bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modular cytosine base editing promotes epigenomic and genomic modifications
Authors: Weischedel Julian , Higgins Laurence , Rogers Sally , Gramalla-Schmitz Anna , Wyrzykowska Paulina , Borgoni Simone , MacCarthy Thomas , Chahwan Richard
Published: November 2023

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic adaptive immunity differ considerably. Yet, their fundamental mechanisms of gene editing via Cas9 and activation-induced deaminase (AID), respectively, can be conveniently complimentary. Cas9 is an RNA targeted dual nuclease expressed in several bacterial species. AID is a cytosine deaminase expressed in germinal centre B cells to mediate genomic antibody diversification. AID can also mediate epigenomic reprogramming via active DNA demethylation. It is known that sequence motifs, nucleic acid structures, and associated co-factors affect AID activity. But despite repeated attempts, deciphering AID’s intrinsic catalytic activities and harnessing its targeted recruitment to DNA is still intractable. Even recent cytosine base editors are unable to fully recapitulate AID’s genomic and epigenomic editing properties. Here, we describe the first instance of a modular AID-based editor that recapitulates the full spectrum of genomic and epigenomic editing activity. Our ‘Swiss army knife’ toolbox will help better understand AID biology per se as well as improve targeted genomic and epigenomic editing.
A COVID-19 monitoring process for healthcare workers utilizing occupational health
Authors: Crosby J C , Lee R A , McGwin G , Heath S L , Burkholder G A , Gravett R M , Overton E T , Locks G , Fleece M E , Franco R , Nafziger S
Published: November 2023

Background

Hospital-based occupational health (HBOH) is uniquely positioned to not only prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, but to care for healthcare workers (HCWs) sick with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Aims

The primary objective of this study is to describe a system where HBOH services were adapted to provide a monitoring programme whereby HCWs with SARS-CoV-2 received daily evaluations and treatment options in order to improve access to care, and to report the clinical outcomes and predictors of hospitalization in HCWs enrolled in the programme. A secondary objective is to compare clinical outcomes to data on national HCWs with COVID-19.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used survey data collected on HCWs at a university health system with COVID-19 from 1 March 2020 through 1 December 2021. A firth regression model was used to examine the unadjusted and adjusted association between clinical factors and hospitalization.

Results

The study cohort included 4814 HCWs with COVID-19. Overall hospitalizations were 119 (2%), and there were six deaths (0.12%). Predictors of hospitalization include several co-morbidities and symptoms. A total of 1835 HCWs monitored before vaccine or monoclonal antibody availability were compared with data on U.S. HCWs in a similar time period. The monitored HCWs had a lower rate of co-morbidities (19% versus 44%, P < 0.001), a lower hospitalization rate (3% versus 8% P < 0.001) and case-fatality rate (0.11% versus 0.95% P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This monitoring strategy for COVID-19 may be feasible for HBOH systems to implement and improve access to care, but more data are needed to determine if it improves outcomes.
Hydration Methods for Cisplatin Containing Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sikking Charlotte , Niggebrugge-Mentink Kelly L , van der Sman A S Elise , Smit Roefke H P , Bouman-Wammes Esther W , Beex-Oosterhuis Marieke M , van Kesteren Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) can be prevented by fluid hydration, electrolyte supplementation, or forced diuresis; however, the best way to prevent CIN is still unknown. The aim of this study was to provide objective evidence on the optimal design of hydration schemes to prevent CIN based on an update of the literature.

Methods

A Pubmed and Embase search were conducted in December 2021 and repeated in April 2022 and March 2023. Two independent reviewers screened the articles. The included articles were categorized and reviewed per category.

Results

Twenty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria. The included studies varied widely. Four out of seven studies investigating diuretics found a protective effect of adding mannitol to the hydration scheme. All six studies investigating duration and amount of volume of hydration found that a short-hydration scheme resulted in less CIN than a longer hydration scheme. Seven out of nine articles evaluating the role of electrolytes found that magnesium supplementation reduced the risk of nephrotoxicity. Three studies investigated the safety of oral hydration and concluded that nephrotoxicity did not occur more frequently after oral hydration.

Conclusion

The hydration scheme of cisplatin should be short and consist of a relatively small amount of volume. The scheme should include mannitol and magnesium supplementation. Head-to-head studies are needed to investigate the safety of furosemide compared with mannitol and the dose of mannitol and magnesium.
Patient-Reported Outcomes of Accelerated Aging: A Novel Approach to Investigate Second Cancer Risk in Adolescent and Young Adult (18−39 Years) Cancer Survivors
Authors: van der Meer Daniël J , Zevenbergen Susan , Vlooswijk Carla , Bijlsma Rhodé M , Kaal Suzanne E J , Kerst Jan Martijn , Tromp Jacqueline M , Bos Monique E M M , van der Hulle Tom , Lalisang Roy I , Nuver Janine , Kouwenhoven Mathilde C M , van der Graaf Winette T A , Husson Olga
Published: November 2023

Background

Adolescent and young adult cancer survivors (AYAs, aged 18-39 years at first diagnosis) have a higher second cancer risk. Accelerated aging is hypothesized as underlying mechanism and has been described clinically by 6 indicators; fatigue, low quality of sleep, low mood, lack of motivation, subjective memory complaints, and poor exercise tolerance. Using patient-reported outcomes, we aimed to identify clusters of accelerated aging among AYA cancer survivors and to investigate their association with second cancer development.

Patients and Methods

Patient, tumor, and treatment data were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Patient-reported clinical indicators and second cancer data were obtained from the SURVivors (5-20 years) of cancer in AYAs (SURVAYA) questionnaire study between 1999 and 2015. Latent class and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

In total, n = 3734 AYA survivors with known second cancer status (n = 278 [7.4%] second cancers) were included. Four latent clusters were identified and named based on their clinical indicator features; (1) high accelerated aging (31.3%), (2) intermediate accelerated aging without poor exercise tolerance (15.1%), (3) intermediate accelerated aging without lack of motivation (27.4%), and (4) low accelerated aging (26.2%). AYAs in the high accelerated aging cluster were more likely to have second cancer (odds ratio: 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3) compared to the low accelerated aging cluster.

Conclusion

AYAs with a higher burden of accelerated aging were more likely to develop a second cancer. Validation of the clinical indicators and how to best capture them is needed to improve (early) detection of AYAs at high risk of developing second cancer.
Real-World Outcomes of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients With HER2+ Metastatic Breast Cancer: The DE-REAL Study
Authors: Botticelli Andrea , Caputo Roberta , Scagnoli Simone , Pisegna Simona , De Laurentiis Michelino , Curigliano Giuseppe , Lambertini Matteo , Pantano Francesco , Palazzo Antonella , Paris Ida , Vernieri Claudio , Tedesco Beatrice , Giampaglia Marianna , Palleschi Michela , Ballatore Zelmira , Alesini Daniele , D’Auria Giuliana , Fabbri Agnese , Rossi Luigi , Verrazzo Annarita , Scafetta Roberta , Marinelli Daniele , Sposetti Caterina , Barberi Vittoria , Strigari Lidia , Marchetti Paolo , Santini Daniele , Fabi Alessandra
Published: November 2023

Background

Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) demonstrated unprecedented efficacy in patients with pretreated HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (mBC). However, few data are available about its efficacy in routine clinical practice. In this multicenter retrospective study, we examined effectiveness and safety of T-DXd in a real-world population.

Methods

Clinico-pathological information about patients with HER2+ mBC who received T-DXd were collected from 12 Italian hospitals. HER2 status was determined locally. Patients who received at least one administration of T-DXd, as any therapy line for advanced disease were included in the analysis. The primary endpoint was real-word PFS (rwPFS).

Results

One hundred and forty-three patients were included. Median age was 66 (range: 37-90), and 4 men were included. Hormone receptor (HR) status was positive in 108 (75%) patients and negative in 35(25%). T-DXd was administered as first, second, third, or subsequent lines in 4 (3%), 16 (11%), 42 (29%), and 81 (57%) patients, respectively. Among 123 patients with measurable disease, the ORR was 68%, and the DCR was 93% (9 CRs, 74 PRs, and 30 SD). Nine (7%) patients had a primary resistance to T-DXd. With a median follow-up of 12 months, the median rwPFS was 16 months. RwPFS was 84%, 59%, and 39% at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. A favorable trend in rwPFS was reported in patients receiving T-DXd as I/II line versus further lines (17 vs. 15 months; P = .098). Any-grade toxicity was registered in 84 patients (59%). Most common adverse events (AEs) reported were nausea (33%), neutropenia (21%), and asthenia (21%). Liver toxicity and diarrhea were uncommon (5% and 1%). Severe toxicities was registered in 18% of patients, and the most frequent were neutropenia, nausea/vomiting, and ILD observed in 15, 2, and 3 patients. AEs led to dose reduction in 37 patients (26%). Dose reduction and AEs do not affect patients’ response and survival outcomes.

Conclusions

Efficacy and safety of T-DXd were confirmed in an unselected real-world population of HER2+ mBC. These results are consistent with the results of known findings, and no new safety concerns were reported.
Prognostic Role of p53 Immunohistochemical Status in Invasive Breast Cancer. A Retrospective Review of 1387 Cases With Luminal-Like/Her2 Negative Breast Tumors
Authors: Dajti Gerti , Serra Margherita , Cisternino Giovanni , Ceccarelli Claudio , Pellegrini Alice , Melina Marica , De Leo Antonio , Santini Donatella , Taffurelli Mario , Zanotti Simone
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of p53 immunohistochemical (IHC) expression in a large cohort of patients with hormone receptors (HR)-positive/Her2-negative primary invasive breast cancer.

Methods

Retrospective review of consecutive cases treated at our Breast Unit between 2003 and 2013. Patients were divided into 3 subgroups based on p53 IHC expression: null (0%), low (0.1%-49%), and high (≥50%) p53 expression.

Results

A total of 1387 patients were included in the study with a median follow-up of 86 months. After adjusting for age, size, node status, lymphovascular invasion, progesterone, and Ki67 expression, only null p53 immunophenotype was associated with worse disease-free survival (DFS) (OR 1.74, 95% IC, 1.11-2.71, P = .015) and distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS) (OR 1.73, 95% IC, 1.04-2.90, P = .036). Null p53 impacted significantly DFS and DRFS also in patients with early breast cancer.

Conclusions

p53 IHC expression affects survival and, thus can be a valuable tool in the management of patients with HR-positive/Her2-negative breast cancer
Definitions
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This book begins with the most controversial of all topics: definitions. Definitions of terms such as religion, spirituality, and humanism are necessary for communication purposes, for the development of measures to quantify these constructs, and ultimately, for the creation of effective interventions. Of particular concern has been the definition of spirituality, especially as it applies to conducting research on this topic. What is spirituality, and how does one measure or quantify it? How is spirituality related to religion? Is a common definition for spirituality possible, one that everyone will agree on? Such agreement is essential for conducting research that must be replicated by other investigators. Also important is that definitions of terms such as religion and spirituality not overlap with the health outcomes being studied. Otherwise, the results will be meaningless and uninterpretable. Does this also apply to the use of such terms in clinical practice?
Research Design
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

Understanding research designs is necessary not only for the design of high-quality studies that will advance the field of religion and health, but also for educators and clinicians who must interpret the findings and apply them. The chapter begins by emphasizing the research question, describing how to identify it, and illustrating how to specify a research hypothesis. It then examines different research designs, including observational designs (qualitative, cross-sectional, longitudinal) and experimental designs (single-group experimental studies, nonrandomized controlled trials, randomized controlled trials). Sample size calculation, methods of sample selection, and response rates are discussed. Length of follow-up and number of assessments are recommended for prospective studies, emphasizing the need for long-term follow-up. The authors also stress the need to assess lifetime exposure to religion to identify the “total” impact that religion has on health across the life span. Issues related to analyzing data, use of existing data sets, and importance of collaboration are also discussed.
Anxiety
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the prevalence and impact of anxiety disorders in the United States and around the world. A case vignette is presented that illustrates the complex role that religion can play in generalized anxiety disorder. It then examines theoretical pathways by which religion might affect anxiety based on the known causes of anxiety. Research examining the relationship between religiosity and anxiety is reviewed, both earlier research and more recent studies. The authors review how different forms of religion, such as prayer, religious coping, and religious attendance, might impact anxiety, emphasizing the importance of uncovering potential pathways. The need for future large prospective studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and replication studies is also stressed, especially for specific types of anxiety disorder. Finally, recommendations are made for health professionals and pastoral care providers, emphasizing the importance of taking a spiritual history, encouraging simple religious practices, and for licensed therapists, utilizing religiously integrated psychotherapy (particularly RCBT).
Personality Traits and Disorders
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter defines personality more generally, describes personality traits (focusing on the Five Factor Model), and reviews the diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 personality disorders (PDs). It then explores the prevalence, cost, and causes of PDs, focusing on genetic, environmental, and acquired neurobiological and physical influences. The authors hypothesize how individual religious involvement (and that of parents during their infancy and early childhood) might impact the development and course of personality traits and PDs. They then review systematic research on the relationship between religiosity, personality traits, and PDs. Research on the impact of personality on religion and the impact of religion on personality are examined. The authors stress the need for future prospective studies to determine the impact of religiosity on PD and the impact of religiously/integrated interventions on PDs.
Social Support
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between religious involvement and social support, forgiveness, social capital, and altruistic behaviors. It first focuses on what religious participation can provide at the individual level, especially in terms of access to social support, learning to give and receive forgiveness, and engaging in volunteer and other community civic activities that enhance social capital and community health. The effect of religiosity on social support is then introduced by a case vignette that illustrates how religion might impact social support, the ability to forgive others to maintain social relationships, and the promotion of activities that build social capital. Next, it reviews quantitative research that has examined religiosity and its associations with or effects on social support, loneliness, forgiveness, social capital, and altruism. The chapter concludes by making recommendations for future research and suggestions on application in the clinic and the community.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the effects of religious involvement on decline in cognitive function that occurs with normal aging and in the setting of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. After describing the six major types of dementia, the authors review research on the prevalence of dementia and the costs of providing medical, institutional, and home care to the cognitively impaired. Next, risk factors for dementia and cognitive decline are examined, with a focus on those that are modifiable. This is followed by a discussion of how religiosity might impact cognition through effects on psychological, social, environmental, and behavioral factors. The core of this chapter focuses on the research that has examined the effects of religiosity on cognitive functioning. Finally, recommendations for future research (particularly prospective studies and randomized controlled trials) are provided and applications for health professionals and religious professionals are suggested.
Cancer
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the effects of religiosity on the risk of developing cancer, effects on the course of cancer, and influences on mortality from cancer. First, the prevalence, prognosis, and financial costs of cancer in the United States and worldwide are examined. This is followed by a review of the demographic, genetic, environmental, biomedical, psychological, social, and behavioral factors that contribute to cancer risk. After describing a case, the authors speculate on how religious faith and participation in the religious community might influence cancer by affecting cancer risk factors. They then review early and more recent quantitative research examining the effects of religion and religiosity on cancer risk, course, and mortality, particularly in certain population subgroups, such as African Americans and women, who are at greater risk for developing cancer. Recommendations for future research are provided, and clinical applications for clinicians and religious professionals are suggested.
Physical Disability
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins by defining physical disability and examining its prevalence and cost in the United States and around the world. Non-modifiable, partially modifiable, and fully modifiable risk factors for physical impairments are reviewed. Factors that affect the likelihood of developing physical disability or its progression are then examined, including positive psychological states such as having purpose and meaning, having worthwhile life goals to strive for, being optimistic and hopeful, engaging in supportive social interactions, receiving support from friends and family, and especially, providing support to others. After describing a case vignette, the authors speculate on how religious involvement might impact physical disability. Next, both early and more recent research quantitatively examining religion’s impact on developing or recovering from physical disability is reviewed, including religious/spiritual interventions that may reduce physical disability. Recommendations for future research are provided, and applications for health professionals and religious professionals are suggested.
Chronic Pain
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins with a description of different types of pain and a definition for the term “chronic pain.” Factors are then examined that influence the experience of chronic pain, including partially modifiable factors (socioeconomic, gene-environment interactions, medical illnesses) and fully modifiable (psychological, social, behavioral). A case vignette is presented that illustrates the effects of religion on pain, which is followed by speculation on how religious involvement might influence the severity, endurance, and consequences of chronic pain. The heart of this chapter involves a review of quantitative research examining associations between religiosity and pain, prospective studies examining the effects of religious involvement on pain, and religious/spiritual interventions for relieving pain. Recommendations for future research (and advice on how to interpret the findings from past studies) are provided, and applications relevant to clinicians and religious professionals are suggested.
Understanding the Religion–Physical Health Relationship
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins with a description of genetic, biological, environmental, psychological, social, and behavioral factors that affect physical health, each dependent to some extent on the individual choices that people make. This is followed by a summary of research documenting connections between religious involvement and these health determinants, referring to previous chapters in the Handbook. Theoretical causal models are then presented based on monotheistic, Eastern, and secular humanistic worldviews to help explain how religious involvement might impact physical health and longevity. Suggestions for future research are then provided, emphasizing the need for large prospective studies that follow individuals for prolonged periods of time, examining the effects of religious involvement on physical health acting through the mediators described in these models.
Health Policy Implications
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

In one of the most important chapters of this Handbook, the authors examine implications for health policy at (a) federal, state, and local levels in the United States, (b) the private health sector level, and (c) government and private health system levels in other countries. This chapter begins by defining public policy and health policy, which are generally understood as laws, rules, and regulations affecting environments in which people live, work, learn, and play. Next, the authors highlight the sensitive nature and limitations of health policies, particularly those viewed as affecting religious freedoms or interfering with state-church separation. They make policy recommendations in 10 areas for authoritative bodies to consider that affect public health, emphasizing the need for health policies and their accompanying legislation to be religion-friendly and religion-respectful, viewing religion as a resource that promotes health in most cases (with some exceptions that are notable).
Permuting Cage, Permuting Music
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores Mario Lavista’s relationship with U.S. composer John Cage (1912–1992). A close look at Lavista’s adoption of Cage’s philosophy shows that, through performative processes of interpretation and resignification, Cage becomes a symbol, Cage-the-jaula—a container that, far from being restrictive, allows for multiple permutations. Lavista and his collaborators embraced chance, indeterminacy, and graphic scores in response to a performative engagement with Cage. In conjunction with visual artist Arnaldo Coen, Lavista created the graphic score Jaula for prepared piano as a gift to Cage after he visited Mexico in 1976. A permutation of this project resulted in a multidirectional poem by Francisco Serrano. After Jaula, Lavista abandoned the use of indeterminacy and improvisation. Instead, he composed a series of works where he incorporated atomized musical quotes and a variety of literary references inserted as epigraphs in the scores. The chapter includes a discussion of early collaborative projects Lavista undertook with filmmaker Nicolás Echevarría, and Lavista’s founding of the journal Talea.
Poetic Encounters and Instrumental Affairs
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores a series of intertextual webs present in a group of chamber pieces Lavista wrote in close collaboration with performers such as Marielena Arizpe, Leonora Saavedra, and Cuarteto Latinoamericano. The creative intimacy Lavista fostered with his collaborators, which started in 1979 and continued throughout the 1980s, was a crucial step in solidifying his compositional style. These pieces, which incorporate extended techniques and an intertextual play with poetic references, are also examples of Lavista’s affective relationship with the literary arts. Whether from his pen or from the writings of others, producing and promoting texts centered around music was another manifestation of his creativity. The journal Pauta: Cuadernos de teoría y crítica musical—founded and directed by Lavista—is discussed as an extension of Lavista’s creativity and his affective relationships with collaborators, music, literature, and the visual arts. Pauta responded to an urgent need for music-centered texts in Spanish and played a seminal role in contemporary music scenes throughout the Spanish-speaking world.
The Composer as Intellectual
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on Lavista’s activities as a member of El Colegio Nacional. It offers a brief history of the institution and contextualizes the part founding member Carlos Chávez played in establishing the role of the composer as intellectual. In Chávez’s model, the composer–intellectual follows a modernist ideology of musical progress, which in turn serves as a support system for avant-garde practices. Chávez used El Colegio Nacional as a platform for cultivating a didactic modernity by institutionalizing the format of conferencias–conciertos (lecture–recitals) as a central pedagogical tool to enlighten the general public, and by incorporating a model of musical modernity aligned with a cutting-edge intellectuality. This model was then followed by Chávez’s successors, Eduardo Mata and Lavista. Lavista’s membership in El Colegio allowed him to advocate for and promote twentieth- and twenty-first-century concert music, support Mexican performers mostly devoted to that repertoire, and cultivate his role as a public intellectual and educator. Before his passing, Lavista supported the nomination of Gabriela Ortiz, currently the only musician in El Colegio’s council. The chapter includes a discussion of the concert programming, essays, books, and recordings Lavista undertook through El Colegio Nacional.
Just Shelter
Authors: Sundstrom Ronald R.
Published: November 2023

Just Shelter: Gentrification, Integration, Race, and Reconstruction is a work of political philosophy that examines the core injustices of the contemporary U.S. housing crisis and its relation to enduring racial injustices. It posits that what is required to achieve justice in social-spatial arrangements—what is otherwise called “spatial justice”—is to prioritize, in the crafting and enforcement of housing policy, individual moral equality and liberty; distributive justice; equal citizenship; and, due to history and continuing practice and effects of racial discrimination in housing policy and the housing market in the United States, corrective justice in the form of rectification programs to address the history of racism in housing policy that should be implemented by local, state, and federal governments. To arrive at and illustrate this conclusion, it investigates aspects of the housing crisis closely related to the history of American racial injustice, such as gentrification, segregation, desegregation, integration, and, to a lesser extent, homelessness, and offers liberal reform gestures toward a broad view of reconstructive justice.
Open Cities and Reconstructive Justice
Authors: Sundstrom Ronald R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that because of the history and enduring effects of class and racial discrimination in U.S. housing and land-use policy, corrective justice to mitigate, reverse, and repair the resulting injuries is justified. It also defends a liberal account of spatial justice by adding to it a principle of corrective justice to address directly the deep and enduring injustices that divide liberal democratic societies. Thus, this chapter argues for three policies: the full enforcement of the U.S. Fair Housing Act of 1968, which would precipitate substantial demographic changes to American cities, towns, and neighborhoods and related geographies of opportunity; a reasonable right to housing; and rectification policies that directly address the effects of class and racial residential segregation. That is what spatial justice and the reconstruction of American communities entail.
The Trouble with Gentrification
Authors: Sundstrom Ronald R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the main conceptual and empirical concerns about gentrification, which, as it turns out, trouble popular conclusions about its causal relation to displacement that fuel prominent condemnations of gentrification. It argues for two main points: First, gentrification-based displacement may not be the problem that critics charge it is. Second, the focus on gentrification in “superstar cities” obscures other larger injustices in social-spatial arrangements and the consequences of the history of housing discrimination against non-whites, exemplified by the African American experience of state-sponsored residential segregation, discrimination in housing, and land-use policy and neighborhood disinvestment. The excessive focus on the experiences of superstar cities, with the shocks of reinvestment they experienced, obscures older and continuing patterns of disinvestment that have affected peoples and places distant from the fashionable centers that grab our collective attention.
Segregation and the Trouble with Integration
Authors: Sundstrom Ronald R.
Published: November 2023

This history of U.S. housing, land-use policy, and the U.S. housing market has been a long-running demonstration of how the moral and social equality of Americans, subjected to class, racial, ethnic, and religious discrimination, has precisely not been respected, and how the federal government, in league with local governments, housing industry groups, and neighborhood associations purposely thwarted distributive justice and positively pursued the opposite. The exemplar of this injustice in social-spatial arrangements is the history of U.S. residential segregation, which primarily targeted African Americans and is the subject of Chapter 5, “Segregation and the Trouble with Integration.” The chapter concentrates on state-sponsored housing segregation and discrimination in post–World War II housing policy, partly because of its direct link with the United States’ postwar economic boom and its immediate connection with the enduring wealth gap between black and white Americans.
Reconstructing Integration
Authors: Sundstrom Ronald R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter takes up the question whether any anti-segregation strategy is morally and politically legitimate. It reviews competing conceptions of desegregation and integration and arguments supporting each, especially arguments against integration. The chapter argues that societies have a moral and political duty to desegregate and that standard models of integration are inadequate. There is no moral imperative to engineer demographically even neighborhoods and cities. Likewise, the expectation that poor residents of underresourced neighborhoods must integrate is illegitimate. All the same, every neighborhood, city, and region should be open; individuals and families should have fair and equal opportunities to access housing in those communities, towns, and cities. From the vantage point of liberals committed to reconstructive justice, integration is nearly synonymous with open communities and opportunities. This is a legitimate and just version of integration and a vision of integration as national reconstruction.
Equality
Authors: Dancy Tatiana
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 considers two egalitarian reasons that we might have to object to the use of statistical algorithms to make policy decisions: a failure of the duty of equal concern, and stigmatizing differences in status between individuals. These problems are matters of justice where they involve the exclusion of people from benefits for no good reason. Statistical algorithms can generate unjustified inequalities of each kind, by distributing the burden of error disproportionately amongst individuals, or otherwise by informing decisions that are objectionable in these ways. This chapter considers the mechanisms by which statistical algorithms cause inequality in the context of policy decisions, and identifies the type of inegalitarian concern raised.
Tumultum Populi
Authors: Haywood Ian
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that insufficient attention has been given to the acoustic dimension of popular disturbances in Georgian England. The introductory section looks at the paradox at the heart of the original Riot Act: that the declaration itself could not be heard above the commotion it was supposed to disperse. Three case studies investigate further the complex relations between customary forms of noisy protest and the state’s attempts to regulate free speech. Each example draws heavily on caricature prints, the only art form with the technical means to represent the vox populi. The first incident is the Strand Riot of 1749, in which sailors attacked several brothels, sparking a debate about whether sex workers were legitimate targets of popular justice. The second example is the OP or Old Price Riots of 1812, a prolonged protest against a rise in the ticket prices at Covent Garden theatre. Intriguingly, the auditorium of the theatre was transformed into a spectacle of cacophonous disruption and carnival music. The final case study is taken from the Queen Caroline controversy of 1820–1821, the most intense mobilization of protest and print culture in Georgian history. Determined to discredit Caroline’s claim to the throne, which found massive support around the country, George IV and his Tory government used caricature to brand her as a disreputable rabble-rouser. She was recast as ‘Mother Red Cap’, the landlady of a riotous public house, an ironic tribute to her rapport with the masses.
I Would They Were Barbarians
Authors: Steven Mark
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the tendency in writing about riots to deploy the language of barbarism. It suggests that invocations of barbarism are a way for the defenders of capitalism and advocates of organizational politics to dismiss the riot as thoughtless violence. But barbarism is also a crucial way to affirm the riot as an attack on capital led by those by those it excludes. By reading William Shakespeare within a global context, this chapter argues that literary writing has been profoundly sensitive to a representational dialectic in which the riot is simultaneously denigrated and declaimed as the stuff of ‘barbarous multitudes’ and their ‘common spirits’. For Shakespeare, barbarism serves as a form-giving metaphor that discloses the movement and essence not only of the disorderly social mass locked outside the city gates but also of their riots. The chapter’s argument is made over a long and global historical arc, ranging from the late sixteenth through to the mid-twentieth century, and performs readings of two texts that conceive of riot and barbarism together as one: Shakespeare’s Coriolanus and Bertolt Brecht’s unfinished adaption of that play, worked on and abandoned in the early 1950s. If Shakespeare’s play shows how the riot coincides with emergence of the modern state, in which the disavowal of its rioting masses as barbarian is used to justify proto-fascistic military power, Brecht’s reimagining of that play in the aftermath of World War Two presents a radical version of the riot as a force whose horizon is social revolution.
Buzz, Mob, Crowd, Life
Authors: Elam J. Daniel
Published: November 2023

Novels across the British Empire in the 1920s and 1930s relied on the riot and the crowd as key ‘characters’. Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable (1936), written alongside Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway (1927), both feature crowds in the wake of riots. What the novels share is a global and particularly modernist discussion about modern life, especially the particularly modern social unit of the crowd. If the twentieth century was to be the ‘era of the crowd’, as Gustav Le Bon proclaimed in 1898, it makes sense that early twentieth-century literature reflected a global conversation about this new epoch. In 1918, Sir Sidney Rowlatt, a civil servant in the British Raj, published his notes to support the Rowlatt Act of 1919, which sought to criminalize ‘anarchical movements’ in British India by way of a focus on mass political gatherings. The trouble was that ‘the crowd’ was a nascent sociological concept, and largely undefined. Where does ‘the crowd’ begin and end? Do humans, upon entering into contact with it, become something less or something more than individuals? What do crowds want? While political and social theory attempted to answer these questions, literature revelled in their provocations and used the figure of the crowd for literary experimentation. This chapter draws on multiple genres of writing—literary, bureaucratic, and sociological—to explore how the riot played a central role in the imperial and anti-imperial imagination and emerges as a literary figure in the two novels.
The Crowd in This Moment
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: November 2023

Rioting appears more and more frequently as an affirmative mode of collective happening in contemporary American poetry. Rendered carnivalesque, sexualized, hailed as always politically progressive, and elevated into a fundamental ontological category of the late capitalist world, ‘the riot’ has been ripped out of any historical sequence and transformed into an absolute. In the work of Wendy Trevino, Joshua Clover, and Juliana Spahr, among others, these affirmative accents are issued in a quasi-romantic, quasi-Brechtian idiom of breathless poetic immanence interrupted by imperatives of political incitation. And yet the true history of the race riot in the USA tells a very different story about the invention of the white race out of the blood of Black communities: mob violence, destruction of ghetto housing stock, closed union membership, and an effort to set the value of Black labour-power at zero. Turning to an accelerated history of the ways in which Black American writers have written out this history of race rioting, this chapter seeks to excavate a more ambiguous, haunted history of ‘the riot’ that restores to it its proper quotient of terror, horror, and dread. It asks of the contemporary redemption of ‘the riot’ what the cost might be of neglecting to commemorate the dead who, in the name of white supremacy, have gone down in great numbers to the violence of American race rioting.
Taming ‘the Square’
Authors: Sakr Rita
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses the interconnections between violence and literary form in Basma Abdel Aziz’s reimagining of the ‘riot’ and rioting subject in her novel The Queue. Abdel Aziz is an Egyptian creative writer, psychiatrist, human rights activist, and visual artist, whose work has focused on uncovering the impacts of the oppressive police state’s measures on the political body and body politic, including forced disappearance of documentary evidence of harm, particularly systematic torture, and misrepresentation of political agency during and in the aftermath of protests, particularly the 2011 Revolution and its repercussions. The chapter explores Abdel Aziz’s engagement, in The Queue, with the relations between enforced silence and vigorous expression across the urban geography of the ‘riot’, the body of the rioter in pain, and the literary text that bears witness to the harm inflicted especially through documentary erasure. The main argument of the chapter is that, in both its formal techniques and discursive/semantic choices, Abdel Aziz’s novel constructs a rebellious representational space where the terror of autocratic governance against what Alain Badiou calls the ‘historical riot’ is uncovered. In this respect, the chapter renders necropolitical vanishings and revelations staged in the dynamics of the novelistic structure of ‘Documents’ that introduce each of The Queue’s sections and in its successive narrative close-ups on bodies in pain.
Mediating the Arab Spring’s Riots
Authors: Bayeh Jumana
Published: November 2023

The crowd violence that was unleashed in Egypt in 2011 was experienced as a mediated event in two ways. First, in the immediate successes of Tahrir Square, Facebook, and Twitter were heralded as agents of the uprising and responsible for the fall of Mubarak. Second, the failure of the ‘Spring’ with the election of an Islamist government and a counter-revolution that saw the rise of a military dictatorship, news reports sought to make sense of the country’s rapidly flailing political fortunes. Missing from these forms of mediation is literature and its capacity to convey the voices of the rioters, their coordinated spontaneity and their very acts of resistance. While numerous images of the protests were captured, individual stories were drowned out by the raucous cacophony of the masses. Assuming an extended view of the media terrain that recorded the uprising, this chapter examines narrative as a medium that seeks to recover the lost voices of Egypt’s Arab Spring. It will focus on two novels by Robert Omar Hamilton and Yasmin El Rashidi to drill down into how intimate stories and individual voices provide an alternative method to shape our knowledge of crowd violence. It will illustrate how narrative discourses amplify questions about who defines crowd activity as a riot, whose voices are audible and the importance of listening to the many voices in the crowd.
The main question and argument driving this study
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V.
Published: November 2023

The chapter presents the main question of this study: have similar processes as those that led to domestic restraints on concentrated power also led to restraints on concentrated power in international relations? It then explains that, in order to answer this question and attain meaningful comparisons between domestic and international politics, the study will consider different timeframes for developments in the two realms and will be based on an analysis of the interests and actions of groups of actors, rather than individual actors. The main question, argument, and approach of the book are placed briefly within the broader political science literature. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the book’s structure.
International assemblies and parliaments as institutional restraints
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V.
Published: November 2023

The chapter explores the evolution of international assemblies and international parliaments since the nineteenth century. It begins by focusing on the first international institutions that allowed for broad membership (such as the International Telegraph Union and International Postal Union). It shows how these organizations developed inclusive assemblies to balance the exclusive councils (similar to balances found among domestic institutions in medieval times). It then considers the important case of the Interparliamentary Union, a nongovernmental international institution also created in the nineteenth century. The chapter continues by discussing the evolution of assemblies in the major international institutions of the twentieth century, especially in the League and UN. Just as important, it summarizes the emergences of international parliamentary bodies immediately after World War II, especially those in the Council of Europe and European Union. The concluding section assesses the degree to which the empirical findings support the book’s six main arguments
Summing up
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V.
Published: November 2023

This concluding chapter summarizes the findings from empirical chapters 4–6. It shows that the nature of international institutional restraints, the support of various international groups for such restraints, and the overall evolution of international institutions, are similar to those in the domestic realm many centuries ago. The chapter also notes how similar institutional approaches to domestic politics (rational choice, sociological and historical institutionalism) can account for international developments. Additionally, it mentions and explains the differences in the evolution of institutional restraints in the domestic and international realms, especially the very different timeframes in which they unfolded. The chapter concludes by highlighting both practical and theoretical implications of the book’s findings. In particular, it shows that by complementing the traditional IR focus on dominant groups’ efforts to acquire power with a “Lockean” one on weak groups’ efforts to restrain power, we offer a more complete depiction of international politics.
Common good governance
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents humanity’s security, a new concept—evolving from national and human security—that embodies a call for action that requires states to pool their resources, capacities, and strengths for the common good of humanity to attain global public goods, and tackle global catastrophic risks, on a planetary scale. It does so by emphasizing that the fate and well-being of individuals in one country are tied to and depend upon the welfare of all individuals in all other countries and recognizing that countries are getting security wrong and need to refocus their priorities. The chapter then presents common good governance, another new concept that centers on creating global public goods and attaining common rules and norms where there are none to curtail uncertainty and harness solidarity by seeking to integrate fragmented responses to challenges. Global public goods benefit everyone’s well-being, promote prosperity, and increase international security, and can only be attained by global cooperation. Examples would be a global framework on AI, combating the climate crisis, preventing the next pandemic, and eliminating nuclear weapons—proposes that AI is considered a global common for all humanity, a joint resource to benefit all peoples and introduces another new concept: global commons law, based upon common heritage of humanity, intergenerational equity, the precautionary principle, and previously existing global cooperative frameworks that safeguard parts of the planet, establish zones of peace, prohibit malicious behavior, and prevent harm.