bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversification of plant species in a subtropical region of eastern South American highlands: a phylogeographic perspective on nativePetunia(Solanaceae)
Authors: LORENZ‐LEMKE ALINE P. , TOGNI PAKISA D. , MÄDER GERALDO , KRIEDT RAQUEL A. , STEHMANN JOÃO R. , SALZANO FRANCISCO M. , BONATTO SANDRO L. , FREITAS LORETA B.
Published: October 2010

In the Southern and Southeastern Brazilian highlands, a clade of seven species ofPetuniathat are endemic to the region (P. altiplana,P. bonjardinensis,P. guarapuavensis,P. mantiqueirensis,P. reitzii, P. saxicolaandP. scheideana) exists in association with grassland formations. These formations are isolated in high‐altitude regions, being surrounded by forested areas, and experienced contraction–expansion cycles associated with the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. To understand the evolutionary history of this group, the divergence of which is probably linked to these past shifts in habitat, we analysed the sequences of the plastidial intergenic spacerstrnH‐psbAandtrnS‐trnGfrom populations throughout the known distributions of all seven species. The common ancestor of this highland clade started to differentiate ∼0.9 million years (Myr) ago, which corresponds to a high diversification rate of 2.06 species per Myr in the intervening period. The high level of haplotype sharing among several species in the clade and the absence of reciprocal monophyly suggest the persistence of ancestral polymorphisms during speciation events and/or past hybridization, because no hybrid was found. Four of the five species displayed very low genetic diversity and possessed either one or two haplotypes, which is consistent with long‐term isolation in restricted areas. The three more diverse species displayed significant population structure, andP. altiplanashowed a clear signs of population growth during the last glacial period. These results suggest that diversification occurred as a result of expansion of the ancestral species of the clade during glacial periods followed by fragmentation and isolation during retraction in interglacial periods.
Hydrogen peroxide inactivates the Escherichia coli Isc iron‐sulphur assembly system, and OxyR induces the Suf system to compensate
Authors: Jang Soojin , Imlay James A.
Published: October 2010

Environmental H2O2 creates several injuries in Escherichia coli, including the oxidative conversion of dehydratase [4Fe–4S] clusters to an inactive [3Fe–4S] form. To protect itself, H2O2‐stressed E. coli activates the OxyR regulon. This regulon includes the suf operon, which encodes an alternative to the housekeeping Isc iron‐sulphur cluster assembly system. Previously studied [3Fe–4S] clusters are repaired by an Isc/Suf‐independent pathway, so the rationale for Suf induction was not obvious. Using strains that cannot scavenge H2O2, we imposed chronic low‐grade stress and found that suf mutants could not maintain the activity of isopropylmalate isomerase, a key iron‐sulphur dehydratase. Experiments showed that its damaged cluster was degraded in vivo beyond the [3Fe–4S] state, presumably to an apoprotein form, and thus required a de novo assembly system for reactivation. Surprisingly, submicromolar H2O2 poisoned the Isc machinery, thereby creating a requirement for Suf both to repair the isomerase and to activate nascent Fe–S enzymes in general. The IscS and IscA components of the Isc system are H2O2‐resistant, suggesting that oxidants disrupt Isc by oxidizing clusters as they are assembled on or transferred from the IscU scaffold. Consistent with these results, organisms that are routinely exposed to oxidants rely upon Suf rather than Isc for cluster assembly.
Phenotypic repertoire of the FNR regulatory network in Escherichia coli
Authors: Tolla Dean A. , Savageau Michael A.
Published: October 2010

The FNR protein in Escherichia coli is an O2 sensor that modifies global gene expression to adapt the cell to anaerobic growth. Regulation of FNR involves continuous cycling of the protein between its active and inactive states under aerobic conditions without apparent function. This raises the question of what benefit to the overall life cycle might compensate for the cost of cycling and reveals that the role of this process is poorly understood. To address this problem, we introduce the concept of a ‘system design space’, which provides a rigorous definition of phenotype at the molecular level and a means of visualizing the phenotypic repertoire of the system. Our analysis reveals undesirable and desirable phenotypes with an optimal constellation of parameter values for the system. To facilitate a more concrete understanding of what the design space represents, we analyse mutations that alter the apparent dimerization rate constant of FNR. We show that our estimated wild‐type value of this rate constant, which is difficult to measure in situ, is located within this constellation and that the behaviour of the system is compromised in mutants if the value of the apparent dimerization rate constant lies beyond the bounds of this optimal constellation.
Mutational analysis of Brh2 reveals requirements for compensating mediator functions
Authors: Kojic Milorad , Zhou Qingwen , Fan Jie , Holloman William K.
Published: October 2010

Brh2, a member of the BRCA2 family of proteins, governs homologous recombination in the fungus Ustilago maydis through interaction with Rad51. Brh2 serves at an early step in homologous recombination to mediate Rad51 nucleoprotein filament formation and also has the capability to function at a later step in recombination through its inherent DNA annealing activity. Rec2, a Rad51 paralogue, and Rad52 are additional components of the homologous recombination system, but the absence of either is less critical than Brh2 for operational activity. Here we tested a variety of mutant forms of Brh2 for activity in recombinational repair as measured by DNA repair proficiency. We found that a mutant of Brh2 deleted of the non‐canonical DNA‐binding domain within the N‐terminal region is dependent upon the presence of Rad52 for DNA repair activity. We also determined that a motif first identified in human BRCA2 as important in binding DMC1 also contributes to DNA repair proficiency and cooperates with the BRC element in Rad51 binding.
Cell cycle‐dependent, intercellular transmission of Toxoplasma gondii is accompanied by marked changes in parasite gene expression
Authors: Gaji Rajshekhar Y. , Behnke Michael S. , Lehmann Margaret M. , White Michael W. , Carruthers Vern B.
Published: October 2010

Intracellular microbes have evolved efficient strategies for transitioning from one cell to another in a process termed intercellular transmission. Here we show that host cell transmission of the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii is closely tied to specific cell cycle distributions, with egress and reinvasion occurring most proficiently by parasites in the G1 phase. We also reveal that Toxoplasma undergoes marked changes in mRNA expression when transitioning from the extracellular environment to its intracellular niche. These mRNA level changes reflect a modal switch from expression of proteins involved in invasion, motility and signal transduction in extracellular parasites to expression of metabolic and DNA replication proteins in intracellular parasites. Host cell binding and signalling associated with the discharge of parasite secretory proteins was not sufficient to induce this switch in gene expression, suggesting that the regulatory mechanisms responsible are tied to the establishment of the intracellular environment. The genes whose expression increased after parasite invasion belong to a progressive cascade known to underlie the parasite division cycle indicating that the unique relationship between the G1 phase and invasion effectively synchronizes short‐term population growth. This work provides new insight into how this highly successful parasite competently transits from cell to cell.
Processing of metacaspase into a cytoplasmic catalytic domain mediating cell death in Leishmania major
Authors: Zalila Habib , González Iveth J. , El‐Fadili Amal Kuendig , Delgado Maria Belen , Desponds Chantal , Schaff Cédric , Fasel Nicolas
Published: October 2010

Metacaspases are cysteine peptidases that could play a role similar to caspases in the cell death programme of plants, fungi and protozoa. The human protozoan parasite Leishmania major expresses a single metacaspase (LmjMCA) harbouring a central domain with the catalytic dyad histidine and cysteine as found in caspases. In this study, we investigated the processing sites important for the maturation of LmjMCA catalytic domain, the cellular localization of LmjMCA polypeptides, and the functional role of the catalytic domain in the cell death pathway of Leishmania parasites. Although LmjMCA polypeptide precursor form harbours a functional mitochondrial localization signal (MLS), we determined that LmjMCA polypeptides are mainly localized in the cytoplasm. In stress conditions, LmjMCA precursor forms were extensively processed into soluble forms containing the catalytic domain. This domain was sufficient to enhance sensitivity of parasites to hydrogen peroxide by impairing the mitochondrion. These data provide experimental evidences of the importance of LmjMCA processing into an active catalytic domain and of its role in disrupting mitochondria, which could be relevant in the design of new drugs to fight leishmaniasis and likely other protozoan parasitic diseases.
Review: Role of cerebral vessels in ischaemic injury of the brain
Authors: Ogata J. , Yamanishi H. , Ishibashi‐Ueda H.
Published: October 2010

J. Ogata, H. Yamanishi and H. Ishibashi‐Ueda (2011) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology37, 40–55 Role of cerebral vessels in ischaemic injury of the brain

This review discusses the pathological changes in the heart and vessels underlying brain ischaemic injury, with a major focus on atherosclerotic disease of the brain induced by lesions of the extracranial cervical and major intracranial arteries and small‐vessel disease of the brain. The carotid bifurcation is the primary site for atherosclerotic changes, for which extensive clinical trials and pathological analyses on carotid endarterectomy specimens have been performed. Plaque rupture and erosion give rise to thrombus formation, which leads to brain ischaemic injury. These changes have much in common with atherosclerotic lesions of the subepicardial coronary arteries. Emboli of various types of particles are characteristics of brain ischaemic injury. Thrombi rich in fibrin and red blood cells (red thrombi) that develop in the cardiac chambers are common sources of cerebral emboli. Small‐vessel disease of the brain induces fibrinoid necrosis, microaneurysm, fibrohyalinosis, lipohyalinosis and microatheroma, changes commonly associated with hypertension. The acute hypertensive small‐vessel changes organize to create segmental arterial disorganization and deep small infarcts when they escape from rupture. Some specific vascular diseases responsible for brain ischaemic injury are briefly reviewed also.
A new ‘forma specialis’ of Fusarium solani causing leaf yellowing of Phalaenopsis
Authors: Chung W. C. , Chen L. W. , Huang J. H. , Huang H. C. , Chung W. H.
Published: October 2010

The pathogenicity of 35 Fusarium solani isolates obtained from diseased leaves of greenhouse‐grown Phalaenopsis plants in Taiwan was tested on different orchids, including Phalaenopsis sp., Cymbidium spp., Oncidium sp., Dendrobium sp. and Cattleya sp., plus pea (Pisum sativum), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum) and cucurbit [melon (Cucumis melo) and cucmber (C. sativus)] plants. Isolates of F. solani from Phalaenopsis spp. caused severe leaf yellowing on Phalaenopsis and mild symptoms on Cymbidium spp., but no visual symptoms on Oncidium sp., Dendrobium sp., Cattleya sp., pea, chrysanthemum or melon. Fusarium solani isolates collected from Phalaenopsis, pea and cucurbits were molecularly characterized by internal transcribed spacer (ITS), intergenic spacer (IGS) and β‐tubulin gene analyses. Phylogenetic trees constructed by distance and parsimony methods indicated that isolates from Phalaenopsis were grouped into one type based on ITS, IGS and β‐tubulin sequences with high bootstrap value (> 84%) support, compared to ‘formae speciales’ of F. solani from the other hosts. These analyses show that isolates of F. solani from Phalaenopsis are distinct from F. solani isolates from other hosts in Taiwan. Therefore, it is proposed that F. solani isolates that incite Phalaenopsis leaf yellowing be designated F. solani f. sp. phalaenopsis.
Use of a real‐time LAMP isothermal assay for detecting 16SrII and XII phytoplasmas in fruit and weeds of the Ethiopian Rift Valley
Authors: Bekele B. , Hodgetts J. , Tomlinson J. , Boonham N. , Nikolić P. , Swarbrick P. , Dickinson M.
Published: October 2010

A study to investigate the association of phytoplasmas with papaya dieback and citrus decline syndromes in Ethiopia was carried out between July 2009 and February 2010, with sampling performed in major papaya‐ and citrus‐growing areas of the Rift Valley. Samples of plants with symptoms were collected from papaya, citrus and suspected phytoplasma weed hosts and crops in and around the papaya and citrus fields studied. Nested polymerase chain reaction (nested‐PCR) was used for initial characterization, using primers that amplify regions of the 16S rRNA and secA genes, and results were then confirmed with rapid real‐time group‐specific LAMP (loop‐mediated isothermal amplification) assays. The results identified the occurrence of a phytoplasma belonging to the stolbur (16SrXII‐A) group in papaya plants showing dieback symptoms, whilst no phytoplasmas were found associated with citrus decline. These results contradict previous reports that a 16SrII phytoplasma was associated with both papaya dieback and citrus decline in Ethiopia, but correspond with the association of a 16SrXII phytoplasmas with Nivum‐Haamir‐Dieback of papaya in Israel and papaya dieback in Australia. No 16SrXII phytoplasmas were found in any of the weeds and potential alternative hosts studied, although 16SrII phytoplasmas were consistently found in Parthenium hysterophorus weed plants. These results indicate that a 16SrXII phytoplasma is associated with papaya dieback in Ethiopia, whilst the causal agent of citrus decline is not a phytoplasma and remains unidentified.
Partial sequence and RT‐PCR diagnostic test for the plant rhabdovirus Raspberry vein chlorosis virus
Authors: McGavin W. J. , Cock P. J. A. , MacFarlane S. A.
Published: October 2010

A partial (c. 3 kb) nucleotide sequence of the genome of Raspberry vein chlorosis virus (RVCV) has been obtained, confirming that it is a plant rhabdovirus. Sequence data were obtained using two approaches, conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) of single‐strand RNA using degenerate primers designed from rhabdovirus L gene sequences, and mass (454) sequencing of randomly‐amplified double‐stranded RNA. Amplification using the degenerate primers of RNA extracted from virus‐infected raspberry plants was unsuccessful, whereas amplification of rhabdovirus sequences from RNA extracts of the RVCV vector aphid, Aphis idaei, was successful. From these sequences, RVCV‐specific primers were designed which could be used to direct amplification of fragments of the viral genome both from infected aphids and from infected raspberry plants. Phylogenetic analysis of available rhabdovirus sequences shows that RVCV is most closely related to Strawberry crinkle virus.
A much needed BALANCE
Authors: Alda Martin , O’Donovan Claire
Published: October 2010

Alda M, O’Donovan C. A much needed BALANCE. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 678–680. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
The pharmacogenetics of antidepressant‐induced mania: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Daray Federico M , Thommi Sairah B , Ghaemi S Nassir
Published: October 2010

Daray FM, Thommi SB, Ghaemi SN. The pharmacogenetics of antidepressant‐induced mania: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 702–706. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objective:  Antidepressant‐induced mania (AIM) has been associated with the serotonin‐transporter‐linked promoter region (5‐HTTLPR) polymorphism in some studies but not in others. We conducted a meta‐analysis of those studies and other studies of genetic predictors of AIM.

Methods:  MEDLINE‐based searches of genetic studies of AIM were conducted, and a meta‐analysis of six studies of 5‐HTTLPR was performed. Other polymorphisms were insufficiently studied to allow for meta‐analysis.

Results:  There was an association of the short (s) variant of 5‐HTTLPR and AIM [risk ratio (RR) = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.76, p = 0.02]. There was a higher frequency of s carriers (sl and ss genotypes) in those who developed AIM [RR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.98–1.93), p = 0.06].

Conclusion:  The 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism appears to have a moderate effect size association with AIM in patients with bipolar disorder.
Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 during bipolar mania treatment
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Liu Min , Cai Zhuoji , Wang Gang , Li Xiaohua
Published: October 2010

Li X, Liu M, Cai Z, Wang G, Li X. Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 during bipolar mania treatment. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 741–752. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objectives:  Bipolar disorder is a debilitating psychiatric illness presenting with recurrent mania and depression. The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is poorly understood, and molecular targets in the treatment of bipolar disorder remain to be identified. Preclinical studies have suggested that glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3) is a potential therapeutic target in bipolar disorder, but evidence of abnormal GSK3 in human bipolar disorder and its response to treatment is still lacking.

Methods:  This study was conducted in acutely ill type I bipolar disorder subjects who were hospitalized for a manic episode. The protein level and the inhibitory serine phosphorylation of GSK3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of bipolar manic and healthy control subjects were compared, and the response of GSK3 to antimanic treatment was evaluated.

Results:  The levels of GSK3α and GSK3β in this group of bipolar manic subjects were higher than healthy controls. Symptom improvement during an eight‐week antimanic treatment with lithium, valproate, and atypical antipsychotics was accompanied by a significant increase in the inhibitory serine phosphorylation of GSK3, but not the total level of GSK3, whereas concomitant electroconvulsive therapy treatment during a manic episode appeared to dampen the response of GSK3 to pharmacological treatment.

Conclusions:  Results of this study suggest that GSK3 can be modified during the treatment of bipolar mania. This finding in human bipolar disorder is in agreement with preclinical data suggesting that inhibition of GSK3 by increasing serine phosphorylation is a response of GSK3 to psychotropics used in bipolar disorder, supporting the notion that GSK3 is a promising molecular target in the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder.
Monitoring bacterial contamination of blood components in Germany: effect of contamination reduction measures
Authors: Walther‐Wenke G. , Wirsing von König C. H. , Däubener W. , Heiden M. , Hoch J. , Hornei B. , Volkers P. ,   Working party on Bacteria Safety in Transfusion Medicine of the Advisory Board of the German Ministry of Health (Arbeitskreis Blut), Berlin, Germany
Published: October 2010

Background and Objectives  National guidelines for monitoring bacterial contamination of blood components were introduced in Germany in 1997. Between 1998 and 2002, numerous measures were implemented to prevent bacterial contamination. This study investigates their impact on contamination rates.

Materials and Methods  Culture‐based testing for bacterial detection on a random sample of blood components is part of routine quality control in German blood establishments. Using standardized questionnaires, data from the production periods 1998, 2001 and 2005/2006 were collected and analysed.

Results  The bacterial contamination rate of RBCs was reduced from 0·157% in 1998 to 0·029% in 2005/2006 (P < 0·001). While the contamination rate of apheresis PCs remained nearly unchanged over the years, it dramatically decreased for pooled PCs by 70% to a contamination rate of 0·158% (P = 0·001) within the last observation period, similar to that of apheresis PCs. The contamination rate of plasma decreased from 0·100% in 1998 to 0·019% in 2005/2006 (P = 0·002).

Conclusions  Precautionary measures significantly reduced bacterial contamination rates of blood components. Long‐term monitoring with standardized methods is appropriate to evaluate the cumulative effect of contamination‐preventing measures.
Miltenberger blood group antigen subtype III (Mi.III) supports Wrb expression
Authors: Hsu K. , Lin Yen‐Chun , Lee Ting‐Ying , Lin Marie
Published: October 2010

Background and Objectives  Miltenberger blood group antigens belong to the complex MNS system. Miltenberger antigen subtype III (Mi.III) was previously found to promote the expression of band 3. Here, we investigated whether the direct interaction between band 3 and Mi.III‐specific Gp.Mur (a glycophorin B‐A‐B hybrid) might affect the expression of related blood group antigens such as the Wright b (Wrb) antigen.

Materials and Methods  (1) Band 3 genes of Mi.III+ and non‐Mi.III (control) donors were sequenced to determine the genotypes of the Wright antigens. (2) The expression levels of Wrb, glycophorin A (GPA) and band 3 in Mi.III and the control erythrocytes were quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry.

Results  Mi.III erythrocytes expressed 22·5 ± 6·6% more Wrb antigen than the control cells. The increase in Wrb in Mi.III cells was independent of their GPA levels.

Conclusion  The elevated Wrb levels in Mi.III RBCs were likely linked to their higher band 3 levels. Higher band 3 densities on the Mi.III+ cell surface conceivably could drive complex formation between band 3 and GPA/Gp.Mur, thereby increasing the expression of Wrb.
Expression patterns of three α‐expansin isoforms in Coffea arabica during fruit development
Authors: Budzinski I. G. F. , Santos T. B. , Sera T. , Pot D. , Vieira L. G. E. , Pereira L. F. P.
Published: October 2010

As a first step towards understanding the physiological role and regulation of the expansin gene (EXP) family in Coffea arabica fruits during growth and maturation, we identified 11 expansin genes, nine belonging to the α‐expansin family (EXPA), one EXLA and one EXLB, through in silico analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Within the α‐expansin family, three isoforms were selected for detailed examination based on their high expression in coffee fruits or because they were specifically induced during different fruit developmental stages, according to the EST information. The expression patterns were analysed in different fruit tissues (perisperm, endosperm and pericarp) of C. arabica cv. IAPAR‐59 and C. arabica cv. IAPAR‐59 Graúdo, the latter being a closely related cultivar with a larger fruit size. Accumulation of CaEXPA1 and CaEXPA3 transcripts was high in the perisperm (tissue responsible for coffee bean size) and in the early stages of pericarp development. Transcripts of CaEXPA2 were detected only in the pericarp during the later stages of fruit maturation and ripening. There was no detectable transcription of the three EXPs analysed in the endosperm. The observed differences in mRNA expression levels of CaEXPA1 and CaEXP3 in the perisperm of IAPAR‐59 and IAPAR‐59 Graúdo suggest the participation of these two isoforms in the regulation of grain size.
Behavioural and endocrinological changes in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) under domestication
Authors: Krause S. , Schüler L.
Published: October 2010

This study aimed to quantify differences in response to stress between two strains of Syrian hamsters to evaluate the consequences of domestication in this species by measuring behavioural traits in the open‐field, adrenal gland masses (ADR), and faecal and blood corticosterone concentrations (CC). We studied a laboratory (lab)‐ and a wild‐derived population (wild). The lab hamsters were significant heavier than the wild hamsters. The lab males had the highest ADR, and it was independent of their high body mass (BM). The ADR of lab females and wild hamsters was linearly dependent of BM. The lab males had the highest faecal and blood CC, whereas the lab females had the lowest CC. In the open field, the lab hamsters began later to groom, groomed shorter, groomed less frequently, began later to rear, reared longer and reared less frequently. In the lab population, females reared more often and groomed longer than males. The sex differences in the behaviours of the lab population and the differences between the populations mirror the differences neither in the ADR nor in the CC. The founder effect and the breeding history of lab Syrian hamsters are discussed as causes of the differences between the studied populations.
Relationships between Podolic cattle breeds assessed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping
Authors: Pariset L. , Mariotti M. , Nardone A. , Soysal M.I. , Ozkan E. , Williams J.L. , Dunner S. , Leveziel H. , Maróti‐Agóts A. , Bodò I. , Valentini A.
Published: October 2010

Italian Maremmana, Turkish Grey and Hungarian Grey breeds belong to the same Podolic group of cattle, have a similar conformation and recently experienced a similar demographic reduction. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship among the analysed Podolic breeds and to verify whether their genetic state reflects their history. To do so, approximately 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped on individuals belonging to these breeds and compared to genotypes of individuals of two Italian beef breeds, Marchigiana and Piemontese, which underwent different selection and migration histories. Population genetic parameters such as allelic frequencies and heterozygosity values were assessed, genetic distances calculated and assignment test performed to evaluate the possibility of recent admixture between the populations. The data show that the physical similarity among the Podolic breeds examined, and particularly between Hungarian Grey and Maremmana cattle that experienced admixture in the recent past, is mainly morphological. The assignment of individuals from genotype data was achieved using Bayesian inference, confirming that the set of chosen SNPs is able to distinguish among the breeds and that the breeds are genetically distinct. Individuals of Turkish Grey breed were clearly assigned to their breed of origin for all clustering alternatives, showing that this breed can be differentiated from the others on the basis of the allelic frequencies. Remarkably, in the Turkish Grey there were differences observed between the population of Enez district, where in situ conservation studies are practised, and that of Bandirma district of Balikesir, where ex situ conservation studies are practised out of the original raising area. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that molecular data could be used to reveal an unbiased view of past events and provide the basis for a rational exploitation of livestock, suggesting appropriate cross‐breeding plans based on genetic distance or breeding strategies that include the population structure.
Genetic variation in litter size and kit survival of mink (Neovison vison)
Authors: Hansen B.K. , Su G. , Berg P.
Published: October 2010

The aims of this study are to estimate variance components of litter size and kit survival rate and estimate genetic correlations of litter size and kit survival rate with dam’s juvenile body weight and pregnancy length. Variance components for litter size and kit survival were analysed using an AI‐REML approach, based on data from 1940 litters of the black colour type mink from 1996 to 2001. The models included (i) additive genetic effect of dam; (ii) dam and sire genetic effects; (iii) additive genetic effect of dam in relation to litter size and dam and sire genetic effects in relation to survival rate; (iv) additive genetic effect of dam to estimate the correlations of litter size or kit survival with dam juvenile body weight and pregnancy length on yearling dams (1357 litters). The dam heritabilities were of litter size (0.02–0.08) and survival rate (0.05–0.10). The permanent effects of dam were important for litter size (0.15–0.19) but not for survival rate. A positive dam genetic correlation between litter size and survival rate was found at 1 week postpartum (0.42), and a positive sire genetic correlation between number of weaned kits and survival rate at the age of 6 month (0.72). Litter size and survival rate were genetically antagonistically related to dam’s juvenile body weight (−0.34 to −0.53). These results indicate the following: (i) it is possible to improve litter size and kit survival by selection, (ii) effective improvement of kit survival rate in the suckling period requires selection for maternal effect on kit survival and kit’s own capacity to survive and later in the growth period for kit’s own ability to survive and (iii) antagonistic genetic correlation of dam juvenile body weight with litter size and survival rate should be taken into consideration in mink breeding programs.
Fluorometric determination of acid proteinase activity in Candida albicans strains from diabetic patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis
Authors: Yildirim Zuhal , Kilic Nedret , Kalkanci Ayse
Published: October 2010

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is one of the most frequent disorders in obstetrics and gynaecology. Approximately three‐quarters of all adult women experience at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis during their life span. Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the rate of vaginal colonisation and infection with Candida species. The secreted acid proteinase might be especially relevant in the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis. The aim of this study was to determine the acid proteinase activity in the samples of Candida albicans from diabetic patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis by a fluorometric method. Vaginal swabs were taken from 33 women (aged between 22 and 57 years) having symptoms of vaginitis. Patients were divided into three groups: control group, controlled diabetic group and uncontrolled diabetic group. The proteinase activity in the culture supernatants was determined by a modified fluorometric method. Acid proteinase activities were significantly increased in the uncontrolled diabetic group in comparison with both the control group and the controlled diabetic group (P < 0.05). Acid proteinase may play an important role in C. albicans pathogenesis in diabetic patients. Improving glucose control may reduce the risk of Candida colonisation and potentially symptomatic infection, among women with diabetes and hence may be useful even for weaker enzyme activity measurements.
Antifungal activity of posaconazole and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in the treatment of disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) in a neutropaenic murine model
Authors: Saoulidis Stamatis , Simitsopoulou Maria , Dalakiouridou Maria , Walsh Thomas J. , Wheat L. Joseph , Papaioannidou Paraskevi , Roilides Emmanuel
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of posaconazole (PSC) in combination with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) in a neutropaenic murine model of disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) due toRhizopus microsporus. Male BALB/c mice were rendered neutropaenic with cyclophosphamide (200 mg kg−1, intraperitoneally) administered on days −1 and +5 postinfection. Mice were infected withR. microsporus(5 × 104spores ml−1) intravenously. Mice were treated with PSC (40 mg kg−1 day−1by gavage) or G‐CSF (300 μg kg−1 day−1subcutaneously) or with the combination of PSC and G‐CSF. The fungal burden was assessed by culturing the brain, liver, kidneys and lungs. Blood levels of PSC were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The survival rates were 33%, 27% and 31% for PSC‐treated‐, G‐CSF‐treated‐ and PSC + G‐CSF‐treated mice, respectively, as compared to 18% for the controls (P = NS). PSC monotherapy and combination therapy significantly reduced the fungal burden in the kidneys, but not in the rest of the organs. Combination therapy was not superior to PSC monotherapy in terms of either survival or reduction in fungal burden. Serum concentrations of PSC were well‐above the MIC of PSC for the particular isolate. PSC monotherapy has a modest efficacy againstR. microsporusin reducing fungal burden in neutropaenic mice. Combining G‐CSF with PSC does not substantially affect the antifungal activity of PSC.
What do we know about Candida guilliermondii? A voyage throughout past and current literature about this emerging yeast
Authors: Savini Vincenzo , Catavitello Chiara , Onofrillo Daniela , Masciarelli Gioviana , Astolfi Daniela , Balbinot Andrea , Febbo Fabio , D’Amario Claudio , D’Antonio Domenico
Published: October 2010

Candida guilliermondii is an uncommon isolate throughout most of the world, the behaviour of which as an environmental fungus, a human saprophyte and an agent of serious infections has been emphasised over the years. Notably, illnesses caused by this pathogen mostly involve compromised cancer hosts and commonly lead patients to unfavourable outcomes. It is of concern that the yeast may acquire or inherently express reduced in vitro sensitivity to all antifungal classes, although widespread resistance has not yet been described, and poor correlation exists between MICs and clinical outcome. However, the organism appears as constitutively less susceptible to polyenes and echinocandins than other yeast‐like fungi, so that the emergence of such pathogen in the clinical settings is of concern and may appear as a new challenge in the context of mycoses and antifungal therapy.
Association between brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity and endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent coronary vasomotor function
Authors: Yoshino Tomohide , Nakae Ichiro , Matsumoto Tetsuya , Mitsunami Kenichi , Horie Minoru
Published: October 2010

1. Coronary endothelial function and brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) are independent predictors of cardiovascular events. Thus, in the present study we examined the relationship between baPWV and endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent coronary vasodilatory functions.

2. Sixty‐five patients (12 diabetic and 53 non‐diabetic) with no significant stenosis of the coronary artery were studied and baPWV determined. After cardiac catheterization, graded doses of bradykinin (BK; 0.2, 0.6 and 2.0 μg/min), nitroglycerin (NTG; 250 μg) and papaverine (Pa; 12 mg) were administered into the left anterior descending coronary artery. Coronary blood flow (CBF) was measured using a Doppler flow wire.

3. In the 65 patients, an inverse correlation was found between baPWV and the percentage change in epicardial coronary artery diameter (Δ%CoD), as well as the percentage change in CBF (Δ%CBF), following administration of BK (endothelium‐dependent vasodilator). Moreover, inverse correlations were found between baPWV and Δ%CoD following administration of NTG (endothelium‐independent vasodilator) and Δ%CBF following administration of Pa (endothelium‐independent vasodilator).

4. Multivariate analysis revealed diabetes to be independently and significantly associated with baPWV, BK‐induced Δ%CBF and Δ%CoD and Pa‐induced Δ%CBF.

5. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that increased baPWV is associated with endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent coronary vasodilatory dysfunction. Non‐invasive and straightforward baPWV measurement may be useful for the assessment of coronary risk factors, particularly in diabetic patients.
Voluntary exercise does not affect stress‐induced tachycardia, but improves resistance to cardiac arrhythmias in rats
Authors: Beig Mirza I , Callister Robin , Saint David A , Bondarenko Eugene , Walker Frederick R , Day Trevor A , Nalivaiko Eugene
Published: October 2010

1. It is currently unknown whether long‐term voluntary exercise has enduring cardioprotective effects in animal models.

2. The present study was conducted in three groups of rats: (i) sedentary controls (n = 6); (ii) 24 h runners (n = 8; unlimited access to running wheels); and (iii) 2 h runners (n = 8; access to running wheels limited to 2 h daily). After termination of the 6 week exercise protocol, all rats were implanted with the telemetric electrocardiogram transmitters and were studied 1 week later.

3. Resting heart rate (HR) values in the control rats, 24 h runners and 2 h runners were 372 ± 7, 361 ± 9 and 298 ± 5 b.p.m., respectively (P < 0.05 for 2 h runners vs controls). The high‐frequency spectral power in the control rats, 24 h runners and 2 h runners was 3.9 ± 0.2, 4.3 ± 0.3 and 5.3 ± 0.3 s2, respectively (P < 0.05 for 2 h runners vs controls), whereas intrinsic HR was 383 ± 3, 377 ± 2 and 346 ± 3 b.p.m., respectively (P < 0.001 for 2 h runners vs controls). Restraint stress provoked tachycardia of similar magnitude in all groups.

4. After completion of telemetric studies, haemodynamic indices and susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias were assessed in anaesthetized animals, there were no major between‐group differences in HR, arterial pressure, contractility indices or sensitivity to β‐adrenoceptor stimulation (dobutamine) or blockade (atenolol). The effective refractory period in the control rats, 24 h runners and 2 h runners was 49 ± 2, 55 ± 2 and 60 ± 4 ms, respectively (P = 0.054 for 2 h runners vs controls). A significantly higher dose of aconitine was required to provoke ventricular arrhythmias in the 24 h and 2 h running groups compared with controls (489 ± 76, 505 ± 88 and 173 ± 33 μg, respectively; P < 0.05).

5. We conclude that, in rats, long‐term voluntary exercise has enduring cardioprotective effects mediated at the level of both the central nervous system and the heart.
Preferred orientation of the trace fossil Entradichnus meniscus in eolian dune strata (Djadokhta Formation) at Tugrikiin Shiree, southern Mongolia and its paleoecological implications
Authors: Seike Koji , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Ichinnorov Niiden
Published: October 2010

Eolian sand dune deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation at Tugrikiin Shiree, southern Mongolia, yield not only dinosaur skeletal remains but also numerous trace fossils produced by invertebrates. This paper describes the trace fossil Entradichnus meniscus, a long unlined and unbranched trail that is filled with meniscate laminae and occurs characteristically in positive epirelief. The trail is straight to gently meandering, parallel to the foreset laminae of the eolian dunes, and exhibits a significant preferred orientation parallel to the depositional dip of the cross‐stratification laminae. In addition, almost all the crescentic internal laminae of the trail show concave down‐dips. These features indicate that the trails were produced beneath the slipface of eolian dunes by the downward burrowing of the trace‐makers. This occurrence mode of E. meniscus of the Mongolian Cretaceous is very similar to that described from the Jurassic eolian dune deposits in North America. Hence, the downward burrowing of the E. meniscus animal might be a common feature in arid eolian dune deposits at least during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and possibly reflecting a behavioral response to the morphology of large sand dunes under an arid climate.
Vitamin C deficiency increases the binucleation of hepatocytes in SMP30 knock‐out mice
Authors: Park Jin‐Kyu , Hong Il‐Hwa , Ki Mi‐Ran , Chung Hae‐Young , Ishigami Akihito , Ji Ae‐Ri , Goo Moon‐Jung , Kim Dong‐Hwan , Kwak Ji‐Hoon , Min Chang‐Woo , Lee Seung‐Sook , Jeong Kyu‐Shik
Published: October 2010

Background and Aims:  The binucleation of hepatocytes, which was known as an important feature of liver growth and physiology, has been reported to be increased during the chronic oxidative injury stage and has been regarded as an age‐related change of hepatic structures. Therefore, we investigated the binuclearity pattern in the livers of senescence marker proteins‐30 (SMP30) knock‐out (KO) mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice and vitamin C‐treated KO (KO + VC) mice.

Methods:  The WT, KO and KO + VC mice were fed a vitamin C free diet and VC(+) group mice were given vitamin C water containing 1.5 g/L of vitamin C, whereas VC(−) group was given normal drinking water without vitamin C, for 16 weeks.

Results:  In microscopic examination, the livers of KO mice showed a significantly increased number of binuclear hepatocytes compared with that of WT mice and KO + VC mice. KO mice also showed the most increased expression level of CYP2E1 and PCNA determined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis. Moreover, KO mice indicated the highest level of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase level in serum biochemical analysis. Accordingly, significantly decreased levels of reactive oxygen species, MDA (malondialdehyde) and HAE (4‐hydroxyalkenals) were detected in KO + VC mice compared with KO mice.

Conclusion:  Therefore, it is concluded that vitamin C deficiency induces an increase of CYP2E1 expression and elevated ROS production, which causes oxidative liver injury and the elevation of hepatocyte binucleation in SMP30 KO mice.
Increasing home based dialysis therapies to tackle dialysis burden around the world: A position statement on dialysis economics from the 2nd Congress of the International Society for Hemodialysis
Authors: LI PHILIP KAM‐TAO , CHEUNG WAI LUN , LUI SING LEUNG , BLAGG CHRISTOPHER , CASS ALAN , HOOI LAI SEONG , LEE HO YUNG , LOCATELLI FRANCESCO , WANG TAO , YANG CHIH‐WEI , CANAUD BERNARD , CHENG YUK LUN , CHOONG HUI LIN , DE FRANCISCO ANGEL L , GURA VICTOR , KAIZU KAZO , KERR PETER G , KUOK UN I , LEUNG CHI BON , LO WAI‐KEI , MISRA MADHUKAR , SZETO CHEUK CHUN , TONG KWOK LUNG , TUNGSANGA KRIANG , WALKER ROBERT , WONG ANDREW KUI‐MAN , YU ALEX WAI‐YIN ,   on behalf of the participants of THE ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION ON DIALYSIS ECONOMICS in the SECOND CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HEMODIALYSIS (ISHD 2009)
Published: October 2010

The authors compiled a positional statement on dialysis economics from the second congress of the international society for hemodialysis, focusing on promoting home‐based dialysis therapies to tackle the dialysis burden. They have added a further statement to urge local health authorities to increase this form of therapy.
Melamine‐tainted milk product‐associated urinary stones in children
Authors: Wang Zheng , Luo Hong , Tu Wenwei , Yang Hui , Wong Wilfred Hing‐Sang , Wong Wing‐Tak , Yung Ka‐Fu , Zhou Nan , Zhang Jingti , Li Xiaoqing , Wang Zerong , Guo Wenjun , Mu Dezhi , Li Fanghong , Mao Meng , Lau Yu‐Lung
Published: October 2010

Background: An outbreak of urinary stones related to consumption of melamine‐tainted milk products (MTMP) occurred in China in 2008. The aim of the present study was to evaluate such children to identify their clinical features and risk factors.

Methods: Renal ultrasound was performed for 7328 children who presented to a Sichuan teaching hospital between 13 September and 15 October 2008 due to concern of such stones. Clinical data, family information, feeding history and urinary stones were analyzed.

Results: Of the 7328 children, 189 (2.58%) had ultrasound findings of urinary stones, and 51 were admitted. Age (mean ± SD) was 27.4 ± 25.5 months, and 101 were male and 88, female. The odds ratio (OR) for urinary stones for infants and young children (1–3 years) as compared to older children (>3 years), was 2.42 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64–3.56;P < 0.0001) and 1.95 (95%CI, 1.31–2.89;P < 0.0011), respectively. Independent risk factors associated with urinary stones included consumption of MTMP with melamine at >5500 mg/kg (OR, 13.3; 95%CI, 6.8–26.1,P < 0.0001) as compared to that with melamine at <200 mg/kg, and younger father (P = 0.0006). On logistic regression, the only risk factor associated with inpatient care was lower family income per person (OR, 4.4; 95%CI, 1.2–15.9,P = 0.02). Repeat ultrasound for 51 children at mean follow up of 15.3 ± 8.9 days found that 33 passed out all stones, which was associated with a larger number of smaller stones (P = 0.003). Urinary stones contained melamine and uric acid, but no cyanuric acid.

Conclusions: MTMP‐associated urinary stones were more frequent in young children and more severe in children from poorer families.
Lower respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections among mature babies in Japan
Authors: Kawai Takumi , Goto Aya , Watanabe Eiko , Nagasawa Machiko , Yasumura Seiji
Published: October 2010

Background:  Epidemiologic evidence regarding the background factors of childhood infections in Japan is scarce. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the rates and associated factors of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and gastrointestinal infections (GII) among children with birthweight ≥2500 g and ≥37 weeks of gestational age.

Method:  The data for the study were collected at 18‐month health checkups in one city in Japan. The community database included information on the main outcome (past hospitalization) and 16 host, environmental, and parenting factors. The Kaplan–Meier method and log–rank test were used to determine sex differences in hospital admission for infection, and the Cox regression model to analyze sex‐specific factors associated with the hospitalization.

Results:  The proportion of children who were admitted to hospital before their 18‐month checkup was 7.1% for LRTI and 2.2% for GII. Hospital admission for LRTI among boys was higher than girls. Multivariate analysis indicated the following LRTI‐associated factors: child‐care attendance (hazard ratio [HR]= 1.97) and three or more adults living together (HR = 2.63) for boys; and child‐care attendance (HR = 4.30) and two or more children living together (HR = 4.57) for girls. GII‐associated factors were maternal age <25 years (HR = 3.45) for boys, and hand washing by caregivers after lavatory use and diaper changing (HR = 6.93) for girls.

Conclusions:  One out of 11 children was hospitalized because of LRTI or GII during their first 18 months, which was associated with a biologic factor (sex), environmental factors (child‐care attendance and family size), and parenting practices (shorter duration of exclusive breast‐feeding and caregivers' unfavorable hygiene practices).
Twice‐weekly fluconazole prophylaxis in premature infants: Association with cholestasis
Authors: Bhat Vishwanath , Fojas Milliecor , Saslow Judy G. , Shah Sahil , Sannoh Sulaiman , Amendolia Barbara , Pyon Kee , Kemble Nicole , Stahl Gary , Aghai Zubair H.
Published: October 2010

Background:  Fluconazole prophylaxis is effective in preventing invasive candidiasis in extremely low‐birthweight (ELBW) infants. The authors previously reported an increased incidence of cholestasis with fluconazole prophylaxis in ELBW infants, which led to fluconazole prophylaxis being changed to a less frequent dosing (LFD) schedule of twice a week at their institution. The purpose of the present study was therefore to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of LFD fluconazole prophylaxis in preventing invasive candidiasis in ELBW infants.

Methods:  ELBW infants who received the LFD regimen of fluconazole (twice a week for up to 6 weeks) were compared with infants who received the frequent dosing (FD) schedule (every 72 h for first 2 weeks, every 48 h for next 2 weeks and every 24 h for the final 2 weeks). The two groups were compared for baseline demographics, risk factors for candidiasis, the rate of invasive fungal infection and the incidence and severity of cholestasis.

Results:  There was no significant difference in the incidence of invasive candidiasis in infants who received the LFD (2/104, 2%) compared to FD (0/140, 0%; P= 0.4) fluconazole prophylaxis. The severity of cholestasis was lower and a trend towards decreased incidence of cholestasis was observed on the LFD schedule.

Conclusion:  The LFD regimen of fluconazole prophylaxis is effective in preventing invasive fungal infection in ELBW infants. The severity of cholestasis was decreased with the LFD schedule.