bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation Between the Molting Period of Cryptocercus and Sexuality in its Protozoa*
Authors: Cleveland L. R.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. The various sexual processes in each of ten genera of protozoa of Cryptocercus have been correlated with the molting period of their host in days beginning with 50 days before ecdysis and ending 3 days after ecdysis. Some genera begin the gametogenesis portion of their sexual cycle much earlier in the molting period than others. Gametogenesis in some genera is haploid, in others it is diploid; in some it is a short process, requiring only a few hours for completion; in others it requires several days for completion. Not counting Leptospironympka and Macrospironympha, meiosis occurs after ecdysis in 6 genera and before in two. The fertilization process in some genera is too involved to make possible a simple summary. The time when gametogenesis, fertilization, and meiosis occur in the molting period of the host seems to be determined by the nature of the various genera of protozoan parasites themselves rather than by their host, although the host, in each case, is always responsible for the initiation of the sexual process as well as for carrying it to completion.
A Purine and Pyrimidine Requirement for Paramecium multimicronucleatum*
Authors: Miller Charles A. , Johnson Willis H.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. After removal of nucleic acids, by enzymatic digestion and dialysis, from an unidentified component of the medium, it was possible to show specific purine and pyrimidine requirements for Paramecium multimicronudeatum. The purine requirement was satisfied by guanosine, deoxyguanosine, guanylic acid or deoxyguanylic acid, but not by any of the adenine derivatives. Cytidine, deoxycytidine, cytidylic acid, deoxycytidylic, uridine, uridylic acid or deoxyuridine would serve as the pyrimidine source, whereas thymidine and thymine would not. The free bases guanine, cytosine and uracil did not replace their respective pentose derivatives. Of the active compounds, the pentonucleosides were more active than the pentonucleotides. Inbsine, xanthine, 2,6‐diamino‐purine, 5‐methylcytosine, and orotic acid did not support growth.
Evidence for the Absence of the Urea Cycle in Tetrahymena*
Authors: Dewey Virginia C. , Heinrich M. R. , Kidder G. W.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. Strains E, S and W of Tetrahymena pyriformis were examined for their ability to carry out the reactions of the Krebs‐Henseleit urea cycle, using growth and enzyme studies. None of the strains was able to grow on either citruliine or ornithine in place of arginine, and proline was as active as citrulline or ornithine in sparing arginine. So little citrulline or arginine was synthesized by cell‐free preparations as to be of no significance in the growth or nitrogen metabolism of the ciliates. Slight arginase activity could be detected in homogenates, but no urea was found in cultures. No urease activity could be detected using urea‐C14.
The Binary Fission of Lacrymaria olor (O.F.M., 1786).
Authors: Bovee Eugene C.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. Observations on binary fission of Lacrymaria olor show that it is a transverse fission. It involves probable intranuclear division of the micronucleus. Both micro‐ and macronucleus elongate in preliminary stages. Each is ultimately divided as cytoplasmic constriction cuts the spindle fibers of the former, and the connecting, nucleoplasmic thread of the latter.

Surging movements of cytoplasm after fission elongate the daughter organisms and move new nuclei to normal, central sites. The anterior proboscis of the posterior daughter regenerates suddenly, complete with coronal cilia. Metachronal waves along ciliary meridians, strongly reversed on the posterior daughter, cause an oscillating movement which pulls the two apart, except for a slender, pellicular thread, ultimately severed. Until broken, this thread connects the rear tip of the anterior animal to the forward end of the proboscis of the posterior one. The organism is semi‐quiescent, with proboscis retracted (except spasmodically) throughout fission. After fission the anterior animal quickly begins feeding movements and soon swims away. The posterior animal requires about half an hour before being able to begin feeding and swimming movements.

The anterior contractile vacuole of the original animal becomes the primarily active vacuole of the anterior daughter; the posterior one that of the posterior daughter. Missing vacuoles are regenerated by the daughters in about one hour after fission. The division process requires about one hour for completion at 22.4°C.
The Division Index and Multiplication in a Mass Culture of Tetrahymena Following Inoculation*
Authors: Scherbaum Otto
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. Test tube cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL in the early maximum stationary phase of growth were used as inocula. After the elapse of a short lag phase a rapid transition to the logarithmic phase of growth was observed in cultures grown on peptone media(4,6). During the early phase of exponential multiplication more cells (as expressed on a percentual basis of the population number) were in the visible stage of cytoplasmic fission than after the elapse of 5 to 6 generations. Analysis of comprehensive data suggests that the higher division index in the early logarithmic phase of growth is not the expression of a synchronization of cells in metabolic respects but rather indicates a prolongation of the stage of cell fission during this phase.
Nutrition of a Hemoflagellate (Leishmania tarentolae) Having an Interchangeable Requirement for Choline or Pyridoxal.
Authors: Trager William
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. Leptomonads of Leishmania tarentolae were grown continuously in a defined medium containing: inorganic salts', glucose, hemin, 17 amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and a mixture of vitamins of the B group. In this medium the population of organisms reached about 20 to 50 million per ml. alter 1 week at 27°C. Only slightly better growth occurred in a partially defined medium containing bovine plasma fraction V. In earlier experiments, however, omission of the plasma fraction resulted in decreased growth, and under these circumstances cholesterol or lecithin had growth‐stimulating effects. In later experiments in the fully‐defined medium no effect of these lipids could be found. The leptomonads were shown to require at least the following substances: inorganic salts; a source of purines and pyrimidines; tryptophan and the nine other amino acids essential for the growth of rats, glutamic acid, tyrosine, proline, serine, one or more of the group alanine, glycine and aspartic acid; folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavm, thiamine, and either pyridoxine plus choline or pyridoxal or pyridoxamine. Choline at 2 × 10−5 m gave optimal growth in the presence of pyridoxine at 1 × 10−5 m. In a medium with a suboptimal concentration of choline (0.4 × 10−5 m) the leptomonads grew through nine transfers but they were mostly somewhat rounded and aflagellate.
Le ciliéTrichopelma agilis n. sp.*
Authors: Savoie A.
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY. According to Kahl the trichostome genus Trichopelma may be considered to include five species: T. sphagnetanim, T. eurystoma, T. euglenivora, T. opaca, and T. torpens. A sixth species is added in the present account. The following constant characteristics distinguish it from the five earlier described ones: total lack of trichocysts; differences in the morphology of the body surfaces; dissimilarity of the upper and lower surfaces in shape (one plane, the other convex), in ciliation, and in number of cuticular furrows; unique location of the contractile vacuole.
Development and Dehiscence of Gametocysts of the Gregarine Pyxinia crystalligera Frenzel
Authors: KOZLOFF EUGENE N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Association of gamonts of Pyxinia crystalligera takes place in the midgut of its beetle host, Dermestes vulpinus. At 25°C. the development of gametocysts to the point of liberation of sporocysts is completed between about 15 hours and 27 hours after the gametocysts are deposited with fecal material. Dehiscence is favored by relative humidities of 0% to 90%, but is not favored by a relative humidity of 100%. During the early development of the gametocysts outside the host, the crystals and paraglycogen granules in the cytoplasm of the associated gamonts become concentrated in large masses. The gametes are formed at the periphery of the gamonts. After fusion of the gametes takes place and the sporoblasts begin to develop, the residual cytoplasm containing the inclusions moves outward to form a continuous layer next to the gametocyst envelope, so that the sporoblasts become crowded into a central core. A few hours before dehiscence is initiated a clear area appears on the upper side of the gametocyst. The contents of the gametocyst begin to shrink away from the envelope except in the region of the clear area. Eventually the sporocysts emerge through the clear area and press against the envelope of the gametocyst, causing formation of a conical papilla in the envelope. With continued pressure from the sporocysts, the papilla ruptures at its tip, and the sporocysts emerge in a continuous thread until dehiscence is completed. The thread of sporocysts may attain a length of about 11 mm.
A Redescription of the Holotrichous Ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius with Particular Attention to its Morphogenesis*
Authors: THOMPSON JESSE C. , CORLISS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Pseudomicrothorax dubius, a rather rare protozoon assigned by Kahl to the trichostome order of ciliates, has been found and positively identified for the first time in America, and its morphology and morphogenesis have been studied in detail with the aid of modern techniques. The Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation method is considered indispensable in acquiring an understanding of the ciliate's infraciliature: both its anatomy in the mature vegetative animal and its activities during the morphogenetics of binary fission.

Stomatogenesis is of a complex type, considered here as “semi‐autonomous” in nature, although a single, true stomatogenous meridian also is involved. Details of this explicit morphogenetic phenomenon are offered.

The presence of a true zone of three adoral membranelles, never before recognized with any accuracy in this ciliate, a buccal cavity and associated structures, and the mode of stomatogenesis have led the writers to propose transfer of the genus Pseudomicrothorax from the Trichostomatida to the order Hymenostomatida.
Some Observations on the Morphology and Division of Balantidium coli and Balantidium caviae (?)
Authors: KRASCHENINNIKOW SERHIJ , WENRICH D. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies of the body ciliature of Balantidium coli and B. caviae (?) after Breslau's opal‐blue and Klein's silver nitrate techniques revealed a preoral‐dorsal suture area where some of the ciliary rows fail to reach the peristomial margin. The incomplete kineties ranged up to a dozen in number and were variable in arrangement. In a count of 100 specimens of B. caviae (?) the incomplete kineties were at the right of the suture in 39, at the left in 24 and on both sides of the suture line in 37. At the posterior end not many kineties reach the pole but no sutural pattern was seen in that region. Scattered irregularities in the ciliary rows were sometimes seen.

Studies of the oral region tend to confirm the view of Fauré‐Fremiet that the peristomial ciliature consists of short rows of cilia which are continuations of the anterior body kineties. Membranelles were not found. Thus, some species of Balantidium, at least, show affinities with the Holotricha in agreement with Nie and Fauré‐Fremiet.

Fission commonly produces two equal‐sized daughters but many cases of unequal division were observed. In both these species conjugants are much smaller than vegetative animals and two preconjugant divisions are indicated, the first of which may be unequal.

During the early stages of fission, the anterior ends of the kineties of the posterior daughter change direction, becoming oblique in the fission zone. In this region the kinetosomes multiply; possibly some of the kineties also divide but evidence for this is incomplete. No evidence of reorganization at the anterior end of the anterior daughter was seen.

Attempts to infect hamsters with B. coli and B. caviae (?) failed. No parasites were found in two collared peccaries repeatedly examined.
Serological Types among Thirty‐one Strains of the Ciliated Protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: LOEFER JOHN B. , OWEN RAY D. , CHRISTENSEN ELEANOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Unabsorbed, complement‐inactivated antisera produced in rabbits were used in an immobilization system to study the serology of 31 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown in axenic cultures at 26°C. Fourteen serological “groups” were found: 1. “H”: H, E, S, GC, L3, W, T, GHH, G1‐R and sublines W‐P and T‐P; 2. “PR”: PR; 3. “GL”: GL; 4. “LR”: LR; 5. “L1”: L1 and L2; 6. “GP”: GP and Ch‐S; 7. “WH”: WH6, WH14 and WH52; 8. “N”: N and HS; 9. “Y”: Y and TC; 10. “AA”: AA1, AA2 and AA4; 11. “F”: F and BF; 12. “Gf‐J”: Gf‐J; 13. “EZ”: EZ; 14. “Lava”: Lava. Not all of these “groups” were completely distinct; weak or variable cross‐reactions occurring for particular cultures and antisera during the course of several years of observation suggested a relationship in terms of serotype potentialities, for strains in groups 1 and 2, and in groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Non‐reciprocal cross‐reactions are tentatively explained in terms of population fluctuations of serotype within particular cultures; several other suggested explanations remain possible. On the whole, however, the strains remained remarkably stable in dominant serotype.

Observations on Tetrahymena in paralyzing antisera, with respect to the extrusion of a gelatinous exudate, in general confirmed previous observations by others. “Chain” formation was noted upon recovery, under conditions suggesting that the chains do not always derive entirely from incomplete cytokinesis of dividing organisms but that at least sometimes an aggregation of separate individuals is also involved. Synchronized division was observed for recovering organisms. A gelatinous material was obtained by centrifugation of a large number of individuals; this material provided a degree of protection to the organisms against antiserum effects while other colloidal materials did not, but the protective effects proved nonspecific in the sense that they were not confined to particular strain‐antiserum combinations.
A Note on the Transmission of a Nuttallia of Meriones shawi by the Tick Rhipicephalus secundus*
Authors: FELDMAN‐MUHSAM B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The Nuttallia of the gerbil is transmitted by Rhipicephalus secundus only if the infected meal is taken by the larva, and the subsequent nymphal stage is the only one which is able to infect. There is no transovarial transmission.

Infective trophozoites remain in the larval caeca for about 12 hours after gorging. The infective nymph is able to give rise to new infections at various times after it has been allowed to feed, but never later than the third day after disengagement from the host.
Electron Microscopic Studies on the Basal Apparatus of the Flagellum in the Protozoon, Leishmania donovani
Authors: PYNE C. K. , CHAKRABORTY J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The basal apparatus of the flagella and kinetoplast in Leishmania donovani have been studied with the electron microscope. The flagellar fibrils extend into the body of the protozoan to form the kinetosome. At the point of origin of the flagellum, the pellicle invaginates to form a kinetosomal vacuole around the kinetosome. The kinetoplast is formed by a transversely elongated banded structure, surrounded at some distance by a double layered kinetoplast membrane. There is no apparent connection between the kinetosome and the kinetoplast.
A Haemogregarine from a Water Snake, Natrix piscator Taken in the Vicinity of Bombay, India*
Authors: BALL GORDON H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Approximately fifty % of Natrix piscator from the vicinity of Bombay showed a haemogregarine in the peripheral blood. Schizogonic stages were found in great abundance in the lung capillaries, and occasionally in other internal organs. No parasites could be demonstrated in trombiculid mites of the genus Schongastia fed on infected snakes. Various developmental stages were found in the leech, Hirudinaria granulosa allowed to feed on infected Natrix piscator. The haemogregarine was originally described from this host in Ceylon on the basis of blood stages only and was named Haemogregarina mirabilis. Although the parasite exhibits several of the characters diagnostic of the schizogonic stages of the genus Hepatozoon, it is advisable for the present to retain it in the genus Haemogregarina.
Studies on Conjugation in Paramecium polycaryum
Authors: DILLER WILLIAM F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The process of autogamy in unassociated individuals of Paramecium polycaryum was reported by the author in 1954. In May, 1955, conjugation was first seen in this species in cultures collected by me at Annamalainagar, South India, thus removing it from the list of non‐conjugating species. This appears to be the first instance in which the process of autogamy was detected prior to observation of conjugation in the same species. Autogamy occurs in singles of the Indian race and appears to be similar, cytologically, to that of American races. The details of the micronuclear behavior in conjugation parallel those of autogamy in singles. In fact, the conjugation process seems to be one of double autogamy (cytogamy), rather than of reciprocal gametic interchange. Paroral cones, often of fair size, are formed but breakdown of the cones to permit micronuclear passage has not been observed. In conjugation there are the usual three pregamic divisions; the first shows four characteristic crescents. The resulting nuclei may all participate in the second division. Fertilization occurs in the paroral cone area. Frequently, separation of the conjugants takes place immediately after the first division of the synkaryon. The old macronucleus undergoes very little change prior to the last postzygotic micronuclear division in the ex‐conjugant, when it goes into a skein condition. Four macronuclear and four micronuclear anlagen are formed in the ex‐conjugants at the completion of reorganization. On occasion giant individuals of P. polycaryum were observed to have ingested numbers of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The presence of an unidentified rod‐like organism in the cytoplasm of the paramecia (non‐conjugating) was detected in one collection from Bangalore, India.
Carotenoid Distribution in Bleached Substrains of Euglena gracilis
Authors: GOODWIN T. W. , GROSS J. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Several substrains of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris made chlorotic by treatment with pyribenzamine or streptomycin, or by growth at high temperature (35–36°C.), have been examined for their carotenoid content. They differ from the normal green strain both qualitatively and quantitatively. Some strains produce no detectable carotenoids while the carotenoid concentration in the strains producing most is at best only one‐fifth that of the normal strain. In all substrains producing carotenoids, the carotene fraction consists of β‐carotene accompanied by some members of the phytofluene series. In only two of these substrains, HB‐G and PBZ‐G3, are xanthophylls produced in significant amounts. In HB‐G, the main pigment is echinenone, and in PBZ‐G3 it is zeaxanthin. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed.
The Freshwater Dinoflagellate Woloszynskia limnetica n. sp. Membrane and Protoplasmic Structures
Authors: BURSA ADAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new species of a freshwater reticulate dinoflagellate, Woloszynskia limnetica, is described. The membrane structure and the shape of the membrane plates change during cell development. The rod‐shaped mitochondria found among the membrane plates disappear in the adult cells; they constitute a center from which starch grains develop. Mitochondria also occur free in the endoplasm. Different physiological activities appear to be performed by morphologically identical chondriosomes. The stigma changes in different phases of the life cycle. The physicochemical properties of the ectoplasm govern the formation of specific structures of the membrane plates, which in turn determine the taxonomic position.
A Quarter Century Exploring Tetrahymena*
Authors: ELLIOTT ALFRED M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In reviewing 25 years of work on Tetrahymena, the author describes early difficulties experienced by himself and others in developing a chemically‐defined medium and in defining the taxonomy of T. pyriformis. With identification of its essential requirements, a variety of nutritional studies revealed the close resemblance between the metabolic pathways of this ciliate and those of the chick and rat. This suggested studies on the effects of gamma radiation and the effect of antibiotics.

Attention then turned to the puzzle of the absence of conjugation in all strains of T. pyriformis then maintained in laboratories. The observation that these strains were all amicronucleate led to the discovery of mating types (with D. F. Gruchy). This brought up the problem of what constitutes a species and how it might be solved in T. pyriformis where clearly defined groups are set off from other similar groups (varieties) by a breeding barrier.

Another problem is whether a life cycle exists in this ciliate and if so, the role amicronucleate strains play in this cycle.

The origin and obvious evolutionary success of these “genetically dead” strains are other problems that are considered.

The search for nutritional markers for genetic experiments inspired large‐scale collections, including some from tropical habitats. Strains were found which differed in serine and pyridoxine requirements. Genetic analysis was hindered by the high lethality following conjugation, unsatisfactory mating behavior in some clones, and the complete absence of autogamy, the latter making it difficult to obtain homozygous clones. The use of x‐radiation yielded haploid individuals; when these were mated with diploid clones the resulting haploid progeny proved that the genes controlling mating type and pyridoxine synthesis resided in the micronucleus.

Genetic analysis of the serine and pyridoxine mutants supports the idea that T. pyriformis is more of an outbreeder than an inbreeder. Left for the future is an extension of our knowledge of the breeding system of T. pyriformis and ultimately to examine critically the factors responsible for the success of this ubiquitous ciliate.
Some Gregarines from Crustaceans taken near Bombay, India*
Authors: BALL GORDON H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three gregarines are described from the digestive tracts of marine crustacea from Bombay, India. These are Carcinoecetes etisi n.sp. from Etisus laevimanus, C. matutae n.sp. from Matuta lunaris, and Caridohabitans setnai n.gen., n.sp. from Peneus semisulcatus. Various life history stages are reported.
Flagellate Parasites of the Fly, Phaenicia sericata (Meigen)*
Authors: WALLACE F. G. , CLARK TRUMAN B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two species of flagellate parasites, Herpetomonas muscarum (Leidy 1856) Kent 1881 and Crithidia luciliae (Strickland 1911) have been isolated in pure culture from the fly, Phaenicia sericata. Laboratory‐reared Musca domestica were infected with each of the species. These two species have often been confused, the latter being regarded as “cysts” of the former. H. muscarum is long and slender and occurs actively swimming in the midgut of the host. C. luciliae is short and truncate and occurs mainly in the hindgut where it is often attached to the gut wall.

C. luciliae grows readily and abundantly in culture and outgrows H. muscarum in mixed cultures. Attempts to infect Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens with C. luciliae failed while control feedings of these mosquitoes with Crithidia fasciculata produced infections.
Abnormal Infraciliatures of Balantidium coli and B. caviae (?) and Some Morphological Observations on These Species*
Authors: KRASCHENINNIKOW SERHIJ
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Balantidium coli was cultured for 4 months in Dobell‐Laidlaw's medium. About 10 specimens of monsters were found in the preparations (Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technique). One individual showed a tendency to polystomy. One doublet of Balantidium caviae (?) in preparations treated by the same technique was found in a population from a guinea pig.

The monsters of Balantidium coli are either single distomic individuals or doublets (homopolar or heteropolar).

The infraciliature of the monsters shows different degrees of deviation from the normal pattern. No reorganization field during the formation of additional cytostomes was observed, which agrees with the data on normal stomatogenesis. This process is very similar in both normal specimens and monsters and is characterized by the arrangement of radiating kineties surrounding the anlage of the cytostome and, evidently, by invagination of this area which later forms the peristome. The fate of single monsters and that of homopelar doublets is unknown. The heteropolar monsters are considered non‐viable because the arrangement of the kineties in both presumptive daughters contradicts the rule of desmodexy (Chatton‐Lwoff).

The occurrence of the monsters in cultures may possibly be explained by the action of acriflavine which is mutagenic for Escherichia coli, or by gentian‐violet which inhibits fission of sea urchin eggs.

This paper apparently constitutes the first presentation of anomalies of the infraciliature in parasitic ciliates.

In addition the exact arrangement of the kineties and kinetosomes at the posterior pole of Balantidium coli is described.
Enzyme Systems of Stylonychia pustulata. II. Miscellaneous Systems (Hydrases, Hydrolases, and Dehydrogenases)
Authors: HUNTER NORVELL W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Histochemical techniques were used to demonstrate the intracellular distribution of some hydrases, hydrolases, oxidases, and dehydrogenases in Stylonychia pustulata. The hydrase, aconitase, was confined to the mitochondria. Zymohexase activity occurred in the cytoplasm and probably in the mitochondria. The hydrolases, acid and alkaline phosphatases, lipase, and urease, were localized in the mitochondria. Lactic and glutamic dehydrogenases were confined to the mitochondria. Peroxidase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were absent.
Eimeria carolinensis n. sp., a Coccidium from the White‐Footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque)
Authors: ZELLEN BRUCE W. VON
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria carolinensis n.sp. (Sporozoa) is described from oöcysts in the feces of the white‐footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque) taken in the vicinity of Durham, North Carolina. The oöcysts are ellipsoidal to elongate ellipsoidal, 14–19.5 × 10–13 μ, mean of 17.6 × 11.3 μ. Micropyle absent. Oöcyst wall composed of 2 layers. A refractile granule present but no oöcyst residuum. Sporocysts ovoid almost filling the oöcyst. Small Stieda body present.
Attempts to Transfer Drug‐resistance of Trypanosomes in vivo
Authors: AMREIN YOST U. , FULTON J. D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Strains of Trypanosoma rhodesiense resistant to atoxyl and to antrypol respectively were allowed to multiply in the blood of mice and were also maintained for some hours in the gut of tsetse flies. They failed to acquire cross‐resistance as shown by tests with the respective drugs given singly and in combination to infected mice.
Effects of pH and Viscosity on Surface Membranes in Paramecium multimicronucleatum
Authors: LEE J. WARREN , McCALL WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Paramecium multimicronucleatum was grown in a buffered desiccated lettuce medium maintained at pH 7.5, with Aerobacter aerogenes the main bacterial source. The maximum expansion in length and width was at pH 6.0; the minimum expansion in length and width at pH 8.5. The paramecia were usually stouter at pH levels < 7.0 except at pH 5.5 and generally more slender > pH 7.0.

The pH of the medium affected the size of food vacuoles as indicated by the fact that the maximum food vacuolar diameter was at pH 6.0, the minimum at 7.0.

The fastest and greatest expansion of food vacuole diam. was at a relative viscosity of 8; the minimum food vacuolar diam. was in controls (without gum arabic) having a viscosity of 1.3.
Observations sur Quelques Ciliés Astomes des Oligochètes du lac d'Ohrid (Yougoslavie). I. Famille des Radiophryinae.
Authors: PUYTORAC PIERRE DE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Six species of astomatous Infusoria, 4 new, are described from the alimentary tract of Oligochaeta from Ochrida Lake. Two belong to Ochridanus, characterized by a cytoskeleton whose “V”‐shaped basal piece bears on its branches two articulated hooks brought together by a skeletal blade. This genus found in Ochridanous Tubificidae represents the counterpart of Anthonyella in the Lumbriculidae of Lake Baïkal. The presence of Ochridanus in these worms concurs with the almost complete absence of representatives of Radiophrya of which we have found but one species. A species of Metaradiophrya, a genus unknown to date from the Lumbricidae, was noticed in Glossoscolecidae. The different species of Ochridanus, Anthonyella, Metaradiophrya, and Radiophrya compose a very homogeneous group of Radiophryinae. The study of the ciliary rows and the cytoskeleton of 2 species of Juxtaradiophrya, parasitic in the Lumbriculidae of Ochrida, shows that, in the morphology of these ciliates, as well as in the same forms from Lake Baïkal, many transition characteristics exist between the Radiophryinae and Hoplitophryinae or Mesnilellinae. These 3 sub‐families, with their undeniable genetic kinship give coherence to the family Hoplitophryidae.
Axenizing Vorticella convallaria*
Authors: LEVINE LAURENCE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Vorticellas were subjected to achromycin, polymyxin, and mixtures of penicillin‐streptomycin to remove bacterial contaminants. Although achromycin and polymyxin were most effective in controlling bacteria isolated from vorticella cultures, they proved too toxic for practical use. However, certain dilutions of penicillin‐streptomycin were tolerated by vorticellas and, therefore, were incorporated into the axenizing procedure. Yeasts did not yield to the antibiotics and had to be removed by washing and dilution. Sterile vorticellas were finally obtained by transfer of groups of individuals through 6 washes. One of these, the 4th, lasted 8 hours and contained diluted penicillin‐streptomycin.
Vegetative Mutants and Clonal Senility in Tetrahymena*
Authors: NANNEY D. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eight strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis were examined in multiple daily isolation series over ∼ 800 generations. Dead and defective lineages appeared in all clones. In 7, the defective sub‐lines appeared at a constant characteristic rate; the 8th showed an increasing rate of production of two defects. A breeding analysis of certain persistent morphological and growth rate variants suggests that the variations derive from macronuclear alterations. The relationship between these cellular changes and “senility” in metazoa and other protozoa is discussed.
Immunizing Action of a Nonpathogenic Strain of Histomonas against Blackhead in Turkeys
Authors: LUND EVERETT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A nonpathogenic strain of Histomonas was used in an attempt to immunize young turkeys against blackhead. Rectal inoculation of several thousand nonpathogenic histomonads on 2 or 3 consecutive days afforded considerable protection against modest rectal challenges with pathogenic histomonads 3 to 6 weeks later, but was much less effective against pathogenic histomonads introduced by feeding eggs of Heterakis gallinae. It is believed that an immune barrier limited to the surface of the cecal mucosa was established, and that the larvae of the cecal worms often penetrated this barrier before liberating their histomonads, thus permitting blackhead to develop. Immunization by the introduction of nonpathogenic histomonads with Heterakis eggs was not satisfactory. Apparently, the nonpathogenic organisms introduced in this way were too few to assure formation of an intact barrier.
Mitosis in the Rhizopod Lesquereusia spiralis
Authors: STUMP ALEX B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The interphase nucleus of Lesquereusia spiralis, a testate rhizopod, 20–25 μ in diameter, contains 40–50 endosomes and a diffuse granular reticulum. Onset of nuclear division is marked by a cessation of pseudopod activity. Prophase changes include increase in size of the nucleus, disappearance of the endosomes except the peripheral ones, formation of 175–200 chromosomes from the reticulum, and the appearance of spindle fibers. By the end of prophase a well formed equatorial plate is present. The metaphase nucleus is slightly smaller and elongated; the chromosomes remain distinct. In anaphase the nucleus continues to elongate along the polar axis; the chromosomes apparently split lengthwise and polar caps appear. The nucleus elongates further so that by telophase it has become hour‐glass shaped. The spindle fibers are now twisted. Separation of the nuclei takes place in the neck region. The nuclear membrane is unbroken during the process and peripheral endosomes are present at all stages. Total time for mitosis averages 45 minutes.
Nutritional Effects of Nucleic Acids and Nucleic Acid Components on Cultures of the Suctorian Podophrya collini*
Authors: PALINCSAR EDWARD E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Podophrya collini was fed homozygous killer Paramecium aurelia (containing kappa particles DNA). The rate of giant formation in the suctorian population was then determined; controls were fed homozygous sensitive P. aurelia. No difference in the rate of giant formation was observed; the DNA contribution by the kappa particles was not enough to induce a higher rate of giant formation. Cultures of P. collini containing only animals of known uniform age were then fed controlled numbers of Tetrahymena pyriformis or sensitive P. aurelia after these ciliates had been pretreated with guanylic acid, 8‐azaguanine, commercial DNA or DNA isolated from Tetrahymena. Giant formation was increased after guanylic acid pretreatment, reduced after the 8‐azaguanine pretreatment, and unaffected after DNA pretreatment over a 5‐day test period. The changes in rate of giant formation are clearly caused by pretreatment agents. These agents reach the suctorian's metabolism via the food ciliates' food vacuoles before they are altered in the food vacuole.
The Invasion of the Cecal Mucosa by Eimeria tenella sporozoites and their Transport by Macrophages*
Authors: CHALLEY JOHN R. , BURNS WM. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The establishment of Eimeria tenella sporozoites in the cecal mucosa of the chicken is described. The invasion process was similar to that reported for E. necatrix by Van Doorninck and Becker. Sporozoites were found to pass through the surface epithelium of the cecal mucosa into the lamina propria. Within the lamina propria the sporozoites were engulfed by macrophages and transported to the cells of the glands of Lieberkühn. Development of the sporozoites ensues within the gland epithelium.
Effects of Some Metabolic Inhibitors on the Pigments of Euglena gracilis in an Acidic Medium
Authors: GREENBLATT CHARLES L. , SHARPLESS NORMAN E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Darkness and O2‐lack promote formation of a pheophytin‐like pigment from chlorophyll in Euglena gracilis in an acidic medium. Dinitrophenol (DNP) produces similar but more drastic pigment alterations in aerated and illuminated cells. The extent of pigment decay was dependent on DNP concentration and external pH. Since volume expansion and inhibition of the contractile vacuole were also noted, it is suggested that pheophytin formation is secondary to hydrogen ion influx from the external medium. Major structural alterations of the chloroplast accompanied the pigment changes.

Pentachlorophenol, iodoacetamide, Na fluoride, and Na azide produced similar pigment changes. Malonic acid and fluoroacetate were ineffective under the conditions described. However, in the dark, cells treated with fluoroacetate formed pheophytin rapidly. These effects are discussed in relation to the maintenance of intracellular [H+].
Ultraviolet Inactivation and Photoreactivation of Chloroplast Development in Euglena Without Cell Death*
Authors: LYMAN HARVARD , EPSTEIN H. T. , SCHIFF JEROME
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Exposure to non‐lethal doses of ultraviolet completely inactivates chloroplast development and chlorophyll synthesis in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris and in the Z strain. Treatment with visible light immediately following UV reverses the inactivation completely. The presence of chloroplasts is not necessary for this inactivation since similar results are obtained with light‐grown cells (containing chloroplasts) and dark‐grown cells (lacking chloroplasts).
A Comparative Biochemical Study of Two Species of Ochromonas*
Authors: AARONSON S. , BAKER H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The heterotrophic, phototrophic, and phagotrophic nutrition of the chrysomonad flagellates Ochromonas malhamensis and O. danica were compared. Unlike O. malhamensis, O. danica, which is much richer in chloroplast pigments, grew readily photoautotrophically in a substrate‐free medium in 5% CO2. Utilization of bound biotin in bacterial (Thiobacillus) bodies served to demonstrate phagotrophy in both flagellates. This nutritional versatility suggests that this group of flagellates will be exceptionally valuable for studying the evolutionary steps connecting photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, and phagotrophy.
Mating Types and their Determination in Stylonychia putrina*
Authors: DOWNS L. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A total of 155 clones of Stylonychia putrina collected in nature were tested for mating type. Two sexually isolated varieties were found among them: Variety I with 12 mating types and Var. II with 11. Five of the clones isolated in the laboratory belonged to 3 additional mating types of Var. I making a total of 15 mating types in this variety.

Crosses were made among 6 of the mating types of Var. I, and 114 clones of progeny were raised and tested for mating type. No simple genetic explanation of the results was evident.

An abnormal type of conjugation with fusion of the conjugants and subsequent fission was studied. Both parental mating types sometimes segregated during the first two fissions of a fused animal. Mating type determination in the progeny of the fused animals seemed to parallel that of the progeny of the normal conjugants in that in both cases certain mating types tended to be dominant over others.
Simple Methods for Purifying Balantidia
Authors: KRASCHENINNIKOW SERHIJ , TIESLER EVA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two methods for purifying balantidia are described. The first one may be applied to cultures which are not thriving when it is desirable to keep the purified ciliates without loss in number. Another method may be used for bulk material such as intestinal contents containing these ciliates.
Babesia tachyglossi n. sp. from the Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus
Authors: BACKHOUSE T. C. , BOLLIGER A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A piroplasm occurring in the erythrocytes of 38 of 42 echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) has been described and named Babesia tachyglossi.
Nuclear Division in Pelomyxa illinoisensis Kudo*
Authors: McCLELLAN J. FORBES
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Pelomyxa illinoisensis exhibits several phenomena of an interesting and uncommon nature, such as the presence of polar granules and the appearance of chromosomes through most of the resting and dividing stages of the nucleus. For these reasons and because of the importance of the nucleus as a stable characteristic in the taxonomy of amoebae, this study of the nucleus and nuclear division was undertaken.

Culture methods were the same as those used for P. carolinensis. Best fixatives for nuclei were Carnoy, Flemming, 10% formalin, Duboscq‐Brazil, Schaudinn and 2% osmium tetroxide. The body shape of P. illinoisensis in nuclear division is correlated with the stage of nuclear division and resembles the same stages in Amoeba proteus and P. carolinensis, with the exception of a ragged appearance of the cytoplasm of organisms containing prophase nuclei and the halo‐like appearance of the pseudopods in those containing metaphase nuclei. The condensation of resting nuclei when subjected to acidified methyl green, reported by Kudo (18), occurred with all fixatives used with the exception of 10% formalin and 2% osmium tetroxide. The metaphase nuclei have a disk of polar granules on either side of the equatorial plate with fibers running from them to the chromosomes. The nature of these granules is unknown. Similarities and differences between P. illinoisensis and P. carolinensis are discussed.
Cytochemical Evidence for Urease Activity in Tetrahymena*
Authors: SEAMAN GERALD R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The cytochemical procedure of Sen was used to demonstrate urease activity in Tetrahymena pyriformis S.
Observations on Eimeria raillieti in the “Slow‐worm”, Anguis fragilis (Reptilia, Anguidae)
Authors: LAINSON R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The oocysts, sporulation process, and endogenous stages of Eimeria raillieti (Léger, 1899) Galli‐Valerio, 1930 from the slow‐worm, Anguis fragilis, in England are described. The oocysts average 18 × 15 μ. Schizonts, microgametocytes and macrogametocytes were found in the ileum, and macro‐gametocytes alone in the duodenum.
Electron Microscope Observations on Malarial Oocysts (Plasmodium cathemerium)*
Authors: DUNCAN DONALD , EADES JAMES , JULIAN S. R. , MICKS DON
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Thin sections of Plasmodium, cathemerium obtained 3 to 10 days after ingestion of blood by mosquitoes were examined by electron microscopy. Oocysts are encased in a relatively thick structureless capsule which becomes progressively thinner with advancing age and completely disappears in places at the time of release of the sporozoites. The capsule blends with and in most cases cannot be distinguished from the “elastic” layer of the mosquito stomach. For this reason the capsule is tentatively regarded as a product of the host rather than of the parasite. Capsular material appears to be shed into the interior of the oocyst and may serve as nutrient material in the later stages of development. Oöcysts and sporozoites contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei with nucleoli at all stages examined.

All limiting membranes within the oocyst are feebly developed and no cell boundaries are seen until the sporozoites begin to form. At this stage, the sporozoites acquire very prominent surface membranes which are retained by the mature forms.

Sporozoites contain long rods and cylinders of homogeneous material of moderate density. Their functional significance is not understood.
Morphogenesis in the Ciliate Bresslaua vorax Kahl and the Phylogeny of the Colpodidae*
Authors: STOUT J. D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Bresslaua vorax is a dimorphic ciliate with micro‐stome and macrostome forms. The development of the macro‐stome form is associated with pronounced extension of the vestibule and vestibular opening and gross torsion of the ciliate which finally shows little resemblance to the microstome form. These transformations culminate a phylogenetic trend in the Colpodidae which can be followed from the ciliates of relatively simple structure, such as Woodruffia, through Bryophrya, Colpoda and Tillina to Bresslaua. This phylogenetic trend is marked by the increasing importance of stomatogenesis. The morphogenetic pattern of these transformations appears to distinguish the Colpodidae from other trichostomatous ciliates, such as the Plagiopylidae.
Volume, Nucleic Acid and Nitrogen Contents of Strains of Green and i Colorless Englena gracilis and of Astasia longa*
Authors: NEFF RUTH H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Nucleic acid, the nitrogen content per cell, and cell and nuclear volume were determined in 4 green and 2 heat‐induced colorless strains of Euglena gracilis and one strain of Astasia longa. All strains of Euglena were identical in cell and nuclear volume. The deoxyribonucleic acid content per cell of the apoplastidic strains was higher than that of the corresponding green strains by I1/, times. Although their nuclei were not enlarged, Feulgen staining of the colorless strains was also more intense. The significance of the increase in DNA in experimentally induced apoplastidy is discussed. As for N total nucleic acid P, and pentosenucleic acid—the dir between the strains reflected previously established morphological and physiological relationships between them. The single strain of Astasia studied was identical in stru: and size with the apoplastidic Euglena stnMH Hownner. it was quite unlike them in all the biochemical characteristic; examined.
Flagella Formation by Myxamoebae of the True Slime Mold. Didymium nigripes*
Authors: KERR NORMAN S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

For development of flagella by myxamoebae of the true slime mold, Didymium nigripes, optimal results were obtained when they were incubated in 0.05 M NaHCOa (pH 9.1). Streptomycin inhibited flagella formation in pH 6.2 phosphate buffer but had no effect in NaHC03. The time necessary for 50% of the population of myxamoebae to become flagellated was independent of the concentration of myxamoebae; hence, the morphogenesis probably follows first‐order kinetics. The acquisition of flagella was divisible into 4 stages by means of time‐lapse cinephotomicroscopy: an ameboid stage, a stage of morphogenesis, an ameboid‐flagellate stage, and a free‐swimming flagellate stage. At least 90% of the population developed flagella within 60 min. under optimal conditions. The flagellar apparatus consists of a long and a short flagellum, each arising from a granule in the blepharo‐plast. The blepharoplast is connected to the nucleus by a rhizoplast.
A Comparative Study of Kinetoplast Ultrastructure in the Trypanosomatidae*
Authors: CLARK† TRUMAN B. , WALLACE F. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

The kinetoplast and associated structures in Leishmanial tropica, Trypanosoma cruzi, T. lewisi, Herpeto‐inonas culicis, H. muscarum and Crithidia fasciculata have been studied by electron microscopy of thin sections. The kinetoplast appears as a mitochondrion within which are antero‐posteriorly oriented anastomosing fibers. In the three species parasitic in vertebrates there is a sharply delimited anterior zone where these fibers are thick and electron‐dense. In the insect parasites the fibers form a looser network of approximately uniform density from anterior to posterior.

The blepharoplast is the 9‐fibered cylinder forming the base of the axoneme and extending below the base of the reservoir. A diffuse mass of electron‐dense material surrounding this is the basal granule, visible also with the light microscope.

The contractile vacuole appears in electron microsraphs as a clear area associated with Golgi material.
A New Species of Coccidia of the Grey Squirrel Sciurtis (Neosciurns) carolinensis
Authors: PRASAD H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

A new species of Coccidia, Eimeria neosciuri sp. now, has been described from the squirrel host, Sciurns (Neo‐sciurus) carolinensis. The oocysts (21.8‐28.0 ju X 13.7‐18.1) are elliptical in shape without a visible micropyle. The sporo‐ cysts are oval with protruding nipple. The endogenous stase; of this species occur in the epithelial cells of the villi of the upper ileum. Oocyst production declines in about a fortnight after a rise to its maximum during the first 6‐10 days.
Investigations into the Coccidia of the Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin
Authors: WEBSTER J. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

Stages in the life‐cycle of the coccidium Eimeria neosciuri Prasad(12), from the epithelial lining of the small intestine of Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin are described, with particular reference to the endogenous phases. The pathology, sporulation and rate of oocyst production are determined, and a discussion on known coccidia from related Sciurus spec: included.