bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE AÇIK İNOVASYONUN ÖNEMİ VE SAĞLAYACAĞI FAYDALAR
Authors: YÜCEL Derya , HALİS Muhsin
Published: December 2020

Değişen çevresel koşullar nedeniyle işletmelerin inovasyonu hem iç hem de dış süreçler yardımıyla oluşturması gerekli hale gelmiştir. Açık inovasyonda yer alan bu dış süreçler; firmanın rekabet içinde olduğu diğer firmalar, tedarikçiler ve kitle kaynak kullanımı ile ortak bilgi ve teknoloji paylaşımı şeklinde olabileceği gibi, firma olarak oluşturacakları ortak bir platfom aracılığı ile müşterilerinin inovasyon önerilerini toplamaları şeklinde de gerçekleştirilebilir. Firmalar bu sayede hem dış inovasyon kaynaklarını kullanarak, hem de kendi inovasyon imkanlarını başka firmalar ile paylaşarak çok daha etkin şekilde yeni ürün ve hizmetler geliştirebilmektedirler.Bu çerçevede hazırlanan çalışmada, turizm sektörü için inovasyonun önemi ve zorluğu açıklandıktan sonra açık inovasyon kavramı ele alınmakta ve geleneksel inovasyon yaklaşımıyla farklılaştığı noktalara yer verilmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca turizm sektöründe bazı açık inovasyon uygulamaları ele alınarak açık inovasyonun turizm sektörü için önemi ile sağlayacağı fırsat ve faydalar değerlendirilmektedir.
Greening Faith and Herbology in Pentecostalism in Zimbabwe
Authors: Sande Nomatter
Published: December 2020

The role of religion in ecological discourse has gained ground in the quest to improve people’s lives in society. Herbal medicine is known to treat complex diseases. However, there are complexities in protecting the environment since herbal medicine entails having an in-depth understanding of traditional knowledge systems, beliefs, and practices. Pentecostal churches in Zimbabwe such as the Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) have remained impervious to the widespread campaign promoting the use of herbs as an effective healing treatment. Divine healing is central to the AFM, and thus they view traditional herbal medicines as originating from evil spirits, despite scriptures referring to herbs as both food and medicine. Accordingly, developing a theology of ‘greening faith’ in the AFM will foster a constructive attitude toward the use of traditional herbal medicines. This article examines the position of the AFM on traditional herbal medicine and utilises ecotheology as its theoretical framework together with data gathered through in-depth interviews. The article concludes that the AFM should consciously use faith to protect the environment and promote the health and well-being of its believers.
Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions in Zambian Sermons about the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kroesbergen-Kamps Johanneke
Published: December 2020

In the contemporary literature about the relationship between religion and COVID-19, vertical as well as horizontal responses can be distinguished. Much of the current literature is based on personal reflection or on quantitative research. This article adds a qualitative research perspective and offers a preliminary analysis of the religious frameworks used by pastors in the Reformed Church in Zambia. Although the pastors acknowledge the need for communal action, their livestreamed services show an emphasis on the vertical dimension, i.e., the relation with God. As this article argues, this can be understood from an African worldview. There is also evidence that the initial vertical dimension of the services shifts to more horizontal concerns as the pandemic progresses.
Development of simulators in medical education
Authors: Buck George H.
Published: December 2020

The historical development of simulators is presented in respect to their application in medical training. Simulators allow, to some extent, practical training without any inconvenience for patien ts. The earliest sim ula tors in the history of medicine were the obstetrical manikins introduced toivards 1700 by father and son Grégoire of Paris and primarily intended for the instruction of lay people, i.e. midwives. Their further development is followed up to contemporary models of highly specialized use.

Since 1960 simulators are more and more used for the training of doctors, nurses and laymen in resuscitation techniques. Tn combination with computers, high-fidelity Simulators were created which, e.g., react to anaesthetics like real human beings. Conclusions about future developments and uses of simulators in medical education, in view of their history, are provided.
Die Kritik am Arzt im Mittelalter — Beispiele und Tendenzen vom 6. bis zum 12. Jahrhundert
Authors: Bergdolt Klaus
Published: December 2020

Im mittelalterlichen System der «artes» nahm die Medizin nur den Rang einer «mechanischen» Kunst ein. Diese Degradierung der Heilkunde wurde durch vielfältige Kritik am ärztlichen Beruf gefördert. Christliche Autoren argumentierten, die Medizin schöpfe aus heidnischen Quellen. Später stützten sich die Kritiker gerade auf antike Autoren wie Cato oder Plinius, welche die Notwendigkeit des Arztberufs bestritten hatten. Vielerorts galten Krankheiten als Gottesstra-fen, ihre Heilung als Anmassung. Verteidigungsschriften wie das Lorscher Arzneibuch des 8. Jahrhunderts lassen weitere Kritikpunkte der Gegner rekonstruieren. Auch im islamischen Kulturkreis waren die Arzte vielfach Angriffen ausgesetzt. Im 12. Jahrhundert zeigte sich im Westen auch Unzufriedenheit mit dem neuen, an der Universität ausgebildeten Arzttypus, der sich auf die scholastische Tradition berief und in den Augen der Gegner die Praxis vernachlässigte. Dieser intellektuelle ((Arzt- Philosoph» wurde auch von konservativeren Kollegen wie Guido von Arezzo angefeindet.
Ein Schaufenster für die Öffentlichkeit
Authors: Mörgeli Christoph
Published: December 2020

Ende 1990 hat das Medizinhistorische Museum der Universität Zürich nach jahrzehntelangem wenig besucherfreundlichem Dasein im Uni-Turm einen neuen Standort gefunden. Das Museum präsentiert sich nun in völlig neuer Gestalt im Hochparterre des Gebäudes Rämistrasse 69 (alte Physiologie). Der Konservator beschreibt die längere Standortsuche, die über fünfjährige Pla-nungs- und Realisierungszeit, die inhaltliche Museumskonzeption und deren gestalterische Umsetzung.
Der geistig gestörte Künstler im Werk E.T. A. Hoffmanns vor dem Hintergrund zeitgenössischer psychologischer Theorien
Authors: Ziegler Vickie
Published: December 2020

E. T. A. Hoffmann, einer der grössten Schriftsteller der deutschen Romantik, hat sehr viel zeitgenössisches psychologisch-psychiatrisches Wissen und Denken in sein dichterisches Werk eingearbeitet. Eine tiefsitzende Hypochondrie verstärkte seine Neigung zum Studium medizinischer Werke. In unserem Zusammenhang sind vor allem die Autoren Pinel, Reil, Kluge und G. H. Schubert wichtig. An der Figur des Goldschmiedes Cardillac aus dem «Fräulein von Scuderi», der seine Kunden ermordet, wird dargelegt, wie Hoffmann ivissenschaftliche Konzepte dichterisch gestaltet; bei dem ausgetvählten Beispiel geht es vor allem um den Mesmerismus und die Nachwirkung vorgeburtlicher Einflüsse.
Irrenzählung und Gründung psychiatrischer Kliniken im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Wilhelm Hans Rudolf
Published: December 2020

Die Psychiatrie begann im letzten Jahrhundert auch in der Schweiz als eigenständiger Ziveig der Medizin zu wachsen; in manchen Kantonen ivurdengeistig abnorme Menschen gezählt. Die verantwortlichen Arzte wollten damit den Behörden den Bedarf an staatlichen Irrenhäusern aufzeigen und sie von der Notwendigkeit solcher Bauten überzeugen. Eine Pionierrolle spielte dabei die Ärzteschaft des Kantons Bern. Neben epidemiologischen Fakten zeigen die Erhebungen auch einen Konnex von seelischem Leiden und sozialer Wirklichkeit.
La physiologie dans l'oeuvre de Jean Senebier (1742-1809
Authors: Legée Georgette
Published: December 2020

D’une famille française réfugiée à Genève au XVIe siècle, Jean Senebier fut successivement pasteur à Chancy, puis bibliothécaire à Genève. Charles Bonnet lui révéla sa veritable voie qui était naturaliste. II l'incita à traduire oeuvre expérimentale de Spallanzani. A son époque, la chimie des gaz faisait de grands progrès. Senebier eut le mérite d’appliquer cette chimie à Vetude des échanges gazeux de la plante. II apporta une contribution importante, tant au point de vue métkodologique qu’au point de vue physiologique.
Auguste De la Rive et l'électrothérapie
Authors: Benguigui Isaac
Published: December 2020

Après une introduction sur Fétat de Vélectrothérapie au début du XIXe siècle, Fauteur étudie les travaux d’Auguste De la Rive (1801—1873) exposes dans son Traité d’électricité théorique et pratique (1854-1858). II mentionne les effets thérapeutiques «directs» et «indirects» de Félectricité, les méthodes et les appa-reils utilises pour ces effets. II conclut sur les reserves émises à Fencontre de Félectricité médicale et le peu d’espoir qu’elle suscite encore à la fin du siède.
précurseur méconnu : Marc-Jacob D'Espine (1806—1860) et la statistique médicale
Authors: Mayer Roger
Published: December 2020

Cet article traite de la vie et de l'oeuvre de Marc-Jacob D'Espine (1806—1860), disciple de P. C, A. Louis et précurseur méconnu de la statistique médicale. Nous citons de nombreux extraits de sa correspondance encore inédite. Après une courte biographie, nous présentons son ceuvre scientifique ainsi que son incessante activité pour faire connaitre ses idées en Suisse comme à l'étranger.
Les premières étudiantes à la Faculté de médecine et leurs activités professionnelles à Genève
Authors: Dreifuss Jean Jacques
Published: December 2020

Dès ses débuts la Faculté de médecine de l'Université de Genève accueiÜit de nombreuses ctudiantes, notamment d'origine slave. Unefois leurs études termi-nées, peu de ces femmes médecins demeuraient à Genève pour y pratiquer, car l’environnement professionnel leur était plutot hostile. Trois carrières sont dé-crites qui illustrent les difficultés rencontrées par celles qui demeurèrent à Genève et les activités qu’elle exercèrent. Henriette de Joudra (1856-1928) épousa un confrere suisse et mena de pair une vie defamille et la pratique de la médecine; la Société médicale de Genève refusa cependant de l'admettre comme membre. Marguerite Champendal (1870—1928), une des premieres étudiantes suisses, se consacra a l'hygiène de la rnère et de I’enfant et fonda Vécolè d’infirmières Le Bon Secours. Biochimiste et physiologiste, Lina Stern (1878—1968) fut en 1918 la premiere femme « professer à la Faculté de médecine de Genève, avant de poursuivre sa carrière académique des 1925 en Union soviétique.
Stérilisation opératoire et maladie mentale. Une étude de cas
Authors: Ehrenström Philippe
Published: December 2020

Examinant le cas vaudois (1928), on constate que la sterilisation forcée des malades mentaux reposait sur la peur d’une «chute génétique» et sur des considerations sur le coût de l'assistance aux moins favorisés. Propre aux malades mentaux, la «menace heréditaire» était comprise comme sapant l'ordre biologique, économique et social de la société. Ce sont les plus pauvres et les moins considérés qui ont été les principales victimes de cette mesure.
S. A. Tissot und sein Einfluss auf den «Dessau-Wörlitzer Kulturkreis»
Authors: Konert Jürgen
Published: December 2020

Das kleine Fürstentum Anhalt-Dessau stellte in der zweiten Hälfte des 18,Jh.s einen aufgeklärten Musterstaat dar. Hier wurden auch vorbildliche Reformen im Medizinalwesen durchgeführt. Grundlegende Anregungen dafür kamen nachweislich aus der Schweiz, namentlich von S. A. Tissot (1728—1797), mit dem Fürst Leopold Friedrich Franz von Anhalt-Dessau (1740—1817) in persönlichem Kontakt stand. Tissots Einfluss ist besonders im schriftstellerischen Werk des Dessauer Arztes Samuel Friedrich Kretzschmar (1730—1793) und in der Einführung der Pockenschutzimpfung in ihrer ersten Form, der Variolation, zu erkennen.
Did the Hippocratic physician treat hopeless cases ?
Authors: Prioreschi Plinio
Published: December 2020

The question of whether the Hippocratic physician treated hopeless cases is discussed, and the pertinent passages of the Corpus Hippocraticum dealing with the matter are reviewed. Only one passage (Diseases I, IV) unequivocally advocates treatment when the disease is fatal; all the others, in which hopeless cases are considered, indicate that the physician should not treat or should not treat if possible. The author underlines that, in ancient medicine, the nontreatment of hopeless cases was common and refers to pertinent passages in the Sushruta Samhita, the Caraka Samhita, and the Smith Papyrus. The conclusion is that the Hippocratic physician did not treat hopeless cases, and that such an approach was not only consonant with the paradigms of ancient medicine but of contemporary medicine as well. The contemporary attitude toward the treatment of hopeless cases and the concept of “supportive treatment” and “palliative therapy” is discussed.
The Mystery of Louis Verrey (1854-1916)
Authors: Zeki Semir
Published: December 2020

In 1888, Louis Verrey, a Swiss ophthalmologist, stated emphatically that there is a "centre for the chromatic sense" in the human brain and that it is located in the lingual and fusiform gyri. He did not, however, consider the “colour centre” to be a separate area but a large sub-division of the primary visual cortex. His evidence was quickly dismissed and forgotten. It was not to be taken seriously again until after the experimental discovery of functional specialization in the monkey brain. This paper considers why it is that Verrey did not consider the “colour centre” to be a separate cortical area, distinct from the primary visual cortex, why his evidence was so quickly and effectively dismissed, and why it is that Verrey did not pursue the logic of his findings.
Jung an Freud 1905: Ein Bericht über Sabina Spielrein
Authors: Minder Bernard
Published: December 2020

A recently discovered letter, dated September 25, 1905, proves that Jung’s first attempt to get in contact with Freud had taken place earlier than it was assumed on the basis of their published correspondence. The letter contains a brief case history of Sabina Spielreinfs disease. It was addressed to Freud and handed over to Sabina Spielrein’s mother who intended to remove her daughter from Jung with whom the girl had fallen in love. However, the letter was never passed on to Freud.
Fortschritt, Diskontinuität und Einheit der Wissenschaften
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: December 2020

The development of modern science has been accompanied and essentially motivated by the ideal of a steady and cu mulative progress in the knowledge and grasp of nature. However, the crisis of the idea of progress during this century has been reflected in new concepts of the history of science as a discontinuous process of successive systems of thinking, or paradigms. A comparison of T S. Ku hn’s and L. Fleck’s models of the history of science, and the example of vitalism vs. mechanistics in the history of physiology (Harvey, Descartes, v. Haller) raise the question of whether this monolinear1” course is not an idealization of the factual “polylinear” development of the history of science. As an alternative, the author outlines the possibility of a “complementary evolution” of interpretations of reality which would contribute to a “polyperspective” science.
Rudolf Wolf: Lehrer, Forschungsorganisator und Wissenschaftshistoriker. Zu seinem 100.Todesjahr
Authors: Glaus Beat
Published: December 2020

Rudolf Wolf (1816-1893): Astronomer;, Research Organizer, Historian of Sciences

Rudolf Wolf is remembered by the scientific comm unity above all as a pion eer of sun spots research. On the centennial anniversary of his death it is appropriate to review his other achievements, which have been wrongly neglected. Wolf organized various astronomical, geodetic and meteorological projects. For example, it ivas on his initiative that the Federal Observatory in Zurich, designed by the famous architect Gottfried Semper, was built. He taught at academic institutions m Berne and Zurich and developed the library of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, from its beginnings. His contributions to the history of science are still of interest today: Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweiz (4 vol., 1858-1862) ; Geschichte der Astronomie (Munich 1877, reprint 1965) ; Geschichte der Vermessungen in der Schweiz (1879) ; Handbuch der Astronomie, ihrer Geschichte und Literatur (2 vol., 1890—1893; reprints 1973).
Short communication
Authors: Mörgeli Christoph
Published: December 2020

One of the most bizarre and forgotten suggestions to have developed from the discussion of pauperism in the 19 th century teas the infibulation of the impoverished men. A communication in 1827from the Halle professor of surgery, Carl August Weinhold (1782 1829), raised indignation and caused ironic as well as angry reactions. Despite such a heated response, Weinhold’s proposed method of population control soon fell into oblivion, a fate considered by' his contemporaries as “highly desirable”.
Kommunikationsprobleme in der medizinhistorischen Mittelalterforschung
Authors: Riha Ortrun
Published: December 2020

Although medieval medical research on scientific prose has a tradition of a hundred years, its results are largely ignored by the scientific community. The reason for this is not only a shift of interest towards the social history of medicine but, more important, a deficiency in the fields of systematology and terminology which makes communication difficult, if not impossible. Most regrettable is the lack of a comprehensive review of the texts and their topics which could serve as a basis for further methodological discussion.
Pastor H. G. Weland's Latin Elegy for Engelbert Kaempfer
Authors: Carrubba Robert W.
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the life and accomplishments of Engelbert Kaempfer (1651 1716 ), the German scholar, traveler, and physician, and his relationship to Pastor II. G. Weland of Lemgo. It presents the manuscript of Pastor PL G. Weland’s Latin Elegy for Engelbert Kaempfer. The manuscript’s form and readings are compared with the printed version of Ilaccius, and a first translation into a modern language (English) is published. A final section provides a brief commentary on the elegy, by addressing structure, meaning, and literary style.
Paracelsus im Urteil des 18. Jahrhunderts
Authors: von Engelhardt Dietrich
Published: December 2020

Paracelsus was a topic of intense discussion du ring the eighteenth century in the encyclopedias, works of philosophy, natural science and medicine of this time. His contributions to chemistry and the chemical foundation of medicine were acknowledged as well as his fight against the ancient humoral pathology and specific achievements in surgery and drug therapy. In contrast, his concept of science and use of language were rejected. The gap between his expressed moral standards and his own behavior was criticized. The contemporary circumstances must be taken into consideration.
E. Merck und das Kokain
Authors: Hirschmüller Albrecht
Published: December 2020

Documents from the archives of the pharmaceutical company, E. Merck, Darmstadt, shed light on research, production, and marketing of cocaine and other coca alkaloids. When cocaine proved to be a local anaesthetic in 1884 the market expanded enormously. The production of E. Merck is compared with that of other companies in Germany and abroad. Freud, who published on cocaine from 1884 to 1887, was in contact with E. Merck and performed clinical studies for them as well as for an American company.
La médecine d'observation en Iran du XIXe siècle
Authors: Ebrahimnejad Hormoz
Published: December 2020

The ravages wrought by epidemics in Iran as of 1821 acted as a stimulus to medical thought while the awakening of political consciousness mobilized efforts to fight contagious diseases. The combination “epidemics-politics- medicine” made nineteenth-century Persia turn to European science for help. Thus western medicine was introduced into Persia. If this introduction has been perceived by political means and epidemiological justification, the theoretical and epistemological process involved has been almost completely overlooked or misinterpreted. It is generally considered that the imported medicine swept away the local one, but this is not altogether true. It was the internal evolution of traditional medicine which paved the way for anatomo- clinical medicine.This evolution comes accross clearly in the works of Shirazi and Saveji between 1831 and 1862, years in which epidemics struck frequently and violently. While Europeans in Iran such as Dr. Polak qualified heyzeh (a kind of severe diarrhea) a “sporadic cholera” or “autumn cholera”, Shirazi wrote three treatises to show that heyzeh was not cholera but an ordinary kind of diarrhea caused by generalized malnourishment, Shirazi was also an innovator in the theoretical and terminological fields, doing away with the notion of vaba which meant a putrid atmosphere. Vaba became a physiological anomaly which took on epidemic proportions in an impure atmosphere. The modern definition of vaba meaning cholera was therefore elaborated thanks to Shirazi.
Les naissances multiples dans les textes médicaux antiques
Authors: Dasen Véronique
Published: December 2020

Ancient medical writers and biologists elaborated different theories to explain the phenomenon of multiple births. The earliest extant texts are in the Hippocratic collection and in the physiological treatises of Aristotle. They express opposed ideas: for the Hippocratics multiple births are the result of an ideal conception, for Aristotle they are regarded as anomalies associated with notions of monstrosity and excess. These views shed light on ancient collective imagery. Three themes in particular are found in non-medical literature and iconography: twin birth as a model of ideal fecundity, the ambiguous status of twins of different sexes, and the relation of multiple births to monstrosity and animality, as evidenced by the motif of twins born from one egg.
Das Enträtseln der Zelleinschlüsse
Authors: Diosi Peter
Published: December 2020

In the middle of the 19th century cell inclusions were observed with increasing frequency in more and more diseases and were closely scrutinized by researchers working in different fields. Because of their distinct viewpoints, however, the various authors came inevitably to different conclusions. The morphologists interpreted the inclusions as artefacts or degenerative changes, the etiologists, on the other hand, took them for pathogenic protozoa, for cellular lesions inflicted by invisible agents or, conversely - for aggregated products of the cellular defense. Various morphological, parasitological and bacteriological methods have been used to clear up the pros and cons of these hypotheses. It was the rapid progress realized in virology at the middle of the 20th century that finally brought to light their real significance.
Le pouvoir de la science dans L'Onunwme de Tissot
Authors: Singy Patrick
Published: December 2020

The Swiss physician Tissot published in 1760 the first edition in French of L'Onanisme, a book which dealt with the diseases caused by masturbation and had a deep and lasting influence. For the first time the problem of masturbation was tackled from a strictly medical angle. Tissot used observation and logical reasoning, and rejected acts of faith. However, behind this fierce rationalism a religious morality was concealed, which was never explicitly expressed but could be guessed through some expressions, in particular through the idea of 'nature'. The latter concept related back to the physical laws, to the moral laws and to the religious laws at the same time. If Tissot's medical discourse had more influence than the preceding religious and moral discourses, it is because of the rationality of its line of argument, which could lead to a real internalization of the message by the reader. Letters to Tissot show indeed that sick people did not see the interdiction of masturbation as coming from an external authority, but as coming from themselves. The power relationship was not any more between two persons, but between the reason and desires of a single individual.
Betrayal! The 1806 English Translation of Pinel’s Traité médico-philosophique sur l’aliénation mentale ou la manie
Authors: Weiner Dora B.
Published: December 2020

The translation of important work in science and medicine into the major vernacular languages became imperative when Latin went out of fashion some two hundred years ago. Unfortunately the choice of the translators remained haphazard and without standards as to their qualifications.

The only English translation of Philippe Pinel’s masterpiece, the Traité médico-philosophique sur Taliénation mentale on la manie, is a sad example of betrayal by its translator. The Traité appeared in Paris in 1800 and was issued in English in 1806 by the well-known London publishers Cadelt and Davies.

Why did they choose a young obstetrician from Sheffield, David Daniel Davis (1777-1841)? Fragmentary sources indicate that one Sayer Walker, M.D., who had known Pinel in Montpellier, acted as intermediary.

This article investigates the flaws of the translation and the bias of the translator, with fatal consequences for the Anglo-American literature in the history of mental illness.
Au sujet des prénoms de Tissot (1728-1797)
Authors: Karbowski Kazimierz
Published: December 2020

In different registers, dictionaries and publications the first names of the famous doctor Tissot are "David", "Auguste" or, absolutely wrong "Simon- André". After the baptismal Register of the village of Grancy, his birth place, his correct first names are Samuel, Auguste, André, David or - shortened - Samuel Auguste.
Forschungsreisen im Studierzimmer. Zur Rezeption der Grossen Nordischen Expedition (1733-1743) bei Albrecht von Haller und Samuel Engel
Authors: Stüber Martin
Published: December 2020

New discoveries, in order to become scientifically recognized facts, depend on the discourse of the scientific community. Explorers abroad thus depend on the scholars "left behind" who check and compare their reports by means of books, journals, and correspondence, attempting to establish a context. For the Great Nordic Expedition (1733-1743) this process of reception was hampered by the restrictive Russian information policy. This study shows the different ways a botanist and a geographer not participating in the Great Nordic Expedition perused the information released, their methods of interpretation, and the scientific gains obtained.
Médicaments et thermalisme à Pautalia, Thrace
Authors: Grigorova Valentina
Published: December 2020

The city of Pautalia (Kyustendil in Bulgaria) is located near thermal springs in the Strymon valley (Strouma),on a site occupied from the Iron Age onward by the Thracian tribe of Dentheletes. The temple of Asclepios and the walls of Pautalia, located on the hill of Hissarlaka, as well as the roman thermae in the center of modern Kyustendil are among the more important archaeological vestiges in the area. In 1990, near the village of Dragodan, district of Kyustendil, different surgical instruments in bronze were unearthed in a tumulus attributed to the roman period (Ilnd century A.D.). During the excavation of another tumulus in 1992, a truly exceptional discovery was made near the town of Kotcherinovo, district of Kyustendil: A variety of medicines were discovered in a small bronze case, dating from the roman period (Ilnd century A.D.). The complete results of the analysis of these substances and few hypotheses about their possible use are presented in this publication.
L’industrialisation du médicament: une histoire de pratiques entre sciences, techniques, droit et médecine
Authors: Gaudillière Jean-Paul
Published: December 2020

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Spanish Influenza in the Heart of Europe. A Study of a Significant Sample of the Basque Population
Authors: Erkoreka Anton
Published: December 2020

This article presents calculations and comparisons of mortality rates for influenza, for diseases of the respiratory system (with the exception of tuberculosis) and for all the causes of death, in 21 locations in the Basque Country (between Spain and France). The data were collected from all the entries in the death registers for the period between May 1918 and April 1919. The Spanish influenza pandemic affected this population sample to a varying extent. Depending on the characteristic of the different locations, the mortality rate varied between 2.2 and 19.7‰ for influenza, and between 7.5 and 25.7‰ for influenza and other diseases of the respiratory system. The mortality rate for the total population studied has been calculated to be 6.8‰ for Spanish influenza and 12.1‰ for influenza and other diseases of the respiratory system.

The first wave of the pandemic (spring 1918) was benign like a seasonal influenza. The second wave (autumn 1918) was extremely virulent owing to the mutation of the virus in Europe during the summer. This article identifies one of the sites, on the border between France and Spain, from which the second wave of the Spanish flu spread.
They Helped Modernize Turkey’s Medical Education and Practice: Refugees from Nazism 1933–1945
Authors: Reisman Arnold
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses a dimly lit and largely unknown bit of 20th century history. Starting in 1933, Turkey reformed its medical health care system using invitees fleeing the Nazis and for whom America was out of reach because of restrictive immigration laws and wide-spread anti-Semitic hiring bias at its universities. Among the invitees were several medical scholars who played a large role in westernizing the new Turkish republic’s medical practice and research as well as its school curricula.
Menschen machen aus Akt und Substanz. Prokreation und Vaterschaft im reproduktions - medizinischen und im literarischen Experiment
Authors: Arni Caroline
Published: December 2020

As an experimental medical practice artificial insemination in humans dates back to the end of the 18th century. Efforts intensified in the second half of the 19th century, when, especially in France, the number of reports in scientific publications increased and the topic became the subject of heated debates. I trace this emergence of reproductive medicine avant la lettre by reviewing the relevant medical publications. Hereby, I focus on how experiments in artificial insemination presupposed a new conceptualisation of procreation which detaches procreation from the doings of human actors by reducing it to the fusion of germ cells. This “biologisation” of pro creation entailed a series of irritations with regard to the determination of “natural” paternity and the impact and relevance of the procreative act’s nature. These irritations are dealt with in a novel that appears in Paris in 1884, entitled The Man-Maker.This novel thus attests to the cultural uncertainties that went along with the emergence of what laid the epistemological ground for the reproductive medicine to come.
Emotion, Medizin und Volksbelehrung: die Entstehung des «deutschen Kulturfilms»
Authors: Osten Philipp
Published: December 2020

This article describes the process of professionalisation of medical films in Germany between 1910 and 1920. At the beginning of this decade, government institutions showed a growing interest in hygiene campaigns and started to cooperate with medical experts as well as with professional advertisers. When the German film industry was nationalised at the end of World War I, these informal structures were strengthened. New theories described the film as a most powerful tool for propaganda purposes. This profoundly changed the expectations towards medical films. Now their content had to be bedded into the dramatised form of a photoplay. After 1918, in anticipation of the reprivatisation of the German film industry, government officials of the Weimar Republic developed complex measures to obtain and keep control over a new genre of documentary film which was now called “Deutscher Kulturfilm”. Some of the political expectations linked to the Kulturfilm can be exemplified in the first documentary of feature length released by the Berlinbased Universal Film Corporation in 1920. It contained elements of medical films that had been shot during the last decade of the German Empire, and it was newly composed in 1919 to meet the presumable needs of a broader public in an uncertain democratic future.
The Piano Plague: The Nineteenth-Century Medical Critique of Female Musical Education
Authors: Kennaway James
Published: December 2020

The role of music in nineteenth-century female education has been seen primarily in the context of the middle class cult of domesticity, and the relationship of music to medicine in the period has generally been viewed in terms of music therapy. Nevertheless, for much of the century t here was serious medical discussion a bout the dangers of excessive music in girls’ education. Many of the leading psychiatrists and gynaecologists of the nineteenth century argued that music could over-stimulate the nervous system, playing havoc with vulnerable female nerves and reproductive organs, and warned of the consequences of music lessons on the developing bodies of teenage girls. Two rival models of music’s effects competed and were combined. One suggested that music led to illness by provoking sensuality, imagination and sexuality; the other argued that it was a source of neurasthenic fatigue because of intellectual strain.
La présence du cadavre et son efficacité sémiotique: Morphée chez Geoffrey Chaucer et Caïn dans Mactatio Abel
Authors: Bolens Guillemette
Published: December 2020

This article grapples with the question of the corpse through two particular literary texts. Rather than an elucidation of the physiological principle of the human body by means of dissection, the play Mactatio Abel, written in England in the 15th century, stages the difficulty of the relation to the corpse, via an amplification of the biblical narrative of Abel’s murder by Caïn. As for Chaucer’s work, The Book of the Duchess, it rewrites Ovid’s and Machaut’s texts featuring the figure of Morpheus in a way that distinguishes between an imitation of the living and its simulacrum in the sense Wolfgang Iser gives this concept. Chaucer’s Morpheus, instead of promoting veri - similitude, forbids it. Indeed, h e animates a corpse from within instead of simulating an apparition of the deceased. The simulacrum, rather than a mimetic copy of the real, b locks all representational illusion, in order to formulate absence. The readability of the corpse in both works is relational. Both literary texts express the corpse as being always already grounded in a relational and narratorial space.
Okkulte Medizin im 20. Jahrhundert: Pharmakotherapie nach Demeter Georgievitz-Weitzer, genannt Surya (1873–1949)
Authors: Helmstädter Axel
Published: December 2020

Demeter Georgievitz-Weitzer (1873–1949), called “Surya”, Sanskrit for “sun”, was an important representative of medical occultism in the first half of the 20th century. He worked as a journal editor and published a 13-volume book series about occult medicine, mainly written by himself. His hypotheses were closely related to the “Lebensreform” movement around 1900. Regarding diagnostics, he relied on astrology, cheiromancy, and clairvoyance, while therapeutics were dominated by diet and spagyric remedies according to Cesare Mattei (1809–1896) and Carl-Friedrich Zimpel (1801–1879). In his later years, he developed his own healing system, initially comprising eight, later only two preparations. Surya remedies were commercially available until the end of the 20th century
Ernst von Metternich (1656–1727). Ein patientenzentrierter Einblick in den medizinischen Markt um 1720
Authors: Jankrift Kay Peter , Kinzelbach Annemarie , Ruisinger Marion Maria
Published: December 2020

In his medical diary the physician Johann Christoph Götz from Nuremberg recorded his visits as well as his consiliary correspondence. The case of Count Ernst of Metternich who dwelled in Ratisbon and suffered from a bladder stone is particularly well documented. Thus, the source which is focusing the doctor permits to take a look at a section of the medical market managed by the patient around 1720.

Besides the Medicus ordinarius Metternich’s specific network, the patient’s network, comprised quite a number of local or transmigratory doctors, surgeons or lay healers as well as (former) invalids, whom he consulted in direct interviews or – in the case of Götz – by letter. The example reveals in which way the medical market was determined by the ego-network.

Analyzing this section of the market, which becomes visible through the interaction between Metternich and Götz, one can profit from Pierre Bourdieu’s conception of different forms of capital. Financial capital, the exchange of goods or services against money, seems of minor importance. In lieu thereof, different cohesions become obvious, in which social, cultural and symbolical capital could become decisive for the doctor’s as well as for the patient’s actions and assertive for the market.
The Physician Louis Odier and the Medical Market in Geneva (1774–1817)
Authors: Rieder Philip
Published: December 2020

Louis Odier was an active physician in late Eighteenth century Geneva. Studying his medical practice conveys an idea of the social impact of a doctor on the local medical market at the time. He encountered a series of economic and professional difficulties for which he found original solutions. Convinced that the practicing physician was capable of offering the best services, he sought to defend professional interests. By his intellectual and public activities, he contributed to medical knowledge and to medical policies; in his practice and by his reflexive thought, he strove to draw the contours of an “ethical” professional figure.
Ärztliche Zeugnisse auf dem medizinischen Markt. Professionalisierte Zeugenschaft im wachsenden Verwaltungsapparat des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Gafner Lina
Published: December 2020

This article deals with medical certificates issued by the physician Cäsar Adolf Bloesch (1804–1863) from Biel/Bienne. It aims at examining this service as a part of the medical market in the early nineteenth century. Firstly, it focuses on four administrative procedures which show how the standardized medical certificate was established at the time. Secondly, it examines how expert testimony in general and medical testimony in particular depended on public and private demand. Finally, this study argues that by attesting health or illness, physicians could gain their patients’ confidence and increase their own social capital. For patients a medical certificate could imply release from moral judgement.
Cäsar Adolf Bloesch – ein Geburtshelfer? Einblicke in seine ärztliche Praxis zwischen 1832 und 1850
Authors: Klaas Philipp
Published: December 2020

This article contributes to the history of obstetrics as it was performed in the context of general practice during the 19th century. It focuses on the Swiss physician Cäsar Adolf Bloesch (1804–1863) from the town of Biel, Canton Bern. Drawing upon Bloesch’s extensive practice records, it raises the question whether this physician participated in the local market for obstetrical activities. Furthermore, the paper tries to make an estimate about the importance this field of action took for Bloesch’s practice. To achieve this, results of a smaller study about obstetrical cases within the practice records during the years 1832 to 1850 are being presented. I will argue that physicians like Bloesch were aware of the problems obstetrics brought with it, and as a consequence, he tried to limit it in favor of his general practice.
Der Landarzt als Geburtshelfer – Dr. Franz von Ottenthal und der medizinische Markt in Südtirol (1860–1869)
Authors: Hilber Marina
Published: December 2020

The paper focuses on the structure of the obstetric market in a rural region of alpine South Tyrol (today: Italy) throughout the 1860s. Besides midwives and parturient women, also male obstetricians are traceable in the actual research area of the Tauferer Ahrntal. Among them was the general practitioner Dr. Franz von Ottenthal, whose medical records (Historiae Morborum, 1847–1899) are used to reconstruct the participation of physi - cians in the obstetric market. Special emphasis lies on the evaluation of the predominant hierarchies (midwives/surgeons/physicians) and the position of Franz von Ottenthal in this specialized medical sub-segment. Therefore, the quantitative extent of obstetric intervention as well as the qualitative dimension of treatments (medication, surgeries) is investigated. So far, the relevance of Ottenthals obstetric practice as to the gender ratio has been measured as rather high, considering that he generally treated more female than male patients. An attempt will be made to estimate the significance of the obstetric segment within his practice in order to find an explanatory approach for the higher female medical demand.
Sincere Hand and Faithful Eye. Cognitive Practices in Ensembles of Text and Drawing
Authors: Loescher Jens
Published: December 2020

With this paper I endeavour to adapt Lorraine Daston’s term of cognitive practices in order to deal with material traces of writing and reading in natural philosophy of the seventeenth and the eighteenth century. In this paper I put particular emphasis on text-depiction-pairs. I hypothesize that basic cognitive faculties such as writing and reading serve as ‘triggers’ for cognitive practices of the scientific self: arts of memory, economies of attention, and the solidification and erosion of belief. For instance, the cognitive practices which are activated by ‘reading’ text-depiction-pairs are equivalent to the ones of the experimenter, who shifts his attention from observation to data to hypo - thesis and back. Building on Daston’s well-known theory I focus on experimental cognition in specific epistemic situations.
Teleomechanism Redux? Functional Physiology and Hybrid Models of Life in Early Modern Natural Philosophy
Authors: Wolfe Charles T.
Published: December 2020

The distinction between ‘mechanical’ and ‘teleological’ has been familiar since Kant; between a fully mechanistic, quantitative science of Nature and a teleological, qualitative approach to living beings, namely ‘organisms’ understood as purposive or at least functional entities. The beauty of this distinction is that it apparently makes intuitive sense and maps onto histo - rico-conceptual constellations in the life sciences, regarding the status of the body versus that of the machine. I argue that the mechanism-teleology distinction is imprecise and flawed using examples including the ‘functional’ features present even in Cartesian physiology, the Oxford Physiologists’ work on circulation and respiration, the fact that the model of the ‘body-machine’ is not a mechanistic reduction of organismic properties to basic physical properties but is focused on the uniqueness of organic life; and the concept of ‘animal economy’ in vitalist medicine, which I present as a ‘teleomechanistic’ concept of organism (borrowing a term of Lenoir’s which he applied to nineteenth-century embryology) – neither mechanical nor teleological.
Anatomie du corps et de l’esprit chez Francis Glisson
Authors: Rey Anne-Lise
Published: December 2020

In this paper I shall point out that Francis Glisson’s conceptualisation of irritability must be understood by looking at the epistemological context within which it developed. The theory of irritability has to be interpreted as part of an ‘analogical conception’ that puts the analytical operations of mind in relation to the epistemic model provided by dissection. Establishing this relation makes it possible for Glisson to think the activity of the organs as ‘empirical epistemic operations’.
Representation of Dangerous Sexuality in Interwar Non-Fiction Sex Hygiene Films: A Franco-German Comparison
Authors: Danet Joël
Published: December 2020

In the interwar period VD prevention films accompanied the introduction of new “permanent” treatments for syphilis. While they still warned the audience about the dangers of infection, these films were primarily designed to inform about these new methods for curing syphilis. These methods could only be effective if the infected patient immediately consulted a certified doctor (as opposed to a charlatan) upon experiencing the first symptoms.

The objectives of the commissioners of health education films tended to go beyond simply conveying a propaganda message. They adhere to and act on the educational potential that the film medium offers to an adult audience. In addressing subjects like sexual health, the films speak to the intimate lives of the audience members, faced with characters whose sexual behaviour is meant to echo their own or that of their friends and relatives. In order to properly raise awareness, the film must escort them, help them overcome their disarray, and persuade them that they are morally able to adopt the necessary measures to avoid contagion.

This paper consists in an in-depth comparative study of three anti-vene-real films produced and shown between 1928 and 1931, a short but pivotal period in the development of continental European syphilis prevention films. The three films illustrate two forms of screenplay action. In the French films, the patient is identified with a tragic hero and the medical institution embodied by a providential man. Contrary to these French films, the German film tends to display a more matter-of-fact-approach, which is not meant to downplay the risks but rather to clearly identify and address the community exposed to danger and to present how the infection is taken care of once it is diagnosed. Here I consider these films together to show how different ways of conveying the same medical discourse were adopted to adjust to national cinematographic environments.
A Tidal Wave of Field Mice: Agriculture, Injurious Voles and the “Economic Relations” Among Species in the US Biological Surveys around 1900
Authors: Stücklin Nicholas
Published: December 2020

This article analyzes the moral and scientific construction of the vole as a dangerous, yet intriguing rodent. Using a case study of An Economic Study of Field Mice (Genus Microtus) by David E. Lantz as example, this contribution discusses the role that agriculture comes to play in knowing the behavior of animals in natural history, and in turning wildlife into a matter of national government in the USA around 1900. In this setting, the Microtus is given the shape of a “small […] pest […that] inflicts enormous injury upon the crops of the country”. However, by granting field mice an important role in the agricultural development of the US Midwest, Lantz also qualifies the rodent as a capable agent deserving of scientific attention and political consideration. Thus, an animal otherwise perceived as repulsive and insignificant is transformed into an intricate being well worth dedicated study.
International Constructions of Social Security and Public Health: Policy Intersections 1920–1970
Authors: Gillespie James A.
Published: December 2020

The problems of national health insurance played a prominent, but shifting role in the formation of global health policy. This paper uses the work of Geneva based organizations from the end of the First World War to the 1970s to explore the crossing points between health policy and social security. From its formation the League of Nations Health Organisation had an uneasy dialogue with the social insurance and security approaches adopted by the International Labour Organization and the International Social Security Association. When the social insurance concerns of the interwar year broadened into ‘social security’, largely led by the ILO, this debate spilled over into conflicts over the leadership of global social policy and carried over into the early years of WHO. Conflicts centred on the difficult relationship between national health insurance and the other elements of what became the welfare state. The paper identifies the difficulties of constructing a global policy space for action on health security.