bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Live Rat Femoral Artery Model with Intraoperative Microvascular Anastomosis
Authors: Butler Charles , Suami Hiroo , Liu Jun , Selber Jesse , Schaverien Mark
Published: August 2017

Background The live rat femoral artery model is the gold standard in high-fidelity simulation for microvascular anastomosis worldwide. Despite widespread use, there is a paucity of evidence for its validity. This study aims to determine the correlation between microvascular anastomosis in the live rat femoral artery model and clinical performance.

Methods Twenty-nine microsurgical fellows were included in the study. At the beginning and end of the 1-year fellowship, fellows were assessed performing arterial microvascular anastomoses in the laboratory in a live rat femoral artery model. Each procedure was digitally video recorded and blinded. Fellows were also assessed in the operating room at the beginning and end of training performing microvascular anastomoses in multiple free flap cases. Validated tools were used for assessment, and duration of procedure was also recorded. The results from the evaluations were compared and interfellow comparisons were performed.

Results At both the beginning and end of the fellowship, there was no significant correlation between clinical performance evaluations during operating room cases and laboratory evaluations. In the laboratory, higher performance scores were associated with faster times at both the beginning and end of the fellowship.

Conclusion Contrary to conventional wisdom, microsurgical skill in the live rat femoral artery model in the laboratory does not correlate with clinical performance in the operating room. This calls into question the utility of this model for training purposes. Further research is necessary to corroborate these results and potentially establish experimental models with greater validity and reliability.
Deferring Routine Wrist Radiography Does Not Affect Management of de Quervain Tendinopathy Patients
Authors: Liu Tiffany , Wu Chia , Steinberg David , Bozentka David , Levin L. , Gray Benjamin , Kazmers Nikolas
Published: August 2017

Background Obtaining wrist radiographs prior to surgeon evaluation may be wasteful for patients ultimately diagnosed with de Quervain tendinopathy (DQT).

Questions/Purpose Our primary question was whether radiographs directly influence treatment of patients presenting with DQT. A secondary question was whether radiographs influence the frequency of injection and surgical release between cohorts with and without radiographs evaluated within the same practice.

Patients and Methods Patients diagnosed with DQT by fellowship-trained hand surgeons at an urban academic medical center were identified retrospectively. Basic demographics and radiographic findings were tabulated. Clinical records were studied to determine whether radiographic findings corroborated history or physical examination findings, and whether management was directly influenced by radiographic findings. Frequencies of treatment with injection and surgery were separately tabulated and compared between cohorts with and without radiographs.

Results We included 181 patients (189 wrists), with no differences in demographics between the 58% (110 wrists) with and 42% (79 wrists) without radiographs. Fifty (45%) of imaged wrists demonstrated one or more abnormalities; however, even for the 13 (12%) with corroborating history and physical examination findings, wrist radiography did not directly influence a change in management for any patient in this series. No difference was observed in rates of injection or surgical release either upon initial presentation, or at most recent documented follow-up, between those with and without radiographs. No differences in frequency, types, or total number of additional simultaneous surgical procedures were observed for those treated surgically.

Conclusion Wrist radiography does not influence management of patients presenting DQT.

Level of Evidence This is a level III, diagnostic study.
Clinical Sign for Missed Decompression of a Separate Extensor Pollicis Brevis Compartment in de Quervain’s
Disease
Authors: Benatar Niels
Published: August 2017

Persistent pain despite previous surgery for de Quervain’s disease might be due to an overlooked septum between the abductor pollicis longus
tendon slips and the extensor pollicis brevis tendon, or an overlooked completely separate compartment for the extensor pollicis brevis
tendon alone. In both of these instances, extension of the MP joint of the thumb against resistance elicits pain at the distal level of the
first extensor compartment of the wrist. When this sign is positive, revisional surgery and decompression of the remaining septum or
separate compartment is indicated.
Vollständigkeit und Plausibilität von Operationsberichten: Eine retrospektive Analyse der Dokumentationsqualität am
Beispiel des Morbus Dupuytren
Authors: Russe Elisabeth , Wenger Andrea , Wechselberger Gottfried , Piza-Katzer Hildegunde
Published: August 2017

Hintergrund Der Operationsbericht ist die Aufzeichnung des Chirurgen über die von ihm durchgeführte Operation. Ziel dieser Arbeit war
OP-Berichte am Beispiel des Morbus Dupuytren auf Vollständigkeit sowie Richtigkeit zu überprüfen.

Material und Methoden In einer retrospektiven Analyse wurden OP-Berichte einer Erstoperation eines Morbus Dupuytren an einer
akademischen Abteilung für Plastische-, Ästhetische- und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie von 1999 bis 2007 erfasst und auf ihre Vollständigkeit
überprüft. Hierzu wurden die Angaben zur Indikation, zum Fingerbefall sowie der Seite und Ausprägung der Kontraktur, zur Blutleere,
Operationsmethode und Schnittführung analysiert. OP-Berichte von Assistenz- und Fachärzten wurden auf ihre Vollständigkeit und die Exaktheit
der OP-Berichte über totale Fasziektomien anhand der intra- oder postoperativen Fotodokumentation miteinander verglichen.

Ergebnisse Es wurden 424 OP-Berichte von 366 Patienten erfasst, 275 erstellt von Fach-, 149 von Assistenzärzten. Insgesamt waren
49,5 % der OP-Berichte lückenlos, in 13 Fällen fehlte die Seiten- und 8 Mal die Fingerangabe. Die Indikation wurde in 53 Fällen nicht
dokumentiert, 5 Mal fehlte die Angabe zur Operationsmethode und 82 Mal zur Schnittführung. In 29 OP-Berichten fehlte die Angabe zur
Blutleere. In der Analyse der Dokumentationsqualität von Assistenz- zu Fachärzten zeigte sich eine statistisch signifikant bessere
Dokumentation für die Indikation, der Ausprägung der Dupuytrenʼschen Kontraktur sowie der Verwendung einer Blutleere zugunsten der
Assistenzärzte (p < 0,000). Zur Exaktheit der Operationsberichte konnte anhand intra- oder postoperativer Fotodokumentation in 26 Fällen
gezeigt werden, dass aufgrund der Schnittführung lediglich in 11 (42 %) dieser Eingriffe eine totale Fasziektomie erfolgt sein konnte.

Schlussfolgerung OP-Berichte sind häufig unvollständig und ungenau, unabhängig ob sie von Assistenz- oder Fachärzten erstellt wurden,
wobei mit zunehmender Erfahrung mehr auf operationstechnische Details Wert gelegt wird. Auch wenn OP-Berichte primär für Ärzte und nicht für
forensische Zwecke bestimmt sind, sollte es jedoch im eigenen Interesse des Operateurs liegen, Operationsberichte möglichst vollständig und
exakt zu erstellen. Da es bisher keine verbindliche Einigung gibt, was obligatorisch in einem Operationsbericht dokumentiert werden soll,
empfehlen wir die Erarbeitung einer gemeinsamen Leitlinie durch die verschiedenen chirurgischen Fachgesellschaften.
Prophylaktische Plexuskatheterbehandlung bei operativen Eingriffen nach Komplexem Regionalen Schmerzsyndrom
(CRPS)
Authors: Neubrech Florian , Pronk Roderick Franciscus , Bigdeli Amir Khosrow , Tapking Christian , Kneser Ulrich , Harhaus Leila
Published: August 2017

Hintergrund Die vorliegende Arbeit soll die Wirkung der perioperativen Plexuskatheterbehandlung bei ehemaligen CRPS-Patienten
untersuchen und diskutieren.

Patienten und Methoden Durchgeführt wurde eine retrospektive Analyse gepaarter Gruppen von je 10 CRPS-Patienten mit vergleichbaren
Ausgangsverletzungen, welche nach Diagnosestellung eine Folgeoperation im erkrankungsfreien Intervall erfuhren – in 10 Fällen unter
Plexuskatheterschutz (Interventionsgruppe), in 10 Fällen ohne Plexuskatheterschutz (Kontrollgruppe).

Ergebnisse In der Interventionsgruppe betrug das durchschnittliche Schmerzniveau 105 (20–184) Tage nach der letzten Operation 6,4
(4–8) auf der visuellen Analogskala (VAS; 0 bis 10), der durchschnittliche Fingerkuppenhohlhandabstand 3,2 (0–7,6) cm, der Bewegungsumfang
des Handgelenkes 47,5 (0–95) ° und die Griffkraft 9,2 (2,1–16,6) kg. In der Kontrollgruppe betrug das durchschnittliche Schmerzniveau 129
(19–410) Tage nach der letzten Operation 6 (3–10) auf der visuellen Analogskala, der durchschnittliche Fingerkuppenhohlhandabstand 2,7
(0–4,5) cm, der Bewegungsumfang des Handgelenkes 64 (0–125) °, die Griffkraft 12,4 (0,8–23,8) kg. Ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den
Gruppen zeigte sich nicht. Ein Rezidiv des CRPS nach der Operation wurde in beiden Gruppen nicht beobachtet.

Schlussfolgerung Eine perioperative Plexuskatheterbehandlung nach stattgehabter CRPS-Erkrankung zur Prophylaxe eines CRPS-Rezidives
kann durch die aktuelle Datenlage derzeit nicht begründet werden.
Funktionelle Ergebnisse nach Hochdruckeinspritzverletzungen der Hand
Authors: Neubrech Florian , Radu Christian A. , Pauli David , Bickert Berthold , Kneser Ulrich , Harhaus Leila
Published: August 2017

Hintergrund Hochdruckeinspritzverletzungen der Hand sind schwere Verletzungen, die häufig zu einem Verlust des primär betroffenen
Fingers führen. Bisherige Arbeiten fokussieren sich hauptsächlich auf Amputationsraten, während funktionelle Ergebnisse nach dieser
Verletzungsentität bislang wenig untersucht wurden.

Patienten und Methoden Zwischen den Jahren 1998 und 2016 sind in unserer Klinik 47 Fälle einer Hochdruckeinspritzverletzung der Hand
registriert worden. Hiervon konnten die Daten von 26 Patienten, alles Männer mit einem Altersdurchschnitt von 42 (18–62) Jahren, nach
durchschnittlich 4 (1–12) Jahren retrospektiv untersucht werden. Erfasst wurden DASH-Score, das Schmerzniveau auf einer Visuellen
Analogskala (VAS, 1–10), die Fingerbeweglichkeit als durchschnittlicher Fingerkuppenhohlhandabstand (FKHA), der Bewegungsumfang der
Handgelenke, die Griffkraft und die 2-Punktdiskriminierungsfähigkeit (2PD). Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte deskriptiv und mittels
Korrelationsanalyse.

Ergebnisse Der DASH-Score betrug bei diesen 26 Patienten durchschnittlich 45 (30–93), das Dauerschmerzniveau 2,5 (0–9) auf der VAS,
der FKHA 1 (0–4)cm, die Handgelenksbeweglichkeit 99 (77–122) % der Gegenseite. Die Griffkraft war im Durchschnitt auf 67 (0–164) % der
Gegenseite reduziert. Die 2PD betrug im Durchschnitt 9 (2–25) mm. Arbeitsfähigkeit ließ sich bei 19 von 26 Patienten erzielen. Bei 7 von 26
Patienten musste eine Amputation eines Fingers vorgenommen werden. Diese Patienten hatten mehr Schmerzen und weniger Kraft. Eine lange
Latenz bis zur operativen Versorgung verschlechterte das funktionelle Ergebnis, für den DASH war dies statistisch signifikant (p < 0,05).
Eine distale Verletzungshöhe und eine Injektion toxischer Substanzen verschlechterten das funktionelle Ergebnis tendenziell. Ein hoher
Injektionsdruck bei der Verletzung hatte dagegen keine negativen Auswirkungen.

Schlussfolgerung Hochdruckeinspritzverletzungen hinterlassen sowohl bei Patienten mit Fingererhalt als auch mit
Amputationsnotwendigkeit schwere Funktionsdefizite der Hand und oft chronische Schmerzen. Zur weiteren Untersuchung von Prognosefaktoren
werden Metaanalysen auch funktioneller Parameter benötigt. Der DASH-Score scheint ein sinnvolles Evaluationsinstrument für die
Verletzungsentität zu sein.
Broadband and long lifetime plasma-antenna in air initiated by laser-guided discharge
Authors: Théberge Francis , Gravel Jean-François , Kieffer Jean-Claude , Vidal François , Châteauneuf Marc
Published: August 2017

In this work, we demonstrate the coupling and emission of radio-frequency (RF) signals from laser-guided discharge in ambient air. The produced 100-cm long plasma-antenna is broadband and can emit RF signals for more than 2 ms, which corresponds to an enhancement of the plasma-antenna lifetime of 4 orders of magnitude relative to previous demonstrations using laser-based plasma filamentation. The generation of large diameter plasma-antennas in the air allows to broadcast RF signals efficiently from ∼10 MHz to few tens of GHz.
Calibration on wide-ranging aluminum doping concentrations by photoluminescence in high-quality uncompensated p-type 4H-SiC
Authors: Asada Satoshi , Kimoto Tsunenobu , Ivanov Ivan G.
Published: August 2017

Previous work has shown that the concentration of shallow dopants in a semiconductor can be estimated from the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum by comparing the intensity of the bound-to-the-dopant exciton emission to that of the free exciton. In this work, we study the low-temperature PL of high-quality uncompensated Al-doped p-type 4H-SiC and propose algorithms for determining the Al-doping concentration using the ratio of the Al-bound to free-exciton emission. We use three different cryogenic temperatures (2, 41, and 79 K) in order to cover the Al-doping range from mid 1014 cm−3 up to 1018 cm−3. The Al-bound exciton no-phonon lines and the strongest free-exciton replica are used as a measure of the bound- and free-exciton emissions at a given temperature, and clear linear relationships are obtained between their ratio and the Al-concentration at 2, 41, and 79 K. Since nitrogen is a common unintentional donor dopant in SiC, we also discuss the criteria allowing one to determine from the PL spectra whether a sample can be considered as uncompensated or not. Thus, the low-temperature PL provides a convenient non-destructive tool for the evaluation of the Al concentration in 4H-SiC, which probes the concentration locally and, therefore, can also be used for mapping the doping homogeneity.
Electrolysis as a controllable method for establishing p-n junctions in multi-nanolayer films of amorphous selenium
Authors: John Joshua D. , Saito Ichitaro , Ochiai Jun , Toyama Ryo , Masuzawa Tomoaki , Yamada Takatoshi , Chua Daniel H. C. , Okano Ken
Published: August 2017

We present a controllable way of establishing a p-n junction in amorphous selenium (a-Se) using electrolysis. Amorphous selenium is used as an anode in the electrolysis of NaCl solution. By varying the duration of the electrolysis, we can make the contact to a-Se either Ohmic or rectifying and control the built-in potential and full depletion voltage of the contacts and junctions formed in the a-Se. I-V and C-V measurements show that after electrolysis rectification occurs and that as the duration of electrolysis increases, the direction of rectification changes, with the magnitudes of the built-in potential and the full depletion becoming higher. From the results, we present a model for the electrochemical process of forming the p-n junction and highlight the dependence on the duration of the electrolysis.
Action-angle formulation of generalized, orbit-based, fast-ion diagnostic weight functions
Authors: Stagner L. , Heidbrink W. W.
Published: August 2017

Due to the usually complicated and anisotropic nature of the fast-ion distribution function, diagnostic velocity-space weight functions, which indicate the sensitivity of a diagnostic to different fast-ion velocities, are used to facilitate the analysis of experimental data. Additionally, when velocity-space weight functions are discretized, a linear equation relating the fast-ion density and the expected diagnostic signal is formed. In a technique known as velocity-space tomography, many measurements can be combined to create an ill-conditioned system of linear equations that can be solved using various computational methods. However, when velocity-space weight functions (which by definition ignore spatial dependencies) are used, velocity-space tomography is restricted, both by the accuracy of its forward model and also by the availability of spatially overlapping diagnostic measurements. In this work, we extend velocity-space weight functions to a full 6D generalized coordinate system and then show how to reduce them to a 3D orbit-space without loss of generality using an action-angle formulation. Furthermore, we show how diagnostic orbit-weight functions can be used to infer the full fast-ion distribution function, i.e., orbit tomography. In depth derivations of orbit weight functions for the neutron, neutral particle analyzer, and fast-ion D-α diagnostics are also shown.
Phase-ambiguity-free and accurate permittivity determination from waveguide measurements
Authors: Hasar U. C. , Buldu G.
Published: August 2017

A microwave method has been proposed for accurate and unique extraction of relative complex permittivity (εr) of dielectric materials from 2π phase-ambiguity-free amplitude-only two-port and one-port scattering parameter measurements. Improved accuracy has been shown by the applied uncertainty analysis. For the validation of our method, εr of low-loss and lossy samples was extracted.
Many-body dynamics of chemically propelled nanomotors
Authors: Colberg Peter H. , Kapral Raymond
Published: August 2017

The collective behavior of chemically propelled sphere-dimer motors made from linked catalytic and noncatalytic spheres in a quasi-two-dimensional confined geometry is studied using a coarse-grained microscopic dynamical model. Chemical reactions at the catalytic spheres that convert fuel to product generate forces that couple to solvent degrees of freedom as a consequence of momentum conservation in the microscopic dynamics. The collective behavior of the many-body system is influenced by direct intermolecular interactions among the motors, chemotactic effects due to chemical gradients, hydrodynamic coupling, and thermal noise. Segregation into high and low density phases and globally homogeneous states with strong fluctuations are investigated as functions of the motor characteristics. Factors contributing to this behavior are discussed in the context of active Brownian models.
Electronic and optical properties of BaTiO3 across tetragonal to cubic phase transition: An experimental and theoretical investigation
Authors: Mishra Vikash , Sagdeo Archna , Kumar Vipin , Warshi M. Kamal , Rai Hari Mohan , Saxena S. K. , Roy Debesh R. , Mishra Vinayak , Kumar Rajesh , Sagdeo P. R.
Published: August 2017

Temperature dependent diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements were carried out on polycrystalline samples of BaTiO3 across the tetragonal to cubic structural phase transition temperature (TP). The values of various optical parameters such as band gap (Eg), Urbach energy (Eu), and Urbach focus (E0) were estimated in the temperature range of 300 K to 480 K. It was observed that with increasing temperature, Eg decreases and shows a sharp anomaly at TP. First principle studies were employed in order to understand the observed change in Eg due to the structural phase transition. Near TP, there exist two values of E0, suggesting the presence of electronic heterogeneity. Further, near TP, Eu shows metastability, i.e., the value of Eu at temperature T is not constant but is a function of time (t). Interestingly, it is observed that the ratio of Eu (t=0)/Eu (t = tm), almost remains constant at 300 K (pure tetragonal phase) and at 450 K (pure cubic phase), whereas this ratio decreases close to the transition temperature, which confirms the presence of electronic metastability in the pure BaTiO3. The time dependence of Eu, which also shows an influence of the observed metastability can be fitted with the stretched exponential function, suggesting the presence of a dynamic heterogeneous electronic disorder in the sample across TP. First principle studies suggest that the observed phase coexistence may be due to a very small difference between the total cohesive energy of the tetragonal and the cubic structure of BaTiO3. The present work implies that the optical studies may be a sensitive probe of disorder/heterogeneity in the sample.
Development of a real time magnetic island identification system for HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Chen Chao , Sun Shan , Ji Xiaoquan , Yin Zejie
Published: August 2017

A novel real time magnetic island identification system for HL-2A is introduced. The identification method is based on the measurement of Mirnov probes and the equilibrium flux constructed by the equilibrium fit (EFIT) code. The system consists of an analog front board and a digital processing board connected by a shield cable. Four octal-channel analog-to-digital convertors are utilized for 100 KHz simultaneous sampling of all the probes, and the applications of PCI extensions for Instrumentation platform and reflective memory allow the system to receive EFIT results simultaneously. A high performance field programmable gate array (FPGA) is used to realize the real time identification algorithm. Based on the parallel and pipeline processing of the FPGA, the magnetic island structure can be identified with a cycle time of 3 ms during experiments.
First-principles prediction of interstitial carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen effects on the helium behavior in nickel
Authors: Zhang Xun , Ren Cui-Lan , Han Han , Wang Cheng-Bin , Huang He-Fei , Yin Ya-Ru , Zhang Wei , Lumpkin Gregory , Huai Ping , Zhu Zhi-Yuan
Published: August 2017

The effects of interstitial carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (C/N/O) on the helium behavior in nickel are studied by using first-principles calculations. The interstitial C/N/O changes the occupying priority of helium to the first nearest neighbor Oct-site, which is related to local strain effect and chemical bonding between helium and its adjacent atoms. Both binding energy calculation and diffusion property analysis confirm that the interstitial C/N/O can trap helium in nickel. Moreover, with lower binding energy and larger trapping radii to helium, the interstitial oxygen has significant effect on helium trapping compared with that of nitrogen and carbon. With more helium aggregating at vacancy, the C/N/O would also trap smaller helium clusters and repel larger ones, indicating that the interstitial C/N/O could disperse helium bubbles and further inhibit their growth in nickel. This work helps to understand the helium embrittlement resistant mechanisms of the initial nucleation sites for second phase nanoparticles in nickel-based alloys.
KF post-deposition treatment of industrial Cu(In, Ga)(S, Se)2 thin-film surfaces: Modifying the chemical and electronic structure
Authors: Mezher Michelle , Mansfield Lorelle M. , Horsley Kimberly , Blum Monika , Wieting Robert , Weinhardt Lothar , Ramanathan Kannan , Heske Clemens
Published: August 2017

The chemical and electronic structures of industrial chalcopyrite photovoltaic absorbers after KF post-deposition treatment (KF-PDT) are investigated using electron spectroscopies to probe the occupied and unoccupied electronic states. In contrast to a variety of recent publications on the impact of KF-PDT, this study focuses on industrial Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 absorbers that also contain sulfur at the surface. We find that the KF-PDT removes surface adsorbates and oxides and also observe a change in the S/Se ratio. Furthermore, the KF-PDT leads to a Cu reduction at the surface but to a much lower degree than the strongly Cu-depleted or even Cu-free surfaces reported for (non-industrial) sulfur-free Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorbers. The valence band maximum at the surface is found at a lower energy compared to the untreated absorber, and the conduction band minimum is found at a higher energy, overall revealing a widening of the bandgap in the surface region.
Transmutation prospect of long-lived nuclear waste induced by high-charge electron beam from laser plasma accelerator
Authors: Wang X. L. , Xu Z. Y. , Luo W. , Lu H. Y. , Zhu Z. C. , Yan X. Q.
Published: August 2017

Photo-transmutation of long-lived nuclear waste induced by a high-charge relativistic electron beam (e-beam) from a laser plasma accelerator is demonstrated. A collimated relativistic e-beam with a high charge of approximately 100 nC is produced from high-intensity laser interaction with near-critical-density (NCD) plasma. Such e-beam impinges on a high-Z convertor and then radiates energetic bremsstrahlung photons with flux approaching 1011 per laser shot. Taking a long-lived radionuclide 126Sn as an example, the resulting transmutation reaction yield is the order of 109 per laser shot, which is two orders of magnitude higher than obtained from previous studies. It is found that at lower densities, a tightly focused laser irradiating relatively longer NCD plasmas can effectively enhance the transmutation efficiency. Furthermore, the photo-transmutation is generalized by considering mixed-nuclide waste samples, which suggests that the laser-accelerated high-charge e-beam could be an efficient tool to transmute long-lived nuclear waste.
Agricultural selection and presence–absence variation in spring-type canola germplasm
Authors: Mason Annaliese S. , Chauhan Pratibha , Banga Shashi , Banga Surinder S. , Salisbury Phil , Barbetti Martin J. , Batley Jacqueline
Published: August 2017

Brassica napus (rapeseed, canola) is an important oilseed crop worldwide as well as a recent agricultural hybrid species, resulting from crosses between progenitor B. rapa (turnip) and B. oleracea (cabbage) species in the last few thousand years. No wild form of B. napus is known to exist, making B. napus an interesting model for studies of genetic and genomic evolution in a polyploid under agricultural selective pressure. We generated genotype (Illumina Infinium 60K Brassica array) and phenotype data for elite spring-type B. napus lines from Australia, China and India (only one line). Phenotypically, plant growth, silique development and flowering traits were more likely to differentiate Chinese germplasm, whereas resistance to blackleg disease, secondary branching and seed traits were more likely to differentiate Australian germplasm. Genetic differentiation between the Australian and Chinese populations was low (FST = 0.035). Genetic relationship was not a predictor of similarity in yield traits between lines. Presence–absence variants were detected across the population: variants shared by at least three lines were present in every chromosome in the B. napus genome, and large missing chromosome segments (>1 Mbp) putatively due to A–C genome translocations were observed on chromosomes A7, A10, C1, C2, C6, C8 and C9. Our results highlight that widespread presence–absence variation is usual in B. napus, and may suggest that phenotypic and genetic diversity are not closely linked within spring-type B. napus from Australia and China, although the low sample numbers in our study prevent strong conclusions. We propose that inbreeding and low levels of genetic diversity, coupled with exchanges between the A and C genomes, were major driving forces behind genome evolution in this recent agricultural crop species.
Evaluation of Two Different Stocking Rates of Small Walleye Fingerlings in Minnesota Lakes
Authors: Reed Jeffrey R. , Staples David F.
Published: August 2017

We compared the performance of two differing stocking densities of small (mean TL = 72 mm) fingerling Walleyes Sander vitreus in 19 Minnesota lakes. Fingerlings were stocked annually from 2008 to 2011 in June at densities of either 30 (low) or 60 (high) per littoral hectare. Although gill nets yielded low sample sizes, we found no significant difference between gill-net catch rates at age 3 between treatments or years. On average, small Walleye fingerlings contributed 15% (0–72%) to the overall gill-net catches in stocked lakes. In lakes where small fingerlings have had a record of success, we recommend managers stocking this life stage use the lower treatment density (30/littoral hectare) and consider it a maximum rate when seeking stocking efficiencies. Due to low sample sizes, we also recommend following stocking events more closely with other sampling methods, such as fall electrofishing.

Received April 26, 2017; accepted August 2, 2017Published online October 20, 2017
Detection of Nanophyetus salmincola in Water, Snails, and Fish Tissues by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Purcell Maureen K. , Powers Rachel L. , Besijn Bonnie L. , Hershberger Paul K.
Published: August 2017

We report the development and validation of two quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays to detect Nanophyetus salmincola DNA in water samples and in fish and snail tissues. Analytical and diagnostic validation demonstrated good sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of both qPCR assays. The N. salmincola DNA copy number in kidney tissue was significantly correlated with metacercaria counts based on microscopy. Extraction methods were optimized for the sensitive qPCR detection of N. salmincola DNA in settled water samples. Artificially spiked samples suggested that the 1-cercaria/L threshold corresponded to an estimated log10 copies per liter ≥ 6.0. Significant correlation of DNA copy number per liter and microscopic counts indicated that the estimated qPCR copy number was a good predictor of the number of waterborne cercariae. However, the detection of real-world samples below the estimated 1-cercaria/L threshold suggests that the assays may also detect other N. salmincola life stages, nonintact cercariae, or free DNA that settles with the debris. In summary, the qPCR assays reported here are suitable for identifying and quantifying all life stages of N. salmincola that occur in fish tissues, snail tissues, and water.

Received April 13, 2017; accepted August 6, 2017 Published online September 22, 2017
Effects of Alginate-Derived Oligosaccharides on Immune Ability of Farm-Cultured Shrimp Penaeus vannamei and Its Resistance to Vibrio harveyi
Authors: Jiang Yanhua , Jiang Xiaolu , Wang Peng , Hu Xiaoke
Published: August 2017

This study was designed to examine the immunoregulatory effects of alginate-derived oligosaccharides (ADOs) on farm-cultured Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei and its resistance to Vibrio harveyi. Total hemocyte count, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, bacteriolytic activity, phagocytic rate (PR), the average number of beads ingested per cell (ABPC), and the protective efficacy for P. vannamei challenged with Vibrio harveyi were determined. The study showed that the administration of ADOs at 1.0 g/kg of diet improved SOD activity, bacteriolytic activity, and PR by 25.2, 20.4, and 20.9%, respectively, 30 d after exposure. Total hemocyte count and ABPC showed no significant differences. The 96-h survival of the shrimp reached 46.7% and 90.0% when they were challenged with V. harveyi at concentrations of 1 × 107 and 1 × 106 cfu/shrimp, which was significantly higher than that in the control group. The results obtained indicate that ADOs can act as an immunoregulant for P. vannamei.
Numerical modelling of steel tubes under oblique crushing forces
Authors: Ismail A.E , Abdul Rahman M.Q , Nezere N. , Jamian S. , Kamarudin K.A , Awang M.K , Mohd Nor M.K , Ibrahim M.N , Rasidi Ibrahim M. , Zulafif Rahim M. , Hassan Mohd Fahrul , Muhd Nor Nik Hisyamudin , Arifin A.M.T , Yunos Muhamad Zaini
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the numerical assessment of crushing responses of elliptical tubes under crushing forces. Based on the literature survey, tremendous amount of works on the axial crushing behaviour can be found. However, the studies on the oblique crushing responses are rarely found. Therefore, this work investigates numerically the elliptical tubes under compressions. The numerical model of the tubes are developed using ANSYS finite element program. Two important parameters are used such as elliptical ratios and oblique angles. The tubes are compressed quasi-statically and the force-displacement curves are extracted. Then, the area under the curves are calculated and it is represented the performances of energy absorptions. It is found numerically that the introductions of oblique angles during the crushing processes decrease the crushing performances. However, the elliptical-shaped tubes capable to enhance the energy absorption capabilities. On the other hand, the elliptical-shaped tubes produced the enhancement on the energy absorption capabilities.
Reaching for the quantum limits in the simultaneous estimation of phase and phase diffusion
Authors: Szczykulska Magdalena , Baumgratz Tillmann , Datta Animesh
Published: August 2017

Phase diffusion invariably accompanies all phase estimation strategies, quantum or classical. A precise estimation of the former can often provide valuable understanding of the physics of the phase generating phenomena itself. We theoretically examine the performance of fixed-particle number probe states in the simultaneous estimation of phase and collective phase diffusion. We derive analytical quantum limits associated with the simultaneous local estimation of phase and phase diffusion within the quantum Cramér-Rao bound framework in the regimes of large and small phase diffusive noise. The former is for a general fixed-particle number state and the latter for Holland-Burnett states, for which we show quantum-enhanced estimation of phase as well as phase diffusion. We next investigate the simultaneous attainability of these quantum limits using projective measurements acting on a single copy of the state in terms of a trade-off relation. In particular, we are interested how this trade-off varies as a function of the dimension of the state. We derive an analytical bound for this trade-off in the large phase diffusion regime for a particular form of the measurement, and show that the maximum of2,set by the quantum Cramér-Rao bound, is attainable. Further, we show numerical evidence that as diffusion approaches zero, the optimal trade-off relation approaches 1 for Holland-Burnett states. These numerical results are valid in the small particle number regime and suggest that the trade-off for estimating one parameter with quantum-limited precision leads to a complete lack of precision for the other parameter as the diffusion strength approaches zero. Finally, we provide numerical results showing behaviour of the trade-off for a general value of phase diffusion when using Holland-Burnett probe states.
Rapid Establishment of a Cold Chain Capacity of –60°C or Colder for the STRIVE Ebola Vaccine Trial During the Ebola Outbreak in Sierra Leone
Authors: Jusu Morrison O , Glauser Geoffrey , Seward Jane F , Bawoh Mohamed , Tempel Judith , Friend Michael , Littlefield Daniel , Lahai Michael , Jalloh Hassan M , Sesay Amara Bangali , Caulker Amanda F , Samai Mohamed , Thomas Vasavi , Farrell Nicholas , Widdowson Marc-Alain
Published: August 2017

In response to the 2014‒2015 Ebola virus disease (Ebola) epidemic in West Africa, researchers accelerated the development of Ebola vaccines. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with local partners, sponsored a phase 2/3 trial in Sierra Leone of a single dose (2 × 107 plaque-forming units/mL) of a candidate replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP). Because of its early development status and limited, critical stability data, the vaccine had to be stored at –60°C or colder. Planning for the trial began in late 2014 on an accelerated timeline with significant challenges, including the lack of –60°C or colder vaccine storage, handling, and transport capability in a country with high year-round ambient temperatures. The supply chain needs for vaccine handling from storage through transport, up to the time of administration, were carefully evaluated, and then the supply chain was designed. Critical equipment that was procured, shipped, installed, and qualified to meet an aggressive timeline for launching the trial included ultracold freezers, custom-developed Arktek DF containers for storage at –60°C or colder, insulated containers for storage at 2°C–8°C, and multiple backup power sources at vaccine storage sites. Local personnel were trained in good clinical practices and trial documentation. During 9 April–12 December 2015, the trial staff vaccinated approximately 8000 participants. Five temperature excursions occurred, but the vaccine manufacturer assessed that vaccine quality was not impaired because of improper storage or transport temperatures. Both the infrastructure and the human capacity developed for the cold chain during the trial will continue to be useful as the country maintains preparedness for ring vaccination responses and future clinical research.

Clinical Trials Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT02378753] and Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [PACTR201502001037220].
Evidence for a radiatively driven disc-wind in PDS 456?
Authors: Matzeu G. A. , Reeves J. N. , Braito V. , Nardini E. , McLaughlin D. E. , Lobban A. P. , Tombesi F. , Costa M. T.
Published: August 2017

We present a newly discovered correlation between the wind outflow velocity and the X-ray luminosity in the luminous (Lbol ∼ 1047erg s − 1) nearby (z = 0.184) quasar PDS 456. All the contemporary XMM–Newton, NuSTAR and Suzaku observations from 2001–2014 were revisited and we find that the centroid energy of the blueshifted Fe K absorption profile increases with luminosity. This translates into a correlation between the wind outflow velocity and the hard X-ray luminosity (between 7 and 30 keV) where we find that $v_{\rm w}/c\propto L_{7-30}^{\gamma }$ where γ = 0.22 ± 0.04. We also show that this is consistent with a wind that is predominately radiatively driven, possibly resulting from the high Eddington ratio of PDS 456.
Clinic-Based Urinary Lipoarabinomannan as a Biomarker of Clinical Disease Severity and Mortality Among Antiretroviral Therapy-Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults in South Africa
Authors: Drain Paul K. , Losina Elena , Coleman Sharon M , Giddy Janet , Ross Douglas , Katz Jeffrey N , Freedberg Kenneth A , Bassett Ingrid V
Published: August 2017

Background

Urinary lipoarabinomannan (LAM) has limited sensitivity for diagnosing active human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis (TB) disease, but LAM screening at HIV diagnosis might identify adults with more severe clinical disease or greater risk of mortality.

Methods

We enrolled antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected adults from 4 clinics in Durban. Nurses performed urine LAM testing using a rapid assay (Determine TB LAM) graded from low (1+) to high (≥3+) intensity. Urine LAM results were not used to guide anti-TB therapy. We assessed TB-related symptoms and obtained sputum for mycobacterial smear and culture. Participants were observed for 12 months, and we used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to determine hazard ratios for all-cause mortality.

Results

Among 726 HIV-infected adults with median CD4 of 205 cells/mm3 (interquartile range, 79–350 cells/mm3), 93 (13%) were LAM positive and 89 (12%) participants died during the follow-up period. In multivariable analyses, urine LAM-positive participants had a mortality hazard ratio (MHR) of 3.58 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20–5.81) for all-cause mortality. Among participants with mycobacterial-confirmed TB, urine LAM-positivity had a 2.91 (95% CI, 1.26–6.73) MHR for all participants and a 4.55 (95% CI, 1.71–12.1) MHR for participants with CD4 ≤100 cell/mm3. Participants with LAM-positive TB had significantly more clinical signs and symptoms of disease, compared with participants with LAM-negative TB disease.

Conclusions

Among HIV-infected adults, urinary LAM-positive patients had more clinical disease severity and a 3-fold increase in 12-month mortality compared with those who were LAM negative.
Sampling Hard-to-Locate Populations
Authors: Adhikari Prakash , Bryant Lisa A.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the challenges that researchers face when conducting surveys on hard-to-survey populations. It begins with an overview of the various conditions that can make it difficult to include some populations in studies or surveys. This includes the population’s being hard to identify and locate or hard to persuade or interview and even difficulty in defining a sampling frame. The chapter then suggests various sampling approaches that may help researchers overcome challenges when studying hard-to-survey populations. It uses internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nepal as an example of those who are hard to locate and discusses how the Nepal Forced Migration Survey used several of the techniques discussed to collect a representative sample from this population after the 1996–2006 Maoist insurgency. This chapter demonstrates that with careful planning and creative approaches, researchers can collect quality data from hard-to-survey populations.
The Lexical Approach to Situations
Authors: Parrigon Scott
Published: August 2017

The fact that situations are an integral aspect of daily life has not escaped the social sciences, with great efforts being expended toward identifying the core aspects of situations and how they influence psychological outcomes. However, while great advancements have been made in identifying the primary dimensions underlying persons, the field has been much slower to advance upon an equivalent taxonomy of situation characteristics. This chapter focuses on the various methods available for assessing these basic situation dimensions and explicates why the lexical approach to situations likely holds the key to this decades-long quest. The chapter discusses the core concepts of the lexical approach to situations; the ways—both explicitly and implicitly—it has been implemented in the extant literature; provides practical guidelines for future lexical research; and discusses the potential limitations and future directions of the approach.
Team Innovation Cycles
Authors: Haas Martine R. , Cummings Jonathon N.
Published: August 2017

We review prior research on team innovation to advance understanding of the learning cycles that teams undergo when they develop new products and services. We refer to the dynamic sequences of variation, selection, and retention as team innovation cycles. Innovation teams can learn from both their own experiences and the experiences of others during each of these phases. An integration of the internal, external, and temporal components of team innovation cycles highlights important learning traps that teams face in the innovation process. Through its multilevel, cross-level, and iterative properties, the concept of team innovation cycles also advances our understanding of how individual, group, and organizational learning processes work both separately and together to enable teams to innovate successfully.
Trade Secrets and Information Security in the Age of Sports Analytics
Authors: Ford Roger Allan
Published: August 2017

The growth of sports analytics has made professional teams more and more reliant on proprietary data and algorithms, which are only valuable as long as they remain unknown to competitors. Teams are, however, relatively poorly equipped to protect these secrets. This chapter reviews five options available to teams looking to protect their secret information: league rules and norms, nondisclosure and noncompete agreements, trade-secrecy law, criminal law, and information-security efforts. None of the legal options are perfect, since breaches can be difficult to detect and legal remedies expose teams to unwanted publicity and risks of further breaches. Teams, then, should focus their efforts on building robust security systems to prevent problems from arising in the first place. The chapter concludes by discussing trends that are likely to increase the importance of information security in professional sports.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders
Authors: Wilson G. Terence
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as applicable to all eating disorders in adults and adolescents. It reviews the most recent manual-based enhanced CBT (CBT-E), which not only appears to be more effective than the previous protocol but also is applicable to all eating disorders and enhances individualizing treatment even within specific diagnoses. The chapter considers the effectiveness of CBT compared to behavior weight loss treatment, pharmacotherapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). It considers patient access to evidence-based CBT and discusses effective dissemination and implementation of competently administered CBT-E as a research priority. It describes and considers the effectiveness of a guided self-help form of CBT (CBTgsh), which provides a brief, cost-effective, acceptable, and scalable intervention. It describes possible further development of CBTgsh as a scalable e-therapy (using Internet and mobile devices) given that it is a program-based intervention that can be widely implemented by nonspecialists.
Epidemiology and Course of Eating Disorders
Authors: Keel Pamela
Published: August 2017

The epidemiology of eating disorders holds important clues for understanding factors that may contribute to their etiology. In addition, epidemiological findings speak to the public health significance of these deleterious syndromes. Information on course and outcome is important for clinicians to understand the prognosis associated with different disorders of eating and for treatment planning. This chapter reviews information on the epidemiology and course of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. In addition new information is reviewed for two forms of other specified eating or feeding disorder, purging disorder and night eating syndrome, which were introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fifth edition.
Women and Leadership
Authors: Miller Amalia R.
Published: August 2017

Despite decades of progress relative to men in work and schooling, women remain severely underrepresented among top corporate and political leaders. This chapter discusses the current status and recent progress of women in leadership positions, with a focus on the realm of corporate leadership. The effects of different public policy interventions aimed at increasing female representation are assessed, and particular attention is paid to gender quotas for corporate boards and to the question of spillover benefits from female leaders to other women. The effects of gender quotas in politics are also discussed and compared with those of gender board quotas.
Après nous, le déluge
Authors: Stanard Matthew G.
Published: August 2017

This chapter identifies and develops several themes that have emerged in recent works on the end of Belgium’s empire. The first is how, before 1960, factors mainly endogenous to the Congo and the Belgian-Congo colonial relationship were responsible for shaping decolonization’s history. Paradoxically, the depth of Belgium’s colonial impact politically and economically also produced changes that undermined colonial control as well as Congo’s cohesion. The chapter analyses the depth of Belgian social, economic and political connections with its vast Congo territory in the years preceding and immediately following the 1960 crisis, the assassination of Lumumba, and the widening UN intervention of the early 1960s.
Scripture
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the epochal shift in scriptural interpretation in the nineteenth century. Applying historical investigation to accounts of divine inspiration and revelation resulted in a call for a radical reconstruction of Christian theology, especially as developed in liberal Protestantism. There were a number of responses to such reconstruction of Christian faith. One option was to resist the logic of liberal Protestantism’s normative apologetic while retaining an existential appropriation of biblical heroes and narratives. A second option was to develop a whole new apologetic for the traditional position on inspiration and inerrancy. A third option was to shore up the appeal to biblical authority by a theory of development culminating in a doctrine of papal infallibility. Fourth, there was the populist option of focusing on personal piety and working from a deflationary soteriological vision of Scripture. All five options, if we include liberal Protestantism, continue to flourish.