bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opposing aging-related shift of excitatory dopamine D1 and inhibitory D3 receptor protein expression in striatum and spinal cord
Authors: Keeler Benjamin E. , Lallemand Perrine , Patel Mukund M. , de Castro Brás Lisandra E. , Clemens Stefan
Published: November 2015

Normal aging is associated with a decrease in motor function, a concomitant increase in muscle stiffness and tone, and a decrease in dopamine (DA) levels in the spinal cord. The striatum plays a critical role in the control of motor function, and it receives strong DA innervation from the substantia nigra. However, locomotor activity also requires the activation of motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord, which in the mouse express all five DA receptor subtypes (D1–D5). Of these, the D3 receptor (D3R) expresses the highest affinity to DA and mediates inhibitory actions, while activation of the lower-affinity D1 receptor (D1R) system promotes excitatory effects. To test whether the aging-related decrease in DA levels is associated with corresponding changes in DA receptor protein expression levels, we probed with Western blot and immunohistochemical techniques for D1R and D3R protein expression levels over the normal life span of the mouse. We found that with age D1R expression levels increased in both striatum and spinal cord, while D3R expression levels remained stable in the striatum or slightly decreased in the spinal cord. The resulting D1-to-D3 ratio indicates a strong upregulation of D1R-mediated pathways in old animals, which is particularly pronounced in the lumbar spinal cord. These data suggest that aging may be associated with a shift in DA-mediated pathways in striatum and spinal cord, which in turn could be an underlying factor in the emergence of aging- and DA-related motor dysfunctions such as Parkinson's disease or Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS).
Incidence of Cisplatin Induced Ototoxicity in Adults with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Greene Joshua B. , Standring Robert , Siddiqui Farzan , Ahsan Syed F.
Published: November 2015

Objective. To elucidate the incidence of cisplatin induced ototoxicity in adult patients, with a focus on an adult population.Study Design. IRB approved retrospective study.Methods. The charts of patients who underwent cisplatin therapy from 1995 to present were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were (1) cisplatin as the primary chemotherapeutic agent and (2) hearing evaluation performed prior to and after treatment. Audiometric thresholds were measured by presenting pure-tone stimuli at 0.25 to 10.0 kHz. Criteria for hearing loss were based on the Chang criteria. Cochlear radiation doses were also calculated in patients with primary tumors in their head and neck or brain.Results. There were 1565 patients that had undergone therapy with cisplatin from 1995 to 2014, which 30 met inclusion criteria. Eight were patients treated for head and neck or brain cancer. Evaluation with ANOVA testing identified statistically significant decline in audiometric scores for WRS and pure tone frequencies 500, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz in the right ear. Overall, hearing loss was noted with 63% incidence and in patients who received radiation to their cochlea and cisplatin.Conclusion. The incidence of cisplatin induced ototoxicity was significant and even more prevalent in those patients receiving both cisplatin and radiation to their cochlea.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Role of Oleic Acid‐Triggered Lung Injury and Inflammation
Authors: Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque Cassiano Felippe , Silva Adriana Ribeiro , Burth Patrícia , Castro-Faria Mauro Velho , Castro-Faria-Neto Hugo Caire
Published: November 2015

Lung injury especially acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be triggered by diverse stimuli, including fatty acids and microbes. ARDS affects thousands of people worldwide each year, presenting high mortality rate and having an economic impact. One of the hallmarks of lung injury is edema formation with alveoli flooding. Animal models are used to study lung injury. Oleic acid‐induced lung injury is a widely used model resembling the human disease. The oleic acid has been linked to metabolic and inflammatory diseases; here we focus on lung injury. Firstly, we briefly discuss ARDS and secondly we address the mechanisms by which oleic acid triggers lung injury and inflammation.
Ultrasonic Studies of Emulsion Stability in the Presence of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Józefczak A. , Wlazło R.
Published: November 2015

Pickering emulsions are made of solid particle-stabilized droplets suspended in an immiscible continuous liquid phase. A magnetic emulsion can be obtained using magnetic particles. Solid magnetic nanoparticles are adsorbed strongly at the oil-water interface and are able to stabilize emulsions of oil and water. In this work emulsions stabilized by magnetite nanoparticles were obtained using high-energy ultrasound waves and a cavitation mechanism and, next, their stability in time was tested by means of acoustic waves with a low energy, without affecting the structure. An acoustic study showed high stability in time of magnetic emulsions stabilized by magnetite particles. The study also showed a strong influence of an external magnetic field, which can lead to changes of the emulsion properties. It is possible to control Pickering emulsion stability with the help of an external stimulus—a magnetic field.
NaI(Tl) Detector Efficiency Computation Using Radioactive Parallelepiped Sources Based on Efficiency Transfer Principle
Authors: Badawi Mohamed S. , Gouda Mona M. , El-Khatib Ahmed M. , Thabet Abouzeid A. , Salim Ahmed A. , Abbas Mahmoud I.
Published: November 2015

The efficiency transfer (ET) principle is considered as a simple numerical simulation method, which can be used to calculate the full-energy peak efficiency (FEPE) of3″×3″NaI(Tl) scintillation detector over a wide energy range. In this work, the calculations of FEPE are based on computing the effective solid angle ratio between a radioactive point and parallelepiped sources located at various distances from the detector surface. Besides, the attenuation of the photon by the source-to-detector system (detector material, detector end cap, and holder material) was considered and determined. This method is straightforwardly useful in setting up the efficiency calibration curve for NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, when no calibration sources exist in volume shape. The values of the efficiency calculations using theoretical method are compared with the measured ones and the results show that the discrepancies in general for all the measurements are found to be less than 6%.
Changes over Time in Intracranial Air in Patients with Cerebral Air Embolism: Radiological Study in Two Cases
Authors: Kaichi Yoko , Kakeda Shingo , Korogi Yukunori , Nezu Tomohisa , Aoki Shiro , Matsumoto Masayasu , Iida Makoto , Awai Kazuo
Published: November 2015

Cerebral air embolism can be easily identified on computed tomography (CT) scans. However, changes in the distribution and amount of intracranial air are not well known. We report two patients with cerebral air embolism and present imaging findings on the serial changes in the intracranial air. We thought that the embolic source was venous in one patient because CT showed air inflow in cortical veins in the bilateral frontal areas, reflecting air buoyancy. In the other patient, CT showed air inflow into not only the cortical veins but also the bilateral cerebral hemispheres and we thought this to be a paradoxical cerebral air embolism. We found that intracranial air can be promptly absorbed and while cerebral infarcts due to air are clearly visualized on diffusion-weighted images (DWI), the air may rapidly disappear from images. In patients with suspected cerebral air embolism whose CT findings show no intracranial air, DWI should be performed because it may reveal cerebral infarction due to cerebral air embolism.
Extraction, Characterization, and Molecular Weight Determination ofSenna tora(L.) Seed Polysaccharide
Authors: Pawar Harshal A. , Lalitha K. G.
Published: November 2015

The objective of the present work was extraction of polysaccharide fromSenna toraL. seed and its characterization as a pharmaceutical excipient. Polysaccharide extraction was based on mechanical separation of the endosperm of seeds ofSenna tora, water dissolution, centrifugation, and precipitation with acetone. Standard procedures were used to study the viscosity, micromeritic properties, and microbial bioburden. Accelerated stability study was carried out on isolated polysaccharide for six months at 40°C/75 RH as per ICH guidelines. The gum obtained fromS. toraseeds was an amorphous free flowing odourless powder with dull brown colour (yield = 35% w/w). The bulk density, tapped density, and angle of repose data reveal thatS. toragum possesses good flow property. The intrinsic viscosity obtained was 1.568 dL/g. The average molecular weight of purifiedS. toragum was found to be 198 kDa by intrinsic viscosity method. The results indicated that viscosity of gum solution increases with increase in temperature. FTIR study revealed the absence of degradation or decomposition of polysaccharide at accelerated stability conditions for six months. It has been concluded that extracted polysaccharide can be used as pharmaceutical excipient in terms of flow behavior, microbial properties, and stability.
Perlecan Diversely Regulates the Migration and Proliferation of Distinct Cell Types in vitro
Authors: Nakamura Ryosuke , Nakamura Fumio , Fukunaga Shigeharu
Published: November 2015

Perlecan is a multifunctional component of the extracellular matrix. It shows different effects on distinct cell types, and therefore it is thought to show potential for therapies targeting multiple cell types. However, the full range of multifunctionality of perlecan remains to be elucidated. We cultured various cell types, which were derived from epithelial/endothelial, connective and muscle tissues, in the presence of either antiserum against perlecan or exogenous perlecan, and examined the effects of perlecan on cell migration and proliferation. Cell migration was determined using a scratch assay. Blocking of perlecan by anti-perlecan antiserum inhibited the migration of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and exogenous perlecan added to the culture medium promoted the migration of these cell types. The migration of other cell types was inhibited or was not promoted by exogenous perlecan. Cell proliferation was measured using a water-soluble tetrazolium dye. When cells were cultured at low densities, perlecan blocking inhibited the proliferation of VECs, and exogenous perlecan promoted the proliferation of keratinocytes. In contrast, the proliferation of fibroblasts, pre-adipocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells cultured at low densities was inhibited by exogenous perlecan. When cells were cultured at high densities, perlecan blocking promoted the proliferation of most cell types, with the exception of skeletal system-derived cells (chondrocytes and osteoblasts), which were inhibited by exogenous perlecan. Our results provide an overview of the multiple functions of perlecan in various cell types, and implicate a potential role of perlecan to inhibit undesirable activities, such as fibrosis, obesity and intimal hyperplasia.
Three-Dimensional Platelet-Rich Plasma Hydrogel Model to Study Early Tendon Healing
Authors: Rubio-Azpeitia Eva , Sánchez Pello , Delgado Diego , Andia Isabel
Published: November 2015

Since the experimental conditions of cell cultures may bias results, it is critical to use suitable models. This is also true in the context of tendon cell biology and the study of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapies and PRP-augmented cell-based therapies. We compared the culture of human tendon cells in 2 dimensions (2D) with PRP-supplemented media to culture in matching 3-dimensional (3D) PRP hydrogels. Cell proliferation, cell shape, and the pattern of gene and protein expression were examined. Our data revealed modifications in cell shape and enhanced expression of tenomodulin and scleraxis in 3D hydrogels. Additionally, protein secretion analysis using glass-based arrays specific for angiogenesis revealed differences in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 protein expression between 2D cultures and 3D hydrogels, while the secretion of other angiogenic or inflammatory cytokines was unaffected. Our study suggests that 3D hydrogels are physiologically more relevant than 2D cultures in the study of tendon cells, based on cell shape, support of tenocyte proliferation, phenotype, and the pattern of gene and protein expression.
Correlation between Clinical, Placental Histology and Microbiological Findings in Spontaneous Preterm Births
Authors: Garmi Gali , Okopnik Marina , Keness Yoram , Zafran Noah , Berkowitz Elad , Salim Raed
Published: November 2015

Aims: To examine the occurrence of chorioamnionitis and abruption among women who had a spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB), the correlation between clinical and placental findings, and the impact of these complications on neonatal outcome after delivery. Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study conducted between 2008 and 2012 at a single teaching hospital. The study group included all women who had an SPTB (23-36 weeks). Placentas were cultured and underwent histological examination. Results: A total of 478 women were included. The mean gestational age at delivery was 32.6 ± 3.1 weeks. Overall, 260 (54.4%) women had either clinical and/or histological abruption or chorioamnionitis. Clinical chorioamnionitis was diagnosed before birth in 14 (2.9%) women, while histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) in 84 (17.4%). Overall, 38 neonates had infection. Placental cultures were negative in 65.8% (25/38) of these neonates, and in 77.1% (27/38), HCA was ruled out. Logistic regression analysis revealed that neonatal morbidity and mortality were correlated with gestational age at delivery (p = 0.02), not with placental pathology (p = 0.08). Conclusions: Half of the women with PTB had clinical or histological abruption, chorioamnionitis or both. A partial correlation was found between clinical and placental findings. The main determinant of neonatal outcome was gestational age at delivery and not placental findings.
The Construction of Historical Memory in the Exegesis of Kor 16, 106
Authors: Syed Mairaj U.
Published: November 2015

This article analyzes reports about the capture and torture of the companion ʿAmmār b. Yāsir and their later use in the exegesis of Kor 16, 106. It also shows why the reports were generated by different sectarian communities (Imamī Šīʿites, Zaydites, Murǧiʾites) in the different parts of the early Islamic empire (Kufa, Mecca, Medina, Basra, and Jazira) in the late first/seventh and early second/eighth centuries. Through a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the isnāds of reports, the article shows that it is possible to correlate information about the sectarian affiliations of reports’ transmitters with the contents of the reports and in the process shows why different communities remembered and transmitted the specific forms of the reports that they did. The article shows how literary Islamic sources are susceptible to a much more granular historical analysis than previously assumed.
Translating Arabic Fiction
Authors: Allen Roger
Published: November 2015

A retrospect on the article-writer’s career in translating Arabic fiction into English, this study makes use of the triad often adopted in translation theory—source text and culture, intertext, and target-text and culture—in order to investigate some of the issues connected with the complex process of transferring the fictional creativity of Arab novelists to the target environment of anglophone readers and the publishing outlets that provide those readers with examples of that creativity. Subjects discussed include the processes whereby the source-texts are chosen, the various stages in the transfer process itself, and the many issues connected with the publication of translations and their reception in the target culture. Specific examples of authors and works are presented as illustrations of the processes (and issues) involved at each stage of the translation sequence.
Representations of Exile and Return in Palestinian Literature
Authors: Saʿdi Ahmad H.
Published: November 2015

Given the continued centrality of national identity among Palestinians, despite the absence of a nation-state of their own, and in light of their unfaltering endeavor to reconstitute their society which was destroyed sixty-seven years ago, the notions of exile and return have dominated their understanding of their calamity. Palestinian sociopolitical discourses and literary production have been premised on a presupposition that in the fullness of time their exile would be negated by return, thus leading to a resolution. This article aims to illustrate the evolution of this discourse in light of various, mostly unfavorable, events such as the 1967 War (the Naksah), the 1982 war in Lebanon, and the plo’s exit from Beirut, as well as the early nineties and the Oslo “peace” process. A variety of literary texts, mostly poetry, are discussed as signifying the mutations that this discourse on exile and return has gone through.
Myrcia macrocalyx (Myrtaceae), a new species from Brazil, with additional morphological highlights
Authors: Faria Jair Eustáquio Quintino , Gomes-Bezerra Kadja Milena , Zanatta Maria Rosa Vargas , Silva Júnior Manoel Cláudio , Soares-Silva Lucia Helena
Published: November 2015

Myrcia macrocalyx, a new species from Cavalcante, Goiás, Brazil, is here described and illustrated. Additional details on the leaf architecture, geographical distribution, and conservation status of this species are also provided.
The oral health of people with chronic schizophrenia: A neglected public health burden
Authors: Wey Mang Chek , Loh SiewYim , Doss Jennifer Geraldine , Abu Bakar Abdul Kadir , Kisely Steve
Published: November 2015

Objective:

People with chronic schizophrenia have high rates of physical ill-health such as heart disease. However, there has been less attention to the issue of poor oral health including dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal (gum) disease, although both have consequences for quality of life and systemic physical health. We therefore measured tooth decay and gum disease in Malaysians with schizophrenia.

Methods:

We recruited long-stay inpatients with schizophrenia from June to October 2014. Four dental specialists assessed oral health using the decayed–missing–filled teeth index, the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs and the Debris Index of the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. Results were compared with the 2010 Oral Health survey of the general Malaysian population.

Results:

A total of 543 patients participated (66.7% males, 33.3% females; mean age = 54.8 years [standard deviation = 16.0]) with a mean illness duration of 18.4 years (standard deviation = 17.1). The mean decayed–missing–filled teeth was 20.5 (standard deviation = 9.9), almost double that of the general population (11.7). Higher decayed–missing–filled teeth scores were associated with both older age ( p < 0.001) and longer illness duration ( p = 0.048). Only 1% ( n = 6) had healthy gums. Levels of decay and periodontal disease were greatest in those aged between 45 and 64 years, coinciding with the onset of tooth loss.

Conclusion:

Dental disease in people with schizophrenia deserves the same attention as other comorbid physical illness. The disparity in oral health is most marked for dental decay. Possible interventions include oral health assessments using standard checklists designed for non-dental personnel, help with oral hygiene, management of iatrogenic dry mouth and early dental referral.
Engaging the ‘ungoverned’: The merging of diplomacy, defence and development
Authors: Constantinou Costas M , Opondo Sam Okoth
Published: November 2015

This article explores biopolitical practices that extend beyond national borders and take the whole of humanity as their province. It looks at how attempts to secure and optimize conditions of living in Africa are not merely governmental in scope but also diplomatic in their conceptualization and conduct. It specifically examines the merging of diplomacy, defence and development (or the 3Ds), which purports to optimize life and shape ways of being in areas that cannot be ‘fully governed’ or resist domestication. It assesses the impact of diplomatic pluralization, characterized by the militarization of diplomacy and development, the diplomatization of the military, and new forms of diplomatic outreach, as practised by agencies such as AFRICOM. At stake in this exploration is an ethico-political critique of 3D engagement through which lives, conducts and relationships are negotiated in the postcolony.
On the fatigue life prediction of single-lap composite bolted joints
Authors: Feyzi Mohsen , Hassanifard Soran
Published: November 2015

Improving the numerical techniques to foretell the fatigue life of composite joints is a crucial work. The main goal of this study is to present a new algorithm for simulating the fatigue behavior of composite laminates. This algorithm was applied to the composite bolted joints and the effects of bolt arrangement and laminate configuration was considered. The fatigue life of defined layers was estimated by Hashin’s failure criteria. In contrast to the previous investigations, the influences of load ratio on fatigue curves were determined using Kawai’s rule. Also, negative mean stresses were considered using the constant life diagrams. The damage parameter was estimated by a modified form of Miner’s rule. To validate the proposed model, numbers of specimens were fabricated with [0/45/−45/90]s and [0/90/0/90]s lay-up. For each configuration, the samples were joined by two and four bolts. The fatigue life predictions of all configurations were compared with the experimental data and good agreement was observed.
Legal Origin and Social Solidarity: The Continued Relevance of Durkheim to Comparative Institutional Analysis
Authors: Johnson Phil , Brookes Michael , Wood Geoffrey , Brewster Chris
Published: November 2015

By using the classic works of Durkheim as a theoretical platform, this research explores the relationship between legal systems and social solidarity. We found that certain types of civil law system, most notably those of Scandinavia, are associated with higher levels of social capital and better welfare state provision. However, we found the relationship between legal system and societal outcomes is considerably more complex than suggested by currently fashionable economistic legal origin approaches, and more in line with the later writings of Durkheim, and, indeed, the literature on comparative capitalisms. Relative communitarianism was strongly affected by relative development, reflecting the complex relationship between institutions, state capabilities and informal social ties and networks.
Distinguishing high-flow from low-flow vascular malformations using maximum intensity projection images in dynamic magnetic resonance angiography – comparison to other MR-based techniques
Authors: Kociemba Anna , Karmelita-Katulska Katarzyna , Stajgis Marek , Oszkinis Grzegorz , Pyda Małgorzata
Published: November 2015

Background

In addition to ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered a suitable, non-invasive technique to assess the type and extent of vascular malformations. The distinction between low- and high-flow lesions is crucial because it determines appropriate patient treatment.

Purpose

To distinguish high-flow from low-flow lesions on the basis of the enhancement pattern on MIP images acquired from dynamic time-resolved MR angiography (MRA) and compare it with previously described MR-based methods.

Material and Methods

We examined 25 consecutive patients with previously diagnosed vascular malformations. Next, each malformation was classified as “high-flow” or “low-flow” using the following criteria: (i) findings on T1-weighted (T1W) and T2-weighted (T2W) imaging (signal voids, signal intensity); (ii) the time interval between the start of arterial enhancement and the onset of lesion enhancement (artery–lesion time); (iii) the time of maximum lesion enhancement; and (iv) analysis of the slope of the enhancement curve.

Results

Of the 25 patients, seven had high-flow and 18 had low-flow malformations. Signal voids on spin-echo T1W images were observed only in four of seven high-flow malformations and in two of 18 low-flow malformations. Analysis of signal intensity on T2W images showed increased signal intensity in 17 of 18 low-flow malformations, and in two of seven high-flow lesions. Calculation of the artery–lesion time, maximum enhancement time, and slope revealed significant differences between the high- and low-flow groups.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the slope of the enhancement curve appears to be useful in distinguishing between high- and low-flow vascular malformations. Standardization of MR image evaluation criteria is essential.
Radiographic Reference Points Are Inaccurate With and Without a True Lateral Radiograph
Authors: Ziegler Connor G. , Fulkerson John P. , Edgar Cory
Published: November 2015

Background:

Studies have reported methods for radiographically delineating medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) femoral tunnel position on a true lateral knee radiograph. However, obtaining a true lateral fluoroscopic radiograph intraoperatively can be challenging, rendering radiographic methods for tunnel positioning potentially inaccurate.

Purpose:

To quantify the magnitude of MPFL femoral tunnel malposition that occurs on true lateral and aberrant lateral knee radiographs when using a previously reported radiographic technique for MPFL femoral tunnel localization.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were dissected to expose the MPFL femoral insertion and surrounding medial knee anatomy. True lateral and aberrant lateral knee radiographs at 2.5°, 5°, and 10° off-axis were obtained with a standard mini C-arm in 4 orientations: anterior to posterior, posterior to anterior, caudal, and cephalad. A previously reported radiographic method for MPFL femoral localization was performed on all radiographs and compared in reference to the anatomic MPFL attachment center.

Results:

The radiographic point, as previously described, was a mean distance of 4.1 mm from the anatomic MPFL attachment on a true lateral knee radiograph. The distance between the anatomic MPFL attachment center and the radiographic point significantly increased on aberrant lateral knee radiographs with as little as 5° of rotational error in 3 of 4 orientations of rotation when a standard mini C-arm was used. This corresponded to a malposition of 7.5, 9.2, and 8.1 mm on 5°-aberrant radiographs in the anterior-posterior, posterior-anterior, and cephalad orientations, respectively ( P < .005). In the same 3 orientations of rotation, MPFL tunnel malposition on the femur exceeded 5 mm on 2.5° aberrant radiographs.

Conclusion:

The commonly utilized radiographic point, as previously described for MPFL femoral tunnel placement, results in inaccurate tunnel localization on a true lateral radiograph, and this inaccuracy is perpetuated with aberrant radiography. Aberrant lateral knee imaging of as little as 5° off-axis from true lateral has a significant effect on placement of a commonly used radiographic point relative to the anatomic MPFL femoral attachment center and results in nonanatomic MPFL tunnel placement.

Clinical Relevance:

This study demonstrates that radiographic localization of the MPFL femoral tunnel results in inaccurate tunnel placement on a true lateral radiograph, particularly when there is deviation from a true lateral fluoroscopic image, which can be difficult to obtain intraoperatively. Assessing anatomy directly intraoperatively, rather than relying solely on radiographs, may help avoid MPFL tunnel malposition.
On the comprehensive static characteristic analysis of a translational bistable mechanism
Authors: Hao Guangbo , Mullins John
Published: November 2015

Bistable mechanisms have two stable positions and their characteristic analysis is much harder than the traditional spring system due to their postbuckling behaviour. As the strong nonlinearity induced by the postbuckling, it is difficult to establish a correct model to reveal the comprehensive nonlinear characteristics. This paper deals with the in-plane comprehensive static analysis of a translational bistable mechanism using nonlinear finite element analysis. The bistable mechanism consists of a pair of fixed-clamped inclined beams in symmetrical arrangement, which is a monolithic design and works within the elastic deformation domain. The displacement-controlled finite element analysis method using Strand7 is first discussed. Then the force–displacement relation of the bistable mechanism along the primary motion direction is described followed by the detailed primary translational analysis for different parameters. A simple analytical (empirical) equation for estimating the negative stiffness is obtained, and experimental testing is performed for a case study. It is concluded that (a) the negative stiffness magnitude has no influence from the inclined angle, but is proportional to the product of the Young’s modulus, beam depth, and cubic ratio for in-plane thickness to the beam length; (b) the unstable position is proportional to the product of the beam length and the Sine function of the inclined angle, and is not affected by the in-plane thickness and the material (or the out-of-plane thickness). The in-plane off-axis (translational and rotational) stiffness is further analysed to show the stiffness changes over the primary motion and the off-axis motion, and a negative rotational stiffness domain has been obtained.
A computational procedure for prediction of ballasted track profile degradation under railway traffic loading
Authors: Nguyen K , Villalmanzo D I , Goicolea J M , Gabaldon F
Published: November 2015

A computational procedure is developed in the present paper, allowing the prediction of the ballasted track profile degradation under railway traffic loading. In this procedure, an integration of the short-term and long-term mechanical processes of track deterioration is taken into account, using a track degradation model. This degradation model is incorporated into a finite element code where two modes of calculation are implemented: the “implicit mode” concerns the short-term track deterioration, in which the hypoplastic model is used for the ballast layer and the dynamic response to an instantaneous train axle passage is obtained to serve as input data for the “explicit mode”, which concerns the simulation of long-term track deterioration, using the accumulation model for ballast layer. The whole procedure is illustrated on the prediction of the ballasted track profile degradation of a track section of 100 m. The results show a significant influence of the type of track geometry defects and the vehicle velocity on the evolution of track deterioration and the capability of the proposed procedure in reproducing the track profile degradation.
Sedimentary ancient DNA from Lake Skartjørna, Svalbard: Assessing the resilience of arctic flora to Holocene climate change
Authors: Alsos Inger Greve , Sjögren Per , Edwards Mary E , Landvik Jon Y , Gielly Ludovic , Forwick Matthias , Coissac Eric , Brown Antony G , Jakobsen Leif V , Føreid Marie K , Pedersen Mikkel W
Published: November 2015

Reconstructing past vegetation and species diversity from arctic lake sediments can be challenging because of low pollen and plant macrofossil concentrations. Information may be enhanced by metabarcoding of sedimentary ancient DNA ( sedaDNA). We developed a Holocene record from Lake Skartjørna, Svalbard, using sedaDNA, plant macrofossils and sediment properties, and compared it with published records. All but two genera of vascular plants identified as macrofossils in this or a previous study were identified with sedaDNA. Six additional vascular taxa were found, plus two algal and 12 bryophyte taxa, by sedaDNA analysis, which also detected more species per sample than macrofossil analysis. A shift from Salix polaris-dominated vegetation, with Koenigia islandica, Ranunculaceae and the relatively thermophilic species Arabis alpina and Betula, to Dryas octopetala-dominated vegetation ~6600–5500 cal. BP suggests a transition from moist conditions 1–2°C warmer than today to colder/drier conditions. This coincides with a decrease in runoff, inferred from core lithology, and an independent record of declining lacustrine productivity. This mid-Holocene change in terrestrial vegetation is broadly coincident with changes in records from marine sediments off the west coast of Svalbard. Over the Holocene sedaDNA records little floristic change, and it clearly shows species persisted near the lake during time intervals when they are not detected as macrofossils. The flora has shown resilience in the presence of a changing climate, and, if future warming is limited to 2°C or less, we might expect only minor floristic changes in this region. However, the Holocene record provides no analogues for greater warming.
Perceptual Construction: Rereading The Social Construction of Reality Through the Sociology of the Senses
Authors: Friedman Asia M.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, I bring Berger and Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality into conversation with the relatively new subfield of the sociology of the senses to argue that greater attentiveness to sensory perception can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of the social construction of reality. When read with this sensitization, one finds implicit references to the senses throughout their discussion, but nowhere is sensory perception explicitly theorized as a part of the social construction process. Drawing specifically on their analysis of primary socialization, face-to-face interaction, language and relevance structures, and the fundamental dialectic of externalization, objectivation, and internalization, I demonstrate that processes of perceptual construction – specifically sensory attention and disattention – are key mechanism of social construction underlying many of Berger and Luckmann’s arguments. A more explicit focus on sensory perception not only clarifies and strengthens many of their observations, but also constitutes a renewal of their important call to examine the processes of social construction.
Dual inhibition of histone deacetylases and phosphoinositide 3-kinases: effects on Burkitt lymphoma cell growth and migration
Authors: Ferreira Ana Carolina dos Santos , de-Freitas-Junior Julio Cesar Madureira , Morgado-Díaz Jose Andres , Ridley Anne J , Klumb Claudete Esteves
Published: November 2015

Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is characterized by MYC deregulation. Recently, the PI3K pathway has emerged as a cooperative prosurvival mechanism in Burkitt lymphoma. Despite the highly successful results of treatment that use high-dose chemotherapy regimens in pediatric Burkitt lymphoma patients, the survival rate of pediatric patients with progressive or recurrent disease is low. PI3Ks are also known to regulate cell migration, and abnormal cell migration may contribute to cancer progression and dissemination in Burkitt lymphoma. Little is known about Burkitt lymphoma cell migration, but the cooperation between MYC and PI3K in Burkitt lymphoma pathogenesis suggests that a drug combination could be used to target the different steps involved in Burkitt lymphoma cell dissemination and disease progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid combined with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 on Burkitt lymphoma cell growth and migration. The combination enhanced the cell growth inhibition and cell-cycle arrest induced by the PI3K inhibitor or histone deacetylase inhibitor individually. Moreover, histone deacetylase inhibitor/PI3K inhibitor cotreatment suppressed Burkitt lymphoma cell migration and decreased cell polarization, Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and leads to RhoB induction. In summary, the histone deacetylase inhibitor/PI3Ki combination inhibits cell proliferation and migration via alterations in PI3K signaling and histone deacetylase activity, which is involved in the acetylation of α-tubulin and the regulation of RhoB expression.
ADAM17 controls IL-6 signaling by cleavage of the murine IL-6Rα from the cell surface of leukocytes during inflammatory responses
Authors: Yan Isabell , Schwarz Jeanette , Lücke Karsten , Schumacher Neele , Schumacher Valéa , Schmidt Stefanie , Rabe Björn , Saftig Paul , Donners Marjo , Rose-John Stefan , Mittrücker Hans-Willi , Chalaris Athena
Published: November 2015

The cytokine IL-6 is part of a regulatory signaling network that controls immune responses. IL-6 binds either to the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor-α (classic signaling) or to the soluble IL-6 receptor-α (trans-signaling) to initiate signal transduction via gp130 activation. Because classic and trans-signaling of IL-6 fulfill different tasks during immune responses, controlled shedding of the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor-α from the surface of immune cells can be considered a central regulator of IL-6 function. The results from cell culture-based experiments have implicated both a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 in IL-6 receptor-α shedding. However, the nature of the protease mediating IL-6 receptor-α release in vivo is not yet known. We used hypomorphic a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 mice and conditional a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 knock-out mice to identify the natural protease of the murine IL-6 receptor-α. Circulating homeostatic soluble IL-6 receptor-α levels are not dependent on a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 or 17 activity. However, during Listeria monocytogenes infection, IL-6 receptor-α cleavage by the α-secretase a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 is rapidly induced from the surface of different leukocyte populations. In contrast, CD4-Cre-driven a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 deletion in T cells did not influence IL-6 receptor-α shedding from these cells after L. monocytogenes infection. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 was also required for IL-6 receptor-α ectodomain cleavage and release during endotoxemia. These results demonstrate a novel physiologic role for a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 in regulating murine IL-6 signals during inflammatory processes.
Treatment of psychosis in prisons and violent recidivism
Authors: Igoumenou Artemis , Kallis Constantinos , Coid Jeremy
Published: November 2015

Background

Violence among released prisoners with psychosis is an important public health problem. It is unclear whether treatment in prison can influence criminal behaviour subsequent to release.

Aims

To investigate whether treatment in prison can delay time to reoffending.

Method

Our sample consisted of 1717 adult prisoners in England and Wales convicted of a serious violent or sexual offence. We used Cox regression to investigate the effects of treatment received in prison on associations between mental illness and time to first reconviction following release.

Results

Prisoners with current symptoms of schizophrenia reoffended quicker following release. Nevertheless, treatment with medication significantly delayed time to violence (18% reduction). Treatment for substance dependence delayed violent and non-violent reoffending among prisoners with drug-induced psychosis.

Conclusions

Identifying prisoners with psychosis and administering treatment in prison have important protective effects against reoffending. Repeated screening with improved accuracy in identification is necessary to prevent cases being missed.
Effect of the First World War on suicide rates in Ireland: an investigation of the 1864–1921 suicide trends
Authors: Osman Mugtaba , Parnell Andrew C.
Published: November 2015

Since the proposition of the social integration theory by émile Durkheim, macro-sociological changes have been speculated to affect suicide rates. This study investigates the effect of the First World War on Irish suicide rates. We applied an interrupted time series design of 1864–1921 annual Irish suicide rates. The 1864–1913 suicide rates exhibited a slow-rising trend with a sharp decline from the year 1914 onwards. The odds for death by suicide for males during the 1914–1918 period was 0.811 (95% CI 0.768–0.963). Irish rates of suicide were significantly reduced during the First World War, most notably for males.
Question use in child mental health assessments and the challenges of listening to families
Authors: O'Reilly Michelle , Karim Khalid , Kiyimba Nikki
Published: November 2015

Background

The mental health assessment is a fundamental aspect of clinical practice and central to this is the use of questions.

Aims

To investigate the frequency and type of questions utilised within a child mental health assessment.

Method

The data consisted of 28 naturally occurring assessments from a UK child and adolescent mental health service. Data were analysed using quantitative and qualitative content analysis to determine frequencies and question type.

Results

Results indicated a total of 9086 questions in 41 h across the 28 clinical encounters. This equated to a mean of 3.7 questions per minute. Four types of questions were identified; yes–no interrogatives, wh-prefaced questions, declarative questions and tag questions.

Conclusions

The current format of questioning may impede the opportunity for families to fully express their particular concerns and this has implications for service delivery and training.
Cortical thickness and sulcal depth: insights on development and psychopathology in paediatric epilepsy
Authors: Tosun Duygu , Siddarth Prabha , Levitt Jennifer , Caplan Rochelle
Published: November 2015

Background

The relationship between cortical thickness (CThick) and sulcal depth (SDepth) changes across brain regions during development. Epilepsy youth have CThick and SDepth abnormalities and prevalent psychiatric disorders.

Aims

This study compared the CThick–SDepth relationship in children with focal epilepsy with typically developing children (TDC) and the role played by seizure and psychopathology variables.

Method

A surface-based, computational high-resolution three-dimesional (3D) magnetic resonance image analytic technique compared regional CThick–SDepth relationships in 42 participants with focal epilepsy and 46 TDC (6–16 years) imaged in a 1.5 Tesla scanner. Psychiatric interviews administered to each participant yielded psychiatric diagnoses. Parents provided seizure-related information.

Results

The TDC group alone demonstrated a significant negative medial fronto-orbital CThick–SDepth correlation. Focal epilepsy participants with but not without psychiatric diagnoses showed significant positive pre-central and post-central CThick–SDepth associations not found in TDC. Although the history of prolonged seizures was significantly associated with the postcentral CThick–SDepth correlation, it was unrelated to the presence/absence of psychiatric diagnoses.

Conclusions

Abnormal CThick–SDepth pre-central and post-central associations might be a psychopathology biomarker in paediatric focal epilepsy.
Psychiatric intervention and repeated admission to emergency centres due to drug overdose
Authors: Kanehara Akiko , Yamana Hayato , Yasunaga Hideo , Matsui Hiroki , Ando Shuntaro , Okamura Tsuyoshi , Kumakura Yousuke , Fushimi Kiyohide , Kasai Kiyoto
Published: November 2015

Background

Repeated drug overdose is a major risk factor for suicide. Data are lacking on the effect of psychiatric intervention on preventing repeated drug overdose.

Aims

To investigate whether psychiatric intervention was associated with reduced readmission to emergency centres due to drug overdose.

Method

Using a Japanese national in-patient database, we identified patients who were first admitted to emergency centres for drug overdose in 2010–2012. We used propensity score matching for patient and hospital factors to compare readmission rates between intervention (patients undergoing psychosocial assessment) and unexposed groups.

Results

Of 29 564 eligible patients, 13 035 underwent psychiatric intervention. In the propensity-matched 7938 pairs, 1304 patients were readmitted because of drug overdose. Readmission rate was lower in the intervention than in the unexposed group (7.3% v. 9.1% respectively, P<0.001).

Conclusions

Psychiatric intervention was associated with reduced readmission in patients who had taken a drug overdose.
Fabrication and characterization of CuPc and PCBM based organic solar cell with metal interlayer
Authors: Naveed Muhammad Ahsan , Hussain A. , Islam K. , Akhter P.
Published: November 2015

Organic solar cells have potential as an alternative to conventional inorganic solar cell due to low processing cost, flexibility and easy fabrication technique.

The goal of this paper is to study the characteristics of the CuPc and PCBM based organic solar cell by introducing a thin layer of Ag at the interface of donor (CuPc) and Acceptor (PCBM), their photovoltaic and optical properties were investigated. The heterojunction solar cells with and without silver inter layer were fabricated through thermal deposition in HR vacuum. The OPV solar cells were characterized using current-voltage graphs, absorbance spectrum and Impedance spectroscopy. Impedance spectroscopy was taken to identify the traps using series resistance, parallel resistance, and Impedance spectrums under different frequencies. Optical behaviors of these devices have been investigated with absorbance spectrum.

Introducing Ag to interfacing point produced traps and these traps causes to decreased Voc, Isc, FF, and efficiency. The effect of silver layer at donor acceptor interface was studied.
Selection of semiconductor switches in high frequency inverter fitted contactless power transfer system for reducing input current distortion
Authors: Ghosh Prabhat Chandra , Sadhu Pradip K , Roy Debabrata , Das Soumya
Published: November 2015

This paper investigates the selection of semiconductor switches used in contactless power transfer (CPT) system. In the present paper a single phase high frequency full bridge inverter using different semiconductor switches like IGBT, MPOSFET and GTO has been considered. Harmonic injection in input current of the inverter for different semiconductor switches has been analyzed using PSIM software. The THD of input current of the inverter for the particular switching device has been determined by using Fourier Transforms. It has been observed that THD in case of the IGBT is minimised.