bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innerklinische Notfallversorgung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Eine Standortbefragung der Kliniken des Deutschen Reanimationsregisters
Authors: Jansen G. , Kappelhoff N. , Borgstedt R. , Rehberg S. , Seewald S. , Scholz S. S.
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund

Im Gegensatz zur Präklinik fehlen für die innerklinische Notfallversorgung Vorgaben zu Organisation und Ausrüstung von innerklinischen Notfallteams (MET).

Ziel der Arbeit

Evaluation der Organisation, Qualifikation, Ausrüstung sowie Zusatzaufgaben von MET in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

Material und Methoden

Auswertung einer webbasierten Umfrage von Februar bis März 2020 aller am Deutschen Reanimationsregister teilnehmenden Krankenhäuser. Gefragt wurde nach Teamzusammensetzung, Ausrüstung, Qualifikation sowie Zusatzaufgaben im klinischen Alltag. Verglichen wurden Krankenhäuser mit ≤600 vs. >600 Betten.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt nahmen 21 (>600: 10 [48 %]; ≤600: 11 [52 %]) Krankenhäuser an der Umfrage teil. Vorgaben zur Teamzusammensetzung gab es bei 76 % (n = 16; ≤600: 8 [72 %] vs. >600: 8 [80 %]). Ausbildungsvoraussetzungen für das MET bestanden an 38 % (n = 16; ≤600: 4 [36 %] vs. >600: 4 [40 %]) der Kliniken. Ein 12-Kanal-Elektrokardiogramm (12-Kanal-EKG) (7 [33 %]; ≤600: 1 [9 %] vs. >600: 6 [60 %]; p = 0,02), Videolaryngoskop (7 [33 %]; ≤600: 2 [18 %] vs. >600: 5 [50 %]) und Beatmungsgerät ohne (7 [33 %]; ≤600: 2 [18 %] vs. >600: 5 [50 %]) bzw. mit Möglichkeit zur nichtinvasiven Beatmung (NIV) gehörte in n = 4 [19 %] (≤600: 1 [9 %] vs. >600: 3 [30 %]) zur Standardausrüstung. Zusätzliche Aufgaben im Klinikalltag hatten 85 % (n = 18; ≤600: 10 (100 %) vs. >600 8 (72 %); ≤600: Notaufnahm/Normalstation jeweils 5 (45 %) vs. >600: Intensivstation 10 (100 %), p = 0,03).

Diskussion

Die Ausbildung und Ausrüstung von MET ist heterogen. Sie sollte mindestens den in der präklinischen Notfallmedizin gängigen Standards entsprechen und die Vorhaltung eines portablen 12-Kanal-EKG, NIV-fähigen Beatmungsgerätes und Videolaryngoskops umfassen. Unabhängig von der Krankenausgröße sollte eine kontinuierliche Abkömmlichkeit der MET gewährleistet sein.
Temperate Coastal Microbial Communities Rapidly Respond to Low Concentrations of Partially Weathered Diesel
Authors: Ryther Camilla M. , Ortmann Alice C. , Wohlgeschaffen Gary , Robinson Brian J.
Published: December 2021

Diesel is frequently encountered in coastal ecosystems due to land run-off from road surfaces. The current study investigates how partially weathered diesel at environmentally relevant concentrations, as may be seen during a run-off event, affect coastal microbial communities. A mesocosm experiment using seawater from the Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia, was followed for 72 h after the addition of partially weathered diesel. Sequencing data suggests partially weathered diesel acts quickly to alter the prokaryotic community, as both opportunistic (Vibrio and Lentibacter) and oil-degrading (Colwellia, Sulfitobacter, and Pseudoalteromonas) bacteria proliferated after 24 h in comparison to the control. In addition, total prokaryotes seemed to recover in abundance after 24 h, where eukaryotes only ceased to decrease slightly at 72 h, likely because of an inability to adapt to the oil-laden conditions, unlike the prokaryotes. Considering there were no highly volatile components (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) present in the diesel when the communities were exposed, the results indicate that even a relatively small concentration of diesel run-off can cause a drastic change to the microbial community under low energy conditions. Higher energy conditions due to wave action may mitigate the response of the microbial communities by dilution and additional weathering of the diesel.
Vortex Filament Equation for a Regular Polygon in the Hyperbolic Plane
Authors: de la Hoz Francisco , Kumar Sandeep , Vega Luis
Published: December 2021

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we show the evolution of the vortex filament equation (VFE) for a regular planar polygon in the hyperbolic space. Unlike in the Euclidean space, the planar polygon is open and both of its ends grow up exponentially, which makes the problem more challenging from a numerical point of view. However, using a finite difference scheme in space combined with a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method in time and fixed boundary conditions, we show that the numerical solution is in complete agreement with the one obtained by means of algebraic techniques. Second, as in the Euclidean case, we claim that, at infinitesimal times, the evolution of VFE for a planar polygon as the initial datum can be described as a superposition of several one-corner initial data. As a consequence, not only can we compute the speed of the center of mass of the planar polygon, but the relationship also allows us to compare the time evolution of any of its corners with the evolution in the Euclidean case.
The flow topology transition of liquid–liquid Taylor flows in square microchannels
Authors: Helmers Thorben , Kemper Philip , Thöming Jorg , Mießner Ulrich
Published: December 2021

This work investigates the change of the flow topology of Taylor flow and qualitatively relates it to the excess velocity. Ensemble-averaged 3D2C-$$\upmu$$
μ
PIV measurements simultaneously resolve the flow field inside and outside the droplets of a liquid–liquid Taylor flow that moves through a rectangular horizontal microchannel. While maintaining a constant Capillary number Ca = 0.005, the Reynolds number ($$0.52 \le {\text{Re}} \le 2.14$$

0.52
≤
Re
≤
2.14

), the viscosity ratio ($$0.24 \le \lambda \le 2.67$$

0.24
≤
λ
≤
2.67

) and surfactant concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0–3 CMC) are varied. We experimentally identified the product of the Reynolds number Re and the viscosity ratio $$\lambda$$
λ
to indicate the momentum transport from the continuous phase (slugs) into the droplets (plugs). The position and size of the droplet’s main vortex core as well as the flow topology in the cross section of this vortex core changed with increased momentum transfer. Further, we found that the relative velocity of the Taylor droplet correlates negatively with the evoked topology change. A correlation is proposed to describe the effect quantitatively.

Graphical abstract
FAAH polymorphism (rs324420) modulates extinction recall in healthy humans: an fMRI study
Authors: Spohrs Jennifer , Ulrich Martin , Grön Georg , Plener Paul L. , Abler Birgit
Published: December 2021

Gold standard treatments for anxiety- and trauma-related disorders focus on exposure therapy promoting extinction learning and extinction retention. However, its efficacy is limited. Preclinical and particularly animal research has been able to demonstrate that homozygosity for the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) C385A allele, similar to FAAH inhibition, is associated with elevated concentrations of anandamide (AEA) and facilitates extinction learning and extinction recall. However, in humans, the underlying neurobiological processes are less well understood, and further knowledge might enhance the development of more effective therapies. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, a fear conditioning, fear extinction and extinction recall paradigm was conducted with 55 healthy male adults. They were genotyped for the FAAH single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs324420 to investigate differences related to extinction recall in neural activation and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) ratings between AC heterozygotes and CC homozygotes (FAAH C385A SNP). Differential brain activation upon an unextinguished relative to an extinguished stimulus, was greater in AC heterozygotes as compared to CC homozygotes in core neural structures previously related to extinction recall, such as the medial superior frontal gyrus, the dorsal anterior cingulate and the anterior and middle insular cortex. Furthermore, AC heterozygotes displayed higher AEA levels and lower STAI-state ratings. Our data can be interpreted in line with previous suggestions of more successful extinction recall in A-allele carriers with elevated AEA levels. Data corroborate the hypothesis that the endocannabinoid system, particularly AEA, plays a modulatory role in the extinction of aversive memory.
Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes of Neutral Nitroxide Radicals with 2-Propanol Studied by Multifrequency EPR/ENDOR
Authors: Savitsky Anton , Nalepa Anna , Petrenko Taras , Plato Martin , Möbius Klaus , Lubitz Wolfgang
Published: December 2021

The hydrogen bond plays a key role in weak directional intermolecular interactions. It is operative in determining molecular conformation and aggregation, and controls the function of many chemical systems, ranging from inorganic, organic to biological molecules. Although an enormous amount of spectroscopic information has been collected about hydrogen-bond formation between molecules with closed-shell electronic configuration, the details of such interactions between open-shell radicals and closed-shell molecules are still rare. Here we report on an investigation of hydrogen-bonded complexes between pyrroline-type as well as piperidine-type neutral nitroxide radicals and an alcohol, i.e., 2-propanol. These nitroxide radicals are commonly used as EPR spin labels and probes. To obtain information on the geometry of the complexes and their electronic structure, multi-resonance EPR techniques at various microwave frequencies (X-, Q-, W-band, 244 GHz) have been employed in conjunction with DFT calculations. The planar five-membered ring system of the pyrroline-type nitroxide radical was found to form exclusively well-defined in-plane σ-type hydrogen-bonded complexes with one 2-propanol molecule in the first solvation shell in frozen solution. The measured hyperfine parameters of the hydrogen-bridge proton and the internal magnetic parameters describing the electron Zeeman and the electron-nuclear hyperfine and nuclear quadrupole interactions are in good agreement with values predicted by state-of-the-art DFT calculations. In contrast, multi-resonance EPR on the non-planar six-membered ring system of the piperidine-type nitroxide radical (TEMPOL) reveals a more complex situation, i.e., a mixture of a σ-type with, presumably, an out-of-plane π-type complex, both present in comparable fraction in frozen solution. For TEMPOL, the DFT calculations failed to predict magnetic interaction parameters that are in good agreement with experiment, apparently due to the considerable flexibility of the nitroxide and hydrogen-bonded complex. The detailed information about nitroxide/solvent complexes is of particular importance for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) and site-directed spin-labeling EPR studies that employ nitroxides as polarizing agents or spin labels, respectively.
Nodal Multi-peak Standing Waves of Fourth-Order Schrödinger Equations with Mixed Dispersion
Authors: He Yi , Luo Xiao , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D.
Published: December 2021

We consider the existence and concentration properties of standing waves for a fourth-order Schrödinger equation with mixed dispersion, which was introduced to regularize and stabilize solutions to the classical time-dependent Schrödinger equation. This leads to study multi-peak solutions to the following singularly perturbed fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation $$\begin{aligned} {\varepsilon ^{\text {4}}}{\Delta ^{\text {2}}}u - \beta {\varepsilon ^2}\Delta u + V(x)u = |u{|^{p - 2}}u{\text { in }}{\mathbb {R}^N},{\text { }}u \in {H^2}({\mathbb {R}^N}). \end{aligned}$$

ε
4

Δ
2

u
-
β

ε
2

Δ
u
+
V

(
x
)

u
=
|
u

|

p
-
2

u

in

R

N

,

u
∈

H
2

(

R

N

)

.

We first establish a local $${W^{4,p}}$$

W

4
,
p

-estimate for a class of fourth-order semilinear elliptic equations, which is a key to get the uniform and global $${L^\infty }$$

L
∞

-estimate of solutions to the considered singularly perturbed equation above. Next, under certain assumptions on $$\beta $$
β
and the potential V(x), we construct a family of sign-changing multi-peak solutions with a unique maximum (or minimum) point on each component. We prove that these solutions concentrate around any prescribed finite set of local minima (possibly degenerate) of the potential V(x). Compared with the classical singularly perturbed Schrödinger equation, the presence of a fourth-order term in the problem above forces the development of new techniques to obtain qualitative properties of multi-peak solutions.
Targeting GATA1 and p2x7r Locus Binding in Spinal Astrocytes Suppresses Chronic Visceral Pain by Promoting DNA Demethylation
Authors: Wu Yan-Yan , Zhang Hai-Long , Lu Xiaomin , Du Han , Li Yong-Chang , Zhang Ping-An , Xu Guang-Yin
Published: December 2021

Irritable bowel syndrome is a gastrointestinal disorder of unknown etiology characterized by widespread, chronic abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements. Increasing amounts of evidence indicate that injury and inflammation during the neonatal period have long-term effects on tissue structure and function in the adult that may predispose to gastrointestinal diseases. In this study we aimed to investigate how the epigenetic regulation of DNA demethylation of the p2x7r locus guided by the transcription factor GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1) in spinal astrocytes affects chronic visceral pain in adult rats with neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). The spinal GATA1 targeting to DNA demethylation of p2x7r locus in these rats was assessed by assessing GATA1 function with luciferase assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, patch clamp, and interference in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide was designed and applied to determine the influence of GATA1 on the DNA methylation of a p2x7r CpG island. We showed that NCI caused the induction of GATA1, Ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3), and purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) in astrocytes of the spinal dorsal horn, and demonstrated that inhibiting these molecules markedly increased the pain threshold, inhibited the activation of astrocytes, and decreased the spinal sEPSC frequency. NCI also markedly demethylated the p2x7r locus in a manner dependent on the enhancement of both a GATA1–TET3 physical interaction and GATA1 binding at the p2x7r promoter. Importantly, we showed that demethylation of the p2x7r locus (and the attendant increase in P2X7R expression) was reversed upon knockdown of GATA1 or TET3 expression, and demonstrated that a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide that selectively blocked the GATA1 binding site increased the methylation of a CpG island in the p2x7r promoter. These results demonstrate that chronic visceral pain is mediated synergistically by GATA1 and TET3 via a DNA-demethylation mechanism that controls p2x7r transcription in spinal dorsal horn astrocytes, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy by targeting GATA1 and p2x7r locus binding.
Ground state solutions of the non-autonomous Schrödinger–Bopp–Podolsky system
Authors: Chen Sitong , Li Lin , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D. , Tang Xianhua
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we consider the following non-autonomous Schrödinger–Bopp–Podolsky system $$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u + V(x) u + q^2\phi u = f(u)\\ -\Delta \phi + a^2 \Delta ^2 \phi = 4\pi u^2 \end{array}\right. } \hbox { in }{\mathbb {R}}^3. \end{aligned}$$

-
Δ
u
+
V

(
x
)

u
+

q
2

ϕ
u
=
f

(
u
)

-
Δ
ϕ
+

a
2

Δ
2

ϕ
=
4
π

u
2

in

R

3

.

By using some original analytic techniques and new estimates of the ground state energy, we prove that this system admits a ground state solution under mild assumptions on V and f. In the final part of this paper, we give a min-max characterization of the ground state energy.
Approximation of SDE solutions using local asymptotic expansions
Authors: Davie A. M.
Published: December 2021

We develop an asymptotic expansion for small time of the density of the solution of a non-degenerate system of stochastic differential equations with smooth coefficients, and apply this to the stepwise approximation of solutions. The asymptotic expansion, which takes the form of a multivariate Edgeworth-type expansion, is obtained from the Kolmogorov forward equation using some standard PDE results. To generate one step of the approximation to the solution, we use a Cornish–Fisher type expansion derived from the Edgeworth expansion. To interpret the approximation generated in this way as a strong approximation we use couplings between the (normal) random variables used and the Brownian path driving the SDE. These couplings are constructed using techniques from optimal transport and Vaserstein metrics. The type of approximation so obtained may be regarded as intermediate between a conventional strong approximation and a weak approximation. In principle approximations of any order can be obtained, though for higher orders the algebra becomes very heavy. In order 1/2 the method gives the usual Euler approximation; in order 1 it gives a variant of the Milstein method, but which needs only normal variables to be generated. However the method is somewhat limited by the non-degeneracy requirement.
Biogeography of Neotropical Meliaceae: geological connections, fossil and molecular evidence revisited
Authors: Muellner-Riehl Alexandra N. , Rojas-Andrés Blanca M.
Published: December 2021

We here provide, first, a general introduction into the woody angiosperm family Meliaceae, including updated numbers of the genera and species found in different parts of the globe, paying attention to geographic centres of diversity and patterns of endemism. Second, and more specifically, we review the latest literature concerning land connections (i) between Eurasia and North America, (ii) between North America and South America, as well as (iii) dispersal paths between Africa and South America that have existed since the proposed evolutionary origin of modern Meliaceae, i.e. from the Upper Cretaceous onwards (ca. 100 Million years ago). Comparing geological evidence with the fossil record as well as biogeographic studies, there is indication that the nowadays pantropically distributed family has made use of all these three routes. Five out of the eight modern Neotropical genera have a fossil record, namelyCarapaAubl.,CedrelaP. Browne,GuareaF. Allam.,SwieteniaJacq., andTrichiliaP. Browne.CarapaandTrichiliahave a modern transatlantic disjunction (distribution in Africa, Central and South America), and a fossil record in Africa and North/Central America (Trichilia), or Africa and Eurasia (Carapoxylon).Cedrelahas a rich fossil record in Eurasia and the Americas. The global decrease in temperatures and a lack ofCedrelafossils in North America from the Late Miocene onwards suggest the genus had gone extinct there by that time, leading to its modern distribution in Central and South America. Oligocene to Pliocene fossils ofGuarea,SwieteniaandTrichiliain Central American key regions support biotic interchange between North and South America at various times.
The Role of Women in Hobbes's Economic Thought
Authors: Boucher Joanne
Published: December 2021

This article examines the role of women in Hobbes's economic thought. First, I frame Hobbes's economic thought in relation to his philosophical materialism so as to underscore the extent to which Hobbes's materialism entails the insight that human beings are, by definition, productive, economic creatures. I argue that his description of the economy, even without explicit acknowledgment, necessarily positions women as crucial economic actors. I then consider the implications of this in relation to the feminist possibilities of Hobbes's gender politics. I conclude that when deliberating on this question, we face the same conundrum that is evident in all literature considering Hobbes and gender. His radical comments about women in the state of nature are undermined by his seeming indifference to the state of women in commonwealths once they are founded.
Ideal body image for the opposite sex and its association with body mass index
Authors: Ibáñez-Zamacona María Eugenia , Poveda Alaitz , Rebato Esther
Published: December 2021

This research studied the preferences reported by women and men about their Ideal Body Image for the Opposite Sex (IBIOS), and its association with body mass index (BMI). It also analysed the preferences of each sex for a woman’s ideal body image (W-IBI) and a man’s ideal body image (M-IBI). A total of 450 participants aged 18–70 years with different weights were studied. Their IBIOS was assessed using standard figural stimuli. The sample was divided in four groups by sex and age (<45 years; ≥45 years). Sex and age differences in IBIOS, as well as sex differences in the preferences for a woman’s ideal body image (W-IBI) and a man’s ideal body image (M-IBI), were tested using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The association between IBIOS and BMI was analysed using Spearman’s correlation. In all groups, the most chosen silhouette as IBIOS was number 4. In the under-45 years group, women chose bigger silhouettes for the opposite sex than men did (p<0.05). In this age group women chose as ideal smaller silhouettes for the female body than men did (p<0.01). In addition, women and men in the younger age group and with normal weight chose smaller silhouettes, while those who were overweight or obese selected larger silhouettes (p<0.001). Age was found to be a relevant factor in IBIOS preferences, and in the association between IBIOS and nutritional status as measured by BMI, which was only observed to be significant in the younger age group.
Laryngological presentations and patient-reported outcome measures in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Authors: Lam C M , Wood G , Birchall M A
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study aimed to characterise the laryngological presentations of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and conduct a preliminary exploration of patient-reported outcome measures.

Methods

This paper describes a retrospective case series of patients with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome seen by the senior author between 2005 and 2019. A literature review was conducted to summarise the existing findings.

Results

Twenty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. All reported symptoms were grouped; this showed that swallowing, voice and hyolaryngeal skeletal complex problems were commonest. Patient-reported outcome measures were available for eight patients, which showed large variations in: the Reflux Severity Index (median = 25.5; range = 0–33), Eating Assessment Tool score (median = 21.5; range = 0–35) and Voice Handicap Index (median = 21.5; range = 0–104). Twelve studies met our literature review inclusion criteria, involving at least 91 patients with laryngological presentations of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome.

Conclusion

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome patients experience musculoskeletal issues, which in the throat manifest as hyolaryngeal skeletal complex problems. Future studies with larger patient numbers are required to validate laryngological patient-reported outcome measure tools in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome.
Making Sense of Shame
Authors: Laing James
Published: December 2021

In this paper, I argue that we face a challenge in understanding the relationship between the ‘value-oriented’ and ‘other-oriented’ dimensions of shame. On the one hand, an emphasis on shame's value-oriented dimension leads naturally to ‘The Self-Evaluation View’, an account which faces a challenge in explaining shame's other-oriented dimension. This is liable to push us towards ‘The Social Evaluation View’. However The Social Evaluation View faces the opposite challenge of convincingly accommodating shame's ‘value-oriented’ dimension. After rejecting one attempt to chart a middle course between these extremes, I argue that progress can be made if we reject the widespread assumption that the other-oriented dimension of shame is best understood primarily terms of our concern with the way we appear to others. Instead, I outline an account which treats shame as manifesting our desire primarily for interpersonal connection and which elucidates the property of shamefulness in terms of merited avoidance (or rejection).
Sensitivity analysis of factors affecting motion reliability of manipulator and fault diagnosis based on kernel principal component analysis
Authors: Yang Jing , Jin Lingyan , Han Zejie , Zhao Deming , Hu Ming
Published: December 2021

As an important index to quantitatively measure the motion performance of a manipulator, motion reliability is affected by many factors, such as joint clearance. The present research utilized a UR10 manipulator as the research object. A factor mapping model for influencing the motion reliability was established. The link flexibility factor, joint flexibility factor, joint clearance factor, and Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameters were comprehensively considered in this model. The coupling relationship among the various factors was concisely expressed. Subsequently, the nonlinear response surface method was used to calculate the reliability and sensitivity of the manipulator, which provided an applicable reference for its trajectory planning and motion control. In addition, a data-driven fault diagnosis method based on the kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) was used to verify the motion accuracy and sensitivity of the manipulator, and joint rotation failure was considered as an example to verify the accuracy of the KPCA method. This study on the motion reliability of the manipulator is of great significance for the current motion performance, adjusting the control strategy and optimizing the completion effect of the motion task of a manipulator.
Association between enterovirus infection and clinical type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Yang Sen , Zhao BiYing , Zhang Zhen , Dai XiaoLin , Zhang YiLi , Cui LanWei
Published: December 2021

Numerous animal models and epidemiological and observational studies have demonstrated that enterovirus (EV) infection could be involved in the development of clinical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but its aetiology is not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed the association between EV infection and clinical T1DM. We searched PubMed and Embase from inception to April 2021 and reference lists of included studies without any language restrictions in only human studies. The correlation between EV infection and clinical T1DM was calculated as the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), analysed using random-effects models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the associations. A total of 25 articles (22 case–control studies and three nested case–control studies) met the inclusion criterion including 4854 participants (2948 cases and 1906 controls) with a high level of statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 80%, P < 0.001) mainly attributable to methods of EV detection, study type, age distribution, source of EV sample and control subjects. Meta-analysis showed a significant association between EV infection and clinical T1DM (OR 5.75, 95% CI 3.61–9.61). There is a clinically significant association between clinical T1DM and EV infection.
Social inequalities shape diet composition among urban Colombians: the Colombian Nutritional Profiles cross-sectional study
Authors: Quiroga-Padilla Pedro J , Gaete Paula V , Nieves-Barreto Luz D , Montaño Angélica , Betancourt Eddy C , Mendivil Carlos O
Published: December 2021

Objective:

To explore the influence of socio-economic position (SEP) on habitual dietary intake in Colombian cities.

Design:

We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study in five Colombian cities. Dietary intake was assessed with a 157-item semi-quantitative FFQ previously developed for the Colombian population. Nutrient analysis was performed using national and international food composition tables. SEP was assessed with two indicators: a government-defined, asset-based, household-level index called socio-economic stratum (SES) and, among adults, highest educational level attained.

Setting:

The five main urban centers of Colombia: Bogotá, Medellin, Barranquilla, Cali and Bucaramanga.

Participants:

Probabilistic, multi-stage sample of 1865 participants (n 1491 for analyses on education).

Results:

For both sexes, increasing SES was associated with a lower consumption of energy (P-trend <0·001 in both sexes), carbohydrates (P-trend <0·001 in both sexes), Na (P-trend = 0·005 in males, <0·001 in females), SFA (P-trend <0·001 in both sexes) and among females, cholesterol (P-trend = 0·002). More educated men consumed significantly less energy and carbohydrates (P-trend = 0·036 and <0·001, respectively). Among men, intake of trans fats increased monotonically with educational level, being 21 % higher among college graduates relative to those with only elementary education (P-trend = 0·023). Among women, higher educational level was associated with higher MUFA intake (P-trend = 0·027).

Conclusions:

SES and educational level are strong correlates of the usual diet of urban Colombians. Economically deprived and less educated segments of society display dietary habits that make them vulnerable to chronic diseases and should be the primary target of public health nutrition policies.
Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century
Authors: Smedsrud Lars H. , Muilwijk Morven , Brakstad Ailin , Madonna Erica , Lauvset Siv K. , Spensberger Clemens , Born Andreas , Eldevik Tor , Drange Helge , Jeansson Emil , Li Camille , Olsen Are , Skagseth Øystein , Slater Donald A. , Straneo Fiamma , Våge Kjetil , Årthun Marius
Published: December 2021

Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth system. We detail and review the northward Atlantic Water (AW) flow, Arctic Ocean heat transport, and heat loss to the atmosphere since 1900 in relation to sea ice cover. Our synthesis is largely based on a sea ice‐ocean model forced by a reanalysis atmosphere (1900–2018) corroborated by a comprehensive hydrographic database (1950–), AW inflow observations (1996–), and other long‐term time series of sea ice extent (1900–), glacier retreat (1984–), and Barents Sea hydrography (1900–). The Arctic Ocean, including the Nordic and Barents Seas, has warmed since the 1970s. This warming is congruent with increased ocean heat transport and sea ice loss and has contributed to the retreat of marine‐terminating glaciers on Greenland. Heat loss to the atmosphere is largest in the Nordic Seas (60% of total) with large variability linked to the frequency of Cold Air Outbreaks and cyclones in the region, but there is no long‐term statistically significant trend. Heat loss from the Barents Sea (∼30%) and Arctic seas farther north (∼10%) is overall smaller, but exhibit large positive trends. The AW inflow, total heat loss to the atmosphere, and dense outflow have all increased since 1900. These are consistently related through theoretical scaling, but the AW inflow increase is also wind‐driven. The Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake has increased by ∼30% over the last century—consistent with Arctic sea ice loss allowing stronger air‐sea interaction and is ∼8% of the global uptake.
Seasonal Variations of Solar‐Induced Fluorescence, Precipitation, and Carbon Dioxide Over the Amazon
Authors: Albright Ronald , Corbett Abigail , Jiang Xun , Creecy Ellen , Newman Sally , Li King‐Fai , Liang Mao‐Chang , Yung Yuk L.
Published: December 2021

Previous studies suggested that the Amazon, the largest rainforest on Earth, changes from a CO2 sink to a CO2 source during the dry/fire season. However, the biospheric contributions to atmospheric CO2 are not well understood during the two main seasons, the dry/fire season and the wet season. In this article, we utilize Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) Solar‐Induced Fluorescence (SIF) to explore photosynthetic activity during the different seasons. The spatiotemporal variability of OCO‐2 SIF, OCO‐2 CO2, precipitation, and burned area are investigated over the Amazon from September 2014 to December 2019. Averaging over the entire Amazon region, we found a positive temporal correlation (0.94) between OCO‐2 SIF and Global Precipitation Climatology Project precipitation and a negative temporal correlation (−0.64) between OCO‐2 SIF and OCO‐2 CO2, consistent with the fact that precipitation enhances photosynthesis, which results in higher values for SIF and rate of removal of CO2 from the atmosphere above the Amazon region. We also observed seasonality in the spatial variability of these variables within the Amazon region. During the dry/fire (August–October) season, low SIF values, low precipitation, high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), large burned areas, and high atmospheric CO2 are mainly found over the southern Amazon region. In contrast, during the wet season (January–March), high SIF values, high precipitation, low VPD, smaller burned areas, and low CO2 are found over both the central and southern Amazon regions. The seasonal difference in SIF suggests that photosynthetic activity is reduced during the dry/fire season relative to the wet season as a result of low precipitation and high VPD, especially over the southern Amazon region, which will contribute to more CO2 in the atmosphere during the dry/fire season.
Depletion of NK6 Homeobox 3 (NKX6.3) causes gastric carcinogenesis through copy number alterations by inducing impairment of DNA replication and repair regulation
Authors: Yoon Jung Hwan , Eun Jung Woo , Ashktorab Hassan , Smoot Duane T. , Kim Jeong kyu , Nam Suk Woo , Park Won Sang
Published: December 2021

Genomic stability maintenance requires correct DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and DNA repair, while defects of these processes result in tumor development or cell death. Although abnormalities in DNA replication and repair regulation are proposed as underlying causes for genomic instability, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether NKX6.3 plays a role in the maintenance of genomic stability in gastric epithelial cells. NKX6.3 functioned as a transcription factor for CDT1 and RPA1, and its depletion increased replication fork rate, and fork asymmetry. Notably, we showed that abnormal DNA replication by the depletion of NKX6.3 caused DNA damage and induced homologous recombination inhibition. Depletion of NKX6.3 also caused copy number alterations of various genes in the vast chromosomal region. Hence, our findings underscore NKX6.3 might be a crucial factor of DNA replication and repair regulation from genomic instability in gastric epithelial cells.
Ciliary Hedgehog signaling patterns the digestive system to generate mechanical forces driving elongation
Authors: Yang Ying , Paivinen Pekka , Xie Chang , Krup Alexis Leigh , Makela Tomi P. , Mostov Keith E. , Reiter Jeremy F.
Published: December 2021

How tubular organs elongate is poorly understood. We found that attenuated ciliary Hedgehog signaling in the gut wall impaired patterning of the circumferential smooth muscle and inhibited proliferation and elongation of developing intestine and esophagus. Similarly, ablation of gut-wall smooth muscle cells reduced lengthening. Disruption of ciliary Hedgehog signaling or removal of smooth muscle reduced residual stress within the gut wall and decreased activity of the mechanotransductive effector YAP. Removing YAP in the mesenchyme also reduced proliferation and elongation, but without affecting smooth muscle formation, suggesting that YAP interprets the smooth muscle-generated force to promote longitudinal growth. Additionally, we developed an intestinal culture system that recapitulates the requirements for cilia and mechanical forces in elongation. Pharmacologically activating YAP in this system restored elongation of cilia-deficient intestines. Thus, our results reveal that ciliary Hedgehog signaling patterns the circumferential smooth muscle to generate radial mechanical forces that activate YAP and elongate the gut.
Spatial control of avidity regulates initiation and progression of selective autophagy
Authors: Hollenstein David M. , Licheva Mariya , Konradi Nicole , Schweida David , Mancilla Hector , Mari Muriel , Reggiori Fulvio , Kraft Claudine
Published: December 2021

Autophagosomes form at the endoplasmic reticulum in mammals, and between the vacuole and the endoplasmic reticulum in yeast. However, the roles of these sites and the mechanisms regulating autophagosome formation are incompletely understood. Vac8 is required for autophagy and recruits the Atg1 kinase complex to the vacuole. Here we show that Vac8 acts as a central hub to nucleate the phagophore assembly site at the vacuolar membrane during selective autophagy. Vac8 directly recruits the cargo complex via the Atg11 scaffold. In addition, Vac8 recruits the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex independently of autophagy. Cargo-dependent clustering and Vac8-dependent sequestering of these early autophagy factors, along with local Atg1 activation, promote phagophore assembly site assembly at the vacuole. Importantly, ectopic Vac8 redirects autophagosome formation to the nuclear membrane, indicating that the vacuolar membrane is not specifically required. We propose that multiple avidity-driven interactions drive the initiation and progression of selective autophagy.
Cellular variability of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Authors: Sato Hanae , Singer Robert H.
Published: December 2021

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an mRNA degradation pathway that eliminates transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTCs). Half-lives of the mRNAs containing PTCs demonstrate that a small percent escape surveillance and do not degrade. It is not known whether this escape represents variable mRNA degradation within cells or, alternatively cells within the population are resistant. Here we demonstrate a single-cell approach with a bi-directional reporter, which expresses two β-globin genes with or without a PTC in the same cell, to characterize the efficiency of NMD in individual cells. We found a broad range of NMD efficiency in the population; some cells degraded essentially all of the mRNAs, while others escaped NMD almost completely. Characterization of NMD efficiency together with NMD regulators in single cells showed cell-to-cell variability of NMD reflects the differential level of surveillance factors, SMG1 and phosphorylated UPF1. A single-cell fluorescent reporter system that enabled detection of NMD using flow cytometry revealed that this escape occurred either by translational readthrough at the PTC or by a failure of mRNA degradation after successful translation termination at the PTC.
Simultaneous two-photon imaging of action potentials and subthreshold inputs in vivo
Authors: Bando Yuki , Wenzel Michael , Yuste Rafael
Published: December 2021

To better understand the input-output computations of neuronal populations, we developed ArcLight-ST, a genetically-encoded voltage indicator, to specifically measure subthreshold membrane potentials. We combined two-photon imaging of voltage and calcium, and successfully discriminated subthreshold inputs and spikes with cellular resolution in vivo. We demonstrate the utility of the method by mapping epileptic seizures progression through cortical circuits, revealing divergent sub- and suprathreshold dynamics within compartmentalized epileptic micronetworks. Two-photon, two-color imaging of calcium and voltage enables mapping of inputs and outputs in neuronal populations in living animals.
Genetic determinants of endophytism in the Arabidopsis root mycobiome
Authors: Mesny Fantin , Miyauchi Shingo , Thiergart Thorsten , Pickel Brigitte , Atanasova Lea , Karlsson Magnus , Hüttel Bruno , Barry Kerrie W. , Haridas Sajeet , Chen Cindy , Bauer Diane , Andreopoulos William , Pangilinan Jasmyn , LaButti Kurt , Riley Robert , Lipzen Anna , Clum Alicia , Drula Elodie , Henrissat Bernard , Kohler Annegret , Grigoriev Igor V. , Martin Francis M. , Hacquard Stéphane
Published: December 2021

The roots of Arabidopsis thaliana host diverse fungal communities that affect plant health and disease states. Here, we sequence the genomes of 41 fungal isolates representative of the A. thaliana root mycobiota for comparative analysis with other 79 plant-associated fungi. Our analyses indicate that root mycobiota members evolved from ancestors with diverse lifestyles and retain large repertoires of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) and effector-like small secreted proteins. We identify a set of 84 gene families associated with endophytism, including genes encoding PCWDEs acting on xylan (family GH10) and cellulose (family AA9). Transcripts encoding these enzymes are also part of a conserved transcriptional program activated by phylogenetically-distant mycobiota members upon host contact. Recolonization experiments with individual fungi indicate that strains with detrimental effects in mono-association with the host colonize roots more aggressively than those with beneficial activities, and dominate in natural root samples. Furthermore, we show that the pectin-degrading enzyme family PL1_7 links aggressiveness of endophytic colonization to plant health.
From amino acid mixtures to peptides in liquid sulphur dioxide on early Earth
Authors: Sauer Fabian , Haas Maren , Sydow Constanze , Siegle Alexander F. , Lauer Christoph A. , Trapp Oliver
Published: December 2021

The formation of peptide bonds is one of the most important biochemical reaction steps. Without the development of structurally and catalytically active polymers, there would be no life on our planet. However, the formation of large, complex oligomer systems is prevented by the high thermodynamic barrier of peptide condensation in aqueous solution. Liquid sulphur dioxide proves to be a superior alternative for copper-catalyzed peptide condensations. Compared to water, amino acids are activated in sulphur dioxide, leading to the incorporation of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids into proteins. Strikingly, even extremely low initial reactant concentrations of only 50 mM are sufficient for extensive peptide formation, yielding up to 2.9% of dialanine in 7 days. The reactions carried out at room temperature and the successful use of the Hadean mineral covellite (CuS) as a catalyst, suggest a volcanic environment for the formation of the peptide world on early Earth.
Interdependent iron and phosphorus availability controls photosynthesis through retrograde signaling
Authors: Nam Hye-In , Shahzad Zaigham , Dorone Yanniv , Clowez Sophie , Zhao Kangmei , Bouain Nadia , Lay-Pruitt Katerina S. , Cho Huikyong , Rhee Seung Y. , Rouached Hatem
Published: December 2021

Iron deficiency hampers photosynthesis and is associated with chlorosis. We recently showed that iron deficiency-induced chlorosis depends on phosphorus availability. How plants integrate these cues to control chlorophyll accumulation is unknown. Here, we show that iron limitation downregulates photosynthesis genes in a phosphorus-dependent manner. Using transcriptomics and genome-wide association analysis, we identify two genes,PHT4;4encoding a chloroplastic ascorbate transporter andbZIP58, encoding a nuclear transcription factor, which prevent the downregulation of photosynthesis genes leading to the stay-green phenotype under iron-phosphorus deficiency. Joint limitation of these nutrients induces ascorbate accumulation by activating expression of an ascorbate biosynthesis gene,VTC4, which requires bZIP58. Furthermore, we demonstrate that chloroplastic ascorbate transport prevents the downregulation of photosynthesis genes under iron-phosphorus combined deficiency through modulation of ROS homeostasis. Our study uncovers a ROS-mediated chloroplastic retrograde signaling pathway to adapt photosynthesis to nutrient availability.
A Mo5N6 electrocatalyst for efficient Na2S electrodeposition in room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries
Authors: Ye Chao , Jin Huanyu , Shan Jieqiong , Jiao Yan , Li Huan , Gu Qinfen , Davey Kenneth , Wang Haihui , Qiao Shi-Zhang
Published: December 2021

Metal sulfides electrodeposition in sulfur cathodes mitigates the shuttle effect of polysulfides to achieve high Coulombic efficiency in secondary metal-sulfur batteries. However, fundamental understanding of metal sulfides electrodeposition and kinetics mechanism remains limited. Here using room-temperature sodium-sulfur cells as a model system, we report a Mo5N6 cathode material that enables efficient Na2S electrodeposition to achieve an initial discharge capacity of 512 mAh g−1 at a specific current of 1 675 mA g−1, and a final discharge capacity of 186 mAh g−1 after 10,000 cycles. Combined analyses from synchrotron-based spectroscopic characterizations, electrochemical kinetics measurements and density functional theory computations confirm that the high d-band position results in a low Na2S2 dissociation free energy for Mo5N6. This promotes Na2S electrodeposition, and thereby favours long-term cell cycling performance.
A machine learning approach to Bayesian parameter estimation
Authors: Nolan Samuel , Smerzi Augusto , Pezzè Luca
Published: December 2021

Bayesian estimation is a powerful theoretical paradigm for the operation of the approach to parameter estimation. However, the Bayesian method for statistical inference generally suffers from demanding calibration requirements that have so far restricted its use to systems that can be explicitly modeled. In this theoretical study, we formulate parameter estimation as a classification task and use artificial neural networks to efficiently perform Bayesian estimation. We show that the network’s posterior distribution is centered at the true (unknown) value of the parameter within an uncertainty given by the inverse Fisher information, representing the ultimate sensitivity limit for the given apparatus. When only a limited number of calibration measurements are available, our machine-learning-based procedure outperforms standard calibration methods. Our machine-learning-based procedure is model independent, and is thus well suited to “black-box sensors”, which lack simple explicit fitting models. Thus, our work paves the way for Bayesian quantum sensors that can take advantage of complex nonclassical quantum states and/or adaptive protocols. These capabilities can significantly enhance the sensitivity of future devices.
Combined effects of glycan chain length and linkage type on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines
Authors: Anish Chakkumkal , Beurret Michel , Poolman Jan
Published: December 2021

The development and use of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the occurrence of potentially fatal childhood and adult diseases such as bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and pneumonia. In these vaccines, the covalent linkage of bacterial glycans to carrier proteins augments the immunogenicity of saccharide antigens by triggering T cell-dependent B cell responses, leading to high-affinity antibodies and durable protection. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines either contain long-chain bacterial polysaccharides, medium-sized oligosaccharides, or short synthetic glycans. Here, we discuss factors that affect the glycan chain length in vaccines and review the available literature discussing the impact of glycan chain length on vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, we evaluate the available clinical data on licensed glycoconjugate vaccine preparations with varying chain lengths against two bacterial pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis group C, regarding a possible correlation of glycan chain length with their efficacy. We find that long-chain glycans cross-linked to carrier proteins and medium-sized oligosaccharides end-linked to carriers both achieve high immunogenicity and efficacy. However, end-linked glycoconjugates that contain long untethered stretches of native glycan chains may induce hyporesponsiveness by T cell-independent activation of B cells, while cross-linked medium-sized oligosaccharides may suffer from suboptimal saccharide epitope accessibility.