bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental studies and COMSOL 1-D simulation in Ar capacitively coupled plasmas
Authors: Datta Salini , Han Jeon G. , Kumar R. , Sahu Bibhuti B.
Published: January 2024

This work systematically studies a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) source using experiments and 1-D COMSOL simulations relevant to Ar plasmas. Two radio frequency compensated Langmuir probes (LPs) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) were purposefully used to measure the plasma parameters, and the experimental results were compared with those of simulations. We studied the axial variation of plasma parameters using an axial LP between the power and ground electrodes of the CCP at various operating pressures ranging from 10 to 150 mTorr. The electron density showed a gradual increase in its value with rising pressures. In addition, we employed a radial LP at the axial location L = 4 cm from the surface of the power electrode to measure the plasma parameters and compare these data with those of the axial LP and simulations. The variations of plasma potential measured by the radial LP showed an opposite trend of variation to those of simulations and the axial LP at pressures 10–60 mTorr, which is attributed to the plasma diffusion at low pressures. LP and OES measurements and simulation data suggest stochastic heating that generates high electron temperatures at low pressures. In addition, data revealed that the high-density plasma generation at high pressures could be due to the effects of both collisional heating and stochastic heating. Analysis showed that electrons could gain energy from the strong field regime of the sheath closed to the electrodes, which has a similar variation to electron temperature. The results of simulations have shown excellent agreement with experiments, and this work has the basis for plasma applications like plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
High-β lasing in photonic-defect semiconductor-dielectric hybrid microresonators with embedded InGaAs quantum dots
Authors: Gaur Kartik , Shih Ching-Wen , Limame Imad , Koulas-Simos Aris , Heermeier Niels , Palekar Chirag C. , Tripathi Sarthak , Rodt Sven , Reitzenstein Stephan
Published: January 2024

We report an easy-to-fabricate microcavity design to produce optically pumped high-β quantum dot microlasers. Our cavity concept is based on a buried photonic-defect for tight lateral mode confinement in a quasi-planar microcavity system, which includes an upper dielectric distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) as a promising alternative to conventional III–V semiconductor DBRs. The cavities show distinct emission features with a characteristic photonic-defect size-dependent mode separation and Q-factors up to 17 000. Comprehensive investigations further reveal lasing operation with a systematic increase (decrease) of the β-factor (threshold pump power) with the number of mirror pairs in the upper dielectric DBR. Notably, due to the quasi-planar device geometry, the microlasers show high temperature stability, evidenced by the absence of temperature-induced redshift of emission energy and linewidth broadening typically observed for nano- and microlasers at high excitation powers. The device exhibits remarkable lasing performance, maintaining efficacy even under elevated temperatures of up to 260 K.
Relativistic shock reflection using integral conservation laws
Authors: Granot Jonathan , Rabinovich Michael
Published: January 2024

Shock wave reflection from a rigid wall has been thoroughly studied in the Newtonian limit, simplifying the problem by analyzing it in a steady-state frame, S′, where the point P of the shock's intersection with the wall is at rest. However, a “superluminal” regime emerges when the velocity of point P (vp) exceeds the speed of light (vp>c), where no steady-state frame S′ exists. It occurs predominantly in the relativistic regime, relevant in astrophysics, where it encompasses nearly all of the shock incidence angles. To study this regime, we introduce a new approach. We formulate integral conservation laws in the lab frame S (where the unshocked fluid is at rest) for regular reflection (RR), using two methods: a. fixed volume analysis and b. fixed fluid analysis. We show the equivalence between the two methods, and also to the steady-state oblique shock jump conditions in frame S′ in the sub-luminal regime (vp<c). Applying this framework, we find that both the weak and strong shock RR solutions are bounded in the parameter space by the detachment line on the higher incidence angles side. The strong shock solution is also bounded by the luminal line on the lower incidence angles side and exists only between these two critical lines in the sub-luminal attachment region.
Exciton localization and dynamics in GaNAsP nanowires
Authors: Jansson M. , Chen W. M. , Buyanova I. A.
Published: January 2024

This work investigates exciton localization and dynamics in semiconductor GaNAsP nanowires (NWs) with varying nitrogen concentrations. Through detailed time-resolved photoluminescence studies, we identify a nitrogen composition-dependent difference in exciton transfer between localized states formed due to alloy disorder. With [N] = 0.1%, the localized states exhibit cluster-like, non-interacting behavior, whereas at [N] = 1.1%, a continuous band of localized states is observed. Additionally, the phosphorous incorporation in the NWs appears to enhance the exciton spatial confinement compared to behaviors observed in phosphorous-free GaNAs NWs, emphasizing the role of the alloy composition in the nature of exciton localization. Temperature is highlighted as a significant factor affecting exciton mobility, enabling efficient transfer between the localized states at higher temperatures. This, in turn, influences exciton lifetimes. Our findings, therefore, shed light on the nature of exciton dynamics in GaNAsP NWs, enriching our understanding of these materials and paving the way for their applications in optoelectronics.
A numerical study of relativistic oblique shock reflection
Authors: Bera Prasanta , Granot Jonathan , Rabinovich Michael , Beniamini Paz
Published: January 2024

Shocks are ubiquitous in astrophysical sources, many of which involve relativistic bulk motions, leading to the formation of relativistic shocks. Such relativistic shocks have so far been studied mainly in one dimension, for simplicity, but the complex nature of the relevant astrophysical flows often requires higher-dimensional studies. Here, we study the two-dimensional problem of the reflection of a planer shock off of a wall for a general incidence angle and a cold unshocked medium. We use primarily relativistic hydrodynamic numerical simulations and elaborately compare the results to an analytic treatment. The simulations are performed both in the rest frame S of the unshocked fluid, where the dimensionless proper speed of the singly shocked fluid is u1=Γ1β1 and the shock incidence angle is α1, and in the rest frame S′ of the point P of intersection of the incident shock and the wall for regular reflection (RR). Good agreement is obtained between the simulations in these two frames and with the analytic solution. The establishment of a steady flow in frame S′ is explored, along with the transition between the strong and weak shock RR solutions. The transition line between RR and Mach reflection is studied numerically in the u1 − α1 plane and found to coincide with the analytic detachment/sonic line. The flow properties along the sonic line are investigated in detail focusing on how they vary between the Newtonian and relativistic limits.
Generalized perturbative singles corrections to the random phase approximation method: Impact on noncovalent interaction energies of closed- and open-shell dimers
Authors: Joshi Pulkit , Voora Vamsee K.
Published: January 2024

The post-Kohn–Sham (KS) random phase approximation (RPA) method may provide a poor description of interaction energies of weakly bonded molecules due to inherent density errors in approximate KS functionals. To overcome these errors, we develop a generalized formalism to incorporate perturbative singles (pS) corrections to the RPA method using orbital rotations as a perturbation parameter. The pS schemes differ in the choice of orbital-rotation gradient and Hessian. We propose a pS scheme termed RPA singles (RPAS)[Hartree–Fock (HF)] that uses the RPA orbital-rotation gradient and time-dependent HF Hessian. This correction reduces the errors in noncovalent interaction energies of closed- and open-shell dimers. For the open-shell dimers, the RPAS(HF) method leads to a consistent error reduction by 50% or more compared to the RPA method for the cases of hydrogen-bonding, metal–solvent, carbene–solvent, and dispersion interactions. We also find that the pS corrections are more important in error reduction compared to higher-order exchange corrections to the RPA method. Overall, for open shells, the RPAS(HF)-corrected RPA method provides chemical accuracy for noncovalent interactions and is more reliable than other perturbative schemes and dispersion-corrected density functional approximations, highlighting its importance as a reliable beyond-RPA correction.
“Maser-in-a-shoebox”: A portable plug-and-play maser device at room temperature and zero magnetic field
Authors: Ng Wern , Wen Yongqiang , Attwood Max , Jones Daniel C , Oxborrow Mark , Alford Neil McN. , Arroo Daan M.
Published: January 2024

Masers, the microwave analogs of lasers, have seen a renaissance owing to the discovery of gain media that mase at room temperature and zero-applied magnetic field. However, despite the ease with which the devices can be demonstrated under ambient conditions, achieving the ubiquity and portability, which lasers enjoy, has to date remained challenging. We present a maser device with a miniaturized maser cavity, gain material, and laser pump source that fits within the size of a shoebox. The gain medium used is pentacene-doped para-terphenyl, and it is shown to give a strong masing signal with a peak power of −5 dBm even within a smaller form factor. The device is also shown to mase at different frequencies within a small range of 1.5 MHz away from the resonant frequency. The portability and simplicity of the device, which weighs under 5 kg, paves the way for demonstrators particularly in the areas of low-noise amplifiers, quantum sensors, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and long-range communications.
Switchable and high-efficiency phase-locking of S-band magnetrons with coaxial line
Authors: Wang L. C. , Yin Y. , Qin Y. , Hou W. S. , Bi L. J. , Li H. L. , Wang B. , Meng L.
Published: January 2024

We propose a coaxial line structure for phase-locking between magnetrons in the S-band for the first time. In this structure, two magnetrons operating in the π-mode are tightly coupled by the coaxial line. The design of a coaxial line structure, independent of physical dimensions, solves the problem of a ridge waveguide or rectangular waveguide being unsuitable for phase-locking in the compact S-band magnetron, as proposed by previous researchers. In addition, the phase relationship of the magnetron output signal in the phase-locked state can be switched between 0 and the π phase difference without changing the length of the coaxial line. Therefore, this design widens the frequency range used by mutual coupling phase-locked technology and allows switching of the phase relationship in an output signal without the need for additional equipment or physical space. After design simulation, two magnetrons achieved high-efficiency phase locking at a frequency of 2.415 GHz, with a phase-locked efficiency of 99.8%.
Formations of C6H from reactions C3 + C3H2 and C3H + C3H and of C8H from reactions C4 + C4H2 and C4H + C4H
Authors: Sun Yi-Lun , Huang Wen-Jian , Lee Shih-Huang
Published: January 2024

We interrogated C6H and C8H produced separately from the reactions C3 + C3H2/C3H + C3H/C3H2 + C3 → C6H + H and C4 + C4H2/C4H + C4H/C4H2 + C4 → C8H + H using product translational and photoionization spectroscopy. Individual contributions of the three reactions to the product C6H or C8H were evaluated with reactant concentrations. Translational-energy distributions, angular distributions, and photoionization efficiency curves of products C6H and C8H were unraveled. The product C6H (C8H) was recognized as the most stable linear isomer by comparing its photoionization efficiency curve with that of l-C6H (l-C8H), produced exclusively from the reaction C2 + C4H2 → l-C6H + H (C2 + C6H2 → l-C8H + H). The ionization threshold after deconvolution was determined to be 9.3 ± 0.1 eV for l-C6H and 8.9 ± 0.1 eV for l-C8H, which is in good agreement with theoretical values. Quantum-chemical calculations indicate that the reactions of C3 + C3H2 and C3H + C3H (C4 + C4H2 and C4H + C4H) incur no energy barriers that lie above the corresponding reactant and the most stable product l-C6H (l-C8H) with H on the lower-lying potential-energy surfaces. The theoretical calculation is in accord with the experimental observation. This work implies that the reactions of C3 + C3H2/C3H + C3H and C4 + C4H2/C4H + C4H need to be taken into account for the formation of interstellar C6H and C8H, respectively.
Planar extensional viscosity from Oldroyd 8-constant framework
Authors: Poungthong P. , Giacomin A. J. , Saengow C.
Published: January 2024

The Oldroyd 8-constant framework established a vision for constitutive equations for polymeric liquids past, present, and future. Though most canonical material functions for this framework are available, the expression for the steady planar extensional viscosity is not. In this work, we solve exactly for any steady homogeneous extensional (shearfree) flow field. Our results recover the well-known solution for the steady uniaxial extension, as they must. We next derive the steady planar extensional viscosity. Though this work has mainly been driven by curiosity, the planar extensional viscosity governs drawability in the film and sheet casting.
Multiple relaxation dynamics under electric field enables tunable viscoelastic response of poly(methyl methacrylate) above glass transition temperature
Authors: Teng Yinuo , Guo Yunlong
Published: January 2024

Optimizing mechanical performance is crucial for the practical utilization of stimuli-responsive polymers, while complex viscous and elastic behavior hinders a deep understanding of functional polymers under external field excitation. Here, we demonstrate the in situ dynamic and static mechanical responses under electric stimuli of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) above glass transition temperature (Tg) by applying a direct current electric field vertically to the mechanical loading. The results show that the electro-mechanical response of PMMA is directly correlated to chain relaxation modes with different length scales: for local segments, polarization provides resistance for molecular motion, manifested by enhanced moduli, increased transient viscosity, and a wider linear viscoelastic range, whereas in a larger spatial range, polarization-induced conformation change causes faster relaxation, reduced elastic modulus, and a lowered modulus plateau. Moreover, flow viscosity is reduced because of weaker friction between chain segments under polarization. Our results suggest effective strategies for precisely tuning the viscoelastic behavior of polymers above Tg through electric stimuli.
Scratching lithography, manipulation, and soldering of 2D materials using microneedle probes
Authors: Rao Qing , Gao Guoyun , Wang Xinyu , Xue Hongxia , Ki Dong-Keun
Published: January 2024

We demonstrate a facile technique to scratch, manipulate, and solder exfoliated flakes of layered 2D materials using a microneedle probe attached to the precision xyz manipulators under an optical microscope. We show that the probe can be used to scratch the flakes into a designated shape with a precision at micrometer scales; move, rotate, roll-up, and exfoliate the flakes to help building various types of heterostructures; and form electric contacts by directly drawing/placing thin metal wires over the flake. All these can be done without lithography and etching steps that often take long processing time and involve harmful chemicals. Moreover, the setup can be easily integrated into any van der Waals assembly systems, such as those in a glove box for handling air/chemical-sensitive materials. The microneedle technique demonstrated in this study, therefore, enables quick fabrications of devices from diverse 2D materials for testing their properties at an early stage of research before conducting more advanced studies and helps to build different types of van der Waals heterostructures.
Observation of an isothermal glass transition in metallic glasses
Authors: Sun Yi-Tao , Ding Da-Wei , Lu Zhen , Li Mao-Zhi , Liu Yan-Hui , Wang Wei-Hua
Published: January 2024

Glass transition, commonly manifested upon cooling a liquid, is continuous and cooling rate dependent. For decades, the thermodynamic basis in liquid–glass transition has been at the center of debate. Here, long-time isothermal annealing was conducted via molecular dynamics simulations for metallic glasses to explore the connection of physical aging in supercooled liquid and glassy states. An anomalous two-step aging is observed in various metallic glasses, exhibiting features of supercooled liquid dynamics in the first step and glassy dynamics in the second step, respectively. Furthermore, the transition potential energy is independent of initial states, proving that it is intrinsic for a metallic glass at a given temperature. We propose that the observed dynamic transition from supercooled liquid dynamics to glassy dynamics could be glass transition manifested isothermally. On this basis, glass transition is no longer cooling rate dependent, but is shown as a clear phase boundary in the temperature-energy phase diagram. Hence, a modified out-of-equilibrium phase diagram is proposed, providing new insights into the nature of glass transition.
A robust computational study for assessing the dynamics and control of emerging zoonotic viral infection with a case study: A novel epidemic modeling approach
Authors: Li Shuo , Ullah Saif , Samreen  , Khan Ihsan Ullah , AlQahtani Salman A. , Riaz Muhammad Bilal
Published: January 2024

Fractional calculus and fractal theory remain significant tools in modeling complex real-world problems in biology and life science. In this study, we formulated a compartmental mathematical model using the Caputo fractional and fractal–fractional operators to study the dynamics and transmission of Nipah virus infection. Initially, the model is developed by a system of seven nonlinear ordinary differential equations that govern the dynamics of viral concentration, the flying fox, and the human populations. Furthermore, the model is restructured using more general modeling approaches based on fractional calculus and fractal theory to gain valuable insights into the dynamics of Nipah virus transmission. The necessary properties of the model, such as uniqueness and existence in both cases, were investigated, and possible equilibrium points with their existence were presented. The model parameters are estimated on the basis of the clinical epidemiology of the Nipah outbreak in Bangladesh, one of the most affected regions. The stability of the fractional model is studied by applying the Ulam–Hyers and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability conditions. Moreover, computational schemes for the model in fractional and fractal–fractional cases are developed using interpolation techniques. Finally, a detailed simulation was presented to validate the theoretical findings. We affirm that the present findings will help researchers incorporate advanced computational techniques in infectious disease modeling and control studies.
Complex magnetic ordering in EuAl4–A 151Eu Mössbauer study
Authors: Ryan D. H. , Kuthanazhi Brinda , Jo Na Hyan , Canfield Paul C.
Published: January 2024

151Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy has been used to investigate the behaviour of EuAl4 through the four magnetic transitions that occur below 16 K. We find clear evidence for the first transition (TN1, the onset of order) where an incommensurate modulated magnetic structure appears, and the third (TN3) where the modulation disappears at the tetragonal → orthorhombic structural transition. We see no changes at the lowest transition (TN4) but find that the modulation amplitude passes through a maximum at TN2. Data on the isostructural but magnetically simpler EuGa4 are also presented for comparison.
Vision for unified micromagnetic modeling (UMM) with Ubermag
Authors: Fangohr Hans , Lang Martin , Holt Samuel J. R. , Pathak Swapneel Amit , Zulfiqar Kauser , Beg Marijan
Published: January 2024

Scientists who want to use micromagnetic simulation packages, need to learn how to express the micromagnetic problem of interest in a “language” such as a configuration file, script or GUI-clicks that the simulation software understands. This language varies from software to software. If the researchers need to use another package, they need to learn a new language to re-express their (unchanged) micromagnetic problem for the next software. For research-project specific pre- or post-processing, scientists often need to write additional software. We propose the vision of a unified micromagnetic modeling (UMM) approach with which researchers can express the micromagnetic problem once and from which multiple simulation packages can be instructed automatically to carry out the actual numerical problem solving. Furthermore, by providing defined interfaces that are embedded in the Python data science ecosystem and which are used to communicate with the simulation packages, we can create an open research framework in which simulation runs and additional computation can be arbitrarily combined and orchestrated. Where analysis tools are missing from simulators, these can conveniently be created at Python level. Advantages of this approach include reduced effort for scientists to familiarize themselves with multiple simulation configuration languages, easier exploitation of complementary features of the different simulation packages, the ability to compare results computed with different simulation packages more easily, and the option to easily extend analysis functionality of the existing simulators. With recent updates of Ubermag we present a prototype of such a UMM framework. Ubermag provides a unified interface (expressed in Python) to solve micromagnetic problems using, currently, OOMMF and mumax3. After a simulation has finished, the results are made available to the researcher for analysis within the Python ecosystem of scientific and data science libraries. We discuss the current state of capabilities and challenges associated with the proposed approach.
Investigation on sensorless operation of two new fault-tolerant interior permanent magnet motors with trade-off of fault tolerance and flux-intensifying effects
Authors: Zhang Li , Deng Sisi , Zhu Xiaoyong , Xiang Zixuan
Published: January 2024

In this paper, two new fault-tolerant interior permanent magnet (FT-IPM) motors are proposed and compared for achieving high fault tolerance and sensorless operating capacity under multiple operations. Most previous studies regarding FT-IPM motors aim to improve fault-tolerant capability but suffer from the saliency characteristic problem, which is unfavorable for sensorless control. To overcome this issue, the design idea of flux-intensifying effect is innovatively proposed. Based on this, two new FT-IPM motors with different rotor structures and slot-pole combinations are developed to achieve flux-intensifying effect. To explore the impact of different motor structures and slot-pole combinations on motor performances, the simulation and experimental results of the two motors are compared and discussed in detail. The comparison results indicate that good fault tolerance and sensorless operating performances need tradeoffs, which provide a reference for balancing the fault tolerance and sensorless operating capacity.
Effect of vacancies on the electronic and magnetic properties of Heusler compound Mn2CoAl
Authors: Muthui Zipporah Wanjiku
Published: January 2024

Investigation of the effect of vacancies occurring within the crystal structure of Heusler compound Mn2CoAl, reveal the emergence of half-metallicity or a metallic electronic structure, depending on the site where the vacancy occurs. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) method, as implemented in the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation package (VASP) has been used. The site specific vacancies reveal that for a Mn vacancy occurring at the tetrahedral site and for a Co vacancy, an increased intersection of states with the Fermi level occurs, with the emergence of half-metallicity and vacancy-induced states in the minority spin channel gap respectively. The resultant spin polarizations are 68% and 37% for the systems with lowest Mn and Co vacancy densities considered in this study and the magnetic moments are 2.00 and 2.03 μB/formula unit respectively. These values are close to the 2 μB/formula unit predicted for Mn2CoAl by the Slater-Pauling rule for half-metallic systems. Simultaneous tetrahedral Mn and Co vacancies induce similar changes in the magnetic moments and density of states but exhibit lower spin polarizations. An octahedral Mn void as well as simultaneous octahedral Mn and Co vacancies result in a metallic electronic structure. In both of these cases, there is a marked deviation from the Slater-Pauling rule for half metals, with magnetic moments of 1.35 and 1.17 μB/formula unit respectively, for the lowest vacancy densities considered in this study. The Mn magnetic moments couple ferrimagnetically and the magnetic order is preserved in all cases, except in the case of the simultaneous Co and Mn vacancies at the octahedral site.
Theoretical study of thermal stability of α″–Fe16N2 against other iron nitrides
Authors: Stoeckl Peter , Swatek Przemyslaw Wojciech , Wang Jian-Ping
Published: January 2024

α″–Fe16N2 has been investigated as one of promising candidates for environment-friendly magnets. While giant saturation magnetization has previously been experimentally observed in α″–Fe16N2, its magnetic anisotropy and structural stability leave room for improvement. Recent theoretical studies have considered alloying Fe16N2 with various elements to improve the magnetic properties and/or stability against decomposition. However, estimates of stability in particular are typically restricted to simple ground-state-energy comparisons, i.e. effectively taken at 0 K. For a more practical measure of stability, we therefore extend ground-state energies, obtained with the plane-wave density-functional theory code Quantum ESPRESSO, with appropriate empirical and/or statistical corrections to obtain free energies at arbitrary temperature. We then compare the stability of Fe16N2 against the neighboring phases in the Fe-N binary system, to estimate the range of temperatures at which it is stable. We compare against experimental observations of the Fe-N phase diagram.
Restoring immune tolerance in pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Ahmed A. Razzaque , Kalesinskas Mikole , Kaveri Srini V.
Published: January 2024

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), a preparation of polyclonal serum IgG pooled from numerous blood donors, has been used for nearly three decades and is proving to be an efficient treatment for many autoimmune blistering diseases, including pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Despite its widespread use and therapeutic success, its mechanisms of action are not completely understood. Some of its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions have been studied. In this study, the authors present a twenty-year follow-up of 21 patients with clinical and immunopathological confirmed PV, treated with IVIg as monotherapy, according to an established published protocol. IVIg therapy produced long-term sustained, clinical, serological, and immunopathological remission. For 20 y, these patients received no drugs and experienced no disease. This observation suggests that there was the establishment of immune balance or restoration of immune regulation in these PV patients. Twelve (57%) patients experienced no relapse during follow-up. Six (29%) patients experienced a relapse due to acute stress or post-coronavirus infection and/or vaccination. Reinstitution of IVIg resulted in prompt sustained recovery. Three (14.2%) patients, in clinical and serological remission, died due to unrelated causes. No severe adverse effects from IVIg were documented in all 21 patients. The simultaneous or sequential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of IVIg may have influenced the long-term clinical remission observed. This study provides a human prototype to examine the pathophysiology of autoimmunity and a model to study immune regulation and mechanisms that can facilitate restoring immune tolerance.
CXCR2 inhibition in G-MDSCs enhances CD47 blockade for melanoma tumor cell clearance
Authors: Banuelos Allison , Zhang Allison , Berouti Hala , Baez Michelle , Yılmaz Leyla , Georgeos Nardin , Marjon Kristopher D. , Miyanishi Masanori , Weissman Irving L.
Published: January 2024

The use of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors has been widely explored as a strategy for cancer immunotherapy due to their robust depletion of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). While CSF1R blockade effectively eliminates TAMs from the solid tumor microenvironment, its clinical efficacy is limited. Here, we use an inducible CSF1R knockout model to investigate the persistence of tumor progression in the absence of TAMs. We find increased frequencies of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) in the bone marrow, throughout circulation, and in the tumor following CSF1R deletion and loss of TAMs. We find that G-MDSCs are capable of suppressing macrophage phagocytosis, and the elimination of G-MDSCs through CXCR2 inhibition increases macrophage capacity for tumor cell clearance. Further, we find that combination therapy of CXCR2 inhibition and CD47 blockade synergize to elicit a significant anti-tumor response. These findings reveal G-MDSCs as key drivers of tumor immunosuppression and demonstrate their inhibition as a potent strategy to increase macrophage phagocytosis and enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of CD47 blockade in B16-F10 melanoma.
The pedagogy of training Chinese students’ intonation online
Authors: Jiang Yan , Chun Dorothy M.
Published: January 2024

This paper focuses on how the web-based intonation training occurred in the research project by Jiang and Chun (2023). It describes the pedagogical design, materials and activities, as
well as the overall training plan. It also evaluates the effectiveness of this pedagogy. The findings have implications for
applying the materials and activities in future research and teaching of L2 students’ intonation.
Voices of SHL educators
Authors: Padial Ana , Mikulski Ariana M. , Elola Idoia
Published: January 2024

Even though the field of heritage language education has flourished in recent years and has placed emphasis on the
development of biliteracies in Spanish heritage language (SHL) learners (e.g., Belpoliti &
Bermejo, 2020; Samaniego & Warner, 2016), little is known about how SHL
writing instruction is conducted in terms of educators’ practices and perceptions. Through an online survey distributed across the
United States, SHL educators reported the main challenges they face (e.g., working with accuracy, writing conventions), strategies
they use (e.g., modelling), and the technology they use to teach writing. The survey also provides an overview of the importance
given to various elements of a composition (e.g., task type, range of vocabulary) when teaching SHL courses. Overall, SHL
educators’ perceptions provide a knowledge base of instructor experiences and practices that can assist in teacher training and
inform curricular models.
Heteronuclear Magnetisms with Ultracold Spinor Bosonic Gases in Optical Lattices
Authors: Li Yongqiang , Xing Chengkun , Gong Ming , Guo Guangcan , Yuan Jianmin
Published: January 2024

Motivated by recent realizations of spin-1 NaRb mixtures in the experiments [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 255301 (2015); Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 223201 (2022)], we investigate heteronuclear magnetism in the Mott-insulating regime. Different from the identical mixtures where the boson statistics only admits even parity states from angular momentum composition, for heteronuclear atoms in principle all angular momentum states are allowed, which can give rise to new magnetic phases. While various magnetic phases can be developed over these degenerate spaces, the concrete symmetry breaking phases depend on not only the degree of degeneracy but also the competitions from many-body interactions. We unveil these rich phases using the bosonic dynamical mean-field theory approach. These phases are characterized by various orders, including spontaneous magnetization order, spin magnitude order, singlet pairing order, and nematic order, which may coexist specially in the regime with odd parity. Finally we address the possible parameter regimes for observing these spin-ordered Mott phases.
Strong Anisotropic Order Parameters at All-Nitride Ferromagnet/Superconductor Interfaces
Authors: Jin Qiao , Yang Meng , Song Guozhu , Zhao Nan , Chen Shengru , Hong Haitao , Cui Ting , Rong Dongke , Wang Qianying , Fan Yiyan , Ge Chen , Wang Can , Bi Jiachang , Cao Yanwei , Wu Liusuo , Wang Shanmin , Jin Kui-Juan , Cheng Zhi-Gang , Guo Er-Jia
Published: January 2024

Proximity effects between superconductors and ferromagnets (SC/FM) hold paramount importance in comprehending the spin competition transpiring at their interfaces. This competition arises from the interplay between Cooper pairs and ferromagnetic exchange interactions. The proximity effects between transition metal nitrides (TMNs) are scarcely investigated due to the formidable challenges of fabricating high-quality SC/FM interfaces. We fabricated heterostructures comprising SC titanium nitride (TiN) and FM iron nitride (Fe3N) with precise chemical compositions and atomically well-defined interfaces. The magnetoresistance of Fe3N/TiN heterostructures shows a distinct magnetic anisotropy and strongly depends on the external perturbations. Moreover, the superconducting transition temperature T
C and critical field of TiN experience notable suppression when proximity to Fe3N. We observe the intriguing competition of interfacial spin orientations near T
C (∼ 1.25 K). These findings not only add a new materials system for investigating the interplay between superconductor and ferromagnets, but also potentially provide a building block for future research endeavors and applications in the realms of superconducting spintronic devices.
GSpyNetTree: a signal-vs-glitch classifier for gravitational-wave event candidates
Authors: Álvarez-López Sofía , Liyanage Annudesh , Ding Julian , Ng Raymond , McIver Jess
Published: January 2024

Despite achieving sensitivities capable of detecting the extremely small amplitude of gravitational waves (GWs), LIGO and Virgo detector data contain frequent bursts of non-Gaussian transient noise, commonly known as ‘glitches’. Glitches come in various time-frequency morphologies, and they are particularly challenging when they mimic the form of real GWs. Given the higher expected event rate in the next observing run (O4), LIGO-Virgo GW event candidate validation will require increased levels of automation. Gravity Spy, a machine learning tool that successfully classified common types of LIGO and Virgo glitches in previous observing runs, has the potential to be restructured as a compact binary coalescence (CBC) signal-vs-glitch classifier to accurately distinguish between glitches and GW signals. A CBC signal-vs-glitch classifier used for automation must be robust and compatible with a broad array of background noise, new sources of glitches, and the likely occurrence of overlapping glitches and GWs. We present GSpyNetTree, the Gravity Spy Convolutional Neural Network Decision Tree: a multi-CNN classifier using CNNs in a decision tree sorted via total GW candidate mass tested under these realistic O4-era scenarios.
Thermoelectric properties of Marcus molecular junctions
Authors: Zimbovskaya Natalya A
Published: January 2024

In the present work we theoretically analyze thermoelectric transport in single-molecule junctions (SMJ) characterized by strong interactions between electrons on the molecular linkers and phonons in their nuclear environments where electron hopping between the electrodes and the molecular bridge states predominates in the steady state electron transport. The analysis is based on the modified Marcus theory accounting for the lifetime broadening of the bridge’s energy levels. We show that the reorganization processes in the environment accompanying electron transport may significantly affect SMJ thermoelectric properties both within and beyond linear transport regime. Specifically, we study the effect of environmental phonons on the electron conductance, the thermopower and charge current induced by the temperature gradient applied across the system.
Is water a lubricant?: Inquiring about a dilemmatic statement in physics education
Authors: Ong Joel , Park Joonhyeong
Published: January 2024

We designed an inquiry activity to investigate the question, ‘Is water a lubricant?’ Placing the same object on surfaces of three different materials, we observed the effect of adding a small amount of water on the coefficient of static friction,

μ
s

. Up to 1 ml of water was added. The results of each surface were graphed and compared with one another. In general, our findings show that the addition of water serves to increase

μ
s

up to a certain point, before decreasing it. The experiment can be easily replicated in a secondary school science lab. It presents two seemingly opposing phenomena, but they both hold because they occur within their respective boundary conditions.
An Arduino-based magnetic polarity detector and field intensity display
Authors: Moya Antonio Ángel , Macias Richard
Published: January 2024

We have designed a simple Arduino-based device, which runs as magnetic polarity detector and field intensity display. It uses an analog Hall sensor together with the Arduino electronic board. The sign of the magnetic flux density allows us to identify the pole of a magnet or electromagnet, while the absolute value allows us to build an intensity display. This device allows us to visualize, among other topics, the basic functional dependences included into the Biot–Savart law, and particularly the changes in magnetic flux density with distance and current for a current-carrying coil or electromagnet.
Multi-material 4D printing to realize two-phase morphing in self-actuating structures
Authors: Lee Hoo Min , Han Sol Ji , Kim Min-Je , Yoon Gil Ho
Published: January 2024

4D printing has garnered significant attention within the field of engineering due to its capacity to introduce novel functionalities in printed structures through shape-morphing. Nevertheless, there persist challenges in the design and fabrication of intricate structures, primarily stemming from the intricate task of controlling variables that impact morphing characteristics. In order to surmount these hurdles, the approach of multi-material 4D printing is employed, underpinned by parametric studies, to actualize complex structures through a two-phase morphing process. This study specifically investigates the utilization of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate/ABS. The distinction in glass transition temperatures within these materials enables the realization of two distinct morphing phases. The research delves into the impact of structural parameters on morphing properties. Finite element analyses are subsequently conducted, leveraging the insights gained from parametric studies, to facilitate the accurate prediction of a diverse array of shape alterations in response to temperature fluctuations. Several structural models are both simulated and fabricated to experimentally validate the precise forecasting of desired morphing phases. The culmination of this study manifests in the design and fabrication of multiple multi-material structures, exemplifying both their functionality and intricate geometric complexity.
A novel sampling method for time domain acoustic inverse source problems
Authors: Wang Jiaru , Chen Bo , Yu Qingqing , Sun Yao
Published: January 2024

The time domain acoustic inverse source problems of the wave equation have been widely used in many fields, such as radar detection and underwater sonar. This paper is concerned with the inverse acoustic scattering problems of reconstructing time-dependent multiple point sources and sources on a curve L of the form λ(t)τ(x)δ

L
(x). A direct sampling method with a novel indicator function is proposed to reconstruct the sources. The sampling method is easy to implement and low in calculation cost. Based on the sampling method, numerical algorithms are provided to get the positions and intensities of the sources. Through theoretical analysis of the indicator function and numerical experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.
Testing the assumptions of the Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure
Authors: Karandikar Mandar , Porciani Cristiano , Hahn Oliver
Published: January 2024

The Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure (EFTofLSS) attempts to amend some of the shortcomings of the traditional perturbative methods used in cosmology. It models the evolution of long-wavelength perturbations above a cutoff scale without the need for a detailed description of the short-wavelength ones. Short-scale physics is encoded in the coefficients of a series of operators composed of the long-wavelength fields, and ordered in a systematic expansion. As applied in the literature, the EFTofLSS corrects a summary statistic (such as the power spectrum) calculated from standard perturbation theory by matching it to N-body simulations or observations. This `bottom-up' construction is remarkably successful in extending the range of validity of perturbation theory. In this work, we compare this framework to a `top-down' approach, which estimates the EFT coefficients from the stress tensor of an N-body simulation, and propagates the corrections to the summary statistic. We consider simple initial conditions, viz. two sinusoidal, plane-parallel density perturbations with substantially different frequencies and amplitudes. We find that the leading EFT correction to the power spectrum in the top-down model is in excellent agreement with that inferred from the bottom-up approach which, by construction, provides an exact match to the numerical data. This result is robust to changes in the wavelength separation between the two linear perturbations. However, in our setup, the leading EFT coefficient does not always grow linearly with the cosmic expansion factor as assumed in the literature based on perturbative considerations. Instead, it decreases after orbit crossing takes place.
The Influence of Velocity-dependent Correction Factor on Proton Decay Reactions in Massive White Dwarfs
Authors: Liu Jing-Jing , Liu Dong-Mei
Published: January 2024

Twenty-five typical massive white dwarfs (WDs) are selected and the proton decay reaction catalyzed by magnetic monopoles (MMs) for these WDs is discussed. A velocity-dependent correction factor strongly affects the cross-section. We find that a strong suppression controls the monopole catalysis of nucleon decay by the correction factor. The maximum number of MMs is captured and the luminosity can be 2.235 × 1021 and 1.7859 × 1032erg s−1 (e.g., for the O+Ne core mass WD J055631.17+130639.78). The luminosities of most massive WDs agree well with the observations at relatively low temperatures (e.g., T
6 = 0.1), but can be three and two orders of magnitude higher than those of the observations for model (I) and (II) at relatively high temperatures (e.g., T
6 = 10), respectively. The luminosities of model (I) are about one order of magnitude higher than those of model (II). Since we consider the effect of the number of MMs captured on the mass–radius relation and the suppression of the proton decay by the correction factor, the study by model (II) may be an improved estimation.
Demonstration of a manufacturable SOT-MRAM multiplexer array towards industrial applications
Authors: Jiang Chuanpeng , Li Jinhao , Zhang Hongchao , Lu Shiyang , Li Pengbin , Wang Chao , Zhang Zhongkui , Hou Zhengyi , Liu Xu , Feng Jiagao , Zhang He , Jin Hui , Wang Gefei , Liu Hongxi , Cao Kaihua , Wang Zhaohao , Zhao Weisheng
Published: January 2024

We have successfully demonstrated a 1 Kb spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) multiplexer (MUX) array with remarkable performance. The 1 Kb MUX array exhibits an in-die function yield of over 99.6%. Additionally, it provides a sufficient readout window, with a TMR/R
P_sigma% value of 21.4. Moreover, the SOT magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) in the array show write error rates as low as 10−6 without any ballooning effects or back-hopping behaviors, ensuring the write stability and reliability. This array achieves write operations in 20 ns and 1.2 V for an industrial-level temperature range from −40 to 125 °C. Overall, the demonstrated array shows competitive specifications compared to the state-of-the-art works. Our work paves the way for the industrial-scale production of SOT-MRAM, moving this technology beyond R&D and towards widespread adoption.
Large and active circular dichroism in a photosensitive silicon based metasurface
Authors: Zhu Wenchang , Jiang Huan , Zhao Songliang , Zhang Hui , Zhao Weiren
Published: January 2024

Active circular dichroism (CD) is highly required for flexible polarization control in modern terahertz (THz) systems. In this work, we numerically achieve large and active CD in THz region by optically controlling photosensitive silicon in a gold/silicon hybrid cross-shape metasurface. At the incident angle of 75°, the proposed metasurface exhibits large CD. By tuning the conductivity of photosensitive silicon with an optical pump, the large CD (0.89) can be dynamically switched to 0.06 and the peak frequency is blue shifted around 0.09 THz. The simultaneous switching of CD strength and peak frequency is attributed to the variation of resonance modes between electric and magnetic dipole resonances. Our proposed active metasurface with dynamic CD has profound potential in the fields of reconfigurable THz devices.
A review on additive manufacturing for aerospace application
Authors: C Radhika , Shanmugam Ragavanantham , Ramoni Monsuru , BK Gnanavel
Published: January 2024

Additive manufacturing, a cutting-edge technology often colloquially known as 3D printing, is a transformative process used to meticulously fabricate complex components by adding material layer upon layer. This revolutionary manufacturing method allows for precise control and customization, making it a go-to choice in various industries, from aerospace to healthcare. The adroitness of additive manufacturing in creating a complex geometry as a whole is very much harnessed by the aerospace Industry. Generating a component using additive manufacturing involves optimal design, methods, and processes. This review gives a broad knowledge in developing a part or product by choosing the appropriate design, method, and processes. The end-to-end flow process (from scratch to finished model) for developing a component by additive manufacturing is described with a detailed flow diagram. The flow process proposed in this review will act as a primary source for manufacturing any component as per the industry standards. Also, the role of additive manufacturing in the aerospace industry is the need of the hour and greatly in demand of innovative ideas. But as an infant technology, AM for aerospace has its fair share of issues The paper discusses issues and challenges of AM for aerospace applications to enable the widespread adoption of additively manufactured components in the aerospace industry.