais Collier , Ali Muhammad , Yasko Isaiah
Published: May 2024

This study presents the design and development of a new hydrodynamic thrust bearing test rig with a novel hydrodynamic pressure feedback bearing alignment control system. The bearing alignment system maintains an even distribution of thrust load across the bearing thrust pads using active hydrodynamic pressure as input to manipulate bearing orientation with stepper motors. The test rig is used to conduct a performance evaluation of fixed geometry hydrodynamic thrust bearings with variable taper depths. The influence of helical taper angle, rotational speed, and applied load on key performance characteristics including minimum oil film thickness (MOFT), hydrodynamic pressure distribution, and bearing temperature is presented and analyzed. A numerical model based on the Reynolds equation is used to support the experimental results obtained. Trends in performance established by the numerical analysis show mutually agreeable results compared to experimental data. The average percent deviation of the experimentally gathered change in MOFT as load is increased with respect to the numerically predicted values is 24%. A comparison of experimental to numerical pressure distribution data shows an overall average percent deviation of 32%.
State Identification Via Symbolic Time Series Analysis for Reinforcement Learning Control
Authors: Bhattacharya Chandrachur , Ray Asok
Published: May 2024

This technical brief makes use of the concept of symbolic time-series analysis (STSA) for identifying discrete states from the nonlinear time response of a chaotic dynamical system for model-free reinforcement learning (RL) control. Along this line, a projection-based method is adopted to construct probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA) for identification of the current state (i.e., operational regime) of the Lorenz system; and a simple Q-map-based (and model-free) RL control strategy is formulated to reach the target state from the (identified) current state. A synergistic combination of PFSA-based state identification and RL control is demonstrated by the simulation of a numeric model of the Lorenz system, which yields very satisfactory performance to reach the target states from the current states in real-time.
Experimental Study of the Cavitating Flow on an Independently Heated Venturi Nozzle
Authors: Yang Ning , Okajima Junnosuke , Iga Yuka
Published: May 2024

Despite the observation of change in the cavitation regime on a heated surface, the specific section of the wall surface that plays a more dominant role in this transition phenomenon remains unknown. This study experimentally investigated the effect of surface temperature of different regions on the cavitating flow in terms of the cavitation regime. The experiments were conducted using a convergent–divergent Venturi nozzle comprising two parts that could be heated independently. The Venturi nozzle could be fully or selectively heated at either the front, where the leading edge of the cavity sheet was located, or the rear, where the cavity sheet developed. The cavitation behavior under different heating conditions was investigated using high-speed visualization and fluctuating pressure measurements. Compared with the nonheated case, which exhibited sheet-cloud cavitation, the cavitation regime on the fully heated Venturi nozzle exhibited transient cavitation. The same transition phenomenon was also observed when only the front part of the Venturi nozzle was heated. In contrast, heating the rear part alone did not induce a change in the cavitation regime. Therefore, it appeared that the transition of the cavitation regime on a heated surface was mainly influenced by the temperature increase at the leading edge of the cavity sheet.
“But I Am a Runner”: Trying to Be a Rogerian Person-Centered Practitioner With an Injured Athlete
Authors: Vaughan Steven , McEwan Hayley E. , Whitehead Amy E.
Published: May 2024

This reflective case study presents the experience of a trainee sport and exercise psychologist during a period of applied consultancy with an injured runner. This was the trainee’s first consultancy experience attempting to practice from a Rogerian/classic person-centered perspective. As a trainee, his sport psychology delivery process followed academic and professional training models. After identifying an incongruence relating to the client’s identity as a runner, Rogers’s rejection of formulation and intervention led to tensions. Drawing on sport and counseling psychology literature to guide reflection and approach, maintaining a relationship between client and practitioner consistent with Rogers’s necessary conditions of change was the intervention. The trainee’s reflections consider being challenged by conflicts between philosophy and training requirements, their limited practice experience, and responding to the client during sessions that sometimes felt inconsistent with person-centered principles. Ultimately, the client reported moving toward being a more authentic self by contextualizing running as only one aspect of their life.
Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Contraceptive Symptom Severity and Frequency in Athletic Females
Authors: Kiemle-Gabbay Laura R. , Valentin Stephanie , Martin Daniel , Forrest (née Whyte) Laura J.
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine symptom severity and frequency in female exercisers and athletes from a diverse range of sports who have a menstrual cycle (MC) or use hormonal contraceptives (HCs). An additional aim was to explore the perceived impact of MC/HC use upon exercise and sport performance. In total, 604 self-identifying female athletes and exercisers (M = 29.4 years, SD = 9.0) from 85 sports/activities completed a survey which included: sport/exercise participation, bleeding characteristics, HC use, symptom severity/frequency, symptom management strategies, menstrual product use, and perceived impact of MC/HC use on exercise performance. The data were subject to mixed-methods analysis. Over one third (n = 225; 37.25%) of participants reported current HC use. Ninety-five percent (95.36%) of participants experienced symptoms related to MC or HC use. Physiological, psychological, and affective symptoms were all among the most prevalent. The most frequently noted severe and very severe symptoms for all participants, MC and HC users, were abdominal cramps (36.92%, 39.32%, and 32.89%, respectively), mood changes (26.16%, 25.07%, and 28.00%, respectively), and tiredness (25.33%, 25.59%, and 24.89%, respectively). Symptom impact was self-managed through medical and/or other (cognitive/behavioral) strategies. Qualitative content analysis of the data produced four overarching themes: (a) the impact of symptoms, (b) menstrual stigma and taboos, (c) protective factors, and (d) coping strategies. In conclusion, menstruation is a multifaceted, unique experience that impacts upon sport/exercise performance. Practitioners should consider athletes’ distinct needs, including the frequency of occurrence and severity of their symptomatic experiences, when facilitating menstruation-supportive training, avoiding a “one-size fits-all” approach.
Spike timing–based coding in neuromimetic tactile system enables dynamic object classification
Authors: Chen Libo , Karilanova Sanja , Chaki Soumi , Wen Chenyu , Wang Lisha , Winblad Bengt , Zhang Shi-Li , Özçelikkale Ayça , Zhang Zhi-Bin
Published: May 2024

Rapid processing of tactile information is essential to human haptic exploration and dexterous object manipulation. Conventional electronic skins generate frames of tactile signals upon interaction with objects. Unfortunately, they are generally ill-suited for efficient coding of temporal information and rapid feature extraction. In this work, we report a neuromorphic tactile system that uses spike timing, especially the first-spike timing, to code dynamic tactile information about touch and grasp. This strategy enables the system to seamlessly code highly dynamic information with millisecond temporal resolution on par with the biological nervous system, yielding dynamic extraction of tactile features. Upon interaction with objects, the system rapidly classifies them in the initial phase of touch and grasp, thus paving the way to fast tactile feedback desired for neuro-robotics and neuro-prosthetics.
Catalog of topological phonon materials
Authors: Xu Yuanfeng , Vergniory M. G. , Ma Da-Shuai , Mañes Juan L. , Song Zhi-Da , Bernevig B. Andrei , Regnault Nicolas , Elcoro Luis
Published: May 2024

Phonons play a crucial role in many properties of solid-state systems, and it is expected that topological phonons may lead to rich and unconventional physics. On the basis of the existing phonon materials databases, we have compiled a catalog of topological phonon bands for more than 10,000 three-dimensional crystalline materials. Using topological quantum chemistry, we calculated the band representations, compatibility relations, and band topologies of each isolated set of phonon bands for the materials in the phonon databases. Additionally, we calculated the real-space invariants for all the topologically trivial bands and classified them as atomic or obstructed atomic bands. We have selected more than 1000 “ideal” nontrivial phonon materials to motivate future experiments. The datasets were used to build the Topological Phonon Database.
Indian Ocean temperature anomalies predict long-term global dengue trends
Authors: Chen Yuyang , Xu Yiting , Wang Lin , Liang Yilin , Li Naizhe , Lourenço José , Yang Yun , Lin Qiushi , Wang Ligui , Zhao He , Cazelles Bernard , Song Hongbin , Liu Ziyan , Wang Zengmiao , Brady Oliver J. , Cauchemez Simon , Tian Huaiyu
Published: May 2024

Despite identifying El Niño events as a factor in dengue dynamics, predicting the oscillation of global dengue epidemics remains challenging. Here, we investigate climate indicators and worldwide dengue incidence from 1990 to 2019 using climate-driven mechanistic models. We identify a distinct indicator, the Indian Ocean basin-wide (IOBW) index, as representing the regional average of sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean. IOBW is closely associated with dengue epidemics for both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The ability of IOBW to predict dengue incidence likely arises as a result of its effect on local temperature anomalies through teleconnections. These findings indicate that the IOBW index can potentially enhance the lead time for dengue forecasts, leading to better-planned and more impactful outbreak responses.
Tackling debt, biodiversity loss, and climate change
Authors: Losos Elizabeth C. , Pfaff Alexander , Pimm Stuart L.
Published: May 2024

Experience tells us how to maximize debt-for-nature effectiveness
A correlative study of the genomic underpinning of virulence traits and drug tolerance of
Candida auris
Authors: Yang Bo , Vaisvil Benjamin , Schmitt Daniel , Collins Joseph , Young Eric , Kapatral Vinayak , Rao Reeta
Published: May 2024

Candida auris
is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with high mortality rates which presents a clear threat to public health. The risk of
C. auris
infection is high because it can colonize the body, resist antifungal treatment, and evade the immune system. The genetic mechanisms for these traits are not well known. Identifying them could lead to new targets for new treatments. To this end, we present an analysis of the genetics and gene expression patterns of
C. auris
carbon metabolism, drug resistance, and macrophage interaction. We chose to study two
C. auris
isolates simultaneously, one drug sensitive (B11220 from Clade II) and one drug resistant (B11221 from Clade III). Comparing the genomes, we confirm the previously reported finding that B11220 was missing a 12.8 kb region on chromosome VI. This region contains a gene cluster encoding proteins related to alternative sugar utilization. We show that B11221, which has the gene cluster, readily assimilates and utilizes D-galactose and L-rhamnose as compared to B11220, which harbors the deletion. B11221 exhibits increased adherence and drug resistance compared to B11220 when grown in these sugars. Transcriptomic analysis of both isolates grown on glucose or galactose showed that the gene cluster was upregulated when grown on D-galactose. These findings reinforce growing evidence of a link between metabolism and drug tolerance. B11221 resists phagocytosis by macrophages and exhibits decreased β-1,3-glucan exposure, a key determinant that allows Candida to evade the host immune system, as compared to B11220. In a transcriptomic analysis of both isolates co-cultured with macrophages, we find upregulation of genes associated with transport and transcription factors in B11221. Our studies show a positive correlation between membrane composition and immune evasion, alternate sugar utilization, and drug tolerance in
C. auris
.
Diet influences community dynamics following vaginal group B streptococcus colonization
Authors: Megli Christina J. , DePuyt Allison E. , Goff Julie P. , Munyoki Sarah K. , Hooven Thomas A. , Jašarević Eldin
Published: May 2024

The vaginal microbiota plays a pivotal role in reproductive, sexual, and perinatal health and disease. Unlike the well-established connections between diet, metabolism, and the intestinal microbiota, parallel mechanisms influencing the vaginal microbiota and pathogen colonization remain overlooked. In this study, we combine a mouse model of
Streptococcus agalactiae
strain COH1 [group B
Streptococcus
(GBS)] vaginal colonization with a mouse model of pubertal-onset obesity to assess diet as a determinant of vaginal microbiota composition and its role in colonization resistance. We leveraged culture-dependent assessment of GBS clearance and culture-independent, sequencing-based reconstruction of the vaginal microbiota in relation to diet, obesity, glucose tolerance, and microbial dynamics across time scales. Our findings demonstrate that excessive body weight gain and glucose intolerance are not associated with vaginal GBS density or timing of clearance. Diets high in fat and low in soluble fiber are associated with vaginal GBS persistence, and changes in vaginal microbiota structure and composition due to diet contribute to GBS clearance patterns in nonpregnant mice. These findings underscore a critical need for studies on diet as a key determinant of vaginal microbiota composition and its relevance to reproductive and perinatal outcomes.

IMPORTANCE

This work sheds light on diet as a key determinant influencing the composition of vaginal microbiota and its involvement in group B
Streptococcus
(GBS) colonization in a mouse model. This study shows that mice fed diets with different nutritional composition display differences in GBS density and timing of clearance in the female reproductive tract. These findings are particularly significant given clear links between GBS and adverse reproductive and neonatal outcomes, advancing our understanding by identifying critical connections between dietary components, factors originating from the intestinal tract, vaginal microbiota, and reproductive outcomes.
Association between women’s empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multireligious African countries
Authors: Hellwig Franciele , Wado Yohannes , Barros Aluisio J D
Published: May 2024

Background

Although the levels of demand for family planning satisfied (DFPS) have increased in many countries, cultural norms remain a significant barrier in low- and middle-income countries. In the context of multireligious African countries, our objective was to investigate intersectional inequalities in DFPS by modern or traditional contraceptives according to religion and women’s empowerment.

Methods

Analyses were based on Demographic and Health Surveys carried out between 2010 and 2021 in African countries. Countries with at least 10% of Muslims and Christians were selected to analyse inequalities in family planning. The religious groups were characterised by wealth, area of residence, women’s age and women’s empowerment. The mean level of empowerment was estimated for each religious group, and multilevel Poisson regression was used to assess whether DFPS varied based on the level of women’s empowerment among Muslims and Christians.

Results

Our study sample of 14 countries comprised 35% of Muslim and 61% of Christian women. Christians had higher levels of empowerment across all three domains compared with Muslims and women with no/other religion. DFPS was also higher among Christians (57%) than among Muslims (36%). Pooled analysis indicated a consistent association between DFPS and women’s empowerment, with higher prevalence ratios among Muslims than Christians, especially in the decision-making domain.

Conclusions

The gap between Muslims and Christians in DFPS significantly reduced as the level of empowerment increased. It highlights the importance of understanding and addressing cultural factors sensibly and respectfully to satisfy the demand for family planning services.