bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking an all-hazards approach to tackling global disaster risk – an important step towards implementing the UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Authors: Norris James , Wright Natalie , Fagan Lucy , Mayner Lidia , Murray Virginia
Published: March 2020

On behalf of the UNDRR/ISC Technical Working Group Task Team

Background - A disaster is a catastrophic event that seriously disrupts a community, with long-term public health, economic and environmental impacts.  The Sendai Framework aims for ‘the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health’.   It advocates an all-hazards approach, to which an understanding of the full scope of hazards faced by communities is essential.  To date there is no scientific list of hazards and definitions encompassing the hazards covered under the Sendai Framework.  This project aims to provide such an overview, which will serve the implementation of the Sendai Framework, and contribute towards the Paris Climate Change Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals.

Methods - A global task team was established by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and International Science Council, chaired by Public Health England, comprising science and technical experts from UN agencies and the wider scientific community.  Methods included the operationalisation of the UN General Assembly definition of hazard, the development of a hazard taxonomy through consultation with over 500 scientific experts and developing a ‘hazard information profile’ for each hazard describing globally agreed scientific and statistical definitions.

Results - The definition of hazard was operationalised by applying three inclusion criteria:  the potential to affect the functioning of a community, available (proactive and) reactive measures, and measurable spatial and temporal components.  Hazards could be excluded based on complexity.  Overall, 300 hazards were included and described.

Discussion - This novel, scientific endeavour, working at a global scale, marks an important step in the implementation of the Sendai Framework.  The all-hazards taxonomy will provide nation states with a scientific tool to enhance their disaster risk management systems, improving the resilience of some of the world’s most vulnerable communities to disasters.
Predicting flood responses from spatial rainfall variability and basin morphology through machine learning
Authors: Duarte Jorge , Kirstetter Pierre E. , Saharia Manabendra , Gourley Jonathan J. , Vergara Humberto , Nicholson Charles D.
Published: March 2020

Predicting flash floods at short time scales as well as their impacts is of vital interest to forecasters, emergency managers and community members alike. Particularly, characteristics such as location, timing, and duration are crucial for decision-making processes for the protection of lives, property and infrastructure. Even though these characteristics are primarily driven by the causative rainfall and basin geomorphology,  untangling the complex interactions between precipitation and hydrological processes becomes challenging due to the lack of observational datasets which capture diverse conditions.

This work follows upon previous efforts on incorporating spatial rainfall moments as viable predictors for flash flood event characteristics such as lag time and the exceedance of flood stage thresholds at gauged locations over the Conterminous United States (CONUS). These variables were modeled by applying various supervised machine learning techniques over a database of flood events. The data included morphological, climatological, streamflow and precipitation data from over 21,000 flood-producing rainfall events – that occurred over 900+ different basins throughout the CONUS between 2002-2011. This dataset included basin parameters and indices derived from radar-based precipitation, which represented sub-basin scale rainfall spatial variability for each storm event. Both classification and regression models were constructed, and variable importance analysis was performed in order to determine the relevant factors reflecting hydrometeorological processes. In this iteration, a closer look at model performance consistency and variable selection aims to further explore rainfall moments’ explanatory power of flood characteristics. 
Analysis of the Internal structure of the Streamer Blow Out Observed by the Parker Solar Probe during the First Solar Encounter
Authors: Nieves-Chinchilla Teresa , Szabo Adam , Korreck Kelly E. , Alzate Nathalia , Balmaceda Laura A. , Lavraud Benoit , Paulson Kristoff , Narock Ayris A. , Wallace Samantha , Jian Lan K. , Luhman Janet G. , Morgan Huw , Higginson Aleida , Arge Charles N. ,   PSP team
Published: March 2020

We present an analysis of the internal structure of a coronal mass ejection (CME) detected by in situ instruments onboard the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft during its first solar encounter. On 2018 November 11 at 23:53 UT, the FIELDS magnetometer measured an increase in strength of the magnetic field as well as a coherent change in the field direction. The SWEAP instrument simultaneously detected the low proton temperature and signatures of bi-directionality in the electron pitch angle distribution (PAD). These signatures are indicative of a CME embedded in the slow solar wind. In conjunction with PSP was the STEREO A spacecraft, which enabled the remote observation of a streamer blow-out by the SECCHI suite of instruments. The source at the Sun of the slow and well-structured flux-rope was identified in an overlying streamer.

Our detailed inspection of the internal transient structure magnetic properties suggests high complexity in deviations from an ideal flux rope 3D topology. Reconstructions of the magnetic field conguration reveal a highly distorted structure consistent with the highly elongated `bubble' observed remotely. A double-ring substructure observed in the SECCHI-COR2 eld of view (FOV) is suggestive of a double internal flux rope. Furthermore, we describe a scenario in which mixed topology of a closed flux rope is combined with the magnetically open structure, which helps explain the flux dropout observed in the measurements of the electron PAD. Our justication for this is the plethora of structures observed by the EUV imager (SECCHI-EUVI) in the hours preceding the streamer blowout evacuation. Finally, taking advantage of the unique observations from PSP, we explore the first stages of the effects of coupling with the solar wind and the evolutionary processes in the magnetic structure. We found evidence of bifurcated current sheets in the structure boundaries suggestive of magnetic reconnection. Our analysis of the internal force imbalance indicates that internal Lorentz forces continue to dominate the evolution of the structure in the COR2 FOV and serves as the main driver of the internal flux rope distortion as detected in situ at PSP solar distance.
Coastal Shoreline Extraction from Very High Resolution (VHR2) Satellite SAR Imagery
Authors: Maguire Daithí , Farrell Eugene
Published: March 2020

Shoreline vectors are extracted from TerraSAR-X imagery based on the identification of peak backscatter intensity levels. The vectors are being catalogued and analysed to assess the accuracy/suitability of SAR imagery for identifying coastal erosion hotspots and for monitoring coastal change as input to forecasting models. The technique is being developed, tested and refined using data collected from three study sites on the west coast of Ireland (Brandon Bay; Clew Bay; Galway Bay).

The shoreline vectors are extracted from both archived and tasked TerraSAR-X imagery. The extracted shorelines are being validated using a combination of: 1) panchromatic and multispectral satellite imagery (VHR1 & VHR2), 2) panchromatic and RGB aerial imagery (VHR1), 3) LiDAR data and 4) repeat DGPS field survey data. In addition, these shoreline vectors are also being compared with equivalent extractions from other very high-resolution X-band SAR imagery (Cosmo-SkyMed) and high-resolution C-band and L-band SAR imagery (RADARSAT-2, ALOS PALSAR). The spatial accuracy of the extracted shorelines from tasked acquisitions will be further assessed using temporarily installed corner reflectors at a selection of the study sites.

SAR acquisition parameters (orbit pass direction, incidence angle, polarisation) and a selection of speckle noise reduction filters (e.g. Boxcar, Frost, Lee) were evaluated to determine the optimum combination for coastal sites with different physical characteristics.

Results are presented in high-definition video format using a combination of GIS, Earth browser and 3D visualisation platforms.
Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Parameterization: A Approach to unify Diffusion and Convection in Ocean Models
Authors: Bourdallé-Badie Romain , Giordani Hervé , Madec Gurvan
Published: March 2020

A new one-dimensional parameterization of penetrative deep convection
has been developed for ocean general circulation models (OGCMs). This work is
motivated by the necessity for OGCMs to better represent the vertical mixing,
the production and properties of deep and intermediate waters, the overflows
and the transport of biogeochemical materials. Our approach is inspired from
atmospheric parameterizations of shallow convection which assumes that in the
convective boundary layer, the subgrid-scale fluxes result from two different
mixing scales : small eddies which are represented by an eddy-diffusivity
contribution, and large eddies associated with thermals which are represented
by a mass-flux contribution. The local (small eddies) and non-local
(large eddies) contributions are unified into an Eddy-Diffusivity-Mass-Flux
(EDMF) parameterization which treats simultaneously the whole vertical mixing.
EDMF is implemented and tested into the communautary ocean model NEMO. Deepening of dense water in 1D analytic cases, sucessfully reproduced in LES simulations, is significantly better captured with EDMF than with standard diffusion parameterizations. Also the convective events observed during winter 2013 in the western Mediterranean at the Lion station are more realistic in terms of sequencing and intensity with EDMF. We show that the best performances of EDMF are due to a best representation of the non-local entrainment fluxes which are counter-gradient in the stratified zone of the thermocline.
Dynamic carbon-oxygen interactions over minute to annual time scales in an experimentally-oxygenated reservoir
Authors: Carey Cayelan , Hounshell Alexandria , Howard Dexter , Lewis Abigail , McClure Ryan , Hammond Nicholas , Lofton Mary , Hanson Paul , Little John , Schreiber Madeline , Birgand Francois
Published: March 2020

Oxygen dynamics in lakes and reservoirs are changing worldwide due to human activities. Changing hypolimnetic oxygen conditions will substantially alter carbon cycling in aquatic ecosystems, as oxygen dynamics near the sediment-water interface regulate whether carbon inputs will be buried, respired as carbon dioxide, or respired as methane. At the decadal scale, warming temperatures and increased nutrient loads are increasing the prevalence and duration of anoxia. Conversely, at the daily scale, mixing due to more powerful storms may periodically increase hypolimnetic oxygen availability. It remains unclear, however, how carbon quantity and quality will respond to these changes in oxygen at different time scales. Our team used unprecedented whole-ecosystem manipulations of hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations in a eutrophic reservoir to identify how changes in oxygen at different time scales (i.e., weeks to months) alter freshwater carbon processing, burial, and greenhouse gas emissions. Against the backdrop of multiple-week shifts between oxic and anoxic conditions in the bottom waters of the experimental reservoir over multiple years, we observed that the dominant scale of variability in dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations was predominantly at the daily scale in the summer and monthly scale in the winter. At the monthly time scale, dissolved oxygen concentrations controlled DOM; at the daily time scale, water temperature and photooxidation controlled DOM. Modeling and field results show that intermittent week-long oxic conditions mineralized “legacy” carbon that had accumulated over years of sedimentation and changed the dominant terminal electron acceptor pathways used for mineralization on the daily scale. Building off of this work, future oxygenation experiments will examine the role of alternate electron acceptors in carbon release from sediments on the daily scale, the impact of carbon quality on carbon processing under varying oxygen conditions at the daily to week scale, and the effects of future oxygen scenarios on carbon cycling in lakes and reservoirs around the world on the annual to decadal scale.
Which conceptions do college students hold about changes to earth and life on earth over time?
Authors: Conrad Dominik , Jaimes Patricia , Libarkin Julie
Published: March 2020

Interdisciplinary learning is regarded as very important by many science educators (e.g. Hicks, Fitzsimmons, & Polunin, 2010; Begg et al., 2014). However, science education research is mostly focused within the discipline. This study provides a first step towards understanding students' conceptions of the co-evolution of earth systems and life on earth. First-year students (N=293) in the United States and Germany were asked about their conceptions of seven major evolutionary events in Earth’s history and changes to Earth`s size and continental positions over time through  open-ended surveys. The study adresses the following research questions: 1) What conceptions do students have about large-scale changes to Earth’s biology, the position of the continents, and the size of the Earth over long geological periods of time? 2) What relationships, if any, exist between student paradigms about absolute and relative times and their conceptions of changes (and underlying causes) that occur to life and the planet? 3) How do the conceptions differ between American and German students? The presentation will show the main results of the study. The results indicate the needs for interdisciplinary learning in schools.

References

Bishop, B.A. & Anerson, C.W. (1990). Student conception of natural selection and ist role in evolution. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 27 (5), 415-427

Begg, M. D., Crumley, G., Fair, A. M., Martina, C. A., McCormack, W. T., Merchant, C., Umans, J. G. (2014). Approaches to preparing young scholars for careers in interdisciplinary team science. J Investig Med, 62(1), 14–25.

Conrad, D. (2015). Schülervorstellungen zur Plattentektonik. Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Interviewstudie mit Schülern der neunten Jahrgangsstufe [students` conceptions of plate tectonics. Results of a qualitative interview study with ninth grade students]. Zeitschrift für Geographiedidaktik, 43(3), 175-204.

Dolphin, G., & Benoit, W. (2016). Students’ mental model development during historically contextualized inquiry: how the ‘Tectonic Plate’ metaphor impeded the process. International Journal of Science Education, 38(2), 276–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2016.1140247

Hicks, C. C., Fitzsimmons, C., & Polunin, N. V. C. (2010). Interdisciplinarity in the environmental sciences: Barriers and frontiers. Environmental Conservation, 37(4), 464–477.
Is existing scientific knowledge sufficient to provide the basis for reliable monitoring of achieving land degradation neutrality?
Authors: Grainger Alan
Published: March 2020

A goal of Land Degradation Neutrality by the year 2030 was agreed by the Rio+20 conference in 2012, and subsequently included in the Sustainable Development Goals. It dilutes earlier goals of unrestricted control of desertification, for example, by proposing that the rate of land degradation should be reduced and the rate of restoration of degraded land increased so they offset each other by 2030. As with many environmental concepts that have emerged in recent decades, Land Degradation Neutrality was proposed in the political arena, and scientific study is only now starting to evolve. Yet distinct positions are already forming within the scientific community, for example, on the feasibility of monitoring land degradation neutrality in dry areas when there are no reliable estimates for the rate of desertification, and on what constitutes land restoration in dry areas. Land degradation neutrality is also yet to be put in the wider context of environmental degradation as a whole, e.g. how does it relate to the forest degradation component of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) mechanism of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and to degradation of biodiversity which the Convention on Biological Diversity is seeking to reduce. This session will allow scientists working in the field of land degradation neutrality to share their perspectives in this emerging field.
Characteristics of Cold Air Outbreaks and associated Polar Mesoscale Cyclones in the North-Atlantic region
Authors: Terpstra Annick , Renfrew Ian , Sergeev Denis
Published: March 2020

Geographically confined, equatorward excursions of cold air masses into ice-free regions account for the majority of oceanic heat loss in key regions for deepwater formation in the North Atlantic. These cold-air outbreaks (CAO) are frequently accompanied by the development of severe mesoscale weather features, such as intense low-level jets and polar lows. Exchange of heat, moisture and momentum between the ocean and atmosphere in response to mesoscale features, either directly, or indirectly via modulating the longevity and intensity of the cold air mass modulates the wind-driven oceanic gyres. Yet, it remains unclear how often mesoscale cyclones accompany cold-air outbreaks, and how mesoscale features modify the air-sea interactions. 

Focusing on two key regions, the Labrador Sea and the Greenland/Norwegian Sea, we outline the temporal evolution of CAO events and associated mesoscale cyclogenesis. We apply objective detection to both CAO events and mesoscale cyclones and introduce an alternative metric to characterize the cold air mass. Despite the nearly 20 degrees difference in latitude, CAOs over both regions exhibit rather similar evolution, surface fluxes, and thermodynamic structure. The large scale configuration during CAO onset comprises a very cold upper level through over the CAO region and a surface cyclone downstream. As the CAO matures the cold air mass extends towards the south-east, accompanied by enhanced surface fluxes and destabilization of the CAO airmass. About 2/3 of the CAO events are accompanied by mesoscale cyclogenesis, with the majority of mesoscale cyclones originating inside the cold air masses. Neither the duration nor the maturity of the CAO event is relevant for the initiation of mesoscale cyclogenesis. Genesis conditions for mesoscale cyclogenesis during CAOs over the Labrador Sea are moister and exhibit stronger surface fluxes compared to their Norwegian Sea counterparts.
Cluster analysis for dispersion patterns near nuclear power plants in South Korea
Authors: Lee Hyunha , Jin Chunsil , Kim Chunji
Published: March 2020

  Clustering analysis using air parcel trajectories is actively used to investigate transport patterns of pollutants. To estimate the impact of nuclide dispersion from nuclear accident, comprehensive information based on long-term meteorological data is required to eatablish a complete and efficient public protection plan. Most of nuclear plants in South Korea are located in a complex terrain near coastal area that involves complicated meteorological phenomenon such as sea breezes and mountain-valley breezes. Robust approach based on long-term climatrological data is required to fully resolve the impacts near Korean nuclear power plants.

  In this study, we assessed the impacts of potential nuclear accident in South Korea by clustering dispersion patterns using 10-year meteorological data. Flow patterns are clustered using trajectory cluster analysis, and then combined with dispersion simulations to demonstrate the clustered dispersion patterns by each season and nuclear power plant.

  The long-term meteorological simulations from 2007 to 2016 were used to evaluate the potential impact of nuclear accidents in Korea, and the modeling framework was designed to show the impact map according to the flow patterns near each nuclear power plant. NOAA HYSPLIT modeling additional clustering analysis suggests that two or three cluster patterns for each power plant can be used. A total of 38 flow patterns are classified near the four nuclear plants in the previous season based on a 10-year wind field analysis. Korea has very complex terrain and coastal areas, and more sophisticated modeling efforts are needed to fully understand the more realistic dispersion characteristics of air masses. In terms of space-time resolution, updating land use information for simulation is very important for weather simulation near the surface of Korea.

  The results of this study can be used as a guideline for constructing a modeling framework for nuclide diffusion simulations, but given these complex simulation configurations, the results demonstrated in the current study are should be interpreted with caution.

 
Eigenvector Model Descriptors for the Seismic Inverse Problem
Authors: Faucher Florian , Scherzer Otmar , Barucq Hélène
Published: March 2020

We consider the quantitative inverse problem for the recovery of subsurface Earth's properties, which relies on an iterative minimization algorithm. Due to the scale of the domains and lack of apriori information, the problem is severely ill-posed. In this work, we reduce the ill-posedness by using the ``regularization by discretization'' approach: the wave speed is described by specific bases, which limits the number of coefficients in the representation. Those bases are associated with the eigenvectors of a diffusion equation, and we investigate several choices for the PDE, that are extracted from the field of image processing. We first compare the efficiency of these model descriptors to accurately capture the variation with a minimal number of coefficients. In the context of sub-surface reconstruction, we demonstrate that the method can be employed to overcome the lack of low-frequency contents in the data. We illustrate with two and three-dimensional acoustic experiments.
Identifying the impact of human activities on soil erosion- the case of Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: Lang Yanqing , Yang Xiaohuan , Cai Hongyan
Published: March 2020

Soil erosion is the results of the combined effects of natural factors and human activities. Since modern times, human activities are the main causes of soil erosion and plays a key role in the process of soil erosion, both promoting and inhibiting. Therefore, identifying the impact of human activities on soil erosion is of great significance to control and transform the impact of human activities reasonably and effectively. In this study, Jiangxi province is taken as the study area, the main patterns of human activities affecting soil erosion are sorted out and the spatial distribution of human activities is identified, and the impact of human activities on soil erosion is assessed. This study aims to reveal the temporal and spatial distribution of different human activities affecting soil erosion and explore the relationships between different human activities and soil erosion, and to provide data support, scientific reference and policy suggestions for soil erosion control and land resources management in Jiangxi province.
Modeling of air temperatures using a combination of TBATS and SVM models for various climatic locations in Europe
Authors: Gos Magdalena , Baranowski Piotr , Krzyszczak Jaromir , Murat Małgorzata , Malinowska Iwona
Published: March 2020

By modelling and forecasting  of meteorological  time  series it is possible to  improve   understanding  of  the  weather dynamics and fluctuations as a result of climate change . The most frequently used forecasting models are exponential smoothing, ARIMA models (Box and Jenkins, 1970), state-space models (Harvey, 1989) and innovations State Space Models (Hyndman et al., 2008).

The aim of this study was to check the effectiveness of the coupled TBATS and Support Vector Machines (SVM) model, supplied with some measured meteorological quantities to forecast air temperature for six years for four climatic localizations in Europe. The study was calculated from northern (Jokioinen in Finland), central (Dikopshof located in the west part of Germany and Nossen in the south part of Germany) and southern (Lleida in Spain) Europe to present different climatic conditions. Jokioinen city has a subarctic climate that has severe winters, with cool and short summers and strong seasonality. Lleida has a semi-arid climate with Mediterranean. Dikopshof represents maritime temperate climate. There are significant precipitation throughout the year in Dikopshof and Nossen. In the study we study on air temperature dataset collected on a daily basis from January 1st 1980 to December 31st 2010 (11322 days).

For all the studied sites coupled TBATS/SVM models occurred to be effective in predicting air temperature courses, giving an improved precision (up to 25%) in forecasting of the seasonality and local temperature variations, compared to pure SVM or TBATS modelling. The precision of prediction of the maximum and minimum air temperatures strongly depended on the dynamics of the weather conditions, and varied for different climatic zones.

This study has been partly financed from the funds of the Polish National Centre for Research and Development in frame of the project: MSINiN, contract number: BIOSTRATEG3/343547/8/NCBR/2017.

 

Reference to a journal publication:

BOX, G.E.P. – Jenkins, G. 1970. Time Series Analysis: forecasting and control. Holden-Day, p. 20-31.

HARVEY A. 1989. Forecasting Structural Time Series Model and the Kalman Filter. New York, Cambridge University press., p. 32-41.

HYNDMAN, R.J. – KOEHLER, A.B. – ORD, J.K. – SNYDER, R.D. 2008. Forecasting with Exponential Smoothing: The State Space Approach. Springer-Verlag, p. 50-62.
Gravity wave analysis using OH airglow and Rayleigh lidar at the Haute-Provence observatory
Authors: Le Du Thurian
Published: March 2020

In the frame of the European H2020 project ARISE, a short wave infrared (SWIR) InGaAs camera has been operated at the Haute-Provence Observatory. This camera allows continuous observations during clear-sky nighttime of the OH airglow layer centered at 87 km. These observations were collocated with Rayleigh lidar measurements providing vertical temperature profiles from the lower stratosphere to the altitude of the OH layer around the mesopause. Spectral analysis of OH images and temperature fluctuations allows us to identify and characterize gravity waves, their activity observed from the OH camera and the lidar, appear to be modified with the presence of a temperature inversion described by this one.
Sensitivity of the ECMWF Land surface model to vegetation and LU/LC maps
Authors: Boussetta Souhail , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Arduini Emanuel , Nogueira Miguel , Arduini Gabriele , Choulga Margarita , Wedi Nils , Munoz Sabater Joaquin
Published: March 2020

The effects of vegetation and land use/land cover maps on surface energy and carbon fluxes predictions from land surface model are investigated. The model is applied at global scale and a comparison between two configurations using different land cover maps is performed. In the first configuration, the land cover is based on the operational GLCCv1.2 map, in the second the ESA-CCI land cover map is used.

Based on these two configurations, the observation operator that disaggregates the satellite-based leaf area index into high and low vegetation components is also modified to ensure optimal conservation of the observed LAI. The Seasonal variability of the vegetation cover is also investigated by introducing a modified lamber-beer formulation that allows varying the vegetation cover as a function of the LAI.
Earth inner drift shells as observed by the Advanced Stellar Compass on Swarm
Authors: Merayo Jose M G , Joergensen John L , Joergensen Peter S , Herceg Matija , Benn Mathias , Denver Troelz
Published: March 2020

Since launch in November 2013, the Swarm constellation of three satellites provides detailed measurements of the magnetic field of the Earth. To ensure the high accuracy of magnetic vector observation by Vector Field Magnetometer (VFM), the Swarm inertial attitude is determined by the micro Advanced Stellar Compass (μASC). Besides its primary function of attitude determination, the µASC is also capable of detecting particles with energies high enough to penetrate its camera shielding, where particles passing the focal plane CCD detector leave detectable ionization tracks. The typical shielding employed requires the minimum energy to penetrate >15MeV for electrons, > 80MeV for protons and >~GeV for heavier elements.

The signature of passing particle will only persist in one frame time, but the signature differs between electrons and protons. To ensure full attitude performance operations even during the most intense CMEs, the signatures are removed before star tracking. By counting the signatures, and using a model for the flux transport through the shielding, an accurate measure of the instantaneous high energy particle flux is achieved at each update cycle (250ms).

With this feature installed on all three Swarm spacecrafts, a hitherto unprecedented accurate mapping of the proton population around Earth is achieved at two distances, 450 and 530km.

The superrelativistic protons measured by the μASC (g>>1), travel at speeds very close to c, and bouncing between the North and South Earth sphere, encounters complex field structures for at least some of the time. The bounce period is much smaller than the Earth rotation period, and an east-west drift component is caused by the magnetic field gradient.

We will present observations of the trapped proton fluxes and show how the magnetic field affects their motion shells. Slightly deformed particle drift shells due to the magnetic field structure (for orbits with L>1.07) and the differential east-west drift as measured by the Swarm Alpha and Charlie satellites will be discussed.
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) and Hurtigruten partnership to bring light to the gaps in plastic marine litter knowledge.
Authors: Meraldi Verena , Morgan Tudor , Van Bavel Bert
Published: March 2020

Plastic pollution has become one of today’s biggest environmental problems. Yearly worldwide production of plastic was 360 million tonnes in 2018, of which approximately 10 million reached the oceans. But there is very little data from remote regions of the world.

Several studies have pointed to the tourism and fishing industries as the main sources of plastic marine litter. Hurtigruten as an operator of expedition cruise vessels, believes that it is our responsibility to invest in the understanding and conservation of the areas we visit, this is reflected on our sustainability efforts: Single Use Plastics were banned from all our ships and Hotels in 2018, we have built the first electric/fuel hybrid ships and are transforming other ships in the fleet to the same technology or to run on Liquid biogas.

Scientific data collection in the polar regions is challenging due to remoteness, the harsh environment and high operational costs. For the last couple of years, we have supported the scientific community by transporting researchers and their equipment to and from their study areas in polar regions, we have established collaborations with numerous scientific institutions, such as University Centre in Svalbard, Norwegian Polar Institute, Institute for Marine Research, and Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) and we have been actively participating in clean-up projects, and are contributing to the SALT and MALINOR projects.

Plastic pollution is having a significant impact on wildlife, and recent studies show that the concentration of microplastics is also greater than estimated. The understanding of the status and impacts of marine litter has many gaps, further studies are needed to improve our knowledge of its distribution and interaction with the marine biota. In partnership with NIVA we have installed a FerryBox on MS Roald Amundsen. Amongst other sensors it has a microplastic collector and preliminary data from the first collection between Tromsø and Longyearbyen agree with published results from the same area. MS Roald Amundsen will sail to both polar areas, where data on microplastic litter is required, making it the perfect ship of opportunity and platform for data collection. Lastly, the large advantage of using cruise ships as sampling and research platforms is the long-term presence in the polar regions, allowing for continued measurements over longer time periods.
Data analysis of GEONET network data applying Galileo Satellite System
Authors: Shimada Seiichi
Published: March 2020

GEONET tracking data is analyzed applying Galileo and/or GPS satellite systems, using GAMIT/GLOBK software. We adopt ITRF2014 reference frame and CODE precise orbit obtained in the GMEX experiment. For the fiducial sites, we use 14 IGS sites in and around East Asia both Galileo and GPS analyses. At the IGS sites in this area, number of sites, whose coordinates and velocity are determined in Altamimi et al.(2016) and also tracking Galileo satellites, is very limited. In the current version of the GAMIT/GLOBK program, the solar radiation pressure model of the Galileo satellites has limited accuracy, which results in large errors in the analysis using the Galileo satellites. Preliminary results from 10-day Galileo satellites analysis of the 2018 DOY 300-309 show that the weighted rms of the N-S component of the repeatability of 1276 GEONET site coordinates is 5.5 mm, the E-W component 4.5 mm, and the U-D component 9.0 mm. On the other hand, for those from GPS satellites show that those weighted rms of the N-S component is 1.6 mm, E-W component 1.3 mm, and U-D component 3.5 mm. Therefore, the repeatability of the GEONET site coordinate solution of the composite solution of GPS and Galileo satellites has hardly improved: the weighted rms of the N-S component is 2.7 mm, E-W component 2.0 mm, and U-D component 3.7 mm. The presentation will show the results applying the new Galileo satellite solar pressure model (ECOMC model) included in the updated GAMIT/GLOBK program released in the near future, as well as the period of analysis more than one year. 
Predicting floods and flood-health vulnerability to support pre-disaster management in Peru
Authors: Block Paul , Lee Donghoon
Published: March 2020

Globally, many floods occur in developing or tropical regions where the impact on public health is substantial, including death and injury, endemic disease, and so on. Although these flood impacts on public health have been investigated, integrated management of floods and flood-induced health risks is technically and institutionally limited. Specifically, while the use of climatic and hydrologic forecasts for disaster management has been highlighted, analogous predictions for forecasting the magnitude and impact of health risks are lacking, as is the infrastructure for health early warning systems, particularly in developing countries. To address this critical need, we develop flood forecasts and a flood-health vulnerability and risk prediction model for Peru based on geographic, demographic, socio-economic, health vulnerability indicators, and decision weights from national agencies. This model estimates an integrated flood-health vulnerability index with the purpose of identifying measures to reduce potential vulnerability/risk and enhance the capacity to act proactively and efficiently to minimize impacts. These spatially explicit impacts (e.g., damages) can be utilized by international and local disaster management agencies to improve their existing disaster management strategies. Once this approach is systematically linked with the global and local flood forecast systems, it can provide the groundwork for a future multi-sectoral (flood and health) risk warning system.
Postcranial Phenotypic Adaptations to New Habitats Following Domestication --- An Investigation on Ovis Metacarpals by 3D Geometric Morphometrics
Authors: Wang Yiru , Bendrey Robin , Schoenebeck Jeff , Marchant Tom
Published: March 2020

Domestication is a complex evolutionary process in which wild organisms are moved to anthropogenic environments with a series of phenotypic changes in response to artificial selection and new habitats. In recent years, phenotypic variations have been detected between wild and domestic species, as well as different breeds of domestic species, through dental and skeletal elements. However, the mechanisms of phenotypic adaptations in the postcranial skeletons to new environments following domestication are still poorly understood. In this study, the morphological variations on the metacarpals of a primitive sheep (Ovis aries) breed – Soay sheep, are investigated. Controlled modern samples with known sex, age, and diets from those living feral on St Kilda (Scotland) as well as those re-located and raised on East Anglian farms were analysed using 3D geometric morphometrics. Specific morphotypes were found associated with the animals’ age, sex, and anthropogenic stressors in the new ecological niches under human control. Importantly, apart from the traditionally observed contributing factors to the morphological changes mentioned above, the animals’ locomotor adaptations to the different physical terrains – flat and enclosed East Anglian farms in contrast to the mountainous St Kilda – were observed, indicating that the animals’ movement into the new landscapes following humans’ management might be detected using the specific morphotypes. This study bears testament to the process of initial caprine domestication, and provides insights into the bovids biological mechanisms during the co-evolutionary process between the humans, animals, and physical environments. The specific interlinks between the phenotypic features and the animals’ adaptations following domestication and translocation could serve as a basis for the further studies on the process and effects of the beginnings and spread of farm animals across prehistoric Eurasia.
Future of Earth observation at NASA
Authors: Cauffman Sandra
Published: March 2020

Earth Observing satellites provide a wide angle lens with which to view our home planet in a systematic manner. Significant progress has been made over the last few decades in understanding the Earth as a system and the impact of human actions. Remote global observations provide knowledge that can inform policies of specific features of our world in transition. As the stakes get higher with more population, infrastructure, and higher stress on ecosystems, how are leading space agencies around the world taking on this challenge at both the national, regional and international level?  How is the advent of improved access to space and of new constellations of capable, low cost buses enabling new ways of investigating the Earth and providing operational services? Further, the data from this armada of spacecraft being returned to Earth are considerably beyond any level ever experienced previously. How are the agencies addressing this challenge of processing and storing unpresented levels of data and getting it in the hands of the decision makers? How well are the international coordination bodies working? Senior representatives from various space agencies will participate in this special session, to address the issues mentioned above and discuss the path forward.
Climatological annual cycle of Benguela upwelling system using different upwelling indices
Authors: Bordbar Mohammad Hadi , Mohrholz Volker , Schmidt Martin
Published: March 2020

Several long-established upwelling indices derived from the observed wind fields, Chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface temperature (SST) are used to investigate the climatology annual cycle of Benguela Upwelling System (BUS). Chlorophyll-a concentration is taken as an indicator of ocean primary production. In addition, we analyze a multi-decadal simulation of a state-of-the-art eddy resolving ocean model which was forced by observed atmospheric heat and momentum fluxes. We take the vertically averaged of simulated vertical velocity in water column as a direct measure of upwelling strength.

The Ekman offshore transport tends to have two distinctive upwelling cells near the coast of Lüderitz (26.3°S) and Cape Frio (17°S) with large seasonal cycles. The former peaks between September and December. The latter features a biannual cycle with two peaks over April-June and September-December, which is concurrent with meridional migration of Angola-Benguela SST front. The offshore (30-200 km) vertical velocity, primarily induced by Ekman transport divergence, depicts a similar annual cycle, but with smaller magnitude. It becomes broader from south to north with four distinctive upwelling cells located near the coast of Cape Columbine (33°S), Orange River (28°S), Walvis Bay (23°S) and northern part of Cape Frio (16°S). The spatial and temporal variation of Ekman pumping and Chlorophyll-a, as measures of upwelling, show a clear correlation. However, such a correlation is not evident when Ekman coastal transport is taken. SST-based index depicts a very similar spatial pattern. However, the seasonal cycle does not match with other observational and simulated indices. Our finding suggests that the local SST anomalies are strongly influenced by horizontal heat advection and surface heat flux anomaly which can dominate over the anomalies associated with the upwelling; meaning that SST-index alone may not give a realistic estimate of upwelling strength over the region.
Thermochemical modelling of zircon age distributions from Nevado de Toluca volcano, Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt
Authors: Weber Gregor , Caricchi Luca , Schmitt Axel , Arce José Luis
Published: March 2020

Understanding the assembly of eruptible magma in volcanic plumbing systems through time is key to the evaluation of hazard scenarios at potentially active volcanoes. In this respect, zircon geochronology provides a temporally resolvable record of the presence of magma. However, which specific processes and associated timescales are captured by zircon age distributions is not well constrained. Here we use zircon geochronology and geochemistry and thermal modelling of pulsed magma injection in the Earth crust to quantitatively invert zircon ages and recalculate magma fluxes and the rate of accumulation of eruptible magma in time. Zircon crystals have been analyzed from 4 late Pleistocene eruptions of Nevado de Toluca, a long-lived currently dormant dacitic stratovolcano in Central Mexico. 238U-230Th and 238U-206Pb age distributions show a protracted zircon crystallization history of ~900 ka in the magmatic plumbing system, a large fraction of the 1500 ka record of volcanic activity at the surface for this volcano. The 4 studied eruptions show similar broad age spectra, which are overlapping with each other and comparable peak zircon crystallization ages between 150 and 250 ka. Our dataset suggests that interstitial melt extraction (including zircon crystals) from highly crystallized resident magma and mixing thereof with fresh recharge magma surges is very efficient beneath Nevado de Toluca. Zircon trace element data, together with the geochronology show that the observed temporal trends in zircon geochemistry are consistent with tracking long-term assembly processes beneath the volcano operating over more than 1 million years. The combination of these results and thermal modelling allow us to quantify the rate of magma input, intrusive/extrusive ratio and the rate of accumulation of eruptible magma at Nevado de Toluca, which is essential to estimate the maximum potential size of the next eruption from this system.
DefVolc: Interface and web service for fast computation of volcano displacement
Authors: Cayol Valerie , Dabaghi Farshid , Fukushima Yo , Tridon Marine , Smittarello Delphine , Bodart Olivier , Froger Jean-Luc
Published: March 2020

DefVolc is a suite of programs and a web service intended to help the rapid interpretation of InSAR data, acquired on volcanoes at an increased frequency thanks to the various dedicated satellites. Our objective is to help to rapidely inverse volcano displacements, whether these displacements result from fractures (sheet intrusions or faults) or massive magma reservoirs. These sources may have complex geometries, and they may deform simultaneously. Moreover, volcanoes are associated with prominent topographies. This makes the analysis of surface displacements complex. To appropriately analyse the InSAR displacements, we conduct inverse modelling, using 3D elastostatic boundary element models and a neighbourhood optimization algorithm . We simultaneously invert non-linear model parameters (source geometry and location) and linear model parameters (source stress changes), and further assess mean model parameters and confidence intervals. In order to speed up the setting up of inversions, we developed a users friendly graphical interface. In order to accelerate the inversions, they run on clusters. A web server is proposed to registered users in order to run the inversions on University Clermont Auvergne clusters. Because the web server was developped in the framework of the Eurovolc project framework, European volcano observatories are priority users.
Go- Lab Initiative- Shaping the Future of Learning
Authors: Mavrodieva Svetla
Published: March 2020

The aim of the Go-Lab Initiative is to facilitate the use of innovative learning technologies in STE(A)M education, with a particular focus on online laboratories (Labs) and inquiry learning applications (Apps). Using the Go-Lab ecosystem, teachers can find various Labs and Apps, and create customized Inquiry Learning Spaces (ILSs). Furthermore, the Go-Lab Initiative conducts training for teachers on the topics of Inquiry-Based Science Education (IBSE), development of 21st-century skills, and the use of ICT and the Go-Lab ecosystem in the classroom.

Go-Lab supports inquiry based learning and provides the possibility for STUDENTS to conduct scientific experiments in a virtual environment. http://www.golabz.eu

Apps: support your students while conducting experiments. For instance, some apps can help students create hypothesis, design experiments, make predictions, and formulate interpretations of the data. Other apps, such as calculator app or a notepad app, support basic but useful tasks.

Online labs: these can be remote laboratories, virtual experiments or data sets directly accessible from your browser. Your students can use online labs to simulate or control real experiments hosted by university laboratories or large scientific institutions , e.g. CERN

Inquiry learning Spaces(ILS): these provide a structure for inquiry learning activity. Such spaces can contain labs, apps and instructions. Through inquiry learning, students get a first experience of a proper scientific methodology.

Graasp: Toolset for TEACHERS to create, test, store, share and publish their online lessons. http://www.graasp.eu

Lesson planning: Authoring tool to create an ILS. These can be created from scratch or by modifying existing published lessons. Users can choose from a range of pre-built pedagogical scenarios.

The Go-Lab ecosystem is a free platform that can be used by any teacher from any country. https://premium.golabz.eu/about/go-lab-ecosystem

The online campaign “Meet and greet Go-Lab Ambassadors” is taking place in the social media channels of the Go-Lab community – in Facebook and Twitter. Go-Lab Ambassadors support implementation of the Go-Lab Ecosystem and outreach on their country level. Go-Lab Ambassadors (supported by Next-Lab) tasks include: informing their peers about Next-Lab project and Go-Lab Ecosystem– STEM teachers in their respective countries- extending project’s coverage throughout Europe, presenting and promoting Next-Lab and Go-Lab for schools and national teachers associations, on conferences and workshops, and will advise teachers how to get involved and use the Go-Lab Ecosystem in their teaching. Keep in touch: Go Lab in your country: https://support.golabz.eu/support/go-lab-in-your-country