bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Professors
Authors: Halsey A. H.
Published: August 2004

The aim of this chapter is to look at the British sociological professoriate, describing its changing composition as it expanded, its career patterns, productivity, attitudes towards teaching and research, and exits. The professors are divided into four cohorts by birth (up to 1930, 1931–44, 1945–49 and 1950 +). The details of the survey on which our description is based are in Appendix 1 below. Trends in national origin, religion, type of education, qualifications, publications, preference for research, political outlook, view of decline of sociology, attitudes to career, and comparison with alternative careers are tabulated.
Epilogue in Eight Essays
Authors: Halsey A. H.
Published: August 2004

I chose seven contemporary figures in British sociology, representing what I took to be the various current strands in the subject. They were Bauman, Crouch, Giddens, Oakley, Platt, Runciman, and Westergaard. What, given the foregoing attempt, would you have done if asked to write a history of sociology in Britain in the twentieth century? It then occurred to me that I should answer the same question, which opens the chapter. I had not seen their answers nor they mine.

Their answers are largely autobiographical though Crouch writes most obviously in a European context. All are optimistic about the future of the subject and most are regretful about its past. I am rather pessimistic about its future, fearing especially the threat of Max Steuer's ‘pretend social science’; but rather less condemnatory of its past. Perhaps it is or was ‘a moment in history’; perhaps it will again be a source of ‘public intellectuals’ (Giddens) or even ‘a discipline of unchallenged scientific and scholarly standing’ (Runciman).
A Theory of Public Service Motivation
Authors: Grand Julian Le
Published: August 2004

Uses the material from the two previous chapters to develop a new theory of public service motivation. The theory allocates a key role to the sacrifice involved in performing altruistic acts, arguing that the degree of sacrifice is positively related to the amount of altruistic acts undertaken (at least up to a point). It relates this to economic and psychological theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Goes on to discuss some of the theory's implications for policy design, examining, inter alia, principal‐agent theory, incentive contracting, non‐profit organisations and the development of ‘robust’ incentive structures. It also discusses the morality of exploiting people's willingness to undertake altruistic acts.
Health Care
Authors: Grand Julian Le
Published: August 2004

Examines the development of robust incentive structures in health care, using two examples from British health care: the holding of budgets for hospital care by organisations of primary‐care physicians (General Practitioner practices and, more recently, Primary Care Trusts), and the payment of hospital specialists or consultants. It concludes that it is possible to design policies that offer robust incentives to medical professionals, that empower patients, but that avoid the problems of unfettered patient choice. Devices such as allowing budget‐holding professionals to keep surpluses on their budget, providing those surpluses are spent in a way that improves patient care, or paying professionals fee‐for‐service at a rate that incorporates some sacrifice compared with alternatives, help align knightly and knavish motivations.
Hypothecation
Authors: Grand Julian Le
Published: August 2004

Considers increasing individual citizens’ control over the fiscal system through hypothecation, or the earmarking of particular tax revenues for specific uses. It argues that the idea should be considered seriously, especially for funding the National Health Service (NHS).
Humanitarian Intervention in the Balkans
Authors: Morris* Nicholas
Published: August 2004

Assesses the success of the two humanitarian interventions in the Balkans – Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999 – from the perspective of humanitarian organizations. It argues how, ironically, the effectiveness of organizations such as UNHCR can dissuade powerful states from taking the necessary steps to address the root causes of massive human rights violations. Slow and ambiguous action from the international community can raise false expectations on the part of suffering civilians, and embolden those who commit atrocities. The author argues that the political, military, and humanitarian strands of interventions are always closely interwoven, and draws a series of lessons from the Balkans experience: the need for the international community to act early, credibly, and consistently; the importance of preserving the identity of a humanitarian operation; the imperative to end the impunity of those who orchestrate and commit massive violations of human rights; and the importance of engaging the United Nations.
Manifest Activity
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: August 2004

Manifest Activity examines Thomas Reid's efforts to provide answers to a host of traditional philosophical questions concerning the nature of the will, the powers of human beings, motivation, and the relation between human action and natural change. The concept of ‘active power’ stands at the centre of Reid's philosophy of action. He holds that actions are all and only the events of which some creature is the ‘efficient cause’, and he thinks a creature is the efficient cause of an event just in case it has the power to bring that event about and exerts it. Reid's conception both of human actions and changes in nature is deeply teleological. He holds that to exert a power is to direct an event towards an end, and he holds that all changes, whether actions or events in nature, flow from the exertion of power. The book explains the details of this view, Reid's reasons for holding it, and its implications to our understanding of action, agency, and our relation to the natural world.
From Power to Mind: An Argument from the Power to Exert
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: August 2004

This is the first of two chapters examining Reid's arguments for the claim that only a thing with a mind can be endowed with the power to bring an event about. The argument under discussion here proceeds, roughly, as follows: Anything that has a power also has the power to exert that power. The power to exert is the will, or the power to choose, or bring things about for a particular purpose. But since only a thing with a mind could possibly have a will, it follows that only a thing with a mind could have a power. The chapter looks at this argument in some detail and argues that, among other things, the argument depends on a conception of exertion – of choice or volition – under which exertions are events with respect to which someone is necessarily active, and a view about the limitations of our imaginative powers: we are not capable of imagining mental powers that differ in kind from those we find through introspection to possess.
From Power to Mind: An Argument from the Power to Do Otherwise
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: August 2004

This chapter examines a second argument for Reid's claim that only a thing with a mind can be endowed with the power to bring an event about. The argument discussed here proceeds as follows: Anything that has a power to bring an event about also has the power to prevent that event from being brought about. A creature that has both these powers must also be capable of choosing between these two options on the basis of a preference for one over the other. But since only a creature with a mind is capable of forming preferences, it follows that only a creature with a mind can have a power. Like the argument discussed in ch. 1, Reid's employment of this argument reveals important philosophical commitments in his theory of action. In particular, it is argued that the argument depends on a particular construal of cases that seem, on their face, to involve agents with the power to act, but no power not to. The argument also depends on a view of the nature of preference, as distinguished from desire; Reid construes preferences as the psychological products of a rational process of weighing those things we desire.
From Change to Power
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: August 2004

The conclusion Reid reaches through the arguments discussed in chs. 1 and 2, if true, expresses a teleological conception of changes that result from the exercise of power; the conclusion shows that every event that is brought about through the exercise of a power is directed towards an end, or serves a purpose. This chapter examines Reid's further claim that, in fact, every event – every change in the nature of the world – is the product of the exercise of power; thus, all change is necessarily end‐directed. Reid's discussion of both Hobbes's and Hume's views regarding the question of whether or not change ubiquitously flows from power is examined. Although Reid takes the claim that all events flow from the exertion of power to be believed naturally and non‐inferentially, it is argued that his teleological conception of such changes nonetheless commits him to the acceptance of an argument not unlike Hobbes's for the claim that all events flow from the exercise of active power.
The Influence of Motives: The Push of Law?
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: August 2004

This chapter is concerned with Reid's arguments against the other, and more plausible way to construe the motive–action relation causally: there are laws linking motives with actions, e.g. the law that says that we always act on the strongest motive. Reid offers a trio of arguments against this view, and all three are examined in this chapter. The first attacks the claim that it is, in fact, a law that we always act on the strongest motive. The argument proceeds by showing that in every way in which we might construe ‘strength of motive’, the putative law is either false, or trivially, analytically, true. The second argument attacks not the claim that some particular putative law governs the motive–action relation, but, instead, the claim that any law could. The argument claims that in cases in which any one of a number of acts will equally serve an end, there is, in fact, no motive for the particular act chosen; but if it is possible to act with no motive at all, then it is not generally true that actions follow from motives in a law‐like way. The third argument exploits an analogy with advice claiming that the motive–action relation is like the relation between advice and action in accordance with it; since the latter relation is not causal, Reid thinks, neither is the former. The chapter aims to reveal the presuppositions of all three of Reid's arguments and reconstruct them in the most plausible way possible.
Conclusion: Agent Causation and the Regress of Effort
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: August 2004

Agent‐causal views of free action claim that there is a relation that holds between the agent and his free act that is both basic and causal; according to such view, there is no reducing the special relationship between an agent and his free act to a relation of events or states of the agent to the event, which is his action. It is often said that Reid was an agent‐causalist. This short conclusion investigates the question of whether or not this is so by offering a solution, on Reid's behalf, to the following problem: According to Reid, an agent is the efficient cause of an event if he has the power to bring the event about and exerts that power. However, the agent is either the efficient cause of his exertion of power, or he is not. If he is, then he must have the power to exert, and must exert that power: down this road seems to lie regress. If he is not, then it seems peculiar to say he is the efficient cause of his act; how can he cause his act if he doesn’t cause the event that triggers it? Theorists interested in rescuing Reid's view have followed the first road, but tried to avoid the seemingly inevitable regress. In this conclusion to the book, this road is followed, but in a different way from that of previous commentators on Reid. It is argued that the notion of ‘trying’, peculiar as it is, resists the regress problem and that, for Reid, to exert a power is just to try to do something. From this it emerges that Reid is an agent‐causalist, but of a very different sort from those contemporary philosophers who label themselves as such.
Economic Policy, Distribution, and Poverty: The Nature of Disagreements
Authors: Kanbur Ravi
Published: August 2004

The end of history lasted for such a short time. If the early 1990s raised hopes of a broad‐based consensus on economic policy for growth, equity, and poverty reduction, the late 1990s dashed them. The East Asian crisis and the Seattle debacle saw to that. In the year 2000, the governors of the World Bank, whose mission it is to eradicate poverty, could meet only under police protection, besieged by those who believe instead that the institution and the policies it espouses cause poverty. The street demonstrations in Prague, Seattle, and Washington DC, are one end of a spectrum of disagreement, which includes vigorous debate in the pages of the leading newspapers, passionate involvement of faith‐based organizations, and the genteel cut and thrust of academic discourse.
Growth is Good for the Poor
Authors: Dollar David , Kraay Aart
Published: August 2004

The world economy grew well during the 1990s, despite the financial crisis in East Asia. However, there is intense debate over the extent to which the poor benefit from this growth. The two quotes above exemplify the extremes in this debate. At one end of the spectrum are those who argue that the potential benefits of economic growth for the poor are undermined or even offset entirely by sharp increases in inequality that accompany growth. At the other end of the spectrum is the argument that liberal economic policies such as monetary and fiscal stability and open markets raise incomes of the poor and everyone else in society proportionately.
Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages
Authors: Ravallion Martin
Published: August 2004

The recent backlash against globalization has given new impetus to an old debate on whether the poor benefit from economic growth. We seem to have irreconcilable positions about how much the world's poorest benefit from economic growth, growth that is fuelled by greater openness to foreign trade and investment. On the one hand, we have unyielding opinions that growth is poverty‐reducing, drawing on recent research work, which found that average incomes of the poorest quintile moved almost one‐for‐one with average incomes overall. And on the other hand, we have commentators who are equally confident that rising inequality is choking off potential benefits to the poor.
Producing an Improved Geographic Profile of Poverty: Methodology and Evidence from Three Developing Countries
Authors: Demombynes Gabriel , Elbers Chris , Lanjouw Jean O. , Lanjouw Peter , Mistiaen Johan , Özler Berk
Published: August 2004

This study implements a methodology for estimating poverty in Ecuador, Madagascar, and South Africa, at levels of disaggregation that to date have not generally been available. The methodology is based on a statistical procedure to combine household survey data with population census data, imputing into the latter, a measure of per capita consumption from the former. The countries have few similarities; yet, the study demonstrates that in all three, the poverty estimates produced from census data are both plausible and satisfactorily precise. The study illustrates how the resulting poverty estimates can be represented in maps, thereby conveying much information about the magnitude of poverty across localities, as well as the precision of estimates, in a way that can be readily absorbed by non‐technical audiences.
A Decomposition of Inequality and Poverty Changes in the Context of Macroeconomic Adjustment: A Microsimulation Study for Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Grimm Michael
Published: August 2004

Proposes a microeconomic decomposition of the evolution of income inequality in Côte d’Ivoire in the 1990s, allowing in‐depth analysis of the evolution of the distribution of income. It shows, for instance, that the increase in income inequality in Abidjan was the result of changes in the sociodemographic population structure and of changes in unobserved earnings determinants, even though higher activity, inflows in wage labour, a drop in returns to schooling, and the Ivorian/non‐Ivorian wage differential worked toward a more equal distribution. Concerning the link between growth and inequality, it is interesting to note that both negative income growth in Abidjan as well as positive income growth in rural Côte d’Ivoire, were connected with rising inequality.
Growth, Income Distribution, and Poverty: A Review
Authors: Bigsten Arne , Levin JÖrgen
Published: August 2004

This study reviews recent research dealing with relationships between economic growth, income distribution, and poverty. This generally fails to find any systematic pattern of change in income distribution during recent decades—nor does it find any systematic link from fast growth to increasing inequality. The level of initial income inequality is not a robust explanatory factor of growth, but some recent empirical studies have found a negative impact of asset inequality on growth. Countries that have been successful in terms of economic growth are also very likely to have been successful in reducing poverty. Growth can be substantial if the policy and institutional environment is right.
Britain
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas Von
Published: August 2004

The chapter on property insurance in Britain emphasizes the following points: In property insurance, administrative costs typically use up over 35% of premium income. In the case of terrorism insurance, the government decided to provide cost‐free, stop‐loss insurance, to prevent the market from breaking down. This step turned out to be an efficient intervention in the insurance market. When the country was hit by subsidence damages, the premiums and excesses for the owners in high‐risk areas rose dramatically. The fact that insurance contracts can be renegotiated every year means that the owners have only a very incomplete coverage.
France
Authors: Ungern-Sternberg Thomas Von
Published: August 2004

Studies catastrophe insurance in France. The French system is fundamentally flawed. The state has fixed a compulsory nationwide uniform premium rate, and offers to reinsure all insurance companies at similar conditions. There is a natural tendency for the good risk insurance companies to buy only little cover from the state. The bad risks make full use of the low cost reinsurance provided. The system has had to be recapitalized in the year 2000 but the fundamental flaws remain. The insurance companies are making a lot of money at the cost of the taxpayer.
Trends in International Migration in and from Africa
Authors: Adepoju Aderanti
Published: August 2004

Africa is a region of considerable, essentially intra‐continental migration, consisting of regional movement by refugees, undocumented migrants, and seasonal labour migrants. Emigrants to northern countries include skilled workers, students, semi‐skilled and unskilled workers and recently autonomous female migrants. The trends and patterns of international migration in and from Africa are shaped by rapid population growth, unstable politics, escalating ethnic conflicts, persistent economic decline, poverty, and environmental deterioration. The traditional pattern of migration is increasingly feminizing, migration destinations are diversifying, movements are more clandestine and spontaneous, and commercial migration is rapidly replacing labour migration.
Mexican Migration to the United States: The Effect of NAFTA
Authors: Martin Philip L.
Published: August 2004

Migration has more often been the source of conflict than cooperation in Mexico‐US relations. The US accepts immigrants from and trades with many nations, but virtually all Mexican migrants head for the US, and most Mexican trade is with the US. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which went into effect on January 1, 1994, was expected to convert this migration relationship into a trade and investment relationship. Trade may eventually be a substitute for migration between Mexico and the US, but during the 1990s there was a hump or increase in Mexico‐US migration.
Immigrants in the U.S. Economy
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: August 2004

Describes patterns of labour‐market insertion among foreign‐born workers in the US. Using the Labour Utilization Framework (LUF) and the 1990 US Census data, it shows that nationality groups differ in how they are integrated into the labour force and that there are differential economic consequences associated with different patterns of labour force utilization. Immigrants are generally economically active and do not seem to be severely blocked from gaining labour‐market entry; but once working they are mostly underemployed. The study calls for future research on labour‐market dynamics to examine the significance of race and ethnicity and the uniqueness and selectivity of international migration.
Labor Export Strategies in Asia
Authors: Hugo Graeme , Stahl Charles
Published: August 2004

Although a great deal of attention has focused on government attempts to stop or reduce immigration to developed nations, little has been paid to policies and programs related to emigration. Argues that sending‐country policies do strongly influence the scale and composition of emigration, both legal and undocumented. Across Asia, governments in labour‐exporting nations have been very active in developing a range of strategies to influence the scale and composition of labour out‐migration. Unfortunately, such policies have been unfolded in an empirical vacuum and there has been little research available to inform their development and implementation. Researchers must work to develop a deeper understanding of the consequences and effectiveness of different labour export policies.
International Migration, Identity, and Development in Oceania: A Synthesis of Ideas
Authors: Bedford Richard
Published: August 2004

At the turn of the millennium, new geographies and histories are being written for the thousands of atolls, reef islands, volcanic cones and continental islands that comprise the region termed Oceania. In terms of motives for and patterns of spatial mobility of the inhabitants of this “sea of islands”, the largest cities of Australia and New Zealand, as well as Los Angeles and Vancouver on the west coast of North America, must also be included in Oceania's contemporary international migration system. This chapter explores four approaches that emphasize the salience of international migration for development in this region: demographic and resource imperatives for migration; remittance flows and dependency/interdependency structures in the region; Pacific identities and socio‐cultural dimensions of contemporary mobility; and the effects of structural adjustment programs and globalization on transformations of Oceanic societies. The emphasis on multiple identities and multi‐local populations in recent studies of international migration in Oceania traverse ideas and concepts that have been around for a long time in research on population movement in the region. A synthesis of ideas about international migration, identity, and development in Oceania assists researchers to navigate the intellectual turmoil that has surrounded discourses about modernity and postmodernity – discourses that challenge us to keep our critical geographical imagination creatively open to redefinition of old ideas, and expansion into new directions of scholarship.
The Thailand and Ugandan Sexual Network Studies
Authors: Morris Martina
Published: August 2004

This chapter describes the comparative local network data collected in two related studies of HIV-related behaviors in Uganda and Thailand in the mid-1990s. The Thai survey was based on a cluster sample of about 1,700 17–45 year old low-income men, and about 700 female commercial-sex workers. The Ugandan survey used a representative household-based cluster sample of about 1,600 men and women aged 15–49 from the district of Rakai. The local network module was very similar in the two surveys, collecting information on the attributes of the respondents and their three most recent sexual partners, attributes of the partnerships, geographic network information, and behaviors within the partnerships. The chapter reviews the study design, fieldwork experience and measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data.
Time and Explanation
Authors: Rundle Bede
Published: August 2004

The question whether the universe has existed for an infinite or only a finite time, along with the question whether a causal series might go back infinitely far into the past, has loomed large in attempts to prove the existence of God. These questions, together with that of the extent of the future, are now discussed. They lead us to consider the principle of sufficient reason and to ask whether there can be any ultimate explanations, whether the regress of explanations can ever be brought to a satisfactory end.
The Linguistic Construction of Social and Medical Categories in the Work of the English General Register Office, 1837–1950
Authors: Higgs Edward
Published: August 2004

Examines the classification systems and nosologies that were developed by the General Register Office in London in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in terms of modern linguistic analysis. The Office was responsible for administering civil registration and the censuses in England and Wales, and used the data collected by these processes to create demographic, medical, and occupational statistics. Such statistics have meaning within the terms of the particular linguistic conventions employed.
‘Un noviazgo después de ser casados’: Companionate Marriage, Sexual Intimacy, and the Modern Mexican Family
Authors: Hirsch Jennifer S.
Published: August 2004

Highlights the ways in which marital ideologies are socially constructed and historically variable and suggests how transformations in these marital ideologies and their social categories can contribute to an understanding of fertility decline. The ethnographic material presented here comes from a multi‐generational study of gender, sexuality, and reproductive health among women and men in a community of transnational migrants in western Mexico and Atlanta, Georgia. Older couples in this community spoke about marriage in terms of ‘respeto’: mutual respect, gendered work obligations, and bonds of marriage, which are reinforced through reproduction. Younger couples, in contrast, presented an ideal of ‘confianza’: companionate marriage marked by a significant amount of ‘helping’ with previously gendered tasks, increased heterosociality, and greater emphasis on trust, emotional warmth, and communication than on obligation and respect.
Demography's Ecological Frontier: Rethinking the ‘Nature’ of the Household and Community
Authors: Greenberg Brian , Greene Margaret E.
Published: August 2004

The global scale of anthropogenic environmental change now challenges demography to rethink its methodologies and tacit values to assess the ways that human populations determine the population profiles and survival prospects for non‐human species and nature as a whole. Critically reviews the disciplinary basis for human‐centredness in the assessment of environmental change, and the ways this Malthusian intellectual legacy now constrains demography's ability to comment on pressing environmental issues. By demonstrating that social relationships do not stop at the boundaries of society but extend to the relationships people establish with non‐human nature, the chapter illustrates how more ecologically inclusive analytic categories can provide significant insight into environmental change in the Western Himalayas. Redefining the familiar demographic categories of ‘household’ and ‘community’ to more closely reflect local cultural understandings, the chapter links household composition to livestock ecology, and agricultural production to the history of environmental transformation in the Himalayan region. In suggesting less anthropocentric and Western culture‐centric demographic analysis, the chapter argues for models of human communities more precisely situated in their environmental contexts, and demonstrates a potentially powerful extension of demographic techniques in the explanation of landscape and environmental change.
Situating Migration in Wartime and Post-war Mozambique: A Critique of ‘Forced Migration’ Research
Authors: Lubkemann Stephen C.
Published: August 2004

Analyzes the causes, organization, and impact of wartime migration during and since Mozambique's recent civil war (1977–1992), in order to challenge theories that establish categorizations of migration based on the degree of its ‘forcedness’. It demonstrates how predominant demographic theories of forced migration rest on a highly reductionist model of decision‐making that fails adequately to examine actor agency and the social and cultural factors that inform agency in acute crisis contexts. It also challenges theoretical models of so‐called ‘forced migration’ that privilege the analysis of macro‐political factors in explaining the causes and organization of wartime movement. Arguing that displacement must be examined in historical perspective, this study shows how migration had long been a strategy deployed by actors in central Mozambique in a variety of local‐level social struggles over the rights and obligations that defined social relationships. These culturally defined, and ‘micro‐level’ social struggles also shaped wartime migration in ways that ultimately resulted in a highly gendered wartime population distribution. This study focuses, in particular, on how struggles over the gendered configuration of power relations within marriage affected wartime and post‐conflict migration through the development of new forms of ‘transnationalized’ polygyny. Finally, this study proposes steps towards developing alternative theoretical approaches to the study of crisis migration.
The Realm of Reason
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: August 2004

In his The Realm of Reason, the author proposes a theory that states the conditions under which a thinker can be said to be entitled to form a given belief. The author's ‘Generalised Rationalism’ is based on three principles of rationalism, each framed as a claim about the relation of entitlement. The theory is rationalist in that it holds, against empiricism, that some entitlements are a priori, i.e. justified independently of experience; it is generalised in that it holds that all kinds of content have a component that is a priori. The status of these entitlements as a priori is founded in a particular way in the network of relations between entitlement, understanding, and truth. The author applies his theory in detail to several classical philosophical problems, including the nature of perceptual entitlement, induction, and the status of moral judgements. In the course of these discussions, the author develops a theory of the structure of entitlement and a general theory of the a priori, elaborates on the nature of Generalised Rationalism by juxtaposing it to classical and recent rationalist thought, and elucidates the general implications the truth of his theory has for theories of meaning, reference, and explanation.
States, Contents, and the Source of Entitlement
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: August 2004

States and defends the second principle of rationalism, The Rationalist Dependence Thesis, which holds that the rational truth‐conduciveness of any given transition to which a thinker is entitled is to be philosophically explained in terms of the nature of the intentional contents and states involved in the transition. The second principle, therefore, explains what it means for a transition to lead to true judgements in ‘a distinctive way characteristic of rational transitions’: if the reliability of that transition can be seen to follow from the nature of those contents and states, then the transition is one to which the thinker is entitled. The remainder of Ch. 2 elucidates and paves the way for the author's argument for the Rationalist Dependence Thesis: the author identifies two tasks for a rationalist to support the thesis for content‐endorsing transitions, namely to show why the content of perceptual entitling states will tend to be true and to show why the transition to the judgement of the content made rational by the entitling perceptual state is truth‐conducive when the entitling state has a correct content. The first task is judged to be the greater challenge and three levels of the entitlement relation are distinguished from one another, each level differing from the others in terms of generality and explanatory power.
Induction
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: August 2004

Argues that the same principles of complexity reduction that he used to explain principles of perceptual entitlement in the preceding chapter can be used to explain the principles of inductive inference. When we have a sound, non‐conclusive inductive inference from a variety of Fs being G to the conclusion that all Fs are G, this holds because the easiest way for the evidence to hold is one that also makes it the case that all Fs are G. Clarifies and elaborates this thesis and traces out its consequences.
Moral Rationalism
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: August 2004

Argues for the thesis that basic moral principles are known to us a priori. The author argues that such moral principles have epistemic characteristics that are incompatible with all recent mind‐dependent, expressivist, and subjectivist treatments of moral thought. He elucidates these characteristics and argues for their incompatibility with many recent treatments in moral philosophy. The author further proposes a better theory, a moderate moral rationalism, which can explain the epistemic characteristics in question, and discusses what he calls the Subjectivist Fallacy, which is, according to the author, largely responsible for making mind‐dependent views of morality seem more attractive than they really are, and to which consequently much recent writing in the area has succumbed.
Foundations Shaken but Not Stirred
Authors: Vincent Andrew
Published: August 2004

Examines the advent of logical positivism, the development of conceptual analysis, ordinary language philosophy, the so‐called death of political theory, the impact of linguistic philosophy and the influence of Wittgenstein's thought on political theory, and particularly the idea of ‘essential contestability’.
New Conventions for Old
Authors: Vincent Andrew
Published: August 2004

Continues the theme of the previous chapter by examining more recent forms of conventionalist argument, particularly those that try to reconstitute and revivify an older political vocabulary. It therefore analyses the conventionalist writings of nationalism, neo‐Aristotelianism, and republicanism.
Standing Problems
Authors: Vincent Andrew
Published: August 2004

The core argument in this chapter is that conventionalist argument, if pursued, is profoundly reductionist. Radical conventionalism can mutate into the thesis of perspectivism. In this scenario, conventionalism links up with the intellectual movements of postmodernism and poststructuralism. The committed postmodern or poststructural critic aims to search out foundationalism in all the remote and hidden corners of political theory. The chapter examines the diverse contributions of Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, William Connolly, Richard Rorty, and Jean‐François Lyotard to political theory.
Circular Foundations
Authors: Vincent Andrew
Published: August 2004

Deals with the hermeneutic work of Hans‐Georg Gadamer. It analyses the development of hermeneutic thinking, the focus on language, the critique of the Enlightenment and positivism, the role of dialogue in ethics and politics, and finally reviews the critical debates between Gadamer and Habermas. It maintains that Gadamer's approach offers profound insights into how we might reconceive of political theory in the future.
Unilateral and Multilateral Currency Unions: Thoughts from an EMU Perspective
Authors: Angeloni Ignazio
Published: August 2004

The distinction here explored between unilateral and multilateral currency union takes the experience of the European Monetary Union (EMU) as a basis. Unilateral currency union is the adoption by one country of the money of another, without consent or agreement. Multilateral monetary union happens when a group of countries adopt a new currency, setting up the necessary institutions jointly. Considering six aspects, multilateral monetary unions have important advantages over the unilateral form of union. These aspects are: Macroeconomic stability, seignorage distribution, last-resort lending, fiscal policy, central bank structures, and resilience to stress.
International Money and Common Currencies in Historical Perspective
Authors: Dwyer, Jr. Gerald P. , Lothian James R.
Published: August 2004

This chapter reviews the history of international monies and the theory related to their adoption and use. There are four key characteristics of these currencies: High unitary value, relatively low rates of inflation for long periods, issuance by major economic and trading powers, and spontaneous, as opposed to planned, adoption internationally. The economic theory of the demand for money provides support for the importance of these characteristics.
Geography, Trade, and Currency Union
Authors: Mélitz Jacques
Published: August 2004

This chapter reports on four basic results of tests of the standard gravity equation. First, geography can reflect comparative advantage as well as transportation cost. Second, the effect of distance on bilateral trade is mostly a substitution effect between closer and more distant trade partners rather than a scale effect on total foreign trade. Third, special political relationships, such as free trade agreements and currency union, do not produce any trade diversion in the aggregate, but increase trade with outsiders as well as among the parties to the relationship. Fourth, Rose’s surprisingly high estimate of the impact of currency union on trade stems partly from selection bias, but even following a correction for that bias, the estimate remains high.
Trade Agreements, Exchange Rate Disagreements
Authors: Fernández-Arias Eduardo , Panizza Ugo , Stein Ernesto
Published: August 2004

The negative effects on exports and FDI flows of an exchange rate misalignment are amplified when the misalignment is among countries that share a regional integration agreement. Such agreements strengthen the well-established relationship between real appreciation and currency crises. We conclude that coordination to achieve real-exchange-rate consistency within blocs is key to macro stability and, a fortiori, sustainable trade agreements.
Sudden Stops, the Real Exchange Rate, and Fiscal Sustainability: Argentina's Lessons
Authors: Calvo Guillermo A. , Izquierdo Alejandro , Talvi Ernesto
Published: August 2004

Argentina’s vulnerability to Sudden Stops in capital flows provides an alternative explanation for the fall of Argentina’s Convertibility Program. Sudden Stops are typically accompanied by a substantial depreciation of the real exchange rate that wreaks havoc in countries that are heavily dollarized in their liabilities, making otherwise sustainable fiscal and corporate sector positions unsustainable. In particular, we stress that the required change in relative prices is larger the more closed the economy is in terms of its supply of tradable goods. We also provide an explanation for the political maelstrom that ensued after the Sudden Stop triggered by the Russian crisis of 1998.
Electronic Money and the Optimal Size of Monetary Unions
Authors: Costa Storti Claudia , De Grauwe Paul
Published: August 2004

The question is how the advent of electronic money affects the size of optimal currency areas. In particular, we study whether currencies of small countries will tend to disappear as a result of electronic money. The three major forces that will be at work during the transition to a cashless society have different implications for the question at hand. These forces are (a) raising the potential for financial instability during the transition, (b) giving rise to new monetary network externalities that affect the costs and benefits of national media of exchange, and (c) leading to the emergence of new stores of value.
Currency Substitution in Anticipation of EU Accession
Authors: Genberg Hans
Published: August 2004

Countries in Eastern and Central Europe that are joining the European Union will eventually also join EMU. The process of accession entails a transition period at whose end the domestic currency is certain to be replaced by the euro. This chapter argues that this programmed demise of the domestic currency may bring about significant spontaneous euroization already during the transition period. If the euro is adopted by the private sector in anticipation of the official changeover, the country incurs a resource cost in the form of lost seignorage.
Globalization, Technology, and Income Inequality: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Singh Ajit , Dhumale Rahul
Published: August 2004

Provides a critical analysis of some widely accepted explanations for the significant changes in income distribution that have occurred in many advanced countries during the last two decades. Much of the vast literature on the subject emphasizes the role of globalization and technology as the primary influence(s) on income distribution in industrial economies during this period, and this study assesses the validity of these propositions and provides an alternative analytical and policy perspective; it also considers whether these globalization and/or technology theses can be applied to developing countries. The study starts with an introduction, and then the second section outlines the main stylized facts about inequality of income distribution and other unfavourable labour market tendencies (high unemployment and deindustrialization) that have come to characterize industrial economies during the 1980s and 1990s; it also reviews the relevant characteristics of North–South trade in manufactured products. The third section outlines the nature of the ‘Transatlantic Consensus’ that has emerged in this area, notwithstanding serious methodological differences between trade and labour economists; this consensus gives a unified explanation for increased income inequality in the US and of high unemployment in Europe within the same conceptual framework. The fourth section provides a critique of the Consensus and suggests an alternative perspective on income inequality, unemployment, and deindustrialization in advanced countries; the fifth and sixth assess the extent to which changes in income inequality in developing countries can be attributed to globalization, technology, and financial liberalization; and the last section sums up the discussion and outlines policy conclusions, which are substantially different than those that follow from the Transatlantic Consensus.
Labour Market Institutions and Income Inequality: What are the New Insights after the Washington Consensus?
Authors: van der Hoeven Rolph , Saget Catherine
Published: August 2004

Looks at some of the labour market outcomes of recent economic reforms. The extent to which labour market institutions affect the relationship between reform policies and income inequality remains controversial. Some see labour market institutions as a hindrance to more efficient development and growth, while others argue that without proper labour market institutions an economy cannot progress. Labour market policies, regulations, and institutions have at least three goals: improving allocative efficiency (matching supply and demand); improving dynamic efficiency (increasing the quality of the labour force); and improving or maintaining a sense of equity and social justice among labour force participants. These different goals inform the discussion throughout the chapter, which is organized as follows: after an introduction, the second section touches briefly on some theoretical aspects of labour markets and reform policies; the third reviews trends in labour market changes in terms of informalization of employment, wage shares in national income, and wage inequality; the fourth reviews some general trends in labour market policies that have typically been implemented under the Washington Consensus, namely, a decline in minimum wages, shifts in the bargaining power of unions, and a reduction in employment protection; the final section offers conclusions on whether or not labour market policies reduce income inequality.
Reducing Poverty and Inequality in India: Has Liberalization Helped?
Authors: Jha Raghbendra
Published: August 2004

This is the first of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of India. Discusses the differences between the approach taken to liberalization in India (the Delhi Consensus) and the standard approach (the Washington Consensus); the Delhi Consensus has emphasized the slow liberalization of trade and very gradual privatization, and has avoided capital account liberalization. This prudent approach has sidestepped major shocks, and the changes in inequality consequent upon these reforms have been relatively modest, although rural inequality has risen at a slower pace than have urban and overall inequality. The rise in inequality is attributed to three factors: a shift in earnings from labour to capital income; the rapid growth of the services sector, particularly the FIRE sector (banking, financial institutions, insurance, and real estate), with a consequent explosion in demand for skilled workers; and a drop in the rate of labour absorption during the reform period, associated with an increase in regional inequality, especially in the incidence of rural poverty. The chapter has five sections: Introduction: Salient Economic Performance Aspects and Recent Policy Reforms—an outline of the economic performance of the Indian economy since the 1950s, with a brief overview of the economic reforms initiated; Trends in Inequality and Poverty in India—an analysis trends in aggregate inequality and poverty, with suggested explanations; Poverty and Inequality at the State Level—an outline of the major characteristics of poverty and inequality at the level of individual Indian states; and Tentative Conclusions.
The Changing Nature of Inequality in South Africa
Authors: Jenkins Carolyn , Thomas Lynne
Published: August 2004

This is the fourth of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of South Africa. After an introduction, the second section of the chapter reviews the evolution of inequality in South Africa, and the third draws together the findings of other authors to highlight the primary sources of changes in the nature of income inequality (wage differentials and unequal access to employment). The fourth section assesses the evolution of economic policy and performance, drawing a distinction between the apartheid years and the post‐1994 period, and also considers the posttransition policy framework in more detail. The fifth section briefly discusses policies targeted at the structural causes of poverty and inequality since 1994 (policies on education and social expenditure, and on land). The sixth section focuses on the likely impact of the macroeconomic policy framework since 1994 on income distribution, arguing that changes in labour markets resulting from the breakdown of apartheid in the workplace dominated the observed shifts in the distribution of income during the 1970s and 1980s, although there is evidence that the shift towards neoliberal orthodoxy is increasingly affecting the income distribution; topics addressed include the effects of stabilization (inflation and interest rates), fiscal policy, trade and financial liberalization, and labour institutions.