bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Logged on and plugged in: Diet assessment for a new generation
Authors: Sieber Jessica Lynne , Schoch Ashlee , Paulus Trena , Jahns Lisa
Published: June 2021

Objective: This study compared traditional diet assessment techniques; food records and 24‐hour recalls (24 HR), with current technologies; e‐mail food records and instant messaging (IM) 24 HR. Today's freshmen grew up surrounded by technologies that enable instantaneous communications. Use of these technologies may provide similar or superior assessment and reduce respondent and researcher burden.

Methods: Three days of dietary intake (2 weekdays, 1 weekend) were collected from freshman females (n=23) in 4 groups; 1) paper food record, 2) e‐mail food record, 3) phone 24 HR, 4) IM 24 HR. NDSR was used for analysis. Mean energy and macronutrient intake was compared across all groups and by traditional vs. new technologies. Time spent and overall retention rates were compared.

Results: Mean energy intake was similar for all methods (2051 – 2129 kcal) except IM recalls (1696 kcal). IM recall subjects reported significantly lower % kcals from fat (p <0.01). All methods had full retention except for paper food records (n = 5). Mean IM 24 HR took longer than mean phone 24 HR (27 min vs. 15 min).

Conclusion: Using new technologies may reduce reporting bias by providing an immediate, more comfortable environment. IM 24 HR were less efficacious than traditional methods, but potential for improvement exists. E‐mail food records were superior in clarity, time, and retention rates than paper records.
The effect of substrate supply in modulating plasma Glutathione (GSH) levels in HIV+ treated patients
Authors: Burini Roberto Carlos , Pereira Paulo Câmara Marques , Borges‐Santos Maria Dorotéia , Yu Yong‐Ming
Published: June 2021

HIV+ patients usually present low levels of GSH and its precursors.

PURPOSE: To investigate the responses of GSH and Sulfur amino acid (SAA)pathway to dietary supplements of N‐acetyl‐cysteine (NAC) and Gln.

METHODS:12 HIV+ (25–36 yrs) patients (G2) under HAART and 20 (23–28 yrs) healthy controls (G1) were assessed at baseline for anthropometry and plasma biochemistry, and randomly assigned to two diets containing NAC (1g/d) or Gln (20g/d) supplementation. Blood samples were drawn before and by the end of the 7‐day diets to assay the plasma levels of SAA, GSH/GSSG, Ser, Gly, Glu and Gln. The effects of diets and HIV+ were analysed statistically (p=0.05).

RESULTS: The measured BMI, albumin, vitamin B12, HDL‐cholesterol and Hcy were similar between G1 and G2. G2 showed higher values of glucose, triglycerides, and GSSG, but lower concentrations of uric acid, folic acid, and GSH. NAC diet significantly increased SAA and GSH in G2 but only Tau and GSH were comparable to G1. Gln supplementation also increased GSH comparable to G1, so did Gly.

CONCLUSIONS: GSH deficiency in HIV+ patients can be replenished by dietary supplement of either NAC or Gln.

Supported by FAPESP, CNPq.
Parenteral amino acid intakes in critically ill children
Authors: Sy Jama , Gordon William E , Verbruggen Sascha , Arrivillaga Ana , Lane Craig , Stein Fernando , Castillo Leticia
Published: June 2021

Parenteral amino acid formulas used in parenteral nutrition have a variable composition. To determine the amino acid intake of parenterally fed, critically ill children, and compare it with recommended dietary allowances (RDA) established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), we retrospectively reviewed parenteral methionine intakes of 47 critically ill children, age 1 to 3 y, weight 8.6+2.9kg, admitted to the PICU over a 6 month period, who received TPN at full maintenance needs at least for 3 days. Eleven children received Aminosyn and 36 received Trophamine. Results are shown in Table 1.

Conclusions:

Critically ill, parenterally fed children receive significantly higher (P<0.001) amounts of indispensable amino acids when compared to recommended enteral dietary intakes by the IOM, or to the estimated composition of amino acids incorporated into acute phase proteins. Indispensable amino acids are potentially toxic. Hence, specific functional and nutritional parenteral amino acid requirements in critically ill children need to be determined. NIH DK‐62363, T32 HD‐007445, Ajinomoto 3‐ARP; USDA/ARS 25337387, Sophia Foundation for Scientific Research
Comparison of A‐V and precursor‐product methods for measuring muscle protein breakdown in burned patients
Authors: Chinkes David L , Zhang Xiao‐Jun , Aarsland Asle , Norbury William B , Ferrando Arny A , Wolfe Robert R , Herndon David N
Published: June 2021

We have recently developed a new bolus precursor‐product method for measuring protein synthesis and breakdown simultaneously. The new method is an attractive alternative to our previously developed A‐V balance method because it does not require femoral lines or measurement of blood flow. Although we have previously shown that the two methods (A‐V vs precursor‐product) for measuring protein breakdown agree in rabbits, the new method has not been validated in humans. The purpose of this study was to compare muscle protein fractional breakdown rates (FBR) using the two methods in humans simultaneously. Results from the A‐V balance method were converted to units %/h with estimates of muscle protein bound pool size. Five burn patients not on anabolic treatments were studied at 1 and 3 weeks postburn using both the A‐V balance method (using 13C4 threonine tracers) and the new precursor‐product method (using 15N and 13C6 phenylalanine tracers). FBR was similar for A‐V (1 week: 0.29 ± 0.13%/h, n=3; 3 weeks: 0.29 ± 0.11%/h, n=5) and bolus (1 week: 0.24 ± 0.05 %/h, n=5; 3 weeks: 0.29 ± 0.05 %/h, n=4) methods. Comparable results are obtained with the new method using either arterial or peripheral venous enrichment. The new precursor‐product bolus method gives similar results to the A‐V balance method without the use of femoral catheters or measurement of blood flow.
When given in a rapidly absorbed form, a protein meal favors the splanchnic extraction and metabolism of dietary N at the expense of its peripheral uptake and anabolic use
Authors: Fromentin Claire , Deglaire Amelie , Bos Cécile , Gaudichon Claire , Airinei Georges , Moughan Paul , Tome Daniel , Fouillet Hélène
Published: June 2021

Though we recently showed that, compared to casein, soluble milk protein were more extracted in the splanchnic bed but contributed less to peripheral protein accretion, the specific influence of the absorption kinetics of dietary protein, independently of their amino acid (AA) profile, on their further anabolism in individual tissues remains unknown. Clinical experiment was coupled with compartmental modeling to investigate the postprandial utilization of proteins of similar composition: intact (CA) and hydrolyzed (CH) casein. Experimental data were obtained in intestine, blood and urine for meal nitrogen (Nm) kinetics after a 15N‐labeled CA or CH meal and analyzed using a 13‐compartment model to predict the cascade of Nm absorption, transfer and regional metabolism. Compared to CA, CH had a similar whole‐body postprandial retention of Nm, but a faster rate of absorption, resulting in earlier and stronger hyperaminoacidemia and hyperinsulinemia. The faster kinetics of Nm absorption after CH favored both its catabolic (+25%) and anabolic (+40%) utilization in the splanchnic bed and lowered its further peripheral availability, which felt from 22% to 13% of the dietary N absorbed. The kinetics of dietary AA delivery thus constituted an independent factor of modulation of their regional metabolism in the postprandial phase, a fast supply favoring the splanchnic Nm uptake over its peripheral anabolic use.
Poverty reduction program improves subjective wellbeing, parental care, food insecurity, and domestic violence in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Jalal Chowdhury SB , Frongillo Edward A
Published: June 2021

Programs aimed at economic development may impact other important outcomes that are seldom evaluated. Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction/Targeting the Ultra Poor (CFPR/TUP), a program implemented by Building Resources Across Communities (BRAC), has been successful in significantly alleviating extreme poverty in rural Bangladesh. We hypothesized that the program also improved participants’ subjective wellbeing and parental behavior toward young children, and decreased food insecurity and domestic violence. Cross‐sectional data were collected from a random sample of 1616 (638 program and 978 control) households across 126 villages under 37 BRAC Area Offices of 3 districts. Multilevel models were used for analysis to control for potential confounders. Program households were significantly better than the control households in subjective wellbeing (p <0.01) and non‐coercive child discipline (p <0.04), and lower in food insecurity (p <0.01) and domestic violence (p <0.02). The results suggest that the poverty reduction program impacts outcomes at least partially through improved household economy. Further improvement may be achieved by addition of program components that may affect these important outcomes directly. Supported by Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC.
Behavioral and Social Environment Affects Weight Gain from Kindergarten to 5th Grade
Authors: Avula Rasmi , Frongillo Edward A. , Shapiro Cheri J. , Jones Sonya J.
Published: June 2021

Household food insecurity is associated with overweight, weight gain, behavior problems, and academic performance in children. Furthermore, the child's immediate behavioral and social environment, which is shaped by caregivers, impacts child development. Beyond feeding behaviors, little research has examined other aspects of the behavioral environment that might increase child's risk for overweight. We hypothesized that the behavioral environment as defined by parenting practices, rules, discipline practices, participation in extra‐curricular activities, and caregiver mental health in Kindergarten affects subsequent weight change. Data on 10,913 US children from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study were used. Linear regression was used to examine effects of the behavioral and social environment and food insecurity on changes in body mass index (BMI) from kindergarten to fifth grade. Children gained less in BMI if they were in a food‐secure household and participated in extracurricular activities (i.e., dance, athletics, art) outside school hours, and if their caregivers engaged in non‐coercive disciplinary practices, established rules for TV viewing, and were involved in at least one school activity (i.e., PTA meeting or fundraising). Understanding these behavioral and social dynamics will help inform intervention strategies to prevent obesity.
Contribution of a School Breakfast Program to Children's Diet and the Family Basic Food Basket in the Northwest of Mexico
Authors: Grijalva Maria Isabel , Martinez E. Y. , Islava T. Y.
Published: June 2021

Objective. To evaluate the nutritional contribution of a state school breakfast program (SBP) from two different sources on children's diet and family basic food basket. Materials and Methods. Two non‐consecutive days 24hour‐recalls were obtained form 163 school‐age children (6 to 12 years old) participating in two differents sources SBP {from processed food (1) and from homemade cooking (2)} at Hermosillo, México, to assess their diet and to determine the family basic food basket. The glycemic index (GI) of the school breakfast and the entire children's diet was estimated through GI tables reported in the literature. Children's BMI for age was calculated using weight, height and age. Results. Prevalence of pre‐obesity and overweight and obesity was 28%. Mean energy consumption was 1771±542 kcal/day and energy distribution in the diet was 33.2% fat, 12.6% protein and 54.2 % carbohydrate. The SBP contributed 20% of the total daily energy and protein. Vitamin A contributed with 65.3% in 1 and 18.7% in 2. Both modes help with vitamin C (20%), Ca (28%), Zn (33%) and Fe 18% in 1 and 26% in 2. Core foods included beans, and soft drinks, and low consumpion of fuits and vegetables. School breakfast GI, was moderate option 1and variable for option 2, depending on the menu. Conclusions. The SBP contributes to cover the recommendations of micronutrient and a contribution of 20% of the recommendation of the energy and protein in children benefited from the program.
Dual Burden of Malnutrition among Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 2–18 Years
Authors: Wang Huijun , zhai Fengying , Zhang Bing , Du Shufa , Popkin Barry M
Published: June 2021

The increase in overnutrition among children globally has been documented but it is important to note that undernutrition remains as a serious problem. Fifteen‐year trends in China were studied among children and adolescents aged 2–18 years with five rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, and 2004). Age and gender‐specific cutoff points for BMI from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) references were used to define undernutrition (BMI < 5 percentiles), and overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 85 percentiles). The results showed that the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity increased in the past 15 years from 9.1% in 1991 to15.9% in 2004, while the prevalence of undernutrition decreased slowly from 13.5% to 11% during the same period. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased much faster in rural areas (from 8% to 15.9%) where malnutrition is still prevalent compared to their urban counterparts. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased most rapidly in older adolescents (from 2.2% to 10.3%), while undernutrition increased in the same age group as well (from 11.7% to 15.4%). More exploration is needed to understand these increases among both undernutrition and overweight and obesity among adolescents.
Energy intake from foods and beverages consumed between meals by adolescents ages 12–18 years: NHANES, 1999–2004
Authors: Keast Debra R. , Hoerr Sharon L. , Nicklas Theresa A.
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to describe meal patterns of adolescents ages 12–18 years (n = 5,811), and energy intake from snacks/drinks consumed between meals. NHANES, 1999–2004, Day 1, 24‐h recall data were classified by food group, meal type and time of day. Snacks/drinks were consumed by 90% of adolescents; 653 Kcal from snacks/drinks was 28% of total energy intake. Energy intake of meal skippers (n = 3,146) who did or did not consume snacks/drinks was 2166 vs. 1458 Kcal/d, respectively, compared to 2571 vs. 2077 Kcal/d for those who did not skip meals (n = 2,665). Of 653 Kcal from snacks/drinks, 510 Kcal (78%) were snacks that included food; 31% were food and beverages consumed together as snacks, 47% were snacks with no beverage, and 22% were drinks consumed with no food. Of the 510 Kcal from snacks, 8.5% were consumed in the morning, 44.5% in the afternoon, and 47% in the evening (6:00 PM‐3:59 AM). Foods contributing 68% of energy from snacks/drinks included cereal & grain products, 6%; sweets (cake, cookies, candy), 20%; salty snacks, 15%; vegetables & fruit, 4.5%; dairy foods, 8%, meat/poultry/fish & mixtures, 14.5%. Beverages contributed 32% of energy from snacks/drinks: milk & milk drinks, 6%; juice, 2%; fruit drinks, 5%; regular soft drinks, 14%; other beverages, 5%. Intake from snacks/drinks consumed between meals contributes to total energy intake, particularly for adolescents who skipped meals. Supported by Frito Lay
Dietary food intake patterns among women in rural South Haiti
Authors: DESSALINES MICHAEL , Finnigan Mousson , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Pachon Helena , Perez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: June 2021

We applied a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to 153 mothers of children under five in rural South Haiti from June to late July 2007. The FFQ contained 46 items and used a 3 month reference time period. Over the previous 3 months, the majority of women reported consuming fruits (98.7%), rice (98.7%), plantains (94%), pumpkin (78.4%), corn (95.4%), mangoes (96.7%), papaya (78.9%), watermelon (52.3%), sweet potatoes (92.8%), chicken (81.0%), beef (80.4%), local bread (96.7%), salty snacks (85.0%), fish (85.0%), carrots (93.5%), raw milk (83.0%), kola (60.8%), concentrated milk (60.8%), and liver (53.6%). However, the median consumption for most nutrient dense foods was less than 2 times per week. Only corn, plantain, milk, rice, local bread and mangoes were consumed 3 or more times per week. Foods that were infrequently consumed (i.e. median less or equal 2 times a week) were: watermelon, sweet potatoes, papaya, pumpkin, carrots, liver, chicken, beef, fish, salty snacks, concentrated milk and kola. The above results suggest a need for micronutrient enhanced foods in the area to alleviate potential micronutrient deficiencies. We are currently exploring the potential contributions that orange fleshed sweet potatoes can make towards this goal. Funding provided by CIDA through the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT).
Animal source food (ASF) intake among women of reproductive age in rural Vietnam (VN)
Authors: Hall Andrew Greenleaf , Ngu Tu , Dirren Henri , King Janet
Published: June 2021

Maternal anemia and low birth weight babies are common among rural VN women. Thus, we evaluated the ASF intake of non‐pregnant women of reproductive age with BMIs < 18.5. 218 women (18 to 30 yrs) from 21 communes participated in focus group sessions. 24‐hr dietary recalls were done in 24 women from different communes between harvests; 5 non‐consecutive repeats were done in 9 women (60 recalls total). Nutrient intakes were calculated using VN food composition tables. Mean (SD) energy intake was 1815 (501) kcal/d with14% from protein and 3.6% from ASF protein. Mean (SD) iron intake was 10.8 (3.9) mg/d, zinc 8.3 (2.7) mg/d, vitamin A 636 (757) μg RAE/d, and vitamin B12 3.2 (3.6) μg/d. 10% of iron, 13% of zinc, and 41% of vitamin A were from ASF. Nearly 100% had iron and zinc intakes below the VN RDA; about 50% had vitamin A and B12 intakes below the RDA. Eggs and fish were the primary sources of ASF. Women consumed more ASFs when pregnant if encouraged to do so by their husbands and mothers‐in‐law, when income was higher, during holidays, and between harvests when they could catch field crabs and fish. Often women abstained from eating ASFs to protect their image when ASFs were available for other family members. Thus, accessibility and cultural habits limit ASF intake by rural VN women putting them at risk for micronutrient deficiencies and poor pregnancy outcomes.

Support: Jastro‐Shields UC Davis Graduate Student Scholarship
Dual and opposite effects of cash transfer programs on dietary intake in Brazilian poor
Authors: Kanter Rebecca , Monteiro Carlos A. , Claro Rafael M. , Caballero Benjamin
Published: June 2021

We assessed the dietary impact of a national cash transfer program Bolsa Familia in 17,514 Brazilian households (monthly per capita income ≤US$111) that participated in the national 2002–2003 Consumer Expenditure Survey. To study the effect of program participation on diet, we applied the residuals of 17 food groups, obtained by regressing calories from each group on total calories, as outcomes in multivariate regression models. Program participation was the primary explanatory variable. Models were adjusted for household income, number of people, proportion of children (0–19y) in the household, and percentage of food purchased outside the home. Separate analyses were performed for “extremely poor” (<US$56; n = 201) and “poor” (US$56–$111; n = 183) groups of households. For the extremely poor, program participation was associated with purchasing significantly more sugars, processed foods, pulses, milk and dairy products, and oils; and less meats and tubers. In the poor group, program participation was significantly associated with purchasing more processed foods, pulses, and fruits and vegetables; and fewer tubers. This study provides evidence that conditional cash transfer programs in Brazil have both positive (e.g. the increase in pulses and milk) and negative (e.g. the increase in sugar and processed foods) effects on diet. This dual effect may explain the lack of net impact on diet quality.
Dietary factors in relation to atopic dermatitis among urban school‐aged children in Korea
Authors: Kwon Sung‐Ok , Kang DM , Kim SY , Sa KJ , Lee CG , Lim JH , Jee YK , Ha MN , Hong SJ , Hong YC , Kwon HJ , Oh SY
Published: June 2021

Prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been increasing during the last decades among school‐aged children in Korea. Dietary factors might be related to the risk of AD, yet the association of diet with the risk of AD has not been fully investigated for Korean children. As part of the nation‐wide environmental health study on urban school aged children, we compared dietary intakes (assessed by a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire) of 7–8 year old children with AD (n=680) and their healthy controls (n=1,229). After controlling for the role of possible confounding variables, fat intakes including total, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were positively related to higher AD risk. Similar trend was observed for proportionate fat intake, animal fat and n‐3 fatty acids. In terms of food groups, AD children had low‐fat milk, fruits, kimchies and other vegetables less frequently, but consumed beef, processed meat, white fishes, and candies more frequently. These results suggest that higher animal food intake may play an important role related to the risk of AD. (Supported by a grant from the Ministry of Environment, Korea in 2006)
Glucose, not Sucrose, can Substitute Lactose in Diets of Early‐Weaning Pigs without Inclusion of Antibiotics
Authors: Yin Yulong , Huang Ruilin , Li Tiejun , Hou Rongqing , Liu Yulan
Published: June 2021

Two experiments were conducted with 4‐wk‐weaned pigs to determine whether sucrose and glucose can substitute lactose supplemented in diets for early‐weaning pigs. In EXP. 1, a total of 120 pigs with average weight of 8.0 kg were allocated to one of five experimental diets. The control diet was formed with corn‐soybean meal based without inclusion of antibiotic. The treatment diets were achieved with 6.0% corn in control diet being replaced on a weight basis by lactose, sucrose, glucose or cornstarch. In EXP 2, 25 pigs were used in a balance trial to examine the effect of addition of different sugars on crude protein (CP) and gross energy apparent digestibility. The dietary treatment was achieved similar in EXP. 1, except that the 0.3% chromic oxide was included to act as an indicator for determine the apparent digestibility. In spite of type, sugars’ addition did not affect the ADFI (P > 0.05). And pigs fed lactose and glucose supplemental diets showed the similar ADG and feed efficacy and were superior to control, sucrose and cornstarch (P < 0.05). Similarly, the DM, CP and gross energy apparent digestibility of lactose and glucose treatment showed a tendency greater than the control, sucrose and cornstarch, though no statistical difference (P > 0.05). Sucrose treatment caused a superior serum Ca and glucose levels than control and cornstarch (P < 0.05), and the other serum biochemical indexes maintained unchanged by the sugar’ treatment (P > 0.05). Lactose addition kept the lactase activity at a high level, almost two times of the other groups. These results suggest that glucose, not sucrose, can instead of lactose employed in post weaning diets without supplement of antibiotic.
The involvement of calpain in homocysteine‐induced apoptosis in SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Jang Yu‐mi , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Kwon Young Hye
Published: June 2021

Apoptotic neuronal cell death is the important feature of aging and neurodegenerative disease, but its mechanisms are not clear. In the previous study, we reported that caspase‐9 activity was significantly increased when cells were treated with homocysteine along with activation of caspase‐4. The expression of Bax was also increased by homocysteine, suggesting homocysteine may cause activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The transfer of Ca2+ from the ER to the mitochondria is required for initiation of programmed cell death by some apoptotic signals. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the roles of Ca2+ and calpain in homocysteine‐mediated apoptotic pathway in SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Homocysteine significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ level. Neurotoxicity induced by homocysteine was significantly attenuated when cells were co‐treated with calpain inhibitor, PD150606. The increase in caspase‐3 activity by ER stress inducers was significantly decreased when cells were treated with calpain inhibitor. Therefore, our data indicate that homocysteine induces programmed cell death through crosstalk between mitochondria and ER and that calpain may play an important physiological role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. This study was supported by a grant from Korea Research Foundation.
Polymorphisms of adiponectin rs150299 and rs266722 and insulin sensitivity in pregnant Mexican women
Authors: De Haene Jessica , Swarbrick Michael , Casanueva Esther , Havel Peter J , King Janet C
Published: June 2021

Lower adiponectin concentrations are associated with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes(T2DM). Hispanics have increased genetic risk for IGT & T2DM. Adiponectin SNPs rs266729 and rs 1501299 are correlated with adiponectin concentrations in Hispanics. We measured adiponectin SNPs & fasting adiponectin (FA), insulin (FI)& glucose (FG) in 91 non‐diabetic pregnant Mexican women at 20 ±2 & 28±2 wks gestation. RT‐PCR was performed after DNA extraction. HOMA‐IR was calculated. HOMA‐IR, FI & FA concentrations differed significantly between 20 & 28 wks (FI 12.7 vs 15.4 uU/mL, p<0.0001; HOMA‐IR 2.5 vs 3.0, p<0.0001; FA 12.5 vs 11.7, p<0.0007). After controlling for age, pre‐pregnancy BMI and parity, the changes between 20‐28 wks in FI (F=5.57, p<0.0053), FG (F=3.54, p<0.0335) and HOMA‐IR (F=5.92, p<0.0039) differed between rs266729 CC vs CG SNPs. No significant differences in FA were observed in the rs1501299 or rs266729 genotypes. The effect of SNP rs266729 on changes in HOMA‐IR, FI and FG, but not on FA, suggests that this SNP may affect insulin sensitivity independently of changes in total FA. Alternatively, one or more multimeric forms of adiponectin may be involved in insulin sensitivity in pregnancy independently of total FA. Funded by Bristol Myers Squibb
Correlation between Visceral Adipose Tissue Accumulation with Stress, Depression, and Self‐esteem in Korean Perimenopausal Women
Authors: Hwang Mi‐Ja , Hwang Deok‐Sang , Lee Yoon‐Jae , Lee Kyung‐Sub , Song Mi‐Yeon
Published: June 2021

The perimenopausal women are not only at high risk of abdominal obesity but also at psychological problems like stress, depression, and self‐esteem. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and psychological problems. For this study, 42 perimenopausal women aged 45–55 and BMI ≥ 23kg/m2 underwent questionnaire including Holmes & Rahe social readjustment rating scale (SRRS), stress response inventory (SRI), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and self‐esteem scale (SES). Body composition was measured using anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis (BIA), and computerized tomography (CT) for VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) discrimination. The present results showed that total adipose tissue (VAT plus SAT) and SAT were both well correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, waist‐height ratio, and BIA measures such as fat percent, fat mass, waist‐hip ratio, and visceral fat area. However, VAT was not correlated with simple anthropometry except weight and BIA measures except fat mass. Instead, VAT was well correlated with SRI subscales such as frustration (r= 0.441, p<0.01), fatigue (r=0.380, p<0.01), depression (0.430, p<0.01), and anger (r=0.374, p<0.05) and SES (r= −0.355, p<0.05). This study suggests that high stress such as frustration, fatigue, depression, and anger, low self‐esteem are correlated with VAT accumulation in Korean perimenopausal women. This study was supported by KyungHee University.
Dietary Intake and Physical Activity of Overweight and Non‐Overweight Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Gomez Gianna Perez , Huffman Fatma G
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to compare nutrient intake and physical activity (PA) between overweight (n = 57) and non‐overweight (n = 60) Hispanic adolescents aged 12–16 years, recruited by convenience sampling from the area of Miami‐Dade County. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height. Dietary intakes were assessed using the Block Kids Questionnaire and PA using the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Statistical analyses used SPSS and included descriptive statistics and ANCOVA, in which gender, age, and energy intake for dietary analyses were controlled. Physical activity differed between overweight (5.5 hrs) and non‐overweight (13.0 hrs) adolescents, p<.001. Overweight adolescents consumed significantly more energy (1,935 vs. 1,632), had more servings from the Meat food group (2.7 vs. 1.9), and fewer servings from the Fruits (1.2 vs. 1.6) and Milk (0.9 vs. 1.3) food groups, p<.05. In general, both overweight and non‐overweight adolescents had few servings of fruits, vegetables (1.3 and 1.4 servings, respectively), and dairy products, and low intakes of fiber (13.5 and 12.7 g, respectively). Low PA, higher energy and protein intakes, and fewer servings of fruits and dairy products might be associated with overweight in Hispanic adolescents. Interventional studies should aim to increase fruits and vegetables consumption in all adolescents and PA in overweight adolescents.
Dietary risk factors for dyslipidemia in urban Mexican children
Authors: Benitez Alejandra , Garcia Annarzhvaelig , Ramirez Helena , Valdes Roxana
Published: June 2021

Background: There are not enough studies describing the risky food intake in different economic conditions that promote inadequate food intake practices. High total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and LDL, and low HDL can already be found in children. These conditions promote cardiovascular disease in adult life. In order to evaluate food intake patterns in school‐age children we designed a cross‐sectional comparative study. Methods: Three‐hundred and thirty children from elementary school, 9 to 12 years old, 65.5% from high and 34.5% from low Socioeconomic Status (SES) were evaluated. Lipid profile was obtained from a capillary blood sample, dyslipidemias were considered when TC > 200mg/dl, TG > 125 mg/dl, LDL > 130 mg/dl and HDL < 35mg/dl. Food intake was evaluated by a validated Risk‐Foods Frequency Questionnaire (100 foods with 54 high risk and 46 without risk for dyslipidemia, Cronbach¡− s alpha = 0.86). Low risk diet was defined ¡Ý 10 points and high risk with ¡Ü 10. Association was calculated by Odds Ratio. Results:All subjects had an OR=0.94. High SES showed an OR=1.63, while Low SES had OR=0.49. Intake of simple sugar had and OR=0.94 for TG; saturated fatty acids were associated with LDL (OR=0.82), HDL (OR=0.72) and TC (OR=0.88)

Conclusions: Risky dietary intake is higher in better soceioeconomic conditions. Acknowledgement: This project was financed by UAEMex
Dietary vitamin K intakes and their relationship with metabolic syndrome in U.S. young adults
Authors: Pan Yang , Jackson Robert T
Published: June 2021

The relationship between dietary intake of vitamin K and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been previously investigated. Data from 5,800 adults aged 20 to 45 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004 were analyzed. Dietary vitamin K was measured as phylloquinone. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Prevalence and odds ratios (OR) of MetS and its components were assessed by quartiles of dietary phylloquinone intake. Lowest prevalence of MetS and its five components was observed in individuals with highest phylloquinone intakes. Prevalence of low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and elevated blood pressure progressively decreased with increasing phylloquinone intake (p<0.05 for trend). Compared with the lowest phylloquinone intake quartile, the highest quartile of intake was associated with significantly reduced risks of low HDL levels, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia after adjustment for various confounding factors [OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.45–0.98), OR 0.51 (95% CI 0.25–0.97), and OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.05–0.73), respectively]. Our results suggest that high dietary phylloquinone intake may favorably affect MetS or its components. The mechanism(s) underlying the observed associations between phylloquinone and MetS needs to be elucidated and the role of vitamin K nutriture in MetS merits further investigation.
Synbiotics prevent development of osteoporosis in chronic inflammation of young and old mdr1a −/− mice.
Authors: Resta‐Lenert Silvia Cristina , Lee Susan j , Maruggi Marco
Published: June 2021

Osteoporosis and reduced bone mass are frequent co‐morbidities of chronic inflammatory diseases, including colitis and arthtritis, and ageing. We have shown that dysregulated bone homeostasis in mouse models of colitis is due to an imbalance of bone formation and resorption. Moreover, we have shown that probiotics and synbiotics promote calcium uptake in the gut and VDR signaling. We hypothesized that probiotic and synbiotic treatment may reverse the effects of chronic inflammation on dysregulated bone homeostasis. 1‐ and 6‐months old colitic mdr1a −/− (KO) mice, and wild type (WT) were treated for 4 weeks with the probiotic combination S. thermophilus‐L. acidophilus (ST/LA), with the synbiotic ST/LA plus inulin (ST/LA/IN) or placebo. At the end of treatment, KO and WT mice were tested for femoral length, bone mineral density (BMD), serum OPG, RANKL and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels, and colonic OPG mRNA and protein levels, and gene expressione profiling of colonocytes. All functional parameters were significantly ameliorated by synbiotics. Moreover, microarray categorization showed that treatment modulated the TGF beta signaling pathway in vivo, as we have shown in vitro. Our data suggest that bone loss in chronic inflammation of colitis may be corrected by probiotics and that this effect may be in part mediated by TGF beta signaling. Supported by grants NIH‐DK062096 and UCSD Academic Senate (SRL), and UCSD D. Howell Scholarship (SJL).
The effect of menarcheal age on anthropometric, limb length and bone measures in Hutterite and non‐Hutterite women
Authors: Grimsrud Courtney , Binkley Teresa , Specker Bonny
Published: June 2021

The age women reach menarche may affect bone length and mass. Some studies show an earlier menarcheal age (MA) results in a shorter stature and increased body fat. We hypothesized that Hutterite women have a shorter height and limb length, but greater bone mass and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) than non‐Hutterites. Results are from a secondary analysis of 344 (198 Hutterite) healthy, pre‐menopausal women aged 20–40 years who participated in the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study. Bone measures were obtained by DXA (spine, hip and total body) and pQCT (4 and 20% distal radius). MA correlated with current age (r=0.10, p=0.06) indicating a trend toward a younger MA for younger women. MA was inversely associated with current weight (r=−0.11, p<0.05), percent body fat (r=7minus;0.16, p<0.01), femoral neck BMC (r=−0.18, p=0.003), femoral neck aBMD (r=−0.21, p<0.001), hip aBMD (r=−0.22, p<0.001) and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) (r=−0.14, p=0.03). Hutterite women had a younger MA than non‐Hutterite women (12.3±1.3 vs. 13.0±1.3 yr, p<0.001). In final regression models controlling for diet and activity patterns, Hutterite compared to non‐Hutterite women had shorter standing height (162±0.4 vs. 166±0.4 cm, p<0.001), forearm length (258±0.8 vs. 261±0.9 mm, p=0.04); and leg length (76±0.2 vs. 77±0.3 cm, p<0.01) as hypothesized, but MA did not predict these outcomes. In conclusion, younger MA in Hutterite women did not explain their shorter standing height and limb lengths, but total hip aBMD was inversely associated with MA and greater in Hutterite than non‐Hutterite women.

Supported in part by NIH Grant AR47852
Effect of digestion on the anticancer activity of tea catechins in gastrointestinal cells
Authors: Cenky Marti , Orozco Fabiola Gutierrez , Green Rodney , Ferruzzi Mario G , Bomser Joshua A
Published: June 2021

Epidemiological evidence suggests that increased consumption of catechin rich tea is associated with reduced risk of gastrointestinal cancers. However, the effects of digestive conditions on the anticancer activity of tea and catechins have been largely ignored. The present study compared the anticancer activities of parent and digested tea extracts/catechins in gastric (AGS) and colon (HT‐29) and cancer cell lines. HT‐29 cells were treated (48 h) with digested and parent extracts of green tea, black tea, and a combination of EGCG/EGC. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay and the concentration (gallic acid equivalents GAE)/ml) of extracts required to reduce cell viability by 50% (IC50) was determined. Digestion of green tea extracts significantly reduced their anticancer activity (IC50 =121 μg GAE/ml), compared to parent extracts (IC50= 68 μg GAE/ml) in the HT‐29 cells. A similar reduction in the anticancer activity of digested EGCG/EGC versus their parent compounds was also observed. The anticancer activity of black tea was similar for both parent and digested extracts (IC50= 97μg GAE/ and 93 μg GAE/ml, respectively). Interestingly, the anticancer activity of parent tea extracts in AGS cells was approximately 50% less than that observed in the HT‐29 cell line. Taken together these data suggest that digestive conditions may impact the anticancer activity of tea catechins. Research supported, in part, by grants P30CA16508 and R03CA119210, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
Fish oil and pectin may suppress colon carcinogenesis via inhibition of the MAPK and TGFβpathways
Authors: Cho Youngmi , Martinez Josue G. , Turner Nancy D. , Taddeo Stella S. , Davidson Laurie A. , Wang Naisyin , Vannucci Marina , Carroll Raymond J. , Chapkin Robert S. , Lupton Joanne R.
Published: June 2021

We have shown that fish oil/pectin(FP) diets are protective against colon cancer compared to corn oil/cellulose(CC). In this study we determined if the protection is conferred by influencing the temporal changes in expression of genes relevant to the MAPK and TGF βpathway that are involved in colon carcinogenesis. Diets contained either FP or CC. Half of the rats were exposed to radiation (1 Gy, 1 GeV/nucleon iron) and all rats were injected with azoxymethane (2x, 15 mg/kg BW, sc) 10 and 17 d after irradiation. Exfoliated colonocyte polyA+ RNA was collected at 7, 14, and 28 wk in the same rats and gene expression determined using GE Codelink arrays. There were 301 differentially expressed genes for the diet X time interaction including five genes relevant to the MAPK pathway, e.g. expression of IL‐1βwas maintained over time in FP‐fed rats whereas expression in the 28 wk sample was 4.7 times (P=0.01) that in the 7 wk sample in CC‐fed rats. Also, three genes related to the TGF βpathway were affected by the interaction, e.g. expression of Smad4, a tumor suppressor, was maintained over time in the FP‐fed rats but decreased at the tumor stage in CC‐fed rats (P=0.03). Our data indicate that a diet containing fish oil/pectin could suppress colon carcinogenesis by regulating expression of genes within the MAPK/TGF βsignaling axis. Funded by NSBRI NASA NCC 9‐58, NIEHS (P30‐ES09106), and NIH (CA59034, CA57030).
A U shaped relationship exists between food insecurity and excessive gestational weight gain among low‐income Latinas
Authors: Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Bermúdez‐Millán Angela , Chapman Donna , Pérez‐Escamilla Sofia , Damio Grace , Melgar‐Quiñonez Hugo , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of food insecurity status on gestational weight gain among low‐income Latinas living in Hartford, CT (N=228). Food insecurity status during pregnancy was assessed using a modified version of the U.S. Household Food Security Scale. Households were classified as food secure, mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure, or severely food insecure. The Institute of Medicine recommendations were used to classify women as gaining less/within the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy or above the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated predictors of excessive gestational weight gain. Women from moderately food insecure households were 23 times more likely than those from food secure households to gain excessive weight during pregnancy (Odds Ratio=23.70; Confidence Interval=2.07–271.04). By contrast, women with mild or severe household food insecurity during pregnancy were not more likely than those from food secure households to gain excessive gestational weight. These findings suggest there is a U shaped relationship between household food insecurity status during pregnancy and excessive gestational weight gain among low‐income pregnant Latinas. Funded by the Connecticut NIH EXPORT Center of Excellence for Eliminating Health Disparities among Latinos (NIH‐NCMHD Grant # P20MD0017650).
Effects of a Green Tea Intervention on Anthropometrics, Intake, and Glucose Levels in Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Sweet Cori Lyn , Apfel Jason S , Stendell‐Hollis Nicole R , Cussler Ellen C , Thomson Cynthia A
Published: June 2021

Breast cancer recurrence is known to increase among overweight women. Green tea has been shown to modulate obesity and glucose levels in overweight subjects. Using a randomized, placebo‐controlled study design (N=39), we tested the hypothesis that overweight breast cancer survivors who consume 4 cups of green tea daily for 6 months would demonstrate a significant reduction in dietary intake, body weight, body fat, and serum glucose as compared to women consuming placebo tea. Outcome measures included weight, BMI, body fat, waist and hip circumference, dietary intake (Food Frequency Questionnaire) and serum glucose. Women randomized to green tea demonstrated a significant decrease in mean energy intake (−262±492 cal/d) which was related to a decrease in carbohydrate intake (−42.7 ± 87.8). A non‐significant mean decrease in body weight (−1.2±4.1kg), BMI (−0.5±1.5kg/m2), % body fat (−0.6±2.9), and waist to hip ratio was also shown in this group. No significant change in glucose levels was shown over time or in relation to tea assignment. These results suggest that daily intake of 4 cups green tea did not significantly change anthropometrics or glucose in overweight breast cancer survivors, although these markers did move in a favorable direction. Future studies should include higher EGCG exposure and a larger sample size of breast cancer survivors who demonstrate insulin resistance at the time of study entry.

This research was funded by: The Susan Komen Foundation and USDA hatch 126660
1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D regulates vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α in breast epithelial cells
Authors: Jiang Yan , Teegarden Dorothy
Published: June 2021

The angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be differentially regulated by 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) in untransformed cells and cancer cells, but the effect at different stages of cancer progression has not been investigated in breast epithelial cells. Evidence also suggests that 1,25(OH)2D reduces VEGF expression through stabilization of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α, a direct transcriptional regulator of VEGF. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of 1,25(OH)2D on VEGF expression in untransformed and H‐ras transfected MCF10A breast epithelial cells. Compared to vehicle, 1,25(OH)2D treatment (24 hrs) significantly reduced VEGF mRNA expression in a dose‐dependent manner, with significance achieved at 1 nM (25%) in untransformed cells. Similarly, with 1,25(OH)2D (1 nM) treatment, mRNA expression of HIF‐1α was also significantly decreased by 32% compared to vehicle in untransformed cells. In ras‐transfected MCF10A cells, 1,25(OH)2D‐mediated reduction of VEGF (28%) and HIF‐1α (34%) mRNA was achieved only at a higher dose (10 nM and 100nM, respectively) compared to vehicle. These results suggest that in breast cells, 1,25(OH)2D‐induced suppression of VEGF may occur through the transcriptional regulation of HIF‐1α, and the effect may be reduced in the presence of the H‐ras oncogene. Supported by NIH DK069965.
Effect of chlorella supplementation on cadmium metabolism in rats.
Authors: Park Hoon Jung , Shim Jee Ae , Kim Mi Kyung
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chlorella on cadmium metabolism in cadmium (Cd) – administrated rats. Sixty Sprague‐Dawley rats (14week‐old) were blocked into 6 groups and fed experimental diets containing different levels of chlorella (0, 3, 5%) and Cd (0 ppm and 160 ppm ) for 10 wks. Cadmium concentrations in blood, liver, kidney, small intestine and feces were measured. Cd concentrations in blood and organ tissues of Cd‐exposed groups were significantly higher than those of Cd‐free groups. However, chlorella intake significantly decreased Cd concentrations in blood and kidney, especially animals fed 5% chlorella diet. Fecal excretion of Cd was highest in 3% chlorella group among Cd‐exposed animals and Cd‐exposed groups excreted significantly higher Cd than Cd‐free groups. The results suggest that chlorella intake decreased Cd concentrations in blood and organ tissues through increasing fecal Cd excretion. *This work was supported by the grants from Daesang.Co.Ltd. and the second stage of Brain Korea 21 project in 2007.
Acute Hematological and Biochemical Effects of Himalayan Goji® Juice (Lycium barbarum) in Rodents
Authors: Amagase Harunobu
Published: June 2021

The goji berry (Lycium barbarum) is one of the most well‐known herbal medicines in Asian countries, where its long term usage is reputed to contribute to agility and longevity. Recent studies have shown various bioactivities such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic and immunological effects. To evaluate the efficacy of goji on various hematological and biochemical markers, a basic 2 week study was performed on Himalayan Goji® Juice (HGJ) in rats after daily administration by oral gavage for 14 consecutive days. Three different dosage treatments and a control group were assigned to 4 groups of 10 rats each (5 males and 5 females). There were no statistically significant differences in average body weights or food consumption between groups at any time points. HGJ increased hemoglobin concentration and total red blood cell counts in both female and male rats. It may increase oxygen carrying capacity in red blood cells, which may help to explain the improvements in stamina, endurance and other athletic performance markers shown in clinical study. HGJ also increased plasma levels of calcium and potassium, and decreased Na/K ratio while maintaning sodium levels in the female subjects. This may improve kidney functions and electrolyte balance. HGJ was also investigated in liver functions, and was found to significantly reduce SGPT and SGOT levels in the female subjects. It may therefore increase liver functions. Plasma albumin, globulin and total protein were all increased by HGJ in the male subjects. This study was supported financially by FreeLife International.