bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Habitat and Resource Use Changes in the Segara Anakan	Lagoon (Cilacap, Indonesia) over the Past 25 Years (1978-2004)
Authors: Riyanto Ardli Erwin , Wolff Matthias
Published: November 2024

This study assesses the changes in habitat and resource use of the Segara Anakan lagoon (SAL) located in Cilacap, Indonesia in relation to coastal development over a period of 25 years. The SAL was chosen for this study due to its social importance and its ecological significance, as it is one of the few mangrove areas left in Java, and the lagoon area is rapidly decreasing. The SAL ecosystem was mapped from 1978 through 2004 using satellite images and a GIS package to determine coastal habitat area changes. The main changes in land cover and land use involved the conversion of a large part of the estuary to new land (2966.8 ha) and mangrove area (3497.2 ha), and the subsequent conversion of these areas, and of older sections of the mangrove forest, to rice agriculture, semiintensive fishponds, new settlements and other land uses (11,315.6 ha). Over the whole period the largest portion of mangroves was converted into rice fields (8886 ha or 43.2% from the total mangrove area). The mangrove decrease amounted to 1.4% per year since the last decade. Land use resulted from increased urbanization, and the expansion of agriculture and aquaculture, which lead to problems of settlement encroachment on agricultural land, land reclamation from swamps, silt deposition in the lagoon, and a decrease in fishery catches. This research provides an account of the coastal habitat and resource use changes in Segara Anakan, and their implications for coastal resource management and provides the ground work for a forthcoming ecosystem-based assessment of the Segara Anakan natural resources via the application of a trophic modelling approach.
Application of Pollution Prevention Programme in	Bangladesh–Case Study on Cement Industry
Authors: Alam Md. J.B. , Banik B.K. , Hasan M.M. , Rahman M. Majibur
Published: November 2024

In this paper, pollution prevention programme have been proposed for industries as a cost effective measure for minimizing waste problem. The steps and advantages of the programme have been discussed briefly in order to get idea about the pollution prevention programme. In this paper, case study on cement industry has been presented to illustrate the benefit of pollution prevention programme for industries of developing countries. Treatment cost and material cost has been reduced for heavy metal industries and health risk has been reduced for pesticide formulation industries. The associated risk from present condition has been discussed.
A Preliminary Investigation for Groundwater Quality and Health	Effects–A Case Study
Authors: Kumar N. Venkat , Mathew Samson , Swaminathan G.
Published: November 2024

The study is an integrated GIS approach on groundwater quality and its health effects. The groundwater quality is a problem in different parts of our country. In Tamil Nadu the ground water is the only alternative source when surface water become scarce in pre-monsoon. Concentration greater than their permissible limits in drinking water have been linked to health problems, especially in infants. Tannery is one of the major industries in Tamil Nadu leading to water quality problems. In order to elucidate the status of groundwater quality, geochemical seasonal variation of ground water have been investigated. The diseases such as Acute Gastro Enteritis (AGE), Gastro Enteritis with dehydration, AGE with mild dehydration, AGE with moderate dehydration, AGE with severe dehydration and other diseases like enteric fever, malaria were classified and they were arranged according to ward wise in the study area. The tremendous power of analysis, map querying and presentation of data were applied in this study. Based on map query, water quality zones were demarcated as 'Affected Area' and 'Not affected Area' based on quality of water and diseases. The objective of this work is to analyze the water quality and the health effects in the study area using GIS.
Fungal Detoxification of Azo Dye (Reactive Red 2) by Aerobic	Process
Authors: Saral A. Mary , Sachidhanandam M. , Saravana Kumar M.P.
Published: November 2024

The decolourization of commercially available azo dye, Reactive Red 2 was studied since, to a certain extent, azo and reactive dyes are carcinogenic. In this research study, a novel fungus, Geotrichum candidum has been tried to degrade the dye colour. Batch studies were conducted in a defined medium with pH 7.0. As decolourization progressed, there was a substantial reduction in pH to 5.23. Maximum biomass growth was observed in the test organism on the 8th day. Maximum decolourization of Reactive Red 2 by Geotrichum candidum of up to 85.2% was seen on the 8th day only. In this case, the mycelium of the test organism also absorbed some amount of colour. Thus, the fungi can be used for decolourizing the colour present in the dye which may have carcinogenic effect on humans and that they have the potential to minimize environment risk.
The Effects of Cu and Cu+Zn on Biomass and Taxonomic Composition	in Algal Periphyton Communities
Authors: Atazadeh I. , Sharifi M.
Published: November 2024

In order to evaluate the long-term (24-day) influence of copper alone (Cu) and with combination of Cu+Zn on biomass and taxonomic composition in algal periphyton communities, indoor artificial streams were used with copper (50 μg.l-1) and copper and zinc (50 μg Cu l-1 and 1 mg Zn l-1). The effects of copper and zinc on community productivity were assessed by measuring biomass, ash-free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll-a, taxonomic composition, relative abundance and biovolume. In artificial streams with Cu and Cu + Zn, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of chlorophyll-a, dry mass and AFDM. Species diversity and relative abundance of periphyton species changed drastically under the influence of copper and zinc. In an artificial streams containing copper and zinc (50 μg Cu l-1 and 1 mg Zn l-1), the taxonomic composition of the population shifted from a cyanophyceaen dominated community to a community mainly consisting of chlorophyceae, while changes among species within the bacillariophyceae did not show a marked difference under the influence of copper and zinc. In artificial streams with copper alone Oocystis gigas and Stigeoclonium tennue became dominant species while in artificial streams containing copper and zinc Oocystis crassa and Scenedesmus sp. dominated the periphyton community. This study showed that copper alone or with combination of zinc not only influences community productivity but also causes changes in species composition.
Assessment of Earthworm Distribution in Different Seasons in and	around Pondicherry, India
Authors: Alexandar R.
Published: November 2024

The properties of soil determine the nature of the vegetation present and, indirectly, the number and types of animals. Eleven sites were sampled to study the distribution of earthworms in Pondicherry. Earthworms are probably the most important macro animals in soils (Brady and Weil, 1999). Hence the soil surveyed were analysed for various physical and chemical parameters to correlate their influence on earthworms and vice versa. The surveys were scheduled for four seasons–rainy season (Oct '02), winter (Jan '03), early summer (April '03), and late summer (July '03).
Pesticide Pollution in Punjab: A Review
Authors: Tiwana N.S. , Jerath Neelima , Singh Gurharminder , Singh Ravleen
Published: November 2024

The use of chemical pesticides in the country has increased by more than seventeen times since 1955. The state of Punjab is one of the highest user of these pesticides especially after the ushering in of green revolution. Though the state has only 1.5% landmass of the country, it consumes about 17% of pesticides used in India. The per hectare pesticide use is highest in Punjab (923 g/ha) as compared to other agriculturally advanced states like Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Gujrat. Although the use of pesticides has helped to enhanced economic gains through crop protection yet they have had serious implications to human health and non-target plants and animals by accumulating in food and water. The present paper reviews various studies carried out in Punjab on the pesticide residues found in different food items (like wheat flour, human milk, vegetables, etc.) and their effect on human health.
Reduction in Particulate Matter Concentration by Ammonia Injection	in Flue Gas–A Case Study
Authors: Subramaniam R.S. , Bagchi S.S. , Jadhav R.T.
Published: November 2024

In India coal-fired power plants are equipped with electrostatic precipitators (ESP) to combat the suspended particulate matter emission from the stack. The efficiency of electro precipitator in removal of particulate matter is dependent upon the ability of the particulate matter to accept and release of electric charge. This characteristic of the particulate matter is generally referred to as ash resistivity. An exhaustive literature survey was undertaken to understand the resistivity problem. The resistivity is an electrochemical property and this paper describes the other aspect of ammonia that helps in agglomeration of the particles and enhances the collection efficiency of the electrostatic precipitators.
Study of Solar Desalination System with Evaporative Porous Surface	in Basin to Meet out Drinking Water Requirement of Remote Area Dwellers of	Rajasthan
Authors: Khanna R.K. , Rathore R.S. , Sharma C.
Published: November 2024

Desalination is a technique used to produce potable water from water sources containing dissolved chemicals contamination. Water with TDS value (mg/L) less than 1000 is called potable and water with TDS value (mg/L) >1000 is called brackish water. There are several methods of water desalination like ion exchange, electro dialysis, reverse osmosis, distillation, solar desalination etc.

Solar desalination is a process in which solar energy is used to evaporate brackish water in an air-tight chamber and allowed to condense on a condensing surface, leaving behind the dissolved impurities to make it suitable for drinking. States of India like Rajasthan with highly contaminated ground water and ample solar radiations may use this technique to produce drinking water from the available brackish water.

In this paper a mathematical model is presented to theoretically predict the output of a solar desalination system by enhancing the evaporative surface area which is verified experimentally. It is observed that efficiency of solar desalination system may be increased by increasing the surface area available for evaporation.
Nitrate and Fluoride Contamination in Ground Water under Intensive	Agricultural Landuse
Authors: Tyagi S.K. , Datta P.S. , Sharma R.K. , Kulshreshtha Shilpi
Published: November 2024

In alluvial areas, having intensive agricultural practices, continuous loading of agrochemicals is a common phenomenon. This, mixed with irrigation water transport through the unsaturated zone, is likely to result in groundwater contamination. A study has been initiated to assess the extent of groundwater contamination in the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) farm area, New Delhi, using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. Nitrate, fluoride and potassium contents in farm groundwater varies from <1.0 to 80.0 mg/L, <1.0 to 1.87 mg/L and 1.6 to 18.3 mg/L respectively, suggesting contamination contributed by different sources. The investigations indicate that the groundwater pollution in the northeastern parts (TW-16) is contributed by point source, while in the western parts (TW-CPWD2 and TW-CPWD1) it is contributed by the sewage disposal water showing high values of nitrate i.e. >45 mg/L. Groundwater samples, in eastern and western parts (TW-GEN1 and TW-CPWD2), show high values of fluoride 1.87 and 1.76 mg/L respectively. The central part of the farm area is the zone of extensive agricultural activities where nitrate contamination is mainly contributed by the nitrogenous fertilizers. Urgent need to check the groundwater contamination by adopting/modifying agronomical management practices is advocated.
Selection of Appropriate Sewage Treatment Technology for	Kancheepuram City
Authors: Kannan S. , Singal S.K. , Kazmi A.A. , Sharma M.P.
Published: November 2024

Various types of sewage treatment technologies are available for the treatment and reuse of sewage in India. It is difficult to select an appropriate treatment technology for the specific region such as rural, urban or metropolitan area. Suitability to techno economic analysis, life cycle, cost analysis, and benefit cost ratio can be used as financial management tool to take final decision. This paper highlights the application of techno-economic analysis for the selection of appropriate technology of sewage treatment for Kancheepuram town of Tamil Nadu. Out of five different types of sewage treatment technologies that are being used in India, the waste stabilization pond has been found to be the most economical option to treat sewage as the cost of land in Kancheepuram city is less than Rs. 6.5 million per ha (i.e., Rs. 650/sqm). Between Rs. 6.5 and Rs. 13.0 million per ha, the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) with Final Polishing Pond (FPP) is economical. Above Rs. 13.0 million per ha, the Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR), Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) and Activated Sludge Process are found to be economical. The selection of technology has been done by calculating the benefit cost ratio, assuming a discount rate of 10%.
Degradation of Carbaryl by Photolytic Ozonation
Authors: Rajeswari R. , Kanmani S.
Published: November 2024

The degradation of Carbaryl, a frequently used carbamate derivative pesticide, was carried out in batch reactors by photolytic ozonation. The influencing factors such as pH, pollutant concentration and ozone dosage were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. The maximum COD removal of 78.5% was achieved in three hours at alkaline pH 9. Increase in ozone dosage from 0.12 g/h to 0.48 g/h increased degradation rate. The apparent pseudo first order rate constant for photolytic ozonation and ozonation processes were found to be 0.0209 min $^{-1}$ and 0.0139 min $^{-1}$ respectively which indicated the presence of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals in photolytic ozonation. Complete mineralization needs longer ozonation time and only 48% TOC removal was achieved in three-hour duration. BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.02 to 0.38 which facilitates coupling with secondary biological treatment.
Analysis of Sediment Contamination in the Harbour of Skikda
Authors: Kherouf M. , Mansouri R. , Guenfoud M.
Published: November 2024

The aim of this work is the study of the vast pollution in harbours occurred due to the high intense hydrodynamism, which involves the sedimentation of pollutant substances. Some of these substances could have a toxic character, like heavy metals. In this work, chemical analyses were carried out on samples taken from the studied area. The results were treated using an approach, which enables us to distinguish the dredged sediment, according to their contamination level, and their potential toxicity. Using a simplified method, the already mentioned approach allows the determination of the risk levels, taking into account the actual codes, and also makes help to differentiate between dredged sediments, thus bringing a decision-making aid for managers.
Effect of Strychnos potatorum Linn. Seed Extracts on Water Samples	from Different Sources and with Diverse Properties
Authors: Sarawgi Gagan , Kamra Aanchal , Suri Neha , Kaur Ashmeen , Sarethy Indira P.
Published: November 2024

In developing countries, ground water, which is contaminated with domestic and industrial waste, is commonly used for drinking. Colour, turbidity and microbial content affect quality of potable water. Strychnos potatorum (Linn.) seeds are known to function as coagulants and clarify water. Our study investigated the effect of the seed powder (10-40 mg L $^{-1}$ ) on water samples of varying colour, turbidity and microbial content. Samples studied were of river Yamuna, industrial effluent, a recreational pond, tap water and distilled water. pH was maintained within ±5 units while alkalinity was within one unit, showing that taste parameters were not affected. There was an 82-98% decrease in absorbance, denoting the seed's clarifying effect. The reduction in heterotrophic microbial load was 99% when 10 mg L $^{-1}$ of seed powder was added. Ames test demonstrated non-toxicity of the seed at the concentrations tested. This simple method can help as an effective and affordable pre-treatment method and bring down the costs of secondary treatment.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Potable Water Production: An	Analysis of Green House Gases Emission from Chemicals and Electricity Usage in	Water Treatment in Malaysia
Authors: Sharaai Amir Hamzah , Mahmood Noor Zalina , Sulaiman Abdul Halim
Published: November 2024

It is undeniable that we cannot live without water. Safe and clean water supply is crucial to human life activities. It is estimated that 80 per cent of all diseases and more than a third of death in this world is caused by using contaminated water. Constant effort that started in the 1980s has brought water services and sanitation to hundreds of millions of the poor population of the world. Among the efforts are the launch of Sanitation Century and International Drinking Water supply in 1981 resulting in the Mar del Plata Action Plan used by the United Nations. But do we know that to produce clean drinking water, chemicals and electricity are needed? Life cycle assessment (LCA) has found that the chemicals and electricity generation in the drinking water production has the potential of releasing green house gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide and dinitrogen monoxide. Thus raising the dilemma between basic necessity and the issue of saving the world from the impact of climate change. The use of LCA as a tool to achieve sustainable development could detect weaknesses in any system studied. Analysis has shown that the electricity generation using natural gas fuel emits the highest green house gases such as carbon dioxide (95.26%) and methane (4.47%) while PAC contributes the lowest. This situation should be solved by using electricity generated from alternative sources such as photovoltaic and hydroelectric that emits less green house gases.
Discharge and Sediment Transport in the Tropical Rivers of Kerala,	India and their Controlling Factors
Authors: Chandramohan T. , Balchand A.N. , Mathew Samson
Published: November 2024

Kerala, the southern-most State of India, is characterized by its unique physiographic setup and 44 small rivers flowing across its narrow width. Based on 15 years (1986-87 to 2000-01) of daily sediment concentration and discharge data of 16 rivers, annual, seasonal, monthly, and daily variation in the suspended sediment yield of the State was analyzed and its controlling factors are discussed herein.

There is a marked variability in sediment yield characteristics from north to south and from year to year. Sediment concentration in the rivers varies between 167 mg/l and 2944 mg/l. Chaliyar River transported the highest annual average sediment load of about 0.40 × 10 $^6$ t, whereas Meenachil River supplied the lowest of 0.04 × 10 $^6$ t. Sediment yield varied between 40 and 250 t/km $^2$ /year, with northern rivers showing larger yields. The central Kerala region, which is drained by major rivers and geologically stable, yielded lower values. Narrow land strips of northern and southern regions, characterized by steep slopes, were highly prone to erosion. Due to the variability in distribution of rainfall, the northern rivers transported major share of sediment during Southwest (SW) monsoon (75 to 95%), whereas there was a substantial amount of sediment transport (20-55%) during Northeast (NE) monsoon through the rivers from the southern region.
Quantitative Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Some Pond Water	Samples of Bangladesh
Authors: Bagchi Suvagata , Azad A.K. , Alomgir M. , Chowdhury Z. , Uddin M. Amin , Al-Reza Sharif M. , Rahman Atiqur
Published: November 2024

This study was undertaken to investigate the extent of contamination from pesticide residues in pond water samples of Bangladesh. Twenty water samples collected from different locations of Bangladesh were analyzed for the presence of organochlorine (OCs) and carbamate pesticide residues. Packed column Gas Chromatographic (Electron Capture Detector Mode) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technique were used to determine the concentration levels of those pesticide residues. The results indicate some water samples contaminated by organochlorine and carbamate pesticide (carbaryl and carofuran). The concentration of organochlorine pesticide, DDE and heptachlor in water sample no. 1 were 0, 0.014 and 0.048 ppm, respectively. The concentration of organochlorine pesticide, DDE, DDD and DDT in water sample no. 3 were 0, 0.014, 0.052 and 0.316 ppm, respectively. The DDT, DDE, DDD and heptachlor were found within the WHO guideline value of water quality (2 μgL $^{-1}$ and 0.03 μgL $^{-1}$ ). The concentration of carbaryl in water samples nos. 4, 8 and 10 were 0.609, 0.168 and 0.146 ppm, respectively. The residue level of carofuran pesticide was found to be in range of 0.398-2.208 ppm. The highest concentration for carbofuran was 2.208 ppm in water sample no. 9, while the lowest concentration was 0.398 ppm in water sample no. 19. The concentration of carbofuran was also found within the acceptable ranges according to the WHO guideline value of water quality.
Leaching Characteristics of Selected Elements from Indian Coal	Ash
Authors: Prasad Bably , Mondal Kajal Kr.
Published: November 2024

Long-term leaching experiments have been conducted to determine release of different ions and heavy metals from different coal ashes obtained from Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Plant, Andhra Pradesh and Chandrapura Thermal Power Plant, Jharkhand. Four columns of Ramagundam fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash, and weathered ash and three columns of Chandrapura bottom ash, pond ash, and weathered ash have been prepared. Leaching experiment has been conducted for one year. The leachates obtained have been monitored for levels of dissolved constituents and heavy metals. Results for leachates indicate that initially maximum concentrations of dissolved inorganic constituents, who have been admixed, with the surface of fly ash particles have been leached out. Irregular pattern of heavy metals released have been obtained in leachates. The leaching behaviour indicated slow and long-term leaching of heavy metals, which have been associated with the ash particles.
Analytic Hierarchy Process for Urban Environmental Impact	Assessment for Bhopal, India
Authors: Gupta Anshu , Choudhry Alok , Dey Vivek , Goel Aditya
Published: November 2024

Urban environmental planning is the major channel to control the human activities from polluting the environment. Urban environmental quality evaluation is prerequisite of proper urban planning. Fuzzy Set Theory has been used as an aid to urban planning. In this research work, environmental as well as physical environmental components have been considered to evaluate the urban environmental quality. Because of the fuzzy uncertainty and spatial characteristic of environmental phenomenon, the integration of fuzzy set theory and geographic information system is used in urban environmental quality evaluation of study area, Bhopal (Bhopal municipal corporation limits). Analytical hierarchy process has been used to find out the weights of criteria by pair-wise comparison matrix. Fuzzy overlay is carried out by using fuzzy inference network (fuzzy operators) to coalesce criterion maps. Validation of the final quality map has been done through sample data. Accuracy assessment (error matrix) has been calculated. It reaches to the conclusion that FST approach reflects the urban environmental quality evaluation in more detail and in more precise manner than the conventional (Boolean) approach.
Effect of Heavy Metals, Mercury and Copper, on Plasma Electrolytes	in Freshwater Fish Cyprinus carpio var. communis
Authors: Anand Prem Rajan , Amudha J. , Sasikala K.
Published: November 2024

In the present study the effect of heavy metals, mercury and copper, on plasma electrolytes viz., sodium, potassium and chloride have been investigated in economically important fish Cyprinus carpio var. communis. C. carpio were exposed to sub-lethal levels of mercury (0.03 ppm) and copper (0.096 ppm) under strict identical hydro-physiochemical conditions. Significant decline in these three electrolytes were observed when fish were exposed to sub-lethal levels of mercury chloride and copper sulphate during chase period of 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days.

The decrease in sodium ions was proportional to exposure time in mercury with maximum observed decrease of 33.0% on 35th day, whereas a maximum decrease of 66.36% was noted on 7th day in copper. Plasma potassium level of Cyprinus carpio var. communis declined continuously in the mercury treated fish showing a maximum per cent decrease of 54.68 at the end of the 28th day. The plasma chloride level observed a maximum decrease of 46.02% and 80% at the end of 7th day in the mercury and copper-treated fish respectively. The mercury-treated fish maintained the percent decrease of 22.56, 36.98, 38.08 and 39.02 on the 14, 21, 28 and 35th days. However, in the plasma chloride level in copper-treated fish a gradual recovery during subsequent exposure periods was observed giving a per cent decline of 61.23%, 45.39%, 34.02% and 10.11% at the end of the 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days, respectively. Hence, results indicated that pollutants including toxic heavy metals and useful micronutrient when a safe level exceed are reflected by the decrease in the plasma electrolytes of fish. The electrolyte levels in fish can be used for biomonitoring and Ecological Risk Assessment.
Mapping Cholera Vulnerability in Delhi: An Ecosocial Perspective
Authors: Dasgupta Rajib
Published: November 2024

In the city-state of Delhi, the decade of the 1990s was marked by large scale in-migration, growth of industries, proliferation of slums and unauthorised colonies, shortage of water and electricity and pollution of air and water. Simultaneously, there has been a marked rising trend in cholera, particularly among migrant population. This paper examines the epidemiological situation of cholera in Delhi through the 1990s when large scale public health measures were put into operation following a major cholera epidemic in 1988. The vulnerable zones within Delhi have been mapped in detail and the epidemiological complexities identified in this paper. While some problems are technological, others are administrative and managerial. Inadequacies of safe water supplies in vulnerable colonies, sources of potential contamination and the community's reliance on alternative sources (much of which is contaminated groundwater) emerge as critical issues. Some areas with deep tubewell (municipal) water supply emerged as cholera foci since chlorinators were not operated properly by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). Other endemic belts were located either close to sanitary landfill sites or the river Yamuna, where in the absence of piped supplies communities accessed highly contaminated groundwater. However, marked decline in cholera has also been demonstrated in socio-economically disadvantaged areas with reasonable quantities of piped supply by the DJB.
Elevated Alpha Radiation Level in Water of River Subarnarekha and	Tube Well at In-and-Off Zone of Jaduguda Mine, India
Authors: Ghosh Dipak , Deb Argha , Das Biswajit , Sengupta Rosalima
Published: November 2024

The Subarnarekha river is a major river rising from the Chota Nagpur plateau of Jharkhand State, India. After passing through Jharkhand state, the river enters the Indian state of West Bengal, Orissa and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal. Jaduguda mine which is the foundation on which the Indian nuclear fuel chain rests is situated at Jharkhand state near the R. Subarnarekha course. In order to observe the contamination effect of Jaduguda mine on the river, we have collected river water samples from nine different locations along the path of the river and measured alpha activity in those samples. High level of alpha radioactivity is found in all the samples even at far sites from mine region and it is interestingly seen that alpha activity decreases as we go near-to-far locations from the mine. Tube-well samples were also collected from the same locations and in that case also similar trend was seen.
Microbial Kinetics and Growth Study in Biological Digestion of Composite Tan Liquor
Authors: Prakash N.B. , Ganesh N.S.
Published: November 2024

In the present paper, description of anaerobic treatment of tannery wastewater, according to the proposed kinetic model, has been presented. The experimental results of microbial growth predictions showed the greatest resemblance to the conventional models. The study on cell growth kinetics, substrate uptake and product formation in microbial growth, and enzyme kinetics has been carried out. The studies showed that an optimum BOD influent load of 0.8 kg BOD/m $^3$ /day with three days retention time could be adopted to yield about 97 percent BOD reduction. The bio-kinetic coefficients were evaluated using modified Monod's equations to study the metabolic performance of the digestion process. The role of magnesium carbonate during anaerobic digestion has been studied for the enhancement of methane generation.
The Assessment of Effective Factors on Anzali Wetland Pollution	Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Asadollahfardi Gholamreza , Khodadadi Ahmad , Gharayloo Reza
Published: November 2024

Anzali wetland, which is located in north part of Iran, is one of the most important ecosystems in the world considering economical and environmental features, and is in the list of Ramsar Convention. Receiving wastewater with minimum treatment caused increasing water pollution in the wetland. In this regard, having enough and accurate data and precise interpretation are necessary which may help water quality management. There are many methods for interpretation of data. In this work, prediction of COD parameter in Siakeshim station in south part of the wetland was studied using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) considering effects of five parameters TP, TN, (NO $_3$ -N), (NO $_2$ -N) and (NH $_4$ -N) as the most important features of nutritional materials and creation of utrification and also predictors of pollution. The ten years average monthly data of five mentioned parameters are applied as input of Multi Layer Perception (MLP) models. The results of the study showed that using MLP methods obtained precise predictions for COD parameter and also the rate of effects of each input parameters in water pollution. Hence, prediction of water quality using ANN model may be useful for water quality planning and management.
Phnom Penh Sewer Modelling and Contaminant Load Estimates
Authors: Sothea Kok , Chansopheaktra Sovann , Irvine Kim , Duval Kelly
Published: November 2024

A version of the Stormwater Management Model (PCSWMM.NET) was applied to the sewer system of central and south Phnom Penh to model storm event flows. This section of the city is serviced by two main open sewer channels, Trabek and Meanchey, and the surface drainage area for these two channels was divided into 52 sewersheds for modelling purposes. A small (27 mm), medium (76.6 mm, the most representative storm) and large (392 mm, the worst case) storm event was modelled. Model calibration was done through observation of surface flooding locations and velocity measurements in the main sewer channels during the large storm. The model tended to under-predict mean velocity, but at a planning level seems to provide reasonable flow estimates. Storm event contaminant loadings were estimated for the large storm and Cu and Cr loadings were less than, but of the same magnitude, as an entire month of dry weather discharge. The model needs to be further refined by considering certain sewer flow diversions, pumping operations, and linking it to a wetlands model.
Inorganic Elements and Radioisotopes in the Environment:	Measurement Techniques and Applications
Authors: Rao M. Someshwar , Kumar Bhishm , Singh U.K.
Published: November 2024

In this review paper, modern nuclear techniques are discussed for the analysis of inorganic elements or tracers, including radioactive species in the environment. Nuclear techniques allow many trace elements to be analyzed in parts per 106 to parts per 109 range in both field and laboratory measurements. For laboratory and insitu field measurements, techniques of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), neutron activation analysis (NAA) and radionuclide detection using NaI(Tl) spectrometer, Ge(Li), Si(Li), silicon drift detector (SDD) spectrometer and HPGe spectrometer are discussed. The paper also includes some of the studies carried out using these techniques in various parts of the world. These studies are important not only from the environmental contamination point of view, but also for various other applications.
Bacteriological Quality in Drinking Water Sources and Point of Use	of Mysore City, Karnataka, India
Authors: Raju N.S. , Roopavathi C. , Kini K. Ramachandra , Niranjana S.R.
Published: November 2024

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water of Mysore city. A total of 226 drinking water samples were randomly collected from 72 bore wells (hand pump), 77 taps from consumer points and 78 stored household water. The samples were analyzed for bacterial contamination. Among all the samples collected 20% of tap water samples were contaminated, followed by bore well water 11% and stored household water 73% contaminated with enteric bacteria. During the study 232 isolates of enteric bacteria were identified of which 61 of E. coli, 76 of Klebsiella, 74 of Citrobacter and 21 of Salmonella were isolated. Coliform contaminations in household water were high even when source water was of good quality. The present study highlights the population's hygiene, health behaviour and environmental sanitation.
Characteristics of Water Quality and Hydrophytic Community of	Govindgarh Lake, Rewa (M.P.), India
Authors: Tripathi D.K. , Tiwari A. , Awasthi A.
Published: November 2024

The present work provides an ecological study on the hydrophytic community as well as physiochemical study of water body of the Govindgarh Lake, Rewa. Four sample locations were selected in the study area representing various types of water quality namely, Bathing Ghats, Gopalbag, Fort Area and Devi temple of the Govindgarh Lake. Ecologically, Govindgarh Lake has many interesting aspects. 15.6 km of northern slope of Kamore range serves as the catchment area for 330 ha large and about 10 m deep lake which stores an enormous amount of water. This paper presents characteristics of water quality and hydrophytic community of Govindgarh lake which is situated in the Rewa district, M.P.
Municipal Solid Waste and the Plant Diversity on Landfill Site of	Doon Valley
Authors: Manwal Seema , Joshi S.P.
Published: November 2024

Solid waste generation and its disposal to safer sites are posing a threat to environment and human existence. Due to poor solid waste management practices, problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation are unavoidable. In the current paper we have tried to assess the total Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated in Doon Valley and its disposal to landfill site along with the plant species that grow on this site. A total of 116 plant species were recorded growing in landfill site. They included two tree species, four shrub species and remaining herb species. These included many invasive species like Lantana camara, Eupatorium adenophorum, Ageratum conyzoides and Parthenium hysterophorus. The plants are best source to remediate the solid wastes and this technique is phytoremediation. However, it is a slow process but certainly cost effective.
Modelling of Heavy Metal Mobility in Delhi Soils before and after	Remediation with Green Amendment Rock Phosphate using Sequential Extraction,	TCLP and PBET
Authors: Sharma Mamta Chhabra , Saxena Reena , Sharma Sandeep K. , Singh Suniti
Published: November 2024

The particular behaviour and fate of trace metals like lead (Pb) are governed by a range of different physico-chemical processes and thereby the resulting different physico-chemical forms rather than by its total concentration. These dictate its availability and mobility in the soil or sediment system. In the solution phase, the chemical form of a lead determines the biological availability and chemical reactivity (sorption/desorption, precipitation/dissolution) towards other components of the system. Sequential methods primarily are intended to understand the particular environmental behaviour of lead, present in a variety of forms and in a variety of matrices. After applying cost effective green remediation technique of chemical immobilization by phosphate amendment the mobility factor of lead reduced considerably. This has been inferred from the sequential extraction studies as the lead has moved from the exchangeable sites to the residential sites. The results have been further confirmed by PBET and TCLP studies.
Modelling of Fixed Bed Column Adsorption of Cationic Surfactant on	Silica Gel
Authors: Koner Suman , Adak Asok
Published: November 2024

The adsorption of cationic surfactant (CS) on silica gel in a continuous flow type packed bed reactor was studied in detail. The column having 2.5 cm internal diameter, with different bed depth such as 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm were used. The initial CS concentration was 2000 mg/l and the flow rate through the packed bed was 10 ml/min. The data generated from column study was analysed using bed depth service time (BDST) model. Different column design parameters like depth of exchange zone, time required for exchange zone to move its own height, adsorption rate, adsorption capacity, etc. were calculated. The adsorption rate constant (K) and adsorption capacity (N $_o$ ) were found to be 0.00122 1/mg–h and 32,330 mg/l respectively. Effect of flow rate and initial concentration were also studied. Desorption of CS from the silica gel surface was possible using 18% HCl.
Temporal Effects of Municipal Sewage on the Surface Water Quality	(Cations and Anions) of the Buckingham Canal at Kalpakkam (India)
Authors: Kumar A. Yudhistra , Reddy M. Vikram
Published: November 2024

Temporal effects of treated and untreated municipal sewage on the cations – calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), hardness, sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and anions – chlorides (Cl $^-$ ), bicarbonates (HCO $_3^-$ ), carbonates (CO $_3^{2-}$ ) and alkalinity of surface water of the Buckingham canal were monitored across different seasons during premonsoon 2005 to post-monsoon – 2006 at Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) located on the east coast of Indian peninsula. The concentrations of each of the cations and anions were higher in the untreated sewage input zone than that of the treated sewage input zone, and at the downstream higher than that of the upstream of the outfall points of both the untreated as well as treated sewage, of the canal. These parameters except K and alkalinity were higher in concentrations during summer while all the cations and the anions were lower during monsoon. The concentrations of K and alkalinity were higher during winter. Cluster analysis based on the similarities of the cations and anions applied to the six sampling points of the canal, grouped them into two clusters, one showing higher pollution level and the other lower pollution levels of water.
Factors Affecting Denitrification Rate in Barato Lake, Hokkaido,	Japan
Authors: Jha Pawan Kumar , Masao Minagawa
Published: November 2024

We examined the sediment denitrification rate and factors affecting the denitrification in Barato lake, an eutrophic oxbow lake in lower Ishikari river basin. Denitrification rate was measured using acetylene inhibition technique on the sediment samples collected during August 2009 to July 2010. The sediment denitrification rate ranged from 0.13 to 2.21 μg N g $^{-1}$ DMh $^{-1}$ with an average of 0.91 μg N g $^{-1}$ DM h $^{-1}$ in Barato lake. Denitrification rate showed positive correlation with dissolved nitrate concentration of lake water, indicating that water column nitrate concentration control the sediment denitrification rate in Barato lake. Nutrient amended denitrification assay experiments showed that denitrification rate increased significantly with addition of nitrate regardless of sediment C content, while no significant variation was observed with addition of labile C (glucose). Temperature positively affected the rate of denitrification with five-fold increase in activity on increasing temperature from 5°C to 20°C. Nitrate controlled denitrification followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with $V_{max}$ as 2.65 μg N g $^{-1}$ DM h $^{-1}$ and K $_m$ as 0.48 mg/l NO $_3^-$ -N. The value of K $_m$ was comparable with other studies but was well below the median dissolved nitrate concentration (2.95 mg/l NO $_3^-$ -N) indicating that the process of denitrification was saturated in Barato lake.
Effect of Oxidative Stress Injury and Antioxidant Status in	Malignancy
Authors: Chatterjee Arpita , Mukherjee Gopeswar
Published: November 2024

Oxidative stress injury induced lipid peroxidation and the impairment of the antioxidant system has a potential role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Various pollutants like environmental toxicants and industrial wastages elevate the levels of lipid peroxidation products (LPP) with a decline in antioxidant status. During malignancy the level of antioxidant was low and LPP was more. The tissue damage (as evident from levels of C-reactive protein, CRP) in cancer patients was significantly higher. After radiation treatment the overall scenarios was altered as LPP and CRP level decreased and antioxidant level increased. Free radicals in the form of oxidative damage causes fatal diseases and oxyradical-induced cytotoxicity arises from both chronic and acute increases in reactive oxygen species, which give rise to subsequent lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants act as free radical scavengers and hence prevent and repair damage done by the free radicals.
Evaluation of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste Composition in	Different Wards of Pallavaram in Pallavapuram Municipality Area in	Chennai
Authors: Raman N. , Narayanan D. Sathiya
Published: November 2024

A survey was conducted at different wards of Pallavaram in Pallavapuram municipality area located in Chennai for the purpose of identification of waste composition including physical and chemical characterization. The study was carried out continuously for a week in 10 different wards belonging to Pallavaram using ASTM D5231–92 (2003) standard method and RCRA Waste Draft Technical Guidance. Manual sorting was used for classifying the collected unprocessed municipal solid wastes into the following categories like food, garden, glass, metal, paper, textile, rubber, plastic and inert materials and the study was carried out at the transfer stations. Metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium and copper of composite samples of solid waste were found and reported. The compost collected from the solid waste processed site was also analysed for chemical composition. All the elements were found within the range as per CPCB Schedule.
Study of Groundwater Quality in El-Kharga Oasis, Western Desert,	Egypt
Authors: Jahin H.S. , Gaber S.E.
Published: November 2024

In El-Kharga Oasis, Egypt, the groundwater is considered the sole source for water and it is used for different purposes. The present paper tries to assess groundwater suitability for different uses in El-Kharga oasis. The goal is to evaluate the suitability of the selected groundwater wells for irrigation and drinking, define the water types and investigate possible long and short term impact on groundwater quality. Fifteen water samples were collected from different wells. Parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), temperature and other physical properties were recorded in the field. Major anions and cations were analysed in the laboratory. Chemical results suggest that the water type in the area varies predominantly from Na-HCO $_3$ , to Na-Cl (Piper diagram). According to the EC and SAR calculation (Wilcox diagram) the most dominant classes (C2-S1 and C3-S1) were found. Salinity hazard in 60% of water samples is regarded as medium while in 40% of water samples is classified as high. In respect of all evaluating criteria, groundwater of all the 15 wells can be safely used for irrigation and drinking purposes.
Well Drinking Water Fluoride Content and Dental Fluorosis in	Al-Butana Region of Central Sudan
Authors: Abdel-Magid Hago M. , Abdellah Abdelmonem M. , Yahia Nadia A.
Published: November 2024

In this study the F $^-$ ion concentration levels of 209 well water samples belonging to previous construction analysis (CA) and a total of 121 well water samples belonging to the current study (CS) in Al-Butana region of Central Sudan were investigated and located (mapped) using the geographical information system (GIS). The GIS-map indicates that the majority of F $^-$ levels ranging between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/l dominates the northern part of the study area and the levels below 0.5 mg/l dominates the southern part of the study area whereas the levels above 1.5 mg/l are limited and are scattered, randomly, throughout the study area.

The results obtained revealed considerable spatial variations in the occurrence of fluoride even within the same community area, F $^-$ levels ranging between 0.0 and 6 mg/l were found in boreholes drilled in Rufaa' Town. The majority of the investigated boreholes viz., 39.71% and 42.98% were found having F $^-$ levels below 0.5 mg/l whereas only 0.96% and 3.3% were found beyond the level of 2.5 mg/l, for the CA and CS, respectively. The wide range of F $^-$ levels (from 0 to 7 mg/l in the CA and from 0 to 2.6 mg/l in the CS) revealed the variability in the spatial distribution of F $^-$ in the study area. 94.26% and 88.43% of the groundwater samples were found below the maximum recommended level of 1.5 mg/l set for F¨C in drinking water by each of SSMO (2002) whereas only 5.75% and 11.58% were found in excess of this level, for the CA and CS, respectively. The decrease in the mean value of F $^-$ in the investigated boreholes from 1.4 mg/l in the CA analysis to 0.6 mg/l in the CS analysis, indicates that F¨C levels in the investigated boreholes has the tendency to decrease during pumping. Mottled teeth are widely observed among residents in the study area in spite of fluoride compliancy to SSMO standards. Therefore, dental fluorosis, in the study area, is not unlikely to occur.
Assessing Drought Scenario over India during Monsoon 2009 –	An Approach Based on Standardized Precipitation Index
Authors: Sarkar Jayanta , Datre Satyajit , Thorat Ganesh , Gore S.D. , Tyagi Ajit
Published: November 2024

An attempt has been made in this study to assess drought scenario over India during monsoon 2009, the latest drought of India, employing Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Monthly rainfall data, for more than hundred years, for the 36 meteorological subdivisions as well as the country as a whole have been used in the analysis. The study brought out drought scenario over the country in different time scales. SPI for June indicated a gruesome picture of drought when out of 36 only 5 sub-divisions did not suffer from any drought. Though the drought scenario improved in July yet in the subsequent months of August and September the picture became grim. SPI of (June+July), (July+August), (June+July+August) and (June+July+August+September) revealed the continued grim picture of drought during monsoon 2009. SPI, analysed for the individual sub-divisions falling in different homogeneous regions, revealed that the usually surplus sub-divisions of northeast India were worst hit by drought, whereas in the drought prone Saurashtra and Kutch in northwest India drought was minimal.