bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age, time, and decision making: from processing speed to global time horizons
Authors: Löckenhoff Corinna E.
Published: October 2011

Time and time perceptions are integral to decision making because any meaningful choice is embedded in a temporal context and requires the evaluation of future preferences and outcomes. The present review examines the influence of chronological age on time perceptions and horizons and discusses implications for decision making across the life span. Time influences and interacts with decision making in multiple ways. Specifically, this review examines the following topic areas: (1) processing speed and decision time, (2) internal clocks and time estimation, (3) mental representations of future time and intertemporal choice, and (4) global time horizons. For each aspect, patterns of age differences and implications for decision strategies and quality are discussed. The conclusion proposes frameworks to integrate different lines of research and identifies promising avenues for future inquiry.
Multifractal Dynamics in the Emergence of Cognitive Structure
Authors: Dixon James A. , Holden John G. , Mirman Daniel , Stephen Damian G.
Published: October 2011

The complex‐systems approach to cognitive science seeks to move beyond the formalism of information exchange and to situate cognition within the broader formalism of energy flow. Changes in cognitive performance exhibit a fractal (i.e., power‐law) relationship between size and time scale. These fractal fluctuations reflect the flow of energy at all scales governing cognition. Information transfer, as traditionally understood in the cognitive sciences, may be a subset of this multiscale energy flow. The cognitive system exhibits not just a single power‐law relationship between fluctuation size and time scale but actually exhibits many power‐law relationships, whether over time or space. This change in fractal scaling, that is, multifractality, provides new insights into changes in energy flow through the cognitive system. We survey recent findings demonstrating the role of multifractality in (a) understanding atypical developmental outcomes, and (b) predicting cognitive change. We propose that multifractality provides insights into energy flows driving the emergence of cognitive structure.
What Makes a Manipulated Agent Unfree?
Authors: SRIPADA CHANDRA SEKHAR
Published: October 2011

Incompatibilists and compatibilists (mostly) agree that there is a strong intuition that a manipulated agent, i.e., an agent who is the victim of methods such as indoctrination or brainwashing, is unfree. They differ however on why exactly this intuition arises. Incompatibilists claim our intuitions in these cases are sensitive to the manipulated agent’s lack of ultimate control over her actions, while many compatibilists argue that our intuitions respond to damage inflicted by manipulation on the agent’s psychological and volitional capacities. Much hangs on this issue because manipulation‐based arguments are among the most important for defending incompatibilist views of free will. In this paper, I investigate this issue from a experimental perspective, using a set of statistical methods well suited for identifying the features of hypothetical cases people’s intuitions are responding to. Results strongly support the compatibilist view—subjects’ tendency to judge that a manipulated agent is unfree was found to depend on their judgments that the agent suffers impairments to certain psychological/volitional capacities that compatibilists say are the basis for free will. I discuss the significance of these results for the use of manipulation cases in the philosophical debate about free will.
Unenriched Subsentential Illocutions*
Authors: CORAZZA EROS
Published: October 2011

In this paper I challenge the common wisdom (see Dummett and Davidson) that sentences are the minimal units with which one can perform a speech act or make a move in the language game. I thus sit with Perry and Stainton in arguing that subsentences can be used to perform full‐fledged speech acts. In my discussion I assume the traditional framework which distinguishes between the proposition expressed and the thought or mental state (possibly a sentence in Mentalese) one comes to grasp when using/understanding an utterance (or sentence‐in‐a‐context) expressing a proposition. Unlike Stainton, I will argue that the proposition expressed by a subsentential assertion and its corresponding thought are not the end product of a pragmatic process of free enrichment. I shall defend the view that a thought may concern something without the thinker having to represent that very thing. This should help us to resist the view that with the utterance of a subsentence enrichment is mandatory. I will further argue that subsentences and their corresponding thoughts are situated. Because of that we can successfully interact and engage in joint ventures using subsentences and be guided by thoughts without having to enrich them. The fact that the actors’ unenriched thoughts are co‐situated may suffice to explain the positive outcome of their joint project. Last but not least, I will also show how the picture I propose gains further support by taking on board Perry’s distinction between reflexive truth conditions and incremental truth conditions (or official content). Since competent speakers can grasp an utterance’s reflexive truth conditions without having to grasp its official content (roughly, the proposition expressed) they can successfully interact without their thoughts having to undergo a process of free enrichment. Moreover, if I’m right in arguing that an utterance’s reflexive truth conditions are the best tool to classify the semantic features of one’s mental state (or sentence in Mentalese), we can further explain mental causation and linguistic communication without appealing to free enrichment.
Errors in basophil enumeration with 3 veterinary hematology systems and observations on occurrence of basophils in dogs
Authors: Lilliehöök Inger , Tvedten Harold W.
Published: October 2011

Background

Most automated hematology analyzers cannot detect canine or feline basophils. However, many veterinary laboratories continue to report basophils as part of the automated 5‐part differential leukocyte count for dogs and cats.

Objectives

The study objectives were to evaluate the performance of the Sysmex XT‐2000iV, Advia 2120, and CELL‐DYN 3500 hematology analyzers in detecting basophils using blood from dogs, cats, and rabbits with basophilia and to investigate the concurrence of basophilia and other hematologic changes, sex, and breed in dogs.

Methods

One or more of the 3 hematology analyzers was used to analyze 11 canine blood samples with prominent basophilia (≥ 5%) based on a manual differential count. In addition, samples from 2 cats and 4 rabbits with basophilia were analyzed with the Advia 2120. Leukocyte cytograms were inspected for the likely location of basophil cell clusters. In a retrospective study of canine patients, reports of hematologic results that included a manual leukocyte differential count were identified using the laboratory information system and examined for the occurrence of basophilia and other hematologic changes, sex, and breed of the dogs.

Results

Canine basophils were not detected by the Sysmex XT‐2000iV or CELL‐DYN 3500 analyzers, and neither canine nor feline basophils were detected by the Advia 2120. The Advia was able to detect basophils in rabbits. On the Sysmex cytogram canine basophils were found slightly above or together with neutrophils. On the Advia Perox cytogram canine basophils were located in upper part of the lymphocyte box and in the area of large unstained cells (LUC). Dogs with marked basophilia often had concurrent eosinophilia, and basophilia may be found more frequently in Rottweiler dogs than in other breeds. In 5 dogs with marked basophilia and without eosinophilia, marked thrombocytosis and anemia were noted.

Conclusions

Canine basophils were not detected by these automated hematology analyzers, and careful analysis of instrument graphical displays or increased LUC (Advia) may guide the need to examine a blood smear for basophils.
Bovine immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia: 13 cases (November 2008–August 2009)
Authors: Nassiri Seyed Mahdi , Darvishi Saeedeh , Khazraiinia Parvaneh
Published: October 2011

Background

Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) occurs in cattle; however, there are few reported cases.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence ofIMHAin cattle with anemia, describe the associated clinical and laboratory findings, including osmotic fragility, and identify potential causative infectious agents or drugs.

Methods

This study included 42 anemic cattle (HCT < 27.5%) comprising 31 females and 11 bulls with a mean age of 3.5 years referred to theUniversity ofTehranVeterinaryTeachingHospital during a 10‐month period.CBCs, saline osmotic fragility tests, directCoombs’ tests, and biochemical profiles were performed, and blood smears were evaluated for spherocytosis, parasites, and microscopic agglutination. Five clinically healthy cattle were used as controls for testing osmotic fragility ofRBCs.

Results

TheCoombs’ test was positive in 13/42 (30%) cattle; 5 had no evidence of concurrent disease or history of drug administration, and 8 had underlying or concurrent diseases, positivity forBLV, or exposure to drugs. The HCT (mean ± SE) ofCoombs’‐positive cattle (16 ± 1.7%) was significantly lower than that ofCoombs’‐negative animals (21 ± 0.8%). Hematologic and biochemical findings in cattle withIMHAincluded anisocytosis (2), polychromasia (2), basophilic stippling (2), spherocytosis (2), hyperfibrinogenemia (5), left‐shifted neutrophilia (3), and hyperbilirubinemia (8).RBCsfromCoombs’‐positive anemic cattle were more fragile than those fromCoombs’‐negative anemic cattle. Four osmotically different populations ofRBCswere detected in cattle withIMHA, whereasRBCpopulations were homogeneous in theCoombs’‐negative anemic cattle and in normal cattle.

Conclusion

IMHAwas identified in a significant proportion of anemic cattle. IdiopathicIMHAandIMHAsecondary to infectious diseases and administration of certain drugs occur in cattle.
Reference intervals for hematologic and coagulation tests in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Dawson Dominic R. , DeFrancisco Richard J. , Stokol Tracy
Published: October 2011

Background

Species‐specific reference intervals are needed for interpretation of laboratory tests. Reference interval studies of alpacas have been limited by low numbers and use of outdated methods.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to establish reference intervals for hematologic and coagulation tests in alpacas using a laser‐based hematology analyzer and a mechanical clot detection coagulation analyzer, respectively; to compare results for automated and manual differentialWBCand platelet counts and fibrinogen concentrations; and to examine the effect of herd and sex on hematologic tests in a population of alpacas.

Methods

Blood collected from clinically healthy female and male adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from 5 herds underwent fullCBCanalysis using anADVIA2120 (n = 65). Blood smears were examined for manual differentialWBCcounts, platelet estimates, and morphologic examination of blood cells.PCVand plasma protein and heat‐precipitable fibrinogen concentration measured by refractometry were also determined. Partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and clottable fibrinogen concentration were measured using aSTA Compact analyzer (n = 13). Reference intervals were established using 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for hematologic analytes and minimum and maximum values for coagulation tests. Automated and manual differentialWBCcounts, platelet counts, and fibrinogen concentrations were compared. Results were also evaluated for herd‐ and sex‐associated effects.

Results

Hematologic reference intervals for alpacas were similar to those reported previously, except for lowerRBC‐related results, which showed a herd bias. Correlations between automated and manual neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and platelet counts were moderate to good, with weak to poor correlations for monocyte and basophil counts and fibrinogen concentrations. Owing to the low number of samples analyzed, reference intervals for coagulation tests should be considered estimated intervals.

Conclusions

Reference intervals will be useful guides for interpreting hematologic and coagulation results in alpacas, particularly when using the same instrumentation and reagents.
Clinical pathology ofGreyhounds and other sighthounds
Authors: Zaldívar‐López S. , Marín L.M. , Iazbik M.C. , Westendorf‐Stingle N. , Hensley S. , Couto C.G.
Published: October 2011

Owing to the development ofGreyhounds as racing sighthounds, these dogs have acquired unique physiologic adaptations that distinguish them from other breeds. Reference intervals for many analytes in retired racingGreyhounds (RRGs) differ from those of other breeds; most of the hematologic differences have also been described in other sighthounds. In this review, we provide a survey of the literature on clinical pathology ofGreyhounds and other sighthounds and results of laboratory testing, including analysis ofCBCs, biochemical profiles, coagulation tests, and blood gases, inRRGs at TheOhio State University. Major clinicopathologic differences in this breed include higherRBCmass, creatinine concentration, glomerular filtration rate, activities of hepatic enzymes, and concentration of cardiac troponin, as well as lowerWBC, neutrophil, and platelet counts, thromboelastographic values, and concentrations of serum haptoglobin, total globulins, andT4.
Reference intervals for biochemical analytes in serum and heparinized plasma and serum protein fractions in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
Authors: Dawson Dominic R. , DeFrancisco Richard J. , Mix Susan D. , Stokol Tracy
Published: October 2011

Background

Species‐specific reference intervals for laboratory tests are required for diagnosis and management of disease. Few reports of reference intervals for biochemical analytes and protein fractions are available for alpacas.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to establish reference intervals for biochemical analytes measured in both serum and plasma and in serum protein fractions, and to determine the influence of herd and sex on test results in a population of alpacas.

Methods

Blood was collected from 74 healthy male and female adult alpacas (Vicugnapacos) from 5 herds into tubes with no anticoagulant or with sodium heparin and analyzed within 4 hours. Biochemical analytes and ionized calcium were measured using aHitachiPmodular automated chemistry analyzer and anABL‐800Flex blood‐gas analyzer, respectively, and protein fractions were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis of serum. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to determine reference intervals, results obtained from serum and plasma were compared, and effects of herd and sex were examined.

Results

Serum and plasma samples from 71 and 74 alpacas, respectively, were used to establish reference intervals for serum and plasma biochemical analytes. Intervals were similar, although clinically relevant differences between creatine kinase activity and phosphate concentration were found in individual animals. Serum proteins from 60 alpacas were analyzed by electrophoresis. There were significant herd‐ and sex‐associated differences in some biochemical analytes and protein fractions; however, most had minimal impact on reference interval determination, with the exception of herd‐associated effects on concentrations of urea nitrogen, ionized calcium, and bile acids and transferrin saturation.

Conclusions

Serum and plasma reference intervals are interchangeable; however, consistency of sample type is imperative when performing serial testing. Use of laboratory‐ and instrument‐specific reference intervals is optimal; however, intervals reported here may be used as a guide for interpreting laboratory results from alpacas, especially when test methods are the same.
The nature of rhyme processing in preliterate children
Authors: Wagensveld Barbara , van Alphen Petra , Segers Eliane , Verhoeven Ludo
Published: October 2011

Background. Rhyme awareness is one of the earliest forms of phonological awareness to develop and is assessed in many developmental studies by means of a simple rhyme task. The influence of more demanding experimental paradigms on rhyme judgment performance is often neglected. Addressing this issue may also shed light on whether rhyme processing is more global or analytical in nature.

Aims. The aim of the present study was to examine whether lexical status and global similarity relations influenced rhyme judgments in kindergarten children and if so, if there is an interaction between these two factors.

Sample. Participants were 41 monolingual Dutch‐speaking preliterate kindergartners (average age 6.0 years) who had not yet received any formal reading education.

Method. To examine the effects of lexical status and phonological similarity processing, the kindergartners were asked to make rhyme judgements on (pseudo) word targets that rhymed, phonologically overlapped or were unrelated to (pseudo) word primes.

Results. Both a lexicality effect (pseudo‐words were more difficult than words) and a global similarity effect (globally similar non‐rhyming items were more difficult to reject than unrelated items) were observed. In addition, whereas in words the global similarity effect was only present in accuracy outcomes, in pseudo‐words it was also observed in the response latencies. Furthermore, a large global similarity effect in pseudo‐words correlated with a low score on short‐term memory skills and grapheme knowledge.

Conclusions. Increasing task demands led to a more detailed assessment of rhyme processing skills. Current assessment paradigms should therefore be extended with more demanding conditions. In light of the views on rhyme processing, we propose that a combination of global and analytical strategies is used to make a correct rhyme judgment.
Fabrication of Thermoelectric La0.95Sr0.05CoO3 Thin Film and Seebeck Coefficient Measurement
Authors: Xu Weihe , Chen Qi , Hadim Hamid , Shi Yong
Published: October 2011

The p-type perovskite oxides La1-xSrxCoO3 are a promising group of complex oxide thermoelectric materials because of its higher Seebeck coefficient. In this paper, the La0.95Sr0.05CoO3 thin film was prepared by spin coating. A custom-made micro-electromechanical system based device was used to measure the voltage output and Seebeck coefficient of the thin film. The measured Seebeck coefficient of the thin film was 350 μV/K.
Investigation of Heat Transfer and Scale Effects on the Performance of a Giffard Injector-Pumped Microrocket
Authors: Brikner Natalya A. , Gardner William G. , Protz Jonathan M.
Published: October 2011

A novel approach to propellant pressurization for microscale rocket engines is introduced. The Giffard injector is shown to be a viable alternative to turbomachinery for pressurizing the liquid propellants on board a microrocket, offering a design free of moving parts. Extending the authors’ previous work, the engine performance is computed for several fuel/oxidizer combinations. A large-scope study of the heat transfer throughout the regenerative cooling engine cycle examines the effects of combustion chamber pressure and engine size on performance. A boiler is designed that facilitates the heat transfer required for adequate cooling and is modeled using the effectiveness-number of transfer units method. The computed specific impulse and thrust-to-weight ratio of the design for the propellants considered are roughly 250 s and 2000, respectively. The power density of the proposed injector-pumped design is seen to behave like that of turbopumped microrockets up to a critical nozzle throat diameter of approximately 1 cm, beyond which the advantages of an entirely static structure are outweighed by decreasing performance.
Numerical Simulation of the Transient Flow in a Radial Flow Pump during Stopping Period
Authors: Liu J. , Li Z. , Wang L. , Jiao L.
Published: October 2011

Three-dimensional (3-D) unsteady incompressible and non-cavitating flow in a radial flow pump during the rapid stopping period was numerically studied by CFD. The dynamic mesh (DM) method combined with non-conformal grid boundaries was applied to simulate the transient stopping process. In order to exclude the uncertainty of the unsteady inlet and outlet boundaries, a loop pumping system was established, which was composed of pipes, a reservoir with an air part on the top, and a driving pump. Simulations were performed based on the standard k-ɛ turbulence model and volume of fluid (VOF) model. Results showed that the air part in the reservoir approximated real conditions when using the VOF model. Pressure fluctuations were reduced and a sharp increase of pressure at the inlet of the pump was observed at the beginning of the stopping period. Specific transient characteristics, such as the flow-rate, head and efficiency, were analyzed during the deceleration period and compared with corresponding quasi-steady results. The deviation of the quasi-steady hypothesis in predicting the transient stopping process of radial flow pumps is thought to be caused by differences in the predicted vortex in the impeller. The transient curve showing the relationship between the instantaneous flow coefficient and total pressure rise coefficient was analyzed and compared with the quasi-steady curve. The two curves had a crossover point when the stall just occurs in the impeller during the transient process. Simulation results were also compared and validated using published data.
Fabrication of two-dimensional tungsten photonic crystals for high-temperature applications
Authors: Araghchini M. , Yeng Y. X. , Jovanovic N. , Bermel P. , Kolodziejski L. A. , Soljacic M. , Celanovic I. , Joannopoulos J. D.
Published: October 2011

This article details microfabrication of two-dimensional tungsten photonic crystals (2D W PhCs) for high-temperature applications such as selective thermal emitters for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. In particular, interference lithography and reactive ion etching are used to produce large area single crystal tungsten 2D PhCs. For this investigation, we fabricated a 2D W PhC sample consisting of an array of cylindrical cavities with 800 nm diameter, 1.2 μm depth, and 1.2 μm period. Extensive characterization and calibration of all microfabrication steps are presented. Experimentally obtained thermal emissivity spectrum is shown to match well with numerical simulations.
NEURAL NETWORK-BASED DERIVATION OF EFFICIENT HIGH-ORDER RUNGE–KUTTA–NYSTRÖM PAIRS FOR THE INTEGRATION OF ORBITS
Authors: FAMELIS I. TH.
Published: October 2011

We use a neural network approach to derive a Runge–Kutta–Nyström pair of orders 8(6) for the integration of orbital problems. We adopt a differential evolution optimization technique to choose the free parameters of the method's family. We train the method to perform optimally in a specific test orbit from the Kepler problem for a specific tolerance. Our measure of efficiency involves the global error and the number of function evaluations. Other orbital problems are solved to test the new pair.
SHOCK WAVE COLLISIONS IN AdS5: APPROXIMATE NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS
Authors: WU BIN , ROMATSCHKE PAUL
Published: October 2011

We numerically study the evolution of a boost-invariant [Formula: see text] SYM medium using AdS/CFT . We consider a toy model for the collision of gravitational shock waves, finding that the energy density first increases, reaches a maximum and then starts to decrease, matching hydrodynamics for late times. For the initial conditions we consider, the hydrodynamic scale governing the late time behavior is to very good approximation determined by the area of the black hole horizon at initial times. Our results provide a toy model for the early time evolution of the bulk system in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC.
PURELY PERIODIC BETA-EXPANSIONS OVER LAURENT SERIES
Authors: GHORBEL RIM , HBAIB MOHAMED , ZOUARI SOUROUR
Published: October 2011

The aim of this paper is to characterize the formal power series which have purely periodic β-expansions in Pisot or Salem unit base under some condition. Furthermore, we will prove that if β is a quadratic Pisot unit base, then every rational f in the unit disk has a purely periodic β-expansion and discuss their periods.
SUPERLINEAR ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS WITH SIGN CHANGING COEFFICIENTS
Authors: MASSA EUGENIO , UBILLA PEDRO
Published: October 2011

Via variational methods, we study multiplicity of solutions for the problem [Formula: see text] where a simple example for g(x, u) is |u|p-2u; here a, λ are real parameters, 1 < q < 2 < p ≤ 2* and b(x) is a function in a suitable space Lσ. We obtain a class of sign changing coefficients b(x) for which two non-negative solutions exist for any λ > 0, and a total of five nontrivial solutions are obtained when λ is small and a ≥ λ1. Note that this type of results are valid even in the critical case.
Corroles bearing diverse coumarin units — synthesis and optical properties
Authors: Tasior Mariusz , Voloshchuk Roman , Poronik Yevgen M. , Rowicki Tomasz , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: October 2011

Two strategies were shown to be efficient in the construction of corroles with appended coumarin units. Direct condensation of formyl-coumarins with dipyrromethanes leads to a diverse range of trans-A2B-corroles in moderate yields. We showed that the strategy consisting of synthesis of various hydroxycoumarins followed by nucleophilic aromatic substitution with pentafluorobenzaldehyde and subsequent condensation of the resulting coumarin-aldehyde with dipyrromethanes is the most general methodology for the preparation of such dyads. The second, more demanding but also more efficient approach is based on Sonogashira coupling of ethynylphenylcorroles with suitably functionalized bromocoumarins. A broad range of structurally diverse coumarins were employed with absorption ranging from 300 to 460 nm. Spectroscopic properties of all eight dyads studied suggest that the linker components are weakly electronically coupled.
Charge transfer properties of phthalocyaninato zinc complexes for organic field-effect transistors: tuning semiconductor nature via peripheral substituents
Authors: Guo Ronghua , Zhang Lijuan , Zhang Yuexing , Bian Yongzhong , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: October 2011

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the semiconductor performance of a series of phthalocyaninato zinc complexes, namely Zn[Pc(β-OCH3)8] (1), ZnPc (2), and Zn[Pc(β-COOCH3)8] (3) {[ Pc(β-OCH3)8]2- = dianion of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octamethoxyphthalocyanine; Pc2- = dianion of phthalocyanine; [ Pc(β-COOCH3)8]2- = dianion of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octamethoxycarbonylphthalocyanine} for organic field effect transistor (OFET). The effect of peripheral substituents on tuning the nature of phthalocyaninato zinc semiconductor has been clearly revealed. Introduction of eight weak electron-donating methoxy groups onto the peripheral positions of ZnPc (2) leads to a decrease in the hole injection barrier relative to Au electrode and an increase in the electron injection barrier, making compound 1 a better p-type semiconductor material in comparison with 2. In contrast, peripheral methoxycarbonyl substitution depresses the energy level of LUMO and thus induces an increase for the electron affinity (EA) value of ZnPc (2), resulting in the change of semiconductor nature from p-type for ZnPc (2) to n-type for Zn[Pc(β-COOCH3)8] (3) due to the improved electron injection ability. The calculated charge transfer mobility for hole is 1.05 cm2.V-1.s-1 for 1 and 5.33 cm2.V-1.s-1 for 2, while that for electron is 0.16 cm2.V-1.s-1 for 3. The present work should be helpful for designing and preparing novel phthalocyanine semiconductors in particular with good n-type OFET performance.
Central metal ion determined self-assembly of intrinsically chiral porphyrins
Authors: Feldborg Lise N. , Saletra Wojciech J. , Iavicoli Patrizia , Amabilino David B.
Published: October 2011

The aggregation of a tetraaryl-porphyrin with chiral amide-containing side groups depends critically on the central metal ion in the tetrapyrrolic core, an effect shown dramatically in solution as well as in the gel formation by the compounds. In solution, the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the metalloporphyrins show that they all aggregate to some degree, and in most cases the aggregates of the metal-containing species is more favored than the parent free-base porphyrin. The compound which shows the greatest optical activity is the zinc(II) porphyrin which forms a J-aggregate with large Cotton effects in the CD spectrum. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that this aggregate is favored by interaction of the amide oxygen atom with the zinc(II) ion at the core of the porphyrin. The other metalloporphyrins, containing divalent copper, cobalt, and palladium or manganese(III) acetate all show CD activity, and all but the cobalt compound form gels in hexane or cyclohexane. The morphology of the xerogels formed after evaporation of the solvent from these gels depend greatly on the metal ion, with only the copper porphyrin — which shows a clear H-aggregate in solution — having a fibrous morphology
"WE ARE FIGHTING FOR OURSELVES" — FIRST NATIONS' EVALUATION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESSES
Authors: BOOTH ANNIE , SKELTON NORM W.
Published: October 2011

This article presents results from research into the perspectives on environmental assessments of Canadian indigenous peoples, in particular British Columbia's West Moberly First Nations, the Halfway River First Nation, and the Treaty 8 Tribal Association. This collaborative project interviewed First Nation government officials and staff as well as community members to determine their analyses of what worked and, more significantly, what did not work in engaging and consulting indigenous people. This research identified significant failings in Canadian and British Columbia environmental assessment processes, including substantive procedural failures, relational failures between First Nation, provincial and federal governments, and fundamental philosophical differences between assessment processes and indigenous worldviews. Based upon their review of environmental assessment failings, the collaborating First Nations recommend a fundamental revision of environmental assessment processes so as to protect into the future their Treaty and Aboriginal rights and to ensure their survival as distinct and viable cultures upon the land.
MULTI-FUZZY EXTENSIONS OF FUNCTIONS
Authors: SEBASTIAN SABU , RAMAKRISHNAN T. V.
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we study various properties of multi-fuzzy extensions of crisp functions using order homomorphisms, complete lattice homomorphisms, L-fuzzy lattices, and strong L-fuzzy lattices as bridge functions.
CO2 LASER PLUS PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY VERSUS CO2 LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM: A RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: LIU HUIFENG , ZHANG PING , AN XIANGJIE , YANG LIU , LI YAN , WANG YUJUE , HAMZE FIRAS , TAO JUAN , TU YATING
Published: October 2011

To compare the efficacy and safety of CO2 laser plus 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) with CO2 laser for the treatment of multiple condyloma acuminatum (CA), 120 patients with multiple CA were allocated into two groups — combined group ( CO2 laser plus ALA-PDT, n = 60) and CO2 laser group ( CO2 laser plus placebo-PDT, n = 60). After CO2 laser, a 20% ALA or a placebo solution was applied to the CA area 3 h before illumination with red light (635 nm, 100 mW/cm2, 80 J/cm2). The treatment was repeated seven days after the first treatment if the lesions were not completely resolved. The complete response rate, recurrence rate and adverse effects in the two groups were analyzed. After two treatments, the complete response rates in the CO2 laser group and combined group were 100% (509/509) and 100% (507/507) in the CA (p > 0.05), respectively. The recurrence rates in the CO2 laser group and combined group were 44.9% (229/509) and 10.6% (54/507) in the CA (p < 0.05), respectively. The adverse effects in CO2 laser group was more than that in combined group. The combined group is a more effective treatment for multiple CA compared with CO2 laser group. T/S. Style the highlighted text as abstract.
Anisotropic Colossal Dielectric Response of 0.93Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.07PbTiO3 Single Crystals along [100] and [111] Directions
Authors: Liu Kui , Zhang Xinyi , Xiao Jingzhong
Published: October 2011

The temperature, frequency, and voltage dependences of the dielectric properties of 0.93Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.07PbTiO3 single crystals were investigated in the temperature range of 100–300 K. An anisotropic colossal dielectric response was observed when the probe of the AC field was along the [100] and [111] directions. One relaxation was detected in the [100] direction, while two relaxations were detected in the [111] direction. The activation energies of the relaxations are in the range of 0.155–0.190 eV, indicating that the relaxations are probably caused by 3d electrons hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+. The origin of the anisotropic colossal dielectric response can be explained by a “two-hopping path” model.
Introduction of GaInNAs Gain Medium into Circularly Arranged Photonic Crystal Cavity
Authors: Kukita Kentaro , Nagatomo Hiroshi , Goto Hiroaki , Nakao Ryo , Nakano Katsunari , Mochizuki Masaya , Kondow Masahiko , Morifuji Masato , Ishikawa Fumitaro
Published: October 2011

We investigate the function of a circularly arranged submicron-scale optical cavity having a GaInNAs gain medium introduced into a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab. GaInNAs gain shows negligible optical degradations due to process damage, probably because of the small surface recombination velocity of the material. The preserved optical property realizes the observation of spectral peaks related to the cavity mode at wavelengths close to 1.3 µm. Moreover, the cavity shows fine tunability of its characteristics via the deliberate adjustment of its structure.
An Algorithm to Study of the Influence of Partial-Coherent Lights through Three-Dimensional Periodic Microstructures
Authors: Ho I-Lin , Chang Yia-Chung , Li Wang-Yang , Lee Ming-Tsung , Yin Chun-Yi
Published: October 2011

A transfer-matrix algorithm is presented herein as a beginning in the study of the transmission characteristics of coherent light through three-dimensional periodic microstructures, in which the structures are treated as two-dimensional layer stacks and multiple reflections are considered negligible. The spatially correlated noise is further introduced layer by layer to realize the actual partially coherence of light and allows for statistical investigation of the spatial partially coherent optics in transparent/small-birefringence media. Numerical analyses show results comparable to these obtained using the Gaussian Schell model for free-space cases, indicating the validity of the algorithms.
Tm3+-Doped Chalcohalide Glass for Optical Amplifiers at 1.22 and 1.47 µm
Authors: Xiong Huihua , Tang Gao , Luo Lan , Chen Wei
Published: October 2011

50GeSe2–25In2Se3–25CsI chalcohalide glass was prepared with the addition of Tm3+in 0.1–1.0 wt % concentrations. Radiative parameters evaluated by the Judd–Ofelt analysis suggest a strong covalence nature of the host. Emissions peak at 1.22 and 1.46 µm were observed with the 808 nm laser excitation. The 1.22 µm one is attributed to the Tm3+:3H5→3H6transition. The Raman spectra of the host suggest that the I-rich local environment of Tm3+promotes the strong 1.22 µm emission. The emission intensity comes to the maximum at Tm3+concentration of 0.7 and 0.5 wt % for the 1.22 and 1.47 µm emissions respectively. In addition, its potential application as the host material for novel optical amplifiers was discussed.
Influence of Pt Doping on Gilbert Damping in Permalloy Films and Comparison with the Perpendicularly Magnetized Alloy Films
Authors: Mizukami Shigemi , Kubota Takahide , Zhang Xianmin , Naganuma Hiroshi , Oogane Mikihiko , Ando Yasuo , Miyazaki Terunobu
Published: October 2011

Effects of Pt doping on magnetic properties and Gilbert damping are investigated for Ni80Fe20 permalloy films to compare with damping in alloy films containing Pt with a large perpendicular anisotropy. Gilbert damping constant α and g-factor g for (Ni80Fe20)100-x
Pt
x
(x = 0–34 at. %) are evaluated from out-of-plane angular variations of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth and resonance field with an analysis based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. Data of angular dependence of the FMR linewidth are fitted reasonably well by a theoretical model without having to take into account any extrinsic influences on linewidth, thereby allowing us to determine precise values of α. The α values show variation with increasing Pt concentration rising by ∼0.06 at a Pt concentration of 34 at. %, which is very close to those in perpendicularly magnetized CoCrPt and FePt film reported recently. Nevertheless, Gilbert damping rate G for the Pt doped permalloy films is smaller than those in CoCrPt and FePt films. These experimental results are discussed with a spin–orbit torque theory.
Performance Improvement of Pentacene Organic Thin Film Transistor by Inserting 1,1'-Bis(di-4-tolylaminophenyl) Cyclohexane Hole Transport Buffer Layer
Authors: Yu Xinge , Yu Junsheng , Zhou Jianlin , Wang Han , Cheng Luhua , Jiang Yadong
Published: October 2011

Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated by inserting various thickness of 1,1'-bis(di-4-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane (TAPC) hole transport layer (HTL) between pentacene and source/drain electrodes. Compared to the OTFTs without a HTL, these devices with optimum thickness TAPC HTL not only showed a decrease of threshold voltage (V
T) but also presented an enhancement of charge carrier mobility. The performance enhancement of OTFTs was ascribed to an increase of bulk hole transport properties in continuous film of HTL, which was analyzed by the variation trend of total resistance and contact resistance at metal–organic interface.
Effect of Gate-Recess Structure on Electron Transport in InP-Based High Electron Mobility Transistors Studied by Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Endoh Akira , Watanabe Issei , Mimura Takashi , Matsui Toshiaki
Published: October 2011

We performed two-dimensional Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of 50-nm-gate InP-based lattice-matched In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and clarified the effect of gate-recess structure on electron transport. To understand the electron transport in the recessed-gate HEMTs, we used two parameters in the MC simulations: the lateral recess length l
re and recess depth d
re. When d
re is constant, the electron velocity in the channel layer under the gate electrode increases with decreasing l
re. On the other hand, when l
re is constant, the electron velocity in the channel under the gate increases with increasing d
re. The electron velocity increases when the steepness of the lateral potential profiles in the InGaAs channel around the drain-side end of the gate electrode increases.
Density Functional Theory Study of Cu Adhesion on Rh, Ir, Pd, Ta, Mo, Ru, Co, and Os Surfaces
Authors: Ding Shao-Feng , Lu Hai-Sheng , Chen Fei , Jiang Yu-Long , Ru Guo-Ping , Zhang David Wei , Qu Xin-Ping
Published: October 2011

In this work, first-principles calculation based on the density functional theory was applied to study Cu adhesion on the surfaces of Rh(111), Ir(111), Pd(111), Ta(110), Mo(110), Co(0001), Os(0001), and Ru(0001), on which the adsorption energy, electron density difference, and geometrical structures of Cu were investigated. The analysis of the calculated and experimental results shows that the atomic chemical interaction, surface lattice mismatch, and crystal lattice type have marked effects on Cu adhesion on glue layers. Cu atoms on all the metal surfaces studied in this work are more likely to form the fcc structure with a quasi-(111) orientation. The coupling effect of the large surface lattice mismatch and the lattice type difference between Cu and the metal surface can greatly reduce Cu adhesion ability. Among all the studied metals, Ir and Os showed comparable adhesion ability to Ru and can be considered as promising Cu glue layers for Cu interconnects.
Effect of Water Pressure on Size of Nanoparticles in Liquid-Phase Laser Ablation
Authors: Soliman Wafaa , Takada Noriharu , Sasaki Koichi
Published: October 2011

We investigated the effect of applying external pressure to ambient water on the size of nanoparticles synthesized by liquid-phase laser ablation. The in-situ diagnostics of the ablation space clearly indicated that the size of nanoparticles was a function of water pressure. On the other hand, we observed no temporal evolution of the size of nanoparticles beyond 0.2 µs after the irradiation of the laser pulse for ablation. These results suggest the importance of parameters in the laser-ablation plasma in the control of the size of nanoparticles.
La Induced Passivation of High-k Bulk and Interface Defects in Polycrystalline Silicon/TiN/HfLaSiO/SiO2 Stacks
Authors: Saeki Masayuki , Arimura Hiroaki , Kitano Naomu , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji
Published: October 2011

La incorporation into Hf-based gate dielectrics is a promising methodology for achieving low threshold voltage (V
th) metal/high-k n-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (nMOSFETs) with the gate-first process. To clarify the impact of the Hf/La ratio in high-k dielectrics on device performance, we investigated high-k bulk and interface traps of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)/TiN/HfLaSiO/SiO2 stacks with various Hf/La ratios. We found that La incorporation is effective for improving electron mobility; however, in a pure LaSiO device, the mobility is degraded. Our charge-pumping (CP) measurements revealed that both high-k bulk traps and near-interface traps (N
it) near the conduction band, which cause mobility degradation, can be effectively passivated by La incorporation. These results imply that an optimized La ratio will lead to superior nMOSFET performance, while an appropriate V
th can be tuned.
Effect of Nitrogen Concentration on Low-Frequency Noise and Negative Bias Temperature Instability of p-Channel Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors with Nitrided Gate Oxide
Authors: Han In-Shik , Kwon Hyuk-Min , Bok Jung-Deuk , Kwon Sung-Kyu , Jung Yi-Jung , Choi Woon-il , Choi Deuk-Sung , Lim Min-Gyu , Chung Yi-Sun , Lee Jung-Hwan , Lee Ga-Won , Lee Hi-Deok
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the dependence of negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) and low-frequency noise characteristics on the various nitrided gate oxides is reported. The threshold voltage shift (ΔV
T) under NBTI stress for thermally nitrided oxide (TNO) was greater than that of plasma nitrided oxide (PNO), whereas the slopes of ΔV
T versus stress time for PNO were similar to those for TNO. The flicker noise (1/f noise) characteristic of PNO was better than that of TNO by about 1 order of magnitude, although the 1/f noise of PNO showed almost the same dependence on the frequency as that of TNO. The carrier number fluctuation model due to the trapping and detrapping of electrons in oxide traps was found to be a dominant mechanism of flicker noise. The probability of the generation of drain current random telegraph signal (I
D–RTS) noise shows similar values (70–78%) for all nitrided oxides, which shows that the generation of RTS noise is not greatly affected by the nitridation method or nitrogen concentration.
Comparison of Multilayer Dielectric Thin Films for Future Metal–Insulator–Metal Capacitors: Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 versus SiO2/HfO2/SiO2
Authors: Park Sang-Uk , Kwon Hyuk-Min , Han In-Shik , Jung Yi-Jung , Kwak Ho-Young , Choi Woon-Il , Ha Man-Lyun , Lee Ju-Il , Kang Chang-Yong , Lee Byoung-Hun , Jammy Raj , Lee Hi-Deok
Published: October 2011

In this paper, two kinds of multilayered metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors using Al2O3/HfO2/Al2O3 (AHA) and SiO2/HfO2/SiO2 (SHS) were fabricated and characterized for radio frequency (RF) and analog mixed signal (AMS) applications. The experimental results indicate that the AHA MIM capacitor (8.0 fF/µm2) is able to provide a higher capacitance density than the SHS MIM capacitor (5.1 fF/µm2), while maintaining a low leakage current of about 50 nA/cm2 at 1 V. The quadratic voltage coefficient of capacitance, α gradually decreases as a function of stress time under constant voltage stress (CVS). The parameter variation of SHS MIM capacitors is smaller than that of AHA MIM capacitors. The effects of CVS on voltage linearity and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics were also investigated.
Study of High-κ/In0.53Ga0.47As Interface by Hard X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy
Authors: Yamashita Koji , Numajiri Yuuya , Watanabe Masato , Kakushima Kuniyuki , Iwai Hiroshi , Nohira Hiroshi
Published: October 2011

We have investigated the effect of La2O3 interlayer insertion on the thermal stability of a high-κ/In0.53Ga0.47As interface and the chemical bonding states at the high-κ/In0.53Ga0.47As interface by hard X-ray (hν= 7.94 keV) photoemission spectroscopy (HX-PES). The control of the oxide formation at the HfO2/In0.53Ga0.47As interface was tried by inserting La2O3, which has a large Gibbs free energy. Analyses of As 2p, Ga 2p, In 3d, Hf 3d, La 3d, and W 4f spectra show that the oxidation of In0.53Ga0.47As was suppressed by La2O3 interlayer insertion. We have also investigated the effect of surface treatment on the chemical bonding state of the In0.53Ga0.47As surface. (NH4)2S treatment can suppress the oxidation of the In0.53Ga0.47As surface.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Interfacial Reactions between Metal and Ultrathin Ge Oxide
Authors: Ohta Akio , Fujioka Tomohiro , Murakami Hideki , Higashi Seiichiro , Miyazaki Seiichi
Published: October 2011

After evaporation of four different metal films (Al, Ti, Ni, and Au) on thermally-grown Ge oxide/Ge(100), the chemical bonding features in the region near the metal/oxide interfaces were investigated by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the analysis of core-line spectra, we found that a part of thermally-grown GeO2 was reduced with Ni, Ti, and Al evaporation. The reduction of GeO2 layer becomes insignificant in the increasing order of metal oxide formation energy metals as predicted from the calculation of Gibbs free energy change in each metal oxidation. For Al that is mostly reactive with GeO2, not only the oxygen transfer from GeO2 to Al, but also the formation of Al–Ge bonds in the region near the Al/GeO2 interface occurs with Al evaporation on thermally grown GeO2.
Atomic-Scale Simulations of Early Stage of Oxidation of Vicinal Si(001) Surfaces Using a Reactive Force-Field Potentials
Authors: Yun Kyung-Han , Hwang Yubin , Choi Heechae , Lee Eung-Kwan , Yoon Geunsup , Kim Byung-Hyun , Chung Yong-Chae
Published: October 2011

The early stages of the oxidation process on vicinal Si(001) surfaces were studied at the atomic scale using reactive-force field-based molecular dynamics simulations. Oxygen molecules at step edges on the vicinal Si(001) surface showed higher reactivity than those on flat terraces. In macroscopic simulations of oxidation on vicinal Si(001) surfaces with different miscut angles (0°, 5.5°, 10.5°), we found that the initiation of oxidation with higher miscut angles was earlier than with lower angles. These results clearly show that a high density of step edges on the vicinal Si surface accelerates the initial oxidation.