bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USE OF THERMAL ANALYSIS TO MEASURE FREEZING RESISTANCE OF GRAPE BUDS
Authors: QUAMME H. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of bud excision, cooling rate, and preconditioning temperature on the mean low-temperature exotherm (LTE) of grape buds were studied to determine the appropriate methodology for measurement of hardiness of Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis vinifera hybrid buds using thermal analysis. Excision of Maréchal Foch buds to exclude any of the stem tissue raised the LTE temperature above that obtained with the bud attached to a piece of the stem. Cooling rates between 1.5 and 10 °C h−1 did not affect the LTE temperature of Marechal Foch and Okanagan Riesling buds, but at the most rapid rate of cooling, 40 °C h−1, a lack of thermal contact between the sensor and the tissue produced an error in measurement. The LTE temperature determined on the buds of eight cultivars was within 0.9 °C of the temperature which killed 50% of the buds. Preconditioning the buds at −5 °C for 7 d and then −10 °C for 3 d improved the ability of thermal analysis to discriminate the differences in freezing resistance among the cultivars Marechal Foch, Okanagan Riesling and Lakemont, in the autumn; but not in mid-winter. Methods for mounting stem sections on the thermocouples were developed and are described.Key words: Grape, cold hardiness, supercooling, exotherm, Vitis
ADVENTITIOUS SHOOTS FROM COTYLEDONS OF IMMATURE CHERRY AND APRICOT EMBRYOS
Authors: LANE W. DAVID , COSSIO F.
Published: March 2010

Immature embryos of Prunus armeniaca (apricot) and Prunus persica (peach) collected 20–30 d from anthesis were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with benzyladenine (BA) and various auxins to study their potential for regeneration. Both species developed adventitious buds on cotyledons when cultured in vitro. Apricot frequency of regeneration was as high as 100% when BA (5.0 μM) and 2,4-D (1.0 μM) were included in the medium. Cherry response was less than apricot (up to 70%) and the maximum frequency of regeneration occurred using media with BA alone (3.0 μM). Auxin was inhibitory to sweet cherry regeneration. The physiological stage of development was very important for regeneration from both species since regeneration did not occur when very young or fully mature embryos were used as explants. Apricot plants were produced by rooting shoots which developed from the regenerated buds on the cotyledons.Key words: Apricot, sweet cherry, regeneration, immature embryo, cotyledon, tissue culture
NORMAN FLAX
Authors: KENASCHUK EDWARD O. , HOES JOHN A.
Published: March 2010

NorMan is a medium-early, high-oil, high yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. The cultivar is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.), resistance being conditioned by the L6 gene. NorMan is adapted to all flax production areas of the Canadian prairies but is particularly well adapted to Manitoba conditions.Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
BICENTENNIAL SOYBEAN
Authors: BEVERSDORF W. D. , HUME D. J. , MUSCAT J. C. , GOSTOVIC P. , VRIE Q. VAN DE
Published: March 2010

Bicentennial is a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 2 d later in maturity than Maple Arrow, but 3–5% higher yielding and more resistant to shattering loss.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description
OAC LIBRA SOYBEAN
Authors: BEVERSDORF W. D. , HUME D. J. , VRIE Q. VAN DE , MUSCAT J. C. , GOSTOVIC P.
Published: March 2010

OAC Libra is a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which has averaged 1 d earlier in maturity than Evans in Ontario and 4% higher in yield.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description
OAC PISCES SOYBEAN
Authors: BEVERSDORF W. D. , HUME D. J. , GOSTOVIC P. , VRIE Q. VAN DE , MUSCAT J. C.
Published: March 2010

OAC Pisces is a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 3 d earlier than Hodgson and 1% lower in yield in Ontario trials.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description
VEEGLOW STRAWBERRY
Authors: RICKETSON C. L. , GRAY VICTORIA P. , COOK FRANCES I. , VANDENBERG A. A. , DALE ADAM
Published: March 2010

Veeglow is a June-bearing strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) released to replace Redcoat. The fruit is large, firm and has good flavor; the plants are only slightly susceptible to verticillium wilt.Key words: Fragaria × ananassa Duch., fruit breeding, strawberry, Verticillium albo-atrum R. & B., cultivar description
LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY GROWTH FOLLOWING PRUNING BY A CONVENTIONAL AND MODIFIED BURNER
Authors: HALL I. V. , BURROWS J. M. , HILDEBRAND P. D.
Published: March 2010

Burn pruning with a conventional and modified oil burner was compared in a lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) field. No significant difference in length of stems, number of flower buds per stem or number of branched stems was found, but intensity of branching on stems increased following pruning with the modified burner. The modified burner required 30–50% less oil than the conventional burner.Key words: Lowbush blueberry, pruning, modified burner
EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY ON YIELD AND COMPONENTS OF YIELD OF FABA BEAN
Authors: GRAF R. J. , ROWLAND G. G.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments using two Vicia faba L. cultivars, Outlook faba bean and Chinese broad bean, were grown at six densities (13, 25, 38, 50, 63 and 75 plants m−2) at two locations in Saskatchewan for 2 yr. A diminishing yield response to density was observed over this range of densities, with optimal economic seeding densities attained at 38 plants m−2. For the larger-seeded Chinese broad bean, simulations indicated that a lower density of 25 plants m−2 was adequate if the seed cost approached twice that of the product price. Density effects were highly significant (P < 0.01) for all yield components except seed weight in Chinese broad bean and seeds per pod in both cultivars. Of the primary yield components, pods per plant exhibited the greatest sensitivity to changes in plant density, with Outlook faba bean being affected to a much greater extent. The number of pods per pod-bearing node was the major determinant of yield and yield stability in the highly indeterminate Outlook faba bean. The importance of pods per pod-bearing node was reduced in the more determinate Chinese broad bean, where podded nodes per plant showed greater sensitivity to plant density changes. It is suggested that efforts to produce a more determinate cultivar by reducing the number of podded nodes per plant may result in a concomitant stabilization of pods per pod-bearing node.Key words: Vicia faba, yield components, plant density, faba bean, seeding rate
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD AND WATER STRESS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND DEVELOPMENT RATE OF BARLEY MEASURED IN HEAT UNITS
Authors: DWYER L. M. , STEWART D. W.
Published: March 2010

Barley (Hordeum vulgare ’Bruce’) was grown in a greenhouse under three photoperiods (8, 12 and 16 h) and nine watering treatments, resulting in different timing, duration and intensity of water stress. Phenological development, according to the Feekes scale, was monitored three times a week and leaf area was measured weekly from tillering to ripening. Final aboveground and root dry matter production and grain yield were obtained at harvest. Phenological observations were fit to a nonlinear photothermal model that expressed phenological development as a function of heat units modified by photoperiod. In the absence of water stress, maximum leaf area was directly proportional to photoperiod and the time of maximum leaf area was delayed at longer photoperiods. Water stress hastened leaf area senescence and, in general, the more severe the stress, the greater the reduction in leaf area. Most stress treatments also resulted in lower shoot/root ratios than found in well-watered controls, as well as significant yield reductions. Reduction in biomass and yield components appeared independent of photoperiod. In contrast, not only was phenological development rate proportional to photoperiod, but the effect of water stress on development rate was modified by photoperiod. Development was significantly delayed by several water stress treatments; no treatment significantly hastened development. A stress period from tillering to the beginning of stem extension caused the largest, and most consistent, delay and the duration of the delay was inversely proportional to the photoperiod.Key words: Barley, degree days, phenology, leaf area, biomass
EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY ON DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF RAPESEED AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO RECOVERY FROM HAIL INJURY
Authors: McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

The ability of rapeseed crops (Brassica campestris L. ’Torch’ and B. napus L. ’Tower’) to recover from, and compensate for, loss of plants at the early vegetative stage of development was investigated by hand thinning plant populations established at commercial seeding rates with commercial seeding equipment. Plant density was reduced from 100-200 plants m−2 to 40 plants m−2 with less than a 20% loss in seed yield. Seeds per pod and seed weight in some instances increased with reduced plant density. However, compensation was attributed predominantly to an increased number of pods on the remaining plants, which increased from 20-90 to as many as 600. Branching increased from as few as 3 to, in some instances, almost 40. With reduced plant population there was a tendency for increased and prolonged accumulation of dry matter by the plants following flowering.Key words: Brassica campestris L., Brassica napus L., rapeseed, development, seed yield, hail.
INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND CO2 ENRICHMENT ON SOYBEAN: GROWTH AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING
Authors: SIONIT NASSER , STRAIN B. R. , FLINT E. P.
Published: March 2010

Projected increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration will affect growth and productivity of many plant species under various environmental conditions. Since these increases in CO2 may also increase mean annual temperatures, it is important to determine how the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) will respond to changes in temperature regimes associated with atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Morphology and growth responses of the Ransom cultivar, which is adapted to a southern U.S.A. climate, to day/night temperature regimes of 18/12, 22/16, and 26/20 °C and atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 350, 675 and 1000 μL L−1 were studied in controlled environment chambers. Plant responses were determined at 20, 40, 67 and 115 (late senescence to maturity) days after planting. Plant height and number of branches increased slightly with CO2 enrichment and more significantly with increasing temperature. Root to shoot ratio remained unchanged at different CO2 concentrations but decreased as temperature increased. Leaf weight ratio and specific leaf weight decreased with increasing temperature. Low temperature reduced dry weight of all plant parts, but the reduction was ameliorated by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. The results show that increasing the atmospheric CO2 level causes soybean to grow more vigorously at low temperatures. Although controlled environment experiments have their drawbacks in regard to natural field conditions, the present data indicate that soybean will have enhanced growth even at moderately cool temperatures in the future global CO2 concentrations.Key words: Soybean growth, low temperature, CO2 × temperature interaction, environmental control
WHEAT MIDGE INFESTATION OF SPRING CEREALS IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: WRIGHT A. T. , DOANE J.
Published: March 2010

Annual canarygrass and oats were found to be free of natural infestations of wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin) in northeastern Saskatchewan. Six-row barley cultivars had low infestations and triticale, rye, wheat and durum wheat, high levels of infestation. Differences among susceptible cultivars were frequently due to asynchrony of plant susceptibility and midge oviposition.Key words: Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, wheat midge, cereals, cultivars
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN AGRICULTURAL TESTING: QUANTITATION OF SPECIFIC WHEAT GLIADINS AFFECTED BY SULFUR DEFICIENCY
Authors: SKERRITT JOHN H. , MARTINUZZI ORNELLA , WRIGLEY COLIN W.
Published: March 2010

Proteins correlating with end-use quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour samples have been quantitated using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MCA) with specificities for different gliadins (grain endosperm storage proteins which are soluble in aqueous alcohol). A beta-gliadin specific antibody was found suitable for measuring sulfur-related quality loss in sets of flours from three wheat cultivars grown under varying conditions of sulfur fertilization. Binding of this monoclonal antibody, measured in a competitive enzyme-immunoassay, was highly correlated with flour sulfur and with the extensibility of, and resistance to stretching of doughs prepared from these flour samples. These results demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies may be used to measure levels of specific components which vary as the technological quality of the foodstuff varies. Rapid spot-tests based on the reaction of seed proteins with specific monoclonal antibodies may aid progeny selection in plant breeding programs.Key words: Wheat-grain quality, monoclonal antibody, immunoassay, sulfur deficiency, gliadin
A DOSE-RESPONSE FUNCTION FOR THE IMPACT OF O3 ON ONTARIO-GROWN WHITE BEAN AND AN ESTIMATE OF ECONOMIC LOSS
Authors: ADOMAIT E. J. , ENSING J. , HOFSTRA G.
Published: March 2010

A function for ozone (O3) dose and yield response in white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was developed using data from antioxidant trials (EDU) over a 4-yr period. The best-fitting dose-response function was obtained only when weather factors were included. Mean reduction in yield associated with variable O3 dose over a 4-yr period was 13%. Assuming adaptive expectations, the stock adjustment model most accurately estimated the supply curve for white bean. Factors used in estimating white bean supply included hectares planted, price, yield and insurance premiums. Based on the effect of yield reductions on producer surplus, the short-run loss due to O3 in real average income is approximately 15% and the long-run loss is approximately 12% of real average income.Key words: Bean (white), ozone, ethylene diurea, dose-response function, economic loss
MIXTURES OF ANNUAL CROPS FOR FORAGE IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: BERKENKAMP B. , MEERES J.
Published: March 2010

Monocultures and binary mixtures of oats, barley, wheat and triticale with each of peas, faba beans and sunflowers, were evaluated for production of whole plant dry matter, protein and digestible energy. These tests were carried out on two soil types, Black and Grey-Wooded, during the years 1981–1983. Oats and oat mixtures were high yielding on both soils. Barley yielded less and was less competitive than oats. Barley-pea mixtures produced higher yields than pure barley on Grey-Wooded soil. Triticale and wheat were least competitive and produced low yields in mixtures. Average yields of sunflowers on Black soil were 3.3 times greater than on Grey-Wooded soil, and yields were extremely variable over years. The effect of the relatively high fiber content of sunflowers at 42% was reflected in their lower yields of digestible energy. Legumes and their mixtures produced the highest yields of protein, with faba beans more productive on Black soil and peas better on Grey-Wooded soil. Usually the yields of mixtures were between or below the yields of components in pure stands.Key words: Forage, mixtures, annual crops, cereals, pulses, sunflowers
OAC SCORPIO SOYBEAN
Authors: BEVERSDORF W. D. , HUME D. J. , MUSCAT J. C. , GOSTOVIC P. , VRIE Q. VAN DE
Published: March 2010

OAC Scorpio is a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 3 d later than Maple Arrow and 9% higher in yield in Ontario trials. OAC Scorpio is 2 d later than Maple Arrow and 2% lower in yield in Quebec trials.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description.
OAC ARIES SOYBEAN
Authors: BHVERSDORF W. D. , HUME D. J. , MUSCAT J. C. , GOSTOVIC P. , VRIE Q. VAN DE
Published: March 2010

OAC Aries is a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 4 d earlier than Hodgson and 3% higher in yield in Ontario trials.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, cultivar description
EFFECTS OF ESTABLISHMENT METHOD AND A RAPESEED COMPANION CROP ON ALFALFA SEED YIELD
Authors: WADDINGTON J. , MALIK N.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments at Melfort using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Beaver’) seeded at a rate of 2 kg ha−1 with and without a Polish rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’) companion crop seeded at 5.5 kg ha−1, rapeseed yields in the establishment year were maximum when alfalfa and rapeseed were mixed and planted in 15-cm rows. Alfalfa showed no consistent seed yield differences between broadcast seeding, seeding in 15- or 61-cm rows, or seeding with or without the companion crop.Key words: Alfalfa, rapeseed, Brassica campestris, seed production
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF PERENNIAL Bromus SPECIES COLLECTED IN THE USSR
Authors: ARMSTRONG K. C.
Published: March 2010

The chromosome number of accessions of Bromus inermis was 2n = 56 except for those from Chimkent which had 2n = 28, A diploid form (2n = 14) was also found near Chimkent and it is of importance because of its possible relationship to B. inermis or B. riparius. The accessions labelled as B. riparius were 2n = 70. Two accessions of B. benekenii had 2n = 28. The significance of several of these accessions is discussed briefly.Key words: Chromosome number, Bromus, perennial, tetraploid, diploid
CONTROL OF WILD OATS IN FIELD CORN WITH FLAMPROP METHYL
Authors: FRIESEN G. H.
Published: March 2010

The efficacy of flamprop methyl and its active isomer (WL43423) on wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in field corn (Zea mays L.) was studied in field plots at Morden, Manitoba from 1983 to 1985. The herbicides were applied at recommended rates at the two-leaf, four-leaf and six-leaf stages of field corn. Spraying at the four-leaf stage consistently provided maximum wild oat control with acceptable field corn tolerance. When 2,4-D amine was applied at the same time as flamprop methyl, reduced wild oat control and field corn tolerance was observed.Key words: Oat (wild), Avena fatua, corn (field), Zea mays, flamprop methyl, WL43423
CONTROL OF SPECKLED ALDER IN LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY WITH SELECTIVE FALL HERBICIDE TREATMENTS
Authors: JENSEN K.I.N. , NORTH L.H.
Published: March 2010

The sensitivity of speckled alder (Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng.) and lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) to growth regulator herbicides changed as foliage senesced and abscised. Selective control from spot-sprayed 2,4-D (0.2% wt/vol) occurred around 1 Oct.; dicamba (0.1% wt/vol) from 15 Sept. to early October; and a 2,4-D + dicamba mixture from 1 Oct. to 1 Nov.Key words: 2,4-D, dicamba, senescence, selectivity, alder, blueberry (lowbush)
EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF INBRED LINES OF CORN AT SUBOPTIMAL ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURES
Authors: MENKIR A. , LARTER E. N.
Published: March 2010

Based on the results of an earlier paper, 12 inbred lines of corn (Zea mays L.) were evaluated for emergence and seedling growth at three controlled root-zone temperatures (10, 14, and 18 °C). Low root-zone temperatures, 10 and 14 °C, were detrimental to emergence, seedling growth, and root growth of all inbred lines. Differential responses of inbred lines were observed within each temperature regime. The differences in seedling emergence among lines became smaller with increasing root-zone temperature, while the reverse was true for seedling dry weight. Simple correlation coefficients showed a significantly (P = 0.05) negative association between emergence percentage and emergence index (rate). Neither of these two emergence traits was significantly correlated with seedling dry weights. Seedling dry weights were significantly (P = 0.01) and positively associated with root dry weights. Two inbred lines exhibited good tolerance to low root-zone temperatures, viz. CO255 and RB214. A significant and positive correlation existed between emergence percentage at a root-zone temperature of 10 °C and field emergence in test with the same genotypes reported earlier. Selection at a root-zone temperature of 10 °C for a high percentage of seedling emergence, therefore, could be effective in identifying genotypes capable of germinating in cool soils. Furthermore, the significantly (P = 0.01) positive relationship between seedling dry weights at all root-zone temperatures and those from the field test suggest that strains with vigorous seedling growth in the field could be identified using low root-zone temperature regimes.Key words: Zea mays, root-zone temperature, cold tolerance
COMPARISON OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND TRIAZINE-RESISTANT Brassica
Authors: HOBBS S. L. A.
Published: March 2010

In spaced field plantings, triazine-resistant types of Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L. had a carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER) 28% lower in 1983 and 25% lower in 1984 than normal (triazine-susceptible) types. In plots simulating agronomic spacings in 1984, the difference between CER in normal and resistant types was 17% for B. campestris, 14% for B. napus and 13% for B. juncea L. Differences were apparent throughout the season and were not associated with any particular stage of growth. Resistant progeny from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible plants of B. napus exhibited reduced CER at all levels of photosynthetically active radiation and at all temperatures. There was no significant difference between plant types for chlorophyll a + b content or chlorophyll a/b ratio. Shoot dry weight, stomatal resistance and specific leaf weight were higher in the normal types, but there was no difference between types in either relative growth rate or net assimilation rate. The reduced biomass was not therefore linked to reduced CER.Key words: Carbon dioxide exchange rate, herbicide, oilseed, rapeseed
CONTROL OF BRUSH REGROWTH IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN BY SEVERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF HERBICIDES APPLIED WITH A ROLLER
Authors: WADDINGTON JOHN , BITTMAN SHABTAI
Published: March 2010

A carpet-covered roller was used to apply 2,4-D, 2,4-D+picloram (9:1 a.i.), and glyphosate at several concentrations to regrowth of aspen and balsam poplars (Populus tremuloides Michx., P. balsamifera L.), and willow (Salix spp.) growing with an understory of rose (Rosa woodsii Lindl.) and saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) and to western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.). A concentration of 2.25% a.i. of 2,4-D amine controlled aspen poplar for 3 yr, but was not satisfactory on the other species. A concentration of 0.60% + 0.07% a.i. of 2,4-D+picloram controlled both poplars and willow. A concentration of 0.53% a.i. of glyphosate controlled both poplar species adequately, but a 1.6% concentration was needed for good control of willow. None of the treatments was satisfactory on western snowberry because of poor coverage. The percentage of leaf area wetted was low, about 10%, and evidence is presented that better coverage will result in better brush control with more dilute herbicide. Brush too short to be wiped by the roller can rapidly replace the brush killed. Forage species suffered only minor and temporary damage.Key words: Glyphosate, 2,4-D, picloram, roller-applicator, poplar, willow, western snowberry
PRACTICAL USE OF NEIGHBOR METHODS AND ALTERNATIVES IN THE ANALYSIS OF FIELD TRIALS
Authors: BINNS M. R.
Published: March 2010

Neighbor methods for the analysis of field experiments are described with the minimum of mathematical detail. Using actual field data, two popular methods are compared with standard blocking, row and column elimination, and covariance analysis. It is shown that simple randomized block analysis is likely to give biased treatment effects when there is a fertility trend. For large experiments, row and column analysis is likely to be inferior to covariance analysis using well-chosen covariates. Neighbor analysis can be more precise than standard methods based on well-designed experiments with appropriate blocking. Situations where neighbor methods may not work well are suggested, but since the methods are easy to use they are recommended when fertility trends are suspected and a simple detective tool is required.Key words: Neighbor analysis, covariate analysis, lattice design, fertility trends
GLYPHOSATE ACCUMULATION IN LEAFY SPURGE LATICIFERS
Authors: FOLEY M. E.
Published: March 2010

In greenhouse experiments, 14C-glyphosate application to mature leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) plants resulted in detectable radioactivity in the laticifer system 5 d after treatment.Key words: Euphorbia esula, glyphosate, latex
ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON PEAT-BAG-CULTURED GERBERAS
Authors: TSUJITA M. J. , DUTTON R. G.
Published: March 2010

Three cultivars of Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f. planted in peat bags were grown in greenhouses at 16 °C/12.5 °C/12.5 °C or 16 °C/12.5 °C/22 °C day/night/root-zone temperatures. The yield and stem length of the three gerbera cultivars were substantially enhanced by root-zone heating (16 °C/12.5 °C/22 °C). Placing peat bags on heated soil was effective in maintaining the root-zone temperature for Gerbera production.Key words: Gerbera jamesonii, greenhouse production
Fusarium SPECIES AND TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTOXINS IN SUSPECT SAMPLES OF 1985 MANITOBA WHEAT
Authors: ABRAMSON D. , CLEAR R. M. , NOWICKI T. W.
Published: March 2010

In 1985, abnormally high summer rainfall in southern Manitoba resulted in a high incidence of fusarium head blight symptoms in some samples of wheat delivered to primary elevators. Fifty-three wheat samples, containing between 0.2 and 5.4% (wt/wt) pink kernels and white "tombstone" kernels, were examined for Fusarium species and trichothecene mycotoxins. Fusarium species were found in 48 of the samples with F. graminearum in 30, F. sporotrichioides in 38, F. poae in 21, F. acuminatum in 21, F. avenaceum in 21, F. equiseti in 25, F. culmorum in 3, and F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum and F. subglutinans in 1 each. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was found in 39 samples at concentrations ≤ 1.40 ppm and in 1 sample at 3.65 ppm, diacetoxyscirpenol in 20 samples at ≤ 0.08 ppm, HT-2 toxin in 10 samples at < 0.05 ppm, and T-2 toxin in 11 samples at ≤ 0.20 ppm.Key words: Fusarium, trichothecenes, mycotoxins, wheat
STEM-TIP NECROSIS: A HYPERSENSITIVE, TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT DOMINANT GENE REACTION OF SOYBEAN TO INFECTION BY SOYBEAN MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: TU J. C. , BUZZELL R. I.
Published: March 2010

A stem tip necrosis (STN) disease observed in the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar Columbia and some of its progeny was studied as to causal agent and the genetic basis for the STN reaction. A virus was isolated which is similar to the ATCC type strain of soybean mosaic virus (SMV), based on the particle morphology and differential host series. Harosoy, although susceptible to SMV, does not develop STN. A line (0X686) pure-breeding for STN was derived from an F2 plant of Columbia × Harosoy. When seedlings of 0X686 were inoculated with SMV they developed typical STN. In the backcross of 0X686 to Harosoy, the BC1F2 progeny segregated in a ratio of 3 STN:1 normal in both the cross and the reciprocal indicating the effect of a nuclear-inherited, dominant gene. This gene appears to be a gene for resistance which results in a severe hypersensitive reaction of the stem tip to systemic SMV. The development of STN in 0X686 was shown to be temperature dependent. At 20 and 24 °C, the majority of the inoculated plants developed STN. At 28 and 32 °C, nearly all the inoculated plants developed typical mosaic symptoms but few had STN.Key words: Soybean, soybean mosaic virus, tip necrosis, hypersensitivity, temperature-dependent, dominant gene
IDENTIFICATION OF CULTIVARS OF FORAGE LEGUME (Desmodium ovalifolium GUILL ET PERR.) BY THEIR ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS
Authors: HUSSAIN A. , BUSHUK W. , RAMIREZ H. , ROCA W.
Published: March 2010

An electrophoretic procedure was developed for discriminating cultivars of Desmodium ovalifolium on the basis of patterns of partially purified seed proteins. Electrophoresis was done on uniform 15% polycrylamide gels in basic (8.9) pH. The method produced satisfactory discrimination of eight cultivars used in its initial evaluation.Key words: Forage legume, Desmodium ovalifolium Guill et Perr., cultivar identification, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PRODUCTIVITY OF GRASS SPECIES IN THE DARK BROWN SOIL ZONE OF SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: KNOWLES R. P.
Published: March 2010

Six Eurasian temperate zone grasses, one mixture of these, and three North American wheatgrasses were compared in mainly nonfertilized tests from 1974 to 1983 in Saskatchewan, Canada. Introduced grasses outyielded natives at Saskatoon when cut once per season as hay with the following declining yield order (kg/ha): intermediate wheatgrass (3819), standard crested wheatgrass (2906), smooth bromegrass (2841), Russian wild ryegrass (2311), Fairway crested wheatgrass (2218), meadow bromegrass (2082), slender wheatgrass (2011), western wheatgrass (1919), and northern wheatgrass (1683). Much the same order of yield was observed when these grasses were clipped two to three times per season, although meadow bromegrass and western wheatgrass performed relatively better. At the Scott site, standard crested wheatgrass and northern wheatgrass performed relatively better than at Saskatoon. Slightly lower in vitro digestibility ratings were shown for natives than for introduced species and this appeared to be due to the more rapid senescence of natives. Stands at Saskatoon were maintained for 10 yr for all species except slender wheatgrass which lasted 5 yr. Weed control was best for meadow bromegrass and smooth bromegrass and poorest for slender wheatgrass, northern wheatgrass, and Fairway crested wheatgrass. Fertilizer applied to older stands showed a greater response for introduced grasses than for natives.Key words: Grass species, productivity, hay, pasture, longevity
SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL CONTROL CHANGES RANGE FORAGE PRODUCTION
Authors: MOYER J. R. , SMOLIAK S.
Published: March 2010

Picloram, tebuthiuron, hexazinone, 2,4-D (isooctyl-ester), 2,4-D plus dichlorprop, and clopyralid were applied to native rangeland at two southern Alberta sites with heavy infestations of shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa L.). Yields of shrubby cinquefoil shoots, forbs, and grasses were measured in ungrazed areas for 4 yr after herbicide application. Hexazinone (grid-balls), 2,4-D, and 2,4-D plus dichlorprop reduced shrubby cinquefoil yields to almost zero. 2,4-D and 2,4-D plus dichlorprop increased grass yield and reduced forb yield compared with the untreated plots. Hexazinone initially decreased grass yield but, after 4 yr, grass yields were higher on the treated than on the untreated plots. Hexazinone and tebuthiuron treatments killed all vegetation within a 15-cm radius of the applied grid-balls and there was little recovery of the grasses on the tebuthiuron-treated areas 4 yr later. Picloram and tebuthiuron reduced shrub yields but many live shrubs remained after treatment. Clopyralid did not reduce shrub yields. In a further experiment, 2,4-D gave good shrubby cinquefoil control and grass yield increased. When this area was grazed the percent utilization of the total vegetation was similar for herbicide-treated and untreated areas but the amount of vegetation utilized increased by about 40% when the shrubs were controlled.Key words: Potentilla fruticosa L., picloram, tebuthiuron, hexazinone, 2,4-D, dichlorprop, clopyralid
INFLUENCE DE LA HAUTEUR ET DE LA FREQUENCE DES COUPES SUR LE RENDEMENT, LE PEUPLEMENT, LA COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE ET LES RESERVES NUTRITIVES DE LA LUZERNE
Authors: GERVAIS P. , GIRARD J. M.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study on height and frequency of cutting showed that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cut at 5 cm from the soil produced significantly more dry matter per hectare than that harvested at 10 cm, but the differences between the two heights decreased with the years and the frequency of cutting. Forages cut at either height had similar mineral composition at any one cutting. However, the percentages of cell walls and of lignocellulose were, in general, highest in alfalfa cut at 5 cm. Height of cutting did not affect the stand nor the accumulation of food reserves in the roots in the fall. The two-cut system gave a uniform production from year to year and maintained the stand at a high level. The three-cut system, the last cut taken in October, yielded the highest yields of dry matter and of crude protein while the four-cut system produced the least and had the thinnest stand at the end of the experiment. Frequency of cutting gave rise to significant variations in the chemical composition of the forages, variations resulting from the difference in the stages of growth at harvest. In general, alfalfa cut at a younger stage exhibited a more valuable composition than that harvested at a later stage. Food storage in the roots varied with frequencies, being highest with the two-cut system and lowest with the four-cut system.Key words: Alfalfa, height and frequency of cutting, yield, chemical composition, food reserves
DETERMINATION OF QUALITY PARAMETERS BY NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY IN WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE
Authors: VALDES E. V. , HUNTER R. B. , PINTER L.
Published: March 2010

The prediction of quality parameters by near infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) in whole-plant corn (Zea mays L.) was studied. Quality parameters included percent protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Calibrations were developed using two types of NIRA instruments: (a) a Neotec 51A, a six-tilting-filters type instrument and (b) a Technicon InfraAlyzer 400R, a 19-fixed-filters type instrument. Plant samples were collected from four locations across Ontario (Brucefield, London, Guelph and Elora). Forty samples were used in the calibration sets (C) for each quality parameter and for each instrument. A second group of samples, a prediction set (P) consisting of 200 samples, was used to validate the calibration equations. Regression analysis between NIRA predicted and IVDMD, indicated that this parameter was well predicted in both C and P sets and with the two instruments. Coefficients of determination (r2) for C and P sets were 0.91 and 0.85 for the InfraAlyzer 400R and 0.92, and 0.81 for the Neotec 51A, respectively. A standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 1.70 was observed for the prediction of IVDMD in both C and P sets with the InfraAlyzer 400R. Values of SEE for IVDMD using the Neotec 51A were 1.76 and 1.73 for C and P sets, respectively. NIRA predictions of percent protein showed differences between instruments. The r2 for C and P sets were 0.95 and 0.81 for the InfraAlyzer 400R and 0.90 and 0.58 for the Neotec 51A, respectively. The low r2 value for percent protein in the P set might be related to the mathematical treatment of the reflectance data chosen for the analysis. The SEE for the prediction of percent protein varied between 0.25 and 0.56.Key words: Corn (whole-plant), quality, infrared reflectance
ROBLIN HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL A. B. , CZARNECKI E.
Published: March 2010

Roblin is a high-protein, Marquis-type quality, early-maturing and rust-resistant cultivar for the eastern prairies of Canada.Key words: Cultivar description, wheat (spring)
HY320 RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: PAUW R. M. DE , HURD E. A. , TOWNI.KY-SMITH T. F. , McCRYSTAL G. R. , LENDRUM C. W. B.
Published: March 2010

HY320 red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) combines high grain yield potential with semidwarf stature and wide adaptation. HY320 is the first licensed wheat cultivar eligible for grades of Canada Prairie Spring. It was registered on 23 Jan. 1985. Breeder seed of HY320 will be maintained by Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Saskatchewan.Key words: Wheat (spring), high yield, cultivar description
ELLICE BARLEY
Authors: METCALFE D. R.
Published: March 2010

Ellice is a two-rowed malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba from a cross involving CI5791, Parkland, Betzes, Piroline, Akka, Centennial, Klages, Cambrinus and Tern. This cultivar (registration no. 2715) is earlier and has better straw strength and malting quality than Klages. It has demonstrated yield potential equal to Klages and Harrington throughout the prairie provinces. It is resistant to stem rust and powdery mildew and tolerant to net blotch and the surface borne smuts. It is best adapted to the Black Soil Zone of Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan.Key words: Malting barley, barley, Hordeum vulgare
INFLUENCE DES CONCENTRATIONS HORMONALES, DU MILIEU DE CULTURE ET D’UN ANTI-OXYDANT SUR LE TEMPS DE DOUBLAGE DES TIGES DE FRAMBOISIERS ’MADAWASKA’ CULTIVES IN VITRO
Authors: DESJARDINS Y. , GOSSELIN A.
Published: March 2010

Our results show that the shoot doubling time is a useful and accurate parameter to characterize the effect of media on the multiplication rate of tissue-cultured raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. ’Madawaska’). We have determined that 1 mg L−1 of BA (benzyladenine) and 0–0.05 mg L−1 IB A (indole butyric acid) resulted in the highest rates of proliferation, with shoot doubling times of 19 and 18 d for MS (Murashige and Skoog) and Anderson medium, respectively. A reduction of 10 d in the shoot doubling time was obtained with the addition of ascorbic acid (50 mg L−1) to both MS and Anderson media. However, this treatment did not reduce yellowing of cultures since the chlorophyll content was not significantly different in presence or absence of ascorbic acid. Generally, the MS medium was superior to Anderson medium.Key words: Raspberry, doubling time, multiplication in vitro, ascorbic acid, Rubus idaeus L.
INFLUENCE DE LA TEMPÉRATURE NOCTURNE ET D’UN APPOINT DE LUMIÈRE SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DU Gerbera ET DU Calendula
Authors: SENÉCAL MICHEL , DANSEREAU BLANCHE
Published: March 2010

During fall-winter and spring conditions, Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. ’Happipot’ and Calendula officinalis L. ’Fiesta Gitanas’ plants were subjected to night temperatures of 9, 13, 17 and 20 °C (1700–0800 h) during the first year of experiment and were grown under supplementary lighting treatments (control, 75 and 150 μmol m−2 s−1) for 7 h per day at a temperature of 13 °C during the second year. The plant top dry weight of gerbera increased with a rise in night temperature and supplementary lighting, but the reverse tendency was noted with calendula under the night temperature treatment; increases in plant top dry weight under supplementary lighting were observed only during the fall-winter period. For both species, root dry weight showed less variation than plant top dry weight under night temperature and supplementary lighting treatments. The percentage of gerbera plants having shoots increased with a reduction of the night temperature and supplementary lighting during the fall-winter experiments. The lowering of night temperature and supplementary lighting reduced calendula flower bud abortion only during the fall-winter period. For both species, flower number was not significantly different among die night temperature treatments. Supplementary lighting enhanced flower number of calendula only. Flowering of gerbera was accelerated with a reduction of night temperature and with supplementary lighting.Key words: Calendula officinalis, Gerbera jamesonii, night temperature, supplementary lighting
CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY IN Brasska oleracea INDUCED BY B. napus CYTOPLASM — FEMALE FERTILITY AND RESTORATION OF MALE FERTILITY
Authors: CHIANG M. S. , CRETE R.
Published: March 2010

The 37-chromosome F1 hybrids obtained from the cross between rutabaga (B. napus L. ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk) and cabbage (B. oleracea L. ssp. capitata L.) were backcrossed four times using 2x-cabbages as the male recurrent parent. Female fertility improved rapidly in BC2 progenies whereas male sterility persisted in the B. oleracea type backcross progenies carrying the cytoplasm of B. napus. Male fertility was restored fully when the c genome was reintroduced to the cytoplasm of B. oleracea.Key words: Brassica oleracea, Brassica napus, cabbage, cytoplasmic male sterility
EFFECT OF CULTIVAR, GROWING LOCATION, MOISTURE AND PHYTATE CONTENT ON THE COOKING TIMES OF FRESHLY HARVESTED NAVY BEANS
Authors: PROCTOR J. P. , WATTS B. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of cultivar and growing location on cooking times of navy beans were determined. Freshly harvested samples of Seafarer, Ex Rico 23 and Fleetwood cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were collected from three locations in Manitoba. Cooking times were determined using a Mattson Bean Cooker equipped with 48-g, 5-mm-diameter plungers. Times to reach the 92% cooked point were compared. The Ex Rico 23 cultivar had a longer cooking time than the other cultivars at one location. At other locations the cultivar effect was not significant. All cultivars had significantly longer cooking times when grown at Winnipeg than when grown at Brandon or Morden. No relationship could be established between moisture or phytate content of the samples and cooking times.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., navy beans, cooking time, phytate, Mattson Bean Cooker
EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND N AND P FERTILIZER ON YIELDS OF SPRING WHEAT GROWN ON A BLACK CHERNOZEMIC CLAY
Authors: ZENTNER R. P. , CAMPBELL C. A. , SPRATT E. D. , REISDORF H.
Published: March 2010

The effects of crop sequence, rotation length, and fertilization on yields of spring wheat were examined for 14 crop rotations over a 25-yr period on a Black Chernozemic heavy clay soil at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Plots that were fertilized with N and P received the generally recommended rates for the region during the first 18 yr but in the last 7 yr fertilizers were applied based on soil tests. Yields of fertilized wheat grown on fallow were similar for the 2-yr fallow-wheat and the 3-yr fallow-wheat-wheat rotations (25-yr avg. 2505 kg ha−1). Yields of fertilized wheat grown on stubble were also similar within the monoculture rotations. During the first 18 yr, yields of fertilized stubble-wheat averaged 1656 kg ha−1 or about 64% of comparable fallow-wheat yields; but, during the last 7 yr, stubble-wheat yields were generally similar to those obtained on fertilized fallow. Removal of the straw each year from a 3-yr fallow-wheat-wheat rotation did not affect fallow- or stubble-wheat yields. Application of recommended rates of N and P fertilizer increased the 25-yr fallow-wheat yields by 11% (from 2254 to 2505 kg ha−1); the yield increases were significant about 70% of the time. On stubble, application of N and P fertilizer increased wheat yields by 47% (from 1130 to 1656 kg ha−1) during 1960–1977 and by 142% (from 935 to 2263 kg ha−1) during 1978–1984. The yield increase from fertilizing stubble-wheat was significant in 24 of 25 yr. Including grass-legume forage, or legume green manure crops in the rotation increased yields of wheat grown on the unfertilized partial fallow by 15–24% and on unfertilized stubble by 33–71%; the yields were similar and sometimes higher than those obtained on fallow in the well-fertilized monoculture wheat rotations. In comparison, the yields of unfertilized stubble-wheat in the cereal-forage rotations were generally similar to those obtained on fertilized stubble in monoculture rotations during 1960–1977, though they were lower during 1978–1984 when the monoculture rotations began receiving fertilizer based on soil tests. Yields of wheat grown on flax stubble that received fertilizer at the average rate of 68 kg ha−1 N plus 22 kg ha−1 P2O5 since 1978 were generally similar to yields obtained on fertilized fallow (avg. 2546 kg ha−1). These yields averaged 13% higher than yields of wheat grown on cereal stubble in monoculture rotations that received slightly more fertilizer N. Yields of fallow- and stubble-wheat were generally maintained over time with the application of recommended rates of N and P fertilizers, or by inclusion of legume-forage crops in the rotation, but yields of unfertilized stubble-wheat declined with time possibly reflecting declining soil fertility.Key words: Wheat, nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer, crop sequence, cereal forage rotations, legume green manure crops
EFFECT OF SEEDING DATE ON YIELDS AND QUALITY OF GREEN FORAGE CROPS
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , SANDERSON J. B. , NARASIMHALU P. R.
Published: March 2010

Forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.), rape (B. napus L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and Chinese cabbage (B. campestris sensulato L.) × stubble turnip (B. rapa L.) hybrid were seeded at monthly intervals between late-May and late-August over 3 yr. Kale was harvested in early November while rape, radish, and turnip hybrid were targeted for harvest 60–70 d after seeding. The dry matter yield of kale declined as the seeding dates were delayed. The primary growth of rape, radish and turnip hybrid was the same for May, June and July seedings, but seeding in August lowered the yields by 25–38%. The in vitro dry matter disappearance was high, ranging from 850 to 920 g kg−1. The total N concentration of whole plant tissue, leaves, stem + petioles, and roots and S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCO) concentration of whole plants increased as the seeding date was delayed. We concluded that kale should be planted by mid-June for high yields. Fodder rape, radish, and turnip hybrid had similar yields with seeding from spring until mid-July. In vitro dry matter disappearance and N concentrations were high for all species.Key words: Brassica oleracea, B. napus, B. rapa, Raphanus sativus, chemical composition, digestibility
GENETIC VARIATION FOR FORAGE QUALITY OF ALFALFA STEMS
Authors: BUXTON D. R. , MARTEN G. C. , HORNSTEIN J. S.
Published: March 2010

When normally harvested for hay, the basal portion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stems is low in forage quality. This study was conducted to determine whether genetic variation for in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and crude protein (CP) concentration of stems of perennial Medicago spp. could be identified and whether morphological and chemical traits were associated with variation in these characteristics of stems. The lower six nodes and internodes of stems and total herbage from 64 Plant Introduction (PI) accessions and five cultivars of field-grown plants were harvested twice when most plants were at the early seed-pod stage of maturity. Several morphological and growth traits were measured, and both stems and total herbage were evaluated for IVDDM and CP concentration. Covariant analysis was used to adjust in IVDDM and CP concentration of stems for differences in plant maturity. Significant variation for IVDDM and CP concentration in stems existed among the cultivars and among the accessions. Some accessions had significantly higher stem IVDDM or CP concentration than control cultivars. The M. sativa accession, PI 440496, had the fourth highest stem IVDDM and third highest stem CP, with concentrations of 374 and 79 g kg−1, respectively. The number of ridges on stems (stem shape) was significantly correlated with stem IVDDM and CP concentration with average correlation coefficients of 0.30 and 0.35, respectively. Cell-wall concentration and lignin concentration per unit cell wall of stems were both negatively correlated with stem IVDDM and CP concentration. Selection for improved nutritive value of stems may have potential for improving the nutritive value of alfalfa herbage.Key words: Alfalfa, forage quality, crude protein, in vitro digestibility, Medicago sativa L.
THE EFFECTS OF COPPER IN REDUCING STEM MELANOSIS OF PARK WHEAT
Authors: PIENING L. J. , MacPHERSON D. J. , MALHI S. S.
Published: March 2010

Stem melanosis of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Park’) has often been found to be associated with Cu-deficient soils. The application of Cu chelate at 3.0 kg ha−1 of Cu to a Cu-deficient Black Chernozemic sandy loam soil reduced stem melanosis of Park wheat and increased grain yield.Key words: Copper deficiency, copper-deficient soils, copper fertilizer, Park wheat, stem melanosis