bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economy and religious tourism: the phenomenon of pilgrimages to Marian sanctuaries. 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Mestrado em Economia, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas (Departamento de Gestão e Economia), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã Portugal.
Authors: Belucio Matheus
Published: February 2019

For centuries pilgrimages are present in Christianity. For Catholics, the importance of devotions and visits to the Marian sanctuaries is indisputable. The number of visitors and pilgrims to these temples make the local economy an important destination of religious tourism. In order to understand the economic determinants of religious tourism, two sanctuaries were studied, namely, Aparecida (Brazil) and Fatima (Portugal). Given the large collection of statistical information of the Portuguese Sanctuary, it was verified through the Vector Autoregressive model that Gross Domestic Product and Unemployment have a causal unidirectional relation with the pilgrimages. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model revealed that an increase in Gross Domestic Product and international arrivals in the short term positively impacts the number of pilgrims. Through the Ordinary Least Squares regression, significant statistical relationships between climatic factors (rain volume and average temperature) and visitors in the Sanctuary of Fatima were found. The Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average forecast method was applied to the number of monthly  visitors to the Sanctuary of Aparecida and to the number of pilgrims in the Sanctuary of Fatima, the results show a strong seasonality and that the first and last months of the year are periods of low demand. The results of this study allow a new look at religious tourism in the Marian context, the empirical results allow those responsible for establishing public policies, tourism agents and the administration of the Sanctuaries to direct their actions. Measures planned and executed jointly between the various agents can benefit residents, visitors, pilgrims, the tourism sector, the local economy and the Sanctuaries themselves.
Aparecida: significados e perspectivas
Authors: Cordeiro André Rocha
Published: February 2019

Resenha:SANCHEZ, Wagner Lopez (Org.). Aparecida: significados e perspectivas. Aparecida, SP: Editora Santuário, 2018. 214 p. ISBN 978-85-369-0543-3.
Mercado mundial e imperialismo na perspectiva de Claudia von Braunmühl
Authors: Osório Luiz Felipe Brandão
Published: February 2019

O conceito de imperialismo celebra seu jubileu centenário em uma condição mais atual do que nunca. Ante as transformações internacionais e a crise de acumulação do capitalismo que assola o sistema de Estados, nada mais necessário do que se retomar e aprofundar os debates marxistas sobre o tema. Nesse sentido, há que se passar pelo incontornável caminho do Estado e das relações internacionais no capitalismo. Uma discussão por esses meandros atravessa uma atualização das premissas marxianas, tangenciando a compreensão mais contemporânea do marxismo sobre Estado e relações internacionais, até desaguar em uma importante fonte das interpretações de Marx: Claudia von Braunmühl. Em sua perspectiva sobre mercado mundial e imperialismo, a autora traz à baila a configuração política internacional em uma pluralidade de Estados nacionais, em permanente competição, como marco estrutural para a manutenção e reprodução das relações de produção capitalistas, servindo, portanto, de alicerce para a compreensão basilar do imperialismo.
Football and national power: a theoretical framework applied to China and Argentina
Authors: Morales Ruvalcaba Daniel , Zhang Zhongli
Published: February 2019

O futebol se tornou um fenômeno global, mas há relativamente poucos estudos das Relações Internacionais. Este documento explora as contribuições que o futebol faz para o poder nacional com base em três hipóteses: 1) o poder nacional é afetado por todos os tipos de atividades humanas, incluindo esportes; 2) o futebol, como atividade humana, promove o poder nacional; 3) o futebol é enquadrado pelo sistema mundial e o reproduz. Para verificar essas hipóteses, este trabalho apresenta um quadro teórico para analisar a contribuição do futebol para o poder nacional; então ele volta a entender o potencial de futebol das potências regionais da semiperiferia; finalmente, são identificadas as relações no futebol entre dois atores proeminentes: Argentina e China.
Injuries in the Maxillofacial Complex and Associated Factors in Brazilian Victims of Violence: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: CARVALHO LAUREANO İsla Camilla , FARİAS Lunna , DE SOUZA ABREU ALENCAR Gláucia , CABRAL CAVALCANTİ Alidianne Fabia , BARROS DE ALENCAR Catarina Ribeiro , CAVALCANTİ Alessandro
Published: February 2019

Objectives: This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of injuries in
the maxillofacial complex of victims of violence attended by a Mobile Emergency
Care Service in a municipality of Northeastern Brazil. Materials and Methods: A total of 2,347 records were evaluated from February 2014
to December 2016, of which 337 (14.3%) corresponded to victims of violence.
Information related to sociodemographic profile, associated factors and
violence was collected. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential
statistics, with significance level of 5%. Results:
There was predominance of males (76.3%) and age group of 20-29 years (29.7%). Occurrences
were more frequent at night (61.4%) and at the weekend (40.7%). Alcohol use was
observed in 63.5% of victims and 16.0% reported illicit drug use, with
predominance of crack (92.6%). The most prevalent type of aggression was
physical violence (54.9%). The majority of victims presented a single lesion
(72.7%) with predominance of laceration (80.4%). Cases of head and face
injuries represented, respectively, 33.5% and 35.9% of aggressions. Face
injuries showed association with gender (p = 0.027) and number of injuries (p =
0.042). Conclusions: The main victims
of violence are young men who have used alcohol and illicit drugs. Physical
aggression is the most frequent type of violence, with high occurrence of head
and face injuries. Face injuries showed association with gender and number of
lesions, both being more frequent among women.
Au croisement du genre et de la parentalité : le plafond de mère chez les femmes qualifiées
Authors: Genin Émilie
Published: February 2019

Cet article aborde la question des inégalités professionnelles vécues par les femmes sous l’angle de l’intersectionalité entre le genre et la parentalité. Depuis cinquante ans, les femmes ont pris leur place sur le marché de l’emploi au Québec. Elles continuent pourtant à subir des discriminations du simple fait d’être des femmes. À ceci, s’ajoute un basculement qui s’opère au moment de l’arrivée des enfants, et qui a été qualifié de « plafond de mère ». Les inégalités professionnelles entre les hommes et les femmes se creusent alors de façon draconnienne et irréversible. En nous basant sur des recherches antérieures, cet article présente certains des mécanismes à travers lesquels se construit le plafonnement professionnel des mères et discute des enjeux qui lui sont associés, notamment ceux relatifs aux intentions de fécondité.
Papa 2.0 au Québec. La légitimité du père dans l’utilisation des semaines parentales
Authors: Harvey Valérie
Published: February 2019

Si la prise du congé de paternité de trois à cinq semaines est bien rentrée dans les moeurs québécoises, la durée du congé parental est une question délicate dans le couple. Les cinq semaines de congé semblent être devenues une nouvelle norme au Québec, mais le père qui désire partager le congé parental « enlève » des semaines à la mère, toujours perçue comme la prestataire légitime. L’arrivée d’un enfant est un moment de cristallisation qui fixe les responsabilités dans la nouvelle famille. À travers les résultats d’une enquête qualitative réalisée auprès de pères québécois travaillant dans le domaine des technologies de l’information, un congé prolongé pour le père augmente sa confiance quant aux soins du bébé et son implication par la suite. Mais le fait que les pères sont beaucoup moins nombreux à prolonger leur congé parental peut expliquer le partage inégal des tâches ménagères qui persiste.
Avec qui les enfants vont-ils vivre ? Facteurs associés au partage du temps parental lors d’une séparation1
Authors: Pelletier David , Lardoux Solène , Onadja Yentéma
Published: February 2019

Pendant longtemps, la plupart des enfants qui vivaient la séparation de leurs parents allaient habiter avec leur mère. Les parents séparés sont toutefois de plus en plus nombreux à partager les responsabilités parentales de façon plus équitable, notamment par la garde partagée (ou double résidence, ou résidence alternée). Afin d’identifier les caractéristiques des familles qui influencent la manière dont les ex-conjoints partageront le temps parental au moment de la rupture, nous avons eu recours aux données de l’Étude longitudinale sur le développement des enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ). Dans cette cohorte représentative des enfants nés au Québec en 1997-1998, nous trouvons que l’établissement d’une double résidence pour les enfants est fortement associé à la participation au marché du travail des mères et au niveau de scolarité des pères. Le climat entourant la séparation et le sentiment d’efficacité parentale des pères jouent aussi un rôle important.
Une étude comparative de l’impact de la religiosité et de l’égalité des genres sur les intentions en matière de fécondité et leurs réalisations
Authors: Bein Christoph , Gauthier Anne H. , Mynarska Monika
Published: February 2019

Le rôle de la religiosité et du genre dans l’élaboration des décisions en matière de fécondité a fait l’objet de nombreuses études ces dernières années. Cette littérature a toutefois mis en évidence une énigme intéressante. Alors que la religiosité a un effet positif sur la fécondité, en partie grâce à la promotion des rôles sexospécifiques traditionnels, l’égalité des sexes s’avère elle aussi avoir eu un impact positif – plutôt que négatif – sur la fécondité. Nous abordons cette ambiguïté dans l’effet de la religiosité et des rôles de genre en examinant leurs effets spécifiques sur les intentions en matière de fécondité et leurs réalisations. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons les données de la première et de la deuxième vagues de l’Enquête Générations et Genre (GGS) et construisons des modèles de régression logistique séparément pour cinq pays européens (Autriche, Bulgarie, France, Géorgie et Russie). Nous développons des modèles mesurant l’influence de la religiosité, les attitudes de genre et la répartition des tâches ménagères selon l’intention d’avoir un (autre) enfant et la réalisation positive de ces intentions (plan d’avoir un enfant) et négative (plan de ne pas avoir un enfant). Nos résultats suggèrent que, quel que soit le contexte du pays, la religiosité et les rôles de genre semblent avoir un effet indépendant sur les intentions en matière de fécondité et leur réalisation.
Efektivitas Biaya Strategi DOTS Program Tuberkulosis antara Puskesmas dan Rumah Sakit Swasta Kota Depok
Authors: Ulya Fikrotul , Thabrany Hasbullah
Published: February 2019

Angka penemuan Tuberkulosis (TB) tahun 2016 adalah sebesar 77% di dunia, sebesar 46,5% di Asia Tenggara dan sekitar 32 - 33% di Indonesia. Di Kota Depok angka penemuan TB mencapai 58%. Sektor swasta menjangkau 18,7% kasus TB di Kota Depok meskipun baru 40% RS swasta yang terlibat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penerapan strategi DOTS di Rumah Sakit swasta Kota Depok lebih menghemat biaya dibandingkan di Puskesmas. Penelitian dilakukan selama 6 bulan dengan kohort retrospektif di Puskesmas DOTS, RS DOTS dan RS Non DOTS menggunakan 36 sampel per kelompok. Penghitungan dari perspektif societal dengan microcosting berdasarkan tarif, harga pasar, serta nilai anggaran. Outputnya angka pengobatan lengkap (Success Rate). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Success Rate di puskesmas paling tinggi yaitu 86,1%, RS DOTS sebesar 77.78 % dan Non DOTS 63.89 %. Penambahan biaya provider terutama tenaga pelaksana khusus di puskesmas dan RS DOTS meningkatkan success rate. Biaya societal di puskesmas 42% dari biaya di RS swasta. ACER (Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio) menunjukkan RS yang melaksanakan strategi DOTS lebih cost effective. Untuk menaikkan 1% angka kesuksesan pengobatan membutuhkan biaya Rp 10.084.572 dengan melakukan intervensi program DOTS ke RS Swasta. Uji t independen menyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna biaya societal pengobatan tuberkulosis antara puskesmas, RS DOTS, dan RS Non DOTS.
Physical activity during pregnancy and its influence on delivery time: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Rodríguez-Blanque Raquel , Sánchez-García Juan Carlos , Sánchez-López Antonio Manuel , Aguilar-Cordero María José
Published: February 2019

Introduction

During pregnancy, women often change their lifestyle for fear of harmful effects on the child or themselves. In this respect, many women reduce the amount of physical exercise they take, despite its beneficial effects.

Objective

To determine the duration of labor in pregnant women who completed a program of moderate physical exercise in water and subsequently presented eutocic birth.

Methods

A randomized trial was performed with 140 healthy pregnant women, divided into an exercise group (EG) (n = 70) and a control group (CG) (n = 70). The women who composed the study population were recruited at 12 weeks of gestation. The intervention program, termed SWEP (Study of Water Exercise during Pregnancy) began in week 20 of gestation and ended in week 37. Perinatal outcomes were determined by examining the corresponding partographs, recorded by the Maternity Service at the Granada University Hospital Complex.

Results

The intervention phase of the study took place from June through October 2016, with the 120 women finally included in EG and CG (60 in each group). At term, 63% of the women in EG and 56% of those in CG had a eutocic birth. The average total duration of labor was 389.33 ± 216.18 min for the women in EG and 561.30 ± 199.94 min for those in CG, a difference of approximately three hours (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The women who exercised in water during their pregnancy presented a shorter duration of labor than those who did not. The difference was especially marked with respect to the duration of the first and second stages of labor.
Visualizing the Oxidation Mechanism and Morphological Evolution of the Cubic‐Shaped Superoxide Discharge Product in Na–Air Batteries
Authors: Sun Qian , Liu Jian , Xiao Biwei , Wang Biqiong , Banis Mohammad , Yadegari Hossein , Adair Keegan R. , Li Ruying , Sun Xueliang
Published: February 2019

Sodium–air (Na–O2) batteries have recently developed as a high theoretical energy density energy storage and conversion system. In particular, Na–O2 batteries with superoxide as the discharge product have a very high round‐trip energy efficiency over lithium–air batteries due to their significantly reduced charging overpotential. However, Na–O2 batteries yet suffer from limited cycling lives because of the formation and incomplete removal of side products during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes, while the mechanism of these processes is still not fully understood. Herein, a detailed investigation on tracking the decomposition pathway of cubic‐shaped micrometer‐sized NaO2 discharge products in Na–O2 batteries with carbon‐based air electrodes is reported. A detailed electrochemical charging mechanism is revealed during the charging process. The evolution of the chemical compositions of the discharge/side products in air electrode during charging is also verified by synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption spectroscopy experiments. The formation of these intermediate phases other than NaO2 during the charging process results in high overpotentials. These new findings can contribute to a better understanding and the rational design of future Na–O2 batteries.
Peering into Alloy Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Tan Huiteng , Chen Dong , Rui Xianhong , Yu Yan
Published: February 2019

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as a complementary technology to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in the effort of searching for alternative energy solutions that are cost‐effective and sustainable. The identification of suitable alternative anode materials is essential to close the gap in energy density between SIBs and LIBs. Solid‐state alloying reactions that work beyond intercalation mechanism are able to provide a significant improvement in specific capacity. This review describes key advances in SIBs with a primary emphasis on alloy anodes. Recent information and results published in the literatures are stressed to provide an overview of their development in SIBs. With the discussion of some of the remaining challenges and possible solutions, the authors hope to sketch out the scope for future studies in this field.
Lithium–Magnesium Alloy as a Stable Anode for Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Kong Ling‐Long , Wang Lu , Ni Zhu‐Chao , Liu Sheng , Li Guo‐Ran , Gao Xue‐Ping
Published: February 2019

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are regarded as the promising next‐generation energy storage device due to the high theoretical energy density and low cost. However, the practical application of Li–S batteries is still limited owing to the cycle stability of both the sulfur cathode and lithium anode. In particular, the instability in the bulk and at the surface of the lithium anode during cycling becomes a huge obstacle for the practical application of Li–S battery. Herein, a Li‐rich lithium–magnesium (Li–Mg) alloy is investigated as an anode for Li–S batteries, based on the consideration of improving the stability in the bulk and at the surface of the lithium anode. Our experimental results reveal that the robust passivation layer is formed on the surface of the Li–Mg alloy anode, which is helpful to reduce side reactions, and enable the smooth surface morphology of anode during cycling. Meanwhile, the mixed electron and Li‐ion conducting matrix of the Li‐poor Li–Mg alloy as a porous skeleton structure can also be formed after delithiation, which can guarantee the structural integrity of the anode in the bulk during Li stripping/plating process. Therefore, the Li‐rich Li–Mg alloy is demonstrated to be a very promising anode material for Li–S battery.
Over 12% Efficiency Nonfullerene All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Sequentially Evolved Multilength Scale Morphologies
Authors: Gao Ke , Jo Sae Byeok , Shi Xueliang , Nian Li , Zhang Ming , Kan Yuanyuan , Lin Francis , Kan Bin , Xu Bo , Rong Qikun , Shui Lingling , Liu Feng , Peng Xiaobin , Zhou Guofu , Cao Yong , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, two near‐infrared absorbing molecules are successfully incorporated into nonfullerene‐based small‐molecule organic solar cells (NFSM‐OSCs) to achieve a very high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.08%. This is achieved by tuning the sequentially evolved crystalline morphology through combined solvent additive and solvent vapor annealing, which mainly work on ZnP‐TBO and 6TIC, respectively. It not only helps improve the crystallinity of the ZnP‐TBO and 6TIC blend, but also forms multilength scale morphology to enhance charge mobility and charge extraction. Moreover, it simultaneously reduces the nongeminate recombination by effective charge delocalization. The resultant device performance shows remarkably enhanced fill factor and Jsc. These result in a very respectable PCE, which is the highest among all NFSM‐OSCs and all small‐molecule binary solar cells reported so far.
Hydrophobic Cu2O Quantum Dots Enabled by Surfactant Modification as Top Hole‐Transport Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhou Xianyong , Chen Shuming , Zhao Xingzhong , Dai Songyuan , Xu Baomin
Published: February 2019

The utilization of an inorganic hole‐transport layer (HTL) is one of the most effective methods to improve the stability and reduce the cost of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, achieving high‐quality inorganic HTL films, especially HTL films in n‐i‐p structures, via solution processes remains a big challenge. Here, a simple surface modification strategy for low‐cost and stable cuprous oxide (Cu2O) quantum dots is proposed, which utilizes a silane coupling agent. The modified Cu2O can be directly deposited on the perovskite film as the top HTL without decomposing the perovskite to maintain an n‐i‐p structure. The efficiency (18.9%) of PSCs with surface‐modified Cu2O as the HTL is significantly higher than that (11.9%) of PSCs with unmodified Cu2O, which is also the record efficiency for a Cu2O‐based perovskite solar cell in n‐i‐p structure. The enhanced performance of PSCs is attributed to the remarkably enhanced film properties achieved through surface modification. Moreover, because of the dopant‐free technology and hydrophobic surface, the Cu2O‐based PSCs have distinctly better stability than 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis[N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino]‐9,9′‐spiro‐bifluorene‐based PSCs.
Enhancing Molecular Aggregations by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds to Develop Phosphorescent Emitters for High‐Performance Near‐Infrared OLEDs
Authors: Yang Xiaolong , Guo Haoran , Xu Xianbin , Sun Yuanhui , Zhou Guijiang , Ma Wei , Wu Zhaoxin
Published: February 2019

Phosphorescent near‐infrared (NIR) organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) have drawn increasing attention for their promising applications in the fields such as photodynamic therapy and night‐vision readable displays. Here, three simple phosphorescent Pt(II) complexes are synthesized, and their intermolecular interactions are investigated in crystals and neat films by X‐ray single crystal diffraction and grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, respectively. The photophysical properties, molecular aggregation (including Pt–Pt interaction), molecular packing orientation, and electron transport ability are all influenced by the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Consequently, the nondoped OLEDs based on tBu‐Pt and F‐Pt show electroluminescent emissions in NIR region with the highest external quantum efficiencies of 13.9% and 16.7%, respectively.
Recent Advances in n‐Type Thermoelectric Nanocomposites
Authors: Tang Junhui , Chen Yanling , McCuskey Samantha R. , Chen Lidong , Bazan Guillermo C. , Liang Ziqi
Published: February 2019

Organic/inorganic thermoelectric nanocomposites (TENCs) have seized great attention because they integrate the advantages of inorganic (i.e., high electrical conductivity) and organic (i.e., low thermal conductivity and mechanical flexibility) components. Major barriers that obstruct the development of this field are the lack of n‐type TE materials and their relatively low performance, leaving the construction of TE devices difficult to realize. This review article is therefore focused on recent advances on n‐type TENCs that primarily comprise carbon nanotube (CNT) and inorganic nanocrystal (NC)‐based hybrids. CNT‐based n‐type TENCs are fabricated mainly by transforming the p‐type CNT to n‐type with organic dopants or by blending CNTs with n‐type semiconducting polymers. NC‐based n‐type TENCs are typically obtained by blending semiconductor nanocrystals or metallic nanostructures with polymers. Additionally, the fabrication and thermoelectric performance of 2D layered superlattice structures are also reviewed. Finally, an outlook of n‐type TENCs is given with a perspective for their possible future improvements.
Identification of Nanoparticles via Plasmonic Scattering Interferometry
Authors: Qian Chen , Wu Gang , Jiang Di , Zhao Xiaona , Chen Hai‐Bo , Yang Yunze , Liu Xian‐Wei
Published: February 2019

The development of optical imaging techniques has led to significant advancements in single‐nanoparticle tracking and analysis, but these techniques are incapable of label‐free selective nanoparticle recognition. A label‐free plasmonic imaging technology that is able to identify different kinds of nanoparticles in water is now presented. It quantifies the plasmonic interferometric scattering patterns of nanoparticles and establishes relationships among the refractive index, particle size, and pattern both numerically and experimentally. Using this approach, metallic and metallic oxide particles with different radii were distinguished without any calibration. The ability to optically identify and size different kinds of nanoparticles can provide a promising platform for investigating nanoparticles in complex environments to facilitate nanoscience studies, such as single‐nanoparticle catalysis and nanoparticle‐based drug delivery.
Aqueous CO2 Reduction with High Efficiency Using α‐Co(OH)2‐Supported Atomic Ir Electrocatalysts
Authors: Sun Xiaofu , Chen Chunjun , Liu Shoujie , Hong Song , Zhu Qinggong , Qian Qingli , Han Buxing , Zhang Jing , Zheng Lirong
Published: February 2019

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 into energy‐dense chemical feedstock and fuels provides an attractive pathway to sustainable energy storage and artificial carbon cycle. Herein, we report the first work to use atomic Ir electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction. By using α‐Co(OH)2 as the support, the faradaic efficiency of CO could reach 97.6 % with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 38290 h−1 in aqueous electrolyte, which is the highest TOF up to date. The electrochemical active area is 23.4‐times higher than Ir nanoparticles (2 nm), which is highly conductive and favors electron transfer from CO2 to its radical anion (CO2.−). Moreover, the more efficient stabilization of CO2.− intermediate and easy charge transfer makes the atomic Ir electrocatalyst facilitate CO production. Hence, α‐Co(OH)2‐supported atomic Ir electrocatalysts show enhanced CO2 activity and stability.
Synthesis of Ether‐Diols with Low Polarity from Long‐Chained Fatty Alcohols for Use in Block Copolymers
Authors: Huber Veronika Ramona , Riepl Herbert Mathias
Published: February 2019

Diol‐terminated polyethers are important intermediates for the manufacturing of block copolymers, but only a few polyethers other than polyethylene glycols are available on a technical scale. Most of them are highly polar. Natural fatty alcohols—converted to similar polyethers—should have a grossly reduced polarity because of a large separation of the oxygen atoms in the C18 chain. A synthesis sequence of polyethers with a longer carbon chain compared to the ethylene glycol‐derived ethers based on commercially available fatty alcohols was designed for a future examination of the hydrophobic properties. Palladium‐catalyzed cleavage of olefinic dialkyl carbonates results in carbon dioxide elimination and subsequent formation of ethers from an allyl‐palladium cation. It could be shown that this process with fatty alcohols like undec‐10‐en‐1‐ol or oleyl alcohol can be run with appreciable yield. Although carbonates were obtained here using expensive chloroformates as starting materials, transesterification of dimethylcarbonates can be used similarly. Ruthenium‐catalyzed acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) at both chain terminations then was applied to polymerize the ethers. Depending on the alkenyl chain, short oligomers with a degree of polymerization (DP) of about 5–8 seem to be formed according to gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
The Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Bay of Naples: New Insights on Oogenic Cycle and Its Hormonal Control
Authors: Rosati Luigi , Agnese Marisa , Abagnale Ludovico , Aniello Francesco , Andreuccetti Piero , Prisco Marina
Published: February 2019

The aim of the present article was to investigate the oogenic cycle of Mytilus galloprovincialis sampled in the Bay of Naples, and to immunolocalize 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD), 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β‐HSD), and P450 aromatase, enzymes involved in the synthesis of two sex hormones: testosterone and 17β‐estradiol. We demonstrate that the oogenic cycle starts in late summer‐early fall and continues in early winter when the first event of spawning occurs; other spawning events take place until June, when the ovary is spent and contains a few empty ovarian follicles and numerous somatic cells, that is, adipogranular cells and vesicular connective tissue cells. During the oogenic cycle, apoptotic events occur at the level of oogonia, previtellogenic oocytes, as well as follicle cells; by contrast, necrosis events probably take place in vitellogenic oocytes, which, once degenerated, transfer their content to healthy oocytes. Finally, the present data demonstrate that 3β‐HSD, 17β‐HSD, and P450 aromatase are present in the ovary both during the reproductive and nonreproductive phases. The possible role of these enzymes during the Mytilus galloprovincialis reproductive cycle is discussed. Anat Rec, 302:1039–1049, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcomes Among 196 Patients With Noninfectious Proximal Aortitis
Authors: Clifford Alison H. , Arafat Amr , Idrees Jay J. , Roselli Eric E. , Tan Carmela D. , Rodriguez E. Rene , Svensson Lars G. , Blackstone Eugene , Johnston Douglas , Pettersson Gosta , Soltesz Edward , Hoffman Gary S.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Noninfectious aortitis may occur in the context of a recognized systemic disease or as a topographically limited lesion without systemic features, which is called clinically isolated aortitis (CIA). This study was undertaken to better define and stress the limitations of this diagnostic category in a large population of patients in a single center dedicated to aortic diseases and to suggest recommendations for care.

Methods

Records of patients undergoing thoracic aortic surgery (1996–2012) at the Cleveland Clinic were reviewed to identify 196 patients with histopathologically proven aortitis. Clinical diagnoses (giant cell arteritis [GCA], Takayasu arteritis [TAK], CIA, or Other) were determined at the time of surgery. Clinical features, laboratory findings, and imaging results were recorded throughout the follow‐up period. At least 6 months of follow‐up data were available for 73 CIA patients.

Results

The mean age of the patients at time of surgery was 65.6 years (range 15–88 years); 67% of patients were female, and 90.3% were white. At the time of surgery, 129 patients (65.8%) met criteria for CIA, 42 (21.4%) for GCA, 14 (7.1%) for TAK, and 11 (5.6%) met criteria for other systemic inflammatory diseases. During a mean follow‐up period of 56.2 months, 19% of CIA patients developed new symptoms, 45% developed new radiographic vascular lesions, 40% underwent additional vascular surgery, and 12% died (n = 9). Eleven of 73 patients (15%) initially classified as having CIA developed features of a systemic disease, most often GCA.

Conclusion

The majority of patients (66%) with histopathologically proven aortitis have CIA at the time of surgery. CIA patients infrequently report new symptoms over time, but new vascular lesions requiring surgery commonly occur. Serial follow‐up including large vessel imaging is strongly advised for all aortitis patients.
Quaternary Iron Nickel Cobalt Selenide as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Both Quasi‐Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells and Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Min , Li Yaru , Feng Chuanqi , Zhao Guanyu , Wang Zhong‐Sheng
Published: February 2019

Iron nickel cobalt selenides are synthesized through a one‐step hydrothermal method. Quaternary Fe0.37Ni0.17Co0.36Se demonstrates multifunctionality and shows high electrocatalytic activity for quasi‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 8.42 %, the hydrogen evolution reaction, the oxygen evolution reaction, and water splitting. The electric power output from tandem quasi‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells under one‐sun illumination is sufficient to split water and exhibits a solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency of 5.58 % with Fe0.37Ni0.17Co0.36Se as the electrocatalyst in this integrated system. Owing to a remarkable synergistic effect, quaternary Fe0.37Ni0.17Co0.36Se is proven to be superior to ternary nickel cobalt selenide in terms of conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and photovoltaic performance.
Linking two worlds in polymer chemistry: The influence of block uniformity and dispersity in amphiphilic block copolypeptoids on their self‐assembly
Authors: Gangloff Niklas , Höferth Marcel , Stepanenko Vladimir , Sochor Benedikt , Schummer Bernhard , Nickel Joachim , Walles Heike , Hanke Randolf , Würthner Frank , Zuckermann Ronald N. , Luxenhofer Robert
Published: February 2019

The self‐assembly of block copolymers has captured the interest of scientists for many decades because it can induce ordered structures and help to imitate complex structures found in nature. In contrast to proteins, nature's most functional hierarchical structures, conventional polymers are disperse in their length distribution. Here, we synthesized hydrophilic and hydrophobic polypeptoids via solid‐phase synthesis (uniform) and ring‐opening polymerization (disperse). Differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that the uniform hydrophobic peptoids converge to a maximum of the melting temperature at a much lower chain length than their disperse analogs, showing that not only the chain length but also the dispersity has a considerable impact on the thermal properties of those homopolymers. These homopolymers were then coupled to yield amphiphilic block copolypeptoids. SAXS and AFM measurements confirm that the dispersity plays a major role in microphase separation of these macromolecules, and it appears that uniform hydrophobic blocks form more ordered structures.
Validation of the Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) in suicidal behavior by self‐poisoning
Authors: Conner Kenneth R. , Wiegand Timothy J. , Gorodetsky Rachel , Schult Rachel , Pizzarello Edmund , Kaukeinen Kimberly
Published: February 2019

Intentional self‐poisoning is the leading method of suicidal behavior leading to medical attention worldwide. The medical severity of self‐poisoning events has major treatment, prognostic, and medico‐legal implications, yet measures of severity are limited. The Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) is a widely used scale but validation data are limited, particularly in the study of suicidal behavior per se. The sample was a consecutive series of intentional self‐poisoning patients aged 13 to 65 treated at a large university medical center (n = 673). PSS scores, with a range 0 (none) to 4 (death), were calculated along with other structured clinical data and analyzed in a series of linear regressions adjusted for age and sex. Higher PSS scores were consistently associated with greater medical morbidity and more intensive acute medical treatments, and nearly all effect sizes were large. Results support the validity of the PSS in hospital‐treated self‐poisoning patients.
Correlation between immune signature and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level in stage II/III colorectal cancer
Authors: Wang Yun , Sun Xiao‐qiang , Lin Hao‐cheng , Wang De‐shen , Wang Zhi‐qiang , Shao Qiong , Wang Feng‐hua , Yan Shu‐mei , Liang Jie‐ying , Zeng Zhao‐lei , Ju Huai‐qiang , Xu Rui‐hua , Li Yu‐hong
Published: February 2019

An increasing amount of evidence suggests that high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) is related to a positive prognosis in various cancers. However, the correlation between HDL‐C and the immune signature and the prognostic role of HDL‐C in stage II/III colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been previously reported. A total of 667 CRC patients were enrolled and divided into two groups based on the lower limit of normal HDL‐C values (0.78 mmol/L). We used Kaplan‐Meier curves and the Cox regression model to analyze the prognostic role of HDL in both disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Fifty‐five pairs of tumor tissues were selected according to the variation in HDL‐C levels (high or low) and the matched characterizes (ages, T stage, and N stage). Using immunohistochemistry, tumor tissues were stained with antibodies against CD3, CD8, CD163, iNOS, Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), and CD33. We calculated the density of positively‐stained infiltrating cells in the tumor center (TC) and invasive margin (IM). We then used Spearman rank correlation to further investigate the relationship between HDL‐C levels and the immune signatures. Our results revealed that compared to patients with high HDL‐C levels, patients with low HDL‐C levels had poor 3‐year DFS (68.9% vs 83.1%, P = 0.032) and 5‐year OS rates (66.6% vs 85.3%, P = 0.002). We also identified a positive correlation between HDL‐C and CD3+, CD8+ and iNOS+ cells and a negative correlation between HDL‐C and CD163+ cells in both the TC and IM. This study reveals that a low HDL‐C level in stage II/III CRC patients predicts poor prognosis. The correlation between the HDL‐C level and immune signature in tissue specimens suggested that HDL‐C is likely to play an inhibitory role in tumor development via affecting immune responses.
Absolute Configuration Assignment from Optical Rotation Data by Means of Biphenyl Chiroptical Probes
Authors: Vergura Stefania , Scafato Patrizia , Belviso Sandra , Superchi Stefano
Published: February 2019

A non‐empirical approach for the assignment of the absolute configuration of chiral 2‐alkyl‐substituted carboxylic acids and primary amines by [α]Dmeasurements has been developed. The method requires the conversion of the chiral acids or amines into the corresponding 4,4′‐disubstituted biphenylamides or biphenylazepines, respectively. In these derivatives a central‐to‐axial chirality transfer induces a preferred torsion in the biphenyl moiety revealed by the sign of the biphenyl A band in the ECD spectrum. By 4,4′‐substitution on the biphenyl moiety a redshift of the A band is obtained, leading to an increase of its relative contribution to optical rotation. This allows to reliably establish a direct correlation between the [α]Dsign, the biphenyl twist and, then, the substrate absolute configuration. This approach thus constitutes a really practical and reliable method to assign the absolute configuration of chiral carboxylic acids and primary amines by simple and straightforward [α]Dmeasurement, readily obtainable by a routine instrumentation like the polarimeter.
Effective computer‐assisted pronunciation training based on phone‐sensitive word recommendation
Authors: Jo Jinhyuk , Ko Song , Kim Dae‐Won , Lee Jaesung
Published: February 2019

Owing to their autonomous nature, computer‐aided pronunciation training systems are regarded as a useful tool for pronunciation training for beginner‐level students, particularly those who feel uncomfortable having their pronunciation corrected in front of other students or who have difficulty with face‐to‐face training for other reasons. In this study, we propose a computer‐assisted pronunciation training system targeting unacceptable pronunciation due to confusion among contextual allophones, a problem that often emerges from phoneme‐based feedback provided during pronunciation training. To consider the different pronunciation of phonemes according to position, the proposed system is implemented to recommend a set of words focusing on phoneme pairs. Experimental results show that the proposed system results in the improvement of pronunciation skills through training sessions that use recommended words containing phoneme pairs that were initially pronounced incorrectly.
Parents’ experiences of childhood abuse and neglect are differentially associated with behavioral and autonomic responses to their offspring
Authors: Buisman Renate S. M. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , Pittner Katharina , Compier‐de Block Laura H. C. G. , van den Berg Lisa J. M. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Tollenaar Marieke S. , Elzinga Bernet M. , Lindenberg Jolanda , Alink Lenneke R. A.
Published: February 2019

Although childhood maltreatment has been shown to compromise adaptive parental behavior, little is known what happens in terms of physiological regulation when parents with a history of childhood maltreatment interact with their offspring. Using a sample of 229 parents (131 women), the present study examined whether childhood maltreatment experiences are associated with parents’ behavioral and autonomic responses while resolving conflict with their offspring. Self‐reported experienced child maltreatment was measured using a questionnaire assessing abuse and neglect. Parents (Mage = 52.7 years, rangeage = 26.6–88.4 years) and their offspring (Mage = 24.6 years, rangeage = 7.5–65.6 years) participated in a videotaped parent–offspring conflict interaction task. Parental warmth, negativity, and emotional support were coded. In addition, their pre‐ejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were measured as indicators of underlying sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system reactivity, respectively. Findings demonstrated that experiences of abuse and neglect were associated with behavioral and physiological responses in different ways. Separating these two types of maltreatment in research and in clinical practice might be important.
Genetic variation in Breviolum antillogorgium, a coral reef symbiont, in response to temperature and nutrients
Authors: Bayliss Shannon L. J. , Scott Zoë R. , Coffroth Mary Alice , terHorst Casey P.
Published: February 2019

Symbionts within the family Symbiodiniaceae are important on coral reefs because they provide significant amounts of carbon to many different reef species. The breakdown of this mutualism that occurs as a result of increasingly warmer ocean temperatures is a major threat to coral reef ecosystems globally. Recombination during sexual reproduction and high rates of somatic mutation can lead to increased genetic variation within symbiont species, which may provide the fuel for natural selection and adaptation. However, few studies have asked whether such variation in functional traits exists within these symbionts. We used several genotypes of two closely related species, Breviolum antillogorgium and B. minutum, to examine variation of traits related to symbiosis in response to increases in temperature or nitrogen availability in laboratory cultures. We found significant genetic variation within and among symbiont species in chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and growth rate. Two genotypes showed decreases in traits in response to increased temperatures predicted by climate change, but one genotype responded positively. Similarly, some genotypes within a species responded positively to high‐nitrogen environments, such as those expected within hosts or eutrophication associated with global change, while other genotypes in the same species responded negatively, suggesting context‐dependency in the strength of mutualism. Such variation in traits implies that there is potential for natural selection on symbionts in response to temperature and nutrients, which could confer an adaptive advantage to the holobiont.
Amination of 2‐Pyridinesulfonic and 8‐Quinolinesulfonic Acids with Magnesium Amides
Authors: Balkenhohl Moritz , Valsamidou Vasiliki , Knochel Paul
Published: February 2019

The amination of 2‐pyridine‐ and 8‐quinolinesulfonic acids using magnesium amides of the type R2NMgCl·LiCl is reported. Thus, several cyclic and acyclic amines were converted into the corresponding amides using iPrMgCl·LiCl, which reacted readily with sulfonic acids to produce aminopyridines and aminoquinolines. Various amines which are attractive in drug chemistry were suitable for this transformation.
Electrocatalytic Activity of Asymmetrical Cobalt Phthalocyanines in the Presence of N Doped Graphene Quantum Dots: The Push‐pull Effects of Substituents
Authors: Nkhahle Reitumetse , Sekhosana Kutloano Edward , Centane Sixolile , Nyokong Tebello
Published: February 2019

A series of Co phthalocyanine (CoPc) derivatives and their respective nitrogen doped graphene quantum dot conjugates were used as catalysts towards the electrooxidation of hydrazine. Using a glassy carbon electrode as a support for the electrocatalysts, through cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, the effects of combining the CoPcs with the nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) were studied. The general observations made were that the NGQDs improve the catalytic activity of the CoPcs in both the π‐π stacked and covalently linked conjugates by increasing the sensitivities and lowering the limits of detection with values as low as 0.43 μM being recorded.
Optimized temporal sampling designs of the Weibull growth curve with extensions to the von Bertalanffy model
Authors: Swintek J. , Etterson M. , Flynn K. , Johnson R.
Published: February 2019

We describe designs for the temporal aspect of sampling in an experiment that estimates the population mean growth of an organism that can be modeled using a Weibull or von Bertalanffy growth curve. First, the properties of the Weibull growth curve are explained. Next, using the shape parameter (v), the Weibull growth curve can be categorized into two shape categories: sigmoid and saturation. D‐optimization and shape classification are used to determine the optimal sampling occasions and the effect of a sampling schedule on the precision of the size estimates. Finally, the results are used to recommend a generalized sampling design to best determine the shape and size of a growth curve.
Numerical simulation of oxy‐fuel combustion characteristics in a 200 MWe coal‐fired boiler
Authors: Wu Haibo , Mao Yu , Liu Zhaohui , Zhang Yi , Liao Haiyan
Published: February 2019

Oxy‐fuel combustion in coal‐fired plants has become one of the most promising technologies for carbon capture and storage (CCS). Because of the obvious difference between the oxy‐fuel combustion medium (O2/CO2) and air in the atmosphere (O2/N2), the characteristics of combustion, heat transfer, etc., under oxy‐fuel combustion have changed greatly from those under air combustion. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to investigate pulverized coal combustion in a 200 MWe tangentially fired oxy‐fuel combustion boiler. Improved models for the gas radiative properties and chemical reaction mechanisms were incorporated into the CFD code. Both conventional air‐fired and oxy‐fuel combustion were operated. Different flue gas recycling patterns (dry recycling and wet recycling) were also investigated. The temperature distribution in the furnace, the temperature field, and the CO concentration field in each scheme were analyzed, this being relevant to the design of oxy‐fuel combustion boilers. It was found that combustion could form a good tangential circle and stable temperature field in the furnace either under air‐fired or oxy‐fule combustion conditions. The temperature under oxy‐fuel combustion was lower than with air combustion. The burnout rate under the air condition was lower than that with the oxy‐fuel combustion condition. With oxy‐fuel combustion, it is necessary to pay special attention to the slagging tendency of the primary combustion zone in the furnace. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Label‐free optical projection tomography for quantitative three‐dimensional anatomy of mouse embryo
Authors: Ban Sungbea , Cho Nam Hyun , Min Eunjung , Bae Jung Kweon , Ahn Yujin , Shin Sungwon , Park Soo‐Ah , Lee Yoonsung , Jung Woonggyu
Published: February 2019

Recent progress in three‐dimensional optical imaging techniques allows visualization of many comprehensive biological specimens. Optical clearing methods provide volumetric and quantitative information by overcoming the limited depth of light due to scattering. However, current imaging technologies mostly rely on the synthetic or genetic fluorescent labels, thus limits its application to whole‐body visualization of generic mouse models. Here, we report a label‐free optical projection tomography (LF‐OPT) technique for quantitative whole mouse embryo imaging. LF‐OPT is based on the attenuation contrast of light rather than fluorescence, and it utilizes projection imaging technique similar to computed tomography for visualizing the volumetric structure. We demonstrate this with a collection of mouse embryo morphologies in different stages using LF‐OPT. Additionally, we extract quantitative organ information applicable toward high‐throughput phenotype screening. Our results indicate that LF‐OPT can provide multi‐scale morphological information in various tissues including bone, which can be difficult in conventional optical imaging technique.