bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Model for the Quantitative Treatment of Hot Displacement Reactions
Authors: Baer M. , Amiel S.
Published: November 2013

An attempt is made to calculate the reaction cross‐section for hot isotopic displacement reactions of the type ZY + X → ZX + Y, where X and Y are isotopes. For this purpose, a model is assumed which permits a simple (classical) treatment of the three interacting particles. The results are compared with those obtained by Karplus et al., for the reaction H2 + T → HT + H, and with experiment. In both cases a good fit was obtained.
Flash Photolysis of the Oxybromine Anions
Authors: Amichai (Haimovich) O. , Czapski G. , Treinin A.
Published: November 2013

The flash photolysis of BrO3−, BrO2− and BrO− in strongly alkaline solutions was investigated. The formation of O3− in oxygen containing solutions indicates that the three oxybromine anions undergo the primary photochemical process magnified image. The decay rate of O3− is enhanced by the oxybromine anions; this is ascribed to the reactions of BrOn− with O− and OH. From the study of the ozonide decay rate as a function of BrOn− concentration and pH, the rate constants for the reactions of BrOn− with O− and OH could be determined. The production of BrO2 from BrO3−, in amount equal to that of O−, was demonstrated. BrO2 is also produced from BrO2−, presumably by secondary reactions of BrO and O− with BrO2−.
The Kinetics of Complexed and Free Ho2 Radical in the Reaction of Ce+4 and H2O2
Authors: Czapski G. , Samuni A.
Published: November 2013

The intermediates formed in the reaction of Ce+4 with H2O2 in 0.5 M perchloric acid were studied, spectrophotometrically and through the quenching method, using a stopped‐flow system. The spectrum in the UV range and the kinetics of the generated radicals and their dependence on Ce+3 concentration were investigated. On adding Ce+3 to the mixture, a change in the spectrum as well as in the recombination rate constant was observed. This behaviour was attributed to the formation of a complex between the cerous ion and the HO2 radical. The values of the recombination rate constant of the complexed radical is 4.0 ± 0.4·106 F−1 sec−1 while that of the free HO2 radical is 0.9 ± 0.1·106 F−1 sec−1. The stabilization constant of the complex was found to be 60 ± 18 F−1.
The Absorption Spectrum of the Ferrocyanide Ion in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Shirom Miriam , Stein G.
Published: November 2013

Environmental effects on the absorption spectrum of the ferrocyanide ion in solution are used to detect the existence of a C.T.T.S. band overlaid by two intraionic transitions. pH effects on the spectrum are correlated with the known ionic equilibria.
Raman Spectrum of Iodine Pentafluoride: Evidence for Polymerization in the Liquid State
Authors: Selig H. , Holzman H.
Published: November 2013

Raman spectra of iodine pentafluoride have been measured for the gas as well as for the liquid as a function of temperature. The intense polarized band which appears in the room temperature spectra of the liquid at 697 cm−1 and a weaker, previously unreported, band at 218 cm−1 are absent both from the gas spectra and from the elevated temperature spectra of the liquid. This indicates that these bands arise from the presence of polymers in the liquid state rather than from Fermi resonance.
Pyrolytic Reactions of Carbohydrates. Part III. Thermal Decomposition of D‐Glucose in the Presence of Additives
Authors: Houminer Y. , Patai S.
Published: November 2013

The thermal decomposition of glucose and in some cases of fructose, at 160° was studied in the presence of a variety of additives of basic, acidic and neutral nature. The different classes of additives were found to catalyse or inhibit different steps in the overall decomposition process; acidic additives mainly catalyse dehydration processes while basic additives enhance isomerization and fragmentation reactions together with dehydration.
On the Relation Between TSH Administration In Vivo and the Activities of Several Glycolytic, Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes in the Rat Thyroid Gland
Authors: Kopelovich L.
Published: November 2013

The effect of TSH, administered In vivo, on the activities of enzymes concerned with glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the rat thyroid gland was investigated. In control animals, the activity pattern of these enzymes closely resembles that found in sheep thyroid gland. The apparent increase in the specific activity of all enzymes during TSH administration was attributed to a concomitant loss of protein from the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland by intracellular proteolysis. However, TSH seems to affect the Intracellular distribution of hexokinase activity in the rat thyroid gland. It Is suggested that the latter observation could explain, in part, the apparent increase in glucose utilization by TSH in this tissue.
The Detection of Parallel Reactions by the Temperature‐Jump Method
Authors: Koren Ruth , Perlmutter‐Hayman Berta
Published: November 2013

When a reaction of the type A ⇋ 2B (I) is accompanied by a parallel, autocatalytic reaction A + B ⇋ 3B (II), the expression for the reciprocal relaxation time contains one concentration‐independent term, derived from reaction (I) in the forward direction, and two terms linear in [B], one derived from reaction (I) in the reverse direction, and one derived from reaction (II) in the forward direction (in addition to a quadratic term). In such a case, the equilibrium constant for the reaction cannot be determined from relaxation experiments. It is suggested that the experimental results obtained in the acid hydrolysis of the dichromate ion can be explained on this basis.
Properties of Chemically Crosslinked Low‐Density Polyethylene
Authors: Narkis M. , Miltz J.
Published: November 2013

Studies on the mechanical properties of chemically crosslinked polyethylene at room temperature and at 135°C are presented. The properties of unfilled samples are studied as function of the gel content and of loaded samples as function of the carbon black content. The mechanical behavior differs below and above the crystalline melting region, and conclusions cannot be carried from one range to the other.
The Photochemistry of Oxyanions
Authors: Treinin A.
Published: November 2013

The various primary processes in excited oxyanions are discussed. The most common processes appear to involve one‐unit change of oxidation number (one electron processes): the generation of e−aq and O−aq (or OHaq). The production of oxygen atoms (a two‐electron process) occurs only with central atoms having high electron‐affinities. There is no convincing evidence for one‐step evolution of O2. Some major secondary processes are also discussed.
Photochemical Effects in Polar Rigid Media
Authors: Joussot‐Dubien Jacques , Lesclaux Robert
Published: November 2013

Photochemical effects occurring in rigid polar matrices are reviewed. Organic solutes in aqueous, alcoholic rigid solutions and in boric acid glasses are considered in some details. Electron photodetachment of solutes, sensitized photodetachment of solutes, solvent sensitized decomposition, solute sensitized decomposition and reaction with host are discussed.
Photoacoustic and photothermal cytometry using photoswitchable proteins and nanoparticles with ultrasharp resonances
Authors: Galanzha Ekaterina I. , Nedosekin Dmitry A. , Sarimollaoglu Mustafa , Orza Anamaria Ioana , Biris Alexandru S. , Verkhusha Vladislav V. , Zharov Vladimir P.
Published: November 2013

Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (PSFPs) with controllable spectral shifts in emission in response to light have led to breakthroughs in cell biology. Conventional photoswitching, however, is not applicable to weakly fluorescent proteins. As an alternative, photothermal (PT) and photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy have demonstrated a tremendous potential for studying absorbing nonfluorescent proteins and nanoparticles. However, little progress has been made in the development of switchable PT and PA probes with controllable spectral shifts in absorption. Here, we introduce the concept of photothermally switchable nanoparticles (PTSNs). To prove the concept, we demonstrated fast, reversible magnetic–PT switching of conventional and gold‐coated magnetic nanoparticle clusters in cancer cells in vitro and PT switching of nonlinear ultrasharp plasmonic resonances in gold nanorods molecularly targeted to circulating cells in vivo. We showed that genetically encoded PSFPs with relatively slow switching can serve as triple‐modal fluorescent, PT, and PA probes under static conditions, while PTSNs with ultrafast switching may provide higher PA sensitivity in the near‐infrared window of tissue transparency under dynamic flow conditions. Application of nonlinear phenomena for super‐resolution spectral PT and PA cytometry, microscopy, and spectral burning beyond the diffraction and spectral limits are also proposed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic displacement force and torque on dental keepers in the static magnetic field of an MR scanner
Authors: Omatsu Mika , Obata Takayuki , Minowa Kazuyuki , Yokosawa Koichi , Inagaki Eri , Ishizaka Kinya , Shibayama Koichi , Yamamoto Toru
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of the static magnetic field of magnetic resonance (MR) scanners on keepers (ie, ferromagnetic stainless steel plate adhered to the abutment tooth of dental magnetic attachments).

Materials and Methods

Magnetically induced displacement force and torque on keepers were measured using 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3.0 T MR scanners and a method outlined by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Changes in magnetic flux density before and after exposure to scanner static magnetic field were examined.

Results

The maximum magnetically induced displacement forces were calculated to be 10.3 × 10−2 N at 1.5 T and 13.9 × 10−2 N at 3.0 T on the cover surface. The maximum torques exerted on the keeper (4 mm in diameter) were 0.83 N × 4 mm at 1.5 T and 0.85 N × 4 mm at 3.0 T. These forces were considerably higher than the gravitational force (7.7 × 10−4 N) of the keeper but considerably lower than the keeper‐root cap proper adhesive force. The keepers' magnetic flux density remained less than that of the Earth.

Conclusion

Magnetically induced displacement force and torque on the keeper in the MR scanner do not influence the keeper‐root cap proper adhesive force.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1481–1486. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intellectual Property in Preferential Trade Agreements: What Treaties, What Content?
Authors: Seuba Xavier
Published: November 2013

Preferential trade agreements have become a major source of international intellectual property regulation. This paper analyses the preferential trade agreements notified to the World Trade Organization and identifies which among them regulate intellectual property in a significant manner, which is the level of development of treaty members, what the general structure of the covenants is, what categories of intellectual property are covered and what areas of intellectual property enforcement are addressed in each treaty. The objective is to present the wider picture, describe the characteristics of intellectual property regulation via PTAs, and facilitate future research in particular areas of interest. The analysis of the 141 PTAs that regulate intellectual property in a meaningful allows drawing the attention on aspects such as the transplantation of intellectual property law and the increasingly detailed and demanding content of the treaties, as well as observing other probably unexpected features, particularly concerning intellectual property enforcement and the interests of developing countries.
Classification performance comprehensive evaluation of an air classifier based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Yu Y. , Liu J.
Published: November 2013

The classification performance evaluation goal for an air classifier is usually limited to one of the classification performance indices including cut size, classification precision, Newton classification efficiency and degree of dispersion. This method hardly evaluates these performance indices of an air classifier comprehensively and suitably. In order to evaluate the classification performance truly and synthetically, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to calculate the weights of the classification performance indices after determining the hierarchical model in the present paper. The dimensionless transformation eliminates the effect of the different dimensions. Then, the comprehensive evaluation value of the classification performance for each experiment is obtained using the linear weighted method. The maximum value corresponds to the best classification performance among these evaluation values. In the present study, a turbo air classifier is used as the classification system and talc powders are used as materials. The best classification performance indices are a cut size of 16.5 μm, a classification precision of 0.59, a Newton classification efficiency of 57%, and a degree of dispersion of 2.13. The corresponding optimal operational parameter combinations are: the feeding speed is 40 kg·h–1, the air inlet velocity is 5 m·s–1 and the rotor cage's rotary speed is 1200·min–1. This assessment method avoids the limitation of evaluating a single classification performance index and the incomplete information derived from single factor experiments. Furthermore, the method also provides quantitative evaluation criteria for the classification performance of an air classifier. In the proposed method, the classification performance indices can be selected and the precedence relation matrix of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process can be set flexibly according to production requirements.
Proteasome inhibitors for malignancy‐related lambert‐eaton myasthenic syndrome
Authors: Wang Chen , Chen Shaobo , Feng Bing , Guan Yuzhou
Published: November 2013

Lambert‐Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by autoantibodies against presynaptic voltage‐gated calcium channels that impair neuromuscular transmission. Malignancies, especially small cell lung cancer (SCLC), have been associated with LEMS and account for approximately 60% of cases, making malignancy management a central step in LEMS therapy. In addition, immunosuppressive therapy is also recommended for symptomatic control. Interestingly, both pathological and epidemiological data suggest that the autoimmune response can inhibit progression of tumors in malignancy‐associated LEMS. Thus, conventional broad‐spectrum immunosuppressants may not be effective agents for treatment of LEMS, especially in those with malignancy‐associated LEMS. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that proteasome inhibitors can eliminate antibody‐producing cells efficiently, block dendritic cell maturation, and have anti‐tumor activity. We hypothesize that proteasome inhibitors may be promising agents for treatment of malignancy‐related LEMS. Muscle Nerve 49:325–328, 2014
The special‐linear update: An application of differential manifold theory to the update of isochoric plasticity flow rules
Authors: Hurtado D.E. , Stainier L. , Ortiz M.
Published: November 2013

The evolution of plastic deformations in metals, governed by incompressible flow rules, has been traditionally solved using the exponential mapping. However, the accurate calculation of the exponential mapping and its tangents may result in computationally demanding schemes in some cases, while common low‐order approximations may lead to poor behavior of the constitutive update because of violation of the incompressibility condition. Here, we introduce the special‐linear (SL) update for isochoric plasticity, a flow‐rule integration scheme based on differential manifolds concepts. The proposed update exactly enforces the plastic incompressibility condition while being first‐order accurate and consistent with the flow rule, thus bearing all the desirable properties of the now standard exponential mapping update. In contrast to the exponential‐mapping update, we demonstrate that the SL update can drastically reduce the computing time, reaching one order of magnitude speed‐ups in the calculation of the update tangents. We demonstrate the applicability of the update by way of simulation of single‐crystal plasticity uniaxial loading tests. We anticipate that the SL update will open the way to efficient constitutive updates for the solution of complex multiscale material models, thus making it a very promising tool for large‐scale simulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic profiling of N‐linked glycoproteins identifies ConA‐binding procathepsin D as a novel serum biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Qi Yi‐Jun , Ward Douglas G. , Pang Chun , Wang Qi‐Ming , Wei Wenbin , Ma Jin , Zhang Juan , Lou Qiang , Shimwell Neil J. , Martin Ashley , Wong Nathalie , Chao Wei‐Xia , Wang Ming , Ma Yuan‐Fang , Johnson Philip J.
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to identify novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of, and potential therapeutic targets for, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multilectin affinity chromatography was used to enrich N‐linked glycoproteins from nontumorous liver and HCC tissues followed by 2DE and protein identification by MS. Twenty‐eight differentially expressed proteins were identified. Western blotting validated consistently lower concentrations of human liver carboxylesterase 1 and haptoglobin, and higher concentration of procathepsin D (pCD) in HCC tissues. Knockdown of cathepsin D (CD) expression mediated by siRNA significantly inhibited the in vitro invasion of two HCC cell lines, SNU449 and SNU473, which normally secrete high‐levels of CD. Prefractionation using individual lectins demonstrated an elevation in ConA‐binding glycoforms of proCD and CD in HCC tissues. In the serum of HCC patients, “ConA‐binding proCD” (ConA‐pCD) is significantly increased in concentration and this increase is comprised of several distinct upregulated acidic isoforms (pI 4.5–5.5). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of serum ConA‐pCD for HCC diagnosis were 85% and 80%, respectively. This is the first report that serum ConA‐pCD is increased significantly in HCC and is potentially useful as a serological biomarker for diagnosis of HCC.
Mining antimicrobial peptides from small open reading frames in Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Lu Yongzhong , Zhuang Yu , Liu Jie
Published: November 2013

Though being able to encode various kinds of bioactive peptides, small open reading frames (sORFs) are poorly annotated in many genomic data. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of sORFs in encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the basal chordate model Ciona intestinalis. About 4.8 m genomic sequence was first retrieved for sORFs mining by the program sORFfinder, then the sORFs were translated into amino acid sequences for AMP prediction via CAMP server, and thereafter, ten putative AMPs were selected for expression and antimicrobial activity validation. In total, over 180 peptides deduced from the sORFs were predicted to be AMPs. Among the ten tested peptides, six were found to have significant expressed sequence tag matches, providing strong evidence for gene expression; five were proved to be active against the bacterial strains. These results indicate that many sORFs in C. intestinalis genome contain AMP information. This work can serve as an important initial step to investigate the role of sORFs in the innate defense of C. intestinalis. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inference for the median residual life function in sequential multiple assignment randomized trials
Authors: Kidwell Kelley M. , Ko Jin H. , Wahed Abdus S.
Published: November 2013

In survival analysis, median residual lifetime is often used as a summary measure to assess treatment effectiveness; it is not clear, however, how such a quantity could be estimated for a given dynamic treatment regimen using data from sequential randomized clinical trials. We propose a method to estimate a dynamic treatment regimen‐specific median residual life (MERL) function from sequential multiple assignment randomized trials. We present the MERL estimator, which is based on inverse probability weighting, as well as, two variance estimates for the MERL estimator. One variance estimate follows from Lunceford, Davidian and Tsiatis' 2002 survival function‐based variance estimate and the other uses the sandwich estimator. The MERL estimator is evaluated, and its two variance estimates are compared through simulation studies, showing that the estimator and both variance estimates produce approximately unbiased results in large samples. To demonstrate our methods, the estimator has been applied to data from a sequentially randomized leukemia clinical trial. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Applicability of Statistical Process Control to Systems Involving People Processes and Business Rhythms
Authors: Dever Jason , Mazzuchi Thomas A. , Sarkani Shahram , Mihalcin Matthew J. , Loewenthal Alex
Published: November 2013

The operation and maintenance (O&M) activities of systems can account for 75% of total lifecycle cost. To effectively manage cost, optimize system “on” time, and mitigate defects/failures during the O&M phase of a system's lifecycle, the application of systems monitoring and control is encouraged. Statistical process control (SPC) in general, the control chart specifically, is the most common monitoring approach. The control chart provides alerts with respect to the behavior of systems and processes, as well as changes in process variability. Data applied to control charts is assumed to adhere to a normal distribution, a constraint often satisfied in manufacturing and similar industries where the natural variation in the process or system follows the Gaussian distribution. Systems involving people processes and business rhythms can compromise the normality assumption, reducing the reliability of SPC. Through the application of SPC, this paper proposes a novel approach to monitoring operational systems in the systems engineering O&M phase for the express purpose of reducing high costs by mitigating system discrepancies and uncovering inefficiencies. This paper focuses on processes that require 100% system data sampling due to the operational nature of the system.
Componentization in the Systems Modeling Language
Authors: Bock Conrad
Published: November 2013

This paper describes new capabilities in the Systems Modeling Language that reduce the complexity of specifying systems through componentization, and increase the range of systems that can be specified. Modelers can identify portions of components available for connection to other components, and specify how systems make use of them. This reduces the complexity of specifying system by lowering the number of ways components can be connected, partly by hiding portions of components, and partly by limiting how exposed portions can be connected to others. The paper introduces basic SysML concepts and notations for specifying components and assembling them into a system. It covers capabilities added to SysML enabling a wider range of systems to be modeled, through detailed specification of the portions of components available for connection to other components, and detailed specification of the connections between them. These capabilities are described by relating models to potential systems built to meet the specifications, an approach typical in specifying semantics of formal languages. The paper is intended for those concerned with increased precision in SysML concepts, such as builders of model analyzers, checkers, and other automated support for systems engineering. It also enables more reliable interpretation of the SysML models generally, for example, during manufacturing and other stages of the product lifecycle. Examples are given in SysML notation for each concept. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 17
A new pushover procedure for two‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under bidirectional earthquakes
Authors: Khoshnoudian F. , Kiani M. , Yang T. Y.
Published: November 2013

Conventional pushover analyses despite of extensive applications are unable to estimate the general responses of asymmetric‐plan tall buildings because of ignoring the effects of higher modes and torsion. A consecutive modal pushover procedure is one of the recent nonlinear static pushover procedures that used to analyse the seismic response of one‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under one‐directional seismic ground motions. In this paper, a modified consecutive modal pushover procedure (MCMP) has been proposed to estimate the seismic demands of two‐way asymmetric‐plan tall buildings under two horizontal components of earthquakes simultaneously. The accuracy of the MCMP procedure is evaluated using different buildings and comparing with the results of FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) procedures, the practical modal pushover procedure and nonlinear time history analyses as an exact solution. The results show the proposed MCMP procedure is able to estimate the displacements and storey drifts accurately and introduces a great improvement in predicting the plastic hinge rotations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable one-dimensional integral representations of one-loop N-point functions in the general massive case. I — Three point functions
Authors: Guillet J. Ph. , Pilon E. , Rodgers M. , Zidi M. S.
Published: November 2013

Abstract

In this article we provide representations for the one-loop three point functions in 4 and 6 dimensions in the general case with complex masses. The latter are part of the GOLEM library used for the computation of one-loop multileg amplitudes. These representations are one-dimensional integrals designed to be free of instabilites induced by inverse powers of Gram determinants, therefore suitable for stable numerical implementations.
Tumor Size Does Not Independently Affect Long‐Term Survival after Curative Resection of Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Without Macroscopic Vascular Invasion
Authors: Zhang Han , Yuan Shou‐Xin , Dai Shu‐Yang , Zhang Jin‐Min , Huang Xing , Lu Chong‐De , Lu Jun‐Hua , Wu Fu‐Quan , Lau Wan Yee , Wu Meng‐Chao , Yang Tian , Shen Feng
Published: November 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of tumor size alone on long‐term survival and recurrence after curative resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without macroscopic vascular invasion.

Methods

A single‐center cohort of 615 patients with solitary HCC (a single tumor, without macroscopic vascular invasion or distant metastasis) undergoing curative hepatic resection from 2002 to 2010 was retrospectively studied. Using 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 8.0, and 10.0 cm as cut‐off values of tumor size, the overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) rates were compared between the groups of patients with tumor size up to a certain cut‐off value and the groups of patients with tumor size above that cut‐off value. Thus, multiple comparisons were done. The prognostic factors of OS and RFS were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

The median tumor size of all HCCs was 4.0 cm (range 0.9–22.0 cm). The in‐hospital mortality rate was 1.0 %, and the overall morbidity rate was 22.3 %. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year OS rates were 96.0, 79.8, and 69.9 %, and the corresponding RFS rates were 83.6, 72.7, and 57.2 %, respectively. On univariate analyses, the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year OS and RFS rates were significantly different between the individual two groups of patients as divided by the aforementioned different cut‐off values of tumor sizes (all p < 0.05). However, when tumor size was put as a continuous variable into multivariate analysis, it was no longer an independent prognostic factor of OS or RFS after curative resection.

Conclusions

Tumor size did not independently affect long‐term survival and recurrence after curative resection of solitary HCC without macroscopic vascular invasion. Therefore, there is no size limit that precludes hepatic resection for solitary HCC, provided the tumor is resectable.
Large-Scale Land Deals and Local Livelihoods in Rwanda: The Bitter Fruit of a New Agrarian Model
Authors: Ansoms An
Published: November 2013

In a context of globalization and liberalization, Africa is increasingly confronted with the commercialization of its space. Various large-scale actors, including international private investors, investor states, and local entrepreneurs, are constantly seeking to expand their land holdings for the production of food crops or biofuels. This article presents two Rwandan case studies and analyzes how large-scale land acquisition by foreign and local elite players affects local livelihoods. It identifies broader agrarian and social changes taking place in Rwanda and Africa and provides suggestions as to how the tables might be turned in order to protect local livelihoods in the further evolution of Rwanda’s agriculture.
A swirling spiral wave solution in pipe flow
Authors: Deguchi K. , Walton A. G.
Published: November 2013

A numerically exact full Navier–Stokes counterpart of the asymptotic nonlinear solution in Hagen–Poiseuille flow proposed by Smith & Bodonyi (Proc. R. Soc. A, vol. 384, 1982, pp. 463–489) is discovered. The solution takes the form of a spiral travelling wave, with a novel feature being a strong induced component of swirl. Our solution shows excellent quantitative agreement with the asymptotic theory at Reynolds numbers of the order of $1{0}^{8} $.
Robust Demand Elasticities for Wine and Distilled Spirits: Meta-Analysis with Corrections for Outliers and Publication Bias
Authors: Nelson Jon P.
Published: November 2013

This paper conducts a meta-analysis of price and income elasticities for wine and distilled spirits, which correct for outliers and publication bias. The sample of wine elasticities is obtained from 104 primary studies, and the sample of spirits elasticities is obtained from 111 primary studies. Robust weighted-means and meta-regressions are reported that correct for outliers, heterogeneity, heteroskedasticity, dependence, and publication bias. Compared to unweighted averages previously reported in the literature, the analysis yields less-elastic demands for both price and income. Average price elasticities obtained using cumulative meta-analysis are −0.45 for wine and −0.55 for spirits. Average income elasticities are 1.0 for both beverages. Bias due to publication selectivity is important. Country-level differences also are noted for both wine and spirits. Policy implications are discussed for pricing and taxation of alcohol beverages. (JEL Classifications: Q11, C18, I12)
SELF-DEFENCE FOR INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: November 2013

This article reflects on a group of constitutional devices: mechanisms that empower one state institution to defend itself against another. The institution is given a shield to protect against the attentions of another body, or is given a sword it can use to repel an attack. Self-defence mechanisms are interesting for many reasons, but particularly for the light they cast on the separation of powers. These measures seem contrary to the normal prescriptions of that principle, allocating a capacity to a body that it appears ill suited to possess. Understanding why the separation of powers requires these surprising allocations helps explain its operation in ordinary contexts.
AFRICAN AND WORLD HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: MANNING PATRICK
Published: November 2013

African history and world history each became substantial fields of historical study in the aftermath of the Second World War. African history organized rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, an era dominated by modernization-thinking. World history developed slowly until the 1990s, then quickly expanded and generated institutional homes in a time of globalization-thinking. This piece considers issues of time, scale, and scholarly diversity within the two fields. The conclusion argues that world historians should pay more attention to Africa and that African historians should do more to set the African past in a global context.
Estimating the time at which commercial broiler flocks in Great Britain become infected withCampylobacter: a Bayesian approach
Authors: GODDARD A. D. , ARNOLD M. E. , ALLEN V. M. , SNARY E. L.
Published: November 2013

Campylobacteris a common cause of intestinal disease in humans and is often linked to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. Despite considerable research on the topic there is a large amount of uncertainty associated withCampylobacterepidemiology. A Bayesian model framework was applied to multiple longitudinal datasets onCampylobacterinfection in UK broiler flocks to estimate the time at which each flock was first infected withCampylobacter. The model results suggest that the day of first infection ranges from 10 to 45 days; however, over half had a time of infection between 30 and 35 days. When considering only those flocks which were thinned, 48% had an estimated day of infection within 2 days of the day of thinning, thus suggesting an association between thinning andCampylobacterinfection. These results demonstrate how knowledge of the time of infection can be correlated to known events to identify potential risk factors for infection.
Peri-operative management of older people undergoing surgery
Authors: Shipway DJH , Harari D , Dhesi JK
Published: November 2013

Increasing numbers of older people are undergoing both emergency and elective surgery. However, they remain at increased risk of adverse outcome in comparison with younger patients. This may relate to the association of ageing with physiological deterioration, multi-morbidity and geriatric syndromes such as frailty, all of which are independent predictors of adverse post-operative outcome. Although there is an emerging evidence base for the identification and management of these predictors, this has not yet translated into routine clinical practice. Older patients undergoing surgery often receive sub-optimal care and surgical pathways are not well suited to complex older patients with multi-pathology. Evidence is emerging for alternative models of care that incorporate the evolving evidence base for optimal peri-operative management of the older surgical patient, including risk assessment and optimization. This article aims to provide a practical overview of the literature to all disciplines working in this field.
Health-related claims on food labels in Australia: understanding environmental health officers’ roles and implications for policy
Authors: Condon-Paoloni Deanne , Yeatman Heather R , Grigonis-Deane Elizabeth
Published: November 2013

Objective

Health and related claims on food labels can support consumer education initiatives that encourage purchase of healthier foods. A new food Standard on Nutrition, Health and Related Claims became law in January 2013. Implementation will need careful monitoring and enforcement to ensure that claims are truthful and have meaning. The current study explored factors that may impact on environmental health officers’ food labelling policy enforcement practices.

Design

The study used a mixed-methods approach, using two previously validated quantitative questionnaire instruments that provided measures of the level of control that the officers exercised over their work, as well as qualitative, semi-structured, in-depth interviews.

Setting

Local government; Australia.

Subjects

Thirty-seven officers in three Australian states participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews, as well as completing the quantitative questionnaires. Senior and junior officers, including field officers, participated in the study.

Results

The officers reported a high level of autonomy and control of their work, but also a heavy workload, dominated by concerns for public health and food safety, with limited time for monitoring food labels. Compliance of labels with proposed health claims regulations was not considered a priority. Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucracy was used to enhance understanding of officers’ work practices.

Conclusions

Competing priorities affect environmental health officers’ monitoring and enforcement of regulations. Understanding officers’ work practices and their perceptions of enforcement is important to increase effectiveness of policy implementation and hence its capacity to augment education initiatives to optimize health benefits.
Analogue encoding of physicochemical properties of proteins in their cognate messenger RNAs
Authors: Polyansky Anton A. , Hlevnjak Mario , Zagrovic Bojan
Published: November 2013

Being related by the genetic code, mRNAs and their cognate proteins exhibit mutually interdependent compositions, which implies the possibility of a direct connection between their general physicochemical properties. Here we probe the general potential of the cell to encode information about proteins in the average characteristics of their cognate mRNAs and decode it in a ribosome-independent manner. We show that average protein hydrophobicity, calculated from either sequences or 3D structures, can be encoded in an analogue fashion by many different average mRNA sequence properties with the only constraint being that pyrimidine and purine bases be clearly distinguishable on average. Moreover, average characteristics of mRNA sequences enable discrimination between cytosolic and membrane proteins even in the absence of topogenic signal-based mechanisms. Our results suggest that protein and mRNA localization may be partly determined by basic physicochemical rationales and interdependencies between the two biomolecules.
The Wiedemann-Franz law in the putative one-dimensional metallic phase of PrBa2Cu4O8
Authors: Bangura A. F. , Xu Xiaofeng , Wakeham N. , Peng N. , Horii S. , Hussey N. E.
Published: November 2013

The nature of the electronic state of a metal depends strongly on its dimensionality. In a system of isolated conducting chains, the Fermi-liquid (quasiparticle) description appropriate for higher dimensions is replaced by the so-called Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid picture characterized by collective excitations of spin and charge. Temperature is often regarded as a viable tuning parameter between states of different dimensionality, but what happens once thermal broadening becomes comparable to the interchain hopping energy remains an unresolved issue, one that is central to many organic and inorganic conductors. Here we use the ratio of the thermal to electrical conductivities to probe the nature of the electronic state in PrBa2Cu4O8 as a function of temperature. We find that despite the interchain transport becoming non-metallic, the charge carriers within the CuO chains appear to retain their quasiparticle nature. This implies that temperature alone cannot induce a crossover from Fermi-liquid to Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid behaviour in quasi-one-dimensional metals.
Trap-and-release membrane inlet ion mobility spectrometry for on-line measurement of trace propofol in exhaled air
Authors: Zhou Qinghua , Li Enyou , Wang Xin , Gong Yulei , Hua Lei , Wang Weiguo , Qu Tuanshuai , Li Jinghua , Liu Yiping , Wang Changsong , Li Haiyang
Published: November 2013

TRMI-IMS was constructed to improve the detection sensitivity of propofol and has been successfully tested on eleven patients undergoing surgery.
High-fidelity gates in quantum dot spin qubits
Authors: Koh Teck Seng , Coppersmith S. N. , Friesen Mark
Published: November 2013

Significance

This paper addresses a critical issue in the development of a practical quantum computer using semiconducting quantum dots: the achievement of high-fidelity quantum gates in the presence of environmental noise. The paper shows how to maximize the fidelity, which is the key figure of merit, for several different implementations of quantum gates in semiconducting quantum dot qubits. The paper also shows how to optimize the fidelity over the various control parameters, and that the different implementations display an unexpected commonality in how the fidelity depends on these parameters. The optimum fidelity for a given implementation is determined by experimental constraints on the control parameters, which are different for different qubit designs.
Identification of
Arabidopsis
SUMO-interacting proteins that regulate chromatin activity and developmental transitions
Authors: Elrouby Nabil , Bonequi Mitzi Villajuana , Porri Aimone , Coupland George
Published: November 2013

Significance

Protein activity is often regulated by posttranslational modifications. In eukaryotes, proteins covalently modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) interact with other proteins that bind SUMO noncovalently. Here we describe the systematic identification and characterization of
Arabidopsis thaliana
proteins that noncovalently bind SUMO. The identity of these proteins reveals the cellular and developmental processes likely to be regulated through SUMO modification. Some of these processes are widely conserved among eukaryotes, whereas others are involved in specific aspects of plant development such as the initiation of flowering. These data will facilitate detailed studies of the many roles of SUMO in the regulation of plant growth and development.
Modeling metrical stress acquisition through alignment constraint induction
Authors: Breteler Jeroen
Published: November 2013

The paper models the acquisition of quantity insensitive metrical stress through constraint induction. A single constraint format is specified that regulates the alignment of prosodic categories. A binary and ternary foot-based prosodic hierarchy are compared in their conduciveness to learning a range of stress patterns, with clear advantages for the latter. The paper also points out the interaction between grammatical modeling and acquisition modeling with regards to the typological predictions of the grammar formalization.
Strong disagreement in Mandarin and ELFP
Authors: Zhu Hua Wei , Boxer Diana
Published: November 2013

This paper calls for the integration of first order and second order approaches in (im)politeness studies. Most previous research on the (im)politeness of Chinese speech behavior has been based on researchers’ interpretations and second order investigations. However, this study included a first order approach by examining Chinese participants’ lay conceptualizations of the appropriateness of the strong disagreement behavior that appeared in spontaneous mundane conversations. A close analysis of both the participants’ responses to strong disagreement in ongoing conversations and follow-up interviews revealed that the participants’ strong disagreement was perceived as politic and acceptable within their communities of practice. This challenges the general belief of strong disagreement as impolite and that of Chinese native speakers being indirect in communication. The finding indicates the importance of embracing first order investigation of the conventional views/norms that might cause communication misunderstanding in cross-cultural contact.
Survival and Dispersal of Sonic‐Tagged, Hatchery‐Reared Burbot Released into the Kootenay River
Authors: Stephenson Sarah M. , Neufeld Matthew D. , Ireland Susan C. , Young Shawn , Hardy Ryan S. , Rust Pete
Published: November 2013

As part of recovery efforts for the Kootenay population of Burbot Lota lota, we monitored 109 sonic‐tagged, hatchery‐reared Burbot released at 1–3 years of age throughout Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River over a 3‐year period. Our objectives were to evaluate broodstock choice, assess differences in survival and dispersal by release site and age, and evaluate spawning movements. Overall, release survival was high (66%) and there was dispersal throughout the system (up to 235 km), involving both lacustrine and riverine habitat. Spawning movements were extensive (up to 59 km/d upstream) and suggest the use of known spawning locations. However, most age‐1 releases had lower survival and remained in the release tributaries for 1 year postrelease, which was longer than expected and which warrants further investigation. Overall, this telemetry study provides a positive outlook on the current aquaculture rehabilitation efforts for Kootenay Burbot and provides direction for further work.
The Reproductive Biology of the Common Thresher Shark in the Western North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Natanson Lisa J. , Gervelis Brian J.
Published: November 2013

Reproductive organs from 130 male and 256 female Common Thresher Sharks Alopias vulpinus were examined to describe the reproductive characteristics and determine size at maturity and reproductive seasonality for the species in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Males ranged in size from 78 to 237 cm FL and females ranged from 62 to 263 cm FL. The onset of maturity in males was best described by an inflection in the relationship of clasper length to FL in combination with the degree of clasper calcification. Males matured between 181 and 198 cm FL, and estimated median size at maturity was 188 cm FL. In females, changes in the relationship between ovary and uterus length and width with FL were used to estimate the size at maturity. Females matured between 208 and 224 cm FL; the estimated median size at maturity was 216 cm FL. Litter sizes averaged 3.7 young. The period of parturition is protracted, spanning late spring to late summer (May–August). As in other Lamniformes, young are nourished through oophagy. The proportion of mature females in the resting, pregnant, and postpartum stages provides evidence that indicates that the Common Thresher Shark does not reproduce annually.
Estuarine Environments as Rearing Habitats for Juvenile Coho Salmon in Contrasting South‐Central Alaska Watersheds
Authors: Hoem Neher Tammy D. , Rosenberger Amanda E. , Zimmerman Christian E. , Walker Coowe M. , Baird Steven J.
Published: November 2013

For Pacific salmon, estuaries are typically considered transitional staging areas between freshwater and marine environments, but their potential as rearing habitat has only recently been recognized. The objectives of this study were two‐fold: (1) to determine if Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were rearing in estuarine habitats, and (2) to characterize and compare the body length, age, condition, and duration and timing of estuarine occupancy of juvenile Coho Salmon between the two contrasting estuaries. We examined use of estuary habitats with analysis of microchemistry and microstructure of sagittal otoliths in two watersheds of south‐central Alaska. Juvenile Coho Salmon were classified as estuary residents or nonresidents (recent estuary immigrants) based on otolith Sr : Ca ratios and counts of daily growth increments on otoliths. The estuaries differed in water source (glacial versus snowmelt hydrographs) and in relative estuarine and watershed area. Juvenile Coho Salmon with evidence of estuary rearing were greater in body length and condition than individuals lacking evidence of estuarine rearing. Coho Salmon captured in the glacial estuary had greater variability in body length and condition, and younger age‐classes predominated the catch compared with the nearby snowmelt‐fed, smaller estuary. Estuary‐rearing fish in the glacial estuary arrived later and remained longer (39 versus 24 d of summer growth) during the summer than did fish using the snowmelt estuary. Finally, we observed definitive patterns of overwintering in estuarine and near shore environments in both estuaries. Evidence of estuary rearing and overwintering with differences in fish traits among contrasting estuary types refute the notion that estuaries function as only staging or transitional habitats in the early life history of Coho Salmon.