bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placing sustainable development at the heart of government in the UK: the role of law in the evolution of sustainable development as the central organising principle of government
Authors: Jenkins Victoria
Published: April 2006

The government has made a commitment to ensure that sustainable development is placed at the heart of decision-making. The UK's strategy has primarily involved the development of voluntary measures to achieve sustainable development in policy-making. These measures are monitored by a Sustainable Development Commission and, most importantly, a parliamentary Environmental Audit Committee. However, a number of public bodies also have a statutory duty in respect of sustainable development. These duties do not create enforceable legal obligations, but may have significant value as a clear statement of policy on the achievement of sustainable development – providing political leadership at the highest level. It is essential to this aim that the government provides a clear message regarding the objective of sustainable development. However, close investigation of these duties reveals not only a partial legal framework, but a number of inconsistencies in the government's approach to the achievement of sustainable development.
Representations of the (woman) judge: Hercules, the little mermaid, and the vain and naked Emperor
Authors: Rackley Erika
Published: April 2006

This paper reconsiders images of the judge and, in particular, the position of the woman judge using fairy tale and myth. It begins by exploring the actuality of women's exclusion within the judiciary, traditional explanations for this and the impact of recent changes. It goes on to consider the image of the Herculean judge, arguing that whilst we may view him as an ideological construct, or even as a fairy tale, we routinely deny this to ourselves and to others. This both ensures the normative survival of Hercules and simultaneously constrains counter-images of judges, including that of the woman judge, who becomes almost a contradiction in terms, faced with the need to shed her difference and fit the fairy tale. Like the little mermaid, the woman judge must trade her voice for partial acceptance in the prince's world.

This image of silencing which Andersen's tale so vividly captures highlights a paradox in current discourses of adjudication. On the one hand, women judges are viewed as desirable in order to broaden the range of perspectives on the bench, thus making the judiciary more representative; on the other hand, judges are supposed to be without perspective, thus suggesting there is little need for a representative judiciary. Feminists and other commentators negotiate their way uncomfortably through this territory, acknowledging a gender dimension to adjudication, but failing fully to confront its implications. This paper seeks to ‘undress’ the judge, to flush out images of adjudication which deter or prevent women from joining the judiciary and constrain their potential within it. It highlights both the role of the imagination in existing conceptions of adjudication and the increasing necessity for a re-imagined Hercules – an alternative understanding of the judge which women and other groups currently underrepresented on the bench can comfortably and constructively occupy.
Making sex: law's narratives of sex, gender and identity
Authors: Grenfell Laura
Published: April 2006

From the 1970 decision of Corbett onwards, legal narratives established two modes of categorising complex social identity in relation to sex and gender. These narratives responded to complex identity questions by attempting to simplify identity by limiting it to biological factors or anatomical and psychological factors.

I demonstrate that the law's struggle to ‘make’ sex is reflected to a certain extent by feminism's trajectory, in that feminisms have also attempted to grapple with these complex questions, and often opted for the same simple solutions to the problem of understanding gender, sex and identity. The aim of this paper is to show that some strands of feminist theory, specifically post-structuralist feminist theory, can produce a more progressive and constructive approach to determining sex in their ability to illuminate the complexities of identity. In particular, my aim is to urge those courts that ‘make’ sex to consider these complexities and the implications that flow from placing transgender people into rigid and narrow categories.
Confidence and the constructive trust
Authors: Wu Tang Hang
Published: April 2006

Almost every leading work on the law of confidence mentions the possibility of a declaration of a constructive trust as a remedy for a claim involving an abuse of confidence. Apart from the Canadian Supreme Court, no other appellate court in the Commonwealth has seriously debated this issue. This paper investigates the legitimacy of the use of the constructive trust in this context.
Constructive trusts and estoppel
Authors: Nield Sarah
Published: April 2006

Repeated comments are made as to the similarity between the common intention constructive trust and proprietary estoppel, but there remains considerable confusion over the precise nature of this interrelationship. The constituent elements of each doctrine bear close comparison and, although their respective modes of operation remain distinct, they may lead to similar results. The recent redefinition of the Pallant v Morgan equity provides an opportunity to probe once more the interrelationship between these doctrines. The Pallant v Morgan1 equity explores the operation of the Rochefoucauld v Boustead2 doctrine in the context of the joint acquisition of land and demonstrates the enforceability of express oral intention based upon a wider range of unconscionablity than the detriment based conduct which dominates both the common intention constructive trust and estoppel.
Dead, but not buried: bodies, burial and family conflicts
Authors: Conway Heather
Published: April 2006

While recent public attention has focused on disputes concerning the fate of the dead such as the Bristol and Alder Hey organ retention scandals, this paper considers a much less publicised area of dispute which has nevertheless generated a significant amount of case law and potentially affects a much wider proportion of society. The paper looks at conflicts which arise when relatives cannot agree on how to bury their dead, the motives behind such disputes and the factors which influence their resolution. It examines the legal framework which has been applied by courts to date, proposes alternative solutions to this framework and questions the potential impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on family burial conflicts.
Medical information, confidentiality and a child’s right to privacy
Authors: Loughrey Joan
Published: April 2006

Following the Gillick case in 1986, it was recognised that mature minors were owed a duty of confidentiality in respect of their medical information. Subsequent cases confirmed that the duty was also owed to non-competent children, including infants, but without explaining the basis for finding the existence of such a duty and its scope. It is particularly unclear when and upon what legal basis a doctor could disclose information to parents when their child wished to keep it confidential. This paper will examine the law of confidentiality as it applies to children, identifying issues which are problematic. Developments in the law of personal confidences which have taken place as a result of the Human Rights Act 1998, and the recognition of Article 8 rights as part of the law, will be reviewed and analysed from the perspective of the duty of confidence owed to children in respect of their medical information. Finally, the paper will offer an explanation of a basis for disclosure to parents which minimises violations of a minor's autonomy.
Divided justice, different voices: inheritance and family provision
Authors: Cownie Fiona , Bradney Anthony
Published: April 2006

Both the Family Division of the High Court and the Chancery Division of the High Court exercise jurisdiction over the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Act 1975, with the applicant being able to elect the Division that they wish to proceed in. Many practitioners believe that the two Divisions have different attitudes towards the Act. This paper argues the structure of the 1975 Act makes it highly likely that the two Divisions will approach in different ways and that a close analysis of judgments shows that there is a discernible difference in the rhetoric that is used in judgments in the two Divisions, that this difference in rhetoric affects the way in which applicants are viewed and that thus sometimes it affects the outcome of cases. Since there is no advantage in practice to having the two jurisdictions and since the difference between the jurisprudences in the two Divisions can result in like cases not being treated alike, an elementary form of injustice. The paper concludes that it would be better if one Division exercised sole jurisdiction over the Act.
Islamic jurisprudence and the role of the accused: a re-examination
Authors: Farrar S A
Published: April 2006

This paper re-examines the Orientalist view that Islamic criminal justice operates without any constitutional protections for the individual. It takes the works of Noel Coulson as representative of the canon and subjects them to critical scrutiny. Rather than mimic Orientalist methods of analysis, the author integrates the views of a contemporary, but traditional Islamic scholar, and demonstrates that an accused receives similar, if not more, protection than in a secular, Western tradition.
A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom?
Authors: Hale Brenda
Published: April 2006

The Government's Consultation Paper does not have a question mark in its title. It does not purport to be a serious discussion of the role of a Supreme Court in a democracy. This is scarcely to be expected of such a document or its respondents, so I propose to respond in its own terms rather than on the loftier plane usually adopted by contributors to this journal. More unexpectedly, the Consultation Paper does not even put forward a serious set of options to consider. At the Law Commission, we always had (at least a metaphorical) question mark in our title because we almost always put forward two options which do not appear in this consultation: the ‘do nothing’ and the ‘let’s abolish it' options. Both have a lot to be said for them here.
Supreme Courts, independence and democratic agency
Authors: Webber Jeremy
Published: April 2006

This paper explores the reasons for the proposed abolition of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords and its replacement by a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. It focuses on the principal justification now advanced for the project, namely the need to institute full judicial independence. It does so very much in the spirit of the argument recently made by Lord Steyn in Counsel (although it comes to a very different conclusion from Lord Steyn's): even if there is a clear commitment to the reform of the United Kingdom's highest judiciary, the nature of that reform should depend entirely on the reasons for change. It is necessary to be clear on those reasons and to weigh them carefully.
Modernising the constitution: completing the unfinished business
Authors: Malleson K E
Published: April 2006

Constitutional reform in the UK is usually pragmatic and piecemeal. Occasionally, however, comprehensive changes are proposed which are primarily driven by principle. The current proposals for constitutional change are a rare example of this type of reform. The abolition of the office of Lord Chancellor, the creation of a new Supreme Court and a Judicial Appointments Commission make up a package of measures intended to ‘redraw the relationship between the judiciary and the other branches of government’ and put it on a ‘modern footing’ by introducing a much clearer separation of powers between them.
Reflections on continental European Supreme Courts
Authors: Bell John
Published: April 2006

The Government's Consultation Paper Constitutional Reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom (July 2003) is interesting in that it is written as an argument for a technical ‘fix’. The argument essentially is that we need to separate the Appellate Committee from the political House of Lords and abolish the Lord Chancellor. The discussion then focuses on how this can be done with the minimum change to the jurisdiction and composition of the existing courts. There is no attempt at strategic thinking. It is constitutional reform by way of incremental change. What I want to do here is to use some continental European experiences to suggest a number of strategic questions which either do not appear in the Consultation Paper from the Department of Constitutional Affairs or which are handled too rapidly, but which are important for the future functioning of a Supreme Court. There are only a limited number of lessons which can be learnt from any comparative survey. In this inquiry, as in many, the contrasts between legal systems only raise questions, rather than offering solutions. It is an agenda-setting exercise.
Appointment and career of judges in continental Europe: the rise of judicial self-government
Authors: Guarnieri Carlo
Published: April 2006

Traditionally, European continental judiciaries have been organised along a bureaucratic, civil service model. Early recruitment was complemented by the strong hierarchical character of the judicial organisation. Therefore, in this type of judiciary guarantees of independence have been problematic because of the influence hierarchical superiors (or in some cases the government itself) had on promotions.

Since the Second World War the need for change has been increasingly felt. The main aims have been to increase external independence, especially vis-à-vis the executive, and to protect lower ranking judges from negative influence by the senior judiciary, often considered to be too responsive to governmental wishes.
The reform of English personal property security law: functionalism and Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code
Authors: Davies Iwan
Published: April 2006

Historically, Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code has influenced in the debate over the reform of personal property security law in England. The revision to Article 9 has provided some further impetus to the issue of reform. A central feature of Article 9 which has been adopted in recent reform proposals for English law is the development of a generic unitary concept of the security interest and the specific rejection of formalism in security transactions. The impact upon the common law environment in England and Wales of the adoption of such an approach is considered in this paper. It is argued that the unitary concept of a ‘security interest’ is too blunt a concept and is over inclusive in that it wrongly assumes that all security interests perform an identical function. Furthermore, the development of functionalism seen in Article 9 has blurred an important distinction drawn under the common law between relative property rights and in this way fails to distinguish between what are essentially different transactions. In turn, this invites scrutiny of the usefulness in this context of notice filing and the first-to-file priority rule which is at the heart of an Article 9 regime.
Out of touch and out of time: lawyers, their leaders and collective mobility within the legal profession
Authors: Francis Andrew M
Published: April 2006

The legal profession has experienced enormous upheaval over the last 30 years and this paper suggests that legal professional associations have failed to come to grips with this ‘brave new world’. This paper argues that the Law Society's current difficulties in performing its traditional roles are not simply examples of passing contemporary problems. Rather they represent the declining ability of the Law Society to serve as the fulcrum of the profession's collective advancement. Professional control may exist but on an individual and contingent basis alongside a reduced role for the Law Society.
The doctrine of informed consent: does it exist and has it crossed the Atlantic?
Authors: Maclean Alasdair R
Published: April 2006

Use of the term ‘informed consent’ is commonplace in both bioethics and medical law. In the legal context the term may be referred to as ‘the doctrine of informed consent’ but the way that this latter term is used raises doubt as to its value as a legal concept. In this paper I explore the concept of the ‘doctrine of informed consent’ and suggest that it may be useful, but only if limited to the autonomy-driven duty to disclose rather than as a more general referent. Having established the nature of the concept I then consider whether the doctrine - which is applied in a minority of US states, Canada and Australia - has crossed the Atlantic and become part of the law in England and Wales. In particular, I analyse Lord Woolf MR's judgment in Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust and suggest that the law has moved towards the doctrine but that it still falls short of the disclosure required by the reasonable patient standard.
Property rights and personal relationships: reflections on reform
Authors: Mee John
Published: April 2006

This paper considers the possible reform of the law governing property rights upon the termination of a close personal relationship, taking as its point of departure the Law Commission's Discussion Paper on Home-Sharing (2002). Having considered the reasons for the inconclusive outcome of the Law Commission's project (and the Discussion Paper's comments on the law of trusts), the paper moves on to consider the possible shape of future reform. It examines first the preliminary question of whether possible legislation should focus on unmarried cohabitees or whether a wider range of relationships should be encompassed (with or without a cohabitation requirement), The paper then looks at the form which a legislative scheme might take, examining the possibility of focusing on contributions (along the lines of New South Wales’ legislation) and the Law Society's proposals for a regime based on‘economic advantage and disadvantage’. The experience of the courts in the matrimonial context is considered with a view to extracting relevant lessons. In general, rather defending one particular model for reform, the paper attempts to identify and explore key issues which will be of relevance across a variety of approaches to reform.
The Human Rights Act and the politicians
Authors: Nicol Danny
Published: April 2006

Academic lawyers have commented extensively on the judicial interpretation of the Human Rights Act 1998, but the reaction of politicians to it has received less attention. This paper examines the trends in parliamentary attitudes to human rights by analysing Commons and Lords debates on the Human Rights Bill itself, the Terrorism Bill 1999–2000, the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Bill 2001 and the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Bill 2002. It also considers MPs' response to the Thompson and Venables and Anderson judgments, as well as Conservative attempts to amend the Human Rights Act. Against this background, it argues that the British polity can be characterised as a ‘contestatory democracy’, in which the system of fundamental rights protection is incomplete since it neglects Parliament's vital role in defining the Convention rights.
An unquiet mind in the workplace: mental illness and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995
Authors: James Grace
Published: April 2006

New Labour's recent ‘Welfare to Work’ policies encourage people with disabilities, where possible, to enter and participate in the workplace. The current policy of ‘inclusion’ is supported by the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA), which came into force in December 1996 providing those who are discriminated against on the grounds of their disability with an action against their employer. Drawing upon recently decided case law, this paper considers what the DDA offers those who are discriminated against because of a mental illness. I argue that policy-makers, courts and tribunals, because the relationship between physical and mental impairments is often misunderstood, fail to reflect the varied nature of or understand the stigma associated with, mental ill health. The law is thus at present incapable of providing adequate protection for mentally impaired individuals who attempt to participate or remain in the labour market, and new approaches, which are sensitive to the diverse nature of disability, need to be considered.
Problematising home education: challenging ‘parental rights’ and ‘socialisation’
Authors: Monk Daniel
Published: April 2006

In the UK, home education, or home-schooling, is an issue that has attracted little public, governmental or academic attention. Yet the number of children who are home educated is steadily increasing and the phenomenon has been referred to as a‘quiet revolution’. This paper neither celebrates nor denigrates home educators; its aim, rather, is to identify and critically examine the two dominant discourses that define the way in which the issue is currently understood. First, the legal discourse of parental rights, which forms the basis of the legal framework and, secondly, a child psychology/common-sense discourse of ‘socialisation’, within which school attendance is perceived as necessary for healthy child development. Drawing on historical sources, doctrinal human rights and child psychology and informed by post-structural and feminist perspectives, this article suggests that both discourses function as alternative methods of governance and that the conflicting ‘rights claims’ of parents and children obscure public interests and fundamental questions about the purpose of education.
Charitable fund-raising costs under scrutiny in the US Supreme Court – a UK perspective
Authors: Morris Debra
Published: April 2006

There is increasing concern with the cost effectiveness of charities' fund-raising activities. Using a recent decision of the US Supreme Court as a backdrop, this paper examines the regulation of professional fund-raising and the associated issues relating to fund-raising costs. Whilst there are no legal limits on fund-raising costs in England and Wales, there are some elements of legal regulation which may indirectly impose some limitations on costs. As well as these legal tools, a number of other mechanisms, both current and proposed, which may help donors to decide which charities to support, taking into account their fund-raising efficiency, will also be considered. The paper finally acknowledges that whilst limiting the costs of fund-raising is a desirable objective, achieving this aim is by no means simple. It is hoped that current and proposed measures based on the theory of ‘let the donor’ decide will help to achieve this aim.
Should diagonal discrimination claims be allowed?
Authors: Davies Gareth
Published: April 2006

Sometimes a rule is formally equal, but the people disadvantaged by it are in fact disproportionately of a particular sex, or colour, or religion. They may be able to bring a legal challenge to the rule, on the basis that it discriminates against them indirectly; because part-time workers are disproportionately female, rules disadvantaging part-time workers have been found to be indirect discrimination against women. However, what about the male part-time worker? Can he bring no challenge? It is the nature of indirect discrimination that there will always he such atypical victims. They are persons who suffer the harm of the rule, but cannot claim that it discriminates against persons their sex, or colour, or religion. They might he the straight man disadvantaged by a rule that overwhelmingly hinders gay people, or the Christian suffering from a rule that mostly prejudices Muslims. If these ‘minority discriminees’ cannot sue, while their colleagues of a different sort can, then a new context of discrimination arises. This raises a number of surprisingly complex practical and theoretical legal problems. In the light of new European Community directives dramatically increasing the categories of prohibited indirect discrimination those problems have become more immediate. This article therefore looks at Community law, and UK arid US cases, to answer the question above. It also extrapolates the problem to multiple discrimination situations: what about a rule tending to disadvantage Muslim women, but also harming their few non-Muslim male colleagues?
‘Morning after’ pills, ‘miscarriage’ and muddle
Authors: Keown John
Published: April 2006

Section 58 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 prohibits the use of means with intent to procure ‘miscarriage’. In Smeaton Munby J held that the administration of the ‘morning after’ pill with intent to prevent the implantation in the uterus of any embryo conceived as a result of sexual intercourse does not contravene s 58. This article respectfully questions the learned judge's decision.

'[Albortion techniques have changed since we legislated in 1967 ... Nowadays they can be carried out by injection or what is euphemistically called the morning after pill, which is an early abortifacient. There have always been legal doubts about whether the morning after pill can be prescribed within the present abortion law ... [Tlhe drug ... works in the early period of pregnancy.'
Spatio‐temporal scales of dispersal limitation in the recolonization of a semi‐arid mediterranean old‐field
Authors: Reisman‐Berman Orna , Kadmon Ronen , Shachak Moshe
Published: April 2006

Dispersal and establishment limitations have been proposed as important mechanisms that control vegetation colonization processes. While many studies have emphasized the role of dispersal limitation in the dynamics of plant communities, little is known about the spatial and temporal scales at which dispersal limitation affects plant population dynamics. In this study we investigate spatial and temporal scales of dispersal limitation in a system of semi‐arid Mediterranean old‐fields recolonized by the dominating dwarf shrub Sarcopoterium spinosum (Rosaceae). Our analysis was based on a combination of two complementary approaches: 1) age analysis of S. spinosum shrubs growing at different distances from source populations, and 2) a corresponding analysis of changes in vegetation cover since recolonization onset (ca 55 yr ago), based on information obtained from historical aerial‐photographs. Shrubs sampled in plots near the source populations were similar in their age distribution to the source populations, but significantly different from shrubs sampled far from the source populations. Increasing distance from source populations was associated with a decrease in median age of the shrubs, and in the density and relative frequency of adult shrubs (>15 yr). These patterns of changes in age structure occurred over distances of several tenths of meters. Young age groups (<5 yr) were scarcely represented in all plots, suggesting that establishment limitation was also important in determining recolonization rates. Analysis of the aerial photographs supported the results of the age analysis, showing evidence for both distance effect and establishment limitation. We conclude that dispersal limitation may have a long‐term impact on vegetation patterns, even at small spatial scales, and that dispersal limitation interacts with establishment limitation in determining recolonization processes.
Incorporating evolutionary processes into a spatially‐explicit model: exploring the consequences of mink‐farm closures in Denmark
Authors: Hammershøj Mette , Travis Justin M. J. , Stephenson Catriona M.
Published: April 2006

In this paper, we present an individual‐based cellular lattice model, which is based on a real landscape (Denmark). The model predicts the distribution of free‐ranging mink from data collated on the geographic locations of fur farms, the number of breeding mink kept per farm, and a range of parameters regarding escape, reproduction, mortality, and dispersal. When evolution was incorporated in the model, the results showed that the degree of adaptation within the free‐ranging mink population is likely to vary spatially, with lower adaptation in areas where farm mink density is highest (due to the greater number of escaping mink). We used the model to explore the potential consequences of closing mink farms, or limiting escapes from them, on the evolutionary ecology of the free‐ranging population and found that depending upon the paramaterisation of the evolutionary processes, several different outcomes are possible. Closing mink farms may result in a crash of the free‐ranging population, or alternatively it may result in the establishment of a better‐adapted, truly feral population that may ultimately outnumber the population that was present before farm closures. The main purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of the potential importance of evolutionary processes for the naturalisation of mink in Denmark, and to highlight the need for further work. Future field studies should be targeted to reduce the uncertainty in key parameters, allowing the development of an improved version of this model that can be used to generate management recommendations. More generally, we believe that further work linking evolutionary and population biology is required particularly in an applied context. There are likely to be many further scenarios where evolutionary processes may hold the key to understanding both population and community dynamics.
Comment on "Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data"
Authors: Wahl Eugene R. , Ritson David M. , Ammann Caspar M.
Published: April 2006

von Storch
et al
. (Reports, 22 October 2004, p. 679) criticized the ability of the “hockey stick” climate field reconstruction method to yield realistic estimates of past variation in Northern Hemisphere temperature. However, their conclusion was based on incorrect implementation of the reconstruction procedure. Calibration was performed using detrended data, thus artificially removing a large fraction of the physical response to radiative forcing.
Population Size Does Not Influence Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity in Animals
Authors: Bazin Eric , Glémin Sylvain , Galtier Nicolas
Published: April 2006

Within-species genetic diversity is thought to reflect population size, history, ecology, and ability to adapt. Using a comprehensive collection of polymorphism data sets covering ∼3000 animal species, we show that the widely used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker does not reflect species abundance or ecology: mtDNA diversity is not higher in invertebrates than in vertebrates, in marine than in terrestrial species, or in small than in large organisms. Nuclear loci, in contrast, fit these intuitive expectations. The unexpected mitochondrial diversity distribution is explained by recurrent adaptive evolution, challenging the neutral theory of molecular evolution and questioning the relevance of mtDNA in biodiversity and conservation studies.
Global Control of Dimorphism and Virulence in Fungi
Authors: Nemecek Julie C. , Wüthrich Marcel , Klein Bruce S.
Published: April 2006

Microbial pathogens that normally inhabit our environment can adapt to thrive inside mammalian hosts. There are six dimorphic fungi that cause disease worldwide, which switch from nonpathogenic molds in soil to pathogenic yeast after spores are inhaled and exposed to elevated temperature. Mechanisms that regulate this switch remain obscure. We show that a hybrid histidine kinase senses host signals and triggers the transition from mold to yeast. The kinase also regulates cell-wall integrity, sporulation, and expression of virulence genes in vivo. This global regulator shapes how dimorphic fungal pathogens adapt to the mammalian host, which has broad implications for treating and preventing systemic fungal disease.
Natural Malaria Infection in
Anopheles gambiae
Is Regulated by a Single Genomic Control Region
Authors: Riehle Michelle M. , Markianos Kyriacos , Niaré Oumou , Xu Jiannong , Li Jun , Touré Abdoulaye M. , Podiougou Belco , Oduol Frederick , Diawara Sory , Diallo Mouctar , Coulibaly Boubacar , Ouatara Ahmed , Kruglyak Leonid , Traoré Sékou F. , Vernick Kenneth D.
Published: April 2006

We surveyed an
Anopheles gambiae
population in a West African malaria transmission zone for naturally occurring genetic loci that control mosquito infection with the human malaria parasite,
Plasmodium falciparum
. The strongest
Plasmodium
resistance loci cluster in a small region of chromosome 2L and each locus explains at least 89% of parasite-free mosquitoes in independent pedigrees. Together, the clustered loci form a genomic
Plasmodium
-resistance island that explains most of the genetic variation for malaria parasite infection of mosquitoes in nature. Among the candidate genes in this chromosome region, RNA interference knockdown assays confirm a role in
Plasmodium
resistance for
Anopheles Plasmodium-responsive leucine-rich repeat 1
(
APL1
), encoding a leucine-rich repeat protein that is similar to molecules involved in natural pathogen resistance mechanisms in plants and mammals.
Broken Cogs or Strategic Agents?
Authors: Hammerstein Peter , Hagen Edward H.
Published: April 2006

Genes in Conflict
. The Biology of Selfish Genetic Elements.
By Austin Burt and Robert Trivers
. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2006. 620 pp. $35, £21.95. ISBN 0-674-01713-7.

The authors explore molecular, genetic, behavioral, and evolutionary aspects of selfish genetic elements--DNA that acts to advance its own replication at the expense of the larger organism.
Nothing Succeeds Like Failure
Authors: Kean Sam
Published: April 2006

Why Most Things Fail
. Evolution, Extinction and Economics.
By Paul Ormerod
. Pantheon, New York, 2006. 269 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-375-42405-9. Faber and Faber, London, 2005. £12.99. ISBN 0-571-22012-6. Paper, 2006. £8.99. ISBN 0-571-22013-4.

Drawing on biology and evolutionary theory, the author explores the reasons brands and companies disappear and public policies fail to produce their intended results.
Adrenal cortical carcinoma metastatic to the breast: Figure 1
Authors: Gasilionis V , Ersahin C , Gabram S , Bova D , Branch J , Rajan P
Published: April 2006

A 56 year old woman was diagnosed with adrenal cortical carcinoma in May 2003, for which she underwent left radical adrenalectomy. Eight months later, in January 2004, she presented with a solitary, well delineated, left breast mass with central pleomorphic calcifications on mammographic examination. A diagnosis of metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma was made on core biopsy. Subsequently, the patient underwent a lumpectomy of the mass, which confirmed the diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of adrenal cortical carcinoma metastatic to the breast.
An unusual cause of granulomatous inflammation: eosinophilic abscess in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Tan H W , Chuah K L , Goh S G N , Yap W M , Tan P H
Published: April 2006

Eosinophilic abscess inciting a granulomatous response has rarely been reported and appears not to have been described in the setting of a neoplasm. In this report, a case is described where a granulomatous response occurred around eosinophilic abscesses in a patient with Langerhans cell histiocytosis, an association which has not previously been documented. On histology, the excised lymph node showed the presence of eosinophilic abscess and necrosis surrounded by granulomas, which in turn were surrounded by Langerhans cells, a feature confirmed on immunohistochemistry. Although rare, this case highlights the importance of careful examination of eosinophilic abscess with granulomatous inflammation in order to exclude an underlying neoplasm.
THE REACTIONS OF H AND D ATOMS WITH CYCLIC AND PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Schiff H. I. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: April 2006

The reactions of H and D atoms, produced by the discharge method, with benzene, four cycloalkanes, and the corresponding normal paraffins have been investigated at room temperature. Methane is the major product of each reaction. Collision yields have been calculated on the basis of hydrocarbon disappearance and exchange. Of the cycloalkanes, cyclopropane is the most inert with cyclopentane the most reactive. Cyclopropane and cyclobutane do not exchange with D atoms but benzene, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane undergo considerable exchange. In the case of the normal paraffins the degree of exchange increases with increasing molecular weight.It is concluded that the initial reaction[Formula: see text]is responsible for the products formed in the reactions but other primary processes may be responsible for the exchange of these hydrocarbons.
THE PAPILIONACEOUS ALKALOIDS: VIII. THE STRUCTURE OF THERMOPSINE
Authors: Cockburn William F. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2006

Thermopsine, an isomer of anagyrine, is associated with the latter in nature, but differs from it in chemical reactivity. Evidence, both chemical and from the infrared spectra, indicates that the molecule of thermopsine contains an α-pyridone ring, and possesses a structure closely related to that of anagyrine. Catalytic reduction of the alkaloid yields α-isosparteine, a stereoisomer of sparteine. It is therefore suggested that thermopsine is a stereoisomer of anagyrine, to which it bears the same relationship as α-isosparteine to sparteine. The stereochemistry of these bases is discussed.
THE BIOGENESIS OF ALKALOIDS: II. THE ORIGIN OF THE METHYL GROUPS OF HORDENINE AND CHOLINE
Authors: Kirkwood Sam , Marion Léo
Published: April 2006

Potassium formate labeled with C14 was fed to sprouting barley, and choline and hordenine (N-dimethyltyramine) were isolated from the roots. Both of these substances bore the labeled carbon largely, if not entirely, in the methyl groups, as shown by means of degradation experiments. This indicates that the N-methyl groups of these compounds originate from formate ions.
The Photolysis of Mercury Dipropyl
Authors: Caule E. J. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: April 2006

not available
HEMICELLULOSES OF WHEAT STRAW
Authors: Adams G. A. , Castagne A. E.
Published: April 2006

Various hemicellulose fractions were extracted from wheat straw holocellulose (extractive and pectin free) by successive treatments with cold and hot water, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% potassium hydroxide and were recovered by precipitation with alcohol. Approximately 25% of the holocellulose material was removed, one half being in the hot water soluble fraction. The original holocellulose, the extracted residue, and the recovered fractions were analyzed for pentosan, uronic acid anhydride, acetyl, methoxyl, and ash content. In general, the more soluble fractions had a higher uronic acid and methoxyl content; the less soluble had a higher pentosan content and a more negative rotation [Formula: see text]. Intrinsic viscosity measurements indicated that all fractions had a degree of polymerization of 25–30. Hydrolysis of the main fraction yielded D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose; in addition D-galactose was found in the water soluble fractions. Quantitative determinations of the sugars in the hydrolyzates showed that D-xylose predominated, with L-arabinose, D-glucose, and D-galactose (when present) in progressively smaller amounts. On hydrolysis all fractions yielded an acid-resistant uronic acid complex that contained D-xylose and a uronic acid tentatively identified as monomethoxyl galacturonic acid.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ITS ANALOGUES: II. PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN THE SYSTEM HYDROGEN PEROXIDE – WATER
Authors: Foley William T. , Giguère Paul A.
Published: April 2006

A precision freezing point apparatus with platinum resistance thermometer was used to investigate the system hydrogen peroxide – water over the whole concentration range. The freezing point of the purest sample of hydrogen peroxide obtained by repeated fractional crystallizations of a large quantity of 99.6% pure solution was found to be −0.461°C; that of the dihydrate was −52.10°C. The two eutectics occur at concentrations of 45.2% and 61.2% H2O2 and at temperatures of −52.4° and −56.5°C. respectively. Contrary to what has been reported previously, water and hydrogen peroxide do not form solid solutions together. This was proved conclusively by applying the technique of radioactive tracers to the 'wet residue' method of Schreinemakers.
THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON COAGULATION AND SURFACE LOSSES OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SMOKE
Authors: Gillespie T. , Langstroth G. O.
Published: April 2006

Studies have been made of the change with time in the particulate number and rate of loss to surfaces of ammonium chloride smoke at various relative humidities ranging from 15% to 98%. The results are adequately described by the theory given previously with appropriate values for the loss and coagulation constants. The rate of disappearance of the smoke increased with increasing relative humidity, particularly above a value of about 60%. This circumstance is due to an increased loss rate from the system and not to increased coagulation. Though the possibility of 'protecting' an aerosol against coagulation is remote, it would appear possible to render certain aerosols more persistent in humid atmospheres by treatment affecting loss processes rather than coagulation.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ITS ANALOGUES: I. DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, VISCOSITY, AND SURFACE TENSION OF DEUTERIUM PEROXIDE – DEUTERIUM OXIDE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Phibbs M. K. , Giguère Paul A.
Published: April 2006

Some deuterium peroxide containing less than 0.3% ordinary hydrogen was produced both by the persulphate and the electric discharge methods. By means of fractional distillation, solutions of deuterium peroxide in deuterium oxide of various concentrations up to 90% were obtained, of which the following properties were measured: refractive index at 25°C, density, viscosity and surface tension at 0°C. and 20°C. Measurements of the last two properties were also extended to solutions of ordinary hydrogen peroxide. The physical constants of the two isotopic peroxides are compared and discussed. The density, viscosity and surface tension of supercooled heavy water at 0°C. were also measured for the first time.
THE AGING OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SMOKES
Authors: Gillespie T. , Langstroth G. O.
Published: April 2006

In an extension of earlier work, studies have been made of the time variations in the particle number and size and mass concentration of 'still' ammonium chloride smokes having a wide range of initial mass concentration. Direct measurement of losses to chamber surfaces was an important feature of the experiments since it provided an additional quantity to be satified by theory and permitted a more critical evaluation of the coagulation and loss constants than was previously possible. Satisfactory agreement was found between theory and observation. The dependence of the loss constant on smoke chamber dimensions was found to be in accordance with expectation. The coagulation constant was 4.3 × 10−8 cc. per min. for the least dense, but tended to a larger value for the more dense smokes. A revision of the constants obtained from earlier data indicated that the coagulation constant was little affected by turbulent air motion below a more or less critical value.
POLYLINE FITTING OF PLANAR POINTS UNDER MIN-SUM CRITERIA
Authors: ARONOV BORIS , ASANO TETSUO , KATOH NAOKI , MEHLHORN KURT , TOKUYAMA TAKESHI
Published: April 2006

Fitting a curve of a certain type to a given set of points in the plane is a basic problem in statistics and has numerous applications. We consider fitting a polyline with k joints under the min-sum criteria with respect to L1- and L2-metrics, which are more appropriate measures than uniform and Hausdorff metrics in statistical context. We present efficient algorithms for the 1-joint versions of the problem and fully polynomial-time approximation schemes for the general k-joint versions.
GUARDING ART GALLERIES BY GUARDING WITNESSES
Authors: CHWA KYUNG-YONG , JO BYUNG-CHEOL , KNAUER CHRISTIAN , MOET ESTHER , VAN OOSTRUM RENÉ , SHIN CHAN-SU
Published: April 2006

Let P be a polygon, possibly with holes. We define a witness set W to be a set of points in P such that if any (prospective) guard set G guards W, then it is guaranteed that G guards P. Not all polygons admit a finite witness set. If a finite minimal witness set exists, then it cannot contain any witness in the interior of P, all witnesses must lie on the boundary of P, and there can be at most one witness in the interior of every edge. We give an algorithm to compute a minimum size witness set for P in O(n2 log n) time, if such a set exists, or to report the non-existence within the same time bounds. We also outline two algorithms that use a witness set for P to test whether a (prospective) guard set sees all points in P.
ON SPECTRUM OF LINEAR GROUPS OVER THE BINARY FIELD AND RECOGNIZABILITY OF L12(2)
Authors: MOGHADDAMFAR A. R.
Published: April 2006

The spectrum ω(G) of a finite group G is the set of element orders of G. A finite group G is said to be recognizable through its spectrum, if for every finite group H, the equality of the spectra ω(H) = ω(G) implies the isomorphism H ≅ G. In this paper, first we try to write a computer program for computing ω(Ln(2)) for any n ≥ 3. Then, we will show that the simple group L12(2) is recognizable through its spectrum.
SUBVARIETIES OF THE VARIETY GENERATED BY THE FIVE-ELEMENT BRANDT SEMIGROUP
Authors: LEE EDMOND W. H.
Published: April 2006

All subvarieties of the variety B2 generated by the five-element Brandt semigroup are characterized. Based on this characterization, an algorithm is provided that decides if a finite set of identities defines, within B2, a finitely generated subvariety.
SOME EQUATIONS OVER TORSION-FREE GROUPS
Authors: KIM SEONG KUN
Published: April 2006

We prove that equations xm1 h1 xm2 h2 ⋯ xmk hk over torsion-free groups are solvable when k ≤ 4. In the conclusion, we assert that the Levin question is equivalent to solving certain equations with exponent sum zero over torsion-free groups.
ON GENERATION OF WREATH PRODUCTS OF CYCLIC GROUPS BY TWO STATE TIME VARYING MEALY AUTOMATA
Authors: WORYNA ADAM
Published: April 2006

We proof that an infinitely iterated wreath product of finite cyclic groups of pairwise coprime orders is generated as a topological group by two elements a and b. The group G = 〈a, b〉 may be represented by a 2-state time-varying Mealy automaton. We derive some properties of G.
MODELING AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SPACE CHARGE DOMINATED BEAMS IN THE PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION
Authors: FILBET FRANCIS , SONNENDRÜCKER ERIC
Published: April 2006

This work is devoted to the modeling of space charge dominated particle beams in the paraxial approximation with several types of external focusing fields (uniform, periodic and alternating gradient). A solid mathematical background for numerical beam simulation is established. The Kapchinsky–Vladimirsky (KV) distribution which can be matched exactly or numerically to the focusing channel is first studied. Then the matched KV beam is used to approximately match arbitrary beams. Moreover, Waterbag and Maxwell–Boltzmann beams are studied to give analytical solution for code validation. Finally, numerical simulations are presented in different configurations.