bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The stoichiometry of soil microbial biomass determines metabolic quotient of nitrogen mineralization
Authors: Li Zhaolei , Zeng Zhaoqi , Tian Dashuan , Wang Jinsong , Fu Zheng , Wang Bingxue , Tang Ze , Chen Weinan , Chen Han Y H , Wang Changhui , Yi Chuixiang , Niu Shuli
Published: January 2020

Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization is crucial for the sustainability of available soil N and hence ecosystem productivity and functioning. Metabolic quotient of N mineralization (Q
min), which is defined as net soil N mineralization per unit of soil microbial biomass N, reflects the efficiency of soil N mineralization. However, it is far from clear how soil Q
min changes and what are the controlling factors at the global scale. We compiled 871 observations of soil Q
min from 79 published articles across terrestrial ecosystems (croplands, forests, grasslands, and wetlands) to elucidate the global variation of soil Q
min and its predictors. Soil Q
min decreased from the equator to two poles, which was significant in the North Hemisphere. Soil Q
min correlated negatively with soil pH, total soil N, the ratio of soil carbon (C) to N, and soil microbial biomass C, and positively with mean annual temperature and C:N ratio of soil microbial biomass at a global scale. Soil microbial biomass, climate, and soil physical and chemical properties in combination accounted for 41% of the total variations of global soil Q
min. Among those predictors, C:N ratio of soil microbial biomass was the most important factor contributing to the variations of soil Q
min (the standardized coefficient = 0.39) within or across ecosystem types. This study emphasizes the critical role of microbial stoichiometry in soil N cycling, and suggests the necessity of incorporating soil Q
min into Earth system models to better predict N cycling under environmental change.
Participatory mapping: Assessing problems and defined marine conservation planning and zoning in Jor Bay, Indonesia
Authors: Al Amin M A , Adrianto L , Kusumastanto T , Imran Z , Kurniawan F
Published: January 2020

Jor Bay Lombok is a marine protected area (MPA) which is initiated by local communities, which have a local-driven marine management regulation called Awiq-awiq. Unfortunately, the fisheries condition has continued to decline in the past decades, where the rate of exploitation of capture fisheries in Jor Bay shows an unbalanced condition because the harvest value is still higher than the recruitments and growth. Awiq-awiq regulates all existing utilization and protection of marine resources, but yet, has not included spatial aspects, leaving a situation that leads to unsustainability for fisheries resources and other resources. Balanced zoning of ecosystems and marine resources is needed in order to ensure the sustainability of the fisheries system in Jor Bay. This paper aims to illustrate how a marine spatial planning approach in a local MPA can be built with a community-based zoning system. The integration of local systems and formal-government systems is very effective and fast in the development of MPA zoning systems by considering the optimum allocation of the existence of ecosystems that guarantee the natural metabolic processes of the fisheries system in the Bay. The implementation of the MPA zoning system is expected to be able to support the guarantee of sustainable fisheries production for the surrounding region.
Revealed Comparative Advantage of selected ASEAN countries’ crustacean export to Japan
Authors: Lee S M
Published: January 2020

This paper examines the factors that influence the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of selected Association of Southeast Asian (ASEAN) countries’ crustacean export to Japan, with particular interest in the effect of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). AHPND was reported in China before spreading spread to Viet Nam, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. The data used in this study is for the period of 2010-2016 involving six ASEAN countries Japanese crustacean import partners (Viet Nam, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines and Malaysia). The dataset is a balanced panel dataset for the selected six countries in seven years, estimated using random-effect model. The findings show that AHPND and exchange rate of selected ASEAN exporters to Japan are significant towards the bilateral RCA of crustacean to Japan. Meanwhile, income per capita in Japan and domestic production of crustacean in Japan were not significant towards the bilateral RCA. It is suggested that ASEAN exporters continue to increase effort to address AHPND so that export to their major market (Japan) will not be affected. Future studies may explore more countries affected by AHPND RCA and exports, not limited to ASEAN countries only, but to more major crustacean importing countries (for example, United States, Japan, China, Spain and France which imports more than USD1 billion of crustacean in 2017 and collectively imports more than 60%) of crustaceans globally.
Influence of frozen storage time and thawing methods on the microflora of thawed Nile tilapia fillets
Authors: Mai N , Nguyen D , Nguyen N
Published: January 2020

This study was aimed to find out the influence of frozen storage time and thawing methods on the counts of coliforms, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., and total viable counts (TVC) of thawed de-skinned Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets. Individual quick frozen fillets of size 120-170 g, packed in polyamide packs (2 fillets/pack), were stored at -18 ± 2 °C. Samples were taken for thawing experiments every month (months 0, 1, 2, … and 8). Four different defreezing environments, namely cold air (7 ± 1 °C), air at ambient temperature (30 ± 1 °C), cold water (8 ± 1 °C), and water at normal temperature (25 ± 1 °C), were investigated. All experiments were triplicated. No E. coli was detected in all thawed samples. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in coliforms, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., and TVC of the newly stored samples (month 0) after thawing by the four studied methods. No significant effects (p > 0.05) of storage time (months 1, 2, and 3) and thawing methods on the coliforms and Pseudomonas quantity of tilapia fillets were found. Thawing by cold air showed to be the most suitable mean, which resulted in significantly lower TVC (p < 0.05) compared to defrosting in ambient air or in water at normal temperature. Meanwhile, air at ambient temperature showed to be the worst medium, giving the highest TVC in the fillets after thawing. The results supported a slow thawing method (e.g. by cold air) for this fillet product or similar ones, which are processed and frozen pre-rigor mortis.
myGAP: Malaysia’s gift to seafood world
Authors: Manap M G A , Pauzi M F A
Published: January 2020

Globalization, consumer expectations, sustainability of food production and sanitary and phytosanitary control measures from importing countries have been identified as a major challenge for the development of the aquaculture industry in the world. Currently, international trade trend has focusing to the production of safe for human consumption aquaculture products and produce which avoids the deterioration of the quality and sustainability of the environment. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has published Aquaculture Certification Technical Guidelines in 2011 as a general global guidance for Good Aquaculture Practice certification. Malaysia has implemented the Certification of Good Aquaculture Practices in 2004 and has national standards since 2007 when Malaysia’s Standard (MS 1998: 2007) General Guidelines for Good Aquaculture Practices was officially publish for certification reference. Certification in Good Aquaculture Practices Malaysia requires farm owner to compulsorily participate in the National Aquaculture Residue Monitoring Program to verify aquaculture products from certified premises to be safe for human consumption and free from harmful contaminants. In 2017, the standards were revised to comply with ASEAN Good Aquaculture Practices (ASEAN GAqP) requirements.
Artificial rice from Gracillaria sp. as functional food to prevent diabetes
Authors: Purwaningsih S , Santoso J , Handharyani E , Setiawati N P , Deskawati E
Published: January 2020

Seaweed Gracillaria sp. was one of the local potentials of West Java-Indonesia, this seaweed was easily cultivated, but currently underutilized. Therefore, processing was very important to increased value added of seaweed. The purpose of this research were characterize and determine antialphaglukosidase activity of Gracillaria sp. seaweed as raw material for artificial rice. The research method used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) of two factors with continued testing of Duncan and Kruskal Wallis. The addition of agar flour influenced the water content, ash, fat and protein content on artificial rice. The result of organoleptic test showed that addition of agar flour for artificial rice gave significant effect on color, odor and texture. The resulting artificial rice has a moisture content of 9.9-13.7%, ash content of 1.1-4.3%, fat 0.3-3.7%, protein 2.7-5.9%, carbohydrate 77.7-80.3%, fiber 0.11-0.95%, and tannin 0.11-0.20%.
Effect of acetic acid hydrolysis on the characteristics of water soluble chitosan
Authors: Santoso J , Adiputra K C , Soerdirga L C , Tarman K
Published: January 2020

Chitosan is a derivative product of chitin deacetylation and has many functions in food industry. However, it has limitation on application caused by low solubility in water. In order to increase the solubility in water, the hydrolysis using acetic acid was performed to reduce the molecular weight. The concentration of acetic acid, temperature of hydrolysis and hydrolysis time related to the solubility were investigated. Hydrolysis using 5% acetic acid was able to produce water soluble chitosan (WSC) with a molecular weight of 198.64 kDa and 46.10% solubility in water. WSC that was obtained at 60 oC for 90 min of hydrolysis process in 5% acetic acid had characteristics of viscosity, molecular weight, solubility in water and deacetylation degree were 0.85 cP, 166.34 kDa, 53.66% and 92.92%, respectively.
Sugarcane - an old plantation crop that offers new environmentally friendly possibilities
Authors: Magarey R C
Published: January 2020

Sugarcane is a tall, robust tropical C4 grass that has been grown in plantation systems for many centuries. Original commercial crops were largely produced from Saccharum officinarum lines collected from its centre of diversity. With the ability to breed hybrid varieties, incorporating other Saccharum species, came higher crop vigour and improved resistance to pests and diseases. This led to higher productivity; this was enhanced by better farming systems that utilised improved knowledge of plant nutrition, soil health and mechanisation. Plant breeding remains one of the most important research and development activities in sugarcane industries. The use of fibre from the milling process as a factory energy source enables many sugar factories to operate largely without resort to fossil fuels. The crop offers a number of environmental advantages at a time when climate change and increased levels of CO2 are of increasing importance to a sustainable world. Improved factory efficiencies and other cropping developments may place the sugarcane industry at the forefront in sustainable energy production into the future. ‘Green electricity’ generation, the production of ethanol for fuel and the recycling of CO2 may see the crop change from a source of sucrose to a source of energy. One of the challenges to face then may be whether crops are grown for food or energy – a dilemma to be solved as the environmental stakes become more profound.
Indonesian’s nutmeg for the world, synergizing consumers need while increasing farmer’s welfare
Authors: Pakpahan A , Bermawie N , Wiratno
Published: January 2020

Nutmeg has been acknowledged as one of the spices that originally grown in Indonesia, namely from the Moluccas Islands. The power of values of that spice had drawn almost all nations all over the world to come to the Moluccas. In fact, Indonesian colonisation by the Western countries had closely related with the geo-climatically rich spices biodiversity’s advantages on the one hand and the weakness of knowledge, technology, political, as well as military power on the other hand. So, the world has shown the path that Indonesia that rich in economic values of spices remains as a poor country. Since the year of 1700s the value of spices in the world economy had declined dramatically relative to their roles in the period, for example in the 1600s. In recent development, however, there is an increasing trend of import of spices in general and nutmeg in particular by developed countries. History taught us that the high demand for nutmeg or spices does not necessarily has direct causality with the increasing welfare of farmers or growers of that crops in Indonesia. This article explores the potential opportunities for both increasing Indonesia farmers’ welfare and the consumer countries’s welfare as well.
Tea Production in Japan and in the World
Authors: Ikeda N
Published: January 2020

Tea is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. Tea (Camellia sinensis) belongs to the genus Camellia. C. sinensis has two varieties, sinensis and assamica. Tea is thought to have originated in Yunnan Province of China. The total amount of tea production in the world was 5,812,000 t in 2017. China was the largest tea producer and India was the second-largest producer. Indonesia was in sixth place and Japan was in ninth place. The custom of drinking tea was introduced into Japan from China in the early part of the eighth century. Tea plants had been introduced to Japan a little before then. Japanese native tea plants belong to C. sinensis var. sinensis. The total tea production area in Japan in 2018 was 41.500 ha, and total amount of tea production in Japan in 2018 was 81,500 t. Most of the tea produced in Japan is steamed green tea. Some types of microbiological fermentation tea are produced in mountainous areas. These teas are similar to teas produced in Yunnan province and the surrounding areas. Small-scale black tea production has recently been increasing. In 2016, the total amount of revenue from tea production in Japan was 96 billion yen (827 million dollars), accounting for 1% of the total revenue from agricultural production. Fertilizer costs accounted for 30% of the total production costs. Since amino acid gives green tea a sweet and brothy taste, more than 500 kg per ha of nitrogen fertilizer has been applied to tea fields in Japan. Excess use of nitrogen fertilizer has caused many problems such as strong acidification of soil, pollution of ground water and increase in Mechanical tea harvesting is now popular except for special type of tea. Over 98% of the tea fields in Japan are covered with clonal plants. The leading cultivar ‘Yabukita’ is grown in 74% of the total tea production area. With the growth of the Japanese economy after the mid-1950’s, many people living in agricultural areas moved to urban areas and mechanical harvesting was introduced to overcome the labor shortage problem. Clonal cultivars were also introduced to make the tea shoot lengths and budding times uniform and to prevent degradation of tea quality. The daily wage for tea pluckers is about $100.
Accelerating the adoption of sustainable coffee-cattle integrated farming system
Authors: Wulandari S , Ardana I K , Massinai R , Hartati Rr S
Published: January 2020

The agricultural system in the watershed is mostly based on monoculture system. Where it has not been connected between farms that produce biomass, biomass processing industries, waste management, water utilization, energy generation, and soil conservation. This condition raises problems, for instance: (1) low productivity and quality of product, (2) un-used waste, and (3) dependence on external inputs. The coffee-livestock integration system is an approach that builds explicitly between biomass-producing agriculture, biomass processing industries, waste management, water use, energy generation, and soil nutrient conservation so that an integrated farming system (IFS) is sustainable. Even combines the crop farming system with livestock synergistically, that form an effective, efficient, and environmentally system, the level of its adoption is still low. The purpose of this study is to analyse the factors influenced adoption of the coffee-cattle integration system (CCIS) and formulate recommendations for its acceleration by using SWOT analysis. Result showed that the determinants of CCIS adoption are: farmer preference, financial resources, agro ecosystem, market incentives, as well risk and uncertainty. Acceleration of adoption at the farm level can be done through (1) assistance in implementation; and (2) provision of agricultural facilities and infrastructure as well as agricultural machinery equipment.
The production and tolerance level of 22 accessions of Sukabumi robusta coffee to water stress
Authors: Izzah N K , Pranowo D , Wardiana E
Published: January 2020

Extensification of the Robusta coffee to enhance national productivity can be expanded to marginal areas with limited soil water. Robusta coffee clones that have a good tolerance for these conditions are needed. This study aimed to evaluate production and tolerance level of 22 Sukabumi Robusta coffee accessions to water stress. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at Pakuwon Experimental Station, altitude of 450 m asl with Latosol type of soil and B type of climate according to Schmidt and Fergusson classification, start from January 2015 until July 2016. Randomized complete block design with 22 treatments of Robusta coffee accessions and two replications was performed. Variables observed were the height of seedlings, number of leaves, and diameter of stems at 15 and 45 days after water stress treatment (DAS), as well as the percentage of viable seedlings at 60 and 75 DAS. The results showed that seven Robusta coffee accessions were classified as high production accessions (ROS 212, 335, 337, 508, 514, 519, and ROS 520), while two accessions were classified as tolerant to water stress (ROS 010 and ROS 507). However, there is no accession that classified as high production and tolerant to water stress.
Improving the growth of clove seedlings by the application of seaweed waste as organic fertilizers
Authors: Rusmin D , Basmal J , Kusumawati R , Darwati I
Published: January 2020

One of the problems in providing quality clove seedlings is slow growth of clove seedlings and the unavailability of technology that can accelerate seedling growth for planting. Based on this, research has been carried out which aims to obtain the concentration and frequency of providing appropriate seaweed organic fertilizer to accelerate seedling growth. The experiment was arranged in a two-factor factorial design, four replications. The first factor were 7 concentrations of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF): 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, and 1500 ppm, and the second factor were frequency of application of 2 and 3 times every 4 weeks. The parameters observed were seedling growth (seedling height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, root length and root volume), chlorophyll content, wet and dry biomass weight (leaves, stems, and roots). The results showed that seaweed from Euchema cottonii can improve the growth of clove seedlings. The E. cottonii seaweed in 1250 ppm concentration and two times every 4 weeks can improve the growth of clove seedlings
Reducing aflatoxin contamination of nutmeg using drying methods
Authors: Sembiring B. , Supriadi  , Ediningsih
Published: January 2020

Indonesia’s export of nutmeg to Europe decreases in recent years due to aflatoxins contamination. The study aimed to evaluate four methods of drying nutmeg. The drying methods tested were a fiber-house type with a solar energy source, a hot-box type equipped with a fan heater, drying on bamboo trays. The unshelled nutmeg seeds were dried until vibrated if shaken and shelled. The temperature, humidity, moisture, oil and aflatoxins contents were analysed. The fiber-house and the electric hot-box types dried the seeds faster (2-3 days) compared with the traditional rack methods either uncovered (6-7 days) or covered (5-6 days). The moisture content of the dried seeds was <10% and the total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) <5 μg/kg. Higher aflatoxins found from the uncovered drying seeds, i.e. aflatoxin B1 (302.73 μg/kg), aflatoxin B2 (10.41 μg/kg), aflatoxin G1 (70.73 μg/kg), aflatoxin G2 (76.73 μg/kg), and the total aflatoxin was 389.97 μg/kg. The oil and oleoresin contents of the dried nutmeg fulfilled the standards (11.85% and 11.73%, respectively). This study implies that the drying method with direct sunlight is not recommended. For larger-scale farmers and exporters, the solar house dryer type is recomended.
Inheritance pattern of endosperm quantity and Kopyor coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) fruit variations
Authors: Setiawan A , Rahayu M S , Maskromo I , Purwito A , Sudarsono
Published: January 2020

Although genetic resources of Kopyor coconut exists in Agom Jaya district, South Lampung regency, information about their fruit characteristic variations are limited. Hence, genetic inheritance patterns for endosperm quantity characters is not exist. Fruit characteristic variations and endosperm quantity inheritance patterns are important for Kopyor coconut improvement. We reported the Kopyor coconut fruit variations, fruit character correlations and endosperm quantity genetic control. Endosperm quantity was determined using standard scoring, ranged from 1 (low quantity, the same endosperm as normal coconut) to 9 (high quantity). Out of the 254 Kopyor fruits evaluated, the ones having endosperm quantity score 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 51.0%, 18.7%, 13.5%, and 7.6% while those having score 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were 4.4%, 3.6%, 0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.4%, respectively. Fruit characters having the highest coefficient of variation (CV) was fruit sizes (CV = 75.2) while the lowest was the shell weight (CV = 18%). A positive correlation was observed between score of endosperm quantity and weight of endosperm. On the other hand, the score of endosperm quantity was negatively correlated with the volume of coconut water. The endosperm quantity was genetically control by a duplicate dominant epistasis.
Smart farming on pepper for fertilizers recommendation in Bangka Belitung
Authors: Hartono A , Barus B , Tejo R K , Rostiana O , Manohara D , Wahyuno D
Published: January 2020

Bangka Belitung, Indonesia was once known for pepper production before farmers switched to tin mining. Pepper plantations are still cultivated by individual farmers and significantly occupying large areas. It is necessary to provide fertilizer recommendations for farmers which is easily to be accessed. In the program of SpiceUp, farmers can simply inform the coordinates of their agricultural land so that farmers can obtain data on soil properties and fertilizer recommendations. Land units were developed and representative soil samples with the depth of 0-30 cm were collected in each land units. By using the soil data and nutrients absorption and put the loss factor of fertilizers the formula for fertilizers recommendation in each points were developed. The final productions were map of N, P, K and other nutrients status and map of fertilizers recommendation for N, P and K. These information were stored in the database centre. By sending the coordinates of their lands, the database centre sends the information for their soils nutrient status and N, P and K fertilizers recommendation. By developing this system, it is expected agriculture 4.0 could be reached by pepper farmers in Bangka Belitung for fertilizers application.
Management of endophytic bacteria and organic material for the biological control of yellowing disease on pepper
Authors: Munif A , Harni R
Published: January 2020

Yellowing disease caused by plant-parasitic nematodes have been recognized as potentially serious constraints to crop productivity on pepper. The use of chemical pesticide in agriculture in Indonesia for controlling plant diseases are still the most preferred way by farmers. Therefore, alternative control strategies for plant pest and diseases that are cheap and environmentally friendly needs to be developed. It is widely recognized that organic matter can improve soil quality and ecosystem health. In many cases, organic matter and microorganism can reduce plant losses caused by soil borne pathogens. However, little information is available about the influence of combination of organic material and bacterial endophytes on the severity of yellowing disease in pepper. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of formulation of endophytic bacteria in combination with organic material against yellowing disease on pepper. Selected endophytic bacteria isolated from pepper and organic material were used in this experiments. The results showed that biological agents of endophytic bacteria and organic material are effective in controlling plant parasitic nematodes and stimulate the plant growth of pepper. Combination of endophytic bacteria and organic material may be one component for nematode control in pepper.
Response of bululawang sugarcane variety to salt stress
Authors: Yunita R , Hartati R S , Suhesti S , Syafaruddin
Published: January 2020

At present, the development of sugar cane is directed at saline land but salinity provides a bad effect on the growth of sugarcane. The impact of salinity on sugar cane plants is hamper its growth and decrease the yield to 37%. This study aimed to determine the response of sugarcane shoots of Bululawang variety to salt stress (salinity). A series of four concentrations of NaCl (0 Mm, 50mM, 100mM and 150 mM) was used to treat 1 week old plantlet. The research was arranged in a complete randomized design with 20 replicates. The results showed that sugarcane growth was inhibited including length of the root, height of shoots, wet and dry roots and shoots weight were decreased by NaCl treatment. Damage symptoms due to salinity were more pronounced at NaCl concentrations above 100 mM.
Isozyme banding patterns of drought tolerant sugarcane putative mutants
Authors: Suhesti S , Khumaida N , Syukur M , Wattimena GA , Husni A , Hartati Rr S
Published: January 2020

Genetic characterization based on isozyme is useful for plant breeding studies. Isozyme marker may be used to understand genetic variability of irradiated plant. The objective of this research was to recognise banding pattern variabilities of 34 putative irradiated mutants that survival drought screening, based on isozyme analysis. The research was conducted in Maret – April 2015 in Biology Laboratory, PAU IPB Bogor. Vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyse three enzymes: peroxidase (PER), Esterase (EST), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AAT). Isozyme analysis was carried out on gamma rays irradiated mutants of sugarcane “Kidang Kencana” that have been selected for drought tolerant. The result showed that there was a genetic variability on 34 putative mutant of drought tolerant sugarcane, that was shown by polymorphic banding patterns on PER and EST enzymes. AAT was monomorphic, no variation was shown amongs the mutants. PER enzyme had 17 banding patterns and EST enzyme had 7 banding patterns. Dendogram based on PER and EST on 34 putative mutants could be grouped into two clusters at 81.14% genetic similirity. The isozime analysis can be used as a specific identifier of a new mutant that will be developed as new varieties.
Development of high yielding sugarcane varieties for rainfed areas: yield multilocation trial of promising sugarcane clones
Authors: Heliyanto B , Djumali  , Abdurrakhman  , Syakir M , Sugiyarta E , Cholid M
Published: January 2020

Two promising new sugarcane clones PS 05-370 and PS 06-103 along with control varieties were evaluated for the stability of their performance at ten locations across three years. Parameters observed include cane yield in tonnes cane per hectare (TCH), sugar content or commercial cane sugar (CCS) in %, and sugar yield in tonnes sugar per hectare (TSH). Significant differences were observed in genotypes and locations x genotypes interactions for TCH, CCS and TSH. Additive Main Effect Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) stability analysis showed that these two sugarcane clones are specific location; grown in inceptisol soil with C3 climate type (Oldeman), sugar productivity (TSH) of PS 05-370 and PS 06-103 increased by 17-21%, compared to standard control variety PS 881. These two promising clones are early to mid maturing varieties and therefore, are recommended to be harvested earlier, to fill up the need for crushed material in the beginning of the milling season.
Utilization of the trash biochar and waste of sugarcane to improve the quality of sandy soil and growth of sugarcane
Authors: Hariyono B , Utomo W H , Utami S R , Islami T
Published: January 2020

An abundance of sugarcane trash (ST) can be converted into soil amendment to improve soil quality. Pot research was carried out in Malang, East Java from October 2013 to October 2014. The research aimed to study changes in the properties of sand-textured soil due to the application of trash biochar and other sugarcane wastes, as well as its effect on sugarcane growth. The study was arranged in a randomized block design with six treatments and three replications. Treatment includes: 1) ST biochar 10 t ha−1; 2) boiler ash 10 t ha−1; 3) ST compost 10 t ha−1; 4) ST biochar 5 t ha−1 + ST compost 5 t ha−1; 5) boiler ash 5 t ha−1 + ST compost 5 t ha−
1; and 6) control (without soil amendment). The treatments improved the physical and chemical properties of sandy soil, namely bulk density, total porosity, available moisture content, aggregate stability, organic-C, total-N, available-P, exchangeable-K, and CEC. However, the improvement of this soil did not affect the growth and yield of sugarcane. Further research is needed to study the effect of residues from the application of biochar on ratoon sugarcane, and research on sugarcane development land.
The hydraulic redistribution on cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) at nursery stage
Authors: Pitono J , Nurhayati H , Syakir M
Published: January 2020

Cashew plants can distribute soil water vertically from waterier subsoil to drier topsoil, called as hydraulic lift (HL). There is no report on its ability to distribute soil water laterally or hydraulic redistribution (HR). This study was conducted at ISMCRI greenhouse from March-October 2018. Cashew varieties B-02 were planted in pot, then set in three treatments : (1) two parts of the roots in water sufficient (WW), (2) one part of the roots in drought stress and one part in water sufficient (WD), and (3) both parts of the roots put in drought stress conditions (DD). The study was arranged in a complete randomized design, nine replications. The results showed proportion of root biomass in drought stress to total root biomass was relatively same between WD and DD (0.4). The soil moisture value in WD plants were significantly higher than that of DD (1-3%) for 7 days period. Water status in plant tissue presented by the leaf water potential, showed the same tendency. The leaf water potential value of WD plants was between DD and WW. These indicated that cashew plants possessed HR ability, being able to transfer soil water laterally and maintained relatively high soil moisture in the roots.
Morphological variations of patchouli putative mutants
Authors: Suhesti S , Susilowati M , Sirait N , Amalia  , Hadipoentyanti E
Published: January 2020

World patchouly oil need is almost 90% fulfilled by Indonesia as the main producer, however, their narrow genetic variation is a major obstacle in plant breeding. Chemical mutation such as colchine is believed to be able to wider patchouly genetic variation The aim of this study was to increase patchouly genetic variation using chemical mutagen. The variety of Patchoulina 2 was treated by colchicine on callus stage. Callus irradiated was grown into regeneration medium until formed plantlet and ready to acclimatization. The results showed that there were 15 different morphological putative mutants with different characters. The mutants varied in qualitative characters(leaf shape, leaf color, leaf base, and leaf edge)and quantitative characters(plant height, number of leaf stalks). Two distinguishable main groups of mutants shared 62.62% genetic similarity level based on morphology. These new mutants in this study would be potential to be developed as new varieties along with the morphological characters as their specific identities.
Plant adaptations to anaerobic stress caused by flooding
Authors: Sakagami J-I , Iwata Y , Nurrahma A H I , Siaga E , Junaedi A , Yabuta S
Published: January 2020

Flooding imposes a severe selection pressure on plants principally because excess water in their surroundings can deprive them of certain basic needs, notably of oxygen and of carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis. It is one of the major abiotic influences on species’ distribution and agricultural productivity world-wide. A cultivated species, O. glaberrima is origin from Africa that spread to floodplains area along river. Work to develop more tolerant crops or manage flood-prone environments more effectively is also included. Here, recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms determining tolerance versus intolerance to anaerobic stress caused by flooding in higher plants is discussed. This work integrates various specialized approaches ranging from morphology to physiology, and demonstrates how plant biology can be harnessed to improve stress tolerance in an important crop species. Materials and Methods: The research is conducted in various place of fields. As materials of rice and sugarcane, and chilli pepper are used in the experiments. Results and Discussion: We emphasize that Sub1A is not appropriate when selecting and breeding rice cultivars of O. glaberrima for resilience to longer-term submergence. Under these circumstances, a vigorous ethylene-mediated underwater elongation response by leaves is needed to return leaves to air-contact and full photosynthetic activity. Root aerenchyma is formed in waterlogged condition to on the genotype of sugarcane and oxygen in the air is supplied to the root system thorough aerenchyma. The supplied oxygen is used for root system respiration.
Effectiveness of plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control gall rust of Falcataria moluccana under field conditions
Authors: Wiyono S , Pracoyo A
Published: January 2020

Gall rust caused by Uromycladium spp. is a most devastating disease of Falcataria moluccana plantations in Indonesia since a decade. There is no effective control measures to suppress rust gall disease. The objectives of the research was to investigate the effectiveness of PGPR on seedlings growth, gall rust severity and growth of young Falcataria moluccana trees. Talc-based powder formulation of PGPR mixtures of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus polymixa and Rhizobium spp. was used. First experiment consisted of testing as a seed treatment by PGPR using four concentrations of PGPR i.e. 0 (untreated), 2.5 g/L, 5 g/Land 10 g/L equal to 1.25 x 106 cfu/L, 2.5 106 cfu/L and 5 x 106 cfu/L. Emergence rate and seedlings growth were evaluated. Second experiment was a field trial using young three months age-seedlings trees under pathogen natural infestation, designed as a complete randomized block design with six replications. Treatments were PGPR 2.5 106 cfu/kg and 5 x 106 cfu/kg, untreated and mancozeb fungicide. Powder formulation of PGPR was mixed with granule NPK fertilizer and applied as soil incorporation at planting date and 42 days after transplanting. Disease severity, plant height and stem diameter were observed weekly at 1 to 11 week after transplanting. Seed treatment with all concentration of PGPR did not affect germination rate, but increased seedlings growth. Moreover, field application of PGPR at the rate of 5 x 106 cfu/kg in PGPR-NPK fertilizer mixture was the best treatment to control galll rust of young plants under field conditions with an effectiveness rate of 42.28%, compared to fungicide treatments which has effectivenes rate of 34.39%. The treatments also enhanced the growth of young plants.
Study of Landscape Plant Nursery in Bogor Regency for Development of Plant Supply Information System
Authors: Syafitri A I , Nasrullah N
Published: January 2020

Adequate plants supply for the landscape industry depend on the success of nursery to provide a variety of plant. This research aimed to assess features of the landscape plant nursery in Bogor Regency. The aspect of nursery that have been analyzed including aspect of plant, physical features, production and marketing. Another objectives were to create website prototype for online plant marketing. Its were observed 30 nurseries in 10 sub regencies. Research results showed, there were 290 species of plants that are sold which it is consisted of 128 species of groundcovers, 55 species of herbs, 40 species of shrubs, 32 species of trees, 27 species of climber plants, and 8 species of epiphyte.. Based on correlation analysis results, it was found that plant stock was influenced by nursery area, type of nursery, and nursery utilities. Otherwise type of nursery was influenced by nursery area. Success in sales can be achieved by creating a website as a functional media that can provide the information on stock and price of plants at the nurseries in Bogor Regency. The website that have been constructed used a MySQL database system, the local desktop PHP MyAdmin, and CodeIgniter as a system framework.
Control of Conopomorpha cramerella, Helopeltis sp., and Phytophthora palmivora using botanical and biological pesticides
Authors: Siswanto  , Trisawa I M , Karmawati E , Suhesti S
Published: January 2020

Control of main pests and diseases of cocoa using biopesticides has been carried out on a 10 ha farmer land in the village of Liliariawang, South Sulawesi. The aim is to determine the effectiveness of α-elaeostearic acid and Citronellal formulas of botanical pesticides, and Beauveria bassiana of biological pesticide on pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella), fruit suckers (Helopeltis spp.), and fruit rot (Phytophthora palmivora) of cocoa. The treatments were arranged in a randomized group. Sampling was carried out systematically as much as 120 healthy cocoa fruits <8 cm long from about 40 sample plants in each treatment to observe the extent of damage. The sample fruits are sprayed treatments every 2 weeks until harvest. Observations were made on the degree of damage to the fruits and their effects on non-target organisms such as natural enemies of pests. The results shows that both of botanical pesticides and biological pesticide can reduce the intensity attacks of the cocoa pests and diseases. Yield loss in all treatments were below 10%, lower and significantly different compared to control which reach 36,5%. In addition to reducing damage caused by pests, the quality and weight of the cocoa beans produced was better than the control.
Selection of Korean heat tolerant rice lines in West Java irrigated lowland agro-ecosystem
Authors: Susanto U , Rohaeni W R
Published: January 2020

One condition in global climate change era is increasing of world temperature which is approaching critical point of rice plant adaptation. Thus, heat tolerant rice variety is needed. Indonesian Centre for Rice Research (ICRR) and RDA (Rural Development Administration) of Korea through ASEAN-Korean Economic Cooperatives collaborates to breed heat tolerant rice variety. In this regard, 150 BC1F5 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) along with 5 checks was tested following Augmented Design of five blocks. Transplanting was conducted at 21 days after sowing on 25 cm x 25 cm planting space in 2 m x 5 m square plots. The results showed that SR34132(41)-1-1-1 (13.00 t/ha) and SR34132(11)-1-1 -1 (11.65 t/ha) had higher yield than the best check Inpari 42 Agritan GSR (8.23 t/ha). The first line had big grain size (27.72 g) and medium productive tiller (15 tillers), while the second had more productive tiller (23 tillers) even though had low filled grain/panilce, seed set, and grain size (21.60 g). There were 69 lines having comparable yield with Inpari 42 Agritan GSR. Combining high yield with heat tolerance traits is feasible for Indonesian agro ecosystem condition. Further testing to confirm the tolerance of the lines to heat stress is needed.
Determining the season pattern based on soil moisture under tropical monsoon climate
Authors: Ariyanto D P , Priswita R P W , Komariah  , Sumani  , Senge M
Published: January 2020

Climate change increased the variability of maximum and minimum air temperature and rainfall. Air temperature and rainfall, which are parts of weather components, have been become uncertain and may affecting soil moisture. The dry and wet season onset based on rainfall may resulted in different definition if using soil moisture. This research aims to analyze the difference between air temperature and soil moisture inline graphic as parameter of season onset. The climate and soil moisture data were collected from November 2016 to December 2018. The climate and soil moisture data were collected from Jumantono weather station and soil moisture logger, respectively, in Karanganyar District, Indonesia. The results showed air temperature and soil moisture (maximum and minimum) patterns were different. The minimum soil moisture occurred in the dry season, but not the lowest minimum air temperature.
Methane emission from Male Kacang Goat fed with different concentrate composition
Authors: Yanti Y , Rabbani M S J , Widyawati S D , Suprayogi W P S
Published: January 2020

Methane is the second-largest greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide in contributing to global warming, which is the main driving to climate change. The emission of methane from enteric fermentation was the greatest contributor to agricultural emissions. Controls the component in the feed is one of the strategies for the reduction of methane emission from the rumen. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrate composition on methane emission and energy utilization in male Kacang goat. Twelve male goats, age 7 months and body weight (BW) 9.23 ± 1.42 kg, were assigned to a completely randomized design. The treatment was the different composition of protein (P) and energy (TDN) of their feed. The treatments included T1 (P 8.28%, TDN 56.70%), T2 (P 8.53%, TDN 61.30%), T3 (P 9.81%, TDN 57.70%) and T4 (P 10.09%, TDN 61.26%) with three replications in each treatment. There were no differences in gross energy intake, digestible energy, energy digestibility, and methane emission. The results of gross energy intake, digestible energy, energy digestibility, and methane energy were 2.67 MJ/kg BW0.75/day, 1.80 MJ/kg BW0.75/day, 67.09% and 7.78 MJ/100 MJ GEI, consecutively. The difference in concentrate composition does not have any adverse effect on methane emission.
Mechanical characterization and experimental modal analysis of 3D Printed ABS, PC and PC-ABS materials
Authors: Kannan Sridharan , Ramamoorthy Manoharan
Published: January 2020

Additive manufacturing (AM) process builds the parts, layer by layer precisely from Computer-Aided Design (CAD) models, whereas traditional subtractive manufacturing process removes layers from materials to attain the desired shape. Of late Rapid prototyped (RP) parts are used for the direct production of components for manufacturing and testing in the industries. Understanding material, machine used along with the process variables that affect the strength of the final part gains importance as the parts can be printed directly from CAD data and effectively integrated into structures. The main aim of this investigation is to present the mechanical characterization and free vibration analysis of various 3D printed Engineering Plastic Materials. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polycarbonate (PC), and Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PC-ABS) materials are used in this study. Spools are prepared from plastic pellets using wire extruder. Tensile tests have been performed on dog bone specimens to evaluate strength, fractured specimen’s surfaces which are further evaluated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) to explore fracture of the raster and bonding between layers. From the experimental results it’s noticed that the PC-ABS material exhibits improved elastic limit and load-carrying capacity compared with ABS and PC. Three types of beams are fabricated using different materials and modal analysis has been conducted to predict the stiffness of beams in terms of natural frequencies under clamped free (CF) and clamped clamped (CC) end conditions. Higher natural frequencies observed with PC-ABS is compared with the rest of the materials.
One-step fabrication of thermal sprayed polymer coating on metals
Authors: Tailor Satish , Vashistha Nitesh , Modi Ankur , Modi S C
Published: January 2020

This study presents the polymer coating onto metal-based structures by the thermal spray process. The deposition of polymers onto metal substrate has been developed by controlling the temperature in conventional thermal spray process. Properties of final polymer coating are investigated, such as microstructural, crystallization, mechanical, friction and corrosion properties. The objective of this is to deposit a polymer coating by controlling temperature in conventional thermal spray process and evaluate the coating properties for specific applications such as polymer coating on vacuum pump screws as abrasion resistant coating and on Kevlar fabric to provide strength for bullet proof soft armor vest for defense application. This study reports that as-sprayed coating can be used without post processing like annealing and filing. As-sprayed PEEK coating has a considerable hardness and adhesion strength found to be 17 ± 5 HV, 16 ± 3.0 MPa, respectively. However, post annealing treatment may introduce further improvements in wear and friction resistant properties of the final polymer coating system. The microhardness value has increased from 17 HV to 29 HV in average. The annealed semi-crystalline coatings exhibit the slightly lower friction coefficient than amorphous coating (as-sprayed); 0.31 in average versus 0.36. The wear rate of annealed coating is lower than the as-sprayed coating, decreased by approx 50% (10.5 in average versus 20.5 × 10− 6 mm3 N−1 m−1). The PEEK coating protects the base metal against corrosion and life against corrosion is found to be 25.4 μm.y−1; 81.75% efficiency in reduction of corrosion with respect to steel exposed in 5% NaCl solution.
Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of novel quaternary biodegradable extruded Mg–1Zn–0.2Ca-xAg alloys
Authors: Ma Yingzhong , Wang Dexin , Li Hongxiang , Yuan Fusong , Yang Changlin , Zhang Jishan
Published: January 2020

In the anastomotic surgery, the currently used degradable magnesium alloys are facing some bottleneck problems such as lower mechanical properties and slower degradation rate. In this study, the novel biodegradable extruded Mg–1Zn–0.2Ca-xAg (x = 0, 1, 2, 4) alloys will be developed and the corresponding microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties after Ag addition will be investigated. The results indicate that with the Ag addition, the grain size is refined due to fully dynamic recrystallization and Ag17Mg54 phase, an important strengthening phase, begin to be precipitated in the Ag-contained alloys. Due to the stronger solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening, the Mg–1Zn–0.2Ca-4Ag alloy attains the highest ultimate tensile strength among all the alloys. Moreover, Ag element also enhances the electrode potential of the matrix, reduces the susceptibility of pitting corrosion and accelerates the corrosion rate of the alloys by micro-galvanic corrosion between the second phases and the matrix from the analyses of corrosion products and 3D Volta potential map. As a result, 4Ag alloys attain the fastest degradation rate among all the alloys. Combing the mechanical and corrosion results, it can be seen that 4Ag alloys, as novel biodegradable magnesium alloys, can meet the requirement of anastomotic surgery preferably, exhibiting the better application prospects.