bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tumor‐Targeted Polydiacetylene Micelles for In Vivo Imaging and Drug Delivery
Authors: Mackiewicz Nicolas , Gravel Edmond , Garofalakis Anikitos , Ogier Julien , John Jubi , Dupont Daniel Miotto , Gombert Karine , Tavitian Bertrand , Doris Eric , Ducongé Frédéric
Published: August 2011

In vivo tumor targeting and drug delivery properties of small polymerized polydiacetylene (PDA) micelles (∼10 nm) is investigated in a murine MDA‐MB‐231 xenograft model of breast cancer. Three micelles with different surface coatings are synthesized and tested for their ability to passively target tumor through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. After injection (24 h), fluorescence diffuse optical tomographic imaging indicates a tumor uptake of nearly 3% of the injected dose for the micelles with a 2 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐coating (PDA‐PEG2000). The uptake of PDA micelles in tumors is confirmed by co‐localization with [18F]‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography. Although FDG has a higher diffusion rate in tumors, 40 ± 19% of the retained micelles is co‐registered with the tumor volume visualized by FDG. Finally, PDA‐PEG2000 micelles are loaded with the hydrophobic anticancer drug paclitaxel and used in vivo to inhibit tumor growth. These findings demonstrate the potential of PDA‐PEG2000 micelles for both in vivo tumor imaging and drug delivery applications.
Periadolescent changes of D2–AMPA interactions in the rat nucleus accumbens
Authors: Huppe‐Gourgues Frederic , O'donnell Patricio
Published: August 2011

Many aspects of dopamine (DA) systems mature during adolescence. In the nucleus accumbens, the modulation of prefrontal cortical synaptic responses by DA becomes refined during adolescence with the recruitment of a gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA) component. As this GABA component is depolarizing, it remains to be determined whether this change affects action potential firing in nucleus accumbens neurons. Here we tested whether a D2 agonist affects AMPA‐evoked cell firing in slices containing the nucleus accumbens from juvenile (postnatal day, PD 28–34) and adult (PD > 60) rats. 2‐amino‐3‐(5‐methyl‐3‐oxo‐1,2‐oxazol‐4‐yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) (0.1–0.4 μM) depolarized nucleus accumbens neurons and increased their firing in a dose‐dependent manner. The D2 agonist quinpirole (2 μM) had different effects in juvenile vs. adult slices. In the juvenile accumbens, quinpirole enhanced AMPA (0.2 μM) effects on evoked firing in a subset of neurons while it had no effect on the rest. In the adult accumbens, the D2 agonist instead attenuated the effect of AMPA on evoked firing, an interaction that was blocked by the GABA‐A antagonist picrotoxin (50 μM). Thus, D2 receptors modulate AMPA responses in the nucleus accumbens differently in juvenile than adult rats, and the adult effect requires local GABA transmission. The incorporation of a GABA component in the modulation of information processing in the nucleus accumbens by DA during adolescence may allow for a better contrast in cortically activated ensembles. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the discovery of association rules by means of evolutionary algorithms
Authors: del Jesus María J. , Gámez José A. , González Pedro , Puerta José M.
Published: August 2011

Association rule learning is a data mining task that tries to discover interesting relations between variables in large databases. A review of association rule learning is presented that focuses on the use of evolutionary algorithms not only applied to Boolean variables but also to categorical and quantitative ones. The use of fuzzy rules in the evolutionary algorithms for association rule learning is also described. Finally, the main applications of association rule evolutionary learning covered by the specialized bibliography are reviewed. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 397–415 DOI: 10.1002/widm.18

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Association Rules

Technologies > Association Rules

Technologies > Computational Intelligence
Predictive data mining in clinical medicine: a focus on selected methods and applications
Authors: Bellazzi Riccardo , Ferrazzi Fulvia , Sacchi Lucia
Published: August 2011

Predictive data mining in clinical medicine deals with learning models to predict patients' health. The models can be devoted to support clinicians in diagnostic, therapeutic, or monitoring tasks. Data mining methods are usually applied in clinical contexts to analyze retrospective data, thus giving healthcare professionals the opportunity to exploit large amounts of data routinely collected during their day‐by‐day activity. Moreover, clinicians can nowadays take advantage of data mining techniques to deal with the huge amount of research results obtained by molecular medicine, such as genetic or genomic signatures, which may allow transition from population‐based to personalized medicine. The current challenge is to exploit data mining to build models able to take into account the dynamic and temporal nature of clinical care and to exploit the variety of information available at the bedside. This review describes the main features of predictive clinical data mining and focus on two specific aspects of particular interest: the methods able to deal with temporal data and the efforts performed to translate molecular medicine results into clinically useful data mining models. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 416–430 DOI: 10.1002/widm.23

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Health Care

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining

Technologies > Prediction
Mining proteomic data for biomedical research
Authors: Elo Laura L. , Schwikowski Benno
Published: August 2011

The popularity of proteomics in biomedical research has grown with the development of advanced measurement technologies. This has enabled high‐throughput protein expression profiling, modification‐specific proteomics, and global protein–protein interaction maps. Although proteomics has great potential in providing deeper understanding of the role of individual proteins and protein networks in disease and in unveiling the underlying disease mechanisms, challenges arise in transforming the large‐scale experimental data into biomedical knowledge for clinical practice and drug development. In particular, sophisticated computational tools are required to interpret the high‐dimensional proteomic datasets that typically reflect not only biological information, but also technical biases and limitations. This review gives an overview of the role of data mining in biomedical applications of proteomics, with a focus on data from mass spectrometry‐based expression profiling studies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Biological Data Mining
Relating computer systems to sequence diagrams: the impact of underspecification and inherent nondeterminism
Authors: Runde Ragnhild Kobro , Refsdal Atle , Stølen Ketil
Published: August 2011

Having a sequence diagram specification and a computer system, we need to answer the question: Is the system compliant with the sequence diagram specification in the desired way? We present a procedure for answering this question for sequence diagrams with underspecification and inherent nondeterminism. The procedure is independent of any concrete technology, and relies only on the execution traces that may be produced by the system. If all traces are known, the procedure results in either “compliant” or “not compliant”. If only a subset of the traces is known, the conclusion may also be “likely compliant” or “likely not compliant”.
Long‐Term Results of Laparoscopic Hepatectomy Versus Open Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case‐Matched Analysis
Authors: Lee Kit Fai , Chong Ching Ning , Wong Jeff , Cheung Yue Sun , Wong John , Lai Paul
Published: August 2011

Background

Laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) is established as a safe and feasible treatment option for liver tumors. However, whether the adoption of laparoscopic approach for malignant tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), will compromise the long‐term result is still unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the long‐term results of LH compared with a cohort of case‐matched open hepatectomy (OH).

Methods

Thirty‐three patients who underwent LH for HCC in our institution between June 2004 and March 2010 were recruited. A group of 50 patients who underwent OH for HCC during the same period was identified by matching to magnitude of operation, size of tumor, site of tumor, and the absence of concomitant local ablation or major procedure. The perioperative outcomes, disease recurrence, and survival of the two groups of patients were determined and compared.

Results

LH resulted in less operative complications (6.1% vs. 24%, P = 0.033) and shorter median hospital stay (5 vs. 7 days, P < 0.0005) but required longer operative time compared with OH (225 vs. 195 min, P = 0.019). There was no difference between LH and OH in recurrence rate (45.5% vs. 38%, P = 0.499). The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year overall survival were 86.9%, 81.8%, and 76% for LH and 98%, 80.6%, and 76.1% for OH respectively (P = 0.646). The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year disease‐free survival were 78.8%, 51%, and 45.3% for LH and 69.2%, 55.9%, and 55.9% for OH, respectively (P = 0.849).

Conclusions

Compared with OH, LH for HCC has similar long‐term outcomes, but it has short‐term advantages of less operative complications and shorter hospital stay.
Chronic Suppurative Cryptococcal Extensor Tenosynovitis in a Patient with Castleman's Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Mason Scott Joseph , Keith Prue P. A.
Published: August 2011

Cryptococcus neoformans is an ubiquitously occurring encapsulated fungus that is commonly found in the environment. It is also an opportunistic pathogen that has potential to cause systemic fungal infection, predominantly in the immunocompromised host with cell-mediated immunological defects. Cryptococcal tenosynovitis is an extremely rare condition, with only a few cases previously documented in the literature. We report a case of chronic suppurative cryptococcal extensor tenosynovitis in a patient with Castleman's disease who was successfully managed with surgical debridement and antifungal therapy.
Emulsifying Properties of Different Modified Sunflower Lecithins
Authors: Cabezas D. M. , Madoery R. , Diehl B. W. K. , Tomás M. C.
Published: August 2011

Lecithins are a mixture of acetone‐insoluble phospholipids and other minor substances (triglycerides, carbohydrates, etc.). The most commonly processes used for lecithin modification are: fractionation by deoiling to separate oil from phospholipids, fractionation with solvents to produce fractions enriched in specific phospholipids, and introduction of enzymatic and chemical changes in phospholipid molecules. The aim of this work was to evaluate the emulsifying properties of different modified sunflower lecithins in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. In this study, five modified sunflower lecithins were assessed, which were obtained by deoiling (deoiled lecithin), fractionation with absolute ethanol (PC and PI enriched fractions), and enzymatic hydrolysis with phospholipase A2 from pancreatic porcine and microbial sources (hydrolyzed lecithins). Modified lecithins were applied as an emulsifying agent in O/W emulsions (30:70 wt/wt), ranging 0.1–2.0% (wt/wt). Stability of different emulsions was evaluated through the evolution of backscattering profiles (%BS), particle size distribution, and mean particle diameters (D [3, 4], D [3, 2]). PC enriched fraction and both hydrolyzed lecithins presented the best emulsifying properties against the main destabilization processes (creaming and coalescence) for the analyzed emulsions. These modified lecithins represent a good alternative for the production of new bioactive agents.
Quality Characteristics and Antioxidants of Mavrolia cv. Virgin Olive Oil
Authors: Anastasopoulos Efstathios , Kalogeropoulos Nick , Kaliora Andriana C. , Falirea Ageliki , Kamvissis Vassilis N. , Andrikopoulos Nikolaos K.
Published: August 2011

The quality characteristics and bioactive microconstituents of virgin olive oil produced by Mavrolia cv, an Olea europaea variety grown in Southern Peloponnesus, Greece, are reported for the first time. The oil samples of Mavrolia cv. studied fell within the limits established for the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) category and were characterized by higher levels of campesterol (88.7 ± 14.8 vs. 56.1 ± 6.1 mg kg−1 oil) and β‐sitosterol (1692.6 ± 100.3 vs. 1356.2 ± 85 mg kg−1 oil) and relatively lower oxidative stability (19.35 ± 2.62 vs. 37.44 ± 1.97 h) compared to Koroneiki cv. The lower oxidative stability was positively correlated to significantly lower polyphenols (88.95 ± 2.33 vs. 233.75 ± 34.29) and α‐tocopherol (517.2 ± 6.50 vs. 655.37 ± 17.78) and to higher polyunsaturated fatty acids content (9.27 ± 0.35 vs. 6.41 ± 0.38). Tyrosol, ferulic acid and protocatechuic acid contents were significantly higher in Mavrolia cv. samples compared to Koroneiki cv. (218.80 ± 44.8 vs. 83.7 ± 23.1, 1.82 ± 0.11 vs. 0.97 ± 0.31, and 1.55 ± 0.39 vs. 0.35 ± 0.60 mg kg−1, respectively). Also, the bitter and pungent attributes were found in lower intensities compared to Koroneiki cv. EVOO for the same period (1.9 vs. 2.5 and 2.3 vs. 3.9, respectively). The ripe fruity intensity with walnut olfactory attribute of the Mavrolia cv., was also light to medium.
Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Saccharide‐Fatty Acid Esters Utilizing Solvent‐Free Suspensions: Effect of Acyl Donors and Acceptors, and Enzyme Activity Retention
Authors: Ye Ran , Hayes Douglas G.
Published: August 2011

The effect of acyl donor (oleic, caprylic, lauric and myristic acids) and acceptor (fructose, sucrose, glucose and xylose) for synthesis of saccharide‐fatty acid esters was conducted using solvent‐free (50–200 μm sized) suspensions of saccharide crystals in a mixture of fatty acid/fructose oleate (90 wt% monoester and 10 wt% diester) at a ratio of 75/25 w/w initially, and a bioreactor system containing a packed bed bioreactor filled with immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme®IM, Novozymes, Franklinton, NC, USA) at 53 °C or a stirred tank bioreactor (STBR) at 65 °C. A nearly linear relationship between initial saccharide concentration and initial rate of reaction and final ester concentration was achieved which was independent of acyl donor or acceptor type. Slightly lower reaction rate and yield were obtained for operation in STBRs. Suspensions containing the highest saccharide concentration coincided with saccharide crystals of the smallest average size, since large‐sized crystals sedimented out during the workup for formation of the suspensions. The best performance was achieved using fructose and oleic acid as substrates (92.3 wt% ester, consisting of 92 wt% monoester) in a packed‐bed bioreactor (PBBR). The activity of RML did not decrease appreciably after four successive runs for solvent‐free fructose‐oleate esterification, or equivalently, a 22 day reaction period.
Alternative strategies to in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment for aged infertile women
Authors: Isono Wataru , Wada‐Hiraike Osamu , Shirane Akira , Fujimoto Akihisa , Osuga Yutaka , Yano Tetsu , Taketani Yuji
Published: August 2011

Purpose

This study aimed to maximize the chance of pregnancy and provide an optimal protocol for infertile female patients of advanced reproductive age as an alternative to in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 432 infertile women aged ≥38 at the beginning of the treatment. Stepwise non‐IVF/ICSI treatments using timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination, with or without controlled ovarian stimulation, were adopted for all patients. In this population, we extracted 8 representative infertility factors and examined these effects on fertility rate by calculating clinical pregnancy rate.

Results

The prognosis for infertile women possessing at least one of the three factors, ‘advanced female age (≥42 years)’, ‘endometriosis/adenomyosis’, and ‘tubal infertility’ was apparently poor because only 5 out of 155 women were able to conceive (1.02% per cycle). In contrast, 95 patients without the four factors, ‘advanced female age’, ‘endometriosis/adenomyosis’, ‘tubal infertility’, and ‘male infertility’, were more likely to conceive (9.14% per cycle).

Conclusions

Fertility centers can offer appropriate protocols for non‐IVF/ICSI treatment and establish guidelines for aged infertile patients by examining infertility factors and considering their combinations.
Does More Schooling Reduce Hospitalization and Delay Mortality? New Evidence Based on Danish Twins
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Kohler Hans-Peter , Jensen Vibeke Myrup , Pedersen Dorthe , Petersen Inge , Bingley Paul , Christensen Kaare
Published: August 2011

Schooling generally is positively associated with better health-related outcomes—for example, less hospitalization and later mortality—but these associations do not measure whether schooling causes better health-related outcomes. Schooling may in part be a proxy for unobserved endowments—including family background and genetics—that both are correlated with schooling and have direct causal effects on these outcomes. This study addresses the schooling-health-gradient issue with twins methodology, using rich data from the Danish Twin Registry linked to population-based registries to minimize random and systematic measurement error biases. We find strong, significantly negative associations between schooling and hospitalization and mortality, but generally no causal effects of schooling.
Fertility Following an Unintended First Birth
Authors: Guzzo Karen Benjamin , Hayford Sarah
Published: August 2011

Research on unintended fertility tends to focus on births as isolated events. This article expands previous research by examining the relationship between early unintended childbearing and subsequent fertility dynamics in the United States. Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth show that 27.5% of mothers report an unintended first birth. We use event history methods to show that these women are significantly more likely than women with an intended first birth to have an unintended second birth than to have either no second birth or an intended second birth, net of sociodemographic characteristics. An unintended first birth also increases the risk of having an unintended third birth relative to no birth or an intended birth, independent of the intendedness of the second birth. We conclude that early unintended fertility is a strong signal of high risk for subsequent unintended fertility.
Sense of coherence and emotional health in adolescents
Authors: Moksnes Unni K. , Espnes Geir A. , Lillefjell Monica
Published: August 2011

The present paper investigates possible gender and age differences on emotional states (state depression and state anxiety) and sense of coherence (SOC) as well as the association between SOC and emotional states. The cross‐sectional sectional sample consists of 1209 adolescents 13–18 years from public elementary and secondary schools in Mid‐Norway. The results showed that girls reported higher scores on state anxiety and state depression, whereas boys consistently scored higher on SOC in all age groups. SOC was inversely associated with both state depression and state anxiety. An interaction effect of gender by SOC was found on both state depression and state anxiety, where the association was stronger for girls than for boys. Conclusions: The associations found give support for the implications of salutogenic factors in relation to emotional health in adolescents.
10Be data from meltwater channels suggest that Jameson Land, east Greenland, was ice-covered during the last glacial maximum
Authors: Håkansson Lena , Briner Jason P. , Aldahan Ala , Possnert Göran
Published: August 2011

Along the northeast Greenland continental margin, bedrock on interfjord plateaus is highly weathered, whereas rock surfaces in fjord troughs are characterized by glacial scour. Based on the intense bedrock weathering and lack of glacial deposits from the last glaciation, interfjord plateaus have long been thought to be ice-free throughout the last glacial maximum (LGM). In recent years there is growing evidence from shelf and fjord settings that the northeast Greenland continental margin was more extensively glaciated during the LGM than previously thought. However, little is still known from interfjord settings. We present cosmogenic10Be data from meltwater channels and weathered sandstone outcrops on Jameson Land, an interfjord highland north of Scoresby Sund. The mean exposure age of samples from channel beds (n = 3) constrains on the onset of deglaciation on interior Jameson Land to 18.5 ± 1.3–21.4 ± 1.9 ka (for erosion conditions of 0–10 mm/ka, respectively). This finding adds to growing evidence that the northeast Greenland continental margin was more heavily glaciated during the LGM than previously thought.
School meals in French secondary state schools: do national recommendations lead to healthier nutrition on offer?
Authors: Bertin Mélanie , Lafay Lionel , Calamassi-Tran Gloria , Volatier Jean-Luc , Dubuisson Carine
Published: August 2011

To improve the dietary offering in schools, the French authorities published recommendations on nutrition in 1999, which were then revised in 2007. The aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional offering in secondary school meals and the extent to which the recommendations promote balanced nutritional offerings. In 2005, a national survey was conducted on a representative sample of secondary schools, either administrated by the Ministry of Education (ES) or the Ministry of Agriculture (AS). Information on school-catering organisation and twenty consecutive meals was collected from each of the 707 secondary schools surveyed. Nutritional composition was estimated according to the French food composition database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate the impact of food-group frequency guidelines (FFG) on nutritional offering. It was found that 15 and 26 % of ES and AS schools, respectively, had high compliance with the FFG, at lunch. Macronutrient content was unbalanced in ES school lunches in which 42·8 % lipids, 21·5 % proteins and 35·7 % carbohydrates contributed to the energy. Nevertheless, proper offerings in Fe, Ca and vitamin C content were observed. In addition, a lower offering in lipids and a higher offering in proteins, Ca, vitamin C and Fe were found when the FFG were applied (P < 0·001). Similar results were found for AS schools. This paper confirms the effectiveness of FFG in providing nutritionally balanced school meals. However, others measures such as nutrition promotion and actions to improve children's food habits have to be introduced to make the recommendations more effective and easier to understand.
PAST AND PRESENTISM: THE ‘PRECOLONIAL’ AND THE FORESHORTENING OF AFRICAN HISTORY
Authors: REID RICHARD
Published: August 2011

This article considers the marginalization of precolonial history from mainstream Africanist scholarship in recent decades, and argues that this can be understood in the context of a scholarly culture that attributes an exaggerated significance to the history of the twentieth century. The article highlights some of the work that continues to be done on Africa's deeper past, with a view to demonstrating the enormous value of such research in elucidating present-day issues. It also argues, however, that work on the modern period is preponderant, and that there is a clear tendency toward historical foreshortening, evidenced in recent scholarship on such topics as conflict and ethnicity.
MASS PRODUCTION OR PRODUCTION BY THE MASSES? TRACTORS, COOPERATIVES, AND THE POLITICS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN POST-INDEPENDENCE ZAMBIA
Authors: BOWMAN ANDREW
Published: August 2011

The fall of colonial regimes across Africa was accompanied by the rise in expectations for rapid and inclusive rural economic progress. In Zambia, the cooperative production unit was one of two key initiatives at the centre of the United National Independence Party's ambitious development efforts. The other was the tractor. By following these two interlinked initiatives in the years immediately following independence, this article contributes to the under-explored history of early postcolonial development. It argues that both the power of expert groups and the level of continuity between late colonial and postcolonial development was not always as great as has recently been suggested. Cooperative mechanization policies emerged from a confluence of competing claims over knowledge, power and resources. However, as is demonstrated, they also reflected more fundamental tensions in the development endeavour between the prioritization of economically efficient mass production, and inclusive development for the masses.
BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY, LOCAL POLITICS, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE MAURITIAN WELFARE STATE, 1936–50
Authors: SEEKINGS JEREMY
Published: August 2011

Mauritius's unusual welfare state dates back to the introduction of non-contributory old-age pensions in 1950. This article examines the origins of this reform, focusing on the interactions between political actors in both Mauritius (local planters, political activists, and the colonial government) and London (the Colonial Office and Labour Party). Faced with riots among unorganised sugar estate workers in 1937, the colonial administration considered welfare reforms as part of a package intended to substitute for political change. The nascent Mauritian Labour Party used its links to the British Labour Party to apply additional pressure on the Colonial Office and, hence, the Governor in Mauritius. Welfare reform was stalled, however, by resistance from, initially, the governor and, later, the Colonial Office. It took partial democratisation in 1948 to push the local administration towards reluctant reform. The choice of tax-financed old-age pensions reflected the combination of a small and open economy, the absence of surplus land, poorly organised workers, and an effective state.
Fats, inflammation and insulin resistance: insights to the role of macrophage and T-cell accumulation in adipose tissue
Authors: Harford Karen A. , Reynolds Clare M. , McGillicuddy Fiona C. , Roche Helen M.
Published: August 2011

High-fat diet-induced obesity is associated with a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, which pre-disposes to insulin resistance (IR), which can subsequently lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Macrophages represent a heterogeneous population of cells that are instrumental in initiating the innate immune response. Recent studies have shown that macrophages are key mediators of obesity-induced IR, with a progressive infiltration of macrophages into obese adipose tissue. These adipose tissue macrophages are referred to as classically activated (M1) macrophages. They release cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα creating a pro-inflammatory environment that blocks adipocyte insulin action, contributing to the development of IR and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In lean individuals macrophages are in an alternatively activated (M2) state. M2 macrophages are involved in wound healing and immunoregulation. Wound-healing macrophages play a major role in tissue repair and homoeostasis, while immunoregulatory macrophages produce IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, which may protect against inflammation. The functional role of T-cell accumulation has recently been characterised in adipose tissue. Cytotoxic T-cells are effector T-cells and have been implicated in macrophage differentiation, activation and migration. Infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells into obese adipose tissue is thought to precede macrophage accumulation. T-cell-derived cytokines such as interferon γ promote the recruitment and activation of M1 macrophages augmenting adipose tissue inflammation and IR. Manipulating adipose tissue macrophages/T-cell activity and accumulation in vivo through dietary fat modification may attenuate adipose tissue inflammation, representing a therapeutic target for ameliorating obesity-induced IR.
Introduction
Authors: Pattison James
Published: August 2011

The NATO-led intervention in Libya, Operation Unified Protector, is noteworthy for two central reasons. First, it is the first instance in over a decade of what Andrew Cottey calls “classical humanitarian intervention”—that is, humanitarian intervention that lacks the consent of the government of the target state, has a significant military and forcible element, and is undertaken by Western states. Not since the NATO intervention in 1999 to protect the Kosovar Albanians from ethnic cleansing has there been such an intervention. To be sure, since 2000 there have been some robust peace operations that fall in the gray area between classical humanitarian intervention and first-generation peacekeeping (such as MONUC, the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo). But, even if these operations were to some extent forcible, they had the consent of the government of the target state.
“Leading from Behind”: The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya
Authors: Chesterman Simon
Published: August 2011

Humanitarian intervention has always been more popular in theory than in practice. In the face of unspeakable acts, the desire to do something,anything, is understandable. States have tended to be reluctant to act on such desires, however, leading to the present situation in which there are scores of books and countless articles articulating the contours of a right—or even an obligation—of humanitarian intervention, while the number of cases that might be cited as models of what is being advocated can be counted on one hand.
Civilian Protection in Libya: Putting Coercion and Controversy Back into RtoP
Authors: Welsh Jennifer
Published: August 2011

As noted by other contributors to this roundtable, the response of the international community to civilian deaths in Libya—and the threat of further mass atrocities—is unusual in two key respects. First, Security Council Resolution 1973 authorized “all necessary measures” to protect civilians without the consent of the “host” state. The Council's intentions, and actions, could not be interpreted as anything other than coercive. Second, in contrast to other crises involving alleged crimes against humanity (most notably Darfur), diplomacy produced a decisive response in a relatively short period of time. Both of these features suggest that many analysts of intervention (including myself) need to revise their previously pessimistic assessments of what is possible in contemporary international politics.
Episcopacy and the Common Law
Authors: Pearce Augur
Published: August 2011

In the year 1771 a Virginian politician, Richard Bland, wrote to Thomas Adams on issues thrown up by the steadily worsening relations between the legislatures of mainland America and the Imperial government. His letter moved on to the subject of religion, and to the suggestion made increasingly in recent years that colonial worship and ministry according to the English Prayer Book would be strengthened by the introduction of personal episopacy on the model of the mother country. On this Bland commented.
Special Issue Dedicated to ICFP 2009 Editorial
Authors: Tolmach Andrew , Leroy Xavier
Published: August 2011

The 14th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP) took place on August 31–September 2, 2009 in Edinburgh, Scotland; Andrew Tolmach chaired the program committee. Following the conference, the authors of selected papers were invited to submit extended versions for this special issue of JFP. After review and revision, four papers were accepted for inclusion in this volume. Each paper contains substantial new material beyond the original conference version. The papers are representative of the wide range of topics and methodology that characterize ICFP.
MOVING THE ORBS: ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS, AND METAPHYSICS, AND THE PROBLEM OF CELESTIAL MOTION ACCORDING TO IBN SĪNĀ
Authors: Janos Damien
Published: August 2011

Ibn Sīnā's celestial kinematics represents an important aspect of his cosmology but has up to now received little attention in the secondary literature. After a short overview of some key features of his cosmology, this article attempts to clarify the role played by the separate intellects, the celestial souls, and the celestial bodies in causing celestial motion. It challenges the common view that Ibn Sīnā adhered to the theory of ten separate intellects developed by al-Fārābī and attempts to reconstruct his astronomical-metaphysical model on the basis of his main philosophical works. In addition, the article addresses the thorny question of how motion is transmitted from the intellectual to the physical plane, and it sheds light on the place of physics, metaphysics, and astronomy in Ibn Sīnā's cosmological method.
Some recent and future helioseismological inferences concerning the solar convection zone
Authors: Gough Douglas
Published: August 2011

Several uncertain helioseismic findings of potential interest to Jüri about the solar convection zone are briefly discussed, along with some personal optimistic hopes for the future.
Stellar hydrodynamics caught in the act: Asteroseismology with CoRoT and Kepler
Authors: Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen , Thompson Michael J.
Published: August 2011

Asteroseismic investigations, particularly based on data on stellar oscillations from the CoRoT andKeplerspace missions, are providing unique possibilities for investigating the properties of stellar interiors. This constitutes entirely new ways to study the effects of dynamic phenomena on stellar structure and evolution. Important examples are the extent of convection zones and the associated mixing and the direct and indirect effects of stellar rotation. In addition, the stellar oscillations themselves show very interesting dynamic behaviour. Here we discuss examples of the results obtained from such investigations, across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.
Toroidal Field Reversals
Authors: Rogers T. M.
Published: August 2011

I present axisymmetric numerical simulations of the solar interior, with differential rotation imposed in the convection zone and tachocline and a dipolar poloidal field confined to the radiative interior. In these simulations toroidal field reversals which are equator-ward propagating are driven in the absence of a dynamo. These reversals are driven in the tachocline and are seen at the top of the convection zone. While not solar-like in many ways, these reversals do show some solar-like properties not previously seen in full MHD simulations.
Characterizing the Quiet Sun Scale Magnetic Field
Authors: Title Alan
Published: August 2011

Observations with the Solar Optical Telescope on Hinode indicate that the Quiet Sun magnetic field occurs on every scale of convection including granulation. Data reported here show that, regardless of the position on the disk, the polarity in the inner network regions are balanced to 1 part in 72. This is consistent with both local dynamo processes or the creation of surface features by the granulation downflows.
On the formation of ring galaxies
Authors: Wu Yu-Ting , Jiang Ing-Guey
Published: August 2011

The formation scenario of ring galaxies is addressed in this paper. We focus on the P-type ring galaxies presented in Madore, Nelson & Petrillo (2009), particularly on the axis-symmetric ones. Our simulations show that a ring can form through the collision of disc and dwarf galaxies, and the locations, widths, and density contrasts of the ring are well determined. We find that a ring galaxy such as AM 2302-322 can be produced by this collision scenario.
Star formation in galaxy mergers: ISM turbulence, dense gas excess, and scaling relations for disks and starbusts
Authors: Bournaud Frédéric , Powell Leila C. , Chapon Damien , Teyssier Romain
Published: August 2011

Galaxy interactions and mergers play a significant, but still debated and poorly understood role in the star formation history of galaxies. Numerical and theoretical models cannot yet explain the main properties of merger-induced starbursts, including their intensity and their spatial extent. Usually, the mechanism invoked in merger-induced starbursts is a global inflow of gas towards the central kpc, resulting in a nuclear starburst. We show here, using high-resolution AMR simulations and comparing to observations of the gas component in mergers, that the triggering of starbursts also results from increased ISM turbulence and velocity dispersions in interacting systems. This forms cold gas that are denser and more massive than in quiescent disk galaxies. The fraction of dense cold gas largely increases, modifying the global density distribution of these systems, and efficient star formation results. Because the starbursting activity is not just from a global compacting of the gas to higher average surface densities, but also from higher turbulence and fragmentation into massive and dense clouds, merging systems can enter a different regime of star formation compared to quiescent disk galaxies. This is in quantitative agreement with recent observations suggesting that disk galaxies and starbursting systems are not the low-activity end and high-activity end of a single regime, but actually follow different scaling relations for their star formation.
The influence of stratification upon small-scale convectively-driven dynamos
Authors: Bushby Paul J. , Proctor Michael R. E. , Weiss Nigel O.
Published: August 2011

In the quiet Sun, convective motions form a characteristic granular pattern, with broad upflows enclosed by a network of narrow downflows. Magnetic fields tend to accumulate in the intergranular lanes, forming localised flux concentrations. One of the most plausible explanations for the appearance of these quiet Sun magnetic features is that they are generated and maintained by dynamo action resulting from the local convective motions at the surface of the Sun. Motivated by this idea, we describe high resolution numerical simulations of nonlinear dynamo action in a (fully) compressible, non-rotating layer of electrically-conducting fluid. The dynamo properties depend crucially upon various aspects of the fluid. For example, the magnetic Reynolds number (Rm) determines the initial growth rate of the magnetic energy, as well as the final saturation level of the dynamo in the nonlinear regime. We focus particularly upon the ways in which the Rm-dependence of the dynamo is influenced by the level of stratification within the domain. Our results can be related, in a qualitative sense, to solar observations.
The Evolution of a Double Diffusive Magnetic Buoyancy Instability
Authors: Silvers Lara J. , Vasil Geoffrey M. , Brummell Nicholas H. , Proctor Michael R. E.
Published: August 2011

Recently, Silvers et al. (2009b), using numerical simulations, confirmed the existence of a double diffusive magnetic buoyancy instability of a layer of horizontal magnetic field produced by the interaction of a shear velocity field with a weak vertical field. Here, we demonstrate the longer term nonlinear evolution of such an instability in the simulations. We find that a quasi two-dimensional interchange instability rides (or “surfs”) on the growing shear-induced background downstream field gradients. The region of activity expands since three-dimensional perturbations remain unstable in the wake of this upward-moving activity front, and so the three-dimensional nature becomes more noticeable with time.
Competing kinematic dynamo mechanisms in rotating convection with shear
Authors: Proctor Michael R. E. , Hughes David W.
Published: August 2011

Following earlier work by Hughes & Proctor (2009) on the role of velocity shear in convectively driven dynamos, we present preliminary results on the nature of dynamo action due to modified flows derived by filtration from the full convective flow. The results suggest that filtering the flow fields has surprisingly little effect on the dynamo growth rates.
Solar and Stellar Dynamos
Authors: Weiss Nigel O.
Published: August 2011

Records of the solar magnetic field extend back for millennia, and its surface properties have been observed for centuries, while helioseismology has recently revealed the Sun's internal rotation and the presence of a tachocline. Dynamo theory has developed to explain these observations, first with idealized models based on mean-field electrodynamics and, more recently, by direct numerical simulation, notably with the ASH code at Boulder. These results, which suggest that cyclic activity relies on the presence of the tachocline, and that its modulation is chaotic (rather than stochastic), will be critically reviewed. Similar theoretical approaches have been followed in order to explain the magnetic properties of other main-sequence stars, whose fields can be mapped by Zeeman-Doppler imaging. Of particular interest is the behaviour of fully convective, low-mass stars, which lack any tachocline but are nevertheless extremely active.
From convective to stellar dynamos
Authors: Brandenburg Axel , Käpylä Petri J. , Korpi Maarit J.
Published: August 2011

Convectively driven dynamos with rotation generating magnetic fields on scales large compared with the scale of the turbulent eddies are being reviewed. It is argued that such fields can be understood as the result of an α effect. Simulations in Cartesian domains show that such large-scale magnetic fields saturate on a time scale compatible with the resistive one, suggesting that the magnitude of the α effect is here still constrained by approximate magnetic helicity conservation. It is argued that, in the absence of shear and/or any other known large-scale dynamo effects, these simulations prove the existence of turbulent α2-type dynamos. Finally, recent results are discussed in the context of solar and stellar dynamos.
Nonlinear Dynamos
Authors: Galloway David
Published: August 2011

This paper discusses nonlinear dynamos where the nonlinearity arises directly via the Lorentz force in the Navier-Stokes equation, and leads to a situation where the Lorentz force and the velocity and the magnetic field are in direct competition over substantial regions of the flow domain. Filamentary and non-filamentary dynamos are contrasted, and the concept of Alfvénic dynamos with almost equal magnetic and kinetic energies is reviewed via examples. So far these remain in the category of toy models; the paper concludes with a discussion of whether similar dynamos are likely to exist in astrophysical objects, and whether they can model the solar cycle.
Turbulent dynamos
Authors: Dubrulle B.
Published: August 2011

We discuss the problem of turbulent dynamo and illustrate it through numerical simulations and few results from the VKS experiment.
Juri Toomre and the art of modeling convection zones
Authors: Zahn Jean-Paul
Published: August 2011

Thermal convection plays a very important role in the structure and evolution of stars, as it is one of the main physical processes that transport heat from their interior where it is released, to the surface where it is radiated into space. Much progress has been achieved in modeling that process during the past 60 years, and I shall recall here how Juri Toomre has greatly contributed to it.
Reduced MHD and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Arter Wayne
Published: August 2011

Recent work has shown a relationship between between the equations of Reduced Magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD), used to model magnetic fusion laboratory experiments, and incompressible magnetoconvection (IMC), employed in the simulation of astrophysical fluid dynamics (AFD), which means that the two systems are mathematically equivalent in certain geometries. Limitations on the modelling of RMHD, which were found over twenty years ago, are reviewed for an AFD audience, together with hitherto unpublished material on the role of finite-time singularities in the discrete equations used to model fluid dynamical systems. Possible implications for turbulence modelling are mentioned.
Influence of Magnetic Helicity in MHD
Authors: Candelaresi Simon , Sordo Fabio Del , Brandenburg Axel
Published: August 2011

Observations have shown that the Sun's magnetic field has helical structures. The helicity content in magnetic field configurations is a crucial constraint on the dynamical evolution of the system. Since helicity is connected with the number of links we investigate configurations with interlocked magnetic flux rings and one with unlinked rings. It turns out that it is not the linking of the tubes which affects the magnetic field decay, but the content of magnetic helicity.
The Effect of Scattering on the Temperature Stratification of 3D Model Atmospheres of Metal-Poor Red Giants
Authors: Collet Remo , Hayek Wolfgang , Asplund Martin
Published: August 2011

We study the effects of different approximations of scattering in 3D radiation-hydrodynamics simulations on the photospheric temperature stratification of metal-poor red giant stars. We find that assuming a Planckian source function and neglecting the contribution of scattering to extinction in optically thin layers provides a good approximation of the effects of coherent scattering on the photospheric temperature balance.
Multi-season photometry of the newly-discovered roAp star HD75445
Authors: Engelbrecht C. A. , Frescura F. A. M. , Frank B. S. , Nicol P. R.
Published: August 2011

HD75445 was recently announced by Kochukhov et al. (2009) to be a low-amplitude roAp star, based on spectroscopic measurements. We present putative pulsation frequencies of HD75445 determined from 22 hours of Johnson B photometry obtained in 2008, 2009 and 2010. We present the first photometric periodicities detected in this star. We make a marginal detection of one of Kochukhov et al. (2009)'s spectroscopic periods, along with a range of confidently detected periodicities covering the low-frequency end of the roAp instability spectrum and the high-frequency end of the Delta Scuti instability spectrum.
The Density and the Velocity Power Spectrum in Thermally Bi-stable Flows
Authors: Gazol Adriana , Kim Jongsoo
Published: August 2011

We present numerical results concerning the behavior of the density and the velocity power spectrum in turbulent thermally bistable flows for different Mach numbers.
Solar wind, mass and momentum losses during the solar cycle
Authors: Pinto R. , Brun S. , Jouve L. , Grappin R.
Published: August 2011

We study the connections between the sun's convection zone evolution and the dynamics of the solar wind and corona. We input the magnetic fields generated by a 2.5D axisymmetric kinematic dynamo code (STELEM) into a 2.5D axisymmetric coronal MHD code (DIP). The computations were carried out for an 11 year cycle. We show that the solar wind's velocity and mass flux vary in latitude and in time in good agreement with the well known time-latitude assymptotic wind speed diagram. Overall sun's mass loss rate, momentum flux and magnetic breaking torque are maximal near the solar minimum.
Magnetic confinement of the solar tachocline: influence of turbulent convective motions
Authors: Strugarek Antoine , Brun Allan Sacha , Zahn Jean-Paul
Published: August 2011

We present the results of 3D simulations, performed with the ASH code, of the nonlinear, magnetic coupling between the convective and radiative zones in the Sun, through the tachocline. Contrary to the predictions of Gough & McIntyre (1998), a fossil magnetic field, deeply buried initially in the solar interior, will penetrate into the convection zone. According to Ferraro's law of iso-rotation, the differential rotation of the convective zone will thus expand into the radiation zone, along the field lines of the poloidal field.
Magnetic confinement in the solar interior
Authors: Wood Toby S.
Published: August 2011

The observed uniform rotation of the Sun's radiative interior can be explained by the presence of a global-scale interior magnetic field, provided that the field remains confined below the convection zone. In high latitudes, such magnetic confinement is possible by means of persistent downwelling, driven by the convection zone's turbulent stresses.