bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK CURCUMA LONGA DENGAN TINGKAT TOKSISITAS PARASETAMOL PADA GASTER, HEPAR DAN RENAL MENCIT JANTAN GALUR SWISS
Authors: Widagdo Cindy Tamara , Naibaho Pingkan , Jayadi Tejo , Danu Sulanto Saleh
Published: July 2019

Latar Belakang: Curcuma longa dikatakan memiliki aktifitas hepatoprotektor, renoprotektor dan antiinflamasi terhadap dosis toksik parasetamol. Mengingat pemakaian jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, dan prevalensi toksisitas overdosis parasetamol semakin meningkat, perlu diteliti apakah Curcuma longa memproteksi kerusakan lambung, hepar dan renal sehingga dapat bersinergi dengan pengobatan overdosis parasetamol.

Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini adalah eksperimental murni dengan rancangan acak lengkap (completely randomized design), menggunakan 36 ekor mencit jantan galur swiss. Dibagi 6 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol sham, kontrol positif, perlakuan satu, dua dan tiga. Tiga dosis ekstrak Curcuma longa terpurifikasi etil asetat 65 mg/kgBB, 487mg/kgBB dan 1040mg/kgBB diberikan selama 14 hari, dilanjutkan dosis tosik parasetamol 520 mg/kgBB selama 7 hari. Pemeriksaan serum SGOT, SGPT, ureum, kreatinin dan histopatologi lambung, hepar, renal untuk menilai apakah ekstrak Curcuma longa dapat memberikan proteksi kerusakan lambung, hepar dan renal dari akibat pemberian parasetamol dosis toksik.

Hasil dan Diskusi: Hasil pemeriksaan SGOT (p = 0,233), SGPT (p = 0,004), ureum (p = 0,19), kreatinin (p = 0,009) dan histopatologi lambung (p = 0,00), hepar (p = 0,00), dan renal (p = 0,00) menunjukkan ekstrak Curcuma longa terpurifikasi etil asetat memberikan efek toksik yang simultan dengan dosis toksik parasetamol. Efek toksik ini dapat dijelaskan karena bioaviabilitas curcumin dalam ekstrak Curcuma longa rendah sehingga pengaruh terhadap dosis toksik parasetamol dalam hepatosit diragukan, meningkatkan efek sitotoksisitas, dan menurunkan ekskresi metabolit toksik parasetamol.

Kesimpulan: Ekstrak Curcuma longa tidak memproteksi toksisitas terhadap gaster, hepar dan renal dari pemberian parasetamol dosis toksis pada mencit galur Swiss.
PATOFISIOLOGI TREMOR ISTIRAHAT PENYAKIT PARKINSON
Authors: Sukendar Komang Agus , Sutarni Sri , Subagya Subagya
Published: July 2019

Tremor merupakan salah satu gerakan involunter yang paling sering

ditemukan. Tremor pada penyakit Parkinson menjadi gejala kardinal yang paling

membingungkan antara lain karena terpisah dari bradikinesia dan rigiditas, dapat

memberat pada sisi berlawanan dari sisi bradikinesia yang dominan (wrong-sided

tremor), penanda penyakit yang benigna, tidak berhubungan dengan banyaknya

defisiensi dopamin di substansia nigra, serta responsnya terhadap pengobatan

dopamin tidak sebaik gejala lainnya. Model klasik lebih menekankan peranan

ganglia basalis dalam memodulasi fungsi kortikal melalui sirkuit striato-thalamokortikal

yang mengalami disfungsi dan menyebabkan bradikinesia serta rigiditas,

namun tidak dapat menjelaskan tremor istirahat pada penyakit Parkinson.

Akan dikaji literatur tentang aspek patofisiologi tremor istirahat pada

penyakit Parkinson. Tremor dapat disebabkan oleh adanya osilasi mekanik pada

ekstremitas, refleks yang meningkat, osilasi sentral atau loop-feedback yang

abnormal dalam sistem saraf pusat. Osilasi tremor dapat terjadi pada level

membran neuronal, serta peningkatan eksitabilitas abnormal dan sinkronisasi

pada ganglia basalis yang mempengaruhi koneksi thalamus dan kortikalnya.

Dasar-dasar patofisiologi serta berbagai model hipotesis dengan strukturstruktur

yang terlibat telah dibuat untuk menjelaskan patofisiologi tremor

Parkinson. Kebanyakan model dibuat berdasarkan perekaman yang detail pada

sejumlah neuron yang terbatas misalnya preparat ex vivo, atau set bangunan yang

terbatas misalnya perekaman elektrofisiologi. Kebanyakan model berfokus pada

sebuah nodus pada sirkuit tunggal dan menginterpretasikan adanya perubahan

pada sirkuit lainnya sebagai akibat sekunder. Model hipotesis finger-switchdimmer

merupakan model hipotesis terbaru dan memberikan sebuah sudut

pandang level sistem, di mana tremor Parkinson diinduksi oleh aktivitas ganglia

basalis yang abnormal (finger), diproduksi oleh thalamus (switch), dan dimodulasi

atau diperkuat oleh serebelum (dimmer). Model ini dapat memberikan penjelasan

bagaimana sejumlah intervensi pada network ganglia basalis-thalamus dapat

menghilangkan tremor.
IMPLEMENTASI CLINICAL PATHWAY HERNIA INGUINALIS LATERALIS REPONIBILIS DEWASA DI RUMAH SAKIT BETHESDA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Utami Yohana Puji Dyah , . Hariatmoko , Rasmiati Pudji Sri , Pinzon Rizaldy Taslim
Published: July 2019

Pendahuluan: Permenkes 1438 tahun 2010 menetapkan standar

pelayanan kedokteran berupa Panduan Nasional Praktek Kedokteran (PNPK) dan

Standar Prosedur Operasional (SPO). SPO disusun dalam bentuk Panduan

Praktek Klinis (PPK) yang dilengkapi dengan alur klinis (Clinical Pathway).

Dipilihnya hernia untuk dibuat PPK/CP di RS Bethesda karena tingginya jumlah

kasus hernia yang dilakukan operasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah

membandingkan outcome pelayanan terkait hernia sebelum dan sesudah

implementasi Clinical Pathway.

Metode: Desain penelitian adalah quasi experimental after and before test.

Tempat pengambilan data adalah di RS Bethesda melalui dokumen dalam rekam

medis termasuk Clinical Pathway (CP). Waktu pengambilan data adalah sebelum

implementasi CP hernia dan setelah implementasi CP hernia. Populasi adalah

semua kasus hernia inguinalis lateralis reponibilis dewasa yang dilakukan

herniotomi sebelum implementasi PPK/CP dan setelah implementasi PPK/CP.

Hasil: Diperoleh sampel sebanyak 29 untuk pasien hernia sebelum

implementasi CP dan 29 setelah implementasi CP. Hasil menunjukkan persentase

kepatuhan sebelum dan sesudah implementasi CP pada penggunaan obat injeksi

meningkat (dari 44,82% menjadi 57,69%), pada penggunaan obat oral meningkat

(dari 20,08% menjadi 30,77%), pada penggunaan Spinal Anesthesia Block

meningkat (dari 17% menjadi 84,62%), pada penggunaan obat anestesi (dari 17%

menjadi 76,92%), pada lama rawat inap sebelum operasi kurang dari 24 jam

menurun (dari 93% menjadi 88,46%), dan pada lama rawat inap paska operasi

kurang dari 3 hari meningkat (dari 86% menjadi 88.46%). Rata-rata biaya rawat

inap sebelum dan sesudah implementasi CP pada kelas I sebesar Rp 8.050.350,00

dan Rp 8.231.700,00, pada kelas II sebesar Rp 6.668.580,00 dan Rp

6.139.733,00, dan pada kelas III sebesar Rp 4.542.100,00 dan Rp 4.464.400,00.

Kesimpulan: Clinical Pathway bermanfaat untuk memperbaiki indikator

proses pelayanan terkait hernia di RS Bethesda. Tidak ada perbedaan yang

bermakna dalam hal biaya pada implementasi CP hernia.
STROKE IN ASIA
Authors: Dewi Ivana Purnama , Pinzon Rizaldy Taslim
Published: July 2019

Resensi Buku
Competing Spin Liquid Phases in the S=$\frac{1}{2}$ Heisenberg Model on the Kagome Lattice
Authors: Jiang Shenghan , Kim Panjin , Han Jung Hoon , Ran Ying
Published: July 2019

The properties of ground state of spin-\frac{1}{2}12
kagome antiferromagnetic Heisenberg (KAFH) model have attracted
considerable interest in the past few decades, and recent numerical
simulations reported a spin liquid phase. The nature of the spin liquid
phase remains unclear. For instance, the interplay between symmetries
and Z_2Z2
topological order leads to different types of
Z_2Z2
spin liquid phases. In this paper, we develop a numerical simulation
method based on symmetric projected entangled-pair states (PEPS), which
is generally applicable to strongly correlated model systems in two
spatial dimensions. We then apply this method to study the nature of the
ground state of the KAFH model. Our results are consistent with that the
ground state is a U(1)U(1)
Dirac spin liquid rather than a Z_2Z2
spin liquid.
CITRA PEREMPUAN DALAM IKLAN KECAP DI MEDIA MASSA
Authors: Susiyanah Yuli
Published: July 2019

This article examines the image of women in soy sauce advertisements in the  mass media. In general, the image of them in the mass media is depicted by stereotypes and patriarchal cultures inherent in them. They are generally described as agents of domestic roles and sex objects, who must be discriminated and subordinated. The theory used in this paper is gender relationship and mass media with qualitative content analysis. The theory is applied to analyze the positions between men and women in order to realize gender equality. Using qualitative content analysis, ABC soy sauce ads “true husbands want to cook” shows that there is a reconstruction concept of the relationship between men and women from a stereotypical and patriarchal culture to be a culture of gender equality. In this advertisement, the domestic job that is identified with the duty and responsibility of woman being able to be reconstructed into a role that can be performed by all people including men. It can shape public opinion about the image of women who must not be discriminated in the mass media.
CYBERDAKWAH SEBAGAI FILTER PENYEBARAN HOAX
Authors: Mazaya Vyki
Published: July 2019

The internet has become an important part of the interactive communication of the Indonesian people. Information exchange is becoming faster with the advancement of information technology because everyone can easily access and share the information they receive. The ease of sharing information on the other hand can have a negative impact if it turns out that the information received is not clarified in advance. There needs to be an effort and awareness from internet users to prevent the spread of hoaxes on the internet, namely cyberdakwah. Cyberdakwah is an amar ma'ruf nahi munkar activity using internet media. Da'iof cyberdakwah needs to master information technology as one of the main weapons because the target of its dakwah is internet users. Da’i of cyberdakwah
also needs to understand netiquette (internet ethics) besides also having to understand the ethics of da'wahbased on Islamic teachings. This is because in exchanging information there are ethics and values that generally become a common agreement even though the rule may not be written.

 
Kota Layak Anak Berbasis Collaborative Governance
Authors: Duadji Noverman , Tresiana Novita
Published: July 2019

This paper describes the development of collaborative governance-based city/district, so it is hoped that children's policies and programs with holistic, integrative and sustainable character will be developed. This paper is the result of research aimed at: 1) mapping the problem and potential of children as central issue that can be developed as development issue; 2) develop an ideal city/district ideal child model. The research method used qualitative descriptive. Research location in Lampung Province. The results of the study describe children problems including child abuse, disability children, children faced with law and abandoned babies due to policies and programs that are not partial to children, policies are partially, segmentatively and sectorally arranged, no cooperation/partners with other institutions. The existence of local policy potential in the form of various policies and local regulations, the number of social institutions of children into social capital is strong physically and socially in building collaborative model/partnership. 

 
Konstruksi Sosial Pekerja Perempuan dan Anak pada Industri Perikanan
Authors: Anggaunitakiranantika Anggaunitakiranantika
Published: July 2019

Women worker and children employee on fishery industry aims to increase workforce participation around seashore edge beside budgeting pressure for labor cost. What is more necessary, the fishery industry is known as fishing manufacture in Pasuruan, tend to save their expenditure budget due to social subsidies to their employee. Thirty-four women who work at fishery industry was aged from 18 to 55 years old and the 8 children who engage with work was aged from 8 to 16 years old. There was wage gap between women worker and children worker. Gender dualism belongs to women worker and the children create social construction among local society in Pasuruan. Social construction happened because of dichotomy aspect. The first is working in the fishery industry was done with pride in breaking patriarchy rules, Secondly, they set to work for long-life family needed.
Eksistensi Dā’iyah di Tengah Domestikasi Citra Diri Perempuan Shalihah: Perspektif Feminis Eksistensialis
Authors: Sholihah Faridatus
Published: July 2019

Being an empower women by actively showing her existence in the publicity is not easy. Moreover when it is related to leadership in the religion issues, where it is still dominated by men. This study aims to describe the existence that is fought by dā'iyah in the public space, whereas social construction holds them with domestication. This research uses descriptive qualita­tive methods. Techniques of collecting data by an in-depth interview, and validating by triangulation. The results show that “shalihah” concept is still closely related to domestic works, while the “imam” concept in the religion is still understood as a status that must be played by men. The criteria by sex are still in line with the quality of da’wah materials, da’wah methods, or even the knowledge of the missionary. So, dā'iyah feels a dilemma in carrying out their roles in the public and domestic space. For this reason, various strategies have been carried out by dā'iyah to maintain their existence.
Peran Ulama Perempuan dalam Menanggapi Perkawinan Anak di Indonesia
Authors: Kristianto Paulus Eko
Published: July 2019

In this article, the author tries to ask the question of the role of female scholars in responding to child marriage in Indonesia? The author tries to answer this question with the literature study method on various books and describes them in the sub-discussion of female scholars; a description of the situation of child marriage in the world and Indonesia; child marriage, law, and legal practice; and the role of female scholars in responding to child marriage. Through this step, the authors hope this article can contribute perspectives and alternatives to women scholars in responding to child marriage in Indonesia.
Penghargaan Hak Berpendapat Anak di Pengadilan: Studi Kasus di Pengadilan Negeri Semarang
Authors: Saraswati Rika , Hadiyono V
Published: July 2019

The right of children to be heard are guaranteed by the Child Protection Act in Indonesia. This is very principle as the main factor for judges to make decisions regarding disputes over child custody. The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of laws in Indonesia that regulate children's rights to be heard in court. Data was taken by conducting documentary research and field research by collecting several decisions from the District Court of Semarang and interviewing the judges who handled this matter. This research shows that children are rarely asked for their opinions in the courtroom; Their opinions are only considered information, not as witness statements. As a result, their opinions and expectations have no effect on court decisions. The study also shows that the law in Indonesia has regulated the obligation of judges to listen to the opinions of children in court, but judges never consider it.
SFAQUALI – fuzzy system for urban water quality assessment
Authors: Engelmann Juliana Tais , Frozza Rejane , da Costa Adilson Ben , Klamt Rodrigo Augusto
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study was to develop a system capable of evaluating the quality of the water consumed by an urban population using fuzzy logic. The set of factors to be analyzed were total coliforms, fluoride, free residual chlorine, turbidity, and apparent color. The factors selected as indicators of water quality and the system rules were modeled using the INFUZZY tool with help from specialists in this area, using a Great, Good, Acceptable or Inappropriate quality classification. 47 water quality analyses were applied. The results showed that 57.44% of the samples had a water quality classified as Great, 2.12% as Good, 2.12% as Acceptable, and 38.29% as Inappropriate. For each sample, results were in agreement with the evaluated parameters.
Behind the Myth of the Fruit of Heaven, a Critical Review on Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Contribution to Nutrition
Authors: Phan-Thi Hanh , Waché Yves
Published: July 2019

Gac, Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. belongs to the Cucurbitaceae
family. It is more considered as a super fruit. The demand for this plant is growing in countries
where its reputation is high, including traditional countries of gac culture and countries
fond of super fruits and food supplements. In these latter countries, the industrial strategy
aims at producing high added value in food supplements or nutritional rich preparations.
However, when marketing is not the driving force and claims have to be related to scientific
data, the situation of gac is less "heavenly", mainly because its most remarkable properties are
in the field of micronutrients. These latter components are indeed very important for health
but their supplementation on healthy populations brings no significant advantage. This paper
proposes to review aspects important for the nutritional reputation of this plant: where it
comes from, how it is cultured to have an optimal nutritional composition, what is its composition
and how it can impact health of consumers, in which products it is used and what are
the regulations to use it in different markets. One important goal of this review is to give a
critical and scientific approach to confirm data on this fruit, which has been promoted by
marketing departments injecting so many wrong and unverified information. Missing data
will be highlighted and potential positive applications are proposed all along the text.
New Hemostatic Agents: Perioperative Anesthetic Considerations
Authors: Kietaibl Antonia-Therese , Kietaibl Sibylle
Published: July 2019

Aim::

Pharmacologic agents with procoagulant effects and antidotes against antithrombotic drugs play an important role in the prevention and management of perioperative coagulopathic bleeding. The aim of this narrative review is knowledge transfer from new and renewed hemostatic agents to anesthesiologists and other physicians involved in perioperative medicine.

Methods::

The literature search was performed on PubMed and the Summaries of Product Characteristics of 6 pharmacologic agents of interest: fibrinogen concentrate, vonicog alfa, susoctocog alfa, idarucizumab, andexanet alfa, and argatroban.

Results and discussion: :

This review highlights renewed interest in fibrinogen concentrate, an old prohemostatic drug, in correcting hypofibrinogenemia which is a leading pathomechanism of perioperative bleeding.

:

This review describes clinically relevant aspects for brand new recombinant prohemostatic drugs for their use in critical clinical situations: vonicog alfa for the prevention and correction of bleeding in von Willebrand syndrome, and susoctocog alfa in acquired hemophilia A.

:

Clinical experience and increasing evidence broadened the field of applications of the old antithrombotic drug argatroban to heparin resistance.

:

New antidotes against new antithrombotic agents revolutionized the safety of chronic antithrombotic therapy in the emergency situations of acute and trauma surgery.

:

Information on dosing and handling of new hemostatic drugs is summarized.

Conclusion::

New and potent hemostatic agents exist for perioperative use and may enrich the armamentarium of anesthesiologists. Implementation into clinical practice requires their availability and user knowledge. Sustainability of these new drugs depends on post-licensing research, cost-effectiveness, and clinical experience.
Factores abióticos y bióticos determinantes para la presencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en anfibios mexicanos
Authors: García-Feria Luis Manuel , Brousset Dulce María , Cervantes-Olivares Roberto Arnulfo
Published: July 2019

Evaluamos la presencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) en 13 especies de anfibios mexicanos asociada a factores abióticos y bióticos como un modelo de distribución de especies mediante árboles de clasificación y regresión (CART). El hongo quítrido fue diagnosticado a partir de hisopados cutáneos de anfibios adultos, y frotis orales de renacuajos por medio de PCR anidada para un fragmento de rRNA de 300 pb. Los especímenes fueron muestreados en siete tipos de vegetación durante las temporadas seca y lluviosa. El hongo quítrido se detectó por primera vez en Charadrayla taeniopus y Leptodactylus fragilis, especies en las que no se había registrado previamente; también se confirmó su presencia en anfibios de la selva alta perennifolia del sureste de México. De acuerdo con los CART, las dos variables más importantes para la ocurrencia de Bd son la especie del hospedero y la precipitación, pero su combinación con otras variables como el estado de desarrollo, la temperatura ambiental, la temporada climática, el tipo de vegetación y altos índices de vida acuática influyen en la presencia del hongo quítrido. Además, se obtuvo que los renacuajos tienen 1.52 veces más prevalencia de Bd que los adultos, y los renacuajos de dos especies de anfibios estudiadas son potencialmente reservorios. Aunque ningún anfibio mostró signos clínicos de quitridiomicosis, nuestros hallazgos indican que la presencia y la persistencia de Bd pueden estar relacionadas con la susceptibilidad o resistencia de las especies y la interacción de diversos factores abióticos y bióticos.
To a Question of Predicting Model Stability on the Basis of Multiple Scale Wavelet Transformation
Authors: Sakrutina E. A.
Published: July 2019

Purpose of research. The article is devoted to the development of production predicting models and their stability conditions.

Methods: Predicting models are actively used in modern control systems, in information support intellectual systems of decision-making. They have a huge role in any activity connected with signals' processing including anomalies detection of various technological processes and assessment of risk potential of critical information infrastructure objects. They can also be used in monitoring systems of security threats. Special class among predicting models is represented by the models based on experiences of proceeding processes (for example, regularities taken from the data which are saved up as a result of an object work).

Results. Virtual "instant" model of an object belonging to this class is described in the article. It is presented taking into account multiple and large-scale decomposition of entrance influences vectors and the forecast of an object output. The described model gives the forecast without possible future conditions of an expected background. The approach based on the wavelet-analysis which is characterized by a unique opportunity of detailed frequency analysis in time is developed for stability study of virtual "instant" model. Stability conditions of the predicting model are received on the basis of this approach. This model has allocation conditions for approximating and detailing components for four types of ratios between memory depth on input and output.

Conclusion: Predicting model of oil processing in which memory depth on an input is more than memory depth on output is described in the article. It is shown that the accuracy of virtual "instant" model forecast is higher than linear predicting model has at rare data of laboratory analysis. One of stability conditions depending on decomposition depth is shown for the constructed model. On the basis of received results analysis it is possible to draw a conclusion on applicability of received stability conditions for risk potential assessment of process development forecast implementation in monitoring systems of security threats.
Information Technologies for Assessing the Risk to Public Health from Emissions of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
Authors: Kiril’chuk I. O. , Kondrat’yeva O. E. , Laktionov O. A. , Yushin V. V.
Published: July 2019

Purpose of reseach. One of the most pressing environmental problems is the formation of production and consumption waste; moreover, the bulk of the waste is not involved in the circular economy but is disposed at landfills and waste dumps that pose a serious ecological hazard to the environment and public health. The authors of the article substantiate the need to apply modern information technologies for a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the composition of emissions, a comprehensive assessment of the environmental state near sources of pollution, a study of cause-effect relationships in the ‘environment – public health’ system, and health risk assessment for the subsequent justification of the priority management decisions to ensure the environmental health and public safety.

Methods. The main method used to assess the negative impact of municipal solid waste landfills on the health of the population living in the areas of their effect is the concept of risk assessment and analysis.

Results. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of information technologies used in assessing the risk to public health from emissions of landfills of municipal solid waste; examples of using software products at various stages of assessing the risk to public health from emissions from Kursk landfill were considered. To take into account the specific uncertainties that are due to the peculiarities of the functioning of municipal solid waste landfills as risk sources, the authors developed an electronic database of the municipal solid waste morphological composition and landfill facilities.

Conclusion. The developed database will allow us to level the uncertainties that arise in assessing the risk to public health from emissions of municipal solid waste landfills to the extent possible, and, so, increase the objectivity of the obtained risk assessment results.
Influence of Operating Modes of High-Temperature Thermomechanical Processing on Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Bars
Authors: Sergeev N. N. , Sergeev A. N. , Kutepov S. N. , Gvozdev A. E. , Ageev E. V.
Published: July 2019

The strenghening thermomechanical treatment represens the combined processing treatment – a combination of plastic deformation and hardening in one technological process. Year after year, it is more widely applied in industry.

Purpose of research. The study of strenghening thermomechanical treatment operating modes influence on the formation of mechanical properties of steel, which is a very important scientific problem associated with obtaining materials with a given set of mechanical features.

Methods. High-temperature thermomechanical treatment was conducted under the conditions in which the processes of recrystallization of deformed austenite were partially or completely supressed, and the process of polygonization got the most development, with the goal of forming a developed substructure of austenite inherited by martensite during subsequent quenching.

The paper investigated the change in the properties of high-strength reinforcement under heating (tempering) with different intensity. High-temperature thermomechanical treatment was carried out by including a hardening device in the technological line of the mill No. 280 LLC “Tulachermet-steel”. The studies were carried out on two modes of mill No. 280 operation. Low-carbon reinforcing steels St3 and ST5 were accepted as the studied steels.

Results. It has been experimentally established that the maximum cooling capacity of the existing hardening device is manifested when three working sections with a water pressure of about 13 in each section are turned on. In this case, high-temperature thermomechanical treatment should be carried out at the maximum cooling rate in the strengthning device in accordance with the specified strength class, i.e., include the least number of working sections. Intensive cooling mode contributes to the formation of a homogeneous structure in the reinforcement with a high mechanical complex. It was found that during high-temperature thermomechanical treatment it is advisable to withstand the deformation temperature in the range of 1000...1050 ℃ to guarantee the production of reinforcement of a given class. It has been shown that the inclusion of a strengthening device in the mill line directly behind the flying shears, and not behind the finishing stand of the mill leads not only to the trouble-free operation of shears, but also to an increase in the post-deformation aging between the end of deformation and the beginning of bar hardening to a value close to the optimal, responsible for the formation of a polygonal substructure in austenite, the inheritance of which by martensite provides high mechanical properties of steel after high-temperature thermomechanical treatment.

Conclusion. These results can be applied to create resource-saving material treatment processes.
Blend Words and Their Influence on the Lexicon and Future of English Language
Authors: Baram Laila Othman , Noori Aram Kamil
Published: July 2019

This research studies the widening range of forming and using blend (portmanteau) words in English language. It sheds light on the fact that most blend words are exocentric not only for second language learners but also to natives too, since they have not been listed in English dictionaries. Even if listed; still the continuous process of forming blend words will leave no room to catch up with listing all of them. English nowadays has become the most dominant language and at the same time it has been influenced by some factors as much as it has been influential. In terms of word formation processes especially blending, one can realize how rapidly and unexpectedly new words are coined for new purposes in accordance with daily life needs. In this era of speed; English native speakers, as their nature, do like to economize in their word choice especially in their word formation processes such as blending, acronyms, clipping and all types of abbreviations. In fact, the inevitability of life change as the result of daily life’s needs inventions influences English language in many ways. In addition, the policy of economizing and being selective reflects well on letter choice and word forming processes. In relation to this, the consequences of life change can be noted in studying blend forms in English. Some simple examples are: blunch, chexting, spork, feminar, brinner, brunch, fanzin, hubot, smog, etc. In a nut shell, the research states the inevitable and intriguing change of English words in the process of blending in which two or more words are cut and mixed together to form a new form, called a blend word. One basic point here is that a blend word is not simply one word; brinner as an example is formed from three other words (breakfast + lunch + dinner) to describe a situation in which you just have one meal instead of the three. Most of blend words have not so far been listed in English dictionaries. So this continuous process of forming new words does a great change to English vocabularies now and in the upcoming years.
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF PEDIATRIC CEFUROXIME AXETIL DISPERSIBLE TABLET CONTAINING ION-EXCHANGE RESIN
Authors: OZA NISHANT , SAGAR SWATI
Published: July 2019

Objective: The aim of present work was to develop of pediatric cefuroxime axetil 125 mg dispersible tablets by using ion exchange resin as a taste masking agent and quality target product profile was defined based on the properties of the cefuroxime axetil.

Methods: Initially, cefuroxime axetil and various resin complexes (DRC) were prepared with different conditions and evaluated for taste masking and drug loading. Optimized DRC was used to formulate the dispersible tablet. A 32 full factorial design was employed to study the effect of mannitol (X1) and microcrystalline cellulose PH-101 (X2) on drug release at 10 min and time taken to 80% drug release. In the present study, the following constraints were arbitrarily used for the selection of an optimized batch: Q10>65% and T80%<30 min. Multiple linear regression analysis, ANOVA and graphical representation of the influence factor by 3D plots were performed by using Sigmaplot 11.0. Checkpoint batch was prepared to validate the evolved model.

Results: Among the various drug resins complex DRC-9 was found with less bitter taste which was containing kyron T-114 and among the all factorial batch F7 showed highest drug release at 10 min (Q10) and lowest time taken to 80% drug release (T80) hence batch F7 was selected as an optimized batch and it’s found to be stable in the stability evaluation.

Conclusion: The results of full factorial design indicate mannitol and MCC PH-101 have a significant effect on drug release.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF IMMEDIATE RELEASE PELLETS OF TADALAFIL: SOLIDIFICATION APPROACH FOR NANOSUSPENSION
Authors: UBGADE SHOBHA , KILOR VAISHALI , BAHEKAR VIDYA , ITTADWAR ABHAY
Published: July 2019

Objective: Nanosuspension is known to enhance the saturation solubility and dissolution velocity of poorly soluble drugs owing to the increased surface area of nanosized particles. Stability of these solubility enhancing systems can be improved by converting them into solidified forms. To simultaneously achieve enhanced dissolution and improved stability, an attempt has been made to increase the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drug tadalafil by formulating immediate release pellets of its nanosuspension.

Methods: Tadalafil nanosuspensions were prepared using high shear homogenization technique and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E 15, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as stabilizers. Prepared nanosuspensions were subjected to the characterization of particle size distribution, zeta potential, drug loading and saturation solubility. Optimized nanosuspension was solidified by preparing immediate release pellets: for improved stability, where tadalafil nanosuspension was used as a binder. Pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique using κ-carrageenan as a pelletizing aid.

Results: Prepared immediate release pellets disintegrated within 03 min. In vitro dissolution studies showed 85% drug release within 45 min in pH 1.2 buffer from immediate release pellets containing tadalafil nanosuspension.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that formulation of nanosuspension of poorly soluble drug and its use as a binder for the preparation of immediate release pellets markedly improved the dissolution rate.
APPLICATION OF 1H-NMR SPECTA AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR THE AUTHENTICATION OF CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA FROM ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR
Authors: WIJAYANTI THERESIA , RIYANTO SUGENG , LUKITANINGSIH ENDANG , ROHMAN ABDUL
Published: July 2019

Objective: This study was aimed to apply metabolite fingerprinting for the authentication of Curcuma xanthorrhiza adulterated with Zingiber cassumunar using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (chemometrics) methods, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).

Methods: The pure dried powder samples of C. xanthorrhiza from different regions, Z. cassumunar, and its binary mixtures of C. xanthorrhiza with various concentrations of Z. cassumunar as adulterants were prepared for 1H-NMR measurements. The binary mixtures were prepared by mixing C. xanthorrhiza with various concentrations (10%, 25%, 40%, 50%, and 75%) of Z. cassumunar. 1H-NMR spectra were subjected to multivariate analysis for classification using PCA and PLS-DA.

Results: A diverse group of metabolites could be detected by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. PCA using the chemical shift in 1H-NMR spectra of the plant extracts as variables clearly discriminated pure C. xanthorrhiza extracts from different origins and C. xanthorrhiza extract adulterated with Z. cassumunar. PLS-DA employed to enhance the separation obtained from the PCA model resulted in well separation and good classification of pure C. xanthorrhiza from the adulterated ones.

Conclusion: The developed method could be a useful and powerfull tools to assess adulteration practice and to evaluate the authentication of C. xanthorrhiza extracts.
The THE INFLUENCE OF CHLORPROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON THE SIZE OF SMALL UNILAMELLAR DIMYROSTYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE LIPOSOMES AS REVEALED BY LIGHT SCATTERING PHOTOMETRY
Authors: Ahmed Farah hamad
Published: July 2019

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the possible influence of the model, cationic, surface-active solute chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ-HCl) on the size of small unilamellar dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes as a function of temperature and CPZ-HCl concentration, below and above the critical micelle concentration (CMC).

Methods: Small unilamellar DMPC liposomes were prepared by dissolving DMPC in chloroform and the solvent was rota-evaporated in a water bath adjusted at 40 °C. The lipid film was then dispersed in 0.1 M KCl solution adjusted at pH 6.2 to form large multilamellar liposomes which are then sonicated and fractionated via Sepharose 2B-Cl gel. The elution profile was followed spectrophotometrically at λ 260 nm. Combined fractions from the trailing edge of the included peak which is due to small unilamellar liposomes, were used as a source throughout this study. The SOFICA light scattering photometer (Model 42000) was used to determine the weight average liposomes weight (Lw) of small unilamellar DMPC liposomes. The Lw was determined in the absence and presence of CPZ-HCl both above and below the CMC over the temperature range of 25 °C to 40 °C.

Results: The Lw was observed to increase linearly in the absence and presence of CPZ-HCl.

The Lw was observed to increase linearly in the absence of CPZ-HCl, from 1.88×106+0.02 g/mol at 25 °C to 3.25×106+0.03 g/mol at 40 °C. Similarly, the Lw was observed to increase linearly in the present of CPZ-HCl, for example at 18 mmol drug concentration, the Lw increases from 11×106+0.04 g/mol at 25 °C to 13.75×106+0.03 g/mol at 40 °C. When the data are presented as a function of CPZ-HCl concentration, a gradual increase in Lw was observed below the CMC. Little increase in Lw however, was observed at post-micellar concentrations of 14 mmol and 18 mmol.
EFFICIENT VALIDATED METHOD OF HPLC TO DETERMINE ENALAPRIL IN COMBINATED DOSAGE FORM CONTAINING ENALAPRIL AND BISOPROLOL AND IN VITRO DISSOLUTION STUDIES
Authors: Logoyda Liliya
Published: July 2019

Objective: A rapid and reproducible HPLC method has been developed for the determination of enalapril in experimental combined dosage forms containing bisoprolol and enalapril and for drug dissolution studies.

Methods: The separation was done using a column Hi Qsil C18 (4.6х250 mm, 5 μm particle size) and a mobile phase of methanol: phosphate buffer solution (65:35, v/v), flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The injection volume was 300 μL and the ultraviolet detector was set at 225 nm.

Results: The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Under these conditions, enalapril was eluted at 5.33 min. Total run time was shorter than 6 min. A linear relationship between the concentration and the area of ​​chromatographic peaks of enalapril in the range of 1.250 mg/ml–10.000 mg/ml (7.500 mg/ml at pH 1.2) was established. Requirements for linear dependency parameters are performed in this case throughout the range of application of the technique. Linearity studies were conducted in a wide range of concentrations (25-200% at pH 4.5 and 6.8, 25-150% at pH 1.2). In the medium with pH 1.2 release of enalapril from tablets in 5 min is 83.38 %, after 15 min-94.11%, after 30 min-97.17 %; in medium with pH 4.5 the release of enalapril from tablets in 5 min makes 47.13 %, after 15 min-88.34 %, after 30 min-95.86 %; in a medium with pH 6.8, the release of enalapril from tablets in 5 min is 71.04 %, and after 15 min-88.88 %, after 30 min-92.11 %.

Conclusion: A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the estimation of enalapril in tablets containing enalapril and bisoprolol. The proposed method was applied successfully for quality control assay of enalapril in experimental tablets and in vitro dissolution studies.
WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERIC IONIC 5-FLUOROURACIL COMPLEX BASED ON METHACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMERS
Authors: Zhukova Olga , RYABOV SERGEY A. , ZAITSEV SERGEY D. , KUZNETSOVA OLGA V. , GAVRILOVA DARIA M. , ARCHIPOVA EUGENIA V. , GOLOVACHEVA ANNA A. , VOLKOVA YULIA S.
Published: July 2019

Objective: The objective of this work was to obtain a water-soluble 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) polymeric complex on the basis of a methacrylic acid (MAA) copolymer to be used as an injectable chemotherapeutic agent.

Methods: A polymeric carrier was synthesized using tert-butyl methacrylate (TBMA) as a monomer, thioglycolic acid, and azobisisobutyronitrile as a radical polymerization initiator. The polymer was converted by acid hydrolysis into a water-soluble copolymer of TBMA and MAA of 20: 80 mass%, respectively. The copolymer of TBMA and MAA was modified with 5-FU. Their formation was proved using IR and UV spectroscopy. The particle size of the 5-FU polymeric complex was estimated by turbidimetry, which is based on measuring the intensity of light transmitted through a disperse system. The release of 5-FU from the obtained ionic complexes by dialysis in vitro was evaluated.

Results: Polymeric carriers were obtained with different amounts of 5-FU (5, 15, 25, 50 mol%). A high peak at λ = 266 nm was observed in the UV spectrum of the polymeric carrier (characteristic of 5-FU). The particle size was estimated at 13 nm for the complex with 5 mol% 5-FU and 26.8 n for the complex with 50 mol% 5-FU. The 5-FU release was estimated in two parallel experiments at 37 °C. One utilized a phosphate-citrate buffer with pH 5.0 to model the intracellular space and the other, a phosphate buffer with pH 7.4 to model the intravascular space. Two systems, with 5 and 15 mol% 5-FU, were chosen for testing. In both phosphate buffer and phosphate-citrate buffer, 5-FU was released from the polymeric complex with 5 mol% 5-FU approximately 1.3 times faster than from the complex containing 5 mol% 5-fluorouracil. The kinetics of 5-FU release from the polymeric complex (5 mol% 5-fluorouracil) showed that the 5-FU release was 77.9% in phosphate-citrate buffer and 59.6% in phosphate buffer over 52 h of dialysis. When the 5-FU release kinetics was studied with the polymeric complex containing 15 mol% 5-FU, the 5-FU release was 100.0% in phosphate-citrate buffer and 75.1% in phosphate buffer over 57 h of dialysis.

Conclusion: Water-soluble nanoscale complexes of 5-FU with TBMA–MAA copolymers extend application of 5-FU, while its general toxicity might be lower. The complexes are sufficiently stable at pH 7.4 and readily release 5-FU at pH 5.0.
IN VITRO EQUIVALENCE STUDY OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF CARBAMAZEPINE REFERENCE TABLETS USING USP APPARATUSES 2 AND 4
Authors: MEDINA-LOPEZ JOSE RAUL , Cedillo-Díaz Luis Antonio , Hurtado Marcela
Published: July 2019

Objective: To perform an in vitro equivalence study of two doses of carbamazepine reference tablets sold in the local market under hydrodynamic conditions of USP Apparatus 4, a dissolution apparatus that better simulates the human gastrointestinal tract. Results were compared with dissolution official conditions using USP Apparatus 2.

Methods: Dissolution profiles of both formulations were carried out with an automated USP Apparatus 2 at 75 rpm and 900 ml of dissolution medium. USP Apparatus 4 with laminar flow at 16 ml/min and 22.6 mm cells were used. 1% lauryl sulfate aqueous solution at 37.0±0.5 °C was used as dissolution medium. Spectrophotometric determination of drug at 285 nm was carried out during 60 min. Dissolution profiles were compared with model-independent and-dependent approaches.

Results: When comparing dissolution profiles of low vs. high dose similar profiles were found (f2>50) in each dissolution apparatus, however, when the same dose was compared, USP 2 vs. USP 4, opposite results were obtained. Comparison of mean dissolution time and dissolution efficiency data corroborates these results. Weibull function was the best mathematical model that described the in vitro dissolution performance of carbamazepine. No significant differences were found in Td values (low vs. high dose) but opposite results were also found with USP 2 vs. USP 4.

Conclusion: Equivalent dissolution performance of two doses of carbamazepine reference tablets were found in each USP dissolution apparatus. The main problem identified in this comparative study is the low dissolution rate and extent found with USP Apparatus 4. More research on this field is necessary for all available doses of reference drug products since the quality of generic formulations depends on the quality of references.
INVESTIGATION OF QUALITY TARGET PROCESS PARAMETERS (QTPP) AND CRITICAL MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES (CMA) OF NANOCELLULOSE AS A POTENTIAL EXCIPIENT
Authors: VORA ROSHNI , Shah Yamini
Published: July 2019

Objective: The current work highlights the use of the Quality by Design (QbD) for optimization of Nanocellulose (NC) production from corn husk by two techniques, namely, Acid hydrolysis (AH) and High pressure homogenization (HPH).

Methods: Characterization of NC involved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the risk assessment, QbD Software was used. According to this results 32 factorial design was applied in which two independent variables (acid concentration and time for AH whereas pressure and no of passes for HPH) and two dependent variables (particle size and yield) were selected.

Results: FTIR showed similarity in the peaks which indicates there is no change in parent molecular structure of cellulose. TGA confirmed that the NC extracted by both the methods showed improved thermal property at onset temperature of 290 °C as compared to Avicel PH101, 270 °C. XRD results showed that the crystallinity index of the extracted nano cellulose from both the method was 83.15% which indicates transition and reorientation of corn husk into compact crystalline cellulosic structure after removal of non-cellulosic materials. TEM images indicated that the fibers were well dispersed and the treatment had reduced the size of fibers with average dimensions of 100 to 1000 nm in length. Product assay revealed that as the acid concentration and time is increased, narrow particle size is observed whereas lower number of passes and pressure resulted in a broader particle size. Studies on the variables and the experiment of NC preparation contributed a maximum yield of 77% in case of AH and 83 % in case of HPH.

Conclusion: Evident from the results, NC prepared by QbD approach had better flow property and compatibility. Hence it is suitable for usage as an excipient in product design for variety of tailor made customized oral dosage forms in pharmaceutical industry.
FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF VALSARTAN BY USING BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN
Authors: LAL CHIMAN , GARG RAJEEV , GUPTA GHANSHYAM DAS
Published: July 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and optimize mucoadhesive microspheres of antihypertensive drug (valsartan) within ethyl cellulose as a carrier polymer and carbopol 934P as a mucoadhesive polymer for controlling the release of valsartan.

Methods: The emulsion solvent evaporation technique was used for preparation of microspheres of valsartan and the Box-Behnken design was employed with thee independent variables that is amount of ethyl cellulose (X1) and amount of carbopol 934P (X2) and stirring speed (X3) and evaluate four dependent variables such as percentage mucoadhesion, Q1 h, t90% and drug entrapment efficiency.

Results: The optimum conditions were found to be X1= 200 mg, X2= 107 mg and X3= 1200rpm. The optimized batch exhibited a high drug entrapment efficiency of 85.63±1.384%, percentage mucoadhesion was 66.76±0.986% and drug release was also sustained for more than 12 h.

Conclusion: The analysis of variance showed a significant effect of independent variables. The scaning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the microspheres were spherical and free-flowing. The microspheres of valsartan were stable after thee month stability study at accelerated condition.