bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragmented Red Cell as a Possible Favorable Prognostic Marker of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Authors: Jekarl Dong Wook , Kim Yonggoo , Lim Jihyang , Kim Myungshin , Han Kyungja , Cho Bin , Kim Hak‐Ki , Min Woo‐Sung , Min Chang‐Ki
Published: November 2014

Background

Fragmented red cell (FRC) by automated hematologic analyzer is known to detect schistocyte. In this study, it is noted that FRC might be a favorable prognostic marker of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA‐TMA).

Methods

The peripheral blood samples and clinical data of 89 patients were collected. The diagnosis of TA‐TMA was defined by the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network's criteria and schistocyte or both schistocyte‐ and FRC‐positive cases and other parameters fulfilled are regarded as TA‐TMA.

Results

Schistocyte and FRC displayed a correlation coefficient of 0.461 (P < 0.001) by Spearman's method. The diagnostic concordance of TA‐TMA using schistocyte and FRC was 92.1% with kappa index of 0.531 (P < 0.001). The number of diagnosed patients and mean survival month were as follows: TA‐TMA by schistocyte, 8 (8.9%), 13.5 month; TA‐TMA by schistocyte and FRC, 7 (7.8%), 40.4 month; No TMA, 74 (83.1%), 38.3 month, respectively. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis by log‐rank method of the patient with TA‐TMA by schistocyte and rest of the group showed statistical significance (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

As evidenced by the data, FRC might be a favorable prognostic marker for TA‐TMA, but additional studies with larger patients groups are required for validation of clinical applications.
A case report of transverse testicular ectopia with testicular microlithiasis
Authors: Lam Qiqi , Miles Gemma , Marsdin Emma , McInerney Paul , Freeman Simon
Published: November 2014

Transverse testicular ectopia is a rare congenital anomaly in which both testes migrate along the same inguinal canal toward the scrotum. This report describes the case of the rarest form of transverse testicular ectopia in a 23‐year‐old man with coexisting testicular microlithiasis in one of the two testes as diagnosed on sonography and confirmed on MRI. We are unaware of any previous published reports of this association. Although the etiology of both conditions is debatable, each is believed to be associated with an increased risk of testicular malignancy, and this poses a dilemma for the future management of this patient. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:520–523 2015
Does the thermal plasticity of metabolic enzymes underlie thermal compensation of locomotor performance in the eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)?
Authors: Mineo Patrick M. , Schaeffer Paul J.
Published: November 2014

Eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) upregulate the metabolic capacity of skeletal muscle in winter to compensate for thermodynamic effects on metabolism. However, whether this compensation facilitates locomotor performance at low temperature is unknown. Therefore, our aim was to determine if thermal acclimation of metabolic enzymes in muscle benefits locomotion. Eastern newts from southern Ohio were acclimated to cold (5°C, 10:14 L:D) or warm (25°C, 14:10 L:D) conditions for 12 weeks. Following acclimation, we measured the locomotor performance (burst speed and time until exhaustion) and the activities of metabolic enzymes in skeletal muscle at 5–30°C. Creatine kinase (CK) activity in skeletal muscle was higher in cold compared to warm‐acclimated newts, and cold‐acclimated newts had a higher burst speed at low temperature compared to warm‐acclimated newts. At low temperature, time until exhaustion was higher in cold compared to warm‐acclimated newts, but the activities of citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) in muscle were lower in cold compared to warm‐acclimated newts. Together, these results demonstrate that eastern newts compensate for the effects of low temperature on locomotor performance. Whereas thermal compensation of CK activity is correlated with burst locomotion at low temperature, aerobic enzymes in skeletal muscle (CS and CCO) are not linked to compensation of sustained locomotion.J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 52–59, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Explaining Zambian Poverty: A History of (Nonagriculture) Economic Policy Since Independence
Authors: Whitworth Alan
Published: November 2014

Despite abundant resources, Zambia has some of the worst poverty in Africa. Much of the 1960s copper boom was wasted on an extraordinary expansion of the role of the state and attempting to industrialise. Public service wages and subsidies were no longer affordable once copper prices and tax collapsed in the mid‐1970s. Choosing to borrow rather than cut expenditure, fiscal deficits and debt became unsustainable as prices continued falling. Expenditure on basic services collapsed. The 1990s reforms stemmed the fiscal haemorrhage. Privatisation of the mines triggered a period of sustained rapid growth, boosted by rebounding copper prices. Along with debt relief, this brought macrostability and significant fiscal space. Although expenditure on basic services increased, much of the proceeds of the second copper boom were again wasted on uneconomic roads, agriculture subsidies and public service wages. Poverty reduction was limited to the urban population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [13C4]‐labeled 2′‐deoxymugineic acid
Authors: Walter Martin R. , Artner Daniel , Stanetty Christian
Published: November 2014

The phytosiderophore 2′‐deoxymugineic acid (DMA) is exuded via the root system by all grasses (including important crop plants like rice, wheat and barley) to mobilize Fe(III) from soil and improve plant Fe nutrition, crucial for high crop yields. Elucidation of the biogeochemistry of 2′‐deoxymugineic acid in the rhizosphere requires its quantification in minute amounts. To this end, 13C4‐DMA was synthesized for the first time, from cheap isotopically labeled starting materials. The synthetic route utilizes l‐allyl(13C2)glycine and l‐(2‐13C)azetidine (13C)carboxylic acid as versatile labeled building blocks. The title compound was recently used as an internal standard for analysis of soil and plant samples allowing the first accurate quantification of DMA in these matrices by means of LC‐MS/MS. It is furthermore used in tracer experiments investigating biodegradation of DMA in soil.
Seasonal rainfall totals of Australian stations can be modelled with distributions from the Tweedie family
Authors: Hasan Md Masud , Dunn Peter K.
Published: November 2014

Theoretical probability distributions of seasonal rainfall totals have potential applications in fitting models and generating synthetic data. One of the major challenges in fitting distributions for seasonal rainfall from countries like Australia is that the data differ significantly for various seasons across stations. The wet stations may possess strictly positive rainfall amounts only, whereas dry stations may observe seasons with no rainfall. Furthermore the data ranges from approximately symmetric to highly skewed. We explore fitting distributions from the Tweedie family of distributions to model seasonal rainfall. The Tweedie family of distributions includes continuous‐symmetric (normal), continuous‐skewed (gamma) and mixture‐type (Poisson–gamma, P–G) distributions. This study analysed seasonal rainfall totals from 989 Australian stations with data for about 100 years. For various seasons, within the Tweedie family the P–G distributions were optimal for about 50% of stations, the gamma distributions were near‐optimal for approximately 40% and the normal distributions were near‐optimal elsewhere. Most of the stations where the gamma distributions are near‐optimal are concentrated on the Australian coastline. The quantile–quantile (QQ) plots indicate that the models fit well to the seasonal rainfall totals of selected stations. Almost everywhere, various statistics of observed seasonal rainfall are within the empirical 95% confidence intervals of the respective statistics of simulated data using the Tweedie models. The model performs better in modelling extremely high rainfall events (95th percentiles) than the extremely low (5th percentiles) rainfall events. In addition, the P–G distribution within the Tweedie family models the probability of no rainfall and, for about 97% of stations, the observed probability of no rainfall is within the 95% confidence interval of the simulated probability of no rainfall. The ability of the Tweedie models to simulate the extreme rainfall amounts and the probability of no rainfall can be useful in drought monitoring and in water resources planning and management.
Profiling of esterified fatty acids as biomarkers in the blood of dengue fever patients using a microliter‐scale extraction followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Khedr Alaa , Hegazy Maha , Kamal Ahmed , Shehata Mostafa A.
Published: November 2014

An improved gas chromatography with mass spectrometry procedure was developed to highlight the esterified fatty acids in 100 μL blood of dengue fever patients in the early febrile phase versus healthy volunteers. 24 adult patients and 24 healthy volunteers were included in this study. The recoveries of targeted esterified fatty acids content were in the range of 92.10–101.00% using methanol/dichloromethane (2:1, v/v) as the extraction solvent. An efficient chromatographic separation of targeted 17 esterified fatty acid methyl esters was obtained. The limits of detection and quantification were within the range of 16–131 and 53–430 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation of intraday and interday precision values ranged from 0.4 to 5.0%. The statistical data treatment showed a significant decrease of the content of four saturated fatty acids, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, and C18:0 (P value < 0.05), and also showed a decrease of the content of eight unsaturated fatty acids, C16:1, C18:3n6, C18:2n6, C18:1n9, C20:3n3, C20:4n6, C20:2, and C22:6n3 (P value < 0.05) in dengue fever patients. Moreover, the amount of three omega‐6 fatty acids including C18:3n6, C18:2n6, and C20:4n6 was dramatically decreased in the blood of dengue fever patients to a limit of 50 ± 10%.
Impact of Land Uses, Agrophysical Variables and Altitudinal Gradient on Soil Organic Carbon Concentration of North‐Eastern Himalayan Region of India
Authors: Choudhury Burhan U. , Fiyaz Abdul R. , Mohapatra Kamal P. , Ngachan Shishomvanao
Published: November 2014

In the fragile hilly ecosystem of North‐eastern Himalayan Region (NEHR) of India, interaction of land use change and soil organic carbon (SOC) holds significance in sustaining land productivity. However, because of limited data, the effect of land use on SOC inventory at regional level is poorly quantified. The present study assessed the influence of seven major land uses and agrophysical variables (soil texture, bulk density, annual rainfall and mean temperature) on SOC concentration and stock across altitudinal gradients (6–3,500 masl) of NEHR of India. Results revealed that non‐agricultural land uses (grasslands and forests) registered significantly higher SOC concentration (2·20 to 2·51%) and stock (35·2–42·1 Mg ha−1) compared with agricultural (shifting and settled‐up and lowlands), plantation and horticultural land uses (SOC, 1·44 to 1·63%; stock, 27·4–28·4 Mg ha−1). Principal component analysis exhibited that the variation in SOC concentration among the land uses was mostly contributed by finer fractions of soil separates (silt and clay contents), and altitudinal gradient led variation in climatic variables (rainfall and temperature). Trend analyses depicted that SOC increased with an increase in rainfall and clay content but decreased with mean temperature and soil bulk density. Along the altitudinal gradient (6 to 1,000 masl), an inconsistent increase in silt + clay, annual rainfall, SOC concentration, and stock was also observed. However, beyond 1,000 masl, the corresponding increase was linear. The wide variability in SOC concentration and stock, therefore, resulted from the interaction of land uses, altitudinal gradients, textural gradients and climatic variables Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion Conduction in a Semicrystalline Polyviologen and Its Polyether Mixtures
Authors: Lee Minjae , Choi U Hyeok , Colby Ralph H. , Gibson Harry W.
Published: November 2014

Polyviologen (PV) with C6 spacers and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Tf2N−) anions is a semicrystalline polymer. Its semicrystalline mixtures with 18‐crown‐6 (18C6), 30‐crown‐10 (30C10), dibenzo‐30‐crown‐10 (DB30C10), and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether 1000 (PEGDME) are prepared by evaporation of solutions. The ionic conductivities, measured by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, of all of the mixtures are 10–100× higher than that of PV itself in spite of the fact that the ionic contents are reduced by ≈25%. The room temperature (RT) ionic conductivity of PV is 1.1 × 10−9 S cm−1, and that of its mixture with DB30C10 is over 100‐fold higher even though its Tg is slightly above that of PV. The mixtures with 30C10 and PEGDME have similar RT conductivities. However, the 18C6 mixture, in spite of a 9 °C drop in Tg, displays a room temperature (RT) conductivity 10× lower than the other mixtures. Although plasticization probably plays a role, complexation of the polyethers with the viologen units plays a role in the higher conductivities, it is believed, because it increases the fraction of non‐ion‐paired mobile anions. With 30C10 and DB30C10, polypseudorotaxane formation is envisioned to play a significant role in conductivity enhancement.

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Synthesis and Microphase Separation of PS‐b‐P(MA‐alt‐St) Block Copolymers and Their Ionomers for the Design of Polymer Crystallization Nucleation Agents
Authors: Xing Shili , Li Rui , Tang Ping
Published: November 2014

Several well‐controlled polystyrene‐block‐poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) (PS‐b‐P(St‐alt‐MA)) functionalized block copolymers (BCs) and their sodium salt ionomers with different block ratios and molecular weights are synthesized through two‐step reversible addition–­fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results reveal that the prepared BCs and their ionomers microphase separate into various nanostructures depending on the block ratios. By taking advantage of the formation of amphiphilic nanostructures via the microphase, the block ionomers serve as nucleation agents to improve the crystallization rate of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The crystallization behavior of PET upon the addition of block ionomers is investigated isothermally and non‐isothermally by DSC. The results show that the block ionomers can effectively accelerate the crystallization rate of PET, which strongly depends on the molecular weights and block ratios

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Weight gain following subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: A PET study
Authors: Sauleau Paul , Le Jeune Florence , Drapier Sophie , Houvenaghel Jean‐François , Dondaine Thibaut , Haegelen Claire , Lalys Florent , Robert Gabriel , Drapier Dominique , Vérin Marc
Published: November 2014

Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain weight gain after deep brain stimulation (DBS), but none provides a fully satisfactory account of this adverse effect. We analyzed the correlation between changes in brain metabolism (using positron emission tomography [PET] imaging) and weight gain after bilateral subthalamic nucleus DBS in patients with Parkinson's disease. Body mass index was calculated and brain activity prospectively measured using 2‐deoxy‐2[18F]fluoro‐D‐glucose 3 months before and 4 months after the start of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in 23 patients with Parkinson's disease. Motor complications (United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS]‐IV scores) and dopaminergic medication were included in the analysis to control for their possible influence on brain metabolism. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) body mass index increased significantly by 0.8 ± 1.5 kg/m2 (P = 0.03). Correlations were found between weight gain and changes in brain metabolism in limbic and associative areas, including the orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann areas [BAs] 10 and 11), lateral and medial parts of the temporal lobe (BAs 20, 21, 22,39 and 42), anterior cingulate cortex (BA 32), and retrosplenial cortex (BA 30). However, we found no correlation between weight gain and metabolic changes in sensorimotor areas. These findings suggest that changes in associative and limbic processes contribute to weight gain after subthalamic nucleus DBS in Parkinson's disease. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Proteomic and other mass spectrometry based “omics” biomarker discovery and validation in pediatric venous thromboembolism and arterial ischemic stroke: Current state, unmet needs, and future directions
Authors: Goldenberg Neil A. , Everett Allen D. , Graham David , Bernard Timothy J. , Nowak‐Göttl Ulrike
Published: November 2014

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) are increasingly‐recognized health conditions in children, with both acute and chronic sequelae. Risk factors for, and pathogenesis of, VTE are readily related to three principal factors, consisting of venous stasis, endothelial damage, and the hypercoagulable state (i.e. thrombophilia), termed the triad of Virchow. In children, greater than 90% of VTE are provoked by an overt clinical risk factor, the most common of which is a central venous catheter. Risk factors for childhood‐onset (beyond the neonatal period) AIS include sickle cell disease, infection, cerebral arteriopathy, and congenital cardiac disease. In perinatal AIS, risk factors are less well‐defined, and have been hypothesized to include maternal‐fetal conditions. While some acquired and inherited thrombophilias have been associated with increased risk of incident and/or recurrent VTE and AIS, knowledge of other diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of VTE/AIS in children remains quite limited. To date, very few published studies have employed plasma mass spectrometry‐based “omics” approaches (proteomics, lipidomics or metabolomics). Ongoing and future research efforts involving multicenter prospective study‐derived plasma biobanks in pediatric VTE (such as the Kids‐DOTT trial) and AIS (including VIPS) along with new multi‐omics‐compatible sample processing methods offer fertile opportunities for discovery and validation of both novel risk factors and prognostic markers, with great potential to achieve improved prognostic stratification in these diseases.
Developing Corpus‐Based Materials to Teach Pragmatic Routines
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen , Mossman Sabrina , Vellenga Heidi E.
Published: November 2014

This article describes how to develop teaching materials for pragmatics based on authentic language by using a spoken corpus. The authors show how to use the corpus in conjunction with textbooks to identify pragmatic routines for speech acts and how to extract appropriate language samples and adapt them for classroom use. They demonstrate how to use the language samples to help students notice how expressions are used in context and to provide explicit statements about form. They also provide examples of interactive production activities in formats that approximate conversation. They provide a step‐by‐step guide for working with a corpus for pragmatics teaching and illustrate the process with a unit on agreements, disagreements, and other‐ and self‐clarifications for academic discussion in an English for academic purposes program.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, DNA Binding, Cleavage and Docking Studies of a Novel Dinuclear Schiff‐Base Copper(II) Complex
Authors: Shao Dalin , Shi Menglu , Zhao Qun , Wen Jinghan , Geng Zhirong , Wang Zhilin
Published: November 2014

A dinuclear copper(II) complex (1) of a Schiff‐base ligand L [2‐((Z)‐(3‐((3‐((Z)‐2‐hydroxybenzylideneamino)propyl)(pyridin‐4‐yl)amino)propylimino)methyl)phenol] was synthesized and characterized. Complex 1 has a [2+2] ring structure formed by two ligands and two central atoms, and each central metal atom lies in a distorted tetrahedral environment. The in vitro DNA binding studies of 1 with calf thymus‐DNA were carried out by UV/Vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic methods, competitive groove‐binding test, and molecular docking. Complex 1 efficiently cleaved supercoiled pUC19 DNA. As evidenced by the consistent experimental and theoretical outcomes, the copper(II) complex interacted with DNA by both partial intercalation and minor‐groove binding.
Developmental changes in hypothalamic toll‐like‐receptor 4 mRNA expression and the effects of lipopolysaccharide on such changes in female rats
Authors: Iwasa Takeshi , Matsuzaki Toshiya , Tungalagsuvd Altankhuu , Munkhzaya Munkhsaikhan , Kawami Takako , Yamasaki Mikio , Murakami Masahiro , Kato Takeshi , Kuwahara Akira , Yasui Toshiyuki , Irahara Minoru
Published: November 2014

Hypothalamic pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression exhibits a weaker response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) during the early neonatal period than during the later developmental period. Although toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), which recognizes bacterial molecules, activates pro‐inflammatory cytokine responses, the developmental changes in hypothalamic TLR4 expression have not been evaluated. In this study, the hypothalamic TLR4 mRNA levels of saline‐injected and LPS‐injected rats were measured during the neonatal, pre‐pubertal, and post‐pubertal periods. The rats' hypothalamic TLR4 mRNA levels gradually increased from the neonatal to pubertal period and were altered by the injection of LPS at all examined ages (postnatal day (PND) 5, 15, 25, and 42). LPS injection resulted in decreased hypothalamic TLR4 mRNA expression at PND5, whereas it increased hypothalamic TLR4 mRNA expression at PND15, 25, and 42. After the injection of LPS, the hypothalamic mRNA levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL‐6 were attenuated during the early developmental period and increased acutely on PND42. The expression profiles of these pro‐inflammatory cytokines exhibited similar, but not entirely consistent, changes to those displayed by TLR4 during the developmental period. Hypothalamic TLR4 mRNA expression gradually increased throughout the developmental period, whereas the mRNA expression levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines increased acutely at PND42. Thus, it is assumed that hypothalamic TLR4 hypoactivity contributes to the low sensitivity of pro‐inflammatory cytokines to LPS during the early developmental period.
Redefining Ceratocystis and allied genera
Authors: de Beer Z.W. , Duong T.A. , Barnes I. , Wingfield B.D. , Wingfield M.J.
Published: November 2014

The genus Ceratocystis was established in 1890 and accommodates many important fungi. These include serious plant pathogens, significant insect symbionts and agents of timber degradation that result in substantial economic losses. Virtually since its type was described from sweet
potatoes, the taxonomy of Ceratocystis has been confused and vigorously debated. In recent years, particulary during the last two decades, it has become very obvious that this genus includes a wide diversity of very different fungi. These have been roughly lumped together due to their
similar morphological structures that have clearly evolved through convergent evolution linked to an insect-associated ecology. As has been true for many other groups of fungi, the emergence of DNA-based sequence data and associated phylogenetic inferences, have made it possible to robustly
support very distinct boundaries defined by morphological characters and ecological differences. In this study, DNA-sequence data for three carefully selected gene regions (60S, LSU, MCM7) were generated for 79 species residing in the aggregate genus Ceratocystis sensu lato and these
data were subjected to rigorous phylogenetic analyses. The results made it possible to distinguish seven major groups for which generic names have been chosen and descriptions either provided or emended. The emended genera included Ceratocystis sensu stricto, Chalaropsis, Endoconidiophora,
Thielaviopsis, and Ambrosiella, while two new genera, Davidsoniella and Huntiella, were described. In total, 30 new combinations have been made. This major revision of the generic boundaries in the Ceratocystidaceae will simplify future treatments and work
with an important group of fungi including distantly related species illogically aggregated under a single name.
Greater Loss of White Matter Integrity in Postural Instability and Gait Difficulty Subtype of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Gu Quanquan , Huang Peiyu , Xuan Min , Xu Xiaojun , Li Dan , Sun Jianzhong , Yu Hualiang , Wang Chao , Luo Wei , Zhang Minming
Published: November 2014

Background: Patients with the postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) subtype of Parkinson disease (PD) are at a higher risk of dysfunction and are less responsive to dopamine replacement therapy. The PIGD subtype was found to largely associate with white matter lesions, but details of the diffusion changes within these lesions have not been fully investigated. Voxel-based analysis for diffusion tensor imaging data is one of the preferred measures to compare diffusion changes in each voxel in any part of the brain. Methods: PD patients with the PIGD (n=12) and non-PIGD subtypes (n=12) were recruited to compare diffusion differences in fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity with voxel-based analysis. Results: Significantly reduced fractional anisotropy in bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus, bilateral anterior corona radiata, and the left genu of the corpus callosum were shown in the PIGD subtype compared with the non-PIGD subtype. Increased radial diffusivity in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus was found in the PIGD subtype with no statistical differences in axial diffusivity found. Conclusions: Our study confirms previous findings that white matter abnormalities were greater in the PIGD subtype than in the non-PIGD subtype. Additionally, our findings suggested: (1) compared with the non-PIGD subtype, loss of white matter integrity was greater in the PIGD subtype; (2) bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus may play a critical role in microstructural white matter abnormalities in the PIGD subtype; and (3) reduced white matter integrity in the PIGD subtype could be mainly attributed to demyelination rather than axonal loss.
Provoking Disorder: The Politics of Speech in Protectorate Middlesex
Authors: Boswell Caroline
Published: November 2014

This article explores the impact of the 1654 ordinance against challenges, duels, and provocations. Despite the Council of State's original intentions, this legislation offered non-elites the opportunity to prosecute threatening and abusive language as “provocations,” recasting interpersonal conflicts as dangerous to society rather than to an individual's “common fame.” Indeed, many of the cases prosecuted at the Middlesex sessions centered on “provocative” behavior that questioned normative social and gender relations, revealing how the Protectorate's anti-dueling legislation provided a new weapon in contests over social power. Comparing the creation and implementation of the 1654 ordinance, this article argues that the Protectorate's legislation exposed the connections between the regulation of social interactions and the preservation of the social and political order.
Arresting John Entick: TheMonitorControversy and the Imagined British Conquests of the Spanish Empire
Authors: Stiles David
Published: November 2014

This article explores the events surrounding theMonitorcontroversy, which stemmed from radical criticism of the crown's conservative approach to the war between Spain and Great Britain in 1762. While some observers wished to quickly bring the war to an end, others expressed more radical plans for the destruction of the Spanish Empire. When the crown retaliated against prominent agitators with a round of arrests designed to silence their dissent, the result was a succession of legal cases that culminated withEntick v. Carringtonin 1765. In their arguments, the plaintiffs expressed concern that the British Empire was seemingly in danger of evolving into an oppressive, allegedly “Spanish” style of polity. These legal processes and the precedents they set were critical to the development of protected space for political dissent in the British Empire, and affirmed a more broadly participatory model for the future development of imperial policy.
Huakina Mai: A Kaupapa Māori Approach to Relationship and Behaviour Support
Authors: Savage Catherine , Macfarlane Sonja , Macfarlane Angus , Fickel Letitia , Te Hēmi Hēmi
Published: November 2014

This article presents the developmental stages of a nationwide whole-school strengths-based behavioural intervention by Māori and centring on Māori interests; an initiative that has the potential to transform educational success and opportunities. The initial phase involved a cycle of data collection. This was conducted via a series of focus groups held with Māori specialists, practitioners, families and students, to support the development of a kaupapa Māori approach to school-wide positive behaviour. The evidence that was gathered indicated that a systems framework needed to emanate out of a Māori worldview, be inclusive of family and community, and support the notion that Māori children are able to learn as Māori — to enjoy positive cultural and identity development throughout their schooling. The findings in this article describe the core features that underscore how behaviour should be shaped and supported within schools, from a Māori perspective.
Editorial
Authors: Nakata Martin , Mackinlay Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

The quest to improve Indigenous people's access, participation and outcomes in education wherever we live in the world involves a concerted effort from all, and across all levels of education from the pre-school to the postgraduate sector. Improvements in these areas, as we have seen in past issues of The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, are closely tied to improving other social and economic indicators in Indigenous lives, such as health, employment, governance and housing. The importance of research in the field of Indigenous education is a fundamental part of understanding the complexity of the issues, the level of constraints, as well as the many possibilities as we move forward in time. And, as practitioners of Indigenous education continue to keep looking for new ideas or examples of teaching and learning practice, AJIE continues to invite descriptions of educational practice and articulations of Indigenous experience from our readership. As educational research and practice have progressively become global, we have sought experiences beyond our Aeotorea/New Zealand and North American colleagues to countries and contexts that are less familiar to us. We are pleased to report that for our efforts in this regard, AJIE is now listed with SCOPUS, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature.
Reburial of a mosaic floor discovered at Tocra (Taucheira)
Authors: Buzaian Ahmed , Hashem Mohamed
Published: November 2014

A large number of mosaic floors in Cyrenaica are in poor condition and a systematic programme for the assessment of exposed mosaics followed by strategic planning for their long term preservation is long overdue and badly needed. A mosaic floor discovered at Tocra in 1972 is a prime example of a deteriorated pavement. In this case the Department of Antiquities decided to protect the mosaic by careful reburial in a methodical fashion. Preservation of the Tocra pavement by careful reburial, with due regard to context and need, is unprecedented and represents a new, extreme but essential conservation activity for Libyan archaeology.
Reconfiguring agriculture through the relocation of production systems for water, environment and food security under climate change
Authors: MUSHTAQ S. , WHITE N. , COCKFIELD G. , POWER B. , JAKEMAN G.
Published: November 2014

The prospect of climate change has revived both fears of food insecurity and its corollary, market opportunities for agricultural production. In Australia, with its long history of state-sponsored agricultural development, there is renewed interest in the agricultural development of tropical and sub-tropical northern regions. Climate projections suggest that there will be less water available to the main irrigation systems of the eastern central and southern regions of Australia, while net rainfall could be sustained or even increase in the northern areas. Hence, there could be more intensive use of northern agricultural areas, with the relocation of some production of economically important commodities such as vegetables, rice and cotton. The problem is that the expansion of cropping in northern Australia has been constrained by agronomic and economic considerations.

The present paper examines the economics, at both farm and regional level, of relocating some cotton production from the east-central irrigation areas to the north where there is an existing irrigation scheme together with some industry and individual interest in such relocation. Integrated modelling and expert knowledge are used to examine this example of prospective climate change adaptation. Farm-level simulations show that without adaptation, overall gross margins will decrease under a combination of climate change and reduction in water availability. A dynamic regional Computable General Equilibrium model is used to explore two scenarios of relocating cotton production from south east Queensland, to sugar-dominated areas in northern Queensland. Overall, an increase in real economic output and real income was realized when some cotton production was relocated to sugar cane fallow land/new land. There were, however, large negative effects on regional economies where cotton production displaced sugar cane. It is concluded that even excluding the agronomic uncertainties, which are not examined here, there is unlikely to be significant market-driven relocation of cotton production.
Richard Wright and the Americanism of Lawd Today!
Authors: GARCIA JAY
Published: November 2014

This essay examines Lawd Today!, Richard Wright's posthumously published novel, written in the 1930s but only made available to readers in 1963. Concentrating on the epigraphs that punctuate the novel, the essay demonstrates the significance of the social criticism of the 1910s and 1920s to Wright's formation as literary artist. In particular, Wright was drawn to the writings of the Young American critics, including Van Wyck Brooks and Waldo Frank, whose criticisms of national ideologies furthered a commitment to “Americanism” as a horizon of social and cultural renewal. Wright's intellectual immersion in early twentieth-century US social criticism gave Lawd Today! a Young American critical imprint. Drawing upon the work of Ernesto Laclau on “populism,” the essay reads Wright's novel as invested in an “Americanism” that seeks to describe common features of early twentieth-century black migrant experience in the urban North in terms of larger national and modern dynamics.
Genie: new software for rapid submission of powder diffraction data to the ICDD powder diffraction file™
Authors: Sagnella Diane E. , Foster Emily
Published: November 2014

A new software application has been developed to provide a convenient method for the submission of diffraction data directly to the International Centre for Diffraction Data, for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF)™. The application, titled Genie, acts as a portal for the merging of data from separate sources allowing the user to quickly and easily submit their data for the PDF. Using Java Web Start technology Genie can be run using all common computer platforms. Genie is flexible and can be used to read a variety of common file formats. Furthermore, Genie can also be used for submission of New Diffraction Data for publication in the Powder Diffraction Journal.
On asynchronous eventful session semantics
Authors: KOUZAPAS DIMITRIOS , YOSHIDA NOBUKO , HU RAYMOND , HONDA KOHEI
Published: November 2014

Event-driven programming is one of the major paradigms in concurrent and communication-based programming, where events are typically detected as the arrival of messages on asynchronous channels. Unfortunately, the flexibility and performance of traditional event-driven programming come at the cost of more complex programs: low-level APIs and the obfuscation of event-driven control flow make programs difficult to read, write and verify.

This paper introduces a π-calculus with session types that modelsevent-driven session programming(called ESP) and studies its behavioural theory. The main characteristics of the ESP model are asynchronous, order-preserving message passing, non-blocking detection of event/message arrivals and dynamic inspection of session types. Session types offer formal safety guarantees, such as communication and event handling safety, and programmatic benefits that overcome problems with existing event-driven programming languages and techniques. The new typed bisimulation theory developed for the ESP model is distinct from standard synchronous or asynchronous bisimulation, capturing the semantic nature of eventful session-based processes. The bisimilarity coincides with reduction-closed barbed congruence.

We demonstrate the features and benefits of ESP and the behavioural theory through two key use cases. First, we examine an encoding and the semantic behaviour of the event selector, a central component of general event-driven systems, providing core results for verifying type-safe event-driven applications. Second, we examine the Lauer–Needham duality, building on the selector encoding and bisimulation theory to prove that a systematic transformation from multithreaded to event-driven session processes is type- and semantics-preserving.
Preface to special issue: EXPRESS 2010
Authors: FRÖSCHLE SIBYLLE , VALENCIA FRANK D.
Published: November 2014

This issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science contains a selection of papers presented at the 17th International Workshop on Expressiveness in Concurrency (EXPRESS'10), a satellite event of CONCUR'10, held on August 30th in Paris, France.
A MONOGRAPHIC REVISION OF THE GENUS PODOCARPUS (PODOCARPACEAE): I. HISTORICAL REVIEW
Authors: Mill R. R.
Published: November 2014

The taxonomic history of the genus Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae) is reviewed as the first part of a revision of the genus. The major taxonomic and other works relating to the genus published during nine time periods (before 1800, 1800–1850, 1851–1875, 1876–1900, 1901–1926, 1927–1947, 1948–1967, 1968–1987 and 1988–present) are briefly but critically discussed. Three landmark works are those by Pilger (1903), Buchholz and Gray (between 1948 and 1962) and de Laubenfels (1985). The paper ends with an outline plan of the revision of the genus to which the paper forms an introduction.
Biologische Rhythmen, Schlaf und Jet Lag
Authors: Zulley Jürgen
Published: November 2014

Schlaf ist ein aktiver Erholungsvorgang, dessen zeitliches Auftreten durch biologische Rhythmen vorgegeben ist, die auch praktisch sämtliche Körperfunktionen beeinflussen. Der Schlaf selber ist ein uneinheitlicher Zustand, der vor allem durch den Wechsel von REM- und NREM-Phasen gekennzeichnet ist. Während des Schlafes finden wichtige Regenerationsprozesse statt. Der natürliche Schlaf ist Grundbedingung für Gesundheit, Leistung und Wohlbefinden. Bei Störungen der Synchronisation zwischen den biologischen Rhythmen und dem Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus kann es zu Störungen im Gesamtbild des Menschen kommen. Eine solche Desynchronisation wird zum Beispiel durch eine plötzliche Verschiebung der Tageszeit, wie bei Fernflügen, erzeugt (Jet Lag). Mit verschiedenen Strategien kann hier therapeutisch eingegriffen werden, um die Umstellung zu beschleunigen.
Schlafphysiologie bei Kindern und deren Bedeutung für die Behandlung von nicht-organischen Schlafstörungen
Authors: Jenni Oskar , Benz Caroline , Hunkeler Peter , Werner Helene
Published: November 2014

Schlafstörungen gehören zu den häufigsten Verhaltensauffälligkeiten im Kindesalter. In diesem Artikel werden die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse der kindlichen Schlafphysiologie zusammengefasst und unser entwicklungspädiatrisches Beratungskonzept vorgestellt, welches bei nicht-organischen (funktionellen) Schlafstörungen erfolgreich angewendet werden kann. Hauptbestandteil unserer fachlichen Beratung ist die Vermittlung von Kenntnissen über die normale Entwicklung des kindlichen Schlafs, seine Physiologie und über die große interindividuelle Variabilität einzelner Merkmale. Dieses Vorgehen ist von zentraler Bedeutung, damit Eltern die Schlafstörung ihres Kindes besser erkennen, einordnen und darauf reagieren können. Die Eltern der 18 Monate alten Nina werden vom Hausarzt überwiesen, da das Kind abends wie auch nach nächtlichem Erwachen nicht einschlafen kann. Nina ruft dann nach der Mutter und will in die Arme genommen werden. Manchmal gelingt es ihr dann das Kind durch Zureden und Streicheln zu beruhigen. Oft dauert es aber länger und die Mutter muss Nina herumtragen, bis sie schläft. Dies nimmt der Mutter ihren eigenen Schlaf und zehrt an ihren Kräften. Die Eltern haben schon alles versucht und wissen nicht mehr weiter.
Der Schlaf und die innere Uhr im Alter
Authors: Münch Mirjam
Published: November 2014

Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über mögliche Faktoren für altersbedingte Veränderungen, welche den Schlaf bei gesunden älteren Menschen beeinflussen. Ein wichtiger Beitrag wird hierbei durch die Selbstregulation des Schlaf-Wach Zyklus sowie die innere Uhr geleistet. Eine Quintessenz zeigt sich darin, dass ältere gesunde Erwachsene einen oberflächlicheren Schlaf und meistens frühere Bett- und Aufstehzeiten als noch in jüngeren Jahren haben, was auf altersbedingte Veränderungen in der Schlaf-Wach Homöostase und der inneren Uhr zurückzuführen ist. Zudem reagiert der Schlaf bei gesunden älteren Menschen empfindlicher auf Störungen, wie der circadianen Desynchronisation und einen Mangel an Zeitgebern [zu wenig Licht am Tage].
Störungen des Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Bromundt Vivien
Published: November 2014

Störungen des Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus manifestieren sich in Schlafstörungen, Tagesmüdigkeit, kognitiven Leistungseinbußen sowie Stimmungsverschlechterungen. Sie sind bei psychiatrischen Patienten häufig anzutreffen. Dies beruht auf einer engen Beziehung zwischen Funktionsstörungen der inneren Uhr, der Schlafregulation und der psychischen Gesundheit. Mechanismen auf genetischer Ebene der zirkadianen Rhythmusentstehung und Störungen der Neurotransmittersignale können bei beiden Krankheiten involviert sein. Im Weiteren begünstigen sich zirkadiane Störungen und psychische Erkrankungen über ihre Begleitsymptome wie Stress oder soziale Isolation gegenseitig. Aktimetrie zur objektiven Erfassung des Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus und Melatoninmessungen im Speichel werden eingesetzt, um zirkadiane Schlaf-Wach-Störungen bei psychiatrischen Patienten zu diagnostizieren. Chronobiologische Behandlungsmethoden wie Lichttherapie, Dunkel- und Wachtherapie stabilisieren den zirkadianen Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus und haben aktivierende, antidepressive oder stimmungsausgleichende Wirkung. Sie unterstützen erfolgreich die Behandlung psychiatrischer Erkrankungen.
Neurologisch bedingte Schlafstörungen
Authors: Khatami Ramin
Published: November 2014

Das Spektrum der schlafmedizinischen Erkrankungen umfasst eine Reihe von speziellen neurologischen Erkrankungen, die sich durch eine hohe Prävalenz kennzeichnen oder die Lebensqualität stark beeinträchtigen. Dem praktisch tätigen Arzt kommt eine Schlüsselrolle in der Erkennung und Behandlung dieser Erkrankungen zu und sollte deshalb mit den wichtigsten schlafmedizinischen neurologischen Erkrankungen vertraut sein. Im Folgenden werden als wichtigste Vertreter, das Restless Legs Syndrom (mit oder ohne Periodic Limb Movement im Schlaf), Bewegungsstörungen im Schlaf (v. a. nonREM- und REM-Schlaf-Parasomnien), epileptische Anfälle im Schlaf sowie die Narkolepsie vorgestellt. Die Narkolepsie gilt zwar als seltene Erkrankung, ermöglicht aber als Modellerkrankung physiologische bzw. pathophysiologische Vorgänge der Schlaf-/Wachregulation zu verstehen. Eine zunehmende Bedeutung gewinnt auch die REM-Schlafverhaltensstörung, die als Frühzeichen einer neurodegenerativen Erkrankung (z. B. Synukleinopathien wie Parkinson-Erkrankung) auftreten kann. Eine frühzeitige Diagnose eröffnet hier die Möglichkeit in Zukunft neuroprotektive Substanzen einzusetzen.
Memory of an Outgroup
Authors: Hoewe Jennifer
Published: November 2014

This study examined White individuals’ ability to recall non-White criminal perpetrators, specifically Middle Eastern-looking men, as portrayed in news stories. Considering social identity theory and the Arab/Muslim/Middle Eastern terrorist stereotype, White participants were expected to correctly identify White European-looking men and misidentify Middle Eastern-looking men as the perpetrators in news stories. A 2 (race/ethnicity of the perpetrator: White European- or Middle Eastern-looking) × 2 (story type: violent or nonviolent) experiment revealed that correct recall of the perpetrator for Middle Eastern-looking men was lower than that of White European-looking men. However, White individuals were not significantly more likely to incorrectly recall Middle Eastern-looking men than White European-looking men as perpetrators. Regardless of condition, more negative attitudes toward Arabs and Muslims predicted the incorrect recall of both Middle Eastern- and White European-looking men as perpetrators. These results are explained in light of their contradiction of existing theory. Also, a new measure of attitudes toward Arabs and Muslims is recommended.
Design of Three-shell Icosahedral Matryoshka Clusters A@B12@A20 (A = Sn, Pb; B = Mg, Zn, Cd, Mn)
Authors: Huang Xiaoming , Zhao Jijun , Su Yan , Chen Zhongfang , King R. Bruce
Published: November 2014

We propose a series of icosahedral matryoshka clusters of A@B12@A20 (A = Sn, Pb; B = Mg, Zn, Cd), which possess large HOMO-LUMO gaps (1.29 to 1.54 eV) and low formation energies (0.06 to 0.21 eV/atom). A global minimum search using a genetic algorithm and density functional theory calculations confirms that such onion-like three-shell structures are the ground states for these A21B12 binary clusters. All of these icosahedral matryoshka clusters, including two previously found ones, i.e., [As@Ni12@As20]3− and [Sn@Cu12@Sn20]12−, follow the 108-electron rule, which originates from the high Ih symmetry and consequently the splitting of superatom orbitals of high angular momentum. More interestingly, two magnetic matryoshka clusters, i.e., Sn@Mn12@Sn20 and Pb@Mn12@Pb20, are designed, which combine a large magnetic moment of 28 µB, a moderate HOMO-LUMO gap and weak inter-cluster interaction energy, making them ideal building blocks in novel magnetic materials and devices.