bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cus@rGO Grafted PEDOT:PSS Paper‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Sensitive Detection of Fenitrothion
Authors: Bohra Poornima , Priya  , Sweety  , Hudda Divya , Kumar Devendra
Published: January 2025

This paper introduced an innovative paper‐based biosensor outlined for the precise and rapid detection of fenitrothion pesticide. In this work, CuS@rGO grafted PEDOT:PSS‐based conducting paper has been fabricated by simple dip coating method. Further, the CuS@rGO/PEDOT:PSS/WP electrodes were doped with multiple organic solvents such as methanol, ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF), and N‐methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) to enhance the electrochemical parameters. Among all these solvents, the electrode doped with DMSO is found to have the highest conductivity. Subsequently, AChE enzyme is immobilized onto the modified electrode to accelerate the particular recognition of fenitrothion using glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linking agent. Electrochemical studies have shown that this conducting paper‐based electrode possesses high sensitivity and low detection limit of 0.505 mA/pM and 0.28 pM, respectively, under a physiological range of 1–80 pM for fenitrothion (FNT) detection. This paper electrode may be a very promising alternative to ITO, gold and glassy carbon electrodes, which are known to have few uses because of their high cost, fragility, restricted flexibility, and environment concerns. The recommended biosensor's accuracy was well evaluated in two real samples like rice and tomato thereby increasing its suitability for FNT detection in real‐world circumstances.
Substituent Effect on Cytotoxicity and Interaction Profile of DNA/BSA With Selected Terpyridine Derivatives of Ester/Ferrocene and Their Fe(III) and Ru(III) Complexes—A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Pandya Chayan , Sharma Himanshi , Panicker Rakesh R. , Samal Snehasish , Noble Daphne Morrison , Gokulprasanth N. , Mondal Joydip , Pathak Madhvesh , Sivaramakrishna Akella
Published: January 2025

The present work demonstrates the synthesis of ester and ferrocene groups containing new terpyridine‐based ligands (FRL and RL) and their selected meal complexes FR‐Fe, FR‐Ru, RL‐Fe, and RL‐Ru. Investigations on the influence of the ester and ferrocene groups on binding to DNA/BSA and anticancer activity were carried out. All these products were structurally characterized by using spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Notably, the molecular structures of both the ligands and the ester‐based Fe(III) complex were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Additionally, theoretical calculations were employed to further establish the structures of the synthesized ligands and their metal complexes, which were subsequently utilized for molecular docking studies to evaluate their binding potential. The docking results revealed the best binding orientation with the lowest possible binding energy of −10.20 kcal/mol for the RL‐Fe complex with BSA and −8.30 kcal/mol for the FR‐Fe complex with DNA. Furthermore, the binding interactions of all the synthesized compounds were investigated using UV–visible absorption (UV) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FL). The binding sites and binding constants were determined using the Stern‐Volmer equation. Moreover, cytotoxicity assays were performed against lung cancer (A549), liver cancer (Hep G2), and normal Vero cell lines, with results benchmarked against cisplatin. Notably, the ligand (FRL) exhibited significant cytotoxic action with an IC50 of 54.51 μM compared to the related Fe(III) complex (FR‐Fe) (i.e., 69.86 μM) against A549 cells. But the complex FR‐Fe displayed IC50 of 56.19 μM against Hep G2 cells, demonstrating better potency over cisplatin.
Effects of Sedimentation on the Photobiology of Mesophotic Rhodoliths From the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Curbelo‐Fernandez M. P. , Duarte H. M. , Reis E. C. , Rocha I. V. , Reynier M. V. , Silva P. R. , Tâmega F. T. S.
Published: January 2025

Mesophotic rhodolith beds are free‐living nongeniculate coralline algae (NGCA) bioconstructions with slow growth rates and massive associated diversity, distributed worldwide along continental shelves. They are subjected to deleterious impacts of sedimentation from natural and anthropogenic sources, which can bury the thalli, causing photosynthetic reduction and impaired gas exchange, among other effects. There have been only a few studies exploring the consequences of smothering and burial, which limit our knowledge of these type of impact. In this study, we evaluated the photosynthetic response and recovery of NGCA under different sedimentation conditions in the laboratory. Experiments were performed considering different loads of natural sediment (medium sand) during continuous burial periods. The Potential (Fv/Fm) and Effective Quantum Yield (ΔF/Fm′) of photosystem II (PSII) and the relative Electron Transport Rate (rETR) were determined using pulse‐amplitude modulated fluorometry as indicators of PSII integrity and photosynthetic activity. PSII functionality (Fv/Fm) was impaired over time under the highest sediment load tested (burial under 100 g of sediment per thallus). However, only 2 days was necessary to recover at least half of the photosynthetic capacity observed in the control samples. This recovery pattern was also supported by ΔF/Fm′ and rETR. Our results illuminated the limits of the resilient behaviour of NGCA to sediment smothering and burial, where long burial periods (2 months) associated with heavy sediment load could cause heavy damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, which can lead to death. However, these organisms could recover after sediment removal. These results provide important information for setting up management strategies to assess the smothering and burial impacts of sediments on rhodoliths.
Harnessing Community Science for Seahorse Population Monitoring: Insights From the iSeahorse Programme in Tampa Bay
Authors: Camins Elsa , Correia Miguel , Vincent Amanda C. J.
Published: January 2025

Community science provides a valuable approach for population monitoring, offering benefits such as public engagement, cost‐effectiveness and broad geographic coverage. Seahorses are excellent candidates for community science monitoring because they are iconic and sedentary and because their cryptic nature and patchy distribution hampers formal professional research. We analysed data collected by a non‐profit organization for the iSeahorse programme. Data were collected by community members over a 5‐year period in two locations in Tampa Bay, Florida, using otter trawls and seines. Their data for the two local seahorse species (Hippocampus erectus and Hippocampus zosterae) were valuable in complementing professional science. Densities found in community monitoring were orders of magnitude lower than those found professionally, at least partly because the areas differed. However, sex ratios were similar in both areas, being predominantly female‐biased. Community data on timing of pregnancy confirmed professional findings but also extended the season. Usefully, community science provided the first published torso lengths of H. zosterae anywhere and of H. erectus in Tampa Bay. Beyond the biological, we interviewed the project leaders for their opinions on the programme's impact, challenges and areas for improvement, to give a societal context to the study. It became clear that there should had been more and ongoing communication between the non‐profit organization and the iSeahorse programme during the course of the surveys. Overall, our analysis endorses the strong potential of community science for population monitoring and its complementarity with professional science.
Pre‐ and Postnatal Development Study of Nemolizumab, a Humanized Anti‐Interleukin‐31 Receptor A Monoclonal Antibody, in Cynomolgus Monkey
Authors: Katagiri Ryuichi , Matsuo Saori , Ikegami Hisashi , Kaneko Akihisa , Arima Akihiro , Chiba Shuichi , Sasaki Masanori
Published: January 2025

Background

Nemolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin‐31 receptor A (IL‐31RA), is used to treat atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis. These inflammatory skin diseases affect a wide range of age groups, including pregnant women and children; however, little is known about their biological effects on pre‐ and postnatal development. Therefore, we report and discuss the results of an enhanced pre‐ and postnatal development study in cynomolgus monkeys treated with nemolizumab, which also incorporates an assessment of juvenile toxicities.

Methods

Nemolizumab was subcutaneously administered at doses of 1 or 25 mg/kg to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys once every 2 weeks (biweekly) from Gestation Day 20 until delivery, to investigate the potential toxicities on pre‐ and postnatal development. Additionally, their offspring were subcutaneously dosed biweekly with 1 or 25 mg/kg from approximately 1 to 7 months after birth to investigate the potential toxicities on juveniles, considering the age of the target patient population. The examination included tests for immune function and nervous system involvement by IL‐31, as well as the standard assessments outlined in the ICH S5 guideline to comprehensively assess the safety profile.

Results

No nemolizumab‐related toxicities were observed in both dams and offspring up to 25 mg/kg. Maternal plasma nemolizumab concentrations were well maintained during the gestation period, gradually decreasing after delivery. Plasma concentrations in the offspring, higher than in dams, was maintained until scheduled necropsy.

Conclusion

Blocking IL‐31 signaling with repeated dosing of nemolizumab did not adversely affect pregnancy, parturition, nursing, or postnatal physical and functional development in cynomolgus monkeys.
Prognostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Neurofilament Light Chain in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Correlation Study
Authors: Dong Siqi , Liu Xiaoni , Zhou Yanni , Li Jiatong , Qi Zihan , Wang Zihan , Yang Wenbo , Chen Xiangjun
Published: January 2025

Background

The diagnostic and prognostic values of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), in comparison to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light chain (cNfL), and other clinical parameters in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at the time of diagnosis remain elusive.

Methods

We examine paired serum and CSF samples from 80 ALS patients and 21 control subjects, all obtained at the time of diagnosis. Additional serum samples were collected from 51 other ALS patients. NfL concentrations were quantified using the single molecule array (Simoa) technique.

Results

Our findings demonstrate a robust correlation between NfL levels in matched CSF and serum samples. Notably, both sNfL (p < 0.0001) and cNfL (p < 0.0001) exhibited significantly elevated levels in ALS patients compared to controls. Furthermore, baseline sNfL concentrations, as well as cNfL levels, emerged as predictive indicators of subsequent disease progression rate (sNfL: p < 0.0001, cNfL: p = 0.0005) and overall survival (sNfL: p = 0.0073, cNfL: p = 0.0044). Employing a Cox regression model, we identified baseline sNfL level (HR = 1.01, p = 0.013), and diagnostic delay (HR = 0.94, p = 0.003) as independent prognostic factors for mortality. Furthermore, we constructed a nomogram model that incorporates both sNfL and pertinent clinical variables, which substantially enhances the accuracy of predicting disease outcomes (Concordance Index, 0.808).

Conclusion

Our study underscores the robust correlation between sNfL and cNfL in ALS patients and establishes baseline sNfL as a potent and independent prognostic marker for mortality.
Nanoparticle‐Mediated Cuproptosis and Photodynamic Synergistic Strategy: A Novel Horizon for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhang Junrui , Zhang Anren , Guo Yibing , Miao Guoliang , Liang Shengchang , Wang Jie , Wang Junhong
Published: January 2025

Background

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive cancer treatment that works by using light to stimulate the production of excessive cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which effectively eliminates tumor cells. However, the therapeutic effects of PDT are often limited by tumor hypoxia, which prevents effective tumor cell elimination. The oxygen (O2) consumption during PDT can further exacerbate hypoxia, leading to post‐treatment adverse events.

Objectives

This review aims to explore the potential of cuproptosis, a recently discovered copper‐dependent form of programmed cell death, to enhance the anticancer effects of PDT. Cuproptosis is highly dependent on mitochondrial respiration, specifically the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and can increase O2 and ROS levels or decrease glutathione (GSH) levels, thereby improving PDT outcomes.

Methods

The review discusses the latest research advancements in the field, detailing the mechanisms that regulate cuproptosis and PDT. It also explores how nanoparticle (NP)‐based strategies can be used to exploit the synergistic potential between cuproptosis and PDT. The article examines the prospects of synergistic anticancer activity guided by nanodelivery systems, which could overcome the challenges associated with hypoxia in cancer treatment.

Conclusions

The combination of cuproptosis and PDT, facilitated by NP‐based delivery systems, presents a promising approach to enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapy. The review concludes by discussing the challenges and future research directions for this combination therapy, highlighting the need for further investigation into the mechanisms and optimization of treatment strategies to improve outcomes in cancer treatment.
Understanding the Dual Role of Macrophages in Tumor Growth and Therapy: A Mechanistic Review
Authors: Summer Muhammad , Riaz Saima , Ali Shaukat , Noor Qudsia , Ashraf Rimsha , Khan Rana Rashad Mahmood
Published: January 2025

Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that are the mediators of tissue homeostasis. These immune cells originated from monocytes and are classified into two basic categories, M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages exhibit anti‐tumorous inflammatory reactions due to the behavior of phagocytosis. M2 macrophages or tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have a basic role in tumor progression by interacting with other immune cells in TME. By the expression of various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, TAMs lead to strengthening tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and suppression of the immune system which further support invasion and metastasis. This review discusses recent and updated mechanisms regarding tumor progression by M2 macrophages. Moreover, the current therapeutic approaches targeting TAMs, their advantages, and limitations are also summarized, and further treatment approaches are outlined along with an elaboration of the tumor regression role of macrophages. This comprehensive review article possibly helps to understand the mechanisms underlying the tumor progression and regression role of macrophages in a comparative way from a basic level to the advanced one.
Transferring the Social Market Economy to the EC: A New German Methodenstreit
Authors: Dubois Mathieu
Published: January 2025

The construction of the European social model (the Social Market Economy) is often approached as a gradual compromise between various political forces and currents of economic thought. This article argues that a third decisive factor also needs to be taken into greater account: diplomacy. From a historical perspective, it stresses the importance of reassessing Germany's underestimated role in the spread of liberalism within the European model. It highlights the fundamental method dispute (Methodenstreit) in German European policy from Rom to Maastricht that ended in the choice of a diplomatic strategy based on transferring the German economic and social model to the EC. Using unpublished government sources, it fills a gap between the study of the intellectual origins of the European economic and social model and its institutionalisation within the EU.
On the Influence of Additives and Modifiers on the Chiral HPLC Separation of the Enantiomers of Nicotine
Authors: Ashraf‐Khorassini Mehdi , Coleman William M. , Umstead Weston J.
Published: January 2025

The influence of additives and modifiers on the chiral HPLC separation of the nicotine enantiomers using UV/Vis detection is discussed. Selected alcohols as modifiers and selected amines as additives were found to have a significant effect on the resolution and retention times of nicotine enantiomers even to the point of eliminating component elution. Systematic variations in the concentration of ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol, as modifiers, along with variations in the concentration of diethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, as additives, revealed that the average resolution (R) of the nicotine enantiomers ranged from 2.9 to 7.57, using a mobile phase flow rate of 0.80 mL/min. The average retention times of the nicotine enantiomer pairs ranged from 7.64 and 8.34 min to 13.47 and 14.97 min, with the S(−) enantiomer eluting first. As expected, faster flow rates of 1.0 mL/min reduced retention times by approximately 1–2 min, with a slight decrease in the R values. The %RSD values for both resolution and retention times consistently remained below 2%. The detection limits for the enantiomers were approximately 5 μg/mL. The optimized method successfully detected one part in 100 for the minor R(+) enantiomer in the presence of the dominate S(−) enantiomer and adhered to all established QuEChERS method protocols.
Synthesis of Imidazole Adducts of BH3, BF3, and B3H7 and Comparison of Their Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Activity
Authors: Chang Jia‐Rui , Cao Lei , Jia Sihan , Fang Fei , Fan Zi‐Heng , Pan Qiao‐Jing , Ma Yan‐Na , Chen Xuenian
Published: January 2025

Comprehensive Summary

N‐Methylimidazole borane adducts were synthesized and their reactivities with different electrophiles after deprotonation were compared. Subsequently, we used the more stable and reactive imidazole adducts with B3H7, a multinuclear borane, to generate various C2, C2 benzyl, and C2,5‐disubstituted imidazole adducts of B3H7 under mild reaction conditions. Some 2,5‐disubstituted imidazole products are usually difficult to synthesize directly from imidazole molecules. Furthermore, the borane moiety of these adducts can be easily removed to obtain the corresponding imidazoles. The higher reactivity of the imidazole adducts of B3H7 compared to their corresponding imidazoles may be attributed to the σ‐aromaticity of B3H7 or mediated by double hydrogen bonds.
An Innovative Performance Assessment Method for Increasing the Efficiency of AODV Routing Protocol in VANETs Through Colored Timed Petri Nets
Authors: Heidari Arash , Jamali Mohammad Ali Jabraeil , Navimipour Nima Jafari
Published: January 2025

Routing protocols are pivotal in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), serving as the backbone for efficient routing discovery, particularly within the realm of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, ensuring their seamless functionality within VANET environments necessitates rigorous verification and formal modeling. Colored Timed Petri Nets (CTPNs) stand out as a valuable mathematical and formal method for this purpose. This study shows a new way to describe the Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing system in VANETs using CTPNs. There are nine pages of detailed analysis using this new modeling method, which allows you to examine success across many levels of a hierarchy. This study provides a strong foundation for building and testing the AODV routing system in VANETs, showing how well it functions in real‐life situations. It is interesting to see how the results of the CTPN–based model and simulations compare. Notably, the model finds routes in an average of 32 s, while tests show that it takes 56 s. Additionally, the model's overall number of sent and received packets closely matches the results from the exercise. Furthermore, the suggested plan shows a yield of 41%. Strict T‐tests indicate that the modeling results are highly reliable.
Understanding the Effects of Edge Planes in Porous Carbon: Quantum Capacitance and Electrolyte Behavior in Supercapacitor
Authors: Xu Guipei , Yi Zonglin , Liu Hao , Lai Jiewen , Di Huifang , Lu Yifeng , Huang Hui , Wang Zhenbing
Published: January 2025

Electric double layer capacitors (EDLC) require large specific surface area to provide high power density. The generation of pores increases the electrochemical capacitance with more graphitic edge planes exposed to the electrolyte. Conventional theory believes this increasing in capacitance is owed to the increased specific surface area, but our work uncovers another mechanism. DFT calculations discover the commonly seen defect‐free zigzag and armchair edges can increase the quantum capacitance (CQ) due to their high chemical activity. Meanwhile, high chemical activity makes defect‐free edges interact with electrolyte molecules more easily, leading to the potential reduce of electrolyte stabilization and the change on the origin mechanism of double layer capacitance (CD). Additionally, edges with non‐hexagonal defects show a better balance between high CQ and electrolyte stability. Therefore, our discovery proves the preservation of non‐hexagonal defects in edge planes through possible temperature controlling in heat treatment is important in reaching high electrochemical properties for EDLC.
Reproductive Risk Estimation Calculator for Balanced Translocation Carriers: An Improved Web‐based Resource for Medical Genetics Professionals
Authors: Trunca Carolyn , Mendell Nancy R. , Schilit Samantha L. P.
Published: January 2025

Balanced translocation carriers experience elevated reproductive risks, including pregnancy loss and children with anomalies due to generating chromosomally unbalanced gametes. While understanding the likelihood of producing unbalanced conceptuses is critical for individuals to make reproductive decisions, risk estimates are difficult to obtain as most balanced translocations are unique. To improve reproductive risk estimates, Drs. Trunca and Mendell created models based on a logistic regression analysis of a dataset of over 6000 individuals from over 1000 translocation families. While risk assessments using these models have been offered as a free service for years, this protocol aims to create a sustainable model for genetics professionals to obtain risk estimates for their patients directly. This protocol guides the user through collecting clinical information, using a risk‐generating calculator based on the models, and interpreting the calculator outputs. This version of the protocol has been updated from the initial publication to introduce an additional resource to the community that is intended to improve accessibility and reduce error in calculating risks. In addition to the previously offered custom Java program, a web‐based calculator that calculates age‐adjusted miscarriage risks is now available. A practice tutorial is provided for both versions of the calculator to ensure competency in interpretation prior to use. © 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Estimation of reproductive risks for balanced translocation carriers

Basic Protocol 2: Practical examples of typical patient encounters with instructive interpretations
A Case of Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Exophiala xenobiotica in a Poorly‐Controlled Diabetic Patient: The Conventional Papanicolaou Staining on Cytology Specimen Can Potentially Guide Us to the Correct Diagnosis
Authors: Kadoguchi Rie , Anzawa Kazushi , Okanemasa Yoshiiku , Liu Yao , Dung Vu Anh , Shioya Akihiro , Yamada Sohsuke
Published: January 2025

Background

Phaeohyphomycosis is a very rare fungal infection, which is one of more usual complications in immunocompromised and/or traumatic patients, has never been reported especially in a cytological field. We describe a first case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala xenobiotica (E. xenobiotica) in a poorly controlled diabetic patient, and in which a correct cytological diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis was possible to conclude.

Case Presentation

The diabetic obese patient was a 60's‐year‐old male with a chief complaint of subcutaneous cyst‐like nodule on the left knee. The Papanicolaou staining on aspiration cytology from this central fluid contained a substantial number of characteristically brown hyphae with dichotomous branching conidiophores and annelloconidia formation, in the necrotic and inflammatory backgrounds. Culture on potato dextrose agar showed many slow‐growing yeast‐like colonies particularly in an olivaceous gray to black colored fashion. Furthermore, sequencing data for the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions confirmed phaeohyphomycosis caused by E. xenobiotica infection. Histologically, the resected subcutaneous nodule was diagnosed as necrotizing epithelioid granulomas with central abscess formation, admixed with a large number of dichotomous branching fungal organisms with conidia, reminiscent of Aspergillus. However, Fontana‐Masson staining readily identified the melanin pigments in these fungal hyphae.

Conclusion

In this subcutaneous cyst‐like case of immunocompromised patient, it is critical to consider the possibility of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. The conventional methodology of Papanicolaou staining on cytology specimen can recognize characteristically typical dichotomous branching and brown‐pigmented fungi, potentially guiding us to the correct and quick diagnosis.
From threats to solutions: A literature review of climate adaptation in anadromous salmon and trout
Authors: Crozier Lisa G. , Siegel Jared E.
Published: January 2025

Understanding the evolutionary responses of anadromous salmon and trout to climate change is critical for effective conservation planning. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of literature published from 2010 to 2020 to synthesize current knowledge on climate impacts to these fish populations. Specifically, we focused on 199 papers that explored evolutionary processes in response to changing environmental conditions. Our analysis revealed several key themes, including the interwoven influences of climate and human activities on genetic variation, phenotypic traits, and population dynamics. We found that geographic patterns in genetic diversity are closely linked to climatic gradients, highlighting the importance to conservation strategies of variation in existing adaptive capacity. Additionally, temporal trends in phenology, maturation age, and fecundity indicate ongoing evolutionary and plastic responses to climate change. Importantly, human activities were identified as significant drivers of maladaptation in anadromous salmon and trout populations. We emphasize the need for targeted monitoring of specific evolutionary processes to mitigate the loss of genetic diversity and enhance adaptive capacity. Our study underscores the importance of identifying and protecting areas of high genetic diversity and rare genes, particularly in regions projected to experience rapid climatic shifts. In conclusion, our findings identify strengths and gaps in the research investigating the role of evolutionary dynamics in the face of climate change. By capitalizing on new tools for sequencing, genomic analysis, and automated field data collection, we can establish baselines for tracking evolutionary responses to climate change. Better integration of evolutionary processes into projections of future climate impacts will lead to more effective strategies to ensure the long‐term resilience of these iconic fish species and other wildlife.
Modern Approaches for Asymmetric Construction of CF3‐All Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters from Prochiral Trifluoromethyl Alkenes
Authors: Priyanka Chiliveru , Adepu Raju , Punna Nagender
Published: January 2025

At present, the research of organofluorine chemistry is a leading and rapidly emerging area of life sciences. Organofluorine molecules have drawn much attention by displaying a wide variety of applications in agrochemicals, medicines, fire extinguishers, and blowing agents. In the present review, the great advances made in the last decade for the asymmetric construction of quaternary stereocenters bearing trifluoromethyl group from the corresponding prochiral‐trifluoromethylated substrates are discussed. A variety of catalytic frameworks have been designed in this field for asymmetric induction. The main prochiral‐trifluoromethyl substrates chosen for this review are β‐CF3‐β‐substituted nitro alkenes and α, β‐ unsaturated trifluoromethyl ketones. Moreover, this review describes the further utilization of obtained CF3‐quaternary centres to access the important organofluorine molecules.
Envisioning Future Workforce Adaptability: A Multi‐Layered Analysis of Skills Ecosystems in Vietnam's Emerging Economy
Authors: Ngo Quoc Dung , Nguyen Quynh Hoa , Vu Cuong
Published: January 2025

This study employs an innovative integration of Causal Layered Analysis and Futures Studies methodologies to examine persistent skills mismatch issues in rapidly developing labor markets. Through a multi‐layered analysis of cultural, systemic, and metaphorical factors, combined with the development of future scenarios, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics underlying skills gaps in fast‐growing economies. Our research reveals that traditional perceptions of education, systemic inefficiencies, and evolving economic demands contribute significantly to the misalignment between workforce skills and market needs. The study develops four alternative future scenarios, with the “Adaptive Innovation Ecosystem” emerging as the preferred vision for addressing skills mismatch challenges. This scenario emphasizes lifelong learning, AI‐driven skills forecasting, and deep industry–education collaboration. Our findings contribute to theoretical understanding and practical policy formulation by bridging deep cultural analysis with forward‐looking scenario planning, offering insights for cultivating adaptive workforces in rapidly transforming economies.
Snowmelt Infiltration and Runoff From Seasonally Frozen Hillslopes in a High Mountain Basin
Authors: Groff Terava , Pomeroy John W.
Published: January 2025

There is relatively little research on infiltration into seasonally frozen soils on mountain hillslopes and few evaluations of infiltration model performance in this environment exist. As a result, the application of existing infiltration estimation methods developed in level environments is uncertain for estimating spring runoff in mountain basins. A field study was conducted in the Canadian Rockies using 8 years of snowpack, liquid soil moisture, and temperature profile observations from steep north‐facing and south‐facing slopes. Seasonal infiltration was calculated using soil freezing characteristic curves, timeseries of soil volumetric water content and temperature. Infiltration was found to primarily follow the limited case postulated by Popov (1972), with only 1 year at one site undergoing unlimited infiltration where nearly all meltwater infiltrated. Infiltration was estimated using an equation for the limited case developed from extensive observations of seasonal infiltration, initial soil saturation, and peak SWE in Canadian prairie agricultural fields. Whilst this equation accurately estimated infiltration depths on these mountain hillslope sites, it was unsuitable for application due to a statistical association between its driving variables. Initial soil saturation had no influence on infiltration depths at these sites and so a simpler single‐variable infiltration equation to estimate infiltration depths based on peak SWE was developed and found to have good predictive capability. Alternative approaches using modelled cumulative melt or infiltration opportunity time also had good predictability. Runoff depths estimated from a water balance, assuming negligible evaporation and sub‐surface drainage, were reliably predicted using peak SWE or cumulative melt depths by single‐variable infiltration equations in the absence of soil moisture, texture, aspect, or slope information. The results provide insights into estimating snowmelt runoff on hillslopes from snowpack accumulation that has been observed in cold region mountains, despite the complexity of hillslope hydrology and frozen soil infiltration processes.
Vertical and Lateral Variability of Suspended Sediment Transport in the Rhine River
Authors: Slabon Aron , Terweh Simon , Hoffmann Thomas O.
Published: January 2025

Suspended sediment is one of the major contributors to the total sediment load transported by rivers. Suspended sediment transport is highly variable both in time and space, driven by complex interactions between tectonics, climate change, and anthropogenic activity. Large waterways often underlie strong anthropogenic impact, for example, to ensure navigability and pursue economic objectives. However, stability and ecological integrity of the river system are equally important. For both, economic and ecologic objectives, processes related to the transport, deposition, and resuspension of fine sediment must be understood and quantified. Starting in the 1960s the Waterways and Shipping Administration (WSV) and the Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) started an extensive monitoring program to quantify suspended sediment transport in German navigable waterways. To cope with the large spatiotemporal variability of suspended sediment transport the WSV combined work‐daily single point measurements and infrequent multi‐point measurements. The aim of our study is to quantify the vertical and lateral variability of suspended sediment transport along the largest waterway in Germany, the Rhine River, and investigate drivers of cross‐sectional variability. We link results from multi‐point measurements with single‐point measurements to assess the representativity of surface samples compared to cross‐sectional means of suspended sediment concentration. The comparison of these two monitoring programs reveals that surface samples strongly underestimate suspended sediment loads. Main drivers that could be quantified are vertical gradients of suspended sediment concentration by means of Rouse profiles and lateral variability which is partially explained by mean channel curvature and related to the underestimation of suspended sediment transport relying on surface samples. Further, we observe that the magnitude of lateral variability is comparable to vertical variability, but often neglected in suspended sediment monitoring. Our study contributes to the refinement of existing monitoring schemes and shows how empirical data verifies and falsifies transport dynamics and processes.
Protective Role of Oxycodone in Myocardial Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Ischemia‐Reperfusion
Authors: Jiang Yongzheng , He Hua , Jia Xinwei
Published: January 2025

Ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury is a significant clinical problem impacting the heart and other organs, such as the kidneys and liver. This study explores the protective effects of oxycodone on myocardial I/R injury and its underlying mechanisms. Using a myocardial I/R model in Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats and an oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in H9c2 cells, we administered oxycodone and inhibited AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) with Compound C (C.C). Our results showed that oxycodone significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production while stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Western blot and RT‐qPCR analyzes confirmed that oxycodone enhances AMPK phosphorylation and upregulates the expression of Silent Information Regulator 1 (SIRT1) and Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α), thereby protecting myocardial cells. These findings suggest that oxycodone exerts significant protective effects against I/R injury by activating the AMPK pathway, offering new potential therapeutic targets for myocardial protection.
Decision Trees for the Recognition of Metal‐Centered Chirality in Coordination Complexes
Authors: Munguba Gabriel H. L. , da Silva Mateus F. , Silva Frederico T. , Urquiza‐Carvalho Gabriel A. , Simas Alfredo M.
Published: January 2025

While established guidelines exist for chirality in tetrahedral molecules, there is a notable absence of clear rules for recognizing metal‐centered chirality in higher‐coordination complexes. We develop decision trees to assess the likelihood of chirality‐at‐metal in coordination complexes with coordination numbers 4–9 with mono and bidentate ligands. Using binary decision rules based on shape, ligand type, and quantity, the trees classify complexes as chiral or achiral. The theoretical formalism employs stereoisomer enumeration via Pólya's theorem, assuming ideal geometries and cis coordination of bidentate ligands. Additionally, analysis of over 2700 crystallographic structures reveals a high prevalence of metal‐centered chirality, especially in complexes with higher coordination numbers. These powerful yet easy‐to‐use decision trees provide chemists with deeper insights into the stereochemistry of metal coordination complexes and with effective tools to identify and understand this often‐overlooked stereochemical property and its impact on molecular interactions and crystal packing.
Effects of methylphenidate on sensitivity to reinforcement delay, magnitude, and probability: Implications for impulsive and risky choice
Authors: Langford Jeremy S. , Batchelder Sydney R. , Hughes Christine E. , Pitts Raymond C.
Published: January 2025

Under rapid‐acquisition, concurrent‐chains choice procedures, psychomotor stimulants typically decrease the sensitivity of responding to changes in separate dimensions of reinforcement. Across two experiments, pigeons chose between outcomes that differed in terms of reinforcement delay and magnitude (the dimensions involved in delay discounting or “impulsive” choice; Experiment 1) or reinforcement probability and magnitude (the dimensions involved in probability discounting or “risky” choice; Experiment 2). Outcomes associated with each terminal link were varied independently and pseudorandomly across sessions such that in dominated sessions one terminal link was favorable in terms of both dimensions (sooner, larger in Experiment 1 and more likely, larger in Experiment 2) and in trade‐off sessions each terminal link was favorable in terms of a different dimension. Response allocation in initial links tracked changes in terminal‐link outcomes in a manner that suggests each dimension contributed additively and independently to choice. Methylphenidate decreased sensitivity to all dimensions of reinforcement at a dose (or doses) that did not substantially affect bias or initial‐link response rates. The degree to which methylphenidate decreased sensitivity was related to baseline sensitivity for delay and magnitude but not for probability. Baseline dependency may be a more useful approach for predicting drug effects on delay/impulsive, rather than risky, choice.
Intercellular Epigenomic Signalling via Extracellular Vesicles During B Cell Maturation
Authors: Yim Kevin Ho Wai , Al Hrout Ala'a , Chahwan Richard
Published: January 2025

B cell maturation is crucial for effective adaptive immunity. It requires a complex signalling network to mediate antibody diversification through mutagenesis. B cells also rely on queues from other cells within the germinal centre. Recently, a novel class of intercellular signals mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged. Studies have shown that B cell EV‐mediated signalling is involved in immune response regulation and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanistic role of B cell EVs is not yet established. We herein study the biological properties and physiological function of B cell EVs during B cell maturation. We use emerging technologies to profile B cell EV surface marker signatures at the single particle level, molecular cargo and physiological roles in B cell maturation. EV ncRNA cargo, characterised by RNA‐seq, identified an EV‐mediated novel non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) regulatory network for B cell maturation. We show that a previously uncharacterised micro‐RNA (miR‐5099) in combination with a set of long ncRNA are carried within B cell EVs and could contribute to antibody diversification. The physiological role of EVs in B cell maturation is investigated using EV blockade assays and complementation studies using diverse EV sources further confirmed the physiological role and mode of action of EVs in B cell maturation.
Associations between death anxiety and probable posttraumatic stress disorder and clinical depression and anxiety in older Israeli adults during wartime
Authors: Bergman Yoav S. , Saar‐Ashkenazy Rotem , Faran Yifat , Klonover Eyal , Palgi Yuval
Published: January 2025

The outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war on October 7, 2023, has presented unprecedented challenges to older adults’ mental health, including increased posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression. The current study examined potential war‐ and age‐related factors associated with probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), clinical depression (probable depression), and generalized anxiety disorder (probable anxiety) among older adults during the ongoing war. Moreover, due to the continued threat of death, we examined whether death anxiety is an additional contributing factor to older adults’ probable PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Data were collected January–March 2024 from 554 community‐dwelling older adults (Mage = 73.90 years, SD = 7.35, range: 61–96 years) who completed online scales assessing sociodemographic variables, war exposure (distance from the Gaza Strip, exposure to terror attacks/blasts), and age‐related constructs (assistance in daily activities [ADL], cognitive decline, physical illnesses, death anxiety). Increased ADL was associated with probable depression, B = 0.62, OR = 1.87, and anxiety, B = 0.42, OR = 1.53, and cognitive decline was associated with probable depression, B = 1.52, OR = 4.56. Older adults with high levels of death anxiety were almost 3 times as likely to meet the criteria for probable PTSD, B = 1.05, OR = 2.85, and more than 1.5 as likely to meet the criteria for probable depression, B = 0.54, OR = 1.71, and anxiety, B = 0.50, OR = 1.65. The importance of death anxiety as a potential risk factor for negative psychological outcomes among older adults during war is discussed.
A novel early‐warning standardized indicator for drought preparedness and management under multiple climate model projections
Authors: Qamar Sadia , Kartal Veysi , Emiroglu Muhammet Emin , Ali Zulfiqar , Sammen Saad Sh. , Scholz Miklas
Published: January 2025

Increasing global temperatures have triggered several environmental and ecological challenges. Recurring droughts across the globe are an adverse consequence of global warming. In this research, a new drought forecasting index—the Multimodal Forecastable Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (MFSPEI)—has been suggested using projections from multiple climate models. The MFSPEI methodology is primarily based on the first component of the Forecastable Component Analysis (FCA) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). For application purposes, the time series data of SPEI from 10 climatic models endorsed by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP‐6) at 50 random locations over the region of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have been considered. The outcomes show that the first component of FCA captures a sufficient amount of variation while maintaining high forecastability in all the selected grid points and the chosen prominent timescales of drought monitoring indices. To assess the predictive performance of the proposed index (MFSPEI), comparison matrices of artificial neural network (ANN) models were identified. During the training and testing phases, the forecast efficiency of the developed indicator (MFSPEI) proved superior to that of the individual SPEI. The numerical assessment indicates that the deviations and difficulties in interpreting SPEI data from individual climate models can be addressed more effectively with the proposed indicator. Therefore, MFSPEI effectively reinforces drought predictions for drought preparedness and management in the context of multiple climate model projections.
Infinitely Many Sign‐Changing Solutions for a Schrödinger Equation With Competing Potentials
Authors: Wu Ke , Cheng Kaijing , Zhou Fen
Published: January 2025

Consider the following nonlinear problem with competing potentials: , where , and are positive functions. We construct infinitely many nonradial sign‐changing solutions to the equation above by the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction method.
Understanding Types of Stigma Experienced in Black Women Living With HIV in Baltimore, Maryland: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Mikhael Tanya , Mendez Kyra Jennifer Waligora , Sun Chun‐An , Chepkorir Joy , Han Hae‐Ra
Published: January 2025

Aim

To understand how Black or African American women living with HIV (WLH) experience different types of stigma in their daily lives.

Design

Secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from a recent clinical trial in Baltimore, Maryland.

Methods

Quantitative data were collected in the baseline survey, and qualitative data were gathered during 6‐month follow‐up focus group and individual interviews. First, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis with principal axis factoring to identify the underlying factor structure of the HIV Stigma Scale. Next, we analysed the interviews with thematic analysis to understand women's experience with different stigma types.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis revealed the HIV Stigma Scale was a one‐factor scale that measured internalised stigma. However, qualitative interviews revealed that four different types of stigma were present in the everyday lives of WLH. These included the following: vicarious, enacted, internalised and perceived stigma. A current HIV stigma scale may not fully capture the stigma experiences salient to Black WLH. There is a need for internally valid quantitative measures that can adequately capture HIV stigma as experienced by Black WLH.

Patient or Public Contribution

Black WLH agreed to participate in the study, completed the HIV stigma scale and shared their experiences with us.
“It's Like You're Feeding Your Child Twice”: Barriers and Facilitators to Human Milk Feeding Children With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Colborg Adrianne , Smith Brandon M. , Green Deanna M. , Nasr Samya , Sawicki Gregory S. , Schechter Michael S. , Riekert Kristin A. , Dickinson Kimberly M.
Published: January 2025

Background

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation guidelines recommend human milk (HM) as the ideal source of nutrition for children with CF (cwCF). Despite known pulmonary and nutritional benefits, fewer cwCF ever receive HM compared to the general population. Early nutrition choices are preference‐sensitive, yet little is known about the factors that impede or sustain HM feeding among parents of cwCF.

Objectives

Explore perceptions and experiences of mothers of cwCF who initiated HM feeding.

Methods

Mothers of cwCF aged ≤ 10 years completed audio‐taped, semi‐structured interviews describing their experiences with HM feeding. Interviews were transcribed and two researchers independently coded the transcripts and conducted content and thematic analysis using an inductive approach.

Results

Participants included 28 mothers who initiated HM feeding. Major themes included: (1) the impact of a CF diagnosis on HM feeding plans; (2) CF‐specific challenges to HM feeding; (3) mixed perceptions of the CF care team's support for HM feeding and of the role of formula in CF nutritional care; and (4) the benefit of lactation consultants as part of the CF care team.

Conclusion

Many parents prioritize HM for their cwCF given the well‐established health benefits. However, CF‐specific barriers to HM feeding are common and nutritional challenges necessitating fortification add additional barriers to sustained HM feeding efforts. While HM may improve long‐term pulmonary outcomes, our findings demonstrate the need for personalized support for mothers desiring to HM feed to facilitate shared decision‐making around options to optimize early nutritional status among cwCF.