bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactive Plasma Spraying of Wear Resistant Coatings of Ti Composites
Authors: Lugscheider E. , Remer P. , Zhao L.
Published: May 2021

In this investigation reactive plasma spraying was used to produce wear resistant coatings of Ti-carbides/titanium or Ti-nitrides/titanium composites. Ti-powders with different powder size distributions were used as raw materials. Methane and nitrogen were used as reactive gases to form carbides and nitrides. A reactor was adapted to the plasma gun F4 of a Sulzer Metco vacuum plasma spraying equipment to increase the degree of the expected reactions. Phase analysis and micrography of the coatings reveal that the Ti-hardphases were synthesized during spraying and embedded in the titanium matrix. The in situ synthesized hardphases show different forms and sizes. Most of them are non-stoichiometry. Compared to the titanium coating the coatings produced by reactive plasma spraying are much harder and more resistant against both sliding and abrasive wear.
Plasma Spraying of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Components
Authors: Schiller G. , Müller M. , Ruckdäschel R. , Henne R. , Lang M.
Published: May 2021

The central components for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are the electrodes-electrolyte multilayer arrangement (PEN) and the separating bipolar plates. The PEN (Positive electrode- Electrolyte-Negative electrode) assembly consists of a dense gastight yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and porous electrodes for which usually Ni-YSZ cermet anode and Sr-doped LaMnO3 cathode layers are used. The various PEN units are connected in a cell stack by bipolar plates which are either metallic or ceramic ones. Furthermore, a protective layer on the metallic bipolar plates consisting of a chromium alloy is required to prevent chromium evaporation leading to a rapid and strong degradation of the SOFC performance. At the DLR Stuttgart both the DC and the RF vacuum plasma spraying technique have been further developed and adapted to meet the requirements for the manufacture of the different SOFC components. The DCVPS process using specially developed Laval-like nozzles is especially appropriate to the production of thin and dense coatings as required for the electrolyte and the protective layers. However, applying special spray parameters and nozzles it is also possible to deposit porous electrode layers. The production of the entire PEN arrangement in one consecutive DC-VPS process is the objective of the actual development. On the other hand, the RF plasma spray technique is suitable for the near net-shape production of bulk components such as the metallic bipolar plate. The development of the deposition processes for the production of SOFC components using DC and RF plasma spray methods and the results obtained concerning PEN fabrication, deposition of protective layers and the near net-shape production of metallic bipolar plates are presented in the paper.
Processing and Thermal Cycling Effects on the Erosion Behavior of Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Gutleber J. , Sampath S. , Usmani S.
Published: May 2021

The erosion behavior of yttria stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings is investigated with respect to powder particle size. Solid particle erosion experiments were conducted at room temperature to determine the mechanism of erosion for ceramic thermal spray coatings. Testing was carried out on as-sprayed as well as thermally cycled specimens. Porosity and bend testing measurements indicate that a decrease in porosity and an increase in inter-lamellar strength leads to an increase in the erosion resistance of ceramic thermal spray coatings.
The Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Adhesion of Plasma-Sprayed Borosilicate Glass Coatings
Authors: Gawne D.T. , Bao Y. , Zhang T.
Published: May 2021

Experimental work has been undertaken to investigate the importance of the temperature of the substrate during deposition on the coating-adhesion of plasma sprayed borosilicate glass coatings. The work shows that the measured adhesion increases markedly with substrate temperature up to 400°C above which no further major increase takes place. Heat transfer and fluid mechanics calculations predict that the effect of substrate temperature is due to its influence through the cooling rate on the viscosity and flow of the molten glass particles as they impact on the substrate surface. The theoretical calculations also predict large temperature gradients through the thickness of the splats and glass coatings, and the consequent non-uniform thermal stress distributions are expected to contribute to the reduced splat retention rate and coating-adhesion at low substrate temperatures. The predictions were confirmed by an electron microscopy examination of the morphology of isolated splats, the deposits and the coating-substrate interface.
High Energy Beam Surface and Interface Modification of Thermally Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Wilden J. , Brune M. , Kruzhanov Y. , Steffens H.-D.
Published: May 2021

The application of thermally sprayed coatings is often limited by their porosity as well as their low adhesion. A new approach for high energy beam surface treatment of thermally sprayed coatings is presented using simultanously a lower power level for continuous remelting and pulses of higher power in order to get coatings with good corrosion behaviour and improved adhesion. This technology is applied to titanium as well as to NiCr-coatings on steel substrates. The investigations prove that remelted thermally sprayed coatings with a smooth and dense surface layer, followed by a heat treated section of the coating and a reaction zone at the substrate/coating interface can be obtained. Therefore, a change in chemical composition of the coating is avoided, while at the same time the bond strength of the remelted coatings can be influenced by metallurgical reactions at the interface zone.
Impression Creep Behavior of Atmospheric Plasma-Sprayed and Hot Pressed MoSi2/Si3N4
Authors: Hollis K.J. , Butt D.P. , Castro R.G.
Published: May 2021

The use of MoSi2 as a high temperature oxidation resistant structural material is hindered by its poor elevated temperature creep resistance. The addition of second phase Si3N4 holds promise for improving the creep properties of MoSi2 without decreasing oxidation resistance. The high temperature impression creep behavior of atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) and hot pressed (HP) MoSi2/Si3N4 composites was investigated. Values for steady state creep rates, creep activation energies, and creep stress exponents were measured. Grain boundary sliding and splat sliding were found to be the dominant creep mechanisms for the APS samples while grain boundary sliding and plastic deformation were found to be the dominant creep mechanisms for the HP samples.
Formation of Structure of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co Coating on a Copper Substrate
Authors: Sobolev V.V. , Guilemany J.M. , Calero J.A.
Published: May 2021

Mathematical modelling of the formation of the WC-Co coating structure and adhesion on copper substrate during high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying is provided. Smooth (polished) and rough (grit blasted) substrates are considered. Variations of solidification time, solidification velocity, thermal gradient, and cooling velocity in the coating and substrate interfacial region are studied. Formation of the amorphous and crystalline structures in the coating and of the crystalline structure in the substrate interfacial region is investigated. Behaviour of the crystal size and intercrystalline distance with respect to the thermal spray parameters and morphology of the substrate surface is analysed. Optimal conditions for the development of fine and dense crystalline structure are determined. Mechanical and thermal mechanisms of development of the substrate-coating adhesion are discussed. Results obtained agree well with experimental data.
Carburizing
Authors: Parrish Geoffrey
Published: May 2021

Carburizing: Microstructures and Properties explains how to recognize and address problems associated with case carburizing treatments for steels. It examines the nature of internal oxidation, decarburization, free carbides, and retained austenite and their effect on fatigue and fracture strength, wear resistance, impact toughness, hardness, and other properties. It discusses the influence of grain size, microcracking, microsegregation, and nonmetallic inclusions and explains how composition and cooling rate determine the core properties of carburized steel parts and how alloy and carbon content largely determine the depth and hardness of the case. It also discusses the effect of tempering, refrigeration, grinding, roller burnishing, and shot peening, and makes extensive use of images, graphs, charts, and examples throughout. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-666-9, follow this link.
QUALITATIVE PROPERTIES OF VIBRATIONS OF ELASTICALLY SUPPORTED RIGID BODY
Authors:   Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Bekshaev S
Published: May 2021

The paper investigates free vibrations of an absolutely rigid body, supported by a set of linearly elastic springs and performing a plane-parallel motion. The proposed system has two degrees of freedom, which makes it elementary to determine the frequencies and modes of its natural oscillations by using exact analytical expressions. However, these expressions are rather cumbersome, which makes it difficult to study the behavior of frequencies and modes when the characteristics of the model change. Therefore, the aim of the work was to find out the qualitative properties of the modes of free vibrations depending on the elastic, inertial and geometric characteristics of the system, as well as to study the effect of changing the position of elastic supports on its natural frequencies. The main qualitative characteristic of the mode of natural vibrations of the system in consideration is the position of its node – a point that remains stationary during natural vibrations. For the practically important case of a system with two supports, it has been established in the work that, in the general case, of two modes corresponding to two different natural frequencies, one has a node located inside the gap between the supports, and the other – outside this gap. Analytical conditions are found that must be satisfied by the inertial and geometric characteristics of the system, which make it possible to determine which of the two modes corresponds to the internal position of the node. It is noted that these conditions do not depend on the stiffness of the supports. Analytical results were also obtained, allowing to determine a more accurate qualitative localization of the node. To clarify the behavior of natural frequencies when the position of the supports changes, an explicit expression is obtained for the derivative of the square of the natural frequency of the system with respect to the coordinate defining the position of the support. This expression can be used to solve a variety of problems related to the control and optimization of the operating modes of engineering structures subjected to dynamic, in particular periodic, effects. The results of the work were obtained using qualitative methods of the mathematical theory of oscillations. In particular, the theorem on the effect of imposing constraints on the natural frequencies of an elastic system is systematically used.
The Sixty-Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of WUPJYS
Authors: Skirball Henry
Published: May 2021

In honour of the sixty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the Youth Section of the World Union for Progressive Judaism (WUPJYS), the author reminisces about some early events he attended, discusses some of the current changes and developments in the Jewish youth scene due to the paradigm changes such as computers, mobile phones etc. as well as the modern ‘Post’ eras of individualism of the Me generation. He concludes with no specific prognostications, but feels that much can be done by dedicated, committed youth and their mentors.
Try the Samaritans
Authors: Blue Lionel
Published: May 2021

In this article Lionel Blue recalls his introduction to the UK Reform Jewish movement, at the time the ‘Association of Synagogues of Great Britain’. His work with the youth groups coincided with a pioneering engagement with a post-war German generation, something considered problematical at the time, and similarly the beginning of a Jewish-Christian-Muslim dialogue. The movement at the time increased its support for Israel and joined with the American Reform Jewish movement in the World Union for Progressive Judaism both of which had their influence on its development. But missing were important spiritual questions: Did God still exist for us and how; Where did we locate Him in the horror of the Holocaust? Despite criticisms of some developments of the movement, what remains important is the friendliness, care and concern of the members, its humanity and preferring people as they are to ideological templates.
The Image of Jews as Constructed by Lexical Items
Authors: Gao Xiu
Published: May 2021

In the Western world, Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is controversial due to its stereotypical description of Jews as evil and greedy. In China, the work was not widely known until its translations came out. This article deals with two Chinese renderings of Shakespeare’s classic, by Laura White (1914–1915) and Shiqiu Liang (2001/1936) respectively, which reconstruct the image of Shylock and Jews on the basis of the translators’ perceptions of the original figure, combining their identities and social backgrounds. In imagology, based on the ideas of Pageaux (1989/1994), the image of the ‘other’ can be analysed on three levels: lexical items, larger textual units, and plot. On the face of it, the image of the ‘other’ in translation can originate in either the source or target culture. However, the present article, which focuses on the lexical level, shows that there is a third possibility – a lexicon that blends two or more cultures.
The Merchant ON Venice [Boulevard, Los Angeles], Chicago, 2007
Authors: Shapiro Michael
Published: May 2021

Productions, adaptations and spinoffs of The Merchant of Venice since 1945 generally employ one of four strategies: continuing, historicizing, decentring and universalizing. Continuing means following nineteenth-century English productions in making Shylock a sympathetic outsider. Immigrant Shylocks still appear on English-speaking stages, but often seem sentimentalized and anachronistic. Historicizing means making the play reflect historical circumstances, such as the Holocaust, so that Shylock, however sharp-edged, automatically attracts sympathy. Decentring means making Jessica’s story at least as important as Shylock’s. Many recent productions and prose adaptations explore Jessica’s plight as immigrant’s daughter, belle juive, forlorn wife or remorseful child. Universalizing means mapping the play’s Jewish-Christian conflict onto other racial, religious or ethnic antagonisms, as in The Merchant ON Venice, about a Muslim ‘Shylock’ and his Hindu neighbours in Los Angeles.
About the Cover Image
Authors: Allan Jonathan A. , Haywood Chris , Karioris Frank G.
Published: May 2021

On the cover of this issue is an image taken from the Wellcome Collection. Titled “Dance of death: death and the pedlar”, the image shows a skeletal personification of Death picking through a basket of goods. In the basket are included masks, crosses, a deck of cards, swords, and a variety of other items. Published in the 18th Century, it is based on, and an interpretation of a piece in Basel on the Dance of Death. It is black and white and a print produced via etching a plate and using this to print the image.
Sexuality, Masculinity, and Intellectual Disability
Authors: Wilson Nathan J. , Charnock David
Published: May 2021

The intersection of sexuality, masculinity, and intellectual disability remains underresearched and only partially theorized. What has been studied identifies that, for these men and boys, the expression and embodiment of their male gendered identity is controlled, to a varying extent, by others. This article unpacks key issues related to identity and intellectual disability, and then describes two ideas. First, the concept of the “conditionally masculine” will be explored. This concept proposes that greater degrees of intellectual disability can change one’s perceived or actual gendered identity. Second, the theoretical model entitled “doing intellectual disability boys to men” explores how boys with intellectual disability aspire to be like other boys, yet this embodiment and the hopes and dreams they build are sometimes realized vicariously.
Heritage or hate?
Authors: Lippard Cameron D.
Published: May 2021

Abstract

The Confederate flag has been a hotly debated symbol of heritage or hate in the United States. In 2015, 54 per cent of Americans polled saw the flag as a symbol of ‘Southern pride’ whereas 34 per cent saw it as racist. However, 27 per cent of Whites compared to 69 per cent of Blacks saw the flag as racist. In this article, I suggest how instructors can better explain this controversial topic within an America society that is ‘post-race’. First, I describe an opening activity to get students thinking about symbolism through flags. Next, I present a lecture that debunks myths about the flag’s meanings by presenting its factual history. Finally, I describe an open debate activity to complete the discussion and comprehension of the confederate flag. Student responses suggest that these lesson plans lead to a better understanding of its symbolism and its relationship to the continuing significance of racism in the U.S.
Reassessing the Relevance of the Pan-African Discourse in Contemporary International Relations
Authors: Ferim Valery B.
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Spearheaded by pan-Africanists around the beginning of the twentieth century, the pan-African movement hosted a series of Pan-African congresses. Though the main objectives of the First Pan-African Congresses were to fight against the colonisation of Africa and the oppression of black people, the messages behind pan-Africanism have evolved over time. The central theme behind these Congresses, however, is to reiterate calls that African unity is the most potent force in combating the malignant forces of neocolonialism and entrenching Africa’s place in the global hierarchy. These calls have clamoured for the solidarity of Africans both on the continent and in the diaspora through associated paradigms such as ‘Afrocentrism’, ‘postcolonialism’, ‘African indigenous knowledge systems’ and ‘African solutions to African problems’. Despite this, contemporary societies are characterised by the encroachment of Westernisation, which has become synonymous to globalisation. This article reassesses the relevance of the pan-African discourse within the context of the contemporary world.
The Challenges Faced by Contemporary Pan-African Intelligentsia in the Re-building of Africa
Authors: Mkhwanazi Ezekiel S.
Published: May 2021

Abstract

The African intelligentsia played a pivotal role in the anti-colonial and anti-apartheid struggle in Africa. Not only did it provide intellectual resources to the political struggle leaders but also took active part in the political leadership. Since independence, this role has diminished tremendously, as some of the intelligentsia are ‘silenced’ and others become ‘captured’ by the newly independent states. As a result, a wedge is driven between the intelligentsia and the political leadership. However, given that there is a deficit in efforts to reconstruct Africa, the pan-African intelligentsia are called upon to reinvigorate and reposition themselves to assist in developing organisations and institutions to serve African people worldwide. This call challenges them to take a creative, innovative role in the reconstructive task of Africa, thereby bidding farewell to intellectual isolationism. The article draws from Kwame Nkrumah’s ideas, thereby affirming the relevance of his political ideas in contemporary Africa.
HYPOCHLORITE GOLD LEACHING AN ALTERNATIVE TO CYANIDE TECHNOLOGY
Authors:   F.D. Ovcharenko Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine, Prokopenko Vitaly , Chernenko Volodymyr ,   National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Ukraine, Vorotytsky Pavlo ,   F.D. Ovcharenko Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine, Volobaiev Igor ,   F.D. Ovcharenko Institute of Biocolloidal Chemistry NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine
Published: May 2021

Traditional technologies of gold mining are exhausted due to the depletion of stocks of conditioned raw materials at functioning gold mining enterprises, in addition, the preservation or disposal of large-scale waste of these technologies requires significant financial costs for environmental protection measures. Recently, the search for alternative methods of gold leaching, which involve the use of non-toxic factors, but which in their physicochemical properties can compete with traditional levels, and especially with cyanides. The authors of this work investigated the mechanism and kinetics of the process of dissolving metallic gold in chloride-hypochlorite solutions and believe that alkali metal hypochlorites (first of all, sodium hypochlorite NaOCl, which is easily obtained by electrolysis from a solution of food’s salt NaCl, or from sea water) are a very promising replacement for cyanide-containing leachates. Two series of experiments were carried out to study sodium hypochlorite as a gold leaching agent using a traditional gold disk and finely dispersed native gold as dissolution objects. Found fundamental differences in methodological techniques when working with a traditional model object and native gold. The dependences of the dissolution rate on the solution pH, sodium hypochlorite concentration, and temperature are determined. Conditions of the gold surface passivation during its dissolution are discussed. The first-order rate constant of the gold dissolution 1 0,079 - 0,4030  ki  h at temperatures from 277 K to 304 K and others are calculated. The activation energy from the temperature dependence of the rate constants (40,3 kJ/mol) evidences a diffusion-kinetic control of the gold dissolution. Electron microscopy (using electron probe scanning on an energy dispersive spectrometer) of native gold particles revealed foreign inclusions - adsorbed mineral particles of calcite (CaCO3) and, presumably, a surface film consisting of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), which create a significant obstacle to the contact of leaching agents with the surface of the target gold grains. Quantitative data on the composition of surface adsorption films, formed by model gold electrode dissolution products, are obtained using atomic adsorption spectroscopy.
Experience Sharing: Final Year MBBS Journey
Authors: Maharjan Sujata , Pandey Ashmita
Published: May 2021

Studying medicine is tough. The saying: It is hard to enter medical school but easier later is a myth. All the semesters and years have their trials and tribulations but the final year is known among students to be a terror. Here we share our experience of the final year hoping it could give insight to the medical students about what to expect in the ultimate year and prepare themselves mentally as well as academically beforehand.
Single Stage Simultaneous Core Decompression for Ficat Stage I and II Bilateral Femoral Head Osteonecrosis among Hip Surgeries done in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Bisht Rishi , Pariyar Dipesh , Joshi Pramod
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Osteonecrosis of femoral head is a disease affecting young individuals and often occurs in bilateral hips. The purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of single stage simultaneous core decompression for Ficat stage I and II bilateral femoral head osteonecrosis among total hip surgeries done in a tertiary care center.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care trauma centre from April 2017 and March 2020. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee prior to data collection (Reference no: 673/2077/78). Convenience sampling was done. Patients undergoing hip surgeries were included in the study. Patients with missing data were excluded. Patients operated upto Ficat Stage IIb femoral head osteonecrosis were followed up. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data.
Results: Out of 916 patients who underwent hip surgeries, 12 (1.31%) (0.57-2.04 at 95% Confidence Interval) underwent single stage simultaneous core decompression. Idiopathic cause in 6 (50%) and prolonged corticosteroid usage in 4 (33.33%) were the leading causes. Twelve (50%) of the treated hips were in Ficat stage IIa. At the end of one year, of the 11 patients who followed up, 12 (54.5%) hips had a good Harris hip outcome.
Conclusions: Our study showed that a small proportion of hip surgeries were single stage simultaneous bilateral core decompression for osteonecrosis of femoral head in our setting. Our findings were similar to studies done internationally with a very low complication rate.
Anti Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Renal Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Dan Langoya Oriba
Published: May 2021

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a potent and critical proinflammatory cytokine produced by the immune cells especially macrophages and T lymphocytes, however other cell of the immune system such as white blood cells, renal tubular cells, vascular endothelial cells also produce it in small quantities. TNF-α has both physiological and pathological roles, an important family of both the soluble and cell bound subunit of cytokines and its primary role is promotion of inflammation. It is also involved in lymphoid development and has cytotoxic and apoptotic effects. This master proinflammatory cytokine has been implicated in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) especially with renal involvement, and others include ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease. The advent of anti TNF-α has also promising results in managing these conditions. Epidemiologically we know that renal insufficiency is a common occurrence in patients with rheumatic arthritis and this limits the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). The buildup of TNF-α levels in chronic kidney disease may justify the use of these agent.
P2- a2=3Mn2=3M1=3O2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) cathode materials in localized high concentration electrolyte for the long-cycling performance of sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Le Kha Minh , Tuyen Huynh Thi Kim , Vo Thanh Duy , Nguyen Hoang Van , Tran Nhan Thanh , Tran Man Van , Le Phung My Loan
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Localized high concentration electrolytes (LHCE) have been intensively studied due to their unique properties, especially in suppressing the Na dendrite formation and long-term cycling. Therefore, the low electrochemical performance of the P2-type cathode can be overcome by using LHCE.
Methods: P2-type sodium layered oxides Na2=3Mn2=3M1=3O2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) cathode materials were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation following a supported solid-state reaction. XRD and Rietveld method analyzed the phase composition and lattice parameters. SEM images observed the morphology of materials. The half-cell of three cathode were performed in LHCE consisting of 2.1 M sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI) dissolved in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE) (solvent molar ratio 1:2). The galvanostatic charge-discharge, striping-plating, and linear sweep voltage tests were carried out to investigate the electrochemical behaviors.
Results: As-prepared electrode materials exhibited discharge capacities of 94.5, 147.1, and 142.9 mAh/g at C/10 in the potential range of 1.5-4.2 V for Na2=3Mn2=3Fe1=3O2 (MFO), Na2=3Mn2=3Co1=3O2 (MCO) and Na2=3Mn2=3Ni1=3O2 (MNO), respectively. Interestingly, the MNO cathode material has a superior cycling performance with 86.5% capacity retention after 100 cycles than MCO and MFO.
Conclusion: Such superior electrochemical performance of synthesized MNO could be ascribed to the combined synergistic effects between the nickel partially substituted MNO cathode structure and using LHCE 2.1 M NaFSI/DME-BTFE (1:2). Nickel substituted MNO cathode exhibited the enhancement of discharge capacity and the long cycling stability in LHCE due to the mitigation of dendrite formation on sodium metal anode.
Dynamics of a contracting fluid compound filament with a variable density ratio
Authors: Vu Truong V. , Nguyen Vinh T. , Nguyen Phan H. , Ho Nang X. , Pham Binh D. , Nguyen Hoe D. , Vu Hung V.
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Compound fluid filaments appear in many applications, e.g., drug delivery and processing or microfluidic systems. This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of an incompressible, immiscible, and Newtonian fluid for the contraction process of a fluid compound filament by solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The front-tracking method is used to solve this problem, which uses connected segments (Lagrangian grid) that move on a fixed grid (Eulerian grid) to represent the interface between the liquids.
Methods: The interface points are advected by the velocity interpolated from those of the fixed grid using the area weighting function. The coordinates of the interface points are used to construct the indicators specifying the different fluids and compute the interfacial tension force.
Results: The simulation results show that under the effects of the interfacial tension, the capsuleshaped filament can transform into a spherical compound droplet (i.e., non-breakup) or can break up into smaller spherical compound and simple droplets (i.e., breakup). When the density ratio of the outer to middle fluids increases, the filament changes from non-breakup to breakup upon contraction.
Conclusion: Increasing the density ratio enhances the breakup of the compound filament during contraction. The breakup is also promoted by increasing the initial length of the filament.
Synthesis and cytotoxicity of substituted aromatic curcuminoids against human oral epidermal carcinoma-KB cell line
Authors: Vo Nga Thi , Phan Nhan Phuoc Hoai , Pham Tuyen Nguyen Kim , Hoang Hao Minh
Published: May 2021

Introduction: The survival rate of oral cancer, like other types of cancers, has not been improved regardless of the early diagnosis and the introduction of advanced therapies. Treatment for oral cancer includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. However, the effectiveness has been limited due to recurrence and undesirable side effects. Metabolites from plant sources have been shown to be relatively less toxic and thus are considered as potential anti-cancer agents. Interestingly, curcumin isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. possesses broad-spectrum bioactivities. We focused on the synthesis of curcumin-based analogs bearing -OH/-OCH3/-F groups on the phenyl rings in our continuous efforts to search for curcumin-based anti-cancer agents. The synthesized compounds were subsequently evaluated for the cytotoxic activities against KB cancer cell line (an epidermal carcinoma of the mouth).

Methods: The desired curcuminoids were synthesized via aldol reactions between benzaldehyde derivatives and pentane-2,4-dione using n-butylamine as a catalyst. Structures were distinguished by NMR and MS spectra. The cytotoxic activity against KB was determined through the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50, mM).

Results: Six curcumin analogs (1-6) were successfully synthesized in a yield of 48-76%. The 3- hydroxy/fluoro curcumin analogs (3, IC50 = 15.61 0.13 mM; 6, IC50 = 22.65 1.76 mM) exhibited better anti-cancer activities when compared to curcumin (1, IC50 = 33.35 2.66 mM), whereas the para-fluoro substitution patterns displayed lower inhibitory activities (4, 5) against KB cancer cell line.

Conclusions: The synthetic yields are dependent on the position and nature of substituents in aromatic rings. The presence of electron-donating groups gives products (1-3) in lower yields when compared to those (4-6) prepared from fluorinated benzaldehydes as starting materials. The curcuminoids bearing -OH groups at para-positions in aromatic rings (1, 2) can be responsible for better inhibition of cell growth, whereas the fluoro-substituted compounds (4, 5) make a negative contribution to inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the contributions -OH/-F groups at meta-position in aromatic rings of (3, 6) on the cytotoxicity against KB are remarkable and firstly reported in our findings.
Legal Review of Financial Technology Peer To Peer Lending Based on Indonesian Collateral Law Perspective
Authors: Ningsih Ayup Suran
Published: May 2021

In fulfilling everyday needs, certainly needing equipment and supporting equipment in practice. However, due to limited capital, the background of the birth of legal entities from the government to the private sector offered a program to lend money which was then used for capital. In the process, this loan is often called a credit agreement in which the minimum requirement is a guarantee that will later be used as a collateral object. The guarantee acts as an addition (accesoir) to the main agreement which is to convince the creditor of the assets of the debtor and their ability to make payments later. Because not everyone has sufficient assets to make a loan, a guarantee institution arises that provides a loan program without using collateral. In connection with the development of technology, a new program was born, namely peer to peer lending based on financial technology. Ease in requirements and track record written in a system is the attraction of this type of loan, but because it is regulated by the system, there can be a mismatch of what is promised.
The Urgency of the Harmonization of Interception Regulation in the Context of Law Enforcement
Authors: Fadhil Moh.
Published: May 2021

Systems regarding the legal remedy of communication interception can be found in several regulations. However, those systems are not supported by horizontal harmonization since each regulation governs the mechanism differently, so there is a disparity among interception regulation. This paper analyzes the harmonization of wiretapping regulations in Indonesia from a law enforcement perspective with an inventory of regulations governing the current mechanism of interception. The results concluded that first, the disparity in intercepting authority of communication interception practice regulated by several institutions in the same form of crime eradication authority must be reformulated to restore overlapping regulations. Secondly, the interception regulation as a coercive force that derogates the right to privacy must contain detailed provisions in terms of a permit request and the wiretapping authority. The permit application must contain the purpose of the request for wiretapping permission descriptively. Moreover, these provisions must explicitly regulate legal subjects that are authorized to conduct wiretapping practice in the form of clear mechanisms and coordination with the direct superiors and court supervision regulating the interception procedure as well as the cooperation between law enforcement officials and telecommunications service providers. Third, prospectively interception regulations can be assessed from the political will of the legislators. The decision of the Constitutional Court No. 5/PUU-VIII/2010 mandates the need for horizontal harmonization of interception regulations in the form of the Interception Bill, which is also included in the 2019 National Legislation Program.
Mass Violence and the Kurds: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Işık Ayhan , Üngör Ugur Ümit
Published: May 2021

The Kurds’ experience with modern mass violence is long and complex. Whereas Kurds lived under the Kurdish Emirates for centuries in pre-national conditions in the Ottoman and Persian empires, the advent of nationalism and colonialism in the Middle East radically changed the situation. World War I was a watershed for most ethnic groups in the Ottoman Empire, such as the Kurds, and some political minorities such as Armenians and Assyrians suffered genocide – including at the hands of Kurds. Moreover, the post-Ottoman order precluded the Kurds from building a nation-state of their own. Kurds were either relegated to cultural and political subordination under the Turkish and Persian nation states, or a precarious existence under alternative orders (colonialism in Syria and Iraq, and communism in the Soviet Union). The nation-state system changed the pre-national, Ottoman imperial order with culturally heterogeneous territories into a system of nation-states which began to produce nationalist homogenisation by virtue of various forms of population policies.
Complications among Mothers and New Born Due to Delivery Process in Rupandehi District Nepal
Authors: Sharma Shanta , Dhakal Indra
Published: May 2021

Background: Child birth is a universally celebrated occasion, yet everyday for thousands of women child birth is experienced not as a joyful event as it should be, but as a private hell that may even end in death. The objective of this study is to determine the complications of normal delivery and cesarean section on the mothers and new born.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in two selected hospitals of Rupandehi district, Nepal. Data was collected as per pretested structured proforma from 550 respondents who were the mothers and new born delivered normally and through cesarean section randomly till the completion of sample size and analyzed by using SPSS, MANOVA and Chi-square test to determine associations between categorical variables.Results: In a total of 550 deliveries,25.8% were cesarean delivery, 42.7% motherssuffered from delivery related complications, common were PPH (21.1%), prolonged labour (8.5%) and wound infection (7.6%). 35.5% of newborn had complications, common were respiratory distress (6.3%) and neonatal jaundice (4.2%).Conclusions: Delivery related complications were higher among Lower segment cesarean section compared to vaginal delivery in mothers and newborn.Keywords: Cesarean section; child birth; maternal complication; new born; vaginal delivery.
Fisiopatologia del rigetto acuto e cronico
Authors: Tsalouchos Aris , Salvadori Maurizio
Published: May 2021

Allograft rejection is defined as tissue injury produced by the effector mechanisms of the alloimmune response, leading to deterioration of graft function. There are two types of rejection: T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Both types of rejection can be early or late, fulminant or indolent, as well as isolated or concomitant and can share pathologic features on biopsy. The immune response to an allograft is an ongoing dialogue between the innate and adaptive immune system, which if unresolved will lead to rejection of the transplanted cells, tissues, or organs. Activation of elements of the innate immune system, triggered by tissue injury sustained during cell isolation or organ retrieval and ischemia reperfusion, will initiate and amplify the adaptive response. T cells require a minimum of two signals for activation: antigen recognition and co-stimulation. Antibody-mediated rejection triggered by alloantibody binding and complement activation is increasingly recognized as a significant contribution to graft loss. Even though one component of the immune system may dominate and lead to rejection, this is usually multifactorial, resulting from the integration of multiple mechanisms. Identifying the molecular pathways that trigger rejection facilitates the identification of targets for the development of immunosuppressive drugs.
Correlation between academic self-efficacy and burnout originating from distance learning among nursing students in Indonesia during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Rohmani Ngatoiatu , Andriani Rosi
Published: May 2021

Purpose: Distance learning, which became widespread in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has been a burdensome challenge for students and lecturers. This study investigated the relationship between academic self-efficacy and burnout in first-year nursing students who participated in distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: The study included 69 first-year nursing students at Jenderal Achmad Yani University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Data were collected in September 2020 through self-efficacy and burnout questionnaires that were distributed via email and social media for 2 weeks. The responses were analyzed using the gamma test.Results: Most respondents were women (78.3%), with an average age of 19 years. Most nursing students had a moderate level of academic self-efficacy (72.5%), while only 13.0% of respondents had a low level of academic self-efficacy. However, 46.4% of students experienced severe burnout during distance learning. Cross-tabulation showed that students with moderate self-efficacy were more likely to experience severe burnout (24 respondents) (P<0.01 and r=-0.884). Exhaustion was the burnout dimension most closely associated with academic self-efficacy.Conclusion: Students perceived distance learning as burdensome and reported high levels of exhaustion, which may negatively impact their academic achievement. Interventions to improve academic self-efficacy may foster students’ confidence, potentially leading to reduced burnout levels. Nurse educators should reflect upon innovative learning strategies to create a favorable learning environment for nursing students.
Oxy-hydrogen Gas: The Rationale Behind Its Use as a Novel and Sustainable Treatment for
COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Diseases
Authors: Russell Grace , Nenov Alexander , Hancock John T.
Published: May 2021

Oxy-hydrogen gas (HHO) is a gaseous mixture of molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygen that is generated by the electrolysis of water and delivered in a 2:1 ratio (66% and 33%, respectively) through the use of noninvasive inhalation devices such as nasal cannulas or nebulisers. Although there is a paucity of scientific evidence supporting this new and emerging therapy, initial investigations indicate that HHO proffers cytoprotective qualities, typically by reducing oxidative stress and attenuating
the inflammatory response. These aspects are particularly favourable when considering respiratory medicine because underlying inflammation is known to drive the pathological progress of numerous respiratory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and, pertinently, coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Direct delivery to the lung parenchyma is also likely to increase the effectiveness of this emerging medical therapy. This narrative review aims to delineate how this particular combination of gases can affect cellular processes at the molecular level by focussing on the evolutionary requirement for both oxygen and hydrogen. Furthermore, the authors assess the current available data for the safety and efficacy of HHO in a clinical setting.
How Female Genital Mutilation Ruins a Life: Tashi’s Story in Possessing The Secret of Joy
Authors: Kaya Karadağ Nimet
Published: May 2021

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is clearly one of the cruelest examples of violating women’s human rights. It is generally performed under primitive conditions and may result in death, and even the lucky ones who can survive have to face its disastrous consequences both in their social and sexual life. Its main aim is to prevent a woman having a sexual satisfaction by removing clitoris, which would avoid sexual intercourse before marriage or avoid adultery, and to enable men have more pleasure out of sexual intercourse by making the vagina tighter. In Possessing the Secret of Joy, we read Tashi’s story; she has sex with her boyfriend and experiences orgasm before getting married although in her society it is strictly forbidden. Then, she decides to get mutilated as a reaction to the colonial forces. However, she cannot reach sexual and mental satisfaction she had before, and, in the end, she decides to kill the woman who mutilated a lot of girls and Tashi herself. The novel gives the reader an insight into the suffering of mutilated women while telling the reader how and why it is still practiced. The aim of this paper is to show in which ways women are forced to perform FGM and how their lives are devastated after the procedure via studying Walker’s protagonist Tashi’s life. The theoretical framework of the study will be drawn from Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, an outstanding book in the history of feminist theory as it is often thought to be the starting point of second-wave feminism. In this paper de Beauvoir’s views on the role of traditions, taboos, and religions in women’s oppression, women’s longing for social acceptance, chastity and women’s dilemma while trying to conform to society’s expectations from her and how these views are ...
Sıradan İnsanın Failliği: Cinsel Yönelim Ayrımcılığını Taktiklerle Aşındırmak
Authors: Şenel Burcu
Published: May 2021

Bu çalışma, eşcinsel/biseksüel kadınların gündelik hayatlarına odaklanarak, bu kadınların gündelik hayatlarında maruz kaldıkları ayrımcılık ve şiddetle ve tüm bunlarla mücadelede kullandıkları bireysel taktikleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, gündelik hayatın bir yandan farklı baskı ve denetim ağıyla sarmalandığı ve buna dönük uygulamaların yer bulduğu, diğer yandan da bunlara maruz kalan sıradan insanların iktidarın istediklerini ve kullandığı stratejileri kendilerince yorumlayıp ürettikleri taktiklerle aşındırdıkları bir alanı oluşturduğunu söyleyen literatüre yaslanmaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışma, kadınların çevrelendikleri baskı ve ayrımcılığı pasif şekilde kabul edenler değil, aksine gündelik hayatın içerisinde barındırdığı direnme olanaklarıyla kendilerine hareket alanı yaratan birer özne olduklarını ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Nitel bir çalışma olarak örülen ve feminist metodolojiye dayanan çalışma, kendilerini tanımladıkları haliyle on bir lezbiyen ve üç biseksüel kadının anlatılarına dayanıyor. Tekil deneyimler üzerinden örülen çalışmada, bu deneyimlerin ortaklaştığı sürece dikkat çekilmesi, temellendikleri zeminin sorgulanması ve yeni soruların sorulmasının önünün açılması amaçlanmaktadır.
Hâkimin Adaletsizliği Görmesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Evans v Birleşik Krallık
Authors: Özdemir Nadire
Published: May 2021

Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin Evans v Birleşik Krallık davası, soyut hukuk kurallarının somut olay adaletini sağlamada zayıf kaldığı ve bu anlamda hâkimlerin yorumunun büyük önem taşıdığı bir örnektir. Bu makalede Evans v Birleşik Krallık davası temelinde hâkimin somut olayı ve olaydaki kişilerin durumunu görmesi üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır. Değerlendirme ihtimam etiği ve ilişkisel özerklik teorisi ve Gülriz Uygur’un “adaletsizliği görmek” yaklaşımını temel alarak yapılmıştır.