bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Central Nervous System Involvement in Pediatric Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Stanton Brielle , Knight Andrea
Published: July 2017

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement occurs in many pediatric systemic autoimmune diseases. These manifestations are often associated with increased morbidity and mortality and can have adverse long-term effects on neurodevelopmental, health-related, and quality-of-life outcomes. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on CNS involvement in pediatric systemic autoimmune diseases, compare diagnostic findings, and describe current treatments. CNS manifestations of pediatric systemic autoimmune disease present diagnostic and management challenges due to their relatively rare occurrence in children, the difficulty in confirming direct CNS involvement as opposed to secondary symptoms occurring as a consequence of systemic inflammation, and the need to define treatment strategies effective for CNS involvement.
A Rare Double Aneuploidy Case (Down–Klinefelter)
Authors: Bisgin Atil , Bozdogan Sevcan
Published: July 2017

Down's syndrome has its own dysmorphic findings and is accompanied by mental retardation and hypotonia. Klinefelter's syndrome is a syndrome caused by a numerical abnormality that affects male physical and cognitive development. This case reports a unique finding of 48,XXY, + 21 and a current literature review. A 4-month-old male patient presented with typical clinical features of Down's syndrome with hypothyroidism, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus without any phenotypic signs of Klinefelter's syndrome.
Osteoimmunology: Influence of the Immune System on Bone Regeneration and Consumption
Authors: Limmer Andreas , Wirtz Dieter
Published: July 2017

Background Stimulating bone regeneration is a central aim in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Although the replacement of bone with artificial materials like cement or apatite helps to keep up bone stability, new bone often cannot be regenerated. Increasing research efforts have led to the clinical application of growth factors stimulating bone growth (e.g. bone morphogenic protein, BMP) and inhibitors preventing bone consumption (e.g. RANKL blocking antibodies). These factors mostly concentrate on stimulating osteoblast or preventing osteoclast activity.

Current Situation It is widely accepted that osteoblasts and osteoclasts are central players in bone regeneration. This concept assumes that osteoblasts are responsible for bone growth while osteoclasts cause bone consumption by secreting matrix-degrading enzymes such as cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). However, according to new research results, bone growth or consumption are not regulated by single cell types. It is rather the interaction of various cell types that regulates bone metabolism. While factors secreted by osteoblasts are essential for osteoclast differentiation and activation, factors secreted by activated osteoclasts are essential for osteoblast activity. In addition, recent research results imply that the influence of the immune system on bone metabolism has long been neglected. Factors secreted by macrophages or T cells strongly influence bone growth or degradation, depending on the bone microenvironment. Infections, sterile inflammation or tumour metastases not only affect bone cells directly, but also influence immune cells such as T cells indirectly. Furthermore, immune cells and bone are mechanistically regulated by similar factors such as cytokines, chemokines and transcription factors, suggesting that the definition of bone and immune cells has to be thought over.

Outlook Bone and the immune system are regulated by similar mechanisms. These newly identified similarities between bone and the immune system imply that medication developed for tumour and autoimmune patients could also be applied in bone diseases.
Einfluss osteoligamentärer Verletzungen auf die Stabilität des atlantoaxialen Komplexes
Authors: Meyer Carolin , Bredow Jan , Heising Elisa , Eysel Peer , Müller Lars , Stein Gregor
Published: July 2017

Hintergrund Wichtigste Stabilisatoren des atlantoaxialen Komplexes sind der Dens axis und das Lig. transversum. Die Frage, inwiefern Verletzungen dieser beiden Strukturen zur Instabilität und einer möglichen Verengung des Spinalkanals beitragen, ist nur unzureichend geklärt. Ziel unserer Untersuchung war daher die biomechanische Analyse der Weite des Spinalkanals und der Dislokation des Dens axis in Abhängigkeit von Verletzungen der o. g. Strukturen.

Material und Methode An 10 frischen Humanpräparaten wurde unter Fluoroskopie eine physiologische Flexion und Extension im intakten Zustand sowie bei Densfraktur und nach Ruptur des Lig. transversum simuliert. Mittels Fluoroskopie wurden der Durchmesser des Spinalkanals und die Frakturdislokation gemessen.

Ergebnisse Im intakten Zustand wurde in Neutralposition die Weite des Spinalkanals mit 19,8 ± 1,7 mm bemessen. In Flexion wurden 19,5 ± 1,8 mm und in Extension 19,8 ± 1,8 mm gemessen. Nach Frakturierung betrugen die Werte 18,5/18,9/17,9 mm, nach additiver Ligamentruptur 20,3/19,4/22,6 mm. In der 2. Gruppe zeigten sich bei Ligamentruptur Werte von 18,6/16,2/17,3 mm und nach zusätzlicher Fraktur 16,6/14,1/18,7 mm. Die Dislokation der Fraktur wurde bei alleiniger Fraktur mit 2,2/2,5/2,5 mm und nach zusätzlicher Ligamentruptur mit 2,6/2,2/2,2 mm bestimmt. In der Gruppe, bei der zuerst die Ligamentruptur erfolgte, zeigten sich nach Fraktur Werte von 1,5/1,9/3,5 mm.

Schlussfolgerung Bereits ab einer Verengung des Spinalkanals von 2,0 mm werden neurologische Ausfälle beobachtet. In Relation zu den eigenen Ergebnissen zeigt sich, dass sowohl isolierte als auch kombinierte Verletzungen zu einer relevanten Verengung führen können. Unsere Ergebnisse stellen die große Bedeutung des Lig. transversum für die Stabilisierung des atlantoaxialen Komplexes heraus und zeigen die Relevanz der suffizienten Ruhigstellung nach entsprechenden Verletzungen.
Letzte Hilfe Kurs
Authors: Bollig Georg
Published: July 2017

Die Mehrzahl der Menschen in Deutschland stirbt in Krankenhäusern und Pflegeheimen, obwohl sich viele Menschen wünschen zuhause zu sterben. Der Letzte Hilfe Kurs soll die Bevölkerung informieren und befähigen schwerkranke und sterbende Menschen begleiten und umsorgen zu können. Der Letzte Hilfe Kurs besteht aus 4 Modulen zu den Themen Begleiten und Umsorgen Sterbender; Vorsorgen und Entscheiden; Symptome lindern und Abschied nehmen. Die Kurse werden in der Bevölkerung mit großem Interesse aufgenommen. Die flächendeckende Implementierung von Letzte Hilfe Kursen kann helfen, die Bevölkerung zu informieren und möglicherweise dazu beitragen, mehr Menschen ein Sterben zuhause zu ermöglichen.
Empfehlungen von Pflegeexperten bei Mundtrockenheit in der Palliativsituation
Authors: Krumm Norbert , Küpper Horst
Published: July 2017

Mundtrockenheit (Xerostomie) ist ein häufiges Symptom in der Palliativsituation und wird in verschiedenen Studien mit einer Prävalenz von 10–70% angegeben 1. Experten empfehlen, dass die Ausprägung von Mundtrockenheit regelmäßig evaluiert werden soll, inklusive möglicher Ursachen (z. B. Medikamente), dem Grad der Belastung und einer Behandlungsbedürftigkeit. Die Maßnahmen zur Mundbefeuchtung sollen Gewohnheiten und Vorlieben des Betroffenen entsprechen und der Verbesserung des Wohlbefindens dienen. Dabei beruhen die palliativpflegerischen Maßnahmen in der Literatur überwiegend auf klinischer Erfahrung. Zweck dieser Untersuchung ist es, anhand einer online-basierten Befragung, die Empfehlungen von Pflegeexperten aus der Palliativversorgung in Deutschland zu erheben.
Cannabinoide in der Palliativmedizin
Authors: Keßler Jens
Published: July 2017

Die Diskussion um Cannabinoide wird emotional geführt, oft werden die medizinische Anwendung und der nicht medizinische Konsum vermischt. Zusammen mit Vorurteilen gegenüber der Substanzgruppe und einer abwertenden Wortwahl führt das zum schambesetzten Umgang mit diesem Thema bei betroffenen Patienten in der Palliativsituation und zur Verunsicherung der Behandelnden.

Der Artikel fasst die seit Januar 2017 geltenden gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen zusammen, erläutert die verfügbaren Produkte und deren Verordnungsmodalitäten. Basierend auf der aktuellen Studienlage werden die möglichen Einsatzgebiete mit palliativmedizinischem Fokus erörtert.
Initial Experience with the Transapical Access for TEVAR
Authors: Mahnken Andreas , Irqsusi Marc , Hundt Walter , Moosdorf Rainer
Published: July 2017

Background The endovascular approach has become a mainstay in the treatment of aortic aneurysms. While the transfemoral approach is most commonly used, it is often inaccessible due to a vascular pathology, such as occlusion, tortuosity or heavy calcifications. The transapical access provides an alternative approach. The goal of this study is to report the feasibility of the transapical approach for total endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TEVAR).

Methods Three patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms with inaccessible femoral arteries underwent TEVAR via the transapical approach. For access, the apex of the left ventricle was exposed by a mini-thoracotomy. After left ventricular puncture, a stiff guidewire was placed through the aortic valve into the descending thoracic aorta. All stent grafts were delivered under fluoroscopic guidance.

Results All three procedures were technically successful with complete exclusion of the aneurysm without endoleak. One patient suffered spinal ischemia with subsequent paraplegia on day 4 after the procedure. The same patient died on day 43 after the procedure due to esophageal rupture. The two remaining patients did not present procedure-related problems. Conclusion The transapical access is a feasible and safe alternative to the transfemoral route in selected cases scheduled for TEVAR.

Key Points 

Citation Format
Alles neu – und besser?
Authors: Gilles Irmgard
Published: July 2017

Aktualisierung der KRINKO-Empfehlungen Auf die 2017 veröffentlichte Empfehlung der KRINKO zur „Prävention von Infektionen, die von
Gefäßkathetern ausgehen“ haben die Kliniken lange gewartet. Sie ist die Aktualisierung der Empfehlungen aus dem Jahre 2002. Ziel ist es, den
aktuellen Stand des medizinischen Wissens zu vermitteln und in den Einrichtungen zu implementieren. Dies soll eine Verbesserung und
Gewährleistung der Patientensicherheit der uns anvertrauten kranken Menschen bringen, indem wir einen großen Anteil von nosokomialen
Infektionen verhindern. Unsere Autorin Irmgard Gilles, Praxisanleiterin in der Intensivpflege, hat die neuen Empfehlungen unter die Lupe
genommen. Für sie bleiben viele Fragen offen.
Limbokeratoplastik bei gelatinöser Hornhautdystrophie
Authors: Lang Stefan , Böhringer Daniel , Reinhard Thomas
Published: July 2017

Hintergrund Die gelatinöse Hornhautdystrophie ist in Europa und Nordamerika eine sehr seltene Erkrankung. Meist kommt es vor dem 20. Lebensjahr zu Augenschmerzen, Fotophobie und Visusverlust. Aufgrund häufiger Rezidive nach konventioneller Keratoplastik wurde die Transplantation von Limbusstammzellen vorgeschlagen. Wir zeigen unsere Ergebnisse der Limbokeratoplastik, einer kombinierten Hornhaut- und Limbusstammzelltransplantation, bei dieser Indikation.

Methoden Wir präsentieren eine konsekutive Serie von 7 Augen mit gelatinöser Hornhautdystrophie, die wir mit einer Limbokeratoplastik versorgt haben. Vier Augen von 3 Patienten waren im Vorfeld teils mehrfach mit einer konventionellen Hornhauttransplantation versorgt worden. Wir beurteilten den Verlauf im Hinblick auf Rezidive der Hornhautdystrophie, Abstoßungsreaktionen, Transplantatüberleben und das Auftreten eines Sekundärglaukoms mit der Kaplan-Meier-Methode.

Ergebnisse Das mediane Alter bei Operation lag bei 35 Jahren. Postoperativ erfolgte bei allen Patienten eine Behandlung mit topischen Steroiden sowie systemisch mit Mycophenolat-Mofetil. Das mediane Transplantatüberleben nach Limbokeratoplastik lag bei 6 Jahren. Die mediane Zeit bis zum Auftreten eines Rezidivs lag bei 3 Jahren. Die erste endotheliale Abstoßungsreaktion trat im Median nach 2,5 Jahren auf.

Diskussion Die Limbokeratoplastik bietet die Möglichkeit, den Visus der Patienten über eine lange Zeitspanne wiederherzustellen. Die gelatinöse tropfenförmige Hornhautdystrophie bleibt aber dennoch eine therapeutische Herausforderung. Durch simultane Transplantation von Limbusstammzellen und einer klaren Hornhaut mittels Limbokeratoplastik sind Rezidive nicht dauerhaft zu verhindern. Dies hängt auch mit dem Absetzen einer ausreichenden lokalen und systemischen Immunmodulation zusammen.
Autofluoreszenz des humanen retinalen Pigmentepithels in der normalen Alterung und bei altersbedingter Makuladegeneration: Histologie und Klinik
Authors: Ach Thomas , Bermond Katharina
Published: July 2017

Fundusautofluoreszenz(FAF)-Aufnahmen zählen seit beinahe 2 Jahrzehnten zur Routinediagnostik des menschlichen Augenhintergrunds. Die stetigen Weiterentwicklungen der Aufnahmetechniken ermöglichen heute eine sichere, nicht invasive, einfach durchführbare und reproduzierbare Darstellung des Augenhintergrunds. Die zugrunde liegende Technik macht sich die autofluoreszierenden Eigenschaften von Geweben, insbesondere des retinalen Pigmentepithels (RPE) und dessen Fluorophore, zunutze. Dadurch können FAF-Aufnahmen in hervorragender Weise Phänomene der normalen Alterung sowie krankheitsbedingte Veränderungen des Augenhintergrunds aufzeigen, aber auch Informationen zu Krankheitsverlauf und Therapiekontrolle liefern. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit sollen nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Basis der Fundusautofluoreszenz neueste grundlagenwissenschaftliche Kenntnisse zur Histologie im Hinblick auf altersbedingte und pathologische Veränderungen des RPE zusammengefasst werden, um so eine bessere Interpretation von FAF-Aufnahmen zu ermöglichen. Der Darstellung altersbedingter Veränderungen werden hierbei die pathologischen Veränderungen im Rahmen einer altersbedingten Makuladegeneration sowohl klinisch als auch auf histologischer Ebene gegenübergestellt.
Focal Breast Lesions in Clinical CT Examinations of the Chest: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Krug Kathrin , Houbois Christian , Grinstein Olga , Borggrefe Jan , Puesken Michael , Hanstein Bettina , Malter Wolfram , Maintz David , Hellmich Martin
Published: July 2017

Purpose Based on radiological reports, the percentage of breast cancers visualized as incidental findings in routine CT examinations is estimated at ≤ 2 %. In view of the rising number of CT examinations and the high prevalence of breast cancer, it was the goal of the present study to verify the frequency and image morphology of false-negative senological CT findings.

Materials and Methods All first contrast-enhanced CT examinations of the chest in adult female patients carried out in 2012 were retrospectively included. A senior radiologist systematically assessed the presence of breast lesions on all CT images using the BI-RADS system. All BI-RADS ≥ 3 notations were evaluated by a second senior radiologist. A consensus was obtained in case of differing BI-RADS assessments. Reference diagnoses were elaborated based on all available clinical, radiological and pathological data. The findings of the CT reports were classified according to the BI-RADS system and were compared with the retrospective consensus findings as well as with the reference diagnoses.

Results The range of indications comprised a broad spectrum including staging and follow-up examinations of solid tumors/lymphoma (N = 701, 59.9 %) and vascular (190, 16.2 %), inflammatory (48, 4.1 %) and pulmonologic (22, 1.9 %) issues. BI-RADS 1/2 classifications were present in 92.5 % and BI-RADS 6 classifications were assessed in 1.7 % of the 1170 included examinations. 68 patients (5.8 %) had at least one lesion retrospectively classified as BI-RADS 3 – 5. The histological potential was known in 57 of these lesions as benign (46, 3.9 %) or malignant (11, 0.9 %). 13 BI-RADS 4/5 consensus assessments (1.1 %) were false-positive. 2 of the 10 lesions classified as being malignant based on the further clinical and radiological course were not mentioned in the written CT reports (0.2 %). Both false-negative CT reports were therapeutically and prognostically irrelevant.

Conclusion The relative frequency of BI-RADS 3 – 5 findings was 5.8 %. It reflects the situation encountered in clinical imaging for primarily non-senologic questions and therefore differs from what would be expected in a dedicated screening program. The rates of known false-positive BI-RADS 4/5 findings in the retrospective evaluations (1.1 %) and of false-negative findings in the written CT reports (0.2 %) reflect the different diagnostic approaches of image-based senological screening and radiological examinations indicated in order to solve clinical problems not primarily concerning the breast region. Statements regarding the prevalence of clinically occult breast cancers can only be made with caution in the presented, highly selective group of patients due to the often incomplete visualization of breast tissue and the retrospective approach.

Key points 

Zitierweise
Efficient chemical potential evaluation with kinetic Monte Carlo method and non-uniform external potential: Lennard-Jones fluid, liquid, and solid
Authors: Ustinov E. A.
Published: July 2017

The aim of this paper is to present a method of a direct evaluation of the chemical potential of fluid, liquid, and solid with kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. The method is illustrated with the 12-6 Lennard-Jones (LJ) system over a wide range of density and temperature. A distinctive feature of the methodology used in the present study is imposing an external potential on the elongated simulation box to split the system into two equilibrium phases, one of which is substantially diluted. This technique provides a reliable direct evaluation of the chemical potential of the whole non-uniform system (including that of the uniformly distributed dense phase in the central zone of the box), which, for example, is impossible in simulation of the uniform crystalline phase. The parameters of the vapor–liquid, liquid–solid, and fluid–solid transitions have been reliably determined. The chemical potential and the pressure are defined as thermodynamically consistent functions of density and temperature separately for the liquid and the solid (FCC) phases. It has been shown that in two-phase systems separated by a flat interface, the crystal melting always occurs at equilibrium conditions. It is also proved that in the limit of zero temperature, the specific heat capacity of an LJ crystal at constant volume is exactly 3Rg (where Rg is the gas constant) without resorting to harmonic oscillators.
Evaluation of Australia’s first older adult-specific early intervention for reducing alcohol-related harm
Authors: Bright Stephen J. , Williams Cylie M.
Published: July 2017

The aim of the present case study was to evaluate the service-wide implementation of Australia’s first older adult-specific early intervention called Older Wiser Lifestyles (OWL). OWL was designed to reduce alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm among people identified as being at risk. OWL used the Australian Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (A-ARPS) to classify people’s drinking patterns as non-hazardous, hazardous or harmful. Participants of the present study were aged ≥60 years and consumed alcohol in the past month, although they did not require treatment for dependence. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption (AUDIT-C) was used as a composite measure of alcohol consumption. Data were collected before intervention and 3 and 6 months after intervention. In all, 140 clients were screened and attended at least one appointment (54% male; mean (± s.d.) age 72.8±7.6 years). Generalised estimating equation (GEE) examined the correlations between the intervention groups, time point and outcomes of interest. At 6 months, significant reductions were observed in A-ARPS classification (P=0.001) and AUDIT-C scores (P=0.001) among all clients, regardless of the number of sessions or intervention group. These preliminary findings warrant a randomised clinical trial of the intervention. Until this is completed, Australian health care providers should still consider the early intervention to reduce the risk of alcohol consumption among older adults.

What is known about this topic?
Older Australians are increasingly drinking alcohol at levels that place them at risk of experiencing harm. Although early interventions have been developed overseas that have been shown to reduce risky drinking among older adults, no such program has been implemented in Australia.

What does this paper add?
We developed an early intervention program (OWL) that drew from and extended intervention protocols developed overseas. In particular, we added harm reduction as a component of the intervention. Harm reduction interventions do not appear to have been evaluated among older adults. The OWL program was evaluated and found to be associated with decreased levels of alcohol-related harm.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Older adults have different needs when it comes to considering risk of alcohol-related harm. Many are taking medications that interact with alcohol or have comorbid conditions that can be exacerbated by alcohol or more difficult to treat. Yet, many such individuals are not considered to be at risk due to poor screening among this population. The program we developed takes into account these age-specific factors and has been manualised. As such, it could be implemented by a variety of healthcare workers in numerous settings. We hope that practitioners are interested in trialling the program and that a randomised controlled trial is conducted to establish the efficacy of the program.
Analysis of ZP1 gene reveals differences in zona pellucida composition in carnivores
Authors: Moros-Nicolás C. , Leza A. , Chevret P. , Guillén-Martínez A. , González-Brusi L. , Boué F. , Lopez-Bejar M. , Ballesta J. , Avilés M. , Izquierdo-Rico M. J.
Published: July 2017

The zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular envelope that surrounds mammalian oocytes. This coat participates in the interaction between gametes, induction of the acrosome reaction, block of polyspermy and protection of the oviductal embryo. Previous studies suggested that carnivore ZP was formed by three glycoproteins (ZP2, ZP3 and ZP4), with ZP1 being a pseudogene. However, a recent study in the cat found that all four proteins were expressed. In the present study, in silico and molecular analyses were performed in several carnivores to clarify the ZP composition in this order of mammals. The in silico analysis demonstrated the presence of the ZP1 gene in five carnivores: cheetah, panda, polar bear, tiger and walrus, whereas in the Antarctic fur seal and the Weddell seal there was evidence of pseudogenisation. Molecular analysis showed the presence of four ZP transcripts in ferret ovaries (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 and ZP4) and three in fox ovaries (ZP2, ZP3 and ZP4). Analysis of the fox ZP1 gene showed the presence of a stop codon. The results strongly suggest that all four ZP genes are expressed in most carnivores, whereas ZP1 pseudogenisation seems to have independently affected three families (Canidae, Otariidae and Phocidae) of the carnivore tree.
Subjectivity in personal storytelling with visualization
Authors: Thudt Alice , Perin Charles , Willett Wesley , Carpendale Sheelagh
Published: July 2017

In this article we explore visualization for personal storytelling and investigate techniques for communicating subjective experiences in personal visual narratives. Personal stories are often subjective and storytellers omit, make up, or embellish details to craft engaging stories or to communicate a perspective. As growing personal data collections allow individuals to leverage visualizations, we explore how personal visual narratives can express subjectivity. From an analysis of personal visualizations created by data enthusiasts, designers and artists, we collect techniques for deliberately expressing subjectivity during data collection, processing, visual encoding, and presentation. Our results prompt a discussion about the role and potential of subjectivity in personal visual storytelling.
Improving the quality of healthcare data through information design
Authors: Noël Guillermina , Joy Janet , Dyck Carmen
Published: July 2017

Improving the quality of patient care, generally referred to as Quality Improvement (QI), is a constant mission of healthcare.
Although QI initiatives take many forms, these typically involve collecting data to measure whether changes to procedures have
been made as planned, and whether those changes have achieved the expected outcomes. In principle, such data are used to measure
the success of a QI initiative and make further changes if needed. In practice, however, many QI data reports provide only limited
insight into changes that could improve patient care. Redesigning standard approaches to QI data can help close the gap between
current norms and the potential of QI data to improve patient care. This paper describes our study of QI data needs among
healthcare providers and managers at Vancouver Coastal Health, a regional health system in Canada. We present an overview of
challenges faced by healthcare providers around QI data collection and visualization, and illustrate the advantages and
disadvantages of different visualizations. At present, user– centred and evidence–based design is practically unknown in
healthcare QI, and thus offers an important new contribution.
The language of the Transeurasian farmers
Authors: Robbeets Martine
Published: July 2017

The Farming Language Dispersal Hypothesis makes the radical and controversial claim that many of the world’s major language families owe their present-day distribution to the adoption of agriculture by their early speakers. Especially for regions such as Northern Asia, where farming is only marginally viable, this claim has been seriously called into question. This paper investigates to what extent agriculture impacted the dispersal of the Transeurasian language family, i.e. the genealogical grouping consisting of the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic languages. For this purpose, I establish the internal family structure of Transeurasian, reconstruct cultural vocabulary and situate the Transeurasian languages in time and space. Assessing the cultural reconstructions and mapping the tree topology, time-depth and homeland on the demographic transitions visible in the archaeological and genetic record, I find indications that proto-Transeurasian was spoken by people gradually adopting farming and that its dispersal was indeed driven by agriculture.
Farming-related terms in Proto-Turkic and Proto-Altaic
Authors: Savelyev Alexander
Published: July 2017

Historical sources from different times describe Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic traditional economies as based on pastoralism, with agriculture playing only a minor role among their subsistence strategies. Cultural reconstruction as used by historical linguists may provide additional inferences about the relative importance of farming and pastoralism in these lineages. This paper focuses on the origin of agricultural and pastoralist terms in Proto-Turkic and their parallels in the other branches of Altaic, i.e., Mongolic and Tungusic. I show that the majority of the Turkic pastoralist lexicon has a secondary nature, being formed due to contact, derivation or lexical recycling. At the same time, farming-related terms in Turkic are mostly unborrowed and underived and a few of them have reliable Altaic connections. The very limited number of agricultural terms reconstructible to Proto-Altaic as compared to the preceding Proto-Transeurasian period can be attributed to a loss of farming-related lexicon over time after the break-up of Altaic.
Farming and the Trans-New Guinea family
Authors: Schapper Antoinette
Published: July 2017

The island of New Guinea, located to the north of Australia, is one of the world’s major centres of early agriculture and plant domestication. At the same time, a large number of the languages of New Guinea and adjacent areas share a common origin and are believed to belong to a single language family, the Trans-New Guinea family. This paper presents a first attempt to apply the farming-language dispersal hypothesis to the New Guinea case. While the archaeological literature on early agriculture in New Guinea has focused mainly on taro, there is reason to doubt that taro was associated with the Trans-New Guinea expansion. In this paper, I instead consider the role of banana and sugarcane. The occurrence in many Trans-New Guinea languages of related terms for these two crops suggests that these were part of the “farming package” which fuelled the expansion of the family and its speakers.
Macrofamilies and agricultural lexicon
Authors: Starostin George
Published: July 2017

It is more or less self-evident that the origins of agriculture cannot be directly associated with the ancestral speakers of any of the commonly accepted, non-controversial language families such as Indo-European, Semitic, Dravidian, etc., since these origins go much deeper back in time than any of these ancestral languages. Consequently, in this paper I present a brief overview of some of the most promising, if controversial, hypotheses on deep-level language relationship between various linguistic stocks of Western and Central Eurasia in terms of whether or not there is a chance of reconstructing at least a small amount of agricultural terminology for such hypothetical entities as Proto-Nostratic, Proto-Sino-Caucasian, and Proto-Afroasiatic. The overview leads to the conclusion that some of the most archaic agricultural terminology in the Near East may be associated with the North Caucasian linguistic family and, possibly, also with Basque as its nearest genetic relative; at the same time, evidence of ancient agricultural lexicon in the Afroasiatic stock remains at best circumstantial, whereas evidence from various lineages of “Nostratic” is practically non-existent.
Were the first Bantu speakers south of the rainforest farmers?
Authors: Bostoen Koen , Koni Muluwa Joseph
Published: July 2017

Popular belief has it that the Bantu Expansion was a farming/language dispersal. However, there is neither conclusive archaeological nor linguistic evidence to substantiate this hypothesis, especially not for the initial spread in West-Central Africa. In this chapter we consider lexical reconstructions for both domesticated and wild plants in Proto-West-Coastal Bantu associated with the first Bantu speech communities south of the rainforest about 2500 years ago. The possibility to reconstruct terms for five different crops, i.e. pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), okra (Hibiscus/Abelmoschus esculentus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) and plantain (Musa spp.), indicates that by that time Bantu speakers did know how to cultivate plants. At the same time, they still strongly depended on the plant resources that could be collected in their natural environment, as is evidenced by a preliminary assessment of reconstructible names for wild plants. Agriculture in Central Africa was indeed “a slow revolution”, as the late Jan Vansina once proposed, and certainly not the principal motor behind the early Bantu Expansion.
Modal structuralism simplified
Authors: Berry Sharon
Published: July 2017

Since Benacerraf’s ‘What Numbers Could Not Be, ’ there has been a growing interest in mathematical structuralism. An influential form of mathematical structuralism, modal structuralism, uses logical possibility and second order logic to provide paraphrases of mathematical statements which don’t quantify over mathematical objects. These modal structuralist paraphrases are a useful tool for nominalists and realists alike. But their use of second order logic and quantification into the logical possibility operator raises concerns. In this paper, I show that the work of both these elements can be done by a single natural generalization of the logical possibility operator.
Shaping AFS Advocacy Based on History and Need
Authors: Pool Taylor , Bigford Thomas E. , Mulvey-McFerron Owen
Published: July 2017

We discuss the need for the American Fisheries Society (AFS) to be involved in advocacy efforts. In doing so, we summarize our history, offer examples of past endeavors, capture the challenges of representing the views of a complex membership, and explain the opportunities awaiting AFS and its members. Our conclusion is that the Society must become more active in advocacy efforts as it seeks to make best use of its members' knowledge and experience, their ability to inform others about fisheries science and management, and our collective ability to influence outcomes relevant to fish and fisheries.
Expression analysis of polyphenol oxidase isozymes by active staining method and tissue browning of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Authors: Noda Takahiro , Iimure Kazuhiko , Okamoto Shunsuke , Saito Akira
Published: July 2017

Browning of plant tissue is generally considered attributable to enzymatic oxidation by polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Electrophoresis followed by activity staining has been used as an effective procedure to visually detect and isolate isozymes; however, it has not been applied for examination of various PPO isozymes in lettuce. Our study demonstrated that different lettuce PPO isozymes could be detected at different pH in active staining, and multiple isozymes were detected only under alkaline conditions. As a result, we concluded that activity staining with approximately pH 8 enabled to detect various PPO isozymes in lettuce. By expression analysis of the PPO isozymes after wounding, PPO isozymes that correlated with time-course of tissue browning were detected. The wound-induced PPO may play a key role in enzymatic browning.
Could Slackline Training Complement the FIFA 11+ Programme Regarding Training of Neuromuscular Control?
Authors: Jäger Tobias , Kiefer Julian , Werner Inge , Federolf Peter A.
Published: July 2017

The current study compared changes in neuromuscular control between slackline training and the stabilization training elements of the FIFA 11+ programme. Twenty‐five students in 2 groups performed a 12‐unit training programme. The slackline training group (n = 13) exclusively trained with a slackline. The stabilization training group (n = 12) practised exercises as described in the second part of the FIFA 11+ programme. Improvements in balance were assessed using three tests for dynamic, quasi‐static, and perturbed postural control: the star excursion balance test (SEBT), the closed‐eye single‐leg stance, and the MFT S3‐Check. Both groups significantly improved the stability and sensorimotor index of the MFT S3‐Check (p < .001), their range on the SEBT (p < .001), and the duration of closed‐eye single‐leg stance (p < .001). The group × training interaction was significant for the MFT S3‐Check (stability index: p = .042; sensorimotor index: p = .004) and the SEBT (dominant leg: p = .003; averaged both legs: p = .016), with the slackline training group showing a larger training effect than the stabilization training group. The results of the present study suggest that slackline training offers similar – or better – improvements in neuromuscular control as the FIFA 11+ warm‐up programme. If compliance with the FIFA 11+ programme is declining, then slacklining might offer an alternative approach to reach the training goals of improved sensorimotor control.
Single and collective cell migration: the mechanics of adhesions
Authors: De Pascalis Chiara , Etienne-Manneville Sandrine
Published: July 2017

Chemical and physical properties of the environment control cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis in the long term. However, to be able to move and migrate through a complex three-dimensional environment, cells must quickly adapt in the short term to the physical properties of their surroundings. Interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) occur through focal adhesions or hemidesmosomes via the engagement of integrins with fibrillar ECM proteins. Cells also interact with their neighbors, and this involves various types of intercellular adhesive structures such as tight junctions, cadherin-based adherens junctions, and desmosomes. Mechanobiology studies have shown that cell–ECM and cell–cell adhesions participate in mechanosensing to transduce mechanical cues into biochemical signals and conversely are responsible for the transmission of intracellular forces to the extracellular environment. As they migrate, cells use these adhesive structures to probe their surroundings, adapt their mechanical properties, and exert the appropriate forces required for their movements. The focus of this review is to give an overview of recent developments showing the bidirectional relationship between the physical properties of the environment and the cell mechanical responses during single and collective cell migration.
Mycoflora Associated With Pyrethrum Seed and the Integration of Seed Steam Treatment Into Foliar Disease Management Strategies
Authors: Scott Jason B. , Gent David H. , Pearce Tamieka L. , Pethybridge Sarah J. , Pilkington Stacey J. , Hay Frank S.
Published: July 2017

A complex of foliar diseases can affect pyrethrum in Australia, but those of greatest importance are ray blight, caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti, and tan spot, caused primarily by Didymella tanaceti. Isolation of fungi from pyrethrum seed lots produced over 15 years resulted in recovery of six known pathogens: S. tanaceti, D. tanaceti, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, Stemphylium botryosum, and Botrytis cinerea. The incidence of S. tanaceti and D. tanaceti isolated from seed varied between 0.9 and 19.5% (mean = 7.7%) and 0 and 24.1% (mean = 5.3%) among years, respectively. Commercial heat treatment of pyrethrum seed via steaming reduced the incidence of D. tanaceti from 10.9 to 0.06% and the incidence of S. tanaceti from 24.6% to nondetectable levels (<0.18%). In a second experiment, both species were reduced to nondetectable levels (<0.20%) from their initial incidences of 22.4 and 2.4%, respectively. In a field study in 2013, colonization of pyrethrum foliage by S. tanaceti was reduced from 21.1 to 14.3% in early winter when heat-treated seed was planted. However, isolation frequency of D. tanaceti was not affected significantly by seed treatment in this year. In a related experiment in 2015, the isolation frequency of D. tanaceti in plots planted from heat-treated seed depended on both prior application of an industry-standard fungicide program and proximity to another pyrethrum field in autumn. The fungus was recovered at a similar frequency in fungicide-treated and nontreated plots located near other pyrethrum fields (13.8 versus 16.3%, respectively), whereas recovery of the pathogen was reduced by fungicide applications in geographically remote pyrethrum fields (6.7 versus 1.4%, respectively). However, these differences in isolation frequency of D. tanaceti in autumn did not obviate the need for later fungicide applications to suppress foliar disease intensity in spring or flower yield in summer, independent of the proximity to other pyrethrum fields. This study suggests that steam treatment of seed can delay development of the foliar disease complex on pyrethrum, although an extremely low level of remaining infected seed or exogenous sources of inoculum necessitates the use of foliar fungicide applications in spring.
Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses in British Columbia
Authors: Poojari S. , Boulé J. , DeLury N. , Lowery D. T. , Rott M. , Schmidt A.-M. , Úrbez-Torres J. R.
Published: July 2017

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is a complex associated with one or more virus species belonging to the family Closteroviridae. The majority of viruses in this complex are vectored by one or more species of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and/or scale insects (Coccidae). Grape-growing regions of British Columbia (BC), including Okanagan, Similkameen, and Fraser valleys and Kamloops (BC central interior), Vancouver, and Gulf islands, were surveyed during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons for the presence of four major grapevine leafroll-associated viruses, including Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1), GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, and GLRaV-4. In total, 3,056 composite five-vine samples were collected from 153 Vitis vinifera and three interspecific hybrid vineyard blocks. The results showed GLRaV-3 to be the most widespread, occurring in 16.7% of the composite samples, followed by GLRaV-4 (3.9%), GLRaV-1 (3.8%), and GLRaV-2 (3.0%). Mixed infections of two or more GLRaVs were found in 4.1% of the total samples. The relative incidence of GLRaVs differed among regions and vineyard blocks of a different age. Characterization of partial CO1 region from a total of 241 insect specimens revealed the presence of Pseudococcus maritimus, Parthenolecanium corni, and other Pulvinaria sp. in BC vineyards. Spatial patterns of GLRaV-3 infected grapevines in three vineyard blocks from three different regions in the Okanagan Valley showed variable degrees of increase in disease spread ranging from 0 to 19.4% over three growing seasons. Regional differences in the relative incidence and spread of GLD underline the need for region-based management programs for BC vineyards.
Spectral-Temporal Modulated Ripple Discrimination by Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Landsberger David M. , Padilla Monica , Martinez Amy S. , Eisenberg Laurie S.
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

A postlingually implanted adult typically develops hearing with an intact auditory system, followed by periods of deafness (or near deafness) and adaptation to the implant. For an early implanted child whose brain is highly plastic, the auditory system matures with consistent input from a cochlear implant. It is likely that the auditory system of early implanted cochlear implant users is fundamentally different than postlingually implanted adults. The purpose of this study is to compare the basic psychophysical capabilities and limitations of these two populations on a spectral resolution task to determine potential effects of early deprivation and plasticity.

Design:

Performance on a spectral resolution task (Spectral-temporally Modulated Ripple Test [SMRT]) was measured for 20 bilaterally implanted, prelingually deafened children (between 5 and 13 years of age) and 20 hearing children within the same age range. Additionally, 15 bilaterally implanted, postlingually deafened adults, and 10 hearing adults were tested on the same task. Cochlear implant users (adults and children) were tested bilaterally, and with each ear alone. Hearing listeners (adults and children) were tested with the unprocessed SMRT and with a vocoded version that simulates an 8-channel cochlear implant.

Results:

For children with normal hearing, a positive correlation was found between age and SMRT score for both the unprocessed and vocoded versions. Older hearing children performed similarly to hearing adults in both the unprocessed and vocoded test conditions. However, for children with cochlear implants, no significant relationship was found between SMRT score and chronological age, age at implantation, or years of implant experience. Performance by children with cochlear implants was poorer than performance by cochlear implanted adults. It was also found that children implanted sequentially tended to have better scores with the first implant compared with the second implant. This difference was not observed for adults. An additional finding was that SMRT score was negatively correlated with age for adults with implants.

Conclusions:

Results from this study suggest that basic psychophysical capabilities of early implanted children and postlingually implanted adults differ when assessed in the sound field using their personal implant processors. Because spectral resolution does not improve with age for early implanted children, it seems likely that the sparse representation of the signal provided by a cochlear implant limits spectral resolution development. These results are supported by the finding that postlingually implanted adults, whose auditory systems matured before the onset of hearing loss, perform significantly better than early implanted children on the spectral resolution test.
Closed-Loop– and Decision-Assist–Guided Fluid Therapy of Human Hemorrhage*
Authors: Hundeshagen Gabriel , Kramer George C. , Ribeiro Marques Nicole , Salter Michael G. , Koutrouvelis Aristides K. , Li Husong , Solanki Daneshvari R. , Indrikovs Alexander , Seeton Roger , Henkel Sheryl N. , Kinsky Michael P.
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

We sought to evaluate the efficacy, efficiency, and physiologic consequences of automated, endpoint-directed resuscitation systems and compare them to formula-based bolus resuscitation.

Design:

Experimental human hemorrhage and resuscitation.

Setting:

Clinical research laboratory.

Subjects:

Healthy volunteers.

Interventions:

Subjects (n = 7) were subjected to hemorrhage and underwent a randomized fluid resuscitation scheme on separate visits 1) formula-based bolus resuscitation; 2) semiautonomous (decision assist) fluid administration; and 3) fully autonomous (closed loop) resuscitation. Hemodynamic variables, volume shifts, fluid balance, and cardiac function were monitored during hemorrhage and resuscitation. Treatment modalities were compared based on resuscitation efficacy and efficiency.

Measurements and Main Results:

All approaches achieved target blood pressure by 60 minutes. Following hemorrhage, the total amount of infused fluid (bolus resuscitation: 30 mL/kg, decision assist: 5.6 ± 3 mL/kg, closed loop: 4.2 ± 2 mL/kg; p < 0.001), plasma volume, extravascular volume (bolus resuscitation: 17 ± 4 mL/kg, decision assist: 3 ± 1 mL/kg, closed loop: –0.3 ± 0.3 mL/kg; p < 0.001), body weight, and urinary output remained stable under decision assist and closed loop and were significantly increased under bolus resuscitation. Mean arterial pressure initially decreased further under bolus resuscitation (–10 mm Hg; p < 0.001) and was lower under bolus resuscitation than closed loop at 20 minutes (bolus resuscitation: 57 ± 2 mm Hg, closed loop: 69 ± 4 mm Hg; p = 0.036). Colloid osmotic pressure (bolus resuscitation: 19.3 ± 2 mm Hg, decision assist, closed loop: 24 ± 0.4 mm Hg; p < 0.05) and hemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased after bolus fluid administration.

Conclusions:

We define efficacy of decision-assist and closed-loop resuscitation in human hemorrhage. In comparison with formula-based bolus resuscitation, both semiautonomous and autonomous approaches were more efficient in goal-directed resuscitation of hemorrhage. They provide favorable conditions for the avoidance of over-resuscitation and its adverse clinical sequelae. Decision-assist and closed-loop resuscitation algorithms are promising technological solutions for constrained environments and areas of limited resources.