bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Growth Hormone Therapy in Indian Children with Short StatureA Retrospective Study
Authors: Mishra Ruchi , Rohatgi Smriti , Bagla Jyoti , Malhotra Rajeev Kumar
Published: January 2023

Introduction: The causes for short stature are multifactorial. The recombinant Growth Hormone (rGH) is used worldwide for its treatment however there is paucity of data on use of growth hormone in Indian Children. Aim: To study the effect of rGH in Indian children with short stature who were enrolled under ESIC scheme. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. Subjects who had short stature (≤2SD) and diagnosed to have Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) by stimulation test and other causes for which growth hormone was indicated were enrolled. All subjects received treatment at ESI PGIMSR Basaidarapur, New Delhi, India, from July 2016 to July 2020, without discontinuation for more than one week. The data regarding gain in height was collected at the end of first year and then at the end of second year. Height velocity and change in Height SD were calculated (Mean±Standard Deviations). The associations and correlations were calculated by Spearman correlation test. Results: This study included data of 27 children (19 male and 8 female) with short stature. The mean age at treatment initiation was 9.85 years±3.04. The most common aetiology for which growth hormone was started was Idiopathic GHD (IGHD) seen in (15/27) 55.5% followed by Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (MPHD) 18.5% (5/27). The mean height and height SD at baseline was 111.76 cm ±17.40 and -3.85±1.19 (-6.0 to -1.5), respectively. The mean bone age delay (chronological age-bone age difference) was 40.96±25.58 months. The height velocity response was maximum during the first year of treatment (8.74±2.59 cm), declining to 8.13±2.30 cm in the second year. Correlation of the treatment response with age at treatment initiation, bone age delay and MPH was not significant. Conclusion: It was found that the growth velocity was significantly increased after one year of treatment. The study provides long term follow-up and response to rGH Treatment (rGHT) in Indian children enrolled under ESIC scheme however prospective studies with large sample size and longer follow-up duration which can report final height outcomes are needed.
Second Order Runge-Kutta Method in Solving Renewable Natural Resources Model Case Study: Fishes and Water Resources Management
Authors: Oguara R. , Nse C. A. , Namah F. K.
Published: January 2023

This research presents a study of a dynamical system which models natural resources. Using fishes and water resources as the case study. In this work a model equation was used to determine the density of the resources. We also introduced second stage Runge Kutta method, which was used to obtain the result for harvesting terms  from 10% to 50% producing the population of life in the pond after each harvesting.

In this research work, the solution of a dynamic system that can model natural resources using the second stage Runge-Kutta method was reported. To actualize this result, a model, a first order ordinary differential equation and the famous Runge-Kutta second stage method is used. Harvesting terms  from 10% to 50% is used for the iteration to demonstrate the validity of the result. The result of this study was applied to the population of fish in a pond, which is a renewable natural resource, with great success.

In line with the objectives stated at the beginning of the work, the results of this research has shown that by applying the second order Runge-Kutta method, the solution of a dynamical system can be obtained and applied to model natural resources with great success.
Evaluation of Watershed Development Programme in Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology
Authors: Muni Reddy P. Venkataram , Sasidhar Kona , Reddy C. P. , Kumar Reddy R. V. Sagar , Reddy B. Janardhan
Published: January 2023

Aim: This study was taken up to investigate the usefulness of Remote Sensing & GIS tools for the evaluation of fourteen watershed projects implemented under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) project in the Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted by Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Department, Andhra Pradesh2009 to 2022.

Methodology: Remote Sensing based methodology is adopted through temporal satellite data for monitoring the watersheds. This research study was investigated using high-resolution data like Resourcesat-2, and LISS-IV of 2011 (pre-treatment) and 2016 (post-treatment)to assess the changes in land use/land cover and biomass that have changed within a period of five years (2011-16).

Results: There is a significant reduction in fallow land area from 31727 ha to 23893 ha, which is attributed to dense and open vegetation categories in 2016. The output of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index classification indicates the increase in dense vegetation from 16955 ha to 23256 ha, which indicates there is an improvement in the open vegetation category due to the reclamation of fallow land.

Conclusion: This study reveals that an additional area of 419ha (07.53%) increased under water bodies and 2792ha of wasteland converted to cultivable land due to the construction of farm ponds, percolation tanks and check dams. This area is attributed to cropland and plantations.
Incidence of malignant neoplasms in Porto Alegre and Salvador in 2020 according to DATASUS / Incidência de neoplasias malignas em Porto Alegre e Salvador em 2020 de acordo com o DATASUS
Authors: Kereski Nor Gabriela , Rodrigues Govinatzki Ilana , Veber Reis Luísa , de Oliveira Szapszay Tess , José de Oliveira Maria , Caruccio Montanari Carolina
Published: January 2023

Objetivo: analisar a incidência de neoplasias malignas em 2020. Métodos: estudo ecológico com análise comparativa entre as populações de Porto Alegre e Salvador. Foram extraídos dados do DATASUS, analisados em tabelas e apresentados em gráficos. Resultados: a incidência de neoplasias malignas em mulheres entre 30 e 34 anos é maior em Porto Alegre que em Salvador, sendo quase o dobro de casos de mulheres em relação aos homens. Entre 65 e 69 anos, mulheres representaram 20 casos a mais em Porto Alegre, e, em Salvador, o sexo masculino apresentou 28 casos a mais. As mulheres realizaram mais quimioterapias e os homens mais cirurgias. Conclusão: houve diferença entre a incidência de neoplasias nas cidades podendo associar variáveis determinantes como sexo biológico feminino ao tipo de câncer e idade avançada. A maior incidência de casos na região sul pode estar associada aos hábitos de vida como alimentação e cultura desta região.
Estimated Carbon Emissions Savings With Shifts From In-Person Visits to Telemedicine for Patients With Cancer
Authors: Patel Krupal B. , Gonzalez Brian D. , Turner Kea , Alishahi Tabriz Amir , Rollison Dana E. , Robinson Edmondo , Naso Cristina , Wang Xuefeng , Spiess Philippe E.
Published: January 2023

Importance

While the health care community advocates broadly for climate change policy, medical professionals can look within care practices to assess their contribution to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and provide solutions wherever possible. Telemedicine can help in mitigating climate change by providing care from a distance.

Objective

To assess the carbon savings achieved from telemedicine visits.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study of telemedicine visits was conducted at a single-institution National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer center. Eligible patients were aged 18 years and above, completed telemedicine visits from April 1, 2020, to June 20, 2021, and had a Florida mailing address documented in their electronic medical record. Groups were divided between those within driving time of 60 minutes (1-way) to the cancer center vs those living beyond 60 minutes of drive time. Data were analyzed between April 2020 and June 2021.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Carbon emission savings from telemedicine, measured in total and average per-visit savings.

Results

A total 49 329 telemedicine visits with 23 228 patients were conducted from April 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021. A total 21 489 visits were for patients with driving time of 60 minutes or less (median [IQR] age, 62.0 [52.0-71.0] years; 12 334 [57.4%] female; 1685 [7.8%] Black, 1500 [7.0%] Hispanic, 16 010 [74.5%] non-Hispanic White), while 27 840 visits were for patients with driving time greater than 60 minutes (median [IQR] age, 67.0 [57.0-74.0] years; 14 372 [51.6%] female; 1056 [3.8%] Black, 1364 [5.0%] Hispanic, 22 457 [80.7%] non-Hispanic White). For patients living within a driving time of 60 minutes from the cancer center, 424 471 kg CO2 emissions were saved (mean [SD] emissions savings, 19.8 [9.4] kg CO2 per visit) due to telemedicine—equivalent to 91.5 passenger vehicles driven for 1 year. For patients whose driving distance was greater than 60 minutes, 2 744 248 kg CO2 emissions were saved (mean emissions savings, 98.6 [54.8] kg CO2 per visit)—equivalent to 591 passenger vehicles driven for 1 year.

Conclusions and Relevance

Using a large data set, this cross-sectional analysis highlighted the carbon emissions savings due to telemedicine in oncology. This has important implications in reducing health care–related carbon footprint.
Rates of injury according to a single or comorbid mental illness identified in a large employee database
Authors: Merrill Ray M , Ashton McKay K
Published: January 2023

Objective

To identify associations between specific types of mental illness (occurring alone or in combination with other mental illness) and (specific and all types) of injury.

Methods

Analyses involve 21 027 employees aged 18–64 insured by Deseret Mutual Benefit Administrator (DMBA), 2020. Nine classifications of mental illness and 12 classifications of injury are considered. Rate ratios are adjusted for age, sex, and marital status.

Results

The rate of injuries is 13.6%. A positive association exists between any mental illness and injury (rate ratio [RR] = 1.74, 95% CI 1.62–1.87). The positive association is consistent across all types of injury, except burns. While having a mental illness tends to positively associate with having an injury (vs. none), it more strongly associates with having two or more types of injury (vs. none). Injury rates are significantly greater when comorbid mental illness is involved (vs. one type of mental illness), more so for multiple types of injuries. Specifically, there is a positive association between having a mental illness (vs. none) and a single type of injury (vs. none) (RR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.42–1.75) or two or more types of injuries (vs. none) (RR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.70–2.23). Corresponding estimates where comorbid mental illnesses exist (vs. none) are (RR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.70–2.51) and (RR = 3.32, 95% CI 2.64–4.17), respectively. The most common combinations of mental illness that positively associate with injury tend to involve comorbid mental illness.

Conclusions

Several types of mental illness positively associate with injury and are more strongly associated when there is comorbid mental illness.
Vaccinating badgers in a post‐cull landscape; insights from the field
Authors: Benton Clare H. , Phoenix Jessica , Robertson Andrew , Delahay Richard J.
Published: January 2023

In 2010 the BadgerBCG vaccine was licenced for use in badgers in the United Kingdom to reduce the severity of Mycobacterium bovis infection, and hence the risks of onward transmission to cattle. To date badger vaccination in the United Kingdom has been deployed at a relatively limited spatial scale (compared to the large‐scale badger culls) and almost exclusively in high‐density badger populations which have not been recently culled. UK Government policy direction has moved towards the wider rollout of badger vaccination as an exit strategy following culling.

Field resources required to carry out vaccination in undisturbed badger populations are well documented, but levels of effort are unlikely to be directly transferable to previously culled populations where badger density and social behaviour may be markedly different. We present an evidence‐based assessment of the likely effort required to vaccinate badger populations that have recently been culled, drawing on data from past culling operations, vaccination operations in a previously culled area and the practical field experiences of expert badger trappers.

Trapping efficiency declined over successive years of industry‐led culling, however, this effect was not consistently noted in the government‐run randomized badger culling trial (RBCT). Fewer badgers were removed using cage trapping (compared to ‘controlled shooting’) in the latter years of intensive industry‐led culls.

When trapping badgers for vaccination in areas that had previously been culled, highly experienced government field staff adapted their practices in response to the lower density and likely more mobile residual population. A longer and more variable pre‐baiting period was expected and there was a greater reliance on higher levels of skill and experience in interpreting field signs and trapping effectively in such populations.
Efficient Charge Storage in Zinc–Iodine Batteries based on Pre‐Embedded Iodine‐Ions with Reduced Electrochemical Reaction Barrier and Suppression of Polyiodide Self‐Shuttle Effect
Authors: Gao Wenzheng , Cheng Situo , Zhang Yaxiong , Xie Erqing , Fu Jiecai
Published: January 2023

Aqueous zincIodine batteries are considered as a promising energy storage system due to their high energy/power density, and safety. However, polyiodide shuttling leads to severe active mass loss, which results in lower Coulombic efficiency and limits the cyclic life. Herein, a novel structure‐limiting strategy to pre‐embed iodide ions into Prussian blue (PBI) is proposed. The DFT calculations and electrochemical characterization reveal that the formation of FerrumIodine bond reduces the electrochemical reaction energy barrier of subsequent iodide‐ions at the pre‐embedding sites, improves the I− oxidation reaction kinetic process, and suppresses the polyiodide self‐shuttle. The PBI//Zn batteries exhibit a low Tafel slope (155 mV dec−1). Moreover, UV–vis spectroscopy confirms that the proposed strategy suppresses the polyiodide self‐shuttle. As a result, the PBI//Zn battery achieves high iodide utilization and Coulomb efficiency (242 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, CEs ≈ 100%), as well as high multiplicity performance of 197.2 mAh g−1 even at 10 A g−1(82% of initial capacity). The PBI//Zn battery also renders excellent cyclic stability with a capacity retention of 94% at 4 A g−1 after 1500 cycles. The device exhibits a high energy density of 142 W h kg−1 at a power density of 5538 W kg−1.
Multisized Photoannealable Microgels Regulate Cell Spreading, Aggregation, and Macrophage Phenotype through Microporous Void Space
Authors: Lowen Jeremy M. , Bond Gabriella C. , Griffin Katherine H. , Shimamoto Nathan K. , Thai Victoria L. , Leach J. Kent
Published: January 2023

Microgels are an emerging platform for in vitro models and guiding cell fate due to their inherent porosity and tunability. This work describes a light‐based technique for rapidly annealing microgels across a range of diameters. Utilizing 8‐arm poly(ethylene) glycol‐vinyl sulfone, the number of arms available for crosslinking, functionalization, and annealing is stoichiometrically controlled. Small and large microgels are fabricated to explore how microgel diameter impacts void space and the role of porosity on cell spreading, cell aggregation, and macrophage polarization. Mesenchymal stromal cells spread rapidly in both formulations, yet the smaller microgels permit a higher cell density. When seeded with macrophages, the smaller microgels promote an M1 phenotype, while larger microgels promote an M2 phenotype. As another application, the inherent porosity of annealed microgels is leveraged to induce cell aggregation. Finally, the microgels are implanted to examine how different size microgels influence endogenous cell invasion and macrophage polarization. The use of ultraviolet light allows for microgels to be noninvasively injected into a desired mold or wound defect before annealing, and microgels of different properties combined to create a heterogeneous scaffold. This approach is clinically relevant given its tunability and fast annealing time.
Toward the Speed Limit of Phase‐Change Memory
Authors: Shen Jiabin , Song Wenxiong , Ren Kun , Song Zhitang , Zhou Peng , Zhu Min
Published: January 2023

Phase‐change memory (PCM) is one of the most promising candidates for next‐generation data‐storage technology, the programming speed of which has enhanced within a timescale from milliseconds to sub‐nanosecond (≈500 ps) through decades of effort. As the potential applications of PCM strongly depend on the switching speed, namely, the time required for the recrystallization of amorphous chalcogenide media, the finding of the ultimate crystallization speed is of great importance both theoretically and practically. In this work, through systematic analysis of discovered phase‐change materials and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, elemental Sb‐based PCM is predicted to have a superfast crystallization speed. Indeed, such cells experimentally present extremely fast crystallization speeds within 360 ps. Remarkably, the recrystallization process is further sped up as the device shrinks, and a record‐fast crystallization speed of only 242 ps is achieved in 60 nm‐size devices. These findings open opportunities for dynamic random‐access memory (DRAM)‐like and even cache‐like PCM using appropriate storage materials.
Strong‐Proton‐Adsorption Co‐Based Electrocatalysts Achieve Active and Stable Neutral Seawater Splitting
Authors: Wang Ning , Ou Pengfei , Hung Sung‐Fu , Huang Jianan Erick , Ozden Adnan , Abed Jehad , Grigioni Ivan , Chen Clark , Miao Rui Kai , Yan Yu , Zhang Jinqiang , Wang Ziyun , Dorakhan Roham , Badreldin Ahmed , Abdel‐Wahab Ahmed , Sinton David , Liu Yongchang , Liang Hongyan , Sargent Edward H.
Published: January 2023

Direct electrolysis of pH‐neutral seawater to generate hydrogen is an attractive approach for storing renewable energy. However, due to the anodic competition between the chlorine evolution and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), direct seawater splitting suffers from a low current density and limited operating stability. Exploration of catalysts enabling an OER overpotential below the hypochlorite formation overpotential (≈490 mV) is critical to suppress the chloride evolution and facilitate seawater splitting. Here, a proton‐adsorption‐promoting strategy to increase the OER rate is reported, resulting in a promoted and more stable neutral seawater splitting. The best catalysts herein are strong‐proton‐adsorption (SPA) materials such as palladium‐doped cobalt oxide (Co3–xPdxO4) catalysts. These achieve an OER overpotential of 370 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in pH‐neutral simulated seawater, outperforming Co3O4 by a margin of 70 mV. Co3–xPdxO4 catalysts provide stable catalytic performance for 450 h at 200 mA cm−2 and 20 h at 1 A cm−2 in neutral seawater. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations suggest that the incorporation of SPA cations accelerates the rate‐determining water dissociation step in neutral OER pathway, and control studies rule out the provision of additional OER sites as a main factor herein.
Entropy‐Driven Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wang Qidi , Zhao Chenglong , Yao Zhenpeng , Wang Jianlin , Wu Fangting , Kumar Sai Govind Hari , Ganapathy Swapna , Eustace Stephen , Bai Xuedong , Li Baohua , Lu Jun , Wagemaker Marnix
Published: January 2023

Developing liquid electrolytes with higher kinetics and enhanced interphase stability is one of the key challenges for lithium batteries. However, the poor solubility of lithium salts in solvents sets constraints that compromises the electrolyte properties. Here, it is shown that introducing multiple salts to form a high‐entropy solution, alters the solvation structure, which can be used to raise the solubility of specific salts and stabilize electrode–electrolyte interphases. The prepared high‐entropy electrolytes significantly enhance the cycling and rate performance of lithium batteries. For lithium‐metal anodes the reversibility exceeds 99%, which extends the cycle life of batteries even under aggressive cycling conditions. For commercial batteries, combining a graphite anode with a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode, more than 1000 charge–discharge cycles are achieved while maintaining a capacity retention of more than 90%. These performance improvements with respect to regular electrolytes are rationalized by the unique features of the solvation structure in high‐entropy electrolytes. The weaker solvation interaction induced by the higher disorder results in improved lithium‐ion kinetics, and the altered solvation composition leads to stabilized interphases. Finally, the high‐entropy, induced by the presence of multiple salts, enables a decrease in melting temperature of the electrolytes and thus enables lower battery operation temperatures without changing the solvents.
Thickness‐Dependent Topological Hall Effect in 2D Cr5Si3 Nanosheets with Noncollinear Magnetic Phase
Authors: Li Bailing , Zhang Hongmei , Tao Quanyang , Shen Xiaohua , Huang Ziwei , He Kun , Yi Chen , Li Xu , Zhang Liqiang , Zhang Zucheng , Liu Jialing , Tang Jingmei , Zhou Yucheng , Wang Di , Yang Xiangdong , Zhao Bei , Wu Ruixia , Li Jia , Li Bo , Duan Xidong
Published: January 2023

Antiferromagnets with noncollinear spin order are expected to exhibit unconventional electromagnetic response, such as spin Hall effects, chiral abnormal, quantum Hall effect, and topological Hall effect. Here, 2D thickness‐controlled and high‐quality Cr5Si3 nanosheets that are compatible with the complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor technology are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method. The angular dependence of electromagnetic transport properties of Cr5Si3 nanosheets is investigated using a physical property measurement system, and an obvious topological Hall effect (THE) appears at a large tilted magnetic field, which results from the noncollinear magnetic structure of the Cr5Si3 nanosheet. The Cr5Si3 nanosheets exhibit distinct thickness‐dependent perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), and the THE only emerges in the specific thickness range with moderate PMA. This work provides opportunities for exploring fundamental spin‐related physical mechanisms of noncollinear antiferromagnet in ultrathin limit.
SARS‐CoV‐2 N Gene‐Targeted Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Sensor Using a Novel CoS‐NGQD/Pt@Pd Platform and Au‐DNA‐CdTe QD Probe
Authors: Selvam Sathish Panneer , Phan Le Minh Tu , Cho Sungbo
Published: January 2023

Rapid screening of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is necessary to contain contagion in a large population. Nucleic acid‐based gold standard assays are time‐consuming, and nucleic acid amplification is mandatory and expensive, impeding the containment of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak. To overcome the aforementioned disadvantages, this study deals with a specially designed gold (Au)‐deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‐cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dot (QD) probe to target two sections of the nucleocapsid (N) gene of SARS‐CoV‐2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) of three variants (B.1.1.529, B.1.617.2, and B.1.351). A duplex‐specific nuclease (DSN)‐assisted highly selective release of signaling probes enable higher specificity, and an Au‐supported DNA probe is incorporated to carry many CdTe QD signaling probes. After dissolution, the generated Cd2+ ions are quantified at the novel cobalt sulfide (CoS)‐nitrogen‐doped graphene QD (NGQD)/platinum (Pt)@palladium (Pd) electrode with extraordinary sensitivity through square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The developed sensor exhibits a wide range of detection (10 to 108 copies µL−1) and a lower detection limit (0.12 copies µL−1), without any amplification. The selectivity of the sensor is tested against MERS and HCoV‐NL63, and real‐time detection is performed on heat‐inactivated viral samples, which show excellent selectivity.
Dual Encryption in a Shape Memory Hydrogel with Rewritable Fluorescent Information
Authors: Tang Junyi , Xing Tianyu , Feng Jiachun
Published: January 2023

With the increasing emphasis on information security, reliable information encryption materials have been urgently desired. Herein, a hydrogel‐based dual encryption platform with self‐erasure function is developed, which exhibits both high‐security level and possibility of reuse. Dual encryption of the hydrogel‐based platform is realized by elegantly combining 2D fluorescent information pre‐written/printed via competitive coordination with pH‐induced shape deformation of the PSSA/PDEAEMA‐APA/Eu3+ hydrogel. On‐demand decryption of the concealed information is realized by immersing the platform in solution of specific pH and exposed to 254 nm irradiation, which fully utilizes simultaneous shape recovery and fluorescence quenching of the hydrogel. With prolong of the immersion time, the carried information self‐erases permanently, which effectively prevents leakage of information to non‐recipient and further ensures information security. Thanks to the reversible pH‐responsive behaviors and repeatable self‐erasure ability, the hydrogel‐based dual encryption platform could recover to a 2D blank plane after decryption and self‐erasure, which is of great potential in high‐security information encryption.
Cyclic Sulfoximine and Sulfonimidamide Derivatives by Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Wu Peng , Ward Jas S. , Rissanen Kari , Bolm Carsten
Published: January 2023

Copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of α‐bromoaryl NH‐sulfoximines with elemental sulfur lead to benzo[d][1,3,2]dithiazole‐1‐oxides, which represent a new class of three‐dimensional heterocycles. The reactions proceed under mild conditions showing good functional group and heterocycle tolerance. By imination/oxidation, the initial cross‐coupling products can be converted to unprecedented cyclic sulfonimidamides derivatives. Furthermore, a seven‐membered heterocycle was obtained by a ruthenium‐catalyzed ring‐expansion with ethyl propiolate.

magnified image
Rational Design of Atomically Dispersed Metal Site Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wan Kechuang , Chu Tiankuo , Li Bing , Ming Pingwen , Zhang Cunman
Published: January 2023

Future renewable energy supply and a cleaner Earth greatly depend on various crucial catalytic reactions for the society. Atomically dispersed metal site electrocatalysts (ADMSEs) have attracted tremendous research interest and are considered as the next‐generation promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts due to the maximum atom utilization efficiency, tailorable catalytic sites, and tunable electronic structures. Despite great efforts have been devoted to the development of ADMSEs, the systematic summary for design principles of high‐efficiency ADMSEs is not sufficiently highlighted for ORR. In this review, the authors first summarize the fundamental ORR mechanisms for ADMSEs, and further discuss the intrinsic catalytic mechanism from the perspective of theoretical calculation. Then, the advanced characterization techniques to identify the active sites and effective synthesis methods to prepare catalysts for ADMSEs are also showcased. Subsequently, a special emphasis is placed on effective strategies for the rational design of the advanced ADMSEs. Finally, the present challenges to be addressed in practical application and future research directions are also proposed to overcome the relevant obstacles for developing high‐efficiency ORR electrocatalysts. This review aims to provide a deeper understanding for catalytic mechanisms and valuable design principles to obtain the advanced ADMSEs for sustainable energy conversion and storage techniques.
Influence of Microgel and Interstitial Matrix Compositions on Granular Hydrogel Composite Properties
Authors: Muir Victoria G. , Weintraub Shoshana , Dhand Abhishek P. , Fallahi Hooman , Han Lin , Burdick Jason A.
Published: January 2023

Granular hydrogels are an emerging class of biomaterials formed by jamming hydrogel microparticles (i.e., microgels). These materials have many advantageous properties that can be tailored through microgel design and extent of packing. To enhance the range of properties, granular composites can be formed with a hydrogel interstitial matrix between the packed microgels, allowing for material flow and then stabilization after crosslinking. This approach allows for distinct compartments (i.e., microgels and interstitial space) with varied properties to engineer complex material behaviors. However, a thorough investigation of how the compositions and ratios of microgels and interstitial matrices influence material properties has not been performed. Herein, granular hydrogel composites are fabricated by combining fragmented hyaluronic acid (HA) microgels with interstitial matrices consisting of photocrosslinkable HA. Microgels of varying compressive moduli (10–70 kPa) are combined with interstitial matrices (0–30 vol.%) with compressive moduli varying from 2–120 kPa. Granular composite structure (confocal imaging), mechanics (local and bulk), flow behavior (rheology), and printability are thoroughly assessed. Lastly, variations in the interstitial matrix chemistry (covalent vs guest–host) and microgel degradability are investigated. Overall, this study describes the influence of granular composite composition on structure and mechanical properties of granular hydrogels towards informed designs for future applications.
Cultivar and management effects on industrial hemp yields in Wisconsin
Authors: Ortmeier‐Clarke Haleigh J. , Laboski Carrie A. M. , Oliveira Maxwel C. , Arneson Nicholas J. , Conley Shawn P. , Werle Rodrigo
Published: January 2023

After decades of heavy regulation, growers across the United States were able to begin growing industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) again in 2014. The 2014 and 2018 Farm Bills made it legal for research and production to resume and removed hemp from the list of controlled substances. Because of the long prohibition of hemp production, many questions surrounding best management practices still exist. In 2019 and 2020, studies were conducted in Arlington and Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin to evaluate the effects of cultivar, seeding rate, and nitrogen rate on hemp yield. Two cultivars (X‐59 and CRS‐1), seeded at three seeding rates (22, 34, and 45 kg ha−1) and three nitrogen rates (0, 67, and 134 kg ha−1), were evaluated. At Arlington, nitrogen did not impact fiber yield; however, an interaction among cultivar, seeding rate, and nitrogen rate effected grain yield. At Chippewa Falls, fiber yield increased by 20% when nitrogen rate increased from 0 to 67 or 134 kg N. Similarly, grain yield increased by 52% when the nitrogen rate increased from 0 to 67 or 134 kg ha N. The effect of seeding rate alone was highly variable with no consistent pattern on response variables measured. Therefore, the overall effect of nitrogen rate was more consistent than the effect of seeding rate on response variables measured. Ultimately, management recommendations will be dependent on local conditions; however, hemp does respond to the addition of nitrogen fertilizer.
Internal control of brain networks via sparse feedback
Authors: Mitrai Ilias , Jones Victoria O. , Dewantoro Harman , Stamoulis Catherine , Daoutidis Prodromos
Published: January 2023

The human brain is a complex system whose function depends on interactions between neurons and their ensembles across scales of organization. These interactions are restricted by anatomical and energetic constraints, and facilitate information processing and integration in response to cognitive demands. In this work, we considered the brain as a closed loop dynamic system under sparse feedback control. This controller design considered simultaneously control performance and feedback (communication) cost. As proof of principle, we applied this framework to structural and functional brain networks. Under high feedback cost only a small number of highly connected network nodes were controlled, which suggests that a small subset of brain regions may play a central role in the control of neural circuits, through a trade‐off between performance and communication cost.
Further delineation of the CWC27‐associated spliceosomeopathy: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Yassin Shaden H. , Henderson Riley , Lenberg Jerica , Murillo Viridiana , Murdock David R. , Friedman Jennifer , Jones Marilyn C. , Wigby Kristen , Borooah Shyamanga
Published: January 2023

Pre‐mRNA splicing factors are crucial in regulating transcript diversity, by removing introns from eukaryotic transcripts, an essential step in gene expression. Splicing of pre‐mRNA is catalyzed by spliceosomes. CWC27 is a cyclophilin associated with spliceosome, in which genetic defects of its components have been linked to spliceosomopathies with clinical phenotypes including skeletal developmental defects, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), short stature, skeletal anomalies, and neurological disorders. We report two siblings (male and female) of Mexican descent with a novel homozygous frameshift variant in CWC27 and aim to highlight the cardinal features among the previously described 12 cases as well as expand the currently recognized phenotypic spectrum. Both siblings presented with a range of ocular and extraocular manifestations including novel features such as solitary kidney and tarsal coalition in the male sibling, together with gait abnormalities, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the female sibling. Finally, we highlight ectodermal involvement including sparse scalp hair, eyebrows and lashes, pigmentary differences, nail dysplasia, and dental anomalies as a core phenotype associated with the CWC27 spliceosomopathy.
Symmetric Swallowtail Beams in the Rectangle Frame
Authors: Wei Quanfeng , Jiang Junjie , Mo Zhenwu , Xu Danlin , Cai Xuezhen , Liang Zehong , Shi Jingyi , Huang Haoyu , Deng Dongmei
Published: January 2023

A new type of symmetric swallowtail beam (SSB) in the rectangle frame is introduced here. These kinds of beams are highly tunable with multiple manipulation parameters. The focal length and the focus intensity can be controlled precisely. The SSBs can guide the off‐axis vortex to their center. And the experimental results agree well with the numerical simulations. Besides, stable trapping of particles by utilizing the SSBs' auto‐focusing property and rectangle symmetry is also observed.
Optical Texture Super‐Lattices Produced by Talbot Effect at Superimposed Gratings
Authors: Darmaev Erdeny C. , Ikonnikov Denis A. , Myslivets Sergey A. , Vyunisheva Sofiya A. , Davletshin Nikolay N. , Baron Filipp A. , Arkhipkin Vasily G. , Vyunishev Andrey M.
Published: January 2023

Fresnel diffraction on periodic gratings results in a two‐dimensional periodic distribution of light intensity, also known as the Talbot effect. Here this approach is extended to the family of superimposed structures with translational symmetry, which consist of superposed spatial harmonics. The Talbot effect is demonstrated to be valid for superimposed gratings. The considered superimposed gratings provide a wide range of textures of optical super‐lattices. These texture super‐lattices represent a Talbot carpets with a complex motif, which can be varied by choosing structure parameters. These results provide a new functionality for structuring optical lattices and can find potential applications in a wide range of light–matter interactions.
Surface Engineering Stabilizes Rhombohedral Sodium Manganese Hexacyanoferrates for High‐Energy Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Chunliu , Ma Yongzhi , Zhao Junmei , Zhang Peng , Chen Zhao , Yang Chao , Liu Huizhou , Hu Yong‐Sheng
Published: January 2023

The rhombohedral sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) only containing cheap Fe and Mn metals was regarded as a scalable, low‐cost, and high‐energy cathode material for Na‐ion batteries. However, the unexpected Jahn‐teller effect and significant phase transformation would cause Mn dissolution and anisotropic volume change, thus leading to capacity loss and structural instability. Here we report a simple room‐temperature route to construct a magical CoxB skin on the surface of MnHCF. Benefited from the complete coverage and the buffer effect of CoxB layer, the modified MnHCF cathode exhibits suppressed Mn dissolution and reduced intergranular cracks inside particles, thereby demonstrating thousands‐cycle level cycling lifespan. By comparing two key parameters in the real energy world, i.e., cost per kilowatt‐hours and cost per cycle‐life, our developed CoxB coated MnHCF cathode demonstrates more competitive application potential than the benchmarking LiFePO4for Li‐ion batteries.
Semiconductor SERS on Colourful Substrates with Fabry‐Pérot Cavities
Authors: Li Feifan , Mu Xinyang , Tang Xueqing , Song Ge , Sun Hongzhao , Zha Xiuling , Sun Peiyan , Fang Jianhui , Hu Dongmei , Cong Shan , Zhao Zhigang
Published: January 2023

Non‐metallic materials have emerged as a new family of active substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), with unique advantages over their metal counterparts. However, owing to their inefficient interaction with the incident wavelength, the Raman enhancement achieved with non‐metallic materials is considerably lower with respect to the metallic ones. Herein, we propose colourful semiconductor‐based SERS substrates for the first time by utilizing a Fabry‐Pérot cavity, which realize a large freedom in manipulating light. Owing to the delicate adjustment of the absorption in terms of both frequency and intensity, resonant absorption can be achieved with a variety of non‐metal SERS substrates, with the sensitivity further enhanced by ≈100 times. As a typical example, by introducing a Fabry‐Pérot‐type substrate fabricated with SiO2/Si, a rather low detection limit of 10−16 M for the SARS‐CoV‐2S protein is achieved on SnS2. This study provides a realistic strategy for increasing SERS sensitivity when semiconductors are employed as SERS substrates.
Selective Ion Transport in Two‐Dimensional Lamellar Nanochannel Membranes
Authors: Wang Jin , Zhou Huijiao , Li Shangzhen , Wang Lei
Published: January 2023

Precise and ultrafast ion sieving is highly desirable for many applications in environment‐, energy‐, and resource‐related fields. The development of a permselective lamellar membrane constructed from parallel stacked two‐dimensional (2D) nanosheets opened a new avenue for the development of next‐generation separation technology because of the unprecedented diversity of the designable interior nanochannels. In this Review, we first discuss the construction of homo‐ and heterolaminar nanoarchitectures from the starting materials to the emerging preparation strategies. We then explore the property–performance relationships, with a particular emphasis on the effects of physical structural features, chemical properties, and external environment stimuli on ion transport behavior under nanoconfinement. We also present existing and potential applications of 2D membranes in desalination, ion recovery, and energy conversion. Finally, we discuss the challenges and outline research directions in this promising field.
Medium‐Ring Strategy Enables Multiple Resonance Emitters with Twisted Geometry and Fast Spin‐Flip to Suppress Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Lei Bowen , Huang Zhenmei , Li Songtao , Liu Junjie , Bin Zhengyang , You Jingsong
Published: January 2023

Suppressing aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect and reducing device efficiency roll‐off are both crucial yet challenging for multi‐resonance (MR) emitters. Herein, we put forward a medium‐ring strategy to design efficient MR emitters that feature heptagonal tribenzo[b,d,f]azepine (TBA) donors. The highly twisted conformation enlarges the intermolecular distances between the MR‐emitting cores, and thus suppresses ACQ effect. Meanwhile, the introduction of heptagonal donors enhances spin‐orbital coupling, so as to accelerate reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process. This medium‐ring strategy gives rise to the first example of blue MR emitter that simultaneously possesses radiative decay rate as fast as 108 s−1 and RISC rate as fast as 106 s−1. Accordingly, DTBA‐B2N3 enables to assemble high‐performance blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 30.9 % and alleviated efficiency roll‐off (EQE1000: 20.5 %).
Discovering the Intrinsic Causes of Dendrite Formation in Zinc Metal Anodes: Lattice Defects and Residual Stress
Authors: Xie Chunlin , Liu Shengfang , Yang Zefang , Ji Huimin , Zhou Shuhan , Wu Hao , Hu Chao , Tang Yougen , Ji Xiaobo , Zhang Qi , Wang Haiyan
Published: January 2023

Developing a highly stable and dendrite‐free zinc anode is essential to the commercial application of zinc metal batteries. However, the understanding of zinc dendrites formation mechanism is still insufficient. Herein, for the first time, we discover that the interfacial heterogeneous deposition induced by lattice defects and epitaxial growth limited by residual stress are intrinsic and critical causes for zinc dendrite formation. Therefore, an annealing reconstruction strategy was proposed to eliminate lattice defects and stresses in zinc crystals, which achieve dense epitaxial electrodeposition of zinc anode. The as‐prepared annealed zinc anodes exhibit dendrite‐free morphology and enhanced electrochemical cycling stability. This work first proves that lattice defects and residual stresses are also very important factors for epitaxial electrodeposition of zinc in addition to crystal orientation, which can provide a new mechanism for future researches on zinc anode modification.
Synthesis of Supramolecular A8Bn Miktoarm Star Copolymers by Host‐Guest Complexation
Authors: Nitta Natsumi , Kihara Shin‐ichi , Haino Takeharu
Published: January 2023

We report a new synthetic method to construct supramolecular A8Bn (n=1, 2, 4) miktoarm star copolymers by host‐guest complexation between a resorcinarene‐based coordination capsule possessing eight polystyrene chains and 4,4‐diacetoxybiphenyl guest molecules that retain one, two or four polymethyl acrylate chains. The formation of the supramolecular A8Bn (n=1, 2, 4) miktoarm star copolymers was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), and diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed that the miktoarm copolymers were phase‐separated in the bulk. The micro‐Brownian motion of the A8B4 structure was markedly enhanced in the bulk due to a weak segregation interaction between the immiscible arms.
Peroxodicarbonat als grünes Oxidationsmittel für den selektiven Abbau von Kraft‐Lignin zu Vanillin
Authors: Zirbes Michael , Graßl Tobias , Neuber Rieke , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: January 2023

Lignin, die weltweit größte erneuerbare Ressource für Aromaten, mit jährlich etwa 50 Mio. Tonnen anfallendem technischen Lignin, hauptsächlich Kraft‐Lignin, ist bezüglich der Synthese von monoaromatischen Verbindungen deutlich unterentwickelt. Wir zeigen die oxidative Depolymerisierung von Kraft‐Lignin, bei 180 °C, zur Herstellung von Vanillin 1, in Ausbeuten von bis zu 6,2 Gew% und 92 % bezogen auf die maximale Ausbeute aus der Quantifizierungsreaktion mittels Nitrobenzol. Durch die Verwendung von Peroxodicarbonat (C2O62−) als “grünes” Oxidationsmittel, werden für den Ligninabbau toxische und/oder schädliche Reagenzien vermieden. Außerdem dient der entstehende Abfall als Make‐Up‐Chemikalie für den Zellstoffprozess. Na2C2O6 wurde in einer ex‐cell‐Elektrolyse von wässriger Na2CO3‐Lösung an BDD‐Anoden in einer Ausbeute von 41 % synthetisiert. Weiterhin wurden die Oxidation und der Abbau von Kraft‐Lignin mittels UV/Vis‐ und NMR‐Spektroskopie analysiert.
Origin and Regulation of Interface Fusion during Synthesis of Single‐Crystal Ni‐Rich Cathodes
Authors: Qiu Lang , Zhang Mengke , Song Yang , Wu Zhenguo , Zhang Heng , Hua Weibo , Sun Yan , Kong Qingquan , Feng Wei , Wang Ke , Xiao Yao , Guo Xiaodong
Published: January 2023

Interface fusion plays a key role in constructing Ni‐based single‐crystal cathodes, and is governed by the atomic migration related to kinetics. However, the interfacial atom migration path and its control factors are lack of clearly understanding. Herein, we systematically probe the solid‐state synthesis mechanism of single‐crystal LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2, including the effects of precursor size, Li/transition metal (TM) ratio and sintering temperature on the structure. Multi‐dimensional analysis unravels that thermodynamics drives interface atoms migration through intermediate state (i.e., cation mixing phase) to induce grain boundary fusion. Moreover, we demonstrate that smaller precursor size (<6 μm), lager Li/TM ratio (>1.0) and higher temperature (≥810 °C) are conducive to promote the growth of the intermediate state due to reaction kinetics enhancement, and ultimately strengthen the atomic migration‐induced interface fusion.
Structural Determination and Chemical Synthesis of the N‐Glycan from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis
Authors: Hirao Kohtaro , Speciale Immacolata , Notaro Anna , Manabe Yoshiyuki , Teramoto Yoshiaki , Sato Takaaki , Atomi Haruyuki , Molinaro Antonio , Ueda Yoshihiro , De Castro Cristina , Fukase Koichi
Published: January 2023

Asparagine‐linked protein glycosylations (N‐glycosylations) are one of the most abundant post‐translational modifications and are essential for various biological phenomena. Herein, we describe the isolation, structural determination, and chemical synthesis of the N‐glycan from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis. The N‐glycan from the organism possesses a unique structure including myo‐inositol, which has not been found in previously characterized N‐glycans. In this structure, myo‐inositol is highly glycosylated and linked with a disaccharide unit through a phosphodiester. The straightforward synthesis of this glycan was accomplished through diastereoselective phosphorylation and phosphodiester construction by SN2 coupling. Considering the early divergence of hyperthermophilic organisms in evolution, this study can be expected to open the door to approaching the primitive function of glycan modification at the molecular level.
In situ Observation of Porosity Formation in Porous Single‐crystalline TiO2 Monolith for Enhanced and Stable Catalytic CO Oxidation
Authors: Cheng Fangyuan , Zhang Jie , Xie Kui
Published: January 2023

Introducing pores in single crystals creates a new type of porous materials that incorporate porosity and structural coherence. Herein, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy to disclose the porosity formation by converting KTiOPO4 (KTP) single crystals into porous single‐crystalline (PSC) TiO2 monoliths in a solid‐solid transformation. The isolated crystalline nuclei of TiO2 clusters with identical lattice orientation on KTP surface moves TiO2/KTP interface toward mother phase for growing PSC TiO2 monoliths. The relative density in PSC TiO2 monoliths dominates porosity while the macroscopic dimensions remain unchanged in the transformation. The single‐crystalline nature of porous architecture stabilizes oxygen vacancy to activate lattice oxygen while the three‐dimensional percolation enhances species diffusion. PSC TiO2 monoliths with deposited Pt clusters show enhanced and stable catalytic CO oxidation in air at ∼75 °C for 200 hours of operation.
The discourse of the Other in Martin McDonagh'sThe Pillowman
Authors: Kolahjooei Farzad
Published: January 2023

As a key term in Lacanian psychoanalysis, the concept of the Other regulates the subject's desire. While it is absent as a physical entity, it commands and shapes the individual's psyche via language unconsciously. This paper provides a close reading of Martin McDonagh'sThe Pillowmanto explore the ways everyone in the play is under the control of the discourse of the Other. To do so, this paper provides a theoretical structure based on Lacan's definition of the term and its relationship to language and signification to finally view its various manifestations in McDonagh's play.