bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiogenin expression in human kidneys and Wilms' tumours: relationship with hypoxia and angiogenic factors
Authors: Ramani Pramila , Headford Alison , Sowa‐Avugrah Emile , Hunt Linda P.
Published: February 2013

Angiogenin (ANG) is a potent angiogenic factor that is up‐regulated by hypoxia. ANG expression is well documented in normal tissues and in common tumours, but its expression has not been reported in the normal human kidney or in Wilms' tumours (WT). We examined ANG expression in WTs, human fetal kidney (FK) and childhood kidney (NK) samples and studied its relationship with microvascular density (MVD) and with three other hypoxia‐induced angiogenic factors: lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and BHLHE40 (basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor E40). Total ANG protein levels were significantly lower in WTs when compared with those in 15 matched‐paired NKs. ANG immunoreactivity was observed in the glomeruli, proximal tubules and vessels in the FKs and NKs, indicating that ANG plays a physiological role in the human kidney. ANG cellular localization and distribution in 27 WTs reflected the pattern observed in the FKs. ANG colocalized with LDHA in the perinecrotic areas of untreated WTs suggesting up‐regulation by hypoxia. There was a significant correlation between CD31‐MVD and ANG‐MVD. ANG, CD31, VEGFA and BHLHE40 mRNA levels were significantly lower in 15 WTs compared with matched‐paired NKs. Univariable and multivariable statistical analyses showed significant correlations between ANG and CD31, ANG and BHLHE40 mRNAs and a weaker relationship between ANG and VEGFA mRNAs. ANG expression in WTs recapitulates that seen during nephrogenesis, and correlation with CD31‐MVDs and mRNAs is consistent with a contribution to angiogenesis in WTs. Our study contributes to the understanding of angiogenesis during development and in WTs.
Enzymatic treatment of peanut butter to reduce the concentration of major peanut allergens
Authors: Yu Jianmei , Goktepe Ipek , Ahmedna Mohamed
Published: February 2013

This study investigated the effects of enzymatic treatment of peanut butter on two‐major peanut allergens (Ara h 1 and Ara h 2). Home‐made and commercial peanut butter samples were treated with alpha‐chymotrypsin, trypsin or the combination of these enzymes and incubated at room temperature for 24 h or at 37 °C for 3 h. Treated peanut butter samples were sampled weekly for evaluation of total soluble proteins and extractable Ara h 1/Ara h 2. Data show that 1:1 alpha‐chymotrypsin: trypsin at 0.04% of enzyme‐to‐peanut butter ratio resulted in near complete reduction of extractable Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 respectively. Treatment of peanut butter with a combination of trypsin and alpha‐chymotrypsin resulted in a decrease in IgE‐binding, suggesting that enzymatic treatment has the potential to reduce the allergenicity. However, clinical tests are needed to confirm any reduction in allergenic potential. The amount of water used to disperse enzyme did not have significant effect on allergen reduction but affected the consistency and colour of treated products, especially when the amount of water added was above 5% of peanut butter weight.
Protocol of a Cluster Randomized Trial Evaluation of a Patient and Carer-Centered System of Longer-Term Stroke Care (LoTS Care)
Authors: Forster Anne , Young John , Nixon Jane , Chapman Katie , Murray Jenni , Patel Anita , Knapp Martin , Anwar Shamaila , Breen Rachel , Mellish Kirste , Holloway Ivana , Farrin Amanda
Published: February 2013

Rationale

Despite recognition of the importance of the longer-term consequences of stroke, services addressing these needs remain poorly developed. There are persuasive arguments that a community-based orientation to poststroke care, to assess, support, and coordinate relevant services, might be more helpful in minimizing longer-term stroke morbidity. To address this, an evidence-based system of care has been developed that aims to meet the longer-term needs for stroke survivors and their carers living at home in the community.

Aims

The study aims to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a purposely developed system of care for stroke patients and their carers living in the community.

Design

This is a cluster randomized, controlled trial. The trial aimed to recruit 800 patients (and their carers, if appropriate) in 32 stroke services across the United Kingdom. The system of care is delivered by health professionals undertaking a community-based liaison or coordinating role for stroke patients (termed ‘stroke care coordinators’). Stroke care coordinators in stroke services randomized to the intervention group were trained to deliver the system of care, while those randomised to the control group continued to deliver current practice.

Study outcomes

The primary outcome is patient emotional health measured using the General Health Questionnaire 12 at six-months after recruitment. Secondary outcomes include cost-effectiveness, patient functional health and carer emotional health, with final follow-up at 12 months.

Current status

Thirty-two stroke services were randomized and 800 patients and 208 carers were recruited from 29 services. Follow-up is ongoing, and trial results are expected in early 2013.
Husbandry of a Lake Victoria cichlid, the Pitch‐black fulu Haplochromis piceatus, in public aquariums: a 20 year retrospective
Authors: Hemdal J. , McMullin E.
Published: February 2013

The Lake Victoria haplochromine cichlids comprise a unique ‘species flock’ of over 500 historic species, of which perhaps only half still exist because of the introduction of invasive species and eutrophication of the Lake. Dr Les Kaufman supervised the establishment of captive populations of those cichlids he was able to acquire from Africa and Europe by developing the first North American regional studbook. Long‐term propagation of these fish was then undertaken by public aquariums in Europe and North America. One species, the Pitch‐black fulu Haplochromis piceatus, stands out as it has thrived at public aquariums and within the organizational structure of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Plans. These cooperative breeding programmes focus on the conservation of select species of threatened animals. Captive populations of H. piceatus at public aquariums in the United States show a relatively slow loss of genetic diversity. Additionally, fish in at least two breeding programmes show a higher than expected heterozygosity, indicating that these programmes are successfully keeping their fish from inbreeding. The husbandry and genetic management of this population of fish is outlined, hopefully providing useful information for nascent breeding programmes of other aquatic species at zoos and aquariums around the world.
Asymptotics of Discrete Painlevé V transcendents via the Riemann–Hilbert Approach
Authors: Xu S.‐X. , Zhao Y.‐Q.
Published: February 2013

We study a system of discrete Painlevé V equations via the Riemann–Hilbert approach. We begin with an isomonodromy problem for dPV, which admits a discrete Riemann–Hilbert problem formulation. The asymptotics of the discrete Riemann–Hilbert problem is derived via the nonlinear steepest descent method of Deift and Zhou. In the analysis, a parametrix is constructed in terms of specific Painlevé V transcendents. As a result, the asymptotics of the dPV transcendents are represented in terms of the PV transcendents. In the special case, our result confirms a conjecture of Borodin, that the difference Schlesinger equations converge to the differential Schlesinger equations at the solution level.
Extending the Resource‐Based Approach to Livelihoods: An Urban Application toTurkishGecekonduHouseholds
Authors: Eroğlu Şebnem
Published: February 2013

This article critically examines the existing conceptualizations of and explanations for the socioeconomic behaviour of poor households in order to lay the foundations of a new model designed to extend the existing resource‐based approach to livelihoods. The proposed model groups ‘household responses to poverty’ into four key types: income generation, income allocation, consumption and investment. In explaining household responses and their poverty outcomes, it focuses on the role of different resources beyond income (e.g. social capital), along with the wider structural forces and household characteristics that influence the availability and benefit delivery capacity of these resources. The new model is shown to provide a theoretically more sophisticated framework with greater explanatory power and empirical applicability.
Kinetic and Kinematic Evaluation of the Ankle Joint After Achilles Tendon Reconstruction With Free Semitendinosus Tendon Graft: Preliminary Results
Authors: Lins Carolina , Ninomya André Felipe , Bittar Cintia Kelly , de Carvalho Antônio Egydio , Cliquet Alberto
Published: February 2013

Chronic rupture of the Achilles tendon (AT) is a surgical challenge and has effects on the gait. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinetic and kinematic parameters of the ankle joint in patients with AT rupture operated using a free semitendinosus tendon graft. Thirteen patients were analyzed 6 and 12 months after surgery in a force platform, while the movements were recorded by six infrared cameras. The kinematic variables analyzed included speed, cadence, step length, percentage of stance phase, and range of movement (ROM) of the ankle joint in the sagittal and frontal planes. Kinetic data were obtained by joint movement in different phases of the gait cycle. Functional assessment was performed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. The patients showed a significant increase (P = 0.0215) in AOFAS from 68.5 (±18.7) to 85.2 (±18.0). Speed, cadence, and length of step of the four groups (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B) were lower than the control group (group 3), and the percentage in stance phase was higher for the nonoperated foot 6‐month group (1B) compared to the control group (group 3). For the kinematic data, the ROM of the ankle in stance phase increased from 6 to 12 months showing an effect of time between four groups (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B). During swing phase, the ankle ROM was lower in the operated side (effect of side, P = 0.0255) and groups 1A and 2A demonstrated statistical differences when compared with the control group (group 3) (P = 0.0240 and P = 0.0414, respectively). ROM of inversion and eversion presented effect of time among the same groups (P = 0.0059) cited before. There were no differences in kinetic data between groups. This study showed close proximity between the control group and the operated group. Furthermore, improvement was shown when comparing the 6 and 12 months postsurgery periods. The surgical procedure is therefore helpful for the patient and few changes were present in gait and ankle biomechanics.
Balloon Expandable Sheath for Transfemoral Aortic Valve Implantation: A Viable Option for Patients with Challenging Access
Authors: DIMITRIADIS ZISIS , SCHOLTZ WERNER , FABER LOTHAR , BÖRGERMANN JOCHEN , KLEIKAMP GEORG , HORSTKOTTE DIETER , WIEMER MARCUS
Published: February 2013

Background and Objectives

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) via femoral access is a new option for patients with severe aortic valve stenosis considered to be at high risk for conventional open‐heart surgery. This procedure requires peripheral arteries that are able to accommodate the large sheaths required for valve delivery. We present a series of patients with suboptimal vascular conditions, who received a self‐expandable vascular sheath.

Methods and Results

From January 2009 to September 2011, a total of 96 patients (43% male) were treated with the 18F Medtronic CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The patients' average age was 82.5 ± 4.6 years, and the mean EuroSCORE was 29%. In eight cases, vascular conditions were inadequate either due to advanced atherosclerotic disease (n = 5, 62.5%), or an arterial diameter ≤7 mm (n = 3, 37.5%). Instead of the standard 18F sheath, a balloon‐expandable transfemoral introducer (SoloPath™‐Introducer, Onset Medical Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA) was delivered and removed without complications in all but one (87.5%) patient. In the last case, rupture of the right femoral artery occurred after removal of the sheath with the need of vascular surgery.

Conclusion

The SoloPath sheath is a feasible alternative to conventional sheaths for transfemoral TAVR patients with difficult femoral vascular access.
Genotype–phenotype associations in filaggrin loss‐of‐function mutation carriers
Authors: Landeck Lilla , Visser Maaike , Kezic Sanja , John Swen M.
Published: February 2013

Background. Loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) have been reported to be associated with specific phenotypic characteristics such as hyperlinearity and keratosis pilaris.

Objectives. To study phenotypic features in patients with occupational irritant contact eczema of the hands in relation to FLG loss‐of‐function mutations.

Materials and methods. In a prospective cohort study, genotype was determined for 459 study subjects for four FLG null alleles, and investigated for selected history, clinical and laboratory features.

Results. Overall, 68 patients showed a mutation in the FLG alleles R501X, R2447X, S3247X, and/or 2282del4. Flexural eczema, xerosis cutis, pityriasis alba, dirty neck, pulpitis sicca, hyperlinear palms, keratosis pilaris and family history of eczema were positively associated with FLG mutations (p < 0.05). Although we observed a statistically significant correlation with higher serum IgE in FLG mutation carriers, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic asthma were not over‐represented in this group.

Conclusion. This study shows further genotype–phenotype correlations in patients with occupational irritant contact eczema and FLG mutation carrier status. These features may help to identify those with FLG mutations on a specific phenotype basis.
The Human Right to Subsistence
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: February 2013

Is there a human right to subsistence? A satisfactory answer to this question will explain what makes human rights distinctive, what is meant by subsistence, and why subsistence is an appropriate content of a human right. This article situates the human right to subsistence within the context of recent philosophical discussions of human rights. The argument for human subsistence rights provides an instructive example of how to understand what human rights are, why we must affirm them, and how they fit together as a coherent group. I begin the article by outlining the meaning, content, and justification of human rights in general. I then identify the strongest arguments for affirming a human right to subsistence and the most powerful objections to such a right. Finally, I address the worry about human rights inflation and question any minimalist understanding of human rights that would either exclude subsistence rights altogether or limit their scope in certain ways.
Computer‐assisted foreign language instruction: task based vs. form focused
Authors: Arslanyilmaz A.
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this article is twofold: to describe a prototype for a computer‐assisted task‐based language instruction (CATBI) tool designed and developed for Turkish as a Foreign Language, and to report on the effectiveness of the CATBI tool. More specifically, this work discusses an experimental study that examined the role of teaching approach in foreign language development by comparing CATBI to computer‐assisted form‐focused language instruction (CAFFI) on language production in terms of accuracy, lexical complexity, and fluency. For a duration of 7 days, two intermediate‐level Turkish as a Foreign Language classes consisting of 28 high school students participated in this experiment. The classes were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: an experimental group with CATBI and a control group with CAFFI. Statistical analyses revealed that students in the CATBI group produced significantly better and more fluent language than students with CAFFI. However, no significant effects were found in terms of accuracy and lexical complexity of the language produced. Based on these results, it was concluded that CATBI is more effective than CAFFI in enhancing language production in general, and fluency in particular.
Left Atrial Sphericity: A New Method to Assess Atrial Remodeling. Impact on the Outcome of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: Bisbal Felipe , Guiu Esther , Calvo Naiara , Marin David , Berruezo Antonio , Arbelo Elena , Ortiz‐Pérez José , de Caralt Teresa María , Tolosana José María , Borràs Roger , Sitges Marta , Brugada Josep , MONT LLUÍS
Published: February 2013

Left Atrial Sphericity Predicts AF Ablation Outcome

 Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation outcome is mainly determined by atrial remodeling that, nowadays, is only estimated through clinical presentation (persistent vs. paroxysmal) and left atrial (LA) dimension. The aim of the study was to stage the atrial remodeling process using the Left Atrial Sphericity (LASP) and determine whether this technique may help to predict AF ablation outcome.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent contrast‐enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance angiography before AF ablation were included in the study. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of LA excluding pulmonary veins and the LA appendage was used to define the LA cavity. The LASP was automatically obtained with self‐customized software.

Results

106 patients were included and categorized in 3 groups (Gs): discoid‐LA (G1), intermediate‐LA (G2), and spherical‐LA (G3). The G3 patients had larger LA anteroposterior diameter than G1 and G2 patients (47 ± 7 vs 43 ± 6 and 39 ± 5mm; P < 0.001), greater LA volume (90 ± 39 vs 86 ± 24 and 73 ± 20 mm; P = 0.012), and higher prevalence of persistent AF (75% vs 48% and 29%; P = 0.034) structural heart disease (75% vs 19% and 19%; P < 0.001), and AF recurrence at 12 months follow‐up (58% vs 29% and 5%, P < 0.001). The LASP had linear correlation to predicted probability of recurrence. Multivariate analysis identified LASP (OR 1.320 [1.096–1.591], P = 0.004) and hypertension (OR 3.694 [1.282–10.645]; P = 0.016) as independent risk factors for arrhythmia recurrence.

Conclusion

Left Atrial Sphericity is a new independent predictor of recurrence after AF ablation and may be useful in selecting the best candidates for AF ablation.
Perinatal Testosterone Exposure and Maternal Care Effects on the Female Rat's Development and Sexual Behaviour
Authors: Borrow A. P. , Levy M. J. , Soehngen E. P. , Cameron N. M.
Published: February 2013

Natural variations in maternal care have profound influences on offspring behaviour, brain activity and hormone release. Measuring the amount of time that a rat dam spends licking/grooming (LG) her pups during their first week of life allows for characterisation of distinctive Low, Mid and High LG phenotypes. We have previously found that female offspring of High LG mothers are less sexually receptive, less motivated to mate and show a later onset of puberty relative to Low LG offspring. Given that High LG females are exposed to greater levels of testosterone in utero, we hypothesise that differences in sexual behaviour between High and Low LG female offspring are driven in part by differences in prenatal hormone exposure. To test this hypothesis, pregnant dams pre‐characterised as Low, Mid, or High LG mothers were implanted with testosterone or placebo on gestational day (GD) 16. Offspring body weight and anogenital index were assessed at GD 21 and in adulthood. Age of vaginal opening and oestrous cyclicity were assessed to determine the timing of pubertal onset. Testosterone exposure removed the difference between LG phenotypes in pubertal onset by delaying vaginal opening and the appearance of first pro‐oestrus. In adulthood, sexual behaviour in a paced mating chamber after sham surgery or ovariectomy with steroid‐replacement was examined. Our findings show that Low, Mid and High LG female offspring are differentially affected by perinatal testosterone exposure, and that this exposure removes the precocial pubertal onset of Low LG offspring and increases the sexual proceptivity and receptivity of High LG offspring. These results suggest that maternal programming of the female reproductive system may be mediated, in part, through differences in perinatal testosterone exposure, instead of solely through maternal behaviour.
PREDICTION MARKETS IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Deck Cary , Porter David
Published: February 2013

Prediction markets are becoming an ever more popular method for aggregating disparate information. Companies use prediction markets to forecast sales, release dates, and other internal activities. Recently, several well‐known economists have argued that government ought to eliminate impediments to unleashing the power of prediction markets broadly. This survey paper looks at the laboratory experiments which provide part of the scientific justification for using prediction markets. These systems work because people who have private knowledge can use this “insider information” in the market, but doing so causes the price to reflect these data. Starting with early experiments that show markets can, under certain circumstances, aggregate information, we discuss the robustness of prediction markets to various design features. We also discuss places where performance does not match rhetoric and briefly look at experimental comparisons of alternative information aggregating institutions. Another issue consistently raised regarding the implementation of prediction markets is the degree to which traders can manipulate prices and thus the information gleaned. By following a series of experiments on manipulation, we present the circumstances that are and are not sufficient for manipulation attempts to be successful. Finally, we offer suggestions on where we believe future experiments are needed in this area.
Identical Preferences Lower Bound for Allocation of Heterogenous Tasks and NIMBY Problems
Authors: YENGIN DUYGU
Published: February 2013

We study the allocation of collectively owned indivisible goods when monetary transfers are possible. We restrict our attention to incentive‐compatible mechanisms which allocate the goods efficiently. Among these mechanisms, we characterize those that respect the identical preferences lower bound: each agent should be at least as well off as in a hypothetical economy where all agents have the same preference as hers, no agent envies another, and the budget is balanced.
Unit Versus Ad Valorem Taxes: The Private Ownership of Monopoly in General Equilibrium
Authors: BLACKORBY CHARLES , MURTY SUSHAMA
Published: February 2013

Employing a general equilibrium framework, Blackorby and Murty prove that, with a monopoly and under 100% profit taxation and uniform lump‐sum transfers, the utility possibility sets of economies with unit and ad valorem taxes are identical. This welfare equivalence is in contrast to most previous studies, which demonstrate the superiority of the ad valorem tax in a partial equilibrium framework. In this paper, we relax the assumption of 100% profit taxation and allow the consumers to receive profit incomes from ownership of shares in the monopoly firm. We find that, under certain regularity conditions, for any fixed vector of profit shares, the utility possibility sets of economies with unit and ad valorem taxes are not generally identical. But it does not imply that one completely dominates the other. Rather, the two utility possibility frontiers cross each other. Additionally, employing a standard partial equilibrium welfare analysis, we show that the Marshallian social surpluses resulting from the two tax structures are identical when the government can implement unrestricted transfers.
Common Core State Standards, Writing, and Students with LD: Recommendations
Authors: Graham Steve , Harris Karen R.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the Common Core State Standards as they apply to writing and students with learning disabilities (LD). We first consider why the implementation of these standards is advantageous to writing instruction for students with LD as well as the challenges in implementing them. Next, we make the following four recommendations in terms of their implementation: (1) increase general and special education teachers’ knowledge about writing development; (2) create a writing environment in which students with LD can thrive; (3) employ evidence‐based writing practices in general education classes (where most students with LD are taught); and (4) use evidence‐based writing practices effective with students with LD. We conclude by considering research that still needs to be undertaken to help educators maximize the probability that students with and without LD meet the writing benchmarks proposed in these Standards.
OPTIMAL INSURANCE DESIGN UNDER RANK‐DEPENDENT EXPECTED UTILITY
Authors: Bernard Carole , He Xuedong , Yan Jia‐An , Zhou Xun Yu
Published: February 2013

We consider an optimal insurance design problem for an individual whose preferences are dictated by the rank‐dependent expected utility (RDEU) theory with a concave utility function and an inverse‐S shaped probability distortion function. This type of RDEU is known to describe human behavior better than the classical expected utility. By applying the technique of quantile formulation, we solve the problem explicitly. We show that the optimal contract not only insures large losses above a deductible but also insures small losses fully. This is consistent, for instance, with the demand for warranties. Finally, we compare our results, analytically and numerically, both to those in the expected utility framework and to cases in which the distortion function is convex or concave.
CORRELATION UNDER STRESS IN NORMAL VARIANCE MIXTURE MODELS
Authors: Kalkbrener Michael , Packham Natalie
Published: February 2013

We investigate correlations of asset returns in stress scenarios where a common risk factor is truncated. Our analysis is performed in the class of normal variance mixture (NVM) models, which encompasses many distributions commonly used in financial modeling. For the special cases of jointly normally and t‐distributed asset returns we derive closed formulas for the correlation under stress. For the NVM distribution, we calculate the asymptotic limit of the correlation under stress, which depends on whether the variables are in the maximum domain of attraction of the Fréchet or Gumbel distribution. It turns out that correlations in heavy‐tailed NVM models are less sensitive to stress than in medium‐ or light‐tailed models. Our analysis sheds light on the suitability of this model class to serve as a quantitative framework for stress testing, and as such provides valuable information for risk and capital management in financial institutions, where NVM models are frequently used for assessing capital adequacy. We also demonstrate how our results can be applied for more prudent stress testing.
Two new eucrite breccias from Northwest Africa
Authors: SINGERLING Sheryl A. , MODI Aubrey L. , MCFERRIN Blake , WORSHAM Emily A. , MCSWEEN Harry Y. , RUMBLE Douglas , TANAKA Ryoji , TAYLOR Lawrence A.
Published: February 2013

Abstract– This work describes two newly discovered eucrite breccias: three presumably paired meteorites, all named Northwest Africa (NWA) 6105, and NWA 6106. For each meteorite, major‐ and minor‐element compositions of minerals were determined using the electron microprobe. Pyroxene Fe‐Mn co‐variations and bulk‐rock oxygen isotope compositions confirm their classification as eucrites. Variations in mineral compositions and textures are attributed to differences in clast types present (i.e., basaltic or cumulate eucrite). The pyroxene compositions support the hypothesis that samples NWA 6105,1; 6105,2; and 6105,3 are paired polymict eucritic breccias, whereas sample NWA 6106 is a monomict basaltic eucritic breccia. Two‐pyroxene geothermometry yields temperatures too low for igneous crystallization. The variation in temperatures among samples suggests that metamorphism occurred prior to brecciation.
Petrography of impact glasses and melt breccias from the El'gygytgyn impact structure, Russia
Authors: Pittarello Lidia , Koeberl Christian
Published: February 2013

The El'gygytgyn impact structure, 18 km in diameter and 3.6 Ma old, in Arctic Siberia, Russia, is the only impact structure on Earth mostly excavated in acidic volcanic rocks. The Late Cretaceous volcanic target includes lavas, tuffs, and ignimbrites of rhyolitic, dacitic, and andesitic composition, and local occurrence of basalt. Although the ejecta blanket around the crater is nearly completely eroded, bomb‐shaped impact glasses, redeposited after the impact event, occur in lacustrine terraces within the crater. Here we present detailed petrographic descriptions of newly collected impact glass‐bearing samples. The observed features contribute to constrain the formation of the melt and its cooling history within the framework of the impact process. The collected samples can be grouped into two types, characterized by specific features: (1) “pure” glasses, containing very few clasts or new crystals and which were likely formed during the early stages of cratering and (2) a second type, which represents composite samples with impact melt breccia lenses embedded in silicate glass. These mixed samples probably resulted from inclusion of unmelted impact debris during ejection and deposition. After deposition the glassy portions continued to deform, whereas the impact melt breccia inclusions that probably had already cooled down behaved as rigid bodies in the flow.
Multiple melting in a four‐layered barred‐olivine chondrule with compositionally heterogeneous glass from LL3.0 Semarkona
Authors: Rubin Alan E.
Published: February 2013

Chondrule K7p from LL3.0 Semarkona consists of four nested barred‐olivine (BO) chondrules. The innermost BO chondrule (chondrule 1) formed by complete melting of an olivine‐rich dustball. After formation, the chondrule was incorporated into another olivine‐rich dustball. A second heating event caused this second dustball to melt; the mesostasis and some of the olivine in chondrule 1 were probably also melted at this time, but the chondrule 1 structure remained largely intact. At this stage, the object was an enveloping compound BO chondrule. This two‐step process of melting and dustball enshrouding repeated two more times. The different proportions of olivine and glass in chondrules 1–4 suggest that the individual precursor dustballs differed in the amounts of chondrule fragments they contained and the mineral proportions in those fragments. The final dustball (which ultimately formed chondrule 4) was somewhat more ferroan; after melting, crystallizing, and quenching, chondrule 4 contained olivine and glass with higher FeO and MnO contents than those of the earlier formed chondrules. Subsequent aqueous alteration on the LL parent body transformed the abundant metal blebs and stringers at the chondrule surface into carbide, iron oxide, and minor Ni‐rich metal. Portions of the mesostasis underwent dissolution, producing holes and adjacent blades of more resistant material. Much of the glass in the chondrule remained isotropic, even after minor hydration and leaching. The sharp, moderately lobate boundary between the extensively altered mesostasis and the isotropic glass represents the reaction front beyond which there was little or no glass dissolution.
Isolated in an ocean of grass: low levels of gene flow between termite subpopulations
Authors: Schmidt Anna M. , Jacklyn Peter , Korb Judith
Published: February 2013

Habitat fragmentation is one of the most important causes of biodiversity loss, but many species are distributed in naturally patchy habitats. Such species are often organized in highly dynamic metapopulations or in patchy populations with high gene flow between subpopulations. Yet, there are also species that exist in stable patchy habitats with small subpopulations and presumably low dispersal rates. Here, we present population genetic data for the ‘magnetic’ termiteAmitermes meridionalis,which show that short distances between subpopulations do not hinder exceptionally strong genetic differentiation (FST: 0.339;RST: 0.636). Despite the strong genetic differentiation between subpopulations, we did not find evidence for genetic impoverishment. We propose that loss of genetic diversity might be counteracted by a long colony life with low colony turnover. Indeed, we found evidence for the inheritance of colonies by so‐called ‘replacement reproductives’. Inhabiting a mound for several generations might result in loss of gene diversity within a colony but maintenance of gene diversity at the subpopulation level.
Control of the chewing louse Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus in donkeys, using essential oils
Authors: ELLSE L. , BURDEN F. A. , WALL R.
Published: February 2013

Infestations by lice can be a significant clinical and welfare issue in the management of large animals. The limited range of commercial pediculicides available and the development of resistance have led to the need to explore alternative louse management approaches. The results of in vitro and in vivo trials undertaken to control populations of the donkey chewing louse, Bovicola ocellatus (Piaget) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) using the essential oils of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) are reported here. Results of contact and vapour bioassays showed that 5% (v/v) tea tree and lavender oils resulted in > 80% louse mortality after 2 h of exposure. On farms, separate groups of 10 donkeys sprayed with 5% (v/v) tea tree and lavender oil as part of their usual grooming regime showed significant reductions in louse numbers compared with a control group (0.2% polysorbate 80 in water). These findings indicate that tea tree and lavender essential oils can provide clinically useful levels of control of B. ocellatus when used as part of a grooming routine and suggest that with further development could form the basis of an easy to apply and valuable component of a louse management programme for donkeys.
α‐Secretase cleaved amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulates in cholinergic dystrophic neurites in normal, aged hippocampus
Authors: Yoon S.‐Y. , Choi J.‐U. , Cho M.‐H. , Yang K.‐M. , Ha H. , Chung I. J. , Cho G. S. , Kim D.‐H.
Published: February 2013

Aims

Dystrophic neurites are associated with β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and are also found in some specific areas of normal, aged brains. This study assessed the molecular characteristics of dystrophic neurites in normal ageing and its difference from AD.

Methods

We compared the dystrophic neurites in normal aged human brains (age 20–70 years) and AD brains (Braak stage 4–6) by immunostaining against ChAT, synaptophysin, γ‐tubulin, cathepsin‐D, Aβ1–16, Aβ17–24, amyloid precursor protein (APP)‐CT695 and APP‐NT. We then tested the reproducibility in C57BL/6 mice neurone cultures.

Results

In normal, aged mice and humans, we found an increase in clustered dystrophic neurites of cholinergic neurones in CA1 regions of the hippocampus and layer II and III regions of the entorhinal cortex, which are the major and earliest affected areas in AD. These dystrophic neurites showed accumulation of sAPPα peptides cleaved from the amyloid precursor protein by α‐secretase rather than Aβ or C‐terminal fragments. In contrast, Aβ and APP‐CTFs accumulated in the dystrophic neurites in and around Aβ plaques of AD patients. Several experiments suggested that the accumulation of sAPPα resulted from ageing‐related proteasomal dysfunction.

Conclusions

Ageing‐associated impairment of the proteasomal system and accumulation of sAPPα at cholinergic neurites in specific areas of brain regions associated with memory could be associated with the normal decline of memory in aged individuals. In addition, these age‐related changes might be the most vulnerable targets of pathological insults that result in pathological accumulation of Aβ and/or APP‐CTFs and lead to neurodegenerative conditions such as AD.
The efficacy of tincture of benzoin compound in the management of extraction sockets of mesio‐angularly impacted mandibular third molars
Authors: Anyanechi C.E. , Saheeb B.D.
Published: February 2013

Aim

To clinically determine the efficacy of tincture of benzoin compound in the treatment and prevention of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) following surgical disimpaction of mesio‐angularly impacted mandibular third molars.

Patients and methods

This is a 6‐year prospective study of 232 patients with mesio‐angularly impacted mandibular third molars requiring dental extractions at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. The subjects were recruited into two different groups, A (control) and B (tincture of benzoin compound), by simple random sampling.

Results

In Groups A and B, 16 (13.8%) and 3 (2.6%) of the subjects, respectively, developed alveolar osteitis. There were more males (n = 123, 53.0%) than females (n = 109, 47.0%) in the two groups, with male‐to‐female ratio of 3:1. There were more subjects (n = 11, 68.7%) between 25–44 years in Group A, with a mean age of 31.5 years, than in Group B, with a mean age of 28.3 years. The most common reason for extraction was dental caries and its sequelae (n = 121, 52.1%).

Conclusion

This study suggests that the tincture of benzoin compound is beneficial and safe in the treatment and prevention of alveolar osteitis.
Positive ProbeTec Tests in Fresh Specimens from Malignant Musculoskeletal Tumors: a Case Series
Authors: Ang Chia‐liang , Foo Leon Siang‐shen , Sun Shichao , Kesavan Sittampalam
Published: February 2013

Objective

To report a case series of patients with high‐grade musculoskeletal sarcomas whose biopsies of fresh specimens yielded positive Becton Dickinson ProbeTec tests, in addition to confirming diagnoses of high‐grade sarcomas.

Methods

Fresh biopsies of high‐grade musculoskeletal sarcomas were subjected to ProbeTec tests.

Results

The biopsies of three Chinese patients aged 65, 49 and 78 years with high‐grade musculoskeletal sarcomas had positive Becton Dickinson ProbeTec tests. These patients’ overall clinical pictures were not consistent with active tuberculous infections, which suggested that the ProbeTec test results were false‐positives. The reason for this is not known but it is postulated that there is homology between the primers used for the ProbeTec test and the molecular properties of high‐grade sarcomas.

Conclusion

With the increasing use of the ProbeTec test in clinical practice, fellow surgeons and pathologists are encouraged to be aware of this phenomenon.
The “Medio‐Latero‐Superior Trajectory Technique”: an Alternative Cortical Trajectory for Pedicle Fixation
Authors: Mobbs Ralph J.
Published: February 2013

An alternative pedicle trajectory for use at the superior end of a construct to limit dissection of the mobile superior facet joint and reduce incision length and muscle dissection, thus minimizing approach‐related trauma during pedicle fixation, is reported. The medio‐latero‐superior trajectory technique involves a starting point on the medial aspect of the pars and angulation of the pedicle screw in a mediolateral and caudocranial direction. This approach takes advantage of a predominantly cortical trajectory to assist with bone fixation. Drawbacks of this new screw trajectory are discussed along with its potential benefits.
Isotopic Tracing for Calculating the Surface Density of Arginine–glycine–aspartic acid‐containing Peptide on Allogeneic Bone
Authors: Hou Xiao‐bin , Hu Yong‐cheng , He Jin‐quan
Published: February 2013

Objective

To investigate the feasibility of determining the surface density of arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) peptides grafted onto allogeneic bone by an isotopic tracing method involving labeling these peptides with 125I, evaluating the impact of the input concentration of RGD peptides on surface density and establishing the correlation between surface density and their input concentration.

Methods

A synthetic RGD‐containing polypeptide (EPRGDNYR) was labeled with 125I and its specific radioactivity calculated. Reactive solutions of RGD peptide with radioactive 125I‐RGD as probe with input concentrations of 0.01 mg/mL, 0.10 mg/mL, 0.50 mg/mL, 1.00 mg/mL, 2.00 mg/mL and 4.00 mg/mL were prepared. Using 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide as a cross‐linking agent, reactions were induced by placing allogeneic bone fragments into reactive solutions of RGD peptide of different input concentrations. On completion of the reactions, the surface densities of RGD peptides grafted onto the allogeneic bone fragments were calculated by evaluating the radioactivity and surface areas of the bone fragments. The impact of input concentration of RGD peptides on surface density was measured and a curve constructed.

Results

Measurements by a radiodensity γ‐counter showed that the RGD peptides had been labeled successfully with 125I. The allogeneic bone fragments were radioactive after the reaction, demonstrating that the RGD peptides had been successfully grafted onto their surfaces. It was also found that with increasing input concentration, the surface density increased.

Conclusion

It was concluded that the surface density of RGD peptides is quantitatively related to their input concentration. With increasing input concentration, the surface density gradually increases to saturation value.
Ordinal regression models for predicting deoxynivalenol in winter wheat
Authors: Landschoot S. , Waegeman W. , Audenaert K. , Haesaert G. , De Baets B.
Published: February 2013

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent toxins inFusarium‐infected wheat samples. Accurate forecasting systems that predict the presence ofDONare useful to underpin decision making on the application of fungicides, to identify fields under risk, and to help minimize the risk of food and feed contamination withDON. To this end, existing forecasting systems often adopt statistical regression models, in which attempts are made to predictDONvalues as a continuous variable. In contrast, this paper advocates the use of ordinal regression models for the prediction ofDONvalues, by defining thresholds for converting continuousDONvalues into a fixed number of well‐chosen risk classes. Objective criteria for selecting these thresholds in a meaningful way are proposed. The resulting approach was evaluated on a sizeable field experiment in Belgium, for which measurements ofDONvalues and various types of predictor variables were collected at 18 locations during 2002–2011. The results demonstrate that modelling and evaluatingDONvalues on an ordinal scale leads to a more accurate and more easily interpreted predictive performance. Compared to traditional regression models, an improvement could be observed for support vector ordinal regression models and proportional odds models.
Presidential Position Taking and the Puzzle of Representation
Authors: Eshbaugh‐Soha Matthew , Rottinghaus Brandon
Published: February 2013

A significant debate rages in the literature. Although going public success is a function of mass public support for a policy, presidents respond to partisan liberalism in their public rhetoric. This presents a puzzle: how do presidents reconcile their need to target policies that are popular with the mass public to go public successfully, when they respond primarily to partisan opinion in their speeches? Our comparison of the president's policy proposals from 1989 through 2008 with both centrist and partisan public opinion reveals that presidents are more partisan than centrist in their policy priorities, which adds weight to the partisan representation side of this debate.
What's So Sinister about Presidential Signing Statements?
Authors: Ostrander Ian , Sievert Joel
Published: February 2013

Presidential signing statements, especially “constitutional” ones, have been characterized as line‐item vetoes and a general abuse of power. But are signing statements so sinister? We suggest that the popular unilateral powers framework, as applied to signing statements, is inappropriate and that signing statements of all types function more like a dialogue with Congress. Using content analysis of all signing statements from 1977 to 2010, we demonstrate that signing statements routinely address general interbranch themes rather than the substance of a law. We thus provide a new perspective on presidential signing statements as a continuation of interbranch dialogue.
Polls and Elections: The New Deal Realignment in Real Time
Authors: Norpoth Helmut , Sidman Andrew H. , Suong Clara H.
Published: February 2013

Right after the 1936 election the Gallup Poll began probing party identification. From then on until 1952, when the National Election Studies entered the field, nearly 200 surveys produced measurements of partisanship in the American electorate. We exploit this largely unexplored data set to examine the partisan transformation commonly called the New Deal Realignment in real time. It turns out that it was not until the late 1940s that the Democratic Party secured an enduring hold on the American electorate. The New Deal and the Depression had less to do with this change than did World War II and the postwar prosperity. The lead cohort of the Democratic surge in party identification was the generation that came of age during the 1940s, not the 1930s. The findings suggest that a historic crisis or a new policy program may not be enough to realign partisanship in the electorate but that it takes the success of the ascendant party in mastering historic crises.
The Law: Obama's Executive Privilege and Holder's Contempt: “Operation Fast and Furious”
Authors: Fisher Louis
Published: February 2013

In his first use of executive privilege, President Barack Obama on June 20, 2012, denied Congress access to documents related to the “Fast and Furious” operation carried out by the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) agency. The program permitted more than two thousand assault guns to leave the United States and enter Mexico, leading to the deaths of hundreds of Mexicans. Initially, the Justice Department denied that ATF ever intended to have guns flow to Mexico. Ten months later the department conceded that its statement was “inaccurate.” Congressional efforts to obtain agency documents resulted in a House contempt citation against Attorney General Eric Holder, prompting Obama to invoke executive privilege.
The Implications of Social Neuroscience for Expectation States Theories
Authors: Melamed David , Abromaviciute Jurgita
Published: February 2013

We review recent findings from the social neuroscience literature that links status differentiation between individuals to neurological processes, and draw out the implications of those findings for expectation states theories, including its dominant theory of status‐organizing processes – Status Characteristics Theory. Our underlying assumption and implicit argument is that social neuroscience research is useful for both bolstering and corroborating some core sociological claims. In addition, it sheds light on some of the ongoing theoretical debates within sociology. We highlight and discuss the following four social neuroscience findings: 1) Neural activity varies depending on whether an individual is interacting with someone of a lower, equal, or higher status; 2) There is an interplay between status and affect such that status processes may promote the control of emotional reactions; 3) Both men and women are neurologically attuned to high status opposite sex conspecifics; and, 4) Status differences are processed in the same region of the brain as numerical or size differences, and this region is responsible for the coding of information along continuous dimensions. The implications of these points are discussed with respect to sociological theories.