bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diameter Prediction for Correcting Continuous Forest Inventory Data
Authors: Eberhardt Douglas , Green Edwin J.
Published: August 2019

Permanent plot data are used in many studies. Trees are measured for diameter, height, and other characteristics at regular time intervals. Occasionally, errors in the diameter measurements result in a larger diameter reported at the time of the first measurement rather than the second, thus making some of the data apparently unusable. Currently there are at least two basic methods in use to compensate and estimate the growth on trees exhibiting illogical consecutive diameters. This study examines these two techniques in addition to a few others, and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of each method. A 5% random sample was drawn from a data set void of obviously incorrect diameter measurements. For each tree in the sample, one of the two diameter measurements was assumed to be incorrect and was replaced by a predicted estimate from one of the candidate methods. The sample was then put back into the original data set and the estimated basal area plot growth was calculated for that time period. This was then compared to the true plot growth, and the resulting differences were examined. Based upon these differences, it was concluded that ordinary least squares or the introduced standard deviation technique will provide the best results if applied on a plot by plot basis. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):76-82.
Cleaning and Early Crop-Tree Release in Northern Hardwood Stands: A Review
Authors: Heitzman Eric , Nyland Ralph D.
Published: August 2019

Published information indicates that cleaning among sapling-stage northern hardwoods has value for maintaining species that might otherwise become overtopped and lost from a stand. Cleaning will also stimulate the diameter growth of trees in upper crown positions, but may delay the dying and self-pruning of lower branches and thereby affect tree quality. Removing adjacent trees that touch the crowns of a selected number of crop trees has proven efficient and effective. However, field tests have not yet provided growth and yield data for assessment of the long-term effect on tree quality, or the economic benefits from such treatments. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):111-115.
The Sensitivity of Young White Spruce to Spruce Budworm Defoliation
Authors: Piene Harald
Published: August 2019

Relationships between defoliation and volume growth were determined for 68 young white spruce trees in a 20-year-old plantation defoliated over a 2-year period by the spruce budworm. In the first year of defoliation, intensities ranging from 7 to 89% of the current foliage did not influence volume growth significantly. Two consecutive years of defoliation, averaging over the 2-year period from 0-33, 34-66, and 67-100% of the current foliage, reduced average volume growth by about 6, 11, and 27%, respectively. White spruce is much less sensitive to defoliation than balsam fir. This is partly due to white spruce's ability to compensate for even moderate defoliation intensities by a prolific shoot production. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):168-171.
Aspen Supply, Use, and Demand in Michigan
Authors: Potter-Witter Karen , Ramm Carl W.
Published: August 2019

Michigan's aspen resource has come under increased pressure in the last decade. USDA Forest Service survey and output data and Michigan Department of Natural Resources stumpage price and industry data were compiled and analyzed to determine the current and possible future state of the resource. Significant declines in acreage of 20- to 40-year-old aspen type were found. Analysis of real prices for aspen pulpwood showed significant increases for the decade 1978-1988. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):10-14.
Biology and Control of Oak Wilt in Michigan Red Oak Stands
Authors: Bruhn Johann N. , Heyd Robert L.
Published: August 2019

This paper explains the components of an integrated approach to oak wilt control which has strong potential for adaptation to red oak forests throughout the Lake States. Oak wilt epicenter containment involves (1) separating grafted root systems with a vibratory plow line or Vapam barrier, followed by (2) removal of all living red oaks inside the barrier, and sanitary treatment of wood capable of producing fungal mats. Use of a reference table developed for proper barrier location is described. Epicenters are established by insect vectors, often as a consequence of human activity. Establishment of epicenters can be prevented by: (1) sanitary treatment of diseased trees which may yet produce mats, (2) discouraging unsupervised movement of diseased wood, (3) minimizing the wounding of oaks during the spring and early summer, and (4) immediately painting all spring and summer wounds on oak trees with a tree wound dressing. Detection of new epicenters is important. Treatment of small epicenters minimizes site disturbance and the number of fungal mats produced, as well as the number of trees lost. Systematic aerial surveillance is useful for effective detection in large acre-ages of oak type. Prevention is the best control measure. Unfortunately, public relations are often inadequate. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):47-51
State and Federal Timber Stumpage Prices in Vermont
Authors: Sendak Paul E.
Published: August 2019

Timber sales data and stumpage prices were analyzed for the Green Mountain National Forest (federal) and the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation (state). In all cases, state stumpage prices were higher on average, but significantly so only for the overall price (volume weighted average sale price per cunit), spruce sawtimber, and hardwood and softwood pulpwood. Differences between mean state and federal prices for sugar maple and yellow birch sawtimber were not significant. Regression analysis was used to examine the differences in overall stumpage price. The results suggest that the difference in sale prices can largely be explained by differences in sales characteristics, most notably timber quality. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):97-101.
Young Spruce-Fir Forests Released by Herbicides II. Conifer Response to Residual Hardwoods and Overstocking
Authors: Newton Michael , Cole Elizabeth C. , McCormack Maxwell L. , White Diane E.
Published: August 2019

Responses of conifers and other vegetation to 9 aerial herbicide treatments were evaluated in a replicated conifer-release experiment in a 7-year-old spruce-fir clearcut in central Maine. Development of the naturally regenerated conifers was inversely related to residual hardwood cover and conifer stocking during the 9 years after treatment. All herbicides and rates of application initially reduced hardwood cover by 50% or more. Cover more than 1.5 m tall was nearly eliminated by several treatments, and release from overtopping provided long-term increase in conifer growth. Untreated hardwoods severely reduced dominance and stocking of conifers by age 16. Spruce heights and diameters were less affected by hardwood competition than were those of fir; current growth in released fir was greater than that in released spruce; but unreleased spruce, where present, grew faster than unreleased fir. Conifer growth was affected both by residual hardwood overtopping and by number of conifers within 0.91 m. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):130-135.
Variation in Frequency of Sugar Maple Bole Damage From Tree-Marking Materials
Authors: Stanosz Glen R. , Laudermilch Gary
Published: August 2019

Six blue tree-marking materials, commonly used to mark residual trees and those along boundaries, were evaluated for their potential to damage sugar maple boles. Materials were applied as 3-in. diameter spots in both spring and fall to trees of two bark textures in stands at four different locations. Damage was evaluated three growing seasons later. Cracks were the most frequent form of defect, but swelling, callus, and open cankers also occurred. Damage was observed in 192 of 1056 spots, and there was wide variation in the frequency of damage caused by different materials. There also were relationships between frequency of damage and both stand location and bark texture. Defects may be avoided by minimizing application to valuable trees and by using those marking materials which less frequently cause damage. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):136-137.
Navigated Intraoperative 2-Dimensional Ultrasound in High-Grade Glioma Surgery: Impact on Extent of Resection and Patient Outcome
Authors: Moiraghi Alessandro , Prada Francesco , Delaidelli Alberto , Guatta Ramona , May Adrien , Bartoli Andrea , Saini Marco , Perin Alessandro , Wälchli Thomas , Momjian Shahan , Bijlenga Philippe , Schaller Karl , DiMeco Francesco
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

Maximizing extent of resection (EOR) and reducing residual tumor volume (RTV) while preserving neurological functions is the main goal in the surgical treatment of gliomas. Navigated intraoperative ultrasound (N-ioUS) combining the advantages of ultrasound and conventional neuronavigation (NN) allows for overcoming the limitations of the latter.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of real-time NN combining ioUS and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on maximizing EOR in glioma surgery compared to standard NN.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed a series of 60 cases operated on for supratentorial gliomas: 31 operated under the guidance of N-ioUS and 29 resected with standard NN. Age, location of the tumor, pre- and postoperative Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), EOR, RTV, and, if any, postoperative complications were evaluated.

RESULTS

The rate of gross total resection (GTR) in NN group was 44.8% vs 61.2% in N-ioUS group. The rate of RTV > 1 cm3 for glioblastomas was significantly lower for the N-ioUS group (P < .01). In 13/31 (42%), RTV was detected at the end of surgery with N-ioUS. In 8 of 13 cases, (25.8% of the cohort) surgeons continued with the operation until complete resection. Specificity was greater in N-ioUS (42% vs 31%) and negative predictive value (73% vs 54%). At discharge, the difference between pre- and postoperative KPS was significantly higher for the N-ioUS (P < .01).

CONCLUSION

The use of an N-ioUS-based real-time has been beneficial for resection in noneloquent high-grade glioma in terms of both EOR and neurological outcome, compared to standard NN. N-ioUS has proven usefulness in detecting RTV > 1 cm3.
Intra-Regional Glu-GABA vs Inter-Regional Glu-Glu Imbalance: A 1H-MRS Study of the Neurochemistry of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hjelmervik Helene , Craven Alexander R , Sinceviciute Igne , Johnsen Erik , Kompus Kristiina , Bless Josef J , Kroken Rune A , Løberg Else-Marie , Ersland Lars , Grüner Renate , Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: August 2019

Glutamate (Glu), gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA), and excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance have inconsistently been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. Elevated Glu levels in language regions have been suggested to mediate auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), the same regions previously associated with neuronal hyperactivity during AVHs. It is, however, not known whether alterations in Glu levels are accompanied by corresponding GABA alterations, nor is it known if Glu levels are affected in brain regions with known neuronal hypo-activity. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), we measured Glx (Glu+glutamine) and GABA+ levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left and right superior temporal gyrus (STG), and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), in a sample of 77 schizophrenia patients and 77 healthy controls. Two MRS-protocols were used. Results showed a marginally significant positive correlation in the left STG between Glx and AVHs, whereas a significant negative correlation was found in the ACC. In addition, high-hallucinating patients as a group showed decreased ACC and increased left STG Glx levels compared to low-hallucinating patients, with the healthy controls in between the 2 hallucinating groups. No significant differences were found for GABA+ levels. It is discussed that reduced ACC Glx levels reflect an inability of AVH patients to cognitively inhibit their “voices” through neuronal hypo-activity, which in turn originates from increased left STG Glu levels and neuronal hyperactivity. A revised E/I-imbalance model is proposed where Glu-Glu imbalance between brain regions is emphasized rather than Glu-GABA imbalance within regions, for the understanding of the underlying neurochemistry of AVHs.
An Overcrowded Loblolly Pine Stand Thinned With Fire
Authors: McNab W. Henry
Published: August 2019

A low-intensity fire in a dense young stand of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the Piedmont of central Georgia reduced the number of stems by 65 percent. No tree larger than four inches in diameter at the groundline was killed. Thus, low-intensity fires may be beneficial in precommercially thinning young loblolly pine, but the technique should be considered only for stands with a wide range of diameters.
Use of the Wholesale Price Index for all Commodities in Determining Future Stumpage Prices Under Long-Term Leases
Authors: Hotvedt James E. , Tedder Philip L.
Published: August 2019

Stumpage prices based on the wholesale price index (WPI) for all commodities tend to under-estimate actual market prices paid. Upper limits on the WPI (and other indexes) in such calculations may also result in disparaties between prices paid and observed market prices.
Virginia's Water Quality Control Program for Loggers
Authors: Pennock C. M.
Published: August 2019

In 1976 a series of meetings was held throughout Virginia for the purpose of informing loggers about the federal Water Pollution Control Act and the probable impact on the logging industry. Emphasis was placed on voluntary compliance with good management practices to avoid regulatory programs. Increased logging road stabilization is the first tangible result.
Loblolly Pine Response to Bedding and Fertilization Varies by Drainage Class on Lower Atlantic Coastal Plain Sites
Authors: McKee W. H. , White L. P.
Published: August 2019

Growth response of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to bedding and phosphorus fertilization was determined on three sites classified as moderately well, somewhat poorly, and poorly drained. Ten-year growth in terms of height and diameter showed a pronounced response to treatments on the poorly drained site but only a small response on the other sites on which competition was eliminated as a factor in all treatments. Bedding and fertilization interacted only on the poorly drained site where response to bedding was most pronounced. Our projection of height over age curves for individual treatments suggest that response to phosphorus alone may compare favorably with bedding plus phosphorus after the pines are about age 20 on the poorly drained site. Nutrient concentration in foliage alone was not indicative of the differential growth response to fertilizer obtained over drainage classes.
Evaluation of Thinning for Reduction of Losses from Southern Pine Beetle Attack in Loblolly Pine Stands
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. , Haney Harry L. , Newberry James D. , Leuschner William A. , Morris Caleb L. , Reed David D.
Published: August 2019

Thinning has been recommended to lower stand basal areas in order to reduce losses from southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) attack. In this study, benefits of thinning loblolly pine stands for reduction of losses from southern pine beetle (SPB) attack were evaluated. Results showed that thinning can be expected to reduce losses from SPB attack on average and better sites.

South. J. Appl. For. 10:105-108, May 1986.
Helicopter Logging of Baldcypress in Southern Swamps
Authors: Jackson Ben D. , Morris Robert A.
Published: August 2019

A Boeing Vertol-107 II helicopter with support men and equipment, yarding large baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) from a southern swamp, hourly produced 2,773 ft3 of wood at a cost of $2,087. The average payload was 120 ft3 or 7,747 lb, 70% of the machine payload capacity, with an average cycle time of 2.57 min. The cycle elemental times were poorly correlated with yarding distance, payload weight, stems flown, and density altitude. Positioning, descent, hooking, and ascending with the logs accounted for most of the variation and length of the average cycle time. A predictive equation of per cycle cubic foot volume as a function of payload weight and the number of stems flown was developed.

South J. Appl. For. 10:92-95, May 1986.
An Analysis of Multiple Product Merchandising Strategies for Loblolly Pine Stumpage
Authors: Greber Brian J. , Smith H. Don
Published: August 2019

Procedures are outlined for analyzing the value of loblolly pine stands, given various merchandising strategies, product specifications, and market conditions. Taper equations are used extensively for determining tree-bucking strategies that meet production specifications. An empirical example demonstrates the application of the procedures to a comparison of ten merchandising strategies for a timber stand. Among the products considered are pulpwood, chip-n-saw, plylogs, and sawlogs, with the latter three in both standard-cut and tree-length forms. Several sensitivity analyses demonstrate the impacts of changes in markets and product specifications on the values implicit in the merchandising strategies. South. J. Appl. For. 10:137-41, Aug. 1986.
Development of a Southern Appalachian Hardwood Stand After Clearcutting
Authors: Beck Donald E. , Hooper Ralph M.
Published: August 2019

A mixed hardwood stand composed of 53% oak (Quercus spp.), 33% yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and 14% other species, was clearcut in 1963. Twenty years later a developing, even-aged stand of predominantly sprout origin is dominated by yellow-poplar, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and sweet birch (Betula lenta L.). The oaks are a minor and decreasing component. This and other studies suggest that clearcuts on good sites in the Southern Appalachians will be dominated by aggressive intolerant species—mainly yellow-poplar. If a larger oak component is desired, measures to ensure strong advance reproduction and lessen competition from prolific sprouters such as red maple will be necessary. South. J. Appl. For. 10:168-72. Aug. 1986.
Bucking Logs to Cable Yarder Capacity Can Decrease Yarding Costs and Minimize Wood Wastage
Authors: LeDoux Chris B.
Published: August 2019

Data from selected time and motion studies and a forest model plot, used in a simulation model, show that logging managers planning felling, bucking, and limbing for a cable yarding operation must consider the effect of alternate bucking rules on wood wastage, yarding production rates and cost, the number of chokers to fly and total logging costs. Results emphasize the need to consider initial logging activities in terms of effects on cable yarding system efficiencies and wood wastage. Results also emphasize the need to match payload (piece size) to cable yarder capacity. Results suggest that cable yarding costs can be decreased by 20 to 32% by simply bucking logs to yarder capacity. South. J. Appl. For. 10:180-183, Aug. 1986.
Predicting Inside Bark Diameter for Shortleaf, Loblolly, and Longleaf Pines
Authors: Cao Quang V. , Pepper William D.
Published: August 2019

Equations are presented for prediction of inside bark diameter from outside bark diameter, outside and inside bark diameter at breast height, relative height, and total height for shortleaf, loblolly, natural longleaf, and planted longleaf pines. These equations performed somewhat better than the three options in Grosenbaugh's (1974) STX computer program. Users can select equations that do or do not require bark measurement at breast height. Results from shortleaf data indicated that a single equation seemed adequate for different physiographic regions. South J. Appl. For. 10:220-224, Nov. 1986.
Private Forestry Consultants: 1983 Status and Accomplishments in Georgia
Authors: Hodges Donald G. , Cubbage Frederick W.
Published: August 2019

Private forestry consultants working in Georgia were surveyed regarding technical assistance provided to the state's nonindustrial private forest landowners. In 1983, the 79 responding consultants managed more than 1.3 million ac, site-prepared 27,375 ac, planted 21,515 ac, and marked and sold more than 274,000 cords of pine pulpwood and 178,000,000 bd ft of pine sawtimber. Projections for the total known consultant population in Georgia indicate that 1.8 million ac were managed, 37,427 ac site-prepared, and 29,413 ac planted. Average fees charged by consultants were also surveyed and summarized. South. J. Appl. For. 10:225-230, Nov. 1986.
Estimating Fusiform Rust Losses in Five Southeast States
Authors: Anderson Robert L. , McClure Joe P. , Cost Noel , Uhler Robert J.
Published: August 2019

Annual losses to fusiform rust are estimated at over $35 million in the five States from Virginia to Florida. Losses were estimated by taking Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data on fusiform rust through a series of growth and yield equations and sawtimber quality loss projections. The result is a system that estimates cordwood and sawtimber losses by state for loblolly and slash pine in natural and planted stands. Each time a state is resurveyed by FIA, a new estimate of loss can be made. This system applied to a 5-state area also shows that about 8.8 million acres of the 24 million acres of slash and loblolly pine have at least 10 percent of the trees infected. South. J. Appl. For. 10:237-240, Nov. 1986.
Effects of Site Preparation on Soil Physical Properties, Growth of Loblolly Pine, and Competing Vegetation
Authors: Slay J. Melinda , Lockaby B. G. , Adams J. C. , Vidrine C. G.
Published: August 2019

Competing vegetation, seedling survival, and growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were evaluated one year following four site-preparation techniques in north Louisiana. The treatments were chop and burn, windrow, fuelwood harvest, and fuelwood harvest followed by a herbicide. Physicalsoil properties were evaluated before and after treatment application. The study was designed as a randomized complete block and was installed on a Gore silt loam (Vertic Paleudalf) soil.

Windrowing significantly increased surface bulk densities. Fuelwood had significantly higher bulk densityvalues for subsurface samples. In comparisons among treatments, surface bulk densities for the windrow treatment were significantly higher than both of the fuelwood treatments. The fuelwood treatment was significantly higher in competing vegetation while the fuelwood followed by a herbicidetreatment was significantly lowest.

The fuelwood followed by a herbicide ranked significantly higher in seedling height, ground line diameter, and volume. Seedling growth was inversely related to competing vegetation dry weight. There were no significant differences among treatments in seedlingsurvival. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):83-86.
Effect of Crown Scorch on Mortality and Diameter Growth of 19-Year-Old Loblolly Pine
Authors: Lilieholm Robert J. , Hu Shih-Chang
Published: August 2019

Various levels of crown scorch on 19-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were examined. Scorching and mortality were greatest for small-diameter, suppressed trees. Diameter growth one year after scorching was not diminished for lightly scorched trees but decreased with increasing crown scorch. During the second and third growing seasons after scorching, only trees receiving complete crown scorch exhibited significantly less diameter growth. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):209-211.
Soil Movement after Broadcast Burning in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Van Lear D. H. , Danielovich S. J.
Published: August 2019

Soil movement on slopes following high-intensity broadcast burning of logging slash in the Southern Appalachians was not increased on August-burned plots over that on clearcut plots and averaged 1.36t/ha/yr. Neither the amount of exposed mineral soil nor the weight of the fine root mat was significantly altered by burning. Infiltration rates were high (173 ± 25 cm/hr) on both burned and unburned plots. Burning reduced slash biomass 30-38%. The resulting ash significantly increased exchangeable nutrients and pH of eroded sediments. After one growing season, the shrub and herbaceous biomass on burned plots was twofold greater than on control plots. Logging slash can be burned under proper fuel and weather conditions without increasing soil movement in the Southern Appalachians. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):49-53.
Response Following Aerial Applications of Glyphosate for Release of Loblolly Pine in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Zutter Bruce R. , Minogue Patrick J. , Gjerstad Dean H.
Published: August 2019

Four growing seasons after aerial applications of glyphosate at 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 lb ai/ac in a three-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in late summer, diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height of pines were greater on treated compared to untreated areas. Pines on treated plots averaged 2.5 in. dbh and 15.2 ft in height while pines on untreated plots averaged 1.9 in. dbh and 13.5 ft in height. Height growth curves of treated pines through four growing seasons following treatment. In general, reduction in hardwood density and pine response each increased with increasing glyphosate rate. Relative composition of red maple in the stand increased two years after treatment for all rates of glyphosate, but did not change in the plots without treatment. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):54-58.
Soil Spot Herbicides for Single-Stem Hardwood Control
Authors: Miller James H.
Published: August 2019

Soil spot treatments of undiluted Velpar® L and a concentrated mixture of Spike® 80W were applied around test trees of five hardwood species. The test rates were 2, 4, and 6 ml of herbicide/in. of dbh applied to the soil within 3 ft of each tree Hardwood topkill was assessed after two growing seasons. The 4-ml rate of Velpar L was required to achieve 80% or greater average topkill of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and water oak (Quercus nigra) on loamy soils, while a 6-ml rate was needed to exceed 80% topkill of dogwood (Cornus florida). Spike 80W gave about 80% topkill of both water oak and dogwood at the 2-ml rate but was ineffective on sweetgum. Only Spike 80W at the 6-ml rate yielded greater than 70% average topkill of boxelder (Acer negundo) and hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). Nearby hardwoods of susceptible species within 3 ft of treated trees were also killed, extending the cost-effectiveness of these hardwood control treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):199-203.
New-Ground Syndrome: An Ectomycorrhizal Deficiency in Pine Nurseries
Authors: South David B. , Mitchell R. J. , Dixon R. K. , Vedder Mark
Published: August 2019

In July 1986, stunted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were studied at a nursery in Union Springs, Alabama. Stunted seedlings were found only in seedbeds formed on new ground (soil having no history of producing a nursery crop of ectomycorrhizal tree seedlings). The stunted seedlings were either nonmycorrhizal or had extremely low levels of ectomycorrhizae, whereas nonstunted seedlings had a greater degree of ectomycorrhizal development. Stunted seedlings were deficient in phosphorus (0.07%), whereas nonstunted seedlings had sufficient phosphorus (0.15%). An application of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to stunted seedlings increased shoot phosphorus and resulted in substantial growth improvement. The phosphorus application reduced the percentage of cull seedlings (root-collar diameter <3.2 mm) from 62% to 8%. This study also demonstrates that when a seedbed is formed on new ground, ectomycorrhizal deficiencies can occur even when ectomycorrhizal tree hosts are present in the immediate vicinity. The ectomycorrhizal deficiency in the seedlings observed in this study may have been related to restricted spore dispersal caused by insufficient rainfall that had occurred after spring fumigation. South J. App. For. 12(4):234-239.
Performance of Small Grapple Skidders in Plantation Thinning Applications
Authors: Greene W. Dale , Stokes Bryce J.
Published: August 2019

Small grapple skidders working on two thinning operations in the Atlantic coastal plain were examined. When gate delimbing was used, production per PMH was reduced from 11.47 cords to 7 85 cords—a reduction of 32%. This reduction in skidder productivity was compensated by a reduction in total production cost per cord because of the high cost of manually delimbing trees. With increases in insurance rates for labor-intensive operations continuing to rise dramatically, gate delimbing systems should continue to be competitive. South., J. Appl. For. 12(4):243-246.
A Habitat Suitability Index for White-Tailed Deer in the Piedmont
Authors: Crawford Hewlette S. , Marchinton R. Larry
Published: August 2019

A habitat suitability index based on winter foods was designed to evaluate habitat changes affecting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States. Habitat components incorporated in the index were (1) the standing crop of availableherbaceous vegetation and leaves of woody plants remaining green during late autumn and winter, (2) basal area of oak (Quercus spp.) 10" dbh and larger, (3) number of oak species in the stand ≥5% of total basal area, (4) site index of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) or mixed oak, (5) percentageof agricultural land, and (6) distance from agricultural land to forest or shrub cover. The rationale for inclusion of each component of the index is given, and methods for sampling each habitat component are described. The index should be useful on private small landownerships as well ason larger private and public holdings. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):12-16
Longleaf Pine Management on the DeSoto National Forest—A Case Study
Authors: Sirmon Gene A. , Dennington Roger W.
Published: August 2019

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill) reforestation efforts were successful on the National Forest in south Mississippi when foresters began applying the proper technology. Artificial regeneration by planting bareroot seedlings and natural regeneration by the shelterwood system bothresulted in a plantation success rate consistently above 90%. This success can be attributed to better site preparation, better seedling culture, care, and handling, and more highly trained personnel committed to excellence in longleaf pine regeneration. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):34-40.
Survival and Growth of Nuttall Oak Seedlings Following Selection Cutting—28-Year Remeasurement
Authors: Johnson Robert L. , Krinard Roger M.
Published: August 2019

A Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palmer) seedling stand that averaged 138,000 trees/ac 1 year after establishment from the 1957 seed crop was reduced to 708 trees/ac after 28 years where seedling release consisted of a one-time selection cut. None of the dominant/codominant trees atage 28 were oak, and only 20% of the plots had oaks of intermediate crown class. The regenerated stand will apparently become ash-sugarberry to replace the original stand that was two-thirds oak. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):43-46.
Recent Research Indicates Plant Community Responses to Intensive Treatment Including Chemical Amendments
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Smith Joel E. , Neary Daniel G. , Comerford Nicholas B.
Published: August 2019

Plant community responses to several factors (planted species, competition control, and nutrients) that influence stand development were tested in a factorial experiment on a flatwoods Spodosol. A moisture gradient across replications, augmented by irrigation, permitted testing of afourth factor (moisture regime). There were differences between slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) crown development, but no response to moisture gradient. Pines and other plants responded dramatically to continuing competition control andrepeated fertilization. Nonpine crown cover was reduced from 100% on plots without herbicides to less than 10% on treated plots. Pine crown cover at 5 years averaged 73% with both fertilization and competition control versus 11% on control plots. Both pine and nonpine cover changed significantlyacross bed, furrow, and interbed niches, and niche interacted with chemical (fertilizer and herbicide) treatment. Competition control dramatically reduced plant species richness; modal number of species observed on 5 m transects was reduced from 10 on plots without herbicides to 2 on plotsrepeatedly treated. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):152-156.
Impacts of Feral Hogs on Longleaf Pine Regeneration
Authors: Lipscomb Donald J.
Published: August 2019

Moderate to heavy populations of feral hogs (Sus scrofa domesticus) were fenced out of 32 tenth-acre plots in a natural regeneration area for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) After two growing seasons the fenced areas contained the equivalent of 500 fire-resistant longleaf pineseedlings per acre while corresponding unfenced areas contained only 8 fire-resistant seedlings per acre. Thus free ranging feral hogs caused a crop failure in these natural regeneration stands of longleaf pine. There was evidence that feral hogs selected the larger seedlings. Thus longleafpine seedling crops that survive feral hog depredation will be progressively less competitive and vigorous. Areas with feral hog problems may need to control the hog population by trapping, hunting, or fencing. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):177-181.
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat and Timber Management: Production Possibilities
Authors: Roise Joseph , Chung Joosang , Lancia Richard , Lennartz Mike
Published: August 2019

To mitigate possible negative effects that financial timber rotations for southern pine may have on habitat requirements for red-cockaded woodpeckers, alternative management strategies are investigated using multiple objective linear programming (MOLP). Time streams of timber and habitat are examined. The consequence of providing areas with potential cavity trees on production of timber is explored. Management actions which immediately set aside large areas of land for woodpecker habitat without concern for future changes can lead to short-term increases in habitat that are followed by habitat declines after several decades. Management actions designed to restructure the forest to achieve a long-term sustainable habitat level may initially have a slower increase in habitat, but without subsequent declines. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):6-12
The Demand for Softwood Lumber in the United States and in the South
Authors: Uri Noel D. , Boyd Roy
Published: August 2019

This study conclusively determines that the demand for softwood lumber in the United States responds to various market factors, including the price of softwood lumber, the price of other budding materials, and the level of such economic activities as housing starts. The analysis focuses on overcoming some of the methodological shortcomings found in previous studies of this issue. South. J. Appl. For 14(2):89-92.
Future Timber Demand, an Alternative Model
Authors: Robinson Vernon L. , Fey Willard R.
Published: August 2019

A projection of future timber demand was developed from historical data on per capita consumption and population and compared with the projection from the USDA Forest Service's "The South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future." The accumulated discrepancy between these methodologies amounts to 71 billion cubic feet over the period 1986-2030. Reason suggests that both rising real prices and changing consumer preferences are forcing per capita consumption of industrial wood down and that population projections may be substantially less than those used due to social changes that have drawn women into the work force. In the presence of a highly inelastic stumpage demand and supply, even a small decrease in projected consumption would bring about a disproportionate fall in prices. Hence, the dire consequences resulting from rapidly rising future stumpage prices in the South may not materialize. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):177-183.
Managing Dense, Seed-Origin Loblolly Stands to Utilize the Favorable Juvenile Wood Core for Sawlog Production: A Case Study
Authors: Ruark G. A. , Saucier J. R. , Campbell R. G.
Published: August 2019

Approximately two-thirds of the loblolly pine forests in the South are regenerated by natural or direct seeding. Many of these stands are overstocked, challenged by hardwood and herbaceous competition, or lacking in fertility. Due to minimal management inputs, the initial diameter growth rates for stems in these stands are slow in many instances. Consequently, the juvenile wood cores in the boles of these trees are small relative to those of faster grown plantation stems. Thinning of such a stand at age 21 and application of fertilizer at age 23 dramatically increased diameter growth at breast height for all crown classes. The proportion of earlywood to latewood and the specific gravity of annual rings were not affected by either treatment, and they were highly favorable for quality sawn lumber. Earlier treatment of the study stand to coincide with the transition phase from juvenile to mature wood formation at age 15 would likely have optimized the future production of quality sawlogs. Timing of these treatments could best be gauged by the ring growth pattern of codominant trees in the stand and the stabilization of the annual earlywood to latewood ratio. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):5-9.
Keeping Mud Off the Highway During Wet-Weather Logging
Authors: Shaffer Robert M. , Keesee James M.
Published: August 2019

Mud transfer from soil-based logging roads to paved public highways by log trucks operating during muddy conditions is a major problem for southern logging contractors. Mud transfer can result in fines, traffic accidents, lawsuits, and loss of production. Four devices that could be attached to a log trailer to remove mud from the trailer's dual tires were designed, constructed, and field tested. A simple and inexpensive "bar and scraper" was found to be particularly effective, removing 85% of the mud accumulated during the control phase of the study. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):50-53.
A Cost Index for Southern Forest Practices
Authors: Dubois Mark R. , Straka Thomas J. , Watson W. F.
Published: August 2019

Simple forest practice cost indexes, a weighted aggregate Southern Forest Practice Cost Index (SFPCI), and a Southern Forest Employee Wage Index (SFEWI) are developed. The SFPCI measures temporal changes in average costs of a fixed "operations basket" of southern forest practices. Each forest practices's relative contribution to the SFPCI are also calculated. General trends, and internal and external factors influencing cost index changes throughout time are examined in order to provide forestry managers insight for cost control measures. Simple cost indexes indicate all but two of the forest practices examined experienced cost increases from 1982 to 1988. The weighted aggregate SFPCI increased by 15% from 1982 to 1988, while the SFEWI increased by 19%; and inflation, as measured by the implicit Gross National Product price deflator, increased by 21%. In 1988, according to relative importance contribution values, forest practices associated with the establishment of new forestry crops accounted for 71% of total forest practice expenditures. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):128-133.
Southern Pine Beetle Impacts and Control Policy in the 1982-1986 Texas Epidemic
Authors: Carter Douglas R. , O'Laughlin Jay , McKinney Chuck
Published: August 2019

The 1985 southern pine beetle (SPB) epidemic in Texas was the worst in the state's history, resulting in a loss of almost 810 million board feet (mmbf) of timber. National forestlands experienced five times more damage per acre than private lands in 1985. The Sam Houston National Forest and three units of the Big Thicket National Preserve were worst hit, with almost 16 and 10 SPB spots per 1,000 ac, respectively. Private lands located near public lands experienced higher SPB spot densities than on other private lands. Examination of factors influencing SPB outbreak intensity—including stand structure, direct SPB control measures, and the overall aggressiveness of pest control management—suggest early and aggressive mechanical control on public lands to minimize losses on nearby private lands as a short-term strategy. Further suggestions include spatial considerations in hazard rating systems. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):145-153.
The Price-Size Curve and Planting Density Decisions
Authors: Caulfield Jon P. , South David B. , Somers Greg L.
Published: August 2019

The planting density decision is influenced by the price-size relationship existing between the tree crop grown and the products sold. Several price-size curves are presented, and their impact on the optimal economic planting density is evaluated. Results indicate that when the price-size curve is upward sloping, fairly low planting densities may be appropriate. Higher densities apply when the price-size curve is flat. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the impact of changing site index and discount rate on the density decision. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):24-29.
Basal Area and Volume Development of Natural Even-Aged Shortleaf Pine Stands in the Ouachita Mountains
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Lawson Edwin R. , Lynch Thomas B.
Published: August 2019

Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands, average age 41 years, were thinned to different density levels (45 to 125 ft² of basal area in increments of 20 ft²). The stands received no further thinning. Equations for projected volumes and basal area per acre given initial conditions were formulated and fitted. The following trends were observed using the equations. Over a 24-year period, total basal area growth per acre started out over 2 ft² and had declined to less than 2 ft² by the end. Annual basal area growth had already culminated by age 41. Total annual cubic-foot volume growth per acre depended largely on initial stocking. The initial stocking and subsequent growth of the sawtimber portion were not related to the thinning treatments. Although sawtimber periodic annual cubic-foot growth culminated during the period under study, board-foot growth did not, indicating that mean annual increment for board-foot volumes had not culminated by age 64. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):30-34.
Simulation and Evaluation of Water Management Systems for a Pine Plantation Watershed
Authors: McCarthy E. J. , Skaggs R. W.
Published: August 2019

Water management on forest watersheds can have off-site impacts on the environment as well as on-site impacts on soil water conditions for plant growth. This study was conducted to evaluate the hydrologic impacts and soil water implications for plant growth of alternative water management practices. The forest watershed system modeled was a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The site is characterized by flat, poorly drained soils (thermic typic umbraquults) which are drained with open ditches 100 m apart. No drainage, free (conventional) drainage, alternative forms of controlled drainage and stocking control were modeled to determine effects on water table position and drainage outflow. Silvicultural systems, including an unthinned and a commercially thinned regime, were modeled. The water management systems were evaluated by criteria quantifying both off-site implications and on-site plant-water relationships. Controlled drainage systems were found to be successful in reducing drainage outflow rates and volumes and improving soil water conditions for tree growth. In addition, hydrologic components were examined over the life of the unthinned and thinned forest stands, from planting to harvest. Stand development and silviculture were shown to have significant effects on the hydrology of the forest. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):48-56.
Relationships of Acorn Abundance and Deer Herd Characteristics in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Wentworth James M. , Johnson A. Sydney , Hale Philip E. , Kammermeyer Kent E.
Published: August 2019

We analyzed 11 years of data on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvest and acorn production from eight wildlife management areas in northern Georgia for statistical relationships between acorn abundance and deer weight, antler development, and population dynamics. Weights of fawns were correlated with the size of the acorn crop of the same year. Buck weights and antler development were lower 1 year after a poor acorn crop. Relationships between acorn availability and age structure of the harvest indicated that the acorn availability affected reproduction or fawn survival or both. In the Southern Appalachians, deer populations are greatly influenced by acorn availability, which is highly variable from year to year. This could explain why deer quality often does not improve following herd reduction or increased browse availability resulting from timber harvest. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):5-8.
Development of a Provisional Tree Quality Index for Planted Loblolly Pines in East Texas
Authors: Tang Derui , Lenhard J. David , Kronrad Gary D.
Published: August 2019

A tree quality index (TQI) utilizing visible characteristics of the stem and crown of standing planted immature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in East Texas was developed. In this preliminary work, elements comprising TQI were weighted in an attempt to reflect potential future conversion of mature planted loblolly pine trees into pulpwood, lumber, plywood, or veneer. Of 23 available plantation factors, in general, TQI was significantly affected by minimum stand diameter, density of nonplanted vegetation, site preparation methods, geographic location, and several soil properties. TQI may be used as supplemental information for rotation setting under financial criteria and, thereby, maximize net revenue from plantations. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):106-110.
Profile Equations for Several Hardwood Species to Variable Top Diameter Limits
Authors: Matney Thomas , Parker Robert C.
Published: August 2019

A compatible set of stem profile equations for predicting upper stem diameters, outside and inside bark, to a variable top diameter were developed for white oak, red oak, post oak, chestnut oak, hickory, and yellow-poplar. Observations were taken from felled trees on Willamette Industries, Inc. lands in the western highland rim of central Tennessee. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):75-78.
Fourth-Year Response of Loblolly Pine Following Chemical and Mechanical Site Preparation in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Knowe Steven A. , Shiver Barry D. , Kline William N.
Published: August 2019

Height, diameter, volume, and survival response of 4-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was compared for chemical and mechanical site preparation treatments. Early-summer (June) and late-summer (September) treatments were installed in separate randomized complete block experiments. Either Tordon K© or Tordon 101© in combination with Garlon© and the three-pass mechanical treatments provided the best growth and survival in the early-summer study, but Tordon 101 + Garlon 4 was the most cost-effective. The Tordon K-Garlon combination, Roundup©, and the two-pass mechanical treatments provided the best growth and survival in the late-summer study, with Tordon K + Garlon 4 being the most cost-effective treatment tested in the late summer study. Models were developed to predict mean height, diameter, and volume per acre from age, sum of crown heights for dogwood, natural pines, red oak, and sweet-gum, and an indicator for total vegetation control. Cover of the herbaceous components was negatively correlated with hardwood density, and did not significantly improve predictions of pine response. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):99-105.