bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EDITORIAL Building bridges with mixed methods research?
Authors: Bager‐Charleson Sofie , McBeath Alistair , Vostanis Panos
Published: December 2020

Mixed methods refers to the use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods in one study or sequentially in two or more studies. Without a mixed methods approach there is – to our minds ‐ a risk that only part of a phenomenon or experience is being explored. Our own involvement in mixed methods research has grown out of a shared interest in the concept ‘research‐practitioner’. Psychotherapy is a notoriously complex and ever‐developing field, and our growing sense has been that mixed methods research can contribute to a more complete – both broad and deep ‐ sense of knowledge and understanding.
Hypoxia as a modulator of cytochromes P450: Overexpression of the cytochromes CYP2S1 and CYP24A1 in human liver cancer cells in hypoxia
Authors: Cabrera‐Cano Alfredo , Dávila‐Borja Víctor Manuel , Juárez‐Méndez Sergio , Marcial‐Quino Jaime , Gómez‐Manzo Saúl , Castillo‐Rodríguez Rosa Angélica
Published: December 2020

Low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) have been reported in solid tumours. This hypoxic microenvironment modulates the expression of genes linked to a more aggressive disease. However, it is unclear if the expression of drug‐metabolizing enzymes as cytochromes P450 (CYPs) is affected by hypoxia in cancer. We aimed to define which cytochromes are affected by hypoxia using a liver cancer model in vitro. For this purpose, we assessed whole‐genome expression microarrays of HepG2 liver cancer cell line from free repository databases, looking for gene expression hypoxia‐associated profiles and selected those cytochromes with significant differences. Then, we corroborated their mRNA expression and protein levels by RT‐qPCR and western blot, respectively, as well as immunofluorescence. Based on microarray analysis, we found that the expression of CYP2S1 and CYP24A1 were up‐regulated with at least twice fold change compared with normoxia. The levels of mRNA and protein of CYP2S1 and CYP24A1 were increased significantly in hypoxic conditions (P < .05), and this tendency was also observed by immunofluorescence assays. Our data show that the expression of cytochromes CYP2S1 and CYP24A1 are induced in hypoxia, being the first time that CYP24A1 expression is associated with tumour hypoxia; which might have consequences in cancer progression and drug resistance.

Significance of the study

Hypoxia is among the most important factors for cellular adaptation to stress. Especially in cancer, a major public health issue, hypoxia plays a substantial role in angiogenesis, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Tumoral hypoxia has been described at least in the brain, breast, cervical, liver, renal, lung, pancreatic and renal cancer. However, the understanding of how hypoxia drives cancer progression is still a major challenge. One emerging question is the role of hypoxia over the expression of drug‐metabolizing enzymes, with a significant impact on drug treatment. In this context, our paper focus on the effect of hypoxia on CYPs, which is an essential group of drug‐metabolizing enzymes. We show that hypoxia induces the expression of two members of the CYPs family: CYP2S1 and CYP24A1. Importantly, CYP2S1 is a major metabolizer of carcinogenic substances being relevant that hypoxia could promote this function. Interestingly, CYP24A1 limits the action of the active form of vitamin D, which is an anti‐proliferative factor in cancer. Our evidence shows for the first time that hypoxia can induce CYP24A1 expression, with a potential effect on cancer progression. Our contribution clarifies a particular effect of tumoral hypoxia and the implications will be useful in the understanding of the progression of cancer, the resistance to treatment and the development of alternative therapies.
Curcumin ameliorates IL‐1β‐induced apoptosis by activating autophagy and inhibiting the NF‐κB signaling pathway in rat primary articular chondrocytes
Authors: Chen Tianyi , Zhou Renpeng , Chen Yong , Fu Wanjin , Wei Xin , Ma Ganggang , Hu Wei , Lu Chao
Published: December 2020

Articular cartilage damage and chondrocyte apoptosis are common features of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Recently, curcumin has been reported to exhibit protective effects on degeneration in articular cartilage diseases. However, the effects and mechanisms of curcumin on articular chondrocyte injury remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the chondroprotective mechanisms of curcumin on interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro. The results revealed that IL‐1β decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in primary articular chondrocytes. Curcumin pretreatment reduced IL‐1β‐induced articular chondrocyte apoptosis. In addition, treatment with curcumin increased autophagy in articular chondrocytes and protected against IL‐1β‐induced apoptosis. The curcumin‐mediated protection against IL‐1β induced apoptosis was abolished when cells were treated with the autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine or transfected with Beclin‐1 small interfering RNA. Furthermore, IL‐1β stimulation significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB p65 and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of β‐catenin in articular chondrocytes, and these alterations to the phosphorylation levels were partly reversed by treatment with curcumin. Dual‐luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that IL‐1β increased NF‐κB p65 promoter activity in chondrocytes, and this was also reversed by curcumin. Pretreatment with the NF‐κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate enhanced the protective effects of curcumin on chondrocyte apoptosis, but Wnt/β‐catenin inhibitor, XAV‐939, did not exhibit this effect. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies results showed that curcumin could bound to RelA (p65) protein. These results indicate that curcumin may suppress IL‐1β‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis through activating autophagy and restraining NF‐κB signaling pathway.
HBB mutations and HbA2 level: Escaping the carrier screening programs
Authors: Sharifi Ameneh , Mahdieh Nejat
Published: December 2020

HbA2 level alone for beta thalassemia trait may not be accurate and reliable even without iron deficiency so molecular genetic testing is important and should be considered for some individuals.
Parallel Lipid Peroxide Accumulation Strategy Based on Bimetal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Ferrotherapy
Authors: Xin Hao , Wang Fang , Luo Rengan , Lei Jianping
Published: December 2020

Ferroptosis, a nonapoptotic cell‐death pathway, is commonly regulated by ether lipid peroxide generation or glutathione consumption. In this work, a parallel lipid peroxide accumulation strategy was designed based on catalytic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for enhanced ferrotherapy. The bimetallic MOF was synthesized with iron porphyrin as a linker and cupric ion as a metal node, and erastin, a ferroptosis inducer, was sandwiched between the MOF layers with 4,4′‐dipyridyl disulfide as spacers. In a tumor microenvironment, erastin was released from the layered MOFs through glutathione‐responsive cleavage. The exfoliated MOFs served as a dual Fenton reaction inducer to generate numerous hydroxyl radicals for the accumulation of lipid peroxide, while erastin‐aggravated glutathione depletion down‐regulated glutathione peroxidase 4; this then inhibited the consumption of lipid peroxide. Therefore, a parallel lipid peroxide accumulation strategy was established for enhanced ferrotherapy that effectively inhibited tumor growth in live mice, opening up new opportunities to treat apoptosis‐insensitive tumors.
Elektrostatisch unterstützte Nassabscheidung in einem Windkanal: Ermittlung des Fraktionsabscheidegrads
Authors: Zillgitt Marcel , Schmidt Eberhard
Published: December 2020

Im Bereich kleiner Partikelgrößen nimmt die Abscheidewahrscheinlichkeit aufgrund geringerer Trägheit ab, so dass sich eine elektrostatische Beeinflussung eines erzeugten Wassersprühnebels eignet, um die emissionsmindernde Wirkung zu verbessern. Anhand eines Einsatzszenarios wurden die Abscheidemechanismen bedingt durch Trägheit, turbulente Vermischung und elektrostatische Anziehung studiert, um den Fraktionsabscheidegrad theoretisch anzunähern. Der Ansatz verdeutlicht die größenabhängige Dominanz der Abscheidemechanismen und lässt einen qualitativen Vergleich mit praktischen Ergebnissen zu.
The effectiveness of mediation for older people at risk of or experiencing abuse
Authors: Martin Jennifer , Roberts Susan
Published: December 2020

This study seeks to identify the effectiveness of mediation interventions for older people at risk of, or experiencing elder abuse. The study sought evidence to address the critical question of: How effective is mediation for older people at risk of, or experiencing elder abuse? In answering this, question common themes and gaps in the literature were identified in studies of mediation and elder abuse. There was only one study focused specifically on mediation and elder abuse. This study found that mediation is effective in preventing or stopping financial abuse of older people.
Earthworms and Their Importance to Agricultural Soils in the Inland Pacific Northwest
Authors: Kahl Kendall B. , Johnson‐Maynard Jodi L.
Published: December 2020

Earthworms are important to the proper function of soils and in the cycling of organic matter to release nutrients for plant growth. An understanding of earthworm population size, number of years that active populations have existed, and types of earthworm species present in a field can help agricultural producers and their CCAs estimate the type and extent of potential impacts to the soil environment. Earn 1 CEU in Soil & Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/806.
Assessing Soil Health: Soil Nitrogen Cycling
Authors: Cappellazzi Shannon , Morgan Cristine
Published: December 2020

The following article is the third in a five‐part series on assessing soil health. It focuses on soil nitrogen cycling. It is part of a larger Soil Science Society of America webinar series produced in partnership with The Soil Health Institute and sponsored by The Walton Family Foundation. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Soil & Water Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/918.
Can evolutionary theories of dispersal and senescence predict postrelease survival, dispersal, and body condition of a reintroduced threatened mammal?
Authors: Robinson Natasha M. , Blanchard Wade , MacGregor Christopher , Brewster Rob , Dexter Nick , Lindenmayer David B.
Published: December 2020

Theories of dispersal and senescence (or aging) predict that dispersal, and ongoing survival and body condition, are influenced by evolutionary drivers, along with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Such theories are relevant to translocations of animals where high mortality, loss of body condition, and dispersal beyond the area of release are commonly reported. However, these theories have rarely been tested using data from translocations.

We explore whether theories of dispersal and senescence, together with biological knowledge and management interventions, can predict rates of postrelease dispersal, survival and change in body condition of a translocated endangered meso‐predator, the eastern quoll Dasyurus viverrinus.

Captive‐bred quolls (n = 60) from three sanctuaries were translocated to an unfenced, predator‐managed reserve (Booderee National Park) over 2 years (2018, 2019). Survival, dispersal and body mass were monitored via GPS/VHF tracking and targeted trapping for 45 days postrelease.

We found support for the “social subordinate” hypothesis, with smaller quolls dispersing further. Consistent with theories of senescence and the biology of our species, survival was marginally greater for females, and females regained losses in body mass in both years following release. In contrast, males recovered body condition in the first but not the second release as this coincided with breeding. Quolls that originated from the mainland sanctuary were on average heavier at release and, after accounting for weight, dispersed further.

Synthesis and applications. Using theory to test outcomes of wildlife translocations can provide insights into patterns across taxa and under different conditions, enabling useful improvements to future fauna translocations. This allows for better predictions to be made about the likelihood of success from proposed translocations, changes to planning to improve outcomes (e.g., modifying sex ratios, individual selection and release cohort), and improved animal welfare as fewer animals are subjected to trials.
Freezing in a warming climate: Marked declines of a subnivean hibernator after a snow drought
Authors: Johnston Aaron N. , Christophersen Roger G. , Beever Erik A. , Ransom Jason I.
Published: December 2020

Recent snow droughts associated with unusually warm winters are predicted to increase in frequency and affect species dependent upon snowpack for winter survival. Changes in populations of some cold‐adapted species have been attributed to heat stress or indirect effects on habitat from unusually warm summers, but little is known about the importance of winter weather to population dynamics and how responses to snow drought vary among sympatric species. We evaluated changes in abundance of hoary marmots (Marmota caligata) over a period that included a year of record‐low snowpack to identify mechanisms associated with weather and snowpack. To consider interspecies comparisons, our analysis used the same a priori model set as a concurrent study that evaluated responses of American pikas (Ochotona princeps) to weather and snowpack in the same study area of North Cascades National Park, Washington, USA. We hypothesized that marmot abundance reflected mechanisms related to heat stress, cold stress, cold exposure without an insulating snowpack, snowpack duration, atmospheric moisture, growing‐season precipitation, or select combinations of these mechanisms. Changes in marmot abundances included a 74% decline from 2007 to 2016 and were best explained by an interaction of chronic dryness with exposure to acute cold without snowpack in winter. Physiological stress during hibernation from exposure to cold, dry air appeared to be the most likely mechanism of change in marmot abundance. Alternative mechanisms associated with changes to winter weather, including early emergence from hibernation or altered vegetation dynamics, had less support. A post hoc assessment of vegetative phenology and productivity did not support vegetation dynamics as a primary driver of marmot abundance across years. Although marmot and pika abundances were explained by strikingly similar models over periods of many years, details of the mechanisms involved likely differ between species because pika abundances increased in areas where marmots declined. Such differences may lead to diverging geographic distributions of these species as global change continues.
Ag[B(S2O7)2]: The First Transition Metal Borosulfate Featuring Disulfate Groups
Authors: Netzsch Philip , Höppe Henning A.
Published: December 2020

Hitherto, the structural diversity of transition metal borosulfates has been limited to B−O−S and B−O−B bridges. Ag[B(S2O7)2] represents the very first transition metal borosulfate featuring S−O−S bridges. The compound was synthesized solvothermally in oleum (65 % SO3) and crystallizes in a new structure type in P21/c (no. 14) with Z=4, a=950.7(4) pm, b=960.1(4) pm, c=1173.0(4) pm and β=98.350(11)°. The crystal structure comprises complex anions [B(S2O7)2]− – consisting of a central boron atom and two chelating disulfate groups – and charge balancing Ag+ ions. Vibrational spectroscopy confirms the presence of S−O−S bridges. A thermal decomposition from Ag[B(S2O7)2] towards Ag[B(SO4)2] was monitored by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and temperature programmed X‐ray diffraction (TPXRD).
Turbulent wind flow through permeable claddings mounted on elevated scaffold using CFD simulation
Authors: Agarwal Ashish , Irtaza Hassan
Published: December 2020

An extensive numerical study was carried out to evaluate the turbulent wind effects on permeable nets and impermeable film claddings mounted on elevated access scaffolding using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Debris net/sheet scaffold cladding was placed at a distance 1.5 m ahead of the cubical building. Permeable nets of various porosities and aerodynamic coefficients were simulated, and the effects of aerodynamic coefficients on the pressure coefficients were studied on the scaffolding. The airflow behavior around and through the claddings and the cubical building, were also investigated. Permeable claddings have been modeled as porous media following the Forchheimer equation. The renormalization group k–ε turbulence model using Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) was used to simulate turbulent wind through/around the scaffold cladding. Commercially available software ANSYS FLUENT 6.3 was used for simulation and analysis. Results showed that the force/pressure coefficients on permeable/debris net claddings are proportional to the aerodynamic coefficient.
Rill and ephemeral gully erosion in a small olive grove catchment in Spain: Interactions between management and conservation measures
Authors: Taguas E.V.
Published: December 2020

Concentrated flow erosion in Mediterranean cultivated areas is considered a major process of land degradation. Rills and ephemeral gullies in a 6.4 ha olive orchard catchment located in an intensive commercial farm, which could represent a common degradation scenario in hilly areas, were measured and compared with the sediment loads at the outlet. Four GPS survey campaigns were carried out between March 2009 and March 2014, for periods with cumulative precipitation ranging between 728 and 121 mm. Chopped pruning residues were kept on the lanes during campaigns 2–4, whereas a grass cover crop was seeded in campaign 4. Rainfall, runoff and sediment loads were measured in a flume gauge station at the catchment outlet.

The ratio of concentrated flow erosion to catchment sediment load varied between 1.0 and 35.0. Total concentrated flow erosion ranged between 25.0 and 0.1 t ha−1. Rill erosion was the dominant process on ephemeral gullies for three campaigns, with a mean contribution to the total concentrated flow erosion of 55%. Rills clearly followed tractor tracks along the most parallel lanes to the maximum slope. Therefore, a change in traffic direction would be helpful to reduce the connectivity, controlled by the spatial distribution of rows and lanes in the farm. Olive plantation distributions should prioritize hydrological criteria to adapt traffic patterns in olive farms, as long as the tractor manoeuvrability and risk of overturning are not adversely affected.

Although the farmer only kept the cover crop for one campaign, it proved to be an efficient measure for interrupting rills along the lanes, whereas pruning residues were effective for the control of interrill erosion. On‐site application of pruning residues reduced their handling and transport costs, while increasing the soil fertility and soil cover. However, guidelines for the efficient application of pruning residues are still necessary in terms of residue rates and orientation.
Predictive model of operative time in transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach
Authors: Tanavde Ved A. , Razavi Christopher R. , Chen Lena W. , Ranganath Rohit , Tufano Ralph P. , Russell Jonathon O.
Published: December 2020

Background

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach (TOETVA) has demonstrated excellent safety and is receiving wider use in North America. Understanding which factors lead to operative difficulty, as evaluated by operative time (OT), may help to improve safety and refine indications for this procedure.

Methods

Cases of TOETVA performed at our institution were reviewed. Multivariate linear regression was performed using patient demographics, thyroid characteristics, and operative variables to predict OT.

Results

A total of 207 cases were included for analysis. A multivariate linear regression model, controlling for age, sex, and BMI, was developed from 104 cases with an R2 of 0.47 (p < 0.001). Cross‐validation on 103 remaining cases showed root‐mean‐square error of 46.37. Total thyroidectomy and lobe size were the only significant predictors (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

We successfully developed a model to predict OT for TOETVA based on preoperative and operative variables. Lobe size, but not BMI, is a significant predictor of OT.
How Scientific is Chemistry?
Authors: Kozuch Sebastian
Published: December 2020

φ for philosophy, χ for chemistry. Is there a connection? Is there any interaction? Do chemists have something useful to learn from philosophers? Do philosophers from chemists? How can we define if chemistry is a science, or at least trustworthy? Which disciplines, styles and personalities are progressive in chemistry? Which ones are truth‐seekers, progress‐seekers or profit‐seekers? Is there a point in asking these questions? Is there even an answer to them?
Liraglutide reduces attenuation coefficient as a measure of hepatic steatosis during 16 weeks' treatment in nondiabetic obese patients: A pilot trial
Authors: Wang Xiao Jing , Gong Ping , Zhou Chenyun , Huang Chengwu , Lok U‐Wai , Tang Shanshan , Taylor Ann , Eckert Deborah , Chen Shigao , Camilleri Michael
Published: December 2020

Background and Aim

Liraglutide, a long‐acting GLP‐1 analog, is approved for the treatment of obesity with improvements in fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and cardiovascular health. Our aim was to measure the impact of liraglutide dose for obesity on hepatic steatosis measured by ultrasound.

Methods

A single‐center, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot trial was undertaken in nondiabetic obese, otherwise healthy patients aged 18–65 years. Participants were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous liraglutide (3.0 mg) or placebo over 16 weeks with dose escalation following US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Both groups received standardized nutritional and behavioral counseling during the 16 weeks. Hepatic fat content was measured by ultrasound at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks as an attenuation coefficient (ACE). Effects of treatment were assessed using t‐test for the entire groups and for patient subgroup with baseline ACE >0.66 (indicating significant steatosis).

Results

Among 30 patients (93% female) enrolled, 16 were randomized to placebo and 14 to liraglutide. Baseline body mass indices (BMIs) and average age were similar in the two groups. After 16 weeks, the liraglutide group had a significant improvement in steatosis ACE scores (−0.068 ± 0.02 vs −0.0077 ± 0.02 placebo, P = 0.05). Change in steatosis was positively correlated with change in BMI (R2 = 0.402, P = 0.0007). Within the liraglutide group, patients with baseline ACE >0.66 had improvement in ACE (−0.134 ± 0.03) compared to those without significant steatosis (−0.041 ± 0.02, P = 0.05).

Conclusions

In this pilot trial, liraglutide, 3.0 mg over 16 weeks, reduced hepatic steatosis; a reduction in hepatic steatosis is correlated with BMI reduction, and effects are particularly evident in those with a significant degree of steatosis by ultrasound imaging.
In defense of the quasimolecular ion
Authors: Murray Kermit K.
Published: December 2020

The term quasimolecular ion has been used to describe ions comprising a molecule and weakly bound positive or negative ion or an ion formed by the loss of a proton from a molecule. This term was used in mass spectrometry from the late 1960s after the development of chemical ionization but has been deprecated in recent terms recommendations due to what is perceived as its overly broad use. This letter argues that the term is well defined and has a long history of use in mass spectrometry and other fields and should be considered as a recommended term.
Tri‐ and dipeptides identification in whey protein and porcine liver protein hydrolysates by fast LC–MS/MS neutral loss screening and de novo sequencing
Authors: Poliseli Camila B. , Tonin Angelica P.P. , Martinez Fernanda C. , Nascimento Nicholas C. do , Braz Vilmar , Maluf Jose , Ribeiro Valquiria M.S. , Della Rosa Fernanda A. , Souza Gustavo H.M.F. , Meurer Eduardo C.
Published: December 2020

We describe a fast (5 min) liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (LC–MS/MS) based on a 46 Da neutral loss of formic acid (H2O and CO) to identify tri‐ and dipeptides (DIPEP) in whey protein and porcine liver protein hydrolysates and confirmed by further de novo sequencing. Sample solutions were acidified to favor [dipep + H]+ ions, and a m/z range of 50–300 was used to improve sensitivity. All dipeptide candidates were selected based on all possibilities of the 20 amino acid combinations, and their collision‐induced dissociation fragments were screened via de novo sequencing. To determine their biological activities, sequenced dipeptides were compared with the Biopep database and other data from literature. Altogether, 18 dipeptides and 7 tripeptides were identified from the whey protein hydrolysate; they seemed to be broadly active, and peptides were identified as active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and active angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), according to available information. Porcine liver hydrolysate showed 14 dipeptides which exhibit similar biological activities to whey protein hydrolysate.
Purification of a killer toxin from Aureobasidium pullulans for the biocontrol of phytopathogens
Authors: Moura Vanessa S. , Pollettini Flávia L. , Ferraz Luriany P. , Mazzi Maurício V. , Kupper Katia C.
Published: December 2020

The objectives of the present study were to purify and assess the killer toxin effect produced by Aureobasidium pullulans under casual agents of green mold (Penicillum digitatum) and sour rot (Geotrichum citri‐aurantii). Initially, different methods of protein precipitation were tested. The proteolytic activity and the presence of proteins acting on cell wall receptors, β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase were determined, and toxin purification was conducted by Sephadex G‐75 gel exclusion chromatography and cellulose chromatography (medium fibers). Subsequently, purification was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the detection of killer activity was performed in solid YEPD‐methylene blue buffered with citrate‐phosphate (0.1 M, pH 4.6). Toxin identification was performed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that the best protein precipitation method was 2:1 ethanol (vol/vol ethanol/supernatant). It was possible to observe the presence of enzymes with proteolytic activity, including β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase. During the purification process, it was verified that the killer toxin produced by the yeast has a low‐molecular‐weight protein belonging to the ubiquitin family, which presents killer activity against P. digitatum and G. citri‐aurantii.
Changes in soil organic carbon fractions in response to wheat straw incorporation in a subtropical paddy field in China
Authors: Dai Wei , Gao Hui , Sha Zhimin , Penttinen Petri , Fang Kaikai , Wang Jun , Cao Linkui
Published: December 2020

Background: Optimal wheat straw management in paddy fields is important for evaluating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and sustaining soil quality.

Aims: We investigated the effects of wheat straw incorporation in paddy soil on the total SOC content, soil labile organic C fractions [water soluble organic C (WSOC), hot‐water soluble organic C (HWSOC), easily oxidizable C (EOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), particulate organic C (POC), and light fraction organic C (LFOC)], and C pool management index (CPMI).

Methods: Rice (var. Qingjiao 307) was grown from June to November 2019 in a subtropical paddy field, under four different treatments: without any amendments (control; CK); with N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK); with NPK and a moderate rate of wheat straw application (NPKS1); and with NPK and a high rate of wheat straw application (NPKS2). Soil samples were collected from depths of 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm after the rice was harvested.

Results: In all soil layers, the bulk density was 10.79–51.85% lower and the total SOC, WSOC, HWSOC, EOC, MBC, POC, and LFOC contents were 13.87–145.97% higher in the NPKS2 treatment than in the CK treatment (p < 0.05). The CPMI was highest in the NPKS2 treatment in the top 20 cm soil. SOC correlated positively with labile C fractions and CPMI in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers (p < 0.05), with the exception of WSOC and LFOC in the 5–10 cm soil layer. The sensitivity of each soil labile organic C fraction to the different treatments varied in the 0–5 cm soil layer. Rice yield was highest in the NPKS2 treatment.

Conclusions: Overall, the NPKS2 treatment had a positive effect on SOC stocks and higher soil quality in subtropical paddy soils in China.
Isolation and characterization of fast‐growing green snow bacteria from coastal East Antarctica
Authors: Smirnova Margarita , Miamin Uladzislau , Kohler Achim , Valentovich Leonid , Akhremchuk Artur , Sidarenka Anastasiya , Dolgikh Andrey , Shapaval Volha
Published: December 2020

Snow microorganisms play a significant role in climate change and affecting the snow melting rate in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. While research on algae inhabiting green and red snow has been performed extensively, bacteria dwelling in this biotope have been studied to a much lesser extent. In this study, we performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of two green snow samples collected from the coastal area of the eastern part of Antarctica and conducted genotypic and phenotypic profiling of 45 fast‐growing bacteria isolated from these samples. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of two green snow samples showed that bacteria inhabiting these samples are mostly represented by families Burkholderiaceae (46.31%), Flavobacteriaceae (22.98%), and Pseudomonadaceae (17.66%). Identification of 45 fast‐growing bacteria isolated from green snow was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We demonstrated that they belong to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, and are represented by the genera Arthrobacter, Cryobacterium, Leifsonia, Salinibacterium, Paeniglutamicibacter, Rhodococcus, Polaromonas, Pseudomonas, and Psychrobacter. Nearly all bacterial isolates exhibited various growth temperatures from 4°C to 25°C, and some isolates were characterized by a high level of enzymatic activity. Phenotyping using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed a possible accumulation of intracellular polymer polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or lipids in some isolates. The bacteria showed different lipids/PHA and protein profiles. It was shown that lipid/PHA and protein spectral regions are the most discriminative for differentiating the isolates.
Novel mutations in hyper‐IgM syndrome type 2 and X‐linked agammaglobulinemia detected in three patients with primary immunodeficiency disease
Authors: Chen Xihui , Liu Fangfang , Yuan Lijuan , Zhang Meng , Chen Kun , Wu Yuanming
Published: December 2020

Background

Ambiguous or atypical phenotypes can make a definite diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency diseases based on biochemical indices alone challenging. Further, mortality in early life because of infections in patients with these conditions supports the use of genetic tests to facilitate rapid and accurate diagnoses.

Methods

Genetic and clinical analyses of three unrelated Chinese children with clinical manifestations of recurrent infections, who were considered to have primary immunodeficiency diseases, were conducted. Patient clinical features and serum immunological indices were recorded. Next‐generation sequencing was used to screen for suspected pathogenic variants. Family co‐segregation and in silico analysis were conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of identified variants, following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidance.

Results

All three patients were found to have predominant antibody defects. Sequencing analysis revealed that one had two compound heterozygous variants, c.255C>A and c.295C>T, in the autosomal gene, activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA). The other two patients were each hemizygous for the variants c.1185G>A and c.82C>T in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene on the X chromosome. In silico analysis revealed that identified substituted amino acids were highly conserved and predicted to cause structural and functional damage to the proteins.

Conclusion

Four pathogenic variants in AICDA and BTK were confirmed to cause different forms of hyper‐IgM syndrome type 2 (HIGM2) and X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA); two were novel mutations that have never been reported previously. This is the first report of HIGM2 caused by AICDA deficiency in a patient from the Chinese mainland.
Significance of thermodynamics and rheological characteristics of dope solutions on the morphological evolution of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Alibakhshi Somayeh , Youssefi Mostafa , Hosseini Seyed Saeid , Zadhoush Ali
Published: December 2020

Herein, the effect of solvent type and polymer concentration on the thermodynamic and viscoelastic properties, and performance of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are investigated. The morphology and mechanical properties of the membranes are examined too. Rheological measurements indicated that solidification and instantaneous demixing occurred fast for PES/N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) dope solution. This resulted in a dense skin layer with a finger‐like structure confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy images. In comparison, PES/dimethylformamide (DMF) exhibited a delayed solidification and demixing with a sponge‐like structure. Rheological characteristics and ternary phase diagrams of two systems are examined to gain insights and make correlations with the morphology of resultant membranes. Performance analysis revealed that membranes derived from PES/NMP system exhibited both improved pure water flux and bovine serum albumin rejection suggesting the superiority of NMP compared to DMF as the solvent of choice for the preparation of PES UF membranes.
Identification of Blue Discoloration in PBX 9404 using Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Freye Chris E. , Lease Nicholas , Brown Geoff W. , Tappan Bryce C. , Thompson Darla G. , Rosales Christopher J. , Larson Sheldon A.
Published: December 2020

PBX 9404, composed of 94 wt% HMX (1,3,5,7‐Tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazoctane), 3 wt% NC (nitrocellulose), 2.9 wt% CEF (tris(beta‐chloroethyl) phosphate) and 0.1 wt% DPA (diphenylamine), has often been observed with a slight to entire blue discoloration of the manufactured prills. This blue discoloration has been observed since the formulation development of PBX 9404 in the late 1950s. In order to determine the source of the blue discoloration in PBX 9404, ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) absorbance of PBX 9404 and two potential candidates for the discoloration, p‐nitrosodiphenylamine (p‐NDPA) and N‐nitrosodiphenylamine (N‐NDPA) were evaluated. An absorbance band at 590 nm in PBX 9404 sample was attributed to the blue discoloration while p‐NDPA and N‐NPDA had different absorbance bands. Using the knowledge gained from the UV/Vis analysis, a semi‐targeted approach using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography coupled to UV/Vis detector and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐UV/Vis‐QTOF) was implemented. Investigating the UHPLC‐UV/Vis‐QTOF chromatograms at a wavelength of 590 nm, a single compound was tentatively identified as being the source of the blue discoloration. Targeted tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on the compound and subsequent analysis indicated that 4,4′‐{[4‐(Phenylimino)‐2,5‐cyclohexadien‐1‐ylidene]methylene}bis(N‐phenylaniline), also known as Spirit Blue Base, was the source of the blue discoloration, which was confirmed using a standard. A theory on the formation of Spirit Blue Base in PBX 9404 involving DPA, nitric acid (HNO3) / nitrogen oxide(s) NOx, and formaldehyde is proposed.
A Labelling System Improves Parental Comfort and Willingness to Use Topical Corticosteroids for Paediatric Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Wilson F. , Harnik E. , Gore C.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

In the United Kingdom, atopic dermatitis (AD) affects 20% of children and topical corticosteroids (TCS) are a mainstay of AD treatment regimes. Many TCS have similar packaging despite significant differences in potency frequently leading to confusion, and along with misinformation and steroid phobia, potentially reducing treatment adherence. We aimed to evaluate parents' knowledge/concerns regarding TCS and explore benefits of/preference for a TCS-labelling system.

Method

Hundred parents of children with AD attending paediatric dermatology and/or allergy appointments completed mixed-methodology Survey 1 (knowledge-quiz, TCS-labelling options, feedback on what supports AD-care). Thirty parents, adolescents, and healthcare professionals completed Survey 2. Qualitative/quantitative data was thematically/statistically analysed (SPSS v25) respectively.

Results

Parents preferred the traffic light system (green = mild, yellow = moderate, red = potent; n = 71/100) and reported significantly increased willingness and comfort in using TCS if a labelling system was used p ≤ 0.001). Knowledge regarding TCS potency was lacking: 62% (n = 46/74) of mild TCS-users overestimated potency; 51% (n = 67/131) of potent TCS-users underestimated potency. Common concerns were TCS-related skin thinning, long-term side effects and themes for improved AD-care/support included: better information, written plans, access to advice, involvement of certain staff. Parents wanted accessible information in various formats: verbally, electronic resources, leaflets, and education sessions.

Conclusions

Parents of children with AD confirmed significant concerns and demonstrated poor knowledge regarding TCS use. Our findings suggest that a simple labelling system may improve TCS adherence. Future work to test refined label prototypes and evaluating their impact on adherence and correct use is needed.
Two cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes with 2,4,5‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐imidazole and 5‐hydroxyisophthalic acid as turn‐on luminescence sensors for Mg2+, Ca2+ and SCN− ions
Authors: Cao Meng‐Ge , Wang Jun‐Jie , Wang Yu , Wang Xin‐Fang , Li Ji‐Xiang , Chen Jing‐Xia , Hu Bing‐Qing , Hu Dou‐Dou
Published: December 2020

Two Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes, {[Co(Htpim)2(H2O)2](IPA−OH)}n (1) and {[Cu(Htpim)2(H2O)2](IPA−OH)}n (2) (Htpim=2,4,5‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐imidazole, and H2IPA−OH=5‐hydroxyisophthalic acid), have been solvothermally synthesized by mixed‐ligand strategy and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Single crystal XRD analyses indicate that 1 and 2 are almost isostructural and show 1D chain structures. Moreover, 1 can sensitively detect Mg2+ ions through turn‐on luminescence. Meanwhile, 2 can highly sensitively detect Ca2+ and SCN− ions as a luminescence sensor.
Introduction: Relationships and Connections Between Literature and Mathematics
Authors: Engelhardt Nina , Tubbs Robert
Published: December 2020

This chapter introduces the five parts of the Handbook and charts the development of the field of Literature and Mathematics Studies. It sets out the rationale of dividing the chapters into five parts and provides context and scholarship on the topics: Mathematics in Literature; Mathematics and Literary Form; Mathematics, Modernism, and Literature; Relations between Literature and Mathematics; and Mathematics as Literature. The second part of this introductory chapter charts the development of the study of literature and mathematics, with reference to the broader field of literature and science studies. It highlights the specificity of mathematics as a discipline and field of knowledge and emphasizes the particular position of mathematics in research on the historical, social, and cultural dimensions of science.
The State Role in Excellent University Policies in the Era of Globalization: The Case of China
Authors: Meng Fan-Hua , Tian Xiao-Ming , Chiang Tien-Hui , Cai Yi
Published: December 2020

In order to obtain considerable amounts of capitalist profit available in a globalized market, individual countries need to enhance their own international competitiveness – a goal that can be achieved through the channel of schools by cultivating human capital. The linear linkage among globalization, international competitiveness, human capital and higher education has convinced many countries to engage in the expansion of higher education institutes. The notion of international competition further generates the idea of university ranking and, in turn, many countries have viewed the world class university as the top priority on the political agenda. As neo-liberalism has become a prevailing new world value, constructed by America, the private sector that addresses efficiency is defined as the best mode of running the higher education market. Therefore, this mode functions as the gateway of achieving this political mission. However, this approach may jeopardize state sovereignty because if the state is unable to balance the relation between capital accumulation and social justice, it cannot win people’s trust. The interactive principle between social cultures and education policies also rejects the universal practicality of free market logic. In order to overcome these challenges, individual countries may adopt transformative strategies, allowing them to improve the international reputation of their own top universities. This essay sets out to shed some light on this issue through examining the case of the Double-First-Class-Universities initiative in China.
Superconformal mechanics of AdS2 D-brane boundstates
Authors: Mirfendereski Delaram , Raeymaekers Joris , Van den Bleeken Dieter
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We explicitly construct a family of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 superconformal mechanics of dyonic particles, generalizing the work of Anninos et al. [1] to an arbitrary number of particles. These mechanics are obtained from a scaling limit of the effective Coulomb branch description of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 quiver quantum mechanics describing D-branes in type II Calabi-Yau compactifications. In the supergravity description of these D-branes this limit changes the asymptotics to AdS2×S2×CY3. We exhibit the D(1, 2; 0) superconformal symmetry and conserved charges of the mechanics in detail. In addition we present an alternative formulation as a sigma model on a hyperkähler manifold with torsion.
SMEFT atlas of ∆F = 2 transitions
Authors: Aebischer Jason , Bobeth Christoph , Buras Andrzej J. , Kumar Jacky
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We present a model-independent anatomy of the ∆F = 2 transitions K0−$$ {\overline{K}}^0 $$

K
¯

0

, Bs,d−$$ {\overline{B}}_{s,d} $$

B
¯

s
,
d

and D0−$$ {\overline{D}}^0 $$

D
¯

0

in the context of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT). We present two master formulae for the mixing amplitude [M12]BSM. One in terms of the Wilson coefficients (WCs) of the Low-Energy Effective Theory (LEFT) operators evaluated at the electroweak scale μew and one in terms of the WCs of the SMEFT operators evaluated at the BSM scale Λ. The coefficients $$ {P}_a^{ij} $$

P
a
ij

entering these formulae contain all the information below the scales μew and Λ, respectively. Renormalization group effects from the top-quark Yukawa coupling play the most important role. The collection of the individual contributions of the SMEFT operators to [M12]BSM can be considered as the SMEFT atlas of ∆F = 2 transitions and constitutes a travel guide to such transitions far beyond the scales explored by the LHC. We emphasize that this atlas depends on whether the down-basis or the up-basis for SMEFT operators is considered. We illustrate this technology with tree-level exchanges of heavy gauge bosons (Z′, G′) and corresponding heavy scalars.
Schwarzian quantum mechanics as a Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction of BF theory
Authors: Valach Fridrich , Youmans Donald R.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We give an interpretation of the holographic correspondence between two-dimensional BF theory on the punctured disk with gauge group PSL(2, ℝ) and Schwarzian quantum mechanics in terms of a Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction. The latter, in turn, is equivalent to the presence of certain edge states imposing a first class constraint on the model. The constrained path integral localizes over exceptional Virasoro coadjoint orbits. The reduced theory is governed by the Schwarzian action functional generating a Hamiltonian S1-action on the orbits. The partition function is given by a sum over topological sectors (corresponding to the exceptional orbits), each of which is computed by a formal Duistermaat-Heckman integral.
Correction to: Consultation on kidney stones, Copenhagen 2019: lithotripsy in percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Authors: Axelsson Tomas Andri , Cracco Cecilia , Desai Mahesh , Hasan Mudhar Nazar , Knoll Thomas , Montanari Emanuele , Pérez-Fentes Daniel , Straub Michael , Thomas Kay , Williams James C. , Brehmer Marianne , Osther Palle J. S.
Published: December 2020

In the original publication of the article, we inadvertently left the author Kay Thomas of the submission
Endocarditis due to Staphylococcus lugdunensis—a retrospective national registry–based study
Authors: Aldman Malin Hagstrand , Rasmussen Magnus , Olaison Lars , Påhlman Lisa I.
Published: December 2020

We present characteristics of infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis and compare with IE caused by Staphylococcus aureus and other CoNS, in the National Swedish Registry of IE (2008–2018). Thirty episodes of S. lugdunensis IE were registered, of which 21 cases affected native valves, and 7 patients were subjected to surgery. The mortality rate at 30 days was significantly higher for S. lugdunensis IE (20%, n = 6), than for IE caused by other CoNS (7%) or S. aureus (9%) p = 0.016. Septic embolisation was only reported in two cases (7%). The most common treatment was isoxazolyl penicillin (n = 18).
Factors influencing the occurrence of fall armyworm parasitoids in Zambia
Authors: Durocher-Granger Léna , Mfune Tibonge , Musesha Monde , Lowry Alyssa , Reynolds Kathryn , Buddie Alan , Cafà Giovanni , Offord Lisa , Chipabika Gilson , Dicke Marcel , Kenis Marc
Published: December 2020

Invasive alien species have environmental, economic and social impacts, disproportionally threatening livelihood and food security of smallholder farmers in low- and medium-income countries. Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), an invasive insect pest from the Americas, causes considerable losses on maize to smallholder farmers in Africa since 2016. The increased use of pesticides to control FAW in Africa raises concerns for health and environmental risks resulting in a growing interest in research on biological control options for smallholder farmers. In order to evaluate the occurrence of local natural enemies attacking FAW, we collected on a weekly basis FAW eggs and larvae during a maize crop cycle in the rainy season of 2018–2019 at four locations in the Lusaka and Central provinces in Zambia. A total of 4373 larvae and 162 egg masses were collected. For each location and date of collection, crop stage, the number of plants checked and amount of damage were recorded to analyse which factors best explain the occurrence of the natural enemy species on maize. Overall parasitism rates from local natural enemies at each location varied between 8.45% and 33.11%. We identified 12 different egg-larval, larval and larval-pupal parasitoid species. Location, maize growth stage, pest density and larval stage significantly affected parasitoid species occurrence. Our findings indicate that there is potential for increasing local populations of natural enemies of FAW through conservation biological control programmes and develop safe and practical control methods for smallholder farmers.