bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger with Laminar, Transitional, and Turbulent Tube Flow
Authors: Taler Dawid
Published: November 2018

Some air-cooled heat exchangers, especially in air conditioning and heating installations, heat pumps, as well as car radiators, work in a wide range of loads when the liquid flow in the tubes can be laminar, transitional or turbulent. In this paper, a semi-empirical and empirical relationship for the Nusselt number on the liquid-side in the transitional and turbulent range was derived. The friction factor in the transition flow range Rew,trb ≤ Rew ≤ Rew,tre was calculated by linear interpolation between the values of the friction factor for Rew,trb =2,100 and Rew,tre =3,000. Based on experimental data for a car radiator, empirical heat transfer relationships for the air and water-side were found by using the least squares method. The water temperature at the outlet of the heat exchanger was calculated using P-NTU (effectiveness-number of transfer units) method. The heat flow rate from water to air was calculated as a function of the water flow rate to compare it with the experimental results. The theoretical and empirical correlation for the water-side Nusselt number developed in the paper were used when determining the heat flow rate. The calculation results agree very well with the results of the measurements.
Possibility of the drag reduction effect application to reduce the cost of transport energy in water systems
Authors: Matras Zbigniew , Kopiczak Bartosz
Published: November 2018

The main aim of this paper is to present possible drag reduction effect application to reduce the energy costs in water transport systems. Results obtained in laboratory scale experiment present possibility to enhance the drag reduction effect in pipe flow by simultaneous addition to the transported water small amount of high molecular polymers and surfactants. The hypothetic mechanism of drag reduction by polymer-micellar aggregates is presented. Qualitative analysis of polymer-micellar additives influence on shape and character of flow resistance curves is performed. Complex polymer-micellar solution flow resistance curves are compared with appropriate single additive polymer or surfactant one.
A numerical analysis of the thermohydraulics of an EGS project in Turkey
Authors: Benim Ali Cemal , Cicek Aydin , Eker Arif Mert
Published: November 2018

A numerical study of the thermohydraulics of an enhanced geothermal system project in Turkey is presented. The solid structures are modelled as porous media, using the numerically determined hydraulic fracturing data of other authors. The influence of several numerical modelling aspects such as the domain size, grid resolution, temporal resolution as well as the discretization scheme are investigated and assessed to obtain highly accurate numerical solutions under the applied modelling assumptions. Using the suggested mathematical and numerical model, different production scenarios are investigated.
Calculations of the pressure drop in the natural circulation boiler evaporator
Authors: Grądziel Slawomir , Majewski Karol
Published: November 2018

The paper presents different models used to determine pressure losses in two-phase flows: the homogeneous model, the Lockhart-Martinelli, the Friedel and the Chisholm phase-slip models and the Martinelli-Nelson graphical method. The pressure losses are calculated for the evaporator of an OP-210 boiler with the output of 210×103 kg/h operating in one of the Polish power plants. The results obtained by means of the presented models are compared to each other.
3-D simulation using for hydraulic calculation of the heat Accumulator
Authors: Kletska Olha , Falendysh Anatoliy , Kagramanjan Arthur , Onishchenko Andrey
Published: November 2018

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of hydraulic calculation of the heat accumulator in the software environment for 3D modeling - SolidWorks. Based on the results of the calculation, the values of the distribution of the velocities of the water flow and the distribution of the static pressure in the given plane of the heat accumulator were obtained, which eventually made it possible to identify the problem areas in the three-dimensional model and obtain the values of the pressure difference.
The environmental impact of refuse derived fuel co-combustion with lignite
Authors: Krawczyk Piotr , Badyda Krzysztof , Mikołajczak Aleksandra
Published: November 2018

Legal regulations on waste disposal require waste producers to limit landfilling and to find different ways of waste management, the preferred methods being recycling of material and energy potential. Currently, in Poland, the only consumers of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) are cement plants. However, their ability to utilize alternative fuel is far from the estimated potential. One solution would be to redirect the excess fuel to power and heat production facilities. Unfortunately, these sectors are facing a number of problems related to the thermal treatment of waste, mainly formal nature. Co-combustion of waste in power plants raises a lot of concern among their employees and local communities. Especially significant is the harmfulness of usage of fuel from waste for the people’s lives or health, or the environment. The article compares the environmental footprints of the combustion process of: waste - based fuel (RDF) and lignite. The analysis was performed for a standard pulverized coal fired boiler. Comparative assessment was made by analyzing the total environmental impact of all combustion products of the two fuels. Final results have shown, that the environmental footprint of waste-based fuels can be similar or even smaller than traditional coal-based fuels
Review of the literature discussing the problem of uneven thermal stresses in the furnace chamber
Authors: Majdak Marek
Published: November 2018

Uneven thermal stresses occurring in the walls of the furnace chamber in high power boilers are the reason for the occurrence of significant thermal stresses. The occurrence of excessive stress leads to serious damage to the waterwall tubes, which result in the necessity of more frequent repairs of the boiler. Therefore, finding a way to reduce stress values is one of the key challenges in improving productivity and increase the service life of boilers.

In this paper will be presented the review of the literature concerning the problem of uneven temperature distribution on the surface of the combustion chamber walls. There will also be presented studies that discuss the methods of modifying the furnace chamber to reduce the values of the stresses occurring in it.
Thermal flow analysis of vertical combustion chamber waterwall tubes operation
Authors: Majdak Marek , Grądziel Sławomir
Published: November 2018

In this paper will be presented an algorithm that allows to determine the temperature distribution in a vertical pipe through which is flowing the medium with high temperature and pressure. The method of pipe division into control volumes presented in paper allows to determine the temperature distribution on the pipe cross-section and to determine changes in its value at the pipe height. The issue will be solved by taking into account the variability of the parameters of the material from which the pipe is made and the parameters of the fluid, depending on the temperature. The applied algorithm allows to determine the change in the value of individual parameters in time, due to which it is a useful tool for analysis of the operation of the system in the initial stage of its work, as well as with variable parameters of flow.
Numerical modelling of retrofitting an industrial boiler type OP-230 for predicting NOx reduction
Authors: Motyl Przemysław , Łach Jan
Published: November 2018

This study focuses on the indirect co-firing CFD simulations of reductions in NOx emissions relative to the coal combustion. For the given biomass-derived syngas composition and 15% syngas heat input, two arrangements of nozzles dedicated to the syngas injection into the furnace of an older PC-fired boiler of type OP-230 with low-emission burners on the front wall were chosen to investigate the impact of their location on the reduction in NOx emissions. It was shown that the highest reduction achieved by means of the improvement of the air staging via the dual-fuel technique can reach up to 40% (Case 1: nozzles at the elevation of the bottom row of burners) and up to 32% (Case 2: nozzles above the upper level of the burners). The modelling results also showed that one can meet the requirements for co-firing of coal with waste derived syngas. The boiler can be retrofitted for the fulfilment of the prospective environmental protection regulations relating to levels of NOx emissions by combining the described technology with SNCR methods. It is also very important that the indirect co-firing enables reduction of carbon dioxide emissions proportionally to the syngas heat input.
A model of water-spray cooling effect on a continuous casting process
Authors: Mzad Hocine , Otmani Abdessalam , Bey Kamel , Łopata Stanisław
Published: November 2018

The intention of this study is to give an idea about the influence of water-spray cooling on the solidification process of the liquid metal which enables to locate the shear region. The effect of spray heat transfer coefficient (hspray) during the liquid-to-solid transition through the cooled zone temperature and the metal latent heat of solidification are highlighted. A gray iron continuous casting process subjected to water-sprays cooling was simulated using the commercial code COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 5.2. The obtained results show the great influence of hspray on the location of transition region as well as the relationship between hspray, wall outer temperature, latent heat dissipation, and the solidification time.
Heating of thick-walled steam header – an experimental study
Authors: Sobota Tomasz
Published: November 2018

The paper presented the description of the experimental installation for testing of the computer systems for on-line monitoring of the power boilers operation. The results of the experiment can be used for calculation of temperature and thermal stresses distribution in thick walled pressure elements based on the solution of the inverse heat conduction problem.
Percutaneous screws CT guided to fix sacroiliac joint in tile C pelvic injury. Outcomes at 5 years of follow-up
Authors: Falzarano Gabriele , Rollo Giuseppe , Bisaccia Michele , Pace Valerio , Lanzetti Riccardo Maria , Garcia-Prieto Esteban , Pichierri Paolo , Meccariello Luigi
Published: November 2018

Introduction:The treatment of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) vertical instability is a matter of current discussions and remains controversial. The aim of our study is the evaluation of the surgical management of SIJ vertical instability involving the use of cannulated screws introduced under CT guidance and local anesthesia.

Materials and methods: In the set time frame of 7 years, 96 poly-trauma patients with Tile's type C fracture of the pelvis with vertical instability of the SIJ were treated. The average distance between the two stumps was 73.4 mm (range: 43–100 mm). All patients were treated with anterior stabilization and subsequent stabilization with cannulated screws (Asnis®Stryker®6 mm, an average length of 70 mm; range from 55 to 85 mm) of the sacroiliac fracture. The clinical and radiological follow-up was performed with follow-up plain radiograph and Majeed score (from 1 to 60 months after injury).

Results: The consolidation of pelvic fractures was obtained after an average of 63 days. The average Majeed score was as follows: 96 points at 1 month, 84 points at 3 months, 62 points at 6 months, 44 points at 12 months, 42 points at 24 months, 32 points at 36 months, 28 points at 48 months and 28 points at 60 months. Complications were as follows: not fatal deep vein thrombosis in five cases, skin infection at the entry point of the screws in six cases, screw breakage in one case and loosening of the screws in one case. Radiological evidence of fracture consolidation was achieved on average at 63 days. Forty-seven patients managed to get back to their pre-trauma employment at the end of the convalescence period.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the stabilization of SI Tile type C fracture/dislocations with CT-guided percutaneous cannulated screws is a valid and feasible management option and associated with a low complication rate.
Post-traumatic massive hand lymphedema fully cured by vascularized lymph node flap transfer
Authors: Becker Corinne , Arrivé Lionel , Mangiameli Giuseppe , Pricopi Ciprian , Randrianambinina Fanomezantsoa , Le Pimpec-Barthes Francoise
Published: November 2018

Post-traumatic localized hand lymphedema is a rare situation and its diagnosis may be difficult, causing lack of care leading to failure of care. Our case study is of two young women with massive post-traumatic hand lymphedema who were treated for algodystrophy for 2 years, and whose bandages and physiotherapy were unsuccessful. Major social and psychological consequences due to difficulty with diagnosis and management resulting in inappropriate tests and therapeutic treatment were prescribed due to these issues. Noncontrast magnetic resonance lymphography revealed complete lymphatic vessel blockage in the hand and wrist. A vascularized lymph node flap harvested at the groin level was transferred to the elbow level 1 month after local dermolipectomy. These procedures resulted in the restoration of lymphatic flow. Both patients were definitely cured, and they returned to normal life within 6 months after surgery. Lymph node flap transfer associated with dermolipectomy may cure massive localized lymphedema in selected cases.
Klumpfußtherapie nach Ponseti – aktueller Standard
Authors: Funk Julia F. , Lebek Susanne
Published: November 2018

In dieser Übersicht wird die Klumpfußbehandlung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der von Ponseti entwickelten konservativen Methode dargestellt. Im Kontext der verfügbaren Literatur werden die pathoanatomischen Grundlagen, die zu der Entwicklung der einfachen Korrekturhandgriffe führten, beschrieben. Die Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Ruhigstellungsmaterialien auf das Behandlungsergebnis werden ebenso beleuchtet wie die Probleme bei der Abduktionsschienentherapie. Weiterhin werden das Erkennen von Rezidiven und das von Ponseti entwickelte Konzept zur Rezidivbehandlung erörtert. Dass die Methode sich zum weltweiten Goldstandard entwickelt hat, belegen neben der globalen Verbreitung auch in Ländern mit geringem Einkommen Untersuchungen, die zeigen, dass sie auch bei nicht idiopathischen, vernachlässigten und voroperierten Klumpfüßen gute initiale Ergebnisse bewirkt. In verschiedenen Untersuchungen wurde auch mit instrumenteller Bewegungsanalyse gezeigt, dass konservativ behandelte Klumpfüße deutlich besser funktionieren, weil sie weniger arthrotische Veränderungen und Schmerzen zeigen als ausgedehnt operierte. Diese Informationen sind für den Behandler nicht nur nützlich bei der pränatalen Beratung hinsichtlich der besten verfügbaren Therapie, sondern helfen auch, die Compliance der Eltern bei der mehrjährigen Abduktionsschienenbehandlung hoch zu halten. Zu diesem Zweck wird auch der Vergleich zur konservativen physiotherapeutischen bzw. französischen Methode gezogen. Abschließend wird der Forschungsstand hinsichtlich der genetischen Ursachen der Klumpfußentwicklung beleuchtet.
8-Week Basic Military Training Improves Adiponectin Multimer Ratio in Healthy Young Males
Authors: Han Xinjun , Feng Yan , Han Xinbing , Guo Haiqing , Zhu Jianbo , Ning Chao , Liu Fen , Li Shidong , Li Xiaomei , Yang Yi-ning
Published: November 2018

To investigate the effect of exercise on adiponectin in young healthy human males, we examined serum total adiponectin and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin in newly recruited male soldiers who participated in an 8-week basic military training (BMT). A total of 95 males (mean age, 18.79±1.50 years) were sampled from among 1,100 new male army recruits in China. Participants were separated into 3 groups according to their body mass index (BMI): overweight group (BMI: 24.9 kg/m2 to<30 kg/m2; n=26); normal-weight group (BMI: 18.5 kg/m2 to<24.9 kg/m2; n=40); and underweight group (BMI:<18.5 kg/m2; n=29). Anthropometric measurements, fasting serum total adiponectin, HMW adiponectin, and lipid profiles were recorded at baseline and at the end of the 8-week BMT. After the 8-week BMT, the HMW/total adiponectin ratio (HMW/total ratio) and HDL cholesterol improved significantly (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). HMW/total ratio showed significant correlations with HDL cholesterol. Our study suggests that an 8-week BMT can improve the HMW/total ratio in healthy young males regardless of their BMI and anthropometry. Both HMW/total ratio and HDL cholesterol can serve as potential biomarkers for assessing the efficacy of exercise and may have metabolic benefits for preventing obesity and obesity-related disease.
Antiplatelet Treatment for Catheter-Based Interventions in High-Risk Patients: Current Guidelines and Expert Opinion
Authors: Rath Dominik , Gawaz Meinrad
Published: November 2018

Catheter-based interventions have revolutionized treatment of both coronary artery disease and aortic valve disease. Yet, these procedures are accompanied by thromboembolic and bleeding complications. Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants with tolerable risk of bleeding complications are required to protect from recurrent thromboembolic events. Although guidelines for antithrombotic treatment in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are available, scarce evidence exists regarding therapeutic recommendations for patients at high risk for thromboembolic events or major bleeding. The choice of optimal antiplatelet therapy after PCI in patients with complex coronary artery disease and concomitant atrial fibrillation often poses a clinical challenge. The antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing TAVR is so far based mostly on expert consensus. The present review addresses state-of-the-art antithrombotic therapy, particularly focusing on patients at high risk of thromboembolic and bleeding events, and aims to provide recommendations for clinical practice.
Altered 3D Structure of Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 Caused by Change in the amino acid 341: In Silico Analysis
Authors: Castaño Casas Juan , Barona Juan , Betancourth Flavio , Salazar Doris
Published: November 2018

Introduction Neuropsychiatric syndromes have an important connection with disorders in the regulation of serotonin, with human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 being one of the related biosynthetic enzymes of this neurotransmitter. Evidence-based genetic studies suggest a possible involvement of this enzyme in neuropsychiatric disorders caused by abnormalities in the synthesis and regulation of serotonin.

Objective To analyze the structural effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-2 and the changes that lead to functional alterations.

Materials and Methods In this study, we performed an in silico analysis of SNPs associated with abnormal folding of the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 protein. Different programs were used to identify amino acid changes evidencing pathogenic effects and possible functional impairments.

Results A change in the amino acid 341 (lysine [L]for phenylalanine [F]) (L341F) of the protein chain affects the total enthalpy of the protein. The enthalpy turned positive due to the energy required for the amino acid to return to its original condition. The protein function is also affected negatively because of the altered structured.

Conclusion The change in the L341F leads to serious structural defects in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2. Those defects can be further related with functional instability and associated to the etiology of neuropsychiatric diseases.
Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales
Authors: Vuong Quan-Hoang , Bui Quang-Khiem , La Viet-Phuong , Vuong Thu-Trang , Nguyen Viet-Ha T. , Ho Manh-Toan , Nguyen Hong-Kong T. , Ho Manh-Tung
Published: November 2018

Computational folkloristics, which is rooted in the movement to make folklore studies more scientific, has transformed the way researchers in humanities detect patterns of cultural transmission in large folklore collections. This interdisciplinary study contributes to the literature through its application of Bayesian statistics in analyzing Vietnamese folklore. By breaking down 307 stories in popular Vietnamese folktales and major story collections and categorizing their core messages under the values or anti-values of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, the study shows how the Bayesian method helps discover an underlying behavioural phenomenon called “cultural additivity.” The term, which is inspired by the principle of additivity in probability, adds to the voluminous works on syncretism, creolization and hybridity in its technical dimension. Here, to evaluate how the values and norms of the aforementioned three religions (“tam giáo”三教) co-exist, interact, and influence Vietnamese society, the study proposes three models of additivity for religious faiths: (a) no additivity, (b) simple additivity, and (c) complex additivity. The empirical results confirm the existence of “cultural additivity” : not only is there an isolation of Buddhism in the folktales, there is also a higher possibility of interaction or addition of Confucian and Taoist values even when these two religions hold different value systems (β{VT.VC} = 0.86). The arbitrary blend of the three religions is an example of the observed phenomenon of Vietnamese people selecting and adding ideas, beliefs, or artefacts—which may sometimes appear contradictory to principles of their existing beliefs—to their culture. The behavioural pattern is omnipresent in the sense that it can also be seen in Vietnamese arts, architecture, or adoption of new ideas and religions, among others. The “cultural additivity” concept, backed by robust statistical analysis, is an attempt to fill in the cultural core pointed out by syncretism and account for the rising complexity of modern societies.
Particle simulation of atmospheric streamer discharges on conductors with surface protrusion
Authors: Zhang Xin-chun , Cao Ying-ping , Fan Wei-li , Ci Tie-jun
Published: November 2018

A kinetic model of atmospheric streamer discharges on conductors with surface protrusion is first presented. The formations of streamer discharges in air on both the smooth conductors and rough conductors with different surface protrusions have been studied by using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations complemented by Monte Carlo collisions (PIC-MCC). The evolutions of electric fields, plasma densities as well as the propagation velocity of the streamers are demonstrated. Moreover, the influences of the sizes of surface protrusions on development of the discharge have been investigated. It is shown that, compared with the discharge on a smooth conductor, the streamer discharge is greatly favored by the protrusion, whose maximum electric field, electron density and propagation velocity are increased. Under the same discharge conditions, the discharges with medium sizes of the protrusions are the strongest, rather than those with protrusions of small size or big size. Our results reveal the underlying physics governing the discharge and have promising applications in high voltage (HV) transmission engineering.
Melting heat transfer and entropy optimization owing to carbon nanotubes suspended Casson nanoliquid flow past a swirling cylinder-A numerical treatment
Authors: Ramzan M. , Sheikholeslami M. , Chung Jae Dong , Shafee Ahmad
Published: November 2018

The astounding physiognomies of carbon nanotubes such as lightweight, mechanical stability, excellent thermal and electrical conductivities, and physicochemical compatibility make them perfect material for electrochemical gadgets. Having such amazing characteristics in mind our intention is to provide a numerical solution of Casson nanofluid flow containing melting heat transfer past a swirling cylinder. Analysis of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with water as a base fluid is performed. Effects of entropy generation, magnetohydrodynamics, and heat generation/absorption are also contemplated. The proposed physical model is erected and through feasible transformations, the obtained coupled nonlinear system of ODEs is solved via bvp4c function of MATLAB software numerically. The impacts of Casson nanofluid comprises of MWCNTs on skin friction, entropy generation coefficient and heat transfer rate are analyzed. Graphs of physical parameters of interest, Casson parameter (0≤β≤2), magnetic parameter (0≤M≤6), nanoparticle volume fraction (0≤ϕ≤0.3), melting parameter (0.1≤M*≤2.0), dimensionless temperature difference (0≤α≤0.3), Brinkman number (0.7≤Br≤2.0), versus swirling velocity, temperature and entropy optimization are also illustrated and discussed in detail. Tabulated numerical values of skin friction and heat transfer rate with requisite discussion are also a part this analysis. It is finally summarized that entropy optimization is an escalating function of magnetic parameter.
Endogenous and exogenous biomarker analysis in terrestrial phase amphibians (Lithobates sphenocephala) following dermal exposure to pesticide mixtures
Authors: Glinski Donna A. , Purucker S. Thomas , Van Meter Robin J. , Black Marsha C. , Henderson W. Matthew
Published: November 2018

Environmental contextMetabolomics can be used to provide a snapshot of an organism’s physiology as the organism is exposed to varying environmental conditions. In this study, laboratory-reared amphibians were exposed to multiple pesticides, analogous to field exposures, resulting in an impact to both pesticide body concentrations and the amphibians’ hepatic metabolome. These data can be used in the environmental and ecological risk assessment of multiple pesticides in non-target species. AbstractPesticide mixtures are frequently co-applied throughout an agricultural growing season to maximise crop yield. Therefore, non-target ecological species (e.g. amphibians) may be exposed to several pesticides at any given time on these agricultural landscapes. The objectives of this study were to quantify body burdens in terrestrial phase amphibians and translate perturbed metabolites to their corresponding biochemical pathways affected by exposure to pesticides as both singlets and in combination. Southern leopard frogs (Lithobates sphenocephala) were exposed either at the maximum or 1/10th maximum application rate to single, double or triple pesticide mixtures of bifenthrin (insecticide), metolachlor (herbicide) and triadimefon (fungicide). Tissue concentrations demonstrated both facilitated and competitive uptake of pesticides when in mixtures. Metabolomic profiling of amphibian livers identified metabolites of interest for both application rates; however, the magnitude of changes varied for the two exposure rates. Exposure to lower concentrations demonstrated downregulation in amino acids, potentially owing to their usage for glutathione metabolism and/or increased energy demands. Amphibians exposed to the maximum application rate resulted in upregulation of amino acids and other key metabolites likely owing to depleted energy resources. Coupling endogenous and exogenous biomarkers of pesticide exposure can be used to form vital links in an ecological risk assessment by relating internal dose to pathophysiological outcomes in non-target species.
Molecular systematics reveals multiple lineages and cryptic speciation in the freshwater crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869) (Crustacea : Decapoda : Parastacidae)
Authors: Miranda Ivana , Gomes Kelly M. , Ribeiro Felipe B. , Araujo Paula B. , Souty-Grosset Catherine , Schubart Christoph D.
Published: November 2018

The characterisation of intraspecific genetic diversity in representatives of the South American crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 is here carried out for the first time by comparing populations of Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869) as currently defined. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers indicate the existence of multiple lineages, of which only one can be considered as P. brasiliensis sensu stricto. In addition, there are seven other lineages, one of which is the subspecies Parastacus brasiliensis promatensis Fontoura & Conter, 2008, which is here elevated to species level. We thereby increase to 14 the number of recognised species within Parastacus in South America. Genetic distances among P. brasiliensis sensu stricto and the lineages ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ increase with geographical distances, suggesting isolation by distance as an important driver of diversification, and eventually speciation, in these burrowing crayfishes. Parastacus brasiliensis occurs mainly in the Guaíba Lake basin and studied populations show limited connectivity and gene flow, probably due to habitat fragmentation. On the basis of genetic and distribution data, the conservation status of P. brasiliensis sensu stricto is confirmed as Near Threatened (NT). These findings lead us to encourage the establishment of preservation areas for isolated populations. The importance of preserving the newly recognised distinct gene pools in order to maintain overall genetic diversity is emphasised.
How to communicate large-scale social challenges: The problem of the disappearing American corporation
Authors: Davis Gerald F.
Published: November 2018

Social science has distinct advantages and challenges when it comes to communicating its findings to the public. Its topics are often highly accessible to the general public, yet its findings may be counterintuitive and politically contentious. Conveying recent changes in the organization of the American economy provides an illustration of the difficulties and opportunities for engaging the public. The declining number of public corporations in the United States is associated with a shrinking middle class, lower opportunities for upward mobility, and a fraying social safety net, with important implications for individuals and public policy. Attempting to convey this set of findings to a broad public has demonstrated that some strategies and communication channels work better than others, and that some online media are particularly effective.
Knockout of both miR-15/16 loci induces acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Lovat Francesca , Fassan Matteo , Sacchi Diana , Ranganathan Parvathi , Palamarchuk Alexey , Bill Marius , Karunasiri Malith , Gasparini Pierluigi , Nigita Giovanni , Distefano Rosario , Veneziano Dario , Dorrance Adrienne M. , Garzon Ramiro , Croce Carlo M.
Published: November 2018

Significance

The loss miR-15a/16-1 cluster at chromosome 13q14 is critical for the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), both in humans and mice. Knockout mice for a homologous locus on chromosome 3, miR-15b/16-2, developed mainly CLL and less frequently diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Here, we studied the biological role of these two different miR-15/16 clusters, crossbreeding miR-15a/16-1 and miR-15b/16-2 knockout mice. Unexpectedly, the complete deletion of both clusters promoted myeloproliferative disorders in the majority of the mice by the age of 5 months, modulating the expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin D2, and Bcl-2, well-known targets of these microRNA clusters. Our findings in mouse suggest that a fraction of AML could be caused the by the loss of miR-15/16 clusters.
Negation in Korlai Indo-Portuguese
Authors: Clements J. Clancy
Published: November 2018

Korlai displays patterns in negation largely similar to those found in Marathi, the adstrate language. An example of this is the apparent calque of the Marathi negative construction with ‘want’, where Korlai ni kɛ ‘don’t/doesn’t want’ (negator ni with a reduced form of keré ‘want’) corresponds to Marathi nako, a lexicalized form translated as ‘don’t/doesn’t want’. Based on socio-historical evidence, it is argued that these patterns likely developed early on in the history of Korlai. There are some innovations in Korlai, as well, not found in its adstrate language: it has a future negation marker in pa (eló nu pa andá kadz ‘they won’t go home’), it exhibits an unexpected order of the negative element nu with the deontic particle maʃi ‘must/should’ (eló maʃi nu andá ‘they must/should not go’), and its negative pronouns (nad ‘nothing’, ningɛ̃ ‘nobody’, neú̃ ‘none’) are sensitive to definiteness. These more recent developments suggest that Korlai, while sharing negation patterns with Marathi, has evolved independently of its adstrate language.
The (very) long history of corpora, concordances, collocations and all that
Authors: Stubbs Michael
Published: November 2018

In the development of academic disciplines, important ideas are often proposed, forgotten, and then rediscovered much later, when they are connected to other ideas in a way which reveals their significance. I give examples of ideas which are often thought of as quite modern, although they have a very long history:

using corpora in constructing dictionaries and language teaching materials

using concordances as data for textual exegesis and information retrieval

using collocations as evidence of word meaning.

In all three cases the theoretical significance of the ideas became clear only after improved techniques of visualisation allowed patterns to be seen in complex non-numerical data.
We can do without these words
Authors: Philip Gill
Published: November 2018

This chapter deals with a Style Guide written in 2013 for the British Civil Service. It included a list of words to avoid, from the difficult and vague, to the metaphorical. Viewing the Style Guide as a genuine attempt to resolve problems with the Civil Service’s notoriously convoluted prose style, the study compares and contrasts the proscribed words with their use in the very documents that it was aimed to improve – online policy documents. It highlights discrepancies that are known to exist between the “proper” meanings of words and those that are found in the texts, and also reveals how comprehension problems are not just caused by lexis (metaphor in particular), but also by unusual or unexpected syntactical patternings.
Are there two different ways of approaching grammaticalization?
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2018

Grammaticalization as a framework of linguistic analysis developed a fairly stable format in the course of the 1980s and 1990s (Lehmann 1982; Heine & Reh 1984; Traugott & Heine 1991a, 1991b; Heine et al. 1991; Hopper & Traugott 1993; Bybee et al. 1994; Haspelmath 1999). Around the turn of the century one of the basic principles of the framework, namely the unidirectionality hypothesis, was challenged (e.g., Newmeyer 1998), leading to refinements of the hypothesis (e.g., Norde 2009).1

A more dramatic challenge arose when the framework was extended to the analysis of discourse markers and related discourse material, which suggests that grammaticalization approaches are hard-pressed when applied to such material. Two main kinds of solutions were proposed. On the one hand, it was argued that the grammaticalization framework is inadequate to account for the development of discourse markers. On the other hand, an expanded notion of grammaticalization was proposed (see Degand & Evers-Vermeul 2015 for an overview of this research). That there is need to distinguish two different approaches to grammaticalization is propounded in detail by Traugott and Trousdale (2013: 99–112).

The main concern of the present paper is to determine the status of grammaticalization studies in light of recent work on discourse markers. It is argued that the justification for distinguishing two kinds of approaches to grammaticalization is questionable. Drawing attention to the cognitive-communicative principle of cooptation, the paper suggests that the development of discourse markers and related metatextual material cannot be reduced to effects of grammaticalization of any kind.
Grammaticalizing connectives in English and discourse information structure
Authors: Lewis Diana M.
Published: November 2018

The development of lexical expressions such as VP adverbs, matrix clauses and prepositional phrases into discourse markers and connectives expressing coherence relations has been well explored in the grammaticalization literature, under a broad view of grammaticalization, but there has been less emphasis on how the discourse information structuring functions of markers evolve during these developments. This paper investigates the relationship between discourse coherence marking and information structure by examining two developing discourse connectives: it suggests that the grammaticalization of a lexeme in its construction into a discourse marker may involve acquiring or strengthening discourse-level information structuring functions – indicating relative informational salience – and that (further) grammaticalization of markers may be at least partly directed by information structure.
The development of the Chinese scalar additive coordinators derived from prohibitives
Authors: Zhu Bing , Horie Kaoru
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we trace from a constructionist perspective the diachronic development of the Chinese scalar additive coordinators meaning roughly ‘let alone’ derived from a prohibitive expression ‘don’t say’. We argue that a construction schema formed by the combination of a prohibitive marker with a SAY verb conveying the scalar additive meaning may have been established in Ancient Chinese. This construction schema analogically sanctioned more forms of such pattern into scalar additive coordinators over time, including biéshuō in Contemporary Chinese. The development of the scalar additive coordinators derived from the prohibitives is more likely to be considered as a case of constructionalization. Crucially, it is the entire construction that has spread over time. The present study demonstrates that prohibitives can also serve clause combining functions.
Accounting for liabilities related to ecosystem degradation
Authors: Ogilvy Sue , Burritt Roger , Walsh Dionne , Obst Carl , Meadows Peter , Muradzikwa Peter , Eigenraam Mark
Published: November 2018

Introduction:
 A growing belief that accounting can and should play a role in halting and reversing degradation of ecosystems is leading to conceptual and methodological developments that recognize the cost of degradation, attribute the cost to the entities responsible and assure that entities can’t ignore the economic burden associated with it. 
Outcome:
 Demonstration accounts prepared around a scenario where agricultural use of land includes an obligation to maintain ecosystem condition. The accounts are compliant and coherent with both the international accounting standards for individual entities and the United Nations’ System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. 
Discussion:
 Accounting for liabilities for ecosystem degradation demonstrates that, where the liability reflects the lost economic value of the ecosystem, the accounts communicate a reduction in the total net worth of the economy and a redistribution of net worth away from the party responsible for the degradation. The inclusion of both liabilities for degradation and the cost of degradation does not lead to double-counting the economic impact of degradation. 
Conclusion:
Accounting principles and frameworks encourage greater accountability for entities responsible for ecosystem condition by providing greater visibility of the economic cost to individual entities, governments and nations.
Evidenced-Based Approach to Abdominoplasty Update
Authors: Shestak Kenneth C , Rios Luis , Pollock Todd A , Aly Al
Published: November 2018

The following publication was compiled as an evidence-based update for plastic surgeons performing abdominoplasty from a review of the published literature on that subject between January 2014 and February 2017. It is an overview of various aspects of abdominoplasty including preoperative patient assessment, variations and advances in both surgical and anesthetic technique, patient safety, and outcomes. It is intended to serve as an adjunct to previously published evidence-based reviews of abdominoplasty.
Comprehensive evaluation of structural and functional myocardial impairments in Becker muscular dystrophy using quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Marty Benjamin , Gilles Raymond , Toussaint Marcel , Béhin Anthony , Stojkovic Tanya , Eymard Bruno , Carlier Pierre G , Wahbi Karim
Published: November 2018

Aims

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by an alteration of the dystrophin protein. Myocardial involvement is frequent, eventually progressing to a dilated cardiomyopathy, and represents the most common cause of death for this pathology. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of myocardial functional and structural alterations encountered in a large cohort of BMD patients using quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.

Methods and results

Eighty-eight BMD patients and 26 age-matched volunteers underwent standard cine and tag imaging to assess myocardial function and dyssynchrony, while native T1, T2, and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) were measured for tissue characterization. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF) was significantly reduced in 26% of the BMD patients. Patients exhibited higher dyssynchrony index than controls (6.94 ± 3.17 vs. 5.09 ± 1.25, P = 0.005). Diastolic dyssynchrony also exists in patients where systolic function was normal. BMD subjects, compared with controls, had significantly higher native T1, T2, and ECV (1183 ± 60 ms vs. 1164 ± 22 ms, 47.5 ± 4.5 ms vs. 45.6 ± 3.4 ms, 0.282 ± 0.050 vs. 0.231 ± 0.027, respectively, P < 0.05). Native T1, T2, and ECV correlated with LV-EF (R = −0.79, −0.70, and −0.71, respectively, P < 0.001) and N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide (R = 0.51, 0.58, and 0.44, respectively, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Quantitative CMR represents a powerful tool to evaluate structural and functional impairments in the myocardium of BMD subjects. Native T1, T2, and ECV provided quantitative biomarkers related to inflammation and fibrosis, and could stratify disease severity.
The genome of the tegu lizard Salvator merianae: combining Illumina, PacBio, and optical mapping data to generate a highly contiguous assembly
Authors: Roscito Juliana G , Sameith Katrin , Pippel Martin , Francoijs Kees-Jan , Winkler Sylke , Dahl Andreas , Papoutsoglou Georg , Myers Gene , Hiller Michael
Published: November 2018

Background

Reptiles are a species-rich group with great phenotypic and life history diversity but are highly underrepresented among the vertebrate species with sequenced genomes.

Results

Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly of the tegu lizard, Salvator merianae, the first lacertoid with a sequenced genome. We combined 74X Illumina short-read, 29.8X Pacific Biosciences long-read, and optical mapping data to generate a high-quality assembly with a scaffold N50 value of 55.4 Mb. The contig N50 value of this assembly is 521 Kb, making it the most contiguous reptile assembly so far. We show that the tegu assembly has the highest completeness of coding genes and conserved non-exonic elements (CNEs) compared to other reptiles. Furthermore, the tegu assembly has the highest number of evolutionarily conserved CNE pairs, corroborating a high assembly contiguity in intergenic regions. As in other reptiles, long interspersed nuclear elements comprise the most abundant transposon class. We used transcriptomic data, homology- and de novo gene predictions to annotate 22,413 coding genes, of which 16,995 (76%) likely have human orthologs as inferred by CESAR-derived gene mappings. Finally, we generated a multiple genome alignment comprising 10 squamates and 7 other amniote species and identified conserved regions that are under evolutionary constraint. CNEs cover 38 Mb (1.8%) of the tegu genome, with 3.3 Mb in these elements being squamate specific. In contrast to placental mammal-specific CNEs, very few of these squamate-specific CNEs (<20 Kb) overlap transposons, highlighting a difference in how lineage-specific CNEs originated in these two clades.

Conclusions

The tegu lizard genome together with the multiple genome alignment and comprehensive conserved element datasets provide a valuable resource for comparative genomic studies of reptiles and other amniotes.
What is a scientific instrument, now?
Authors: Taub Liba
Published: November 2018

In 1990, Deborah Jean Warner, a curator at the Smithsonian Institution, published her now-classic article ‘What is a scientific instrument, when did it become one, and why?’. These questions were prompted by practical curatorial considerations: what was she supposed to collect for her museum? Today, we are still considering questions of what we collect for the future, why, and how. These questions have elicited some new and perhaps surprising answers since the publication of Warner’s article, sometimes – but not only – as a reflection of changing technologies and laboratory practices, and also as a result of changes in those disciplines that study science, including history of science and philosophy of science. In focusing attention on meanings associated with scientific instrument collections, and thinking about what objects are identified as scientific instruments, I consider how definitions of instruments influence what is collected and preserved.
Burden of Children Hospitalized With Pertussis in Canada in the Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Era, 1999–2015
Authors: Abu-Raya Bahaa , Bettinger Julie A , Vanderkooi Otto G , Vaudry Wendy , Halperin Scott A , Sadarangani Manish ,   Members of the Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program, Active (IMPACT), Bridger N , Morris R , Top K , Halperin S , Déry P , Thibeault R , Moore D , . Lefebvre M A , Lebel M , Le Saux N , Tran D , Ford-Jones L , Morris S , Embree J , Law B , Tan B , McConnell A , Jadavji T , Chawla R , Vanderkooi O , Kellner J , Vaudry W , Scheifele D , Bettinger J , Sadarangani M , Sauvé L
Published: November 2018

Background

Recent increases in pertussis morbidity and mortality rates among young infants have led to a recommendation in some countries for vaccination against pertussis during pregnancy. Having data on the burden of pediatric pertussis in a large population over time is important for establishing the true burden of disease in the acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine era. Here, we describe age-specific epidemiology and morbidity and mortality rates in children hospitalized with pertussis over 17 years across Canada in the aP vaccine era.

Methods

Patients aged ≤16 years who were admitted to 1 of 12 pediatric tertiary-care hospitals across Canada between 1999 and 2015 with confirmed (laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked) or probable (clinically diagnosed) pertussis were included.

Results

Overall, 1402 patients with pertussis were included. Infants aged <2 months had the highest mean annual incidences of pertussis hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (116.40 [95% confidence interval (CI), 85.32–147.49] and 33.48 [95% CI, 26.35–40.62] per 100 000 population, respectively). The overall proportion of children who required ICU admission was 25.46%, and the proportion was highest in infants aged <2 months (37.90%). Over the span of this study, 21 deaths occurred. Age of <16 weeks, prematurity, encephalopathy, and a confirmed pertussis diagnosis were independent risk factors for ICU admission. Age of <4 weeks, prematurity, and female sex were independent risk factors for death.

Conclusions

In the aP vaccine era, endemic pertussis still contributes considerably to childhood morbidity and death, particularly in infants aged <2 months. Vaccination against pertussis during pregnancy has the potential to reduce this disease burden.