bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Fusarium head blight of winter wheat by artificial and natural infection using new fungicides
Authors: Treikale Olga , Afanasjeva Irina , Pugacheva Jelena
Published: June 2013

In Latvia, climatic factors are influential in spreading of Fusarium head blight of cereals caused by Fusarium species. The most significant factor affecting the incidence of the disease in winter wheat is hightened temperature at the time of wheat anthesis. Field trials for the control of the disease in winter wheat were done in 2003-2004 using new fungicides applied at various rates by natural infection and artificial inoculation. Three species of causative agents: Fusarium avenaceum var. herbarum, F. gibbosum, F. culmorum were collected from infected seeds of wheat and used for inoculation of experimental plots at the concentration 106 conidia ml-1 (1:1:1) at the stage of full anthesis. Effective control of the disease was obtained through application of new fungicides with different active ingredient: Prosaro 250 EC (tebuconazole 125 G, prothioconazole 125 G L-1), Input 460 EC (spiroxamine 300 G, prothioconazole 160 G L-1). In conditions of artificial infection by severe attack of Fusarium spp. the application of fungicides containing tebuconazole at T3 gave significant influence on yield of winter wheat through plumpness of grains increase. High efficacy of fungicides against leaf infection with Erysiphe graminis and Drechslera tritici-repentis was also in the trial achieved. Application of fungicide containing cyproconazole and trifloxystrobin at T1 in the trial 2004 gave good control of Septoria tritici, E. graminis and D. triticirepentis.
Influence of fruit ripening acceleration measures on flowering and fruiting of small-sized tomato
Authors: Dobromilska Renata , Kujath Katarzyna
Published: June 2013

The investigations were carried out in 2001-2003 at the Horticulture Experimental Station, University of Agriculture in Szczecin. The influence of truss cutting and application of Ethrel preparation on the flowering and acceleration of ripening of small-sized tomato fruit was studied. The experiment focused on the following factors: methods of acceleration of tomato fruit ripening (truss cutting, Ethrel preparation, truss cutting + Ethrel preparation) and tomato cultivars ('Cheresita F1', 'Favorita F1'). The applied methods had no influence on the number of flowers and germs of the small-sized tomato. The truss cutting increased the percentage of set fruits compared to the number of flowers. The application of Ethrel preparation along with truss cutting significantly increased the early yield of tomato fruits. The Ethrel and truss cutting accelerated the small-sized tomato harvesting by 12 days. Cv. 'Cheresita F1' produced a larger number of flowers, germs and fruits than 'Favorita F1'.
Germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of selected grass species under the influence of blastokolins from germinating grass seeds
Authors: Lipińska Halina
Published: June 2013

Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions in Department of Grass Science and Greenland Shaping in 2002-2004. Studies included six experiment series on Petri dishes set by means of complete randomization method in four replications. Following species were tested: Festulolium, Festuca pratensis, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis making one or two-species combinations. Fifteen seeds of two species were arranged alternately in 1- centimeter distance on a Petri dish. Objects where seeds germinated with no neighborhood of other species (30 seeds on a dish), were control. The filter's humidity on Petri dishes was maintained by wetting it with distilled water. Achieved results revealed significant influence of blastokolins of tested grass species on seed germination and initial seedling growth. Secretion of germinating Festulolium seeds showed the highest activity. Reaction of tested grass species to allelochemicals varied. In reference to control objects, Phleum pratense among tested species was distinguished with the highest susceptibility to allelochemicals released during seed germination.
The segetal flora in the protective zone of Roztocze National Park
Authors: Ziemińska-Smyk Marta
Published: June 2013

Field studies were carried out using the Braun-Blanquet method (1964) in the years 1995-1999, in 42 localities situated within the protective zone of Roztocze National Park (RNP). Phytoindication photos of cereal crops were taken twice: in spring (spring aspect) and in the first half of July. Photos of root crops were taken only once, at the beginning of September. Segetal flora of the RNP protective zone includes 233 species of vascular plants belonging to 36 botanical families. The most aboundant families are: Asteraceae (23 species), Fabaceae (23 species), Poaceae (21 species), Brassicaceae (16 species), Caryophyllaceae (16 species). In segetal flora of the protective zone, apophytes (57%) out numbered antropophyta. Among apophytes, the largest group consisted of meadots apophytes (30%). In the antropophyta group archeophytes dominated (34%) over epecophytes (6%) and ergasiophygophytes (3%). In segetal flora there was a greater number of annual and biennial species (150 species) than perennial species (83 species).
Differentiation and distribution of Spergulo-Veronicetum dillenii (Wójcik 1965) Warcholińska 1981 in Poland
Authors: Warcholińska Aurelia U.
Published: June 2013

The study presents an analysis of the diversity of the Spergulo-Veronicetum dillenii association in Poland. On the basis of reviewed literature data and own contemporary investigation results (Warcholińska , 2004) species richness and community structure of the association are presented. Its phytosociological-syntaxonomical characterization and occurrence conditions are specified. Besides, the distribution and occurrence range of the discussed association are given.
Species domination in oats phytocenosis and its yield
Authors: Wanic Maria , Jastrzębska Magdalena , Kostrzewska Marta K. , Nowicki Janusz
Published: June 2013

The paper presents an analysis of oats phytocenosis (the crop and weeds) treated as a competitor group as concerns the species domination developing within it. The study covered oats cultivated on plots after potatoes (in crops rotation system with 25% share of oats) and twice after oats (75% share of oats in the rotation system) during the years 1990-2000. Simpson's species domination ratio and domination structure in the association identifying groups of: dominants, subdominants, influents and accessory species, were computed and studied. Relations between the studied phytocenosis features and weather conditions and oats yield were also determined. It was shown that quantitative relations in the assessed competitor associations were characterized by high variability between years and vegetation periods while no major differences were found between positions in the crop rotation systems. The density of spring phytocenosis during 11 years of studies increased resulting from increasing numbers of weeds appearing; during the late vegetation period they changed the density of associations slightly. In the spring, the groups competitive to the group of dominants consisted usually of the crop and Thlaspi arvense as well as Chenopodium album; with the passage of years their position strengthened. The enrichment of species in phytocenosis was represented mainly by an increase in numbers of accessory species. At the end of vegetation the importance of oats as a dominant increased significantly; during some seasons Chenopodium album co-dominated, however, with the passage of years the group of subdominants grew. Domination ratios for the studied competitor groups decreased with the passage of years, parallel to decrease of oats share in them. The studied features of phytocenosis showed a stronger correlation to the passage of years than the weather development. Invasiveness of weeds increased during consecutive seasons of cultivation while it showed less correlation with the density of oats. Oats yields showed a slight decreasing trend from year to year and was highly determined by the density of the entire weeds assemblage and in the spring by density and share of dominating species.
Weed infestation in canopy of spring barley in condition of different tillage systems and fertilization and plant protection levels
Authors: Kraska Piotr , Pałys Edward
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of conventional tillage (fall ploughing at 25 cm) and minimum tillage systems (chisel ploughing at 30 cm) and two differentiated fertilization and plant protection levels on number, species composition and air dry weed mass in spring barley cv. Rataj. This spring barley was cultivated in crop rotation potato - spring barley - winter rye. The analysis of field infestation was made prior to spring barley harvest with quantitative- weighting method. There was estimated number of weeds, weed species composition and air dry weight of weeds in two randomly chosen areas of each plot of 0.5 m2. The density of weeds and weed air dry weight was statistically analysed by means of variance analysis, and the mean values were estimated with Tukey's confidence intervals (p=0.05). Intensive level of fertilization and chemical crop protection decreased number of monocotyledonous weeds and total weeds in canopy of spring barley. Conventional system of soil cultivation decreased in a canopy of spring barley the following species of weeds: Geranium pusillum, Galinsoga parviflora, Stellaria media, Apera spica-venti, Poa annua and Echinochloa crusgalli. Conventional tillage increases number of Chamomilla suaveolens and Fallopia convolvulus in a canopy of spring barley. Intensive fertilization and plant protection levels decreased weed infestation first of all through Echinochloa crusgalli, Apera spica-venti, Fallopia convolvulus, Galinsoga parviflora, Geranium pusillum, Chenopodium album and Setaria pumila.
Plant communities of cultivated fields of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion. Part 3. Stubble field communites on sandy soils
Authors: Rzymowska Zofia , Skrzyczyńska Janina
Published: June 2013

The characteristic of communities developing in sandy stubble fields in the area of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion is presented in the paper. The association Echinochloo-Setarietum was the most frequently noted and the most differentiated internally. Subassociations: Echinochloo-Setarietum scleranthetosum and Echinochloo-Setarietum typicum, as well as lower phytosociological units were distinguished in it. Phytocoenoses with Setaria pumila and Oxalis stricta were also common in the studied area. Small area patches of Digitarietum ischaemi were observed seldom and in the poorest habitats. On superficially excessively moistened soils, phytocoenoses from class Isoëto-Nanojuncetea, community Spergularia rubra-Hypericum humifusum and association Centunculo-Anthoceretum were noted.
The Mediation is the Message
Authors: Feenberg Andrew ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2013

Critical theory of technology brings technology studies to bear on the social theory of rationality. This paper discusses this connection through a reconsideration of the contribution of the Frankfurt School to our understanding of what I call the paradox of rationality, the fact that the promise of the Enlightenment has been disappointed as advances in scientific and technical knowledge have led to more and more catastrophic consequences. The challenge for critical theory is to understand this paradox without romantic and anti-modern afterthoughts as a contribution to a progressive worldview.
Formal Bias and Normative Critique of Technology Design
Authors: Kirkpatrick Graeme ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2013

Andrew Feenberg’s distinction between formal and substantive bias in the design of technology is interrogated. The two dimensions of his definition—inten­tion and the enhancement of specific social interests—are examined and eight logical possibilities arising from his argument are identified. These possibilities are explored through discussion of examples and it is argued that Feenberg has both: a) not broken sufficiently with substantivist philosophies of technology so that he retains ambivalence on technology’s ‘biased essence,’ and b) illegitimately rejected the idea of a technology that is biased in itself. The latter category is important to critical theory of technology and the paper offers a conceptualization of it that draws on Habermas’s discourse ethics.
BRIEF REPORT: Girls' and Boys' Mathematics Achievement, Affect, and Experiences: Findings From ECLS-K
Authors: Lubienski Sarah T. , Robinson Joseph P. , Crane Corinna C. , Ganley Colleen M.
Published: June 2013

Amid debates about the continued salience of gender in mathematics, this report summarizes an IES–funded investigation of gender–related patterns in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 (ECLS–K). Girls' and boys' mathematics achievement, confidence, and interest were examined, along with experiences at home and school. Mathematics performance gaps favoring boys appeared soon after children began kindergarten and then widened during elementary grades. Gender differences in mathematical confidence were larger than differences in both achievement and interest. Although boys' and girls' parent–reported home experiences differed in stereotypical ways, particularly among high–SES students, such differences appeared unrelated to gender gaps in mathematics outcomes. Teacher–reported instructional practices also shed little light on gender gaps in mathematics performance; however, teachers' perceptions of girls and boys could play a role.
The Effects of Content Organization and Curriculum Implementation on Students' Mathematics Learning in Second-Year High School Courses
Authors: Tarr James E. , Grouws Douglas A. , Chávez Óscar , Soria Victor M.
Published: June 2013

We examined curricular effectiveness in high schools that offered parallel paths in which students were free to study mathematics using 1 of 2 content organizational structures, an integrated approach or a (traditional) subject-specific approach. The study involved 3,258 high school students, enrolled in either Course 2 or Geometry, in 11 schools in 5 geographically dispersed states. We constructed 3-level hierarchical linear models of scores on 3 end-of-year outcome measures: a test of common objectives, an assessment of problem solving and reasoning, and a standardized achievement test. Students in the integrated curriculum scored significantly higher than those in the subject-specific curriculum on the standardized achievement test. Significant student-level predictors included prior achievement, gender, and ethnicity. At the teacher level, in addition to Curriculum Type, the Opportunity to Learn and Classroom Learning Environment factors demonstrated significant power in predicting student scores, whereas Implementation Fidelity, Teacher Experience, and Professional Development were not significant predictors.
Global Finance and Business Sustainability in Brazil
Authors: Madi Maria Alejandra Caporale
Published: June 2013

The recent Brazilian policy agenda has not been able to improve the business environment in order to increase the resiliency of micro and small enterprises over time. Business sustainability is particularly relevant in a global scenario where, among the major challenges, the crisis has restated the menace of a deep depression while livelihood conditions turned out to be subordinated to the bailout of the domestic financial systems.As a matter of fact, the current global financial architecture has seriously affected the pace of long-run investment and threatened the survival of micro and small enterprises. Taking into account this background, our main concern is to reflect on how entrepreneurship sustainability is influenced by finance in contemporary Brazil - mainly after the 2008 global crisis.
The Co-optation of Tecumseh: The War of 1812 and Racial Discourses in Upper Canada
Authors: Brownlie Robin Jarvis
Published: June 2013

The Shawnee leader Tecumseh is one of very few named Aboriginal figures who are accorded a place in Canadian history texts. In the years following the War of 1812, he was claimed by Upper Canadians as a war hero and symbol of the struggle with the United States, a “Noble Savage” whose life and death provided material for nation-building discourses. Through the analysis of two long poems about Tecumseh published in the 1820s, this essay examines the early stages of Upper Canada’s co-optation of Tecumseh as a component of its national identity. The valiant but ultimately savage character the poems depicted could inspire Upper Canadians and remind them of their wartime sacrifices, but he also served to mark off Indigenous people from the Euro-Canadians whose cultural superiority legitimated their possession of the colony’s lands and resources. These literary works produced a “Canadian” hero who could be incorporated as a national symbol for a settlement colony he never set out to defend, and whose massive expansion after his death he would have vigorously opposed.
“The Public Has The Right to be Protected From A Deadly Scourge”: Debating Quarantine, Migration and Liberal Governance during the 1847 Typhus Outbreak in Montreal1
Authors: Horner Dan
Published: June 2013

During the summer of 1847 the impact of famine, disease, and social upheaval in Ireland was felt in port cities across the North Atlantic World. As an important hub of commerce and migration, Montreal was deeply affected by these events. The arrival of thousands of Irish migrants, many of whom had contracted typhus during their journey, touched off a contentious debate in the city. An engaged and alarmed public threw their support behind a proposal put forward by representatives of the municipal government that called for the construction of an elaborate quarantine facility just down the St. Lawrence River from the city. This facility, which migrants would be confined at until their healthy status was confirmed beyond reasonable doubt, promised to return order not only to Montreal, but to the entire migration process. The body appointed by the colonial administration, however, rejected the proposal, and tabled a far more modest plan that would continue to house migrants in sheds located just a stone’s throw away from the city’s western suburbs. The highly charged debate that ensued furnishes us with an opportunity to examine how the city’s political elite and the broader public were thinking through questions about migration, public health, and the contours of liberal governance. The objective of this article is to consider the role that moments of crisis such as this played in shaping the city’s political culture, and to place the events of 1847 in the context of the larger struggle between local and metropolitan authority occurring during this period.
Not for Alms but Help: Fund-raising and Free Education for the Blind1
Authors: Pearce Joanna L.
Published: June 2013

When the Halifax Asylum for the Blind opened its doors to students in 1872, its funding came from charitable donations, with only limited financial support from the provincial government. However, sighted children in Nova Scotia had been entitled to tax-based funding for their education since the 1864 Free Schools Act. To ensure sufficient funding for his students, Charles Frederick Fraser, the blind Superintendent of the Asylum, began an appeal to bring in additional donations. Fraser then used the same appeal to persuade the Nova Scotian government to provide tax-based funding in a similar manner to that available for educating sighted students, arguing that his students were citizens just as much as their sighted counterparts. Fraser contended that funding the education of blind children was a sound fiscal move on the part of the provincial and municipal governments as it would eliminate the far greater expense of caring for unemployable, despondent blind adults. This paper explores the importance of Fraser’s campaign in the fight for rights for blind people in the Maritime provinces.
« Procurer à mes lecteurs quelques heures de délassement » : Les Mélanges, les Notes de voyage et le roman Pour la patrie de Jules-Paul Tardivel
Authors: Marquis Dominique
Published: June 2013

Jules-Paul Tardivel a été propriétaire et rédacteur principal du journal La Vérité de 1881 à 1905, date de son décès. Ardent défenseur des principes ultramontains, il utilise son journal comme une arme de combat contre toutes les idées qui s’éloignent de l’orthodoxie catholique et qu’il juge trop libérales. Tardivel n’a cependant pas uniquement publié son journal : on compte aussi plusieurs livres et brochures à son actif. Les idées véhiculées par Tardivel dans La Vérité ont été abondamment analysées, mais l’historiographie est demeurée plus discrète sur ses autres publications. Cet article s’intéresse à quelques-uns de ces livres, plus particulièrement aux Mélanges, aux Notes de voyage et au roman Pour la patrie. Grâce à une analyse croisée des livres, du journal et de la correspondance de Tardivel, nous découvrirons quelles ont été les stratégies déployées par le journaliste et son réseau pour assurer la diffusion de ces oeuvres qui ont participé au même combat que le journal. Si ces publications n’ont pas connu le succès souhaité, elles s’ajoutent néanmoins à l’arsenal varié de publications ultramontaines recensées durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle.
Entangled Communities: Religion and Ethnicity in Ontario and North America, 1880–1930
Authors: Bryce Benjamin
Published: June 2013

This article examines the relationship between religion, ethnicity, and space in Ontario between 1880 and 1930. It tracks the spread of organized Lutheranism across Ontario as well as the connections that bound German-language Lutheran congregations to the United States and Germany. In so doing, this article seeks to push the study of religion in Canada beyond national boundaries. Building on a number of studies of the international influences on other denominations in Canada, this article charts out an entangled history that does not line up with the evolution of other churches. It offers new insights about the relationship between language and denomination in Ontario society, the rise of a theologically-mainstream Protestant church, and the role of institutional networks that connected people across a large space. The author argues that regional, national, and transnational connections shaped the development of many local German-language Lutheran communities in Ontario.
Mining the ‘Internet Graveyard’: Rethinking the Historians’ Toolkit
Authors: Milligan Ian
Published: June 2013

“Mining the Internet Graveyard” argues that the advent of massive quantity of
born-digital historical sources necessitates a rethinking of the historians’ toolkit. The
contours of a third wave of computational history are outlined, a trend marked by
ever-increasing amounts of digitized information (especially web based), falling digital
storage costs, a move to the cloud, and a corresponding increase in computational power to
process these sources. Following this, the article uses a case study of an early
born-digital archive at Library and Archives Canada – Canada’s Digital Collections project
(CDC) – to bring some of these problems into view. An array of off-the-shelf data analysis
solutions, coupled with code written in Mathematica, helps us bring context and retrieve
information from a digital collection on a previously inaccessible scale. The article
concludes with an illustration of the various computational tools available, as well as a
call for greater digital literacy in history curricula and professional
development.
Madness in the Archives: Anonymity, Ethics, and Mental Health History Research
Authors: Wright David , Saucier Renée
Published: June 2013

Historians have long been vexed by the challenges of using patient records as primary sources. Lurking behind the many methodological and interpretative challenges are ethical questions involving the status and identity of the dead patient. What rights do the deceased maintain over their medical records? What ethical obligations do researchers have in analyzing these historical records and, in particular, to preserving the anonymity of patients? Do professional duties diminish the further back one goes in time? Do patients suffering from mental distress differ from other “medical” patients in the ethical regard owed to them? Now that we know about the care of the mentally ill outside of formal institutions during the era of the asylum, is there something intrinsically different about the status of individuals once they entered formal institutions? Or do the designations of “lunacy” or “idiocy” on extramural death certificates or in census enumerators’ schedules oblige a similar professional discretion? Is the concern over confidentiality giving way to a new emphasis on returning names (and agency) to vulnerable groups in the past? This paper explores these questions, ones that lie at the heart of what we do as historians of disability, medicine, and society.
Reflections on Asylum Archives and the Experience of Mental Illness in Paris
Authors: Prestwich Patricia E.
Published: June 2013

This article is a personal reflection on the challenges and rewards of doing research on the social history of mental illness and health. The author uses her experiences with the archives of a Parisian psychiatric hospital to discuss some ways of dealing with an overwhelming mass of archival material and the inevitable frustrations and silences that result from trying to do history from the patient’s point of view. The importance of such archival research on mental illness is discussed within the context of a long history of French efforts to provide health care for “citizen-patients.” The article argues that such archives not only provide a wealth of material on the history of illness but that they offer important perspectives on other political and social issues, including the development of the welfare state, the maintenance of public order, and the varied experiences of citizenship.
In the Borderlands of Periodization with “The blythnes that hes bein”: The medieval / early modern boundary in Scottish history
Authors: Cowan Mairi
Published: June 2013

The conventional placement of the boundary between “medieval” and “early modern” periods in Scottish history has obscured our understanding of certain developments in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Scotland. This paper proposes a reconsideration of periodization so that the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries be examined against the backdrop of early modern (rather than medieval) historical scholarship, and not only in the context of Europe but also in the more expansive field of Atlantic history. With such a shift in periodical alignment, several features become more apparent including a change to religious culture in connection with the Catholic Reformation, an increase in social discipline that helped shape the Protestant Reformation, and early participation in the Atlantic slave trade.
“Buried Alive”: Experience, Memory, and the Interwar Publishing of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Postwar Britain, 1915-1939
Authors: Fantauzzo Justin
Published: June 2013

Over 450,000 British soldiers fought as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Between 1915-1918, they fought their way across the Sinai Peninsula, into southern Palestine, captured Jerusalem, and overran the Turkish Army, leading to the surrender of the Ottoman Empire in October 1918. Despite being the war’s most successful sideshow, the Egypt and Palestine campaign struggled to gain popular attention and has largely been excluded from First World War scholarship. This article argues that returning soldiers used war books to rehabilitate the campaign’s public profile and to renegotiate the meaning of wartime service in interwar Britain. The result of sporadic press attention and censorship during the war, the British public’s understanding of the campaign was poor. Periodic access to home front news meant that most soldiers likely learnt of their absence from Britain’s war narrative during the war years. Confronting the belief that the campaign, prior to the capture of Jerusalem, was an inactive theatre of war, British soldiers refashioned themselves as military labourers, paving the road to Jerusalem and building the British war machine. As offensive action intensified, soldiers could look to the past to provide meaning to the present. Allusions to the campaign as a crusade were frequently made and used to compete with the moral righteousness of the liberation of Belgium.
The Unlikely Barrèsian Inheritance of Albert Camus
Authors: Churchill Christopher
Published: June 2013

This essay examines the considerable intellectual debt left-wing Albert Camus owed to one of the most unlikely of sources: far-right intellectual Maurice Barrès. Before achieving fame in France as an existential writer, he developed as a settler intellectual in colonial Algeria. The far-right exerted a profound influence on settler intellectual communities in Algeria. Many of Camus’s colleagues and friends were deeply inspired by Barrès. He was as well. Examining Camus’s complex intellectual debts to Barrès requires both a contextualization of his development as an intellectual in both Algeria and France, as well as a textual analysis of what he indeed assimilated from this icon of the far right. Camus’s attempts to wed Barrèssian fantasies of collective solidarization to his liberal political commitments risked leaving him at an impasse; however, wedding these sometimes conflicting approaches also allowed for a much broader engagement with his texts from a variety of political positions. As he confided to his mentor Jean Grenier: “I like my ideas on the left and my men on the right.”
Le développement touristique de la communauté d’Arviat, Nunavut
Authors: Chanteloup Laine
Published: June 2013

Le village inuit d’Arviat, situé au sud-ouest du Nunavut, est aujourd’hui au coeur d’un programme de développement touristique communautaire mené par le Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. et la région de Kivalliq. Ce programme vise à développer les services touristiques de la communauté qui se limitent pour le moment à du tourisme de chasse. Cet article analyse les dynamiques développées par ce programme de tourisme de découverte de l’environnement et décrit ses principaux enjeux. La recherche se fonde sur une revue de la littérature concernant le tourisme au Nunavut, complétée par une enquête de terrain qualitative (entretiens semi-directifs et observations) menée à Arviat en mai 2011. Suite à une présentation du tourisme de chasse, la mise en oeuvre de nouveaux services touristiques est discutée. Le programme tend notamment à renforcer les capacités d’adaptation de la communauté à un système socio-écologique en constante évolution. L’article se termine sur les réalisations du programme et les enjeux futurs.
L’écotourisme au Nunavik
Authors: Thomas Annie
Published: June 2013

Au Nunavik (Québec, Canada), depuis le milieu des années 2000, une vaste réflexion est en cours en vue de renouveler l’industrie touristique. Des activités et des façons de faire nouvelles sont envisagées, qui s’apparentent à l’écotourisme. En nous appuyant sur des entrevues effectuées dans la communauté de Kuujjuaq, nous explorons les représentations associées à l’écotourisme et concluons qu’elles sont une manifestation caractéristique de la postmodernité. Dans cette perspective, l’écotourisme s’oppose au tourisme de masse du point de vue de ses champs d’intérêt, de ses formes de consommation et de sa densité. Il peut contribuer à la matérialisation de certains idéaux reliés à l’environnement, la culture ou l’organisation politico-économique.
Ittoqqortoormiit et le développement touristique dans le Scoresby Sund (Groenland)
Authors: Créquy Aude
Published: June 2013

Ittoqqortoormiit est une petite ville située sur la côte nord-est du Groenland, à l’entrée du fjord de Scoresby Sund. Basée sur une économie cynégétique, la communauté était prospère jusqu’à la chute du marché des peaux mais, aujourd’hui, les possibilités d’embauche sont faibles et les habitants partent à la recherche d’un emploi dans le sud. Face à ces difficultés, la municipalité tente de redynamiser son économie et le tourisme paraît être une alternative intéressante. En effet, le tourisme polaire prend de l’ampleur dans l’ensemble de l’Arctique et le Scoresby Sund correspond, en termes de faune et de paysages, à la demande touristique. La région symbolise à elle seule le «véritable Arctique» que les visiteurs souhaitent vivre mais deux problèmes majeurs freinent le développement touristique à Ittoqqortoormiit. Le premier est le revers de la médaille de ce «véritable Arctique», sa difficulté d’accès. Les infrastructures manquent pour accueillir, en tout temps, le visiteur. Le deuxième problème empêchant Ittoqqortoormiit de bénéficier des revenus générés se trouve dans la forme même du tourisme d’aujourd’hui. Que ce soit le tourisme de croisière ou celui d’aventure, l’argent circule de mains occidentales en mains occidentales. Très peu d’argent est dépensé sur le territoire d’accueil et il ne bénéficie pas aux populations locales. Consciente de ces difficultés, l’agence de tourisme locale, Nanu Travel, s’emploie à rendre visible Ittoqqortoormiit au niveau international en offrant de nouvelles perspectives touristiques impliquant les Inuit.
Structural violence and the 1962-1963 tuberculosis epidemic in Eskimo Point, N.W.T.
Authors: Tester Frank James , McNicoll Paule , Tran Quyen
Published: June 2013

In the winter of 1962-1963, an epidemic of tuberculosis broke out in Eskimo Point, an Inuit community on the west coast of Hudson Bay in the Canadian Arctic. The outbreak was made possible by bad living conditions, among the worst ever documented in the history of the Canadian Arctic. The epidemic reveals the intersection of social attitudes, the economic logic of a postwar Canadian welfare state, and the difficult transition being made by Inuit moving from tents, igloos, and land-based camps to settlements along the Arctic coast. It is a case of “structural violence” where rules, policies, and social institutions operate in ways that cause physical and psychological harm to people lacking the power and/or resources necessary to changing the social systems and conditions in which they live. Both individuals and entire communities are affected. With regard to past—and present—Inuit housing conditions, we invoke the concept of structural violence to stress the importance of identifying and speaking about public health problems as a violation of internationally recognised human rights.
An Improved Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Structure and Curriculum: Design and Assessment
Authors: Schkoda Ryan F. , Schweisinger Todd A. , Wagner John R.
Published: June 2013

The mechanical engineering department at Clemson University reevaluated its undergraduate laboratory experience and focused on improving various aspects of the three required laboratory courses. The faculty believe that these laboratory courses are a defining feature of the bachelor of science degree, as many graduates accept entry-level manufacturing positions or pursue graduate studies. The mechanical engineering laboratory courses at Clemson are stand-alone offerings in the undergraduate program, in contrast those schools which attach the labs to select courses. This structure allows a variety of experiments to be offered during each course, which can encompass various scientific and engineering topics. This paper reviews various changes to the laboratories, describes their implementation and presents evidence of their effectiveness. Examples of the improvements were: the development of printed manuals for both students and teaching assistants, the development of a unified training program for the teaching assistants, the introduction of new laboratory equipment and experiments, and revision of the current laboratory documentation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented changes, survey results were analyzed. Overall, student satisfaction with the course improved significantly, as evidenced by the survey results.
Directives of the European Union on Intelligent Transport Systems and their Impact on the Republic of Croatia
Authors: Mandžuka Sadko , Žura Marijan , Horvat Božica , Bićanić Davor , Mitsakis Evangelos
Published: June 2013

The paper analyzes the current guidelines of the European Union on deployment of Intelligent Transport System, as well as their importance for the development of the Croatian transportation system. The crucial problems of modern transport and traffic are indicated as: congestions and congestion costs, harmful emissions in road transport, fatalities, etc. The current state of Intelligent Transport System development in Croatia is presented based on the transport infrastructure, modern road telematic industry, and other supporting activities (including scientific research, educational activities, standardization system, etc.). The final part of the paper deals with the need and potentials for the development of South East European regional ITS architecture.
Analysis on Influencing Factors Identification of Crash Rates Using Tobit Model with Endogenous Variable
Authors: Xu Xuecai , Kouhpanejade Ahmad , Šarić Željko
Published: June 2013

The objective of this study is to identify the influencing factors of crash rates from the perspective of access management techniques in urban areas. The target areas are located in the Las Vegas Metropolitan area, and 19 arterials are selected. In order to address the interdependency between crash rates and travel speeds, and left-censored issue, a tobit model with endogenous variable is presented. The structure of the tobit model addresses the left-censored issue for the segments meanwhile the endogeneity issue between crash rates and travel speeds is explained. The results indicate that there is a strong interdependency between crash rates and travel speeds. The segment length, driveway density, median opening density, posted speed limit and AADT per lane are statistically significant factors that influence crash rates on segments, moreover, crash rates are significantly influenced by two-directional median opening density.
Use of Video-Apparatus during Monitoring of Conflict Situations in Road Traffic on Roundabout in the Czech Republic
Authors: Krivda Vladislav
Published: June 2013

The wrong behavior of the road traffic participants is a permanently discussed issue in many countries with advanced road transport. Such behavior doesn’t always result in traffic accident, but only in restriction or danger of the culprit or other participants. For monitoring the behavior problems we can for example use the video-analysis of the conflict situations. The methodology of the conflict situations monitoring with the video-apparatus application is described in the paper presented. There are also results of the conflict situations analysis on the selected roundabouts in the Czech Republic. The paper refers to suitability of the conflict situations video-analysis application not only for monitoring the wrong behavior of drivers and other participants of road traffic, but also for monitoring the inappropriately designed building elements (this hypothesis is confirmed by results of research, which are shown this article).
A GPU Implementation of Local Search Operators for Symmetric Travelling Salesman Problem
Authors: Fosin Juraj , Davidović Davor , Carić Tonči
Published: June 2013

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most studied combinatorial optimization problem which is significant in many practical applications in transportation problems. The TSP problem is NP-hard problem and requires large computation power to be solved by the exact algorithms. In the past few years, fast development of general-purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) has brought huge improvement in decreasing the applications’ execution time. In this paper, we implement 2-opt and 3-opt local search operators for solving the TSP on the GPU using CUDA. The novelty presented in this paper is a new parallel iterated local search approach with 2-opt and 3-opt operators for symmetric TSP, optimized for the execution on GPUs. With our implementation large TSP problems (up to 85,900 cities) can be solved using the GPU. We will show that our GPU implementation can be up to 20x faster without losing quality for all TSPlib problems as well as for our CRO TSP problem.
Interdependence between Inventory Management and Employees’ Satisfaction
Authors: Tomašić Dubravko , Peraković Dragan , Jurčević Marinko
Published: June 2013

The study determines the correlation between the application of advanced models and methods of inventory optimisation in the supply chain in relation to the satisfaction of employees who are responsible for managing the inventory optimisation processes. The previous studies confirm that the optimisation of inventory management in the supply chain insures competitive advantages on the market. There is space for further research of impact of the achieved inventory optimisation in the supply chain on the change of the employees’ satisfaction. The paper establishes the interrelation of the interdependence of the achieved inventory optimisations on the satisfaction of the employees and the related synergy effects of acquiring added value of the companies on the market oriented to the satisfaction of the buyers and service users. The research has defined new knowledge in interdependence of inventory management optimisation on the change of indicators of employees’ satisfaction. Based on the performed research an assumption has been created for the design of an application package (so-called XaaS-based services) for the management of interaction processes of inventory optimization in the supply chain, satisfaction of service users and employees.
Photoreceptor avascular privilege is shielded by soluble VEGF receptor-1
Authors: Luo Ling , Uehara Hironori , Zhang Xiaohui , Das Subrata K , Olsen Thomas , Holt Derick , Simonis Jacquelyn M , Jackman Kyle , Singh Nirbhai , Miya Tadashi R , Huang Wei , Ahmed Faisal , Bastos-Carvalho Ana , Le Yun Zheng , Mamalis Christina , Chiodo Vince A , Hauswirth William W , Baffi Judit , Lacal Pedro M , Orecchia Angela , Ferrara Napoleone , Gao Guangping , Young-hee Kim , Fu Yingbin , Owen Leah , Albuquerque Romulo , Baehr Wolfgang , Thomas Kirk , Li Dean Y , Chalam Kakarla V , Shibuya Masabumi , Grisanti Salvatore , Wilson David J , Ambati Jayakrishna , Ambati Balamurali K
Published: June 2013

Optimal phototransduction requires separation of the avascular photoreceptor layer from the adjacent vascularized inner retina and choroid. Breakdown of peri-photoreceptor vascular demarcation leads to retinal angiomatous proliferation or choroidal neovascularization, two variants of vascular invasion of the photoreceptor layer in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in industrialized nations. Here we show that sFLT-1, an endogenous inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), is synthesized by photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and is decreased in human AMD. Suppression of sFLT-1 by antibodies, adeno-associated virus-mediated RNA interference, or Cre/lox-mediated gene ablation either in the photoreceptor layer or RPE frees VEGF-A and abolishes photoreceptor avascularity. These findings help explain the vascular zoning of the retina, which is critical for vision, and advance two transgenic murine models of AMD with spontaneous vascular invasion early in life.
Standardized monitoring of Rangifer health during International Polar Year
Authors: Kutz Susan , Ducrocq Julie , Cuyler Christine , Elkin Brett , Gunn Anne , Kolpashikov Leonid , Russell Don , White Robert G.
Published: June 2013

Monitoring of individual animal health indices in wildlife populations can be a powerful tool for evaluation of population health, detecting changes, and informing management decisions. Standardized monitoring allows robust comparisons within and across populations, and over time and vast geographic regions. As an International Polar Year Initiative, the CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment network established field protocols for standardized monitoring of caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) health, which included body condition, contaminants, and pathogen exposure and abundance. To facilitate use of the protocols, training sessions were held, additional resources were developed, and language was translated where needed. From March 2007 to September 2010, at least 1206 animals from 16 circumpolar herds were sampled in the field using the protocols. Four main levels of sampling were done and ranged from basic to comprehensive sampling. Possible sources of sampling error were noted by network members early in the process and protocols were modified or supplemented with additional visual resources to improve clarity when needed. This is the first time that such broad and comprehensive circumpolar sampling of migratory caribou and wild reindeer, using standardized protocols covering both body condition and parasite disease status, has been done.
Independent Directors with Industrial Expertise, Audit Complexity, and Audit Fee
Authors: Zhao Ziye , Zhou Jing
Published: June 2013

This paper aims to investigate the impact of independent directors with industrial expertise on the association between audit complexity and audit fee. About 50 per cent of China’s listed companies hire industry experts as independent directors. We find that the association between audit complexity and audit fee is stronger in firms that have independent directors with industrial expertise than in firms that do not. Furthermore, the impact of independent directors with industrial expertise is more pronounced for firms audited by the Big Four audit firms. The results suggest that the existence of independent directors with industrial expertise stimulates auditors’ awareness of the business risk of their clients, which may help auditors detect clients’ opportunistic behaviour in a complex business environment.
Short Review: Mitigation of Current Environmental Concerns from Methanol Synthesis
Authors: Young Andrew , Lesmana Donny , Dai Der-Jong , Wu Ho-Shing
Published: June 2013

Methanol has become a widely used and globally distributed product. Methanol is very important due to the current depletion of fossil fuels. Industrially, methanol produced from the catalytic reaction of synthetic gas composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Methanol production has brought great attention due to carbon dioxide as the main source of greenhouse gas emissions. Combined of reducing CO2 emissions and supplying an alternative fuel source has created the idea of a carbon neutral cycle called “the methanol economy”. The best catalyst for the methanol economy would show a high CO2 conversion and high selectivity for methanol production. This paper investigates research focused on catalyst development for efficient methanol synthesis from hydrogenation of carbon dioxide through added various supports and additives such as silica, zirconium, and palladium. Catalysts that displayed the highest activity included a zirconia and silicon-titanium oxide promoted Cu/Zn/Al2O3 catalyst. Alternative method of catalyst preparation, include the oxalate-gel, solid-state reaction, co-precipitation and combustion method also investigated.  © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)