bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae during involution of the bovine mammary gland: Relation to secretion composition
Authors: Oliver S. P. , Bushe T.
Published: February 2025

Mammary secretions from 12 Holstein dairy cows were collected to evaluate growth inhibition of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae during involution and during physiologic transitions of the mammary gland. Mammary secretions obtained during late lactation poorly inhibited growth of E coli and K pneumoniae. However, as involution progressed, mammary secretions increasingly inhibited growth of both coliform mastitis pathogens. Greatest inhibition of E coli and K pneumoniae growth was observed when mammary glands were fully involuted. Growth inhibition remained high until 7 days before parturition, and then it decreased significantly (P < 0.05) to that observed during late lactation. Inhibition of coliform mastitis pathogen growth was associated with high concentrations of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin G, decreased citrate concentration, and a low citrate to lactoferrin molar ratio. These data suggested that differences in susceptibility or resistance to new intramammary infection with coliform mastitis pathogens during the nonlactating period may be attributable, in part, to marked changes in mammary secretion composition that develop during physiologic transitions of the mammary gland. Resistance of the fully involuted mammary gland to coliform infection may be associated with high concentrations of natural protective factors.
Cultivation of Anaplasma marginale from cattle in a Dermacentor cell line
Authors: Samish Michael , Pipano Eugene , Hana Bin
Published: February 2025

A tick cell line derived from Dermacentor variabilis (RML-15) was inoculated with bovine rbc infected with Anaplasma marginale. Two hours after inoculation, numerous rbc were phagocytized by the tick cells. After one passage of the cell culture, numerous groups of Anaplasma-like particles were seen in the tick cell cytoplasm. Increased numbers of Anaplasma-like particles also were present. Seemingly, Anaplasma can multiply in tick cells.
Vaccination of pregnant guinea pigs with Campylobacter fetus: Effects of antigen dose, Campylobacter strain, and adjuvant type
Authors: Bryner John H. , Firehammer B. D. , Wesley I. V.
Published: February 2025

For the purpose of developing and improving vaccines to protect cattle against bovine genital campylobacteriosis, the interaction of vaccine dose, strain(s) of Campylobacter fetus, and type of adjuvant was studied in the pregnant guinea pig model. Five strains of C fetus were used in the preparation of 20 monovalent vaccines containing various doses of bacteria (0.1 mg to 20 mg, dry weight) in Freund incomplete adjuvant, Freund complete adjuvant, or aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant. Vaccinal protection against homologous or heterologous challenge exposure with viable C fetus strains was measured in terms of infection, abortion, and serum antibody titers.

Major emphasis in the study was placed on vaccines containing highly virulent C fetus subsp venerealis strains (1289 and 17761) that possess most of the heat-labile K antigens that have been identified. Vaccines incorporating strain 1289 provided greater protection against abortion than did strain 17761 vaccines (difference, 29%; P < 0.05). A positive (P = 0.61) correlation was seen between protection from abortion and strain 1289 serum antibody titer. When the titer was ≥ 4, protection was > 80%, whereas abortion was associated with a serum antibody titer ≤ 2.

In an experiment comparing 2-mg vs 20-mg doses of strain 17761 prepared in aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant, protection against challenge exposure with the heterologous strain 23 was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that against challenge exposure with the homologous strain at the 2-mg dose. Protection and titer against challenge exposure with homologous and heterologous strains were enhanced when the vaccine dose was increased from 2 to 20 mg.

As a general rule, an increase in vaccine dose of all strains tested resulted in higher antibody titers, which afforded greater protection against abortion. In guinea pigs, a 0.1 mg dose, equivalent to < 25 mg in cattle, protected minimally against challenge exposure with the homologous strain and was even less effective against challenge exposure with heterologous strains. Vaccines containing Freund incomplete adjuvant consistently stimulated higher serum antibody titers, but afforded protection comparable with that of vaccines containing aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant.
Prevalence of antibodies to seven viruses in a flock of ewes in Minnesota
Authors: Goyal Sagar M. , Khan Muhammad A. , McPherson Scott W. , Robinson Robert A. , Boylan William J.
Published: February 2025

Blood samples were collected from a flock of healthy ewes at a University of Minnesota research station. Sera from these blood samples were tested for antibodies against 7 viruses, using 3 tests (eg, virus-neutralization test for bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine adenovirus type 3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus; hemagglutination inhibition test for parainfluenza virus type 3; and agar-gel immunodiffusion test for lentivirus of ovine progressive interstitial pneumonia and bluetongue virus). The number of seropositive ewes for each antibody type were 1 of 377 (0.3%) for bovine viral diarrhea virus, 2 of 377 (0.5%) for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, 29 of 378 (7.6%) for bovine adenovirus type 3, 200 of 378 (52.5%) for bovine respiratory syncytial virus, 273 of 373 (71.7%) for para-influenza virus type 3, and 210 of 379 (55%) for ovine progressive pneumonia virus. All ewes were seronegative for bluetongue virus antibodies.
Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in North Carolina
Authors: Greene Russell T. , Levine Jay F. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Berkhoff Herman A.
Published: February 2025

An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in sera from 600 dogs in 1983 and 402 dogs in 1985. In 1983, the overall prevalence rate of dogs with B burgdorferi titers ≥ 1:64 was 3.6%, whereas in 1985, the prevalence rate was 2.7%. An unexplainable higher seroprevalence was detected in 1 group of dogs tested in 1983. These dogs were from the southern coastal plains of North Carolina. In the dogs tested in 1985, this regional difference in seroprevalence was not noticed. Statistical differences were not noticed (P > 0.05) between dogs from 2 sources or when gender was considered. Seemingly, the prevalence of anti-B burgdorferi antibodies in dogs in North Carolina was low.
Progression of aflatoxicosis in growing barrows
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Huff William E. , Kubena Leon F. , Carrier Donald E. , Phillips Timothy D.
Published: February 2025

The progression of aflatoxicosis was evaluated in growing crossbred barrows given 0,1, 2, 3, or 4 mg of aflatoxin (af)/kg of feed for 28 days (6 to 10 weeks of age). On day 28, pigs were euthanatized and necropsied, and tissues were removed for histologic examination. Body weight gains were decreased in barrows fed 2 mg of af/kg after 7 days and in barrows fed 1 mg of af/kg after 14 days. By 28 days, all barrows fed af had decreased body weights and weight gains. Compared with thymus weights in controls, thymus weights were decreased in all barrows fed af. Neither liver weights nor bone ash values were altered, although liver lipid values were increased in barrows fed af. Serum aspartate transaminase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased in barrows fed af, whereas creatine kinase activity was decreased. Aflatoxin diets resulted in decreases in serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, phosphorus, cholesterol, albumin, and total protein. Histologic alterations in liver included interlobular fibrosis, periportal lipidosis, bile duct hyperplasia, and periportal lymphocytic infiltration. Lymphocytes in the thymus were depleted, and numbers of granulocytic cells in the bone marrow were reduced. The frequency and severity of lesions increased with increased doses of af.
Fate of [14C]coumaphos after dermal application to lactating goats as a pour-on formulation
Authors: Konar Atilla , Ivie G. Wayne
Published: February 2025

Two lactating Nubian goats were dermally treated with [14C]coumaphos (O-[3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-benzo-pyran-7-yl] O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate) as a 4% active ingredient pour-on formulation. Doses were administered, along the dorsal midline from withers to sacrum, at a rate equivalent to 14 mg of coumaphos/kg of body weight. During the 7 days after treatment, an average of < 0.1, 4.7, and 1% of the administered dose was eliminated in the milk, urine, and feces, respectively. When goats were killed after 7 days, about 45% of the administered radiocarbon remained on the hair and skin, and this consisted almost entirely of intact coumaphos. Residues in selected tissues collected after 7 days were, in every case, < 1 mg of coumaphos equivalent/kg of tissue, with highest residues in adipose tissue, followed by residues in kidney and liver. In milk, residue amounts plateaued after about 2 days and remained relatively constant at about 0.1 mg of coumaphos equivalent/kg of milk. Residues in adipose tissue and in milk consisted mainly of unmetabolized coumaphos. In mine, most radiocarbon was present as metabolites of coumaphos, but in feces, most radiocarbon was present as the intact parent compound. Coumaphos was absorbed slowly and at a constant rate after dermal application to lactating goats as a pour-on formulation.
Anticholinesterase poisonings in dogs from a cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) bloom dominated by Anabaena flos-aquae
Authors: Mahmood Nik A. , Carmichael Wayne W. , Pfahler Dave
Published: February 2025

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) implicated in the deaths of 9 dogs at Richmond Lake, SD, on Aug 26, 1985, were analyzed. The dominant cyanobacterial species from the water sample was Anabaena flos-aquae. The lyophilized bloom material or the high-performance liquid chromatography purified toxin peak, when administered to mice IP, induced clinical signs of salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, defecation, convulsion, fasciculation, and respiratory arrest. Further comparison of the semipurified bloom toxin with an irreversible anticholinesterase anatoxin-a(s), produced by A flos-aquae strain NRC-525-17, revealed the bloom toxin and anatoxin-a(s) had similar properties on high-performance liquid chromatography and on the inhibition of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7).
Identification of species-specific and interspecies-specific polypeptides of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae
Authors: Bradley Lisa D. , Snyder David B. , Deusen Richard A. Van
Published: February 2025

Temporal antisera (ta) prepared in susceptible Leg-horn-type chickens against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M synoviae were evaluated to determine the extent of cross-reactivity in elisa and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Species-specific and interspecies-specific polypeptides were identified after electrophoretic separation and protein immunoblotting with reference antisera, ta, and a monoclonal antibody specific for M gallisepticum.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum antiserum cross-reacted with M synoviae polypeptides in elisa and ta immunoblots. Two major M synoviae polypeptides (88 and 53 kilodaltons [kD]) cross-reacted with M gallisepticum antisera in ta immunoblots. An M gallisepticum polypeptide of 70 kD cross-reacted with M synoviae in ta immunoblots. In contrast, M gallisepticum and M synoviae reference antisera cross-reacted when immunoblotted with heterologous antigens. A monoclonal antibody specific for M gallisepticum bound to a 69-kD polypeptide in lectin-purified and whole-cell M gallisepticum protein fractions in immunoblot assays. The lectin-purified fraction hemagglutinated chicken rbc. Seemingly, the 69-kD polypeptide may constitute all or part of the M gallisepticum hemagglutinin.
Effects of prostaglandin F2α on degranulation of bovine luteal cells on days 4 and 12 of the estrous cycle
Authors: Braun N. S. , Heath E. , Chenault J. R. , Shanks R. D. , Hixon J. E.
Published: February 2025

Corpora lutea were collected from 18 beef heifers on day 4 or 12 of the estrous cycle, 1 hour after prostaglandin (pg) F2α or saline (control) treatment. Five heifers also were treated with pgf2α on day 4, but their corpora lutea were not collected until day 12.

The relative percentage of cytoplasm occupied by granules decreased only in large luteal cells (llc) in heifers given pgf2α on day 12, compared with the percentage in controls. Small luteal cells (slc) were not as affected. The luteal concentration of progesterone was similarly decreased only in heifers given pgf2α on day 12. Treatment of heifers with pgf2α on day 4 had no marked effect on progesterone values or on the relative percentage of cytoplasm occupied by granules in llc or slc. Seemingly, llc were more responsive to pgf2α than were slc, and pgf2α treatment of beef heifers at day 4 did not markedly impair luteal function.
Contribution of various host factors to resistance to experimentally induced bacterial endotoxemia in calves
Authors: Michaels Frank H. , Banks Keith L.
Published: February 2025

The reactions of 15 calves to iv administered bacterial lipopolysaccharide was investigated and was correlated with the capacity of 2 host defense mechanisms. The calves had a wide range of changes in clinical response, total wbc count, plasma lactate dehydoogeaaee (ld) activity, reaction to intradermally inoculated lipid A, and rectal temperature response. The early rectal temperature response of an individual calf was correlated with plasma ld activity, indicating a relationship between cell damage and fever. The concentration of antibody against lipid A at the time of lipopolysaccharide inoculation was negatively correlated with the rectal temperature changes recorded during endotoxemia, suggesting a protective ability of antibody. The capacity of a plasma inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide-mediated clotting of limulus amebocyte lysate was correlated with increases in plasma ld activity. Therefore, antibody to lipid A probably is involved in protection of cattle during endotoxemia, but the plasma lipopolysaccharide inhibitor actually may potentiate lipopolysaccharide toxicity.
Evaluation of praziquantel against induced Nanophyetus salmincola infections in coyotes and dogs
Authors: Foreyt William J. , Gorham John R.
Published: February 2025

Efficacy of praziquantel against Nanophyetus salmincola, the trematode vector of salmon poisoning disease, was determined in coyotes (n = 29) and dogs (n = 25). The 10- to 14-week-old animals were fed fish or fish kidneys that contained metacercariae of N salmincola. To prevent salmon poisoning disease, all animals were treated with tetracycline on days 8 and 9 after they were fed fish. Ten days after ingestion of infected fish, 19 coyotes and 12 dogs were treated once with praziquantel, administered sc or im, at dosages between 6.68 and 38.73 mg/kg of body weight. Within 8 days after treatment, the numbers of trematode eggs in feces and trematodes recovered from the small intestine were reduced by > 99% when compared with untreated controls. Signs of drug toxicosis were not observed. On the basis of these results, praziquantel at doses approved for use in dogs against cestodes was highly effective against N salmincola in coyotes and dogs.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced liver disease in horses: An early diagnosis
Authors: Mendel V. E. , Witt M. R. , Gitchell B. S. , Gribble D. N. , Rogers Q. R. , Segall H. J. , Knight H. D.
Published: February 2025

Nine adult horses were fed alfalfa hay cubes containing approximately 10% Senecio vulgaris until all horses had consumed approximately the same amount of toxic components of S vulgaris, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (pa). The amount of pa consumed was determined by the amount that induced clinical signs of pa toxicosis in 3 horses. The 6 other horses were given similar amounts per kilogram of body weight. An initial decrease of feed intake was observed when horses diets were changed from alfalfa cubes to alfalfa/Senecio cubes, and feed intake was decreased further over 89 to 98 days. From 50 to 159 days, body weight decreased in all horses.

Liver disease was induced in all 9 horses after they ate an average of 233 ± 9.2 mg of pa/kg of body weight. Eight horses died or were euthanatized. Treatment with branched chain amino acids had no effect on mortality, but appeared to reduce neurologic problems. Clinical signs of pa-induced liver disease included ataxia, head pressing, and decreased feed intake. Other clinical signs of toxicosis were observed in individual horses, but did not develop in most horses.

Megalocytic hepatopathy developed. Liver abnormalities proceeded as pa was consumed and were severe in 8 of 9 horses before clinical signs of toxicosis appeared. Sulfobromophthalein sodium clearance did not decrease until pa-induced liver disease was advanced. Bile acid (ba) concentrations increased to ≥ 50 μmol/L, in the 8 horses that died. One horse had hepatopathy and increased ba concentration, but survived. In this horse, ba concentration peaked at 33 μmol/L and then decreased. Plasma ba concentrations may have a predictive value for survived in horses with pa-induced liver disease. An accurate record of feed intake provided a sensitive measure of pa-induced liver dysfunction.
Scrotal circumference, seminal characteristics, and testicular lesions of yearling Angus bulls
Authors: Madrid N. , Ott R. S. , Veeramachaneni D. N. Rao , Parrett D. F. , Vanderwert W. , Willms C. L.
Published: February 2025

The effect of age and body weight on scrotal circumference (sc), the effect of sc on percentage of sperm abnormalities and seminal characteristics, and the relationship of sc with testicular weight, epididymidal weight, degree of germinal epithelial loss (dgel), and percentage of tubules graded 4 or greater (G4 +) were studied in 37 Angus bulls. All bulls were from one herd and were examined at monthly intervals, during a 140-day weight gain test starting when they were 11 months old. The study was terminated when the bulls were slaughtered at 14 months of age. As age and body weight increased, sc increased (P < 0.001). The incidence of sperm abnormalities decreased (P < 0.001) as sc increased; however, seminal characteristics remained poor in bulls with sc ≤ 32 cm. Pathologic changes in 600 cross sections of seminiferous tubules from each bull were classified into 9 grades. The dgel per 100 tubules was calculated by assigning a value to each grade according to the severity of loss of germinal epithelium. Tubules classified as G4 + were devoid of germinal cells and provided an mdex of irreversible loss of germinal epithelium. The sc was correlated positively with testicular weight (r = 0.91, P < 0.001) and epididymal weight (r = 0.59, P < 0.001) and negatively with dgel (r = -0.48, P < 0.01) and G4+ (r = -0.44, P < 0.01). Of the 37 bulls, 8 that had sc ≤ 32 cm (range 27.5 to 32) had greater (P < 0.01) dgel and G4+ than did the remaining 29 bulls that had sc > 32 cm (range 32.5 to 38.5); means were 37.4 and 19.9% vs 11.2 and 4%, respectively. Fourteen-month-old Angus bulls with sc ≤ 32 cm had more testicular lesions and poorer seminal characteristics than did bulls with sc > 32 cm.
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bovine β2-microglobulin
Authors: Guidry Albert J. , Shapiro Rona P. , Srikumaran S. , Nickerson Stephen C. , Goldsby Richard A.
Published: February 2025

In an attempt to isolate monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine lymphocytes, spleen cells from mice immunized with bovine lymphocytes were fused with the mouse myeloma cell line SP-2/0. The resulting hybridoma cell lines were tested for reactivity with bovine lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, rbc, γ-globulin, κ-casein, β-casein, α-S1-casein, and β2-microglobulin (β2m) and with β2m from rabbits, goats, and human beings. None of the clones secreted anti-bovine lymphocyte-specific antibody. However, 4 secreted monoclonal antibodies to bovine β2m. They also reacted with β2m from rabbit, goat, and human being. One monoclonal antibody also was found to be reactive with bovine immunoglobulin. Monoclonal antibodies to β2m could serve as a tool to (1) explore the homology of the β2m molecule among various species, (2) examine the relationship of β2m with the constant region of the immunoglobulin molecule, (3) quantitate bovine β2m in various body fluids and major histocompatibility antigens on cell surfaces, (4) help characterize those antigens in cattle, and (5) be used for tissue typing of those antigens.
Phenotypic characterization of canine lymphoma, using monoclonal antibodies and a microlymphocytotoxicity assay
Authors: Ladiges Warren C. , Keast Mike , Appelbaum Frederick , Storb Rainer
Published: February 2025

Cells acquired from lymph node biopsy specimens obtained from 58 dogs scheduled to undergo chemotherapy for lymphoma were immunophenotyped, using a microlymphocytotoxicity (mlct) assay comprising a panel of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for canine cell surface antigens. Cells from 54 of the dogs concurrently were tested cytofluorometrically, using surface immunoglobulin (SIg) as a marker for B cells and the mab DT2 specific for peripheral blood T cells. The mlct results indicated frequent coexpression of antigens identified by DT2 antibody and, to a lesser extent, by 1A1 antibody on SIg-positive cells, suggesting that these antigens may be associated with other types of less-differentiated lymphoid cells, in addition to being associated with mature T cells. Class-II major histocompatibility antigens, as recognized by mab H81.98.71, HB10a, and H40.315.7, were detected on most SIg-positive cells, but generally were lacking on SIg-negative, DT2-negative cells. The mab Wig4, reactive with canine monocytes, recognized relatively few cells (11 of 58). Response to chemotherapy was not correlated with reactivity to mab DLy6 specific for resting lymphocytes or to mab W3G10 specific for a polymorphic antigen associated with the canine major histocompatibility complex. The mlct assay appears to be efficient, rapid, and inexpensive for immunophenotyping cells from lymphoma biopsy specimens.
Long-term persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs inoculated with T gondii oocysts and effect of freezing on viability of tissue cysts in pork
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

To study the distribution of tissue cysts in porcine tissues, 16 pigs were fed oocysts of 4 strains of Toxoplasma gondii (4 pigs/strain). Pigs were euthanatized between postinoculation days 103 and 875 and portions of 5 to 14 organs were bioassayed in mice and/or cats for T gondii. For bioassays, 50- to 100-g portions of tissue were incubated in acidic pepsin solution to free bradyzoites from cysts in parenchyma, and washed sediment from the digests of each specimen was inoculated sc into mice (6 mice/organ). For bioassays in cats, a 500-g portion or whole organ was fed to Toxoplasma-free cats (1 cat/organ). Toxoplasma gondii was recovered from tissues of 14 of the 16 pigs (from the brains of 12, hearts of 11, tongues of 10, and diaphragms of 6). Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from commercial cuts of meat from 5 infected pigs; from the arm picnic and ham of 3, Boston butt, spareribs, and tenderloin of 2, and bacon and tailbone of 1. Regarding the 4 pigs euthanatized between postinoculation days 759 and 865, cats shed T gondii oocysts after the ingestion of hearts of all 4; tongues of 3; bacons, hams, arm picnics, Boston butts, spareribs, and diaphragms of 2; and livers, kidneys, and tenderloins of 1. Toxoplasma gondii was found to be inconsistently distributed among the organs and muscles, but overall, tongue and heart were more heavily infected than were other tissues. Tissue cysts in pork were rendered nonviable at −12 C for 3 days.
Dermal dysplasia characterized by collagen disorder-related skin fragility in a cow
Authors: Kawaguchi Takaki , Fukazawa Hiroyuki , Naito Yoshihisa , Okada Kōsuke
Published: February 2025

Holstein cow 1 was examined because of skin fragility and delayed healing of skin wounds, which were markedly exacerbated around the time of parturition.

A skin biopsy sample was obtained, and light microscopy revealed irregular deposition of thin collagen fibers in a dermal matrix. Although diffuse inflammation did not occur, the number of plump fibroblasts was increased. Electron microscopy revealed poor construction of collagen fibrils in the dermal matrix. Biochemical analysis of the dermis revealed a normal amount of collagen and uronic acid, but sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an increased proportion of soluble α-, β-, and γ-collagen chains of normal molecular weights. Neither procollagen nor its intermediates devoid of amino- or carboxy-terminal extension peptide were observed. Dermal collagen from cow 1 was more soluble in a neutral salt solvent, 0.5M acetic acid, and the acid containing pepsin than was dermal collagen from healthy cow 2. The peptic digestion profile of dermis from cow 1 revealed a lowered degree of intermolecular cross-linking and destabilization of helical structure in the dermis collagen. The extrahelical peptic cleavage of collagen before cyanogen bromide digestion resulted in release of more fragments derived from carboxy-terminal part of α1 chains in dermis of cow 1 than in dermis of healthy cow 2.
Evaluation of clorsulon against immature Fascioloides magna in cattle and sheep
Authors: Foreyt William J.
Published: February 2025

Efficacy of clorsulon was evaluated against infection with immature Fascioloides magna in 24 cattle and 12 sheep. Infections were induced by oral administration of 600 metacercariae/host. In cattle, clorsulon at dosages of 7 and 21 mg/kg of body weight was 65 and 100% effective against 8-week-old flukes, and 20 and 74% effective against 16-week-old flukes, respectively. In sheep, clorsulon at a dosage of 21 mg/kg was 92% effective against 8-week-old flukes. Significantly (P < 0.05) more F magna were recovered from untreated sheep than from untreated cattle.
Evaluation of a short-term saline diuresis protocol for the administration of cisplatin
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Krawiec Donald R. , Gelberg Howard B. , Twardock A. Robert , Reschke Robert W. , Richardson Bruce C.
Published: February 2025

A study was undertaken to determine the toxic effects of cisplatin, an antineoplastic agent, on canine kidneys and bone marrow when administered during a 6-hour saline diuresis. Cisplatin (70 mg/m2 of body surface) was administered iv to 6 healthy dogs over a 20-minute period after 0.9% NaCl solution (saline) was administered iv for 4 hours at a rate of 18.3 ml/kg/hr. After cisplatin injection, saline diuresis was continued at the same rate for 2 hours. Each dog vomited within 8 hours after the drug was administered. Clinical status, weight gain, and food consumption were normal throughout the 27-day study. All measures of renal function remained unchanged and were within normal limits for 27 days after the drug was administered. Nadirs in the daily neutrophil count were observed on days 6 (3,240 ± 404/μl) and 15 (1,196 ± 275/μl). There were no important gross or histologic abnormalities referable to cisplatin administration when the dogs were necropsied at the conclusion of the study (day 27). We concluded that cisplatin can be administered safely at a dosage of 70 mg/m2 of body surface, using a short-term diuresis protocol, and that the drug induces a nadir in the neutrophil count on days 6 and 15.
Cardiac dysrhythmias during anesthesia for cervical decompression in the dog
Authors: Stauffer Jean-Louis , Gleed Robin D. , Short Charles E. , Erb Hollis N. , Schukken Ynte H.
Published: February 2025

In a retrospective study, the risk for cardiac dysrhythmias was evaluated in dogs undergoing ventral decompression and/or fenestration of the cervical spine (cerv) and compared with that for dogs undergoing dorsal laminectomy for decompression of the thoracic or lumbar spine (tl). The dogs in the cerv subset (48 dogs) tended to be heavier and older than the dogs in the tl subset (111 dogs). There was no apparent bias detected in treatment before anesthesia and surgery. The risk for dysrhythmias was 2.5 times greater in the cerv subset, compared with that in the tl subset (P < 0.01). The risk for ventricular premature contraction was 3.5 times higher in the cerv group (P < 0.05). Bradycardia was found in 6 dogs from the cerv subset and was not found in any dogs from the tl subset. A logistic model was derived from the data and may be used to evaluate the risk for dysrhythmias in similar patients undergoing similar surgery and anesthesia. This model uses age, preoperative heart rate, and site of surgery (cerv or tl) to estimate the risk.
Validation of a radioimmunoassay for measurement of gastrin in equine serum
Authors: Young Diane W. , Smyth G. B.
Published: February 2025

A commercial radioimmunoassay kit designed for measuring gastrin in human serum was validated for use with equine serum. This nonextraction, double-antibody procedure uses an antiserum with broad specificity for molecular forms of gastrin. Synthetic human gastrin (G17-I) was added to pooled equine serum, and the observed assay values were compared with the mass added. Recovary was 99 to 115% in the gastrin concentration range of 40 to 640 pg/ml. Dilutions of postprandial serum with serum from fasted horses were assayed, and the inhibition curves were compared with those of the human gastrin kit standards, using a log-logit transformation. The slopes of the sample dilution plots were not significantly different from the slopes of the standard curves. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate and heparin adversely affected the assay, resulting in lower assayed gastrin concentration values. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (n = 10) was 3.8%, and the interassay coefficient of variation (n = 6) was 11.2%. The assay sensitivity, as reported by the manufacturer, is 8 pg/ml. Gastrin concentrations in serum from fasted horses ranged from undetectable values (< 8 pg/ml) to 17.5 pg/ml, and peaked at a mean value (n = 6) of 70 pg/ml 3 hours after feeding. Serum cortisol values monitored during the postprandial blood collection period were in the normal range for horses.
Morphologic and immunocytochemical study of young dogs with diabetes mellitus associated with pancreatic islet hypoplasia
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , LeCompte Philip M. , Chin H. P. , Hill James R. , Ownby Charlotte L. , Brownfield Mark S.
Published: February 2025

In 11 dogs (7 males, 4 females; 10 purebred, 1 mixed breed), diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus before the age of 6 months, the pancreas was evaluated histologically; in 6, the pancreas also was examined by use of electron microscopy and/or immunocytochemical methods. Each dog was placed in 1 of 3 groups (A through C) on the basis of pancreatic histopathologic findings: Group A (n = 3)—no recognizable islets, but the pancreas in 2 dogs contained scattered endocrine cells detectable by use of immunoperoxidase staining or electron microscopy; Group B (n = 4)—no recognizable islets, but the pancreas had severe vacuolation of ducts and acini, as well as acinar atrophy; Group C (n = 4)—scant shrunken islets; 1 pancreas had reduced numbers of recognizable islets, hydropic β-cell vacuolation attributable to glycogen deposition, and islet and nonislet endocrine cells in expected proportions. Insulitis was not observed in any pancreas, although scattered lymphocytes were seen in the pancreatic interstitial fibrous tissue of 3 dogs. Histologic pancreatic lesions in these young dogs were distinct from those of type-I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in human beings, as well as from those of diabetes mellitus in aged dogs, but were similar to those described in other young diabetic dogs.

This uncommon syndrome is distinct from commonly recognized canine diabetes mellitus, on the basis of age of onset, predisposition for purebred dogs, lack of predisposing endocrinopathies or obesity, and pancreatic histologic features. The cause(s) is unknown, but is related to pancreatic endocrine hypoplasia and not to insulitis or to exocrine pancreatic inflammation. The term pancreatic islet hypoplasia is chosen as best describing this disorder.
Effect of acupuncture on young pigs with induced enteropathogenic Escherichia coli diarrhea
Authors: Hwang Y. C. , Jenkins E. M.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-four preweaning pigs with induced enteropathogenic Escherichia coli diarrhea were treated with electroacupuncture, traditional acupuncture, or neomycin. In the group treated with electroacupuncture, points GV-1, bilateral ST-36, and Bai-hui were stimulated electrically. In the group treated with traditional acupuncture, points GV-1, bilateral ST-36, BL-20, bulb points, bilateral ear tip, and Shan-gen were used. Acupuncture points CV-12 and bilateral ST-25 also were treated with moxibustion (applying heat generated by a burning herb, Artemisia argyi). Hemoacupuncture also was applied to Shan-gen, bilateral ear tip, and bulb points. Pigs in the third group were given neomycin orally. Five pigs were inoculated with E coli, but were not treated and served as nontreated controls.

At postinoculation day 5, 60% of control pigs and > 80% of pigs in treated groups recovered from diarrhea. However, at postinoculation day 3, recovery rates for pigs in the control and group treated with electroacupuncture were only 20 and 27.3%, respectively; whereas pigs treated with acupuncture or neomycin attained 81.8 and 71.4% of recovery rates, respectively. Seemingly, traditional acupuncture, but not electroacupuncture, was effective in controlling induced E coli diarrhea in pigs at its early stage.
Thyroid and immunologic status of dogs with perianal fistula
Authors: Killingsworth C. R. , Walshaw Richard , Reimann Keith A. , Rosser E. J.
Published: February 2025

Lymphocyte-proliferation responses, absolute lymphocyte counts, and thyrotropin-stimulation responses were determined in 33 dogs with perianal fistula; serum immunoglobulin values also were determined in 15 of the 33 dogs. Lymphocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and phytohemagglutinin and were cultured with medium containing normal pooled canine serum or fresh patient’s autologous serum. Initially, lymphocytes from 9 dogs (27.3%) had depressed stimulation responses to ≥ 1 phytomitogen, and 4 of the 9 dogs had absolute lymphopenia. One month after recovery in these 9 dogs, lymphocytes from 4 dogs (66.7%) had normal proliferation responses.

Of immunoglobulin determinations in 15 dogs, serum IgA values were 32 to 185 mg/dl (mean, 69 ± 10 mg/dl) and were low in 2 dogs (13%), and serum IgM values were 48 to 610 mg/dl (mean, 263 to 46 mg/dl) and were high in 8 dogs (53%). Serum IgG values were 1,050 to 3,220 mg/dl (mean, 2,339 ± 165 mg/dl) and were high in 10 dogs (71%). After thyrotropin stimulation, 1 dog was considered hypothyroid.

Neither pathogenesis nor prognosis of canine perianal fistula was clarified via immunoglobulin concentrations or absolute lymphocyte counts. Based on lymphocyte-proliferation assays, suppression of cell-mediated immunity was probably a result of perianal fistula, rather than a cause of the fistula.
A turbidimetric method for fibronectin assay in the dog
Authors: Hauptman J. G. , Feldman B. F. , O’Neill S. L. , Lippert A. C. , Davis A. T.
Published: February 2025

An immunoturbidimetric method, using spectrophotometry, for the assay of canine plasma fibronectin concentration was compared with the immunoelectrophoretic method. The spectrophotometric method (S) correlated positively (r = 0.7) and significantly (P < 0.01) with the immunoelectrophoretic method (I). The regression equation was S = 0.37I + 53. Ninety-five percent confidence levels for the regression line were calculated to allow detection, by spectrophotometry, of plasma fibronectin concentrations outside the normal range.
Pathogenesis of blue fox parvovirus on blue fox kits and pregnant vixens
Authors: Veijalainen P. M. -L. , Smeds E.
Published: February 2025

To study the pathogenicity of a newly isolated parvovirus of blue fox (Alopex lagopus), pregnant vixens and 43 kits of different ages were experimentally infected with the agent. The kits had no clinical signs of disease, even though most of them excreted virus in their feces, and they responded immunologically to viral exposure. Infection during pregnancy appeared to affect the fetuses. A group of 15 blue fox vixens inoculated with the virus produced a statistically smaller number of kits (78) than did 15 untreated controls (131). Vaccination with a homologous inactivated virus preparation appeared to afford protection against reproductive losses. After infection, 15 vaccinated vixens gave birth to 97 kits, compared with 54 kits born to a similar, non-vaccinated experimental group.
Effect of trenbolone and testosterone on the plasma elimination rates of sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, and antipyrine in female dwarf goats
Authors: van Miert Adelbert S. J. P. A. M. , Peters Ruud H. M. , Basudde Chris D. K. , Nijmeijer Sandra N. , van Duin Cock T. M. , van Gogh Henk , Korstanje Cornelis
Published: February 2025

Plasma elimination rates of sulfamethazine (100 mg/kg of body weight, iv), trimethoprim (20 mg/kg, iv), and antipyrine (35 mg/kg, iv) were studied in adult female dwarf goats (n = 5) before and after implantation with trenbolone acetate (5 mg/kg). Pretreatment with trenbolone caused a significant decrease in the elimination rate of the drugs tested: for sulfamethazine, 5 times; for antipyrine, 3 times; and for trimethoprim, 2 times. After treatment with testosterone (1 mg/kg, SC, twice weekly for 2.5 weeks), female goats (n = 5) had a similar decrease in the elimination rate of sulfamethazine. Other induced effects included a change in social behavior, a lower voice, and the development of a typical billy goatlike odor. Plasma creatinine concentrations after androgen administration were significantly higher than those before androgen administration; changes were not observed in plasma urea values.

Because of the differences observed, we believe that more attention should be paid to the effects of androgenic agents on drug kinetic properties, with particular reference to studies on clinical efficacy, side effects, and drug residues in food products.
Communications and boundaries of the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints in horses
Authors: Ford Troy S. , Ross Michael W. , Orsini Paul G.
Published: February 2025

To study communications and boundaries of the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints of the horse, 50 forelimbs were obtained from fresh cadaver specimens. Blue latex solution (20 ± 2.5 ml) was injected into the middle carpal joint, and the specimens were frozen in extension. Frozen specimens were cut into 1-cm sagittal sections from the middle of the radius to the middle of the metacarpus. The communications between the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints and the presence, length, and position of the distopalmar outpouchings of the carpometacarpal joint were recorded.

The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints always communicated between os carpale III (C3) and os carpale IV (C4). An additional communication between the joints existed in 17 (34%) of the specimens, 10 on the palmar aspect of C4, and 3 on the palmar aspect of os carpale II (C2). When os carpale I (C1) was present (n = 5), communication between C1 and C2 was observed in 4 of the 5 specimens. In all specimens, medial and lateral distopalmar outpouchings of the carpometacarpal joint were observed and were located between the axial surface of os metacarpale II (MC2) and os metacarpale IV (MC4) and the abaxial surface of the suspensory ligament. There was no significant difference between the lengths of the lateral (2.3 ± 0.54 cm) or medial (2.6 ± 0.75 cm) distopalmar outpouchings. Small extensions from the distopalmar outpouchings were seen and extended axially into the fibers of the suspensory ligament or between the suspensory ligament and the distal accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. In one carpus, the middle carpal joint communicated with the antebrachiocarpal joint between the articulation of the os carpi intermedium (Ci) and the os carpi ulnare (Cu).
Development and evaluation of an enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay for bovine antibody (IgG) to Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Gillette K. G. , Frank G. H. , Sacks J. M.
Published: February 2025

The sensitivity of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bovine IgG serum antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica was compared with that of an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes were grown in a chemically defined cell culture medium, and soluble antigens released into the growth medium were used in the ELISA and IHA test. An ELISA with serotype-1 antigen consistently detected antibody in sera that were positive by IHA test (correlation, 99%). Sera reacting with serotype-1 ELISA antigens also reacted with ELISA antigens prepared from other serotypes. Although ELISA titers averaged 5 log2 units higher than IHA titers, plots of titers determined by the 2 methods were approximately linear. Titer increases detected in paired serum samples by either test were similar. The ELISA was more sensitive than was the IHA in detecting colostral IgG antibody in serum of newborn calves. The ELISA uses a simple, stable antigen preparation and detects antibody to P haemolytica serotypes that commonly infect cattle.
Electron microscopic study of the unique features and structural-morphologic relationship of canine bone marrow
Authors: Deldar A. , Lewis H. , Bloom J.
Published: February 2025

Electron microscopy revealed several unique features in canine bone marrow, compared with that of other species. The marrow was fatty and extensively trabeculated and was enclosed by a complete layer of endosteal bonelining cells. Branched reticular cells were closely associated with each other and, occasionally, covered part of the sinus wall as an adventitial layer. The extent of adventitial coverage varied markedly and was less extensive, compared with that of other species. On average, only 23% of the sinus wall was covered by adventitial layer, in contrast to 65% reported in laboratory animals. Unilaminar sinuses, with no adventitial coverage, accounted for > 38% of all sinuses. Quantitative analysis indicated counted that 60% of the latter sinuses contained apertures, as opposed to 35% of sinuses with adventitial coverage (P < 0.05). Moreover, the number of apertures in unilaminar sinuses was significantly (P < 0.009) greater than that in multilaminar sinuses. Apertures were observed every 59 μm in unilaminar sinuses, in contrast to every 109 μm in multilaminar sinuses. Approximately 75% of the apertures were occupied by cells in transit, and only 25% were free of cells. Macrophages were distributed throughout the marrow and were closely associated with all blood cell lines. Occasionally, cells that entered the lumen were not fully mature. Erythroblasts were seen migrating across the wall and within the lumen of sinuses.

The less-extensive adventitial coverage in canine bone marrow might indicate that the rate of cell delivery from the marrow into the circulation was relatively high in this species. The prevalence of unilaminar sinuses, along with the larger number of apertures, suggested that these sinuses were more accessible to the migrating cells and that the cellular traffic across them was intense.
Serum and tissue fluid norfloxacin concentrations after oral administration of the drug to healthy dogs
Authors: Walker R. D. , Stein G. E. , Budsberg S. C. , Budsberg S. C. , Rosser E. J. , MacDonald K.H.
Published: February 2025

Norfloxacin, a 4-quinolone antibiotic, was administered orally to 4 healthy dogs at dosages of 11 and 22 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 4 days, with a 4 - week interval between dosing regimens. Serum and tissue cage fluid (TCF) norfloxacin concentrations were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours after the first and seventh dose of each dosing regimen. When administered at a dosage of 11 mg/kg, the regimen mean peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 1.0 μg/ml at 1 hour, the time of mean peak concentration (Tmax) after the first dose. After the seventh dose, the Cmax was 1.4 μg/ml at Tmax of 1.5 hours. The Tmax for the TCF concentration was 5 hours, with Cmax of 0.3 μg/ml and 0.7 μg/ml after the first and seventh dose, respectively. When administered at a dosage of 22 mg/kg, the serum Tmax was 2 hours after the first dose, with Cmax of 2.8 μg/ml. After the seventh dose, the serum Tmax was 1.5 hours, with Cmax of 2.8 μg/ml. The Tmax for the TCF concentration was 5 hours after the first and seventh doses, with Cmax of 1.2 μg/ml and 1.6 μg/ml, respectively. After the seventh dose, the serum elimination half-life was 6.3 hours for a dosage of 11 mg/kg and was 6.7 hours for a dosage of 22mg/kg. For serum concentration, the area under the curve from 0 to 12 hours (AUCO → 12) was 8.77 μg·h/ml and 18.27 μg·h/ml for dosages of 11 mg/kg and 22 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding AUCO → 12 for the TCF concentration was 6.20 ug·h/ml and 16.42 μg·h/ml. The percentage of TCF penetration (AUCTCF/AUCserum)was 71% at a dosage of 11 mg/kg and 90% at a dosage of 22 mg/kg.
In vitro susceptibility of feline herpesvirus-1 to vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, acyclovir, or bromovinyldeoxyuridine
Authors: Nasisse M. P. , Guy J. S. , Davidson M. G. , Sussman W. , De Clercq E.
Published: February 2025

In vitro activities of 9-([2 -hydroxyethoxy] methyl) guanine (acyclovir), (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′deoxyuridine, 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (vidarabine), 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (idoxuridine), and 5-trifluoromethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (trifluridine) were studied against 6 strains of feline herpesvirus-1. A significant difference was not detected among viral strains in their susceptibility to these compounds (P = 0.442). The relative potency of these compounds was trifluridine > > idoxuridine > vidarabine > bromovinyldeoxyuridine > > acyclovir. Concentrations of trifluridine and idoxuridine (0.67 and 6.8 μM, respectively) required to reduce plaque numbers by 50%, compared with that of controls, were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than were those of other compounds.
Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values of horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy
Authors: Dill Stephen G. , Kallfelz Francis A. , deLahunta A. , Waldron Cynthia H.
Published: February 2025

Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values were determined in 40 horses with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of degenerative with myeloencephalopathy and in 49 age-matched control horses with normal neurologic function. Significant differences were not detected in serum vitamin E or blood glutathione peroxidase values between horses affected with degenerative myeloencephalopathy and control horses. These findings fail to support a reported role of vitamin E deficiency as a cause of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy.
Seminal vesicle and coagulating gland growth induced by intraperitoneal inoculation of fungi in mice.
Authors: Lyons H. Jay , Laubach Harold E.
Published: February 2025

The effect of fungi on the growth of body organs in mice was investigated. Single, intraperitoneal injections of yeasts (Cryptococcus albidus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces octosporus) or molds (Aspergillus niger, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor haemalis) induced an increase in the mass of seminal vesicles and coagulating glands independent of whole body weight changes in mice.