bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morally Relevant Features
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: March 2003

This article summarizes the account of morality presented in Morality: Its Nature and Justification (Oxford, 1998), with emphasis on that aspect of morality that deals with justifying violations of the moral rules. Such justification requires a two‐step procedure; the first is describing the situation using only morally relevant features. I list these features, noting how diverse they are, and describe their characteristics. The second step is estimating the consequences of publicly allowing a violation with the same morally relevant features, that is, allowing a violation when everyone knows that it is allowed to violate the rule in the same circumstances, and comparing this to the estimated consequences of not publicly allowing that kind of violation. I then explain why fully informed, impartial rational persons can sometimes disagree about whether a violation should be publicly allowed and note that such weakly justified violations are the controversial cases.
The Face of Truth
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: March 2003

I attempt to explain Plato's choice of dialogue through an analysis of what he regarded as the conditions of knowledge acquisition. I see the main contribution of the paper in exposing the way in which time and pain are, for Plato, conditions of knowledge acquisition. Plato endorsed the “learning through suffering,” or pathei mathos, convention, central to Greek drama, and did so not through theory but through the praxis some of the dialogues employ. This addition of experiential components to the more cognitively oriented definitions of knowledge that Socrates uses complicates what these works may say about human knowledge. I analyze these tensions and the bearing they may have on the question of Plato's choice of dialogue, that is, on his rhetoric in practice. The requirements for actual persuasion, as Plato specifies them in the Seventh Letter,, are only partially met by the fictional scenes of argumentation and knowledge conveying that Plato presents. However, such scenes permit transcending some of the limitations of written, systematic, nonpersonal discourse. The presentation of such interactions to a real reader through dialogue turns into a mode of writing that is closer to meeting the demands of actual communication of knowledge – at least knowledge regarding what Plato envisaged as being the highest sort of epistemic communication
A Metaphilosophical Analysis of the Core Idea of Deflationism
Authors: Mou Bo
Published: March 2003

In this paper, I give a metaphilosophical analysis of the core idea of deflationism by discussing some basic conceptual and methodological issues involved in the debate between deflationism and substantivism. In so doing, I argue for three positive points. First, the crux of the dispute between deflationism and substantivism is whether or not truth is substantive in its metaphysical nature and in its explanatory role in philosophical enterprises, rather than whether or not a minimal approach regarding conceptual resources is taken to explain truth; a minimal approach itself is philosophically innocent. Second, there is no intrinsic connection between the core idea of deflationism and the Tarski‐style equivalence thesis, which is often identified as implying or supporting the former. Third, there are some unbridged fundamental gaps between the core idea of deflationism and various redundancy theses; these redundancy theses cannot be identified as the former, nor can they be used to justify the former on their own.
Technological Gap and Uneven Accumulation in a Classical Production Model
Authors: Sai‐wing Ho P.
Published: March 2003

Two regions are distinguished by their technological capabilities. In autarky, the advanced region accumulates more rapidly. Trade augments both regions' growth rates, but can initially worsen the uneven accumulation. The advanced region's faster growth turns the terms of trade against itself. The growth gap narrows. Yet, trade can never close that gap completely. Further decline in the advanced region's growth rate is arrested by its investment in, and technology transfer to, the backward region to augment the latter's export. Whether uneven accumulation persists depends on how successfully the backward region's indigenous capitalists adopt the more efficient `foreign' technology.
Equilibrium with Profit‐Rate Maximizing Producers
Authors: Borisov Kirill
Published: March 2003

We consider a general equilibrium model with producers maximizing their profit rates and using some fraction of profit for investment. Under some assumptions a stationary equilibrium exists and, in the case of generalized Leontief technologies, the equilibrium prices can be found by means of the cost‐minimizing procedure. If at least one active producer uses some fraction of his profit for dividends, and therefore not investing all his profit, an equilibrium allocation is technologically inefficient.

We also consider a multi‐regional variant of the model and study the existence of the equilibrium problem from another point of view. Namely, we fix wage rates in the regions and equalize labor demand and labor supply by varying the fractions of profit used for investment.
A Pasinettian Amend to Growth and Distribution in an Open Economy
Authors: Teixeira Joanílio Rodolpho , Araújo Jorge Thompson
Published: March 2003

We show that Pasinetti's insight into the relationship between the equilibrium rate of profits, the capitalists' saving ratio and the natural growth rate can be extended beyond the original formulations for a closed economy. This result does not depend on a particular hypothesis about the ownership of foreign assets and thus is of great generality.
The Primitive Uncertainty Construct: Possibility, Potential Surprise, Probability and Belief; Some Experimental Evidence
Authors: Ford J. L. , Ghose Sudip
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the nature of the primitive uncertainty measure by means of a laboratory experiment that consists of four uncertain situations. It considers the related pair of possibility and potential surprise associated with George Shackle; and the supposedly related pair, belief and probability. The assessment of the relative merits of potential measures of uncertainty is based upon modal responses and χ2 tests. It is found that the dominant uncertainty concept is potential surprise, and the subjects' explanations of their choice of an uncertainty concept gave substantial weight to possibility where it is felt that there is vagueness or doubt about the outcomes in a given situation
Competition and Market Structure Reconsidered
Authors: Fine Ben
Published: March 2003

A number of models of oligopoly in which long‐run equilibrium is given by zero profit are extended to examine further the extent to which the number of firms increases indefinitely with market size. The limitations of the modelling framework are critically assessed with particular emphasis on the neglect of competition through vertically integrated economic processes. As an alternative, it is suggested that competition and industrial structure would be better studied by differentiating vertically between the different “systems of provision” through which particular goods are supplied, taking account of the integral connections between chains of economic activity, rather than generalizing across sectors and the competition within them.
Welfare Economics and Robinson Crusoe the Producer
Authors: Steedman Ian
Published: March 2003

The welfare of almost all employed people is significantly affected by how they spend their working hours—and not just by how long they work and what they can purchase with their earnings. Yet this brute fact is all but ignored in welfare economics! It is shown here, in a very simple way, how sharply the familiar results of welfare theory are changed once this glaring omission is rectified.
Joint Production with ‘Restricted Free Disposal’
Authors: Lager Christian
Published: March 2003

A single production system with constant returns can produce any level and composition of demand by appropriate intensities of the cost‐minimizing processes. Hence, in the long run, products can never be in excess supply and there exists a system of prices of production which is semipositive and independent of demand. These (and other) properties do not, in general, carry over to joint production systems where one or several processes produce two or more different products. The proportions in which products emerge will generally be different from those in which they are required for use. The usual approach to that problem is to apply the rule of ‘free goods’. This assumption may be applied to goods which, if they are left where they are and as they are, cause neither costs nor benefits. But it cannot be applied to outworn machines, scrap, wastes or pollutants and is therefore not generally applicable. The present paper aims at finding conditions for the existence of cost‐minimizing systems for cases where this crucial assumption either is completely absent or is substituted by the assumption of ‘restricted free disposal’, i.e. by the assumption that excess production is permitted up to a certain tolerated limit. It will be proved that the conditions for the existence of cost‐minimizing systems with free disposal carry over to systems with restricted free disposal.
A Note on Non‐Stationary Prices
Authors: Lager Christian
Published: March 2003

The concepts of ‘real'’ and ‘nominal’ values or ‘real’ and ‘nominal’ rates of profit in the presence of non‐stationary prices are discussed. It is shown that the rate of profit depends on the choice of the numeraire if—and only if—relative prices change over time. In this case there are as many real rates as there are products, factors or bundles of products and factors. Although the rate of profit may vary with the choice of the numeraire, the ranking of processes according to profitability—and hence the choice of technique—is not affected.
Classics and Moderns: Sraffa's Legacy in Economics
Authors: Mongiovi Gary
Published: March 2003

The year 1998 marked the centenary of Piero Sraffa's birth. This paper reflects upon a recently published collection of essays on Piero Sraffa's scientific legacy. The paper focuses on the constructive dimensions of Sraffa's work.
Supply Dynamics of the Mental Health Workforce: Implications for Health Policy
Authors: Ivey Susan L. , Scheffler Richard , Zazzali James L.
Published: March 2003

The U.S. mental health workforce is varied and flexible. The strong growth in supply of nonphysician mental health professionals, ranging from psychologists to “midlevel” professionals like social workers and nurse specialists, helps to offset the dwindling numbers of medical graduates entering the field of psychiatry. Primary care physicians often see patients who have some form of mental illness, which they are not always trained to recognize and treat. The data on the supply of several specialists—psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and clinical social workers—indicate that the distribution of mental health professionals varies widely by state. The composition, supply, and distribution of workers in this field also affect the care of vulnerable populations. Broader policy questions, including the lack of parity between mental and physical health insurance coverage and barriers to entry by nonphysician professions, may limit the cost‐effective expansion of this diverse and dynamic workforce.
Social Epidemiology and the Fundamental Cause Concept: On the Structuring of Effective Cancer Screens by Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Link Bruce G. , Northridge Mary E. , Phelan Jo C. , Ganz Michael L.
Published: March 2003

Since the early 1800s, studies have consistently demonstrated that people higher in the socioeconomic hierarchy live longer than people of lower rank. One hypothesis for the persistence of this association is that people who are relatively better off are more able to avoid risks by adopting currently available protective strategies. In a partial test of this idea, the social distributions of two cancer screening tests—Pap smears and mammography—were examined. A review of the literature and an analysis of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data showed a consistent association between indicators of socioeconomic status and recent screening. These findings support the theory that societies create and shape patterns of disease. Innovations beneficial to health are carried out within the context of inequalities that shape the distribution of the health benefit, thereby affecting patterns of mortality.
Health Care through a Six Sigma Lens
Authors: Buck Charles R.
Published: March 2003

A General Electric executive discusses the “Six Sigma” model for quality that was initiated by the manufacturing sector.
Employment Outcomes among AFDC Recipients Treated for Substance Abuse in Washington State
Authors: Wickizer Thomas M. , Campbell Kevin , Krupski Antoinette , Stark Kenneth
Published: March 2003

In 1996, Congress passed sweeping welfare reform, abolishing the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. Each state now administers its own welfare‐to‐work program under broad federal guidelines, which require eligible adult recipients to work or perform community service. High‐risk welfare recipients, especially those with chemical dependency problems, face significant obstacles in their efforts to achieve greater self‐sufficiency under the new welfare‐to‐work programs. State databases were used to track employment outcomes for AFDC clients admitted to treatment for chemical dependency in Washington State during a two‐year period. Exposure to treatment was associated with a greater likelihood of becoming employed and with increased earnings for those who became employed. Ensuring that welfare recipients with substance abuse problems have access to appropriate treatment and vocational services is critical if welfare‐to‐work programs are to promote greater economic self‐sufficiency.
Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Disability among the Near Elderly: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Ostermann Jan , Sloan Frank A.
Published: March 2003

Data from four waves of the Health and Retirement Study are used to analyze the effects of alcohol use on disability, mortality, and income transfers from public programs. Cross‐sectional analysis reveals a complex relationship, with a history of problem drinking clearly leading to higher rates of limitations, and a nonmonotonic relationship between current drinking and disability. In longitudinal analysis, problem drinking was predictive of disability onset, but not of transfer receipt or mortality. Heavy drinkers and problem drinkers, if anything, were less likely to receive public income support than abstainers or moderate drinkers. The likelihood that heavy drinkers received public transfers did not decrease relative to others following statutory changes in 1996 that sought to limit eligibility of alcoholics and drug abusers.
Breaking Mindset
Authors: Snyder Allan W.
Published: March 2003

A fundamental question facing the cognitive sciences is why it is so difficult for us to look at the world in new ways. Experts, in particular, appear to have extreme difficulty in questioning the foundations for their belief. This I argue is because we can only view our world through mental paradigms. Such paradigms, our mindsets, have evolved so that we can respond automatically to things of importance but, by having mindsets, we are intrinsically prejudiced. I suggest that infantile autism provides valuable insight into what a mind would be like if it were not to have paradigms. Because we are constrained to look at the world through our mindsets, the only way to see more is to acquire more mindsets. But, to actually be original, it is also necessary to subvert conventional wisdom and this would appear to be culturally dependent. Accordingly, understanding creativity necessitates examining the collective perspectives of diverse disciplines, encompassing abnormal minds as well as the historical transformations of different cultures.
Metarepresentation
Authors: Braddon‐Mitchell David
Published: March 2003

The paper makes three points about the modularity of folk psychology and the significance of metarepresentation: (1) The hope that metarepresentation may provide a principled divide between intentional and merely representational systems focuses on a divide of mechanism. I suggest that we also look for a divide of task: the difference could be a principled difference in the task performed by the systems, not in how the task is performed. (2) There is no incompatibility between the hypothesis that folk psychology is modular and the observation that we have conscious access to some of the principles of folk psychology on even a slightly moderated understanding of modularity. (3) Much of the debate about the theoretical nature of FP hangs on what counts as a theory. Different conceptions of theory form a continuum, and it is unclear what hangs on the position that FP occupies within it.
Predicting Others Through Simulation or by Theory? A Method to Decide
Authors: Perner Josef , Gschaider Andreas , Kühberger Anton , Schrofner Siegfried
Published: March 2003

A method is presented for deciding whether correct predictions about other people are based on simulation or theory use. The differentiating power of this method was assessed with cognitive estimation biases (e.g. estimating the area of Brazil) in two variations. Experiments 1 and 2 operated with the influence of response scales of different length. Experiment 3 used the difference between free estimates that tended to be far off the true value and estimates constrained by an appropriate response scale, where estimates became greatly more realistic. The critical question is how well observer subjects can predict these target biases under two different presentation conditions. Response scale biases (Experiments 1 and 2) were more strongly predicted when observer subjects were presented with the two scales juxtaposed, than when responses for each scale were given independently. This speaks for the use of a theory, since simulation should, if there is any difference at all, be made more difficult by the juxtaposition of conditions. The difference between free and constrained estimations (Experiment 3) was more strongly predicted under independent than under juxtaposed presentation. This speaks for the use of simulation since use of a theory should, if anything, be helped by juxtaposition of problems since it helps highlight the theoretically relevant factor. Results are discussed in view of recent proposals about when simulation is likely to be used, i.e. for belief fixation but not action prediction (Stich and Nichols, 1995b), for content fixation (Heal, 1996a), and for rational effects only (Heal, 1996b).
Externalism and Causality: Simulation and the Prospects for a Reconciliation
Authors: Warren DÔna D.
Published: March 2003

Externalism in the philosophy of mind has been invoked by some philosophers to argue that content‐bearing mental states can’t serve as the explananda in genuinely causal explanations of behaviour. In this paper, I demonstrate that such arguments presuppose that psychological explanations are theory‐based and that, if this theoretical conception of psychological explanation is replaced by the simulation model, we remove the source of the apparent tension between externalism and caus‐ality and are in a position to understand how appeal to content‐bearing mental states may be causally explanatory.
Computation as Involving Content: A Response to Egan
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: March 2003

Only computational explanations of a content‐involving sort can answer certain ‘how’‐questions; can support content‐involving counterfactuals; and have the generality characteristic of psychological explanations. Purely formal characteriza‐tions of computations have none of these properties, and do not determine content. These points apply not only to psychological explanation, but to Turing machines themselves. Computational explanations which involve content are not opposed to naturalism. They are also required if we are to explain the content‐involving properties of mental states.
Contradictory Belief and Epistemic Closure Principles
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: March 2003

Kripke’s puzzle has put pressure on the intuitive idea that one can believe that Superman can fly without believing that Clark Kent can fly. If this idea is wrong then many theories of belief and belief ascription are built from faulty data. I argue that part of the proper analysis of Kripke’s puzzle refutes the closure principles that show up in many important arguments in epistemology, e.g. if S is rational and knows that P and that P entails Q, then if she considers these two beliefs and Q, she is in a position to know that Q.
Wondrous Strange: The Neuropsychology of Abnormal Beliefs
Authors: Young Andrew W.
Published: March 2003

Detailed studies of people who have experienced the Capgras delusion (the delusion that certain other people, usually close relatives, have been replaced by impostors) have led to advances in constructing an account which can deal with the basic symptomatology, testing alternative possibilities, generating and testing non‐trivial predictions, and broadening the scope of the basic account to encompass other delusions. This paper outlines these developments. It uses them to explore implications for understanding the formation and maintenance of beliefs, and to discuss basic principles of what has come to be known as cognitive neuropsychiatry.
The Current State of (Radical) Pragmatics in the Cognitive Sciences
Authors: Breheny Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper considers some issues for traditional and radical views of the semantic content of utterances. It suggests that, as the radical view denies that linguistic meaning solely determines explicit content, it is required to come up with an alternative account of content. We focus on cognitively oriented radical theories and argue that none of the current alternatives for delimiting content is adequate. An alternative radical account of content is sketched. We also consider Stanley’s (2000) binding argument in support of the traditional view and suggest that it fails as it is based on an overly strong conception of binding in natural language.
Conversation, Epistemology and Norms
Authors: Davis Steven
Published: March 2003

It is obvious that a great many of the things that we know we know because we learn them in conversation with others, conversations in which it is the intention of our interlocutor to inform us of something. It might be thought that only assertoric acts are informative. I shall argue that there is a range of conversational interventions that have this characteristic, including speech acts, presuppositions and conversational implicatures. The main focus of the paper is a discussion of the different norms, both moral and epistemological, that entitle us to believe what we learn from conversations. I compare our entitlement to believe what we learn from conversation with our entitlements to believe what we learn from perception. In providing an account of our epistemic warrant for our knowledge gained in conversation with ours, I draw on the work of Tyler Burge (1993 and 1997).
Conscience and Conquest: Francisco de Vitoria on Justice in the New World
Authors: Davis G. Scott
Published: March 2003

The author considers the work of the 16th century Spanish Dominican Francisco de Vitoria on the justice of the conquest of the Americas. He argues that it is essential to read Vitoria’s work in the light of Thomas Aquinas’s views on virtue and conscience. In this light, Vitoria’s condemnation of the Conquistadors is more sweeping than previous interpreters have thought. Finally, the author suggests that there is an important rift between Vitoria’s thought and that of the generations that follow, with important consequences for understanding and applying just war thinking in the modern world.
Whose Eucharist? Eucharistic Identity as Historical Subject
Authors: Rubin Miri
Published: March 2003

Through the experiences of a medieval historian and the experiences which have led to her engagement with the Eucharist in the Middle Ages this paper traces some of the ways in which medieval people assumed or discarded identities through their relationships with the Eucharist. The many ways in which the image encompassing an incarnate God in a wheaten disc allowed individual and groups to assert selfhood, difference and specificity are considered through examples of liturgical, mystical and theological relationships, articulations, of the Eucharist. The centrality of Jews as affirmers of Eucharistic truth in late medieval culture through the rejection and violence attributed to them is offered as a necessary facet of the Eucharist's suggestive possibilities. Eucharist is shown as a symbol of interiority and intrinsic value, opposed to Jewish literality and misrecognition of value, ideas which created a link between talk about the Eucharist and discussion of usury. Lastly, some of the historical interests of Jewish writers in the historical links between Jews and the Eucharist are explored.
New Technology and the New Man: Mass Production and Information Technology in Paper Mills
Authors: Glenday Daniel
Published: March 2003

The experiences of men working in a computer‐mediated workplace in Ontario are contrasted with men employed in a mass production paper mill in Qu"bec in order to analyse the association between technological change and male subcultures. Both statistical and interview data were used in this study.
The eradication of leisure
Authors: Boggis Jean J.
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on work intensification effected by the introduction of a new handling system in a clothing plant. Worker response is discussed in relation to issues of gender, absence and turnover and particular reference is paid to the studies of clothing workshop conflict conducted by Edwards and Scullion (1982).
Oil Exploration in Transitional Economies: the Present Status of Kazakhstan’s Onshore Proven Oil Reserves
Authors: Reynolds Douglas B.
Published: March 2003

Kazakhstan is faced with a flattening proven oil reserve trend. Two explanations are possible. One is that this trend is simply a product of Kazakhstan’s transition from a planned economy to a free market economy. Once new technology and free markets are introduced, then proven reserves will return to an upward trend. The other explanation is that Kazakhstan’s onshore oil potential has been thoroughly searched, such that there are no more large oil reservoirs to discover onshore. We consider how onshore oil exploration in Kazakhstan may have reached its peak and could now be in decline.
Budget Deficit Remedies and Their Impact on the Non‐oil Sectors of an Oil‐exporting Country: the Case of Kuwait
Authors: Eltony M. Nagy
Published: March 2003

A model for the non‐oil production side of the Kuwaiti economy was developed and estimated. The model, then, was simulated according to various scenarios designed to eliminate the budget deficit by the year 2000, in order to examine the effect on the non‐oil sector of the economy. The results indicate that, in terms of its impact on non‐oil GDP, the extreme case scenario is harsh, bringing down the level of non‐oil GDP by more than 20% by the year 2000 from its level in 1993. The impact on the budget deficit may be very positive, but non‐oil production and consumption will decline very rapidly, creating widespread hardship across all economic sectors. The results suggest a better option lies in adopting either of two intermediate case scenarios. While each of these will also cause a decline in non‐oil GDP, it will not be to the extent caused by the extreme case scenario.
Wagner’s law and public expenditure growth in Kuwait
Authors: Burney Nadeem A. , Al‐Mussallam Nadia
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the relationship between public expenditure and a number of socio‐economic variables, including the level of income, in Kuwait. The paper derives a general form of the public expenditure function, which is estimated using the ordinary least squares method. Given the characteristics of the economy, alternative measures for each variable are used. The analysis in the paper is based on time‐series data covering the period 1969/70‐94/95. The findings do not lend support to the validity of Wagner’s law in Kuwait. Some of the main factors that were found to have contributed to the growth in public expenditure are the economic structure, the degree of economic openness and financial development.
The Caspian Sea geopolitical game: prospects for the new millennium
Authors: Bahgat Gawdat
Published: March 2003

The break‐up of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s opened the door for the international oil companies to explore and develop the Caspian Sea's hydrocarbon resources. The full utilisation of this wealth, however, has been hindered by disagreement over the ownership of the basin and the choice of export routes. In addition, there is no consensus on the exact quantity of resources there. This study examines all these issues and focuses on the rivalry between a regional power – the Islamic Republic of Iran – and an international one – the United States of America. The contention is that they have a mutual interest in promoting economic development and political stability in the Caspian region.
Energy use and productivity performance in the Nigerian manufacturing sector (1970‐90)
Authors: Adenikinju Adeola F. , Alaba Olumuyiwa B.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the relationship between productivity performance and energy consumption in the Nigerian manufacturing sector at both aggregated and disaggregated levels.

It adopts a non‐parametric approach to the measurement of total factor productivity (TFP). It then specifies a regression model linking the estimated TFP growth with changes in energy use. The objective is to examine the impact of energy‐pricing policy on efficiency in the manufacturing sector.

The paper establishes that energy consumption still plays a critical role in productivity growth in the Nigerian manufacturing sector. However, the recent price reforms in the energy sector can only achieve meaningful results if accompanied by technological reforms in the manufacturing sector. The industrial sector is still dominated by old energy‐inefficient technology.

However, there are prospects for enhancing energy efficiency in the long run. When prices are allowed to signal the real cost of an input, producers would not only become efficient in energy use, but would also be able to select appropriate input combinationsthat minimised their costs of production. Long‐term investment would also be committed to energy‐saving equipment.

Furthermore, the development of the gas sub‐sector may also provide an alternative source of energy to many firms.
Oil and macroeconomic fluctuations in Mexico
Authors: Boye François
Published: March 2003

This paper tests the conventional contention that, due to the major policy changes in Mexico that stem from the 1980s, fluctuations in the international oil market have had no significant impact on movements in the Mexican economy in the last two decades. It does this by using univariate statistical techniques in its first part and resorting to an econometric structural break test and impulse response analysis respectively in its last two parts. Its findings bear out conventional wisdom: Mexico cannot be likened to an OPEC Country in any respect, including the point of view that its public finance is totally impervious to fluctuations in its oil revenue.
Separability and Aggregate Shocks in the Life‐cycle Model of Consumption: Evidence from Spain
Authors: Collado M. Dolores
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to test the life‐cycle permanent income hypothesis using an unbalanced panel from the Spanish family expenditure survey. Our model accounts for aggregate shocks and non‐separability in the Euler equation among consumption goods, contrary to most of the literature in this area. Our results do not indicate excess sensitivity of consumption growth to income.
Financial Innovation and Divisia Monetary Aggregates: Comment on Ford, Peng, Mullineux (1992)
Authors: Spencer Peter
Published: March 2003

This note shows that there is an error in the mathematical argument deployed by Ford et al. (1992). Once this is corrected, we see that, remarkably, the standard opportunity cost based weighting system remains appropriate even in the face of non‐neutral technical change.
Near Observational Equivalence and Fractionally Integrated Processes
Authors: Marmol Francesc , Reboredo Juan C.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to study the presence of nearly observationally equivalence problems in fractionally integrated processes. In order to illustrate our results, by means of a Monte Carlo study, we analyze the finite sample behaviour of the usual Durbin‐Watson statistic in a regression between two independent nonstationary fractionally integrated processes with MA(1) innovations.
A Note on Estimated Coefficients in Random Effects Probit Models
Authors: Arulampalam Wiji
Published: March 2003

This note points out to applied researchers what adjustments are needed tothe coefficient estimates in a random effects probit model in order to make valid comparisons in terms of coefficient estimates and marginal effects across different specifications. These adjustments are necessary because of the normalization that is used by standard software in order to facilitate easyestimation of the random effects probit model.
Does Measurement Error Bias Fixed‐effects Estimates of the Union Wage Effect?
Authors: Swaffield Joanna K.
Published: March 2003

This paper compares estimates of the union wage effect using cross‐section and panel estimators for male manual full‐time and female employees using data from the British Household Panel Survey, 1991‐1997. A comparison of cross‐section and panel estimates suggests that unobserved heterogeneity biases cross‐section estimates upwards. However, it is also found that the divergence between estimates is overstated because measurement error biases the fixed‐effects estimates downward. Reducing measurement error in the union variable by taking averages and restricting changes in union status to occur only when a change in employer and/or job takes place increases fixed‐effects estimates of the union wage effect.
The ‘Ring of Nestor’
Authors: Pini Ingo
Published: March 2003

In the past the authenticity of the so‐called Ring of Nestor has been debated mostly in terms of iconography. Arguments against its ancient origin rest chiefly on the presence or absence of certain motifs elsewhere in the surviving repertoire. Most if not all of these arguments can be countered; and we must remember that our knowledge of Minoan‐Mycenaean iconography remains limited. Here new technical observations are presented which serve to support the authenticity of the Ring of Nestor. In 1995 the ring was once again placed on display in the Ashmolean Museum.
Rome without Romanization: Cultural Change in the Pre‐Desert of Tripolitania (First–Third Centuries AD)
Authors: Grahame Mark
Published: March 2003

The pre‐desert of Roman Tripolitania was one of the most remarkable regions of the empire. From the first to the sixth centuries AD it supported a thriving agricultural community, despite the marginality of the environment. The initial transformation took place at a time when Rome was actively campaigning against the tribes of the true desert. That the settlement of the pre‐desert had something to do with Roman action seems obvious enough, but paradoxically the material culture of the pre‐desert shows little direct Roman influence. This paper resolves this dilemma by arguing that settlement of the pre‐desert came about largely because of the social dynamics of its indigenous nomadic inhabitants. It is argued that Roman military success brought political stability to the pre‐desert and that this inadvertently created the conditions that enabled certain sections of pre‐desert society to abandon a nomadic existence in favour of a more sedentary one, based on agriculture. This paper explores the reasons why this took place and discusses cultural change in the Tripolitanian pre‐desert in light of these conclusions.
The Upper Palaeolithic Sculptured ibex of Angles‐sur‐l'Angkin, France
Authors: Iakovleva Ludmila , Pinçon Geneviève
Published: March 2003

This article reviews Magdalenian depictions of ibex in a cave in central France, and examines both the natural history of this animal and its meanings for the artists.
Round barrows and the harmonious landscape: placing Early Bronze Age burial monuments in south‐east England
Authors: Field David
Published: March 2003

The distribution and siting of barrows within the landscape of south‐east England is considered, and it is observed that clustering occurs on certain geological units and in specific topographical positions. A socio‐economic explanation for the distribution of those in Sussex is possible, and the concentrations can even be considered in terms of territorial units. However, distribution across the south‐east is nodal, and the clusters present on the South Downs are not matched on the North Downs, and it is necessary to consider other explanations. A cosmological approach provides a fresh insight into the siting of barrows and helps explain siting within cemeteries as well as within the wider landscape.
Pests and Diseases of Prehistoric Crops: A Yield ‘Honeymoon’ for Early Grain Crops in Europe?
Authors: Dark Petra , Gent Henry
Published: March 2003

Before the agricultural improvements of recent centuries, grain yields in medieval Europe appear to have been extremely low: well below the full potential of the crops. If yields were similarly low in prehistory, the adoption of cereal cultivation could have conveyed few benefits in terms of productivity. Consideration of the key constraints on cereal yield highlights the previous neglect of the role of pests and diseases. It is suggested that these may have been particularly damaging in the medieval period, but much less so during the early stages of the adoption of agriculture.

Textual and archaeological evidence for the past occurrence of pests and diseases is discussed and, combined with consideration of the development of pest and pathogen problems of recent crop introductions, used to provide a possible outline of the early development of the pest/disease burden. It is suggested that when grain crops were first introduced into temperate Europe there may have been a ‘honeymoon period’ with high yields: pests and diseases which had been endemic on cereals in semi‐arid, continental, or Mediterranean climates did not thrive in the temperature climate, while species native to north‐west Europe may not have been adapted to attack cereals. Subsequently, however, some pests and diseases evolved to attack cereals in this environment. These may have prompted changes in grain production methods to reduce the risk of damage. Pests and diseases must have been a driving force in agrarian change for several millennia, and cannot be ignored in attempts to understand the history of agriculture.
Keftiu in Context: Theban Tomb‐paintings as a historical Source
Authors: Panagiotopoulos D.
Published: March 2003

It is generally asserted that the representations of Aegeans in Theban private tombs cannot be regarded as a reliable historical source, since the gift‐bearers of this independent region were depicted by Egyptian artists as tributaries. The present paper is an attempt to test the validity of this orthodoxy from the Egyptological perspective. The new explanatory approach is based on a contextual analysis which embraces the entire body of foreigners’ processions in the Theban tomb‐paintings. It is suggested that these scenes provide, within certain iconographical conventions, an accurate record of historical reality, thus offering a valuable insight into the mechanisms of pharaonic power. The question of the political vs. economic nature of the depicted activity, the diplomatic gift‐giving, is taken up in an appendix at the end of the paper.
Horizontal Mergers in a Liberalizing World Economy
Authors: Zhang Anming , Chen Hongmin
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the effect of horizontal mergers in an open economy environment. It is found that, with the presence of economies of scale and imperfect competition, a domestic merger may bring about an additional gain to the country in that it shifts profit from foreign to domestic firms. Consequently, the condition on the degree of economies of scale for permitting domestic horizontal mergers would be weaker under an open economy than under a closed economy. Furthermore, the analysis shows that such mergers can also raise foreign welfare. Finally, the model is used to discuss the need to coordinate merger policies among trading partners in tandem with trade liberalization.
Accounting for South Korean GDP Growth: Index‐Number and Econometric Estimates
Authors: Kohli Ulrich , Werner Augustin
Published: March 2003

The paper estimates the contribution of each one of the major determinants of South‐Korean nominal GDP growth: technological change, movements in the terms of trade, increases in the endowments of labor and capital, and changes in domestic output prices. An index‐number technique is used as well as an econometric approach. Both have a tight theoretical foundation, being based on the GDP function approach to modeling the production sector of an open economy.
The Supporting Line Property and the Additive Choice Function for Two‐Dimensional Choice Problems
Authors: Lahiri Somdeb
Published: March 2003

The paper provides an axiomatic characterization of the additive choice function using the additivity property. It is seen that, along with Pareto optimality, symmetry, and a supporting line property, the additivity axiom uniquely characterizes the additive choice function. The additive choice function as defined in this paper does not satisfy Nash's assumption of the independence of irrelevant alternatives. This raises the question of when a choice function is representable, an issue addressed in an appendix.
Country‐of‐Origin Rules: Its Origin, Nature, and Directions for Reform
Authors: Sang Ho Lok
Published: March 2003

In a world of increasing specialization and division of labour, the designation of one country of origin to a product is becoming increasingly out of touch with reality and is getting more and more costly in terms of the investment and trade‐diversion effects that country‐of‐origin rules (COR) cause. This paper proposes an extension of the Lloyd (1993) proposal, formalizing it into a multiple country‐of‐origin rule and recommending it on the basis of the more accurate information content it provides and the greater economic efficiency that results.
Adam Smith versus Sima Qian: Comment on the Tao of markets
Authors: Chiu Y. Stephen , Yeh Ryh‐Song
Published: March 2003

In contrast with Professor Young’s views (Pacific Economic Review, 1, 137–45), this paper argues (1) that Adam Smith came to his conclusion about the “invisible hand” before 1766, and hence the intellectual debt, if any, of Smith to the great Chinese historian Sima Qian via the agency of Turgot and the two Chinese visitors is minimal; and (2) that the allocative function of the price mechanism is explicit not only in The Wealth of Nations but also in Adam Smith’s lecture notes and other writings from his years at Glasgow University before he left for Europe in 1764.
Building a Case for Currency Boards
Authors: Zarazaga Carlos E. J. M.
Published: March 2003

Two common objections to currency boards are that they are dominated by more flexible policies and that they are unsustainable. The paper confronts these objections with the insights from a model economy in which several constituencies who compete for subsidies do not have the ability to monitor the allocation of government spending. Such assumptions are meant to capture important features of the reality of many countries for which currency boards have been proposed. The model suggests that, in such environments, flexible policies in a certain class have an inflationary bias that a sustainable currency board can – but not necessarily – eliminate.
Parallel Imports in a Model of Vertical Distribution: Theory, Evidence and Policy
Authors: Maskus Keith E. , Chen Yongmin
Published: March 2003

Parallel imports are goods traded without the authorization of an original trademark or copyright owner. In this paper, a model where parallel imports arise because of incentive problems in vertical distributions is discussed. A distributor receiving goods from a manufacturer at a low wholesale price can profitably sell the goods in another country, outside the authorized distribution channel. The manufacturer can limit such parallel imports by raising wholesale prices, but this reduces vertical pricing efficiency. Parallel imports can thus occur in equilibrium. The model is supported by empirical evidence from existing studies and new econometric work. Policy implications of the analysis are discussed.
Testing the Link between Public Intervention and Food Price Variability: Evidence from Rice Markets in the Philippines
Authors: Shively Gerald E. , Martinez Elmer , Masters William A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. A model of inter‐ and intra‐annual food price variability is presented to study the impacts of government food‐market interventions in the Philippines. A conceptually simple econometric model is described that provides a general method for testing the impact of government stock changes on prices at farmgate and retail levels. Monthly price and stock data for the period 1975–1992 are used to empirically measure the influence of Philippine government buffer‐stock programs on seasonal and annual variability of producer and consumer rice prices. NFA stock changes are shown to have had no significant stabilizing influence on seasonal and annual price changes at the aggregate level.
The Trouble with Truth‐Makers
Authors: Cox Damian
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that theories of truth which seek to specify the ontological ground of true statements by appealing to an ontology of truth‐makers face a severe and possibly insurmountable obstacle in the form of logically complex statements. I argue that there is no apparent way to develop an account of logically complex truth within the confines of a modest and plausible ontology of truth‐makers and to this end criticize independent attempts by Armstrong and Pendlebury to develop such an account.
Transition Chances and Causation
Authors: Arntzenius Frank
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The general claims of this paper are as follows. As a result of chaotic dynamics we can usually not know what the deterministic causes of events are. There will, however, be invariant forwards transition chances from earlier types of events, which we typically call the causes, to later types of events, which we typically call the effects. There will be no invariant backwards transition chances between these types of events. This asymmetry has the same origin and explanation as the arrow of time of thermodynamics.
Reasons and Rational Motivational Access
Authors: Brady Michael S.
Published: March 2003

Practical Internalism holds that an agent's reasons for acting are entirely determined by his rational desires. This account is thought to be preferable to externalism, on the grounds that internalism alone can guarantee that agents have ‘rational motivational access’ (RMA) to their reasons. Rachel Cohon has recently argued that (i) internalism fails to ensure this, and (ii) an externalist account, akin to relativism, can guarantee RMA. I suggest that both of these claims are mistaken. I argue that relativism is best understood as an internalist theory, and claim that one version of internalism can therefore guarantee RMA.