bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GnRH Vaccine Could Suppress Serum Testosterone in Stallion Mules
Authors: Khumsap Siriporn , Tangtrongsup Sahatchai , Towiboon Patcharapa , Somgird Chaleamchat
Published: June 2024

Stallion mules have been used as working equids in several countries. Aggressiveness under the influence of testosterone results in the necessity for surgical castration before work training. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine may be an alternative method for immunocastration in mules. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the GnRH vaccine on anti-GnRH antibody concentration, serum testosterone concentration, clinical adverse effects, and behavioral changes in response to receiving selected physical manipulations from humans. Twenty-five mules were separated into three groups: Control-intact, Control-castrated, and Treatment. The Treatment group was further divided according to condition (intact or unilateral cryptorchid) and age. The Treatment group received 195 µg of the GnRH vaccine intramuscularly at weeks 0, 4, and 8. The anti-GnRH antibody concentrations increased at weeks 6 and 10, and then they gradually decreased to baseline at week 24. The Treatment-intact-young group had the highest concentration of anti-GnRH antibody. The serum testosterone concentrations in the Treatment group were lower than before vaccination from weeks 6 to 14. Subcutaneous edema adjacent to the injection site was detected in the Treatment-intact group after booster vaccination. In conclusion, the mules responded to the GnRH vaccine, which could temporarily suppress testosterone for up to 14 weeks.
Coloration in Equine: Overview of Candidate Genes Associated with Coat Color Phenotypes
Authors: Liu Xiaotong , Peng Yongdong , Zhang Xinhao , Wang Xinrui , Chen Wenting , Kou Xiyan , Liang Huili , Ren Wei , Khan Muhammad , Wang Changfa
Published: June 2024

Variation in coat color among equids has attracted significant interest in genetics and breeding research. The range of colors is primarily determined by the type, concentration, and distribution of melanin pigments, with the balance between eumelanin and pheomelanin influenced by numerous genetic factors. Advances in genomic and sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of several candidate genes that influence coat color, thereby clarifying the genetic basis of these diverse phenotypes. In this review, we concisely categorize coat coloration in horses and donkeys, focusing on the biosynthesis and types of melanin involved in pigmentation. Moreover, we highlight the regulatory roles of some key candidate genes, such as MC1R, TYR, MITF, ASIP, and KIT, in coat color variation. Moreover, the review explores how coat color relates to selective breeding and specific equine diseases, offering valuable insights for developing breeding strategies that enhance both the esthetic and health aspects of equine species.
Comparative Nutritional and Histological Analysis of Malabar Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer)
Authors: Purushothaman Kathiresan , Ho Jia Wen Rachel , bin Mohamed Muhammad Hazim , Rwei Qing Saraphina Dianne Tneo , Heng Wuan Lee , Liang Bing , Thanh Vu Nguyen , Voigtmann Michael , McLean Press Charles , Loo Grace , Bisa Saraswathy , Domingos Jose A. , Jerry Dean R. , Vij Shubha
Published: June 2024

This study offers a comprehensive morpho-histological analysis of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the Malabar red snapper. A comparison of its GIT morphology with that of the Asian seabass reveals similarities and differences between the two species. Additionally, the moisture content, crude protein, and ash in the fillets of Malabar red snapper and Asian seabass were slightly different, with Malabar red snapper exhibiting higher levels of essential fatty acids. Furthermore, higher levels of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio, and a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio, were observed in Malabar red snapper compared to Asian seabass. The Malabar red snapper’s esophagus featured protective mechanisms such as simple columnar epithelial cells, mucous-secreting glands, and goblet cells that were predominantly stained for acid and neutral mucosubstances. Furthermore, its stomach, with mucus cells that were weakly stained for acid mucosubstances, exhibited distinct regions with varying glandular densities, with the pyloric region featuring few glands. The pyloric caeca of the fish were composed of five finger-like structures and few goblet cells. Several goblet cells gradually increased from the anterior to the posterior region of the intestine. These findings provide useful insights for the aquaculture sector, focusing on Malabar red snapper.
Effect of 3-Nitropropionic Acid at Different Doses on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Digestibility, and Methane Emissions of Grazing Yak and Cattle
Authors: Guo Wei , Wang Weiwei , Zhang Ying , Zhou Mi
Published: June 2024

3-nitropropionic acid (3NPA) has been proposed as an useful modifier to mitigate ruminal enteric methane emissions. However, few studies investigated the effects of 3NPA on ruminal fermentation characteristics of grazing ruminants in vitro. Rumen fluid from grazing yak and cattle were collected and incubated with additions of 0, 8, and 16 mM 3NPA. The total gas production, CH4 production, and dry matter digestibility significantly decreased with increasing 3NPA doses in both ruminant species (p < 0.05) and methane production decreased to almost 100% in cattle at 8 mM NPA but not yak, while H2 accumulation showed an opposite trend. The total fatty acid (TVFA) production, acetate concentration, and propionate concentration in cattle decreased as 3NPA doses increased at 12 and 24 h incubation. For yak, the H2 accumulation reached its apex at 8 mM NPA (p < 0.05). The TVFA in yak decreased significantly with increasing 3NPA doses at 12 and 72 h incubation. Moreover, the acetate concentration and propionate concentration in yak decreased as 3NPA doses increased at 12 and 24 h incubation. Overall, these findings demonstrated that 3NPA could be used as a strategy to mitigate methane emissions; although, it negatively affected the dry matter degradability in vitro.
Hygiene Assessment of Buffalo Milking Parlours in Campania Region, Italy: A Preliminary Study by Using ATP Luminometry and Bacteriological Investigation
Authors: Iovane Valentina , Fulgione Andrea , Pizzano Francesca , Masullo Angelo , Ipek Emine , Parente Giuseppe , Nocera Francesca Paola , De Martino Luisa
Published: June 2024

Careful cleaning of a milking parlour and its equipment is fundamental to guarantee good raw milk quality and prevent the dissemination of bacteria and improve animal welfare. This study aimed to investigate, using an ATP-bioluminescence assay and bacteriological analysis, the bacterial contamination of milking parlours on milking parlour surfaces of buffalo farms in the Campania Region, evaluating the seasonal dynamics during the year 2022. Eight farms were selected by the Italian ClassyFarm system, which assesses the level of animal welfare and biosecurity according to risk analysis. Before sampling, all dairy farm owners filled out a questionnaire on milking management, animal hygiene, and health. The questionnaires evidenced similar cleaning procedures but an absence of a standardised cleaning protocol among the different farms. ATP bioluminescence results evidenced similar levels of contamination in all the selected buffalo farms, and the season comparison showed no significant differences. A variation in the percentages of bacterial isolates during the different seasons was observed, with a higher prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae (38%) in summer. A small number of samples exhibited an absence of bacterial growth. Identifying bacteria is crucial for understanding the microorganisms present in the milking parlour, yet employing ATP luminometry could offer broad and accurate applications in buffalo milking parlours. In conclusion, the use of ATP bioluminescence for evaluating the hygiene of a buffalo milking parlour could represent a further important advancement in dairy farming technology.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Pleasure and Breeding Horses in Italy
Authors: Busechian Sara , Bindi Francesca , Orvieto Simona , Zappulla Francesco , Marchesi Maria Chiara , Nisi Irma , Rueca Fabrizio
Published: June 2024

Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD) are two terms used to indicate the presence of lesions of the squamous and glandular mucosa of the stomach. Prevalences, pathophysiology, and risk factors are different, and the latter have been investigated in different populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of ESGD and EGGD in a cohort of pleasure, breeding, and retired horses in Italy. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate such a diverse population of animals and the first one that includes a large number of animals in Italy. Gastroscopies were performed in 316 animals, with and without clinical signs of gastric ulcers, and a questionnaire about signalment, management, activity, and health was given to the owners or caretakers. Prevalence of ESGD was similar to the current literature reports in comparable populations, and the disease was associated with signalment, time with the current owner or caretaker, management (time and type of paddock, hay, and supplementary feed administered), and activity performed. In this population, EGGD was present in a lower percentage of animals and, of the parameters evaluated, was associated only with the signalment, while management does not seem to influence the development of lesions in the glandular mucosa in this population.
Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis spp. in Black Goats in Shanxi Province, North China: From a Public Health Perspective
Authors: Xiao Han-Dan , Su Nan , Zhang Ze-Dong , Dai Ling-Ling , Luo Jun-Lin , Zhu Xing-Quan , Xie Shi-Chen , Gao Wen-Wei
Published: June 2024

Blastocystis spp. and Giardia duodenalis are two prevalent zoonotic intestinal parasites that can cause severe diarrhea and intestinal diseases in humans and many animals. Black goat (Capra hircus) farming is increasingly important in China due to the remarkable adaptability, high reproductive performance, rapid growth rate, and significant economic value of black goats. A number of studies have indicated that black goats are the potential reservoir of multiple zoonotic protozoans in China; however, the prevalence and zoonotic status of G. duodenalis and Blastocystis spp. in black goats in Shanxi Province is still unknown. Thus, a total of 1200 fecal samples of black goats were collected from several representative regions at different altitudes in Shanxi Province and were examined for the presence and genotypes of G. duodenallis and Blastocystis spp. by amplifying the beta-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) loci of G. duodenalis and SSU rRNA of Blastocystis spp. using PCR and sequence analysis methods, respectively. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis and Blastocystis spp. in black goats in Shanxi Province were 7.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Two assemblages (B and E) of G. duodenalis and four subtypes (ST5, ST10, ST14, and ST30) of Blastocystis spp. were identified, with assemblage E and ST10 as the prevalent genotype and subtype in black goats, respectively. One novel multilocus genotype (MLG) was identified in MLG-E and was designated as MLG-E12. For both G. duodenalis and Blastocystis spp., the prevalence was significantly related to the region and age groups (p < 0.05). This is the first report on the prevalence of G. duodenalis and Blastocystis spp. in black goats in Shanxi Province. These results not only provide baseline data for the prevention and control of both parasites in black goats in Shanxi Province, but also enhance our understanding of the genetic composition and zoonotic potential of these two parasites.
Fibropapillomatosis: A Review of the Disease with Attention to the Situation Northern Coast of Brazil
Authors: da Cruz Karoline Petrini Pinheiro , Gattamorta Marco Aurélio , Matushima Eliana Reiko , Salvarani Felipe Masiero
Published: June 2024

Fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles is a potentially debilitating and fatal disease for which there is still a lack of knowledge, especially for specific regions of Brazil. The diagnosis is made through the observation of clinical manifestations, and despite its association with Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) as the etiological agent, the expression of the disease may also be related to immunological and environmental factors caused by anthropic degradation of the environment. Thus, this review aims to elucidate what is known about this disease globally, and especially in various regions of Brazil, promoting a better understanding of its evolution, spatiotemporal prevalence, and relationship with human activities. Furthermore, the review explores the molecular biology of ChHV5, including its genomic structure, replication cycle, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. The role of environmental factors, such as temperature and pollution, in modulating ChHV5 infection and FP development is also discussed. Additionally, the review summarizes current diagnostic methods for detecting ChHV5 infection in sea turtles, highlighting the importance of early detection and monitoring for effective disease management and conservation efforts. Finally, the review outlines future research directions aimed at improving our understanding of ChHV5 and developing strategies for FP control and prevention in sea turtle populations.
Optimization of Fair Arterial Spin Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ASL-MRI) for Renal Perfusion Quantification in Dogs: Pilot Study
Authors: Hillaert Amber , Sanmiguel Serpa Luis Carlos , Xu Yangfeng , Hesta Myriam , Bogaert Stephanie , Vanderperren Katrien , Pullens Pim
Published: June 2024

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI allows non-invasive quantification of renal blood flow (RBF) and shows great potential for renal assessment. To our knowledge, renal ASL-MRI has not previously been performed in dogs. The aim of this pilot study was to determine parameters essential for ALS-MRI-based quantification of RBF in dogs: T1, blood (longitudinal relaxation time), λ (blood tissue partition coefficient) and TI (inversion time). A Beagle was scanned at 3T with a multi-TI ASL sequence, with TIs ranging from 250 to 2500 ms, to determine the optimal TI value. The T1 of blood for dogs was determined by scanning a blood sample with a 2D IR TSE sequence. The water content of the dog’s kidney was determined by analyzing kidney samples from four dogs with a moisture analyzer and was subsequently used to calculate λ. The optimal TI and the measured values for T1,blood, and λ were 2000 ms, 1463 ms and 0.91 mL/g, respectively. These optimized parameters for dogs resulted in lower RBF values than those obtained from inline generated RBF maps. In conclusion, this study determined preliminary parameters essential for ALS-MRI-based RBF quantification in dogs. Further research is needed to confirm these values, but it may help guide future research.
Elevated Immunoglobulin E Serum Levels: Possible Underlying Factors That Can Cause an Inborn Error of Immunity in the Pediatric Population with Recurrent Infections
Authors: Oprițescu Sînziana , Nițescu Gabriela Viorela , Cîrnațu Daniela , Trifunschi Svetlana , Munteanu Melania , Golumbeanu Mihaela , Boghițoiu Dora , Dărăban Adriana Maria , Ilie Elena Iuliana , Moroșan Elena
Published: June 2024

Elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels are commonly associated with allergies. However, high IgE levels are also found in several other infectious and non-infectious disorders. Elevated IgE levels typically suggest allergies, eczema, or recurrent skin infections. Hyperimmunoglobulin E (hyper-IgE) levels typically reflect a monogenic atopic condition or inborn immune defects with an atopic phenotype. The aim of our research is to investigate and observe the clinical characteristics of children with increased IgE levels who have previously manifested infectious diseases. Furthermore, the retrospective study considers other factors, such as demographic characteristics (sex, area/environment, and age), and their effect on IgE serum levels. To answer this question, we conducted a one-year hospital-based retrospective study that included 200 hospitalized children who had at least two viral or bacterial infections in the six months preceding hospitalization. Measurements of IgE and allergen panels (respiratory and digestive) using blood samples revealed that individuals who tested positive for the body’s synthesis of hyper-IgE were not observably allergic to any potential allergens despite having higher total serum IgE. According to the results, there was a strong correlation between elevated IgE serum levels and a history of infectious diseases among the patients.
Screening of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae Strains with Multi-Drug Resistance and Virulence Profiles Isolated from an Italian Hospital between 2020 and 2023
Authors: Dimartino Valentina , Venditti Carolina , Messina Francesco , D’Arezzo Silvia , Selleri Marina , Butera Ornella , Nisii Carla , Marani Alessandra , Arcangeli Alessia , Gaziano Roberta , Cosio Terenzio , Scanzano Pietro , Fontana Carla
Published: June 2024

Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that are resistant to multiple drugs (KPMDRs), which are often acquired in hospital settings and lead to healthcare-associated infections, pose a serious public health threat, as does hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp), which can also cause serious infections in otherwise healthy individuals. The widespread and often unnecessary use of antibiotics seen during the recent COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. There is growing concern that hypervirulent (hvKp) strains may acquire genes that confer antimicrobial resistance, thus combining an MDR profile with their increased ability to spread to multiple body sites, causing difficult-to-treat infections. This study aimed to compare resistance and virulence profiles in KPC-3-producing K. pneumoniae isolates collected over four years (2020–2023). A genome-based surveillance of all MDR CRE-K. pneumoniae was used to identify genetic differences and to characterize the virulence and resistance profiles. Our results provide a picture of the evolution of resistance and virulence genes and contribute to avoiding the possible spread of isolates with characteristics of multi-drug resistance and increased virulence, which are thought to be one of the main global challenges to public health, within our hospital.
Chemical Compositions and In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of Sawdust and Resin-Rich Bark from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae)
Authors: Lima Ana , Arruda Filipe , Wortham Tanner , Janeiro Alexandre , Rodrigues Tânia , Baptista José , Lima Elisabete
Published: June 2024

In the Azores archipelago (Portugal), forest operations and wood industry generate large amounts of Cryptomeria japonica biomass residues (CJBR), which can be used to produce valuable essential oils (EOs). In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of EOs from Azorean C. japonica sawdust (CJS) and resin-rich bark (CJRRB). The CJS and CJRRB EOs, obtained via hydrodistillation, showed different yield values (0.27% vs. 0.80% v/w, dry weight) and also different chemical profiles, as assessed using GC/MS. A total of 64 and 85 components were identified in CJS and CJRRB EOs, representing 95.7% and 96.9% of the total composition, respectively. The major components in CJS EO were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (mainly α+β-eudesmol, 1-epicubenol, and cubebol), while in CJRRB EO, the major components were monoterpene hydrocarbons, including α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and limonene (66.6% vs. 6.4% for oxygenated sesquiterpenes and 0% vs. 64% for monoterpene hydrocarbons, respectively). Antioxidant activity was estimated using (i) two radical-based assays, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and (ii) a lipid model assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching activity (BCBA). Both CJS and CJRRB EOs exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activities, and their DPPH, ABTS, and BCBA EC50 values were 1107 vs. 1275 µg/mL, 260 vs. 498 µg/mL, and 1764 vs. 662 µg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that both EOs were able to exert antioxidant activity via different mechanisms of action. Therefore, Azorean CJS and CJRRB may be sustainable sources for antioxidant compounds. This study expands the chemical and biological knowledge of CJBR EOs and, consequently, adds more value to the C. japonica EO industry.
Liver Cell Mitophagy in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Chen Jiaxin , Jian Linge , Guo Yangkun , Tang Chengwei , Huang Zhiyin , Gao Jinhang
Published: June 2024

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects approximately one-third of the global population. MASLD and its advanced-stage liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are the leading causes of liver failure and liver-related death worldwide. Mitochondria are crucial organelles in liver cells for energy generation and the oxidative metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates. Recently, mitochondrial dysfunction in liver cells has been shown to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of MASLD and liver fibrosis. Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, removes and recycles impaired mitochondria. Although significant advances have been made in understanding mitophagy in liver diseases, adequate summaries concerning the contribution of liver cell mitophagy to MASLD and liver fibrosis are lacking. This review will clarify the mechanism of liver cell mitophagy in the development of MASLD and liver fibrosis, including in hepatocytes, macrophages, hepatic stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. In addition, therapeutic strategies or compounds related to hepatic mitophagy are also summarized. In conclusion, mitophagy-related therapeutic strategies or compounds might be translational for the clinical treatment of MASLD and liver fibrosis.
Therapeutic Effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid in a Rat Preclinical Model of Preeclampsia: Focus on Maternal Signs, Fetal Growth and Placental Function
Authors: Barrientos Gabriela , Schuman Mariano L. , Landa Maria S. , Robello Elizabeth , Incardona Claudio , Conrad Melanie L. , Galleano Monica , García Silvia I.
Published: June 2024

Chronic hypertension is a major risk factor for preeclampsia (PE), associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity. We previously demonstrated that pregnant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) display a spontaneous PE-like phenotype with distinct placental, fetal, and maternal features. Here, we hypothesized that supplementation with alpha lipoic acid (ALA), a potent antioxidant, during early pregnancy could ameliorate the PE phenotype in this model. To test this hypothesis, timed pregnancies were established using 10 to 12-week-old SHRSP females (n = 19–16/group), which were assigned to two treatment groups: ALA (injected intraperitoneally with 25 mg/kg body weight ALA on gestation day (GD1, GD8, and GD12) or control, receiving saline following the same protocol. Our analysis of maternal signs showed that ALA prevented the pregnancy-dependent maternal blood pressure rise (GD14 blood pressure control 169.3 ± 19.4 mmHg vs. 146.1 ± 13.4 mmHg, p = 0.0001) and ameliorated renal function, as noted by the increased creatinine clearance and improved glomerular histology in treated dams. Treatment also improved the fetal growth restriction (FGR) phenotype, leading to increased fetal weights (ALA 2.19 ± 0.5 g vs. control 1.98 ± 0.3 g, p = 0.0074) and decreased cephalization indexes, indicating a more symmetric fetal growth pattern. This was associated with improved placental efficiency, decreased oxidative stress marker expression on GD14, and serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) levels on GD20. In conclusion, ALA supplementation mitigated maternal signs and improved placental function and fetal growth in SHRSP pregnancies, emerging as a promising therapy in pregnancies at high risk for PE.
Induction of Semaphorin 3A by Resveratrol and Pinostilbene via Activation of the AHR-NRF2 Axis in Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Tsuji Gaku , Yumine Ayako , Kawamura Koji , Takemura Masaki , Nakahara Takeshi
Published: June 2024

Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), a nerve-repellent factor produced by keratinocytes, has an inhibitory effect on nerve extension to the epidermis. Epidermal innervation is involved in pruritus in inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and dry skin. We previously reported that tapinarof, a stilbene molecule, upregulates SEMA3A in human keratinocytes. We also showed that this mechanism is mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) axis. Since some stilbenes activate AHR and NRF2, we attempted to identify other stilbenes that upregulate SEMA3A. We analyzed normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) treated with 11 types of stilbenes and examined SEMA3A expression. We found that resveratrol and pinostilbene, antioxidant polyphenols, upregulated SEMA3A and increased nuclear AHR and NRF2 expression. In addition, AHR knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection abolished the NRF2 nuclear expression. Furthermore, AHR and NRF2 knockdown by siRNA transfection abrogated resveratrol- and pinostilbene-induced SEMA3A upregulation. Finally, we confirmed that resveratrol and pinostilbene increased SEMA3A promoter activity through NRF2 binding using ChIP-qPCR analysis. These results suggest that resveratrol and pinostilbene upregulate SEMA3A via the AHR–NRF2 axis in human keratinocytes.
From Personal Care to Coastal Concerns: Investigating Polyethylene Glycol Impact on Mussel’s Antioxidant, Physiological, and Cellular Responses
Authors: Multisanti Cristiana Roberta , Zicarelli Giorgia , Caferro Alessia , Filice Mariacristina , Faggio Caterina , Vazzana Irene , Blahova Jana , Lakdawala Pavla , Cerra Maria Carmela , Imbrogno Sandra , Impellitteri Federica
Published: June 2024

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) containing persistent and potentially hazardous substances have garnered attention for their ubiquitous presence in natural environments. This study investigated the impact of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a common PPCP component, on Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were subjected to two PEG concentrations (E1: 0.1 mg/L and E2: 10 mg/L) over 14 days. Oxidative stress markers in both gills and digestive glands were evaluated; cytotoxicity assays were performed on haemolymph and digestive gland cells. Additionally, cell volume regulation (RVD assay) was investigated to assess physiological PEG-induced alterations. In the gills, PEG reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) at E1. In the digestive gland, only LPO was influenced, while SOD activity and oxidatively modified proteins (OMPs) were unaltered. A significant decrease in cell viability was observed, particularly at E2. Additionally, the RVD assay revealed disruptions in the cells subjected to E2. These findings underscore the effects of PEG exposure on M. galloprovincialis. They are open to further investigations to clarify the environmental implications of PPCPs and the possibility of exploring safer alternatives.
Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2@N-TiO2 and Its Application for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange in Na2SO4 Solution
Authors: Sun Li , Ouyang Xingyu , Li Zilong , Yuan Zhigang , Gong Wenbang , Chen Zhen , Mei Shunqi , Liu Ying , Zhou Quan
Published: June 2024

In this paper, Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 and N-doped Fe3O4@SiO2@N-TiO2 photocatalysts with magnetic core-shell structures were prepared using a multi-step synthesis method. The materials were analyzed using various techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), selected-area electron diffraction patterns (SAED), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the prepared samples had an anatase structure, and N was successfully doped. Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@N-TiO2 with different amounts of nitrogen doping were used for the study of photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in pure MO solution, and in MO and Na2SO4 (MO-Na2SO4) mixed solution, respectively. The average photocatalytic degradation rate of MO in pure MO solution with three different batches each of Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@N-TiO2 (3 mL of NH4OH used for doping) under high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation reached 85.25% ± 2.23% and 95.53% ± 0.53%, respectively. The average photocatalytic degradation rate of MO in the MO-Na2SO4 mixed solution with three different batches each of Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@N-TiO2 (3 mL of NH4OH used for doping) under the same irradiation condition reached 90.46% ± 3.33% and 97.79% ± 2.09%, respectively. The results showed that Na2SO4 can promote photocatalytic degradation of MO. The experiment of recycling photocatalysts showed that there was still a good degradation effect after five cycles. Finally, the first-order kinetic model and the photocatalytic degradation mechanism were investigated.
Ground Reaction Forces and Joint Moments Predict Metabolic Cost in Physical Performance: Harnessing the Power of Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Gonabadi Arash , Fallahtafti Farahnaz , Antonellis Prokopios , Pipinos Iraklis I. , Myers Sara A.
Published: June 2024

Understanding metabolic cost through biomechanical data, including ground reaction forces (GRFs) and joint moments, is vital for health, sports, and rehabilitation. The long stabilization time (2–5 min) of indirect calorimetry poses challenges in prolonged tests. This study investigated using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict metabolic costs from the GRF and joint moment time series. Data from 20 participants collected over 270 walking trials, including the GRF and joint moments, formed a detailed dataset. Two ANN models were crafted, netGRF for the GRF and netMoment for joint moments, and both underwent training, validation, and testing to validate their predictive accuracy for metabolic cost. NetGRF (six hidden layers, two input delays) showed significant correlations: 0.963 (training), 0.927 (validation), 0.883 (testing), p < 0.001. NetMoment (three hidden layers, one input delay) had correlations of 0.920 (training), 0.956 (validation), 0.874 (testing), p < 0.001. The models’ low mean squared errors reflect their precision. Using Partial Dependence Plots, we demonstrated how gait cycle phases affect metabolic cost predictions, pinpointing key phases. Our findings show that the GRF and joint moments data can accurately predict metabolic costs via ANN models, with netGRF being notably consistent. This emphasizes ANNs’ role in biomechanics as a crucial method for estimating metabolic costs, impacting sports science, rehabilitation, assistive technology development, and fostering personalized advancements.
Design and Optimization of a Petri Net-Based Concurrent Control System toward a Reduction in the Resources in a Field-Programmable Gate Array
Authors: Wiśniewski Remigiusz , Opara Adam , Wojnakowski Marcin
Published: June 2024

A novel design technique of a Petri net-based concurrent control system is proposed in this paper. The idea is oriented on the effective implementation of the system within the FPGA device. In order to reduce the resources of the targeted device, the concurrent control system is optimized by the use of the authors’ techniques. The complete design flow is shown, including the modeling of the system by an interpreted Petri net, its further transformation to the hardware description language, adequate logic optimization, and final implementation within the destination FPGA. The presented method is explained by a case study example of the photovoltaic control system and compared with the already known technique. The performed experiments indicated a very high effectiveness of the proposed technique. It is shown that the photovoltaic control system designed according to the presented method reduces the logic resources of the destination FPGA device by up to 28%.
A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Dynamic Trajectory Optimization with Consideration of Imbalanced Sub-Goals in Self-Driving Vehicles
Authors: Kim Yu-Jin , Ahn Woo-Jin , Jang Sun-Ho , Lim Myo-Taeg , Pae Dong-Sung
Published: June 2024

Goal-conditioned Reinforcement Learning (RL) holds promise for addressing intricate control challenges by enabling agents to learn and execute desired skills through separate decision modules. However, the irregular occurrence of required skills poses a significant challenge to effective learning. In this paper, we demonstrate the detrimental effects of this imbalanced skill (sub-goal) distribution and propose a novel training approach, Classified Experience Replay (CER), designed to mitigate this challenge. We demonstrate that adapting our method to conventional RL methods significantly enhances the performance of the RL agent. Considering the challenges inherent in tasks such as driving, characterized by biased occurrences of required sub-goals, our study demonstrates the improvement in trained outcomes facilitated by the proposed method. In addition, we introduce a specialized framework tailored for self-driving tasks on highways, integrating model predictive control into our RL trajectory optimization training paradigm. Our approach, utilizing CER with the suggested framework, yields remarkable advancements in trajectory optimization for RL agents operating in highway environments.
Analysis of the Effect of Vegetable Broth Addition to a Gelatin Pork Edible Film and Coating Method on Select Physical Properties of Freeze-Dried Coated Vegetable Bars
Authors: Ciurzyńska Agnieszka , Janowicz Monika , Karwacka Magdalena , Galus Sabina
Published: June 2024

The aim of this study was to analyze the selected physical properties of vegetable bars coated with a coating based on pork gelatin (8% or 12%) with (25% or 50%) or without vegetable broth. The scope of work included developing the composition of edible coatings; preparing bars and coating freeze-dried vegetable bars; analyzing the water activity, dry matter content, the structure of vegetable bars based on microscopic analysis, and porosity; and then conducting a comparative analysis of the obtained results. The analyses show that the composition of the coating and the coating method influence the structure and selected physical properties of freeze-dried bars. Coating freeze-dried vegetable bars increases their water activity to the range of 0.215–0.389, and reduces their dry matter content to 93–96%. The porosity of the samples decreased (85–91%), but the use of coatings in the form of an edible film was more beneficial than immersing the dried material in a film-forming solution. The addition of vegetable broth to edible films improves the physical properties of the dried fruit and may additionally increase the taste of vegetable bars.
Local Contrast Learning for One-Shot Learning
Authors: Zhang Yang , Yuan Xinghai , Luo Ling , Yang Yulu , Zhang Shihao , Xu Chuanyun
Published: June 2024

Learning a deep model from small data is an opening and challenging problem. In high-dimensional spaces, few samples only occupy an extremely small portion of the space, often exhibiting sparsity issues. Classifying in this globally sparse sample space poses significant challenges. However, by using a single sample category as a reference object for comparing and recognizing other samples, it is possible to construct a local space. Conducting contrastive learning in this local space can overcome the sparsity issue of a few samples. Based on this insight, we proposed a novel deep learning approach named Local Contrast Learning (LCL). This is analogous to a key insight into human cognitive behavior, where humans identify the objects in a specific context by contrasting them with the objects in that context or from their memory. LCL is used to train a deep model that can contrast the recognized sample with a couple of contrastive samples that are randomly drawn and shuffled. On a one-shot classification task on Omniglot, the deep model-based LCL with 86 layers and 1.94 million parameters, which was trained on a tiny dataset with only 60 classes and 20 samples per class, achieved an accuracy of 98.95%. Furthermore, it achieved an accuracy of 99.24% at 156 classes and 20 samples per class. LCL is a fundamental idea that can be applied to alleviate the parametric model’s overfitting resulting from a lack of training samples.
Semi-Solid Forging Process of Aluminum Alloy Connecting Rods for the Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Wang Yongfei , Jiang Hong , Zhang Mengjiao , Zhang Chaoqun , Zhao Shengdun , Ding Ding , Guo Yi
Published: June 2024

As an important piece of equipment for hydrogen energy application, the hydrogen internal combustion engine is helpful for the realization of zero carbon emissions, where the aluminum connecting rod is one of the key core components. A semi-solid forging forming process for the 7075 aluminum alloy connecting rod is proposed in this work. The influence of process parameters, such as the forging ratio, sustaining temperature, and duration time, on the microstructures of the semi-solid blank is experimentally investigated. The macroscopic morphology, metallographic structure, and physical properties of the connecting-rod parts are analyzed. Reasonable process parameters for preparing the semi-solid blank are obtained from the experimental results. Under the reasonable parameters, the average grain size is 41.48~42.57 μm, and the average shape factor is 0.80~0.81. The yield strength and tensile strength improvement ratio of the connecting rod produced by the proposed process are 47.07% and 20.89%, respectively.
Secure Cooperative Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Batool Rida , Bibi Nargis , Alhazmi Samah , Muhammad Nazeer
Published: June 2024

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes are randomly distributed to transmit sensed data packets to the base station periodically. These sensor nodes, because of constrained battery power and storage space, cannot utilize conventional security measures. The widely held challenging issues for the network layer of WSNs are the packet-dropping attacks, mainly sinkhole and wormhole attacks, which focus on the routing pattern of the protocol. This thesis presents an improved version of the second level of the guard to the system, intrusion detection systems (IDSs), to limit the hostile impact of these attacks in a Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) environment. The proposed system named multipath intrusion detection system (MIDS) integrates an IDs with ad hoc on-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocol. The IDS agent uses the number of packets transmitted and received to calculate intrusion ratio (IR), which helps to mitigate sinkhole attacks and from AOMDV protocol round trip time (RTT) is computed by taking the difference between route request and route reply time to mitigate wormhole attack. MATLAB simulation results show that this cooperative model is an effective technique due to the higher packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, and detection accuracy. The proposed MIDS algorithm is proven to be more efficient when compared with an existing LEACH-based IDS system and MS-LEACH in terms of overall energy consumption, lifetime, and throughput of the network.
Remanufacturing Shoemaking Machine: Feasibility Study Using AHP and DEMATEL Approach
Authors: Chen Wan-Ju , Lin Rong-Ho , Chuang Chun-Ling
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the feasibility of remanufacturing shoemaking machines for sustainability using a combined AHP and DEMATEL approach. The AHP prioritizes machine types for remanufacturing, while the DEMATEL analyzes the interdependencies of influencing factors. Results indicate sole-making equipment as the most suitable candidate, followed by surface and forming equipment. Furthermore, appropriate product design, modularity, and a complete recycling system emerge as crucial for successful strategies. The DEMATEL confirms the foundational role of these factors in influencing a positive corporate image and business model. This study offers valuable insights and recommendations for Taiwan-based shoemaking machine OEMs in India to formulate strategies that promote remanufacturing. The findings highlight the critical role of OEMs in raising customer awareness regarding the environmental and economic benefits of returning end-of-life products and utilizing remanufactured machinery. Effective strategies should emphasize the importance of design for remanufacturing principles, modular machine architectures, and the establishment of comprehensive recycling systems. By fostering customer engagement through such initiatives, OEMs can create a collaborative ecosystem that facilitates the successful implementation of remanufacturing practices within the Indian market. Overall, the study presents a compelling case for remanufacturing as a strategic approach for OEMs to promote a circular economy, resource efficiency, and a sustainable future for footwear production.
Pathway to Carbon Neutrality in the Cement Industry: CO2 Uptake by Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste
Authors: Bastos David , Brazão Farinha Catarina , Maia Pederneiras Cinthia , Veiga Rosário , Bogas José Alexandre , Infante Gomes Ricardo , Santos Silva António
Published: June 2024

Cementitious materials can capture CO2 through carbonation reaction during their service life and post-demolition. Indeed, construction and demolition waste (CDW) still have some potential for carbonation as they contain concrete and cement-based mortars. This research consists of an experimental programme to evaluate the CO2 capture of recycling aggregates (RAs) from CDW. Two types of CDW were studied, namely mixed recycled aggregates (MRAs) and recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs). The recycled aggregates were submitted to forced and accelerated carbonation at 23 °C, 60% relative humidity and 25% of CO2 concentration. This study contributes to the existing literature by investigating more realistic RA sources that have already absorbed atmospheric CO2 during their service life. From the experimental campaign, the results show that RCAs have higher carbonation potential when compared to MRAs due to the higher cementitious material content (Rc) and to the degree of natural carbonation. The recycled aggregates’ maximum CO2 capture was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different CO2 exposure times. It was verified that the maximum CO2 capture, respectively, for MRAs and RCAs, occurred after 5 h and 12 h of exposition. In short, CDW captured from 5 wt.% to 35 wt.% of CO2 per tonne of cement paste, which corresponds to 0.6% to 4.1% per tonne of aggregate. It was concluded that the carbonation process of CDW has the potential to sequester from 123 kg to 225 kg of CO2 per tonne of cement paste for MRAs and 52 up to 491 kg of CO2 per tonne of cement paste for RCAs.
The Prediction of Incremental Damage on Optics from the Final Optic Assembly in an ICF High-Power Laser Facility
Authors: Hu Xueyan , Zhou Wei , Guo Huaiwen , Huang Xiaoxia , Zhao Bowang , Zhong Wei , Zhu Qihua , Chen Zhifei
Published: June 2024

High-power laser facilities necessitate predicting incremental damage to final optics to identify evolving damage trends. In this study, we propose a surface damage detection method utilizing image segmentation employing ResNet-18 and a damage area estimation network employing U-Net++. Paired sets of online and offline images of optics obtained from a large laser facility are used to train the network. The trends of varying damage could be identified by incorporating additional experimental parameters. A key advantage of the proposed method is that the network can be trained end to end on small samples, eliminating the need for manual labeling or feature extraction. The software developed based on these models can facilitate the daily inspection and maintenance of optics in large laser facilities. By effectively applying deep learning techniques, we successfully addressed the challenges faced by traditional methods in handling complex environments, achieving the accurate identification and prediction of damages on optics.
Speech Emotion Recognition under Noisy Environments with SNR Down to −6 dB Using Multi-Decoder Wave-U-Net
Authors: Nam Hyun-Joon , Park Hong-June
Published: June 2024

A speech emotion recognition (SER) model for noisy environments is proposed, by using four band-pass filtered speech waveforms as the model input instead of the simplified input features such as MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients). The four waveforms retain the entire information of the original noisy speech while the simplified features keep only partial information of the noisy speech. The information reduction at the model input may cause the accuracy degradation under noisy environments. A normalized loss function is used for training to maintain the high-frequency details of the original noisy speech waveform. A multi-decoder Wave-U-Net model is used to perform the denoising operation and the Wave-U-Net output waveform is applied to an emotion classifier in this work. By this, the number of parameters is reduced to 2.8 M for inference from 4.2 M used for training. The Wave-U-Net model consists of an encoder, a 2-layer LSTM, six decoders, and skip-nets; out of the six decoders, four decoders are used for denoising four band-pass filtered waveforms, one decoder is used for denoising the pitch-related waveform, and one decoder is used to generate the emotion classifier input waveform. This work gives much less accuracy degradation than other SER works under noisy environments; compared to accuracy for the clean speech waveform, the accuracy degradation is 3.8% at 0 dB SNR in this work while it is larger than 15% in the other SER works. The accuracy degradation of this work at SNRs of 0 dB, −3 dB, and −6 dB is 3.8%, 5.2%, and 7.2%, respectively.
Integrating Principal Component Analysis and Multi-Input Convolutional Neural Networks for Advanced Skin Lesion Cancer Classification
Authors: Madinakhon Rakhmonova , Mukhtorov Doniyorjon , Cho Young-Im
Published: June 2024

The importance of early detection in the management of skin lesions, such as skin cancer, cannot be overstated due to its critical role in enhancing treatment outcomes. This study presents an innovative multi-input model that fuses image and tabular data to improve the accuracy of diagnoses. The model incorporates a dual-input architecture, combining a ResNet-152 for image processing with a multilayer perceptron (MLP) for tabular data analysis. To optimize the handling of tabular data, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is employed to reduce dimensionality, facilitating more focused and efficient model training. The model’s effectiveness is confirmed through rigorous testing, yielding impressive metrics with an F1 score of 98.91%, a recall of 99.19%, and a precision of 98.76%. These results underscore the potential of combining multiple data inputs to provide a nuanced analysis that outperforms single-modality approaches in skin lesion diagnostics.