bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Cluster Mass in the Multiple Populations of Galactic and Extragalactic Globular Clusters
Authors: Lagioia Edoardo P. , Milone Antonino P. , Marino Anna F. , Cordoni Giacomo , Tailo Marco
Published: October 2019

Studies based on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometry in F275W, F336W, and F438W have shown that the incidence and complexity of multiple populations (MPs) in globular clusters (GCs) depend on cluster mass. This result, however, is based on nearby, low-reddening Galactic GCs, for which we can obtain accurate F275W photometry. In this work, we exploit HST photometry in F336W, F438W, and F814W to characterize MPs in 68 Galactic and extragalactic GCs by using the pseudocolor C
F336W,F438W,F814W, which is more efficient in terms of observation time than the pseudocolor C
F275W,F336W,F438W adopted in previous works. We first analyze the Galactic GCs alone and find that the red giant branch (RGB) color width strongly correlates with [Fe/H]. After removing the dependence from metallicity, we obtain a strong correlation with cluster mass, thus confirming previous findings. We then exploit the RGB width to compare MPs in Galactic and extragalactic GCs. Similarly to Galactic GCs, the RGB width of Magellanic Cloud (MC) GCs correlates with cluster mass after removing the dependence from metallicity. This fact demonstrates that cluster mass is the main factor affecting the properties of MPs. The MC clusters exhibit, on average, narrower RGBs than Galactic GCs with similar mass and metallicity. We suggest that this difference is a signature of stellar mass loss in Galactic GCs. As an alternative, the mass–RGB–width relation would depend on the host galaxy. Finally, we use ground-based photometry to investigate Terzan 7 through the C

U,B,I
pseudocolor, ground-based analogs of C
F336W,F438W,F814W and find that this cluster is consistent with a simple population.
Abyssal fauna of polymetallic nodule exploration areas, eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Annelida: Capitellidae, Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae, and Travisiidae
Authors: Wiklund Helena , Neal Lenka , Glover Adrian G. , Drennan Regan , Rabone Muriel , Dahlgren Thomas G.
Published: October 2019

We present DNA taxonomy of abyssal polychaete worms from the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), central Pacific Ocean, using material collected as part of the Abyssal Baseline (ABYSSLINE) environmental survey cruises ‘AB01’ and ‘AB02’ to the UK Seabed Resources Ltd (UKSRL) polymetallic nodule exploration contract area ‘UK-1’, the Ocean Mineral Singapore exploration contract area ‘OMS-1’ and an Area of Particular Environmental Interest, ‘APEI-6’. This is the fourth paper in a series to provide regional taxonomic data with previous papers reporting on Cnidaria, Echinodermata and Mollusca. Taxonomic data are presented for 23 species from 85 records within four polychaete families: Capitellidae, Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae and Travisiidae, identified by a combination of morphological and genetic data, including molecular phylogenetic analyses. Two taxa (genetically separated from one another) morphologically matched the same known cosmopolitan species,Ophelina abranchiatathat has a type locality in a different ocean basin and depth from where no genetic data was available. These two species were assigned the open nomenclature ‘cf.’ as a precautionary approach in taxon assignments to avoid over-estimating species ranges. Twelve (12) taxa are here described as new species,Ammotrypanella keenanisp. nov.,Ammotrypanella kerstenisp. nov.,Ophelina curlisp. nov.,Ophelina ganaesp. nov.,Ophelina juhazisp. nov.,Ophelina martinezarbizuisp. nov.,Ophelina meyeraesp. nov.,Ophelina nunnallyisp. nov.,Oligobregma brasieraesp. nov.,Oligobregma tanisp. nov.,Oligobregma whaleyisp. nov.andTravisia ziegleraesp. nov.For the remaining nine taxa, we have determined them to be potentially new species, for which we make the raw data, imagery and vouchers available for future taxonomic study. The CCZ is a region undergoing intense exploration for potential deep-sea mineral extraction from polymetallic nodules. We present these data to facilitate future taxonomic and environmental impact study by making both data and voucher materials available through curated and accessible biological collections.
Synthesis of gold nanostructures using wet chemical deposition in SiO2/Si template
Authors: Bundyukova Victoria D. , Yakimchuk Dzmitry V. , Kozlovskiy Artem , Shlimas Dmitriy I. , Tishkevich Daria I. , Kaniukov Egor Yu.
Published: October 2019

The size and interposition of particles is a key parameter for the practical application of metallic nanostructures which requires the development of a synthesis method with precise control over their parameters. In this work the method for the synthesis of gold nanostructures in the pores of silicon dioxide from a gold sulfite complex and a gold chloride solution via wet chemistry technique was proposed. The influence of deposition parameters, such as deposition temperature and electrolyte composition, on the deposit morphology was studied. It was shown that gold agglomerates were unevenly distributed over the silicon surface at high temperatures and practically uniformly distributed with temperature decrease. Addition of fluoric acid at the deposition stage defines the metal precipitation selectivity into the silicon oxide pores. The peculiarities of gold nanostructures formation mechanism were discussed.
La onomástica de nombres erróneos en la construcción de andinidad fallida y débil andeancia: el imperativo de microrefugios bioculturales en los Andes
Authors: Sarmiento Fausto O. , Gonzalez Juan A. , Lavilla Esteban O. , Donoso Mario , Ibarra José Tomás
Published: October 2019

Buscamos (re)construir una narrativa geocrítica para la esencia del paisaje al (re)escribir las especificidades de montaña que impriman atributos culturales en los paisajes andinos tropicales y templados, creando un trilema de identidad único para la gente de las tierras altas de América del Sur. Usamos la onomástica como un estudio de la individualidad errada con un enfoque post-estructuralista para definir “lo andino” dentro de la geoecología humanística; por lo tanto, incorporamos nociones relacionadas con los atributos fenotípicos de Andeanidad, junto con las propiedades crípticas emergentes de Andeancia y las condiciones místicas de espiritualidad de Andeanitud, para producir una nueva trifecta de construcción ecoregional, con una epistemología desafiante para el paisaje patrimonial biocultural basado en el conocimiento tradicional, apropiado dialécticamente de lo viejo a lo nuevo, de lo foráneo a lo nativo y de lo original a lo copiado. Por lo tanto, la dinámica identidad heterogénea imaginada de la gente andina está caracterizada por un flujo dinámico y evolutivo del paisaje montano. Argumentamos que la nomenclatura aún se adapta a marcos de cambio ambiental global; así, está aún sujeta a deterioro a no ser que ciertos microrefugios bioculturales puedan mantener la memoria del paisaje andino vivo.

Con una revisión de la hermenéutica de Andes, debido a las variantes (c.f. grafiosis) que incorporaron palabras basadas en Kichwa, Kañary o Mapudungun en el léxico hegemónico del expansionismo colonial de los términos castellanos, apelamos a la inclusión de los descriptores vernáculos en vez del santoral romano y la efemérides patriótica utilizada para nombrar los atributos geográficos en la Sudamérica andina. Pedimos restaurar los descriptores vernáculos con el lenguaje usado por los pueblos originarios, su toponimia y onomatopeya, para atraer el reconocimiento político y para vigorizar el orgullo del patrimonio ancestral de las comunidades de montaña para refuerzo de su bienestar en los microrefugios bioculturales. Al cambiar los nombres impuestos por la geografía imperial colonial a las palabras vernáculas u otros locativos no hegemónicos de escolaridad decolonial, se ayudará a obtener un mejor ‘sentido del lugar’ en los Andes e incrementará la posibilidad de (super)vivencia y (re)generación de los paisajes productivos socioecológicos ancestrales andinos.
Dielectric Logging: Principles, Applications, and Examples from the Brazilian Oilfields
Authors: Herlinger Ronaldo
Published: October 2019

This work aims to present a review of dielectric logging, including physical principles, petrophysical evaluation, and applications. In addition, we will present a history of its use in Petrobras oilfields. The dielectric properties are generated by the charge alignment created by an excitation provided by an electric field. In this sense, polar characteristics of water molecules allow quantification of volume of water present in the reservoir, independently of salinity. Owing to the shallow depths of investigation, dielectric tools are useful in evaluating residual oil in high uncertainty salinity conditions, especially in mature fields, where uncertainties occur due to injection of water and/or steam.

Although this logging tool has a long history of use in the petroleum industry, it was rarely used in Petrobras oilfields due to the high specificity, limitations of the technique, and/or high cost. Considering high frequencies used and proximity between electrodes, the tool provides very shallow measurements, which makes it impossible to evaluate the virgin zone in most reservoirs. Due to these characteristics, the tool was widely employed in low mobility hydrocarbon formations, where mud filtrate invasion tends to be smaller. The dielectric tool was used in Petrobras to evaluate reservoirs with very high viscosity and fresh water, in which it showed good results in the quantification of water saturation and hydrocarbon mobility. Additionally, the tool was used in Pre-salt in order to evaluate residual oil saturation to diminish the uncertain of microresistivity logs.

Besides evaluating water saturation, many works have shown other applications for dielectric logging, such as to determine conductivity, salinity, wettability, Archie's "m" and "n" electric parameters, CEC, and evaluation of laminated reservoirs.
Study of the Effect of Low Salinity Water Injection on the Oil Recovery Factor in Fractured Carbonate Rocks Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Camargo Catalina , Vidal Vargas Janeth Alina , Ruidiaz Eddy , Winter Alessandra , Koroishi Erika , Vidal Trevisan Osvair , Almeida Rafael , Soares Bassani Gabriel
Published: October 2019

A new methodology to study naturally fracture reservoir with an induced fracture model was proposed using a representative sample of the Pre-salt reservoir. A core was cut longitudinally while the fracture was simulated using a polyoxymethylene spacer (POM). This fracture configuration was adapted based on the studies performed by Lie (2013) and improved with filling the voids with spheres with controlled grain size to represent a porous medium and increase the permeability and porosity of the fracture. To study the effect of injection of low salinity waterflooding, a forced displacement test was performed under pressure conditions of 1000 psi, temperature of 63°C, and flow rate of 0.1 ml/min. The core sample was prepared at initial water saturation (Swi). This process was carried out by forced displacement and a vacuum procedure in the coreholder using synthetic formation water and dead oil of the same field as the core. The sample was aged for 34 days to simulate the wettability reservoir conditions. During the test, the syntethic seawater (SW) injection was started, and, after eight days, it was switched to ten times diluted seawater (SW10x) for 22 days. Oil production was calculated by mass balance. The X-ray computed tomography (CT) technique was used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the porosity distribution and the saturations at different injection times during the Swi process. To validate the petrophysical properties, it was performed a systematic routine for the determination of the petrophysical properties of the induced fracture model and its components: matrices and fracture. The porosity and permeability for the matrices were 11% and 31 mD for part A and are 10% and 22 mD for part B. respectively. The porosity of the fracture was analytically calculated resulting in 1.6% while the permeability of the fracture was adjusted according to the theory of flow in parallel layers resulting in 129 D. Finally, the induced fractured rock showed a porosity and permeability of 21% and 3.6 D, respectively. The Swi reached 32% and 33% by using mass balance and computed tomography (CT), respectively. Additionally, CT scans provided the Swi profiles throughtout the sample. The results of production have shown that oil recovery with injection SW was 20.8% original oil in place (OOIP) and additional recovery from the injection of SW10X of 17.33%OOIP while the final recovery was around 38.13%OOIP.
Cooling of Lower Extremity Muscles According to Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness
Authors: Selkow Noelle M.
Published: October 2019

Context

When using an ice bag, previous researchers recommended cooling times based on the amount of subcutaneous tissue. Unfortunately, many clinicians are unaware of these recommendations or whether they can be applied to other muscles.

Objective

To examine if muscles of the lower extremity cool similarly based on recommended cooling times.

Design

Crossover study.

Setting

Athletic training laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Fourteen healthy participants volunteered (8 men, 6 women; age = 21.1 ± 2.2 years, height = 174.2 ± 4.5 cm, weight = 74.0 ± 7.5 kg).

Intervention(s)

Subcutaneous tissue thickness was measured at the largest girth of the thigh, medial gastrocnemius, and medial hamstring. Participants were randomized to have either the rectus femoris or medial gastrocnemius and medial hamstring tested first. Using sterile techniques, the examiner inserted a thermocouple 1 cm into the muscle after accounting for subcutaneous tissue thickness. After the temperature stabilized, a 750-g ice bag was applied for 10 to 60 minutes to the area(s) for the recommended length of time based on subcutaneous adipose thickness (0 to 5 mm [10 minutes]; 5.5 to 10 mm (25 minutes]; 10.5 to 15 mm [40 minutes]; 15.5 to 20 mm [60 minutes)]. After the ice bag was removed, temperature was monitored for 30 minutes. At least 1 week later, each participant returned to complete testing of the other muscle(s).

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Intramuscular temperature (°C) at baseline, end of treatment time (0 minutes), and posttreatment recovery (10, 20, and 30 minutes postintervention).

Results

At the end of treatment, temperature did not differ by subcutaneous tissue thickness (10 minutes = 29.0°C ± 3.8°C, 25 minutes = 28.7°C ± 3.2°C, 40 minutes = 28.7°C ± 6.0°C, 60 minutes = 30.0°C ± 2.9°C) or muscle (rectus femoris = 30.1°C ± 3.8°C, gastrocnemius = 28.6°C ± 5.4°C, hamstrings = 28.1°C ± 2.5°C). No significant interaction was present for subcutaneous tissue thickness or muscle (P ≥ .126).

Conclusions

Lower extremity muscles seemed to cool similarly based on the recommended cooling times for subcutaneous tissue thickness. Clinicians should move away from standardized treatment times and adjust the amount of cooling time by ice-bag application based on subcutaneous tissue thickness.
DARC 2019; Insights into current accounting research in the Netherlands. Report on the 5 th Dutch Accounting Research Conference
Authors: van Beest Ferdy , Renes Remko
Published: October 2019

 
Prior biosphere model impact on global terrestrial CO2 fluxes estimated from OCO-2 retrievals
Authors: Philip Sajeev , Johnson Matthew S. , Potter Christopher , Genovesse Vanessa , Baker David F. , Haynes Katherine D. , Henze Daven K. , Liu Junjie , Poulter Benjamin
Published: October 2019

Abstract. This study assesses the impact of different
state of the art global biospheric CO2 flux models, when applied as
prior information, on inverse model “top-down” estimates of terrestrial
CO2 fluxes obtained when assimilating Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2
(OCO-2) observations. This is done with a series of observing system
simulation experiments (OSSEs) using synthetic CO2 column-average dry
air mole fraction (XCO2) retrievals sampled at the OCO-2 satellite
spatiotemporal frequency. The OSSEs utilized a 4-D variational
(4D-Var) assimilation system with the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport
model (CTM) to estimate CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes using
synthetic OCO-2 observations. The impact of biosphere models in inverse
model estimates of NEE is quantified by conducting OSSEs using the
NASA-CASA, CASA-GFED, SiB-4, and LPJ models as prior estimates and using NEE
from the multi-model ensemble mean of the Multiscale Synthesis and
Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project as the “truth”. Results show
that the assimilation of simulated XCO2 retrievals at OCO-2 observing
modes over land results in posterior NEE estimates which generally reproduce
“true” NEE globally and over terrestrial TransCom-3 regions that are
well-sampled. However, we find larger spread among posterior NEE estimates,
when using different prior NEE fluxes, in regions and seasons that have
limited OCO-2 observational coverage and a large range in “bottom-up” NEE
fluxes. Seasonally averaged posterior NEE estimates had standard deviations
(SD) of ∼10 % to ∼50 % of the
multi-model-mean NEE for different TransCom-3 land regions with significant
NEE fluxes (regions/seasons with a NEE flux ≥0.5 PgC yr−1). On a
global average, the seasonally averaged residual impact of the prior model
NEE assumption on the posterior NEE spread is ∼10 %–20 % of the
posterior NEE mean. Additional OCO-2 OSSE simulations demonstrate that
posterior NEE estimates are also sensitive to the assumed prior NEE flux
uncertainty statistics, with spread in posterior NEE estimates similar to
those when using variable prior model NEE fluxes. In fact, the sensitivity
of posterior NEE estimates to prior error statistics was larger than
prior flux values in some regions/times in the tropics and Southern
Hemisphere where sufficient OCO-2 data were available and large differences
between the prior and truth were evident. Overall, even with the
availability of spatiotemporally dense OCO-2 data, noticeable residual
differences (up to ∼20 %–30 % globally and 50 % regionally)
in posterior NEE flux estimates remain that were caused by the choice of
prior model flux values and the specification of prior flux uncertainties.
Aerosol measurements with a shipborne Sun–sky–lunar photometer and collocated multiwavelength Raman polarization lidar over the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Yin Zhenping , Ansmann Albert , Baars Holger , Seifert Patric , Engelmann Ronny , Radenz Martin , Jimenez Cristofer , Herzog Alina , Ohneiser Kevin , Hanbuch Karsten , Blarel Luc , Goloub Philippe , Dubois Gaël , Victori Stephane , Maupin Fabrice
Published: October 2019

Abstract. A shipborne Sun–sky–lunar photometer of type CE318-T was
tested during two trans-Atlantic cruises aboard the German research vessel
Polarstern from 54∘ N to 54∘ S in May/June and December 2018. The
continuous observations of the motion-stabilized shipborne CE318-T enabled
the first-time observation of a full diurnal cycle of aerosol optical depth
(AOD) and column-mean Ångström coefficient of a mixed dust–smoke
episode. The latitudinal distribution of the AOD from the shipborne CE318-T,
Raman lidar and MICROTOPS II shows the same trend with highest values in the
dust belt from 0 to 20∘ N and overall low values in
the Southern Hemisphere. The linear-regression coefficients of determination
between MICROTOPS II and the CE318-T were 0.988, 0.987, 0.994 and 0.994 for
AODs at 380, 440, 500 and 870 nm and 0.896 for the Ångström exponent
at 440–870 nm. The root-mean-squared differences of AOD at 380, 440, 500 and
870 nm were 0.015, 0.013, 0.010 and 0.009, respectively.
Solar cycle, seasonal, and asymmetric dependencies of thermospheric mass density disturbances due to magnetospheric forcing
Authors: Calabia Andres , Jin Shuanggen
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Short-term upper atmosphere variations due to
magnetospheric forcing are very complex, and neither well understood nor
capably modeled due to limited observations. In this paper, mass density
variations from 10 years of GRACE observations (2003–2013) are isolated via
the parameterization of annual, local solar time (LST), and solar cycle
fluctuations using a principal component analysis (PCA) technique. The
resulting residual disturbances are investigated in terms of magnetospheric
drivers. The magnitude of high-frequency (δ < 10 d)
disturbances reveals unexpected dependencies on the solar cycle, seasonal,
and an asymmetric behavior with smaller amplitudes in June in the south
polar region (SPR). This seasonal modulation might be related to the
Russell–McPherron (RM) effect. Meanwhile, we find a similar pattern, although
less pronounced, in the northern and equatorial regions. A possible cause of
this latitudinal asymmetry might be the irregular shape of the Earth's
magnetic field (with the north dip pole close to Earth's rotation axis, and
the south dip pole far from that axis). After accounting for the solar cycle
and seasonal dependencies by regression analysis to the magnitude of the
high-frequency perturbations, the parameterization in terms of the disturbance
geomagnetic storm-time index Dst shows the best correlation, whereas the geomagnetic
variation Am index and merging electric field Em are the best predictors in
terms of time delay. We test several mass density models, including JB2008,
NRLMSISE-00, and TIEGCM, and find that they are unable to completely
reproduce the seasonal and solar cycle trends found in this study, and show
a clear overestimation of about 100 % during low solar activity periods.
Methane production by three widespread marine phytoplankton species: release rates, precursor compounds, and potential relevance for the environment
Authors: Klintzsch Thomas , Langer Gerald , Nehrke Gernot , Wieland Anna , Lenhart Katharina , Keppler Frank
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Methane (CH4) production within the oceanic mixed
layer is a widespread phenomenon, but the underlying mechanisms are still
under debate. Marine algae might contribute to the observed CH4
oversaturation in oxic waters, but so far direct evidence for CH4
production by marine algae has only been provided for the coccolithophore
Emiliania huxleyi. In the present study we investigated, next to E. huxleyi, other widespread
haptophytes, i.e., Phaeocystis globosa and Chrysochromulina sp. We performed CH4 production and stable carbon
isotope measurements and provide unambiguous evidence that all three
investigated marine algae are involved in the production of CH4 under
oxic conditions. Rates ranged from 1.9±0.6 to 3.1±0.4 µg of CH4 per gram of POC (particulate organic carbon) per day, with
Chrysochromulina sp. and E. huxleyi showing the lowest and highest rates, respectively. Cellular CH4
production rates ranged from 16.8±6.5 (P. globosa) to 62.3±6.4 ag CH4 cell−1 d−1 (E. huxleyi; ag = 10−18 g). In cultures that
were treated with 13C-labeled hydrogen carbonate, δ13CH4 values increased with incubation time, resulting from the
conversion of 13C–hydrogen carbonate to 13CH4. The addition
of 13C-labeled dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methionine
sulfoxide – known algal metabolites that are ubiquitous in marine surface
layers – resulted in the occurrence of 13C-enriched CH4 in
cultures of E. huxleyi, clearly indicating that methylated sulfur compounds are also
precursors of CH4. By comparing the algal CH4 production rates
from our laboratory experiments with results previously reported in two
field studies of the Pacific Ocean and the Baltic Sea, we might conclude that
algae-mediated CH4 release is contributing to CH4 oversaturation
in oxic waters. Therefore, we propose that haptophyte mediated CH4
production could be a common and important process in marine surface waters.
An updated seabed bathymetry beneath Larsen C Ice Shelf, west Antarctic
Authors: Brisbourne Alex , Kulessa Bernd , Hudson Thomas , Harrison Lianne , Holland Paul , Luckman Adrian , Bevan Suzanne , Ashmore David , Hubbard Bryn , Pearce Emma , White James , Booth Adam , Nichols Keith , Smith Andrew
Published: October 2019

Abstract. In recent decades, rapid ice-shelf disintegration along the Antarctic Peninsula has had a global impact through enhancing outlet glacier flow, and hence sea level rise, and the freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water. Ice shelf thinning due to basal melting results from the circulation of relatively warm water in the underlying ocean cavity. However, the effect of sub-shelf circulation on future ice-shelf stability cannot be predicted accurately with computer simulations if the geometry of the ice-shelf cavity is unknown. To address this deficit for Larsen C Ice Shelf, west Antarctica, we integrate new water-column thickness measurements with existing observations. We present these new data here along with an updated bathymetry grid of the ocean cavity. Key findings include relatively deep seabed to the south-east of the Kenyon Peninsula, along the grounding line and around the key ice shelf pinning point of Bawden Ice Rise. In addition, we can confirm that the cavity’s southern trough stretches from Mobiloil Inlet to the open ocean. These areas of deep seabed will influence ocean circulation and tidal mixing, and will therefore affect the basal-melt distribution. These results will help constrain models of ice-shelf cavity circulation with the aim of improving our understanding of sub-shelf processes and their potential influence on ice shelf stability. The data set comprises all point measurements of seabed depth and a gridded data product, derived using additional measurements of both offshore seabed depth and the thickness of grounded ice. We present all new depth measurements here as well as a compilation of previously published measurements used in the gridding process. The gridded data product is included in the supplementary material. The underlying seismic data sets which were used to determine bed depth and ice thickness are available at https://doi.org/10.5285/315740B1-A7B9-4CF0-9521-86F046E33E9A (Brisbourne et al., 2019), https://doi.org/10.5285/5D63777D-B375-4791-918F-9A5527093298 (Booth, 2019), https://doi.org/10.5285/FFF8AFEE-4978-495E-9210-120872983A8D (Kulessa and Bevan, 2019) and https://doi.org/10.5285/147BAF64-B9AF-4A97-8091-26AEC0D3C0BB (Booth et al., 2019).
Towards an objective assessment of climate multi-model ensembles. A case study in the Senegalo-Mauritanian upwelling region
Authors: Mignot Juliette , Mejia Carlos , Sorror Charles , Sylla Adama , Crépon Michel , Thiria Sylvie
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Climate simulations require very complex numerical models. Unfortunately, they typically present biases due to parameterizations, choices of numerical schemes, and the complexity of many physical processes. Beyond improving the models themselves, a way to improve the performance of the modeled climate is to consider multi-model averages. Here, we propose an objective method to select the models that yield an efficient multi-model ensemble average. We used a neural classifier (Self-Organizing Maps), associated with a multi-correspondence analysis to identify the models that best represent some target climate property. One can then determine an efficient multi-model ensemble. We illustrate the methodology with results focusing on the mean sea surface temperature seasonal cycle over the Senegalo-Mauritanian region. We compare 47 CMIP5 model configurations to available observations. The method allowed us to identify a performing multi-model ensemble by averaging 12 climate models only. Future behavior of the Senegalo-Mauritanian upwelling was then assessed using this multi-model ensemble.
Development of the global atmospheric general circulation-chemistry model BCC-GEOS-Chem v1.0: model description and evaluation
Authors: Lu Xiao , Zhang Lin , Wu Tongwen , Long Michael S. , Wang Jun , Jacob Daniel J. , Zhang Fang , Zhang Jie , Eastham Sebastian D. , Hu Lu , Zhu Lei , Liu Xiong , Wei Min
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Chemistry plays an indispensable role in investigations of the atmosphere, however, many climate models either ignore or greatly simplify atmospheric chemistry, limiting both their accuracy and their scope. We present the development and evaluation of the online global atmospheric chemical model BCC-GEOS-Chem v1.0, coupling the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM) as an atmospheric chemistry component in the Beijing Climate Center atmospheric general circulation model (BCC-AGCM). The GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry component includes detailed tropospheric HOx-NOx-VOC-ozone-bromine-aerosol chemistry and online dry and wet deposition schemes. We then demonstrate the new capabilities of BCC-GEOS-Chem v1.0 relative to the base BCC-AGCM model through a three-year (2012–2014) simulation with anthropogenic emissions from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The model well captures the spatial distributions and seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone, with seasonal mean biases of 0.4–2.2 ppbv at 700–400 hPa compared to satellite observations and within 10 ppbv at the surface-500 hPa compared to global ozonesonde observations. The model has larger high ozone biases over the tropics which we attribute to an overestimate of ozone chemical production. It underestimates ozone in the upper troposphere which likely due to either the use of a simplified stratospheric ozone scheme and/or to biases in estimated stratosphere-troposphere exchange dynamics. The model diagnoses the global tropospheric ozone burden, OH concentration, and methane chemical lifetime to be 336 Tg, 1.16 × 106 molecule cm−3, and 8.3 years, respectively, consistent with recent multi-model assessments. The spatiotemporal distributions of NO2, CO, SO2, CH2O, and aerosols optical depth are generally in agreement with satellite observations. The development of BCC-GEOS-Chem v1.0 represents an important step for the development of fully coupled earth system models (ESMs) in China.
Ionic aluminium concentrations exceed thresholds for
aquatic health in Nova Scotian rivers
Authors: Sterling Shannon , MacLeod Sarah , Rotteveel Lobke , Hart Kristin , Clair Thomas A. , Halfyard Edmund A.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Cationic aluminium species are toxic to terrestrial and aquatic life. Despite decades of acid emission reductions, accumulating evidence shows that freshwater acidification recovery is delayed in locations such as Nova Scotia, Canada. Further, spatial and temporal patterns of labile cationic forms of aluminium (Ali) remain poorly understood. Here we increase our understanding of Ali spatial and temporal patterns by measuring Ali concentrations in ten streams in acid-sensitive areas of Nova Scotia over a four-year time period. We observe widespread and frequent occurrences of Ali concentrations that exceed toxic thresholds (> 15 μg L−1). Ali patterns appear to be driven by known Ali drivers – pH, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved aluminium, and calcium – but the dominant driver and temporal patterns vary by catchment. Our results demonstrate that elevated Ali remains a threat to aquatic ecosystems. For example, our observed Ali concentrations are potentially harmful to the biologically, economically, and culturally significant Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
Changing global cropping patterns to minimize blue water scarcity in the world's hotspots
Authors: Chouchane Hatem , Krol Maarten S. , Hoekstra Arjen Y.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Feeding a growing population with global natural resource constraints becomes an increasingly challenging task. Changing spatial cropping patterns and international crop trade could contribute to sustain crop production and mitigate water scarcity. Previous studies on water saving through international food trade focussed either on comparing water productivities among food-trading countries or on analysing food trade in relation to national water endowments. Here, we consider, for the first time, how both differences in water productivities and water endowments can be considered to analyse comparative advantages of countries for different types of crop production. A linear optimization algorithm is used to find modifications in global cropping patterns that reduce blue water scarcity in the world's hotspots, under the constraint of current global production per crop and current cropland areas. The optimization considers national water and land endowments as well as water and land productivity per country per crop. The results are used to assess national comparative advantages and disadvantages for different crops. When allowing a maximum expansion of harvested area per crop per country of 10 %, the blue water scarcity in the world's most water-scarce countries can be greatly reduced. In this case, we could achieve a reduction of the current blue water footprint of crop production in the world of 9 % and a decrease of global total harvested area of 4 %.
Technical Note: A global database of the stable isotopic ratios of meteoric and terrestrial waters
Authors: Putman Annie L. , Bowen Gabriel J.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of water have been used to identify sources, transport pathways, and phase-change processes within the water cycle, supporting hydrologic, forensic, ecologic, and hydroclimatic investigations. Here, we introduce a unique, open-access, global database of stable water isotope ratios (δ18O, δ17O, and δ2H) from various water types. This database facilitates data preservation, supports standardized metadata collection, and decreases the time investment for meta-analytic research and reference dataset discovery. As of July 2019, the database includes 231 586 samples from 52 210 sites, associated with 218 projects, spanning 1949 through 2019. Key information stored includes the hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios, water type, collection date and time, site location, and project information. To promote rapid data discovery and collaboration, the database exposes metadata such as data owner contact information of embargoed data, but only permits downloads of public data. The database is supported by two companion apps, one for processing and upload of analytical data from laboratories and the other an iOS application that supports the digital collection of sample metadata.
The Effect of Australia’s Declining Fertility Rate 1978-2016
Authors: Osiobe Ejiro U.
Published: October 2019

The paper presents an analytic framework that describes how the declining fertility rate of Australia between 1978 - 2016 has affected its economy. Issues related to population have long been the subject of debate in the industrialized countries like the United States and European nations following the shift in their population structure. The awareness of the declining fertility rate in Australia remains a concern to the Australian government as the new trend will reshape the country’s demographic pattern. This paper seeks to examine the fertility rate of Australia and how it has affected GDP per capita. The study uses the simple ordinary least squares (OLS) methodology to analyze this effect. Our result showed an inverse relationship between fertility rate in Australia and per capita income.
The “Y” Goes to India: Springfield College, Muscular Missionaries, and the Transnational Circulation of Physical Culture Practices
Authors: Vertinsky Patricia , Ramachandran Aishwarya
Published: October 2019

Springfield College was at the forefront of the American YMCA’s early drive to train and send physical educators overseas as international secretaries to impart the YMCA’s brand of Muscular Christianity through healthy sport and exercise. When American evangelist Harry Crowe Buck arrived to direct the YMCA School of Physical Education in Madras in 1920, however, he felt compelled to address competing “systems” of physical education being exploited and urged in India. Promising to offer the best physical exercises of West and East, Buck adopted indigenous practices, including yoga-ãsanas, as integral parts of the YMCA’s program, even while acknowledging they fit somewhat ambiguously into the discourse of Muscular Christianity. This paper follows the efforts of Buck to sustain the focus of his training while accommodating colonial struggles and nationalism in India and facilitating transnational exchanges of physical cultures between colonial India and America through the circuitry of the “Y.”
The Relationship Between Human Capital and Financial Development: A Case Study of Turkey
Authors: Nar Mehmet
Published: October 2019

The current growth literature has focused on the contribution of the human and financial variables to growth. This has led to an insufficient and low number of studies investigating the relationship between the financial and human variables. However, in order to establish effective public policies, the correlation between these two variables must be well known. In line with this necessity, this study aimed to contribute the relevant literature by investigating the relations of the two variables in the case of Turkey. To do so, firstly, the human and financial development index for Turkey was established. Subsequently, the financial development indicator was measured through the M2/GDP ratio, and the human capital indicator was measured through the education and health expenditures/GDP ratio. Through the econometric analysis carried out using the data from the period of 1998-2016, the existence of causality and the direction of this causality between the financial development and human capital accumulation in Turkey were investigated. As a result, it was observed that in Turkey, while financial development causes the accumulation of human capital, there is no significant causality directed from human capital to financial development.
Professional Portrait of History Teacher in Coordinates of Modern Russian Historical Education
Authors: Vladimirovich Sinitzyn Oleg , Nailevich Valiakhmetov Albert , Nurgayanovna Yuzmukhametova Landysh
Published: October 2019

Classical background, topics of schooling history in high school and university bring attention to the existence of global challenges of the 21st century common today. These calls necessitate the creation of new historical study from the younger contemporaries allowing to enter consciously the real world of the people living before and near it, able to analyze historical events, owning proper, commercial, socio-political knowledge, valuing cultural traditions of other people. In the article elements of a professional representation of the history teacher of the 21st century are discriminated from positions of modern historical and pedagogical approaches, it is determined that the main ways of development of professionalism are the scientific character of historical thinking of the teacher, development of individual style of teaching and participation in innovative activity. The practical value of results consists of the practical use of conscious need of the modern teacher of history for continuous professional self-improvement.
Teaching the Public Administration in Health Care in the Russian Federation
Authors: Okriashvili Timur Giorgievich , Pavlyuk Bert Valentinovich , Smyshlyaev Alexey Viktorovich , Yakupov Albert Gumarovich
Published: October 2019

Medicine is an important component of the stability of any state, so the study of teaching the legal problems   and state regulation of this sphere is useful from both theoretical and practical points of view. Currently, the health protection of the country is one of the priorities of the state policy in the social sphere, which is vividly demonstrated in the “May” decrees of the President of the Russian Federation from 2012 and 2018. Thus teaching the health care financing is the most important instrument of state regulation of this sphere of public life. The article analyzes the main tasks and directions of development of state support for the health care system in recent years. That also allowed to identify the most acute problems. This work may be useful for developing proposals for improving the relevant legislation in this area. In addition, this article will be useful for representatives of both medical and legal science. In the future, it is necessary to improve scientific cooperation between representatives of legal and medical Sciences.
To the Question of the Interference and Positive Transfer When Teaching Russian to Hispanic Students
Authors: Valeeva Dinara Rashidovna , Ershova Alina Andreevna
Published: October 2019

The real research is devoted to problems of an interlingual interference in the process of studying of Russian by students of the Hispanic countries. The relevance of the article is caused by the fact that at all variety of the scientific works devoted to the contrast description of various languages and the analysis of their interference, it is a little work comparing the Russian and Spanish languages. The research was conducted for the purpose of comparison of the separate language phenomena of the Russian and Spanish languages and the description of those lexical and grammatical features which knowledge will allow teachers to warn and correct native speaker errors in the Russian speech, therefore, to optimize training process. According to the authors, it is advisable to use the national focused tests and tasks on classes in RKI and also governed with explanations and examples in the native language of students that will increase their intellectual activity.
Modeling Dialogues in FL Class
Authors: Sharafieva Albina M. , Yarmakeev Iskaner E. , Pimenova Tatiana S. , Abdrafikova Albina R. , Tregubova Tatiana M.
Published: October 2019

The article gives a brief review on how to improve students’ speaking skills via modeling dialogues in FL class. This study can be considered the continuation of the research undertaken by the authors in2018, inwhich the authors put forward the hypothesis that students’ speaking skills improve provided their ability to match speech patterns to behavioral patterns is developed. An aggressive behavioral pattern was researched. In this study the authors evolve that idea and analyze two more behavioral patterns: friendly and neutral. The researchers claim that the better students know different behavioral patterns, the more effectively they model dialogues. Watching videos and commenting on the conversation strategies, and modeling dialogues are chosen to be the leading teaching methods approbated in the multi-stage experiment to favor the researchers’ idea. The obtained results indicate the high potential of the chosen teaching methods for the improvement of students’ speaking skills in FL class and can substantially help FL teachers to adopt the most effective teaching styles, based on their course learning objectives.
Teacher's Readiness to Work under the Conditions of Educational Space Digitalization
Authors: Kamahina Rina Samatovna , Yakovenko Tatiana Vladimirovna , Daibova Evgenia Vladimirovna
Published: October 2019

The information environment of the Internet, turns into the powerful educational tool. This article explores the issues of digital transformation of an educational space. These are the results of the monitoring study on the problems of the teacher's readiness to effectively use digital tools for the organization of the educational process: electronic forms of textbooks, educational applications, online services and educational platforms. The advantages and disadvantages of digital transformation are further explored. The binary learning effect of digital educational tools is acknowledged, as the Educational nature is not only the content of the resource, but also the process of working with it, which contributes to the development of not only the student, but also the professional skills of the teacher. The rapid development of digital technologies and methods of network integration, allow for the implementation of advanced learning technologies that take into account the processes of human self-organization and social communication in the conditions of a digital transformation.
All Hands on Deck in Curriculum and Instructional Processes
Authors: Lewis Gena Diane , Liace Kathleen F , Braun Patricia A.
Published: October 2019

Teachers present their perceptions when designing and mapping curriculum to implement standards-based instruction and assessment. It appears that teachers are willing but not always able to make curriculum and instructional decisions. Participation of teachers varies from district to district. When curriculum is given to teachers as part of their district curriculum team or committee efforts, all are not part of the process. Teachers are not given a space to deeply engage and create clarity of the content within the curriculum. Teachers are not provided the time, guidance, platform or power to gather the necessary information and make the necessary decisions. No wonder there are misguided practices when it comes to curriculum and instruction. The data collected from our study led the research team to create a model for the process of designing and implementing standards-based instruction and assessment.
The Loss and Return of Chinese Culture in English Teaching: Teaching Design of Chinese Tea Culture in English Class Based on ADDIE Model
Authors: Yang Liu , Congzhou Yang
Published: October 2019

Since the 21st century, China has put forward the “going out strategy of Chinese culture” which aims at realizing the awakening, reviving, integrating and spreading of Chinese culture. China emphasizes strengthening and improving the spreading of Chinese culture in order to enhance the soft power of national culture. China needs to cultivate intercultural communicative talents that can display Chinese culture to the world through an appropriate path with profound intercultural communication awareness and excellent intercultural communicative competence. Being representative of Chinese traditional culture, tea culture carries a long history of China. This paper takes the tea culture as an example for teaching design from the aspects of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation based on the ADDIE model, aiming at optimizing the teaching design of Chinese culture into English teaching and cultivating students’ intercultural communicative ability.
Investor Types and Company Performance through Private Placements Basing on State-Owned and -Controlled Listed Companies
Authors: Jiaojiao Li , Zenglong Qu
Published: October 2019

Theoretical and empirical analyses of listed companies owned and controlled by the state making private placement transactions during 2006 and 2013 were carried out to measure the short-term announcement effect of strategic and financial investors’ subscription for new shares in listed companies owned and controlled by the state on corporate governance and long-run performance of these listed companies. It was found that private placements had a positive influence on the performance of a state-owned and -controlled listed company as they brought new institutional investors to the company; strategic investors who subscribed for new shares in a state-owned and -controlled listed company have appeared to cause an announcement effect greater than financial investors; state-owned and -controlled listed companies that attracted strategic investors with private placements showed a higher level of corporate governance and better long-run performance in comparison to those launching private placements to financial investors only. This study reveals the differences between strategic and financial investors in their influences on short-term announcement effect, corporate governance, and long-run performance of a state-owned and -controlled listed company when they enter into private placement transactions with the company. These findings provide new perspectives on the economic consequences arising from the involvement of external institutional investors in private placements of state-owned and -controlled listed companies, which, to a certain extent, facilitate the decision-making process in private placement transactions and promote the mixed-ownership reform.