bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cycnea vox
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

The relationship between De oratore and Plato’s Phaedrus (its apparent model) is a complex one: the characters in Cicero’s dialogue recognize their own Platonic model. This chapter considers once more the relationship between Rome and Greek philosophy: Crassus and Antonius both know a great deal about Greek philosophy and deny their knowledge. The crucial exploration of these problems—Greek and Roman, rhetoric and philosophy—comes in Crassus’ long and difficult speech on elocutio: he blames Socrates for the division of a once unified sapientia into philosophy and rhetoric, and constructs a history of Greek philosophy after Socrates that emphasizes the subordination of philosophy to rhetoric. He also constructs an account of Roman public speech and statesmanship that emphasizes natural wisdom over technical philosophy. The chapter also considers the role of Crassus as a Roman Socrates and the crucial problem of De oratore: what has gone wrong with Roman oratory and Roman public life, and how can it be remedied?
Prequel and Sequel
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the setting of De re publica, describing the speakers and the political context. It draws attention to the connections between De oratore and De re publica, in particular the ways in which the later dialogue is (in terms of writing) the sequel to the earlier one, while (in terms of setting) De re publica takes place nearly forty years before De oratore. The structure of De re publica is also explained and analyzed. During the composition of the dialogue, Cicero changed it from nine books to six, making it more closely parallel to De oratore and, not coincidentally, very much like the structure of the contemporary De rerum natura of Lucretius. He also emphasizes much more strongly than in De oratore the need for moral behavior in political life, and in the introduction offers a strong protreptic to participation in civic affairs.
I Never Died, Said He
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter offers a tentative reconstruction of the very fragmentary Books 5 and 6 of De re publica. It demonstrates that Augustine’s summary of the dialogue is tendentious and misleading and that the passage he quotes from Book 5 is taken very much out of context. Cicero there described the death of Scipio and of the Rome he represented. He also emphasized the reciprocal importance of great statesmen and good institutions to one another. The remainder of Books 5 and 6 talked about the education of statesmen and the role of the ideal rector. In the discussion leading up to the Dream of Scipio at the end of the dialogue, the contrast between Tiberius Gracchus and Scipio Nasica was clearly central. The Dream itself retrospectively explains Scipio Aemilianus’ ideas of statesmanship; it also depicts Scipio’s complex and self-conscious understanding of the relationship of his own dream to the Myth of Er at the end of Plato’s Republic.
Introduction
Authors: Ball Warwick
Published: May 2022

General remarks on the phenomenon of children’s literature—Narnia and Harry Potter in language and current affairs—the influence of the Chronicles on other children’s books—C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, J. K. Rowling and Philip Pullman—children’s literature and the cinema—reasons for their enduring popularity—first glimpses of the oriental elements—other literature in the Chronicles—what it reveals about Lewis and his background—the author’s personal background—an archaeological approach—travels in the East—how and why this book came to be written—remarks on Lewis’s fame—further remarks on the phenomenon of Lewis.
On Board the Dawn Treader
Authors: Ball Warwick
Published: May 2022

Epics and fabulous voyages—the idea of quests in the Chronicles—Sindbad, John Mandeville, the Voyage of Argo, the Kalevala, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and the Alexander Romance—flying horses and magic carpets—Persian gardens, the Hanging Gardens, and the Garden of Eden behind enchanted gardens and paradise themes in Narnia—the Marsh Arabs and the origin of the Marsh-wiggles—underworld journeys in Lewis, Philip Pullman, and the Alexander Romance—China, Father Time, and first hints of Zoroastrianism—dark islands and light and darkness—the Seven Sleepers—monopods—the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus—the utter East, the beginning of the end of the world, science fiction, and the centre of the universe.
Introduction
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

The introduction is divided into four sections. The first recounts Bernard Fall's work in Vietnam, leading to his death, north of Hue, in February 1967, whilst the second describes the eulogies and other tributes to Fall at his funeral at Rankin Chapel, Howard University in Washington D.C. The third section describes Fall's relevance for the anti-Vietnam War movement in the United States and his importance as a scholar analyzing Vietnam for American military personnel going to war. The final section of the introduction provides a historiographical assessment of Bernard Fall's scholarship and describes the book's structure and organization.
Germany, 1946–1951
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 2 examines Bernard Fall's employment for the War Crimes Commission during the Nuremberg Tribunals. Fall's work included researching the Krupp Corporation's criminal exploitation of slave laborers for forced employment in the Krupp Corporation's armaments industries. The chapter also examines how, after Fall's research for the Nuremberg Tribunals, he received a Fulbright Scholarship and moved to the United States to begin research on Indochina.
Seven Years of War in Indochina
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 4 explores the origins of the French–Indochina War and why France, and geopolitical pressure created by the Cold War, drove the United States to support France's operations in Vietnam. The chapter also focuses extensively on the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), and the Associated State of Vietnam (1949-1955), which preceded the Republic of Vietnam founding in 1955.
The Ending is a Beginning
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines conflict between the Viet Minh and France's military forces during the First Indochina War, also known as the French–Indochina War. It assesses how Vietnamese communists created Parallel Hierarchies--a form of shadow government--to compete with the French-sponsored Vietnamese government, the Associated State of Vietnam. The chapter also assesses how Bernard Fall recounted political warfare, as implemented by the Viet Minh, and how his extensive field research in Vietnam--from 1953 onwards--helped formulate his understanding of Vietnamese Revolutionary Warfare.
An Unassailable Position of Total Weakness
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 7 describes how insecurity in South Vietnam increasingly worsened in 1956 and how the Diem administration continued to address political conflict through inadequate and often counterproductive policies. The second part of the chapter focuses in detail on Fall's assessment of Vietnamese Revolutionary Warfare. The third and final part of the chapter examines how Fall described the earliest stages of the Vietnam War, described in the chapter as the Second Indochina War.
Seabed Warfare
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

Advances in undersea technology have made the seabed more accessible to human activity, both civilian and military. All states may emplace military installations and structures on the seabed beyond the territorial sea of other nations for purposes other than exploitation of economic resources. The placement of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction on the seabed is prohibited by the Seabed Nuclear Arms, although it does not prohibit the use of nuclear weapons in the water column provided they are not affixed to the seabed. Also, the emplacement of sensors and conventional weapons on the ocean floor, like the U.S. Hydra Distributed Undersea Network and Upward Falling Payloads, is not prohibited. The importance of the undersea cable network for both civilian and military communications cannot be overemphasized, but this network remains vulnerable. In peacetime, submarine cables are protected by several international treaties. But in times of armed conflict, belligerents can degrade, damage, or sever submarine cables, or use them to launch cyberattacks. However, attacks on the network could have third-order effects beyond belligerents, affecting neutral states.
Naval Operations in Outer Space
Authors: Kraska James , Pedrozo Raul
Published: May 2022

Outer space as a warfighting domain is intimately linked to contemporary armed conflict at sea. Satellites and space objects are increasingly used in support of operational and tactical naval missions. Thus, states have turned toward counterspace operations to gain space superiority and deny military use of this domain to the enemy. These activities include offensive counterspace capabilities, such as direct-ascent anti-satellite weapons (DA-ASAT), electronic warfare, directed energy, and cyber, to deceive, disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy rival space systems. The Outer Space Treaty prohibits states from placing weapons of mass destruction into orbit around the Earth, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space. But it does not prohibit using space as a medium for delivering nuclear weapons or the use of DA-ASAT weapons against space objects. During naval conflict, enemy military satellites and other space objects are always lawful targets. Civilian and dual-use space satellites may be attacked if they are used by the enemy to conduct or sustain military operations but targeting them requires a proportionality analysis. Consideration must also be given to the potential harmful effects of space debris when attacking satellites.
Hijikata Tatsumi
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the career of the founder of butô, Hijikata Tatsumi. It starts with his short narrative dance vignettes, most memorably manifest in the 1959 debut of the homoerotically themed Forbidden Colors. It then moves to his happenings-style performances of the mid 1960s, and then describes his late dances choreographed using his generative dance method or Hijikata method. This method started with Hijikata’s attempt to understand himself and all the social processes that had formed him. It then blossomed into a way to modify dance steps using surrealist imagery work. The chapter argues that this method should be understood as an attempt to contest Japanese ethnocentrism while exploring Hijikata’s own identity, and as an attempt to find different means of political participation other than demonstrations and socialist-realist performances. It contains in-depth descriptions and analysis of dances such as Hijikata Tatsumi and Japanese People: Rebellion of the Body (1968), Seaweed (1970), Twenty-seven Nights for Four Seasons (1972), Summer Storm (1972), Lady on a Whale-String (1976), and Tohoku Kabuki Plan 4 (1985).
Maro Akaji and Dairakudakan
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter details the marvelously successful career of Maro Akaji, the founder of Dairakudakan. Maro’s idea of “One person, one troupe” was the force behind the proliferation of dance companies around the world who all practiced a kind of butô nearer to Maro’s dance theater than to other butô choreographers. The chapter elucidates several interrelated principles of Maro’s movement creation such as gestures (miburi), accident/incident (jikken), the ‘casting phase’ (chûtai or igata), the quality of one’s stance (okippuri), body-spirit/energy (taidama), space body (chutai), and flavored interval (ma). In order to nurture even more choreographic talent, Maro instituted the Kochuten performances in which young choreographers have a chance to choreograph a dance for smaller studio performances. The chapter contains in-depth descriptions and analysis of dances such as The Golden Spunk Bird, the Aleutians, and the Eight Span [Crow] (AKA Record of a Horsehead) (1973); The Story of the Phallic God (1973), Sea Dappled Horse(s) (1980), The Book of the Five Rings (1985), and Mamiana Zengoro’s Kochuten performance Gospel (Fuku-in, 2002).
Yoshioka Yumiko
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the career arc of Yoshioka Yumiko, an important proponent of mixed media butô through her dance company TEN PEN CHIi, and one of the dancers who has most embodied what it means to practice butô as an itinerant woman. Yoshioka keeps up a gruelling schedule of international travel teaching butô workshops around the world and also organized the Ex … it butô festival, bringing butô and dancers of other styles of dance in contact with each other. The chapter describes and analyses the following dances: All Moonshine (choreographed with Seki Minako 1989), I-Ki: An Interactive Body-Dance Machine (direction, JoaXhim Manger, 1999), Test Labor (2001), WA-KU: Déjà vu (2007), BiKa: Beautification (2009), and 100 Light Years of Solitude (2016).
Tanaka Min
Authors: Baird Bruce
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the dances and choreography of Tanaka, a dancer who did not originally belong to the world of butô, but come to be associated with it. He eventually studied with Hijikata and adopted the butô label for part of his career. This chapter includes his solo works of the 70’s (as part of the series Subject, Dance State, Hyperdance, Drive, and Emotion), his collaborations with improvisational musicians such as Derek Bailey and Milford Graves, his experiments with farming as dance training at Body Weather Farm, his involvement with Hijikata, the changes he made to Hijikata’s methods as he adjusted to choreographing for his two groups, Maijuku and Tokason, and finally his later solo dances in the Hijikata mode. Dances considered include Subject (1974), Dance State: Tokyo Arts University Performance (Sept. 28, 1975), Hyperdance (1977), Emotion (1982), Extremely Quick Respiratory Bromide (1983), Form of the Sky (1984), Performance to Commemorate the 1501st Solo Dance of Tanaka Min: The Foundation of the Pure Love-Dance School (1984), Moon at Noon (1985), Dislocated Child’s Body (2002), and Passing through the Body and Sloughing It Off (2005).
Seventy Years of Partition
Authors: Waseem Mohammad
Published: May 2022

This chapter deals with the composite heritage of partition in the form of a huge public sphere, which served as a battleground for rival contenders for power in Pakistan. The chapter offers a critique of the interpretation of the two-nation theory in terms of conflict between Hindus and Muslims spread over a millennium. It argues that inter-mingling of faiths and the shared deference to saints and shrines massively characterized the society until the late nineteenth century when the Hindu and Muslim revivalist movements led to parting of ways ending up with partition of India. Later, the process of migration of millions of Muslims from India to Pakistan under the aegis of a migrant state put in place a new ethnic hierarchy led by Mohajirs and Punjabis. The indigenous revival in the 1970s in East Bengal, Sindh, and Punjab finally led to nativization of the migrant state.
Master Narrative
Authors: Waseem Mohammad
Published: May 2022

This chapter is about the master narrative of Pakistan based on metaphors and symbols belonging to the Indo-Muslim civilization. The master narrative is a big story that encompasses small stories. In Pakistan, it is steeped in conflict: Hindu-Muslim dichotomy turned into India-Pakistan rivalry, Sunni-based Islamization in conflict with Shia jurisprudence and anti-Americanism in general. The narrative focuses on construction of the Hindu demon as the "other". It analyzes the conspiracy theory as the dominant worldview. The chapter argues that Pakistan lacks historical consciousness, territorial imagination, and linguistic suppleness. The dichotomy between modernists and traditionalists has persisted all along. The chapter brings out the alternative narratives based on ethnicity at one end and Islamic agenda at the other. A battle of cultures ensued between the ruling elite and provinces such as East Pakistan and Sindh.
Constitutional Dynamics
Authors: Waseem Mohammad
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on law as politics in the context of constitutionalism operating as a handmaiden of various contenders for power. First, the issue of parliamentary sovereignty became a source of conflict between the elected and non-elected institutions. While the parliament's strength drew upon the mass mandate, the extra-parliamentary forces used the corruption-accountability-nexus to weaken this institution. The judiciary repeatedly authenticated the dissolution of the National Assembly. Second, the federal project suffered the same fate through dismissal of provincial governments by the Centre, provincial autonomy denied de jure and--after the 18th Amendment--de facto, and a clash between Islamabad and provincial capitals, especially Karachi. Third, Islamization of laws took a leap forward under Zia's military government, along with a parallel judicial system in the form of Federal Sharia Court. All this led to a religious sub-system in Pakistan.
Mass Public
Authors: Waseem Mohammad
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the mass public in Pakistan that provides a discursive space to the society in pursuit of articulation of its interests with the state. Public space, as a marketplace of ideas and actions, draws on the legal regime that provides as well as constrains the scope of societal input in the political system. This includes street demonstrations and other non-institutionalized public activities. While the civil society led by the donor-driven NGOs typically followed a "progressive" agenda, its role in building democracy has been limited, given the legal constraints. The chapter discusses the contribution of education and media to the new publicness. Education has increasingly amounted to ideological socialization at the expense of scientific thinking. Textbooks in Pakistan massively carry hate message against non-Muslim communities and nations. The chapter analyzes the way the social media has become a battleground of ideas and opinions among the trollers from the government, opposition, and the society at large.
Introduction
Authors: Pack Jason
Published: May 2022

Many foreign actors have interfered militarily and diplomatically in Libya's post-Qadhafi wars, but none of the major powers have sought to resolve these wars by comprehensively absorbing Libya into their sphere of influence. The interested parties' goals do not include a twenty-first-century version of colonization to contain the inherent disorder that a wealthy and geostrategically-important ungoverned space like Libya inherently emits.
None of the major powers are willing to invest sufficient political capital to bring about stability--in Libya or globally--in the short or medium term. In this new global system, instead of using their power to set order, neo-populist leaders like Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Xi Jinping, and Mohammed bin Salman deliberately promote disorder. Like the imaginary megalomaniac passengers on the ship adrift during the pandemic, these leaders may feel that they benefit from a certain form of disorder prevailing internationally if it helps them stay in power domestically. As will be shown, Libya was the first theatre (with Syria a close second) in which major features of this new type of international relations have played out.
Jihadis are Just a Symptom
Authors: Pack Jason
Published: May 2022

This chapter seeks to explode the widespread myth that the prior existence of Islamic jihadism led to the post-conflict failures of the Syrian and Libyan states. The causation is reversed. The political vacuum and the Enduring Disorder are the root causes. The symptoms are the jihadi movements in those countries. The chapter demonstrates how ISIS was a by-product, not a root cause of Libya's fragmentation. Expanding on this conclusion to the more general problem of ungoverned spaces, which policymakers face in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and many parts of Africa, I propose that the Enduring Disorder and ungoverned spaces symbiotically begot ISIS and prevent us from fully defeating it. Seen in this light, jihadism--like climate change--is a problem that can only ever be comprehensively tackled by coordinated, unified, and resolute multinational action. To explain why such collaborations have not emerged even to fight the universally acknowledged scourge of jihadism, I end the chapter with a couple of stories about Libyan officials and Western businessmen showcasing their shared desire to sweep the jihadi problem under the rug.
Libya Versus the Global Economy
Authors: Pack Jason
Published: May 2022

This chapter investigates the Libyan economy, its global linkages, and its mirroring of the impact of broken post-statist economies on the functioning of Western democracies, international institutions, and multinational corporations. It starts by adumbrating the various myths that exist in the foreign policy and business communities concerning Libya and the impact that multinational corporations and the globalisation of neo-liberal capitalism are "supposed to have" on post-statist economies. This chapter explores how the unique features of the Libyan economy were constructed by Qadhafi primarily to be able to defeat internal accountability/scrutiny. As a by-product, they later developed the ability to take advantage of the global capitalist order and use foreign companies against the national interests of the countries they come from. Qadhafian structures were not actually inefficient when judged against their expressed goals. They simply were not created to maximize profit and avoid loss. Rather, they were constructed to maintain political control and avoid scrutiny--tasks they performed admirably--and they were bequeathed en masse to the post-Qadhafian world without meaningful reform.
Conclusion
Authors: Pack Jason
Published: May 2022

In Libya, as elsewhere, we have simultaneously more of a need for global governance than ever before and ironically less global governance than at any time in modern history. The current trendline, as well as historical parallels, suggests a seemingly bleak upcoming decade or two, independent of how the Biden administration or its successors approach global leadership. Multipolarity or a rebalancing of powers will not automatically follow from the decline in America's relative power, just as the ensuing power vacuum in Libya in the wake of Qadhafi's ouster has not, by some cosmic law, elicited either the creation of a new durable organizing force to fill the void or incentivized a dominant outside power to provide order. There are various indicators that the world has become increasingly "Libyan-ized" by becoming thoroughly penetrated by the key features of the Enduring Disorder. Developments in key nodes, like Libya or Ukraine, produce and emit the violence, hot money, ideology, and media polarization that feed the spiral of the Enduring Disorder.
Schopenhauer’s Critique of the Optimism of the Hebrew Bible and Spinoza
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines Schopenhauer’s criticism of Jewish monotheism and Spinoza’s pantheism for the optimistic principles that he thinks they share. The Hebrew Bible, for Schopenhauer, presents a consistently optimistic worldview, which views Creation as perfect and leaves no room for an afterlife. On that view, any seeming imperfection within the world, including those pertaining to humans and their lives, must be merely apparent. For Schopenhauer, thinking of ourselves as parts of a perfect deity, as Spinoza does, results in an optimistic view similar to that of the Hebrew Bible, denying any fault in our existence and hence any need for improvement. Schopenhauer finds this optimistic outlook unconvincing, for two main reasons. First, given the immense suffering in the world, optimism is confronted with the problem of evil, which it cannot solve. Second, optimism, once adopted, ironically makes individuals worse, since it promotes egoism, which in turn leads to cruelty.
More Jobs
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at achieving a plentiful supply of decent jobs? The empirical record suggests little reason to think so. Capitalism, especially social democratic capitalism, has proved capable of producing high employment rates. It doesn’t look as though this requires a lot of government employment. And workers’ control (worker cooperatives), a key feature of democratic socialism in some proposals, might well reduce employment.
Affordable Healthcare for All
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at achieving effective, affordable healthcare for all? There is little reason to think so. Among the rich democratic capitalist nations, those with an “insurance funds” healthcare system have achieved similar results in life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and cost growth as countries with a “single payer” system. Moreover, a country can have socialist healthcare—single payer, with government also employing most medical providers—in an otherwise capitalist economy. The Nordic countries and some others already do.
I’m Right, You’re Biased
Authors: Cheek Nathan N. , Pronin Emily
Published: May 2022

This chapter concerns the divergent processes by which people come to know themselves and other people and the resulting consequences. People come to know themselves (or come to gain intrapersonal knowledge) primarily by looking inward to internal thoughts, feelings, and motives (i.e., by introspecting). They come to know others (or come to gain interpersonal knowledge) primarily by looking outward to observable behaviors (i.e., by extrospecting). These different processes for gaining knowledge lead to important differences in what people believe about themselves versus others. Importantly, the divergent routes of introspection and extrospection lead people to see others as biased and themselves as “right”—especially when the self and other disagree in their perceptions and beliefs. This bias blind spot gives rise to intellectual arrogance and escalates interpersonal conflict. The differing epistemological routes of introspection and extrospection do not always lead people to feel better about themselves than others, however. For example, people may view themselves as uniquely prone to worry, uniquely motivated by fear of embarrassment, and uniquely subject to deviant thoughts—all as a result of their reliance on introspection for assessing themselves but extrospection for assessing others.
The Trouble of Not Knowing What You Do Not Know
Authors: Dunning David
Published: May 2022

In this chapter the author discusses the difficulty people have in grasping the shape and scope of their ignorance. More pointedly, he describes how empirical evidence in psychology illustrates how hard it is for people to identify the boundary where knowledge ends and ignorance begins. People profess familiarity with concepts that do not exist, claim understanding of complex systems (e.g., how a helicopter works) they cannot articulate when asked, and fail to recognize gaps in their expertise (i.e., the Dunning-Kruger effect). This ignorance of ignorance arises because people have no awareness of “unknown unknowns,” they fail to actively consider the limits of their knowledge, and their ignorance is veiled by false beliefs they assume to be true. This ignorance carries implications for both the self and society. For the self, people often fail to know when they need to seek advice and fail to recognize true expertise in others. For society, it can lead to unwarranted dismissals of experts as well as gullibility to false prophets and their misinformation.
Why Do People Argue Past One Another Rather than with One Another?
Authors: Kuhn Deanna , Iordanou Kalypso
Published: May 2022

The prevailing US culture is one explanation for a widespread devaluing of serious discourse. Among the numerous potential contributors, factors at the level of the individual have received less attention. Several kinds of evidence are described suggesting that most individuals think simplistically about complex issues. In particular, they do not conceptualize multiple contributing causes as necessary to account for most phenomena, nor are they likely to take multiple considerations into account in making judgments of a non-causal nature. These cognitive weaknesses, it is argued, constrain the productivity of discourse on a complex topic. Potential educational avenues for addressing them are considered.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Adam S.
Published: May 2022

Linguistic, racial, regional, religious, and other identities influence social, political, and economic outcomes from friendship networks, to vote choice, to violence. However, what is the role of ethnic identities if ethnicity is not clearly identifiable? Each individual has a unique life experience that shapes how they perceive themselves ethnically. Daily interactions influence how individuals see themselves in relation to their ethnic group(s). It is the contention of this book that the daily (re)construction of identity has important implications for electoral politics. This is especially the case when ethnicity is politically salient. The identity construction process that individuals experience influences their willingness to vote along ethnic lines and can explain the imperfect correlation between ethnic identity and vote choice. The introductory chapter outlines the argument of the book, defines key terms, and introduces the core case of the book: South Africa and the Coloured community.
Conclusion
Authors: Harris Adam S.
Published: May 2022

“What are you?” . . . “You can't be English!” . . . “There goes that White woman!” . . . “You actually talk about this project as if you were a person of color!” These are some of the many examples discussed in this book that illustrate how identities are questioned and constructed on a daily basis. The evidence in this book has found that these simple yet affecting experiences influence individuals’ identity construction and, in turn, vote choice. The final chapter (Conclusion) draws out core takeaways. It also explores what the findings and conclusions from this study mean for South African politics moving forward, which includes a brief consideration of the 2019 national elections. It then discusses a number of questions that the results of this study leave unanswered and thus puts forward the most important next steps in the ethnic distance research agenda.
The Structure of Strategic Environments
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P. , Goldman Emily O. , Harknett Richard J.
Published: May 2022

Security in and through cyberspace rests on a distinct definition of security that differs from the dominant security paradigms associated with nuclear and conventional weapon environments—deterrence and warfighting. Cyber persistence theory posits that a core structural feature of interconnectedness, a core condition of constant contact, and the reinforcing structural features of macro-resilience and micro-vulnerability in combination form the basis of a distinct strategic environment, one supporting the logic of exploitation rather than coercion. To achieve security in this strategic environment, States must engage in initiative persistence, continuously setting and maintaining the conditions of security in their favor, measured as the relative balance between being cyber vulnerable to exploitation and being able to exploit the cyber vulnerabilities of others. Whereas conventional security rests in the presence of war and nuclear security rests in the absence of war, cyber security rests in an alternative to war.
Reinventing the Sheikhdom
Authors: Hedges Matthew
Published: May 2022

Though the Arab Spring has reverberated through the Middle East, largely leaving a path of destruction, the relative calm in the United Arab Emirates has offered a regional roadmap for stability. Domestic changes since 2000 have significantly altered the country's dynamics, firmly cementing power within Abu Dhabi. While Khalifa bin Zayed succeeded his father as emir of Abu Dhabi and UAE president in 2004, the Emirates' evolution has largely been accredited to Abu Dhabi's crown prince, Mohammed bin Zayed. His reign has been characterized by the rise of the security apparatus and a micromanaged approach to governance.
Mohammed bin Zayed's strategy of fortification has focused on pre-empting threats from the UAE's native population, rather than from expatriates or foreign actors. As a result, he has consolidated power, distributing its administration among his tribal and kinship allies. In essence, Mohammed bin Zayed has driven modernization in order to strengthen his grasp on power.
This book explores Mohammed bin Zayed's regime security strategy, illustrating the network of alliances that seek to support his reign and that of his family. In an ever-turbulent region, the UAE remains critical to understanding the evolution of Middle Eastern authoritarian control.
Regime Security Strategy Precedent in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Hedges Matthew
Published: May 2022

A historical narrative of governance within the UAE is composed to illustrate what threats emerged to incumbent elites and the way in which they were managed. This helps to ground the study in intimate familiar dynamics which continue to pose substantial threats to elite figures. Security issues within Abu Dhabi, UAE, and the wider Arabian Peninsula are identified to highlight their impact on leadership dynamics. This heavily focuses on the history of the Al-Nahyan ruling family of Abu Dhabi and the transition of power through its generations.
Strategic Economic Management
Authors: Hedges Matthew
Published: May 2022

Through strategic economic management, the Abu Dhabi ruling family has ensured its continued ability to govern. Mohammed bin Zayed has shortened agency chains across the state, providing him with direct observation of economic endeavors. Trusted lieutenants are rewarded for their patronage, with emerging technocrats balancing traditional power networks. The UAE has employed a model of state-led capitalism to ensure the long-term control and ownership of financially generating mechanisms.
The Birth of a Goddess
Authors: Sarkar Tanika
Published: May 2022

The chapter analyses a late nineteenth-century Bengali novel, which imagined a war between Hindus and Muslims, as commanded by a new goddess of the Motherland. The novel and its battle hymn are extremely popular with Hindu nationalists.
Love in the Time of Hindutva
Authors: Sarkar Tanika
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at police and mob obstructions to interfaith love and marriage. It probes the rhetoric which depicts such love as a political conspiracy. It also reflects on the implications of such obstruction.
Problems of Social Power in the Discourses of the Hindu Right
Authors: Sarkar Tanika
Published: May 2022

The chapter traces the social and economic discourses of various leaders of the Hindu Right over several decades. It particularly focuses on how certain modifications were introduced after India adopted universal adult franchise. Even though Hindutva leaders initially criticized democratic norms, they soon developed new techniques of political management.
Natural and Supernatural Forces
Authors: Jackson Leonie B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the role of metaphor in news reporting about terrorism and shows how metaphors of natural forces, animals and the supernatural were used to represent the Islamic State group in general and the "jihadi brides" in particular. All these metaphors had two things in common: they dehumanized the women in question, and they constructed the "jihadi brides" as a grave threat that required urgent intervention. By importing knowledge about these domains, metaphors enabled the establishment of particular perceptions about these women. At the same time they pointed to how the problem of the "jihadi brides" should be evaluated and managed, opening up and closing down possibilities for action and making some strategies of management appear natural while others were made to appear absurd.
Damsels in Distress
Authors: Jackson Leonie B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter illustrates how the damsels in distress narrative was central to depictions of younger "jihadi brides." Through this narrative, the public was invited to become a mediated witness to an exciting rescue drama which drew upon well-known stories of lost, vulnerable children and contained a familiar cast of victims, villains, and heroes. Through this narrative, journalists and commentators depicted younger "jihadi brides" as passive, naïve children who could be rescued by heroic state agents. However, access to the resources of public sympathy that came with vulnerability was strictly controlled by writers. It was contingent on gendered, classed and racialized symbols of belonging, and the extent to which the girls in question could be drawn into the national community as worthy victims.
Conclusion
Authors: Jackson Leonie B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter argues that the stories we tell about conflict matter, and that the stories told in the news media about the "jihadi brides" were laden with stereotypes which served to narrate the war against IS, the actors within that conflict and the nation itself. As such, the media framing of British "jihadi brides" as either vulnerable or monstrous contributed to a broader narrative about the "good war" against IS through a cast of archetypal characters: beastly IS men, monstrous IS women, vulnerable groomed damsels in distress and heroic state agents. The representation of these women was not simply a sidenote in the fight against Islamic State, but was fundamental to the conflict itself and contained a host of ideas about 'us' and 'them', the dangers and risks represented by IS, and the character and necessity of the war in Syria and Iraq.
Ordering the Global Indian Ocean
Authors: Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2022

What happens to our understanding of liberal international order--its history, material bases and ideological claims--if we read its development not solely as a social formation built by the West and exported around the earth, but rather as an economic and political encounter with the world of the Global Indian Ocean? This chapter analyzes how the Global Indian Ocean was built and how it evolved over time: its origins in so-called "archaic globalization" as well as the shape it took following the post-1750 "Great Transformation" which, through successive waves of imperialism, spawned a first liberal international order. British-dominated hegemony was replaced after 1945 with a more ambitious system of liberal governance under American leadership. Such reworked "thin hegemony" spurred renewed integration and exchange but also violent resistance and heterodox imagination, processes that further intensified after 1989.
A History of Distributed Sovereignty
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the origins and patterns of sovereignty and migration across the Indian Ocean that have been reproduced over centuries up to the present day. This is particularly visible in the way small, well-organized trading communities continue to dominate much of mercantile life across the Global Indian Ocean--a direct bequest of the Pax Britannica. British hegemony could only be established through an elaborate system of treaties and indirect rule which has left enduring legacies such as widespread legal pluralism and layered systems of economic exchange, trust and credit on which transnational trading communities still rely. Three historical and ethnographic vignettes demonstrate the path dependency of these migrations and networks: (a) the history of the Memon trading community's establishment in South Africa; (b) the history of the export of indentured Indian labour to South Africa and elsewhere, and the continued uncertainties of belonging and status that face their descendants six generations later; and (c) the economic and migratory ties between colonial Bombay and the Persian Gulf, and how these have been retained but reversed in the late twentieth century with the rise of oil-based economies on the Arabian Peninsula.
Liberal Order’s Illiberal Prodigy
Authors: Huat Chua Beng
Published: May 2022

Singapore is widely considered the world's most successful city-state and is frequently cited by many developing nations as a "model" for development. Yet its trajectory defies easy categorization and can only be understood as a product of the interaction between highly specific local political choices and the wider international relations context of a Global Indian Ocean: it is a capitalist authoritarian state, dependent on the US Navy yet very sceptical of liberalism, and with an expansive middle class that has elected by popular vote the same ruling party into parliament for six decades. How can we account not only for its economic and political success as a polity but, more pertinently, for its peculiar character as a profoundly illiberal state and, at the same time, an exponent of the liberal international order?
The Arabian Oil State
Authors: Hertog Steffen
Published: May 2022

The position of the Arabian oil states vis-à-vis liberal order is uneasy and complex. Elites have enthusiastically adopted market reforms and socially liberal policies in some areas, including the building of financial centres, Western-inspired education systems and cultural industries to take advantage of capitalist globalization. At the same time, with the exception of Kuwait, the Gulf monarchies remain deeply illiberal in political terms and reproduce a segmentation of social and ideological spheres, of local populations' identities and legal rights, that is at odds not only with liberal understandings of order, but with the very concept of the modern nation-state. Especially in the richer Arabian monarchies, citizens are served by the capitalist market yet also strongly protected from it. And in a different way from ideal-typical liberal states, Gulf states have been built in a top-down fashion, rather than resulting from the interplay of capitalist development and emerging civil society. The social contract with the citizen constituency is distributive and involves little political participation--democratization is simply not on the cards. This illiberalism has been--and continues to be--enabled by unusually high per capita oil rents and historical security assurances through the British Empire and, since the 1970s, the Pax Americana guaranteed by the United States.
China in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Mitter Rana
Published: May 2022

The Indian Ocean provides an arena for two urgent questions in the geopolitics of the twenty-first century: how global will the Indian Ocean be, and how global will China be? This chapter proposes that the Indian Ocean will be the site of a whole range of new global connections as well as potential confrontations. China is taking clear steps to create a commercially driven network in the region, a probable corollary of which is an increasingly militarized presence. This is highly likely to lead to reactions and hedging by India and the US. However, Beijing will also find itself vulnerable as it becomes increasingly global. It will not be possible for China to develop an autarkic economic system in the Indian Ocean, even if it wished to do so. A significant part of China's attempts to advance its position in the world have been less concerned with direct confrontation with existing hegemons, and more with finding ways to create new realities in places where order is still less clearly defined. Its operations in the Global Indian Ocean certainly fit into that definition, attempting to create new opportunities from the "thin hegemony" that it finds there.
Fundamentals of Bayesian Epistemology 1
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2022

This book introduces readers to the fundamentals of Bayesian epistemology. It begins by motivating and explaining the idea of a degree of belief (also known as a “credence”). It then presents Bayesians’ five core normative rules governing degrees of belief: Kolmogorov’s three probability axioms, the Ratio Formula for conditional credences, and Conditionalization for updating credences over time. After considering a few proposed additions to these norms, it applies the core rules to confirmation and decision theory. The book then details arguments for the Bayesian rules based on representation theorems, Dutch Books, and accuracy measures. Finally, it looks at objections and challenges to Bayesian epistemology. It presents problems concerning memory loss, self-location, old evidence, logical omniscience, and the subjectivity of priors. It considers the rival statistical paradigms of frequentism and likelihoodism. Then it explores alternative Bayesian-style formalisms involving comparative confidence rankings, credences ranges, and Dempster-Shafer functions.
Materializing Englishness in Early Medieval Texts
Authors: Fay Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

The goal of this book is to restore to the story of Englishness the lively material interactions between words, bodies, plants, stones, metals, and soil, among other things, that would have characterized it for the early medieval English themselves. In particular, each chapter aims to demonstrate how a productive collapse, or fusion, between place and history happens not only in the intellectual realm, in ideas, but is also a material concern, becoming enfleshed in encounters between early medieval bodies and a host of material entities. Through readings of texts in a wide variety of genres including hagiography, heroic poetry, medical and historical works, the book argues that Englishness during this period is an embodied identity emergent at the frontier of material and textual interactions that serve productively to occlude history, religion, and geography. The early medieval English body thus results from the rich encounter between the lived environment—climate, soil, landscape features, plants—and the textual-discursive realm that both determines what that environment means and is also itself determined by the material constraints of everyday life.
Thetaṣrīfin the medieval Arabic grammatical tradition
Authors: Bohas Georges , Lowenstamm Jean
Published: May 2022

Between the 8th and the 14th centuries, a paradigm of grammatical research of remarkable sophistication, scope, and depth arose in the Arab world. This chapter is devoted to a presentation of some of the results of the Arab grammarians in the areas of morphology and phonology. Emphasis is laid on the architecture of their model of grammatical description and on their mode of argumentation. A body of evidence from the verbal system of Classical Arabic is presented along with some of the questions a contemporary reader would raise. The approach and answers provided at various times by Arab grammarians are laid out and critically discussed. Numerous parallels with contemporary linguistic theory are drawn.
The Greco-Roman tradition
Authors: Sen Ranjan
Published: May 2022

The Greco-Roman grammatical tradition crystallized much of the linguistic metalanguage used today, either as the Greek forms or as Latin calques. Grammar came to account for any instance of language, spoken or written, and evolved from being a practical to a scientific discipline (Gk. τέχνη tékhnē, Lat. ars), with its own set of rules. Crucial observations and analytical tools in the organization of sounds—allophony, natural classes, accentuation, syllable structure and weight, phonological processes, morphophonological alternation, and abstract underlying bases—can be counted among the contributions of the ancient Western grammarians, and phonological change was noted through citing older forms or censuring newer ones. The tradition subsequently formed the basis of medieval and later linguistics in Europe and further east, and many of its themes have persisted throughout linguistic history.