bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Peasants: The Maharjans (JyŚpu) of Kathmandu and Lalitpur
Authors: Gellner David N , Pradhan Rajendra P
Published: November 2023

The three royal cities of the Kathmandu Valley, Kathmandu itself, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur (to which one might add towns such as Kirtipur, Banepa, and Panauti) have more castes, involved in more complex sets of relationships with each other, than one finds in Newar villages. These cities are dominated—culturally, economically, and politically-by the high castes described in other chapters: Brāhmans, üresthas, Vajrācāryas, Śākyas, and Tuladhars. None the less, it is arguable that the backbone, or to change the metaphor, the pivot, of these large cities is constituted by the Maharjan caste.
Occidentalism in the East: The Uses of the West in the Politics and Anthropology of South Asia
Authors: Spencer Jonathan
Published: November 2023

We speak of Eastern and Western culture. But if we analyse this concept against a background of anthropology we shall not be able to find many elements of culture that can be definitely pointed out as peculiar to Western culture and foreign to us.
The Art Nexus and the Index
Authors: Gell Alfred
Published: November 2023

where the four terms—Index, Artist, Recipient, and Prototype—coexist we have, so to speak, the ‘canonical’ nexus of relations in the neighbourhood of art objects, which the anthropology of art must describe and elucidate. But, as we will see, many instances can be cited in which ‘artists’ or ‘recipients’ or ‘proto types’ may be lacking or only ambiguously present.A theory of the kind being developed here consists primarily of a device for ordering and classifying the empirical material with which it deals, rather than offering law-like generalizations or predictions therefrom. The situations in which indexes of an art-like kind can form part of a nexus of social relations between agents are very diverse indeed, and it is necessary to classify them, before offering commentaries which will, in the nature of things, only apply to certain of the situations under consideration, and not to others.
Riches and Renunciation
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

How can one live by impossible ideals and values? The Jains of India are a flourishing and prosperous community, but their religion is focused on the teaching and example of ascetic renouncers, whose austere regime is actually dedicated to ending worldly life and often culminates in a fast to death. This book draws upon a detailed study of an urban Jain community in Jaipur, north-west India, to offer the fullest account yet given of Jain religious belief and practice. It shows how renunciation and asceticism play a central part in the life of a thriving business community, and how world-renunciation combines for Jain families with the pursuit of worldly happiness. The book is in five parts. Part I introduces the vivid mythology and doctrine of Jainism, and the traditions of Jain renouncers. Part II discusses the relations of Jains with other groups in Indian society, the politics of leadership on Jain communities, and the history, character, and composition of the Jain community in Jaipur. Part III contains detailed analyses of lay ascetic practices such as fasting and confession, traditions of imagery and iconography, and key religious ideas, such as the paradoxical doctrine of ‘non-violence’ (ahimsa). These are shown to turn on complex conceptions of the body and contrasting moral topographies of self. Part IV concerns relations between lay Jains and renouncers, and draws on recent writing on exchange and value to analyse the pivotal place of alms-giving in the Jain religion. Part V describes some of the closest connections between riches and renunciation, and shows how the pan-Indian festival of Diwali is adapted to distinctively Jain values and concerns.
Early Kleinworts and Bensons
Authors: Wake Jehanne
Published: November 2023

The Kleinwort name first became associated with banking in 1786 when Hinrich Kleinwort went into partnership with Otto Paul Mtiller and opened an office in Altona, which was then in Holstein. The Kleinworts were enterprising folk–a combination of ambition and good fortune had enabled them to improve their situation over the preceding centuries. They were not native Altonans, their history unfolding from the north of what is now Germany, a fertile but often inhospitable flat country ravaged by the icy winds that sweep down from Siberia. Over the centuries it has been much trampled by the manreuvres of marauding armies fighting in the recurrent dynastic wars that have scoured Western Europe. There was little stability for its occupants when even the unimportant small villages bordering the south bank of the River Elbe were rent by occasional spasms of warfare. In consequence there occurred a steady migration across the broad waters of the Elbe to what was perceived as a safer harbour on the other side.
Alexander F. Kleinwort and the Cuban Connection
Authors: Wake Jehanne
Published: November 2023

Alexander Friedrich Kleinwort, Hinrich’s fourth son, was a year younger than Robert Benson jnr. and, like him, would leave the family home in pursuit of better career opportunities elsewhere. He was born at Gerdeshagen in Mecklenburg at the dawn of peace in that momentous year of 1815, during which Napoleon’s second reign, the Hundred Days, had been brought to an end at Waterloo. Alexander was not a Kleinwort name; yet it was a reflection of the times that he should be named after his godfather, Alexander Petit, who had fled France during the Terror which preceded the rise of Napoleon. Petit had joined the swelling ranks of French émigrés who had settled in Hamburg and Altona and had established himself as a jeweller. As a Catholic, he had had to obtain the permission of the Danish king before marrying into the staunchly Lutheran Kleinwort family.
Kleinworts and the Urge to Merge
Authors: Wake Jehanne
Published: November 2023

When the war ended, the curtain of the post-war era opened onto a scene of economic disintegration. Physically shattered by German bombs, the City lay exhausted amidst the rubble of her former power as a financial centre of the world. Britain, now a debtor nation, could no longer lend money to the rest of the world, and foreign investment had largely been expended in the war effort. The pound was only worth halfits1914 value and quickly had to cede its place as a reserve currency to the American dollar. Attlee’s newly elected Labour Government was committed to fulfilling an election promise to nationalize steel, coal, transport, and the Bank of England. This policy did little to instill confidence in the City and over the next few years sterling lurched from crisis to crisis.
Labour Scarcity and Capital Markets in America
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: November 2023

It has been over thirty years since American and British Technologyburst on the scene. In that volume H. J. Habakkuk transformed the concept of labour scarcity from something like the weather— which everyone talks about but no one does anything about—to a serious research topic. The flow of articles on the subject has not stopped even now. Aside from this one—which might be excused as induced by the occasion—there have been two recent articles in the Journal of Economic History by Alexander Field and by John James and Jonathan Skinner. This is the appropriate place in which to survey the literature that has developed since Habakkuk’s seminal book, or at least the strand of this literature with which I have been identified, and then to attempt to contribute to it by re-examining one of the assumptions underlying the analysis, namely the assumption of independent capital markets in the United States and Britain in roughly the second quarter of the nineteenth century.
The Decline of the Small Landowner in England and Wales 1660–1900
Authors: Beckett J V
Published: November 2023

From 1660 if not earlier, according to a broad consensus of opinion on the matter, the small landowner was gradually dispossessed of his holding, and turned into a tenant farmer or wage labourer. Coincidentally land was accumulated into large estates so that by the second half of the eighteenth century a transformation had occurred within rural society. Capitalist class relations predominated. Territorial magnates let their property to substantial tenant farmers employing wage labour, while the traditional smallholding owner-occupiers had been reduced to an insignificant rump. The main purpose of this essay is to re-examine the existing consensus, and to suggest a slightly different interpretation of the evidence. The current view is that owner-occupiers possessed around 33 per cent of the acreage in the later seventeenth century, but perhaps only 10-12 per cent by the 1870s.
Men, Women, and Property: The Reform of the Married Women’s Property Act 1870
Authors: Morris R J
Published: November 2023

The family as a social and legal agency for managing, accumulating, and transforming property has received very uneven attention. The relevance of this aspect of the family to the changing nature of gender role specialization is easy to acknowledge in general terms. It is less easy to specify the exact social and economic mechanisms through which these relationships operated and through which they changed. The purpose of this essay is to identify some of these mechanisms by examining the Married Women’s Property Act of 1870. The nature and reform of married women’s property law has attracted a valuable and growing literature, but because this has usually been written in terms of ‘justice’ and ‘rights’, it has tended to obscure the part played by the practical processes of economic and social life. The question asked here is not so much why groups of women and their male allies made increasingly articulate attacks upon that law from the 1850s, but why in view of this attack a male-dominated Parliament, content with a dominant ideology which happily accepted male authority, granted substantial legal rights to women.
Colonies and Capital: Some Aspects of Anglo-Colonial Financial Relations after 1850
Authors: Cain P J
Published: November 2023

In recent years there has been a considerable revision of historical opinion concerning British attitudes to colonies of new settlement in the nineteenth century. Most of the participants in the debate have been political historians, and the economic dimension of Anglo-colonial relationships after 1850 has been somewhat neglected. The trade dependence of many white colonies has been noted, of course, but the implications of this dependence within the context of an evolving system of ‘responsible government’ have not been seriously considered in Britain for many years. The present purpose is to spell out some of the consequences of colonial dependence on capital supply from Britain from mid-century, first in general terms, and then by looking briefly at two specific issues: the creation of a Canadian state independent of the United States; and the long-run effects of white colonial financial indebtedness on Britain’s free trade policy.
Elections: Legislation and Litigation
Authors: Butler David
Published: November 2023

Once it was possible to teach British politics without knowing much about law. The most insightful commentators from Bagehot to Crossman were not legally trained, even though some of the more influential constitutional texts—Blackstone, Dicey, Jennings—have been the work of lawyers. The United Kingdom enjoys a system where the rules have always been based on a loose idea of what has been done in the past, on a notion of what is the generally accepted norm. Historians and political scientists have, therefore, felt able to cope with their subject while possessing only a marginal appreciation of legal niceties.
Imperial Subjects, Imperial Citizens: The British Nationality Act, 1948
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

The story of post-war migration is the story of citizenship, which was defined in the United Kingdom for the first time in 1948. The British Nationality Act (BNA) of that year was, as Enoch Powell argues, a revolution in the constitutional status of British subjects within the United Kingdom and Empire and in the institutional links between Britain and the member states of the Commonwealth. It was such for two reasons: first, the legislation, in a manner which was not anticipated, created the conditions that facilitated a mass migration of New Commonwealth citizens to the United Kingdom; and second, it bequeathed to subsequent policy-makers a legal framework that shaped, and ultimately limited, their ability to articulate a policy response to this migration.
Immigration in the Indian Summer: Churchill and Eden
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

The age of affluence was a defining period in the history of Commonwealth migration. Commonwealth migration occurred, broadly speaking, in two periods: a 1948-61 wave of primary immigration and a 1962–74 wave of secondary immigration (the spouses and dependants of immigrants already settled in Britain). As family reunification was unavoidable, the second wave of migration was largely the inevitable consequence of the first. The decisive period in the transformation of the United Kingdom into a multicultural nation was the fourteen years during which an open door for all British subjects was maintained.
The Simulation
Authors: Boer Bart de
Published: November 2023

Simulating the development of a system of speech sounds in a potentially large population of agents requires a computer model that is at the same time realistic and fast. These are two contradictory requirements. Realism can only be increased by the carrying out of extra calculations, which reduces speed. Consequently, it is necessary to make a compromise. The properties that are really essential for getting results that are comparable with human speech will have to be kept, and the rest will have to be sacrificed. However, if realism is sacrificed in a sensible way, the results of the simulation will still be comparable with observations of data from real human languages. Of course, in doing this, one has to keep in mind which parts of the simulation were realistic and which ones were artificial. This chapter describes the computer model that was used for investigating the formation of vowel systems in a population of agents. It also describes and defends the choices that were made between realism and speed. In order that the reader may better understand the reasoning behind these choices, a short history of the simulation is first presented.
Simulated Evolution of Other Parts of Language
Authors: Boer Bart de
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters it has been shown that computer simulations can contribute to the understanding of the structure, the emergence, and the evolution of vowel systems. Of course, the evolution of other parts of language can also be investigated by computer simulations and this has been done by a number of researchers in recent years. Research with computer simulations is sometimes referred to as the modelling approach to the evolution of language, and has developed in the last ten years or so. Probably the first experiment with a population of communicating agents for linguistic research was described by Hurford (1987, section 6.6). The availability of cheap computing power on the desktop has made it possible to develop the relatively complex simulations that are needed to investigate linguistic phenomena. This work should not be confused with the older field of computational linguistics. Although there are many similarities between the two fields and although they use the same techniques, their research goals are different: computational linguistics is in general concerned with investigating theories about how language works. The kind of research that will be described in this chapter investigates the origins of language: how can the various structures and phenomena we find in human language have emerged? Usually a part of the simulations is concerned with the adaptive value of the linguistic phenomena under consideration, something with which traditional computational linguistics is not usually concerned.
An introduction to tropical rain forests
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

Rain forests have crossed a threshold of perception. Reports on television, radio, or in the press of another piece of destruction, or a new message of gloom for the planet, have become commonplace. The public firmly believes that something nasty is happening down on the Equator, even that the once vast Amazon rain forests have all but disappeared. Man’s presentday impact on tropical rain forests is, however, just the last stanza of a saga stretching back into the past beyond the beginning of written history. European knowledge of tropical forests began when Alexander the Great crossed the Khyber Pass in 327 BC, into the Punjab, to establish the eastern limits of his short-lived empire on the banks of the Indus. ‘His army saw mangrove swamps (which upset conventional views on trees), jackfruit, mangoes, bananas, cotton, and banyans-which upset everybody’s views on what roots are supposed to do.’
What are tropical rain forests?
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

The German botanist A.F.W. Schimper was one of the great nineteenth century naturalists. In. 1898 he wrote a monumental book, translated in 1903 into English as Plant geography upon an ecological basis, which built upon the hundred years and more of European scientific discoveries in the tropics. To Schimper we owe the term tropical rain forest (tropische Regenwald) for the forests of the permanently wet tropics. He recognized in total four major sorts of woody vegetation in the tropics. Rain forests, then in progressively drier and more seasonal climate, monsoon forests, savanna forests, and thorn forests. In still drier climates nonwoody vegetation, tropical grasslands, and deserts, were recognized. This classification is still useful as an outline framework in all parts of the tropics.
Plant life
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

The traveller walks out of an abandoned rest house on to what was a lawn 18 months before, to find selfsown saplings of Tectona grandis [teak] 5 m high. They have long internodes, and leaves the size of dinner plates. He feels like Alice in Wonderland. Or he notices the weeds growing on abandoned farm land, including such objects as Vernonia conferta, a composite with vegetative parts like a rosette of Taraxacum officinale [dandelion] 3 m across, on a stalk up to 4 m high..
Rain forest anima/S
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

Animal life is, on the whole far more abundant and varied within the tropics than in any other part of the globe, and a great number of peculiar forms are found there which never extend into temperate regions. Endless eccentricities of form and extreme richness of colour are its most prominent features, and these are manifested in the highest degree in those equatorial lands where vegetation acquires its greatest beauty and fullest development.
Interconnections between plants and animalsthe web of life
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

Animals are dependent on plants for food, consumers on producers, heterotrophs on autotrophs, and forests also provide diverse living space for their animal denizens, as was outlined in Chapter 4. But tropical rain forests are more than just a restaurant and a home. In this chapter we explore aspects of the complex web of interconnections within rain forests which scientists have begun to disentangle over recent years. Plants make use of animals as pol-linators (very few are wind-pollinated in contrast to temperate forests), and many use them also as dispersers (though wind dispersal also does occur). It has recently been fashionable to invoke the term co-evolution, in a one-to-one relationship of specialization, as a driving force for species evolution. Some symbiotic relationships do bear this stamp, but in most cases the forces of natural selection are now realized to be more diffuse.
Forest dynamics
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

n Chapter 6, tropical rain forests were examined on the long-time scale of tens of thousands of years and shown to have fluctuated in area. Delving further still, over millions of years, continental drift and evolution come into play. Present day fauna and flora bear witness to these long-term changes. On these very long time scales rain forests have been unstable and have changed profoundly in extent and composition, as indeed have all other biomes. In the present chapter we look at temporal change at the other extreme, time scales of a few years to a few centuries, up to the life spans of one or a few generations of trees. Change is examined in the context of development and disintegration of the forest canopy, the forest growth cycle, introduced in section 2.3. Two spatial scales of canopy dynamics can be distinguished: patch disturbance, which involves one or a few trees, and community-wide disturbance.
Nutrients and their cycles
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

This chapter investigates the effects of human usage of tropical rain forests on the ecosystem’s capital stock of plant mineral nutrients and on their cycles. First the nutrient cycling aspects of shifting agriculture are described, then nutrients and their cycles in primary rain forest. Based on this we discuss the effect on nutrients of different intensities of forest exploitation and the limits of sustainable utilization. The chapter concludes with discussions of the role nutrients might play in determining the distinctive structure and physiognomy of the heath forest and upper montane rain forest formations.
Tropical rain forests at the cusp of the new millennium
Authors: Whitmore T C
Published: November 2023

There is now a general awareness that careless logging of tropical rain forests, or their reduction to fragments by clearance for agriculture, damages their biology and the livelihood of rural peoples dependent on them. This percep-tion, plus the responses needed from signatories to the Conventions on Biodiversity and Climate Change, is likely increasingly to colour the actions of the governments of rain-forest countries and the aid of donors who support them. Large sums are becoming available through the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) to assist the implementation of these Conventions.
Was it something you ate?
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

Very few people are allergic to food, but most of us suffer adverse effects when we eat certain things. The reason is that our body is intolerant of particular chemicals, and it reacts to them as if we were being poisoned. We then experience a variety of symptoms such a stomach ache, headache, sweating, skin rashes, diarrhoea, palpitations, and vomiting. When several of these affect us at one time they are likely to indicate that we are suffering from food intolerance and this is what the book is all about. If we can identify which components of our diet are likely to cause intolerance, then we can make sure we don’t take in too much at one meal and so provoke the body to react. Human metabolism has developed to cope with small amounts of all kinds of non-nutrients in our food, even some that are highly toxic. What it cannot cope with are large amounts, and for sensitive people even relatively small amounts can trigger the body to over-react. This is why the same meal can affect people in very different ways. There are only a few common chemicals that can provoke an intolerance reaction: alcohol, benzoates, caffeine, dopamine, histamine, monosodium glutamate, nitrate/nitrite, phenylethylamine, salicylates, serotonin, solanine, sorbates, tryptamine/octopamine, and tyramine. The book examines the principal causes of food intolerance, explaining how this differs from food allergy, which few suffer from, and identifies the chemicals that cause it - many of which are natural - and the foods that contain them. It also reveals why food intolerance occurs, what its symptoms are, and why some people are so badly affected by a particular non- nutrient, while others suffer no upset at all. The book also contains chapters on natural toxins, and unnatural food additives and food contaminants. It explains the key nutrients in our diet and highlights the foods richest in the essential ones that we may be lacking. Most of the chapters are devoted to a few key non-nutrients that account for the majority of cases of intolerance. Each section is illustrated with actual case notes from people who have been badly affected by their diet. The book ends on an upbeat note with a final chapter giving dietary advice for maintaining a healthy heart. If you’ve ever wondered why something you eat does not agree with you, then this is the book that will help you discover what this is likely to be, and why your system reacts so badly to it. Written in an easy-to-understand style, Food Intolerance will take you through all aspects of food, especially identifying those non-nutrients that provoke a toxic response and make us ill.
Introduction
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

Humans very quickly learn not to eat foods that upset them, and we each have a few that we assiduously avoid, even though we see others enjoying them with impunity. If a young child eats something which makes it sick, then it is very difficult to persuade that child to eat the same food again. The distressing act of vomiting becomes associated with that particular food, and it teaches the child a lesson it may never forget. When we are older we learn that food may poison us for a variety of reasons-it may be contaminated with bacteria or fungi; it may be slightly poisonous and we have eaten too much; or it may contain something to which we really are allergic.
Additives and contaminants
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

Many farmed and processed foods contain small amounts of substances that have been added, either intentionally or unintentionally, during production. They contribute little to the nutritional value of the food, but may nevertheless have an effect on some of the people who eat them. These unnatural non-nutrients fall into two main categories: additives and contaminants.
We are not in a special place
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael
Published: November 2023

When we look at the other barren planets of the solar system, earth, with its teeming life, is certainly a special place. The silence of the universe may tell us that earth is unique, that no other intelligent species exist. So we may well be in a special place, the place where we are.
Actin structure
Authors: Sheterline Peter , Clayton Jon , Sparrow John C
Published: November 2023

Actins form a family of eukaryotic proteins whose sequences are highly conserved. There have been several attempts to order actins into classes based on functional and sequence data. The variable sequence at the N-terminus has provided the simplest classification criteria, but there arc other key amino acid positions different characteristic of actins from different kingdoms and phyla. using N-terminal sequence differences, actins can be discriminated into two classes , I and II. Class I actin from different kingdoms and phyla.
Crystallinity. Haemoglobin
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Crystals of calcite, quartz, and other minerals are among the delights of nature—fascinating to all observers since the beginning of time. And crystals have been studied by scientists since the earliest days, recording geometrical shapes, angles of inclination and the like with such enthusiasm that by 1911 the Encyclopaedia Britannica employed over 100 drawings to illustrate the different known crystal systems and symmetries for its article on ‘crystallography’
Analytical Imperative
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Even as early as 1905, when Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister had only recently established the nature of the peptide linkage, the number of proteins recognized as distinct in terms of either function or physical characteristics was becoming uncomfortably large. How were these increasingly numerous substances to be classified and named? The matter became sufficiently important that two separate committees were set up—one in England consisting of physiologists and chemists and one in the United States, sponsored jointly by the American Society of Biological Chemists and the American Physiological Society. Their reports appeared in 1907 and 1908, respectively.
Subunits and domains
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

The concept of subunits, more than one polypeptide chain in a protein molecule, emerges automatically from investigation of amino acid sequences. We saw that in the preceding chapter: the very first complete sequence analysis, that of insulin, began with an accurate determination of free ex-amino groups and showed that insulin belongs in the multi- subunit category. (This particular example will be seen later in this chapter to be more complex than at first it seemed.)
Muscle Contraction
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

It thus appears probable that the essential condition for extensibility is that actin and myosin should not be linked together. This phenomenon finds a ready explanation in terms of the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments described above, if it is postulated that stretching of the muscle takes place, not by an extension of the filaments, but by a process in which the two sets of filaments slide past each other.
The New Alchemy
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

We declared in the introduction to this book that we would not try to see into the future and we have not altered this intent. But the future in protein science is being kept perpetually before us in this millenium year, pushed into prominence by newspapers and popular magazines—abetted, it needs to be said, by quite a number of scientists themselves, in whose pronouncements a touch of modesty might be more becoming. Some extravagant promises are being made, reminiscent of the Middle Ages, when the alchemists tried to point the way to everlasting bliss. At the in- organic level they sought to transmute base metals into gold, in biology they sought the elixir of life, essentially the infinite prolongation of life. Now, many centuries later, the physicists have managed atomic trans- mutation of a sort (though not from lead to gold) and the belief is rife that we may be on the verge of the elixir of life as well.
Dispersal in antagonistic interactions
Authors: Baalen Minus van , Hochberg Michael E
Published: November 2023

The outcome of antagonistic interactions (such as predator-prey and host-parasite interactions) depends sensitively on spatial structure. As the spatial distribution of a population is, at least partially, the result of spatial decisions (which can take the form of habitat selection, foraging tactics, or dispersal) of individuals, there is a close interplay between individual behaviour and population dynamical consequences.
The Undergrowth of Science
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

The theme is scientific foible. Gratzer describes for a general readership a number of episodes in science and medicine where an erroneous research finding was adhered to and given credence by its originators and others far beyond the point where it had been effectively discredited. Each of these episodes is dealt with in detail, with special attention given to the individuals involved, their careers and personalities, their relations with others, and so on. A fascinating, well written collection of stories from the history of science. They include the affair of the N-rays ('the best and most widely analysed example of tribal delusion in the history of science'), Lysenko and the tragedy of Soviet genetics, science in the Third Reich, the tale of polywater, and the cold-fusion aberration of the 1980s. The writing is very clear and eminently readable with good use made of anecdotes and literary references. Here is a book that is both entertaining and thought-provoking.
Paradigms Enow: Some Mirages of Biology
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

The story of mitogenic radiation, which began and (more or less) ended in the Soviet Union, bears a curious similarity to that of the N-rays. It lasted longer, diffused a little further into the world beyond the scientific locale within which it arose, and faded away almost imperceptibly with none of the éclat that signalled the demise of the N-rays. Perhaps Gurvich’s laboratory was too remote and the political ambience too forbidding to draw any avenging sceptic from the West on a mission of destruction.
Aberrations of Physics: Irving Langmuir Investigates
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

Bergen Davis and Arthur H. Barnes were physics professors at one of America’s most venerable seats of learning, Columbia University in New York. Their interest was in the physics of fundamental particles, and the late 1920s and early 1930s, when this story unfolded, saw a great ebullition of new knowledge in this field, due mainly to the work of J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford in Britain, Niels Bohr in Denmark and Arnold Sommerfeld and others in Germany.
The Wilder Shores of Credulity
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

High intelligence and learning do not always exclude unreason. From its earliest beginnings science was recognised to depend on scepticism. Reports of phenomena that appear improbable within the prevailing paradigm, as Thomas Kuhn termed the current viewpoint in a field of science, need to be tempered in the furnace of doubt, even hostility. When this is overcome, what Kuhn calls a paradigm shift ensues. But if the prevailing paradigm is too willingly overthrown, anarchy results and progress becomes impossible. The conscientious scientist adopts in fact the criterion suggested by David Hume for judging miracles: is it more probable that a miracle has occurred than that you have been deceived? So in eighteenth-century France, when Franz-Anton Messmer persuaded a gullible public of the existence of animal magnetism and harnessed it to cure diseases, King Louis XVI ordered a Royal Commission to be set up to study and report on the matter.
Behaviour patterns during incubation
Authors: Deeming D C
Published: November 2023

Contact incubation is reliant upon the presenceof a parent bird in order to provide sufficient heat energy to raise egg temperature to the appropriate level for embryonic development. This necessity has moulded the behaviour of breeding birds as well as nest location and construction (Chapter 2). The presence of the bird on top of the eggs during incubation limits the range of other behaviours that can be exhibited by the bird during the incubation period. There is certainly a potential conflict for the bird, which has to balance its own maintenance requirements with the needs of the developing embryos (Chapter 20). This chapter explores the patterns of behaviour during incubation in birds by describing how birds of both genders occupy their time during incubation. Rather than listing numerous examples in different species the intention here is to provide an overview of patterns of behaviour and the factors which affect the incubation phase of reproduction.
Science-in-fiction is not science fiction. Is it autobiography?
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

The first half of 1985 started auspiciously: Diane and I were married on my son’s birthday, 21 June. The ceremony was followed by a glorious wedding feast at my ranch, attended by many of our Stanford University students and colleagues. Its artistic high point was the commissioned music for three flutes and soprano by John Adams set to lines by Wallace Stevens and the wedding dance created by Rhonda Martyn with her troupe of dancers. My scientific research at Stanford, with nearly two dozen graduate and postdoctoral collaborators, was going full steam. My health had recovered so completely from the accident and enforced rest that I felt ready to embark on a trek from Tibet to Nepal.
A softer chemist
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

Until 1969, I would have described myself as a ‘hard’ scientist, the proudly macho adjective employed by chemists and other physical scientists to distinguish their work from the ‘soft,’ fuzzy fields such as sociology or even psychology. Next to physics, chemistry is the hardest of the hard sciences, the rock on which the biomedical, environmental, and material sciences all build their molecular edifices. Chemistry—the molecular science par excellence—also tends to pride itself on the social corollary of its flinty strength: it is the most insular of the hard sciences. In academia, we chemists are often the most conservative, refusing to climb beyond our self-imposed disciplinary walls.
Fixed appliances
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

Brackets —These are usually bonded directly to the labial surface of the incisor, canine, and premolar teeth in a predetermined position. It is the bracket design and dimensions which give rise to the numerous bracket systems currently available. These will be discussed later in this chapter.Tubes —These are either directly bonded to the buccal surface of the molar

teeth or are carried on bands that are cemented to the molar teeth. These tubes, which are included in the appliance, carry the ends of the archwire on the most distal molar tooth. Additional tubes on upper molars may be used for fitting headgear.
Understanding Partial Denture Design
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Understanding Partial Denture Design provides a step-by-step, highly illustrated guide to this difficult, but core area of dentistry. The first section of the book is dedicated to general principles of partial dentures, focussing on how they work. The second section allows students to put theory into practice: profiling the patient and the denture; including assessment and the associated design sequence. The final section of the book concentrates on problem solving, including more challenging areas of denture design, such as provision of partial dentures for complex and deteriorating dentitions. A key strength of the book is its ability to de-mystify the mechanics of functional and comfortable partial denture design, giving students and newly qualified dentists the fundamental understanding to thrive with this sector of their caseload.
Why Should Partial Dentures Be Provided?
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Partial dentures are provided to restore facial form and masticatory function after tooth loss.

Their bio-compatibility depends on the acceptance by the body of the materials from which the dentures are constructed, the tolerance of the tissues to the denture in function and the ability of the patient to manipulate the appliances in comfort and control plaque.
Indirect Retention
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Indirect retention is a means of preventing the displacement of a saddle which is cantilevered out from the direct retainer(s), such as a free-end saddle or curved anterior saddle. A lever system must be created to keep the saddle in place. An example is a free-end saddle where there is only an abutment tooth at one end. Another example is an anterior saddle which is curved outside a straight line between the abutments.
Unipolar depression—a lifespan perspective: ‘The School Age Child’
Authors: Birmaher Boris , Rozel John Samuel
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the literature on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical characteristics, natural history, correlates, and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the school-aged child (6–12 years old). Although childhood depression has come under increasing scrutiny in the past decade with improved epidemiological descriptions of the phenomena, it remains a nascent discipline and outcome and treatment data are limited.
Fidgets
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

The question of medicalization is raised in an acute way by the syndrome known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Some writers argue that ADHD is no more than the occurrence of undesirable and oppositional behaviours in children as a result of failure to develop socially validated conduct or as a result of impoverished and deprived contexts in which the child seeks stimulation or interest.
Moral insanity and evil
Authors: Gillett Grant
Published: November 2023

David E. is 23. He is in police custody because he inflicted injuries leading to severe brain damage in a 29 year old woman. He met the woman at a dance where he had gone with some friends. He danced with her a few times, bought one or two drinks and agreed to take her somewhere quieter for coffee. He asked his friend if he could have the keys of his car, giving the impression, it was later said, that he only wanted them for a moment or so. He took the woman in the car to a fairly isolated spot near the city and there raped her becoming angry when she protested. She was later found having been raped and also having suffered severe head injuries including extensive skull fractures produced by a spanner from the car. When found by the police David readily admitted that he had had sex with the woman and roughed her up a bit.
Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (or Tourette's Syndrome), is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder affecting about 5 people in every 10,000. It is characterized by motor and vocal tics, and upsetting anti-social behavior such as involuntary swearing and obscene gestures. This book, written by a psychologist and a psychiatrist who have been researching Tourette's Syndrome for many years, explains the causes of the syndrome, how it is diagnosed, and the ways in which it can be treated. Essential reading for Tourette's sufferers, their relatives and friends, Tourette's Syndrome: The Facts will also be of use to clinicians, family physicians, schoolteachers, and anyone seeking an accessible introduction to the disorder.
Causal mechanism and probability: a normative approach
Authors: Glymour Clark , Cheng Patricia W
Published: November 2023

A long and still popular tradition in the study of human causal reasoning insists on a dramatic bifurcation between ‘mechanistic’ conceptions of causal inference and ‘probabilistic’ or ‘covariational’ conceptions of this process (e.g. Harre and Madden, 1975; Schultz, 1982; Baumrind, 1983; Turner, 1987; White, 1989,1995; Ahn et al., 1995; Ahn and Bailenson, 1996). What is meant by ‘mechanism’ is rarely specified in this literature, but the examples given make it relatively clear that to specify a ‘mechanism’ for a covariation is simply to specify either a sequence of causes that intervene between the candidate cause and effect, or causes that tend to bring about both the candidate cause and effect, where the causal connections posited in the ‘mechanism’ are of a kind that are already familiar and acknowledged. Baumrind (1983) gives the following illustration:
The rational analysis of human causal and probability judgment
Authors: Lopez Francisco J , Cobos Pedro L , Cano, Antonio , Shanks David R
Published: November 2023

During the last few decades, an important debate has taken place in cognitive psychology concerning the rationality of human reasoning. One field in which this debate has been vigorous is that of inductive inference and probabilistic reasoning or, in more general terms, situations in which people make predictions about uncertain events (Cohen, 1981; Gigerenzer and Murray, 1987; Bell et al., 1988; Anderson, 1991; Gigerenzer, 1996; Kahneman and Tversky, 1996). This research has produced mixed results, ranging from some showing that human predictive behaviour under uncertain conditions is basically rational to others demonstrating violations of various principles of rationality.
Fear-Avoidance Models of Chronic Pain: An Overview
Authors: Asmundson Gordon J G , Norton, Peter J , Vlaeyen Johan W S
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade there has been a burgeoning of research aimed specifically at better understanding the role that fear, anxiety, and avoidance behavior play in the development and exacerbation of chronic pain following apparently healed acute musculoskeletal injury or benign (harmless) somatic conditions. Although reviewed in recent years (Asmundson et al. 1999; Vlaeyen and Linton 2000), this literature has continued to grow, has clarified associations with parallel lines of investigation (e.g. the anxiety disorders), and is now stimulating new and exciting practical applications designed to reduce pain chronicity and associated disability.
Disuse and Physical Deconditioning in Chronic low Back Pain
Authors: Verbunt Jeanine A , Seelen Henk A , Vlaeyen Johan W S
Published: November 2023

In recent years, physical disuse has been presented as one of the perpetuating factors for chronicity in theoretical research models on pain (Hasenbring et al. 1994; Vlaeyen et al. 1995a). Disuse, or a decreased level of physical activity in daily life, would lead to physical deconditioning or an extremely low level of physical fitness. For several decades, physical reconditioning has been proposed in clinical practice as a goal in the treatment of patients with chronic pain, resulting in a variety of rehabilitation programs based on reconditioning. However, inactivity has not only become a topic in chronic pain management, but also in general medicine.
Assessment of fear and anxiety associated with pain: Conceptualization, methods, and measures
Authors: McNeil Daniel W , Vowles Kevin E
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on issues concerning the assessment of fear and anxiety associated with pain, with three major purposes. One intent is to identify and discuss conceptual issues that have implications, including epistemological ones, for our understanding of negative affect that is related to pain. A second point is to discuss methods of measurement and application of these methods to fear of, and anxiety associated with, pain in both acute and chronic populations. Finally, a third aspect of this chapter is a review of major assessments, providing an overview of other available tools as well. In addressing this third point, it is hoped that this work will provide a reference and review of currently available measures of pain-related fear and anxiety for use in clinical and research settings.
The Management of Pain-Related Fear in Primary Care
Authors: Balderson Benjamin H K , Lin, Elizabeth H B , Korff Michael Von
Published: November 2023

Fear of pain and activity level are emerging as primary determinants of functional voutcomes in patients with chronic or recurrent back pain (e.g. Frost et al. 1998; Mannion et al. 1999; Moffett et al. 1999; Abenhaim et al. 2000). In some back pain patients, fears of (re)injury or harmful movements of the spine are common. These fears can result in patients avoiding normal activities; a phenomenon called fear-avoidance (Lethem et al. 1983; Asmundson et al. 1999; Vlaeyen and Linton 2000).
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Chronic pain: An Overview with Specific Reference to Fear and Avoidance
Authors: Williams Amanda C de C , McCracken Lance M
Published: November 2023

Behavioral methods were introduced into the treatment of pain (Fordyce et al. 1968; Fordyce 1976; Sanders 1979) with a mixture of concern for patients for whom the rapidly developing techniques and pharmacopeia for pain relief were disappointing, and of therapeutic optimism about the scope of application of behavioral principles. Within the behavioral framework, pain was not the problem as it was unknowable by any direct means, but pain behavior was a problem both to the patient and to those around him or her. Such behavior as limping, guarding, moaning, grimacing, and withdrawal from normal activities caused secondary disability by deconditioning and created social distance and practical and material problems for the patient and his or her family.