bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
African American Women Chemists
Authors: Brown Jeannette
Published: November 2020

Dr. Marie Maynard Daly received her PhD in Chemistry from Columbia University in 1947. Although she was hardly the first of her race and gender to engage in the field, she was the first African American woman to receive a PhD in chemistry in the United States. In this book, Jeannette Brown, an African American woman chemist herself, will present a wide-ranging historical introduction to the relatively new presence of African American women in the field of chemistry. It will detail their struggles to obtain an education and their efforts to succeed in a field in which there were few African American men, much less African American women. The book contains sketches of the lives of African America women chemists from the earliest pioneers up until the late 1960's when the Civil Rights Acts were passed and greater career opportunities began to emerge. In each sketch, Brown will explore women's motivation to study the field and detail their often quite significant accomplishments. Chapters focus on chemists in academia, industry, and government, as well as chemical engineers, whose career path is very different from that of the tradition chemist. The book concludes with a chapter on the future of African American women chemists, which will be of interest to all women interested in science.
Causality and Psychopathology
Authors: Shrout Patrick , Keyes Katherine , Ornstein Katherine
Published: November 2020

Part of the new American Pyschopathological Association Series. Containing contributions from leading scholars of causal thinking in epidemiology and psychopathology research, this volume is based on presentations at the ground-breaking 2008 meeting of the American Psychopathological Association. The authors explore the meaning of causal statements that are made from statistical and experimental evidence; then, they suggest novel approaches to analyze these statements and thus make them more informative and medically rigorous. The collection of chapters uniquely includes both methodological contributions and detailed assessments of how causal inferences can be made when considering research results on developmental psychopathology, clinical psychopharmacology, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and psychiatric genetics. In analyzing causal references, the authors examine controversies surrounding various disorders and their treatment.
Organic Synthesis
Authors: Taber Douglass
Published: November 2020

Organic synthesis is a vibrant and rapidly evolving field; we can now cyclize amines directly onto alkenes. Like the first two books in this series, Organic Synthesis: State of the Art 2003-2005 and Organic Synthesis: State of the Art 2005-2007, this reference leads readers quickly to the most important recent developments. Two years of Taber's popular weekly online column, "Organic Chemistry Highlights", as featured on the organic-chemistry.org website, are consolidated here, with cumulative indices of all three volumes in this series. Important topics that are covered range from powerful new methods for C-C bond construction to asymmetric organocatalysis and direct C-H functionalization. This go-to reference focuses on the most important recent developments in organic synthesis, and includes a succinct analysis of the significance and applicability of each new synthetic method. It details and analyzes more than twenty complex total syntheses, including the Sammakia synthesis of the Macrolide RK-397, the Ley synthesis of Rapamycin, and the Kobayashi synthesis of (-)-Norzoanthamine.
Functionalization of C-H Bonds: The Baran Synthesis of Dihydroxyeudesmane
Authors: Taber Douglass
Published: November 2020

Arumugam Sudalai of the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 6401) a procedure for hydrocarbon iodination. With straight chain hydrocarbons, only secondary iodination was observed. Chao-Jun Li of McGill University uncovered (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 353) a procedure for direct hydrocarbon amination, converting cyclohexane 1 into the amine 3. Justin Du Bois of Stanford University established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 4513) a procedure for alkane hydroxylation, converting 4 selectively into the alcohol 6. The oxirane 8 usually also preferentially ozidizes methines, hydroxylating steroids at the C-14 position. Ruggero Curci of the University of Bari found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 5614) that the substrate 7 showed some C-14 hydroxylation, but also a useful yield of the ketone 9. The authors suggested that the C-7 acetoxy group may be deactivating the C-14 C-H. C-H bonds can also be converted directly to carbon-carbon bonds. Mark E. Wood of the University of Exeter found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 3400) that free-radical removal of iodine from 10 followed by intramolecular H-atom abstraction in the presence of the trapping agent 11 delivered 12 with good diastereo control. Professor Li observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6278) that under Ru catalysis, hydrocarbons such as 13 could be directly arylated. He also established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 5601) conditions for the direct aminoalkylation of hydrocarbons such as 13, to give 17. Huw M. L. Davies of Emory University converted (Synlett 2009, 151) the ester 4 to the homologated diester 19 in preparatively useful yield using the diazo ester 18, the precursor to a selective, push-pull stabilized carbene. Intramolecular bond formation to an unactivated C-H can be even more selective. Guoshen Liu of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry developed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 2707) an oxidative Pd system that cyclized 20 to the seven-membered ring lactam 21 . Professor Du Bois devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008 , 130, 9220) a Rh catalyst that effected allylic amination of 22, to give 23 with substantial enantiocontrol. Dalibor Sames of Columbia University designed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 402) a remarkable cascade approach to C-H functionalization. Exposure of 24 to Lewis acid led to intramolecular hydride abstraction. Cyclization of the resulting stabilized carbocation delivered the tetrahydropyan 25 with remarkable diastereocontrol.
Enantioselective Construction of Alkylated Centers
Authors: Taber Douglass
Published: November 2020

Unsaturated half acid esters such as 1 are readily prepared by Stobbe condensation between dialkyl succinate and an aldehyde. Johannes G. de Vries of DSM and Floris P. J. T. Rutjes of Radboud University Nijmegen observed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 85) that these acids were excellent substrates for enantioselective hydrogenation. Kazuaki Kudo of the University of Tokyo designed (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 2035) a resin bound peptide catalyst for the transfer reduction of unsaturated aldehydes such as 3 , using 4 as the net H2 donor. Note that 5 was produced with high enantiocontrol from 3 that was a ~ 2:1 mixture of geometric isomers. Motomu Kanai and Masakatsu Shibasaki of the University of Tokyo devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6072) a chiral Gd catalyst that mediated the conjugate cyanation of enones such as 6 with high ee. Eric N. Jacobsen of Harvard University prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1762) a dimeric Al salen catalyst that showed improved activity over the monomeric catalysts. Even congested imides such as 8 could be cyanated efficiently, delivering alkylated quaternary stereogenic centers. Takahiro Nishimura and Tamio Hayashi of Kyoto University optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1576) the Rh*-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of silyl acetylenes to enones such as 10, to give 12. Adriaan J. Minnaard and Ben L. Feringa of the University of Groningen devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 398) conditions for the enantioselective 1,6-conjugate addition of alkyl Grignard reagents to diene esters such as the inexpensive ethyl sorbate 14. The product 16 incorporated, in addition to the newly formed stereogenic center, a geometrically defined E alkene. William S. Bechara and André B. Charette of the Université de Montréal found (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 2315) that alkyl Grignard reagents could be induced to add with high enantioselectivity to pyridyl sulfones such as 17. In a different approach, Gregory C. Fu of MIT developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3302; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2756) conditions for the enantioselective alkenylation of racemic bromo esters such as 19, The latter reference is to the analogous enantioselective coupling of organozinc bromides with racemic allylic chlorides.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Lactones and Cyclic Ethers
Authors: Taber Douglass
Published: November 2020

Developments in organocatalysis have turned toward the enantioselective construction of lactones. Shi-Wei Luo and Liu-Zhu Gong of the University of Science and Technology of China have found (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 71, 9905) that catalyzed addition of acetone to an α-hydroxy acid 1 proceeded with high ee. Esterification of the addition product followed by reduction and acid work-up delivered the lactone 4 with high dr and ee. In a complementary approach, Jean-Marc Vincent and Yannick Landais of the University Bourdeaux-1 showed (Chem. Commun. 2007, 4782) that catalyzed condensation of an aldehyde with an α-hydroxy acid 5 delivered the tetronic acid 8 in high ee. It may be that 8 could also be reduced with useful selectivity. Cong-Gui Zhao of the University of Texas, San Antonio has devised conditions (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 2745) for the condensation of the keto phosphonates such as 10 with aldehydes to give, after oxidation, the δ-lactone 12. Carbohydrates such as glucose 13 are inexpensive, molecularly-complex starting materials. Subhash Chandra Taneja of the Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, has found conditions (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 8965) for the single-step I2 -catalyzed transformation of 13 to 14, in which each of the alcohols have been differentiated. In a complementary approach described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 6389) by Tushar Kanti Chakraborty of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Ti-mediated reduction of 15 was shown to be highly diastereoselective, setting the two new stereogenic centers (marked by*) in 16. Building on work by Mead, Daniel Romo of Texas A&M has shown (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 9053) that reductive cyclization of 18 also proceeded with high diastereocontrol, to give 19. As illustrated by the conversion of 20 to 21 reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 7351) by Zsuzsa Juhász and László Somsák of the University of Debrecen, six-membered ring cyclic ethers can also be formed from carbohydrate precursors. Richard E. Taylor of the University of Notre Dame has taken advantage (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6874) of the “chemical chameleon” nature of a sulfone, using it both the stablilize the anion for intramolecular alkylation, to form 23, and as a leaving group, leading to 24.
Preparation of Heteroaromatic Derivatives
Authors: Taber Douglass
Published: November 2020

Several new routes to furans and to pyrroles have recently been put forward. Inspired by the Achmatowicz ring expansion, Patrick J. Walsh of the University of Pennsylvania developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 4097) the oxidative rearrangement of 3-hydrox-alkyl furans such as 1 to the 3-aldehyde 2. José M. Aurrecoechea of the Universidad del País Vasco established (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 3650) that cumulated alcohols, available by reduction of alkynes such as 3 with SmI2, rearrange under Pd catalysis, and then add to an acceptor alkene such as 4, to give the furan 5. Vladimir Gevorgyan of the University of Illinois at Chicago used (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1440) an Au catalyst to rearrange an allene such as 6 to the bromo furan 7. Fabien L. Gagosz of the Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, also found (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 3181) that an Au catalyst rearranged the eneyne 8 to the pyrrole 9. Azido esters such as 10 are readily prepared from the corresponding aldehyde by phosphonate condensation. Shunsuke Chiba and Koichi Narasaka of Nanyang Technology University demonstrated (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 313) that thermal condensation of 10 with acetyl acetone 11 gave the pyrrole 12, while Cu catalyzed condensation with acetoacetate 13 gave the complementary pyrrole 14. Huan-Feng Jiang of South China University of Technology observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 3805) that condensation of an acid chloride 15 with an alkyne 16, presumably to give the alkynyl ketone, followed by the addition of hydrazine delivered the pyrazole 17. Masanobu Uchiyama of RIKEN and Florence Mongin of the Université de Rennes 1 established (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 177) that a pre-formed pyrazole 18 could be metalated and then iodinated, to give 19. Xiaohu Deng of Johnson & Johnson, San Diego reported (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 1307; J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2412) complementary routes to pyrazoles, combining 20 and 21 under acidic conditions to give 22, and under basic conditions to give 23.
Reshoring Up
Authors: Broughton Chad
Published: November 2020

It was Late on a sunny, but bitterly cold mid-February afternoon. Michael Patrick, red-eared from the chill, cast a long shadow across the rough concrete that used to be the Appliance City factory floor. A few months earlier, two-thirds of the expansive ruin had been razed. It was now an extended chinhigh pile of crumbled bricks, broken cinderblocks, mangled rebar, and cornyellow insulation chunks. Patrick, dressed in a corduroy jacket, wool trousers, and a brown wool fedora, remarked that there was little now to stop the bitter Arctic winds that swept through the enormous demolition site. One could see clear through to the Henry C. Hill Correctional Center across the tracks and farther north on Illinois Route 41. The razed portion of the former factory was big enough to fit twenty football fields, side by side. The newest part of the factory was still standing, but vacant. The California-based investment company that owned the property hoped that clearing the “old, antiquated industrial real estate” would make the remaining property more attractive to potential buyers. “When you’re here,” Patrick said, “you think about the people. It was the blood, sweat, and tears of the workers that made this place run. It was ours, you know? We had different owners come and go but we made it run.” He pushed his hands deep into his jacket pockets and shrugged. It was early 2013, and Patrick could mark fifty-four years since he and Bob Dennison, Doug’s father, started packing insulation at Admiral’s Midwest Manufacturing plant on January 26, 1959. Patrick lived alone in a modest brick house on South Pleasant Avenue, just across the BNSF tracks, less than a mile away. The 72-year-old retiree hibernated in the winter, but managed to make each of his granddaughter’s sixth-grade basketball games. When the weather warmed, Patrick took his late model minivan to antique shows, estate sales, and collectors’ conventions. He collected license plates and license plate toppers, die-cast cars, and other trinkets. Earlier that day, over lunch at the Landmark Cafe, we had discussed the wage pressures, retiree obligations, and foreign competition that faced Maytag in the early 2000s.
Generating Music
Authors: Manzo V. J
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, we will create a program that randomly generates pitches at a specified tempo. The program will have the ability to change a number of musical variables including timbre, velocity, and tempo. We will also write a program that allows your MIDI keyboard to function as a synthesizer. These two programs will be the basis of future projects related to composition and performance. Since you’ve already learned a number of objects in the previous chapter, let’s agree that when you’re asked to create an object that you already know, like button, for example, it will be sufficient for me to say “create a button” instead of repeating the process of creating a new object box and typing in the word button. Combining steps in this way will help us to get through the instructions with greater speed while reinforcing your understanding of how certain objects work. In this way, the instruction “create a message box containing the numbers 41 and 38” actually combines several smaller, and hopefully intuitive, instructions into a single step. I will slowly stop mentioning key commands and other shortcuts for objects and tasks that I’ve already introduced. Create a new patch and 1. Create a new object (press n) called random The random object takes a number as its only argument and randomly generates a number between 0 and one less than the argument when it receives a bang in its inlet. 2. Give this random object the argument 128 (Note: if you already clicked away from the object, double click it in order to, once again, enable typing within the object box) Be sure to put a space between the word random and the argument 128 or else Max will look for an object called random128 that does not exist. 3. Create a new button (press b) 4. Connect the outlet of button to the first inlet of random 128 5. Create a number box (press i) 6. Connect the outlet of random 128 to the inlet of the number box
Working with Video Files
Authors: Manzo V. J
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, we will work with preexisting video files located within the Max search path. Once we are able to open a video file in Max, we will create a patch that obtains some data about that video file. By the end of this chapter, you will have created patches that detect presence in certain areas of a video. We will also examine some aspects of tracking colors in video. To load a video file in Max, we will use the jit.qt.movie object. The object takes width and height pixel dimensions as its arguments to specify the resolution. 1. Create a new patch 2. Create a new object called jit.qt.movie with the arguments 320 and 240 3. Create a new object called qmetro with the argument 30 above jit.qt.movie 4. Connect the outlet of qmetro to the inlet of jit.qt.movie 5. Create a toggle above qmetro 6. Connect the outlet of toggle to the inlet of qmetro 7. Create a new object called jit.pwindow beneath jit.qt.movie 8. Connect the first outlet of jit.qt.movie to the inlet of jit.pwindow 9. Create 3 message boxes containing the text read, start, and stop, respectively 10. Connect the outlet of each message box to the inlet of jit.qt.movie As you already know, the qmetro will send bangs to trigger the movie to play back and be displayed in the jit .pwindow. To read a movie file into the jit.qt.movie object, we would simply need to click the read message. To begin and stop playback we can use the start and stop messages. Since we have not yet read a movie file into the jit.qt.movie object, let’s take a moment and look at helpful ways to locate videos and other files that are already in the Max search path. Click File>New File Browser from the top menu The window that opens displays patches and other files located within the Max search path and in other folders. This provides a useful way to locate media and recently used items.
Teaching Methods and Teacher Behaviors
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: November 2020

TBMI differs from simple integration in that this type of teaching emphasizes direct student engagement with technology for introducing, reinforcing, and assessing learning experiences. While teachers’ uses of technology are encouraged, the main idea associated with TBMI is that teachers design experiences during which student engagement with music technologies is essential ; students are learning music by experiencing it from within. This encourages construction of new knowledge through creativity and builds on previous experiences. In this chapter and the next, we will address several questions: 1. Why are new teaching methods associated with TBMI? 2. What are the dispositions of teachers as they develop teaching methods for TBMI? 3 .How are these methods designed? 4.How do teachers function physically in the TBMI classroom? 5.How do teachers connect theory and practice in the act of teaching TBMI lessons? Answering these questions will help you to understand exactly how TBMI lessons look and how to carry out lessons in a space designed for them. It makes sense that traditional music teaching uses traditional methods. When choir teachers, for example, direct an ensemble, they typically make use of techniques they saw their own teachers use or that they were taught to employ during their own teacher education programs. While they may be using new music, and the students are new from year to year, the techniques teachers use go essentially unchanged. Teachers determine learning objectives for their students through a process of diagnosis, adherence to curriculum guidelines, and sometimes through input from the students themselves. But once those learning objectives are determined, in reality, the teaching methods that teachers employ are dictated by the demands of the material the students are to learn. When choir teachers encounter a passage in a piece of music that requires soft singing, they will employ the techniques they know to encourage their students to sing softly while maintaining proper breath support and diction. And so it is in other types of music instruction—the technique matches the content. TBMI presents us with different content and therefore with a new set of techniques to convey material.
Computational Thinking in Sound
Authors: Greher Gena R. , Heines Jesse M.
Published: November 2020

With Computational Thinking in Sound, veteran educators Gena R. Greher and Jesse M. Heines provide the first book ever written for music fundamentals educators that is devoted specifically to music, sound, and technology. Using a student-centered approach that emphasizes project-based experiences, the book provides music educators with multiple strategies to explore, create, and solve problems with music and technology in equal parts. It also provides examples of hands-on activities that encourage students, alone and in groups, to explore the basic principles that underlie today's music technology and freely available multimedia creation tools. Computational Thinking in Sound is an effective tool for educators to introduce students to the complex process of computational thinking in the context of the creative arts through the more accessible medium of music.
More River Blues
Authors: Colopy Cheryl
Published: November 2020

It was not entirely clear to me why Ngawang Lama and his group wanted the intake point—the head of the Melamchi tunnel—moved to the spot that was proposed back in the early 1990s, when the World Bank was funding the revamping of Kathmandu’s water supply. But I learned that Norwegian engineers, who were then consultants on the project, had originally placed that intake upstream to provide for a hydropower plant. They saw the Melamchi project as a good opportunity to get more for the same investment of money. The Norwegians had proposed to place the intake several miles above the spot that Cholendra and I almost reached as we walked up the damaged access road. Using that intake point, called Nukute, would have allowed for a twenty-five-megawatt hydropower plant in Sundarijal, where the tunnel ended. The higher intake could give an additional three hundred meters of “head”—water pressure to generate electricity. When the Asian Development Bank took over the project, they scuttled the hydropower component. After this, the Norwegians pulled out. The proposed twenty-five megawatts of electricity would have been welcome in a country that is likely to see power outages for at least another decade. Now, with the planned intake point lower on the river, hydropower is not possible because there would be insufficient water pressure. The ADB’s reasons for dropping the hydro component are a little vague. Ratna Sansar Shrestha dismisses the economic and environmental costs the organization cites as its rationale for dropping hydropower. Ratna is a water resources specialist who is well known for wanting the Melamchi project to include hydropower. He is one of three members of the Regulatory Commission for Water Supply that oversees tariffs and quality of service throughout Nepal. To be charitable to the ADB, he says, “working with Nepal’s bureaucracy is not easy.” Hydropower projects require negotiating with an entirely different ministry from the one that oversees water supply. Cutting out the hydropower component also cut out half the administrative red tape on a project that has been drowning in it for years.
Beyond Barrages and Boundaries
Authors: Colopy Cheryl
Published: November 2020

A low dam girdles the Ganga about sixty miles beyond Bhagalpur. More than a mile and a half across, the structure is the longest barrage in the world. It has 109 gates, almost twice as many as the Koshi barrage I traveled over near the Nepal-India border. Its name, Farakka, is anathema to people throughout Bangladesh. In India mainly fishermen on the Ganga know much about it. The barrage, which sits just eleven miles from the international border that separates the tiny nation from its big neighbor, has poisoned relations between the two governments for forty years. The story of Farakka is one of the thorniest river disputes on the subcontinent. Whole books have been written about it on both sides of the border as well as by international commentators, not to mention the technical treatises it has engendered. The barrage did not accomplish the task for which it was built and has harmed people in both India and Bangladesh. Farakka offers a warning about how not to handle transboundary rivers to prevent complex subcontinental watersharing problems from becoming crises in the future. Borders fragment the river system in the Ganges basin, creating unique transboundary water management challenges. To visualize the Indian subcontinent’s river-sharing problems, imagine a slice of pizza. Take a bite out of the middle of the bumpy top crust. That’s Nepal. Then take a small bite out of the right, or eastern edge, just below the crust. That’s Bangladesh. The rest of the slice is India. These three nations share the greater Ganges basin. The river spills into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh after flowing across the wide top part of India. Many of the river’s major tributaries come from Nepal. The smaller slice of pizza to the west would include Pakistan and the Indus River, but that’s another complicated story. Now move the piece of pizza to North America and pretend the United States is the majority of the slice.
A Perilous Journey
Authors: Steinberg Paul F.
Published: November 2020

For sheer splendor, few natural wonders can outperform the seasonal migration of birds across the planet. Each year about 100 billion birds traverse the globe in search of greener pastures during the winter and return to their mating grounds when temperatures warm. Record-holders like the Arctic Tern travel thousands of miles to reach their destination. But even the less athletic members of the avian family feel the urge. As winter approaches, groups of California mountain quail hobble along by foot 15 miles down to the safety of the valleys below, and make their way steadily back up the mountain slope come spring. On a planet dominated by human artifacts and controlled environments, birds remind us of the ancient things—cycles of nature stretching back well before the first humans walked the landscape. This is equally true of their morning song. If you stood at the North Pole with a microphone powerful enough to detect it, you would hear an enormous wave of music slowly circling the earth each day, as a chorus of millions of birds awaken, their song tracking the leading edge of sunlight moving westward around the earth’s perimeter. When we think of the study of the earth’s natural wonders, what comes to mind are images from the natural sciences—lab coats and test tubes, gloves and galoshes, fish nets and soil samples. And when we wish to learn more about our environment, we consult these same sources of expertise. Take birding guides, for example. If you visit the southeastern United States in the spring, you may be fortunate enough to catch a glimpse of an adorable little blue bird called the cerulean warbler, literally the “sky blue singer.” Consulting a trusted birding guide such as Peterson’s, you will learn certain things. The cerulean is 4½ inches in length. It has a thick pointed beak suited to its preferred diet of insects. It breeds in North America, where it builds cup-shaped nests high in the trees to hatch its chicks.
Keep the Change
Authors: Steinberg Paul F.
Published: November 2020

On a fall morning in 1980, Pitzer College freshman George Somogyi walked out of his dormitory, looked up, and froze in his tracks. In front of him was something incredible. An enormous mountain, over 10,000 feet tall, stretched up to the sky in the near distance. What made this sight so bizarre is that the mountain wasn’t there before. Somogyi had been at college for three months and had never laid his eyes on Mount Baldy, a five-million-year-old formation that stands just a few miles from this campus on the eastern edge of Los Angeles County, because it was shrouded in smog so thick that it obscured the view for months at a time. Air pollution is a problem well known to the people of Los Angeles. In the 1970s their city became an icon of urban air pollution, as photos of brown haze choking downtown LA circulated worldwide. The air was so hazardous that people were hospitalized by the thousands. Yet today the air around Los Angeles, while far from perfect, is markedly improved. The amount of smog has been sliced in half since the 1970s, even as the population has doubled in size. More impressive still, the amount of particulate pollution—the small dust particles that lodge deep in the lungs and are especially harmful to human health—has been reduced to one-fifth the levels experienced in 1955. How did a change of this magnitude come about? This physical transformation was precipitated by a political transformation, as the people of Los Angeles joined together and fought for new rules to clean up the air. Beginning in the 1940s, citizens demanded that city officials look into the causes of the problem, which were not obvious at the outset. Their efforts led to the creation of the Los Angeles Bureau of Smoke Control in 1945. Soon the movement spread throughout California, where in 1947 state legislators passed the Air Pollution Control Act—a full quarter century before national policymakers adopted similar legislation.
Europe before Rome
Authors: Price T. Douglas
Published: November 2020

Werner Herzog's 2011 film Cave of Forgotten Dreams, about the painted caves at Chauvet, France brought a glimpse of Europe's extraordinary prehistory to a popular audience. But paleolithic cave paintings, stunning as they are, form just a part of a story that begins with the arrival of the first humans to Europe 1.3 million years ago, and culminates in the achievements of Greece and Rome. In Europe before Rome, T. Douglas Price takes readers on a guided tour through dozens of the most important prehistoric sites on the continent, from very recent discoveries to some of the most famous and puzzling places in the world, like Chauvet, Stonehenge, and Knossos. This volume focuses on more than 60 sites, organized chronologically according to their archaeological time period and accompanied by 200 illustrations, including numerous color photographs, maps, and drawings. Our understanding of prehistoric European archaeology has been almost completely rewritten in the last 25 years with a series of major findings from virtually every time period, such as Ötzi the Iceman, the discoveries at Atapuerca, and evidence of a much earlier eruption at Mt. Vesuvius. Many of the sites explored in the book offer the earliest European evidence we have of the typical features of human society--tool making, hunting, cooking, burial practices, agriculture, and warfare. Introductory prologues to each chapter provide context for the wider changes in human behavior and society in the time period, while the author's concluding remarks offer expert reflections on the enduring significance of these places. Tracing the evolution of human society in Europe across more than a million years, Europe before Rome gives readers a vivid portrait of life for prehistoric man and woman.
Desire: Rockpile Mountain Wilderness and Thomas Traherne
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: November 2020

A wilderness place triggers desire in unexpected ways. It plants an itch that can’t easily be satisfied. Take Rockpile Mountain in the Arcadia Valley region of the St. Francois Mountains in southeast Missouri. I’ve hiked its wilderness area numerous times, taking Little Grass Mountain Trail south to hook up with the loop trail that circles from the rocky shut-ins near the mountain’s foot to the strange “rock pile” at its crest. The place awakens desire in me every time I come. It’s nothing remarkable—a 1,305-foot knoll covered by an oak-hickory forest. Its name derives from a circle of blue granite stones atop its ridge. White settlers noticed the oddity in the early nineteenth century. Prior to their arrival, Osage and Illini peoples lived in the area, descendants of earlier Oneonta and Mississippian cultures in central Missouri and eastern Illinois. Whatever purpose it originally served, the place carries a sense of mystery to this day. The stone circle is fifteen feet in diameter. An anvil-shaped rock stands near its center, with two small cedar trees nearby. Archaeologists have excavated similar stone circles in the upper Midwest. They appear to have been ceremonial sites, possibly used by flint knappers in making stone tools or weapons. It is a good place for cutting to the heart of things—for recognizing desire as one of the soul’s hardest disciplines. Giving yourself to desire isn’t an exercise for the faint-hearted. The desert novice who passes through disillusionment is gripped by a hunger for what she has sensed but never seen in the surrounding wilderness. Stripped of grandiosity (her initial confidence in mastering challenges), she’s had a taste of something grander yet. But she lacks proof that the “elusive lion” of her deepest desire was anything more than her imagination. Keeping desire aflame in the absence of what one seeks requires stoutness of heart. It demands the relinquishment of lesser longings as well. A holy desire isn’t a warm feeling that sweeps you off your feet. It is a discipline, something you choose. The greatest desires are beyond fulfillment. They thrive on the wanting itself.
E Pluribus Unum: How Standards and Accountability Became King
Authors: Mehta Jal
Published: November 2020

In the years following A Nation at Risk, a storm of educational reform activities swept across the states, as governors and state legislatures tried everything they could think of to improve their schools. But beginning in the late 1980s and continuing through the 1990s, one idea became more popular than the rest. Standards-based reform—setting standards, creating assessments, and imposing accountability—became the most widely preferred school reform strategy; it was enacted in 42 states before federal legislation began to encourage it in 1994 and in 49 states before it became required under No Child Left Behind in 2001. Furthermore, since norms against federal involvement in education made it difficult for Congress to act in the absence of a state-level consensus, understanding how this consensus came to be formed is critical to understanding how standards-based reform became federal law as well. When a policy spreads across the majority of states in the absence of strong federal requirements, it is reasonable to hypothesize that diffusion processes are at work. Some states develop models, and their success begets adoption in other states. There is some evidence of such a process at work here, particularly in the case of later-adopting states copying some of the leaders. But the possibility of adopting a diffusing policy template still begs the question of state politics—why, exactly, did so many different states choose to put their eggs in the standards-based-reform basket? In this chapter I argue that the key to the widespread success of standards and accountability is the way that the policy crossed ideological divides. Democrats and Republicans, who had long been divided over issues such as vouchers and increased aid to schools, found themselves on the same side of the fence when it came to standards-based reform, if not always for the same reasons. The pages that follow trace the trajectory of three very different states in moving toward standards-based reform—blue Maryland, where a coalition of Democratic reformers championed standards as a way to gain leverage on failing schools in high-poverty districts; purple Michigan, where a mixed coalition of left and right came to support the same policy for different reasons; and red Utah, where an angry Republican legislature saw in standards-based reform a way to hold a recalcitrant educational establishment to account.
Rebirth of the Sacred
Authors: Nadeau Robert
Published: November 2020

There is also a large and growing consensus in the scientific community that resolving the environmental crisis will require massive changes in our political and economic institutions and new standards for moral and ethical behavior. In this groundbreaking book, Robert Nadeau makes a convincing case that these remarkable developments could occur if sufficient numbers of environmentally concerned people participate in the new dialogue between the truths of science and religion. Those who enter this dialogue will discover that the most fundamental scientific truths in contemporary physics and biology are analogous to and fully compatible with the most profound spiritual truths in all of the great religious traditions of the world. They will learn that recent scientific research has revealed that all of the 7 billion people on this planet are members of one extended human family and closely resemble other members of this family in genetic, cognitive and behavioral terms. And they will also learn that this research has also shown that we have an evolved and innate capacity to experience the other as oneself on the precognitive level and to engage in spontaneous moral behavior in the absence of feedback from higher level cortical processes associated with making conscious moral decisions. During the course of this discussion, it should become clear that there are two reasons why the new dialogue between the truths or science and religion could greatly enhance the prospects of resolving the environmental crisis. The first is that this dialogue can serve as the basis for articulating and disseminating an environmental ethos with a profound spiritual dimension. And the second is that the widespread acceptance of ethos could result in the fairly rapid emergence of well organized and highly effective worldwide movement in religious environmentalism.
How Everyone Became Depressed
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: November 2020

About one American in five receives a diagnosis of major depression over the course of a lifetime. That's despite the fact that many such patients have no mood disorder; they're not sad, but suffer from anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, or a tendency to obsess about the whole business. "There is a term for what they have," writes Edward Shorter, "and it's a good old-fashioned term that has gone out of use. They have nerves." In How Everyone Became Depressed, Edward Shorter, a distinguished professor of psychiatry and the history of medicine argues for a return to the old fashioned concept of nervous illness. These are, he writes, diseases of the entire body, not the mind, and as was recognized as early as the 1600s. Shorter traces the evolution of the concept of "nerves" and the "nervous breakdown" in western medical thought. He points to a great paradigm shift in the first third of the twentieth century, driven especially by Freud, that transferred behavioral disorders from neurology to psychiatry, spotlighting the mind, not the body. The catch-all term "depression" now applies to virtually everything, "a jumble of non-disease entities, created by political infighting within psychiatry, by competitive struggles in the pharmaceutical industry, and by the whimsy of the regulators." Depression is a real and very serious illness, he argues; it should not be diagnosed so promiscuously, and certainly not without regard to the rest of the body. Meloncholia, he writes, "the quintessence of the nervous breakdown, reaches deep into the endocrine system, which governs the thyroid and adrenal glands among other organs." In a learned yet provocative challenge to psychiatry, Shorter argues that the continuing misuse of "depression" represents nothing less than "the failure of the scientific imagination."
Best Synthetic Methods: C-C Bond Construction
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Nobuaki Kambe of Osaka University found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5644) that with a Ni catalyst, Grignard reagents coupled preferentially with primary alkyl iodides, even in the presence of the usually reactive ketone. Maurice Santelli of the Université d’Aix-Marseille devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5238) a protocol for the conversion of a ketal 4 to the doubly homologated product 6. Brian T. Gregg of AMRI established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 3978; Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 7070) a procedure for the homologation of a nitrile 7 to the amine 9. Replacement of the NaBH4 with a second Grignard reagent led to the α-quaternary amine (not shown). Toshiaki Murai of Gifu University independently developed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 5703) a protocol for coupling two Grignard reagents with the linchpin reagent 11 to give the amine 12. Laurel L. Schafer of the University of British Columbia demonstrated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 8361) Ta-catalyzed intramolecular addition of a methyl amine 14 to the terminal alkene 13 to give 15. Jason S. Kingsbury of Boston College extended (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 3202) the Roskamp protocol to unstable diazo alkanes such as 17, to give 18. Katsukiyo Miura of Saitama University found (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 5066) that Pt catalyzed the branched addition of a terminal alkenyl silane 19 to an aldehyde 16 to give the branched adduct 20. Silanes such as 19 are readily prepared directly from the corresponding terminal alkene. Kálmán J. Szabó of Stockholm University observed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 5695) that the allyl boronate derived from the allylic alcohol 21 could add to the aldehyde 23 to give, depending on the solvent, either the branched product 24 or the linear product 25. The Wittig reaction is a major producer of by-product waste in chemical synthesis. Yong Tang of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry found (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 6628) that Ph3As could serve catalytically in the condensation of 26 with an aldehyde. Christopher J. O’Brien of the University of Texas at Arlington and Gregory A. Chass of the University of Wales described (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6836) a related procedure using a cyclic phosphine.
Alkene Reactions: The Dabdoub/Baroni Synthesis of ( ± )-Dihydroactinidiolide
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

David B. Cordes of Pacific University reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 1817) a simple combination of NaBH4 and Pd/C that reduced the alkene 1 to 2. This could be particularly welcome as a method for deuteration. Following up on the work of He (Organic Highlights, February 27, 2006), Makoto Tokunaga of Kyushu University found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5510) that chloroethanol 4 worked particularly well for the Au-catalyzed alkoxylation of the alkene 3. It has been difficult to achieve high regiocontrol in the Wacker oxidation of oxygen-substituted alkenes such as 6. Matthew S. Sigman of the University of Utah devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 6076) a ligand for Pd that gave clean conversion to 7. Huanfeng Jiang of the South China University of Technology found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3846) that under oxidizing conditions, a Pd catalyst could effect the diacetoxylation of 8, giving 9. Bernhard Breit of Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, designed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 8022) a Rh catalyst for tandem linear hydroformylation and in situ reduction of the resulting aldehyde, converting the alkene 3 into the primary alcohol 10. Erick M. Carreira of ETH Zürich established (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 13214) that under Co catalysis, 12 could be added to an alkene 11 in a branching sense. The resulting product could, inter alia, be reduced to the aldehyde 13. In the course of a synthesis of the natural amino acid tetrahydrolathyrine, Josiane Thierry and Robert H. Dodd of CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette employed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 5331) tandem aziridination/cyanide opening to effect homologation of the alkene 14 to 15. Sensuke Ogoshi of Osaka University demonstrated (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 10350) that a Ni catalyst could effect conjugate addition of an alkene 16 to the enone 17. Yoichiro Koninobu and Kazuhiko Takai of Okayama University observed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9914) that a Re catalyst could effect o-selective addition of an alkene 3 to a phenol 19. Even though allylic esters such as 21 are sensitive to Pd catalysis, Carlos Roque Duarte Correia of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas found (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 3642) conditions for the Heck addition of an arene diazonium salt 22, to give 23.
Construction of Arrays of Stereogenic Centers: The Zhang Synthesis of (+)-Podophyllotoxin
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Varinder K. Aggarwal of the University of Bristol showed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1149) that condensation of a boronic ester 2 with a metalated aziridine 1 led, after oxidation, to the defined amino alcohol 3. Hisashi Yamamoto of the University of Chicago developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 3333) conditions for the diastereoselective addition of an organometallic to an α-nitrosylated aldehyde, to give, after reduction, the diol 6. Xiaoyu Wu of Shanghai University and Gang Zhao of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry designed (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 158) an organocatalyst that mediated the enantioselective addition of hydroxyacetone 7 to a range of aldehydes. Andrew G. Myers of Harvard University found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 5763) that trialkylaluminum reagents opened epoxides of enol ethers at the more substituted position, delivering protected diols such as 10. Keiji Maruoka of Kyoto University created (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1838) an organocatalyst for the addition of an aldehyde 11 to an imine 12, to give 13. Markus Kalesse of Leibnitz Universität Hannover showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 3485) that an organocatalyst could mediate the selective γ-reactivity of 15, leading to 16. Barry M. Trost of Stanford University found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 1674) that an organocatalyst directed the addition of diazoacetate 18 to an aldehyde, to give, after further reaction with a trialkylborane, the syn aldol product 19. Professor Trost also demonstrated (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 4572) that a related complex mediated the conjugate addition of 22 to 21. Enantioselective construction of arrays of alkylated stereogenic centers is a particular challenge. Ji Zhang, then at Pfizer, found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 1167) that the chiral auxiliary of 24 directed both the conjugate addition and the subsequent protonation, and also allowed the product 25 to be brought to > 98% purity by crystallization. Tönis Kanger of Tallinn University of Technology developed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 3772) an organocatalyst for the conjugate addition of aldehydes to nitrostyrenes such as 26 to give 27.