bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency parameters in time reversal acoustics: Applications to dispersive media and multimode wave propagation
Authors: Núñez Ismael , Negreira Carlos
Published: March 2005

This paper develops a theoretical background for the interpretation of the time reversal (TR) processes applied to the refocalization of acoustic waves in dispersive media with multimode propagation of waves. Two parameters are introduced in order to measure the efficiency of signal recompression in TR processes: spatial and temporal efficiencies. It is demonstrated that the signal recompression enhances when the medium is highly dispersive, when there are several modes involved in the process, and when the angular aperture of the TR mirror is appreciable. These results are applied to Lamb waves recompression in thin plates and focalization efficiencies in longitudinal and transversal directions are deduced. Finally, these theoretical results are compared with the experimental ones obtained for different plate thicknesses.
Interactions between cochlear implant electrode insertion depth and frequency-place mapping
Authors: Başkent Deniz , Shannon Robert V.
Published: March 2005

While new electrode designs allow deeper insertion and wider coverage in the cochlea, there is still considerable variation in the insertion depth of the electrode array among cochlear implant users. The present study measures speech recognition as a function of insertion depth, varying from a deep insertion of 10 electrodes at 28.8 mm to a shallow insertion of a single electrode at 7.2 mm, in four Med-El Combi 40+ users. Short insertion depths were simulated by inactivating apical electrodes. Speech recognition increased with deeper insertion, reaching an asymptotic level at 21.6 or 26.4 mm depending on the frequency-place map used. Başkent and Shannon [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 3130–3140 (2004)] showed that speech recognition by implant users was best when the acoustic input frequency was matched onto the cochlear location that normally processes that frequency range, minimizing the spectral distortions in the map. However, if an electrode array is not fully inserted into the cochlea, a matched map will result in the loss of considerable low-frequency information. The results show a strong interaction between the optimal frequency-place mapping and electrode insertion depth. Consistent with previous studies, frequency-place matching produced better speech recognition than compressing the full speech range onto the electrode array for full insertion ranges (20 to 25 mm from the round window). For shallower insertions (16.8 and 19.2 mm) a mild amount of frequency-place compression was better than truncating the frequency range to match the basal cochlear location. These results show that patients with shallow electrode insertions might benefit from a map that assigns a narrower frequency range than patients with full insertions.
Effect of realistic grounds and atmospheric conditions on single-channel active control of outdoor sound propagation
Authors: Nakashima Ann , Hodgson Murray
Published: March 2005

Engine run-up tests are a part of routine aircraft maintenance at the Vancouver International Airport. A source of noise complaints is the Dash-8 aircraft, which emits low-frequency, tonal noise. Active noise control is a potentially cost-effective alternative to passive noise-control methods, which are ineffective at controlling low-frequency noise. Since the run-up tests are performed outdoors, the effects of outdoor conditions on the performance of an active control system must be considered. In this paper, the results of a preliminary investigation of the effects of realistic meteorological conditions and ground impedance on the performance of a single-channel active-control system are presented. Computer simulations of single-channel active control of a monopole source were performed using the Green’s-function parabolic-equation method. Different realistic atmospheric conditions, and reflective or soft ground, were used in the simulations. The results show that atmospheric refraction causes fluctuations in the noise attenuation achieved by a single-channel control system, and has the overall effect of decreasing its performance, making the system ineffective in some cases.
Absorption measurement of acoustic materials using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer
Authors: Vanlanduit Steve , Vanherzeele Joris , Guillaume Patrick , De Sitter Gert
Published: March 2005

In this article a method is proposed to estimate the normal incidence reflection ratio and absorption coefficient of acoustical materials using measurements in a transparent tube excited with a loudspeaker and terminated with the material under investigation. The waveforms are measured at different locations in the tube using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Because the measurement probe (i.e., the laser beam) does not interfere with the wave in the tube, narrow tubes can be used. This means that—in contrast to the standardized wide tube tests using microphones—the proposed experiment could be used for high frequencies (in the paper an 8 mm tube was used, resulting in a 25 kHz upper frequency limit). It is shown based on theoretically known scenarios (i.e., an open tube and a rigid termination) that the absorption coefficient can be obtained with an error of about three percent. In addition, the absorption coefficient of two commonly used absorption materials—glass fiber wool and carpet—were determined and found to be in good agreement with material databases.
Binaural informational masking release in children and adults
Authors: Hall Joseph W. , Buss Emily , Grose John H.
Published: March 2005

Informational masking associated with masker spectral uncertainty can sometimes be reduced by providing cues that promote perceptual segregation of the signal from the masker. Our previous research using the multi-burst-same (MBS) paradigm of Kidd et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 3475–3480 (1994)] indicated that all adults and most children (5–9 YO) showed reduced informational masking when monaural segregation cues related to gating asynchrony or spectro-temporal coherence were available. The present study examined developmental effects in children aged 6–10 years for release from informational masking in a condition where perceptual segregation was manipulated using a spatial hearing cue. In the informational masking condition, the pure-tone signal and the MBS masker components were presented to the left ear. In the masking release condition, the masker components were also presented to the right ear synchronously (at a level 10-dB higher than in the left ear) so that the signal would be lateralized to the left ear and the masker would be lateralized to the right ear. Results indicated that most adults achieved masking release in this condition, but that none of the children did. These results are consistent with previous findings indicating protracted development for informational masking release related to spatial hearing cues.
Neuropeptide neurotensin stimulates intestinal wound healing following chronic intestinal inflammation
Authors: Brun Paola , Mastrotto Cristina , Beggiao Elisa , Stefani Annalisa , Barzon Luisa , Sturniolo Giacomo C. , Palù Giorgio , Castagliuolo Ignazio
Published: March 2005

Because neurotensin (NT) and its high-affinity receptor (NTR1) modulate immune responses, chloride secretion, and epithelial cell proliferation, we sought to investigate their role in the repair process that follows the development of mucosal injuries during a persistent inflammation. Colonic NT and NTR1, mRNA, and protein significantly increased only after dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammatory damage developed. Colitis-induced body weight loss, colonic myeloperoxidase activity, and histological damage were significantly enhanced by SR-48642 administration, a nonpeptide NTR1 antagonist, whereas continuous NT infusion ameliorated colitis outcome. To evaluate the NT and NTR1 role in tissue healing, mucosal inflammatory injury was established administering 3% DSS for 5 days. After DSS discontinuation, mice rapidly gained weight, ulcers were healed, and colonic NT, NTR1, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA levels were upregulated, whereas SR-48642 treatment caused a further body weight loss, ulcer enlargement, and a blunted colonic COX-2 mRNA upregulation. In a wound-healing model in vitro, NT-induced cell migration in the denuded area was inhibited by indomethacin but not by an antitransforming growth factor-β neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, NT significantly increased COX-2 mRNA levels by 2.4-fold and stimulated PGE2release in HT-29 cells. These findings suggest that NT and NTR1 are part of the network activated after mucosal injuries and that NT stimulates epithelial restitution at least, in part, through a COX-2 dependent pathway.
Testosterone treatment increases thromboxane function in rat cerebral arteries
Authors: Gonzales Rayna J. , Ghaffari Amir A. , Duckles Sue P. , Krause Diana N.
Published: March 2005

We previously showed that testosterone, administered in vivo, increases the tone of cerebral arteries. A possible underlying mechanism is increased vasoconstriction through the thromboxane A2 (TxA2) pathway. Therefore, we investigated the effect of chronic testosterone treatment (4 wk) on TxA2 synthase levels and the contribution of TxA2 to vascular tone in rat middle cerebral arteries (MCAs). Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that TxA2 synthase is present in MCA segments in both smooth muscle and endothelial layers. Using Western blot analysis, we found that TxA2 synthase protein levels are higher in cerebral vessel homogenates from testosterone-treated orchiectomized (ORX+T) rats compared with orchiectomized (ORX) control animals. Functional consequences of changes in cerebrovascular TxA2 synthase were determined using cannulated, pressurized MCA segments in vitro. Constrictor responses to the TxA2 mimetic U-46619 were not different between the ORX+T and ORX groups. However, dilator responses to either the selective TxA2 synthase inhibitor furegrelate or the TxA2-endoperoxide receptor (TP) antagonist SQ-29548 were greater in the ORX+T compared with ORX group. In endothelium-denuded arteries, the dilation to furegrelate was attenuated in both the ORX and ORX+T groups, and the difference between the groups was abolished. These data suggest that chronic testosterone treatment enhances TxA2-mediated tone in rat cerebral arteries by increasing endothelial TxA2 synthesis without altering the TP receptors mediating constriction. The effect of in vivo testosterone on cerebrovascular TxA2 synthase, observed here after chronic hormone administration, may contribute to the risk of vasospasm and thrombosis related to cerebrovascular disease.
Leukocyte-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates blood-brain barrier breakdown and is proinflammatory after transient focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Gidday Jeffrey M. , Gasche Yvan G. , Copin Jean-C. , Shah Aarti R. , Perez Ronald S. , Shapiro Steven D. , Chan Pak H. , Park T. S.
Published: March 2005

Results of recent studies reveal vascular and neuroprotective effects of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibition and MMP-9 gene deletion in experimental stroke. However, the cellular source of MMP-9 produced in the ischemic brain and the mechanistic basis of MMP-9-mediated brain injury require elucidation. In the present study, we used MMP-9−/−mice and chimeric knockouts lacking either MMP-9 in leukocytes or in resident brain cells to test the hypothesis that MMP-9 released from leukocytes recruited to the brain during postischemic reperfusion contributes to this injury phenotype. We also tested the hypothesis that MMP-9 promotes leukocyte recruitment to the ischemic brain and thus is proinflammatory. The extent of blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, the neurological deficit, and the volume of infarction resulting from transient focal stroke were abrogated to a similar extent in MMP-9−/−mice and in chimeras lacking leukocytic MMP-9 but not in chimeras with MMP-9-containing leukocytes. Zymography and Western blot analysis from these chimeras confirmed that the elevated MMP-9 expression in the brain at 24 h of reperfusion is derived largely from leukocytes. MMP-9−/−mice exhibited a reduction in leukocyte-endothelial adherence and a reduction in the number of neutrophils plugging capillaries and infiltrating the ischemic brain during reperfusion; microvessel immunopositivity for collagen IV was also preserved in these animals. These latter results document proinflammatory actions of MMP-9 in the ischemic brain. Overall, our findings implicate leukocytes, most likely neutrophils, as a key cellular source of MMP-9, which, in turn, promotes leukocyte recruitment, causes BBB breakdown secondary to microvascular basal lamina proteolysis, and ultimately contributes to neuronal injury after transient focal stroke.
Human airway epithelial cells produce IP-10 (CXCL10) in vitro and in vivo upon rhinovirus infection
Authors: Spurrell Jason C. L. , Wiehler Shahina , Zaheer Raza S. , Sanders Scherer P. , Proud David
Published: March 2005

Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections trigger exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are associated with lymphocytic infiltration of the airways. We demonstrate that infection of primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells, or of the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line, with human rhinovirus type 16 (HRV-16) induces expression of CXCL10 [IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)], a ligand for the CXCR3 receptor found on activated type 1 T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. IP-10 mRNA reached maximal levels 24 h after HRV-16 infection then declined, whereas protein levels peaked 48 h after infection with no subsequent new synthesis. Cytosolic levels of AU-rich factor 1, a protein associated with mRNA destabilization, increased beginning 24 h after HRV-16 infection. Generation of IP-10 required virus capable of replication but was not dependent on prior induction of type 1 interferons. Transfection of synthetic double-stranded RNA into epithelial cells induced robust production of IP-10, whereas transfection of single-stranded RNA had no effect. Induction of IP-10 gene expression by HRV-16 depended upon activation of NF-κB, as well as other transcription factor recognition sequences further upstream in the IP-10 promoter. In vivo infection of human volunteers with HRV-16 strikingly increased IP-10 protein in nasal lavages during symptomatic colds. Levels of IP-10 correlated with symptom severity, viral titer, and numbers of lymphocytes in airway secretions. Thus IP-10 may play a role in the pathogenesis of HRV-induced colds and in HRV-induced exacerbations of COPD and asthma.
A model of coffee berry borer population growth and susceptibility to control by birds
Authors: Muccio Kaitlin R. , Crone Elizabeth E. , Reed J. Michael
Published: February 2024

Insectivorous birds can provide ecological and economic services by decreasing pest populations in agricultural systems, but the magnitude of effect is often debated. We modeled the capacity for birds to suppress pest population growth using a common tropical coffee pest, the coffee berry borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei) as a study system. Previous field experiments show that birds play a role in suppressing CBB infestations through predation, but the degree to which birds can suppress population growth enough to control infestations is unknown since CBB are only vulnerable to predators when gravid females disperse. Using previously published data on CBB life‐stage survivability, we constructed a female‐only, daily time‐step, deterministic Leslie matrix and projected CBB population growth for a single breeding season. Our goal was to assess the plausibility of CBB suppression by birds as a function of avian energy requirements, reported avian densities on coffee farms, prey composition of avian diets, estimated a caloric value of CBB, and the initial starting population size. Our model showed CBB population growth became exponential (λdaily = 1.042) and that at low, but not medium or high population sizes, were birds able to reduce population growth by 50%. In general, birds exert predation pressure on insect populations, but the ability to control infestations is complex, and is likely dependent on the initial CBB population size.
Fast Electrodeposition of MXene/PDA Composites for High‐Performance Bioelectronic Interfaces: An In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Zeng Qi , Xing Chenyang , Xu Zhen , Liu Qing , Yang Liangtao , Yang Hui , Zhang Yi , Peng Zhengchun
Published: February 2024

Bioelectrode is critical to many biomedical researches. However, traditional materials (typically noble metals) and manufacturing techniques limit the large‐scale production of bioelectrodes. Herein, a fast electrochemical approach is proposed to deposit versatile MXene/polydopamine (PDA) composites on a metalized substrate. PDA coating can improve the adhesion between MXene and the substrate, while MXene provides rough surfaces with unique micro/nanostructure and outstanding electrical/optical/thermal performance. The impedance of the as‐prepared bioelectrode at 1 kHz is down to 8.48 Ω cm2. The corresponding cathodic charge storage capacity (CSCc) and charge injection capacity (CIC) are up to ≈250 and 6.59 mC cm−2 respectively, much superior to that of bare Pt and other conventional material‐based electrodes. The MXene/PDA composites also demonstrate robust stability under continuous electrostimulation for 1 × 108 pulse cycles and 1000 CV cycles. Moreover, MXene/PDA composites show a high and rapid photothermal response. Photoelectrochemical activity is also observed with high photocurrent, ≈40 folds larger than that of bare Pt. The utility of this new electrode in ascorbic acid sensing is demonstrated. Excellent biocompatibility is verified via neuron adhesion test and viability assay.
Activated Immune System Determines In Vivo Anti‐Tumor Effect of Phototherapy by Inhibiting Cancer‐Associated Fibroblasts
Authors: Ding Mengchao , Chen Haoyu , Guimarães Carlos F. , Reis Rui L. , Wu Lijuan , Zhang Fenglan , Lv Yaqian , Wang Tianyi , Zhou Qihui , Shi Jinsheng , Kong Xiaoying
Published: February 2024

Immune activation has been widely recognized to promote anti‐tumor effects in vivo. However, in previous anti‐tumor studies of combined photo/immunotherapy, the tumor apoptosis pathway is widely regarded as an independent process, which led to an incomplete understanding of the anti‐tumor mechanisms of the immune system during phototherapy. Herein, the decisive role of immune activation for the anti‐tumor effect of phototherapy and its specific mechanism, are investigated by preparing a melanin@chlorin e6@hyaluronic acid and oxidized Bletilla striata polysaccharide@NO‐donor (MCH‐OBN) nanoplatform, which integrated significant immune activation by phototherapy. The comparison of anti‐tumor effects between wild‐type mice and immunodeficient mice showed that effective phototherapy provided by the MCH‐OBN can not independently kill tumor cells in vivo, as it significantly depends on the immune activation. Furthermore, the activated immune system is demonstrated to destroy the tumor cell “barrier protection” by inhibiting the growth of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), thereby ensuring the damage of heat, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other components of phototherapy to the tumor. Thus, this work reveals for the first time the biological consequences of immune activation that determine the anti‐tumor effect of phototherapy by regulating CAF proliferation, which is of great significance for optimizing anti‐tumor clinical treatments through phototherapy.
Humidity Stable Thermoelectric Hybrid Materials Toward a Self‐Powered Triple Sensing System
Authors: Tu Suo , Tian Ting , Xiao Tianxiao , Yao Xiangtong , Shen Sicong , Wu Yansong , Liu Yinlong , Bing Zhenshan , Huang Kai , Knoll Alois , Yin Shanshan , Liang Suzhe , Heger Julian E. , Pan Guangjiu , Schwartzkopf Matthias , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: February 2024

Highly sensitive and humidity‐resistive detection of the most common physical stimuli is of primary importance for practical application in real‐time monitoring. Here, a simple yet effective strategy is reported to achieve a highly humidity‐stable hybrid composite that enables simultaneous and accurate pressure and temperature sensing in a single sensor. The improved electronic performance is due to the enhanced planarity of poly (3,‐4ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and charge transfer between PEDOT:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by strong π–π interaction. The preferred electronic pathway induced by a robust morphology in the hybrid composite is responsible for the high humidity stability. This study also demonstrates that the sensor has tremendous potential for intelligent object identification with a high level of 97.78% accuracy. Together with the position‐detection capability of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), advantages for potential industrial applications of the triple sensing system in terms of intelligent classification without seeing are foreseen.
Wearable Microneedle Patch for Colorimetric Detection of Multiple Signature Biomarkers in vivo Toward Diabetic Diagnosis
Authors: Bao Ziting , Lu Sheng , Zhang Duo , Wang Guanyu , Cui Xiaolin , Liu Guozhen
Published: February 2024

Type 2 diabetes is rapidly emerging as a global public health problem. While blood glucose monitoring has been the primary method of managing diabetes for decades, the increasing global prevalence of the disease suggests that there might be a need to identify additional biomarkers for a more precise early diagnosis. Herein, a microneedle patch based wearable sensor is developed for the purpose of diabetic diagnosis. Utilizing methacrylic acid modified gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol in the fabrication of microneedles has improved their mechanical properties for skin penetration and increased swelling capacity for interstitial fluid extraction, thanks to the double crosslinking mechanism. The fabricated microneedles are further integrated with test paper functionalized with enzyme and dye molecules to detect multiple signature biomarkers of diabetes in vivo through a colorimetric reaction. Such a wearable microneedle patch  holds significant promise for the real‐time monitoring of various biomarkers related to chronic diseases and aging.
Enhancing CAR Macrophage Efferocytosis Via Surface Engineered Lipid Nanoparticles Targeting LXR Signaling
Authors: Chuang Skylar T. , Stein Joshua B. , Nevins Sarah , Kilic Bektas Cemile , Choi Hye Kyu , Ko Wan‐Kyu , Jang Hyunjun , Ha Jihun , Lee Ki‐Bum
Published: February 2024

The removal of dying cells, or efferocytosis, is an indispensable part of resolving inflammation. However, the inflammatory microenvironment of the atherosclerotic plaque frequently affects the biology of both apoptotic cells and resident phagocytes, rendering efferocytosis dysfunctional. To overcome this problem, a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) macrophage that can target and engulf phagocytosis‐resistant apoptotic cells expressing CD47 is developed. In both normal and inflammatory circumstances, CAR macrophages exhibit activity equivalent to antibody blockage. The surface of CAR macrophages is modified with reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive therapeutic nanoparticles targeting the liver X receptor pathway to improve their cell effector activities. The combination of CAR and nanoparticle engineering activated lipid efflux pumps enhances cell debris clearance and reduces inflammation. It is further suggested that the undifferentiated CAR‐Ms can transmigrate within a mico‐fabricated vessel system. It is also shown that our CAR macrophage can act as a chimeric switch receptor (CSR) to withstand the immunosuppressive inflammatory environment. The developed platform has the potential to contribute to the advancement of next‐generation cardiovascular disease therapies and further studies include in vivo experiments.
Polymorphic Self‐Assembly with Procedural Flexibility for Monodisperse Quaternary Protein Structures of DegQ Enzymes
Authors: Jeon Hanul , Han Ah‐reum , Oh Sangmin , Park Jin‐Gyeong , Namkoong Myeong , Bang Kyeong‐Mi , Kim Ho Min , Kim Nak‐Kyoon , Hwang Kwang Yeon , Hur Kahyun , Lee Bong‐Jin , Heo Jeongyun , Kim Sehoon , Song Hyun Kyu , Cho Hyesung , Lee In‐Gyun
Published: February 2024

As large molecular tertiary structures, some proteins can act as small robots that find, bind, and chaperone target protein clients, showing the potential to serve as smart building blocks in self‐assembly fields. Instead of using such intrinsic functions, most self‐assembly methodologies for proteins aim for de novo‐designed structures with accurate geometric assemblies, which can limit procedural flexibility. Here, a strategy enabling polymorphic clustering of quaternary proteins, exhibiting simplicity and flexibility of self‐assembling paths for proteins in forming monodisperse quaternary cage particles is presented. It is proposed that the enzyme protomer DegQ, previously solved at low resolution, may potentially be usable as a threefold symmetric building block, which can form polyhedral cages incorporated by the chaperone action of DegQ in the presence of protein clients. To obtain highly monodisperse cage particles, soft, and hence, less resistive client proteins, which can program the inherent chaperone activity of DegQ to efficient formations of polymorphic cages, depending on the size of clients are utilized. By reconstructing the atomic resolution cryogenic electron microscopy DegQ structures using obtained 12‐ and 24‐meric clusters, the polymorphic clustering of DegQ enzymes is validated in terms of soft and rigid domains, which will provide effective routes for protein self‐assemblies with procedural flexibility.
Seamless Integration of Rapid Separation and Ultrasensitive Detection for Complex Biological Samples Using Multistage Annular Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Li Lihuang , Zhang Jialing , Jiao Zhengqi , Zhou Xi , Ren Lei , Wang Miao
Published: February 2024

Efficient separation, enrichment, and detection of bacteria in diverse media are pivotal for identifying bacterial diseases and their transmission pathways. However, conventional bacterial detection methods that split the separation and detection steps are plagued by prolonged processing times. Herein, a multistage annular functionalized carbon nanotube array device designed for the seamless integration of complex biological sample separation and multimarker detection is introduced. This device resorts to the supersmooth fluidity of the liquid sample in the carbon nanotubes interstice through rotation assistance, achieving the ability to quickly separate impurities and capture biomarkers (1 mL sample cost time of 2.5 s). Fluid dynamics simulations show that the reduction of near‐surface hydrodynamic resistance drives the capture of bacteria and related biomarkers on the functionalized surface of carbon nanotube in sufficient time. When further assembled as an even detection device, it exhibited fast detection (<30 min), robust linear correlation (101–107 colony‐forming units [CFU] mL−1, R2 = 0.997), ultrasensitivity (limit of detection = 1.7 CFU mL−1), and multitarget detection (Staphylococcus aureus, extracellular vesicles, and enterotoxin proteins). Collectively, the material and system offer an expanded platform for real‐time diagnostics, enabling integrated rapid separation and detection of various disease biomarkers.
Metasurface for Engineering Superimposed Ince‐Gaussian Beams
Authors: Ahmed Hammad , Ansari Muhammad Afnan , Paterson Lynn , Li Jia , Chen Xianzhong
Published: February 2024

Ince‐Gaussian beams (IGBs) are the third complete family of exact and orthogonal solutions of the paraxial wave equation and have been applied in many fields ranging from particle trapping to quantum optics. IGBs play a very important role in optics as they represent the exact and continuous transition modes connecting Laguerre–Gaussian and Hermite–Gaussian beams. The method currently in use suffers from the high cost, complexity, and large volume of the optical system. The superposition of IGBs can generate complicated structured beams with multiple phase and polarization singularities. A metasurface approach is proposed to realizing various superpositions of IGBs without relying on a complicated optical setup. By superimposing IGBs with even and odd modes, multiple phase, and polarization singularities are observed in the resultant beams. The phase and polarization singularities are modulated by setting the initial phase in the design and controlling the incident linear polarization. The compactness of the developed metasurface devices and the unique properties of the generated beams have the potential to impact many practical applications such as particle manipulation, orbital angular momentum spectrum manipulation, and optical communications.
Graphite from Dead Li‐Ion Batteries: A “Powerful” Additive for Fabrication of High‐Performance Li‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Jyothilakshmi Shaji , Meshram Pratima , Abhilash  , Lee Yun‐Sung , Aravindan Vanchiappan
Published: February 2024

Lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) are considered a promising next‐generation energy storage system with high energy density and power capability. The conductive additive is a passive and indispensable material in deciding the electrochemical performance of an energy storage device during high current charging and discharging processes. The incorporation of a suitable conductive additive into the layers of an electrode improves electronic conductivity. It reduces the internal resistance and polarization of the electrode resulting in the enhanced performance of the charge‐storage system. Herein, recovered graphite (RG) is reported from dead Li‐ion batteries as an excellent conductive additive that can improve the electronic conductivity of the electrode material. Compared with commercial conductive additive acetylene black (AB), the TiO2 anode material with 5% RG delivered a high discharge capacity of 163 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 0.15 A g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of ≈99% after 500 cycles in half‐cell assembly. The fabricated AC/TiO2@5%RG LIC displays an excellent electrochemical performance with a maximum energy density of ≈50 Wh kg−1 at a current density of 0.15 A g−1. Notably, the LIC rendered promising performance at different temperature conditions (0, 10, 25, and 50 °C).
A Self‐Powered Multiphase Flow Detection Through Triboelectric Nanogenerator‐Based Displacement Current
Authors: Ma Wenlong , Wang Peng , Zhang Baofeng , Li Xinyuna , Gao Yikui , Zhao Zhihao , Liu Di , Li Chengguo , Wang Jie
Published: February 2024

Accurate measurement of complicated multiphase flow is crucial to the safety and efficiency of petroleum and chemical industrial facilities. However, the existing multiphase flow detection techniques are not applicable to pipelines in remote regions including deserts or deep seas, due to the high cost of providing a stable power supply. Herein, a self‐powered multiphase flow sensor, composed of a liquid‐driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) ‐based signal generator, a ring‐type transmitter, and a string‐type receiver, is proposed. Theoretical modeling of displacement current between transmitter and receiver implies that the received current signal can accurately reflect the wetting state of the receiver, validated by a combined experimental (accuracy above 97%) and simulation study. Coupling with a quantitative analysis algorithm, a multiphase flow detection system with numerous receiver measurement points is developed to precisely monitor various flow parameters, including slug frequency (one point), slug length (two points), and flow pattern (four points), which is verified by spontaneous high‐speed camera recordings of water–air flow. The present work provides a paradigm‐shift way to develop a self‐powered, inexpensive, and accurate technique to detect multiphase flow at remote industrial facilities.
A mixed methods comparison of adolescents' and researchers' observations of neighborhood characteristics in Latinx neighborhoods
Authors: Pasco Michelle C. , White Rebecca M. B.
Published: February 2024

We used a convergent mixed methods research design to compare and contrast researchers' neighborhood environmental assessments collected using systematic social observations with adolescents' neighborhood environmental assessments collected by semi‐structured interviews with US Mexican adolescents. Using qualitative methods, we found that adolescents sometimes observed the same neighborhood environmental features as researchers. They also sometimes observed different environmental features altogether; in both cases they sometimes layered on additional meaning making. Using mixed methods, we found that there was a high degree of overlap between researchers and adolescents in terms of agreement on the presence of neighborhood environmental features, including physical disorder, physical decay, street safety, and sociocultural symbols. Adolescents expanded upon these neighborhood environmental features with references to positive and negative affect and neighborhood environmental resources. This work highlights the shared and unique aspects of researcher versus adolescent observations and how both data sources are critical to understanding Latinx neighborhood environments.
Intimate partner violence, depression, and chronic low‐grade inflammation among middle‐aged women in Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Aronoff Jacob E. , Koning Stephanie M. , Adair Linda S. , Lee Nanette R. , Carba Delia B. , Kuzawa Christopher W. , McDade Thomas W.
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Recent discussions in human biology have highlighted how local ecological contexts shape the relationship between social stressors and health across populations. Chronic low‐grade inflammation has been proposed as a pathway linking social stressors to health, with evidence concentrated in high‐income Western contexts. However, it remains unclear whether this is an important pathway in populations where prevalence is lower due to lower adiposity and greater infectious exposures. To investigate this further, we tested associations between multiple types of intimate partner violence (IPV), a highly prevalent stressor and health crisis globally, and C‐reactive protein (CRP), a commonly used measure of chronic low‐grade inflammation, in Cebu, Philippines. For reference, we compared results for CRP to depression, a well‐established and consistently observed health outcome of IPV.

Methods

Data came from 1601 currently partnered women (ages 35–69 years) as part of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. IPV exposures included physical, emotional, and controlling behavior. Depression scores were measured using a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale for this population, whereas plasma CRP was measured from overnight‐fasted morning blood samples.

Results

All three types of IPV were associated with a higher depression score. However, none of the IPV measures were associated with CRP. In a post hoc interaction test, emotional IPV became positively associated with CRP as waist circumference increased above the mean.

Conclusions

Our results suggest a complex relationship between social stressors and chronic low‐grade inflammation, which is likely dependent on the population‐specific context of lifestyle and environmental factors.
Monodactyly in a patient with CHARGE syndrome: An additional case report
Authors: Serigatto Henrique Regonaschi , Zechi‐Ceide Roseli Maria , Parizotto Isabella , Kokitsu‐Nakata Nancy Mizue
Published: February 2024

CHARGE syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by multiple congenital anomalies including coloboma, heart defects, ear anomalies, and developmental delay, caused by pathogenic variants in the CHD7 gene. The discovery of the molecular basis of this syndrome increased the number of cases reported and expanded the phenotype and clinical variability. Limb anomalies are occasional clinical findings in this syndrome, present in about 30% of reported cases. The occurrence of limb anomalies in this syndrome suggests that it should be considered as part of the phenotypic spectrum. Here, we describe an individual with CHARGE syndrome presenting unilateral monodactyly.
A Smart DNA Hydrogel Enables Synergistic Immunotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy of Melanoma
Authors: Yang Sen , Wu Junlin , Wang Zhongyu , Cheng Yu , Zhang Rui , Yao Chi , Yang Dayong
Published: February 2024

Immunotherapy faces insufficient immune activation and limited immune effectiveness. Herein, we report a smart DNA hydrogel that enables the release of multivalent functional units at the tumor site to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. The smart DNA hydrogel was assembled from two types of ultra‐long DNA chains synthesized via rolling circle amplification. One DNA chain contained immune adjuvant CpG oligonucleotides and polyaptamers for loading natural killer cell‐derived exosomes; the other chain contained multivalent G‐quadruplex for loading photodynamic agents. DNA chains formed DNA hydrogel through base‐pairing. HhaI restriction endonuclease sites were designed between functional units. Upon stimuli in the tumor sites, the hydrogel was effectively cleaved by the released HhaI and disassembled into functional units. Natural killer cell‐derived exosomes played an anti‐tumor role, and the CpG oligonucleotide activated antigen‐presenting cells to enhance the immunotherapy. Besides the tumor‐killing effect of photodynamic therapy, the generated cellular debris acted as an immune antigen to further enhance the immunotherapeutic effect. In a mouse melanoma orthotopic model, the smart DNA hydrogel as a localized therapeutic agent, achieved a remarkable tumor suppression rate of 91.2 %. The smart DNA hydrogel exhibited enhanced efficacy of synergistic immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy, expanding the application of DNA materials in biomedicine.
Simple Functionalization of a Donor Monomer to Enhance Charge Transfer in Porous Polymer Networks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Kim Jiwon , Jeon Jong‐Pil , Kim Young Hyun , Anh Nguyen Thi Dieu , Chung Kunook , Seo Jeong‐Min , Baek Jong‐Beom
Published: February 2024

Porous polymer networks (PPNs) are promising candidates as photocatalysts for hydrogen production. Constructing a donor‐acceptor structure is known to be an effective approach for improving photocatalytic activity. However, the process of how a functional group of a monomer can ensure photoexcited charges transfer and improve the hydrogen evolution rate (HER) has not yet been studied on the molecular level. Herein, we design and synthesize two kinds of triazatruxene (TAT)‐based PPNs: TATR‐PPN with a hexyl (R) group and TAT‐PPN without the hexyl group, to understand the relationship between the presence of the functional group and charge transfer. The hexyl group on the TAT unit was found to ensure the transfer of photoexcited electrons from a donor unit to an acceptor unit and endowed the TATR‐PPN with stable hydrogen production.
Anatomical knowledge enhancement through echocardiography and videos, with a spotlight on cognitive load, self‐efficacy, and motivation
Authors: Vandenbossche Vicky , Valcke Martin , Audenaert Emmanuel , Willaert Wouter
Published: February 2024

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of integrating ultrasound into undergraduate medical curricula. However, empirical evidence is lacking as to its effect on anatomy learning and related student cognition. Therefore, the present study compared the impact of echocardiography‐based instruction with narrated videos on students' understanding of anatomical relationships, as well as the interaction with students' autonomous motivation, self‐efficacy beliefs, mental load, and attitudes. Second‐year medical students were given the opportunity to enroll in a supplementary booster course about cardiac anatomy. On the base of a randomized controlled trial with a cross‐over design, we studied the effect of taking this course on spatial anatomical knowledge. After completing a pre‐test (T0), students were allocated randomly to either the echocardiography‐based teaching condition (cohort A) or the narrated anatomy video condition (cohort B). Next, participants were crossed over to the alternative intervention. Immediately after each phase in the intervention, students were asked to rate their mental load. Additionally, a spatial anatomical knowledge test, an autonomous motivation scale, and a self‐efficacy scale were administered before (T0) and after the first intervention (T1) and at the end of the study (T2). Finally, each student completed a perception‐based survey. The study design allowed a comparative evaluation of both interventions at T1, while the cross‐over design facilitated the assessment of the most optimal sequencing in the interventions at T2. A total of 206 students participated (cohort A: n = 99, cohort B: n = 107). At T1, no significant differences in the knowledge test and the autonomous motivation scale were observed between cohorts A and B. However, cohort A showed higher self‐efficacy beliefs compared to cohort B (p = 0.043). Moreover, cohort A reported higher levels of perceived mental load (p < 0.001). At T2, the results showed that neither sequence of interventions resulted in significant differences in anatomy scores, autonomous motivation, or self‐efficacy. However, a significant difference in mental load was found again, with students in cohort B reporting a higher level of mental load (p < 0.001). Finally, based on the perception‐based survey, students reported favorably on the echocardiography experience. In conclusion, the hands‐on echocardiography sessions were highly appreciated by the medical students. After participating in the ultrasound sessions, they reported higher levels of self‐efficacy beliefs compared to the video‐based condition. However, despite embodied cognition principles, students in the echocardiography condition did not outperform students in the narrated anatomy video condition. The reported levels of mental load in the ultrasound condition could explain these findings.
Adaptive control of discrete‐time linear periodic systems
Authors: Lv Lingling , Chen Renyi , Liu Xinyang
Published: February 2024

A periodic adaptive mechanism is proposed for a class of discrete‐time linear periodic systems with parametric uncertainties in this paper. Based on the periodic system model, the adaptive mechanism uses the weight function to update the controller parameters in real time, which reduces the influence of system parameter uncertainty on the controller performance and makes the system parameters converge to the ideal values. Finally, numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the adaptive mechanism in improving control performance and reference tracking performance.
On a best response problem arising in mean field stochastic growth games with common noise
Authors: Zhou Mengjie , Huang Minyi
Published: February 2024

This paper analyzes the best response control problem arising in mean field stochastic growth. We consider mean field games in the setting of stochastic growth where each player's capital stock is described by Cobb–Douglas production dynamics subject to stochastic depreciation and common noise. Each individual's utility functional consists of one's own utility and relative utility. Due to random mean field dynamics, the analysis of the best response relies on a stochastic Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (SHJB) equation, which in turn derives a special nonlinear backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE). We analyze the BSDE and use it to determine the solution equation system of the mean field game. Further, we extend the analysis to an AK model for the growth dynamics.
Are non‐protein coding RNAs junk or treasure?
Authors: Walter Nils G.
Published: February 2024

The human genome project's lasting legacies are the emerging insights into human physiology and disease, and the ascendance of biology as the dominant science of the 21st century. Sequencing revealed that >90% of the human genome is not coding for proteins, as originally thought, but rather is overwhelmingly transcribed into non‐protein coding, or non‐coding, RNAs (ncRNAs). This discovery initially led to the hypothesis that most genomic DNA is “junk”, a term still championed by some geneticists and evolutionary biologists. In contrast, molecular biologists and biochemists studying the vast number of transcripts produced from most of this genome “junk” often surmise that these ncRNAs have biological significance. What gives? This essay contrasts the two opposing, extant viewpoints, aiming to explain their bases, which arise from distinct reference frames of the underlying scientific disciplines. Finally, it aims to reconcile these divergent mindsets in hopes of stimulating synergy between scientific fields.
On the transmission channels driving climate change‐income inequality nexus in sub‐Saharan African countries
Authors: Issoufou‐Ahmed Ousseini , Sebri Maamar
Published: February 2024

Climate change stands at the forefront of the worldwide agenda. Although its consequences are harmful to all humanity, some regions across the world remain more vulnerable than others. Sub‐Saharan Africa is one of the most suffering regions. In this paper, we investigate the climate change‐income inequality nexus in a panel of sub‐Saharan countries over the period 1990–2019. A greater emphasis is put on the potential transmission channels that drive this relationship. By using the recently developed method of moments quantile regression, we find that income inequality is exacerbated by the vulnerability to climate change. This relationship is still robust across all the quantiles with a greater effect at the highest quantile. The empirical findings reveal also the moderating role of agriculture, education, and gender through which the effect of climate change on income inequality is channeled. In light of the outcomes, the sub‐Saharan African region still needs appropriate combined mitigation and adaptation measures to efficiently combat the adverse effects of climate change.
Prepare for potential impact of student‐athletes becoming employees
Authors: O’Brien Timothy
Published: February 2024

The historical concept of who and what constitutes a student‐athlete is under scrutiny and being carefully considered by several courts, the National Labor Relations Board, and even the NCAA. Although the NCAA's latest view doesn’t involve the possibility of converting student‐athletes to an employment status, the other forums seem to be seriously considering the argument for this type of change.
Education, message alignment keys to success amid ongoing changes in college athletics
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: February 2024

It can prove challenging to successfully manage the continually changing landscape of fundraising and engagement within college athletics, especially since name, image, and likeness came on the scene. Message alignment and education have been game changers for Michael Paulus, who recently took on a new role as Assistant Dean for Advancement and External Engagement at Syracuse University's Martin J. Whitman School of Management after serving more than two years as Senior Associate Athletic Director and Executive Director of Athletic Development at Syracuse University.