bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nogo‐A antibody improves regeneration and locomotion of spinal cord–injured rats
Authors: Liebscher Thomas , Schnell Lisa , Schnell Dina , Scholl Jeannette , Schneider Regula , Gullo Mirjam , Fouad Karim , Mir Anis , Rausch Martin , Kindler Diana , Hamers Frank P. T. , Schwab Martin E.
Published: September 2005

Spinal cord trauma leads to loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions below the lesion. Recovery is very restricted, due in part to neurite growth inhibitory myelin proteins, in particular Nogo‐A. Two neutralizing antibodies against Nogo‐A were used to study recovery and axonal regeneration after spinal cord lesions. Three months old Lewis rats were tested in sensory‐motor tasks (open field locomotion, crossing of ladder rungs and narrow beams, the CatWalk® runway, reactions to heat and von Frey hairs). A T‐shaped lesion was made at T8, and an intrathecal catheter delivered highly purified anti‐Nogo‐A monoclonal IgGs or unspecific IgGs for 2 weeks. A better outcome in motor behavior was obtained as early as two weeks after lesion in the animals receiving the Nogo‐A antibodies. Withdrawal responses to heat and mechanical stimuli were not different between the groups. Histology showed enhanced regeneration of corticospinal axons in the anti‐Nogo‐A antibody groups. fMRI revealed significant cortical responses to stimulation of the hindpaw exclusively in anti‐Nogo‐A animals. These results demonstrate that neutralization of the neurite growth inhibitor Nogo‐A by intrathecal antibodies leads to enhanced regeneration and reorganization of the injured CNS, resulting in improved recovery of compromised functions in the absence of dysfunctions. Ann Neurol 2005
A novel X‐linked form of congenital fiber‐type disproportion
Authors: Clarke Nigel F. , Smith Robert L. L. , Bahlo Melanie , North Kathryn N.
Published: September 2005

We describe a four‐generation family with a previously unreported form of congenital fiber‐type disproportion that follows an X‐linked inheritance pattern. Affected male family members have a striking pattern of weakness. From birth there is marked ptosis, facial weakness, poor sucking, hypotonia, respiratory weakness, and relatively preserved limb strength. Most affected male individuals die of respiratory failure within the first months of life. A mild dilated cardiomyopathy developed in infancy in the sole surviving affected male member of this family. Some carrier female individuals manifest milder signs. We have demonstrated linkage to two regions of the X chromosome, Xp22.13 to Xp11.4 and Xq13.1 to Xq22.1, with a maximum logarithm of odds score of 3.25 in the latter region. We propose that clinical clues can differentiate this disorder from other forms of congenital fiber‐type disproportion so that affected families can receive appropriate genetic counseling. Ann Neurol 2005
Engineering Silicon Oxide Surfaces Using Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Onclin Steffen , Ravoo Bart Jan , Reinhoudt David N.
Published: September 2005

Although a molecular monolayer is only a few nanometers thick it can completely change the properties of a surface. Molecular monolayers can be readily prepared using the Langmuir–Blodgett methodology or by chemisorption on metal and oxide surfaces. This Review focuses on the use of chemisorbed self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) as a platform for the functionalization of silicon oxide surfaces. The controlled organization of molecules and molecular assemblies on silicon oxide will have a prominent place in “bottom‐up” nanofabrication, which could revolutionize fields such as nanoelectronics and biotechnology in the near future. In recent years, self‐assembled monolayers on silicon oxide have reached a high level of sophistication and have been combined with various lithographic patterning methods to develop new nanofabrication protocols and biological arrays. Nanoscale control over surface properties is of paramount importance to advance from 2D patterning to 3D fabrication.
Characterisation of ligand binding to the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone‐related peptide receptor in MCF7 breast cancer cells and SaOS‐2 osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Alokail Majed S. , Peddie Margaret J.
Published: September 2005

Parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTHrP‐receptor, PTH/PTHrP‐R, are frequently expressed in mammary carcinomas as well as in bone cells. In this study we compared the ligand binding characteristics of the PTH/PTHrP–R in SaOS‐2 human osteosarcoma cells with those in MCF7 breast cancer cells. We used both Scatchard analysis of saturation kinetics for iodinated ligand and the level of expressed receptor protein by visualising the single radio‐labelled receptor‐ligand complex from isolated membrane preparations from the two cell lines. In MCF7 cells, ligand binding, (receptor number) was increased by prior exposure of the cultured cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF), estradiol (E2), or dexamethasone (DEX), and decreased following calcitriol (1,25 DHCC). In contrast in the SaOS‐2 cells, PTH/PTHrP‐R number was increased by exposure to E2 and 1,25DHCC and decreased by DEX while EGF had no effect. These data were confirmed when the PTH/PTHrP‐R was cross linked with 125I‐PTHrP‐1‐34Tyr, and extended by visualising the intensity of the isolated radiolabelled receptor complex by autoradiography following SDS‐PAGE at several time points during the treatment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The antioxidant effect of hydroxyl‐substituent Schiff bases on the free‐radical‐induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes
Authors: Tang You‐Zhi , Liu Zai‐Qun
Published: September 2005

The major objectives of the present work were focused on assessing the antioxidant capacities of two hydroxyl‐substituent Schiff bases, 2‐((o‐hydroxylphenylimino)methyl)phenol (OSAP) and 2‐((p‐hydroxylphenylimino)methyl)phenol (PSAP) either used alone or in combination with some familiar water‐soluble antioxidants i.e. 6‐hydroxyl‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox) and L‐ascorbic acid (VC), and lipophilic ones i.e. α‐tocopherol (TOH) and L‐ascorbyl‐6‐laurate (VC‐12). 2,2'‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH). Induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes functioned as the evaluation experimental system in this research. The present findings showed that either OSAP or PSAP not only was an antioxidant with high activity in protecting erythrocytes against AAPH‐induced hemolysis concentration‐dependently, but can also protect erythrocytes by acting with Trolox, TOH, VC and VC‐12 synergistically. Based on chemical kinetic deduction, the number of trapping peroxyl radicals, n, of the above‐mentioned antioxidants can be calculated in relation to Trolox that traps two peroxyl radicals; thus, TOH can trap 3.83 peroxyl radicals, VC‐12 traps 2.87 and VC can only trap 1.08. As for OSAP and PSAP, 8.71 and 13.7 peroxyl radicals can be trapped, respectively, indicating that they were the most efficient inhibitors against AAPH‐induced hemolysis. Moreover, the total number of peroxyl radicals trapped by OSAP+Trolox, OSAP+TOH, OSAP+VC and PSAP+VC were higher than the sum of the above individual antioxidant used alone, demonstrating that a mutual promotive effect existed in the above mixed antioxidants. In contrast, owing to the fact that the total number of peroxyl radicals trapped by OSAP+VC‐12, PSAP+Trolox, PSAP+TOH and PSAP+VC‐12 were less than the sum of the above individual antioxidant used alone, a mutual antagonistic effect was suggested in these combinative usages. This information may be helpful in the pharmaceutical application of two Schiff bases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gebäudediagnose und Entscheidungskriterien für Ersatzneubauten: Umsetzung am Bauvorhaben Seelow
Authors: Zink Ulrich
Published: September 2005

“Der Mauerwerksbau, ” so Dr. Ronald Rast, Geschäftsführer der DGfM in Berlin, “hat sich in den letzten Jahren signifikant weiterentwickelt. Daraus resultieren neue Anforderungen an alle, die mit Planung und Ausführung von Mauerwerk befaßt sind.” Ziel sei, so Rast weiter, “die aktuellen Änderungen im Rahmen des Kongresses einer breiten Fachöffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen”.

Entsprechend ist der Einsatz von Mauerwerk bei Neubauten sowie bei Gebäuden im Bestand ein wichtiger Schwerpunkt der Tagung. Gebäudediagnosen und Entscheidungskriterien für Ersatzneubauten werden nachfolgend am Beispiel des Bauvorhabens Seelow vorgestellt. Gebäudediagnose und Entscheidungskriterien für Ersatzneubauten/ Umsetzung am Bauvorhaben Seelow.
Ökologische und ökonomische Potentiale von Mauerwerk
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Herzog Kati , Hock Carolin
Published: September 2005

Die massive Mauerwerksbauweise steht als Synonym für Schutz, Stabilität, Haltbarkeit und Langlebigkeit; Eigenschaften, die ein Nutzer auch heute an Gebäude stellt. Neben der Erreichung ökonomischer Ziele werden jedoch Forderungen nach der Sicherstellung der Umweltverträglichkeit von Bauwerken zunehmend wichtiger. “Nachhaltigkeit” ist das Stichwort des 21. Jahrhunderts und führt zu wesentlichen Veränderungen im Baugeschehen.

Die Geschichte zeigt, daß sich das Mauerwerk in seiner langen Geschichte den permanent wechselnden Anforderungen angepaßt und weiterentwickelt hat. Um den heutigen Anforderungen einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung im Bauwesen gerecht zu werden, sind die Nachhaltigkeitspotentiale von Mauerwerkskonstruktionen über den Lebenszyklus zu identifizieren und als Qualitätsmerkmal auszuweisen. Der vorliegende Beitrag befaßt sich mit der Nachhaltigkeitsbeurteilung unterschiedlicher Bauweisen und den daraus resultierenden ökologischen und ökonomischen Potentialen von Mauerwerk.
Entwicklungen in der Mauerwerksnormung
Authors: Jäger Wolfram , Schöps Peter , Hoffmann Jens , Beier Gunar , Pflücke Torsten
Published: September 2005

Mauerwerk hat in den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten eine bemerkenswerte Entwicklung genommen, die die Normung wesentlich beeinflußt. Sie wurde ausgelöst durch die notwendige Reduzierung der Umweltbelastung und das gestiegene Verantwortungsbewußtsein im Umgang mit fossilen Energieträgern. Die Verfahrenstechnik konnte in beeindruckender Weise den Erfordernissen in der Stein‐ und Mörtelherstellung folgen. Produkte wurden entwickelt, die sich immer mehr von den althergebrachten Steinen und Mörteln wegbewegten. Entsprechende Hilfestellungen der Hersteller bei der Anwendung der neuen Produkte wurden und werden gegeben. Durch diese Entwicklung ist es gelungen, daß der Mauerwerksbau im Wettbewerb mit den anderen Bauarten seine Position behaupten und festigen konnte.

Die Veränderungen auf baustofflicher Seite und schließlich im mechanischen Verhalten des heutigen Mauerwerks erfordern eine Neubewertung bisheriger Ansätze. Das betrifft die gewohnte Herangehensweise an zu lösende Problemstellungen sowohl in der Forschung als auch die ingenieurmäßige Umsetzung neuer Erkenntnisse zur Analyse und Nachweisführung. Das, was dabei ausreichend abgesichert und in der Fachwelt konsensfähig ist, wird Bestandteil der Norm, die die Grundlage für den aktuellen Stand der Technik darstellt.

Mauerwerk ist nach wie vor einer der am weitesten verbreiteten Baustoffe, dessen einfache Anwendung und Handhabung aber auch in der Zukunft gewahrt bleiben soll. Diese Zielstellung stellt eine besondere Randbedingung in der Mauerwerksnormung dar und betrifft auch den derzeit im Vollzug befindlichen Übergang vom globalen zum semiprobabilistischen Sicherheitskonzept, der derzeit in Europa einheitlich für alle Bauarten vorgenommen wird. Die Mauerwerksnormung gerät dabei in die Gefahr, ihre bisherige Einfachheit zu verlieren, was sich für die breite Anwendung als nachteilig erweisen kann. Das Argument der allgemeinen Computeranwendung zieht dabei nur bedingt, da einerseits Übersichtlichkeit und Durchschaubarkeit erhalten bleiben und Kontrollen durch Verantwortungsträger jederzeit möglich sein sollten.

Der Beitrag geht auf den derzeitigen Stand und seine Hintergründe in der Normung für unbewehrtes Mauerwerk ein und zeigt auf, welche Entwicklungen zukünftig notwendig sind, um dem in der Anwendung einfachen aber mechanisch sehr komplexen Baustoff eine solide Basis mit fundierten Bemessungsnormen zu geben.
Entwicklungen des baulichen Schallschutzes in der nationalen und europäischen Normung
Authors: Fischer Heinz‐Martin
Published: September 2005

Die Entwicklung des baulichen Schallschutzes wird auf internationaler und nationaler Ebene maßgeblich durch die europäischen Normen des baulichen Schallschutzes beeinflußt. Änderungen bei Meß‐ und Beurteilungsverfahren, insbesondere aber neue Berechnungsverfahren für die Prognose des Schallschutzes in Gebäuden, tangieren die Kerninhalte der DIN 4109 (“Schallschutz im Hochbau”), so daß deren völlige Neugestaltung notwendig wurde. Von den Änderungen besonders betroffen ist der Mauerwerksbau, der mittlerweile konsequent die europäischen Vorgaben für seine Bauweisen umgesetzt und damit Handlungsfähigkeit im neuen Normenkonzept geschaffen hat. Nicht betroffen von den europäischen Normen ist die Höhe von Schallschutzanforderungen. Dennoch hat sich, zeitgleich aber unabhängig von der durch die europäischen Normen ausgelösten Entwicklung, eine intensive und kontroverse Diskussion um die Schallschutzanforderungen, insbesondere im Bereich des sog. erhöhten Schallschutzes, entwickelt. Als Folge dieser Diskussion wird die DIN 4109 den erhöhten Schallschutz zukünftig nicht mehr abdecken. Es ist zu erwarten, daß diese Entscheidung weitergehende Folgen für den baulichen Schallschutz nach sich ziehen wird.
Anerkannte Regeln der Technik und baulicher Schallschutz
Authors: Locher‐Weiss Susanne
Published: September 2005

Es bleibt zu hoffen, daß die Rechtsprechung zukünftig, gerade bei qualitätsbezogenen Leistungsmerkmalen, wie auch dem Schallschutz, den Begriff der anerkannten Regeln der Technik weniger ausschließlich zahlenbezogen (Dezibel) sieht, sondern sich vergegenwärtigt, daß es eine Vielzahl zulässiger und vertretbarer Konstruktionen am Bau gibt, die durchweg in der Theorie als richtig anerkannt sind und sich nach wie vor in der Praxis durchgesetzt haben, mithin der Begriffsdefinition der anerkannten Regeln der Technik gerecht werden. Mit einer solch differenzierten Denkweise würde auch den Begrifflichkeiten des ? 633 Abs. 2 Nr. 2 BGB, wo für die Definition der gewöhnlichen Verwendungseignung, der Üblichkeit und den Erwartungen, die der Besteller objektiv haben darf, ebenfalls zunächst eine Qualitätszuordnung vorzunehmen ist, Rechnung getragen.
CE‐gekennzeichnete Mauerwerkbaustoffe – Neues, Anwendbarkeit, Verfahrensweise
Authors: Schubert Peter
Published: September 2005

Mauersteine, Mauermörtel und Putzmörtel, die den harmonisierten europäischen Produktnormen entsprechen, dürfen mit dem CE‐Zeichen versehen und somit in den EU‐Mitgliedsstaaten frei gehandelt werden. Da harmonisierte europäische Grundnormen für Planung, Bemessung, Konstruktion und Ausführung bislang (noch) nicht verfügbar sind, bedarf es zusätzlicher nationaler Regelungen für die Anwendbarkeit der Mauerwerkbaustoffe nach den deutschen Grundnormen. Dieses Thema behandelt der nachfolgende Beitrag.
Besondere Haftungsrisiken für Architekten/Ingenieure
Authors: Wirth Axel
Published: September 2005

Der Autor beschäftigt sich seit über 20 Jahren – vormals in seiner anwaltlichen Beratung, jetzt als Inhaber des ersten universitären Lehrstuhls für öffentliches und privates Baurecht in Deutschland – mit der baurechtlichen Haftung von Architekten und Ingenieuren. Er sieht die Gefahren einer immer weiter ausufernden Verantwortlichkeit. Architekten und Ingenieure müssen sich hiervor schützen. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag will der Autor deshalb Gefahrenquellen und Schutzmechanismen aufzeigen.
Umsetzung der EU‐Richtlinie über die Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden
Authors: Hegner Hans‐Dieter
Published: September 2005

Die EG‐Richtlinie 2002/91/EG über die Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden ist bis zum Januar 2006 in nationales Recht umzusetzen [1]. Dazu will die Bundesregierung das Energieeinsparrecht (Energieeinspargesetz, Energieeinsparverordnung [2], [5]) umfassend novellieren. Der folgende Beitrag stellt den Stand der Überlegungen auf Arbeitsebene, insbesondere zu den technischen Möglichkeiten der Erstellung von Energieausweisen dar. Ein Referentenentwurf zu einer neuen weiterentwickelten Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV 2006) wurde noch nicht vorgelegt.
Entwicklungen und Trends im Mauerwerksbau
Authors: Zilch Konrad , Schermer Detleff
Published: September 2005

Die dominierende Stellung von massivem Mauerwerk bei den Wandbaustoffen erfordert es, den gewachsenen Anforderungen – nicht nur im Bereich des Wärmeschutzes – zu begegnen. Hierzu wurden von der deutschen Mauerwerksindustrie in der Vergangenheit große Anstrengungen unternommen, sowohl im Bereich der bauphysikalischen Anforderungen als auch bei Aspekten der Rationalisierung und der Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit. Die verschiedenen Steinarten: Kalksandsteine, Mauerziegel, Leichtbeton‐ und Betonsteine, Porenbetonsteine, bieten jeweils optimierte Lösungen sowohl für den Innenwand‐ als auch für den Außenwandbereich an.
ESECMaSE – Enhanced Safety and Efficient Construction of Masonry Structures in Europe: Europäisches Gemeinschaftsforschungsvorhaben zum Schubtragverhalten von Mauerwerksbauteilen
Authors: Caballero González Antonio , Fehling Ekkehard , Kieker Joachim
Published: September 2005

Im Zusammenhang mit der Einführung europäischer Vorschriften für das Bauen in Erdbebengebieten und Anforderungen an Gebäude unter Windlasten läßt sich Mauerwerk als Baustoff für tragende Konstruktionen zukünftig nicht in allen Fällen statisch nachweisen. Dies liegt an offensichtlich unvollständigen Nachweismöglichkeiten der Schubtragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk. Nach vorausgegangenen, eigenfinanzierten Untersuchungen [1] haben sich die Mitgliedsverbände der DGfM entschlossen, Fördermittel für ein Gemeinschaftsforschungsprojekt im 6. Forschungs‐Rahmenprogramm der EU zu beantragen, um Grundlagen der Scher‐, Schub‐ und Verbundfestigkeiten aller gängigen Mauerwerksarten zu erforschen, Prüfverfahren zu entwickeln und die Erkenntnisse in die europäischen Vorschriften einzubringen. Als Dachverband der Branche tritt die DGfM als Koordinator des Projektes auf.

Der Bericht gibt Auskunft über die Möglichkeiten der Forschungsförderung im Rahmen des 6. und des zukünftigen 7. Rahmenprogrammes der EU. Weiterhin werden Aufgabenstellung und Ziele, die Teilnehmer sowie der Bearbeitungsstand der Forschung nach dem ersten Projektjahr beschrieben.
Do adiponectin, TNFα, leptin and CRP relate to insulin resistance in pregnancy? Studies in women with and without gestational diabetes, during and after pregnancy
Authors: McLachlan Kylie A. , O'Neal David , Jenkins Alicia , Alford Frank P.
Published: September 2005

Background

The role of adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), leptin and C‐reactive protein in the insulin resistance of pregnancy is not clear. We measured their levels in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) and in controls, during and after pregnancy, and related them to insulin secretion and action.

Methods

Nineteen women with GDM and 19 BMI‐matched healthy pregnant women underwent intravenous glucose tolerance tests in the third trimester of pregnancy and 4 months postpartum to determine insulin sensitivity (SI) and insulin secretion. Adiponectin, TNFα, leptin and high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) were measured in fasted blood.

Results

Of the circulating factors, only leptin (r = −0.41, p = 0.01) correlated with SI in pregnancy. Leptin and hsCRP levels were elevated in pregnancy compared to postpartum (leptin (mean ± SEM): 27.8 ± 2.4 vs 19.3 ± 2.1 ng/mL, p < 0.001; hsCRP: 5.2 ± 0.7 vs 3.2 ± 0.6 mg/L, p < 0.001). Adiponectin levels did not change from pregnancy to postpartum, despite a marked increase in SI. All four factors correlated with SI postpartum (adiponectin: r = 0.38, p = 0.01; TNFα: r = −0.48, p = 0.002; Leptin: r = −0.61, p = 0.001; hsCRP: r = −0.48, p = 0.002). TNFα correlated inversely with insulin secretion in pregnancy (r = −0.35, p = 0.03) and was significantly higher in the GDM group (2.62 ± 0.3 vs 1.88 ± 0.3 pg/mL, p = 0.01) in pregnancy.

Conclusion

In our study, the influence of adiponectin, TNFα and hsCRP upon SI is overwhelmed by other factors in pregnancy. While leptin and SI correlated in pregnancy, it is unclear whether this represents cause or effect. Finally, TNFα may exert an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion in GDM, contributing to the associated hyperglycaemia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Properties of Molybdenum Complexes Bearing 5‐Alkoxythiophene or ‐bithiophene Groups
Authors: Fonseca António M. , Raposo Maria Manuela M. , Sousa Ana M. R. C. , Kirsch Gilbert , Beley Marc
Published: September 2005

trans‐[MoF{NN=CH(5′‐R‐thienyl)}(dppe)2][BF4] (R = OMe and OEt) and trans‐[MoF{NN=CH(5′‐R‐2,2′‐bithienyl)}(dppe)2][BF4] (R = OMe, OEt and OiPr) were synthesised in good yields by treating 5‐alkoxy‐2‐formylthiophenes and 5′‐alkoxy‐5‐formyl‐2,2′‐bithiophenes, respectively, with the hydrazido(2–) complex trans‐[MoF(NNH2)(dppe)2][BF4]. The electrochemical, spectroscopic and solvatochromic properties of these compounds were studied. These results suggest that efficient π‐conjugated systems are obtained due to the low‐energy charge‐transfer between the metal atom and the heterocyclic moieties. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Free and Metal‐Coordinated (N‐Isocyanimino)triphenylphosphorane: X‐ray Structures and Selected Reactions
Authors: Stolzenberg Heribert , Weinberger Bernd , Fehlhammer Wolf Peter , Pühlhofer Frank G. , Weiss Robert
Published: September 2005

An improved procedure for the synthesis of (N‐isocyanimino)triphenylphosphorane, C≡N–N=PPh3 (3), is described. The X‐ray structure analysis reveals an unusually small N–N=P angle [115.2(2)°] and an N–N bond order of only about 1.5, which indicates considerable C≡N–N––P+ participation and electronically more‐isolated functional groups (CN, P=N) in the isocyanide than, for example, in the isomeric N≡C–N=PPh3 (4) [C–N=P = 123.0(4)°, C–N bond order = 2.0]. In order to gain insight into the stereochemical consequences of metal coordination of 3, an X‐ray structural study of [Cr(CO)5C≡N–N=PPh3] (5) was also undertaken. Surprisingly, the central bond lengths (C–N, N–N) and angles (C–N–N) remain practically unchanged with noticeable coordination effects occurring only at the periphery of 5, with the N–N–P angle [112.3(2)°] further decreased by 15σ, the elongated (by 7σ) P–N bond, the somewhat shortened (by 4σ) P–C(Ph) bonds and even shorter C–H(Ph) bonds on the one side, and the well‐known Cr–C(O)trans contraction on the other. Treatment of 5 or its tungsten derivative with anhydrous Brønstedt and Lewis acids such as CF3COOH, HCl, COS, phosgene or, most efficiently, [PdCl2(1,5‐COD)] causes CN→NC isomerisation to give [M(CO)5N≡C–N=PPh3] [M = Cr (6), W (7)]. In solution, [PdCl2(CNNPh3)2] and Ph3BCNNPPh3 (8) slowly isomerize even without additional acid to give both free and Pd‐coordinated 4 and Ph3BNCNPPh3 (9), respectively. In the presence of catalytic amounts of [PdCl2(1,5‐COD)], 3 is converted into 4 and the dimer Ph3PN–C(CN)=N–NPPh3 (10) in an almost 1:1 ratio. The optimised geometries of the methyl derivatives of 3 and 4, namely Me3P=N–N≡C (3c) and Me3P=N–C≡N (4c), are in excellent agreement with the experimental data; major differences between the isomers (P–N–N angle, N–N bond length) are explained by the higher electronegativity of the isocyano group as compared to the CN substituent, which, in turn, is a better π‐acceptor). The reaction path of the isomerisation of 3 to 4 (3c to 4c) has also been studied computationally and been found to proceed via an [(P)=NA–N≡CA(NA–CA)] cyclic transition state. The overall process is exothermic by 50 kcal mol–1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Structural Trends in Divalent Benzil Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Complexes
Authors: Calatayud David G. , López‐Torres Elena , Mendiola M. Antonia , Pastor César J. , Procopio Jesús R.
Published: September 2005

Redox‐related changes in the biological properties of copper bis(thiosemicarbazones) are induced by the backbone of the ligand. To get information about how these changes depend on the structural parameters, three X‐ray structures of complexes with different behaviour of the benzil bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligand have been determined. These include two almost planar copper(II) complexes with different grades of deprotonation in the ligand and a ZnII complex in which the ligand acts as a monoanion and a nitrate group is bonded to the metal ion in a square‐based pyramid. The changes in the backbone bond lengths agree with the variation in the ionic radius and with the grade of electronic charge delocalisation in the chelate rings; these have consequences for the coordination sphere, allowing the metal to fit slightly better into the ligand cavity, which in turn may affect the complex stability and the redox potential. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Lewis Acid Mediated Domino Reaction between 2‐Cyclohexenone and Methyl Azide – A DFT Study
Authors: Castillo Raquel , Andrés Juan , Domingo Luis R.
Published: September 2005

We have studied the Lewis acid mediated domino reaction between 2‐cyclohexenone and methyl azide at the B3LYP/6‐31G* and B3LYP/6‐31+G**//B3LYP/6‐31G* levels of theory. A complete survey of the potential energy surface is presented, and the structures of the stationary points and the corresponding molecular mechanism are discussed. The calculations suggest that the product, a cyclopentanone derivative, is formed by means of a domino process that comprises three consecutive reactions. The first and rate‐limiting step is a concerted 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition between the Lewis acid coordinated cyclohexenone and methyl azide that yields the corresponding bicyclic 1,2,3‐triazoline. The second reaction is a concerted process that includes the extrusion of nitrogen followed by a concomitant skeletal rearrangement to yield the corresponding cyclopentanone derivative. Finally, this cyclopentanone equilibrates to the thermodynamically more stable exocyclic cyclopentanone by means of a stepwise tautomerization of the corresponding iminone. Solvent effects (dichloromethane) were taken into account by using a polarizable continuum model. The results show that no significant changes in the energy profile were found. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Residual displacement ratios for assessment of existing structures
Authors: Ruiz‐García Jorge , Miranda Eduardo
Published: September 2005

Results of an analytical study aimed at evaluating residual displacement ratios, Cr, which allow the estimation of residual displacement demands from maximum elastic displacement demands is presented. Residual displacement ratios were computed using response time‐history analyses of single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems having 6 levels of relative lateral strength when subjected to an ensemble of 240 earthquake ground motions recorded in stations placed on firm sites. The results were statistically organized to evaluate the influence of the following parameters: period of vibration, level of relative lateral strength, site conditions, earthquake magnitude, and distance to the source. In addition, the influence of post‐yield stiffness ratio in bilinear systems and of the unloading stiffness in stiffness‐degrading systems was also investigated. A special emphasis is given to the uncertainty of these ratios. From this study, it is concluded that mean residual displacement ratios are more sensitive to changes in local site conditions, earthquake magnitude, distance to the source range and hysteretic behaviour than mean inelastic displacement ratios. In particular, residual displacement ratios exhibit large levels of record‐to‐record variability and, therefore, this dispersion should be taken into account when estimating residual displacements. A simplified expression is presented to estimate mean residual displacements ratios for elastoplastic systems during the evaluation of existing structures built on firm soil sites. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong ground motion prediction using macro–micro analysis method
Authors: Ichimura T. , Hori M.
Published: September 2005

The authors propose a new analysis method, called the macro–micro analysis method (MMAM) in a companion paper. (Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn., this issue) for strong motion prediction with higher resolution and accuracy. The MMAM takes advantage of the bounding medium theory to obtain optimistic and pessimistic estimates of the expected strong motion and the singular perturbation expansion that leads to an efficient multi‐scale analysis. The results of the numerical simulation with the MMAM are given as the sum of waves of low resolution covering the whole city and waves of high resolution for each part of the city. While the huge computation amount is reduced by the MMAM, the computation amount is huge still. For resolving this problem, this paper applies the finite element method with voxel element to numerical simulation tools after some numerical verification. To reproduce complicated material properties of surface soft deposits, fundamental hysteresis attenuation is implemented in the three‐dimensional simulation code. The proposed method is verified by carrying out the strong motion prediction with MMAM and comparing with measured data. In addition, the effect of three‐dimensional soil–structure and frequency component on the maximum velocity distribution, which is simulated by proposed method with high spatial resolution, is discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing tour guides for travelers
Authors: Bellotti Francesco , Berta Riccardo , De Gloria Alessandro , Margarone Massimiliano
Published: September 2005

The impending “intelligent car” scenario can have a great impact on improving the quality of life of a number of citizens by reducing wasted time and enhancing interaction with the environment. In this article, the authors describe their development of tour guides on palmtop computers that present tourists with high‐quality multimedia information and services. An important added value of tour guides on palmtop computers is that they can assist the user in the real‐time event (e.g., in a museum or while walking in a city) and during the in‐car trip as well. However, the overall surrounding environment and the contextual tasks performed by the user are different. In‐car use is challenging because it requires adapting the interaction modes of the user to the strict safety constraints of driving. The authors have explored these issues in the development of a tour guide for the Castellon region of Spain. In this article, they present ideas and discuss preliminary findings on their interface design. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 461–476, 2005.
Monocyclic, Substituted Imidazoles as Glycosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Magdolen Peter , Vasella Andrea
Published: September 2005

A range of 4‐monosubstituted and 2,4‐disubstituted 1H‐imidazoles and 1H‐imidazole‐1‐ethanols (RC(4): CH2CH2Ph, CHOHCH2Ph, Ph, or Me; RC(2): CH2OH, CHOHCH2OH, CN, or CH2NHAc) were prepared and tested as inhibitors of α‐ and β‐glucosidases and of a β‐galactosidase. A new access to 4‐(2‐phenylethyl)‐1H‐imidazoles starting from 4‐phenylbutan‐1‐ol was elaborated. The strongest inhibitors are the 2‐substituted 4‐(2‐phenylethyl)‐1H‐imidazoles 24a and 26a (RC(2): CH2OH and CHOHCH2OH) and the 2‐phenylethanol 34. They inhibit the β‐galactosidase from bovine liver and the β‐glucosidase from Caldocellum saccharolyticum with inhibition constants in the micromolar range, but do not inhibit the α‐glucosidase from brewer's yeast.
Pesticide metabolism and potential for metabolic interactions
Authors: Rose Randy L. , Hodgson Ernest
Published: September 2005

© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:276–277, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20077
Calcium‐dependent and independent mechanisms of capsaicin receptor (TRPV1)‐mediated cytokine production and cell death in human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Reilly Christopher A. , Johansen Mark E. , Lanza Diane L. , Lee Jeewoo , Lim Ju‐Ok , Yost Garold S.
Published: September 2005

Activation of the capsaicin receptor (VR1 or TRPV1) in bronchial epithelial cells by capsaicinoids and other vanilloids promotes pro‐inflammatory cytokine production and cell death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TRPV1‐mediated calcium flux from extracellular sources as an initiator of these responses and to define additional cellular pathways that control cell death. TRPV1 antagonists and reduction of calcium concentrations in treatment solutions attenuated calcium flux, induction of interleukin‐6 and 8 gene expression, and IL‐6 secretion by cells treated with capsaicin or resiniferatoxin. Most TRPV1 antagonists also attenuated cell death, but the relative potency and extent of protection did not directly correlate with inhibition of total calcium flux. Treatment solutions with reduced calcium content or chelators had no effect on cytotoxicity. Inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism and cyclo‐oxygenases also prevented cell death indicating that TRPV1 agonists disrupted basal arachidonic acid metabolism and altered cyclo‐oxygenase function via a TRPV1‐dependent mechanism in order to produce toxicity. These data confirm previous results demonstrating calcium flux through TRPV1 acts as a trigger for cytokine production by vanilloids, and provides new mechanistic insights on mechanisms of cell death produced by TRPV1 agonists in respiratory epithelial cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:266–275, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20084
Reciprocal inhibition of Cd and Pb sulfocomplexes for uptake in Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Aduayom I. , Jumarie C.
Published: September 2005

Cadmium‐lead interactions for uptake were studied in the TC7 clone of human enterocytic‐like Caco‐2 cells as a function of inorganic metal speciation. We have previously shown that Cd uptake in these cells involves both the free cation Cd2+ and chlorocomplex (CdCl) species. Here we show 1.9 times higher uptake levels for 109CdCl compared to 210PbCl. Reciprocal inhibitions of chlorocomplexes were observed with a much higher inhibitory effect of Cd compared to Pb. Replacing Cl− by NO increased both the level of aquo ion 109Cd2+ and 109Cd accumulation. In contrast, higher levels of 210Pb2+ did not favor 210Pb uptake. For both metals, higher uptake data were recorded in the presence of SO42−, leading to sulfocomplex formation, compared with Cl−. Reciprocal inhibitions were minimal at high‐cation levels but were significant and comparable in the presence of sulfo‐complexes. We conclude that, in addition to Cd2+ (but not Pb2+), sulfocomplexes of both metals would preferentially be taken up compared to chlorocomplexes. NRAMP2 is not involved in Pb2+ uptake, and the NRAMP2‐mediated Cd2+ uptake is insensitive to Pb. Uptake of Pb chlorocomplexes could involve specific mechanisms but of very low affinity, whereas uptake of Pb sulfocomplexes occurs with high affinity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:256–265, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20085
Early steps in bilirubin‐mediated apoptosis in murine hepatoma (Hepa 1c1c7) cells are characterized by aryl hydrocarbon receptor‐independent oxidative stress and activation of the mitochondrial pathway
Authors: Oakes Garth H. , Bend John R.
Published: September 2005

Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), the end product of heme catabolism, causes apoptosis in cells of the central nervous system, endothelial cells, and hepatotoma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to UCB cytotoxicity remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize the sequence of early events leading to UCB‐mediated cytotoxicity in murine hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cells. In the present study, UCB (5–50 μM) was found to markedly increase the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration‐dependent manner, which is significantly elevated by 30 min post‐treatment. This generation of ROS by UCB is not dependent on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) signaling, as cells deficient in the Ahr (C12 cells) or the Ahr nuclear translocator protein (Arnt; C4 cells) were as efficient at generating ROS as wild type (WT) Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization, evaluated with the lipophilic cationic dye, JC‐1, occurred at least by 2 h after treatment with 50 μM UCB. Analysis of the caspase cascade demonstrated that activation of caspase‐9 preceded activation of caspase‐3. No conversion of procaspase‐2 to active caspase‐2 was detected in this study. These results demonstrate that UCB‐mediated apoptosis in Hepa 1c1c7 cells is associated with increased oxidative stress and that caspase‐9, and definitely not caspase‐2, is the initiator caspase for apoptosis in UCB‐treated Hepa 1c1c7 cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:244–255, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20086
Probing the peripheral anionic site of acetylcholinesterase with quantitative structure activity relationships for inhibition by biphenyl‐4‐acyoxylate‐4′‐N‐Butylcarbamates
Authors: Lin Gialih , Chen Gan‐Hong , Yeh Shih‐Chieh , Lu Chun‐Ping
Published: September 2005

Biphenyl‐4‐acyoxylate‐4′‐N‐butylcarbamates 1–8 are synthesized from 4,4′‐biphenol and are characterized as the pseudosubstrate inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. In other words, the inhibitors bind to the enzyme and react with the enzyme to form the tetrahedral intermediates for the Ki steps, and then the tetrahedral intermediates exclude the leaving groups to form a common N‐butycarbamyl enzyme intermediate for the kc steps. Due to a linear character of the 4,4′‐biphenyl moiety, the 4′‐N‐butylcarbamate moieties of the inhibitors react with the Ser200 residue of the enzyme while the 4‐acyoxylate moieties of the inhibitors, on the other hand, should fit in the peripheral anionic site of the enzyme, which is located at the mouth of the deep active site gorge. Thus, carbamates with varied acyl substituents at the 4‐position of the biphenyl ring are good candidates for probing the quantitative structure activity relationships for the peripheral anionic site of the enzyme. The fact that the pKi, log kc, and log Ki values are correlated with neither the Taft substituent constant (σ*) nor the Taft steric constant (Es) indicates that the 4‐acyoxylate moieties of the inhibitors are too far away from the reaction center. However, the pKi, log kc, and log Ki values are linearly correlated with the Hansch hydrophobicity constant, π. The intensity constants (ψ) for these correlations are 0.16, −0.035, and 0.13, respectively. These results indicate that interactions between the 4‐acyoxylate groups of the inhibitors and the peripheral anionic site of the enzyme are mainly hydrophobic ones. The correlation results are slightly improved by using the two‐parameter correlations with the Taft substituent steric constant, Es, and π. For pKi, log kc, and log Ki–Es–π correlations, the ψ values are 0.21, −0.021, and 0.19, respectively; the intensity constants for steric effect (δ) are 0.08, 0.022, and 0.10, respectively. Besides hydrophobic interactions, the two‐parameter correlations also suggest that little steric hindrance occurs for the bulkier inhibitors to pass by the peripheral anionic site of the enzyme. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:234–243, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20087
Erythrocyte antioxidant defense response against cigarette smoking in humans—the glutathione S‐transferase vulnerability
Authors: Orhan Hilmi , Evelo Chris T. A. , Şahin Gönül
Published: September 2005

Cigarette smoking leads to uptake of a multitude of reactive chemicals including many electrophiles and may also give rise to oxidative stress. Human red blood cells are important targets for electrophilic and oxidant foreign compounds. We investigated the oxidative stress in erythrocytes upon cigarette smoking, and the response of antioxidant defense system against it. With this aim, simultaneous determination of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se‐GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities and plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the degree of erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation (EMLP) were carried out in blood samples of smokers and their controls. Plasma TBARS levels and EMLP in smokers were significantly higher than the control levels (p < 0.01 and p < 0.005, respectively). SOD activity was diminished in smokers compared to nonsmoker controls (p < 0.005). Erythrocyte Se‐GPx activity was also found significantly diminished in smokers (p < 0.005), while plasma Se‐GPx activity was not changed. We observed that erythrocyte CAT activity was not different in smokers compared to nonsmoker controls. We found that the erythrocyte GST activity is significantly lower in young adult smokers (3.03 ± 0.18 U/mg protein; mean ± SEM; n = 46) than in nonsmoking contemporaries (3.98 ± 0.26 U/mg protein; mean ± SEM; n = 41). Together with previously reported data, it can be concluded that the decrease in GST activity leads to extra GST synthesis during erythrocyte proliferation. The same data were also analyzed for the sex differences. The statistically significant differences remained the same between nonsmoker and smoker females. Only EMLP degree and SOD activity were significantly different between nonsmoker and smoker males; however, when compared the parameters between male and female nonsmokers, GST activity was found to be significantly higher in females than that of males. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:226–233, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20088
Modulation of sulfur mustard induced cell death in human epidermal keratinocytes using IL‐10 and TNF‐α
Authors: Qabar Aziz , Nelson Marian , Guzman Juanita , Corun Charlene , Hwang Bor‐Jang , Steinberg Mark
Published: September 2005

We compared the effects of overexpressing a tightly regulated anti‐inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL‐10), and the pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) on sulfur mustard induced cytotoxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes. Both cytokines were overexpressed when compared with the cells transfected with the empty vector as determined by quantitative ELISA. Cells overexpressing interleukin 10 suppressed the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin 8 and interleukin 6 following exposure to 50–300 μM sulfur mustard. These cells exhibited delayed onset of sulfur mustard induced cell death. On the other hand, cells overexpressing tumor necrosis factor alpha induced a sustained elevation in both interleukin 6 and 8 expression following exposure to 50–300 μM sulfur mustard. These cells were sensitized to the effects of sulfur mustard that resulted in an increased sulfur mustard induced cell death. Normal human epidermal keartinocytes treated with sulfur mustard exhibited elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression and increased activity of nuclear factor kappa B. Gene array data indicated that cells overexpressing interleukin 10 induced several genes that are involved in growth promotion and cell‐fate determination. We, therefore, identify IL‐10 and TNF‐α signal transduction pathways and their components as possible candidates for early therapeutic intervention against sulfur mustard induced cell injury. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:213–225, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20089
Gene and protein expressions in human cord blood cells after exposure to acrylonitrile
Authors: Diodovich Cristina , Malerba Ilaria , Ferrario Daniele , Bowe Gerard , Bianchi Marco Giorgio , Acquati Francesco , Taramelli Roberto , Parent‐Massin Dominique , Gribaldo Laura
Published: September 2005

Acrylonitrile is a very high volume industrial chemical used primarily in the manufacture of plastics and rubber, which displays a pronounced acute toxicity and may be carcinogenic. The damage to the hematopoietic function by acrylonitrile may result from interference with cytokine production and cytokine receptor binding. Our present data show that acrylonitrile modulates the expression of some genes implicated in cell differentiation, cell‐cycle progression, and clonogenic potential of human cord blood cells. A macroarray hybridization analysis showed that expression of the CXCR4, MCP‐1, and MRP8 genes was modified by acrylonitrile exposure. Moreover, the acrylonitrile cell target seems to be the myeloid compartment, as assessed by a CFU‐GM assay. In particular, the downregulation of CXCR4, MCP1, and MRP8 can be responsible for the observed reduction of cell proliferation and clonogenic capability of CFU‐GM precursors. A Western blot assay showed an acrylonitrile‐dependent induction of Bax, while Bcl‐2 expression changed only after 48 h of chemical exposure. Bax was overexpressed in respect to Bcl‐2, and this fact can be responsible for the induction in cell death after 24 h of treatment. C‐fos and c‐jun were also downregulated after 24 h and 6 h of treatment, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:204–212, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20090
Methods for monitoring oxidative stress response in yeasts
Authors: Jamnik Polona , Raspor Peter
Published: September 2005

Changes in the chemical or physical conditions of the cell that impose a negative effect on growth demand rapid cellular responses, which are essential for survival. Molecular mechanisms induced upon exposure of cells to such adverse conditions are commonly designated as stress responses. Herein, different methods which can be used to monitor oxidative stress response in yeasts are presented including monitoring of oxygen partial pressure during yeast cultivation, cell viability determination, measuring activity of enzymatic and level of nonenzymatic primary antioxidant defense systems, and examination of transcriptome and proteome changes. Additionally, some studies are given as examples of particular method's application for studying oxidative stress response in yeasts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:195–203, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20091
Histone modifying enzymes and cancer: Going beyond histones
Authors: Zhang Ke , Dent Sharon Y.R.
Published: September 2005

Mutations in the molecular pathways that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death all contribute to cancer formation. Enzymes that covalently modify histones affect these pathways by controlling the dynamic remodeling of chromatin structure. This article reviews several connections between histone modifying enzymes and cancer that are likely mediated via both histone and non‐histone substrates. We propose that multiple protein modifications, including phosphorylation, methylation, and acetylation, cross regulate one another to coordinate intermolecular signaling, and that miscues in this regulation can lead to oncogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.