bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação de impactos da utilização do Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual® para caprinos leiteiros
Authors: Andrade Patrícia Lopes , Oliveira Sônia Maria Pinheiro de , Medeiros Henrique Rocha de , Souza Viviane , Benevides Selene Daiha
Published: April 2016

A avaliação de impactos ambientais e sociais é importante após a introdução de inovações tecnológicas, seu objetivo é avaliar a utilização dessas tecnologias em longo prazo. Este estudo avaliou impactos sociais e ambientais, por meio do Sistema Ambitec, após a adoção do Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual® para caprinos em unidades de produção familiar, localizadas nos municípios de Afonso Bezerra (RN) e Quixadá (CE). Um levantamento por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas caracterizou os sistemas produtivos. Após a adoção do Kit, realizaram-se avaliações utilizando a metodologia do sistema de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental e Social de Inovações Tecnológicas Agropecuárias (Ambitec-Produção Animal e Social). No módulo Produção Animal, os maiores impactos ambientais foram na diminuição de uso de insumos e na melhora no bem-estar dos animais. Já no módulo social, os maiores impactos ocorreram na capacitação e geração de renda nas propriedades localizadas em Quixadá (CE) e no valor da propriedade, dedicação e perfil do responsável nas propriedades do município de Afonso Bezerra-RN. A adoção do Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual® propiciou a produção de um alimento com maior segurança e qualidade, além da diminuição do uso de insumos, indicador que inclui medicamentos veterinários. Conclui-se que o Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual® para caprinos leiteiros é uma tecnologia geradora de impactos ambientais e sociais positivos, com potencial de uso na caprinocultura leiteira familiar.
Nannochloropsis oculata D. microalgae growth in a treated effluent from superintensive shrimp cultivation
Authors: Galindro Bruno Menezes , Lopes Rafael Garcia , Derner Roberto Bianchini , Soares Sebastião Roberto
Published: April 2016

The use of microalgae biomass in order to obtain lipids is an important alternative to be studied and it has great potential to be applied in order to produce food and biofuel, for instance. However, there are some processes of its production which need further study, such as the cultivation inputs. A possibility for an alternative raw material is the effluent from superintensive shrimp cultivation with bioflocs (BF). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and nutrient removal rate of Nannochloropsis oculata cultivation in three systems: (i) f/2 - produced integrally with chemical fertilizers, (ii) BF - using of 100% of the effluent for superintensive shrimp cultivation with bioflocs and (iii) 50/50 – using 50% of shrimp cultivation effluents  and  50% from f/2 system. The microalgae presented greater biomass growth and productitvity in BF system but less lipids and esters accumulation. Concerning nutrient removal, f/2 system showed better performance, which may indicate that the cultivation in BF systems takes longer to reach the stationary growth phase.
Homenagem ao professor José Antonio Dias Garcia
Authors: Agrogeoambiental Revista
Published: April 2016

Abra o arquivo em PDF para ler sobre a trajetória do professor José Antonio Dias Garcia.
Teoria (literatury) to było coś innego. Z Profesor Teresą Cieślikowską rozmawia Irena Hübner
Authors: Cieślikowska Teresa , Hübner Irena
Published: April 2016

Teresa Cieślikowska, emerytowana profesor Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, wybitna teoretyk literatury w rozmowie z Ireną Hübner opowiada o swoich studiach na łódzkiej polonistyce i pracy naukowej.
Nie wiadomo, po co się jedzie. Z Andrzejem Stasiukiem rozmawia Agnieszka Cytacka
Authors: Stasiuk Andrzej , Cytacka Agnieszka
Published: April 2016

Zapis dwóch rozmów z pisarzem Andrzejem Stasiukiem, które Agnieszka Cytacka przeprowadziła w 2015 r. Pierwszy z wywiadów dotyczy książki pt. „Wschód”, drugi zaś „Życie to jednak strata jest. Andrzej Stasiuk w rozmowach z Dorotą Wodecką”.
Iryna Wilde, „Pełnoletnie dzieci”, tł. Y. Yaniv
Authors: Yaniv Yaryna , Wilde Iryna
Published: April 2016

Fragment wydanej w 1952 r. powieści ukraińskiej pisarki Iryny Wilde, jednego z jej najlepszych utworów. „Pełnoletnie dzieci” to autobiograficzna powieść podejmująca problem dojrzewania i kształtowania się osobowości młodego bohatera.
„Poczekalnia” w reżyserii Krystiana Lupy okiem francuskiej krytyki teatralnej
Authors: Grabowski Mateusz
Published: April 2016

Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie francuskich recenzji spektaklu „Poczekalnia” („La Salled’attente”) w reżyserii Krystiana Lupy. Premiera spektaklu odbyła się 7 stycznia 2011 roku w paryskim Théâtre de la Colline. Widowisko od początku spotkało się z bardzo przychylnymi recenzjami, a sam reżyser został określony przez francuskich recenzentów teatralnym potworem, którego geniusz budzi podziw i przerażenie. „Poczekalnia” została odebrana przez francuską widownię jako postromantyczny manifest, w którym kondycja bohaterów utkana jest z rozmaitych kontekstów – od traumy po Holokauście po kryzys idei wolnego rynku.
Alarming Rise in Chronic Liver Disease and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Singh Gurbilas P.
Published: April 2016

This editorial stresses on the alarming rise in chronic liver diseases and the challenges faced in future regarding its management.
Efficacy of Painless Injection Technique - Vibraject - Clinical Trial in Chennai, India
Authors: Chandrasekaran Jeevika , Prabu D. , . Silviya , Sunayana M. , Ahmed Adil , Kumarasamy Barani
Published: April 2016

Background: Pain is the most common cause of needle Phobia. In order to overcome this many advanced injection techniques has been implemented. The most recent and advanced technique was using a small vibrating device to the conventional injection technique.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of vibraject versus conventional injection technique.

Material and Methods: Prospective, randomized, cross-over, single blinded design was carried out among adults above 18 years of age in private hospital in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India. Out of 52 subjects, 37 were willing to participate in the study. Split mouth technique was carried out. A calibrated single examiner used an appropriate amount of anaesthetic solution, 2% lidocaine with 1:100,00 dilution of epinephrine was injected slowly and then patient was asked to report their discomfort and pain was noted using verbal descriptor scale. Sign test was calculated to check the efficacy of vibraject to that of conventional injection technique.

Results: The total sample size consists of 37 study subjects. Out of total study subject, 35 subjects reported increased pain score while using conventional injection technique than using vibraject with a significant difference (Z = -5.5, p = 0.00). Out of total study subject, 14 subjects reported increased pain score while using conventional injection technique than using vibraject. The p value for 2-tailed sign test shows (p = 0.04) there was significant difference between two techniques.

Conclusion: Vibraject has significantly reduced pain both during insertion of needle and during deposition of solution when compared to the conventional injection technique.
Seminogram in Male Partners of Infertile Couples
Authors: Bodal Vijay Kumar , Malik Ruku , Kaur Sarbhjit , Bal Manjit Singh , Kaur Paramjit , Bhagat Ranjeev , Singh K. D. , Goel Ankita
Published: April 2016

Background: Infertility is defined as failure to conceive within one or more years of regular unprotected coitus. The infertility state is dependent on the female factor as well as masculine factor; an altered masculine factor is designated when any cause or causes of infertility reside in the male. The masculine factor as a cause of infertility is present in 40-50 % of cases hence the importance of an integral evaluation of the male alterations and its fertility.

Objectives: The present study aims to assess the seminal patterns of male partners of 100 infertile couples for various parameters and their possible contribution to infertility.

Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on male partners of 100 infertile couples who were referred by Gynecology and Obstetric department to Pathology Department, Government Medical College, Patiala for semen examination. The semen was collected by masturbation in all cases in a clean dry detergent free container. After liquefaction and mixing, basic analysis was done which includes volume, viscosity, pH, spermatozoal concentration, motility and morphology. Data was evaluated by means of chi-square test.

Results: Of 100 seminogram, 43% showed alterations in the seminal indexes; with asthenospermia in 39.5%, Oligoasthenospermia in 30.2%, Oligospermia in 16.2%, and Azoospermia in 13.9%.

Conclusion: Male factors were mostly responsible as a cause of infertility. Asthenospermia was the most common type of semen defect present in these infertile males. Most of the males with semen defect were of age group >30yrs. Incidence of semen defect among males increased with duration of infertility.
A Gross Anatomical Study of Pulmonary Valve in Human Cadavers
Authors: Garg Shavi , Singh Poonam , Sharma Anu , Gupta Gaurav
Published: April 2016

The knowledge of anatomy of the heart has evolved over the ages and has contributed to the applications of cardio thoracic surgery and in understanding physiology of the various heart related diseases. In this study an attempt has been made to study the anatomy of pulmonary valve in human cadaveric hearts. The anatomy of pulmonary valve was studied by gross examination and dissection of hearts. The range of various parameters along with mean value and standard deviation was calculated. The annular length of the pulmonary valve was in the range of 5.4-7.8 cm with mean of 6.5 ± 0.59 cm. The width of right anterior, left anterior and of posterior leaflet was in the range of 1.9-3.1 cm with mean of 2.4 ± 0.35, 1.8-3.4 cm with mean of 2.5 ± 0.45 and 2.1-3.5 cm with mean of 2.7 ± 0.4 respectively. As a result of such studies, current notions may be so changed and extended so as to understand the better morphologic structures of the heart and to provide a scientific basis for its function.
Tailgut Cyst: An Uncommonly Diagnosed Common Entity - A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Agashe Shobhana , Killedar Madhura , Jadhav Vidya , Shivani Aslam , Patil Pramila
Published: April 2016

Tailgut cysts (TGC) though relatively common are rarely diagnosed and documented. Most of the times, they are misdiagnosed and mismanaged. When malignancy develops in TGC it is rarely attributed to it as it is undiagnosed earlier and later on there may not be any evidence left behind. We report one such case which was diagnosed though not preoperatively. Review of literature reveals only few such cases after the initial description by Hjermstad and Helwig in 1988. Surprisingly most of the reports especially the larger case series are by radiologists. Surgeons and pathologists have contributed very few cases. This case report is aimed at increasing the awareness about this entity so that it will be suspected, investigated properly and treated before development of complications like recurrent fistulae, ischioanal abscesses which increase the morbidity and life threatening complications like malignant change.
Lurking in the Dark: Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Krishna Kavita , Adukia Sachin , Dhara Ayantika
Published: April 2016

A subset of the tuberculous population has latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). It is a condition wherein the affected individual is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but does not have any signs or symptoms of tuberculosis nor is he infectious to others. Risk of progression to active tuberculous infection is influenced by co-morbidities like HIV, diabetes, malignancy requiring chemotherapy, infants and children in close contact with susceptible individuals, and healthcare workers. Early diagnosis of LTBI is paramount. In addition to tuberculin test, Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) is the new diagnostic modality that can be used for this purpose. Quantiferon-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) and T-SPOT TB are the two currently available IGRAs, of which the latter is slightly more preferred. More recently, TB PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) has aided accurate and early diagnosis of all forms of TB. While treating LTBI, it is observed that Isoniazid (INH) has stood the test of time and still prevails as the treatment of choice for active infection and for LTBI. Of course, adverse effects of INH and need for regular laboratory monitoring persist. Recently, moxifloxacin has been used as a substitute for INH. Newer drugs like rifapentine, nitromidazopyran, metronidazole and nitrofurans have all been tried with variable success and several clinical limitations, depending on comorbid conditions. India’s burden of extensive prevalence of TB is compounded by paucity of data on the same. The World Health Organization has estimated a mortality of 36 million by 2020 due to TB. This projection should encourage aggressive research into this entity.
Dental Stem Cells
Authors: Vashisht Neha , Vashisht Divy
Published: April 2016

While the regeneration of a lost tissue is known to mankind for several years, it is only in the recent past that research on regenerative medicine/dentistry has gained momentum and eluded the dramatic yet scientific advancements in the field of molecular biology. The growing understanding of biological concepts in the regeneration of oral/dental tissues coupled with experiments on stem cells is likely to result in a paradigm shift in the therapeutic armamentarium of dental and oral diseases culminating in an intense search for “biological solutions to biological problems.” Stem cells have been successfully isolated from variety of human tissues including orofacial tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells which differentiate into a variety of cell types. The potential MSCs for tooth regeneration mainly include stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), adult dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from apical part of the papilla (SCAPs), stem cells from the dental follicle (DFSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). This review article outlines the recent progress in mesenchymal stem cells used in tooth regeneration.
Blink & Caution by T. Wynne-Jones
Authors: Sivak Allison
Published: April 2016

Wynne-Jones, Tim. Blink & Caution. Somerville: Candlewick Press, 2011. Print. Tim Wynne-Jones' new novel is a tightly-paced thriller, featuring two strong and realistic characters with which older adolescent readers will engage. It tells the story of Brent Conroy (or Blink) and Kitty Pettigraw (Caution), two teenagers who are living marginal lives. The narrative shifts back and forth between the story of Blink, told in the second person with a unique rhythm and voice, and that of Caution, a more straight-forward third-person narrative. Blink and Caution live parallel lives, each occupying a precarious living situation—Blink living on the street and Caution with her drug dealer boyfriend; each character has chosen this situation in order to run from their individual personal tragedies, leaving them both open to abuse and other troubles. Blink's story is driven by his discovery of the scene from where Jack Niven, the CEO of a major mining company, was apparently kidnapped; Blink steals Niven’s cell phone, and begins a conversation with Niven’s daughter, who pleads with Blink to help her solve the mystery. Blink soon crosses paths with Caution, who is herself on the run from her boyfriend after stealing thousands of dollars from him, in retribution for his cheating. Together, the two work to solve the kidnapping, and the novel continues on its fast pace. The characters are unusual and yet believable, as Wynne-Jones writes them to a depth of development not always seen in other YA novels. The opening chapter focuses on Blink, and this unusual use of the second-person prompts an immediate engagement with the story, particularly for strong readers who like a challenge. The ending ties together perhaps too neatly; on the other hand, some readers may find this to be a relief after the unrelenting pace of the novel’s narrative drama.Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Allison SivakAllison is the Assessment Librarian at the University of Alberta Libraries. She is currently pursuing her PhD in Library and Information Studies and Elementary Education, focusing on how the aesthetics of information design influence young people’s trust in the credibility of information content.
The Relationship between Trade Openness and Inflation in Turkey
Authors: Atabay Rana
Published: April 2016

Both in Turkey and in the world in 1980 was a year of major structural transformations. Globalization has been accelerated in this time and countries have implemented some liberal policies for opening borders to foreign capital. Economies began to be led by export-oriented industrialization and liberalization policies after 1980 and these policies continue since then. Turkey is one of these countries that began liberalization after 1980. While decreasing trade barriers exerts a downward pressure on prices trade liberalization represents a structural break. This study aims to examine the relationship between trade openness and inflation over the period 1980-2011 for Turkey by using OLS method. The proportion of foreign trade volume (exports plus imports) to GDP and real exchange rates are used as measures of trade openness besides inflation rate. As a result of the study, it has been determined that there was a negative correlation between trade openness and inflation rate for the dedicated years in Turkey. The effects of crisis and election years in Turkey have been also tested and found statistically insignificant.
Robert K. Merton: In Memoriam
Authors: Valero Lumbreras Ángel
Published: April 2016

Robert King Merton, nacido Meyer R. Schkolnick un cuatro de julio de mil novecientos diez en un suburbio pobre de Filadelfia, ha muerto el veintitrés de febrero de este año en la ciudad de Nueva York. Su larga vida ha corrido paralela a la del siglo, y aún ha tenido tiempo de asomarse a las puertas del siglo XXI, cuya sociología, sea la que fuere, no podrá entenderse sin su señera figura teórica y su extenso trabajo en la creación de la disciplina de la sociología de la ciencia. Iniciado en los estudios sociológicos de la mano de George E. Simpson, profesor del Temple College, institución educativa de la Iglesia baptista, asistente de Pitirim Sorokin en la Universidad de Harvard, discípulo de Sarton, L.J. Henderson y Conant, y profesor de la Universidad de Columbia durante treinta y cinco años, Robert K. Merton ha sido uno de los sociólogos más importantes del siglo XX y, sin lugar a dudas, el fundador de la sociología norteamericana de la ciencia. La sociología de Merton, elaborada a la par que la naciente historia de la ciencia y sobre el trasfondo de la filosofía neopositivista, primero, y la filosofía de factura popperiana y kuhniana, Después, constituye una indagación de los marcos sociales en los que la actividad científica se desenvuelve. Su tesis doctoral "Ciencia, tecnología y sociedad en la Inglaterra del siglo XVII", es un ejemplo detallado y brillante de la posición que afirma que el desarrollo básico y permanente de la ciencia sólo puede acontecer en sociedades de un cierto tipo, aquellas que proveen las condiciones materiales y culturales idóneas para el cultivo de tan delicada planta (Merton, 1970).
Violencia doméstica: la importancia de aprender a mirar
Authors: Blanco García Ana Isabel
Published: April 2016

Este trabajo es un intento de abordar el problema de la violencia doméstica desde una perspectiva que dé prioridad a la mirada que las propias mujeres tienen sobre el mismo. Comienza con un recorrido a través de los cambios que se han producido en los modelos e identidades femeninas en nuestra sociedad y subraya la importancia de adoptar una perspectiva teórica apropiada para explicar y comprender mejor el fenómeno. Tras revisar las diferentes explicaciones con las que contamos para abordar el problema, se centra en el análisis de la película de Icíar Bollaín "Te doy mis ojos". De él extraemos las conclusiones que nos parecen más interesantes desde la perspectiva sociológica, para elaborar propuestas de actuación.
Introduction to special section on Organizational Challenges in the Knowledge Society
Authors: Murray Anne
Published: April 2016

The field of Organizational Behavior (OB) has been built on human sciences of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. We know that people and their emotions, motivations, prejudices, skills, temperaments, experiences, attitudes, fears, etc. are the key components of our organizations. The articles in this special section each take a different approach to the topic of furthering our understanding of OB in a knowledge economy, but all address the core need to understand culture and behavioral principles of people. This common core of understanding organizations gets us back to attending to the people who work there.
The Proof is in The History: The Louisiana Constitution Recognises Transsexual Marriages and Louisiana Sex Discrimination Law Covers Transsexuals – So Why Isn’t Everybody Celebrating?
Authors: Rose Katrina C
Published: April 2016

Approximately half of the states in the United States of America have statutes recognising the reality of transsexualism. US Attorney and transgender legal historian, Katrina Rose, examines one of the earliest of these, revealing that Louisiana legislators in 1968 clearly understood the difference between gay marriages, and heterosexual marriages in which one spouse is transsexual. Rose also suggests that adoption of such a statute should be viewed expansively, with positive ramifications throughout the state’ s body of law. Additionally, she offers a scathing critique of the hypocrisy which has long permeated the American gay rights movement’s willingness to minimise transgender issues and to avoid treating transsexuals as equals. It is argued that this is no longer mere political polemic as the growing number of sweeping anti-gay constitutional amendments has transformed the history of transgendered people having no voice in the gay-marriage-dominated gay agenda into an essential element of transsexuals’ defence where legislative intent of such amendments are an issue in matters involving transsexuals.
Re Kevin in Perspective
Authors: Wallbank Rachael
Published: April 2016

This article discusses the evolution of the common law concerning the phenomenon of transsexualism while seeking to identity the place occupied in that process by the decision of Justice Richard Chisholm (as he then was) in Re Kevin: Validity of Marriage of Transsexual [2001] FamCA 1074 (‘Re Kevin’) and the affirming decision of the Full Court of Family Court of Australia in respect of the appeal of that decision in The Attorney-General for the Commonwealth v "Kevin and Jennifer" and Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission [2003] FamCA 94 (‘Re Kevin-Full Court’); collectively referred to as ‘the Re Kevin decisions’. The article examines the phenomenon of transsexualism, associated language, terminology and causation issues as well as discussing the legal rights of young people in respect of medical treatment for transsexualism aided by a critique of the Australian decision Re Alex – Hormonal Treatment for Gender Identity Dysphoria [2004] FamCA 297.
TransPanthers: The Greying of Transgender and the Law
Authors: Witten Tarynn M , Whittle Stephen
Published: April 2016

Aging is a universal normalising process. No gender identity, no body form, no sex/sexuality is necessarily fixed in time and none of these facets of the human spirit are invulnerable to the ongoing processes of aging. Aging unites us in a way that no other process can. It is universal and inevitable. The emergence of a vocal population of transgender individuals of all ages mandates that we address the problems of aging in this population. The combined stigma of being elderly and transgender can serve as a strong traumatising force in the lives of such individu- als. In this article, we focus on the interaction of aging, non-normative body forms and identities, and the law.
Exemptions from a Tenant’s Express Obligation to Repair - Is The Landlord Responsible by Implication?
Authors: Duncan William , Christensen Sharon
Published: April 2016

The Victorian Supreme Court in Carbure Pty Ltd v Brile Pty Ltd (2002) V Conv R 54-663 declined to imply a covenant on the part of the landlord to undertake structural repairs to leased premises where the express repair covenant in the lease excluded from the tenant’s obligations structural repair. By contrast, the court in Reilly v Liangis Investments (2000) 9 BPR 17,509 (NSWSC) assumed that in identical circumstances, the landlord had the responsibility to undertake structural repairs. The conclusion that neither a landlord nor a tenant is obliged to undertake repair falling within the exclusions in the lessee’s covenant also has ramifications for other excluded obligations such as fair wear and tear. This article examines the position of the parties in this anomalous situation and whether or not an implied term relating to structural repair could exist against the landlord. The article critiques the differing views in relation to the landlord’s obligation of repair for stand alone leased premises as compared to multi-tenanted buildings and the backround influence of the covenant for quiet enjoyment. It concludes by noting that a repair covenant will rarely be implied against a landlord to the benefit of a tenant and, for the sake of certainty, if possible, an express covenant on the part of the landlord to undertake structural repair should be incorporated in the lease.
The Tragicomedy of the Surfers' Commons
Authors: Nazer Daniel
Published: April 2016

Ideally, the introduction to this article would contain two photos. One would be a photo of Lunada Bay. Lunada Bay is a rocky, horseshoe-shaped bay below a green park in the Palos Verdes neighbourhood of Los Angeles. It is a spectacular surf break, offering long and powerful rides. The other photograph would be of horrific injuries sustained by Nat Young, a former world surfing champion. Nat Young was severely beaten after a dispute that began as an argument over who had priority on a wave. These two images would help a non-surfer understand the stakes involved when surfers compete for waves. The waves themselves are an extraordinary resource lying at the centre of many surfers’ lives. The high value many surfers place on surfing means that competition for crowded waves can evoke strong emo- tions. At its worst, this competition can escalate to serious assaults such as that suffered by Nat Young.
Told Nervous Shock: Has the Pendulum Swung in Favour of Recovery by Television Viewers?
Authors: Rajendran Ramanan
Published: April 2016

‘Nervous shock’ was recognised as a recoverable form of injury in the early 1900s. Only recently however this form of injury has received extended coverage in the High Court of Australia and the legislature. Unfortunately, there are few clear guidelines, especially from the High Court judgments. This article discusses the implication of the recent decisions of Tame and Annetts and Gifford, as well as the history of ‘nervous shock’ and statutory developments. It seeks to clarify the approach of the High Court and the legislature in the area of nervous shock, especially as it relates to recovery for ‘nervous shock’ by viewers of distressing events on television.
Academics and Intellectual Property: Treading the Tightrope
Authors: Reid Tom
Published: April 2016

Most Australian universities still uphold the tradition that an academic's work is performed for the greater public good, and that it is therefore necessary to donate back at least the copyright in the academic's scholarly work to the academic, so that the work may be freely disseminated. However, faced with tighter and tighter budgets, the same universities are increasingly turning to commercial partnerships to add to their revenue. The intellectual property created by academics in the course of their employment, if commercially exploited, is potentially a valuable source of revenue to the university. As a result, there is the prospect of growing conflict between academics and their universities over copyright ownership, and the erosion of the tradition of academic ownership of copyright in scholarly works. Simultaneously, the notion that an academic is paid for the whole of his or her time is being eroded by the trend toward sessional teaching. Nevertheless, the recent case Victoria University v Wilson illustrates that an academic can still owe fiduciary duties to his or her university capable of covering work performed outside the academic's scope of employment.
EXPLORING THE BENEFITS AND PITFALLS OF USING MUTUAL WILLS
Authors: CASSIDY JULIE
Published: April 2016

[The purpose of this article is to consider a peculiar type of will known in equity as a mutual will. The major focus is a consideration of the interplay of the legal effect of mutual wills and the practical use of such wills. It is hoped that this discussion will assist legal practitioners in identifying those clients who may benefit from executing mutual wills, identifying those clients who might intend to execute mutual wills, advising clients as to the pros and cons of mutual wills and the benefits of accompanying such wills with a deed or contract.] 
BAKER V THE QUEEN & FARDON V ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR THE STATE OF QUEENSLAND
Authors: ROOS OSCAR
Published: April 2016

[In 2004, the High Court of Australia had cause to revisit its 1996 decision in Kable, as well as to consider the nature of judicial power as it relates to the deprivation of liberty, outside of the parameters of conventional criminal sentencing. The resulting decisions of Fardon and Baker demonstrate the lack of constitutional protections afforded to people who become the focus of governmental campaigns to be “tough on crime”. The so-called “Kable principle”, as construed by the High Court in 2004, may prove to be the “constitutional watch dog that barks but once”.] 
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPEAN COMPANY AND BUSINESS LAW
Authors: SAENGER INGO
Published: April 2016

[Company Law, Business Law and Capital Markets Law in Europe are widely influenced by a multitude of regulations and directives as well as by the case-law of the European Court of Justice. There have already been nu- merous cases in which the ECJ gave fresh impetus to several developments which were slowed down before by specific statutory provisions of individual Member States. The most recent reason for a special focus on the up-to-date developments are the prevailing dynamics in EU-wide harmonization of law in general and in particular the Action Plan on “Modernising Company Law and Enhancing Corporate Governance in the EU” presented by the Euro- pean Commission.] 
THE BIRTH TORTS: DAMAGES FOR WRONGFUL BIRTH AND WRONGFUL LIFE
Authors: STRETTON DEAN
Published: April 2016

[This article examines the capacity of parents of children (whether dis- abled or not) born as a result of medical negligence to sue for the costs associated with the birth and raising of the children (‘wrongful birth’), as well as the capacity of disabled children who owe their existence to medi- cal negligence to sue for the costs associated with the disability (‘wrong- ful life’). Many legal systems have allowed the first type of claim, but very few have allowed the second type. The author argues that allowing both types of claim is consistent with ordinary principles of tort law, and that there are no policy reasons that override this conclusion. Consequently, a range of damages ought to be available in relation to both types of claim.] 
LESS THAN THEY BARGAINED FOR: UNION BARGAINING FEES IN CERTIFIED AGREEMENTS- A MATTER OF LAW, POLITICS OR PUBLIC POLICY?
Authors: DONOVAN GUY
Published: April 2016

[The High Court of Australia’s decision in Electrolux No 3, combined with the Australian government’s changes to workplace relations law, has en- sured that unions are prohibited from charging bargaining fees. The gov- ernment claimed to have prohibited the fees on the basis that they offend the principle of “freedom of association”. However, the government failed to consider other policy considerations and considerable international precedents that suggest if bargaining fees are limited to an amount cover- ing bargaining services alone, they provide unions with a beneficial source of financial security, whilst also overcoming the free-rider problem and maintaining respect for the concept of voluntary unionism. Therefore, it is perhaps incorrect to suggest that the prohibition of bargaining fees was prescribed by the government on the basis of some overriding concern for the freedom of association. Rather it seems more realistic to suggest that freedom of association was the guise under which the government was able to further marginalise the role of unions in industrial relations in or- der to promote its own ideological and economic agenda.] 
PRECEDENT AND POLICY: AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS REFORM IN THE 21ST CENTURY USING THE CORPORATIONS POWER
Authors: GRAY ANTHONY
Published: April 2016

[This article will discuss the topical issue of whether the Commonwealth, in Australia’s federal system of government, can rely on its so-called “corporations power” in order to pass planned industrial relations laws. The Federal Government has recently indicated its plans to introduce a national system of industrial relations regulation in Australia. While the detail of the proposed legislation is not currently to hand, the planned changes raise a controversial issue whether the Australian Government would permit such regulation. This article considers the corporations power as justification for the proposed laws.] 
SOME CARE, LITTLE RESPONSIBILITY? PROMOTING DIRECTORS’ AND MANAGERS’ LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
Authors: WHEELWRIGHT KAREN
Published: April 2016

[Health and safety at work remains a serious and under-recognised prob- lem in Australia. This paper argues for the importance of increasing the individual responsibility and accountability of senior managers and direc- tors of corporations for the development and maintenance of occupational health and safety (OHS) standards in the workplace. In order to do so, the paper first sets out the range of statutory and general law duties and li- abilities to which directors and senior managers are subject, considers to what extent these obligations have relevance in the OHS area and argues for the extension of these duties and liabilities in some circumstances. The paper then goes on to argue for a better legislative model for the legal re- sponsibility of managers and officers, supported by the increased prosecu- tion of individuals in appropriate circumstances, as well as acknowledging the benefits of a broader range of non-legal strategies to improve board- level commitment to OHS that will influence corporate compliance over- all.] 
THE CONSTITUTION AND A NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS REGIME
Authors: WILLIAMS GEORGE
Published: April 2016

[The federal Government is proposing to bring about a single national scheme for the regulation of industrial relations in Australia. This will raise a number of important constitutional questions that may need to be resolved by the High Court. These questions as examined in this article are: could a single national law for the regulation of industrial relations be passed under a head of Commonwealth power (in particular, under the Commonwealth's powers over corporations, interstate trade and commerce or external affairs); even such a law could so be enacted, would it nevertheless be struck down due to an express or implied constitutional limitation; and to what extent could the law override the State laws that already govern much of the field?] 
THE CONFLICT OF THE RATIONALITIES: INTERNATIONAL LAW, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE WAR IN IRAQ
Authors: CUSHMAN THOMAS
Published: April 2016

[When one thinks of international law and human rights, one imagines that they are complimentary phenomena. The goal of international law is to protect human rights, and human rights are to be enjoyed, presumably on a global basis, under the protection of a universally binding rule of inter- national law. To be for human rights is necessarily to be for international law, and vice versa. The central purpose of this essay is to argue that not only is the presumed positive relationship between international law and human rights not necessarily the case, but that the relationship is of a more tense and conflictual nature. In some cases, there is a negative or in- verse relationship between law and human rights. While there is an as- sumption that the promotion of international law and the promotion of human rights are essentially part of the same project of modernity, this is not the case. At a rhetorical level, they appear to be one and the same thing, but at a practical level – literally, at the level at which international law is practiced and at which human rights is practiced – international law and human rights constitute different value-spheres in the contempo- rary world.] 
STUDENT SUBJECTIVITY AND THE LAW*
Authors: LINDSAY BRUCE
Published: April 2016

[This article examines the character of the university student in law in the context of wide-ranging changes to Australian higher education since the 1980s. The legal character of the student derives from two major sources: establishment of a university jurisdiction, primarily under State University Acts, and federal higher education funding legislation. With the rise of market/economic conditions in the sector, the student has become subject to tensions between these sources of law, increasingly resolved in terms of his/her existence as a “consumer” within a commercial university model. Alongside the older statutory university jurisdictions, the standing of the student is both increasingly complex and impoverished.] 
TAKING PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY SERIOUSLY WITHIN A BILL OF RIGHTS FRAMEWORK
Authors: MEAGHER DAN
Published: April 2016

[The Victorian Government has made a commitment to consult with the community on how best to protect and promote human rights in Victoria. To this end, it has established a Human Rights Consultation Committee to undertake this consultation and to report on the desirability or otherwise of enacting a Bill of Rights. The government has, however, indicated its preference for a statutory Bill of Rights and one that preserves the 'sover- eignty of Parliament'. This article takes those two government preferences as its baseline and then explores what might follow if the preservation of parliamentary sovereignty is taken seriously within a Victorian rights framework.] 
SOURCES OF DOUBT, SOURCES OF DUTY: HLA HART ON INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: MORSS JOHN
Published: April 2016

[In many ways HLA Hart’s critical analysis of the concept of law, with its repudiation of simple command theories of legal obligation, is at the same time a critique of the notion of state sovereignty. It is therefore an adumbration, if no more, of a radical reconceptualisation of interna- tional law, one which redefines the distinction between municipal and in- ternational jurisdiction. This paper is an exploration of what Hart could or ‘should’ have said about international law, based as much as possible on what he did say about international law and law in general. After some introductory comments it outlines Hart’s general analysis of law, with particular reference to the relevance for our understanding of inter- national law.] 
THE FUTURE OF INSIDER TRADING IN AUSTRALIA: WHAT DID RENE RIVKIN TEACH US?
Authors: OVERLAMD JULIETTE
Published: April 2016

[The case of R v. Rivkin1 is one of the very few Australian cases resulting in a conviction for insider trading, making it a landmark case in this area of the law. This article examines developments in Australian law relating to insider trading in light of this decision of the New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal. Aspects of the insider trading offence which have been clarified by Rivkin’s case are examined and discussed, as are those which remain contentious or unclear despite the judgment. The essential ele- ments of the insider trading offence are reviewed in this context, particu- larly in light of recent legislative reform and relevant academic commentary. This article also considers the role of the courts in interpret- ing difficult legislative provisions such as the laws regulating insider trad- ing, as well as providing an international perspective by analysing the potential application of key provisions of the legislative regimes of other jurisdictions. Clarification of contentious aspects of insider trading has been much needed, so despite the continuing absence of clarity in relation to some elements of the offence, judicial pronouncement by a higher court on these issues should be viewed as a welcome development to the laws on insider trading.] 
DIRECTORS’ PERSONAL LIABILITY- IS THE PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO SECTION 197 ACCEPTABLE WHEN COMPARED WITH HANEL V O’NEILL?
Authors: THAI LANG
Published: April 2016

[On 2 June 2005, the Australian Government announced a proposal to amend s. 197 of the Corporations Act. This is to overturn the decision in Hanel v. O'Neill (“Hanel”) where the South Australian Supreme Court has expanded the circumstances in which directors of trustee companies can be held personally liable for the debts under the current section 197(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). The multiple interpretations presented in Hanel highlighted the uncertainty of s. 197 and this uncertainty is height- ened in at least two subsequent cases. The article provides a detailed analysis of how the decision in Hanel is affecting the directors' freedom of management and suggests some precautionary measures that the directors could take as protection against creditor's actions under s. 197. The au- thor welcomes the proposed amendment because the new section will cre- ate certainty for directors as to the scope of their potential personal liability, but contends that the substance of the proposed s. 197 is not ac- ceptable as there is potential for abuse by directors of certain trustee com- panies.] 
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA: AN EXERCISE IN LAW, POLITICS AND DIPLOMACY BY RACHEL KERR (OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2004) 239 PAGES. PRICE AUD$180.00 (HARDCOVER). ISBN 0 19 926305 1
Authors: UPCHER JAMES
Published: April 2016

THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA: AN EXERCISE IN LAW, POLITICS AND DIPLOMACY BY RACHEL KERR (OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2004) 239 PAGES. PRICE AUD$180.00 (HARDCOVER). ISBN 0 19 926305 1 

When the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established in 1993, the fabric uniting the Balkans was ripping apart. How could an ad hoc Tribunal, thousands of kilometres from the conflict with no enforcement apparatus, ameliorate the anarchy and destruction sweeping the region? In its early years it languished almost unused, its courtrooms empty. In 2005, as the ICTY moves slowly towards the completion of its mandate, increased international pres- sure has led to a series of surrenders of indicted suspects.1 It is a significant achievement that Slobodan Milosevic, the alleged architect of so much of the car- nage in the Balkans, now sits in the dock of the ICTY, defending charges of geno- cide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. His favoured approach is to play the martyr. 
Admissibility of Propensity Evidence in Paedophilia Cases
Authors: Williams C R , Draganich Sandra
Published: April 2016

Application of the propensity evidence rule in paedophilia cases starkly highlights the tension between the two competing principles underlying the rule. Paedophilia is an area where the danger of prejudice is at its highest. At the same time the probative significance of propensity evidence may be great. In their habitual offending behaviour, paedophiles seek to establish opportunity and overcome the child’s resistance to the sexual acts, typically through a long and drawn out grooming process in a manner calculated to minimise the risk of detection. Evidence of similar misconduct of the accused may be highly probative in establishing this pattern of paedophilia behaviour, and a proper factor to be taken account of in balancing probative value against risk of prejudice. In this context the Hoch/Pfennig test for admissibility is unduly strict. A more satisfactory balance between probative value and danger of prejudice may be achieved under the provisions of the uniform Evidence Acts and the pre-Hoch/Pfennig common law contained in s 398A of the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic).
Transforming Customary Title to Individual Title: Revisiting the Cathedral
Authors: Hepburn Samantha
Published: April 2016

At the date of writing, the proposed amendments to the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 (NT) endorsing the transfer of customary ownership to the Northern Territory government in exchange for a re-grant of a sub-lease, had not yet been passed. This article examines the rationalisations underlying this proposed change and the broader implications for customary ownership. Individuated title cannot accurately encompass the cultural foundations of indigenous ownership because it is sourced in a different ontological perspective. It is argued that the transformation of customary ownership into individual title will destroy its unique communal foundation, dislocate indigenous ‘tenants’ from their customary identity and produce a complex network of fractionalised interests. It is argued that such a shift is ultimately a retrograde step which, as experience in the United States and New Zealand has clearly shown, cannot provide an economic solution for remote indigenous communities.
The HIH Collapse: A Costly Catalyst for Reform
Authors: Allan Gregor
Published: April 2016

This paper examines the corporate governance and audit law reforms wrought in the wake of recent corporate scandals such as the HIH collapse. It considers the cost of these reforms and, using HIH as a principle reference point, the likely benefits. In particular, it questions reforms in the areas of auditor independence and audit standards. Do the new independence requirements go far enough? Does audit practice regulation now go too far? Indeed, is the audit function inherently
susceptible to legislated sanction – or does this denigrate the very
essence of auditing as a profession?
Trade as a Weapon? The WTO and Human Rights-Based Trade Measures
Authors: Schultz Jenny , Ball Rachel
Published: April 2016

Can the World Trade Organisation become a body for addressing human rights issues? As an international body the the WTO is growing in stature. However moves to encompass human rights concerns are unlikely to go unchallenged by developing nations, and the WTO’s internal rules add another layer of complexity. Trade sanctions can be a blunt weapon in human rights campaigns.
'Desperately Mortal': Exclusion in Shakespeare's Legal Plays
Authors: Morss John R
Published: April 2016

Shakespeare’s most explicitly ‘legal’ plays are The Merchant of Venice and Measure for Measure. Both examine the interaction between human desire on one hand and the law on the other. In both plays laws cuts through the social hierarchies, either neutralising or exaggerating them. Key characters find their exclusion nullified by the law, and then discover inclusion is far worse than exclusion.