bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular insight into the specific interactions of the SARS‐Coronavirus‐2 nucleocapsid with RNA and host protein
Authors: Lee Eunjeong , Redzic Jasmina S. , Saviola Anthony J. , Li Xueni , Ebmeier Christopher C. , Kutateladze Tatiana G. , Hansen Kirk Charles , Zhao Rui , Ahn Natalie , Sluchanko Nikolai N. , Eisenmesser Elan
Published: February 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) nucleocapsid protein is the most abundantly expressed viral protein during infection where it targets both RNA and host proteins. However, identifying how a single viral protein interacts with so many different targets remains a challenge, providing the impetus here for identifying the interaction sites through multiple methods. Through a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron microscopy, and biochemical methods, we have characterized nucleocapsid interactions with RNA and with three host proteins, which include human cyclophilin‐A, Pin1, and 14–3–3τ. Regarding RNA interactions, the nucleocapsid protein N‐terminal folded domain preferentially interacts with smaller RNA fragments relative to the C‐terminal region, suggesting an initial RNA engagement is largely dictated by this N‐terminal region followed by weaker interactions to the C‐terminal region. The nucleocapsid protein forms 10 nm ribonuclear complexes with larger RNA fragments that include 200 and 354 nucleic acids, revealing its potential diversity in sequestering different viral genomic regions during viral packaging. Regarding host protein interactions, while the nucleocapsid targets all three host proteins through its serine‐arginine‐rich region, unstructured termini of the nucleocapsid protein also engage host cyclophilin‐A and host 14–3–3τ. Considering these host proteins play roles in innate immunity, the SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein may block the host response by competing interactions. Finally, phosphorylation of the nucleocapsid protein quenches an inherent dynamic exchange process within its serine‐arginine‐rich region. Our studies identify many of the diverse interactions that may be important for SARS‐CoV‐2 pathology during infection.
Slow conformational changes in the rigid and highly stable chymotrypsin inhibitor 2
Authors: Gavrilov Yulian , Prestel Andreas , Lindorff‐Larsen Kresten , Teilum Kaare
Published: February 2023

Slow conformational changes are often directly linked to protein function. It is however less clear how such processes may perturb the overall folding stability of a protein. We previously found that the stabilizing double mutant L49I/I57V in the small protein chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 from barley led to distributed increased nanosecond and faster dynamics. Here we asked what effects the L49I and I57V substitutions, either individually or together, have on the slow conformational dynamics of CI2. We used 15N CPMG spin relaxation dispersion experiments to measure the kinetics, thermodynamics, and structural changes associated with slow conformational change in CI2. These changes result in an excited state that is populated to 4.3% at 1°C. As the temperature is increased the population of the excited state decreases. Structural changes in the excited state are associated with residues that interact with water molecules that have well defined positions and are found at these positions in all crystal structures of CI2. The substitutions in CI2 have only little effect on the structure of the excited state whereas the stability of the excited state to some extent follows the stability of the main state. The minor state is thus most populated for the most stable CI2 variant and least populated for the least stable variant. We hypothesize that the interactions between the substituted residues and the well‐ordered water molecules links subtle structural changes around the substituted residues to the region in the protein that experience slow conformational changes.
A comparative study on nonlinear optical properties of zinc porphyrins analogs: Coordination atoms and group effects
Authors: Hou Na , Liu Ting‐Ting , Fang Xiao‐Hui
Published: February 2023

Density functional theory (DFT) has been carried out to investigate the electronic characteristics, UV–VIS–NIR absorption spectra, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of two series of zinc porphyrin analogs (FPD‐Nxand TPD‐Nx,x = 0–4) with donor‐π‐donor frameworks. The design of these analogs is based on previously synthesized furan‐linked zinc porphyrins (FPDs) and thiophene‐linked zinc porphyrins (TPDs). It is noted that their electro‐optical features are sensitive to the numbers of N‐coordination atoms and the attached groups. A dramatic enhancement of static first and second hyperpolarizabilities (β0andγ0) occurs when two furan/thiophene rings are attached to the zinc porphyrin. Among the two series, FPD‐N3 and TPD‐N3 have the largestβ0values of about 7600 a.u. The staticγ0values of these complexes range from 0.41 × 106to 1.79 × 106 a.u. The FPD‐Nxhas a largerγ0value than the corresponding TPD‐Nx, but theγ0value of FPD‐N2 is close to that of TPD‐N2. In the dynamic NLO process, the electro‐optical Pockels effect, second harmonic generation, and electro‐optic Kerr effect can be enhanced at the wavelength of 1907 nm. This study provides a new strategy for the experimental design of high‐performance NLO materials.
Tuning inter‐wall spacing and structural properties of double‐walled gallium arsenide nanotubes
Authors: Nikbakhtian Sadegh , Movlarooy Tayebeh
Published: February 2023

The structural, stability and electronic properties of double‐walled GaAs nanotubes (DWGaAsNTs) are investigated based on density functional theory (DFT) by considering Van der Waals corrections with the SIESTA code. The computations are done on the zigzag (7,0)@(m,0) and (6,0)@(m,0) with (m = 12 to 18) and the armchair (4,4)@(m,m) and (5,5)@(m,m) DWGaAsNTs with (m = 7 to 14). The calculated binding and formation energies revealed that the armchair and zigzag DWGaAsNTs with differential chirality of 5, (m,m)@(m + 5,m + 5) and 8, (m,0)@(m + 8,0) and inter‐layer space of roughly 5.4 and 4.9 Å are the most favorable DWGaAsNTs, respectively. All armchair and zigzag DWGaAsNTs are direct bandgap semiconductors according to the electronic band structure. Furthermore, it is found that with increasing the spaces between walls and diameters of the tubes, the value of the band gap increases, and the changing trend is almost constant at greater distances between walls. Also, the double‐walled GaAs nanotubes have a narrower bandgap than single‐walled nanotubes. The implications of this research can certainly be useful in future empirical studies.
Intelligent operation and management in the Dadu River Basin
Authors: Tu Yangju , Tao Chunhua , Zhong Qingxiang , Ma Yue , Hu Hanyin , Liu He
Published: February 2023

The top priority of a hydropower enterprise is to secure the safe, scientific, and economic operation of its power stations. The Dadu River Basin, the fifth largest hydropower base in China, is definitely vital to the grid security and stability in southwest China's Sichuan Province. Given the challenges faced by production O&M (operation and management), efforts were made to put forth solutions featuring multielement business quantification, multisource data integration, and multitarget intelligent collaboration, according to which, through the development and application of a number of key technologies for intelligent operation, hard work was done to promote management optimization simultaneously and realize the smart and autonomous operation of the 10‐million‐megawatt power station group in the basin.
Families under pressure: A qualitative study of stressors in families of children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Zhang Yi , Zhou Hang , Bai Yangjuan , Chen Zhisong , Wang Yanjiao , Hu Qiulan , Yang Mingfang , Wei Wei , Ding Lan , Ma Fang
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to better understand the stressors in families of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) to assist with formulating targeted stress management plans for such families. A descriptive qualitative study was undertaken at a tertiary referral hospital in China. Following purposeful sampling, interviews were conducted with 21 parents of children with CHD regarding the stressors in their families. Following content analysis, 11 themes were generated from the data and categorised into six main domains: the initial stressor and associated hardships, normative transitions, prior strains, the consequences of family efforts to cope, intrafamily and social ambiguity, and sociocultural values. The 11 themes include confusion regarding the disease, hardships encountered during treatment, the heavy financial burden, the unusual growth track of the child due to the disease, normal events becoming abnormal for the family, impaired family functioning, family vulnerability, family resilience, family boundary ambiguity induced by role alteration, a lack of knowledge about community support and family stigma. Various and complex stressors exist for families of children with CHD. Medical personnel should fully evaluate the stressors and take targeted measures before implementing family stress management practices. It is also necessary to focus on the posttraumatic growth of families of children with CHD and strengthen resilience. Moreover, family boundary ambiguity and a lack of knowledge about community support should not be ignored, and further research is needed to explore these variables. Most importantly, policymakers and healthcare providers should adopt a range of strategies to address the stigma of being in a family of a child with CHD.
The Importance of the Purification Step and the Characterization of the Products in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanodots
Authors: Bartolomei Beatrice , Prato Maurizio
Published: February 2023

In the synthesis of carbon nanodots (CNDs), the critical step of the purification from the starting materials and unwanted side products is faced. In the exciting race toward new and interesting CNDs, this problem is often underestimated, leading to false properties and erroneous reports. In fact, on many occasions, the properties described for novel CNDs derive from impurities not completely eliminated during the purification process. Dialysis, for instance, is not always helpful, especially if the side products are not soluble in water. In this Perspective, the importance of the purification and characterization steps, in order to obtain solid reports and reliable procedures, is emphasized.
Pressure Regulating Self‐Trapped States toward Remarkable Emission Enhancement of Zero‐Dimensional Lead‐Free Halides Nanocrystals
Authors: Shi Yue , Fu Yuan , Ma Zhiwei , Zhao Dianlong , Wang Kai , Xiao Guanjun , Zou Bo
Published: February 2023

Copper(I)‐based halides have recently attracted increasing attention as a substitute for lead halides, owing to their nontoxicity, abundance, unique structure, and optoelectric properties. However, exploring an effective strategy to further improve their optical activities and revealing structure−optical property relationships still remain a great concern. Here, by using high pressure technique, a remarkable enhancement of self‐trapped exciton (STE) emission associated with the energy exchange between multiple self‐trapped states in zero‐dimensional lead‐free halide Cs3Cu2I5 NCs is successfully achieved. Furthermore, high‐pressure processing endows the piezochromism of Cs3Cu2I5 NCs by experiencing a white light and a strong purple light emission, which is able to be stabilized at near‐ambient pressure. The distortion of [Cu2I5] clusters composing of tetrahedral [CuI4] and trigonal planar [CuI3] and the decreased Cu–Cu distance between the adjacent Cu‐I tetrahedron and triangle are responsible for the significant STEs emission enhancement under high pressure. The experiments combined with first‐principles calculations not only shed light on the structure−optical property relationships of [Cu2I5] clusters halide, but also provide guidance for improving emission intensity that is highly desirable in solid‐state lighting applications.
Antibacterial Activity of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Dialdehyde Starch Schiff Base and its Metal Complex
Authors: Ouyang Jinyu , Li Zhenbiao , Miao Jincheng , Wang Yongtao , Hu Langrong , Wang Xiaojuan
Published: February 2023

Carboxymethyl chitosan dialdehyde starch Schiff base (CMCDAS) and its metal complexes are synthesized by corn starch (St), sodium periodate, carboxymethyl chitosan, and metal ions (copper, zinc, nickel, silver), and are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial activities of carboxymethyl chitosan dialdehyde starch Schiff base (CMCDAS) against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) increase according to their increasing nitrogen content, and the best minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against E. coli and S. aureus are 30 mg mL−1, respectively. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the metal complexes (copper, nickel, silver, and zinc) against S. aureus are 7.50, 30, 30, and 1.88 mg mL, respectively; and against E. coli are 7.50, 15, 15, and 0.94 mg mL−1, respectively.
Bias, Discrimination, and the Social Consequences of Unproblematized Assessments in TESOL
Authors: Schissel Jamie L.
Published: February 2023

It is the introduction to the 5 Forum papers published in issue 56(4).
Communicating Product Life Cycle Performance through Labels and Declarations
Authors: Skaar Christofer
Published: February 2023

This chapter gives an overview of the development of different eco-labelling schemes over a timeline of about 50 years. The main focus is, however, the standards for product declarations developed under the ISO 14000-family. Hereunder standards for product categories rules (PCRs), environmental product declarations (EPDs) as well as standards for different eco-footprints as, for example, carbon footprints of products (CFP) and water footprints of products (WFPs). The chapter also gives a brief description on how to develop and implement product labels for various purposes.
Reporting Schemes
Authors: Fet Annik Magerholm , Sparrevik Magnus
Published: February 2023

This chapter gives an overview of different reporting schemes which can be used by companies to communicate their environmental, as well as their sustainability, performance. Connections between different reporting schemes, underlying data and the CapSEM Model are explained. The most common sustainability reporting schemes are described within the context of their intended use by the reporting organization. The chapter also addresses the content for writing a sustainability report together with the use of tools and performance indicators to present quantitative information.
Cerebrospinal fluid leakage after intradural spinal surgery in children
Authors: Slot Emma M. H. , van Doormaal Tristan P. C. , van Baarsen Kirsten M. , Krayenbühl Niklaus , Regli Luca , Germans Menno R. , Hoving Eelco W.
Published: February 2023

Purpose

This study aimed to establish the incidence of CSF leakage in children and associated complications after intradural spinal surgery in three tertiary neurosurgical referral centers and to describe the treatment strategies applied.

Methods

Patients of 18 years or younger who underwent intradural spinal surgery between 2015 and 2021 in three tertiary neurosurgical referral centers were included. Patients who died or were lost to follow-up within six weeks after surgery were excluded. The primary outcome measure was CSF leakage within six weeks after surgery, defined as leakage of CSF through the skin. Secondary outcome measures included the presence of pseudomeningocele (PMC), meningitis, and surgical site infection (SSI).

Results

We included a total of 75 procedures, representing 66 individual patients. The median age in this cohort was 5 (IQR = 0-13 years. CSF leakage occurred in 2.7% (2/75) of procedures. It occurred on days 3 and 21 after the index procedure, respectively. One patient was treated with a pressure bandage and an external lumbar drain on day 4 after diagnosis of the leak, and the other was treated with wound revision surgery on day 1 after the leak occurred. In total, 1 patient developed a PMC without a CSF leak which was treated with wound revision surgery. SSI occurred in 10.7%, which included both cases of CSF leak.

Conclusions

CSF leakage after intradural spinal surgery in the pediatric population is relatively rare (2.7%). Nevertheless, the clinical consequences with respect to secondary complications such as infection and the necessity for invasive treatment are serious.
Neophyte invasions in European heathlands and scrub
Authors: Kalusová Veronika , Chytrý Milan , Večeřa Martin , Svenning Jens-Christian , Biurrun Idoia , Kintrová Kateřina , Agrillo Emiliano , Carli Emanuela , Ecker Klaus , Garbolino Emmanuel , Šibíková Mária , Šilc Urban , Axmanová Irena
Published: February 2023

Human-assisted introduction of alien plants is causing ecosystem transformations worldwide and is considered an important threat to biodiversity. We provide a European assessment of habitat levels of invasion in heathlands and scrub and identify successful alien plants and invasion trends across biogeographical regions. We analysed a geographically stratified data set of 24,220 dwarf shrub and scrub vegetation plots sampled across Europe. Among the 6547 vascular plant taxa occurring in these plots, we identified 311 neophytes (4.8%, i.e. alien species introduced in Europe or its sub-regions after 1500 AD) and compared five metrics of the level of invasion in (i) EUNIS habitats, (ii) broad habitat groups and (iii) biogeographical regions of Europe. We related habitat-specific levels of invasion to elevation and climatic variables using generalized linear models. Among neophytes, phanerophytes of non-European origin prevailed. The most frequent neophytes in the plots were Prunus serotina, Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus rubra among phanerophytes, Impatiens parviflora among therophytes, and Erigeron canadensis and Solidago gigantea among hemicryptophytes. Levels of invasion significantly differed among habitats and biogeographical regions. The most invaded habitat was Macaronesian lowland scrub, followed by riparian scrub, Rubus scrub and forest-clearing scrub of temperate Europe, and coastal dune scrub of the Atlantic region. The levels of invasion were low in the shrublands of the Arctic and Mediterranean regions and decreased with elevation within habitats. Results suggest that insularity, low elevation, frequent disturbances, and high availability or considerable fluctuation of resources promote neophyte invasions in European shrublands.
Addressing the Societal Challenges in Organizations: The Conceptualization of Mindfulness Capability for Social Justice
Authors: Rashkova Yanina , Moi Ludovica , Cabiddu Francesca
Published: February 2023

Social inequalities are partly caused by habitual organizational practices. In this vein, to overcome those, organizations now need to develop new organizational capabilities aimed at enhancing their attention towards societal issues. In our study, we apply the theory of mindfulness to explain how it may help organizations overcome habitual organizing that fuels social inequalities. Guided by the microfoundational perspective of organizational capability, we conceptualize individual characteristics, processes, and structures that collectively form mindfulness capability for social justice. We perceive it as an organizational capability that reflects the extent to which an organization possesses a collective social justice awareness, i.e., awareness of the impact on social justice in society through its organizational practices. We argue that, when adopted by organizations, mindfulness, by increasing the awareness of the organizational impact on society, helps notice, examine, and question the correctness of taken-for-granted organizational practices. From our perspective, this new capability will lead to changes in organizational practices that fuel social inequalities. Our study contributes to the literature on sustainable organizational development and mindfulness research in organizations. Managerial implications and future research directions are also discussed.
Vaccine Passports and Political Legitimacy: A Public Reason Framework for Policymakers
Authors: Barnhill Anne , Bonotti Matteo , Susser Daniel
Published: February 2023

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, taking its toll on people’s lives around the world, vaccine passports remain a contentious topic of debate in most liberal democracies. While a small literature on vaccine passports has sprung up over the past few years that considers their ethical pros and cons, in this paper we focus on the question of when vaccine passports are politically legitimate. Specifically, we put forward a ‘public reason ethics framework’ for resolving ethical disputes and use the case of vaccine passports to demonstrate how it works. The framework walks users through a structured analysis of a vaccine passport proposal to determine whether the proposal can be publicly justified and is therefore legitimate. Use of this framework may also help policymakers to design more effective vaccine passports, by incorporating structured input from the public, and thereby better taking the public’s interests and values into account. In short, a public reason ethics framework is meant to encourage better, more legitimate decision-making, resulting in policies that are ethically justifiable, legitimate and effective.
The impact of NiO on crystallization and thermo-magnetic properties of Li2O–NiO–P2O5 glasses as new magnetic materials
Authors: Abo-Mosallam H. A. , Farag M. M.
Published: February 2023

The main goal of this study is to comprehend the effect of the composition change on crystallization characteristics, thermal, physical, and magnetic properties of glasses with the general formula (35 − x) Li2O − (5 + x) NiO − 60 P2O5 (x = 5, 10, and 15 mol%). The XRD results indicated that Li4P4O12, Li6P6O18, Ni2P2O7, Ni2P4O12, and Li3P crystalline phases were formed in the glass ceramics. The NiO/Li2O replacement led to an increase in the coherence of the glass structure. Density values for the glass and glass–ceramic samples ranged from 2.38 to 2.49 g/cm3 and from 2.41 to 2.53 g/cm3, respectively. Coefficients of thermal expansion CTE of the glasses were varied from 157 × 10−7 to 96 × 10−7 °C over the temperature range of 25–250 °C. However, CTE of the glass–ceramic was ranged from 183 × 10−7 to 129 × 10−7 °C over the temperature range of 25–500 °C. VSM analysis for the glasses revealed that the NiO/Li2O replacement led to a decrease in the magnetic parameters of the materials. Contrariwise from VSM hysteresis loops of glass–ceramic, it was found that the magnetic parameters increased with the addition NiO instead of Li2O. The results indicated a great potential of the prepared glasses and glass ceramics as promising soft ferromagnetic materials that can be used in different magnetic applications.
A novel antibacterial and fluorescent coating composed of polydopamine and carbon dots on the surface of orthodontic brackets
Authors: Wang Yixi , Ding Chuanyang , Ge Zhangjie , Li Zhipeng , Chen Lixin , Guo Xiaolong , Dong Genxi , Zhou Ping
Published: February 2023

Many kinds of antibacterial coatings have been designed to prevent the adherence of bacteria onto the surface of a fixed orthodontic device of brackets. However, the problems such as weak binding force, undetectable, drug resistance, cytotoxicity and short duration needed to be solved. Thus, it has great value in developing novel coating methods with long-term antibacterial and fluorescence properties according to the clinical application of brackets. In this study, we synthesized blue fluorescent carbon dots (HCDs) using the traditional Chinese medicinal honokiol, which could cause irreversible killing effects on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through positive charges on the surface and inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Based on this, the surface of brackets was serially modified with polydopamine and HCDs, taking advantage of the strong adhesive properties as well as the negative surface charge of polydopamine particles. It is found that this coating exhibits stable antibacterial properties in 14 days with good biocompatibility, which can provide a new solution and strategy to solve the series of hazards caused by bacterial adhesion on the surface of orthodontic brackets.

Graphical Abstract
Australian Patient Preferences for Discussing Spiritual Issues in the Hospital Setting: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Best Megan C. , Jones Kate , Merritt Frankie , Casey Michael , Lynch Sandra , Eisman John A. , Cohen Jeffrey , Mackie Darryl , Beilharz Kirsty , Kearney Matthew
Published: February 2023

While there is high patient acceptance for clinical staff discussing issues regarding spirituality with hospital inpatients, it is not clear which staff member patients prefer for these discussions. This unique exploratory study investigated inpatient preferences regarding which staff member should raise the topic of spirituality. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with inpatients at six hospitals in Sydney, Australia (n = 897), with a subset invited to participate in qualitative interviews (n = 41). Pastoral care staff (32.9%) were the preferred staff members with whom to discuss spiritual issues, followed by doctors (22.4%). Qualitative findings indicated that individual characteristics of the staff member are more important than their role.
Towards a Checklist for Improving Action Research Quality in Healthcare Contexts
Authors: Casey Mary , Coghlan David , Carroll Áine , Stokes Diarmuid
Published: February 2023

Published accounts of action research studies in healthcare frequently underreport the quality of the action research. These studies often lack the specificity and details needed to demonstrate the rationale for the selection of an action research approach and how the authors perceive the respective study to have met action research quality criteria. This lack contributes to a perception among academics, research funding agencies, clinicians and policy makers, that action research is ‘second class’ research. This article addresses the challenge of this perception by offering a bespoke checklist called a Quality Action Research Checklist (QuARC) for reporting action research studies and is based on a quality framework first published in this journal. This checklist, comprising four factors - context, quality of relationships, quality of the action research process itself and the dual outcomes, aims to encourage researchers to provide complete and transparent reporting and indirectly improve the rigor and quality of action research. In addition, the benefit of using a checklist and the challenges inherent in such application are also discussed.
Power-to-Gas: neuer Rückenwind für ein altes Modellsystem
Authors: Molitor Bastian , Casini Isabella , Fink Christian , Hafenbradl Doris , Angenent Largus T.
Published: February 2023

Methanothermobacter has been pivotal in elucidating the biochemistry of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. These microbes generate cellular energy to grow by producing methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Recently, this physiological trait was adopted for biotechnology in power-to-gas processes to store renewable electric energy in form of methane in the natural gas grid. We established a genetic system and a genome-scale metabolic model for Methanothermobacter (Microbe of the Year 2021) to support further technology advancement and implementation for large-scale production of renewable methane.
Lichtgesteuerte Translation von mRNA in Eukaryoten
Authors: Dittmar Maria , Weissenböck Florian Peter , Rentmeister Andrea
Published: February 2023

Messenger RNA (mRNA) shows great potential for medical applications, as recently demonstrated by the mRNA-based vaccines against the coronavirus. In addition, it has long been used for ectopic gene expression in cells and model organisms. While numerous methodologies are available for controlling gene expression at the level of transcription, approaches to control translation are scarce. Here we review strategies for direct light-mediated activation of mRNA translation via photocleavable groups and their potential to achieve spatial and temporal control of protein production.
Intimation of Revolution
Authors: Basu Subho
Published: February 2023

Intimation of Revolution studies the rise of Bengali nationalism in East Pakistan in the 1950s and 60s by showcasing the interactions between global politics and local social and economic developments. It argues that the revolution of 1969 and the national liberation struggle of 1971 were informed by the 'global sixties' that transformed the political landscape of Pakistan and facilitated the birth of Bangladesh. Departing from the typical understanding of the Bangladesh as a product of Indo-Pakistani diplomatic and military rivalry, it narrates how Bengali nationalists resisted the processes of internal colonization by the Pakistani military bureaucratic regime to fashion their own nation. It details how this process of resistance and nation-formation drew on contemporaneous decolonization movements in Asia, Africa, and Latin America while also being shaped by the Cold War rivalries between the USA, USSR, and China.
Problem of Unaccompanied Children in the Earthquake: Insufficient Enrollment
Authors: Terzi Ozlem , Dundar Cihad
Published: February 2023

Türkiye experienced 2 of the most catastrophic earthquakes of the last century on February 6, 2023. The first earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 occurred at 4:17 am in Kahramanmaraş City. Nine hours later, the second earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 hit a region, which has 10 cities and over 16 million people. After the earthquakes, the Director-General of the World Health Organization, Hans Kluge, announced that a level 3 emergency was declared. One of the problems that should be solved at the earliest period in earthquakes is the problem of orphans or unaccompanied children. These children, referred to as “earthquake orphans”, can be potential victims of violence, organized crime, organ trafficking, drug addiction, sexual exploitation, or human trafficking. The already low socioeconomic level of the region, the magnitude of the earthquake, and the turmoil in the emergency rescue organization cause concern that the number of fragile children in this population will be higher than expected. The problem of orphaned children experienced in previous major destructive earthquakes provides important experiences for earthquake preparation.
STATE CAPACITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: CAUTIONARY TALES FROM HISTORY
Authors: Ogilvie Sheilagh
Published: February 2023

This paper uses economic history to probe the relationship between state capacity and economic growth during the Great and Little Divergences (c.1500–c.1850). It identifies flaws in the dominant measure of state capacity, fiscal capacity, and advocates instead analysing state expenditures. It investigates five key activities on which states historically spent resources: waging war; providing law and administration; building infrastructure; pursuing industrial policy; and fostering a national culture. The lesson of history, it concludes, is not to build a capacious state. Rather, we need a state that uses its capacity to help (or at least not hinder) market activity.
From precision medicine to precision care: Choosing and using precision medicine in the context of multimorbidity
Authors: Bierman Arlene S. , Burke Bridget T. , Comfort Leeann N. , Gerstein Maya , Mueller Nora M. , Umscheid Craig A.
Published: February 2023

Rapid advances in precision medicine promise dramatic reductions in morbidity and mortality for a growing array of conditions. To realize the benefits of precision medicine and minimize harm, it is necessary to address real-world challenges encountered in translating this research into practice. Foremost among these is how to choose and use precision medicine modalities in real-world practice by addressing issues related to caring for the sizable proportion of people living with multimorbidity. Precision medicine needs to be delivered in the broader context ofprecision careto account for factors that influence outcomes for specific therapeutics. Precision care integrates a person-centered approach with precision medicine to inform decision making and care planning by taking multimorbidity, functional status, values, goals, preferences, social and societal context into account. Designing dissemination and implementation of precision medicine around precision care would improve person-centered quality and outcomes of care, target interventions to those most likely to benefit thereby improving access to new therapeutics, minimize the risk of withdrawal from the market from unanticipated harms of therapy, and advance health equity by tailoring interventions and care to meet the needs of diverse individuals and populations. Precision medicine delivered in the context of precision care would foster respectful care aligned with preferences, values, and goals, engendering trust, and providing needed information to make informed decisions. Accelerating adoption requires attention to the full continuum of translational research: developing new approaches, demonstrating their usefulness, disseminating and implementing findings, while engaging patients throughout the process. This encompasses basic science, preclinical and clinical research and implementation into practice, ultimately improving health. This article examines challenges to the adoption of precision medicine in the context of multimorbidity. Although the potential of precision medicine is enormous, proactive efforts are needed to avoid unintended consequences and foster its equitable and effective adoption.
THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF SMALL-SIZED MODERN WOOD SAMPLES ANALYZED AT THE CHRONOS 14CARBON-CYCLE FACILITY
Authors: Haines Heather A , Hiscock William T , Palmer Jonathan G , Turney Chris S M , Thomas Zoë A , Cadd Haidee , Vohra Juee , Marjo Christopher E
Published: February 2023

Tree-ring series offer considerable potential for the development of environment-sensitive proxy records. However, with traditional increment cores, only small amounts of wood are often available from annual tree-ring sequences. For this reason, it is important to understand the reliability (and reproducibility) of radiocarbon measurements obtained from small-sized samples. Here we report the F14C results from the Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility of modern tropical Australian tree samples over a range of four graphite target sizes from the same rings. Our study shows that similar precision can be obtained from full-sized, half-sized, as well as small-sized graphite targets using standard pretreatment and analysis procedures. However, with a decline in sample size, there was an increase seen in the associated variance of the ages and the smallest target weights started showing a systematic bias. Wiggle-matching accuracy tests, comparing the Southern Hemisphere post-bomb atmospheric calibration curve to the different sample weight sequences, were all significant except for the 200 μgC graphite targets. Our results indicate that samples smaller than 350 μgC have limited accuracy and precision. Overall, reliable measurements of F14C sequences from tree-ring records across a range of sample sizes, with best results found using graphitized samples >350 μgC.
State Parties, the Democratic National Convention, and Civil Rights Liberalism
Authors: White Steven
Published: February 2023

What explains variation in how committed postwar Democrats were to civil rights? I use evidence from state delegation behavior at national party conventions to assess this. I examine two types of issues: challenges to the credentials of all-white southern delegations and efforts to change the platform language on civil rights issues. While the latter is widely known, the former are more obscure but, I argue, important indicators of how strongly committed some state delegations were to civil rights. I use archival materials to trace the story of how these issues came onto the party committee’s agenda in the first place and then assess the correlates of state delegation voting behavior. In 1948, the strongest predictor of being willing to unseat the all-white Mississippi delegation was the increase in Black population percentage in a state. More states, however, were willing to strengthen the civil rights platform language, and here state population size was the strongest predictor. These results, though, obscure important variation, with a number of relatively smaller, whiter states in the upper Midwest playing a key role. Taken together, these findings elucidate variation in the civil rights preferences of non-southern Democrats, shed new light on debates about the civil rights realignment, and demonstrate the potential of using state delegation voting behavior as evidence.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in the Tel-Aviv District, Israel, 2020–2022
Authors: Salama Matanelle , Amitai Ziva , Sheffer Rivka
Published: February 2023

Our study population consisted of all children and adolescents, with laboratory-confirmed SARS-Co-V-2 infection, hospitalised from February 2020 through February 2022, among residents of the Tel Aviv (TA) District, Israel. There were 491 children and adolescents hospitalised with Sars-CoV-2 infection. Among them, 281 (57%) admitted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as the primary cause of admission (rate of 39 per 100 000). Among all children and adolescents in the TA District, the highest hospitalisation rates were observed among infants and children below the age of 4 years (rate of 311 per 100 000 population). Severe disease was observed mostly among children with multiple underlying medical conditions. Admission rates were also elevated among residents of the ultra-orthodox community (rate ratio (RR) compared to the rest of the district; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.38–3.82). Admission rates with COVID-19 as primary cause of admission were higher during Omicron compared to Delta predominance period (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.22–2.32). Targeted social and public health policies should be put in place when rates of disease start to increase, such as encouraging vaccine uptake for eligible children and social distancing when necessary, taking into account already existing social and learning gaps, in order to reduce the burden of disease.
The Neoliberal Turn that Never Was: Breaking with the Standard Narrative of Mitterrand's tournant de la rigueur
Authors: Fulla Mathieu
Published: February 2023

On 10 May 1981, French voters elected a socialist president, François Mitterrand, whose programmes promised to change their daily lives. Less than two years later, his government definitively endorsed economic austerity. The adverse international context, it was argued at the time, forced France to prioritise its European commitments over radical reform of capitalism. Since then, most commentators have interpreted this decision either as a betrayal by the socialist elites or as a symbol of their economic incompetence. This article reappraises these narratives. Based on archival research and a large body of lesser-known critical French-language scholarship, it contends that the 1983 austerity plan was neither a sudden shift nor a neoliberal turn. Without denying the crucial political and symbolic dimensions of the decisions of the left in 1983, the article also shows that the crucial stages of the liberalisation of French capitalism occurred in fact later in the decade.
Uses and Limits of Data and Student Feedback in Pedagogical Response to COVID-19: A Case Study
Authors: Donavan Janet L.
Published: February 2023

This article examines how one political science department used data and student feedback to make pedagogical choices about course modalities and pedagogical approaches during the COVID-19 pandemic. This case demonstrates that gathering data from students through surveys and other means and then utilizing that data in decision making is a valuable practice. However, there are constraints on collecting quality data in a crisis. With a need to react quickly and to gather and analyze data in a timely fashion, data-informed and student-empathetic decision making is a more accurate characterization of the outcomes in this case and a more achievable goal for the future than data-driven and student-centered decision making in a crisis. This study concludes that data-informed and student-empathetic decision making may be preferable in circumstances in which the data are inconclusive or support multiple conclusions as well as when there are conflicting needs and preferences among both faculty members and students.
SMITH AT 300: HOW SELFISH SOEVER MAN MAY BE SUPPOSED
Authors: Horn Karen
Published: February 2023

Selecting a single favorite quote from the work of one’s favorite thinker is quite a challenge. Although I had been immediately enthusiastic about the project when I first heard about it, I struggled with this selection task for weeks. The first reason is that there are just so many quotable passages in Adam Smith’s work that I like very much, and not always on the same grounds. Some quotes I appreciate because they drive home Smith’s broader argument, or because they are philosophically rich, such as his quite Lockean evaluation of long apprenticeships in the Wealth of Nations ([1776] 1976; WN I. x.c.12). Others have been long-time companions for me, either because they require a more meticulous analysis than one would think, for example the famous brewer or baker passage (WN I.ii.2), or because there is something paradoxical about them, such as the quote that describes “the great precept of nature to love ourselves only as our neighbour is capable of loving us” (Theory of Moral Sentiments [1756] 1976; TMS I.i.5.5). And then there are passages that are enormous fun to read because Smith gives free rein to his literary skills and irony, such as the “poor man’s son” passage in the Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS IV.i.8), or where he sheds his polite restraint, for example when he lashes out against Oxford (TMS V.ii.f.8) or against colluding merchants (WN I.x.c.27). The second reason why the choice wasn’t easy had to do with the underlying, perhaps unintended, incentives of the project itself. Opting for a popular quote came at the risk of more competition and fewer chances in the submission process. In the end, I nevertheless dropped all tactical considerations and went for the well-known opening words in Smith’s first opus magnum, the Theory of Moral Sentiments: “How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it” (TMS I.i.I.1).
An unsupervised perplexity-based method for boilerplate removal
Authors: Fernández-Pichel Marcos , Prada-Corral Manuel , Losada David E. , Pichel Juan C. , Gamallo Pablo
Published: February 2023

The availability of large web-based corpora has led to significant advances in a wide range of technologies, including massive retrieval systems or deep neural networks. However, leveraging this data is challenging, since web content is plagued by the so-called boilerplate: ads, incomplete or noisy text and rests of the navigation structure, such as menus or navigation bars. In this work, we present a novel and efficient approach to extract useful and well-formed content from web-scraped data. Our approach takes advantage of Language Models and their implicit knowledge about correctly formed text, and we demonstrate here that perplexity is a valuable artefact that can contribute in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. As a matter of fact, the removal of noisy parts leads to lighter AI or search solutions that are effective and entail important reductions in resources spent. We exemplify here the usefulness of our method with two downstream tasks, search and classification, and a cleaning task. We also provide a Python package with pre-trained models and a web demo demonstrating the capabilities of our approach.
Therapist perceptions of experiential training for exposure therapy
Authors: Frank Hannah E. , Rifkin Lara S. , Sheehan Kate , Becker-Haimes Emily M. , Crane Margaret E. , Phillips Katherine E. , Palitz Buinewicz Sophie A. , Kemp Joshua , Benito Kristen , Kendall Philip C.
Published: February 2023

Background:

Despite evidence for its efficacy, exposure therapy for anxiety is rarely used in routine care settings. Efforts to address one major barrier to its use – therapists’ negative beliefs about exposure – have included therapist-level implementation strategies, such as training and consultation. Experiential training, in which therapists themselves undergo exposures, has recently demonstrated feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness for increasing exposure use.

Aims:

This study aimed to assess: (1) therapists’ perceptions of experiential training and (2) barriers and facilitators to implementing exposure following training.

Method:

Therapists who underwent experiential training (n=12) completed qualitative interviews and quantitative questionnaires. Interviews were coded using an integrated approach, combining both inductive and deductive approaches. Mixed methods analyses examined how themes varied by practice setting (community mental health versus private practice) and exposure use.

Results:

Results highlight how therapist-level factors, such as clinician self-efficacy, interact with inner- and outer-setting factors. Participants reported positive perceptions of exposure after training; they noted that directly addressing myths about exposure and experiencing exposures themselves improved their attitudes toward exposure. Consistent with prior literature, issues such as insufficient supervisory support, organizational constraints, and client characteristics made it challenging to implement exposures.

Discussion:

Results highlight the benefits of experiential training, while also highlighting the need to consider contextual determinants. Differences in responses across practice settings highlight areas for intervention and the importance of tailoring implementation strategies. Barriers that were specific to therapists who did not use exposure (e.g. hesitancy about its appropriateness for most clients) point to directions for future implementation efforts.