bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review: Mortality associated with raised faecal immunochemical test and positive faecal occult blood results
Authors: Malcolm Francesca Ligori , Yapa Anjali K. D. S. , Wong Zhen Yu , Morton Alastair James , Crooks Colin , West Joe , Banerjea Ayan , Humes David
Published: August 2024

Background

Faecal haemoglobin (f‐Hb) testing is used in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and increasingly to guide the investigation in patients with symptoms suggestive of CRC. Studies have demonstrated increased mortality with raised f‐Hb.

Aims

To assess the association of raised f‐Hb with all‐cause, non‐CRC (any cause excluding CRC) and cause‐specific mortality.

Methods

We searched Medline and Embase on 9 February 2024 to identify papers reporting mortality after faecal immunochemical (FIT) or guaiac faecal occult blood tests (gFOBT). The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality following a positive compared to a negative test.

Results

The search identified 3155 papers. Ten met the inclusion criteria: three reported gFOBT and seven reported FIT results, as screening tests. These reported a total of 14,687,625 f‐Hb results. Elevated f‐Hb was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause, non‐CRC and cause‐specific mortality including death from cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory diseases. Crude risk ratios for all‐cause mortality with a positive versus negative test were derived from six papers (three reporting gFOBT, three FIT). An increased risk was demonstrated in five, with RRs ranging from 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06–1.16) to 2.95 (95% CI: 2.85–3.05). For non‐CRC mortality risk, RRs ranged from 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04–1.15) to 2.79 (95% CI: 2.70–2.89). We did not perform meta‐analysis due to a limited number of papers reporting suitable results for each type of f‐Hb test.

Conclusions

All‐cause, non‐CRC and cause‐specific mortality appear higher in those with raised f‐Hb. Population‐based studies are warranted to elicit whether this association occurs in symptomatic patients.
Effect of immediate all‐digital restoration of single posterior implants: The SafetyCrown concept on patient‐reported outcome measures, accuracy, and treatment time—A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Waltenberger Lukas , Reich Sven , Zwahlen Marcel , Wolfart Stefan
Published: August 2024

Objective

The SafetyCrown workflow facilitates the immediate restoration of posterior single sites with the one‐abutment/one‐time concept. This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess the direct effect of immediate restoration on dental patient‐reported outcomes (dPROs), feasibility, implant accuracy, and time.

Materials and Methods

Participants with a single posterior edentulous site for late implant placement underwent optical impressions, shade selection, and cone beam computed tomography. After virtual treatment planning, they were randomized into the test group and the control group. For the test group, individual definitive hybrid abutments were prefabricated. The next step was a fully guided surgery with printed guides. After the implant was placed using guided surgery, the abutment was inserted. A chairside CAD/CAM workflow was used to provide the patient with a provisional restoration. Implants in the control group were left submerged to heal. Oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed using the OHIP‐G14, and dPRO was measured using a 10‐item visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaire. Additional measurements of implant accuracy and time were performed. Follow‐up was performed 7 to 10 days after implant placement.

Results

Thirty‐nine participants with 45 restorations were included (test group: 23, control: 22). Immediate restoration was successful in 21 out of 23 implants (91.3%) in the test group. Both groups exhibited decreased OHRQoL without significant intergroup differences, while patient satisfaction was high overall. Test group participants perceived higher benefits and satisfaction with immediate loading than participants in the control group. Implant accuracy averaged 0.60 mm at the shoulder and 0.95 mm at the apex. Operative time was longer in the immediate loading group (61.9 min) than in the control group (32.1 min) (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Considering the limitations, the immediate restoration of late placed posterior implants using the described workflow proved feasible in 21 out of 23 cases. Both groups achieved high patient satisfaction with no differences in OHRQoL during the first week. Patients who received immediate loading rated the benefits very highly and were satisfied with the provisional restoration during the healing period.
Alveolar ridge preservation and its impact on marginal bone level changes around dental implants: A retrospective, cohort comparative study
Authors: Cinquini Chiara , Izzetti Rossana , Porreca Annamaria , Iezzi Giovanna , Nisi Marco , Barone Antonio
Published: August 2024

Objectives

This retrospective study compared the outcomes of implants placed in alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) treated sites with those in spontaneously healed (SH) sites.

Materials and Methods

The study included patients presenting with one implant placed in an ARP‐treated socket and one in an SH site. The primary outcome was the comparison of Marginal Bone Level Changes (MBLC). Statistical analysis was performed to identify factors influencing MBLC, including age, gender, smoking, parafunctional habits, and prosthetic emergence angle.

Results

Of these, 28 patients (23 females, 82.1%) were included in this analysis. Sockets in the SH group were classified as type I, whereas type II sockets were more common in the ARP group. The SH group exhibited significantly higher MBLC than the ARP group (p = 0.032), with values, respectively, of 1.00 [0.25; 1.62] and 0.40 [0.00; 1.00] mm. Among all evaluated parameters, the performance of ARP was the only factor significantly affecting MBLC (β = −0.72, SE: 0.32, p = 0.026). Age, gender, smoking, parafunctional habits, and prosthetic emergence angle did not significantly affect MBLC.

Conclusions

The study shows the potential role of ARP in maintaining stable marginal bone levels around implants. In our sample, ARP significantly reduced MBLC compared with spontaneous healing, highlighting its possible impact in clinical practice for better peri‐implant bone stability.
Fecal microbiota from patients with Parkinson's disease intensifies inflammation and neurodegeneration in A53T mice
Authors: Yang Huijia , Shao Yaping , Hu Yiying , Qian Jin , Wang Panpan , Tian Lulu , Ni Yang , Li Song , Al‐Nusaif Murad , Liu Cong , Le Weidong
Published: August 2024

Aims

We evaluated the potential of Parkinson's disease (PD) fecal microbiota transplantation to initiate or exacerbate PD pathologies and investigated the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

We transplanted the fecal microbiota from PD patients into mice by oral gavage and assessed the motor and intestinal functions, as well as the inflammatory and pathological changes in the colon and brain. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing combined with metabolomics analysis was conducted to assess the impacts of fecal delivery on the fecal microbiota and metabolism in recipient mice.

Results

The fecal microbiota from PD patients increased intestinal inflammation, deteriorated intestinal barrier function, intensified microglia and astrocyte activation, abnormal deposition of α‐Synuclein, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in the brains of A53T mice. A mechanistic study revealed that the fecal microbiota of PD patients stimulated the TLR4/NF‐κB/NLRP3 pathway in both the brain and colon. Additionally, multiomics analysis found that transplantation of fecal microbiota from PD patients not only altered the composition of the gut microbiota but also influenced the fecal metabolic profile of the recipient mice.

Conclusion

The fecal microbiota from PD patients intensifies inflammation and neurodegeneration in A53T mice. Our findings demonstrate that imbalance and dysfunction in the gut microbiome play significant roles in the development and advancement of PD.
Respiratory Pathogens at Exacerbation in Chronic Bronchitis With Airway Bacterial Colonisation: A Cohort Study
Authors: Jones Thomas L. , Roberts Claire , Elliott Scott , Glaysher Sharon , Green Ben , Shute Janis K. , Chauhan Anoop J.
Published: August 2024

Background and Objective

COPD and bronchiectasis are common causes of morbidity, particularly around exacerbation. Colonisation with respiratory pathogens can increase the frequency and severity of exacerbations. However, bacterial and viral presence at exacerbation in people with airway colonisation has not been well studied.

Methods

A 6‐month cohort study of participants (n = 30) with chronic bronchitis due to bronchiectasis (n = 26) and/or COPD (n = 13) and colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Haemophilus influenzae was proven on two sputum cultures at exacerbation in the previous 12 months. Participants were provided self‐management education and collected sputum samples daily. Sputum samples at baseline (at least 14 days before or after an exacerbation) and at each exacerbation were examined for a panel of 34 respiratory pathogens using commercially available RT‐PCR kits and compared to results obtained using culture methods for the detection of bacteria.

Results

Participants provided 29 baseline samples and 71 samples at exacerbation. In 17/29 baseline samples, RT‐PCR analysis confirmed the organism demonstrated by culture, while 12 samples showed a discrepancy from culture results. Most exacerbations (57.7%) were not associated with acquiring new bacteria or viruses, while 19.8% showed new bacteria, 15.7% new viruses and 7% both new viruses and bacteria.

Conclusion

Over half of exacerbations were not associated with new organisms in this cohort of participants with chronic bronchitis and colonisation. However, 26.8% demonstrated a new bacterial species in sputum, which is relevant for antibiotic therapy. Baseline RT‐PCR and culture results were discordant in one‐third of participants.
The interplay of dopaminergic genotype and parent–child relationship in relation to intra‐individual response time variability in preschoolers: A replication study
Authors: Zhang Yuewen , Wang Zhenhong
Published: August 2024

Intra‐individual response time variability (IIRTV) during cognitive performance is increasingly recognized as an important indicator of attentional control (AC) and related brain region function. However, what determinants contribute to preschoolers’ IIRTV received little attention. The present study explored the interaction of dopaminergic polygenic composite score (DPCS) and the parent–child relationship in relation to preschoolers’ IIRTV. In the initial sample, 452 preschoolers (M age = 5.17, SD = 0.92) participated in the study. The modified Flanker task was used to evaluate children's IIRTV and their parents were requested to complete the Parent–Child Relationship Scale to assess the parent–child relationship (closeness/conflict). DNA data were extracted from children's saliva samples, and a DPCS was created by the number of COMT, DAT1, and DRD2 alleles associated with lower dopamine levels. Results showed that DPCS significantly interacted with the parent–child closeness to impact preschoolers’ IIRTV. Specifically, preschoolers with higher DPCS exhibited lower IIRTV under higher levels of the parent–child closeness, and greater IIRTV under lower levels of the parent–child closeness compared to those with lower DPCS, which supported the differential susceptibility theory (DST). A direct replication attempt with 280 preschoolers (M age = 4.80, SD = 0.86) was conducted to investigate whether the results were in accordance with our exploratory outcomes. The interactive effect of DPCS and the parent–child closeness on IIRTV was confirmed. Additionally, the significant interactive effect of DPCS and the parent–child conflict on IIRTV was found in the replication study. The findings indicate that preschoolers’ IIRTV, as an indicator of AC and related brain region function, is influenced by the interactions of dopaminergic genotypes and the parent–child relationship.

Research Highlights

We investigated the Gene × Environment mechanism to underline the intra‐individual response time variability as an indicator of attentional control (AC) in Chinese preschoolers.

Dopaminergic polygenic composite score (COMT, DAT1, and DRD2) interacted with the parent–child relationship to predict preschoolers’ intra‐individual reaction time variability.

A direct replication attempt has been conducted, and the results were in accordance with our exploratory outcomes, which increased the credibility of the present findings.

The findings highlight the importance of considering precursors, including polygenic and environmental factors, which contribute to the development of early cognitive performance such as AC.
Lessons Learnt From Running a Transition‐Age Youth Mental Health Outpatient Clinic in Italy: The PRecocity of Intervention in Adolescent Medicine (PRIMA) Experience
Authors: Colizzi Marco , Basaldella Marta , Candolo Anna , Garzitto Marco , Palermo Andrea , Scipioni Claudia , Tavian Giovanna , Balestrieri Matteo , Bortoletto Riccardo , Comacchio Carla
Published: August 2024

Aim

This study assessed whether transition age between adolescence and young adulthood poses a challenge for both patients and mental health services.

Methods

We retrospectively examined the baseline characteristics, diagnoses and treatments of 99 individuals aged 16–35 presenting to the PRecocity of Intervention in Adolescent Medicine (PRIMA) transition‐age mental health outpatient clinic, Italy, over a 24‐month period.

Results and Discussion

Most patients were female, aged 20 or younger, employed and did not experience impairment in daily autonomies. About half patients were referred by general practitioners or self‐referred, often as initial contact with any adult mental health services, complaining with multiple symptoms (88%), mainly including anxiety, affective disturbances and insomnia. Most of them received a single diagnosis (68%), one out of three being diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Patients presenting with anxiety (63% vs. 32%; OR = 3.55, p = 0.01) and affective symptoms (56% vs .23%; OR = 4.26, p = 0.01) and receiving multiple diagnoses (30% vs. 9%; χ
2(2) = 19.7, p < 0.01) were more likely to be prescribed with psychopharmacological medication at the first visit. At a 6‐month follow‐up, one in two patients remained in PRIMA, while the others required different services tailored to their specific conditions, especially neurodevelopmental disorders.

Conclusion

Findings from this study warrant the need for specialised mental healthcare facilities ensuring timely and high‐quality interventions for adolescents transitioning into young adulthood.
What a jerk!
Authors: Sander Thorsten
Published: August 2024

I argue that “general pejoratives” such as “jerk” or “bastard” differ crucially from items such as “that damn N”. While items such as the latter typically serve to give vent to one's attitudes, general pejoratives essentially involve judgments about a person's behaviour or character. This is particularly evident in cases where pejoratives occur not as epithets, but as predicate nominals. If we want to account for the overall contribution of words such as “jerk”, there are three kinds of content that ought to be distinguished: truth‐conditional contents, evaluative presuppositions, and expressive contents that are either at‐issue (in the case of expressive predicates) or non‐at‐issue (in the case of epithets).
Toward a Joint Declaration on the Church?
Authors: Karttunen Tomi
Published: August 2024

The Lutheran–Catholic report Baptism and Growth in Communion (2019) argued that on the basis of a common understanding of baptism, it would be possible for both Lutherans and Catholics to consider themselves as being in communion within the one body of Christ and in this sense as churches. However, this approach was not supported unambiguously on the Catholic side. One commission member stated that the Catholic Church is the “only fully identifiable” visible manifestation of the body of Christ. Also, the use of “elements of sanctification and truth” as ecclesial criteria was seen to be too optimistic. As a result of this, Baptism and Growth in Communion is now understood only as an open‐ended study document that is not yet ready for reception. It seems the starting point of the report was a belief that the Lutheran and Catholic understandings of the church differ so much that a new approach is needed, namely through the mutual recognition of baptism and the mutual recognition of baptizing communities as members of the body of Christ. However, this path does not appear to be possible in the proposed form because of the criticism from the Catholic side. Instead, it might be possible to make progress through a Joint Declaration on the Church that can pick up the insights of the reports On Church and Church Communion (2018), Communion in Growth (2017), as well as Baptism and Growth in Communion and other major dialogue documents in ecumenical ecclesiology.
Relationship between respiratory function assessed by spirometry and mild cognitive impairment among community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Tachibana Yuka , Godai Kayo , Kabayama Mai , Akagi Yuya , Kido Michiko , Hosokawa Mariko , Akasaka Hiroshi , Takami Yoichi , Yamamoto Koichi , Yasumoto Saori , Masui Yukie , Ikebe Kazunori , Arai Yasumichi , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Gondo Yasuyuki , Kamide Kei
Published: August 2024

Aim

Aging is a major cause of cognitive dysfunction. It has also been reported that respiratory function may influence cognitive dysfunction. However, few studies have examined the relationship between cognitive function and respiratory function among community‐dwelling older adults. This study aims to determine the relationship between respiratory function, assessed using spirometry, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

This study included 419 participants aged 73 ± 1 years and 348 participants aged 83 ± 1 years from the SONIC cohort study (Septuagenarians Octogenarians Nonagenarians Investigation with Centenarians Study). Respiratory function was evaluated using %Vital Capacity (%VC), Forced Expiratory Volume 1 s (FEV1)/Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), and %Peak Expiratory Flow (%PEF). Airflow‐limitation presence and stages were classified using FEV1/FVC. Cognitive function and MCI were assessed using the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA‐J).

Results

The MoCA‐J score exhibited a declining trend as the airflow‐limitation stage increased among study participants in the 83 ± 1 age group. The presence of airflow limitation was associated with MCI in the 83 ± 1 age group. Among the indicators of each respiratory function, low %PEF was found to be associated with an increased rate of MCI. Furthermore, low %VC has also been suggested to be associated with an increased rate of MCI in the 83 ± 1 age female group.

Conclusions

Advanced airflow‐limitation stages may exacerbate cognitive dysfunction in community‐dwelling older adults. The presence of airflow limitation and low %VC may also be associated with cognitive dysfunction in older women. Consequently, reduced respiratory function may potentially be associated with MCI in community‐dwelling older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; ••: ••–••.
Diaspora Voices Explored: Introducing a Representative Claims Framework to Analyse the Tibetan Diaspora Network Online
Authors: Brunner Palmo
Published: August 2024

This article introduces a representative claims approach as a novel analytical framework to the field of diaspora politics. Supplemented with a network perspective, this approach offers a more nuanced understanding of the practices underpinning diasporic claims‐making. Applying it to the empirical case of the Tibetan diaspora, which is confronted with an authoritarian China, the study draws on the internet as a pivotal tool for diasporas to foster connections, mobilize and articulate their claims. By exploring the online network on the basis of a hyperlink and web‐content analysis, the article reveals the intertwined structure of the Tibetan diaspora online. A plethora of actors claim to speak on behalf of the voiceless people at home, advocating for the preservation of the unique Tibetan culture while also embracing global values to garner external support. This article contributes to the scholarly discussion on transnational engagement and representation in the digital age.
Solitary verrucous plaque on a leg
Authors: Singh Sukhdeep , Chatterjee Debajyoti , De Dipankar , Mahajan Rahul , Handa Sanjeev
Published: August 2024

We present the case of a female in her 70s who presented with a solitary verrucous plaque on her left leg accompanied by painful oral erosions. Various differential diagnoses were considered, like lichen simplex chronicus, hypertrophic lichen planus, and chromoblastomycosis. We diagnosed pemphigus vegetans (PVeg) on a nonintertriginous site through comprehensive clinical examination and histopathological and immunopathological evaluations. This case highlights the importance of considering PVeg in the differential diagnosis of solitary verrucous plaques, even in atypical extra‐flexural anatomical locations.
Remitted euros are not equal: The complex spending behaviour of Kosovar households
Authors: Arapi‐Gjini Arjola , Möllers Judith , Herzfeld Thomas
Published: August 2024

This article uses a mixed‐methods approach to evaluate how remittances impact household spending behaviour in Kosovo. Based on a nationally representative data set and using matching techniques, it shows that migration does not cause substantive changes in household spending. While remittances cover basic consumption needs, there are no impacts on budgetary allocations for business investments, health and education. Yet, qualitative research conducted in Kosovo's Opoja region, involving the analysis of 28 open‐ended interviews, unveils a complex remitting mechanism. While migrants send smaller but regular amounts of money to cover basic needs, earmarked transfers are allocated for housing investments and conspicuous consumption only. These earmarked transfers do not enter Kosovar households' budgets, as migrants exercise decision‐making authority over these funds. For policymakers, our findings suggest that standard survey questions fall short of capturing the complexity of the remitting mechanism. When promoting productive investments, it is the migrants who should be targeted as key decision‐makers.
Advancement in the development of mRNA‐based vaccines for respiratory viruses
Authors: Troncoso‐Bravo Tays , Ramírez Mario A. , Loaiza Ricardo A. , Román‐Cárdenas Carolina , Papazisis Georgios , Garrido Daniel , González Pablo A. , Bueno Susan M. , Kalergis Alexis M.
Published: August 2024

Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of death and illness in children under 5 years old and represent a significant burden in older adults. Primarily caused by viruses infecting the lower respiratory tract, symptoms include cough, congestion, and low‐grade fever, potentially leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)‐based vaccines are biopharmaceutical formulations that employ mRNA molecules to induce specific immune responses, facilitating the expression of viral or bacterial antigens and promoting immunization against infectious diseases. Notably, this technology had significant relevance during the COVID‐19 pandemic, as these formulations helped to limit SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Importantly, mRNA vaccines promise to be implemented as new alternatives for fighting other respiratory viruses, such as influenza, human respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus. This review article analyzes mRNA‐based vaccines' main contributions, perspectives, challenges, and implications against respiratory viruses.
Effects of triploidization on light sensitivity in larval stage of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis
Authors: Hayashida Takao , Higuchi Kentaro , Okita Kogen , Takashi Toshinori , Kazeto Yukinori , Gen Koichiro
Published: August 2024

Triploidization influences various biological characteristics of fish, which is associated with reductions in the number of multiple cell types in different tissues/organs. Our behavioral analyses revealed that triploid Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) larvae exhibit lower sensitivity to light compared to diploids. Furthermore, histological analyses revealed a reduction in the number of ganglion cells and an increase in their size in the retinas of triploid T. orientalis larvae. Our findings provide the first evidence indicating that triploidization reduces sensory perception during the larval stage of fish.
Novel Thermus thermophilus and Bacillus subtilis mixed‐culture ferment extract provides potent skin benefits in vitro and protects skin from aging
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Huang Hu , Tao Kan , Guo Lili , Hu Xincheng , Chang Huailong
Published: August 2024

Background

Skin aging is one of the most abundant aging‐related disorders that can be accelerated by excessive exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. Topically applied fermented skincare ingredients have gained mounting attentions due to their high concentration of various skin nourishing nutrients and bioactive components and low skin irritation potency.

Aims

In the present study, we aim to fully demonstrate the skin‐related benefits of a novel extract of Thermus thermophilus and Bacillus subtilis mixed‐culture ferment (TBFE).

Methods

TBFE was prepared through an innovative mixed‐culture fermentation process. The contents of nutrients and bioactive ingredients were quantified by different methods accordingly. Both in vitro tests and randomized controlled human trial were utilized to further demonstrate multifaceted beneficial effects on human skin, as well as the potential mechanisms.

Results

Our results showed that TBFE upregulated the expression of type IV collagen, elastin, aquaporin‐3, and dermal‐epidermal junction markers, while inhibited production of melanin, in different skin cell models. Moreover, TBFE inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species and pro‐inflammatory mediators induced by ultraviolet irradiation in normal human keratinocytes, while stimulated autophagy in senescent keratinocytes. Results from clinical studies confirmed those in vitro findings, demonstrating that TBFE at 5% and 20% concentration provides anti‐aging properties in subjects with sensitive skin, in terms of improving wrinkles, moisturization, and skin lightening.

Conclusions

In summary, we demonstrate that a novel mixed‐culture ferment extract has promising anti‐aging effects, which may be attributed to anti‐oxidation, anti‐inflammation, and promotion of autophagy in skin cells.
States of consciousness and interoceptive hypersensibility: A study in patients with insomnia disorder
Authors: Alfì Gaspare , Maruani Julia , Aquino Giulia , Menicucci Danilo , Palagini Laura , Gemignani Angelo , Bazin Balthazar , Clerici Emmanuelle , Stern Emilie , Geoffroy Pierre A.
Published: August 2024

This exploratory study aimed to investigate the relationship between interoceptive sensibility and quality of consciousness in individuals with insomnia disorder, in order to understand how the modulation of internal states may contribute to modifying the experience of consciousness during sleep difficulties. A total of 37 patients with insomnia disorder (mean age = 46.05 ± 18.16) and 41 healthy good sleepers (mean age = 50.2 ± 12.99) underwent a psychometric sleep and interoceptive sensibility assessment, using Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). Moreover, patients with insomnia disorder also completed a quality of consciousness evaluation, using the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI). Patients with insomnia disorder exhibited heightened interoceptive sensibility, particularly in noticing body sensations (p < 0.0001) and emotional awareness (p = 0.032), along with diminished abilities in attention regulation (p = 0.040), not‐worrying (p = 0.001), and trusting (p = 0.002). Furthermore, correlations between interoceptive sensibility and multiple aspects of the consciousness state during the insomnia night were identified. Specifically, higher emotional awareness was linked to a 2.49‐fold increase in the likelihood of subjectively experiencing altered consciousness states during insomnia. The study sheds light on the relationship between interoceptive sensibility and the subjective state of consciousness during insomnia, emphasising the importance of exploring and considering interoception as part of the therapeutic process for insomnia disorder. Given the exploratory nature of the study and the increased risk of type‐I error from numerous correlations, the results should be interpreted with caution. Further research is needed to validate and confirm their robustness.
Evolutionary novelty in chemical signalling is linked with chemosensory behaviour in close Liolaemus lizard species (Iguania: Liolaemidae)
Authors: Ruiz‐Monachesi M. R. , Valdecantos S. , Gamarra‐Nallar R. , Moreno Azócar D. L. , Pueta M. , Perotti G. , Cruz F. B.
Published: August 2024

Evolutionary changes, associated with the gain or loss of traits, can occur in signal‐emitting and signal‐detecting organs. Related functionality generally accompanies these changes; however, in some cases there are mismatches and evolutionary innovations do not show an indication of functional advantages. Due to this, the relationship between evolutionary changes and the functionality of sensory organs remains unclear. Lizard species belonging to Liolaemus lineomaculatus section present fast evolutionary state transitions associated with the gain or loss of precloacal pores (chemical signalling glands). In this group, precloacal pores configuration includes species where only males have pores (Liolaemus attenboroughi‐ancestral state), where both sexes lack of them (L. kolengh male‐loss), and species where both sexes have pores (L. zullyae, representing a female‐gain). Here, we test the relationships between evolutionary changes of signal‐emitting glands with different chemical and visual behaviours. We conducted behavioural trials in three species belonging to the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section: L. attenboroughi, L. kolengh, and L. zullyae. We measured individuals' chemical and visual responses to different social scents and to conspecific visual stimuli. Results showed the presence of different social scents recognition ability in both male‐only and female‐gain species, whereas male‐loss species showed no behavioural differences among the chemical trials. Lizards exhibited few responses in the visual trials, although the species with pores used chemo‐sensorial sense in the visual trials, while male‐loss species showed differences in visual displays in the presence of conspecific visual stimuli. These results suggest a link between evolutionary novelties of chemical secretory glands and chemical recognition.
Multiple time scale optimization explains functional trait responses to leaf water potential
Authors: Matthews Aidan , Katul Gabriel , Porporato Amilcare
Published: August 2024

Plant response to water stress involves multiple timescales. In the short term, stomatal adjustments optimize some fitness function commonly related to carbon uptake, while in the long term, traits including xylem resilience are adjusted. These optimizations are usually considered independently, the former involving stomatal aperture and the latter carbon allocation. However, short‐ and long‐term adjustments are interdependent, as ‘optimal’ in the short term depends on traits set in the longer term.

An economics framework is used to optimize long‐term traits that impact short‐term stomatal behavior. Two traits analyzed here are the resilience of xylem and the resilience of nonstomatal limitations (NSLs) to photosynthesis at low‐water potentials.

Results show that optimality requires xylem resilience to increase with climatic aridity. Results also suggest that the point at which xylem reach 50% conductance and the point at which NSLs reach 50% capacity are constrained to approximately a 2 : 1 linear ratio; however, this awaits further experimental verification.

The model demonstrates how trait coordination arises mathematically, and it can be extended to many other traits that cross timescales. With further verification, these results could be used in plant modelling when information on plant traits is limited.
Interventional human ocular safety experiments for 222‐nm far‐ultraviolet‐C lamp irradiation
Authors: Sugihara Kazunobu , Kaidzu Sachiko , Sasaki Masahiro , Tanito Masaki
Published: August 2024

The study aimed to directly assess the ocular safety of 222‐nm far‐ultraviolet‐C (UVC) irradiation in humans, given the limited clinical trials in this area. This wavelength offers the potential for safe and effective microbial inactivation in occupied spaces, but its safety profile for human eyes requires thorough investigation. This prospective, interventional study involved five subjects aged 29–47 years, who were exposed to 222‐nm UVC at doses of 22, 50, and 75 mJ/cm2. The subjects were monitored using custom‐made glasses with a UV‐cut filter on one eye to serve as a control. UVC irradiation was conducted using a KrCl excimer lamp, and ocular examinations were performed prior to exposure, 24 h post‐exposure, and at 1, 3, and 6 months. Parameters assessed included visual acuity, refractive error, corneal endothelial density, corneal erosion scores, and conjunctival hyperemia scores. The study found no clinically significant photokeratitis or long‐term eye damage across the five subjects, even at the highest dose of 75 mJ/cm2. Temporary ocular discomfort, including sensations of dryness and epiphora, was reported, but these symptoms subsided within hours after irradiation. The findings indicate that 222‐nm far‐UVC irradiation up to 75 mJ/cm2 does not cause “clinically significant photokeratitis” or long‐term ocular damage, though it may induce temporary discomfort. This supports the safe use of 222‐nm UVC for germicidal applications in occupied environments, providing a basis for revised safety guidelines.
Preparation for practice: What are students learning for?
Authors: Han Siew Ping , Wang Xuan , Kiruparan Purjita , Loo Yu Hao , Khoo Sebastian , Cleland Jennifer , Tan Emmanuel
Published: August 2024

Background

Junior doctors often feel inadequately prepared for clinical practice. Current approaches to optimising the pre‐clinical to clinical transition generally overlook intrinsic factors, yet motivation and emotional engagement are likely to be important in building clinical competence. To address this gap, we explored the attitudes of medical undergraduates and clinicians towards learning and how these attitudes seemed to affect learning motivation.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured individual or group interviews with 22 medical undergraduates and eight clinicians. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analysed.

Results

Students and clinicians had differing perspectives on the content and context of learning, as well as divergent attitudes towards learning. Students focused on factual knowledge and examination performance, preferably with simple, clear‐cut answers, privileged book learning, and equated medical knowledge with clinical competence. Conversely, clinicians focused on soft skills and clinical reasoning, emphasised learning through observation and experience, assessments that acknowledged complexity and context, and saw knowledge as a foundation for practice. Further, clinicians mostly felt that the pre‐clinical curriculum over‐emphasised factual recall of knowledge that was neither useful nor relevant for clinical practice.

Conclusion

We found that students tended to be extrinsically motivated by examination performance, which led to adopting surface learning approaches. This in turn led to a mismatch between the pre‐clinical emphasis on factual recall and the higher‐order skills necessary for clinical practice. We propose that a shift away from content overload and high‐stakes assessment towards patient‐centric teaching approaches may help re‐orientate students towards intrinsic motivation and more effective learning methods.
The SCOOP‐MIK2 immune pathway modulates Arabidopsis root growth and development by regulating PIN‐FORMED abundance and auxin transport
Authors: Wang Xian , Chen Meng , Li Jie , Kong Mengjuan , Tan Shutang
Published: August 2024

Plants synthesize hundreds of small secretory peptides, which are perceived by the receptor‐like kinase (RLK) family at the cell surface. Various signaling peptide‐RLK pairs ensure plant adaptation to distinct environmental conditions. Here, we report that SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) immune peptides modulate root growth and development by regulating PIN‐FORMED (PIN)‐regulated polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis. The SCOOP4 and SCOOP12 treatments impaired root gravitropic growth, auxin redistribution in response to gravistimulation, and PIN abundance in the PM. Furthermore, genetic and cell biological analyses revealed that these physiological and cellular effects of SCOOP4 and SCOOP12 peptides are mediated by the receptor MALE DISCOVERER1‐INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE2 (MIK2) and the downstream mitogen‐activated kinase MPK6. Biochemical evidence indicates that MPK6 directly phosphorylates the cytosolic loop of PIN proteins. Our work established a link between the immune signaling peptide SCOOPs and root growth pathways, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying plant root adaptive growth in the defense response.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Social Science Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4
Authors: Young James
Published: August 2024

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 4Fahri ÖZSUNGUR, Adana Science and Technology University, TurkeyJibrin Ubale Yahaya, National Open University of Nigeria NOUN, NigeriaK.O. Aramide, The Polytechnic Ibadan, NigeriaLingkai Kong, Izmir University of Economics, TurkeyMartial Fanga, The University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, IranMd. Nasir Uddin, Prime Minister’s Office, BangladeshNAZIAH ABD. KADIR, Universiti Selangor, MalaysiaPeriyasami Anbarasan, Indian Institute of technology Delhi, IndiaSana Ali, Allama Iqbal Open University, Pakistan, and Birmingham City University, United Kingdom, PakistanShaoshu Li, Cornell University, USASusheelabai Srinivasa, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, United StatesYuhan WANG, Guangdong University of Technology, ChinaYusramizza Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia  James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
Experimental Investigation of Thermo-Hydraulic Characteristics and Sustainability Measure of a Novel Multi-Fluid Heat Exchanger for Turbulent Water-Based Nanofluid Flow Through the Inserted Brazed Helix Tube
Authors: Almasri Belal , Mishra Sudhansu S. , Mohapatra Taraprasad , Bargah Vikas
Published: August 2024

A novel multi-fluid heat exchanger deployed for simultaneous heating of water and space is experimentally investigated to predict its thermo-hydraulic, exergetic, and sustainability performance for distinct Al2O3, TiO2, and CuO nanofluid (NF) flow of 50 ppm concentration of each through the inserted brazed helix tube (BHT). The input parameters such as flowrates, helix tube diameters, and nanofluid types are varied throughout the experiments to evaluate their effect on output performance parameters i.e., Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor ( f), entropy generation number (Ns), JF factor (JF), exergy efficiency (ƐE), and sustainability index (SI). The NF flowing through the BHT is the heating fluid that simultaneously heated the cold water, and cold air flowing through the outer shell and inner conduit of the BHT respectively. A distinct Nusselt number correlation for turbulent nanofluid flow inside BHT was developed, compared, and validated reasonably with the current result. For Al2O3 NF at a Reynolds number of 5698 with a 1/2-in. diameter helix tube, the best results for JF, ƐE, and SI are found to be 0.009, 0.72, and 3.53, respectively. Furthermore, for Al2O3 and TiO2 NF at a Reynolds number of 14,250 and a helix tube diameter of 3/8 in. and 1/2 in., f, and Ns are found to be 0.0047 and 0.043, respectively are minimum. It is observed that the use of Al2O3 NF, higher helix tube diameters, and lower flowrates all make the proposed heating application more sustainable.
Robust Control of Exo-Abs, a Wearable Platform for Ubiquitous Respiratory Assistance
Authors: Rezaei Parham , Lee Sang-Yoep , Cho Kyujin , Hahn Jin-Oh
Published: August 2024

Existing noninvasive breathing assist options compatible with out-of-hospital settings are limited and not appropriate to enable essential everyday activities, thereby deteriorating the quality of life. In our prior work, we developed the Exo-Abs, a novel wearable robotic platform for ubiquitous assistance of respiratory functions in patients with respiratory deficiency. This paper concerns the development of a model-based closed-loop control algorithm for the Exo-Abs to automate its breathing assistance. To facilitate model-based development of closed-loop control algorithms, we developed a control-oriented mathematical model of the Exo-Abs. Then, we developed a robust absolutely stabilizing gain-scheduled proportional-integral control algorithm for automating the breathing assistance with the Exo-Abs, by (i) solving a linear matrix inequality formulation of the Lyapunov stability condition against sector-bounded uncertainty and interindividual variability in the mechanics of the abdomen and the lungs and (ii) augmenting it with a heuristic yet effective gain scheduling algorithm. Using in silico evaluation based on realistic and plausible virtual patients, we demonstrated the efficacy and robustness of the automated breathing assistance of the Exo-Abs under a wide range of variability in spontaneous breathing and Exo-Abs efficiency: the absolutely stabilizing gain-scheduled proportional-integral control resulted in small exhalation trajectory tracking error (<30 ml) with smooth actuation, which was superior to (i) its proportional-integral control counterpart in tracking efficacy and to (ii) its proportional-integral-derivative control counterpart in chattering.
Characteristics of Deterministic and Stochastic Unsteadiness of Trailing Edge Cutback Film Cooling Flows
Authors: He Xiao , Montomoli Francesco , Michelassi Vittorio , Panizza Andrea , Pulga Leonardo
Published: August 2024

Trailing edge cutback film cooling flows are ubiquitous in small and medium gas turbines, but they are difficult to predict accurately due to the inherent deterministic and stochastic unsteadiness that controls the effectiveness of the cooling system. To help develop accurate closure models for such flows, the characteristics of both types of unsteadiness and their effects on the mean flows are analyzed in this research. Zonal detached eddy simulation (ZDES) is performed on a trailing edge cutback flow model, and the numerical results are validated against the measured data. Then, by using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) reconstruction, the original dataset is segregated into deterministic and stochastic unsteadiness. The characteristics of the stress tensor and the heat flux of each type of unsteadiness are analyzed in detail, and notable differences between the two unsteadiness are identified in terms of the stress tensor anisotropy and distribution of unsteady kinetic energy and heat flux. By propagating the unsteadiness through the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, the effect of different unsteadiness on the mean flow prediction is quantified. An accurate prediction of the total stress tensor reduces the prediction error in the velocity field by 79% and cooling effectiveness by 55%. An accurate prediction of the total heat flux vector reduces the prediction error in cooling effectiveness further by 37%. These findings provide valuable knowledge for the physical understanding, turbulence modeling, and aerothermal design of cutback trailing edge flows.
Proposal of a Nonlinear Spring Model on Piping Support Structures for an Elastoplastic Response Analysis Method
Authors: Takito Kiyotaka , Okuda Yukihiko , Nishida Akemi , Li Yinsheng
Published: August 2024

In probabilistic risk assessment against earthquakes for nuclear power plants, developing a realistic response analysis method for the fragility assessment of piping systems considering input seismic motions exceeding the design assumptions is important. Piping systems typically exhibit complex three-dimensional shapes, and the arrangement and stiffness of the piping support structures significantly affect the response characteristics of the entire piping system. Therefore, developing a realistic response analysis method for piping systems, including support structures is necessary. In this study, a method is proposed for modeling the elastoplastic hysteresis characteristics of piping support structures to establish a seismic response analysis method for piping systems, including support structures. First, the authors propose an elastoplastic spring model that can express the elastoplastic hysteresis characteristics of a piping support structure. Subsequently, using this model, the authors perform a simulation analysis for the loading test of a piping support structure. The analysis and test results correlated well, confirming the effectiveness of the proposal of the model. The main contents, including the proposal of the elastoplastic spring model, the simulation analysis of the loading test, and the comparison between the analysis solutions and the test results, are reported in this paper.
Wind Speed Shear Exponent: Effects of Sea Surface Roughness in Terms of Spectral Bandwidth
Authors: Myrhaug Dag
Published: August 2024

This note presents results on the wind speed shear exponent demonstrating the effects of the sea surface roughness in terms of the spectral bandwidth of ocean surface waves. The wind speed shear exponent is obtained by combining the logarithmic mean wind speed profile and the power law mean wind speed profile containing the sea surface roughness as a parameter, as used by Viselli et al. (2022, “LiDAR Measurements of Wind Shear Exponents and Turbulence Intensity Offshore the Northeast United States,” ASME J. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng., 144(4), p. 042001). In the present article, the sea surface roughness is given in terms of the spectral bandwidth as presented by Zhao and Li (2024, “Dependence of Drag Coefficient on the Spectral Width of Ocean Waves,” J. Oceanogr., 80(2), pp. 129–143). Examples of results representing realistic wave conditions are provided. The results should be useful demonstrating how the wind speed shear exponent can be estimated using the spectral bandwidth, which is a frequently used parameter to characterize wave conditions.