bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fail‐Safe Systems from a
UAS
Guidance Perspective
Authors: Torens Christoph , Adolf Florian‐Michael
Published: July 2016

Unmanned aircraft are complex cyber physical systems. As such, software is a vital part of the aircraft. The midterm perspective of safe integration of unmanned aircraft in our airspace requires such a software‐driven system to be fail‐safe. Today, all classes of unmanned aircraft heavily rely on software, especially since successively increasing degrees of autonomy have already been shown for onboard decision‐making and automation of mission task elements. One important software component of an unmanned aircraft is its guidance software. Unlike an assistance system for supporting a human pilot on a manned aircraft, autonomous guidance software is supposed to allow for human independent but safe plan execution, in case the control link to the operator is interrupted. Thus, to ensure safety objectives are achieved without the conventional fall‐back layer of the human pilot in the loop, such cases of lost data and controlling links require special attention. First, this chapter will discuss fail‐safe systems implications for unmanned aircraft systems from a software requirements perspective. Second, we discuss software challenges and possibilities to achieve autonomy in flight from lessons learned with our flying rotorcraft research testbed. We analyze software in the loop tests mapped to an abstract set of orthogonal capabilities. Furthermore, we utilize formal requirement modeling and model checking techniques to complement traditional testing. As a result, we present a methodology and tools that are not constrained to the unmanned system at hand.
Development of Structurally Diverse N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands via Palladium‐Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Arylation of Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐3‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Alam Khyarul , Kim Seong Min , Kim Do Joong , Park Jin Kyoon
Published: July 2016

A series of fused non‐classical normal N‐heterocyclic carbenes, Pyrpy‐NHC precursors derived from pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines, has been prepared using palladium‐copper‐catalyzed decarboxylative arylation of pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐3‐carboxylic acid. Air‐stable palladium and rhodium complexes of these ligands have been synthesized via mild transmetallation of Ag‐Pyrpy‐NHC. The structural properties of Rh(Pyrpy‐NHC)(COD)Cl complexes were determined via X‐ray analysis. The measurement of the CO stretching frequencies of dicarbonyl Rh‐Pyrpy‐NHC complexes revealed that the electron donating strength of Pyrpy‐NHC could be tuned by varying the substituents of the aryl group. A catalytic study of the Pd‐Pyrpy‐NHC complexes revealed promising activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction under ambient atmospheric conditions.

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The impact of non‐fatal workplace injuries and illnesses on mortality
Authors: Boden Leslie I. , O'Leary Paul K. , Applebaum Katie M. , Tripodis Yorghos
Published: July 2016

Background

Little research has examined the relationship between non‐fatal workplace injuries and illnesses, and long‐term mortality.

Methods

We linked non‐fatal injury cases reported to the New Mexico workers’ compensation system for 1994–2000 with Social Security Administration data on individual earnings and mortality through 2014. We then derived sex‐specific Kaplan–Meier curves to show time to death for workers with lost‐time injuries (n = 36,377) and comparison workers (n = 70,951). We fit multivariable Cox survival models to estimate the hazard ratio separately for male and female workers with lost‐time injuries.

Results

The estimated hazard ratio for lost‐time injuries is 1.24 for women and 1.21 for men. Ninety‐five percent confidence intervals were 1.15, 1.35 and 1.15, 1.27, respectively.

Conclusion

Lost‐time occupational injuries are associated with a substantially elevated mortality hazard. This implies an important formerly unmeasured cost of these injuries and a further reason to focus on preventing them. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1061–1069, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between long work hours and poor self‐reported general health among Latin American immigrant and native workers in the United States and Spain
Authors: Conway Sadie H. , Cayuela Ana , Delclos George L. , Pompeii Lisa A. , Ronda Elena
Published: July 2016

Background

The relationship between hours worked per week and self‐reported general health (SRGH) has not been assessed in Latin American immigrant and native workers across host countries.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of the association between long work hours (LWH) (i.e., >51 hr per week) and poor SRGH using data from 2,626 workers in the United States (immigrants = 10.4%) and 8,306 workers in Spain (immigrants = 4.1%).

Results

Both countries’ natives working >51 hr per week had increased odds of reporting poor SRGH compared to those working fewer hours (U.S.: OR = 1.59; 95%CI = 1.01–2.49; Spain: OR = 2.17; 95%CI = 1.71–2.75); when stratified by sex, increased odds also were observed among immigrant female workers in Spain (OR = 3.47; 95%CI = 1.15–10.5).

Conclusions

LWH were associated with differential health outcomes in populations of native and Latin American immigrant workers in the United States and Spain, which may reflect social or occupational inequalities in general or resulting from the 2008 financial crisis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1105–1111, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex differences in asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease incidence among the World Trade Center Health Program General Responder Cohort
Authors: Jiang Jieying , Icitovic Nikolina , Crane Michael A. , Dasaro Christopher R. , Kaplan Julia R. , Lucchini Roberto G. , Luft Benjamin J. , Moline Jacqueline M. , Pendem Lakshmi , Shapiro Moshe , Udasin Iris G. , Todd Andrew C. , Teitelbaum Susan L.
Published: July 2016

Background

Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are two common conditions among the responders to the WTC attacks. This study examined whether the cumulative incidence rates of asthma and GERD differed by sex among 24,022 and 23,557 WTC responders, respectively.

Methods

Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the sex difference in the rate of onset of physician‐diagnosed asthma or GERD, from 9/12/2001 through 12/31/2015.

Results

The cumulative incidence of asthma reached 23% for women and 17% for men by the end of 2015, and the cumulative incidence of GERD reached 45% for women and 38% for men. Comparing women to men, the hazard ratio was 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27, 1.74) for asthma, and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.38) for GERD.

Conclusions

WTC general responders have a substantial burden of asthma and GERD, with higher incidence in women. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:815–822, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Platelets Induce Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Production by Endothelial Cells: Contribution to Fibrosis in Human Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Truchetet Marie‐Elise , Demoures Béatrice , Eduardo Guimaraes Jorge , Bertrand Anne , Laurent Paôline , Jolivel Valérie , Douchet Isabelle , Jacquemin Clément , Khoryati Liliane , Duffau Pierre , Lazaro Estibaliz , Richez Christophe , Seneschal Julien , Doutre Marie‐Sylvie , Pellegrin Jean‐Luc , Constans Joël , Schaeverbeke Thierry , Blanco Patrick , Contin‐Bordes Cécile ,   on behalf of the Fédération Hospitalo‐Universitaire ACRONIM
Published: July 2016

Objective

To investigate the relationship between vascular damage and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) by testing the hypothesis that platelets contribute to skin fibrosis via the activation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) and subsequent production of profibrotic mediators.

Methods

A total of 203 SSc patients and 30 healthy donors were prospectively enrolled between 2012 and 2015 at the University Hospital of Bordeaux. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses were performed on skin biopsy sections from 18 SSc patients and 5 healthy donors. Serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in the entire cohort. HDMECs and fibroblasts were purified from biopsy sections. Extracellular matrix production by cultured fibroblasts was assessed by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Serum TSLP levels were significantly increased in SSc patients compared to healthy donors (P < 0.0001) and were associated with a higher frequency of vasculopathy (P = 0.02). The proportion of TSLP‐positive dermal cells was increased in the skin of SSc patients compared with healthy donors (P < 0.0001) and was correlated with fibrosis (modified Rodnan skin thickness score) (r = 0.6146, P = 0.0001). In SSc dermis, TSLP was mainly expressed by CD31‐positive endothelial cells. In vitro, activated platelets induced TSLP production by HDMECs in an interleukin‐1β–dependent manner. SSc fibroblasts responded differently according to their original TSLP environment.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results identify HDMECs as contributors to TSLP production in SSc and suggest a potential mechanism by which platelets may profoundly affect the fibrotic process in SSc.
Tofacitinib Ameliorates Murine Lupus and Its Associated Vascular Dysfunction
Authors: Furumoto Yasuko , Smith Carolyne K. , Blanco Luz , Zhao Wenpu , Brooks Stephen R. , Thacker Seth G. , Zarzour Abdalrahman , Sciumè Giuseppe , Tsai Wanxia L. , Trier Anna M. , Nunez Leti , Mast Laurel , Hoffmann Victoria , Remaley Alan T. , O'Shea John J. , Kaplan Mariana J. , Gadina Massimo
Published: July 2016

Objective

Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its associated premature vascular damage. No drug to date targets both systemic inflammatory disease and the cardiovascular complications of SLE. Tofacitinib is a JAK inhibitor that blocks signaling downstream of multiple cytokines implicated in lupus pathogenesis. While clinical trials have shown that tofacitinib exhibits significant clinical efficacy in various autoimmune diseases, its role in SLE and the associated vascular pathology remains to be characterized.

Methods

MRL/lpr lupus‐prone mice were administered tofacitinib or vehicle by gavage for 6 weeks (therapeutic arm) or 8 weeks (preventive arm). Nephritis, skin inflammation, serum levels of autoantibodies and cytokines, mononuclear cell phenotype and gene expression, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release, endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation, and endothelial differentiation were compared in treated and untreated mice.

Results

Treatment with tofacitinib led to significant improvement in measures of disease activity, including nephritis, skin inflammation, and autoantibody production. In addition, tofacitinib treatment reduced serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and interferon responses in splenocytes and kidney tissue. Tofacitinib also modulated the formation of NETs and significantly increased endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation and endothelial differentiation. The drug was effective in both preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Conclusion

Tofacitinib modulates the innate and adaptive immune responses, ameliorates murine lupus, and improves vascular function. These results indicate that JAK inhibitors have the potential to be beneficial in SLE and its associated vascular damage.
Type VIa β‐turn‐fused helix N‐termini: A novel helix N‐cap motif containing cis proline
Authors: Dasgupta Rubin , Ganguly Himal K. , Modugula E. K. , Basu Gautam
Published: July 2016

Helix N‐capping motifs often form hydrogen bonds with terminal amide groups which otherwise would be free. Also, without an amide hydrogen, proline (trans) is over‐represented at helix N‐termini (N1 position) because this naturally removes the need to hydrogen bond one terminal amide. However, the preference of cisPro, vis‐à‐vis helix N‐termini, is not known. We show that cisPro (αR or PPII) often appears at the N‐cap position (N0) of helices. The N‐cap cisPro(αR) is associated with a six‐residue sequence motif — X(‐2)–X(‐1)–cisPro–X(1)–X(2)–X(3) — with preference for Glu/Gln at X(‐1), Phe/Tyr/Trp at X(1) and Ser/Thr at X(3). The motif, formed by the fusion of a helix and a type VIa β‐turn, contains a hydrogen bond between the side chain of X(‐1) and the side chain/backbone of X(3), a α‐helical hydrogen bond between X(‐2) and X(2) and stacking interaction between cisPro and an aromatic residue at X(1). NMR experiments on peptides containing the motif and its variants showed that local interactions associated with the motif, as found in folded proteins, were not enough to significantly tilt the cis/trans equilibrium towards cisPro. This suggests that some other evolutionary pressure must select the cisPro motif (over transPro) at helix N‐termini. Database analysis showed that >C = O of the pre‐cisPro(αR) residue at the helix N‐cap, directed opposite to the N→C helical axis, participates in long‐range interactions. We hypothesize that the cisPro(αR) motif is preferred at helix N‐termini because it allows the helix to participate in long‐range interactions that may be structurally and functionally important.
Manage incidents involving self‐injury, while complying with laws, policies
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: July 2016

When students engage in self‐injurious behavior, it can be challenging to find appropriate ways to provide them with support and keep them safe, all while trying to prevent a lawsuit.
Launch sexual violence intervention program that engages male students on your campus
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: July 2016

Higher ed administrators throughout the country feel the pressure to more effectively prevent and respond to sexual violence on campus to comply with federal and state legislation.
Learn how to comply with copyright law for electronic materials
Authors: Adele Goldie
Published: July 2016

There's a growing movement in higher education to adopt various electronic means of teaching and teaching resources. We have seen an increase in the use of e‐texts and electronic formats for publications used in the classroom.
Out‐of‐Home Care versus In‐home Care for Children Who Have Been Maltreated: A Systematic Review of Health and Wellbeing Outcomes
Authors: Maclean Miriam J. , Sims Scott , O'Donnell Melissa , Gilbert Ruth
Published: July 2016

We systematically reviewed quantitative research that compared developmental health or wellbeing outcomes for maltreated children placed in out‐of‐home care (OoHC) with those cared for in their home. Randomised, quasi‐randomised and cohort studies that met detailed criteria were eligible. Study results and bias risk information were extracted by two authors using predefined data fields. Narrative synthesis was used because of the diversity of studies. No randomised studies were found. Thirty‐one papers from 11 cohort studies were included. The studies covered 15 developmental health or wellbeing outcomes (63 distinct comparisons). Of 40 significance‐tested comparisons, 29 were consistent with no evidence of benefit or harm of OoHC, seven were consistent with harm and four with benefit. Three studies with low risk of selection bias showed no evidence of significant differences, or found worse outcomes for OoHC. Overall, evidence from cohort studies shows limited evidence of improved outcomes, and some evidence of worse outcomes associated with OoHC. These results may be explained by selection bias favouring placement of children likely to have worse outcomes in OoHC rather than in‐home care. Further research, including randomised controlled trials and carefully matched data‐sets, is needed to determine the effectiveness of OoHC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Studies covered 15 developmental health or wellbeing outcomes’

Key Practitioner Messages

Most research has high bias risk, as children who enter OoHC have more disadvantaged backgrounds and higher risk for poor outcomes than other maltreated children.

Even allowing for significant bias risk in the studies, there are mixed results for children entering OoHC, and the three highest-quality studies showed no difference or worse outcomes for OoHC.
Proliferation of mouse fibroblast‐like and osteoblast‐like cells on pure titanium films manufactured by electron beam melting
Authors: Kawase Mayu , Hayashi Tatsuhide , Asakura Masaki , Tomino Masafumi , Mieki Akimichi , Kawai Tatsushi
Published: July 2016

The physical characteristics and biological compatibility of surfaces produced by electron beam melting (EBM) are not well known. In particular, there are not many reports on biocompatibility qualities. In this study, pure Ti films were manufactured using EBM. While it is reported that moderately hydrophilic biomaterial surfaces display improved cell growth and biocompatibility, contact angle measurements on the EBM‐produced pure Ti films showed slight hydrophobicity. Nonetheless, we found the cell count of both fibroblast‐like cells (L929) and osteoblast‐like cells (MC3T3‐E1) increased on pure Ti films, especially the MC3T3‐E1, which increased more than that of the control. In addition, the morphology of L929 and MC3T3‐E1 was polygonal and spindle‐shaped and the cytoskeleton was well developed in the pure Ti surface groups. Upon staining with Alizarin red S, a slight calcium deposition was observed and this level gradually rose to a remarkable level. These results indicate that pure Ti films manufactured by EBM have good biocompatibility and could be widely applied as biomedical materials in the near future.
Short‐versus long‐term Dual Antiplatelet therapy after drug‐eluting stent implantation in women versus men: A sex‐specific patient‐level pooled‐analysis of six randomized trials
Authors: Sawaya Fadi J. , Morice Marie‐Claude , Spaziano Marco , Mehran Roxana , Didier Romain , Roy Andrew , Valgimigli Marco , Kim Hyo‐Soo , Woo Park Kyung , Hong Myeong‐Ki , Kim Byeong‐Keuk , Jang Yangsoo , Feres Fausto , Abizaid Alexandre , Costa Ricardo A. , Colombo Antonio , Chieffo Alaide , Giustino Gennaro , Stone Gregg W. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Palmerini Tullio , Gilard Martine
Published: July 2016

Background

Whether the efficacy and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) are uniform between sexes is unclear. We sought to compare clinical outcomes between short‐ (≤6 months) versus long‐term (≥1 year) DAPT after drug‐eluting stent (DES) placement in women and men.

Methods and Results

We pooled individual patient data from 6 randomized trials of DAPT (EXCELLENT, OPTIMIZE, PRODIGY, RESET, SECURITY, ITALIC PLUS). The primary outcome was 1‐year risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The main secondary outcome was 1‐year risk of any bleeding. Out of the 11,473 randomized patients included in the pooled dataset, 3,454 (30%) were females. At 1‐year follow‐up, women had higher risk of MACE (3.6% vs. 2.8%; P = 0.01) but similar risk of bleeding (1.9% vs. 1.6%; P = 0.16) as compared with men. Compared with long‐term DAPT, short‐term DAPT was associated with similar rates of MACE in both women (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.62–1.25) and men (HR 1.25; 95% CI 0.95–1.6; P interaction = 0.08)]. At 1‐year follow‐up, short‐term DAPT was associated with lower rates of bleeding as compared with long‐term DAPT in both women (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.51–1.37) and men (HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.40–0.84; P–interaction = 0.25). The presence of MVD was associated with higher MACE rates in the short‐term DAPT group in women (HR: 1.16; CI 0.60–2.23) and men (HR: 2.29; CI 1.22–4.29; P interaction = 0.25).

Conclusions

Short‐term DAPT is associated with similar rates of MACE but lower risk of bleeding when as compared with prolonged DAPT. There was no significant difference between sexes in the population studied. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probing Electron‐Transfer and Ion‐Transfer Coupling Processes at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces with Pipette Electrodes
Authors: Zhang Xin , Wang Haomin , Morris Celeste , Gu Chaoyue , Li Mingzhi , Baker Lane , Shao Yuanhua
Published: July 2016

Electron‐transfer (ET) reactions at a liquid/liquid (L/L) interface have attracted much attention because they are relevant to many important chemical and biological processes. At an L/L interface, the ET reaction is usually coupled with an ion‐transfer (IT) reaction, and it is difficult to discriminate between them. Despite the great progress that has been made, the nature of the coupling is still unclear and the two proposed mechanisms have been the subject of much debate over the past several decades. Herein, the coupling reactions between ferrocene (Fc) in 1,2‐dichloroethane and [Fe(CN)6]3− in water are investigated in detail by using various types of pipette electrodes, and the two mechanisms are clarified with the help of salting‐out effects. It is demonstrated that the mechanism which dominates is dependent on the concentration ratio of the redox species in the two phases.
Aromaticity Relocation in Perylene Derivatives upon Two‐Electron Oxidation To Form Anthracene and Phenanthrene
Authors: Matsumoto Akinobu , Suzuki Mitsuharu , Hayashi Hironobu , Kuzuhara Daiki , Yuasa Junpei , Kawai Tsuyoshi , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko
Published: July 2016

We prepared perylene dications 12+ and 22+ by using “capped” perylene derivatives, and for the first time, successfully obtained single crystals of a perylene dication 12+ that enabled us to perform its structural analysis. We realized that the substituted aryl groups on perylene control the positions of positive charges, thus the remaining electronic system satisfies Clar's sextet rule toward the highest number of localized sextets. Experimental and theoretical evidence proved that Clar's aromatic π‐sextet rule could be applied even for the dicationic perylenes in a very simple way.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed ortho‐Arylation of Aromatic Alcohols with a Readily Attachable and Cleavable Molecular Scaffold
Authors: Li Qiankun , Knight Brian J. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: July 2016

A palladium(II)‐catalyzed C−H arylation process of alcohols has been developed. The strategy utilizes a novel quinoline‐based hemiacetal scaffold that can direct the selective C−H bond functionalization. This reaction provides a useful method to construct biaryl compounds of benzyl alcohols in good to excellent yields. The new molecular scaffold can be readily attached, removed, and recovered.
On the Versatility of BH2X (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) Compounds as Halogen‐, Hydrogen‐, and Triel‐Bond Donors: An Ab Initio Study
Authors: Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio
Published: July 2016

In this manuscript, the ability of BH2X compounds (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) to establish halogen‐, hydrogen‐, and triel‐bonding interactions was studied at the RI‐MP2/aug‐cc‐pVQZ level of theory. Several homodimers were taken into account, highlighting the versatility of these compounds to act as both electron donors and electron acceptors. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that orbital effects were important contributors to the global stabilization of the σ‐ and π‐hole bonded complexes studied. Finally, some X‐ray solid‐state structures retrieved from the Cambridge structural database were described to demonstrate the importance of these interactions involving boron derivatives in the solid state.
Patterns of natural fungal community assembly during initial decay of coniferous and broadleaf tree logs
Authors: van der Wal Annemieke , Klein Gunnewiek Paulien J. A. , Cornelissen J. Hans C. , Crowther Thomas W. , de Boer Wietse
Published: July 2016

Community assembly processes do not only influence community structure, but can also affect ecosystem processes. To understand the effect of initial community development on ecosystem processes, we studied natural fungal community dynamics during initial wood decay. We hypothesize that fungal community assembly dynamics are driven by strong priority effects of early‐arriving species, which lead to predictable successional patterns and wood decay rates. Alternatively, equivalent colonization success of randomly arriving spores has the potential to drive stochastic community composition and wood decay rates over time. To test these competing hypotheses, we explored the changes in fungal community composition in logs of two tree species (one coniferous and one broadleaf) during the early stages of wood decomposition in a common garden approach. Initial communities were characterized by endophytic fungi, which were highly diverse and variable among logs. Over the first year of decomposition, there was little evidence for priority effects, as early colonizers displaced the endophytic species, and diversity fell as logs were dominated by a few fungal species. During this period, the composition of colonizing fungi was related to the decomposition rates of sapwood. During the second year of decomposition, fungal community composition shifted drastically and the successional dynamics varied considerably between tree species. Variation in fungal community composition among coniferous (Larix kaempferi) logs increased, and there remained no evidence for any priority effects as community composition became stochastic. In contrast, early colonizers still dominated many of the deciduous (Quercus rubra) logs, with a temporally consistent impact on community composition. For both tree species, wood decay rates levelled off and the relationship with fungal community composition disappeared. Our results indicate that priority effects are relatively minimal in naturally occurring fungal community assembly processes. Instead, fungal successional dynamics are governed predominantly by combative abilities of colonizing fungi, and factors that shape fungal communities over time can differ considerably between tree species. Our results indicate that an increased focus of competitive strength among species, rather than priority effects, may be key to predict community assembly and the ecosystem process they provide.
Interspecific associations in seed arrival and seedling recruitment in a Neotropical forest
Authors: Wright S. Joseph , Calderón Osvaldo , Hernandéz Andrés , Detto Matteo , Jansen Patrick A.
Published: July 2016

Contagious seed dispersal refers to the tendency for some sites to receive many dispersed seeds while other sites receive few dispersed seeds. Contagious dispersal can lead to interspecific associations in seed arrival, and this in turn might lead to interspecific associations in seedling recruitment. We evaluate the extent of spatially contagious seed arrival, the frequency of positive interspecific associations in seed arrival, and their consequences for seedling recruitment at the community level in a tropical moist forest. We quantified seed arrival to 200 passive seed traps for 28 yr of weekly censuses and seedling recruitment to 600 1‐m2quadrats for 21 yr of annual censuses on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We assessed whether spatially contagious seed dispersal was more important among zoochorous species than among anemochorous species, increased in importance with similarity in fruiting times, and led to interspecific associations in seed arrival and seedling recruitment. We controlled adult seed source associations statistically to evaluate predicted relationships. We found that spatially contagious seed arrival was widespread among zoochorous species, but also occurred among anemochorous species when the strong, consistent trade winds were present. Significant interspecific associations in seed arrival were more likely for pairs of species with zoochorous seeds and similar fruiting times and persisted through seedling recruitment. Thus, interspecifically contagious seed dispersal affects local species composition and alters the mixture of interspecific interactions through the seed, germination, and early seedling stages in this forest. Future investigations should consider the implications of interspecific association at the regeneration stages documented here for later life stages and species coexistence.
Development of Reference Shunt for Short‐Time Alternating High Current Tests and Study of Measuring System
Authors: KIDA JUNZO , NAKAJIMA MASATOSHI , GODA YUTAKA , KIKUCHI KUNIO , KUDO KIETSU , ISHII HIROMI , MATSUI YOSHIHIKO , MATSUMURA TOSHIRO , KAWAMURA TATSUO
Published: July 2016

Short‐circuit tests for power circuit breakers and others require alternative short‐time current measurement, from a few kA to over several tens kA. However, the reference measurement system as a national standard or a specified secondary standard instrument to directly perform comparative test as a complete calibration test in high current class has not yet been established globally. The Japan Short‐Circuit Testing Committee (hereinafter referred to as “JSTC”) has therefore developed a shunt resistor that can be used as a standard instrument for high current measurement. Reference system using this shunt resistor is also considered by JSTC. The performance of the newly developed shunt resistor has been checked through several methods, such as resistance measurement, high power current test, high frequency current test, temperature rise test, and interference test. The results of the tests proved satisfactory performance. Resistance of the shunt resistor before and after the tests was invariant and stable. This makes the shunt resistor adequate for a reference in practical use. In addition, evaluation of uncertainty of the whole reference system including this shunt resistor satisfactorily fulfills the requirements of IEC 62475 edition 1.0, 2010.
Levitation Caused by the Vertical Vibration of a Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: SONE SHORI , TORII AKIHIRO , MOTOTANI SUGURU , DOKI KAE
Published: July 2016

Levitation caused by the vertical vibration of a piezoelectric actuator is studied here. Levitation mechanisms levitate using a squeeze effect generated by the vertical vibration. The levitation mechanisms usually levitate at the resonance frequency. However, if the vibration amplitude of the piezoelectric actuator at the resonance frequency is small, the levitation mechanism does not levitate. Therefore, the vibration amplitude affects the levitation height of the mechanism. In this paper, we describe the applied voltage, the load current, the power consumption, and the phase difference between the voltage and current.
Assessment of bendopnea impact on decompensated heart failure
Authors: Baeza‐Trinidad Ramón , Mosquera‐Lozano Jose Daniel , El Bikri Laila
Published: July 2016

Aims

We have often found that patients with heart failure had shortness of breath when bending forward. The frequency of bendopnea in patients with decompensated heart failure (DHF), its repercussions on quality of life (QoL), and its prognosis have not yet been studied. This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics, degree of limitation, and short‐term prognosis of patients with bendopnea and DHF.

Methods and results

We conducted a study of 250 patients admitted with DHF. Bendopnea was considered when shortness of breath occurred within 30 s of bending forward. It was present in 122 patients (48.8%). The mean time of onset was 13.4 ± 6.9 s. Patients with bendopnea presented a higher frequency of orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, oliguria, oedema, elevated jugular venous pressure, abdominal fullness, and worse functional class (P < 0.001). An enlargement of both atria was more frequent in these patients (P < 0.001). Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was higher in the bendopnea group (P = 0.001). Body mass index and LVEF were not associated with presence of bendopnea. Subjective QoL limitation was present in 80.3% (36.1% mild, 44.2% moderate to severe limitation). Patients with bendopnea had a higher mortality rate (P = 0.025) and more advanced NYHA class (P < 0.001). Patients who died had a lower LVEF (P = 0.001), increased PASP (P = 0.08), and lower mean duration of shortness of breath than those who survived (P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Bendopnea is related to advanced HF symptoms and it is associated with mortality in the short term and advanced NYHA functional class. This symptom produces moderate to severe limitation of QoL.
Formation of a Polythreaded, Metal–Organic Framework Utilizing an Interlocked Hexadentate, Carboxylate Linker
Authors: Gholami Ghazale , Zhu Kelong , Ward Jas S. , Kruger Paul E. , Loeb Stephen J.
Published: July 2016

A unique hexacarboxylate linker was prepared on the basis of an interlocked [2]rotaxane motif. The linker contains four carboxylate groups attached to a rigid, H‐shaped axle and two carboxylate units appended to a crown ether wheel. The resulting ZnII‐based metal–organic framework material has a unique lattice, in which three independent 3‐periodic frameworks (threefold interpenetration) are interconnected only by virtue of the threading of their individual components in the rotaxane linker.
Advanced NMR Methods and DFT Calculations on the Regioselective Deprotonation and Functionalization of 1,1′‐Methylenebis(3‐methylimidazole‐2‐thione)
Authors: Bauer Mona , Premužić Dejan , Thiele Günther , Neumüller Bernhard , Tonner Ralf , Raya‐Barón Álvaro , Fernández Ignacio , Kuzu Istemi
Published: July 2016

Depending on the temperature, the twofold deprotonation of 1,1′‐methylenebis(3‐methylimidazole‐2‐thione) (1) and the subsequent reaction with 2 equiv. of trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) gives two different bis‐TMS‐functionalized isomers, namely, 1,1′‐methylenebis(3‐methyl‐4‐trimethylsilylimidazole‐2‐thione) (2) and 1,1′‐methylenebis(3‐methyl‐5‐trimethylsilylimidazole‐2‐thione) (3). The cyclic dimethylsilyl‐bridged derivative 1,1′‐methylene‐5,5′‐dimethylsilylenebis(3‐methylimidazole‐2‐thione) (4) can also be obtained, corroborating the 5/5′ addition under certain conditions. All compounds have been examined by multinuclear 1D and 2D NMR experiments (1–4) together with single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (3 and 4). Additionally, the dilithiated species 5 was synthesized by reacting 1 with 2 equiv. of nBuLi at ambient temperature in solution (THF). 1H and 7Li pulsed field‐gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) NMR, 7Li–1H heteronuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (HOESY), gradient heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (gHMQC) and gradient heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (gHMBC) experiments showed that 5 exists as a monomeric contact ion pair (CIP) in THF solution. On the contrary, the X‐ray diffraction analysis of 5 revealed a polymeric chain, which can be described as [{5(thf)2}2]∞. Quantum chemical DFT and MP2 calculations were also conducted to determine the energies required for the deprotonation of 1. These results explain the regioselective deprotonation of 1 by CIP formation depending on the temperature and fully support the results of the synthetic and spectroscopic experiments.
Electrochemical Biosensor Powered by Pre‐concentration: Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity towards Lactate
Authors: Karyakina E. E. , Lukhnovich A. V. , Yashina E. I. , Statkus M. A. , Tsisin G. I. , Karyakin A. A.
Published: July 2016

We report on the flow‐injection (FIA) electrochemical system coupling with ion‐exchange pre‐concentration column. The response of the FIA system is provided by the advanced lactate biosensor based on Prussian Blue as an electrocatalyst. The FIA system powered by pre‐concentration is characterized by improved selectivity avoiding influence of non‐anionic interfering compounds. The attractive performance characteristics of the system with pre‐concentration which are advantageous over conventional FIA combined with a similar biosensor are: (i) the 50 times improved sensitivity (7.0 A cm−2 M−1) and (ii) the calibration range shifted by almost two orders of magnitude towards lower analyte concentrations. The developed FIA system was tested for lactate detection in exhaled breath condensate samples collected from pulmonary patients and sportsmen.
An optimal combination of MCCB and CANTAB to assess functional capacity in older individuals with schizophrenia
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Mulsant Benoit H. , Tsoutsoulas Christopher , Ghazala Zaid , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Bowie Christopher R. , Rajji Tarek K.
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Cognitive deficits predict functional capacity in patients with schizophrenia including in late life. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) are widely used to assess cognition in this population. The aim of this study was to determine a minimal set of subtests across the two batteries that would be strongly associated with functional capacity in older patients with schizophrenia.

Methods

Sixty participants age 50 years or older with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 30 control participants were enrolled. Cognition was assessed using the MCCB and the CANTAB. Functional capacity was assessed using the USCD Performance‐based Skills Assessment (UPSA). Stepwise linear regressions were performed to determine the best set of cognitive tests associated with functional capacity.

Results

UPSA total score was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with education and the MCCB global score. Most of the MCCB domains and subtests, and several of the CANTAB subtests correlated with UPSA total score. In the regression model, MCCB global score accounted for 42.5% of UPSA variance. In contrast, a combination of only four subtests (processing speed and verbal learning from the MCCB, and affective information processing and working memory from the CANTAB) accounted for 60% of UPSA variance.

Conclusions

Performance on MCCB and CANTAB is strongly associated with functional capacity in older patients with schizophrenia. A selective combination of MCCB and CANTAB subtests may be as effective in assessing functional capacity in late life schizophrenia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary resilience and complex lagoon systems
Authors: Davoudi Simin , Zaucha Jacek , Brooks Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

The present study applies an evolutionary resilience framework to complex socioecological systems in the coastal regions in Europe with a particular focus on lagoons. Despite their variations, lagoons share common challenges in achieving effective and sustainable ways of governing and managing economic, social, and environmental uncertainties. Our aim is to demonstrate that building resilience involves planning not only for recovery from shocks but also for cultivating preparedness and seeking potential transformative opportunities that emerge from change. The framework consists of 4 dimensions: persistence, adaptability, transformability, and preparedness. To illustrate how this 4-dimensional framework can be applied to the specific context of lagoons, we draw on examples of good and poor practices from the 10 lagoons studied as part of the ARCH project. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:711–718. © 2016 SETAC.
Global identification, xenophobia and globalisation: A cross‐national exploration
Authors: Ariely Gal
Published: July 2016

This paper explores the ways in which globalisation influences social identity. Combining a psychological social‐identity framework with sociological considerations regarding the contextual impact of globalisation, it tests whether global identification—that is, people's identification as global citizens—constitutes an inclusive category, negatively linked to xenophobic attitudes towards immigrants across countries and whether the actual country level of globalisation moderates the relationship between global identification and xenophobia. Unlike most psychological studies of globalisation, it draws its data from 124 national samples across 86 countries, with 154,760 respondents overall, using three different cross‐national surveys. Study 1 (International Social Survey Program National Identity Module III 2013; N = 39,426, countries = 32) evinces that while global identification is in fact negatively linked to xenophobia, the correlation is moderated by the country level of globalisation, countries marked by higher levels of globalisation exhibiting a stronger negative relation between global identification and xenophobia than those characterised by a lower level of globalisation. Study 2 (European Values Study 2008; N = 53,083, countries = 44) and Study 3 (World Values Survey 6; N = 65,251, countries = 48) replicated these results across other countries employing dissimilar scales for global identification and xenophobia.
Prolonged Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Actions of a Pegylated Parathyroid Hormone (1-34) Peptide Fragment
Authors: Guo Jun , Khatri Ashok , Maeda Akira , Potts John T , Jüppner Harald , Gardella Thomas J
Published: July 2016

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition can prolong the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of a bioactive peptide in vivo, in part by impeding rates of glomerular filtration. For parathyroid hormone (PTH) peptides, pegylation could help in exploring the actions of the hormone in the kidney; e.g., in dissecting the relative roles that filtered versus blood-borne PTH play in regulating phosphate transport. It could also lead to potential alternate forms of treatment for hypoparathyroidism. We thus synthesized the fluorescent pegylated PTH derivative [Lys13(tetramethylrhodamine {TMR}), Cys35(PEG-20,000 Da)]PTH(1-35) (PEG-PTHTMR) and its non-pegylated counterpart [Lys13(TMR), Cys35]PTH(1-35) (PTHTMR) and assessed their properties in cells and in mice. In PTHR1-expressing HEK-293 cells, PEG-PTHTMR and PTHTMR exhibited similar potencies for inducing cAMP signaling, whereas when injected into mice, the pegylated analog persisted much longer in the circulation (>24 hours versus ∼ 1 hour) and induced markedly more prolonged calcemic and phosphaturic responses than did the non-pegylated control. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of kidney sections obtained from the injected mice revealed much less PEG-PTHTMR than PTHTMR on the luminal brush-border surfaces of renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs), on which PTH regulates phosphate transporter function, whereas immunostained phosphorylated PKA substrate, a marker of cAMP signaling, was increased to similar extents for the two ligands and for each, was localized to the basolateral portion of the PTCs. Pegylation of a bioactive PTH peptide thus led to prolonged pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties in vivo, as well as to new in vivo data that support a prominent role for PTH action at basolateral surfaces of renal proximal tubule cells. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Bird community response to Marcellus shale gas development
Authors: Barton Ethan P. , Pabian Sarah E. , Brittingham Margaret C.
Published: July 2016

The Appalachian shale play, which includes the Marcellus shale formation, is an important source of natural gas and underlies much of the remaining large areas of extensive contiguous forest within the eastern United States, areas that are important breeding sites for forest songbirds. Shale gas development in contiguous forest creates large disturbances and causes habitat fragmentation; the landscape matrix remains characterized by stands of mature forest. We assessed the effects of shale gas development on counts of passerines and near‐ passerine birds within an extensively forested landscape. We surveyed birds within 2 broad forest types (northern hardwood and mixed oak) at increasing distances from 49 shale gas pads established within contiguous forest habitat. We compared counts of individual species and 3 vegetation‐association groups (forest interior, synanthropic, and early successional) in relation to distance from a pad edge, and we compared community composition with distance from a pad edge. Counts of individuals and species within the forest interior group increased with increasing distance from a pad edge; counts of individuals were approximately 4 times greater at 250 m than at 0 m and 3 times greater than at 50 m. Twelve of 15 species in the forest interior group increased with increasing distance from a pad edge with no species showing a declining trend. In contrast, counts of synanthropic (i.e., human‐associated) individuals and species were greatest at the pad edge and declined with distance to a pad edge. Counts of individuals at 250 m were 92% lower than at 0 m, and counts for 4 of the 5 individual species declined with increasing distance from a pad edge. Counts of individuals and species within the early successional habitat group were greater in oak (Quercusspp.) than in northern hardwood forests, and the response to a pad edge differed among species and between the 2 forest types. In northern hardwood stands, counts were greatest near the pad edge, whereas counts in oak stands showed no trend with distance to a pad edge. Overall, the combined avian community differed with distance from a pad edge. Our results suggest that synanthropic species, which are rare in core forest, are able to rapidly exploit new development‐associated habitat. Counts of forest interior specialists declined, suggesting the habitat is becoming less suitable for this group. Our results are an early indication that shale gas development in core forest can have negative consequences for forest songbird communities as synanthropic species, which tend to be habitat generalists with wide geographic ranges, replace forest specialists. Long‐term effects will depend on the scale and extent of shale gas development, emphasizing the need for proactive planning to minimize negative effects. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Wind energy, nest success, and post‐fledging survival ofButeohawks
Authors: Kolar Patrick S. , Bechard Marc J.
Published: July 2016

Quantifying the rate of turbine collision mortality for raptors has been the primary focus of research at wind energy projects in Europe and the United States. Breeding adults and fledglings may be especially prone to collisions, but few studies have assessed the consequences of increased mortality and indirect effects from this type of development activity on reproduction. We examined the influence of wind turbines and other factors on nest success and survival of radio‐marked juveniles during the post‐fledging period for 3 sympatric breedingButeospecies in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion (CPE), Oregon, USA. Nest success for ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) decreased as the number of wind turbines within the home range buffer (32 km2) increased. There was no effect of turbines on nest success for red‐tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) or Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni). Of 60 nestlings radio‐marked from all 3 species, we found no evidence that any were killed as a result of collisions with wind turbines after fledging. This was likely due, in part, to the limited size of the natal home range and the relatively short duration of the post‐fledging period. However, juveniles of all 3 species hatched from nests in areas of greater turbine density were more likely to die from predation or starvation just after fledging and prior to becoming independent compared to those in areas of lower turbine density. Taken together, these results suggest that wind turbines affected reproductive efforts by all 3 species to some degree, but these effects were greater for ferruginous hawks compared to the other 2 congeneric species. The causes of this negative association are unknown but likely represent some combination of breeding adults being killed from turbine collisions, disturbed from activities associated with the increasing wind energy development in the area, or displaced from portions of their home range to minimize the risk of disturbance or death. The potential for these effects necessitate that planning of future wind energy facilities be considered at larger geographic scales beyond the placement of individual turbines to limit development near raptor breeding areas. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.