bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

4.1. Proceed at Your Own Risk

Version Six: This time we assume there are n identical doors, where n is an integer satisfying n 3. One door conceals a car, the other n 1 doors conceal goats. You choose one of the doors at random but do not open it. Monty then opens a door he knows to conceal a goat, always choosing randomly among the available doors. At this point he gives you the option either of sticking with your original door or switching to one of the remaining doors. You make your decision. Monty now eliminates another goat-concealing door (at random) and once more gives you the choice either of sticking or switching. This process continues until only two doors remain in play. What strategy should you follow to maximize your chances of winning?
Final Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

I finished the first draft of this manuscript on April 7, 2008, almost a year after I began. Felt real good about myself. Strode out of my office, rubbed my weary eyes, and smiled, satisfled that at long last I had lifted the Monty Hall monkey from my aching back.
Introduction
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Magic squares first appeared in ancient Chinese literature, more than 4,000 years ago. They traveled slowly westward through India, Arabia, and Europe, to America. They captured the attention of mystics, astrologers, clergymen, and some of the world’s most brilliant thinkers, including great mathematicians, as well as Benjamin Franklin and Charles Babbage, the inventor of the early computer.
When a Magic Square Is Not Square
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

The magic triangle shown in Figure 6.1 is presented by Mochalov [105]. It is constructed with the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... , 9. The four magic triangles shown in Figure 6.2 are constructed with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Each triangle has a different magic number, as can be verified by adding each number along each side of each triangle. When is a square nota square? When itis a rectangle? After all, a rectangle is a square that has grown too much in one dimension. If we can have magic squares, why notmagic rectangles? A magic rectangle is defined as an array of rc integers, where r is the number of rows and c the number of columns, with the following properties (Jelliss [103], Nakamura [106]):
Magic Squares and Arithmetic
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

The unexpected coincidence of mathematical regularities that produces the mystery of magic squares by addition carries over to other mathematical calculations as well. It engenders surprise and pleasure in the squares of the magic curiosities that will follow. Magic Square Subtraction This and the next two arithmetical calculations, multiplication and division, come this way courtesy of math gamester Dudeny [14]. In Figure 7.1, if the middle number is subtracted from the sum of the two end numbers, that result is the magic constant 5. For the top row, for instance, 2 + 4 = 6 and 6 − 1 = 5. You may achieve the same result by subtracting the first number in a line from the second 1 − 2 and that result subtracted from the third 4 − (1 − 2) = 4 − (−1) = 4 + 1 = 5, or by going in the opposite direction 2 − (1 − 4) = 2 − (−3) = 2 + 3 = 5. However, to avoid negative numbers the first method is preferred. Note that the diagonals also give the magic sum, that is, 4 − (5 − 6) = 5 and 2 − (5 − 8) = 5.
Other Magic Squares
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

In a sequence {1, 2, ... , n2} of consecutive numbers, where n is the order of a magic square, any pair of numbers is said to be complementary if their sum equals the sum of the first and last number of the sequence, that is, n2 + 1. For example, in the case of magic squares of order 5, the pairs (12, 14) and (6, 20) are complementary with respect to the sequence {1, 2, ... , 52}, where the first is 1 and the last is 25. This implies n2 + 1 = 52 + 1 = 26; therefore, 12 + 14 = 6 + 20 = 52 + 1.

A magic square is associated if the numbers on each two cells symmetric with respect to the center are complementary. If the square is even, it must be symmetric with respect to the center of the square.
Magic Squares in Art, Design, and Music
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Art is everywhere and mathematics, though less obvious, is also everywhere. Art is in nature, in the human form, in great cathedrals, in Hindu temples, and in Muslim mosques in the abstract patterns used as decoration. In mathematics, art is in lines and angles and curves; in circles, squares, and triangles; in spheres, cubes, cylinders, and ellipsoids; and all those other objects we see. We have become conscious of the combination of mathematics and art. There is art that is related to math, where mathematical objects like spheres, squares, and cubes are used in drawings and sculptures, and then there is art that is dependent on mathematics, relying on equations and formulations for its visual effects.
Further Reading
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

William Schaaf published a list of early books on magic squares [61], which he divided into sections: before 1800; 1800–1880; 1881–1900; and 1901–1940. Frank J. Swetz has an excellent bibliography of fifteen pages in his book, Legacy of the Luoshu [71]. Mark Farrar listed a number of references on the Internet ([87]) in which he found old English books on magic squares not on other lists and, in addition, some that are of special interest to professional magicians, who use them in their performances. However, the most comprehensive survey of the literature is the Bibliography of Harvey Heinz. This list takes upeighteen pages on the Web and begins with sources of information on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century books as well as titles of some books of pre-eighteenth-century periods. His list is divided into sections as follows: books, chapters in books, published papers, papers in the Journal of Recreational Mathematics, and the literature on magic stars. Listed alphabetically by author, each mention gives full references plus Heinz’s comment on the contents and other useful material [91].
Research-Informed Assessment of Adult Learning Disabilities and ADHD
Authors: Mapou Robert L
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines a research-informed approach to assessment. First, an argument is made for why comprehensive assessment is important for adults and how this type of assessment differs from that focused on neurological disorders. Next, an overview of the assessment is provided, followed by a detailed description of the individual components. These components include the history and record review, tools for assessment of ADHD, neuropsychological assessment, personality assessment, and methods for assessment of feigned learning disabilities and ADHD. Next, the chapter offers suggestions for how abbreviated batteries can be devised when time and/or cost is an issue. This is followed by a more detailed discussion of diagnosis and how research can be used to select neuropsychological domains and test measures for assessment of specific learning disabilities and ADHD. Differential diagnosis is discussed next. The chapter concludes with additional considerations regarding assessment of difficulty learning a foreign language, assessment of learning disabilities and ADHD in individuals with English as a second language, and ways to make evaluation assessment a positive experience for adults who have struggled with academic skills and tests for many years.
Case Examples
Authors: Mapou Robert L
Published: November 2023

The following are three case examples from this author’s practice. They are typical cases and not “pure” examples of learning disabilities or ADHD. Rather, they illustrate the complexity and reality of diagnosing learning disabilities and ADHD in adults. Some portions of the case descriptions are taken from the actual reports, whereas other portions have been summarized for brevity. Identifying information and dates have been altered, although all clients consented to the use of their clinical data here. Note that scores that are below average are usually referred to as such, sometimes with a modifier (e.g., well below average, significantly below average). The word “impaired” is typically avoided in reports, because of the potential emotional impact it can cause for these adults. The Appendix includes a sample report in its entirety, also reproduced with the consent of the client. In this author’s practice, testing is completed in two sessions. The first session, completed by the neuropsychologist, in this case the author, includes a one-hour interview, most of the neuropsychological measures, and the Nelson-Denny Reading Test. It lasts approximately three and a half hours. The second session, which lasts approximately five hours with a break for lunch, is completed by a Master’s level Psychology Associate. It includes the WAIS-III, academic measures from the Woodcock-Johnson-III Tests of Achievement, a continuous performance test, language comprehension measures, any additional neuropsychological or academic measures that are deemed necessary, and the MMPI-2. Psychology Associates are trained to make detailed behavioral observations and to test limits, when judged appropriate.
From the Passenger’s Seat to the Driver’s Seat
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

In America, we spend two-thirds of our waking lives plugged into mass media. Our children spend more time staring at screens than they spend in school. Throughout this book, we have seen many examples of how we are powerfully influenced by mass media and how we are often unaware of this influence. For example, college students transported into the world of a story believed false assertions embedded in that story such as the idea that exercise weakens the heart and lungs. And while their confidence in these new beliefs lagged at first, over time they forgot where they learned the false information and their confidence rose to normal levels.
Agenda Seekers
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

On April 6, 2008, Senator Barack Obama, Democratic presidential candidate, stood before an audience of potential donors in San Francisco and told the group that rural Pennsylvanians voting in a presidential primary later that month who had lost jobs in their small towns “get bitter, they cling to guns or religion or antipathy to people who aren’t like them. as a way to explain their frustrations.” Because the fund-raiser was closed to the news media, Obama’s statements did not appear in the press. But a blogger, who was an Obama supporter and had donated to him, was present and audio-recorded the candidate’s speech. After four days of agonizing over whether to blog about the comments, she finally decided that her journalistic role trumped her supporter role. She posted the audio recording on The Huffington Post. Immediately the comments became news. Senator Hillary Clinton used them to prove that her opponent was an elitist. Commentators and pundits weighed in to criticize or defend Obama. Even Republican nominee Senator John McCain, who had largely stayed out of the Democratic nomination battle, joined in the criticism of the Illinois senator by suggesting that Obama’s remarks demonstrated he was out of touch with average Americans.
Beyond the Gas-Guzzler Monoculture
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

Motor vehicles are fundamentally unchanged from a century ago. Sure, today’s cars are vast improvements over the Model T. They’re more reliable, comfortable, efficient, powerful, clean burning, and safe. But they still have the same carrying capacity, steering and braking devices, fuel economy, and infrastructure for driving and parking. Perhaps most important, the vast majority of vehicles on the road are still powered by an inherently inefficient technology—the four-stroke internal combustion engine developed by Nikolaus Otto in 1867 and first incorporated in a car by Karl Benz in 1885. These ancient engines are still fueled by petroleum, essentially the sole fuel for all global mobility. Gasoline engines still waste more than two-thirds of the fuel they burn and directly emit 20 pounds of CO2 into the air for every gallon of fuel burned. Diesel engines are only slightly better.
Breaking Detroit’s Hold on Energy and Climate Policy
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

Passage of a new energy bill at the end of 2007 signaled the end of an era in the United States. It was the first time in 32 years that the U.S. Congress had tightened fuel economy standards. It mandated raising the fuel economy of cars and light trucks by 10 miles per gallon—to 35 mpg—by 2020. After decades of blocked fuel economy bills, this action raised the hope that perhaps the long and powerful hold Detroit had had on Congress had at last been broken.

The automakers had accepted the bill only with great reluctance. When the tough mileage standard was first proposed, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, which includes the Detroit Three as well as Toyota, had lobbied against it, claiming it would be “unattainable.” This response was predictable, given the long history of car company lobbyists fighting to block fuel economy legislation. As far back as 1991, when climate change was first entering the political realm, the Wall Street Journal described the automakers’ fight to resist fuel economy standards with these words: “Not since the Chrysler Corporation bailout has Detroit made such a big push in Congress.”2 The article went on to say that the Big Three lobbying group was arguing that fuel economy legislation under consideration at the time “would result in a massive downsizing of automobiles and a proliferation of smaller, more dangerous cars” and quoted GM’s communications director as saying, “This legislation is as potentially damaging as I’ve ever seen.” This refrain began in the early 1970s when fuel economy standards were first being debated and has been repeated over and over ever since.
Aligning Big Oil with the Public Interest
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

On January 10, 1901, at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont, Texas, a deafening blast rocketed a column of oil hundreds of feet into the air, wrecking the oil derrick and quickly creating a massive lake. That gusher pumped out nearly 100,000 barrels a day at first, more than the combined production of every other oil well on earth. By tripling U.S. oil production overnight, Spin dletop did more than just help push alternative transportation fuels off the table for nearly a century. Together with the birth of the automotive industry, it also launched oil as a premier industry in the United States. Cars and oil became intertwined in a symbiotic relationship.

For many years it was almost exclusively an American affair. As late as 1930, three-quarters of the world’s cars and more than 90 percent of the world’s oil were being produced in the United States.2 But as the search for low-cost oil intensified, it soon became clear that most of the world’s oil was n’t under U.S. soils. Vast new oil fields were discovered in the Middle East, Africa, and the former Soviet Union. Oil became a global industry. Still, over the past century the large Western investor-owned oil companies—Big Oil—directly or indirectly controlled most of the oil reserves and production in the world. These companies became very good at building huge petro-chemical facilities and aggregating massive amounts of capital. Oil became entrenched in the political, social, and economic lifeblood of modern industrialized countries, above all in America. It made possible the dispersed suburbs and far-flung businesses, which in turn became dependent on cheap, plentiful oil.
Hope for Children: Gifts for Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, we discussed the development of the mastery, attachment, and survival systems as well as the emergence of spiritual beliefs in children. We also provided examples of precocious spiritual integrity and youthful resilience. In this chapter, we take a look at the phenomenon of childhood hopelessness, examining its reality as well as some of the hidden forces that may underlie the adult denial of this particular inconvenient truth. We also review the related topic of childhood depression, both its telltale signs among children of various ages and the best available forms of treatment for it. The remainder of the chapter is geared toward parents, teachers, and other childcare professionals who seek to be hope providers for despairing children and teens. You will find a wide assortment of ideas for strengthening the attachment, mastery, and survival skills of children, including suggestions for structured individual and group activities and recommendations for hope-building games, books, and films. Many of these ideas are intended for all children, while others are more geared toward children with special hope needs.
Medications
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

A comprehensive discussion of psychotropic medications, now the mainstays in the management of most psychiatric disorders, is beyond the scope of this book. We believe, however, that a brief survey of various categories of psychiatric medications may be helpful for patients and families. The general principles outlined in the previous chapter pertain to each of these groups of medications.
Brain Stimulation Methods
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

The use of brain stimulation methods to treat psychiatric disorders has a long history, antedating the modern psychopharmacology era by several decades. These treatments are among the most invasive used in psychiatry. By “invasive” we mean that these treatments are medical procedures. They can have dramatically beneficial effects but carry risks of significant side effects. The best-known and most-studied brain stimulation method is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a treatment that has been used in psychiatry since the 1930s. Over the past decade or so, several other methods have been investigated, and these treatments are in various stages of development for potential clinical use. These latter treatments include vagus nerve stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. We will discuss each of these methods in this chapter and try to clarify their potential in the management of psychiatric disorders.
Garron Top to Westward Ho! The Inland Sea
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

My memories are full of enormous skies, as bright as water, in which clouds sailed, bigger than any others; fleets of monsters moving in one vast school up from the horizon and over my head, a million miles up, as it seemed to me, and then down again over the far-off mountains of Derry. They seemed to follow a curving surface of air concentric with the curve of the Atlantic which I could see bending down on either hand, a bow, which, even as a child of three or four, I knew to be the actual shape of the earth. it was a constant source of pleasure. I can remember jumping on a piece of hard ground, as one jumps on a deck, to test its spring, or simply to enjoy the feel of a buoyant ship beneath me.
Men who Pushed and Went: West-Coast Capitalism, War, and Nationalism
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

The manufacturing resources at the disposal of the Allies are enormously greater than those which Germany or Austria can command ... and the seas being free to them[they] can more easily obtain material. I do not believe that Great Britain has even yet done anything like what she can do in the matter of increasing her war equipment ... All the engineering works of the country ought to be turned to the production of war material. The population ought to be prepared to suffer all sorts of deprivation and hardships whilst this process is going on. David Lloyd George to the Cabinet, 22 February 1915 ‘The lungs are engorged— congested with blood.
Waves, Tides, and Sea Level
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

Waves result from the deformation of the water surface by wind, submarine mass movements, and other agencies. Most are progressive, but standing waves can form in estuaries, bays, and along shorelines. Waves can be classified according to their frequency and magnitude (Fig. 2.1). Capillary waves are very small waves that are resisted by sur-face tension, whereas gravity is the restoring or resisting force for larger waves. The most important gravity waves for coastal scientists are those generated by the wind blowing over a water surface. Long, infragravity waves are of considerable importance to coastal processes, but they are often difficult to detect because of their low heights and long periods.
Urbanization and Social Transformations in East Asia
Authors: Douglass Mike
Published: November 2023

The concern of the discussion that follows is the relationship between culture, social change, and power and the city in the context of an increasingly globalized economy. The aim is to clarify how contemporary issues affect nation-states and territories in East Asia, each of which in its own way is facing a turning-point in development. The general theoretical framework that is developed combines a world systems perspective with insights from recent writing on ‘structuration’and ‘cultural-context’on the urban condition in East Asia. Contemporary urbanization processes and their human consequences in East Asia are seen as being outcomes of interaction between each social formation and the global capitalist system.
Hong Kong: From a Colony to a Model for China
Authors: Li Si-ming
Published: November 2023

Hong Kong, until now a British crown colony, is often said to be ‘a borrowed place on borrowed time’ and a place where the East meets the West. The city is located on the south China coast and consists of Hong Kong Island, ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, Kowloon Peninsula, ceded under the Convention of Beijing in 1860, and the New Territories, the portion leased to Britain for a period of ninety-nine years under a second Convention of Beijing in 1898. Together the entire Territory has a land area of 1,070 square kilometres (Fig. 10.1). Under the Joint Declaration on the Future of Hong Kong signed between the Chinese and British governments in 1984, the sovereignty of Hong Kong will revert back to China on 1 July 1997. From that date onwards, Hong Kong will become a Special Administration Region (SAR) of China with its own mini-constitution-the Basic Laws--under the principle of Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong.
The Social Construction of Global Flows
Authors: Olds Kris
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines a multi-level theoretical framework that is heavily influenced by the writings of Arjun Appadurai (1990a, 1990b, 1996) and a broad group of geographers and sociologists working in the ‘socio-economic’ school of analysis. The basic aim of the chapter is to highlight how I analyse the intertwined material and non-material global flows which are associated with Pacific Place in Vancouver, and Lujiazui Central Finance District, Shanghai.
Some Final Thoughts
Authors: Olds Kris
Published: November 2023

In this book, I have sought to better understand the nature of the global actors behind the global flows of capital, ideas, and images that are propelling the production of new urban spaces such as Pacific Place in Vancouver, and Lujiazui Central Finance District in Shanghai. Rather than treating the transnational cultures associated with these projects as anonymous and homogeneous agents, controlled and/or controlling from afar, my approach has been to treat them as everyday human beings, with multiple and shifting identities, situated at the intersections of networks of asymmetrical social relations that are place specific (in a plural sense). While the material and non-material resources that transnational cultures ‘command’ may be relatively large, they nevertheless operate within a rapidly changing context; one that opens up both opportunities and constraints. The achievement of goals is never a certainty (witness the failure of the Rogers team to achieve their stated objectives), and is always subject to considerable effort, coordination, and sometimes simple good luck.
The Geographical Structure of Epidemics
Authors: Haggett Peter
Published: November 2023

The ways in which the great plagues of the past and present have spread around the world remains only partly understood. Peter Haggett’s research over the last thirty years has focused on mapping and modelling the paths by which epidemics spread through human communities. In 1998 this led to him being invited to give the inaugural lectures in a new series, the Clarendon Lectures in Geography and Environmental Studies. The resulting book, Geographical Structure of Epidemics, presents an accessible, concise, and well illustrated account of how environmental and geographical concepts can be used to enhance our knowledge of the origins and progress of epidemics, and sometimes to slow to slow or halt their spread.
Anticipating cultural factors of GDI
Authors: Toorn Willem van den , Man Erik de
Published: November 2023

Expectations of benefits to society from the use of GIS have been high from their introduction in the r97os. Subsequently, the notion of the GDI within which GIS applications will be operating has emerged as a precondition for sharing data and information. The Clinton administration and the European Commission described these expectations in high level policy statements in the late r 980s and early 1990s in the context of an emerging information economy. National GDI or even global GDI were described as concepts facilitating access to and responsible use of geospatial data at affordable prices.
Human resources issues in the emerging GDI environment
Authors: Coleman David , Groot Richard , McLaughlin John
Published: November 2023

In an early paper defining GDI, McLaughlin (1991) identified the three stages of geospatial database development which have taken place since the 1960s:

Stage 1 ( c.1960–1980) witnessed the first uses of computers in surveying and mapping, the first efforts at automating land records, the first GIS software being developed in government laboratories and universities, and the first attempts to build urban and regional information systems.
Peasantries in Colonial and Post-Independence Oaxaca (1520—1920)
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: November 2023

A salient feature of Oaxaca’s peasantries is their history of subjugation to Spanish imperialism, and, after the independence struggle between 1810 and 1821, their continuing subordination to white and mestizo (mixed race) society. The Spanish conquest, though largely peaceful in Oaxaca, destroyed many aspects of Indian social structure and political organization and disrupted traditional religion; led to cataclysmic population decline; and disturbed agricultural production, imposing trade to Europe—especially in cochineal—on to a subsistence-with-market base. Nevertheless, more than elsewhere in Mexico, Indian peasants in Oaxaca clung on to their lands (and their subsistence crops and animals), not only in the mountains, but in the Oaxaca Valley, too (Chance 1989; Taylor 1972).
A Diversity of Habitats and Field Systems
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

Greater Amazonia1 (Fig. 4.1) is enormous, and rather than being a uniform region of tropical rainforest and impoverished soil, as often thought, there is a considerable diversity of environmental conditions at both local and regional scales. Likewise, there has been a diversity of indigenous subsistence systems ranging from non-agricultural hunting and gathering to intensive swamp reclamation, with population densities ranging from under 0. l/km2 to several hundred/km2, and with settlements ranging from small, dispersed, and unstable to relatively large and permanent.2 Long-fallow shifting cultivation is the prevailing form of Indian cultivation today; however, there are many variations. In prehistory, more permanent systems of cultivation were probably common (Chapter 7).
Terraced Fields
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

In contrast to irrigation, which has received considerable research but no comprehensive synthesis, terracing in the Andes has been little studied until recently. Much of what is known is surveyed in a magnificent volume on New World terracing by Cambridge geographer Robin Donkin (1979). Donkin provides information on regional distributions of terracing, dating, classification, and functions, with numerous maps and photos and an impressive bibliography. Thus a lengthy review is not needed here.
The Mojos Raised Fields
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

When the Spaniards entered Mojos in the late sixteenth century from Santa Cruz de la Sierra to the south, in search of the El Dorado of Paititi, they found complex chiefdom societies with large populations. The first settlements, Jesuit missions, were not established until 1682, by which time the principal Indian cultures (Mojo, Baure, Cayuvava, Movima) and numerous others had been reduced in size by slave raiding and epidemics (Denevan 1966a: 112-20; Block 1994: 78-89). The Jesuit accounts provide the first good descriptions of the Mojos people, including various forms of earthworks (mounds, causeways, canals); however, the only known report of raised fields is in the previously mentioned Jesuit document from 1754 (see Chapter 11).
Ditched Fields, Drainage Canals, and River Canalization
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

Most raised fields provide for drainage by means of elevated surfaces in association with surrounding ditches which catch water, drain subsoils, and in some instances remove water from the field vicinity, both on flats and on slopes. In addition, there are examples of drainage by ditching alone without raised planting surfaces or with only minimal raising from earth removed from narrow, shallow ditches. Some of the prehistoric Mayan drained fields in Belize are believed to be primarily ditched or channelized fields (Turner 1983; Pohl and Bloom 1996).
At the Health Centre
Authors: Lewis Gilbert
Published: November 2023

From the bottom of Anguganak cliff, there was a short walk through some sago stands, bush, and garden to reach the Christian Mission in Many Lands (CMML) Mission station of Anguganak. An approach from this direction would bring you in, as it were, to the back of the mission.
Contrasts of Pace: Acute and Chronic
Authors: Lewis Gilbert
Published: November 2023

Before any of the Malyi singing began on Sunday, the missionary gave his last service before going on leave. It was well attended. At the end of it, a number of the older men went up to him to tell him in great earnest about the growing dangers of minmin, their fears, and that it was going to mean that Rauit would soon stop coming down to the mission station with food to sell. They told him that one of the mission carpenters who came from Nembugil had been struck by minmin and had had the arrowheads removed and so recovered. They said they had seen these arrowheads. There was little the missionary could answer: it was the first time he had heard the word minmin or any mention of it. not yet started-but people in Rauit said they hoped to benefit from having Malyi and the rites of Malyi in the village. They expected that their yams and ‘mami’ would grow particularly well that year. There had been a fair sprinkling of showers and rain in the past few days which continued over the next two weeks.
Failure yet Belief
Authors: Lewis Gilbert
Published: November 2023

Just after midnight, I heard crying and wailing coming from Wimalu. Ta’adu had just died—she had passed a few more stools like the ones before. There was no sudden change. The men were weeping outside. Two of her mother’s sisters had rushed up from Bi’ip, went straight to the door, doused their flares on the ground. The doorway was filled with the prostrate bodies of the women crying. Mai’is came from Bi’ip because she thought the sound of wailing meant Dauwaras had died. Parku wordlessly handed me the bit of paper and the pencil I had given him to mark when she passed a stool (five marks were on it). Saibuten sat beside me and said that in the hunting bush he had dreamed two nights before that he stretched out his hand to the fire and the fire jumped up and burned Sauki’s face (Sauki was his elder brother’s son). He had woken Silpaden, his own son, sleeping near him, and told him he thought one child must
Husbandry of Small Herbaceous Plants
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

One problem that has long perplexed scholars interested in prehistoric and early indigenous agriculture involves delineating the point at which gathering wild plant resources ended and agriculture began, or determining if specific plants were collected from naturally occurring stands, planted, or some variant of both (Keegan 1986; Bohrer 1991: 227). The vast body of literature on the process of domestication (see e.g., Darwin 1958; Rindos 1984; and B. Smith 1984: 165) is based in large part on this controversy. For the purposes here, of course, the details of that particular academic debate need not be of concern. However, discussion of various types of husbandry (Gremillion 1997b:9;Scarry 1993: 6),orplant modifications and alterations of the medium in which plants were grown, is needed (see Asch 1994: 25; Harlan 1992: 22–3). To be sure, at contact as well as for several centuries earlier and a few centuries since,people indigenous to NorthAmerica played an active role, to one degree or another, in manipulating wild plants and their habitats, the physical environments in which they were grown (Weatherford 1988: 86). Although not often considered an important aspect of aboriginal food production, because few if any associated field features or environmental modifications of the landscape remain evident, such activities were economically significant (Cocannouer 1964: 61–7).
The Subject and Object of the Book
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The historian of private law in modem times must to some extent depart from the familiar disciplines of legal history. Histories of Roman law generally end with Justinian’s Corpus Juris, but if one is to write of its subsequent effects in Westem Europe one must use a different method, for the presuppositions are different. Histories of German law, if they reach the modem period at all, have traditionally been concerned with the sources of law, the organization of the courts, and the legal profession rather than with the development of legal scholarship and institutions: books on German private law have dealt with the history of its doctrines and institutions (or more accurately, those foreign to the ius commune), while recent constitutional histories have dealt with how the law of the modem state came about. The present book is different in that it is concerned with the intellectual and scientific developments which led up to the private law of today: it deals with the way private law in Germany has evolved in the social and intellectual context of the past five centuries, in constant inter action with the legal culture of the rest of Europe, starting with the development of legal studies in Italy in the High Middle Ages and then pervading Western and Central Europe.
The Advance of Learned Law in the Courts
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Roman law succeeded because it equipped jurists in early modem times to fulfil the rulers’ aim of rationalizing the affairs of state. The result of its success was that the courts of law were staffed by learned lawyers using the procedures of learned law. We should, however, remember that the traditional courts were the last public position to be occupied by jurists, for they tended to be kept out by self-interested landed gentry long after they had monopolized the entire dip lomatic and civil service (p. 90 and n. 4).
Constitutional Opposition and Democratic Politics
Authors: Lawson Stephanie
Published: November 2023

The practice of modern democratic politics is associated with a set of general principles and ideals which are derived essentially from the classical notion of democracy as ‘rule or power of the people’. Duncan and Lukes note that within the classical theory of democracy there are a number of strands and it cannot therefore be characterized simply. Further, its major exponents ‘differ over both the institutional requirements for democracy and the arguments which can best be urged in its favour’.1 Similarly, Maddox points out that attempts to identify democracy with just one of its themes are rare and suggests, for example, that ‘few would attempt to identify democracy with constitutionalism alone, but some discussions emphasize its importance taken together with certain forms and functions of representative institutions’.2 The present discussion does not seek to distinguish constitutional opposition as the only important strand or theme, but nevertheless takes the position that it is a sine qua non of modern democratic politics.
Indians and the Franchise
Authors: Lawson Stephanie
Published: November 2023

For the first few decades of settlement in Fiji, the Indian community was relatively inactive politically. The rigorous demands of the indenture system left Indians very little time, energy, or opportunity for anything other than concentration on survival, and allowed almost no scope for organization amongst the scattered Indian communities or for the emergence of leaders. Also, the franchise and political representation were not concepts familiar to the Indians for the first generation of Indian immigrants had had no experience of these in India itself.1
The Constitutional and Institutional Background
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony
Published: November 2023

A central theme of this book will be the assessment of the effects of different constitutional arrangements on the privatization process in Britain and France. In this chapter we shall examine the legal tools and constraints relevant to privatization, and describe some of the key institutional actors in the two nations.

Before describing in detail the particular institutions, provisions, and procedures involved, it should again be stressed that the diver gencies run deeper than simply involving differences in the formal legal structures. A key distinction within much comparative political studies is that between state and stateless societies. As we saw in the previous chapter, the concept of the state is now re-entering the mainstream of work in that discipline, but quite clearly there is no common concept of the state valid for all developed societies. The same is true in legal studies.
The Large Sales of Shares
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will examine the largest disposals of public enterprises in Britain and France, as accomplished through the offer for sale of their shares on the stock market. This will include the most familiar examples of privatization as most major enterprises have been disposed of in this way. However, it does not exhaust the scope of the privatization programme for, as we shall see in Chapter 4, a large number of private sales have also taken place, albeit on a smaller scale. Our concern will be with the effect of different constitutional arrangements on the privatization process, as illustrated through the kinds of enterprise disposed of, the legal forms used, and in particular the valuation of assets and the sale of shares.
After Privatization: Links with Government
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony
Published: November 2023

Far from creating a new economic system in France, the policy of privatisation bolstered up a traditional system of ‘establishment solidarity’ structured around an all-powerful Minister of Finance and constituting ‘a capitalism without a financial market and without sanctions’. (M. Bauer, in West European Politics, 1988)

One theme of this book so far has been that privatization is a policy reflecting a degree of state autonomy in policy-making and is not derivable from any more basic economic logic. However, as regards the implementation of privatization, the most controversial aspects of this process have assumed a different character in France from that in Britain, and an important influence in this has been the constraints imposed by the constitutional arrangements associated with a developed concept of the state.
Regulatory Structures and Competition Law
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony
Published: November 2023

One of the claims for privatization has been that, by freeing the industries from government control and subjecting them to the disciplines of the market-place, industrial efficiency would be improved. It is important to realize that privatization, in the sense of selling public sector assets, and liberalization, subjecting industries to competitive forces, are conceptually distinct. It is possible to retain industries within the public sector and subject them to greater competition; indeed, this was attempted with British Telecom, gas, and electricity before their eventual sale. However, there are limitations to this solution. Although some of the nationalized industries operated in competitive markets, the major utilities-British Telecom, British Gas, electricity, and water-all contain large elements of natural monopoly so, in some respects, competition was not a viable option. A second constraint was that, in order to ensure a successful flotation, the Government needed the co-operation of the incumbent management. Management has naturally been hostile to increasing competition, especially by splitting up an industry. Indeed, this has only happened so far on the generating side of the electricity supply industry, even though it was a possible option in gas and telecommunications. Finally, it should be noted that splitting up the public corporations would have a detrimental effect on the sale price of the shares (Helm 1988).
Regulatory Procedures
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony
Published: November 2023

As we emphasized in the preceding chapter, regulation is not a matter of making non-discretionary decisions; there is no ‘pure’ economic science that can be applied to this process. Regulatory decisions will involve discretion and the balancing of competing interests. The procedures by which such decisions are taken will therefore be of critical importance, as they will determine who is systematically allowed a voice in the decision-making process. Once more we find a startling difference between the constitutional approach to these issues in the two countries. Although a consider able proportion of English public law concerns the procedures for the taking of decisions by public authorities, we find an absence of general principle to act as a guide for government in designing new regulatory bodies. Instead, procedural concerns have been largely ignored; when they have been taken on board, the approach to them has been ad hoc and inconsistent.
Conclusion
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony
Published: November 2023

Despite the similarity of the basic arguments of economic principle for privatization, one finds important areas of divergence in the way it has been implemented in Britain and in France. This in itself tends to confirm the thesis of an important degree of state autonomy from civil society. However, one means of explaining such divergences seems to be of limited utility: the dichotomy between strong and weak states. Thus Wilks and Wright have recently stressed the ‘positively misleading’ nature of such a model in the understanding of the sociological reality of government and industry relations, stressing the importance of common patterns of informal relations and the lack of any monolithic state viewpoint even in societies characterized as those of strong states (Wilks and Wright 1987: 283-9). As yet it is too early to examine in detail the sociological relations of government and industry after privatization in such a way as to yield convincing answers.
The Global Political System
Authors: Gilpin Robert
Published: November 2023

Hedley bull was the most distinguished scholar of his generation to analyse and explore the uniqueness and genius of the modern European political order. In The Anarchical Society (1977), the subtitle of which is A Study of Order in World Politics, Bull carried forward a tradition of speculation and theorizing that extends from Hugo Grotius to Ludwig van Ranke to Bull’s own mentor, Martin Wight. Bull, however, in his last major contribution to scholarship, went beyond the themes of these earlier writings and enquired whether the European experience of statecraft has any relevance for the emergent pluralistic international system composed of diverse civilizations with vastly different conceptions of international relations. The seminal volume The Expansion of International Society (1984), edited by Bull and his colleague Adam Watson, was one of the first systematic attempts to explore this important issue. In the 1970s, when non-Western societies commenced their concerted effort for a new international economic and political order, Bull, Watson, and their collaborators addressed the question of the nature of the new international order: will it be based on the norms and precepts of the European ‘society of states’; or will ‘a new genuinely universal, and non-hegemonial structure of international relations’ replace the once dominant European system of rules and institutions; or, as at least one contributor suggested, will the collapse of the European conception of an international order give rise to ‘a new international disorder’? While the answer to these questions must await the test of time, the questions themselves are important for the scholar and for mankind in the closing decade of this century.
The Academic Study of International Relations
Authors: Richardson James L
Published: November 2023

Hedley Bull’s approach to the study of international relations is usually identified with his influential critique of behaviouralism, published in World Politics in 1966, ‘International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach’.1 From one perspective this stands as the classic refutation of the pretensions of the behaviouralist school, from another as the classic illustration of the wrong-headedness and obscurantism of the traditionalists. While the issues raised by this debate must form part of any discussion of Bull’s views on the study of international relations, they should not be allowed to dominate it. His comments on the subject as a whole and on the role of the scholar in international relations range far beyond the issues canvassed in the behaviouralist controversy, as well as offering a more positive appraisal of the work of the leading behaviouralist scholars than is evident in the 1966 paper. His view of the subject was unusually broad, questioning, and critical: it is to this, rather than to his particular view of methodology, that his influence as scholar, teacher, and colleague may be attributed.
Coal and Self-Government
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

With the emergence of an affluent society and the establishment of relative political stability under a bourgeois political alliance during the 1950s, any sense of urgency regarding the necessity for a commonweal solution to the problem presented by the coal industry tended to disappear. The main overwhelming priority seemed to be largely a technical one, namely maximizing output to meet the national and European shortage of energy. It could strike a superficial observer that very little had changed in the German coal industry compared with the pre-war years. After all, the creation of influential coal employers’ associations had been allowed; the re-establishment of extensive coal-steel integration had been permitted; and, above all, powerful cartel-like selling agencies had been conceded.