bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitigation of ionospheric scintillation effect using adaptive PID‐based tracking loop in GPS receivers
Authors: Mao Wei‐Lung , Huang Han‐Yi
Published: August 2017

Ionospheric scintillation caused by charged particles results in rapid phase and amplitude fluctuations of a received GPS signal. This obstacle can degrade and disable some signal processing in the GPS sensors. There is a significant interest in the development of global navigation satellite system sensors that can track through scintillations more reliably than current receivers. This study presents an adaptive proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID)‐based carrier loop with a radial basis function (RBF) network identification for robust carrier phase tracking under scintillation circumstance. The incremental PID method that provides lower computational complexity and self‐learning capability is employed to control the carrier loop based on online identification with gradient descent learning algorithms. The RBF network structure is utilised here to perform the system identification and it can be used to predict the Jacobian information of the controlled model in the tracking loop system. The proposed architecture is compared with conventional tracking loops under diverse scintillation strength and loop noise bandwidth conditions. The simulation results show that the authors method indeed achieves better tracking capability in terms of carrier phase average mean square error, phase error standard deviation, and sum absolute error when the severe scintillation conditions are encountered.
FR0CAT: a FIRST catalog of FR 0 radio galaxies
Authors: Baldi R. D. , Capetti A. , Massaro F.
Published: August 2017

With the aim of exploring the properties of the class of FR 0 radio galaxies, we selected a sample of 108 compact radio sources, called FR0CAT, by combining observations from the NVSS, FIRST, and SDSS surveys. We included in the catalog sources with redshift ≤0.05, with a radio size ≲5 kpc, and with an optical spectrum characteristic of low-excitation galaxies. Their radio luminosities at 1.4 GHz are in the range 1038 ≲ νL1.4 ≲ 1040 erg s-1. The FR0CAT hosts are mostly (86%) luminous (−21 ≳ Mr ≳ −23) red early-type galaxies with black hole masses 108 ≲ MBH ≲ 109M⊙. These properties are similar to those seen for the hosts of FR I radio galaxies, but they are on average a factor ~1.6 less massive. The number density of FR0CAT sources is ~5 times higher than that of FR Is, and thus they represent the dominant population of radio sources in the local Universe. Different scenarios are considered to account for the smaller sizes and larger abundance of FR 0s with respect to FR Is. An age-size scenario that considers FR 0s as young radio galaxies that will all eventually evolve into extended radio sources cannot be reconciled with the large space density of FR 0s. However, the radio activity recurrence, with the duration of the active phase covering a wide range of values and with short active periods strongly favored with respect to longer ones, might account for their large density number. Alternatively, the jet properties of FR 0s might be intrinsically different from those of the FR Is, the former class having lower bulk Lorentz factors, possibly due to lower black hole spins. Our study indicates that FR 0s and FR I/IIs can be interpreted as two extremes of a continuous population of radio sources that is characterized by a broad distribution of sizes and luminosities of their extended radio emission, but shares a single class of host galaxies.
Sternal Fracture in Children: Diagnosis by Ultrasonography
Authors: Sesia Sergio , Prüfer Friederike , Mayr Johannes
Published: August 2017

Because of its subcutaneous location, the sternum can be examined sonographically using a linear scanner. We report about two children who experienced blunt chest trauma. Anterior–posterior chest X-rays were normal. Ultrasonic imaging confirmed a fracture of the sternum with dorsal displacement of the distal fragment (by 0.97 cm) in the first child and a transverse fracture of the body of the sternum without displacement in the second child. In both children, pericardial effusion was excluded by sonography. The displaced fracture of the sternum was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which ruled out concomitant injuries of the soft tissues adjacent to the sternum. Both sternum fractures were managed nonoperatively. These cases serve to emphasize the importance of sonography that represents an ionizing radiation free, noninvasive, efficient, and safe imaging modality to diagnose fractures of the sternum in children while also enabling the assessment of the pericardium.
Trichophyton rubrum-Syndrom und Tinea incognita unter immunsuppressiver Behandlung mit Leflunomid und Fumarsäureestern bei Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis und Psoriasis vulgaris
Authors: Nenoff P. , Fischer S. , Schulze I. , Krüger C.
Published: August 2017

Ein 70-jähriger Patient mit rheumatoider Arthritis (Anti-CCP-Antikörper positiv), Nikotinabusus und Arteriosklerose wurde immunsuppressiv mit Leflunomid 20 mg und Prednisolon 50 mg täglich behandelt. Am Körperstamm traten großflächige, ekzematisierte, randbetonte, zentrifugal wachsende erythrosquamöse Läsionen auf. Die Haut der rechten Hand und beider Füße war trocken, schuppend und atrophisch. Außerdem bestanden gelbbraune Onychodystrophien aller Fingernägel der rechten Hand sowie aller Zehennägel. Das Blankophor®-Präparat aus Hautschuppen war positiv, kulturell und mit PCR ließ sich Trichophyton (T.) rubrum nachweisen. Die ausgeprägte Tinea corporis wurde mit einer Antimykotika- und Glukokortikoid-haltigen Creme behandelt, wegen der Tinea unguium kam Terbinafin zur Anwendung.

Ein 68-jähriger Psoriatiker erhielt bereits seit 1979 Fumarsäureester zur systemischen antipsoriatischen Therapie. Seit einigen Monaten entwickelten sich an Flanken, Rücken, gluteal, an den Waden, prätibial und an den Oberschenkeln blass-rote erythrosquamöse Plaques im Sinne einer Tinea corporis incognita. Das Nativpräparat war positiv, kulturell und mit PCR gelang aus insgesamt 6 Lokalisationen der Nachweis von T. rubrum. Da eine systemische antimykotische Behandlung abgelehnt wurde, kam Terbinafin-Creme im Wechsel mit Clotrimazol- + Betamethason-Creme zur Anwendung.

Die großflächige und generalisierte Tinea corporis mit Onychomykose erfüllte bei beiden Patienten die Kriterien eines sog. T. rubrum-Syndroms. Dieses, aber auch die Tinea incognita, entwickeln sich in der Regel infolge einer Autoinokulation von einer vorbestehenden Tinea pedis et unguium. Disponierender Faktor für das T. rubrum-Syndrom, aber auch für die Tinea incognita, ist nicht selten eine immunsupprimierende Therapie, hier durch Glukokortikoide, Leflunomid sowie Fumarsäureester.
Skabies-Massenausbruch in einem Altenheim für Demenzkranke
Authors: Montag A.
Published: August 2017

Dargestellt wird ein Massenanfall mit 75 Skabies-Infizierten unterschiedlichen Schweregrades in den geschlossenen Wohnbereichen für Demenzkranke eines großen Pflegeheims am Stadtrand einer deutschen Großstadt.

Der Ablauf der tatsächlichen Ereignisse, einschließlich der damit verbundenen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Herausforderungen, wird ebenso eingehend beschrieben wie die Maßnahmen, die zur Eindämmung der Infektion eingeleitet wurden. Zusammen mit den Rahmenbedingungen, die zum dargestellten Massenausbruch geführt haben, werden die genannten Aspekte abschließend einer umfassenden kritischen Würdigung unterzogen.
Reizdarm, Zöliakie, Weizenallergie, Weizensensitivität – die Schwierigkeit, die Spreu vom Weizen zu trennen
Authors: Leiß Ottmar
Published: August 2017

Ernährungsfaktoren spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei Auslösung und Verschlimmerung von Bauchschmerzen, Blähungen und Durchfall bei Patienten mit Reizdarmsyndrom (RDS). Seit Abgrenzung eines neuen Krankheitsbildes zwischen RDS und Zöliakie, der non-celiac gluten sensitivity/Weizensensitivität, und seit Erscheinen eines in Laienkreisen viel beachteten Bestsellers zu negativen gesundheitlichen Effekten von Weizen, hat eine glutenfreie Ernährung seit einigen Jahren erheblich an Popularität zugenommen.

In einer Übersicht werden die Unterschiede zwischen RDS, Zöliakie, Weizenallergie und Weizensensitivität dargestellt und Studien, die den Weizenbestandteilen Gluten oder Fruktanen/FODMAPs (fermentierbaren Oligo-, Di-, Monosacchariden und Polyolen) eine auslösende Rolle zusprechen, erörtert. Vor- und Nachteile einer glutenfreien Diät und FODMAP-armen Ernährung werden diskutiert. Abschließend wird erläutert, bei welchem Patienten zu einer glutenfreien Ernährung und bei welchem Patienten zu einer FODMAP-armen Ernährung geraten werden sollte.
Leishmaniasis auf Mallorca: Vorstellung eines ungewöhnlichen Verlaufs unter Immunsuppression
Authors: Gebhardt M. , Ostermann M. , Fischer M.
Published: August 2017

Das spanische Festland und die Balearen sind Endemiegebiete für die kutane und viszerale Leishmaniasis durch Leishmania infantum. Die kutane Leishmaniasis ist die häufigste Verlaufsform.

Der Hauptvektor, die Sandmücke Phlebotomus perniciosus, ist im gesamten Inselgebiet von Mallorca zu finden. Die Leishmaniasis zeichnet sich durch eine Vielzahl von klinischen Erscheinungsbildern aus. Der Immunstatus des Patienten spielt hierbei eine relevante Rolle für den Verlauf der Erkrankung und das Ansprechen der Therapie.
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis is an Important Risk Factor of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma in Younger Adults
Authors: Liu Yujuan , Li Chengqian , Zhao Wenjuan , Wang Yangang
Published: August 2017

The association between autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid cancer remains unclear. We performed a matched case-control study to assess the association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). A total of 927 PTMC cases and 927 age- and gender- matched controls selected from the same population were recruited. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to assess the strength of the association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and PTMC. Conditional logistic regression analysis was carried out, and stratified analyses by age, gender and types of thyroid antibodies were also performed. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was significantly associated with increased risk of PTMC (OR=1.87, 95% CI 1.49–2.34, p<0.001). Stratified analysis by thyroid antibodies also found obvious associations of PTMC risk with TPOAb positivity (OR=1.58, p=0.001) and TGAb positivity (OR=2.35, p<0.001). Stratified analyses by age showed that the association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and PTMC risk was more significant in younger adults aged between 18 and 30 years (OR=11.48, p<0.001). Further stratified analyses by thyroid antibodies also found that the associations of PTMC risk with TPOAb positivity or TGAb positivity were more significant in younger adults aged between 18 and 30, and the ORs were 8.27 (p<0.001) and 12.71 (p<0.001), respectively. This study suggests an obvious relationship between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and PTMC risk, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an important risk of PTMC in younger adults.
Frequency-domain coherent multidimensional spectroscopy when dephasing rivals pulsewidth: Disentangling material and instrument response
Authors: Kohler Daniel D. , Thompson Blaise J. , Wright John C.
Published: August 2017

Ultrafast spectroscopy is often collected in the mixed frequency/time domain, where pulse durations are similar to system dephasing times. In these experiments, expectations derived from the familiar driven and impulsive limits are not valid. This work simulates the mixed-domain four-wave mixing response of a model system to develop expectations for this more complex field-matter interaction. We explore frequency and delay axes. We show that these line shapes are exquisitely sensitive to excitation pulse widths and delays. Near pulse overlap, the excitation pulses induce correlations that resemble signatures of dynamic inhomogeneity. We describe these line shapes using an intuitive picture that connects to familiar field-matter expressions. We develop strategies for distinguishing pulse-induced correlations from true system inhomogeneity. These simulations provide a foundation for interpretation of ultrafast experiments in the mixed domain.
Kinematical invariance groups of the 3d Schrödinger equations with position dependent masses
Authors: Nikitin A. G.
Published: August 2017

Kinematical invariance groups of the 3d Schrödinger equations with position dependent masses and arbitrary potentials are classified. All non-equivalent classes of such equations are presented together with the corresponding symmetry algebras. The specific symmetries connected with the presence of the ordering-ambiguity parameters are discussed, and an extended class of systems which keep their forms for arbitrary or particular changes of these parameters is specified.
A test for the existence of isomorphs in glass-forming materials
Authors: Fragiadakis D. , Roland C. M.
Published: August 2017

We describe a method to determine whether a material has isomorphs in its thermodynamic phase diagram. Isomorphs are state points for which various properties are invariant in reduced units. Such materials are commonly identified from strong correlation between thermal fluctuations of the potential energy, U, and the virial W, but this identification is not generally applicable to real materials. We show from molecular dynamic simulations of atomic, molecular, and polymeric materials that systems with strong U-W correlation cannot be pressure densified, that is, the density obtained on cooling to the glassy state and releasing the pressure is independent of the pressure applied during cooling.
High-order sideband generation in a semiconductor quantum well driven by two orthogonal terahertz fields
Authors: Yan Jie-Yun
Published: August 2017

The theory of excitonic high-order sideband generation (HSG) in a semiconductor quantum well irradiated by two orthogonal terahertz (THz) fields (one frequency is an integral multiple of the other) is presented. The exact analytical solution to the sideband spectrum is given with the help of the generalized Bessel functions. As a special case, the HSG when the frequencies of these two THz fields are the same is derived and its dependence on the ellipticity of the THz field is discussed. The theory could explain the experiments, especially concerning the sensitive dependence of HSG signals on the ellipticity of the THz field: the signals are strong when the THz field has a linear polarization and totally vanish in case of a circular polarization. More interestingly, it was found that the strongest signal is not produced in the case of linear polarization for some sidebands. The theory is supported by numerical calculations.
Turbulent kinetic energy budget in the boundary layer developing over an urban-like rough wall using PIV
Authors: Blackman Karin , Perret Laurent , Calmet Isabelle , Rivet Cédric
Published: August 2017

In the present work, a boundary layer developing over a rough-wall consisting of staggered cubes with a plan area packing density λp = 25% is studied within the wind tunnel using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to investigate the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) budget. To access the full TKE budget, an estimation of the dissipation (ε) using both the transport equation of the resolved-scale kinetic energy and Large-Eddy (LE) PIV models based on the use of a subgrid-scale model following the methodology used in large-eddy simulations is employed. A low-pass filter, larger than the Taylor microscale, is applied to the data prior to the computation of the velocity gradients ensuring a clear cutoff in the inertial range where the models are valid. The presence of the cube roughness elements has a significant influence on the TKE budget due to the region of strong shear that develops over the cubes. The shear layer is shown to produce and dissipate energy, as well as transport energy through advection, turbulent transport, and pressure transport. The recirculation region that forms through the interaction of the shear layer and the canopy layer, which is the region below the height of the cube roughness, creates rapid longitudinal evolution of the mean flow thereby inducing weak production. Finally, through stochastic estimation of the conditional average, it is shown that localized regions of backscatter (energy transfer from unresolved to resolved scales) and forward scatter (energy transfer from resolved to unresolved scales) occur as a result of coherent vortical structures.
Efficient numerical solution of excitation number conserving quantum systems
Authors: Zhang Zheyong , Ding Jianping , Wang Hui-Tian
Published: August 2017

A system composed of a harmonic oscillator coupled to a two-level atom is one of the quantum systems, which can be completely solved. Although this system is simple, it is never a easy work for the quantum calculations, especially when the system consists of many such simple constituent parts. In this paper, we present a programming method, by which the calculation tasks for the matrix representation of the Hamiltonian of system can be automatically fulfilled. Coupled-cavity array systems are used to demonstrate our programming method. Some quantum properties of these systems are also discussed.
Effects of location of excitation on the spiral vortices in the transitional region of a rotating-disk flow
Authors: Lee Keunseob , Nishio Yu , Izawa Seiichiro , Fukunishi Yu
Published: August 2017

The laminar-turbulent transition of a rotating-disk flow dominated by global instability is studied by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in direct numerical simulations. A flow field in the 2π/32 region is computed using a periodic boundary condition. The flow field is disturbed in two ways. In the first case, a disturbance is introduced at the Reynolds number, Re≈ 600, while in the second case, a disturbance is introduced at Re≈ 650. In both cases, wall-normal short-duration suction and blowing are used to disturb the flow field. When a disturbance is added upstream at Re≈ 600, the wavenumber 64 component becomes dominant when the flow reaches a steady state, whereas when a disturbance is added downstream at Re≈ 650, the wavenumber 96 component becomes prominent. The transition points are different between the two cases. In addition, in both cases, the distances between neighboring spiral vortices are quite the same when measured at the locations where the turbulence begins.
The effect of oxygen stoichiometry at the interface of epitaxial BaTiO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 bilayers on its electronic and magnetic properties
Authors: Panchal Gyanendra , Shukla D. K. , Choudhary R. J. , Reddy V. R. , Phase D. M.
Published: August 2017

We have studied the electronic and magnetic properties of BaTiO3 (BTO)/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3(LSMO) bilayer thin films deposited by pulse laser deposition on SrTiO3 (100) substrate. X-ray diffraction and reciprocal space mappings show that the grown bilayers are single phase and epitaxial in nature. We observed by the X-ray absorption study that the relative hybridization of t2g orbitals of Ti 3d with oxygen 2p decreases with increasing Ti3+ fraction in the BTO layer. We found the anomalies in magnetization versus temperature behaviour near the structure transition of BTO, indicating coupling of the LSMO layer with the BTO structure. We also observed the pinched M-H hysteresis loop at low 5 K in this bilayer, and this pinched behaviour completely disappeared when the BTO layer is used as the bottom layer of the bilayer. It is shown that this pinched hysteresis behaviour arises because of coupling of Ti3+ which is present at the interface in the nonstoichiometric BTO top layer with the bottom LSMO layer at the interface.
Nanomechanical probing of thin-film dielectric elastomer transducers
Authors: Osmani Bekim , Seifi Saman , Park Harold S. , Leung Vanessa , Töpper Tino , Müller Bert
Published: August 2017

Dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs) have attracted interest as generators, actuators, sensors, and even as self-sensing actuators for applications in medicine, soft robotics, and microfluidics. Their performance crucially depends on the elastic properties of the electrode-elastomer sandwich structure. The compressive displacement of a single-layer DET can be easily measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the contact mode. While polymers used as dielectric elastomers are known to exhibit significant mechanical stiffening for large strains, their mechanical properties when subjected to voltages are not well understood. To examine this effect, we measured the depths of 400 nanoindentations as a function of the applied electric field using a spherical AFM probe with a radius of (522 ± 4) nm. Employing a field as low as 20 V/μm, the indentation depths increased by 42% at a load of 100 nN with respect to the field-free condition, implying an electromechanically driven elastic softening of the DET. This at-a-glance surprising experimental result agrees with related nonlinear, dynamic finite element model simulations. Furthermore, the pull-off forces rose from (23.0 ± 0.4) to (49.0 ± 0.7) nN implying a nanoindentation imprint after unloading. This embossing effect is explained by the remaining charges at the indentation site. The root-mean-square roughness of the Au electrode raised by 11% upon increasing the field from zero to 12 V/μm, demonstrating that the electrode's morphology change is an undervalued factor in the fabrication of DET structures.
Efficacy of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of whole porcine blood hydrolysates and its fractions under in-vitro conditions
Authors: Verma Akhilesh K. , Chatli Manish Kumar , Mehta Nitin , Kumar Pavan
Published: August 2017

Protein hydrolysates were recovered from porcine blood hydrolysate (PBH) using enzymatic hydrolysis viz. alcalase, trypsin and papain. The PBH were ultra-filtered by using molecular weight cut off, these PBH and different fractions were evaluated for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The PBH and fractions were assessed for antioxidant efficacy viz. 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and antimicrobial activity by zone of inhibition assay. All antioxidant parameters assessed for inhibition activity were observed significantly (P < 0.05) higher for whole PBH whereas among fractions (5–10 kDa), (1–5 kDa) for all hydrolysates had comparatively higher antioxidant efficacy. The results showed that PBH obtained from trypsin and its fractions have highest antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial efficacy was also higher for whole PBH than their respective fractions; however, the zone of inhibition varied significantly (P < 0.05) among different fractions. Results revealed that among enzymes trypsin and alcalase could produce peptides with comparatively higher antimicrobial activity for all tested microbes than papain. The results concluded that porcine blood hydrolysates can be fractioned to get lower molecular weight peptides of interest; however, for addition of whole PBH in meat products or other use could be more useful with regards to its antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and economic production.
Reversible structure manipulation by tuning carrier concentration in metastable Cu
2
S
Authors: Tao Jing , Chen Jingyi , Li Jun , Mathurin Leanne , Zheng Jin-Cheng , Li Yan , Lu Deyu , Cao Yue , Wu Lijun , Cava Robert Joseph , Zhu Yimei
Published: August 2017

Significance

Harnessing a material’s functionality in applications and for fundamental studies often requires direct manipulation of its crystal symmetry. We manipulate the crystal structure of Cu
2
S nanoparticles in a controlled and reversible fashion via variation of the electron dose rate, observed by transmission electron microscopy. Our control method is in contrast to conventional chemical doping, which is irreversible and often introduces unwanted lattice distortions. Our study sheds light on the much-debated question of whether a change in electronic structure can facilitate a change of crystal symmetry, or whether vice versa is always the case. We show that a minimal perturbation to the electronic degree of freedom can drive the structural phase transition in Cu
2
S, hence resolving this dilemma.
CDK8/19 Mediator kinases potentiate induction of transcription by NFκB
Authors: Chen Mengqian , Liang Jiaxin , Ji Hao , Yang Zhengguan , Altilia Serena , Hu Bing , Schronce Adam , McDermott Martina S. J. , Schools Gary P. , Lim Chang-uk , Oliver David , Shtutman Michael S. , Lu Tao , Stark George R. , Porter Donald C. , Broude Eugenia V. , Roninson Igor B.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) transcription factors have been implicated in several major diseases, including inflammatory disorders, viral infections, and cancer. NFκB-inhibiting drugs typically have side effects, possibly due to sustained NFκB suppression. The ability to affect induced, but not basal, NFκB activity could provide therapeutic benefit without associated toxicity. We report that the transcription-regulating kinases CDK8/19 potentiate NFκB activity, including the expression of tumor-promoting proinflammatory cytokines, by enabling the completion of NFκB-initiated transcription. CDK8/19 inhibitors suppress the induction of gene expression by NFκB or other transcription factors, but generally do not affect basal expression of the same genes. The role of CDK8/19 in newly induced transcription identifies these kinases as mediators of transcriptional reprogramming, a key aspect of development, differentiation, and pathological processes.
Deformation mechanism transition in Fe–17Mn–0.4C–0.06V TWIP steel with different strain rates
Authors: Xu Mei , Mi Zhenli , Li Hui , Tang Di , Jiang Haitao
Published: August 2017

The dynamic tensile behaviour and deformation mechanism of the Fe–17Mn–0.4C–0.06V twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel were investigated over a wide range of strain rates from 10−4 to 103 s−1. With increasing strain rate, the stacking fault energy increased due to the increase of adiabatic heating temperature, Δ T. At 10−4 to 101 s−1, the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect coexisted with the TWIP effect and weakened with increasing strain rate. With the increase of strain rate in the range of 10−1 to 101 s−1, the TWIP effect strengthened gradually and intersected deformation twins were formed. When the strain rate was higher than 101 s−1, the TRIP effect disappeared and the twinning was inhibited since the adiabatic heating effect elevated.
Long-term pitch memory for music recordings is related to auditory working memory precision
Authors: Van Hedger Stephen C , Heald Shannon LM , Nusbaum Howard C
Published: August 2017

Most individuals have reliable long-term memories for the pitch of familiar music recordings. This pitch memory (1) appears to be normally distributed in the population, (2) does not depend on explicit musical training and (3) only seems to be weakly related to differences in listening frequency estimates. The present experiment was designed to assess whether individual differences in auditory working memory could explain variance in long-term pitch memory for music recordings. In Experiment 1, participants first completed a musical note adjustment task that has been previously used to assess working memory of musical pitch. Afterward, participants were asked to judge the pitch of well-known music recordings, which either had or had not been shifted in pitch. We found that performance on the pitch working memory task was significantly related to performance in the pitch memory task using well-known recordings, even when controlling for overall musical experience and familiarity with each recording. In Experiment 2, we replicated these findings in a separate group of participants while additionally controlling for fluid intelligence and non-pitch-based components of auditory working memory. In Experiment 3, we demonstrated that participants could not accurately judge the pitch of unfamiliar recordings, suggesting that our method of pitch shifting did not result in unwanted acoustic cues that could have aided participants in Experiments 1 and 2. These results, taken together, suggest that the ability to maintain pitch information in working memory might lead to more accurate long-term pitch memory.
Spontaneous retrieval reveals right-ear advantage in prospective memory
Authors: Rothen Nicolas , Meier Beat
Published: August 2017

The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of individual costs on prospective memory performance. Individual costs were assessed by contrasting participants with high costs and those with low costs. Specifically, we tested whether prospective memory performance is moderated by costs, cue-focality and intention specificity. Participants performed a dichotic listening paradigm where they had to indicate whether a word presented to one ear was abstract or concrete while ignoring the word presented to the other ear. For the prospective memory task, participants had to detect target items; half of them were presented focally to the same ear as the relevant words for the ongoing task and half of them were presented non-focally to the other ear. Moreover, half of the participants were given specific instructions and the other half were given categorical instructions. The results revealed a right-ear advantage for participants with low costs but not for participants with high costs. Moreover, the absence of costs was not necessarily accompanied by worse prospective memory performance. Given differential results under the same task conditions, we conclude that individual costs are an important factor which should be considered when investigating prospective memory processes.
Structural priming from arithmetic to language in Chinese: Evidence from adults and children
Authors: Zeng Tao , Mao Wen , Liu Rongfeng
Published: August 2017

This article explores structural integration between arithmetic and language by investigating whether the structure of an arithmetic equation influences the way children and adults interpret Chinese sentences in the form of NP1  +  VP1  +  NP2  +  VP2, where VP2 can attach high as a predicate of NP1 or attach low as a predicate of NP2. Participants first solved an arithmetic problem where the last number was to be attached high (e.g., (5 + 1 + 2) × 3) or low (e.g., 5 + (1 + 2 × 3)) and then provided a completion to a preamble in the form of NP1  +  VP1  +  NP2  + HEN “very” . . . or decided on the meaning of an ambiguous sentence. The way the ambiguous sentences were completed and interpreted was primed by the structure of the preceding arithmetic problem (i.e., a high-attachment prime led to more high-attachment completions and interpretation) in both children and adults. This study found cross-domain priming from arithmetic equations to language, which offered empirical evidence for the shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis and the syntactic working memory theory. It was also found that children were more susceptible to such priming, which provided some tentative evidence for the Incremental Procedural Account proposed by Scheepers et al.
The role of multiple internal timekeepers and sources of feedback on interval timing
Authors: Studenka Breanna E , Cummins Daisha L , Pope Megan A
Published: August 2017

The aim of this experiment was to document the role of multiple internal clock mechanisms and external sources of temporal feedback on reducing timing variability when two fingers tap instead of one (a phenomenon known as the bimanual advantage). Previous research documents a reduction in timed interval variability when two effectors time instead of one. In addition, interval variability decreases with multiple sources of feedback. To date, however, no research has explored the separate roles of feedback and internal timing on the bimanual advantage. We evaluated the bimanual advantage in a task that does not utilise an internal clock (circle drawing). Participants performed both unimanual and bimanual timing while tapping or drawing circles. Both tasks were performed with and without tactile feedback at the timing goal. We document reduced bimanual timing variability only for tasks that utilise internal clock-like timing (tapping). We also document reduced timing variability for timing with greater sensory feedback (tactile vs no-tactile feedback tapping). We conclude that internal clock mechanisms are necessary for bimanual advantage to occur, but that multiple sources of feedback can also serve to improve internal timing, which ties together current theories of bimanual advantage.
DC2 and KCP2 mediate the interaction between the oligosaccharyltransferase and the ER translocon
Authors: Shrimal Shiteshu , Cherepanova Natalia A. , Gilmore Reid
Published: August 2017

In metazoan organisms, the STT3A isoform of the oligosaccharyltransferase is localized adjacent to the protein translocation channel to catalyze co-translational N-linked glycosylation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. The mechanism responsible for the interaction between the STT3A complex and the translocation channel has not been addressed. Using genetically modified human cells that are deficient in DC2 or KCP2 proteins, we show that loss of DC2 causes a defect in co-translational N-glycosylation of proteins that mimics an STT3A−/− phenotype. Biochemical analysis showed that DC2 and KCP2 are responsible for mediating the interaction between the protein translocation channel and the STT3A complex. Importantly, DC2- and KCP2-deficient STT3A complexes are stable and enzymatically active. Deletion mutagenesis revealed that a conserved motif in the C-terminal tail of DC2 is critical for assembly into the STT3A complex, whereas the lumenal loop and the N-terminal cytoplasmic segment are necessary for the functional interaction between the STT3A and Sec61 complexes.
Snaptron: querying splicing patterns across tens of thousands of RNA-seq samples
Authors: Wilks Christopher , Gaddipati Phani , Nellore Abhinav , Langmead Ben
Published: August 2017

Motivation

As more and larger genomics studies appear, there is a growing need for comprehensive and queryable cross-study summaries. These enable researchers to leverage vast datasets that would otherwise be difficult to obtain.

Results

Snaptron is a search engine for summarized RNA sequencing data with a query planner that leverages R-tree, B-tree and inverted indexing strategies to rapidly execute queries over 146 million exon-exon splice junctions from over 70 000 human RNA-seq samples. Queries can be tailored by constraining which junctions and samples to consider. Snaptron can score junctions according to tissue specificity or other criteria, and can score samples according to the relative frequency of different splicing patterns. We describe the software and outline biological questions that can be explored with Snaptron queries.

Availability and implementation

Documentation is at http://snaptron.cs.jhu.edu. Source code is at https://github.com/ChristopherWilks/snaptron and https://github.com/ChristopherWilks/snaptron-experiments with a CC BY-NC 4.0 license.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Contract Law
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: August 2017

Contract Law provides a uniquely practical approach to the topic. The text is divided into four parts. Part I covers forming contracts. It looks at bargaining and agreeing, the requirement of mutuality, legal relations, and non-contractual promises. Part II considers issues related to keeping contracts. It examines the assembling of the contract, interpreting the terms of a contract, flexible terms, and changes in contracts. The next part is about regulating contracts. It looks at untrue statements, the limits of hard bargaining, controlling contractual terms, and protecting the public interest. The final part is about enforcing contracts. The text here examines issues relating to breach of contract, compensatory remedies, non-compensatory remedies, and third-party matters.
25. Interpersonal violence on the British Isles, 1200–2016
Authors: Eisner Manuel
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews the empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks for understanding the long-term trends in interpersonal violence on the British Isles, focusing on homicide. After an overview of the theoretical frameworks for long-term big-picture analyses of violence, it presents an introduction to the relevant historical sources and the problem of comparing violence over time. It then summarizes the current knowledge on trends and structural characteristics of homicide over the past 800 years, along with looking at infanticide as a separate category. The chapter finally provides an overview of core issues in four historical periods, namely the Middle Ages (1200–1500), the early modern period (1500–1800), the Industrial Age (1800–1950) and the post-Second World War period. For each period the chapter provides insight into historically specific cultural and economic processes that affected trends in violence.
28. Mental health, mental disabilities, and crime
Authors: Peay Jill
Published: August 2017

What is the nature of the relationship between mental disability and crime? This chapter examines its nature, scope, direction, and implications for the study of criminology. Its early sections critically assess issues of definition, causation and of the success of treatment interventions. Its latter part reviews developments in policy and the emerging blurring of risk-oriented and therapeutic objectives. It concludes by urging a more sophisticated and less discriminatory approach to the field, which does not focus on diagnoses but rather on a holistic understanding of the relationship between people and crime.
39. Reconfiguring penal power
Authors: Crewe Ben , Liebling Alison
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines changing forms and consequences of power in contemporary prisons in England and Wales. It begins by discussing the ways in which power has been treated within the penological literature, critiquing the tendency among some scholars to focus on its most coercive forms. It goes on to consider the connections between prisoner experiences and the use of authority by prison staff, detailing the different textures that result according to the specific ways that staff exercise their power. The chapter then considers the implications of these differences with regard to matters such as ‘respect’ in prison, the centrality of staff professionalism to prison life, the self-legitimacy of prison officers, and ‘good’ uses of penal power. After detailing recent transitions in the prison system in England and Wales, the chapter explores the consequences of these changes in relation to prisoner behaviour, power-sharing between staff and prisoners, and other staff practices. It concludes by identifying the connections between different modes of penal authority, order, and legitimacy.
Intellectual Property Law:
Authors: Aplin Tanya , Davis Jennifer
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. Intellectual Property Law: Text, Cases, and Materials provides a complete resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students of intellectual property (IP) law. The first text of its kind in the field, it combines extracts from major cases and secondary materials with critical commentary from experienced teachers in the field. The book deals with all areas of IP law in the UK: copyright, trade marks and passing off, personality and publicity rights, character merchandising, confidential information and privacy, industrial designs, patent, procedure, and enforcement. It also tackles topical areas, such as the application of IP law to new technologies and the impact of the internet on trade marks and copyright. All chapters now include relevant legal developments relating to the internet and digital technologies. While the focus of the book is on IP law in a domestic context, it provides international, EU, and comparative law perspectives on major issues, and also addresses the wider policy implications of legislative and judicial developments in the area. The book is an ideal resource for all students of IP law who need cases, materials, and commentary in a single volume.
Employment Law Concentrate
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: August 2017

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Employment Law Concentrate helps to consolidate knowledge in this area of law. This fifth edition includes updates on employment law including coverage of the National Living Wage, shared parental leave, and gender pay reporting. There are new sections on equal pay between men and women and vicarious liability in equality law. Chapters examine employment status, contracts, and pay. The volume also looks at discrimination, parental rights, working time, and types of breach of employment contracts and termination of employment contracts. Finally the text looks at dismissal issues, redundancy, and trade unions.
9. Unfair dismissal
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: August 2017

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the law on unfair dismissal. The employer must demonstrate that the reason for the dismissal relates to capability or qualifications, conduct, a statutory ban, or some other substantial reason of a kind to justify the dismissal. An employer must act reasonably in treating a reason as sufficient for dismissal. It should be guided by the ACAS Code of Practice 2015 and must follow contractual procedures. The remedies for unfair dismissal include re-employment or compensation.
10. Redundancy
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: August 2017

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the law on redundancy. Employees are considered redundant if the employer has ceased or intends to cease carrying on the business for the purposes for which the employees were employed, or in the place where they are employed there has been, or will be, a diminution in the need for work of a particular kind. The burden of proof is on the employer to show that any offer of alternative employment was suitable and that any refusal by the employee was unreasonable. The size of a redundancy payment depends upon the employee’s age, length of service, and the amount of a week’s pay.
Cases & Materials on Constitutional & Administrative Law
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael
Published: August 2017

Extracts have been chosen from a wide range of historical and contemporary cases to illustrate the reasoning processes of the courts and to show how legal principles are developed. Cases & Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law is an invaluable resource. Extracts from the leading cases are combined with legal, political, and philosophical materials and linked together with explanatory text, alongside extensive notes and questions for discussion. The book takes a critical look at the main doctrines of constitutional law as well as the principles of administrative law, examining the operation of the constitution in relation to Parliament, the Executive, and the citizen. Incisive commentary throughout the text provides a range of views on challenging issues. The twelfth edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in legislation, case law, and politics, including the referendum decision to leave the European Union; continuing change to the devolution settlement; major Supreme Court decisions in HS2, Evans, Miller and Pham; and discussion of aspects of reforms of judicial review and tribunal appeal processes as well as proposed reform of ombudsmen. This text continues to provide instant access to an unrivalled collection of up-to-date judgments, statutory provisions, official publications, and other policy materials.
13. Statutory Tribunals
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael
Published: August 2017

Extracts have been chosen from a wide range of historical and contemporary cases to illustrate the reasoning processes of the courts and to show how legal principles are developed. This chapter examines the rationale for giving the task of resolving disputes to statutory tribunals rather than courts. It also describes the new structure and organization for most tribunals and how they conduct dispute resolution adjudication. This technique of redress is considered alongside some methods of alternative dispute resolution. Their place in a staged approach, proportionate dispute resolution, is outlined and the possible benefit of conceiving administrative justice as a system with a focus on users is raised.
12. Referencing and avoiding plagiarism
Authors: Finch Emily , Fafinski Stefan
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on referencing and avoiding plagiarism. These skills are of critical importance to law students since their academic work will inevitably require them to read, critically consider, and evaluate the work of others. However, they must ensure that they carefully and meticulously distinguish their own work, ideas, and arguments from those of the authors or judges encountered during their research. This is done by providing thorough references to the sources used in their work; failure to do so may lead to accusations of plagiarism. The chapter first explains the meaning of plagiarism in more detail and then discusses OSCOLA, the most frequently-encountered referencing system in academic law.
9. National and international responses to computer-related crime
Authors: Lloyd Ian J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the application of the criminal law to computer-related crime. Criminal law was traditionally seen as the province of national authorities. However, as developments in technology gathered pace, it became increasingly apparent that national legislation might be of limited effectiveness. Beginning with the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention, which was opened for signature in 2001, there have been a number of international initiatives with the EU also becoming increasingly active in the field. As well as making provision for harmonising substantive criminal offences, there have been moves to enhance cooperation between law enforcement agencies at a procedural level.
16. Copyright protection
Authors: Lloyd Ian J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses protection under the law of copyright. Topics covered include copyright basics; obtaining copyright; forms of protected work; the requirement of originality; copyright ownership; copyright infringement; the nature of copying; other rights belonging to the copyright owner; the development of software copyright; and literal and non-literal copying.
19. Design rights
Authors: Lloyd Ian J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers two forms of design right available in the United Kingdom: registered and unregistered design rights. The former is the older concept and was initially applicable to designs intended to be imprinted on linen; the system was extended to other forms of product by the Copyright and Design Act of 1839. This offered protection for ‘the ornamentation and for the shape and configuration of any article of manufacture’. The notion of unregistered design right was introduced to the United Kingdom in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Design rights in tablet computers are also discussed.