bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Making of Zhishifenzi: The Critical Impact of the Registration of Unemployed Intellectuals in the Early PRC
Authors: U Eddy
Published: October 2003

Existing research on Chinese intellectuals naturalizes the category, which is a social construction whose membership, attributes and political significance stem from state and society interactions. Recounting an urban registration campaign for unemployed intellectuals, this article describes the critical moment in which the Communist Party institutionalized its definition of zhishifenzi and local tensions appeared between officials and intellectuals. Due to high unemployment, state specifications and administrative disorganization, the campaign absorbed former Kuomingtang agents, expelled state employees, non-specialists, housewives, social deviants and legally unqualified individuals into the intellectual category. It reinforced longstanding Communist prejudices that intellectuals were politically, morally and professionally suspicious. The article suggests that research on Chinese intellectuals may break new ground, theoretically and empirically, by focusing upon social practices that reproduce the intellectual category beyond the elite level.
Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance. Edited by Elizabeth J. Perry and Mark Selden. [London and New York: Routledge, 2000. xii+249 pp. £16.99. ISBN 0-415-22334-2.]
Authors: Ho Peter
Published: October 2003

In all likelihood the event with the largest political and social impact in the East-Asian region would be the democratization of China. However, it is also evident that China's political reform, like its economic transition, is taking on the form of a cautious and gradual restructuring. Out of pragmatic reasons – allowing society to assist the government in areas where it should not govern, is incapable of governing, or cannot govern – the state has unofficially relaxed its grip over certain social spheres such as women's rights, social welfare and rural poverty.
Surviving the City: The Chinese Immigrant Experience in New York City, 1890–1970. By Xinyang Wang. [Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. 157 pp. $17.95. ISBN 0-7425-0891-9.]
Authors: Wong Bernard P.
Published: October 2003

The author, Xinyang Wang, is a social historian who reassesses the history of early Chinese immigrants in New York City, departing from the ethnic-heritage and racism analyses of immigrants' adaptation to America. Instead, he pursues an actor-oriented approach, showing how economic forces played an important part in the decision-making activities of the immigrants, such as the selection of neighbourhoods for settlement, participation in the labour movement, return to China, and intensification of intra-group solidarity.
Reconstructing the State: Personal Networks and Elite Identity in Soviet Russia, by Gerald M. Easter(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930's, bySheila Fitzpatrick (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Stalinism: New Directions; Rewriting Histories, bySheila Fitzpatrick (London and New York: Routledge, 2000); Russia's Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange, byAlena Ledeneva (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998); A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev, by Douglas Weiner (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999).
Authors: Walker Barbara
Published: October 2003

This is a good moment to step back briefly and consider the growing interest in patronage, networking, and other forms of personalized political and economic association in Soviet history. The significance of such relations has grown pressingly evident in the murky, mafia-ridden post-Soviet era, and scholars have begun to search for their origins in the short but explosive and complex history of the Soviet state and society. This growing historical interest is in a sense part of a worldwide trend, as the accelerated processes of globalization force us all to face the many political and economic difficulties involved in moving toward a market economy that works for everyone. Prominent among these difficulties is precisely that complex agglomeration of personal ties that are generally lumped together as “corruption” by irate economists and policy-makers. These forms of association, however, have profound social, cultural, and historical roots that deserve a good deal more thought if we are to understand where they fit into the contemporary dynamics of economic transformation.
A powerful and rapid approach to human genome scanning using small quantities of genomic DNA
Authors: BEEKMAN MARIAN , LAKENBERG NICO , CHERNY STACEY S. , DE KNIJFF PETER , KLUFT C. CORNELIS , VAN OMMEN GERT-JAN B. , VOGLER GEORGE P. , FRANTS RUNE R. , BOOMSMA DORRET I. , SLAGBOOM P. ELINE
Published: October 2003

Dense maps of short-tandem-repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) have allowed genome-wide searches
for genes involved in a great variety of diseases with genetic influences, including common complex
diseases. Generally for this purpose, marker sets with a 10 cM spacing are genotyped in hundreds
of individuals. We have performed power simulations to estimate the maximum possible inter-marker distance that still allows for sufficient power. In this paper we further report on
modifications of previously published protocols, resulting in a powerful screening set containing
229 STRPs with an average spacing of 18·3 cM. A complete genome scan using our protocol
requires only 80 multiplex PCR reactions which are all carried out using one set of conditions and
which do not contain overlapping marker allele sizes. The multiplex PCR reactions are grouped by
sets of chromosomes, which enables on-line statistical analysis of a set of chromosomes, as sets of
chromosomes are being genotyped. A genome scan following this modified protocol can be
performed using a maximum amount of 2·5 μg of genomic DNA per individual, isolated from
either blood or from mouth swabs.
Application of non-parametric bootstrap methods to estimate confidence intervals for QTL location in a beef cattle QTL experimental population
Authors: KIM JONGJOO , DAVIS SCOTT K. , TAYLOR JEREMY F.
Published: October 2003

Empirical confidence intervals (CIs) for the estimated quantitative trait locus (QTL) location from selective and non-selective non-parametric bootstrap resampling methods were compared for a genome scan involving an Angus×Brahman reciprocal fullsib backcross population. Genetic maps, based on 357 microsatellite markers, were constructed for 29 chromosomes using CRI-MAP V2.4. Twelve growth, carcass composition and beef quality traits (n = 527–602) were analysed to detect QTLs utilizing (composite) interval mapping approaches. CIs were investigated for 28 likelihood ratio test statistic (LRT) profiles for the one QTL per chromosome model. The CIs from the non-selective bootstrap method were largest (87·7 cM average or 79·2% coverage of test chromosomes). The Selective II procedure produced the smallest CI size (42·3 cM average). However, CI sizes from the Selective II procedure were more variable than those produced by the two LOD drop method. CI ranges from the Selective II procedure were also asymmetrical (relative to the most likely QTL position) due to the bias caused by the tendency for the estimated QTL position to be at a marker position in the bootstrap samples and due to monotonicity and asymmetry of the LRT curve in the original sample.
Palaeomagnetic evolution of the Çankırı Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey): implications for oroclinal bending due to indentation
Authors: KAYMAKCI NURETDIN , DUERMEIJER CHARON E. , LANGEREIS COR , WHITE STANLEY H. , VAN DIJK PAUL M.
Published: October 2003

Palaeomagnetic data in combination with palaeostress data and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility orientations are utilized to develop a tectonic evolutionary model for the Early Tertiary part of the Ω (omega)-shaped Çankırı Basin (Turkey). The results reveal clockwise rotations in the northeast and anticlockwise rotations in the west and southeastern corner of the basin. The magnetic inclinations indicate a northward drift of the Çankırı Basin and support an indentation model for the Kırşehir Block. It is proposed that the Ω-shape of the Çankırı Basin was the result of indentation of the Kırşehir Block into the Sakarya Continent during northwards migration accompanying closure of Neotethys. It appears that the indentation started prior to Eocene and ended before Middle Miocene times.
DEMILITARIZED, THEN DISPOSSESSED: THE KIRAD BEDOUINS OF THE HULA VALLEY IN THE CONTEXT OF SYRIAN–ISRAELI RELATIONS
Authors: Rabinowitz Dan , Khawalde Sliman
Published: October 2003

The expected renewal of peace negotiations between Syria and Israel is likely to bring up again an issue that has been the central component of territorial conflict between the two since 1948: sovereignty in what were, between 1949 and 1967, three demilitarized zones (DMZs) declared on the Israeli side of the Syrian–Israeli frontier. The DMZs, the regime that maintained them, and the significance they had for Syrian–Israeli relations have been studied at some length.1 This article contributes an analysis of the history and implications of one of the three DMZs from the point of view of those for whom the zone was and still is a homeland—the Kirad bedouin moiety, who are now displaced and dispossessed.
GERRIT BOS, TRANS., Ibn al-Jazzar on Sexual
Diseases and Their Treatment, Sir Henry Wellcome Asian Series (London and New York:
Kegan Paul International, 1997). Pp. 417. $130.25 cloth.
Authors: Giladi Avner
Published: October 2003

With the series of critical editions and studies of Arabic medical texts from the Middle Ages
he has published in recent years, Gerrit Bos has made a significant contribution to the history of
medicine in the Islamic world. He has dedicated special attention to the work of Abu
Jaעfar Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid ibn al-Jazzar of Qayrawan, a 10th-century physician and
prolific author of medical texts. Ibn al-Jazzar was famous and influential not only within his own
Arabic– Islamic cultural domain but also—thanks to widely circulated translations of
his works into Greek, Latin, and Hebrew—among Christian and Jewish physicians in the
East as well as the West. (For Bos's publications on Ibn al-Jazzar's writings see p.
406).
HASSAN S. KHALILIEH, Islamic Maritime Law: An
Introduction, Studies in Islamic Law and Society (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998). Pp. 223.
$72.50 cloth.
Authors: EMON ANVER M.
Published: October 2003

Hassan Khalilieh's work presents a broad survey of Islamic maritime law from the 9th
through the 13th century. As a survey, the treatment is general and introductory; nevertheless, any
reader with an interest in Islamic maritime law or medieval maritime law and practice in the
Mediterranean will find this book an invaluable reference. Khalilieh argues that the Qur[ham]an,
sunna, and fiqh sources from the 1st and 2nd centuries (hijra) are generally
silent on the rules of seafaring. In some of the primary documentary sources of that period, one
can find the beginnings of what would become Islamic naval supremacy in the Mediterranean. But
to understand the laws of seafaring, one should look to fatawa collections and legal
texts of the 9th to 13th centuries.
MARTIN GILBERT, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996). Pp. 428. $16.95 paper.
Authors: MATTAR PHILIP
Published: October 2003

Much has been written about Jerusalem since the Madrid peace conference in 1991, most of it
by partisans on both sides. Sir Martin Gilbert's work is one of the most entertaining, but
least objective. Gilbert is a fellow of Merton College, Oxford University, and a biographer of Sir
Winston Churchill and historian of World War II. He begins where his earlier volume, Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City, ended—around the turn of the 20th century. He starts his story with the last few years of Ottoman rule; dwells on British rule (1917–48) and the 1948 war; skims over the years between 1948 and 1967, especially the Jordanian rule of East Jerusalem; then gives a long account of the years after 1967. He ends his book with an endorsement of a plan to return part of East Jerusalem to the Palestinians. Gilbert is a master of
the art of compressing an enormous amount of materials about the city's social,
architectural, cultural, religious, and political history during the past century into a compelling and
readable narrative. His book thus provides a panoramic account of the city, and, because he relies
on newspapers, it has an eyewitness quality to it.
AHMAD S. MOUSSALLI, Moderate and Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Quest for Modernity, Legitimacy, and the Islamic State (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999). Pp. 249. $49.95/cloth.
Authors: LAWRENCE BRUCE B.
Published: October 2003

This is the slyest, and therefore smartest, assessment of Islamic fundamentalism currently
available. The author, a prolific Lebanese political theorist, has offered in this, his fourth
monograph on the subject, a well-argued, highly original thesis. Moussalli asks one basic
question: does Islamic fundamentalism have a philosophical basis? “Yes, it does,”
he replies, “but it is not the same basis for all Islamic fundamentalists.” He then
proceeds to demonstrate how particular Islamic fundamentalist theorists have addressed issues
such as ideology and knowledge, society and politics, from their own philosophical perspective.
The argument is markedly tilted toward politics, as each of the six chapters examines either a facet
of political philosophy or the discourse of a particular theorist on the Islamic state. The first three
chapters are framed as general overviews, first of the fundamentalism–modernism dyad,
then of the epistemological divide between divine revelation and human reason, and finally of the
discursive dichotomy between the Islamic state and democratic pluralism. The next three chapters
shift to dominant theorists, the three “heroes” of Islamist ideology. Chapter 4
examines Hasan al-Banna on the Islamic state; Chapter 5, Sayyid Qutb. Chapter 6 takes up the
most prominent current Islamist: Hasan al-Turabi. Not since Hamid Enayat's Modern
Islamic Political Thought (Texas, 1982) has any scholar made such a comprehensive effort
to trace the patterns of similarity—and the evidence of conflict and
disagreement—among the major ideologues of Islamic fundamentalism.
AVNER GILADI, Infants, Parents and Wet Nurses. Medieval

Islamic Views on Breastfeeding and Their Social Implications (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999).

$83.00 cloth.
Authors: Tucker Judith E.
Published: October 2003

Breastfeeding, as Avner Giladi amply demonstrates, is far more than the simple matter of

providing nutrition to an infant. Who breastfeeds, for how long, and with what kind of

encouragement, respect, and reward can tell us much about social attitudes toward infancy and

the mother–child bond, as well as the value placed on motherhood in general. The extent

to which the father alternately provides general support for mother and child or controls and limits

the breastfeeding relationship, for example, can shape the father–child and

husband–wife relationship in the long term. And a breastfeeding mother, as the primary

nurturer of a child, finds herself in a unique position in relation to her children, her husband, and

society in general: it is a moment pregnant with possibilities for the enhancement of a

woman's power. A close study of breastfeeding, then, draws our attention to a

society's attitudes toward young children, the construction of the family in relation to the

needs of these children, and the ways in which relations between a husband and wife are informed

by the rights and responsibilities surrounding this act of pivotal importance to the survival of the

species, particularly in the days before pasteurization and infant formula, when the absence of a

mother or wet nurse spelled almost certain death for a baby.
“Cheap and Nasty”: German Goods, Socialism, and the 1876 Philadelphia World Fair
Authors: Bonnell Andrew
Published: October 2003

At the World Fair in Philadelphia in 1876, the German goods on display were described as “cheap and nasty”, setting off a vigorous debate about the state of German industry. Social democrats attacked policies of increasing competitiveness of German exports through keeping wages low, and claimed that the quality of the goods produced by socialist workers was higher than those produced by others. An analysis of the debate shows the extent to which social democrats not only resorted to arguments stressing the “national interest”, but also the extent to which nominally Marxist socialists in this period were still attached to traditional artisanal values of pride in the quality of their work.
Introduction
Authors: Voss Lex Heerma van
Published: October 2003

On 31 December 1870, the Swiss philosopher, Henri-Frédéric Amiel (1821–1881), petitioned the municipal authorities of Geneva on behalf of his neighbours and himself. They lived in a street called the Rue des Belles Filles (“beautiful girls' street”) and wanted to have the name of their street changed because it alluded to prostitutes. This is just one among a multitude of historical facts that have come down to us because humble (or not so humble) suppliants put them on paper in the form of a petition, and the authorities to which these petitions were addressed took care to preserve them. Writing petitions was a common human experience. “Everybody is free to write petitions and have a drink of water”, as a traditional German saying would have it. However, as opposed to drinking water, writing petitions is an act which produces historical sources, many of which have survived. The aim of this volume is to give an overview of their importance as sources for social history.
Political Identity and Worker Politics: Silk and Metalworkers in Lyon, France 1900–1914
Authors: Mann Keith
Published: October 2003

This paper aims to explain the different political trajectories and identities of two sets of industrial workers in the city of Lyon, France during the years immediately preceding the first World War. Silk workers supported reformist socialist parties while metalworkers were pillars of the revolutionary syndicalist current that dominated the prewar CGT. Unlike base and superstructure models or political autonomy explanations, it is argued that the particular industrial structures and social relations within each industry interacted with local and national political opportunity structures in ways that rendered some strategies and forms of collective action more efficacious than others. The programs and strategies proposed by revolutionary syndicalism matched the conditions of metalworkers and attracted their support, while reformist socialism struck a similar chord with silk workers resulting in similar results.
L-methionine degradation potentialities of cheese-ripening microorganisms
Authors: BONNARME PASCAL , LAPADATESCU CARMEN , YVON MIREILLE , SPINNLER HENRY-ERIC
Published: October 2003

Volatile sulphur compounds are major flavouring compounds in many traditional fermented foods including cheeses. These compounds are products of the catabolism of L-methionine by cheese-ripening microorganisms. The diversity of L-methionine degradation by such microorganisms, however, remains to be characterized. The objective of this work was to compare the capacities to produce volatile sulphur compounds by five yeasts, Geotrichum candidum, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces lactis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and five bacteria, Brevibacterium linens, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Arthrobacter sp., Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus equorum of technological interest for cheese-ripening. The ability of whole cells of these microorganisms to generate volatile sulphur compounds from L-methionine was compared. The microorganisms produced a wide spectrum of sulphur compounds including methanethiol, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, dimethyltrisulfide and also S-methylthioesters, which varied in amount and type according to strain. Most of the yeasts produced methanethiol, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide and dimethyltrisulfide but did not produce S-methylthioesters, apart from G. candidum that produced S-methyl thioacetate. Bacteria, especially Arth. sp. and Brevi. linens, produced the highest amounts and the greatest variety of volatile sulphur compounds including methanethiol, sulfides and S-methylthioesters, e.g. S-methyl thioacetate, S-methyl thiobutyrate, S-methyl thiopropionate and S-methyl thioisovalerate. Cell-free extracts of all the yeasts and bacteria were examined for the activity of enzymes possibly involved in L-methionine catabolism, i.e. L-methionine demethiolase, L-methionine aminotransferase and L-methionine deaminase. They all possessed L-methionine demethiolase activity, while some (K. lactis, Deb. hansenii, Arth. sp., Staph. equorum) were deficient in L-methionine aminotransferase, and none produced L-methionine deaminase. The catabolism of L-methionine in these microorganisms is discussed.
Moisture measurement in cheese analogue using stretched and multi-exponential models of the magnetic resonance T2 relaxation curve
Authors: BUDIMAN MELANY , STROSHINE RICHARD L. , CORNILLON PAUL
Published: October 2003

The dairy industry would benefit from rapid and non-destructive determination of moisture content of cheese products. The two components primarily responsible for the low-field magnetic resonance (MR) spin-spin relaxation (T2) signal of cheese products are fat and the water bound to protein. If the moisture component of the signal can be distinguished from the fat component, it should be possible to measure moisture using an MR sensor. Therefore, a key aspect of the development of an MR moisture measurement method is examination of techniques for analysis of T2 relaxation curves. One common method of T2 analysis of complex foods, such as cheese, is to fit multi-term exponential models to the curves. An alternative approach is proposed which uses stretched exponential models. The single-term stretched exponential model has been used for porous rock systems and polymers, but not for foods. The T2 relaxation curves were analysed using both models and the results were compared. The number of unknowns in the three-term exponential and two-term stretched exponential models was reduced by assuming the relaxation curve of the fat component was the same as the relaxation curve of pure fat. In each model, one of the exponential terms described the behaviour of the water in the cheese analogue, while the remaining term or terms described the behaviour of the fat. For each model the T2 relaxation time associated with the water was well correlated with moisture content. Coefficients of determination of the relaxation time versus moisture from each of the two models were nearly identical. The advantages and disadvantages of the two models are discussed.
Citizens v. Clients: Working Women and Colonial Reform in Puerto Rico and Belize, 1932–45
Authors: MACPHERSON ANNE S.
Published: October 2003

Marked differences in mid-twentieth-century reformers' approaches to politically active working women in Belize and Puerto Rico help to explain the emergence of colonial hegemony in the latter, and the rise of mass nationalism in the former. Reformers in both colonies were concerned with working women, but whereas British and Belizean reformers treated them as sexually and politically disordered, and aimed to transform them from militant wage-earners to clients of state social services, US and Puerto Rican reformers treated them as voting citizens with legitimate roles in the economy and labour movement. Although racialised moralism was not absent in Puerto Rico, the populism of colonial reform there helped cement a renegotiated colonial compact, while the non-populist character of reform in Belize – and the wider British Caribbean – alienated working women from the colonial state.
The directed motion construction in Swedish
Authors: TOIVONEN IDA
Published: October 2003

This paper introduces a Swedish construction, called THE DIRECTED MOTION CONSTRUCTION (DMC). The DMC is parallel to the English WAY construction, which has recently received considerable attention in a debate comparing constructions to lexical rules. The DMC is very productive, and must therefore be taken seriously by any grammatical theory. This paper gives a detailed description of the DMC, and formalizes it in two ways: as a construction and as a lexical rule. Although both formalizations are possible, the construction more straightforwardly captures the most interesting aspect of the DMC: the fact that the overall meaning cannot be tied to any one of its individual parts.
Linguistics at the beginning of the 21st century
Authors: LANGENDOEN D. TERENCE
Published: October 2003

Mark Aronoff & Janie Rees-Miller (eds.), The handbook of linguistics
(Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics). Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers, 2001. Pp. xvi+824.
The perverse manifestation of civil society: evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Ikelegbe Augustine
Published: October 2003

Civil society has been a central force in political and economic reforms. The
activities and even proliferation of civil groups have been seen by several
authors as vital to the democratisation project and its sustenance. Only a
few scholars have pointed to the roles that civil groups may play in undermining
democracy and national stability. In Nigeria, civil society was in the
vanguard of the democratic struggle, but recent events are pointing to the
negative roles played by some civil groups in the construction of platforms
for ethnic militancy and violent confrontation with other groups and the
state. Based on evidence from three cases of civil groups, the paper identifies
goals, methods, strategies and tendencies that indicate intense primordialism,
militancy and violence. The study finds that in plural societies, civil society
may become so parochial, divisive, divergent and disarticulative that it
actually undermines democracy.
Social and Economic Patterns of Landlord–Tenant Relationships in the Chao Phraya Delta, Thailand: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Molle François
Published: October 2003

For a long time, the Central Plain of Thailand has been integrated within the market economy; the resulting tenancy has often been attributed to growing social differentiation. Landowner–tenant relations constitute a focal point that mirrors economic, social and political issues. This paper focuses on these relationships and their evolution during the twentieth century. The overall picture is more balanced than commonly assumed, especially for the last thirty years, during which time real rents are shown to have declined.
Foreword by the President of the International Phonetic Association
Authors: Kohler Klaus J.
Published: October 2003

Since the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences in San Francisco in August 1999, two decisive events have set signals for the future directions of phonetics in general and of the International Phonetic Association in particular. First of all, the Permanent Council for the Organization of International Congresses of Phonetic Sciences, the principal, quadrennial international forums for the presentation of phonetic research, and the Council of the International Phonetic Association, the oldest and most prominent scientific society of phonetics, separately voted in favour of a union, with the intention to affiliate the Permanent Council as a standing subcommittee to the IPA Council and to run future Congresses under the auspices of the IPA. This will broaden and intensify the activities of the IPA in all areas of Phonetic Science, even if the phonetic descriptions of languages will remain a traditional focus of attention. Secondly, a decision was taken by the IPA Executive to reach agreement for the Association's Journal to be published by Cambridge University Press. Upon the conclusion of the contract, we can now proudly present the first issue of volume 31 of the Journal of the International Phonetic Association under its new aegis. In conjunction, the two decisions taken by the IPA open up the prospect of a powerful international platform for the distribution of the state-of-the-art and new results in phonetic research.
Ega
Authors: Connell Bruce , Ahoua Firmin , Gibbon Dafydd
Published: October 2003

Ega is an endangered language spoken in the south-central region of Côte d'Ivoire, in Divo Department. The precise number of speakers is not known at present; the 14th Ethnologue (Grimes 2000) reports 291 to 3,000, and notes that ‘the ethnic group is growing, but they are shifting to the Dida language because of intermarriage and other influences’. Our own preliminary and impressionistic work suggests the number of Ega speakers to be closer to the upper end of this range, perhaps around 2,000, but we note that Ega now serves a decreasing number of sociolinguistic functions, to the extent that in at least some villages Dida has replaced Ega as the primary language of daily use. It is also clear that the degree of intergenerational transmission is low in many, if not all, Ega villages.
New mechanisms in demosponge spicule formation
Authors: Schönberg C.H.L.
Published: October 2003

A new mechanism of demosponge spicule formation was recognized during taxonomic studies of bioeroding sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae: Clionidae). To date different spicule types have been explained by matching structures to their organic matrix, the axial thread. Bulbous structures, however, do not have an organic counterpart. Immature spicules of Cliona tinctoria and Pione caesia have irregular, rough heads. Higher magnification during scanning electron microscopy shows that silica granules are deposited regionally to form bulbs. Later silica secretion smoothens the bulb surface. Silica deposition in form of granules rather than in layers appears to be a structuring tool in tylostyles.
The breeding ecology of the pipefish Nerophis lumbriciformis and its relation to latitude and water temperature
Authors: Monteiro N. , Almada V.C. , Santos A.M. , Vieira M.N.
Published: October 2003

The breeding season of Nerophis lumbriciformis (Pisces: Syngnathidae), has not yet been determined for the southernmost part of its range. A total of 863 individuals was examined between March 1997 and November 1999. In Portugal, the breeding season of this species occurs throughout the year, with a marked reduction during summer and autumn, whilst in Britain it occurs from May to September. Despite these temporal differences, the water temperature at which breeding takes place is similar in the two areas (13–16°C). Together with preliminary laboratory observations with animals kept at different temperatures, these data support the hypothesis that the decrease in breeding activity during summer and autumn in Portugal is due to an inhibitory effect of high water temperature.
Age, growth and bathymetric distribution of red pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) on the Cretan shelf (eastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Somarakis Stylianos , Machias Athanassios
Published: October 2003

Data from bottom trawl surveys conducted each summer, winter and spring on the Cretan shelf from 1988 to 1991, were used to study the age, growth, maturity and bathymetric distribution of red pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). The good agreement of back-calculated and observed lengths-at-age with length frequencies and the marginal increment analysis, supported the annual nature of scale marks. A comparison of available growth data from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic revealed higher lengths-at-age for red pandora in the north-western Mediterranean and the Atlantic than in the central and eastern Mediterranean. The auximetric analysis, i.e. the double logarithmic plot of the parameter K of the von Bertalanffy growth function vs asymptotic length (L∞), showed a strong negative relationship for the central and eastern Mediterranean data set, implying a common ‘growth space’ for the populations in these areas. Lengths-at-maturity were lower on the Cretan shelf than in the Atlantic. These differences were attributed to the synergistic combination of trophic and thermal conditions.  Depth, temperature and salinity data were combined with biological data on abundance, fish size, age and maturity. In general, mean size increased with bottom depth because smaller individuals tended to be found in shallower and warmer waters. Individuals having reached first maturity were mainly distributed in the periphery of the algal/angiosperm meadows (60–80 m). All detailed studies of the bathymetric distribution and movements of shelf-dwelling demersal species (Mullus barbatus, Mullus surmuletus, Lepidotrigla cavillone and Pagellus erythrinus) in the Mediterranean show that these species are characterized by a spring–summer spawning season, a high concentration of spawning adults at mid-shelf depths, and nursery grounds located in the vegetated shallows. This multispecies pattern might have an adaptive function with both ecological and management implications.
Orientation of Chelonibia patula (Crustacea: Cirripedia) on the carapace of its crab host is determined by the feeding mechanism of the adult barnacles
Authors: Pasternak Zohar , Abelson Avigdor , Achituv Yair
Published: October 2003

The location and orientation of epizooic barnacles on the surface of their host is crucially important to the survival and growth of the animal and is determined at the time of settlement by the cyprid larva. The present study examines the location and orientation of Chelonibia patula barnacles on the upper surface of the carapace of the crab Portunus pelagicus from the Mediterrannean coast of Israel. Cirral activity behaviour patterns, such as turning angles of the cirral fan, types of cirral motion, and beat duration were determined with respect to the angular deviation of the rostro-carinal axis (RCA) of the barnacles from the direction of the incoming flow. While small barnacles (up to 1 cm rostro-carinal length) perform normal feeding beats and turn the cirral fan towards the incoming flow at all angles up to 180°, larger barnacles (>1 cm rostro-carinal length) do not extend their cirri when oriented at RCA angles exceeding 120°. Nearly all the sampled barnacles are oriented on the carapace at RCA angles of no more than 120° with respect to the anterior margin of the host crab, which is the predominant direction of incoming flow and food. It is concluded that larval choice of orientation at settlement is determined according to the direction of the current and the anticipated food-gathering ability of the adult barnacle.
Biomonitoring of trace metal availabilities in the Thames estuary using a suite of littoral biomonitors
Authors: Rainbow P.S. , Smith B.D. , Lau S.S.S.
Published: October 2003

This study employed a suite of three biomonitors to investigate trace metal pollution in the Thames estuary, a region of significant clean-up of contaminants and the cumulative return of fauna and flora over the last two decades. The biomonitors chosen are the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus (bladder wrack), the barnacle Balanus improvisus and the talitrid amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus, in order to obtain data on the bioavailabilities of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ag and Mn in the Thames estuary in 2001, as a basis for future comparisons as pollution is further reduced in the Thames. Accumulated metal concentrations in these organisms represent integrated records of the total bioavailabilities of the metals to that organism at that location over a previous time period, and comparisons of accumulated concentrations in a biomonitor between sites are indeed comparisons of the recent contaminant bioavailabilities to that biomonitor. All three biomonitors showed geographical differences in trace metal bioavailabilities along the Thames estuary. There was general agreement in the conclusions to be drawn from each of the three species used. Raised bioavailabilities of zinc, cadmium, lead, iron and manganese are present, particularly in the middle region of the Thames investigated, downstream of the effluent discharges of the sewage works at Beckton and Crossness.
Iron status of adult dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) tissues and sources of iron during embryonic development
Authors: Irwin S. , Davenport J.
Published: October 2003

Concentrations of iron in embryos and yolk sacs of dogfish Scyliorhinuscanicula (Elasmobranchii: Squaliformes) reared in natural and artificial (iron-free and iron-augmented) seawater were measured and compared with the iron content of adult dogfish tissues in order to investigate the iron budget of dogfish embryos. No difference in iron concentration between sexes was observed in adult dogfish. Liver iron concentration (89.6±5.8 μg g−1) showed the highest value among the three tissues investigated and was significantly higher than that measured in muscle (22.6±2.1 μg g−1), or developing eggs from females (40.5±2.5 μg g−1). The iron concentration in the entire contents of early eggcases (27.1±4.8 μg g−1) was lower, but not significantly different from that of eggs taken from the females. Dogfish yolk sacs from eggcases maintained in (a) natural seawater, (b) artificial seawater, and (c) artificial seawater with supplementary iron, for periods of up to six months, did not show any differences in iron content. Developing embryos from the artificial seawater with supplementary iron treatment demonstrated elevated iron concentrations (62.4±12.0 μg g−1) when compared with those from the remaining two treatments (35.8±5.8 and 35.1±2.7 μg g−1 respectively). The results identify maternal investment as the primary contributor to the iron burden of juvenile dogfish, and demonstrate the ability of the embryos to supplement this supply from their environment.
Temporal variation and dynamics of pelagic variables in two contrasting coastal ecosystems
Authors: CHALKIA DIMITRA , PITTA PARASKEVI
Published: October 2003

Water column sampling for nutrients, chlorophyll-a and bacteria was carried out at different time-scales covering 12 hours and one month; ten replicated samples were taken for estimating the stochastic variability. Two sampling stations were established on the north coast of Crete (eastern Mediterranean), one in Heraklion harbour and a second one at an exposed coastal area. All variables measured were significantly higher in the port. Only chlorophyll-a showed an increasing coefficient of variation with increasing time scale at both sampling sites, whereas the other variables showed different patterns between the two sites.
Phylogeny of the family Spongicolidae (Crustacea: Stenopodidea): evolutionary trend from shallow-water free-living to deep-water sponge-associated habitat
Authors: Saito Tomomi , Takeda Masatsune
Published: October 2003

The phylogenetic relationships within the family Spongicolidae were examined based on a cladistic analysis of 38 adult morphological characters with reference to two outgroup species of the family Stenopodidae. The strict consensus tree identified Microprosthema as the most basal genus, followed by Paraspongicola, Spongicola and the remaining genera. The Spongicoloides represents the most derived genus among spongicolids. The genera Spongicola, Spongicoloides and Spongiocaris should be redefined, because they formed paraphyletic clades. The cladogram indicates that symbiosis with the hexactinellid sponges is coincident with the loss of gills, exopods on maxillipeds 2 and 3, and with the loss of spination on carapace, pereopods, abdomen, tail fan etc. These losses in the spongicolids are thought to be secondarily derived in relation to their sponge-associated habitat.
Growth patterns in biomass and size structure of Mytilus galloprovincialis cultivated in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain)
Authors: Babarro José M.F. , Labarta Uxío , Fernández-Reiriz María José
Published: October 2003

Growth of seed mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from two origins (rocky shore and collector ropes) placed on raft culture was compared. Mussel seed were cultivated following the commercial culture phases commonly used in Galician Rías: (a) from seeding to thinning-out and (b) from thinning-out to harvest. Differences in growth rate were clearly related to the phase of the culture, being significant during the first phase from seeding to thinning out (January–November 1998). In the latter phase, weight values observed for collector rope mussels were significantly higher than those for rocky shore individuals (0·65 vs 0·45 g total dry weight, 0·11 vs 0·08 g tissue dry weight, 0·53 vs 0·37 g shell dry weight and 0·09 vs 0·07 g tissue organic weight per month, respectively; P<0·001). Neither shell length nor weight (soft tissue or shell) growth rate showed differences during the second phase of the culture from thinning out to harvest (November 1998–July 1999; P>0·05). Nevertheless, in terms of output, the higher number of individuals above 70 mm (77% vs 61%) and the heavier soft tissue (and total) weight (23–30%) for collector ropes mussels when compared to rocky shore ones at harvest, highlighted the importance of choosing the former stock. Condition index (CI) did not differ at the onset of the culture between both origins (P>0·05), but mussels from collector ropes showed significantly higher values than those from the rocky shore from May to November 1998 (P<0·001) before thinning-out was undertaken. No differences in CI were observed from thinning out to harvest between both types of mussels (P>0·05). Although both populations showed normal (unimodal) size distributions at the onset of the culture, mussels from rocky shore origin fitted better to bimodal profiles throughout the first phase of the culture. These bimodal distributions of rocky shore population did disappear during the second phase suggesting a more uniform size spectrum as a consequence of the thinning out process, which involves a selection of size.
Hatch rates of loggerhead turtles and physical characteristics of the beach at Fethiye, Turkey
Authors: Türkozan Oğuz , Ilgaz Çetin , Taşkavak Ertan , Özdemir Adem
Published: October 2003

The relation of moisture content, temperature, nest depth, incubation, distance from sea and vegetation to hatching success of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, in Turkey was studied. Nineteen randomly selected clutches were examined. Moisture was found to be negatively correlated with distance from the sea (P<0·05) but positively correlated with temperature (P<0·01). Temperature was negatively correlated with incubation time. Hatching success was not correlated with any of the environmental factors examined.
Macro-infaunal biodiversity and analysis of associated feeding guilds in the Greater Minch area, Scottish west coast
Authors: Pinn Eunice H. , Robertson M.R.
Published: October 2003

Survey work was carried out in the Greater Minch area on the west coast of Scotland in 1997. The survey covered an area of 17,000 km2, extending from Kinlochbervie in the north-east to the Stanton Banks in the south-west. Acoustic and ground-truth surveys were conducted using the seabed discrimination system RoxAnn© and underwater television cameras. This paper examines the macro infaunal component of the benthic community from 28 stations sampled throughout the region. From these, 198 taxa were identified, while species per station ranged from 11 to 69 with a maximum abundance of 2100 individuals per m2. Biomass ranged from 2·3 g m−2 to 103·1 g m−2, with a mean value of 21·0 g m−2. Multivariate statistical analysis of the infaunal data revealed the presence of three benthic assemblages, which were closely related to habitat type. An investigation into the dominant feeding guilds or isotrophic groups from each assemblage revealed that surface deposit feeding dominated the very fine sand habitats while both surface and subsurface deposit feeding were very common in the silt communities. A combination of feeding types (namely carnivorous, suspension and surface-deposit feeding) was associated with the sand habitats. The findings of this study are discussed in relation to those in similar habitat types.
Seasonal variation in the feeding physiology and scope for growth of green mussels, Perna viridis in estuarine Ma Wan, Hong Kong
Authors: Wong W.H. , Cheung S.G.
Published: October 2003

Seasonal variations in feeding physiology and scope for growth of green mussels Perna viridis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) were investigated in Ma Wan, an estuarine mariculture site located in the southern waters of Hong Kong. Total particulate matter, particulate organic matter, particulate inorganic matter and organic fraction of seston (f), and food availability were monitored monthly from January to December 1998. Feeding rates, including clearance rate, filtration, ingestion and absorption, and absorption efficiency were higher in summer and autumn and lower in winter. Pseudofaeces were produced but the preferential selection of organic materials by P. viridis was not concluded. Scope for growth in  July and October were higher than in February. Activities of digestive enzymes including amylase and cellulase in the digestive diverticula and crystalline style were high in May and July and lower in February and October and correlated with f. Faster growth rates obtained for P. viridis in Hong Kong's summer are considered a result of enhanced feeding and absorption at high temperatures and f values.
Use of tracking strips and automatic cameras for detecting Critically Endangered Jerdon's coursers Rhinoptilus bitorquatus in scrub jungle in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Jeganathan Panchapakesan , Green Rhys E. , Bowden Christopher G. R. , Norris Ken , Pain Debbie , Rahmani Asad
Published: October 2003

Jerdon's courser Rhinoptilus bitorquatus is a nocturnal cursorial bird that is now only known from a small area of scrub jungle in Andhra Pradesh, India. Its population size, distribution and habitat requirements are poorly known because of its elusive habits. We conducted a trial of a survey method that involved deploying an array of 5 m long tracking strips consisting of smoothed fine soil, and checking them for footprints at regular intervals. We developed diagnostic methods for distinguishing the footprints of Jerdon's courser from those of other species. Tracks of Jerdon's courser were obtained on about one strip-night in 30 from areas where the species was known to be present. We suggest a procedure for using tracking strips to survey areas where Jerdon's courser has not yet been detected. The use of tracking strips carries a small risk of misidentification of footprints of other species, especially yellow-wattled lapwing Vanellus malarbaricus, as those of Jerdon's courser, but has the advantage that large areas can be surveyed without the use of expensive equipment or night-time fieldwork. We recommend the use of automatic camera traps to obtain confirmation of records of probable Jerdon's courser footprints.
Eternally incorrigible: the continuing-sin response to the proportionality problem of hell
Authors: HIMMA KENNETH EINAR
Published: October 2003

According to the proportionality objection to hell, infinite suffering is out of proportion to any wrong that finite human beings could commit and is hence unjust and inconsistent with God's moral perfection. The continuing-sin response concedes that eternal consignment to hell is out of proportion to the sins people commit during their earthly lives, but argues that people in hell continue to sin while in hell and, in this way, extend their consignment to hell ad infinitum. In this essay, I evaluate the continuing-sin response. In particular, I argue that whether there is a proportionality problem to begin with and whether the continuing-sin response succeeds as a response depends on the character of the suffering that is experienced in hell.