bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Neurostimulation for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Duarte Rui V. , Nevitt Sarah , Copley Sue , Maden Michelle , de Vos Cecile C. , Taylor Rod S. , Eldabe Sam
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

Different waveforms of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) have now been evaluated for the management of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). However, no direct or indirect comparison between SCS waveforms has been performed to date.

PURPOSE

To conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of SCS for PDN.

DATA SOURCES

MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase, and WikiStim were searched from inception until December 2021.

STUDY SELECTION

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SCS for PDN were included.

DATA EXTRACTION

Pain intensity, proportion of patients achieving at least a 50% reduction in pain intensity, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data were extracted.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Significant reductions in pain intensity were observed for low-frequency SCS (LF-SCS) (mean difference [MD] −3.13 [95% CI −4.19 to −2.08], moderate certainty) and high-frequency SCS (HF-SCS) (MD −5.20 [95% CI −5.77 to −4.63], moderate certainty) compared with conventional medical management (CMM) alone. There was a significantly greater reduction in pain intensity on HF-SCS compared with LF-SCS (MD −2.07 [95% CI −3.26 to −0.87], moderate certainty). Significant differences were observed for LF-SCS and HF-SCS compared with CMM for the outcomes proportion of patients with at least 50% pain reduction and HRQoL (very low to moderate certainty). No significant differences were observed between LF-SCS and HF-SCS (very low to moderate certainty).

LIMITATIONS

Limited number of RCTs and no head-to-head RCTs conducted.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings confirm the pain relief and HRQoL benefits of the addition of SCS to CMM for patients with PDN. However, in the absence of head-to-head RCT evidence, the relative benefits of HF-SCS compared with LF-SCS for patients with PDN remain uncertain.
Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
Authors: Davies Melanie J. , Aroda Vanita R. , Collins Billy S. , Gabbay Robert A. , Green Jennifer , Maruthur Nisa M. , Rosas Sylvia E. , Del Prato Stefano , Mathieu Chantal , Mingrone Geltrude , Rossing Peter , Tankova Tsvetalina , Tsapas Apostolos , Buse John B.
Published: September 2022

The American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes convened a panel to update the previous consensus statements on the management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes in adults, published since 2006 and last updated in 2019. The target audience is the full spectrum of the professional health care team providing diabetes care in the U.S. and Europe. A systematic examination of publications since 2018 informed new recommendations. These include additional focus on social determinants of health, the health care system, and physical activity behaviors, including sleep. There is a greater emphasis on weight management as part of the holistic approach to diabetes management. The results of cardiovascular and kidney outcomes trials involving sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, including assessment of subgroups, inform broader recommendations for cardiorenal protection in people with diabetes at high risk of cardiorenal disease. After a summary listing of consensus recommendations, practical tips for implementation are provided.
Making Diabetes Electronic Medical Record Data Actionable: Promoting Benchmarking and Population Health Improvement Using the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Portal
Authors: Mungmode Ann , Noor Nudrat , Weinstock Ruth S. , Izquierdo Roberto , Indyk Justin A. , DeSalvo Daniel J. , Corathers Sarah , Demeterco-Berggen Carla , Hsieh Susan , Jacobsen Laura M. , Mekhoubad Allison , Akturk Halis Kaan , Wirsch Anton , Scott Mary Lauren , Chao Lily C. , Miyazaki Brian , Malik Faisal S. , Ebekozien Osagie , Clements Mark , Alonso G. Todd
Published: September 2022

  

This article describes how the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Collaborative leverages an innovative web platform, the QI Portal, to gather and store electronic medical record (EMR) data to promote benchmarking and population health improvement in a type 1 diabetes learning health system. The authors explain the value of the QI Portal, the process for mapping center-level data from EMRs using standardized data specifications, and the QI Portal’s unique features for advancing population health.
Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
Authors: Davies Melanie J. , Aroda Vanita R. , Collins Billy S. , Gabbay Robert A. , Green Jennifer , Maruthur Nisa , Rosas Sylvia E. , Prato Stefano Del , Mathieu Chantal , Mingrone Geltrude , Rossing Peter , Tankova Tsvetalina , Tsapas Apostolos , Buse John B.
Published: September 2022

  

The American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes convened a panel to update the previous consensus statements on the management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes in adults, published since 2006 and last updated in 2019. The target audience is the full spectrum of the professional healthcare team providing diabetes care in the USA and Europe. A systematic examination of publications since 2018 informed new recommendations. These include additional focus on social determinants of health, the healthcare system and physical activity behaviours including sleep. There is a greater emphasis on weight management as part of the holistic approach to diabetes management. The results of cardiovascular and kidney outcomes trials involving sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, including assessment of subgroups, inform broader recommendations for cardiorenal protection in people with diabetes at high risk of cardiorenal disease. After a summary listing of consensus recommendations, practical tips for implementation are provided.
Epidemiology and trends in management of acute proximal humeral fractures in adults: an observational study of 137,436 cases from the Danish National Patient Register, 1996–2018
Authors: Brorson Stig , Viberg Bjarke , Gundtoft Per , Jalal Bamo , Ohrt-Nissen Søren
Published: September 2022

Background and purpose:  Proximal humeral fractures (PHF) can be managed surgically or non-surgically. Locking plates have been the preferred head-preserving surgical technique while hemiarthroplasty (HA) or reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) have been used in joint replacement surgery. We describe the epidemiology and trends in management of acute PHF in Denmark with a focus on (i) changes in the incidence of PHF; (ii) changes in the proportion of surgical cases; and (iii) changes in preferred surgical techniques.Patients and methods: Data on diagnoses and interventions was retrieved from the Danish National Patient Register. Patients aged 18 years and above were included. Surgical treatment was defined as the diagnosis of PHF combined with a predefined surgical procedure code within 3 weeks of injury. Data on plate osteosynthesis, HA, RSA, and “other techniques” was retrieved. Non-surgical treatment was defined as no relevant surgical procedure code within 3 weeks.Results:  We identified 137,436 PHF (72% women) in the Danish National Patient Register. The overall mean incidence was 138/100,000/year (500 for women 60 years or above). Non-surgical treatment accounted for 119,966 (87%). The 17,470 surgical procedures included 42% locking plates, 34% arthroplasties, and 25% other techniques. The rate of surgery declined from 17% in 2013 to 11% in 2018.Interpretation: The overall incidence of PHF remained stable between 1996 and 2018 but the absolute number increased. The approach to PHF remains predominantly non-surgical. The number of surgeries in Denmark have decreased since 2013, especially for locking plates and HA, while RSA is increasingly used.
Precipitación salina de un extracto crudo con actividad celulolítica producido por Aspergillus niger UC33
Authors: Morales Borrell Dayana , Baryolo González Linnet , Mora González Néstor , Ramos Sánchez Luis Beltrán , Pérez Sánchez Amaury
Published: September 2022

La purificación de enzimas celulasas constituye un paso crítico para su producción debido a que a menudo resulta ser muy costoso. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la precipitación salina de celulasas producidas por Aspergillus niger UC33 en fermentación en estado sólido, para incrementar el rendimiento y pureza de la enzima con el menor costo posible. Se empleó el programa Design-Expert 11.1.2 para el diseño experimental y la optimización de las condiciones experimentales. El sulfato de amonio se utilizó para la precipitación entre 60 y 90 % de saturación, se emplearon entre 1 y 3 h de precipitación y las temperaturas utilizadas fueron 4 y 25 °C. Las condiciones óptimas encontradas para maximizar el rendimiento y la pureza fueron 68,97 % de saturación con sulfato de amonio, tiempo de precipitación de 1,28 h y temperatura de 25 °C.  En estas condiciones los valores de rendimiento, pureza y costo, fueron: 74,81 %, 1,26 y USD $ 0,2609, respectivamente. El peso molecular de la enzima fue 38,47 kDa y la actividad celulolítica fue de 31,854 UI.
Epistemologia na pesquisa em educação matemática
Authors: Viggiani Bicudo Maria Aparecida
Published: September 2022

Este artigo tem por meta focar a “Epistemologia da Pesquisa em Educação Matemática: Metodologia e Tecnologias”, que foi o tema do XXIV EBRAPEM – Encontro Brasileiro de Estudantes de Pós-Graduação em Educação Matemática, tomando-o em sua afirmação principal e realizando um exercício filosófico dos significados que venham a se evidenciar. Colocar o termo epistemologia sob foco de investigação é importante, uma vez que ele é tomado como dado, no cotidiano do trabalho de realizar pesquisa, sem uma reflexão a respeito do que diz. A pergunta subjacente ao tratado no texto é se faz sentido afirmar que há uma epistemologia de pesquisa.  No artigo, destacam-se os significados de epistemologia e se expõe o trazido por esses significados em sintonia com o seu complemento da pesquisa; enfatizam-se as compreensões que advêm dessa análise; evidencia-se o que o esclarecimento realizado está a demandar que se indague; e se desenvolve um exercício de imaginação, tendo em vista visualizar o que a epistemologia da pesquisa enseja em termos de compreensões de pesquisa na área da Educação Matemática.
Quase a mesma coisa: pensando uma topologia da tradução e/em pesquisas em Educação Matemática à luz de Wittgenstein
Authors: Montoito Rafael , Dalcin Andreia
Published: September 2022

Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir aspectos do ato de traduzir, quando pensados em consonância com as particularidades do campo da Educação Matemática em uma perspectiva filosófica. Assumindo-se que o texto traduzido diz quase a mesma coisa que o original e que esse é elaborado a partir de torções, rasgamentos e colagens de palavras que caracterizam uma topologia da tradução, deseja-se compreender, e quiçá demarcar, algumas limitações e potencialidades do ato tradutório de um texto de interesse à Educação Matemática, quando feito por quem está inserido neste campo e por quem é alheio às suas particularidades. Como elementos para a discussão, serão analisados dois trechos –originais e traduzidos– de obras de Lewis Carroll, a partir das teorias de Wittgenstein, sobre jogos de linguagem e semelhanças de famílias. Os resultados desta perquirição apontam para a necessidade de se incrementar os estudos tradutórios no campo da Educação Matemática enquanto objeto de pesquisa, negando a tradução como apenas uma parte utilitária de uma pesquisa em desenvolvimento, mas também como um exercício que mobiliza conhecimentos matemáticos linguísticos, filosóficos e culturais.
Conhecimento Pré-predicativo: Compreensões quanto à Ideia de Ângulo
Authors: Santos Marli Regina dos
Published: September 2022

Nos mais diversos momentos, estamos imersos em situações nas quais podemos mobilizar conhecimentos que remetem à estreita relação entre a espacialidade vivenciada pelo sujeito no seu dia a dia e a Geometria enquanto ciência dedutiva. Este artigo se volta para essa relação ao colocar em destaque o conhecimento pré-predicativo, abordado por Merleau-Ponty como um modo de compreensão, temporal e espacialmente localizado, que tem como cerne os sentidos que se dão na vivência do mundo-vida e que se constituem de modo espontâneo, ao estarmos com o outro experienciando o espaço intersubjetivo. O texto dialoga com as ideias trazidas pelo filósofo e por outros autores que se atentam para o conhecimento pré-predicativo e, em conexão com esse diálogo, apresenta um recorte de uma pesquisa com calouros de uma graduação em matemática na qual se destacou uma discussão em torno da ideia de ângulo. As manifestações e interações ocorridas avançaram em direção aos sentidos e significados espontaneamente explicitados por eles, sem a pretensão de chegar a uma definição matematicamente estabelecida do conceito, mas na perspectiva dos entendimentos que dizem de uma produção dada nas vivências, ao experienciarem um solo comum. Indagando as ideias nucleares que permeiam as compreensões explicitadas, destacam-se entendimentos quanto à produção geométrica dada na temporalidade e espacialidade das relações intersubjetivas do mundo-vida, historicamente constituído em sua objetividade dinâmica, indicando possibilidades para o trabalho pedagógico.
O problema filosófico da teoria da representação e desdobramentos para a Modelagem Matemática na Educação Matemática
Authors: Klüber Tiago Emanuel , Tambarussi Carla Melli , Mutti Gabriele de Sousa Lins
Published: September 2022

Este texto expõe compreensões sobre o problema filosófico da representação, tanto do ponto de vista da teoria clássica do conhecimento, quanto do ponto de vista fenomenológico, no primeiro caso, sendo tomado como vorstellung, e no segundo, como re-presentation. A discussão se dá em decorrência de o problema não ser enfrentado no âmbito da Modelagem na Educação Matemática, na qual a compreensão se alinha de modo naturalizado à concepção clássica. Explicitam-se, o quanto foi possível, diferenças entre as duas compreensões; efetuamos uma hermenêutica acerca dos termos correlatos à representação: realidade e modelo matemático; explicitam-se as compreensões de trabalhos de Modelagem na Educação Matemática que focaram o tema da realidade e correlatos; abrem-se interpretações concernentes aos desdobramentos de assumir uma posição fenomenológica do conhecimento para a Modelagem Matemática na Educação Matemática, em termos de ensino, aprendizagem, limitações da visão anterior, bem como indica-se a necessidade de revisar compreensões naturalizadas sobre os seus efeitos na Educação Matemática.
Experiências Estéticas na Formação de Professores de Ciências e Matemática: Influências da Hermenêutica Gadameriana
Authors: Carvalho do Carmo Ana Paula , Simplicio de Sousa Robson , Do Carmo Galiazzi Maria
Published: September 2022

O presente artigo apresenta repercussões da Hermenêutica Filosófica (HF) no processo formativo de estudantes vinculados ao projeto “Atelier Científico: Experiências Estéticas na Educação em Ciências”. O Atelier Científico (AC) é um espaço coletivo destinado ao estudo, criação e planejamento de experiências estéticas em Ciências e Matemática. Busca promover uma articulação entre o educar por meio de experiências estéticas elaboradas por estudantes de Licenciatura em Ciências Exatas (Física, Matemática e Química). Partimos do conceito de experiências estéticas fundamentado nos estudos da Hermenêutica Filosófica de Hans-Georg Gadamer para delinearmos sua contribuição ao modo de tratamento das ciências exatas, em uma perspectiva vinculada à percepção e à interpretação como busca de (auto)compreensão daquele(a) que percebe e interpreta no mundo. Neste artigo, iniciamos por apresentar a fundamentação do Atelier Científico, e a seguir descrevemos, sustentados por esta fundamentação, uma das atividades desenvolvidas no AC de modo a salientar contribuições da HF na formação de professores a  partir dos registros de bolsistas do projeto no que chamamos de Diário do Atelier Científico e nos Relatórios Finais. Os relatos apontam para uma experiência formativa capaz de aguçar a percepção dos futuros professores na medida em que proporciona momentos de estranhamento frente ao novo, fomenta uma atitude estética,  valoriza a pergunta autêntica,  as tradições e as diferentes visões de mundo, bem como uma visão de ensino menos instrumental e mais ontológica.
Pesquisa em Educação Matemática: um olhar histórico-filosófico para a formação de professores
Authors: Da Costa Barreto Saul Rodrigo , Viana Nunes José Messildo , Ag Almouloud Saddo
Published: September 2022

Esta pesquisa tem como foco evidenciar a Filosofia como âmbito de reflexão sobre as contribuições do campo de pesquisa da Educação Matemática e da Didática da Matemática para a formação de professores, bem como ponderar sobre um dispositivo didático-metodológico denominado Percurso de Estudo e Pesquisa construído na Teoria Antropológica do Didático (TAD). Dessa forma, buscamos explicitar que a Educação Matemática, assim como a Didática da Matemática, se consolidam pelas pesquisas e produções científicas no que tange ao ensinar e a aprender matemática, bem como a produção de teorias e metodologias para contribuir na fortificação dessas como áreas de conhecimentos. Para isso, tomamos como aportes teóricos os estudos sobre a pesquisa em Educação Matemática e a Teoria Antropológica do Didático (TAD). Assim sendo, temos a intenção de utilizar os pressupostos teóricos de um Percurso de Estudo e Pesquisa (PEP) no que diz respeito ao ensino e à aprendizagem da Matemática voltado para a formação de professores. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa aponta suportes qualitativos significantes que fornecem meios que proporcionem a compreensão do ensino e da aprendizagem da Matemática no contexto da formação de professores da escola básica, especialmente com uso do dispositivo PEP.
Seeking the Bomb
Authors: Narang Vipin
Published: September 2022

Much of the work on nuclear proliferation has focused on why states pursue nuclear weapons. The question of how states pursue nuclear weapons has received little attention. This book is the first to analyze this topic by examining which strategies of nuclear proliferation are available to aspirants, why aspirants select one strategy over another, and how this matters to international politics. Looking at a wide range of nations, from India and Japan to the Soviet Union and North Korea to Iraq and Iran, the book develops an original typology of proliferation strategies—hedging, sprinting, sheltered pursuit, and hiding. Each strategy of proliferation provides different opportunities for the development of nuclear weapons, while at the same time presenting distinct vulnerabilities that can be exploited to prevent states from doing so. The book delves into the crucial implications these strategies have for nuclear proliferation and international security. Hiders, for example, are especially disruptive since either they successfully attain nuclear weapons, irrevocably altering the global power structure, or they are discovered, potentially triggering serious crises or war, as external powers try to halt or reverse a previously clandestine nuclear weapons program. As the international community confronts the next generation of potential nuclear proliferators, the book explores how global conflict and stability are shaped by the ruthlessly pragmatic ways states choose strategies of proliferation.
The Economics of Sovereign Debt and Default
Authors: Aguiar Mark , Amador Manuel
Published: September 2022

Fiscal crises and sovereign default repeatedly threaten the stability and growth of economies around the world. This book provides a unified and tractable theoretical framework that elucidates the key economics behind sovereign debt markets, shedding light on the frictions and inefficiencies that prevent the smooth functioning of these markets, and proposing sensible approaches to sovereign debt management. The book looks at the core friction unique to sovereign debt—the lack of strong legal enforcement—and goes on to examine additional frictions such as deadweight costs of default, vulnerability to runs, the incentive to “dilute” existing creditors, and sovereign debt's distortion of investment and growth. It uses the tractable framework to isolate how each additional friction affects the equilibrium outcome, and illustrates its counterpart using state-of-the-art computational modeling. The novel approach presented here contrasts the outcome of a constrained efficient allocation—one chosen to maximize the joint surplus of creditors and government—with the competitive equilibrium outcome. This allows for a clear analysis of the extent to which equilibrium prices efficiently guide the government's debt and default decisions, and of what drives divergences with the efficient outcome. Providing an integrated approach to sovereign debt and default, the book is an ideal resource for researchers and graduate students interested in this important topic.
Limited Commitment
Authors: Aguiar Mark , Amador Manuel
Published: September 2022

This chapter covers one-sided limited commitment affecting the evolution of insurance, consumption, and debt in sovereign debt markets. The main tool of analysis is primarily constrained planning problems, which provides a tractable and transparent method of understanding the associated competitive equilibria. The government conducts the consumption savings decisions in the Small Open Economy (SOE). The chapter notes how backloading consumption mitigates the limited commitment friction. Thus, the completeness of markets and the gains from trade ensure that the option to deviate is never exercised. If a deviation value allows the sovereign to save but not borrow, it is not a strong enough punishment to sustain debt in equilibrium.
Self-Fulfilling Debt Crises
Authors: Aguiar Mark , Amador Manuel
Published: September 2022

This chapter explains the static multiplicity of the Cole and Kehoe rollover crisis model. For expositional ease, a two-period model has been used to highlight the static nature of the multiplicity. Moreover, the model opens the option to default or repay. The Cole–Kehoe rollover crisis model also includes the vulnerability to a self-fulfilling failed auction. The chapter discusses the threat of a rollover crisis affecting the government's incentive to reduce debt over time. It also highlights the security of long-term bonds as it reduces the vulnerability of self-fulfilling rollover crises in sovereign debt markets. Thus, longer maturities and floating-rate coupons represent one approach to balancing rollover and fundamental risks.
Conclusion
Authors: Aguiar Mark , Amador Manuel
Published: September 2022

This chapter summarizes the arguments on the development and consequences of sovereign debt markets. It starts with noting the prominent behavior of sovereign debt markets and analytical ad quantitative models that help showcase real-world contexts. According to data, emerging-market countries frequently accumulate large amounts of external debts and recurrently find themselves in financial crises that often result in defaults. Even though some developing countries accumulate external debt for investment and economic growth, data has also found that debt only induces volatility instead of growth. The chapter also discusses the development of models correlating to the understanding of sovereign debts, costs of defaults, and political economy decisions.
Promised Lands
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 showed how vulnerable India was to attack by France and Russia. It forced the British Empire to try to secure the two routes that a European might use to reach the subcontinent—through Egypt and the Red Sea, and through Baghdad and the Persian Gulf. This book is a panoramic history of this vibrant and explosive age. Charting the development of Britain's political interest in the Middle East from the Napoleonic Wars to the Crimean War in the 1850s, the book examines the various strategies employed by British and Indian officials, describing how they sought influence with local Arabs, Mamluks, Kurds, Christians, and Jews. The book tells a story of commercial and naval power—boosted by the arrival of steamships in the 1830s—and discusses how classical and biblical history fed into British visions of what these lands might become. The region was subject to the Ottoman Empire, yet the sultan's grip on it appeared weak. Should Ottoman claims to sovereignty be recognised and exploited, or ignored and opposed? Could the Sultan's government be made to support British objectives, or would it always favour France or Russia? The book shows how what started as a geopolitical contest became a drama about diplomatic competition, religion, race, and the unforeseen consequences of history.
Introduction
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter aims to discuss how Britain went about securing these lands and waterways from its rivals. It argues that to all intents and purposes, it had done this by the time of the Crimean War in 1854, when the account ends. The chapter stresses that there has been astonishingly little interest from historians in considering this region as a British problem and British opportunity in the first half of the nineteenth century. Throughout the book, the chapter uses the term “Middle East,” which is of course anachronistic, simply as the best shorthand description for the territory with which the book is concerned, the Asian and Egyptian lands of the Ottoman Empire south of the Anatolian plateau. The chapter also uncovers how the British responded to these lands of many diverse cultures, then outlines the four reasons for treating them as a coherent region, from a British perspective. It ultimately investigates the strategies and visions adopted by British officials and commentators towards the Ottoman Middle East—towards the lands themselves, and towards the empire that had ultimate authority over them.
Napoleon, India, and the Battle for Egypt
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter recounts how young general Napoleon Bonaparte's army sailed across the Mediterranean—not to Carthage but to Alexandria, the Egyptian port built. It argues that this was an immense expedition with 31,000 men, seventeen warships and frigates, nearly four hundred transports, plus 167 men of letters who were to record its benefits for human civilisation. The chapter also looks at the observation of British spies on where the expedition was headed. For the British, the French Wars had always been about colonies, trade, and wealth as much as about continental alliances, but mostly so far in the West Indies. Now, suddenly, the new British Empire in the East was at stake. The chapter then shifts to discuss the Eurocentric strategy of British policymakers to defeat France's military expansion. It introduces the foreign secretary, Lord Grenville, and his cabinet rival Henry Dundas. Ultimately, the chapter details how the war of 1799–1801 revealed enormous tensions between the British and their supposed allies. It then elaborates on the two significant effects of the 1801 campaign on British thinking.
Sealing off Egypt and the Red Sea
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins by analysing the aftermath of the 1799–1801 war. It mentions that the British officials were preoccupied with stopping the French from reinvading Egypt. Napoleon Bonaparte had justified his original invasion by stressing the extortionate and tyrannical rule of the Mamluks, so it became a priority to seek stability there. The chapter also looks at how Egypt fell into the destabilising civil war that the British army had predicted. It then reviews the initial British strategy for the Red Sea: The Dundas–Popham, one of the Arab trading alliances. Once the French were forced out of Egypt in 1801, local Arab chiefs had less incentive to pursue these. In the absence of French power in the region, the chapter emphasizes that there was little risk of the chiefs taking up Napoleon's cause, while Britain would incur Muslim hostility if it tried to interfere in the politics of the Hijaz and its Holy Cities.
Constantinople, London, the Eastern Crisis, and the Middle East
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins by narrating how the European powers, apart from France, united to support the removal of Mehmet Ali from Syria. This eighteen-month saga was a great European diplomatic crisis. The chapter seeks to consider what the crisis reveals about the British government's view of the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. It investigates the perspective of the Constantinople embassy and the Foreign Office, headed respectively by the Irish Whig peer Viscount Ponsonby and by Palmerston. The chapter also reviews the role of Charles Napier, the most important of the British navy officers involved in the Syrian operation. It argues that the embassy's support for a strong Ottoman central government now became much more coherent and important than before, but that it was still not the only perspective that mattered in explaining British policy.
The Brief History of British Religious Sectarianism in Syria and Kurdistan
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the Kurd-swayed mountains north of Mosul that became the (short-lived) Ottoman administrative province of Kurdistan from 1848. It argues that Protestant religious agencies—Anglican and Dissenting—briefly had an impact on British policy to Syria and Kurdistan in the late 1830s and 1840s. They twisted it in sectarian directions, in an attempt to respond to the sectarianism being practised by the other powers. The chapter also highlights that the idea of partnership with the ancient Eastern Churches was imagined in a variety of ways. It stresses that this strategy made more sense in the comfortable libraries of Anglican clergymen than in the Middle East itself. The chapter demonstrates how Protestant agencies aimed to reach out to three communities in particular: the Jews in Palestine, the Druze in Lebanon, and the Nestorians in Kurdistan. The chapter then compares them to appreciate better the reasons for their successes and failures, and their relationship with domestic and international politics.
Confining the Sectarian Problem
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter unfolds how the massacre of Nestorian Christians in Kurdistan invited European public outrage. The chapter argues that it increased the risk that France would advocate a denominational, pro-Maronite strategy for Lebanon, the biggest unresolved problem in the Middle East. The chapter also looks at the difficulty Britain faced trying to restrain French sectarianism on the one hand and Ottoman governing instincts on the other hand, after both Kurdistan and Lebanon fell to Aberdeen. It then shifts to introduce Stratford Canning and Syrian consul-general Hugh Rose who shaped British strategy in Lebanon. They helped to define the local compromise settlement that was agreed in 1846. Ultimately, the chapter highlights a decisive repudiation of the sectarian approach that some Anglican figures at home had been urging. It also considers another example of British cooperation with the Porte: the achievement of protected millet status for the empire's Protestants.
Stratford Canning and the Politics of Christianity and Islam
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Stratford Canning. It highlights that Canning engaged with religious issues in a different way from the consuls in Syria and Kurdistan. Whereas their major concern was about France, his was about Russia. The chapter then details how Aberdeen and the Tories pursued a traditional policy of working with Russia to defeat French Catholic sectarianism and stabilise the East. The chapter also analyses how Canning was convinced that Russia wanted to keep the Porte dependent on its protection and that the empire was being misgoverned by Islamic illiberalism, which was a political more than a theological system. The chapter describes Palmerston and Canning's campaign for civil equality between Muslims and non-Muslims. The underlying purpose was political rather than religious: to defeat Russia and Islamic reaction, and reorient the Ottoman Empire in a liberal direction.
Jerusalem and the Crimean War
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins by looking at the Jerusalem of 1853. It emphasizes that Jerusalem was the town that demonstrated the limits to the British strategy of trying to weaken the political potency of French denominationalism and Russian protection claims. The chapter analyses France's aim to recover from the embarrassment of the 1840 Eastern crisis by exploiting the connections that the Catholic Church was making with Maronites, Chaldeans, and Syrians. It then focuses on the ongoing international tension stemming from the 1848 revolutions, which revealed a destabilising power vacuum across large parts of central and eastern Europe. The chapter then reviews France's claim to the Holy Places. It also elaborates on the Crimean War and Russian aggression.
Conclusion
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights that India was Britain's most important imperial possession from the 1780s. It emphasizes that the protection of the lands and waterways of the Middle East from the European rivals became a major British project in the first half of the nineteenth century. The chapter then assesses how naval power was used to secure Britain's position and build up influence with local chiefs, and Arab leaders in particular. It looks at what sort of political arrangements British officials thought might be possible there, and what these ideas owed to the region's history and religious heritage. The chapter explores the relationship between British attitudes to the Middle East and to the Ottoman Empire. It considers how far these themes help to explain British engagement with the region in subsequent periods—in the second half of the century, and then after the First World War.
Strengthening the Infrastructure of American Mathematics
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the building and strengthening of mathematical infrastructure in the 1920s. It looks at the advances on philanthropic fronts that provided support for mathematical publications. The chapter also investigates how postdoctoral fellowships were created, giving newly minted Ph.D.s the opportunity to establish individual research agendas—and thereby significantly increase the United States' mathematical output—before being thrust into teaching-intensive faculty positions. Community leaders also recognized the importance of championing the mathematical research achievements that their infrastructure aimed to foster. To be competitive with the other sciences, like physics and chemistry with their Nobel Prizes, leaders recognized that prizes needed to be created, honors bestowed, and other forms of recognition devised for mathematics as well. The chapter further discusses the recognition of specialized work in specific disciplines through the awarding of prizes and the bestowal of other honors and recognition. It considers the development of strategies to secure the financial resources actually to sustain mathematical publications.
Taking Stock in a Changing World
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger
Published: September 2022

This chapter peeks at another generational shift taking place within American mathematics. It investigates the American mathematical community in the 1930s with its financial crisis, geopolitical storms, and changing demographics. The chapter also narrates that new jobs were in short supply and salaries cut, yet record numbers of new American Ph.D.s in mathematics, as well as established mathematicians, fleeing Nazi Germany and elsewhere, sought to enter the American academic ranks. Changing personnel brought the rise of new research emphases, but it also brought the decline of former research agendas as well as new results in old directions. The chapter elaborates on some of the contradictions that American mathematicians confronted as they tried to take stock in what one of their number explicitly characterized as the rapidly “changing world” of the 1930s. In conclusion, the chapter discusses the developments in topology, geometrical shifts, and algebraic research.
Waging War
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger
Published: September 2022

This chapter follows American mathematicians as they first mobilized for and then actively engaged in the war effort. It analyzes the creation of a new program of advanced instruction and research in mechanics that aimed, once and for all, to begin to fill the United States' institutional lacuna in applied mathematics. The chapter also looks at how mathematicians at Brown University engaged in teaching relatively elementary mathematics to the country's Armed Forces. Others contributed to the solution of specific problems posed by the military in contexts such as the Ballistics Research Laboratory; the Applied Mathematics Panel of the National Defense Research Committee with its pockets of expertise; Eighth Army's Operations Research Service; and the Manhattan Project. As they engaged in this war work, the chapter argues that mathematicians also managed to sustain their research momentum and other professional activities.
After Milton
Authors: Hardie Philip
Published: September 2022

This chapter talks about how John Milton tracks the upward and downward motions of his characters in his own poetic ascents and descents. It looks at a later seventeenth-century text, ‘Adventurous Muse’, by Isaac Watts, which proceeds to snatch up the reader in a chariot of poetry to paradise. It also describes the ‘advent'rous genius’ of Milton, which is scarcely to be distinguished from the ‘adventurous Muse’ of the poem's title. The chapter analyzes how Watts vindicates Milton's audacity in presuming to ascend to the heaven of heavens, exploring further Milton's own equation of his poetic journeying with the journeying of his characters. Poetic flights of the mind in the early eighteenth century are a particular hallmark of a group of Whig writers, mercilessly pilloried by the Tory Alexander Pope and his fellow Scriblerians.
Introduction
Authors: Escribà-Folch Abel , Meseguer Covadonga , Wright Joseph
Published: September 2022

This chapter raises the argument of whether international migration could foster democracy. Recent migration patterns mostly consist of people from the Global South moving to the Global North due to the prevalence of internal violence, poor governance, and poverty. Although migration brings potential transformation to societies, most academic studies and policy debates focus on the negative consequences of immigration in host countries. According to another perspective, the greatest threat to democracy derives from the political backlash of migration. The chapter also notes the assumption that cross-border movement and its flowing currency flow provide resources to citizens as agents of political change to undermine dictatorships and further democracy.
Migration and Repertoires of Contention: How Remittances Undermine Dictatorship
Authors: Escribà-Folch Abel , Meseguer Covadonga , Wright Joseph
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses remittances undermining dictatorship by referencing migration and repertoires of contention. It covers the international dimensions of democratization wherein citizens are the agents of democratic change, while private international financial flows of remittances ultimately undermine democracy. Remittances shape autocratic survival, wherein the citizens are key drivers of political change in autocratic polities. Then, the political actors' agency shapes democratization trajectories as most of the autocratic breakdowns are the result of actions taken by either the elites or the masses. The chapter, additionally, includes two mechanisms of migrant remittances that could help the advancement of democracy. It also highlights how remittances represent the voice and loyalty of migrants.
Evolutionary development
Authors: Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses concepts of comparative ontogenetic studies and of evo-devo as they relate to domesticated mammals and birds. It provides a summary of ontogenetic data and covers interconnected topics that address a multitude of aspects that are relevant in developmental evolution. It also explains morphogenesis, patterning, and growth. The chapter clarifies that morphogenesis refers to changes in the shape or location of a cell or tissues, involving in many cases foldings and specializations of groups of cells. With patterning means the establishment of groups of cells in relation to each other and to surrounding tissues, while growth is the increase in size or number of cells.
Morphological diversification
Authors: Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines several morphological novelties and trends that result from selective breeding, providing examples that are given from a few of the many organ systems that could be compared. The extent of morphological diversity generated by domestication is reminiscent in many cases of what is recorded across species in macroevolution. The chapter looks at changes brought about by the initial phase or non-intensive domestication that can be more subtle and concern the so-called domestication syndrome. It explains how domestic animals differ significantly in morphology, physiology, and behavior from their stem forms, noting considerable variation in the extent and composition of those differences. In some features, domestication is not about the odd innovation but about preservation of the odd.
Epilogue
Authors: Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the nature of humans' relation to animals as one dimension of the ethnosphere, wherein human variation has found another realm of expression. Domesticated animals in their tremendous variety are the result of evolution resulting from certain relations. The chapter explores the morphological responses or consequences of the domestication process across species and populations and some of the mechanisms behind those patterns. It reviews the behavioral dimension of the response of animals to the environment or simply their interaction, although this aspect is fundamental to understanding the response of organism to their environment. The chapter looks at comparative studies across species that could reveal the evolution of culture and its many manifestations, rates of change, species repertoires, mechanisms of social transmission, and the details of gene culture coevolution.
Nationalisms in International Politics
Authors: Powers Kathleen E.
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights how nationalisms vary instead of being one-dimensional. National or supranational identities tend to affect behavior, foreign policy attitudes, and the norms they operate. The chapter clarifies how the title will simply explain which nationalisms support conflict and which supranationalisms promote cooperation. It clarifies the conceptualization that nationalism has two dimensions: the strength of nationalist identity and the norms defining a nationalist. Conceptualizing nationalism as a social identity allows the synthesis of insights from other disciplinary factors and psychological micro-foundations for studying nationalism in international politics. However, nationalisms tend to instil a sense of moral superiority when people start comparing social groups.
Executive Power in the Shadow of Legislative Capacity
Authors: Bolton Alexander , Thrower Sharece
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces the concept of executive power in the shadow of legislative capacity. In US politics, legislatures are required to have the political will and institutional capacity to assert their authority and constrain the executive branch. Capacity is significant for understanding when the executive power will flourish in a separated system and distributed amongst all branches. Many academics believed that expansions of executive power have undermined the US separation of powers system. The COVID-19 pandemic had informed people about the broad powers of governors with their decrees of staying at home and health requirements. The chapter highlights the domains of legislative capacity: policymaking and resource capacities.
Mapping the Transnational World
Authors: Deutschmann Emanuel
Published: September 2022

Increasingly, people travel and communicate across borders. Yet, we still know little about the overall structure of this transnational world. Is it really a fully globalized world in which everything is linked, as popular catchphrases like “global village” suggest? Through a sweeping comparative analysis of eight types of mobility and communication among countries worldwide—from migration and tourism to Facebook friendships and phone calls—this book demonstrates that our behavior is actually regionalized, not globalized. The book shows that transnational activity within world regions is not so much the outcome of political, cultural, or economic factors, but is driven primarily by geographic distance. It explains that the spatial structure of transnational human activity follows a simple mathematical function, the power law, a pattern that also fits the movements of many other animal species on the planet. Moreover, this pattern remained extremely stable during the five decades studied—1960 to 2010. Unveiling proximity-induced regionalism as a major feature of planet-scale networks of transnational human activity, the book provides a crucial corrective to several fields of research. Revealing why a truly global society is unlikely to emerge, the book highlights the essential role of interaction beyond borders on a planet that remains spatially fragmented.
Lessons: Mobilization, Not Globalization
Authors: Deutschmann Emanuel
Published: September 2022

This chapter summarizes this book's findings, highlights its implications, and offers an outlook that puts these insights in a broader perspective. It explains that the book comparatively examines the structure of transnational human activity worldwide across eight types of mobility and communication. The findings reveal that proximity-induced regionalism is a major—and largely neglected—structural feature of these planet-scale interaction networks. These findings have implications for the specification of the meaning of “transnational”; the limited influence of the economic world-system's core-periphery structure; the persistence of segmentary differentiation in world society; the exaggeration of globalization; and challenging sociology's anthropocentrism. The chapter then argues for a multiparadigmatic Comparative Sociology of Regional Integration.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Emily
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides a background on the historical and contemporary infrastructure that has been developed by experimental psychologists, which underlies social and digital media platforms. These platforms work alongside a burgeoning array of devices positioned on streets and doorways, worn on the body, or installed in homes and office buildings. It follows a series of ethnographic clues that show where the discipline came from and how it is implicated in digital media like Facebook and Twitter and corporate internet platforms like Amazon or Google. The chapter covers the discipline of experimental cognitive psychology which contains a powerful set of concepts and practices that play an active role both in research laboratories and in the daily lives of many people. The discipline of experimental psychology propels the concepts of the mind and the person in particular directions.