bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bladder incarceration with perforation in scrotal herniation: A case report
Authors: Kunit Thomas , Hruby Stephen , Schaetz Tobias , Janetschek Gunter , Lusuardi Lukas
Published: May 2014

Inguinoscrotal hernias containing urinary bladder are very rare. There are only a few cases described with perforation in the scrotum. This illness is a severe and should be kept in mind with any patient complaining of a scrotal hernia. We report a case of bladder perforation caused by inguinoscrotal hernia with incarceration and severe sepsis in a 93-year-old male. A computed tomography scan with excretory phase was used to diagnose the disease. A laparotomy with partial bladder resection and herniotomy were performed. Our patient recovered well from surgery. Ten days after surgery, a cystography was performed showing no extravasation.
The Gravitational Origin of the Higgs Boson Mass
Authors: Winterberg Friedwardt
Published: May 2014

The Lorentzian interpretation of the special theory of relativity explains all the relativistic effects by true deformations of rods and clocks in absolute motion against a preferred reference system, and where Lorentz invariance is a dynamic symmetry with the Galilei group the more fundamental kinematic symmetry of nature. In an exactly nonrelativistic quantum field theory the particle number operator commutes with the Hamilton operator which permits to introduce negative besides positive masses as the fundamental constituents of matter. Assuming that space is densely filled with an equal number of positive and negative locally interacting Planck mass particles, with those of equal sign repelling and those of opposite sign attracting each other, all the particles except the Planck mass particles are quasiparticles of this positive-negative-mass Planck mass plasma. Very much as the Van der Waals forces is the residual short-range electromagnetic force holding condensed matter together, and the strong nuclear force the residual short range gluon force holding together nuclear matter, it is conjectured that the Higgs field is the residual short range gravitational force holding together pre-quark matter made up from large positive and negative masses of the order ±1013 GeV. This hypothesis supports a theory by Dehnen and Frommert who have shown that the Higgs field acts like a short range gravitational field, with a strength about 32 orders of magnitude larger than one would expect in the absence of the positive-negative pre-quark mass hypothesis.
Mezinárodní srovnávací výzkumy školního vzdělávání v České republice: zjištění a výzvy
Authors: Potužníková E. , Lokajíčková V. , Janík T.
Published: May 2014

Přehledová studie pojednává o mezinárodních srovnávacích výzkumech v oblasti vzdělávání realizovaných v České republice v posledních dvaceti letech. Jejím cílem je informovat o tom, jak jsou výsledky mezinárodních výzkumů zpracovávány v domácí odborné literatuře a k jakým závěrům vedou. V první části studie stručně popisujeme, jakých mezinárodních výzkumů se Česká republika účastnila. V druhé části se zaměřujeme na témata, která byla v návaznosti na výsledky českých žáků zpracována ve vybraných domácích odborných časopisech a monografických pracích. Je možné konstatovat, že výsledky českých žáků v mezinárodních výzkumech lze považovat za poměrně konzistentní, i když v průběhu času dochází k určitým výkyvům. Závěrečná část přehledové studie naznačuje několik cest, jak by bylo možné s daty a výsledky mezinárodních výzkumů dále pracovat. Mezinárodní srovnávací výzkumy představují pro Českou republiku bohatý rezervoár dat, jehož potenciál by mohl být více využíván pro didaktiku v zájmu rozvíjení produktivní kultury vyučování a učení.
Em busca de uma ideologia para a revolução mexicana
Authors: Cantarelli Ana Paula , Lima Erivelton Franco de
Published: May 2014

Vários pesquisadores, desde 1910, teceram reflexões sobre a existência ou não de uma ideologia manifesta na estrutura da revolução mexicana. Neste texto, dedicamo-nos a retomar de forma breve tais discussões a partir da análise do romance Pedro Páramo, de Juan Rulfo. Nosso intuito é apresentar uma proposta de leitura dessa obra considerando, principalmente, os estudos de Octavio Paz (1998) e Arnaldo Córdova (1989 e 2003) que possuem perspectivas distintas sobre esse tema.
O Paraguai de meados do século XX e as feridas da violência na narrativa curta de Augusto Roa Bastos
Authors: Morosino Juliana Terra , Ourique João Luis Pereira
Published: May 2014

O presente artigo expõe uma leitura sobre o Paraguai marcado pela violência, e que representado pela literatura de Augusto Roa Bastos, mais especificamente na obra El trueno entre las hojas (1953) interroga o sistema político-social do país na tentativa de reagir contra o sistema autoritário de meados do século XX. Sustentado pela Teoria Crítica da Sociedade e pela Crítica Literária Latino-americana, apresenta um estudo sobre o sujeito paraguaio e a constituição de obras literárias que, compostas em meio à intensa repressão política, desobedecem ao discurso oficial, expressando um contexto totalitário visto e vivido pelo autor exilado.
Le Régime de rentes du Québec : le rendement différencié selon l’année de prise de la retraite de 1968 jusqu’en 2056
Authors: Godbout Luc , Trudel Yves , St-Cerny Suzie
Published: May 2014

La présente étude s’intéresse aux taux de rendement réalisés et anticipés des cotisants au Régime de rentes du Québec de 1968 jusqu’en 2056. Pour ce faire, des agents pour chacune de ces années ont été constitués. Une décroissance constante des rendements s’observe au cours de la période. Les taux de rendement de la première génération de cotisants sont nettement supérieurs à ceux des générations subséquentes principalement en raison des modalités de mise en place des prestations. Le relèvement des taux de cotisation pour les générations subséquentes joue aussi un rôle dans la réduction du taux de rendement observé mais, contrairement à la croyance populaire, l’importance de ce facteur est beaucoup moins grande.
Interannual variation in biomass burning and fire seasonality derived from geostationary satellite data across the contiguous United States from 1995 to 2011
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyang , Kondragunta Shobha , Roy David P.
Published: May 2014

Wildfires exhibit a strong seasonality that is driven by climatic factors and human activities. Although the fire seasonality is commonly determined using burned area and fire frequency, it could also be quantified using biomass consumption estimates that directly represent biomass loss (a combination of the area burned and the fuel loading). Therefore, in this study a data set of long‐term biomass consumed was derived from geostationary satellite data to explore the interannual variation in the fire seasonality and the possible impacts of climate change and land management practices across the Contiguous United States (CONUS). Specifically, daily biomass consumed data were derived using the fire radiative power retrieved from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites series with a pixel size of 4–10 km from 1995 to 2011. Annual fire seasonality metrics including the fire season duration, the timing of the start, peak, and end of the fire season, and interannual variation and trends were derived from the 17 year biomass consumed record. These metrics were associated with climatic factors to examine drivers and mediators of fire seasonality. The results indicate that biomass consumed significantly increased at a rate of 2.87 Tg/yr; however, the derived fire season duration exhibited a shortening trend in various states over the western CONUS and no significant trend in most other regions. This suggests that the frequency of extreme fire events has increased, which is perhaps associated with an observed increase of extreme weather conditions. Further, both the start and the end of the fire season exhibited an early shift (1.5–5 d/yr) in various eastern states although a late shift occurred in Arizona and Oregon. The interannual variation and trend in the fire seasonality was more strongly related to temperature in the western CONUS and to precipitation in the southeast. The Palmer Drought Severity Index was found to effectively reflect interannual variations in total biomass consumed although it was poorly correlated to the fire seasonality metrics. The results indicate that across the CONUS, the spatial patterns of the start, peak, and end of the fire season shift regularly in various regions in response to latitudinal gradients of temperature variation.
Marine CDOM accumulation during a coastal Arctic mesocosm experiment: No response to elevated pCO2 levels
Authors: Pavlov Alexey K. , Silyakova Anna , Granskog Mats A. , Bellerby Richard G.J. , Engel Anja , Schulz Kai G. , Brussaard Corina P.D.
Published: May 2014

A large‐scale multidisciplinary mesocosm experiment in an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard; 78°56.2′N) was used to study Arctic marine food webs and biogeochemical elements cycling at natural and elevated future carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. At the start of the experiment, marine‐derived chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dominated the CDOM pool. Thus, this experiment constituted a convenient case to study production of autochthonous CDOM, which is typically masked by high levels of CDOM of terrestrial origin in the Arctic Ocean proper. CDOM accumulated during the experiment in line with an increase in bacterial abundance; however, no response was observed to increased pCO2 levels. Changes in CDOM absorption spectral slopes indicate that bacteria were most likely responsible for the observed CDOM dynamics. Distinct absorption peaks (at ~ 330 and ~ 360 nm) were likely associated with mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs). Due to the experimental setup, MAAs were produced in absence of ultraviolet exposure providing evidence for MAAs to be considered as multipurpose metabolites rather than simple photoprotective compounds. We showed that a small increase in CDOM during the experiment made it a major contributor to total absorption in a range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) and, therefore, is important for spectral light availability and may be important for photosynthesis and phytoplankton groups composition in a rapidly changing Arctic marine ecosystem.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Ritschel Lorie A. , Kilpela Lisa S.
Published: May 2014

Borderline personality disorder (
BPD
) is characterized by severe and persistent difficulties with emotion regulation. These difficulties often lead individuals with
BPD
to struggle with problems in the behavioral, cognitive, interpersonal, and intrapersonal spheres. This entry reviews the history and development of the
BPD
diagnosis as well as prevalence rates, common comorbid diagnoses, neurocognitive and biological correlates, and current treatment options (including dialectical behavior therapy and mentalization‐based psychotherapy). Finally, this entry reviews two controversial issues often mentioned regarding
BPD
—the stigma and judgment surrounding the label, and diagnosing
BPD
in youth. Diagnostic considerations relevant to the diagnosis and future directions are discussed.
Clinical Hypnosis
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Kirsch Irving
Published: May 2014

Hypnosis comprises two components: an induction procedure centering on the suggestion to enter a hypnotic state, and imaginative suggestions for various changes in experience and behavior. Hypnotherapy is the addition of hypnosis to a psychological or medical treatment. Research indicates that hypnosis can augment the effects of psychological treatments for obesity, depression, public‐speaking anxiety, smoking, and acute stress disorder. Hypnotic suggestions can also produce clinically meaningful reductions in pain. The ability to respond to hypnotic suggestions varies between people but even low‐suggestible individuals may benefit from hypnotic interventions.
Levinson's Activity Types and Grammar
Authors: Betz Emma
Published: May 2014

This entry introduces Levinson's notion of
activity type
and its usefulness in connecting micro‐ and macrolevel descriptions of discourse. Research in this area views language forms as embedded in discourse and activity contexts. Grammar is connected to activity types because communicative activity types are enacted as well as constituted through the use of language. Examples are drawn from research on the formation of questions and answers in different contexts (classroom teaching, medical consultation), on situated requests, and on storytelling sequences.
Historical Pragmatics
Authors: Kádár Dániel Z.
Published: May 2014

Historical pragmatics is an area engaged in the study of language use in historically situated settings; hence it brings a historical perspective into pragmatics and a pragmatic perspective into research on historical language.
Native and Non‐Native Teachers of English
Authors: Llurda Enric
Published: May 2014

Language teaching is a complex task that requires knowledge beyond language proficiency. It is obvious that one needs to know a language in order to teach it, but it is no less true that one needs to have pedagogical skills and metalinguistic awareness in order to take the adequate methodological decisions involved in language education.
Morley, Joan
Authors: Silberstein Sandra
Published: May 2014

Over a career spanning more than fifty years, (H.) Joan Morley has been a preeminent expert in teaching pronunciation and aural/oral skills to English‐language learners. She has published nine textbooks, four edited volumes, several monographs and manuals for teachers, and six dozen articles and chapters and has given over 100 plenary or keynote addresses worldwide. At the time of her 2004 retirement from the University of Michigan, the combined sales of all of her textbooks exceeded one million copies.
Teaching Signed Languages
Authors: Mann Wolfgang , Haug Tobias , Kollien Simon , Quinto‐Pozos David
Published: May 2014

A signed language that is acquired naturally by a deaf or hearing child, for instance within a family or a Deaf school setting, can typically be described as a first language (L1) for the child; such a language could be labeled assigned language L1, orSL1. The acquisition of a signed language can also consist in learning that takes place after a deaf or hearing person has already acquired an L1; hereafter we refer to a language acquired in such a way assigned language L2, orSL2. Unlike in the case of SL1 learning, a number of SL2 curricula are available for different signed languages.
Grammar in Spoken and Written English
Authors: Scheibman Joanne
Published: May 2014

Studies based on mainstream varieties of English suggest that observed differences in distributions of grammatical elements in speech and writing are largely due to the distinct situations of use and communicative functions of spoken and written text types, and not to modality alone.
Assessment for Learning in Theory and Practice in
L2
Classrooms
Authors: Colby‐Kelly Christian
Published: May 2014

This entry will focus on the assessment for learning (AFL) approach to teaching and learning in second language (L2) classrooms. AFL puts students at the center of classroom learning and encourages them to take more responsibility for their learning, while teachers monitor, provide feedback, and guide learners in identifying areas in need of improvement. AFL is essentially a philosophy of how to use formative assessment (classroom assessment used
for
learning purposes) in a manner best suited to enhance learner motivation and learning outcomes.
Wetting and Mechanical Performance of Zirconia Brazed with Silver/Copper Oxide and Silver/Vanadium Oxide Alloys
Authors: Sinnamon Kathleen E. , Meier Alan M. , Joshi Vineet V.
Published: May 2014

The wetting behavior and mechanical strength of silver/copper oxide and silver/vanadium oxide braze alloys were investigated for both magnesia‐stabilized and yttria‐stabilized (Mg‐PSZ and Y‐TZP) transformation toughened zirconia substrates. The temperatures investigated were 1000–1100 °C, with oxide additions of 1–10 wt% V2O5 or CuO, and hold times of 0.9–3.6 ks. Increasing either the isothermal hold temperature or time had a distinctly negative effect on the joint strength. The maximum strengths for both braze alloys were obtained for 5 wt% oxide additions at 1050 °C with a hold time of 0.9 ks. The Mg‐PSZ/Ag‐CuO system exhibited a average fracture strength of 255 MPa (45% of the reported monolithic strength), and the Y‐TZP/Ag‐CuO system had an average fracture strength of 540 MPa (35% of the reported monolithic strength). The fracture strengths were lower for the Ag‐V2O5 braze alloys, with fracture strengths of approximately 180 MPa (30% of the monolithic strength) for Mg‐PSZ versus approximately 160 MPa (10% of the monolithic strength) for Y‐TZP. The fracture always occurred at the braze–ceramic interface. No interfacial products were observed in low magnification SEM analysis for the brazing alloys containing V2O5 additions, while there were interfacial products present for brazes prepared with CuO additions in the braze alloy.
Characterization of Rapidly Solidified Nd–Al and Nd–Ag Eutectic Alloys in Drop Tube
Authors: Büyük Uğur , Erol Mustafa , Volkmann Thomas , Herlach Dieter M.
Published: May 2014

Nd–14.2 at%Al and Nd–20.0 at%Ag eutectic alloys were containerlessly solidified in an 8 m drop tube. The droplets were undercooled during the free fall in about 1 s under reduced gravity condition in He atmosphere. The cooling rates at the solidification temperature were computed as a function of droplet size by making use of heat balance calculations. They were ranging between 40 × 103 and 0.8 × 103 K s−1 for droplets in size range of 100–900 μm diameters. Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers of the droplets were calculated. Microstructures of the alloys were analyzed and eutectic spacings were determined. Microhardnesses of the droplets with different sizes were measured to reveal a dependence on the cooling rates with which the droplets are solidified.
Defining a therapeutic target for pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia
Authors: Cheung Tyler , Noecker Angela M. , Alterman Ron L. , McIntyre Cameron C. , Tagliati Michele
Published: May 2014

Objective

To create a data‐driven computational model that identifies brain regions most frequently influenced by successful deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus (GP) for advanced, medication‐resistant, generalized dystonia.

Methods

We studied a retrospective cohort of 21 DYT1 primary dystonia patients treated for at least 1 year with bilateral pallidal DBS. We first created individual volume of tissue activation (VTA) models utilizing neuroimaging and postoperative stimulation and clinical data. These models were then combined into a standardized probabilistic dystonia stimulation atlas (DSA). Finally, we constructed a candidate target volume from electrodes demonstrating at least 75% improvement in contralateral symptoms, utilizing voxels stimulated by least 75% of these electrodes.

Results

Pallidal DBS resulted in a median contralateral hemibody improvement of 90% (mean = 83%, standard deviation [SD] = 20) after 1 year of treatment. Individual VTA models of the 42 active electrodes included in the study demonstrated a mean stimulation volume of 501mm ([SD] = 284). The resulting DSA showed that areas most frequently stimulated were located squarely in the middle of the posterior GP, with a common target volume measuring 153mm3.

Interpretation

Our results provide a map of the region of influence of therapeutic DBS for dystonia and represent a potential target to refine current methods of surgical planning and stimulation parameters selection. Based on their role in alleviating symptoms, these regions may also provide anatomical and physiological information relevant to disease models of dystonia. Further experimental and clinical studies will be needed to validate their importance. Ann Neurol 2014;76:22–30
Nucleation and Growth Synthesis of Siloxane Gels to Form Functional, Monodisperse, and Acoustically Programmable Particles
Authors: Shields C. Wyatt , Sun Danping , Johnson Kennita A. , Duval Korine A. , Rodriguez Aura V. , Gao Lu , Dayton Paul A. , López Gabriel P.
Published: May 2014

Nucleation and growth methods offer scalable means of synthesizing colloidal particles with precisely specified size for applications in chemical research, industry, and medicine. These methods have been used to prepare a class of silicone gel particles that display a range of programmable properties and narrow size distributions. The acoustic contrast factor of these particles in water is estimated and can be tuned such that the particles undergo acoustophoresis to either the pressure nodes or antinodes of acoustic standing waves. These particles can be synthesized to display surface functional groups that can be covalently modified for a range of bioanalytical and acoustophoretic sorting applications.
Polymerization of Ethylene through Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT)
Authors: Dommanget Cédric , D'Agosto Franck , Monteil Vincent
Published: May 2014

The present paper reports the first example of a controlled radical polymerization of ethylene using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) in the presence of xanthates (Alkyl‐OC(S)S‐R) as controlling agents under relative mild conditions (70 °C, <200 bars). The specific reactivity of the produced alkyl‐type propagating radicals induces a side fragmentation reaction of the stabilizing O‐alkyl Z group of the controlling agents. This fragmentation, rarely observed in RAFT, was proven by NMR analyses. In addition, semicrystalline copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate were also prepared with a similar level of control.
Electrochemical Monitoring of the Early Events of Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Mitochondria
Authors: Suraniti Emmanuel , Ben‐Amor Salem , Landry Pauline , Rigoulet Michel , Fontaine Eric , Bottari Serge , Devin Anne , Sojic Neso , Mano Nicolas , Arbault Stéphane
Published: May 2014

Mitochondria consume oxygen in the respiratory chain and convert redox energy into ATP. As a side process, they produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose physiological activities are still not understood. However, current analytical methods cannot be used to monitor mitochondrial ROS quantitatively and unambiguously. We have developed electrochemical biosensors based on peroxidase‐redox polymer‐modified electrodes, providing selective detection of H2O2 with nanomolar sensitivity, linear response over five concentration decades, and fast response time. The release of H2O2 by mitochondria was then monitored under phosphorylating or inhibited respiration conditions. We report the detection of two concomitant regimes of H2O2 release: large fluxes (hundreds of nM) under complex III inhibition, and bursts of a few nM immediately following mitochondria activation. These unprecedented bursts of H2O2 are assigned to the role of mitochondria as the hub of redox signaling in cells.
Preparation of novel dendritic flame‐retardant polymer and its application in EPDM composites
Authors: Wen Zhao , Jincheng Wang , Kai Sun , Yi Zhao
Published: May 2014

Flame‐retardant polymer, dendritic tetramethylolphosphonium chloride (FR‐DTHPC), was prepared by condensation polymerization between THPC, the monomer we prepared, and boric acid. It was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic viscosity, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometer. This FR‐DTHPC was used in the preparation of flame‐retardant ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composites. Different types of EPDM/FR‐DTHPC composites were prepared with different amounts of FR‐DTHPC. Then, the cure characteristic, tensile properties, flame‐retardance, and thermal stability were researched and compared. Results showed that the addition of this novel additive can improve some mechanical and flame‐retardant properties of EPDM composites. Mechanisms of reinforcing and flame‐retardance were proposed. The dendritic polymer may reduce the amount and size of voids in EPDM composites, and thus may increase their tensile properties. Meanwhile, the degradation products from nitrogen, phosphorus, and boric acid in FR‐DTHPC can increase the amount of carbonaceous layers, and thus can inhibit the pyrolysis degree of EPDM composites during burning and improve their flame‐retardant performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40855.
Structure‐specific sorbent based on nanostructures for selective recognition of cimetidine from its structural analogues
Authors: Sooraj M. P. , Mathew Beena
Published: May 2014

Synthetic molecular units for cimetidine recognition (MWCNT‐MIP) were fabricated at the vinyl functionalized surface of MWCNT (MWCNT‐CH=CH2). The products and intermediates were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, PXRD, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and tunneling electron microscope techniques. The well fit curve of Langmuir adsorption isotherm clearly indicated the increased homogeneity of MWCNT‐MIP (R2 = 0.998) as compared to the bulk MIP (R2 = 0.966). The rebinding process was found to follow a second‐order kinetics with a rapid adsorption rate and decreased time period which suggested the enhancement of recognition sites on the surface of MWCNT‐MIP. The maximum saturated binding capacity (Qmax) showed a 31.73% increase after the incorporation of MWCNT on MIPs. The relative selectivity coefficient (k') of MWCNT‐MIP (6.82) was higher than that of the bulk MIP (4.23). In addition, reusability of bulk and MWCNT‐MIPs was demonstrated. It was found that MWCNT‐MIP showed five repeated cycles without any loss in performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40947.
Effect of ionic strength on the reactivity ratios of acrylamide/acrylic acid (sodium acrylate) copolymerization
Authors: Riahinezhad Marzieh , Kazemi Niousha , McManus Neil , Penlidis Alexander
Published: May 2014

The ionic strength (IS) of polyelectrolyte solutions plays an important role in influencing reaction kinetics. The largely unstudied effect of IS on monomer reactivity ratios and copolymerization rates of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AAc), in the form of sodium acrylate (NaAc), is investigated. Salt addition affects the nature of overall charges of the polyelectrolyte solution and diminishes the electrostatic repulsions between reacting chains. Therefore, changing the IS of the solution by incorporating salts affect not only the point estimates of the monomer reactivity ratios but also the overall behavior of the copolymerization (with a transition to azeotropic behavior). Experimental results on copolymerization rates confirm the observed trends in reactivity ratio behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40949.
Use of Ionic Liquids as Neoteric Solvents in the Synthesis of Fused Heterocycles
Authors: Nevagi Reshma J. , Dighe Santosh N. , Dighe Satish N. , Chaskar Pratip K. , Srinivasan Kumar V. , Jain Kishor S.
Published: May 2014

Medicinal chemistry has been benefited by combinatorial chemistry and high‐throughput parallel synthesis. Ionic liquids reduce the materials and energy intensity of chemical processes and products, minimize or eliminate the dispersion of harmful chemicals in the environment, maximize the use of renewable resources and extend the durability and recyclability of products. It is possible to tune the physical and chemical properties by varying the nature of the cations and anions. Ionic liquids can be easily recovered, cleaned up, and reused repeatedly.
Synthesis, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition, and Antioxidant Screening of Benzophenone Tagged Thiazolidinone Analogs
Authors: Lakshmi Ranganatha V. , Begum A. Bushra , Naveen P. , Zameer Farhan , Hegdekatte Raghavendra , Khanum Shaukath Ara
Published: May 2014

A series of novel 2‐(diaryl methanone)‐N‐(4‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐thiazolidin‐3‐yl)‐acetamides were synthesized by various Schiff bases of (4‐benzoyl‐phenoxy)‐aceto hydrazide with thioglycolic acid. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectra, and C, H, N analysis. Further, all the synthesized compounds 9a–n were evaluated for xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition and antioxidant properties. Among all the tested compounds, 9f, 9m, and 9n demonstrated potent XO inhibition of 52, 76, and 26%, respectively, compared to the standard drug allopurinol, which is evident from in vitro and in silico analysis. On the other hand, compounds 9c, 9d, and 9k exhibit potent antioxidant properties.
Characterization of a novel cytochrome P450 from Amycolatopsis sp. CGMCC1149 for hydroxylation of lovastatin
Authors: Zong Hong , Zhuge Bin , Lu Xinyao , Huo Xiaoyu , Fang Huiying , Song Jian , Sun Jin
Published: May 2014

Wuxistatin, a novel and potent statin, is converted from lovastatin by Amycolatopsis sp. CGMCC1149. In the bioconversion, lovastatin is firstly hydroxylated to 3‐hydroxymethyl lovastatin (product I) by a hydroxylase. In the current study, a novel hydroxylase gene p450lov was isolated from Amycolatopsis sp. CGMCC1149 by degenerate PCR and self‐formed adaptor PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene encodes a 403‐amino‐acid protein with a molecular weight of 44.8 kDa and was designated as a new member of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 105 family, CYP105A44. Meanwhile, a lovastatin catalytic in vitro system was established, and an optimal hydroxylation reaction system contained 30 µM lovastatin, 600 µM NADH, 120 µM ferredoxin, 0.04 U ferredoxin−nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase, and 100 µM CYP105A44 in a final volume of 200 µL Tris HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4). These would be helpful for further studies on the hydroxylation of statins.
Modeling of cell culture damage and recovery leads to increased antibody and biomass productivity in CHO cell cultures
Authors: Naderi Saeideh , Nikdel Ali , Meshram Mukesh , McConkey Brendan , Ingalls Brian , Budman Hector , Scharer Jeno
Published: May 2014

The development of an efficient and productive cell‐culture process requires a deep understanding of intracellular mechanisms and extracellular conditions for optimal product synthesis. Mathematical modeling provides an effective strategy to predict, control, and optimize cell performance under a range of culture conditions. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed for the investigation of cell damage of a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture secreting recombinant anti‐RhD monoclonal antibody (mAb). Irreversible cell damage was found to be correlated with a reduction in pH. This irreversible damage to cellular function is described mathematically by a Tessier‐based model, in which the actively growing fraction of cells is dependent on an intracellular metabolic product acting as a growth inhibitor. To further verify the model, an offline model‐based optimization of mAb production in the cell culture was carried out, with the goal of minimizing cell damage and thereby enhancing productivity through intermittent refreshment of the culture medium. An experimental implementation of this model‐based strategy resulted in a doubling of the yield as compared to the batch operation and the resulting biomass and productivity profiles agreed with the model predictions.
Reaction and catalyst engineering to exploit kinetically controlled whole‐cell multistep biocatalysis for terminal FAME oxyfunctionalization
Authors: Schrewe Manfred , Julsing Mattijs K. , Lange Kerstin , Czarnotta Eik , Schmid Andreas , Bühler Bruno
Published: May 2014

The oxyfunctionalization of unactivated CH bonds can selectively and efficiently be catalyzed by oxygenase‐containing whole‐cell biocatalysts. Recombinant Escherichia coli W3110 containing the alkane monooxygenase AlkBGT and the outer membrane protein AlkL from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 have been shown to efficiently catalyze the terminal oxyfunctionalization of renewable fatty acid methyl esters yielding bifunctional products of interest for polymer synthesis. In this study, AlkBGTL‐containing E. coli W3110 is shown to catalyze the multistep conversion of dodecanoic acid methyl ester (DAME) via terminal alcohol and aldehyde to the acid, exhibiting Michaelis–Menten‐type kinetics for each reaction step. In two‐liquid phase biotransformations, the product formation pattern was found to be controlled by DAME availability. Supplying DAME as bulk organic phase led to accumulation of the terminal alcohol as the predominant product. Limiting DAME availability via application of bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (BEHP) as organic carrier solvent enabled almost exclusive acid accumulation. Furthermore, utilization of BEHP enhanced catalyst stability by reducing toxic effects of substrate and products. A further shift towards the overoxidized products was achieved by co‐expression of the gene encoding the alcohol dehydrogenase AlkJ, which was shown to catalyze efficient and irreversible alcohol to aldehyde oxidation in vivo. With DAME as organic phase, the aldehyde accumulated as main product using resting cells containing AlkBGT, AlkL, as well as AlkJ. This study highlights the versatility of whole‐cell biocatalysis for synthesis of industrially relevant bifunctional building blocks and demonstrates how integrated reaction and catalyst engineering can be implemented to control product formation patterns in biocatalytic multistep reactions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1820–1830. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic transcription factor activity profiles reveal key regulatory interactions during megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation
Authors: Duncan Mark T. , Shin Seungjin , Wu Jia J. , Mays Zachary , Weng Stanley , Bagheri Neda , Miller William M. , Shea Lonnie D.
Published: May 2014

The directed differentiation toward erythroid (E) or megakaryocytic (MK) lineages by the MK‐E progenitor (MEP) could enhance the ex vivo generation of red blood cells and platelets for therapeutic transfusions. The lineage choice at the MEP bifurcation is controlled in large part by activity within the intracellular signal transduction network, the output of which determines the activity of transcription factors (TFs) and ultimately gene expression. Although many TFs have been implicated, E or MK differentiation is a complex process requiring multiple days, and the dynamics of TF activities during commitment and terminal maturation are relatively unexplored. Herein, we applied a living cell array for the large‐scale, dynamic quantification of TF activities during MEP bifurcation. A panel of hematopoietic TFs (GATA‐1, GATA‐2, SCL/TAL1, FLI‐1, NF‐E2, PU.1, c‐Myb) was characterized during E and MK differentiation of bipotent K562 cells. Dynamic TF activity profiles associated with differentiation towards each lineage were identified, and validated with previous reports. From these activity profiles, we show that GATA‐1 is an important hub during early hemin‐ and PMA‐induced differentiation, and reveal several characteristic TF interactions for E and MK differentiation that confirm regulatory mechanisms documented in the literature. Additionally, we highlight several novel TF interactions at various stages of E and MK differentiation. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism by which nicotinamide (NIC) promoted terminal MK maturation using an MK‐committed cell line, CHRF‐288‐11 (CHRF). Concomitant with its enhancement of ploidy, NIC strongly enhanced the activity of three TFs with known involvement in terminal MK maturation: FLI‐1, NF‐E2, and p53. Dynamic profiling of TF activity represents a novel tool to complement traditional assays focused on mRNA and protein expression levels to understand progenitor cell differentiation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2082–2094. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emission Source Characterization during an Ethylene Plant Shutdown
Authors: Wang Ziyuan , Xu Qiang , Ho Thomas C.
Published: May 2014

To conduct a well‐planned plant shutdown, so as to reduce flare emissions for the sake of plant profitability and local environmental sustainability, one of the primary tasks is to perform comprehensive and precise accountings for flare emissions. Since the literature is still lacking systematic and quantitative studies, plant‐wide dynamic simulations are employed to simulate an ethylene plant shutdown and characterize its flare emission sources through which dynamic emission profiles of various emission species changing with respect to time are obtained. Plant shutdown emission inventories are enriched with details for point emission sources, and possible technical supports are provided to both industry and environmental agencies on evaluating and developing cost‐effective flare minimization strategies in the future.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba1‐xRbxFe2As2 and Generic Phase Behavior of Hole‐Doped 122‐Type Superconductors.
Authors: Peschke Simon , Stuerzer Tobias , Johrendt Dirk
Published: May 2014

The solid solution Ba1‐xRbxFe2As2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) is prepared by heating stoichiometric amounts of the elements (Nb crucible, 873—1173 K, several annealing cycles) and by solid state reaction of mixtures of BaFe2As2 and RbFe2As2 (Nb enclosed alumina crucible in silica ampoules, 1023—1123 K).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Alkali Thiophosphates Na2P2S6, Na4P2S6, K4P2S6, and Rb4P2S6.
Authors: Kuhn Alexander , Eger Roland , Nuss Juergen , Lotsch Bettina V.
Published: May 2014

The hitherto unknown, but expected title compounds are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (973—1120 K, 10 h) and characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cs2Ga2Se5.
Authors: Friedrich Daniel , Schlosser Marc , Pfitzner Arno
Published: May 2014

Cs2Ga2Se5 is obtained by thermal decomposition of CsN3 in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of GaSe and Se (evacuated quartz ampoule, 873 K, several days).
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Vanadoborates Functionalized with Zinc Complexes.
Authors: Liu Xing , Zhao Rongqing , Zhou Jian , Liu Meihua
Published: May 2014

Compound (III) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with Z = 4 and contains the new cluster [Zn4V10B34O84H10] 8‐.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Dimensional Molecular‐Based Magnet of Octacyanometalate‐Based Tungstate(V)‐Cobalt(II) Bimetallic Assembly with TC = 26 K.
Authors: Gao Zhi Kun , Gao Qing Wei , Liu Hai Sheng , Yang Bing Hui , Wang Ying , Ding Bin , Liu Ju Yan , Zhao Xiao Jun
Published: May 2014

{[CoII4(H2O)6 (C2O4)] [WV(CN)8] 2·6H2O}n is synthesized by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution of Na3[W(CN)8] to a mixture of Co(OAc)2 and oxalic acid in MeOH followed by evaporation at room temperature (two months; 35% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of [Ru@Ge12]3—: An Endohedral 3‐Connected Cluster.
Authors: Espinoza‐Quintero Gabriela , Duckworth Jack C. A. , Myers William K. , McGrady John E. , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: May 2014

Compound (III) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with Z = 2.
ChemInform Abstract: Triphenylphosphinecarboxamide: An Effective Reagent for the Reduction of Azides and Its Application to Nucleic Acid Detection.
Authors: Saneyoshi Hisao , Ochikubo Tatsuya , Mashimo Takushi , Hatano Ken , Ito Yoshihiro , Abe Hiroshi
Published: May 2014

In contrast to conventional methods in this procedure no subsequent hydrolysis step is necessary.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Regioselective Homocoupling of Thiophenes and Indoles via Directed C—H Cleavage.
Authors: Miura Masahiro , Hirano Koji , Odani Riko , Nishino Mayuko , Satoh Tetsuya
Published: May 2014

The regioselectivity of the homocoupling reaction of thiophenes and indoles is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of α‐Quaternary α‐Hydroxy‐β‐amino Esters via Silyl Glyoxylate‐Mediated Three‐Component Reactions.
Authors: Jiang Jiu‐Long , Yao Ming , Lu Chong‐Dao
Published: May 2014

The reaction products are isolated with <90% diastereoisomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereodivergent Synthesis of Enantioenriched 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐cyclopentenones.
Authors: Singh Gurpreet , Meyer Angelica , Aube Jeffrey
Published: May 2014

Using a known pathway, chiral diol (II) can be easily obtained via Noyori reduction which establishes the product stereochemistry in a single step.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Preparation of Dehydrodigallic Acid and Its Derivative for the Synthesis of Ellagitannins.
Authors: Shioe Kazuma , Ishikura Shingo , Horino Yoshikazu , Abe Hitoshi
Published: May 2014

The synthesis of highly functionalized biaryl ether derivatives [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Benzofuran Fused 1‐Azaazulene Derivative by Tandem Intermolecular Suzuki Coupling/Intramolecular Buchwald‐Hartwig Type Coupling.
Authors: Fujii Hiroyuki , Abe Noritaka , Sanada Kazuya , Kawai Yu , Ikeda Reiko , Konakahara Takeo
Published: May 2014

Azaazulene (III) is synthesized either by O‐arylation/C—C coupling of compounds (I) and (II) or by title tandem reaction sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polycyclic Indole Skeletons by a Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction.
Authors: Wang Tao , Shi Shuai , Pflaesterer Daniel , Rettenmeier Eva , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: May 2014

The title synthesis starts from simple, easily available urea‐substituted 3‐phenylpropargyl alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Formylation Reaction of 4‐(Piperazin‐1‐yl)phenols.
Authors: Dalla Croce Piero , Cremonesi Giuseppe , La Rosa Concetta
Published: May 2014

The Lewis acid‐catalyzed formylation of (I) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi(OTf)3 as a Dual Role Catalyst. Synthesis of Substituted Morpholine Derivatives via Catalytic O‐Allylation.
Authors: Cook Gregory R. , Hayashi Ryuji , Park Jin‐A
Published: May 2014

cis‐1,4‐Disubstituted morpholines are stereoselectively obtained by Bi(O‐Tf)3‐catalyzed ring closing O‐allylation under mild reaction conditions without the need of any base.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Reduction of Amino Allenephosphonates: Preparation of α‐Amino Vinylphosphonates.
Authors: Adler Pauline , Gomes Filipe , Fadel Antoine , Rabasso Nicolas
Published: May 2014

A new protocol for the synthesis of a variety of the title compounds is presented with good to excellent stereoselectivity towards the (Z)‐conformation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies Towards an Advanced Precursor of the Jatrophane Diterpene Pl‐4.
Authors: Fuerst Rita , Lentsch Christoph , Rinner Uwe
Published: May 2014

Precursor and diterpene are already shown by us (cheminform no.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of an Azido Precursor to (2S,5R)‐5‐Hydroxylysine Using an Asymmetric Organocatalytic Chlorination/Reduction Sequence.
Authors: Johannes Manuel , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: May 2014

A robust, scalable, and high‐yielding route to title azide (VI) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoxazolin‐5‐one Glucosides by a Cascade Reaction.
Authors: Becker Tobias , Goerls Helmar , Pauls Gerhard , Wedekind Roland , Kai Marco , von Reuss Stephan H. , Boland Wilhelm
Published: May 2014

A new and efficient approach to the natural sugar derivative (VI) and its α‐isomer (V) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Aurivillius BaBi4Ti4O15 Based Compounds: Structure, Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Bobic Jelena D. , Petrovic Mirjana M. Vijatovic , Stojanovic Biljana D.
Published: May 2014

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Alkoxides and Related π‐Donors in Organotransition Metal Chemistry as Illustrated by M2(OR)6 Compounds (M = Mo or W)
Authors: Chisholm Malcolm H.
Published: May 2014

Review: [46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in S‐Functionalized N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: From the Synthesis of Azolium Salts and Metal Complexes to Applications
Authors: Fliedel Christophe , Braunstein Pierre
Published: May 2014

Review: [70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Porous Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Biomimetic Catalysis
Authors: Zhao Min , Ou Sha , Wu Chuan‐De
Published: May 2014

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxylation Reactions Involving Carbon Dioxide Insertion into Palladium—Carbon σ‐Bonds
Authors: Johnson Magnus T. , Wendt Ola F.
Published: May 2014

Review: [57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Reactions of Aliphatic Bridged Bifunctional Radical Ions: Exploring Fine‐Tuning in Radiation Chemistry
Authors: Feldman Vladimir I.
Published: May 2014

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pillar[n]arenes — A Novel, Highly Promising Class of Macrocyclic Host Molecules
Authors: Cao Derong , Meier Herbert
Published: May 2014

Review: [preparation, structure in solution and in the solid state and complexation; 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Gemcitabine
Authors: Brown Kylie , Dixey Michael , Weymouth‐Wilson Alex , Linclau Bruno
Published: May 2014

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Overview of Partial Synthesis and Transformations of Secosteroids
Authors: Gasi Katarina Penov , Sakac Marija , Jovanovic‐Santa Suzana , Djurendic Evgenija
Published: May 2014

Review: 167 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Complexes of Quinolone Antibiotics and Their Applications: An Update
Authors: Uivarosi Valentina
Published: May 2014

Review: 220 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heavier Group 2 Grignard Reagents of the Type Aryl‐ae(L)n‐X (Post‐Grignard Reagents)
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Langer Jens , Krieck Sven , Fischer Reinald , Goerls Helmar , Koehler Mathias
Published: May 2014

Review: 181 refs.
Production of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural from Fructose in Ionic Liquid Efficiently Catalyzed by Cr(III)‐Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Song Changhua , Liu Hui , Li Yuan , Ge Shuai , Wang Hongwei , Zhu Wenshuai , Chang Yonghui , Han Changri , Li Huaming
Published: May 2014

A series of metal‐Al2O3 catalysts were prepared simply by the conventional impregnation with Al2O3 and metal chlorides, which were applied to the dehydration of fructose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). An agreeable HMF yield of 93.1% was achieved from fructose at mild conditions (100°C and 40 min) when employing Cr(III)‐Al2O3 as catalyst in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl). The Cr(III)‐Al2O3 catalyst was characterized via XRD, DRS and Raman spectra and the results clarified the interaction between the Cr(III) and the alumina support. Meanwhile, the reaction solvents ([Bmim]Cl) collected after 1st reaction run and 5th reaction run were analyzed by ICP‐OES and LC‐ITMS and the results confirmed that no Cr(III) ion was dropped off from the alumina support during the fructose dehydration. Notably, Cr(III)‐Al2O3 catalyst had an excellent catalytic performance for glucose and sucrose and the HMF yields were reached to 73.7% and 84.1% at 120°C for 60 min, respectively. Furthermore, the system of Cr(III)‐Al2O3 and [Bmim]Cl exhibited a constant stability and activity at 100°C for 40 min and a favorable HMF yield was maintained after ten recycles.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of Pyrimidine Analogues Bearing Urea Moiety
Authors: Shao Kunpeng , Zhang Xuyao , Zhang Xiaosong , Xue Dengqi , Ma Liying , Zhang Qiurong , Liu Hongmin
Published: May 2014

A series of 4‐anilino‐6‐phenylpyrimidines containing urea moiety were synthesized and the structures of all products were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The antiproliferative activities of these compounds were evaluated against three human tumor cell lines (MGC‐803, MCF‐7 and EC‐109) by applying the MTT assay method. compounds 4a, 4b and 6a showed the most effective activity, among which, 6a was more cytotoxic than 5‐fluorouracil against all tested human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 1.80 to 2.72 µmol·L−1.