bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Truly Allied Undertaking: The Progeny of Britain's Empire Liberty 1931–1943
Authors: WEIR GARY E.
Published: March 2009

The Ocean, Fort, and Liberty ships began as a single British design, modified in cooperation with American and Canadian builders, and produced in various forms and in great numbers by Canadian, British, and American shipyards. Thus from the outset the British prototype, christened Empire Liberty, represented a truly allied collaboration to produce quickly‐built, standard cargo ships. The present study will briefly explore this cooperative venture from the challenges posed by the interwar depression in the shipbuilding industry, to the selection, modification, and production of the British design in Europe and North America before and after American entry into World War II.
An Airborne Passive/Active Electro‐Optic Sensor System for Theater Ballistic Missile Defense
Authors: DAVIDSON STEVEN A. , GRIMM JOEL G. , BLUMENAU PHILIP M. , SCHULTZ KENNETH I. , KACHELMYER ALAN L. , SULLIVAN LEO J. , KEICHER WILLIAM E. , HESS MICHAEL , PRINCE ADAM , MARTIN MARY
Published: March 2009

An airborne passive/active surveillance aircraft‐based, electro‐optic sensor system, named Gatekeeper, is being developed for the US Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense Program. The sensor is designed to detect theater ballistic missiles (TBMs), either in boost or post‐boost phase, and make precision three‐dimensional measurements of the TBM's post‐boost, ballistic trajectory with sufficient state‐vector accuracy for handover to naval, air and land based missile defense systems. The sensor includes a dual‐band IRST for acquisition, a precision angle tracker (MWIR focal‐plane array and high‐bandwidth mirror), and a short‐pulse, direct detection laser radar. The sensor subsystems are coupled and controlled by a sophisticated multiprocessor computer control system. The system has a highly compressed engagement timeline resulting in a substantial target handling capacity. This paper describes the sensor, its specifications, and performance in terms of the accuracy of the state‐vector, and its target handling capability in a realistic engagement scenario.
The Forward‐Deployed Sonar (FDS) and the Mine Countermeasure Vessel (MCMV)
Authors: LETOT LAURENT , VIGNAND BERNARD
Published: March 2009

It is recognized today that the best way to improve the detection capability of minehunters is linked to the operational concept of minehunting sonars rather than the performance increase of sonar transducers.

The Variable Depth Sonar was a first step in this direction, permitting search and detection at greater depths. But this solution does not improve the ship survivability and generates complicated handling operations due to the static attitude of the towed body.

The only way to have substantial improvements while increasing ship safety is to operate a Forward‐Deployed Sonar (FDS), that will operate at greater depths and ranges than current VDS with fewer disadvantages.

Feasibility studies have been conducted in order to define an FDS prototype and the associated operational concept. These studies concerned the vehicle (equipment, hydrodynamic, command and control, power generation, cable), the associated platform and the associated mine warfare concept.

We concluded that such a sonar subsystem could change today's concept of minehunting and will probably lead to new standards of definition for minehunters.
The Sea Shadow
Authors: CHATTERTON PAUL A. , PAQUETTE RICHARD G.
Published: March 2009

The Sea Shadow (designed, built and tested during the mid‐1980s) represents the application of several advanced ship technologies. The Sea Shadow was recently reactivated and has been undergoing additional testing at Santa Cruz Island and in San Francisco Bay.

This paper provides a top level description of the ship and ship systems, is supported by photos & sketches, and alludes to the types of data and experience base which exists. The presentation of the paper includes video of the exterior and interior of the ship, the ship systems, and its at‐sea operations.
THE “JIMMIE” HAMILTON AWARD FOR 1993
Authors: Huting William A. , Warren Jefferey W. , Garner Paul N. , Krill Jerry A.
Published: March 2009

For the best original paper published in the Naval Engineers Journal during the year 1993.

The paper, “Circular Overmoded Waveguide for Shipboard Use” in the March 1993 issue of the Naval Engineers Journal is a significant contribution to the literature in the field of naval engineering. It easily meets all the selection criteria, particularly in its originality, substantive content, and quality of presentation, making it worthy of recognition by the Society.

Future ship and combat system designs will require the efficient delivery of high‐power microwave energy from transmitters to arrays, in some cases over relatively long distances, accentuating the problems of power loss or voltage breakdown. The authors have helped lay the foundation for a possible solution to this problem through their comprehensive study of the use of overmoded waveguides.

In promoting the advancement of the state‐of‐the‐art through its complete, well‐structured presentation, this paper epitomizes the mission of the Society and the Naval Engineers Journal. It constitutes a definite contribution to the naval engineering profession and its literature and is indeed worthy to receive the 1993 “Jimmie” Hamilton Award.
THE HAROLD E. SAUNDERS AWARD FOR 1993
Authors: O'CONNOR JOHN J.
Published: March 2009

John J. O'Connor's contributions and achievements in naval engineering span a career of over thirty‐six years. He is nationally recognized as outstanding among his peers.

Mr. O'Connor's pioneer work as a submarine auxiliary machinery design engineer and later with the formulation of long range programs aimed at the advancement of deep ocean operations has led to notable improvements in the daily logistics and operational support of vehicles and systems delivery to the Fleet. As Program Manager, Deep Submergence Systems (PMS 395) of the Naval Sea Systems Command he has been responsible for life cycle management and technical control of Navy Deep Submergence Vehicles including Seacliff, Turtle, Dolphin and NR‐I, and Swimmer Delivery Systems such as the OSD and USS Point Loma (AGDS‐2).

Among his more notable achievements has been leadership of the most ambitious deep ocean engineering project ever undertaken by the U.S. Navy, designed to keep the Nation at the leading edge of ocean engineering technology. Mr. O'Connor has been consistently recognized for his superb performance and extraordinary expertise in ocean engineering technology and exceptional leadership in the control and direction of one‐of‐a‐kind technical projects of extraordinary national importance.

Mr. O'Connor has demonstrated productivity, growth and outstanding accomplishment in the field of naval engineering over the years, and is widely recognized by his peers as a leader in his field. John J. O'Connor is of such prestige as to merit acclamation by the Naval Engineering Community and is most deserving to receive the American Society of Naval Engineers Harold E. Saunders Award for 1993.
THE CLAUD A. JONES AWARD FOR 1993
Authors: FUNKE RICHARD H.
Published: March 2009

Richard H. Funke has been at the forefront of operational marine engineering and associated training for the past four years first as a branch head at CINCLANTFLT Propulsion Examining Board and then as the action officer for the stand‐up and first director of the Engineering Training Group, Atlantic within the Afloat Training Organization. He has also worked extensively in operational logistics and officer technical education.

During his tenure at the Propulsion Examining Board, he conducted nearly one‐hundred Light Off Examination and Operational Propulsion Plant Examinations. He pioneered the concept of the PEB as a fleet support agency through active participation and submission of cross‐ship issue papers to annual HM&E Conferences, Steam Generating Plant Inspector seminars, CO Damage Control and Firefighting Working Group, and OpNav Conventional Marine Propulsion Training Steering Committee.

While still conducting examinations for the CINCLANTFLT PEB, Captain Funke was tasked to plan and execute the stand‐up of the Engineering Training Group (ETG), Atlantic within the Afloat Training Organization. The culture of engineering training was shifted from inspection based to motivational. The Engineering Training Group provides consistent engineering training standardized with the Propulsion Examining Board.

Captain Funke has greatly increased training and knowledge, and improved the material condition of U.S. Navy ships. His contributions over the past four years to the improvement of operational engineering are truly deserving of the Claud A. Jones Award for 1993.
Methodology for the Development of Reliability‐Based Design Criteria for Surface Ship Structures
Authors: Ayyub Bilal M. , Beach Jeffrey E. , Packard W. Thomas
Published: March 2009

The development of reliability‐based design criteria for surface ship structures needs to consider the following three components: (1) loads, (2) structural strength, and (3) methods of reliability analysis. A suggested methodology that consists of the following two approaches was developed: (1) direct reliability‐based design, and (2) load and resistance factor design (LRFD) sheets. According to this methodology, loads can be linearly or nonlinearly treated. Also in assessing structural strength, linear or nonlinear analysis can be used. The reliability assessment and reliability‐based design can be performed at several levels of a structural system, such as at the hull‐girder, grillage, panel, plate and detail levels. A rational treatment of uncertainty is suggested by considering all its types. Also, failure definitions can have significant effects on the assessed reliability, or resulting reliability‐based designs. A method for defining and classifying failures at the system level is suggested in this paper. The method considers the continuous nature of redundancy in ship structures. After evaluating commercially available computer software, an outline of a computer program is provided for the purpose of future implementation of the two approaches. Also, a bibliography is provided at the end of this paper for the same purpose.
Naval Electrical Power in Commercial Use
Authors: White H. L.
Published: March 2009

This article, originally titled “Naval Electrical Power in Commercial Use–U.S.S. Lexington Relieves Tacoma Power Shortage,” is reprinted from the Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. Volume XLII, No. 2, May, 1930.
The Fathering of the Engineering Duty Corps
Authors: Alden John D.
Published: March 2009

Almost fifty‐five years have elapsed since the Engineering Duty Corps as we know it today had its official beginnings. This no doubt qualifies the subject as ancient history. Still, it may be particularly appropriate for the newest generation of Engineering Duty officers to know something about the genesis of their corps and the aspirations of its founders.
Planning for Gifts of Life Insurance
Authors: New Margaret
Published: March 2009

Life insurance is something most everyone has in one form or another. People purchase an insurance policy to guard against or insure that something will or won't happen.
Design of the EHF Waveguide Aboard 688 Class Submarines: A System Engineering Approach
Authors: Francis R. M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Submarine communications are evolving from closed architecture, vertically integrated systems into an open, systems‐based, common suite of equipment called the Submarine Communications Support System (SCSS). This evolution will integrate the submarine force with the command, control, communications, computer and intelligence (C41) infrastructure (Copernicus) for the 21st century. The Navy's Extremely high frequency Satellite Program (NESP) is a critical element in the Copernicus architecture. This paper discusses system engineering problems with the waveguide encountered during the initial deployment and operation of the USC‐38 (EHF) system aboard 688 Class submarines. Mechanical and structural considerations have driven design options for the electronic (waveguide) system. The interdisciplinary nature of this process re‐emphasizes the need for a total snip's system engineering approach to minimize the cost and effort required to deploy platforms with Copernicus radio rooms by the 21st century.
Weapons Structural Test Firing Aboard the USS Arleigh Burke
Authors: Frederick Jon W. , Jr. Richard E. Miller
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  During gun or missile firings. Navy ships are subjected to extremely high blast levels: over pressure, noise, temperatures, gas and debris. These weapons tiring effects may have serious impacts on ship structure, personnel safety and operational capability. The U.S. Navy's Structural Test Firing (STF) program exists to identify, quantify and correct problems associated with weapons blast. Results of the STFs are used to verify the adequacy of shipbuilding specifications and design, and to ensure that no safety hazards exist due to improper design, construction or installation. The tests also provide data to develop specifications for future ship design.

STFs are required on the first ship in a class to ensure the ship can be operated safely during its own weapons fire. STFs are designed to impose the worst possible gun and missile blast effects to the ship. The USS Arleigh Burke (DUG 51), which represents the Navy's newest class of combatants, completed STF in 1991. The Arleigh Burke was designed with a fully integrated Collective Protection System (CPS) which provides protection from chemical and biological agents. The STF results show that the Arleigh Burke structure, equipment and systems are adequately designed to meet all the STF objectives.
Trimaran Ships
Authors: Andrews D. J. , Zhang Jun Wu
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper follows on from two previous papers from UCL. The first describes a student ship design for an advanced technology frigate, configured with three hulls, whilst the second, given by the first author's predecessor at UCL and the second author at the RINA in 1994, described the reseach undertaken at University College London into the naval architecture of Trimaran Ships.

The paper commences with a resume of the origins of the Trimaran concept, its first power boat example, the Ilan Voyager, and the Advanced Technology Frigate design which adapted the trimaran configuration to a modern warship requirement. The other UCL design studies, ranging from an offshore patrol vessel to a small aircraft carrier, are outlined. The various naval architectural considerations of powering, stability, structures and manoeuvring are then described.

Particular attention is focused on the seakeeping analysis which is being undertaken jointly by UCL and DRA Haslar from the autumn of 1994 although the submission date for publication precludes inclusion of model and analytical results. Finally, on work in hand, preliminary results on a spatial analysis of the Trimaran configuration and the advantages this appears to provide in a more spacious upper deck and main deck arrangement in the central portion of the ship is outlined.

The paper concludes by postulating that, in respect of the capabilities likely to be most significant in the requirements for frigate designs in the future, the Trimaran would appear to have distinct advantages over the monohull and other unconventioanl hull forms.
Waterjet versus Propeller Engine Matching Characteristics
Authors: Alexander Keith
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper outlines the major differences between waterjets and fixed‐pitch propellers in the way they absorb engine power. Some of these differences are subtle and far reaching, and have only recently come to light. They have consequences for the operator, the engine selection and the engine settings. This paper touches on the following areas:

the rigid relationship between power absorption and rpm, which means the waterjet can be used as an engine dynamometer, and the contrast with propellers where rpm is related to boat speed

the differences in power absorption off the match point, and the fact that the waterjet cannot overload an engine: the consequences for the operator and the engine

comparisons of engine rpm with boat speed, and the propulsion power available against boat speed for waterjets and propellers

the differences in power absorption characteristics with overloaded or light boats

strategies used by engine manufacturers to accommodate waterjet and propeller characteristics

These issues are discussed as factors which are significant in the selection of the propulsor, and are sometimes not appreciated by operators familiar with propeller driven craft.
A Comparison of French and U.S. Amphibious Ships
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie , Autret Gérard
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Amphibious and littoral operations have become the prime naval focus for many countries, and have elevated the level of interest in the ships and technologies concerned. This paper explores the effects of differing national approaches to amphibious warfare by comparing the capabilities and systems of two amphibious ships, the French TCD (equivalent to LSD in English) Foudre and the U.S. LSD 41 Whidbey Island class. Both classes of ships have broadly similar roles and capabilities, but differing operational doctrines, military requirements and design standards have led to quite different approaches in ship design.

The French Navy is similar in function and composition to the U.S. Navy, but about one‐fifth the size. French amphibious assault is carried out by an Army division, while the U.S. assault force is a branch of the Navy, the Marines. The French amphibious fleet is sized to carry a proportionally smaller landing force than that of the U.S.: but the Foudre would be the centerpiece of the French assault group, while the LSD 41 would normally operate with big‐deck ships like LHDs and LHAs. Current French assault doctrine calls for conventional landing craft, while the U.S. uses air‐cushion vehicles. Finally, the ground assault forces differ in size and composition.

These operational differences, as well as other technical ones, have led to outwardly similar but in fact rather different ships. This paper describes the technical differences between the ships in the context of differing operational requirements, and illustrates how these larger factors greatly influence the outcome of the design process.
Automated Opposing Forces for Training Simulations
Authors: Antón Philip S. , McAdow Kenneth L. , Smith David B. , Lehner Paul E. , Sharp Cdr. Michael A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Providing realistic opposing forces is critical to the successful use of military training simulations. Unfortunately, a number of issues can make the manual control of realistic opposing forces difficult or unattainable. This paper explores these issues while discussing how Automatic Interactive Targets (AITs) can assist Training Exercise Controllers (TECs) in providing validated and realistic opposing forces in highly interactive situations. The features of the prototype Remote AIT Processing System (RAPS) are used to demonstrate how an AIT system can be designed to meet TEC requirements for automated entities. RAPS can provide remote control of AITs for existing or new systems while providing sufficient features to allow a TEC to appropriately select and control AITs for individual training exercises and crew proficiencies.
“Gang of Six” Panel Discussion
Authors: Williams Leaton M. , Firebaugh Millard S. , Hood John T. , Huchting George A. , Roberts Mike , Felton Lewis A.
Published: March 2009

George F.A. Wagner, USN1
The Solberq Award
Authors: Liu Yuan‐Ning
Published: March 2009

for his significant engineering research and development contributions to the field of structural acoustics technology as set forth in the following

The Solberq Award, presented annually since 1967, is given to an individual who has made a significant contribution to naval engineering through personal research during the past three years. Admiral Thorwald A. Solberg's greatest forte was the pursuit of basic and applied research leading to solutions of shipboard problems. His long career as a naval engineer, culminating in his appointment as Chief of Naval Research, inspired the research and development engineering profession and this award.
Computer Assisted Weld Evaluation
Authors: Brown Lawrence M. , DeNale Robert
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The Naval Surface Warfare Center has developed a knowledge‐based nondestructive evaluation (KBNDE) system to automate the interpretation of ultrasonic weld inspections. The designed software prototype, KBNDE Version 1.0, operates on IBM®, PS/2® or AT compatible computers operating under Microsoft® Windows™ 3.1. The system automates the following functions: 1) examination of the recorded UT data to determine the location of potential discontinuities in the material, 2) 3‐dimensional sizing and classification of the disclosed discontinuities, and 3) application of an acceptance criteria to the discontinuities.

The KBNDE system employs time‐of‐flight‐diffraction ultrasonics to locate and size the discontinuities in the weld metal, and a 3‐layer back‐propagation artificial neural network to classify the discontinuities as being planar or volumetric. In addition, advanced algorithms are used to determine whether the discontinuities in the weld material are acceptable or rejectable, based on an automated implementation of NAVSEA 0900‐LP‐006–3010. The system has been demonstrated on flush ground welds and on various laboratory specimens.
Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Nuclear Power Plant for Submarine Propulsion
Authors: Gouge Michael J.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The pressurized light water reactor (PWR) propulsion plant and related machinery occupy about 50% of the interior usable volume of present nuclear attack submarines. If a smaller general purpose attack submarine with significant warfare capability is desired, then substantial reductions in size will require new, innovative technology for the propulsion plant. One such technology with promise for a revolutionary improvement in nuclear propulsion system performance in a reduced physical envelope is a high temperature gas‐cooled reactor (HTGR) as the heat source in a closed gas turbine (Brayton) cycle driving an advanced electric propulsion plant. Direct and indirect closed Brayton cycle gas turbine propulsion plant parameters are developed for a reference attack submarine.
Big System Physics Applied to a Combat Suite
Authors: Holden Richard A. , Thomas Robert W.
Published: March 2009

The combat suite is usually described by identifying the physical characteristics of its individual parts. The suite has dynamic characteristics that derive from the functions performed by the computers used for control and automation. A description is needed that considers the real time collective behavior of the sum of the parts. This paper reports a strategy that can be used to examine the fundamental characteristics of the surface ship combat suite as a whole. The combat suite is shown to conform to basic concepts of physics and lends itself to theoretical and experimental study. The theoretical approach relies on the dynamic character of the computer resources; processing time, input/output, and memory. The experimental approach uses a land based test facility to measure the response of the real system to simulator inputs. Measurements involve the collection of time ordered computer processing events and intercomputer messages. Multi‐tier combat system models are suggested to facilitate interpretation of data.
Drydock Water Pollution Control Efforts at Norfolk Naval Shipyard
Authors: Host Philip M.
Published: March 2009

Evolving water quality standards and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Discharge Permit limits demand improved control of water pollutants associated with maintenance of U.S. Navy ships in drydock. During the 1992/1993 time frame, Norfolk Naval Shipyard (NNSY) experienced significant problems in meeting NPDES limits for its drydock discharges, ultimately resulting in the issuance of a Consent Special Order by the state of Virginia demanding action to achieve compliance. This paper describes an extensive effort undertaken by Norfolk Naval Shipyard to analyze the processes and materials present in drydocks to identify the key potential pollutant sources, and to develop the standards, procedures, process controls, and support resources necessary to gain an acceptable level of control over these pollutants.
Problem Resolution During Life Cycle Maintenance: A Case Study
Authors: Kerchner R. J. , Bailey J. , McCarthy M. , Seegal R. H. , Warpinski J. , Wilson J.
Published: March 2009

This paper is a case study of how problem resolution can operate in the life cycle maintenance stage of a large tactical sonar system. Here, the system design agent is not the original designer, so the principles of operation, hardware and software architecture, and test tools need to be learned. To deal with this challenge, the system design agent evolved a team approach that integrates the talents of a program manager, a system engineer, a test engineer, and a software engineer to analyze fleet problems. This team has proven effective at localizing problems for repair. Lessons are drawn to further improve maintenance efficiency.
Standards‐Based IETMs: The Key to Integrated Weapon System Support
Authors: Patton Thomas , Quallen John R.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the role of the DOD Interactive Electronic Technical Manual (IETM) standards in the application of electronic documentation to the TRIDENT II Strategic Weapon System (SWS) Program. The SWS Program integrates IETMs with SWS data providing automated operational and maintenance procedures and reference documentation at the SWS operator consoles. Integrated ship's logistics, administration, and onboard training can also be supported.

An operational environment is provided that supports multiple “views” of a MIL‐D‐87269 compliant database, including a legacy view of the database used to minimize the operator impacts of the transition from paper to electronic documentation.

An IETM database development process is described that includes: Establishing the Baseline, the one‐time low cost legacy technical manual conversion; Exploiting the Media, the incorporation of Class 4 IETM capabilities; and Maintaining the Baseline, an integrated IETM maintenance environment used for recurring maintenance of the IETM database. Authoring capabilities of the IETM Maintenance System are discussed as are other capabilities supporting workflow management, configuration control, electronic review and approval, and IETM database verification and validation.

Finally, programmatic experience is described including Navy/contractor coordination, adoption of standards, and suitability of the standards to the SWS application.
Affordability, Logistics R&D and Fleet Systems
Authors: Schulte Donald P. , Skolnick Alfred
Published: March 2009

The Fleet continues to require high performance systems that can operate with dependability in the seas' unforgiving environments and under hostile action. Those demands are not new. What has changed is the urgent priority formerly assigned to national defense issues. The arguments for continued superpower military strength are now roiled in politics along with unsettled budgets and uncertain force level projections. Current expectations revolve about indefinite fiscal and operational issues (difficult funding constraints and broadband threats). In the actual event of “doing more with less,” a practical response is to apply the creative power available from sound engineering judgement and the crucible of experience to the immediate needs of the Fleet. The attempt to shorten the path between advanced development effort and Fleet use has been tried occasionally in the past, often, without exemplary results. The Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practices (SHARP) program, is a generic R&D effort under OpNav sponsorship that has been working steadily on sensible solutions to product engineering problems. Armed today with fast‐time, large‐scale computation abilities and modern tools for technical problem solving coupled with specialized engineering knowledge, it has been refreshed and is underway satisfying existing Fleet needs. The relationship between fully responsive engineering services and current operational needs is always demanding. The connection between advanced engineering development (6.3 category funds) and immediate Fleet usage brings added complexity and challenge, both technical and organizational. Illustrative examples of affordable engineering solutions to “retain, revise, replace or retire” questions are presented within the context of both Fleet realities and budgetary limitations. The discussion covers legacy system support, civil/military considerations and Fleet maintenance issues. It describes the substantial and critical payoffs in cost, schedule and performance that are possible when product engineering professionals can concentrate their diverse talents upon operational urgencies.
Feasibility Study of a Novel Integrated Electric Motor/Pump for Underwater Applications
Authors: Cho C. Peter , Krol William P.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the results of a feasibility study of a novel electric motor/pump system that combines an axial field, permanent magnet motor with a centrifugal pump. This system, unique because the motor permanent magnet (PM) rotor and pump impeller vanes are a single unit, provides a compact, reliable, low‐noise, and high‐power‐density electrically driven centrifugal pump suitable for underwater applications in which minimizing noise, vibration, and volume are major design objectives. Performance tradeoffs for the electromagnetic analysis were made by two‐ and three‐dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) models in conjunction with a lumped parameter magnetic circuit model. The study results reveal that theoretically the new integrated electric motor/pump concept (1) provides up to seventy‐three percent electromagnetic efficiency with a significantly reduced volume and weight and (2) substantially increases the power density and reliability with the potential for quiet and high performance. This study is also evidence that new concepts can be explored with expanded computer modeling and simulation techniques.
Simulation Modeling of LHA 1 Class Cargo Handling System
Authors: Sumera Paavo , Feeney Daniel , Grzelka Andrew , Royle Michael
Published: March 2009

Movement of cargo from the holds of LHA 1 Class ships to landing craft in the ship's wet well involves the simultaneous use of a number of interdependent cargo handling systems. These systems include forklift trucks in the ship's holds, transfer tables at each deck serviced by the elevators, five cargo elevators that run from either the inner bottom or the second platform to the third deck or the hangar deck, a longitudinal conveyor and eight cargo monorail trains in the overhead of the wet well. In support of the LHA Mid‐Life Upgrade, NAVSEA PMS 335 tasked Westinghouse Machinery Technology Division to develop a cargo flow simulation model for these ships in an effort to reduce the number of trains and the complexity of the cargo handling systems needed to support amphibious assault operations. This paper discusses the development of the simulation model and the potential system simplifications derived through the use of the model. Future application of the model as a training or shipboard management tool is also evaluated.
Waterjet to Hull Load Transfer
Authors: Alexander Keith
Published: March 2009

The propulsion and control loads from a waterjet must be transmitted to the craft hull. The philosophy in many waterjet installations is to carry the loads from the waterjet through the transom and into the hull. For this purpose the transom is required to be stiffened by the boat designer and builder.

Recent analysis by boat builders and waterjet manufacturers has highlighted the fact that while the transom is stiff laterally so that it easily carries steering loads, it is difficult to stiffen in a fore and aft direction. By contrast the inlet ducting is stiff in the fore and aft direction. Consequently it frequently carries the major thrust loads. The problem is that the inlet ducting, in many cases, is only designed to deliver the water to the jet pump and is not intended to carry these loads. Because of this, failures can occur in the ducting and its support structure.

An alternative approach is to design the ducting specifically to carry these major thrust loads. This leads to heavier ducting but lighter transom structures. In this case the loads are transferred directly to the hull bottom which is more readily stiffened to take these loads in the fore and aft direction.

This paper identifies waterjet loads and moments for normal running, steering and reverse. It specifies where they act and discusses the implications with respect to the two philosophies for transmitting these loads to the boat hull.

Finite element analyses for the two approaches are compared, and the critical issues identified. Conclusions are drawn from the point of view of safety, ease of duct manufacture and jet installation.
Uncertainty Analysis of Structural Strength of Stiffened Panels
Authors: Muhanna Rafi L. , Ayyub Bilal M. , Bruchman Daniel D.
Published: March 2009

A prototype computational methodology for reliability assessment of continuum structures using finite element analysis with instability failure modes is described in this paper. Examples were used to illustrate and test the methodology. Geometric and material uncertainties are considered in the finite element model. A Computer program was developed to implement this methodology by integrating uncertainty formulations to create a finite element input file, and to conduct the reliability assessment on a machine level. A commercial finite element package was used as a basis for the strength assessment in the presented procedure. A parametric study for a stiffened panel strength was also carried out.

The finite element model for the stiffened panel is based on the 8‐node doubly curved shell element, which can provide the non‐linear behavior prediction of the stiffened panel. The mesh is designed to ensure the convergence of eigenvalue estimates. Failure modes are predicted on the basis of elastic non‐linear analysis using the finite element model.

Reliability assessment is performed using Monte Carlo simulation with variance reduction techniques that consisted of the conditional expectation method. Conditional expectation estimates the failure probability in each simulation cycle, then the average failure probability and its statistical error are computed. The developed method is expected to have significant impact on the reliability assessment of structural components and systems. This impact can extend beyond structural reliability into the generalized field of engineering mechanics.
Modeling and Simulation in the Sealift Program
Authors: Edinberg D. , Back K. , McVeigh J.
Published: March 2009

The Navy's Sealift Program had several unique problems associated with it which have been addressed using innovative modeling and simulation techniques. These techniques fall under two categories: visualization and dynamic analysis. This paper will discuss the employment of these techniques and the impact their application has had in the program. Also examined will be various difficulties that were encountered in the application of these techniques.

Commercial‐off‐the‐shelf (COTS) visualization tools were used to model the interior Ro/Ro spaces on the four classes of new construction and conversion ships now being procured. These models were employed for vehicle maneuvering simulations, operator familiarization and visualization of the results of an analysis of the loading and unloading of Ro/Ro vehicles.

A COTS dynamic analysis system was used to simulate dynamic behavior during the assembly/deployment and retrieval/disassembly of the side port ramp using the ships' cranes. These analyses supported reviews of design configurations, proposed handling procedures, and in conjunction with extensive post‐processing, operability assessments for system operation. In a parallel effort, an interactive crane simulator was developed to support on‐going engineering studies, indoctrination, and test and evaluation purposes.

Lessons learned have been applied to other activities at the Naval Sea Systems Command. Critical areas were the validation and maintenance of up‐to‐date configuration data for the visual models, adaptive levels of detail to meet the requirements of each study objective, and the need to provide comprehensive documentation of models.
Low Observable Technology for Future Surface Combatants
Authors: Nicholas John , Strattan Robert D.
Published: March 2009

The naval shipbuilding community is in the initial steps of the widespread application of low observable technology. The aerospace community has several decades of experience with the research, development, design integration and production of low observable technologies into aircraft and other platforms. This paper will address the basics of radar cross section (RCS) reduction with an emphasis on their applications to surface ships. The possibility for affordable and timely adaptations of the aerospace experience to naval shipbuilding challenges will be addressed.

The basic definition and characteristics of radar scattering will be described along with a discussion of the benefits of reduced radar cross section. Methods for reducing RCS and budgeting for reduction goals will be discussed. These methods include shaping and the use of radar absorbing materials. The properties of absorbing materials and their integration in composite structures will be discussed, along with issues of performance evaluation and design integration.
Ship Impact Studies Using Small Perturbation Analysis
Authors: Rains Dean A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  It is often of interest in ship tradeoff studies to determine changes in ship displacement or acquisition cost due to changes in ship design parameters. This process is called “Ship Impact Studies.” Generally, the studies are performed by using computer ship design/cost models which are sensitive to the ship parameters of interest. However, in this paper an alternate approach is used: an approach based on using small perturbation analysis. The assumption is that the changes for any one parameter are small compared to the baseline value. The results are linear equations which can be readily used to compute ship changes for any of a set of ship parameters such as hull weight/ volume ratio, subsystem weights or volumes, cruise shaft horsepower or cruise electric load, installed propulsion or electric plant power, and propulsion or electric plant specific fuel consumption rates. These relations can be used for tradeoff studies and to gain understanding of the relative importance of various ship design parameters. A set of sample equations is presented for a specific set of inputs as well as the general equations. Some examples of the methods used are also presented.
Balancing Affordability and Systems Engineering
Authors: Long D.
Published: March 2009

Congressional budgets for the Department of Defense have become increasingly tight over the past decade, allowing the Navy's affordability Program to break ground in new areas of acquisition reform. Equipment commonality, a staple of Affordability, has been shown to reduce acquisition and life‐cycle support costs through large quantity equipment procurement supported by a wide variety of users.
Maintenance Avoidance and Maintenance Reduction
Authors: Jacobs K. S. , McComas J. P.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Maintenance is performed to restore a system's inherent reliability. However, reliability is not enough: a maintenance task must “pay for itself‘ in dollars or readiness. This applies to all types of maintenance: corrective, preventive, and alterative. We can reduce corrective maintenance costs through preventive and alterative maintenance. We can reduce preventive maintenance costs by eliminating inapplicable and ineffecitve tasks. We must weigh alterative maintenance costs against the value of improved readiness and cost‐avoidance of future corrective maintenance.

The U. S. Navy is improving alterative maintenance by engineering for reduced maintenance (ERM). This process corrects the root cause of some high‐cost items by replacing the system, component, or coating with an improved design or material. It overcomes the limit of preventive maintenance: higher levels of inherent reliability require design improvement.

The U. S. Navy is improving preventive maintenance through condition‐based maintenance (CBM). The Navy's CBM initiative encompasses three parallel efforts: rules (improving maintenance requirements and plans), tools (using computer and diagnostic technology to facilitate maintenance decision‐making), and schools (educating all levels of maintenance decision‐makers in reliability and condition‐based maintenance engineering principles).

This paper addresses how the U. S. Navy surface ship community plans to avoid inapplicable and ineffective maintenance and reduce maintenance costs without sacrificing reliability.
ISO Certification and the Department of Defense
Authors: Scott H. , Kuehn R. G.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The leaders of the United States Government are advocating a new way of doing business, because the Department of Defense (DoD) budget has been declining since the Reagan administration. With this decline comes the realization that private industry and the government can no longer afford the detailed government funded standards and related management bureaucracy. The value added by these standards is not visible to the higher levels of the DoD. In an economy that is turning global, an international (non‐governmental sponsored) standard such as ISO 9000 (ISO) has high appeal.

ISO does not do away with standards, it is one. ISO provides uniformity and standardization via training of registrars, certification of processes, and periodic audits. A more consistent set of audit findings allows managers to focus on product and functional issues.

The Coast Guard Yard at Baltimore, Maryland and the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division are already certified and the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division is now joining them. The lessons learned are: know the registrar, plan, work the plan, and learn from others. Most of all, get management support at all levels.
Do Management Information Systems Replace Middle Managers?
Authors: Wilson C.H.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In recent years much of management's time is spent discussing how to accomplish the Navy's engineering work with fewer layers of management. American industry has faced similar reengineering from which we might draw some lessons. This paper traces the influence that management information systems have had on middle managers in large corporations. A chronology of changing management theory, driven by economic pressure, traces how middle management became a problem and information technology was the chosen solution. The discussion includes opinions of the business press and management theorists, conclusions from industry surveys, and government data. The paper closes with an optimistic outlook for middle management.
ISO 9000 Quality Organization
Authors: Stimson W. A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Ship building and maintenance have been called the most complex of construction and manufacturing processes. In the United States, the primary customer of this complex activity is the U. S. Navy, which is vitally concerned with the quality of the product. Some standard of quality that can ensure consistent customer satisfaction is required.

Concurrent with the Navy's desire for an efficient quality standard is an international search for the same. In order to establish a level playing field in this global arena, common standards of quality of manufactured products need to be established.

The ISO 9000 standards enhance stability of process and are highly adaptable to the ship repair environment. An ISO program is very tolerant of the characteristics of any industry and can be applied broadly, but it is very specific about its rules of evidence. An ISO standard can be described very briefly: “Say what you do; Do what you say; Prove it.” In addition, there are specific criteria, and although they can accommodate any industry, the burden of adapting is upon the candidate for certification.

This paper approaches ISO certification with a broad, systems perspective, building a quality system with a closed loop in mind: customer, mission, policies, objectives, procedures, processes, and customer. This top down approach ensures integrity throughout the quality system and allows divergence to the many ISO criteria. But in addition to strategy, a tactical approach is also needed. There is a need to identify control variables, measure system effectiveness, and provide the documentation that proves it. ISO 9000 absolutely requires this paper trail. In the end, an ISO standard measures stability. By integrating mission, customer, and process, the requirements of an ISO standard are easily met and enhance the ability to satisfy the customer.
Contract Trial of the Gresham
Authors: McAuister C. A.
Published: March 2009

The Gresham, a single screw, steel revenue cutter of about 900 tons displacement, was built by The Globe Iron Works Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, from designs furnished by the Treasury Department. The limit of the appropriation was $175,000, and the contract was let at $147,800; as a matter of fact, the actual cost of the vessel was far in excess of that sum. She is intended for service on the Great Lakes, and her headquarters will be at Milwaukee, Wis.
Shipboard Controls of the Future
Authors: Jr. LCdr. J. V. Amy , Doerry LCdr. N. H. , McCoy LCdr. T. J. , Zivi E. L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Recent advances in computer networking and control system technologies present an opportunity to improve the capability of naval shipboard control systems. Most existing digital machinery control systems merely replace one‐for‐one their analog predecessors. These recent advances motivate rethinking the basic role and architecture of shipboard controls. Traditional machinery system control has remained largely separate from combat systems and other ship information systems. Existing machinery control systems have concentrated on four functions: machinery status, control, system stability, and fault response. To implement these functions, custom systems have been designed, built and debugged for each class of ship. This lack of commonality has been expensive in terms of development costs, maintenance costs over the lifetime of the ship, and also the unrealized benefits stemming from prohibitive costs of adapting machinery controls to take advantage of emerging technologies.

This paper proposes a new paradigm for developing a shipboard control system based upon a functional decomposition of ships' missions that leads to defining technology independent interface standards. Multiple vendors may be able to independently develop control system hardware and software elements adhering to such interface standards without a priori knowledge of a particular ship application, leading to the ability to develop a total ship control system with low risk by integrating proven hardware and software elements to meet specific ship design requirements. With this new concept, other functions not normally associated with machinery controls are feasible: spontaneous reconfiguration after a damage event, integrated training, condition based maintenance planning, data archiving, operator assistance, and configuration management. This new approach may also allow for the integration of machinery controls into a total ship control system with seamless support for combat systems. This new shipboard control paradigm promises to speed control system development, improve performance, facilitate maintenance and modernization, and lead to lower life cycle costs.