bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and the Growth Potential
Authors: Grömling Michael
Published: January 2021

The lasting economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic will become apparent in the development of the macroeconomic factors of production — labour, capital, human capital as well as the stock of technical knowledge. Changes in behaviour such as a greater acceptance of technology can strengthen potential output permanently. By contrast, negative effects may arise from growing protectionist attitudes or long-lasting uncertainties and ‘scarring effects’. In any case, the coronavirus crisis has induced a technology push. This may be intensified if digitisation gains additional support from investments in infrastructure or if the pandemic heralds a renaissance in the natural sciences — with a corresponding impact on human and physical capital as well as on technical knowledge. For the time being, it is unclear what effects the restructuring and secular structural change will have on potential output. However, dangers are lurking in the acceleration of geopolitical tensions, a misunderstanding of technological sovereignty and increasing government interventions, which, as a whole, could hamper innovation and investment.
Molecular mechanism underlying Pyropia haitanensis PhHsp22-mediated increase in the high-temperature tolerance of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Chang Jing , Shi Jianzhi , Lin Jianzhang , Ji Dehua , Xu Yan , Chen Changsheng , Wang Wenlei , Xie Chaotian
Published: January 2021

Global warming is one of the key limiting factors affecting the cultivation of Pyropia haitanensis which is an economically important macroalgae species grown in southern China. However, the mechanism underlying the high-temperature tolerance of P. haitanensis remains largely unknown. In a previous study, we showed that the expression of the small heat shock protein 22 gene (Hsp22) is upregulated in P. haitanensis in response to high-temperature stress, but the associated regulatory mechanism was not fully elucidated. In this study, a transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expression system was used to functionally characterize P. haitanensis Hsp22. Our analyses indicated that the C-terminal of PhHsp22 is highly conserved and contains an A-crystal structure domain. A phylogenetic analysis revealed PhHsp22 is not closely related to small heat shock protein genes in other species. Additionally, PhHsp22 expression significantly increased at 3 and 6 h after initiating 33 °C treatment, which improved the survival rate of transgenic C. reinhardtii during the early stage of high-temperature treatment. The further transcriptome analysis revealed that PhHsp22 expression can promote pathways related to energy metabolism, metabolites metabolism, and protein homeostasis in transgenic C. reinhardtii cells exposed to high temperatures. Therefore, PhHsp22 may be crucial for the response of Pyropia species to high-temperature stress. Furthermore, this gene may be useful for breeding new high-temperature algal strains.
Comparison of Accu Chek Inform II point-of-care test blood glucose meter with Hexokinase Plasma method for a diabetes mellitus population during surgery under general anesthesia
Authors: Lascaris B. , Freling H. G. , Edens M. A. , Fokkert M. J. , Olthof C. G. , Slingerland R. J.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Blood glucose (BG) concentrations of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are monitored during surgery to prevent hypo- and hyperglycemia. Access to point-of-care test (POCT) glucose meters at an operating room will usually provide monitoring at shorter intervals and may improve glycemic control. However, these meters are not validated for patients under general anesthesia.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 75 arterial BG measurements from 75 patients (71 with DM, mostly insulin dependent) who underwent elective non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia. Arterial blood samples were taken at least 60 minutes after induction. One drop of blood was used for Accu Chek Inform II (ACI II) POCT BG meter and the residual blood was sent to the clinical laboratory for a Hexokinase Plasma reference method. A Bland–Altman plot was used to visualize the differences between both methods, and correlation was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The results showed an estimated mean difference of 0.8 mmol/L between ACI II and the reference method, with limits of agreement equal to -0.6 and 2.2 mmol/L. In general, the reference method produced higher values than ACI II. ICC was 0.955 (95% CI 0.634–0.986), P < 0.001, and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was 0.955 (95% CI 0.933–0.970).

Conclusion

Arterial BG measurements during surgery in patients with DM under general anesthesia using POCT BG meter are in general lower than laboratory measurements, but the ICC and CCC show a clinically acceptable correlation. We conclude that POCT measurements conducted on arterial specimens using the ACI II provide sufficiently accurate results for glucose measurement during surgery under general anesthesia.
The Mindful Hedonist? Relationships between Well-Being Orientations, Mindfulness and Well-Being Experiences
Authors: Richter Nadine , Hunecke Marcel
Published: January 2021

Orientations to well-being, including personal values, motives and goals regarding one’s well-being are often related to the experience of well-being. At the same time, studies show positive effects of mindfulness on well-being. It is conceivable, that the strength of the connection between well-being orientations and experiences depend on the degree of dispositional mindfulness. To explore relationships between orientations and experiences of well-being as well as the potential moderation effect of mindfulness, two cross-sectional online studies with German-speaking participants were conducted. In Study 1 (N = 414) mindfulness moderated the relationship between life of pleasure (measured by the Orientations to Happiness Scale) and life satisfaction (β = −0.10, p = 0.017) as well as the relationship between life of meaning (β = −0.10, p = 0.028). As hypothesized, mindfulness moderated the connection between life of engagement and life satisfaction (β = −0.14, p = 0.001) as well as the negative relationship between search for meaning and life satisfaction (β = 0.15, p < 0.001). In Study 2 (N = 731) none of those effects were statistically replicated. Yet, mindfulness moderated the relationship between hedonia (measured by the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Action Questionnaire) and life satisfaction (β = −0.07, p = 0.048) as well as the relationship between search for meaning and psychological well-being (β = 0.07, p = 0.015). Overall, the results show that mindfulness has no substantial moderating effect on the well-being orientations and experiences relationship. Yet, in both studies, mindfulness and well-being orientations were consistently related to well-being experiences. This points out, that both are related to the experience of well-being, but beyond that not as interacting factors.
The rule of rules
Authors: Hamlin Alan
Published: January 2021

Rules are central to the constitutional political economy (CPE) approach. On this approach, rules, of a variety of types and forms, are necessary for the emergence of a political and social order, so that all genuine political order is rule-based. The central role of rules within the CPE approach is examined starting from an explicit definitional discussion of the concept of a rule and including discussion of the nature of rule-following behavior, the supply of rules, and rule enforcement.
Development of an EORTC questionnaire measuring instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in patients with brain tumours: phase I–III
Authors:   on behalf of the EORTC Quality of Life Group, Oort Quirien , Dirven Linda , Sikkes Sietske A. M. , Aaronson Neil , Boele Florien , Brannan Christine , Egeter Jonas , Grant Robin , Klein Martin , Lips Irene , Narita Yoshitaka , Sato Hitomi , Sztankay Monika , Stockhammer Günther , Talacchi Andrea , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J. , Reijneveld Jaap C. , Taphoorn Martin J. B.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Being able to function independently in society is an important aspect of quality of life. This ability goes beyond self-care, requires higher order cognitive functioning, and is typically measured with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) questionnaires. Cognitive deficits are frequently observed in brain tumour patients, however, IADL is almost never assessed because no valid and reliable IADL measure is available for this patient group. Therefore, this measure is currently being developed.

Methods

This international multicentre study followed European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Group module development guidelines. Three out of four phases are completed: phases (I) generation of items, (II) construction of the item list, and (III) pre-testing. This paper reports the item selection procedures and preliminary psychometric properties of the questionnaire. Brain tumour patients (gliomas and brain metastases), their informal caregivers, and health care professionals (HCPs) were included.

Results

Phase I (n = 44 patient-proxy dyads and 26 HCPs) generated 59 relevant and important activities. In phase II, the activities were converted into items. In phase III (n = 85 dyads), the 59 items were pre-tested. Item selection procedures resulted in 32 items. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a preliminary dimensional structure consisting of five scales with acceptable to excellent internal consistency (α = 0.73–0.94) and two single items. For three scales, patients with cognitive impairments had significantly more IADL problems than patients without impairments.

Conclusion

A phase IV validation study is needed to confirm the psychometric properties of the EORTC IADL-BN32 questionnaire in a larger international sample.
Pain sensitivity and shoulder function among breast cancer survivors compared to matched controls: a case-control study
Authors: Rasmussen G. H. F. , Madeleine P. , Arroyo-Morales M. , Voigt M. , Kristiansen M.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Persistent pain and loss of shoulder function are common adverse effects to breast cancer treatment, but the extent of these issues in comparison with healthy controls is unclear for survivors beyond 1.5 years after treatment. The purpose of this study was to benchmark differences in pressure pain thresholds (PPT), maximal isokinetic muscle strength (MIMS), and active range of motion (ROM) of females with persistent pain ≥1.5 years after breast cancer treatment (BCS) compared with pain-free matched controls (CON), and examine the presence of movement-evoked pain (MEP) during assessment of MIMS.

Methods

The PPTs of 18 locations were assessed using a pressure algometer and a numeric rating scale was used to assess intensity of MEP. Active ROM and MIMS were measured using a universal goniometer and an isokinetic dynamometer, respectively.

Results

A two-way analysis of variance revealed that PPTs across all locations, MIMS for horizontal shoulder extension/flexion and shoulder adduction, active ROM for shoulder flexion, horizontal shoulder extension, shoulder abduction, and external shoulder rotation were significantly lower for BCS compared with CON (P < 0.05). MEP was significantly higher for BCS and MEP intensity had a significant, negative correlation with PPTs (P < 0.01).

Discussion/conclusion

BCS with persistent pain ≥1.5 years after treatment demonstrates widespread reductions in PPTs and movement-specific reductions in MIMS and active ROM of the affected shoulder, along with MEP during physical performance assessment.

Implications for cancer survivors

BCS with persistent pain ≥1.5 years after treatment shows signs of central sensitization and may benefit from individualized rehabilitation.
Does physical appearance perfectionism predict disordered dieting?
Authors: Czepiel Diana , Koopman Hendricus M.
Published: January 2021

Despite that disordered eating has been repeatedly associated with perfectionism, the results are inconsistent as to which exact dimensions of perfectionism it is related to. Moreover, the increasing evidence that perfectionism is best conceptualized as a domain-specific, as opposed to a global, trait contribute to the lack of clarity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine which dimensions of global and physical appearance perfectionism statistically predict disordered dieting in a non-clinical adult female sample. In total 437 participants completed the Short Almost Perfect Scale, which distinguishes between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, the Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale, which distinguishes between hope for perfection and worry about imperfection, and the Dieting subscale of the Eating Attitudes Test-26. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that only maladaptive, as opposed to adaptive, global perfectionism statistically predicted disordered dieting. Furthermore, both dimensions of physical appearance perfectionism statistically predicted disordered dieting, although worry about imperfection, its maladaptive dimension, was the strongest statistical predictor. The present results demonstrate that worry about imperfection is an effective statistical predictor of disordered dieting among women, possibly serving as a starting point for further research investigating the utility of its incorporation in prevention and treatment protocols for disordered eating.
Stapler-less burst pressure in an ex vivo human gastric tissue: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: del Genio Gianmattia , Gambardella Claudio , Tolone Salvatore , Brusciano Luigi , Parmeggiani Domenico , Lanza Volpe Mariachiara , Lucido Francesco Saverio , Docimo Ludovico
Published: January 2021

Stapler-less laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is emerging as a new potential affordable cost-effective alternative procedure. However, no pre-clinical data are currently available on human tissue. We aimed to evaluate whether traditionally suturing without the use of surgical stapling may produce a comparable bursting pressure on human gastric tissue. A prospective cohort of consecutive patients undergoing LSG was divided in two groups to compare a barbed extra-mucosal running suture (stapler-less) versus a standard stapler line. A burst pressure test was applied to the gastric specimen employing high-resolution manometric catheter. Type, location and features of the leak were described. We enrolled a total of 40 obese patients, 20 patients for each group. Median burst pressures of the stapler-less group resulted statistically significant increased (p < 0.0001) than the one in standard stapler group. In all cases, leak occurred along the surgical closure site independently from the used technique (group 1 vs 2; p = N.S.), more often at the proximal stomach (p < 0.05). In human ex vivo model, traditional surgical suture (i.e. running hand-sewn) produced an effective temporary closure, with superior resistance to increasing volume and pressure. How this may impact on clinical LSG outcomes needs further evaluations and was not the object of this study.
Rekurrenz – Evokation – Konnotation: Bausteine für eine strukturalistische Analyse literarischer Texte
Authors: Knobloch Clemens
Published: January 2021

Über welche theoretischen und methodologischen Ressourcen verfügt ein (strukturalistisch sozialisierter) Linguist für die Analyse dessen, was einen literarischen Text ausmacht? Von zwei Gesichtspunkten her geht der Beitrag dieser Frage nach: Einmal von Eugenio Coserius textlinguistischer Reflexion der Besonderheiten von Literatur, mit dem Schwerpunkt auf geordneter Rekurrenz von Elementen in allen Ebenen, und zum anderen von den Theorien des US-Sprachphilosophen und Literaturkritikers Kenneth Burke. Illustriert werden die Deutungsverfahren an Beispielen aus Lyrik und Prosa.
On the $$c_0$$-equivalence and permutations of series
Authors: Bartoszewicz Artur , Fechner Włodzimierz , Świątczak Aleksandra , Widz Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

Assume that a convergent series of real numbers $$\sum \limits _{n=1}^\infty a_n$$

∑

n
=
1

∞

a
n

has the property that there exists a set $$A\subseteq {\mathbb {N}}$$

A
⊆
N

such that the series $$\sum \limits _{n \in A} a_n$$

∑

n
∈
A

a
n

is conditionally convergent. We prove that for a given arbitrary sequence $$(b_n)$$

(

b
n

)

of real numbers there exists a permutation $$\sigma :{\mathbb {N}}\rightarrow {\mathbb {N}}$$

σ
:
N
→
N

such that $$\sigma (n) = n$$

σ
(
n
)
=
n

for every $$n \notin A$$

n
∉
A

and $$(b_n)$$

(

b
n

)

is $$c_0$$

c
0

-equivalent to a subsequence of the sequence of partial sums of the series $$\sum \limits _{n=1}^\infty a_{\sigma (n)}$$

∑

n
=
1

∞

a

σ
(
n
)

. Moreover, we discuss a connection between our main result with the classical Riemann series theorem.
Talk about Faith
Authors: Pihlaja Stephen
Published: January 2021

How do people of faith use language to position themselves, and their beliefs and practices, in the contemporary world? This pioneering and original study looks closely at how Christians and Muslims talk to people inside and outside of their own communities about what they think are the right things to believe and do. From debates, to podcasts and YouTube videos, the book covers a range of engaging texts and contexts, showing how doctrine and beliefs are not nearly as fixed and static as we might think, and that people are prone to change what they say they believe, depending on who they are talking to. From abortion, to hell, to whether it's okay to sell alcohol, Pihlaja investigates how Christians and Muslims struggle with different elements of their own faith, and try to make decisions about what to do when there are so many different voices to believe.
Mathematics and Its Logics
Authors: Hellman Geoffrey
Published: January 2021

In these essays Geoffrey Hellman presents a strong case for a healthy pluralism in mathematics and its logics, supporting peaceful coexistence despite what appear to be contradictions between different systems, and positing different frameworks serving different legitimate purposes. The essays refine and extend Hellman's modal-structuralist account of mathematics, developing a height-potentialist view of higher set theory which recognizes indefinite extendability of models and stages at which sets occur. In the first of three new essays written for this volume, Hellman shows how extendability can be deployed to derive the axiom of Infinity and that of Replacement, improving on earlier accounts; he also shows how extendability leads to attractive, novel resolutions of the set-theoretic paradoxes. Other essays explore advantages and limitations of restrictive systems - nominalist, predicativist, and constructivist. Also included are two essays, with Solomon Feferman, on predicative foundations of arithmetic.
The Chromium Isotope System as a Tracer of Ocean and Atmosphere Redox
Authors: Bauer Kohen W. , Planavsky Noah J. , Reinhard Christopher T. , Cole Devon B.
Published: January 2021

The stable chromium (Cr) isotope system has emerged over the past decade as a new tool to track changes in the amount of oxygen in earth's ocean-atmosphere system. Much of the initial foundation for using Cr isotopes (δ53Cr) as a paleoredox proxy has required recent revision. However, the basic idea behind using Cr isotopes as redox tracers is straightforward—the largest isotope fractionations are redox-dependent and occur during partial reduction of Cr(VI). As such, Cr isotopic signatures can provide novel insights into Cr redox cycling in both marine and terrestrial settings. Critically, the Cr isotope system—unlike many other trace metal proxies—can respond to short-term redox perturbations (e.g., on timescales characteristic of Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles). The Cr isotope system can also be used to probe the earth's long-term atmospheric oxygenation, pointing towards low but likely dynamic oxygen levels for the majority of Earth's history.
The Limits of Transparency: Expert Knowledge and Meaningful Accountability in Central Banking
Authors: Heldt Eugénia C. , Herzog Lisa
Published: January 2021

Recent discussions of accountability in contexts of expert knowledge raise questions about the limits of transparency. Against this background, we discuss the nexus between expert knowledge and meaningful accountability – that is, context-sensitive accountability based on a genuine understanding of a situation. We argue that the concentration of expertise in certain institutions makes it difficult to hold those institutions accountable. In particular, three components challenge meaningful accountability: specialization, inaccessibility and potential biases or conflict of interest. We emphasize the role of ‘epistemic communities’ and their impact on the tension between expert knowledge and independence. Drawing on the deliberative systems literature, we discuss how expert knowledge might be communicated to outsiders to enable meaningful accountability. To illustrate our argument, we draw on the European Central Bank, a case study in which states have chosen a delegation design characterized by a high degree of independence and trust in expert knowledge, to the detriment of accountability. We sketch possible avenues for creating the conditions for meaningful accountability even in the case of institutions with highly concentrated expertise.
The Equivalent Societies of Edinburgh and London, the Formation of the Royal Bank of Scotland, and the Nature of the Scottish Financial Revolution
Authors: McDiarmid Andrew
Published: January 2021

The historiography of the Financial Revolution in Scotland remains underdeveloped. This article addresses that gap by rounding out the rough sketch that currently represents our understanding of Scotland's Financial Revolution by focusing on the formation of the Royal Bank of Scotland, Scotland's first new financial institution in more than thirty years when it emerged in 1727. The case is made that the Scottish Financial Revolution was a complex movement, very often separated from the state and driven by the agency of Scotsmen at home and abroad, and that 1727 denoted a phase of the revolution in which financially innovative projects returned to the country after a period of absence. The article demonstrates how the progress of the Financial Revolution ebbed and flowed in the country, contingent upon political circumstances, from the nascent economic developments of the 1690s and on to the political upheaval of the early eighteenth century.
The Acta of William the Conqueror, Domesday Book, the Oath of Salisbury, and the Legitimacy and Stability of the Norman Regime in England
Authors: Dalton Paul
Published: January 2021

Domesday Book, which is usually considered to be the product of William the Conqueror's great survey of England in 1086, is one of the most important sources of English medieval history. This article contributes to the vigorous and long-standing debate about the purpose of Domesday Book. It does so by exploring the light cast by some of William's royal acta on the activities and concerns of the king and his advisers while the Domesday survey was in progress. These are linked to the difficult political and military circumstances confronting William and his followers in 1085–86 and their desire to deal with these by strengthening the stability, legitimacy, and security of their regime in England. The article also casts additional light on the importance and dating of the relevant acta.
“Partnership Not Prejudice”: British Nurses, Colonial Students, and the National Health Service, 1948–1962
Authors: Babikian Catherine
Published: January 2021

Nurses and their labor are essential to the provision of health care. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the flagship institution of postwar British welfare, the National Health Service. When it launched in 1948, a shortage of thirty-five thousand nurses endangered its future. This article examines the National Health Service's nursing shortage and its most enduring solution: the recruitment of Caribbean and African nursing staff for struggling British hospitals. It follows the manner in which British civil servants, hospital administrators, and nursing leaders came to recruit nurses from the colonies and the deep ambivalence that marked their project. What began as a reformulated colonial development project gave rise to a sprawling and unregulated market for nursing labor that powered the National Health Service for decades. The so-called dark stranger, deemed unworthy of membership in the national community, in fact carried out its most intimate work—caring for the bodies of sick white citizens.
One British Thing:The Hair Weavers Text-Book: A Study in the Art of Hair-Weaving and Beauty Culture (1967)
Authors: Perry Kennetta Hammond
Published: January 2021

As part of the “One British Thing” series, this essay explores Ena V. McDonald'sThe Hair Weavers Text-Book, published in 1967, as a source for exploring Black women's intellectual histories in Britain during the twentieth century.
Presidential Address: The 1890s Debate over the Democratic Control of Hospitals in Britain and New Zealand
Authors: Clark Anna
Published: January 2021

Anna Clark's presidential plenary to the 2018 North American Conference on British Studies in Vancouver, British Columbia, compares scandals over the mistreatment of patients and nurses that led to demands for popular control of hospitals in both Britain and New Zealand in the 1890s. A high death rate at the Chelsea Hospital for Women in London, located near a Pasteur Institute for animal research on vaccination, incited fears of human vivisection. The high death rate of nurses at the London Hospital provoked newspaper exposés and parliamentary investigations and calls for the municipalization of voluntary hospitals. In Christchurch, New Zealand, a debate over the rudeness of doctors and nurses enraged citizens. The flames of these scandals were sparked by newspaper agitation but fanned by feminists, socialists, trade unionists, and animal-rights organizations. In response to fears around experimentation, Fabian socialists Havelock Ellis, Harry Roberts, and Honnor Morten proposed democratic control of hospitals. These demands, focusing on patients’ rights and nurses’ health, differed from the hospital reform movement that urged hospitals to become more economical by forcing patients to pay. They also diverged from Beatrice and Sidney Webb's admonitions that the state must oversee citizens’ health for the nation to function efficiently. Although the calls for the democratic control of hospitals did not succeed, they might be seen as germs of a patient-centered approach to hospital care.
Associations between intake of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and risk of pancreatic cancer: a population-based, case–control study in Minnesota
Authors: Fan Hao , Yu Yunpeng , Nan Haocheng , Hoyt Margaret , Reger Michael K. , Prizment Anna , Anderson Kristin E. , Zhang Jianjun
Published: January 2021

Experimental studies suggest that abnormal levels of Ca, Mg and phosphorus are implicated in pancreatic carcinogenesis. We investigated the associations between intakes of these minerals and the risk of pancreatic cancer in a case-control study conducted in 1994–1998. Cases of pancreatic cancer (n 150) were recruited from all hospitals in the metropolitan area of the Twin Cities and Mayo Clinic, Minnesota. Controls (n 459) were randomly selected from the general population and frequency matched to cases by age, sex and race. All dietary variables were adjusted for energy intake using the residual method prior to data analysis. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the associations between intake of three nutrients examined and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Total intake of Ca (936 v. 1026 mg/d) and dietary intake of Mg (315 v. 331 mg/d) and phosphorus (1350 v. 1402 mg/d) were significantly lower in cases than in controls. After adjustment for confounders, there were not significant associations of total and dietary intakes of Ca, Mg and phosphorus with the risk of pancreatic cancer. In addition, no significant interactions exist between intakes of these minerals and total fat on pancreatic cancer risk. In conclusion, the present study does not suggest that intakes of Ca, Mg and phosphorus were significantly associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer.
Iron status in mid-pregnancy and associations with interpregnancy interval, hormonal contraceptives, dietary factors and supplement use
Authors: Caspersen Ida Henriette , Iglesias-Vázquez Lucía , Abel Marianne Hope , Brantsæter Anne Lise , Arija Victoria , Erlund Iris , Meltzer Helle Margrete
Published: January 2021

Adequate iron supply in pregnancy is important for both the woman and the fetus, but iron status is often assessed late in first trimester, if assessed at all. Therefore, identification of factors associated with iron status is important to target vulnerable groups with increased risk of deficiency. Our objectives were to (1) describe iron status in mid-pregnancy and (2) identify sociodemographic and lifestyle predictors of pregnancy iron status. This cross-sectional study uses data from The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (collected 2002–2008) and The Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Iron status was measured as non-fasting plasma ferritin (P-Fe) and transferrin in gestational week (GW) 18 (n2990), and by lowest reported Hb in GW 0–30 (n39 322). We explored predictors of iron status with elastic net, linear and log-binomial regression models. Median P-Fe was 33 μg/l, and 14 % had depleted iron stores (P-Fe <15 μg/l). P-Fe below 30 μg/l was associated with reduced Hb. We identified eleven predictors, with interpregnancy interval (IPI) and parity among the most important. Depleted iron stores was more common among women with IPI < 6 months (56 %) and 6–11 months (33 %) than among those with IPI 24–59 months (19 %) and among nulliparous women (5 %). Positively associated factors with iron status included hormonal contraceptives, age, BMI, smoking, meat consumption and multi-supplement use. Our results highlight the importance of ferritin measurements in women of childbearing age, especially among women not using hormonal contraceptives and women with previous and recent childbirths.
PORSENNA, HORATIUS CYCLOPS, AND CLOELIA (VIRGIL,AENEID8.649–51)
Authors: Casali Sergio
Published: January 2021

The fifth scene represented on the Shield of Aeneas describes Porsenna's siege of Rome and the resistance of the Romans, with the two classicexemplaof Horatius Cocles and Cloelia (Verg.Aen. 8.646–51):nec non Tarquinium eiectum Porsenna iubebataccipere ingentique urbem obsidione premebat;Aeneadae in ferrum pro libertate ruebant.illum indignanti similem similemque minantiaspiceres, pontem auderet quia uellere Cocles 650et fluuium uinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis.According to Roman mainstream tradition, at the beginning of the Republic, Porsenna, an Etruscan king of Clusium, tried to reinstate the exiled Tarquinius Superbus by besieging Rome, but the heroism of Romans such as Horatius Cocles, C. Mucius Scaevola and Cloelia impressed him so much that he decided to give up the siege and make peace with his enemies. He then sent his army against the Latins and was finally defeated at the battle of Aricia by the joint forces of the Latin League and their allies from Cumae. However, there circulated also less flattering versions of the story: Tacitus (Hist. 3.72,Porsenna dedita urbe) hints at the fact that the Romans had in fact surrendered to Porsenna, and Pliny refers to a humiliating treaty imposed on them by the Etruscan king (HN34.139).
Linguistic Distance and Market Integration in India
Authors: Fenske James , Kala Namrata
Published: January 2021

The role of cultural distance in market integration, particularly in the developing world, has received relatively little attention. Using prices from more than 200 South Asian markets spanning 1861 to 1921, we show that linguistic distance correlates negatively with market integration. A one-standard-deviation increase in linguistic distance predicts a reduction in the price correlation between two markets of 0.121 standard deviations for wheat, 0.181 for salt, and 0.088 for rice. While factors like genetic distance, literacy gaps, and railway connections are correlated with linguistic distance, they do not fully explain the correlation between linguistic distance and market integration.
Local and global properties of energy transfer in models of plasma turbulence
Authors: Vásconez Christian L. , Perrone D. , Marino R. , Laveder D. , Valentini F. , Servidio S. , Mininni P. , Sorriso-Valvo L.
Published: January 2021

The nature of the turbulent energy transfer rate is studied using direct numerical simulations of weakly collisional space plasmas. This is done comparing results obtained from hybrid Vlasov–Maxwell simulations of collisionless plasmas, Hall magnetohydrodynamics and Landau fluid models reproducing low-frequency kinetic effects, such as the Landau damping. In this turbulent scenario, estimates of the local and global scaling properties of different energy channels are obtained using a proxy of the local energy transfer. This approach provides information on the structure of energy fluxes, under the assumption that the turbulent cascade transfers most of the energy that is then dissipated at small scales by various kinetic processes in these kinds of plasmas.
Role of novel protein sources in sustainably meeting future global requirements
Authors: Salter Andrew M. , Lopez-Viso Carlos
Published: January 2021

Global population growth, increased life expectancy and climate change are all impacting world's food systems. In industrialised countries, many individuals are consuming significantly more protein than needed to maintain health, with the majority being obtained from animal products, including meat, dairy, fish and other aquatic animals. Current animal production systems are responsible for a large proportion of land and fresh-water use, and directly contributing to climate change through the production of greenhouse gases. Overall, approximately 60% of the global protein produced is used for animal and fish feed. Concerns about their impact on both human, and planetary health, have led to calls to dramatically curb our consumption of animal products. Underutilised plants, insects and single-cell organisms are all actively being considered as alternative protein sources. Each present challenges that need to be met before they can become economically viable and safe alternatives for food or feed. Many plant species contain anti-nutritional factors that impair the digestion and absorption of protein and micronutrients. Insects represent a potentially rich source of high-quality protein although, questions remain relating to digestibility, allergenicity and biosecurity. Algae, fungi and bacteria are also a rich source of protein and there is growing interest in the development of ‘cultured meat’ using stem cell technology. For the foreseeable future, it appears likely that the ‘protein-economy’ will remain mixed. The present paper reviews progress and future opportunities in the development of novel protein sources as food and animal feed.
Can an exotic tree (Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) influence the non-volant small mammals assemblage in a protected area of Atlantic Forest?
Authors: Gama-Matos Rayanne , Ferreguetti Átilla Colombo , Mekiassen do Nascimento Giulia , Pereira-Ribeiro Juliane , Vagmaker Natália , Júnior Boazi Alex , Dantas Isidoro Grisóstomo Walker , Rocha Carlos Frederico Duarte , Bergallo Helena Godoy
Published: January 2021

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is an exotic invasive plant species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest that causes changes in the environment through the release of allelopathic substances and has high fruit production. We aimed to understand the potential effects of the jackfruit on the non-volant small mammal assemblage in an area protected by law, in the municipality of Cariacica – Espírito Santo, south-eastern Brazil. We sampled the small mammals assemblage using live traps in 18 sites, eight with jackfruit and 10 without. We ordinated the assemblage and tested possible differences in species richness and abundance according to the jackfruit density. We recorded 31 species of non-volant small mammals, with 13 species endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Jackfruit species can affect both positively and negatively the studied assemblage of non-volant small mammals. For species with a frugivory habit, jackfruit has a positive effect favouring these species. On the other hand, for insectivorous species, jackfruit represents an impact inhibiting the presence of these species in an area with high jackfruit density. The results presented are the first step in understanding the effect of this invasive species on a small mammals assemblage and initiating a monitoring of these species in areas affected by jackfruits. Furthermore, management of jackfruits in this protected area is required.
THE MACROSIGNIFIED OF FORMATIVE MESOAMERICA: A SEMIOTIC APPROACH TO THE “OLMEC” STYLE
Authors: Seredin Artur
Published: January 2021

This article applies the theory of archaeological semiotics to the study of the “Olmec” style. A semiotic approach differs from an iconographic study because it provides the possibility for complex analysis of all significant traits of material archeological objects without distinction between stylistic and iconographic traits. In this context, the semiotic analysis of the Olmec style as a sign system shows that its particular signs, which can be defined as stylistic traits because of the lack of specific iconographic meanings, simultaneously participated in the creation and transformation of cultural meanings. This phenomenon reflected the “macrosignified” of Formative Mesoamerican cultures, associated with a structure that linked together various meanings throughout the culture.
People of the Wind
Authors: BARBERA GERARDO
Published: January 2021

This article contains ethnolinguistic observations and materials on the so called zâr cult, as practiced in present day Hormozgân province, Iran. The cult, which is spread across the Persian Gulf and central and north-east Africa, consists of practices and rituals of placation with which a category of spirits known as zâr and referred to as winds are warded off from a victim. The article, in particular, aims at offering an accurate description of the sub-lexicon associated with zâr in local Hormozgâni dialects, an aspect of research which has not been taken into consideration up to now.
COVID-washing of ultra-processed products: the content of digital marketing on Facebook during the COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay
Authors: Antúnez Lucía , Alcaire Florencia , Brunet Gerónimo , Bove Isabel , Ares Gastón
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To explore the use of references to the COVID-19 pandemic as part of the marketing strategies used on Facebook to promote ultra-processed products.

Design:

A search for Facebook accounts of ultra-processed products was performed using a master list of products commercialised in two online supermarkets in Uruguay. For each of the identified Facebook accounts, all the content posted from the confirmation of the first cases of COVID-19 in Uruguay, on 14 March 2020, until 1 July 2020 was recorded. Posts including mentions to COVID-19, social distancing measures or their consequences were identified and analysed using content analysis.

Setting:

Uruguay, Latin America.

Results:

A total of 135 Facebook accounts were identified, which generated a total of 1749 posts related to ultra-processed products, from which 35 % included references to COVID-19. The majority of the posts included references to prevention measures. Approximately one-third of the posts included proposals of activities to do at home, most of which were linked to a healthy lifestyle. Tips for coping with quarantine and descriptions of the charitable work undertaken by brands were also identified.

Conclusions:

Results from the present work provide evidence that industries of ultra-processed products have taken advantage of the COVID-19 pandemic to promote their products, create positive associations with the brands and improve their image as part of their digital marketing strategies.
Determinants of household vulnerability to food insecurity during COVID-19 lockdown in a mid-term period in Iran
Authors: Pakravan-Charvadeh Mohammad Reza , Savari Moselm , Khan Haider A , Gholamrezai Saeid , Flora Cornelia
Published: January 2021

Objective:

This study aimed to identify and rank the different aspects of households’ vulnerability to food insecurity.

Design:

The data were collected by a standard online questionnaire. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale was used to assess food insecurity levels, and first-order structural equation modelling was applied to determine factors that affect food insecurity. Seven dimensions of vulnerability were measured: economic, social, cultural, human, physical, psychology and information, using thirty-seven items extracted from the related literature review.

Setting:

This study was implemented in Tehran province in Iran.

Participants:

The sample included 392 families residing in Tehran province which was determined using random sampling.

Results:

About 61 % of the total sample faced food insecurity, at marginal, moderate and severe levels. Economic, psychological and human aspects of vulnerability had the highest effect on food insecurity during the initial COVID-19 lockdown.

Conclusions:

Authorities and policymakers must provide economic and financial support to vulnerable households. Abolition of US economic and financial sanctions imposed on Iran must be implemented to battle with COVID-19 in this country.
Coevolving institutions and the paradox of informal constraints
Authors: Seligson Daniel , McCants Anne E. C.
Published: January 2021

We can all agree that institutions matter, though as to which institutions matter most, and how much any of them matter, the matter is, paraphrasing Douglass North's words at the Nobel podium, unresolved after seven decades of immense effort. We suggest that the obstacle to progress is the paradigm of the New Institutional Economics itself. In this paper, we propose a new theory that is: grounded in institutions as coevolving sources of economic growth rather than as rules constraining growth; and deployed in dynamical systems theory rather than game theory. We show that with our approach some long-standing problems are resolved, in particular, the paradoxical and perplexingly pervasive influence of informal constraints on the long-run character of economies.
Football's contribution to international order: the ludic and festive reproduction of international society by world societal actors
Authors: Bucher Bernd , Eckl Julian
Published: January 2021

In the English School, the relationship between international and world society has recently received increasing attention – conceptually and empirically. Adding to this developing literature, we study how world societal actors not only serve as normative counterpoints to international society or function as norm-entrepreneurs, but decisively contribute to its reproduction. Going beyond the common preoccupation with actor types, we focus on practices that are performed on the international stage. We examine the role which world sport events, especially FIFA's World Cup and the infrastructure of football, play for international society. Building on Wight, we conceptualize world sport events as a (world societal actor driven) derivative primary institution of international society, which is embedded within the particularly hybrid master primary institution of sites and festivals. We find that world sport events allow for the ludic and festive reproduction of key primary institutions (like sovereignty, territoriality, and nationalism), while they highlight how members of international society compete on the basis of shared norms and values. Naturalizing world order as international order, they make international society emotionally experienceable as feasible and desirable at a global level. In performing world sport events, world societal actors uphold rather than challenge international society.
Design and analysis of a planar UWB bandpass filter with stopband characteristics using MMR technique
Authors: Saxena Gaurav , Jain Priyanka , Awasthi Y. K.
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter with stopband characteristics is presented using a multi-mode resonator (MMR) technique. An MMR is formed by loading three dumbbell-shaped (Mickey and circular) shunt stubs placed in the center and two symmetrical locations from ports, respectively. Three circular and arrowhead defected ground structures on the ground plane are introduced to achieve UWB bandwidth with a better roll-off rate. The proposed filter exhibits stopband characteristics from 10.8 to 20 GHz with a 0.4 dB return loss. The group delay and roll-off rate of the designed filter are <0.30 ns in the passband and 16 dB/GHz at lower and higher cut-off frequencies, respectively. The dimension of the filter is 0.74λg × 0.67λg mm2 and was fabricated on a cost-effective substrate. All simulated results are verified through the experimental results.
Optimum design of linear and circular antenna arrays using equilibrium optimization algorithm
Authors: Durmus Ali , Kurban Rifat
Published: January 2021

In this paper, equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA), which is a novel optimization algorithm, is applied to synthesize symmetrical linear antenna array and non-uniform circular antenna array (CAA). The main purpose of antenna array synthesis is to achieve a radiation pattern with low maximum side lobe level (MSL) and narrow half-power beam width (HPBW) in far-field. The low MSL here is an important parameter to reduce interference from other communication systems operating in the same frequency band. A narrow HPBW is needed to achieve high directionality in antenna radiation patterns. Entering the literature as a novel optimization technique, EOA optimally determined the amplitude and position values of the array elements to obtain a radiation pattern with a low MSL and narrow HPBW. The EOA is inspired by models of the control volume mass balance used to predict equilibrium as well as dynamic states. To demonstrate the flexibility and performance of the proposed algorithm, 10-element, 16-element and 24-element linear arrays and eight-element, 10-element and 12-element CAAs are synthesized. The MSL and HPBW values of radiation pattern obtained with the EOA are very successful compared to the results of other optimization methods in the literature.
The“ArgentineFranco”?:The Regime of Juan Carlos Onganía and Its Ideological Dialogue with Francoist Spain (1966–1970)
Authors: Kressel Daniel G.
Published: January 2021

The article examines the ideological character of Juan Carlos Onganía's dictatorship by exploring its ties and dialogue with Francisco Franco's Spain. Known as the “Argentine Revolution,” Onganía's regime (1966-70) was, the article shows, one of the first Cold War Latin American dictatorship to overtly use Francoist ideology as its point of reference. While building on the conventional wisdom that the legacies of the Spanish Civil War informed right-wing thought in Latin America, the study then shifts its focus to Spain's 1960s “economic miracle” and technocratic state model, observing them as a prominent discursive toolkit for authoritarian Argentine intellectuals. Drawing on newly discovered correspondence and archival sources, the article first excavates the intellectual networks operating between Franco's Spain and the Argentine right during the 1950s and 1960s. Once handpicked by Onganía to design his regime, these Argentine Franco-sympathizers were to decide the character of the Argentine Revolution. Second, the article sheds light on the intimate collaboration between the two dictatorships, and further explores the reasons for Onganía's downfall. In doing so, the study adds to a burgeoning historiographic field that underscores the significance of the Francoist dictatorship in the Latin American right-wing imaginary.