bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State‐expansion‐based techniques for synthesizing concurrent protocol specifications in distributed systems
Authors: Al Dallal Jehad , Saleh Kassem
Published: January 2012

Several methods have been proposed for synthesizing communication protocol specifications starting from given service specifications. Because of the inherently sequential nature of a finite state machine (FSM), some FSM‐based protocol synthesis methods assume that primitives in the service specifications cannot be executed simultaneously. However, other synthesis methods were introduced to handle controlled primitive concurrency by imposing restrictions on the applicable FSM topologies. This paper proposes two alternative FSM‐based protocol synthesis methods that eliminate the restrictions on concurrency imposed by earlier methods. The first method applies a sequential‐based synthesis method to derive a sequential protocol specification (P‐SPEC) from a service specification (S‐SPEC) and then applies several state‐expansion rules to remodel the resulting P‐SPEC to consider the concurrency behavior specified in the S‐SPEC. The second method remodels a concurrent S‐SPEC into a sequential‐like one by expanding its states and applies a sequential‐based synthesis method to derive the concurrent P‐SPEC. Thus, the paper's main contribution is proposing synthesis methods that allow the protocol designers to model their service specifications with concurrency behaviors, using FSM‐based models, and to derive, automatically, the corresponding protocol specifications for the concurrently executable protocol entities. The derived protocol specifications are guaranteed to be free of design errors; therefore, they do not require any further verification. The complexity of the two methods is discussed and their syntactic and semantic correctness are proven. As an example application, the synthesis method is used to derive the protocol specification of the H.323 call release standard used in Internet calls. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Taxometric Investigation of Developmental Dyslexia Subtypes
Authors: O'Brien Beth A. , Wolf Maryanne , Lovett Maureen W.
Published: January 2012

Long‐standing issues with the conceptualization, identification and subtyping of developmental dyslexia persist. This study takes an alternative approach to examine the heterogeneity of developmental dyslexia using taxometric classification techniques. These methods were used with a large sample of 671 children ages 6–8 who were diagnosed with severe reading disorders. Latent characteristics of the sample are assessed in regard to posited subtypes with phonological deficits and naming speed deficits, thus extending prior work by addressing whether these deficits embody separate classes of individuals. Findings support separate taxa of dyslexia with and without phonological deficits. Different latent structure for naming speed deficits was found depending on the definitional criterion used to define dyslexia. Non‐phonologically based forms of dyslexia showed particular difficulty with naming speed and reading fluency. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Practitioner Points

Support for separate subtypes of dyslexia, with and without phonological deficits (PDs), indicates a need for different approaches to intervention.

A discrepancy‐based criterion identifies more non‐PD cases that may be missed with a response‐to‐intervention diagnosis.

Sound symbol correspondence and decoding measures may best distinguish cases of dyslexia with and without PDs.
Neutral and Anionic Antimony(III) Species Supported by a Bicyclic Guanidinate
Authors: Day Benjamin M. , Coles Martyn P. , Hitchcock Peter B.
Published: January 2012

Bicyclic guanidine 1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidine (hppH) was investigated as a source of anionic or neutral ligand at antimony. Reaction of the in situ generated lithium guanidinate with SbCl3 in a 1:1 or 2:1 ratio forms the expected metathesis products Sb(hpp)nCl3–n (1, n = 1; 2, n = 2). The molecular structures of 1 and 2 were determined by X‐ray diffraction, which shows chelating guanidinates and suggests the presence of a stereochemically active lone pair of electrons. The reaction of two equivalents of the neutral guanidine hppH with SbCl3 proceeds via proton transfer between the hpp fragments, affording the ion pair [hppH2][Sb(hpp)Cl3] (3), where [Sb(hpp)Cl3]– is an unusual example of a monometallic antimonate(III) anion. The molecular structure of 3 shows hydrogen bonding between two of the chlorides and the NH functionalities of the guanidinium cation.
2D Magnetic Frames Obtained by the Microwave‐Assisted Chemistry Approach
Authors: Pascu Oana , Gich Martí , Herranz Gervasi , Roig Anna
Published: January 2012

Microwave chemistry is becoming a very attractive synthesis technique in many areas of synthetic chemistry. In particular, the utilization of this method to fabricate nanostructured materials is a fast growing research area with immense potential. Similarly, the use of sacrificial scaffolds has been demonstrated as an effective route to achieve intricate 2D and 3D porous architectures. Here, we present an extremely fast and versatile synthetic approach based on microwave heating to fabricate complex macroporous magnetic frames using sacrificial templates. In just a few minutes, a stoichiometric and homogeneous conformal nanometric coating of superparamagnetic nanoparticles was grown onto a 2D monolayer formed by self‐assembled polystyrene colloids. No post‐treatment was required, the sacrificial polystyrene template was removed simultaneously as the magnetic nanoparticles formed, and large‐scale structural order was preserved.
Design of New Tetrazine–Triphenylamine Bichromophores – Fluorescent Switching by Chemical Oxidation
Authors: Quinton Cassandre , Alain‐Rizzo Valérie , Dumas‐Verdes Cécile , Clavier Gilles , Miomandre Fabien , Audebert Pierre
Published: January 2012

Original new fluorescent and electroactive compounds have been prepared, which feature two different fluorescent groups linked through an oxygen atom spacer. We describe here the synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties and their interplay, and our theoretical calculations. These molecules are composed of two fluorophores, an electron‐rich triphenylamine unit and an electron‐poor tetrazine unit. Although the bichromophores are not fluorescent in the neutral state due to a photoinduced electron transfer from the triphenylamine unit to the tetrazine unit, one can restore the fluorescence by oxydation of the triphenylamine moiety. Thus, a redox‐fluorescent switch has been realized.
Synthesis of 1,2‐Naphthalenediol Diacetates by Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Reaction of 1,2‐Diazonaphthoquinones with Acetic Anhydride
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Kisanuki Masato , Okauchi Tatsuo
Published: January 2012

A metal‐catalyzed reaction of α‐diazocarbonyl compounds with an acid anhydride is reported. In particular, 1,2‐naphthalenediol diacetates were synthesized by the reaction of 1,2‐diazonaphthoquinones with acetic anhydride catalyzed by Rh2(OAc)4.
A homogeneous assay for protein analysis in droplets by fluorescence polarization
Authors: Joensson Haakan N. , Zhang Chi , Uhlén Mathias , Andersson‐Svahn Helene
Published: January 2012

We present a novel homogeneous (“mix‐incubate‐read”) droplet microfluidic assay for specific protein detection in picoliter volumes by fluorescence polarization (FP), for the first time demonstrating the use of FP in a droplet microfluidic assay. Using an FP‐based assay we detect streptavidin concentrations as low as 500 nM and demonstrate that an FP assay allows us to distinguish droplets containing 5 μM rabbit IgG from droplets without IgG with an accuracy of 95%, levels relevant for hybridoma screening. This adds to the repertoire of droplet assay techniques a direct protein detection method which can be performed entirely inside droplets without the need for labeling of the analyte molecules.
Comparative embryology and taxonomic considerations in Eriocaulaceae (Poales)
Authors: Coan Alessandra Ike , Stützel Thomas , Scatena Vera Lucia
Published: January 2012

The genus concept within Eriocaulaceae is widely discussed because it is mainly based on a small number of floral characteristics of unknown functional and evolutionary significance. The aim of the present work is to comparatively study the embryology of representatives of most genera of Eriocaulaceae to identify relevant features that might aid in circumscribing them. In Eriocaulaceae, the uniformity of the embryological characteristics makes it difficult to interpret the existing relationships among the genera. Some embryological characteristics, especially those related to the number of microsporangia, are shown to be unstable and restricted to Paepalanthoideae. The unique pollen morphology may be related to mechanical processes to accommodate the increase in volume after early formation of the pollen wall and may indicate a relationship to an inaperturate ancestor. The placentation, formerly stated to be axile, is more likely to be central due to protusions of the locular base. The shape of the proximal region of the megagametophyte may be responsible for the formation of the antipodal cyst. The seed coat structure is uniform in origin and is a consistent taxonomic characteristic of the family. A review of Eriocaulaceae is necessary, in which additional morphological and anatomical characteristics should be considered and combined. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The enigma of Albuca tenuifolia Baker resolved
Authors: Müller‐Doblies Ute
Published: January 2012

The identification of a lectotype specimen of Albuca tenuifolia Baker in Grahamstown by circumstantial evidence allowed the taxonomic understanding of Baker's description, which hitherto was only based on the very misleading plate 335 of Refugium Botanicum without any herbarium specimen (and even without any plant seen by Baker). This evidence is based on the fact that apparently there was a feedback from Baker to MacOwan about his recently described Albuca tenuifolia. Even without further details MacOwan knew of course, which plant he had sent to the horticulturist Saunders in the previous year and he cut off Baker's information “A. tenuifolia Bak” from the letter and added it to his specimen MacOwan no. 1851 (now GRA!)

According to this lectotype specimen MacOwan 1851 (Plate 1), Albuca tenuifolia Baker is the oldest name for A. shawii Baker, which Baker described later also as A. trichophylla, A. elliotii, A. minima and A. granulata.

A distribution map for A. tenuifolia in the present circumscription is given based on herbarium records as well as on 13 own field collections. To the known wide distribution of A. tenuifolia in Lesotho and in four provinces given by Manning & Goldblatt (2003; as A. shawii) Northern Cape, North‐West and Gauteng are added here. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new approach in modeling of constant temperature boundary condition in thermal lattice‐Boltzmann method
Authors: Seddiq Mehdi , Maerefat Mehdi , Mirzaei Masaud
Published: January 2012

The lattice‐Boltzmann method is being applied to a diversity of fluid flow and heat transfer problems nowadays. Because of its microscale nature, strict attention should be paid when introducing macroscopic inputs to the model. One of the challenging issues dealing with macroscale and microscale treatment is the implementation of boundary conditions. In this regard constant‐temperature boundaries are frequently used in energy transfer problems. Such boundaries are simply modeled in Navier–Stokes based solvers, but they are not so harnessed in lattice‐Boltzmann models. One of the problems is that the calculated tangential heat flux is not zero along such boundaries in most of the previous models. In the present paper, a model has been developed, which has the capability of controlling tangential heat flux along the constant‐temperature boundaries. It aims to set the heat flux nearly zero along the boundary in midplane grid schemes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of heat and mass transfer on peristaltic flow of hyperbolic tangent fluid in an asymmetric channel
Authors: Akram Safia , Nadeem Sohail
Published: January 2012

In the present analysis, the influence of heat and mass transfer on the peristaltic flow of a hyperbolic tangent fluid in an asymmetric channel has been discussed. The highly nonlinear equations are simplified under lubrication approach. The perturbation and numerical solutions of the problem are not only discussed but the validity of the results is also being checked. The graphical results of the problem under discussion are also being brought under consideration to see the behavior of various physical parameters. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical methods for a fluid mixture model
Authors: Wang Quanxiang , Lin Suli , Zhang Zhiyue
Published: January 2012

In this paper, we firstly apply generalized difference methods to solve a fluid mixture model. The model is usually used to describe the tissue deformations and contains a nonlinear hyperbolic equation and an elliptic equation. Most people have used finite difference methods for solving the elliptic equation and other schemes for solving the hyperbolic equation. It is well known that the accuracy of traditional finite difference method is not high. This may be a serious disadvantage in the fluid mixture model, which describes cell movements and tissue deformations. The numerical methods we propose to improve accuracy are based on generalized Galerkin methods and dual decomposition. By choosing suitable trial function space and test function space, our generalized upwind difference schemes exhibit second‐order convergence in space for smooth problems and can eliminate numerical oscillations for discontinuous problems. Some numerical results are presented to demonstrate the advantages of our methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining an appropriate cutting score for indication of impairment on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Waldron‐Perrine Brigid , Axelrod Bradley N.
Published: January 2012

Objective/Methods

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief yet comprehensive cognitive instrument used to assess level of impairment in neurological populations. The purpose of the present study was to assess the ability of the MoCA to detect cognitive impairment in a veteran patient population referred for neuropsychological testing and to determine optimal cutoff scores on the MoCA when compared with widely used neuropsychological measures.

Results

Using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses, the findings indicate that the optimal cutoff score to detect impairment (i.e., ≤20) in the present sample was notably lower than that suggested by others.

Conclusions

Use of the previously suggested cut score of <26 may overpathologize neurologically intact individuals. Further research utilizing ROC curve analysis should be conducted to establish appropriate cutoff scores for various populations which may differ from the present sample. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sphingomyelinase selectively reduces M1 muscarinic receptors in rat hippocampal membranes
Authors: Dontigny Eve , Patenaude Christian , Cyr Michel , Massicotte Guy
Published: January 2012

Although there is evidence that nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptors are influenced by ceramides, we do not currently know whether or not these sphingolipids can also regulate the muscarinic subtypes of Ach receptors. Using the whole‐cell patch technique, we demonstrated that the effectiveness of the muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine, in enhancing spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, was completely abolished in hippocampal slices pre‐exposed to the ceramide‐generating enzyme sphingomyelinase (SMase). Western blot experiments, performed with biotinylated hippocampal membranes, showed that this electrophysiological defect possibly relies on the loss of M1 muscarinic Ach receptors at the cell surface. However, the effect appears to be relatively specific as the cell‐surface expression of M4 muscarinic receptors was not found to be impacted by SMase treatment. Interestingly, we observed that G protein‐coupled receptor kinases 2 and β‐arrestin1/2 interactions with M1‐immunoprecipitated proteins were substantially augmented in SMase‐treated slices and that the reduction of cell‐surface M1 muscarinic receptor expression generated was completely suppressed by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Collectively, our data suggest that selective internalization of M1 muscarinic receptors can be accentuated in neurons subjected to high ceramide levels. The potential physiopathological implications of this finding are presented. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CRAFT: Multimodality confocal skin imaging for early cancer diagnosis
Authors: Peng Tong , Xie Hao , Ding Yichen , Wang Weichao , Li Zhiming , Jin Dayong , Tang Yuanhe , Ren Qiushi , Xi Peng
Published: January 2012

Although histological analysis serves as a gold standard to cancer diagnosis, its application on skin cancer detection is largely prohibited due to its invasive nature. To obtain both the structural and pathological information in situ, a Confocal Reflectance/Auto‐Fluorescence Tomography (CRAFT) system was established to examine the skin sites in vivo with both reflectance and autofluorescence modes simultaneously. Nude mice skin with cancerous sites and normal skin sites were imaged and compared with the system. The cellular density and reflective intensity in cancerous sites reflects the structural change of the tissue. With the decay coefficient analysis, the corresponding NAD(P)H decay index for cancerous sites is 1.65‐fold that of normal sites, leading to a 97.8% of sensitivity and specificity for early cancer diagnosis. The results are verified by the followed histological analysis. Therefore, CRAFT may provide a novel method for the in vivo, non‐invasive diagnosis of early cancer. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effects of emulsified polydimethylsiloxane FG‐10 on the oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) and lipase production byStaphylococcus warneriEX17
Authors: Rech Fernanda Roberta , Volpato Giandra , Ayub Marco Antônio Záchia
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:In this study the effects of the addition of emulsified polydimethylsiloxane (PMDS) FG‐10 on the oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) of submerged cultures ofStaphylococcus warneriEX17 and its lipase production is described. FG‐10 is an emulsified silicone capable of dissolving 50 times more oxygen than water. The combined effects of FG‐10 concentration and different conditions of agitation were optimized in bioreactors using statistical design tools, and the cultures were run using raw glycerol from biodiesel synthesis as the sole carbon source.

RESULTS:The optimal conditions found to improve lipase production were FG‐10 concentration of 11.2% (v/v) and speed agitation of 527 rpm, respectively, producing around 861 U L−1of lipolytic activity, a maximal cell concentration of 8.4 g L−1, and akLaof 99 h−1, values that are approximately 3 times higher than cultures without FG‐10.

CONCLUSIONS:This is the first report in the literature on the use of this class of chemicals as oxygen carriers in microbial cultures and its effect on kLa and lipase production, demonstrating the potential use of FG‐10 in microbial cultures. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
How do transformational leaders foster positive employee outcomes? A self‐determination‐based analysis of employees' needs as mediating links
Authors: Kovjanic Snjezana , Schuh Sebastian C. , Jonas Klaus , Quaquebeke Niels Van , van Dick Rolf
Published: January 2012

Although followers' needs are a central aspect of transformational leadership theory, little is known about their role as mediating mechanisms for this leadership style. The present research thus seeks to integrate and extend theorizing on transformational leadership and self‐determination. In particular, we propose that the satisfaction of followers' basic needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and employee outcomes (job satisfaction, self‐efficacy, and commitment to the leader). We tested this model in two studies involving employees from a broad spectrum of organizations in Germany (N = 410) and in Switzerland (N = 442). Results revealed largely consistent patterns across both studies. The need for competence fulfillment solely mediated the link between transformational leadership and occupational self‐efficacy; the need for relatedness fulfillment solely mediated the link between transformational leadership and commitment to the leader. The mediating pattern for the link between transformational leadership and job satisfaction varied slightly across studies. In Study 1, only the need for autonomy fulfillment was a significant mediator, whereas in Study 2, all three needs mediated this relationship. Taken together, our study integrates theorizing on transformational leadership and self‐determination by corroborating that need fulfillment indeed is a central mechanism behind transformational leadership. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depicting estimates using the intercept in meta‐regression models: The moving constant technique
Authors: Johnson Blair T. , Huedo‐Medina Tania B.
Published: January 2012

In any scientific discipline, the ability to portray research patterns graphically often aids greatly in interpreting a phenomenon. In part to depict phenomena, the statistics and capabilities of meta‐analytic models have grown increasingly sophisticated. Accordingly, this article details how to move the constant in weighted meta‐analysis regression models (viz. “meta‐regression”) to illuminate the patterns in such models across a range of complexities. Although it is commonly ignored in practice, the constant (or intercept) in such models can be indispensible when it is not relegated to its usual static role. The moving constant technique makes possible estimates and confidence intervals at moderator levels of interest as well as continuous confidence bands around the meta‐regression line itself. Such estimates, in turn, can be highly informative to interpret the nature of the phenomenon being studied in the meta‐analysis, especially when a comparison with an absolute or a practical criterion is the goal. Knowing the point at which effect size estimates reach statistical significance or other practical criteria of effect size magnitude can be quite important. Examples ranging from simple to complex models illustrate these principles. Limitations and extensions of the strategy are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of In vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and immune activation potentials of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus niruri
Authors: Amin Zahra A , Abdulla Mahmood A , Ali Hapipah M , Alshawsh Mohammed A , Qadir Suhailah W
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Recently much attention has been paid to biologically active plants because of their low production cost and fewer adverse effects compared with chemical drugs. In the present investigation the bioactivity of Phyllanthus niruri ethanol and aqueous extracts was evaluated in vitro.

RESULTS: The ethanol extract of P. niruri showed a high level of flavonoid content (123.9 ± 0.002 mg g−1), while the aqueous extract showed the highest 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; IC506.85 ± 1.80 µmol L−1) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS; 46.44 ± 0.53 µmol L−1) free radical scavenging activities with high phenol content (376 ± 0.02 mg g−1) and elevated levels of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; 23 883 ± 0.019 mmol g−1) with excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm inhibition zone) and Streptococcus agalactiae (12 mm inhibition zone), respectively, in addition to the best immune activation potential of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (450.5%).

CONCLUSIONS: It is clear from our results that both extracts of P. niruri has excellent bioactivity roles via elevated levels of antibacterial, antioxidant and percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, which could lead to the development of medications for clinical use. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of ripening stage and cultivation system on the total antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of yellow passion fruit pulp
Authors: Macoris Mariana S , De Marchi Renata , Janzantti Natália S , Monteiro Magali
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: This work aimed to investigate the influence of both ripening stage and cultivation system on the total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of passion fruit pulp. TPC extraction was optimized using a 23 central composed design. The variables were fruit pulp volume, methanol volume and extraction solution volume. TPC was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction, and TAA using the ABTS radical reaction.

RESULTS: The conditions to extract TPC were 2 mL passion fruit pulp and 9 mL extraction solution containing 40% methanol:water (v/v). TPC values increased in the passion fruit pulp during ripening for both cultivation systems, ranging from 281.8 to 361.9 mg gallic acid L−1 (P⩽0.05) for the organic pulp and from 291.0 to 338.6 mg gallic acid L−1 (P⩽0.05) for the conventional pulp.

CONCLUSION: TPC values increased during ripening for both organic and conventional passion fruit. The same was true for TAA values for conventional passion fruit. For organic passion fruit, however, TAA values were highest at the initial ripening stages. These results suggest that antioxidant compounds exert strong influence on the initial ripening stages for organic passion fruit, when TPC still did not reach its maximum level. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Perioperative mortality in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: McNally Megan E. , Malhotra Lavina , Bloomston Mark , Schmidt Carl R.
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a conglomerate of diseases in which bone marrow‐derived cells die before or shortly after entering circulation. We sought to define the perioperative mortality in MDS patients.

Methods

We reviewed our experience of all persons treated for MDS at our institution over the past 15 years. Demographic and survival information were collected, and those who underwent any procedure requiring general anesthesia were defined as the operative subgroup.

Results

Of 169 patients identified, 39 (23%) were in the operative subgroup. The median survival was 17.8 months. The mortality rate for the operative group was 23% (N = 9) and 30.8% (N = 12) at 30 and 60 days post‐procedure. Twenty‐three patients (59%) had an urgent/emergent indication for operation, which was associated with higher 60‐day mortality (N = 12, 48%) compared to those with elective indications (N = 1, 7%) (P = 0.037, Chi‐square). Several other factors (age, gender, International Prognostic Score, MDACC score, and major/minor procedure type) were not associated with perioperative mortality.

Conclusion

Outcomes in MDS patients are poor with expected survival less than 2 years and high postoperative mortality in the setting of urgent/emergent operations. While maybe not prohibitive, we believe it is an imperative part of the informed consent process particularly for urgent/emergent procedures. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:46–50. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perioperative change in peripheral blood monocyte count may predict prognosis in patients with colorectal liver metastasis after hepatic resection
Authors: Haruki Koichiro , Shiba Hiroaki , Fujiwara Yuki , Furukawa Kenei , Wakiyama Shigeki , Ogawa Masaichi , Ishida Yuichi , Misawa Takeyuki , Yanaga Katsuhiko
Published: January 2012

Background

Prognostic value of perioperative change in peripheral blood leukocyte subset count of cancer patients have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we retrospectively investigated the relation between perioperative change in peripheral blood monocyte count and disease‐free as well as overall survival after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM).

Methods

The subjects were 64 patients who underwent hepatic resection for CRLM between January 2000 and December 2008. We retrospectively investigated the relation between perioperative change in peripheral blood monocyte count and disease‐free as well as overall survival.

Results

In multivariate analysis, more than four lymph node metastases (P = 0.0298) and extrahepatic disease (P = 0.0423) were significant predictors of disease‐free survival, while significant predictor of overall survival were more than four lymph node metastases (P = 0.0011), bilobar disease (P = 0.0024), and increase in perioperative monocyte less than twice (P = 0.0029). Morover, increase in perioperative monocyte of less than twice positively correlated with intraoperative blood transfusion.

Conclusions

Perioperative change in peripheral blood monocyte count is an independent risk factor for overall survival after hepatic resection for CRLM, and may reflect immunosuppressive state. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:31–35. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Active flow management in preparative chromatographic separations: A preliminary investigation into enhanced separation using a curtain flow inlet fitting and segmented flow outlet fitting
Authors: Camenzuli Michelle , Ritchie Harald J. , Ladine James R. , Shalliker R. Andrew
Published: January 2012

Active flow management in the form of curtain flow sample introduction and segmented outlet flow control has been shown to enable sample to elute through a chromatography column under the principles of the “infinite diameter column”. Such an elution process avoids the detrimental effects of the heterogeneity of particle‐packed chromatographic columns by injecting the sample directly into the radial core region of the column, thus avoiding wall effects. The process described herein illustrates how the principles of the infinite diameter column can be applied using conventional injection devices suitable for long‐term analysis that requires robust protocols. Using this approach, sensitivity in separation was 2.5 times greater than conventional chromatography, yielding a product at twice the concentration. Benefits of curtain flow injection are thus relevant to both preparative‐scale and analytical‐scale separations.
Analysis of isoflavones in soybeans employing direct analysis in real‐time ionization–high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Lojza Jaromir , Cajka Tomas , Schulzova Vera , Riddellova Katerina , Hajslova Jana
Published: January 2012

A direct analysis in real‐time (DART) ion source coupled to a high‐resolution orbitrap mass spectrometer was used for the quantitative analysis of isoflavones isolated from soybeans. For the isolation of genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and their respective acetyl, malonyl, and glucoside forms, an extraction employing 80% aqueous MeOH enhanced by sonication was used. As far as the total isoflavones (expressed as aglycones) were to be determined, an acid hydrolysis with 80% aqueous EtOH and refluxing had to be employed, while in the latter case a good agreement of the results with the data generated by the UHPLC‐orbitrap MS method was achieved, in the case of the analysis of non‐hydrolyzed extracts, some overestimation of the results as compared with those generated by UHPLC‐orbitrap MS was observed. A careful investigation of this phenomenon showed that the free aglycones originated from the conjugated forms of isoflavones in the DART ion source, thus contributing significantly to the “free” genistein/daidzein/glycitein signals during the DART analysis. Good recoveries (95–102%) and repeatabilities (RSD: 7–15%) were obtained at the spiking levels of 0.5, 1, and 0.05 g/kg, for daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, respectively. The limits of detection estimated for the respective analytes were 5 mg/kg.
Modifying the Pores of an Inverse Opal Scaffold With Chitosan Microstructures for Truly Three‐Dimensional Cell Culture
Authors: Zhang Yu , Choi Sung‐Wook , Xia Younan
Published: January 2012

Inverse opal scaffolds have recently emerged as a novel class of scaffolds with uniform and controllable pore sizes for tissue engineering to provide better nutrient transport, a uniform cell distribution, and an adjustable microenvironment for cell differentiation. However, when the pore size of the scaffold is much larger than the dimension of a cell, the cell actually encounters a local 2D environment and the void space associated with the pore can not be efficiently utilized. Here, we demonstrate that a truly 3D microenvironment can be created inside a pore by further functionalizing the as‐prepared inverse opal scaffold with a second polymer by freeze‐drying. The resultant inverse opal scaffold with hierarchically structured pores can enhance both cell proliferation and tissue infiltration.
Prevalence of pain in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review using the modified QUADAS tool
Authors: Broen Martijn P.G. , Braaksma Meriam M. , Patijn J. , Weber Wim E.J.
Published: January 2012

Pain has been studied more intensely as a symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) in recent years. However, studies on the characteristics and prevalence of pain in PD have yielded conflicting results, prompting us to do a systematic review of the literature. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, using different databases. The last inclusion date was March 15, 2011. The modified Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool was used, which is especially designed for judging prevalence studies on their methodological quality. Only articles that met the predefined criteria were used in this review. We found 18 articles, of which only 8 met the methodological criteria. Prevalence frequency ranges from 40% to 85% with a mean of 67.6%. Pain is most frequently located in the lower limbs, with almost one‐half of all PD patients complaining about musculoskeletal pain (46.4%). The pain fluctuates with on‐off periods. Surprisingly, only 52.4% of PD patients with pain used analgesics, most often nonopioids. PD patients seem to be predisposed to develop pain and physicians should be aware of pain as a common feature of PD. As many as one‐half of PD patients with pain may be missing out on a potentially useful treatment, and proper treatment could increase quality of life in PD patients. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Does cannabis onset trigger cocaine onset? A case‐crossover approach
Authors: O'Brien Megan S. , Comment Leah Andrews , Liang Kung Yee , Anthony James C.
Published: January 2012

Psychiatric researchers tend to select the discordant co‐twin design when they seek to hold constant genetic influence while estimating exposure‐associated disease risk. The epidemiologic case‐crossover research design developed for the past two decades represents a viable alternative, not often seen in psychiatric studies. Here, we turn to the epidemiologic case‐crossover approach to examine the idea that cannabis onset is a proximal trigger for cocaine use, with the power of “subject‐as‐own‐control” research used to hold constant antecedent characteristics of the individual drug user, including genetic influence and other traits experienced up to the time of the observed hazard and control intervals. Data are from newly incident cocaine users identified in the 2002–2006 US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Among these cocaine users, 48 had both cannabis onset and cocaine onset in the same month‐long hazard interval; the expected value is 30 users, based on the control interval we had pre‐specified for case‐crossover estimation (estimated relative risk, RR = 1.6; exact mid‐p = 0.042). Within the framework of a subject‐as‐own‐control design, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that cannabis onset is a proximal trigger for cocaine use, with genetic influences (and many environmental conditions and processes) held constant. Limitations are noted and implications are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A specific absorption rate prediction concept for parallel transmission MR
Authors: Graesslin Ingmar , Homann Hanno , Biederer Sven , Börnert Peter , Nehrke Kay , Vernickel Peter , Mens Giel , Harvey Paul , Katscher Ulrich
Published: January 2012

The specific absorption rate (SAR) is a limiting factor in high‐field MR. SAR estimation is typically performed by numerical simulations using generic human body models. However, SAR concepts for single‐channel radiofrequency transmission cannot be directly applied to multichannel systems. In this study, a novel and comprehensive SAR prediction concept for parallel radiofrequency transmission MRI is presented, based on precalculated magnetic and electric fields obtained from electromagnetic simulations of numerical body models. The application of so‐called Q‐matrices and further computational optimizations allow for a real‐time estimation of the SAR prior to scanning. This SAR estimation method was fully integrated into an eight‐channel whole body MRI system, and it facilitated the selection of different body models and body positions. Experimental validation of the global SAR in phantoms demonstrated a good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the predictions. An initial in vivo validation showed good qualitative agreement between simulated and measured amplitude of (excitation) radiofrequency field. The feasibility and practicability of this SAR prediction concept was shown paving the way for safe parallel radiofrequency transmission in high‐field MR. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional ventilation mapping of the rat lung using hyperpolarized 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Couch Marcus J. , Ouriadov Alexei , Santyr Giles E.
Published: January 2012

Lung ventilation was mapped in seven healthy male Sprague‐Dawley rats (433 ± 24 g) using hyperpolarized 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3.0 T, and validated with hyperpolarized 3He MRI under similar ventilator conditions. Ventilation maps were obtained using flip angle variation for offset of RF and relaxation (FAVOR) which is a multiple breath imaging technique that extracts the fractional ventilation parameter, r, on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis from the dynamic signal enhancement. r is defined as the fractional refreshment of gas per breath. Under the ventilator conditions used in this work, whole‐lung measurements of fractional ventilation obtained using hyperpolarized 129Xe were not significantly different from those obtained using hyperpolarized 3He (p = 0.8125 by a Wilcoxon matched pairs test). Fractional ventilation gradients calculated in the superior/inferior (S/I) and anterior/posterior (A/P) directions obtained using hyperpolarized 129Xe were not significantly different from those obtained using hyperpolarized 3He (p = 0.9375 and p = 0.1563, for the S/I and A/P directions, respectively). Following baseline fractional ventilation measurements, one representative rat was challenged with methacholine and fractional ventilation measurements were performed over a time course of 10 min. A reduction and subsequent recovery in whole‐lung r values were detected using the FAVOR method. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Malignant melanoma as second malignant neoplasm in long‐term childhood cancer survivors: A systematic review
Authors: Braam Katja. I. , Overbeek Annelies , Kaspers Gertjan J.L. , Ronckers Cecile M. , Schouten‐van Meeteren Annette Y.N. , Van Dulmen‐Den Broeder Eline , Veening Margreet A.
Published: January 2012

This systematic review provides information on malignant melanoma as second malignant neoplasm (SMN) after childhood cancer and evaluates its risk factors. Study reports describing incidences of SMN and malignant melanoma as SMN in a population of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) were included. Of 151,575 CCS, 4,010 (2.6%) children developed an SMN, 212 of which were melanoma (5.3% or 0.14% of all CCS). The following risk factors for malignant melanoma as SMN were identified: radiotherapy, or the combination alkylating agents and anti‐mitotic drugs. Melanomas are most frequently observed after Hodgkin disease, hereditary retinoblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and gonadal tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels in children with newly diagnosed rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Schiavetti Amalia , McDowell Heather P. , Conti Laura , Altavista Pierluigi , Antenucci Anna , Pizer Barry , Dominici Carlo
Published: January 2012

Background

The adverse prognostic impact of elevated levels of circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is described in several malignancies. However, no information is available in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). In the present study, serum VEGF‐A (sVEGF‐A) was measured at diagnosis in a series of patients with RMS.

Procedure

sVEGF‐A was assessed retrospectively in 17 newly diagnosed RMS patients. sVEGF‐A concentrations were determined by quantitative enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent ELISA kit and their possible associations with age at diagnosis, gender, histology, primary site, primary size, Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) post‐surgical group, and outcome were investigated.

Results

sVEGF‐A median value in patients with RMS was significantly higher than in controls: 499.0 pg/ml, range: 2,648.0 versus 301.5 pg/ml, range: 716.0 (P = 0.013). Although not statistically significant probably due to the limited number of patients, sVEGF‐A median levels resulted higher in unfavorable primary sites (277.0 vs. 539.0 pg/ml; P = 0.31), and advanced groups (390.0 vs. 715.0; P = 0.29). Patients with shorter 5‐year overall survival (OS) and 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) times also had higher sVEGF‐A levels, although again the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.18 and P = 0.22, respectively).

Conclusions

Circulating VEGF is significantly increased in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed RMS. Further studies in larger series of RMS patients are needed to understand whether measurements of circulating VEGF might have a role in assessing prognosis and modulating treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:627–630. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term graft‐versus‐tumor effect following reduced intensity hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a child with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Baek Hee Jo , Han Dong Kyun , Hwang Tai Ju , Bae Sul Hee , Choi Yoo Duk , Kook Hoon
Published: January 2012

Pediatric renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare and different from adult RCC. Although target agents have recently been introduced, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation exploiting graft‐versus‐tumor effect still remains an important treatment option for metastatic RCC. A 2‐year‐old male with RCC developed hepatic metastases 6 months following radical nephrectomy and subsequent cytokine therapy. Allogeneic reduced‐intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST) with early withdrawal of immunosuppression and delayed donor lymphocyte infusions was performed. A second transplantation was undertaken following marrow aplasia. Now he remains progression‐free with regression of hepatic metastases 5.7 years after RIST, along with complete donor chimerism. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:583–585. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Façade–integrated photovoltaics: a life cycle and performance assessment case study
Authors: Perez Marc J. R. , Fthenakis Vasilis , Kim Hyung‐Chul , Pereira Anthony O.
Published: January 2012

The Solaire Building has the first façade building‐integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) array in New York City. This paper presents the life cycle impacts of the Solaire BIPV and extrapolates its performance to other façade systems. Engineering diagrams, detailed material inventories and 5 years of irradiation and actual performance data in 15‐min intervals offer insights into current BIPV construction and performance. The Solaire BIPV employs waste‐stream monocrystalline silicon wafers. Correspondingly, zero energy input was allocated to this BIPV from wafer production, resulting to a very low energy payback time (EPBT) and global warming potential burden (0.8 years and −10.2 g CO2/kWh, respectively). A negative EPBT results from subtracting the impact of the thermally and structurally equivalent concrete and brick wall that the BIPV array replaced. Data from current photovoltaic‐dedicated Si wafer supply were also used; these resulted with an EPBT of 3.8 years and a global warming potential of 61 g CO2/kWh. The performance ratio and EPBT of the Solaire system were compared with those in the International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Task 2 inventory database. The drawback of façade BIPV is its vertical orientation, receiving lower incident irradiation than rooftop and ground installations. Nevertheless, BIPV offers two main advantages over such installations: it does not require any ‘virgin’ land for its operation, and it replaces structural units, thus avoiding the cost, embodied energy and corresponding emissions related to those. We detail herein how the replacement of traditional cladding materials can offset the performance drawback of BIPV, in terms of environmental burden and EPBT. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broadband scattering of the solar spectrum by spherical metal nanoparticles
Authors: Temple Tristan L. , Bagnall Darren M.
Published: January 2012

Metal nanoparticles offer the possibility of improved light trapping in solar cells, but careful design is required to maximise scattering and minimise parasitic absorption across the wavelength range of interest. We present an analysis of the broadband scattering and absorption characteristics of spherical metal nanoparticles, optimized for either crystalline silicon (c‐Si) or amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) solar cells. A random two‐dimensional array of optimally sized Ag spheres can scatter over 97% of the AM1.5 spectrum from 400 to 1100 nm. Larger particles are required for c‐Si devices than a‐Si:H due to the increased spectral range, with optimum particle sizes ranging from 60 nm for a‐Si:H to 116 nm for c‐Si. Positioning the particles at the rear of the solar cell decreases absorption losses because these principally occur at short wavelengths. Increasing the refractive index of the surrounding medium beyond the optimum value, which is 1.0 for a‐Si:H and 1.6 for c‐Si, shifts absorption to longer wavelengths and decreases scattering at short wavelengths. Ag nanoparticles scatter more of the solar spectrum than Au, Cu or Al nanoparticles. Of these other metals, Al can only be considered for a‐Si:H applications due to high absorption in the near‐infrared, whereas Au and Cu can only be considered for the rear of c‐Si devices due to high absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible. In general, we demonstrate the importance of considering the broadband optical properties of metal nanoparticles for photovoltaic applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.