bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Job Hazards and Job Security
Authors: Robinson James C.
Published: January 2008

This paper studies the link between occupational health hazards and job security. Consistent with the underlying hypothesis that firms utilizing hazardous technologies tend to employ low-skilled workers who can be discharged easily in case of a downturn in business, the analysis indicates that workers in hazardous positions are more likely to face involuntary job loss than are those in safe positions. These workers may be particularly sensitive to political arguments that efforts to reduce exposure to toxins in the workplace and the general environment are responsible for layoffs and plant closures. The paper discusses policy alternatives that could reduce the impact of health regulations on job security.
The Biological Concept of Race and Its Application to Public Health and Epidemiology
Authors: Cooper Richard , David Richard
Published: January 2008

The category of race is widely used in public health. Although its significance may be clear-cut in some practical situations, an adequate theoretical construct for the concept of race does not exist. Public health appears to lag far behind the other biological sciences in the effort to grapple with the idea of race and its implications for the nature-nurture question. This paper outlines the current anthropological and social perspective on race, and applies this view to problems of disease epidemiology. It is proposed that uncritical use of the traditional biological concept of race has distorted etiological thinking in public health and has proven an obstacle in the development of effective intervention strategies. The pragmatism of medicine and its isolation from social science may account for much of this backwardness.
Survival at What Cost? Origins and Effects of the Modern Controversy on Treating Severely Handicapped Newborns
Authors: Reiser Stanley J.
Published: January 2008

This paper examines the background of technological innovation, ethical debate, and social change, against which the 1980s debate over how to treat severely handicapped newborns in general, and Baby Jane Doe in particular, took place. A commentary follows examining the relative place of government, practitioners, hospital ethics committees, and parents in making decisions about treatment for handicapped newborns.
The Antiabortion Movement and Baby Jane Doe
Authors: Paige Constance , Karnofsky Elisa B.
Published: January 2008

In the early 1980s, the leadership of the antiabortion movement became involved in a campaign to establish legal rights to extraordinary medical care for seriously handicapped newborns. Armed with political contacts in the Reagan administration and Congress, and allied with advocates for the disabled, the antiabortion movement searched for a test case to guide through the courts. Antiabortion advocate Lawrence Washburn found such a case in Baby Jane Doe, who was being treated at Stony Brook Medical Center. The movement went on to amend the Child Abuse Act to include protections for handicapped newborns. Activists in the movement chose the issue of Baby Jane Doe because they believed it would attract welcome publicity, give them the appearance of supporting civil rights, and enhance their argument as to the legal rights of the fetus and thus strengthen the case against abortion. The movement was partially successful in obtaining its goals.
Baby Jane Doe in the Media
Authors: Klaidman Stephen , Beauchamp Tom L.
Published: January 2008

A review of national television, magazine, and newspaper coverage of the case of Baby Jane Doe indicates that most of it lacked perspective and context: stories were generally incomplete and often imprecise; reporting was sometimes inaccurate; and overall, inadequate attention was paid to the medical, legal, philosophical, and social implications of the case. Human-interest and political elements of the story were generally well covered. Even after taking account of the pressures and constraints of daily and weekly news reporting, we conclude that the print press and television could have done a better job without devoting more space or time to the story. This could have been done by assigning reporters with greater expertise and by paying more attention to the needs of a hypothetical “reasonable reader.”
Saving Lives and Protecting Liberty: A Comparative Study of the Seat-Belt Debate
Authors: Leichter Howard
Published: January 2008

By the beginning of 1986 all but three states had taken some action on a mandatory seat-belt bill. The seat-belt debate is one manifestation of the concern over the relationship between lifestyle and disease, and has raised some of the most fundamental questions of politics and political philosophy: individual versus public responsibility in health promotion, and freedom versus compulsion. This article examines the debate from both a domestic (New York, Illinois, Oregon) and crossnational (Great Britain) perspective. It identifies several issues which arose during the debates, but concludes that the critical issue involved the libertarian objection to government mandating more prudent personal behavior. The article concludes that while the British conservative tradition of “benign paternalism” allowed some conservatives in that country to accept restrictions on personal freedom, the absence of such a tradition in the United States makes acceptance more difficult.
Coexistence, Conflict, and Cooperation: Public Policies toward Medical Devices
Authors: Foote Susan Bartlett
Published: January 2008

Medical devices include thousands of products, many of which have greatly contributed to the quality of health care. As devices have proliferated, so have public policies that affect them. The federal government intervened to promote three fundamental values: safety by federal regulation, innovation through federal funding of research and development, and access by providing services under Medicare. The policies generally coexisted without conflict. However, two recent developments—the advent of cost containment and the expansion of the tort liability system—present a potentially disruptive influence on these policies, and threaten to undermine the values they serve. Because cost restraints are inevitable and the tort system provides consumer protection, the challenge for policymakers is to reconcile them with the values of safety, innovation, and access. The proposals presented here seek to promote coordination to protect those values without imposing unacceptable costs on the health care system.
New Federalism and Health Care Policy: States and the Old Questions
Authors: Thompson Frank J.
Published: January 2008

The New Federalism that evolved under the Reagan administration tends to grant states more discretion in the implementation of health care programs. It thereby rekindles old concerns about the commitment, capacity, and progressivity of the states. This paper reviews recent policy developments and reconsiders state performance from the vantage point of the mid-1980s. While hard evidence remains elusive, a plausible case exists that any gap between the states and Washington on commitment, capacity, and progressivity has diminished. State administrative capacity in particular has probably increased. The continued presence of substantial variation among the states needs to be underscored, however. Moreover, the relentless imperative of economic development, or migration, theory sets severe limits on how far states can go in adopting redistributive measures to assure adequate medical care for the poor. Given current federal laws, the most optimistic, plausible scenario envisions the rise of a technical politics of efficiency in the states. In spite of state limitations, health policy reformers need to pay increased attention to their potential role.
The Changing Locus of Decision Making in the Health Care Sector
Authors: Havighurst Clark C.
Published: January 2008

In the 1970s, the health policy debate focused on whether government or the medical profession should control the health care system. This article asserts that that struggle between two forms of centralized control was both less promising and less consequential than the devolution of decision-making authority upon consumers and their agents that is occurring today and that seems likely to continue as competitive forces become stronger and opportunities for meaningful consumer choice increase. What we are witnessing is the simultaneous deprofessionalization and depoliticization of important decisions affecting health care, a decentralization and diversification of the system that is opening new possibilities for translating diverse consumer desires into provider performance. Although covering much familiar ground, this article links a variety of seemingly discrete issues under the decentralization theme. Its object in developing this theme is to escape some of the sterility of the competition-versus-regulation debate and to show the historical and ethical significance of the major changes that are under way in the health care sector today.
Health Planning in the United States: The 1980s–A Protagonist's View
Authors: Cain Harry P.
Published: January 2008

The health planning program developed under P.L. 93-641 is attempting to establish “community trusteeships” for health care in communities across the nation. It is based on a series of assumptions concerning public participation and involvement that are likely to remain viable for some time. Because of great local and state variations, it is difficult to measure performance on a nationwide basis; on balance, the record is positive. The program needs to be treated with patience, a very scarce American characteristic. The lack of a better, realistic alternative is the strongest argument for its continuation.
Medical Care Transfers, Poverty and the Aged
Authors: Moon Marilyn , Smeeding Timothy
Published: January 2008

This article explores alternative approaches to calculating the value of Medicare and Medicaid and the impact of these programs on the incidence of poverty among the aged. Three methodological frameworks are contrasted, both in theory and in practice. Medical benefits are measured, respectively, as the cost to the government of providing the program, as the amount of cash that would leave the recipient equally well-off, and as the amount of funds freed for spending on other goods. The size of benefits is particularly sensitive to the measurement technique employed. Consequently, when medical benefits are added to income to estimate their antipoverty impact between 1968 and 1974, the choice of measurement approach remains important. The estimated amount of poverty reduction attributable to Medicare and Medicaid ranges between 26 and 61 percent.
Caring for the Elderly: Who Dislikes It Least?
Authors: Feldbaum Eleanor G. , Feldbaum Merle B.
Published: January 2008

“Reluctant” best describes health professionals' attitudes toward caring for the elderly. This article examines work plans of student nurses and work practices of registered nurses to ascertain who actually cares for the aged. Investigation of geriatric nurses reveals that few plan to or do work with the elderly. Salaries are low, and opportunities for career advancement are limited, especially for those working in nursing homes. Older and minority nurses are most likely to provide geriatric care. Based on these findings, manpower and educational policy changes are recommended.
Vision Care for the Nation's Elderly: A Plea for Policy Direction
Authors: Soroka Mordachai , Newcomb Robert D.
Published: January 2008

Eye care services are largely provided by two professional groups–optometrists and ophthalmologists. Professional rivalry between the two exists mainly because both are in direct competition for patients with routine diagnostic and treatment needs. With the advent of Medicare and Medicaid, a substantial amount of health care services rendered to the elderly has been financed by the federal government. The use by the elderly of eye care services and the cost of such services are influenced by Medicare reimbursement policies. Medicare specifically excludes routine eye care and refractive services, but includes diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease. This article examines the impact of eye care benefit exclusions and restrictions and their effect upon the use of ophthalmological and optometric services by the elderly.
Reflections on the American Health Care Condition
Authors: Klein Rudolf
Published: January 2008

The United States is exceptional not so much because its health care expenditure is increasing, but because of the extent of public concern about what is an international phenomenon. This article seeks to provide a political diagnosis of the causes of this concern and some political prescriptions for possible change. It suggests that current attempts to restrain spending through planning mechanisms will fail unless there are matching financial mechanisms of control, and unless ways are devised of overcoming the resistance of the constituencies for the status quo.
Disclosure Standards and Informed Consent
Authors: Faden Ruth R. , Lewis Carol , Becker Catherine , Faden Alan I. , Freeman John
Published: January 2008

There is currently substantial disagreement about the kind of information that must be disclosed in obtaining an informed consent. This study examined physicians' interpretations of the demands of two alternative legal standards for disclosure, as well as a third standard intended to capture their normative sense of what should be disclosed to patients. Other factors which might affect disclosure practices of physicians were also studied. The findings raise questions about the extent to which a legal standard for disclosure can have an impact on medical practice; the data suggest that doctors currently disclose what they think patients want to be told. However, it appears that physicians substantially underestimate the amount of information patients wish to receive.
The Worker's Right-to-Know: Obstacles, Ambiguities and Loopholes
Authors: Richter Elihu D.
Published: January 2008

Telling the worker about exposure to occupational hazards and their potentially adverse health effects has been established as an ethical principle of occupational health and safety. Situations or issues that may result in incomplete application or nonapplication of this principle include: (1) the employee's need to initiate the disclosure process; (2) medical reluctance to disclose exposure data; (3) long latency periods between exposure and effect; (4) problems of quality control; (5) the use of monitoring methods with low predictive value; (6) statutory secrecy provisions; (7) doctor-patient communication difficulties; (8) serious social and health problems not related to work environment; (9) the nonspecific nature of most work-related morbidity; and (10) the absence of any monitoring whatsoever. Obligatory disclosure of exposure information is hypothesized to spur preventive measures, environmental and personal, for both short- and long-term hazards. Where the foregoing problems interfere with full disclosure, this norm's full preventive role may not be fulfilled. Evaluation of the effect of disclosure requirements on promoting occupational health and safety must include attention to this possibility.

“You shall not put a stumbling block before the blind.”

Leviticus 19:14.

“Publicity is … a remedy for social and industrial diseases. Sunlight is said to be the best disinfectant.”

Louis Brandeis, Other People's Money.
Kidneys for Transplantation
Authors: Steinbrook Robert L.
Published: January 2008

A profound kidney shortage compromises the effective care of renal failure patients in the United States and other nations. This article discusses the need for kidneys, the procurement of live donor and cadaver organs, and strategies to increase organ donation. It suggests that the kidney shortage can be minimized and perhaps eliminated through the use of living related donors whenever appropriate, and through more efficient procurement of volunteered cadaver kidneys. Two other strategies to increase the supply of kidneys–the sale of organs and “contracting out” laws–are rejected. The first is unacceptable in the Western world. The second is fraught with constitutional and ethical problems, and may not lead to more kidney procurement.
Regulation and Competition: An Examination of the “Consumer Choice Health Plan”
Authors: Lynk William J.
Published: January 2008

Legislation to enact the “Consumer Choice Health Plan” is promoted as a step toward competition and away from regulation. This characterization is misleading. The tax provisions in this plan include potentially beneficial reforms, but have offsetting effects that impair economic efficiency. The plan's regulatory provisions rest on a misconception of the characteristics of competition in the health insurance market. These provisions encumber the framework within which competition takes place, and thereby reduce the effectiveness of competition. On balance, the plan is likely to restrict rather than expand the range of effective choice in the health insurance market.
Managerial Innovation and Health Policy: Theoretical Perspectives and Research Implications
Authors: Kimberly John R.
Published: January 2008

Stimulated by a variety of external pressures, managerial innovation is likely to become more common in health care organizations. Relatively little is known, however, about the phenomenon. This paper develops a framework for the analysis of managerial innovation in health care organizations, based on the premise that control is at the heart of effective managerial practice. Physician control over the production process in health care is likely to be increasingly challenged, partially as a consequence of the ascendency of managerial ideology. Opportunities for managerial innovation will be created, but are likely to be successful only to the extent that physician expertise is incorporated into rather than excluded from the resulting changes.
Health Planning Reform: A Proposal for the Eighties
Authors: Brasfield James M.
Published: January 2008

Efficacious but expensive new technology has contributed to the rapid escalation of health care costs. The CT Scanner has become a symbol of the technological imperative. The health planning process at its best has experienced only limited success with this problem. This article highlights the findings of the author's study of regional planning for CT Scanner diffusion, and draws the implication that the existing system of planning and certificate-of-need regulation has been only marginally successful because of the absence of a proper incentive system. Under the reform proposal, an annual dollar limit would be placed on the capital expenditures that could be approved for future Medicare-Medicaid reimbursement. This limitation would create a set of incentives leading to close community scrutiny of capital expenditures, and would allow changes in the institutional structure of regional planning to create greater public accountability.
Exo Selective Cycloaddition Reactions of α-Hydroxy Cyclic Nitronates to Allylic Alcohols in the Presence of Magnesium Ions Leading to Isoxazolidines and Isoxazolines
Authors: Nishiuchi Masaki , Sato Hiroyasu , Umemoto Nao , Murakami Sayoko
Published: January 2008

The reaction of 4-hydroxy-2-isoxazoline N-oxides, as α-hydroxy cyclic nitronates, bearing an ester substituent at 3-position with allylic alcohols is highly activated in the presence of magnesium ions to give exclusively regio- and exo-selective bicyclic isoxazolidine cycloadducts at room temperature. The resulting bicyclic isoxazolidines undergo regioselective ring-opening fragmentation to give 2-isoxazoline derivatives having a 3-ester substituent. Thus, 4-hydroxy-2-isoxazoline N-oxides act as synthetic equivalents of nitrile oxides.
Acoustic Perturbation Equations for Reacting Flows to Compute Combustion Noise
Authors: Bui Thanh Phong , Schröder Wolfgang , Meinke Matthias
Published: January 2008

Acoustic perturbation equations for reacting flows (APE-RF) are derived to investigate combustion noise in conjunction with a hybrid approach. The method uses large-eddy simulation (LES) data in the first step and the APE-RF system in the second step. The newly derived APE-RF system contains several source terms on the right-hand side (RHS). They are discussed in detail with respect to their relation to various sound mechanisms. The acoustic sources contain the impact of unsteady heat release, non-isomolar combustion, species diffusion, heat diffusion, viscous effects, non-uniform mean flow and non-constant combustion pressure effects, and the influence of acceleration of density inhomogeneities. It is shown that the unsteady heat release occurs in the total time derivative of the density that is immediately available from an LES. By computing via the hybrid method the sound field of an open turbulent non-premixed flame being generated just by the substantial derivative of the density, which contains besides the unsteady heat release, the effect of non-isomolar combustion, heat and species diffusion, and viscous effects, i.e., the remaining terms are neglected, and by comparing the numerical data with experimental findings the total temporal derivative of the density is shown to contain for a wide frequency range the major sound sources in reacting flows. However, it is also indicated that to simulate all the details in the complete frequency range the remaining source mechanisms occurring on the RHS of the APE-RF system are to be taken into account in the analysis.
Blood Pressure Control in Patients Initiating Antihypertensive Therapy
Authors: Weycker Derek , Edelsberg John , Vincze Gabor , Levy Drew Griffin , Kartashov Alex , Oster Gerry
Published: January 2008

Background:

Although information concerning the attainment of goal blood pressure for patients commencing antihypertensive therapy is available from controlled trials, no studies have examined this issue in the context of typical clinical practice.

Objective:

To examine attainment of blood pressure control over time in patients initiating antihypertensive therapy in clinical practice.

Methods

Using an electronic medical records database, we identified all adults with systolic blood pressure (SBP}/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ol 140/90 mm Hg or higher who initiated antihypertensive drug therapy. Subjects were stratified into subgroups based on the presence of high-risk conditions or characteristics described by the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in their seventh report as “compelling indications” (eg, diabetes) or “special situations” (eg. obesity). Blood pressure control was examined in terms of goal attainment and reductions in blood pressure using last available readings at days 90. 180, and 360, following therapy initiation.

Results:

Among the 10,345 study subjects, 47% had compelling indications and 39% had special situations. In the former group, 62% (95% CI 61 to 64) of patients with Stage 1 hypertension (140–159/90–99 mmHg) attained blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg by day 360; among those with Stage 2 hypertension (≥160/100 mm Hg), the corresponding figure was 48% (95% CI 46 to 50). In the latter group, 64% (95% CI 61 to 66) and 55% (95% CI 53 to 57) of patients with Stage 1 and Stage 2 hypertension, respectively, attained blood pressure less than 140/90 mm Hg by day 360. Among those without high-risk conditions, these percentages were 63% (95% CI 59 to 67) and 55% (95% CI 52 to 59), Among patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease. 25% (95% CI 24 to 26) attained blood pressure less than 130/80 mm Hg by day 360.

Conclusions:

Many patients starting antihypertensive therapy in clinical practice fail to achieve blood pressure control within the first year. Control is no better, and perhaps worse, among patients at highest risk of adverse outcomes.
Prolonged QT Interval, Syncope, and Delirium with Galantamine
Authors: Fisher Alexander A , Davis Michael W
Published: January 2008

Objective:

TO describe a case of QT interval prolongation, syncope, and delirium associated with galantamine use and to analyze similar cases related to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChls) reported to the Australian Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee (ADRAC).

Case Summary:

An 85–year-old man with dementia was treated with prolonged release galantamine 8 mg daily for 1.5 years. Three months prior to the current admission, he had a syncopal episode with low blood pressure and bradycardia. Two months later, galantamine was withdrawn, but within 2 weeks, the man developed marked cognitive, behavioral, and functional deterioration and galantamine was restarted. Three weeks later, he developed syncope, delirium, hypotension, and prolonged QT interval with serious cardiac arrhythmias, in addition to vomiting and diarrhea. A complete blood cell count and biochemistry panel performed on admission were normal. No infection was detected. Galantamine and irbesartan were ceased. The delirium fully resolved in 6 days, and the QT interval shortened from 503 to 443 msec (corrected by Bazett's formula) 4 days after discontinuation of galantamine and remained normal.

Discussion:

In the ADRAC reports, galantamine was associated with 18 cases of delirium/confusion. 8 of syncope, 13 of bradycardia, 6 of other arrhythmias or conducton abnormalities, and 6 of hypotension. Donepezil was associated with 56, 15, 26, 15, and 5, and rivastigmine with 21, 8, 6, 2, and 2, respectively, of these reactions. Five fatal outcomes were reported in association with galantamine, 11 with donepezil, and 3 with rivastigmine, including 3, 6, and 0 sudden deaths, respectively. This case, along with previously published reports and cases identified from the ADRAC database, illustrates that AChls may lead to delirium, syncope, hypotension, and life-threatening arrhythmias. The Naranjo probability scale indicated that galantamine was the probable cause of QT interval prolongation, syncope, and delirium in this patient.

Conclusions:

Administration of galantamine and other AChls requires vigilance and assessment of risk (actors that may precipitate QT interval prolongation, syncope, and delirium.
ATP7B Expression in Human Breast Epithelial Cells Is Mediated by Lactational Hormones
Authors: Michalczyk Agnes , Bastow Edward , Greenough Mark , Camakaris James , Freestone David , Taylor Philip , Linder Maria , Mercer Julian , Ackland Margaret L.
Published: January 2008

A role for the copper transporter, ATP7B, in secretion of copper from the human breast into milk has previously not been reported, although it is known that the murine ortholog of ATP7B facilitates copper secretion in the mouse mammary gland. We show here that ATP7B is expressed in luminal epithelial cells in both the resting and lactating human breast, where it has a perinuclear localization in resting epithelial cells and a diffuse location in lactating tissue. ATP7B protein was present in a different subset of vesicles from those containing milk proteins and did not overlap with Menkes ATPase, ATP-7A, except in the perinuclear region of cells. In the cultured human mammary line, PMC42-LA, treatment with lactational hormones induced a redistribution of ATP7B from a perinuclear region to a region adjacent, but not coincident with, the apical plasma membrane. Trafficking of ATP7B was copper dependent, suggesting that the hormone-induced redistribution of ATP7A was mediated through an increase in intracellular copper. Radioactive copper (64Cu) studies using polarized PMC42-LA cells that overexpressed mAtp7B protein showed that this transporter facilitates copper efflux from the apical surface of the cells. In summary, our results are consistent with an important function of ATP7B in the secretion of copper from the human mammary gland.
Heritability of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop Color-Word Test Performance in Normal Individuals: Implications for the Search for Endophenotypes
Authors: Taylor Jeanette
Published: January 2008

Asurge in the search for endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders has occurred in the past several years. An important criterion of an endophenotype is that it is heritable. Two of the most widely used executive cognitive functioning measures are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Color-Word Test. Each has been considered as a possible endophenotype. However, research on the heritability of each of these measures is sparse, and in the case of the WCST, mixed. As part of a pilot twin study examining cognitive functioning and personality in adults, the WCST and the Stroop were administered to 80 monozygotic and 29 dizygotic twin pairs screened for absence of neurological disease and head injury. Results replicated and extended previous findings for moderate heritability of Stroop performance. However, the WCST showed little evidence of genetic influence, suggesting that it might not meet one of the criteria for an endophenotype.
Twins and Transsexualism: An Update and a Preview; Research Reviews: Conjoined Twins, Angiographic Lesions, Single Versus Double Embryo Transfer; Headlines: School Placement Legislation, Junior Taekwondo Olympics, Prosthetic Ears, Murder Victim
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: January 2008

In recent years, there has been growing appreciation for the complexity of gender identity. Focusing on monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for transsexualism can offer clues to events that may trigger this behavioral difference, offering new information about critical underlying factors. An update of twin research in this area is provided, together with a preview of a compelling new film, ‘Red Without Blue.’ Next, twin study findings on the topics of conjoined twinning, angiographic lesions and embryo transfer are provided. This is followed by a survey of newsworthy twins and twin-related events.
Billy Elliot The Musical: visual representations of working-class masculinity and the all-singing, all-dancing bo[d]y
Authors: Rodosthenous George
Published: January 2008

According to Cynthia Weber, [d]ance is commonly thought of as liberating, transformative, empowering, transgressive, and even as dangerous. Yet ballet as a masculine activity still remains a suspect phenomenon. This paper will challenge this claim in relation to Billy Elliot The
Musical and its critical reception. The transformation of the visual representation of the human body on stage (from an ephemeral existence to a timeless work of art) will be discussed and analysed vis-a-vis the text and sub-texts of Stephen Daldry's direction and Peter Darling's choreography.
The dynamics of working-class masculinity will be contextualised within the framework of the family, the older female, the community, the self and the act of dancing itself.
Determination and Interpretation of Texture Evolution during Deformation of a Zirconium Alloy
Authors: Allen V. M. , Quinta da Fonseca J. , Preuss M. , Robson J. D. , Daymond M. , Comstock R. J.
Published: January 2008

Worldwide, crystal plasticity models are currently developed to predict texture development during processing of material. Such models require a precise knowledge of the active deformation mechanisms. The activation energy for certain deformation modes will change with temperature and also depend on the chemistry of the alloy as well as the microstructure. Deformation mechanisms were studied in ZIRLO™ during room and high-temperature uniaxial compression testing. Materials with a strong crystallographic basal texture and a more random texture due to β-quenching were investigated with the aim of establishing the effect of temperature, microstructure, and texture on the active deformation modes during the initial stages of deformation. First, specimens were strained at room temperature, 180°C and 300°C to 2 % and 5 % or 10 % total strain and subsequently analyzed by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) to determine the texture evolution. It was found that a dramatic texture change was observed for all testing temperatures in the strongly textured specimen after only 5 % total strain, which can only be understood in terms of tensile twinning of {10 1¯2} ⟨1¯011⟩ being active mainly at room temperature and compressive twinning of {11 2¯2} ⟨1¯1¯23⟩ being operational at room and elevated temperature. The β-quenched specimens did not show any evidence of texture change when strained to 10 %. In-situ intergranular strains were measured by time-of-flight neutron diffraction during continuous compressive loading. This information enabled the development of a crystal plasticity finite element model (CPFEM), which was subsequently used to predict the stress state in individual grains. It was found that in the strongly textured material the spread of intergranular strain in the {0002} grain family (normal pointing towards the ND direction) results in some grains being in compression even though the mean stresses are tensile, which could explain the activation of the observed compressive twinning. The crystal plasticity model also demonstrated that the observed texture changes in the strongly textured material, including those at high temperature, cannot be explained by slip alone even when ⟨c+a⟩ slip is considered. In addition, the model showed that the dramatic difference in yield strength of the two conditions studied here cannot be solely attributed to the difference in texture but that grain size plays an important role.
Targeting Axon Growth from Neuronal Transplants along Preformed Guidance Pathways in the Adult CNS
Authors: Ziemba Kristine S. , Chaudhry Nagarathnamma , Rabchevsky Alexander G. , Jin Ying , Smith George M.
Published: January 2008

To re-establish neuronal circuits lost after CNS injury, transplanted neurons must be able to extend axons toward their appropriate targets. Such growth is highly restricted within the adult CNS attributable to the expression of inhibitory molecules and general lack of guidance cues to direct axon growth. This environment typically induces random patterns of growth and aberrant innervation, if growth occurs at all. To target the growth of axons from neuronal transplants, we are using viral vectors to create guidance pathways before neuronal transplantation. In this study, we transplanted postnatal rat dorsal root ganglia neurons into the corpus callosum of adult rats. Replication-incompetent adenoviruses encoding growth or guidance factors were injected along the desired pathway 1 week before cell transplantation, allowing time for sufficient protein expression by host glial cells. With expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor, sensory axons were able to grow along the corpus callosum, across the midline, and toward an NGF-expressing target in either the contralateral striatum or cortex: a distance of 7–8 mm including a 90° turn from white matter into gray matter. Furthermore, expression of semaphorin 3A slightly dorsal and lateral to the turning point increased the number of axons turning into the striatal target. These results show that judicious expression of neuron-specific chemoattractant and chemorepellant molecules using viral vectors can support and target axon growth from neuronal transplants in the adult CNS.
Deficits in Phosphorylation of GABAAReceptors by Intimately Associated Protein Kinase C Activity Underlie Compromised Synaptic Inhibition during Status Epilepticus
Authors: Terunuma Miho , Xu Jianwei , Vithlani Mansi , Sieghart Werner , Kittler Josef , Pangalos Menelas , Haydon Philip G. , Coulter Douglas A. , Moss Stephen J.
Published: January 2008

Status epilepticus (SE) is a progressive and often lethal human disorder characterized by continuous or rapidly repeating seizures. Of major significance in the pathology of SE are deficits in the functional expression of GABAAreceptors (GABAARs), the major sites of fast synaptic inhibition in the brain. We demonstrate that SE selectively decreases the phosphorylation of GABAARs on serine residues 408/9 (S408/9) in the β3 subunit by intimately associated protein kinase C isoforms. Dephosphorylation of S408/9 unmasks a basic patch-binding motif for the clathrin adaptor AP2, enhancing the endocytosis of selected GABAAR subtypes from the plasma membrane during SE. In agreement with this, enhancing S408/9 phosphorylation or selectively blocking the binding of the β3 subunit to AP2 increased GABAAR cell surface expression levels and restored the efficacy of synaptic inhibition in SE. Thus, enhancing phosphorylation of GABAARs or selectively blocking their interaction with AP2 may provide novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate SE.
Violent Crime: A Symbolic Interactionist Study*
Authors: Athens Lonnie H.
Published: January 2008

An empirically based analysis of violent crime is presented which suggests several things. First, persons commit violent criminal acts only after theyform one of four distinct types of interpretations of the situation. Second, the self images of violent actors fall into three basic types. Third, the types of self images that they hold are linked to the types of interpretations theyform. The conclusion drawn is that persons who commit violent crimes have one of three types of generalized others.
Patterns Of Segmentation And Intersection In The Computing World*
Authors: Kling Rob , Gerson Elihu M.
Published: January 2008

Differentiation of the computing world is discussed in terms of the major lines of segmentation and cleavage which generate sub‐worlds within the larger computing world context. The relationship of one particular pattern of cleavages—the production system—is described vis‐vis other lines of cleavage and segmentation. Patterns of intersection among sub‐worlds generated by these lines of cleavage are also discussed, and the implications of these intersections for the organization of the production system are described. Patterns of intersection are conceptualized as systems of interlocked negotiating contexts, whose attributes shape the outcomes of computing work.
Sexual Politics in the Workplace: The Interactional World of Policewomen
Authors: Martin Susan E.
Published: January 2008

This paper examines the dynamics of male‐female interaction in one work setting—the backstage region of a police department—and explores the variety of ways that policewomen are pressured to “stay in their place” by male coworkers. Policewomen face interpersonal dilemmas because as police officers they are expected to behave like colleagues (i.e. as status equals); as women they are expected to behave as status subordinates. This paper investigates a number of the techniques by which female officers' gender is made salient and male officers assert dominance over female officers. The verbal techniques employed include the use of euphemisms, affectionate terms of address, cursing, joking and putdowns, and gossip. Non‐verbal messages are transmitted by the use of personal space, touch, and chivalrous ceremonies. In addition the problems posed by sexuality and sexual harassment in the workplace are discussed. Data are based on nine months of participant observation and 55 interviews with officers in one police district in Washington, D.C.
The Chicago Tradition and Social Change: Thomas, Park And Their Successors
Authors: Fisher Berenice , Strauss Anselm
Published: January 2008

Through their writings and research, Thomas and Park exemplified to their students and their successors at Chicago how to “do” sociololgy. Central to their respective positions were their conceptions of social change, reform and progress; the role of science and especially sociology; the agents of social change; the arenas and mechanisms of social change. Not only were there some basic differences in their respective conceptions, but succeeding generations of Chicago sociologists have been profoundly influenced in their ideas and work by selective interpretations of either or both founding fathers of this tradition. Like any other intellectual tradition, the Chicago one is neither as integrated as it often seems nor have its participants drawn on precisely the same aspects of their intellectual heritage. To understand the work of contemporary “Chicagoans,” it is necessary to, at least, understand what they have made and are making of their diverse heritage.
The Person Behind The Word: Mead's Theory Of Universals And A Shift Of Focus In Symbolic Interactionism
Authors: Franks David D. , Seeburger Francis F.
Published: January 2008

Careful consideration of Mead's theory of universals proves to be a corrective to a number of tendencies evident in the work of at least some influential contemporary symbolic interactionists. Mead avoids any realistic hypostatization of separate universals (“meanings,” “forms,” or “essences” while at the same time eschewing nominalistic and conventionalistic views of language. His principle of the objective reality of perspectives (1932:161‐175) allows him to grant objective reality to universal characteristics of concrete objects, but entails neither hypostatization nor idealization of the universal.

In addition to contravening nominalism and conventionalism, Mead's theory of universals provides a perspective from which the reality of the self, and the importance of intentional action for the development of a firmly felt sense of self and autonomy, can both be affirmed. Far from being an illusion or mer.e symbolic construct, the self is seen to be an objectively real universal within the perspective of social action.
Ethnic Relations In Intcractionist Perspective: A Case of Ethnic Conflict In West Malaysia
Authors: Lee Raymond L.M.
Published: January 2008

By applying the model of negotiated order to a specific case of ethnic conflict in West Malaysia, an attempt is made to draw explicit relationships between ethnic group interests, power and collective definition of ethnic group positions. The focus is on how ethnic group images emerge through the occurence of a “big event” centering on conflicting group interests. It is pointed out that although power differences between ethnic groups are due largely to historical circumstances, they only structure the style of negotiations but not the formation of ethnic images. The process of group definition is contingent upon the manipulation of problematic events and the tactics employed by the groups involved.
Newcomers' Biographical Explanations: The Self As An Adjustment Process*
Authors: Jones Wendy L.
Published: January 2008

The newcomers' situation necessarily involves change and a variety of adjustment processes. In this situation the self may come into question and become an object of conscious reflection and definition. This paper focuses on the processes of change and continuity in the newcomer's self‐concept during the first year after moving to a new locale. Data are drawn from a broader longitudinal study of 30 newcomer families in an Australian city and are interpreted from a symbolic interactionist perspective.
George Herbert Who? A Critique of the Objectivist Reading of Mead*
Authors: Johnson G. David , Shifflett Peggy A.
Published: January 2008

Lewis (1972, 1976, 1979), Lewis and Smith (1981), and McPhail and Rexroat (1979) have presented a new reading of George H. Mead's work. They argue that Mead's principal epis‐temological position was realist (Lewis and Smith, 1981) and that his theories are convergent with objective, experimental methods (McPhail and Rexroat, 1979). They argue further that the symbolic interactionists misinterpret Mead in their naturalist (Blumer, 1969) methodologies. This objectivist reading of Mead contains two fundamental errors: (1) a faulty conceptualization of epistemology that forces the dichotomy of realism and nominalism; and (2) a misrepresentation of Mead's epistemological concerns as a narrow, prescriptive methodology. The present study attempts to reconcile the new reading of Mead with the old by focusing on the problem of objectivity in Mead.
Symbolic Interactionism and Psychoanalysis: Some Convergences, Divergences, and Complementarities*
Authors: Elliott Rodney D. , Meltzer Bernard N.
Published: January 2008

In spite of a number of fundamental contrasts between the assumptions and methodologies of symbolic interactionist and psychoanalytic theories of social interaction in general and socialization in particular, the two perspectives embrace several common interpretations of human action. Moreover, many of the divergences can be appreciated as complementing, rather than contradicting, each other. Some of the more important convergences and complementarities, as well as unresolved differences, are noted and briefly treated under four broad rubrics: (1) human nature and human habitat; (2) the nature and stages of socialization; (3) the structure and functions of personality; and (4) the nature of social relationships. The points of synthesis implied by the complementarities between the two perspectives do not necessarily lead to eclecticism. On the other hand, such syntheses can enhance the analytical power of each perspective.
THE STAGING OF EMOTION: A DRAMATURGICAL ANALYSIS*
Authors: Zurcher Louis A.
Published: January 2008

Dramaturgical analysis is employed in a participant observation study of the emotional performances of fans, coaches and players at a college football game. The structure of the staging for emotional display is described, as is the phasing of people into sets of contextually appropriate performances. The phasing is seen to evolve from expectation for emotional experience, to diffuse emotional readiness, and finally to specific emotional displays. The staging and phasing are shown to be directed by cue‐producing others and events which evoke rapidly shifting emotional expressions. The implications of the findings for contrived emotional settings other than footgall games are discussed.
Dramas, Metaphors, and Structures*
Authors: Perinbanayagam R.S.
Published: January 2008

It is argued that dramaturgical sociology/social psychology must be examined as a continuation of the methods and practices of dramatism. Such an examination will reveal answers to the persistent questions regarding the work of Erving Goffman: Is he using a metaphor, simile, analogy, etc.! Is he a symbolic interactionist! Is his work a form of structuralism! What is the relationship between the sociologist and the drama of human relations! What is the relationship between interactionism and structuralism! The answers to these questions, it appears, are that drama is not used as a simple analogy in the study of human relations and that the separation of structuralism and interactionism is yet another essay in the confrontation between Heraclitus' flux and Zeno's paradox.

You cannot step twice into the same river; for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you.

Heraclitus

In which case, you cannot step even once into the river: there will in fact be no river.

after Parmenides, Zeno etc.
Marginal Man: The Identity Dilemma of the Academic General Practitioner*
Authors: Reid Margaret
Published: January 2008

The study of the relationship between group membership and identity has been central to symbolic interaction. This paper describes one instance of problematic identity, that experienced by members of the newly established academic discipline of general practice. 1By outlining their dilemma as ‘marginal men’ to both service doctors and other academics within the medical faculty,2 attention is focussed upon the strained intraprofessional relationships when core tasks—in this case teaching and service work—are allocated very different values.
ALIGNING ACTIONS: TYPES AND SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION*
Authors: Hunter Christopher H.
Published: January 2008

Research on aligning actions requires a clearer understanding of what types of aligning actions exist. A typology of aligning actions is described which is based on three criteria: temporal focus (retrospective or prospective), claim made (concerning the actor's responsibility or the act itself), and the desirability of the event involved. The typology is shown to incorporate the aligning actions already discussed in the literature and to suggest new possibilities. Using this typology, a number of propositions are offered suggesting how aligning actions are used by actors with differing levels of interpersonal power, as relfected in their gender and age.