bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body Image Disorders
Authors: Morris Katherine J.
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines so-called body image disorders, focusing on body dysmorphic disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. These disorders have been studied extensively by psychologists and psychiatrists from both the "body image" and "body shame" research orientations. Body image disorders have also proved, for feminist thinkers mindful of the gender imbalance in many of these disorders, to be an important locus for cultural criticism, including criticism of psychological and psychiatric perspectives. Those philosophers and anthropologists with a phenomenological bent, particularly those with an interest in the lived body and embodiment, have also found a fruitful terrain in body image disorders. These different disciplines and approaches provide multiple perspectives which are often complementary, occasionally in some tension with one another, but always mutually enriching, and all of them are sketched here.
The Disunity of Consciousness in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Bayne Tim
Published: January 2014

It is often said that the normal unity of consciousness fragments, and perhaps even breaks down entirely, in psychiatric disorders. This chapter examines ways in which the unity-or, better, unities-of consciousness might be lost in the context of psychiatric disorders, such as multiple personality disorder, schizophrenia, and depersonalization.
Delusion
Authors: Davies Martin , Egan Andy
Published: January 2014

Cognitive approaches contribute to our understanding of delusions by providing an explanatory framework that extends beyond the personal level to the sub personal level of information-processing systems. According to one influential cognitive approach, two factors are required to account for the content of a delusion, its initial adoption as a belief, and its persistence. This chapter reviews Bayesian developments of the two-factor framework.
Values in Psychiatric Diagnosis and Classification
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: January 2014

Values are action-guiding dispositions that are subject to praise or blame, and as such are fundamental in making choices and taking action in any human context, including clinical practice and research. The first half of the chapter reviews the contemporary role of philosophical value theory in understanding the clinical process of diagnosis and the development of formal classifications of psychopathology. The second half of the chapter discusses the kinds of values evident in these areas and raises unanswered questions for the field. Despite two decades of progress in understanding the key role of values in clinical and classificatory work, the open disclosure and negotiation of values in psychiatry remains a novel idea for many, and psychiatric and philosophical research into the area of values and diagnosis/classification is only in its infancy.
Autism and the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: January 2014

In order to understand the pathogenesis of autism, one needs to have an adequate framework within which to think about the nature of typical as well as atypical early human mental development. From a complementary perspective, the study of autism may challenge our ways of thinking about the mind itself. For example, are we justified in introducing divisions among cognition, conation, and affect in characterizing early development? What is the epistemological basis for children's understanding of others' minds? How should we think about the origins of and basis for symbolic functioning? This chapter explores the relevance of philosophy for our accounts of autism, highlighting the importance of ideas from Wittgenstein and Strawson in particular, and illustrates fresh ways in which autism might contribute to debates in philosophy of mind.
Dementia is Dead, Long Live Ageing
Authors: Hughes Julian C.
Published: January 2014

Dementia is dead, long live aging! This chapter sets out the philosophical sources for understanding working with "dementia." The concept, "dementia," serves no useful purpose. Even "Alzheimer's disease" turns out to be problematic. This is because there is a lack of precision around the boundaries of these notions. The messiness that surrounds these notions, in terms of facts and values, is made obvious when we consider mild cognitive impairment, which is said to be a pre-dementia state. It makes more biological sense to think in terms of the ageing brain, rather than to search for discrete disease entities. We need to think in terms of dementia-in-the-world. Ageing is not something that we do solely at the end of our lives: it is a part of our lives, to be celebrated. We must look more broadly at dementia-in-the-world as a (biological, psychological, social, and spiritual) feature of our ageing lives.
Personality Disorder and Validity
Authors: Zachar Peter , Krueger Robert F.
Published: January 2014

This chapter describes the introduction of the concept of personality in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as a secularization and medicalization of the notion of character. This secularization served as the key prelude to the initiation of the scientific study of personality traits. It also examines the origins of the concept of personality disorder in psychiatry's rejection of the disease-based concept of the degenerate, morbid personality. After setting the historical stage, the chapter explores three validity-related issues. The first is a question about what role values should play in the conceptualization of personality disorders. It is argued that that recent empirical research has shown that the evaluative issues that were historically associated with the concept of character have not been (and maybe cannot be) eliminated from the modern notion of personality. The second is a question about the nature of psychopathology in personality disorders. It is argued that, while developing an empirically based capacity-failure model is an important goal, currently multiple models are needed to justify the pathological nature of personality disorders. The third question is about the extent to which personality traits can be considered causal entities in the head that "carve nature at the joints." Characterizing the received view in contemporary trait theory as scientific realism, it is argued that in some cases, the arguments for realism about traits can be empirically refuted, or at least cast into doubt. The conclusion is that the relative merits of a more empiricist instrumental view and scientific realism have not been sorted out.
Neural Mechanisms of Decision-Making and the Personal Level
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: January 2014

Can findings from psychology and cognitive neuroscience about the neural mechanisms involved in decision-making tell us anything useful about the commonly-understood mental phenomenon of making voluntary choices? Two philosophical objections are considered. First, that the neural data is subpersonal, and so cannot enter into illuminating explanations of personal-level phenomena like voluntary action. Secondly, that mental properties are multiply realized in the brain in such a way as to make them insusceptible to neuroscientific study. The chapter argues that both objections would be weakened by the discovery of empirical generalizations connecting subpersonal properties with personal-level phenomena. It gives three case studies that furnish evidence to that effect. It argues that the existence of such interrelations is consistent with a plausible construal of the personal-subpersonal distinction. Furthermore, there is no reason to suppose that the notion of subpersonal representation relied on in cognitive neuroscience illicitly imports personal-level phenomena like consciousness or normativity, or is otherwise explanatorily problematic.
Could Psychoanalysis be a Science?
Authors: Lacewing Michael
Published: January 2014

Could psychoanalysis be a science? There are three ways of reading this question. First, is psychoanalysis the kind of investigation or activity that could, logically speaking, be "scientific"? If we can defend a positive answer here, then it makes sense to ask, second, is psychoanalysis, in the form in which it has traditionally been practiced, and continues to be practiced, a science? If there are good reasons to doubt its credentials, then we might ask, third, is psychoanalysis able to become a science? This is a question about what is needed for the necessary transformation. The chapter argues that psychoanalysis can be a science, but that the historical debate raised important challenges to its methodology, viz., confirmation bias, suggestion, and unsupportable causal inference. The chapter argues that recent developments meet these challenges, and concludes with some reflections on the interdisciplinary nature of psychoanalysis.
Psychopharmacology and the Self
Authors: Svenaeus Fredrik
Published: January 2014

Psychopharmacological drugs have effects on selfhood in ways that often overlap with the treatment of mental disorders, but the effects also go beyond the domain of disorder into the sphere of enhancement. To what extent this is and will be the case depends, of course, on the definition and understanding of mental disorder. The psychotropic effects on selfhood can be mapped out by distinguishing groups of traits that belong to personality and that form dimensions of selfhood, but they can also be distinguished by acknowledging different layers of selfhood-pre-reflective embodied self, reflective self, and narrative self. The effects of psychopharmacological drugs in some cases normalize the alienating experiences of the breakdown of pre-reflective selfhood, in other cases they rather bring about changes in basic dimensions of selfhood and personality, such as temperament and emotional dispositions.
The History of Sign Language Linguistics
Authors: Woll Bencie
Published: January 2014

Over the past 150 years, linguists have moved from considering sign languages as a primitive and universal type of gestural communication to a recognition that sign languages are complete, natural human languages. However, this recognition has gone through a number of stages. At first, linguists emphasized the similarities between sign languages and spoken languages, despite the differences in modality. More recent studies have turned to an exploration of the similarities and differences among sign languages, and between signed and spoken languages. Most importantly, this research has led linguists to a reconsideration of such issues as the effect of modality on linguistic structure, the nature of linguistic universals, and the roles of arbitrariness and iconicity. This chapter reviews the history of linguistic research on sign language, concluding with a consideration of the implications of recent approaches for our understanding of sign languages and of the nature of human languages.
Pedagogical Grammars Before the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Luhtala Anneli
Published: January 2014

This article deals with the development of pedagogical grammar from Late Antiquity to the early modern period. The unrivalled authority for elementary grammar was Donatus’ Ars minor, which provided a model for numerous other works well into the early modern period. Its systematic presentation of the word classes offered a basic framework, which the subsequent generations of grammarians reworked and supplemented with paradigms, Christian examples, and vernacular glosses. Elements from other ancient grammatical genres, parsing and regulae-grammars, were also integrated into its method, and commentaries continued to be written on all levels of teaching. Verse grammars were a peculiarly medieval innovation, being designed to supplement the study of Donatus. Its most popular representative, Alexander de Villa Dei’s Doctrinale, received more than 300 editions between 1470 and 1520. The introduction of a section on syntax into pedagogical grammars was among the major innovations of medieval grammar.
American Descriptivism (‘Structuralism’)
Authors: Blevins James P.
Published: January 2014

Although the heyday of the American Descriptivist school was short, spanning the time between Bloomfield and Chomsky, this period was decisive for the development of modern linguistics. It was in this time that a distinctive American school emerged with an explicit focus on synchronic analysis. The challenge of interpreting Bloomfield led the Descriptivists to define many notions that are commonly identified as “Bloomfieldian,” from the structuralist phoneme (Hockett 1942) and morpheme (Harris 1942), to models of immediate constituent analysis (Wells 1947). In the course of assembling these notions into a new science of linguistics, the Descriptivists came to focus on the techniques and devices employed to construct linguistic analyses. This shift in orientation marked the advent of a recognizably modern approach to linguistics, one in which formal tools and analytic methods are primary objects of study. Descriptivists’ interest in statistical, information-theoretic, and corpus-based methods likewise has a strong contemporary resonance.
A Brief Sketch of the Historic Development of Pragmatics
Authors: Mey Jacob L.
Published: January 2014

Pragmatics, the youngest linguistic discipline, has a venerable past: all the way from the Greek sophists through the medieval nominalists and nineteenth-century pragmatic thinkers to today’s workers in various sub-disciplines of linguistics, sociology, psychology, literary research, and other branches of the humanities and social sciences. In the chapter, a line is drawn connecting these historical tendencies, converging in the contemporary interest in pragmatics as the science of linguistic social behavior in various situational and institutional contexts. Attention is paid to predecessors, both immediate and remote, as well as to the man protagonists on today’s pragmatic scene, and how they interact with the neighboring disciplines, especially under a societal perspective. In particular, it is shown how the classical theory of speech acts is in need of being revised and extended in various directions, such as relevance theory, the theory of pragmatic acts, the study of cooperation in interaction, and more.
Comparative, Historical, and Typological Linguistics since the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Jankowsky Kurt R.
Published: January 2014

Francis Bacon’s (1561–1626) demand for scientific language investigation, supplemented by Gottfried Leibniz’s (1646–1716) endorsement of natural scientific methodology, provided the theoretical framework, further elaborated by William Jones (1746–1794) and Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), for Friedrich von Schlegel’s (1772–1829) comparative grammar and facilitated Franz Bopp’s and Jacob Grimm’s (1785–1863) subsequent practical work for the Indo-European and Germanic languages, respectively, culminating in the Neogrammarians’ axiom of “Sound laws suffer no exception” and the development of language typology.
Language, Culture, and Society
Authors: Deumert Ana
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides an overview of the genesis and theoretical development of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. For the nineteenth century, the focus is on Humboldt, Whitney, and Schuchardt as well as early dialectological work. The argument then turns to the early twentieth century and considers Boas and Sapir in North America, as well as Bakhtin and Voloshinov in Russia. The paper concludes with the consolidation of socio-cultural linguistics in the 1960s, and three main approaches are discussed in detail: the sociology of language, variationist sociolinguistics, and the ethnography of communication.
The History of Corpus Linguistics
Authors: McEnery Tony , Hardie Andrew
Published: January 2014

The modern field of corpus linguistics – based around the computer-aided analysis of extremely large databases of text – is largely a phenomenon of the late 1950s onwards. Its early history was marked by opposition from, in particular, Noam Chomsky, who favored a rationalist view over the empiricism associated with corpus-based approaches. However, corpora have been shown to be highly useful in a range of areas of linguistics (but perhaps most notably lexicography and grammatical description). Modern corpus linguistics was formed in the context of work on English, though it is now applied to many different languages; it was in this context that techniques such as corpus annotation, and important concepts such as collocation, emerged. Alongside this history of corpus linguistics considered as a methodology stands the history of an alternative approach, sometimes called neo-Firthian, within which the study of words, phraseology and collocation in corpora are the keystone of linguistic theory.
Commonplace Shakespeare
Authors: Nicholson Catherine
Published: January 2014

Appearing in 1609, the quarto editions of Troilus and Cressida and Shake-speares Sonnets offer contradictory lessons in the twin economies of literature and sex. Both are prefaced by boasts of their unsullied novelty: Troilus is ‘a new play, neuer stal’d with the Stage, neuer clapper-clawd with the palmes of the vulgar’; the Sonnets are poems ‘neuer before imprinted’. At the same time, each invites its readers to recognize—and value—the familiarity of what they contain: words whose richness inheres in their resemblance to what has already been said and written by others. These competing models of literary value parallel a debate within each text about the objects of erotic desire, which either thrive on ‘increase’ or wither as they grow common. Critical responses to Troilus and the Sonnets tend to recapitulate that debate, revealing a continuous thread of anxiety about the incommensurable values on which poetic (and sexual) reputations are founded.
Fatal Cleopatras and Golden Apples
Authors: Ferguson Margaret W.
Published: January 2014

This chapter argues that Shakespeare’s wordplay is integral to his communication of ideas in audible and/or visual signs that must be interpreted by a reader or audience member. The essay builds on and counters Samuel Johnson’s famous critique of Shakespearean ‘quibbles’ as excessive deviations from a proper communicative path. Shakespeare’s theory and practice of wordplay does not accept the Johnsonian view that a word has a single or even a predominant ‘proper’ meaning. Paradoxically marked both by a concern for ‘measure’ (in syllable or line counting) and by a tendency toward transgression of rules, Shakespeare’s interest in ‘numbers’—a figure for poetry in metrical forms—shows his awareness of wordplay as a game requiring at least three players: a historically situated writer, a text (in Shakespeare’s case, usually an unstable one); and an interpreter. Key examples of wordplay come from As You Like It,Love’s Labours Lost, and the Sonnets, particularly 135, which plays on the word ‘will’ in ways some have found excessive.
‘Fortify Yourself in Your Decay’
Authors: Semler L. E.
Published: January 2014

This chapter surveys some of the intricacies of rhyme and rhyming effects in Shakespeare’s Sonnets. It addresses the sonnet as a musical, rhetorical, and logical text that occurs as a real-time sonic event. It begins with discussion of the tripartite structure and end-rhyme scheme to argue for the architectonic orderliness of the sonnet. Sonnet 18 is analysed in terms of its subtle sound effects before the chapter moves to explore the ways that rhyme and rhyming effects serve as binders to hold together individual quatrains and sonnets, and also to hold multiple sonnets in sequences. Sonnet 87’s peculiar end-rhyme effects are examined in relation to its argument. Throughout the essay attention is given to the effects of early modern pronunciation on rhyme and sound echoes. The pleasure and power of rhyme are explored via its association with memory, sound, time, concord and friendship. The chapter concludes with remarks on the extraordinary structure and rhyming effects of Sonnet 126.
From Bad to Verse
Authors: Lopez Jeremy
Published: January 2014

Is it possible to hear blank pentameter verse during a theatrical performance? Can an audience perceive the difference between verse and prose, or hear when the playwright alters the iambic rhythm? Is blank verse a constitutive element of the performance event, something whose handling by the actors should be used to measure a production’s success? Is the poetry the actors speak more important than the visual and narrative experience they work to create? This chapter examines some answers that have been provided to these questions by modern criticism and performance. Part 19.1 discusses scholarly conceptions of blank verse as an historical phenomenon. Part 19.2 discusses the place Shakespeare’s poetry has held in post-Renaissance engagements with Shakespeare’s plays in performance. Part 19.3 focuses on Othello in order to draw some conclusions about the historical and ideological stakes of speaking, experiencing, and criticizing dramatic poetry in live performance.
Glocal Shakespeare
Authors: Jansohn Christa
Published: January 2014

This chapter takes a closer look at the reception of Shakespeare’s poetry in Germany. Since no translation of the poems has attained ‘classical’ status comparable to the Schlegel-Tieck version of the plays, the field has, especially since about 1900, appeared to be open for a great variety of translators with very different biographical backgrounds and approaches. More than seventy German translations of the whole sonnet sequence are extant, and more than one-hundred-and-forty enthusiasts have tried their hand at selections of individual poems. Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece have been rendered into German by more than twenty-five translators; A Lover’s Complaint by thirteen translators. The account is not limited to translations of the narrative poems and the sonnets, but also discusses their reception in a wider context, including the less known presence of Venus and Adonis on stage and in music.
‘Make My Image but an Alehouse Sign’
Authors: Findlay Alison
Published: January 2014

Queen Margaret’s words ‘Make my image but an alehouse sign’ in 2 Henry VI (III. ii. 81) offer an appropriate metaphor for the female voice in Shakespeare’s texts because they advertise the ways female characters strive to speak out within a discursive environment that silences them as images. The chapter explores how women in Shakespeare’s plays negotiate a space to speak within a poetic discourse that repeatedly objectifies them as signs, focusing on Catherine’s role in Henry V and the blason, and the Jailer’s Daughter’s self-inscription into a ballad tradition in Two Noble Kinsmen. A second section uses the analytic tools provided by corpus-linguistics to explore the poetic voices of tragic female characters: Lady Macbeth, Cleopatra, and the women of Richard III. The essay concludes by tracing the growth of an independent, poetic female voice in the role of Queen Margaret who offers an ironic commentary on Shakespeare's growing sense of his own identity as national bard.
Melted in American Air
Authors: Hall Judith
Published: January 2014

Think, when we talk of poetry, you see Shakespeare? Here, in proud America? This chapter traces how his various treasures have been turned, generation by generation, into often contradictory practices—by Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman, by T. S. Eliot and Gertrude Stein, by Cole Porter and Louis Zukofsky, by Frederick Seidel and Susan Howe, and others. Such poets have done more with his texts than gild a single monologue with one of his admired characters, and although his name is now no more analogous to poetry than power, Shakespeare continues to figure in American poetry and how it is imagined.
Negotiating the Universal
Authors: Bistué Belén
Published: January 2014

This chapter offers a historical survey of Spanish translations of Shakespeare’s poetry, and it explores some of the aesthetic and poetic reflections that have accompanied them. Since the earliest instances, we can see a tendency for Spanish and Spanish-American translators to justify their interpretive choices and shifts on the grounds that Shakespeare is a universal poet and must be translated as such. The analysis of this recurring strategy gives us an entry into literary relations between England, Spain, and Spanish America, since the notion of Shakespeare’s universality has ties with the transatlantic context in which his poetry began to be discussed and translated. In particular, it can be related to notions of poetic universality that were formulated in the context of the development of a Spanish-American literary identity independent from the Spanish-Peninsular tradition.
Open Voicing
Authors: Gregerson Linda
Published: January 2014

In the transit from Petrarch to the Petrarchan adaptations of Thomas Wyatt we see the birth of a rhetorical proposition that will come to be of considerable importance for English-language poetry in the 16th century and beyond. Experimenting with poetic voice as a symptom of character. Wyatt conjures the figment of an individuated speaking persona, one who is biased, irritable, and rhetorically unstable. Shakespeare will confer upon this project an emotional capaciousness that alters it forever, but the commitment to a radical instability of voice began with Wyatt.
Outgrowing Adonis, outgrowing Ovid
Authors: Mukherji Subha
Published: January 2014

This chapter shows Shakespeare weaving his rhetorical engagement with Ovid with a sexual narrative to ‘disorient’ his readership, in the process critically reorienting his own relationship with Ovid as early as his first attempt to emulate him. The narrator’s evolving attitude to the figure of Adonis emerges as a site for this metamorphosis, as readerly desire is set at variance with that of the inscribed subject(s). A brief, final excursion into Lucrece illustrates most directly what is at stake in the Ovidian Shakespeare’s redefinition of his poetic at this juncture, and the nature of its urgency. While it might have remained a young poet’s bravura adoption of a trendy project, Venus and Adonis becomes an exuberant yet confusing and responsible work that signals the beginning of a career which refuses to scrape poetic alchemy clean of its affective cost.
Poetry and Compassion in Shakespeare’s ‘a Lover’s Complaint’
Authors: Craik Katharine
Published: January 2014

A Lover’s Complaint has always stirred impassioned responses among readers who have been both fascinated and perplexed by its strange beauty. The poem’s haunting exploration of a young maiden’s abandonment by an unscrupulous suitor challenges readers in remarkably direct ways, inviting us to examine our own responses to poetry and grief. This chapter argues that Shakespeare was here exploring the unique resources of narrative poetry to communicate intense emotional experience, and using the complaint tradition (usually associated with the fall of princes) to consider how men and women of different social status experienced sorrow. A sophisticated exploration of affect and sympathy, A Lover’s Complaint sheds light on both the sublimity of grief and the limits of compassion.
Reading ‘the Phoenix and Turtle’
Authors: Kerrigan John
Published: January 2014

This chapter reads closely one of Shakespeare’s most complex, elusive poems. Although obscurities are explicated, the primary aim is not to gloss difficulties but to provide a sustained analysis of the poet’s use of the resources of structure, form, rhyme, syntax, and diction. The focus is on the experience of reading ‘The Phoenix and Turtle’ as it unfolds. But due attention is given to what the writing owes to classical and medieval bird poems, to changing attitudes to ritual (and particularly to funeral rites) brought about by the Reformation, and to material features of Robert Chester’s Loves Martyr (1601), the book in which Shakespeare’s poem was first printed. The relevance is also shown of the conventions that came to govern early modern poems about death—a topic more fully explored in the associated, background chapter, ‘Shakespeare, Elegy and Epitaph: 1557–1640’.
Shakespeare’s Styles
Authors: Teskey Gordon
Published: January 2014

The concept of literary style is joined, on the one hand, with grammatical and prosodic constraints and, on the other hand, with the large-scale dramatic construction of character and action: mimesis. The latter, however, depends on the former. Whereas, dramatic mimesis is an ‘imitation’ or modelling from without, literary style radiates from within the mimetic and lets it appear. We may therefore think of a succession of mimetic styles in Shakespeare’s career which are different modes of bringing character and action to appearance: elevated, articulated, reticulated, saturated, and evacuated.
Shakespeare’s Word Music
Authors: Edmondson Paul
Published: January 2014

The sound of Shakespeare’s words is intrinsic to their meaning and dramatic effect. This chapter understands poetry as word music whether written as verse or prose. My approach to the theme invokes Richard Strauss’s opera Capriccio, Edmund Kean, John Keats, Herbert Farjeon, Edith Evans, Edith Sitwell, and Virginia Woolf. I then present a survey of how the musicality of Shakespeare’s language has been discussed by three influential theatrical practitioners of the last forty years: John Barton, Cicely Berry, and Adrian Noble, and notice their difficulty in approaching Shakespeare’s word music even whilst recognizing it as crucial to his poetry and dramatic art. There then follow close readings of an example of verse (Twelfth Night, or what you will to approach the theme I. v. 257–65) and prose (Macbeth, V. i. 18–64), the better to illustrate my recommendations of how readers might experience Shakespeare’s word music for themselves, and enrich Shakespeare when performed.
Shame, Love, Fear, and Pride in the Rape of Lucrece
Authors: Scodel Joshua
Published: January 2014

Shakespeare’s The Rape of Lucrece (1594) depicts a moral world based on classical conceptions of honour and shame. It does so not for antiquarian reconstruction but because these conceptions are very much part of Shakespeare’s world. Reimagining a famous story concerning Rome’s mythic past, Shakespeare engages with ancient and Renaissance moral psychology, Ovid’s Metamorphoses, and Spenser’s Faerie Queene to explore the ‘shame’ of Lucrece’s rape and the complex relationship of shame to other feelings such as love, fear, and pride. Lucrece, her rapist Tarquin, her ambiguous revenger Brutus, and even such minor characters as Lucrece’s messenger, reveal themselves through their diverse responses to shame. By reconceiving the role of shame and related passions in the Lucrece story, Shakespeare challenges traditional gender and social roles and associated conceptions of proper ethical and political action.
The Sonnets in the Classroom
Authors: Sofield David
Published: January 2014

In an advanced undergraduate course on Shakespeare a classroom hour might profitably be spent on how editors deal with textual cruxes in the Sonnets. Sonnets 16, 23, and 147 present teachable examples of the kinds of complexity that the 1609 edition presents. The many important editions published from 1977 (Booth) to 2002 (Burrow) necessarily wrestle with challenges presented by 1609. Sonnet 16 provides a notable instance in which one’s understanding of the text turns on what one makes of a set of parentheses. In Sonnet 23 the question is whether to accept 1609 or to emend a possible compositorial error. And in 147 much depends on how one construes a single comma. The rich array of recent editions, including modernized versions by Vendler and Paterson, are examined. Working through a selection of editorial problems such as these should complicate and thereby deepen a student’s engagement with the Sonnets.
Diverse Forms of Difference
Authors: Lambert Jason R. , Bell Myrtle P.
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of the state of diversity in management literature, including the most recent conceptualizations and measures developed for studying diversity among individuals within organizations. Background on the theoretical and empirical development of surface-level and deep-level diversity is provided. Turning then to separation, variety, and disparity, the chapter will discuss the meaning, form, and assumptions underlying each type of diversity, and offers guidelines for conceptualization, measurement, and theory testing of each. The authors summarize the findings and suggest ideas for future research to move the diversity field forward.
An Examination of Categorization Processes in Organizations: The Root of Intergroup Bias and a Route to Prejudice Reduction
Authors: Ferguson Melissa J. , Porter Shanette C.
Published: January 2014

To understand how people experience diversity, researchers have focused on category-based perceptions of others who belong to different social groups and the subsequent impact on intergroup dynamics. Specifically, scholars have focused on the automaticity of such categorizations, including stereotyping and implicit bias. This chapter will discuss these automatic, nonconscious processes, including their antecedents and their association with and effects on individual, group, and organizational outcomes. Given the automaticity of such processes, measurement strategies and suggestions for their use in future research will also be discussed.
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: From Naturalized Presumption to Analytical Categories
Authors: Hawkesworth Mary
Published: January 2014

Contrary to popular opinion, sex is not only a physical or biological characteristic but also a legal status and a political category. This article studies the various debates found in feminist scholarship that concern gender, sex, and sexuality as both analytical categories and lived experiences. The first section discusses the vocabulary feminist scholars have created to “denaturalize” embodiment and to show how physical capacities have been included in national orders of well-honed hierarchies of difference. The article then differentiates sex from sexuality and gender and highlights the power dimensions present in these concepts. It also studies competing accounts of gender as a cultural mechanism and other uses of sex, gender, and sexuality as overlapping analytical categories.
Citizenship
Authors: Siim Birte
Published: January 2014

This article addresses the joint challenge presented by migration, globalization, and multilevel governance, where citizenship within and beyond the nation state is renegotiated. It illustrates the classic national citizenship models, the extension of rights—as defined by recent citizenship scholarship—and the differences in citizenship rights in multicultural societies. The article provides an analysis of the gendering of citizenship and discusses citizenship in a global age. It also considers European integration and the politics of human rights.
Corporate Governance and Firm Performance
Authors: Agrawal Anup , Knoeber Charles R.
Published: January 2014

This paper reviews the literature on corporate governance and firm performance in economies with relatively dispersed stock ownership and an active market for corporate control, such as the US and the UK. Section 1 outlines a framework of the basic agency problem between managers and shareholders and the corporate governance mechanisms that have evolved to address this problem. Section 2 deals with the relation between firm performance and inside ownership. Section 3 pertains to the relation between firm performance andmonitoring by large shareholders, monitoring by boards, and shareholder rights regarding takeover of the firm. Section 4 considers the relation between governance regulation and firm performance. Section 5 deals with the relation between governance and firm performance in family firms, and section 6 provides a summary and identifies some remaining puzzles and unresolved issues for future research.
Productivity
Authors: Broadberry Stephen N. , Giordano Claire , Zollino Francesco
Published: January 2014

Italy's economic growth over its 150 years of unified history did not occur at a steady pace, nor was it balanced across sectors. Relying on an entirely new input (labor and capital) database, this chapter evaluates the different labor productivity growth trends within the Italian economy's sectors, as well as the contribution of structural change to productivity growth. Italy's performance is then set in an international context: a comparison of sectoral labor productivity growth rates and levels within a selected sample of countries (United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Japan, India) allows us to better time, quantify, and gauge the causes of Italy's catching-up process and subsequent more recent slowdown. Finally, the paper analyzes the proximate sources of Italy's growth, relative to the other countries, in a standard growth accounting framework, in an attempt also to disentangle the contribution of both total factor productivity growth and capital deepening to the country's labor productivity dynamics.
Innovation and Foreign Technology
Authors: Barbiellini Amidei Federico , Cantwell John , Spadavecchia Anna
Published: January 2014

The chapter explores the long-run evolution of Italy's performance in technological innovation as a function of international technology transfer, reconstructing the different phases and dimensions of Italian innovative activity, tracking the transfer of foreign technological knowledge through a number of channels, analyzing the impact of imported technology. The study is based on a newly constructed dataset, over the 1861-2009 period, composed of variables related to innovation activity performance, foreign technology transfer, and domestic absorptive and innovative capability. The analysis highlights, also by econometric assessment, the significant contribution of foreign technology to innovation activity results. Machinery imports and the accumulation of technical human capital contributed positively to innovation activity; inward FDI contributed positively to productivity growth, but not to indigenous innovation activity results. Differences across channels of technology transfer and historical phases emerge, also in connection with the evolution of human capital endowment and domestic innovative capacity.
Old and New Italian Manufacturing Multinational Firms
Authors: Onida Fabrizio , Berta Giuseppe , Perugini Mario
Published: January 2014

Only two Italian multinationals born in very early twentieth century are surviving today (Fiat and Pirelli), while a number of public and private business that in the early post-war period had reached significant positions in the global business environment (such as Olivetti, Montecatini, SNIA, IRI-Ilva, Farmitalia) gradually disappeared or were sold to either Italian or foreign ownership. Since the mid-1980s a new wave of private SMEs ("fourth capitalism") became new protagonists of a rapid transformation from strong exporters to growing multinationals competing in sizeable world market niches. The chapter provides an overview of successes and failures of this peculiar pattern of multinational growth and decline of Italian firms.
Why the Italian Administrative System Is a Source of Competitive Disadvantage
Authors: Bianco Magda , Napolitano Giulio
Published: January 2014

The development of the Italian administrative system showed some initial weaknesses: Italy was a latecomer, not having a strong administrative tradition; a substantial role of lawyers and legal administrative formalism strongly affected the evolution of the administration; the interaction between administration and politics was not always virtuous. All these factors had an impact on some of the expected outputs: we show as an example the evolution of the length, and quality, of civil justice decisions. Some reactions to these weaknesses-such as the development of "parallel" administrations, less subject to formal constraints-accompanied and sustained the country industrial growth at the beginning of the twentieth century and in the 1950s. But then again the inefficiencies and inadequacy of the responses prevailed. Parallel administrations slowly became similar to the formal public administration; overregulation, partly a reaction to inefficient law enforcement, followed; corruption strongly increased. Reforming the system proved more and more difficult.
Regional Disparities: Internal Geography and External Trade
Authors: A’Hearn Brian , Venables Anthony J.
Published: January 2014

This chapter explores the interactions between external trade and regional disparities in the Italian economy since unification. It argues that the advantage of the North was initially based on natural advantage (in particular the endowment of water, intensive in silk production). From 1880 onwards, the share of exports in GDP stagnated and then declined; domestic market access therefore became a key determinant of industrial location, inducing fast growing new sectors (especially engineering) to locate in regions with a large domestic market, i.e. in the North. From 1945 onwards, trade growth and European integration meant that foreign market access was the decisive factor; the North had the advantage of proximity to these markets
The geometric phase and the geometrodynamics of relativistic electron vortex beams
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Pratul , Basu Banasri , Chowdhury Debashree
Published: January 2014

We have studied here the geometrodynamics of relativistic electron vortex beams from the perspective of the geometric phase associated with the scalar electron encircling the vortex line. It is pointed out that the electron vortex beam carrying orbital angular momentum is a natural consequence of the skyrmion model of a fermion. This follows from the quantization procedure of a fermion in the framework of Nelson's stochastic mechanics when a direction vector (vortex line) is introduced to depict the spin degrees of freedom. In this formalism, a fermion is depicted as a scalar particle encircling a vortex line. It is here shown that when the Berry phase acquired by the scalar electron encircling the vortex line involves quantized Dirac monopole, we have paraxial (non-paraxial) beam when the vortex line is parallel (orthogonal) to the wavefront propagation direction. Non-paraxial beams incorporate spin–orbit interaction. When the vortex line is tilted with respect to the propagation direction, the Berry phase involves non-quantized monopole. The temporal variation of the direction of the tilted vortices is studied here taking into account the renormalization group flow of the monopole charge and it is predicted that this gives rise to the spin Hall effect.
Gelfand-type problem for two-phase porous media
Authors: Gordon Peter V. , Moroz Vitaly
Published: January 2014

We consider a generalization of the Gelfand problem arising in Frank-Kamenetskii theory of thermal explosion. This generalization is a natural extension of the Gelfand problem to two-phase materials, where, in contrast to the classical Gelfand problem which uses a single temperature approach, the state of the system is described by two different temperatures. We show that similar to the classical Gelfand problem the thermal explosion occurs exclusively owing to the absence of stationary temperature distribution. We also show that the presence of interphase heat exchange delays a thermal explosion. Moreover, we prove that in the limit of infinite heat exchange between phases the problem of thermal explosion in two-phase porous media reduces to the classical Gelfand problem with renormalized constants.
On the acoustics of an impedance liner with shear and cross flow
Authors: Campos L. M. B. C. , Legendre C. , Sambuc C.
Published: January 2014

The acoustic-vortical wave equation is derived describing the propagation of sound in (i) a unidirectional shear flow with a linear velocity profile upon which is superimposed (ii) a uniform cross flow; together with an impedance wall boundary condition representing the effect of a locally reacting acoustic liner in the presence of bias and shear flow. This leads to a third-order differential equation in the presence of cross flow, and in its absence simplifies to the Pridmore–Brown equation (second-order); also the singularity of the Pridmore–Brown equation for zero Doppler-shifted frequency is removed by the cross flow. Because the third-order wave equation has no singularities (except at the sonic condition), its general solution is a linear combination of three linearly independent MacLaurin series in powers of the distance from the wall. The acoustic field in the boundary layer is matched through the pressure and horizontal and vertical velocity components to the acoustic field in a uniform free stream consisting of incident and reflected waves. The scattering coefficients are plotted for several values of the five parameters of the problem, namely the angle of incidence, free stream and cross-flow Mach numbers, specific wall impedance and Helmholtz number using the boundary layer thickness.
MainstreamingCaenorhabditis elegansin experimental evolution
Authors: Gray Jeremy C. , Cutter Asher D.
Published: January 2014

Experimental evolution provides a powerful manipulative tool for probing evolutionary process and mechanism. As this approach to hypothesis testing has taken purchase in biology, so too has the number of experimental systems that use it, each with its own unique strengths and weaknesses. The depth of biological knowledge aboutCaenorhabditisnematodes, combined with their laboratory tractability, positions them well for exploiting experimental evolution in animal systems to understand deep questions in evolution and ecology, as well as in molecular genetics and systems biology. To date,Caenorhabditis elegansand related species have proved themselves in experimental evolution studies of the process of mutation, host–pathogen coevolution, mating system evolution and life-history theory. Yet these organisms are not broadly recognized for their utility for evolution experiments and remain underexploited. Here, we outline this experimental evolution work undertaken so far inCaenorhabditis, detail simple methodological tricks that can be exploited and identify research areas that are ripe for future discovery.
Thermoflavifilum aggregans gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic and slightly halophilic filamentous bacterium from the phylum Bacteroidetes
Authors: Anders Heike , Dunfield Peter F. , Lagutin Kirill , Houghton Karen M. , Power Jean F. , MacKenzie Andrew D. , Vyssotski Mikhail , Ryan Jason L. J. , Hanssen Eric G. , Moreau John W. , Stott Matthew B.
Published: January 2014

A strictly aerobic, thermophilic, moderately acidophilic, non-spore-forming bacterium, strain P373T, was isolated from geothermally heated soil at Waikite, New Zealand. Cells were filamentous rods, 0.2–0.4 µm in diameter and grew in chains up to 80 µm in length. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain P373T was shown to belong to the family

Chitinophagaceae

(class

Sphingobacteriia

) of the phylum

Bacteroidetes

, with the most closely related cultivated strain,

Chitinophaga pinensis

UQM 2034T, having 87.6 % sequence similarity. Cells stained Gram-negative, and were catalase- and oxidase-positive. The major fatty acids were i-15 : 0 (10.8 %), i-17 : 0 (24.5 %) and i-17 : 0 3-OH (35.2 %). Primary lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and three other unidentified polar lipids. The presence of sulfonolipids (N-acyl-capnines) was observed in the total lipid extract by mass spectrometry. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.3 mol% and the primary respiratory quinone was MK-7. Strain P373T grew at 35–63 °C with an optimum temperature of 60 °C, and at pH 5.5–8.7 with an optimum growth pH of 7.3–7.4. NaCl tolerance was up to 5 % (w/v) with an optimum of 0.1–0.25 % (w/v). Cell colonies were non-translucent and pigmented vivid yellow–orange. Cells displayed an oxidative chemoheterotrophic metabolism. The distinct phylogenetic position and the phenotypic characteristics separate strain P373T from all other members of the phylum

Bacteroidetes

and indicate that it represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Thermoflavifilum aggregans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is P373T ( = ICMP 20041T = DSM 27268T).