bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Selection for Survival and for Growth in Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Experiments With Benzalkonium Chloride
Authors: Schmidt Selina B. I. , Täschner Tom , Nordholt Niclas , Schreiber Frank
Published: October 2024

Biocides are used to control microorganisms across different applications, but emerging resistance may pose risks for those applications. Resistance to biocides has commonly been studied using adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with growth at subinhibitory concentrations linked to serial subculturing. It has been shown recently that Escherichia coli adapts to repeated lethal stress imposed by the biocide benzalkonium chloride (BAC) by increased survival (i.e., tolerance) and not by evolving the ability to grow at increased concentrations (i.e., resistance). Here, we investigate the contributions of evolution for tolerance as opposed to resistance for the outcome of ALE experiments with E. coli exposed to BAC. We find that BAC concentrations close to the half maximal effective concentration (EC50, 4.36 μg mL−1) show initial killing (~40%) before the population resumes growth. This indicates that cells face a two‐fold selection pressure: for increased survival and for increased growth. To disentangle the effects of both selection pressures, we conducted two ALE experiments: (i) one with initial killing and continued stress close to the EC50 during growth and (ii) another with initial killing and no stress during growth. Phenotypic characterization of adapted populations showed that growth at higher BAC concentrations was only selected for when BAC was present during growth. Whole genome sequencing revealed distinct differences in mutated genes across treatments. Treatments selecting for survival‐only led to mutations in genes for metabolic regulation (cyaA) and cellular structure (flagella fliJ), while treatments selecting for growth and survival led to mutations in genes related to stress response (hslO and tufA). Our results demonstrate that serial subculture ALE experiments with an antimicrobial at subinhibitory concentrations can select for increased growth and survival. This finding has implications for the design of ALE experiments to assess resistance risks of antimicrobials in different scenarios such as disinfection, preservation, and environmental pollution.
Immediate Genetic Augmentation and Enhanced Habitat Connectivity Are Required to Secure the Future of an Iconic Endangered Freshwater Fish Population
Authors: Pavlova Alexandra , Pearce Luke , Sturgiss Felicity , Lake Erin , Sunnucks Paul , Lintermans Mark
Published: October 2024

Genetic diversity is rapidly lost from small, isolated populations by genetic drift. Measuring the level of genetic drift using effective population size (Ne) is highly useful for management. Single‐cohort genetic Ne estimators approximate the number of breeders in one season (Nb): a value < 100 signals likely inbreeding depression. Per‐generation Ne < 1000 estimated from multiple cohort signals reduced adaptive potential. Natural populations rarely meet assumptions of Ne‐estimation, so interpreting estimates is challenging. Macquarie perch is an endangered Australian freshwater fish threatened by severely reduced range, habitat loss, and fragmentation. To counteract low Ne, augmented gene flow is being implemented in several populations. In the Murrumbidgee River, unknown effects of water management on among‐site connectivity impede the design of effective interventions. Using DArT SNPs for 328 Murrumbidgee individuals sampled across several sites and years with different flow conditions, we assessed population structure, site isolation, heterozygosity, inbreeding, and Ne. We tested for inbreeding depression, assessed genetic diversity and dispersal, and evaluated whether individuals translocated from Cataract Reservoir to the Murrumbidgee River bred, and interbred with local fish. We found strong genetic structure, indicating complete or partial isolation of river fragments. This structure violates assumptions of Ne estimation, resulting in strongly downwardly biased Nb estimates unless assessed per‐site, highlighting the necessity to account for population structure while estimating Ne. Inbreeding depression was not detected, but with low Nb at each site, inbreeding and inbreeding depression are likely. These results flagged the necessity to address within‐river population connectivity through flow management and genetic mixing through translocations among sites and from other populations. Three detected genetically diverse offspring of a translocated Cataract fish and a local parent indicated that genetic mixing is in progress. Including admixed individuals in estimates yielded lower Ne but higher heterozygosity, suggesting heterozygosity is a preferable indicator of genetic augmentation.
Fretting Fatigue Life Model Under Combined Loading
Authors: Salehi Erfan , Polycarpou Andreas A.
Published: October 2024

This paper evaluates the capability of the theory of critical distances (TCD) coupled with the Fatemi–Socie (FS), Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT), and normal stress range (S‐N) criteria for the lifetime estimation of combined fretting fatigue, that is, the combination of bending and axial loading modes, for 316L stainless steel along with the effect of increasing the grain size of the material. After evaluating the stress field, the point, line, area, and volume methods have been implemented to estimate the lifetimes of fretting fatigue experiments based on the dependency of the critical distance on the number of cycles to failure. Whereas the area and volume methods were overestimating the lifetimes, the point and line methods were more accurate. FS and SWT criteria were proper in lifetime estimation, but the normal stress range (S‐N) criterion was not a safe criterion. At the same time, increasing the grain size of the material leads the TCD to be more conservative.
A Hybrid Mechanism and Data‐Driven Approach for Predicting Fatigue Life of MEMS Devices by Physics‐Informed Neural Networks
Authors: Cheng Jiaxing , Lu Junxi , Liu Bangjian , An Jing , Shen Anping
Published: October 2024

Our research group has focused on the long‐term performance degradation of micro‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) devices under mechanical, thermal, and electrical stresses. We previously used physics‐based models for performance prediction, but the diverse materials, structures, and environmental conditions of MEMS devices affect their long‐term stability. Traditional physics‐based models struggle to account for these factors, limiting practical application. To address this, we employ data‐driven methods to include more variables. This paper introduces a hybrid approach combining physical principles with data‐driven techniques, specifically physics‐informed neural networks (PINN), to model and analyze performance degradation in MEMS resonators. We compare this method with previous physics‐based and data‐driven approaches (support vector machine and random forest) under identical conditions. The hybrid method not only provides accurate predictions but also considers more operating conditions, enhancing practical application.
On the Growth of Small Cracks in 2024‐T3 and Boeing Space, Intelligence and Weapon Systems AM LPBF Scalmalloy®
Authors: Jones R. , Ang A. , Aston R. W. , Schoenborn N. D. , Champagne V. K. , Peng D. , Phan N. D.
Published: October 2024

The desire to use additively manufactured (AM) parts to ensure the availability of military aircraft, and to build limited‐life unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), coupled with the United States Air Force (USAF) approach to the airworthiness certification of AM parts has focused attention on durability analysis/assessment, and hence on the growth of small cracks in AM parts. Previous studies have shown that laser powder fusion built (LPBF) Scalmalloy® has: i) A yield stress and an ultimate strength that are greater than that of AA2024‐T3 and comparable to that of AA7075‐T6; ii) A resistance to crack growth that is better than that of AA7075‐T6 and comparable to that of AA2024‐T3. However, since the ability to predict the durability of a part is essential for its airworthiness certification, the present paper illustrates how to perform a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)‐based durability assessment of Boeing Space, Intelligence and Weapon System (BSIWS) LPBF Scalmalloy®. The durability study includes specimens with both machined surfaces and surfaces left in the as‐built condition. As a result, it would appear that BISWS AM LPBF Scalmalloy® is an ideal candidate for building limited‐life AM replacement parts for fixed and rotary wing aircraft and drones.
Combining Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) and Conventional Scientific Knowledge (CSK) for Exploring Nursery Grounds and Spawning Biology of Yellowtail Catfish Pangasius pangasius in the Meghna River Estuary, Bangladesh
Authors: Saha Debasish , Mojumder Nishita , Mondal Shuvagato , Nahiduzzaman Md. , Rahman Md. Jalilur , Mamun Abdullah‐Al , Wahab Md. Abdul
Published: October 2024

The yellowtail catfish (Pangasius pangasius) population in Bangladesh is facing imminent threats that led to endangered status. We used conventional scientific knowledge (CSK) and local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers (n = 155) to identify nursery grounds and spawning seasons of yellowtail catfish in the Meghna river estuary. Nineteen nursery grounds were pinpointed using fishers' LEK (confluence/influent zone, current, depth, catch data, and turbidity) and later validated by CPUE data. The peak spawning season was identified in July–September based on GSI (gonadosomatic index) and LEK (58.06% of fishers identified the spawning season). Fecundity (810,980 ± 455,679) and condition factor (0.94–1.52) were quantified with CSK. Using CSK and LEK to delineate nursery grounds and spawning season underscores the value of LEK as a tool for fish population management that deserves policy recommendation and wider application.
Metabolic gatekeepers: Dynamic roles of sugar transporters in insect metabolism and physiology
Authors: Chaudhari Bhagyashri Y. , Pradhan Aditya G. , Joshi Rakesh S.
Published: October 2024

Sugars play multiple critical roles in insects, serving as energy sources, carbon skeletons, osmolytes and signalling molecules. The transport of sugars from source to sink via membrane proteins is essential for the uptake, distribution and utilization of sugars across various tissues. Sugar supply and distribution are crucial for insect development, flight, diapause and reproduction. Insect sugar transporters (STs) share significant structural and functional similarities with those in mammals and other higher eukaryotes. However, they exhibit unique characteristics, including differential regulation, substrate selectivity and kinetics. Here, we have discussed structural diversity, evolutionary trends, expression dynamics, mechanisms of action and functional significance of insect STs. The sequence and structural diversity of insect STs, highlighted by the analysis of conserved domains and evolutionary patterns, underpins their functional differentiation and divergence. The review emphasizes the importance of STs in insect metabolism, physiology and stress tolerance. It also discusses how variations in transporter regulation, expression, selectivity and activity contribute to functional differences. Furthermore, we have underlined the potential and necessity of studying these mechanisms and roles to gain a deeper understanding of insect glycobiology. Understanding the regulation and function of sugar transporters is vital for comprehending insect metabolism and physiological potential. This review provides valuable insights into the diverse functionalities of insect STs and their significant roles in metabolism and physiology.
How Does Virtual Reality Technology Affect Suicidal Ideation in Society?
Authors: Ronaghi Mohammad Hossein , Ronaghi Marzieh
Published: October 2024

Mental health issues such as anxiety and depression are on the rise in communities. Ignoring severe mental health issues can lead to suicide, which is a global public health issue. The use of advanced tools and methods to prevent suicide can help save human lives. Visual tools and virtual technologies have multiple applications in the medical and educational fields. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using virtual reality (VR) technology on suicidal thoughts. A quasi‐experimental study was conducted, in which 189 individuals who had a history of suicide were tested. These individuals were divided into three groups: one control group and two intervention groups that received traditional and VR‐based training for 90 days. The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation was used. The posttest results after the training period showed that conducting the training course had a statistically significant effect on individuals' suicidal behaviour and those who participated in the VR‐based training course had better improvements in suicidal thoughts. Therefore, the use of 3D simulation and visualisation tools can have a significant impact on individuals' thoughts and perceptions. The results of this study have practical implications for hospital managers and counsellors in healthcare centres to use VR technology in counselling and training courses to improve the behaviour of individuals with a history of suicide.
Adapting Group Model Building for Mental Healthcare: A Participatory Co‐Design Approach
Authors: Forrester‐Bowling Tari , Lucas James J. , Brown Andrew D. , Bennetts Stephanie , Carolin Renae , Hayward Josh , Scott Debbie , Peeters Anna , McLure James
Published: October 2024

Countries around the world are experiencing both a growing need for mental health services and major gaps in the delivery of mental healthcare. The World Health Organisation's 2022 report on mental health emphasised co‐designed and systems‐level innovations responsive to the voice of those with lived experience. However, evidence for implementing such methodologies is sparse. Group model building (GMB), a participatory systems‐based approach, has been used in various fields, but its application is limited within mental healthcare settings. It is recognised as a valuable tool for engaging stakeholders, including those with lived experience, in understanding and redesigning health systems and services. The participatory approach aligns with the mental health sector's shift towards co‐design and person‐centred care. This study assessed the acceptability of GMB as a method for co‐design within mental healthcare, aiming to explore its potential for meaningful collaborative improvement and systems‐level insights. Participants from a regional Mental Health and Drug and Alcohol Service (MHDAS) engaged in GMB workshops and focus groups. Eighteen individuals, including lived experience workers and healthcare professionals, provided feedback that informed adjustments to the workshops' design, language, timing and facilitation techniques, enhancing GMB's relevance for mental health co‐design. The findings demonstrate the value and acceptability of the adapted GMB process in acute mental healthcare, marking a significant step towards evidence‐based, person‐centred service improvement. This study highlights the potential effectiveness of participatory methods in identifying and addressing systemic challenges, paving the way for future mental health reforms. Future work will focus on implementing and evaluating co‐designed interventions, aiming for more inclusive and effective mental healthcare and advancing innovation and reform in the field.
A Study on the Relationship Between Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression and Anxiety Symptoms and the Quality of Life of Syrian Refugees: Case Study for the Province of Kayseri
Authors: Gokkaya Emrah , Topal Mehmet Hanefi , Demirtas Özgür
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study is to investigate the factors related to post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety mental disorders, as well as the quality of life of Syrian refugees and to examine the relationships between mental health disorders and the quality of life of Syrian refugees. Data were collected via face‐to‐face surveys with 613 adult Syrian refugees in an urban setting. Brislin's methodology was used for translating scale items, involving initial translation, back‐translation and review by another professional translator. The study utilised the PTSD Scale, Beck Anxiety Scale, Depression Scale and Quality of Life Scale (QOLS). Descriptive, correlational and multivariate regression analysis were applied. Findings of correlational analysis indicate that PTSD levels among Syrian refugees are significantly related to gender, income level and employment. Depression levels are significantly associated with trauma history, healthcare service use, marital status and employment. Anxiety levels are significantly related to gender, trauma history, healthcare service use, employment and income. According to the findings of the regression analyses, the relationships between depression, quality of life and PTSD are complex. Meanwhile, anxiety decreases quality of life and increases PTSD. Quality of life moderates the relationship between depression and PTSD, as well as between anxiety and PTSD. The study concludes that the mental disorder levels of Syrian refugees, in terms of PTSD, depression and anxiety, are linked to their socio‐demographic characteristics. These results highlight the importance of social, economic and cultural factors, healthcare and social services and the socio‐demographic characteristics of the region where refugees have settled after displacement.
‘Clinical Is the Pinnacle’: Nurse Academics' Perspectives and Opinions of Their Students Undertaking Mental Health Clinical Placements
Authors: Moxham Lorna , Foster Kim , Happell Brenda , Lakeman Richard , Hazelton Michael , Hurley John
Published: October 2024

Clinical placements form an integral and important part of preregistration nursing student learning. The theory–practice gap has been identified as problematic, with clinical experience being a key strategy to address this. Despite this, the perceptions of nurse academics teaching preregistration mental health nursing regarding clinical placements have not been widely explored. To garner perspectives and experiences of mental health clinical placements from nurse academics teaching mental health nursing to preregistration nursing students. A descriptive qualitative study involving 19 nurse academics from 13 metropolitan and regional Australian universities, who were involved in the design and delivery of preregistration mental health nursing content. Data were analysed thematically. The study adhered to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR). Participants reported that inappropriate clinical placements generate negative student experiences. Furthermore, mental health placements in nonspecialist settings such as medical‐surgical or aged care compromised student learning and posed a barrier to linking theory to practice. Increasing meaningful and appropriate mental health clinical placements in nurse education requires investment and support from multiple stakeholders. Nurse academics are crucial stakeholders in terms of understanding the impact of mental health clinical placements. Appropriate mental health clinical placements are central to effective comprehensive nurse education. Academics teaching mental health in preregistration curricula are significant stakeholders, and their informed perceptions are central to compel change.
Attitudes, knowledge, and related factors on paediatric dental radiography among parents of children aged less than 13 years attended a tertiary care public dental hospital
Authors: Gajanayake Chandana , Liyanage Pemith , Wadusinghearachchi Saminda , Perera Irosha , Epa Migara
Published: October 2024

Background

Dental radiography is an essential diagnostic tool in paediatric dentistry.

Aim

To explore attitudes, knowledge, and related factors of paediatric dental radiography among parents who attended the radiology department of a premier public dental hospital.

Design

The study was conducted at the National Dental Hospital (Teaching) Sri Lanka among 124 parents whose children (<13‐years) underwent dental radiographic examination. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, radiographic investigations, and parental knowledge and attitudes on paediatric dental radiography were collected using an interviewer‐administered questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed using the SPSS‐21 statistical software package.

Results

The mean score (95% CI) of parental attitudes and knowledge on paediatric dental radiography were 17.55 (17.64–18.45) on a scale from 7 to 35 and 3.73 (3.34–4.13) on a scale from −7 to +7, respectively. Significant differences in parental knowledge were evident by child's age (p = 0.046), ethnicity (p = 0.035), and parental attitudes (p = 0.024). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed a significant independent association between parental attitudes with parental knowledge: OR (95% CI) = 2.413 (1.098–5.302) (p = 0.028).

Conclusions

Parents demonstrated less favorable attitudes but sufficient knowledge on many aspects of paediatric dental radiography. Therefore, interventions are needed to improve parental attitudes on paediatric dental radiography especially by providing child‐friendly services.
Association Between Dietary Patterns and Subgingival Microbiota: Results From the Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance, and Insulin Resistance Study (ORIGINS)
Authors: Molinsky Rebecca L. , Johnson Abigail J. , Marotz Lisa , Roy Sumith , Bohn Bruno , Goh Charlene E. , Chen Ching‐Yuan , Paster Bruce , Knight Rob , Genkinger Jeanine , Papapanou Panos N. , Jacobs David R. , Demmer Ryan T.
Published: October 2024

Objective

To study the association between dietary patterns and subgingival microbiota.

Methods

Participants (n = 651) who were enrolled in the Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance, and Insulin Resistance Study (ORIGINS) with subgingival plaque sampling (n = 890 plaques) and a dietary assessment were included. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences of subgingival plaque from sites with either probing depth <4 or ≥4 mm were processed separately and used to obtain α‐diversity metrics (Faith, Shannon, Simpson, Observed) and taxa ratios (Red Complex to Corynebacterium [RCLR], Treponema to Corynebacterium [TCLR], and Treponema to Neisseria [TNLR]). Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were processed to calculate Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and A Priori Diet Quality Score (APDQS) scores. Mixed regression models examined the mean levels of microbial metrics across quartiles of diet quality. Means ± standard errors are reported along with p‐values.

Results

In multivariable models assessing the association between diet scores and α‐diversity metrics, higher AHEI values were significantly associated with lower Faith (p‐value = 0.01) and Observed (p‐value = 0.04) diversity values; similar findings were observed for APDQS (p‐value = 0.01, p‐value = 0.04). In multivariable models assessing the association between diet scores (AHEI and APDQS) and taxa ratios (RCLR, TCLR and TNLR), as the AHEI quartile increased, all taxa ratios decreased significantly as follows: −1.06 ± 0.093 in Q1 to −1.34 ± 0.099 in Q4 (RCLR), −0.43 ± 0.077 in Q1 to −0.64 ± 0.083 in Q4 (TCLR) and −0.09 ± 0.083 in Q1 to −0.38 ± 0.089 in Q4 (TNLR), respectively. In contrast, as the APDQS quartiles increased, only TNLR decreased significantly from −0.08 ± 0.085 in Q1 to −0.34 ± 0.091 in Q4.

Conclusion

Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and other nutritionally rich plant foods are associated with lower oral microbial diversity and favourable ratios of pathogenic to commensal microbiota.
Biologically Oriented Preparation Technique Through a Digital Workflow, a Case Report
Authors: Andrea Tinti , Giolanta Liaropoulou Maria , Roberto Padrós Roldan
Published: October 2024

Introduction

In every prosthetic treatment, the final purpose of the restoration is to restore function and esthetics for the patient, respecting biology and anatomical parameters. Regarding full coverage restorations, there are some factors to take into consideration: like the finish line (chamfer, shoulder, featheredge, etc.), the management of the provisional restoration and tissue healing, the material for the final restoration, and the impression technique. All these aspects will determine the treatment process and its possible results. In recent years, vertical preparation and more specifically biologically oriented preparation technique has generated great interest since its introduction in prosthodontics, changing the periodontal tissues, and providing long‐term stability.

Materials and Methods

With this technique, the objective is to change the position of the gingival margin, moving it more apically or coronally, depending on the modifications of the provisional. The relining of the provisional is a fundamental step of this technique: the intrasulcular part of the provisional is modified giving a new emergence profile and providing an augmentation of the tissue in the healing process.

Discussion

In vertical preparation, there is no predetermined margin. The dental technician should position the finish line more apically or coronally, depending on the depth of the sulcus and on the esthetic needs. Ceramic restorations should not invade the epithelial attachment, otherwise it may cause biological and mechanical problems, repetition of the impression, and of the crown restoration, which lead to increased clinical and laboratory time usage as well as expenses. One challenge is communicating the shape and contour of the temporary restoration to the dental lab to ensure accurate information for the final restoration.

Conclusion

Finally, the objective of this article is to describe a technique for transferring all necessary information of the provisional and obtaining a predictable result for the final restoration by using an intraoral scanner system and the fabrication of two 3D printed prototypes. One for the final volume of the crowns and the other for the finish line position.

Clinical Significance

The fabrication of 3D printed prototypes allows for a more predictable final restoration, reducing possible communication errors between clinician and technician when restoring with biologically oriented preparation technique. In any esthetic treatment where the restoration does not have a predetermined margin, it is possible with this additional clinical step to provide a more esthetic outcome.
Contemporary Rationales for Cemented Implant Restorations in the Esthetic Zone
Authors: Kim Young K. , Conejo Julián , Wagner David J. , Britton Eduardo , Schoenbaum Todd R.
Published: October 2024

Objective

This article explores the ongoing relevance of cement‐retained implant restorations, focusing on their contemporary rationales for their successful use. Comprehensive considerations include esthetic, positional, and occlusal factors alongside recent technological advancements designed to mitigate previous known challenges.

Overview

In certain clinical scenarios, cement‐retained implant restorations offer distinct advantages such as eliminating access holes for improved esthetics, particularly for malpositioned implants. Modern advancements in materials and techniques have enhanced their predictability, safety, and overall outcomes while minimizing biological risks.

Conclusions

When performed within appropriate protocols, cement‐retained implant restorations can effectively address diverse clinical challenges. Recent technical advancements further bolster their utility, supporting esthetic, technical, biomechanical, and biological outcomes in implant rehabilitation of the partially edentulous esthetic zone.

Clinical Significance

Understanding the justifications and guidelines for cement‐retained implant restorations, along with recent technological advancements, enables clinicians to optimize treatment outcomes with greater flexibility while minimizing common limitations in practice.
Recovery of Whey Protein by Using Microfiltration: Artificial Neural Network–Based Modeling and Effects of Different Operating Parameters
Authors: Meena Prafful Kumar , Sharma Jai Gopal , Jain Manish
Published: October 2024

Microfiltration is one of the most suitable processes for protein recovery from whey due to its low energy consumption and lack of use of heat and chemicals. However, membrane fouling is one of the limiting factors in the microfiltration process, preventing its commercial use. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) based model was employed to study the effects of different operating parameters on membrane fouling in whey concentration. Trans‐membrane pressure, Reynolds number, and feed temperature were selected as the input parameters. Experimental data from the available studies were used to train the ANN. The ANN with 23 neurons gave a minimum mean squared error (MSE) for trans‐membrane pressure and Reynolds number. The ANN with seven neurons gave the minimum MSE for feed temperature. The predicted values from both ANNs well fitted with the experimental results with R2 < 0.99. Simulations showed that membrane fouling increased as flux reduction increased from 36.3% to 76.39% when trans‐membrane pressure increased from 0.5 to 2 bar. In contrast, a 19.96% reduction in flux was observed by increasing the Reynolds number from 750 to 2500. An increment of 77.37% of flux reduction was observed with increasing feed temperature from 30°C to 40°C. Simulations confirmed that transmembrane pressure, Reynolds number, and feed temperature strongly influence membrane fouling. An ANN‐based approach was the most accurate method to model membrane fouling for whey protein separation.
Assessment of the Risks of Zoonotic Infection at the Primatology Centre of the Interdisciplinary Medical Research Centre of Franceville in Gabon
Authors: Jean Nzue Nguema , Désiré Otsaghe Ekore , Serge Ely Dibakou , Larson Boundenga , Thiérry‐Audrey Tsoumbou , Ivan Cyr Moussadji Kinga , Yasmine Okomo Nguema , Landry Erik Mombo , Dominique Pontier , Barthélemy Ngoubangoye
Published: October 2024

Background

Non‐human primate (NHPs) conservation sites could be sites of exchange of pathogens involved in infectious diseases. It is important to assess the potential risks associated with this type of structure. The objective of this study was to carry out a risk assessment of the Primatology Centre housed in the Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Research of Franceville (CIRMF).

Methods

A questionnaire was administered to the centre's staff to assess the risk associated with each workstation, followed by a review of the various pathogens identified in NHPs. The data were analysed using two diagrams: the Kiviat diagram and the Pareto diagram.

Results

Based on our results, a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites, potentially transmissible to humans, were described in the NHPs at the Primatology Centre of CIRMF. The position most exposed to zoonotic risks was that of animal handlers.

Conclusion

The Primatology Centre of CIRMF is a potential transfer site for the transfer of zoonotic agents. To avoid the risk of parasite exchange between staff and animals, the implementation of biosecurity measures is essential.
Palmitoylation regulates norepinephrine transporter uptake, surface localization, and total expression with pathogenic implications in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Brown Christopher R. , Shetty Madhur , Foster James D.
Published: October 2024

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an adrenergic signaling disorder characterized by excessive plasma norepinephrine, postural tachycardia, and syncope. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) modulates adrenergic homeostasis via the reuptake of extracellular catecholamines and is implicated in the pathogenesis of adrenergic and neurological disorders. In this study, we reveal NET is palmitoylated in male Sprague–Dawley rats and Lilly Laboratory Cell Porcine Kidney (LLC‐PK1) cells. S‐palmitoylation, or the addition of a 16‐carbon saturated fatty acid, is a reversible post‐translational modification responsible for the regulation of numerous biological mechanisms. We found that LLC‐PK1 NET is dynamically palmitoylated, and that inhibition with the palmitoyl acyltransferase (DHHC) inhibitor, 2‐bromopalmitate (2BP) results in decreased NET palmitoylation within 90 min of treatment. This result was followed closely by a reduction in transport capacity, cell surface, and total cellular NET expression after 120 min of treatment. Increasing 2BP concentrations and treatment time revealed a nearly complete loss of total NET protein. Co‐expression with individual DHHCs revealed a single DHHC enzyme, DHHC1, promoted wild‐type (WT) hNET palmitoylation and elevated NET protein levels. The POTS‐associated NET mutant, A457P, exhibits dramatically decreased transport capacity and cell surface levels which we have confirmed in the current study. In an attempt to recover A457P NET expression, we co‐expressed the A457P variant with DHHC1 to drive expression as seen with the WT protein but instead saw an increase in NET N‐terminal immuno‐detectable forms and fragments. Elimination of a potential palmitoylation site at cysteine 44 in the N‐terminal tail of hNET resulted in a low expression phenotype mimicking the A457P hNET variant. Further investigation of A457P NET palmitoylation and surface expression is necessary, but our preliminary novel findings reveal palmitoylation as a mechanism of NET regulation and suggest that dysregulation of this process may contribute to the pathogenesis of adrenergic disorders like POTS.

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Comparative study of the body proportions in Elephantidae and other large herbivorous mammals
Authors: Belyaev Ruslan I. , Boeskorov Gennady G. , Kuznetsov Alexander N. , Rotonda Mathys , Prilepskaya Natalya E.
Published: October 2024

In this study, we aimed to achieve three objectives: (1) to precisely characterize the body plans of Elephantidae and other large herbivorous mammals; (2) based on this analysis, to determine whether the body plans of the extinct woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and steppe mammoth (M. trogontherii) differ from those of modern‐day Elephantidae: the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), the African bush (Loxodonta africana), and forest (L. cyclotis) elephants; (3) to analyze how the body plans have changed in extant perissodactyls and proboscideans compared with their Paleogene ancestors. To accomplish this, we studied mammoth skeletons from the collections of Russian museums and compared this data with a large number of skeletons of extant elephantids, odd‐toed, and even‐toed ungulates, as well as their extinct relatives. We showed that three genera of Elephantidae are characterized by a homogeneous body plan, which is markedly different from other large herbivores. Elephantids break the interrelationship, that exists in artiodactyls and perissodactyls, between the total length of the head and neck on one side and the limb's segments on the other. Their limbs are very tall (inferior in this regard among large ungulates only to the giraffe), and, contrary to the other large herbivorous mammals, elongated due to the length of the proximal segments. This allows them to effectively utilize the principle of inverted pendulum (straight‐legged walking) in locomotion. The biggest differences in the body plan of mammoths compared with extant elephants are a markedly larger pelvis, elongated fore‐ and hindlimbs (due to the increased relative length of their proximal segments), and different proportions of the skull. The body plans of plesiomorphic Paleogene proboscideans and perissodactyls differed markedly from their descendants in every body part; these differences are related, on the one hand, to the allometric growth, and on the other hand, to the advancement of the locomotor apparatus in the course of their evolution. The most notable difference in the body plan between Paleogene proboscidean Moeritherium and extant Elephantidae is the ~2‐fold increase in relative limb height.
The development of the external genitals in female human embryos and foetuses. Part 2: Vaginal vestibule, anal canal, perineal raphe and perineal cutaneous muscles
Authors: Hülsman Cindy J. M. , Gao Hui , Kruepunga Nutmethee , Mommen Greet M. C. , Köhler S. Eleonore , Hikspoors Jill P. J. M. , Lamers Wouter H.
Published: October 2024

Concomitant with the rupture of the cloacal membrane, the perineal skin epithelium thickens (see accompanying article). In this study, we establish in female embryos and foetuses that the thick skin area divides into ventral and dorsal areas at ~14 weeks and gradually becomes restricted to the vaginal vestibule and anal canal thereafter. The dense mesenchymal core of the labia minora, which forms at ~8 weeks, extends dorsally to the anal canal as a midline reinforcement. The skin epithelium overlying this reinforcement is much thinner than the flanking ‘thick skin’, and is supported by an interrupted basement membrane, which implies epithelial–mesenchymal transformation of the thin midline epithelium and the subsequent establishment of the perineal raphe by the merging of the adjacent thick epithelium. Meanwhile, the anogenital distance in the perineum increases rapidly in length. Perhaps as a consequence, the labia minora cover only the ventral third of the vaginal vestibule at 20 weeks. The endodermal ducts of Bartholin's glands are identifiable at 7 weeks, while acini form at ~12 weeks. The vestibular bulbs become identifiable at ~10 weeks and form vascular networks after ~14.5 weeks. After the rupture of the cloacal membrane, the diameter of the junction of the dorsal cloaca with the anal canal is just a pinhole but widens dorsoventrally after the 7th week. The cutaneous muscles of the perineal area form as a ventrally open U‐shaped mesenchymal mass, from which the anal sphincter and bulbospongiosus muscle develop. In conclusion, our findings show that thick skin epithelium persists in the vaginal vestibule and anal canal.
Light and scanning electron microscope characterization of mandibular symphysis tissue as a functional adaptation in the mandible development of human fetuses
Authors: Delpupo Fernanda Vieira Botelho , Liberti Edson Aparecido , da Silva Baptista Josemberg , de Oliveira Flavia
Published: October 2024

When developing, the mandible presents great plasticity and contains condensed mesenchymal cells that develops into Meckel's cartilage, of which the anterior part forms the mandibular symphysis. Mandible human development studies focus on investigating whether the beginning of mandibular fusion in fetal period is related to symphysis ossification and the tensions imposed on it, considering that tongue movements, mouth opening, and closing can be seen in fetuses. This research analyses tissue modifications during human mandibular symphysis growth using light and scanning electron microscopy to relate them to its functional structure. The study sample consisted of 12 human fetuses distributed into two groups: Group I (GI) of 10–14 weeks old and Group II (GII) of 20–24 weeks old. Fragments of mandibular symphysis were removed en bloc together with the surrounding tissues to preserve the relation with adjacent structures. Decalcified specimens were prepared in semi‐serial coronal sections 5‐μm‐thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson՚s trichrome, Verhoeff, and Sirius red for histological analysis with light microscopy. Collagen fibers Type I or III and elastic fibers were quantified by volume fraction (Vv). Coronal sections of the GI and GII symphyseal region were submitted to scanning electron microscopy. Comparison between groups used independent t‐test. Our study presents the different endochondral ossification stages in the anterior part of Meckel's cartilage in GI. Both groups showed abundantly vascularized mesenchymal tissue with intense cellular activity forming the mandibular symphysis, such as a source of new osteoblasts adjacent to the newly deposited bone matrix. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed an invasion of the bony trabecula in the transverse direction from the hemimandible, rectilinear in GI and sinuous in GII due to interdigitating bone process, promoting its ossification. In collagen Vv analysis was verified a prevalence of type I in GII and type III in GI, indicating a proportional relation between maturation and tissue arrangement. Functionally, the collagen and elastic fibers in the mandibular symphysis were arranged in a pantographic network, and the fibrillar interconnectivity clearly contributes to resilience capacity and efficiency of the force transfer. This study inferred the functional significance of the knowledge about the tissue composition of mandibular symphysis, and the importance of this tissue for surrounding structures. The mesenchymal tissue of mandibular symphysis participates in bone growth process, revealing an adaptation mechanism of mandibular symphysis in the fetal period investigated.
Efficacy of Topical Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate‐Peptide Product Versus Fractional CO2 Laser in Facial Aging
Authors: Kruger Lucas , Bambino Kathryn , Schmalenberg Kristine , Santhanam Uma , Orentreich David , Orentreich Catherine , Logerfo Jodi , Saliou Claude
Published: October 2024

Background

Many people are interested in addressing visible signs of aging with non‐invasive cosmetic treatments. Development of effective topical products will provide options to delay or support cosmetic procedures.

Aims

This study assessed and compared the efficacy and tolerance of a topical product used over the course of 16 weeks to a single ablative laser treatment on women with moderate global photodamage on the face.

Methods

Subjects in Cell 1 (Laser Cell) were treated over the entire face with a fractional CO2 laser system. Subjects in Cell 2 (Topical Serum Cell) were treated with a topical serum containing hydroxypinacolone retinoate and peptides over the entire face, twice per day for 16 weeks. The study was composed of 71 women, with 29 in the Laser Cell (mean age 56.2) and 42 in the Topical Serum Cell (mean age 55.0), between 40 and 65 years old. Expert grading was used to determine efficacy parameters.

Results

Participants in the Topical Serum Cell achieved more significant improvement (p < 0.05) in Marionette lines, fine lines (global face), wrinkles (global face), wrinkles (crow's feet), nasolabial folds, texture, smoothness (tactile), global hyperpigmentation, lift, and photodamage compared to participants in the Laser Cell. Participants in the Topical Serum Cell achieved parity in the look of fine lines (crow's feet), forehead lines, glabella, firmness/bounce (tactile), skin tone evenness, radiance.

Conclusions

While no statistically significant differences in tolerability were observed, treatment with the topical cosmetic product achieved parity or statistically better improvement in parameters compared to laser treatment at 16 weeks.
Analysis of Longitudinal Trajectory and Influencing Factors of Supportive Care Needs in Colorectal Cancer Patients With Enterostomy
Authors: Zhou Lu , Li Hui , Zhang Zhengyang , Wang Ling
Published: October 2024

Aims

The aim of this study was to understand the dynamic changes in the needs of patients with enterostomy during the 3 months after discharge and its possible influencing factors.

Design

A prospective observational design.

Methods

This study investigated the supportive care needs of patients who underwent colorectal cancer surgery with colostomy in three Chinese hospitals from May 2023 to October 2023 during the 3 months following discharge from the hospital. The growth mix model was used to describe the needs trajectory and analyse the heterogeneity of the trajectory. Univariate analysis was used to find the factors that might affect the heterogeneity of needs trajectory of patients with enterostomy, and then logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influencing factors of the heterogeneity of needs trajectory of patients with enterostomy. The reporting of this study adhered to the STROBE checklist.

Results

A total of 232 patients with enterostomy completed follow‐up. There was heterogeneity in the developmental trajectories of supportive care needs of enterostomy patients and the trajectories of the five dimensions of supportive care needs. The heterogeneity factors affecting the trajectory of supportive care needs included the enterostomy patient's psychosocial adjustment score, type of enterostomy, and educational background and the heterogeneity factors affecting the five dimensions trajectory of supportive care needs include psychosocial adjustment score, tumour staging, type of enterostomy, smoking, chemotherapy and enterostomy self‐care knowledge score.

Conclusions

The needs of patients with enterostomy within 3 months after discharge were dynamic. Identifying and meeting the unmet needs of patients with enterostomy was crucial to improving the health‐related quality of life of patients with enterostomy.

Patient or Public Contribution

None.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The needs of patients with enterostomy were dynamic, with the needs of most patients with enterostomy decreasing within 3 months of discharge, but some patients with enterostomy continued to have high needs at 3 months after discharge, and clinical nurses were expected to pay special attention to these patients.
Introduction and Systematic Review of the Good Nursing Care Scale
Authors: Mattila Tuula , Stolt Minna , Katajisto Jouko , Leino‐Kilpi Helena
Published: October 2024

Aim(s)

To provide an introduction to the Good Nursing Care Scale (GNCS) and systematically review the application of the scale in health research.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

Empirical studies published in English or Finnish in peer‐reviewed journals or as a summary of a PhD thesis where the scale was used for data collection amongst patients were included. Analysis was made by using descriptive statistics, narrative analysis, and evaluation of psychometric properties.

Data Sources

PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Scopus in October 2023.

Results

A total of 26 full‐text studies and summaries of PhD theses were included in the review. The GNCS has been developed systematically, and the theoretical structure has remained stable. The studies indicate a high level of patient‐centered quality of nursing care. Validity and reliability evaluation and reporting were systematic in the studies and mainly indicate sufficient level. Variations between countries are not large, supporting the international use of the GNCS.

Conclusions

Patient‐centered quality of nursing care is predominantly at high levels. However, systematic evaluation is needed to provide longitudinal data. For that purpose, the GNCS is one potential instrument.

Implications for the Profession and Patient Care

Support for the use of existing, tested instruments is encouraged to provide critical ideas for the future needs of nurse practitioners, managers, teachers and researchers.

Impact

This paper impacts researchers interested in systematic evaluation of the patient‐centered quality of nursing care and for practitioners taking care of patients. For researchers, it introduces a relevant instrument, the GNCS, for analysing the quality or for comparing the quality with other instruments. For practitioners, it produces evidence of the usability of the GNCS.

Reporting Method

PRISMA guided the systematic review, and the COSMIN guideline was used for quality appraisal of included studies.

Patient or Public contribution

No Patient or Public contribution.