bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New and little known species of the genus Orphnus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) from the East African Rift
Authors: FROLOV ANDREY V.
Published: September 2013

The East African Rift, especially Eastern Arc Mountains, are renown for exceptionally high biodiversity and endemism (Olson & Dinerstein 1998, Burgess et al. 2007). About 20 species of the scarab beetle genus Orphnus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) were described or recorded from this region (Paulian 1948, Petrovitz 1971) but many of them are still known only from the type series. Orphnus planicollis Petrovitz, 1971, was described from a single male specimen from “Nyassa-Land” with no additional data about this species published until now. Examination of the Orphninae material housed in European museums revealed additional specimens from southern Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania, which allowed us to clarify distribution of this rare species and study its sexual dimorphism and variability. In addition, two specimens of a new, putative sister species, O. demeyeri new species, were found in the material from Upemba National Park (south-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo).
Potential Vorticity Budgets in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Deremble Bruno , Wienders N. , Dewar W. K.
Published: September 2013

This paper focuses on potential vorticity (PV) budgets in the North Atlantic with an emphasis on the wind-driven subtropical gyre. Since PV is the key dynamical variable of the wind-driven circulation, these budgets are important to understand. PV is a conservative quantity on isopycnals and can only enter or exit through the boundaries, like the lateral topography or the surface. The latter fluxes are diagnosed and tested against the evolution of the PV content in an isopycnal layer. The former are computed using the Bernoulli function. The essential result is found for all the tested isopycnals, and the dominant feature of PV is recirculation, with very little added at the surface or the boundaries. Density coordinates are well suited to understanding PV circulation. A novel technique for computing the Bernoulli function is proposed. The Bernoulli function is governed by a simple elliptic equation and the solutions demonstrate the dominant contribution of PV advection.
Beyond community: An analysis of social capital and the social networks of Brazilian migrants in Amsterdam
Authors: Roggeveen Suzanne , van Meeteren Masja
Published: September 2013

This article scrutinizes the social networks and the social capital invested within these, of a relatively new and understudied immigrant group in the North European context. The study shows how the social networks of Brazilian immigrants in Amsterdam are segmented along strong dividing lines, especially surrounding legal status. This segmentation has different outcomes for migrants, and within these segments, variation also exists. By analysing in-depth interviews with 30 Brazilian immigrants in Amsterdam, the study finds that a Brazilian community does not exist, and that assistance, non-assistance and a commercialization of social relations all take place at the same time among the social networks of Brazilians in Amsterdam. The analysis also uncovers some of the mechanisms related to these processes and hence adds relevant insights to the literature that studies the contexts in which immigrant social networks provide for social mobility and the contexts in which such networks do not.
The potential for virtual communities to promote diversity in the sciences
Authors: Murthy Dhiraj , Rodriguez Atilano , Kinstler Linda
Published: September 2013

This article investigates the role of online networks in providing support and mentoring resources for underrepresented groups. The case study of the virtual community of practice WomenScientists1 explores how online communities can be mobilized to help close the ‘leaky pipeline’ that too often leads women to leave the sciences after completing a post-secondary degree. The forum provides a virtual space for scientists around the world to discuss how gender impacts professional life in scientific fields, both within the academy and beyond. This project analyzes the content of WomenScientists1 to understand how users form mentoring relationships in the forum. Overcoming the underrepresentation of women in the sciences is a primary objective of international organizations including the European Union and UNESCO, both of which have made efforts to investigate how mentoring impacts long-term professional success. By examining textual data and the sentiment of posts, the article concludes that this virtual environment provides unique forms of support that specifically promote mentorship and the exchange of personalized advice for women in the life sciences.
Why does society describe itself as global? Re-examining the relation between globalization and the states from a second-order perspective
Authors: Guy Jean-Sébastien
Published: September 2013

The article uses the second-order perspective developed by Niklas Luhmann to re-examine the relation between globalization and sovereign states. From a second-order perspective, globalization is redefined as a self-description of society supported by the practice of comparing sovereign states with other sovereign states for the purpose of determining what is global at the present moment in time. The article develops a genealogy in order to account for this particular practice of comparing states with each other in historical terms. The genealogy proceeds by treating the states as spatial units within spatial divisions, while four distinct types of spatial division are discussed and aligned in one sequence: stratified, heterogeneous, homogeneous and meta-division. In some cases, not all spatial units are states. Accordingly, states are not always or not only compared with other states. In this way, the genealogy shows that the practice of comparing states in action behind globalization as a self-description of society is linked with the last two forms of spatial division specifically.
Dante, Virgil, and Christianity: Or Statius, sin, and clueless pagans in Inferno IV
Authors: Steinberg Glenn A
Published: September 2013

Dante’s relationship to the virtuous pagans, most especially Virgil, has long been a point of contention. Most scholars would agree that at the heart of Dante’s ambivalence toward classical antiquity is his sense of a fundamental difference between paganism and Christianity. I explore here the specific nature of that difference by putting Inferno IV in the context of passages about light and sin from Scripture, as well as in the context of the Thebaid of Statius. The Christianity that separates Dante and Dante’s Statius from Virgil may consist of the difference in their attitudes toward confession – toward human failing and admission of guilt. Dante condemns Virgil to Limbo, because Virgil the poet, in contrast to Statius, defines heroism in terms of purity rather than in terms of responsibility and imperfection. Dante’s character Virgil certainly refuses to acknowledge any sin in Inferno IV, and in light of Scripture, that refusal brands him as one who has no truth in him. Seeing Dante’s Virgil in the context of the Bible and Statius highlights Virgil’s failings from the perspective of medieval Christian psychology and moral philosophy. In the end, Virgil’s refusal to acknowledge and confess his sinfulness results in his eternal damnation.
Friction and sliding wear characteristics study of submicron size cenosphere particles filled vinylester composites using Taguchi design of experimental technique
Authors: Thakur Sunil , Chauhan SR
Published: September 2013

The friction and wear behavior of vinylester composites filled with uniformly sized micron and submicron cenosphere particles is discussed in this paper. Three distinct uniform size cenosphere particles (2 µm, 900 nm and 400 nm in diameter) were prepared in the laboratory. The experiments have been carried on a pin on disc arrangement at normal room temperature conditions. In this study, a plan of experiments, based on the Taguchi design technique, has been used to acquire data in a controlled way. An orthogonal array L27 (313) and analysis of variance have been applied to investigate the influence of process parameters on the coefficient of friction and sliding wear behavior of these composites under dry sliding condition. It was found that the submicron size particulates as fillers contributed significantly to improve the wear resistance of the vinylester composites. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to investigate the interaction between filler and matrix and various wear mechanisms involved.
Cariogenic Bacteria Degrade Dental Resin Composites and Adhesives
Authors: Bourbia M. , Ma D. , Cvitkovitch D.G. , Santerre J.P. , Finer Y.
Published: September 2013

A major reason for dental resin composite restoration replacement is related to secondary caries promoted by acid production from bacteria including Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans). We hypothesized that S. mutans has esterase activities that degrade dental resin composites and adhesives. Standardized specimens of resin composite (Z250), total-etch (Scotchbond Multipurpose, SB), and self-etch (Easybond, EB) adhesives were incubated with S. mutans UA159 or uninoculated culture medium (control) for up to 30 days. Quantification of the BisGMA-derived biodegradation by-product, bishydroxy-propoxy-phenyl-propane (BisHPPP), was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Surface analysis of the specimens was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). S. mutans was shown to have esterase activities in levels comparable with those found in human saliva. A trend of increasing BisHPPP release throughout the incubation period was observed for all materials and was more elevated in the presence of bacteria vs. control medium for EB and Z250, but not for SB ( p < .05). SEM confirmed the increased degradation of all materials with S. mutans UA159 vs. control. S. mutans has esterase activities at levels that degrade resin composites and adhesives; degree of degradation was dependent on the material’s chemical formulation. This finding suggests that the resin-dentin interface could be compromised by oral bacteria that contribute to the progression of secondary caries.
Culturally Responsive Computing in Urban, After-School Contexts
Authors: Eglash Ron , Gilbert Juan E. , Taylor Valerie , Geier Susan R.
Published: September 2013

The academic performance and engagement of youth from under-represented ethnic groups (African American, Latino, and Indigenous) in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) show statistically large gaps in comparison with their White and Asian peers. Some of these differences can be attributed to the direct impact of economic forces. But cultural factors also play a role. This essay will examine two culturally responsive math education technologies and report on evaluations of the technologies in urban out-of-school settings that suggest both approaches can be effective for integrating math education into urban, after-school contexts.
Indigeneity, Immigrant Newcomers and Interculturalism in Winnipeg, Canada
Authors: Gyepi-Garbrah John , Walker Ryan , Garcea Joseph
Published: September 2013

This paper examines how modern urban Indigeneity is influencing the integration of immigrant newcomers in Western settler cities. Using a case study of Ka Ni Kanichihk Inc. (KNK), an Indigenous organisation in the city of Winnipeg, Canada, this research contributes to the emerging framework of intercultural urbanism. Indigenous peoples and newcomers are living side-by-side in many neighbourhoods, with common histories of colonialism, racism and socioeconomic challenges. Interviews with staff and focus groups with Indigenous and newcomer participants of KNK programmes indicated that they are beginning their co-existence, mostly in inner-city neighbourhoods, with low levels of interaction, mutual misunderstanding, misperceptions, segregation and tension among youth in high schools. Through the initiatives of KNK and partner organisations, cross-cultural understanding and relationships are being built, overcoming social distance. There is great potential for building intercultural relationships among Indigenous peoples and immigrant newcomers as a means of decolonising Western cities.
Diversity and Intersectionality among Environmentally Burdened Communities in the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area, USA
Authors: Sicotte Diane
Published: September 2013

This study builds upon earlier work to investigate diversity and intersectionality among 39 extensively burdened communities. Thirteen different types of hazardous facilities were mapped onto census maps for the nine-county Philadelphia MSA. Using 2000 census data, each of 366 communities was classified as to its racial/ethnic composition, its social class status and its location (bordering the Delaware River, on a rail line, in urban, inner-ring, or outer-ring suburban communities). Risk for extensive burdening and mean number of hazards was calculated for each community type. Location in the city and in industrialised areas near the Delaware River appears to intersect with disadvantage and with racial/ethnic status to boost risk for burdening, while substantially White racial composition, affluence and location near rail lines and in the outer suburbs decrease risk and the number of hazardous facilities. However, more diversity was found among burdened communities than previous research would indicate.
Finite-time stochastic stabilization for uncertain Markov jump systems subject to input constraint
Authors: Zuo Zhiqiang , Li Hongchao , Wang Yijing
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the problem of finite-time stochastic stabilization for a class of uncertain Markov jump systems subject to partly known transition probabilities and disturbances is investigated. The constraint on the control input sent to the actuator is also considered. A finite-time stochastic stabilization criterion is given, to ensure that the state trajectory remains in a bounded region of the state space over a fixed time interval in mean square sense. An optimization algorithm is proposed to find the optimal performance and the corresponding feedback controller where the undesirable high-gain phenomenon can be avoided. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods for the Estimation of Health Utilities from Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Hernández Alava Mónica , Wailoo Allan , Wolfe Fred , Michaud Kaleb
Published: September 2013

Background: Analysts frequently estimate health state utility values from other outcomes. Utility values like EQ-5D have characteristics that make standard statistical methods inappropriate. We have developed a bespoke, mixture model approach to directly estimate EQ-5D. An indirect method, “response mapping,” first estimates the level on each of the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D and then calculates the expected tariff score. These methods have never previously been compared. Methods: We use a large observational database from patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( N = 100,398). Direct estimation of UK EQ-5D scores as a function of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), pain, and age was performed with a limited dependent variable mixture model. Indirect modeling was undertaken with a set of generalized ordered probit models with expected tariff scores calculated mathematically. Linear regression was reported for comparison purposes. Impact on cost-effectiveness was demonstrated with an existing model. Results: The linear model fits poorly, particularly at the extremes of the distribution. The bespoke mixture model and the indirect approaches improve fit over the entire range of EQ-5D. Mean average error is 10% and 5% lower compared with the linear model, respectively. Root mean squared error is 3% and 2% lower. The mixture model demonstrates superior performance to the indirect method across almost the entire range of pain and HAQ. These lead to differences in cost-effectiveness of up to 20%. Conclusions: There are limited data from patients in the most severe HAQ health states. Modeling of EQ-5D from clinical measures is best performed directly using the bespoke mixture model. This substantially outperforms the indirect method in this example. Linear models are inappropriate, suffer from systematic bias, and generate values outside the feasible range.
Impaired aortic distensibility in hypothyroid patients with negative coronary angiograms: Simultaneous evaluation with 128-slice multiple row detector computed tomography
Authors: Dusak Abdurrahim , Gokalp Gokhan , Erdogan Cuneyt , Parlak Mufit
Published: September 2013

Objective

To determine the relationship between arterial distensibility and hypothyroidism by simultaneous assessment of coronary angiography and aortic distensibility, measured using 128-slice retrospective electrocardiogram-gated multiple row detector computed tomography (MDCT).

Methods

Untreated hypothyroid patients and age-matched euthyroid patients, who underwent 128-slice retrospective electrocardiogram-gated MDCT to evaluate the coronary arteries, were assessed. Intraluminal aortic areas in systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle were measured with multiphase reformation at predefined locations including the ascending aorta, proximal descending aorta and distal descending aorta in the widest axial plane.

Results

The study included 21 hypothyroid and 21 euthyroid patients. Patients with hypothyroidism exhibited decreased aortic distensibility between each location in the thoracic aorta (ascending aorta, proximal descending aorta and distal descending aorta) compared with euthryoid patients.

Conclusions

Hypothyroidism was associated with preclinical vascular alteration, characterized by impaired aortic distensibility at each location of the thoracic aorta, which has been shown to be related to increased cardiovascular risk. Monitoring of aortic distensibility is relevant for evaluating coronary artery disease progression and treatment choices.
Physical knowledge of household waste in Algeria: Generation and composition in the town of Annaba
Authors: Cheniti Hamza , Serradj Tayeb , Brahamia Khaled , Makhlouf Ali , Guerraiche Said
Published: September 2013

We investigated the physical composition of household waste in the town of Annaba, Algeria. The study was based on an adequate sampling protocol that takes into account the constraints of Algerian cities. Annaba was taken as a case study to check the situation in Algeria. Ninety to 120 kg was sorted for each type of habitat in the city during four seasons, from 2010 to 2011, according to 11 components of household waste. Variations in the production ratio and percentages of all components were recorded according to the seasons and the type of habitat during the four campaigns of characterization. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference of the waste composition by habitat type. A pairwise multiple comparisons using the Tukey test of the sampled habitat types was also carried out, which indicated no significant differences between the habitat type concerning paper, plastic, composite and glass variables. But for the remaining components, the study revealed, with a significance limit of 0.05, a clear difference in the average composition of the waste according to the type of habitat.
Composting for management and resource recovery of invasive Acacia species
Authors: Brito Luis Miguel , Mourão Isabel , Coutinho João , Smith Stephen
Published: September 2013

The feasibility of commercial-scale composting of waste biomass from the control of invasive Acacia species was investigated. Pile temperatures exceeded 65ºC for several months, indicating that the composting process was effective at pathogen inactivation and seed destruction. Mineralisation of Acacia biomass was described by a two-component, first-order exponential model; the pool sizes for labile and recalcitrant organic matter (OM) were similar and in the approximate ranges: 360–410 g kg-1 and 350–390 g kg-1 of initial OM, respectively. Concentrations of conservative nutrients increased proportionally to OM mineralisation, enriching the compost as an agricultural nutrient source. Nitrogen concentrations also increased, but were more dynamic as nitrogen losses were difficult to control, although we suggest that they may be potentially minimised by restricting the turning frequency. The physicochemical characteristics of the stabilised end-product, and the high OM content and low electrical conductivity (<1.2 dS m-1), in particular, were suitable for soil improvement or as substrate components.
Effect of a Single Dose of Propofol and Lack of Dextrose Administration in a Child With Mitochondrial Disease
Authors: Mtaweh Haifa , Bayır Hülya , Kochanek Patrick M. , Bell Michael J.
Published: September 2013

Propofol infusion syndrome is a recognized complication of prolonged propofol use in the pediatric population, but little is reported on other metabolic effects of propofol, especially in children with mitochondrial disorders. We report on a child with metabolic encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome who received a single dose of propofol for procedural sedation. The patient’s initial presentation was consistent with a mild exacerbation of her underlying disease. She received a single dose of propofol and non–dextrose-containing fluids during a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study to rule out stroke and progressed to develop severe acidosis, neurologic deterioration, and cardiorespiratory compromise. This is the first case report of severe metabolic disturbances after a single dose of propofol administered for procedural sedation in a patient with metabolic encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome and it questions the safety of propofol and absence of dextrose infusions during an acute illness in patients with mitochondrial disorders.
Reconceptualizing subjectivity in critical social psychology: Turning to Foucault
Authors: Hanna Paul
Published: September 2013

This article focuses on a reading of Foucault which draws on “technologies of the self,” as opposed to “technologies of subjectivity,” and examines the relevance of this work for critical psychology. The article draws on consumerism to highlight the ways in which contemporary individuals understand, and are understood, through a desire to “know oneself.” Attention then turns to Foucault’s understanding of the precept “care for the self” to explore the ways in which this enables a reconceptualization of contemporary consumers as both positioned and capable of agency. The article argues that psychology could usefully benefit from an understanding of subjectivity that acknowledges existing power knowledge structures, whilst also looking for moments of resistance via individual techniques such as critical self-reflection, reciprocal relationships, and ultimately a “care of the self.” This article attempts to advance the interpretation of Foucault within critical psychology and suggest an alternative for theorizing subjectivity.
Global Governance: Rethinking the US Role in Afghanistan Post 2014
Authors: Yamin Saira
Published: September 2013

The research evaluates the progress towards security and stabilization in Afghanistan as the country transitions towards a complete US–NATO drawdown in December 2014. It argues that the country’s propensity for civil war is high given the weak state institutions, deep-seated ethnic fissures and bleak prospects for political reconciliation in the near future. Building on this premise, the article prescribes a rethink of US strategy as it hands over the responsibilities for security and stabilization to the beleaguered Afghan state. Beyond Afghanistan’s domestic security challenges, the article highlights regional sources of insecurity and their significance for a durable stabilization process by drawing on the Regional Security Complex theory from the field of International Relations. The diffusion of insecurity to and from Afghanistan to Pakistan, in particular, and the broader sub-regional dimensions are critical for a comprehensive analysis of Afghanistan’s security landscape post 2014. In the final analysis, the article explores opportunities for a US-led international process for executing change in the security landscape. Recommendations include restoring Afghanistan’s historical positioning as an international trade bridge by strengthening existing regional frameworks and institutions—a prelude to stability.
Exploring the Impact of a Wilderness-Based Positive Youth Development Program for Urban Youth
Authors: Norton Christine Lynn , Watt Toni Terling
Published: September 2013

Young people today face a multitude of challenges, especially when growing up in an urban environment. Risk factors such as poverty, exposure to gangs, drugs, and community and family violence threaten healthy development. The positive youth development (PYD) approach attempts to combat these personal and environmental challenges by providing youth with positive, asset-building experiences and meaningful, supportive relationships. There is a need for creative youth development programming that brings these two elements together in a structured and voluntary context, such as a wilderness-based program. This study explored the impact of a PYD program that utilizes mentor-supported wilderness expeditions to build developmental assets among a diverse sample of 159 urban youth in the United States. The Developmental Assets Profile was administered pre- and post-program, as well as 90 days post-program. Quantitative findings show that this type of programming can be an asset-building experience for youth facing multiple risk factors.
Normalizing Desire
Authors: Whitesel Jason , Shuman Amy
Published: September 2013

Girth & Mirth (G&M) is a social group for big gay men who face exclusion and discrimination from both mainstream and gay communities. Based on extensive ethnographic research and interview data, we consider a variety of the group’s activities, including gatherings at coffeehouses, participation in a gay pride parade, and a national carnivalesque weekend retreat. The group engages in performances that are complicit with both heteronormative gender practices and normative gay men’s practices and that reinscribe capitalist commodified desires. This exploration of the full range of G&M’s activities, from the everyday to the carnivalesque, provides an opportunity to examine how a stigmatized group negotiates visible and less visible forms of discrimination through a playful reconfiguration of heteronormative masculine performances.
Prevalence of regional and distant metastasis in cats with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma: 49 cases (2005–2011)
Authors: Soltero-Rivera Maria M , Krick Erika L , Reiter Alexander M , Brown Dorothy C , Lewis John R
Published: September 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of regional and distant metastasis in cats with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a retrospective case series. Forty-nine cats with cytologically- or histopathologically-confirmed oral SCC presented to the Matthew J Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. History, clinical and laboratory results, diagnostic imaging findings and survival times were obtained from the medical records of patients who received diagnostic evaluation for metastasis. The prevalence of metastasis was assessed by means of mandibular lymph node cytology and three-view thoracic radiography. The prevalence of mandibular lymph node metastasis was 31% (15/49). Evidence of possible thoracic metastasis was seen in 10% (5/49) of cases. Of the patients with mandibular lymph node metastasis, 53% (8/15) were maxillary, 27% mandibular (4/15), 13% sublingual (2/15) and 7% caudal pharyngeal (1/15). Pulmonary metastasis was seen in three mandibular, one maxillary and one sublingual mass. Forty-one patients died or were euthanased owing to progression of local disease, and seven patients were lost to follow-up. The prevalence of regional metastasis in this study was more common than most previously reported studies, while the rate of pulmonary metastasis was higher than has previously been published. Although significant conclusions cannot be drawn, control of the primary tumor, regardless of tumor size at diagnosis, appears to be an important factor in improving survival time, and therefore treatment of metastasis may be important in those cases where long-term control of the primary tumor is possible.
The ‘art object’ as an epistemic process: Contesting difference in mounting an exhibition of paintings of the ‘Middle East’
Authors: Shaw Isabel
Published: September 2013

This article explores how the topic of ‘Orientalism’ is addressed by art museum actors as part of practices implicated in exhibition development. The author demonstrates how different articulations of the ‘art object’ emerge as unfolding epistemic objects through which actors work to manage their working relationships and the uncertainties and risks that transpire during the exhibition development process from tackling notions of ‘difference’. She argues that these competing material and performative configurations of the ‘art object’ shape contingent forms of action, knowledge and agency, and are aligned to, and resourceful for, professional practices, identity and expertise. These configurations influence how ‘difference’ is addressed and managed as part of ‘cultural diversity’ initiatives in the art museum.
Legitimacy and crime: Theorizing the role of the state in cross-national criminological theory
Authors: Nivette Amy
Published: September 2013

One of the primary components of state stability and order is that citizens consider those in power just and legitimate. Citizens who perceive the state as legitimate are likely to consider its institutions a valid source of morality and social control.  Theoretically, legitimacy should play an important role in criminal offending across countries. This link between state power and citizens—that is, legitimacy—has the potential to be an important social mechanism connecting state actions to individual criminal behaviours. With this in mind, this article explores how political legitimacy might affect levels of crime and violence across countries.  A lack of legitimacy may lead citizens to (1) reject the monopoly of physical force to employ self-help and/or (2) withdraw commitment from institutions, breaking down social control.
Associations of parental influence and 10–11-year-old children’s physical activity: Are they mediated by children’s perceived competence and attraction to physical activity?
Authors: Määttä Suvi , Ray Carola , Roos Eva
Published: September 2013

Aims: This cross-sectional study had two aims: firstly, to study the associations of parental influence in the form of encouragement, father and mother modelling and involvement on children’s physical activity (PA), and secondly, to study the mediation effect of encouragement, father and mother modelling and involvement on children’s PA through children’s perceived competence and attraction to PA. Methods: A total of 1278 children (response rate 79%), aged 10–11 years, participated in the study in the autumn of 2006. Of these children, 883 children completed all the data in a questionnaire assessing their self-reported PA, perceived competence, attraction to PA, and perceived parental influence. The associations were examined by multiple mediator analyses with bootstrapping method. All the models were adjusted with gender and grade. Results: The analyses pointed out that father modelling had a direct effect on children’s physical activity, whereas encouragement, mother modelling, and involvement had an indirect effect through perceived competence and attraction to physical activity on children’s physical activity. The strongest indirect association was formed from encouragement through attraction to physical activity to children’s physical activity. Conclusions: The results show that parents influence on children’s physical activity in a variety of ways. Parents influence their children’s physical activity in direct and indirect manners through their encouragement, involvement and modelling. Furthermore, mother and father influence their children’s physical activity in different ways. This versatility should be taken into consideration in future interventions.
Noncontact laser ultrasonic crack detection for plates with additional structural complexities
Authors: An Yun-Kyu , Kwon Yangsu , Sohn Hoon
Published: September 2013

This article presents a new noncontact laser ultrasonic wavefield imaging technique for detecting subsurface cracks in metallic plates with additional structural complexities. The proposed technique offers noncontact, automated, and baseline-free crack diagnosis for complex metal structures with potential to field structural health monitoring applications. First, a complete noncontact laser ultrasonic wavefield imaging system is introduced, and its working principle is presented. Then, a self-referencing frequency–wavenumber ( f- k) filter is developed for instantaneous crack detection. The self-referencing f- k filter isolates crack-induced features from the ultrasonic wavefield images obtained only from the current state of the target structure using the noncontact laser ultrasonic wavefield imaging system. Finite element analyses are employed to investigate the characteristics of laser-generated ultrasonic waves and validate the proposed self-referencing f- k filter. Finally, the proposed technique is experimentally validated using asymmetrically tapered and vertically stiffened aluminum plates. The numerical and experimental results confirm that subsurface cracks are well identified and localized. The uniqueness of this study lies in that crack damage in plates even with additional structural features can be autonomously detected without using baseline data from the pristine condition of a target structure and with no sensor placement.
Reframing Employee Engagement Within the Context of Meaning and Purpose
Authors: Shuck Brad , Rose Kevin
Published: September 2013

The Problem

Leaders who develop high levels of employee engagement within their organizations enjoy increased levels of competitive advantage. Consequently, organizations understandably desire higher levels of engagement. However, present research and perspectives on employee engagement have focused primarily on leveraging outcomes toward performance rather than the conditions that nurture performance. Such a unidimensional focus presents a gap in understanding how engagement emerges in practice and what strategies human resource development (HRD) practitioners can utilize to cultivate positive conditions for employee engagement.

The Solution

Reframing engagement within the context of meaning and purpose provides a unique lens from which to view the conditions that cultivate the development of engagement. In this article, we present an alternative, yet complementary view of employee engagement that focuses on how performance can be sustained within the context of meaning and purpose. Emerging implications for the field of HRD are explored.

The Stakeholders

The intended audience for this article includes HRD scholars, scholar-practitioners, practitioners, and students interested in the development and use of employee engagement, meaningful work, and the operationalization of meaning and purpose within an HRD context.
Public Opinion in the U.S. States: 1956 to 2010
Authors: Enns Peter K. , Koch Julianna
Published: September 2013

In this article, we create, validate, and analyze new dynamic measures of state partisanship, state policy mood, and state political ideology. The measures of partisanship and policy mood begin in 1956 and the measure of ideology begins in 1976. Our approach uses the advantages of two leading techniques for measuring state public opinion—multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) and survey aggregation. The resulting estimates are based on nearly 500 different surveys with a total of more than 740,000 respondents. After validating our measures, we show that during the last half century, policy preferences in the states have shifted in important and sometimes surprising ways. For example, we find that differences in political attitudes across time can be as important as differences across states.
Tongue Tied
Authors: Martinez Shantel
Published: September 2013

This paper is an authoethnographical account illustrating the author’s struggle inserting lived experience as theory into the academic classroom. Mixing together memories with poems, the author engages a conversation regarding knowledge production within the academy as well as the marginalization of particular voices and bodies within scholastic environments. As such, this paper highlights the inner friction embedded within subjugated bodies that are frequently pushed to the side resulting in silence in the classroom.
Delayed Recovery of Leg Fatigue Symptoms Following a Maximal Exercise Session in People With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Dawes Helen , Collett Johnny , Meaney Andy , Duda Joan , Sackley Cath , Wade Derick , Barker Karen , Izadi Hooshang
Published: September 2013

Background. Fatigue is a chronic symptom for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Objective. Symptoms of fatigue were investigated during and following a single exercise session. Methods. In all, 58 PwMS and 15 healthy, low-active controls performed a cycle ergometer incremental exercise test to voluntary exhaustion. Physiological intensity (expired air and heart rate), perceived breathlessness, and leg fatigue (Rating of Perceived Exertion [RPE] CR-10 Scale) were measured during and for 10 minutes following exercise. Measures of baseline disability (Barthel Index), activity (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly), vitality (Subjective Vitality Scale), and general fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale [FSS]) were recorded. Results. PwMS had reduced exercise capacity ( P = .00 to .01), but sensations of breathlessness and leg fatigue were the same at voluntary exercise termination in both groups ( P = .09). PwMS with fatigue (FSS ≥ 4) exhibited reduced exercise capacity ( P = .03 to .05) but reached the same physiological intensity, breathlessness, and leg fatigue symptoms at test termination as nonfatigued peers ( P = .16 to .59). During recovery, there was no difference in observed means between groups, except for leg RPE, which was higher in the MS group ( P = .047) and higher at 3 and 5 minutes after exercise in the fatigued MS group ( P = .02). Physiological markers and breathlessness recovered at the same rate in both groups ( P = .33 to .67). Conclusion. Monitoring leg fatigue symptoms during and through recovery from physical activities may help guide participation in physical activities for PwMS, particularly in people managing high levels of fatigue.
Leadership in the Context of Temporary Organizations
Authors: Tyssen Ana K. , Wald Andreas , Heidenreich Sven
Published: September 2013

This article follows the call for more empirical research on leadership in different organizational contexts. Organizations react to environmental dynamism and uncertainty by using temporary forms or organizing such as projects. This organizational context factor raises questions about the nature of effective leadership in temporary settings. Transactional leadership has been found to be particularly effective in settings without a shared history of leaders and followers. In turn, prior research indicates that transformational leadership succeeds in times of uncertainty, which is essential to temporary organizations. We extend the existing transactional and transformational leadership approaches by examining leadership in the context of the temporary organization. We empirically test for effects of transactional and transformational leadership in projects and find that both leadership behaviors positively influence the followers’ commitment. However, transformational leadership is more effective than transactional leadership. The effects of both leadership behaviors are amplified by increasing complexity of the project.
An analysis of error reconciliation protocols used in Quantum Key Distribution systems
Authors: Johnson James S , Grimaila Michael R , Humphries Jeffrey W. , Baumgartner Gerald B
Published: September 2013

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a revolutionary security technology that exploits the laws of quantum mechanics to achieve information-theoretic secure key exchange. QKD enables two parties to “grow” a shared secret key without placing any limits on an adversary’s computational power. Error reconciliation protocols have been developed that preserve security while allowing a sender and receiver to reconcile the errors in their respective keys. The most famous of these is the Cascade protocol, which is effective but suffers from a high communication complexity and low throughput. The Winnow protocol reduces the communication complexity over Cascade, but has the disadvantage of introducing errors. Finally, Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes have been shown to reconcile errors at rates higher than those of Cascade and Winnow, but with greater computational complexity. In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of LDPC codes by comparing the runtime, throughput and communication complexity empirically with the Cascade and Winnow algorithms. The effects of inaccurate error estimation, non-uniform error distribution and varying key length on all three protocols are evaluated for identical input key strings. Analyses are performed on the results in order to characterize the strengths and weaknesses of each protocol.
The Human Conditioning: International Law and Science-Fiction
Authors: Ben-Naftali Orna , Triger Zvi
Published: September 2013

This article introduces the subject-matter of a symposium on international law and science-fiction. The impact of new technologies on human rights, humanitarian issues and indeed on what it means to be human in a technological age, suffers from a paucity of international legal attention. The latter has been attributed to various factors ranging from technophobia and technological illiteracy, inclusive of an instrumentalist view of technology, to the sense that such attention is the domain of science-fiction, not of international law. The article extends an invitation to pay attention to the attention science-fiction has given to the man-machine interaction and its impact on the human condition. Placing this invitation in the context of the ‘‘law and literature’’ movement, the article exemplifies its value with respect to two technologies, one directed at creating life or saving it (cloning and organ donation) and the other at ending life (lethal autonomous robots).
On the history and definition of Preiser’s disease
Authors: Kallen A. M. , Strackee S. D.
Published: September 2013

In 1910, Georg Preiser (1876–1913) described five cases of rarifying osteitis. Based on his imaging studies, he diagnosed post-traumatic avascular necrosis (AVN) of the scaphoid without any sign of primary fracture. This was followed by an article in 1911 in which Preiser related his findings to Kienböck’s disease and Köhler’s disease of the tarsal navicular. Upon searching the literature, we found descriptions and discussions of Preiser’s imaging; however, the original images have never been published. We reproduce Preiser’s original imaging in this current review. All of these appear to show a fracture and no signs of AVN, suggesting that Georg Preiser misinterpreted his findings. There is no apparent uniformity in the literature regarding the definition, description, or aetiology of Preiser’s disease, and it is for this reason that we find the use of eponyms to be confusing.
The Direct Plantar Plate Repair Technique
Authors: McAlister Jeffrey E. , Hyer Christopher F.
Published: September 2013

Lesser metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint instability is a common and painful condition that can severely limit activity and recreation. Synovitis and joint effusion may be seen early on with progression of instability to encompass predislocation and eventual complete dislocation of the MTP joint. Various surgical techniques have been described to treat lesser MTP joint instability and associated hammertoe deformities. Many surgeons experience frustration with the surgical outcome of metatarsal osteotomies and flexor transfers commonly used for this condition. The plantar plate apparatus is felt to be at the heart of the pathomechanics of this condition in many instances and is often misunderstood or even overlooked. Indirect dorsal approaches to plantar plate repair often require reliance on complex instrumentation and provide a limited view of the involved structures. The authors describe a direct plantar approach technique for plantar plate repair with realignment of the lesser MTP joint and hammertoe pathologies.

Level of Evidence: V
Severe late-onset multisystem cytomegalovirus infection in a premature neonate previously treated for congenital infection
Authors: El-Sayed Manal F , Goldfarb David M , Fulford Martha , Pernica Jeffrey M
Published: September 2013

Background

Cytomegalovirus is the most common pathogen causing congenital infection and can result in significant neurodevelopmental adverse outcomes. For this reason, it is the standard of care in many regions to treat congenital cytomegalovirus infection involving the brain with six weeks of ganciclovir. There have been no reports in the published literature of significant cytomegalovirus neonatal infection in infants previously treated for congenital infection.

Case presentation

A preterm male infant with congenital symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection was initially treated with over 8 weeks of ganciclovir between the ages of 3 and 14 weeks. At four months chronologic age, just prior to planned discharge, he developed an episode of life-threatening multisystem cytomegalovirus disease notable for severe pneumonitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. This disease resolved after re-treatment with a prolonged course of intravenous ganciclovir and oral valganciclovir.

Conclusions

Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of recurrence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection, especially in preterm infants. Serial plasma cytomegalovirus viral load monitoring may have a role in the management of premature infants treated with ganciclovir; had the diagnosis of recrudescent cytomegalovirus infection been considered sooner, specific therapy might have been more quickly initiated and perhaps further morbidity would have been prevented.