bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sediment and nutrient balance of Bukit Merah Reservoir, Perak (Malaysia)
Authors: Ismail W. R. , Najib S. A. M.
Published: September 2011

The pollutant load to Bukit Merah Reservoir (BMR) from its catchment area were evaluated in this study. BMR is a 40‐km2 man‐made lake located in the district of Kerian, Perak. BMR is divided into the north lake and the south lake by a 4.7‐km railway line. The reservoir water is fed by four rivers: Kurau (323.0 km2), Merah (4.25 km2), Jelutong (7.1 km2) and Selarong (3.1 km2), which flow through Pondok Tanjung Forest Reserve (6718 ha). The total quantity of suspended sediment inputs from all four rivers to the BMR was 55 164 t, with almost 93% of the sediment input coming from the Kurau River. The nutrient inputs to BMR in 2008 were about 77 t of phosphate, 24 t of ammonia‐N, 3 t of nitrite and 47 t of nitrate. The sediment, nitrate and nitrite inputs were retained in the reservoir. In contrast, the ammonia and phosphate inputs were released from the reservoir. The percentage retention was 78%, 63% and 34% for sediment nitrate and nitrite, respectively. The percentage of release phosphate was about 178, and 25 for ammonia. This study indicates that most of the nutrients entering BMR are from non‐point sources and that they are responsible for the impacts of sediment and nutrients on the receiving waterbody.
Observation of snow water equivalent in the North catchment area of Lake Biwa
Authors: Maho Iwaki , Yoshifumi Hida , Ken’ichi Ueno , Mayumi Saijyou
Published: September 2011

Field investigations were carried out during the winters of 2001 through 2008 to investigate the annual fluctuation of the snow water equivalent (SWE) in the north catchment area of Lake Biwa in the northeast region of Shiga Prefecture, also in the southern part of the heavy snowfall area of Japan. On the basis of the observations from this study, the SWE model was developed that can simulate temporal changes in the SWE in this region. This model can calculate the SWE, using an empirical parameter specific to the Shiga Prefecture. The model was developed to include snow accumulation and snowmelt processes, using only precipitation and temperature. It was used to estimate the annual SWE over every 1‐h interval at a catchment area in Yogo, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The accumulation process involves separation of snowfall and rainfall at different temperatures by using an empirical formula. For the snowmelt process, the degree‐hour method is employed. The performance of the degree‐hour method depends on a region’s accumulated temperature. The model was applied to data collected during the winters of 2001 and 2008, and the results compared to the observed SWE in Yogo. The observed and calculated results for 2001 are in good agreement, whereas they are not in good agreement for 2008. Thus, this model can be used to simulate different scenarios specified in the IPCC guidelines, for different temperature and precipitation values, only for the winter of 2001.
Mining acid rock passive treatment for closure of a lignite mine in Spain: Achieving necessary water quality for discharge into lakes and drinking water reservoirs
Authors: Fidalgo de Matos Maria da Conceição Corvaceira , Zhang Zengguang
Published: September 2011

This study discusses the theory behind the passive treatment systems for controlling the acid drainage of the Meirama mine and illustrates how this approach can be applied to obtain the necessary water quality to allow the discharge of the drainage into the Barcés River, which is the primary tributary to the drinking water supply Cercebre Reservoir (Spain). Characterization analysis was carried out for 13 sampling sites, with a total of 52 tests and 780 determinations and analyses. Passive systems have been monitored over 27 sampling days, with a total of 186 samples taken, plus 1914 determinations and analyses. The passive tests treated a total of 415 000 m3 of water. The tests were designed based on several factors relevant to the sites, including hydrological characteristics, drainage composition, flow rate, climatic conditions and previous company technology experience. Different weather conditions were considered, including drought, flood and normal conditions. The horizontal system (Line A) produced a 55 mg L−1 increase in alkalinity, and iron, aluminium and manganese reductions of 90%, 91% and 30%, respectively. The eliminations for the vertical system (line B) were 40 g/m2 × day acidity, and iron, aluminium and manganese reductions of 71%, 80%, and 60%, respectively. The annual average precipitation was 150 mm, and annual average temperature, 12.4°C. It was found during the course of this study that the development and application of passive treatment systems have the following advantages: (i) they can substantially reduce costs during the active mining phase, being a pre‐treatment of the wastewater treatment plant, raising the pH and reducing the metal cation content and (ii) It is not feasible to actively operate wastewater treatment plants because, after mine closure, the land must be rehabilitated with the property then being used for other purposes. The acid rock drainage, which is a major concern, will continue to be generated for many years, requiring aftercare monitoring of these waters. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that passive systems can achieve the necessary water quality to allow the drainage to be discharged into the Barcés River, and subsequently into the drinking water supply Cercebre Reservoir.
Integrated basin‐based wastewater management system for water pollution control in an enclosed waterbody of the upper Citarum River Basin, Indonesia: Case study of Saguling Reservoir
Authors: Suharyanto  , Matsushita Jun
Published: September 2011

The importance of implementing an integrated basin‐based wastewater management dealing with water pollution for the Upper Citarum River (UCR) Basin, Indonesia, has implications for the Saguling Reservoir, which was investigated in this study. This study incorporates a comparative assessment of stage‐type models in other systems as a reference, focusing on the impacts of combined measures on pollutant load reduction. Analysis of pollutant loads from various sectors was initially addressed to identify major contributors to the pollutant load in the basin and the Saguling Reservoir. Focus on initial improvement of selected pollutant targets by applying such an integrated approach with respect to domestic waste water was subsequently addressed. In elaborating a comparative assessment, case studies of Japanese‐ and Thai‐type models were analysed from a technological perspective. This aspect addressed the pollutant load reduction by comparing the input–output of treatment systems in both models. The result suggests that, in the case of a high reliability of both structural and non‐structural measures, an independent one‐stage measure could be sufficient to achieve a certain target of pollutant load reduction, as exhibited by the Japanese case study. On the other hand, when both measures are still limited and have relatively lower performance, a two‐stage measure is required. Accordingly, a two‐stage collaboration among limited treatment measures could be a ‘lesson learned’ for the UCR Basin. Nevertheless, incorporation of other aspects, such as a dual‐support of socio‐economic framework, also is required to endorse this technological aspect. Further integration requires future investigation.
Renewing a Naxi environmental ethic in Lijiang, China: an approach for water management
Authors: Voeller Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

For the many ethnic minorities in China, the country’s current rapid development is resulting in lasting effects on both traditions and the local environment. This study focuses on the Naxi people of Lijiang, in China’s Yunnan Province, with the objective of investigating the effects of tourism on the minority’s culture and environment, most notably their water resources. The Naxi have a strong traditional respect for the environment. Prompted by cultural and religious values, the Naxi people established a water system that brought clean spring water to their town for centuries. However, because of a recent surge in domestic tourism, the local environment is threatened and the Naxi have lost their respect for nature. Unlike their elders, the younger generation no longer follows an ‘environmental ethic,’ the moral relationship of people to their natural surroundings. Renewing an environmental ethic among the younger Naxi generation would be a crucial step towards better environmental management in Lijiang and would help buffer the negative effects of rapid development. Findings from this study, synthesized from interviews with local residents and experts, serve as a case study to analyse the consequences of economic development on traditional cultures and their water resources. It explores how indigenous values can be used to support sustainable development.
Measures for the conservation of water quality in Lake Biwa and the Akanoi Bay initiative
Authors: Kitagawa Zen‐Ichiro
Published: September 2011

Lake Biwa is the largest lake in Japan, supplying water resources to support the lives and economic activities of 14 million people living in its downstream area. It also is one of the oldest lakes in the world, being more than 4 million years old, and ‘an ecological treasure house’ inhabited by a variety of animals and plants. In the Shiga Prefecture, to pass Lake Biwa to the next generation in a sound condition, the ‘Lake Biwa Comprehensive Conservation Plan’ (Mother Lake 21 Plan) was developed. It has been striving to achieve the comprehensive conservation of Lake Biwa, with the support of national ministries and also with the support of the people of the prefecture. This plan comprises three major areas: ‘Maintaining Water Quality’, ‘Improving the Recharge Capacity of the Soil,’ and ‘Preserving the Natural Environment and Scenic Landscapes’. The goals of the generated stages of each plan were agreed by all relevant parties. ‘The Lake Biwa Water Conservation Plans’ were settled upon in regard to preserving water quality. The Mother Lake 21 Plan represented a long‐term vision, including the development of water conservation measures. In the current 5th period plan, ‘the Akanoi Bay watershed run‐off plan Akanoi measures’ were added, as a supplement to the traditional approach, to strengthen measures for the non‐point source pollution. Akanoi Bay is a narrow, closed bay, being located in an area of the lake in which the water has been badly polluted because of the spread of the urban areas surrounding the lake, and because of the rapid influx of people. It also is the area where the people are very active in the environmental protection and is the model case study illustrating where the government and the inhabitants can work together to promote measures for addressing non‐point source pollution.
Nine years of water resources monitoring over the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, with ENVISAT, MODIS, Beijing‐1 time series, Altimetric data and field measurements
Authors: Hervé Yésou , Claire Huber , Xijun Lai , Stéphane Averty , Jiren Li , Sylviane Daillet , Muriel Bergé‐Nguyen , Xiaoling Chen , Shifeng Huang , Burnham James , Jean‐François Crétaux , Tiphanie Marie , Jinggang Li , Rémi Andreoli , Carlos Uribe
Published: September 2011

Poyang and Dongting Lakes, major water resources and key elements for natural flood control and reduction within the Yangtze River middle basin, were monitored from 2000 to 2008, with a re‐visiting period of 10 days, using ENVISAT ASAR, and completed by MODIS data, validated by Beijing 1 time series. GPCP and TRMM time series were utilized to derive regional meteorological indicators. At the lake scale as well as their subdivisions ones, results allowed the characterization of lake behaviors. Even if the Dongting and Poyang lakes mechanisms are substantially different, their water surface areas and water level variations exhibit a good similarity, including the same year of major flooding (2002) and the same year of lowest extent of inundation (2001). Both lakes present astonishingly low water levels and low surface areas in summer of 2006, being associated with a very early draw‐off. Few reasons could explained it: (i) a rainfall deficit at the sub‐watershed level; (ii) a hydrological event in the upper stream part, namely a possible closure of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) gates; or (iii) a global climate change effect at the regional scale. The reasons for the dramatic water dropdown are neither a local rain deficit nor a change in the TGD management. The smallest water extent for wet season observed in 2006, appeared to be linked with a severe drought within the upper stream part of the Yangtze River basin. In addition, an impressive decreasing tendency of water surface and level is observed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, linked with relatively constant decreasing precipitations over the last decade. This synergistic utilization of data from earth observation systems and in situ data provide valuable information on water resource management at the scale of the middle Yangtze River watershed.
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography with contrast‐tuned imaging technology for the detection of prostate cancer: comparison with conventional ultrasonography
Authors: Xie Shao Wei , Li Hong Li , Du Jing , Xia Jian Guo , Guo Yi Fen , Xin Mei , Li Feng Hua
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort)

Level of Evidence 2b

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The present study was to perform contrast‐tuned imaging (CnTI) technology to detect prostate cancer and compare the use of CnTI technology for the detection of prostate cancer with conventional ultrasonography. The preliminary data from our study suggested that targeted biopsy of the prostate with CnTI technology could improve the cancer detection and detect higher grade prostate cancers.

OBJECTIVES

To perform contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) using contrast‐tuned imaging (CnTI) technology to detect prostate cancer.

To evaluate the detection of prostate cancer with CnTI compared with conventional grey‐scale and power Doppler ultrasonography.

PAIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 150 patients referred for prostate biopsy were evaluated using transrectal grey‐scale, power Doppler and CnTI ultrasonography.

Biopsy was performed at 10 sites in each patient. If an abnormality was found at any of these three ultrasonography examinations, a biopsy specimen was targeted towards from the corresponding site.

The performances of the three ultrasonography techniques for prostate cancer detection were compared.

RESULTS

Prostate cancer was detected at 383 sites from 73 patients. The combination of these three examinations detected more patients with prostate cancer than grey‐scale (P= 0.002), power Doppler (P= 0.001) or baseline imaging (the combination of grey‐scale and power Doppler; P= 0.031) alone.

By biopsy site, CnTI had higher sensitivity and accuracy (73.1% and 83.7%) than grey‐scale (50.9%; P < 0.001 and 78.8%; P < 0.001) or power Doppler (48.3%; P < 0.001 and 77.7%; P < 0.001), while the specificity was similar for grey‐scale (88.4%), power Doppler (87.8%) and CnTI (87.3%; P > 0.05 in each case). CnTI had higher sensitivity (73.1% vs 62.9%; P < 0.001), specificity (87.3% vs 82.1%; P < 0.001) and accuracy (83.7% vs 77.2%; P < 0.001) than baseline imaging.

The mean Gleason score of CnTI‐positive cases was significantly higher than CnTI‐negative cases (7.1 vs 6.3; P= 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

CEUS using CnTI technology enables a visualization of the microvasculature associated with prostate cancer.

CnTI technology could be used to guide biopsy and improve the detection rate of prostate cancer.

CnTI technology was able to detect higher grade prostate cancers.
Angiotensin II type 1 (AT‐1) receptor inhibition partially prevents the urodynamic and detrusor changes associated with bladder outlet obstruction: a mouse model
Authors: Comiter Craig , Phull Hardeep S.
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case control)

Level of Evidence 3b

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Angiotensin II is the main effector peptide in the bladder local renin‐angiotensin system. This experiment demonstrates the role of this local renin‐angiotensin system with respect to bladder outlet obstruction.

OBJECTIVE

To determine if treatment with an angiotensin II type 1 (AT‐1) receptor antagonist, losartan, can prevent the structural and functional changes that occur in a mouse model of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty‐four Balb/CAN mice underwent partial urethral obstruction for 6 weeks.

Twelve mice were given oral losartan (10 mg/kg/day), and 12 were not. Six mice served as unobstructed controls, and six unobstructed mice were given oral losartan (10 mg/kg/day) to determine the effect of angiotensin II inhibition on the normal bladder.

Bladder capacity (C), detrusor pressure during voiding (Pdet) and volume at first non‐voiding contraction (NVC1) as a percentage of C were recorded after 6 weeks.

Bladders were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for measurement of detrusor muscular thickness, and graded as 1 = atrophy (<100 µm thick), 2 = normal (100–200 µm thick), 3 = hypertrophy (>200 µm thick) compared with controls.

RESULTS

Compared with controls, BOO mice had greater C (153.5 ± 20.9 vs 57.5 ± 7.4 µl, P < 0.01), higher Pdet (28.8 ± 2.1 vs 12.1 ± 2.1 mm Hg), lower NVC1 (median = 24% vs 54% P= 0.03). BOO mice manifested greater bladder weight (93.2 ± 11.7 mg vs 26.8 ± 2.40 mg, P < 0.01) and greater detrusor muscle thickness (median 3 vs 2, P= 0.02).

Compared with untreated BOO mice, mice treated with losartan had greater mean C (248.8 ± 28.6 vs 153.5 ± 20.9 µL, P= 0.01), no significant change in mean Pdet (24.7 ± 1.6 vs 28.8 ± 2.1 mm Hg, P= 0.2) and a higher mean NVC1 (47% vs 24%, P= 0.02).

Treatment with losartan mediated an insignificant reduction in mean bladder weight (68.1 ± 9.1 mg vs 93.2 ± 11.7 mg, P= 0.10), but a significant reduction in detrusor muscle thickness (median 2 vs 3, P= 0.02). Losartan did not mediate any significant structural or functional changes in the unobstructed mouse bladder.

CONCLUSION

In a mouse model of BOO, treatment with an AT‐1 antagonist partially prevented the urodynamic and structural changes that otherwise occur with BOO.
Harnessing activity‐dependent plasticity to repair the damaged corticospinal tract in an animal model of cerebral palsy
Authors: MARTIN JOHN H , CHAKRABARTY SAMIT , FRIEL KATHLEEN M
Published: September 2011

The corticospinal tract (CST) is the principal motor control pathway for skilled movements. It has a protracted postnatal development, creating a protracted period of vulnerability to perinatal brain and spinal cord injury. Research has shown that the motor signs in cerebral palsy (CP) reflect the loss of CST connections as well as development of abnormal motor systems connections, especially between the developing CST and spinal motor circuits. In this paper, we discuss a feline model of CP that we have developed. The animals develop a pattern of abnormal CST connections that is remarkably similar to that seen in hemiplegic CP and visuomotor impairments. Using this model we devised neural activity‐based therapeutic approaches to repair the abnormal CST connections and restore normal skilled movement control. Our studies stress that more active CST connections are better able to maintain strong synaptic connections with spinal motor circuits. We propose that perinatal trauma initiates a vicious cycle in which CST axons that are spared after an injury are at a disadvantage for maintaining spinal connections, leading to further reductions in connections and motor signs. If this is so, targeted activation of the spared CST might interrupt this process and lead to functional improvement.
The experience‐dependent maturation of prefronto‐limbic circuits and the origin of developmental psychopathology: implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of behavioural disorders
Authors: BRAUN KATHARINA , BOCK JÖRG
Published: September 2011

The maturation of prefronto‐limbic neuronal pathways that mediate essential affective and social regulatory functions is experience dependent. Immediately after birth the infant’s affective experiences, especially those embedded in the relationship with the primary caregiver, trigger the reorganization and adaptive fine‐tuning of synaptic circuits. Research in humans and in animal models supports the hypothesis that socio‐emotional deprivation and emotional trauma during early childhood may leave ‘scars’ in prefronto‐limbic function, brain regions that are essential for emotional behaviour, learning, and memory. The focus of this review is to point out that mechanisms involved in structuring and optimizing neural circuits during brain development might also be used in moulding personality and behaviour during psychotherapy in the adult brain.
Prevention of neurodevelopmental sequelae of jaundice in the newborn
Authors: HANSEN THOR W R
Published: September 2011

Although its cause, jaundice in the newborn, is extremely common, the disabling neurological disorder kernicterus is very rare. Kernicterus may be prevented by selecting those infants who are at risk of extreme jaundice or who may be particularly vulnerable to bilirubin neurotoxicity. Because the tools for achieving that goal are inadequate, a secondary strategy is needed. This involves a plan for emergency treatment of severely jaundiced infants, in particular those who present with neurological symptoms. In this paper I review the strategies for preventing extreme jaundice, and for reversing neurotoxicity in those infants for whom the principal strategies fail. Briefly, the tools for prevention include measurement of bilirubin while the infant is staying in the maternity unit, plotting the value on an hour‐specific chart, assessing other risk factors for jaundice, and educating the parents. Emergency treatment should include immediate, high‐irradiance phototherapy, consideration of intravenous immune globulin, and preparation for an exchange transfusion.
Ultrasound detection of white matter injury in very preterm neonates: practical implications
Authors: VAN WEZEL‐MEIJLER GERDA , DE BRUÏNE FRANCISCA T , STEGGERDA SYLKE J , VAN DEN BERG‐HUYSMANS ANNETTE , ZEILEMAKER SIJME , LEIJSER LARA M , VAN DER GROND JEROEN
Published: September 2011

Aim  Diffuse white matter injury is not well detected by cranial ultrasonography (CUS). The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to assess in very preterm neonates the predictive values of individual CUS abnormalities for white matter injury on MRI and neurological outcome; (2) to develop a strategy optimizing CUS detection of white matter injury.

Method  Very preterm neonates (n=67; 44 males, 23 females) underwent serial CUS and single MRI. Predictive values of CUS findings for a white matter classification on MRI, individual MRI findings, and neurological outcome at 2 years corrected age were calculated. The effects of timing and frequency of CUS were evaluated.

Results  Periventricular echodensities (PVEs) predicted abnormal white matter on MRI, but absence of PVEs did not predict absence of white matter changes. Peri‐ and intraventricular haemorrhage (P/IVH) was highly predictive of abnormal white matter on MRI. Frequency and timing of CUS did not influence predictive values. P/IVH and abnormal ventricular size/shape were reasonably predictive of unfavourable outcome, whereas absence of CUS abnormalities predicted a favorable outcome.

Interpretation  (1) If PVEs are present, there is a significant chance of abnormal white matter on MRI. (2) Increasing frequency of CUS does not increase its diagnostic performance for white matter injury. (3) P/IVH is highly predictive of abnormal white matter on MRI and reasonably predictive of unfavourable outcome. (4) Absence of PVEs and P/IVH on CUS does not guarantee normal white matter, but predicts a favourable outcome.
Neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants
Authors: BOS AREND F , ROZE ELISE
Published: September 2011

Aim  To determine the distribution of cognitive and motor scores in preterm children, and to establish the influence of brain lesions and decreasing gestational age thereon.

Method  One hundred and six very preterm children (63 males, 43 females; gestational age 24.0–31.6wk; birthweight 480–2275g) were assessed for cognition and motor outcome at 6 to 12 years. We assessed total, verbal, and performance IQ using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and motor outcome using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC).

Results  The IQs and Movement ABC z‐scores were normally distributed, but shifted to the left. Mean total IQ (SD) was 91 (12), performance IQ 89 (13), and verbal IQ 93 (15), being 0.60, 0.73, and 0.47 SD lower than the norm respectively. Movement ABC z‐scores were −1.27 SD lower (SD 1.01). IQ and Movement ABC z‐scores did not correlate with brain lesions or gestational age.

Interpretation  The distribution curve for cognition and motor outcome at school age is shifted to the left in preterm children, with an effect size of 0.60 SD for IQ (nine IQ points) and 1.27 SD for motor outcome. These findings are restricted to the current group. Developmental disruptions, affecting cerebral white matter, cortex, cerebellum, and thalamus might be involved, although the exact pathogenetic mechanism is unclear.
Infant Motor Profile and cerebral palsy: promising associations
Authors: HEINEMAN KIRSTEN R , BOS AREND F , HADDERS‐ALGRA MIJNA
Published: September 2011

Aim  The Infant Motor Profile (IMP) is a novel qualitative assessment of motor behaviour in infancy. The aim of this study was to determine whether IMP scores throughout infancy differ between children with and without cerebral palsy (CP) at 18 months. Furthermore, we evaluated the predictive ability of IMP scores throughout infancy for CP.

Method  Fifty‐nine preterm (median gestational age 29.7wk, median birthweight 1285g) and 30 term infants (median gestational age 40.1wk, median birthweight 3588g) were included. IMP assessments were longitudinally performed at (corrected) ages of 4, 6, 10, and 12 months. Neurological outcome was determined at 18 months with the neurological examination according to Hempel. We compared total and domain IMP scores throughout infancy between infants with and without CP.

Results  In the term group none of the children was diagnosed with CP at the age of 18 months, in the preterm group eight had CP at 18 months (14%). Three had unilateral spastic CP, and five bilateral spastic CP. Children with CP (n=8) at 18 months had lower IMP scores throughout infancy than children without. These differences were most pronounced for the domains variation and performance. The predictive ability of the total IMP scores throughout infancy for CP was high (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.89–0.99) and most pronounced for the variation and performance domains.

Interpretation  IMP scores throughout infancy and CP at 18 months are strongly related. In particular, low scores on the variation and performance domains were important indicators for CP. To determine the exact predictive ability of the IMP, further research is needed.
Challenges and limitations in early intervention
Authors: HADDERS‐ALGRA MIJNA
Published: September 2011

Research over the past three decades has shown that early intervention in infants biologically at risk of developmental disorders, irrespective of the presence of a brain lesion, is associated with improved cognitive development in early childhood without affecting motor development. However, at present it is unknown whether early intervention is also able to improve developmental outcome in infants with a serious lesion of the brain. This paper discusses factors that might play a role in the effect of early intervention. The following picture emerged from the limited evidence available: (1) coaching of parents seems an effective means of intervention; (2) our understanding of the plasticity of the developing human brain is currently too limited to allow a direct practical implementation in early intervention; (3) intervention before term age should primarily focus on stress reduction, intervention after term age on stimulation of infant development; and (4) our knowledge of the best ways to stimulate infant development is scant. Nevertheless, preliminary data suggest that offering the infant ample opportunities to explore by self‐produced motor activities the borders of their own abilities might be a good strategy for promoting developmental outcome, including functional mobility.
The effects of preterm infant massage on brain electrical activity
Authors: GUZZETTA ANDREA , D’ACUNTO MARIA G , CAROTENUTO MARCO , BERARDI NICOLETTA , BANCALE ADA , BIAGIONI ENRICO , BOLDRINI ANTONIO , GHIRRI PAOLO , MAFFEI LAMBERTO , CIONI GIOVANNI
Published: September 2011

Aim  Early intervention programmes based on the manipulation of the extra‐uterine environment have been used in preterm infants with the aim of improving development and functional outcome. Infant massage, among them, has proved effective for weight gain and reduced length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. We have recently shown that infant massage accelerates brain maturation of low‐risk preterm infants without brain abnormalities as measured by global parameters of electroencephalography (EEG) activity. In the present study we further analyse the same cohort of preterm infants, testing the hypothesis that massage determines changes in EEG spectral activity, a highly sensitive index of brain maturation.

Method  Infants were randomly allocated to a massage or comparison group. Intervention consisted of standard care only (comparison group) or standard care plus infant massage (massage group). Massage was started at around 10 days after birth and was provided for 12 days during a 2‐week period. EEG was performed at around 1 and 4 weeks, i.e. before and after intervention. Spectral EEG analysis was performed on 80 seconds of active sleep, applying the fast Fourier transform on the signal obtained from eight monopolar derivations.

Results  The modification in global EEG spectral power between the two assessments was significantly different for the two groups, especially for the delta band activity; the spectral power did not change in massaged infants although, not surprisingly, it decreased significantly in the comparison group, as shown by previous studies.

Interpretation  We propose that massage intervention affects the maturation of brain electrical activity and favours a process more similar to that observed in utero in term infants.
The role of the family in intervention of infants at high risk of cerebral palsy: a systematic analysis
Authors: DIRKS TINEKE , HADDERS‐ALGRA MIJNA
Published: September 2011

During the past two decades, awareness of the role of the family in the child’s life has increased and the term ‘family‐centred services’ (FCS) has been introduced to facilitate care for children with special needs and their families. It is, however, unclear how various early intervention programmes incorporate family involvement in service delivery. The present study systematically analyses the nature of family involvement in six frequently used early intervention programmes for infants at high risk of developmental disorders: neurodevelopmental treatment, treatment according to Vojta, Conductive Education, Infant Health and Development Program, Infant Behaviour Assessment and Intervention Program, and Coping with and Caring for infants with special needs – a family‐centred programme (COPCA). The analysis shows that the role of the family is diverse: it varies from parent training to be a therapist without attention to family function (in Vojta) to the autonomous family that receives coaching (COPCA). The data suggest two trends over time: (1) from child‐focused to family‐focused orientation; and (2) from professionally directed guidance to coaching based on equal partnership.
Family and quality of life: key elements in intervention in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: ROSENBAUM PETER
Published: September 2011

Modern thinking about children’s health, as embodied in the framework of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – Child and Youth Version, requires that we be attentive to the ‘context’ of children’s lives, namely their families and the well‐being of their families. Family‐centred services provide both a guide to the ‘processes’ of service by service providers and measurable evidence‐based outcomes that link better ‘processes’ with better parental ‘outcomes’. This brief paper provides an overview of these topics, arguing that the themes we address in services, and the way we do that, can have important effects on families, and by extension, on their children.
Diplosegmentation in the pill millipedeGlomeris marginatais the result of dorsal fusion
Authors: Janssen Ralf
Published: September 2011

All trunk segments in the pill millipedeGlomeris marginata(Myriapoda:Diplopoda) are initially patterned genetically, (as visualized by the embryonic expression pattern of theeven‐skippedgene) and formed morphologically, (as visualized by 4‐6‐diamidin‐2‐phenylindol stained embryos) in a single segmental period. In addition, formation of every nascent trunk segment concerns ventral as well as dorsal segmental units. Only after the formation of the nascent posterior trunk segments, the dorsal segmental units of two adjacent segments fuse to form a single dorsal segmental unit that subsequently covers two ventral leg‐bearing segmental units. The formation of a diplosegmental unit, or in short a diplosegment, is thus the result of dorsal fusion of embryonic tissue and not the result of any splitting‐process or fusion of dorsal tergites. The new data also argue against heterochrony as a primary causative factor for the formation of the diplosegments during the formation of dorsal versus ventral segmental units. Furthermore, no evidence was found supporting the hypothesis that anterior trunk segments in diplopods represent degenerate diplosegments. Two possible scenarios arise from the ontogenetic data presented here, whether this represents an ancestral feature of the diplopods, or alternatively if they represent an isolated case only found inGlomeris(and close relatives). If the former is the case, my work may provide an impressive example ofHaeckel's recapitulation theory.
NUCLEAR MONOPLOIDY AND ASEXUAL PROPAGATION OF NANNOCHLOROPSIS OCEANICA (EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE) AS REVEALED BY ITS GENOME SEQUENCE1
Authors: Pan Kehou , Qin Junjie , Li Si , Dai Wenkui , Zhu Baohua , Jin Yuanchun , Yu Wengong , Yang Guanpin , Li Dongfang
Published: September 2011

Species in genus Nannochloropsis are promising candidates for both biofuel and biomass production due to their ability to accumulate rich fatty acids and grow fast; however, their sexual reproduction has not been studied. It is clear that the construction of their metabolic pathways, such as that of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis, and understanding of their biological characteristics, such as nuclear ploidy and reproductive strategy, will certainly facilitate their genetic improvement through gene engineering and mutation and clonal expansion. In this study, the genome of N. oceanica S. Suda et Miyashita was sequenced with the next‐generation Illumina GA sequencing technologies. The genome was ∼30 Mb in size, which contained 11,129 protein‐encoding genes. Of them, 59.65% were annotated by aligning with those in diverse protein databases, and 29.68% were assigned at least one function described in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Less frequent polymorphic nucleotides (one in 22.06 kb) and the obvious deviation from 1:1 (major:minor, minor ≥10) expectation indicated the nuclear monoploidy of N. oceanica. The lack of the majority of meiosis‐specific proteins implied the asexual reproduction of this alga. In combination, the nuclear monoploidy and asexual propagation led us to favor the hypothesis that N. oceanica was a premeiotic or ameiotic alga. In addition, sequence similarity‐based searching identified the elongase‐ and desaturase‐encoding genes involved in the biosynthesis of long‐chain PUFAs, which provided the genetic basis of its rich content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The functional genes and their metabolic pathways profiled against its genome sequence will facilitate its integrative investigations.
Association Between Serum Cholesterol and Noncardiovascular Mortality in Older Age
Authors: Newson Rachel S. , Felix Janine F. , Heeringa Jan , Hofman Albert , Witteman Jacqueline C. M. , Tiemeier Henning
Published: September 2011

Objectives

To clarify the association between cholesterol and noncardiovascular mortality and to evaluate how this association varies across age groups.

Design

Prospective population‐based cohort study.

Setting

Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Participants

Adults aged 55 to 99 (N = 5,750).

Measurements

Participants were evaluated for total cholesterol and subfractions and followed for mortality for a median of 13.9 years. Total cholesterol and its subfractions were evaluated in relation to noncardiovascular mortality. Cox regression analyses were conducted in the total sample and within age‐groups (55–64, 65–74, 75–84, ≥85).

Results

Age‐ and sex‐adjusted analyses showed that each 1‐mmol/L increase in total cholesterol was associated with an approximately 12% lower risk of noncardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.84–0.92, P < .001). Age group–specific analyses demonstrated that this association reached significance after the age of 65 and increased in magnitude across each subsequent decade. This was driven largely by non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL‐C) (HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.85–0.93, P < .001) and was partly attributable to cancer mortality. Conversely, HDL‐C was not significantly associated with noncardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.79–1.07, P = .26).

Conclusion

Higher total cholesterol was associated with a lower risk of noncardiovascular mortality in older adults. This association varied across the late‐life span and was stronger in older age groups. Further research is required to examine the mechanisms underlying this association.
From Search to Match: When Loan Contracts Are Too Long
Authors: CHAMLEY CHRISTOPHE , ROCHON CÉLINE
Published: September 2011

A model of lending is presented where loans are established in matches between banks (lenders) and entrepreneurs (borrowers) who meet in a search process. Projects turn out randomly a quick payoff or a long‐term payoff that requires a rollover of the loan. The model generates, under proper parameter conditions, two steady states without or with rollover, and rollover is socially inefficient. Under imperfect information, the standard debt contract is privately efficient. However, it extends the domains of equilibria with socially inefficient rollover. The global dynamics displays a continuum of equilibrium paths that each exhibits sudden discontinuities—crises—in which the mass of outstanding loans is reduced by a quantum amount of terminations. Crises have a cleansing effect.
Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Multiplex PCRs for the Highly Discriminating OSU 10‐Locus Set Y‐STRs*,†
Authors: Hanson Erin , Maybruck Julie L. , Ballantyne Jack , Fuerst Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  In a previous study, a new set of Y‐chromosome short tandem repeats, the OSU 10‐locus set (MPM1 and MPM2), was shown to have a higher discrimination power when evaluated against the 10 SWGDAM loci on a common population panel. Here, we describe the optimization of the multiplex reactions using dye‐labeled primers followed by performance evaluations. The loci exhibited high precision, human male specificity, reliability in different body fluids, high sensitivity, stability, and the ability to amplify nonprobative casework and mixture samples. Stutter for the all of the loci, with the exception of the highly polymorphic locus DYS688, was similar to that observed for autosomal loci. The results of the performance evaluations reinforced the utility of these loci.
The Use of a 3‐D Laser Scanner to Document Ephemeral Evidence at Crime Scenes and Postmortem Examinations
Authors: Komar Debra A. , Davy‐Jow Stephanie , Decker Summer J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Proper documentation of physical evidence at both crimes scenes and postmortem examination is crucial for downstream analysis, interpretation, and presentation in court. Ephemeral or transient evidence poses particular challenges to investigators, as its very nature renders it difficult or impossible to seize and maintain in its original physical state. The use of a hand‐held three‐dimensional (3‐D) laser scanner is proposed to capture and document such evidence, both in the field and at autopsy. Advantages of the scanner over traditional means of documentation such as photography or casting include the ability to obtain measurements in all dimensions, the ability to reconstruct missing elements, and the ease with which generated images can be interpreted by the jury at trial. Potential scenarios warranting the use of the scanner are identified, and the limitations of its use are discussed.
Determination of Sex from Juvenile Crania by Means of Discriminant Function Analysis*,†
Authors: Gonzalez Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: This study provides evidence of craniofacial growth variation between the sexes in juveniles of European descent. Data were collected from lateral cephalometric radiographs belonging to the Michigan Craniofacial Growth Study. The collection consists of longitudinal lateral radiographs that represent individuals 5–16 years of age. Each radiograph was manually traced on hyprint vellum from which eight craniometric points were identified. From these points, 20 craniofacial measurements were recorded and then analyzed by means of a canonical discriminant function analysis. Sex classification equations were then created by applying a backward stepwise procedure to the discriminant functions. The analysis demonstrates the presence of sexually dimorphic differences in craniofacial growth. The neurocranium is the most sexually dimorphic region of the juvenile craniofacial skeleton, until the onset of puberty. Size is the main source of variation with males having taller and longer heads than females. Overall, sex classification in the sample ranges from 78 to 89% accuracy.
Psychological Autopsy in the Investigation of Serial Neonaticides
Authors: Burton Steve , Thomas Dalby J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  While the use of psychological autopsies has at least a 50‐year history in the investigation of equivocal deaths and suicides, we report a case where, after the discovery of a woman who died of natural causes, a subsequent search of her home found three deceased newborn infants. The infants were born on three separate occasions; the most recent was delivered approximately 2 weeks before the death of the mother. Using her own diaries and interviews with family and friends along with the physical autopsy and scene investigation data, we built a psychological autopsy that addressed the mother’s mental state over the period of time when the infants’ deaths took place. While the use of the psychological autopsy was not employed to distinguish the manner of death of the mother, it did provide explanatory power over circumstances of the crime scene and the behavioral disturbance of the mother.
Spatial separation of visual and vestibular processing in the human hippocampal formation
Authors: Hüfner Katharina , Strupp Michael , Smith Paul , Brandt Thomas , Jahn Klaus
Published: September 2011

The hippocampal formation, that is, the hippocampus proper and the parahippocampal region, is essential for various aspects of memory and plays an important role in human navigation. Navigational cues can be provided by both the visual system (e.g., landmarks, optic flow) and the vestibular system (e.g., estimation of direction during path integration). This study reviews anatomical, electrophysiological, and imaging data that support the view that vestibular input is primarily processed in the anterior part of the hippocampal formation, whereas visual cues are primarily integrated in the posterior part. In cases of reduced vestibular or visual input or excessive sensory stimulation, this hippocampal navigational network is reorganized. The separation of vestibular and visual information in the hippocampal formation has a twofold functional consequence: missing input from either system may be partially substituted for, and the task‐dependent sensorial weight can be shifted to, the more reliable modality for navigation.
Sugar consumption and preference among Mexican, Chinese, and Nigerian immigrants to Texas
Authors: Alonge Olusegun K. , Narendran Sena , Hobdell Martin H. , Bahl Saroj
Published: September 2011

This pilot study investigated the relationship between sugar consumption/ preference and the length of residence in the U.S. among certain immigrant groups.

The study sample consisted of 213 volunteers from community organizations and church groups, of Nigerian (45%), Mexican (31%), and Chinese (24%) descent. Data were collected on demographics, sugar consumption/preference (24‐hour dietary recall), and oral health status. The age of respondents varied from 18 to 93 years with a mean age of 37.0 ± 11.7 years. The mean length of residence was 9.2 ± 7.2 years, and the mean sugar consumption was 122.4 ± 114.6 g/day. Immigrants from Mexico and Nigeria reported consuming more servings of sweets per day than the Chinese (p= .006); Mexican immigrants had the highest level of sugar preference (p= .001). No significant differences were observed between the length of residence and either sugar consumption or sugar preference. Greater availability of sugar and sweet snacks does not always result in increased sugar consumption or sugar preference.
Parents’ perspectives on a dental home for children with special health care needs
Authors: Kagihara Lynette E. , Huebner Colleen E. , Mouradian Wendy E. , Milgrom Peter , Anderson Betsy A.
Published: September 2011

The authors surveyed parent‐leaders about aspects of a dental home for children with special health care needs (CSHCN). State leaders in two advocacy groups completed the survey; the response rate was 70.6% of all states. Two of the most highly rated aspects of a dental home, endorsed as “essential” by 89% of respondents, pertained to dentist–parent interactions: the dentist listens carefully to the family, and the dentist helps the family feel like a partner in treatment decisions. Likewise, 89% said it was essential that insurance coverage allows the child to see needed providers. Dentists’ lack of knowledge or willingness to treat CSHCN and refusal of Medicaid insurance coverage were identified as major barriers to care. More than 84% of respondents reported that parents were unaware of the recommendation to establish dental care by 1 year of age. Establishing policy and educational strategies should help parents meet this dental health goal.
Determinants of Profit Reinvestment by Small Businesses in Emerging Economies
Authors: Chakravarty Sugato , Xiang Meifang
Published: September 2011

We investigate the cross‐country key factors of profit reinvestment decisions using data compiled by the World Bank from over 7,000 businesses in 36 developing countries. We find that, compared to the security of property rights, it is a firm's access to external financing that plays an important role in a firm's reinvestment decision in emerging economies. The extent of private ownership and the firm's competitiveness are additional significant factors correlated with its reinvestment decision. Furthermore, we uncover a firm size effect in that the above factors driving firm reinvestment decisions appears to impact small firms more than relatively larger firms.