bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Highly Crystallized Hexagonal Boron Nitride Sheets with Li3N as Additive Agent
Authors: Yuan Sheng , Toury Bérangère , Benayoun Stéphane , Chiriac Rodica , Gombault François , Journet Catherine , Brioude Arnaud
Published: September 2014

Highly crystallized hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) sheets were obtained by a versatile method modifying the original synthesis by using an additive agent and, as a consequence, decreasing the temperature for the ceramization step (1200–1400 °C). This synthesis is based on the polymer‐derived ceramics (PDCs) route using liquid‐state polyborazylene (PBN) mixed with lithium nitride (Li3N) micropowders as additive agent. We have demonstrated that incorporation of Li3N as a crystallization promoter allows the onset of crystallization of h‐BN at lower temperatures. Consequently, a high crystallization rate can be obtained from 1000 °C for bulk boron nitride, whereas the temperature has to be 1600–1800 °C under classical conditions. A series of samples incorporating Li3N (5 wt.‐%) and annealed at various temperatures from 600 to 1400 °C was prepared and structurally characterized by Raman spectroscopy, XRD analyis, and TEM. Well‐crystallized sheets with thicknesses of nanometers can be easily obtained by applying this method.
Access to Difluoromethylated Alkynes through the Castro–Stephens Reaction
Authors: Besset Tatiana , Poisson Thomas , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: September 2014

An efficient synthesis of difluoromethylated alkynes is described. A panel of readily available CuI acetylides undergo direct difluoromethylation by using BrCF2CO2Et, which is an inexpensive, easy to handle, commercially available fluorinated reagent. The reaction, which is based on a Castro–Stephens transformation, proceeds smoothly under mild conditions offering a new synthetic route for the direct introduction of the difluoromethylated group into alkynes that does not involve ozone‐depleting reagents. The resulting products were obtained with good yields by using CsOPiv and Cu(OAc)2 as additives.
Metallic Impurities in Graphene Screen‐Printed Electrodes Can Influence Their Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Smith Jamie P. , Foster Christopher W. , Metters Jonathan P. , Sutcliffe Oliver B. , Banks Craig E.
Published: September 2014

We demonstrate that the electrochemical signatures of graphene screen‐printed electrodes towards hydrazine are not due to the reported benefits of graphene per se but rather it is the metallic impurities which can.
Loss of PEG chain in routine SDS‐PAGE analysis of PEG‐maleimide modified protein
Authors: Zhang Chun , Liu Yongdong , Feng Cui , Wang Qi , Shi Hong , Zhao Dawei , Yu Rong , Su Zhiguo
Published: September 2014

SDS‐PAGE represents a quick and simple method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of protein and protein‐containing conjugates, mostly pegylated proteins. PEG‐maleimide (MAL) is frequently used to site‐specifically pegylate therapeutic proteins via free cysteine residue by forming a thiosuccinimide structure for pursuing homogeneous products. The C–S linkage between protein and PEG‐MAL is generally thought to be relatively stable. However, loss of intact PEG chain in routine SDS‐PAGE analysis of PEG‐maleimide modified protein was observed. It is a thiol‐independent thioether cleavage and the shedding of PEG chain exclusively happens to PEG‐MAL modified conjugates although PEG‐vinylsulfone conjugates to thiol‐containing proteins also through a C–S linkage. Cleavage kinetics of PEG40k‐MAL modified ciliary neurotrophic factor showed this kind of degradation could immediately happen even in 1 min incubation at high temperature and could be detected at physiological temperature and pH, although the rate was relatively slow. This may provide another degradation route for maleimide‐thiol conjugate irrespective of reactive thiol, although the specific mechanism is still not very clear for us. It would also offer a basis for accurate characterization of PEG‐MAL modified protein/peptide by SDS‐PAGE analysis.
Autobiographical Memory in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Bomba Monica , Marfone Mirella , Brivio Elisa , Oggiano Silvia , Broggi Fiorenza , Neri Francesca , Nacinovich Renata
Published: September 2014

Objective

The aim of the study is to investigate deficits in autobiographical memory in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Methods

Sixty female individuals with AN and 60 healthy volunteers with an age range of 11–18 years were enrolled. The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), the Eating Disorder Inventory‐3, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale‐20 for the evaluation of alexithymia and Children's Depression Inventory to evaluate depressive traits were administered. In addition to classical AMT words, we proposed seven experimental cues, chosen from words often used by individuals with eating disorders in daily life.

Results

Girls with AN showed a massive overgeneral memory effect. This effect was not related to the presence of depression or alexithymia but increased with the duration of the disorder rather than with its severity.

Discussion

The alteration of autobiographical memory manifests in adolescence. Girls with AN showed a dysregulation of both negative and positive emotional experiences that seemed to be influenced by the disease duration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Medium access control techniques in M2M communication: survey and critical review
Authors: Hussain Fatima , Anpalagan Alagan , Vannithamby Rath
Published: September 2014

Machine‐to‐machine (M2M) communication has received increasing attention in recent year. An M2M network exhibits some salient features such as large number of machines/devices, low data rates, delay tolerant/sensitive, small packets, energy constrained and low or no mobility. A large number of M2M terminals may exist in a small area with many trying to simultaneously and randomly access for channel resources, which will result in overload and access problem. This increased signalling overhead and diverse requirements of machine‐type communication (MTC) devices call for the development of flexible and efficient scheduling and random access techniques. In an M2M scenario, where the network is operating at high offered load with a large number of contending transmitters, distributed random access techniques are more appropriate than centralised scheduling techniques because of less control messages and better channel utilisation. There is a need for comparison of various medium access methods that can be used in the development of an efficient hybrid M2M and human to human network. In this article, we review and compare various scheduling and random access techniques in cellular networks, particularly in Long‐Term Evolution. We also discuss how successful they are to fulfill the unique requirements of M2M communication and networking. Resource management in M2M networks with a large number of MTC devices is also discussed from the access point of view. Energy efficiency, being one of the main challenges of quality‐of‐service‐constrained M2M communication, is also discussed. Minimisation of the energy consumption is tightly bound to channel access and hence considered in the comparison of various medium access control protocols. Finally, some potential research directions related to access control and resource allocation are presented for future work. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventive Effects of Zingerone on Altered Lipid Peroxides and Nonenzymatic Antioxidants in the Circulation of Isoproterenol‐Induced Myocardial Infarcted Rats
Authors: Hemalatha K. L. , Prince P. Stanely Mainzen
Published: September 2014

The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive effects of zingerone on circulatory lipid peroxides and nonenzymatic antioxidants in isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarcted rats. Rats were pretreated with zingerone (6 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 14 days and were then induced myocardial infarction with isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight) on 15th and 16th day. Increased intensities of serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 bands enhanced plasma lipid peroxidation products and lowered nonenzymatic antioxidant system were noted in isoproterenol‐induced rats. Pretreatment with zingerone daily for 14 days revealed significant preventive effects on the electrophoretic and biochemical parameters evaluated in isoproterenol‐induced rats. Furthermore, the in vitro study confirmed the potent antioxidant activity of zingerone. The results of our study showed that zingerone protected the rat's heart against isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarction by its antioxidant effect.
Inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity in healthy allo‐HSCT donors during hematopoietic stem cell mobilization
Authors: İlhan Çiğdem , Suyanı Elif , Sucak Gülsan Türköz , Paşaoğlu Özge Tuğçe , Akı Şahika Zeynep , Paşaoğlu Hatice
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of mobilization with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and apheresis procedure on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant capacity in healthy allo‐HSCT donors. The study was conducted in the Stem Cell Transplantation Unit of Gazi University Hospital between October 2010 and March 2011, and 25 consecutive allo‐HSCT donors were included. The alteration in the serum levels of iron, iron binding capacity, albumin, ferritin, IL‐6, hs‐CRP, TAC, MDA, and AOPP were determined at five different time points. (1) Prior to the first dose of G‐CSF (T0), (2) preapheresis (on the fourth day of G‐CSF before the apeheresis procedure) (T1), (3) immediately postapheresis (T2), (4) 24 h postapheresis (T3), and (5) a week after apheresis (T4). Serum ferritin levels increased steadily after administration of G‐CSF and remained high up toT4. Both serum IL‐6 and hs‐CRP levels began to increase in the T1 sampling and reached to a maximum level at T3 and decreased even below the basal levels at T4. Serum AOPP levels decreased at preapheresis and postapheresis time points, while they increased at T3 and T4 samples. Serum MDA levels decreased at T1, T2, T3, and T4 samples. Serum TAC increased significantly and steadily at all time points post G‐CSF. In conclusion; mobilization with G‐CSF and apheresis caused a transient inflammatory reaction and a protein limited oxidative stress in healthy allo‐HCT donors. J. Clin. Apheresis 30:197–203, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Summer droughts in the northern Yellow River basin in association with recent Arctic ice loss
Authors: Zhang Jie , Li Laurent , Li Dongliang , Deng Weitao
Published: September 2014

Drought is one of the most devastating natural disasters occurring in the Yellow River basin (YRB) in Central and North China, with strong impacts on human societies and natural environments. Based on datasets from ECMWF/ERA‐Interim on atmospheric circulation and sea level pressure and on rainfall data from meteorological networks from 1979 to 2013, droughts in the YRB are investigated in the present work. Rainfall in summer in the northern YRB (semi‐arid and semi‐humid zones) has been low since 1990, which is associated with an anomaly of planetary waves around Lake Baikal. These waves are significantly affected by Arctic ice loss (particularly in the eastern Arctic) among other factors. Eastern Arctic ice loss results in a warmer surface and increases air temperatures over the Arctic and northern Siberia. These conditions are favourable for cyclonic anomalies in the lower troposphere, generating an ascending flow anomaly over the eastern Arctic and a positive anomaly of meridional wind in the low troposphere between high latitudes and the Arctic. This situation results in a weaker Polar cell and a stronger Ferrel cell in the three‐cell latitudinal circulation, due to increasing the ascending flow at approximately 60°N as well as the descending flow at approximately 35°–53°N. These conditions favour reinforcement as well as the width of subtropical high pressures, meridional shifts or northward elongation, the anomaly of planetary wave ridges around Lake Baikal, finally, more severe droughts in the northern YRB. Simulations performed with an atmospheric general circulation model confirm that Arctic sea ice loss can induce a northward shift and enhancement of subtropical high pressures, together with decreasing rainfall in the mid‐latitudes of both North America and East Asia, especially in the northern YRB.
Long‐Term Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in Traumatised Adolescents: Findings From a Specialised Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Vloet Andrea , Simons Michael , Vloet Timo D. , Sander Melanie , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Konrad Kerstin
Published: September 2014

Although traumatic experiences are associated with an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, little is known regarding the long‐term outcomes of traumatised adolescents. In the current study, 42 traumatised adolescents who had been referred to a specialised health service were reassessed 2 to 5 years after the traumatic event. The course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric symptoms, the development of posttraumatic growth (PTG), and parental PTSD were analysed. The rate of PTSD (full and partial) declined from 59.5% to 11.9% between the first assessment and the follow‐up. On average, low levels of PTG were reported by the adolescents at follow‐up. Sexual abuse was associated with most severe PTSD symptoms at initial assessment (η2 = .18) and the highest PTG (η2 = .12). Adolescents with psychotherapeutic support showed the largest symptom reduction (η2 = .15). Adolescent PTSD at follow‐up was shown to be correlated with both PTG (r = .34) and parental PTSD (r = .58). The results highlight the need for psychotherapeutic support for traumatised adolescents and their parents to prevent long‐term psychological impairment. The development of PTG should be considered in the aftermath of trauma and its relevance for posttraumatic recovery should be addressed in future studies.
Prior Exposure to Interpersonal Violence and Long‐Term Treatment Response for Boys With a Disruptive Behavior Disorder
Authors: Shenk Chad E. , Dorn Lorah D. , Kolko David J. , Rausch Joseph R. , Insana Salvatore P.
Published: September 2014

Interpersonal violence (IPV) is common in children with a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) and increases the risk for greater DBD symptom severity, callous–unemotional (CU) traits, and neuroendocrine disruption. Thus, IPV may make it difficult to change symptom trajectories for families receiving DBD interventions given these relationships. The current study examined whether IPV prior to receiving treatment for a DBD predicted trajectories of a variety of associated outcomes, specifically DBD symptoms, CU traits, and cortisol concentrations. Boys with a DBD diagnosis (N = 66; age range = 6–11 years; 54.5% of whom experienced IPV prior to treatment) of either oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder participated in a randomized clinical trial and were assessed 3 years following treatment. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that prior IPV predicted smaller rates of change in DBD symptoms, CU traits, and cortisol trajectories, indicating less benefit from intervention. The effect size magnitudes of IPV were large for each outcome (d = 0.88–1.07). These results suggest that IPV is a predictor of the long‐term treatment response for boys with a DBD. Including trauma‐focused components into existing DBD interventions may be worth testing to improve treatment effectiveness for boys with a prior history of IPV.
Long-Term Results of Combined Liver-Kidney Transplantation for Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1: The French Experience
Authors: Compagnon Philippe , Metzler Philippe , Samuel Didier , Camus Christophe , Niaudet Patrick , Durrbach Antoine , Lang Philippe , Azoulay Daniel , Duvoux Christophe , Bayle Francois , Rivalan Joseph , Merville Pierre , Pascal Gerard , Thervet Eric , Bensman Albert , Rostaing Lionel , Deschenes Georges , Morcet Jeff , Feray Cyrille , Boudjema Karim
Published: September 2014

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a hepatic metabolic defect leading to end-stage renal failure. The posttransplant recurrence of kidney disease can suggest a need for combined liver-kidney transplantation (LKT). However, the risk of LKT is theoretically far higher than the risk of kidney-alone transplantation (KAT). An unselected consecutive series of 54 patients with PH1 was analyzed according to the type of transplantation initially performed between May 1979 and June 2010 at 10 French centers. The duration of dialysis, extrarenal lesions, age, and follow-up were similar between the groups. Postoperative morbidity and mortality did not differ between the groups, and 10-year patient survival rates were similar for the LKT (n = 33) and KAT groups (n = 21; 78% versus 70%). Kidney graft survival at 10 years was better after LKT (87% versus 13%, P < .001). Four patients (12.1%) lost their first kidney graft in the LKT group, whereas 19 (90%) did in the KAT group (P < .001). The recurrence of oxalosis occurred in 11 renal grafts (52%) in the KAT group but in none in the LKT group (P < .001). End-stage renal failure resulting from rejection was also higher in the KAT group (19% versus 9%, P < 0.0001). A second kidney transplant was performed for 15 patients (71%) in the KAT group versus 4 patients (12%) in the LKT group (P < 0.001). In conclusion, LKT for PH1 provides better kidney graft survival, less rejection, and similar long-term patient survival and is not associated with an increased short-term mortality risk. LKT must be the first-line treatment for PH1 patients with end-stage renal disease. Liver Transpl 20:1475–1485, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Polymerization of Norbornene Using Chiral Bis(phenolate) Zirconium Catalysts
Authors: Tschage Marie , Jung Seungwhan , Spaniol Thomas P. , Okuda Jun
Published: September 2014

Norbornene is polymerized by employing zirconium catalysts with (OSSO)‐type bis(phenolate) ligands. The racemic precatalyst rac‐1 produces high molecular weight poly(norbornene) with slight optical activity. Enantiopure precatalysts (S,S)‐1 and (R,R)‐1 are used to study the optical induction in the poly(norbornene)s formed. To overcome the insolubility of poly(norbornene)s in common solvents, their microstructure is studied using copolymers with ethylene as well as hydrooligomers. The crystal structure of a norbornene tetramer is reported.

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Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry: Recent evolution and current trends
Authors: Tranchida Peter Q. , Franchina Flavio A. , Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi
Published: September 2014

The present contribution is focused on the evolution and current trends of comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC × GC‐MS), with respect to a review that described this specific methodology published at the beginning of 2008 (Mondello et al., 2008). In fact, since then there has been considerable evolution in the MS field, certainly exceeding that observed in GC × GC. In particular, the present paper will cover the combination of novel MS machines [single quadrupole (Q) and triple quadrupole, isotope ratio, low‐ and high‐resolution time‐of‐flight (ToF), hybrid (Q‐ToF)] to GC × GC systems, and will position comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography within the wider context of separation science. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:524–534, 2016
Detection of marine neurotoxins in food safety testing using a multielectrode array
Authors: Nicolas Jonathan , Hendriksen Peter J. M. , van Kleef Regina G. D. M. , de Groot Aart , Bovee Toine F. H. , Rietjens Ivonne M. C. M. , Westerink Remco H. S.
Published: September 2014

Scope

At the European level, detection of marine neurotoxins in seafood is still based on ethically debated and expensive in vivo rodent bioassays. The development of alternative methodologies for the detection of marine neurotoxins is therefore of utmost importance. We therefore investigated whether and to what extent a multielectrode array (MEA) approach can be used as an in vitro alternative for screening of marine neurotoxins potentially present in seafood.

Methods

This MEA approach utilizes rat cortical neurons comprising a wide range of ion channels/pumps and neurotransmitter receptors targeted by marine neurotoxins. We tested the effects of neurotoxic model compounds, pure marine neurotoxins, and extracts from contaminated seafood on neuronal activity of rat cortical neurons cultured on commercial 48‐well plates to increase throughput.

Conclusion

We demonstrate that the MEA approach has a sensitivity of 88% (7/9 model compounds, 6/6 pure marine neurotoxins, and 2/2 marine neurotoxins present in seafood extracts were correctly identified) and a good reproducibility compared to existing in vitro alternatives. We therefore conclude that this MEA‐based approach could be a valuable tool for future food safety testing.
Prenatal sonographic predictors of postnatal pyeloplasty in fetuses with isolated hydronephrosis
Authors: Mudrik‐Zohar Hadar , Meizner Israel , Bar‐Sever Zvi , Ben‐Meir David , Davidovits Miriam
Published: September 2014

Objective

To define prenatal sonographic predictors of ureteropelvic junction obstruction requiring postnatal pyeloplasty, in fetuses with isolated hydronephrosis.

Methods

Retrospective data on prenatal sonographic parameters were compared between patients who had been diagnosed prenatally with hydronephrosis and either underwent postnatal pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (n = 39) or were treated conservatively (n = 30).

Results

Significant differences between the surgically and conservatively treated patients were found for mean anterior–posterior renal diameter (22.8 ± 8.6 vs 14.2 ± 5.9 mm, respectively, p < 0.0001) and parenchymal thickness (5.9 ± 2.8 vs 8.1 ± 2.6 mm, p = 0.009). Anterior–posterior diameter >14 mm was the best single predictor of the need for surgery (area under the ROC curve, 0.817), with sensitivity 77%, specificity 69%, positive predictive value (PPV) 77% and negative predictive value (NPV) 69% (β = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.07–1.28, p < 0.001). Mean ratio of anterior–posterior diameter to parenchymal thickness was significantly higher in the postnatal pyeloplasty group (5.4 ± 4.5 vs 2.1 ± 1.4, p = 0.0001). A ratio >2.1 had a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 65% for the need for surgery (area under the curve 0.822, PPV 79%, NPV 77%; β = 1.92, 95%CI = 1.16–3.17, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In cases of prenatal isolated hydronephrosis, the pelvic anterior–posterior diameter and parenchymal thickness may predict the need for postnatal pyeloplasty. A ratio of >2.1 of pelvic anterior–posterior diameter to parenchymal thickness suggests ureteropelvic junction obstruction and supports the use of more intensive prenatal and postnatal surveillance. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of blend ratio and elongation flow on the morphology and properties of epoxy resin‐poly(trimethylene terephthalate) blends
Authors: Chandran C. Sarath , Muller Rene , Bouquey M. , Serra C. , Thomas S.
Published: September 2014

The effect of processing conditions on the morphology of polymer blends is a topic of tremendous practical interest especially for thermoset–thermoplastic blends. The effect of blend ratio and the nature of the flow field (shear flow vs. elongation flow) on the morphology is followed here using blends of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)‐poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT). Morphology of the blends prepared by the conventional melt mixing technique is compared with that prepared by using an elongation mixer (RMX device invented by Muller et al.). The blends prepared by the elongation mixer showed excellent transparency and higher storage modulus at room temperature than the conventional mixer. In the case of samples prepared by the RMX device Tg of the epoxy phase has been shifted to lower temperatures indicating a molecular level mixing between PTT and DGEBA. However the conventional melt mixed samples showed only a marginal shift in Tg to low temperatures indicating that the system is not as miscible as that prepared by the RMX device. The use of RMX device for thermoset–thermoplastic blends is novel and no work has been reported in this relation. The properties of the blends were strongly affected by the composition and the crystallization of the semicrystalline PTT phase. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1679–1688, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of total gas pressure in sputtered hydrogenated amorphous silicon
Authors: Fedala Abdelkrim , Dad Aghilas , Khefiani‐Guellil Moussa , Tata Sonia , Simon Claude , Mohammed‐Brahim Tayeb
Published: September 2014

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin films are prepared using DC magnetron sputtering method at a substrate temperature of 200 °C using a plasma of argon and hydrogen gas mixture. The effects of the total gas pressure (TGP) during the deposition on structural, optical and electrical properties of the films are investigated. A decrease of the polyhydride bonding groups concentration (SiHn) is observed in FTIR spectra when the TGP increases. The optical gap remains constant. With increasing TGP the dark and photoconductivity increase, the defect density of states determined from constant photocurrent method (CPM) decreases, and the quantum efficiency mobility lifetime product (ημτ) is enhanced by a factor of more than fifty. Thus, the structural and electrical properties are enhanced by only increasing the TGP. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Silicon film deposition on crystalline, sintered and powder substrates using an inline optical processing CVD system
Authors: Augusto André , Serra Filipe , Vallêra António , Serra João M.
Published: September 2014

An inline optical CVD process operating at low temperature (<873 K) and at atmospheric pressure is presented here to grow silicon films on top of crystalline, sintered silicon and pressed silicon powder substrates moving at constant speed (>10 mm/min) inside the furnace. Solid silicon substrates were laser textured to reduce the reflectivity, leveraging the growth rates. Laser patterning has a strong influence in the growth rate, reaching values up to 9 µm/min. Using pressed silicon powder substrates, growth rates increase dramatically to 40‐90 µm/min. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of a Stable, a Metastable and a High Temperature Modification of Pb2NaIO6
Authors: Kubel Frank , Pantazi Mariana , Wandl Nicole , Hagemann Hans
Published: September 2014

In analogy to the synthesis of polycrystalline M2NaIO6 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) by precipitation in water at 90 °C, the title compound was first prepared as a metastable compound. The stable modification of Pb2NaIO6 was obtained by a heat treatment to 400 °C followed by cooling to room temperature. The crystal structure was refined from powder diffraction data [space group P21/c (14), a = 5.9040(2), b = 5.7526(2), c = 10.1104(3) Å, β = 125.341(1)°]. On heating, at ca. 125 °C, a phase transition to a cubic high temperature modification was observed. The crystal structure was refined from XRD data measured at 200 °C [space group Fm$\bar{3}$m (225), a = 8.2678(1) Å]. Depending on the precipitation temperature between 90 °C and 0 °C, several metastable modifications were obtained, which can be distinguished by significantly different lattice parameters. The XRD pattern of a powder precipitated at room temperature is pseudocubic. The crystal structure was refined at room temperature in P21/c with a = 5.8201(4), b = 5.8473(4), c = 10.0798(5) Å, β = 125.074(3)°. This modification behaves almost as a cubic lattice on heating as found from XRD and DSC measurements.
Coordination Architectures of Manganese Complexes based on the Liagnd 3‐Pytza or Mixed Ligands [3‐Pytza = 5‐(3‐Pyridyl)tetrazole‐2‐acetato]
Authors: Zou Jian Hua , Tian He , Wang Zhong , Li Fu Song , Zhang Fei Fei , Zhao Li Yang , Zhang Ping , Zhu Da Liang , Yang Gao Wen , Li Qiao Yun
Published: September 2014

Reactions of K3‐pytza [K3‐pytza = 5‐(3‐pyridyl) tetrazole‐2‐acetato potassium salt] with MnCl2·4H2O and 4,4′‐bipy or mixed ligands with 4,4′‐bipy (4,4′bipy = 4,4′‐bipyridine), produced two new coordination compounds, [Mn(3‐pytza)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (1) and [Mn(3‐pytza)2(4,4′‐bipy)] (2). The two compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that compound 1 displays a 1D polymeric chain structure, whereas compound 2 shows a 2D layer network. The two polymers are self‐assembled to form 3D supramolecular networks by hydrogen bonding interactions. Furthermore, the luminescence of 1 and 2 in the solid state at room temperature were also investigated.
Regional glucose metabolic reduction in dementia with Lewy bodies is independent of amyloid deposition
Authors: Ishii Kazunari , Hosokawa Chisa , Hyodo Tomoko , Sakaguchi Kenta , Usami Kimio , Shimamoto Kenji , Hosono Makoto , Yamazoe Yuzuru , Murakami Takamichi
Published: September 2014

Purpose

There is evidence that some cases of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) can demonstrate Alzheimer disease (AD) like reduced glucose metabolism without amyloid deposition. The aim of this study was to clarify whether regional hypometabolism is related to amyloid deposits in the DLB brain and measure the degree of regional hypometabolism.

Methods

Ten consecutive subjects with DLB and 10 AD patients who underwent both Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-PET and 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG)-PET were included in this study. Regional standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR)s normalised to cerebellar cortices were calculated in the FDG- and PiB-PET images.

Results

All AD patients and five DLB patients showed amyloid deposits (PiB positive). In the DLB group the parietotemporal and occipital metabolism were significantly lower than those in the AD group but there was no difference between the posterior cingulate hypometabolism between DLB and AD groups. There were no differences in regional glucose metabolism between PiB positive and negative DLB patients.

Conclusions

In the DLB brain, it is suggested that decreased regional glucose metabolism is unrelated to amyloid deposits, although the hypometabolic area overlaps with the AD hypometabolic area and the degree of parietotemporal and occipital hypometabolism in DLB brain is much larger than that in AD brain.
Geochemical characteristics of the sapropel sediments of small lakes in the Ob’–Irtysh interfluve
Authors: Strakhovenko V.D. , Taran O.P. , Ermolaeva N.I.
Published: September 2014

More than 20,000 lakes with sapropel sediments are located in southern West Siberia. The work is aimed at an integrated geochemical study of ten sapropel lake systems: a geochemical description of the lake waters, hydrobiological analysis, and analysis of the sapropels (phase and chemical analyses of inorganic matter and elemental analysis of organic matter).

The geochemical landscape and low-flow regime of the waters of Siberian small lakes favor massive growth of living organisms. The anaerobic medium at the water/sediment boundary promotes the burial of organic matter as terrigenous material builds up. Based on the results, the sapropels are classified by chemical and mineral compositions into organic, organic siliceous, organic carbonate, organic carbonate-siliceous, and carbonate-siliceous. The sapropels inherit the contents of elements in soils and parental rocks, but the presence of considerable amounts of organic matter in the sediment determines their lower contents with respect to those in the soils of water catchment areas (except U, Cd, Hg, Ca, Sr, and Mn). Biochemical formation of pyrite and calcite is observed in the lake bottom sediments. The calcite formation in the sapropel sediments of Lakes Barchin, Bergul’, Kankul’, and Itkul’ determines their high Ca, Sr, Mn, and Mg contents. Comparison of data on the anion composition of the waters and the organic and mineral compositions of the sapropels has shown that the formation of low-ash biogenic sapropel takes place in lakes whose waters contain a considerable amount of dissolved organic matter and in which HCO3− is a predominant anion. No effect of the cation composition of the waters (Na, Ca, and Mg) on the sapropel composition has been detected. Therefore, Lakes Kankul’, Kachkul’nya, Bergul’, Barchin, and Kambala are the sapropel lake systems with the highest potential.
Sedimentation regime and accommodation space in the Middle Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous on the eastern Russian Plate
Authors: Zorina S.O.
Published: September 2014

This study presents new data on transgressive–regressive and accommodation–sedimentation regimes in the eastern Russian Plate during the Middle Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous. The proposed generalized scheme illustrating the combined effects of three major factors (eustasy, tectonic “noise”, and depositional gradient) controlling the deposition of sequences with different stratal architecture allowed us to quantify the parameters of sedimentation (δS) and accommodation (δA) for second- and third-order cycles. A distinctive feature of the evolution of the Middle Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sedimentary basin is the excess of accommodation space over sediment supply, which was not conducive to creation of clinoforms. The difference between stacking patterns in individual time intervals and the estimated values of δA/δS may be indicative of the presence of unidentified stratigraphic breaks in the Bathonian and Late Tithonian–Berriasian, which were accompanied by erosion and reworking of sand strata. The stepwise regressive-transgressive deepening during the Oxfordian–Early Tithonian and transgressive–regressive shallowing during the Late Tithonian–Berriasian were probably caused by short-term manifestations of local tectonic “noise”, and depositional hiatuses accompanied by the erosion of missing elements in the structure of third-order cycles. The Lower Cretaceous succession exhibits no mismatch between transgressive–regressive and retrogradational–progradational cycling, which provides another supporting evidence for a quiet tectonoeustatic and sedimentation regime during the Early Cretaceous compared to that of Middle–Late Jurassic time.
Epidemiological studies of oats consumption and risk of cancer and overall mortality
Authors: Boffetta Paolo , Thies Frank , Kris-Etherton Penny
Published: September 2014

A review of epidemiological studies on the intake of oats and oat-based products and its effect on the risk of chronic disease and deaths was performed. Seven studies were identified of cancer risk (two each on prostate and colorectal cancer, and one each on pancreatic, breast and endometrial cancer), and one study on overall mortality. With the exception of a case–control study of pancreatic cancer, all studies were of cohort design: five studies were based on a single cohort from Denmark. The results of most cohort studies suggest a weak protective effect of a high intake of oats on cancer risk (relative risks in the order of 0·9). Potential limitations of the studies are dietary exposure misclassification, low statistical power because of limited exposure contrast and residual confounding. Despite the evidence from experimental and mechanistic studies of a protective effect of oats intake on CVD and diabetes, no epidemiological studies have been conducted on these conditions.
Shakespeare's Christian Vision in Henry VIII
Authors: Nichols Mary P.
Published: September 2014

In Henry VIII, Shakespeare looks beyond religious conflict to express a larger moral—and Christian—vision. He offers a panorama of Christian virtues and characters who manifest them, indicating by their actions and sufferings the role their virtues might play in supporting nobility and justice. He also finds support in Christianity for deriving noble and base from the character of one's soul rather than from birth and for a reliance on fair judicial procedure rather than on the sword for the protection of justice. Finally, in the relation between Henry VIII and Archbishop Cranmer, Shakespeare illustrates a politics that protects religious belief from persecution. Henry VIII offers a vision of the virtues of Christianity that could contribute to a good political community, or at least to understanding what such a community entails.
What Might Have Been
Authors: Knott Stephen F.
Published: September 2014

The fiftieth anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's assassination in November 2013 was commemorated by countless television documentaries recalling the shock and horror of the news from Dealey Plaza. The anniversary also led to the publication of scores of additional books on John F. Kennedy's life and death, to add to the already existing list of over 1,400 titles.
Measures of product design adaptability for changing requirements
Authors: Uckun Serdar , Mackey Ryan , Do Minh , Zhou Rong , Huang Eric , Shah Jami J.
Published: September 2014

Adaptability can have many different definitions: reliability, robustness, survivability, and changeability (adaptability to requirements change). In this research, we focused entirely on the last type. We discuss two alternative approaches to requirements change adaptability. One is the valuation approach that is based on utility and cost of design changes in response to modified requirements. The valuation approach is theoretically sound because it is based on utility and decision theory, but it may be difficult to use in the real world. The second approach is based on examining product architecture characteristics that facilitate changes that include modularity, hierarchy, interfaces, performance sensitivity, and design margins. This approach is heuristic in nature but more practical to use. If calibrated, it could serve as a surrogate for real adaptability. These measures were incorporated in a software tool for exploring alternative configurations of fractionated space satellite systems.
Exploring the effectiveness of parallel systems in distributed design processes subjected to stochastic disruptions
Authors: Ghosh Sourobh , Devendorf Erich , Lewis Kemper
Published: September 2014

During the design of complex systems, a design process may be subjected to stochastic disruptions, interruptions, and changes, which can be described broadly as “design impulses.” These impulses can have a significant impact on the transient response and converged equilibrium for the design system. We distinguish this research by focusing on the interactions between local and architectural impulses in the form of designer mistakes and dissolution, division, and combination impulses, respectively, for a distributed design case study. We provide statistical support for the “parallel character hypothesis,” which asserts that parallel arrangements generally best mitigate dissolution and division impulses. We find that local impulses tend to slow convergence, but systems also subjected to dissolution or division impulses still favor parallel arrangements. We statistically uphold the conclusion that the strategy to mitigate combination impulses is unaffected by the presence of local impulses.
Hospital Disaster Response Using Business Impact Analysis
Authors: Suginaka Hiroshi , Okamoto Ken , Hirano Yohei , Fukumoto Yuichi , Morikawa Miki , Oode Yasumasa , Sumi Yuka , Inoue Yoshiaki , Matsuda Shigeru , Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: September 2014

Introduction

The catastrophic Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 created a crisis in a university-affiliated hospital by disrupting the water supply for 10 days. In response, this study was conducted to analyze water use and prioritize water consumption in each department of the hospital by applying a business impact analysis (BIA). Identifying the minimum amount of water necessary for continuing operations during a disaster was an additional goal.

Problem

Water is essential for many hospital operations and disaster-ready policies must be in place for the safety and continued care of patients.

Methods

A team of doctors, nurses, and office workers in the hospital devised a BIA questionnaire to examine all operations using water. The questionnaire included department name, operation name, suggested substitutes for water, and the estimated daily amount of water consumption. Operations were placed in one of three ranks (S, A, or B) depending on the impact on patients and the need for operational continuity. Recovery time objective (RTO), which is equivalent to the maximum tolerable period of disruption, was determined. Furthermore, the actual use of water and the efficiency of substitute methods, practiced during the water-disrupted periods, were verified in each operation.

Results

There were 24 activities using water in eight departments, and the estimated water consumption in the hospital was 326 (SD = 17) m3per day: 64 (SD = 3) m3for S (20%), 167 (SD = 8) m3for A (51%), and 95 (SD = 5) m3for B operations (29%). During the disruption, the hospital had about 520 m3of available water. When the RTO was set to four days, the amount of water available would have been 130 m3per day. During the crisis, 81% of the substitute methods were used for the S and A operations.

Conclusion

This is the first study to identify and prioritize hospital operations necessary for the efficient continuation of medical treatment during suspension of the water supply by applying a BIA. Understanding the priority of operations and the minimum daily water requirement for each operation is important for a hospital in the event of an unexpected adverse situation, such as a major disaster.

SuginakaH,OkamotoK,HiranoY,FukumotoY,MorikawaM,OodeY,SumiY,InoueY,MatsudaS,TanakaH.Hospital disaster response using business impact analysis.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(5):1-8.
IN DEFENSE OF THE SOCIAL SAFETY NET
Authors: Duncan Craig
Published: September 2014

This article responds to Tibor Machan's criticisms of government provision for needy citizens. It argues that although charity may be morally worthy, private charity is inadequate to the task of providing our fellow citizens with the security they deserve; the tremendous social good of secure access to a life of dignity can only be produced by a public social safety net. Moreover, individual rights to property do not stand in the way of providing a public social safety net. Since there are social inputs in wealth creation, reasonable levels of taxation do not violate people's rights to their wealth.
HUMILITY AND HISTORY
Authors: Kidd Ian James
Published: September 2014

I argue that amongst its many benefits, the history of philosophy is an excellent resource for the cultivation of certain intellectual virtues, most notably gratitude, humility, and justice. Acquaintance with the history of philosophy can, therefore, be edifying, in the sense of being conducive to the cultivation and exercise of virtues. These virtues can be cultivated in many ways, but the history of philosophy offers unique means for securing them, and some familiar pedagogical and intellectual uses of the history of philosophy in fact reflect its edifying functions.
Coasian and modern property rights economics
Authors: FOSS KIRSTEN , FOSS NICOLAI
Published: September 2014

Laying the foundations of property rights economics stands out among Ronald Coase's many seminal contributions. This approach had an impact on a number of fields in economics in, particularly, the 1960s and 1970s. The modern body of property rights economics mainly originates in the work Oliver Hart and is quite different in style, scope, and implications from the original property rights economics of Coase, Demsetz, Alchian, Cheung, Umbeck, Barzel, etc. Based on our earlier work on the subject (Foss and Foss, 2001), we argue that the change from Mark I to Mark II property rights economics led to a substantial narrowing of the scope of property rights economics, somewhat akin to a Kuhnian loss of content. In particular, Mark II property rights economics make strong assumptions concerning the definition and enforcement of ownership rights made which lead to many real life institutions and governance arrangements being excluded from consideration, and a much more narrow focus than that of the rich institutional research program initiated by Coase and his followers.
“The Realm of Serious Art”: Henry Hadley's Involvement in Early Sound Film
Authors: LEWIS HANNAH
Published: September 2014

Composer-conductor Henry Kimball Hadley (1871–1937) is widely viewed as a conservative musical figure, one who resisted radical changes as American musical modernism began to flourish. His compositional style remained firmly rooted in late-Romantic European idioms; and although Hadley advocated for American composition through programming choices as a conductor, he mostly ignored the music of younger, adventurous composers. In one respect, however, Hadley was part of the cutting edge of musical production: that of musical dissemination through new media. This essay explores Hadley's work conducting and composing film music during the transition from silent to synchronized sound film, specifically his involvement with Warner Bros. and their new sound synchronization technology, Vitaphone, in 1926–27. Drawing on archival evidence, I examine Hadley's approach to film composition for the 1927 filmWhen a Man Loves. I argue that Hadley's high-art associations conferred legitimacy upon the new technology, and in his involvement with Vitaphone he aimed to establish sound film composition as a viable outlet for serious composers. Hadley's example prompts us to reconsider the parameters through which we distinguish experimental and conservative musical practices, reconfiguring the definitions to include not just musical proclivities but also the contexts and modes through which they circulate.
“Something beneath the flesh”: Music, Gender, and Medical Discourse in the 1940s Female Gothic Film
Authors: HAWORTH CATHERINE
Published: September 2014

Closely related to both film noir and the woman's film, 1940s female gothic pictures combine suspense and mystery with a focus on the subjective experience of the female protagonist. This article discusses the use of music and sound in the cinematic female gothic tradition, focusing upon two historically located films that form part of its “gaslight” subgenre:Experiment Perilous(dir. Tourneur; comp. Webb, 1944) andThe Spiral Staircase(dir. Siodmak; comp. Webb, 1946). In both films, the positioning of the female lead is mediated by the presence of a medical discourse revolving around her professional and romantic relationship with a male doctor, whose knowledge and authority also allows him to function as an unofficial investigator into the woman's persecution at the hands of a serial murderer. The female gothic soundtrack is a crucial element in the creation and communication of this gendered discourse, articulating the shifting position of characters in relation to issues of crime, criminality, and romance. Musical and vocal control reinforce the doctor's dominance whilst allying his presentation with that of an emasculated killer, and create and contain agency within complex constructions of female victimhood.
Reasoning Ability and Ideology
Authors: Choma Becky , Hodson Gordon , Hoffarth Mark R. , Charlesford Jaysan J. , Hafer Carolyn L.
Published: September 2014

Although much is known about the motivational underpinnings of authoritarian ideologies, less is known about the underlying mental abilities. In the present study, the relations between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and reasoning abilities were investigated. Participants (n = 198) completed measures of reasoning ability (Necessary Arithmetic Operations task, Diagramming Relationships task), RWA, and SDO. Greater RWA was only associated with lower ability to recognize hierarchical relationships; neither RWA nor SDO were associated with general arithmetic reasoning ability. Implications for understanding ideology are discussed.
Characterization and usage of the EASY-spray technology as part of an online 2D SCX-RP ultra-high pressure system
Authors: Marino Fabio , Cristobal Alba , Binai Nadine A. , Bache Nicolai , Heck Albert J. R. , Mohammed Shabaz
Published: September 2014

The EASY-spray technology can now be implemented as a simple online 2D SCX-RP ultra-high pressure system, which allows one to reach deep proteome coverages.