bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calibration of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Prediction of Herbage Mass in Temperate Pasture
Authors: Laplacette Celina M. , Berone Germán D. , Utsumi Santiago A. , Insua Juan R.
Published: February 2025

Accurate estimation of herbage mass is crucial for managing pastoral livestock systems. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) sensors shows promise for high-resolution estimations of pasture herbage mass, but it is still unknown how this method differs among forage species, seasons, and pasture management practices. A commercial sensor was calibrated to predict herbage mass using NDVI. Additionally, the effect of different forage species, days of regrowth, and nitrogen (N) status on the relationship between NDVI and herbage mass was evaluated. Two pastures of tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), divided into 30 and 72 plots, respectively, were assessed during spring and autumn regrowth over two years in Balcarce, Argentina. Doses of 0, 50, and 100 kg N ha−1 were applied to tall wheatgrass, and 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 600 kg N ha−1 were applied to tall fescue to create variability in herbage mass and N status. Exponential regression models of herbage mass (y) fitted against NDVI (x) showed an average R2 of 0.83 ± 0.04 and a mean absolute error of 170 ± 60 kg DM ha−1. The relationship between NDVI and herbage mass differed (p ≤ 0.05) between species, seasons, and regrowth stage, but was not influenced by N status (p > 0.05). Results suggest that accurate predictions of herbage mass using NDVI measurements by an UAV require frequent model recalibrations to account for observed differences among forage species, days of regrowth, and years.
From Waste to Resource: Mineral and Biochemical Characterization of Hemp By-Products in the Fiber and Seed Supply Chain
Authors: Pieracci Ylenia , Pistelli Laura , D’Ambrosio Benedetta , Paris Roberta , Flamini Guido , Bassolino Laura
Published: February 2025

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a versatile and sustainable multipurpose plant for agroecology services and a zero-waste circular economy. While the focus has traditionally been on primary products like fiber and seeds, nowadays there is an increasing awareness of the potential value of the by-products generated during hemp cultivation and processing. This article explores various methods of valorizing industrial hemp wastes, focusing on their mineral and biochemical composition, highlighting the benefits of utilizing what was once considered a mere by-product. The apical and the basal leaves of 12 industrial hemp varieties, six monoecious, and six dioecious, representing the main by-product of fiber supply chain, were assessed for their mineral (N, K, Na, Ca; Mg, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn), chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total soluble phenols contents, as well as for their antioxidant activity. The same parameters were also evaluated in the inflorescences; the main waste was derived from both hemp fiber and seed harvesting, which were collected at three stages of flower development for four selected genotypes, together with the yield and chemical composition of their essential oils. Differences in the evaluated parameters among genotypes and tissues were highlighted, showing the potential for diversifying the utilization of industrial hemp wastes. The possible uses of these residual biomasses are discussed based on their composition.
On the Effectiveness of Ozone Treatments: A Silver Bullet for Plant Health?
Authors: Pastacaldi Chiara , Gaudioso Dario , Beltrami Cosimo , Gunnella Benedetta , Tegli Stefania
Published: February 2025

The development of innovative and eco-friendly strategies to protect plant health is one of the main challenges for the agricultural sector to respond to the increasing global food demand. In this contest, ozone (O3) could be a promising sustainable alternative to current pesticides, since it is a powerful oxidizing agent and does not leave residues in the environment. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in its potential bioactivity as a plant defense inducer are still poorly known. Thus, this study aimed to understand the role of O3 in plant defenses, as well as in plant growth, development and physiology, by a multidisciplinary approach. Here, O3 was applied as ozonated water to the soil in field experiments or to the nutrient solution of hydroponically grown plants. Experiments were carried out on different plant species, including the model plant Nicotiana tabacum and agronomically important crops such as lettuce, bean, and tomato. The analysis of several physiological parameters, such as plant weight, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance, indicated that O3 effects are species-specific. Moreover, the expression analysis of specific defense-related genes showed that O3 induced substantial changes in key hormonal and defense signaling pathways. Overall, O3 was demonstrated to trigger plant defenses, mainly mediated by pathogenesis-related proteins, mimicking a pathogen attack.
Genetic Variation and Assessment of Seven Salt-Tolerance Genes in an Indica/Xian Rice Population
Authors: Cheng Yuanhang , Wang Tao , Wen Yeying , Zheng Xingfei , Liu Haifeng , Chen Xiangsong , Diao Ying , Hu Zhongli , Feng Wenjie , Chu Zhaohui
Published: February 2025

Natural variations conferring salt tolerance (ST) are of great value for breeding salt-tolerant rice varieties. The major ST genes, including SKC1, RST1, OsWRKY53 and STG5, have been identified to contain or be associated with a specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). However, the distribution and genetic effects of those ST genes in rice cultivars remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the distribution of seven cloned ST genes, including SKC1 (P140A, R184H), RST1 (A530G, E611G), OsWRKY53 (A173G), STG5 (I12S), OsHKT1;1 (L94K), OsHKT2;3 (I77T) and OsSTL1 (P289S), which contain one or two ST-related SNPs in a sequenced Indica/Xian rice population comprising 550 accessions. On the basis of the SNPs, the population was categorized into 21 haplotypes (Haps), each of which contained at least four out of seven ST genes. To precisely evaluate each SNP, grouped rice varieties that only differed at one SNP were chosen from two Haps for salt treatment with 150 mM NaCl for 7 d. The results revealed that RST1611G showed up to 88.6% improvement in salt tolerance considering the relative shoot fresh weight (rSFW). Alternatively, OsWRKY53173G, OsHKT2;377T, SKC1140A and SKC1184H showed an improvement in rSFW of 38.6%, 37%, 27.5% and 19.0%, respectively, indicating that they contribute different genetic effects for ST. OsHKT1;194K showed no function with salt treatment for 7 d, but showed a 37.9% rSFW improvement with salt treatment for 14 d. Furthermore, we found that the expression of OsWRKY53173G was positively correlated with SKC1 and conditionally participated in ST dependent on SKC1140A. Interestingly, RST1530A was previously reported to be associated with salt sensitivity, but it was found to be associated with salt tolerance in this study. Overall, our results provide further insight into the mechanism and marker-assisted selection improvement of ST in Indica/Xian rice.
Biochemical Mechanisms That Buffer the Effects of High Temperatures in the Sand-Dwelling Lizard Holbrookia propinqua
Authors: Caballero Vázquez Yessica , Rodríguez-Tobón Ahiezer , Méndez de la Cruz Fausto Roberto , Arenas-Ríos Edith
Published: February 2025

Reptiles, as ectothermic organisms, rely on environmental temperatures for optimal physiological performance. The thermal requirements for optimal locomotion in reptiles can severely affect their reproduction. However, some species are successful in environments with temperatures exceeding 40 °C. Holbrookuia propinqua is a species that reproduces at high temperatures, a difference from most species in the family Phrynosomatidae, to which it belongs. Adult male H. propinqua specimens were collected at their reproductive stage, kept in separate terrariums, and divided into four groups that were exposed to different temperatures. After seven days of exposure, both the testes and epididymides were removed. The organs were processed for immunohistochemistry and to determine SOD, CAT, and GPX activity. A sperm sample was obtained from the vas deferens. The GSI decreased with temperature, and the EI presented its maximum value at 24 °C. Sperm viability was lower at the highest temperature, and motility at 28 and 32 °C exceeded 90%. The specific SOD activity in the testis at 41 °C decreased by ~75%. In the epididymis, SOD activity decreased at 28 and 32 °C. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) increased after 28 °C at the interstitial level and increased almost twofold in the seminiferous tubules.
Animal Cruelty in New York City: Cruelty Cases Presented to the ASPCA in Partnership with the NYPD 2013–2022
Authors: Caldwell Shiny , Patterson-Kane Emily , Brandler Elizabeth , Gupta Maya , Lockwood Randall
Published: February 2025

Between September 2013 and 2022, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) received 2783 suspected animal cruelty cases involving 5745 animals through a partnership with the New York City Police Department (NYPD). These cases involved dogs (2271/2783, 82%), cats (408/2783, 15%), and other species (104/2783, 4%). Dogs were most likely to be presented for suspected neglect (1424/2271, 63%), and cats for suspected non-accidental injury (233/408, 58%). Animals were most often presented by law enforcement (1018/2783, 37%), municipal shelters (383/2783, 14%), and veterinarians (311/2783, 11%). These findings contribute to understanding neglect as a commonly reported type of animal cruelty. Cruelty toward cats appears less well understood and may be under-reported or more severe, requiring further research and attention.
Effects of Follicular Fluid and Serum Supplementation on Cumulus Cell Expansion and Nuclear Progression of Guinea Pig Oocytes, Using a Baseline Medium Established with Bovine Oocytes
Authors: Samaniego Jorge X. , Pesantez José L. , Ayala Luis E. , Perea Fernando P. , Galarza Diego A. , Dutan Jorge B. , Ruiz Salvador
Published: February 2025

This study evaluated the effects of serum (egpS) and follicular fluid (egpFF) from estrus guinea pigs as in vitro maturation (IVM) supplements for natural cycle guinea pig oocytes. Two experiments were conducted: the first assessed three IVM media, a commercial medium (CMOM) and two homemade media (HMOM-P and HMOM-S), for oocyte in vitro maturation using 615 bovine oocytes, while the second evaluated the incorporation of 5%, 10%, and 20% egpFF or egpS into IVM media for 1744 guinea pig oocytes. Initially, we optimized the IVM base medium using bovine oocytes to determine the most suitable culture conditions. The results obtained from these experiments served as a critical foundation for subsequent supplementation trials conducted with guinea pig oocytes. The oocytes were cultured in 70 μL drops under controlled atmospheric conditions, and maturation rates were assessed based on cumulus cell expansion and nuclear progression. The HMOM-S medium significantly enhanced cumulus cell expansion (72.5 ± 2.88%) compared with the CMOM medium (57.7 ± 5.33%; p < 0.05). Supplementation with egpFF at 5% (68.8 ± 6.22%), 10% (76.3 ± 5.39%), and 20% (80.9 ± 6.22%) significantly improved both cumulus cell expansion and nuclear progression in high-quality oocytes (types A and B), compared to the control group (43.3 ± 4.82%). Conversely, supplementation with egpS did not have a significant effect on cumulus cell expansion (p > 0.05); however, it notably improved nuclear maturation in low-quality oocytes (type C) at concentrations of 10% and 20% (p < 0.05). This resulted in an overall improvement in maturation outcomes, particularly for oocytes with compromised initial quality. These findings demonstrated that the IVM of guinea pig oocytes using HMOM-S medium was significantly enhanced by the presence of egpFF, whereas egpS supplementation exhibited a less pronounced effect on IVM outcomes.
Genomic Insight into Primary Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Aroylhydrazones and Nitrofuroylamides In Vitro
Authors: Mokrousov Igor , Angelova Violina T. , Slavchev Ivaylo , Bezruchko Mikhail V. , Dimitrov Simeon , Polev Dmitrii E. , Dobrikov Georgi M. , Valcheva Violeta
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: New anti-tuberculosis compounds are needed to treat patients infected with multi- or extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Studies based on spontaneous in vitro mutagenesis can provide insights into the possible modes of action and resistance mechanisms of such new compounds. We evaluated the primary response of M. tuberculosis in vitro to the action of new aroylhydrazones and nitrofuroylamides. Methods: The reference strain H37Rv was cultured on solid media with compounds at increased concentrations relative to MIC. Resistant clones were investigated using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools to assess the role and potential impact of identified mutations. Results: Some of the mutations are significant (based on in silico analysis), located in essential genes, and therefore of particular interest. Frameshift mutations were observed in (i) Rv2702/ppgK, which is associated with starvation-induced drug tolerance and persistence in mice, and (ii) Rv3696c/glpK, which has been described as a switch on/off mutation associated with drug tolerance. Nonsynonymous substitutions were found in Rv0506/mmpS2, which belongs to the Mmp protein family involved in transport and drug efflux, and in infB, encoding the translation initiation factor IF-2. Conclusions: The primary adaptation of M. tuberculosis to the selective pressure of the tested compounds is complex and multifaceted. It involves multiple unrelated genes and pathways linked to non-specific drug tolerance, efflux systems, or mechanisms counteracting oxidative stress.
Impact of E-Cigarettes on Fetal and Neonatal Lung Development: The Influence of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Authors: Gambadauro Antonella , Galletta Francesca , Andrenacci Beatrice , Foti Randazzese Simone , Patria Maria Francesca , Manti Sara
Published: February 2025

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) recently increased their popularity as “safer” alternatives to traditional tobacco smoking, including among pregnant women. However, the effect of e-cig exposure on fetal and neonatal developing lungs remains poorly investigated. In this review, we analysed the impact of e-cig aerosol components (e.g., nicotine, solvents, and flavouring agents) on respiratory system development. We particularly emphasized the role of e-cig-related oxidative stress and inflammation on lung impairment. Nicotine contained in e-cigs can impair lung development at anatomical and molecular levels. Solvents and flavours induce inflammation and oxidative stress and contribute to compromising neonatal lung function. Studies suggest that prenatal e-cig aerosol exposure may increase the risk of future development of respiratory diseases in offspring, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Preventive strategies, such as smoking cessation programs and antioxidant supplementation, may be essential for safeguarding respiratory health. There is an urgent need to explore the safety profile and potential risks of e-cigs, especially considering the limited studies in humans. This review highlights the necessity of regulating e-cig use during pregnancy and promoting awareness of its potential consequences on fetal and neonatal development.
Craniocervical Posture and Cervical Curvature Variations in Adult Females with Different Vertical Facial Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Chang Jeongeun , Park Sun-Hyung , Park Jae Hyun , Lee Sanghee , Yu Hyung-Seog , Lee Kee-Joon , Chung Chooryung J. , Kim Kyung-Ho
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to determine whether there are relationships between vertical facial patterns, cervical posture, and cervical curvature types. Ninety-two adult females with skeletal Class I relationships were retrospectively analyzed and divided into hypodivergent, normovergent, and hyperdivergent groups based on the mandibular plane angle to the nasion–sella line. Variables representing craniocervical posture (sagittal vertical axis, SVA; cervical inclination angle, CIA) and cervical curvature were measured. Differences in craniocervical posture among the groups were assessed. Cervical curvatures were classified into lordotic, straight, kyphotic, or sigmoid categories. The distribution of cervical curvature types among the groups was compared, and correlations between vertical facial patterns, craniocervical postures, and cervical curvature measurements were calculated. The results indicated that the hyperdivergent group exhibited increased SVA and decreased CIA compared to the normovergent and hypodivergent groups. Significant differences in cervical curvature types were observed among the groups. Lordotic curvature was most common in the normovergent group, while straight curvature was predominant in the hypodivergent and hyperdivergent groups. A significant correlation was found between an increased mandibular plane angle and a forward head position (increased SVA and decreased CIA). In conclusion, there are relationships between vertical facial patterns, cervical posture, and cervical curvature types. Therefore, careful assessment of craniocervical posture and cervical curvature is necessary in lateral cephalograms for orthodontic evaluation. However, cervical curvature measurements show minimal correlation with the mandibular plane angle.
An Explainable Scheme for Memorization of Noisy Instances by Downstream Evaluation
Authors: Tsai Chun-Yi , Tsai Ping-Hsun , Chung Yu-Wei
Published: February 2025

Deep learning models are often perceived as black boxes, making it challenging to analyze the causal relationships between inputs and outputs. For this reason, the explainability of model learning has garnered increasing attention in recent years. Some previous studies proposed influence functions, which evaluate how the weighting of data impacts the model by mathematical analysis, thereby explaining how it realizes the data. This inspires us to suggest that when data in an upstream task is affected by varying levels of noise interference, it is practical to set up a downstream model to apply Taylor expansion in conjunction with the Hessian matrix to estimate perturbations that each data point cause in the model. Additionally, utilizing Integrated Gradients to compute the loss difference between the original data instances and a baseline instance which does not affect the model is powerful to yield a memorization matrix that allows researchers to observe the changes in model reasoning before and after noise interference, helping to analyze the causes of erroneous inference.
Enhanced Control Strategy for Three-Level T-Type Converters in Hybrid Power-to-X Systems
Authors: Sassonker Elkayam Moria , Vinnikov Dmitri
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a dual-loop control system designed for three-level three-phase T-type converters, optimizing their performance in the hybrid operation of Power-to-X systems. Due to the increasing of distributed power generation based on renewable energy sources, Power-to-X systems convert surplus renewable energy into other forms of energy, such as hydrogen, synthetic fuels, or chemical storage, which can be stored and later converted back to electricity or used in other applications. Bidirectional converters play a crucial role in hybrid system operation, which requires an efficient and reliable power conversion to maintain stability and performance. The proposed dual-loop control system includes an inner current loop for fast current regulation and an outer voltage loop to maintain stable voltage levels, ensuring precise control of the output of the converter and enhancing its response to dynamic changes in load and generation. Additionally, the control system incorporates a technique to balance the split DC-link capacitors voltages, a major challenge in three-level converters. Comprehensive simulation and experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control system in maintaining high power quality and supporting the hybrid operation of Power-to-X systems.
Demand Management in Hybrid Locomotives Through Aggregated Models of Supercapacitors and Railway Units
Authors: Gabaldón Antonio , Ruiz-Abellón María Carmen , Martínez Francisco , Guillamón Antonio
Published: February 2025

Most European Union governments and numerous railway operators have announced plans to replace most of their diesel units by 2030–2040. However, a significant portion of the rail network remains non-electrified. In some cases, the proposed solution has been to close certain tracks, but this approach entails considerable societal costs for small cities and represents a loss of prior railway investments. Consequently, hybrid locomotives and multiple units (either new or refurbished) emerge as a viable solution during this transitional period to enhance energy efficiency and preserve services on these lines, particularly for freight operations. These hybrid units can operate on both electrified and non-electrified tracks and can also serve as “railway prosumers”, contributing to both storage and generation in fully or partially electrified areas. However, implementing these “prosumer tasks” faces challenges, such as the rapid power demand fluctuations during acceleration and the loss of energy recovery potential during braking in hybrid or fully electric units. These losses may also impact the overall power system. This paper presents an alternative approach to modeling double-layer capacitors (supercapacitors) combined with electrical equivalent models for lithium-ion batteries. The Differential Transformation Method (DTM) is used to solve the non-linear ordinary differential equations governing the supercapacitor model, while parameter optimization is achieved through a grid search approach, demonstrating high accuracy compared with laboratory trials. This framework highlights the potential of hybrid units, as illustrated through simulations that analyze storage sizing, energy management, increased energy recovery, and changes in unit performance. These models facilitate a pre-feasibility evaluation of energy storage systems for hybrid railway applications.
Analysis of Shielding Effectiveness of a Cavity with Internal Dielectric Plate and Apertures
Authors: Guo Laigong , Shi Xinkang , Li Xiaolong , Ma Long , Guo Changna
Published: February 2025

Focusing on the shielding effectiveness of a single-layer shielded cavity, especially the impact of aperture shape, aperture quantity, internal dielectric plate, and other factors on shielding effectiveness, an equivalent circuit model and BLT equation of shielding effectiveness for a single-layer shielded cavity under plane-wave irradiation were constructed by applying transmission line theory, Robinson’s algorithm, and electromagnetic topology theory. The shielding effectiveness of the cavity with an internal dielectric plate subjected to 0 to 1 GHz electromagnetic waves was calculated. The influence of circular and rectangular aperture arrays, the thickness of the dielectric plate, and the position change of the dielectric plate on the electric field shielding effectiveness of the cavity were analyzed. HFSS was used for simulation experiments. The research indicates that increasing the number of apertures can effectively enhance the shielding effectiveness while keeping the total area of the apertures constant. In addition, the insertion of a dielectric plate inside the cavity, especially near the resonant frequency, significantly enhanced the shielding effectiveness due to the absorption of incident electromagnetic waves by the dielectric plate. As the thickness of the dielectric plate was increased, the resonant frequency of the cavity gradually decreased; the shielding effectiveness was improved near the resonant frequency. Placing the dielectric plate at the lower end of the cavity is preferred, as it significantly improves the shielding effectiveness.
An Operation State Detection Method of DC Grounding Electrodes Based on Surface Potential Distribution
Authors: Jiang Yuan , Zhou Jing , Zhang Zhanlong , Dan Yihua , Wu Hao
Published: February 2025

During the long-term operation of the DC grounding electrode of the converter station, there are often hazards such as heating and aging of the coke layer, and burning and corrosion at the connection between the feed rod and the cable, resulting in break problems at the connection between the cable and the feed rod. Currently, the operational status monitoring of grounding electrodes primarily relies on daily tracking of well temperature, humidity, and water level characteristics; periodic testing; and on-site excavation. However, the above methods cannot accurately obtain the breakage location information at the connection between the cable and the feed rod. To address these issues, this paper first analyzes the current distribution law in the feeder rod of the DC grounding electrode. Subsequently, it studies the impact of localized fractures in the DC grounding electrode on the surface potential distribution characteristics. Finally, an Operation State Detection Method (OSDM) based on potential distribution is proposed and validated through case studies, demonstrating high measurement accuracy. The results indicate that OSDM can effectively monitor the operational status of DC grounding electrodes, providing a reference for their maintenance and repair.
Study on the Dispersion Law of Typical Pollutants in Winter by Complex Geographic Environment Based on the Coupling of GIS and CFD—A Case Study of the Urumqi Region
Authors: Jiang Jianzhou , Jin Afang
Published: February 2025

Urumqi is located at the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains. Its topographical features have a significant impact on the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. Moreover, its winter is extremely long, lasting up to six months. A combination of an irrational energy consumption structure, unique meteorological conditions, and complex geographical terrains has led to a substantial increase in NO2 emissions, severely damaging the local ecological environment. In this study, we integrate Geographic Information System (GIS) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). By leveraging GIS’s powerful spatial analysis capabilities and CFD’s high-precision fluid simulation technology, we significantly enhance the simulation accuracy of complex phenomena like airflow and pollutant diffusion. Additionally, the inverse distance weighted interpolation method is comprehensively employed to analyze the Air Quality Indices (AQIs) of typical pollutants in different districts of Urumqi during winter. The results reveal that high altitude causes instability of the dominant near-surface winds within the atmospheric boundary layer. The increasing frequency of surface calm winds reduces the advective transport of atmospheric pollutants. Topography and winter meteorological conditions are identified as the primary factors contributing to pollutant accumulation. This research not only unveils the fundamental mechanisms of pollutant dispersion in mountainous terrains but also validates the practicality of coupling GIS and CFD, providing a theoretical basis for pollution dispersion studies in this region. This study reveals the general laws of pollutant dispersion in mountainous terrain, resolves the issue of establishing complex geographical models, and demonstrates the feasibility of coupling the GIS and CFD. Meanwhile, it provides a theoretical basis for pollution dispersion in this region.
Personalized Federated Learning with Progressive Local Training Strategy and Lightweight Classifier
Authors: Liu Jianhao , Gong Wenjuan , Fang Ziyi , Gonzàlez Jordi , Rodrigues Joel
Published: February 2025

Data heterogeneity poses a significant challenge in federated learning (FL), which has become a central focus of contemporary research in artificial intelligence. Personalized federated learning (pFL), a specialized branch of FL, seeks to address this issue by tailoring models to the unique data distributions of individual clients. Despite its potential, current pFL frameworks face critical limitations, particularly in handling client training discontinuity. When clients are unable to engage in every training round, the resulting models tend to diverge from their local knowledge, leading to catastrophic forgetting. Moreover, existing frameworks often separate the model from the local classifier used for personalization, keeping the classifier local for extended periods. This inherent characteristic of classifiers frequently leads to overfitting on local training data, thereby impairing the generalization capability of the local models. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel personalized federated learning framework, PFPS-LWC (Personalized Federated Learning with a Progressive Local Training Strategy and a Lightweight Classifier). Our approach introduces local knowledge recall and employs regularized classifiers to mitigate the effects of local knowledge forgetting and enhance the generalization of the models. We evaluated the performance of PFPS-LWC under varying degrees of data heterogeneity using the CIFAR10 and CIFAR100 datasets. Our method outperformed the state-of-the-art approach by up to 4.22% and consistently achieved the best performance across various heterogeneous environments, further demonstrating its effectiveness and robustness.
Dynamic Scheduling in Identical Parallel-Machine Environments: A Multi-Purpose Intelligent Utility Approach
Authors: Ulucak Mahmut İbrahim , Gökçen Hadi
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a robust and adaptable framework for predictive–reactive rescheduling in identical parallel-machine environments. The proposed Multi-Purpose Intelligent Utility (MIU) methodology utilizes heuristic methods to efficiently address the computational challenges associated with NP-hard scheduling problems. By incorporating 13 diverse dispatching rules, the MIU framework provides a flexible and adaptive approach to balancing critical production objectives. It effectively minimizes total weighted tardiness and the number of tardy jobs while maintaining key performance metrics like stability, robustness, and nervousness. In dynamic manufacturing environments, schedule congestion and unforeseen disruptions often lead to inefficiencies and delays. Unlike traditional event-driven approaches, MIU adopts a periodic rescheduling strategy, enabling proactive adaptation to evolving production conditions. Comprehensive rescheduling ensures system-wide adjustments to disruptions, such as stochastic changes in processing times and rework requirements, without sacrificing overall performance. Empirical evaluations show that MIU significantly outperforms conventional methods, reducing total weighted tardiness by 50% and the number of tardy jobs by 27% on average across various scenarios. Furthermore, this study introduces novel quantifications for nervousness, expanding the scope of stability and robustness evaluations in scheduling research. This work contributes to the ongoing discourse on scheduling methodologies by bridging theoretical research with practical industrial applications, particularly in high-stakes production settings. By addressing the trade-offs between improving the objective function or improving the rescheduling performance, MIU provides a comprehensive solution framework that enhances operational performance and adaptability in complex manufacturing environments.
A Longitudinal Study of Post-Disaster Resettlement in Nepal: Insights into Building Back Better
Authors: Shrestha Barsha , Uprety Sanjaya , Keitsch Martina Maria
Published: February 2025

Post-disaster resettlement often faces abandonment and modification; yet, the factors influencing long-term residential satisfaction, especially within diverse communities, remain underexplored. This study examines how satisfaction evolves over time in relation to socio-economic status and community participation comparing the underprivileged Thami community in Panipokhari and the privileged Brahmin community in Jillu Integrated Settlement of Nepal. Using a mixed-method case study approach, this research integrates quantitative satisfaction scores with qualitative insights from surveys, interviews, and observations over three years. Findings reveal diverging satisfaction trends: Jillu’s satisfaction remained stable (3.55 to 3.43 from 2021 to 2023), whereas Panipokhari’s declined (3.27 to 2.33) due to unmet housing needs and limited participation. Correlation tests and qualitative interviews confirmed that while all five key factors—housing design, thermal comfort, water, cultural appropriateness, and architectural aesthetics—influenced satisfaction, their importance varied. These findings challenge “one size fits all” top-down resettlement models, demonstrating that housing adaptability and participatory decision-making are more critical than structural adequacy alone. The study underscores the need for flexible, community-driven housing strategies within the Build Back Better (BBB) framework. By integrating the housing satisfaction theory, the housing mobility theory, and the BBB framework, it advances understanding of socio-economic agency in shaping post-disaster housing outcomes, providing insights for sustainable and inclusive resettlement policies.
Study on the Pollution Characteristics of Characteristic Elements in Atmospheric PM2.5 in a Special Region and Their Deposition Patterns in the Upper Respiratory System
Authors: Liu Siqi , Jiang Yilin , Mamat Mamatrishat , Feng Guangwen
Published: February 2025

The impact of PM2.5 on the environment and human health has garnered significant attention. While research on PM2.5 composition is increasing, fewer studies have focused on how dusty conditions in a special region affect the PM2.5 composition. This region’s unique environmental conditions, characterized by frequent dust events, complicate air quality management. The study investigates the seasonal distribution of inorganic elements in the PM2.5 under both dusty and non-dusty conditions through systematic sampling. Selective screening methods identified key pollutant elements, and a respiratory system model was developed to examine their diffusion and deposition patterns in the upper respiratory tract. Key findings reveal that inorganic element concentrations in the PM2.5 follow consistent seasonal trends, with significantly higher levels during dust events compared to non-dusty periods. Crustal elements are dominated in the PM2.5, but non-metallic elements (Cl, S) and metallic/quasi-metallic elements (Mn, Cd, Cr, As, Hg) are also prevalent, likely influenced by anthropogenic activities and industrial emissions. By PCA with human health assessments, six characteristic pollutants were identified: As, Co, Cd, Cr, V, and Mn. Simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 software demonstrated distinct behaviors: As tends to concentrate in the posterior regions of the respiratory tract, while Co and Cd exhibit relatively uniform distributions, primarily affecting areas where airflow slows upstream. Cr, V, and Mn show dispersed and uniform patterns. Notably, even during dusty conditions, the concentration of the six pollutants remains relatively low in the different parts of the upper respiratory tract, suggesting minimal immediate health impacts. Our study provides valuable insights into the behavior of inorganic elements in the PM2.5 and their potential health implications, highlighting the need for further research on the effects of dusty conditions on air quality and public health.
An O(kn)-Time Algorithm to Solve Steiner (k, k′)-Eccentricity on Trees
Authors: Li Xingfu
Published: February 2025

Steiner (k,k′)-eccentricity on a given fixed k′-subset in a graph G is the maximum Steiner distance over all k-subsets of V(G) which contain the fixed k′-set, where the Steiner distance of a set is the size of a minimum Steiner tree on this set in a graph. Let R⊆V(T) be the given fixed k′-subset in a tree T. Let k1 and k2 be two integers such that k1≥k2≥k′. We prove that, in a tree, every optimal solution of Steiner (k1,k′)-eccentricity on R takes some optimal solution of Steiner (k2,k′)-eccentricity on R as a partial solution. On the other hand, every optimal solution of Steiner (k2,k′)-eccentricity on R is part of some optimal solution of Steiner (k1,k′)-eccentricity on the set R in a tree. Finally, we present an O(kn)-time algorithm to solve Steiner (k,k′)-eccentricity on a given fixed k′-set in trees.
Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing and Comparative Transcriptomics Reveal the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Gonadal Development in Sleepy Cod (Oxyeleotris lineolata)
Authors: Fan Jiajia , Ma Dongmei , Zhu Huaping , Lin Minghui , Zhong Zaixuan , Tian Yuanyuan
Published: February 2025

Sleepy cod (Oxyeleotris lineolata) is native to Australia and is now an economically valuable fish cultured in China and Southern Asian countries. Its growth rate exhibits as sexually dimorphic, with males generally growing more rapidly and attaining a larger body size compared to females. Thus, the effective development of sex control breeding can significantly contribute to increased yields and output value. Nevertheless, due to the lack of genomic and transcriptomic data, the molecular mechanisms underlying sex determination and gonadal differentiation in sleepy cod remain poorly understood. In this study, long-read PacBio isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) was performed to obtain a full-length transcriptome from a pooled sample of eight tissues (kidney, brain, liver, muscle, heart, spleen, ovary and testis). A total of 30.41 G subread bases were generated and 49,113 non-redundant full-length transcripts with an average length of 2948 bp were produced. Using the full-length transcriptome as a reference, short-read Illumina sequencing was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression at the transcriptome level between ovaries and testes from 12-month-old individuals. A total of 19,102 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were identified, of which 8510 (44.55%) were up-regulated in the ovary and 10,592 (55.45%) were up-regulated in the testis. The DETs were mainly clustered into 241 KEGG pathways, in which oocyte meiosis and arachidonic acid metabolism were the most relevant pathways involved in gonadal differentiation. To verify the validity of the transcriptomic data, 20 DETs were selected to investigate the gonad expression profiles based on qPCR. The expression levels of all 20 screened genes were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. The present study provides new genetic resources—including full-length transcriptome sequences and annotation information—as a coding genomic-level reference for sleepy cod—yielding valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal differentiation in this economically important species.
Glioblastoma Cells Express and Secrete Alternatively Spliced Transcripts of Coagulation Factor X
Authors: Li Xiaotian , Liu Xilei , Gao Yalong , Li Lei , Wang Yajuan , Men Jianlong , Ren Jing , Wang Jiwei , Li Fanjian , Li Yaohua , Xiong Jianhua , Cui Xiaoteng , Wei Cheng , Wang Cong , Dong Jingfei , Liu Li , Zhang Jianning , Zhang Shu
Published: February 2025

Background: Patients with cancer often develop a prothrombotic state that can evolve into venous and arterial thrombosis, which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently associated with thrombosis, but the underlying causes of this prothrombotic state are poorly defined. Objectives: We designed a study to characterize the expression of coagulation factor X (FX) and its alternatively spliced transcripts in glioblastoma tissues surgically removed from patients and in clonal cell lines. Methods: The F10 mRNA and FX protein were quantified in tissues surgically removed from seven patients with glioblastoma (glioma grade 3–4) and those from non-tumor patients. Glioblastoma cells from three human clonal lines were examined for the expression and secretion of FX at baseline and after the cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or subjected to oxygen/glucose starvation in culture. PCR products were subjected to Sanger sequencing and amplicon sequencing to identify F10 isoforms and their ratios. A chromogenic assay was performed to assess FX activity. Results: Glioblastoma tissue and cell lines expressed high levels of the full-length and an alternatively spliced F10 mRNA. The latter produced a C-terminal truncated FX. The ratio of full-length to truncated F10 transcripts was significantly higher in normal brain tissues than in glioblastoma tissue. In cultured cells from the glioblastoma cell lines, FX was secreted to the conditioned medium and was active in cleaving a chemical substrate. The FX expression and secretion were upregulated in cells stimulated with LPS or subjected to oxygen/glucose starvation. Discussion: Glioblastoma cells synthesize and secrete FX that was active in promoting thrombin generation. These findings provide a new underlying mechanism to explain why glioblastoma patients are prone to developing thrombosis.
Accentuation and Attention: From Perceptual Organization to Consciousness
Authors: Pinna Baingio , Porcheddu Daniele , Šķilters Jurģis
Published: February 2025

Background: This study investigates the complex relationship between accentuation and attention in visual perception, extending classical Gestalt principles by introducing dissimilarity as a complementary mechanism to similarity in perceptual organization. Objectives and Methods: Through a series of phenomenological experiments, we demonstrate how accentuation, driven by dissimilarity, plays a crucial role in shaping visual experience and guiding attention. Results: Our findings reveal that accentuation serves as a pre-attentive mechanism for highlighting salient features, influencing initial perceptual organization, and modulating the apparent shape and orientation of visual elements. We show that while accentuation operates rapidly and automatically, attention acts as a flexible, selective mechanism that can either reinforce or override accentuation-based percepts. This interplay suggests a two-stage process of visual perception, with implications for theories of consciousness and information processing in biological systems. This study also explores the evolutionary significance of accentuation in camouflage and sexual selection, providing insights into how perceptual mechanisms may have evolved to enhance adaptive fitness. Conclusions: Our results have broad implications for understanding visual cognition, design, and clinical applications related to attentional disorders.
Understanding the Nexus Between Anxiety and Acoustic Perception in University Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study During Pandemic-Induced Lockdown
Authors: Huang Lingjiang , Li Jialin , Kang Jian , Liu Fangfang , Yang Ming , Zhang Yawei
Published: February 2025

Anxiety significantly impacts the well-being of university students. This study employs the pandemic-induced lockdown as a quasi-experimental situation to examine university students’ perceptions of the acoustic environment and anxiety levels, further investigating the potential correlation between these two variables. An online questionnaire survey was conducted with 250 respondents from seven cities, across nine universities in China, encompassing both high- and low-risk areas concerning the pandemic. In addition, acoustic assessments at three selected sites on the campus were conducted. The results indicate that respondents reported an increase in the perception of indoor noise, particularly voices and instrumental sounds. Concurrently, the sound pressure levels during lockdown were generally lower, resulting in a quieter outdoor acoustic environment. A total of 54% of the respondents reported experiencing anxiety symptoms during this period, and those perceiving changes in the acoustic environment exhibiting higher levels of anxiety. A significant correlation was observed between the acoustic perception and anxiety levels. Overall acoustic satisfaction was negatively correlated with anxiety levels, with this correlation being more pronounced in groups prone to anxiety, such as women. Furthermore, the loudness of the most prominently perceived sound was positively correlated with anxiety levels, with this correlation being stronger in groups less prone to anxiety, such as men. Respondents showed a high level of tolerance for social/communal sounds, voices and instrumental sounds. Conversely, natural and electromechanical sounds were correlated with higher anxiety levels. These findings provide valuable insights for mitigating anxiety through the manipulation of the acoustic environment.
Study on Mechanical Properties and Damage Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Ecological-Matrix-Cemented Aeolian Sand Materials
Authors: Wang Danfei , Yan Han , Qi Chunxiao , Lu Shasha , Li Bo
Published: February 2025

To improve the quality of trench, backfill projects, this study utilizes solid waste to prepare a controllable low-strength material. Through uniaxial compression, three-point bending tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mechanical performance evolution and fiber reinforcement mechanisms of the backfill material are revealed. Based on a two-parameter Weibull distribution probability model, an intrinsic correlation between the number of freeze–thaw cycles, damage variables, and compressive strength is established. The research results indicate that when the NaOH content is 3%, the water-to-solid ratio is 0.4, and the number of freeze–thaw cycles is 0, the sample’s mechanical properties reach their local optimum. After curing for 28 days, a significant amount of amorphous gel-like substance is formed inside the system, filling the intergranular spaces between aeolian sand particles, resulting in a relatively dense structure for the backfill material. In response to the degradation caused by the initial defects in the sample, fibers effectively prevent crack initiation. Based on the stochastic characteristics of freeze–thaw damage, the number of freeze–thaw cycles (n) follows the Weibull distribution model well. Using experimental data, evolution equations for the number of freeze–thaw cycles, intrinsic damage, and compressive strength were developed, ultimately establishing the intrinsic relationship between sample damage and strength. The findings provide theoretical support for addressing trench backfill engineering disasters in seasonally frozen regions.
Ontology for a Knowledge-Based Deconstruction of Buildings Based on BIM Models and Linked Data Principles
Authors: Jäkel Jan-Iwo , Heinlein Eva , von Czernitzky Constantin , Mackenbach Sven , Klemt-Albert Katharina
Published: February 2025

The deconstruction of a building marks the end of its life cycle. At the same time, this phase offers many opportunities for the acquisition and reuse of used building materials. During the deconstruction phase, planning and execution are carried out using a variety of different software applications. Despite the use of digital 3D models according to the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method, there is no interoperability along the value chain in the deconstruction of a building. To counteract the lack of interoperability in the deconstruction phase of buildings, the article develops an ontology for the formalization of knowledge within the deconstruction phase and the usability of heterogeneous data sets in connection with the 3D BIM model. After assessing the status quo on the topic of BIM in deconstruction and ontologies in building construction, the systematic development of the deconstruction ontology (DCO) and its validation on a demonstrator is conducted. The result is the presentation of the basic usability of ontologies in conjunction with graphical databases and digital 3D models in the deconstruction phase. This ensures interoperability along the value chain and counteracts data loss.