bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Police Deception Tactics and Public Consent in the United States and Great Britain
Authors: Panzarella Robert , Funk Joanna
Published: March 2007

Various deception tactics have become commonplace in police work, such as "sting operations" for snaring burglars, alluding to non-existent witnesses during interrogations, and "abscam" type operations. Courts have accepted such practices in the belief that (1) deception is a preferred substitute for coercion and (2) deception can be limited to the investigation stage without extending to the courtroom phase of a case. A survey of both American and British police, police superiors and civilians inquired about the acceptability of deception tactics. Only minor differences were found between these different groups in terms of their approval of deception tactics. All groups showed a generally high level of approval. But there were differences in terms of the kinds of situations in which deception was regarded as acceptable. The consistent finding was that there was greater approval of a deception tactic if the tactic was believed to be in common use. However, widespread use of deception tactics seems to have injured the credibility of police testimony in court cases. It is suggested that police agencies attempt to formulate specific guidelines regarding the use of deception tactics.
Symbols, And Policymaking In Corrections
Authors: Lovell Rick , Stojkovic Stan
Published: March 2007

The development of corrections policy is often complex and confusing. The authors argue that myths and symbols affect the policy making process in corrections, contributing to preservation of the status quo. Four prominent myths are discussed as examples of those which impact the process. The role of myths and symbols is discussed. The authors argue that constructive change is dependent on dispelling the myths which contribute to organizational status quo.
Editorial Introduction: The Evolution of the Concepts Correctional Organization and Organizational Change
Authors: Gido Rosemary L.
Published: March 2007

The five papers in this special issue of the Criminal Justice Policy Review focus on the concepts of correctional organization and organiza tional change and reflect a sampling of theoretical and research efforts to understand these concepts at the micro and macro policy level. Each arti cle links us to definitions, studies, and debates that have evolved over the last forty years in criminology and criminal justice centering on the idea of the organization as a system. The "system theme" in the papers includes the conceptualization of the prison as a complex social system, theory and research on correctional and criminal justice system change, and the application of systems management principles to the improve ment of correctional/criminal justice agency operations.
Quality Management In Corrections: Implementation Issues and Potential Policy Implications
Authors: Stinchcomb Jeanne B.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, correctional managers have become subject to what has been characterized as "micro-management" by state legislatures seeking to appease public demands for punitive measures ranging from chain gangs to striped uniforms. Although such measures may not necessarily be supported by professionals in the field, neither has correctional leader ship taken collective action to oppose legislative interference with internal practices. But while correctional administrators may not be exerting a substantial impact on externally-generated public policy, many have begun to reshape the internal nature of their organizations in keeping with current "total quality management" (TQM) trends. In fact, the National Institute of Corrections since 1993 has been offering such training pro grams for teams of participants from institutional and community-based correctional agencies throughout the country. This post-training follow- up explores the extent to which TQM concepts subsequently have been transferred from the classroom to the workplace, and reveals the strategies used to overcome implementation obstacles faced by the participants upon return. Moreover, it raises issues concerning the applicability of TQM driven leadership to the external arena of future public policy-making.
Challenging the State-socialist Order: a New Social Movement in Poland
Authors: Wylie Gillian
Published: March 2007

Though their environmental problems are even more severe and their arms expenditures at least as high as those in the West, the political systems of the East European countries rule out the emergence of independent and vigorous environmentalist movements or peace movements comparable to those in the West. It is relatively easy for the ruling elite to simply ignore such issues, officially the problems underlying them exist only in the capitalist West.
From Confrontation to Social Contract
Authors: Rumiantsev Oleg G.
Published: March 2007

“We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these Rights Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”
Cultural Views of Breastfeeding Among High-School Female Students in Japan and the United States: A Survey
Authors: Yeo SeonAe , Mulholland Phyllis M. , Hirayama Munehiro , Breck Sandra
Published: March 2007

This study compares the attitudes toward breastfeeding of high-school students in Japan and the United States. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample (N=329). Data were collected in 1989 and 1990 at two private, girls-only high schools (Tokyo, Japan and Farmington, Michigan). Retrieval rates were 100 percent (Tokyo) and 78 percent (Michigan) respectively. Responses were compared by the chi-square (x2) test with Yate's correction and factor analyses.

Tokyo students perceived that their mothers talked positively about breastfeeding (54 percent), while only 17 percent of Michigan students reported that their mothers did so (<.001). Less than five percent of the Tokyo students felt that breastfeeding disturbs family life, whereas nearly 98 percent of the Michigan students felt so (p<.001). Tokyo students scored significantly higher on the 'family' factor, while the Michigan students scored significantly higher on the 'self factor.

Overall, this study indicates that high school students in Japan have more positive attitudes toward breastfeeding than students in the United States; however, teenagers in the United States are more interested than their Japanese age-mates in gaining information about breastfeeding.
Infant Feeding Practices in a Russian and a United States City: Patterns and Comparisons
Authors: Miner Judy , Witte Diane J. , Nordstrom David L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to compare infant feeding practices in two rural cities, one located in the midwest of the USA and the other northeast of Moscow in Russia. During the month of October 1991, questionnaires were distributed to new mothers in Stevens Point, Wisconsin and in Rostov-Veliky, Russia. All new mothers were breastfeeding their infants in Russia at the time of hospital discharge. In the Wisconsin city, 60 percent of new mothers were breastfeeding. Russian mothers received more societal support for breastfeeding, with longer maternity leave and childcare facilities provided in the workplace.
Medical Professionals' Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding
Authors: Lazzaro Ellen , Anderson Jennifer , Auld Garry
Published: March 2007

This study examined the attitudes toward breastfeeding of medical professionals working with pregnant or new mothers. Most advocated breastfeeding to mothers who had not made an infant feeding decision; fewer talked about breastfeeding during the first trimester; and many recommended that mothers supplement a breastfed infant with prepared commercial baby milk. All agreed that a mother's return to work led to early discontinuance of breastfeeding and that the family is a major influence on a mother's decision to breastfeed. Tb increase the prevalence of breastfeeding, the study group recommended prenatal education, participation in support groups, and promotion of breastfeeding through the media.
Infant Insufficient Milk Syndrome Associated with Maternal Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Willis Claire Elizabeth , Livingstone Verity
Published: March 2007

Insufficient milk syndrome is defined as failure to thrive in infants due to insufficient daily breastmilk intake. This discussion examines a possible association between insufficient milk syndrome and maternal postpartum hemorrhage. Ten consecutive cases of insufficient milk syndrome associated with maternal postpartum hemorrhage were identified. The mothers presented between 3 and 35 days postpartum. Maternal postpartum blood loss ranged from 500-1500 ml in eight cases (mean: 963 ml); in two cases, blood loss was noted as 400++ and 200++, respectively. Six mothers experienced a drop of hemoglobin by >30g/L; two had a drop in blood pressure >30mmHg for >20 minutes. All infants were failing to thrive. Five infants suffered hypernatremic dehydration with serum sodium levels ranging from 148-166mmolfL. Breastmilk electrolytes were measured in six cases, and elevated sodium levels, ranging from 21-lO Ommol/L, in five cases. These data serve to heighten awareness of insufficient milk syndrome as a potential consequence of postpartum hemorrhage. Early postpartum review of all breast-feeding mothers and infants is strongly encouraged.
A Standing Order for In-Hospital Lactation Consultation
Authors: Shrago Linda C.
Published: March 2007

Written criteria for referral can clarify the circumstances in which the services of a lactation consultant could benefit postpartum hospital patients. These criteria are identified as a component of a hospital's "Standards of Care for Breastfeeding Families."
Effects of Cabbage Leaf Extract on Breast Engorgement
Authors: Roberts Kathryn L. , Reiter Maureen , Schuster Diane
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of cabbage leaf extract was compared with that of a placebo in treating breast engorgement in lactating women. In a double-blind experiment with a pretest/posttest design, 21 participants received a cream containing cabbage leaf extract, while 18 received placebo cream. The placebo group received equal relief to the treated group, with the two groups showing no difference on all outcome measures. However, mothers perceived both creams to be effective in relieving discomfort. Feeding had a greater effect than the application of cream on relieving discomfort and decreasing tissue hardness. It is therefore recommended that lactation consultants encourage mothers to breastfeed if possible to relieve the discomfort of breast engorgement.
Implementing Breastfeeding Education in the Academic Setting
Authors: Montgomery Kristen S.
Published: March 2007

It is well known in the lactation community that many of our generalist health care providers are inadequately prepared to manage breastfeeding dyads. In response to the need for skilled health care providers, a breastfeeding course was developed and implemented. The course was offered within a school of nursing, but open to all interested participants. Course content included the physiology of the mammary glands and related anatomy, breastfeeding support, medical complications, research, legislation, and technologies. In addition to obtaining critical-thinking skills to manage breastfeeding mothers and infants, students also developed a supportive network of colleagues with whom they can collaborate and to whom they can refer families. In the future we are considering expanding the curriculum to include more practical and community experiences.
Strippers and Screamers
Authors: MONTEMURRO BETH
Published: March 2007

This article explores the emergence of social control in a specific, noninstitutionalized setting: the male strip club. While male strippers have been around for the past two decades, clubs in which men strip are still few and far between and remain places where few regulars and many club “virgins” frequent. Thus, the norms of interaction are not by any means established or institutionalized. Based on existing literature on exotic dancers, as well as observation and interviews with employees at a male strip club, the development of norms and rules of social control of both dancers and club patrons is examined. Violations and responses to violations of both simple and bureaucratic norms/rules of social control are also discussed.
Problems in The Study of the Stigmatized Majority a Review Essay : New Ethnographies
Authors: Warren Carol A. B.
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and annotated by the New Ethnographies Editor and by readers who discover ethnographies, write annotations of them, and send in these annotations. Readers are invited to report ethnographies they discover, especially those found in irregular sources, including M.A. and Ph.D. theses. They will be printed, with credit, within limits of space and multiple submission. Please limit the annotations to about 150-200 words. Direct all correspondence to John J. Johnson, New Ethnographies Editor, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281.
Institutional Control and the Christmas Festival in a Maximum Security Penitentiary
Authors: Marquart James W. , Roebuck Julian B.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the relationship between the social structure of a southern penitentiary and the character of its Christmas festival at two points in time, one prior to and one after court-ordered reforms. Prior to the reforms Christmas involved a vibrant collective celebration during which the normally brutal system of inmate control was temporarily relaxed and both inmates and guards engaged in a wide range of unusual behaviors. Recent extensive reforms, which made the prison's system of control more bureaucratic and legalistic, were accompanied by the decline and near disappearance of the festival. The findings show that different social structures and systems of social control generate different institutional celebrations.
Marks of Mischief
Authors: Sanders Clinton R.
Published: March 2007

Following a general discussion of body alteration practices and a presentation of the history of tattooing in Western culture, this article focuses on the process a person goes through in deciding to be tattooed and the effect of this decision on the tattooee's self-definition and social experience. The data are drawn from six years of participant observation in a variety of tattoo settings, 163 structured questionnaires, and 16 lengthy, semistructured interviews with tattooed people. The importance of the tattoo as both a “mark of disaffiliation” from conventional society and a symbolic affirmation of personal identity and association is emphasized.
TURN-ONS FOR MONEY
Authors: RONAI CAROL RAMBO , ELLIS CAROLYN
Published: March 2007

Using participant observation, retrospective and interactive introspection, and interviews, we describe interactional strategies used by erotic dancers to sell “table dances.” In contrast to past studies, we concentrate on the dynamic, processual nature of the exchange from the point of view of dancers and the dancer as researcher. Instead of emphasizing the deviant aspects of this interaction, we view it as representing a microcosm of strategies used to gain and maintain control in “respectable” exchanges, such as those employed by women in negotiating gender relationships and by sellers in buyer-dominated service occupations.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Henslin James M.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to David A. Snow, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
LADIES, FLIRTS, AND TOMBOYS
Authors: YOUNT KRISTEN R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses three basic strategies used by women coal miners to manage sexual harassment. “Ladies” sought to cast men into roles as gentlemen and withdrew socially when they encountered offensive behavior. This approach was often effective for older women but inhibited Ladies' promotion aspirations. “Flirts” engaged in interactions with men in a way perceived to be seductive. They were likely to receive come-ons from men which Flirts interpreted as flattery. However, they experienced severe harassment as a consensus grew that the women were using their sexuality to obtain preferential treatment. “Tomboys” emphasized an identity as miners and engaged in jocular/sexual interactions associated with the work role. They experienced a great deal of sexual “razzing” but this was often intended and interpreted as friendly, inclusionary treatment. Those Tomboys who reciprocated the level of vulgarity typical of men, however, risked escalation of razzing into harassing episodes that distressed them. Policy implications of the study include supportive programs for women and greater structuring in training and assignment procedures.
DISCOUNTING
Authors: PESTELLO FRED P.
Published: March 2007

Collectives occasionally find it necessary, or desirable, to engage in untoward acts. Problematic action, however, is a threat to both the individual identities of group members and the definition of the situation on which collective action rests. This study examines a means by which groups are able to selectively disregard their principles and still preserve definitions of themselves built on the violated ideals. The process is called discounting, four types of which were observed: coercion, exception, denial, and concealment. These rhetorical legitimations are grounded in data collected by the author as a participant observer at a “natural food” cooperative.
WHY CAN'T WE BE FRIENDS?
Authors: WHARTON CAROL S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the process of role-making for volunteers who work with teenage mothers. The volunteer role provides an illustration of how the interaction of organizational and individual factors affects the construction of roles. This study seeks to discover the relationship between role definitions and role enactments by focusing on the actors' starting role definitions and the events that influence their subsequent behavior. The author studied volunteers, who were known as family friends, in one program, through participant observation as a volunteer and through 25 in-depth interviews with other volunteers and program personnel. It was found that while the organization had a rather static definition of the family friend role, based on the program's ideology and its original conception of what family friends should do, the volunteers adapted the role to their own experiences. Those who felt that they had fulfilled the role satisfactorily were able to develop close relationships with the young mothers. Those who were not satisfied with their role-making had encountered various barriers that inhibited the development of friendships. The role-making process is thus interactional, shaped not only by structural and organizational conditions but by the responses of others within the setting.
ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
Authors: THOMAS ROBERT J.
Published: March 2007

Sociologists tend to pay far greater attention to the “impacts” of technology on work and organizations than they do to the process of achieving technological change. This is an unfortunate situation because it invites researchers to ignore the critical choices that organizational members make about what technology should do to organizations. Two detailed case studies of the entire process of change—from the decision to change an established technology to the implementation of a new one—suggest that early choices provide important clues as to later “impacts.” Close examination reveals that the process of choice is influenced as much by political considerations as it is by economic and technical ones.
SECURING OUR SANITY
Authors: DiIORIO JUDITH A. , NUSBAUMER MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2007

Just as emotions allow us to create and reinforce our sense of self, so too does emotional deviance challenge this sense. Anger, an emotion reflecting a feeling of injustice, is usually governed by an emotional culture that increasingly regards its expression as inappropriate. Anger is therefore experienced with a high level of anxiety. This article attempts to focus attention on how these experiences of emotional deviance are managed in situations where there is not only a lack of consensus but where anger management can be crucial to the creation and management of social conflicts. Over a 13-month period the researchers became immersed in such a setting through their activities as escorts at an abortion clinic where social conflicts between antiabortionists and police occurred on almost a weekly basis. Through their experiences and observations, the researchers show how, in certain contexts, anger management can become a basis for developing alternative interpretations, validating emotional selves, and creating group solidarity.
EMOTIONAL AND ETHICAL QUAGMIRES IN RETURNING TO THE FIELD
Authors: ELLIS CAROLYN
Published: March 2007

When returning to the site of prior research, ethnographers may find themselves embroiled in emotional and ethical quandaries with the people about whom they have written. This article details the conversations and emotional conflicts that erupted suddenly when I returned to a community about which I had published a previous ethnographic account. Writing the story gave me an opportunity to examine orthodox ethnographic research practices, such as omitting the autobiographical self and emotional responses from ethnographic texts. The return visit helped clarify connections between my personal life and the way I conducted fieldwork in this community, and it led me to recommend that ethnographic practices include an examination of how our experiences connect us with those we study rather than emphasize only how they set us apart.
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EVERYDAY LIFE
Authors: SMITH KENNETH J. , BELGRAVE LINDA LISKA
Published: March 2007

This is an ethnographic account based on interviews collected from people who rebuilt their lives after the devastation caused by Hurricane Andrew in August 1992 in Dade County, Florida. Three themes describe the recovery period: a time out from everyday life, life in “the zone,” and living between two worlds. Time out from everyday life is the initial postdisaster phase and describes the problems encountered in both the physical and the relational aspects of the intimate world—the household. Life in the zone is not a phase but rather a way of dealing with a community that lacked not only the comforts but also some of the necessities of everyday life; life in the zone was a life of shortages, scarcity, and frustration. The phase of living between two worlds describes the problems associated with constantly moving between the orderly and organized world of work and the disorganized world of home and neighborhood. Finally, for some, the inability to reconstruct former lives or continue with anticipated projects led to altered lives.
FEMINIST FIELDWORK IN THE MISOGYNIST SETTING OF THE RUGBY PITCH
Authors: SCHACHT STEVEN P.
Published: March 2007

Male sport settings and the actors involved in them often are quite misogynist in orientation. For feminist researchers who hope to undertake fieldwork, problems in entering and staying in such contexts may appear so exorbitant that they may preclude their participation in these types of settings. Drawing upon his experiences of undertaking feminist fieldwork in the overtly misogynist setting of the rugby pitch (playing field), the author explores some of the issues and problems associated with research in incompatible settings, offers some specific strategies for dealing with them, and notes the promise of this type of data collection. Ultimately, if one wants to maintain any semblance of a centered perspective and sanity, she or he must temporarily become a sylph—a being without a soul—to undertake fieldwork in these types of research environments.
DEFINING WOMEN
Authors: DUNN JENNIFER L.
Published: March 2007

A preliminary analysis of undergraduate women's accounts of early sexual experience examines structural factors and interpretations of these frameworks to explain decision making. The author articulates coercive historical, cultural, and hierarchical contexts; processes of interpretation; and interactional strategies. An examination of tactics women employ in their quest for valued identities shifts attention from victimization and agency to the negotiation of these identities and links individual actors to larger social structures. The author argues that a woman is neither simply the product of her circumstances (a victim) nor the producer of her world (a powerful female) but, rather, she is both.
A Methodology for Identifying the Drivers of Industrial Clusters: The Foundation of Regional Competitive Advantage
Authors: Hill Edward W. , Brennan John F.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a theoretically based method for identifying the clusters of industries in which a region has a competitive advantage. The method combines cluster analysis with discriminant analysis, using variables derived from economic base theory and measures of productivity, to identify the industries in which a region has its greatest competitive advantage. These industries are called driver industries because they drive the region’s economy. The driver industries are linked to supplier and customer industries with information from a region-specific input-output model to form industry clusters. After introductory comments about cluster-based approaches to understanding regional economies, the authors present an overview of their method and the variables used. They then apply this method to the Cleveland-Akron Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Do Northeast Ohio’s Drivers Derive Competitive Advantage from Shared Labor?
Authors: Fagan Jocelyn H.
Published: March 2007

Hill and Brennan, in an article in this issue, find statistical evidence of competitive industry clusters in the Cleveland-Akron Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) on the basis of buy-sell relationships. Several driver industries in the CMSA emerged (the driver industries in the CMSA are those around which other industries cluster due to competitive advantage). In this article, the author considers whether the CMSA’s driver industries also are here due to agglomeration economies in shared labor, that is, whether the drivers also derive competitive advantage from labor market externalities. For this purpose, she uses the cluster discriminant method explained by Hill and Brennan. The results of the analysis suggest that although the Cleveland-Akron CMSA’s driver industries do enjoy agglomeration economies in shared labor, shared labor is not a source of competitive advantage and does not explain why these industries are drivers in the region. In this article, the author considers two possible explanations.
Measuring Success in the Redevelopment of Former Military Bases: Evidence from a Case Study of the Truman Annex in Key West, Florida
Authors: Hill Catherine
Published: March 2007

Analysts argue that former military bases can be successfully redeveloped and that local economies can recover. Community leaders, however, remain unconvinced and continue to resist base closures. This article considers whether the argument for the economic feasibility of base reuse can be made stronger using case studies. A case study of the redevelopment of the Truman Annex in Key West, Florida, is presented, and its findings are compared with the results of survey and county-based control group analyses. Policy recommendations for communities facing base closures are outlined, including targeting federal resources to “at risk” communities, developing technical expertise within local government, and creating more effective mechanisms for public participation.
Diving into the “Third Waves” of Regional Governance and Economic Development Strategies: A Study of Regional Partnerships for Economic Development in U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Olberding Julie Cencula
Published: March 2007

In a number of areas in the United States, local governments, often with the help of private sector firms and nonprofit organizations, have voluntarily formed groups or alliances whose mission is to enhance the economy of a multijurisdictional area. This article presents the results of the first study of a large number of these “regional partnerships for economic development” ( N = 133) in U.S. metropolitan areas. The study concludes that the number of regional partnerships for economic development increased fourfold from the 1970s to the 1990s. Further, it finds that both government officials and business leaders play key roles in these regional partnerships, as participants, decision makers, and financial contributors. In addition, this study determines that the most common activities undertaken by these partnerships deal with marketing and government affairs.
International Trade and Economic Development
Authors: Weidenbaum Murray L.
Published: March 2007

Protectionist measures—government-imposed restrictions on imports—hurt regional economies in two ways. First, any help they provide to one region of the country is at the expense of several others. For instance, the recent protection of shakes and shingles produced from wood in the Northwest through an increased tariff prompted retaliation from Canada. That nation promptly increased its tariffs on a large number of agricultural and manufactured goods produced in many other regions of the United States. Second, all regions are hurt by U. S. barriers to imports. These barriers hamper the economic development of all regions by acting as a hidden drag on productivity and efficient allocation of resources. Protectionism also serves as a hidden tax on consumers, reducing the amount of income they can spend on other products. Freer trade is no guarantee of prosperity for any given region of the United States. Rather, it reduces the likelihood that any one region will suffer from the unfairness resulting from favoritism to another. For the country as a whole, the elimination of inefficient barriers to commerce makes likely more rapid rates of economic growth and higher living standards.
Plant Closings: New Roles for Policymakers
Authors: Portz John
Published: March 2007

Industrial plant closings pose significant policy concerns for state and local government officials. In response, policymakers have recently pursued a variety of proactive and interventionist strategies either to prevent a closing or to minimize negative consequences on a community. This article reviews various writings that describe two general strategies: a "hardball" approach in which policymakers use legal tools, such as closing notification laws and lawsuits, to alter a business's closing plans, and a "partnership" approach in which policy-makers work with a business firm, through financial or other forms of assistance, to prevent a closing or minimize negative consequences on the community.
The Linkage between Regional and Neighborhood Development
Authors: Wiewel Wim , Brown Bridget , Morris Marya
Published: March 2007

Current theories about regional and neighborhood development suggest that there are four mechanisms linking economic development at the regional and the neighborhood level. These mechanisms are (a) market processes, (b) the capitalist accumulation process, (c) the process of industrial change and corporate decision making, and (d) the political process. The literature on each of these sheds partial light on the linkage question and suggests a comprehensive, multilevel analytical model. However, much more research is needed to elaborate specific elements of the model.
Neighborhoods and Industrial Restructuring
Authors: Donaghy Kieran P. , Tannian Francis X.
Published: March 2007

This research note presents the results of a preliminary study in which census tract data have been used to (1) identify the nature of structural relationships existing between changes in the social, physical, and economic attributes of the neighborhoods of Wilmington, Delaware, and (2) determine how the effects of industrial restructuring have been transmitted through these structural relationships down to the neighborhood level. The calibrated structural model depicting these relationships is shown to be useful in determining the magnitude of the impact of a given type of industrial change on different attributes of a neighborhood. Examples considered include how a change in where a neighborhood's residents work affects the rate of appreciation of the neighborhood's housing values, how a change in the types of jobs held by a neighborhood's residents affects its physical environment, and how a shift in which industries employ a neighborhood's residents affects the stability of its families.
State Export Promotion for Economic Development
Authors: Archer Stephen H. , Maser Steven M.
Published: March 2007

As part of their economic development programs, state governments have begun a variety of activities to promote exporting by their local firms. To describe which promotional methods are being used and why, this article summarizes the results of a survey of state officials, incorporating information from other recent studies. Perhaps the least costly method is governments supplying information to businesses as a way of reducing the extraordinary uncertainties associated with exporting; almost all states do that. State laws or regulations may impede exporting; few states recognize that and few have done anything about it. Programs such as subsidized loans or intergovernmental cooperation are used in varying degrees. The efficiency and efficacy of any program turns in part on conditions peculiar to each state.
Telecommunications and Economic Development: The State and Local Role
Authors: Wilson Robert H. , Teske Paul E.
Published: March 2007

The telecommunications infrastructure of the U.S. is becoming an increasingly important component of the economy. In many industries, fast and efficient telecommunications is essential for survival in a competitive environment. The relation between telecommunications and economic development is not well understood, at least in terms of the actual or potential effect of public policy on this relationship. Furthermore, federal deregulation of telecommunications has placed greater policy responsibility on state and local governments. A better understanding of the telecommunications industry is important as state and local governments attempt to use telecommunications policy as a tool for economic development. This article serves three purposes: (1) to identify the forces of change in telecommunications policy, (2) to describe the linkages between telecommunications and economic development, and (3) to examine the policy making environment and public policy issues faced by state and local governments.
The Intrametropolitan Location of Corporate Offices: Implications for Economic Development Analysis
Authors: Eisenberg Joseph H. , Mittelbach Frank G.
Published: March 2007

This article uses zipcode-level data to examine the residential and economic correlates of three types of corporate offices (national and regional headquarters and administrative offices) within the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Our findings reveal positive locational associations between the presence of national headquarters and law firms, management consultants, and high-income residential areas. Administrative offices, on the other hand, exhibited negative locational associations with law firms and management consultants, but positive locational associations with banks, advertising firms, and residential areas with a high proportion of married people. The racial composition of the residential zipcodes in our sample was not significantly related to the presence of corporate offices. Theoretical issues and policy implications are discussed.
The Four Pitfalls of Local Economic Development
Authors: Jeep Edward G.
Published: March 2007

This article is an assertion of the fundamental need for local economic development to serve the purposes and respect the dynamics of human community, and the role of development professionals in clarifying that for communities. The author uses one community as a negative example to identify four ways in which the purposes and dynamics of human community must drive development: development of shared vision as a base, not just techniques; leadership that relies on group learning, not co-option or control; a sustained focus on process, not individual events; and an address of the roots of problems, not symptoms. The argument is based, not on the dictates of social science, but on the pragmatism of effectiveness.
The Importance of Import Substitution in Regional Economic Impact Analysis: Empirical Estimates from Two Cincinnati Area Events
Authors: Cobb Steven , Weinberg David
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to estimate the size of what the authors term the "import substitution effect" that may occur as part of the incremental economic impact (or economic growth) of a community-based economic event. This import substitution effect is simply the spending by local residents that is redirected from imports into the local economy because of the event. Estimates, which are survey based, are for two very different kinds of Cincinnati area events: the 1988 Tall Stacks Celebration and the 1990 Travel, Sports, and Boat Show. For both events, the size of the import substitution effect is comparable to that produced from exports, that is, spending by nonlocals in the local economy. As such, the authors believe that ignoring this import substitution effect may significantly understate the true incremental impact of local events.
The Importance of Local, State, and Federal Programs for Women Entrepreneurs
Authors: Strickland Mary , Burr Sara
Published: March 2007

Women-owned businesses currently employ more workers than the Fortune 500 largest companies. Strickland and Burrargue that women entrepreneurs are the fastest growing small business sector in the nation. Economic development programs should be expanded at the local, state, and federal government to maximize the strengths of these companies to increase their revenues, boost the tax base, and create jobs. These government programs will assist these businesses to create the jobs of the future.
More Women-Owned Businesses are Important; New Government Programs may not be
Authors: James Franklin J. , Clark Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

Strickland and Burr at once proclaim the utility of generally employeeless and undercapitalized sole proprietorships for women having few work options and assert that enough of these small businesses grow big that the group as a whole benefits the national economy. They miscast the first function as primarily facilitating the second. For many women, small business ownership is a short-term last resort and perhaps the sole way now to enlist some in service to the national economy. Greater national gain in the form of job growth and income enhancement, however, can be achieved in the longer term by diverting capital and labor to the wage and salary sector Policy fostering women's ownership of small business should have as its principal target women, not small business per se. Subsidies paid women-owned businesses impose opportunity costs associated more with skill development than growth in gross national product. Policy's main goal should be to aid women in securing skills and using them to maximum advantage on the open market unfettered by discrimination.
Brave New World: International Regulation of Subsidies and the Future of State and Local Economic Development Programs
Authors: Colgan Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Recent international trade agreements are likely to have profound effects on state and local development programs in coming years. The most important changes will come as a result of the new Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures concluded as part of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement and the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement may also affect development efforts. This article examines the new rules on subsidies and their implications for state and local economic development programs. It concludes that these programs are likely to come under increasing attack from trading partners of the United States. While there are limited exceptions to the new disciplines, many programs may have to be changed to comply with the new rules. Some programs may face countermeasures in other countries or may even be required to be removed by international dispute settlement procedures.
Exurban Industrialization: Implications for Economic Development Policy
Authors: Nelson Arthur C. , Drummond William J. , Sawicki David S.
Published: March 2007

Manufacturing is moving into the exurban countryside, away from central cities and their suburbs. However; manufacturing firms remain attracted to markets, labor, and transportation facilities and, therefore, tend to avoid remote areas. Increasing numbers of firms and employment are locating outside developed urban areas but not necessarily in the rural hinterlands. We call this middle area exurbia, and we call the process of manufacturing growth in this area exurban industrialization. It will fuel further population deconcentration and thus presents new opportunities for formerly rural communities within expanding urban territory. It also presents new challenges to communities competing for manufacturing firms. Finally, it presents fundamental challenges to manufacturing policy at all levels of government. This article uses economic base analysis to characterize exurban industrialization trends, discusses the nature of competition for new manufacturing jobs in this context, and reviews important policy implications.
Tax Costs and Employment Benefits of Enterprise Zones
Authors: Sridhar Kala Seetharam
Published: March 2007

This article answers a challenge raised against traditional economic development policy; recent research has shown that such policies, far from being zero sum, have positive-sum effects. The article examines these questions: Are the local benefits of tax incentives greater than the costs? Specifically, are benefits greatest in high-unemployment areas because of low reservation wages? If so, do such policies produce net benefits for a region, even if they redistribute jobs? To answer these questions, reservation wages are estimated as a function of unemployment. Net benefits and costs from new and relocated jobs are compared. The results indicate that overall local benefits are greater than the local costs of providing tax incentives. However untargeted provision of incentives is not recommended, even in high-unemployment areas. The article provides an alternative approach toward traditional policies and demonstrates that such policies do produce net benefits for the locality adopting them.
An Evaluation of California's Enterprise Zone Programs
Authors: Dowall David E.
Published: March 2007

In 1984, California joined the growing list of states adopting enterprise zone legislation in an attempt to stimulate targeted business development and employment growth within economically distressed areas. This article reports on a first-ever assessment of whether California's two enterprise zone programs have stimulated employment. The existing Enterprise Zone and Economic Incentive Area programs (referred to in the article collectively as enterprise zone programs) have produced very modest economic benefits, and there is little evidence to suggest that they have strengthened the economic advantages of California's zones. Shift-share analysis indicates that employment growth was lower than predicted in 11 of 13 areas. A survey of businesses indicates that in only 23 cases did zone program incentives influence plant location or expansion decisions. In and of themselves, zone incentives and resources have apparently done little to boost job creation and business investment.
Response: Michael Porter's Conservative Urban Agenda will not Revitalize America's Inner Cities: What will?
Authors: Bates Timothy
Published: March 2007

Once shorn of the fetters of government and meddling community groups, profit-seeking businesses will, according to Michael Porter, capitalize on the competitive advantages of the inner city. Will the ensuing business development dynamic create jobs for the impoverished of the inner city? The author does not think so. A properly compliant government and pro-business community groups, working in conjunction with large and small businesses, in fact, will accomplish little, absent a profound change in society's attitudes about why it is that poor urban areas are poor Society expects that ghetto redevelopment plans willfail, Those seeking change must highlight the success stories, energize the public-private partnerships, and prod businesses into investing in the city. One model of successful minority business development, Mesbic Ventures of Dallas, is put forth to highlight how job creation can become a reality in urban minority communities.
Assessing the Employment Impacts of the Los Angeles Civil Unrest of 1992: Furthering Racial Divisions
Authors: Johnson James H. , Farrell Walter C. , Toji Dean S.
Published: March 2007

Using data from a recent survey of over 4,000 households, the authors estimate that nearly 100,000 jobs were lost because of the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest and that only 26,000 jobs have been created in the rebuilding effort, resulting in a net loss of 74,000 jobs. Non-Hispanic Whites suffered 15% of the civil-unrest-related job loss, but they captured 60% of the employment opportunities created in the rebuilding process. The restoration efforts have done little to aid Hispanics, Blacks, and Asians, who made up 85% of those who lost jobs as a result of the civil disturbance. Instead, these efforts appear to have contributed to the growing racial and ethnic divisions in Los Angeles.
Matching the Disadvantaged to Job Opportunities: Structural Explanations for the Past Successes of the Center for Employment Training
Authors: Melendez Edwin , Harrison Bennett
Published: March 2007

The Center for Employment Training is generally acknowledged as an effective program for skills training and placing economically disadvantaged populations into entry-level jobs. Program success is explained by the ability to develop skills demanded by industry while becoming part of employers' own, trusted recruiting networks. These findings suggest the importance of social networks (connecting job seekers to employers) to the design of training programs.