bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction Of Isoxaflutole Injury To Corn (Zea Mays) with Herbicide Safeners And Water-repellent Adjuvants
Authors: Nelson Eric A. , Penner Donald
Published: January 2007

The objectives of this research were to evaluate herbicide safeners and water repellents for their efficacy in reducing injury caused by isoxaflutole to corn at four application timings (PRE, spike, two-leaf, and four-leaf), and to evaluate the retention of the combinations of isoxaflutole, herbicide safeners, and water-repellent adjuvants. The safeners R-29148 and furilazole decreased injury from isoxaflutole when applied PRE. Corn injury increased from POST applications at the two-leaf and four-leaf stage of isoxaflutole mixed with safeners compared with isoxaflutole alone. The safeners may have acted as adjuvants to increase isoxaflutole absorption. The water-repellent adjuvants did not reduce injury when applied POST with isoxaflutole. However, the combination of safener plus the water repellent DC 1-6184 reduced corn injury from POST applications of isoxaflutole. The water repellent DC 1-6184 reduced spray retention of spray solutions containing isoxaflutole or isoxaflutole plus safener.
The Critical Period for Weed Control in Corn in Turkey
Authors: Isik Dogan , Mennan Husrev , Bukun Bekir , Oz Ahmet , Ngouajio Mathieu
Published: January 2007

Field studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002 in the Black Sea Region of northern Turkey to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in corn and the effects of weed interference on corn height. Treatments of increasing duration of weed interference and weed-free period were imposed at weekly intervals from 0 to 12 wk after crop emergence (WAE). The CPWC was determined with the use of 2.5, 5, and 10% acceptable yield loss levels by fitting logistic and Gompertz equations to relative yield data. With 5% yield loss level, the CPWC was 5 wk, starting at 0.2 WAE and ending at 5.2 WAE, which corresponded to the one- to five-leaf stage of corn. The CPWC increased to 8.9 wk, starting at 0 WAE and ending at 8.9 WAE, at the 2.5% yield loss level. At 10% yield loss level, the CPWC decreased to 1.7 wk, starting at 2.1 WAE and ending at 3.8 WAE.
Winter-Annual Weed Management in Corn (Zea mays) and Soybean (Glycine max) and the Impact on Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) Egg Population Densities
Authors: Nelson Kelly A. , Johnson William G. , Wait Jim D. , Smoot Randall L.
Published: January 2007

Field research was conducted at Columbia and Novelty, MO, to determine the impact of winter-annual weed management systems on corn and soybean grain yields, winter-annual weed control, and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) egg population densities over the crop production cycle. Corn grain yield was not affected by winter-annual weed management systems. Soybean grain yield was not affected by winter weed management systems in 2001, but at Columbia in 2002 winter rye and Italian ryegrass reduced soybean grain yield 62 and 64%, respectively. Fall-applied simazine + tribenuron in corn and chlorimuron + sulfentrazone in soybean controlled winter-annual weeds greater than 99%. Fall-overseeded winter rye and Italian ryegrass in corn and overseeded Italian ryegrass in soybean controlled winter weeds 66 to 86%. In the soybean studies, race 4 SCN population densities increased (P = 0.08) in the nontreated control and remained stable (P = 0.55) with fall-applied chlorimuron + sulfentrazone from fall 2001 to spring 2002 while SCN population densities were reduced (P = 0.06) with spring-applied chlorimuron + sulfentrazone from fall 2002 to spring 2003. In the corn studies, none of the winter-annual weed management strategies reduced (P > 0.22) race 2 SCN population densities except winter rye from fall 2001 to spring 2002 (P = 0.05). This research indicates that control of weed species considered to be weak alternative hosts for SCN affected SCN population densities some instances when race 4 SCN population densities were high in a continuous soybean production system or race 2 SCN population densities were low in a 2-yr corn production system.
Herbicides for Weed Control in Blessed Thistle (Silybum Marianum)
Authors: Zheljazkov Valtcho D. , Zhalnov Ivan , Nedkov Nedko K.
Published: January 2007

Blessed thistle is an important medicinal crop in Europe and recently has become more significant in North America. A limiting factor in blessed thistle production is weed interference. Field experiments were conducted near Plovdiv, Bulgaria, to study the effect of selected herbicides on weed control, crop productivity, and crop quality. Seed yields of blessed thistle were increased with metribuzin alone at 0.5 kg ai/ha, pendimethalin alone 1.32 kg ai/ha, pendimethalin at 1.32 kg ai/ha plus metribuzin at 0.5 kg ai/ha, trifluralin at 0.84 kg ai/ha plus linuron at 1.0 kg ai/ha, and in the hand-weeded control compared to the nonweeded control (nontreated check). Pendimethalin and metribuzin were safe both alone and in combination for weed control in blessed thistle. Bentazon at 0.96 kg ai/ha inhibited blessed thistle development and reduced seed yields compared to the untreated check. Generally, weed control increased the content of silymarin and decreased the amount of seed oil. Overall, seeds contained 0.26 to 0.36% taxifolin, 0.69 to 0.99% silydianin plus silycristin, 1.31 to 1.78% silybin, and 0.27 to 0.39 % isosilybin.
Weed Control Options in Spring-seeded Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea)
Authors: Willis John B. , Beam Josh B. , Barker Whitnee L. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: January 2007

Turf managers traditionally avoid seeding cool-season turfgrass in spring due to summer annual weed interference and poor growing conditions for cool-season grasses. Siduron is the most accepted herbicide for weed control in spring-seeded tall fescue, but it has low residual activity and does not control many weeds other than crabgrass. Isoxaflutole, mesotrione, and quinclorac were evaluated as alternatives to siduron. Single applications of these herbicides controlled crabgrass equivalent to or better than siduron. Sequential applications of isoxaflutole, mesotrione, or quinclorac effectively controlled smooth crabgrass without injuring tall fescue. Isoxaflutole and mesotrione controlled broadleaf plantain, henbit, and yellow woodsorrel; quinclorac marginally controlled henbit; and siduron did not control broadleaf weeds. Turfgrass cover 9 wk after seeding was dependent on environment and equivalent between treatments except at a location with predominately broadleaf weeds where siduron treatments resulted in less cover due to weed infestation. Sequential applications of isoxaflutole, mesotrione, and quinclorac provide an effective, safe option for chemical weed control during establishment of cool-season turfgrass.
Control of Early Watergrass (Echinochloa Oryzoides) and Late Watergrass (Echinochloa Phyllopogon) with Cyhalofop, Clefoxydim, and Penoxsulam Applied Alone and in Mixture with Broadleaf Herbicides
Authors: Damalas Christos A. , Dhima Kico V. , Eleftherohorinos Ilias G.
Published: January 2007

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of application rate, growth stage, and tank-mixing azimsulfuron or bentazon on the activity of cyhalofop, clefoxydim, and penoxsulam against two morphologically distinctEchinochloaspecies from rice fields in Greece. Mixtures of penoxsulam with MCPA were also evaluated. Cyhalofop (300 to 600 g ai/ha) applied at the three- to four-leaf growth stage provided 62 to 85% control of early watergrass but 41 to 83% control of late watergrass averaged over mixture treatments. Control ranged from 37 to 80% for early watergrass and from 35 to 78% for late watergrass when cyhalofop was applied at the five- to six-leaf growth stage averaged over mixture treatments. Mixtures of cyhalofop with azimsulfuron or bentazon reduced efficacy on both species irrespective of growth stage or cyhalofop application rate compared with cyhalofop alone. Clefoxydim (100 to 250 g ai/ha) applied alone at the three- to four-leaf growth stage provided 98 to 100% control of early watergrass and 91 to 100% control of late watergrass; when clefoxydim was applied alone at the five- to six-leaf growth stage the control obtained was 91 to 100% for early watergrass and 79 to 100% for late watergrass. Mixtures of clefoxydim with azimsulfuron or bentazon reduced efficacy on late watergrass at the early growth stage and on both species at the late growth stage. Penoxsulam (20 to 40 g ai/ha) applied alone provided 94 to 100% control of both species at both growth stages. Mixtures of MCPA with penoxsulam reduced efficacy on late watergrass at the early growth stage and on both species at the late growth stage. Mixtures of penoxsulam with azimsulfuron or bentazon reduced efficacy only on late watergrass at the late growth stage.
Tolerance of Otebo Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to New Herbicides in Ontario
Authors: Sikkema Peter H. , Robinson Darren E. , Shropshire Christy , Soltani Nader
Published: January 2007

Weed management is a major production issue facing otebo bean growers in Ontario. Field trials were conducted at six Ontario locations during a 2-yr period (2003 and 2004) to evaluate the tolerance of otebo bean to the preplant incorporated (PPI) application of EPTC at 4,400 and 8,800 g ai/ha, trifluralin at 1,155 and 2,310 g ai/ha, dimethenamid at 1,250 and 2,500 g ai/ha,S-metolachlor at 1,600 and 3,200 g ai/ha, and imazethapyr at 75 and 150 g ai/ha. EPTC, trifluralin, dimethenamid, andS-metolachlor applied PPI resulted in minimal (less than 5%) visual injury and with exception of the low rate of dimethenamid causing a 16% reduction in shoot dry weight and the high rate causing an 8% plant height reduction had no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content, and yield. Imazethapyr applied PPI caused up to 7% visual injury and reduced plant height, shoot dry weight, and yield 8, 18, and 12% at 75 g/ha and 19, 38, and 27% at 150 g/ ha, respectively. Seed moisture content was also reduced by 0.4% with both rates. Based on these results, otebo bean is not tolerant of imazethapyr applied PPI at rates as low as 75 g/ha, the proposed use rate. EPTC, trifluralin, dimethenamid, andS-metolachlor applied PPI have a 2× rate crop safety margin for use in otebo bean weed management.
Foliar and Root Absorption and Translocation of Bispyribac-sodium in Cool-season Turfgrass
Authors: Lycan Darren W. , Hart Stephen E.
Published: January 2007

Response of creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass to foliar, soil, or foliar plus soil applications of bispyribac-sodium was evaluated in greenhouse studies. Soil-alone and foliar plus soil applications of bispyribac-sodium at 148 or 296 g ai/ha resulted in greater injury and shoot dry weight reduction of all species 28 d after treatment (DAT) compared to foliar-alone treatments. Creeping bentgrass was less injured than annual or Kentucky bluegrass regardless of application placement. Further studies evaluated foliar and root absorption and translocation of14C-bispyribac-sodium in creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and roughtstalk bluegrass. Foliar absorption into creeping bentgrass was less than that of other species at most harvest timings from 4 to 72 h after treatment. Annual and roughstalk bluegrass translocated greater amounts of foliar-absorbed14C to the crown and shoots compared to creeping bentgrass. Annual and roughstalk bluegrass accumulated approximately 47% more14C per dry weight of plant tissue than creeping bentgrass and 74% more than Kentucky bluegrass after 72 h in nutrient solution containing14C-bispyribac-sodium. Annual and roughstalk bluegrass translocated approximately 80% of root-absorbed14C to shoots, whereas creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass translocated slightly less (66% of absorbed for both species). These studies suggest that bispyribac-sodium is readily absorbed by roots and translocated to shoots which may contribute to its total activity within a plant. In addition, creeping bentgrass displayed lower amounts of foliar and root absorption and subsequent translocation than annual and roughstalk bluegrass which may contribute to greater bispyribac-sodium tolerance displayed by creeping bentgrass.
Determining Physiological Maturation of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricaHost) Caryopses
Authors: Quinn Michael P. , Morishita Don W. , Price William J.
Published: January 2007

Information on jointed goatgrass caryopsis development is currently lacking in published literature. It is hoped that through a better understanding of jointed goatgrass caryopsis ontogeny more effective weed-management strategies will be developed. Greenhouse experiments were initiated in fall 2002 and 2003 and completed the following spring seasons. Jointed goatgrass plants were started from spikelets, vernalized for 8 wk at 4 C, and grown in a greenhouse. Treatments were the number of days after anthesis (DAA) that a spike was allowed to remain on the plant before harvesting and ranged from 2 to 34 DAA, in increments of 1 (2002) or 2 (2003) d. Individual spikes were divided at harvest into three sections: top, middle, and bottom, disarticulated from the rachis, placed into a germinator, and germination recorded each day. Goatgrass spikelets germinated as early as 2 DAA, although spikelets harvested <7 DAA had <3% germination for all spike sections and were extremely variable, especially for the middle and bottom sections. Time to germination was similar for all sections of the spike. Maximum average germination of the top section was 72% compared with 86% for the bottom and middle sections. Our data suggest that factors other than developmental rate (i.e., dormancy) may affect germination in sections of the spike. A second year of the experiment was conducted for validation. Model validation suggested that although trends were similar in both years, variation in germination response might be too great for accurate, predictive model construction. The early germination shown in this research demonstrates that control measures must be implemented earlier than previously prescribed to prevent jointed goatgrass reproduction.
A Seedling Assay to Screen Aryloxyphenoxypropionic Acid and Cyclohexanedione Resistance in Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)
Authors: Burke Ian C. , Thomas Walter E. , Burton James D. , Spears Janet F. , Wilcut John W.
Published: January 2007

A seedling bioassay was developed for the rapid diagnosis of resistance to clethodim and fluazifop-P in johnsongrass. The assay was based on differences in the coleoptile length of susceptible (S) and resistant (R) seedlings exposed to clethodim and fluazifop-P in petri dishes for 5 d. Bioassay concentrations of 0.09 mg/L clethodim and 0.18 mg/L fluazifop-P were chosen as discriminant based on rate responses of each biotype to increasing herbicide dose. At 5 d after treatment (DAT), the amounts of clethodim required to reduce coleoptile length by 50% (GR50) for the R and S seedlings were 462.5 and 24.8 mg/L, respectively, resulting in an R:S ratio of 18.7. The fluazifopGR50values for the R and S seedlings were 618.7 and 17.5 mg/L, respectively, resulting in a R:S ratio of 35.4.
Survey of Broadleaf Winter Weeds in Indiana Production Fields Infested with Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera Glycines)
Authors: Creech J. Earl , Johnson William G.
Published: January 2007

Fifty-five soybean cyst nematode (SCN)–infested production fields across Indiana were surveyed in March 2004 to assess broadleaf winter weed prevalence. The most frequently occurring weeds were common chickweed (87%), speedwell (83%), buttercup (58%), and henbit (53%). Henbit and wild garlic were present at the highest average densities, both occurring at greater than 50 plants/m2. Based on relative abundance indices, common chickweed and henbit were the most prevalent winter weeds in this survey. As a composite, winter weed hosts of SCN were found in 93% of fields and occurred at an average density of 151 plants/m2. No correlation existed between weed density and SCN egg counts. Frequency, uniformity, density, and diversity indices for individual weed species were generally higher in the southern region of Indiana than in the north. Thus, the region of highest risk for SCN reproduction and population increase on winter weeds in Indiana appears to be in the southern part of the state.
Weed Control and Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) Crop Response With Low Rates of Sulfentrazone Applied Postemergence With Metribuzin
Authors: Hutchinson Pamela J.S. , Beutler Brent R. , Hancock Daniel M.
Published: January 2007

Sulfentrazone was applied POST at 13, 26, or 53 g ai/ha alone or in combination with metribuzin at 280 or 420 g ai/ha in field trials conducted with ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes in 2002 to 2004. Sulfentrazone alone provided less than 84% redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, and kochia control, although control usually improved to 90% or greater when metribuzin was included. Hairy nightshade control reached 90% only when the highest rates of both herbicides were applied in combination. Sulfentrazone alone did not provide any volunteer oat control, whereas control was 85% when the highest metribuzin rate was included. Potato crop injury, consisting of chlorosis, interveinal blackening of the leaves, eventual necrosis, leaf malformation, and plant stunting, increased as the sulfentrazone rate increased. In contrast, injury decreased as metribuzin rate increased from 0 to 420 g/ha, when averaged across sulfentrazone rates. Reduction in injury levels and increased weed control translated to improved tuber yields as metribuzin rate increased. However, when sulfentrazone was combined with the highest metribuzin rate, potato injury was still relatively high at 26 and 18% at 1 and 4 wk after treatment, and acceptance of sulfentrazone applied POST with metribuzin by potato growers is unlikely.
Weed Control Programs in Drill-Seeded Imidazolinone-Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Zhang Wei , Webster Eric P. , Pellerin Kristie J. , Blouin David C.
Published: January 2007

A study was conducted to evaluate weed control with imazethapyr applied at different timings or a combination of timings with or without an early POST application of bensulfuron, bentazon plus aciflurofen, bispyribac, carfentrazone, halosulfuron, propanil plus molinate, or triclopyr in drill-seeded imidazolinone-resistant rice. Control of barnyardgrass, red rice, and alligatorweed was insufficient with imazethapyr at 87 g/ha PRE or at 53 g/ha late POST alone. Imazethapyr at 87 g/ha PRE followed by imazethapyr at 53 g/ha late POST controlled red rice 86% or greater but did not control hemp sesbania. The imazethapyr PRE followed by late POST combination was also weak on barnyardgrass and alligatorweed early in the season. The addition of an early POST application of the other herbicides to the imazethapyr combination improved overall weed control, especially hemp sesbania control. Among the early POST herbicides, bispyribac, carfentrazone, or propanil plus molinate were more effective in helping improve the overall weed control, resulting in better rice grain yield.
Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Root Absorbed Sulfentrazone and Sulfentrazone plus Clomazone in Flue-Cured Tobacco Transplants
Authors: Fisher Loren R. , Burke Ian C. , Price Andrew J. , Smith W. David , Wilcut John W.
Published: January 2007

Research was conducted to evaluate root uptake, translocation, and metabolism of14C-sulfentrazone alone or in a mixture with clomazone in solution in flue-cured tobacco transplants. Uptake and translocation of sulfentrazone was rapid and was not affected by the addition of clomazone. Fifty-nine and 65% of the14C absorbed by the plant was translocated to the leaves within 24 h with sulfentrazone alone and in the clomazone plus sulfentrazone mixture, respectively. Differences in plant metabolism were observed between sulfentrazone alone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone. After 3 h, 66% of the14C recovered from the leaves was metabolized when sulfentrazone was applied alone, compared to 91% when sulfentrazone was applied with clomazone. The difference could indicate that metabolism of sulfentrazone by tobacco transplants was enhanced by the presence of clomazone.
Glyphosate-resistant Horseweed (Conyza Canadensis) Control with Glufosinate Prior to Planting No-till Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum)
Authors: Steckel Lawrence E. , Craig C. Chism , Hayes Robert M.
Published: January 2007

Control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed in no-till cotton has become a serious challenge for midsouth producers. Control of GR horseweed prior to no-till cotton planting (burndown) was examined with glufosinate applied at a standard rate (0.47 kg ai/ha) 30, 21, and 14 d before planting (DBP) and at 0.35 and 0.58 kg ai/ha 14 DBP. Glufosinate at 0.47 kg ai/ha was also tank-mixed with 2,4-D, dicamba, or flumioxazin 30 DBP, and with diuron, pendimethalin, prometryn, or glyphosate at 14 DBP. Glufosinate applied at the standard rate 21 or 30 DBP did not control GR horseweed (<55%), but did provide better control (85%) when applied 14 DBP. The high rate of glufosinate (0.58 kg ai/ha) applied 14 DBP controlled GR horseweed. Tank mixtures of glufosinate with dicamba or 2,4-D at 30 DBP controlled GR horseweed. Tank mixtures of glufosinate with either prometryn or diuron provided initial burndown and residual weed control. Tank mixtures of glufosinate + pendimethalin or flumioxazin did not increase control of existing horseweed, but did provide residual control 56 days after application.
Evaluation of Weed Control and Crop Tolerance with Co-application of Glyphosate and Pyraflufen-ethyl in Glyphosate-resistant Soybean (Glycine Max)
Authors: Scroggs Derek M. , Miller Donnie K. , Vidrine Paul R. , Downer Robert G.
Published: January 2007

Field trials were conducted to evaluate weed control and soybean tolerance with co-application of pyraflufen-ethyl and glyphosate. Pyraflufen-ethyl applied at 11, 23, or 45 g ai/ha in combination with glyphosate did not affect control of barnyardgrass, browntop millet, redroot pigweed, sicklepod, or smellmelon compared to glyphosate alone or co-applied with chlorimuron. Initial benefit (7 DAT) to pitted morningglory control with pyraflufen-ethyl plus glyphosate compared to glyphosate alone or co-applied with chlorimuron was not observed 28 DAT. Hemp sesbania control was increased by pyraflufen-ethyl at 45 g/ha plus glyphosate and glyphosate plus chlorimuron relative to glyphosate applied alone. Pyraflufen-ethyl plus glyphosate resulted in significant visual soybean injury, and a reduction in soybean yield was observed with pyraflufen-ethyl at 45 g/ha relative to glyphosate applied alone or in combination with chlorimuron. Results from a weed-free study confirmed crop injury and yield reduction potential with pyraflufen-ethyl plus glyphosate. Overall results suggest no benefit with respect to weed control or crop tolerance to pyraflufen-ethyl inclusion in a glyphosate-resistant soybean weed control program over that observed with currently registered co-application of glyphosate and chlorimuron.
Shattercane,Sorghum Bicolor(L.) Moench Ssp.Drummondii(Nees ex Steud.) De Wet ex Davidse—Black Sheep of the Family
Authors: Defelice Michael S.
Published: January 2007

Look at a field of almost any grain and the top of the crop will be almost as tabletop flat as the ground below. Modern genetics produce almost perfectly uniform crop varieties and hybrids with identical, “cookie-cutter” individual plants. But one crop stubbornly refuses to cooperate with breeders. Look at a field of mature hybrid grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ssp.bicolor] and you will see rugged individualists sticking up above the fruited plain of sameness like grain elevators towering over a small Midwestern town. These “off type” sorghum plants can be mutants, or the result of the random outcrossing of parent plants in seed production fields from the pollen of volunteer plants from a previous year's crop, nearby grain, or forage sorghums. They may also come from crosses with weedy types growing nearby such as johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] or the dreaded shattercane [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ssp.drummondii(Nees ex Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse] (Clark and Rosenow 1992). Just what is shattercane? Where did this “black sheep” of theSorghumclan come from? And why is it such a widespread weed today?
An evaluation of ductility of high-strength reinforced concrete columns subjected to reversed cyclic loads under axial compression
Authors: Ahn J.-M. , Shin S.-W.
Published: January 2007

An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the behaviour of high-strength reinforced concrete (RC) columns subjected to reversed cyclic and axial compressions, and to find the relationships between amounts of lateral reinforcements and axial load ratios. Twenty column specimens were tested. The test parameters of column specimens were the compressive strength of concrete (f′c = 25, 52, 70 MPa), axial load ratios (0·3, 0·5 f′cAg) and volumetric ratios of lateral reinforcement (ρs = 1·05, 2·1, 3·15%). Test results indicated that axial load ratios and the shape of lateral reinforcement could significantly affect and alter the behaviour of high-strength RC columns under inelastic cyclic loadings.
Safety and cost-effectiveness of clear zones in Iran
Authors: Ayati E. , Shahidian M.
Published: January 2007

This paper examines different clear-zone improvement alternatives in rock cuts, and compares the likely effect on safety and construction costs. Where a roadway passes through rock cuts, the construction cost of providing the clear zone is very high. This paper is based on research that demonstrates a method for selecting the appropriate clear zone in rural two-lane highways in Iran based on the site and traffic conditions expected at the site. A method is described for determining the rock-cut width that best balances the cost of construction with the improvements in safety that would result from a wider clear zone in the rock cut. The objective of this study is to quantify the societal cost of rock-face accidents, so that the costs and benefits associated with different clear-zone policies can be explicitly addressed during the preliminary design process. This study shows that the need for extra clear-zone width in steep and bendy routes (specially with external curves of less than 195 m radius) is more critical than that for straight and level ones. The existence of external horizontal curves simultaneously with severe longitudinal slopes increases the probability of vehicles' encroachment by as much as eight times in comparison with straight and level routes. An interesting point to note is that, by providing wider lanes, the need for extra clear-zone width is reduced dramatically.
Progress in flexible and drapable reflective cholesteric displays
Authors: Khan Asad , Shiyanovskaya Irina , Schneider Tod , Montbach Erica , Davis Donald J. , Miller Nick , Marhefka Duane , Ernst Todd , Nicholson Forrest , Doane J. William
Published: January 2007

Abstract— Recent results from encapsulation work on the development of flexible and drapable cholesteric liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) on substrates such as thin plastics, fabrics, and even paper will be presented. The approaches used to create flexible displays using single‐ and dual‐substrate methods based on printable emulsions and polymerization‐induced phase‐separation (PIPS) techniques will be discussed.
Novel top‐gate zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (ZnO TFTs) for AMLCDs
Authors: Hirao Takashi , Furuta Mamoru , Furuta Hiroshi , Matsuda Tokiyoshi , Hiramatsu Takahiro , Hokari Hitoshi , Yoshida Motohiko , Ishii Hiromitsu , Kakegawa Masayuki
Published: January 2007

Abstract— High‐performance top‐gate thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with a transparent zinc oxide (ZnO) channel have been developed. ZnO thin films used as active channels were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering. The electrical properties and thermal stability of the ZnO films are controlled by the deposition conditions. A gate insulator made of silicon nitride (SiNx) was deposited on the ZnO films by conventional P‐CVD. A novel ZnO‐TFT process based on photolithography is proposed for AMLCDs. AMLCDs having an aperture ratio and pixel density comparable to those of a‐Si:H TFT‐LCDs are driven by ZnO TFTs using the same driving scheme of conventional AMLCDs.
A novel hermetic‐sealing material for FEDs
Authors: Ishizeki Kenji , Kuroki Yuichi , Ueki Mikio , Sugawara Tsunehiko , Yamazaki Akihiro , Itou Yuichi , Fujii Yasuhisa
Published: January 2007

Abstract— An hermetic‐sealing material for FEDs composed of thermosetting polyimide and glass fiber, has been developed. The main backbone and end‐capping material of polyimide were investigated to satisfy both high Tg and high flowability. A thermosetting function, 4‐phenylethynylphthalic anhydride (PEPA), was used as the end‐capping material. The fracture of a rigid and softening structure was optimized in the main polymer structure. The obtained polyimide demonstrated both a high Tg (265°C) and low viscosity (98 Pa‐sec at a sealing temperature of 350°C). In order to improve the gas permeability and the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the sealing material, a mixture of various types of ceramic fillers and polyimide has been investigated, and glass fiber was adopted. When 30 wt.% of glass fiber was combined when the developed polyimide, the Ar permeability and coefficient of thermal expansion of the sealing material decreased to below one‐half of the base polyimide. This material enables us to seal at a temperature of about 350°C in nitrogen atmosphere and shows superior performance suitable for glass‐to‐glass sealing.
Moving‐image simulation for high‐quality LCD TVs
Authors: Su Ting‐Wei , Su Jenn‐Jia , Chang Ting‐Jui , Chen Po‐Lun , Lin Kun‐Yu , Liu C. T.
Published: January 2007

Abstract— A simulation system incorporating pixel response and eye‐trace integration was developed to evaluate the moving‐image performance of high‐quality LCD TVs. A simple formula was derived for moving‐edge simulation, which can be used to evaluate the visual effects of arbitrary response waveforms. A model of exponential decay with dynamic time constants is proposed for the LC response to perform moving‐image simulation. The model was used to evaluate the visual effects of various motion‐blur‐reduction techniques. Six different motion‐blur‐reduction techniques were evaluated in terms of their visual effects. Among them, three basic techniques show certain defects, which are further analyzed by simulation. The other three advanced techniques show excellent performance, and, therefore, are recommended for use in high‐quality LCD TVs.
Evaluation of liquid‐crystal‐display motion blur with moving‐picture response time and human perception
Authors: Someya Jun , Sugiura Hiroaki
Published: January 2007

Abstract— The moving‐picture response time (MPRT) for measuring liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) motion blur was studied by several organizations in 2001. To determine the LCD motion blur that humans perceive, subjective evaluation experiments using the method of adjustment was conducted to find a strong correlation between perceived motion blur and extended blurred edge time (EBET) of the MPRT measurements. MPRT thus clearly indicates the degree of which humans perceive motion blur.
Analysis, simulation, and evaluation of scrolling illumination as a method for reducing motion blur in LCOS projectors
Authors: Streid Harry
Published: January 2007

Abstract— A high‐fidelity simulation of motion blurring in an LCOS projector was developed by using the measured temporal response of the projector. The simulation was validated for continuous and scanning illumination by comparison with results of motion‐blur measurements by using a pursuit camera. The simulation was then used to analyze and optimize duty cycle and phase parameters for scrolling illumination in the general case.
Adsorption of 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid by an Andosol
Authors: Hiradate Syuntaro , Furubayashi Akihiro , Uchida Natsuyo , Fujii Yoshiharu
Published: January 2007

To identify the important soil components involved in 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) adsorption on Andosols, 2,4‐D adsorption on a surface horizon of an Andosol was compared with that on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐treated (soil organic matter [SOM] was removed), acid‐oxalate (OX)‐treated (active metal hydroxides and SOM were removed), and dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate (DCB)‐treated (free and active metal [hydr]oxides and SOM were removed) soil samples at equilibrium pHs ranging from 4 to 8. Although the untreated soil contained a large amount of organic C (71.9 g kg−1), removal of SOM had little effect on 2,4‐D adsorption. Active surface hydroxyls, which were attached to the active and free metal (hydr)oxides and metal SOM complexes, were identified as the most important soil functional group for 2,4‐D adsorption. The dominant mechanism of the 2,4‐D adsorption was a ligand exchange reaction in which the carboxylic group of 2,4‐D displaced the active surface hydroxyl associated with metals and formed a strong coordination bond between the 2,4‐D molecule and soil solid phase. The ligand exchange reaction reasonably accounted for the selective adsorption of 2,4‐D over Cl−, competitive adsorption of phosphate over 2,4‐D, reduction in plant‐growth‐inhibitory activity of soil‐adsorbed 2,4‐D, and the high 2,4‐D adsorption ability of Andosols. Although a humic acid purified from the soil did not adsorb 2,4‐D, the presence of the humic acid increased 2,4‐D adsorption on Al and Fe, probably by inhibiting the hydrolysis and polymerization of Al and Fe resulting in the preservation of available adsorption sites on these metals. The adsorption behavior of 2,4‐D on soils could be a good index for predicting the adsorption behavior of other organic acids in soils.
Risk Assessment of Unsuitable Winter Conditions for Manure and Nutrient Application across Ontario
Authors: Fallow D. J. , Brown D. M. , Lauzon J. D. , Parkin G. W.
Published: January 2007

Practical guidelines addressing the timing of manure and nutrient application must consider the concerns of the farm operators while ensuring the protection of the environment. An approach was developed and analyzed through case studies to determine the first recommended day in the spring, and the last in the fall, for manure and nutrient application based on probability analysis. Since most manure and nutrient application guidelines recommend avoiding adverse conditions, the three criteria established to perform a risk assessment were: (i) a frost depth greater than 0.05 m; (ii) a snow accumulation of greater than 0.05 m; and (iii) a soil volumetric water content greater than or equal to that of the plastic limit for the soil. Climatic data and typical soil information for seven locations in Ontario were used to model volumetric soil water contents, frost depths, and snow accumulation from the simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model for a 48‐yr period (1954–2001). Applying the three criteria to the modeled output, the average range between the least limiting probability (0.1, or one in ten year occurrence) and the greatest limiting probability (0.001, or one in one thousand year occurrence) analyzed among the locations was 16 d in the spring as compared to 29 d in the fall. Although geographical location affected the predicted spring start and fall end recommended manure and nutrient application dates, local climate and soil hydraulic properties also played an important part in the determination of these days. Overall the prediction method developed performed reasonably well and provided insight into the environmental factors influencing manure and nutrient application timing.
Long‐Term Effects of Poultry Litter, Alum‐Treated Litter, and Ammonium Nitrate on Phosphorus Availability in Soils
Authors: Moore P. A. , Edwards D. R.
Published: January 2007

Alum (Al2(SO4)3·14H2O) additions to poultry litter result in lower ammonia (NH3) volatilization and phosphorus (P) runoff; however, the long‐term effects of alum on soil P behavior have been unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long‐term effects of poultry litter, alum‐treated litter, and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) on P availability in soils and P runoff. Two studies were initiated in 1995: a small plot (1.5 × 3.0 m) study and a paired watershed (0.405 ha) study. In the small plot study 13 treatments (control, four rates of normal litter, four rates of alum‐treated litter, and four rates of NH4NO3) were applied to tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) plots. Results show that after 7 yr water‐extractable P (WEP) in surface soil samples was greater with normal litter, but Mehlich III P was greater in surface soils fertilized with alum‐treated litter. When soil samples were taken at depth intervals to 50 cm in Year 7, Mehlich III P was only greater in the surface 5 cm for soils fertilized with alum‐treated litter. At lower depths Mehlich III P was greater with normal litter, and WEP was up to 288% greater when normal litter was used, indicating that alum significantly reduced P leaching. Uptake of P by fescue was not affected by alum. Results from the paired watershed study showed P loss in runoff was 340% greater for normal litter than for alum‐treated litter. This research, combined with earlier work that shows alum use improves air and soil quality, supports the use of alum as a long‐term solution to reducing P runoff and leaching.
Substrate Organic Matter to Improve Nitrate Removal in Surface‐Flow Constructed Wetlands
Authors: Burchell Michael R. , Skaggs R. Wayne , Lee Charles R. , Broome Steven , Chescheir George M. , Osborne Jason
Published: January 2007

A wetland mesocosm experiment was conducted in eastern North Carolina to determine if organic matter (OM) addition to soils used for in‐stream constructed wetlands would increase NO3−–N treatment. Not all soils are suitable for wetland substrate, so OM addition can provide a carbon and nutrient source to the wetland early in its development to enhance denitrification and biomass growth. Four batch studies, with initial NO3−–N concentrations ranging from 30 to 120 mg L−1, were conducted in 2002 in 21 surface‐flow wetland mesocosms. The results indicated that increasing the OM content of a Cape Fear loam soil from 50 g kg−1 (5% dry wt.) to 110 g kg−1 (11% dry wt.) enhanced NO3−–N wetland treatment efficiency in spring and summer batch studies, but increases to 160 g kg−1 (16% dry wt.) OM did not. Wetlands constructed with dredged material from the USACE Eagle Island Confined Disposal Facility in Wilmington, NC, with initial OM of 120 g kg−1 (12% dry wt.), showed no improvement in NO3−–N treatment efficiency when increased to 180 g kg−1 (18% dry wt.), but did show increased NO3−–N treatment efficiency in all batch studies when increased to 220 g kg−1 (22% dry wt.). Increased OM addition and biosolids to the Cape Fear loam and dredged material blends significantly increased biomass growth in the second growing season when compared to no OM addition. Results of this research indicate that increased OM in the substrate will reduce the area required for in‐stream constructed wetlands to treat drainage water in humid regions. It also serves as a demonstration of how dredged material can be used successfully in constructed wetlands, as an alternative to costly storage by the USACE.
Plant Availability of Zinc and Copper in Soil after Contamination with Brass Foundry Filter Dust
Authors: Hilber Isabel , Voegelin Andreas , Barmettler Kurt , Kretzschmar Ruben
Published: January 2007

We investigated the effect of 4 yr of aging of a noncalcareous soil contaminated with filter dust from a brass foundry (80% w/w ZnO, 15% w/w Cu0.6Zn0.4) on the chemical extractability of Zn and Cu and their uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Pot experiments were conducted with the freshly contaminated soil (2250 mg kg−1 Zn; 503 mg kg−1 Cu), with the contaminated soil aged for 4 yr in the field (1811 mg kg−1 Zn; 385 mg kg−1 Cu), and with the uncontaminated control soil (136 mg kg−1 Zn; 32 mg kg−1 Cu). In comparison with the uncontaminated soil, the growth of barley and pea was clearly reduced in both contaminated soils, while toxicity symptoms did not systematically vary from the freshly contaminated to the 4 yr aged soil. The sunflower did not grow in the contaminated soils. The slow oxidative dissolution of the brass platelets led to an increase in the solubility and the plant uptake of Cu from the freshly contaminated to the 4 yr aged soil. In an earlier study, we found that the fine‐grained ZnO dissolved in the field soil within 9 mo and that about half of the released Zn was incorporated into a layered double hydroxide phase and about half was adsorbed to the soil matrix. These changes in Zn speciation did not lead to a reduction of the Zn contents in the shoots and roots of barley and pea grown in the aged soil as compared with the freshly contaminated soil.
Evaluation of Zeolite for Control of Odorants Emissions from Simulated Poultry Manure Storage
Authors: Cai Lingshuang , Koziel Jacek A. , Liang Yi , Nguyen Anh Thu , Xin Hongwei
Published: January 2007

Poultry operations are associated with emissions of aerial ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odor, and the magnitude of emissions is influenced by manure management practices. As a manure treatment additive, zeolites have been shown to have the potential to control NH3 Because of their properties it is also expected that zeolites could effectively adsorb VOCs and odor. The effectiveness of zeolite in controlling odor and VOCs was qualitatively evaluated in this controlled laboratory study involving simulated poultry manure storage. In the first two trials, zeolite was topically applied on nearly fresh laying hen manure at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% (by weight). In the third trial, zeolite was topically applied at 5% with each addition of fresh manure into the storage vessel. Headspace samples from the emission vessels were collected with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed on a multidimensional‐gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometry‐olfactometry (MDGC‐MS‐O) system for identification and prioritization of poultry manure odorants. Acetic acid, butanoic acid, isovaleric acid, indole, and skatole were consistently controlled in the headspace, with the reduction rate being proportional to the zeolite application rate. Dimethyl trisulfide and phenol were consistently generated, and with a few exceptions, the rate of generation was proportional to the application rate. Average reduction of the odor caused by all odorants evaluated with SPME‐GC‐O was 67% (± 12%) and 51% (± 26%) for the two topical applications, respectively, while no significant reduction of VOCs and odor was detected for the layered application.
Accidental Organochlorine Pesticide Contamination of Soil in Porriño, Spain
Authors: Vega F. A. , Covelo E. F. , Andrade M. L.
Published: January 2007

In the 1960s at Porriño, Spain, soil from a pesticide factory dump was placed in an uncontrolled land infill during demolition. Since then, organochlorine pesticides have degraded and migrated from their original location. Concentrations of lindane, DDT, dicofol, and related side products or degradation products were determined at depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 60 and 60 to 100 cm along a 300‐m transect running between the land infill and a nearby river. Depthwise nonmonotonicities (lowest concentrations of DDT and dicofol were found in the 20‐ to 60‐cm layer) were attributed to the occurrence of several successive spill episodes; in general, concentrations were highest or near‐highest in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. At the dump site, the analyte contents of the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer were as follows: α‐hexachlorocyclohexane (α‐HCH), 25 mg kg−1; β‐HCH, 15 mg kg−1; γ‐HCH (lindane), 1.3 mg kg−1; δ‐HCH, 0.5 mg kg−1; DDT, 2.5 mg kg−1; dicofol, 0.05 mg kg−1; DDD + DDE, 2.2 mg kg−1 The α‐HCH/γ‐HCH ratio was higher than in commercial products, and the DDT/(DDD + DDE) ratio lower, suggesting the degradation of lindane and DDT with time. In general, the concentrations of HCH isomers, DDT, and dicofol fell with increasing distance from the dump site; in particular, the rapid fall in HCH concentrations illustrates the marked immobility of these species in the soil. By contrast, the combined concentration of the DDT degradation products DDD and DDE rose with distance from the dump site, which is attributed to their higher mobility.
Transformation of a Landfill Covering Amended with Municipal Waste Compost, Perugia, Italy
Authors: Businelli Mario , Calandra Rolando , Pagliai Marcello , Businelli Daniela , Gigliotti Giovanni , Grasselli Olga , Said‐Pullicino Daniel , Leccese Angelo
Published: January 2007

This research deals with the transformation of an anthropomorphous landfill covering composed of a fill soil mixed with mechanically separated municipal waste compost. The study site was a municipal landfill near Perugia, Italy. Throughout the years, waste disposal in the landfill was performed by burial in horizontal layers, each one representing a yearly disposal. The external front of the landfill thus represented the yearly disposal over a 10‐yr period starting in 1993. Temporal changes in the anthropomorphous soil over this period were studied by examining and describing soil profiles, and by collecting and analyzing soil samples from the 1993, 1994, 1997, and 2001 disposals. The samples were subjected to a series of physical, chemical, and biochemical analyses. The results obtained suggest that over a 10‐yr period the top layer gained a pedological structure (subangular blocky and/or crumb) giving rise to an A horizon. Improved soil structure was confirmed by an increase in macroporosity, particularly for pores larger than 50 μm, measured by image analysis of soil thin sections. Total extractable carbon showed an increase in the content of humic substances, evidenced by parameters of humification. Enzymatic activities in the A and C1 horizons were also indicative of soil evolution and may serve as a valid indicator for monitoring the evolution of anthropogenic soils containing municipal waste compost.
Phytoremediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)‐Contaminated Sediment
Authors: Smith K. E. , Schwab A. P. , Banks M. K.
Published: January 2007

Contaminated sediments dredged from navigable waterways often are placed in confined disposal facilities to prevent further spread of the pollutants. Reducing contaminants to acceptable levels would allow for disposal of the sediments and further dredging activity. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate plant treatments and the addition of an organic amendment to decrease the concentration of PCB congeners found in Arochlor 1260. Sediment treated with the amendment and either low transpiring plants or no plants had the greatest removal of the PCB congeners. High‐transpiring plants apparently prevented the highly reducing conditions required for reductive dechlorination of highly chlorinated PCBs. Most likely, the amendment provided labile carbon that initiated the reducing conditions needed for dechlorination. The sediment moisture content and moisture‐related plant parameters were significant predictors of the PCB loss. Carex aquatalis and Spartina pectinata are predicted to be the most effective plant treatments for phytoremediation of PCBs.