bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol by selective hydrogenation of a waste PET monomer bis(2-hydroxyethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Guo Xiaonan , Xin Jiayu , Lu Xingmei , Ren Baozeng , Zhang Suojiang
Published: November 2014

A new approach is developed for the preparation of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) by hydrogenation of bis(2-hydroxyethylene terephthalate) (BHET) obtained from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and the 100% conversion of BHET and 78% yield of CHDM were achieved.
Presence of metal-oxide interface enhanced photoluminescence from In–In2O3 core–shell nanorods
Authors: Yadav Kavita , Mehta B. R. , Singh J. P.
Published: November 2014

The photoluminescence (PL) properties of Indium Oxide (IO) and In–In2O3 core–shell nanorods have been studied at different temperatures in order to understand the role of metal–oxide interfaces and defects on PL emission.
Influence of dexamethasone-loaded TNTs on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Yang Sheng , Wang Ming , Zhang He , Cai Kai-yong , Shen Xin-kun , Deng Feng , Zhang Yi , Wang Lu
Published: November 2014

Schematic illustration of cellular responses of rMSCs to Dex-loaded TNT arrays.
Malonamide dithiocarbamate functionalized gold nanoparticles for colorimetric sensing of Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions
Authors: Mehta Vaibhavkumar N. , Kailasa Suresh Kumar
Published: November 2014

In this study, a colorimetric probe was developed based on malonamide dithiocarbamate functionalized gold nanoparticles (MA–DTC–Au NPs) for the simultaneous colorimetric detection of Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions.
Polyethylenimine modified magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposites for Cu2+ removal
Authors: Sui Ning , Wang Lina , Wu Xiaohan , Li Xinghua , Sui Jing , Xiao Hailian , Liu Manhong , Wan Jun , Yu William W.
Published: November 2014

GO/Fe3O4/PEI nanocomposites were prepared by chemical strategy, they show enhanced adsorption performance for Cu2+ due to the extraordinary complex ability of PEI. Moreover, they can be easily separated due to the superparamagnetism of Fe3O4.
An electrochemical sensor for the sensitive determination of phenylethanolamine A based on a novel composite of reduced graphene oxide and poly(ionic liquid)
Authors: Li Jinchun , Li Qian , Zeng Yanbo , Tang Ting , Pan Yangdan , Li Lei
Published: November 2014

The preparation for a novel composite of RGO–PIL and its electrochemical sensor for sensitive detecting phenylethanolamine A.
Ultrasonic-assisted rational design of uniform rhombus-shaped ZnMoOx on graphene for advanced sunlight-driven photocatalysts, functional supercapacitor electrodes, and antibacterial platforms
Authors: Dong Shuying , Hu Limin , Feng Jinglan , Pi Yunqing , Li Qilu , Li Yukun , Liu Menglin , Sun Jingyu , Sun Jianhui
Published: November 2014

Well-dispersed, rhombus-shaped ZnMoOx/RGO composites with multi-functionality have been fabricated employing an in situ, ultrasonic-assisted approach.
Antiradical–antimicrobial activity and phenolic profile of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juices from different cultivars: a comparative study
Authors: Lantzouraki Dimitra Z. , Sinanoglou Vassilia J. , Zoumpoulakis Panagiotis G. , Glamočlija Jasmina , Ćirić Ana , Soković Marina , Heropoulos George , Proestos Charalampos
Published: November 2014

Pomegranate juices from the fruits of the two relatively new Greek cultivars “Persephone” and “Porphiroyeneti” were studied compared to the “Wonderful” cultivar.
Phase-dependent and defect-driven d0 ferromagnetism in undoped ZrO2 thin films
Authors: Ning Shuai , Zhang Zhengjun
Published: November 2014

Phase-dependent and defect-driven d0 ferromagnetism was observed in undoped ZrO2 thin film.
Fabrication and characterization of a novel nanoporous Co–Ni–W–B catalyst for rapid hydrogen generation
Authors: Xiang Cuili , Cheng Jun , She Zhe , Zou Yongjin , Chu Hailiang , Qiu Shujun , Zhang Huanzhi , Sun Lixian , Xu Fen
Published: November 2014

Highly active nanoporous Co–Ni–W–B catalyst was firstly prepared using chemical reduction in ethanol solution.
Density functional theory calculations of atomic, electronic and thermodynamic properties of cubic LaCoO3and La1−xSrxCoO3surfaces
Authors: Zhang Shuguang , Han Ning , Tan Xiaoyao
Published: November 2014

Spin-polarized DFT calculations were used to investigate the atomic, electronic structures of LaCoO3and La1−xSrxCoO3surfaces. The thermodynamic stability of these surfaces was analyzed with phase diagrams. Influence of Sr-doping was also examined.
Fully aromatic naphthalene-based sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone)s with flexible sulfoalkyl groups as polymer electrolyte membranes
Authors: Wang Baolong , Cai Zhenzhen , Zhang Na , Zhang Bin , Qi Duo , Zhao Chengji , Na Hui
Published: November 2014

Naphthalene-based poly(arylene ether ketone)s with pendant sulfoalkyl groups were prepared by a demethylation and sulfobutylation method. They exhibited high proton conductivity, low methanol permeability and high thermal stability.
Comparative study of ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide and ε-caprolactone using zirconium hexadentate bis(aminophenolate) complexes as catalysts
Authors: Ou Hsiu-Wei , Chiang Michael Y. , Vandavasi Jaya Kishore , Lu Wei-Yi , Chen Yen-Jen , Tseng Hsi-Ching , Lai Yi-Chun , Chen Hsuan-Ying
Published: November 2014

A series of zirconium bis(aminophenolate) complexes as catalysts for the ring opening polymerization of l-lactide (LA) and ε-caprolactone (CL) were investigated.
Understanding the evolution of stratified extracellular polymeric substances in full-scale activated sludges in relation to dewaterability
Authors: Zhang Weijun , Peng Siwei , Xiao Ping , He Jie , Yang Peng , Xu Shiwei , Wang Dongsheng
Published: November 2014

The dynamic variation in soluble EPS resulted into the fluctuation of activated sludge dewatering behavior in full-scale WWTPs.
Water film inside graphene nanosheets: electron transfer reversal between water and graphene via tight nano-confinement
Authors: Song Ruixia , Feng Wei , Jimenez-Cruz Camilo A. , Wang Bo , Jiang Wanrun , Wang Zhigang , Zhou Ruhong
Published: November 2014

Electron transfer reversal between water and grapheneviatight nano-confinement.
Preparation and characterization of a transparent amorphous cellulose film
Authors: Zhang Bo-xing , Azuma Jun-ichi , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: November 2014

Amorphous cellulose film (ACF) was prepared from cellulose solution in lithium chloride (8 wt%)/N,N-dimethylacetamide by regeneration with acetone.
Mechanisms and applications of cyclometalated Pt(ii) complexes in photoredox catalytic trifluoromethylation
Authors: Choi Won Joon , Choi Sungkyu , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Cho Eun Jin , You Youngmin
Published: November 2014

Pt(ii) complexes catalyse the visible light-driven trifluoromethylation of alkenes and heteroarenes with improved quantum yields, due to strict adherence to an oxidative quenching pathway.
Pearling and arching instabilities of a granular suspension on a super-absorbing surface
Authors: Chopin Julien , Kudrolli Arshad
Published: November 2014

Spontaneous formation of arches when a granular suspension is deposited on a translating substrate composed of dry granular beads which acts as a super-absorber for the interstitial fluid.
Three-dimensional networked NiCo2O4/MnO2branched nanowire heterostructure arrays on nickel foam with enhanced supercapacitor performance
Authors: Zou Rujia , Yuen Muk Fung , Zhang Zhenyu , Hu Junqing , Zhang Wenjun
Published: November 2014

Three-dimensional networked NiCo2O4/MnO2branched nanowire heterostructure arrays directly grown on Ni foam for high-performance electrode application in supercapacitors.
Facile synthesis of hierarchical porous ZnCo2O4microspheres for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Qinghong , Zhu Lixuan , Sun Linqiang , Liu Yongchang , Jiao Lifang
Published: November 2014

Hierarchical porous ZnCo2O4microspheres are successfully synthesized and display attractive supercapacitive performance in 2 M KOH.
Magnetic and conductive graphene papers toward thin layers of effective electromagnetic shielding
Authors: Song Wei-Li , Guan Xiao-Tian , Fan Li-Zhen , Cao Wen-Qiang , Wang Chan-Yuan , Zhao Quan-Liang , Cao Mao-Sheng
Published: November 2014

We demonstrate a simple approach for fabricating novel free-standing magnetic and conductive graphene hybrid papers that present great potential as thin layers with effective shielding performance.
3D hollow structured Co2FeO4/MWCNT as an efficient non-precious metal electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Wang Jie , Xin Huolin L. , Zhu Jing , Liu Sufen , Wu Zexing , Wang Deli
Published: November 2014

A template- and surfactant-free strategy is developed to prepare a hollow structured Co2FeO4/MWCNT electrocatalyst, which has been successfully used as a highly efficient non-precious metal electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media.
Improved performance of organic solar cells by incorporating silica-coated silver nanoparticles in the buffer layer
Authors: Hao Yang , Song Jingcheng , Yang Fan , Hao Yuying , Sun Qinjun , Guo Junjie , Cui Yanxia , Wang Hua , Zhu Furong
Published: November 2014

An enhancement of 19.2% in PCE is obtained by incorporating silica-coated silver nanoparticles into the buffer layer of organic solar cells.
Core-satellite BaTiO3@SrTiO3assemblies for a local compositionally graded relaxor ferroelectric capacitor with enhanced energy storage density and high energy efficiency
Authors: Wu Longwen , Wang Xiaohui , Gong Huiling , Hao Yanan , Shen Zhengbo , Li Longtu
Published: November 2014

Facile sol-precipitation fabrication of core-satellite BaTiO3@SrTiO3assemblies for a local compositionally graded capacitor.
A high triplet energy small molecule based thermally cross-linkable hole-transporting material for solution-processed multilayer blue electrophosphorescent devices
Authors: Jiang Wei , Ban Xinxin , Ye Muyang , Sun Yueming , Duan Lian , Qiu Yong
Published: November 2014

A novel cross-linkable material with high triplet energy was synthesized to explore its use as a hole-transporting layer for efficient solution processed multilayer blue electrophosphorescent devices.
Analysis of mRNA recognition by human thymidylate synthase
Authors: Brunn Nicholas D. , Dibrov Sergey M. , Kao Melody B. , Ghassemian Majid , Hermann Thomas
Published: November 2014

Expression of hTS (human thymidylate synthase), a key enzyme in thymidine biosynthesis, is regulated on the translational level through a feedback mechanism that is rarely found in eukaryotes. At low substrate concentrations, the ligand-free enzyme binds to its own mRNA and stabilizes a hairpin structure that sequesters the start codon. When in complex with dUMP (2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate) and a THF (tetrahydrofolate) cofactor, the enzyme adopts a conformation that is unable to bind and repress expression of mRNA. Here, we have used a combination of X-ray crystallography, RNA mutagenesis and site-specific cross-linking studies to investigate the molecular recognition of TS mRNA by the hTS enzyme. The interacting mRNA region was narrowed to the start codon and immediately flanking sequences. In the hTS enzyme, a helix–loop–helix domain on the protein surface was identified as the putative RNA-binding site.
Selective protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune diseases
Authors: Curnock Adam , Bolton Clare , Chiu Peter , Doyle Elisabeth , Fraysse Damien , Hesse Matthias , Jones Julie , Weber Peter , Jimenez Juan-Miguel
Published: November 2014

Protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) is a member of a large family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in diverse cellular functions. PKCθ has roles in T-cell activation and survival, where the dependency of T-cell responses on this enzyme appears to be dictated by both the nature of the antigen and by the inflammatory environment. Studies in PKCθ-deficient mice have demonstrated that although anti-viral responses are PKCθ-independent, T-cell responses associated with autoimmune diseases are PKCθ-dependent. PKCθ-deficient mice are either resistant to or show markedly reduced symptoms in models of MS (multiple sclerosis), IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), arthritis and asthma. Thus potent and selective inhibition of PKCθ has the potential to block T-cell-mediated autoimmunity without compromising anti-viral responses. The present review describes the design and optimization of potent and selective PKCθ inhibitors and their efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo studies. First, our compounds confirm the critical role for PKCθ in T-cell activation and proliferation and secondly they help to demonstrate that murine and human memory T-cell function continues to be dependent on this enzyme. In addition, these inhibitors demonstrate impressive efficacy in treating established autoimmune disease in murine models of IBD and MS.
Exploring the role of endothelium in the tumour response to anti-angiogenic therapy
Authors: He Yi-Chao , Halford Michael M. , Achen Marc G. , Stacker Steven A.
Published: November 2014

A chronic hyperactivated angiogenic state in cancer plays an important role in tumour growth and metastasis and has been identified as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Inhibition of this process has been associated with tumour suppression in many pre-clinical contexts using different animal tumour models. Anti-angiogenic therapeutics were subsequently developed and used to treat several prevalent types of human cancer. However, recent clinical experience has revealed limitations of this approach in treating cancer as patient response varies over a wide range. Given that there are complex underlying molecular and cellular changes provoked by anti-angiogenic treatment within the tumour microenvironment (TME), it is not surprising that modest effectiveness and resistance have been observed in the clinical setting. This article discusses these issues in the context of VEGF-A-targeted anti-angiogenic treatment of cancer and provides insight into the importance of tumour endothelium for understanding the tumour response to anti-angiogenic therapy. Special consideration is also given to possible approaches for investigating how endothelium contributes to the tumour response to anti-angiogenic agents and for exploring the therapeutic and biomarker potential of targeting tumour endothelium.
Therapeutic vaccination targeting the tumour vasculature
Authors: Olsson Anna-Karin
Published: November 2014

Therapeutic vaccination targeting self-molecules could provide a cost-efficient alternative to monoclonal antibody-based therapies for cancer and various inflammatory diseases. However, development of cancer vaccines targeting self-molecules has proven difficult. One complicating factor is that tumour cells have developed strategies to escape recognition by the immune system. Antigens specifically expressed by the tumour vasculature can therefore provide alternative targets. The present mini-review highlights potential target molecules associated with tumour angiogenesis and the approaches made to direct an immune response against them. Furthermore, the requirements on a vaccine targeting self-molecules, in contrast with those directed against virus or bacteria, are discussed.
Evolution of moonlighting proteins: insight from yeasts
Authors: Gancedo Carlos , Flores Carmen-Lisset , Gancedo Juana M.
Published: November 2014

The present article addresses the possibilities offered by yeasts to study the problem of the evolution of moonlighting proteins. It focuses on data available on hexokinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that moonlights in catabolite repression and on galactokinase from Kluyveromyces lactis that moonlights controlling the induction of the GAL genes. Possible experimental approaches to studying the evolution of moonlighting hexose kinases are suggested.
Chemical genetics and its application to moonlighting in glycolytic enzymes
Authors: Jung Da-Woon , Kim Woong-Hee , Williams Darren R.
Published: November 2014

Glycolysis is an ancient biochemical pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate to produce ATP. The structural and catalytic properties of glycolytic enzymes are well-characterized. However, there is growing appreciation that these enzymes participate in numerous moonlighting functions that are unrelated to glycolysis. Recently, chemical genetics has been used to discover novel moonlighting functions in glycolytic enzymes. In the present mini-review, we introduce chemical genetics and discuss how it can be applied to the discovery of protein moonlighting. Specifically, we describe the application of chemical genetics to uncover moonlighting in two glycolytic enzymes, enolase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase. This led to the discovery of moonlighting roles in glucose homoeostasis, cancer progression and diabetes-related complications. Finally, we also provide a brief overview of the latest progress in unravelling the myriad moonlighting roles for these enzymes.
Peptidylprolyl cis–trans isomerases of Legionella pneumophila: virulence, moonlighting and novel therapeutic targets
Authors: Rasch Janine , Ünal Can M. , Steinert Michael
Published: November 2014

Legionella pneumophila, typically a parasite of free-living protozoa, can also replicate in human alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial cells causing Legionnaires’ disease in humans, a severe atypical pneumonia. The pathogen encodes six peptidylprolyl cis–trans isomerases (PPIases), which generally accelerate folding of prolyl peptide bonds, and influence protein folding. PPIases can be divided into three classes, cyclophilins, parvulins and FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs). They contribute to a multitude of cellular functions including bacterial virulence. In the present review, we provide an overview of L. pneumophila PPIases, discussing their known and anticipated functions as well as moonlighting phenomena. By taking the example of the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) of L. pneumophila, we highlight the potential of PPIases as promising drug targets.
Protein kinase C: a regulator of cytoskeleton remodelling and T-cell migration
Authors: Long Aideen , Freeley Michael
Published: November 2014

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of ten serine/threonine kinases that have diverse roles in the signalling pathways regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses. Elucidating roles for individual PKC isoforms in the immune responses of T-cells have long been a challenging prospect, because these cells are known to express nine of these isoforms. A variety of approaches including the use of knockout mice, overexpression of kinase-inactive mutants, cell-permeable peptides, pharmacological inhibitors and siRNAs have shown that PKCs regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and the cytotoxic responses of various T-cell subsets. Central to the T-cell immune response is a requirement to migrate to various organs and tissues in search of pathogens and micro-organisms. T-cell migration is guided by specific sets of chemokines and integrin ligands that activate their cognate chemokine receptors and integrins on T-cells, resulting in remodelling of the cytoskeleton and the dynamic protrusive/contractile forces necessary for cell adhesion and motility. In the present article, we review the role of PKC in T-cell migration, with an emphasis on studies that have defined their roles in cytoskeletal remodelling, cell polarity and intracellular trafficking downstream of chemokine receptors and integrins.
Computational characterization of moonlighting proteins
Authors: Khan Ishita K. , Kihara Daisuke
Published: November 2014

Moonlighting proteins perform multiple independent cellular functions within one polypeptide chain. Moonlighting proteins switch functions depending on various factors including the cell-type in which they are expressed, cellular location, oligomerization status and the binding of different ligands at different sites. Although an increasing number of moonlighting proteins have been experimentally identified in recent years, the quantity of known moonlighting proteins is insufficient to elucidate their overall landscape. Moreover, most moonlighting proteins have been identified as a serendipitous discovery. Hence, characterization of moonlighting proteins using bioinformatics approaches can have a significant impact on the overall understanding of protein function. In this work, we provide a short review of existing computational approaches for illuminating the functional diversity of moonlighting proteins.
VEGF, Notch and TGFβ/BMPs in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis and vascular patterning
Authors: Jin Yi , Kaluza David , Jakobsson Lars
Published: November 2014

The blood vasculature is constantly adapting to meet the demand from tissue. In so doing, branches may form, reorganize or regress. These complex processes employ integration of multiple signalling cascades, some of them being restricted to endothelial and mural cells and, hence, suitable for targeting of the vasculature. Both genetic and drug targeting experiments have demonstrated the requirement for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) system, the Delta-like–Notch system and the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cascades in vascular development. Although several of these signalling cascades in part converge into common downstream components, they differ in temporal and spatial regulation and expression. For example, the pro-angiogenic VEGFA is secreted by cells in need of oxygen, presented to the basal side of the endothelium, whereas BMP9 and BMP10 are supplied via the bloodstream in constant interaction with the apical side to suppress angiogenesis. Delta-like 4 (DLL4), on the other hand, is provided as an endothelial membrane bound ligand. In the present article, we discuss recent data on the integration of these pathways in the process of sprouting angiogenesis and vascular patterning and malformation.
Regulation of the cytokinesis cleavage furrow by PKCε
Authors: Brownlow Nicola , Pike Tanya , Crossland Victoria , Claus Jeroen , Parker Peter
Published: November 2014

Cytokinesis is the final act of the cell cycle where the replicated DNA and cellular contents are finally split into two daughter cells. This process is very tightly controlled as DNA segregation errors and cytokinesis failure is commonly associated with aneuploidy and aggressive tumours. Protein kinase Cε (PKCε) is a lipid-activated serine/threonine kinase that is part of the PKC superfamily. PKCε plays a complex role in the regulation of migration, adhesion and cytokinesis and in the present article we discuss the interplay between these processes. Integrin-mediated interaction with the actin cytoskeleton is a known regulator of cell adhesion and migration and there is emerging evidence that this pathway may also be essential for cytokinesis. We discuss evidence that a known actin-binding region in PKCε is involved in PKCε-mediated regulation of cytokinesis, providing a link between integrin-mediated stabilization of the cytokinesis furrow and PKCε recruitment.
Neuropilin regulation of angiogenesis
Authors: Lampropoulou Anastasia , Ruhrberg Christiana
Published: November 2014

Blood vessel formation during vertebrate development relies on a process called angiogenesis and is essential for organ growth and tissue viability. In addition, angiogenesis leads to pathological blood vessel growth in diseases with tissue ischaemia, such as neovascular eye disease and cancer. Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) is a transmembrane protein that serves as a receptor for the VEGF165 isoform of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to enhance cell migration during angiogenesis via VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and it is also essential for VEGF-induced vascular permeability and arteriogenesis. In addition, NRP1 activation affects angiogenesis independently of VEGF signalling by activating the intracellular kinase ABL1. NRP1 also acts as a receptor for the class 3 semaphorin (SEMA3A) to regulate vessel maturation during tumour angiogenesis and vascular permeability in eye disease. In the present paper, we review current knowledge of NRP1 regulation during angiogenesis and vascular pathology.
Dual life of TPPP/p25 evolved in physiological and pathological conditions
Authors: Oláh Judit , Ovádi Judit
Published: November 2014

Neomorphic moonlighting proteins perform distinct functions under physiological and pathological conditions without alterations at the gene level. The disordered tubulin-polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP/p25), a prototype of neomorphic moonlighting proteins, modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule system via its bundling and tubulin acetylation-promoting activities. These physiological functions are mediated by its direct associations with tubulin/microtubules as well as tubulin deacetylases such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6. In a normal brain, TPPP/p25 is expressed in oligodendrocytes and plays a crucial role in the formation of projections in the course of differentiation required for axon ensheathment. Under pathological conditions, TPPP/p25 interacts with α-synuclein, an aberrant protein–protein interaction resulting in aggregation leading to the formation of inclusions as clinical symptoms. The co-enrichment and co-localization of TPPP/p25 and α-synuclein were established in human-brain inclusions characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. The binding segments on TPPP/p25 involved in the physiological and the pathological interactions were identified and validated at molecular and cellular levels using recombinant proteins and transfected HeLa and inducible Chinese-hamster ovary (CHO) 10 cells expressing TPPP/p25. Our finding that distinct motifs are responsible for the neomorphic moonlighting feature of TPPP/p25, has powerful innovative effects in anti-Parkinson's disease drug research.
Protein moonlighting: a new factor in biology and medicine
Authors: Henderson Brian , Martin Andrew C. R.
Published: November 2014

The phenomenon of protein moonlighting was discovered in the 1980s and 1990s, and the current definition of what constitutes a moonlighting protein was provided at the end of the 1990s. Since this time, several hundred moonlighting proteins have been identified in all three domains of life, and the rate of discovery is accelerating as the importance of protein moonlighting in biology and medicine becomes apparent. The recent re-evaluation of the number of protein-coding genes in the human genome (approximately 19000) is one reason for believing that protein moonlighting may be a more general phenomenon than the current number of moonlighting proteins would suggest, and preliminary studies of the proportion of proteins that moonlight would concur with this hypothesis. Protein moonlighting could be one way of explaining the seemingly small number of proteins that are encoded in the human genome. It is emerging that moonlighting proteins can exhibit novel biological functions, thus extending the range of the human functional proteome. The several hundred moonlighting proteins so far discovered play important roles in many aspects of biology. For example, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60) and tRNA synthetases play a wide range of biological roles in eukaryotic cells, and a growing number of eukaryotic moonlighting proteins are recognized to play important roles in physiological processes such as sperm capacitation, implantation, immune regulation in pregnancy, blood coagulation, vascular regeneration and control of inflammation. The dark side of protein moonlighting finds a range of moonlighting proteins playing roles in various human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, HIV and cystic fibrosis. However, some moonlighting proteins are being tested for their therapeutic potential, including immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP), for rheumatoid arthritis, and Hsp90 for wound healing. In addition, it has emerged over the last 20 years that a large number of bacterial moonlighting proteins play important roles in bacteria–host interactions as virulence factors and are therefore potential therapeutic targets in bacterial infections. So as we progress in the 21st Century, it is likely that moonlighting proteins will be seen to play an increasingly important role in biology and medicine. It is hoped that some of the major unanswered questions, such as the mechanism of evolution of protein moonlighting, the structural biology of moonlighting proteins and their role in the systems biology of cellular systems can be addressed during this period.
The role of proteomics in studies of protein moonlighting
Authors: Beynon Robert J. , Hammond Dean , Harman Victoria , Woolerton Yvonne
Published: November 2014

The increasing acceptance that proteins may exert multiple functions in the cell brings with it new analytical challenges that will have an impact on the field of proteomics. Many proteomics workflows begin by destroying information about the interactions between different proteins, and the reduction of a complex protein mixture to constituent peptides also scrambles information about the combinatorial potential of post-translational modifications. To bring the focus of proteomics on to the domain of protein moonlighting will require novel analytical and quantitative approaches.
Hierarchical local binary pattern for branch retinal vein occlusion recognition with fluorescein angiography images
Authors: Zhang Hui , Chen Zenghai , Chi Zheru , Fu Hong
Published: November 2014

Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is one of the most common retinal diseases. Without timely diagnosis and treatment, it would seriously impair the patient's vision. Automatic recognition of BRVO could significantly improve the efficiency of diagnosis. A feature representation method is proposed for the automatic recognition of BRVO with fluorescein angiography (FA) images. The proposed feature representation method, termed hierarchical local binary pattern (HLBP), is comprised of LBPs in a hierarchical fashion with max‐pooling. A FA image dataset is established to evaluate the performance of the HLBP method. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed HLBP method for BRVO recognition with FA images, by comparing it with state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Demonstration of wafer‐level light emitting diode with very high output power
Authors: Zhang Yibin , Xu Fei , Zhao Desheng , Huang Hongjuan , Wang Wei , Xu Jianwei , Cai Yong , Shi Guangyi , Lu Guojun , Miao Zhenlin , Qi Yundong , Zhang Baoshun
Published: November 2014

Based on the optimised high‐voltage network design and the resistance matching technique, a wafer‐level light emitting diode (WL‐LED) with a light output power of 157 W has been successfully demonstrated for the first time. The external quantum efficiency of the fabricated WL‐LED was measured to be 24% at a driving current of 4 A.
Men's Facial Masculinity: When (Body) Size Matters
Authors: Holzleitner Iris J , Hunter David W , Tiddeman Bernard P , Seck Alassane , Re Daniel E , Perrett David I
Published: November 2014

Recent studies suggest that judgments of facial masculinity reflect more than sexually dimorphic shape. Here, we investigated whether the perception of masculinity is influenced by facial cues to body height and weight. We used the average differences in three-dimensional face shape of forty men and forty women to compute a morphological masculinity score, and derived analogous measures for facial correlates of height and weight based on the average face shape of short and tall, and light and heavy men. We found that facial cues to body height and weight had substantial and independent effects on the perception of masculinity. Our findings suggest that men are perceived as more masculine if they appear taller and heavier, independent of how much their face shape differs from women's. We describe a simple method to quantify how body traits are reflected in the face and to define the physical basis of psychological attributions.
The Accuracy of Drivers' Judgments of the Effects of Headlight Glare on Their Own Visual Acuity
Authors: Sewall Ashley A Stafford , Borzendowski Stephanie A Whetsel , Tyrrell Richard A
Published: November 2014

Drivers' judgments of the magnitude of disability glare caused by high-beam headlights may not match actual declines in visual performance. This study investigated younger and older drivers' beliefs about their own visual performance in the presence of headlight glare. Eleven older drivers and seventeen younger drivers judged the distance at which they would just be able to recognize the orientation of a white Landolt C if it were present adjacent to the headlamps of a stationary opposing vehicle at night. The younger participants were generally accurate in their estimates of the recognition distance of the stimulus, while older participants significantly overestimated both their own acuity and the effect of glare on their vision. From this study, we see that older drivers' judgments about the disabling effects of oncoming headlights may be systematically inaccurate. These misperceptions about headlight glare may help explain why drivers tend to underuse high beams.
Micro-function combination patterns and linguistic adequacy in specialised texts
Authors: Sánchez Karin Vilar
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a corpus-based study about differences in micro-function combination patterns in German and Spanish warranties for household appliances. Firstly the micro-functional text analysis approach is described. This methodology makes feasible an empirically motivated stylistic description of specialised texts. The first large-scale micro-functional text-type analysis was carried out in the stylistic description of German and Spanish employment contracts. The second part of the paper analyses the micro-functional composition of German and Spanish warranties and some text specific combination patterns as well as their language specific differences. It will be shown that in contrast to German warranties, in Spanish warranties obligations tend to be expressed as dependent clauses which are subordinate to independent clauses that reaffirm the validity of the warranty. Moreover it becomes clear that most of these obligations are formulated in an indirect way. Finally possible reasons for the findings are explained by means of the politeness theory and language typology with the results claiming that Spanish texts are more prone to avoid face-threatening acts than German ones and that they are also more explicit in expression. The paper ends with the implications these findings hold for the linguistic adequacy of translations.
Pictorial body metaphors in Japanese advertising
Authors: Heinze Ulrich
Published: November 2014

This article explores the use of the body metaphor as a core communicative tool in times of economic crisis and national indebtedness, and the ways in which it thwarts political dialogue. It first traces the body metaphor in the manga version of Hitler’sMein Kampf, following Andreas Musolff’s theory of the ‘body politic’ in Nazi Germany. It then argues that the economic resurrection, or ‘miracles’, in postwar Germany and Japan replaced the discourse of the body nation with that of the body economy. Charles Forceville has shown how advertising uses pictorial metaphors to depict commodities and emphasise their qualities. My analysis of Japanese commercials reveals that their metaphors work to ‘incorporate’ consumers through the act of oral consumption, merging them with the commodities. An ‘oral fixation’ is presumed, rendering the relationship between the body economy and the consumer as one between mother and infant. Advertising functions as the wrapping, or ‘skin’, of this body economy, encouraging us to suckle at the mother’s breasts and at the same time to inject unlimited amounts of money into her veins.
Risk, responsibility, resistance
Authors: Polzer Jessica , Mancuso Francesca V. , Rudman Debbie Laliberte
Published: November 2014

The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has resulted in a proliferation of discourse about HPV-related health risks, with a particular emphasis on the link between HPV and cervical cancer. Using a discursive narrative approach, we critically examine how young women navigate and construct their identities in relation to discourses on HPV vaccination, and the master narratives of risk, medicalization and individual responsibility for health that inform these discourses. Drawing on positioning theory, the narratives of three women who accepted, declined and were undecided about vaccination are presented to illustrate how they actively and uniquely negotiate their identities in relation to the positions idealized by HPV vaccination discourse, and in the context of their intimate relations and everyday lives. These findings fundamentally challenge dominant techno-scientific perspectives on health risk that underpin the majority of research on HPV vaccine decision-making, and health promotion research more generally. We suggest that discursive narrative approaches can advance critical understanding of how health risk discourse, and emerging technologies aimed at reducing health risks, are implicated in promoting neoliberal constructions of healthy citizenship that frame health risk management as an individual responsibility and moral obligation.
Shaping the intestinal brush border
Authors: Crawley Scott W. , Mooseker Mark S. , Tyska Matthew J.
Published: November 2014

Epithelial cells from diverse tissues, including the enterocytes that line the intestinal tract, remodel their apical surface during differentiation to form a brush border: an array of actin-supported membrane protrusions known as microvilli that increases the functional capacity of the tissue. Although our understanding of how epithelial cells assemble, stabilize, and organize apical microvilli is still developing, investigations of the biochemical and physical underpinnings of these processes suggest that cells coordinate cytoskeletal remodeling, membrane-cytoskeleton cross-linking, and extracellular adhesion to shape the apical brush border domain.
Crystal structure of the sodium–proton antiporter NhaA dimer and new mechanistic insights
Authors: Lee Chiara , Yashiro Shoko , Dotson David L. , Uzdavinys Povilas , Iwata So , Sansom Mark S.P. , von Ballmoos Christoph , Beckstein Oliver , Drew David , Cameron Alexander D.
Published: November 2014

Sodium–proton antiporters rapidly exchange protons and sodium ions across the membrane to regulate intracellular pH, cell volume, and sodium concentration. How ion binding and release is coupled to the conformational changes associated with transport is not clear. Here, we report a crystal form of the prototypical sodium–proton antiporter NhaA from Escherichia coli in which the protein is seen as a dimer. In this new structure, we observe a salt bridge between an essential aspartic acid (Asp163) and a conserved lysine (Lys300). An equivalent salt bridge is present in the homologous transporter NapA, but not in the only other known crystal structure of NhaA, which provides the foundation of most existing structural models of electrogenic sodium–proton antiport. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the stability of the salt bridge is weakened by sodium ions binding to Asp164 and the neighboring Asp163. This suggests that the transport mechanism involves Asp163 switching between forming a salt bridge with Lys300 and interacting with the sodium ion. pKa calculations suggest that Asp163 is highly unlikely to be protonated when involved in the salt bridge. As it has been previously suggested that Asp163 is one of the two residues through which proton transport occurs, these results have clear implications to the current mechanistic models of sodium–proton antiport in NhaA.
Stargazin promotes closure of the AMPA receptor ligand-binding domain
Authors: MacLean David M. , Ramaswamy Swarna S. , Du Mei , Howe James R. , Jayaraman Vasanthi
Published: November 2014

Transmembrane AMPA receptor (AMPAR) regulatory proteins (TARPs) markedly enhance AMPAR function, altering ligand efficacy and receptor gating kinetics and thereby shaping the postsynaptic response. The structural mechanism underlying TARP effects on gating, however, is unknown. Here we find that the prototypical member of the TARP family, stargazin or γ-2, rescues gating deficits in AMPARs carrying mutations that destabilize the closed-cleft states of the ligand-binding domain (LBD), suggesting that stargazin reverses the effects of these mutations and likely stabilizes closed LBD states. Furthermore, stargazin promotes a more closed conformation of the LBD, as indicated by reduced accessibility to the large antagonist NBQX. Consistent with the functional studies, luminescence resonance energy transfer experiments directly demonstrate that the AMPAR LBD is on average more closed in the presence of stargazin, in both the apo and agonist-bound states. The additional cleft closure and/or stabilization of the more closed-cleft states of the LBD is expected to translate to higher agonist efficacy and could contribute to the structural mechanism for stargazin modulation of AMPAR function.
Collapsing three-dimensional closed Alexandrov spaces with a lower curvature bound
Authors: Mitsuishi Ayato , Yamaguchi Takao
Published: November 2014

In the present paper, we determine the topologies of three-dimensional closed Alexandrov spaces which converge to lower dimensional spaces in the Gromov-Hausdorff topology.
Tenuously Unionised: Temporary Migrant Workers and the Limits of Formal Mechanisms Designed to Promote Collective Bargaining in British Columbia
Authors: Vosko Leah F.
Published: November 2014

Temporary migrant work is a central feature of labour markets in many host states, and an increasing cause of concern for its potential impacts on workers’ rights and protections. In Canada, as elsewhere, policymakers utilise it as a regulatory device to lower labour standards. In this context, workers labouring transnationally are turning to unions for assistance. Yet they are confronting obstacles to securing access to their labour rights through representation. This article analyses one example involving a group of temporary migrant agricultural workers engaged seasonally on a British Columbian (BC) farm under Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) seeking union representation. It considers the question, confronting courts and tribunals in host states across the OECD, of meaningful access to collective bargaining for temporary migrant workers. Focussing on how the BC Labour Relations Board determines an appropriate bargaining unit, the inquiry demonstrates that temporary migrant workers are ill-served by mechanisms aimed at promoting collective bargaining. Although the union involved in the case secured a certification, the outcome was tenuous unionisation. The resulting collective agreement contained provisions augmenting workers’ job security by facilitating their circular movement between the sending and host state. However, the structure of the SAWP, which reinforces workers’ deportability, together with the limits of the prevailing regime of collective bargaining in BC, modelled on the US Wagner Act, contributed to a certification that was weakly institutionalised and underscored labour law’s subsidiarity to legal frameworks governing work across borders.
A portable ultrahigh-vacuum system for advanced synchrotron radiation studies of thin films and nanostructures: EuSi2nano-islands
Authors: Ibrahimkutty Shyjumon , Seiler Anja , Prüßmann Tim , Vitova Tonya , Pradip Ramu , Bauder Olga , Wochner Peter , Plech Anton , Baumbach Tilo , Stankov Svetoslav
Published: November 2014

A portable ultrahigh-vacuum system optimized forin situvariable-temperature X-ray scattering and spectroscopy experiments at synchrotron radiation beamlines was constructed and brought into operation at the synchrotron radiation facility ANKA of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. Here the main features of the new instrument are described and its capabilities demonstrated. The surface morphology, structure and stoichiometry of EuSi2nano-islands are determined byin situgrazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. A size reduction of about a factor of two of the nano-islands due to silicide decomposition and Eu desorption is observed after sample annealing at 1270 K for 30 min.
Upgrade of MacCHESS facility for X-ray scattering of biological macromolecules in solution
Authors: Acerbo Alvin Samuel , Cook Michael J. , Gillilan Richard Edward
Published: November 2014

X-ray scattering of biological macromolecules in solution is an increasingly popular tool for structural biology and benefits greatly from modern high-brightness synchrotron sources. The upgraded MacCHESS BioSAXS station is now located at the 49-pole wiggler beamline G1. The 20-fold improved flux over the previous beamline F2 provides higher sample throughput and autonomous X-ray scattering data collection using a unique SAXS/WAXS dual detectors configuration. This setup achieves a combinedq-range from 0.007 to 0.7 Å−1, enabling better characterization of smaller molecules, while opening opportunities for emerging wide-angle scattering methods. In addition, a facility upgrade of the positron storage ring to continuous top-up mode has improved beam stability and eliminated beam drift over the course of typical BioSAXS experiments. Single exposure times have been reduced to 2 s for 3.560 mg ml−1lysozyme with an average quality factorI/σ of 20 in the Guinier region. A novel disposable plastic sample cell design that incorporates lower background X-ray window material provides users with a more pristine sample environment than previously available. Systematic comparisons of common X-ray window materials bonded to the cell have also been extended to the wide-angle regime, offering new insight into best choices for variousq-space ranges. In addition, a quantitative assessment of signal-to-noise levels has been performed on the station to allow users to estimate necessary exposure times for obtaining usable signals in the Guinier regime. Users also have access to a new BioSAXS sample preparation laboratory which houses essential wet-chemistry equipment and biophysical instrumentation. User experiments at the upgraded BioSAXS station have been on-going since commissioning of the beamline in Summer 2013. A planned upgrade of the G1 insertion device to an undulator for the Winter 2014 cycle is expected to further improve flux by an order of magnitude.