bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the reliability of 3D numerical analyses on passive piles used for slope stabilisation in frictional soils
Authors: MURARO S. , MADASCHI A. , GAJO A.
Published: May 2014

The use of passive piles can be an effective method for stabilising unstable slopes. Unfortunately, no rigorous analytical solution has so far been proposed for assessing the ultimate, lateral pile–soil pressure distribution under drained conditions for the design of passive piles in a slope. The present work focuses on the reliability of a finite-element model (FEM) used to assess the ultimate limit state conditions of passive piles in frictional soils. The paper also provides an estimate of the ultimate load of a single pile and a row of piles in a slope of frictional soil. The results are obtained with a series of two-dimensional analyses (evaluating the role of boundary conditions) and three-dimensional analyses on an infinite slope (to evaluate the role of the embedment ratio, the influence of slope inclination and the arching effects in pile rows). The analyses were performed using the Abaqus finite-element code associated with a couple of user-defined subroutines for defining the initial and boundary stress conditions. The computed ultimate loads are compared with theoretical findings obtained from a simple extension to drained conditions of Viggiani's approach to undrained conditions. Depending on pile embedment and soil layer thickness and strength, three rupture mechanisms are discussed from a theoretical standpoint. The FEM converges very efficiently and reliably in one rupture mechanism and for deep pile embedments, whereas convergence is slow and difficult in the other cases and requires a very high elastic soil stiffness.
Chronic wasting disease model of genetic selection favoring prolonged survival in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Williams A. L. , Kreeger T. J. , Schumaker B. A.
Published: May 2014

As the area where chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been found continues to expand, there is concern over the impact it may have on elk (Cervus elaphus) populations that congregate on winter feedgrounds in Wyoming. A stochastic simulation model was created to determine the effect that genotype‐specific CWD mortality rates had on a hypothetical free‐ranging elk population. Life table data gathered from captive elk held in a CWD‐contaminated facility was used to parameterize the model. Modeling the free‐ranging elk herd without hunting or differences in survival by genotype resulted in a near extinction decrease in elk numbers over a 100‐year period. However, incorporating differences in CWD‐mortality by genotype into the model allowed the population to stabilize if hunting was modified to harvest only antlered elk. Our results indicate that, with flexible hunting management, elk populations could adapt to CWD through changes in the frequency of genotypes associated with the incubation time for CWD.
Fiber optics engineering: Physical design for reliability
Authors: Suhir Ephraim
Published: May 2014

The review part of the paper addresses analytical modeling in fiber optics
engineering. Attributes and significance of predictive modeling are indicated
and discussed. The review is based mostly on the author?s research conducted
at Bell Laboratories, Physical Sciences and Engineering Research Division,
Murray Hill, NJ, USA, during his tenure with Bell Labs for about twenty
years, and, to a lesser extent, on his recent work in the field. The
addressed topics include, but are not limited to, the following major fields:
bare fibers; jacketed and dual-coated fibers; coated fibers experiencing
thermal and/or mechanical loading; fibers soldered into ferrules or
adhesively bonded into capillaries; roles of geometric and material
non-linearity; dynamic response to shocks and vibrations; as well as possible
applications of nano-materials in new generations of coating and cladding
systems. The extension part is concerned with a new, fruitful and challenging
direction in optical engineering- probabilistic design for reliability (PDfR)
of opto-electronic and photonic systems, including fiber optics engineering.
The rationale behind the PDfR concept is that the difference between a highly
reliable optical fiber system and an insufficiently reliable one is ?merely?
in the level of the never-zero probability of failure. It is the author?s
belief that when the operational reliability of an optical fiber system and
product is imperative, the ability to predict, quantify, assure and, if
possible and appropriate, even specify this reliability is highly desirable.
Physical modeling of electrical and dielectric properties of high-k ta2o5 based MOS capacitors on silicon
Authors: Novkovski Nenad
Published: May 2014

In this paper we present an integral physical model for describing electrical
and dielectric properties of MOS structures containing dielectric stack
composed of a high-k dielectric (with emphasize on pure and doped Ta2O5) and
an interfacial silicon dioxide or silicon oxynitride layer. Based on the
model, an equivalent circuit of the structure is proposed. Validity of the
model was demonstrated for structures containing different metal gates (Al,
Au, Pt, W, TiN, Mo) and different Ta2O5 based high-k dielectrics, grown of
bare or nitrided silicon substrates. The model describes very well the I-V
characteristics of the considered structures, as well as frequency dependence
of the capacitance in accumulation. Stress-induced leakage currents are also
effectively analyzed by the use of the model.
Using goal programming method to solve DEA problems with value judgments
Authors: Izadikhah M. , Roostaee R. , Hosseinzadehlotfi F.
Published: May 2014

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a linear programming approach for
measuring relative efficiency of peer decision making units that have
multiple inputs and outputs. DEA was developed without consideration of the
decision maker?s preference structures. DEA and multiple objective linear
programming are tools that can be used in management control and planning.
This paper shows how a data envelopment analysis problem can be solved by
transforming it into MOLP formulation. We use the goal programming method to
reflect the decision making preferences in the process of assessing
efficiency, such that the value judgments of the decision maker are
considered. Therefore, the proposed method can find a solution that satisfies
the decision maker?s goal levels. A case study is provided to illustrate how
data envelopment oriented efficiency analysis can be conducted by using goal
programming method.
New variable neighbourhood search based 0-1 MIP heuristics
Authors: Hanafi Saïd , Lazic Jasmina , Mladenovic Nenad , Wilbaut Christophe , Crévits Igor
Published: May 2014

In recent years many so-called matheuristics have been proposed for solving
Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) problems. Though most of them are very
efficient, they do not all theoretically converge to an optimal solution. In
this paper we suggest two matheuristics, based on the variable neighbourhood
decomposition search (VNDS), and we prove their convergence. Our approach is
computationally competitive with the current state-of-the-art heuristics,
and on a standard benchmark of 59 0-1 MIP instances, our best heuristic
achieves similar solution quality to that of a recently published VNDS
heuristic for 0-1 MIPs within a shorter execution time.
Countering Deficit Thinking: Agency, Capabilities and the Early Learning Experiences of Children of Latina/o Immigrants
Authors: Colegrove Kiyomi Sánchez-Suzuki , Adair Jennifer Keys
Published: May 2014

This article documents what happened in a first grade classroom when young Latina/o children of immigrants had consistent classroom-based opportunities to use their agency in their learning. Applying theoretical constructs from development economics to data from the Agency and Young Children ethnographic project, we explore three forms of agency that young children in Ms Bailey's class used so often that it became routine and normal to see on an everyday basis. These forms of agency include (1) initiating projects, (2) designing projects and (3) pursuing inquiry through questions. With each form of agency, we point out the types of capabilities that were possible because of children being able to use that particular form. We then discuss how these forms of agency debunk some of the deficit discourses that are used to justify the current narrowing of curriculum for young children from marginalized communities, specifically Latina/o children of immigrants.
‘Diversity as a Verb’ in Preservice Teacher Education: Creating Spaces to Challenge the Profiling of Young Children
Authors: Long Susi , Volk Dinah , López-Robertson Julia , Haney Mary Jade
Published: May 2014

Profiling human beings occurs daily throughout our society, typically grounded in inaccuracies, misperceptions, and biases related to race, faith, sexual orientation, language, family structure, and other factors. This article appropriates discriminatory profiling in conjunction with conceptualization of diversity as a verb to vividly convey the need for educators to follow the lead of social justice advocates in identifying and challenging the deficit targeting of young children and their families. Acknowledging that most teachers believe that they send messages of support to every child, this article describes three studies in preservice teacher education based on the premise that unexamined biases keep us from fully recognizing when we profile children and families in ways that limit possibilities for teaching and learning. Grounded in critical sociocultural theory, findings reflect reconceptualizations of home and family engagements as important steps in helping preservice teachers identify and overturn discriminatory profiling in early childhood classrooms.
Beyond Participation: What We Learned from Hunter about Collaboration with Pasifika Children and Families
Authors: Cooper Maria , Hedges Helen
Published: May 2014

Increasing the participation rates of Pasifika children in early childhood settings is a policy target in Aotearoa — New Zealand. Yet, participation may not engender positive learning outcomes for children from diverse cultural backgrounds without attention to teacher knowledge and practice. The early childhood curriculum document, Te Whāriki, encourages teachers to collaborate with families. However, there is little research to guide teachers in mainstream centres to interpret Pasifika children's interests, particularly those that link with the understandings and everyday experiences of their families, communities or cultures. This article reports on a qualitative, interpretivist project. Findings related to a Pasifika child are presented. The child's overt interest in drumming led to deeper examination of his developing identities as a learner and member of his family and culture. The article argues that in order for diverse children and families to genuinely benefit from participation in early education teachers might usefully adopt more analytical, culturally responsive, and dialogic approaches and constructs to guide provision of a dynamic and responsive play-based curriculum. The use of theoretical frameworks such as funds of knowledge to assist families and centres to engage in and sustain reciprocal relationships and enhance collaboration to benefit children's growing learner and cultural identities is discussed.
Preschool for All? Examining the Current Policy Context in Light of Genishi's Research
Authors: Spencer Tamara
Published: May 2014

Within United States policymaking, there is widespread recognition that universal preschool works towards a societal good, advancing children's social and academic needs while expanding the economic landscape for a nation. However, in trying to deliver these benefits, all too often educational policies apply a rigid format that overemphasizes academic readiness and demonstrates an incomplete understanding of the many ways in which children learn. This review draws on the seminal work of Genishi to stress that educational policy must incorporate the diverse perspectives of the primary stakeholders — young children and educators — to be successful.
Preschool or Prep School? Rethinking the Role of Early Years Education
Authors: Ang Lynn
Published: May 2014

Governments around the world continue to grapple with issues relating to how preschool services should be delivered, what type of provision is most appropriate, and for what purpose. These issues are particularly pertinent in a fast evolving early years sector such as the United Kingdom and many parts of the world where early years education has become a highly political topic. This article argues that given current emphasis on ‘school readiness' and the formalisation of children's learning in England and internationally, tensions remain about the role of early years education and what it entails — as a nexus for enriching children's lives and learning experiences, or simply preparing children for schooling. Building on Genishi's work on rethinking dominant values of early years education and respecting the importance of inclusion and diversity, the discussion explores debates around assessment, pedagogy and the curriculum in supporting children's learning and how these are deeply embedded in wider societal values. The article calls for a rethinking of the role of early years education — the values, choices, and judgements that societies make which inform children's learning and the contexts in which they learn.
Social Justice and the Work of Celia Genishi: The Power of One-On-One
Authors: Fennimore Beatrice S.
Published: May 2014

This article explores the way in which Professor Celia Genishi structured her expansive scholarship on her fundamental commitment to social justice. Written from the perspective of the author's long collegial relationship and deep regard for the creative dynamics of Genishi's research and writing, the article is based on an interview with Genishi as well as an exploration of varied publications between 1981 and 2011. The article gives special recognition to the Advocates for Justice Award received by Dr Genishi from the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) in 1998 as well as her career-long focus on a ‘one-on-one’ approach to the individual within the context of educational change. It concludes with recommendations from Genishi for continued resilience and application of hopeful imagination to the education of the teachers of the future.
Neurological Consequences of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Initial Presentation of Type 1 Diabetes in a Prospective Cohort Study of Children
Authors: Cameron Fergus J. , Scratch Shannon E. , Nadebaum Caroline , Northam Elisabeth A. , Koves Ildiko , Jennings Juliet , Finney Kristina , Neil Jeffrey J. , Wellard R. Mark , Mackay Mark , Inder Terrie E. ,   on behalf of the DKA Brain Injury Study Group
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of new-onset diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) during childhood on brain morphology and function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Patients aged 6–18 years with and without DKA at diagnosis were studied at four time points: <48 h, 5 days, 28 days, and 6 months postdiagnosis. Patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy with cognitive assessment at each time point. Relationships between clinical characteristics at presentation and MRI and neurologic outcomes were examined using multiple linear regression, repeated-measures, and ANCOVA analyses.

RESULTS

Thirty-six DKA and 59 non-DKA patients were recruited between 2004 and 2009. With DKA, cerebral white matter showed the greatest alterations with increased total white matter volume and higher mean diffusivity in the frontal, temporal, and parietal white matter. Total white matter volume decreased over the first 6 months. For gray matter in DKA patients, total volume was lower at baseline and increased over 6 months. Lower levels of N-acetylaspartate were noted at baseline in the frontal gray matter and basal ganglia. Mental state scores were lower at baseline and at 5 days. Of note, although changes in total and regional brain volumes over the first 5 days resolved, they were associated with poorer delayed memory recall and poorer sustained and divided attention at 6 months. Age at time of presentation and pH level were predictors of neuroimaging and functional outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

DKA at type 1 diabetes diagnosis results in morphologic and functional brain changes. These changes are associated with adverse neurocognitive outcomes in the medium term.
Impact of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Depression and Health-Related Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes: The Look AHEAD Trial
Authors:   The Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE

We examined the effects of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI), compared with a diabetes support and education (DSE) control intervention, on long-term changes in depression symptoms, antidepressant medication (ADM) use, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Look AHEAD was a multisite randomized controlled trial of 5,145 overweight/obese participants assigned to ILI (designed to produce weight loss) or DSE and followed for a median of 9.6 years. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered at baseline, annually at years 1–4, and again at year 8. Mean BDI scores and incidence of BDI scores ≥10, indicative of likely mild or greater depression, were examined. Annually through year 10, participants reported their ADM use and completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire, which yields physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores.

RESULTS

ILI significantly reduced the incidence of mild or greater depression symptoms (BDI scores ≥10) compared with DSE (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.85; 95% CI 0.75–0.97; P = 0.0145). Although SF-36 PCS scores worsened over time in both groups, ILI participants reported better physical function than DSE throughout the first 8 years (all P values <0.01). There were no significant differences between treatment arms in the proportion of participants who used ADMs or in SF-36 MCS scores.

CONCLUSIONS

ILI for overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes may reduce the risk of developing clinically significant symptoms of depression and preserve physical HRQoL. These findings should be considered when evaluating the potential benefits of ILIs.
Insulin Analogs—Are They Worth It? Yes!
Authors: Grunberger George
Published: May 2014

The availability of insulin analogs has offered insulin replacement strategies that are proposed to more closely mimic normal human physiology. Specifically, there are a considerable number of reports demonstrating that prandial insulin analogs (lispro, aspart, glulisine) have pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles closer to normal, with resulting faster onset and offset of insulin effect when compared with regular human insulin. In addition, basal insulin analogs (glargine, detemir) have been reported to offer longer duration of action, less variability, more predictability, less hypoglycemia (especially nocturnal), and a favorable effect on weight. However, an argument against use of analog insulins as compared with use of regular or NPH insulin is one that states that the effectiveness and risk of hypoglycemia are the only two valid clinical outcomes that should be used to compare the analog and human insulins. Thus, there remains a debate in some circles that analog insulins are no more effective than human insulins, yet at a much higher financial cost. To provide an in-depth understanding of both sides of the argument, we provide a discussion of this topic as part of this two-part point-counterpoint narrative. In the counterpoint narrative, Dr. Davidson provides his argument and defends his opinion that outside of a few exceptions, analog insulins provide no clinical benefit compared with human insulins but cost much more. In the point narrative presented here, Dr. Grunberger provides a defense of analog insulins and their value in clinical management and suggests that when evaluating the “cost” of therapy, a much more global assessment is needed.

—William T. Cefalu

Editor in Chief, Diabetes Care
Sports Sponsorship Evolution in the Economic Recession: Analytical Evidence from Empirical Cases
Authors: Radicchi Elena
Published: May 2014

Sport sponsorship has developed into a major global industry. Even though it is still a significant communication tool for companies, in recent years, sponsorship is no more just a matter of exposing a logo on a jersey or purchasing an in-stadium sign. Rather sponsors and sport entities should engage in an activity that enables them to exchange value. Sponsorships are moving toward complex patterns of interactions in which each “player” is engaged in a meaningful activity that can deliver mutual benefits. The aim of the paper is to analyze the sport sponsorship’s evolution in the latest economic recession. To understand the patterns of relations among different actors involved within a sport sponsorship arrangement, we take as “interpretive lenses” the strategic partnerships’ theoretical framework and make an application to a wide range of empirical sponsorship cases. Our main focus are national and international sponsorships related to professional teams and major sports events in which we are able to underline roles and strategic behaviors of sponsors and sport entities. The empirical analysis has been supported by a qualitative methodology. Data and information has been gathered using online secondary sources. Moreover, interviews with key executives and professionals involved within several sport sponsorships deals have been carried out. Findings suggest that sport sponsorships are assuming the role of a huge variety of agreements-exchange transactions, collaborations, strategic alliances, cooperation, consortia, etc.-that involve multiple complementary assets (technology, distribution channels, financial resources, etc.) and functions (R & D, marketing, organization, etc.). Furthermore, by implementing sports partnerships corporate and/or institutional actors are able to emerge among various stakeholders and to gain a global exposure.
The Determinants of Polish Society’s Participation in Sport and the Directions of Change
Authors: Dziubiński Zbigniew
Published: May 2014

Sport plays an important role in modern societies, including those in Europe. However, individual countries differ in terms of their citizens’ participation in universally accessible sport. In some societies, the percentage of people who pursue different sports is high, while in other countries it is insignificant. What are the reasons behind such differences? What variables are crucial to accounting for these differences? How has Polish society changed in this regard? Theoretical and empirical analyses show that people in Poland are becoming increasingly active when it comes to sport. In terms of taking part in sport, Polish society is starting to catch up with other European societies. The decisive role in the process is played by: a) social factors (education and affluence), b) the ideals and values that dominate the local culture (physical appearance, kinetic pleasures, and positive emotions), and c) the efficiency and adequacy of the physical education system in schools (innovation, the use of cyberspace, and efforts aimed at addressing social needs). If these three areas of socialization - society, culture and physical education in schools - reach a high level of convergence and if fewer variables hinder the process than at present, people in Poland will become as physically active as other societies in the West.
Short- and medium-chain fatty acids as a feed supplement for weaning and nursery pigs
Authors: Hanczakowska E. , Szewczyk A. , Świątkiewicz M. , Okoń K.
Published: May 2014

The effect of supplementing piglet diets with acidifiers containing the short-chain fatty acids - SCFA (propionic C3 and formic) together with medium-chain fatty acids - MCFA (caprylic C8 and capric C10) on performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and small intestine structure was investigated. The study was performed on 326 piglets allocated to 5 experimental groups. They were fed a standard diet (Group I - control) or a standard diet supplemented with 0.5% propionic and formic acids (Group II - PF). Group III (PF + C8), group IV (PF + C10) and group V (PF + C8 + C10) received the same mixture as group II with a supplement of 0.2% of caprylic and/or capric acids, respectively. Apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbiological analyses were performed. The structure of jejunum mucosa was also examined. Piglets receiving capric acid (groups IV and V) had the highest body weight gains. Piglets receiving MCFA digested protein and fiber better (P≤0.05) than piglets receiving SCFA as acidifier. There was no difference in intestinal microflora except for Clostridium perfringens, the population of which was reduced by SCFA (group II). Villi of the mucosal epithelium were the highest (P ≤ 0.05) in piglets receiving SCFA with capric acid (group IV). Under the conditions of this study a mixture of SCFA (propionic and formic) with capric acid significantly improves performance of piglets.
Protein expression changes in cells inoculated with Equine Influenza Virus: antibody microarray analysis
Authors: Rozek W. , Kwasnik M. , Zmudzinski J.F.
Published: May 2014

Changes in the level of cellular proteins in cells inoculated with equine influenza virus H7N7 and H3N8 were studied with microarray technique. H3N8 induced pro-apoptotic proteins while H7N7 induced both pro- as well as anti-apoptotic factors. The higher level of some cytoskeleton components and proteins involved in the protein quality control was recorded. Relatively high number of proteins involved in the regulation of transcription was down-regulated. The pattern of changes observed for H7N7 and H3N8 may reflect differences in the biological properties of both serotypes.
The effect of supportive E. coli mastitis treatment on PMN chemiluminescence and subpopulations of T lymphocytes
Authors: Markiewicz H. , Krumrych W. , Gehrke M.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this field study was to assess the impact of a single i.m. injection of lysozyme dimer and flunixin meglumine in combination with intramammary and systemic antibiotic on chemiluminescence of PMN (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and subpopulations of lymphocyte T in blood of cows with E. coli mastitis.

Examinations were performed on 30 dairy cows affected with naturally occurring acute form of E. coli mastitis. Cows were randomly divided into three groups according to the method of treatment. The first group was treated with approved intramammary antibiotic product, the same antibiotic in i.m. injection and one injection of flunixin meglumine on the first day of therapy. Next group was treated with the same antibiotic and additionally one injection of lysozyme dimer on the first day of therapy. The third one was treated only with an antibiotic and served as a control group. Blood samples were taken before treatment and on days 3 and 7. In samples haematology indices were determined, spontaneous and opsonised zymosan stimulated CL and PMA measurements were performed and the subpopulations of T lymphocyte (CD2+, CD4+, CD8+) were assayed in whole blood.

There was no effect of the applied supportive treatment on the value of morphological blood indices. A significant influence of the time of sample collection on the level of CL and dynamics of lymphocytes T subpopulation was demonstrated. A single injection of flunixin meglumine or lysozyme dimer on the day of the beginning of treatment of E. coli mastitis, does not affect the level of neutrophil chemiluminescence and the percentage of T lymphocytes in the blood of mastitic cows in the analysed period of time.
Resistance to methicillin of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from bovine mastitis
Authors: Bochniarz M. , Wawron W. , Szczubiał M.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of staphylococcal resistance to methicillin. CNS (n=100 isolates) were prepared from the mammary inflammatory secretions of 86 cows from farms located in the Lublin region.

Methicillin-resistant isolates constituted 20.0% of all CNS. Staphylococcus sciuri (n=8) and Staphylococcus xylosus (n=6) were most abundant, followed by Staphylococcus chromogenes (n=3), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (n=2) and Staphylococcus warneri (n=1). The mecA gene was found in 50.0% of MRCNS (10.0% of all CNS isolates) belonging to two species: S. sciuri and S. xylosus. All mecA-positive isolates contained the protein of low affinity to penicillin (penicillin-binding protein 2a - PBP2a). The enzyme hydrolysing the β-lactam ring in antibiotics was detected in 40.0% of MRCNS; 10.0% of MRCNS isolates were characterised by the presence of the mecA gene and ability to produce β-lactamase. The remaining 20.0% of MRCNS isolates showing phenotypic resistance to methicillin were mecA gene-negative and were not able to produce β-lactamase.
Effect of various husbandry conditions on the production parameters of swine herds in Poland
Authors: Dors A. , Czyżewska E. , Pomorska-Mól M. , Kołacz R. , Pejsak Z.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to collect production data of Polish swine herds, with special emphasis on the production parameters in farrow to finish pig herds. Another goal was to determine differences in the production performance of swine herds with different sizes, various status with regard to biosecurity, and with different veterinary expenditure. For this purpose, questionnaire surveys were carried out in 96 polish farrow to finish pig herds. The data concerning production parameters (e.g. the number of pigs born per sow per year, litters per sow per year, pre- and post-weaning mortality), farm size (small, medium, large), management (all in-all out by room or building), veterinary expenditure (including medication) and the percentage of pigs under medical treatment, were collected.

The data obtained in the present study indicate that in general, the efficiency of swine production in evaluated farms was relatively low. It was also found that in large swine farms the efficiency was better than that in small ones and that the proper biosecurity positively influenced the performance of the swine farms. However, only in 10.4% facilities, the biosecurity rules and methods, including the principle “all-in all-out”, were implemented and kept. It seems that inefficient swine production on the majority of Polish farms results from poor basic knowledge on pig production and understanding of fundamental economic rules of swine breeding.
The effect of LPS injections on non-specific immune response in affected pigeons
Authors: Dudek K. , Bednarek D. , Siwicki A.K. , Rokita E. , Studziński T.
Published: May 2014

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of LPS injections on non-specific mechanisms of immunity in pigeons. On the first day of observation the experimental birds (n=18) were intravenously injected with Escherichia coli LPS (10 μg/kg b.w.), while the control animals (n=6) received in the same way apyrogenic physiological saline. On the second and the third day of the experiment LPS in the same doses was injected again. Four and a half hours after the saline and each pyrogen administration blood samples were collected from the control and experimental pigeons. The total protein, gamma globulin, lysozyme, acute phase protein (Cp, CRP, Tf, ferritin, Alb) and selected trace element (Fe, Cu, Zn) concentrations were investigated. The obtained results showed the increase in the concentration of total protein, Cp, CRP and Tf in endotoxin fever resulting from LPS injection in pigeons. In contrast, the concentration of gamma globulins, ferritin and Alb were decreased in response to the first LPS injection. However, the consecutive injections of LPS caused a decrease in the concentration of total protein, CRP and Tf. In opposition to those results, a significant rise in the lysozyme and ferritin concentrations was observed. On the other hand, the first LPS injection caused a decline in the iron and zinc concentrations which remaining lower than the control values following repeated administration of LPS. On the contrary, the copper concentration increased successively in response to the next LPS injections.
Levels of antioxidant substances, acute phase response and lipid peroxidation in the left and right abomasum displacement in cows
Authors: Mamak N. , Devrim A.K. , Aksit H. , Aytekin I. , Yıldız R.
Published: May 2014

The aim of the present study was to assess metabolic changes occurring in Holstein cows with left or right abomasal displacement. Total sialic acid (TSA) values of the left abomasal displacement (LDA) group were elevated significantly (p<0.0001) as compared to the controls. In the LDA group, serum ceruloplasmin (CPN) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were increased significantly (p<0.0001) as well. Compared to the control group, serum glutathione (GSH) level was decreased significantly in both LDA and right abomasal displacement (RDA) groups (p<0.0001). Among the clinical examination parameters, rumen contraction rates were decreased in both LDA and RDA groups significantly (p<0.0001). These results suggest that inflammatory and oxidative parameters might have taken part in the pathogenesis of abomasal displacement. In this regard, anti-cytokine and anti-oxidant therapies developed in human medicine may also play a potential therapeutic role in the fatty liver and abomasal displacement in cattle.
The examination of biophysical skin parameters (transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and pH value) in different body regions in Polish ponies
Authors: Szczepanik M.P. , Wilkołek P.M. , Pluta M. , Adamek Ł.R. , Gołyński M. , Pomorski Z.J.H. , Sitkowski W.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and skin pH in normal polish ponies. Twelve ponies of both sexes were examined in the study. Measurements were taken from seven different sites: the neck region, the shoulder, thorax, lumbar, inguinal, lip region and the pinna. In each of the regions transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin pH were measured. For transepidermal water loss, the lowest values were observed in the pinna (10.54 g/hm2), while the highest values were observed in the lip region (30.98 g/hm2). In the case of skin hydration the lowest values were observed for the thorax region (1.96 CU), and the highest for the lip region (48.28 CU). For skin pH, the lowest results were obtained in the pinna (7.03), and the highest in the lumbar region (8.05).
General intravenous anesthesia for brachial plexus surgery in the rabbit
Authors: Reichert P. , Rutowski R. , Kiełbowicz Z. , Kuryszko J. , Kiełbowicz M.
Published: May 2014

The rabbit is a good experimental model for brachial plexus surgery. The risks of death during anesthesia were significantly greater in rabbits than cats or dogs. This article presents the protocol of injectable anesthesia for a short surgical procedure, safe for the rabbit patient and convenient for the surgeon.
The distribution and chemical coding of neurons supplying the sphincter of Oddi in mammals
Authors: Tomaszewska O. , Kaleczyc J.
Published: May 2014

The major duodenal papilla (papilla of Vater) is an important structure associated with the biliary tract and, in some species, the pancreas. It usually represents a slight elevation on the intestinal mucosa where the dilated junction (ampulla of Vater) of the commmon bile duct and pancreatic duct enters the duodenum. The ampulla is surrounded by a specifically arranged muscle structure called the sphincter of Oddi (SO) which controls the flow of bile and pancreatic fluid. The function of the sphincter is regulated by a complex system that involves many hormonal and neural factors. The literature in the field contains detailed data on the morphology of the SO in a number of mammalian species. However, the comprehensive information about the anatomy and neurochemistry of the innervation of this structure is very limited. The present review article summarizes the current knowledge on the innervation of the SO in mammals. Special emphasis has been put on the localization and chemical coding of neurons contributing to this nerve supply.
Endoscopic examination of the urethra and the urinary bladder in dogs – indications, contraindications and performance technique
Authors: Grzegory M. , Kubiak K. , Jankowski M. , Spużak J. , Glińska-Suchocka K. , Bąkowska J. , Nicpoń J. , Hałoń A.
Published: May 2014

This paper discusses indications, contraindications, and likely complications following the endoscopic examination of the urethra and the urinary bladder in dogs. In addition, the procedure performance techniques and evaluation of the particular sections of the lower urinary tract are presented as well as the equipment used for the urethrocystoscopy.
Magnetic resonance protocols in equine lameness examination, used sequences, and interpretation
Authors: Jaskólska M. , Adamiak Z. , Zhalniarovich Y. , Holak P. , Przyborowska P.
Published: May 2014

Magnetic resonance is a great diagnostic tool in equine lameness examination. Its value is most significantly visible in evaluating distal extremities. Problems with podotrochlear apparatus, laminitis or distal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis are the most common disorders diagnosed in equine patients. Without using magnetic resonance it was impossible to clearly assess which structures are involved in each of these diseases. One of the most important things in MRI is the choice of sequence. Most commonly used are T1 GE, T2 FSE, STIR and T2* GE, in sagittal, transverse and dorsal planes. To make a reliable diagnosis it is important to compare findings in all these sequences.
Why are dairy cows not able to cope with the subacute ruminal acidosis?
Authors: Brzozowska A.M. , Słoniewski K. , Oprządek J. , Sobiech P. , Kowalski Z.M.
Published: May 2014

One of the largest challenges for the dairy industry is to provide cows with a diet which is highly energetic but does not negatively affect their rumens’ functions. In highly productive dairy cows, feeding diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates provides energy precursors needed for maximum milk production, but simultaneously decreases ruminal pH, leading to a widespread prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis. Maximizing milk production without triggering rumen acidosis still challenges dairy farmers, who try to prevent prolonged bouts of low ruminal pH mainly by proper nutrition and management practices. The animals try to avoid overeating fermentable feeds, as it causes negative consequences by disturbing digestive processes. The results of several experiments show that ruminants, including sheep and beef cattle, are able to modify some aspects of feeding behaviour in order to adjust nutrient intake to their needs and simultaneously prevent physiological disturbances. Particularly, such changes (e.g., increased preference for fibrous feeds, reduced intake of concentrates) were observed in animals, which were trying to prevent the excessive drop of rumen fluid pH. Thanks to a specific mechanism called “the postingestive feedback”, animals should be able to work out such a balance in intake, so they do not suffer either from hunger or from negative effects of over-ingesting the fermentable carbohydrates. This way, an acidosis should not be a frequent problem in ruminants. However, prolonged periods of excessively decreased rumen pH are still a concern in dairy cows. It raises a question, why the regulation of feed intake by postingestive feedback does not help to maintain stable rumen environment in dairy cows?
Fine needle biopsy of abdominal organs in dogs – indications, contraindications and performance technique
Authors: Glińska-Suchocka K. , Jankowski M. , Kubiak K. , Spużak J. , Dzimira S. , Nicpoń J.
Published: May 2014

Recent years have seen in both human and veterinary medicine the development of numerous techniques allowing for evaluation and classification of changes in individual organs and tissues. Despite introduction of such techniques into diagnostics as among others, CT, MRI, CEUS or elastography, biopsy is still considered a “golden standard” and it is a procedure performed in order to obtain a final diagnosis. There are many biopsy techniques, such as fine needle aspiration biopsy, core biopsy as well as methods of performing a procedure, e.g. blind biopsy, biopsy under USG control and biopsy during laparotomy. In the article usefulness of biopsy techniques in relation to diagnostics of individual abdominal organ, as well as the procedure technique, contraindication and complications are discussed.
Scapular Kinematics Pre– and Post–Thoracic Thrust Manipulation in Individuals With and Without Shoulder Impingement Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Haik Melina N. , Alburquerque-Sendín Francisco , Silva Caroline Z. , Siqueira-Junior Aristides L. , Ribeiro Ivana L. , Camargo Paula R.
Published: May 2014

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial with immediate follow-up.

Objectives

To evaluate the immediate effects of a low-amplitude, high-velocity thrust thoracic spine manipulation (TSM) on pain and scapular kinematics during elevation and lowering of the arm in individuals with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS). The secondary objective was to evaluate the immediate effects of TSM on scapular kinematics during elevation and lowering of the arm in individuals without symptoms.

Background

Considering the regional interdependence among the shoulder and the thoracic and cervical spines, TSM may improve pain and function in individuals with SIS. Comparing individuals with SIS to those without shoulder pathology may provide information on the effects of TSM specifically in those with SIS.

Methods

Fifty subjects (mean ± SD age, 31.8 ± 10.9 years) with SIS and 47 subjects (age, 25.8 ± 5.0 years) asymptomatic for shoulder dysfunction were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 interventions: TSM or a sham intervention. Scapular kinematics were analyzed during elevation and lowering of the arm in the sagittal plane, and a numeric pain rating scale was used to assess shoulder pain during arm movement at preintervention and postintervention.

Results

For those in the SIS group, shoulder pain was reduced immediately after TSM and the sham intervention (mean ± SD preintervention, 2.9 ± 2.5; postintervention, 2.3 ± 2.5; P<.01; moderate effect size [Cohen d = 0.2]). Scapular internal rotation increased 0.5° ± 0.02° (P = .04; small effect size [Cohen d<0.1]) during elevation of the arm after TSM and sham intervention in the SIS group only. Subjects with and without SIS who received TSM and asymptomatic subjects who received the sham intervention had a significant increase (1.6° ± 2.7°) in scapular upward rotation postintervention (P<.05; small effect size [Cohen d<0.2]), which was not considered clinically significant. Scapular anterior tilt increased 1.0° ± 4.8° during elevation and lowering of the arm postmanipulation (P<.05; small effect size [Cohen d<0.2]) in the asymptomatic subjects who received TSM.

Conclusion

Shoulder pain in individuals with SIS immediately decreased after a TSM. The observed changes in scapular kinematics following TSM were not considered clinically important.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(7):475–487. Epub 22 May 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4760
Development and Validation of the Ankle Fracture Outcome of Rehabilitation Measure (A-FORM)
Authors: McPhail Steven M. , Williams Cylie M. , Schuetz Michael , Baxter Brett , Tonks Peter , Haines Terry P.
Published: May 2014

Study Design

Delphi panel and cohort study.

Objective

To develop and refine a condition-specific, patient-reported outcome measure, the Ankle Fracture Outcome of Rehabilitation Measure (A-FORM), and to examine its psychometric properties, including factor structure, reliability, and validity, by assessing item fit with the Rasch model.

Background

To our knowledge, there is no patient-reported outcome measure specific to ankle fracture with a robust content foundation.

Methods

A 2-stage research design was implemented. First, a Delphi panel that included patients and health professionals developed the items and refined the item wording. Second, a cohort study (n = 45) with 2 assessment points was conducted to permit preliminary maximum-likelihood exploratory factor analysis and Rasch analysis.

Results

The Delphi panel reached consensus on 53 potential items that were carried forward to the cohort phase. From the 2 time points, 81 questionnaires were completed and analyzed; 38 potential items were eliminated on account of greater than 10% missing data, factor loadings, and uniqueness. The 15 unidimensional items retained in the scale demonstrated appropriate person and item reliability after (and before) removal of 1 item (anxious about footwear) that had a higher-than-ideal outfit statistic (1.75). The “anxious about footwear” item was retained in the instrument, but only the 14 items with acceptable infit and outfit statistics (range, 0.5–1.5) were included in the summary score.

Conclusion

This investigation developed and refined the A-FORM (Version 1.0). The A-FORM items demonstrated favorable psychometric properties and are suitable for conversion to a single summary score. Further studies utilizing the A-FORM instrument are warranted. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(7):488–499. Epub 22 May 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4980
Experimental study of some factors affecting pulp screen capacity
Authors: Salem H.J. , Gooding R.W. , Martinez D.M. , Olson J.A.
Published: May 2014

The effect of screen cylinder geometry, pulp type, and rotor speed on screen capacity was investigated. Five screen cylinders with different slot geometries were tested using different ratios of softwood/hardwood kraft pulp mixtures and different reject ratios. The relationship between the rotor speed and screen slot velocity at the verge of plugging, taken here as a measure of "capacity", was found to be remarkably linear. Feed consistency and fibre length were found to have significant influences on capacity
Effect of NaOH/urea solution on enhancing grease resistance and strength of paper
Authors: Ma Jinxia , Zhou Xiaofan , Xiao Huining , Zhao Yi
Published: May 2014

A new way as shown in the following scheme was developed to fabricate paper with high strength and grease resistance. Filter paper was impregnated in NaOH/urea aqueous solution pre-cooled to -12°C for 30 s and incubated at a fixed temperature for a period of time. Swelling and dissolution of cellulose fibers facilitated more compact structure of paper and higher strength. Various influencing factors were investigated in an attempt to improve grease resistance of the paper. The results demonstrated that the paper after treatment showed a 100% grease barrier property within 24 h, and a double increase in both tensile strength and tear strength compared with the untreated paper. Moreover, burst strength was enhanced more than three times and the stretch was improved simultaneously when the paper was performed with NaOH/urea (7%:12% weight ratio) at -12°C for 120 min. In addition, the wet tensile strength of the treated paper was close to the dry tensile strength of the untreated paper.
Caractères agronomiques de la plaine maritime picarde
Authors: Lefevre Pierre
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - La différence essentielle de la Plaine Maritime Picarde avec la Picardie « continentale » est le fait que ses types de sol résultent directement d'une répartition horizontale, provenant des conditions hydrodynamiques de la sédimentation, alors que ceux de « l'intérieur » dérivent de la séquence topographique verticale Limon, « Argile à silex », Craie. En même temps, hydromorphie et interventions de l'homme jouent un rôle très important dans le comportement du terrain. Estran et dunes, barrière de galets, mollières, bas-champs, foraines, marais sont les unités écologiques distinctes limitées par celle du versant de la falaise morte. Les principales caractéristiques agronomiques des types de sol et l'utilisation du terrain sont indiquées.