bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eustatic versus tectonic controls on Alpine foreland basin fill: sequence stratigraphy and subsidence analysis in the SE German Molasse
Authors: Zweigel J. , Aigner T. , Luterbacher H.
Published: September 2007

A sequence-stratigraphic and subsidence analysis in the SE German Molasse basin was carried out based on well and seismic data. The sequence-stratigraphic study revealed that the basin fill is composed of five second-order sequences. Sequences 3 and 4 can be subdivided into several third-order sequences. Seismic facies maps illustrate the temporal and spatial evolution of the study area. Comparison of an accommodation curve of the Molasse basin with the eustatic sea-level curve of Haq
et al
. (
Science
, 1987,
235
, 1156–1167) showed, that the sequence stratigraphic subdivision was mainly controlled by eustatic sea-level fluctuations.

Subsidence analysis revealed a major flexural event in the SE German Molasse basin from late Eocene to early Miocene (late Egerian), followed by a possible visco-elastic relaxation of the lithosphere responsible for the formation of an angular unconformity between the two classical transgressive-regressive megacycles of the Molasse stratigraphy (early Miocene, late Egerian-Eggenburgian boundary). A phase of relatively uniform, decreasing subsidence followed until the end of Molasse sedimentation, when an isostatic rebound resulted in the uplift of the basin. The subsidence analysis also revealed, that even though eustacy controlled sequence boundary formations, the interplay between subsidence and sedimentation rates, both governed by tectonics, controlled the transgressive-regressive megacycles. However, the coupling of the two factors depends on the tectonic process.
Major occurrences and reservoir concepts of marine clathrate hydrates: implications of field evidence
Authors: Booth J. S. , Winters W. J. , Dillon W. P. , Clennell M. B. , Rowe M. M.
Published: September 2007

Questions concerning clathrate hydrate as an energy resource, as a factor in modifying global climate and as a triggering mechanism for mass movements invite consideration of what factors promote hydrate concentration, and what the quintessential hydrate-rich sediment may be. Gas hydrate field data, although limited, provide a starting point for identifying the environments and processes that lead to more massive concentrations. Gas hydrate zones are up to 30 m thick and the vertical range of occurrence at a site may exceed 200 m. Zones typically occur more than 100 m above the phase boundary. Thicker zones are overwhelmingly associated with structural features and tectonism, and often contain sand. It is unclear whether an apparent association between zone thickness and porosity represents a cause-and-effect relationship. The primary control on the thickness of a potential gas hydrate reservoir is the geological setting. Deep water and low geothermal gradients foster thick gas hydrate stability zones (GHSZs). The presence of faults, fractures, etc., can favour migration of gas-rich fluids. Geological processes, such as eustacy or subsidence, may alter the thickness of the GHSZ or affect hydrate concentration. Tectonic forces may promote injection of gas into the GHSZ. More porous and permeable sediment, as host sediment properties, increase storage capacity and fluid conductivity, and thus also enhance reservoir potential.
Seismic tomography study of a bottom simulating reflector off the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica)
Authors: Tinivella U. , Lodolo E. , Camerlenghi A. , Boehm G.
Published: September 2007

Reflection tomography techniques have been applied to two multi-channel seismic profiles, acquired across the accretionary prism of the South Sheltand margin, in order to reconstruct the velocity field associated with gas hydrate and free gas layers in the sedimentary sequence. Data show the presence of a strong bottom simulating reflector (BSR), running along the slope in water depths ranging from 1000 to 4600 m, locally underlain by a weak normal polarity reflector about 80 ms deeper in the section. The analysis indicates a velocity trend from the sea floor to the BSR generally consistent with that of normally compacted marine sediments, with an abrupt decrement between the BSR and the underlying reflector, indicating the presence of free gas in the sediment pore spaces. The calculated thickness of this gas-bearing layer is approximately 50 m. Local increments of tomographic velocity above the BSR can be related either to gas hydrate abundances in normally compacted slope basin sediments or to overcompaction in accreted sediments, as imaged by the pre-stack depth migrated sections. We conclude that clathrates and free gas distribution on the South Shetland continental slope are strongly controlled by the structural setting of the accretionary prism, where faults act as conduits for migration of natural gas towards the surface. A brief description of the adopted tomography method is also presented.
Extraterrestrial impacts on earth: the evidence and the consequences
Authors: Grieve Richard A. F.
Published: September 2007

The terrestrial record of impact events is incomplete and evolving. There are inherent biases in ages, distribution and sizes of known impact events that result from the high levels of endogenic activity on the Earth. Nevertheless, an estimated terrestrial cratering rate of (5.6 ± 2.8) × 10−15km−2a−1for impact structures with diameters >20 km and younger than 120 Ma can be calculated and is compatible with astronomical observations. The most obvious evidence of impact is the occurrence of 156 impact structures known as of the end of 1996. Few impact structures, however, are sufficiently pristine to provide great detail concerning their original morphology. Some basic morphometric parameters, however, can be estimated. Confirmation of an impact origin for particularly terrestrial structures comes generally from the recognition of diagnostic shock metamorphic effects in the target rocks. Some 16 impact events are currently recognized in the stratigraphic column but it would appear that many others await discovery. The best documented and only global example of such events is at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. Although a number of killing mechanisms have been proposed for the attendant mass extinction, the nature of the target, in this case containing sulphates, may be the reason for the devastating effect of this event on the biosphere. In early Earth history, the high impact flux was probably a significant factor in the modification of the atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere and the collision of a Mars-sized object with the proto-Earth may have been responsible for the formation of the Earth’s Moon. Prompted by the association of the K-T event with a global mass extinction, it has been proposed that other mass extinctions and geological phenomena in the Phanerozoic are impact related, possibly through periodic cometary showers. At this time, there is little or no evidence for this association, although model calculations and the terrestrial cratering rate suggest that impact cannot be ignored as a forcing function for transient changes in the Earth’s atmosphere and climate. Although unequivocal evidence linking impact to climatic changes remains to be discovered, it is a statistical certainty that if human civilization exists for time-scales of hundreds of thousands of years it will be severely affected or possibly destroyed by an impact event. Given the stochastic nature of impact events, however, this could happen sooner rather than later.
Localized shock- and friction-induced melting in response to hypervelocity impact
Authors: Spray John G.
Published: September 2007

The distribution of shock veins, friction melts and cataclastic rocks in complex impact craters reflects the response of target lithologies to varying rates of strain. Within the Sudbury impact structure, thin (<2 mm), anastomosing veins, which can define shatter cone surfaces, permeate the target rocks in a
c.
15 km wide zone around the Sudbury igneous complex (SIC). A similar relationship exists within the Vredefort impact structure, with the additional association of the high-pressure SiO
2
polymorphs coesite and stishovite. These S- (shock-dominant) type pseudotachylytes are comparable with shock veins developed in meteorites. Both are considered to form primarily by shock compression-decompression during the contact and compression stage of the collision process. Larger, thicker (up to 1 km wide) friction melt bodies constitute pseudotachylytes formed by the extreme comminution of fault walls during rebound and gravitational collapse of the transient cavity. They also appear to define the concentric fault systems of multi-ring impact basins. These E- (endogenic-) type pseudotachylytes form during the modification stage of the cratering process and post-date S-type pseudotachylytes. At Sudbury, they occur up to 80 km beyond the SIC. E-type pseudotachylytes are formed by the same mechanism as pseudotachylytes in non-impact-related fault systems: frictional melting of fault walls during seismogenic slip. Those in impact structures can be large because the extreme displacements (several kilometres) facilitated by superfaults generate massive volumes of friction melt.
Lyell and the dilemma of Quaternary glaciation
Authors: Boylan Patrick J.
Published: September 2007

The glacial theory as proposed by Louis Agassiz in 1837 was introduced to the British Isles in the autumn of 1840 by Agassiz and his Oxford mentor, William Buckland. Charles Lyell was quickly converted in the course of a short period of intensive fieldwork with Buckland in and around Forfarshire, Scotland, centred on the Lyell family’s estate at Kinnordy. Agassiz, Buckland and Lyell presented substantial interrelated papers demonstrating that there had been a recent land-based glaciation of large areas of Scotland, Ireland and northern England — at three successive fortnightly meetings of the Geological Society of London, of which Buckland was then President, in November and December 1840. However, the response of the leading figures of British geology was overwhelmingly hostile. Within six months Lyell had withdrawn his paper and it had become clear that the Council of the Society was unwilling to published the papers, even though they were by three of the Society’s most distinguished figures. Lyell reverted to his earlier interpretation of attributing deposits such as tills, gravels and sands and the transport of erratics to a very recent deep submergence with floating icebergs, maintaining this essentially ‘catastrophist’ interpretation through to his death a quarter of a century later.
Catastrophism and uniformitarianism: logical roots and current relevance in geology
Authors: Baker Victor R.
Published: September 2007

Catastrophism in the Earth sciences is rooted in the view that Earth signifies its causative processes via landforms, structures and rock. Processes of types, rates and magnitudes not presently in evidence may well be signified this way. Uniformitarianism, in contrast, is a regulative stipulation motivated by the presumed necessity that science achieves logical validity in what can be said (hypothesized) about the Earth. Regulative principles, including simplicity, actualism and gradualism, are imposeda priorito insure valid inductive reasoning. This distinction lies at the heart of the catastrophist versus uniformitarian debates in the early nineteenth century and it continues to influence portions of the current scientific program. Uniformitarianism, as introduced by Charles Lyell in 1830, is specifically tied to an early nineteenth century view of inductive inference. Catastrophism involves a completely different form of inference in which hypotheses are generated retroductively. This latter form of logical inference remains relevant to modern science, while the outmoded notions of induction that warranted the doctrine of uniformitarianism were long ago shown to be overly restrictive in scientific practice. The latter should be relegated solely to historical interest in the progress of ideas.
Extrusions of Hormuz salt in Iran
Authors: Talbot Christopher J.
Published: September 2007

This work illustrates that Lyell’s approach to inferring geological processes from field observations can be improved by using field measurements of their rates to scale dynamic models. A controversy in the 1970s about whether crystalline rock salt can flow over the surface echoed an earlier controversy resolved with Lyell’s help about whether ice could flow and carry exotic blocks. This work argues that the external shapes, internal fabrics and structures and rates of flow of current salt extrusions in the Zagros Mountains are keys not only to understanding past and future extrusion of salt, but also to the extrusion of metamorphic cores of orogens.

Salt is shown to extrude first in hemispherical domes, which later spread to the shapes of viscous fountains until they are isolated from their source. They then rapidly assume the shapes of viscous droplets, which they maintain until they degrade to heaps of residual soils. Salt emerges as a linear viscous Bingham fluid, and strain rate hardens downslope to a power-law fluid (n= 3) beneath a thickening carapace of brittle dilated salt.

The velocities of salt constrained in emergent diapirs by measurements of extruding salt sheets in Iran are remarkably rapid compared with rates estimated for buried equivalents elsewhere in or under which it is planned to store nuclear waste or to extract hydrocarbons.
The Mind and Brain of Short-Term Memory
Authors: Jonides John , Lewis Richard L. , Nee Derek Evan , Lustig Cindy A. , Berman Marc G. , Moore Katherine Sledge
Published: September 2007

The past 10 years have brought near-revolutionary changes in psychological theories about short-term memory, with similarly great advances in the neurosciences. Here, we critically examine the major psychological theories (the “mind”) of short-term memory and how they relate to evidence about underlying brain mechanisms. We focus on three features that must be addressed by any satisfactory theory of short-term memory. First, we examine the evidence for the architecture of short-term memory, with special attention to questions of capacity and how—or whether—short-term memory can be separated from long-term memory. Second, we ask how the components of that architecture enact processes of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Third, we describe the debate over the reason about forgetting from short-term memory, whether interference or decay is the cause. We close with a conceptual model tracing the representation of a single item through a short-term memory task, describing the biological mechanisms that might support psychological processes on a moment-by-moment basis as an item is encoded, maintained over a delay with some forgetting, and ultimately retrieved.
Spontaneous Inferences, Implicit Impressions, and Implicit Theories
Authors: Uleman James S. , Adil Saribay S. , Gonzalez Celia M.
Published: September 2007

People make social inferences without intentions, awareness, or effort, i.e., spontaneously. We review recent findings on spontaneous social inferences (especially traits, goals, and causes) and closely related phenomena. We then describe current thinking on some of the most relevant processes, implicit knowledge, and theories. These include automatic and controlled processes and their interplay; embodied cognition, including mimicry; and associative versus rule-based processes. Implicit knowledge includes adult folk theories, conditions of personhood, self-knowledge to simulate others, and cultural and social class differences. Implicit theories concern Bayesian networks, recent attribution research, and questions about the utility of the disposition-situation dichotomy. Developmental research provides new insights. Spontaneous social inferences include a growing array of phenomena, but they have been insufficiently linked to other phenomena and theories. We hope the links suggested in this review begin to remedy this.
Altered hormonal regulation and blood flow distribution with cardiovascular deconditioning after short-duration head down bed rest
Authors: Fischer D. , Arbeille P. , Shoemaker J. K. , O'Leary D. D. , Hughson R. L.
Published: September 2007

This study tested the hypothesis that cardiovascular and hormonal responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) would be altered by 4-h head down bed rest (HDBR) in 11 healthy young men. In post-HDBR testing, three subjects failed to finish the protocol due to presyncopal symptoms, heart rate was increased during LBNP compared with pre-HDBR, mean arterial blood pressure was elevated at 0, −10, and −20 mmHg and reduced at −40 mmHg, central venous pressure (CVP) and cardiac stroke volume were reduced at all levels of LBNP. Plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were significantly lower after HDBR. Renin and angiotensin II increased in response to LBNP only post-HDBR. There was no effect of HDBR or LBNP on norepinephrine while epinephrine tended to increase at −40 mmHg post-HDBR ( P = 0.07). Total blood volume was not significantly reduced. Splanchnic blood flow taken from ultrasound measurement of the portal vein was higher at each level of LBNP post-compared with pre-HDBR. The gain of the cardiopulmonary baroreflex relating changes in total peripheral resistance to CVP was increased after HDBR, but splanchnic vascular resistance was actually reduced. These results are consistent with our hypothesis and suggest that cardiovascular instability following only 4-h HDBR might be related to altered hormonal and/or neural control of regional vascular resistance. Impaired ability to distribute blood away from the splanchnic region was associated with reduced stroke volume, elevated heart rate, and the inability to protect mean arterial pressure.
Hypergravity resistance exercise: the use of artificial gravity as potential countermeasure to microgravity
Authors: Yang Yifan , Baker Michael , Graf Scott , Larson Jennifer , Caiozzo Vincent J.
Published: September 2007

The aims of this study were to 1) determine if hypergravity (HG) squats can produce foot forces similar to those measured during 10-repetition maximum (10RM) squats using weights under normal 1-G z condition, and 2) compare the kinematics (duration and goniometry) and EMG activities of selected joints and muscles between 10RM and HG squats of similar total foot forces. Eight men and six women [27 yr (SD 4), 66 kg (SD 10)] completed ten 10RM [83 kg (SD 23)] and 10 HG squats (2.25–3.75 G z). HG squats were performed on a human-powered short-arm centrifuge. Foot forces were measured using insole force sensors. Hip, knee, and ankle angles were measured using electrogoniometers. EMG activities of the erector spinae, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius were also recorded during both squats. All subjects were able to achieve similar or higher average total foot forces during HG squats compared with those obtained during 10RM squats. There were no differences in total duration per set, average duration per repetition, and goniometry and EMG activities of the selected joints and muscles, respectively, between 10RM and HG squats. These results demonstrate that HG squats can produce very high foot forces that are comparable to those produced during 10RM squats at 1 G z. In addition, the technique and muscle activation are similar between the two types of squats. This observation supports the view that HG resistance training may represent an important countermeasure to microgravity.
Developmental Changes in Agonist-Induced Retrograde Signaling at Parallel Fiber–Purkinje Cell Synapses: Role of Calcium-Induced Calcium Release
Authors: Crepel Francis , Daniel Hervé
Published: September 2007

In cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), activation of postsynaptic mGluR1 receptors inhibits parallel fiber (PF) to PC synaptic transmission by retrograde signaling. However, results were conflicting with respect to whether endocannabinoids or glutamate (Glu) is the retrograde messenger involved. Experiments in cerebellar slices from 10- to 12-day-old rats and mice confirmed that suppression of PF-excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) by mGluR1 agonists was entirely blocked by cannabinoid receptor antagonists at this early developmental stage. In contrast, suppression of PF-EPSCs by mGluR1 agonists was only partly blocked by cannabinoid receptor antagonists in 18- to 22-day-old rats, and the remaining suppression was accompanied by an increase in paired-pulse facilitation. This endocannnabinoidindependent suppression of PF-EPSCs was potentiated by the Glu uptake inhibitor d-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate (d-TBOA) and blocked by the desensitizing kainate (KA) receptors agonist SYM 2081, by nonsaturating concentrations of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2-3-dione (CNQX) [but not by GYKI 52466 hydrochloride (GYKI)] and by dialyzing PCs with guanosine 5′-[β-thio]diphosphate (GDP-βS). An endocannnabinoid-independent suppression of PF-EPSCs was also present in nearly mature wild-type mice but was absent in GluR6−/− mice. The endocannnabinoid-independent suppression of PF-EPSCs induced by mGluR1 agonists and the KA-dependent component of depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) were blocked by ryanodine acting at a presynaptic level. We conclude that retrograde release of Glu by PCs participates in mGluR1 agonist-induced suppression of PF-EPSCs at nearly mature PF-PC synapses and that Glu operates through activation of presynaptic KA receptors located on PFs and prolonged release of calcium from presynaptic internal calcium stores.
Spatial Interaction Between Spectral Integration and Frequency Gradient in Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Imaizumi Kazuo , Schreiner Christoph E.
Published: September 2007

Primary sensory cortical areas are characterized by orderly and largely independent representations of several receptive field properties. This is expressed in multiple, spatially overlaying parameter distributions, such as orientation preference, spatial frequency, and ocular dominance maps in the primary visual cortex. In the auditory cortex, two main and presumably independent representational parameters are the center frequency and the frequency extent of spectral tuning curves. Here we demonstrate interactions between cortical tonotopic gradient and spectral bandwidth modules in cat primary auditory cortex (AI). First, the spatial representation of spectral integration is not equally expressed across the whole frequency range in AI. Narrow-bandwidth modules are found only in the mid-frequency region (5–20 kHz). Thus spectral integration properties delineate three frequency regions (<5, 5–20, and >20 kHz) in cat AI. Second, the extent of spectral integration covaries with the local tonotopic gradient in the low- and mid-frequency ranges. Regions with a shallow frequency gradient tend to have narrower spectral integration than those with a steep gradient. These relationships between spectral selectivity and frequency gradient constrain forebrain models of thalamo- and corticocortical convergence and connectivity and may reflect the processing of behaviorally relevant stimulus constellations.
Compact Movable Microwire Array for Long-Term Chronic Unit Recording in Cerebral Cortex of Primates
Authors: Jackson Andrew , Fetz Eberhard E.
Published: September 2007

We describe a small, chronically implantable microwire array for obtaining long-term unit recordings from the cortex of unrestrained nonhuman primates. After implantation, the depth of microwires can be individually adjusted to maintain large-amplitude action potential recordings from single neurons over many months. We present data recorded from the primary motor cortex of two monkeys by autonomous on-board electronic circuitry. Waveforms of individual neurons remained stable for recording periods of several weeks during unrestrained behavior. Signal-to-noise ratios, waveform stability, and rates of cell loss indicate that this method may be particularly suited to experiments investigating the neural correlates of processes extending over multiple days, such as learning and plasticity.
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma of The Liver — A Case Report From Japan and a Review of The Literature
Authors: Kohno Hitoshi , Nagasue Naofumi , Taniura Hiroyuki , Nakamura Teruhisa , Nagaoka Sabro
Published: September 2007

The first Japanese case of fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) of the liver is described. The 17‐year‐old
Japanese male affected died of the disease 25 months after palliative operation. The diagnosis of FLC had
not been confirmed before autopsy. Pre‐operative diagnosis of FLC is important to surgeons. Acccording
to the literature, FLC is rare in Asia. The endemic discrepancy may suggest that the carcinogenic factors
are different from those of general hepatocellular carcinoma.
Experience With Radical Resection in The Management of ProximalBile Duct Cancer
Authors: Emond Jean C. , Mayes James T. , Rouch Dale A. , Thistlethwaite J. Richard , Broelsch Christoph E.
Published: September 2007

Multiple surgical and nonsurgical approaches have been advocated for the treatment of proximal bile duct
cancer. However, survival appears longest when a resection can be performed. Fifteen patients treated at a
university center were managed with an aggressive surgical approach. Resection of the tumor was
performed in 13 of 15 patients (87%). Of the patients undergoing resection, major hepatic resection was
performed in 8 (62%), while excision of vessels with reconstruction was performed in 5 (38%). Eleven of
the 13 resected patients (85%) were discharged from the hospital. Clinical symptoms of recurrent disease
occurred between 3 and 36 months after surgery in 7 patients, 6 of whom have died. Three other patients
are alive at 5, 21, and 36 months without clinical evidence of recurrence. There was no correlation between
the completeness of resection and the duration of disease‐free survival.These results demonstrate that radical resection of high bile duct tumors can be accomplished with an
acceptable early mortality rate, thereby extending the benefits of resection to a higher proportion of
patients. While resection is clearly effective at controlling local disease and providing palliation of jaundice,
surgical cure remains exceptional. Further improvement in the therapy of bile duct cancer must await
development of more effective multi‐modality approaches.
The Pharmacokinetics of The Biliary Excretion of Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Ball C. S. , Manson J. Mck. , Reid Fiona , Tweedle D. E. F.
Published: September 2007

The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin excretion have been studied in 54 patients undergoing biliary and
pancreatic operations with and without obstruction of the common bile duct. High concentrations were
achieved in common duct bile within 20 minutes of intravenous injection and persisted for over 3 hours
after 100 mg and for over 8 hours after 200 mg. The concentration of ciprofloxacin in the bile of functioning
gall bladders was much greater than that in the common duct bile. Remarkably, it was identified in
therapeutic concentrations in the bile of obstructed ducts. This and the rapid fall from initially high venous
concentrations probably reflect diffusion from the circulation as a result of the exceptional tissue
penetration. A unique feature of this study was the finding of clinically significant concentrations in the
bile of obstructed ducts.

Two patients developed wound infection and no side effects were observed. The broad spectrum
antibiotic ciprofloxacin has potential as a useful agent for prophylaxis in biliary surgery maintaining biliary
and venous concentrations in excess of the MIC90 for most biliary pathogens for more than 8 hours.
Long Term Results (>5 Years) in Patients With Peritoneovenous Shunting for Intractable Ascites: Liver Function and Cancer Mortality
Authors: Franco Dominique , Meakins Jonathan L. , Wu Andrew , Smadja Claude , Bonnet Patrick , Gouffier Etienne , Campillo Bernard
Published: September 2007

This report is based on twenty‐eight (26%) of 107 patients included in a protocol for prospective
evaluation of elective peritoneo‐venous shunting for intractable ascites in cirrhosis. These patients had no
other procedures and survived more than 5 years after the operation. All patients were free of ascites
except one in whom it was mild. One patient refused follow‐up. Shunt patency was assessed in 23 patients.
In 14 patients (60.9%), the shunt was obstructed and the superior vena cava was occluded in 5 of them.
In 9 patients (39.1%), the shunt was still functioning. No clinical or biological parameters differentiated
these two groups of patients. Of the 24 patients who were alcoholics, 2 abstained completely and 20
significantly reduced their drinking habits. In 25 patients, the Pugh′s score improved and was A at the time
of the study. Seven patients (25.9%) developed a malignant tumor of the oro‐pharynx or digestive tract,
all other patients were alive and in good health. This study suggests that patients with intractable ascites
treated by a peritoneo‐venous shunt may survive for a long period. In patients abstaining from heavy
drinking, it may function as a therapeutic bridge permitting spontaneous improvement of liver function.
The risk of supervening neoplasms suggests that a continuous follow‐up of these patients is warranted.
Percutaneous Management of Pyogenic Liver Abscesses
Authors: Helenon O. , Krachte M. , Mathieu D. , Vasile N. , Rotman N. , Fagniez P. –L.
Published: September 2007

Twenty‐four pyogenic liver abscesses have been treated during a six‐year period percutaneously.
Percutaneous management included percutaneous drainage and fine needle aspiration under ultrasound
or CT scan guidance. Percutaneous management was successful in 92% of cases, and no further treatment
was required in 91% of these.

One patient died, giving a mortality rate of 4.1%. There were no complications related to this method.
The authors conclude that percutaneous management of pyogenic liver abscesses should be attempted in
all cases, since results compare favourably with surgical procedures.
Cell Kinetics of Hepatic Metastases as aPrognostic Marker in Patients WithAdvanced Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Silvestrini Rosella , Costa Aurora , Gennari Leandro , Doci Roberto , Bombardieri Emilio , Bombelli Luigia
Published: September 2007

Cell kinetics was determined, as 3H‐thymidine labeling index (LI), in hepatic lesions from 36 patients with
primary colorectal carcinoma; LI values ranged from 0.9% to 23.5% and were normally distributed. Cell
kinetics was not related to sex or age of the patient, or to liver function. For clinical studies the median LI
value of 10% was used to separate slowly and rapidly proliferating lesions. Univariate analysis showed that
patients radically resected and with a low LI tumor have a longer disease‐free interval and a better probability
of 12‐month survival than those non‐radically resected and with a high LI tumor. When treatment and cell
kinetics were taken into consideration, the probability of 12‐month survival was 100% for patients with
slowly proliferating and radically resected hepatic metastases. Patients with rapidly proliferating tumors,
regardless of type of treatment, had the worst prognosis.
Bile Peritonitis in Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Andersson Roland , Tranberg Karl-Göran , Bengmark Stig
Published: September 2007

A review of all patients treated for acute cholecystitis (n=5848) during an 18‐year period (1969–1986) at two
hospitals (one practising early surgery in patients with acute cholecystitis and the other not) disclosed that
104 (1.8%) had bile within the abdominal cavity at surgery; 71 with a visible perforation of the gallbladder
and 33 without. The bile was infected in 82% of performed cultures (most commonly with Escherichia coli).
Mortality was 7.7% (8/104 patients), being 20% (4/20)in the hospital practising delayed surgery and 5% (4/84) in the hospital practising early surgery (p<0.10). Infectious complications were responsible for the
deaths by leading to multiple organ failure with pulmonary or renal insufficiency or gastro‐intestinal
bleeding. The timing of surgery was the only factor that had prognostic significance, i.e. the longer the
hospital delay before surgery the higher the mortality, although elderly patients or patients with perforation
tended to have a worse prognosis. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that early surgery is
important in patients with acute cholecystitis as a means of lowering mortality in bile peritonitis in this
condition.
Hepatic Artery Infusion Chemotherapy
Authors: Tuchmann A. , Schüller J. , Kroiss A. , Dinstl K.
Published: September 2007

Hepatic artery chemotherapy was given to 36 patients, using totally implantable devices consisting of a port
and external pump. Twenty‐seven patients had inoperable liver metastases of colorectal origin. The infusion
system was inserted by laparotomy into the hepatic artery via the gastroduodenal artery. There was no
operative mortality. Thirteen infusion systems could not be used for chemotherapy due to dislodgement,
early death and lack of follow‐up. FUdR was infused every two weeks. There were minor local
complications like thrombosis of the system and dislodgement of the port. Toxic effects could be managed
by reducing the dose. Response to chemotherapy was evaluated by survival, clinical condition, CEA,
ultrasound and CT six months after onset of arterial chemotherapy. Ten/twenty‐three patients (43%)
responded to therapy, eight of them died on the average 19 months after initial chemotherapy. Six patients
were non‐responders, seven had stable disease. Five/ten patients developed extrahepatic metastases. Mean
survival time was 13.1 months, mean interval until relapse 10.6 months.
Does the Warren Shunt CorrectHypersplenism?
Authors: Lodge J. Peter A. , Mavor Andrew I. D. , Giles Geoffrey R.
Published: September 2007

It has been suggested that patients with bleeding varices and hypersplenism will show significant improvements
in leucocyte and platelet counts following distal splenorenal (Warren) shunt surgery. Whilst this may
be true in the short term, this report shows that in the long term hypersplenism is not relieved, whereas the
lienorenal shunt is associated with a return of normal haematological values.
Obstructive Jaundice Due toHepatocarcinoma With IntraductalGrowth. Report of a Successful Resection
Authors: Jiménez L. C. , Teruel Ana , Mezquita Susana , Martínez J. , Colina F.
Published: September 2007

We present a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma causing obstructive jaundice due to intraductal
growth, diagnosed intraoperatively by cholangiography and histological examination, and radically
treated by left lobectomy, extrahepatic biliary tract resection and Roux‐en‐Y hepaticojejunostomy.
Survival after operation was 13 months. Other similar cases reported in the literature are reviewed.
Ruptured Amebic Liver Abscess
Authors: Kawano Toyokazu , Ichiyoshi Yuji , Nagasaki Susumu , Toda Tomohiro , Minamisono Yoshikazu , Okazaki Yukinori , Kanematsu Takashi , Sugimachi Keizo
Published: September 2007

We treated two patients with a ruptured amebic liver abscess. The diagnosis was made at a relatively early stage and treatment was successful for one patient, but an accurate diagnosis of liver abscess was not made and invasive extraintestinal amebiasis led to multiple organ failure and to death for the other. Neither patient had been outside of Japan, and both were heterosexual. The origins of Entamoeba histolytica infection could not be determined. Though the mortality rate is high in cases of ruptured amebic liver abscess, appropriate management can lead to a good prognosis.
Effect of Albendazole on Human Hydatid Cysts: An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Richards K. Sylvia , Morris D. L.
Published: September 2007

Five patients with hepatic (3), pelvic (1) or spinal (1) hydatid cysts received 10 mg/kg/d albendazole for 1–3
months prior to surgery. Daughter cysts were present in the spinal hydatid and in one patient with hepatic
disease. Electron microscope examination of the cyst tissue of the pelvic and the 2 hepatic cysts lacking
daughter cysts showed no evidence of germinal layer, and the protoscoleces were dead. The primary cyst of
the hepatic hydatid with daughter cysts (1 month therapy) was also judged dead but some pieces of the
daughter cyst germinal layer appeared normal and had unaffected protoscoleces. The daughter cyst tissue of
the spinal hydatid (3 month therapy) appeared normal and the protoscoleces viable. In view of the
undetermined viability of human hydatids before chemotherapy, treatment of longer than 1 month is
advocated for hepatic cysts, particularly if daughter cysts are present, and longer therapy is indicated for
spinal disease.
The Postoperative Appearance of theLiver on Ultrasonography FollowingHydatid Cyst Surgery
Authors: Ilter Tankut , Menteş Ali
Published: September 2007

The postoperative ultrasound pattern in 33 patients with previous surgery for unilocular hydatid disease
of the liver was investigated. Each patient was submitted to liver scanning with 99mTc pertecnatate, as
well as to real time ultrasound examination. The patients were divided into three groups according to
the type of surgery performed, namely; omentopexy, introflexion and omentoplexy with introflexion.
Postoperative liver scans revealed defects similar to those detected during initial diagnosis in 88% of the
patients, regardless of the surgical procedure performed. On the contrary, ultrasonography gave
separate specific patterns for each surgical procedure.
Endoscopic Treatment of a Bile Duct Stone Containing a Surgical Staple
Authors: Janson J. A. , Cotton P. B.
Published: September 2007

We report a case of a pigmented gallstone which formed around a surgical staple in the bile duct. The stone was removed and retrieved endoscopically. A brief review of bile duct foreign bodies and gallstones is presented.
Hydatid Cysts of Liver and PortalHypertension
Authors: Emre Ali , Arioğul Orhan , Alper Aydin , Ökten Attilâ , Uras Ali , Yalçin Süleyman
Published: September 2007

Two cases of portal hypertension due to hydatid cysts of the liver are reported. In one of the patients,
symptoms were secondary to obstruction of inferior vena cava and hepatic outflow tract. The other patient
was operated on with a diagnosis of extrahepatic presinusoidal portal hypertension caused by extrinsic
compression of the liver by an hydatid cyst. Although hydatidosis is a benign disease, it can produce serious
complications as in these reported cases. Therefore hydatidosis should be remembered amongst the causes of
portal hypertension in countries where the disease is endemic.
Evaluation of a Biopsy Gun for Guided Biopsy of Impalpable Liver Lesions Using Intraoperative Utrasound
Authors: Charnley R. M. , Sheffield J. P. , Hardcastle J. D.
Published: September 2007

A biopsy gun which can be operated by one hand has been evaluated at post‐mortem to determine its
accuracy in biopsying impalpable lesions within the liver under intraoperative ultrasound control. Of 20
impalpable metastases identified positive histology was obtained in 90% demonstrating that this
technique is of value in identifying and localising metastases in the liver.
Liver Resection for Intrahepatic Stones
Authors: Andersson Roland , Tranberg Karl-Göran , Beng-Mark Stig
Published: September 2007

Intrahepatic stones are difficult to manage, especially when they are associated with bile duct stricture,
cholangitis and destruction of liver parenchyma. Suggested modes of treatment include surgical bile duct
exploration, endoscopic procedures, transhepatic cholangiolithotomy and liver resection. This paper reports
2 patients in whom liver resection was performed because of intrahepatic ductal stones, bile duct strictures
and repeated episodes of cholangitis. Liver resection was uncomplicated and long‐term results were satisfactory.
Our results support the view that liver resection is indicated in rare instances of intrahepatic bile duct
stones associated with bile duct strictures.
Treatment of Symptomatic Non‐ParasiticLiver Cysts–Surgical Treatment VersusAlcohol Injection Therapy
Authors: Furuta Toshiya , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Saku Motonori , Honda Hiroshi , Muranaka Toru , Oshiumi Yoshihiko , Kanematsu Takashi , Sugimachi Keizo
Published: September 2007

Fourteen patients with benign symptomatic non‐parasitic cysts of the liver were either surgically treated,
had alcohol injected into the cysts, underwent deroofing of the cyst or in 5, a cystectomy was done.
Alcohol was injected into 6 patients and there has been no recurrence for as long as 5 years and 8 months
after the treatment. Liver dysfunction occurred in 3 patients given blood transfusion during the surgery
and/or postoperative course, an elevated temperature (over 39℃) occurred in one patient. Adverse
effects of alcohol injections were minor and transient. Based on our experience, the injection of alcohol
is an effective treatment for benign symptomatic cyst of the liver. When a malignancy is suspected on
imaging and/or cytologic studies, or when alcohol administration is ineffective, then surgery is indicated.
Early and Late Results FollowingCholedochoduodenostomy andCholedochojejunostomy
Authors: Blankensteijn J. D. , Terpstra O. T.
Published: September 2007

Objective —To evaluate the results and complications of choledochoduodenostomy
and choledochojejunostomy for benign and malignant disease and to review
them in the light of the survival of the underlying disorders.

Design —Retrospective analysis of medical records completed by a thorough
inquiry for all patients who were lost to follow‐up.

Setting —Referrals for primary and secondary surgery for obstructive biliary disease
to a university hospital from 1974–1987.

Patients —After exclusion of patients who underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy
for cancer (Whipple procedure) 113 patients were included in the study (choledochoduodenostomy =
CD, N = 64 and choledochojejunostomy = CJ, N = 49). A
complete follow‐up was achieved in 105 of 113 patients (93%).

Interventions —An inquiry was made at the civil registration office if the patients
were alive or not. The general practitioners of the patients who had died were
contacted about the cause of death and the possible biliary symptoms preceding
death and the patients who were still alive received a questionaire which scrutinized
all possible complications and side effects of the operation.

Endpoints —Cholangitis, recurrence of the underlying disease or death of the patient.

Measurements and main results —Operative mortality was 4.7% following CD and
12.2% following CJ. Procedure‐related complications were found in 10.9% and
28.6% respectively. Recurrent cholangitis was not seen after CD and in three patients
with a CJ (6.1%). Survival following biliodigestive anastomosis for benign obstruction
was comparable for age and sex matched survival.

Conclusions —Although CD for choledocholithiasis has largely been replaced by
endoscopic papillotomy and although the choice between the two procedures in
malignant disease is most frequently dictated by the operative findings, we conclude
that the choledochoduodenostomy is a relative simple operation with a low risk of
cholangitis.
Perioperative Prophylactic Chemotherapy of Echinococcus granulosus: Determination of Minimum Effective Length of Albendazole Therapy in In Vitro Protoscolex Culture
Authors: Taylor D. H. , Morris D. L. , Richards K. S.
Published: September 2007

Protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus were cultured in vitro in 500, 250 or 100 μg/1 albendazole sulphoxide for 1, 3, 7, 10, 14d and then ‘recued’ (R) into drug‐free medium for the remainder ofthe culture period. Successful minimum lengths of therapy were much longer than for praziquantel, and only at 500μg/1 was the 10dR treatment as effective as continuous therapy for 28d. Treatment with 100 μg/1 both in continuous culture and in the ‘R’ experiments was ineffective over a 35d period. The results are compared with those from similar experiments using praziquantel.
Mozart′s Requiem–Liver Transplantation in 1988
Authors: Little J. M.
Published: September 2007

Liver transplantation is one of the most spectacular of surgical achievements. It is a demanding and
expensive procedure, requiring great surgical skill and a great depth of supporting services. Precisely because
it is a procedure at the leading edge of medicine, more and more units in developed countries are pressing to
be allowed to carry it out. But there are many moral and ethical problems, some of which can be usefully
examined using a “Mozart model” as proposed by Starzl.
Acute Biliary Septic Shock
Authors: Liu Tse-Jia
Published: September 2007

Forty‐seven cases of biliary tract infection with septic shock are presented. The sepsis was caused by
empyema of the gallbladder in 23 cases and by cholangitis in the remainder. Gallstones were most
frequently the cause of the sepsis. An appropriate diagnostic description of the syndrome of biliary tract
infection and septic shock should therefore include a description of the underlying biliary disease as well
as the term acute biliary shock. In this series, emergency surgical management by removal of gallstones
and drainage of suppuration was felt to be the most appropriate treatment. There was a high incidence
of gallbladder rupture (10.6%) and intrahepatic stones (53.2%). Of the 13 patients who died, 8 might
have survived if early operation had been performed after the diagnosis of acute biliary septic shock was
established.
Long‐Term Survival After Resection ofDuctal Carcinoma in the Body and Tailof Pancreas
Authors: Billesbolle Per , Larsen Lise G. , Burcharth Flemming , Baden Helge
Published: September 2007

We report on a 62‐year‐old male, who had resection of a large ductal carcinoma in the body and tail of the
pancreas. Four months later a metastasis was removed from the abdominal scar, and 14 months later another
metastasis was removed from the anterior wall of the stomach. Moreover, he had a left mastectomy followed
by radiation therapy for a primary ductal carcinoma and a transurethral resection of the prostate because of
benign hyperplasia. A minor focus of primary highly differentiated adenocarcinoma was found in the chips.
More than 6 years later, the patient is without any signs of recurrences.
Reresection of Colorectal LiverSecondaries: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Andersson Roland , Tranberg Karl-Göran , Bengmark Stig
Published: September 2007

During a 4.5–year period, 5 patients underwent reresection of colorectal liver metastases. Two patients
died of recurrent disease, 9–11 months after reresection. Three patients are alive, one without and two
with recurrent disease, 15, 15 and 68 months after reresection. Although our results suggest that liver
reresection may be meaningful in selected patients with colorectal liver metastases, further studies are
necessary in order to define candidates for this procedure.
Echinococcal Disease of the Liver inPregnancy
Authors: Crow John P. , Larry Michael , Vento Elio G. , Prinz Richard A.
Published: September 2007

Although echinococcal disease of the liver is common in some parts of the world, it is rarely seen in the
United States. Even from endemic areas, few reports deal with its treatment during pregnancy. A 25 year old
18 week pregnant Italian woman presented with pruritis and right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasound
revealed a cystic lesion in the left lobe of the liver. The cyst was treated by operative insertion of hypertonic
saline and capsulorrhaphy. The patient and her fetus had no postoperative complications. We believe that
the pregnant patient with symptomatic hepatic echinococcal disease should be treated operatively and that
insertion of hypertonic saline and capsulorrhaphy is the safest and most effective technique for both the
mother and fetus.