bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INVITRO EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CLOVE BUDS( EUGINEA AROMATICA)
Authors: A.Mounika A.Mounika , M.Sushma M.Sushma , Lahari Sidde Lahari Sidde , Sankara Malathi Sankara Malathi , Konapalli Rajani Konapalli Rajani
Published: August 2020

Bioactive compounds from Eugenia  aromaticum were extracted by Soxhlet using DCM ,DCM;WATER,WATER and extracts were examined for its phytocomponents along with Clove oil. These bioactive plant compounds were screened for possible antimicrobial activities against two strains of MDR S. aureus. Antimicrobial activity of extracts using agar diffusion disc variant  method. The objective of this study was to evaluate technical variants used in screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Thus, a varied range of natural products of plant were tested against two bacterial species,m Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and klebesella pnemonia ATCC 25922, by two variants of the agar diffusion method (well and disc), two variants of the bio autographic method (direct and indirect) and by microdilution assay. We concluded that the well-variant of the diffusion method was more sensitive than the disc-variant,  it was found extract 1 ie,DCM  and extract 2 i.e DCM;WATER had shown best results on antimicrobial activity ,phytocvhemical screening test are done for three extractsn invitro evalvation of antimicrobial activity was performed.
WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME
Authors: Pedada Syam Prashanth Pedada Syam Prashanth , Allamsetty Jyotsna Allamsetty Jyotsna , Modukuri.Sravya Modukuri.Sravya , Swathi Priya.Vana Swathi Priya.Vana , Tushara Bammidi Tushara Bammidi , Imandi Venkata Surekha Imandi Venkata Surekha
Published: August 2020

WPW syndrome is a congenital heart disease that is characterized by the presence of abnormal electrical connections between the atria and ventricles of the heart. In 1930, Louis Wolff, Sir John Parkinson, and Paul Dudley white published a seminal article describing the 11 young patients who suffered from attacks of tachycardia associated with an electrocardiographic pattern of ‘bundle branch block’ with a short PR interval. So from there onwards, it is called Wolff Parkinson white [WPW] syndrome. The normal conduction of the AV node occurs slowly than the accessory pathway conduction. Preexcitation is a process that the cardiac ventricles are activated earlier than the impulse of the AV node which leads to the shorter PR interval and formation of a delta wave. The supraventricular tachycardia associated with WPW syndrome is called AV reentrant or reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT).WPW syndrome is that there is an accessory pathway between the atrium and ventricles which cause rapid heartbeat or tachycardia.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward legalization of abortion among female students of Sabiyan secondary and preparatory school, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2018. A descriptive cross-sectional study
Authors: Abera Legesse , Debebe Adisalem
Published: August 2020

Background: Ethiopian abortion law is relatively liberal, but due to lack of knowledge and negative attitude toward legalization of abortion among most women, shortage of safe abortion services provision and significant amount of sociocultural pressures women still go to unsafe abortion service. So the objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice toward legalization of abortion among female students of Sabiyan secondary school, Dire Dawa, March 20-30/ 2018. Subjects & Methods:   The study was conducted in Dire Dawa city,   in Sabiyan high school. An institutional based cross-sectional survey was employed on randomly selected female students. Data was collected using pre- tested self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using computer software SPSS version 24.0. Tables, graphs and charts were used for some variable to describe the results of the study. Results: A total of 320 regular female students were included making the response rate of 100%. Ethiopian abortion law was assessed only 40 (12.5%) of participants were knowledgeable and only 98 (30.6%) of the respondents were having positive attitude. Out of 24 (7.5%) who ever get pregnant, 15 (4.7%) seek for unsafe abortion and only 7 (2.2%) were having experience (practice) of legal abortion. Conclusion: there was a low level of knowledge of the revised Ethiopian abortion law among study participants and majority of the participants had a negative attitude towards legal abortion services and only few of them had practice of legal abortion. So focusing on awareness creation strategy by each stakeholder is an important.
A Comparative Study of Storage Related Haematological Changes in Whole Blood and PRBC in Blood Bank of a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Shirvastava Pratibha , Dutta Shyamoli
Published: August 2020

Background: Blood transfusion is very common in present era. Now day’s whole blood transfusion is common but also the blood product like red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets, clotting factor, plasma can be done .the aim of study to know the storage related changes in whole blood, packed red blood cell. Subjects and Methods: In our institution we have selected 100 voluntary blood donors sample in blood bank of Teerthankar Mahaveer medical college and research centre, Moradabad up to 12 month. Results: The store blood is Followed up to 35th days .during regular interval 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day, in the blood there is significant change in and all other component in all sample. Conclusion: In the case of storage of blood in blood bank. As the number day of store is more the haematological changes is more significant.
Extraskeletal Chondroma of the Fallopian Tube; An Incidental Finding During LSCS in 32 Years Old Female
Authors: Farooq Summyia , Rather Basharat Farooq , Abbas Farhat
Published: August 2020

Extraskeletal chondroma (also known as ”Chondroma of soft parts”) is a cutaneous condition, a rare benign tumor of mature cartilage usually occurs in the hands, feet, head and neck. This tumor regularly presents as a small solitary nodule. The histogenesis of the cancer is controversial, but some have suggested a metaplastic origin. Chondroma of the fallopian tube is very rare. There are only three case reports in English literature. The source of this tumor can be subcoelomic mesenchyme of the tubal serosa or mesenchyme of the mesosalpinx. We describe a case of chondroma arising from the serosal surface of the fallopian tube with a review of the literature. A 30-yr-old woman with term pregnancy visited the hospital for cesarean section and tubal ligation. On operating findings, 1 1.5 cm sized nodular mass was noted in the left tubal serosal area. The excised mass showed a multilobulated appearance covered with a thin fibrous membrane. The cut surface was solid, grayish-yellow, and myxoid with a focal gelatinous area. The microscopic finding showed islands and elongated lobules of mature benign cartilage.
Evaluation of Gall Bladder Volume in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using Real Time Ultrasonography
Authors: KS Jagadeesh  , Patil Ashwini M.
Published: August 2020

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autonomic neuropathy manifests as esophageal dysfunction, nocturnal diarrhea, gall bladder dysfunction, sphincter disturbances, atonic bladder and orthostatic hypotension. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the gall bladder volume  in fasting and post prandial state by real time ultrasound in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients and healthy controls. Subjects and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 90 subjects were included. Among them, 45 were type 2 diabetes mellitus patients included as cases and 45 age and sex matched healthy controls, who attended the Department of Medicine and Radio-diagnosis, Akash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Devanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnaaka. All the study subjects were underwent detailed general and systemic examinations. Under aseptic conditions, 3ml fasting blood samples were collected and used for the estimation of fasting blood sugar, post prandial blood sugar. Gall bladder volume evaluation in fasting and 45 minutes post prandial (standardized fatty meal) state were done in T2DM patients and controls using real time ultrasound (GE Voluson P8 Mechine). Results: In the present study, BMI (24.78 2.31 kg/m2), FBS (160.98 27.99 mg/dl), PPBS (244.31 38.91 mg/dl), Fasting gall bladder volume (33.33 6.42 cm3), post fatty meal gall bladder volume (15.21 6.39 cm3), ejection fraction (49.34 17.29 cm3) were significantly increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients compared with healthy controls. Conclusion: The study results conclude that, fasting and post-prandial gallbladder volumes are indicative of gallbladder function. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed statistically significant impairment of gallbladder function. Gallbladder function may be evaluated routinely in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Role of Corpus Callosum in Global Developmental Delay
Authors: K Mounisha  , MU Jeevika  , BG Mahesh  , B Adarsh  , KK Nirnay
Published: August 2020

Background: Neuroimaging provides essential information as evidence of previous injuries, specific abnormalities that could indicate a group or a particular disease in babies with global developmental delay. The objectives is to assess the difference of corpus callosal size in various regions of the corpus callosum in cases of children with developmental delay and to know the etiology using MRI. Subjects and Methods: My study includes 102 children between 1 to 6 years of age among which 51 children are cases having signs and symptoms of developmental delay and 51 children are controls i.e. healthy babies. They underwent MRI in the Department of Radiology, JJM Medical College, Davangere in whom corpus callosum is imaged on sagittal MR sections and its size is calculated in different regions. Results: Abnormalities of the corpus callosum like thinning and agenesis were observed in 55.5% (N=27) in the study group, and none of the patients in the control group. Partial corpus callosal agenesis was present in 3.9% of patients. Complete agenesis in 3.9% of patients. Thinning of the corpus callosum was seen in 45% of patients who were in the study group. Conclusion: The current study suggests that corpus callosal abnormalities, including brain changes, is useful in knowing the etiology of global developmental delay.
Needle Directed Pulse Spray Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis for Acute Thrombosis of Dialysis Fistulas – Technique, Efficacy and Short Term Follow UP
Authors: Anusha Geda , Yugandhar Samireddypalle  , Vulchi Ranjith Kumar , Dembla Sagar , Annamalai Pavithira , Eada Sabarinath , Amitha Vikrama K S
Published: August 2020

Background: The incidence of end stage renal disease is on the rise and most of these patients are undergoing dialysis either through tunnelled/non tunnelled dialysis catheters or through arteriovenous fistulas/grafts. The dialysis grafts and fistulas have limited durability of about 3 years and are more prone for thrombosis and stenosis. Catheter directed interventions are successful in establishing flow in most of the thrombosed fistulas, but require dedicated Cath lab and tertiary care centre. Needle directed thrombolysis is a novel economical, safe technique for thrombolysis of dialysis fistulas and grafts. The aim of the studt is to review the technique, safety, efficacy of needle directed pulse spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis of dialysis fistulas and grafts with short term follow up. Subjects and Methods: This was a prospective observational study done in department of Radio diagnosis, Narayana medical college, Nellore. Selectively 25 patients with thrombosed AV fistulas were referred from nephrology OPD for needle directed thrombolysis to our department from December 2018 to May 2019. The procedure was performed on OPD basis in ultrasound procedure room. Regular Doppler follow up of patients is done up to 6 months. Results: Out of twenty five cases about seventeen cases (68%) were successful in achieving adequate recanalization in single session. four cases (16%) required repeat sessions of thrombolysis and were successful in second attempt. In four cases (16%) there was failure in attaining adequate recanalization due to marked multisegment attenuation/flow limiting stenosis of the draining vein. Conclusion: Needle directed Pulse spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis is a novel technique, which can be done bedside, under portable ultrasound guidance and is an economical procedure as no intervention hardware is required. Continuous monitoring allows procedure to be stopped at the earliest once there is optimal recanalization, minimizing the systemic side effects of thrombolytic agents.
Clinico – Radiological Study of Skeletal Dysplasias
Authors: B. Vanaja  , M Veena  , Gogi Shivaji
Published: August 2020

Background: Skeletal dysplasia and osteochondrodysplasia refer to a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of disorders of skeletal development and growth. Their prevalence is about 1 in 4000 births. Skeletal dysplasia is prevalent worldwide and its prevalence varies in different parts of the world and even in the same country varies from region to region. The objective is to study the prevalence of skeletal dysplasia based on clinico-radiological features. Subjects and Methods: A hospital retro prospective based study of skeletal dysplasia’s was conducted over a period of 2 years in which 100 cases of skeletal dysplasia’s were studied and were grouped according to international classification       of osteochondrodysplasia’ s revised in 2006. Results: 100 cases of skeletal dysplasia’s were detected by various modes of examination like clinical, radiological (radiographs, USG, CT scan, MRI, echocardiography), genetic and biochemical tests. Among 100 cases 22 cases showed clinico-radiologically concordance, 45 cases showed clinico-radiological complement and 40 cases showed clinico-radiological discordance. Conclusion: Our study makes an important observation that only clinical evaluation detected only 20% of skeletal dysplasia’s; and hence the importance of clinic-radiological evaluation in the proper diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia’s.
Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Patients with Migraine
Authors: Amarjit Kaur  , Bhatnagar Simmi , Navkiran Kaur  , Dimple Mittal  , Ishita Gupta
Published: August 2020

Background: Migraine is a common disabling brain disorder. Headache accounts for 4.4% of all consultations in general practice, approximately 5% of all medical admissions to hospital, and approximately 20% of neurology outpatient consultations. Hence, the present study was undertaken for assessing the MRI findings in patients with migraine. Subjects and Methods: A total of 5 patients with migraine headache were included in the present study. Complete demographic details of all the patients were obtained. Thorough clinical examination was carried out and routine hematological and other biochemical investigations were also done. Patients underwent MRI investigations. Imaging was performed using a head coil with patient in a supine position. All the MR imaging examination were performed on a Seimen’s Avento 1.5 Tesla Magnet MR System, slice thickness was 4-5mm with an inter slice gap of 0.5mm. MR imaging findings were compiled as per proforma and subjected to analysis using SPSS software. Results: Out of 5 migraine patients, significant abnormal MRI findings were present in 40 percent of the patients. One patient showed T2and T2 FLAIR Hyperintensities in subcortical white matter in frontal region. In the second patient with migraine, MRI finding revealed an area of diffusion restriction in left basal ganglia region which was hypointense on T1, T2 FLAIR and Hyperintense on T2 consistent with chronic infarct. Conclusion: Migraine headache patient occasionally have abnormal MRI findings to explain their headaches. Neuroimaging of headache sufferers in the general population yields few findings of clinical importance.
Evaluation of Parenchymal Thyroid Diseases Using Ultrasonography
Authors: Naveen BS
Published: August 2020

Background: Thyroid diseases are among the most common endocrine disorders seen in all age groups. The present study was conducted to determine parenchymal thyroid diseases using Ultrasonography (USG) in adult patients. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted   on 140 adult patients. Patients were divided into five groups such as Group I (normal); Group II had first detected, early untreated Hashimoto disease (EH); Group III comprised of chronic Hashimoto patients that are under treatment and/or follow up (H); Group IV had multinodular parenchymal hyperplasia (M); and Group V had nodular hyperplasia with Hashimoto (HM). They underwent spectral Doppler ultrasound and acoustic radiation force impulse using Siemens ACUSON S2000 machine. Results: The mean RI in group I was 0.54, in group II was 0.56, in group III was 0.42, in group IV was 0.48 and in group V was 0.49, mean AT in group I was 26.2, in group II was 25.3, in group III was 71.3, in group IV was 46.2 and in group V was 45.1, mean SWV in group I was 1.54, in group II was 1.72, in group III was 1.20, in group IV was 1.46 and in group V was 1.65. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that resistivity index, acceleration time and shear wave velocity together are reliable for differential diagnosis of parenchymal thyroid diseases.
Life Writing and American Studies
Authors: Balestrini Nassim , Schultermandl Silvia
Published: August 2020

This forum seeks to outline a variety of research prospects at the intersection of American studies and life-writing studies. The common thread that interrelates the individual contributions is spun and twisted out of various filaments of life writing theory which productively dialogue with current trajectories in American studies. The contributors to this special forum highlight what they consider particularly significant developments of the interdisciplinary field of life-writing studies. Taken together, they raise issues about representations of the self in film, literature, and popular culture from the vantage points of transnational American studies, feminist studies, intermediality studies, oceanic studies, affect theory, critical race theory, and queer theory. The result is a rich, multi-layered conversation about the future of American studies within the interdisciplinary and decidedly transnational context of life-writing studies.
Letters and Diaries as Life Writing
Authors: Depkat Volker
Published: August 2020

In lieu of an abstract, here is the first paragraph of this forum contribution:

The burgeoning field of life-writing studies constitutes a meeting ground of historiography and literary criticism. Historians and literary critics approach one and the same phenomenon from different disciplinary perspectives and with different epistemological interests. For historians, the texts that literary critics call life writing are personal documents, Selbstzeugnisse, or ego-documents that help pave the way toward understanding the “subjective dimension” of history, i.e., the personality, minds, motivations, emotions, and worldviews of concrete historical actors, who made, experienced, or endured history.[1]
Cold War and New Sacred Poetry
Authors: Reisner Philipp
Published: August 2020

Contrary to what one might expect, many poets who engage with the Cold War adopt not primarily a political but rather a religious voice. Indeed, poets such as Li-Young Lee, Suji Kwock Kim, and Kathleen Ossip examine the Cold War in light of theological questions. Their poems bear witness not to personal suffering inflicted by political and societal circumstances but instead to human resilience bolstered by faith in the face of traumatic experience. Their writings are not best captured by the frequently invoked "Poetry of Witness," understood as witness to injustice, but rather "new sacred poetry": colored by individual experience of trauma, their poetry serves as a vehicle for expressing spiritual and mystical experience. They thereby innovate not only poetry but also contemporary theology. The Cold War becomes the backdrop for the struggle between faith and suffering brought about by political, societal, and personal circumstances.
A Book of American Martyrs. By Joyce Carol Oates (London: Fourth Estate, 2017), 736pp.
Authors: Mahlknecht Johannes
Published: August 2020

This is a review of A Book of American Martyrs by Joyce Carol Oates
The Austrian Contribution to American Life Revisited
Authors: Singerton Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This review essay reviews From a Multiethnic Empire to a Nation of Nations: Austro-Hungarian Migrants in the US, 1870–1940, authored by Annemarie Steidl, Wladimir Fischer-Nebmaier, and James W. Oberly (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2017) and Quiet Invaders Revisited: Biographies of Twentieth Century Immigrants to the United States, edited by Günter Bischof (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2017).
A comparison of statistical methods for the analysis of binary repeated measures data with additional hierarchical structure
Authors: Masaoud Elmabrok , Stryhn Henrik
Published: August 2020

The objective of the study was to compare statistical methods for the analysis of binary repeated measures data with an additional hierarchical level. Random effects true models with autocorrelated ($\rho=1$, 0.9 or 0.5) subject random effects were used in this simulation study. The settings of the simulation were chosen to reflect a real veterinary somatic cell count dataset, except that the within--subject time series were balanced, complete and of fixed length (4 or 8 time points). Four fixed effects parameters were studied: binary predictors at the subject and cluster levels, respectively, a linear time effect, and the intercept. The following marginal and random effects statistical procedures were considered: ordinary logistic regression (OLR), alternating logistic regression (ALR), generalized estimating equations (GEE), marginal quasi-likelihood (MQL), penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL), pseudo likelihood (REPL), maximum likelihood (ML)
estimation and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The performance of these estimation procedures was compared specifically for the four fixed parameters as well as variance and correlation parameters. The findings of this study indicate that in data generated by random intercept models ($\rho=1$), the ML and MCMC procedures performed well and had fairly similar estimation errors. The PQL regression estimates were attenuated while the variance estimates were less accurate than ML and MCMC, but the direction of the bias depended on whether binomial or extra-binomial dispersion was assumed. In datasets with autocorrelation ($\rho<1$), random effects estimates procedures gave downwards biased estimates, while marginal estimates were little affected by the presence of autocorrelation. The results also indicate that in addition to ALR, a GEE procedure that accounts for clustering at the highest hierarchical level is sufficient.
Marginal models for longitudinal count data with dropouts
Authors: Zubair Seema , Sinha Sanjoy K.
Published: August 2020

In this article, we investigate marginal models for analyzing incomplete longitudinal count data with dropouts. Specifically, we explore commonly used generalized estimating equations and weighted generalized estimating equations for fitting log-linear models to count data in the presence of monotone missing responses. A series of simulations were carried out to examine the finite-sample properties of the estimators in the presence of both correctly specified and misspecified dropout mechanisms. An application is provided using actual longitudinal survey data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (HRS, 2019)
Factors Contributing to Expatriate Adjustment to Life in Malaysia
Authors: Lian Teddy Kok Fei , Lim Li Yen
Published: August 2020

The objective of this study is to determine the factors contributing to expatriate adjustment to life in Malaysia. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory and previous research, the independent variables of cultural intelligence, language ability, open-mindedness, tenure in Malaysia, previous overseas experience and monthly income, are used in this study to predict expatriate adjustment. A survey questionnaire was developed and analysis done on 80 expatriates from four industries in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Results of regression analysis using the PROCESS software showed that cultural intelligence, language ability open-mindedness, tenure in Malaysia and gender explained 76.2% of the variance in expatriate adjustment in Malaysia. Furthermore, tenure in Malaysia moderated cultural intelligence. However, previous overseas assignments and monthly income did not have any relationships with expatriate adjustment. The applicability of the conservation of resources theory to explain expatriate adjustment is clearly established in this study as all the variables that are significant predictors of expatriate adjustment are resources.
Modern Theories and Islamic Concept of Jihad Impacting Pakistan Security Dilemma
Authors: Javed Muhammad Tariq
Published: August 2020

Pakistan National Security is directly related to a mix of Islamic precepts and the implications of contemporary real politics. Initially modern theories were a philosophical response to priesthood of the time hedging Christianity for their own predominance. With the advent of Islam the West applied the same antipathy to the faith of Islam and later it impacted Muslim states and Regions. The West however, circumvented religion as historical legacy representing Christianity. Pakistan being part of wider Muslim world is prone to historically prejudiced; direct and indirect threats based on Modern political theories. Modern theories are Euro-centric owing to their war prone regional history. Islamic Security concepts characterize trans-border implication. Modern political and security perspective are based on; personal experience of the people gone through wars and civil chaos whereas Islamic concept of just war is based on faith absolutes and Meta narratives1. Modern theories imply human nature as a pivot to craft response in anticipation of a predetermined threat to justify pre-emption. Modern theories have become the seed of modern state policies. Islam makes it obligatory to prepare and built power to first deter and retaliate only under tyranny, oppression and under the threat of expulsion and extermination. Pakistan military initiative are deemed inspired by Islamic concept of Jihad and have become cause of her Security Dilemma due to prejudiced Western view. Islam emphasis on mankind as one whole universal community called ‘Ummah’. The modern theories divide the world on National identifies and globalizes only trade and transactions. National Interest in modern theories is pivotal to the state policies. This marked difference is sometime purposely confused as a strategy to dub even a legitimate resistance or movement as Terrorism depending on National Interest expediency. The major cause of conflict is embedded in Islamic and modern political connotations of a just war. These polemical perspectives explain Pakistan Security Dilemma as part of the Muslim world and a need for negotiated understanding for peace and stability and interfaith harmony.
Kompetensi Kepimpinan Perubahan Pengetua dan Efikasi Kendiri Guru
Authors: Shin Liang Fei
Published: August 2020

Kepimpinan adalah suatu proses di mana seseorang individu mempengaruhi satu kumpulan atau individu untuk mencapai matlamat yang sama. Kepimpinan dan kelakuannya boleh membina iklim kepercayaan yang memupuk inovasi di seluruh organisasi. Seiring dengan perubahan masa yang cepat, pemimpin perlu mempunyai imaginasi untuk membayangkan perkembangan secara menyeluruh. Dalam konteks pendidikan, Kepimpinan Perubahan Pengetua mendapat perhatian untuk mengukur kompetensi yang dimiliki oleh pengetua. Kepimpinan perubahan pengetua adalah kecekapan pengetua dalam mengurus perubahan di sekolah.
Amalan Kahwin Campur Dalam Kalangan Masyarakat Di Kota Kinabalu
Authors: Mohd Tamring Budi Anto , Mahali Saidatul Nornis
Published: August 2020

Umumnya perkahwinan campur berlaku disebabkan oleh faktor perasaan tetapi perasaan yang wujud antara dua pasangan juga dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor penggalak lain seperti demografi penduduk, interaksi, polisi kerajaan, budaya, agama dan toleransi. Pada hari ini, perkahwinan campur sering kali dijadikan sebagai salah satu indikator untuk menilai hubungan antara kelompok dalam masyarakat atau negara sama ada baik ataupun sebaliknya. Toleransi yang tinggi dalam sesebuah masyarakat dilihat apabila perkahwinan campur merupakan sesuatu amalan yang biasa dalam masyarakat. Justeru itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan amalan kahwin campur dalam masyarakat di Kota Kinabalu dengan menjadikan remaja bumiputera sebagai responden kajian. Hasil kajian menggunakan kaedah soal selidik yang melibatkan seramai 731 orang responden mendapati amalan perkahwinan campur dalam keluarga responden adalah tinggi. Amalan kahwin campur dalam keluarga responden bukan sahaja merentasi kaum tetapi juga merentasi agama dan kewarganegaraan. Ini menunjukkan hubungan masyarakat pelbagai etnik di Kota Kinabalu adalah baik.
Contourite vs Turbidite Outcrop and Seismic Architectures
Authors: Cauxeiro Cirilo , Lopez Michel , Hernández-Molina Javier , Miguel Artur , Cauxeiro Gizela , Caetano Vanessa
Published: August 2020

The hydrocarbon exploration of oceanic depositional systems demands a better understanding of the role of bottom currents and their implications for petroleum systems such as reservoir and sealing rocks. Deep-marine bottom-current reworked sands (sandy contourites) have been recognized in hydrocarbon-bearing sands of the Kwanza Basin. Such understanding implies additional alternatives for the definition of exploration targets and prospect risk reduction. The southernmost part of the Kwanza Basin (Miradouro da Lua zone) comprises one of the best outcrops of contourites deposits, formed during the Miocene and Pliocene age. Laterally, coeval sandy deposits are found offshore Kwanza Basin along the continental margin, and have been one of the great challenges for the oil companies operating in Angola. Therefore, the aim of the current proposal is to characterize sandy contourite deposits at Miradouro da Lua and compare them with offshore deep-water sandy deposits, evaluating their conceptual and economic implication. Modern field sedimentology technique merged with reflection seismic data and other geographic information system (GIS) techniques, allow the characterization and proposal of a stratigraphic architecture diagram that explains the interaction of the deep-marine processes, especially gravitational (down-slope) and bottom current (along-slope) processes as well as its vertical and spatial association. Sonangol (Angolan State Oil Company) and Total (French Multinational Company) explore similar deposits in Block 48 in Ultra deep-sea, and they will also reactivate the exploration of the Iabe Formation in Block 4.  The Tertiary Stratigraphic Architecture in Blocks 6, 7, 8, 19 and 20 are similar to the Lower part of the Miradouro da Lua zone. All these observations and data are very important to calibrate oil reservoir models.
Editorial
Authors: Administrator System , Schulte Jurgen
Published: August 2020

PAM Review is the peer-reviewed student research journal produced in the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the University of Technology Sydney. The journal was created to provide a student-centered authentic learning experience in a theory heavy course to help facilitating Faculty of Science graduate attributes and the University’s model of teaching.

The student journal was first introduced in 2014 in the second-year physics course Energy Science and Technology. The course covers fundamentals of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics and their applications in current and emerging technologies.
Improvement of inorganic aerosol component in PM2.5 by constraining aqueous-phase formation of sulfate in cloud with satellite retrievals: WRF-Chem simulations
Authors: Sha Tong , Ma Xiaoyan , Wang Jun , Tian Rong , Zhao Jianqi , Cao Fang , Zhang Yan-Lin
Published: August 2020

Abstract. High concentrations of PM2.5 in China have caused severe visibility degradation and health problem. However, it is still a big challenge to accurately predict PM2.5 and its chemical components in the numerical model. In this study, we compared the inorganic aerosol components of PM2.5 (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA)) simulated by WRF-Chem with in-situ data during a heavy haze-fog event (November 2018) in Nanjing. The comparisons show that the model underestimates the sulfate concentrations by 81 % and fails to reproduce the significant increase of sulfate concentrations from early morning to noon, which corresponds to the timing of fog dissipation, suggesting that the model underestimates the aqueous-phase formation of sulfate in clouds. In addition, the model overestimates both nitrate and ammonium concentrations by 184 % and 57 %, respectively. These ultimately result in the simulated SNA 77.2 % higher than the observations. However, as the important aqueous-phase reactors, cloud water are simultaneously underestimated by the model. Therefore, the modeled cloud water was constrained based on the MODIS Liquid Water Path (LWP) observations. Results show that the simulation with MODIS-corrected cloud water amount increases the sulfate by a factor of 3, decreases NMB by 53.5 %, and can reproduce its diurnal cycles, i.e. the peak concentration at noon. Also, the model absolute bias of nitrate decreases from 184 % to 50 %, especially for the nocturnal concentrations, which suggests the MODIS-constrained simulation improved the diurnal pattern. Although the simulated ammonium is still higher than the observation, corrected cloud water lead to the decrease of the modeled bias of SNA from 77.2 % to 14.1 %. The strong sensitivity of simulated SNA concentration to the cloud water provides an explanation for the bias of SNA simulation. Hence, the uncertainties of cloud water can lead to model bias in simulating SNA, and can be reduced by constraining the model with satellite observations.
Aqueous phase oxidation of bisulfite influenced by nitrate photolysis
Authors: Chen Lu , Kong Lingdong , Tong Songying , Yang Kejing , Jin Shengyan , Wang Chao , Wang Lin
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Nitrate aerosol is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and it can exit in both solid aerosol particles and fog and cloud droplets. Nitrate in the aqueous and particulate phase can undergo photolysis to produce oxidizing active radicals, which will inevitably affect various atmospheric chemical processes. However, the role of nitrate aerosols in these atmospheric photochemical processes remains unclear. In this study, the effects of nitrate photolysis on the aqueous phase oxidation of bisulfite under different conditions were investigated. Results show that nitrate photolysis can significantly promote the oxidation of bisulfite to sulfate. It is found that pH plays a significant role in the reaction, and ammonium sulfate has significant impacts on regulating the pH of solution and the enhancement of sulfate production. We also found an apparent synergism among halogen chemistry, nitrate and its photochemistry and S(IV) aqueous oxidation, especially the oxidation of halide ions by the nitrate photolysis and by the intermediate peroxymonosulfuric acid (HSO5−) produced by the free radical chain oxidation of S(IV) in acidic solution leads to the coupling of the redox cycle of halogen with the oxidation of bisulfite, which promotes the continuous aqueous oxidation of bisulfite and the formation of sulfate. In addition, it is also found that O2 is of great significance on nitrate photolysis for the conversion of HSO3−, and H2O2 generation during the nitrate photolysis is verified. These results provide a new insight into the heterogeneous aqueous phase oxidation pathways and mechanisms of SO2 in cloud and fog droplets and haze particles.
Soil-atmosphere exchange flux of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in subtropical and temperate forest catchments
Authors: Zhou Jun , Wang Zhangwei , Zhang Xiaoshan , Driscoll Charles T. , Lin Che-Jen
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Evasion from soil is the largest source of mercury (Hg) to the atmosphere in terrestrial ecosystems. To improve understanding of controls and reduce uncertainty in estimates of forest soil-atmosphere exchange, soil-air total gaseous Hg (TGM) fluxes were measured for 130 and 96 days for each of four plots at a subtropical forest and a temperate forest, respectively. The soil-air TGM fluxes, measured using dynamic flux chambers (DFC), showed patterns of both emission and deposition at five study plots, with an area-weighted net emission rate of 3.2 and 0.32 ng m−2 hr−1 for the entire subtropical and temperate forests, respectively. At the subtropical forest, the highest fluxes and net soil Hg emission were observed for an open field, with lesser emission rates in coniferous (Masson pine) and broad-leaved (camphor) forests, and net deposition in a wetland. At the temperate forest, the highest fluxes and net soil Hg emission were observed for a wetland and an open field, with lesser emission rates in deciduous broad-leaved and deciduous needle-leaf (larch) forests, and net deposition in an evergreen pine forest (Chinese pine). High solar radiation and temperature in summer resulted in the high Hg emission at the subtropical forest, and open field and evergreen pine forest in the temperate forest. In the temperate deciduous plots, the highest Hg emission was in spring during leaf-off period due to direct solar radiation exposure to soils. Fluxes showed strong positive relationships with solar radiation and soil temperature, and negative correlations with ambient-air TGM concentration in both subtropical and temperate forests, with area-weighted compensation points of 6.82 and 3.42 ng m−3, respectively. The compensation points implicated that the atmospheric TGM concentration plays a critical role in inhibiting the TGM emission from forest floor. More attention should pay to the legacy Hg stored in terrestrial surface as a more important increasing Hg emission source with the decreasing air TGM concentration recently.
Role of ammonia in European air quality with changing land
and ship emissions between 1990 and 2030
Authors: Aksoyoglu Sebnem , Jiang Jianhui , Ciarelli Giancarlo , Baltensperger Urs , Prévôt André S. H.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The focus of this modeling study is on the role of ammonia in European air quality in the past as well as in the future. Ammonia emissions have not decreased as much as the other secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) precursors nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) since 1990s, and are still posing problems for air quality and the environment. In this study, air quality simulations were performed with a regional chemical transport model at decadal intervals between 1990 and 2030 to understand the changes in the chemical species associated with SIA under varying land and ship emissions. We analyzed the changes in air concentrations of ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium, particulate nitrate and sulfate as well as changes in the dry and wet deposition of ammonia and ammonium. The results show that the approximately 40 % decrease in SIA concentrations between 1990 and 2010 was mainly due to reductions of NOx and SO2 emissions. The ammonia concentrations on the other hand decreased only near the high emission areas such as the Netherlands and northern Italy by about 30 % while there was a slight increase in other parts of Europe. Larger changes in concentrations occurred mostly during the first period (1990–2000). The model results indicate a transition period after 2000 for the composition of secondary inorganic aerosols due to a larger decrease in sulfate concentrations than nitrate. Changes between 2010 and 2030 – assuming the current legislation (CLE) scenario – are predicted to be smaller than those achieved earlier for all species analyzed in this study. The scenario simulations suggest that if ship emissions will be regulated more strictly in the future, SIA formation will decrease especially around the Benelux area, North Sea, Baltic Sea, English Channel and the Mediterranean region, leaving more ammonia in the gas phase which would lead to an increase in dry deposition. In the North, the decrease in SIA would be mainly due to reduced formation of particulate nitrate while the change around the Mediterranean would be caused mainly by decreased sulfate aerosol concentrations. Sensitivity tests with reduced NOx and NH3 emissions indicate a shift in the sensitivity of aerosol formation from NH3 towards NOx emissions between 1990 and 2030 in most of Europe except the eastern part of the model domain.
LiSBOA: LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis for optimal design of LiDAR scans and retrieval of wind statistics. Part II: Applications to synthetic and real LiDAR data of wind turbine wakes
Authors: Letizia Stefano , Zhan Lu , Iungo Giacomo Valerio
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis (LiSBOA), presented in Letizia et al., is a procedure for the optimal design of LiDAR scans and calculation over a Cartesian grid of the statistical moments of the velocity field. The LiSBOA is applied to LiDAR data collected in the wake of wind turbines to reconstruct mean and turbulence intensity of the wind velocity field. The proposed procedure is firstly tested for a numerical dataset obtained by means of the virtual LiDAR technique applied to the data obtained from a large eddy simulation (LES). The optimal sampling parameters for a scanning Doppler pulsed wind LiDAR are retrieved from the LiSBOA, then the estimated statistics are calculated showing a maximum error of about 4 % for both the normalized mean velocity and the turbulence intensity. Subsequently, LiDAR data collected during a field campaign conducted at a wind farm in complex terrain are analyzed through the LiSBOA for two different configurations. In the first case, the wake velocity fields of four utility-scale turbines are reconstructed on a 3D grid, showing the capability of the LiSBOA to capture complex flow features, such as high-speed jet around the nacelle and the wake turbulent shear layers. For the second case, the statistics of the wakes generated by four interacting turbines are calculated over a 2D Cartesian grid and compared to the measurements provided by the nacelle-mounted anemometers. Maximum discrepancies as low as 3 % for the normalized mean velocity and turbulence intensity endorse the application of the LiSBOA for LiDAR-based wind resource assessment and diagnostic surveys for wind farms.
Coalescence of bacterial groups originating from urban runoffs and artificial infiltration systems among aquifer microbiomes
Authors: Colin Yannick , Bouchali Rayan , Marjolet Laurence , Marti Romain , Vautrin Florian , Voisin Jérémy , Bourgeois Emilie , Rodriguez-Nava Veronica , Blaha Didier , Winiarski Thierry , Mermillod-Blondin Florian , Cournoyer Benoit
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The invasion of aquifer microbial communities by aboveground
microorganisms, a phenomenon known as community coalescence, is likely to be
exacerbated in groundwaters fed by stormwater infiltration systems (SISs).
Here, the incidence of this increased connectivity with upslope soils and
impermeabilized surfaces was assessed through a meta-analysis of 16S rRNA
gene libraries. Specifically, DNA sequences encoding 16S rRNA V5-V6 regions from free-living
and attached aquifer bacteria (i.e., water and biofilm samples) were
analysed upstream and downstream of a SIS and compared with those from
bacterial communities from watershed runoffs and surface sediments from the
SIS detention and infiltration basins. Significant bacterial transfers were
inferred by the SourceTracker Bayesian approach, with 23 % to 57 % of the
aquifer bacterial biofilms being composed of taxa from aboveground sediments
and urban runoffs. Sediments from the detention basin were found more
significant contributors of taxa involved in the buildup of these biofilms
than soils from the infiltration basin. Inferred taxa among the coalesced
biofilm community were predicted to be high in hydrocarbon degraders such as
Sphingobium and Nocardia. The 16S rRNA-based bacterial community structure of the downstream-SIS
aquifer waters showed lower coalescence with aboveground taxa (8 % to 38 %)
than those of biofilms and higher numbers of taxa predicted to be involved
in the N and S cycles. A DNA marker named tpm enabled the tracking of
bacterial species from 24 genera including Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Xanthomonas, among these
communities. Several tpm sequence types were found to be shared between the
aboveground and aquifer samples. Reads related to Pseudomonas were allocated to 50
species, of which 16 were found in the aquifer samples. Several of these
aquifer species were found to be involved in denitrification but also
hydrocarbon degradation (P. aeruginosa, P. putida and P. fluorescens). Some tpm sequence types allocated to P. umsongensis and P. chengduensis were
found to be enriched among the tpm-harbouring bacteria, respectively, of the
aquifer biofilms and waters. Reads related to Aeromonas were allocated to 11
species, but only those from A. caviae were recovered aboveground and in the aquifer
samples. Some tpm sequence types of the X. axonopodis phytopathogen  were recorded in higher
proportions among the tpm-harbouring bacteria of the aquifer waters than in the
aboveground samples. A significant coalescence of microbial communities from
an urban watershed with those of an aquifer was thus observed, and recent
aquifer biofilms were found to be significantly colonized by runoff-opportunistic taxa able to use urban C sources from aboveground
compartments.
Debris flows recorded in the Moscardo catchment (Italian Alps) between 1990 and 2019
Authors: Marchi Lorenzo , Cazorzi Federico , Arattano Massimo , Cucchiaro Sara , Cavalli Marco , Crema Stefano
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This paper presents debris-flows data recorded in the Moscardo Torrent (eastern Italian Alps) between 1990 and 2019. In this time interval, 30 debris flows were observed, 26 of them were monitored by sensors installed on the channel, while four were only documented through post-event observations. Monitored data consist of debris-flow hydrographs, measured utilizing ultrasonic sensors, and rainfall. Debris flows in the Moscardo Torrent occur from early June to the end of September, with higher frequency in the first part of summer. The paper presents data on triggering rainfall, flow velocity, peak discharge, and volume for the monitored hydrographs. Simplified triangular hydrographs and dimensionless hydrographs were derived to show the basic features of the debris flows in the Moscardo Torrent (time to peak, surge duration, flow depth) and permitting comparison with other instrumented catchments. The dataset is made available to the public with the following DOI: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.919707 .
Sensitive dependence of trajectories on tracer seeding positions –
coherent structures in German Bight surface drift simulations
Authors: Callies Ulrich
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Backward drift simulations can aid the interpretation of in situ monitoring data. Some trajectories, however, are sensitive to even small changes of the tracer release position. A corresponding spread of backward simulations implies convergence in the forward passage of time. Such uncertainty about the probed water body's origin complicates the interpretation of measurements. This study examines surface drift simulations in the German Bight (North Sea). Lines across which drift behaviour changes non-smoothly are obtained as ridges in the fields of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE), a parameter used in dynamical systems theory to identify Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS). Results are shown to closely resemble those obtained considering a) two-particle relative dispersion and b) the average divergence of Eulerian velocities that tracers experience. Structures observed in simulated sea surface temperature and salinity further corroborate the FTLE results.