bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vastgeklonken aan de Fyra
Authors: Gerrits Lasse , Marks Peter
Published: March 2015

Stuck with Fyra – A study on the path-dependency that led to the Netherlands’ decision to buy Fyra trains

In the spring of 2013, the Dutch railway operator, High Speed Alliance, cancelled the acceptance procedures for V250 high-speed train sets they ordered from Italian manufacturer AnsaldoBreda after numerous problems with the build quality and safety systems. It is the latest chapter in a series of failed attempts to build and run a high-speed railway link between Amsterdam and Paris. Inevitably, the question of who was responsible for the decision to order the V250 has become prominent. We study 20 years of public decision-making by analysing the content of over 1,200 documents. Using David’s and Arthur’s theory of path-dependency, we conclude that all the decisions that were taken during those two decades created a situation in which the choice for the V250 was nothing more than an inevitable gamble. It can therefore be concluded that all parties involved, from the railway operator to Parliament, have contributed to the current failure.
La conduite de justification: un savoir à transposer des usages
Authors: Forget Marie-Hélène
Published: March 2015

Cet article découle d’une recherche doctorale ayant porté sur l’apprentissage de la justification en classe de français. Il vise à faire état de la question de la transposition didactique de la notion de justification proposée dans les programmes d’études du primaire et du secondaire québécois, à mieux définir la justification et à mieux la distinguer d’autres discours apparentés, ce, par une recension d’écrits du domaine. L’article vise également, en se basant sur des travaux majeurs en sociolinguistique, à remettre en question la conception véhiculée dans des classes de français du secondaire selon laquelle la justification correspond à une structure textuelle prototypique. L’article propose enfin une transposition didactique axée sur la variabilité des usages langagiers et sur la pluralité des conduites de justification en soulignant l’intérêt d’une telle transposition pour soutenir le développement de compétences justificatives qui soient utiles dans toutes les sphères de la vie.
Reflecting on CLIL innovation. An interview with Do Coyle and Elisabet Pladevall
Authors: Piquer Inma , Lorenzo Neus
Published: March 2015

The authors reflect on the role of CLIL in experimental teaching, teacher education and university research, from discussions with Prof. Do Coyle (University of Aberdeen, Scotland) and Dr. Elisabet Pladevall (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia), in the framework of  the Masters in Advanced English Studies at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (January 2014). They give a brief but significant outlook on needs in the context of university studies and highlight the urgency of conducting a review of CLIL for the plurilingual Digital Age, as well of focusing on cross-curricular and transmedia exchanges in the multiple scenarios of university education.
Materials Properties: Heterogeneity and Appropriate Sampling Modes
Authors: Esbensen Kim H
Published: March 2015

The target audience for this Special Section comprises parties related to the food and feed sectors, e.g., field samplers, academic and industrial scientists, laboratory personnel, companies, organizations, regulatory bodies, and agencies who are responsible for sampling, as well as project leaders, project managers, quality managers, supervisors, and directors. All these entities face heterogeneous materials,and the characteristics of heterogeneous materials needs to be competently understood by all of them. Before delivering analytical results for decision-making, one form or other of primary sampling is always necessary, which must counteract the effects of the sampling target heterogeneity. Up to five types of sampling error may arise as a specific sampling process interacts with a heterogeneous material; two sampling errors arise because of the heterogeneity of the sampling target, and three additional sampling errors are produced by the sampling process itself—if not properly understood, reduced, and/or eliminated, which is the role of Theory of Sampling. Thispaper discusses the phenomenon and concepts involvedin understanding, describing, and managing the adverse effects of heterogeneity in sampling.
Critical Practicalities in Sampling for Mycotoxins in Feed
Authors: Wagner Claas
Published: March 2015

The presence of mycotoxins, in particular aflatoxin B1, can cause significant health problems as wellas severe economic loss, and are therefore regulatedwith respect to maximum acceptable concentration forvarious feed- and foodstuffs. International regulatory authorities have recognized the importance of representative sampling, and sampling guidelines that only partly comply with the Theory of Sampling have been formulated. Practical guidance regarding sampling, including correct design and operation of sampling devices and explanations on how to develop sufficient sampling protocols are lacking in current guidelines. These are critical practicalities of main importance, especially when dealing with trace concentrations and/or concentrations that are irregularly distributed, as for mycotoxins. Heterogeneity characterization, which is necessary to be able develop validsampling protocols or validation assessments of existing sampling operations, is currently not mentionedin the existing guidelines. This paper explains all critical practicalities with respect to sampling of mycotoxins for 1-D and 3-D feed decision units. Correct design and use of sampling and mass reduction devices, as well as structural guidelines for correctly designing experimental heterogeneity characterizations are presented, allowing evaluation of sampling representativeness and determination of optimal number of increments per composite sample. Practical examples are given on how to extract information from variographic analysis and replication experiments, based on an extensive field trials performed to determine aflatoxin levels in various feed components.
Sample Quality Criteria
Authors: Ramsey Charles A , Wagner Claas
Published: March 2015

The concept of Sample Quality Criteria (SQC) is the initial step in the scientific approach to representative sampling. It includes the establishment of sampling objectives, Decision Unit (DU), and confidence. Once fully defined, these criteria serve as input, in addition to material properties, to the Theory of Sampling for developing a representative sampling protocol. The first component of the SQC establishes these questions: What is the analyte(s) of concern? What is the concentration level of interest of the analyte(s)? How will inference(s) be made from the analytical data to the DU? The second component ofthe SQC establishes the DU, i.e., the scale at whichdecisions are to be made. On a large scale, a DU could be a ship or rail car; examples for small-scale DUs are individual beans, seeds, or kernels. A well-defined DU is critical because it defines the spatialand temporal boundaries of sample collection. SQC are not limited to a single DU; they can also include multiple DUs. The third SQC component, the confidence, establishes the desired probability that a correct inference (decision) can be made. The confidence level should typically correlate to the potential consequences of an incorrect decision (e.g., health or economic). The magnitude of combined errors in the sampling, sample processing and analytical protocols determines the likelihood of an incorrect decision. Thus, controlling error to a greater extent increases the probability of a correct decision. The required confidence level directly affects the sampling effort and QC measures.
Considerations in Sampling of Water
Authors: Ramsey Charles A
Published: March 2015

Sampling water is no different than sampling any other media. It starts with the development of Sample Quality Criteria, understanding of material properties, then application of the Theory of Sampling. The main difference with sampling water as opposed to solids is the material properties. This paper addresses some of the material properties and consequences of those properties for the development of the sampling protocols. Two properties that must be addressed for water are the temporal nature and the inclusion of suspended solids. Examples are provided for three specific water sampling scenarios which may have application to other water sampling scenarios.
Considerations for Sampling Contaminants in Agricultural Soils
Authors: Ramsey Charles A
Published: March 2015

Sampling agricultural soils for contaminants is relatively new. Existing standard sampling protocols used for the evaluation of soil nutrients are likelyinsufficient for contaminants. The main reasons are the very low analyte levels and differences in heterogeneity between nutrients and contaminants. To evaluate the adequacy of existing sampling protocols or to develop new protocols, a systematic scientific approach is needed. This approach begins with the development of the Sample Quality Criteria followed by arealistic understanding of the properties of the material to be sampled, most notably its heterogeneity.The Sample Quality Criteria and material properties are inputs into the Theory of Sampling. With these inputs, the Theory of Sampling can be used to determine the specifics of the sampling protocol (e.g., mass, number of increments, tool selection) that must be implemented to control error to reliably estimate the concentration of the analyte(s) of interest. Development of sampling protocols in this manner will ensure sample representativeness and therefore improve data equivalency among various parties involved. This is the only way to provide a sound technical basis for defensible decision making to ensure increased safety of food andfeed, specifically with respect to contaminants in agricultural soils.
QC of Sampling Processes—A First Overview: From Field to Test Portion
Authors: Esbensen Kim H , Ramsey Charles A
Published: March 2015

Quality control (QC) is a systematic approach forestimating and minimizing significant error contributions to the measurement uncertainty from the full sampling and analysis process. Many types of QC measures can be implemented; the three dealt with here are primary sampling reproducibility, sample processing reproducibility, and contamination. Sampling processes can be subject to QC by applying a replication experiment, used either from the top by replication of the entire sampling/preparation/analysis process,or in a hierarchical fashion successively at each subsequent sampling stage. The analytical repeatability is necessarily always included in either alternative. The replication experiment results in a quality index, the Relative Sampling Variability, which is used to assess the total error associated with the full field-to-analysis pathway. Contamination can occur at essentially all locations in the sampling regimen in the food/feed realm, affecting sample containers, sampling tools, sample processing equipment, environmental conditions, and sampling personnel. QC events to determine contamination should always be included where appropriate, but is of most concern for low concentration and/or volatile analytes. It is also of key importance in the development of new sampling protocols or carried-over protocols intended foruse on new types of materials/lots than the ones forwhich they were originally developed. We here establish a first practical framework for QC as applied tothe sampling context.
Towards a Unified Sampling Terminology: Clarifying Misperceptions
Authors: Thiex Nancy , Paoletti Claudia , Esbensen Kim H
Published: March 2015

International acceptance of data is a much-desired wish in many sectors to ensure equal standards forvalid information and data exchange, facilitate trade, support food safety regulation, and promote reliable communication among all parties involved. However, this cannot be accomplished without a harmonized approach to sampling and a joint approach to assess the practical sampling protocols used. Harmonizationbased on a nonrepresentative protocol, or on a restricted terminology tradition forced upon other sectors would negate any constructive outcome. An international discussion on a harmonized approach to sampling is severely hampered by a plethora of divergent sampling definitions and terms. Different meanings forthe same term are frequently used by the different sectors, and even within one specific sector. In other cases, different terms are used for the same concept. Before efforts to harmonize can be attempted, itis essential that all stakeholders can at least communicate effectively in this context. Therefore, a clear understanding of the main vocabularies becomes an essential prerequisite. As a first step, commonalities and dichotomies in terminology are here broughtto attention by providing a comparative summary of the terminology as defined by the Theory of Sampling(TOS) and those in current use by the International Organization for Standardization, the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization Codex Alimentarius, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Terms having contradictory meaning to the TOS are emphasized. To the degree possible, we present a successful resolution of some of the most important issues outlined, sufficient to support the objectives of the present Special Section.
Considerations for Inference to Decision Units
Authors: Ramsey Charles A
Published: March 2015

The goal of sampling is to take a small portion of a target material for analysis instead of collecting all the material. If sampling is done following certain principles, then inference can be made from analytical results of the portion taken back to the entire target material (Decision Unit). There are different sampling strategies that are dependent on theproperties of the material being sampled as well as different methods for making inferences from analytical results to the Decision Unit (DU). A thorough understanding of material properties and methods for inference is therefore critical for the development of proper sampling protocols. This paper addresses inferences from analytical test results to DUs and theimplications to the development of a sampling protocol.
Food and Feed Safety Assessment: The Importance of Proper Sampling
Authors: Kuiper Harry A , Paoletti Claudia
Published: March 2015

The general principles for safety and nutritional evaluation of foods and feed and the potential health risks associated with hazardous compounds are described as developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and further elaborated in the European Union-funded project Safe Foods. We underline the crucial roleof sampling in foods/feed safety assessment. High quality sampling should always be applied to ensure the use of adequate and representative samples as testmaterials for hazard identification, toxicologicaland nutritional characterization of identified hazards, as well as for estimating quantitative and reliable exposure levels of foods/feed or related compoundsof concern for humans and animals. The importance ofrepresentative sampling is emphasized through examples of risk analyses in different areas of foods/feedproduction. The Theory of Sampling (TOS) is recognized as the only framework within which to ensure accuracy and precision of all sampling steps involved inthe field-to-fork continuum, which is crucial to monitor foods and feed safety. Therefore, TOS mustbe integrated in the well-established FAO/WHO risk assessment approach in order to guarantee a transparent and correct frame for the risk assessment and decisionmaking process.
Greenlandic attitudes towards Norwegians and Danes from Nansen’s icecap crossing to the 1933 World Court verdict in The Hague
Authors: Langgård Karen
Published: March 2015

After Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) crossed the Greenland icecap, he spent the winter in Nuuk and impressed the Greenlanders not only by demonstrating his skill and daring in kayaking, but also by his openness to Greenlandic food, culture, and traditions. Later on, when Danes and Norwegians came into conflict over Greenland, Greenlanders supported the Danish colonial power against Norway, while at the same criticizing the Danes for not paying enough respect to Greenlanders during the process. Articles from the national Greenlandic newspapers Atuagagdliutit and Avangnâmioĸ demonstrate that Greenlanders were open-minded towards Norwegians but critical towards Danes. They fully supported the latter as a colonial power against Norway, while never refraining from the idea that Greenland remained their ethnic-national territory, even though for the time being it was colonized by the Danes. The author concludes that Greenlandic agency found in these newspapers is very relevant when negotiating today’s discourse on colonial Greenlanders.
Co-constructing early childhood programs nourished by Inuit worldviews
Authors: Rowan Mary Caroline
Published: March 2015

Saimaqatigiingniqis defined as the place where Inuit and Qallunaat meet in the middle and are reconciled (Qikiqtani Inuit Association 2010). In this paper, the researcher, a middle-aged white woman with more than 30 years of experience living, visiting, and working with Inuit in the Arctic, employs a series of questions to examine the challenge of the Qikiqtani Truth Commission, which invites Inuit and Qallunaat to do things in new ways. These questions include: What is the potential ofsaimaqatigiingniqand in what context? How cansaimaqatigiingniqfacilitate the organization of early childhood programs and services that are meaningfully structured with Inuit worldviews? What is to be considered when seeking to think with Inuit perspectives in research? What are examples of Inuit approaches to child rearing? What is the rationale and what are the dimensions for reconceptualizing early childhood education from Inuit perspectives?
Revisiting Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: Inuit knowledge, culture, language, and values in Nunavut institutions since 1999
Authors: Lévesque Francis
Published: March 2015

The Government of Nunavut and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement organizations have been making a lot of effort to integrateInuit qaujimajatuqangit(IQ) into their operations, institutional structures, and policies since the creation of the territory in 1999. This paper describes some of the ways in which IQ has been integrated into the operations, structures, and policies of Nunavut since 1999. It also proposes a broader discussion about the impacts of Western bureaucratic institutions on IQ, and highlights that IQ also impacts Nunavut operations and institutions. In this paper, I argue that IQ is not so much a practice of resistance to the colonial order, as some have suggested, but rather a way for Inuit to assume control of these structures to adapt them to their own use. Although IQ has still relatively limited influence, it has the potential, in the long run, to reshape Nunavut institutions and make them more representative of Inuit culture.
The case of Pelagie Inuk: The only Inuk woman to become a Grey Nun
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric , Oosten Jarich
Published: March 2015

In the Arctic, no studies have been made of Indigenous nuns. In this paper we present the case of Pelagie Inuk, who became a Grey Nun. Motivated by a wish to help other people, Pelagie chose the celibate life of a Grey Nun, instead of a married life in an Inuit family. The missionaries often presented her as a role model who took the right path in contrast to other individuals who clung to their “pagan,” i.e. shamanic traditions, but her life history shows that she remained caught between conflicting traditions and finally opted for life in an Inuit family.
Les images de la parenté: exploration de quelques compositions photographiques et corporelles dans les îles Belcher (Nunavut)
Authors: Dupré Florence
Published: March 2015

Depuis plusieurs décennies, dans l’Arctique canadien, la pratique des relations sociales se trouve nourrie par le champ des technologies de l’image et de la communication à différentes échelles. Parmi ces technologies, les techniques de représentations imagées de la personne constituent, à travers la photographie et certaines modalités de représentation graphique, des pratiques quotidiennement investies par différentes générations inuit. Au terme d’une recherche doctorale en anthropologie, cet article propose d’examiner quelques pistes ethnographiques relatives aux relations de parenté inuit contemporaines. Il examine notamment une approche de la parenté dans le village de Sanikiluaq (îles Belcher, Nunavut) en termes de processus électifs (c’est-à-dire des façons de choisir, mais également de transformer ou non un lien en une relation effective et pratiquée). Cette approche s’applique à un certain nombre de pratiques impliquant les supports photographiques et corporels (à travers le tatouage) dans les stratégies de fabrication du lien social et parental. Elle interroge dans cette perspective le rôle de l’agencement domestique des photographies de famille dans les pratiques d’appropriation de l’enfant et la fonction de certains types de tatouages identifiés comme «tatouages-relation» dans le processus de production, de pratique et d’interruption du lien de parenté.
Ontologie et territorialité inuit en contexte d’exploitation minière à Qamani’tuaq (Baker Lake) au Nunavut
Authors: Laneuville Pascale
Published: March 2015

Le développement industriel se présente souvent comme un obstacle à la survie des pratiques et des représentations locales, spécifiquement pour ce qui concerne les communautés autochtones. Cet article vise pourtant à montrer l’expression actualisée du lien étroit qui unit la communauté inuit de Qamani’tuaq (Baker Lake, Nunavut) à son territoire dans un contexte d’exploitation minière. La territorialité inuit témoigne d’une conception particulière du temps et de l’espace et renvoie en fin de compte à une façon d’être au monde — une ontologie — qui met en lumière l’expérience que font les Inuit de la mine d’or de Meadowbank. L’usage tactique de la route et des emplois miniers de même que la relation avec les caribous et les esprits du territoire permettent de comprendre pourquoi de nombreux Inuit se satisfont des bénéfices actuels de la mine tout en montrant une préoccupation particulière vis-à-vis d’une réalité qui dépasse celle la mine.
Impacts du développement minier sur les hommes et les caribous à Qamani’tuaq au Nunavut: approche participative
Authors: Blangy Sylvie , Deffner Anna
Published: March 2015

Au Canada, le développement minier pose de nombreux défis aux communautés autochtones qui y voient un véritable potentiel économique, mais aussi des risques pour leur mode de vie basé sur une économie mixte combinant économie salariale et activités de subsistance. Au Nunavut, la communauté de Qamani’tuaq (Baker Lake) se trouve confrontée aux impacts des activités de la mine d’or de Meadowbank et est actuellement en phase de négociations pour un deuxième projet minier, une mine d’uranium proposée par la compagnie Areva. Les connaissances encore fragmentaires des impacts miniers, surtout sur les plans social et culturel, permettent difficilement à la communauté de se positionner. Le bien-être des habitants ne dépend pas seulement d’un bien-être matériel mais aussi de l’accès au territoire et du maintien des activités de subsistance. Les résultats de notre étude, basée sur une approche participative, montrent que la mine de Meadowbank a déjà fortement affecté la communauté de Qamani’tuaq: exacerbation des problèmes sociaux, création de tensions familiales et accroissement des disparités salariales. Par ailleurs, les craintes quant aux impacts de nouvelles infrastructures, dont une deuxième route minière, sont nourries par l’expérience de la mine d’or en activité qui a des impacts majeurs sur l’environnement: retombée des poussières sur la végétation et déviation de la route de migration des caribous. Dans cet article, nous décrivons une nouvelle approche de recherche collaborative développée avec la communauté sur le long terme, lente, adaptée au rythme des événements miniers et reposant sur la participation d’assistantes de recherche inuit.
‘Only the screen was silent . . .’: Memories of childrens cinema-going in London before the First World War
Authors: McKernan Luke
Published: March 2015

Before 1906, there were no dedicated venues for the exhibition of film in London. Five years later, cinemas had spread all over the city, and 200,000 people were attending a film show in the city every day. Many in these first cinema audiences were children. Significantly - indeed probably uniquely for the time - cinema was a mass entertainment deliberated aimed at, and priced within the range of, the young. Decades later, some of these children left memoirs (published or unpublished), or were interviewed by oral historians. This body of evidence on the experience of cinema-going before the First World War has been hitherto ignored by film historians. This essay examines this testimony from London audience members, which is constructed around the various stages of the act of going to the cinema. The testimony demonstrates that the experience and the enjoyment of the social space that the cinema provided were at least as important as the entertainment projected on the screen. The early cinema demands greater recognition for its function as a social sphere, and particularly as a welcoming place for children.
Glasgows Progress: The Films of Glasgow Corporation 1938-1978
Authors: Lebas Elizabeth
Published: March 2015

Glasgow Corporation had been sponsoring films for almost twenty years when in 1938 its Public Health Department commissioned seven silent films. This marked new relations between the Corporation and the emerging Scottish documentary film movement and a change of approach towards the films’ audiences and the city itself. The essay traces the Corporation‘s film sponsorship from the late 1930s to 1978 when the final images of Glasgow‘s Progress, the Corporation‘s last sponsored film - on its urban renewal projects were taken. By then the Corporation had been amalgamated into Strathclyde Regional Council, the century-long social project of reform had come to an end and television had made its own documentary impact. It argues that over time Corporation films served a variety of political and institutional purposes and often prefigured the fortunes of the city and its people.
Greens of Glasgow: ‘We Want “U” In’
Authors: McBain Janet
Published: March 2015

This short essay draws on research undertaken by the curator of the Scottish Screen Archive on the few surviving films credited to Greens Film Service of Glasgow in the teens and twenties. The research revealed a dynamic family business, born out of the travelling cinematograph shows of the late nineteenth century, growing to assume a dominant role in the Scottish cinema trade in the silent era, across exhibition, distribution and production. One small part of a lost film history waiting for rediscovery – early cinema in Scotland.
The Interracial Romance as Primal Drama: Touch of Evil and Diamond Head
Authors: Marcus Alan
Published: March 2015

Metaphorically set in a border town, the darkly lit, libidinous urban topography of Orson Welles’ classic late film noir, Touch of Evil (1958), harbours primal fears and partially clads criminal activities, underscoring the fact that in the 1950s miscegenation was still illegal in a number of US states. This article juxtaposes Charlton Heston‘s leading role in two interracial romances, Touch of Evil and Diamond Head (1963), which takes place in the new border state of Hawaii. The historical foregrounding of the Civil Rights movement in the United States during the 1950s and ‘60s with respect to the interracial romances growing popularity is discussed, and the relevance of recent genetic research into the appeal of difference and the way it functions within a ‘primal drama’.
The Grid, the Spectacle and the Labyrinth in The Big Clocks Skyscraper: Queered Space and Cold War Discourse
Authors: Schleier Merrill
Published: March 2015

The Big Clocks skyscraper is a mechanical, entrapping grid controlled by a huge timepiece. It is presided over by the homosexual Janoth who tries to frame Stroud for a murder that he committed. This article traces Stroud‘s journey within the International Style skyscrapers temporarily ‘queered spaces.’ The Cold War film seeks the removal of undesirable ‘aliens’ to liberate capitalist space and reassert hegemonic heterosexuality. The married Stroud outsmarts his adversaries, leading to Janoth‘s death by his own building. After Janoth is symbolically ‘outed,’ he kills his partner before plummeting down a hellish elevator shaft, punishment for his ‘perverse’ deeds.
Sex with the City: Urban Spaces, Sexual Encounters and Erotic Spectacle in Tsukamoto Shinya‘s Rokugatsu no Hebi - A Snake of June (2003)
Authors: Tuck Greg
Published: March 2015

Shot in a blue washed monochrome, the city of Tsukamoto Shinya‘s A Snake of June, stages a number of highly mediated sadomasochistic sexual encounters within its public spaces. This article examines how the forms of mediation offered within the narrative by both architecture and technology as well as the mediation offered by the film‘s extraordinary blueness articulates the intimate relationship between sexuality and modernity. Following on from the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, it combines a phenomenological and dialectical approach to develop an analysis of sexual pleasure and sexual politics which can account for the embodied interaction of urban subjects and urban spaces.
The Hidden and the Unspeakable: On Theatrical Culture, Oscar Wilde and Ernst Lubitsch‘s Lady Windermeres Fan
Authors: Musser Charles
Published: March 2015

The cinema is as much a theatrical form of entertainment as performance on the stage, a fact that is crucial to a full appreciation of Ernst Lubitsch‘s Lady Windermere‘s Fan (Warner Brothers, 1925). Particularly in the cinemas silent era (1895-1925), when motion picture exhibition relied on numerous performance elements, theatrical performance and film exhibition interpenetrated. This underscores a basic conundrum: cinema has been integral to, and an extension of, theatrical culture, even though it has also been something quite different - a new art form. Indeed, the unity of stage and screen was so well established that critics, theorists, historians and artists expended large amounts of intellectual energy distinguishing the two forms while paying little attention to what they held in common. One fundamental feature of theatrical practice that carried over into many areas of filmmaking was adaptation. For Lubitsch, adaptation was a central fact of his artistic practice. This article looks at the history of adaptations of Lady Windermere‘s Fan on stage and screen making reference to textual comparisons, public reception, painting, symbolism and queer readings.
Hitchcocks Innocence Plot
Authors: Due Reidar
Published: March 2015

During a twenty-five year period, spanning the Second World War and his move from England to America, Hitchcock showed a particular preference for plots involving an unjustified accusation against the films central character. The 39 Steps (1935), Young and Innocent (1937), Saboteur (1942), Strangers on a Train (1951), I Confess (1953), The Wrong Man (1956) and North by Northwest (1959) are all variations on the same pattern with different thematic emphases. This article discusses the narrative logic and moral content of this ‘innocence plot’, running through Hitchcock‘s films from the mid-thirties to the late fifties.
Film Style and Fascism: Julius Caesar
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: March 2015

In studio publicity, trade papers, reviews, articles, and educational materials, Joseph L. Mankiewiczs Julius Caesar (1953) was described and accepted as a faithful and mostly pleasing adaptation of Shakespearean drama to the Hollywood screen. As Variety accurately predicted, it achieved four Oscar nominations, one award for art direction and set decoration, high grosses, a hit soundtrack album, and several subsequent revivals. With the content more or less given, contemporary discussion focussed closely on how the verbal had been visualised, on how theatre had been turned into cinema – in short, on the film‘s style. It is with contemporary and subsequent readings of the film‘s style that this article is concerned, where, following David Bordwell, style is taken to mean ‘a films systematic and significant use of techniques of the medium’. But whereas Bordwell analyses film style directly in terms of an aesthetic history he considers to be distinct from the history of the film industry, its technology, or a films relation to society, I explore interpretations of one film‘s style that are heavily invested with socio-political meaning. If, in Bordwell‘s organic metaphor, style is the flesh of film, these readings of style explicitly dress that flesh in socio-political clothing. This analysis of Julius Caesar, then, is not another contribution to debates about adaptation, theatre on film, or Shakespeare on screen, but about the politics of film style.
Remaking Film
Authors: Verevis Constantine
Published: March 2015

What is film remaking? Which films are remakes of other films? How does remaking differ from other types of repetition, such as quotation, allusion, adaptation? How is remaking different from the cinemas ability to repeat and replay the same film through reissue, redistribution and re-viewing? These are questions which have seldom been asked, let alone satisfactorily answered. This article refers to books and essays dealing directly with ‘film remakes’ and the concept of ‘remaking film’, from Michael B. Druxman‘s Make It Again, Sam (1975) to Horton and McDougal‘s Play It Again, Sam (1998) and Forrest and Koo‘s’ Dead Ringers: The Remake in Theory and Practice (2002). In addition, this article draws upon Rick Altman‘s Film/Genre, developing from that book the idea that, although film remakes (like film genres) are often ‘located’ in either authors or texts or audiences, they are in fact not located in any single place but depend upon a network of historically variable relationships. Accordingly this discussion falls into three sections: the first, remaking as industrial category, deals with issues of production, including industry (commerce) and authors (intention); the second, remaking as textual category, considers texts (plots and structures) and taxonomies; and the third, remaking as critical category, deals with issues of reception, including audiences (recognition) and institutions (discourse).
‘No Trickery with Montage’: On Reading a Sequence in Godard‘s Pierrot le fou
Authors: Morgan Daniel
Published: March 2015

This paper is organised around an analysis of a short sequence from Godard‘s Pierrot le fou (1965). Although the sequence appears to be a series of repetitions, close analysis reveals it to be a single event presented in a carefully fragmented order. This unexpected fact generates questions about how to account for the relation between our initial beliefs about the organisation of the sequence and our knowledge of its actual structure. We come to see, in an intimate way, that reflection on the way we watch and understand film is one of the central themes of Godard‘s filmmaking.
Fulcis Waste Land: Cinema, Horror and the Abominations of Hell
Authors: Grant Michael
Published: March 2015

Beginning from a consideration of some ideas on aesthetics deriving from R. G. Collingwood, this essay sets Dreyer‘s Vampyr beside Fulcis The Beyond. The article then goes on to suggest something of the nature of the horror film, at least as exemplified by these two works, by placing them against the background of certain poetic procedures associated with the post-symbolist poetry of T. S. Eliot.
Europa 51: The Face of the Star in Neorealisms Urban Landscape
Authors: Gelley Ora
Published: March 2015

Although Europa 51 (1952) was the most commercially successful of the films Roberto Rossellini made with the Hollywood star, Ingrid Bergman, the reception by the Italian press was largely negative. Many critics focussed on what they saw to be the ‘unreal’ or abstract quality of the films portrayal of the postwar urban milieu and on the Bergman character‘s isolation from the social world. This article looks at how certain structures of seeing that are associated in the classical style with the woman as star or spectacle - e.g., the repetitious return to her fixed image, the resistance to pulling back from the figure of the woman in order to situate her within a determinate location and set of relationships between characters and objects - are no longer restricted to her image but in fact bleed into or “contaminate” the depiction of the world she inhabits. In other words, whereas the compulsive return to the fixed image of the woman tends to be contained or neutralised by the narrative economy and editing patterns (ordered by sexual difference) of the classical style, in Rossellini‘s work this ‘insistent’ even aberrant framing in relation to the woman becomes a part of the (female) characters and the cameras vision of the ‘pathology’ of the urban landscape in the aftermath of the war.
Penning Dramatic Chance: Adaptation, Dürrenmatt, and The Pledge
Authors: Bettinson Gary
Published: March 2015

In Sean Penn‘s crime thriller The Pledge (2000), a crucial stage of story action is determined by a purely chance event. Neither prefigured by narrative signposting nor sutured into the films system of causation, the chance event both mystifies the fictive agents and distresses audience expectation. This essay explores the issues at stake in the films reliance on chance action, arguing that its usage represents a significant risk on the part of the dramaturgist. Moreover, the essay examines the alterations that the film makes in Friedrich Dürrenmatts source novel, and considers the ways in which these alterations radically transform the effects created by the story‘s chance event.
Weighing Up the Qualities of Independence: 21 Grams in Focus
Authors: King Geoff
Published: March 2015

An analysis of 21 Grams (dir. Alejandro González Iñárritu, 2003) that uses the film to illustrate a number of trends in the contemporary American independent sector, including both its situation in the industrial landscape and its most distinctive formal qualities. Industrially, the film, distributed by Focus Features, a subsidiary of Universal Pictures, is identified as a product of the zone of overlap that exists between all-out independence and attachment to the major Hollywood studio-distributors. A hybrid identity is also suggested,at the level of form, in a mixture of fragmented narrative and hyper-realistic visual textures with more conventionally melodramatic content.
Harmony Korine‘s Gummo: The Compliment of Getting Stuck with a Fork
Authors: Murphy J. J.
Published: March 2015

Dismissed by most critics, including even those sympathetic to alternative cinema, Harmony Korine‘s Gummo (1997) presents a tabloid look at the dark underside of adolescence. It aims to provoke its audience by pushing the boundaries of acceptable good taste. In Gummo, Korine employs a more experimental collage technique in which scenes are linked, not by the cause and effect of conventional plot, but by the elusive logic of free association. This essay contextualizes Korines work within skateboard culture and the recent Modern Gothic trend toward creepy, angst ridden, and death-obsessed work by younger contemporary American artists. It argues that Gummo‘s real achievement rests on its unusual narrative syntax – the way Korine is able to weave together the films disparate scenes and events to create a viscerally assaulting, Modern Gothic portrait of the notion of “difference” in its various manifestations.
Are You Now or Have You Ever Been a Christian?: The Strange History of The Robe As Political Allegory
Authors: Smith Jeff
Published: March 2015

Smith reveals the particular biases and assumptions of blacklist allegories as well as the extent to which this type of interpretation has informed the reception of 1950s films. More specifically, he addresses several questions about the validity of allegorical readings of the blacklist. Is there a basis for such allegorical interpretations? What is the place of authorial intention and audience reception in the encoding and decoding of blacklist allegories? What does this reading strategy tell us about the politics of the films makers? Does this reading strategy privilege certain meanings of the text over others of equal significance?
Negotiating the Studio System: Adrian Scott and the Politics of Anti-Fascism in Cornered
Authors: Langdon-Teclaw Jennifer
Published: March 2015

Drawing on internal studio correspondence, multiple screenplay drafts and the final film, this essay reconstructs the production history of Cornered to explore the ways in which Scott both compromised with and challenged the studios expectations and interventions. I argue that although Ceplair and Englund are correct in their assessment that studio meddling shaped the films political content in significant ways, Scotts complex negotiations during the films production ensured that Cornered remained a powerfully anti-fascist film.
Un-American: Dmytryk, Rossellini and Christ in Concrete
Authors: Sheen Erica
Published: March 2015

Focusing our understanding of Hollywood and HUAC on questions of presence and content is to apply paradigms of authorship and genre which were critical by-products of the cultural transformation to which HUAC contributed, and will as a result have limited critical purchase on its causes. What might break this critical impasse would be the discovery of something outside the circle; something not easily, or at least not yet, assimilated into its cycle of repetitions. Such a remainder can be found in a film which is arguably one of the most important productions of the period: Edward Dmytryk‘s ‘lost’ film of Italian/American author Pietro di Donatos novel Christ in Concrete (1949).
The Hollywood Left: Robert Rossen and Postwar Hollywood
Authors: Neve Brian
Published: March 2015

As a contracted screenwriter Rossen‘s particular interest in social themes had a synergy with the broad and generic concerns of the Warners studio in the Popular Front period of the late thirties and then in the war years. This article relates the themes and motifs of Rossen‘s work at Warners to the period at the end of the war and in the late forties, when he took advantage of a rise in independent production and began directing.
A Monarch for the Millions: Jewish Filmmakers, Social Commentary and the Postwar Cycle of Boxing Films
Authors: Stanfield Peter
Published: March 2015

This essay considers how the boxing story enabled some filmmakers to politicise and individualise a popular film cycle. These mostly left-wing Jewish filmmakers understood that the boxing story offered a particularly viable vehicle for broad social commentary, a vehicle that could also be personalised by evoking a nostalgic vision of a ghetto community.
Imagination, Simulation, and Fiction
Authors: Turvey Malcolm
Published: March 2015

It is widely argued that engaging with a fiction involves imagining its content. Yet, the concept of the imagination is rarely clarified, and it is often used incorrectly by theorists. A good example, this paper argues, is Gregory Currie‘s simulation theory, and its claim that imagining the content of a fiction consists of simulating ‘the beliefs I would acquire if I took the work I am engaged with for fact rather than fiction’. The paper, following the philosopher Alan R. White, argues instead that imagining consists of thoughts about the possible.
The PECMA Flow: A General Model of Visual Aesthetics
Authors: Grodal Torben
Published: March 2015

This article argues that the central dimensions of film aesthetics may be explained by a general theory of viewer psychology, the PECMA flow model. The PECMA flow model explains how the film experience is shaped by the brain‘s architecture and the operation of different cognitive systems; the model describes how the experience is based on a mental flow from perception, through emotional activation and cognitive processing, to motor action. The article uses the flow model to account for a variety of aesthetic phenomena, including the reality-status of films, the difference between narrative and lyrical-associative film forms, and the notion of ‘excess’.
Representation, Reality, and Emotions Across Media
Authors: Frome Jonathan
Published: March 2015

This article addresses two questions about artworks. First, why do we emotionally respond to characters and stories that we believe are fictional? Second, why are some media better than others at generating specific types of emotions? I answer these questions using psychological research that suggests our minds are not unified, but are comprised of numerous subsystems that respond differently to various aspects of artworks. I then propose a framework to help us understand how films, videogames, and literature interact with our minds in different ways, which explains why they tend to excel at generating different types of emotions.
Catching Characters Emotions: Emotional Contagion Responses to Narrative Fiction Film
Authors: Coplan Amy
Published: March 2015

In this paper, I examine the role of emotional contagion in our affective engagement with narrative fiction film, focusing in particular on how spectator responses based on emotional contagion differ from those based on more sophisticated emotional processes. I begin by explaining emotional contagion and the processes involved in it. Next, I consider how film elicits emotional contagion. I then argue that emotional contagion responses are unique and should be clearly distinguished from responses based on other emotional processes, such as empathy. Finally, I explain why contagion responses are a significant feature of spectators engagement with narrative fiction film.
Tracing the Routes to Empathy: Association, Simulation, or Appraisal?
Authors: Barratt Daniel
Published: March 2015

This paper attempts to trace the psychological routes to empathy by assessing the relative merits of three alternatives. Traditionally, empathy has been explained in terms of two psychological processes: association and simulation. After concurring that associative connections play a significant role in generating empathy, the paper focuses on the imaginative activity of simulation, arguing that many of our empathetic responses to film characters can be spelt out in the alternative terms of emotion related appraisal. In order to demonstrate this point, the paper analyses an example of empathy from Hitchcock‘s Psycho (1960), concluding that the term ‘simulation’ should be reserved for those instances in which we deliberately attempt to imaginatively entertain a characters thoughts and feelings.
Biding Our Time: Rethinking the Familiar in Steven Soderbergh‘s The Limey
Authors: Carruthers Lee
Published: March 2015

This article complicates the notion that Steven Soderbergh‘s films are simply a refashioning of familiar materials, as evidenced by his ongoing appropriation of classical Hollywood and the European art cinema. Through a close analysis of The Limey (1999), this essay argues that Soderbergh‘s film interrogates the idea of familiarity, as such, beginning with the perceptual experience that it generates for viewers. With reference to Victor Shklovsky‘s notion of defamiliarization as well as Martin Heidegger‘s formulation of temporality in Being and Time, this discussion proposes that Soderbergh‘s reiteration of the filmic past can be seen as a meaningful event for film-critical practice that sheds new light upon issues of filmic temporality and film history.