bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Coliform Organisms in samples of “Certified Milk.”
Authors: Chalmers C. H.
Published: May 2009

The experiments herein described show that:

(1) Of the 268 coliform organisms isolated from 32 samples of certified milk, 65.7 per cent, fall within the true B. coli group and 18–6 per cent, in groups X and Y of Stewart.

(2) 54–1 per cent. of the organisms, i.e. those of the B.faecalis alkaligenes group and those in subgroups 1, 2 and 3 of MacConkey which fermented lactose, gave a negative V. and P. and a positive M.R. reaction, can be assumed to be of faecal origin.

(3) 45–9 per cent., namely those organisms of the B. proteus group, those of subgroup 4 of the B. coli group and those of groups X and Y are of the type generally found in soil and water.

(4) All of the 32 samples examined contained coliform organisms in a dilution of 1 in 10 as shown by bile salt agar plates. None of these samples, however, gave a positive reaction with the presumptive test in two out of three tubes of 1/10 c.c. dilution. The presumptive test cannot, therefore, be relied upon to give a true indication of the presence of coliform organisms in milk. The inaccuracy of the test may be due in part to the structure of the ordinary Durham's tube which fails to ensure the collection of the gas produced.

(5) Although the majority of the coliform organisms present in milk ferment lactose other members of the group which are not lactose fermenters occur and consequently their presence is not demonstrated by the presumptivetest.
Relation between the Nature of the Carbohydrate in the Diet and Refection in Rats
Authors: Kon Stanisłw Kazimierz , Watchorn Elsie
Published: May 2009

1. The phenomenon of refection has been confirmed.

2. The incidence of spontaneous growth of rats on a vitamin B-free diet is very much greater when potato starch instead of rice starch is used in the diet.

3. Raw arrowroot starch gave similar but not such good results.

4. The protective action is largely destroyed by gentle cooking of the starch, and less so by extraction with alcohol.

We wish to thank Prof. Sir F. G. Hopkins for his encouragement and interest during this work.

One of us (S. K. K.) is indebted to the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation for a fellowship, and the other (E. W.) is indebted to the Medical Research Council for a personal grant.
An Investigation of the Bacilli of the Capsulatus-mucosus Group
Authors: Bamforth J.
Published: May 2009

The Bacillus capsulatus-mucosus group may be said to have originated with the discovery of the pneumobacillus by Friedländer in 1883. This organism was isloated from the lung in a case of croupous pneumonia, and it is interesting to note, as can be ascertained from a study of the literature, that the discovery appears to have been of an accidental nature, and, as was pointed out by Weicheselbaum, that Friedläder had really confused it with the pneumococcus. Subsequently, numerous other bacilli, which showed such marked similarity to the pneumobacillus in morphological, cultural and biological characteristics as to render differentiation among them a matter of extreme difficulty, were isolated by various workers from widely different sources. In a paper published in 1896 Fricke furnishes a list of the representatives of this group of organisms which had up to that time been found. Many of these were subsequently used as type strains by later workers and some are still available and frequently employed.
Human Foot Perspiration, its Nature and Interactions with Footwear
Authors: Colin-Russ A.
Published: May 2009

Investigations on perspiration, particularly in regard to feet, are not easy to carry out; observations have to be made under a variety of conditions and complicating factors. A man's foot perspiration may be alkaline whilst another's is acid, and the same person may show different reactions on the same day.
The Testing of Disinfectants in the Presence of Organic Matter
Authors: Garrod Lawrence P.
Published: May 2009

It is now almost universally recognised that a test for disinfectants which is to yield results of direct practical significance must include appropriate “organic matter” in the test mixture. Some types of disinfectant, notably those which act by liberating chlorine or oxygen, are greatly reduced in activity by the addition of only small quantities of any extraneous material with which these elements can combine. Other disinfectants are more resistant to this influence; they are capable of efficient action in the presence of excreta and dirt of other kinds if used in adequate concentration. What this concentration should be under such unfavourable conditions it is necessary to determine, since the degree of interference is not the same for all disinfectants even in the same class, and no constant relationship exists between efficiency under these conditions and that displayed in a medium of distilled water as determined by the Rideal-Walker test. Numerous efforts have been made in the past to introduce tests employing adequate amounts of complex organic matter; few of these have achieved permanence and none popularity. The following short survey of past work is concerned only with what may be termed “excremental” disinfectants; the testing of surgical disinfectants, which may reasonably be held to demand different methods, is outside the scope of this paper.
The Serological Grouping of Rough Vibrios
Authors: White P. Bruce
Published: May 2009

From the investigations of past workers, from those recently made with modern refinements by Gardner and Venkatraman (1935) and from my own studies, it is clear that in their serological diversity the vibrios rival the group of coliform bacilli.
A Study of the So-called Bacterium Typhi Flavum
Authors: Cruickshank J. C.
Published: May 2009

1. The results of a study of 19 strains of the so-called Bacterium typhi flavum are given.

2. It is a Gram-negative rod, motile at 22° C., producing yellow colonies on agar and capable of fermenting a range of carbohydrates, but not lactose, with production of acid but no gas. It is not an antigenically homogeneous species.

3. The organism is widespread, especially in air, dust and plants, and thus may be isolated from various animal sources.

4. Prolonged subculture on agar failed to produce confirmation of the claims of certain workers to have observed the appearance of Bact, typhosum as variants of Bact. typhi flavum.

5. It is suggested that any relation of this organism to enteric infections is unproven and that its appropriate place is in the genus Chromobacterium.
The influence of the growing family upon the diet in urban and rural districts
Authors: Brockington Fraser
Published: May 2009

1. The weekly budgets of eighty out of ninety-nine families in four rural schools (containing 165 school children) and ninety-seven out of 200 families in one urban school (containing 183 school children) have been analysed.

2. Evidence is given that housewives, despite varying social status, spend between 9 and 11s. per man per week on food when the income is sufficient to allow this.

3. The lowest level of sufficiency in diet according to the instincts of the housewife is seen to correspond, at prices ruling in this district in the winter of 1936–7, with the cost of the diet of the British Medical Association Nutrition Report (1933) (7s. 8¾d.). This has been called standard A and compared with standard B costing 5s. 10¾d. which contains 1000 cal. and 13 g. of first-class protein a day less. Standard B is probably the lowest standard of diet which any authority would be prepared to recommend.

4. In the school in a prosperous urban district, in working class families (income not exceeding £4) where the children were fully embarked on the school period (i.e. the eldest child over 7 years but no child yet earning more than 10s. weekly), and which contained more than one child, 60% of children fell below standard A and 47·6% below standard B.

5. In the rural schools taking all the children, 72·2% were below standard A; where there was an income below 55s., 78% fell below standard A; below 40s. 85%; and below 35s. 91·7%. The figures below standard B were 40·6, 52·4, 60, and 75% respectively.

6. Both in urban and rural families, with the exception of high income groups (e.g. farmers), increase in the size of the family steadily lowers the allowance of food per unit. In medium wage earners the allowance of 9–11s. per unit per week when the family is small, is reduced to about 3s. when the family grows to a large size and before the first children begin to earn.

7. Most significant is the decline in the provision of first-class protein foods both in town and country in proportion as the family grows. Evidence is given that this contrasts markedly with the recognized needs of growth in childhood, and it is clear that in both town and country the large family in low wage groups produces a condition of extreme protein deficiency. Accepting 2s. per unit per week as a conservative estimate of the minimum expenditure upon first-class proteins, 13·2% of the school children in the urban school and 32·7% in the rural schools were subsisting on amounts suggesting protein starvation.
The incidence of organisms of the Salmonella group in wild rats and mice in Liverpool
Authors: Khalil A. M.
Published: May 2009

In a few instances outbreaks of food poisoning have been traced with a high degree of probability to rodents (Savage & White, 1925; Salthe & Krumwiede, 1924; Jones & Wright, 1936), but in the main the idea that such outbreaks may be due to contamination of food with the excreta of rats and mice is based on the fact that organisms of the Salmonella group have frequently been found in the faeces or organs of these animals. Savage & Read (1913–14) made cultures from the spleen, liver, heart blood and intestinal contents of forty-one rats after enrichment in liquid media and isolated five strains of Bacterium enteritidis (Gaertner). Savage (1918) obtained four strains of what he regarded as “para-Gaertner” which failed to ferment dulcitol and one strain of Gaertner's bacillus from forty-eight rats by direct inoculation from the spleen and heart blood on to MacConkey's medium. Savage & White (1922) from the spleen, liver, heart blood and intestinal contents of ninety-six rats recovered six strains of Gaertner's bacillus. Kerrin (1928) isolated eleven strains of Bact. enteritidis (Gaertner) from 100 rats. His observations were made on the liver and spleen with preliminary enrichment in brilliant green peptone water and subsequent plating on MacConkey's medium. All these British observations agreed in indicating that Gaertner's bacillus was not uncommonly found in wild rats, but in a much more extended series reported from America by Meyer & Matsumura (1927) twenty-eight strains of Bact. enteritidis (Gaertner) and thirty of Bact. typhi murium (Bact. aertrycke) were isolated from 775 rats. These workers inoculated large portions of liver, spleen and colon into broth containing brilliant green and gentian violet and subcultured on brilliant green eosin agar. Verder (1927), who examined 114 rats in another part of America, records the isolation of five strains of Gaertner's bacillus and one of Bact. aertrycke.
Studies in Relation to Malaria II (concluded). The Structure and Biology of Anopheles (Anopheles maculipennis Meigen.)
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Shipley Arthur E.
Published: May 2009

The alimentary canal of Anopheles consists of the following parts:— 1. Mouth, 2. Buccal cavity, 3. Pharynx or Pumping-Organ, 4. Oesophagus, with which are connected, 5. Three food reservoirs (two situated dorsally and one ventrally), 6. Oesophageal Valve, 7. Mid-gut, 8. Ileum, 9. Colon, 10. Rectum, 11. Anus. (See Plate VI, Fig. 1.)
A Pipette for diluting Serum, etc.
Authors: Durham Herbert E.
Published: May 2009

An instrument which I had made several years ago presents some advantages and may therefore be of use to others who have to deal with serum-diagnosis, etc. The chief advantage of the instrument is that after each dilution has been made it is ready for making further dilutions without cleansing it. The instrument is moreover easy to manipulate. It may be described as essentially a “reversed Thoma-Zeiss pipette”, the graduations being marked upon the upper section of the tube, instead of on the lower section. The accompanying figure makes the construction of the instrument clear.
The Pathogenicity of B. coli in Relation to the Bacteriological Examination of Water
Authors: Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

In this paper the term B. coli is used in its most restricted sense, and as implying organisms having all the characters of the typical B. coli communis. It is a well-ascertained fact that B. coli, even when the term is so restricted, exhibit very varying virulence.
The Results of a Chemical, Microscopical and Bacteriological Examination of Samples of London Milks
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner , Barton George S.
Published: May 2009

In view of the importance of a pure milk supply, we considered that it might be of interest to examine chemically, microscopically, and bacteriologically, a number of specimens of milk coming into the Metropolis for which purpose we decided to select samples from the various counties, the milk of which is consigned to London. We found that milk so consigned comes from about twenty-six counties extending from Derby in the North, to Hampshire and Devonshire in the South and South-West, and from Hereford in the West, to Norfolk in the East.
On the Occurrence of the Micrococcus catarrhalis in Normal and Catarrhal Noses and its Differentiation from other Gram-negative Cocci
Authors: Arkwright J. A.
Published: May 2009

The Micrococcus catarrhalis was first isolated by Kirchner (1890) from cases of influenza-like illness. Since then several epidemics of acute catarrh and bronchitis associated with this organism have been recorded.
On Meteorological Factors in the Aetiology of Acute Rheumatism
Authors: Greenwood M. , Thompson Theodore
Published: May 2009

Many writers having observed that cases of acute rheumatism are not distributed evenly throughout the year, much study has been devoted to the possible relationship between these variations and meteorological conditions.
On the Absorption of Antibodies from the Subcutaneous Tissues and Peritoneal Cavity
Authors: Smith J. Henderson
Published: May 2009

1. Antibodies in general are absorbed very slowly from the peritoneal cavity in lower animals, and from the subcutaneous tissues in man and animals. Absorption from the latter is not complete until at least 2—3 days have elapsed.

2. The amount of antibody present at any one time in the general circulation after intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection is very much less than the amount injected.

3. Clinically, in urgent cases of disease, to inject antibodies subcutaneously is not only to lose 2—3 days' time before the full action can be obtained but to reduce the amount of action that the dose injected can have.

4. By intravenous injection the maximum amount of action is obtained at once.

The whole of the experiments recorded in this paper were made in the Statens Serum-Institut at Copenhagen, where every possible facility was given me for the carrying out of this research. To Dr Thorvald Madsen I desire to express my thanks not only for his unvarying kindliness and courtesy, but also for suggestions and assistance constantly given. I am pleased to have this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to him.
An Investigation of the Pathology of “Grouse Disease.”
Authors: Cobbett L. , Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

The causes of death of the grouse are, of course, various. We ourselves have seen pleuropneumonia (in a bird long kept in captivity in Cambridge), pericarditis, necrotic patches in the liver, an obscure chronic disease of the peritoneum, and septic infection from a gangrenous fracture of the wing. On the other hand the great majority of birds, either picked up dead on the moor, or caught by keepers when weak and unable to fly, have been found to be all more or less in the same condition; they were wasted, badly infested with Trichostrongylus pergracilis, and often also with Davainea urogalli or Hymenolepis microps, or with both. More or less pathological change was seen in the caeca; the mucous membrane was often reddened, and under the binocular microscope considerable changes were seen, though we did not observe gross ulceration. Sections examined under the higher powers showed serious chronic inflammatory changes particularly in the immediate neighbourhood of the worms.
Bovine Tuberculosis; the Etiological Support of Family History
Authors: Harries E. H. R. , Williams R. Stenhouse
Published: May 2009

The work contained in the following paper demonstrates that valuable evidence of the relative incidence of bovine and human tuberculosis may probably be obtained by a careful record of the chances of contact infection in each case.

The material dealt with was derived from a central clinic in a large industrial Country Borough(Newport, Mon.) and from a series of smaller clinics. Two of the latter were in industrial (coal and iron) districts and three in small country towns containing semi-urban and rural populations.
OnBacillus coliInfections of the Urinary Tract, Especially in Relation to Haemolytic Organisms
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S. , Wordley Eric , Bawtree F.
Published: May 2009

Those who have studied the literature ofBacillus coliinfections of the urinary tract, over a period of many years, must be fully conscious that the methods employed in such investigations have been on very similar lines. Bacilli isolated from the urine have been classified on the result of various cultural reactions of which the fermentation of cane sugar anddulcitol appears to occupy the most important position. Animals have been inoculated with various strains of urinary coli, while similar inoculation experiments have been made on animals before and after a mechanical injury to one or both kidneys had been produced.
A Preliminary study of the Epidemiology of Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Young Matthew
Published: May 2009

There seems to be considerable evidence in favour of the view that the immediate cause of this acute infective fever is an organism in the form of a streptococcus although there does not yet appear to be unanimity as to the specific characteristics of the latter. With regard to the secondary or indirect or predisposing causes of the complaint, the agencies which influence favourably the development and activity of the organism and consequently the prevalence of the disease, there has been a definite tendency in recent years not only to abandon the hitherto prevailing opinion on the influence of certain meteorological factors, namely, that increase in the amount of rainfall and decrease in the temperature are generally associated with increased incidence of the disease but even to assert that the action of these factors is the reverse of this.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis and the “Curvature of Van Pesch.”
Authors: Eijkman C.
Published: May 2009

In 1885, the Dutch vital statistician, Prof. Van Pesch1 drew attention to a peculiarity of the curve of death rates at ages which he first noticed in the Netherlands’ statistics of 1870–79 and subsequently again found in the three following decades.
A Study of C. diphtheriae and other Members of the Genus Corynebacterium with Special Reference to Fermentative Activity
Authors: Barratt M. M.
Published: May 2009

The fermentation reactions and some ancillary characters of 102 strains of virulent C. diphtheriae, 31 non-virulent strains and 150 diphtheroids have been studied.

With the possible exception of dextrin which proved to be an unsuitable substance for biological tests all the strains of virulent C. diphtheriae examined were found to have constant biochemical reactions, fermenting glucose, maltose and galactose and having no action on cane-sugar, lactose and mannite.

The strains classified as non-virulent C. diphtheriae had the same biochemical characters as the virulent strains and were indistinguishable from them either on morphological or cultural grounds.

The diphtheroids examined showed great diversity in their power of attacking the carbohydrates used, at least eleven biochemical groups being recognised.

By the use of three carbohydrates, glucose, galactose and cane-sugar 90 per cent, of the diphtheroids in this series could be distinguished from C. diphtheriae by their fermentation reactions. In the remaining 10 per cent, a clue as to the nature of the organism is often obtained from the character of the growth on agar.

Among the corynebacteria examined other than C. diphtheriae no constant relationship was found between source, biochemical, morphological and other characters.

Nevertheless in dealing with members of the genus in pure culture, the morphology, character of the growth on agar and fermentation reactions taken together give useful information as to whether the organism under consideration is C. diphtheriae (virulent or non-virulent) or a diphtheroid.

My best thanks are due to Dr Ledingham for much help and advice given throughout the work and to Dr Atkin and Dr Robison for their assistance in dealing with the lactose and dextrin problems respectively.
On the Presence of Phenomena Akin to Adsorption in Biology, as a Source of Fallacy in Statistical Inquiry
Authors: Brownlee John
Published: May 2009

Among the formulae which describe relationships found in physics, chemistry and biology is one commonly known as the “adsorption formula.” It graduates for a considerable range of experiment the amount of adsorption which takes place at the bounding layers of solids, fluids and gases or immiscible fluids in presence of different concentrations of the substance adsorbed. It may be written in the formx=aCnwherexis the amount of the substance adsorbed;Cthe concentration of the adsorbed substance after equilibrium has been attained;nis an absolute constant less than unity; andais a constant depending in value on the units of measurement.
The Vernes Test for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Dairy Cattle An Investigation on its Applicability
Authors: Mattick A. T. R. , Christian M. I.
Published: May 2009

In a series of publications issued from the Institut Prophylactique in Paris, Vernes and his co-workers (1926) described a flocculation method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in man. This method was first elaborated for the diagnosis of syphilis. Various modifications were then introduced and it was found that the test could be applied to the diagnosis of human tuberculosis. Finally a standard technique was laid down. This consisted of measuring by means of the Vernes-Bricq-Yvon photometer the amount of flocculation which took place during 4 hours' incubation at 20° C. when 0·6 c.c. of resorcinol (1·25 per cent.) was added to an equal volume of the blood serum under test. Readings were taken immediately the resorcinol was added and again at the end of the incubation period. The difference between these readings gave the value on which the diagnosis was made. If this were below 30 the serum was considered normal. Values over 30 indicated infection, the higher the number the more advanced the infection. Correlation of these figures with clinical examination showed that very frequently the photometer value confirmed the clinical findings, and that in some cases the course of the disease could be forecast and followed by testing a number of blood samples over a period.
The Minimum Temperatures of Growth of Some Bacteria
Authors: Haines R. B.
Published: May 2009

1. The commonly occurring bacteria may be divided into four groups on the basis of their behaviour at various temperatures. These are (i) the Staphylococci, not growing below 10° C, (ii) most strains ofB. coli, B. proteusand Micrococci ceasing growth in the range 5−0° C, (iii) some strains ofB. proteusetc. capable of growth at 0° C, (iv) many strains ofAchromobacter, Pseudo monas, and various yeasts growing rapidly at 0° C. (sometimes in 5 days), and down to about −5° C. on unfrozen media.

2. Bacterial growth on frozen media has not been observed below −3° C.

The author is indebted to Dr G. S. Graham-Smith, F.R.S., who read the manuscript, to Mr W. A. Bmpey for the supply of cultures, and to Mr J. Barlow for assistance in the experimental work.
The Examination of Blood Films in Relation to the Prevention of Plumbism among Shipbreakers
Authors: Ferguson A. E. , Ferguson T.
Published: May 2009

The control of the lead risk among shipbreakers presents great practical difficulty. Measures for the prevention of plumbism applied successfully in other industries are here impracticable, with the result that the breaking up of a heavily leaded ship is almost invariably responsible for a number of cases of lead poisoning and much ill-health stopping just short of incapacity for work.
Sporadic Salmonella Infections: A New Salmonella Type
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

1. An account is given of sporadic Salmonella infections. In the period 1929–32, thirty outbreaks occurred, involving forty-six cases, whereas, in the year 1933, thirty outbreaks involving forty-four cases were encountered.

2. The investigation has shown that the most frequent cause of such infections are Salmonella types aertrycke, thompson, dublin, enteritidis and european suipestifer.

3. It has been found that the dublin and suipestifer types are definitely more tissue invasive than the other types. Septicaemia and meningitis have been associated with infections due to S. dublin, and septicaemia in cases infected with S. suipestifer.

4. The biochemical serological characters of a new Salmonella type—S. aberdeen—have been described.

5. An infection due to S. potsdam has been encountered. This type has not been previously described as occurring in this country.
Measurements of temperature and humidity between the clothes and the body
Authors: Marsh F. , Buxton P. A.
Published: May 2009

The paper describes a series of observations made in a well-built room in south-west Persia. A study was made of conditions of temperature and humidity in the room, and between the clothes and the body.

Observations were made in the cold and the hot seasons. In spite of the great contrast which prevailed in the room at these two seasons, there was very little difference on the surface of the body.

The observations are consistent with those published by Mellanby, who worked under a wide range of artificially produced climatic conditions.
A new type of antigenic variation occurring in the Flexner group of dysentery bacilli
Authors: Takita Jungo
Published: May 2009

The Flexner dysentery bacilli are non-flagellated, and their agglutination is determined by somatic antigens situated at the cell surface. So far as the author is aware, phasic variations, of the kind that Andrewes (1922) demonstrated in the flagellar antigens of the bacilli of the typhoid-paratyphoid group, have not yet been observed in the case of 0 antigens; but the variations described above would appear to be of this type. The V, W and Z strains examined gave rise to variants, such as Vb, that had lost, completely or almost completely, the group somatic antigen, or antigens, but showed a consistent tendency to revert to the form in which the group antigens were present.

No evidence could be obtained of variants in which the group antigens were present, while the specific antigen was lacking; but the substrains, such as Va, that showed the presence of both group and specific antigens, appeared to differ from the parent strain in showing no tendency to give rise to variants of the Vb type.
The genetics of leukaemia in man
Authors: Ardashnikov S. N.
Published: May 2009

Despite considerable research on the problem of leukaemia, its etiology is still obscure. Endocrine dysfunction, effect of X-ray, trauma and etiological features suggestive of malignant tumours have been advanced as possible causes. The very nature of the disease as well as data on leukaemia in fowls, favour the theory of an infectious origin. Poverty, physical and mental strain, lymphatic constitution, syphilis, malaria and other infectious diseases have been suggested, often on inadequate grounds, as predisposing factors in leukaemia. Interesting results were obtained by MacDowell and Richter on susceptibility of mice to leukaemia.
The agglutinins of typhoid carriers
Authors: Pijper Adrianus , Crocker C. G.
Published: May 2009

By limiting our cultural investigations to persons who possess appreciable quantities of O agglutinins, we have detected a number of typhoid carriers and there are no indications that any carriers have been missed by following this labour-saving procedure. Several of our carriers were found to possess no H agglutinins.

As, however, O agglutinins occur in persons who are not carriers, and the number of such positive O reactors is increasing through the use of vaccines, the number of cultural examinations where no positive results can be expected is growing at a rate which will gradually make our procedure more difficult of application.

It would seem that Vi agglutination might provide a new and efficient method of narrowing down the field for cultural examinations. Vi agglutinins are very rare in normal persons. We have 4 manifest chronic carriers who possess significant quantities of Vi agglutinins. We have 3 persons who at one time were chronic stool carriers, in whom we now also find significant quantities of Vi agglutinins, but in whom at the time we cannot demonstrate typhoid bacilli. We also have 5 persons who at one time were chronic carriers, who now do not show any Vi agglutinins, and in whom we also at this time cannot find typhoid bacilli. Two of these were urinary carriers, which makes their negative cultural results more significant. Lastly, we have 2 persons who at one time obviously were temporary urinary carriers, and who now have lost their bacilli, and in whom also we now cannot detect Vi agglutinins.

In the search for typhoid carriers negative cultural results carry little weight. Our positive findings support the view that typhoid carriers are characterized by the possession of significant quantities of Vi agglutinins.
A conception of immunological specificity
Authors: Morgan W. T. J.
Published: May 2009

During the last few years a considerable amount of experimental evidence has accumulated which indicates the importance of chemical structure in determining the specificity of both natural and synthetic antigens. This work has been summarized by Marrack (1934), Landsteiner (1936) and Morgan (1936), and it is therefore not proposed to discuss in detail the investigations which have contributed to our present-day conception of this aspect of immunity reactions. Contributions which seem essential for understanding the ideas developed in this communication will, however, receive mention.
Studies on the influence of diet on resistance to infection I. The effect of various diets on the fertility, growth, and survival of mice
Authors: Watson Marion
Published: May 2009

The observations described in this paper were carried out as a preliminary to a systematic study of the influence of dietetic factors on resistance to infection. The enquiry was initiated under the general direction of Prof. W. W. C. Topley of this School, and Prof. E. P. Cathcart of the University of Glasgow, and has been financed by a grant from the Medical Research Council. It was desired that all aspects of the problem, dietetic, immunological and statistical, should receive full and careful consideration at each stage of the investigation, and that any significant results, positive or negative, should be checked and controlled on a scale that would supply a firm foundation for further studies. To this end, a small advisory committee was formed, soon after the enquiry started, on which Prof. M. Greenwood, Prof. J. C. Drummond, Prof. Edward Mellanby, Dr Harriette Chick, Dr Bradford Hill and Dr Joyce Wilson kindly consented to serve. To all the above, I wish to express my thanks for help and advice. I wish also to acknowledge my indebtedness to Miss J. M. Hatswell for her assistance throughout the greater part of this work.
Sedimentation of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease in the Sharples-Super Centrifuge
Authors: Schlesinger M. , Galloway I. A.
Published: May 2009

1. By means of a new technique, using the “closed bowl” of the Sharpies-Super Centrifuge, in which the distance which the virus particles have to travel under the influence of a given centrifugal force until they are caught mechanically in an agar-gel lining the wall of the bowl amounts to only a few tenths of a millimetre, the potency of 5 c.c. of a foot-and-mouth disease virus suspension can be reduced by 90–99 per cent in 3 min. using a centrifugal force of 24,000 times gravity. The virus can be recovered without loss by extraction of the agar-gel either in fresh medium or even in the liquid layer or “supernatant”, thus showing that adsorption phenomena play no role whatever in the effects obtained by centrifugation.

2. The non-adsorbability of the virus by the agar, however, is determined by the presence of a certain though very small amount of impurities presumably protein which seem to have a “protective” effect. The limit of nonadsorption of the virus by the gel appears to be in that region of “purity” where the sulphosalicylic acid test for protein is negative whereas serological precipitation reactions for host protein are still positive. Virus purified beyond this limit is strongly adsorbed by an agar-gel.

3. Measurements of the sedimentation rate were made on three strains of virus of different type Vallee A, Vallee 0 and Waldmann C and no differences between the three strains were observed. The average diameter of the virus particles determined from the sedimentation rate data was 20 mμ. All the evidence now available for the monodispersity of the virus is discussed. The fact that the infective particles are uniform in size indicates that the measurements recorded here concern actually the single virus elements.

4. The sedimentation equilibrium of the virus has been estimated. The value calculated on this basis for the weight of a single virus particle is circ. 1 × 10−17 g. The diameter of a sphere of this weight and density 1·30 would be 25 mμ. The size values for the virus, 25 mμ estimated from sedimentation equilibrium data and 20 mμ estimated from sedimentation rate data, are discussed in relation to the possible shape of the virus particles.

5. The virus can be sedimented in sucrose and sucrose-salt solutions of densities up to 1·28. On the basis of the sedimentation rates in these media the specific gravity of the virus particles is estimated to be about 1·40. This value however may be abnormally high due to the dehydrating effect of the high concentration of salt or sugar. The application of the centrifuge technique described here to the concentration and purification of the virus of foot-andmouth disease in conjunction with ultrafiltration methods will be the subject of a second paper by Galloway & Schlesinger (1937).
The sterilization of T.A.B.C. vaccine
Authors: Rainsford S. G.
Published: May 2009

1. Horgan's (1936) findings with regard to heat sterilization of B. typhosus vaccine are not confirmed.

2. Silver in the form of katadyne or electro-katadyne appears to be an effective sterilizing agent for B. typhosus suspensions.

3. Katadyne and electro-katadyne have no destructive action on Vi, O or H agglutinogens of B. typhosus.

4. Electro-katadyne, even when used in excessive doses, has no detrimental effect on the immunizing activities of Vi antigen.

5. Electro-katadyne sterilized suspensions of V strains of B. typhosus are more effective immunogenic agents than those sterilized by heat and phenol.

6. The bactericidal properties of electro-katadyne, though impaired in 0·85 per cent saline, are adequate as a means for preserving vaccine.

7. It is suggested that katadyne sterilized suspensions of V strains might be of value in testing for the presence of Vi agglutinins in human sera since they are hypersensitive to Vi antibody while retaining most of their resistance to O antibody.

8. In view of the suggestion by Felix that additional antigens with activities similar to those of Vi antigen may exist in bacteria other than B. typhosus, it may be found that the electro-katadyne process has an application in the preparation of vaccines generally, particularly those which have hitherto proved ineffectual in prophylaxis.
The effect of small amounts of chlorine on the reduction time of milk
Authors: Barkworth H.
Published: May 2009

Chlorine at the rate of 5 and 10 parts per million of available chlorine in the form of Milton significantly increased the reduction time of milk samples.

Observed increases varied from −0·50 to + 1·25 hr.

At this level of chlorination the increase in R.t. is not correlated with the initial plate count and also occurs at all levels of R.t.
Indices of physical development in children
Authors: Tuxford A. W.
Published: May 2009

At the beginning of the war, the London County Counoil issued a report by Sir Frederick Menzies, their late School Medical Officer, on the average heights and weights of London elementary school children in 1938. The report is based on the measurements of about 100,000 children, and is probably the most important contribution to the anthropometry of childhood that has appeared in this country for many years.
The bacteriological classification of the principal cultures used in rat and mouse control in Great Britain
Authors: Leslie P. H.
Published: May 2009

1. The six ‘viruses’, Liverpool, Danysz, London, Ready Rat Relief, Institut Pasteur and Ratin, which are the principal bacterial cultures at present employed for anti-rodent control in Great Britain, have been examined.
2. By means of reciprocal absorption tests all these six strains were found to be serologically identical with S. enteritidis Gaertner, antigenic structure, IX:gom:—.
3. From the results of the fermentation tests, which may be used to subdivide this serological type, Liverpool, Danysz, Ready Rat Relief and Ratin were assigned to the var. danysz subgroup; while the London and Institut Pasteur strains could not be distinguished from the classic S. enteritidis type.
4. Both of these subgroups are pathogenic for man, and evidence is cited which shows quite clearly that human cases of gastro-enteritis have been caused by the use of virus preparations. There are, also, reasonable grounds for believing that these bacterial types may be pathogenic for a number of domestic animals, including some poultry.
Height and weight measurements of school children
Authors: Benjamin B.
Published: May 2009

Sample frequency distributions are given of height and weight measurements of London elementary school children made during the period 1935–8. In addition these measurements have been analysed in order to determine the seasonal fluctuation in rates of growth. The rate of increase in height appears to reach a maximum in the latter part of spring and a minimum in the middle of autumn. The rate of increase in weight appears to reach a maximum in the latter part of autumn and a minimum in the middle of spring. Tables and graphs are given showing, for each sex, the variation in the rates of growth throughout the calendar year. I wish to thank the County Medical Officer of Health, W. Allen Daley, M.D., F.R.C.P., for permission to publish this paper and for encouragement in its preparation; Mr L. Coward, F.I.A., and Mr E. Lewis Faning, Ph.D., for statistical criticism; and Mr J. H. Farrar for drawing the diagrams.

The London County Council takes no responsibility for the views expressed in this paper which are personal only.
Agglutination tests in the diagnosis of enteric fever in the inoculated
Authors: Wilson J. F.
Published: May 2009

1. Early blood culture is the best method of laboratory diagnosis in the inoculated case of enteric fever, but agglutination tests may give useful information.

2. In inoculated cases of enteric fever O and Vi agglutinins may be absent or present only at low titres. Steadily rising titres are not the rule and the titres more often fluctuate.

3. Complete agglutination at titres over 1: 80 for TO, over 1: 40 for AO, or over 1: 10 for Vi is suggestive but not diagnostic of an active infection.

4. Non-specific stimulation of the O and Vi agglutinins in the inoculated affects mainly the lower range of titres which are probably of little diagnostic significance.

5. Previous inoculations increase the proportion of people with residual O agglutinins within 6 months of the last inoculation but do not affect the Vi agglutinins.

6. Vi agglutinins may be present in normal inoculated persons who are not carriers.
Studies on vaccinia haemagglutinin: I. Some physico-chemical properties
Authors: Chu C. M.
Published: May 2009

1. Specific vaccinia haemagglutinin has been identified in vaccinia materials derived from chick embryo, rabbit skin, rabbit testis and sheep skin.

2. The haemagglutinin is distinct from, and apparently unassociated with, the elementary bodies.

3. Centrifugation studies indicate that the haemagglutinin activity is associated with particles of the order of 65 μ in diameter and having an approximate density value of 1·;1.

4. Vaccinia haemagglutinin retains its haemagglutinating activity after boiling for 10 min. It is stable within the pH range 5·92–9·79.

5. The behaviour of vaccinia haemagglutinin to various chemical procedures and an attempt at its purification are described.
Investigations on the typing of staphylococci by means of bacteriophage: II. The significance of lysogenic strains in staphylococcal type designation
Authors: Smith H. Williams
Published: May 2009

1. Investigations have been carried out on the bacteriophage method of typing staphylococci developed by Wilson & Atkinson (1945).

2. Acquired phage resistance has been shown to be responsible for the classification of many strains as different phage types.

3. Repeated testing of the same strains showed that the phage types were stable in character when the strains were maintained under laboratory conditions.

4. When two strains of staphylococci, one of which was lysogenic to the other, were grown together in broth, the susceptible strain underwent a change in phage type. As a result of this, it is considered that, in epidemiological studies, infective material should be plated directly on to a solid medium and not incubated first in broth, as is sometimes done. Evidence has been obtained suggesting that this change of type may also take place in the field. This phenomenon may be of some significance in epidemiological studies extending over a long period of time.

5. An attempt has been made to classify staphylococcal strains by phage methods into types that differ other than by virtue of acquired phage resistance. These are called, for convenience, genetic types. Reasons are given for the view that this may not be a satisfactory method of classification in practice.
A dietary and clinical survey of pregnant women with particular reference to toxaemia of pregnancy
Authors: Hobson W.
Published: May 2009

An individual dietary survey of 111 primiparae was carried out in Bristol during 1947. Compared with a group studied by McCance in 1938, these women were getting twice as much milk, more bread, potatoes, vegetables and fish; they were getting less meat, butter and margarine. 84 % were taking supplements of vitamins A and D.

Compared with the N.R.C. standard for pregnant women the diets were very poor, not one reaching the standard. It is felt that the N.R.C. standard for pregnant women is set too high. Compared with the standard for sedentary women there were deficiencies in vitamins B and C, the most marked being in nicotinic acid (74% of diets). As a group they appeared to be well nourished, only 8 % had a Hb below 80% and only one a plasma protein below 5·5 g./100 c.c.; there were no stigmata usually attributable to nutritional deficiencies. The only complication of note was toxaemia, which occurred in 15% of cases. The only deficiency in the diet common to all cases of toxaemia was in nicotinic acid. The mean intake of nicotinic acid was 2·0 mg. lower in the toxaemic group than the mean intake of nicotinic acid in the normal subjects. This difference was statistically significant. Evidence is presented which suggests that deficiency of nicotinic acid or vitamin B6 may be a predisposing factor in the production of toxaemia of pregnancy. The main cause of defective nutrition appears to be ignorance and not lack of money, this is an additional reason for the promotion of an intensive nutritional education programme.

The appointment of dietitians to ante-natal clinics is stressed as an important step in promoting education in nutritional matters during pregnancy.

The use and abuse of recommended allowances in pregnancy is discussed and the following diet is suggested as a reasonable practical allowance for pregnant women: calories, 2500; protein, 1·5 g. per kg. body weight; calcium, 1·5 g.; iron, 15 mg.; vitamin A, 3500 units (pre-formed); vitamin D, 800 units; vitamin B1; 1·5 mg.; riboflavin, 2·0 mg.; nicotinic acid, 14 mg.; vitamin C, 50 mg.
The toxicity of methallyl chloride and methyl bromide towards white rats
Authors: van Tiel N.
Published: May 2009

Gaseous insecticides, such as methyl bromide and methallyl chloride, are being used on an increasing scale against insects attacking stored products such as grain, tobacco, etc. Their use involves two possible dangers. In the first place, the worker may be poisoned either during the actual gassing operation or during the preparatory period. Secondly, there is the possible danger to consumers through the absorption of these furnigants into the stored product.
Observations upon the bacterial nucleus
Authors: Bisset K. A.
Published: May 2009

Two different types of nucleus are found to occur in bacteria. The first is a spherical, central or eccentric body occurring in some types of cocci and in Corynebacteria. By analogy with a similar structure inAzotobacter, it is considered that the nucleus may be of vesicular form, surrounded by chromatinic granules, and resembling the nuclear vacuole of certain yeasts.

The second type of nucleus consists of paired chromosomes, usually either one or two pairs. These chromosomes form fusion nuclei within which chromosome divisions take place; they are then redistributed to a number of daughter cells.

The majority of rod-shaped Eubacteria, including the lanceolate-celled streptococci, have this type of nucleus, which is also found in Myxobacteria. The nuclear cycle is quite distinct from the cytological processes which accompany spore and microcyst formation and germination.
A first record of Brucella abortus (Bang) in the cattle of Mauritius; and data on the possible occurrence locally of undulant fever in man
Authors: Webb J. Lewis , Webb A. M. Lilly
Published: May 2009

1. Recovery of a strain of Brucella abortus Bang from a foetus aborted by a cow in Mauritius is reported.

2. Agglutination tests performed on samples of blood from cows of the Government Dairy indicate that contagious abortion of cattle is present in this country; approximately 24% of the animals from the Government Dairy belonged to the latent or past infection group; 18 % to the active infection group and 15% were presumptive bacilli excreters.

3. As aresult of agglutination tests with the blood serum from man Undulant fever due to Br. abortus is suspected to occur in Mauritius.
The retention of methallyl chloride and methyl bromide by fumigated grain
Authors: van Tiel N.
Published: May 2009

The use of fumigants against insects attacking stored products involves two possible dangers. In the first place workers may be poisoned by inhaling the fumigant either during its use or its manufacture. Secondly the fumigant may be adsorbed onto food-stuffs thereby hazarding the health of consumers.
Electron-microscope studies on relapsing fever spirochaetes
Authors: Babudieri B. , Bocciarelli D.
Published: May 2009

In December 1945, Lofgren & Soule described the structure ofSpirochaeta novyi,as revealed by the electron microscope but, owing to the present emergency conditions, this work has only now come to our knowledge.