bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
You Call It a What? A Brief Glossary of Anesthesia Terms
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

Some of the slang you see here is very colloquial; it is included so that you will understand it, but it is best to speak a little more formally—especially as you start your training. 14/16/18/20/22/24—IV lines, referred to by their gauge (size). The smaller the number, the bigger the IV: a 14 is much bigger than a 24. ABG—See arterial blood gas (analysis). A-line—Arterial line. Used for continuous blood pressure monitoring, blood gases, and frequent blood draws. Appy—Appendectomy.
soft surveillance, hard consent: The Law and Psychology of Engineering Consent
Authors: Kerr Ian , Barrigar Jennifer , Burkell, Jacquelyn , Black Katie
Published: October 2023

the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right . . . The only part of the conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part, which merely concerns him, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign. The harm principle privileges liberty over self-security. It is Mill’s antidote against a state-induced paternalism that would protect people from themselves by treating them as though their personal safety mattered more than their individual liberty. In this sense, one can understand Mill as saying that coercion can only be justified to prevent harm to unconsenting others, not to prevent harm to which the actors competently consent.
Learning From Data Protection Law At the Nexus of Copyright and Privacy
Authors: Cameron Alex
Published: October 2023

This chapter is a small part of a broader project1 aimed at formulating principles and rules to account for intellectual privacy—individuals’ freedom to access and enjoy creative works anonymously or in private—within the legal concept of copyright. The broader project argues that such principles and rules have heretofore been wanting in copyright, and that they are an essential component of copyright as a consistent and unified whole. This chapter contributes to the goals of the broader project in two specific ways. First, the section entitled “Intellectual Privacy under Strain” describes some of the challenges posed by the use of digital technologies in association with copyright works. Second, in the section entitled “Lessons from Data Protection Law,” this chapter considers whether data protection laws may stimulate important questions and provide guidance in governing digital copyright practices that involve monitoring individuals’ access to and use of creative works. This chapter concludes with a look ahead to further work to be done in the area.
What have you done for me lately: Reflections on redeeming privacy for battered women
Authors: Mcgill* Jena
Published: October 2023

The dichotomy between the private and the public is central to almost two centuries of feminist writing and struggle; ultimately, it is what the feminist movement is about.
What’s in a Name: Who Benefits From The Publication Ban In Sexual Assault Trials:
Authors: Doe Jane
Published: October 2023

According to Canadian law, a publication ban (also referred to as a media ban) is granted when a court official applies on a raped woman’s behalf. The ban prohibits, under the threat of criminal sanction, the public use of the woman’s name, likeness, or any other identifying information. If not stipulated otherwise, the pseudonym most often assigned to her is “Jane Doe.”
Using biometrics to revisualize the canada–u.s. Border
Authors: Magnet Shoshana
Published: October 2023

Stretching between the two countries for more than 5000 miles, the boundary between the United States and Canada is described as the longest undefended border in the world. More than 200 million people cross the border annually, making it the world’s largest trading relationship. Bilateral trade between the two countries is valued at close to $680 billion Canadian dollars. More than $1.5 billion dollars is exchanged across the border on a daily basis.2 Extensive partnerships between the United States and Canada govern this border. From the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military accords, the list of bilateral initiatives between the two countries is extensive. The author would like to thank Robert Smith, Celiany Rivera-Velazquez, Amy Hasinoff, Aisha Durham, Himika Bhattacharya, Helen Kang, Carolyn Randolph, Jillian Baez, Kent Ono, C. L. Cole, Paula Treichler, Ian Kerr, Jane Bailey, Daphne Gilbert, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions.
Anonymity and the Law in Italy
Authors: Finocchiaro Giusella
Published: October 2023

In a technological society where everyone leaves traces in both the digital world and the material world—often without being aware of it—there is an increased interest in the problem of anonymity from a legal viewpoint. One only has to think about traces left by mobile phones, video surveillance cameras, and Internet connections to realize that anonymity seems impossible nowadays.
For the Sake of Conscience: Some Evangelical Views of the State
Authors: Shah Timothy Samuel
Published: October 2023

Evangelicalism is not a church, sect, or denomination. It has no formal membership and no headquarters. It has no capital or sacred center, no Rome or Mecca. Evangelicals have no pope, no authoritative magisterium. Evangelicalism is, rather, a transdenominational Protestant movement whose defining characteristic is to insist that authentic Christianity requires more than formal ecclesial membership or adherence. Instead, authentic Christian faith demands a belief that the Bible enjoys an authority that trumps other sources of authority, such as reason or tradition; personal and inward acceptance of the gospel message that Christ has atoned for humanity’s sins on the cross and has thereby won eternal salvation for believers; and outward mission on the part of all believers, lay and clerical alike, to share the good news of salvation with others.
Religion and Ideology
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

The study of Roman religion has not prospered in modern scholarship. Although much has been written on this subject, not much of it is very good, and some scholars have gone so far as to say that there are no good books in English on Roman religion. One of the reasons for the lack of quality scholarship is that from the standpoint of classicists, Roman religion is greatly overshadowed by Greek religion. So whereas scholars have tended to look admiringly at Greek religion, with its many myths and sophisticated religious literature, they have looked upon Roman religion with scorn and disdain, often describing it as unimaginative and derivative. Roman religion is not usually considered a major contribution to the world’s intellectual heritage. But these kinds of claims are difficult to back up when one actually engages with the evidence of Roman religion. And it should be remembered that it was within this theological environment that Christianity originated and Judaism thrived. Many of the major religious institutions that are perceived to have originated in medieval times are, in fact, developments from Roman institions. There are some bright lights on the horizon of the study of Roman religion.
Major Controversies and Future Directions in the Study of Roman Civilization
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

As with all scholarly pursuits, the study of ancient Rome involves many people looking at the issue from many different perspectives. Often it is difficult to reach consensus on important issues in the scholarship of Roman civilization. And it must be remembered that academia is not a democratic pursuit. That is to say, just because a majority of scholars have one opinion does not mean that that opinion is correct. Reading this book should provide one enough of a background in the study of ancient Rome to be able to evaluate various scholarly opinions. What follows is a discussion of some of the major controversies in modern scholarly circles. It is by no means an exhaustive presentation; virtually every aspect of Roman civilization can be viewed from a different perspective! These are just a few of the major controversies.
Growing Up Black in Mississippi
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

Moses “Cap” Meredith drove his team of mules up the lane and stopped in front of the farmhouse. He had come for his cows, which had been grazing in the farmer’s field as they had each spring and summer for the past several years. Today was the day that he would pay the farmer for grazing rights, retrieve his cattle, and take them back to his own farm to fatten them for market. Stopping before the walkway that led to the front porch, Cap remained seated and shouted out the farmer’s name to make his presence known. There was no response. Cap knew that the farmer was at home, and, indeed, the man soon appeared at the doorway and hollered for Cap to come around back so they could talk. But Cap did not budge; he continued to sit in stony silence. Minutes stretched into an hour and then into three hours. The farmer was the first to tire of the stand-off, so he emerged from the house, and the two men conducted their business.
Valuing Multi-period Cash Flows
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 3 we learned how to value a cash flow that would be received one period in the future. In practice we often need to value cash flows to be received many periods in the future. We also need to value assets that generate an entire sequence of cash flows spread over many future dates. Fortunately, the valuation method introduced in Chapter 3 is easily adapted for use in both of these situations, as we demonstrate in this chapter.
Combining Valuation and Decision Making
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

As we saw in Chapter 2, managers have the potential to influence the cash flow streams generated by the firms that they manage. We argued there that they should exercise this influence in ways that maximize the market value of their existing shareholders’ equity. In order to choose the best current actions, managers therefore need to know how their actions will affect their firms’ future cash flows. However, those future cash flows may themselves be affected by the managers’ future actions. Thus, in order to decide what to do now, managers need to know what they will do in the future. In order to know what they will do then, they need to know what they will do even further in the future. They do not need to commit unconditionally to a particular course of action immediately. Instead, it will usually be optimal to adopt a policy where future actions are conditional on certain events happening between now and then. For example, it might be optimal to abandon a project at some future date only if it has performed particulary poorly between now and then: if it has performed well, then it will not be abandoned. Our goal in this chapter is to extend the valuation approach in Chapter 4 so that it can be used to identify the complex dynamic policies that maximize the market value of a cash flow stream.
Options that do not Affect the State of a Project
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

At the end of 2003, GE Power Systems launched the LMS100 simple-cycle gas turbine (SCGT), designed for use in the power generation industry. The turbine is claimed to require approximately 7.5 million British thermal units (MMBtu) of natural gas to generate each megawatt hour (MWh) of electricity, a considerable improvement in fuel efficiency relative to other SCGTs (which typically require 10–11 MMBtu/MWh).
Über-compound Timing Options
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

Semiconductor production is extremely capital intensive, with the cost of building a new fabrication plant often measured in billions of dollars. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid growth in demand and high volatility. Rapid growth and technological change force firms to make frequent investments if they wish to remain competitive, but the volatility makes these investments very risky. A firm building a fabrication plant must make many decisions. For example, when should it begin construction? Should it pay workers overtime in order to speed up construction? Should the firm build a larger facility than it will need for the foreseeable future, so that when the extra capacity is required it can be brought on stream quickly and cheaply? How should the firm respond if demand for the facility’s output changes dramatically during construction? All of these decisions involve creating and destroying real options. Unlike the situations considered in Chapters 7 and 8, the firm must decide what to do as well as when to do it.
Switching Options
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

The US fertilizer industry has experienced some dramatic changes since the mid 1990s. Input prices have climbed to historically high levels and become highly volatile. Output prices have also increased, but profit margins have generally fallen and become more volatile than in the past. Many fertilizer producers have suspended production, with many plants being mothballed or shut permanently. The reduced domestic supply has been offset by a substantial increase in imported fertilizer. This is evident in Figure 10.1, which plots annual production (the light gray bars) and net imports (that is, consumption less production; the dark gray bars) of ammonia—a major feedstock for producing nitrogen fertilizer—in the US. Domestic production has fallen from 85% of consumption in 1995 to 58% in 2006. Natural gas is an important ingredient for producing ammonia, contributing 70–90% of the cost of production. Profitability of fertilizer production is therefore closely related to the spread between the prices of ammonia and natural gas. Figure 10.2 plots benchmark prices for fertilizers and wholesale natural gas: the US Gulf spot price for anhydrous ammonia (the solid curve, in dollars per ton) and the Henry Hub price for natural gas (the dashed curve, in dollars per million British thermal units (MMBtu)), respectively. The graph shows that although the prices of ammonia and natural gas move together, the price spread is very volatile. It was extremely high for most of the mid-1990s. Although the ammonia price rose.
Calibration Using Option Price Data
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

This chapter shows how to calibrate the tree for the state variable using current market prices of options and other derivative securities with payoffs that are sensitive to the level of the state variable. Thus, rather than relying on historical data on the state variable as in Chapter 12—and hoping that historical behavior gives an accurate guide to future behavior—we are able to use current market data exclusively. Because option prices are typically sensitive to the level of volatility of the underlying asset’s price, current option prices have the potential to yield useful information about the future volatility of the state variable. And it is future volatility, not the historical volatility that we estimate using historical data, that is relevant for current decision making.
Developing a Gas Field
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

An all-equity firm owns the right to develop and exploit a natural gas field in the South Central United States. The field has already been explored and is believed to contain 100 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of recoverable gas. The lease agreement that gives the firm these development rights requires the firm to relinquish them if development is not completed within ten years. The firm’s manager expects that it will take four years of continuous development and $60 million of expenditure per year to develop the field. However, she is conscious of possible cost overruns, estimating that the development time has a standard deviation of one year. Our task is to derive an optimal development policy and value the firm’s development rights as at the beginning of 2008.
Detection and monitoring of nonadherence
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia
Published: October 2023

Since the time of Hippocrates, adherence to treatment has been recognized as a critical factor in treating all illnesses, medical and psychiatric. Medication adherence is related to clinical outcome, and suboptimal adherence reduces the effectiveness of a treatment intervention. Simply put, no medication will be successful in treating an illness if the medication itself is not taken as prescribed.
Separating Church and State
Authors: Guiora Amos N
Published: October 2023

Governments struggle with how to effectively and appropriately separate church and state. In the U.S. context, the First Amendment states, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.”1 Freedom of religion in the United States involves two equally important clauses—the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The Establishment Clause prevents the government from establishing a national religion or showing preference to one religion over another.
Introduction: Terminology and History
Authors: Lennard John
Published: October 2023

This book is concerned with the exploitation of lunulae, the notation for the parenthesis, in certain English printed verse; three poets are treated as case-studies, and others are treated within a framework of historical narrative.
A Philosophy of Moonshine: Coleridge, Memory, and Imagination
Authors: Lennard John
Published: October 2023

Coleridge is fortunate to have attracted, in John Livingstone Lowes, a critic who tried to approach him on his own terms. The Road to Xanadu(1927) offers a fantastically detailed and often cogent argument about the imaginative fashioning of the “Ancient Mariner” and “Kubla Khan”. Lowes was faithful to his subtitle, A Study in the Ways of the Imagination; and Coleridge was both a notably imaginative poet, and a distinguished critic of the imagination.
1942-The Modern Range
Authors: Lennard John
Published: October 2023

Between the 1580s and the 1630s the use of lunulae was widespread and strongly practical. Many purchasers of books were new readers, to whom the printed page was unfamiliar, and lunulae offered a means of signposting the text, thus making the construing of written sentences a less formidable task. But lunulae cannot offer that help unless their own semiotic value is understood, and hence it was the conventional meanings which were the dominant feature of use within those decades. In the simplest analysis, lunulae were used either to emphasize (as when they indicated sententiae) or to ‘de-emphasize’ (as when they indicated attributions of speech): that is, either pointedly to include or pointedly to exclude a particular clause. The practicality of conventions does not explain why any particular convention should have developed, but it does provide a necessary explanation of why such a large group of related conventions should have flourished within a limited period.
The Spoils
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

Between The Well of Lycopolis (1935) and The Spoils (1951) Bunting experienced a great deal, so that the available matter for verse-writing was changed: there were new kinds of ‘things seen’, and the way of seeing things in general was different. What Bunting had to say now included a great deal more about history and the states of nations. The Spoils would be more a public poem, and less of a private phantasmagoria.
The Lindisfarne Gospels
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

When Bunting set out at length his views on ‘The Craft of Poetry’, he began, not with verse, but with the illuminated pages of the Lindisfarne Gospels.

The subject was his own; he had made it his own by decades of pondering and sifting. In a way somehow typical of his career, the communication was not made; the slide-projector malfunctioned. To visualize the Gospel Book, the audience was left to its own imagination, and to Bunting’s passion.
Theory
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

Bunting glossed this (in 1965): ‘The lice on the brocaded jacket, of course, are those who can enjoy and understand nothing because they are determined not to look at the world itself.’

Then to understand the world (including man) is to understand the world: there is no way of getting at it but through it, including its things. Therefore the writer will place a heavy emphasis on things. The model is Wordsworth: ‘I should have said about Wordsworth that occasionally his stress on “thing” is remarkable. Any competent writer must know the importance of things.’ Kenneth Cox tells us that Bunting himself would stress the word in reading Wordsworth’s lines.
The Dynamics of Change
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: October 2023

These remarks by Malcolm Bradbury raise some quite general questions about the underlying conditions for a period of artistic innovation—he notes here a reaction against the past {anti-Realism), a strategy for gaining attention (the avant-garde), and a sense of relationship to the general culture of the time (anxious). In what immediately follows I develop this line of thought by outlining some of the influences upon the major early Modernists. These conditions for revolutionary change involved in particular a general atmosphere of scepticism, which prompted a basic examination of the languages of the arts.
Poetic Words in Late Old English Prose
Authors: Frank Roberta
Published: October 2023

Theorists since Isocrates have tried to epigrammatize the essential difference between poetry and prose. Prose is bread, sweet new wine, a stately walker; poetry is a wreath of flowers, heady mead, a swift runner.’ Prose is conceptual, intellectual, judicious, informative; verse is imagistic, emotional, playful, attitudinal. Prose raises the walls, poetry lays the roof; prose extends horizontally, poetry, vertically. Baffled, we suspect the worst, that nothing fundamental separates the two modes.
Early History Plays
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

History plays are clearly different from comedies and tragedies in ways which do not resemble those that separate comedy from tragedy. Our understanding of this latter separation begins at the formal level: happy endings are set against sad endings, social integration and the future against social isolation and no [earthly] future, low life versus high life, reality versus mythology, colloquial immediacy against distancing rhetorical splendour. Of course, to rest on these formal points is not to assume that we cannot extrapolate larger distinction from such bases and invoke God, Time, and the seasons. But history plays can make little claim to participate in any of these grand binary schemes. It can easily be argued that this genre has a tendency to collapse like an unstable isotope into the more stable condition of either comedy or tragedy. Certainly the word ‘history’ as it appears in Elizabethan play titles shows us that the age had no clear generic definition in mind. We hear of (for example) The History of Troilus and Cressida, The True Chronicle History of King Leir, A Pleasant Conceited History Called The Taming of a Shrew. In such titles ‘history’ has collapsed into its basic synonymy with ‘story’.
The Boy Actors and the New Dramaturgy
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

The mythological and fantastic comedies of John Lyly (see Chapter 4) were the product not only of a particular talent but of the tradition of using English choirboys as actors. H. N. Hillebrand has traced the history of English drama written to be performed by boys back into the Middle Ages with a marvellous wealth of documentation, but we are left, after all the lawsuits and records of payment are transcribed, only with shadows cast by the events. We know the names of a number of the Tudor choirmaster-authors who were involved in the system-William Cornish, Sebastian Westcott, Richard Edwards, Richard Farrant, William Hunnis but, with the exception of Edwards’s Damon and Pythias (?1565), the relationship between the theatre tradition and the individual talent that could exploit it can only be guessed at. The first information that allows us to combine theatrical and literary perspectives comes when we learn in 1584 that John Lyly became the lessee of the indoor theatre in the Blackfriars that Richard Farrant, Master of the children of St George’s Chapel in Windsor, had set up in 1576 for the ostensible purpose of ‘exercising’ his boys in preparation for their court performance. Lyly was paid for taking two plays to court on January (Campaspe) and 3 March (Sappho and Phao) 1584. From the title-pages we learn that these plays were designed also for the Blackfriars (before a paying audience). The earliest documented commercial activity of the boy players thus remains a consequence of their court function.
Later Comedy
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

The years 1593-4 mark an institutional divide in the theatrical enterprise of the English capital. Cessation of playing in time of plague had been written into the licence to perform since 1574. In such periods (notably 1581-2, 1592-3, 16o3-4, 1608-9, 16og-10, 1625, 1630) the always fragile economy of the profession was strained to breaking-point.2 In 16o4 and 1625 even the King’s Men, the best established of all the companies, had to be bailed out by gifts from their patron.3 In the catch-as-catch-can world of 1593 no such help could be imagined. Travelling into the plague-free provinces (with a reduced company) was an obvious resource, but even that descent into the unrewarding world of heavy wagons, muddy roads, hostile magistrates, unsuitable halls, unsophisticated audiences, could do no more than postpone the forced sale of such assets as costumes and playbooks, essential to a recovery of Lon don status.4 The 1592-3 outbreak seems to have caught a situation already in turmoil. In 1583 the profession had been granted a limited stability by the creation of a body of ‘Queen’s Players’, selected from the best actors from the extant troupes and provided with a courtly status (as grooms of the chamber). But such at tempts to secure control of an essentially fissiparous situation had only a temporary effect.
Later Tragedy
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

Tragedy, I have suggested in Chapter 3, plots the urge of the individual to assert his freedom against the restrictions imposed by the community, against power as it is embodied in the existing social system. The hero’s bid is to overwhelm the restrictions, and it is his tragic destiny to fail, but also to show, in the process of failing, the power of the individual to represent a daring, an untamability, an inventiveness, occasionally a capacity for love and self-sacrifice that idealizes our own effort to achieve such separate identity. In Greek and Roman tragedy the struggle runs against impersonal forces, as expressed in oracle, customary religion, family inheritance, the decrees of the gods; and so the heroes must be supermen (‘greater than us’, as Aristotle says), unintimidated by the metaphysical odds against them. But Elizabethan tragedy tends to construe ‘greater’ in set social terms, so that we are shown neither classical defiance of the gods nor modern concentration on one temperament exerting its power over others in a tightly knit grouping, without recourse to social conventions of honour or hierarchy. Elizabethan tragedy deals with the violent emotions of princes and generals, men who create political turmoil in the process of asserting self over other by the most melodramatic methods avail able. The anti-theatrical polemicist, John Greene, tells us in his Refutation of the Apology for Actors that The matter of tragedies is haughtiness, arrogancy, ambition, pride, in jury, anger, wrath, envy, hatred, contention, war, murder, cruelty, rapine, incest, rovings, depredations, piracies, spoils, robberies, rebellions, treasons, killing, hewing, stabbing, dagger-drawing, fighting, butchery, treachery, villainy, &c. and all kinds of heroic evils whatsoever.
Tragicomedy
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

Philip Sidney thought of tragicomedy as a ‘mongrel’ form, sup posing that both social decorum and classical tradition (not easily distinguished) demanded a mutual accommodation of form and content such as comedy and tragedy separately provide. Battista Guarini, in the practice of 11 pastor fido (1590) and the theory of the Compendia delta poesia tragicomica (1603), looked rather for the tension of potential imbalance that an integrated form offering near-death but no-death provides, and argued that this was a more appropriate mode for a Christian civilization. Fletcher’s The Faith ful Shepherdess (1608) brought this baroque ideal to the attention of the London audience of the boys’ theatre. But even this elite group was not much taken with such continental novelties. They were looking, Fletcher tells us in his Preface, for ‘a play of country hired shepherds ... sometimes laughing together, and sometimes killing one another’ (as in Greenian pastoral romance). True pastoral tragicomedy, he declares, is not an alternation of kissing and killing, but is defined by the fact that ‘it wants deaths, which is enough to make it no tragedy, yet brings some near it, which is enough to make it no comedy; which must be a representation of familiar people, with such kind of trouble as no life be questioned, so that a god is as lawful in this as in a tragedy, and mean people as in a comedy’.
The Waverley Romances
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

The last chapter of Waverly is called ‘A Postscript, which should have been a Preface’, and in fact it might have served as a preface to the whole series of the Waverley Romances, for the paragraphs in which Scott outlines the great changes which had come to Scotland in recent times describe the inspiration of the finest of these books.1 ‘There is no European nation’, he remarks, ‘which, within the course of half a century, or little more, has undergone so complete a change as this kingdom of Scotland. … The present people of Scotland [are] a class of beings as different from their grandfathers, as the existing English are from those of Queen Elizabeth’s time.’
Hazlitt
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

‘Essay on the Principles of Human Action, sm. 8vo. —The Eloquence of the Brit. Senate, 2v. 8vo. 1808. —A new and improved Engl. Grammar, 18mo. 181o.’ Such is the entry under Hazlitt’s name in A Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors, published in 1816, and it may serve as a reminder that the man we remember as a great critic and essayist came rather late to both these arts. It was not until the year after the appearance of the Dictionary that he published his first volume of criticism and his first collection of essays. Before that time he was generally known only as a writer on philosophical and political topics and a contributor to the Examiner. the had been less deeply interested in philosophy and politics he would have been a less penetrating critic of the writers of his time. And since his political views accompanied him everywhere—as John Scott pointed out—like a large dog, something must be said about them at the outset.
Miscellaneous Prose
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

The paradox that confronts us as we consider the literature of this period, the fact that it is so much easier to name the major writers than the major works which they produced, is in no department of literature more striking than in that of miscellaneous prose. ‘It is a great literary age’, as Bulwer Lytton remarked, ‘ —we have great literary men—but where are their works?’ —and he answered his own question by pointing out that ‘We must seek them not in detached and avowed and standard publications, but in periodical miscellanies. It is in these journals that the most eminent of our recent men of letters have chiefly obtained their renown.’ As we consider the work of the writers discussed in this chapter we shall find that the greater part of it first appeared in periodicals of different types, and that even if it was republished in book form it often retains the marks of its origin.
Interest In Foreign Literature And In Earlier English Literature
Authors: Jack Ian
Published: October 2023

De Quincey once suggested that all literatures ‘tend to superannuation’ unless they are ‘crossed by some other of different breed’, and it seems likely that one of the reasons for the variety and vigour of English literature at the beginning of the nineteenth century was the exceptional amount of cross-fertilization at that time between our literature and the literatures of other countries. But before we turn to the relations between England and Italy and Germany we must first acknowledge the continuing influence of classical literature. It is true that some observers believed that knowledge of the classics was declining. In his ‘Essay on Fashionable Literature’ (1818), for example, Peacock complained that ‘classical literature seems sinking into… repose’. It is his contention that while a few years before ‘the favorite journals of the day … were seldom without a classical … article for the grace of keeping up appearances … now we have volume after volume … almost without any thing to remind us that such things were’. Yet although the influence of Latin literature was much less strong than it had been a century before, it remains true that most writers and readers were far more familiar with Virgil and Horace than we are today, thanks to the educational conservatism of the schools at which a high proportion of the future writers were still educated. ‘Lily’s’ Latin Grammar, which had first appeared before Spenser was born, was to remain in use at Eton (with only slight modifications) until past the middle of the century. In the 184o’s a master at Eton unwittingly produced a fine reductio ad absurdum of the argument for a classical education.
Out, Such, and Between: Metaphor and the Languages of Knowledge
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: October 2023

As I suggested in Chapter 1, Christine Brooke-Rose’s first four novels constitute a conceptual prologue to her later work, but because they fail to break with the assumptions of the conventional novel, they are unable adequately to articulate the relation of individual identity to language. In the novels which followed, manipulation of language is discovered to be the key to the integration of intellect and psyche which is unsuccessfully sought throughout her early fiction. The main concern of Out (1964), Such (1966), and Between (1968) is the process whereby the subject constructs his or her identity in and through the language of specialized discourses, and the way in which he or she acts on those discourses to make them ‘run here and there again’.
Christine Brooke-Rose and Contemporary Fiction
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: October 2023

In Chapter I I discussed Brooke-Rose’s increasing frustration in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the linear, causal logic of traditional narrative and with the ontological presuppositions of realist character-portrayal. At the same time an intellectual climate was developing in France that was characterized by what Brooke-Rose calls ‘interdisciplinary all-inclusiveness’, in which ‘writers are influenced by and passionately interested in contemporary philosophers and scientists’ (1968c: 20). Beginning with her experimental fiction of the 1960s, she sought to bring to British fiction this same inter-animation of discourses by radically altering the discourse of the novel.
Diversity, Choice and Mean
Authors: Thompson N S
Published: October 2023

Both the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales are based on the idea of presenting a diversity of narratives from a variety of perspectives. In this chapter I investigate the idea of ‘diversity’ and see how it underpins a collection of narratives which is not only presented as an open or quodlibet ‘debate’, but also as a confusing range of perspectives which, in the metaphor of the day, could be termed a ‘labyrinth’. Like the architectural design, the metaphorical one presents the reader with choices of direction and interpretation, whereas medieval critical theory argued that literature should have a clear moral function. I would propose that the individual’s perplexity in the face of the excessive or defective attitudes so persuasively presented in the web of fiction is to be resolved by holding to the Aristotelian ‘mean’.
The Literary Debate
Authors: Thompson N S
Published: October 2023

The previous chapter introduced ideas about the usefulness of fiction(s), where narrators and narratives, collectively forming a labyrinth of appearance and reality for the reader to negotiate, may offer a useful paradigm for reading life, rather than the simple recipe of good advice, morals or precepts. Fiction need not be overtly didactic to have a useful function, and might be the more pleasurable for it. I now wish to explore further the ambiguity both collections foster around the Horatian aims of literature.’ Both authors introduce ideas of ‘delight’ and ‘instruction’ with regard to the narratives each company relates. Where Boccaccio uses the terms ‘utile’ and ‘diletto’ (or some cognate of ‘solazzo’), Chaucer has the terms ‘sentence’ and ‘solaas’; but whether a narrative delights or instructs is further complicated by—to use the Chaucerian terms—whether it is related in ‘game’ or in ‘earnest’. As we will see in later chapters on the analogues, both authors wish to frustrate the easy categorization of the companies’ fictions, both in terms of function (to delight and/or instruct), in terms of genre and appropriate style, and finally in terms of narratorial intention—whether it is told in a serious vein or not.
The Autonomy of Fiction
Authors: Thompson N S
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapter we saw how the two companies engage in a lively debate on the function of literature in response to the narratives they relate, using the interpretative binary groups ‘diletto—utile’ and ‘sentence—solaas’. This discussion is complicated by considerations of narratorial ambiguity and intention with regard to these functional claims, which is fostered by a dramatic interplay of appearance and reality in the text itself. Thus a narrator’s intention to be serious or simply to jest may be complicated by the text’s potential for another independent response, which is the subject of the present chapter. Nevertheless, that literature should always maintain a strict awareness of its audience is acknowledged by both groups of narrators and no matter how personal the differences may become between individuals, the discussion is still largely objective in that the narrators are defending a general point of view of fiction, rather than particular narratives of their own creation.
The Comic Tales: Fabliaux or Novelle?
Authors: Thompson N S
Published: October 2023

As I have suggested in the opening chapter, the ‘problem’ of the state of the world (the aporia) opens a debate about humanity and its deceptions under the guise of telling fiction; in Chapters 3 and 4 we have seen how this debate has been compounded by a discussion about the nature of fiction itself. The last three chapters will now consider the phainomena of the narratives, concentrating mainly on those which have been taken to be analogues, but suggesting new material and connections. In this particular chapter, the focus will be on the popular, comic narrative and I will consider the problem of defining such tales. In the ostensibly realistic portrayal of the world in the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales, things and people are not always what they seem. In literary terms as well, there is a fracturing of surface expectations and a blurring of the usual adjudication of praise and blame. Indeed, it is precisely by shifting the moral slant away from such simple categories and moving towards the complexities of real life that fiction does achieve the independent status desired by both authors. In this it is also helped by the purposeful confusion and variety of narratives.
The Romances: Noble and Ignoble Love
Authors: Thompson N S
Published: October 2023

In the last chapter, imbalance in age and social terms was seen to be the cause of a variety of extra-marital adventures. If comic disruption was analytic, in that it portrayed social and moral imbalances in marriage, the flail of judgement on the culprits of transgression was lightly applied, if at all. Furthermore, if the categories of praise and blame were neither strictly adhered to, nor even observed, the generic categories were similarly subverted in their reversal of normal expectations.
Conclusion
Authors: Thompson N S
Published: October 2023

I have not set out deliberately to prove anything in this study other than to show that there is a critical method beyond the search for verbal parallels by which a case can be made for seeing closer connections between the Decameron and the Canterbury Tales than have hitherto been proposed. If the evidence for influence is not seen to be conclusive in a positivist sense, I doubt that this ever could be achieved. In the end I hope that the readings given here will be taken as evidence of Chaucer’s knowledge of the Decameron—given that he exhibits many of its techniques—and, if nothing else, will show that there are stronger connections than have previously been thought.
Satirical Verse
Authors: Edwards Huw M
Published: October 2023

In view of the, albeit prejudiced, evidence of the Bardic Grammar and of the bards themselves, there can be little doubt that the Cler were notorious for their satire and vituperative verse. It must not be thought that the repertoires of all these minstrels were necessarily confined to this particular type of entertainment, but satirical verse is clearly one of the more likely areas of sub-literary influence on those poets who were active in the early part of the fourteenth century, and on their immediate successors-Dafydd ap Gwilym and his contemporaries. We are fortunate to have in the Red Book of Hergest, alongside the familiar compositions of panegyric and piety, a substantial collection of satirical poetry which represents an important aspect of bardic activity in this period. Most of these pieces are hardly to be counted among the century’s most inspired or artistically commendable productions, and they are certainly not the most edifying. But as their general technical accomplishment indicates, they are the work of trained poets, many, if not all, of whom were also adept at composing traditional eulogy in the awdl metres. They have, it will be seen, much in common with the early cywyddau, and they not only belong in part to a crucial period of transition for the bardic hierarchy, but afford a valuable insight into the world of the Cler themselves, who are often the subjects of the satire. It is, there fore, somewhat surprising that this corpus, which reflects the other, equally valid side of the bardic coin, should until recently have been largely neglected by editors and critics alike.
Figural Sources and Models
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

Pictorial art is a major source of inspiration for Flaubert, as much as written sources, if not more so. Flaubert draws heavily on pictorial art as a source and as a model. He then subsequently submits it to a process of elision, narrativization, or rationalization, never giving it its head.

A great deal of work has been done on this aspect of Flaubert’s writ­ing, so I will confine myself to a few points. Flaubert makes use of pictorial sources in different ways. They often cut in at points where he feels his imagination is flagging. The point has often been made that Flaubert frequently uses figural sources for descriptions which appear from the text to be entirely his own invention.
The Story of her life: Marguerite Duras’s L’Amant (1984)
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Why, in the mid-1980s, did a 70-year-old woman writer with a reputation for difficult, avant-garde texts, read by left-wing intellectuals, top the French best-seller lists and become an international star? In a variety of forms this question was posed repeatedly as sales of Marguerite Duras’s L’Amant climbed up towards the two million mark and her text carried off the Goncourt prize, designed to reward young writers of promise. In fact this was far from being the first time that Duras had caught the mood of her times: Moderato Cantabile (1958), a novel centring on a violent crime passionnel and jettisoning many traditional realist conventions had ensured her a place in the nouveau roman stable, the formalist literary movement spearheaded by Alain Robbe-Grillet and Nathalie Sarraute which dominated (some would say strangled) the French novel in the late 1950s and 1960s. Though she took a relatively back-seat role in the grouping, she succeeded in establishing a literary reputation in this period such that her apparently radical espousal of the feminist cause in the early and mid-1970s was met with interest, and her international reputation began to grow rapidly. However, her mantle as a writer of the ‘feminine’, largely cast upon her by others, cut little ice in France once the women’s movement began to lose its public impetus, and indeed she began to distance herself from feminism before the 1970s were over, though she remained a well-known media figure.
Recalling the past: Jorge Semprun’s La Montagne blanche (1986)
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

As we saw in the previous chapter, the buried trauma around which the events of Pennac’s Au bonheur des ogres turn out to revolve originates in the Occupation. Pennac’s novel is thus picking up on one of the major problems of writing and film-making in the 1970s and 1980s: the painful recovery of a forgotten past, in particular the semi-occluded memory of the Second World War. Jorge Semprun’s La Montagne blanche takes this problem as its central, obsessive theme, describing the effects of recovered memory on a survivor of Buchenwald. Forty years after his deportation, the protagonist of the novel finds that his repressed past erupts into the present and leads to his suicide.
Playing with the postmodern: Jean Echenoz’s Lac (1989)
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

The fictional world of Lac is immediately recognizable to its readers on two interconnected levels. On the one hand it displays the objects and signs, the fashions and spectacles of contemporary consumer society: characters wear fake designer sunglasses, watch game shows on television, listen to popular music on their walkmans, and shop in bland commercial centres. On the other hand, the characters are also the participants in a spy novel, and enact the rituals of surveillance and secret weapons, double-crossingand amorous intrigues familiar from the James Bond model. Yet the reader’s sense of familiarity is always at one remove: the text maintains a humorous and critical distance from both of these axes, signalling itself as a malicious mimic of the originals it imitates and revealing a sensibility which has positioned Echenoz as a postmodern cultural spectator. One of the purposes of this chapter will be to explore what such a position might entail, as well as to examine in more detail the way in which Echenoz exploits the thriller genre and evokes the scenes of contemporary urban life whilst revelling in humour and in the sheer possibilities of play in language.