bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in Adult Periodontitis. II. Characterization of Isolated Strains and Effect of Mechanical Periodontal Treatment
Authors: Mombelli Andrea , Gmür Rudolf , Gobbi Cristina , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: March 2012

Ten systemically healthy subjects (ages 28 to 60 years) with untreated moderate to severe periodontal disease and evidence of presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans underwent standard mechanical periodontal treatment consisting of oral hygiene instruction and systematic deep scaling and root planing. Before, and 4 to 5 weeks after treatment, clinical measurements and separate subgingival microbiological samples were taken from the mesial and distal aspect of every tooth, with the exception of the third molars. A. actinomycetemcomitans could still be detected in all patients after treatment. In 9 of the 10 patients, all tested isolates from both examinations were of a single type. Two patients carried serotype a; 2 serotype b; 2 serotype c; and 1 serotype e. Two individuals showed only non‐typeable isolates lacking serotype a, b, c, d, or e specific antigens. Another subject was colonized by serotype c and, in addition, yielded a nontypeable isolate. Persistence of A. actinomycetemcomitans after treatment was significantly correlated with the frequency of A. actinomycetemcomitans before treatment (P <0.001) and the mean probing depth before treatment (P <0.05). No serotype‐specific patterns of treatment outcome could be recognized. The analysis of the site specific effect of treatment showed a significant relationship between post treatment levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and both probing depth reduction as well as attachment gain. Individuals showing evidence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in a multitude of sites appeared to be more difficult to treat than patients with few positive sites only. Within such individuals, the deeper pockets showed the greater resistance to eradication of A. actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontol 1994; 65:827–834.
Locally Delivered Minocycline and Guided Tissue Regeneration to Treat Post‐Juvenile Periodontitis. A Case Report
Authors: Saito Atsushi , Hosaka Yasuo , Nakagawa Taneaki , Seida Kizuku , Yamada Satoru , Okuda Katsuji
Published: March 2012

A case of post‐juvenile periodontitis in a 28‐year‐old female patient is described along with new periodontal treatment modalities. Administration of minocycline‐HCl with local drug delivery system was introduced as a part of initial periodontal therapy following microbiological and immunological examinations. The lesions were subsequently treated by guided tissue regeneration, which resulted in considerable gain of attachment with minimal recession of marginal gingiva. This observation suggests that the local delivery of antibiotics and regenerative therapy may prove to be effective alternative modalities in treatment of post‐juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol 1994; 65:835–839.
Effects of Tetracycline‐Containing Gel and a Mixture of Tetracycline and Citric Acid‐Containing Gel on Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Jeong Seong‐Nyum , Han Soo‐Boo , Lee Seok‐Woo , Magnussen Ingvar
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and microbiological effects of a newly developed root conditioning gel system containing tetracycline or a mixture of tetracycline and citric acid on non‐surgical periodontal therapy. Sixty‐four (64) singlerooted teeth with a probing depth of 4 to 6 mm were randomly subjected to one of the following four treatments; 1) root planing alone (RP group); 2) tetracycline‐containing gel alone (TCG group); 3) root planing plus tetracycline‐containing gel (RP+TCG group); or 4) root planing plus a mixture of tetracycline and citric acid‐containing gel (RP+TC‐CAG group). Probing depth, attachment level, and tooth mobility were measured and the presence of dental plaque and gingival inflammation was recorded at baseline and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Subgingival plaque samples from each site were collected at the same visits and examined with phase contrast microscopy for proportions of motile rods and spirochetes. Plaque index, gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth, and attachment level decreased significantly in all groups compared to the baseline values (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in probing pocket depth was noted after 12 weeks in RP+TC‐CAG group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Significantly more gain in attachment was detected in the RP+TC‐CAG group compared to the TCG group (P < 0.05). Tooth mobility scores also decreased later in the study. A significant decrease in the proportion of motile rods was found primarily in the RP+TC‐CAG group. There was a significant decrease of the proportion of spirochetes in all groups. The results indicated that use of a mixture of tetracycline and citric acid containing‐gel was effective in improving gingival health and in changing subgingival microflora. J Periodontol 1994; 65:840–847.
The Relationship of Candidiasis to Linear Gingival Erythema in HIV‐Infected Homosexual Men and Parenteral Drug Users
Authors: Grbic John T. , Mitchell‐Lewis Dennis A. , Fine James B. , Phelan Joan A. , Bucklan Ronni Sue , Zambon Joseph J. , Lamster Ira B.
Published: March 2012

Periodontal status was evaluated in two cohorts participating in a study of the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. One cohort consisted of 77 seropositive and 44 seronegative homosexual men, and the other cohort was comprised of 44 seropositive and 39 seronegative parenteral drug users (PDU). No differences were observed between seropositive and seronegative individuals within a cohort in terms of clinical periodontal” parameters (percent of sites with ≥4 mm probing depth, percent of sites exhibiting bleeding on probing, mean oral hygiene index). The PDU displayed more existing periodontal disease than the homosexual men. Periodontal disease in the seropositive individuals in both cohorts was not strictly related to the number of CD4+ lymphocytes. Linear gingival erythema (LGE), defined as an erythematous band of at least 2 mm extending between adjacent papilla, was observed in all 4 groups. Seropositive homosexual men displayed more LGE than seronegative homosexual men (16.6% vs. 11.4%) and seronegative PDU displayed more LGE than seropositive PDU (38.5% vs. 29.5%), but neither difference was significant. LGE tended to be related to reduced numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes, but this relationship did not reach statistical significance. A statistically‐significant relationship was found between the presence of intraoral candidiasis and LGE in seropositive homosexual men: 42.9% of these subjects with candidiasis had LGE, while only 12.7% of the subjects without candidiasis had LGE (P <.05). For the seropositive PDU, 35.3% of the individuals with candidiasis had LGE and 25.9% of the subjects without candidiasis displayed LGE, but the difference was not statistically significant. Analysis of clinical parameters suggested that the very poor oral hygiene in the seropositive PDU may have obscured the candidiasis‐LGE relationship. Lastly, the incidence of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) was low. For homosexual men 5.2% of seropositive individuals and none of the seronegative individuals displayed NUG. For the PDU, none of the seropositive individuals but 5.1% of the seronegative individuals displayed NUG. NUP was not detected in either cohort. These data indicate that there are differences in non‐HIV associated periodontal disease between homosexual men and PDU, regardless of serostatus. In addition, we observed an association between the presence of intraoral candidiasis and LGE in seropositive homosexual men. Lastly, the prevalence of necrotic gingival/periodontal lesions in seropositive individuals was low. J Periodontol 1995;66:30‐37.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Cutting Quality and Abrasive Resistance of Sealers
Authors: Kaya Hidehiro , Fujimura Tetsuyuki , Kimura Shigenobu
Published: March 2012

An automatic scaling apparatus that simulated the scaling process of hand instrumentation was developed to quantitatively analyze the cutting quality and abrasive resistance of sealers. We first tested 4 synthetic resins as the abraded material. Of the 4 synthetic resins tested, polycarbonate resin proved most similar to dentin. The effects of lateral scaling forces (700, 500, and 300 dyne) and sealer angles (70° to 95°) on the cutting quality and abrasive resistance of sealers were evaluated quantitatively by the amount of the abraded material worn away in 1,000 strokes. Comparison of the 3 scaling forces showed a greater amount of abrasion at higher force than that at lower force. This suggests that the decrease in the amount due to abrasion could be compensated by increasing the lateral scaling force. Regarding the sealer angle, results indicated that the amount of material removed increased with an increase of the sealer angle up to 70°, but then rapidly decreased at an angle of 90° or more. The most effective scaling angle was 87°, and this was not affected by scaling force. These results suggest that a greater amount of removal could be obtained at a scaling angle of 87° and a scaling force of 700 dyne. The present findings suggested the automatic scaling apparatus could be a useful tool for quantitatively evaluating the cutting quality and abrasive resistance of sealers. J Periodontol 1995; 66:62–68.
Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis Associated With Hearing Loss and Supernumerary Teeth — A New Syndrome
Authors: Wynne Susan E. , Aldred Michael J. , Bartold P. Mark
Published: March 2012

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis can occur as an isolated trait or as part of a syndrome. We report on three generations of one family featuring an autosomal dominant syndrome with variable expression of gingival fibromatosis with associated hearing deficiencies, hypertelorism, and supernumerary teeth. We propose that this represents a new syndrome within the spectrum of those including gingival enlargement. J Periodontol 1995; 66:75–79.
Subgingival Distribution of Treponema denticola, Treponema socranskii, and Pathogen‐Related Oral Spirochetes: Prevalence and Relationship to Periodontal Status of Sampled Sites
Authors: Riviere George R. , Smith Kathryn S. , Carranza Nelson , Tzagaroulaki Eleni , Kay Susan L. , Dock Mira
Published: March 2012

Aims of this study were to comprehensively describe the intraoral distribution of the spirochete morphogroup and of 7 antigenically distinct oral treponema, and to relate their presence to periodontal status. Periodontal tissues were evaluated at 4 sites on every tooth except third molars and 76 subjects were classified according to the worst periodontal condition at any one site: Group 1, gingivitis (n = 13); Group 2, early periodontitis (n = 38); and Group 3, advanced periodontitis (n = 25). Subgingival plaque was collected from each half of every tooth evaluated clinically. Spirochetes were identified with phase contrast microscopy and specific treponema were detected immunochemically using monoclonal antibodies to Treponema denticola serovars A‐D, T. socranskii subspecies bucalle, T. socranskii subspecies socranskii, and T. pallidum (pathogen‐related oral spirochetes, PROS). The counting protocol was conservative and probably underestimated the actual presence of organisms. Spirochetes were found at one or more sites in approximately 60% of subjects in all groups. PROS were found in approximately 40% of subjects in all groups while T. denticola (predominantly serotype B) and T. socranskii (exclusively T. socranskii subsp. buccale) were more frequently observed in Group 2 (roughly 25% for both treponema) than in Groups 1 or 3. Overall, spirochetes were detected in less than 15% of the 4,040 sites examined. Spirochetes were found at more sites of periodontitis (group mean range 20 to 40%) than of gingivitis (6 to 20%), and were only infrequently found at sites of periodontal health (4 to 10%). Spirochetes were identified most often in plaque from around molars and they were usually found in only one of two samples from individual teeth. Results of this study suggest that although spirochetes are most often found associated with periodontitis, their distribution is restricted and most periodontitis sites do not harbor spirochetes. J Periodontol 1995;66:829–837.
Evaluation of a Collagen Membrane With and Without Bone Grafts in Treating Periodontal Intrabony Defects
Authors: Chen Chuan‐Chuan , Wang Hom‐Lay , Smith Frederic , Glickman Gerald N. , Shyr Yu , O'Neal Robert B.
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical regenerative capacity of collagen membrane with and without demineralized freeze‐dried bone allografts (DFDBA) in treating periodontal intrabony defects. Ten systemically healthy patients with similar bilateral periodontal defects were scheduled for surgery. Each patient had at least ≥ 6 mm clinical probing depth and loss of attachment at selected sites. Baseline measurements included gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), and mobility. At the time of surgery, the defects were randomly assigned to either test (collagen membrane plus DFDBA) or control group (collagen membrane only). Stent to base of the defects, stent to crest bone, crest of bone to base of the defect, and width of the defects were recorded at the time of surgery and reentry. Eight patients returned after 6 months for reentry surgery. Statistical analysis with a paired t test was used to evaluate the treatment effect and comparison between test and control groups. In addition, a McNemar test was used to analyze the significance of GI, PI, and mobility at different times. The result of this study indicated that both the collagen plus DFDBA and the collagen alone treatment groups had a significant decrease of PD (3.4±0.4 and 3.2±0.4 mm), gain of CAL (2.3±0.5 and 2.0±0.4 mm), and defect fill (1.7±0.3 and 1.9±0.9 mm) (P < 0.05) when compared to the presurgery status. However, there was no significant difference in PD, AL, GR, defect fill, crestal bone resorption, GI, PI, or mobility between the test group and control group. No adverse tissue reaction, infection, or delayed wound healing was noted throughout the treatment in either group. This study suggests that the collagen membrane is well tolerated by the human tissues. Both treatments, either collagen membrane plus DFDBA or collagen membrane alone, promoted significant resolution of periodontal intrabony defects. The addition of a bone graft (DFDBA) with a collagen membrane appears to add no extra benefit to the collagen membrane treatment. J Periodontol 1995;66:838–847.
Levels of Interleukin‐1β and Interleukin‐8 in Gingival Crevicular Fluids in Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Tsai Chi‐Cheng , Ho Yea‐Pyng , Chen Ching‐Charng
Published: March 2012

Recent in vitro findings indicate that cytokines represent an important pathway of connective tissue destruction in human periodontitis. The biological effects of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) are relevant in this regard, and the objective of this study was to compare the levels of these molecules in gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) from patients with adult periodontitis (experimental group) and from individuals with clinically healthy gingiva (control group). GCF was collected for 30 seconds using a periopaper strip and the volume of the sample determined. Following elution of the fluid, assays for IL‐1β and IL‐8 were carried out by ELISA. The concentrations (ng/ml) of cytokines were calculated in the original volume of GCF on each strip. The total amounts (pg/site) of cytokines were expressed as the concentrations multiplied by volumes of GCF. The total amounts of IL‐1β and IL‐8 of the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group. The total amounts of both cytokines were markedly reduced following phase 1 periodontal treatment. The clinical parameters were positively related to the total amounts of IL‐1β and IL‐8. IL‐1β concentrations and total amounts were also positively related to IL‐8 suggesting that the GCF IL‐8 levels are influenced by local IL‐1β activities. These data indicate that the total amounts of IL‐1β and IL‐8 exhibited dynamic changes upon severity of periodontal disease. The levels of IL‐1β and IL‐8 in GCF are valuable in detecting the inflammation of periodontal tissue. J Periodontol 1995;66:852–859.
Whole Mouth Microbiota Effects Following Subgingival Delivery of Sanguinarium
Authors: Godowski Kenneth C. , Wolff Elyse D. , Thompson Dennis M. , Housley Carol J. , Polson Alan M. , Dunn Richard L. , Duke Susan P. , Staller Norman H. , Southard G. Lee
Published: March 2012

An increased incidence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and yeast overgrowth has been reported following various periodontal treatments. The objective of this study was to detect possible overgrowth of opportunistic bacteria and fungi as well as changes in normal microbiota after application of a biodegradable delivery system containing 5% sanguinarium (ABDS‐S) to one quadrant in a split‐mouth study. An oral hygiene quadrant served as a control. The ABDS‐S treated and control periodontal sites as well as the saliva of 17 subjects were sampled prior to treatment, immediately after ABDS‐S removal at 7 days, and again at 30 and 60 days. At Day 7 sanguinariumresistant bacteria increased in both control and ABDS‐S periodontal sites as well as in the saliva. Enteric Gram‐negative bacilli in both control and ABDS‐S periodontal sites were 2.2 to 3.4 log colony forming units higher at Day 7 compared to baseline. This overgrowth was transient in that levels became undetectable at Days 30 and 60. No such overgrowth was observed for C. albicans or other fungi, or for S. aureus or other staphylococci in any periodontal sites. Levels of Actinomyces increased at Days 30 and 60 in both control and ABDS‐S sites as well as saliva. These changes strongly suggest that a 7 day ABDS‐S treatment in one quadrant of the mouth led to significant microbiota changes in the treated and control quadrants as well as in the saliva. Future microbial studies involving antimicrobials delivered by local delivery systems must consider the crossover effects of treatment inherent in the split‐mouth design. J Periodontol 1995;66:870–877.
The Effect of Ultrasonic Irrigation Before and After Citric Acid Treatment on Collagen Fibril Exposure: An In Vitro SEM Study
Authors: Higashi T. , Okamoto H.
Published: March 2012

The surface characteristics of periodontally diseased human teeth after two treatments were compared both before and after partial demineralization with citric acid. Thirteen teeth were obtained from patients with advanced periodontal disease. Three teeth were selected for control groups and 10 were used for experimental groups. All diseased root surfaces were identified and outlined. The roots were cut longitudinally into two sections. They were then scaled and root planed and the paired sections were separately classified into two control or two experimental groups. Three sections in control group 1 were rinsed by syringe with saline solution. The three sections in control group 2 were treated with ultrasonic irrigation. The 10 sections in experimental group 1 were rinsed by syringe with saline solution before and after citric acid application; the 10 sections in experimental group 2 were irrigated ultrasonically before and after citric acid application. The concentration of the citric acid was 25% (pH 1.62) and the immersion time was 3 minutes. The root samples were examined by scanning electron microscope. A significant amount of grinding debris covered on all the root surfaces in control group 1, whereas smear was removed in control group 2. The features of root surfaces of the two experimental groups differed considerably. All specimens in experimental group 2 exhibited collagen fibrils exposed as a consequence of citric acid etching. On the other hand, the smear layer was not thoroughly removed from the root surface in experimental group 1, which meant that few collagen fibrils were exposed after partial demineralization. From these results, ultrasonic irrigation before and after citric acid application improves exposure of collagen fibrils, which may be desirable for clinical success in periodontal regenerative therapy. J Periodontol 1995;66:887–891.
Familial Gingival Fibromatosis With Unusual Histologic Findings
Authors: Günhan Ömer , Gardner David G. , Bostanci Hamit , Günhari Meral
Published: March 2012

This article describes the occurrence of numerous calcifications, amyloid deposits, and islands of odontogenic epithelium in the gingiva of 3 siblings with familial gingival fibromatosis. These microscopic features have not been reported previously in patients with this condition. J Periodontol 1995;66:1008–1011.
Formation of Normal Gingival Epithelial Phenotypes Around Osseo‐Integrated Oral Implants in Humans
Authors: Mackenzie Ian C. , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: March 2012

The oral, oral sulcular, and junctional epithelia of the natural gingiva each possess distinct patterns of differentiation that are demonstrable both ultrastructurally and by their individual patterns of macromolecular synthesis. The supracrestal tissues reformed around oral implants structurally resemble those of natural gingiva but little is known about phenotypic changes occurring in the epithelia. To investigate whether peri‐implant epithelia acquire similar patterns of differentiation to those of natural gingiva, biopsies from the supracrestal regions of five oral implants were examined by immunofluorescent methods using a panel of monoclonal antibodies with specificities for individual‐cytokeratins and ICAM‐1, macromolecules which act as markers of the three gingival epithelial phenotypes. The observed staining patterns indicated the formation of oral, oral sulcular, and junctional epithelia which were phenotypically indistinguishable from those of natural gingival epithelia. This degree of reprogramming of epithelial gene expression is a surprising observation and the potential mechanisms leading to the development of those new epithelial phenotypes are discussed in the context of what is known about the development of natural gingiva, in terms of the possible effects of inflammation, and in relation to the known connective tissue influences on epithelial differentiation. J Periodontol 1995;66:933–943.
The Effect of an Antiseptic Mouthrinse on Implant Maintenance: Plaque and Peri‐Implant Gingival Tissues
Authors: Ciancio S. G. , Lauciello F. , Shibly O. , Vitello M. , Mather M.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this controlled double‐blind, parallel, randomized clinical study was to determine the effect of antiseptic mouthrinse on parameters important to dental implant maintenance. Plaque, peri‐implant gingivitis, gingival bleeding, probing depth, and attachment level were assessed over a 3‐month test period. Twenty healthy adult patients each of whom had at least two dental implants, a modified gingival index > 1.5, and a modified Quigley‐Hein plaque index score > 1.7 were enrolled into the study. After a thorough oral prophylaxis, patients were randomly assigned to either the antiseptic mouthrinse or a 5% hydroalcohol placebo mouthrinse group and instructed to rinse twice daily for 30 seconds with 20 ml of their assigned mouthrinse as an adjunct to their usual oral hygiene procedures. The baseline examination included plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index, probing depth measurement, and attachment level measurements. The plaque and gingival indices were rescored at 1, 2, and 3 months. Probing depths, attachment levels, and bleeding index were determined again at 3 months only. At the end of 3 months, the antiseptic mouthrinse group had statistically significant reductions in plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding index compared to the placebo group. There were no significant differences between groups in probing depth or attachment level. The results of this clinical study indicate that twice daily use of an antiseptic mouthrinse may provide benefits in the maintenance of dental implants. J Periodontol 1995;66:962–965.
Slow Release of Tetracycline Hydrochloride From a Cellulose Membrane Used in Guided Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Markman Cristina , Fracalanzza Sergio E.L. , Novaes Arthur B. , Novaes Arthur B.
Published: March 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate if the biologic membrane utilized for GTR can be impregnated by tetracycline hydrochloride and if the chemotherapeutic agent, once impregnated, can be released in minimal inhibitory concentrations for a period compatible with clinical application. Initially, an in vitro study was done with cellulose membranes cut in pieces measuring 9 cm2. A volume of 100 μl containing a 72,000 μg/ml solution of tetracycline was dispensed onto each fragment, and dried for 70 minutes at 37°C. Four pieces measuring 0.5 cm2 were cut from different points of the 9 cm2 membrane (presumably, containing 400 μg of tetracycline), placed in test tubes containing 4 ml of sterile deionized water, and agitated for 2 minutes. A standard curve was made from known concentrations of tetracycline and compared to 10 μl of the test solutions obtained by the elution of the 0.5 cm2 fragments. The concentrations were determined through the bioassay technique in 3 duplicate experiments. The samples recovered from the membrane fragments had a mean of 101 μg/ml of tetracycline liberated, demonstrating that the membrane was impregnated homogeneously by the chemotherapeutic agent. In a second phase, an in vivo study was carried out to determine the length of time the drug was liberated from the membranes and at which concentrations, in the presence of an inflammatory process. Fourteen 0.5 cm2 fragments containing 400 μg of tetracycline were placed in 14 polypropylene chambers containing 200 μl of thioglycolate medium. The chambers were implanted in the peritoneal cavities of 14 mice, one chamber per animal, and left in from 1 to 14 days. They were then removed and the concentrations of tetracycline determined from 20 μl samples using a bioassay. The results showed that the antibiotic was released slowly from the 1st through the 12th day in decreasing concentrations that varied from 218 to 20.8 μg/ml. The impregnated cellulose membrane can probably be used in GTR acting as a membrane and as a slowrelease device, liberating the chemotherapeutic agent in concentrations high enough to eliminate periodontopathic microorganisms. J Periodontol 1995;66:978–983.
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis, Periodontitis, and Stomatitis: Clinical Staging and Predisposing Factors
Authors: Horning Gregory M. , Cohen Mark E.
Published: March 2012

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP), and necrotizing stomatitis (NS), collectively termed necrotizing gingivostomatitis (NG), represent a dramatic, but rare oral infection associated with diminished systemic resistance, including HIV infection. Over a 5‐year period, 68 consecutive NG patients from a population with known HIV status were evaluated and treated. Lesions were staged (modified Pindborg), and clinical findings and predictor variables were compared to 68 random control subjects without NG. Most cases (52%) were stage 1, with necrosis of the tip of the interdental papilla only; 19% were stage 2, with the entire papilla affected; 22% had necrosis of marginal (stage 3) or attached gingiva (stage 4); and 7% were more advanced, with mucosal necrosis or bone exposure. Attachment loss was a feature of stage 2 or greater NG. Beside HIV infection, significant predisposing factors included poor oral hygiene, unusual life stress, inadequate sleep, Caucasian race, age 18 to 21 years, and recent illness. Ten of 68 NG patients were HIV‐positive. These patients were older than seronegative patients, less likely to be Caucasian, and maintained better oral hygiene and sleep. HIV‐positive NG cases were clinically indistinguishable from HIV‐negative cases in this series. J Periodontol 1995;66:990–998.
CO2 Lasers and Temperature Changes of Titanium Implants
Authors: Oyster David K. , Parker William B. , Gher Marlin E.
Published: March 2012

Lasers may be useful in uncovering submerged implants or in removing contaminants from “ailing” implants. The purposes of this study were to record temperature changes at the bone‐titanium implant interface when using a CO2 laser to: 1) uncover the implant at second stage surgery; and 2) “decontaminate” exposed implant threads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize surface changes of lased implants, both uncontaminated or contaminated with blood or saliva. In part one, 28 titanium implants, measuring 3.75 mm by 7 to 20 mm, were placed into room temperature, fresh, resected pig mandibles and covered with a flap of gingiva. The overlying tissue was removed with a CO2 laser at different power levels. Bone‐implant interface temperatures were measured with a thermocouple near the top of the implant, and 5 to 7 mm apical to the osseous crest. The effects of implant size, power level, tissue thickness, and operation time were evaluated. In part two, 5 mm by 4 mm bony dehiscences were created on 3 implants in one mandible and the exposed fixture threads lased at varying times and power levels. The results from part one showed temperature increases at the top thermocouple ranged from 4.2 to 16.8°C and increases at the bottom thermocouple ranged from 2.0 to 11.5°C. The results from part two showed temperature increases at the top thermocouple ranged from 1.2 to 11.7°C and increases at the bottom thermocouple from 0.0 to 5.0°C. If baseline ambient temperatures are 37°C, then the temperature at the bone‐implant interface might exceed 50°C. SEM revealed no gross surface changes in lased uncontaminated implants, but laser treatment alone of contaminated implants failed to completely remove saliva or blood. Further study is needed regarding temperature increases and surface changes induced by lasers that may adversely affect osseointegration. J Periodontol 1995;66:1017–1024.
Botryoid Odontogenic Cyst: Analysis of 33 Cases
Authors: Gurol Muhtar , Burkes E. Jeff , Jacoway John
Published: March 2012

The botryoid odontogenic cyst is considered to be a multiloculated variant of the lateral periodontal cyst. Fewer than 40 of these lesions have been described, many of which have recurred. This paper describes the demographic, clinical, microscopic, and radiographic features of 33 unreported cases from the files of the Oral Pathology Biopsy Service at the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry. Our findings are in agreement with previously published cases for an average age of 57 years and the most common site for occurrence in the lower premolar area. Follow‐up information on 12 patients determined that 2 had recurrences. J Periodontol 1995;66:1069–1073.
Bacterial‐Stimulated Cytokine Production of Peripheral Mononuclear Cells From Patients of Various Periodontitis Categories
Authors: Kjeldsen M. , Holmstrup P. , Lindemann R. A. , Bendtzen K.
Published: March 2012

Periodontitis is a general term for disease categories, including juvenile periodontitis (JP), rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP), and adult periodontitis (AP), which may or may not share a common etiology and pathogenesis. These disease categories are characterized by differences in progression of tissue destruction and differences in age group susceptibility, but not, to our knowledge, by differences in cytokine responses of inflammatory cells. The present study examined blood cell counts and interindividual variation in the ability of PBMC of patients in three different catgories of periodontitis to produce cytokines after stimulation with different oral bacterial species in vitro. The AP group had a significantly lower production of IL‐Ira when stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) (P < 0.05). Streptococcus sanguis (S.s.), which is associated with normal periodontal conditions, induced extremely high levels of IL‐lα and TNFα production in all groups. The RPP group had a significantly higher number of monocytes (MC) than the AP group (P < 0.05). Additionally, JP patients had a significantly higher concentration of polymorphonuclear granulocytes compared to juvenile controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, IL‐lα, TNFα, or IL‐6 production by peripheral blood MC after in vitro stimulation with oral bacterial type stains may not distinguish different categories of periodontitis. The results support the hypothesis that the cytokine IL‐Ira is produced in different concentrations in the two groups: RPP and AP. Furthermore, elevated MC concentration in the RPP group compared to the AP group may be an important pathogenic feature in RPP. J Periodontol 1995; 66:139–144.
Detection of Actinobacillus actinotnycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Bacteroides forsythus in an A. actinomycetemcomitans‐Positive Patient Population
Authors: Listgarten M.A. , Wong M.‐Y. , Lai C‐H.
Published: March 2012

A population of 33 subjects were selected on the basis that all had tested positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans at some time during the prior 7 years. Most subjects (31/33) belonged to families with a proband with confirmed localized juvenile periodontitis (JP); however, most subjects had no evidence of the typical lesions associated with JP. Two additional subjects with rapidly progressive periodontitis, known to be positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans, were also recruited. The patients with a history of JP had been treated, but were no longer enrolled in a regular maintenance program. With 3 exceptions, the subjects had not received any dental treatment or antibiotics in the past 3 months. One aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and B. forsythus in this population. The main purpose was to compare the relative sensitivity of various methods for detecting these periodontal pathogens. Pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected from all the mesial surfaces and aliquots of the suspension processed for the detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans by culture and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) to serotypes a, b, and c. P. gingivalis and B. forsythus were monitored with a DNA probe and IF. With culture, A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 39.4% of the samples, at a mean level of 0.64% of the cultivable counts. With IF, A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 81.8% of the samples, at levels of 0.40, 0.79, and 0.17% of the total counts for serotypes a, b and c respectively. Overall, IF was more likely to detect A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and B. forsythus than any of the other methods. However, many of the levels of recovery were low. If critical levels of recovery are necessary for disease onset and the culture or probe is sensitive enough to detect the target species at these levels, then the greater sensitivity of IF may not be needed. Nevertheless, until these critical levels are more clearly defined the greater sensitivity of IF may be advantageous. J Periodontol 1995; 66:158–164.
Histological Location of a Standardized Periodontal Probe in Man
Authors: Aguero Alfred , Garnick Jerry J. , Keagle James , Steflik David E. , Thompson William O.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to locate the position of the periodontal probe tip using a pressure of 126 N/cm2 (force of 0.30N using a round periodontal probe tip with a diameter of 0.55 mm). The influence of gingival inflammation on this position was also studied. Subjects with three levels of periodontal health and disease were entered into the study and each contributed one experimental tooth. At each site a standardized probing system was used to place a probe into a clinical pocket. The probe tip was luted to the test tooth surface. The tooth with its gingival tissue and probe tip was extracted, fixed, and processed for histological measurements. Distances in mm were obtained from the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) to the probe tip, to the base of the crevice/pocket, and to the most coronal connective tissue attachment. Analysis of the data indicated that clinical inflammation was not a factor in the placement of the probe tip at crevice/pocket's landmarks relative to the CEJ; however variability of probing may have caused the nonsignificance. The probing system placed the probe tip 0.66 mm apical to the base of the crevice/pocket and 0.06 mm coronal to the most coronal connective tissue attachment. These conclusions corroborated the results of the previous study in dogs which predicted probe placement of 0.44 mm apical to the base of the crevice using the standardized pressure of this probing system. J Periodontol 1995; 66:184–190.
The Effectiveness of a Disposable Tooth Cleansing Device on Plaque
Authors: Lefkoff Maureen H. , Beck F. Michael , Horton John E.
Published: March 2012

A disposable polyester foam sponge on a stick, impregnated with a non‐foaming dentifrice, has been widely dispensed to hospitalized and nursing home patients for intraoral cleansing and refreshing. Since no information was found relative to tooth cleansing capabilities, we have evaluated its effectiveness in the removal of accumulated plaque and also in prevention of plaque accumulation. Removal of 72 hours of accumulated plaque was assessed in a cross‐over design study comparing the device with a commercially‐available toothbrush by two different groups of 13 and 29 adult, healthy subjects who used each instrument for 1 and 3 minutes respectively. No significant differences were found between mean scores assessed by Turesky's modification of the Quigley‐Hein plaque index by either group using either instrument at either time period (P >0.05). Prevention of plaque accumulation was assessed in a third group of 25 subjects who used each instrument an average of 3 times a day for 1 week in a cross‐over study. While the toothbrush was found significantly more effective in retarding the accumulation of plaque from a plaque‐free baseline on both facial and lingual surfaces (P <0.02), the tooth cleansing device still retained plaque‐preventive capabilities by maintaining plaque formation below 2 mm at the cervical margin of the tooth. Results of this study indicate the tooth cleansing device may be a viable alternative to conventional toothbrushes. J Periodontol 1995; 66:218–221.
Lack of Effect of Oral Hygiene Training on Periodontal Disease Progression Over 3 Years in Adolescents
Authors: Albandar Jasim M. , Buischi Yvonne A.P. , Oliveira Luciene B. , Axelsson Per
Published: March 2012

A comprehensive new oral hygiene training program has lately been described and found effective in controlling dental plaque formation and in significantly reducing the incidence of approximal dental caries and gingivitis in adolescents. This study investigated the long‐term effect of plaque control on the progression of periodontal diseases in adolescents. A group of 227 Brazilian schoolchildren were followed up over a period of 3 years. The children were divided randomly into 3 groups. The first group was given a needs‐related intensive program which combined detailed information to parents and children pertaining to the etiology and prevention of dental diseases, instructions in self‐diagnosis of plaque and gingivitis, and a detailed oral hygiene training based on individual needs, together with continued feedback and motivation during the entire 3 years. The second group was given a similar program, but through shorter sessions and with no motivation and feedback and no training in self‐diagnosis. A control group received no motivation sessions or oral hygiene training. The 3 groups were examined radiographically at baseline and annually at 3 subsequent occasions. The data were analyzed with a multi‐level variance analysis. The frequency of subjects showing sites with alveolar bone loss increased steadily during the entire period in all groups. Neither of the training programs had a significant effect on the alveolar bone level during 3 years compared to the control group. Generally, girls demonstrated higher proportions of approximal tooth surfaces showing radiographic bone loss, though not statistically significant. In this population the supragingival plaque control lacked any significant effect on periodontal disease progression. This may indicate that secondary prevention of early periodontitis in adolescents is more appropriate than primary prevention, and stresses the importance of early identification of periodontitis‐risk subjects. The findings may also imply that the constituents of the subgingival microflora and/or deficiencies in the host immune system are significant determinants of early onset periodontitis. J Periodontol 1995; 66:255–260.
The Modified Papilla Preservation Technique. A New Surgical Approach for Interproximal Regenerative Procedures
Authors: Cortellini Pierpaolo , Prato Giovanpaolo Pini , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: March 2012

A modification of the papilla preservation technique has been applied to achieve primary closure of the interproximal tissue over barrier membranes placed coronal to the alveolar crest. Fifteen patients with deep intrabony interproximal defects were treated. Defects had a probing attachment level loss of 9.9 ± 3.2 mm and a recession of the gingival margin of 1.7 ± 1.6 mm. The depth of the intrabony component was 5.5 ± 2.9 mm; while the suprabony component was 5.9 ± 2.0 mm. Titanium‐reinforced teflon membranes were placed 1.3 ± 0.7 mm from the cemento‐enamel junction, 4.5 ± 1.6 mm coronal to the interproximal alveolar bone crest. Primary closure over the interproximal portion of the membrane was obtained in 93% of cases. In 73% of the cases complete coverage of the membrane was maintained until its removal at 6 weeks. These data indicate that the modified papilla preservation technique can be successfully applied to obtain primary closure of the interdental space in regenerative procedures with barrier membranes. J Periodontol 1995; 66:261–266
Effects of Tetracycline HCl Conditioning and Fibrin‐Fibronectin System Application in the Treatment of Buccal Gingival Recession With Guided Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Schincaglia Gian Pietro , Zangari Francesca , Griselli Alessandra , Scabbia Alessandro , Calura Giorgio
Published: March 2012

A split‐mouth clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effect of treating deep wide buccal gingival recession with guided tissue regeneration using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane combined with tetracycline HCl (TTC) root conditioning and fibrin‐fibronecfin sealing system (FFSS) application. Eight patients, aged 25 to 57 years, each presenting two similar mucogingival defects, were selected. The two bilateral recessions were randomly assigned in each patient to either test or control treatment procedure. After initial therapy, each patient was examined for assessment of plaque, gingivitis, recession depth (RD), probing depth (PD), probing attachment level (PAL), and keratinized tissue width (KT). The test procedure included the elevation of mucoperiosteal flap at the buccal aspect of the alveolar process. The root was debrided and demineralized with 100 mg/ml TTC solution for 4 minutes using a burnishing technique with cotton pellets. A teflon membrane was secured and a film of FFSS was applied between the membrane and the root surface. The buccal flap was sutured to completely submerge the membrane. Control treatment included gingival flap surgery with barrier membrane alone. After 6 weeks, the membrane was removed. Healing was evaluated 6 months after surgery. Both test and control procedures resulted in highly significant recession reduction (3.0 mm ± 1.1 and 2.6 mm ± 1.2, respectively) and attachment gain (3.6 mm ± 1.7 and 2.6 mm ± 1.1, respectively). Mean root coverage was of 67% in the TTC+FFSS treated sites and 60% in membrane‐only treated sites. However, only treatment with TTC+FFSS significantly reduced PD and increased KT (P <0.05). When treatments were compared, changes in PD and PAL were significantly greater in TTC + FFSS treated sites (P <0.05). These findings suggest that guided tissue regeneration with barrier membrane is a predictable procedure to treat gingival recession. Clinical results appear to be enhanced by the additional application of fibrin‐fibronectin glue to tetracycline treated roots. J Periodontol 1995; 66:313–320.
Serum Antibodies to Porphyromonas gingivalis in Children
Authors: Sixou Jean‐Louis , Bonnaure‐Mallet Martine , Mouton Christian
Published: March 2012

Serum samples from 41 periodontally healthy children aged 1 to 16 years were examined by ELISA for the presence of antibodies against a glass bead‐EDTA cell surface extract (GBE) and LPS of Porphyromonas gingivalis strain ATCC 33277. P. gingivalis was detected by immunofluorescence, using a species‐specific monoclonal antibody, in 41% (17/41) of the children, and isolated from a single subject (2.4%). IgM, IgG, and IgA against GBE were detected in respectively 39/41 (95%), 41/41 (100%), and 27/41 (66%) of the sera. In 22/39 sera, the IgG titer was below 50% that of a reference pool of adult sera (RP). In 13/41, the IgM titer was higher than that of the RP, mostly in the deciduous dentition group. Detectable IgA titers were always below 67% that of the RP. A polarized distribution of the children appeared, separating 21 non‐ and low IgA responders (IgA titer below 10% that of the RP) from the remaining 20 subjects. Anti‐LPS IgG, IgM, and IgA were detected in 41/41 (100%), 39/41 (95%), and 23/38 (61%) respectively of the children. In 32/41 sera, the anti‐LPS IgG titer was below 50% that of the RP, while in 20/39 sera, IgM titers were higher. A clearcut dichotomy in IgA response was observed, allowing us to distinguish non‐IgA responders (39%) and IgA responders to LPS (61%). Our results indicate that serum antibodies to P. gingivalis are highly prevalent in children, suggesting that an active primary immune response and a secondary immune response are well underway. Discordant results between detection rate, either by culture or by immunofluorescence, and prevalence of antibodies suggest that few but highly immunogenic cells of P. gingivalis are distributed at discrete sites in the oral cavity where they escape sampling for detection procedures. Thus our data support the hypothesis of P. gingivalis being a member of the endogenous oral microflora in humans. J Periodontol 1995; 66:369–376.
Guided Tissue Regeneration in Human Furcation Defects After Using a Biodegradable Barrier: A Multi‐Center Feasibility Study
Authors: Poison Alan M. , Garrett Steven , Stoller Norman H. , Greenstein Gary , Poison Anne P. , Harrold Charles Q. , Laster Larry
Published: March 2012

This multi‐center study evaluated guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in Class II furcation defects using a polylactic acid biodegradable barrier in 29 patients with mandibular and maxillary molar defects. Following an initial hygienic phase, surgical flaps were elevated, and the sites scaled and root planed. Furcation defect perimeter was measured and a customized barrier (thickness 600 to 750 μ) was applied to cover the defect. Barriers adhered directly to tooth and bone. At baseline, sites were measured for probing depth (PD) (6.0 ± 0.2 [SE] mm), gingival margin location (GML) (−0.2 ± 0.2 mm), and attachment level in both vertical (AL‐V) (6.2 ± 0.2 mm) and horizontal (AL‐H) (5.4 ± 0.2 mm) directions. After the surgical procedure, there was good compatibility between the gingival tissues and barrier material. Clinically, barriers fragmented and became displaced in 3 to 6 weeks. Substantial granulation tissue was sometimes present between barrier and root surfaces. Comprehensive periodontal examination parameters were measured 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months after baseline. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate changes from baseline. At 6 and 12 months postsurgery, GML was close to the presurgical level (−0.5 ± 0.2 mm). There was clinically and statistically significant improvement in all other parameters: mean PD reduction (2.2 mm), AL‐V gain (1.7 mm), and AL‐H gain (2.5 mm). These results indicated favorable clinical regenerative outcomes after using this barrier material in Class II furcation defects in humans. J Periodontol 1995; 66:377–385.