bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing the WHO ICOPE Program in Clinical Practice: Three Years of Lessons From Monitoring 27 082 Participants Using the ICOPE Monitor Digital Tool
Authors: Berbon Caroline , Takeda Catherine , Balardy Laurent , Lafont Christine , Tavassoli Néda , Carrie Isabelle , Guyonnet Sophie , de Kerimel Justine , Mathieu Céline , Pennetier Delphine , Bezombes Véronique , Nourhashemi Fatemeh , Vellas Bruno , Andrieu Sandrine , Soto-Martin Maria-Eugenia
Published: November 2024

Background

To describe the implementation of the ICOPE program in France using a digital tool in order to: (1) describe the characteristics of people completing the screener, identifying differences across assessors (healthcare professionals (HCPs), non-HCPs, or self-assessment); (2) describe the characteristics of follow-up and assessments for people with abnormal screening test; and (3) describe the recommendations in the intervention care plans for people with a decline in intrinsic capacity.

Methods

A descriptive study, presenting the results at initial screening, as well as at assessment when needed, and the recommendations issued during Step 3. We compared these results based on whether the participant was enrolled by an HCP, by a non-HCP, or by self-assessment.

Results

A total of 27 082 participants were enrolled. 67.9% were registered by HCPs. 90.8% participants screened positive at Step 1. Participants who completed the self-assessment were significantly younger (70.9 years vs 76.4 for HCPs or 77.9 for non-HCPs, p < .01) and less frequently had alerts in Step 1 (83.8% vs 90.8% for HCPs or 94.8% for non-HCPs). Step 2 in-depth assessments were carried out for 8.9% of the participants. In Step 2, only the SPPB showed significantly better motor abilities in individuals enrolled through self-assessment (median and IQR: 11 (10–12) vs 10 (8–12) for HCPs and 10 (7–12) for non-HCPs). Prevention care plans were proposed, mainly physical activity (n = 833, 33.7%) and nutrition counseling (n = 1 233, 51.7%).

Conclusions

This study highlights the major role of HCPs in the implementation of the ICOPE program. Self-assessment enables the enrollment of more robust seniors, allowing for an early detection and treatment.
De novoscreening of disease-resistant genes from the chromosome-level genome of rare minnow using CRISPR-cas9 random mutation
Authors: Huang Rong , Shi Mijuan , Luo Lifei , Yang Cheng , Ou Mi , Zhang Wanting , Liao Lanjie , Li Yongming , Xia Xiao-Qin , Zhu Zuoyan , Wang Yaping
Published: November 2024

Background

Mutants are important for the discovery of functional genes and creation of germplasm resources. Mutant acquisition depends on the efficiency of mutation technology and screening methods. CRISPR-Cas9 technology is an efficient gene editing technology mainly used for editing a few genes or target sites, which has not been applied for the construction of random mutant libraries and for the de novo discovery of functional genes.

Results

In this study, we first sequenced and assembled the chromosome-level genome of wild-type rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) as a susceptible model of hemorrhagic disease, obtained a 956.05 Mb genome sequence, assembled the sequence into 25 chromosomes, and annotated 26,861 protein-coding genes. Thereafter, CRISPR-Cas9 technology was applied to randomly mutate the whole genome of rare minnow with the conserved bases (TATAWAW and ATG) of the promoter and coding regions as the target sites. The survival rate of hemorrhagic disease in the rare minnow gradually increased from 0% (the entire wild-type population died after infection) to 38.24% (F3 generation). Finally, 7 susceptible genes were identified via genome comparative analysis and cell-level verification based on the rare minnow genome.

Conclusions

The results provided the genomic resources for wild-type rare minnow, and confirmed that the random mutation system designed using CRISPR-Cas9 technology in this study is simple and efficient and is suitable for the de novo discovery of functional genes and creation of a germplasm resource related to qualitative traits.
High-throughput phenotyping with deep learning gives insight into the genetic architecture of flowering time in wheat
Authors: Wang Xu , Xuan Hong , Evers Byron , Shrestha Sandesh , Pless Robert , Poland Jesse
Published: November 2024

Background

Measurement of plant traits with precision and speed on large populations has emerged as a critical bottleneck in connecting genotype to phenotype in genetics and breeding. This bottleneck limits advancements in understanding plant genomes and the development of improved, high-yielding crop varieties.

Results

Here we demonstrate the application of deep learning on proximal imaging from a mobile field vehicle to directly estimate plant morphology and developmental stages in wheat under field conditions. We developed and trained a convolutional neural network with image datasets labeled from expert visual scores and used this “breeder-trained” network to classify wheat morphology and developmental stages. For both morphological (awned) and phenological (flowering time) traits, we demonstrate high heritability and very high accuracy against the “ground-truth” values from visual scoring. Using the traits predicted by the network, we tested genotype-to-phenotype association using the deep learning phenotypes and uncovered novel epistatic interactions for flowering time. Enabled by the time-series high-throughput phenotyping, we describe a new phenotype as the rate of flowering and show heritable genetic control for this trait.

Conclusions

We demonstrated a field-based high-throughput phenotyping approach using deep learning that can directly measure morphological and developmental phenotypes in genetic populations from field-based imaging. The deep learning approach presented here gives a conceptual advancement in high-throughput plant phenotyping because it can potentially estimate any trait in any plant species for which the combination of breeder scores and high-resolution images can be obtained, capturing the expert knowledge from breeders, geneticists, pathologists, and physiologists to train the networks.
Exploration of distributed self-supervised training optimization strategies in visual tasks
Authors: Zhang Xi , Wang Bo , Chen Jiangqi , Wang Jin , Chen Xia
Published: November 2024

In response to the growing demand for handling unlabeled data in visual tasks, this paper introduces a novel federated self-supervised learning model (FedSSL), which employs a federated learning framework to conduct distributed model training across multiple decentralized datasets. This model effectively harnesses the unlabeled data that is discreetly distributed among various terminals, thereby collaboratively training high-performance models. Moreover, comparative experiments conducted under standard experimental parameters and on general datasets demonstrate the model’s efficacy. FedSSL not only reduces the computational complexity of the model but also enhances classification accuracy.
Needs Assessment for a New Military Burn Care Educational Curriculum Focused on Prolonged Field Care: The Burns for Providers Program (BP2)
Authors: Hornung Logan J , Rivera-Barbosa Mario , Johnson James E , Carter Jeffrey E , Schoen Jonathan E , Cancio Leopoldo C , Samosorn Angela B , Phelan Herb A
Published: November 2024

We performed a needs assessment to determine the essential elements for a curriculum teaching burn care during Large Scale Combat Operations against peer/near-peer adversaries within multi-domain contested combat environments. Virtual and face-to-face site visit meetings were conducted with 20 stakeholders at 3 levels: (1) Subject Matter Experts in military burn casualty care at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), the Joint Trauma System, and the US Army Medical Center of Excellence (US Army MedCOE) in Joint Base San Antonio (JBSA) – Fort Sam Houston, TX; (2) Course Directors, Instructors, Curriculum Innovators, and Writers for the Combat Paramedic Branch and the Critical Care Flight Paramedic Program at JBSA; and (3) regulatory administrators providing education, research, and Institutional Review Board (IRB) administration for USAISR and US Army MedCOE. The identified terminal learning objectives (TLOs) consisted of training in burn casualty monitoring and principles of burn wound care according to available resources; best practices during prolonged casualty care for pain, nutrition, and infection control; specific management of inhalation, chemical, radiation, electrical, pediatric, and mass casualty burn injuries; and procedural skill training for patient decontamination, debridement, dressings, and escharotomy. Additionally, needs were identified for novel technology that provides asynchronous individual learning opportunities using interactive role-play simulations, immersive simulation, or virtual reality simulation as well as hands-on procedure simulators. Stakeholder engagement resulted in the identification of 16 TLOs that were subsequently used as the basis for a military curriculum we are calling the “Burns for Providers Program” (BP2).
Detection and functional validation of point mutations in acetylcholinesterase-1 associated with organophosphate resistance in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Guan Fang , Xiao Xin , Dong Rongrong , Wang Chenyang , Jin Zeng , Wu Shuwen , Wu Yidong , Yang Yihua
Published: November 2024

Point mutations in the acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (ace-1) have been associated with resistance to OPs in many insects. However, the presence and function of ace-1 mutations associated with OP resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a significant lepidopteran pest damaging a wide range of crops, remain largely unexplored. This study investigated resistance to the OP insecticide phoxim in 12 field populations of H. armigera from northern China in 2022, revealing low levels of resistance (2.5- to 6.7-fold). Using an amplicon sequencing approach, we screened for ace-1 mutations in 13,874 moths collected from 114 populations collected between 2006 and 2022. We found 3 amino acid substitutions (A201S, G227E, and F290V) potentially related to OP resistance. The mean frequencies of A201S, G227E, and F290V mutations were 0.0032, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively. To assess these mutations’ role in OP resistance, we expressed wild-type and mutant AChE1 proteins in Sf9 cells. Biochemical characterization revealed a 3.1-fold and 3.3-fold increase in the I50 of chlorpyrifos-oxon for A201S and F290V mutants compared to the wild-type enzyme, correlating with a 2.9-fold and 2.7-fold decrease in the Ki value. No enzyme activity was observed in the G227E mutant, indicating that only A201S and F290V confer insensitivity to chlorpyrifos-oxon. Our study demonstrates that amplicon sequencing is an effective method for large-scale screening of resistance-associated point mutations in field populations of H. armigera and potentially other insect pests. It also identifies A201S and F290V in AChE1 as potential point mutations conferring OP resistance in field populations of H. armigera.
Airports and regional development: the expansion of the Norwegian air network, 1950–2019
Authors: Rattsø Jørn , Sheard Nicholas
Published: November 2024

This article studies how airports affect regional growth in population and employment, considering heterogeneity in the circumstances of an airport’s opening. We use synthetic controls with staggered adoption and data on the whole airport system in Norway for 1950–2019. We find positive overall effects of airports on population and employment growth. Addressing heterogeneity, we find relatively strong effects of airports opened in the 1950s, more distant from other airports, with longer runways, or with links to major cities. We also find stronger growth if an airport is opened in a region with a university, college, or hospital.
Self, Well-being, and Agency in the Caraka Saṃhitā
Authors: Gautama Pushya A , Menon Sangeetha
Published: November 2024

In this study, we examine three different conceptions of self within the Caraka Saṃhitā (CS), a classical Sanskrit Āyurveda text, based on three interrelated notions of suffering, well-being, and the nature of the self’s agentic pursuit of remedy. These are—(i) the phenomenal self, (ii) the expansive self, and (iii) the transcendental self. The phenomenal self-in-the-world encompasses its existence across a single lifetime, and as the embodied, agentic self of the ‘sufferer in the here-and-now’, it is the primary subject of the CS. The temporally expansive self is conceived of in relation to the self’s experiences of disease, illness, and well-being as a result of karmic consequence and is therefore expansive (extends beyond the temporal bounds of a single lifetime). It experiences multiple embodied phenomenal subjectivities across an iterative temporal continuum. The ‘transcendental self’, although also temporally expansive, is the unchanging, eternal core of all ‘being’, the seer of all actions, the ‘knowing’ of which is ultimate well-being, and as such, implies the cessation of karmic valence.
On structural proof theory of the modal logic K+ extended with infinitary derivations
Authors: Shamkanov Daniyar
Published: November 2024

We consider an extension of the modal logic of transitive closure $\textsf{K}^{+}$ with certain infinitary derivations and present a sequent calculus for this extension, which allows non-well-founded proofs. We establish continuous cut-elimination for the given calculus using fixed-point theorems for contractive mappings. The infinitary derivations mentioned above are well founded and countably branching, while the non-well-founded proofs of the sequent calculus can only be finitely branching. The ordinary derivations in $\textsf{K}^{+}$, as we show additionally, correspond to the non-well-founded proofs of the calculus that are regular and cut-free. Therefore, in this article, we explore the relationship between deductive systems for $\textsf{K}^{+}$ with well-founded infinitely branching derivations and (regular) non-well-founded finitely branching proofs.
Effects of grazing and vegetation on Daurian Pika populations in northern Mongolia
Authors: Smith Chris J , Dovchin Badamgarav , Craighead April , Jahl Tumursukh , Tumur Battogtokh
Published: November 2024

Daurian Pika (Ochotona dauurica) are steppe-dwelling burrowing mammals with the potential to have large effects on central Asian grasslands due to their extensive range, propensity to occur at extremely high density, and roles as ecosystem engineers and important prey species. The few studies that have been done are mostly from northern China and Russia, while little research has been done in the majority of their range in Mongolia. We studied a population of Daurian Pika in the Darhad Valley of northern Mongolia, near the southern edge of the permafrost, where climate change is progressing rapidly. We evaluated pika populations at 87 random plots across a large 40 × 125 km area and assessed the impact of factors related to vegetation cover, grazing, and soils that predicted their occupancy and an index of their density (number of active burrows). We found that pikas were more likely to occur in areas with taller grass and higher forb cover, and burrow densities were higher in areas with low or moderate grazing and lower soil moisture. In summer, pikas mainly foraged on grass compared with forbs—while in fall, forbs appeared to be selected for in haypiles. Dense pika burrow systems had taller grasses and forbs in their immediate vicinity, suggesting that in some cases, pika could help promote plant growth for other grazers. Long-tailed Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus undulatus) was the second most abundant small mammal in our study sight and selected for areas with high cover of overgrazing indicator species and for short forbs, providing little evidence for competition with Daurian Pika. Our results suggest that shorter grass (~1 cm) can decrease pika occupancy by 75%, while heavy grazing may decrease burrow density by 66% in dry soils. With grazing pressure in Mongolia increasing dramatically since the 1990s, future research is strongly needed to assess the impacts of grazing on this keystone species.
Historical dietary ecology of black-backed jackals (Lupulella mesomelas) based on dental microwear texture analysis
Authors: Schwartz Andrew , DeSantis Larisa , Koehler Juniper , Scott Robert
Published: November 2024

Within the diverse carnivore guilds of eastern and southern Africa, Black-backed Jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) populations are stable and thriving, unlike hundreds of mammal species in Africa that are adversely affected by human-mediated habitat loss and hunting. Population stability may be due to the extremely broad diet of the Black-backed Jackal or behavioral flexibility allowing dietary shifts to more prevalent resources. To assess geographic, seasonal, and historical dietary variation and change, we analyzed the diet in the Cape (L. m. mesomelas) and East African (L. m. schmidti) subspecies of Black-backed Jackal through dental microwear texture analysis from 1896 to 1970. We found no significant differences across geographically distinct subspecies or season. However, greater complexity was observed in the East African Black-backed Jackal after 1920—a period of population growth and industrialization in Sub-Sharan Africa. Our results imply that despite local differences in habitat, prey, and carnivorous contemporaries, dietary mechanical properties of Cape and East African black-backed jackals were relatively similar, representative of truly expansive and variable diets or similar utilization of different food items. Higher complexity over time implies a shift toward greater brittle food utilization, possibly in the form of bones and hard seeds, or greater contact with exogenous grit. We discuss these results in the context of mammal habitat loss and population decline, as well as increasing anthropogenic impact in Sub-Saharan Africa.
A qualitative analysis of perceived risks and benefits of mosquito abatement and bite prevention strategies in Northeastern U.S. communities
Authors: Mader Emily M , Clements Nia , Lehane Áine , Gangloff-Kaufmann Jody , Crans Scott , Horton Chris , Greiner Safi Amelia
Published: November 2024

Mosquito-borne disease (MBD) incidence is increasing in the United States (U.S.), presenting an evolving health threat. Assessments of public perceptions have revealed limited awareness of MBDs among the U.S. population. Our team used focus groups to gain an in-depth understanding of risk perceptions regarding mosquito exposure and pesticide use, and benefit perceptions and motivators for bite prevention strategies. A total of 37 individuals participated in focus groups across 3 states: New Jersey (n = 14), New York (n = 15), and Massachusetts (n = 8). Most participants were unfamiliar with public mosquito control services and felt they were not at high exposure risk to any MBDs. Overall, participants were supportive of investing public funds for mosquito surveillance. However, participants across all focus groups expressed concerns over ecosystem health and long-term consequences of pesticide use for mosquito control. Participants in every focus group referenced a risk assessment that weighed the risk of MBD exposure against the use of chemical control: once participants perceived MBDs as negatively impacting human and/or animal health in their area, sentiment swung largely to supporting the use of pesticides. In the absence of an obvious MBD threat, participants preferred nonchemical control interventions. Participants felt communication from mosquito control agencies should be accessible, disseminated across multiple venues, and should include instructions for the public during spray events, resources for individual bite prevention, and information on control products used. Our research results can inform the development of improved, evidence-based MBD outreach and educational resources that are acceptable, actionable, and relevant to Northeast communities.
Epistemological flashpoints in China’s ‘person-making’ education with reinvoked cultural discourses: lideshuren as an example
Authors: Zhao Weili
Published: November 2024

As an imprint and reinvigoration of Confucian culture, China foregrounds its 21st-century state-run education as to make national(istic) citizens, reinvoking lideshuren (establishing personhood by cultivating moral excellence) as its signature discourse beyond Western frameworks. Drawing upon Foucault’s thinking, this article untangles China’s effort as being epistemologically vexed in three steps. First, I pick up Foucault’s interpellation on language, discourse, and episteme, evoking a possible language-episteme conflation and/or rupture which is crucial to understanding China’s lideshuren knowledge (re)production and translation within and across cultures. Second, I trace lideshuren to a Confucian prototype to make visible its possible historical–cultural murmurings along a correlative relationality episteme. This historical detour enables me to better problematize, in the third section, contemporary China’s remobilizing, transforming, and reinterpreting Confucian lideshuren discourses to both the Chinese and Western wor(l)d along a delimiting modern ‘trap of philology’. This historical–present epistemological comparison, albeit reductive, feeds into my analysis of China’s making of universal–national(istic) citizens at the nexus of nationalism and globalism. By focusing on China, this article provides implications for comparing national educations as making universal individuals in a globalized age.
Massive anal condyloma lata following lung transplantation due to cystic fibrosis: successful treatment with circular hemorrhoidectomy with mucosal bridges
Authors: Niedritis Arturs , Lebedjkovs Sergejs
Published: November 2024

This case report presents the treatment of a 36-year-old male patient with massive anal condyloma lata following lung transplantation due to cystic fibrosis. The patient, under long-term immunosuppressive therapy, developed extensive wart-like lesions around the anal canal. A modified circular hemorrhoidectomy with mucosal bridges was performed to excise the affected tissue while preserving functional integrity. The surgery, conducted under general anesthesia, successfully removed all lesions without complications. Postoperatively, the patient experienced no pain, bleeding, incontinence, or recurrence during follow-up. The preservation of mucosal bridges helped prevent common complications such as anal stenosis and mucosal ectropion. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of condyloma lata. This case underscores the effectiveness of circular hemorrhoidectomy, particularly in patients with circular anal canal lesions, and highlights the role of mucosal bridges in minimizing postoperative complications while ensuring complete lesion excision. This technique should be considered in similar cases of extensive anal lesions.
Accounting for the impact of genotype and environment on variation in leaf respiration of wheat in Mexico and Australia
Authors: Gaju Oorbessy , Bloomfield Keith J , Negrini Anna C A , Bowerman Andrew F , Cullerne Darren , Posch Bradley Cooper , Bryant Callum , Fan Yuzhen , Spence Matthew , Stone Bethany , Gilliham Matthew , Furbank Robert T , Molero Gemma , Pogson Barry J , Mathews Ky , Millar A Harvey , Pearson Allison L , Reynolds Matthew P , Stroeher Elke , Taylor Nicolas L , Turnbull Matthew H , Atkin Owen K
Published: November 2024

An approach to improving radiation use efficiency (RUE) in wheat is to screen for variability in rates of leaf respiration in darkness (Rdark). We used a high-throughput system to quantify variation in Rdark among a diverse range of spring wheat genotypes (301 lines) grown in two countries (Mexico and Australia) and two seasons (2017 and 2018), and in doing so quantify the relative importance of genotype (G) and environment (E) in influencing variations in leaf Rdark. Through careful design, residual (unexplained) variation represented <10% of the total observed. Up to a third of the variation in Rdark (and related traits) was under genetic control. This suggests opportunities for breeders to use Rdark as a novel selection tool. In addition, E accounted for more than half of the total variation in area-based rates of Rdark. Here, the day of measurement was crucial, suggesting that day-to-day variations in the environment influence rates of Rdark measured at a common temperature. Overall, this study provides new insights into the role G and E play in determining variation in rates of leaf Rdark of one of the most important cereal crops, with implications for future improvements in carbon use efficiency and yield.
Diverse roles of phytohormonal signaling in modulating plant–virus interactions
Authors: Sharma Shambhavi , Prasad Manoj
Published: November 2024

Virus infection brings about changes in the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome status of the infected plant, wherein substantial alterations in the abundance of phytohormones and associated components involved in their signaling pathways have been observed. In recent years, extensive research in the field of plant virology has showcased the indisputable significance of phytohormone signaling during plant–virus interactions. Apart from acting as growth regulators, phytohormones elicit a robust immune response, which restricts viral multiplication within the plant and propagation by vectors. Interestingly, these pathways have been shown to act not only as isolated mechanisms but also as complex intertwined regulatory cascades where the crosstalk among different phytohormones and with other antiviral pathways takes place during plant–virus interaction. Viruses disrupt phytohormone homeostasis via their multifunctional effectors, which seems to be a ‘smart’ approach adopted by viruses to circumvent phytohormone-mediated plant immune responses. In this review, we summarize current understanding of role of phytohormone signaling pathways during plant–virus interactions in activating plant antiviral immune responses and how viruses exploit these signaling pathways to favor their pathogenesis.
Probing the origin of the extended flaring branch of Z-type X-ray binaries GX 340+0 and GX 5-1 using AstroSat
Authors: Dutta Tanmoy , Pahari Mayukh , Sarkar Anish , Bhattacharyya Sudip , Bhargava Yash
Published: November 2024

‘Z’ type neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries typically show a ‘Z’-like three-branched track in their hardness intensity diagram. However, a few such ‘Z’ sources show an additional branch known as the extended flaring branch (EFB). EFB has been poorly studied, and its origin is not known. It is thought to be an extension of the flaring branch (FB) or associated with Fe K $\alpha$ complex or an additional continuum due to the radiative recombination continuum (RRC) process. Using AstroSat observations, we have detected the EFB from two ‘Z’ sources, GX 340+0 and GX 5–1, and performed a broad-band spectral analysis in the 0.5–22 keV energy range. During EFB, both sources show the presence of a significant RRC component with absorption edges at $7.91^{+0.16}_{-0.15}$ and $8.10^{+0.16}_{-0.17}$ keV, respectively along with blackbody radiation and thermal Comptonization. No signature of RRC was detected during the FB, which is adjoint to the EFB. No Fe K $\alpha$ complex is detected. Interestingly, inside EFB dips of GX 5-1, for the first time, we have detected flaring events of 30–60 s, which can be modelled with a single blackbody radiation. During the FB to EFB transition, an increase in the blackbody radius by a factor of 1.5–2 is observed in both sources. Our analysis strongly suggests that EFB is not an extension of FB or caused by the Fe K $\alpha$ complex. Rather, it is caused by a sudden expansion of the hot, thermalized boundary layer and subsequent rapid cooling.
Radio-AGN activity across the galaxy population: dependence on stellar mass, star formation rate, and redshift
Authors: Kondapally Rohit , Best Philip N , Duncan Kenneth J , Röttgering Huub J A , Smith Daniel J B , Prandoni Isabella , Hardcastle Martin J , Holc Tanja , Patrick Abigail L , Arnaudova Marina I , Mingo Beatriz , Cochrane Rachel K , Das Soumyadeep , Haskell Paul , Magliocchetti Manuela , Małek Katarzyna , Miley George K , Tasse Cyril , Williams Wendy L
Published: November 2024

We characterize the co-evolution of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their galaxies by mapping the dependence of radio-loud AGN activity on stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR) across cosmic time (out to $z \sim 1.5$). Deep LOFAR radio observations are combined with large galaxy samples to study the incidence of radio-loud AGN across the galaxy population; the AGN are further split into low-excitation radio galaxies (LERGs) and high-excitation radio galaxies (HERGs). We find that LERG activity occurs over a wide range of SFRs, whereas HERGs are typically found in galaxies with ongoing star formation. The LERGs are then split based on their SFRs relative to the main sequence, across redshift. Within quiescent galaxies, LERG activity shows a steep stellar mass dependence with the same normalization across the past $\sim$10 Gyr; this indicates that hot gas fuels LERGs in quiescent galaxies across cosmic time. In massive galaxies [$\log _{10}(M/\rm {{\rm M}_{\odot }}) \gtrsim 11$], the incidence of LERGs is roughly constant across the galaxy population, suggesting that LERGs in massive galaxies may be fuelled by hot gas regardless of the star formation activity. At lower masses, however, LERG activity is significantly more enhanced (by a factor of up to 10) in star-forming galaxies compared to quiescent galaxies; this suggests that an additional fuelling mechanism, likely associated with cold gas, may fuel the LERGs in galaxies with higher SFRs. We find that HERGs typically accrete above 1 per cent of the Eddington-scaled accretion rate, and the LERGs typically accrete below this level.
Any way the wind blows: quantifying superbubbles and their outflows in simulated galaxies across z ≈ 0-3
Authors: Porter Lori E , Orr Matthew E , Burkhart Blakesley , Wetzel Andrew , Kereš Dušan , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Hopkins Philip F
Published: November 2024

We present an investigation of clustered stellar feedback in the form of superbubbles identified within 11 galaxies from the FIRE-2 (Feedback in Realistic Environments) cosmological zoom-in simulation suite, at both cosmic noon (1 < z < 3) and in the local universe. We study the spatially resolved multiphase outflows that these supernovae drive, comparing our findings with recent theory and observations. These simulations consist of five Large Magellanic Cloud–mass galaxies and six Milky Way-mass progenitors (with a minimum baryonic particle mass of $m_{\rm b.min} = 7100\,{\rm M}_{\odot }$). For all galaxies, we calculate the local and galaxy-averaged mass and energy-loading factors from the identified outflows. We also characterize the multiphase morphology and properties of the identified superbubbles, including the ‘shell’ of cool ($T\lt 10^5$ K) gas and break out of energetic hot ($T\gt 10^5$ K) gas when the shell bursts. We find that these simulations, regardless of redshift, have mass-loading factors and momentum fluxes in the cool gas that largely agree with recent observations. Lastly, we also investigate how methodological choices in measuring outflows can affect loading factors for galactic winds.
Modelling and estimation of adaptive optics-corrected long-exposure point spread function using Gaussian sum approximation
Authors: Escárate Pedro , Osorio B , Zamorano C , Coronel M , Orellana R , Agüero J C , Neichel B
Published: November 2024

Adaptive optics (AO) enhances astronomical images by correcting perturbations in the optical system, resulting in complex point spread function (PSF) shapes, which provide critical information for optical design, calibration, and diagnostics. This paper presents a parametric model for an AO-corrected long-exposure PSF that adapts to complex shapes and various seeing conditions. A complementary estimation method is also introduced, addressing the inverse problem of estimating the atmospheric PSF or power spectral density (PSD) from observed PSF data. The model, based on Gaussian sum approximation (GSA), was tested using simulated PSF data from the OOMAO toolbox for Fried parameter ($r_0$) values ranging from 0.10 to 0.20 m and on-sky data from the Very Large Telescope’s MUSE instrument. Two approaches were analysed: (i) direct PSF estimation using GSA, and (ii) PSF estimation derived from atmospheric PSD estimation. Both methods were evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE). While approach (i) provided the best performance, approach (ii) produced more accurate atmospheric PSF estimates compared to the Moffat approximation and the Fetick method. Additionally, approach (ii) enabled the estimation of key physical parameters, such as the Fried parameter ($r_0$) and residual AO variance ($\sigma _{AO}^2$). The proposed methods effectively estimate atmospheric PSF and PSD, even for complex PSF shapes influenced by spiders, central obstructions, or static aberrations.
SN 1054 as a pulsar-driven supernova: implications for the crab pulsar and remnant evolution
Authors: Omand Conor M B , Sarin Nikhil , Temim Tea
Published: November 2024

One of the most studied objects in astronomy, the Crab Nebula, is the remnant of the historical supernova SN 1054. Historical observations of the supernova imply a typical supernova luminosity, but contemporary observations of the remnant imply a low explosion energy and low ejecta kinetic energy. These observations are incompatible with a standard $^{56}$Ni-powered supernova, hinting at an an alternate power source such as circumstellar interaction or a central engine. We examine SN 1054 using a pulsar-driven supernova model, similar to those used for superluminous supernovae. The model can reproduce the luminosity and velocity of SN 1054 for an initial spin period of $\sim$14 ms and an initial dipole magnetic field of 10$^{14-15}$ G. We discuss the implications of these results, including the evolution of the Crab pulsar, the evolution of the remnant structure, formation of filaments, and limits on freely expanding ejecta. We discuss how our model could be tested further through potential light echo photometry and spectroscopy, as well as the modern analogues of SN 1054.
Does the fundamental metallicity relation evolve with redshift? – II. The evolution in normalization of the mass–metallicity relation
Authors: Garcia Alex M , Torrey Paul , Ellison Sara L , Grasha Kathryn , Chen Qian-Hui , Hemler Z S , Zimmerman Dhruv T , Wright Ruby J , Zovaro Henry R M , Nelson Erica J , Sanders Ryan L , Kewley Lisa J , Hernquist Lars
Published: November 2024

The metal content of galaxies is a direct probe of the baryon cycle. A hallmark example is the relationship between a galaxy’s stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and gas-phase metallicity: the fundamental metallicity relation (FMR). While low-redshift ($z\lesssim 4$) observational studies suggest that the FMR is redshift-invariant, recent high-zJWST data indicate deviations from the FMR established at low-z. In this study, we utilize the FMR to predict the evolution of the normalization of the mass–metallicity relation (MZR) using the cosmological simulations Illustris, IllustrisTNG, EAGLE, and SIMBA. Our findings demonstrate that a $z = 0$ calibrated FMR struggles to predict the evolution in the MZR of each simulation. To quantify the divergence of the predictions, we introduce the concepts of a ‘static’ FMR, where the role of the SFR in setting the normalization of the MZR does not change with redshift, and a ‘dynamic’ FMR, where the role of SFR evolves over time. We find static FMRs in SIMBA and dynamic FMRs in Illustris, IllustrisTNG, and EAGLE. We suggest that the differences between these models likely points to the subtle differences in the implementation of the baryon cycle. Moreover, we echo recent JWST results at $z \gt 4$ by finding significant offsets from the FMR in IllustrisTNG and EAGLE, suggesting that the observed FMR may have a similar dynamic trend as these simulations. Overall, our findings imply that the current FMR framework neglects important time variations of these simulations’ baryon cycles.
First observational evidence of plasma waves in the martian magnetosheath jet
Authors: Pandey Sahil , Kakad Amar , Kakad Bharati
Published: November 2024

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission reveals the existence of magnetosheath jets in the Martian plasma environment. The jets, which contrast with the surrounding plasma in the magnetosheath region, are transitory, locally limited plasma structures with high dynamic pressure. For the first time, MAVEN’s high-time resolution burst mode data are utilized to analyse plasma waves in these jets. Our investigation reveals the simultaneous presence of solitary waves, double layers, electron acoustic waves, and mirror modes. These waves in the Martian magnetosheath jets show similar wave characteristics to those observed in the Earth’s magnetosheath jets. These plasma wave observations will help us comprehend the genesis of jets in the Martian plasma environment as they are carriers of momentum and energy across different regions.
Clinical and genetic markers of vascular toxicity in glioblastoma patients: Insights from NRG Oncology RTOG-0825
Authors: Strauss Joshua D , Gilbert Mark R , Mehta Minesh , Li Ang , Zhou Renke , Bondy Melissa L , Sulman Erik P , Yuan Ying , Liu Yanhong , Vera Elizabeth , Wendland Merideth M , Stieber Volker W , Puduvalli Vinay K , Choi Serah , Martinez Nina L , Robins H Ian , Hunter Grant K , Lin Chi-Fan , Guedes Vivian A , Richard Melissa A , Pugh Stephanie L , Armstrong Terri S , Scheurer Michael E
Published: November 2024

Background

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain cancer in which treatment is associated with toxicities that can result in therapy discontinuation or death. This analysis investigated clinical and genetic markers of vascular toxicities in GBM patients during active treatment.

Methods

In total, 591 non-Hispanic White GBM patients with clinical data were included in the analysis from NRG RTOG-0825. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed from genotyped blood samples (N = 367) by occurrence of thrombosis or hypertension (grade ≥ 2). A clinical prediction model was produced for each vascular toxicity. Significant GWAS variants were then added to the clinical model as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-dose-effect variable to produce the final genetic models.

Results

Thrombosis and hypertension were experienced by 62 (11%) and 59 (10%) patients, respectively. Patients who experienced hypertension displayed improved survival over those without hypertension (median overall survival: 25.72 vs. 15.47 months, p = 0.002). The genetic model of thrombosis included corticosteroid use (odds ratio [OR]: 7.13, p = 0.02), absolute neutrophil count (OR: 1.008, p = 0.19), body surface area (OR: 18.87, p = 0.0008), and SNP-dose effect (3 variants; OR: 3.79, p < 0.0001). The genetic model of hypertension included bevacizumab use (OR: 0.97, p = 0.95) and the SNP-dose effect (6 variants; OR: 4.44, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

In this study, germline variants were superior in predicting hypertension than clinical variables alone. Additionally, corticosteroid use was a considerable risk factor for thrombosis. Future investigations should confirm the hazard of corticosteroid use on thrombosis and the impact of bevacizumab in other malignancies after accounting for the genetic risk of hypertension.
Chronic implantable flexible serpentine probe reveals impaired spatial coding of place cells in epilepsy
Authors: Wang Yu , Han Meiqi , Xu Zhaojie , Lv Shiya , Yang Gucheng , Mo Fan , Jing Luyi , Jia Qianli , Duan Yiming , Xu Wei , Jiao Peiyao , Liu Yaoyao , Shan Jin , Li Ming , Wang Mixia , Luo Jinping , Song Yilin , Liu Juntao , Wu Yirong , Cai Xinxia
Published: November 2024

The development of minimally invasive and reliable electrode probes for neural signal recording is crucial for advancing neuroscience and treating major brain disorders. Flexible neural probes offer superior long-term recording capabilities over traditional rigid probes. This study introduces a parylene-based serpentine electrode probe for stable, long-term neural monitoring. Inspired by the flexibility and morphology of snakes, the serpentine design of the probe ensures stable anchorage within the brain tissue during subject movement. The probe features a hydrophilic surface and is combined with a biodegradable silk fibroin–polyethylene glycol coating, significantly enhancing biocompatibility and mitigating inflammatory responses. In vivo experiments demonstrate that these probes enable stable, high-quality neural recordings for >8 months. The probes are also used to investigate the neural bases of epilepsy-induced cognitive deficits. By analysing place-cell dynamics in mice pre- and post-epileptic events, we identified the correlation between impaired spatial encoding and the observed cognitive deficits in epileptic mice. This study highlights the potential of our flexible probes in neurological research and medical applications.
Qualitative Examination of US and Israeli Adults’ Perceptions of IQOS Advertising Messages: Modified Exposure and Risk Statements, US FDA Endorsement, and Health Warnings
Authors: Berg Carla J , Levine Hagai , LoParco Cassidy R , Cui Yuxian , Khayat Amal , Duan Zongshuan , Abroms Lorien C , Wang Yan , Bar-Zeev Yael
Published: November 2024

Introduction

IQOS, a leading heated tobacco product, is advertised as less harmful than cigarettes and received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorization for “reduced exposure” advertising claims. Perceptions of advertising messages, including reduced exposure/risk” claims, FDA endorsements, and health warning labels (HWLs), are understudied.

Aims and Methods

Qualitative interviews (N = 84) from US and Israeli adults (2022) examined perceptions of advertising messages, specifically: 1) scientific claims that switching completely from cigarettes to IQOS reduces 1a) chemical exposure and 1b) tobacco-related disease risk; 2) FDA endorsement of IQOS as a 2a) better choice for adult smokers and 2b) fundamentally different product (heat-not-burn); and 3) promoting IQOS as cigarette alternatives with a HWL pertaining to cigarettes.

Results

For half of the participants, referencing scientific studies or the FDA enhanced credibility; some believed this implied unbiased, rigorous research. Half were skeptical due to lack of research-related details. Half interpreted message 1 (switching) to mean any substitution could be beneficial; half interpreted it as complete substitution was necessary. Most did not perceive differences between message 1a (reduced exposure) versus 1b (reduced risk). Some believed message 2a (FDA endorsement, not targeting youth) demonstrated IQOS’ social responsibility. Some interpreted message 2b (fundamentally different product) as risk reduction; others perceived no difference. The majority paraphrased messages using the terms “safer,” “healthier,” or “less harmful.” For message 3 (a safer alternative), some did not think the HWL applied to IQOS; some believed it promoted IQOS.

Conclusions

Regulators and researchers must monitor harm-reduction advertising messaging and take actions to prevent consumer misinterpretations.

Implications

Philip Morris International’s IQOS received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorization for “reduced exposure” advertising claims, which are often misinterpreted, and has exploited FDA authorization to promote IQOS globally. This qualitative study showed that most participants perceived no difference between reduced risk versus exposure messages in IQOS ads, half believed that references to scientific studies or FDA enhanced credibility, some believed certain messages demonstrated IQOS’ social responsibility, and some perceived warnings in IQOS ads to promote IQOS. Product ads using harm reduction messages must be monitored to inform efforts to prevent potentially harmful misinterpretations and mitigate negative population-level impacts.
The effect of trade liberalization on marriage and fertility: evidence from Indian census
Authors: Sengupta Shruti , Azam Mehtabul
Published: November 2024

Using a district-level panel constructed from five waves of decennial Indian censuses covering 1971–2011, we examine the medium-term (1991–2001) and long-term (1991–2011) impacts of the 1991 Indian trade liberalization on marriage and fertility rates among young women aged 15–34. We exploit the fact that countrywide tariff reductions varied across industries creating exogenous local labor market shocks based on the initial employment composition of the district. We find heterogeneous results across urban and rural areas. We find that urban areas of the districts that experienced larger tariff cuts experienced relative increases in marriage rates compared to the districts that experienced smaller tariff cuts. Tariff cuts positively affect workforce participation among both young men and women in urban areas. However, there is no impact of tariff cuts on the marriage rate or workforce participation among young population (15–34) in rural areas. In contrast, tariff cuts reduced fertility rates mostly in rural areas.
Implementing Oral Antibiotics for Bone and Joint Infections: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Improvement
Authors: Hawkins Marten R , Thottacherry Elizabeth , Juthani Prerak , Aronson Jenny , Chang Amy , Amanatullah Derek F , Markovits Jessie , Shen Sa , Holubar Marisa , Andrews Jason R , Parsonnet Julie , Furukawa Daisuke
Published: November 2024

Background

Although intravenous antibiotics have historically been the standard of care for bone and joint infections, clinical trial data have highlighted the safety and efficacy of oral antibiotics. Despite this, intravenous antibiotics are still commonly used, and evaluations of institutional guidelines advancing oral antibiotic use are limited.

Methods

In April 2023, we implemented a new institutional guideline to preferentially treat patients with bone and joint infections with oral antibiotics. The postguideline cohort was compared with a historical preguideline cohort via retrospective chart review. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients discharged exclusively on oral antibiotics. Secondary outcomes included 90-day treatment failure, length of stay, and adverse effects.

Results

One hundred eighty-six patients (53 preguideline and 133 postguideline) were included in the analysis. Patients in the postguideline cohort were more likely to be discharged exclusively on oral antibiotics (25% vs 70%; P < .01), with no difference in 90-day treatment failure (8% vs 9%; P = .75). Patients in the postguideline cohort had a shorter length of stay than preguideline (median, 8 vs 7 days; P = .04) and trended toward fewer peripherally inserted central catheter–related adverse events (6% vs 1%; P = .07).

Conclusions

An institutional guideline was effective in increasing the proportion of patients with bone and joint infections discharged on oral antibiotics. We observed similar clinical outcomes after implementing the guidelines while reducing length of hospital stay.