bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fluorescence of ‘the Serum in Rats with Alloxan Diabetes and Cataract. I. Intensity Determinations
Authors: BROLIN SVEN ELOV
Published: December 2008

The theory has been presented that fluorescing compounds are deposited in the lens at the formation of an experimental diabetic cataract. The increase of the lens fluorescence was previously stated. A marked and significant increase of the serum fluorescence has been recorded in rats with alloxan diabetes, complicated by cataracts. No change of the fluorescence intensity could be observed in other experimental groups comprising diabetes with clear lenses and alloxan treatment, not giving rise to diabetes. Special regard was paid to hemolysis, different emptied blood deph, pH and absorption in different spectral regions of the serum samples. but the influence of these factors did not constitute any appreciable source of error.
On the Excretion of Bile Acid Derivatives in Feces of‘ Rats fed Cholic Acid‐24‐14C and Chenodesoxycholic Acid‐24‐14C.: Bile Acids nnd Steroids 19.
Authors: LINDSTEDT SVEN , NORMAN ARNE
Published: December 2008

Cholic acid‐24‐14C and chenodesoxycholic acid‐24‐14C were given intraperitoneally to rats and the excretory products in the feces were studied:

1. The given amount is practically completely recovered in feces within 10 days.

2. The acidic products in the feces have been separated by partition chromatography. Only minor amounts were found in the conjugated form. The complicated patterns indicate extensive changes on the bile acid molecule by microbial enzyme systems.

3. The different bands observed on the chromatograms of fecal material after administering labelled cholic and chenodesoxy‐cholic acid together show the same bands that are observed after administration of ring labelled cholesterol.
Propagation Velocity in Electrically Activated Muscle Fibres in Man
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , GULD CHRISTIAN , ROSENFALCK POUL
Published: December 2008

The arrival time of muscle action potentials evoked by direct local stimulation was determined in 3 to 5 points of the brachial biceps.

The stimulus artifact was reduced by stimulating with a bipolar electrode via a doubly screened transformer with the screen around the secondary coil connected to the muscle.

It was ascertained that potentials from the same few fibres were picked up at the different electrodes as indicated by an identical threshold for the steep potentials of short duration.

The propagation velocity was constant over 10–11 cm muscle length investigated and, therefore, the muscle fibres must pass uninterrupted over this distance.

In ten subjects the propagation velocity varied between 3.3 and 5.2 m/sec. and averaged 4.02 ± 0.13 m/sec. (36.5°C.). In different regions of the same muscle it varied up to 15 per cent. There was no significant difference in the velocity over muscles from subjects of different age (3–74) years). The small variation in propagation velocity in spite of large differences in fibre circumference (2.5–3) times, 19 biopsies) suggest the presence of a mechanism which synchronizes the propagation of the impulses from a small group of simultaneously activated fibres.

Differences in propagation velocity of the order of magnitude found with electrical stimulation can only account for a minor part of the variation in muscle action potential duration obtained with random leads at voluntary effort.
The Influence of the Adrenal Cortex on the Citric Acid Concentration of the Guinea Pig's Blood Serum
Authors: AGRELL INGA.‐GKETA , LINDELL S.‐E. , WESTLING H.
Published: December 2008

1. In guinea pigs adrenalectomy was followed by a significant increase in the citric acid content of blood serum, determined with Thunberg's enzymatic methylene blue method.

2. This increase could be prevented by cortisone or DCA.

3. After sham operations subnormal serum citrate values were found.
The Mode of Neuromuscular Block Caused by Acetylcholine, Nicotine, Decamethonium and Suecinylcholine1
Authors: THESLEFF STEPHEN
Published: December 2008

The neuromuscular block produced in frog muscle by acetylcholine, nicotine, decamethonium and succinylcholine has been investigated with extracellular and intracellular recording electrodes.

The agents investigated are found to act on the neuromuscular junction in a qualitatively similar way.

They cause a brief depolarization of the end‐plate regions, which nevertheless subsides spontaneously without removal of the agents, and restoration of the membrane potential to about its normal value takes place.

A neuromuscular block develops during the phase of depolarization and persists despite repolarization of the muscle membrane.

The period of depolarization is not accompanied by a maximum of neuromuscular block, and a complete neuromuscular block does not develop until the membrane potential of the end‐plate regions is restored to about its normal value.

During the block of neuromuscular transmission, the end‐plate regions of the muscle are insensitive to the depolarizing effect of the transmitter substance.

It is concluded that the neuromuscular block caused by acetyl‐choline, nicotine, decamethonium and succinylcholine is not due to a persistent depolarization of the end‐plate regions or of adjacent muscle membrane, but to a decrease in sensitivity of the end‐plate to the transmitter substance.

The effects of the agents on the time‐course of the end‐plate potential and on the electrical threshold of the muscle membrane have been investigated.

The results and their implications are discussed with reference to existing theories on the mode of neuromuscular block caused by the agents investigated.
A Combination of Rhodanese and Ethanethio‐sulfonate as an Antidote in Experimental Cyanide Poisoning.
Authors: CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , HULTMAN HOLTER I:SON , SORBO BO
Published: December 2008

The LD50 for rapidly intravenously injected HCN was increased about 15 to 20 times by a previous intravenous injection of rhodanese and ethanethiosulfonate. The therapeutic effect in cyanide poisoning of this combination was also demonstrated.
Innervation Zone and Propagation Velocity in Human Muscle.1
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , GULD CHRISTIAN , ROSENFALCK POUL
Published: December 2008

The innervation of the brachial biceps was found to be localised to a narrow band in the proximal third of the short head and in the distal third of the long head. Counts of terminal nerve endings showed that 67 per cent of all endings were situated within 10 per cent of the muscle length.

The action potential recorded with an electrode placed within the zone of innervation had an abrupt onset, and with two or more electrodes placed in the innervation zone near fibres of the same motor unit, the initial deflection of the action potential was simultaneous within 0.5 msec. This was seen up to electrode distances of 40 mm, along the longitudinal axis of the muscle, and indicates that the end plates of the same unit are scattered over this area. It excludes furthermore that propagation over the thin terminal nerve branches contributes to the action potential duration.

When care was taken to place the electrodes distal to the site of innervation and an identical threshold to electrical stimulation had ensured that the electrodes led off from the same muscle fibres, the propagation velocity of the spike of the action potential released by voluntary effort varied over a narrow range. The mean value was 4.7 m/sec. with a maximal variation of 1.3 m/sec. within the same muscle (36.57° C). The small variation in velocity was unexpected in view of the threefold variation in diameter, but could be accounted for by the influence of the external resistance which was shown to be localised mainly in the interspaces between inactive fibres in situ.

The propagation velocity during voluntary effort exceeded the velocity of electrically activated fibres by 0.7 m/sec.

Differences in action potential duration during voluntary effort can mainly be attributed to the spatial dispersion of the site of innervation for the different fibres of the motor unit.
“In Vitro” Hemolysis of Erythrocytes from Vitamin E Deficient Rats and Chicks.
Authors: Christensen Frede , Damu Henrik , Gortner Ross A. , Søndergaard Ebbe
Published: December 2008

When red blood cells of rats deficient in vitamin E are suspended in isotonic (0.9%) NaCl solution and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature, extensive spontaenous hemolysis occurs. This oxidative process is accelerated by incubating the suspensions at higher temperatures, hemolysis being nearly complete within one hour at 47° C.

Hemolysis did not occur when purified N2 had been bubbled through the erythrocyte suspension in saline to remove free O2.

Although dialuric acid increases the rate of hemolysis, the presence of this substance, hydrogen peroxide, or other added autoxidizable compound or oxidizing agent is not essential to the process.

The incorporation of small amounts of methylene blue in the diet of vitamin E deficient rats affords marked but incomplete protection against in vitro hemolysis.

Erythrocytes from tocopherol‐depleted chicks (on an encephalomalacia producing diet) manifesting severe deficiency symptoms are much more resistant to hemolysis than are those from rats. Spontaneous hemolysis of chick red cells in saline solution was not noted within 24 hours even when the cell suspensions were incubated at temperatures up to 47° C for 7 hours. The addition of dialuric acid caused faint to moderate hemolysis within 4 hours in about half of the birds studied.

It is concluded that whereas the in vitro hemolysis of red cells may be used for assessing vitamin E deficiency in the rat, it is not a reliable criterion for determining a deficiency of this vitamin in the chick.
Growth Failure Caused by Mild Heat Treatment of the Diet
Authors: Reinius L.
Published: December 2008

The effect of mild heat treatment on the nutritional value of a diet composed to correspond to the average composition of the diet of the Finnish people has been investigated. The test diet was dried and then kept at 140° C for 30—40 minutes. Rats were used as test animals.

The heated diet caused a total cessation of the growth of the rats. The growth was restored by the addition of casein or lysin. Leucine, methionine, histidine, vitamin B12 and sucrose were without effect.
Efficiency of Pulmonary Ventilation during Rest and Light Exercise. A Study of Alveolar Nitrogen Wash‐out Curves in Normal Subjects.
Authors: Bouhuys A. , Hagstam K.‐E. , Lundin G.
Published: December 2008

The ventilatory efficiency has been studied at rest and during exercise in 9 normal subjects. For light and moderate degrees of work the relative efficiency is the same as at rest. This conclusion is based upon determination of the pulmonary nitrogen clearance delay percentage (Fowler) and of the lung clearance index (Becklake); the latter is the more dependable of the two indices. The wash‐out time, i.e. the time it takes to wash out the pulmonary nitrogen from 80% down to 2%, decreases with increasing respiratory minute volume and increases with increasing lung volume. For gas analysis a modified nitrogen meter (Lundin and Åkesson 1954) was used.
Localization of Micro‐Electrode Sites by Silver Impregnation.
Authors: Andersen Per
Published: December 2008

A silver impregnation method for demonstrating the site of micro‐electrodes in the central nervous system is described.
The Inhibition of Hexokinase Reaction in the Rat Diaphragm by 2,4‐Dinitrophenol.
Authors: Jervell Kristian F. , Walaas Eva , Walaas Otto
Published: December 2008

1. The effect of 2,4‐DNP on the glucose uptake in the isolated rat diaphragm and on the hexokinase reaction in the particulate and soluble fraction of the diaphragm has been investigated.

2. 5 × 10‐5M 2,4‐DNP inhibited the glucose uptake in the diaphragm both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 2,4‐DNP blocked the stimulating effect of insulin on the glucose uptake in the diaphragm, while 2,4‐DNP — adrenaline gave additive inhibition.

3. 10% of the hexokinase was associated with particles isolated from the diaphragm, while 85% was found in the soluble fraction. Glucose‐6‐phosphate inhibited the hexokinase, non competitive with ATP.

4. 1 × 10‐4M 2,4‐DNP inhibited the hexokinase reaction in the particulate fraction. The soluble fraction was relatively resistant to 2,4‐DNP since 5 × 10‐4M gave only slight inhibition. The inhibition of the hexokinase reaction was cancelled when the ATP‐concentration in the system was increased.

5. The experiments indicate that 2,4‐DNP inhibits the glucose uptake in the surviving diaphragm by stimulating the deposphorylation of ATP with subsequent reduced turn‐over velocity in the hexokinase reaction.
The Effect of Yohimbine and Adrenaline on the Oxygen Consumption
Authors: Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

The effect of yohimbine, adrenaline, and a combination of the two on the oxygen consumption and the lactic acid content of the blood was studied in guinea‐pigs and rabbits.

In guinea‐pigs, yohimbine in an intramuscular injection of 1 mg per kg increased the oxygen consumption by an average of 14.2 per cent between 20 and 115 minutes after the injection.

In rabbits, yohimbine in an intravenous injection of 1 mg per kg had no demonstrable effect on the oxygen consumption.

In both guinea‐pigs and rabbits, yohimbine totally inhibited the stimulating effect of adrenaline on the oxygen consumption.

In the rabbit experiments the effects of yohimbine and adrenaline on the lactic acid content of the blood were also investigated. Each of those drugs produced an elevation. When yohimbine and adrenaline were administered jointly, the former totally inhibited the lactic acid forming effect of the latter.
Accelerated Rate in Isolated Auricle of Rat Treated with Triiodothyronine and its Azo Derivates
Authors: Hirvonen Leo , Lybeck Harry
Published: December 2008

The biological action of l‐triiodothyronine, azo‐arsenophenyl‐triiodothyronine and azo‐sulfophenyl‐triiodothyronine was determined on the basis of their positively chronotropic effect on the isolated spontaneously beating rat auricle after a three days treatment of the animals with the substances in question. It is evident that triiodothyronine has an accelerating effect on the rate of beat similar to that of thyroxine. An effect of the same kind but weaker, could also be demonstrated with the azo‐compounds.
Observations on the Metabolism of Arctic Ground Squirrels (Citellus Parryi) at Different Environmental Temperatures
Authors: Erikson Harald
Published: December 2008

Summary and Conclusions.

The metabolic rate of Arctic ground squirrels was determined and found to be of the same magnitude as common in mammals.

Determinations during sleep at night showed a reduction of the metabolic rate to about 50 per cent of the average daytime values.

The squirrels seemed to tolerate environmental temperatures from — 30° to + 40° C well; at higher temperatures they only survived limited exposure (about 1 hour at + 50° C).

The metabolic rate remained fairly constant at environmental temperatures from + 10° to + 50° C; at lower temperatures their activity and metabolic rate increased. Scholanderet al.(1950).

In the fall, when the animals gained weight, high RQ's (from 1.0 to 1.4) were usually found the first hours after feeding, when the environmental temperature was above 0° C, and always when it was above + 20° C. At 0° C and lower, the RQ's were always “normal” (0.7 to 1.0). This effect of the environmental temperature on the metabolism which was found the first hours after feeding diminished rapidly after approximately 4 to 5 hours.

In the following spring when the squirrels did not gain weight, changes in the environmental temperature did not affect their RQ.
The Body Temperature of Arctic Ground Squirrels (Citellus Parryi) at Varying Environmental Temperature
Authors: Erikson Harald
Published: December 2008

Summary and Conclusions.

Measurements of the body temperature of Arctic Ground Squirrels at varying environmental temperatures are described.

On unrestrained animals the body temperature was found to be constant (between 36.5° and 39° C) at environmental temperatures from — 30° to — 30° C. Similar results have been obtained on other arctic mammals by Irving and Krog (1954).

At + 38° C a marked increase in body temperature (to about 41° C) was found, but the animals survived. Restrained animals showed a greatly reduced tolerance to cold; the heat tolerance was slightly impaired.
Reproduction Capacity of Rats in Relation to Diet
Authors: Christensen Frede , Dam Henrik
Published: December 2008

No improvement of reproduction capacity of female rats resulted from increase of the casein level from 20 to 40% in a vitamin E free diet with 4% lard or from adding 1.5 microgram of vitamin B12 per 100 g of diet.

On corresponding diets with vitamin E (20 mg % d, 1‐α‐tocopherol acetate) the abovementioned dietary changes had no influence on the normal reproduction capacity.
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: Laporte Y. , Lundberg A.
Published: December 2008

Intra‐axonal recording in Flechsig's fasciculus was used to study the pattern of discharge in second order neurons on adequate stimulation of stretch receptors from a muscle, the group I afferents of which on electrical stimulation did excite these neurons.

Of 47 such neurons examined 32 showed a discharge or an increase in frequency in a resting discharge when the tendon of the muscle was pulled. With a strong pull of the tendon some second order neurons did discharge at 70 per sec but usually the maximal frequency was much lower.

In 30 neurons examined which reacted to a pull of the tendon with an increased frequency of discharge a single twitch of the muscle caused the discharge to pause. It is concluded that excitatory group I fibres have their peripheral terminals on muscle spindles.

In 10 neurons passive stretching of the muscle did not give discharge or increase in the resting discharge and in 5 neurons a pull of the tendon did inhibit the resting discharge.

Adequate stimulation has also been used to activate neurons which were excited on electrical stimulation of ‘skin’ nerves. Some neurons were activated by light touch, others only with application of pressure or bending of joints and a comparatively large number were caused to discharge at a high frequency by pressure of the pads.
Permeability of Human Placenta to Glucose, Fructose, and Xylose.
Authors: HOLMBERG N. G. , KAPLAN B. , KARVONEN M. J. , LIND J. , MALM. M.
Published: December 2008

The permeability of the human placenta to glucose, fructose, and d(+)xylose was studied in situ in connection with legal abortions. The mother was given an intravenous injection of the sugar at constant speed. Blood samples were taken during the injection from the umbilical vein as exposed through vaginal hysterotomy and simultaneously from the mother. In other experiments, sugar solutions were injected into the umbilical vein, and blood samples were taken repeatedly after the injection.

The results are expressed as “apparent net transfer rates” (ANTR), i. e. as the change of umbilical vein glucose, fructose, or xylose level per minute, as divided by the mean mother‐foetus gradient along which the change was occurring. The transfer of glucose and xylose proved fast in comparison to that of fructose. The ANTR values are in the same range as the corresponding figures for guinea pig or sheep placentae.

The value of the method and the implications of the results are discussed1
Content and Intracellular Distribution of Adenosine Triphosphate in Cow Adrenal Medulla1
Authors: FALCK BENGT , HILLARP NILS‐AKE , HOGBERG BERTIL
Published: December 2008

In nine experiments performed with ion exchange chromatography of the acid soluble phosphorus compounds in the cow adrenal medulla it was found that this tissue contains on the average 505 mg ATP per 100 g wet weight. There are reasons to suppose, however, that about 25 % of the ATP in the living cell have broken down before extraction could take place. The real content would thus be about 700 mg/100 g.

The analyses further showed that ATP is the main phosphate ester in the medulla. AMP – if present at all – can amount to only some few per cent of the ATP quantity. The medulla may contain ADP up to 20% of the ATP amount but there are reasons to believe that the observed ADP (?) content may be only a result of ATP breakdown.

As well experiments on the distribution of acid‐labile phosphates within the medullary cell as ion exchange chromatography of the phosphorus compounds in the specific granules of the medullary cell showed that ATP almost exclusively is localized to these granules containing the sympathomimetic amines. No AMP and only small amounts of ADP (?) and of inorganic P were found in granules isolated and washed in 0.3 M sucrose.

The content of acid‐labile phosphorus in washed granules was on the average 74 μg/1,000 μg catechols and more than 90% of this amount can be referred to ATP. The granules can thus contain about 550 μg ATP/1,000 μg catechols (about 9% of the dry weight of the granules).

The ATP in the medullary granules shows a remarkable stability. It is not released or split to any significant degree in granules suspended in 0.3 M sucrose and kept at + 4 C up to 72 hours.
A Vitamin B12‐binding Factor Formed in Cultures of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris
Authors: KRISTENSEN H. P. ØSTERGAARD
Published: December 2008

Supernatants from centrifuged cultures of the vitamin B12‐requiring alga, Euglena gracilis var. bacillary, contain a ther‐molabile factor, which combines with the vitamin. The complex of vitamin B12, and the “Euglena factor” thus formed cannot be taken up by the wild‐type E. coli E 35 and is non‐dialyzable through cellophane. The amount of the factor in the Euglena supernatants increases with the age of the Euglena cultures and is probably an excretion product of the Euglena cells. The factor, as regards its B12,‐binding effect, its thermo ability, and its non‐dialyzability, resembles preparations of the “intrinsic factor of Castle.
The Effect of 2,4 Dinitroplienol on ATPase Activity in the Particulate and Soluble Fraction of Rat Diaphragm
Authors: BRIGHAM ELISABETH , BRINCH‐JOHNSEN TRULS , WALAAS OTTO
Published: December 2008

1. The effect of 2.4‐DNP on the ATPase activity in the particulate aid soluble fraction of the rat diaphragm is investigated.

2. A particulate fraction isolated from the diaphragm tip centrifugation at 8.000 × g for PO inins. showed ATPase activity which was accelerated by Ca++. and Mg‐+. 5 × 10‐4 M 2.4‐DNP stimulated ATPase activit? Further. Most pronounced without the addition of Ca++ and Mg++. Without the addition of inetal salts 2.4‐DNP accelerated the ATPase activity more strongly at pH 7.0 than at pH 9.0.

3. The ATPase activity in the soluble fraction from the diaphragm obtained by centrifugation at 15.000 × g for 20 mins. was high and activated by Ca++ and Mga‐+. 5 × 10‐4 M 2.4‐DNP produced a slight stimulation of ATPase activity. Purified myosin ATPase was slightly stimulated by 2.4‐DNP and p‐nitrophenol.
The Composition of Pancreatic Juice as Compared to Sweat, Parotid Saliva and Tears.
Authors: BRO‐RASMUSSEN FREDE , KILLMANN SVEN‐ÁGE , THAYSEN JØKN HESS
Published: December 2008

The concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate. glucose, urea and the pH of pancreatic juice, obtained in response to secretion, were examined in two dogs over a 100‐fold range of variation in secretory rate. The concentrations of sodium and of potassium were 161 (± 4) and 5.3 (± 1.1) mEq per liter respectively and independent of secietory rate. The concentration of bicarbonate was independent of secretory rate at flows exceeding 0.5 ml per minute and averaged 120 mEq per liter in one of the dogs and 85 mEq per liter in the other. At secretory rates lower than 0.5 ml per minute the concentration of bicarbonate gradually dropped to values equal to or lower than plasma concentration. The concentration of chloride varied inversely with that of bicarbonate, the sum of the concentrations of the two anions amounting to 87 (± 5) per cent of the sum of the concentrations of the two cations at all secretory rates. The pH averaged 8.05 at secretory ratos exceeding 0.5 ml per minute. The secretion/plasma concentration ratio for urea was 0.9 and 0.8 in the two dogs and in dependent of secretory rate. The secretion/plasma concentration ratio for glucose was approximately 0.2 and independent of the. concentration of glucose in the plasma.

The findings are compared to previous similar studies on human sweat. parotid saliva and tears. The hypothesis is forwarded that glandular secretion involves the formation of precursor solutions which are modified by the reabsorption of sodium and of water in the ducts of the sweat and parotid glands. whereas similar reabsorptive processes cannot be demonstrated in the case of the lacrymal and pancreatic glands. Moreover. glucose appears to he conserved by the sweat and parotid glands. but not by the two other glands.
Some Aspects of the Basal Tone of the Blood Vessels.
Authors: LOFVING BIRGER , MELLANDER STEFAN
Published: December 2008

In experiments on cats the nature of the basal vascular tone that remains after sympathectomy has been analysed.

The basal tone of the vessels of the skeletal muscles is quite marked while the vessels of the paw, with its abundance of arteriovenous anastomoses, become almost maximally dilated after constrietor fibre section. On the other hand, the latter type of vessels are more sensitive to known biogenic constrictor substances. No evidence of a release of vasotonic agents from the spleen could be obtained.

It is therefore suggested that basal vascular tone can hardly be a consequence of circulating constrictor agents, but is probably a matter of smooth muscle automaticity, more or less pronounced in different regions depending on the degree of functional differentiation of the vessels.
Atrophy of Salivary Gland following Adrenalectomy or Hypophysectoniy and the Effect of DOCA in Cats.
Authors: KAHLSON G. , RENVALL SIV
Published: December 2008

1. The weight of the submaxillary gland was determined in five groups of cats: 1) normal, 2) hypophysectomized, 3) adrenalectomized, 4) adrenalectomized maintained on DOCA, 5) undernourished.

2. Hypophysectomized adult cats, properly fed, can be kept for several weeks without loss in body weight. Adrenalectomized adult cats, with proper feeding and saline injections, can be kept up to 16 days with a loss in body weight of only 4–10 yo.

3. After hypophysectomy the submaxillary gland looses about 40 % in weight, after adrenalectomy the gland may be reduced to less than half the original size. Dehydration does not essentially contribute to this change.

4. DOCA in daily doses of 0.5–5.0 mg/kg possibly has a slight effect in preventing the atrophy of the salivary gland in adrenalectomized cats.

5. In undernutrition. rcsulting in 20 % loss in body weight in four weeks, the weight of the salivary gland in per cent of body weight is the same as in normal controls.

Hypophysectomy and control of completeness of the operation were done by Dr. Dora Jacobsohn, whose help we gratefully acknowledge.
Release of Adenosinc Triphosphate along with Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Following Stimulation of the Adrenal Medulla.
Authors: CARLSSON ARVID , HILLARP NILS‐ÁKE
Published: December 2008

The adrenal medullas of cats and rats were stimulatedvia the splanchnic nerves by means of injections of morphine and insulin, respectively.

In both types of experiment stimulation resulted in a drop in the ATP content of the adrenal medulla, the percentage decrease being the same as for the catechol amine content.

During stimulation ATP and the catechol amines are released from the adrenal medullary granules, which remain in the medullary cells, probably essentially intact.
Symmetric Hydrolysis with Intestinal Enzymes, Acid‐Neutralizing Effect and Toxicity of Isopropyl Esters of Phenylalanine Isomers.
Authors: WRETLIND ARVID
Published: December 2008

Earlier invrstigatioris have shown that the isopropyl ester of DL‐phenylalanine is hydrolyzed asymmetrically by pancreatic enzymes. It is also known that the isopropyl esters of both D‐ and L‐phenylalanine produce growth in rats, thus implying that they must both be hydrolyzed in the organism. This is shown in the present investigation to depend on the fact that enzymes are present in the duodenal mucosa which hydrolyze the isopropyl esters of D‐, L‐, and DL‐phenplalanine equally rapidly. A closer study has been made of this enzymatic hydrolysis of the esters. It is found that the pH optimum for enzymatic hydrolysis lies at pH 8.7 to 9.2 for the L, the D and the DL ester.

The temperature optimum is found to be 50°C for all three esters. With a change in the time, pH and enzyme concentration. the rate of hydrolysis by the enzymes in question undergoes similar changes in the isopropyl ester of L‐, of D‐, and of DL‐phenylalaninc.

The toxicity of the isopropyl esters of phenylalanine was determined in growing rats. The LD50 was found to be 8.7 ± 0.6 ml/kg of body weight for the D ester, 16.0 ± 0.8 ml/kg for the L ester, and 13.0 ± 0.6 ml/kg for the DL ester. The cause of death was respiratory paralysis. Pathologic changes of haemorrhagic type were observed in the pyloric portion of the ventricle and in the ileum.

The acid‐neutralizing ability of the ester was determined, and found to amount to 4.9 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid per ml of ester.

The possibility is suggested of using such amino acid esters for neutralization of the hydrochloric acid of the stomach.
Experiments on the Influence of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline on the Potassium Absorption of Red Blood Cells from Pigeons and Frogs1
Authors: ØRSKOV SØREN L.
Published: December 2008

When the frogs are placed in ice‐water for one hour and then bled, plasma potassium in most cases is increasing. Addition of adrenaline and noradrenaline make the blood cells absorb potassium.

Adrenaline has an effect down to 0.01 μg/ml, noradrenaline is from 10 to 100 times less efficient.

Hppertonic plasma plus adrenaline or noradrenaline produces extremely low potassium values (below 0.5 mM/1).

When pigeon blood is rocked at 43° for one and a half hour the plasma concentration is rising. The pigeon blood cells are now very sensitive to adrenaline and noradrenaline (noradrenaline 2–3 times more efficient).

Down to 0.001 μg/ml or perhaps even 0.0001 μg/ml of noradrenaline has an effect.

It is of importance that all the samples are dealt with in exactly the same way (dilution. shaking etc.)
The Turnover of Bile Acids in the Rat.1
Authors: LINDSTEDT SVEN , NORMAN ARNE
Published: December 2008

Summary. The rates of excretion of 24‐14C labeled cholic, chenodeoxy‐cholic, lithocholic and cholanic acid have been followed after intraperitoneal injection. The half‐life of these bile acids has been found to be 2–3 days. The quantitative aspects of the cholesterol‐bile acid relationship are discussed.
Functional Organization of the Ventral Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat.: I. Electrophysiological Identification of the Tract.
Authors: OSCARSSON O.
Published: December 2008

Summary. The experiments were performed on cats under Nembutal anesthesia. The mass discharge in the ventral spino‐cerebellar tract (VSCT) was recorded from the cerebella surface, the superior cerebella peduncle (SCP) and from different levels of the spinal cord on stimulation of various hind leg nerves. The characteristics of the VSCT mass discharge was determined by recording from the surface of the SCP, where the tract is found in isolation from other ascending spinal tracts.

A mass discharge in the VSCT appears on stimulation of contra lateral muscle nerves but not on stimulation of skin nerves or unilateral muscle nerves. The mass discharge recorded at the SCP on stimulation of thigh muscle nerves has duration of about 2 msec and appears after a latency of about 5 msec.

The discharge remains after contralateral hemisection of the spinal cord and after c section of Flechsig's fasciculus but disappears after a superficial lesion of the ipsilateral ventral quadrant.

As judged from the ingoing volley recorded at the dorsal root entry zone, the discharge is due to activation of the second component of the group I volley thus suggesting excitatory action from Golgi tendon organ afferents.

The transmission from the group I muscle afferents to the VSCT neurons is monosynaptic as judged from the duration of the synaptic delay.

The conduction velocity of the fastest fibres in the VSCT is higher than that in the DSCT and amounts to about 120 m/sec.

The VSCT is completely or almost completely crossed whereas the DSCT is completely or almost completely uncrossed.

Both spino‐cerebellar tracts cause potentials at the surface of the anterior vermis after a latency of about 5 msec on stimulation of thigh muscle nerves. The potentials due to VSCT activity are largest on the side contralateral to the tract indicating crossing of most VSCT fibres in the cerebellar commisure.
Embryonal Iron Turnover.
Authors: EHRENSTEIN G. V. , HEVESY G.
Published: December 2008

Summary. Seventeen hours after labelling the circulating iron‐βrglobulin, with 59Fe, 14–34 p. c. of the labeled iron is found in the 21 days old foetus of the rabbit.

Exposure of the rabbit to 500 r of X‐rays increases the amount of 59Fe passing the placenta to almost twice the value in non‐exposed animals.

Seventy‐three–eighty‐three p. c. of the 59Fe content of the embryo is found in the liver.

The specific activity of the hemoglobin iron present in the nuclear fraction of the liver amounts to one fourth of that of the circulating hemoglobin in the maternal, to about twice in the embryonic organism.

Exposure to radiation one day prior to labeling the plasma depresses the fraction of embryonal 59Fe incorporated into the hemoglobin of the nuclear liver fraction to about half of the value observed in non‐irradiated rabbits.

The valuable assistance of Miss Jutta Schliack and the generous support of this investigation by the Riksföreningen fijr kräft‐sjukdomarnas bekämpande, Cancernämnden and the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse is gratefully acknowledged.
Experimenteller Erweis der euklidisch‐pythagoreischen Eigenstruktur sowie des Geltens einer quadratischen Metrik in der Gesichtsmannigfaltigkeit
Authors: BERGSTRÖM R. M. , REENPÄÄ Y.
Published: December 2008

Die von den phaäomenalen optischen Dimensionen der Fläche und der Intensität aufgespannte Mannigfaltigkeit ist ein »Teilraum« der Gesichtsmannigfaltigkeit. Es wird experimentell gezeigt, dass die Struktur dieses Gesichtsraumes eine euklidisch‐pythagoreische ist. Ihre Eigeiimetrik. die durch die Unterschiedsschwellen angegeben ist, ist quadratisch. Die Bedeutung dieses Verhaltens für die Theorie der Sinne wird besprochen, wobei insbesonders gezeigt wird, wie im Falle des »Gesichtsteilraumes« die dargegebene Strukturlehre der Sinne die Reiz‐Summationstheorien überflüssig macht. In einem philosophischen Kommentar wird schliesslich versucht. die erwiesene Isomorphie der Strukturen der phänomenalen Gesichtsmannigfaltigkeit und des begrifflichen euklidisch‐pythagoreischen Raumes, als eine thematisierte Deduktion (im Kantisclien Sinne) der letzteren Mannigfaltigkeit aus der ersteren darzulegen. Eine Verharmlosung der Isomorphie, als eines Beispieles der pythagoreischen Struktur im »Falle« der Gesichtsmannigfaltigkeit möchten wir ablehnen und das Verhaltnis von Phänomenalität und Begrifflichkeit, hier der Strukturen des Gesichtssinnes und des euklidisch‐pythagoreischen Raumes genetisch, entwickelungsmässig versteheii. Dies dürfte man als eine Thematisierung der Kantischen Lehre von der transzendentalen Deduktion der Begriffe aus der Anschauung, für den speziellen exakten Fall der Sinneslehre, auffassen können.

um Schluss danken wir herzlich Herrn Professor Rolf Nevanli
The Effect of Adrenalline on the Glycogen Metabolism of Smooth Muscle
Authors: LUNDHOLM LENNART , MOHME‐LUNDHOLM ELLA
Published: December 2008

The effect of adrenaline on the glycogen metabolism of smooth muscle was investigated in experiments on rabbit gut, bovine tracheal muscle and coronary arteries, and guinea‐pig uterus. The glycogenolytic effect was correlated with the lactic acid stimulating and the relaxing effects.

On rabbit gut, adrenaline had only a glycogenolytic effect in the absence of glucose. The decrease of glycogen was substantially less than the equivalent increase in the lactic acid content, and occurred later than the lactic acid production.

In experiments on tracheal muscle adrenaline had a glycogenolytic effect of the same order of magnitude as the lactic acid production. Adrenaline and c had a synergistic glycogenolytic action, but an antagonistic effect on the tonus.

Glycolysis inhibiting substances such as Cu++, Ca++, NaF, NaN3, and Na2HAsO4, which inhibited the lactic acid producing and the relaxing effects of adrenaline, similarly depressed its glycogenolytic action on tracheal muscle. With partial inhibition of the relaxing effect, the same applied to the glycogenolytic one too.

Calcium ions and sodium azide had a stimulating effect on the glycogenolysis, but other glycolysis inhibiting drugs reduced the spontaneous glycogenolysis.

Glucose abolished the blocking action of sodium azide on adrenaline's relaxing effect.

In coronary arteries adrenaline produced glycogenolysis equivalent to the lactic acid production.

On guinea‐pig uterus adrenaline had only a glycogenolytic effect in the experiments where distinct inhibition of the tonus or pendulum movements was obtained; in those where the relaxing effect was absent, the glycogen content rose in relation to the controls.

Cori and Sutherland (1951) showed that adrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis in liver tissue and striated muscle by activating the enzyme phosphorylase, which catalyzes the reaction glycogen + phosphoric acid ⇌ glucose‐1‐phosphate. The effect of adrenaline on the glycogenolysis and lactic acid production in smooth muscle cannot be attributed solely to activation of this reaction; rather, adrenaline probably has at least one further point of interference in the carbohydrate metabolism.
Influence of Pyramidal Stimulation upon the Relay of Coarse Cutaneous Afferents in the Dorsal Horn
Authors: LINDBLOM U. F. , OTTOSSON J. O.
Published: December 2008

1. In decerebrate or nembutalized cats whose pyramidal tracts were stimulated at the medullary level the typical response in leads from the dorsal surface of the lumbar part of the spinal cord was a recruiting slow negative deflection and a subsequent positivity. The response was not influenced by a transverse section of the medulla caudal to the point stimulated, sparing only the pyramids.

2. A similar response could be elicited by stimulation of the pericruciate area in the cerebral cortex. When this area was sucked out and the pyramids were stimulated after an interval allowing the cortico‐spinal fibres to degenerate, no response was obtained in leads from the lumbar cord dorsum.

3. In conditioning experiments the afferent cord dorsum response to low threshold stimulation of a cutaneous nerve in the hind leg (the N1, deflection) was used as the test response. The N1, deflection decreased in amplitude when superimposed on the slow negative wave elicited from the contralateral pyramid while it was not influenced following ipsilateral pyramidal stimulation. In an analogous way a depression of the N1, deflection was obtained when the pericruciate area was stimulated. When the slow negative wave was not elicitable due to degeneration of the corticospinal fibres stimulation of the pyramid did not influence the N1, deflection.

4. The results indicate that the pyramidal tract mediates a cortico‐spinal inhibitory influence on the primary afferent relay in the spinal cord.
Sensitization of the Submaxillary Gland above the Level Reached after Section of the Chorda Tympani
Authors: EMMELIN N. , STRÖMBLAD B. C. R.
Published: December 2008

After repeated subcutaneous injections of Hö 9980, a drug with pronounced atropine‐like properties, a supersensitivity towards adrenaline develops in the submaxillary glands of cats. The supersensitivity closely resembles that produced by section of the chorda tympani but is more marked. Evidence is given to show that the supersensitivity caused by the drug is entirely due to the parasympathicolytic activity. and it is concluded that the sensitization above the level produced by the preganglionic denervation is due to exclusion of some action of the paraspmpathetic postganglionic neurone on the gland cells.
Food Intake and Oxygen Consumption in Pigeons at Low Temperatures
Authors: STEEN J.
Published: December 2008

The daily food intake has been measured in five pigeons while they were kept for 2‐4 weeks at ‐10° C, +18° C, and ‐24° C. At the end of each period the oxygen consumption was measured at various temperatures between ‐35° C and +20C. It was found that the food intake was closely correlated with the oxygen consumption, both of them indicating nearly the same critical temperature. Below this temperature both oxygen consumption and food intake increased linearly with the body‐to‐air gradient.
The Electroencephalogram of the Codfish (Gadus Callarias). Spontaneous Electrical Activity and Reaction to Photic and Acoustic Stimulation.
Authors: ENGER PER STOCKFLETH
Published: December 2008

1. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been recorded in the cod (Gadus callarias) both in the awake state and under narcosis. The effects on the EEG of photic and acoustic stimulation have been observed.

2. In the awake resting state, when the fish was in the dark, the dominating rhythm recorded was 8–13 c/sec. — especially from the optic lobes (fig. 3 B, fig. 4). When the fish was unsettled or in the light, the EEG was chiefly dominated by higher frequencies, 14‐32 c/sec. (fig. 3 A). Slow rhythms (less than 7 c/sec.) were most pronounced in the telencephalon and were relatively unaffected by surrounding circumstances.

3. The arousal reaction, as it occurs in mammals,i. e.a substitution of the dominating 8‐13 c/sec. activity by a faster rhythm of lower amplitude, has been recorded in the cod EEG on sudden illumination of the fish (fig. 5). During acoustic stimulation no arousal reaction was recorded.

4. Evoked potentials on photic and acoustic stimulation were recorded from the visual area of the mesencephalon and the acoustic area of the medulla oblongata respectively. On photic stimulation up to a stimulating frequency of 40 c/sec. and on acoustic stimulation up to 100‐140 c/sec., the evoked potentials followed each stimulus.

5. It is concluded that the 8‐13 c/sec. activity in the cod corresponds to alpha rhythm of mammals and man, and that in the dorsal thalamus of cod there are parts that are homologous, as regards function, with the midline nuclei and intralaminar system in mammals.
Gastric Motor Responses to Adrenaline and Noradrenaline after Treatment with a Parasympathicolytic Agent
Authors: MUREN A.
Published: December 2008

Gastric motor responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline have been recorded manometrically in repeated experiments on dogs. During anaesthesia augmentory responses to these substances were regularly observed.

During treatment with a parasympathicolytic substance (Hö 9980) the responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline were considerably bigger than during the control period.

A similar increase in responsiveness was observed after vagotomy; but the increase was less pronounced after this operation than during treatment with Hö 9980.

The investigation was supported by a grant from the Medical Faculty in Lund.

Technical assistance was given by Miss Asta Hector.
The Presence of Acetylcholine in Milk
Authors: ALM ANITA , AUGUSTINSSON KLAS‐BERTIL
Published: December 2008

The presence of acetylcholine in human milk and cow's milk was demonstrated. Acetylcholine was isolated from unpasteurized milk and spray‐dried milk and identified by a paper chromatographic technique and by a bioassay method. The amount of acetylcholine (as the chloride) present is approximately 1 mg per litre of milk. Sow's milk also contains acetylcholine.
Histamine as a Stimulant to the Anterior Pituitary Gland as Judged by the Lymphopenic Response in Normal and Hypophysectomized Rabbits
Authors: FUCHE JOY , KAHLSON G.
Published: December 2008

The lymphopenic response to emotional stimulation and to injections of ACTH, histamine and adrenaline was investigated in unanaesthetized normal, hypophysectomized and demedullated rabbits.

 Intravenous injection of histamine, 50 μg per kilogram body weight, causes a significant lymphopenic response of the same type as the response following the injection of ACTH.

 After hypophysectomy histamine fails to give distinct lymphopenic responses.

 The histamine antagonist mepyramine did not abolish the lymphopenic response to histamine.

 Adrenaline, liberated from the adrenal medulla, is not essential in the lymphopenic response to histamine or to emotional stimulation.

 It is suggested that “physiological” quantities of histamine, when appearing in the general circulation, constitute an effective stimulus to increased secretion of ACTH from the adenohypophysis.
The Turnover of Cholic Acid in Man.* Bile Acids and Steroids 51.
Authors: LINDSTEDT SVEN
Published: December 2008

Cholic acid‐24‐14C has been given to male medical students. The specific activity of the circulating cholic acid has been followed. The half‐life was 2.8 days and the size of the pool 3.58 g. From values of the quantitative composition of the bile the chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acid pools have been calculated.
On the Effect of Iproniazid on the Histamine Sensitivity of the Unanaesthetized Guinea‐pig.
Authors: WESTLING H.
Published: December 2008

Iproniazid augmented the effects of histamine on the respiratory movements and on the rectal temperature in unanaesthetized guinea‐pigs.

Iproniazid caused a pronounced potentiation of the hista‐mine‐like effects of 2‐β‐aminoethyl pyridine but did not significantly change the responses to 3‐β‐ammoethyl‐1, 2, 4‐triazole and carbaminoylcholine.

The interpretation of the present findings is discussed.
Observations on the Action of Histamine and Related Substances on the Bronchial Resistance in the Guinea‐Pig.
Authors: WESTLING H.
Published: December 2008

The action of 2‐β‐aminoethyl pyridine, 3‐β‐amiuoethyl‐1, 2, 4–triazole and 1‐methyl–4‐β‐aminoethyl imidazole on the bronchial resistance was studied in anaesthetized guinea‐pigs.

The substances examined acted like histamine and their actions were antagonized by mepyramine in the same degree as was that of histamin.

Two histaminase inhibitors, aminoguanidine and IV pyrimidine, did not potentiate the actions of histamine.
Cortical Reception of Cold Impulses from the Tongue of the Cat.
Authors: LANDGREN SVEN
Published: December 2008

Cortical cells within the tongue projection area were studied with extracellular microelectrode recording technique.

Thirty‐six cortical cells responded to cooling of the tongue; 12 of these cells responded to cooling only whereas 24 cells were discharged also by other physiological stimuli mainly by touch or pressure applied to the tongue.

Four different patterns of “cold cell” discharge is described.

The latency, duration and frequency of the cortical “cold cell” response was observed to be dependent on the intensity of the cooling of the tongue.

Cells responding with short latency (15 ‐ 20 msec.) to cooling were found within the group of cortical cells responding to cooling only. In the group of cells discharged by cooling as well as by other stimuli the response to cooling showed a long latency (about 100 msec).