bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of Solar Energetic Particles and Cosmic Rays with the RADEM instrument onboard the ESA JUICE mission
Authors: Hajdas Wojtek , Goncalves Patricia , Pinto Marco , Galli Andre , Witasse Olivier
Published: February 2023

The main goal of the radiation monitor RADEM flying onboard the ESA JUICE mission is to provide continuous information on particle fluxes and their energy spectra. The monitor measures electrons up to 40 MeV and protons up to 250 MeV. Such a range of energies detected by RADEM enables covering the most hazardous regimes in terms of radiation damage. Spectroscopic information on particle energies is provided using eight quasi-logarithmic energy bins. RADEM has also a dedicated heavy-ion detector designed to measure a variety of heavy ion species with their LET between 0.1 and 10 MeV/cm/mg-1. Moreover, the monitor contains an additional detector sensitive to the direction of incoming radiation. It expands the instrument's angular coverage up to 35% of the sky. Apart from its spectroscopic and angular distribution functions, RADEM will continuously provide values of the radiation dose deposited by each particle species. Its telemetry data will be stored in the data center for the JUICE mission operated by the European Space Astronomy Centre. After preprocessing the higher-level data will become available to the JUICE scientific team. RADEM will be switched on shortly after the JUICE launch planned for April 2023 and after a short commissioning phase will start its nominal operation. Apart from regular and short tuning and calibration periods, it will remain operating for the rest of the mission i.e. almost 10 years. While its primary purpose is to monitor the mission levels for safety concerns of the spacecraft and its scientific payload, its measurements open a unique opportunity for conducting real-time, continuous observations during its full cruise to Jupiter. RADEM will study all aspects of the radiation phenomena characteristic to the Earth and Solar System. Correlations with other instruments will allow for advanced observations of particle event propagation and a better understanding of processes related to the dynamics of particle environments including their links with solar activity and magnetic fields across the solar system. In particular, during its first two years of the cruise to Jupiter, RADEM will precisely map the radiation environment between Venus and Mars, providing uninterrupted time-resolved spectroscopy and dosimetry data from Solar Energetic Particles and Cosmic Rays.
NWP model updates and post-processing: a strategy for an EMOS model on ECMWF wind gusts forecasts
Authors: Squintu Antonello A. , van der Kooij Eva , Whan Kirien , Schmeits Maurice
Published: February 2023

In the framework of KNMI’s Early Warning Center (EWC), ECMWF ensemble (ENS) predictions are used to issue medium-range forecasts of severe weather. Timely forecasts of wind gusts extremes are important to prevent potential damage. However, ensemble forecasts are affected by biases and under- or over-dispersion. These errors lead to a reduction in the skill of the forecasts, especially for long lead-times and for extreme cases, such as windstorms and deep convective episodes. Hence, statistical post-processing is a fundamental step in the establishment of a skillful weather alert system for extreme wind gust events.     However, weather models like ECMWF-IFS are subject to frequent updates, which include changes in the calculation of certain diagnostic variables and by consequence in statistical features of their ensemble distribution. This is the case for ECMWF wind gusts forecasts, whose bias has been reduced with the last update in October 2021. Therefore, the use of pre-update wind gusts forecasts in the training of the post-processing model must be considered with care.In the context of the development of an Ensemble Model Output Statistics (EMOS) model, this limitation has been tackled by reconstructing wind-gusts forecasts with a preliminary EMOS model. This step has been performed by including in the regression those variables that are used by ECMWF for the calculation of wind gusts, which were less affected by the update.The reconstructed wind gusts forecasts have been added to a set of summary statistics of the ensemble distribution of variables physically related to wind gusts. A process of forward selection has been applied to identify the most relevant contributions to the general EMOS model, highlighting reconstructed wind gusts as the most important predictor for all lead-times.The post-processed forecasts obtained with this experimental EMOS model have been verified and compared to those calculated with a conventional EMOS model (performed ignoring the above caveats) and with the results of a non-parametric Quantile Regression Forest. These models have been trained on the same period (2018-2021) and tested on the period that has followed the update (2021-2022), including only grid-points and stations that cover the territory of the Netherlands and distinguishing between summer and winter half-years. The method showing the best performance will be employed operationally for the post-processing of ECMWF-ENS wind gust forecasts over the Netherlands and will be used in the EWC weather alert system.
Hominin life and evolution across changing African landscapes in the Pleistocene
Authors: Gosling William
Published: February 2023

Climate change is often linked with evolutionary processes, but the effect of this driver is mediated by the environment in which the organisms live. In relation to hominins, climatic conditions play an important role in determining the availability of resources critical to development and evolution, including water, materials for tools, and food. Over the last c. 1 million years the spatial distribution of water and vegetative resources across Africa has shifted dramatically, and in tandem. The most significant change in this time period occurred c. 300,000 years ago when the predominance of wetter conditions, and relatively more abundant vegetative resources, shifted from western to eastern Africa. Around this time Homo sapiens and Middle Stone Age technologies emerged. While the changing landscape of Africa would not have necessarily have excluded hominins from occupying particular regions, they would have altered the chances for interaction between different populations through the creation of new geographic connections. These new connections between hominin populations would have promoted different cultural and genetic exchanges, which consequently could have driven development and evolutionary processes. To understand the environmental backdrop to hominin development and evolution we need to explore the changes that occurred within the landscapes in which they lived. Here landscape scale (site specific) changes in environmental resources are considered from key locations in western and eastern Africa. These insights are then placed within the context of climate and vegetation change across the continent to develop ideas about how the changing landscapes could have facilitated, and driven, cultural development and evolutionary processes in hominins during the Pleistocene.
Increase of volatiles output in the atmosphere at Vulcano Island inferred by SO2 plume monitoring in the 2021-2022 period.
Authors: Vita Fabio , Schiavo Benedetto , Inguaggiato Claudio , Inguaggiato Salvatore
Published: February 2023

The volatiles emitted in different way from the active volcanoes have been responsible of the increases of gases in the atmosphere like H2O, SO2, CO2, and H2S.The volatiles are exsolved from the magma batch located below the volcano edifice, during the rising towards the surface interacts with surficial fluids, and come out from the soils, the aquifers, the fumaroles and the main conducts.Near continuous plume SO2 fluxes, measurements have been carried out by a network system of SO2 measurements at Vulcano Island, Italy. Two Scan-DOAS stations belonging to the NOVAC Project are located respectively at NE and SW of volcanic cone. This configuration allowed tracking over 80% of plume emission during the solar year.NOVAC is a permanent network for the measurement of volcanic gas emissions, born in 2005 from a European project to creating and installing automated prototypes capable to monitor gases by volcanic plumes, around the world. The main objective was to quantify global volcanic gas emissions and increase knowledge on changes in volcanic activity by estimating the gases emitted by each individual volcanic system.The fluxes of SO2 plume acquired by the UV-scanning DOAS network showed, in the study period (2021 – 2022), monthly average values between 20 and 121 t d-1. Starting from June 2021 onwards, the SO2 output showed a positive trend with an abrupt increase reaching the highest monthly value in September 2021 (monthly average value= 121 t d-1) and the highest daily measurement 16 November 2021 (daily average = 248 t d-1).The atmospheric dispersion model (AERMOD), designed for simulate the dispersion of air pollutant from stationary anthropogenic and natural emission source, have been utilized to produce the dispersion SO2 maps and evaluate the air SO2 concentrations in the neighboring areas of the Vulcano island. These maps have been constructed using environmental parameters such as wind speed and direction measured by the local network installed in different points of the island and at different altitudes. These SO2 iso-concentration maps compared with the limit values shown in the human health tables have made it possible to identify the most harmful areas.
Long-term in situ scientific experiment: Demonstrating the slope protection effects of loess ecological materials
Authors: Bao Han , Liu Changqing , Yan Changgen
Published: February 2023

Ecological materials are increasingly being applied in the loess slope protection, and the time-dependency deterioration of materials is an important criterion in evaluating their protective effects. Taking polypropylene fiber and guar gum as examples, the protection tests of these two ecological materials were carried out for a typical bare cut-slope on the Loess Plateau in this study. We quantified the erosion deterioration based on the approach of LiDAR, and the deterioration processes of both the ecological materials were then comprehensively evaluated. Results showed that both the materials could generate good protective effects on the test slopes, and the guar gum mixed soil (GGS) was slightly better than polypropylene fiber reinforced soil (PFS) at initial time. However, the two materials deteriorated diversely with the increasing service time. The scouring erosion was mainly observed in PFS, which is different to the surface spalling observed in GGS, and the erosion mass presented different stepwise growth along the slope downward. In addition, the protective advantage of GGS was decreasing and even disappearing over time. Revealed by the dry-wet cycle tests, the rapid attenuation of disintegration resistance of PFS and shear strength parameters of GGS were the main reasons leading to the different deterioration of the two materials. For evaluating deterioration behavior of slope protection materials, the time-dependency deterioration model was furthermore established by combining the average intensity of effective rainfall as well as the disintegration rate and shear strength parameters of slope protection materials. Thus, the quantitative prediction on the deterioration process and the protective effect of slope protection materials were realized, with results indicating that the influences of disintegration rate, cohesion, and internal friction angel enhanced successively on the promotion of slope protection materials. This study is of great significance for revealing the deterioration mechanism and promoting continuous improvement of slope protection materials.
Jupiters high energy particle environment observed by Juno
Authors: Jørgensen John , Denver Troelz , Herceg Matija , Sushkova Julia , Connerney Jack , Toldbo Christina , Benn mathias , Bolton Scott , Levin Steven
Published: February 2023

The Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC), part of the MAG experiment onboard Juno, has been measuring the Jovian high energy particle environment since orbit insertion. We’ve produced a detailed map of the distribution of trapped high energy particles, predominantly electrons (>10MeV), using data from Juno’s first 47 orbits. The observations also demonstrate the significant influence that space weather at Jupiter has on the local particle flux. The ASC is a star tracker designed with four low light cameras to provide accurate attitudes for the MAG experiment’s vector magnetometers, located on a boom at the end of one of the spacecraft solar wings at 10 and 12m from the center of the spacecraft. At this location the ASC cameras are subjected to the high energy particle omniflux for all 4pi.  Electrons with an average energy of 20MeV and protons with energy in excess of 100MeV will pass through the camera radiation shielding to the camera CCDs to liberate signal electrons. To enable robust attitude estimation, the signal from the penetrating radiation is first removed by a software filter before star field recognition is performed. Registering the particle count in each image, these measurements effectively provide for a high time resolution measurement of the high energy particle omniflux. We present the detailed map of high energy particles throughout Jupiter’s magnetosphere and demonstrate how the local flux responds to solar activity.
The effect of the morphology of coronal holes on the propagational evolution of high-speed solar wind streams in the inner heliosphere
Authors: Hofmeister Stefan , Asvestari Eleanna , Guo Jingnan , Heidrich-Meisner Verena , Heinemann Stephan , Magdalenic Jasmina , Poedts Stefaan , Samara Evangelia , Temmer Manuela , Vennerstrom Susanne , Veronig Astrid , Vrsnak Bojan , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert
Published: February 2023

Since the 1970s it has been empirically known that the area of solar coronal holes a ects the properties of high-speed solar windstreams (HSSs) at Earth. We derive a simple analytical model for the propagation of HSSs from the Sun to Earth and thereby showhow the area of coronal holes and the size of their boundary regions a ect the HSS velocity, temperature, and density near Earth.We assume that velocity, temperature, and density profiles form across the HSS cross section close to the Sun and that these spatialprofiles translate into corresponding temporal profiles in a given radial direction due to the solar rotation. These temporal distributionsdrive the stream interface to the preceding slow solar wind plasma and disperse with distance from the Sun. The HSS properties at1AU are then given by all HSS plasma parcels launched from the Sun that did not run into the stream interface at Earth distance.We show that the velocity plateau region of HSSs as seen at 1AU, if apparent, originates from the center region of the HSS closeto the Sun, whereas the velocity tail at 1AU originates from the trailing boundary region. Small HSSs can be described to entirelyconsist of boundary region plasma, which intrinsically results in smaller peak velocities. The peak velocity of HSSs at Earth furtherdepends on the longitudinal width of the HSS close to the Sun. The shorter the longitudinal width of an HSS close to the Sun, themore of its “fastest” HSS plasma parcels from the HSS core and trailing boundary region have impinged upon the stream interfacewith the preceding slow solar wind, and the smaller is the peak velocity of the HSS at Earth. As the longitudinal width is statisticallycorrelated to the area of coronal holes, this also explains the well-known empirical relationship between coronal hole areas and HSSpeak velocities. Further, the temperature and density of HSS plasma parcels at Earth depend on their radial expansion from the Sunto Earth. The radial expansion is determined by the velocity gradient across the HSS boundary region close to the Sun and gives thevelocity-temperature and density-temperature relationships at Earth their specific shape. When considering a large number of HSSs,the assumed correlation between the HSS velocities and temperatures close to the Sun degrades only slightly up to 1AU, but thecorrelation between the velocities and densities is strongly disrupted up to 1AU due to the radial expansion. Finally, we show howthe number of particles of the piled-up slow solar wind in the stream interaction region depends on the velocities and densities of theHSS and preceding slow solar wind plasma.
Understanding Magma Nature of Post-Collisional Alkaline Granites Around Uludag (NW, Turkiye): Implications for New Geodynamic Scenarios
Authors: Kocaturk Huseyin , Kumral Mustafa , Unluer Ali Tugcan , Kaya Mustafa , Sutcu Merve , Doner Zeynep , Sendir Huseyin , Abdelnasser Amr
Published: February 2023

Magmatic Suite around Uludag Massif contains some alkaline (A-type or highly fractionated felsic I-type) granites that developed in post-collisional plate tectonic conditions. Their genesis involved by Eocene calc-alkaline and Oligocene strongly peraluminous granite magmatism. Their emplacement is linked to strike-slip shear movements and/or extension that occur after the Neo-Tethys collisional events. These granites are spatially related to the Izmir-Ankara Suture Zone (IASZ). The majority of these alkaline granites are formed by middle or lower crustal anatexis, extracted melt restite of I-type granites. Previously non-melted mafic meta-tonalites are considered to represent their source rocks. The mechanism for the required high melting temperatures will be well explained by our new model. However, models based on partial delamination of the base of the lithosphere or asthenospheric upwelling due to steepening and breaking of the subducted Tethyan oceanic slab are still consistent. As is the case for many well-known post-collisional regimes, transpressional to transtensional and/or moderately extensional tectonism predominates throughout to region. Although crustal thickening does not appear evident as in the notable arcs and microcontinent collisions, uplifting of particular regions associated with post-collisional calc-alkaline granite emplacement is observable. Understanding the nature of post-collisional highly fractionated granites around Uludag will extend the view of how Western Anatolia was affected by Alpine Orogeny in the Tethyan Realm. The challenge is drawing the geochemistry line for the tectono-magmatic setting between post-collision to post-orogenic. Describing the nature of alkaline magmatism through late-stage orogeny to intra-plate setting may need to be more precise because of trace elements' overprinting. However, a holistic view of the magmatism and source rocks points out a synchronous crustal growth and crustal rework. Our new possible geodynamic scenario suggests crust–mantle decoupling combined with slab retreat results in thinning of the lithospheric mantle. The 75-80 km decoupling depth calculated from obducted blueschists of Tavsanlı Zone confirms the plate motions controlled thermal relaxation temperature is enough at the base of the lithosphere for the geotherm-induced magma generation for the Tavsanlı Zone.
Enhancement of Seismic Phase Identification using Polarization Filtering and Array Analysis
Authors: Ling On Ki Angel , Stähler Simon , Sollberger David , Giardini Domenico
Published: February 2023

Single-station polarization analysis allows us to extract wave parameters, such as inclination, azimuth, and ellipticity angle, directly from a recorded seismic signal theoretically. In reality, however, seismic data are not purely polarized in the finite analysis window due to varying noise levels, complex wavefield interactions, and calibration errors. Hence, this would potentially influence the observation window of phases of interest. In order to minimize these systematic errors, the involvement of arrays and array processing techniques can further increase the signal-to-noise ratio of coherent signals in a wavefield, which allows us to identify different seismic phases, especially the weaker phases that are usually difficult to observe in a single waveform, even after filtering for a desired wave type. In this study, we present a new approach that combines polarization analysis and filtering in the time-frequency domain using the S-transform with conventional array analysis such as beamforming to enhance seismic signals and distinguish different phases based on their expected slownesses and backazimuth. We apply this approach on AlpArray data and demonstrate wavefield separation in vespagrams using various polarization filters. We also discuss the benefits of our approach especially on small amplitude inner core phases (e.g., PKIKPPKIKP) and their applications for advancing seismological study of Earth’s inner core.
DMS(P) distribution in Arctic sea ice related to algal community structure and ice dynamics – results from the MOSAiC expedition
Authors: Stefels Jacqueline , van Leeuwe Maria , Bozzato Deborah , Webb Alison , Damm Ellen
Published: February 2023

This presentation is a contribution to the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate(MOSAiC) expedition. The MOSAiC field campaign took place on board of RV Polarstern, drifting with the Arctic sea ice, from October 2019 to October 2020. As partner of the MOSAiC team, our project contributed to the production of a time series of sulphur compounds in Arctic sea ice and underlying seawater. The aim of our project was to address how seasonality, sea ice dynamics and water characteristics in the Arctic Ocean affect the cycling of organic sulfur compounds. The sampling of sea ice and surface water was part of the concerted actions of the BGC, ICE and ECO teams during MOSAiC.A crucial compound for organisms to survive the cold and saline environment of sea ice is the organic sulfur compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) that is mainly synthesized by algae. Between 1 and 10% of total primary production is invested in DMSP, thereby making it a key compound in the lower - and potentially also higher - trophic levels. DMSP is also the precursor of the climate active semi-volatile compound dimethylsulfide (DMS).Our work combines measurements of concentrations of DMSP, DMS and the (photo-)oxidation product of DMS, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), transformation rates of these compounds using stable isotope additions and identification of the microorganisms driving these processes.In this presentation, we will show persistent features of DMS(P) distribution in vertical profiles of the MOSAiC floe; link these profiles to algal community structure and discuss the connection between ice and surface water DMS(P) concentrations. We will present a conceptual model of how the growth of sea ice in the Central Arctic Ocean results in specific DMS(P) distribution patterns.
Fractal properties of Arctic sea ice floe fragmentation processes
Authors: Basu Rajlaxmi , Hwang Byongjun
Published: February 2023

Seasonal evolution of Arctic sea ice floe is caused by various fragmentation and melt processes. Those include melt fragmentation in summer due to weaker part of floe by melt ponds, legacy re-frozen leads or cracks, as well as mechanical breakup in spring due to ice deformation forcing. Understanding these fragmentation processes is important not only to evaluate recent Arctic sea ice decline, but also to improve climate models for the Arctic. The objective of this study is to investigate those fragmentation processes at individual floe scales, with hypothesis that fractal properties may differ between melt fragmentation and mechanical breakup. With that in mind, we collected the “floe-scale” data set of 1-m MEDEA images that contain floe-scale imagery before and after fragmentation, and calculated the floe size, perimeter and fractal properties at the floe scale. In this presentation, we will share preliminary results of those analysis, including the role of melt ponds and legacy refrozen leads or cracks in melt fragmentation and difference in fractal properties between melt fragmentation and mechanical breakup.
Assessing exposure to fungal bioaerosols in transport environments: Analysing fungal composition of passive dust samples collected in UK railway stations
Authors: Marczylo Emma , Macchiarulo Sameirah , Isaac James , Brookes Jodi , Crook Brian , Anees-Hill Samuel , Hansell Anna , Douglas Philippa
Published: February 2023

Bioaerosols consist of a complex mixture of airborne microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, pollen, particulates and by-products of cells. While exposure to diverse microorganisms is essential for normal immune system development, bioaerosol inhalation has been associated with respiratory allergy and inflammation. Bioaerosol are ubiquitous, yet their composition within different environments is not well understood. Such information is essential for assessing exposure and associated health impacts. Here we focus on transport environments, namely railway stations (RSs), which pose a potential source of occupational and community exposure. Over 1200 passive dust samples were taken from 17 RSs across the UK from 03/2014-05/2015. GIS methods were used to provide information on population characteristics of the immediate surrounding area of the RSs. Together with information on RS layout and passenger numbers, this informed the selection of 250 samples, representing 9 RSs of varied geographical location, layout and footfall for further analysis. High throughput sequencing (HTS) with a metabarcoding approach targeting the ITS2 region was used to analyse the fungal composition of the sample subset. Such HTS techniques provide an opportunity to measure a wider range of microorganisms than traditional culture or microscopy techniques.RS characteristics were varied and included indoor/enclosed and mostly outdoor layouts. Annual footfall varied from approximately 10-148 million.  The fungal composition of RS over time and relationships with different RS characteristics will be presented, identifying those driving any differences in composition.
Long-term based evaluation of a real-time regional ensemble flow forecasting system in Catalonia
Authors: li Xinyu , Corral Carles , Berenguer Marc , Sempere-Torres Daniel
Published: February 2023

Precipitation is an essential component of the climate system. To face the changeable environment and risky torrential events, a few flow forecasting systems, including probabilistic flow forecast systems, have been developed and frequently applied in different places in real-time. In this context, assessing the system's performance after a long-term application is fundamental.

The main goal of the presented work is to evaluate the performance of a real-time ensemble probabilistic flow forecasting system that has been running in real-time in Catalonia (NE Spain) since 2020. The system provides forecasts at 22 points of the river network, including all the gauging stations of the Catalan Water Agency. The application area has been divided into eight main catchments, and the ensemble of flow forecasts issues 53 members. The system uses an adapted version of the HBV model calibrated using ten years of discharge records.

This work presents an approach to assess the long-term performance of the real-time flow forecast system at the regional scale. For this purpose, the following steps have been applied: First, generate and ordinate the specific rainfall events from long-term forecast results; Second, compare forecast flow and observed flow information; finally, evaluate the forecast result for all the considered lead times with the use of both deterministic and probabilistic scores.

The analysis period is between June 2020 and September 2022, during which forty-nine significant rainfall events occurred. The obtained forecasts have been compared to both discharge observations and the model simulations (the results obtained with a lead time of 0 hours). The results are presented as a function of warning lead time. The influence of the type of event has been analyzed, classifying them into some categories (single events, accumulation events, long-duration events, special events, and false alarms) based on the time series of the precipitation in the basin.
Impact of drought on urban trees – a modelling study
Authors: Backman Leif , Karvinen Esko , Nevalainen Olli , Järvi Leena , Kulmala Liisa
Published: February 2023

Urban green areas can be used as means for sequestering carbon, but also to manage run-off water and to reduce the urban heat island effect. Urban green spaces are often managed, including irrigation, removal of litter and modification of soil. In addition, urban green areas are often subjected to stress factors such as heat, pollution and drought. Here we study various carbon cycle components of urban trees using the JSBACH ecosystem model, focusing on the impact of drought. The study area is Kumpula, a semi-urban area situated in Helsinki, Southern Finland. In 2020 and 2021, an intensive measurement campaign took place involving a park area with tilia trees (Tilia cordata) and an urban forest dominated by Silver birch (Betula pendula). The observations included soil texture, soil temperature and moisture, and soil respiration. We used remote sensing data (Sentinel-2) for the leaf area index. Photosynthesis was measured using leaf cuvettes, and sap flow was measured for birch and lime trees. In addition, we used net ecosystem exchange from eddy covariance measurements at the Kumpula SMEAR III urban measurement station, operated by the University of Helsinki. The meteorological forcing data, to drive the model, was derived from observations at the Kumpula weather observation station, operated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, and the SMEAR III station.
The lithospheric mantle beneath Devès volcanic field – case study of mantle xenoliths from Mt. Briançon (Massif Central, France)
Authors: Ziobro-Mikrut Małgorzata , Puziewicz Jacek , Aulbach Sonja , Ntaflos Theodoros
Published: February 2023

The 3.5-0.5 Ma Devès volcanic field is located in the “southern” mantle domain of the French Massif Central (MC), which originated by partial melting, likely followed by refertilization by melts from the upwelling asthenosphere [1, 2]. However, the extent of melting versus degree of refertilization remains unclear. In order to obtain new insights into this fundamental question, we studied a large mantle xenolith population (n – 21) from a cinder cone in the NW of Devès, the Mt. Briançon nepheline basanite. Extensive use of EMPA and LA-ICP-MS allowed us to gather a comprehensive and representative dataset. Here, we present preliminary interpretations. Ongoing EBSD analyses will provide further data to confirm or correct our hypothesis.The lithospheric mantle (LM) beneath the Devès is heterogeneous. It contains lherzolite with clinopyroxene (cpx) exhibiting REE patterns with relatively flat Lu-Eu and variable LREE-depletion. The coexisting spinel (spl) is highly aluminous (Cr# 0.09-0.15). By analogy with prior work [2], we suggest that cpx and spl were added to the rock by a MORB-type melt [2]. Those lherzolites probably represent refertilized LM similar to the Lherz massif [3], which obscures the original degree of depletion.A distinct mantle region below the Devès is represented by harzburgites and cpx-poor lherzolites containing cpx with REE patterns that show moderately increasing Lu-Sm and steeply increasing towards La. The coexisting spl has medium to high Cr# (0.17-0.28). We suggest that this lithology was not refertilized by MORB-like melts, but records some other metasomatic event(s).A single harzburgite xenolith contains LREE-enriched cpx similar to those described above, but of significantly lower element abundances. This harzburgite is the most magnesian in the entire suite, with olivine Fo ~91.2% and Mg# in pyroxenes ~0.92 (vs Fo 88.5-90.4% and Mg# 0.88-0.91 for other peridotites). Pyroxenes have the lowest Al, Fe, Ti, Na contents in the whole suite and spinel is the most chromian (Cr# ~0.43). This rock resembles harzburgites from the northern domain of the MC, interpreted as a relatively depleted residue of partial melting [4].This study was funded by Polish National Science Centre to MZM (UMO-2018/29/N/ST10/00259).References:[1] Lenoir et al. (2000). EPSL 181, 359-375.[2] Puziewicz et al. (2020). Lithos 362–363, 105467.[3] Le Roux et al. (2007). EPSL 259, 599–612.[4] Downes et al. (2003). Chem Geol 200, 71–87.
Precipitation driven river catchment changes - how the climate models determine the results (the example from Polish Carpathians)
Authors: Wypych Agnieszka , Wilk Paweł , Szalińska Ewa , Orlińska-Woźniak Paulina
Published: February 2023

Precipitation is one of the essential driving factors of natural processes influencing the structure and functioning of river catchment ecosystems. Changes in precipitation conditions have a significant impact on surface runoff and consequently the intensity of sediment transport, and its deposition especially in mountain catchments exposed to frequent rainfalls and prone to erosion. Therefore, insightful information about future precipitation regional projections seems to be crucial for ecosystem services management, including dammed reservoirs and fresh water resources.In general, precipitation is projected to change its annual structure over Central Europe in relation to enhanced atmospheric moisture, moisture convergence and extratropical cyclone activity. Although new generations of climate models focus on improved simulation of water cycle, precipitation projections still become a challenge as key processes driving precipitation changes at local and hemispheric scale remain significantly sensitive to model resolution.The aim of the study is to indicate the differences between particular precipitation projections for the exemplary Carpathian mountains catchment (Raba River, Poland) and their further evaluation   towards the impact of the chosen climate model on the environmental modelling results (sediment load variability). The outcomes of High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) - CMIP6 and higher-resolution regional data for Europe from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (EURO-CORDEX) will be taken into account. Absolute and relative changes in annual precipitation structure will be examined for the whole period of 2026-2100 with short-term (2026-2050) and long-term (2051-2100) perspectives.The research conducted so far revealed that both sediment yields from the exemplary catchment and the sediment loads from the studied river could be greatly altered due to the predicted changes in precipitation and temperature. Since such changes can have a pronounced impact on vital ecological processes ongoing in the catchment the utmost attention should be paid to assessment of differences between climate change scenarios applied in such studies. 
Integrated solar hydrogen production: Impact of the local climate
Authors: May Matthias M. , Schmitt Erica , Grabenstein Johannes , Höhn Oliver , Barry James , Kölbach Moritz , Rehfeld Kira
Published: February 2023

Hydrogen as a versatile, greenhouse gas-free energy carrier will play an important role in our future economy. Yet sustainable, competitive production and distribution of hydrogen remains a challenge. Highly integrated solar water splitting systems aim to combine solar energy harvesting and electrolysis in a single device, similar to a photovoltaic module.[1] Such a system can produce hydrogen locally without the requirement to be connected to the electricity grid. Unlike large electrolysis that draws power from the grid, the power density of such a device is reduced so far that it does not require active cooling, but its operating temperature will closely follow outdoor conditions.Here, we present our work on high-efficiency integrated solar water splitting devices based on multi-junction solar absorbers. The light-absorbing component is sensitive to the shape of the solar spectrum and generally becomes more efficient at lower temperatures. Catalysis, on the other hand, benefits from higher temperatures. These conflicting trends wih respect to the temperature impact the design of the solar hydrogen production system. We analyse how the local climate affects production efficiency[2] and show in a lab study that adequate system design allows efficient operation at temperatures as low as -20°C.[3] These insights can help to design small-scale distributed solar hydrogen production for both temperate regions, but also more extreme climatic conditions.[1] M.M. May et al., Nature Communications 6 (2015), 8286.[2] M. Kölbach et al, Sustainable Energy & Fuels 6 (2022), 4062.[3] M. Kölbach, K. Rehfeld, M.M. May, Energy & Environmental Sciences 14 (2021), 4410-4417.
Coregistration of CTX images to HRSC Global Datasets
Authors: Aye Michael , Walter Sebastian H.G. , Postberg Frank
Published: February 2023

 The current approach for ortho-rectifying images taken by the Context Camera (CTX) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) uses MOLA data as a global reference ([1]), but this approach is imprecise, specifically at the equator, due to the large difference in spatial resolution between the two datasets (6 vs 463 m/pix).  Automatic point matching of image pixels to DTM pixels are not reliable, therefore usually the CTX pixels are matched to imagery datasets which are themselves controlled to MOLA, such as the THEMIS IR dataset ([2]).The HRSC team is working on creating global mosaics of bundle-block-adjusted digital terrain models (DTMs) and corresponding image mosaics with better internal photogrammetric precision than the 50 m used as the grid size, and less deviation from MOLA profile heights, aimed to be finished by the end of 2023. This abstract presents our progress in using a new approach, by using HRSC DTMs as the global reference for CTX image rectification instead of MOLA, which involves using the HRSC ortho-image for co-registration of CTX images and applying brightness correction before combining all images of a quadrangle together to form a seamless mosaic which is then exported as a single image file.  The workflow and processing is performed using modern pixel registration techniques, the USGS’ ISIS system, a database management system, and high-performance computing, and results in significantly less pixel offsets compared to the previous approach.References[1] J. L. Dickson et al., LPSC 49, #2480. [2] S. J. Robbins et al., LPSC 52, #2066. Acknowledgements: This work is supported by the German Space Agency (DLR Bonn), grant 50OO2204, on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. We thank the HPC Service of FU for computing time.
Statistics of Alfvénic structures in the Solar Wind and their impact on Magnetometer Calibration
Authors: Mieth Johannes Z. D. , Plaschke Ferdinand , Auster Uli , Fischer David , Heyner Daniel , Magnes Werner
Published: February 2023

Exploiting the Alfvénic structures of the solar wind is an established method for calibrating spaceborne magnetometers. However, not every statistical property of Alfvén waves follows a uniform distribution, so calibration accuracy in certain sensor directions may be significantly affected by the choice of the data set used. This work examines the statistical properties of Alfvénic disturbances and other structures of the solar wind in a wide range of spatial and temporal scales using data from the current BepiColombo mission, now in the inner solar system, the lunar and Earth-bound satellites of the THEMIS and ARTEMIS missions, and the Earth-bound MMS mission. The influence of the data selection on calibration is characterized and quantified. We benefit from the fact that the magnetometers of the above-mentioned missions have been partially calibrated by independent methods, using the spacecraft spin or alternative observations of the total magnetic field.
C-band Sentinel-1 data for estimating the basal crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of winter wheat
Authors: Ouaadi Nadia , Jarlan Lionel , Khabba Saïd , Le Page Michel , Chakir Adnane , Er-Raki Salah , Frison Pierre-Louis
Published: February 2023

Estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is of primary importance for irrigation management. The model commonly used for this purpose is the FAO-56 approach which consists of accurately estimating the basal crop coefficient Kcb. Historically, Kcb is derived from optical indices such as NDVI giving its sensitivity to vegetation cover fraction and to the Leaf Area Index. Nevertheless, optical data are disturbed by the presence of clouds. In this context, the objective of this work is to investigate the potential use of all-weather radar data as a substitute of NDVI to derive Kcb. The study is conducted over two winter wheat fields (Field 1 and Field 2) in Morocco, monitored during two agricultural seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. Each field is equipped with an eddy covariance station allowing the estimation of ETc every 30 minutes. In addition, a weather station was installed over an alfalfa plot near the study fields. First, the backscattering coefficient and the interferometric coherence ( ρ at VV polarization) are derived from Sentinel-1 data with a 6-day revisit time and a spatial resolution of 10 m. Second, empirical relationships have between established between Kcb, on one hand, and the interferometric coherence and the polarization ratio, on the other hand and the results are also compared to the classical Kcb-NDVI (derived from Sentinel-2) method. The results show that good statistical metrics are obtained between Kcb and NDVI (R=0.77 and RMSE=0.14 for Field 1). Similar results are obtained also using ρ (R=0.76, RMSE=0.18). Finally, the Kcb is estimated from the calibrated relationships on one season and then used to estimate ETc. The results demonstrate reasonable estimates of ETc on Field 1 (R=0.70, RMSE=0.75 mm/day and bias=-0.18 mm/days) using Kcb-ρ. By contrast, a significant overestimations is highlighted both with  (bias=0.73 mm/day) and NDVI (bias=1.46 mm/day) over Field 2. Interestingly, the Kcb-ρ relationship is more consistent in the estimation of ETc when changing from one field to another. These outcomes open new perspectives for the estimation of ETc from radar data as a potential substitute of NDVI in case of persistent cloud cover.
Pattern of volcanic degassing at open-vent volcanoes using TROPOMI SO2 time-series from COBRA retrievals
Authors: Van Mieghem Jordi , Brenot Hugues , Smets Benoît , Theys Nicolas
Published: February 2023

Sensitive and accurate detection of SO2 from remote sensing is essential to monitor volcanic degassing. The main objective of this study is to understand the dynamics of SO2 gas emissions at open-vent volcanoes between major eruptive events, using Sentinel-5P TROPOMI-based SO2 measurements.Time-series of SO2 mass are analysed at 10 open-vent volcanoes (Ambrym, Erebus, Erta Ale, Kilauea, Masaya, Nyamuragira, Nyiragongo, Stromboli, Villarica, Yasur) using a newly developed TROPOMI SO2 product generated by the Covariance Based Retrieval Algorithm (COBRA; Theys et al., 2021). Compared to the current operational SO2 TROPOMI product (which uses the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy technique), the COBRA dataset has improved performances and reduce both the noise and bias on the data, allowing a more refined study of degassing from open-vent volcanoes.Time-series have been obtained for SO2 emissions over a period from 2018 to early 2023. For the 10 selected persistently active volcanoes, the SO2 behaviours are analysed and compared, showing cyclic and sporadic variations, as well as peaks of emission when a flank or major eruption occur. Patterns in SO2 time-series during and between major eruptive events are discussed to assess the potential use (and limitations) of these measurements as a tool for early warning and volcanic crisis management.Reference:Theys, N., Fioletov, V., Li, C., De Smedt, I., Lerot, C., McLinden, C., Krotkov, N., Griffin, D., Clarisse, L., Hedelt, P., Loyola, D., Wagner, T., Kumar, V., Innes, A., Ribas, R., Hendrick, F., Vlietinck, J., Brenot, H., Van Roozendael, M. (2021). A sulfur dioxide Covariance-Based Retrieval Algorithm (COBRA): application to TROPOMI reveals new emission sources. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(22), 16727-16744.
How subsurface and double-core anticyclones intensify the winter mixed layer deepening in the Mediterranean sea
Authors: Barboni Alexandre , Coadou-Chaventon Solange , Stegner Alexandre , Le Vu Briac , Dumas Franck
Published: February 2023

The mixed layer is the uppermost layer of the ocean, connecting the atmosphere to the subsurface ocean through atmospheric fluxes. It is subject to pronounced seasonal variations: it deepens in winter due to buoyancy loss and shallows in spring while heat flux increase and restratify the water column. A mixed layer depth (MLD) modulation over this seasonal cycle has been observed within mesoscale eddies. Taking advantage of the numerous Argo floats deployed and trapped within large Mediterranean anticyclones over the last decades, we reveal for the first time this modulation at a 10-day temporal scale and free of the smoothing effect of composite approaches. The analysis of 16 continuous MLD time series inside 13 long-lived anticyclones at a fine temporal scale brings to light the importance of the eddy preexisting vertical structure in setting the MLD modulation by mesoscale eddies. Extreme MLD anomalies of up to 330m are observed when the winter mixed layer connects with a preexisting subsurface anticyclonic core, greatly accelerating mixed layer deepening. The winter MLD sometimes does not achieve such connection but homogenizes another subsurface layer, then forming a multi-core anticyclone with spring restratification. A MLD restratification delay is always observed, reaching more than 2 months in 3 out the 16 MLD timeseries. The water column starts to restratify outside anticyclones while mixed layer keeps deepening and cooling at the eddy core for a longer time. These new elements provide direct observation of double-core anticyclone formation, which dominant formation mechanism was previously considred to be vertical alignement, and provides new keys for understanding anticyclone vertical structure evolution.
Analysis of changes in the timing of the growing season in the Europe using remote sensing data
Authors: Dížková Petra , Bartošová Lenka , Balek Jan , Semerádová Daniela , Žalud Zdeněk , Trnka Miroslav
Published: February 2023

The most reliable method for monitoring plant phenology and changes in vegetation development is ground observation (in-situ). However, this method is difficult to implement on a larger spatial scale. For that reason, remote sensing data have begun to be used to quantify vegetation phenology in recent decades. Information about phenology is derived from remote sensing data using ie. phenological metrics. In this study, we used 3 base metrics - the start of the growing season (SOS), the end of the growing season (EOS), and the length of the growing season (LGS) for evaluating changes in the phenology of four land covers (coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, field, and grassland) in the European region (approx. 30 countries). For their determination, Enhanced Vegetation Index2 (EVI2) was used based on images from The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Satellite images were obtained at a spatial resolution of 5 x 5 km in the time period from 2000 to 2022. For four land covers within the 22-year period, it was evaluated that the SOS significantly shifted to an earlier date in about half of the evaluated states. The EOS significantly shifted to a later date in almost all evaluated states. Based on these results, we evaluated the whole length of the growing season and found a significant shift to a later date also in almost all evaluated states.Acknowledgement: This work was supported by an individual IGA project - Determination of vegetation time and its spatiotemporal variability using remote sensing of the Earth (AF-IGA2022-IP-067) and by SustES project – Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797), which provided essential data and software access.