bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Product market competition and audit fees: evidence from the Chinese manufacturing industry
Authors: Zhang Zhenbo , Zhang Yuxuan , Yan Mengfan
Published: December 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the impact of product market competition (PMC) on companies’ investment in external auditing.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper applies a conceptual framework derived from demand–supply analysis and a panel data set of 2,263 listed manufacturing companies in China covering the period 2012–2019. In the assessment of PMC, this study measures industry-level competition intensity and company-specific market power separately.

Findings

Industries appear to engage in a lower average level of external auditing if industrial competition intensity is either too high or too low. Similarly, companies spend less on external auditing if their market power is either too strong or too weak, and the company-level inverted U-shaped relationship is much more evident in industries with weak PMC.

Originality/value

This paper shows that a company’s external audit strategy is affected by the level of competition it faces in its market. The findings of this paper can improve the current linear PMC–auditing theoretical framework and provide insights into the strategic auditing of listed companies in China. The findings also have significant implications for policy recommendations regarding corporate governance and market scrutiny regulations.
A case of systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with intestinal lymphangiectasia‐associated protein‐losing enteropathy accompanying hyperinflammation
Authors: Bektaş Murat , Taş Oğuzhan , Ordu Melike
Published: December 2022

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has the potential to affect virtually every organ; however, gastrointestinal system manifestations are relatively rare compared to other autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. A 29‐year‐old female patient attended to the emergency room with abdominal distention, acute onset abdominal pain and constipation. She had watery chronic diarrhea (4‐5 times/d) and weight loss (6 kg, 12%) for 4 months. While there was increased intestinal wall thickness, air‐liquid levels were shown on abdomen computed tomography scan. The patient underwent abdominal surgery due to diagnosis of ileus. Ileocecal resection was performed and pathologic evaluation revealed intestinal lymphangiectasia. Autoimmune serology was performed with the following resulats: anti‐nuclear antibody 1/3200 with homogenous pattern, anti‐DNA antibody and anti‐Sm/ribonucleoprotein antibodies were positive in addition to low complement levels (C3: 0.28 [0.9‐1.8 g/L], C4: 0.06 [0.1‐0.4 g/L]) indicating diagnosis of SLE. Development of intestinal involvement in SLE (lupus enteritis) is mainly grouped into 3 headings such as mesenteric vasculitis, pseudo‐obstruction, and protein‐losing enteropathy. Although the pathogenesis of intestinal lymphangiectasia remains unknown, it has been reported that immune complex‐mediated visceral vasculitis may result in bowel wall and mucosal edema. To our knowledge this is the first case report accompanying hyperinflammatory response in addition to intestinal lymphangiectasia in SLE. On the other hand, clinicians should be alert for other reasons for hyperinflammatory syndromes rather than COVID‐19, even during the pandemic.
Effects of emotional arousal on the neural impact and behavioral efficacy of cigarette graphic warning labels
Authors: Shi Zhenhao , Wang An‐Li , Fairchild Victoria P. , Aronowitz Catherine A. , Padley James H. , Lynch Kevin G. , Loughead James , Langleben Daniel D.
Published: December 2022

Background and Aims

Graphic warning labels (GWLs) on cigarette packs have been adopted by many jurisdictions world‐wide. In the United States, the introduction of GWLs has been delayed by claims that their high level of negative emotional arousal unnecessarily infringed upon the tobacco manufacturers’ free speech. This study aimed to provide experimental data on the contribution of emotional arousal to GWL efficacy.

Design

Observational study using long‐term naturalistic exposure and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Setting

Research university in Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Participants

A total of 168 adult smokers.

Measurements

For 4 weeks, participants received cigarettes in packs that carried either high‐arousal or low‐arousal GWLs (n = 84 versus 84). Smoking behavior, quitting‐related cognitions and GWL‐induced brain response were measured before and after the 4‐week exposure. The amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex served as regions of interest.

Findings

Compared with the high‐arousal group, the low‐arousal group smoked fewer cigarettes [log10‐transformed, 1.076 versus 1.019; difference = 0.056, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.027, 0.085, χ2(1) = 14.21, P < 0.001] and showed stronger intention to quit (2.527 versus 2.810; difference = −0.283, 95% CI = −0.468, –0.098, χ2(1) = 8.921, P = 0.007) and endorsement of the GWLs’ textual component (4.805 versus 5.503; difference = −0.698, 95% CI = −1.016, −0.380, χ2(1) = 18.47, P < 0.001). High‐arousal GWLs induced greater amygdala response than low‐arousal GWLs (0.157 versus 0.052; difference = 0.105, 95% CI = 0.049, 0.161, χ2(1) = 23.52, P < 0.001), although the response to high‐arousal GWLs declined over time (slope = −0.087 versus 0.016; difference = −0.103, 95% CI = −0.198, –0.009, χ2(1) = 6.370, P = 0.046). Greater baseline amygdala response was associated with more smoking at 4 weeks in the high‐arousal group, but less smoking in the low‐arousal group (slope = 0.179 versus −0.122; difference = 0.287, 95% CI = 0.076, 0.498, χ2(1) = 7.086, P = 0.008). Medial prefrontal response did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions

High‐arousal cigarette graphic warning labels (GWLs) appear to be less efficacious than low‐arousal GWLs. The high emotional reaction that high‐arousal GWLs elicit wanes over time. Baseline amygdala response negatively predicts efficacy of high‐arousal GWLs and positively predicts efficacy of low‐arousal GWLs. High emotional arousal may not be required for sustained GWL efficacy.
Alternatives to remifentanil for the analgesic component of total intravenous anaesthesia: a narrative review
Authors: Hughes L. M. , Irwin M. G. , Nestor C. C.
Published: December 2022

Propfol‐remifentanil‐based total intravenous anaesthesia has dominated recent clinical practice due to its favourable pharmacokinetic profile. Interruption in remifentanil supply has presented an opportunity to diversify or even avoid the use of opioids and consider adjuncts to propofol‐based total intravenous anaesthesia. Propofol, while a potent hypnotic, is not an effective analgesic. The administration of opioids, along with other adjuncts such as α‐2 adrenoceptor agonists, magnesium, lidocaine, ketamine and nitrous oxide provide surgical anaesthesia and avoids large doses of propofol being required. We provide an overview of both target‐control and manual infusion regimes for the alternative opioids: alfentanil, sufentanil and fentanyl. The optimal combination of hypnotic‐opioid dose, titration sequence and anticipated additional postoperative analgesia required depend on the chosen combination. In addition, we include a brief discussion on the role of non‐opioid adjuncts in total intravenous anaesthesia, suggested doses and expected reduction in propofol dose.
Recurrence and outcomes of non‐functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours post‐resection: an Australian retrospective, multicentre cohort study
Authors: Lim Sean , Chong Lynn , Peeroo Saania , Onasanya Olukunle , He Evelyn , Banting Simon , Croagh Daniel
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs) are heterogenous entities with variable clinical outlook. The prevalence of PNETs is increasing in Australia. Despite this, data on peri‐operative management and post‐operative prognosis for Australian patients is scant in the literature.

Methods

Patients from two tertiary hospitals in Victoria were recruited. Inclusion criteria included patients who underwent curative surgical resection for primary, non‐functioning, PNETs without metastases from January 2011 to December 2021. Patients were identified via histopathological reports, CMBS and ICD‐10 codes. Data were sourced from Electronic Medical Records, outpatient notes and letters.

Results

Sixty‐three patients (34 Male, 29 Female) underwent surgical resection for PNETs. Fifty‐three patients (84.1%) had a post‐operative complication, and 21 (33.3%) had severe complications. Two patients had disease recurrence. Head PNETs had higher Ki‐67% (5.33 vs. 2.72, P = 0.29), and likelihood of nodal spread (9 (36%) vs. 4 (16%), P = 0.054). Pancreatic Head resections were also associated with more frequent ICU admissions (21 (84%) vs. 18 (54.5), P = 0.024), longer ICU stays (4.05 vs. 2.17 days, P = 0.10) and hospital stays (26.76 vs. 8.27 days, P = <0.001).

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, it demonstrates that surgical resection of PNET carries a significant morbidity with a low rate of recurrence. Additionally, Pancreatic head NETs may be associated with higher grades and increased likelihood of nodal metastases. Considering this, careful patient selection is paramount.
Veterinary bacteriology in Denmark from the 1880s to 2022
Authors: Leisner Jørgen J. , Larsen Jens Laurits
Published: December 2022

This paper gives an account of the history of veterinary bacteriology including clinical veterinary bacteriology as well as the area of veterinary public health in Denmark from the 1880s to 2022. We describe key persons, including B. Bang, C.O. Jensen, K.A. Jensen and others who made important contributions to the development of these areas of microbiological expertise, and we discuss how challenges ranging from bovine tuberculosis to bacterial antimicrobial resistance have been met. Further, we describe progress in research on important bacterial pathogens both with regard to animal clinical aspects and zoonotic food‐related aspects. Finally, we describe current issues in relation to One Health and research organization.
A first‐in‐human study of the anti‐inflammatory profibrinolytic TMS‐007, an SMTP family triprenyl phenol
Authors: Moritoyo Takashi , Nishimura Naoko , Hasegawa Keiko , Ishii Shinya , Kirihara Kenji , Takata Munenori , Svensson Akiko Kishi , Umeda‐Kameyama Yumi , Kawarasaki Shuichi , Ihara Ryoko , Sakanaka Chie , Wakabayashi Yurie , Niizuma Kuniyasu , Tominaga Teiji , Yamazaki Tsutomu , Hasumi Keiji
Published: December 2022

Aims

TMS‐007, an SMTP family member, modulates plasminogen conformation and enhances plasminogen‐fibrin binding, leading to promotion of endogenous fibrinolysis. Its anti‐inflammatory action, mediated by soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition, may contribute to its efficacy. Evidence suggests that TMS‐007 can effectively treat experimental thrombotic and embolic strokes with a wide time window, while reducing haemorrhagic transformation. We aim to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TMS‐007 in healthy volunteers.

Methods

This was a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double blind, dose‐escalation study, administered as a single intravenous infusion of TMS‐007 in cohorts of healthy male Japanese subjects. Six cohorts were planned, but only five were completed. In each cohort (n = 8), individuals were randomized to receive one of five doses of TMS‐007 (3, 15, 60, 180 or 360 mg; n = 6) or placebo (n = 2).

Results

TMS‐007 was generally well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were attributed to the drug. A linear dose‐dependency was observed for plasma TMS‐007 levels. No symptoms of bleeding were observed on brain MRI analysis, and no bleeding‐related responses were found on laboratory testing. The plasma levels of the coagulation factor fibrinogen and the anti‐fibrinolysis factor α2‐antiplasmin levels were unchanged after TMS‐007 dosing. A slight increase in the plasma level of plasmin‐α2‐antiplasmin complex, an index of plasmin formation, was observed in the TMS‐007 group in cohort 2.

Conclusions

TMS‐007 is generally well tolerated and exhibits favourable pharmacokinetic profiles that warrant further clinical development.
Customised acoustic therapy delivered through a web‐based platform—An innovative approach to tinnitus treatment
Authors: Connell James Thomas , Bassiouni Ahmed , Harrison Ella , Laden Stephanie , O'Brien Sinead , Sahota Raguwinder , Carney A. Simon , Foreman Andrew , Krishnan Suren , Hodge John‐Charles
Published: December 2022

Objectives

Customised acoustic therapy aims to moderate the neural pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of tinnitus. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of customised acoustic therapy administered via a web‐based treatment platform.

Design

Clinical trial with prospective recruitment. Fifty‐eight participants underwent 6 weeks of customised acoustic therapy.

Setting

Treatment was delivered for 2 h each day using a smartphone, tablet or computer. Treatment was integrated into usual daily activities.

Participants

Participants with subjective tinnitus were recruited through public and private otolaryngology clinics and electronic and print media.

Main Outcomes Measured

FiveQ, a novel 5 question tinnitus questionnaire, was measured at baseline and each week of treatment. Statistical analyses, including Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney and mixed linear regression, were used to assess treatment efficacy and identify factors associated with treatment response.

Results

39/58 participants (67.2%) had an improvement in symptom severity scores, 4 had no change (6.9%) and 15 had a decline from baseline (25.9%). Mean FiveQ scores improved by 22.9% from 40.8 (SD = 21.4) at baseline to 31.5 (SD = 21.3) following 6 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001). With the exception of the slight tinnitus group, all other groups (from mild to catastrophic) demonstrated a treatment response. Participants with low frequency tinnitus (<2000 Hz) had a significantly greater treatment response (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Customised acoustic therapy administered via a web‐based platform demonstrated encouraging efficacy. At least mild symptoms at baseline and low frequency tinnitus were associated with a greater treatment response. Customised acoustic therapy offers accessible and efficacious tinnitus treatment, however longer term clinical studies are required to confirm the observed initial benefit is maintained.
Myofibroblast stroma differentiation in infiltrative basal cell carcinoma is accompanied by regulatory T‐cells
Authors: Ressler Julia Maria , Zila Nina , Korosec Ana , Yu Josef , Silmbrod Rita , Bachmayr Victoria , Tittes Julia , Strobl Johanna , Lichtenberger Beate Maria , Hoeller Christoph , Petzelbauer Peter
Published: December 2022

Introduction

The implications of infiltrative compared to non‐infiltrative growth of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the tumor stroma and immune cell landscape are unknown. This is of clinical importance, because infiltrative BCCs, in contrast to other BCC subtypes, are more likely to relapse after surgery and radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods

This descriptive cross‐sectional study analyzed 38 BCCs collected from 2018 to 2021. In the first cohort (n = 28), immune cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence staining for CD3, CD8, CD68, Foxp3, and α‐SMA protein expression. In the second cohort (n = 10) with matched characteristics (age, sex, location, and BCC subtype), inflammatory parameters, including TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2, ACTA2, IL‐10, IL‐12A, and Foxp3, were quantified via RT‐qPCR after isolating mRNA from BCC tissue samples and perilesional skin.

Results

Infiltrative BCCs showed significantly increased levels of α‐SMA expression in fibroblasts (p = 0.0001) and higher levels of Foxp3+ (p = 0.0023) and CD3+ (p = 0.0443) T‐cells compared to non‐infiltrative BCCs. CD3+ (p = 0.0171) and regulatory T‐cells (p = 0.0026) were significantly increased in α‐SMA‐positive tumor stroma, whereas CD8+ T‐cells (p = 0.1329) and CD68+ myeloid cells (p = 0.2337) were not affected. TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β2 correlated significantly with ACTA2/α‐SMA mRNA expression (p = 0.020, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

Infiltrative growth of BCCs shows a myofibroblastic stroma differentiation and is accompanied by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
1042. SORBUS ARIA: Rosaceae
Authors: Fay Michael F. , Rich Tim C. G.
Published: December 2022

Sorbus aria, COMMON WHITEBEAM, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically and genetically variable, and numerous selected forms are planted. Notes on its role as a parent of hybridogenous species and its historical and potential use are provided.
Home monitoring of haemoglobin A1c in diabetes: A systematic review and narrative synthesis on accuracy, reliability and patient acceptability
Authors: Colley Jack , Dambha‐Miller Hajira , Stuart Beth , Bartholomew Jazz , Benton Madeleine , Baykoca Jeni , Price Hermione
Published: December 2022

Aim

In the UK people with diabetes who do not attend annual review appointments often have higher haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. We aim to determine the acceptability of self‐collected posted capillary blood samples, and if they produce accurate and reliable HbA1c results.

Methods

We include adult studies comparing capillary blood to venous blood for measuring HbA1c. We exclude methods not suitable for postage. Electronic databases of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar and OpenGrey were searched from inception to September 2021, as well as relevant conference abstracts. Two reviewers performed study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment independently. Narrative synthesis was performed.

Results

Our search retrieved 3747 records. Following de‐duplication and screening 30 articles were included. The mean difference (MD) and limits of agreement (LoA) between capillary and venous HbA1c were smaller and narrower respectively when micro/capillary tubes (micro/cap) were used for capillary blood storage compared to dried blood spots (capDBS) (micro/cap MD range −0.4 to 1.4 mmol/mol vs. capDBS MD range −4.3 to 7.2 mmol/mol, micro/cap LoA width 2.4 to 6 mmol/mol vs. capDBS LoA width 11.7 to 16.8 mmol/mol). After using self‐collection kits, 83%–96% of participants reported satisfaction, 87%–99% found it easy and 69%–94% reported they would use it again.

Conclusion

Microtubes/capillary tubes look promising as a method of self‐collecting and posting capillary blood samples for the measurement of HbA1c based on the accuracy and reliability findings presented. DBS samples demonstrated comparatively poorer accuracy. Data on acceptability were limited and further research is needed.
Shura council election in Qatar: Influences that shape how voters select candidates
Authors: Al‐Thani Hessa , Al‐Ahmadi Aisha , Al‐Emadi Ahmed
Published: December 2022

Qatar, a small Gulf Arab nation with a de facto absolute monarchy, held its first general elections ever for 30 Shura Council seats on October 2, 2021. This marked the first time in Qatar's history that citizens played a more direct role in government, moving beyond symbolic elections. This study aimed to examine the factors likely to have influenced voters' selection of candidates, the key issues that are significant to Qatari citizens, and the possible characteristics of candidates that are deemed essential. While informal conversations are the main method of data collection for this study, social identity theory, specifically group‐based models, was used to understand the influences that shape Qatari voters' choices of candidates. Findings indicate that tribe‐related and family‐connected attributes constitute important influences on voters' choice decisions. Moreover, voters were concerned about candidates' characteristics and the issues and policies candidates deemed important. Discussion and recommendations are provided.
Blockchain‐based multi‐layered federated extreme learning networks in connected vehicles
Authors: Rajan Durga , Eswaran Poovammal , Srivastava Gautam , Ramana Kadiyala , Iwendi Celestine
Published: December 2022

Intelligent and networked vehicles help build an efficient vehicular network's infrastructure. The widespread use of electronic software exposes these networks to cyber‐attacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are useful for preventing vehicle network assaults. IDS have been customized using machine and deep learning networks for greater real‐time performance. Current learning‐based intrusion detection systems demand substantial processing capabilities to train and update intricate training models in vehicular devices, resulting in decreased efficiency and ability to defend against assaults. This study presents Blockchain‐based Multi‐Layer Federated Extreme Learning Machines (MLFEM) enabled IDS (BEF‐IDS) for safe data transfers. The proposed IDS leverages federated learning to generate Multi‐Layered Extreme Learning Machines, which are offloaded to dispersed vehicular edge devices such as Road‐Side Units (RSU) and connected vehicles. This federated strategy decreases resource use without sacrificing security. Blockchain technology records and shares training models, assuring network security. Using real‐time data sets, the suggested algorithm's performance under different attack scenarios were extensively tested. The suggested method obtained 98% accuracy and Recall, 97.9% Precision, and 97.9% F1 Score performance, which suggests it's incredibly secure and costs very little to transmit.
Effect of prior cyclic damage on rock failure exposed to triaxial multistage unloading confining pressure and cyclic loads
Authors: Wang Yu , Han Jianqiang , Li Peng , Cai Meifeng
Published: December 2022

A series of triaxial alternative unloading and damage‐controlled cyclic loading tests were conducted on deeply buried granodiorite. The testing results reveal that the prior cyclic loading damage influences rock volumetric deformation, stiffness degradation, damage evolution, and failure modes. Rock volumetric deformation and hysteresis ratio increase with increasing prior cyclic damage, and the subsequent damage propagation is the most severe for a sample subjected to high cyclic damage. A larger hysteresis ratio indicates large plastic deformation and energy loss. In addition, a damage evolution model was proposed based on the irreversible radial strain, and it well describes the damage propagation at the respective cyclic loading stage (CLS) and unloading confining pressure stage (UCPS). Moreover, as prior damage increases, the dominant failure mode changes from shear failure to mixed shear–tensile failure and then to tensile failure. It is suggested that rock failure is cyclic damage dependent; damage fully develops under high cyclic damage.
Prevalence of Bleeding Symptoms in Denmark Using the Patient‐administered Bleeding Assessment Tool (self‐BAT)
Authors: Hansen Rasmus Søgaard , Vinholt Pernille Just
Published: December 2022

Introduction

The patient‐administered bleeding assessment tool (self‐BAT) is a screening tool developed to identify individuals in need of work‐up for bleeding disorders. Nonetheless, large studies on self‐BAT scores on healthy individuals according to gender and age are lacking.

Aim

Determine cut‐offs for abnormal total score of self‐BAT and investigate the prevalence of bleeding symptoms in blood donors and individuals representative of the general Danish population.

Methods

Blood donors, 15,600 children (<18 years) and 18,200 adults from the general Danish population, were invited to complete a Danish version of the self‐BAT. To determine cut‐offs for abnormal total self‐BAT score, findings from healthy young children (0–11 years old), healthy adolescents (12–17 years old), healthy adult women and healthy adult men were used.

Results

Among healthy young children (244 girls, 260 boys), healthy adolescents (58 girls, 83 boys), healthy women (n = 437) and healthy men (n = 278) from the general population, along with healthy blood donors (116 women, 176 men), the 95th percentile for total score was two for young girls, three for young boys, four for adolescent girls, three for adolescent boys, eight for women and four for men.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the abnormal total self‐BAT score is ≥3 for girls aged 0–11 years old, ≥4 for boys aged 0–11 years old, ≥5 for girls aged 12—17 years old, ≥4 for boys aged 12–17 years old, ≥9 for women and ≥5 for men. To establish the accuracy of these cut‐offs for diagnosing bleeding disorders, further studies are needed.
Evaluation of tribological behavior of silicon carbide and silicon nitride ceramics under different conditions
Authors: Matzke Caleb , Singh Mrityunjay , Gupta Surojit
Published: December 2022

A comparative analysis of the tribological behavior of commercially available sintered silicon carbide (SiC) and three different types of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics have been carried out using the ball‐on‐disk method in dry and lubrication (deionized [DI] water and ethanol) environment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to understand the morphology and chemical composition of the tribo‐surfaces. Sintered SiC (Hexoloy‐SA) had the highest friction coefficient during dry sliding with an average of ∼0.34. Deionized water showed a minor improvement in friction (∼0.27) while ethanol reduced the friction greatly to ∼0.18 compared to dry sliding. During dry sliding, the presence of an abrasive third body was responsible for the high wear rates (WRs) in these compositions. Hexoloy‐SA showed a lower WR during ethanol and DI water lubrication due to the formation of stable tribofilms as well as higher hardness which resisted the formation of third bodies. In comparison, Si3N4 samples showed a lower WR in DI water and ethanol. The samples also showed composition‐dependent behavior which indicates that grain structure and grain boundary chemistry are playing a vital role in the tribological process.
Large‐scale precipitation synthesis of α‐alumina with poly aluminum chloride: Optimization of synthesis parameters
Authors: Shahroudi Ali , Vahidi Omid
Published: December 2022

α‐Alumina production has been industrialized since many years ago. Nevertheless, there are still challenges in the efficient synthesis of α‐alumina with subtle specifications for high‐tech applications, specifically on large scales. So, here, we investigated the large‐scale synthesis of α‐alumina by the precipitation method and with industrial grade poly aluminum chloride (PAC) as the aluminum precursor, for the first time. The synthesis procedure was optimized in terms of synthesis yield and facilitation of α‐alumina formation by adjusting the concentration of the precursor (PAC) and precipitant (NaOH) solutions. The samples were characterized by conducting several analyses, including X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and gas adsorption. The results indicated the significant effects of PAC and NaOH concentrations on the synthesis yield and facilitation of the α‐alumina formation. According to the results and process considerations, working at higher levels of PAC (.75 g/ml) and NaOH (1.0 M) concentrations was found to be the optimum synthesis conditions. Moreover, the potential of the optimized sample as the abrasive material and the catalyst support was evaluated. The results confirmed the high potential of the optimized sample in these applications. This study therefore introduces a promising and cost‐effective method for the large‐scale synthesis of versatile α‐alumina.
Structural, spectroscopic, and radiation shielding properties of Pb2+‐doped borate and phosphate glasses
Authors: Othman Hosam , Topper Brian , Elkholy Hagar , Möncke Doris
Published: December 2022

Lead‐containing alkali/alkaline‐earth borate and barium lead phosphate glasses were prepared by melt‐quenching for a detailed investigation of the Pb2+ ions’ optical properties. UV–Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy reveal variations in the s–p transition of Pb2+, which are shown to correlate with the optical basicity of the host glass in both borates and phosphates. Pb2+ emission differs significantly for borate and phosphate glasses, as the nature of the charged sites available to accommodate Pb2+ cations vary. Optical basicity values were determined from the composition (Λth) and the measured refractive index (Λn). The UV‐cutoff shifts toward higher wavelengths with increasing optical basicity and lead content. In borate glasses, the frequency of the stretching modes due to nonbridging oxygen atoms of trigonal metaborate species is identified to be inversely proportional to the excitation wavelength (directly proportional to the excitation energy) of Pb2+. Lead‐containing alkali and alkaline‐earth borate glasses show additional correlations between the Pb2+ emission wavelength and the weighted average of the field strength of the modifier(s). Complementary to the investigation of optical properties, radiation and neutron shielding parameters were calculated, suggesting the potential utility of some of the studied compositions for radiation shielding applications.
A comparison of international treatment guidelines for Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: Pisano Catherine , Brown Margaret , Jambusaria Anokhi
Published: December 2022

Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are rare and life‐threatening mucocutaneous diseases that occur almost exclusively as a result of adverse drug reactions, although there are rare cases attributed to infection, immunization, or malignancy.1,2 Given the low incidence of these diseases as well as the high level of morbidity and mortality, randomized controlled clinical trials are difficult to perform, making it difficult to establish a “gold‐standard” treatment. To date, there are only five published articles in the literature detailing evidence‐based guidelines for the treatment of SJS and TEN, one of which is specifically tailored to pediatric and young adult patients.3–7 These guidelines have significant overlap in regards to the importance of prompt discontinuation of the offending drug and the need for supportive care, but there are differences in regards to the ideal supportive care measures. Additionally, there is still no clear consensus agreement on the pharmacological treatment of SJS and TEN.4–7 Herein, we aim to compare the international treatment guidelines for management of SJS and TEN as well as promote continued discussion and a multidisciplinary approach to establish consensus recommendations for these mucocutaneous emergencies.
Synthesis of yttrium titanate stannate (Y2Ti2−xSnxO7, x = 0–2) pyrochlore glass–ceramics as potential nuclear waste form
Authors: Kong Linggen , Karatchevtseva Inna , Wei Tao
Published: December 2022

Y2Ti2−xSnxO7 (x = 0–2) pyrochlore sodium aluminoborosilicate glass–ceramics (GCs) are produced by calcining the pelletized Y–Ti–Sn oxide mixture and glass precursor at 1200 or 1300°C for 4 h. The metal oxide mixture is prepared by a soft chemistry route. X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy are employed to investigate the formation of pyrochlore GCs and local crystal structures. Near phase pure Ti‐rich pyrochlores are produced with minor phase SnO2 observed for Sn‐rich materials. The cell parameters of the pyrochlore structures refined by Le Bail fitting are in good agreement with the published data and increase linearly with the gradual increment of Sn substitution. With progressively increasing Sn proportion on pyrochlore B‐site, Raman characteristic bands of the pyrochlore structure become sharper and well defined. The Raman A1g peak position and its full width at half‐maximum are linearly progressed with increasing x (Sn). The presence of the melting glass facilitates the pyrochlore formation, with ceramic grain sizes ranging from submicron to microns. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction observations indicate the sample possesses a relatively high crystallographic perfection at the atomic level. This new series of pyrochlore GCs and the method disclosed herein may pave the way for further materials development as potential nuclear waste forms.
Disentangling global and domain‐level adaptive behavior trajectories among children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Farmer Cristan , Thurm Audrey , Condy Emma , Duku Eric , Szatmari Peter , Bennett Teresa , Elsabbagh Mayada , Kerns Connor M. , Smith Isabel M. , Vaillancourt Tracy , Zaidman‐Zait Anat , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Georgiades Stelios
Published: December 2022

Background

Heterogeneity in adaptive behavior abilities among people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is expressed not only as uneven levels of impairment across domains, but also in the developmental trajectories of adaptive skills. We studied the question of whether, after accounting for global adaptive behavior development, we find evidence of heterogeneity in the trajectories of specific domains of adaptive behavior.

Methods

A sample of 504 children with ASD was obtained by combining data from two independent natural history studies conducted in North America. We used a factor of curves model to explain growth between 36 and 138 months in Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS) age equivalents as a function of domain‐specific and global growth processes.

Results

The domain‐specific trajectories in all three domains (Communication, Daily Living Skills, and Socialization) reflected impairment relative to age expectations as well as slower‐than‐expected growth with age, and the parameters of these trajectories were moderately‐to‐strongly correlated across domains. The global adaptive behavior trajectory had an initial (36–41 months of age) developmental level of about 22 age‐equivalent months, and eventually slowed after initially increasing by about 6 months each year. The global trajectory accounted for the majority of variance in the domain‐level processes; however, additional variance remained (14%–38%) in the domain‐level intercepts, slopes, and quadratic processes.

Conclusions

These results extend existing theoretical and empirical support for the hierarchical structure of adaptive behavior to include its development over time in clinical samples of children with ASD. A latent global trajectory may be sufficient to describe the growth of adaptive behavior in children with ASD; however, the remaining domain‐specific variability after accounting for global adaptive behavior development allows for the possibility that differential effects of intervention on specific domains may be possible and detectable.
Brodalumab in plaque psoriasis: Real‐world data on effectiveness, safety and clinical predictive factors of initial response and drug survival over a period of 104 weeks
Authors: Rompoti Natalia , Politou Maria , Stefanaki Irene , Vavouli Charitomeni , Papoutsaki Marina , Neofotistou Afroditi , Rigopoulos Dimitrios , Stratigos Alexander , Nicolaidou Electra
Published: December 2022

Background

Brodalumab, a fully human IgG2k antibody blocking the receptor of IL17, is characterized by a rapid onset of action with high skin clearance rates in clinical trials. Since setting PASI90/100 or absolute PASI ≤ 3 as treatment goals have become attainable, evaluating the effectiveness and safety profile of biologic agents, such as brodalumab, in a real‐world setting is essential.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety profile of brodalumab over a period of 104 weeks in everyday practice. Clinical predictive factors of initial (week 12/16) response to treatment and long‐term drug survival were also investigated.

Methods

In this monocentric, retrospective study, PASI90/100 and absolute PASI ≤ 1/3 were assessed in 91 patients with moderate‐to‐severe skin psoriasis under brodalumab at weeks 12/16, 24, 52 and 104 of treatment. At week 12/16, patients with an absolute PASI ≤ 3 were defined as ‘initial responders’ and ≤1 as ‘super‐responders’. Clinical parameters, such as age, gender, BMI, comorbidities and previous systemic treatment, were assessed in order to predict ‘super‐responders’. Drug survival and its prognostic factors were also evaluated.

Results

PASI90/100 has reached 81.1/66.0% in week 12/16. This response rate increased at week 104, where 87.1/80.7% had PASI90/100 and 84.9% had absolute PASI ≤ 1. The presence of >3 comorbidities, prior treatment with >2 systemic agents and obesity tended to be negative predictive factors of ‘super‐response’. Previous exposure to IL17 inhibitors had no impact on both PASI < 1 and PASI < 3 initial response. One‐ and two‐year drug survival probability was 87.6% and 77.32%, respectively. ‘Initial responders’ and anti‐IL17 drug‐naïve patients had better drug survival. Drug discontinuation occurred in 24.2%, mostly due to secondary failure, and arthralgia was the most common adverse event that led to discontinuation.

Conclusions

Our study confirms the high effectiveness and good safety profile of brodalumab in the real‐world setting.
Case series: Lymphoid neoplasia in three elasmobranch species
Authors: Archer Karen R. , Groll Tanja , Harvey Richard J. , Thornton Sue M. , Stidworthy Mark F. , Denk Daniela
Published: December 2022

Elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) are charismatic cartilaginous fish, popular in public aquaria. Almost 200 shark and ray species are listed as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), demonstrating the importance of captive breeding and research programmes. Limited studies investigate diseases of elasmobranchs in captive and free‐living environments, and among available literature neoplasia is rarely reported, with even fewer cases of lymphoid neoplasia documented. This article outlines the first reports of lymphoid neoplasia in three elasmobranch species in which haematopoietic neoplasms have not been reported to date. It summarizes signalment, history and histopathologic findings in an undulate ray, Raja undulata (Lacepede), a common smooth‐hound, Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus) and a bat ray, Myliobatis californica (Gill). Lesions were confirmed in a wide range of tissues and evidence of lymphoid leukaemia was seen in two cases. This small‐scale review demonstrates that lymphoid neoplasia should be considered as a differential diagnosis in elasmobranchs presenting with lethargy and anorexia and highlights the challenges of immunohistochemical work up.
Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation: Time to revise the paradigm?
Authors: Rich Michael W.
Published: December 2022

This editorial comments on the article by Wang et al. in this issue.
Green batteries for clean skies: Sustainability assessment of lithium‐sulfur all‐solid‐state batteries for electric aircraft
Authors: Barke Alexander , Cistjakov Walter , Steckermeier Dominik , Thies Christian , Popien Jan‐Linus , Michalowski Peter , Pinheiro Melo Sofia , Cerdas Felipe , Herrmann Christoph , Krewer Ulrike , Kwade Arno , Spengler Thomas S.
Published: December 2022

The use of novel battery technologies in short‐haul electric aircraft can support the aviation sector in achieving its goals for a sustainable development. However, the production of the batteries is often associated with adverse environmental and socio‐economic impacts, potentially leading to burden shifting. Therefore, this paper investigates alternative technologies for lithium–sulfur all‐solid‐state batteries (LiS‐ASSBs) in terms of their contribution to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). We propose a new approach that builds on life cycle sustainability assessment and links the relevant impact categories to the related SDGs. The approach is applied to analyze four LiS‐ASSB configurations with different solid electrolytes, designed for maximum specific energy using an electrochemical model. They are compared to a lithium–sulfur battery with a liquid electrolyte as a benchmark. The results of our cradle‐to‐gate analysis reveal that the new LiS‐ASSB technologies generally have a positive contribution to SDG achievement. However, the battery configuration with the best technical characteristics is not the most promising in terms of SDG achievement. Especially variations from the technically optimal cathode thickness can improve the SDG contribution. A sensitivity analysis shows that the results are rather robust against the weighting factors within the SDG quantification method.
Apolipoprotein E ε4 disrupts oligodendrocyte differentiation by interfering with astrocyte‐derived lipid transport
Authors: Mok Kingston King‐Shi , Yeung Sunny Hoi‐Sang , Cheng Gerald Wai‐Yeung , Ma Iris Wai‐Ting , Lee Ralph Hon‐Sun , Herrup Karl , Tse Kai‐Hei
Published: December 2022

Carriers of the APOE4 (apolipoprotein E ε4) variant of the APOE gene are subject to several age‐related health risks, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The deficient lipid and cholesterol transport capabilities of the APOE4 protein are one reason for the altered risk profile. In particular, APOE4 carriers are at elevated risk for sporadic AD. While deposits o misfolded proteins are present in the AD brain, white matter (WM) myelin is also disturbed. As myelin is a lipid‐ and cholesterol‐rich structure, the connection to APOE makes considerable biological sense. To explore the APOE‐WM connection, we have analyzed the impact of human APOE4 on oligodendrocytes (OLs) of the mouse both in vivo and in vitro. We find that APOE proteins is enriched in astrocytes but sparse in OL. In human APOE4 (hAPOE4) knock‐in mice, myelin lipid content is increased but the density of major myelin proteins (MBP, MAG, and PLP) is largely unchanged. We also find an unexpected but significant reduction of cell density of the OL lineage (Olig2+) and an abnormal accumulation of OL precursors (Nkx 2.2+), suggesting a disruption of OL differentiation. Gene ontology analysis of an existing RNA‐seq dataset confirms a robust transcriptional response to the altered chemistry of the hAPOE4 mouse brain. In culture, the uptake of astrocyte‐derived APOE during Lovastatin‐mediated depletion of cholesterol synthesis is sufficient to sustain OL differentiation. While endogenous hAPOE protein isoforms have no effects on OL development, exogenous hAPOE4 abolishes the ability of very low‐density lipoprotein to restore myelination in Apoe‐deficient, cholesterol‐depleted OL. Our data suggest that APOE4 impairs myelination in the aging brain by interrupting the delivery of astrocyte‐derived lipids to the oligodendrocytes. We propose that high myelin turnover and OL exhaustion found in APOE4 carriers is a likely explanation for the APOE‐dependent myelin phenotypes of the AD brain.

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Morpho‐functional characterization of the submucosal glands at the nasopharyngeal end of the auditory tube in humans
Authors: Kumari Chiman , Gupta Richa , Sharma Mayank , Jacob Justin , Narayan Ravi K. , Sahni Daisy , Kumar Ashutosh
Published: December 2022

Background

The auditory tube (AT), an osteocartilaginous channel, connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear cavity. At the nasopharyngeal opening of the AT, there are dense collections of submucosal glands. In a recent article, Valstar et al. proposed these nasopharyngeal tubal glands conglomerate as salivary glands, which starkly contrasts with their previously known anatomy for being a component of the respiratory tract. This study examines the contesting views regarding the taxonomical categorization of the nasopharyngeal tubal glands.

Materials and Methods

The AT glands in context were examined in human cadavers grossly, and microscopically using routine and special (Hematoxylin and Eosin [H&E] and Periodic acid–Schiff [PAS] respectively), as well as immunohistochemical (for alpha‐SMA and salivary amylase) staining methods and compared with the major and minor salivary glands and the submucosal glands in the trachea. Further, a biochemical analysis was performed to detect the presence of salivary amylase in the oral and nasopharyngeal secretions of the four living human subjects, representing major salivary glands and tubal glands, respectively.

Results

The submucosal seromucous glands with a surface lining of respiratory epithelium were observed at the nasopharyngeal end of AT. The cells in the tubal glands showed cytoplasmic positivity for alpha‐SMA, which indicated the presence of the myoepithelial cells; however, this expression was significantly lower than in the seromucous submucosal glands within the trachea. Salivary alpha‐amylase was undetectable in the cadaveric tissue samples. Moreover, the amylase level in the nasopharyngeal swabs was negligible compared to the oral swabs.

Conclusion

The anatomical location along the respiratory tract, the presence of respiratory epithelium in the overlying mucosa, their morpho‐functional resemblance to the seromucous glands in the trachea, and the absence of salivary amylase strongly indicate that the tubal glands are taxonomically different from the salivary glands. Given the available evidence, their existing recognition as a part of the respiratory tract and an integral component of the AT seems more appropriate.
Pro‐cyclicality beyond business cycle
Authors: Bräutigam Marcel , Dacorogna Michel , Kratz Marie
Published: December 2022

We show that pro‐cyclicality is inherent in risk measure estimates based on historical data. Taking the example of VaR, we show that the empirical VaR measure is mean‐reverting over a 1‐year horizon when the portfolio is held fixed. It means that a capital requirement rule based on historical measurements of VaR tends in calm times to understate future required capital and tends in volatile times to overstate it. To quantify this pro‐cyclicality, we develop a simple and efficient methodology, which we apply to major equity market indices. We make the interesting point that the pro‐cyclicality property holds true even in a world with constant volatility, though the empirical magnitude of the mean‐reversion is greater than what would be observed in that special case.
The Stockholm–Gotland perinatal cohort—A population‐based cohort including longitudinal data throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period
Authors: Johansson Kari , Granfors Michaela , Petersson Gunnar , Bolk Jenny , Altman Maria , Cnattingius Sven , Liu Xingrong , Sandström Anna , Stephansson Olof
Published: December 2022

Background

Register‐based reproductive and perinatal databases rarely contain detailed information from medical records or repeated measurements throughout pregnancy and delivery. This lack of enriched pregnancy and birth data led to the initiation of the Swedish Stockholm–Gotland Perinatal Cohort (SGPC).

Objectives

To describe the strengths of the SGPC, as well as the unique research questions that can be addressed using this cohort.

Population

The SGPC is a prospectively collected, population‐based cohort that includes all births (from 22 completed gestational weeks onwards) between 1 January 2008 and 15 June 2020 in the Stockholm and Gotland regions of Sweden (335,153 singleton and 11,025 multiple pregnancies).

Design

Descriptive study.

Methods

The SGPC is based on the electronic medical records of women and their infants. The medical record system is used for all antenatal clinic visits and admissions, delivery and neonatal admissions, as well as postpartum clinical visits. SGPC has been further enriched with data linkages to 10 Swedish National Health Care and Quality Registers.

Preliminary Results

In contrast to other reproductive and perinatal databases available in Sweden, including the Medical Birth Register and the Pregnancy Register, SGPC contains highly detailed medical record data, including time‐varying serial measurements for physiological parameters throughout pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum, for both mother and infant. These strengths have enabled studies that were previously inconceivable; the effects of serial measurements of pregnancy weight gain, changes in haemoglobin counts and blood pressure during pregnancy, fetal weight estimations by ultrasound, duration of stages and phases of labour, cervical dilatation and oxytocin use during delivery, and constructing reference curves for umbilical cord pH.

Conclusions

The SGPC—with its rich content, repeated measurements and linkages to numerous health care and quality registers—is a unique cohort that enables high‐quality perinatal studies that would otherwise not be possible.