bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
17-β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3 Deficiency in Three Adult Iranian Siblings
Authors: Omrani M.D. , Adamovic T. , Grandell U. , Saleh-Gargari S. , Nordenskjöld A.
Published: December 2011

17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (17-β-HSD 3) deficiency is an autosomal recessive form of 46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD). To date, a total of 27 HSD17B3 gene mutations have been described in 46,XY patients exhibiting different phenotypes at birth and virilization at puberty, sometimes in association with gynecomastia. Herein, we investigate the 46,XY DSD in an Iranian family consisting of 7 siblings, 3 of which are affected and virilized at puberty. We clinically characterized these patients andperformed direct DNA sequencing of the steroid 5-α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) and the HSD17B3 gene, respectively. We identified a homozygous mutation in the HSD17B3 gene (R80W; c.238C>G) in all affected siblings. No mutation was detected in the SRD5A2 gene. The detected mutation in the HSD17B3 gene was previously described in a newborn child, who died from other congenital malformations, and in a 12-year-old girl. Hence, our report adds novel value to the phenotype classification of 17-β-HSD 3 deficiency.
Niacin in Cardiovascular Disease: Recent Preclinical and Clinical Developments
Authors: Digby Janet E. , Ruparelia Neil , Choudhury Robin P.
Published: December 2011

Niacin has been used for more than 50 years in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, although its use has largely been superseded by better-tolerated lipid-modulating interventions. There has been a renewed interest in the HDL-cholesterol raising properties of niacin, with the appreciation that substantial cardiovascular risk remains despite effective treatment of LDL-cholesterol. This coincides with increasing evidence that the complex functional properties of HDL are not well reflected by measurement of HDL-cholesterol alone. In addition to favorable actions on lipoproteins, it is becoming apparent that niacin may also possess lipoprotein independent or pleiotropic effects including the inhibition of inflammatory pathways mediated by its receptor GPR109A, which is expressed by adipocytes and some leukocytes. In this article we consider emerging and prior clinical trial data relating to niacin. We review recent data in respect of mechanisms of action on lipoproteins, which remain complex and incompletely understood. We discuss the recent reports of anti-inflammatory effects of niacin in adipocytes and through bone marrow derived cells and vascular endothelium. These novel observations come at an interesting time, with current imaging and outcome studies leaving outstanding questions on niacin efficacy in statin-treated patients.
Regulation of Lipid Droplet Cholesterol Efflux From Macrophage Foam Cells
Authors: Ouimet Mireille , Marcel Yves L.
Published: December 2011

Cholesterol efflux from macrophages is the first and potentially most important step in reverse cholesterol transport, a process especially relevant to atherosclerosis and to the regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Increasingly, lipid droplet (LD) cholesteryl ester (CE) hydrolysis is being recognized as a rate-limiting step in cholesterol efflux. The traditional view on macrophage CE hydrolysis is that this pathway is entirely dependent on the action of neutral hydrolases, and numerous candidate CE hydrolases have been proposed to play a role in lipid hydrolysis in macrophages and atherogenesis. Although the exact identity of macrophage-specific CE hydrolases remains to be clarified, a common point to all of these studies is that enhancing LD-associated CE hydrolysis increases cholesterol efflux and is antiatherogenic. Understanding how cholesterol is mobilized from LDs offers new steps for modulating cholesterol efflux, and recently a role for autophagy and lysosomal acid lipase in macrophage lipolysis has emerged. Autophagy and lysosomal acid lipase thus represent novel therapeutic targets to enhance macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. This review discusses our current understanding of the relationship between macrophage LDs and atherosclerosis and presents recent insights into the mechanisms for LD CE hydrolysis in macrophage foam cells.
Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Activation Induces 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Activity in Human Alternative Macrophages
Authors: Chinetti-Gbaguidi Giulia , Bouhlel Mohamed Amine , Copin Corinne , Duhem Christian , Derudas Bruno , Neve Bernadette , Noel Benoit , Eeckhoute Jerome , Lefebvre Philippe , Seckl Jonathan R. , Staels Bart
Published: December 2011

Objective—

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the intracellular reduction of inactive cortisone to active cortisol, the natural ligand activating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Peroxisome proliferator– activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor controlling inflammation, lipid metabolism, and the macrophage polarization state. In this study, we investigated the impact of macrophage polarization on the expression and activity of 11β-HSD1 and the role of PPARγ therein.

Methods and Results—

11β-HSD1 gene expression is higher in proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages than in resting macrophages, whereas its activity is highest in M2 macrophages. Interestingly, PPARγ activation induces 11β-HSD1 enzyme activity in M2 macrophages but not in resting macrophages or M1 macrophages. Consequently, human M2 macrophages displayed enhanced responsiveness to the 11β-HSD1 substrate cortisone, an effect amplified by PPARγ induction of 11β-HSD1 activity, as illustrated by an increased expression of GR target genes.

Conclusion—

Our data identify a positive cross-talk between PPARγ and GR in human M2 macrophages via the induction of 11β-HSD1 expression and activity.
Role for the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate–Dependent Rac Exchanger 1 in Platelet Secretion and Aggregation
Authors: Qian Feng , Le Breton Guy C. , Chen Jia , Deng Jing , Christman John W. , Wu Dianqing , Ye Richard D.
Published: December 2011

Objective—

Recent studies have shown a role for Rac1 in regulating platelet functions, but how Rac1 is activated in platelets remains unclear. Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate–dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) was originally identified in neutrophils that regulates phagocyte functions. We sought to examine whether P-Rex1 plays a role in platelet activation.

Methods and Results—

Western blotting showed P-Rex1 expression in mouse and human platelets. Mice lacking P-Rex1 exhibited prolonged bleeding time and increased rebleeding. When challenged with low doses of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists U46619 and thrombin, P-Rex1
−/−
platelets displayed significantly reduced secretion and aggregation compared with wild-type platelets. Increasing the concentration of these agonists could overcome the defect. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen, a non-GPCR agonist, was also compromised in the absence of P-Rex1. Along with these phenotypic changes were impaired Rac1 activation; reduced ATP secretion; and decreased phosphorylation of Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in P-Rex1
−/−
platelets on agonist stimulation.

Conclusion—

These results demonstrate for the first time the presence of P-Rex1 in platelets as well as its role in platelet secretion and aggregation induced by low-dose agonists for GPCR and by collagen.
Inhalation of Nitric Oxide Prevents Ischemic Brain Damage in Experimental Stroke by Selective Dilatation of Collateral Arterioles
Authors: Terpolilli Nicole A. , Kim Seong-Woong , Thal Serge C. , Kataoka Hiroharu , Zeisig Vilia , Nitzsche Bjoern , Klaesner Benjamin , Zhu Changlian , Schwarzmaier Susanne , Meissner Lilja , Mamrak Uta , Engel Doortje C. , Drzezga Alexander , Patel Rakesh P. , Blomgren Klas , Barthel Henryk , Boltze Johannes , Kuebler Wolfgang M. , Plesnila Nikolaus
Published: December 2011

Rationale:

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in industrialized countries. The main therapeutic target is the ischemic penumbra, potentially salvageable brain tissue that dies within the first few hours after blood flow cessation. Hence, strategies to keep the penumbra alive until reperfusion occurs are needed.

Objective:

To study the effect of inhaled nitric oxide on cerebral vessels and cerebral perfusion under physiological conditions and in different models of cerebral ischemia.

Methods and Results:

This experimental study demonstrates that inhaled nitric oxide (applied in 30% oxygen/70% air mixture) leads to the formation of nitric oxide carriers in blood that distribute throughout the body. This was ascertained by in vivo microscopy in adult mice. Although under normal conditions inhaled nitric oxide does not affect cerebral blood flow, after experimental cerebral ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion it selectively dilates arterioles in the ischemic penumbra, thereby increasing collateral blood flow and significantly reducing ischemic brain damage. This translates into significantly improved neurological outcome. These findings were validated in independent laboratories using two different mouse models of cerebral ischemia and in a clinically relevant large animal model of stroke.

Conclusions:

Inhaled nitric oxide thus may provide a completely novel strategy to improve penumbral blood flow and neuronal survival in stroke or other ischemic conditions.
Incremental Value of Biochemical and Echocardiographic Measures in Prediction of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Karas Maria G. , Devereux Richard B. , Wiebers David O. , Whisnant Jack P. , Best Lyle G. , Lee Elisa T. , Howard Barbara V. , Roman Mary J. , Umans Jason G. , Kizer Jorge R.
Published: December 2011

Background and Purpose—

American Indians have high rates of stroke. Improved risk stratification could enhance prevention, but the ability of biochemical and echocardiographic markers of preclinical disease to improve stroke prediction is not well-defined.

Methods—

We evaluated such markers as predictors of ischemic stroke in a community-based cohort of American Indians without prevalent cardiovascular or renal disease. Laboratory markers included C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), whereas echocardiographic parameters comprised left atrial diameter, left ventricular mass, mitral annular calcification, and the ratio of early to late mitral diastolic velocities. Predictive performance was judged by indices of discrimination, reclassification, and calibration.

Results—

After adjustment for standard risk factors, only HbA1c, albuminuria, and left atrial diameter were significantly associated with first ischemic stroke. Addition of HbA1c, although not urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, to a basic clinical model significantly improved the C-statistic (0.714 versus 0.695;
P
=0.044), whereas left atrial diameter modestly enhanced integrated discrimination improvement (0.90%;
P
=0.004), but not the C-statistic (0.701;
P
=0.528). When combined with HbA1c, left atrial diameter further increased integrated discrimination improvement (1.81%;
P
<0.001) but not the C-statistic (0.716). No marker achieved significant net reclassification improvement.

Conclusions—

In this cohort at high cardiometabolic risk, HbA1c emerged as the foremost predictor of ischemic stroke when added to traditional risk factors, affording substantially improved discrimination, with a more modest contribution for left atrial diameter. These findings bolster the role of HbA1c in cardiovascular risk assessment among persons with glycometabolic disorders and provide impetus for further study of the incremental value of echocardiography in high-risk populations.
Dietary Protein Sources and the Risk of Stroke in Men and Women
Authors: Bernstein Adam M. , Pan An , Rexrode Kathryn M. , Stampfer Meir , Hu Frank B. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Willett Walter C.
Published: December 2011

Background and Purpose—

Few dietary protein sources have been studied prospectively in relation to stroke. We examined the relation between foods that are major protein sources and risk of stroke.

Methods—

We prospectively followed 84 010 women aged 30 to 55 years at baseline and 43 150 men aged 40 to 75 years at baseline without diagnosed cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Diet was assessed repeatedly by a standardized and validated questionnaire. We examined the association between protein sources and incidence of stroke using a proportional hazard model adjusted for stroke risk factors.

Results—

During 26 and 22 years of follow-up in women and men, respectively, we documented 2633 and 1397 strokes, respectively. In multivariable analyses, higher intake of red meat was associated with an elevated risk of stroke, whereas a higher intake of poultry was associated with a lower risk. In models estimating the effects of exchanging different protein sources, compared with 1 serving/day of red meat, 1 serving/day of poultry was associated with a 27% (95% CI, 12%–39%) lower risk of stroke, nuts with a 17% (95% CI. 4%–27%) lower risk, fish with a 17% (95% CI, 0%–30%) lower risk, low-fat dairy with an 11% (95% CI, 5%–17%) lower risk, and whole-fat dairy with a 10% (95% CI, 4%–16%) lower risk. We did not see significant associations with exchanging legumes or eggs for red meat.

Conclusions—

These data suggest that stroke risk may be reduced by replacing red meat with other dietary sources of protein.
Stenting Versus Surgery in Patients With Carotid Stenosis After Previous Cervical Radiation Therapy
Authors: Fokkema Margriet , den Hartog Anne G. , Bots Michiel L. , van der Tweel Ingeborg , Moll Frans L. , de Borst Gert Jan
Published: December 2011

Background and Purpose—

Patients with both carotid stenosis and previously cervical radiation therapy are considered “high risk” for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) seems a reasonable alternative, but neither the operative risk for CEA nor the effectiveness of CAS has been proven. The purpose of this study was to evaluate perioperative and long-term outcome of both procedures in patients with radiation therapy.

Methods—

A systematic search strategy with the synonyms “carotid artery stenosis” and “cervical irradiation” was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. To provide and compare estimates of outcomes, pooled and metaregression analyses were performed.

Results—

Twenty-seven articles comprising 533 patients undergoing radiation therapy (361 CAS and 172 CEA) fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis showed perioperative risk for “any cerebrovascular adverse event” (CVE) of 3.9% (95% CI, 2.3%–6.7%) in CAS studies against 3.5% (95% CI, 1.5%–8.0%) in CEA studies (
P
=0.77). Risk for cranial nerve injury (CNI) after CEA was 9.2% (95% CI, 3.7%–21.1%) versus none after CAS. Late outcome showed rates of CVE favoring CEA (
P
=0.014). The rate of restenosis >50% was significantly higher in patients treated with CAS compared with CEA (
P
<0.003).

Conclusions—

Both CAS and CEA proved to be feasible revascularization techniques with low risk for CVE. Although patients undergoing CEA had more temporary CNI, higher rates of late CVE and restenosis were identified after CAS.
Use of Secondary Medical Prophylaxis and Clinical Outcome Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Palnum Kaare Haurvig , Mehnert Frank , Andersen Grethe , Ingeman Annette , Krog Birgitte Randrup , Bartels Paul Daniel , Johnsen Søren Paaske
Published: December 2011

Background and Purpose—

Although secondary medical prevention strategies in patients with stroke are well established, only sparse data exist regarding their effectiveness in routine care. We examined the effectiveness in a nationwide, population-based follow-up study.

Methods—

Using data from the Danish National Indicator Project (DNIP), 28 612 patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke in 2003 to 2006 were identified. Information on drug use and outcomes was by individual-level record linkage with national medical databases. Hazard ratios were computed for death, myocardial infarction, and recurrent stroke according to drug use after hospital discharge.

Results—

Treatment with antiplatelets, oral anticoagulants, antihypertensives, or statins was associated with a lower risk of the combined end point of death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent stroke during a mean follow-up period of 2.7 years (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] from 0.44 [95% CI, 0.39–0.49] to 0.94 [95% CI, 0.89–0.99]). All drug classes were associated with lower risk of death (adjusted HRs from 0.36 [95% CI, 0.32–0.41] to 0.85 [95% CI, 0.80–0.90]), with oral anticoagulant treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation being particularly effective in elderly women (>80 years; adjusted HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.28–0.45). Oral anticoagulant treatment was associated with a lower risk of recurrent stroke (adjusted HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.47–0.73), and statins were associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction (adjusted HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73–0.97) and recurrent stroke (adjusted HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79–0.92).

Conclusions—

Secondary medical prophylaxis after ischemic stroke was associated with improved outcome in routine settings. Although these findings are of an observational nature, they tend to support the results from previous randomized trials.
Hippocampal Neuronal Atrophy and Cognitive Function in Delayed Poststroke and Aging-Related Dementias
Authors: Gemmell Elizabeth , Bosomworth Helen , Allan Louise , Hall Roslyn , Khundakar Ahmad , Oakley Arthur E. , Deramecourt Vincent , Polvikoski Tuomo M. , O'Brien John T. , Kalaria Raj N.
Published: December 2011

Background and Purpose—

We have previously shown delayed poststroke dementia in elderly (≥75 years old) stroke survivors is associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy; however, the basis of the structural and functional changes is unknown.

Methods—

Using 3-dimensional stereological methods, we quantified hippocampal pyramidal neuronal volumes and densities in a total of 95 postmortem samples from demented and nondemented poststroke survivors within our prospective Cognitive Function after Stroke study and subjects pathologically diagnosed with vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, and mixed Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia syndrome.

Results—

Hippocampal CA1 but not CA2 subfield neuron density was affected in poststroke, Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia groups relative to control subjects (
P
<0.05). Neuronal volume was reduced in the poststroke dementia relative to poststroke nondemented group in both CA1 and CA2, although there were no apparent differences in neuronal density. Poststroke nondemented neuronal volumes were similar to control subjects but greater than in all dementias (
P
<0.05). Neuronal volumes positively correlated with global cognitive function and memory function in both CA1 and CA2 in poststroke subjects (
P
<0.01). Degrees of neuronal atrophy and loss were similar in the poststroke dementia and vascular dementia groups. However, in the entorhinal cortex layer V, neuronal volumes were only impaired in the mixed and Alzheimer disease groups (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

Our results suggest hippocampal neuronal atrophy is an important substrate for dementia in both cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease.
Asymmetric Pattern of Cerebrovascular Lesions in Patients After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Authors: Kato Tomoko S. , Ota Takeyoshi , Schulze P. Christian , Farr Maryjane , Jorde Ulrich , Takayama Hiroo , Naka Yoshifumi , Yamashita Toru , Mancini Donna M.
Published: December 2011

Background and Purpose—

Stroke is a major adverse event after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) surgery. The purpose of this study was to describe differences in hemispheric distribution of stroke in LVAD patients.

Methods—

We reviewed 317 consecutive patients who underwent LVAD surgery between November 2000 and July 2011. Stroke during LVAD support was analyzed.

Results—

In total, 46 strokes occurred at 76.0±96.8 days postoperatively. Among the 46 strokes, 27 events (58.7%) occurred in right hemisphere, 13 events (28.2%) in the left hemisphere, 3 events (8.7%) occurred bilaterally, and 2 events (4.3%) were vertebrobasilar lesions. The right hemispheric stroke was significantly more common in patients with postoperative infection compared with left hemispheric events.

Conclusions—

Stroke after LVAD implantation has a right hemispheric predominance. This finding suggests LVAD-related thrombus in the setting of infection and/or the anatomic configuration of LVAD outflow cannula-ascending aorta anastomosis to be highly associated with stroke after LVAD surgery.
α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonism Confers Neuroprotection Through GSK-3β Inhibition in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Krafft Paul R. , Altay Orhan , Rolland William B. , Duris Kamil , Lekic Tim , Tang Jiping , Zhang John H.
Published: December 2011

Background and Purpose—

Perihematomal edema formation and consequent cell death contribute to the delayed brain injury evoked by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to evaluate the effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) stimulation on behavior, brain edema, and neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the role of the proapoptotic glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) after experimental ICH.

Methods—

Male CD-1 mice (n=109) were subjected to intracerebral infusion of autologous blood (n=88) or sham surgery (n=21). ICH animals received vehicle administration, 4 or 12 mg/kg of α7nAChR agonist PHA-543613, 12 mg/kg of α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987, 6 mg/kg of α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA), 15 μg/kg of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, or PHA-543613 combined with MLA or wortmannin. Behavioral deficits and brain water content were evaluated at 24 and 72 hours after surgery. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used for the quantification and localization of activated Akt (p-Akt), GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β), and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3). Neuronal cell death was quantified through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL).

Results—

α7nAChR stimulation improved neurological outcome and reduced brain edema at 24 and 72 hours after surgery (
P
<0.05 compared with vehicle). Furthermore, PHA-543613 treatment increased p-Akt and decreased p-GSK-3β and CC3 expressions in the ipsilateral hemisphere (
P
<0.05, respectively), which was reversed by MLA and wortmannin. P-Akt, p-GSK-3β, and CC3 were generally localized in neurons. PHA-543613 reduced neuronal cell death in the perihematomal area (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

α7nAChR stimulation improved functional and morphological outcomes after experimental ICH in mice. PHA-543613 reduced the expression of proapoptotic GSK-3β through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
Transient Ischemic Attack Incidence in Joinville, Brazil, 2010
Authors: Fonseca Patricia G. , Weiss Pedro A.K. , Harger Rodrigo , Moro Carla H.C. , Longo Alexander L. , Gonçalves Anderson R.R. , Whiteley William N. , Cabral Norberto L.
Published: December 2011

Background and Purpose—

There are scarce data on transient ischemic attack incidence in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to measure transient ischemic attack incidence and the distribution of the ABCD2 risk score in Joinville, Brazil.

Methods—

In 2009 to 2010, using a multiple overlapping sources, we ascertained all first ever probable and definite transient ischemic attacks.

Results—

We recorded 74 definite and probable transient ischemic attacks. The crude incidence was 15 (12–18) per 100 000 population. Age adjusted to European population the incidence was 28 (22–35). One fourth was in the higher risk of stroke by the ABCD2 scale.

Conclusions—

The transient ischemic attack incidence in Joinville, Brazil, is lower than other well-designed studies. New studies could clarify whether the measured rates were due to underascertainment or reflect a truly low incidence.
The Allegory of War in Johannes Kepler's Astronomia Nova
Authors: Barreca Francesco
Published: December 2011

In the dedicatory letter to Rudolf II that opens his work Astronomia Nova Kepler presents an allegory of war. Taking as its premise that the Habsburg emperor was his specific audience and that the rhetorical guidelines were provided by Melanchthon's Elementorum rhetorices and Crusius' Scholia and Quaestiones, this paper will offer an interpretation of the allegory and discuss the thesis that Kepler's aim, in representing astronomy as war, was to explain his vision of the role of the court astronomer, setting it apart from the traditional roles of the court astrologer and the court artist. This will be explored beginning with an analysis of Kepler's use of rhetoric, based on his training in the methods of Philipp Melanchthon, and will go on to discuss Kepler's allegory in its cultural and political context, and finally examine it from the rhetorical and conceptual points of view.
Improving OSCE Human Dimension events — A never-ending story
Authors: Hazewinkel Harm J.
Published: December 2011

As long as the HDIM and other Human Dimension events exists, there is discussion on the formula and Ambassador Gremiger's attempts, even though not new, should be welcomed. Some intrinsic elements make it however difficult to find a format that is satisfying to all. In the first place there is the fact that the HDIM will not produce a negotiated document, which makes it difficult to capture the interest of governments. Furthermore, the growth of the European Union, which speaks with one voice, entails that interest mainly goes to the fringe of the OSCE area. On the other hand, several seminars (e.g. Roma and Sinti, Religious Freedom and Women's Rights) have contributed to enhanced interest within the OSCE . It should never be forgotten that the HDIM and other meetings are a tool, not an aim in themselves.
An Application of Explanatory Item Response Modeling for Model-Based Proficiency Scaling
Authors: Hartig Johannes , Frey Andreas , Nold Günter , Klieme Eckhard
Published: December 2011

The article compares three different methods to estimate effects of task characteristics and to use these estimates for model-based proficiency scaling: prediction of item difficulties from the Rasch model, the linear logistic test model (LLTM), and an LLTM including random item effects (LLTM+e). The methods are applied to empirical data from a German large-scale study of reading comprehension in English as a foreign language ( N = 10,543). A priori defined task characteristics were used as predictors for item difficulty; the estimated effects were used to define thresholds between proficiency levels. The comparison of results indicates that the LLTM is too restrictive; the Rasch model and the LLTM+e yield similar results in terms of implications for scale anchoring.
One and Not the Same
Authors: Daniel Ella , Schiefer David , Knafo Ariel
Published: December 2011

Values are trans-situational, but little is known about their differential consistency across situations. We studied the cross-context correlations of value importance in six adolescent groups across Israel (Jewish majority, former Soviet-Union [FSU] immigrants, and Arab minority) and Germany (majority, FSU, and Turkish immigrants).Values were elicited for several contexts: family, school, and country of residence. Self-direction, achievement, conformity, and benevolence values in the family, the school, and the country of residence contexts revealed a moderately positive correlation among majority members (Study 1). A similar pattern was found for minority members (Study 2), suggesting that values are consistent in their rank order, but vary in importance based on circumstances. Study 2 also investigated minority members’ values in the ethnic context. In Israel, these values correlated positively with values in other contexts. In Germany, self-direction and conformity values in the ethnic context correlated negatively with the same values in other contexts (e.g., self-direction values in the student context and the ethnic context correlated negatively). The cultural environment is therefore relevant to value-system coherence.
Scalar Equivalence of OPQ32
Authors: Bartram Dave
Published: December 2011

Scalar equivalence of Big Five scale scores, derived from OPQ32i data, for over one million people are reviewed in terms of differences between 31 countries involving over 20 different languages. Strong relationships are found between country average scale scores and country standard deviations ( SDs), on the one hand, and two of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, on the other. Country SDs are also seen to vary with cultural “tightness” ratings. Country-level performance indicators are also examined (the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Index and UN Human Development indices). Strong correlations are found between these indicators and both country-level mean personality scores and SDs of personality scores. While Hofstede’s dimensions also predict variation in global competitiveness ( R = 0.66), adding OPQ32 Big Five personality scale data increases the level of prediction to R = 0.84. It is argued that the strength of these relationships with independent country-level metrics supports the view that between-country differences represent true score variance rather than systematic instrument-related biases.
A Simultaneous D‐Optimal Designed Study for Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Mycophenolic Acid and Tacrolimus Early After Renal Transplantation
Authors: Musuamba Flora Tshinanu , Mourad Michel , Haufroid Vincent , Demeyer Martine , Capron Arnaud , Delattre Isabelle K. , Delaruelle Frederic , Wallemacq Pierre , Verbeeck Roger Karel
Published: December 2011

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) and tacrolimus (TAC) are immunosuppressive agents used in combination with corticosteroids for the prevention of acute rejection after solid organ transplantation. Their pharmacokinetics (PK) show considerable unexplained intraindividual and interindividual variability, particularly in the early period after transplantation. The main objective of the present work was to design a study based on D‐optimality to describe the PK of the 2 drugs with good precision and accuracy and to explain their variability by means of patients' demographics, biochemical test results, and physiological characteristics. Pharmacokinetic profiles of MPA and TAC were obtained from 65 stable adult renal allograft recipients on a single occasion (ie, day 15 after transplantation). A sampling schedule was estimated based on the D‐optimality criterion with the POPED software, using parameter values from previously published studies on MPA and TAC modeling early after transplantation. Subsequently, a population PK model describing MPA and TAC concentrations was developed using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling. Optimal blood‐sampling times for determination of MPA and TAC concentrations were estimated to be at 0 (predose) and at 0.24, 0.64, 0.98, 1.37, 2.38, and 11 hours after oral intake of mycophenolate and TAC. The PK of MPA and TAC were best described by a 2‐compartment model with first‐order elimination. For MPA, the absorption was best described by a transit compartment model, whereas first‐order absorption with a lag time best described TAC transfer from the gastrointestinal tract. Parameters were estimated with good precision and accuracy. While hematocrit levels and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism significantly influenced TAC clearance, the pharmaceutical formulation and MRP2 genetic polymorphism were retained as significant covariates on MPA absorption and elimination, respectively. The prospective use of the simultaneous D‐optimal design approach for MPA and TAC has allowed good estimation of MPA and TAC PK parameters in the early period after transplantation characterized by a very high unexplained variability. The influence of some relevant covariates could be shown.
The Gender Role Motivation Model of Women’s Sexually Submissive Behavior and Satisfaction in Heterosexual Couples
Authors: Sanchez Diana T. , Phelan Julie E. , Moss-Racusin Corinne A. , Good Jessica J.
Published: December 2011

Previous findings suggest that women are more likely than men to take on the submissive role during sexual activities (e.g., waiting for their partner to initiate and orchestrate sexual activities), often to the detriment of their sexual satisfaction. Extending previous research on gender role motivation, the authors recruited 181 heterosexual couples to examine scripted sexual behavior, motivation for such behavior, and relationship outcomes (sexual satisfaction, perceptions of closeness, and relationship satisfaction) for both women and their partners. Using the actor–partner interdependence model, path analyses revealed that women’s submissive behavior had negative links to personal sexual satisfaction and their partner’s sexual satisfaction but only when their submission was inconsistent with their sexual preferences. Moreover, the authors show there are negative downstream consequences of diminished sexual satisfaction on perceptions of closeness and overall relationship satisfaction for both partners in the relationship.
Product Architectures and Sourcing Decisions
Authors: Park Jin-Kyu , Ro Young K.
Published: December 2011

The relationship between product architecture (PA) and a firm’s make or buy (M-B) sourcing decision has been a topic of interest over the past several years. However, the interplay between PA and a firm’s M-B decision and its impact on performance is still underexplored. This study draws on transaction cost economics and the knowledge-based view within the framework of the PA and sourcing strategy literature to develop a causal model concerning the relationship between PA and the M-B sourcing decision and its implication for technological and financial performance via an investigation of the bicycle freewheel and derailleur markets from 1980 to 1995. The study readily provides theoretical reasoning as to why firms should choose an M-B sourcing strategy in the context of integral-modular PAs. It also suggests the need for further theoretical and empirical investigation of the relationships between PA type and the M-B choice and of the resulting impact of the sourcing decision on performance.
Negotiating the Gender Divide
Authors: Kulik Carol T. , Olekalns Mara
Published: December 2011

Employment relationships are increasingly personalized, with more employment conditions open to negotiation. Unfortunately, personalization may disadvantage members of some demographic groups. Women, in particular, routinely negotiate less desirable employment terms than men do. The gender gap in employment outcomes is frequently attributed to differences in the ways that men and women negotiate. The authors review the negotiation research demonstrating that women are disadvantaged in negotiations and the organizational behavior research examining the backlash experienced by agentic women. They use the stereotype content model and expectancy violation theory to explain why “best practice” negotiation behaviors benefit male negotiators but backfire for female negotiators. Gender-counternormative behaviors create negative expectancy violations for women, generating backlash and negatively affecting women’s outcomes. The authors’ integration suggests two distinct avenues for enhancing women’s negotiation outcomes. The first strategy set ensures that agentic negotiation behaviors stay below a negotiation partner’s threshold for perceiving negative violations; the second strategy set ensures that behaviors signaling warmth and likeability exceed a partner’s threshold for perceiving positive violations.
A brief history of social scientists’ attempts to measure passionate love
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Bensman Lisamarie , Rapson Richard L.
Published: December 2011

The concept of passionate love has a long history, yet it was not until the 1940s that social scientists created tools designed to measure this emotion. Over the next 60 years, numerous scales of romantic and passionate love were created and tested. Currently, however, there exists no single compendium of existing scales. This paper attempts to fill in the missing information on existing love scales by providing a list of 33 different measures and indicating where each scale’s reliability and validity information can be found. We close by attempting to explain how scholars’ conceptions of the nature of love have changed over the years, and how these historical and scientific changes are reflected in the scales designed to measure passionate love.
Emotion regulation and relationship quality in mother–young adult child dyads
Authors: Martini Tanya S. , Busseri Michael A.
Published: December 2011

A functionalist approach to emotion regulation (ER) emphasizes the strategies people use to regulate their emotions and their goals for doing so. In the present work 90 mother–young adult child dyads (51 daughters; 39 sons) reported on their perceptions about relationship quality and the extent to which they employed one ER strategy (expressive suppression) and two ER goals (self- and other-oriented) when controlling anger toward the partner. Suppression and both ER goals predicted one’s own reports of relationship quality; however, only the two ER goals predicted partner reports of relationship satisfaction. Relations between ER processes and relationship quality were comparable for both generations. Results are discussed from a functionalist perspective in which ER is conceptualized as an integrated interpersonal system.
Empathy as a mediator of the relations between parent and peer attachment and prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors in Mexican American college students
Authors: Carlo Gustavo , McGinley Meredith , Hayes Rachel C. , Martinez Miriam M.
Published: December 2011

Attachment and social support theories are normative developmental approaches that postulate positive social behavioral outcomes for individuals who develop strong relationships to parents and peers; however, research on positive aspects of Latinos in the United States is scarce. One hundred and forty-five Mexican American college students ( M age = 23.05 years; 99 females) from state universities in the United States completed measures of parent and peer attachment, empathy, prosocial behaviors, and physical aggression. Structural equation models showed that both parent and peer attachments were associated with prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors. In general, empathy mediated the relations between peer attachment and both types of social behaviors but mostly for men and not women. Discussion focuses on the importance of attachment relationships and empathy in understanding prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors among Mexican American college students.
Perceived marginalization and its association with physical and psychological health
Authors: Lehmiller Justin J.
Published: December 2011

Perceiving one’s romantic relationship as socially marginalized (i.e., as lacking social approval and acceptance) has been linked to an array of worse relational outcomes, including a greater likelihood of breakup. The present research extended this line of work by examining whether individuals who perceive disapproval specifically because of their current romantic relationship tend to experience worse personal health as well. Using an internet-based sample of romantically involved individuals, this study revealed that perceived marginalization of one’s relationship was associated with reporting more symptoms of poor physical health, as well as lower self-esteem. Each of these associations was mediated by negative affect. Moreover, perceived marginalization was directly associated with engagement in riskier health behaviors, including more cigarette smoking and less frequent condom use. These associations remained, even when controlling for important personal and relationship characteristics. Thus, perceiving that one’s relationship is socially marginalized is associated with worse health outcomes for the partners involved.
Developing a comprehensive, empirically based research framework for classroom-based assessment
Authors: Hill Kathryn , McNamara Tim
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for researching classroom-based assessment (CBA) processes, and is based on a detailed empirical study of two Australian school classrooms where students aged 11 to 13 were studying Indonesian as a foreign language. The framework can be considered innovative in several respects. It goes beyond the scope of earlier models in addressing a number of gaps in previous research, including consideration of the epistemological bases for observed assessment practices and a specific learner and learning focus. Moreover, by adopting the broadest possible definition of CBA, the framework allows for the inclusion of a diverse range of data, including the more intuitive forms of teacher decision-making found in CBA (Torrance & Pryor, 1998). Finally, in contrast to previous studies the research motivating the development of the framework took place in a school-based foreign language setting. We anticipate that the framework will be of interest to both researchers and classroom practitioners.
Optimization of composition, structure and mechanical strength of bioactive 3-D glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone substitution
Authors: Baino Francesco , Ferraris Monica , Bretcanu Oana , Verné Enrica , Vitale-Brovarone Chiara
Published: December 2011

Fabrication of 3-D highly porous, bioactive, and mechanically competent scaffolds represents a significant challenge of bone tissue engineering. In this work, Bioglass®-derived glass-ceramic scaffolds actually fulfilling this complex set of requirements were successfully produced through the sponge replication method. Scaffold processing parameters and sintering treatment were carefully designed in order to obtain final porous bodies with pore content (porosity above 70 %vol), trabecular architecture and mechanical properties (compressive strength up to 3 MPa) analogous to those of the cancellous bone. Influence of the Bioglass® particles size on the structural and mechanical features of the sintered scaffolds was considered and discussed. Relationship between porosity and mechanical strength was investigated and modeled. Three-dimensional architecture, porosity, mechanical strength and in vitro bioactivity of the optimized Bioglass®-derived scaffolds were also compared to those of CEL2-based glass-ceramic scaffolds (CEL2 is an experimental bioactive glass originally developed by the authors at Politecnico di Torino) fabricated by the same processing technique, in an attempt at understanding the role of different bioactive glass composition on the major features of scaffolds prepared by the same method.
Effects of surface modification of PLGA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles on loperamide delivery efficiency across the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Chen Yung-Chu , Hsieh Wen-Yuan , Lee Wen-Fu , Zeng Ding-Tai
Published: December 2011

In this study, we developed a nanoparticle system for drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The nanoparticle consisting of loperamide and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) triblock copolymer were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method; then the nanoparticles were coated with poloxamer 188 or polysorbate 80. The effects of poloxamer 188 or polysorbate 80 on the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the coated nanoparticles were investigated. Loperamide, which does not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) but exerts antinociceptive effects after direct injection into the brain, was encapsulated by different polymeric materials and used as a model drug. The in vitro BBB penetration study shows that the surfactant-coated PLGA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles could have penetration of 14.4–21.2%, which was better than the PLGA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (PEP) (8.2%) and the PLGA nanoparticles (PN) (4.3%). The biopsy studies also confirm that the PEP coated by surfactant could increase the penetration. The results of nanoparticles accumulation in brain tissue show that the PEP coated by surfactant had a much higher concentration than both the PEP and the PN. Moreover, the maximal possible antinociception effect (MPE) for the surfactant-coated PEP was 21–35% at 150 min after administering the drug intravenously, which was significantly better than just the PEP (MPE: 11.6%). The results of the formalin test show that the surfactant-coated PEP administered intravenously 150 min prior to the formalin injection could greatly reduce the pain response in the first phase. The results demonstrate that the surfactant-coated PEP could help to deliver loperamide across the BBB.
Cellular interactions with biodegradable polyurethanes formulated from L-tyrosine
Authors: Shah Parth N , Yun Yang H
Published: December 2011

L-Tyrosine polyurethanes (LTUs) have been synthesized by structural modification of the poly (amino acid) backbone to circumvent the problems associated with the processing of poly (amino acids) arising from their high crystallinity, insolubility in common organic solvents, and high glass-transition and melting temperatures. Additionally, problems such as unpredictable swelling characteristics, change in conformation, and uncontrolled enzymatic degradation have severely restricted the use of poly (amino acids). In contrast, LTUs are designed to retain their superior physico-chemical properties, while incorporating biodegradability through enzymatic, hydrolytic, and oxidative pathways. The aim of this study is to evaluate initially the biocompatibility of LTUs and their degradation products. Studies involving primary dermal human fibroblasts cultured in contact with LTU films or degradation products suggest a lack of toxicity (cell viabilities >93% with p < 0.05 compared to the control for all studies). The diversity of LTU polymer chemistry and the ability of LTUs to phase separate seem to present a heterogeneous surface with variable wettability. This phenomenon influences the adhesion and proliferation of human fibroblasts on polymeric surfaces, wherein fibroblast adhesion on polycaprolactone diol (PCL) based LTUs is characterized by higher cell counts (81,250 ± 18,390 for PCL-C-DTH (desaminotyrosine–tyrosyl hexyl, DTH), 58,360 ± 7370 for PCL-L-DTH, 38,480 ± 12,680 for PEG-C-DTH (polyethylene glycol, PEG), and 46,430 ± 16,000 for PEG-L-DTH at 120 h with p < 0.001 for comparison between PCL-C-DTH and all other LTUs), more rapid cellular proliferation (doubling time of 37–49 h for PCL-based LTUs compared to 68–90 h for PEG-based LTUs), and a uniform cell distribution compared to PEG-based LTUs. However, immunofluorescence assay for F-actin suggests that the cells are well attached. Thus, the lack of cytotoxicity and the ability to control cellular adhesion through polymer chemistry make LTUs attractive candidates for tissue-engineering applications that require elastomeric, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers.
Exploring Management Practice Variation in Tax Increment Financing Districts
Authors: Bartels Christopher E. , Hall Jeremy L.
Published: December 2011

Tax increment financing (TIF) has become a mainstay of local economic development efforts. A significant body of research has investigated the effectiveness of TIF efforts as economic development tools. Such research has concentrated on measuring economic impact of TIF projects, with widely varied results. There has been little examination of the internal differences in TIF project planning and management that affect TIF district performance. This qualitative study builds a theory of TIF performance by examining differences in management practices across TIF districts in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. Archival analysis is used to determine what efforts cities take to assess risk (preimplementation) and to measure ongoing TIF project performance (postimplementation). Cities are then classified, and descriptive analysis documents the observed differences.