bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Current Density on the Anodic Behavior of Zircaloy ‐ 2 and Titanium‐A Comparative Study
Authors: Aparna N. N. S. , Anjaneyulu Ch.
Published: March 2012

The kinetics of anodic oxidation of zircaloy‐2 and titanium have been studied at current densities ranging from 2 to 12 mAcm-2 at room temperature in order to investigate the dependence of ionic current density on the field across the oxide film. Thickness of the anodic films were estimated from capacitance data. The formation rate, current efficiency and differential field were found to increase with increase in the ionic current density for both zircaloy‐2 and Titanium. Plots of the logarithm of formation rate vs logarithm of the current density are fairly linear. From linear plots of logarithm of ionic current density vs differential field and applying the Cabrera‐Mott theory, the half‐jump distance and the height of the energy barrier are deduced and compared.
In Silico Screening of the Library of Pyrimidine Derivatives as Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors for Anticancer Activity
Authors: Nerkar A. G. , Ghone S. A. , Thaker A. K.
Published: March 2012

We here report the virtual screening of several series of pyrimidine derivatives for in silico Thymidylate Synthase (TS) inhibition to arrive at possible potential inhibitors of TS with acceptable pharmacokinetic or ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) properties. Library of the molecules was constructed based upon structural modifications of pyrimidines nucleus. Structural modifications in descending order were performed for the series of pyrimidines, viz from pyrimidines with five membered heterocyclic ring to pyrimidines with four membered heterocyclic ring to simple pyrimindine carboxylates in an order to arrive at pyrimidines with better inhibition scores (G‐Scores) as compared with Raltitrexed (RTX) and active metabolite of 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FUMP). The molecules with better G‐Scores were subjected to predict pharmacokinetic or ADME properties. The molecules with acceptable ADME properties and better G‐Scores were prioritized for synthesis and anticancer evaluation. Three molecules from pyrimidine carboxylate series PIC1-31 were found acceptable with G‐Scores and pharmacokinetic properties. Thus a library of pyrimidine derivatives was constructed based upon the feasibility of synthesis and in silico screened to prioritize the molecules and to obtain potential lead molecules as TS inhibitors.
Development of Difference Spectroscopic Method for the Estimation of Balsalazide in Bulk and in Formulation
Authors: Anandakumar K. , Pacha Nageswararao , Saminathan J. , Subathrai R. , Gandla Kumarasamy
Published: March 2012

A simple, precise and accurate difference spectroscopic method has been developed for the estimation of balsalazide in bulk and in pharmaceutical dosage form. The proposed method is based on the principle that balsalazide can exhibit two different chemical forms in basic and acidic medium that differ in the absorption spectra in basic and acidic medium. Since the drug was freely soluble in distilled water, a stock solution (1 mg/mL) was prepared with distilled water. Further dilution was made by using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid separately. The maxima and minima in the difference spectra of balsalazide were at 460 nm and 354 nm, respectively. Difference in absorbance between these maxima and minima was calculated to find out the amplitude. This amplitude was plotted against concentration. Beer’s law is valid in the concentration range of 2‐20 μg/mL. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.
Synthesis of Some Novel Thieno[2, 3‐d] pyrimidines and their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Salahuddin Md , Kakad Sunil , Shantakumar S. M.
Published: March 2012

Bromination of intermediate 1‐[4‐(6, 7‐dihydro‐5H‐cyclopenta [4, 5] thieno[2, 3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl amino) phenyl] ethanone (4) yielded (5). Which upon reaction with different substituted benzothiazoles give a novel series of pyrimidine [6(a-g)]. However reaction of (5) with 4‐chloro‐2‐triflouro acetyl aniline provided (6h). Similarly reaction of (5) with 5‐amino tetrazole & 2‐amino benzimidazole produced (6i) & (6j) respectively. All the synthesized compounds were tested against bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative).
Synthesis of Amino Acid Analogues of 5H‐Dibenz[b,f]azepine and Evaluation of their Radical Scavenging Activity
Authors: Kumar H. Vijay , Gnanendra C. R. , Naik Nagaraja
Published: March 2012

A method for the synthesis of tyrosine, phenyl alanine, hydroxy proline and threonine free amino acid analogues of 5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine is proposed. 5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine was prepared by known method. The key intermediate 3‐chloro‐1‐(5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine‐5‐yl)propan‐1‐one was obtained by N‐acylation of 5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine with 3‐chloro propionyl chloride. Further coupling of respective free amino acid to produce 2‐(3‐(5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine‐5‐yl)‐3‐oxopropylamino)3‐(4 hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid, 2‐(3‐(5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine‐5‐yl)‐3‐oxopropylamino)‐3‐phenyl propanoicacid,1‐(3‐(5H‐dibenz[b,f]azepine‐5‐yl)‐3‐oxopropyl)‐3‐hydroxypyrolidine‐2‐carboxylic acid and 2‐(3‐(5H‐dibenz[b,f] azepine‐yl)‐3‐oxopropyl amino)‐3‐hydroxy butanoic acid. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their potential over 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and ascorbic acid (AA) were used as the reference antioxidant compounds and also the comparative study with synthesized compounds was done. Under our experimental conditions tyrosine, hydroxy proline and threonine analogues possess a direct scavenging effect on trapping the stable free radical DPPH. Hydroxy proline analogues showed a significant radical scavenging activity among the synthesized analogues
Spectral and Electrochemical Studies of Phenazopyridine
Authors: Vijaybhaskar P. , Ramachandraiah A.
Published: March 2012

The spectral and voltammetric behavior of phenazopyridine (1) in aqueous buffers of varied pH is presented. Spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse polarography and coulometry were utilized to study its proton and electron transfer characteristics. Relevant thermodynamic and electrochemical data such as pKa, charge transfer co‐efficient (αna), forward rate constant (k0f,h), etc., have been evaluated. An excellent electroanalytical method of assaying of 1 has been developed in differential pulse polarography at pH = 8. Molecular modeling on various acid‐base conjugates of 1 and their several conformers has been carried out to arrive at the thermodynamic and conformational issues to correlate the spectral and electrochemical observations.
Theoretical Determination of Molecular Weight of AB2 Dendrimers
Authors: Massoudi Abdoulhossien , Vahedi Hooshang , Louie Omid , Sajjadiffar Sami
Published: March 2012

The Molecular weight of any AB2 type dendrimers were calculated by suggested theoretical equation. The results were compared with the data reported by others. It was found that there are no remarkable differences between the calculated and reported data.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Leaf‐Shaped Ferric Oxide Particles
Authors: Ding Keqiang
Published: March 2012

For the first time, leaf‐shaped ferric oxide particles were prepared from an aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide [K3Fe(CN)6] by hydrothermal process. Images obtained from SEM (scanning electron microscope) revealed that leaf‐shaped ferric oxides (around 1.5 μm in length) were clearly exhibited when the hydrothermal tempreature was 150 °C, while as the temperature was increased to 200 °C leaf‐shaped ferric oxide particles with larger size were observed. XRD (X‐ray diffraction) patterns testified that the obtained ferric oxides were α‐Fe2O3 with well‐structured crystal faces. Interestingly, histograms describing the distribution of samples indicated that the distribution of obtained ferric oxide particles did not accord with gaussian distribution
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some 3,5‐Diaryl‐1‐Benzothiazolopyrazoline Derivatives: Reaction of Chalcones with 2‐Hyrazinobenzothiazoles
Authors: Sharma Vandana , Sharma K. V.
Published: March 2012

A series of 3,5‐diaryl‐1‐benzothiazolopyrazoline derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of appropriately substituted chalcones and 2‐hydrazinobenzothiazole in ethanol. The synthesized heterocycles have been characterized on the basis of their chemical properties and spectroscopic data. These compounds were tested for biological activity against a variety of test organisms.
Investigation of Charge Transfer Complex Formation Between Fe(III) and 2,6‐Dihydroxy Benzoic Acid and its Applications for Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in Aqueous Media
Authors: Hosseini Mohammad Saeid , Madarshahian Sara
Published: March 2012

On the basis of affinity of Fe(III) ions toward functional groups of 2,6‐dihydroxy benzoic acid (2,6‐DHB), a charge transfer complex (CT) is formed between Fe(III) ion and 2,6‐DHB in acidic media. The stoichiometry and stability constant of the complex was determined using both mole ratio and Job’s methods. The stability constant of 1:1 complex formed in acidic media is 2.55±0.14×105 (mole ratio) or 2.70±0.12×105 (Job), in which the quantities are in agreement with together. This method was used for spectrophotometric determination of Fe(III) in aqueous media. The dynamic range and detection limit (DL) were 1.2×10-5 to 3.6×10-4 M and 1.5×10-6 M, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be 0.76% in the replicate treatments (n=7) with 1.6×10-4 M Fe(III). The practical applicability of the method was confirmed using a synthetic certificated reference material (CRM) and spiked natural water samples.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Trace Amount of Ibutilide Fumarate in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Environments
Authors: Babu M. Satya , Mainkar Prathama S. , Anjaneyulu Y.
Published: March 2012

A rapid and sensitive RP‐HPLC method with UV detection at 227 nm for routine analysis of washed MLs (mother liquors) from equipment after manufacturing and thereby cleaning of ibutilide fumarate active pharmaceutical ingredient was developed. Chromatography was performed with mobile phase containing a mixture of aqueous 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and acetonitrile. The gradient elution was developed for better and optimized results. The developed method was validated for precision which includes system precision and method precision, accuracy, intra‐day and using different system and finally linearity studies from 0.4 to 150%. The method is ascertained to be having good repeatability and reproducibility. The %RSD for method precision (5 different preparations at test concentration) was observed to be 1.36, wherein the system precision (6 repeated injections of same preparation) was observed to be 0.33. The % recovery from ‘Accuracy’ studies yielded the recovery of 99‐100% which indicates the capability of the method. The linearity of the method was studied right from 0.4 to 150% which shows the method is quite linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The proposed method was simple, highly sensitive, precise, and accurate.The retention time less than 15 min, indicated that the method is useful for routine testing of washed MLs from equipment after manufacturing and cleaning of ibutilide fumarate.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrocarbazolyl thiazolidin‐4‐ones and Azetidin‐2‐ones and its Biological Behavior
Authors: Surendiran T. , Balasubramanian S. , D. Sivaraj
Published: March 2012

A new family of 1,2,3,4 – tetrahydrocarbazolyl thiazolidin‐4‐ones (4a-e) and 1,2,3,4–tetrahydrocarbazolyl azetidin‐2‐ones (5a-e) were individually derived using N‐[(α‐substituted bezylidenehydrazino) acetyl] ‐1,2,3,4‐tetra‐hydrocarbazoles 3a-e by cyclization with thioglycolic acid and chloro‐ acetylchloride respectively. The compounds (3a-e) were prepared by condensation of N‐(hydrazinoacetyl) 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrocarbazole (2) with a series of aldehydes. The compound 2 was obtained by the hydrazinolysis of N‐(chloroacetyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrocarbazole (1). These products were characterized by IR, NMR, MASS spectra and by elemental analysis. All the titled compounds (4a-e) and 5(a-e) were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Synthesis, Characterizations and Investigation of Electrochemical Behaviours of 4‐[(2‐Hydroxyphenylimino)methyl]benzene‐1,3‐diol
Authors: Mulazimoglu Aysen D. , Mulazimoglu Ibrahim Ender , Mercimek Bedrettin
Published: March 2012

This Schiff base ligand, 4‐[(2‐hydroxyphenylimino) methyl]benzene‐1,3‐diol (HIBD) was synthesized by reaction of 2‐aminophenol and 2,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The ligand was characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR. Electrochemical behaviors were investigated on the glassy carbon electrode (GC) surface with cyclic voltammetry (CV). The modification of HIBD on the GC was performed in +0.3 V and +2,8 V potential range using 100 mV s-1 scanning rate having 5 cycle. For the characterization of the modified surfaces 1 mM ferrocene redox probe in 0,1 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB) and 1 mM ferricyanide redox probe in 0.1 M H2SO4 were used.
Simple Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Sulfamethaxazole in Pharmaceuticals Using Folinciocalteau and Orcinol as Reagents
Authors: Raja G. Vijaya , Sekaran C. Bala , Teja D. Winnie , Madhuri B. , Jayasree B.
Published: March 2012

Two simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric methods (Method A and Method B) were developed for the determination of sulfamethaxazole in bulk and in dosage forms. Method A is based reduction of phosphomolybdic acid present in Folin Ciocalteau reagent by the drug sulfamethaxazole in the presence of sodium carbonate to form a blue colored chromogen having maximum absorption at 760 nm. Method B is based on the diazotization of the drug by sodium nitrite in acidic medium at 5 °C followed by coupling with orcinol to form yellow colored species (λmax 390 nm). Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 5‐25 μg/mL for method A and 2‐10 μg/mL for method B. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. These methods are successfully employed for the determination of sulfamethaxazole in various pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 3‐Chloro‐1‐(4‐perimidine methylcarbonylamino)‐4‐phenyl‐azetidin‐2‐one
Authors: Panchasara Dinesh R. , Pande Subhash
Published: March 2012

Perimidine‐1‐acetic acid hydrazide (1) undergoes facile condensation with aromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding azomethine (i.e. Schiff base) derivatives (2a‐h) in good yield. Cyclocondensation of compounds (2a‐h) with chloro acetyl chloride affords 3‐chloro‐1‐(4‐perimidine methylcarbonylamino)‐4‐phenyl‐azetidin‐2‐ones (3a‐h). The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of analytical and spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Coumarinolignans from the Seeds of Annona squamosa Linn.
Authors: Ranjan Rakesh , Sahai Mahendra
Published: March 2012

Phytochemical investigations of Annona squamosa seeds have led to the isolation of three lignans consisting of coumarin moiety, cleomiscosin A (1), cleomiscosin B (2) and cleomiscosin C (3). Their structures were arrived at by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Cleomiscosin A and cleomiscosin B are position isomer.
Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) for Thiotetrazole Alkynylacetanilides, a Non‐Nucleoside Inhibitor of HIV‐1 Double Mutant K103N/Y181C Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Kanth Sivan Sree , Abhishake Kotla Sai , Vijjulatha Manga
Published: March 2012

Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are allosteric inhibitors of the HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase. HIV‐1 resistance to nucleoside RT inhibitors such as AZT can arise through mutations in the coding region of RT. Recently a series of thioterazolyl acetanilides were reported as potent inhibitors of HIV‐1 wild type and double mutant K103N/Y181C reverse transcriptase. In the present study 3D quantitative structure activity relationship (3D QSAR) studies involving comparative molecular field analysis (CoFMA) were performed on 28 thiotetrazole alkynylacetanilides. CoMFA was performed using sibyl software 6.7v. The molecules were divided into training set and test set. The developed model based on training set containing 20 molecules gave Q2 value of 0.587 and non cross validation R2 value of 0.961 and standard error of estimate 0.098 for CoMFA. The steric and electrostatic contributions are 42.7% and 57.3% The cross validation on test set gave R2 value of 0.74. The CoMFA model provided the most significant correlation of steric and electrostatic fields with biological activities. The information rendered by 3D QSAR model may afford valuable clues to optimize the lead and design new potential inhibitors
Chelation Ion Exchange Properties of 2, 4‐Dihydroxyacetophenone‐Biuret‐Formaldehyde Terpolymer Resin
Authors: Rahangdale Sanjiokumar S. , Zade Anil B. , Gurnule Wasudeo B.
Published: March 2012

The terpolymer resin 2, 4‐HABF has been synthesized by the condensation of 2, 4‐dihydroxyacetophenone (2, 4‐HA) and biuret (B) with formaldehyde (F) in 1:1:2 molar ratios in presence of 2 M hydrochloric acid as catalyst. UV‐Visible, IR and proton NMR spectral studies have been carried out to elucidate the structure of the resin. A terpolymer (2, 4‐HABF) proved to be a selective chelating ion exchange polymer for certain metals. Chelating ion‐exchange properties of this polymer were studied for Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. A batch equilibrium method was employed in the study of the selectivity of metal ion uptake involving the measurement of the distribution of a given metal ion between the polymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion. The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strengths. The polymer showed highest selectivity for Fe3+, Cu2+ ions than for Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions. Study of distribution ratio as a formation of pH indicates that the amount of metal ion taken by resin is increases with the increasing pH of the medium.
Evaluation of Excess Free Volume and Internal Pressure in Binary Mixtures of Methyl Methacrylate(MMA) with Alcohols
Authors: Vadamalar R. , Mani P. , Balakrishnan R. , Arumugam V.
Published: March 2012

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an important monomer attracting the attention of industrialists and scientists because of its various applications and reactivity. The knowledge of thermodynamic and transport properties of MMA in alcohols and other organic solvents is useful in industrial processes. Ultrasonic and viscometric parameters offer simple, easy and accurate ways for calculating several physical parameters which throw light on molecular interactions in solutions. In this paper, the interactions of two alcohols; tert‐butanol and iso‐butanol with MMA are reported for the first time. Comparison has been made on the interactive nature of the two alcohols. Computation of free volume, internal pressure and excess free volume has been made for the entire concentration range. Existence of mesomeric effects of MMA is clearly seen and the role of structure of alcohols is observed.
H‐Point Standard Addition Method for Simultaneous Determination of Maneb and Zineb
Authors: Kaur P. P. , Gupta U.
Published: March 2012

The H‐point standard addition method (HPSAM) has been applied for simultaneous determination of maneb and zineb using 1‐(2‐pyridylazo)‐2‐ naphthol (PAN) as a reagent. Both maneb and zineb form wine red colored complex with PAN at pH 9.2 which are soluble in Triton X‐100. Zineb and maneb can be determined simultaneously in the range of 0.414‐3.446 µg mL-1 and 0.663‐3.316 µg mL-1 respectively with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The proposed method has successfully been applied for the simultaneous determination of maneb and zineb in several synthetic samples, spiked water samples and crops
Assessment of the Impact of Industrial Effluents on Groundwater Quality in Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi, India
Authors: Siddiqui Wequar Ahmad , Sharma Rajiv Ranjan
Published: March 2012

In the present study physicochemical parameters like pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride, DO, COD and conductivity of some important heavy metals such as iron, cobalt, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, selenium and arsenic were first analyzed in effluent water of Okhla industrial area phase‐II and then groundwater of near by areas. Obtained values of effluent water were compared with ISI standard for effluent water discharge and groundwater values were compared with ISI and WHO drinking water standards. The result shows that discharge of untreated effluents by the industries is leading to contamination of groundwater of the surrounding areas. Lead, mercury, fluoride, TDS, sulphate was above the desirable limit in effluent water (ISI standard for effluent water discharge). Subsequent analysis of groundwater of nearby areas was rated as unacceptable for drinking because of presence of fluoride in all the samples above the desirable limit. Lead, mercury, cadmium, chloride was also detected in many samples.
RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of Donepezil Hydrochloride Dosage Form
Authors: Barot Tushar G. , Patel P. K.
Published: March 2012

A simple and accurate methods to determine donepezil, in tablet dosage form, were developed and validated using liquid chromatography (LC). The LC separation was achieved on a Inertsil C8‐3, 25 cm x 4.6‐mm, 5 µ in the isocratic mode using buffer : methanol : triethylamine (550:450:5)v/v, adjusted to pH 2.50±0.05 with orthophosphoric acid, as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The methods were performed at 271 nm. In LC method, quantification was achieved with PDA detection over the concentration range of 20‐60 µg/mL with mean recovery of 100.18±0.75%. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of donepezil HCl in bulk and tablet dosage form
UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Aripiprazole in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Kalaichelvi R. , Thangabalan B. , Rao D. Srinivasa , Jayachandran E.
Published: March 2012

A simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of aripiprazole in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulation. It has an absorption maximum at 219 nm and obeys beer′s law in the concentration range 2‐ 10 µg mL-1. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. The apparent molar absorptivity and sandell′s sensitivity were 5.2 x 105 L mol-1 cm-1 and 8.4 x 10-3 µg cm-2, respectively. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 0.0035 and 0.1155 respectively. Correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9998. This method is successfully employed for the determination of aripiprazole in pharmaceutical preparation.
Homogeneous Liquid‐Liquid Extraction Method for Selective Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Amounts of Palladium
Authors: Jamali Mohammad Reza , Assadi Yaghoub , Kozani Reyhaneh Rahnama , Shemirani Farzaneh
Published: March 2012

A simple and effective homogeneous liquid‐liquid extraction method for selective separation, preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of palladium(II) ion was developed by using a ternary component system (water / tetrabutylammonium ion (TBA+) / chloroform). The phase separation phenomenon occurred by an ion–pair formation of TBA+ and perchlorate ion. Thio‐Michler’s ketone (TMK), 4, 4ˊ‐bis (dimethylamino) thiobenzophenone, was used as a complexing agent. After optimization of complexation and extraction conditions ([TMK]=5.0x10-2 mol L-1, [TBA+] = 2.0×10-2 mol L-1, [CHCl3] = 60.0 µL, [ClO4-] = 2.5×10-2 mol L-1 and pH= 3.0), a preconcentration factor 10 was obtained for 10 mL of sample. The analytical curve was linear in the range of 2‐100 ng mL-1 and the limit of detection was 0.4 ng mL-1. The relative standard deviation was 3.2% (n=10). Accuracy and application of the method was estimated by using test samples of natural and synthetic water spiked with different amounts of palladium(II) ion. The method is very simple and inexpensive.
RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of Nebivolol in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Sahoo M. K. , Giri R. K. , Barik C. S. , Kanungo S. K. , Kumar B. V. V. Ravi
Published: March 2012

A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of nebivolol in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried on a Hypersil ODS C18 column using a mixture of methanol and water (80:20 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with detection at 282 nm. Chlorzoxazone was used as the internal standard. The retention times were 3.175 min and 4.158 min for nebivolol and chlorzoxazone respectively. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 1‐400 μg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.0779 and 0.2361 μg/mL respectively. The percentage assay of nebivolol was 99.974%. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of nebivolol in bulk and tablet dosage form.
Mechanism of Trees / Bushes Like Pattern in Chemical System
Authors: Srivastava P. K. , Yadav Narendra
Published: March 2012

Trees / bushes like pattern have been investigated in succinic acid + ethylacetoacetate + Br + Fe (phen)3+2 + Ce+4 + H2SO4 system at 30 °C in a petridish after 6 hours. These patterns are dependent on initial concentration of reactants and temperature. The system first shows fast appearing / disappearing blue and red pattern then bifurcate into concentric waves and finally shows a tree / bushes type pattern which grows in length and breadth against time. Microphotographs of trees / bushes pattern, succinic acid and ceric ammonium sulphate shows that a new compound has been formed which is responsible for this pattern. It is further confirmed by X‐ray powder spectrum of trees / bushes pattern material and succinic acid. IR spectra of pattern material show that presence of cyclic compound in which Ce+4 ion coordinated by hydroxyethylacetoacetate. A tentative mechanism of pattern formation is proposed.
Growth Kinetics of Anodic Oxide Films Formed on Zircaloy‐2 in Various Electrolytes
Authors: Jeevana Jyothi V. , Anjaneyulu CH.
Published: March 2012

The Kinetics of anodic oxidation of zircaloy‐2 have been studied at current densities ranging from 4 to 12 mA cm-2 at room temperature in order to investigate the dependence of ionic current density on the field across the oxide film. Thickness of the anodic films was estimated from capacitance data. The formation rate, current efficiency and differential field were found to increase with increase in the ionic current density for zircaloy‐2. Plots of logarithm of formation rate vs. logarithm of current density is fairly linear. From linear plots of logarithm of ionic current density vs. differential field and applying the Cabrera ‐ Mott theory, the half ‐ jump distance (a) and height of energy barrier (W) were deduced.
Comparative Study on Adsorption of Mn(II) from Aqueous Solutions on Various Activated Carbons
Authors: Emmanuel K. A. , Rao A. Veerabhadra
Published: March 2012

The adsorption of Mn(II) on indigenously prepared activated carbons (IPAC) from Bombax malabaricum, Pithecelobium dulse, Ipomea batatas and Peltaforum ferraginium have been studied. The effects of various experimental parameters have been investigated using batch adsorption technique. The extent of Mn(II) removal increased with decrease in initial concentration of the Mn(II), particle size of the adsorbent and increased with increase in contact time, amount of adsorbent used and the initial pH of the solution. Adsorption data were modeled using Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms and first order kinetic equations. The kinetics of adsorption was found to be first order with regard to intra‐particle diffusion rate. The results indicate that such carbons could be employed as low cost adsorbents in waste water treatment for the removal of Mn(II).
Synthesis of Schiff Bases via Environmentally Benign and Energy‐Efficient Greener Methodologies
Authors: Naqvi Arshi , Shahnawaaz Mohd. , Rao Arikatla V. , Seth Daya S. , Sharma Nawal K.
Published: March 2012

Non classical methods (water based reaction, microwave and grindstone chemistry) were used for the preparation of Schiff bases from 3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro aniline and several benzaldehydes. The key raw materials were allowed to react in water, under microwave irradiation and grindstone. These methodologies constitute an energy‐efficient and environmentally benign greener chemistry version of the classical condensation reactions for Schiff bases formation.
Synthesis and Characterization of 2‐(Hydroxyimino)‐1‐(phenylpropylidene)thiocarbonohydrazide and its Metal Complexes with Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions
Authors: Venkatchallam A. , Deshmukh R. G. , Sawant Dilip C.
Published: March 2012

Synthesis and characterization of 2‐(hydroxyimino)‐1‐(phenyl propylidene) thiocarbonohydrazide (called ‘HPTCHOPD’) was studied. The synthesized compound having the molecular formula C10H13N5OS, where in isonitrosopropiophenone is reacted with thiocarbonohydrazide in presence of sodium acetate in ethanol‐water mixture. The yield which is comprises effecting the reaction in the presence of sodium acetate. Also the present work report a process for producing metal complexes having the formula ML2 and (ML)2 Cl, wherein M is the divalent metal cation, like cobalt (Co+2), nickel (Ni+2) and copper (Cu+2). The compound HPTCHOPD is admixed with a basic divalent compound that is halide, mainly chloride of Co+2, Ni+2 and Cu+2 in presence of methanol‐water mixture. The metal complexes so produced are characterized on the basis of spectral, elemental and magnetic analysis; reveal interesting geometries and bonding features. The data suggested square planar geometry for Co+2 complex, a distorted tetrahedral/square planar‐octahedral geometry for Ni+2 complex and a bridged structure for Cu+2 complex.
Thermoanalytical Study and Kinetics of New 8‐Hydroxyquinoline 5‐sulphonic Acid‐Oxamide‐Formaldehyde Terpolymer Resins
Authors: N. Singru Rajesh , B. Zade Anil , B. Gurnule Wasudeo
Published: March 2012

The terpolymer resins (8‐HQ5‐SAOF) have been synthesized by the condensation of 8‐hydroxyquinoline 5‐sulphonic acid (8‐HQ5‐SA) and oxamide (O) with formaldehyde (F) in the presence of acid catalyst and using varied molar proportion of the reacting monomers. The synthesized terpolymer resins have been characterized by different physico‐chemical techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis of all terpolymer resins in present study have been carried out by non‐isothermal thermogravimetric analysis technique in which sample is subjected to condition of continuous increase in temperature at linear rate. Thermal study of the resins was carried out to determine their mode of decomposition and relative thermal stabilities. Thermal decomposition curves were studied carefully with minute details. The Freeman‐Carroll and Sharp‐Wentworth methods have been used in the present investigation to calculate thermal activation energy and different kinetic parameter of the terpolymer resins. Thermal activation energy (Ea) calculated with above two mentioned methods are in close agreement. The advantage of Freeman‐Carroll method is to calculate both the order of reaction (n) and energy of activation in one single stage by keeping heating rate constant. By using data of thermogravimetric analysis, various thermodynamic parameters like frequency factor (Z), entropy change (Δ S), free energy change (Δ F) and apparent entropy (S*) have been determined using Freeman‐Carroll method.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of L‐Cystine by Hexacyanoferrate(III) in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Nowduri Annapurna , Adari Kalyan Kumar , Gollapalli Nageswara Rao , Parvataneni Vani
Published: March 2012

Kinetics of oxidation of L‐cystine by hexacyanoferrate(III) was studied in alkaline medium at 30 °C. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically at λmax = 420 nm. The reaction was found to be first order dependence each on [HCF(III)] and [cystine]. It was found that the rate of the reaction increases with increase in [OH-]. The oxidation product of the reaction was found to be cysteic acid. A plausible mechanism has been proposed to account for the experimental results.
Simultaneous Determination of Simvastatin and Ezetimibe in Tablets by HPLC
Authors: Kumar D. Anantha , Sujan D. P. , Vijayasree V. , Rao J. V. L. N. Seshagiri
Published: March 2012

A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of simvastatin and ezetimibe in tablet dosage forms. The separation was effected on a C18 Supelcosil column (250 mm x 4.6 mm; 5µ) using a mobile phase consisting of 0.01 M ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile (35:65 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection was made at 240 nm. The retention times for ezetimibe and simvastatin were 5.9 and 8.5 min respectively. Calibration curves were linear over the ranges of 0.5‐40 µg/mL for simvastatin and 2.5‐50 µg/mL for ezetimibe. The proposed method was validated as per the ICH and USP guidelines. The method is accurate and precise and found to be suitable for the quantitative analysis of both the drugs individually and in combination in tablet dosage forms.
Assessment of Quality of Groundwater in Kandarvakottai and Karambakudi Areas of Pudukkottai District, Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Ilangeswaran D. , Kumar R. , Kannan D.
Published: March 2012

Various samples of groundwater were collected from different areas of Kandarvakottai and Karambakudi of Pudukkottai District, Tamilnadu and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The results of this analysis were compared with the water quality standards of ISI, WHO and CPHEEO. In this analysis the various physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, Cl-, F-, SO42-, PO43-, NO3-, NO2-, CN-, Nas+, K+, NH3, Mn, Fe, Ca & Mg hardness etc., were determined using standard procedures. The quality of groundwater samples were discussed with respect to these parameters and thus an attempt were made to ascertain the quality of groundwater used for drinking and cooking purposes in and around Kandarvakottai and Karambakudi areas.
Spectrophotometric Determination of the Trace Amount of Thallium in Water and Urine Samples by Novel Oxidative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Nagaraja P. , Al-Tayar N. Ghllab Saeed , Shivakumar A. , Shresta A. K. , Gowda A. K.
Published: March 2012

A novel, simple, rapid, sensitive and selective method has been proposed for the trace determination of thallium by spectrophotometric detection. This method is based on the oxidation of MBTH (3‐methyl‐2‐benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride) by thallium(III) to form diazonium cation, which couples with IPH (Imipramine hydrochloride) in phosphoric acid medium at room temperature giving a blue colored species having a maximum absorption at 635 nm. The reagents and manifold variables influences on the sensitivity were investigated and the optimum reaction conditions have been established. The calibration curve was found to be linear over the range 0.1‐5 μg mL-1 with the molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of 2.9x104 L mol-1 cm-1, 0.0071 μg cm-2 respectively. The tolerance limit of the method towards various ions usually associated with thallium has been detected. The relative standard deviation for five replicate determination of 2μg mL-1 thallium was 0.47%. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of thallium(ІΙΙ) and thallium(I) in synthetic, standard reference materials, water and urine samples with satisfactory results. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated in terms of student’s t‐test and variance ratio F‐test, to find out the significance of proposed method over the reported methods.
Usefulness of Activated Carbon Prepared from Industrial Wastes in the Removal of Nickel from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Rajalakshmi R. , Subhashini S. , Lalitha P.
Published: March 2012

Elimination of heavy metals like nickel from waste water is an important subject in view of public health. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the applicability of industrial by‐products as potential metal adsorbents to remove nickel from aqueous solutions and polluted water. A direct proportionality between the percentage of Ni(II) removal and adsorbent dosage was noted. Maximum removal ⁄ recovery of nickel was achieved at pH range of 10‐12 for all adsorbents. An optimum temperature of 40 °C for efficient removal of Ni(II) was observed. The effect of nickel adsorption was affected by salinity. The adsorption isotherm data confirmed to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Conformation of data to the Lagergren᾽s rate equation indicated first order kinetics. The suitability of the industrial by‐products in the successful removal of nickel from aqueous solution is quite obvious from the study.
Study on Designing Sulfur Containing Bifunctional Building Block with Improved Refractive Index
Authors: Jha G. S. , Chhabra P. , Suri G. , Tyagi M. , Arora P. , Seshadri G. , Khandal R. K.
Published: March 2012

Sulfur and chlorine containing bifunctional diols with C‐S bond has been prepared starting from chloroepoxy alkane and thioalcohol. The studies of FTIR, TLC, HPLC and NMR have been used to understand the reaction mechanism, as well as for optimization of the reaction parameters. The reaction is highly exothermic and the effect of temperature, rate of addition of reagents and reaction time are important factors affecting the formation of diol. Viscosity studies, HPLC, FTIR, NMR and acid number studies have shown that, these parameters could be used as process control parameters for the synthesis of diol. Refractive index of the synthesized diol is found to be higher than that of the reactants used.
Grewia optiva Fiber Reinforced Novel, Low Cost Polymer Composites
Authors: Singha A. S. , Thakur Vijay Kumar
Published: March 2012

In this research article, the assessment of properties of compression molded Grewia optiva fiber reinforced Urea‐Formaldehyde (UF) matrix based polymer composites is reported. Reinforcing of the UF resin with Grewia optiva fiber was accomplished in the particle, short and long fiber reinforcement. Present work reveals that mechanical properties such as: tensile strength, compressive strength and wear resistance of urea ‐ formaldehyde resin increases to a significant extent when reinforced with Grewia optiva fiber. Analysis of results shows that particle reinforcement is more effective as compared to short and long fiber reinforcement. Morphological and Thermal studies of the matrix and fibre reinforced biocomposites have also been carried out
Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Some Novel 2,4‐Diaryl‐3,5‐bis(arylimino)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine Derivatives
Authors: Venkatesh P. , N. Pandeya S.
Published: March 2012

A series of some novel 2,4‐diaryl‐3,5‐bis(arylimino)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anti‐inflammatory activity. In the SAR study, the phenyl ring on 3 and 4 position of 1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine ring substituted with chloro, nitro and methoxy groups showed better activity. The title compounds were synthesized from two steps; the first step involved the synthesis of diaryl substituted thioureas then, it was cyclised to give the 1,2,4‐thiadiazole system in the presence of oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide and concentrated hydrochloric acid) in the second step. The purity of the synthesized compounds were judged by their C, H and N analysis and the structure was analyzed on the basis of IR, H1NMR, C13 NMR and Mass spectral data. The anti‐inflammatory activity of new compounds was determined by λ‐Carrageenan induced mice paw edema method using diclofenac sodium as a standard. Among the compounds tested four compounds, B2 (2,4‐diphenyl‐3,5‐bis(3‐nitrophenylimino)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine), B4 (2,4‐diphenyl‐3,5‐bis(3‐chlorophenylimino)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine), B6 (2,4‐diphenyl‐3,5‐bis(4‐methoxyphenylimino)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine) and B7 (2,4‐diphenyl‐3,5‐bis (2‐methoxyphenylimino)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolidine) were the most active compounds in these series.
Preparation of Silica Modified with 2‐Mercaptoimidazole and its SorptionProperties of Chromium(III)
Authors: Budiman Harry , Sri H. K. Fransiska , Setiawan Achmad. H.
Published: March 2012

Modified silica gel was prepared to remove the heavy metal of chromium(III) from water sample. Silica gel was used as supporting material and the 2‐mercaptoimidazole was immobilized onto surface silica so that the silica would have selective properties to adsorb the heavy metal chromium(III) through the formation of coordination compound between the 2‐mercaptoimidazole and chromium(III). The characterization of modified silica gel was carried out by analyzing the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum of this material in order to ensure the immobilization of 2‐mercaptoimidazole onto the surface. The effect of pH solution, initial concentration of chromium(III), and interaction time were investigated in batch mode to find the adsorption properties of chromium(III) onto modified silica. The condition optimum of these parameters was applied to determine the removal percentage of chromium(III) in water sample using the modified silica gel
Eco‐friendly Crosslinking Agent for Acid Functional Acrylic Resin
Authors: Shah Archana
Published: March 2012

Oil from J. multifida was extracted and it was first converted into N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) Jatropha fatty amide (HEJFA). HEJFA has been synthesized by reaction between Jatropha oil and diethanol amine in presence of zinc oxide as a catalyst. The reaction is relatively rapid and proceeded to high yield at 200±5 OC. The resulting HEJFA was used to formulate thermosetting coating compositions. Films were cured at ambient (air drying) and elevated (stove drying) temperatures using N, N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) Jatropha fatty amide (HEJFA) as eco‐friendly crosslinking agent for acrylic resin. The coating performance of the various compositions was tested by measurement of scratch hardness, impact strength and chemical resistance. The results show better performance of the HEJFA based compositions compared to butylated melamine formaldehyde (MF) based compositions.
Simultaneous Determination of Rofecoxib and Tizanidine by HPTLC
Authors: Pawar Uttam D. , Sulebhavikar Aruna V. , Naik Abhijit V. , Pingale Satish G. , Mangaonkar Kiran V.
Published: March 2012

An innovative high performance thin layer chromatography method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of rofecoxib and tizanidine from tablet dosage form. Rosiglitazone maleate was used as an internal standard. The separation was achieved using HPTLC plates (Merck #5548) precoated with silica gel 60F254 on aluminum sheets and a mobile phase comprising of toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol: triethyl amine in volume ratio of 6:3:0.5:0.1 (v/v/v/v), with chamber saturation of 15 min. The plate was developed up to 8 cm and air dried. The plate was then scanned and quantified at 235 nm. The linearity of rofecoxib and tizanidine were in the range of 3.75 µg/spot to 11.25 µg/spot and 0.30 µg/spot to 0.90 µg/spot respectively. The limit of detection for rofecoxib and tizanidine was found to be 45.00 ng/spot and 30.00 ng/spot respectively. The limit of quantification for rofecoxib and tizanidine was found to be 135.00 ng/spot and 90.00 ng/spot respectively. The percentage assay was found between the range of 99.58% to 103.21% for rofecoxib and 98.73% to 101.55% for tizanidine respectively, whereas recovery was found between 99.97% to 100.43% for rofecoxib and 100.00% to 101.00% for tizanidine by standard addition method. The proposed method is accurate, precise and rapid for the simultaneous determination of rofecoxib and tizanidine in dosage form
Adsorption of Copper and Iron Using Low Cost Material as Adsorbent
Authors: Najim Tariq S. , Elais Nazik J. , Dawood Alya A.
Published: March 2012

In this study, pine fruit was used as solid adsorbent for removal of ferrous and copper ions from aqueous solutions through batch equilibrium technique. The influence of contact time, pH of the solution and initial concentration of metal ions on adsorbed amount of metal ions were investigated. 90 minutes of adsorption time was found sufficient to reach equilibrium for ferrous ion and 120 minutes for copper ion. Adsorption of metal ions were pH dependent and the results indicate the optimum pH for the removal of Fe+2 was found to be 5.0 and that of Cu+2 was 7.0, the highest adsorption capacity was found to be 4.8 and 14.1 mg of metal ion per gram of adsorbent at initial concentration of 22.22 mg/L and 57.6 mg/L of ferrous and copper ions respectively and would be higher with higher initial concentration. Ferrous ion was removed by 96.3 ‐ 97.3% and copper ion by 94.1‐96% along the whole range of initial concentrations. Isotherm studies showed that the data were best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetic data corresponded well with the pseudo‐second order equation, suggesting that the adsorption process is presumably a chemisorption.
Effect of Lignite Fly Ash on the Growth and Reproduction of Earthworm Eisenia fetida
Authors: Sarojini S. , Ananthakrishnasamy S. , Manimegala G. , Prakash M. , Gunasekaran G.
Published: March 2012

Fly ash is an amorphous ferroalumino silicate, an important solid waste around thermal power plants. It creates problems leading to environmental degradation due to improper utilization or disposal. However, fly ash is a useful ameliorant that may improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils and is a source of readily available plant macro and micronutrients when it is used with biosolids. Supply of nutrients from fly ash with biosolids may enhance their agricultural use. The growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida was studied during vermicomposting of fly ash with cowdung and pressmud in four different proportions (T1,T2,T3 & T4) and one control i.e., cow dung and pressmud alone. The growth, cocoon and hatchlings production were observed at the interval of 15 days over a period of 60 days. The maximum worm growth and reproduction was observed in bedding material alone. Next to that the T1 was observed as the best mixture for vermiculture.
Study of Millimeter‐Wave Rotational Spectra ofTrioxane in Ground, v(A), v1(E) = 1 and v2(E) = 1 States
Authors: Motamedi Masoud , Khademi Najmehalsadat
Published: March 2012

The millimeter‐wave rotational spectra of the ground and excited vibrational states v(A), v1 (E) =1 and v2 (E ) =1 of the oblate symmetric top molecule, (CH2O)3, have been analyzed again. The B0 = 5273.25747MHz, D J = 1.334547 kHz, D Jk = ‐2.0206 kHz, H J (‐1.01 mHz), H JK (‐3.80 mHz), and HKJ (4.1 mHz) have been determined for ground state. For non degenerate excited state, vA(1), the B = 5260.227723 MHz and D J and D JK were determined 1.27171 kHz and ‐1.8789 kHz respectively. The 1=±1 series have been assigned in two different excited states v1 (E) =1 and v2 (E) =1.Most of the parameters were determined with higher accuracy compare with before. For the v2 (E) =1 state the Cζ=‐1940.54(11) MHz and q J = 0.0753 (97) kHz were determined for the first time.