bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the acidic oligosaccharides assembled on the Pichia pastoris‐expressed recombinant kringle 2 domain of human tissue‐type plasminogen activator
Authors: Miele Robert G. , Castellino Francis J. , Bretthauer Roger K.
Published: October 2023

The N‐linked glycans assembled in Pichia pastoris on the recombinant kringle 2 domain of human tissue‐type plasminogen activator (r‐[K2tPA]) are composed of approx. 80% neutral and 20′ charged species. After peptide:N4‐(N‐acetyl‐b‐glucosaminyl)asparaginyl amidase‐catalysed liberation of the oligosaccharides from the purified glycopeptide, the glycan mixture was resolved by HPLC on amino‐silica‐based resin. Oligosaccharide mapping of the resulting mixture by HPLC, gel filtration and time‐of‐flight matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption‐ionization‐with‐delayed‐extraction mass spectrometry (TOF‐MALDI‐DE‐MS) revealed that > 90′ of the charged species consisted of a series of oligosaccharides possessing molecular masses that were consistent with a range of saccharides comprising phospho‐Man10GlcNAc2Őphospho‐Man14GlcNAc2, with phospho‐Man11GlcNAc2 representing the major species. The remaining material in the charged fraction contained identifiable phosphorylated glycans that were one or two mannose units shorter, and one to four mannose units longer, than those present in the above range of oligosaccharides. Treatment of the native charged glycan pool with alkaline phosphatase did not result in molecular‐size alterations, showing that phosphomonoesters are not present. Mild acid hydrolysis of the glycans led to a decrease in the size of all charged glycans by one mannose residue, providing phospho‐Man9GlcNAc2Őphospho‐Man13GlcNAc2. Following this procedure, treatment with alkaline phosphatase resulted in size decreases that were equivalent to the loss of one phosphate group from each glycan. This demonstrates that all charged glycans isolated contained phosphate in phosphodiester bonds to two mannose units. The present study shows that P. pastoris cells possess the capability of assembling phosphorylated glycans having the phosphate moiety present in phosphodiester linkages with two mannose units. These saccharides, like the neutral oligosaccharides, contain considerably smaller amounts of mannose than glycans present in other strains of yeast.
Enhanced production of cellobiose dehydrogenase in cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium supplemented with bovine calf serum
Authors: Habu Naoto , Igarashi Kiyohiko , Samejima Masahiro , Pettersson Bert , Eriksson Karl‐Erik L.
Published: October 2023

The enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), produced by many wood‐degrading fungi has, in recent years, attracted considerable interest for its possible role in both cellulose and lignin degradation. To characterize the enzyme better and to identify its role in the degradation of wood and wood components, it is desirable to produce it in higher amounts. We report here that the addition of bovine calf serum to cellulose‐grown cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium enhances the production of certain enzymes, CDH in particular. The highest CDH production was obtained with 45 ml of serum/litre of medium added on day 3 or 4. The resultant CDH yield was approx. 700Ő800 units/litre, which was 3.5Ő4 times higher than that in cultures without serum. Serum addition also enhanced the production of b‐glucosidase. However, the impact on CDH production was the most dramatic. The enhanced enzyme production cannot be explained by increased rates of spore germination, simple nutrient effects or cofactor effects. Fractionation of serum by Cohn's fractionation technique showed that the albumin (BSA) fraction had almost the same effect as whole serum. However, purified BSA had less effect than crude BSA (fraction V of Cohn's fractions), suggesting that an additional factor, probably a protease inhibitor in serum, also contributed to the effect of serum.
Conjugation of catalase to a carrier antibody via a streptavidinŐbiotin cross‐linker
Authors: Muzykantov Vladimir R.
Published: October 2023

Targeting of catalase could be useful in antioxidative protection of cells challenged with H2O2. In the present study we conjugated catalase to a carrier model antibody using a biotinŐstreptavidin (SA) cross‐linker and characterized the functional activity of the conjugate. Neither biotinylation nor conjugation with SA decreased the enzymic activity of catalase. Further coupling of radiolabelled biotinylated catalase (b‐catalase) to biotinylated antibody (b‐Ab) via SA using a two‐step conjugation procedure did not change enzymic activity of b‐catalase. b‐AbŐSAŐb‐catalase specifically bound to antigen‐coated plastic wells, but not to albumin‐coated plastic wells. Substitution of b‐Ab with control biotinylated IgG (b‐IgG) abrogated binding of the catalase to the antigen. H2O2 was degraded in antigen‐coated wells preincubated with b‐AbŐSAŐb‐catalase, but not with b‐IgGŐSAŐb‐catalase. Thus b‐AbŐSAŐb‐catalase specifically binds to immobilized antigen and degrades H2O2 after binding to the target. The methodology described in the present paper may be useful for the development of a novel strategy for antioxidant therapy.
Purification and characterization of lipase from a raw‐milk yeast (Trichosporon asteroides)
Authors: Dharmsthiti Saovanee , Ammaranond Palanee
Published: October 2023

A lipase‐producing yeast strain was isolated from raw milk. It was identified as Trichosporon asteroides strain LP005. The lipase from this yeast was purified 8‐fold to homogeneity for further characterization. The purification process for this lipase included (NH4)2SO4 precipitation at 70% saturation and gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200. The molecular mass of the lipase was 37 kDa as determined by SDS/PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for activity were pH 5.0 and 60 ° C. The lipase was stable over a wide pH range (3.0Ő10.0) and at temperatures lower than 70 ° C. The chelating agent EDTA did not affect activity of the enzyme, and this suggested that it was not a metalloenzyme. Treatment of tuna oil with T. asteroides LP005 lipase gave approx. 35 and 47′ increases in the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid respectively. Thus, this lipase could potentially be used for the concentration step in the production process of such polyunsatuarated fatty acids.
Stress levels and related variables among dental students in Jerusalem, Israel
Authors: Peretz Benjamin , Rosenblum Anat , Zadik Dan
Published: October 2023

The aim of the study was to assess levels of stress and associated socio‐demographic variables among dental students in their clinical years in the School of Dental Medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah in Jerusalem, and compare the findings with those of a similar study undertaken 10 years previously. The study was carried out among the 4th, 5th and 6th year students because these years involve maximum clinical activity. 112 students out of a population of 120 participated. Students were asked to complete a 17‐item anonymous questionnaire composed of items describing potential stressors in the learning environment. The quantitative requirement system per completion of dental procedures received the highest stress scores among all students (3.15±0.82), followed by ‘fear from staying behind peers without being able to catch up’. The lowest scores were given to ‘learning new vocabulary as well as new concepts’. These findings were similar to those obtained 10 years ago, despite curriculum and social changes in the interim. Based on the median split of the population, it was found that among the high‐stress group, significantly more students evaluated their achievements in school as below average, than did the low‐stress group (χ2, P=0.017). The % of students who were parents was significantly higher among the high‐stress group, than the others (P=0.021). Female students repoted higher stress in the items comprising ‘Clinical work’. The results were similar to those of the previous study, despite curricular changes introduced in the interim.
THE SACRED, THE REGIONAL, AND THE DIGITAL*
Authors: STARRS PAUL F.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT.As an information economy and a cultural hallmark, cyberspace belies traditional boundaries yet involves a distinctive territory, citizenry, literature, technology, capital and finance, ritual, weapons and belligerencies, a recognizable past, and variegated if unspecified futures. Not easily quantified is the geography of so elusive and placeless an entity, and its technology has been variously portrayed as utopian, liberating, elitist, or enslaving; in it are brought to life strains of technological determinism. Maps of cyberspace can be forged only with utmost difficulty, and it is best beloved and imagined in dense cyberpunk fiction. Part sacred space, part ethereal region, part digital fact, cyberspace involves a regional geography perhaps best captured in a koan: What is the place where everyone is but nobody lives?
Adolescent Attitudes About Death in Relation to Suicidality
Authors: Gutierrez Peter , King Cheryl A. , Ghaziuddin Neera
Published: October 2023

This study examined psychiatrically disturbed adolescents' history of exposure to suicide attempts, completions, and other deaths in relation to attitudes about life and death. A primary goal of the study was to study the mediating processes involved in the impact of loss on suicidality. Adolescents who experienced the suicide of a friend or immediate family member reported a weaker attraction to life and stronger attraction to death than adolescents lacking this experience. Exposure to attempted suicide resulted in attitudes indicating a stronger attraction to death and repulsion by life. We conclude that a comprehensive history of loss and assessment of current attitudes toward death are important aspects of evaluation and subsequent treatment of at‐risk adolescents.
A Century of Suicide in Italy: A Comparison between the Old and the Young
Authors: De Leo Diego , Conforti Donatella , Carollo Giovanni
Published: October 2023

This study analyzes suicide rates from 1887 to 1993 in the Italian population between the ages of 15 and 24 years old and over 65 years of age, based on official data published in the Health Statistics Year Book. The rates of death by suicide (per 100,000) subjects) are calculated for each year and for 10‐year periods, as are the mortality rates relative to each method of suicide, standardized by gender. The latter analysis was possible starting from 1951 only, when it became customary to record method. The findings indicate an increase in the suicide phenomenon in the elderly population in Italy over the test period. Rates are at least 3 times higher for men than for women. The highest rates are reported for elderly men, but there appears to have been a greater proportional increase in the number of suicides committed by elderly women. The rise was statistically significant in both males and females. By contrast, a rather constant decrease in suicide rates in young people emerges from the beginning of the century through to the present date. This decrease is more marked in females, although suicide rates are lower for females than for males. Over the study period, substantial changes have come about in the suicide methods used by both young and old people. There was an increase in poisoning by care exhaust fumes, jumping from heights, hanging, and firearms.
2 Rick: A Suicide of a Young Adult
Authors: Leenaars Antoon A.
Published: October 2023

A small but concerning percentage of completed suicides are seen as having left no clues. The classical case, albeit a literary one, is Robinson's Richard Cory. These people often dissemble, even about their suicide risk. An even smaller group of these individuals present themselves in therapy without communicating a sign of suicide risk. Utilizing an idiographic approach, the case of a young adult male (Rick) is presented. The narrative reconstruction gives voice behind the man's mask. The autopsy reveals a young man who was in deep pain and unable to adjust to life's demands. Rick lacked ego strength, being overly narcissistic and having deeply troubled, symbiotic attachments to his family in a world of interpersonal isolation. In the end, even the help of his therapist, who tried to reach through the mask, was not enough and Rick killed himself. The pain had become unbearable. A few guiding remarks for such cases are offered, noting that therapists must constantly address the dissembling in some suicidal patients.
10 Suicidality Among Acculturating Mexican Americans: Current Knowledge and Directions for Research
Authors: Hovey Joseph D. , King Cheryl A.
Published: October 2023

Despite the dramatic increase in Mexican‐American immigration over the past two decades, the acculturative experience and its relationship to suicide risk have received little attention within the field of suicidology. This paper summarizes findings from community‐based studies that have explored suicide and risk factors among immigrant and Mexican‐American groups, and suggests directions for future research. Most of these studies have been epidemiologic, and relatively few have addressed risk and protective factors within well‐defined acculturating groups. Further study of the full continuum of suicidal thoughts and behaviors that examines precise cultural risk factors, and uses methodologies that combine quantitative and qualitative data, may improve our understanding of suicide risk among acculturating Mexican Americans.
“Anxious Suicidality”: A New Subtype of Childhood Suicide Ideation?
Authors: Allan Wesley D. , Kashani Javad H. , Dahlmeier Julie M. , Beck Niels , Reid John C.
Published: October 2023

The current study examined the presence of anxiety in children with suicide ideation. From a sample of 100 inpatients, children who displayed suicide ideation (n = 27) were selected and divided into two groups, high and low anxiety. Findings indicated that children with suicide ideation and anxiety were less happy and satisfied, experienced more negative life events, and were more distractible and intense than children with suicide ideation only. Additionally, according to their self‐reports, parents of children with high anxiety reported more obsessive‐compulsive and anxiety symptoms as well as greater hostility than parents of children with low anxiety. The authors have identified a subgroup of children with suicide ideation who are highly anxious and can be termed as experiencing “anxious suicidality.”
Dietary citric acid decreased the theront number of Cryptocaryon irritans (Ciliata) in seawater‐adapted tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Yildiz Hijran Yavuzcan , Yilmaz Bilgenur Harmansa
Published: October 2023

Cryptocaryoniasis remains a major parasitic disease and economic challenge for marine aquaculture. Cryptocaryoniasis in marine fish is caused by Cryptocaryon irritans (Ciliata). A theront is a motile, free‐swimming stage in the life cycle of C. irritans, which is typically the infective stage that actively seeks out a host to initiate infection. Population density and growth rate of theronts were investigated in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fed with citric acid‐supplemented feed. The experiment involved feeding three diets with graded levels of citric acid (0, control diet, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g kg−1 diet), to seawater‐adapted Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) juveniles for 21 days. The results showed that citric acid in the fish feed had an impact on the theront number of C. irritans in a manner of dose‐dependent. In the experimental cohort administered a diet supplemented with 1.5 g kg−1 citric acid, the population density of theronts was observed to be significantly reduced, measured at 29 ± 3.34, as opposed to 473.34 ± 16.48 in the control group at the culmination of the experiment. The observed population growth rate of theronts was significantly higher in the control group than in the group administered the citric acid feed (p < .005). The growth rate (r d−1) was 0.12 in control, 0.05 in 0.5 g kg−1, 0.031 in 1 g kg−1, and − 0.031 in 1.5 g kg−1 citric acid‐supplemented groups. Fish growth and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the citric acid in the feed. In conclusion, the findings of this investigation provide a valuable addition to our understanding of the potential protective effects of citric acid supplementation for fish against the C. irritans parasite. This is evidenced by the observed reduction in theronts present in the water.
Facing Apocalypse: Climate Mobilities and the Cinematic Child
Authors: Buesa Andrés
Published: October 2023

This article engages with the representations and meanings of child figures within US films about environmentally induced displacement. At the intersection between film studies, childhood studies, and the emerging scholarship on climate mobilities (Boas et al., 2022), it explores the ways in which three contemporary apocalyptic films—The Road (2009), Take Shelter (2011), and Greenland (2020)— mediate the relationship between mobility and environmental collapse through child characters. It argues that the functions attached to the child in these films—those of seer, victim, and carrier of hope and futurity—work to depoliticize climate mobilities, obscuring the varied aspirations, sociopolitical factors, and power structures that shape mobility choices in the context of environmental threat. As imaginary projections of an upcoming climate collapse, these films provide fertile ground for an exploration of the cultural ideals underpinning the construction of child characters, and the influence these have in the articulation of climate mobilities.
Parentage influence on gene expression under acidification revealed through single‐embryo sequencing
Authors: Fung Cheuk Wang , Chau Kin Yung , Tong Daniel Chun Sang , Knox Claire , Tam Sindy Sing Ting , Tan Sin Yen , Loi Danson Shek Chun , Leung Ziuwin , Xu Ying , Lan Yi , Qian Pei‐Yuan , Chan Kit Yu Karen , Wu Angela Ruohao
Published: October 2023

The dissolution of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater has altered its carbonate chemistry in the process of ocean acidification (OA). OA affects the viability of marine species. In particular, calcifying organisms and their early planktonic larval stages are considered vulnerable. These organisms often utilize energy reserves for metabolism rather than growth and calcification as supported by bulk RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) experiments. Yet, transcriptomic profiling of a bulk sample reflects the average gene expression of the population, neglecting the variations between individuals, which forms the basis for natural selection. Here, we used single‐embryo RNA‐seq on larval sea urchin Heliocidaris crassispina, which is a commercially and ecologically valuable species in East Asia, to document gene expression changes to OA at an individual and family level. Three paternal half‐sibs groups were fertilized and exposed to 3 pH conditions (ambient pH 8.0, 7.7 and 7.4) for 12 h prior to sequencing and oxygen consumption assay. The resulting transcriptomic profile of all embryos can be distinguished into four clusters, with differences in gene expressions that govern biomineralization, cell differentiation and patterning, as well as metabolism. While these responses were influenced by pH conditions, the male identities also had an effect. Specifically, a regression model and goodness of fit tests indicated a significant interaction between sire and pH on the probability of embryo membership in different clusters of gene expression. The single‐embryo RNA‐seq approach is promising in climate stressor research because not only does it highlight potential impacts before phenotypic changes were observed, but it also highlights variations between individuals and lineages, thus enabling a better determination of evolutionary potential.
Cultural distance and the permanence of acquired CEOs in cross‐border high‐tech acquisitions: combining the acquirer's and CEO's perspectives
Authors: Aghasi Keivan , Colombo Massimo G. , Piscitello Lucia , Lamastra Cristina Rossi
Published: October 2023

The cultural distance between the acquiring and acquired firms is a double‐edged sword in cross‐border high‐tech acquisitions. It magnifies the ‘combination potential’ of the acquisition but also poses severe integration challenges. Scholars have highlighted that the retention of acquired CEOs in combined entities is an effective integration action to address these challenges but have generally considered it from the acquiring firms' perspective only. In this study, we also take into account the acquired CEOs' perspective and find that the permanence of acquired CEOs in the post‐acquisition organization depends on the balance between the acquiring firms' incentives to retain the acquired CEOs and the acquired CEOs' opportunity costs to remain in the company. Specifically, we argue that both sides increase with the cultural distance between the acquiring and acquired firms and that the acquired CEOs' personal characteristics and context‐specific conditions also influence this balance. We test our hypotheses using a sample of 447 cross‐border acquisitions of small high‐tech firms by large listed firms between 2001 and 2014. Our findings confirm our expectations and highlight the role of micro‐foundational characteristics in shaping the effect of key macro‐level factors on the integration of high‐tech acquisitions in international contexts.
Feasibility of laparoscopic stapled partial cystectomy in canine cadavers
Authors: Reyes Bianca C. , Scharf Valery F.
Published: October 2023

Objective

To describe a technique for laparoscopic partial cystectomy and evaluate sealing of canine urinary bladder tissue with an endoscopic stapler.

Study Design

Prospective, cadaveric study.

Sample Population

Eleven canine cadavers.

Methods

Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was performed with an endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA) stapler. Leak testing and urodynamic evaluation was performed to measure intravesical pressure at initial leakage and catastrophic failure or the maximum pressure at which intravesical pressure plateaued. Surgical time, complications, and site of leakage were also recorded.

Results

Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was successfully performed in 10 of 11 cadavers. Median procedure time was 13.6 min (10.1–15.2 min). Median intravesical pressure at initial leakage was 31 mmHg (28–56 mmHg) with a median increase from initial pressure of 15 mmHg (11–37 mmHg). No catastrophic failure of the cystectomy site was observed during leak testing. Intravesical pressure plateaued at a median of 52 mmHg (39–73 mmHg), which was a median of 13 mmHg (8–23 mmHg) higher than intravesical pressure at initial leakage. The median total volume infused at the time of plateau of intravesical pressure was 89 mL (58–133 mL).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic stapled partial cystectomy was feasible in canine cadavers. Endoscopic GIA staplers appear to seal the canine urinary bladder with minimal leakage.

Clinical Significance

Use of an endoscopic GIA stapler may provide a minimally invasive option for partial cystectomy in dogs. Further evaluation for application to clinical cases is warranted.
Arriba la razón, abajo los cuerpos. Kant y el concepto de capacidad
Authors: Guevara Aristizábal Juan Felipe
Published: October 2023

Este artículo rastrea el concepto de capacidad en la filosofía crítica, así como en la transición a la misma, de Immanuel Kant con el fin de reconstruir sus usos y los efectos que tiene para la reflexión filosófica posterior, atendiendo, en especial, a la manera en la que se ha construido al sujeto racional universal. Los efectos derivados de este análisis serán contrastados con algunas perspectivas críticas sobre la (dis)capacidad y el capacitismo con el fin de cuestionar las posturas kantianas y mostrar la productividad filosófica de una aproximación anacrónica que pone en contacto la historia de la filosofía en Occidente con el presente problemático que vivimos.
Filosofía en crisis: la concepción de los derechos humanos de Guillermo Hoyos-Vásquez en el contexto del estatuto de seguridad nacional (1978-1982)
Authors: Corzo Laverde Herwin
Published: October 2023

En la segunda mitad del siglo xx en Colombia surgió una concepción de los derechos humanos crítica del contexto sociopolítico y auspiciadora de las teorías modernas de los derechos como gramáticas del conflicto político. Guillermo Hoyos-Vásquez desplegó su formación filosófica, en especial a través de autores como Marx, Marcuse y Ricoeur, para ejercer la crítica de la situación de derechos humanos en el contexto del Estatuto de Seguridad Nacional, en medio del estado de sitio, las torturas sistemáticas y la represión estatal y paraestatal (1978-1982). Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar esta concepción en la que la referencia al mundo concreto, la lucha política y el carácter ideológico de los derechos era ineludible, a partir de la reconstrucción de las fuentes filosóficas que el autor puso en juego.
Continuous Stereolithography 3D Printing of Multi-Network Hydrogels in Triply Periodic Minimal Structures With Tunable Mechanical Strength for Energy Absorption
Authors: Guo Zipeng , Yang Ruizhe , Liu Jun , Armstrong Jason , Zhao Ruogang , Zhou Chi
Published: October 2023

This work presents a fast additive manufacturing (AM) protocol for fabricating multi-network hydrogels. A gas-permeable PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) film creates a polymerization-inhibition zone, enabling continuous stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of hydrogels. The fabricated multi-bonding network integrates rigid covalent bonding and tough ionic bonding, allowing effective tuning of elastic modulus and strength for various loading conditions. The 3D-printed triply periodic minimal structures (TPMS) hydrogels exhibit high compressibility with up to 80% recoverable strain. Additionally, dried TPMS hydrogels display novel energy/impact absorption properties. By comparing uniform and gradient TPMS hydrogels, we analyze their energy/impact absorption capability of the 3D-printed specimens. We use finite element analysis (FEA) simulation studies to reveal the anisotropy and quasi-isotropy behavior of the TPMS structures, providing insights for designing and controlling TPMS structures for energy absorption. Our findings suggest that gradient TPMS hydrogels are preferable energy absorbers with potential applications in impact resistance and absorption.
Constraining the Feasible Design Space in Bayesian Optimization With User Feedback
Authors: Jetton Cole , Campbell Matthew , Hoyle Christopher
Published: October 2023

This paper develops a method to integrate user knowledge into the optimization process by simultaneously modelling feasible design space and optimizing an objective function. In engineering, feasible design space is a constraint similar to those in optimization problems. However, not all constraints can be explicitly written as mathematical functions. This includes manufacturing concerns, ergonomic issues, complex geometric considerations, or exploring material options for a particular application. There needs to be a way to integrate designer knowledge into the design process and, preferably, use that to guide an optimization problem. In this research, these constraints are modeled using classification surrogate models and incorporated with Bayesian optimization. By suggesting design options to a user and allowing them to box off areas of feasible and infeasible designs, the method models both the feasible design space and an objective function probability of new design targets that are more optimal and have a high probability of being feasible. This proposed method is first proven with test optimization problems to show viability then is extended to include user feedback. This paper shows that by allowing users to box off areas of feasible and infeasible designs, it can effectively guide the optimization process to a feasible solution.
Experimental Investigation of Local Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Plate Heat Exchanger Using a Thin Heat Transfer Surface
Authors: Hirokawa Tomoki , Yamasaki Ayarou , Kawanami Osamu
Published: October 2023

This paper presents an experimental investigation of local heat transfer characteristics of single-phase flow in a plate heat exchanger (PHE). The local heat transfer coefficient is evaluated using a test section with PHE geometry for measuring wall temperature distribution. The test section of 1.5 mm thickness is employed to consider the heat conduction effect of the heat transfer plate. The results indicated that the local heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the development of the thermal boundary layer along the flow direction and the maldistribution of water flows along both the direction perpendicular to the flow and the stacking direction. The harmonic mean heat transfer coefficient calculated by the measured local heat transfer coefficient agrees with the average heat transfer coefficient evaluated by the modified Wilson plot method within ±25% and within ±16% for the hot side and the cold side, respectively.
Stromal BMP signaling regulates mucin production in the large intestine via interleukin-1/17
Authors: Wang Yalong , Lou Ruoyu , Zhang Zhe , Xiao Chuyu , Yu Shicheng , Wei Siting , Liu Yuan , Fu Wei , Li Baojie , Chen Ye-Guang
Published: October 2023

Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is critical for intestinal development, homeostasis, and function performance. Although the function of BMP signaling in the intestinal epithelium is well appreciated, the direct effect of BMP on intestinal stromal cells is poorly understood. Here, we show that disruption of BMP signaling by genetic ablation of
Alk3
or
Smad4
expands the stromal cell pool, the mucosa tumefaction, and colonic polyposis in the large intestine. Interleukin (IL) secretion by stromal cells is notably increased, including IL-1, IL-11, and IL-17. Specifically, IL-1 and IL-17a hyperactivate the mucin production by goblet cells through nuclear factor κB signaling, and abnormal mucin accumulation results in the morphological changes, epithelial barrier destruction, and polyposis development. Together, our results provide an insight into the role of BMP signaling in intestinal stromal cells to regulate epithelium function. This study further highlights the role of mucin-producing goblet cells in intestinal homeostasis and colitis development.
Deciphering sources of PET signals in the tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma at cellular resolution
Authors: Bartos Laura M. , Kirchleitner Sabrina V. , Kolabas Zeynep Ilgin , Quach Stefanie , Beck Alexander , Lorenz Julia , Blobner Jens , Mueller Stephan A. , Ulukaya Selin , Hoeher Luciano , Horvath Izabela , Wind-Mark Karin , Holzgreve Adrien , Ruf Viktoria C. , Gold Lukas , Kunze Lea H. , Kunte Sebastian T. , Beumers Philipp , Park Ha Eun , Antons Melissa , Zatcepin Artem , Briel Nils , Hoermann Leonie , Schaefer Rebecca , Messerer Denise , Bartenstein Peter , Riemenschneider Markus J. , Lindner Simon , Ziegler Sibylle , Herms Jochen , Lichtenthaler Stefan F. , Ertürk Ali , Tonn Joerg C. , von Baumgarten Louisa , Albert Nathalie L. , Brendel Matthias
Published: October 2023

Various cellular sources hamper interpretation of positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We developed an approach of immunomagnetic cell sorting after in vivo radiotracer injection (scRadiotracing) with three-dimensional (3D) histology to dissect the cellular allocation of PET signals in the TME. In mice with implanted glioblastoma, translocator protein (TSPO) radiotracer uptake per tumor cell was higher compared to tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs), validated by protein levels. Translation of in vitro scRadiotracing to patients with glioma immediately after tumor resection confirmed higher single-cell TSPO tracer uptake of tumor cells compared to immune cells. Across species, cellular radiotracer uptake explained the heterogeneity of individual TSPO-PET signals. In consideration of cellular tracer uptake and cell type abundance, tumor cells were the main contributor to TSPO enrichment in glioblastoma; however, proteomics identified potential PET targets highly specific for TAMs. Combining cellular tracer uptake measures with 3D histology facilitates precise allocation of PET signals and serves to validate emerging novel TAM-specific radioligands.
Use of a microgravity analog to explore the effects of simulated microgravity on the development of
Escherichia coli
K12 biofilms
Authors: Hicks Janelle , Topolski Collin , Chavez Alba A. , Castillo Hugo A.
Published: October 2023

The rapid development of space technologies and the increase of human presence in space has brought the discussion of the effects of microgravity on cells into the undergraduate classroom. This paper proposes an idea to simulate microgravity on a bacterial culture, suitable for an introductory microbiology laboratory. For this purpose, we show the use of a 2D clinostat designed for microbial studies, along with traditional microbiology techniques such as optical density, plate counts, and biofilm biomass measurement to test the effect of simulated microgravity on the growth of
Escherichia coli
K12. This exercise aims to facilitate further discussions on the effects of microgravity on bacteria growth and communication, as well as the use of technology to simulate space and predict physiological changes in cells.
HTLV-1 biofilm polarization maintained by tetraspanin CD82 is required for efficient viral transmission
Authors: Arone Coline , Martial Samuel , Burlaud-Gaillard Julien , Thoulouze Maria-Isabel , Roingeard Philippe , Dutartre Hélène , Muriaux Delphine
Published: October 2023

The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus whose transmission relies primarily on cell-to-cell contacts as cell-free viruses are poorly infectious. Among the intercellular transmission routes described, HTLV-1 biofilms are adhesive structures polarized at the cell surface that confine virions in a protective environment, which is believed to promote their simultaneous delivery during infection. Here, we show that several tetraspanins are enriched in HTLV-1 biofilms and incorporated into the viral envelope. However, we report that only the tetraspanin CD82 interacts with HTLV-1 Gag proteins which initiates their polarization into viral biofilms. Also, we demonstrate that CD82 maintains HTLV-1 biofilm polarization and favors viral transmission, as its silencing induces a complete reorganization of viral clusters at the cell surface and reduces the ability of infected T-cells to transmit the virus. Our results highlight the crucial role of CD82 and its glycosylation state in the architectural organization of HTLV-1 biofilms and their subsequent transfer through intercellular contacts.

IMPORTANCE

In the early stages of infection, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) dissemination within its host is believed to rely mostly on cell-to-cell contacts. Past studies unveiled a novel mechanism of HTLV-1 intercellular transmission based on the remodeling of the host-cell extracellular matrix and the generation of cell-surface viral assemblies whose structure, composition, and function resemble bacterial biofilms. These polarized aggregates of infectious virions, identified as viral biofilms, allow the bulk delivery of viruses to target cells and may help to protect virions from immune attacks. However, viral biofilms’ molecular and functional description is still in its infancy, although it is crucial to fully decipher retrovirus pathogenesis. Here, we explore the function of cellular tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, CD82) that we detect inside HTLV-1 particles within biofilms. Our results demonstrate specific roles for CD82 in the cell-surface distribution and intercellular transmission of HTLV-1 biofilms, which we document as two essential parameters for efficient viral transmission. At last, our findings indicate that N-glycosylation of cell-surface molecules, including CD82, is required for the polarization of HTLV-1 biofilms and for the efficient transmission of HTLV-1 between T-lymphocytes.
Distinct gut microbial communities and functional predictions in divergent ophiuroid species: host differentiation, ecological niches, and adaptation to cold-water habitats
Authors: Dong Yue , Li Yixuan , Ge Meiling , Takatsu Tetsuya , Wang Zongling , Zhang Xuelei , Ding Dewen , Xu Qinzeng
Published: October 2023

Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a crucial role in host survival and adaptation, but information on host-specific selection or environmental factors that shape the microbiome in natural populations is limited. In this study, we employed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the composition and predicted the functions of gut microbiota of two ophiuroid species (
Ophiura sarsii
and its subspecies
O. sarsii vadicola
) from cold-water habitats across three geographically distant sea areas in the Northern Pacific Ocean. We also explored the potential influence of the host and environment on the microbiota. The two ophiuroids possessed diverse microbial communities, with Proteobacteria being the most dominant phylum in all four groups.
Aliivibrio
was the predominant genus in
O. sarsii
from the Bering Sea, while
Candidatus
Hepatoplasma was the dominant genus in
O. sarsii
from the Japan Sea and
O. sarsii vadicola
from the Yellow Sea. Predicted bacterial functions indicated that most of the pathways with significant differences belonged to metabolism and genetic information processing. Notably, no significant difference was observed between the two coexisting ophiuroid species in the Japan Sea. The high similarity in microbial communities between
O. sarsii
from the Japan Sea and
O. sarsii vadicola
from the Yellow Sea may be attributed to their analogous ecological niche. The host and the environment jointly shape the composition of the gut microbial community. The presence of specific microorganisms supports the ecological success of ophiuroids across diverse environments, providing a foundation for host adaptation to cold-water habitats.

IMPORTANCE

Gastrointestinal microorganisms are critical to the survival and adaptation of hosts, and there are few studies on the differences and functions of gastrointestinal microbes in widely distributed species. This study investigated the gut microbes of two ophiuroid species (
Ophiura sarsii
and its subspecies
O. sarsii vadicola
) in cold-water habitats of the Northern Pacific Ocean. The results showed that a combination of host and environmental factors shapes the intestinal microbiota of ophiuroids. There was a high similarity in microbial communities between the two groups living in different regions, which may be related to their similar ecological niches. These microorganisms played a vital role in the ecological success of ophiuroids as the foundation for their adaptation to cold-water environments. This study revealed the complex relationship between hosts and their gut microbes, providing insights into the role they play in the adaptation and survival of marine species.
Two-phase kinematic evolution of the Qilian Shan, northern Tibetan Plateau: Initial Eocene−Oligocene deformation that accelerated in the mid-Miocene
Authors: Li Bing , Qi Bangshen , Chen Xuanhua , Zuza Andrew V. , Hu Daogong , Sun Yujun , Wang Zeng-Zhen , Zhang Yiping
Published: October 2023

The Cenozoic growth of the Tibetan Plateau and the distribution of deformation across it are a consequence of India-Asia collision and continued convergence, which have implications for studies of continental tectonics. The spatio-temporal development of Cenozoic deformation along the northern margin of the plateau is an important issue that can be better understood by testing various models of plateau growth. The northern Tibetan Plateau is bounded by the Cenozoic Qilian Shan thrust belt and the Haiyuan left-slip fault. We conducted geologic mapping, field observations, electron spin resonance (ESR) dating, and apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) and apatite fission-track (AFT) analysis in the Qilian Shan thrust belt to improve our understanding of the timing of brittle faulting and range exhumation in the northern Tibetan Plateau. We document the first direct age constraints for Oligocene deformation within the central Qilian Shan via ESR dating, which correlates with AHe-AFT cooling ages in adjacent ranges. We demonstrate that the Qilian Shan thrust belt experienced a two-phase growth history, including Eocene−Oligocene fault-related uplift shortly after the India-Asia convergence, and mid-Miocene regional overprinting deformation that reactivated the proximal thrust faults. This deformational pattern suggests that the Qilian Shan thrust belt has experienced out-of-sequence development since the Eocene−Oligocene and has persisted as the stationary northeastern boundary of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen throughout the Cenozoic. The Paleozoic Qilian suture systems acted as a pre-existing weakness and played a decisive role in controlling the lithospheric rheology, which therefore impacted the timing, pattern, and strain distribution of Cenozoic deformation across the northern Tibetan Plateau.
Supplemental Material: Origin of Archean Pb isotope variability through open-system Paleoarchean crustal anatexis
Authors: Hartnady Michael I.H. , al. et
Published: October 2023

Analytical details and Pb isotope data tables.  
Supplemental Material: In situ U-Pb dating of carbonate veins in Cambrian shales constrains fluid flow and hydrocarbon evolution at the southeastern margin of the Upper Yangtze platform, southwestern China
Authors: Fan Qingqing , Liu Dadong , et al.
Published: October 2023

Carbonate U-Pb isotope data, rare earth element data, and carbon and oxygen isotope data. 
Salinity as a Factor Limiting the Potential Taxonomic Richness of Crustaceans in Ecosystems of Hypersaline Reservoirs around the World (Review)
Authors: Anufriieva E. V. , Shadrin N. V.
Published: October 2023

Crustaceans (Crustacea) are one of the most diverse and successful groups in the biosphere, having also mastered different extreme habitats (in addition to freshwater and marine). Based on our own data and >200 literary sources, the way in which the degree of environmental extremeness can limit a potential taxonomic richness of crustaceans has been analyzed using the example of hypersaline waters. It is demonstrated that, with an increase in salinity, the number of classes and orders of the subtype Crustacea decreases linearly; the number of genera and species decreases exponentially. With an increase in environment salinity, the contribution of Arthropoda species to a total species richness of animals in hypersaline waters increases from 49 to 100%, the contribution of Crustacea species to the total species richness of Arthropoda increases from 66 to 78%, and the contribution of Branchiopoda to the species richness of Crustacea increases from 19 to 71%. In hypersaline reservoirs of Crimea in the range from 35 to 120 g/L, salinity is not the main factor determining the species richness and composition of the fauna. A combination of all other factors (first and foremost biotic) plays a more important role, and salinity becomes a tough environmental filter only at higher values (>100–120 g/L).
Practices, perceptions and trust of the public regarding online drug purchasing: a web-based survey from Jordan
Authors: Gharaibeh Lobna , Alameri Mariam Ahmad , Al-Kabariti Aya Y , Alsa'd Alhareth A , Abed Anas , Karameh Nida , Aldeeb Ibrahim D
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Online purchasing, including drugs, increased dramatically in the last decade especially through the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and attitudes of consumers concerning online drug purchasing and assess their perceptions regarding the benefits and disadvantages.

Design

A web-based survey conducted through a self-administered questionnaire that was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee, ethical approval number: IRB/Al-Ahliyya Amman University/3/13/2021-2022. Cronbach’s alpha for the attributes of benefits and disadvantages was 0.608 and 0.744, respectively. Primary outcome measures were extent of trust of the public in online drug purchasing using Likert scale. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess predictors of the trust score.

Settings

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Participants

Inclusion criteria; residents of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 18 years or older. The questionnaire was distributed through snowball effect via different social media.

Results

A total of 428 participants filled the questionnaire, their average age was 29.7±11.2. Almost all participants, 419 (98.6%) use the internet daily but only 79 (18.6%) participants shop online regularly. Fifty participants (11.8%) purchased drugs online and they had higher benefits score of online purchasing compared with those who did not buy drugs online, 12.5±3.7 and 10.9±3.1, respectively, p=0.002. Participant who purchased drugs online had an increase in trust score of 0.847 compared with those who did not purchase drugs online, p<0.001. In the multivariate model, participants with education level of high school or higher than high school, compared with those with education lower than high school had an increase in trust score of 1.336 (p=0.026) and 1.137 (p=0.039), respectively.

Conclusion

The public recognises the risks in buying drugs online. Awareness campaigns and regulations that control and monitor online drug purchasing should be implemented.
Association between perioperative statin treatment and short-term clinical outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lefeber Geert , Dautzenberg Lauren , Knol Wilma , Huijbers Carla , Voskuil Michiel , Kraaijeveld Adriaan O , Bouvy Marcel , de Boer Anthonius , Emmelot-Vonk Marielle , Koek Huiberdina L
Published: October 2023

Background

Studies have found statin treatment to be associated with improved 1-year survival after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), suggesting pleiotropic effects of statins on preventing perioperative complications. Statin treatment is not associated with postoperative cardiovascular complications or mortality; however, other postoperative complications have not been investigated.

Aim

To explore whether preoperative statin treatment is associated with a lower short-term risk of mortality, readmission and major postoperative complications in older patients undergoing TAVI.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study including patients aged 65 years and older who had undergone a comprehensive geriatric assessment prior to TAVI between January 2014 and January 2021. The primary outcomes were 90-day mortality, 90-day readmissions and major postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Multivariable logistic regression was performed with adjustment for potential confounders, namely age, gender, comorbidity, body mass index, smoking, diminished renal function, alcohol use and falls .

Results

This study included 584 patients, of whom 324 (55.5%) were treated with a statin. In the statin treated group, 15 (4.6%) patients died within 90 days of TAVI compared with 10 (3.8%) patients in the non statin group (adjusted OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.51 to 2.70). The number of 90-day readmissions was 39 (12.0%) and 34 (13.1%) (adjusted OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.54 to 1.52), respectively. In the statin treated group, 115 (35.5%) patients experienced a major complication compared with 98 (37.7%) in the non-statin group (adjusted OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.67 to 1.37).

Conclusion

Preoperative statin treatment is not associated with improved short-term outcomes after TAVI. A randomised controlled trial with different statin doses may be warranted to investigate whether initiating statin treatment before TAVI improves both postoperative outcomes and long-term survival.