bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visceral Lesions in Wild Carnivores Naturally Infected with Spirocerca lupi
Authors: Pence D. B. , Stone J. E.
Published: January 2010

Aortic lesions pathognomonic for Spirocerca lupi were found in 123 of 150 (82%) coyotes. Canis latrans. 23 of 66 (35%) bobcats. Felis rufus, one of five gray foxes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus and one of two red foxes. Vulpes vulpes, examined in West Texas. Adult nematodes in the esophagus were recovered from 11 of 150 (7%) coyotes. In the aorta there was initially an acute inflammatory response followed by an eosinophilic granuloma surrounding larval nematodes. The principal lesion was scarring of the aorta with replacement of clastic tissue with collagen. There was blockage of the intervertebral arteries, pitting and formation of granulomatous nodules on the intimal surface and scarring with diverticula and aneurysms in affected animals. The response to adult nematodes in the esophagus was usually a small eosinophilic granuloma surrounding the worms. There was no evidence of esophageal sarcoma or spondylosis deformans of thoracic vertebrae as reported in the dog.
Amyloid in the Corpora Amylacea of the Rat Mammary Gland
Authors: Beems R. B. , Gruys E. , Spit B. J.
Published: January 2010

Histochemical and electron microscope studies indicated there was amyloid in corpora amylacea in tumors, duct ectasias and lobular hyperplasias of rat mammary glands. Electron microscopy showed fibrils that closely resembled amyloid fibrils in human and bovine amyloid and in bovine corpora amylacea. Amyloid deposition may be more common in rats than is generally thought.
Verlaufsuntersuchungen bei Melanomen der Haut und der Mundschleimhaut des Hundes
Authors: Frese K.
Published: January 2010

Progressive studies in dogs with skin and oral melanomas were undertaken to determine whether or not the WHO-classification of melanomas, which is based mainly on histological criteria, reflects sufficiently the biological behaviour of these tumours. Furthermore, some prognostic parameters, important in the prognosis of human malignant melanomas were tested with respect to their significance for canine melanomas.

The paper deals with progressive studies in 182 dogs with surgically treated benign and malignant skin and oral melanomas. Parameters of the biological behaviour were the 2 years death rate and the median survival time. The melanomas were classified according to the recommendations of the WHO.

Within 2 years after the first treatment five (5.7%) of 87 dogs with benign skin melanomas, 29 (65.9%) of 44 dogs with malignant skin melanomas and 44 (86.2%) of 55 dogs with malignant oral melanomas were killed because of recurrence or metastases or both. The median survival time of dogs with benign skin melanomas was more than 24 months, with malignant skin melanomas 8 months and with malignant oral melanomas 3 months. In dogs with large malignant skin melanomas the 2 years death rate was 100% with a median survival time of 4 months, whereas animals with small melanomas had a 2 years death rate of 54.3% and a median survival time of 12 months. The site of skin melanomas, sex and histological type of both skin and oral melanomas, however, had no significant influence on the course of the disease. Also, histological parameters, important in the prognosis of human malignant melanoma (rate of mitosis, size of nucleoli, pigmentation and vascular invasion), had no significant influence on the course of the disease.
Extraneuraxial Canine Meningioma. A Light and Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Vuletin J. C. , Friedman H. , Gordon W.
Published: January 2010

A tumor mass removed from the subcutaneous tissue of the shoulder of a dog had the light and electron microscopic features of extraneuraxial meningioma. The neoplasm probably arose from arachnoid cap cells displaced during embryogenesis.
Malignant Medulloepithelioma of the Optic Nerve in a Horse
Authors: Eagle R. C. , Font K. L. , Swerczek T. W.
Published: January 2010

An 18–month-old Standardbred filly had a large intraocular tumor involving the optic nerve. The tumor was a malignant medulloepithelioma, a rare intraocular neoplasm derived from the primitive medullary epithelium. By light microscopy the tumor had cords and lobules of primitive neuroepithelial cells that formed clefts and true rosettes. Electron microscopy of the rosettes showed a girdle of zonulae adherentes joining the apices of the cells as well as several basal bodies. This is the sixth report of equine intraocular medulloepithelioma, and, to the best of our knowledge, the first intraocular medulloepithelioma arising from the optic nerve head in a horse. Massive involvement of the optic nerve should be suspected when an eye containing an intraocular mass in the posterior segment lacks light perception. In such cases a long segment of optic nerve should be resected.
Bovine Onchocerciasis Caused by Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa
Authors: Cheema A. H. , Ivoghli B.
Published: January 2010

Onchocerca armillata was found in 284 (28%) of 1,016 aortas, and O. gutturosa in 82 (28.87%) of 284 nuchal ligaments and in 11 (7.85%) of 140 rumenosplenic areas in specimens from cattle slaughtered during a 12-month period. Adult parasites were not found in 600 hides. Gross lesions included parasitic tunnels, nodules, roughening and calcification in the aortic walls. The connective tissue of nuchal ligaments and rumenosplenic areas was increased in amount, was gelatinous and brown and had a few nodules. Microscopically there were acute changes with oedema, haemorrhages and cellular infiltrations predominantly by eosinophils. There were chronic granulomatous reactions characterized by accumulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, calcification and fibrosis around degenerate and dead parasites. Neutral fat was in parasites and surrounding cells. Both changes often occurred in the same specimen and many samples had parasites but no tissue reaction. Hypersensitivity, foreign-body reactions and parasitic toxins apparently were involved in the genesis of these lesions.
Experimental Reovirus Hepatitis in Newborn Chicks
Authors: Mandelli G. , Rampin T. , Finazzi M.
Published: January 2010

The avian reovirus “UM 1–203” originally isolated in the United States from chickens with tenosynovitis was pathogenic for the newborn chick infected by parenteral inoculation. It induced plurivisceral lesions, which became particularly intense in the liver. The intense local multiplication of the virus provoked a necrotizing hepatitis; viral titers were maintained around an E.I.D.50 of 108/0.2 ml of organ suspension in chicks killed between the 3rd and 5th days after inoculation. As a specific cellular response to the viral multiplication, numerous polykaryocytes formed and increased in number, then regressed and disappeared from the hepatic parenchyma. By histologic and electron microscopic examination at progressive times after infection, the virus was recognizable in the polykaryocyte cytoplasm. In chicks that survived longer (killed the 5th and 6th days after inoculation), regeneration of the hepatic parenchyma occurred and seemed to develop from groups of dense hepatocytes that either lacked the virus or survived the acute phase of infection.
Histologic Interpretation of Cutaneous Biopsies from Dogs with Dermatologic Disorders
Authors: Rojko J. L. , Hoover E. A. , Martin S. L.
Published: January 2010

Clinical and histologic data were correlated on skin biopsies from 238 dogs with various cutaneous disorders. Biopsies from normal dogs were used to establish normal histologic anatomy.

Seborrhea was characterized by acanthosis, mild hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis, and mild mixed inflammatory cell infiltration. Dogs with allergic dermatitis had similar epidermal changes; however, dermal edema and pronounced mast cell infiltration distinguished this group. Biopsies from dogs with pyoderma revealed intense purulent inflammation of either the epidermis or hair follicles. Lesions of demodectic acariasis were most similar to those in the pyoderma group; specific diagnosis was based upon the presence of mites in follicles.

Cutaneous lesions of hypothyroidism were classified into two categories—classical and seborrheic. The more common classical form was characterized by atrophic telogen phase hair follicles and marked hyperkeratosis of the external root sheath. Inflammation was absent. In the seborrheic form, telogen phase hair follicles were associated with acanthosis and mild mixed inflammatory cell infiltration. Hyperadrenocorticism was marked by more consistent epidermal and adnexal atrophy, telogen phase follicles, and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis and follicular root sheath. Dermal mineralization or decreased dermal thickness, or both, occurred in seven of 11 dogs (60%) with hyperadrenocorticism.
Canine Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Authors: Patnaik A. K. , Lieberman P. H. , Erlandson R. A. , Acevedo W. M. , Liu S.-K.
Published: January 2010

An 8-year-old male Irish Terrier dog and a male St. Bernard dog each had a thyroid medullary carcinoma. The first dog was hypocalcemic before removal and with recurrence of the neoplasm. In both dogs the neoplasms were bilateral and microscopic metastases were seen only in the regional lymph nodes. Both neoplasms were characterized by a solid alveolar pattern separated by thin vascular stroma or a linear festoon-like arrangement with thick stroma. The neoplastic cells varied little and were polygonal or round with abundant pale eosinophilic and finely granular cytoplasm. There was little mitotic activity. Both carcinomas contained amyloid. Electron microscopically, the neoplastic cells had moderate nuclear pleomorphism, well developed Golgi complexes, and characteristic membrane-bound electron-dense secretory granules. In some sections, the secretory granule membranes were fused to the cytoplasmic membrane and the granules were in the extracellular space. In one carcinoma there were linear fibrillar structures with an average width of 7.8 nanometers similar to that of amyloid fibrils.
Pathology of Experimental Histophilus ovis Infection in Sheep. I. Lambs
Authors: Rahaley R. S.
Published: January 2010

Inoculation of lambs either intravenously or intranasally with Histophilus ovis resulted in septicaemia. There was bacterial thrombosis and vasculitis in the liver, lung, kidneys and heart. These lesions were similar to those in natural cases of the disease. With intravenous inoculation of a less virulent isolate there were abscesses in the subcutaneous tissues, muscle fascia and joint bursae.
Ultrastructure of Feline Mammary Hypertrophy
Authors: Hayden D. W. , Johnson K. H. , Ghobrial H. K.
Published: January 2010

The ultrastructure of feline mammary hypertrophy was studied in a five-month-old female which had aborted recently, a ten-year-old female which was one month postestrus, and a four-year-old progestin-treated neutered male. Morphologic comparisons were made to normal mammary tissue from a one-year-old female cat. Hypertrophied mammary tissue had the same cell types and spatial relationships as did the normal gland. Major differences included a more highly developed duct system composed of metabolically active cells which often were arranged in multiple cell layers, and periductular stroma with increased fibroblasts and vascularization. Hypertrophied epithelial cells were characterized generally by smooth-contoured nuclear membranes, more evenly dispersed heterochromatin, prominent nucleoli, increased polyribosomes, and elongated mitochondria. Secretory activity was developed significantly only in the cat that had aborted recently. Modifications in myoepithelial cells included: more evenly dispersed nuclear heterochromatin, thicker bundles of cytoplasmic filaments, more straight plasma membranes along the basal lamina, and elongated hemidesmosomes. Multilayering of the basal lamina was accentuated. Stromal fibroblasts had nuclear heterochromatin distributed similarly to that of epithelial and myoepithelial cells, and increased rough endoplasmic reticulum. Myoepithelial cells did not contribute to the increased stromal cellularity. No significant ultrastructural differences were noted between mammary hypertrophy in young, old, and progestin-treated cats.
Generalized Glycogen Storage Disease in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Matsui T. , Kuroda S. , Mizutani M. , Kiuchi Y. , Suzuki K. , Ono T.
Published: January 2010

Two Japanese quail which were incapable of wing movement and three normal quail were examined by histological and ultrastructural methods. The diseased birds had glycogen deposits in their skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. According to the distribution of the lesions and the characteristics of the deposited glycogen, the diseased birds had glycogenosis which was analogous to type II found in man. The usefulness of this disease as a model for glycogenosis in man is discussed.
Subchronic Toxicity of Monensin in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Wagner D. D. , Furrow R. D. , Bradley B. D.
Published: January 2010

One hundred ninety-two male broiler chicks were dosed with monensin at concentrations of 0, 121, or 242 mg/kg feed throughout the normal growing period (50 days). Body weight gain and feed efficiency were determined weekly, and cardiac muscle was examined grossly and histologically at the end of the experiment. Livers also were weighed and examined grossly. Feed intake was determined daily, allowing continuous monitoring of drug intake. No depressing effects of the drug on growth rate and efficiency were observed until after four weeks, and then were evident only in the chicks receiving the 242 mg/kg diet. Subepicardial hemorrhage and congestion occurred in 40% of the hearts from the chickens fed the high monensin dose and were nonexistent in the other treatments. There appeared to be an inverse relationship between monensin dose and liver weight. The paralytic effects previously reported from acute dosing experiments were not observed. The results show that the heart and probably the liver are sensitive indicators of monensin toxicity and that the subchronic toxic dose is less than 18 mg/kg body weight per day.
Erythrocyte Volume Distribution Analysis and Hematologic Changes in Two Horses with Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Weiser G. , Kohn C. , Vachon A.
Published: January 2010

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia was diagnosed in two horses on the basis of regenerative anemia, increased erythrocyte fragility in hypotonic saline, auloagglutination, and a positive direct antiglobulin (Coomb's) test. During steroid therapy partial resolution of the anemia was indicated by rising packed cell volume, macrocytosis, and bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia. Using erythrocyte volume distribution histograms (erythrograms), the regenerative response was characterized by analysis of macrocytic and normocytic erythrocyte subpopulations. In both horses, a gradual net increase of about 2 × 106macrocytes/μl occurred over a four- to five-week period. Over the same interval there was a gradual decrease in the number of normocytes. We suggest that the macrocytes remained large through this period rather than contributing to normocyte population growth. Erythrograms may provide an additional means of evaluating erythrocyte regeneration in horses.
Mononuclear Cell Leukemia in Aged Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Abbott D. P. , Prentice D. E. , Cherry C. P.
Published: January 2010

A mononuclear cell leukemia in Sprague-Dawley rats is described in which liver, spleen, and lung involvement was a constant feature. The cell was 16 to 25 μm in diameter with round, oval or indented nucleus, and the cytoplasm contained bright red granules. This is the first report of such a leukemia in Sprague-Dawley rats and a comparison with mononuclear cell leukemia in other strains of laboratory rats is made.
Experimental Transmission of a Feline Mycobacterial Skin Disease (Feline Leprosy)
Authors: Schiefer H. B. , Middleton D. M.
Published: January 2010

Non-culturable acid-fast bacteria from two spontaneous cases of so-called feline leprosy were transmitted to rats and cats and further passaged in rats or cats. Two to six months after infection, cats developed cutaneous lesions that were indistinguishable from spontaneous cases, including the occurrence of nasal granulomata in one cat. When injected into rats, the mycobacteria caused a generalized mycobacteriosis and the granulomatous reaction was composed chiefly of macrophages without polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Infection of cats with Mycobacterium lepraemurium did not produce any lesions. The feline disease may be a suitable model for the study of human leprosy (Hansen's Disease).
Cytology of Equine Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Beech J.
Published: January 2010

The cytology of cerebrospinal fluid samples from horses is described. The samples were obtained from 24 normal horses. 35 horses with axonal degeneration and/or spinal cord compression. 29 horses with encephalomyelitis, 14 horses with other lesions of the nervous system, and eight horses with signs of neurologic dysfunction of undetermined origin. (Three of the latter were suspected botulinum intoxications.) Fluid was aspirated from the atlanto-occipital space following general anesthesia or immediately after a lethal dose of barbiturate. In two horses, fluid also was aspirated from the lumbosacral space. Small mononuclear cells were predominant in normal horses, and in most horses with axonal degeneration and encephalomyelitis. Several horses with encephalomyelitis also had neutrophils, eosinophils, and some mitotic figures. Although the cytologic findings were abnormal in many of the horses with disease of the central nervous system, in most horses the cytologic findings were normal.
Bluetongue Virus-induced Hydranencephaly in Cattle
Authors: MacLachlan N. J. , Osburn B. I.
Published: January 2010

Direct inoculation of bluetongue virus into 125-day bovine fetuses resulted in development of hydranencephaly. The earliest lesions after virus inoculation were a severe necrotizing encephalitis, which was most prominent in the cerebrum, and an associated nonsuppurative meningitis. At birth, the brains of infected fetuses had thin-walled cerebral hemispheres, dilated lateral ventricles, and cerebral cysts. No gross lesions were observed in the brain stem or cerebellum.

Two morphologically different lesions were present in the brain of a fetus sacrificed 20 days after virus inoculation. There were discrete foci of hemorrhagic cerebral necrosis that resembled infarcts and widespread microcavitations of the intermediate and subventricular zones. Changes consistent with vascular damage were present in the brains of fetuses sacrificed 12 and 20 days after virus inoculation.

Calves with bluetongue virus-induced hydranencephaly would have poor viability, but they would not be expected to have any significance as virus reservoirs.
Effects ofHemophilus somnuson the Pregnant Bovine Reproductive Tract and Conceptus Following Cervical Infusion
Authors: Miller R. B. , Barnum D. A.
Published: January 2010

Three strains of Hemophilus somnus were infused into the posterior cervix of six pregnant cows. The organism persisted in the cervicovaginal region for eight to 87 days, and at parturition H. somnus was isolated from chorioallantois in four of six cows; placentitis developed, and fetal membranes were retained. All calves were born alive and no H. somnus was recovered from them. One cow died 14 days after parturition. The death was attributed to severe necrotizing metritis; H. somnus was not isolated from the uterus at death, but was isolated from the placenta at parturition and cervicovaginal mucus two days later.
Renal Papillary Necrosis in Horses after Phenylbutazone and Water Deprivation
Authors: Gunson D. E. , Soma L. R.
Published: January 2010

Acute renal papillary necrosis occurred in five horses given normal therapeutic doses of phenylbutazone and deprived of water for 36 to 48 hours prior to euthanasia. Five horses given phenylbutazone alone and four horses subjected to water deprivation alone did not develop papillary necrosis. Urinalyses were normal prior to water deprivation, and also after water deprivation in the horses that did not receive phenylbutazone, but the water-deprived, phenylbutazone-treated horses had many red blood cells, transitional epithelial cells, and large numbers of oxalate crystals in their urine.

Ulceration of the alimentary tract was seen in more than 50% of these horses. Tongue ulceration was present in one of five horses given phenylbutazone and one of five horses which had phenylbutazone and water deprivation. Ulceration of the gastric mucosa was seen in two of the five phenylbutazone-treated horses, four of five horses with phenylbutazone treatment and water deprivation, and one of four horses with water deprivation alone. Severe colonic ulceration with perforation and peritonitis was present in one horse given phenyl-butazone for three months. No other significant changes in the small or large intestine were seen in the other 13 horses.
Factor VIII-related Antigen in Canine Endothelial Neoplasms: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: von Beust B. R. , Suter M. M. , Summers B. A.
Published: January 2010

Canine vascular tumors (47 hemangiomas, 36 hemangiosarcomas) were investigated for the endothelial cell marker factor VIII-related antigen (F VIII RAg). The primary antibody was a commercial rabbit anti-human (r/h) F VIII RAg antiserum. All (100%) hemangiomas and 32 (89%) of 36 hemangiosarcomas stained for F VIII RAg. One hemangiosarcoma (3%) was negative, and three tumors (8%) were equivocal in staining. Rarely, the interpretation of stained immature endothelial cells was difficult. The r/h F VIII RAg antibody was a positive marker of normal, reactive, and neoplastic endothelial cells in the dog.
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis of Horses: An Association with Acute Enteritis
Authors: Slocombe R. F. , Slauson D. O.
Published: January 2010

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was identified in 19 horses. In 16 cases mycotic lesions were associated with enterocolitis; 14 cases appeared to result from Salmonella infection. Pulmonary lesions included multifocal areas of acute necrosis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, and thrombosis with fibrinosuppurative inflammation surrounding mycelial masses. Thromboemboli with fungi were in the brain and kidneys of three cases. Factors which appeared to predispose to pulmonary aspergillosis included corticosteroid therapy, disseminated neoplasms, hepatitis, pleuritis, and peritonitis. This study suggests that immunocompromise and invasion of Aspergillus sp. from damaged intestine are more important in causing equine pulmonary aspergillosis than inhalation of spores.
In Situ Characterization of Mononuclear Leukocytes in Skin and Digestive Tract of Persistently Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-infected Clinically Healthy Calves and Calves with Mucosal Disease
Authors: Ohmann H. Bielefeldt
Published: January 2010

The phenotypic identity of mononuclear leukocytes in skin and digestive tract of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-infected animals was examined using sensitive single and double labeling immunocyto-chemical techniques. Occurrence and distribution of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes of either the helper (BoT4) or suppressor/cytotoxic (BoT8) subsets, and macrophages (M⊘) were examined. No differences were found in the skin and digestive tract of persistently infected clinically healthy calves and uninfected controls, despite widespread virus-antigen presence in keratinocytes (stratum basale and stratum spinosum) of skin and upper digestive tract, in dermal/subepithelial macrophages (M⊘), in gut-epithelial cells, and in lymphocytes and M⊘/monocytes of blood and lymphoid tissues of the former group. M⊘ and Langerhans cells (LC) were the prevailing leukocyte types in the keratinized epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues, with occasional T lymphocytes (mostly intraepithelially located and of the BoT8 phenotype). No B cells were seen. Some infiltrating leukocytes also contained virus antigen. In animals succumbing to mucosal disease (MD), hyper- and parakeratotic changes, as well as necrotizing epithelial lesions, were accompanied by massive infiltration in dermis and epithelium of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen positive cells (M⊘ and LC), some T lymphocytes (predominantly BoT8 positive cells), and, only rarely, B cells. M⊘ also predominated in lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract. Findings suggest that M⊘ activation is an important aspect of MD pathogenesis. In contrast, the contention that T lymphocytes may play a major role could not be substantiated.
Immune Complex Vasculitis with Secondary Ulcerative Dermatitis in Aged C57BL/6NNia Mice
Authors: Andrews A. G. , Dysko R. C. , Spilman S. C. , Kunkel R. G. , Brammer D. W. , Johnson K. J.
Published: January 2010

A spontaneous, severely pruritic ulcerative dermatitis was initially observed in 33/201 (16.4%) aged C57BL/6NNia mice obtained from the National Institute of Aging. This ulcerative dermatis also developed in 21/98 (21%) aged C57BL/6 mice in a subsequent experimental group obtained from the same source. The average age of onset in the initial group was 20 months. These animals were negative for ectoparasite infestation and primary bacterial or fungal infection. The lesions varied from acute epidermal excoriation and ulceration to chronic ulceration with marked dermal fibrosis. In the affected animals, leukocytoclastic vasculitis was present in the dermis in both areas of ulceration and areas covered by normal intact epidermis. Immunofluorescent staining of the skin was positive for deposition of IgG, IgM, and fibrinogen in the dermal vessels of the affected mice. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis was not observed in unaffected animals, nor were deposits of immunoglobulin or fibrinogen present in the skin of the control animals. This study provides strong evidence that the ulcerative dermatitis is caused by an immune complex-induced vasculitis. The elucidation of the pathogenesis of this disease is important because of the significant percentage of animals affected and because the C57BL/6 mouse may be a useful model to study human vasculitides.
Hemobartonella-like Parasites in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Dillberger J. E. , Loudy D. E. , Adler R. R. , Gass J. H.
Published: January 2010

Red blood cell parasites were identified electron microscopically in five anemic adult female cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis), two of which died during anemic episodes. Organisms typically were 0.3–0.5-μm round, oval, or reniform bodies on the surface or within vacuoles of erythrocytes. Based on their size, location in the erythrocyte, and internal ultrastructural features, organisms were classified as Hemobartonella-like. The relationship between the organisms and the anemias in these monkeys was unclear. This report adds rickettsial erythrocyte infections to the list of latent infections that can complicate research studies with cynomolgus monkeys.
Distal Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy in Mature Rottweiler Dogs
Authors: Braund K. G. , Toivio-Kinnucan M. , Vallat J. M. , Mehta J. R. , Levesque D. C.
Published: January 2010

A polyneuropathy recognized in mature Rottweiler dogs is characterized by paraparesis that progresses to tetraparesis, spinal hyporeflexia and hypotonia, and appendicular muscle atrophy. Although signs may appear acutely, the course tends to be gradually progressive (up to 12 months or longer in some dogs) and may be relapsing. Nerve and muscle biopsies were examined from eight affected Rottweilers (six male and two female) between ages 1.5 and 4 years. Pronounced neurogenic atrophy was present in skeletal muscle samples. Changes in sensory and motor peripheral nerves included loss of myelinated nerve fibers, axonal necrosis, and variable numbers of fibers with inappropriately thin myelin sheaths. Ultrastructural findings included myelinated fibers showing myelinoaxonal necrosis, demyelinated fibers often associated with macrophage infiltration, many axons with myelinlike membranous profiles, increased endoneurial collagen, occasional axonal atrophy, and numerous Büngner bands. Lesions in unmyelinated fibers included increased numbers of Schwann cell profiles and loss of axons in Schwann cell subunits. Morphologic and morphometric studies indicated preferential loss of medium (5.5–8 μm) and large (8.5–12.5 μm) fibers, which was more severe in distal parts of nerves than in more proximal regions and nerve roots. The cause was not determined; however, histopathologic studies suggest this condition is a dying-back distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy that has morphologic and morphometric similarities to hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) type II in humans.
Effects of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy and Gallium Nitrate on Thyroid C Cells in Nude Mice: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Investigations
Authors: Okada H. , Merryman J. I. , Rosol T. J. , Capen C. C.
Published: January 2010

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigations of thyroid C cells were conducted in male nude (athymic) mice bearing a serially transplantable canine adenocarcinoma (CAC-8) model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy following subcutaneous administration of gallium nitrate. The following four groups were investigated: 1) vehicle-treated non-tumor-bearing control mice; 2) non-tumor-bearing mice treated with gallium nitrate; 3) vehicle-treated hypercalcemic mice bearing CAC-8; and 4) CAC-8 tumor-bearing mice treated with gallium nitrate. Gallium nitrate-treated tumor-bearing mice had a significant decrease in serum calcium as compared with tumor-bearing controls. C cells of non-tumor-bearing mice stained intensely for calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide and weakly for chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase. In C cells of both vehicle- and gallium-treated tumor-bearing mice, immunoreactive staining was decreased for calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and chromogranin A, whereas there was a moderate increase in staining for neuron-specific enolase. Ultrastructurally, thyroid C cells in hypercalcemic tumor-bearing control and gallium-treated mice were hypertrophic and markedly degranulated as compared with those of non-tumor-bearing controls. Hypertrophic C cells contained few mature secretory granules, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum. There was no evidence of C-cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings revealed that C cells in mice with cancer-associated hypercalcemia were primarily in the actively synthesizing phase of the secretory cycle and had diminished immunoreactivity for calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and chromogranin A. Gallium nitrate did not alter immunohistochemical or ultrastructural features of chronically stimulated C cells even though serum calcium was reduced.
Experimental Infection of Neonatal Calves with Neurovirulent Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1.3
Authors: Belknap E. B. , Collins J. K. , Ayers V. K. , Schultheiss P. C.
Published: January 2010

A type of bovine herpesvirus, BHV-1.3, causes encephalitis in calves, whereas BHV-1.1 causes respiratory disease. Three colostrum-deprived calves and two colostrum-fed calves were inoculated with BHV-1.3 by intranasal aerosolization. Two colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated with BHV-1.1 by intranasal aerosolization. BHV-1.3-inoculated calves demonstrated severe encephalitis with minimal respiratory lesions, and BHV-1.1-inoculated calves demonstrated severe respiratory lesions and no clinical signs of neurologic disease. Calves fed colostrum that contained virus neutralizing antibodies were protected against neurologic disease. Colostrum-fed BHV-1.3-inoculated calves did not develop disease although they did become infected; virus was shed in respiratory secretions for 10–13 days postinoculation, similar to infected colostrum-deprived calves. BHV-1.3 was reactivated from a latent state from one colostrum-fed calf after administration of dexamethasone 60 days postinoculation. Histopathologic examination of the three colostrum-deprived BHV-1.3-inoculated calves revealed severe lesions of encephalitis. One of the two BHV-1.1-inoculated calves had one focal lesion of encephalitis. Virus was isolated from brain tissue of colostrum-deprived BHV-1.3-inoculated calves and from one BHV-1.1-inoculated calf. Immunohistochemical staining for BHV-1 antigen was observed in neurons from the colostrum-deprived BHV-1.3-inoculated calves.
Glomerular Ultrastructural Lesions of Idiopathic Cutaneous and Renal Glomerular Vasculopathy of Greyhounds
Authors: Hertzke D. M. , Cowan L. A. , Schoning P. , Fenwick B. W.
Published: January 2010

Idiopathic cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) (Alabama rot) is a potentially fatal disease of unknown etiology that affects the skin and kidneys of racing- and training-age Greyhounds. Ultrastructural examinations were performed on two healthy control Greyhounds and 12 Greyhounds diagnosed with CRGV based on the presence of characteristic, well-demarcated cutaneous ulcers of the extremities (12/12), thrombocytopenia (< 200,000 platelets/dl) (12/12), and acute renal insufficiency (BUN > 40 mg/dl, serum creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl) (7/12). Early glomerular ultrastructural changes included endothelial swelling, detachment, and necrosis; membranous whorl formation; and platelet adhesion and aggregation. Some capillaries were occluded with aggregated platelets, cellular fragments, and fibrin. Later changes included narrowing of capillary lumina and thickening of glomerular capillary walls by subendothelial accumulation of flocculent, amorphous, variable electron-dense material and occasionally erythrocytes, cellular processes, and fibrin. Glomerular endothelial cells were increased in number and plump, with villouslike cytoplasmic projections. Mesangial cell cytoplasmic processes occasionally were interposed between the endothelium and the basement membrane. No etiologic agents or electron-dense deposits typical of immune complexes were observed. Although the specific etiology was not determined, the ultrastructural changes suggest that glomerular endothelial damage is an important early event in the pathogenesis of CRGV.
Immunohistologic Studies on Subpopulations of Lymphocytes in Cattle with Enzootic Bovine Leukosis
Authors: Chiba T. , Hiraga M. , Aida Y. , Ajito T. , Asahina M. , Wu D. , Ohshima K. , Davis W. C. , Okada K.
Published: January 2010

The distribution of subpopulations of lymphocytes in lymph nodes and tumors from cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) was examined by immunohistochemistry using a panel of monclonal antibodies against leukocyte differentiation molecules of EBL. The lesions in lymph nodes could be divided into three types based on the extent of infiltration and proliferation of neoplastic cells with provirus and differential expression of leukocyte differentiation molecules. The number of B-B2+, sIgM+ cells was reduced in frequency in follicles during the neoplastic cell proliferation. CD4- and CD8-positive α/β T cells and γ/δ T cells positive for WC1 (workshop cluster designation) were also reduced in frequency in areas infiltrated with neoplastic cells. Almost all neoplastic cells were B-B2- and IgM-positive. However, there were a few B-B2- and/or IgM-negative cells or cells stained faintly in all cases. WC1+ cells were not observed in tumor tissues. However, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were observed throughout tumor tissues, suggesting a role for these cells in tumor immunity.
Experimental Infection of Pregnant Cattle with the Vaccine CandidateBrucella abortusStrainRB51: Pathologic, Bacteriologic, and Serologic Findings
Authors: Palmer M. V. , Cheville N. F. , Jensen A. E.
Published: January 2010

To determine the placental tropism and abortigenicity of the vaccine candidate Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51), a rough mutant of the virulent strain 2308, ten Polled Hereford heifers were inoculated intravenously in the 6th month of gestation. Heifers were euthanatized and examined at postinoculation week (PIW) 8 ( n = 5) or at full term ( n = 5). Four of five infected heifers sampled at PIW 8 and three of four infected heifers at term had placentitis, whereas reproductive tissues of three normal cows used for comparison had no placentitis. Numerous macrophages. immunoreactive for SRB51 antigen, as well as neutrophils, fibrin, and cell debris filled the arcade zone between chorion and maternal Septae. Trophoblastic epithelium of the placentomal arcade zone had intracellular bacteria that were immunoreactive for SRB51 antigen. The tips of maternal septa had a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with small multifocal erosions and ulcerations of maternal epithelium. SRB51 was cultured from all tissues in which lesions were seen. Placentae of one cow from each group had no placentitis and contained no SRB51. In mammae, interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and suppurative infiltrates within alveoli and intralobular ductules were seen in two of five heifers at PIW 8. SRB51 was cultured from liver, spleen, lung, and bronchial lymph nodes in four of five calves at PIW 8 and three of four full-term calves, but no lesions were seen. One near-term heifer had disseminated infection, placentitis, and lymphoplasmacytic endometritis, and delivered a premature weak calf. These results establish that SRB51 is less abortifacient than previously published reports with strain 19, in that only one of four heifers delivered prematurely following intravenous inoculation with SRB51. whereas intravenous inoculation with strain 19 leads to 100% abortion. However, it also shows that SRB51 can infect the bovine placenta, mammary gland, and fetus, can induce placentitis, and, in some cases, can lead to preterm expulsion of the fetus.
Zinc Toxicity with Pancreatic Acinar Necrosis in Piglets Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Gabrielson K. L. , Remillard R. L. , Huso D. L.
Published: January 2010

Two Hampshire-Duroc cross piglets maintained on 100% total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for 3 weeks developed pancreatic epithelial cell necrosis, diffuse acinar atrophy, and marked interstitial fibrosis. In addition, the piglets had severe villus atrophy in the small intestine as a result of TPN. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of liver samples revealed toxic hepatic zinc levels (513.5 and 491.2 ppm) in the TPN piglets (40-90 ppm in control piglets). Administering TPN bypasses homeostatic control mechanisms regulating Zinc absorption at the gastrointestinal level and may reduce pancreatic secretion contributing to the accumulation of zinc in tissues. Intestinal villus atrophy, a sequela to TPN, may have also affected zinc excretion by impairing intestinal flux and desquamation. These factors should be considered in formulating TPN solutions and zinc levels administered must be reduced accordingly to avoid toxicity. Furthermore, sources and tissue levels of zinc should be investigated when necrosis, acinar atrophy, and fibrosis of the pancreas are encountered in young pigs.
Renal Glomerular Fibrosis in a Cat
Authors: Nakamura S. , Shibata S. , Shirota K. , Abe K. , Uetsuka K. , Nakayama H. , Goto N. , Doi K.
Published: January 2010

Renal glomerular fibrosis was observed in a 1-year-old spayed female Japanese domestic cat that showed clinically advanced renal failure. In the glomeruli, increased homogeneous materials were stained strongly with aniline blue by Masson's trichrome and positive for anti-type III collagen antibody by immunohistochemical staining, causing mesangial sclerosis and capillary collapse. By electron microscopy, randomly arranged fibrils: were observed in the expanded subendothelial and mesangial areas, and the fibrils showed periodicity characteristic of collagen fibers in longitudinal sections. These findings of glomerular lesions closely resemble those of human “collagenofibrotic glomerulonephropathy,” which has recently been described as a new type of glomerulonephropathy.
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma and Malignant Histiocytosis in the Dog—Convergent or Divergent Phenotypic Differentiation?
Authors: Kerlin R. L. , Hendrick M. J.
Published: January 2010

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) malignant histiocytosis (MH) are neoplasms with different histologic appearances and consequently a different putative cell of origin. Recently, the biopsy and necropsy services at the University of Pennsylvania have seen many canine soft tissue sarcomas that have the gross and histologic appearances of both MH and MFH within the same animal. A retrospective histologic evaluation of 263 cases diagnosed originally as either MH or MFH reclassified these neoplasms into 77 cases that were exclusively MH, 110 cases exclusively MFH, and 76 cases with features of both MH and MFH. Age, sex, breed predispositions, and distribution of lesions in organs were remarkably similar between the two categories. The hybrid neoplasms containing MH-like and MFH-like regions may be the result of divergent or convergent phenotypic differentiation.
Gastric Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli Lesions in a Puppy with Naturally Occurring Enteric Colibacillosis and Concurrent Canine Distemper Virus Infection
Authors: Wada Y. , Kondo H. , Nakaoka Y. , Kubo M.
Published: January 2010

A puppy suffering from chronic diarrhea was humanely killed at 90 days of age. Numerous Gram-negative bacilli were found adhering to the surface of as well as within epithelial cells from the stomach to the colon. Canine distemper virus inclusions were in the epithelial cytoplasm of the esophageal, gastric, and intestinal mucosa. Typical attaching and effacing ultrastructural lesions were in the stomach, and some bacilli were in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, Escherichia coli, isolated from the contents of the small intestine, belonged to serotype 0118: NM and were negative for plasmid-encoded EPEC adherence factor (EAF) and positive for the E. coli attaching effacing ( eae) gene. Immunohistologically, bacilli attached to the epithelium from the stomach to the colon were positive for antisera against E. coli 0118. E. coli0118: NM inoculated into human tissue culture cells (HEp-2 cells) were attached to the surface of the cells and within the cytoplasm. This is the first report of attaching and effacing E. coli (AEEC) infection in the stomach of the dog.
Neuropathology and Host-parasite Relationship of Acute Experimental Toxoplasmosis of the Blue Fox (Alopex lagopus)
Authors: Bjerkås I.
Published: January 2010

The neuropathology and host-parasite relationship of experimental infection with the RH-strain of Toxoplasma gondii were studied in 27 blue foxes ( Alopex lagopus) aged 0 to 23 days, using light microscopy, including immunohistochemical staining, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. All cases displayed multifocal necrotic lesions with numerous parasitic tachyzoites in the brain and spinal cord. The gray matter and the meninges were most seriously affected. Although a wide variety of cell types were parasitized, neurons and astrocytes seemed to be the main target cells. Individual parasitophorous vacuoles usually contained only a few tachyzoites, with rosette formations as a prominent feature. The present ultrastructural study supports the theory that the parasites actively invade the host cells by mechanisms that are different from those of phagocytosis. This is apparently the first report indicating that the formation of the network of tubular structures within the parasitophorous vacuole of T. gondii is associated with a transient, sack-like formation in the posterior end of the tachyzoites.
Unilateral Degeneration of Retina and Optic Nerve in Fischer-344 Rats
Authors: Lee E. W. , Render J. A. , Garner C. D. , Brady A. N. , Li L. C.
Published: January 2010

Unilateral degeneration of the retina and optic nerve was observed among Fischer-344 (F-344) rats fed a semi-purified synthetic feed. Further studies were conducted using standard cereal-based and synthetic diets. Beginning at 4 weeks of age, all experimental rats (169 F-344 rats) were fed various diets and were examined for morphologic and functional changes in the retina and optic nerve. No ocular lesions were observed in any F-344 rats prior to 21 weeks of age, whether fed a synthetic diet or a standard diet; however, approximately 16% (13/86) of the F-344 rats examined between 57 and 64 weeks of age developed unilateral degeneration of the retina and optic nerve. On the other hand, the F-344 rats fed the synthetic diet developed the degenerative lesions by 30 weeks of age, while the F-344 rats fed the standard diet did not develop lesions over this shorter time period. Degenerative changes of the affected retinas and optic nerves were closely related with functional abnormalities evaluated by electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials. In contrast with the F-344 rats, Long-Evans rats that were fed either the synthetic or standard diet up to the age of 68 weeks (77 rats) did not develop the ocular lesions. There was no apparent relationship of the development of the lesions with dietary modification, toxicity or trauma; thus, these observations appear to indicate that spontaneous unilateral degeneration of the retina and optic nerve occurs in F-344 rats and that these ocular lesions may be accelerated by the feeding of certain semi-purified synthetic diets.
Immunocytochemistry of Thyroid C-Cell Complexes in Dogs
Authors: Leblanc B. , Paulus G. , Andreu M. , Bonnet M. C.
Published: January 2010

Ten thyroid C-cell complexes from five male and five female Beagle dogs, 1 to 2 years old, were studied using single and double immunocytochemical staining with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The antigens tested included thyroglobulin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, neuron specific enolase, and neurotensin. All C-cell complexes contained four cell types in various proportions: 1) follicular cells staining for thyroglobulin; 2) C-cells staining for calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and neuron specific enolase; 3) stellate cells and cuboidal cells in follicle-like structures staining positively for somatostatin; and 4) undifferentiated cells staining negatively for all antigens. No positive immunoreactivity for neurotensin was detected. These findings support the hypothesis that thyroid C-cell complexes are ultimobranchial remnants that can give rise to thyroid follicles and C-cells.
A Different Perspective: Introducing Positive Criminology
Authors: Ronel Natti , Elisha Ety
Published: January 2010

Positive criminology is a new conceptual perspective of criminology, encompassing several theories and models. Positive criminology refers to a focus on individuals’ encounters with forces and influences that are experienced as positive, which distance them from deviance and crime, whether by means of formal and informal therapy programs and interventions, such as self-help groups; through emphasis of positive social elements, such as exposure to goodness, social acceptance, and reintegrative shaming; or based on positive personal traits, such as resilience and coherence. The perspective of positive criminology broadens that of traditional criminology, which focuses mainly on understanding the factors and processes that lead individuals and groups to what is defined as deviant and criminal behavior. Positive criminology is implemented in treatment and rehabilitation of individuals and groups that have demonstrated deviant and criminal behavior, by emphasizing positive experiences that may potentially prevent or discourage continued criminal behavior. Positive criminology is also expressed in prevention based on a positive approach.