bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shock compression behaviors of boron carbide (B4C)
Authors: Zhang Y. , Mashimo T. , Uemura Y. , Uchino M. , Kodama M. , Shibata K. , Fukuoka K. , Kikuchi M. , Kobayashi T. , Sekine T.
Published: December 2006

Hugoniot measurements on the highly dense, pure B4C polycrystal were performed by the inclined-mirror method to study the elastoplastic transition and to search phase transition. In inclined-mirror streak photographs, the smoothly jagged structure was observed at the free-surface shape in the plastic region. The Hugoniot-elastic limit (HEL) has been determined to be approximately 19.5GPa. In the plastic region, a kink was observed at a particle velocity of around 1.26km∕s. The shock velocity (US)–particle velocity (UP) Hugoniot relations in the plastic region were given by US=3.7+5.4UPkm∕s in the Up range of 0.54–1.26km∕s and US=9.61+0.73UPkm∕s in the Up range of 1.26–4.3km∕s. The S value (0.73) in US=C0+SUP above UP=1.26km∕s is significantly small compared with the result of Vogler et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 95, 4173 (2004)], and was much smaller than those of many oxides and nitrides. This material behaved as an elastoisotropic solid above the HEL and showed a large and linear change in the pressure-density plot above 38GPa (UP=1.26km∕s), which indicated the onset of a phase transition.
Virtual structure in luminescence profile of zinc oxide films causing discrepancy in peak identification
Authors: Wang Yu-Guang , Ohashi Naoki , Ryoken Haruki , Haneda Hajime
Published: December 2006

The luminescence properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) films prepared by pulsed laser deposition were investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Films of different thicknesses were deposited on silicon, glass, and sapphire substrates. The visible luminescence spectrum is dependent on film thickness: both the number of peaks and their peak positions varied systematically as a function of film thickness. However, the variations in the luminescence spectra were caused by optical interference in the film/substrate systems. Any effort to determine the mechanisms responsible for the visible luminescence must properly account for these interference effects. Luminescence spectra free of distortion can be obtained from ZnO films thinner than 70nm or much thicker than 1.5μm.
Enhancement in layer-by-layer growth in heteroepitaxial growth of Co on Au(111) surface by Bi surfactant
Authors: Kamiko Masao , Mizuno Hiroyuki , Chihaya Hiroaki , Yamamoto Ryoichi , Xu Junhua , Kojima Isao
Published: December 2006

The surfactant effect of Bi on the heteroepitaxial growth of Co on the Au(111) surface has been studied. With the predeposition of submonolayer Bi on Au(111) prior to evaporation of Co, more long-lasting reflection high-energy electron diffraction intensity oscillations were observed at room temperature. This implied that Bi enhanced the layer-by-layer growth of Co on the Au(111) surface. The dependence of the Co film growth on the thickness of the Bi surfactant layer suggested that there existed a suitable amount of Bi surfactant that enhanced a smoother layer-by-layer growth. The Auger electron spectra revealed that Bi was segregated at the top of the surface. Therefore, Bi was concluded to be an effective surfactant to enhance the layer-by-layer growth of Co on Au(111).
Annealing effect on nano-ZnO powder studied from positron lifetime and optical absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Dutta Sreetama , Chattopadhyay S. , Jana D. , Banerjee A. , Manik S. , Pradhan S. K. , Sutradhar Manas , Sarkar A.
Published: December 2006

Mechanical milling and subsequent annealing in air at temperatures between 210 and 1200°C have been carried out on high purity ZnO powder to study the defect generation and recovery in the material. Lowering of average grain size (from 76±1to22±0.5nm) as a result of milling has been estimated from the broadening of x-ray lines. Substantial grain growth in the milled sample occurs above 425°C annealing temperature. Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) analysis of the samples shows a distinct decrease of the average lifetime of positrons very near the same temperature zone. As indicated from both x-ray diffraction (XRD) and PAL results, high temperature (>700°C) annealed samples have a better crystallinity (or lower defect concentration) than even the nonmilled ZnO. In contrast, the measured optical band gap of the samples (from absorption spectroscopy) does not confirm lowering of defects with high temperature annealing. Thermally generated defects at oxygen sites cause significant modification of the optical absorption; however, they are not efficient traps for positrons. Different thermal stages of generation and recovery of cationic as well as anionic defects in granular ZnO are discussed in the light of XRD, PAL, and optical absorption studies.
Gain suppression phenomena observed in InxGa1−xN quantum well laser diodes emitting at 470nm
Authors: Kojima K. , Funato M. , Kawakami Y. , Nagahama S. , Mukai T. , Braun H. , Schwarz U. T.
Published: December 2006

Optical gain spectra were measured for InGaN-based laser diodes (LDs) emitting at 406nm (LD406) and 470nm (LD470) by employing the Hakki-Paoli method. The internal loss coefficient was as large as 35cm−1 for the LD470 compared to 25cm−1 for LD406. Moreover, gain saturation was observed at about 490nm just below the lasing threshold, and a gain band appears at higher photon energies for further carrier injection resulting in lasing at 470nm. Spontaneous emission peaks of electroluminescence were measured as a function of injection current density below threshold for both samples. The authors attribute the huge blueshift of the spontaneous emission of LD470 up to 450meV to a filling of the localized tail states in addition to that caused by the screening of the piezoelectric field. The blueshift for the LD406 was as small as about 30meV and can be interpreted as a result of the screening by both injected carriers and dopants.
Fe
3
−
x
Zn
x
O
4
thin film as tunable high Curie temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor
Authors: Takaobushi Junichi , Tanaka Hidekazu , Kawai Tomoji , Ueda Shigenori , Kim Jung-Jin , Kobata Masaaki , Ikenaga Eiji , Yabashi Makina , Kobayashi Keisuke , Nishino Yoshinori , Miwa Daigo , Tamasaku Kenji , Ishikawa Tetsuya
Published: December 2006

Epitaxial ferri(ferro)magnetic Fe3−xZnxO4 thin films (x=0–0.9) were prepared using a pulsed-laser deposition technique. The electrical conductivity and magnetic properties of Fe3−xZnxO4 thin film were systematically modulated for the entire range of Zn substitution. Anomalous Hall coefficient measurements revealed the presence of spin-polarized carriers at room temperature. Valence band spectra obtained by hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy revealed that the density of states near the Fermi level was reduced with an increasing Zn concentration of x. These results indicate that this system will serve as a tunable ferromagnetic semiconductor with a strong electron correlation.
Defect control for polarization switching in Bi2WO6-based single crystals
Authors: Noguchi Yuji , Murata Koichiro , Miyayama Masaru
Published: December 2006

The authors have investigated the leakage current mechanism and polarization properties of Bi2WO6 single crystals along the a axis at 25°C. High-pressure oxygen annealing led to a decrease in leakage current, showing that electron is a detrimental carrier of the leakage current property. It is demonstrated that 2mol% Mn substitution at the W site is effective for decreasing the leakage current density to the order of 10−8A∕cm2. Mn-doped crystals show a saturated polarization hysteresis loop with a remanent polarization of 50μC∕cm2. Electron spin resonance analysis suggests that Mn3+ acts as an electron acceptor for reducing the leakage current in the Bi2WO6 system.
Shear wave generation using a spiral electromagnetic acoustic transducer
Authors: Jian X. , Dixon S. , Baillie I. , Edwards R. S. , Morrison J. , Fan Y.
Published: December 2006

A spiral electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is efficient in eddy current generation and has been used for surface defect inspection using Rayleigh waves or thickness gauging based on plane waves in echo mode. Measured and calculated particle velocities and directivities are presented. It is found that the shear wave is not predominantly a plane wave. It has zero amplitude on the axis of the generation EMAT and has maximum amplitude at the critical angle. The shear wave could be used in the steel industry for both internal and surface defect inspections together with Rayleigh wave.
Submerged waveguide constructed by the implantation of C12 ions in electro-optic crystals
Authors: Ilan Har’el , Gumennik Alexander , Fathei Roei , Agranat Aharon J. , Shachar Igal , Hass Michael
Published: December 2006

Waveguide structures were fabricated in potassium lithium tantalate niobate crystals by the implantation of high energy C12 ions. The implantation forms an amorphous layer with a lowered index of refraction within the depth of the crystal, which serves as the cladding of the waveguides. Two amorphous layers were fabricated at 18.8 and 25.6μm below the surface of the crystal by implantation at 30 and 40MeV, respectively. This formed a submerged slab waveguide sandwiched between the two amorphous layers and two slab waveguides that were formed between the surface of the crystal and each of the amorphous layers. Coupling between those waveguides was observed and investigated, and confinement of the light in the sandwiched waveguide was demonstrated.
Phenolic Oxidations of Totarol
Authors: Cambie RC , Higgs PI , Read CM , Rutledge PS , Ryan GR , Woodgate PD
Published: December 2006

Methods for the direct oxidation of the C12 position of totarol (1) or its methyl ether (4) have been examined. Treatment of (1) with benzeneseleninic anhydride gave the 9-hydroxy dienone (16) which on ozonolysis afforded the spiro butenolide (21), formed via the ozonide (22). The rearranged ether (18) was obtained from one oxidation with benzeneseleninic anhydride. Mercuriation of totarol and totaryl methyl ether gave the mercuriochlorides (5) and (7) but attempts to form the methoxy acetate (6) from (7) by boronation /oxidation and acetylation were unsuccessful. Treatment of totaryl methyl ether (4) with thallium(III) trifluoroacetate gave dienone 14- and 9-trifluoroacetates (25) and (17). Reaction of the (η6-arene) tricarbonylchromium(0) complexes (28) and (29) of (4) with lithioacetonitrile gave the 7α-alcohol (30) but reaction with t- butyllithium and then with copper(I) bromide/ dimethyl sulfide and MoOPH gave the methoxyphenol (12) in 66% yield.
Crystal Structures of [H4L](ClO4)4.6H2O And [Zn(H2L)(S2O6)2].4H2O (L = 6,13-Dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-diamine)
Authors: Bernhardt PV , Hambley TW , Lawrance GA
Published: December 2006

The substituted macrocycle 6,13-dimethyl-1,4,8,11- tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-diamine (L) can be crystallized as the perchlorate salt or the zinc dithionate complex. The crystal structures of [H4L](ClO4)4.6H2O (1) and [Zn(H2L)(S2O6)2].4H2O (2) have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods and refined to a residual of 0.058 for 1926 independent observed reflections for (1) and 0.022 for 2122 independent reflections for (2). The crystals of (1) are monoclinic, P21/c, a 10.657(2), b 12.466(7), c 12.216(3)Ǻ, β 96.73(2)° and those of (2) are monoclinic, P21/c, a 8.521(1), b 12.990(1), c 12.731(1)Ǻ,β 105.45(1)°. The pendant primary amines in the zinc(II) complex of L are protonated and not coordinated, with conformational geometry very similar in both structures.
Heterobinuclear Oxo-Bridged Complexes. II. Interactions of CrIIIOFeIII Complexes With Lewis Bases, Mössbauer Spectra and Magnetic Susceptibilities
Authors: Bakshi EN , Elliott RL , Murray KS , Nichols PJ , West BO
Published: December 2006

Equilibrium constants are reported for reaction of Lewis bases, including H2O, with ( thf )( tpp ) CrOFe ( salmah ) in tetrahydrofuran and toluene solutions [ tpp = dianion of 5,10,15,20- tetraphenylporphyrin ; salmah = dianion of N,N?-(4-methyl-4-azaheptane-1,7-diyl) bis ( salicyli - deneimine )]. Mossbauer spectra of several ( tpp ) CrOFe (L) compounds have also been measured in order to define the spin states of the FeIII centres (L= salmah , other tetradentate salicylideneimines, or anions of dithiocarbamates ). The variation of magnetic susceptibility with temperature for several complexes has been studied to 4.2 K, and shows evidence of antiferromagnetic coupling between chromium and iron centres . The interaction can be fitted to an isotropic coupling model for several (B)( tpp ) CrOFe ( salmah ) complexes (B is H2O or 1-methylimidazole).
Diterpene Imines. The Preparation of 2-Azalauren-1-ene and the Facile Autoxidation of 6-Azadihydrorimuene
Authors: Hayman AR , Hanton LR , Weavers RT
Published: December 2006

2-Azalauren-1-ene (2) has been synthesized from keto acid (5), but attempts to generate its C15 epimer (19) have produced only (2). Model studies of imine production by treatment of a rimuene -derived keto acid (3) with iodosylbenzene /formic acid have produced a hydroxy imine (11), a conjugated imine (13), and a keto lactam (12) which has a ten-membered ring. An X-ray crystallographic study which proves the structure of (12) is described. Data in support of the intermediacy of imine (7) (6-azadihydrorimuene) in the production of (11), (12) and (13) have been obtained.
Relaxation Processes in Aromatic Methyl Groups. II. Methyl-Methyl Nuclear Overhauser Enhancements
Authors: Baron ML , Martin LL , Rae ID , Simmonds PM , Woolcock ML
Published: December 2006

A range of compounds with methyl groups disposed ortho and peri on heteroaromatic frameworks have been prepared, and T1 values and methyl-methyl Overhauser effects measured for them. Most of the n.O.e . Values were ≤6%, but two examples of methyls flanked by two others exhibited values of 9% (6-hydroxy-4,4,5,7-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzopyran-2-one) and 15% (1,4,5,8,9-pentamethylcarbazole).
Chaperone-mediated coupling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial Ca2+ channels
Authors: Szabadkai György , Bianchi Katiuscia , Várnai Péter , De Stefani Diego , Wieckowski Mariusz R. , Cavagna Dario , Nagy Anikó I. , Balla Tamás , Rizzuto Rosario
Published: December 2006

The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) of the outer mitochondrial membrane mediates metabolic flow, Ca2+, and cell death signaling between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial networks. We demonstrate that VDAC1 is physically linked to the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release channel inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) through the molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 75 (grp75). Functional interaction between the channels was shown by the recombinant expression of the ligand-binding domain of the IP3R on the ER or mitochondrial surface, which directly enhanced Ca2+ accumulation in mitochondria. Knockdown of grp75 abolished the stimulatory effect, highlighting chaperone-mediated conformational coupling between the IP3R and the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake machinery. Because organelle Ca2+ homeostasis influences fundamentally cellular functions and death signaling, the central location of grp75 may represent an important control point of cell fate and pathogenesis.
Katanin controls mitotic and meiotic spindle length
Authors: McNally Karen , Audhya Anjon , Oegema Karen , McNally Francis J.
Published: December 2006

Accurate control of spindle length is a conserved feature of eukaryotic cell division. Lengthening of mitotic spindles contributes to chromosome segregation and cytokinesis during mitosis in animals and fungi. In contrast, spindle shortening may contribute to conservation of egg cytoplasm during female meiosis. Katanin is a microtubule-severing enzyme that is concentrated at mitotic and meiotic spindle poles in animals. We show that inhibition of katanin slows the rate of spindle shortening in nocodazole-treated mammalian fibroblasts and in untreated Caenorhabditis elegans meiotic embryos. Wild-type C. elegans meiotic spindle shortening proceeds through an early katanin-independent phase marked by increasing microtubule density and a second, katanin-dependent phase that occurs after microtubule density stops increasing. In addition, double-mutant analysis indicated that γ-tubulin–dependent nucleation and microtubule severing may provide redundant mechanisms for increasing microtubule number during the early stages of meiotic spindle assembly.
Making more microtubules by severing: a common theme of noncentrosomal microtubule arrays?
Authors: Roll-Mecak Antonina , Vale Ronald D.
Published: December 2006

Two related enzymes, katanin and spastin, use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to sever microtubules. Two new studies (one in this issue; see McNally et al., p. 881) show that microtubule severing by katanin provides a means for increasing microtubule density in meiotic spindles. Interestingly, loss of spastin leads to a sparser microtubule array in axons and synaptic boutons. Together, these studies hint at a wider role for microtubule-severing enzymes in the formation and organization of noncentrosomal microtubule arrays by generating new seeds for microtubule growth.
Does Small Intestinal Atresia Affect Epithelial Protein Expression in Human Newborns?
Authors: Schaart Maaike W , Yamanouchi Takeshi , van Nispen Danielle JPM , Raatgeep Rolien HC , van Goudoever Johannes B , de Krijger Ronald R , Tibboel Dick , Einerhand Alexandra WC , Renes Ingrid B
Published: December 2006

Objectives:

Bowel segments distal to a congenital intestinal obstruction have been suggested to be immature. In other words, luminal components such as amniotic fluid (before birth) and/or enteral nutrition (after birth) may be required to activate intestinal epithelial protein expression, thereby influencing epithelial differentiation. We investigated cell‐type–specific protein expression proximal and distal to jejunal and ileal atresias in human newborns.

Patients and Methods:

We immunohistochemically studied intestinal tissue specimens of 16 newborns who had undergone surgery for jejunal or ileal atresia. Sections were taken from both the proximal and distal sides of the atresias.

Results:

For all patients, the enterocyte‐specific markers lactase, sucrase‐isomaltase, sodium glucose cotransporter 1, glucose transporters 2 and 5, intestinal fatty acid–binding protein and alkaline phosphatase were expressed at a mean 3 ± 1 days after birth, both proximal and distal to jejunal and ileal atresias. Expression of goblet cell–specific markers mucin 2 and trefoil factor 3 and that of the Paneth cell marker lysozyme was maintained at either side of the atretic segment.

Conclusions:

With respect to the markers used, the human small intestinal epithelium is already differentiated shortly after birth. The absence of intestinal continuity in case of a jejunal or ileal atresia does not affect epithelial protein expression. This would seem to indicate that the developing small intestinal epithelium matures independently of luminal components.
Human Faecal Microbiota Develops the Ability to Degrade Type 3 Resistant Starch During Weaning
Authors: Scheiwiller Judith , Arrigoni Eva , Brouns Fred , Amadò Renato
Published: December 2006

Background:

Colonisation of the human colon starts immediately after birth. Bacterial composition is substantially influenced by the type of feeding. During weaning, microbiota diversifies considerably to finally approach the composition of that of adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of colonic microbiota obtained from different age groups to ferment resistant starch (RS).

Methods:

Faecal samples of breast‐fed and formula‐fed infants, infants at weaning, adults and elderly subjects were used as inocula. Fermentation experiments were performed by applying a standardised in vitro batch method. Fermentability was established by measuring both metabolite production and substrate degradation. An RS type 3 (RS‐3) was used as substrate; its behaviour was compared with that of lactulose (positive control), whereas inoculum without substrate was used as negative control.

Results:

Overall fermentation patterns clearly showed that the human microbiota of all age groups is able to degrade lactulose. In contrast, RS‐3 was found resistant to the attack by microbiota of both breast‐fed and formula‐fed infants. Bacteria collected from infants at weaning were able to degrade RS‐3 completely, but slower compared with adults. With increasing age, RS‐3 fermentation was observed to be slightly retarded again.

Conclusions:

Human faecal microbiota of all age groups is able to ferment lactulose in vitro quickly and completely. The ability to degrade RS‐3, however, is only established during weaning. Whether fermentation‐related production of short‐chain fatty acids from RS‐3 and concurrent modifications of the microbiota can result in potential health benefits to the host at this stage of life needs to be elucidated.
Evaluation of Oral Rehydration Solution by Whole‐Gut Perfusion in Rats: Effect of Osmolarity, Sodium Concentration and Resistant Starch
Authors: Subramanya Sandeep , Ramakrishna Balakrishnan S , Binder Henry J , Farthing Michael J , Young Graeme P
Published: December 2006

Background:

Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution (ORS) improved small bowel absorption of fluid and electrolytes in segmental perfusion in experimental animals; this was borne out in clinical practice. Adding amylase‐resistant starch (RS) to ORS is expected to increase colonic fluid absorption. This study used combined small and large bowel perfusion to evaluate combinations of reduced osmolarity and starch in ORS.

Methods:

Single‐pass steady‐state perfusions of the whole gut at 30 mL/h, using the nonabsorbable marker 14C‐polyethylene glycol 4000, were performed in Wistar rats after exposure to cholera toxin or Escherichia coli heat‐stable enterotoxin (STa).

Results:

Steady state was established within 90 minutes after commencing perfusion. Net secretion of water, sodium and chloride induced by cholera toxin was partially reversed by standard glucose‐ORS (G‐ORS). Substituting glucose in G‐ORS with RS (RS‐ORS) substantially increased net water absorption (P < 0.001) as did reduced osmolarity ORS (RO‐ORS) (P < 0.001); addition of RS to RO‐ORS further increased water absorption (P < 0.001). In STa‐treated intestine, RO‐ORS and RS‐ORS significantly improved water absorption compared to G‐ORS (P < 0.005). RO‐ and RS‐RO‐ORS did not significantly augment net electrolyte absorption compared with G‐ORS. RS‐ORS was associated with highest net absorption of sodium and chloride compared with all other groups.

Conclusions:

RS increased net water (and sodium) absorption from isosmolar and reduced osmolar ORS consistent with increased absorption by the colon. RS in reduced osmolar ORS may have advantages to reduce severity of diarrhea and prevent hyponatremia in severe diarrhea and may be applicable to diarrhea of different etiologies.
On a meteoric iron from winburg, orange free state
Authors: Rudge Douglas W. A.
Published: December 2006

Some account of this meteorite has been given in the 'Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa,' 1912, vol. 2. The present communication deals more fully with the internal structure of the meteorite, giving also some account of the mechanical and magnetic properties. The meteorite was seen to fall in 1881 bysome natives working on the Zeekoegat farm, belonging to Dr. Schneehage. They reported the matter top their employer, who ordered them to carry the meteorite to the farmyard, where it remained some years, finally being sent to the Bloemfontein Museum. The meteorite measured 38 by 23 cm. along the two greatest axes and weighed nearly 50 kgrm. It was slightly magnetic, having a number of poles. It will be convenient to divide this paper into sections, viz :-
Experiments on iron ammonium alum in alternating fields at very low temperatures
Authors: Cooke A. H. , Hull R. A.
Published: December 2006

It has been pointed out by Simon (1935
a
) that calorimetry in the region below 1° K. can be made sensitive enough to measure accurately the thermal energy changes due to the emission and absorption of radioactive radiations. With a view to carrying out investigations of this kind, experiments have been in progress in the Clarendon Laboratory to improve the sensitivity of the method of temperature measurement. Temperatures below 1° K. are determined primarily by extrapolating Curie's law, verified at higher temperatures, which is that the susceptibility of certain paramagnetic substances is inversely proportional to their temperature. Generally the thermometric substance is the actual paramagnetic salt used to obtain the low temperature. There are various methods of measuring the susceptibility; for instance, the substance may be surrounded by two coils whose mutual inductance is measured at the various temperatures. For this purpose A. C. methods of measuring inductance have certain advantages. In particular a null method may be used by balancing with an external adjustable negative mutual inductance, and headphones can be used as the detecting instrument if the frequency lies in the audible ranges. There is also the possibility of compensating the effect of the unavoidable heating of the substance, the normal drift, by some form of automatically increasing mutual inductance.
The absorption spectrum of liquid bromine
Authors: Porret D.
Published: December 2006

The continuous absorption spectra of gaseous bromine (Peskow 1917; Ribaud 1919; Gray and Style 1929; Acton, Aikin and Bayliss 1936) and of dissolved bromine (Bovis 1929; Gillam and Morton 1929) have been studied many times. They present a wide continuum (from about 30, 000 to 17, 000 cm.
-1
.) with a maximum at 24, 000 cm.
-1
. For the gas the continuum is preceded by two band systems on the long wave-length side. These systems converge at 19, 585 and 15, 896 cm.
-1
. respectively. Acton, Aikin and Bayliss (1936) have shown that the continuum is not simple, and Mulliken (1936) and Darbyshire (1937) have pointed out that there are three overlapping continua corresponding to transitions from the ground state to three different excited electronic states. There are
3
II
0
+
←
1
Σ

g

,
3
II
1
←
1
Σ

g

and
1
II
←
1
Σ

g

. The absorption spectrum of liquid bromine has been studied by Bovis (1929) form 18, 525 to 31, 750c cm.
-1
. and by Camichel (1893) for two frequencies only (16, 978 and 18, 691 cm.
-1
).
Investigations of infra-red spectra-absorption of some hydroxy compounds in the region of 3
μ
Authors: Fox John Jacob , Martin A. E.
Published: December 2006

It has been realized by several investigators that with some exceptions compounds containing the hydroxyl group have a sharp absorption band close to 2.75
μ
, and frequently another much wider band about 3
μ
. Erreta and Mollet (1936, 1937) and Erreta (1937) have shown that the latter is an "association" band which diminishes on dilution in a non-polar solvent, or by raising the temperature, when the association complexes split up and the hydroxyl band at 2.75
μ
becomes more pronounced. (Compare also Barchewitz (1937) and Freymann (1937). In the present investigations of the infra-red absorption spectra of certain hydroxyl compounds in the 3
μ
region we have made observation of the effect of the structure of the molecule on both the above-mentioned bands, as well as on the CH vibration bands. The OH bands in the region about 1.4-1.6
μ
have been investigated by Wulf and his co-workers (1935, 1936) for the most part with solutions of about 0.01 mol./l/ in which the association band had practically disappeared.
The influence of wall oscillations, wall rotation, and entry eddies, on the breakdown of laminar flow in an annular pipe
Authors: Fage Arthur
Published: December 2006

1. The problem of the breakdown of laminar flow has been much studied, both mathematically and experimentally. The mathematical method of approach is concerned with the prediction of the history of the deviant motion arising from an assumed initial disturbance, superimposed on a selected type of laminar motion and satisfying the equations of viscous fluid flow and the appropriate boundary conditions. A motion is considered to be stable if the deviant motion tends ultimately to vanish, and neutral or unstable if it persists or increases. In general, the disturbance assumed is small and of a form for which the deviant motion can be expressed in terms of linear differential equations; and these restrictions curtail the choice of problem amenable to mathematical treatment. A review of classical mathematical investigations on the stability of fluid motion has recently been published by Southwell and Chitty (1930). Of these investigations that made by Taylor (1923) for flow in the annular space between two coaxial rotating cylinders, gives an illustration of a successful prediction of instability, experimentally verified. More recent mathematical investigations are those on the stability of flow between parallel planes made by Prandtl (1921, 1931), Tietjens (1925), Tollmien (1929) and Schlichting (1932, 1933
a, b
, 1935). These investigations define the mathematical conditions under which the deviant motion grows, and give characteristic numbers, defining the wave-length and frequency detrimental to the maintenance of the laminar state: but these numbers do not necessarily indicate the onset of turbulence. A view commonly held is that breakdown of laminar flow is connected with adverse pressure gradients associated with velocity fluctuations, the magnitude of these gradients depending on the amplitude and frequency of the velocity fluctuations, and increasing with either (Dryden 1931, p. 559; Taylor 1936, p. 308). Further, it has been suggested that it is the amplitude, rather than the frequency, of velocity disturbances which is primarily responsible for the breakdown of laminar flow and the onset of turbulence; and this suggestion has received some support from experiments made by Nikuradse (1933).
The adsorption of vapours at plane surfaces of mica. Part I
Authors: Bangham D. H. , Mosallam S.
Published: December 2006

The measurement of the adsorption of vapours at plane crystalline surfaces is attended by the inherent difficulty of packing into a reasonably small dead-space a sufficient quantity of the solid to give an appreciable effect. The use of powders is open to the objection that the superficial area of the particles cannot be directly measured with accuracy; moreover, their surfaces may contain a network of fine cracks, the effect of which is to multiply the area by an unknown factor (Smekal 1925; Joffé 1928; McBain 1932). Plates of mica, used first by Langmuir (1918) and later by Bawn (1932), are free from these objections. The peculiar laminar structure of this substance renders it highly unlikely that the sheets of atoms in its exposed cleavage planes are subject to a strong distortional influence such as affects the surface lattices of sodium chloride and similar crystals (Lennard-Jones and Dent 1928). When cleaved, a plate of mica parts along the plane of the potassium atoms; and though the exposed face may comprise a number of “steps”, over each of these the surface is “true” to a molecular thickness (W. L. Bragg 1937).
A new Coriolis perturbation in the methane spectrum II. Energy levels
Authors: Jahn H. A.
Published: December 2006

In the first part of this work (Jahn 1938) we found the correct vibrational-rotational wave functions with which to evaluate any tetrahedrally symmetrical perturbation of the rotational levels of a threefold degenerate mode of vibration of the methane molecule. In this second part we use these wave functions to calculate the perturbation due to the Coriolis term which couples the rotational levels of the one quantum threefold degenerate vibration
v
4
and the rotational levels of the one quantum twofold degenerate vibration
v
2
. This Coriolis term was derived in part I from the general vibrational-rotational Hamiltonian of the molecule. To carry out the perturbation calculation we shall need those combinations of the vibrational-rotational wave functions of
v
2
which transform according to irreducible representations of the tetrahedral group, and these are derived here. We find also general formulae for the matrix elements in question and use these to calculate explicitly the perturbed rotational energy levels of
v
4
up to the tenth rotational quantum number. The rotational levels of
v
2
are of course correspondingly perturbed, but the calculation of these is reserved for another publication.
On the magnetic changes of length in annealed rods of cobalt and nickel.
Authors: Bidwell Shelford
Published: December 2006

The dimensions of a piece of magnetic metal are, in general, changed by magnetisation. When subjected to a longitudinal field gradually increasing from a small value, an ordinary iron wire is at first extended, then, after passing a maximum, it recovers its original length, and finally becomes shorter than when unmagnetised.
A probable cause of the Yearly variation of magnetic storms and auroræ.
Authors: Lockyer Joseph Norman , Lockyer William J. S.
Published: December 2006

The ordinary meteorological elements, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, etc., have a yearly change satisfactorily explained as due to changes of the position of the earth’s axis in relation to the sun, or, in other words, the variation of the sun’s declination. There are, however, other phenomena, such as magnetic disturbances and auroræ, which have been explained differently. Thus, in regard to this seasonal variation Mr. Ellis has written, “The related physical circumstance is that at the equinoxes, when disturbance is more frequent, the whole surface of the earth comes under the influence of the sun, whilst at the solstices, when magnetic disturbance is less frequent, a portion of the surface remains for a considerable period in shadow.”
The decomposition of ammonia by heat.
Authors: Perman E. P. , Atkinson G. A. S. , Ramsay William
Published: December 2006

This subject has been already dealt with by Ramsay and Young, who heated ammonia in glass tubes at various temperatures, and found that decomposition began under the most favourable circumstances at a little below 500°, and that the amount decomposed depends on the extent of the heated surface of the solid with which the ammonia is in contact, on the nature of the surface, and on the time of exposure to heat. We have thought it desirable to extend our knowledge of the subject still further by investigating the
rate of decomposition
at various temperatures. The ammonia was contained in porcelain vessels heated in a muffle furnace, and the decomposition was traced by reading the pressure on a mercury manometer, the sum of the volumes of the ammonia and products of decomposition being kept constant.
On the action exerted upon the tubercle bacillus by human blood fluids, and on the elaboration of protective elements in the human organism in response to inoculations of a tubercle vaccine.
Authors: Wright Almroth Edward , Douglas Stewart Ranken , Burdon-Sanderson John Scott
Published: December 2006

We propose to consider in this communication (1) the action exerted upon the tubercle bacillus by normal human blood fluids and the tuberculotropic substances which come here into consideration; (2) the action exerted upon the tubercle bacillus by the blood fluids of those who are the subject of tubercular infection; (3) the distribution of tuberculotropic substances in the infected organism; (4) the question as to whether these protective substances are present in the blood of the infant at birth; and (5) some points in connection with the elaboration in the human organism of tuberculotropic substances in response to inoculations of a tubercle vaccine.
The flow of water through pipes.—Experiments on stream-line motion and the measurement of critical velocity.
Authors: Barnes Howard Turner , Coker Ernest George , Reynolds Osborne
Published: December 2006

In a brief note published in the ‘Physical Review,’ we have described a thermal method of observing the change from stream-line to eddy motion for water flowing through pipes of different diameters. This method we have recently employed in a series of experiments, which we have carried out on a much larger scale than was previously attempted. The method had several points to recommend it for our particular work, the chief one being the simplicity of the experimental arrangements. The object in undertaking this investigation, for which our method was adapted, was in the interest attached to a study of stream-line flow, where every form of initial disturbance was as completely removed from the water as possible.
On galvanic cells produced by the action of light. Preliminary communication.
Authors: Wilderman Meyer , Mond Ludwig
Published: December 2006

In my paper “On Chemical Statics and Dynamics” (‘Phil. Trans.,' A, vol. 199, 1902, p. 337), and especially ‘Zeit. Physik. Chemie,' voL 42, 1902, pp. 316—335, I deduced, from thermodynamics, the laws experimentally found by me for velocity of chemical reaction, and for chemical equilibrium under the action of light, from the fundamental conception that the chemical potential of substance in light and in the dark is different, becoming greater in light. The foundation for this conception was that two metallic plates immersed in a liquid and connected to a circuit form a “galvanic” combination, when one plate is exposed to light while the other is kept in the dark; and, according to Gibbs’ equation,
v
" —
v
' =
α

a

(
μ

'
a

—
μ

"
a

), no galvanic cell could be formed, unless the chemical potentials at the two electrodes were different in light and in the dark.
Note on the effects produced on rats by the trypanosomata of gambia fever and sleeping sickness.
Authors: Plimmer Henry George , Martin Charles James
Published: December 2006

The following observations are of interest in connection with the view that Gambia Fever may be the early stage of the disease which ends as Sleeping Sickness, which is held by some: and with the question of the causal relationship of the Trypanosoma found in Sleeping Sickness to the disease. The Trypanosomata used in the experiments mentioned below were given to me by Col. Bruce, F. R. S.; that of Gambia Fever having been taken from a monkey inoculated in Africa from a native boy suffering from Gambia Fever, and that of Sleeping Sickness from a monkey inoculated in Africa from a case of this disease.
On the influence of the time factor on the correlation between the barometric heights at stations more than 1000 miles apart.
Authors: Cave-Browne-Cave F. E. , Pearson Karl
Published: December 2006

1. An investigation of the relationship of the daily barometric heights on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean has been in progress for some years, and in a preliminary note by Professor Pearson and myself some account was given of the contemporaneous relationship of a chain of stations from the extreme north of Norway down the west coasts of Europe and Africa. Observations for this east side of the Atlantic have now been copied for twenty years, as far as stations are available from Norway to the Cape, and the only need here is more aid in the very laborious reductions necessary before any inferences can be drawn. A similar chain of stations from Nova Scotia to the Falkland Isles has been completed, with the exception of Brazil, from which, so far, we have been able to obtain no data whatever.
On the ‘blaze-currents’ of the gall bladder of the frog.
Authors: Waller Alice M. , Waller Augustus Desire
Published: December 2006

This investigation is a continuation of Dr. Waller’s work on the electrical responses to stimulation exhibited by animal and vegetable living tissues, which responses he has designated “Blaze-currents.” I have employed the method already described by him at length, in the University Series of Lectures entitled “Signs of Life.”
Polarised Röntgen radiation.
Authors: Barkla Charles Glover , Thomson Joseph John
Published: December 2006

Experiments on secondary radiation from gases and light solids subject to X-rays showed that the character of this radiation differs only very slightly from that of the radiation producing it, and that the energy of this radiation is proportional merely to the quantity of matter through which a beam of Röntgen radiation of definite intensity passes, being independent of the kind of matter.
On the conversion of electric oscillations into continuous currents by means of a vacuum valve.
Authors: Fleming John Ambrose
Published: December 2006

An electric oscillation being an alternating current of very high frequency, cannot directly affect an ordinary movable coil or movable needle galvanometer. Appliances generally used for detecting electric waves or electric oscillations are, therefore, in fact, alternating current instruments, and must depend for their action upon some property which is independent of the direction of the current, such as the heating effect or magnetizing force. The coherer used in Hertzian wave research is not metrical, since the action is merely catastrophic or accidental, and bears no very definite relation to the energy of the oscillation which starts it. Even the demagnetising action of electric oscillations, though more definite in operation than the contact action at loose joints, is far from being all that is required for quantitative research.
IX. Report on the eruptions of the soufrière, St. Vincent, 1902, and on a visit to Montagne Pelèe, in Martinique. -Part I.
Authors: Anderson Tempest , Flett John Smith
Published: December 2006

The islands of the Caribbean chain have been occupied by European colonists for several hundred years, yet they cannot even at the present day be said to be thoroughly known or sufficiently explored. Though small, they are for the most part moun­tainous, and present usually a ridge or backbone of high land forming the main axis of each island, with sharp spurs on each side running down to the sea. Cul­tivation is practically confined to the lower grounds, where alone there are goodroads, and the interior is covered with dense tropical forest, the aspect of which varies greatly with the altitude, and through which there are only rough bush paths. The valleys are usually very deep and narrow, and the steep slopes are covered with plantations of arrowroot, limes, cocoa, coffee, banana or plantain, while most of the level alluvial ground in the valley bottoms is given up to the growth of sugar cane. In all the British islands, at any rate, the principal peaks and ridges have been ascended, and the main features of the country are delineated on the Admiralty charts, which are the best, and in fact the only available maps. As regards the coast-lines and the lower grounds generally, they are very accurate; but in theinterior only the more important points, the principal mountain summits and the like, have had their position sufficiently determined. The rest of the country has apparently been sketched in more or less carefully—but many of the details as, for example, the courses of the smaller streams, and the number of their branches, cannot be relied on. The want of a good map on a fairly large scale is a great drawback in geological work, and prevents the structure of the country being laid down with anyapproach to minuteness.
The radiation and scattering of surface waves by a vertical circular cylinder in a channel
Authors: Linton C. M. , Evans D. V. , Smith F. T.
Published: December 2006

In this paper we consider the problems of the radiation and scattering of surface gravity waves by a vertical circular cylinder placed on the centreline of a channel of width 2dand depthH, and either extending from the bottom through the free surface or truncated so as to fill only part of the depth. These problems are solved, for arbitrary incident wavenumberk, by constructing appropriate multipoles for cylinders placed symmetrically in channels and then using the body boundary condition to derive a set of infinite systems of linear algebraic equations. For the general problems considered here, this method is superior to the more usual approach of using a set of image cylinders to model the channel walls, in particular the occurrence of modes other than the fundamental whenkd> is accurately modelled and the correct form predicted for the far-field.
Some considerations touching the variety of slate, together with a computation of the charges in generall, for covering houses therewith
Authors: Colepresse Samuel
Published: December 2006

Whereas among the materials for building, that for covering is not the least to be considered, among the kinds thereof our contry-slate is not to be despised, and that as well for it stateliness, as permanency
Some observations concerning the baroscope and thermoscope, made and communicated by Doctor J. Wallis at Oxford, and Dr. J Beale at Yeovil in Somerset, deliver'd here according to the several dates, when they were imparted
Authors: Wallis John , Beale John
Published: December 2006

Having not look'd upon my barometer a long time, I did by meer chance cast my eye on it upon Munday last, Decem. 13.1669. about one of the Clock p. m.; and just then I saw the quicksilver higher, than I dare positively affirme that it was ever since I had it in my custody, viz. since May 28. 1664. It was compleatly and apparently above half an inch more than thirty inches high.
To the Illustrious the Lord Henry Howard of Norfolk, &c
Authors: Oldenburg Henry , Howard Henry
Published: December 2006

My Lord,
Have good assurance, that I shall not have need to say much in Justification of this Adventure; or to devise Reasons, why I hold my self obliged to address this
Volume
to your Lordship
.
Some considerations upon Mr. Reeds letter; printed in N. 70. shewing, in what sense the sap may be said to descend, and to circulate in plants; and the graft to communicate with the stock: As also, what choice of apples for the delicacy of the liquor in peculiar seasons; and for easie and speedy propagation: Pears for some lands proper; their choice for manifold uses, especially for pleasant, or for lasting liquor; and how to be planted, and order'd for the best advantage. The best season for transplan
Authors: Beale John
Published: December 2006

Some considerations upon Mr. Reeds letter; printed in N. 70. shewing, in what sense the sap may be said to descend, and to circulate in plants; and the graft to communicate with the Stock: As also, what choice of apples for the delicacy of the liquor in peculiar seasons; and for easie and speedy propagation: Pears for some lands proper; their choice for manifold uses, especially for pleasant, or for lasting liquor; and how to be planted, and order'd for the best advantage. The best season for transplantation. An apiary or discipline of bees, recommended for publick benefit; all by Dr. John Beal in a letter to the publisher of May 13. 1671.
Sir
, I am glad, you have my honoured Friend, Mr.
Reed's
Advertisements; for he is a person of sure veracity and much experience, and disdains not (for his diversion and recreation) to practise, with his own hands, inoculations and the finer kinds of graftings.
Extracts of two letters from Mr. Martin Lister to the publisher, of June 14. 1671. and July 5. 1671. concerning kind of insect, hatched of the english kermes, formerly taken notice of and described by the same in numb. 71. p. 2164; as also the use of these purple insect: husks for tinging, together with a comparison made of this english purple-kermes with the Scarlet-kermes of the shops
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

The
first
Letter,
June
10th. I found several of the
Patellæ kermi formes
hatched in a Box, where I had purposely put them.
An extract of a letter, written to the publisher by the excellent Johannes Hevelius, concerning his further observations of the new star near the beak of the swan; to be compared with what was formerly published of the same argument in numb. 65. and numb. 66
Authors: Hevelius Johannes
Published: December 2006

De reliquo mearum etiam partium esse duxi,
Vobis
quantocyus significare, me nudius tertius, die videl. 29. April.