bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Experimental and Calculated Survival Curves for V79 Cells Grown as Monolayers or in Suspension Exposed to Alpha Irradiation from 212Bi Distributed in the Growth Medium
Authors: Charlton D.E. , Kassis A.I. , Adelstein S.J.
Published: February 2017

It has been shown that a survival curve can be constructed from the distribution of doses to the nuclei of cells exposed to high LET irradiation using a variable D0 (specific lethal dose). D0 is a function of cell type and LET and exp(-Di/D0) is the fraction of cells which survive a dose Di. The variation of D0 with LET can be found from the literature on track segment irradiation. Using the variation of D0 with LET, the survival of V79 cells irradiated with 212Bi alpha sources was calculated by finding the probability of surviving individual passages through the nuclei where the dose and LET for each passage is different. The D0 obtained experimentally for V79 cells exposed to growth medium containing 212Bi is 141 kBq.ml-1 for suspended cells and 259 kBq.ml-1 for cell monolayers. Monte Carlo calculations give a D0 of 159 kBq.ml-1 for suspended cells and 266 kBq.ml-1 for cell monolayers.
Heating of Continuous Thermoluminescent Layers with Localised Laser Beams
Authors: Braunlich P. , Jones S.C. , Abtahi A. , deMurcia M. , Kelly P.
Published: February 2017

Thin uniform continuous layers of thermoluminescent materials are convenient dosemeter configurations for laser-heated thermoluminescence dosimetry. Rapid heating of a small circular spot determined by the Gaussian laser beam profile together with thermal diffusion yields characteristic glow curve shapes. The complex spatio-temporal behaviour of the thermoluminescence emission, which results from this particular situation of heat transfer and diffusion, was calculated as a function of time and compared with experimental data.
A Fast Automated Calibration System
Authors: Duftschmid K.E.
Published: February 2017

The design and application of an automated calibration device consisting of a pneumatic rabbit system with circular irradiation geometry is described. Four gamma radiation sources up to 3.7 TBq (100 Ci) 137Cs are stored in a revolving shielded container. The rabbits containing the sources travel through a bent lucite tubing down to an adjustable mechanical stop at the irradiation position. A flat circular segment is mounted at 1 m distance. The source position can be adjusted to the centre line of the dosemeters which are clamped behind lucite holders for fast and accurate positioning and secondary electron equilibrium. Up to 200 TLD cards can be exposed at once with the irradiation time controlled by an electronic clock. Frequent dose measurement with secondary standard ionisation chambers proved a reproducibility of exposure better than ±0.5% (2 sigma) for 5 minutes or more irradiation time. The automated calibration system has been routinely applied for fast, accurate and convenient calibration of over 50,000 TLD's used by our personnel monitoring service.
The Construction of a Diamond Detector for Ionising Radiation
Authors: Burgemeister E.A. , Schouten W.
Published: February 2017

Previously, diamond detectors used to be made in small quantities from selected natural diamonds; currently they are made from pure synthetic diamonds. At a few volts bias, the current is about 10-7 A when the diamond is irradiated with ß, ? or X rays having energies and dose rates used for radiotherapy in case of teletherapy. A diamond with linear dimensions of 0.8 mm and two opposite faces of granite is glued to the inside of an aluminium cap of 2 mm diameter and 0.1 mm wall thickness. An aluminium bar is glued to the other graphite face and fixed inside the cap. The cap and bar are connected to electrical leads, so that heavy metals are at some distance from the radiosensitive element. The response of 60Co shows rotational symmetry when the detector is irradiated perpendicularly to its axis. The effective measurement point lies nearly on the axis. The radiosensitivity of diamond is independent of the photon energy at effective values between 0.2 and 4 MeV and decreases gradually below 0.2 MeV. Because of their small size, diamond detectors prove very useful for accurate measurement of steep dose gradients. They are therefore applied in electron beams and in the penumbra and build-up regions of megavolt photon beams. The construction and electrical specifications of the detector also allow for dosimetry in vivo. As an example, the detectors are applied for rectal dosimetry.
Experience with a Track Etch Detector in Personnel and Environmental Dosimetry
Authors: Wernli C. , Duvoisin J. , Hauswirth G. , Janett A.
Published: February 2017

A neutron dosimetry system with a fission track detector and a spark counter has been used for more than 10 years in routine personnel and environmental dosimetry. For personnel dosimetry the badge consists of a 235U and a 232Th converter and a Makrofol KG detector. This badge is used at SIN (600 MeV proton accelerator) and for source handling (Am-Be) for a total of about 700 radiation workers. For environmental dosimetry (skyshine measurements around SIN and GSI Darmstadt) a 235U converter and a Makrofol KG detector are placed in the centre of a moderating sphere. For both systems data on sensitivity, energy dependence, reproducibility and fading, as well as a discussion of the long term experience and actual problems, are given.
Variation in CaSO4:Dy TL Response as a Function of Particle Size and Photon Energy
Authors: Azorin J.N. , Gutiérrez A.C. , Moreno J.C.
Published: February 2017

Calculations of the ratio of the absorbed dose in a grain of CaSO4:Dy to the dose in air (fc/z) were made using the well known Burlin's cavity theory and the new one proposed by Kearsley. Values of fc/z as a function of phosphor powder particle size were determined experimentally for X rays of 10 and 30 keV and for 60Co gamma rays. Comparisons between experimental and the two theories were made. Our experimental results are in reasonable agreement with the theories of Burlin and Kearsley.
Design of a TLD Reader Incorporating a Carbon Dioxide Laser Heater
Authors: Abhold M.E.
Published: February 2017

Conventional TLD readers suffer from irreproducible heating rates due to variable thermal contact between the crystal and the heated surface. Variations in the thermal contact also limit the maximum heating rate that a conventional resistively heated TLD reader can reproducibly deliver. A microprocessor controlled TLD reader with a carbon dioxide laser type heater has been designed and constructed to provide higher heating rates than those available from resistively heated readers and to minimise variations in the heating rate. To accomplish this, the reader employs a power stabilisation circuit including both laser head temperature stabilisation and calorimetric power feedback stabilisation. Data acquisition is accomplished using an IBM-PC compatible computer coupled to an analogue to digital convertor. The reader has been used in LiF TLD glow curve analysis with an emphasis on the light emission spectrum. The high heating rates provided by the laser reader improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the light measurements. The design of the reader and the knowledge gained from operating experience is presented.
Microdosimetry in the Build-up Region of Gamma Ray Beams
Authors: Tilikidis A. , Brahme A. , Lindborg L.
Published: February 2017

A microdosimetric system based on a spherical wall-less proportional counter has been developed for measurements under non-equilibrium conditions. The wall-less counter reduces the differences in the slowing down and scattering properties between detector and medium present in ordinary ionisation chamber measurements, and the low gas pressure minimises the perturbation of the sample electron fluence. Measurements have been performed in the build-up region of both ordinary (but free of contaminating electrons) and clean (i.e. without backscattering and with filtration of the contaminating photons and free of contaminating electrons) gamma ray beams for a simulated target diameter of 2 µm. The results showed fast radiation quality variations in the build-up region of ordinary gamma ray beams due to the rapid build-up of low energy contaminating photons from the source and collimators. The dose mean lineal energy in the first millimetre of depth in an ordinary 60Co beam, 50 mm in diameter is reduced by as much as 34% compared with the value at the dose maximum. Separation of the dose components showed that 5% of this reduction is due to the backscattering while the introduction of a low energy photon filter between the source and the counter could only explain 4% of the reduction. Absorbed dose calculations showed that the surface dose for this ordinary 60Co beam is 11% and that backscattering corresponds to 14% of this dose and the contaminating photons to 6%.
The Role of Annealing: Effect on CaSO4:Dy Phosphor with Manganese and Sodium Impurities
Authors: Li S.-H. , Hsu P.-C.
Published: February 2017

The effect of the annealing treatment on the CaSO4:Dy phosphor with Mn and Na impurities was studied at different annealing temperatures from 100 oC to 800 oC. Doping with or without impurity caused no difference in the properties for temperatures less than 400 oC. An annealing temperature greater than 400 oC brings a reduction in low temperature peak intensities of CaSO4:Dy with Na only. The high temperature peak intensities increase as the temperature increases from 400 oC to 600 oC. However, annealing at a temperature greater than 600 oC brings a drastic reduction in high temperature peak intensities as well as TL output.
People-centred integration in a refugee primary care service
Authors: Phillips Christine , Hall Sally , Elmitt Nicholas , Bookallil Marianne , Douglas Kirsty
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Services for refugees and asylum seekers frequently experience gaps in delivery and access, poor coordination, and service stress. The purpose of this paper is to examine the approach to integrated care within Companion House (CH), a refugee primary care service, whose service mix includes counselling, medical care, community development, and advocacy. Like all Australian refugee and asylum seeker support services, CH operates within an uncertain policy environment, constantly adapting to funding challenges, and changing needs of patient populations.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews with staff, social network analysis, group patient interviews, and service mapping.

Findings

CH has created fluid links between teams, and encouraged open dialogue with client populations. There is a high level of networking between staff, much of it informal. This is underpinned by horizontal management and staff commitment to a shared mission and an ethos of mutual respect. The clinical teams are collectively oriented towards patients but not necessarily towards each other.

Research limitations/implications

Part of the service’s resilience and ongoing service orientation is due to the fostering of an emergent self-organising form of integration through a complex adaptive systems approach. The outcome of this integration is characterised through the metaphors of “home” for patients, and “family” for staff. CH’s model of integration has relevance for other services for marginalised populations with complex service needs.

Originality/value

This study provides new evidence on the importance of both formal and informal communication, and that limited formal integration between clinical teams is no bar to integration as an outcome for patients.
Effect of precursors on the anti-corrosion property of silica encapsulated waterborne aluminium pigments
Authors: Ma Zhiling , Qiao Yanjun , Wen Yajing , Wang Xianling , Wang Jing
Published: February 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate the effect of precursors on the anticorrosion property of silica encapsulated waterborne aluminium pigments (WBAPs).

Design/methodology/approach

The silica encapsulated WBAPs were prepared using different siloxanes as precursors. The anchorage and compactness of silica films on aluminium flakes were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption. The anticorrosion property and glossiness of WBAPs were evaluated.

Findings

The effect of precursors on anticorrosion property of silica encapsulated WBAPs is reflected from the anchorage and the compactness of silica on aluminium flakes surface. Furthermore, the structure of γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane benefits the anchorage and the compatibility between pigment and acrylic resin. Neither high nor low ratio of tetraethoxysilane/γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane is favourable to the anchorage and formation of dense silica film on the aluminium flakes surface. To obtain perfect WBAP, the precursors of silica must be carefully selected.

Research limitations/implications

Only four kinds of precursors were used in this work; other precursors could also be studied.

Practical implications

The investigation results provide theoretical basis to obtain excellent WBAPs.

Originality/value

The method to investigate anticorrosion property of WBAPs that is based on the effect of precursors on the performance of silica was novel.
From humble beginnings … the evolution of the FRACS (Urology)
Authors: Pirpiris Athina , Chung Amanda S. J. , Rashid Prem
Published: February 2017

Background

Surgery has a rich and colourful history dating as far back as, at least, the Neolithic period. There have been many advances in knowledge and technology, as well as changes to working conditions and public perception and expectations. The urology training programme is jointly managed by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and the Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand. Urological training in Australia and New Zealand has undergone a number of changes over the years.

Methods

A PubMed search was performed to find articles related to surgical training and, more specifically, urological training in Australia and New Zealand. The search terms that were used included ‘urology training’, ‘surgical training’, ‘Australian urology history’ and ‘New Zealand urology history’.

Results

This narrative review outlines the origin and history of this training programme and describes the changes that have led to the current model of urology training. It also relates some of the current and future challenges faced as the training programme continues to evolve in order to improve its ability to train future urologists to meet the needs of the community and to ensure public safety.

Conclusion

The urological training programme has evolved a number of times in order to tackle the challenges presented by evolving technology, community expectation and the needs of the trainee.
Metformin‐SGLT2, Dehydration, and Acidosis Potential
Authors: D'Elia John A. , Segal Alissa R. , Weinrauch Larry A.
Published: February 2017

Clinicians are aware of the risks and benefits of metformin in type 2 diabetes. In geriatric populations lactic acidosis due to diminishing kidney function is an issue. The recent addition of a group of agents to control diabetes through increased glycosuria may increase the risk of dehydration and acidosis. This may happen due to gastrointestinal loss from metformin diarrhea or urine loss from diuretics. A typical example is presented.
Diagnostic value of positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/computed tomography in recurrent/metastatic ovarian cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Xu Bo , Ma Jun , Jiang Guojing , Wang Yu , Ma Qingliang
Published: February 2017

Aim

The study was conducted to assess and compare the overall diagnostic value of positron emission tomography (PET) alone and PET/computed tomography (CT) for the detection of recurrent/metastatic ovarian cancer.

Methods

A systematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE and Chinese literature databases (CNKI, VIP and Wanfang) up to August 2014 was performed to identify relevant articles. The diagnostic performance of PET alone or PET/CT was assessed in terms of the following evaluation indexes: summary sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio and area under the curve summary receiver operating characteristics.

Results

Sixty‐four studies with 3722 patients were included in this meta‐analysis. Favorable results were obtained for both PET/CT and PET alone with similar sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio and area under the curve in diagnosing recurrent/metastatic ovarian cancer (P > 0.05). However, the sensitivity of PET/CT was significantly higher than PET alone in European patients.

Conclusions

Both PET and PET/CT have promising diagnostic value in recurrent/metastatic ovarian cancer. The diagnostic performance of PET/CT may be superior to PET alone in European patients.
Pseudo-Rigid-Body Modeling of a Single Vertex Compliant-Facet Origami Mechanism
Authors: Rommers Jelle , Radaelli Giuseppe , Herder Just L.
Published: February 2017

Recently, there has been an increased interest in origami art from a mechanism design perspective. The deployable nature and the planar fabrication method inherent to origami provide potential for space and cost-efficient mechanisms. In this paper, a novel type of origami mechanisms is proposed in which the compliance of the facets is used to incorporate the spring behavior: compliant facet origami mechanisms (COFOMs). A simple model that computes the moment characteristic of a single vertex COFOM has been proposed, using a semispatial version of the pseudo-rigid-body (PRB) theory to model bending of the facets. The PRB model has been evaluated numerically and experimentally, showing good performance. The PRB model is a potential starting point for a design tool which would provide an intuitive way of designing this type of mechanisms including their spring behavior, with very low computational cost.
Two billion years of magmatism recorded from a single Mars meteorite ejection site
Authors: Lapen Thomas J. , Righter Minako , Andreasen Rasmus , Irving Anthony J. , Satkoski Aaron M. , Beard Brian L. , Nishiizumi Kunihiko , Jull A. J. Timothy , Caffee Marc W.
Published: February 2017

Martian meteorites from a single Mars ejection site record 2 billion years of magmatic activity.
Synaptic scaling in sleep
Authors: Acsády László , Harris Kenneth D.
Published: February 2017

The structure of synapses changes during sleep
Australian Aboriginal Children with Otitis Media Have Reduced Antibody Titers to Specific Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Vaccine Antigens
Authors: Thornton Ruth B. , Kirkham Lea-Ann S. , Corscadden Karli J. , Wiertsema Selma P. , Fuery Angela , Jones B. Jan , Coates Harvey L. , Vijayasekaran Shyan , Zhang Guicheng , Keil Anthony , Richmond Peter C.
Published: February 2017

Indigenous populations experience high rates of otitis media (OM), with increased chronicity and severity, compared to those experienced by their nonindigenous counterparts. Data on immune responses to otopathogenic bacteria in these high-risk populations are lacking. Nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NTHi) is the predominant otopathogen in Australia. No vaccines are currently licensed to target NTHi; however, protein D (PD) from NTHi is included as a carrier protein in the 10-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PHiD10-CV), and other promising protein vaccine candidates exist, including outer membrane protein 4 (P4) and protein 6 (P6). We measured the levels of serum and salivary IgA and IgG against PD, P4, and P6 in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children with chronic OM who were undergoing surgery and compared the levels with those in healthy non-Aboriginal children (controls). We found that Aboriginal cases had lower serum IgG titers to all NTHi proteins assessed, particularly PD. In contrast, serum IgA and salivary IgA and IgG titers to each of these 3 proteins were equivalent to or higher than those in both non-Aboriginal cases and healthy controls. While serum antibody levels increased with age in healthy controls, no changes in titers were observed with age in non-Aboriginal cases, and a trend toward decreasing titers with age was observed in Aboriginal cases. This suggests that decreased serum IgG responses to NTHi outer membrane proteins may contribute to the development of chronic and severe OM in Australian Aboriginal children and other indigenous populations. These data are important for understanding the potential benefits of PHiD10-CV implementation and the development of NTHi protein-based vaccines for indigenous populations.
Postprandial lipemia and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Kats Dmitry , Sharrett A Richey , Ginsberg Henry N , Nambi Vijay , Ballantyne Christie M , Hoogeveen Ron C , Heiss Gerardo
Published: February 2017

Objective

Excessive levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during postprandial lipemia (PPL) have been reported to be atherogenic. However, it is unclear whether the degree of PPL independently predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) given the scarcity of longitudinal data with standardised measures of postprandial change. We reexamined associations of PPL with incident CVD events in a population-based cohort using detailed measures of postprandial change from a standardised fat challenge.

Research design and methods

Postprandial triglycerides, TG-rich lipoprotein triglycerides, retinyl palmitate and apolipoprotein B48 to B100 ratio were measured before (following a 12-hour fasting period) and after a fat-tolerance test meal in a middle-aged, biracial subcohort without CVD (coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke) from the community-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study in 1990–1993. Using these measures, we estimated associations of postprandial change with incident CVD (CHD, stroke) through 2012. Stratified analyses by race, obesity and carotid atherosclerotic severity were also conducted.

Results

Of 559 participants, 127 (23%) developed CHD and 27 (5%) experienced a stroke over more than 20 years of follow-up. None of the measures of postprandial change were associated with incident CVD events in the overall sample, or by subgroups of race, obesity or carotid atherosclerotic severity (all p>0.3).

Conclusions

The degree of PPL was not shown to predict excess CVD risk in extended follow-up of a population-based sample. While our study is the largest to examine the association between PPL and incident CVD using standardised postfat challenge measures, prospective investigation with similar assessment of PPL in more powered samples is warranted.
Single-visit or multiple-visit root canal treatment: systematic review, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Schwendicke Falk , Göstemeyer Gerd
Published: February 2017

Objectives

Single-visit root canal treatment has some advantages over conventional multivisit treatment, but might increase the risk of complications. We systematically evaluated the risk of complications after single-visit or multiple-visit root canal treatment using meta-analysis and trial-sequential analysis.

Data

Controlled trials comparing single-visit versus multiple-visit root canal treatment of permanent teeth were included. Trials needed to assess the risk of long-term complications (pain, infection, new/persisting/increasing periapical lesions ≥1 year after treatment), short-term pain or flare-up (acute exacerbation of initiation or continuation of root canal treatment).

Sources

Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central) were screened, random-effects meta-analyses performed and trial-sequential analysis used to control for risk of random errors. Evidence was graded according to GRADE.

Study selection

29 trials (4341 patients) were included, all but 6 showing high risk of bias. Based on 10 trials (1257 teeth), risk of complications was not significantly different in single-visit versus multiple-visit treatment (risk ratio (RR) 1.00 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.35); weak evidence). Based on 20 studies (3008 teeth), risk of pain did not significantly differ between treatments (RR 0.99 (95% CI 0.76 to 1.30); moderate evidence). Risk of flare-up was recorded by 8 studies (1110 teeth) and was significantly higher after single-visit versus multiple-visit treatment (RR 2.13 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.89); very weak evidence). Trial-sequential analysis revealed that firm evidence for benefit, harm or futility was not reached for any of the outcomes.

Conclusions

There is insufficient evidence to rule out whether important differences between both strategies exist.

Clinical significance

Dentists can provide root canal treatment in 1 or multiple visits. Given the possibly increased risk of flare-ups, multiple-visit treatment might be preferred for certain teeth (eg, those with periapical lesions).
Republished: Basilar stroke from a persistent hypoglossal artery
Authors: See Alfred P , Baranoski Jacob F , Flores Bruno C , Ducruet Andrew , Albuquerque Felipe C
Published: February 2017

Occlusion of the basilar artery can be treated with endovascular thrombectomy, although the results have not been well studied. Persistent fetal cerebrovascular anatomy can lead to unusual presentation of carotid atherosclerotic disease and can be a barrier to successful mechanical thrombectomy if not recognized. This case presents a rare persistent carotico–basilar anastomosis which resulted in basilar occlusion via the persistent hypoglossal artery and coincident absence of contralateral vertebral arterial access due to a left vertebral artery terminating in the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Preoperative recognition of this anatomy afforded by review of cross-sectional imaging was critical to success during this emergent procedure.
Use of the 0.027-inch VIA microcatheter for delivery of Pipeline Flex: a technical note
Authors: Lin Li-Mei , Colby Geoffrey P , Bender Matthew T , Xu Risheng , Huang Judy , Tamargo Rafael J , Coon Alexander L
Published: February 2017

Background

The Pipeline Embolization Device (PED; Medtronic Neurovascular, Irvine, California, USA) is designed for delivery through a 0.027″ microcatheter. Challenges with the second-generation PED Flex include limited support from the Marksman microcatheter for consistent resheathing and transmission of push forces for device delivery. The VIA27 (Sequent Medical/MicroVention Terumo, Tustin, California, USA) is an alternative 0.027″ microcatheter originally designed for intrasaccular flow diverter delivery. Here we describe our experience with the VIA27 in the delivery of PED Flex.

Methods

We retrospectively identified patients who underwent PED Flex treatment with the VIA27 microcatheter at our institution. Patient demographics, aneurysm characteristics, equipment utilized, and procedural details were documented.

Results

A total of 127 cases were completed using the VIA27 microcatheter for PED Flex implantation. Mean patient age was 56.8±12.4 years (range 21–86 years). All but one of the cases were treatments for intracranial aneurysms. Average aneurysm size was 6.5±6 mm (range 2–38 mm). Of the 127 cases, 120 (95%) were anterior circulation cases and 7 (6%) were posterior circulation cases. Significant cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) tortuosity was present in 33/120 cases (28%). Moderate to severe cavernous ICA tortuosity was present in 54/120 cases (45%). Mean fluoroscopy time was 34.1±22.7 min. Large diameter PED devices (4.5–5 mm) were used in 42/127 cases (33%). Balloon post-processing of the PED was used in 15/127 cases (12%) to improve vessel wall apposition of the PED.

Conclusions

The VIA27 is a microcatheter capable of successful PED Flex delivery in neurointervention. We have shown its utility in enhancing both resheathing and push for optimal PED Flex implantation. The VIA27 microcatheter may be a useful and safe adjunct to the traditional Marksman microcatheter in PED Flex treatment of the cerebrovasculature.
Acute upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA correlates with training-induced increases in SDH activity in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Bonafiglia Jacob T. , Edgett Brittany A. , Baechler Brittany L. , Nelms Matthew W. , Simpson Craig A. , Quadrilatero Joe , Gurd Brendon J.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of the present study was to determine if acute responses in PGC-1α, VEGFA, SDHA, and GPD1–2 mRNA expression predict their associated chronic skeletal muscle molecular (SDH–GPD activity and substrate storage) and morphological (fibre-type composition and capillary density) adaptations following training. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected from 14 recreationally active men (age: 22.0 ± 2.4 years) before (PRE) and 3 h after (3HR) the completion of an acute bout of sprint interval training (SIT) (eight 20-s intervals at ∼170% peak oxygen uptake work rate separated by 10 s of recovery). Participants then completed 6 weeks of SIT 4 times per week with additional biopsies after 2 (MID) and 6 (POST) weeks of training. Acute increases in PGC-1α mRNA strongly predicted increases in SDH activity (a marker of oxidative capacity) from PRE and MID to POST (PRE–POST: r = 0.81, r2 = 0.65, p < 0.01; MID–POST: r = 0.79, r2 = 0.62, p < 0.01) and glycogen content from MID to POST (r = 0.60, r2 = 0.36, p < 0.05). No other significant relationships were found between acute responses in PGC-1α, VEGFA, SDHA, and GPD1–2 mRNA expression and chronic adaptations to training. These results suggest that acute upregulation of PGC-1α mRNA relates to the magnitude of subsequent training-induced increases in oxidative capacity, but not other molecular and morphological chronic skeletal muscle adaptations. Additionally, acute mRNA responses in PGC-1α correlated with VEGFA, but not SDHA, suggesting a coordinated upregulation between PGC-1α and only some of its proposed targets in human skeletal muscle.
Marginalized Fisher forecast for Horndeski dark energy models
Authors: Leung Jason S.-Y. , Huang Zhiqi
Published: February 2017

We use effective field theory (EFT) formalism to forecast the constraint on Horndeski class of dark energy models with future supernova and galaxy surveys. Previously, Gleyzes et al. computed unmarginalized constraints (68% CL error [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]) on EFT dark energy parameters by fixing all other parameters. We extend the previous work by allowing all cosmological parameters and nuisance parameters to vary and marginalize over them. We find that (i) the constraints on EFT dark energy parameters are typically worsen by a factor of few after marginalization, and (ii) the constraint on the dark energy equation-of-state [Formula: see text] is not significantly affected by the inclusion of EFT dark energy parameters.
Design of Vectored Sum-Based Fuzzy Logic Control System and Its Application to Segway-Type Mobile Robot
Authors: Yoo Hyun-Ho , Choi Byung-Jae
Published: February 2017

The study of individual mobile devices has been widely conducted. In this paper, we propose the design of some fuzzy logic control systems for the control of the Segway-type mobile robot, which is a kind of inverted pendulum system. We first design two conventional fuzzy logic control systems for position and balance control of the Segway-type mobile robot. And then, we design another two fuzzy logic control systems with a single input variable for position and its balance control. We also propose a new defuzzification method called vectored sum scheme. Finally, in order to check the feasibility of the proposed systems we present some simulation examples.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome Clinically Presenting with the “Classic TTP Pentad”
Authors: Moscoso Martínez Santiago Fabián , Jácome Evelyn Carolina Polanco , Guevara Elizabeth , Mattoo Vijay
Published: February 2017

The clinical presentation of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is not specific. Many patients can be asymptomatic and can be detected only due to an abnormal complete blood cell count (CBC) on routine exam or for other reasons while others can be symptomatic as a consequence of underlying cytopenias. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) usually is suspected under the evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) and thrombocytopenia and because it is a life-threatening condition (medical emergency) immediate initiation of plasmapheresis could be life-saving. The following case illustrates an unusual presentation of MDS in a patient who came in to the emergency room with the classic TTP “pentad” of fever, renal involvement, MAHA, mental status changes, and thrombocytopenia. We will focus our discussion in the clinical presentation of this case.
Demanding Diagnosis of Splenic Angiosarcoma as Cause of Delayed Treatment of Spontaneous Splenic Rupture: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Coppola Sara , Leva Andrea , Pagni Fabio , Famularo Simone , Gianotti Luca
Published: February 2017

Background.Primary splenic angiosarcoma is a very rare mesenchymal malignant tumor associated with a poor prognosis due to its high metastatic potential. This disease can be easily neglected and spontaneous splenic rupture is a frequent manifestation at the time of diagnosis leading to a poor outcome because of peritoneal dissemination.Case Presentation.We describe the case of a 49-year-old man who presented with asthenia, left upper quadrant abdominal pain, and anemia. Computerized tomography scan showed an enlarged spleen with no nodules and a nontraumatic rupture of the splenic capsule. Splenectomy was performed on account of the severe anemia and histopathology examination showed a primary angiosarcoma.Conclusions.Splenic angiosarcoma should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses in patients with nontraumatic spleen rupture and a specific previous medical history. Regrettably, splenectomy allows for a definitive diagnosis but not a curative treatment.
Electrochemical Meaning of Cumulative Corrosion Rate for Reinforced Concrete in a Tropical Natural Marine Environment
Authors: Castro-Borges Pedro , Balancán-Zapata Mercedes , Zozaya-Ortiz Alexia
Published: February 2017

The objective of this paper is to discuss the meaning of cumulative corrosion rate (iCCR) of reinforced concrete in a tropical marine microclimate of the Yucatan Peninsula identifying four stages that correspond to passivation, beginning of depassivation, breakdown and formation of subsequent corrosion layers, and nucleation and development of cracks. Sixty Portland cement concrete cylinders were exposed in a tropical marine environment at 50 m from the seashore. One-half of the samples had a reinforcing bar embedded at the center of the sample (corrosion measurements) and the other half was made with plain concrete (chloride measurements). Five water/cement (w/c) ratios and three times of curing (CT) were tested representing the common practices of this region. The corrosion rate was monitored using the linear polarization resistance technique (Rp) which enables calculating the apparent and cumulative corrosion rate. Representative results indicated thatiCCRwas effective not only to detect the beginning and duration of the reported stages but also to find the right influence of CT and w/c ratios on the corrosion performance of reinforced concrete.
Comparisons of Waist Circumference Measurements at Five Different Anatomical Sites in Chinese Children
Authors: Yang Chaoran , Wang Lin
Published: February 2017

This study compared the waist circumference (WC) measurements of Chinese children at different sites to determine the relationship between WC measurements and body fat. WC was measured at five sites in 255 subjects aged 9–19 years: immediately below the lowest rib (WC1), at the narrowest waist (WC2), the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest (WC3), 1 cm above the umbilicus (WC4), and immediately above the iliac crest (WC5). Body fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (% BF), body fat mass in the trunk (FM in the trunk), and fat percentage in the trunk (% BF in the trunk) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The WCs were then compared through ANOVA with repeated measurement. The relationship of WC of each site with FM, % BF, FM in the trunk, and % BF in the trunk was examined through partial correlation. The WCs exhibited the following pattern: WC2 < WC1 < WC3 < WC4 < WC5 (p<0.001) in males and WC2 < WC1 < WC4, WC3 < WC5 (p<0.001) in females. The measured WCs were strongly correlated with FM, % BF, FM in the trunk, and % BF in the trunk. The WC measurements at five commonly used sites among Chinese children are different from one another. Results indicate that standardizing the anatomic point for the WC measurements is necessary.
Detecting the Early Genetic Effects of Habitat Degradation in Small Size Remnant Populations ofMachilus thunbergiiSieb. et Zucc. (Lauraceae)
Authors: Watanabe Shuntaro , Kaneko Yuko , Maesako Yuri , Noma Naohiko
Published: February 2017

Habitat degradation caused by human activities has reduced the sizes of many plant populations worldwide, generally with negative genetic impacts. However, detecting such impacts in tree species is not easy because trees have long life spans.Machilus thunbergiiSieb. et Zucc. (Lauraceae) is a dominant tree species of broad-leaved evergreen forests distributed primarily along the Japanese coast. Inland habitats for this species have become degraded by human activities. To investigate the effects of habitat degradation on genetic structure, we compared the genetic diversities of mature and juvenile trees of fiveM. thunbergiipopulations around Lake Biwa in Japan. Allelic diversity was influenced by past lineage admixture events, but the effects of forest size were not clear. On the other hand, the inbreeding coefficient of the juvenile stage was higher in small populations, whereas large populations maintained panmictic breeding. Also, the extent of genetic differentiation was greater in juveniles than in mature trees. We detected the early genetic effects of habitat degradation in small, isolatedM. thunbergiipopulations, indicating that habitat degradation increases inbreeding and genetic differentiation between populations.
Adaptive Local Information Transfer in Random Boolean Networks
Authors: Haruna Taichi
Published: February 2017

Living systems such as gene regulatory networks and neuronal networks have been supposed to work close to dynamical criticality, where their information-processing ability is optimal at the whole-system level. We investigate how this global information-processing optimality is related to the local information transfer at each individual-unit level. In particular, we introduce an internal adjustment process of the local information transfer and examine whether the former can emerge from the latter. We propose an adaptive random Boolean network model in which each unit rewires its incoming arcs from other units to balance stability of its information processing based on the measurement of the local information transfer pattern. First, we show numerically that random Boolean networks can self-organize toward near dynamical criticality in our model. Second, the proposed model is analyzed by a mean-field theory. We recognize that the rewiring rule has a bootstrapping feature. The stationary indegree distribution is calculated semi-analytically and is shown to be close to dynamical criticality in a broad range of model parameter values.
African Immigrants in Finland in Onward Translocal and Transnational Mobility and Migration, and the Political Implications
Authors: Ndukwe Thaddeus Chijioke
Published: February 2017

This article examines the onward translocal and transnational mobility and migration of African immigrants in Finland, and finds that this is because of racism, and hence more of a search for belonging than just for greener pastures. In the process of this mobility/migration, they represent translocal and transnational identities that crisscross translocal and transterritorial spaces, experiencing transcultural practices. Along the way, they acquire transcultural, multicultural, and cosmopolitan skills with which they negotiate their identities and belonging in the places they visit or reside. This article argues that these multifaceted forms of mobility and migration say something about new dynamics in today’s migration, and its political implications, and hence could be a veritable empirical contribution to mobility and migration research and studies today.
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Smoking Cessation in Arkansas, 2014
Authors: Ekanem Uwemedimbuk S. , Cardenas Victor M. , Cen Ruiqi , Simon Wanda , Chedjieu Irene P. , Woodward Morgan , Delongchamp Robert R. , Wheeler J. Gary
Published: February 2017

Objectives:

As of October 2015, evidence needed to make a recommendation about the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) for smoking cessation was limited. We used the 2014 Arkansas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System with additional state-specific questions to determine the prevalence of ENDS use, the impact of ENDS use on smoking cessation, and beliefs about ENDS use in Arkansas. Our objectives were to determine if (1) ENDS use was associated with lower odds of quitting smoking, (2) ENDS users believed that ENDS use was not harmful to their health, and (3) ENDS users believed that switching to ENDS reduced their tobacco-related health risks.

Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 4465 respondents to the Arkansas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and used weighted analyses to account for the complex survey design. We used a subset of records formed by (1) formers smokers who quitted smoking in the last 5 years and (2) current smokers to assess the odds of quitting.

Results:

In 2014, 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.0%-7.4%) of Arkansas adults were currently using ENDS. Of the 1083 participants who were current smokers or had quit smoking within the past 5 years, 515 (54.1%) had used ENDS. Of the 515 ENDS users, 404 (80.3%) had continued smoking. ENDS use was significantly associated with reduced odds of quitting smoking (weighted odds ratio = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34-0.83). Although 2437 of 3808 participants (62.5%) believed that it was harmful for nonsmokers to start using ENDS and 1793 of 3658 participants (47.0%) believed that switching to ENDS did not reduce tobacco-related health risks, only 80 of 165 (41.3%) and 50 of 168 (33.9%) ENDS users shared these same respective beliefs.

Conclusions:

Most smokers who indicated smoking in the past 5 years and who tried ENDS did not stop smoking. ENDS use was inversely associated with smoking cessation. Tobacco cessation programs should tell cigarette smokers that ENDS use may not help them quit smoking.
Achieving neonatal tetanus elimination in Nigeria: undisclosed challenges and prospects
Authors: Uleanya Nwachinemere Davidson
Published: February 2017

The global initiative for neonatal tetanus elimination was launched in 1989 following the unacceptably high neonatal morbidity and mortality from tetanus. Since then tremendous progress has been made evidenced with a 94% reduction in mortality. Despite this impressive progress, two global target dates have been missed, the latest being in 2005; which led to a further target of 2015 as the global neonatal tetanus elimination date. This target date has probably been missed again as there are still 21 countries yet to be validated. Nigeria is one such country and contributes two-thirds of the burden of neonatal tetanus globally. What are the prospects and challenges of neonatal tetanus elimination in Nigeria? This paper discusses these and other relevant issues regarding neonatal tetanus elimination and sustaining clearance.
A Multimodal Intervention for Children with ADHD Reduces Inequity in Health and Education Outcomes
Authors: Enns Jennifer E. , Randall Jason R. , Smith Mark , Chateau Dan , Taylor Carole , Brownell Marni , Bolton James M. , Burland Elaine , Katz Alan , Katz Laurence Y. , Nickel Nathan C.
Published: February 2017

Objective:

To evaluate whether a multimodal intervention for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) resulted in better long-term health and education outcomes and reduced inequity across the socioeconomic gradient.

Method:

We analyzed administrative data held in the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository describing recipients of a combined pharmacological/behavioural intervention for ADHD. The study cohort included children aged 5 to 17 years who visited the Manitoba Adolescent Treatment Centre’s ADHD intervention service at least 3 times (2007-2012). Controls were matched on age, sex, year of ADHD diagnosis, and income quintile. We compared rates of hospital and emergency department visits, medication use and adherence, contact with child welfare services, and whether children were in their age-appropriate grade. We used concentration curves to estimate differences in outcomes between children from high- and low-income families.

Results:

Children who received the intervention ( n = 485) had higher rates of medication use (rate ratio [RR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.36) and adherence (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.96) and were more likely to be in their age-appropriate grade (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.63) compared with controls ( n = 1884). The intervention was also associated with reduced inequity in these outcomes across income deciles. There was no difference in the rates of hospital or emergency department visits or contacts with child welfare services.

Conclusions:

A multimodal ADHD intervention was associated with increased medication use and adherence and higher academic achievement. It was also related to lower inequity across the socioeconomic gradient. These results suggest that multimodal approaches may provide more equitable health and education outcomes for children with ADHD.
Feasibility Testing a Family-Level Intervention to Prevent Risky Sex Behaviors Among Middle School–Age Latinas
Authors: Bartlett Robin , McCoy Thomas P. , Kelley Allyson , Beamon Emily R. , Holmes Tara , Shelton Terri , Wallace Debra
Published: February 2017

Purpose: In this article, we report a pilot study that tested the feasibility and initial efficacy of a culturally, linguistically, and developmentally tailored risky sex prevention intervention for middle school–age Latinas and their mothers. Design: We used a one-group pre-test, post-test, and 3-month post-intervention follow-up design. Data were collected at three points on aspects of the girls’ communication, beliefs, and behaviors. Results: Promising results included improvements in girl’s self-efficacy regarding condom communication and condom consistent use, and in mother–teen sexual risk communication. There were also trends in demonstration of fewer risky sex behaviors. Discussion: These findings suggest that the “Latina–Girls Empowered through Mind and Mission” (L-GEMM) intervention for young Latinas and their mothers is feasible and warrants further testing. Implications: Nurses are uniquely positioned to deliver risky sex preventive interventions to young Latinas. Including mothers and tailoring interventions to build on cultural strengths are important for success.
The Paradox of Ambition
Authors: Platt Matthew B.
Published: February 2017

The last three election cycles suggest that we may be experiencing a surge in black political ambition. Barack Obama’s historic election is sandwiched between the failed efforts of people such as Denise Majette, Harold Ford Jr., Artur Davis, and Kendrick Meek. Combined with Cory Booker’s senatorial run, scholars have argued that there is a need for a reevaluation of black political ambition and a new classification for black politics itself. If we are experiencing a genuine emergence of a new ambitious breed of black politicians, then the paradox of ambition—that black electoral success is detrimental to black agenda setting—would suggest that we may also be experiencing a major abandonment of black politics. This paper begins to investigate this possibility in terms of individual bill sponsorship for black members of Congress from 1947 to 2010.