bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment: options in general practice
Authors: Hope Sally
Published: November 2023

The primary care nurse and general practitioner (GP) now spend much more time talking to women about the menopause than they did 15 years ago. There has been a bewildering explosion of hormone replacement therapy (HR T) preparations which has allowed for more flexibility in choice of regime (Sturdee 1997). Treating the effects of the menopause is now an important part of general practice, but has not been recognized in terms of remuneration for increased workload. GPs initiate 84% of all HRT prescriptions (Hope and Rees 1995). HR T can be discussed at well woman clinics, or by establishing menopause clinics, or by opportunistic screening during a consultation. Many women will not wish to take HRT for what is a normal milestone in their life, but all women should have the opportunity to discuss the topic, and understand their individual risks and benefits.
Hormone replacement therapy and the breast
Authors: Clarke P Jane
Published: November 2023

Although the benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HR T) are well recognized, a proportion of women suffer from benign breast problems as a direct result of the medication. Such symptoms include mastalgia, increased breast lumpiness, and an exacerbation of macrocystic disease. In addition, long-term HR T is associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer and so it is not surprising that HRT-related breast problems are a frequent indication for referral to a specialist breast clinic. The relationship between HR T and breast disease is an area of confusion and controversy, often because well controlled clinical data are not available to answer important questions. This chapter aims to cover some of these issues, to suggest guidelines for safe practice, and to indicate areas of particular clinical difficulty when risk/benefit assessments may have to be made for individual cases.
Hormone replacement therapy and dementia
Authors: Budge Marc M , Esiri Margaret M
Published: November 2023

Dementia is a health problem of major proportions and is becoming even more important as life expectancy increases, particularly in the older age groups. Increasing age is the most important risk factor for development of dementia, most of which is attributable to Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, or a combination of both. Because the social and economic costs of dementia are so enormous, any intervention that can (even modestly) aid prevention and treatment is likely to be immensely worthwhile. The pathology that leads to dementia is found predominantly in the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex and their interconnections or in subcortical nuclei which project to the cortex and influence its functioning. Alzheimer’s disease is by far the most frequent cause of dementia, contributing some 70—75% of cases. Cerebro-vascular disease alone or in combination with Alzheimer’s disease is the next most common.
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Authors: Young Ian D
Published: November 2023

Well over 4000 disorders and polymorphic systems showing definite or probable autosomal dominant inheritance have been documented (McKusick, 1997). As the name implies, these conditions are determined by genes at autosomal loci and are manifest in the heterozygote. The provision of risks for disorders showing autosomal dominant inheritance is straightforward if there is a clear family history and the disorder in question is characterized by complete penetrance, consistent expression, and a reliable means of diagnosing heterozygotes. The risk to each child of an affected individual will be 50 per cent, whereas the child of an unaffected family member will be at negligible risk, or, to be more precise, twice the mutation rate(µ).
Complementary care in oncology: a patient-led revolution?
Authors: Thomas Hilary
Published: November 2023

Hilary Thomas is Professor of Oncology at the University of Surrey and the Royal Surrey County Hospital. Her main clinical interest is in gynaecological cancers. Her main research interest is biological therapy for cancer, in particular cytokine therapy and monoclonal antibodies. She is also involved in work relating to the relevance of cytokines in ovarian cancer and strategies for overcoming resistance to cancer therapy.
Complementary therapy and paediatric cancer
Authors: Weitzman Sheila
Published: November 2023

Sheila Weitzman is Senior Staff Oncologist and Associate Director of Clinical Affairs, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto and Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto. She has a long-standing interest in alternative/complementary therapy for paediatric malignancy.
Introduction: Influences on Health
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van
Published: November 2023

These arguments are not purely philosophical or only of interest to academics. The definition of the issue has an influence on the way one tries to solve the health problem. For example, if one sees illegal drug use purely or largely as an individual choice, one would try to find a solution that involves getting (potential) drug misusers to make different choices. This could include health education interventions to warn drug misusers of the dangers and side-effects of drug use, but also prison sentences to make them think twice the next time they are in a position where they have to decide about using illegal substances. However, if one sees drug misuse largely as determined by external factors, such as unemployment, poor housing, lack of opportunities in life, etc., one would try to find different solutions to problem drug use. The latter approach might include skill training for drug misusers, creating jobs and/or improving council house estates.
Environmental influences on health
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van
Published: November 2023

supply of food, water, and air. Requirements for food vary according to energy expenditure and habit but, at rest, the requirements for air and water are remarkably constant at 10–20 m3 and 1–2 l per day, respectively. There are three major routes by which we come into contact with chemicals: the air, water, and soil (Fig. 9.1). There are other exposure routes and they differ in importance according to individual circumstances. The most important additional routes include the occupational setting, the home and lifestyle characteristics.
What is haemophilia?
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

Haemophilia is a disorder of blood clotting. Normally, when somebody injures themselves the blood clots in a few minutes and wound healing can begin. In haemophilia this does not happen. This is because one of the ingredients needed for making a blood clot does not work properly. This deficiency in the activity of the ingredient may be complete or partial. When the deficiency is complete the person is said to have severe haemophilia.

Even in severe haemophilia clotting is not prevented altogether. Instead it is much slower than normal. The result is a friable clot that cannot withstand the pressure of escaping blood. Body tissues involved become disrupted, and wounds do not heal properly.
When and what to treat: bleeding episodes
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

The effects of these disorders are very similar and they will be discussed together. They are related to the clotting activity level of factor VIII in the blood in the case of haemophilia A, and of factor IX in haemophilia B. They are also related to the individual. Some people with haemophilia with very low factor levels rarely experience trouble, whilst others with the same level have many bleeds. Whilst most people with haemophilia A have roughly the same degree of factor VIII deficiency throughout life, levels of factor IX rise steadily with age in some of those with haemophilia B (Christmas disease). I suspect that there are some families with mild haemophilia A in which factor VIII does the same.
Physiotherapy
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

The maintenance of healthy joints and muscles is crucial to the quality of life of the person with haemophilia. Clotting factor replacement may stop or even prevent bleeds, but it does not restore joint or muscle function. Only regular movement can do that.

If a house is neglected, things are far more likely to go wrong, and be harder to put right than if the property had been kept in a good state of repair in the first place. The same goes for the body. A well-maintained body shrugs off everyday stresses and strains, and repairs itself far more quickly than a body that has been neglected.
Towards a cure
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: November 2023

In the fourth edition of Living with Haemophilia I recounted that, whilst I was attending a World Federation of Hemophilia meeting in America, news had came through that two youngsters with haemophilia B had received gene therapy in Shanghai. The news had excited us for two reasons. First, it suggested that at least one form of haemophilia could be cured. Second, in highlighting the gap between developed and developing countries, it held out enormous promise for people previously without access to treatment. J said that, if the experiment were successfull, the Chinese would in one leap have cleared the gulf between diagnosis and cure without having to think in terms of conventional dotting factor therapy. The savings, both in terms of human health and happiness and in terms of economic resource, were obvious.
Arthropathies primarily occurring in childhood
Authors: Davidson J E , Carty H
Published: November 2023

Arthritis is a common cause of childhood morbidity with a UK incidence of 10 per 100,000 children. Improving outcome depends on early diagnosis and control of the inflammatory process, thus minimizing long-term damage. The place of imaging in the diagnosis and management of children with chronic arthrites can only be considered in the context of the clinical conditions.
Constipation
Authors: Mancini Isabelle , Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Constipation is a common and distressing symptom in patients with advanced cancer. The term refers to infrequent or difficult defaecation with reduced number of bowel movement, which may or may not be abnormally hard, with increased difficulty or discomfort (1). Constipation occurs in approximately 40% of patients referred to a palliative care service and 90% of patients treated by opioids (2). Terminally ill cancer patients have many risk factors, but the routine assessment of constipation in this population is insufficient (3).
Jaundice in gastrointestinal malignancy
Authors: Cherny Nathan I
Published: November 2023

Jaundice among patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancy is generally caused by obstruction of biliary drainage, extensive hepatocellular failure due to liver infiltration by metastases, or a combination of both. Uncommonly it may be due to co-morbid conditions such as infectious or drug-induced hepatitis.

Jaundice is a common feature of generalized hepatic dysfunction. Jaundice caused by primary liver cancer or intrahepatic metastases, in the absence of evidence of intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholestasis, is a sign of very extensive dysfunction and it is usually accompanied by other features of liver failure.
Peritoneal host defence in patients with end-stage renal failure treated by peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Davenport Andrew
Published: November 2023

Peritoneal dialysis, in the form of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), was introduced in 1976 (Popovich et al. 1976). In those days CAPD had two major complications: firstly the original dialysis solutions came in glass jars, which made the exchanges time-consuming and difficult to complete, and secondly there was a high rate of peritoneal infection, due to the frequency of exchanges with the consequent disconnection and reconnection of the dialysis circuit.
Hepatitis B in end-stage renal disease
Authors: Natov Svetlozar N , Pereira Brian J G
Published: November 2023

Although the viral genomic structure is relatively stable, mutations in various regions of the viral genome can still occur and give origin to variants of HBV. These mutations can potentially alter the level of HBV replication or the expression of immunogenic epitopes and thus modulate the severity of liver disease. Indeed, some viral mutants have been incriminated in causing severe forms of liver injury. In contrast, other mutants have been found in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, suggesting that not all mutations necessarily lead to increased pathogenicity.
Cytomegalovirus in the renal allograft recipient
Authors: Griffiths Paul D , Emery Vincent C
Published: November 2023

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is often detected in renal transplant patients but it can be difficult to determine if this is clinically significant for an individual patient because of their complex medical history and multiple potential explanations for morbidity. In this chapter we will review the evidence that CMV is important because in some patients it both causes specific end-organ disease and triggers graft rejection, and in others possibly initiates accelerated atherosclerosis.
Virus-related tumours
Authors: Sweny P
Published: November 2023

Most of the tumours that are encountered with a greatly increased frequency following renal transplantation have a viral aetiology (Table 14.1). In some cases these tumours behave more like infections in that they can regress completely on reduction or withdrawal of immunosuppression, particularly if this is embarked upon early in their natural history. Malignancy has been estimated to be about 100 times more frequent in the transplant population than in the non-immunosuppressed (Toukraine et al, 1996).
Prevention and treatment of infections in vascular access
Authors: Dasgupta Mrinal K
Published: November 2023

The haemodialysis patient is continually susceptible to infection, vascular access providing a convenient avenue for bacterial entry. Environmental and autochthonous Gram-positive bacteria are the primary pathogens, although fungal and Gram-negative infections are not rare. Of the three types of long-term vascular access—the native arteriovenous fistula, the prosthetic arteriovenous graft, and the plastic central venous double-lumen catheter—the fistula is least likely to become infected.
Antimicrobial dosing regimens in renal patients
Authors: Brater D Craig
Published: November 2023

Renal impairment leads not only to the accumulation of endogenous compounds, but can also result in the retention of exogenously administered antibiotics and their polar metabolites, some of which may be active. For many antibiotics, doses must be reduced to attain concentrations similar to those obtained in patients with normal renal function. Several general characteristics of a drug allow prediction as to whether renal dysfunction is likely to mandate changes in dosing.
Introduction to Susan Moller Okin
Authors: Miller David
Published: November 2023

It is both an honour and a pleasure to introduce Professor Susan Okin’s Amnesty lecture on women’s human rights in the late twentieth century. Before her tragic and untimely death, she was, in my view, unsurpassed as a political philosopher writing on feminist issues. The most notable features of her work, reaching back nearly a quarter of a century to the publication of Women in Western Political Thoughtin 1979, are the lucidity with which she wrote, and her overriding concern to use theoretical analysis to address issues of practical political relevance. This is in contrast to much contemporary work in political philosophy, including feminist political philosophy, which often seems to involve producing concepts and theories of ever-increasing obscurity with no practical aim in sight. From this point of view, Women in Western Political Thought, which examined how women were represented in the political theories of Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau and John Stuart Mill, was her most ‘academic’ book. In her next book, Justice, Gender and the Family, published a decade later, she turned the spotlight on to contemporary theories of social justice, and especially their treatment of gender issues. She highlighted the way in which the nuclear family in its current form works to women’s disadvantage, and ought therefore to be (though it rarely is in practice) a central concern of such theories.
Defence and immunity: the old immune system
Authors: Playfair John
Published: November 2023

In the first chapter of this book I suggested that defending the body against pathogens was very much like defending a country against invasion, and now we are ready to pursue this analogy and see how far it holds good. We have met the enemy forces – viruses, bacteria, etc. – and we know that some of them, the pathogens, will cause damage, perhaps even kill us, if they get in. This is a problem that has been faced by animals of every kind right back to the earliest invertebrates, and by plants and even bacteria, which can themselves be infected by viruses.
Homeless in America
Authors: Caton Carol L M
Published: November 2023

This is the first comprehensive account of the homeless in the United States. In addition to the "traditional" homeless - bag ladies, alcoholics, and tramps - the author looks at the growing number of new homeless: young people, welfare mothers and families, and the mentally ill. The book includes case perspectives, as well as a description of alternative living arrangements and policies affecting the homeless.
On the Campaign Trail
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

In the aftermath of the Cincinnati riot, it became apparent that the Brinkerhoff candidacy was a move the Whig Know Nothings were pushing to cut short Chase’s political career or force him into their party. As Chase saw it this latter course was far more dangerous to the antislavery cause and to his own political ambitions. Though Brinkerhoff had a fine antislavery record as a congressman (one of the authors of what became known as the Wilmot Proviso), this splenetic lawyer from Mansfield, in north-central Ohio, was one of the few Democratic political leaders in the state who had openly joined the Know Nothing organization.
For the Good of the Party
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Near-anarchy in Kansas had subsided in the early spring of 1857, but mutual suspicions remained. There were enough threats of violence, enough perplexing factors bedeviling that troubled territory to lend credence to claims that the Taney Court in the Scott case was a part of a great slaveholding conspiracy bent on encircling and destroying free institutions everywhere.
Loaves and Fishes
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

As he had in his letter to Judd on the Illinois resolutions Chase gave Lincoln the benefit of his information from Washington and his advice. He thought that the defense of the capital was totally inadequate. Buchanan was said to be “incredulous and apathetic.” He took a direct shot at the Crittenden and Adams resolutions: a greater danger “and more imminent . . . is the disruption of the Republican party through Congressional attempts at compromises.” Then he summarized what he believed policy should be in one of those striking phrases which quickly became a slogan for the Republican party. “Let the word pass from the head of the column before the Republicans move. . . . the simple watchword-Inauguration first-adjustment after-wards.”
One Clear Call
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

After the tense moments of the impeachment trial, the brief excitement of his abortive candidacy for the Democratic nomination, and, it must be said, his rejection by his former friends and party associates who held him under that dread political ban of apostasy, the election of U. S. Grant to the presidency, Chase could find little time for contemplation and for reassessing his position as a Justice and a public man. He was not able to escape for more than a few weeks from the miasmic heat of a Washington August. He could gain no respite from the family problems at Canonchet nor the grueling routine, the careful judgments, and the decisions to be made on his circuit court rounds. Mounting claims on the Supreme Court involving all sorts of war and Reconstruction matters were requiring additional sessions. Some of these decisions were of a political nature, more were increasingly complex business transactions as the economy expanded and diversified after the war. Chase himself decided a range of political, economic, and social cases while on circuit duty that brought legal stability to investment, to financial transactions, and to property ownership that existed before and during the war.1 Though associated with the district court judges, most of the business that came before the circuit as the senior man he handled himself and in so doing established the framework for crucial aspects of Reconstruction.
The Perfect Instrument of Empire: The Colonizing Discourse of Renaissance Spain
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: November 2023

The Portuguese and Spanish voyages of discovery in the fifteenth century inaugurated the permanent expansion of Europe beyond the Mediterranean world. The emergence of a European world colonizing system necessarily revived legal speculation on the rights and status of the non-Christian peoples that Europe sought to subjugate. Questions that had become peripheral after the cloture of the Crusades and the decline in European colonizing activity in the late thirteenth century resumed prominence in early Discovery-era legal discourse.
Identity, Consciousness and Value
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Peter Unger here presents a fascinating new multidimensional account of the determinants of personal identity. He explains why many influential contemporary philosophers have underrated the importance of physical continuity to survival of the person, shedding new light on the work of such figures as Sidney Shoemaker and Derek Parfit. In the course of his discussion Unger produces a novel and controversial account of the relation of identity and practical human concerns, and explores the implications of his theory for questions of value, certain questions of morality, and the theory of rationality.
Implementing New Production Technologies: Exercises in Corporate Learning
Authors: Leonard-Barton Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Corporations described as high technology companies earn that title not only by competing through new product technology but also by embedding new technology in their operations. Therefore, managers in many firms today need to quild the in-depth technological capability that will allow them to produce goods and services competitively.
The Search Framework: Theory
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

The search approach was developed as a model for the behavior of unemployed workers. Subsequent developments treat the decision to participate in the labor market and the decision to change jobs or leave a job. To fix ideas, let us focus on the original problem-the search behavior of an unemployed worker. This worker is assumed to be actively looking for employment. The worker is not sure where to look, however, and may uncover unappealing opportunities before finding a suitable job. Unappealing opportunities are those that are dominated by further search. That is, the worker prefers to continue looking. On our making an assumption about the distribution of job opportunities in the labor market, the worker’s search policy leads to a distribution of time spent unemployed (searching), and to a distribution for the characteristics of the job on employment. Although these distributions are not observable for a particular worker, one can hope to learn them by observing a large sample of similar workers.’
Search Strategies and Arrival Rates
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

In the early job search models of Mortensen (1970a,b) and McCall {1970), variation in the arrival rate of offers played no role in producing variation in unemployment spell lengths. For a fixed cost, the worker received one draw from a known wage distribution each period. Accordingly, this assumption was adopted in early empirical search studies (e.g., Ehrenberg and Oaxaca, 1976; Kiefer and Neumann, I 979a,b, 1981). With the length of a period left undefined, however, this assumption seems arbitrary when turning to the data. A stochastic offer arrival process seems more appropriate-perhaps with the parameters of the process modeled as functions of worker behavior and labor market opportunities. In earlier chapters, we discussed a few studies that attempt to estimate the parameters of the arrival process in the absence of any direct evidence on the frequency of offers or search strategies. Genera1ly, the findings indicate an important role for the arrival rate in producing variation in unemployment spell durations across workers. The findings of these studies open the question of why arrival rates might vary across workers. That is, they do not indicate whether the arrival rate variation reflects variation in search intensity or strategy or variation in demand.
Analyzing High Yield Securities
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

For many industries, the 1980s were one of the most wrenching economic periods since the great Depression. An onslaught of foreign competition, high and volatile interest rates, a deep drop in economic activity, and a long but uneven expansion posed severe tests for many U.S. businesses. At the same time, the 1980s held considerable promise for firms that were able to identify opportunities and mobilize their resources in productive directions. Whether firms pursued aggressive or defensive strategies, however, capital was critical to their success. As a result, a growing number of companies turned to the newly developed high yield bond market.
The Impact of Junk Bonds on Industrial Performance
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

The most important question in the debate over junk bonds is what effect the securities have on corporate performance. To find what really happens, we examined the available data on employment, productivity, sales, capital investment, and capital spending. By comparing the performance of high yield firms with trends in individual industries and industry in general, we found that, overall, high yield financing has had a positive impact on corporations and the economy. Current Research on Job Creation and Retention Much of the research on high yield securities has centered on questions regarding job creation and retention, and related issues concerning corporate evolution and development. Claims that junk bonds are used largely for ‘‘bust-up shut-down takeovers” abound in the business press and some academic articles (Lowenstein, 1985; Lowenstein and Herman, 1986). Yet there appears to be no consistent evidence to support these claims.
System development corporation: a U.S. Factory experiment1
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

System Development Corporation ‘s (SOC) attempt in the mid-1970s to establish a software factory proved significant for several reasons. First, this provided the first case in the United States of a company explicitly adopting a factory label and strategy for a software facility. Second, SOC committed several years of research and experimentation in search of tools, methods, and organizational concepts aimed at achieving in soft­ ware the kind of efficiencies found in factory assembly lines, systematically moving products through design, construction, and testing.
Conclusion
Authors: Agmon Tamir , Glinow Mary Ann Von
Published: November 2023

The main message of this book is to bring technology transfer and international business together. There is no process of international business without a technology transfer, particularly the process-embodied kind. As the focus in the research and the practice of technology transfer is on the transfer that takes place across borders, understanding the environment of international business is essential for those who research or practice technology transfer.
On the Mathematical Transformation of Input-Output Matrices over Time or Space
Authors: Ghosh A
Published: November 2023

One feature of input output matrices is that if they are of the same order and have the same classification it may be possible to find a transformation between any two of them. If such a transformation can be related to the output vectors concerned by a scalar or a diagonal matrix, then the resulting transformation of the matrices can easily be computed and can be expressed in canonical form, and the implicit technological transformation that lies behind this transformation can be brought out clearly. The object of this chapter is to demonstrate some useful properties of input -output matrices of the same order, conceptualized as forming a group.
The Simultaneous Compilation of Current Price and Deflated Input-Output Tables
Authors: Boer S De , Broesterhuizen G
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses a number of aspects of the procedure by which input-output tables arc compiled in the Netherlands. These tables are compiled annually and are fully integrated in the System of National Accounts. A few years ago the method of compiling the input-output tables underwent a revision that, in our opinion, led to great improvement. The most significant improvement is that during the entire statistical process, from the processing and analysis of the basic data up to and including the balancing of the input-output tables, current-price data and deflated data are obtained simultaneously and in consistency with each other. We believe that this innovation may be of interest to other countries that currently compile input output tables or wish to do so in the future, because many countries still-as the Netherlands used to do-first compile data in current prices and afterward calculate data in constant prices and changes in volume and prices, often on a higher level of aggregation. This means that an important opportunity for analysis of the interrelations between various kinds of data, and thus for better estimates, is used little or not at all.
Key Sectors, Comparative Advantage, and International Shifts in Employment: A Case Study for Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico, and Pakistan and Their Trade Relations with the European Community
Authors: Kol Jacob
Published: November 2023

The expansion of trade between developing and industrial countries may lead to an international shift in employment. As developing countries concentrate on labor intensive products in their export package relative to their imports, and would apply labor-intensive techniques in production relative to the techniques used in industrial countries, the resulting net shift in employment would be positive for the developing countries. This chapter describes such a shift in employment for a balanced increase in trade in manufactures between the EC and four developing countries: Indonesia, Korea (S), Mexico, and Pakistan.
Why Courts Invoke the Rule
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

Chapters 2 and 3 reviewed a sweeping range of doctrines for holding legal remedies inadequate or irrelevant. There are very few cases not subject to at least one of these doctrines. If plaintiff has any plausible need for specific relief, he can describe that need as irreparable injury and find ample precedent to support his claim. Yet there are cases denying specific relief and invoking the irreparable injury rule as the reason.
Achieving Systemic Organizational Change
Authors: Kochan Thomas A , useem Michael
Published: November 2023

This book is an attempt to meet a challenge first posed over thirty years ago. A former MIT colleague, Douglas M. McGregor, in his classic The Human Side of the Enterprise challenged managers to rethink their assumptions about their roles, their organizations, and the values, motivations, and talents of their employees. McGregor’s work was motivated by an intense belief that the key to organizational success in the future would be determined, in part, by the progress made in the theory and practice of organizational change and management.
The Political Embeddedness of Industrial Change: Corporate Restructuring and Local Politics in Contemporary Italy
Authors: Locke Richard M
Published: November 2023

This is an essay about industrial change. Conventional explanations for industrial adjustment emphasize the institutional efficacy (or lack thereof) of certain national institutional arrangements over others. The premise is that there exist different “national models” of regulation, some better than others at adapting to changing political and economic circumstances. Yet the empirical evidence on industrial adjustment in the 1980s suggests the need for a more subtle and differentiated account. Cases of successful adjustment1 emerged not just in countries with the “correct” mix of institutional arrangements but across several advanced industrial nations with radically different political and economic arrangements. Moreover, in a variety of industrial sectors within the same countries, patterns of industrial renewal appeared to coexist alongside other cases of blocked innovation.
Changing the Conditions of Work: Responding to Increasing Work Force Diversity and New Family Patterns
Authors: Bailyn Lotte
Published: November 2023

That the work force is changing, and that the distribution of family types in the United States is dramatically different from what it has been-these are by now familiar facts. More than half of all mothers with children under one are now in the paid labor force (Hayes, Palmer, and Zaslow, 1990); 45 percent of all paid workers are women (Johnston and Packer, 1987). And 28 percent of all households are female-headed households (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1989). Further, at present, 60 percent of men in the labor force are married to wives who also hold jobs (U.S. Department of Labor, 1988b). It is not surprising, therefore, that a study by the Bank Street Work and Family Life staff has found that between two and three of every five employees are having problems managing the often conflicting demands of jobs and family life (Galinsky, 1988). Yet the structure of the workplace is still geared to the assumption that workers can commit all their energy and time to their employment.
The Churches
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

Philadelphia’s historic importance as a center of Afro-American life rests in large part on its role as site of the nation’s first black churches. During the late 19th century, hard work and sheer population growth multiplied the number of these churches, while shifting the earlier denominational configuration among them. But nothing could make them more important to the community than they already were. The church in Philadelphia as elsewhere helped to shape identity in terms of race and class, was both an expense and a source of professional employment, and served as a forum for discussion and the focus of much social, intellectual, and recreational life.
Race Pride and Race Relations
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

Black Americans have always had to wrestle with the issue of race, but in a series of changing historical contexts. The major questions have been much the same: what to call themselves, how to think of Africa, how to relate to other disadvantaged or minority groups, and how, in a society dominated by whites, to deal with their own blackness. Philadelphians, like others across the country, expressed a variety of answers in a variety of ways, dealing with some of the issues directly and formally, others indirectly and even unconsciously. What made the late 19th century distinctive is the historical background, as the end of slavery, changing white attitudes, and the challenge of other groups made new choices both possible and necessary.
Sport, the Extracurriculum, and the Idea of Freedom
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

Foot Ball Was Played every fair fall day at Dartmouth College in the mid-1830s. Ex-president S. C. Bartlett recalled his earlier fresh man playing days at the New Hampshire institution. He remem bered a senior who used “ stupendous boots he had made on purpose with soles fully a half inch thick. “ Bartlett, nearly six decades after the event, could still see the hulking upperclassman as he stood “ on the extreme edge of a dense, surging mass of struggles, the foot-ball far out of sight in the centre, but the boots going like a horizontal trip-hammer “ in one of those glorious class battles.1 It appeared at least as important to incapacitate the lowly “frosh “ as it was to score the next goal.
Consciousness, Learning and Interlanguage Pragmatics
Authors: Schmidt Richard
Published: November 2023

During the past decade, the study of interlanguage pragmatics has produced important empirical findings, primarily through the identification and comparison of speech act realization patterns in various languages based on data from both native and nonnative speakers. In addition to this focus on product, some attention has been paid to the processes of comprehension and production in second language pragmatics (Faerch & Kasper, 1984, 1989; Kasper, 1984). In contrast to these concerns, there has been little discussion of how pragmatic abilities are acquired in a second language.
Jurisdiction Stripping and the Judiciary Act of 1789
Authors: Amar Akhil Reed
Published: November 2023

In his landmark opinion for the Court in Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, Joseph Story noted that Article III appears to distinguish sharply between two fundamentally different tiers, or Classes categories.

The first class includes cases arising under the constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States; cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. In this class the expression is, and [sic] that the judicial power shall extend to all cases; but in the subsequent part of the clause which embraces all the other cases of national cognizance, and forms the second class, the word all is dropped seemingly ex industria. Here the judicial authority is to extend to controversies (not to all controversies) to which the United States shall be a party, & From this difference of phraseology, perhaps, a difference of constitutional intention may, with propriety, be inferred.
Recovering Coterminous Power Theory: The Lost Dimension of Marshall Court Sovereignty Cases
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the apparatus of Marshall Court sovereignty opinions, particularly those opinions that have to do with the apparent division of federal and state powers that was anticipated by the framers of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The Judiciary Act, as many commentators have pointed out, was shot through with ambiguities on issues pertaining to the prospective allocation of power between existing state legal systems and the newly created system to be implemented by the federal courts.
Demand System Specification and Estimation
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J
Published: November 2023

This book on demand analysis links economic theory to empirical analysis. It provides insights on three levels. First, it reveals something about the economic universe. Second, it illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of various functional forms, and of demographic and stochastic specifications which have wide applicability in empirical demand analysis. Third, it supports the authors’ methodological claim that theory provides a useful framework for empirical analysis.
Television in Europe
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

In this companion volume to Telecommunications in Europe, Noam looks at television in a country-by-country study, blending economic analysis, history, and economic journalism. He focuses on the breakdown of monopoly control of national communications systems. What Noam describes in broad historical scope in Western Europe has been revisited more recently and immediately in the dramatic events of Eastern Europe as, for example, the reformist forces in Romania based their operations in the newly liberated national broadcasting studios. Communications policy is closely linked with fundamental traditions concerning democratic control and freedom of speech.
Electronic Media and Their Impact
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Joseph Schumpeter’s metaphor of the creative destruction of capitalism is a useful backdrop in looking at the perceived dangers to culture caused by “new” media. There has always been a tendency by any group of creative people and institutions to identify their own role, and the technology on which it is based as central to culture. When sound was introduced into motion pictures, the German musicians’ associations agitated publicly, holding that “sound movies are tasteless” and “sound movies are economic and spiritual murder.” When radio was introduced, American researchers noted that the ‘‘popularity of this new pastime (radio) among children has increased rapidly ... (and) has brought many a disturbing influence into its wake. Parents have become aware of a puzzling change in the behavior of their children ... “ (Eisenberg, 1936).
Belgium
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Belgium’s complex electronic mass media system must be understood in the context of the tensions between its two language communities and their differing economic and political development. The other significant fact is the neartotal penetration of cable television. The average Belgian household can view fifteen to twenty channels, making the country one of the largest multichannel environments outside of North America. The result is a loss of influence by the public broadcasters, for they must contend with many rivals, both private and public. Some of the largest private firms are active in cable television, including the country’s major conglomerate, Societe Generale de Belgique (SGB). But the large cable audience is not matched by equally strong domestic program production, though this may be changing through the efforts of the country’s second largest conglomerate, Groupe Bruxelles Lambert (GBL), a partowner of Luxembourg’s CLT.
Finland
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Finland’s electronic mass media are characterized by a duality of public and private institutions, with overlapping roles that are separate in most other European countries. The dividing line between telephony and television is also fluid. And telephony itself is divided between public- and private-service operators. Similarly, cable television involves multiple interests. Finland’s rival communications institutions have learned to cooperate almost too well, establishing in the process a duopoly in television. But in the process, a media system has been created that promises more dynamism and variety than the small population of the country would lead one to expect.
Ireland
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Since its inception, the national broadcasting authority was faced with the challenge of treading its way through Ireland’s various conflicts: the problems of Irish unification; the religious conflict; the question of the identity of the new state; the tensions between supporters of the English and Gaelic languages; the differences between city and country and between east and west.
Three Efforts at European Integration
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

From the beginning, European broadcasters collaborated with each other. In 1925, at the BBC’s initiative, the International Broadcasting Union (IBU) was established. One of the early functions of the Geneva-based organization was to draft a frequency allocation plan. It also tried, unsuccessfully, to reduce commercial as well as propaganda broadcasting across national frontiers and initiated a program exchange, mostly of concerts (Eugster, 1983). During World War II, the IBU was largely dormant, but it was revived afterward along with a new organization, the International Broadcasting Organization (OIR) (Briggs, 1979). The OIR, however, was soon abandoned by the West European countries. It was renamed OIRT with the advent of television and headquartered in Prague. The West European broadcasters established in 1950 the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), to which broadcasters from middle-Eastern and North African countries were soon added. The EBU domiciled itself in Geneva and shortly thereafter absorbed the IBU. With the demise of the Eastern Bloc after 1989, it seemed likely that the EBU would absorb the OIRT.
Power
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

Soviet rule in the countryside was coercive, arbitrary, and often brutal. But, as had historically been the case in Russia, officials were spread thin over a wide area. That meant from the standpoint of peasants, neglect by Soviet power was as characteristic as coercion, and perhaps sometimes even as much resented. At the beginning of the 1930s, a great flood of urbanites swept in to the countryside to organize collectivization, followed by a smaller wave of Communist troubleshooters sent out to the (MTS) politotdels in 1933 to cope with famine-associated unrest. But the great majority of these outsiders went home to the towns within a few years. In normal times, the Communist presence in the village was still very much a matter of the season. Each year many Communists came on various official missions for the procurements campaign in the autumn, and a somewhat smaller number appeared in the spring in connection with the sowing campaign. But very few spent the winter with the peasants.1
Malice
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

Malice, anger, and bitterness were rife in the village in the decade after collectivization. It was the state that had initiated collectivization and forced it through against the will of the peasants, and no doubt it was the state and its agents that were the primary objects of peasant resentment. But they were not the only objects, for a great deal of peasant anger was directed against other peasants. Although collectivization was a trauma for the peasantry as a whole, this did not mean that it contributed to peasant or village solidarity. On the contrary, the Russian village (kolkhoz) of the 1930s seems to have been a place in which feuds and dissension flourished and mutual support and solidarity among peasants were a rarity. To be sure, the state would scarcely have welcomed the emergence of a real spirit of collective solidarity on the new collective farms, since that would have raised the possibility of active collective resistance and perhaps revived communal traditions that the state wanted to bury. But there is no sign that the peasants were striving towards village unity and harmony as a balm for the wounds inflicted during collectivization. On the contrary, a spirit of free-floating malice seems to have hovered over the Russian village throughout the 1930s.
Network Tipping: The Rise and Fall of the Public Network Monopoly
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

According to John Kenneth Galbraith, the “great advantage of being in the same world as the United States is that it reveals to other countries the pleasures and horrors that will afflict them only a few years hence.”1 Although such a generalization must be taken with caution, it suggests that some recent American change in telecommunications may be part of a broad and general trend and may be relevant to circumstances as they evolve elsewhere. More recently, several other industrialized countries have begun to adopt similar policies. Japan, for example, has seriously contemplated splitting its near monopolist NTT into local-exchange and long-distance companies and giving them a greater distance from equipment suppliers. Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands have lowered entry barriers. Other countries are considering similar changes. Much of Latin America is engaged in the privatization of telecommunications. These developments raise the question of whether change may have explanations more fundamental than the nature of the respective governments in power. Of course, there are unique aspects to any country, and they will keep national telecommunications systems to some extent distinct. But the variations should not obscure central themes that repeat themselves elsewhere.