bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MOBILE CONTROLS FOR WATER RESOURCES PROJECTS1
Authors: Chee S. P.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: An investigation of the erosion mechanics and washout time rates of erodible control embankments were made with hydraulic scale models in the laboratory. The water control dams have both homogeneous and cores. A wide range of configurations and layouts were tested and equations were developed to make possible the computation of erosion rates. Model scale relationships were analyzed from the developed equations and compared with the results obtained analytically from sediment transport equations.
INSTREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS IN THE POWDER RIVER COAL BASIN1
Authors: Shupe Steven Joseph
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As coal resources are developed in the Northern Great Plains regions, new reservoirs are being considered to meet expanding water demands. The amount of water available for industrial diversion, however, could be limited by regulations that require minimum flow levels to be maintained downstream of the reservoir sites. Computer simulations of potential reservoirs were used to determine to what extent, if any, instream flow requirements might limit the ability of reservoirs to deliver industrial water supplies. Data on instream flow requirements, potential reservoir sites, and historic runoff were input for the simulation of the Powder River Region of Montana and Wyoming. Results of the simulations compared the maximum amount of water available for industrial diversion with and without requiring instream flow criteria.
RURAL WATER SUPPLIES FROM LATERITE RUNOFF1
Authors: Egbuniwe Nnamdi
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Villagers living around Nsukka in Eastern Nigeria derive their water supplies during the dry season by subjecting the runoff from laterite soils to five months' sedimentation. This study found that by flocculatig the runoff with wood ash at a dose of 5 g/1, clear water with turbidity of less than 5 JTU, Fe of less than 1 mg/1, Coliform count of zero MPN and Plate count of less than 5 colonies was achieved after three days sedimentation.
NON‐STEADY SPHERICAL FLOW TO A CAVITY WELL IN AN INFINITE NON‐LEAKY AQUIFER1
Authors: Kanwar R. S. , Chauhan H. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The non‐steady drawdown distribution near a cavity well discharging from an infinite non‐leaky artesian aquifer is presented. The variation of drawdown with time and distance caused by a cavity well of constant discharge in a confined aquifer of uniform thickness and uniform permeability is obtained. The solution is expressed in a series form which converges rapidly so that only two terms of the series are needed to obtain an accuracy of more than 95 percent. A simplified approach has been suggested to find the aquifer characteristics.
HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF THE TONKAWA CREEK FLOOD ABATEMENT PROGRAM1
Authors: Schoof R. R. , Naney J. W. , Boxley W. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Floodwater‐retarding impoundments, controlling 68 percent of the drainage area of Tonkawa Creek, a Washita River tributary in southwestern Oklahoma, have reduced the total flow volume about 36 percent over a 5‐year period. Analyses showed the reduction occurred primarily in the less‐than‐2.5‐cfs flow range, indicating the base flow regime has been altered. However, channelizing the downstream, mild‐sloped, 3.6 miles of Tonkawa Creek that flows across a Washita River terrace increased the flow volume fourfold at the outlet. A double‐masscurve analysis of water yield from a 1,127‐square‐mile Washita basin segment versus an untreated tributary showed the yield has not changed after 25 percent of the tributary area had been treated. Therefore, the flow reduction caused by structures is being offset by increased yields from channelization.
A STUDY OF COASTAL POLLUTION AND AGENCY INTERFACE1
Authors: Cartee Charles P. , Williams D. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The 26‐mile man‐made beach bordering part of Mississippi's Gulf Coast and the contiguous Mississippi Sound waters provide an important recreational and tourist attraction for that area. Being the tourist nucleus for the State, announcements in September 1973 by the Mississippi Air and Water Pollution Control Commission and the State Board of Health that Sound waters had reached a level of pollution that made them potentially dangerous for body contact was met with a myriad of responses. The resulting multi‐governmental, multi‐agency interface that resulted in trying to deal with the situation highlighted the type of problems that can arise when social, economic, political, and legal forces come to bear on a sensitive area. Questions of jurisdictional and legal authority to act, tourist industry economic pressures, and water quality testing and monitoring procedures were representative of the type of problems that arose during this period. A retrospective analysis of this problem served to isolate the type of articulation that is essential between federal, state, and local agencies vested with responsibilities such as monitoring water quality, protecting public health, etc. This paper develops some of the interface complexities that emerged in dealing with this problem and makes selected recommendations for other areas that may potentially face similar situations.
OPTIMAL OPERATION OF SHELBYVILLE AND CARLYLE LAKES1
Authors: Singh Krishan P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Dams were built by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers on the Kaskaskia River at Shelbyville and Carlyle in Illinois, in 1969 and 1967, respectively. The operation of the Shelbyville and Carlyle Lakes has changed over the years because of considerably lower bankfull channel capacities downstream of the dams than were adopted in the project designs. This study was conducted to review the present operation policy. Intent was to derive a policy for maximizing the overall benefits (or minimizing the overall damages) and to compare these benefits or damages with those with the present policy. The operating rules were optimized through a simulation model which was structured considering the physical nature of the system and the desirable operation in the best interest of various beneficial uses. The expected annual value of overall benefits from recreation and agriculture is shown to increase by $0.2 million with the optimal policy. With the optimal operation, the overall damages are reduced by 76 percent on the average over the 24 years of flow record at Shelbyville and Carlyle.
NUTRIENT FLUXES IN PRECIPITATION, THROUGHFALL, AND STEMFLOW IN AN OAK‐HICKORY FOREST1
Authors: Rolfe G. L. , Akhtar M. A. , Arnold L. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Nutrient fluxes in precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow were studied in an oak‐hickory forest in southern Illinois for a three‐year period beginning in 1973. Nutrient inputs in these water related pathways were approximately one‐half those of litterfall; a major nutrient return mechanism. Considering these water carried nutrients (116 kg/ha/yr), 38% was contributed by precipitation, 35% by throughfall and approximately 27% by stemflow. Although the total nutrient input is only one‐half that of litterfall, the net impact on short‐term nutrient requirements is considerable because of their immediate availability. Nutrient inputs in litter represent a delayed return mechanism because of the relatively slow decomposition process.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINED WATER QUALITY INDEX1
Authors: Yu John K. , Fogel Martin M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Use‐oriented benefits and treatment costs analysis has been incorporated into a water quality index to show an economically optimized concentration for the treatment of the pollutants and the resulting water quality. This combined water quality index can be used in decisionmaking at the federal and local government levels. Five major pollutants, i.e., coliforms, nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, and detergent, have been considered for the municipal waste water. With each higher level of improvement the treatment costs increase accordingly and the benefits associated with the reuse of this treated waste water will increase too but not for the nutrient removal in agricultural use. The optimal concentration is determined when the marginal costs equal the marginal benefits. The combined water quality index is the combination of the maximum net benefits and the water quality index of the optimized residual concentrations. This water quality index is zero dollars for the Tucson region in this study. The possible reclaimed use of municipal waste water is for agricultural irrigation and recreational lakes for the Tucson region.
UNCERTAINTY IN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING IN THE CONNECTICUT RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Kaynor Edward R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Four ways of dealing with uncertainty in the resource planning process have been prescribed: to reduce it, to ignore it, to avoid it, and to convert it to risk as chance of occurrence for calculation in planning. This paper analyzes examples of water resource planning in the Connecticut River Basin to confirm, reject, or modify these prescriptions. The examples of planning chosen for analysis are navigation, flood control, and interbasin diversion for water supply. These confirm the desirability of reducing uncertainty, offer some support for strategies to avoid it and to convert it to risk, but do not support the desirability of ignoring it.
STATE LEGISLATIVE CONSTRAINTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES POLICY1
Authors: Menzel Donald C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Legislative constraints on the development of water resources policy fit into three broad categories‐political, institutional, and informational. The political category encompasses constituency needs and preferences, satisfaction with existing water management practices and policies, and the necessity for legislators to blend political ambition with public problem solving. Constraints fitting into the institutional category include differences in legislative behavior and attitudes that stem from one's location in the legislature (e.g., senate‐house, leader‐follower, or committee activity), the dynamics of scheduling and organization, and the capability to manage complex issues. Informational constraints refer to the availability of information and the use to which it is put by lawmakers in formulating decisions on waterrelated issues. These constraints are approached from a behavioral perspective by examining several constituency, institutional, and information hypotheses that “explain” legislative involvement with water resources issues. The data are drawn from a recent study of water resources decision making in West Virginia. Eighty‐three of the 134 members of the 1975–76 West Virginia Legislature participated in the study.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF LAND USE ON SEWER SERVICE AREA PLANNING1
Authors: Shapiro Michael , Rogers Peter
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The density and distribution of land uses has important consequences for the planning of sewerage systems and for the costs of these systems. This paper examines these consequences using a simplified service area model. The model determines the area to be served by a central waste treatment plant, where alternative on‐lot disposal systems are also available. The model is applied to various urban area configurations, which are summarized by their total populations and by their population density distributions. Both minimum regional cost and minimum local cost service area configurations are determined. In addition, the sensitivity of the model to the parameters of the cost and population density functions is assessed. It is found that the model is most sensitive to the parameters of the collection cost function.
A MODEL OF THE BEHAVIOR OF pH DETERMINING PARAMETERS IN IMPOUNDMENTS1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A. , Shane Richard M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A computer model capable of describing the behavior of pH‐determining parameters in an impoundment is presented. The steady‐state model, based upon principles of water chemistry, applies the complete‐mix concept to the routing of the chemical quantities, alkalinity and CO2 acidity. An iterative procedure is used to account for surface mass transfer of carbon dioxide. A fourth‐degree polynomial is solved for the hydrogen ion concentration at each point of routed alkalinity and CO2 acidity concentrations. Field data required to verify and apply the model are described, including an example application to the Loyalhanna Creek Reservoir.
ALLOCATION PROCEDURE OF WATER AND LAND RESOURCES IN RELATION TO SOME IRRIGATION QUALITY PARAMETERS1
Authors: Karmeli David
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Land, water, labor, and capital are optimally allocated to crops on a farm, using a procedure that also relates to irrigation frequency and level of improvement in the irrigation system. The procedure is based on formulating outputs and expenditures as well as the functions of irrigation frequency‐water and yield. The Generalized Geometric Programming is used to solve the objective function as nonlinear equations are involved.
CONTROLLING NONPOINT EXTERNALITIES WITH INPUT RESTRICTIONS IN AN IRRIGATED RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Pfeiffer George H. , Whittlesey Norman K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Irrigated agriculture is a major nonpoint source of surface water quality degradation. Nonpoint source discharges can be controlled by either output taxes or restrictions, or input taxes or restrictions. The economic theory of externality control with taxes or restrictions on input use is developed. The effectiveness of alternative input control policies in improving surface water quality is demonstrated with a mathematical model of the agriculture and water quality in Washington State's Yakima River Basin. Water quality parameters considered were river nitrogen concentration, water temperature, and cropland soil losses. Producer and social abatement costs were the most important measures of policy effectiveness.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS1
Authors: Whipple William
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A few years ago, many water quality administrators were convinced that large regional sewerage systems, consisting of one large treatment plant and long trunk sewers extending out to various communities, represented the only efficient and economical means of assuring water quality control. In communities favoring rapid development, the provision of sewer service and encouragement of development of new centers along the trunk sewers offered an additional advantage. More recently quite different points of view are arising in certain areas. In parts of New Jersey strong environmental and community resistance has arisen to proposed central plant‐trunk sewer systems. The facilitation of new development along the trunk sewers is viewed as a menace by townships not wanting intensive development of these areas. The diversion of effluent flows to trunk sewers rather than septic tanks would dry up the streams which water quality programs are supposed to protect. Both sides to the controversy have mobilized engineering, environmental, economic, and legal expertise and some critical policy issues have developed. Reconsideration of regional sewerage management and particularly trunk sewer policy is required. The decision as to extent of sewerage service areas involves complex and sensitive planning issues. Because of potential conflicts of interest, such decisions should not be left to staffs of sewerage authorities and their design engineers.
A SYSTEM FOR RECORDING AND PROCESSING TAXONOMIC DATA1
Authors: Kuhn David L. , Plafkin James L. , Cairns John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A system in which taxonomic information is recorded in a form that can be directly utilized by computer is described. How such a system can greatly facilitate the acquisition and analysis of data is also discussed.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM WATER HYACINTH (Eichhomia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) IN TEXAS RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Benton Arthur R. , James Wesley P. , Rouse John W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water hyacinth, an attractive, floating aquatic plant, poses a substantial threat of unanticipated water loss from Texas reservoirs. A mature plant will lose about three times as much water through evapotranspiration as is lost from evaporation of an equivalent area of open water. The reservoirs of east and southeast Texas, which comprise the bulk of the state's existing and planned water storage capacity, seem likely to suffer a 20 percent average surface infestation of water hyacinth. A coverage that great will result in a yearly net loss of over 2,000,000 acre‐feet of impounded water, based on present water development plans for the state. This would amount to nearly 20 percent of the anticipated yield from the reservoirs affected. An effective aquatic plant control program could head off the threat of this significant water loss.
AN APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR SIZING DETENTION RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Abt Steven R. , Grigg Neil S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The detention reservoir is an effective measure for the management of storm water runoff, but random or unplanned placement may aggravate potential flood hazards. An approximate method for the sizing and placement of detention reservoirs is presented. The procedure is based upon the application of a storage estimation equation. The results show that the procedure closely approximates the results produced by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC‐1 Flood Hydrograph Package in computing reservoir capacities on a hypotehtical watershed. Pending further tests, the use of the procedure is very limited, but it is an initial step to incorporating detention storage into regional storm water management plans.
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE ENGINEERING DESIGNS1
Authors: Znotinas Nora M. , Hipel Keith William
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Procedures are presented for comparing and evaluating alternative engineering designs for a particular water resources project. By using certain aspects of fuzzy set theory, it is possible to introduce both quantitative and qualitative considerations into the decisionmaking process. In addition, the viewpoints of the various interest groups involved with the water resources development can be realistically incorporated by the evaluation techniques for the alternative designs. Methods are given for eliminating undesirable alternatives and thereby obtaining a reduced set of possible feasible solutions to the problem. Because of the flexibility of the evaluation methods, the viable alternatives should not only satisfy economical, technical. environmental and other types of constraints, but these possible solutions should be politically feasible as well. A method is formulated for checking the sensitivity of the feasible results with respect to the factors that are considered in the analysis.
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN A NORTH‐FLOWING STREAM AND A SOUTH‐FLOWING STREAM, BROOKS RANGE, ALASKA1
Authors: Slack K. V. , Nauman J. W. , Tilley L.J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Benthic invertebrate faunas were compared to two fifth‐order streams, the Atigun River flowing northward and the Dietrich River flowing southward. Sixty‐eight taxa were collected, forty‐nine from each stream. Aquatic insects comprised 88% of the taxa and 97% of the individuals from the Dietrich River and 73% of the taxa and 97% of the individuals from the Atigun River. Diptera, especially Chironomidae, were most abundant. Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Oligochaeta, Acarina, and Collembola were significant. In both streams the headwaters were dominated by the subfamily Diamesinae which was replaced by Orthocladiinae downstream. Diversity seemed to increase with stream order. Cluster analysis showed a high degree of resemblance between the benthic faunas of the rivers. Faunal resemblance decreased with increasing distance between stations, both within and between the streams. Although some taxa may occur in only one stream, the evidence for faunal resemblance is stronger than for faunal differences. Other studies have shown that differences in total radiation associated with valley aspect affect local climate, hydrology, and distribution of terrestrial plants and animals. However, the benthic faunas of Atigun and Dietrich Rivers were remarkably similar. Factors which operate independently of aspect, possibly freezing solid in winter, may control the occurrence of species in these streams.
WATER‐BASED ACTIVITY INVOLVEMENT FOR RECREATION CONSUMERS AT STATE, FEDERAL, LOCAL, OR PRIVATE FACILITIES1
Authors: O'Leary Joseph T. , Pate Gary
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The water‐based activity involvement of participants at state and federal and local and private facilities identified by using participation rate groups is examined. No differences between participant groups within activities based on socio‐economic characteristics were found. However, groups of highly active individuals were identified at both types of properties. It is suggested that social action system variables be added to traditional social aggregate variables to assist the understanding of leisure involvement.
MULTISOURCE/MULTIQUALITY AGRICULTURAL WATER USE DECISIONMAKING1
Authors: Boster Mark A. , Martin William E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The importation of water into an existing irrigated agricultural area raises many questions about farm profitability and suggests many adjustment alternatives open to farmers. In particular, how will farmers respond to a new additional water source of differing cost, availability, and quality? Mathematical programming models of representative irrigated farms in Pinal County, Arizona, were developed to project agricultural adjustments to new water from the Central Arizona Project now under construction. The techniques developed have broad application to similar water resource projects involving the conjunctive use of multiple water sources of differing qualities. Regional agricultural activities are described by defining and modeling multiple representative farms which account for economies due to size and different water sources of differing price and quality. Various management schemes can be evaluated by properly selected representative farm models.
ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY IN FLOOD PLAIN MAPPING1
Authors: Burges Stephen J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Components contributing to uncertainty in the location of the flood plain fringe of a mapped flood plain are identified and examined to determine their relative importance. First‐order uncertainty analysis is used to provide a procedure for quantifying the magnitude of uncertainty in the location of the flood plain fringe. Application of the procedure indicated that one standard deviation of uncertainty in flood plain inundation width was about one third of the mean computed inundation width for several flood population‐flood geometry combinations. Suggested mapping criteria, which directly incorporate uncertainty estimates, are given. While these criteria are more suitable for use in developing areas than in flood plains that have had extensive development, the analysis procedure can be used to accommodate property owners who challenge the validity of estimated flood fringe boundaries. Use of uncertainty analysis in flood plain mapping should enhance the credibility of the final plan.
TROPHIC LEVEL ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN A COAL ASH BASIN DRAINAGE SYSTEM1
Authors: Guthrie Rufus K. , Cherry Donald S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The uptake of ten chemical elements was measured in water, sediment, fly ash, and the major biotic components of an ash basin drainage system. The biota tested represent several trophic levels observed in the settling basin and receiving swamp of the system. Concentrations were measured by neutron activation (NAA) in the major biotic groups including aquatic bacteria, algae, macrophytes, midges, dragonflies, crayfish, tadpoles, and fish. Only three elements (Cu, Zn, Cd) were more highly concentrated in water from a nearby unpolluted stream than in the fly ash effluent. Sediment concentrations of all elements were highest in the ash drainage system with Al and Fe being consistently highest. Among the biota, Hydrodictyon sp. and Lemna perpusilla had the highest concentrations of Al and Fe while other macrophytes were the major accumulators of Mn and Ba. Invertebrates generally concentrated high amounts of Cu and Zn although Cd and Hg were accumulated most by crayfish. Selenium was selectively concentrated by bacteria, crayfish (Procambarus sp.) and mosquitofish (Gambusia afflnis). Consequences of elemental concentrations in sediment and in specific trophic level groups are discussed.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSE TOWARDS STORM HAZARD IN WEST VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA1
Authors: Wong Shue Tuck
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Human behavior and response towards storm hazard are examined in this study. One‐hundred and twenty flood victims in West Vancouver, British Columbia, were administered a sentence completion test to ascertain how these victims behaved and responded to the flash flood of July 12, 1972. The sentence completion test consisted of 11 sentence stems. Seven of these dealt with the respondent's behavior toward the storm experience, and four with the issue of internal vs. external locus of control.

Completions of the seven sentence stems at three time situations showed that West Vancouverites expressed the normal reactions of fear and anxiety before the storm; showed negative emotions during the storm; and displayed a feeling of mutual cooperation after the storm. Completions of the remaining four sentence stems revealed that West Vancouverites emphasized the importance of internal factors, viz., autonomy, drive and hard work, in controlling their lives. They recognized God as a benevolent ‐ protective and almighty ‐ powerful figure. Forty percent of the respondents did not believe in luck, while 8 percent regarded it as important in their lives. One might conclude that West Vancouverites could cope with natural hazardous threats better than those who rely on external factors in directing their lives.
ACCURACY OF IMPERVIOUS AREA VALUES ESTIMATED USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA1
Authors: Jackson Thomas J. , McCuen Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Remote sensing offers an attractive alternative to conventional data collection employed in the estimation of certain hydrologic model parameters. In this investigation, the standard error of parameters estimated from Landsat data are examined. Relationships between the standard error and the size of the spatial‐modeling units are developed that allow extending results to larger areas. Based upon the investigations conducted, a generalized model of the error relationships could not be developed.
FORMAL EDUCATION IN WILDLAND HYDROLOGY AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA1
Authors: Ponce Stanley L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A survey was made to determine the status of formal education in wildland hydrology by colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. As of December 1977 nine institutions offered the B.S. degree, 18 the M.S. degree, and 17 the degree of Ph.D. with a major or minor in watershed management, forest hydrology, or range hydrology. In addition, 8 other schools offer a minor in watershed management. The survey indicated 44 schools in the United States offer a total of 157 courses, five schools in Canada offer 24 courses, and 1 in Mexico offers one course in the related areas. The survey illustrated rapid growth in education programs and it is anticipated that growth will continue.
TEMPORAL VARIATION IN THE NUTRIENT EXPORT OF RIVERS DRAINING INTO THE BAY OF QUINTE, ONTARIO, CANADA1
Authors: Minns C. K. , Johnson M. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Annual exports of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total nitrogen are presented for the period 1965–1974, for five rivers draining into the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario.

The export values are typical for the physiography and land use though the results indicate that soluble reactive phosphorus exports for the four largest rivers have been declining. Also the variation in export of total phosphorus and total nitrogen is highly correlated with variation in annual runoff. This is noted as being a factor deserving more attention in future efforts to classify nutrient export values in relation to land use and geology.
FACTORS FOR PREDICTING COMMERCIAL WATER USE1
Authors: Kim Jae R. , McCuen Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Growth in the commercial sector of the economy and the increased importance of total waste water volumes in design have created a need for methods of estimating commercial water demand. The results of a multiple correlation analysis and a principal components analysis suggest that commercial water demand is a function of the following three primary constructs: an employee water use factor, a customer layout factor, and a customer water facility factor. Three easily measured variables were used to represent these primary constructs: gross store area, length of display windows, and the number of drinking fountains, respectively. Prediction equations relating water use and the three variables were derived and can be used by planners in estimating commercial water use.
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN URBAN RUNOFF1
Authors: Whipple William , Hunter Joseph V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Estimates were made of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution loadings reaching the Delaware Estuary by determining storm event loadings of hydrocarbons from four storm sewers, draining areas of different land uses. Although refinery effluents constituted the largest source of petroleum pollution in 1975, it appears that after completion of currently required treatment processes urban runoff will be the largest remaining source of petroleum pollution. The petroleum in urban runoff resembles used crankcase oil in composition and contains toxic chemicals such as polynuclear hydrocarbons. Further research is clearly desirable. Remedial programs to control such pollution may be warranted on the basis of information now available.
SEARCHING THE WATER RESOURCES LITERATURE: INDEXING/ABSTRACTING COVERAGE FOR LEADING WATER RESOURCES JOURNALS1
Authors: Knightly John J. , Morehead Reece
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) provides comprehensive indexing/abstracting for the water resources literature. To determine in one objective way the coverage of this information service from a user's point of view, an extensive sampling of the journal literature was used to determine extent to which 10 leading water resources journals are indexed and abstracted by the system. Coverage is so high that some users will want to change toward greater use of the system.
A STATISTICAL MODEL FOR SMALL LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Ciecka James , Fabian Robert , Merilatt Dan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Phosphorus loading tolerances of small lakes are analyzed by means of a statistical model of lake eutrophication based upon the work of Vollenweider and Dillon. Using a sample of 195 midwestern and eastern U. S. lakes, it was found that Vollenweider and Dillon's method of predicting the trophic status of relatively deep, slow‐flushing lakes can be applied to shallower lakes with much shorter retention times. The statistical model used to replicate the results of Vollenweider and Dillon is stated in detail, for convenience of application to small lake water quality management problems. The model extends the Vollenweider and Dillon results by associating each alternative phosphorous loading with a probability that a given lake can achieve or maintain noneutrophis status. It is applicable to lakes for which only minimal data are available. The major policy conclusion is that the highly variable tolerance for phosphorus loading must be considered in legislating efficient effluent limitations. The paper concludes with a comparison to a recent contribution employing a similar approach.
EFFECTS OF PRO‐NOXFISH® ON THE BENTHOS AND ZOOPLANKTON OF BUG LAKE, FOREST COUNTY, WISCONSIN1
Authors: Serns Steven L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A concentration of 2.5 mg/1 Pro‐Noxfish® (0.063 mg/1 rotenone and 0.063 mg/1 sulfoxide) was applied to Bug Lake, Wisconsin, on November 17, 1975. There was an immediate toxicity to zooplankton and Chironomus. All taxa of benthic organisms and zooplankton that were present before toxicant application survived the treatment except for Pleuroxus denticulatus which was collected in only one sample before treatment. Comparable densities of benthic and zooplankton taxa were found on individual sampling dates before and after treatment; however, mean densities of trichopterans and dipterans were lower after treatment. The high variance in the samples along with the change in fish population after treatment are believed responsible for this indicated change in benthos density rather than the effects of the rotenone.
INFLUENCE OF WELL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY ON SAMPLING DECISIONS AND MONITORING1
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. , Bianchi William C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Local governmental agencies responsible for decisions in ground water quality management need not only data on ground water quality but they also must understand the relationship of accuracies and risks associated with this data as related to the number of wells to sample. In this report we address this problem by using the philosophical doctrines of probabilism and relativism with simple statistical procedures. This requires a reasonable estimate of the population variance in a quality parameter for a given management‐unit area, and requires that the decisionmaker formulate constraints with an acceptable standard error of the sample mean and be willing to accept some level of probability of being Wrong. This technique is illustrated using a 21‐year data base of well water chemical data in a 653 km2 ground water quality study area in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
COMPUTER BASED METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS OF NONSTRUCTURAL FLOOD MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES1
Authors: Robillard Paul D. , Walter Michael F. , Allee David J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The suggested methodology matches flooding risks to development classes. The matching process is accomplished on a mapping grid basis. Flooding risks include stage and velocity measures. Development classes are based on size and building material parameters for residential, commercial, industrial, and public structures. A computer program counts structures requiring predetermined nonstructural measures given the flooding variables, development classes, and desired effectiveness levels in question. A case study is presented to demonstrate data collection techniques, output, and the use of output in developing nonstructural mixes.
FUTURE SOURCES OF COOLING WATER FOR POWER PLANTS IN ARID REGIONS1
Authors: Jury William A. , Sinai Gideon , Stolzy Lewis H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Electric generation facility water requirement will increase substantially in the future in the Western United States because new power plants are to be constructed at inland sites rather than on the coast. At the inland locations, power plants will have to compete with agriculture and public users for fresh water supplies, and will be constrained by environmental legislation to dispose of cooling waste water in lined evaporation ponds. The various options for power plant cooling are analyzed in respect to cost, water consumption, and environmental hazard, and also in respect to their compatibility with existing state and federal regulations. Several proposals for balancing the water requirements of various users in water‐scarce areas are reviewed and criticized.
GROUND WATER SIMULATION USING A ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW MODEL1
Authors: Khan Irfan A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In projects involving ground water problems, dependence on the mathematical modeling of the ground water flow phenomena is inescapable. At present, two dimensional flow models, which require tremendous amounts of computer time and storage, are generally used. When such bulky models are used for planning purposes, the two requirements (computer time and storage) can severely limit the number of alternatives that can be considered. A simple quantity and quality simulation model is developed here which requires considerably less computer time and storage and gives reasonably accurate results. The model was applied to simulate a ground water basin in San Luis Rey River in Southern California. The results were compared with those obtained by a USGS model. It was found that the simple model gave results which were consistentaly within five percent of the USGS model results, while the requirements on computer time and storage were drastically reduced.
WATER QUALITY TRAP EFFICIENCY OF STORM WATER MANAGEMENT BASINS1
Authors: McCuen Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: While the quality of rivers has received much attention, the degradation of small streams in upland areas of watersheds has only recently been recognized as a major problem. A major cause of the problem is increases in nonpoint source pollution that accompany urban expansion. A case study is used to examine the potential for storm water detention as a means of controlling water quality in streams of small watersheds. The storm water management basin, which is frequently used to control increases in discharge rates, can also be used to reduce the level of pollutants in inflow to receiving streams. Data collected on a 148‐acre site in Maryland shows that a detention basin can trap as much as 98 percent of the pollutant in the inflow. For the 11 water quality parameters, most showed reductions of at least 60 percent, depending on storm characteristics.
AN INTERACTIVE SIMULATION OF PUMPED STORAGE RESERVOIR SYSTEMS1
Authors: Calhoun W. F. , Benfield E. F. , Contractor D. N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A combination pumped storage reservoir system was simulated by modifying the WRE deep reservoir model. Each of the two reservoirs was described by a copy of the WRE model program, the two programs were converted into subroutines and were called upon alternately by a main program. Operationally, the contributing reservoir, i.e., the reservoir from which flow was discharged, was simulated for one execution interval (1 hour), followed by simulating the receiving reservoir for the same execution interval. The main program directed the discharge temperature of the contributing reservoir for each execution interval as input for simulating the receiving reservoir. The two subroutines were run in this interactive mode for a simulation period of one year.

Two simulations, labeled “Pump” and “Net,” were effected and differed basically in the distribution of flow volumes exchanged between the reservoirs. In the ‘Pump’ simulation the total hourly flow volumes were distributed into appropriate horizontal layers of the lakes as determined by temperature‐density relationships, i.e., the pumped discharges were distributed into the upper lake and the generation discharges were distributed into the lower lake. In the ‘Net’ simulation only the net daily discharges (daily difference between pump‐back and generation at the upper dam), distributed uniformly over 24 hours, were mixed into the horizontal layers of the two lakes.

Both simulations produced annual thermal regimes that were apparently within reason for the geographical area and the nature of the input data. However, neither accurately reflected a generalized conditions for the reservoirs because the Pump simulation reflected conditions in the forebay and tailrace of the Upper dam while the Net simulation reflected conditions of the remaining parts of the reservoirs.
GROWTH INHIBITION OF HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA BY SELECTED LAKE SEDIMENT EXTRACTS1
Authors: Dooris P. M. , Martin D. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sediments were investigated from two Florida lakes that have not been infested with the submersed, perennial, noxious plant Hydrilla verticillata. Aqueous extracts of the peat‐like sediments from these lakes were shown to inhibit the growth of Hydrilla verticillata in laboratory systems. The extracts have substantial concentrations of organic carbon and iron. The apparent molecular weight of the inhibitory fraction is between 2,000 and 10,000, based upon ultrafiltration studies. Hydrilla growth was about 35 percent relative to control for a partially purified fraction at a level of 0.4 ppm organic carbon. Growth was measured as change in biomass (wet and dry) over a one‐week period. The inhibitory material was highly fluorescent, dark brown, and inhibitory activity was lost after passage over an anion‐exchange column (Cellex‐D).
ACHIEVING URBAN WATER CONSERVATION1
Authors: Flack J. Ernest
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Increasing costs and competition for water have resulted in pressure to manage urban water demand through conservation programs. Metering, pricing, devices, restrictions, building code changes, and horticultural practices have all been effective in reducing average residential water use. Some conservation means are specifically aimed at reducing peak demands but these usually reduce average usage as well. Combined programs of conservation can be expected to reduce urban demand by as much as 25–30 percent over the long term. Restrictions can reduce water usage on the short term even further. The success of conservation programs is as dependent on the effectiveness of public education and information dissemination as on the conservation practices themselves.
FACTORS AFFECTING SALINITY REDUCTION IN LAKE TARPON, PINELLAS COUNTY, FLORIDA1
Authors: Dooris P. M. , Bartos L. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Following an enclosure of a sink‐hole connecting Lake Tarpon to the Gulf of Mexico, the chloride concentration of lake waters decreased. Water and chloride budgets for the lake in 1975 were prepared, and predictions using the model of Lerman and Brunskill (1971) were made as to the time required for the lake to achieve fresh water status. Model verification indicated good agreement with predictions in 1976; however, data on [C1‐] for 1977 and 1978 are not as supportive of the model used. The information concerning the Lake Tarpon watershed provided by this latter fact is discussed.
AUBURN DAM: A CASE STUDY OF WATER POLICY AND ECONOMICS1
Authors: Duffield John W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper provides a critical analysis of the Bureau of Reclamation's Auburn‐Folsom South project in California. While this massive $1.5 billion project is temporarily halted for redesign for earthquake hazard, it is timely to examine its justification on economic grounds. The key finding is that several major benefit categories, irrigation and recreation, have been grossly overstated. In addition, the Bureau failed entirely to estimate the cost of use on the free‐flowing American River, or a probability‐weighted estimate of catastrophic loss. Revised estimates indicate that the project is not economically justified. In addition, the project has unattractive distributive effects. The implications of this case study for current revisions in U.S. water policy are explored. The Auburn study basically provides support for the U.S. Water Resource Council's draft manual of procedures for evaluating federal water resource projects.
A COMPARISON OF METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION OF BIOLOGICAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS1
Authors: Cairns John , Gruber David
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Rapid biological information systems using aquatic organisms to monitor water and waste water quality have only recently begun to develop technologically for practical on‐site applications. One approach which has been demonstrating its feasibility recently monitors the ventilatory behavior of fish to assess, for example, the quality of drinking water supplies and industrial waste water discharges. A comparison of the basic strategies of the various biological monitoring systems making use of this concept is presented. In addition, the applications and potential utilization of these systems are discussed.
PUBLIC ATTITUDES IN MASSACHUSETTS TOWARD THE RECREATIONAL USE OF DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Bumgardner Walter H. , Klar Lawrence R. , Glirin Aldo
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: There is considerable controversy inthe Northeast surrounding the extent to whcih public drinking water reservoirs should be used for recreational purposes. This paper reports the results of two integrated studies of (1) recreation users of Quabbin Reservation, the largest inland water source in New England and (2) the general public of Massachusetts. Data were obtained by conducting on‐site interviews of Quabbin users and through state‐wide telephone interviews of the general public; both studies focused on assessing attitudes toward the recreational use of drinking water reservoirs in Massachusetts.

Unlike the findings of a 1969 study conducted by Baumann, results showed that the majority of Massachusetts residents do not favor recreation‐prohibiting laws for most activities. Most favored at least moderate use of reservoirs for recreational purposes. In addition, over all views were not as restrictive as present legislation would suggest. Finally, these findings suggest that current recreation‐prohibiting laws should be reassessed in light of pugblic opinion which favors the use of these valuable resources.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DUPONT TYPAR SHEETING IN CONTROLLING MACROPHYTE REGROWTH AFTER OVERWINTER DRAWDOWN1
Authors: Cooke G. Dennis , Gorman Mark E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A new polypropylene sheeting compound, DuPont Typar 3201 and 3301, was applied to the sediments of Country Lake (Portage Co., Ohio) in March 1978 after an overwinter drawdown, and regrowth of rooted macrophytes was compared to an adjacent control area in summer 1978. Regrowth was slight, and macrophyte biomass was at least 100X less than in controls. The sheeting material was permeable to gases and did not “balloon.” This material is recommended for use around docks, swimming areas, and boat mooring sites. Cost in 1978 was about $0.24/m2.
WATER QUALITY PATTERNS DURING A STORM ON A MALL PARKING LOT1
Authors: Black Peter E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Intensive temporal sampling of rainfall, surface runoff and subsurface drainage, and stream flow upstream and downstream of a suburban mall parking lot yielded expected patterns in time and space. Variations in temperature and conductivity showed strong dilution effects, while patterns of nine elemental concentrations in surface runoff showed a flushing effect early in the storm, following by dilution. Heavy nitrate loads in surface runoff were apparently from rainfall, not surficial sources. For the magnitude of storm studied and the existing study site, local impact on stream flow and water quality, like the run‐off itself, is rather ephemeral, and dissipates after about five hours.
WATER MANAGEMENT IN ONTARIO1
Authors: Salbach Stefan E. , Dennis R. Peter
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Ontario Ministry of the Environment has based its water quality management approach on a set of guidelines published in 1970. In light of the changing societal and economic background, advancement in technology and scientific knowledge, and philosophical attitudes towards water management, the water management program was recently revised. Factors influencing the revised approach, including federal‐provincial interrelationships and international commitments under the Canada‐U.S. Agreement, are summarized.

The revised program consists of a goal statement, policies to implement this goal, revised water quality objectives, and detailed implementation procedures for field staff use. Rather than promulgating regulations to impose arbitrary effluent or receiving water standards on a province‐wide basis, the revised approach involves the imposition of legally enforceable effluent requirements on a case‐by‐case basis. Although the paper emphasizes the surface water quality program, it also outlines the Ministry's goals, policies, and procedures for the management of surface‐water quantity, as well as ground water quality and quantity.