bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alexithymia Is Associated With Deficits in Visual Search for Emotional Faces in Clinical Depression
Authors: Suslow Thomas , Günther Vivien , Hensch Tilman , Kersting Anette , Bodenschatz Charlott Maria
Published: June 2021

Background: The concept of alexithymia is characterized by difficulties identifying and describing one's emotions. Alexithymic individuals are impaired in the recognition of others' emotional facial expressions. Alexithymia is quite common in patients suffering from major depressive disorder. The face-in-the-crowd task is a visual search paradigm that assesses processing of multiple facial emotions. In the present eye-tracking study, the relationship between alexithymia and visual processing of facial emotions was examined in clinical depression.

Materials and Methods: Gaze behavior and manual response times of 20 alexithymic and 19 non-alexithymic depressed patients were compared in a face-in-the-crowd task. Alexithymia was empirically measured via the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia-Scale. Angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions of different individuals were shown as target and distractor stimuli. Our analyses of gaze behavior focused on latency to the target face, number of distractor faces fixated before fixating the target, number of target fixations, and number of distractor faces fixated after fixating the target.

Results: Alexithymic patients exhibited in general slower decision latencies compared to non-alexithymic patients in the face-in-the-crowd task. Patient groups did not differ in latency to target, number of target fixations, and number of distractors fixated prior to target fixation. However, after having looked at the target, alexithymic patients fixated more distractors than non-alexithymic patients, regardless of expression condition.

Discussion: According to our results, alexithymia goes along with impairments in visual processing of multiple facial emotions in clinical depression. Alexithymia appears to be associated with delayed manual reaction times and prolonged scanning after the first target fixation in depression, but it might have no impact on the early search phase. The observed deficits could indicate difficulties in target identification and/or decision-making when processing multiple emotional facial expressions. Impairments of alexithymic depressed patients in processing emotions in crowds of faces seem not limited to a specific affective valence. In group situations, alexithymic depressed patients might be slowed in processing interindividual differences in emotional expressions compared with non-alexithymic depressed patients. This could represent a disadvantage in understanding non-verbal communication in groups.
Knowledge and Attitudes Among Life Scientists Toward Reproducibility Within Journal Articles: A Research Survey
Authors: Samota Evanthia Kaimaklioti , Davey Robert P.
Published: June 2021

We constructed a survey to understand how authors and scientists view the issues around reproducibility, focusing on interactive elements such as interactive figures embedded within online publications, as a solution for enabling the reproducibility of experiments. We report the views of 251 researchers, comprising authors who have published in eLIFE Sciences, and those who work at the Norwich Biosciences Institutes (NBI). The survey also outlines to what extent researchers are occupied with reproducing experiments themselves. Currently, there is an increasing range of tools that attempt to address the production of reproducible research by making code, data, and analyses available to the community for reuse. We wanted to collect information about attitudes around the consumer end of the spectrum, where life scientists interact with research outputs to interpret scientific results. Static plots and figures within articles are a central part of this interpretation, and therefore we asked respondents to consider various features for an interactive figure within a research article that would allow them to better understand and reproduce a published analysis. The majority (91%) of respondents reported that when authors describe their research methodology (methods and analyses) in detail, published research can become more reproducible. The respondents believe that having interactive figures in published papers is a beneficial element to themselves, the papers they read as well as to their readers. Whilst interactive figures are one potential solution for consuming the results of research more effectively to enable reproducibility, we also review the equally pressing technical and cultural demands on researchers that need to be addressed to achieve greater success in reproducibility in the life sciences.
Covid-19 Impact on the Music Sector in Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil)
Authors: Teixeira Nísio , Mello Vianna Graziela , Lima Ricardo , Jáuregui Carlos , Furtado Lucianna , Pereira Alberto Thiago , Medeiros Rafael
Published: June 2021

This article addresses the difficulties of musicians and measures taken by public and private authorities to mitigate the social impact of Covid-19 in the music sector of Belo Horizonte, capital city of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These are preliminary results of a research developed by the research lab on Sound, Communication, Textualities and Sociability [ESCUTAS (in Portuguese)] at the Social Communication Department of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. This study has two perspectives. First, we surveyed public sources about Brazilian measures for the sector, as we are interested in verifying policies used by the private and public sectors, not only at the national level, but also at regional (state of Minas Gerais) and local (city of Belo Horizonte) levels. Second, we investigate the impact of the pandemic on the city's music sector, considering various categories of the profession such as composers, interpreters, arrangers, music teachers, DJs, among others. This work is part of a scenario of academic research and economic reports on the impacts of the pandemic in the music industry. More specifically, it aims to contribute to discussion on the effects of the social distance on livelihood of professionals of that area.
Engendered Expressions of Anxiety: Men’s Emotional Communications With Women and Other Men
Authors: Gough Brendan , Robertson Steven , Luck Hannah
Published: June 2021

While the contemporary therapeutic discourse inveigles us to talk about our personal problems, a countervailing neo-liberal healthist discourse, aligning with conventional masculinity norms, presumes that we will manage any issues independently. This discursive tension can be difficult to navigate, especially for men confronted with still powerful traditional expectations around masculinity (e.g., self-reliance; personal control; restricted emotionality). Although qualitative research has examined how men negotiate masculinities with respect to depression, to date there has been scant attention focused on men experiencing anxiety. This article reports on an interview study with men, some with anxiety diagnoses and some without (N = 17). Thematic analysis highlights that participants can and do talk about their anxieties, most readily with significant women in their lives (e.g., partners; mothers)–although this is not always straightforward. Talking to other men was more fraught, and while participants were wary of sharing problems with male friends, or signaled issues indirectly, they also highlighted situations where they would open up e.g., workspaces where they felt safe; with best friends. Those who had gone through a therapeutic process over many years tended to me more comfortable talking to others, male or female, about their mental health–and were also keen to other support to others where they could. Our analysis suggests that despite stereotypical notions of silent, self-contained men, there are many contexts where men may feel comfortable sharing their stories of pain and suffering. This chimes with wider cultural changes and the reported experiences of some mental health initiatives.
Women's Rugby League: Positional Groups and Peak Locomotor Demands
Authors: Cummins Cloe , Charlton Glen , Paul David , Shorter Kath , Buxton Simon , Caia Johnpaul , Murphy Aron
Published: June 2021

The aims of this study were to (a) use a data-based approach to identify positional groups within National Rugby League Women's (NRLW) match-play and (b) quantify the peak locomotor demands of NRLW match-play by positional groups. Microtechnology (Global Navigational Satellite System [GNSS] and integrated inertial sensors; n = 142 files; n = 76 players) and match statistics (n = 238 files; n = 80 players) were collected from all NRLW teams across the 2019 season. Data-based clustering of match statistics was utilized to identify positional clusters through classifying individual playing positions into distinct positional groups. Moving averages (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 min) of peak running and average acceleration/deceleration demands were calculated via microtechnology data for each player per match. All analysis was undertaken in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) with positional differences determined via a linear mixed model and effect sizes (ES). Data-based clustering suggested that, when informed by match statistics, individual playing positions can be clustered into one of three positional groups. Based on the clustering of the individual positions, these groups could be broadly defined as backs (fullback, wing, and center), adjustables (halfback, five-eighth, and hooker), and forwards (prop, second-row, and lock). Backs and adjustables demonstrated greater running (backs: ES 0.51–1.00; p < 0.05; adjustables: ES 0.51–0.74, p < 0.05) and average acceleration/deceleration (backs: ES 0.48–0.87; p < 0.05; adjustables: ES 0.60–0.85, p < 0.05) demands than forwards across all durations. Smaller differences (small to trivial) were noted between backs and adjustables across peak running and average acceleration/deceleration demands. Such findings suggest an emerging need to delineate training programs in situations in which individual playing positions train in positional group based settings. Collectively, this work informs the positional groupings that could be applied when examining NRLW data and supports the development of a framework for specifically training female rugby league players for the demands of the NRLW competition.
Prospective Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease and Other Inherited Blood Disorders in Central Malawi
Authors: Tegha Gerald , Topazian Hillary M. , Kamthunzi Portia , Howard Thad , Tembo Zondwayo , Mvalo Tisungane , Chome Nelecy , Kumwenda Wiza , Mkochi Tawonga , Hernandez Arielle , Ataga Kenneth I. , Hoffman Irving F. , Ware Russell E.
Published: June 2021

Objectives: Newborn screening in the United States and Europe allows early identification of congenital disorders but does not yet exist in most low-resource settings, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Newborn screening can identify multiple inherited hematological disorders, but feasibility and effectiveness for Africa are not fully determined.

Methods: Surplus dried blood spot collected in Central Malawi through the HIV Early Infant Diagnosis surveillance program were repurposed and tested by isoelectric focusing for sickle cell disease and trait. Additional genetic testing identified G6PD deficiency and alpha thalassemia.

Results: Testing of 10,529 cards revealed an overall sickle cell trait prevalence of 7.0% (range 3.9–9.7% by district); 10 of 14 infants identified with sickle cell disease (prevalence 0.1%) were located and received care at a specialized clinic. Subsequent testing of 1,329 randomly selected cards identified alpha thalassemia trait in 45.7% of samples, and G6PD deficiency in 20.4% of males and 3.4% of females, with 29.0% of females as heterozygous carriers.

Conclusion: Inherited hematological disorders are common in Central Malawi; early identification through newborn screening can improve clinical outcomes and should be supported throughout Africa.
Olive Polyphenols: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Authors: Bucciantini Monica , Leri Manuela , Nardiello Pamela , Casamenti Fiorella , Stefani Massimo
Published: June 2021

Oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by increased oxidative stress are the cause of many chronic diseases. The lack of anti-inflammatory drugs without side-effects has stimulated the search for new active substances. Plant-derived compounds provide new potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecules. Natural products are structurally optimized by evolution to serve particular biological functions, including the regulation of endogenous defense mechanisms and interaction with other organisms. This property explains their relevance for infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, among the various natural substances, polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), an important element of the Mediterranean diet, have aroused growing interest. Extensive studies have shown the potent therapeutic effects of these bioactive molecules against a series of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. This review begins from the chemical structure, abundance and bioavailability of the main EVOO polyphenols to highlight the effects and the possible molecular mechanism(s) of action of these compounds against inflammation and oxidation, in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the mechanisms of inhibition of molecular signaling pathways activated by oxidative stress by EVOO polyphenols are discussed, together with their possible roles in inflammation-mediated chronic disorders, also taking into account meta-analysis of population studies and clinical trials.
The Gut Microbiota-Immunity Axis in ALS: A Role in Deciphering Disease Heterogeneity?
Authors: Niccolai Elena , Di Pilato Vincenzo , Nannini Giulia , Baldi Simone , Russo Edda , Zucchi Elisabetta , Martinelli Ilaria , Menicatti Marta , Bartolucci Gianluca , Mandrioli Jessica , Amedei Amedeo
Published: June 2021

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an unknown etiology and no effective treatment, and is characterized by large phenotypic heterogeneity, including variable sites, ages of symptom onset and rates of disease progression. Increasing data support the role of the microbiota-immunity axis in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we compared the inflammatory and microbiota profile of ALS patients with different clinical characteristics, with healthy family caregivers. Measuring a panel of 30 inflammatory cytokines in serum and fecal samples, we observed a distinct cytokine profile both at the systemic and intestinal level in patients compared to controls and even in patients with different clinical phenotypes and progression rates. The 16S targeted metagenome analysis revealed slight differences in patients compared to controls as well as in patients with slow progression, marked by the reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria and a decrease of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in ALS. Finally, the short chain fatty acid analysis did not show a different distribution among the groups. If confirmed in a larger number of patients, the inflammatory cytokine profile and the microbial composition could be appropriate biomarker candidates for deciphering ALS heterogeneity.
T Cell Defects and Immunotherapy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Vlachonikola Elisavet , Stamatopoulos Kostas , Chatzidimitriou Anastasia
Published: June 2021

In the past few years, independent studies have highlighted the relevance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer, revealing a great variety of TME-related predictive markers, as well as identifying novel therapeutic targets in the TME. Cancer immunotherapy targets different components of the immune system and the TME at large in order to reinforce effector mechanisms or relieve inhibitory and suppressive signaling. Currently, it constitutes a clinically validated treatment for many cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an incurable malignancy of mature B lymphocytes with great dependency on microenvironmental signals. Although immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic option with encouraging results in CLL, the dysfunctional T cell compartment remains a major obstacle in such approaches. In the scope of this review, we outline the current immunotherapeutic treatment options in CLL in the light of recent immunogenetic and functional evidence of T cell impairment. We also highlight possible approaches for overcoming T cell defects and invigorating potent anti-tumor immune responses that would enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
The Multi-Focus-Image-Fusion Method Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Sparse Representation
Authors: Wei Bingzhe , Feng Xiangchu , Wang Kun , Gao Bian
Published: June 2021

Multi-focus-image-fusion is a crucial embranchment of image processing. Many methods have been developed from different perspectives to solve this problem. Among them, the sparse representation (SR)-based and convolutional neural network (CNN)-based fusion methods have been widely used. Fusing the source image patches, the SR-based model is essentially a local method with a nonlinear fusion rule. On the other hand, the direct mapping between the source images follows the decision map which is learned via CNN. The fusion is a global one with a linear fusion rule. Combining the advantages of the above two methods, a novel fusion method that applies CNN to assist SR is proposed for the purpose of gaining a fused image with more precise and abundant information. In the proposed method, source image patches were fused based on SR and the new weight obtained by CNN. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method clearly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in addition to SR and CNN in terms of both visual perception and objective evaluation metrics, and the computational complexity is greatly reduced. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method not only clearly outperforms the SR and CNN methods in terms of visual perception and objective evaluation indicators, but is also significantly better than other state-of-the-art methods since our computational complexity is greatly reduced.
Voltage-Based Droop Control of Electric Vehicles in Distribution Grids under Different Charging Power Levels
Authors: Ireshika Muhandiram Arachchige Subodha Tharangi , Lliuyacc-Blas Ruben , Kepplinger Peter
Published: June 2021

If left uncontrolled, electric vehicle charging poses severe challenges to distribution grid operation. Resulting issues are expected to be mitigated by charging control. In particular, voltage-based charging control, by relying only on the local measurements of voltage at the point of connection, provides an autonomous communication-free solution. The controller, attached to the charging equipment, compares the measured voltage to a reference voltage and adapts the charging power using a droop control characteristic. We present a systematic study of the voltage-based droop control method for electric vehicles to establish the usability of the method for all the currently available residential electric vehicle charging possibilities considering a wide range of electric vehicle penetrations. Voltage limits are evaluated according to the international standard EN50160, using long-term load flow simulations based on a real distribution grid topology and real load profiles. The results achieved show that the voltage-based droop controller is able to mitigate the under voltage problems completely in distribution grids in cases either deploying low charging power levels or exhibiting low penetration rates. For high charging rates and high penetrations, the control mechanism improves the overall voltage profile, but it does not remedy the under voltage problems completely. The evaluation also shows the controller’s ability to reduce the peak power at the transformer and indicates the impact it has on users due to the reduction in the average charging rates. The outcomes of the paper provide the distribution grid operators an insight on the voltage-based droop control mechanism for the future grid planning and investments.
The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine
Authors: Larsson Tara , Mahendar Senthil Krishnan , Christiansen-Erlandsson Anders , Olofsson Ulf
Published: June 2021

The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.
Localization of Sound Sources: A Systematic Review
Authors: Liaquat Muhammad Usman , Munawar Hafiz Suliman , Rahman Amna , Qadir Zakria , Kouzani Abbas Z. , Mahmud M. A. Parvez
Published: June 2021

Sound localization is a vast field of research and advancement which is used in many useful applications to facilitate communication, radars, medical aid, and speech enhancement to but name a few. Many different methods are presented in recent times in this field to gain benefits. Various types of microphone arrays serve the purpose of sensing the incoming sound. This paper presents an overview of the importance of using sound localization in different applications along with the use and limitations of ad-hoc microphones over other microphones. In order to overcome these limitations certain approaches are also presented. Detailed explanation of some of the existing methods that are used for sound localization using microphone arrays in the recent literature is given. Existing methods are studied in a comparative fashion along with the factors that influence the choice of one method over the others. This review is done in order to form a basis for choosing the best fit method for our use.
Effects of Scopoletin Supplementation and Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Activity, and Meat Quality of Korean Native Broiler Chickens
Authors: Ha Sang Hun , Kang Hwan Ku , Hosseindoust Abdolreza , Mun Jun Young , Moturi Joseph , Tajudeen Habeeb , Lee Hwa , Cheong Eun Ju , Kim Jin Soo
Published: June 2021

Stocking density stress is one of the most common management stressors in the poultry industry. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary Sophora koreensis (SK; 0 and 20 mg/kg diet) and stocking density (SD; 14 and 16 chickens/m2) on the antioxidant status, meat quality, and growth performance of native Korean chickens. There was a lower concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and a higher concentration of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity in the serum and leg muscle with the supplementation of SK. The concentration of MDA was increased and concentrations of SOD were decreased in the leg muscle of chickens in low SD treatments. The SK-supplemented treatments showed an increased 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate-reducing activity of leg muscles. The higher water holding capacity of breast muscle and a lower cooking loss and pH were shown in the SK-supplemented treatments. The addition of dietary SK resulted in a greater body weight gain and greater spleen and bursa Fabricius weight, as well as lower feed intake and abdominal fat. The low SD and supplementation of SK increased the concentrations of cholesterol. The concentration of glucose was increased in the low SD treatment. Corticosterone level was decreased in the SK-supplemented and low SD treatments. In conclusion, SK supplementation reduced the oxidative stress and increased meat quality and antioxidant status of chickens apart from the SD stress.
Horseradish: A Neglected and Underutilized Plant Species for Improving Human Health
Authors: Walters Stuart
Published: June 2021

Horseradish is a flavorful pungent herb that has been used for centuries to enhance the flavor of food, aid in digestion, and improve human health. Horseradish is a neglected and underutilized plant species (NUS), especially concerning the potential benefits to improve human health. The roots of this plant have been known for centuries to provide effective treatments for various human health disorders and has a long history of use in traditional medicine. Horseradish is a source of many biologically active compounds and its richness in phytochemicals has encouraged its recent use as a functional food. The medicinal benefits of horseradish are numerous, and this plant should be promoted more as being beneficial for human health. Glucosinolates or their breakdown products, isothiocyanates, are responsible for most of the claimed medicinal effects. Recent studies have suggested that glucosinolates provide prevention and inhibitory influences on different types of cancer, and horseradish contains high amounts of these compounds. Other medicinal benefits of horseradish include its well-known antibacterial properties that are also attributed to isothiocyanates, and its high content of other antioxidants that benefit human health. Additionally, horseradish contains enzymes that stimulate digestion, regulate bowel movement, and reduce constipation. Horseradish is a species that is vastly underexploited for its abilities as a medicinal plant species for improving human health. The health promoting effects of horseradish are numerous and should be used in an extensive marketing campaign to improve consumption habits. Consumers need to be made more aware of the tremendous health benefits of this plant, which would most likely increase consumption of this valuable NUS. Although horseradish is a highly versatile plant species and holds great potential for improving human health, this plant can also be used to enhance biodiversity in landscapes and food systems, which will also be briefly discussed.
An Assessment on Ethanol-Blended Gasoline/Diesel Fuels on Cancer Risk and Mortality
Authors: Mueller Steffen , Dennison Gail , Liu Shujun
Published: June 2021

Although cancer is traditionally considered a genetic disease, the epigenetic abnormalities, including DNA hypermethylation, histone deacetylation, and/or microRNA dysregulation, have been demonstrated as a hallmark of cancer. Compared with gene mutations, aberrant epigenetic changes occur more frequently, and cellular epigenome is more susceptible to change by environmental factors. Excess cancer risks are positively associated with exposure to occupational and environmental chemical carcinogens, including those from gasoline combustion exhausted in vehicles. Of note, previous studies proposed particulate matter index (PMI) as a measure for gasoline sooting tendency, and showed that, compared with the other molecules in gasoline, 1,2,4–Trimethylbenzene, 2–methylnaphthalene and toluene significantly contribute to PMI of the gasoline blends. Mechanistically, both epigenome and genome are important in carcinogenicity, and the genotoxicity of chemical agents has been thoroughly studied. However, less effort has been put into studying the epigenotoxicity. Moreover, as the blending of ethanol into gasoline substitutes for carcinogens, like benzene, toluene, xylene, butadiene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc., a reduction of secondary aromatics has been achieved in the atmosphere. This may lead to diminished cancer initiation and progression through altered cellular epigenetic landscape. The present review summarizes the most important findings in the literature on the association between exposures to carcinogens from gasoline combustion, cancer epigenetics and the potential epigenetic impacts of biofuels.
Healthy Urban Environmental Features for Poverty Resilience: The Case of Detroit, USA
Authors: Leandro-Reguillo Patricia , Stuart Amy
Published: June 2021

Within the existing relationship among urban environment, health, and poverty, it is necessary to clarify and characterize the influence that the physical environment has on community socioeconomic outcomes. Given that Detroit has one of the highest poverty rates among large metropolitan areas in the United States, this study aims to identify environmental and urban features that have influenced poverty in this city by assessing whether changes in household income are associated with characteristics of the built environment. The difference of median household income (DMHI) between 2017 and 2013 and 27 environmental and urban variables were investigated using both geographic distribution mapping and statistical correlation analysis. Results suggest that proximity of housing to job opportunity areas, as well as to certain educational and health-related facilities, were positively related to increasing household incomes. These findings outline a healthy urban design that may benefit community socioeconomic outcomes—specifically a design with dense and mixed-use areas, good accessibility, high presence of urban facilities, and features that promote a healthy lifestyle (involving physical activity and a healthy diet). In this sense, urban planning and public health may be important allies for poverty resilience.
Design of Tooling System and Identifying Crucial Processing Parameters for NFPC Manufacturing in Automotive Applications
Authors: Chauhan Vardaan , Kärki Timo , Varis Juha
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to design a tooling system for manufacturing automotive components using a natural fiber polymer composite (NFPC) material. As a case study, an automotive battery cover was selected and a compression molding tool was designed, keeping in mind the need for the simplicity of the tool and ensuring the low cost of this process. However, since the original part was injection-molded with virgin polypropene, some vital changes made in the part and tool design process were documented as a guideline to show new designers how to approach the design of parts and tools using a natural fiber polymer composite material. Additionally, the challenges faced during the manufacturing of composite parts with the new tool were also documented and solutions to these challenges were suggested for large-scale production. Finally, compressive testing was performed to evaluate the performance of the structure of the designed part and to compare the recycled polymer with NFPC material. Both wood and palm fiber composite material perform better in compression testing compared to the recycled polymer material.
Electrochemical Oscillation during Galvanostatic Charging of LiCrTiO4 in Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Zhijie , Hu Fangxu , Li De , Chen Yong
Published: June 2021

In the late 1960s, the establishment of Prigogine’s dissipative structure theory laid the foundation for the (electro)chemical oscillation phenomenon, which has been widely investigated in some electrochemical reactions, such as electro-catalysis and electro-deposition, while the electrochemical oscillation of Li-ion batteries has just been discovered in spinel Li4Ti5O12 a few years before. In this work, spinel LiCrTiO4 samples were synthesized by using a high-temperature solid-state method, characterized with SEM (Scanning electron microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), Raman and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurements, and electrochemically tested in Li-ion batteries to study the electrochemical oscillation. When sintering in a powder form at a temperature between 800 and 900 °C, we achieved the electrochemical oscillation of spinel LiCrTiO4 during charging, and it is suppressed in the non-stoichiometric LiCrTiO4 samples, especially for reducing the Li content or increasing the Cr content. Therefore, this work developed another two-phase material as the powder-sintered LiCrTiO4 exhibiting the electrochemical oscillation in Li-ion batteries, which would inspire us to explore more two-phase electrode materials in Li-ion batteries, Na-ion batteries, etc.
Tensile Behaviour of FRCM Composites for Strengthening of Masonry Structures—An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Hojdys Łukasz , Krajewski Piotr
Published: June 2021

This paper presents the results of direct tensile tests performed on six different FRCM (fabric reinforced cementitious matrix) strengthening systems used for masonry structures. The emphasis was placed on the determination of the mechanical parameters of each tested system and a comparison of their tensile behaviour in terms of first crack stress, ultimate stress, ultimate strain, cracking pattern, failure mode and idealised tensile stress-strain curve. In addition to the basic mechanical tensile parameters, accidental load eccentricities, matrix tensile strengths, and matrix modules of elasticity were estimated. The results of the tests showed that the tensile behaviour of FRCM composites strongly depends on the parameters of the constituent materials (matrix and fabric). In the tests, tensile failure of reinforcement and fibre slippage within the matrix were observed. The presented research showed that the accidental eccentricities did not substantially affect the obtained results and that the more slender the specimen used, the more consistent the obtained results. The analysis based on a rule of mixtures showed that the direct tensile to flexural tensile strength ratio of the matrixes used in the test was 0.2 to 0.4. Finally, the tensile stress–strain relationship for the tested FRCMs was idealised by a bi- or tri-linear curve.
Probabilistic Finite Element Modeling of Textile Reinforced SHCC Subjected to Uniaxial Tension
Authors: Curosu Iurie , Omara Amr , Ahmed Ameer Hamza , Mechtcherine Viktor
Published: June 2021

The paper presents a finite element investigation of the effect of material composition and the constituents’ interaction on the tensile behavior of strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) both with and without textile reinforcement. The input material parameters for the SHCC and continuous reinforcement models, as well for their bond, were adopted from reference experimental investigations. The textile reinforcement was discretized by truss elements in the loaded direction only, with the constitutive relationships simulating a carbon and a polymer textile, respectively. For realistic simulation of macroscopic tensile response and multiple cracking patterns in hybrid fiber-reinforced composites subjected to tension, a multi-scale and probabilistic approach was adopted. SHCC was simulated using the smeared crack model, and the input constitutive law reflected the single-crack opening behavior. The probabilistic definition and spatial fluctuation of matrix strength and tensile strength of the SHCC enabled realistic multiple cracking and fracture localization within the loaded model specimens. Two-dimensional (2D) simulations enabled a detailed material assessment with reasonable computational effort and showed adequate accuracy in predicting the experimental findings in terms of macroscopic stress–strain properties, extent of multiple cracking, and average crack width. Besides material optimization, the model is suitable for assessing the strengthening performance of hybrid fiber-reinforced composites on structural elements.
Injection Molding and Near-Complete Densification of Monolithic and Al2O3 Fiber-Reinforced Ti2AlC MAX Phase Composites
Authors: Badie Sylvain , Gabriel Rimy , Sebold Doris , Vaßen Robert , Guillon Olivier , Gonzalez-Julian Jesus
Published: June 2021

Near-net shape components composed of monolithic Ti2AlC and composites thereof, containing up to 20 vol.% Al2O3 fibers, were fabricated by powder injection molding. Fibers were homogeneously dispersed and preferentially oriented, due to flow constriction and shear-induced velocity gradients. After a two-stage debinding procedure, the injection-molded parts were sintered by pressureless sintering at 1250 °C and 1400 °C under argon, leading to relative densities of up to 70% and 92%, respectively. In order to achieve near-complete densification, field assisted sintering technology/spark plasma sintering in a graphite powder bed was used, yielding final relative densities of up to 98.6% and 97.2% for monolithic and composite parts, respectively. While the monolithic parts shrank isotropically, composite assemblies underwent anisotropic densification due to constrained sintering, on account of the ceramic fibers and their specific orientation. No significant increase, either in hardness or in toughness, upon the incorporation of Al2O3 fibers was observed. The 20 vol.% Al2O3 fiber-reinforced specimen accommodated deformation by producing neat and well-defined pyramidal indents at every load up to a 30 kgf (~294 N).
The Fabrication of Portland Composite Cement Based on Pozzolan Napa Soil
Authors: Mawardi Mawardi , Isa Illyas Md , Ulianas Alizar , Sintiara Edtri , Mawardi Fadhlurrahman , Zalmi Putra Rizky
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study is to investigate Napa soil’s potential as an alternative additive in producing Portland composite cement. The Napa soil of Tanah Datar district, West Sumatra, Indonesia is a natural material which contains SiO2 and Al2O3 as its major components. The parameters used were the fineness of the cement particles, the amount left on a 45 μm sieve, the setting time, normal consistency, loss on ignition, insoluble parts, compressive strength and chemical composition. The composition of Napa soils (% w/w) used as variables include 4, 8, 12 and 16%. Furthermore, 8% pozzolan was used as a control in this research. The results showed that the compressive strength of Napa soil cement which contained 4% Napa soil was much better compared to that of the control on the 7th and 20th day. Furthermore, all the analyzed Napa soil cements met the standard of cement as stipulated in Indonesian National Standard, SNI 7064, 2016.
Push-Out Bond Strength Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Resin Post Cemented with Self-Adhesive Resin Cement Using Different Adhesive Bonding Systems
Authors: Lee Yoon , Kim Junghyun , Shin Yooseok
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of fiber-reinforced resin posts using self-adhesive cements with different adhesive systems. A total of 50 single-rooted human maxillary premolars with fully developed apices and 15–16 mm straight root canals were selected. The teeth were divided into 10 groups with coronal and apical parts according to the adhesive bonding system and luting material used: one universal adhesive with MDP-containing self-adhesive resin cement; another universal adhesive with MDP-containing self-adhesive resin cement; universal primer with MDP-containing self-adhesive resin cement; universal primer with dual-cure resin cement; MDP-containing self-adhesive resin cement only (Control). Each specimen was subjected to a fatigue load of 600,000 cycles using a chewing simulator with sliding movement and cut horizontally for push-out bond strength testing. Statistical evaluation consisted of a one-way ANOVA test using SPSS v23.0. The highest bond strength (7.05 MPa) was obtained in the coronal part of the Single Bond universal group treated with MDP-containing self-adhesive resin cement and the lowest strength (4.77 MPa) was observed in apical part of MDP-containing self-adhesive resin cement group (Control). However, the one-way ANOVA results showed no significant difference between all 10 groups (p > 0.05). The self-adhesive cement without adhesive bonding showed no statistically different value compared to self-adhesive cements with adhesive bonding.
Physical and Geometrical Properties of Additively Manufactured Pure Copper Samples Using a Green Laser Source
Authors: Gruber Samira , Stepien Lukas , López Elena , Brueckner Frank , Leyens Christoph
Published: June 2021

So far, copper has been difficult to process via laser powder bed fusion due to low absorption with the frequently used laser systems in the infrared wavelength range. However, green laser systems have emerged recently and offer new opportunities in processing highly reflective materials like pure copper through higher absorptivity. In this study, pure copper powders from two suppliers were tested using the same machine parameter sets to investigate the influence of the powder properties on the material properties such as density, microstructure, and electrical conductivity. Samples of different wall thicknesses were investigated with the eddy-current method to analyze the influence of the sample thickness and surface quality on the measured electrical conductivity. The mechanical properties in three building directions were investigated and the geometrical accuracy of selected geometrical features was analyzed using a benchmark geometry. It could be shown that the generated parts have a relative density of above 99.95% and an electrical conductivity as high as 100% International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) for both powders could be achieved. Furthermore, the negative influence of a rough surface on the measured eddy-current method was confirmed.
Training Load Measures and Biomarker Responses during a 7-Day Training Camp in Young Cyclists—A Pilot Study
Authors: Wahl Yvonne , Achtzehn Silvia , Schäfer Olstad Daniela , Mester Joachim , Wahl Patrick
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives: During intense training periods, there is a high need to monitor the external and especially the internal training load in order to fine-tune the training process and to avoid overreaching or overtraining. However, data on stress reactions, especially of biomarkers, to high training loads in children and youth are rare. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the training load of youth athletes during a training camp using a multilevel approach. Materials and Methods: Six trained youth male cyclists performed a 7-day preseason training camp. To investigate the internal training load, every morning, minimally invasive “point-of-care testing” (POCT) devices were used to analyze the following biomarkers: creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin (Alb), bilirubin (Bil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total protein (TP). Additionally, data of training load measures (HR: heart rate, RPE: rating of perceived exertion, sRPE: session-RPE, TRIMP: training impulse, intensity (RPE:HR), and load (sRPE:TRIMP) ratios), self-perception (person’s perceived physical state, questionnaires on muscle soreness, and sleep quality), and measures of the autonomic nervous system (resting heart rate, heart rate variability) were collected. Two days before and after the training camp, subjects performed performance tests (Graded Exercise Test, Wingate Anaerobic Test, Counter Movement Jump). Results: Primarily, the biomarkers CK, BUN, and Alb, as well as the self-perception showed moderate to large load-dependent reactions during the 7-day training camp. The biomarkers returned to baseline values two days after the last training session. Power output at lactate threshold showed a small increase, and no changes were found for other performance parameters. Conclusions: The study suggests that a multilevel approach is suitable to quantify the internal training load and that different parameters can be used to control the training process. The biomarkers CK, BUN, and Alb are suitable for objectively quantifying the internal training load. The self-perception provides additional subjective information about the internal training load.
Advanced Materials in Cultural Heritage Conservation
Authors: Baglioni Michele , Poggi Giovanna , Chelazzi David , Baglioni Piero
Published: June 2021

Cultural Heritage is a crucial socioeconomic resource; yet, recurring degradation processes endanger its preservation. Serendipitous approaches in restoration practice need to be replaced by systematically addressing conservation issues through the development of advanced materials for the preservation of the artifacts. In the last few decades, materials and colloid science have provided valid solutions to counteract degradation, and we report here the main highlights in the formulation and application of materials and methodologies for the cleaning, protection and consolidation of works of art. Several types of artifacts are addressed, from murals to canvas paintings, metal objects, and paper artworks, comprising both classic and modern/contemporary art. Systems, such as nanoparticles, gels, nanostructured cleaning fluids, composites, and other functional materials, are reviewed. Future perspectives are also commented, outlining open issues and trends in this challenging and exciting field.
The Influence of the Addition of Nuts on the Thermal and Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour
Authors: Pycia Karolina , Juszczak Lesław
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of replacing wheat flour with hazelnuts or walnuts, in various amounts, on the thermal and rheological properties of the obtained systems. The research material were systems in which wheat flour was replaced with ground hazelnuts (H) or walnuts (W) in the amount of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The parameters of the thermodynamic gelatinization characteristics were determined by the differential scanning calorimetry method. In addition, the pasting characteristics were determined with the use of a viscosity analyzer and the viscoelastic properties were assessed. Sweep frequency and creep and recovery tests were used to assess the viscoelastic properties of the tested gels. It was found that replacing wheat flour with nuts increased the values of gelatinization temperature, gelatinization, and retrogradation enthalpy, and the degree of retrogradation. The highest viscosity was characteristic of the control sample (2039 mPa·s), and the lowest for the paste with 15% addition of walnuts (1120 mPa·s). Replacing the flour with nuts resulted in a very visible reduction in the viscosity of such systems. In addition, gels based on the systems with the addition of H and W were weak gels (tan δ = G″/G′ > 0.1), and the values of G′ and G″ parameters decreased with the increased share of nuts in the systems. Creep and recovery analysis indicated that the systems in which wheat flour was replaced with hazelnuts were less susceptible to deformation compared to the systems with the addition of W.