bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and Obesity Indicators: National Cross Sectional Study on Lebanese Adults
Authors: Hourani Soha , Hamadeh Nagham , Al-Iskandarani Mohamad , El Daouk Sarine , Hoteit Maha
Published: November 2019

Association between higher levels of physical activity and lower rates of obesity has been shown. The aim is to assess the relation between the prevalence of physical activity and the Physical Activity Index (PAI) of 300 Lebanese healthy adults, with age, gender, occupation, body mass indices and waist circumferences (WC). The cutoff points of WC for both genders were determined using the values of Body Mass Index (BMI). A cross-sectional study using self-reported valid questionnaire was conducted randomly on 150 men and 150 women, between 18 and 74 years, from Beirut region. Association between variables was performed using chi2, T-Test and ANOVA. Linear regression determined the WC cutoffs based on BMI. 22% of the population was obese with WC mean level of 92.47±14.4cm (87.71±14.4 cm for women and 97.24±12.96 cm for men). The prevalence of physical activity was 34% in overall population (27% in women and 40% in men).There was no significant association between BMI values and PAI (p< 0.085 for men and p< 0.300 for women). However there was an inverse association between WC values and PAI in both genders (p<0.043 in men and p< 0.036 in women). Linear regression showed WC cut-off point in Lebanese women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and ≥30 kg/m2 of 86 cm and 100 cm respectively, whereas for men it was 92.12 cm and 105 cm respectively. The prevalence of physical activity in Beirut is low with differences among genders. The highest physical activity index is associated with the decreased values of waist circumference.
Ethnicity, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes of Adults in Urban Populations of Central America
Authors: Wuenstel William G , Johnson James A. , Humphries James , Samuel Cheryl
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the impact of ethnicity and obesity as it relates to Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) in specific Central American countries. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the association of ethnicity, obesity, and T2D.  Four studies that qualified for inclusion were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases. The studies on the association of ethnicity and T2D had a combined population resulted in 265,858 study participants.  Two studies on the association of obesity and T2D had 197,899 participants. An analysis of the data was conducted utilizing the relative risk ration, odds ratio, and forest plots. The comparison of the relative risk of T2D across ethnic categories by studies range for Blacks was 1.59 to 2.74, Asians was 1.43 to 2.08, and Hispanics .92 to 2.91. The ethnic difference in the prevalence of diabetes was almost two-fold higher in all ethnic groups than among the Caucasians with a significance level of 95%. A comparison of relative risk of T2D across weight categories was significantly higher among those with a diagnosed of diabetes in all reported areas. The odds ratio was very close to the risk ratio in both ethnicity and obesity to the development of T2D.The meta-analysis findings documented that an association does exist between ethnicity and obesity to the development of type 2 diabetes.
Spatial Patterns Associating Low Birth Weight with Environmental and Behavioral Factors
Authors: Donal Donal , Hartono Hartono , Hakimi Mohammad , Emilia Ova
Published: November 2019

Low birth weight (LBW) is a significant public health problem in the world. It was estimated globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) that prevalence of LBW was 15% of all births. In Murung Raya district LBW cases remain high. This paper aimed to identify and discuss the relationship between environmental risk factors with LBW in Murung Raya.A spatial analysis was conducted with 150 women as the total participantswho were recruited through the incidence data in 2013-2014. The questionnaires, medical records, and geographic data were measured by Stata software, ArcGis, SatScan, and Geoda. The study results indicated there was significant correlation between health behavior and environmental variables with the strength of external neighborhood effect across LBW risk factors. More intense clustering of high values (hot spots) was found through the spatial analysis showing that most of the cases were located near the defined buffer zone. This research demonstrates that the spatial pattern analysis provided greater statistical power to detect an effect that was not apparent in the previous epidemiology studies.
Cigarette Smoking Habits among University Students: Prevalence and Associated Factors
Authors: Jamshed Junaid , Khan Muhammad Mushtaq , Latif Zahid
Published: November 2019

Smoking is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and is estimated to kill 5 million people each year worldwide. If current patterns of tobacco consumption continue, smoking will kill more than 8 million people each year globally by the year 2030, with 80% of these deaths in the developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking among male university students in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 542 male students at University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir in Muzaffarabad from July to December 2015. The socio-demographic characteristics and cigarette smoking behavior of the students were measured by using a standardized pre-tested self-administrated validated questionnaire in English. The overall prevalence of cigarette smoking among students was found to be 49.4%. The mean age of starting cigarette smoking was 19.2 2.73 years. Age, marital status and education were found significantly associted with cigarette smoking behavior (p-value<0.05). The most common reason for cigarette smoking was stress alleviation (35.0%) followed by peer pressure (24.5%). As cigarette smoking is considerably higher among students. There is a need to develop effective tobacco control measures among university students in Muzaffarabad.
Hippocampal Brain Derived Neurothropic Factor Levels in Response to Anaerobic Physical Exercises
Authors: Zulkarnain Mohammad , Flora Rostika , Juliastuti Juliastuti , Apriany Anita , Pujiana Dewi , Andrianti Septi
Published: November 2019

Anaerobic physical exercise does not only improve body fitness, but it also increases cognitive functions. The increase of cognitive functions is mediated by the increase of Brain Derived Neurothropic Factor (BDNF) level. Several studies revealed that anaerobic physical exercise can increase the BDNF level inhippocampal tissues. However, it is still questionable whether or notthe frequency of exercise influences the production of BDNF inhippocampal tissues. This study was to find out the BDNF mean level inhippocampal tissue of Wistarrats which were treated with anaerobic physical exercises conducted in different frequencies.This study used post test only control groupdesign. The research subject was 28 rats of Rattusnorvegicus strain wistar divided into 4 groups; 1 control group and 3 treatment groups (one-time, three-time, and five times a week treatment). The anaerobic physical exercise used animal treadmill running in the speed of 35m/min for 20 minutes at four-minute intervals. The mean levels of BDNF were increased in all treatment groups compared with control group (151.588 vs 57.059). The highest mean level of hippocampal tissue BDNF was found in the treatment group of three times a week (177.701). There was a significant difference in BDNF mean levels of Wistar rat brain tissues among the treatment groups.
Impact of Dysmenorrhea and Health-seeking Behavior among Female Adolescents
Authors: Gustina Erni , Djannah Sitti Nur
Published: November 2019

Dysmenorrhea is one of common health problems to occur during menstrual period and influences women life quality. The aim of the study is to know the effect of dysmenorrhea and health-seeking behavior to teenage girl. This study belongs to observation analytic using cross sectional design. The sample is girls, which is as many as 188, at the age of 15 to 19. The data are taken through questionnaire containing several questions, such as age of the respondents, age of menarche, effect dysmenorrhea, attitude on dysmenorrhea, and health-seeking behavior. Bivariate analysis is used Chi Square test. The Prevalence of dysmenorrhea is 68.8%. The effect of dysmenorrhea to girls include the absence from school (9.6%), sleep disorders (25%), decreased appetite (25.5%), inability to do exercise (19.7%), and daily activity disruptions (9.6%). There was relationship between the attitude on dysmenorrhea and health-seeking behavior of female adolescents (p=0.029). Adolescents with positive attitude about menstrual problems will develop good health-seeking behavior during menstrual period compared to those who have negative attitude. The needs to design reproduction health program as well as updating the information to create girls awareness on their health management during dysmenorrhea are necessary.
Husband’s knowledge, characteristics and participation in family planning
Authors: Ayu Suci Musvita , Sofiana Liena , Amaliah Khafidhotul
Published: November 2019

Family planning is an attempt to measure the number and spacing of children. Thus, several ways or alternatives are taken to prevent or postpone pregnancy to Couple of Productive Age. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between husband’s knowledge and characteristics and their participation in Family Planning in Randusanga Kulon Village, Brebes District, Central Java. Observasional analytic study was conducted with Cross-sectional design, employed 94 respondents. Results of study revealed that there is a relationship between husbands’ knowledge and their participation in family planning. Similarly, there is also relationship between education and husband’s participation in family planning. However, there found no relationship between the number of children and husband's participation in family planning.
Reducing primary dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls with mung bean extract drinks and stretching
Authors: Septiani Baiq Dewi Sukma , Prayitno Adi , Sugiarto Sugiarto
Published: November 2019

Primary dysmenorrhea is pain during menstruation period due to high levels of prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin F2α in epithelial cells. MungBean Extract Drinks contain several nutrients including vitamin C, calcium, carbohydrates and flavonoids as anti-depressants and anti-inflammatory agent. Stretching is a relaxation technique that can helps relieve menstrual pain in the abdominal part by increasing the production of endorphins which function as neurotransmitters. To determine the effect of Mung Bean ExtractDrinks and Stretching on primary dysmenorrhea (primary menstrual pain) in adolescent girls stressed. This type of open-label non-randomized controlled trial used 87female adolescents who experienced primary menstrual pain with moderate and severe stress levels from two Islamic boarding schools in Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, which were divided into 3 groups, one group as the control and two groups as the experiment. The experiment of 29people with pre and post-test. Mung bean extract drinks were given 250ml/day, otherwise stretching was given 1x/day for 7days before menstruation. Control and experimental group was observed for 1 month. Measurement of menstrual pain scale using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) assessment sheet. Data analysis uses T-test. The mean primary menstrual pain in adolescents for MungBean Extract Drinks with moderate stress levels was 1.31±1.32 and the difference before and after mung bean extract drinks experience is significant at p=0.004 while at severe stress levels was 1.69±1.54 and the difference between before and after mung bean extract drinks experience is significant at p=0.001. The mean primary menstrual pain in adolescents for stretching experience with moderate stress levels was 2.50±1.93 and the difference before and after stretching experience is significant at p=0.008 while the severe stress level was 2.05±1.80 and the difference before and after stretching experience is significant at p≤0.001. The multivariate test with linear regression revealed that mung bean extract drinks contributed y= (-)138X1+4.897(p=0.001) and related stretching contributed y= (-)2.517X1+6.276(p=0.001). MungBean ExtractDrinks and Stretching will affect to the reduction of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls both at moderate and severe stress levels
Adherence and quality of life among diabetic patients with hypertension
Authors: Akrom Akrom , Anggitasari Wima
Published: November 2019

The level of treatment adherence and quality of life are not known in diabetic patients with hypertension. The study aim was to evaluate the level of adherence and quality of life of diabetic patients with hypertension in Bantul Public Hospital (BPH), Bantul, Indonesia.This study used a Cross-sectional method by conducting a survey through a direct interview with the patient. Participants of this study were 143 diabetic patients with hypertension in the internal disease clinic of BPH. Modified Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used to measure the level of treatment adherence and SF36 questionnaires were used to measure the quality of life. Descriptive and analytical statistical was performed on data from the adherence assessment, quality of life, demographic characteristic and the clinical condition of the research participant. Bivariate analysis with Chi-square was performed to assess the relationship between demographic and clinical factors to the high level of adherence. The majority of respondents had moderate and low levels of adherence. There were 34 patients (23.78%) with a high level of adherence, 56 patients (39.16%) with moderate level of adherence, and 53 patients (37.06%) with low level of adherence. Respondents also had low quality of life, in which the average score of quality of life was 61.96±12.48. Male and college-educated patients have higher adherence (OR>1, p<0.05) compared to other groups. Medication adherence and quality of life of diabetic patients with hypertension in BPH were relatively low. Male and high college-educated patients were associated with high levels of adherence
Body mass index, sleep quality, stress conditions determine menstrual cycles among female adolescents
Authors: Fitriani Rosmauli Jerimia , Probandari Ari , Wiboworini Budiyanti
Published: November 2019

Menstrual cycles are an important indicator of women's health. Menstrual cycles can be affected by body mass index (BMI), sleep quality, and stress. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between BMI, sleep quality, stress and the menstrual cycle. The subjects of this research were the female adolescents at the age of at least 15 years old that had experienced menstruation for at least 2 years. The dependent variable is the menstrual cycle while the independent variables are BMI, sleep quality, and stress conditions. Observational analytic research method with Cross sectional design was used in this research. The subjects were 148 female students. The BMI data were obtained through the anthropometric measurement. The sleep quality data were taken with PSQI questionnaire, and the stress condition data obtained from PSS-10 questionnaire which were then analysed using Chi-Square test and Logistic Regression. Results of study showed that there is a significant relationship between BMI, sleep quality, stress conditions and the adolescent menstrual cycle. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the female adolescents with abnormal BMI are at risk of having menstrual cycle disorders 1.91 times. The adolescents with poor sleep quality are at risk experiencing menstrual cycle disorders 2.05 times, and the adolescents with stress conditions at risk of the menstrual cycle disorders 2.26 times. There is a relationship between BMI, sleep quality, stress conditions and the menstrual cycle. Stress conditions most influence the regularity of the menstrual cycle.
Age, parity and birth spacing to the incidence of preeclampsia
Authors: Kartikadewi Reza , Theresia Endah Marianingsih , Meilani Niken
Published: November 2019

Preeklampsia is complication in pregnancy characterized by various symptoms as clinical hypertension and protein urine and usually occurs after the age of 20 weeks of pregnancy until 48 hours after labor. Highest Insidence of preeclampsia in DIY was in Sleman (22%- 30%). Preeclampsia was caused by multy factoral. Goal of this research aimed to know the the correlation between age, parity and birth spacing to the preeclampsia. The research used Cross sectional design with purposive sampling technique. The subject of this research was 381 labor patiens in RSUD Sleman in 2016. The data were collected from register book and medic record of labor in 2016. The data were analyzed using Chi squareand logistic regression. The analysis showed of most subjects aged ≥30 years, had parity 2, had a gestational distance of 2-5, and did not have preeclampsia.As the result showed age ≥30 years had a significant association with preeclampsia p value of 0.023 Exp B 10.630 95% CI: 1.378 to 82.005. Distance pregnancy <2 years had a significant association with preeclampsia p value 0,000  Exp B 3,201 95% CI: 1.862 to 5.503, and the distance Pregnancy >5 years had a p-value 0.013 with Exp B 3,622 95% CI: 1.308 to 10.026.The conclusion of this research shows that there is a relationship between age and the incidence of preeclampsia pregnancy spacing.
Prevalence of active school transportation in the upper east and upper west regions of Ghana
Authors: Sofo Seidu , Asola Eugene , Thompson Emmanuel
Published: November 2019

The use of active transportation such as walking to and from school is on the decline globally. The primary purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of active school transportation among primary and junior high school students in the Upper East and Upper West regions of Ghana. The secondary purpose was to examine predictors for meeting the recommended daily number of steps. A total of 2505 (1117 boys and 1388 girls) primary (1583) and junior high school (922) students participated in the study. The distances from children’s homes to their schools, heights, and body weights were measured –their heights were used to estimate their stride lengths. The step count for each participant to and from school each day was calculated. Data were analyzed using conditional percentage distribution and Logit model. Analyses indicated that 98.96% of participants used active transportation to and from school. Over 63% of the students were within the normal BMI range. However, 26.47% of the participants were either thin or underweight while 9.9% were either overweight or obese. Overall, 46.47% of the participants met the recommended daily steps. The Logit model indicated that educational level, BMI, mode of transportation, region, height, and age were significant predictors for meeting the recommended daily number of steps. The prevalence of school active transportation in the present study was high compared to that reported in other studies. Furthermore, the prevalence of thinness and underweight were higher than in previous studies, while the prevalence in overweight and obesity were lower.
Trend analysis of teenage pregnancy in Nigeria (1961-2013): how effective is the contraceptive use campaign
Authors: Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis , Afolabi Rotimi F. , Yusuf Oyindamola B.
Published: November 2019

Teenage pregnancy (TP) is a recurrent global and public health problem. It poses both social and health challenges. Considering the massive campaign on the use of modern contraceptives to prevent TP in recent decades, we assessed trends in TP in Nigeria between 1961 and 2013. Pregnancy and contraception history of 70,811 women who were at least 20 years old when the Nigerian DHS was conducted in 1990, 2003, 2008, and 2013 respectively were used for the study, and descriptive statistics, time analysis techniques and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data at 5% significance level. The overall prevalence of TP between 1961 and 2013 was 49.5% which fluctuated insignificantly during the studied period. The TP prevalence among women who entered adulthood in 1961 was 39.2%; it peaked in 1978 at 58.9% before its unsteady decline to 39.6% in 2012, and then rose sharply to 55.6% in 2013. We predicted TP prevalence as 49.0%, 49.9% and 51.0% in 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The odds of TP were over 4 times higher in the North East and 5 times higher in the North West than in the South West. Teenagers with no education had higher odds of TP and it was higher among teenagers from the poorest households (OR=5.64, 95% CI: 5.36-5.94). Rather than reducing with the worldwide acknowledged increase in contraceptive campaigns, TP increased over the years studied. As far as TP is concerned in Nigeria, the impact of the campaign on MC use is far from being effective. To achieve the objective of fewer TPs, fewer resources should be spent on access to contraception and instead diverted to areas more likely to achieve results such as improvements in educational achievement amongst girls.
Description of complete basic immunization coverage among infant
Authors: Agushybana Farid , BM Syamsulhuda , Jati Sutopo Patria , Martini Martini , Sriatmi Ayun
Published: November 2019

Immunization coverage in every city/regency must be conducted in accordance with the standard coverage to suppress infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccination. Temanggung regency is one of the cities/regencies in Central Java Province that have not reached 100% of village universal coverage immunization (UCI). The aim of this study was to determine the coverage of complete basic immunization in infants in Temanggung regency. The design of this study was descriptive observational with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The respondents of the research were parents having babies and the sample size was 520 children. The instrument used was the Rapid Card Check Form recommended by UNICEF. The results showed that there were still infants who had not been immunized. The reasons were that the infants had low birth weight, sick children during immunization, and no support from parents. As the immunization program aims to reduce infant and child mortality, parental awareness is important to increase immunization coverage in Temanggung regency.
Predictors of post prandial glucose level in diabetic elderly
Authors: Sari Ni Putu Wulan Purnama , Manungkalit Maria
Published: November 2019

Post prandial glucose (PPG) level describes the speed of glucose absorption after 2 hours of macronutrient consumption. By knowing this, we could get the big picture of insulin regulation function and macronutrient metabolism in our body. In elderly, age-related slower glucose metabolism leads to diabetes mellitus (DM) in older age. This study aimed to analyze the predictors of PPG level in diabetics elderly which consist of functional status, self-care activity, sleep quality, and stress level. Cross-sectional study design was applied in this study. There were 45 diabetic elderly participated by filling in study instruments. Pearson and Spearman Rank correlation test were used in data analysis (α<.05). Results showed that most respondents were female elderly, 60-74 years old, had DM for 1-5 years with no family history, and only 33.33% respondents reported regular consumption of oral anti diabetes (OAD). Hypertension was found to be frequent comorbidity. Statistical analysis results showed that functional status, self-care activity, sleep quality, and stress level were not significantly correlated with PPG level in diabetic elderly (all p>α), therefore these variables could not be PPG level predictors. Other factors may play a more important role in predicting PPG level in diabetic elderly.
Nurses’ knowledge towards severe acute malnutrition management protocol and its associated factors
Authors: Oumer Abdu
Published: November 2019

For appropriate management of severe acute malnutrition skilled, knowledgeable and concerned health professionals are critical for child survival. Thus assessing the knowledge of nurses towards management protocol of severe acute malnutrition is crucial step for targeted interventions. This study aimed to assess Knowledge towards Severe Acute Malnutrition Management Protocol and its Associated Factors among Nurses working in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, 2018. Cross-sectional study was conducted among eligible 132 nurses. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaire prepared from the national SAM management guideline of Ethiopia. SPSS version 20.0 software using frequency, tables, graphs, percentages and mean was used. Student t test and analysis of variance with F statistics and P value was computed. Overall, 65 (49.2%) of nurses had poor knowledge on SAM management. More than half, 100 (75.8%) of the nurses had experience in SAM management previously. Males were more likely to be knowledgeable (AOR=1.27) as compared to females. Nurses with the previous experience of managing malnourished child had 1.70) times more likely to be knowledgeable as compared to their counterparts. Having SAM training was associated with having higher knowledge score (AOR=1.56). Having SAM training was found to have significantly higher knowledge score (p=0.034). Knowledge level of nurses towards SAM management is not satisfactory. Those who ever involved in SAM management, having recent malnutrition training and gender were predictors of high knowledge score. There should be regular capacity building schemes for nurses especially for those who are involved in management of SAM at emergency or SAM unit.
Medical students’ interests on rural practices
Authors: Gazali Khairinnisa Maizal , Syakurah Rizma , Fadilah Mariatul
Published: November 2019

Misdistribution of physicians is still an issue, especially physicians’ lack of interest to work in rural area. Finding characteristics from medical students that show interest to work in rural areas is important to craft effective policy to enforce young physicians to work in rural areas. This study was quantitative analytics. Participants rated the influence of 19 factors that affect their interest towards working in rural area using translated and validated questionnaire, distributed online to all medical students from 20 medical faculties in Sumatra. Out of 1124 respondents, 748 (66.5%) subjects interested to work in rural area. Determinants which influence medical students’ interest towards working in rural area are past experience of visiting rural area (p<0.001), careers opportunity (p<0.001), family’s socioeconomic status (p=0.001), proximity to family (p=0.001), rural area’s facilities (p=0.002), culture of rural community (p=0.005), students’ lifestyle (p=0.005), rural curriculum (p=0.007), proximity to spouse (p=0.031) and location of university (p=0.049). Past experience of visiting rural area (OR 2.281, p<0.001) is the most determining factor to influence students’ interest towards working in rural area. Medical students mostly interested to work in rural area. Past experience of visiting rural area was the most influential factor for medical students’ interest on rural practices
Integrating palliative care and hospice services in long term care: an eightfold path health policy analysis
Authors: Tan Amil Kusain
Published: November 2019

It is evident in the literature that as near end of life approaches, health expenditure increases. The rehospitalization and underutilization of palliative and hospice services add to the burgeoning health cost. There is a lack of support for patients with advanced illness in long-term care facilities. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the problem and assess alternatives to reduce readmission among patients with advanced disease and those who are at the end of life.  This paper adapted Bardach’s Eightfold Path analysis as a guide to analyzing the problem using a case study approach. The article discussed the issues, reviewed the literature for evidence, provided the alternatives, identified criteria, evaluated projected outcomes, discussed the trade-offs of adopting the policy, and provided a recommendation. In conclusion, integration of palliative and hospice care services across the continuum of long-term care is a viable alternative policy to address the problem.
Retrospective investigation of enteric illnesses in pet animals
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed O , Elnageh Hiam R , Ammar Abojala Elhashmi , Abdulkarim Emadeddin , Alareid Ali , Hiblu Murad A , Abouzeed Yousef M
Published: November 2019

Recording and analysis of data are key elements to understand
 the epidemiology of various infectious and zoonotic diseases such as enteric pathogens and conditions. In this study, the clinical records of Alhelal Alazraq veterinary clinic in Tripoli were investigated for enteric diseases and illnesses in cats and dogs during the period of 2010–2015. The diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines within the Libyan veterinary system were also assessed and discussed based on the retrieved information and records.
 A total of 859 cases representing 528 (61%) from cats and 331 (39%) from dogs were retrieved and analysed using descriptive analysis. The cases were originated from five major areas from the center of Tripoli
 and the surrounding areas. Of these, 835/859 (97%) cases adopted antimicrobial based therapies and administered various antibiotic classes mainly and respectively using penicillin (652; 78%) and
 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (229; 27%). The current study is the first retrospective investigation that analysed clinical and medical information from a major veterinary clinic in Libya. Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines in the veterinary settings in Libya should be carefully reviewed and addressed. Retrospective studies and research programmes that monitor and investigate the occurrences of zoonotic and emerging pathogens particularly in relation to antimicrobial resistance are warranted in the Libyan health and medical systems
Effects of conflict, displacement, and migration on the health of refugee and conflict-stricken populations in the Middle East
Authors: Nouri Selma
Published: November 2019

The global refugee crisis has reached an all-time high, with over 68 million innocent people forced to flee their homes due to violence, famine, governmental instability, or genocide. As a result of the struggles and traumas encountered by war and migration, millions of refugees suffer from acute and life-threatening physical and mental health illnesses. However, these diseases and internal-battles are often overlooked, leaving most conflict-stricken countries and refugee camps ill-equipped and unable to cope. Rather than settling into more humane and healthy living conditions, upon migration, most refugees are faced with realities that deny them
 a dignified and fulfilling life. More often than not, refugee camps and host countries accommodate a deplorable lifestyle that provides minimal and inadequate health-care, extreme and life-threatening poverty, and inhumane and unsanitary living conditions-exasperating the rate and risk of morbidity and mortality amongst refugee populations. This research paper aims to analyze the harsh conditions that refugees and conflict-stricken populations are currently forced to endure, as well as the effects of those conditions on the spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases,
 the development and growth of neonatal disorders, and the overall rise in mental illness. The paper also aims to suggest specific measures that can be taken in order to prevent the increase in morbidity and mortality rates amongst vulnerable refugee populations and recommend steps that international bodies and non-governmental organizations can take in order to solve the refugee health crisis.
Factors affecting work stress in university
Authors: Tentama Fatwa , Mulasari Surahma Asti , Merdiaty Netty
Published: November 2019

Workload and work motivation are factors that can affect work stress.
 This study aims to empirically examine the effect of workload and work motivation on work stress on employees at X University. The research participants were non-educational employees at X University,
 have permanent employee status, and had worked for at least 1 year.
 The sampling technique used was simple random sampling technique.
 Data collection was carried out using workload scale, work motivation scale and work stress scale. Data analysis using multiple linear regression techniques. The results showed that workload and work motivation simultaneously affect work stress. Similarly, workload and work motivation independently also has a very significant influence on work stress.
Implications of physicians and nurses’ professional satisfaction on patient care
Authors: Aruasa Wilson Kipkirui , Chirchir Linus Kipkorir , Chebon Stanley Kulei
Published: November 2019

The patient outcomes of a health organization depend on the knowledge, skills and motivation of its individual employees. Therefore, it is important for health care employers to motivate their workers in order to meet the desired outcomes. It is widely acknowledged that health workers who are motivated facilitate the desired patient outcomes. This illustrates how the levels of physicians’ and nurses’ professional satisfaction influences the health care outcomes for patients based on a study of the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH). Descriptive quantitative research design was used. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire issued to
 a stratified group of 82 Physicians and 220 Nurses.
 All the completed questionnaires were entered into IBM SPSS 21.0 statistical software and data analysed for descriptive statistics. The results were presented in tables and figures. The study was powered to 95% confidence interval. With regards to effects of general practitioners’ and nurses’ work satisfaction on patient services, the study revealed that work associated with the respondents’ position allows contributions to be made to the hospital,
 the profession and to own sense of achievement. Furthermore, the study findings showed that praise received for work well done translates to improved job productivity and that the medicine/nursing practice allows autonomous professional decisions to be made which in turn promotes high levels of clinical competence. Based on these findings, the study concludes that health care practitioners’ work satisfaction has implications on
 patient care.
Comparison of career decision difficulties between nursing freshmen and interns
Authors: Sari Ni Putu Wulan Purnama , Putra Made Mahaguna
Published: November 2019

Career selection is one of the most important decisions an individual makes in his life. High career expectation could result in career decision difficulties. This study aimed to compare and analyze the career decision difficulties between nursing freshmen and interns. This cross-sectional study involved 110 and 66 nursing freshmen and interns respectively (n=176) in two private nursing colleges. Career decision difficulties questionnaire was used in data collection. Descriptive statistic and independent sample t test were used in data analysis (α<.05). Results showed that most respondents experienced moderate difficulties in both groups. Overall, there was no significant difference of career decision difficulty found between groups (p=.057),
 but indecisiveness, dysfunctional myths, lack of knowledge about the process of career decision making, lack of information, lack of information about occupations, lack of information about ways of obtaining additional information, and internal conflicts were significantly different between groups (all p<α). Career decision difficulties occur similarly both in nursing freshmen and interns.
Diagnosing Clause Structure in a Polysynthetic Language:Wh-Agreement and Parasitic Gaps in West Circassian
Authors: Ershova Ksenia
Published: November 2019

This article identifies and tests a novel diagnostic for clause structure in West Circassian, a polysynthetic language with ergative alignment. The diagnostic concerns an unusual construction involving multiple wh-agreement in relative clauses. I argue that wh-agreement morphology uniformly tracks agreement with a wh-trace, and sentences with more than one instance of wh-agreement are surface manifestations of a parasitic gap dependency. Once multiple wh-agreement is understood in this theoretically familiar light, it can be used as a powerful tool for diagnosing asymmetries between various constituents in the West Circassian clause. By appealing to well-known constraints on parasitic gap licensing, the article demonstrates that the absolutive DP raises to a position c-commanding other clausemate DPs, and applied objects may undergo optional scrambling to a position above the ergative agent.
Coalescence: A Unification of Bundling Operations in Syntax
Authors: Hsu Brian
Published: November 2019

This article revisits the status of two proposed bundling operations that affect heads: Feature Scattering ( Giorgi and Pianesi 1997 ), which accounts for variation in the distribution of features across functional heads, and M-Merger ( Matushansky 2006 ), which accounts for head adjunction in head movement. While these mechanisms have been situated in the presyntactic lexicon and a postsyntactic module, respectively, I argue that they can receive a unified analysis in terms of one syntactic operation called Coalescence, which bundles structurally adjacent heads in particular configurations. This eliminates redundancies in the architecture of the grammar while maintaining prior empirical coverage, and sheds new light on long-puzzling properties of head movement. The proposal is illustrated in the analysis of several patterns of head bundling in the inflectional and clausal domains.
Core language brain network for fMRI language task used in clinical applications
Authors: Li Qiongge , Ferraro Gino Del , Pasquini Luca , Peck Kyung K. , Makse Hernán A. , Holodny Andrei I.
Published: November 2019

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used in clinical applications to highlight brain areas involved in specific cognitive processes. Brain impairments, such as tumors, suppress the fMRI activation of the anatomical areas they invade and, thus, brain-damaged functional networks present missing links/areas of activation. The identification of the missing circuitry components is of crucial importance to estimate the damage extent. The study of functional networks associated with clinical tasks but performed by healthy individuals becomes, therefore, of paramount concern. These “healthy” networks can, indeed, be used as control networks for clinical studies. In this work we investigate the functional architecture of 20 healthy individuals performing a language task designed for clinical purposes. We unveil a common architecture persistent across all subjects under study, that we call “core” network, which involves Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, the premotor area, and the pre-supplementary motor area. We study the connectivity of this circuitry by using the k-core centrality measure, and we find that three of these areas belong to the most robust structure of the functional language network for the specific task under study. Our results provide useful insights on primarily important functional connections.
Alpha oscillation, criticality, and responsiveness in complex brain networks
Authors: Kim MinKyung , Lee UnCheol
Published: November 2019

Brains in unconsciousness are characterized by significantly limited responsiveness to stimuli. Even during conscious wakefulness, responsiveness is highly dependent on ongoing brain activity, specifically, of alpha oscillations (∼10 Hz). We hypothesized that the variety of brain responses to external stimuli result from the interaction between state-specific and transient alpha oscillations and stimuli. To justify this hypothesis, we simulated various alpha oscillations in the human brain network, modulating criticality (a balanced state between order and disorder), and investigated specific alpha oscillation properties (instantaneous amplitude, phase, and global synchronization) that induce a large or small response. As a result, we found that the alpha oscillations near a critical state show a more complex and long-lasting response, which is more prominent when stimuli are given to globally desynchronized and low-amplitude oscillations. We also found specific phases of alpha oscillation that barely respond to stimuli, which implies the presence of temporal windows in the alpha cycle for a large or small response. The results explain why brain responses are so variable across conscious and unconscious states and across time windows even during conscious wakefulness, and emphasize the importance of considering ongoing alpha oscillations for effective brain stimulation.
Cymbidium atrolabium (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae), a new species from China: evidence from morphological and molecular data

Authors: LIAO XING-YU , LIU XUE-DIE , JIANG YU-TING , ZHANG DI-YANG , LAN SI-REN , LIU ZHONG-JIAN
Published: November 2019

A new orchid species, Cymbidium atrolabium, from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular analyses. A detailed comparison between the newly discovered orchid and other members of Cymbidium was conducted. The new plant is similar to C. tortisepalum but differs by having a dark-purple inflorescence with smaller flowers, sepals that are pale green-yellow with a dark-purple broad midrib, petals that are dark-purple with pale green-yellow margins and a smaller, dark purple, densely papillose lip. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid (matK, rbcL) sequence data support the status of C. atrolabium as a new species.
A new species, a new name and new synonyms in Euphorbia subg. Esula (Euphorbiaceae ) from South Africa

Authors: BRUYNS PETER V.
Published: November 2019

A very small species Euphorbia minuscula (Euphorbiaceae) belonging to subg. Esula is described from the southern, coastal part of South Africa. A key to the closely related species is provided and a new name, E. dumosoides, is published for the illegitimate Euphorbia dumosa E. Mey. ex Boissier. Lectotypes are designated for four names. The synonymy of E. natalensis is extended to include E. epicyparissias and E. crebrifolia.
Deronectes kabilcevz sp. n. and D. propedoriae sp. n. from south-eastern Anatolia (Turkey) (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae)
Authors: AYKUT MEDENÝ , YILDIRIM ÝBRAHÝM HALÝL , TUSUN SADREDDÝN , FERY HANS
Published: November 2019

Two new diving beetle species of the subtribe Deronectina are described from south-eastern Anatolia. Deronectes kabilcevz sp. n. belongs to the D. longipes-subgroup of the D. parvicollis-group. It is externally similar to the other members of this subgroup, but can be separated by the different shape of the median lobe of aedeagus. Deronectes propedoriae sp. n. belongs to the D. doriae-group. Analysis of molecular studies suggests that the new species and D. doriae Sharp, 1882 are closely related but undoubtedly different with an uncorrected p distance of 7% in the cytochrome oxydase gene. Also external characters allow an easy separation although only the female holotype of the new species is known—the pronotum and the last abdominal ventrite of each have very different shapes. The habitus, the genitalia and other features of the species are illustrated. The keys to species of the respective groups of genus Deronectes are updated. Including the results of this study, 61 species of Deronectes are now known.
Chewing lice from the white-rumped vulture in Nepal, with description of a new species of Aegypoecus
Authors: SHRESTHA PRATICHHYA , DIK BILAL , MAHARJAN MAHENDRA
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to record the species of chewing lice parasitising Gyps bengalensis (Gmelin, 1788), the white-rumped vulture, in Pithauli, Nawalparasi District, Nepal, from February to June 2017. Three louse species were identified: Cuculiphilus (Aegypiphilus) gypsis (Eichler, 1944), Colpocephalum sp., and the new species Aegypoecus bengalensis, described herein.
On the Control of Plasma Chemistry and Silicon Etching Kinetics in Ternary HBr + Cl2 + O2 Gas System: Effects of HBr/O2 and Cl2/O2 Mixing Ratios
Authors: Lee Byung Jun , Efremov Alexander , Nam Yunho , Kwon Kwang-Ho
Published: November 2019

The influences of both HBr/O2 (at constant Cl2 fraction) and Cl2/O2 (at constant HBr fraction) ratios in HBr + Cl 2 + O2 gas mixture on bulk plasma characteristics, active species densities and etching kinetics of silicon
were studied. The results indicated that an increase in O2 content in a feed gas at constant Cl2 fraction in a processing gas (1) produces the stronger impact on plasma chemistry by the influence on the kinetics of electron-impact and atom-molecular reaction; and (2)
provides the wider adjustments for both halogen atom flux and ion flux with the opposite tendencies with those for variable Cl2/O2 mixing ratio. The experiments demonstrated that the transition toward more oxygenated plasmas in both cases lowers the Si etching rate as
well as result is decreasing effective reaction probability and etching yield. These effects may be associated with decreasing amount of adsorption sites for Cl/Br atoms as well as increasing sputtering (ion-stimulated desorption) threshold for reaction products due to the formation of the
low-volatile silicon oxy-chlorides and-bromides in heterogeneous SiClx + O/OH and SiBrx + O/OH reactions.
Fabrication and Degradation Properties of Ca/P Contained Micro-Arc Oxidation Coating on Pure Magnesium
Authors: Teng Ying-Xue , Liu Fang , Li Cheng-Yang , Xu Zhen , Guo Jing
Published: November 2019

Nowadays, Mg based metals attract much attention because of their biodegradability and bioactivity. However, over fast degradation rate still restrict their widely medical application. Therefore, surface protection treatment is necessary to control the degradation rate. In this study,
a ceramic coating was successfully fabricated on pure magnesium by Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) method. The surface quality was dramatically influenced by deposition parameters such as voltage and frequency. The composition of the sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the surface
morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The degradation behavior of MAO coated Mg was investigated. It is expected that pure Mg with MAO coating can be used for the orthopedic application especially as bone screw.
Experimental on Impact Mechanical Behavior of the Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic-Reinforced Stainless Steel Reinforced Concrete Piers
Authors: Zhang Guoxue , Wang Yingfeng , Xu Shixiang , Lu Juan , Zhou Yangyang
Published: November 2019

To study the impact resistance of the stainless steel reinforced concrete after reinforced with CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic), the multifunction ultra-high heavy drop hammer test system was adopted to conduct multiple horizontal impact test research on three stainless steel
reinforced concrete piers before and after they are reinforced. The test results showed that with equal impact energy, the maximum impact force of the stainless steel reinforced concrete piers was larger than that of the stainless steel reinforced concrete piers that were reinforced with CFRP,
while after the concrete piers were reinforced, the peak displacement of the piers was obviously smaller than that before they were reinforced and the residual deformation also became smaller, which improved the flexural rigidity of the section. And the local anti-damage capacity can be improved
so as to lengthen the life of structures by reinforcing the stainless steel reinforced concrete pier with carbon fiber.