bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-level emulation of a volcanic ash transport and dispersion model to quantify sensitivity to uncertain parameters
Authors: Harvey Natalie J. , Huntley Nathan , Dacre Helen F. , Goldstein Michael , Thomson David , Webster Helen
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Following the disruption to European airspace caused by the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 there has been a move towards producing quantitative predictions of volcanic ash concentration using volcanic ash transport and dispersion simulators. However, there is no formal framework for determining the uncertainties of these predictions and performing many simulations using these complex models is computationally expensive. In this paper a Bayesian linear emulation approach is applied to the Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) to better understand the influence of source and internal model parameters on the simulator output. Emulation is a statistical method for predicting the output of a computer simulator at new parameter choices without actually running the simulator. A multi-level emulation approach is applied using two configurations of NAME with different numbers of model particles. Information from many evaluations of the computationally faster configuration is combined with results from relatively few evaluations of the slower, more accurate, configuration. This approach is effective when it is not possible to run the accurate simulator many times and when there is also little prior knowledge about the influence of parameters. The approach is applied to the mean ash column loading in 75 geographical regions on 14 May 2010. Through this analysis it has been found that the parameters that contribute the most to the output uncertainty are initial plume rise height, mass eruption rate, free tropospheric turbulence levels and precipitation threshold for wet deposition. This information can be used to inform future model development and observational campaigns and routine monitoring. The analysis presented here suggests the need for further observational and theoretical research into parameterisation of atmospheric turbulence. Furthermore it can also be used to inform the most important parameter perturbations for a small operational ensemble of simulations. The use of an emulator also identifies the input and internal parameters that do not contribute significantly to simulator uncertainty. Finally, the analysis highlights that the faster, less accurate, configuration of NAME can, on its own, provide useful information for the problem of predicting average column load over large areas.
Effectiveness of low impact development for urban inundation risk mitigation under different scenarios: a case study in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Wu Jiansheng , Yang Rui , Song Jing
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The increase in impervious surfaces associated with rapid urbanization is one of the main causes of urban inundation. In order to eliminate the adverse effects caused by impervious surfaces, many scholars have begun to research the use of low impact development (LID) practices to mitigate urban inundation risk. This study proposes a hydrodynamic inundation model, coupling SWMM (Storm Water Management Model, 1D) and IFMS Urban (Integrated Urban Flood Modelling System, 2D), to simulate inundation depth, area, and time of stormwater inundation on an urban watershed scale, as well as to assess the effectiveness of two LID practices, permeable pavement (PP) and green roof (GR), under 25 % GR + 25 % PP, 50 % GR + 50 % PP, 75 % GR + 75 % PP, 100 % GR + 100 % PP, 100 % PP, 100 % GR scenarios, and Low, Medium, High hazard levels. The results show the following. 1) LID practices can effectively eliminate inundation risk for most areas under Low hazard level for urban inundation. They can ease the inundation risk for places under higher hazard levels for urban inundation under different scenarios. More specifically, the maximum inundation depth was reduced by 14–29 %, inundation areas were reduced by 34–55 %, and average inundation time was reduced by 0–43 % in six scenarios. 2) In this study, the performance of PP is better than that of GR under different scenarios and hazard levels. 3) The scenario of 100 % PP + 100 % GR has the best effectiveness for inundation reduction, but that of 25 % PP + 25 % GR is more efficient when considering cost-effectiveness. The results of this study can serve as a reference to local governments, and provide suggestions regarding urban inundation control, disaster reduction, urban renewal, and so on.
Deriving seismic velocities on the micro-scale from c-axis
orientations in ice cores
Authors: Kerch Johanna , Diez Anja , Weikusat Ilka , Eisen Olaf
Published: January 2018

Abstract. One of the greatest challenges in glaciology, with respect to sea level predictions, is the ability to gain information on bulk ice anisotropy in ice sheets and glaciers, which is urgently needed to improve our understanding of ice-sheet dynamics. Therefore, we investigate the effect of crystal anisotropy on seismic velocities in a glacier. We revisit the framework which is based on fabric eigenvalues to derive approximate seismic velocities by exploiting the assumed symmetry. In contrast to previous studies, we calculate the seismic velocities using the exact c-axis angles describing the orientations of the crystal ensemble in an ice-core sample. We apply this approach to fabric data sets from an Alpine (KCC) and a polar (EDML) ice core. The results allow a quantitative evaluation of the earlier approximative eigenvalue framework. Additionally, our findings highlight the variation in seismic velocity as a function of the horizontal azimuth of the seismic plane, which can be significant in case of non-symmetric orientation distributions and results in a strong azimuth-dependent shear-wave splitting. For the first time, we assess the change in seismic anisotropy that can be expected on a short spatial scale in a glacier due to a strong variability in crystal-orientation fabric. Our investigation of seismic anisotropy based on ice-core data contributes to advancing the interpretation of seismic data, with respect to extracting bulk information about crystal anisotropy without having to drill an ice core and with special regard to future applications employing ultrasonic sounding.
The Concept of Indonesia Raya Incorporated Conforms the Constitution of Economics: Studies of Grounded Theory on State Asset Ownership Management
Authors: Trihatmoko R. Agus , Susilo Y. Sri
Published: January 2018

The phenomenon regarding the emersion of the idea of Indonesia Raya Incorporated (IRI) is interesting to be thereferences in economic policy studies.This study aim to reveal and interpret the management of state asset ownership as a proposal on the IRI approach. This research used qualitative method, designed with grounded theory approach and constructivism philosophy. Data collection was obtained from the results of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) of economists from various universities. The results reveal that: (1) The gap on state asset ownership by state-owned enterprises(BUMN), regional government-owned enterprises(BUMD) and private sectoras a result of economic liberalization is the antecedent of the emergence of the idea about IRI; (2) IRI encourages changes in the legislation for new economic policies; (3) The new economic policy,in form of IRI eliminates the gap in state asset ownership by BUMN, BUMD and private sector; (4) The gap on state asset ownership by BUMN, BUMD, and private sector will determine the prospects of society welfare level and economic sovereignty, and finally lead to the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. It is generally concluded that IRI whichis proposed in the management of state asset ownership has fulfilled the economic constitution.
GENOTOXICIDADE E CITOTOXICIDADE DA ÁGUA DO RIO PASSAÚNA: BIOENSAIO COM ALLIUM CEPA E RELAÇÃO COM NÍVEIS DE CAFEÍNA
Authors: Peixer Giuliana , Henrique Francini dos Reis , Caon Thiago , Silva Marcos Antonio Segatto , Oliveira Cintia Mara Ribas de , Vasconcelos Eliane Carvalho
Published: January 2018

Os recursos naturais se tornam cada vez mais limitados, em consequênciada degradação ambiental. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificarpossível correlação entre dados de genotoxicidade/citotoxicidade, viateste de Allium cepa, em amostras de águas superficiais e determinaçõesde concentração do micropoluente cafeína. Analisando-se amostras deágua de um rio urbano, foi encontrada uma correlação positiva, R = 0,504e p = 0,095, entre os valores de concentração de cafeína na água e o índicede aberrações cromossômicas (IAC), obtido no bioensaio, representandocerta dependência entre as variáveis. Os resultados de citotoxicidade egenotoxicidade apresentaram variação no índice mitótico (IM) e aberraçõescromossômicas (AC), respectivamente. Os resultados do bioensaio, quandorelacionados à presença de cafeína, indicam a contaminação por esgotocontendo substâncias que podem levar a essas alterações, por exemplo,fármacos. Demonstra-se, assim, a potencialidade do uso das técnicas paraauxiliar nas tomadas de decisão para proteção dos mananciais.
RISCOS DE INGESTÃO DE FLÚOR: ESTUDO DE CASO PARA ÁGUA MINERAL DO INTERIOR DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: Alves Ingrid Fernandes Dias da Cruz , Silva Filho Emmanoel Vieira da , Marques Eduardo Duarte , Kütter Vinicius Tavares , Oliveira David Neves de , Silva Camila Rodrigues , Gomes Olga Venimar de Oliveira
Published: January 2018

O consumo de flúor presente em águas superficiais e subterrâneas é umaprática comum em diversos países. Além de abordar a temática controversaquanto ao consumo do flúor, este artigo apresenta um estudo de caso deavaliação de risco à saúde humana pelo consumo de águas fluoretadas,provenientes do Parque de Águas Minerais, localizado na região Centro-Suldo Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As concentrações de flúor foram medidas entreoutubro de 2014 e agosto de 2015 em três poços de água mineral e emseus respectivos fontanários, sendo as fontes denominadas popularmentede Fonte Alcalina Terrosa Cálcica, Alcalina Terrosa Ferruginosa e AlcalinaTerrosa Magnesiana. Foi avaliada a possibilidade de haver riscos para odesenvolvimento de fluoroses e aumento de fraturas ósseas nas populaçõesconsumidoras. Esta pesquisa modelou a ingestão diária dessas águascom flúor por receptores residenciais dos tipos: bebês, infantes, crianças,adolescentes e adultos. Foi constatado que os grupos de bebês e infantespodem estar mais sujeitos a riscos crônicos para o desenvolvimento defluorose dentária na fonte de água mineral Alcalina Terrosa Magnesiana.Recomenda-se que a água mineral dessa fonte não seja consumida pelosgrupos de crianças.
Revisores 2017
Authors: Ciências Ambientais Revista Brasileira de
Published: January 2018

.
Editorial
Authors: Dziedzic Mauricio
Published: January 2018

Prezados leitores,É com satisfação que me dirijo ao público da Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (RBCIAMB) para comemorara conclusão de mais um ano de publicação. Ao longo de 2017, a equipe editorial alcançou sucesso na agilização doprocesso de avaliação dos artigos submetidos, cumpriu os prazos de publicação de todas as edições e fomentou apublicação de artigos de impacto científico significativo.
Empirical Information on the Small Size Effect Bias Relative to the False Positive Rejection Error for Benford Test-Screening
Authors: Bao Yan , Lee Chuo-Hsuan , Heilig Frank , Lusk Edward J.
Published: January 2018

Due to the theoretical work of Hill Benford digital profile testing is now a staple in screening data for forensic investigations and audit examinations. Prior empirical literature indicates that Benford testing when applied to a large Benford Conforming Dataset often produces a bias called the FPE Screening Signal [FPESS] that misleads investigators into believing that the dataset is Non-Conforming in nature. Interestingly, the same FPESS can also be observed when investigators partition large datasets into smaller datasets to address a variety of auditing questions. In this study, we fill the empirical gap in the literature by investigating the sensitivity of the FPESS to partitioned datasets. We randomly selected 16 balance-sheet datasets from: China Stock Market Financial Statements Database™, that tested to be Benford Conforming noted as RBCD. We then explore how partitioning these datasets affects the FPESS by repeated randomly sampling: first 10% of the RBCD and then selecting 250 observations from the RBCD. This created two partitioned groups of 160 datasets each. The Statistical profile observed was: For the RBCD there were no indications of Non-Conformity; for the 10%-Sample there were no overall indications that Extended Procedures would be warranted; and for the 250-Sample there were a number of indications that the dataset was Non-Conforming. This demonstrated clearly that small datasets are indeed likely to create the FPESS. We offer a discussion of these results with implications for audits in the Big-Data context where the audit In-charge would find it necessary to partition the datasets of the client.
Determinants of Household Waste Segregation in Gorkha Municipality, Nepal
Authors: Maskey Bijan
Published: January 2018

Municipal solid waste management is a huge challenge specially in the developing countries. The first and fundamental step to solve the problem of municipal solid waste management is by waste segregation at source and separate collection of waste, which will help to recover recyclable materials and reduce the amount of waste that needs to be disposed at the dumpsite or landfill site. In Nepal, waste segregation at source is mandated by law but the government is not able to implement it successfully. This paper assesses the willingness of the households to practice waste segregation in future if the government enforces the law and various factors that influences the practice. Data was collected from 401 households which was selected using stratified sampling technique from all the municipal wards, the lowest administrative units in Nepal. The finding shows that about 67% of the respondents are willing to segregate waste in future if the government enforces the law. Logit regression model was employed to identify the factors that influence waste segregation practice. The significant variables found from this study are environmental awareness, waste collection service, willingness to pay, make compost, and segregated waste for a week variables, which are statistically significant at 1% level of significance. Income variable is significant at 5% level of significance and gender variable is significant at 10% level of significance. It is recommended that the concerned stakeholders should educate the households on the importance of waste segregation and consider these traits of households before enforcing the law.
Food Budget Shares and Elasticities in Malawi’s Prisons
Authors: Moloko Hastings B. , Ng’ong’ola Davis H. , Dzanja Joseph , Chilongo Thabie
Published: January 2018

While Malawi’s per capita cereal production may be higher than her per capita cereal consumption, Malawi is a net cereal importer and thus food insecure. The food situation is much worse in Malawi’s prisons because inmates generally eat one meal per day.The general objective of this study was to determine food budget shares and elasticities for the food stuffs commonly eaten in Malawi’s prisons. Using structured questionnaires in face to face interviews, the study collected data from 1000 prisoners and 30 officers-in-charge from all prisons in the country. The data was analysed using Stata 12 and employed the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) model as an analytical tool.Results from the analysis showed that budget shares for maize and beans were high as reflected by the fact that 86.5 per cent of the prison food budget was spent on these two food items while 6.8 per cent was spent on meat and vegetables. Maize was inelastic while meat, beans and salt were elastic with the own-price elasticity for meat being the highest. Expenditure elasticities for maize, meat and beans, at above unity, showed that these food items were luxuries in Malawi’s prisons.
Criminele groepen: een inleiding
Authors: Roks Robby , Blokland Arjan , Weerman Frank
Published: January 2018

Criminal groups: an introduction

Criminal groups have traditionally been the focus of criminological research because of the collective dimension of many criminal activities or deviance. However, what constitutes a ‘criminal group’ or how specific criminal groups, like gangs, should be defined, remains open for discussion in the scientific literature. This introductory article highlights a number of recent developments illustrating the blurring boundaries between various criminal groups as defined by both insiders and outsiders. In addition, it suggests that the rise of social media and smartphones is changing the structure and dynamics of criminal groups. Future research should focus on how these (new) criminal groups originate, develop and function, but should also address the role of the group in criminal activities.
‘Is daar nog werk voor zakkenrollers?’
Authors: van Gestel Barbra
Published: January 2018

‘Are there any jobs for pickpockets?’ Itinerant criminal groups and the everyday meaning of crime

This article focuses on mobile organized criminal groups that travel through Europe and commit a broad range of property crimes. The study aims to explore the perspective of individual group members. Information was gathered from fifteen criminal investigations that were carried out in the Netherlands in recent years (2013-2016). The study shows that members of these crime groups view their criminal activities primarily as ‘work’. It is work that is characterized by conflicts and consensus. Conflicts often have to do with the stolen loot and reveal disagreement about leadership, rules and obedience. Rows and threats of violence go along with feelings of fear and distrust. At the same time gang members belong to an international deviant community with a shared common way of life and feelings of togetherness. Performing within this international community gives the possibility to attain social status and to express success and richness. These contractive emotions and symbolic meanings characterize the everyday life of gang members and motivates their daily practices.
Mannen met een hobby
Authors: Koetsenruijter Willem , Burger Peter
Published: January 2018

Men with a hobby. Outlaw motor clubs, news media and image politic

This study contains a qualitative framing analysis of outlaw motor clubs in Dutch newspaper articles. These clubs appear in the news as a source for positive framing to counterbalance the prevailing organized crime frame. The study shows with what rhetorical means club members are framed and how news media balance a criminal and a non-criminal image. In news articles club members refer to ethical norms and group values, and appear to employ mitigation strategies which take the hard edges off the frame and simultaneously increase their credibility.
Vechten op afspraak
Authors: van Ham Tom
Published: January 2018

Arranged confrontations. Explanations for organised types of collective violence.

Collective violence around football has been a topic of research since the 1980s. In the Netherlands, in recent decades the size and severity of this problem have decreased sharply and the number of incidents has stabilized due to measures taken. At the same time, these measures have resulted in an increase of football-related incidents outside stadiums and on other days than match days. Confrontations based upon prior mutual agreements, so-called arranged confrontations, are an example of this. Based on multiple research methods, in this article the underlying causes of arranged confrontations and processes influencing individual participation are addressed. Results show that this type of collective violence and partaking in it has various causes and explanations. These fit with extant research literature in the area of group crime and collective violence and are incorporated in the recently developed initiation-escalation model.
Harde-kernsupporters, gelegenheidsstructuren en georganiseerde criminaliteit
Authors: Collard Bart , Kleemans Edward
Published: January 2018

Hardcore soccer supporters, opportunity structures and organized crime

This paper describes the results of twelve criminal investigations into criminal activities of hardcore supporters of a Dutch soccer club. The information from these criminal investigations consists of among other 74,246 transcribed, wiretapped telephone conversations and 643 pages with transcribed, secretly recorded conversations in cars (between March 2009 and June 2013). The organization and execution of these criminal activities (particularly large-scale drugs trade and extortion) is described within the context of the daily activities of these hardcore supporters. This context consists of regularly visiting soccer games (in the Netherlands and abroad), bars and the supportershome, and the subculture of hooliganism. The results show a criminal group using the opportunity structures related to hooliganism for carrying out criminal activities.
Borax buffer solution for pH measurement: Homogeneity and stability studies and its application in the proficiency testing program
Authors: Aryana Nurhani , Hindayani Ayu , Zuas Oman , Krismastuti Fransiska S. H.
Published: January 2018

This paper describes the preparation of borax buffer solution and its application as proficiency testing (PT) test samples in a PT scheme. The test samples were made gravimetrically from 0.01 M sodium tetraborate decahydrate and pH of the test samples were measured by using a differential potentiometric cell. Homogeneity and stability of test samples were evaluated in accordance to ISO13528:2015. The results obtained revealed that test samples met the PT requirement criteria in terms of stability and homogeneity. The prepared PT test samples were used in the 2016PT scheme. From the results received from 50 participants, it was found that about 44 % of participants achieved satisfactory results, 38 % achieved unsatisfactory results, while the remaining participants (about 18 %) showed a questionable result.
Localization of component lead inside
a THT solder joint for solder defects
classification
Authors: Fonseka C.L.S.C. , Jayasinghe J.A.K.S.
Published: January 2018

Purpose: Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) systems, used in electronics industry have
been primarily developed to inspect soldering defects of Surface Mount Devices (SMD) on
a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). However, no commercially available AOI system exists that
can be integrated to a desktop soldering robotic system, which is capable of identifying
soldering defects of Through Hole Technology (THT) solder joints along with the soldering
process. In our research, we have implemented an AOI platform that is capable of performing
automatic quality assurance of THT solder joints in a much efficient way. In this paper, we
have presented a novel approach to identify soldering defects of THT solder joints, based on
the location of THT component lead top. This paper presents the methodologies that can be
used to precisely identify and localize THT component lead inside a solder joint.
Design/methodology/approach: We have discussed the importance of lead top
localization and presented a detailed description on the methodologies that can be used
to precisely segment and localize THT lead top inside the solder joint.
Findings: It could be observed that the precise localization of THT lead top makes the
soldering quality assurance process more accurate. A combination of template matching
algorithms and colour model transformation provide the most accurate outcome in localizing
the component lead top inside solder joint, according to the analysis carried out in this paper.
Research limitations/implications: When the component lead top is fully covered
by the soldering, the implemented methodologies will not be able to identify the actual
location of it. In such a case, if the segmented and detected lead top locations are
different, a decision is made based on the direction in which the solder iron tip touches
the solder pad.
Practical implications: The methodologies presented in this paper can be effectively
used to have a precise localization of component lead top inside the solder joint. The
precise identification of component lead top leads to have a very precise quality assurance
capability to the implemented AOI system.
Originality/value: This research proposes a novel approach to identify soldering defects
of THT solder joints in a much efficient way based on the component lead top. The value of
this paper is quite high, since we have taken all the possibilities that may appear on a solder
joint in a practical environment.
The effect of laser treatment parameters
on temperature distribution and thickness
of laser-alloyed layers produced on
Nimonic 80A-alloy
Authors: Makuch N. , Dziarski P. , Kulka M.
Published: January 2018

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of laser treatment
parameters on temperature distribution and thickness of laser-alloyed layers produced on
Nimonic 80A-alloy.
Design/methodology/approach: In this paper laser alloying was used in order to
produce layers on Nimonic 80A-alloy surface. The three types of the alloying materials were
applied: B, B+Nb and B+Mo. Microstructure observations were carried out using an optical
microscope. The hardness measurements were performed using a Vickers method under
a load of 0.981 N. For evaluation of temperature distribution the equations developed by
Ashby and Esterling were used.
Findings: The produced layers consisted of re-melted zone only and were characterized
by high hardness (up to 1431 HV0.1). The increase in laser beam power caused an increase
in thickness and decrease in hardness of re-melted zones. The temperature distribution
was strongly dependent on laser treatment parameters and physical properties of alloying
material. The higher laser beam power, used during laser alloying with boron, caused an
increase in layer thickness and temperature on the treated surface. The addition of Mo or
Nb for alloying paste caused changes in melting conditions.
Research limitations/implications: The obtained results confirmed that laser beam
power used for laser alloying influenced the thickness and hardness of the produced layers.
Moreover, the role of type of alloying material and its thermal properties on melting condition
was confirmed.
Practical implications: Laser alloying is the promising method which can be used in
order to form very thick and hard layers on the surface of Ni-base alloys. The obtained
microstructure, thickness and properties strongly dependent on laser processing parameters
such as laser beam diameter, laser beam power, scanning rate as well as on the type of
alloying material and its thickness, or type of substrate material.
Originality/value: In this paper the influence of alloying material on temperature
distribution, thickness and hardness of the laser-alloyed layers was in details analyzed.
In situ-formed, low-cost, Al-Si
nanocomposite materials
Authors: Guba P. , Gesing A.J. , Sokolowski J. , Conle A. , Sobiesiak A. , Das S.K.
Published: January 2018

Aluminum-Silicon (Al-Si) alloys are the “bread-and-butter” of the aluminum foundry industry
being cast at an annual rate of over 2 million tonnes/year in North America for use mainly
in transportation. Coarse microstructure of these alloys limits their specific mechanical
properties and consequently their potential for vehicle lightweighting.
Purpose: We report on a new family of cast Al-Si alloys producing in-situ formed
nanocomposites of up to 25 vol.% ultrafine equiaxed silicon particles in Al alloy matrix which
can be ductile, or reinforced by nano-scale spinodal constituents.
Design/methodology/approach: The hypereutectic Al-Si-X alloy (A390) was melted,
solidified and cooled on the novel High Pressure Die Casting Universal Metallurgical
Simulator and Analyser Technology Platform (HPDC UMSA) at specific process parameters.
The HPDC cast samples consecutively were solution treated and artificially aged to
spheroidize the Si and to dissolve the intermetallics in Al(SS) and to re-precipitate them
in the solid state as nano-sized spinodal structures. The heat treatment was performed
using the High Temperature UMSA Technology Platform.
Findings: The nano scale structure of these new materials gives them significantly improved
strength, hardness, and wear resistance while retaining adequate toughness and ductility for
applications in the transportation applications.
Research limitations/implications: Desired composite nanostructures have been
produced and characterized in-situ in small laboratory test samples.
Practical implications: These new materials can be produced by conventional
casting technologies such as continuous strip casting, or high-pressure die-casting from
conventional low-cost Al-Si melts.
Originality/value: These materials can be produced with a significantly higher volume
fraction of ultrafine Si dispersoids than has been done to date in in-situ formed materials,
while retaining and improving the density-specific mechanical properties.
Charasteristics of TiCN coating deposited
by cathodic arc evaporation
Authors: Lukaszkowicz K. , Paradecka A. , Kwaśny W. , Potempa R.
Published: January 2018

Purpose: In this paper, we report the research results on the structure and mechanical and
tribological properties of TiCN coating deposited by cathodic arc evaporation process on
the X40CrMoV5-1 steel substrate.
Design/methodology/approach: The morphology of the surface of the investigated
coating was performed using a scanning electron microscope Zeiss Supra 35. Diffraction
and thin film structure were tested with the use of the transmission electron microscopy.
The cohesion and adhesion properties of the coating were made using the scratch
test on the CSEM REVETEST device. The friction coefficient and wear rate of coating
were determined in the ball-on-disc test. The whole study was complemented by X-ray
crystallography.
Findings: The TiCN coating demonstrated columnar structure as well as good adherence to
the substrate - the critical load LC2 is 63 N. It was found that the structure of the investigated
coating consisted of fine crystallites. Basing on the XRD pattern of the TiCN, the occurrence
of fcc phase was observed in the coating, the texture direction <111> is perpendicular to the
sample surface. In sliding dry friction conditions, the friction coefficient for the investigated
element is set in the range between 0.32-0.37. The coatings demonstrated a high hardness
(3000 HV).
Practical implications: In order to evaluate with more detail the possibility of applying
these surface layers in tools, further investigations should be concentrated on the
determination of the thermal fatigue resistance of the coatings. The very good mechanical
properties of the TiCN coatings make them suitable in industrial applications.
Originality/value: The investigation results will provide useful information to applying the
TiCN coatings for the improvement of mechanical properties of the hot work tool steels.
Svenskt terminologiarbete - en resurs for svenska myndigheter och EUoversåttare
Authors: Bucher Anna-Lena
Published: January 2018

[Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel.]
Plain Language Commission
Authors: Lindgren Birgitta
Published: January 2018

[Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel]
Ett språkvårdsprojekt vid PRV Bolag
Authors: Sundin Maureen
Published: January 2018

[Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel]
Slutdiskussion
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: January 2018

[Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel.]
Väg varje ord på guldvåg, som Högsta domstolen. Om språknormer som förmedlas till juridikstudenter
Authors: Blückert Ann
Published: January 2018

Juridik handlar i hög grad om språk, och att vara juridikstudent innebär att enomgå en språklig inskolningsprocess. I mitt föredrag kommer jag att belysa vilka språkmönster och språknormer som studenterna kan möta under utbildningen. Utformningen av den språkliga träningen har betydelse för om studenterna ska tillägna sig ett juridiskt språk som är både korrekt, klart och begripligt.
Hvordan ser de på sprog i Danmarks Domstole? – En sprogideologisk analyse
Authors: Kjærgaard Anne
Published: January 2018

I oplægget vil jeg redegøre for en effektanalyse af et klarsprogsprojekt i DanmarksDomstole – med særligt henblik på Sø- og Handelsretten. Jeg vil først besvare spørgsmålet om hvilken effekt klarsprogsprojektet har haft for et udvalg af de domme der skrives i retten – kan man se forskelle på domme skrevet før og efter klarsprogsprojektet?For det andet vil jeg diskutere årsagerne til at klarsprogsprojektet tilsyneladendefik en ret begrænset effekt på de analyserede domme.
Om lagspråk och flerspråkighet – om de svårigheter som olika juridiska system och de många olika språken i EU innebär för översättningsarbetet
Authors: Lindblom Ingalill
Published: January 2018

Jag kommer att beskriva vår verksamhet utifrån mitt eget perspektiv som avdelningschef. Beskrivningen kommer att innehålla något om unionsdomstolens hantering av de för närvarande 23 unionsspråken, om de krav som ställs på juristlingvisterna och om de problem som vi möter i vårt arbete och hur vi försöker lösa dem. Framställningenspeglar mina personliga slutsatser mot bakgrund av mina egna erfarenheter och är inte ett inlägg från unionsdomstolen.
Nytt eller nyttig på nettet?
Authors: Eklund Heidi Bunæs
Published: January 2018

[Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel.]
Utbildning förbättrar både texter och skribenter – om nyttan av klarspråkskurser
Authors: Tiililä Ulla
Published: January 2018

Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel.
Behovet av en minnespolitik – arkiven och den digitala paradoxen
Authors: Ilshammar Lars
Published: January 2018

Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel.
Klarsprog – kommunikationsteknik eller holdningsændring?
Authors: Jensen Leif Becker
Published: January 2018

Der findes ikke reesumé til denne artikel.
Språk i förändring i kommunala pressmeddelanden i Finland
Authors: Kankaanpää Salli
Published: January 2018

Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel.
Klarspråksarbete i svenska kommuner
Authors: Lund Kerstin
Published: January 2018

Der findes ikke resumé til denne artikel.
Klart sprog i sundhedsvæsenet og i fællesoffentlig digital forvaltning
Authors: Madsen Bodil Nistrup
Published: January 2018

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Klarspråkarbetet i Sverige
Authors: Olovsson Eva
Published: January 2018

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Når hurraråbene har lagt sig
Authors: Kirchmeier-Andersen Sabine
Published: January 2018

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Offentlig klarspråk – hvorfor og hvordan?
Authors: Sletthom Yngve
Published: January 2018

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Norden i klartekst
Authors: Kvaran Guðrún
Published: January 2018

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Å gøyma seg bak ord. Eksempel frå ein byråkrats kvardag
Authors: Fretland Jan Olav
Published: January 2018

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Tilordning av språket for en kunde
Authors: Norris Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

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Fra ord til handling
Authors: Mossing Sissel
Published: January 2018

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Hur når vi målet Klara EU-texter?
Authors: Ehrenberg-Sundin Barbro
Published: January 2018

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Klarspråk i Norge
Authors: Gundersen Dag
Published: January 2018

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Texten - organisationen - kulturen
Authors: Gunnarsson Britt-Louise
Published: January 2018

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Presentation av ett forskningsprojekt och några tankar om ett gott språk
Authors: Heikkinen Vesa
Published: January 2018

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Foretagskommunikation i lust och nod
Authors: Saarinen Matti
Published: January 2018

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Klarspråk – demokratiprojekt, kvalitetsmätning eller ”småtips” i arbetet?
Authors: Palicki Lena Lind
Published: January 2018

The plain language work in Sweden is fundamentally a political language planning project. Plain language is well established nowadays, with an elaborate practice and traditions dating back to the 1950s. However, it still seems difficult to really pin down what plain language is. What is plain language at the policy level, and what does it become once it is put into practice? Words used when arguing for plain language include democracy, efficiency and the safeguarding of legal rights. But what happens when such a language policy project is to be implemented? When it becomes necessary to take into account local resources, aims and motives? Plain language is implemented in different ways and at several different levels. In my presentation I focus on plain language policy documents as well as the practical implementation: plain language education, and the plain language texts of commercial language advisory companies.
Advokater och klienter i samtal om domar. Från intervjuer om uppfattad förståelse till ”lärande i interaktion” som metod för att studera begriplighet i text
Authors: Sörlin Marie
Published: January 2018

Through their work, lawyers are privy to certain insights into how their clients understand and react to verdicts – insights that may prove useful in the plain language work with court texts. In my presentation I first described the results from a smaller interview-based study I conducted on this theme at the request of the so called Förtroendeutredningen (the Swedish Government Official Report on trust, SOU 2008:106, “Increased trust in courts of law – strategies and suggestions”). I then discussed the pros and cons of using interviews with lawyers to capture clients’ understanding of court texts, and outlined a possible continuance study based on my results. In the article “Lawyers and clients discussing verdicts” I follow the same disposition, but look at the possible follow-up study in greater detail. Could the intelligibility of court texts be investigated by analyzing the discussions between lawyer and client from a learning by interaction-perspective?
Klart myndighetsspråk – ett handlingsprogram
Authors: Piehl Aino
Published: January 2018

In 2013, the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture appointed a work group to draw up an action programme for improving the authorities’ use of language. The group’s assignment was to propose methods and tools that would make the language of the authorities clear, understandable and matter-of-fact. The aim is for this requirement of the Administrative Procedures Act to be better implemented than before. The main theme of the work group’s proposals was that clarity, intelligibility and matter-offactness in public administration language forms a cornerstone of a democratic society. Data for the project was gathered by collecting the experiences of the authorities, translators, language advisers and citizens. The finished action programme was handed over to the Ministry of Education in 2014. The programme aims to shift the attention from single texts and formulations to the prerequisites and conditions for writing well. It is important that the authorities are aware of how much officials work with language, in writing or handling texts. The highest decision-making bodies, the managements of government agencies and each individual employee are jointly responsible for language quality, and that is why the programme contains measures for all these levels. Once the programme is completed it will also be necessary to market the recommendations of the programme, and inform the authorities of the benefits reaped from following the recommendations.
Klarspråk virker!
Authors: Spets Marte
Published: January 2018

The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has documented the effect of rewriting letters in clear and concise language, and training the personnel in doing so. Every year, we at The Norwegian Public Roads Administration send out millions of letters to the Norwegian people. We realized that many of those receiving a letter simply did not understand its content, or what to do with the information provided in it. They needed help to understand, and contacted us. This resulted in us having an unnecessarily high number of cases where we responded to simple questions that the letters should have provided the answers for. What happened once we rewrote 10 of our standard letters and retrained our personnel? And what happened to the views of our 6,500 employees in the course of the plain language project? Over a period of time, The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has carried out four separate evaluations that show plain language works.
Klarspråksledelse – mer enn gode tekster
Authors: Aanestad Onar
Published: January 2018

Fra 2009 til 2012 gjennomførte Statens pensjonskasse (SPK) en stor satsing på klarspråk. Vi forbedret mer enn 300 brev, forenklet alt innhold på nett og laget informasjon om pensjonsreformen i klarspråk. Arbeidet ble belønnet med Klarspråksprisen 2011. Prosessen var langt fra knirkefri. For SPK ble klarspråksledelse nøkkelen for å lykkes med klarspråk. Denne artikkelen prøver å forklare hva vi lærte.SummaryThe Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund (SPK) learned many lessons during its work on plain language from 2009 to 2012. One of them was that leadership was needed to overcome challenges and create results. SPK improved more than 300 letters, changed all the content on the web and used plain language to explain the pension reform to our one million members and their 1,600 employers. SPK won the Plain Language Award in 2011. The process was not easy. Leadership became the key to making plain language possible. In this article we share our experience and lessons learnt.
Nav og uførereformen: fra maktspråk til klarspråk
Authors: Andersson Martin Brynildsrud
Published: January 2018

Fra 1. januar 2015 måtte om lag 310 000 uføre forholde seg til nye regler for uføretrygd. Gjennom hele informasjonsarbeidet var språk viktig for å nå ut til brukerne. Blant annet ble brev og tekster til nett brukertestet, og det var tett kontakt mellom Nav, brukerorganisasjoner, tjenestepensjonsordninger og andre etater. Resultatet var at færre brukere enn forventet tok kontakt med Nav, og henvendelsene gikk i stor grad på å hjelpe brukerne med faktiske problemer, og ikke å forklare innholdet og språket i informasjonen de hadde mottatt. SummaryFrom 1st January 2015 approximately 310,000 disabled people had to adapt to the new rules for disability benefits. Plain language played an important role in reaching out to inform users. Among other things, letters and texts were user-tested, and there was close contact between Nav and user organisations, occupational pension schemes and other public agencies. The result was that fewer users than expected contacted Nav, and the responses inquiries mainly entailed helping users with actual problems and not explaining the content and language of the information they had received. The work showed that a good understanding of each other’s roles and responsibilities was very important. Experience from work with the disability benefit reform has provided useful lessons that we can take forward to other projects.
Från krångelspråk till klarspråk.
Om språket som auktoritetsmarkör i rättsväsendet
Authors: Bohlin Fredrik
Published: January 2018

I en fungerande demokrati måste myndighetstexter vara begripliga för alla. Under senare år har myndigheterna därför satsat på att utveckla skriftspråket. Trots dessa satsningar tenderar myndighetsskribenter emellertid fortfarande att använda ett onödigt krångligt fackspråk. Det beror på att skribenterna oreflekterat tar efter ett förlegat juridiskt fackspråk i gamla mallar när de utformar sina texter. Man tror också att ett sådant språk är nödvändigt för att sätta sig i respekt och visa att man kan sitt ämne. För att åstadkomma verklig och varaktig förändring av myndighetsspråket krävs att myndigheterna bedriver ett systematiskt arbete med språkfrågor över tid. Det räcker inte med punktinsatser och engångsjippon. SummaryIn a well-functioning democratic state governed by the rule of law, official texts should be understandable for all citizens. Most of the Swedish authorities have therefore made efforts to develop their written language in recent years. Despite these efforts, there is still a tendency for employees writing official texts to use unnecessarily complicated language for specific purposes (LSP). This is because the employees unthinkingly copy obsolete legal jargon from old templates when formulating their texts. They also believe that such language is necessary to gain respect and to show that they know their subject. To accomplish genuine and lasting change in the way official texts are written, the authorities should work systematically on these issues over time. Selective measures and other types of disposable effort are not enough.
Hvor begripelige er egentlig lovtekster?
En metode for å undersøke leseforståelse
Authors: Eriksen Pia Farstad , Fjørtoft Henning , Vatn Gunhild Åm
Published: January 2018

Som en del av det overordna prosjektet Klart lovspråk er det gjort en leseundersøkelse av fire innbyggerretta lover for å finne ut hvordan ulike lesere tolker og bruker lovtekster. Ved å intervjue profesjonelle brukere og innbyggere som berøres av lovenes virkeområde, får man vite hvordan ulike grupper forstår innholdet. Undersøkelsen viser blant annet at mange ord og uttrykk i lovene er vanskelige å forstå, og at setnings- og tekststrukturen oppleves som tung. En slik leseundersøkelse er en metode som kan benyttes på alle typer tekster for å få tilgang til hvordan ulike lesere oppfatter dem. SummaryUnderstanding the language of the law can be challenging. As a part of the national ‘Klart lovspråk’ project, a group of researchers inquired into the participants’ general experience of legal texts, their ability to make sense of excerpts together, and their ability to reflect upon the social meaning-making processes of the interview session. A key finding from the study was that archaic words and expressions, long sentences and poor text structure were obstacles to comprehension. Another finding was that professional users rely primarily on text-based meaning-making strategies, attempting to make meaning by consulting other texts. Most citizens, however, make meaning through social strategies, e.g. by asking friends, relatives or public officials for legal advice. This method of studying reading comprehension can also be applied to all types of texts to ascertain how people perceive them.
Klart plan- og byggespråk
– tekstarbeid som opplæring og motivasjon
Authors: Nordberg Marianne Bugge
Published: January 2018

Plan- og bygningsetaten i Oslo satte i gang et toårig klarspråksprosjekt i 2014. I løpet av prosjektperioden har vi blant annet kartlagt tekster, skrivevaner og interne holdninger. Vi har brukertestet tekstene våre, utviklet språkprofil og kurset alle ansatte. Men det skal mer til for å endre etablerte skrivevaner, og språket blir ikke klart selv om språkprofilen vår står i hylla til statsråd Jan Tore Sanner28. Hvordan arbeider vi med å omskrive tekster, og hvordan kan selve arbeidsprosessen bidra til å endre skrivekulturen? SummaryIn 2014, the Agency for Planning and Building Services in Oslo started a two-year plain language project. During the project period, we have surveyed texts, writing habits and internal attitudes. We have also user-tested our texts, developed a writer’s guide and held courses for all employees. But it takes more than this to change established writing habits. This article sums up how we work on re-writing texts and looks at how this work process in itself can contribute to changing the writing culture.