bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Black Body as Souvenir in American Lynching
Authors: Young Harvey
Published: January 2007

This essay reads the collection of body parts, in the aftermath of the lynching spectacle, as souvenirs, fetish objects, and performance remains. Along the way, it spotlights the importance of narrative to the souvenir, challenges the notion that performance disappears through an emphasis on its remains, and asserts that embodied experiences of the past can be accessed in the present.
The Logic of Clan Politics: Evidence from the Central Asian Trajectories
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: January 2007

This article argues that clans, informal organizations based on kin and fictive kin ties, are political actors that have a profound impact on the nature of posttransitional regimes and the potential for regime durability. The article first develops the concept of “clan” conceptually. It then develops several propositions about clan politics and explores them empirically in the context of the post-Soviet Central Asian cases. These cases suggest the limits of the prevailing transitions and institutionalist approaches; these theories cannot explain regime transition in the Central Asian cases because they focus on the formal level and ignore the crucial informal actors—clans—and the informal politics that shape these cases. The distinct mode of transition, new regime institutions, and leadership and elite ideologies evident at the formal level have a very short-term effect; withinfiveyears, these cases converge toward a pattern of informal, clan-based politics. By contrast, this article draws upon the insights of the early literature on political development as well as the state-society literature to develop an alternative framework for explaining the dynamic between clans and the regime. Clan networks and clan deals penetrate and transform the formal regime in several ways—by clan-based appointments and patronage, by stripping state assets to feed one's clan network, and by crowding out other mechanisms of representation. As they undermine formal institutions, clans create an informal regime best understood as “clan politics.”
The Dilemmas of Democracy in the Open Economy: Lessons from Latin America
Authors: Kurtz Marcus J.
Published: January 2007

Scholars have usually understood the problem of democratic consolidation in terms of the creation of mechanisms that make possible the avoidance of populist excesses, polarized conflicts, or authoritarian corporatist inclusion that undermined free politics in much of postwar Latin America. This article makes the case that, under contemporary liberal economic conditions, the nature of the challenge for democratization has changed in important ways. Earlier problems of polarization had their roots in the long-present statist patterns of economic organization. By contrast, under free-market conditions, democratic consolidation faces a largely distinct set of challenges: the underarticulation of societal interests, pervasive social atomization, and socially uneven political quiescence founded in collective action problems. These can combine to undermine the efficacy of democratic representation and, consequently, regime legitimacy. The article utilizes data from the Latin American region since the 1970s on development, economic reform, and individual and collective political participation to show the effects of a changing state-economy relationship on the consolidation of democratic politics.
Explaining Capital Account Liberalization in Latin America: A Transitional Cost Approach
Authors: Brooks Sarah M.
Published: January 2007

In the past three decades governments around the world have lowered barriers to international capital flows. This movement is widely attributed to the forces of globalization, as developed nations moved toward relative convergence on international financial openness. Yet developing nations with much to gain from openness to foreign investment moved only hesitantly and inconsistently in this direction. Analysis of two decades of capital account liberalization in Latin America and the OECD reveals that nations in Latin America with weaker domestic financial sectors face higher risks of transitional dislocations following liberalization and move less aggressively toward openness. In the OECD, by contrast, financial weakness is associated with greater movements toward capital account opening, as transitional costs are lower and governments are better equipped to ameliorate them. Examination of the transitional costs of liberalization thus helps to explain how market pressures may impede, rather than promote, market-oriented reform in Latin America.
Political Parties and the Study of Political Development: New Insights from the Postcommunist Democracies
Authors: Kreuzer Marcus , Pettai Vello
Published: January 2007

This article reviews the literature on postcommunist parties, which, by applying old Westernbased theories to a new and very different context, makes two important contributions to comparative politics. First, the literature stresses the importance of long-term and short-term historical legacies for the institutionalization of parties and electoral alignments; in trying to incorporate such legacies, it offers refinements to works on path dependency and political development. Second, the literature highlights the underinstitutionalization of postcommunist parties and thereby offers new insights—particularly on the party switching of electoral candidates—for studying the formation and consolidation of political parties.
The Fiscal Contract: States, Taxes, and Public Services
Authors: Timmons Jeffrey F.
Published: January 2007

Using data from approximately ninety countries, the author shows that the more a state taxes the rich as a percentage of GDP, the more it protects property rights; and the more it taxes the poor, the more it provides basic public services. There is no evidence that states gouge the rich to benefit the poor or vice versa, contrary to state-capture theories. Nor is there any evidence that taxes and spending are unrelated, contrary to state-autonomy models. Instead, states operate much like fiscal contracts, with groups getting what they pay for.
Reading the Lisbon Earthquake: Adorno, Lyotard, and the Contemporary Sublime
Authors: Ray Gene
Published: January 2007

The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 famously shook the metaphysical optimism of Europe's leading philosophers. Immanuel Kant would eventually manage its threat in "The Analytic of the Sublime" of his 1790 Critique of Judgment. In the twentieth century, human-inflicted catastrophes have supplanted the natural disaster as the source of sublime feeling. Auschwitz, however, is the name of an "event" that permits no compensatory retreat to an ostensible human dignity and is not recuperable within a transcendental tale of progress and greater good. The essay traces the qualitative transformation of the sublime across the texts of Kant, Walter Benjamin, Theodor W. Adorno, and Jean-Fran�ois Lyotard.
Introduction: Marc Angenot and the Scandal of History
Authors: Barsky Robert F
Published: January 2007

This article assesses the life and work of Marc Angenot by tracing the series of "red threads" that run through the huge corpus of his work. Along the way, Barsky provides an overview of Angenot's theories, which bear upon philology, history, literary theory, linguistics, semiotics, and literature. He also assesses the ways in which Angenot's uniquely European classical training has (and should have) intersected with a North American intellectual culture, while offering a roadmap for understanding the theoretical and methodological implications of an approach that is nearly as daunting as the "social discourse" and the "grand narratives" it attempts to describe.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactivity and NADPH-d Histochemistry in the Enteric Nervous System of Sarda Breed Sheep With Different PrP Genotypes in Whole-mount and Cryostat Preparations
Authors: Lalatta-Costerbosa Giovanna , Mazzoni Maurizio , Clavenzani Paolo , Guardo Giovanni Di , Mazzuoli Gemma , Marruchella Giuseppe , Grossi Luigi De , Agrimi Umberto , Chiocchetti Roberto
Published: January 2007

Until now, significant differences in the neurochemical pattern of enteric neurons have been demonstrated in all species studied; however, some strong similarities also occur across species, such as the occurrence of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) in inhibitory motor neurons to muscle. In consideration of the insufficient data regarding the enteric nervous system (ENS) of sheep, we investigated the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus of the ovine ileum. Since the pivotal role of the ENS in the early pathogenesis of sheep scrapie, the “prototype” of prion diseases, has been suggested, we have focused our observations also on the host's PrP genotype. We have studied the morphology and distribution of NOS-IR neurons and their relationships with the enteric glia in whole-mount preparations and in cryostat sections. NOS-IR neurons, always encircled by glial processes, were located in both plexuses. Many NOS-IR fibers were seen in the circular muscle layer, in the submucosa, and in the mucosa. In the submucosa they were close to the lymphoid tissue. No differences in the distribution and percentage of NOS-IR fibers and neurons were observed among sheep carrying different PrP genotype, thus making unlikely their contribution in the determinism of susceptibility/resistance to scrapie infection.
Underinsurance and Key Health Outcomes for Children With Special Health Care Needs
Authors: Oswald Donald P. , Bodurtha Joann N. , Willis Janet H. , Moore Melinda B.
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective was to examine the relationship between underinsurance and other core outcomes for children with special health care needs.

METHODS. This study analyzed data from the National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs. Two alternative definitions of underinsurance, designated attitudinal and economic, were investigated. Logistic regression models in which the response variables were the child's status for each of the target core outcomes and underinsurance status was a dichotomous predictor variable were created. In addition to underinsurance status, 10 other predictor variables were included in the model.

RESULTS. Underinsurance is associated with the Maternal and Child Health Bureau core outcomes for children with special health care needs related to satisfaction with care and partnering with families in decision-making, access to a medical home, community-based service delivery that is easy to use, and access to services to make transitions to adulthood. In each case, children with special health care needs who were underinsured had significantly poorer outcomes than did children who were adequately insured.

CONCLUSIONS. Although these results cannot clarify the cause of poorer outcomes, there are clear negative effects associated with the problem of underinsurance. Inadequate health care coverage for children with special health care needs may save dollars in the short-term but, if other outcomes are compromised, then children, their families, and society at large may pay a price in the longer term.
Clinical Correlation of Chromosome 22q11.2 Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization Analysis and Velocardiofacial Syndrome
Authors: Oh Albert K. , Workman Laura A. , Wong Granger B.
Published: January 2007

Objective:

To identify characteristics associated with microdeletions of chromosome 22q11.2 ascertained by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), cleft palate, or other clinical features of velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS).

Design/Setting:

Retrospective review of all patients entered at one tertiary-level multidisciplinary cleft lip and palate and craniofacial anomalies panel from January 2000 to December 2003.

Patients:

The study consisted of 115 patients. The presence or absence of the following clinical features was documented: cleft palate (submucous and overt), VPI, cardiac anomalies, renal anomalies, small stature, characteristic facies, developmental delay, psychiatric dysfunction, and family history.

Main Outcome Measure:

Correlation between presence or absence of clinical features of VCFS and presence or absence of 22q11.2 microdeletion by FISH analysis.

Results:

Of the 16 patients (13.9%) who demonstrated 22q11.2 microdeletion by FISH analysis, 16 had VPI (100%), 16 had small stature (100%), 14 had cleft palate (88%), and 13 had characteristic facies (81%). Developmental delay was also present in 13 of these patients (81%), and seven had cardiac anomalies (44%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the presence of characteristic facies and small stature statistically correlated with microdeletions of chromosome 22q11.2 by FISH studies (p < .05).

Conclusions:

Patients with microdeletions of chromosome 22q11.2 as demonstrated by FISH analysis were more likely to have VPI, small stature, cleft palate, characteristic facies, and developmental delay, in descending order. Statistical analysis showed that only characteristic facies and small stature correlated with 22q11.2 microdeletions.
Activin A Efficiently Specifies Definitive Endoderm from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Only When Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling Is Suppressed
Authors: McLean Amanda B. , D'Amour Kevin A. , Jones Karen L. , Krishnamoorthy Malini , Kulik Michael J. , Reynolds David M. , Sheppard Alan M. , Liu Huiqing , Xu Ying , Baetge Emmanuel E. , Dalton Stephen
Published: January 2007

Human ESCs (hESCs) respond to signals that determine their pluripotency, proliferation, survival, and differentiation status. In this report, we demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) antagonizes the ability of hESCs to differentiate in response to transforming growth factor β family members such as Activin A and Nodal. Inhibition of PI3K signaling efficiently promotes differentiation of hESCs into mesendoderm and then definitive endoderm (DE) by allowing them to be specified by Activin/Nodal signals present in hESC cultures. Under conditions where hESCs are grown in mouse embryo fibroblast-conditioned medium under feeder-free conditions, ∼70%–80% are converted into DE following 5 days of treatment with inhibitors of the PI3K pathway, such as LY 294002 and AKT1-II. Microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based gene expression profiling demonstrates that definitive endoderm formation under these conditions closely parallels that following specification with elevated Activin A and low fetal calf serum (FCS)/knockout serum replacement (KSR). Reduced insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling was found to be critical for cell fate commitment into DE. Levels of insulin/IGF present in FCS/KSR, normally used to promote self-renewal of hESCs, antagonized differentiation. In summary, we show that generation of hESC-DE requires two conditions: signaling by Activin/Nodal family members and release from inhibitory signals generated by PI3K through insulin/IGF. These findings have important implications for our understanding of hESC self-renewal and early cell fate decisions.
A Prototype Infant Incubator for Heliox Therapy
Authors: Singhaus Clifford J. , Touch Suzanne M. , Greenspan Jay S. , Wolfson Marla R. , Shaffer Thomas H.
Published: January 2007

Heliox (Hx) gas has been shown to improve pulmonary function in infants, but methods for its delivery are invasive and problematic. To this end, we modified an Isolette (Hill-Rom Air-Shields) infant incubator (Hxl) to deliver Hx respiratory gas mixtures noninvasively while providing thermal stability for neonatal care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). In vitro tests and in vivo animal studies were performed to compare the original design specifications and established baseline performance criteria for the Hxl design. The experimental environments at 50% and 80% relative humidity (RH) consisted of helium (He) with 21% and 50% O2 and control (C) of 21% and 50% O2 with the balance nitrogen (N2). Elapsed times to steady state (SS) and recovery time back to SS (OCDss) due to opening and closing the door were recorded for each variable. All rabbits survived and appeared comfortable during all experimental conditions. These data show that the newly designed Isolette provides similar thermal, O2, CO2, and RH responses as the control incubator. Based on these positive safety/efficacy studies, study of the therapeutic impact of Hxl care on neonatal growth and development is in progress.
Neighbourhoods of independence and associated geometry in manifolds of bivariate Gaussian and Freund distributions
Authors: Arwini Khadiga , Dodson Christopher
Published: January 2007

We provide explicit information geometric tubular neighbourhoods containing all bivariate distributions sufficiently close to the cases of independent Poisson or Gaussian processes. This is achieved via affine immersions of the 4-manifold of Freund bivariate distributions and of the 5-manifold of bivariate Gaussians. We provide also the α-geometry for both manifolds. The Central Limit Theorem makes our neighbourhoods of independence limiting cases for a wide range of bivariate distributions; the topological character of the results makes them stable under small perturbations, which is important for applications in models of stochastic processes.
Occurrence of Strongyloides papillosus associated with extensive pulmonary lesions and sudden deaths in calves on a beef farm in a highland area of South Bohemia (Czech Republic)
Authors: Kváč M. , Vítovec J.
Published: January 2007

Prevalence and intensities of excretion of Strongyloides papillosus eggs were determined in a highland area of South Bohemia (Czech Republic) in cattle of beef herds under three types of management systems (pasture, semipasture, cowshed during winter season). Strongyloides papillosus infection was found on 6 of 9 examined farms and from the 1902 fecal samples, 4.3 % were positive. Eggs excretion intensities were generally low. The high prevalence (57 %) and high intensities of excretion (more than 5.000 EPG) were found on one cowshed farm associated with 25 % mortality of calves without previous clinical signs was observed. Pulmonary pathological changes caused by migration of larvae were histologically characterized as suppurative granulomatous inflammation with young connective tissue and predominance of eosinophils in inflammatory infiltrates. The cause of death of calves was determined as the sudden death syndrome.
The role of wild carnivores in the maintenance of trichinellosis in the Tatras National Park, Slovakia
Authors: Hurníková Z. , Chovancová B. , Bartková D. , Dubinský P.
Published: January 2007

A survey on trichinellosis in wild carnivores and their role in the transmission of parasite in the model territory of the Tatras National Park was conducted in years 2005–2006. Muscle samples of 102 wild predators representing 10 species belonging to families Canidae, Mustelidae and Ursidae were examined. The highest prevalence of Trichinella britovi was established among red foxes (19.7 %) and martens (37.5 %). The parasite was also detected in European polecat and brown bear. No infection was present in wolves, badgers, otters, weasels, and stoats. The results show that in circulation of trichinellosis in nature various carnivore species are included. The high number of infected martens is indicative of their role in maintenance of trichinellosis that should be considered due to synantropic behaviour of these animals.
Some digenetic trematodes of the olive ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines, Cheloniidae) in Costa Rica
Authors: Santoro M. , Morales J.
Published: January 2007

Three species of digeneans including 1 Gorgoderidae (Plesiochorus cymbiformis) from the urinary bladder, 1 Plagiorchiidae (Enodiotrema megachondrus) from the duodenum, and 1 Pachypsolidae (Pachypsolus irroratus) from the stomach were recovered from 2 of 3 olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) found stranded along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. All trematodes represent new locality records. Histopathological changes associated with eggs of cardiovascular flukes (Digenea, Spirorchiidae) were described from the lungs, spleen, and intestine of a single turtle.
Temporal dynamics of soil nematode community structure under invasive Ambrosia trifida and native Chenopodium serotinum
Authors: Liang W. , Li F. , Li Q. , Zhang W.
Published: January 2007

Temporal dynamics of soil nematode community structure at the depth of 0 — 30 cm was compared under invasive Ambrosia trifida and native Chenopodium serotinum in an abandoned cropland in Northeast China. The results showed the difference of nematode taxa and dominant genera under A. trifida and C. serotinum during the study period. Acrobeloides and Paratylenchus were found to be dominant genera under both A. trifida and C. serotinum. Helicotylenchus prevailed in soil with C. serotinum, while Macroposthonia was dominant in soil with A. trifida. Nematode taxa was higher under A. trifida than under C. serotinum from June to September. Except in the July, significantly higher numbers of plant-parasites were observed under A. trifida than under C. serotinum during the study period (P < 0.05). Nematode taxa, Simpson index and structure index were found to be sensitive indicators that detected nematode community structural differences under A. trifida and C. serotinum during the study period.
First evidence of Paraheligmonina gracilis and Hymenolepis sulcata among fat dormice (Glis glis L.) from Croatia
Authors: Konjević D. , Špakulová M. , Beck R. , Goldová M. , Severin K. , Margaletić J. , Pintur K. , Keros T. , Perić S.
Published: January 2007

The present study reports for the first time on the helminth species occurring in the gastro-intestinal system of fat dormice (Glis glis) in Croatia. Out of 55 dormice, 63.7 % harboured helminths belonging to two species, the nematode Paraheligmonina gracilis (syn. Longistriata elpatievskii) (Heligmonellidae, Trichostrogyloidea) in the prevalence of 52.7 %, and the cestode Hymenolepis sulcata (Hymenolepididae, Cyclophyllidea) in the prevalence of 32.7 %. Concurrent infections of both parasites were found in 12 fat dormice, P. gracilis alone was detected in 17 hosts and H. sulcata alone in 6 samples. No influence of parasitic infestation on animal weight was observed. Glirid helminths do not represent zoonotic pathogens despite the fact that dormice occasionally inhabit cottages and village houses, and are used in human nutrition.
How children narrate happy and sad events: does affective state count?
Authors: Gobbo Camilla , Raccanello Daniela
Published: January 2007

The influence of induced affective states on children's narratives of personal events was investigated. The affective state of 5‐to‐6‐year‐old children, 128 in number, was manipulated by way of winning or losing a game. They were then asked to narrate happy or sad personal events. A self‐report instrument indicated that a different affective state was indeed induced by the two game conditions. Narratives were coded for agency, affective aspects and structural complexity (antecedents). The negative condition influenced attribution of causality and intention to agent and addressee, according to a self‐serving bias and affected number of antecedents. Moreover, in the negative condition, global intensity revealed a congruency effect, in line with the Affect Infusion Model. However, mental states varied with event valence, independent of affect‐inducing condition. Results are discussed in terms of the complexity of the relation between emotional event narratives and children's affective state. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lightness and Fluidity: Remarks Concerning the Aesthetics of Elegance
Authors: Goldblatt David
Published: January 2007

Over the last century, elegance as a term has been conspicuously absent from discussions centred on both architecture and the philosophy of aesthetics. Elegance's time has, however, now come. David Goldblatt describes how the maturation of digital discourse has led to the onset of a new, multifaceted, sensual rationality that is evident in recent designs and constructed works. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the Structural Skin Zaha Hadid Architects: Marsa Dubai Residential Tower
Authors: Rahim Ali , Jamelle Hina
Published: January 2007

Continuity of surface and structure when combined with a formal response to existing site‐features deliver a potent elegance. Ali Rahim and Hina Jamelle describe how Zaha Hadid Architects in their Marsa Dubai Residential Tower were able to adapt the internal organisation to site constraints and the building's immediate environment. This renders a sophisticated aesthetic, which neither impacts external conditions nor compromises the interior spaces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on Designing Surficial Elegance
Authors: Bratton Benjamin H , Alonso Hernan Diaz
Published: January 2007

Mastery of technique is as essential as design ability to the production of elegant works. Elegant features can only be realised through an understanding of the systemic logics of the digital environment and a full working knowledge of generative techniques. Benjamin H Bratton of The Culture Industry and Hernan Diaz Alonso of Xefirotarch describe Xefirotarch's wholly visceral, but exacting, approach to the design process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epic Proportions of Gilgamesh
Authors: Watson Howard
Published: January 2007

Howard Watson encounters Gilgamesh, an anonymously designed north London bar. Its ‘jaw‐dropping ostentation’ takes the unlikely form of extensive Indian relief sculptures that depict Babylonian tales at an epic scale. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1D Tellurium Nanostructures: Photothermally Assisted Morphology‐Controlled Synthesis and Applications in Preparing Functional Nanoscale Materials
Authors: Zhang B. , Hou W. , Ye X. , Fu S. , Xie Y.
Published: January 2007

A facile visible‐light‐assisted solution‐phase approach has been successfully developed to synthesize trigonal Te 1D nanostructures. By varying the relative amount of H2TeO3 and water‐soluble polymers, wirelike, beltlike, tubular Te, and Te nanoparticle‐joined 1D aggregates, as well as a novel thorny 1D assembly of Te nanothreads can be synthesized on a large scale. The diameter of the Te nanowires can be modulated by controlling the nucleation and growth process through modulation of the pH value of the reaction mixture. It is believed that the light irradiation and thermal effect play a significant role in this photothermally assisted technique. We have shown that the Te nanowires can be used as a template to prepare Pt–Te nanochains, where the composition of Pt in the Pt–Te 1D products can be modulated by adjusting the ratio of the Te nanowires and Pt salts. Preliminary optical investigations reveal that blue–violet emission of Te nanowires can be enhanced by the formation of defects or dislocations in the Te region through the galvanic replacement reaction between Te nanowires and H2PtCl6. In addition, we demonstrate that Te 1D nanostructures can be utilized to prepare Te at carbon‐rich nanocables and carbonaceous nanotubes. Te–Pt at carbon‐rich nanocables can also be fabricated using Te–Pt nanochains as the template. These Pt–Te nanochains and carbonaceous nanostructures are expected to find wide applications in electrochemistry, catalysis, fuel cells, sensors, and other fields. Furthermore, the successful preparation of Te 1D nanostructures with abundant shapes, Pt–Te nanochains, and their carbonaceous composite nanomaterials will offer great opportunities to explore the dependence of novel properties of nanomaterials on their morphology and composition, regulate the photoconductivity of semiconductors, and also be essential for the manufacture of potential optoelectronic devices.
Cloning and characterization of two cytochrome P450 CYP6AX1 and CYP6AY1 cDNAs from Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homoptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Yang Zhifan , Yang Haiyuan , He Guangcun
Published: January 2007

Two full‐length P450 cDNAs, CYP6AX1 and CYP6AY1, were cloned from the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Both CYP6AX1 and CYP6AY1 are typical microsomal P450s and their deduced amino acid sequences share common characteristics with other members of the insect P450 CYP6 family. CYP6AX1 and CYP6AY1 show the highest percent identity (36%) of amino acid to each other; both of them have 31–33% amino acid identity with CYP6B1 from Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), CYP6B4 from Papilio glaucus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), and CYP6B8 from Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of CYP6AX1 and CYP6AY1 was in the clade including CYP6AE1 from Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) and the CYP6B family members from Helicoverpa and Papilio species. Northern blot analysis revealed that both of the P450s were induced by the resistant rice variety B5 (Oryza sativa L), and CYP6AY1 was expressed at a higher level than CYP6AX1. The results suggest that more than one P450s are likely involved in metabolism of rice allelochemicals and that they are possibly important components in adaptation of Nilaparvata lugens to host rice. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:88–99, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histone H1‐like, lysine‐rich low complexity amino acid extensions in mosquito ribosomal proteins RpL23a and RpS6 have evolved independently
Authors: Hernandez Vida P. , Fallon A.M.
Published: January 2007

Histone H1‐like amino acid extensions have been described at the amino terminus of Drosophila RpL22 and RpL23a, and at the carboxyl terminus of mosquito ribosomal protein RpS6. An in silico search suggested that RpL23a, but not RpL22, in Anopheles gambiae has an amino‐terminal extension. Because low complexity amino acid extensions are not common on eukaryotic ribosomal proteins, and their functions are unknown, we cloned cDNAs encoding RpL23a from Aedes albopictus and Anopheles stephensi mosquito cell lines. RpL23a proteins in Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes are rich in lysine (∼25%), alanine (∼21%), and proline (∼8%), have a mass of ∼40 kDa, a pI of 11.4 to 11.5, and contain an N‐terminal extension of approximately 260 amino acid residues. The N‐terminal extension in mosquito RpL23a is about 100 amino acids longer than that in the Drosophila RpL23a homolog, and contains several repeated amino acid motifs. Analysis of exon‐intron organization in the An. gambiae and in D. melanogaster genes suggests that a short first exon encodes a series of 11 amino acid residues conserved in RpL23a proteins from Drosophila, mosquitoes, and the moth, Bombyx mori. The histone H1‐like sequence in RpL23a is encoded entirely within the second exon. The C‐terminal 126 amino acid residues of the RpL23a protein, encoded by exon 3 in Drosophila, and by exons 3 and 4 in Anopheles gambiae, are well conserved, and correspond to Escherichia coli RpL23 with the addition of the eukaryotic N‐terminal nuclear localization sequence. Sequence comparisons indicate that the histone H1‐like extensions on mosquito RpS6 and RpL23a have evolved independently of each other, and of histone H1 proteins. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:100–110, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is e-marketing coming of age? An examination of the penetration of e-marketing and firm performance
Authors: Brodie Roderick J. , Winklhofer Heidi , Coviello Nicole E. , Johnston Wesley J.
Published: January 2007

While the recent international surveys conducted by Barwise and Farley (2005) have led them to claim that e-Marketing (eM) is “starting to come of age,”rdquo; there has been little empirical research about eM's actual impact on marketing practice and performance. We investigate this underresearched area using survey data from U.S. firms collected in 2002 ( n = 212) and 2005 ( n = 139). Our results confirm Barwise and Farley's finding that there has been an increase in the penetration of eM. We also show that the adoption of eM is positively associated with performance, which supports Day and Bens (2005) contention that firms adopting eM are likely to have competitive advantage. The success of eM largely comes from the support and enhancement of existing marketing practices, so the “coming of age” of eM is, to a large extent, a consequence of its integration with other marketing practices.
Copper Oxide – Graphite Composite Electrodes: Application to Nitrite Sensing
Authors: Šljukić Biljana , Banks Craig E. , Crossley Alison , Compton Richard G.
Published: January 2007

A simple method for the modification of carbon powder with copper oxides is presented. Carbon powder is impregnated with copper(II) nitrate by stirring carbon powder in copper(II) nitrate solution for 1 hour and subsequently thermally treated at 823 K. The modified carbon powder was characterized using electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The existence of both copper(I) and copper(II) oxides have been established. The copper oxide modified carbon powder was used for preparation of composite electrodes, and the electrochemical and electrocatalytic behavior of the resulting composite electrodes was studied. The copper oxide modified carbon powder – epoxy composite electrodes showed a high electrocatalytic activity for the nitrite detection in aqueous media, with the detection limit comparable or lower than detection limits obtained with other electrochemical sensors.
Electrocatalytic Properties of a Novel Poly‐1‐Naphthylamine‐Modified Electrode Using Ascorbic Acid as Molecule Probe
Authors: D'Eramo Fabiana , Sereno Leonides E. , Arévalo Alejandro H.
Published: January 2007

A glassy carbon electrode was modified with an electropolymerized film of 1‐naphthylamine in aqueous solution. The electrocatalytic properties of this modified electrode (ME) were investigated using ascorbic acid (AA) as probe molecule. The electrochemical behavior of AA in buffer solution was examined by voltammetry and amperometry. The results showed that the ME exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of AA, as a consequence, it can be used as amperometric sensor of this analyte in a flow injection system with good sensitivity. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range 0.05–1.50 mM with a phosphate buffer solution pH 3 as the carrier, the detection limit was 1 ppm (S/N=3). The methods were applied to the determination of AA in beverages and pharmaceutical products. A good correlation with a reference method was attained.
Electrochemical Behavior of Catecholamines and Related Compounds at In Situ Surfactant Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes
Authors: Blanco‐López M.Carmen , Lobo‐Castañón M. Jesús , Ordieres Arturo J. Miranda , Tuñón‐Blanco Paulino
Published: January 2007

The voltammetric characteristics of catecholamines: epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) and related compounds: isoproterenol, metanephrine, L‐dopa, methyldopa, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and homovanillic acid (HVA) at unmodified and in situ surfactant‐ modified carbon paste electrodes were comparatively evaluated. For the basic and amphoteric compounds the modification of the electrode surface with submicellar concentrations of anionic surfactants (sodium dodecylsulfate, sodium decylsulfate or sodium dodecylsulfonate) produce an important current enhancement in its oxidation and reduction peak current together with the improvement in the reversibility of the processes. These effects were explained in basis on electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. On the other hand, the oxidation of acidic metabolites, HVA and VMA, was studied at electrodes modified in situ with cationic surfactants. Under certain conditions the surfactant could stabilise some of the electrochemical reaction intermediates, thus explaining the different voltammetric behaviour of HVA and VMA.
Bismuth Film Electrode for Analysis of Tetracycline in Flow Injection System
Authors: Sattayasamitsathit Sirilak , Thavarungkul Panote , Kanatharana Proespichaya
Published: January 2007

A bismuth film was prepared on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and used in a flow injection amperometric system to analyze tetracycline. Bismuth film electrode (BiFE) preparation and flow injection amperometric parameters were optimized. System performances of BiFE were compared to GCE. BiFE was validated with three different lots of real sample, 250 mg tetracycline capsules, the results showed good agreement, i.e., between 240 and 260 mg per capsule. Good relative recoveries were also obtained in the range of 86–106%.
Chronoamperometric and Voltammetric Characterization of Gold Ultramicroelectrode Arrays
Authors: González‐García Olga , Ariño Cristina , Díaz‐Cruz José Manuel , Esteban Miquel
Published: January 2007

Some prototypes of photolithographic‐built arrays of gold ultramicroelectrodes (UMEAs) have been electrochemically characterized and compared with a normal‐size electrode. The achievement of steady‐state conditions, effects of supporting electrolyte and the role of conditioning and activation have been considered. The results obtained show that it is possible to monitor the effective area of those devices by chronoamperometry, which confirms the convenience of using the internal auxiliary and reference electrodes and this evidences that steady‐state currents are holding in a wide range of scan rates. Additionally, some preliminary tests show the promising features of gold UMEAs in flow systems like FIA or HPLC.
Capacitive Sensing of Amino Acids Using Caliraxene‐Coated Silicon Transducers
Authors: Ijeri Vijaykumar , Vocanson Francis , Martelet Claude , Jaffrezic‐Renault Nicole
Published: January 2007

The possibility of using capacitance and flat band voltage as measurable quantities for determining amino acids that are neither electroactive nor with strong UV‐vis absorption has been explored. The sensors were fabricated by immobilizing calixarene derivatives on Si/SiO2/Si3N4 transducers. The measurements were made in sulfuric acid media of ca. pH 1 and in physiological buffer of pH 7.4. The different calixarene derivatives showed varying sensitivities to the amino acids ranging from 8 to 137 mV/decade.
Electroanalytical Exploitation of Nitroso Phenyl Modified Carbon‐Thiol Interactions: Application to the Low Voltage Determination of Thiols
Authors: Abiman Poobalasingam , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Compton Richard G.
Published: January 2007

The electrochemical generation of nitrosophenyl groups covalently attached to graphite powder (nitrosophenylcarbon) from carbon powder chemically modified with nitrophenyl groups and their subsequent reaction with thiols (glutathione, cysteine and homocysteine) has been investigated as a method by which the later can be quantified. The modified carbon powder was immobilized onto a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode and characterized by cyclic voltammetry by scanning between 1.0 V and −1.0 V vs. SCE in phosphate buffer (pH 7). Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was used for the determination of thiols and the SWV parameters were optimized. The nitrosophenylcarbon is electrogenerated from nitrophenylcarbon and can chemically oxidize thiols to disulfides. Subsequent reduction of nitrosophenylcarbon to phenylhydroxylaminecarbon during the square wave voltammetric process leads to a decrease in the reductive current. This can be correlated to the concentration of thiol present within the medium. The cyclic voltammetric responses of basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode, edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode, glassy carbon electrode and boron‐doped diamond electrode in the direct oxidation of thiols were also investigated and all were found to have a significantly higher overpotential compared to the described method using nitrosophenylcarbon.
The evolution of problem and social competence behaviors during toddlerhood: A prospective population‐based cohort survey
Authors: Baillargeon Raymond H. , Normand Claude L. , Séguin Jean R. , Zoccolillo Mark , Japel Christa , Pérusse Daniel , Wu Hong‐Xing , Boivin Michel , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: January 2007

Research in developmental psychopathology has long been preoccupied with rather broad categories of behavior, but we know little about the specific behaviors that comprise these categories. The objective of this study was to: (a) estimate the prevalence of problem and social competence behaviors in the general population of children at 17 months of age, and (b) describe the continuity and discontinuity in the degree to which children exhibit these behaviors between 17 and 29 months of age. The results show that frequent problem behaviors are not typical of children under two years of age. Further, the results suggest that it is possible to distinguish between different types of problem behaviors before two years of age. In addition, the results show that gender differences in some problem behaviors are already present before two years of age, and increase in magnitude during toddlerhood. Finally, the results show that interindividual differences in problem behaviors observed before two years of age are stable. The predictive accuracy of frequent problem behaviors in children at 17 months of age was limited, however, with often a majority of toddlers not behaving this way a year later. Overall, our results suggest that toddlerhood represents a critical period when behavioral and emotional problems of potentially clinical significance emerge. Pediatricians should routinely ask parents to report the frequency of their young children's problem behaviors during child health supervision visits so that children whose frequent problem behaviors persist over time can be identified and possibly referred for treatment.
Peripheral white blood cell toxicity induced by broad spectrum cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors
Authors: Jessen Bart A. , Lee Leo , Koudriakova Tatiana , Haines Morgan , Lundgren Karen , Price Sharon , Nonomiya Jim , Lewis Cristina , Stevens Gregory J.
Published: January 2007

Cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) have been pursued for more than a decade for the treatment of cancer. CDK inhibitors are expected to slow the rate of cell division and potentially increase the apoptotic fraction of rapidly dividing cells. Although CDK activity is often increased in tumors, normal dividing tissues are also susceptible to the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of CDK inhibitor action. Therefore the typical toxicity profile associated with cytotoxic anti‐cancer therapy, bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal toxicity, is expected with CDK inhibitors. Bone marrow toxicity and the ensuing delayed peripheral leukocyte suppression often limit the therapeutic application of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Here we characterize an unusual bone marrow‐independent acute toxicity toward leukocytes from broad spectrum CDK inhibitors in monkeys and rodents. The potential combination of both acute and delayed immunosuppression would likely further restrict the application of these particular compounds. Since the cells targeted were non‐proliferating, it was assumed that the toxicity was not driven by the intended pharmacological mechanism thereby facilitating the development of a testing strategy to identify compounds with a reduced potential for acute leukocyte toxicity. This testing strategy resulted in a CDK inhibitor void of bone marrow‐independent leukocyte toxicity that is currently undergoing clinical testing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia have additive effects on activation and proliferation of pancreatic stellate cells: Possible explanation of islet‐specific fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hong Oak‐Kee , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Rhee Marie , Ko Seung‐Hyun , Cho Jae‐Hyoung , Choi Yoon‐Hee , Song Ki‐Ho , Son Ho‐Young , Yoon Kun‐Ho
Published: January 2007

Pancreatic islet fibrosis observed in Type 2 diabetes is one of the major factors leading to progressive β‐cell loss and dysfunction. Despite its importance, the mechanism of islet‐restricted fibrogenesis associated with pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) activation and proliferation remains to be defined. Therefore, we studied whether the islet‐specific environment represented by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia had additive effects on the activation and proliferation of cultured rat PSCs. Cells were stimulated to activate and proliferate with glucose and insulin, either individually or concomitantly. Both stimuli promoted PSC proliferation and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation independently, but an additive effect was also demonstrated. Blockade of ERK signaling by the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, suppressed both glucose‐ and insulin‐induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and PSC proliferation. Glucose and insulin‐induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation also stimulated connective tissue growth factor gene expression. Thus, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are two crucial mitogenic factors that activate and proliferate PSCs, and the presence of both states will amplify this response. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 665–675, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen uptake by structural steels at cathodic protection in sea water inoculated with sulfate reducing bacteria
Authors: Lunarska E. , Birn J. , Domżalicki P.
Published: January 2007

The effect of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) on the hydrogen permeation rate through ferrite‐pearlite and sorbite steels of quite similar chemical composition was studied using a specially designed facility. Tests were carried out in synthetic sea water, sterile or inoculated with bacteria, at potentials corresponding to cathodic protection (− 800 mV to − 1400 mVNCE). Cathodic polarization within the studied potential range did not stop the metabolism of SRB. Presence of SRB was found to increase the hydrogen permeation rate, to form S2− ions, to increase the polarization current, to modify the impedance spectrum and to change the appearance of cathodic deposits in comparison with sterile conditions. The promoting effect of SRB on the hydrogen uptake was concluded to be the result of the increase in polarization current due to the formation of the less protective layer of cathodic deposits on the steel surface, the presence of S2− ions and the possible decrease in pH. Despite the similar tendencies, the effect of SRB on hydrogen uptake was more pronounced in the case of sorbite steel. The bacteria action can cause hydrogen deterioration of steel at potentials, recognized as safe ones at cathodic protection.
Effects of Na3PW12O40 on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in 55 %LiBr solution
Authors: Liang C.H. , Hu X.Q. , Ma L.
Published: January 2007

Electrochemical technologies, chemical immersion tests and surface detection technologies were adopted to study the inhibition performance of Na3PW12O40 inhibitor on carbon steel in 55 % LiBr + 0.07 mol/L LiOH solution, and the inhibition mechanism was discussed. Results indicated that Na3PW12O40 inhibitor caused the decrease of both anodic and cathodic polarization current density and a widening of the passive potential region. It behaved as a mixed inhibitor. When the concentration of Na3PW12O40 in 55 % LiBr + 0.07 mol/L LiOH solution was 300 mg/L, excellent inhibition performance on carbon steel was obtained. When the solution temperature were 145°C, 160°C, 180°C and 200°C, respectively, the corrosion rates of carbon steel were 13.07 μm/y, 17.74 μm/y, 24.55 μm/y and 73.52 μm/y accordingly. Na3PW12O40 inhibitor exhibited an excellent inhibition performance at high temperature. Na3PW12O40 is a strong oxidant. Fe was oxidized to Fe2O3 and itself was deoxidized to heteropoly blue. By this mechanism, an integrate compact passive film mainly comprising Fe2O3 may be formed on the carbon steel surface, and the corrosion of carbon steel in 55 % LiBr solution may be retarded by this passive film.
Explicit algebras with the Leibniz–Mellin translation product
Authors: Witt Ingo
Published: January 2007

A sub‐calculus of the calculus (“algebra”) of all complete conormal symbols arising in the edge pseudodifferential calculus is constructed. This calculus of complete conormal symbols is suitable for constructing sub‐calculi of the general edge pseudodifferential calculus, for which the edge‐degenerate pseudodifferential operators involved map conormal asymptotics of distributions near the edges in a prescribed manner. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)