bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDI AWAL FED – BATCH HIDROLISIS ENZIMATIK HIGH TOTAL SOLID LOADING
Authors: Saputri Desi Nurisnaeni , Sindhuwati Christyfani , Hardjono Hardjono , Mufid Mufid , Mustain Asalil , Suryandari Ade Sonya
Published: August 2021

Bioetanol merupakan bahan bakar terbarukan yang berasal dari etanol dan bisa didapatkan dari bahan  berlignoselulosa seperti limbah kertas. Etanol yang mengandung konsentrasi dibawah 12% tidak ekonomis  untuk di distilasi pada saat dijadikan bioetanol, untuk menghasilkan etanol yang memiliki konsentrasi tinggi  maka glukosa yang di hasilkan pada percobaan ini juga harus tinggi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah  mengamati pengaruh waktu dengan berbagai variasi pengumpanan yang disebut dengan konfigurasi terhadap  konsentrasi glukosa yang dihasilkan pada proses hidrolisis limbah kertas HVS. Glukosa berkonsentrasi tinggi di  hasilkan dari selulosa yang tinggi, hal ini akan menyebabkan beberapa masalah yang terjadi yaitu viskositas  yang tinggi akan menghambat proses hidrolisis sehingga dari masalah tersebut dilakukan perancangan metode  Batch dan Fed-Batch Hidrolisis Enzimatik dengan macam macam High Total Solid Loading menggunakan  reaktor putar sebagai variabel pada penelitian ini. Limbah kertas HVS direndam selama 24 jam, dan dilakukan  proses blending kemudian dilakukan proses penghilangan tinta, proses selanjutnya analisis kandungan kertas  yaitu lignin, selulosa, dan hemiselulosa. Tahapan selanjutnya dilakukan proses hidrolisis yang menghasilkan  glukosa. Glukosa yang dihasilkan akan diuji menggunakan metode DNS. Konsentrasi glukosa tertinggi dihasilkan  dari metode fed-batch dengan total solid loading 40% sebesar 321, 784 mg/ml. Konsentrasi glukosa tertinggi di  dapatkan mulai dari total solid loading 30%, 35%, 40% dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin tinggi total solid  loading yang digunakan maka akan semakin tinggi konsentrasi glukosa yang dihasilkan.
PENINGKATAN KUALITAS GONDORUKEM DENGAN PENAMBAHAN CHELATING AGENT DAN ADSORBEN PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN GETAH KARET (PINUS MERKUSII) DI PT. PERHUTANI ANUGERAH KIMIA
Authors: Hidayat Rahmad Abubakar Nur , Nugroho Satrio , Dewajani Heny , Yuni Aris
Published: August 2021

Gondorukem merupakan hasil getah yang disadap dari pohon pinus. Untuk meningkatkan harga jual gondorukem  maka sebelum dijual ke pasaran getah pinus akan mengalami proses pemurnian. Oleh karenanya diperlukan  perbaikan proses pemurnian dan pencucian getah karet sebagai bahan baku dengan cara penambahan bahan  yang bersifat adsorbing dan de-chelating yaitu Zeolit dan EDTA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  pengaruh penambahan konsentrasi EDTA, zeolit dan campuran EDTA-zeolit terhadap sifat fisik-kimia  gondorukem. Tahapan pemurnian yaitu pencucian larutan getah dengan asam oksalat, kemudian penambahan  konsentrasi zeolit 1%, 2%, 3% 4% EDTA 0,3%, 0,6%, 0,9%, 1,2% dan campuran zeolit 1, 2, 3, 4% dan EDTA 0,3, 0,6,  0,9, 1,2% dari massa getah. Lalu dilakukan distilasi untuk mendapatkan hasil gondorukem, kemudian dilakukan  analisa kualitas produk. Analisa yang dilakukan adalah uji warna gardner, uji titik lunak, dan uji kadar asam. Hasil  penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi dan waktu hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap warna, titik lunak dan  bilangan asam gondorukem yang dihasilkan. Penambahan EDTA dengan konsentrasi 0,6% titik lunak yang  dihasilkan berkisar antara 78°C – 88°C dengan bilangan asam berkisar antara 184,2 mg KOH/g – 201,65 mg  KOH/g. Lamanya waktu berpengaruh terhadap titik lunak dan bilangan asam sedangkan variasi konsentrasi EDTA  berpengaruh pada warna yang dihasilkan.
PENGARUH SUHU PEMANASAN DAUN KELOR (MORINGE OLEIFERA) TERHADAP YIELD DALAM PEMBUATAN HAND SANITIZER GEL
Authors: Rahayu Shintiya Gangsar , Suharti Profiyanti Hermien
Published: August 2021

Kelor atau merunggai (Moringa oleifera) adalah sejenis tumbuhan dari suku Moringaceae. Daun kelor  mengandung senyawa fenolik seperti flavonoid, tanin, saponin, alkaloid dan lain-lain hingga mencapai 5,52%.  Kandungan flavonoid dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai agen antibakterial dan antivirus yang mampu menghambat  pertumbuhan bakteri patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu dan suhu  pemanasan dalam pengambilan ekstrak daun kelor hingga bisa memaksimalkan dalam pengambilan ekstrak.  Selain itu, juga mempengaruhi terhadap yield yang diperoleh dari pemanasan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan  adalah metode infusa. Metode infusa dipilih karena memiliki berbagai keunggulan yaitu murah, mudah dalam  penggunaan dan aplikatif digunakannya. Metode ekstraksi ini dilakukan pada suhu 700C dan 900C. Hasil yang  didapat semakin tinggi suhu yang digunakan untuk pemanasan maka semakin sedikit yield yang diperoleh,  karena faktor pemanasan tersebut bisa membuat penguapan terjadi pada campuran air dan daun kelor  tersebut.
PENENTUAN LOKASI PABRIK MENGGUNAKAN METODE FACTOR RATING PADA PRA-RANCANGAN PABRIK VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) DENGAN KAPASITAS 50.000 TON/TAHUN
Authors: Rafidanta Naufal Cenna , Lusiani Cucuk Evi
Published: August 2021

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) merupakan produk olahan santan kelapa yang memiliki banyak manfaat dan kegunaan terutama di bidang kesehatan, kecantikan serta kosmetik. VCO membuka suatu peluang usaha untuk dapat dipasarkan ke masyarakat. Dalam proses memproduksi VCO, perlu diperhatikan beberapa hal, salah satunya  adalah penentuan lokasi pabrik. Hal ini dapat ditentukan berdasarkan ketersediaan bahan baku, pemasaran,  utilitas, keadaan geografis dan masyarakat, transportasi, tenaga kerja, sistem penanganan dan pengolahan  limbah pabrik, site dan karakteristik lokasi, serta peraturan perundang-undangan. Tujuan dari studi literatur ini  adalah untuk menentukan satu lokasi dari beberapa alternatif lokasi dengan menggunakan metode factor  rating dalam pendirian pabrik pada pra-rancangan pabrik VCO kapasitas 50.000 ton/tahun. Metode factor  rating dilakukan dengan memberikan skor pada masing-masing faktor yang dipertimbangkan untuk  mendapatkan lokasi pendirian pabrik yang strategis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis menggunakan metode factor  rating maka didapatkan bahwa Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Provinsi Riau adalah lokasi yang memiliki peluang  paling besar untuk pendirian pabrik pada pra-rancangan pabrik VCO dengan kapasitas 50.000 ton/tahun. Daerah Riau memiliki beberapa kelebihan pada ketersediaan buah kelapa yang melimpah, keadaan geografis  dan masyarakat yang sesuai untuk pendirian pabrik VCO, serta site dan karakteristik lokasi yang baik untuk  pendirian pabrik VCO.
EFEK VARIASI WAKTU FERMENTASI TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FISIK VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) DARI KELAPA DAERAH PROBOLINGGO DENGAN KONSENTRASI YEAST 1% B/V
Authors: Rani Lita , Lusiani Cucuk Evi
Published: August 2021

Kelapa dari daerah Probolinggo memiliki bentuk bulat kerucut terbungkus serabut tebal dan ketebalan daging  buah sekitar 1,5 cm. Daging buah kelapa dapat diolah menjadi berbagai olahan produk salah satunya adalah  Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Pembuatan VCO dapat dilakukan dengan proses fermentasi dengan penambahan ragi tanpa proses pemanasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek variasi waktu fermentasi  terhadap karakteristik fisik VCO dari kelapa daerah Probolinggo. Proses fermentasi pada penelitian ini dilakukan  pada suhu kamar selama 6, 12, 18, 24 dan 30 jam dengan penambahan ragi tempe sebagai yeast pada konsentrasi  1% b/v. Produk VCO yang dihasilkan dari proses ini dilakukan analisis uji pH, uji organoleptik (aroma, rasa dan  warna), dan perhitungan yield. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa produk VCO pada 6 hingga 30 jam  fermentasi memberikan nilai pH 5, aroma khas kelapa segar, rasa normal khas minyak kelapa dan warna bening transparan. Variasi waktu fermentasi memberikan pengaruh terhadap nilai yield produk VCO, yaitu semakin lama  waktu fermentasi menghasilkan nilai yield yang semakin tinggi. Nilai yield tertinggi diperoleh sebesar 8,65% v/v  pada waktu fermentasi 30 jam. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk VCO yang dihasilkan pada  penelitian ini memiliki nilai pH 5 dengan karakteristik fisik yang sesuai SNI 7381:2008 dan yield tertinggi dihasikan  pada waktu fermentasi selama 30 jam.
PERANCANGAN REAKTOR UNTUK REAKSI SAPONIFIKASI MINYAK KELAPA PADA PRA RANCANGAN PABRIK SABUN CAIR KAPASITAS 750 TON/TAHUN
Authors: Ilyazha Cahyo , Suryandari Ade Sonya
Published: August 2021

Produksi kelapa di Indonesia per tahunnya cukup memenuhi kebutuhan industri dan kebutuhan masyarakat.  Tapi di balik itu, terdapat manfaat yang tersembunyi lainnya yang berguna bagi manusia di kehidupan sehari hari. Hal ini merupakan peluang untuk pengembangan kelapa menjadi aneka produk yang bermanfaat seperti  produksi minyak kelapa yang terbuat dari daging kelapa segar yang diekstraksi. Hasil atau ekstrak itulah  menghasilkan minyak alami yang disebut minyak kelapa murni atau Virgin coconut oil (VCO) mempunyai  manfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh dan kulit dan sangat berpotensi untuk dibuat produk berupa sabun mandi cair yang dimana minyak kelapa direaksikan dengan KOH dengan menggunakan reaktor brpengaduk secara  kontinyu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang reaktor untuk mereaksikan minyak kelapa murni dan  KOH dengan menggunakan reaksi saponifikasi. Perancangan dilakukan dengan menentukan jenis reaktor  berpengaduk yang akan dipakai kemudian melakukan perhitungan dan penentuan diameter reaktor  berpengaduk, jenis material, tutup atas dan bawah, stress maksimum yang terjadi tiap komponen dan  menggambar desain menggunakan software VISIO. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dimensi yang  sesuai dengan spesifikasi yang diperlukan adalah raktor berdiameter 0.56 m dan tingginya 1.12 m. Kemudian  panjang pengaduk 0.92 m dengan tutup atas tipe standard dished dan tutup bawah tipe conical. untuk jenis  materialnya menggunakan SA-240 Grade C type 347.
STUDI LITERATUR KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK CENGKEH (CLOVE OIL) DARI BEBERAPA METODE DISTILASI
Authors: Nirwana Chrysan Hawa , Zamrudy Windi
Published: August 2021

Indonesia memiliki sumber daya alam hayati yang banyak dan beragam. Di antaranya adalah tanaman-tanaman  penghasil minyak atsiri (essential oil). Minyak cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum) merupakan salah satu minyak  atsiri yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Semakin banyaknya minyak cengkeh yang dibutuhkan masyarakat maka  sebagian besar produksi minyak cengkeh dilakukan menggunakan penyulingan. Terdapat banyak metode distilasi pada era modern saat ini untuk memperoleh minyak cengkeh. Kajian ini bertujuan membandingkan hasil  karakteristik minyak cengkeh dari berbagai metode distilasi untuk memperoleh kualitas minyak cengkeh yang  terbaik, serta menganalisis metode distilasi yang efektif dan efisien untuk menghasilkan kualitas minyak cengkeh  yang berkualitas tinggi sesuai standar mutu. Pada makalah ini diuraikan beberapa perolehan karakteristik minyak  cengkeh dari metode distilasi uap, distilasi air, distilasi uap dan air, serta dengan bantuan microwave dalam  kondisi operasi pada masing-masing metode. Hasil evaluasi dari berbagai metode distilasi yang menghasilkan  karakteristik minyak cengkeh terdapat pada metode uap dan air distilasi (steam-hydro distillation) dengan  microwave dihasilkan kadar eugenol, rendemen (%), indeks bias, dan warna yaitu 89,76%; 5,20%; 1,5178; dan  cokelat kekuningan.
Pengolahan Air Limbah Industri Pengolahan Rumput Laut Menggunakan Nano Adsorben Tersuspensi
Authors: Sulistiyowati Henita Indah , Prayitno Prayitno
Published: August 2021

Pengolahan limbah pada suatu industri pengolahan rumput laut dilakukan secara fisik-biologi-kimia, dimana  pengolahan secara kimia menggunakan proses adsorpsi dalam bentuk granular karbon aktif. Namun dalam  penggunaan granular karbon aktif dinilai kurang efektif karena membutuhkan lahan dan kolom adsorpsi yang cukup besar. Pada sisi lain, proses adsorpsi menggunakan nano adsorben memberikan efektifitas tinggi dalam  menurunkan polutan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi nano karbon  aktif terhadap penurunan COD, BOD, pH, dan kekeruhan pada air limbah industri pengolahan rumput laut. 

Percobaan dilakukan dalam keadaan tersuspensi dengan menggunakan nano adsorben karbon aktif berbentuk  powder. Variabel yang digunakan adalah konsentrasi nano karbon aktif sebesar 200 ppm; 600 ppm; dan 1000  ppm dengan lama adsorpsi yaitu 8 jam; 13 jam; dan 18 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi  nano karbon aktif 1000 ppm dengan lama adsorpsi 13 jam dapat menurunkan secara maksimal konsentrasi COD  sebesar 36%, BOD sebesar 88% dan pH 6%, sedangkan kekeruhan sebesar 41% pada konsentrasi nano karbon  aktif 200 ppm dengan lama adsorpsi 8 jam.
AKTIVASI SERAT KAPUK DENGAN ASAM DAN BASA PADA SINTESIS BIOSORBEN UNTUK MENYERAP ION LOGAM NIKEL DARI LARUTAN NISO4
Authors: Pratama Thomi Nugraha , Hadiantoro Sigit
Published: August 2021

Serat kapuk memiliki potensi sebagai biosorben dikarenakan memiliki kandungan selulosa yang cukup tinggi.  Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis aktivator HCl dan NaOH terhadap kemampuan  adsorpsi ion logam nikel dari larutan NiSO4, untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama waktu aktivasi atau perendaman  terhadap kemampuan adsorpsi ion logam nikel dari larutan NiSO4, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jumlah  massa biosorben terhadap kemampuan adsorpsi ion logam nikel dari larutan NiSO4. Prosedur pembuatannya  terdiri dari pencucian kapuk, pengeringan, aktivasi kapuk dengan larutan HCl dan NaOH, pembilasan, dan  dikeringkan hingga kering. Variabel bebas yang digunakan yaitu jenis larutan aktivasi HCl 0,5 N dan NaOH 0,5 N,  waktu perendaman 12, 18, 24 jam, massa biosorben 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5 gram. Variabel kontrol yaitu, waktu  adsorpsi 1 jam, volume larutan NiSO4 100 ml, konsentrasi logam nikel 41.725 ppm. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan bahwa larutan aktivasi yang optimum menggunakan NaOH dengan lama perendaman 24 jam dan  pada massa 2,5 gram menunjukkan efektivitas adsorpsi sebesar 88% dan mengalami penurunan konsentrasi  nikel dari 41.725 menjadi 5.195 ppm.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN LARUTAN Ca(OH)2 TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN KERAK PADA PENGUAPAN NIRA TEBU
Authors: Sudarmaji Anisa Tri , Saroso Hadi
Published: August 2021

Tebu sangat potensial dikembangkan di Indonesia karena kebutuhan gula pasir yang semakin meningkat seiring  dengan bertambahnya penduduk. Dalam proses pembuatan gula pasir proses pemurnian dan penguapan  merupakan hal penting yang harus diperhatikan agar mendapatkan produk maksimal. Selain itu kualitas gula  pasir yang dihasilkan dipengaruhi oleh bahan baku utama yaitu nira tebu. Karena sifat dari nira tebu yang  mudah rusak karena memiliki pH asam maka untuk menanggulangi hal tersebut perlu ditambahkan bahan yang  bersifat basa yaitu kapur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan susu kapur  terhadap pembentukan kerak selama proses, menentukan konsentrasi penambahan larutan susu kapur yang  baik agar didapatkan kerak dengan jumlah minimal serta untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan waktu  pemanasan terhadap massa kerak yang terbentuk. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan  konsentrasi susu kapur sebesar 4,6%; 14,8%; dan 20,6% serta analisa ANOVA menggunakan Microsoft excel  dengan memvariabelkan suhu pemanasan (100 dan 120 oC) dan waktu pemanasan (3 dan 6 jam). Dari  penelitian diperoleh hasil terbaik dengan penambahan konsentrasi susu kapur sebesar 4,6% dengan nilai pH  akhir sebesar 8,98 serta suhu penguapan sebesar 100 oC dengan lama waktu penguapan 3 jam dengan massa  kerak 0,036 gram.
Simulasi Sistem Monitoring Ketinggian Air sungai Di Lodagung menggunakan Sensor HC-SR04 dengan Web Service REST API
Authors: Hafidh Jourdan Aulia
Published: August 2021

Garis ukur atau biasa disebut pascal disekitar pintu air sangat penting bagi pengawas pintu air. Garis ukur sangat besar pengaruhnya disaat air sungai meluap karena hujan. Namun, karena hal tersebut masih memiliki pengaruh bahaya seperti saat pengawas pintu air melihat garis ukur disaat turun hujan, resiko dalam pekerjaan semakin membahayakan. Penulis pada penelitian ini telah mengembangkan sebuah simulasi pengukuran ketinggian secara otomatis dimana alat ukur ketinggian air secara otomatis ini berguna dan dapat diterapkan dengan semestinya dilapangan yang tidak terdapat pascal atau garis ukur disekitar pintu air. Hasil pengukuran tersebut diterima langsung ditampilan halaman web dan tersimpan dalam database. Dalam simulasi pengukuran ketinggian air secara otomatis ini terdapat 2 keadaan yaitu hujan dan kemarau dimana dalam 2 keadaan tersebut telah diambil dari data lokasi dan memiliki 3 fase, air kering, air normal dan air meluap. Dalam 2 keadaan hujan dan kemarau memiliki batas ketinggian yang berbeda.
OPTIMASI PEMROSESAN ENKRIPSI DAN DEKRIPSI RSA PADA SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER (SBC) DENGAN PEMBAGIAN BEBAN KOMPUTASI DALAM SISTEM TERDISTRIBUSI
Authors: Arief Prasetyo  , Arief Sofyan Noor , Rokhimatul wakhidah
Published: August 2021

Algoritma kriptografi RSA menjadi metode yang paling sulit diretas karena kerumitan persamaan matematis yang digunakan. Semakin rumit persamaan matematis yang digunakan, semakin besar pula daya komputasi yang digunakan untuk memproses algoritma tersebut. Penggunaan Single-Board Computer (SBC) mulai digunakan untuk menggantikan alat pemrosesan komputasi seperti komputer personal baik berupa laptop maupun workstation. Penetlitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil optimasi pemroresan enkirpsi dan dekripsi RSA menggunakan SBC yang tersusun sebagai bentuk cluster. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode pemrosesan enkripsi dan dekripsi RSA dengan pembagian beban komputasi yang diterapkan dalam arsitektur SBC berdasarkan ketersediaan sumberdaya pada tiap SBC dalam cluster SBC. Cluster SBC yang dibangun terdiri atas 5 buah SBC Raspberry Pi 4 model B yang terkoneksi melalui sebuah switch 8 port. Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah proses enkripsi dan dekripsi pada cluster SBC dapat mengalahkan komputer tunggal. Cluster SBC yang memiliki 16 core dari 4 buah prosesor worker SBC berjalan lebih cepat dibandingkan komputer tunggal yang memiliki 4 core dari prosesornya. Selain itu, efisiensi juga didapat dari biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk membeli perangkat. Dengan biaya pembelian yang sama, performa yang didapat lebih tinggi pada cluster SBC sehingga SBC dapat dijadikan alternatif pemrosesan enkripsi dan dekripsi.
Oral Phenotype and Salivary Microbiome of Individuals With Papillon–Lefèvre Syndrome
Authors: Lettieri Giulia Melo , Santiago Luander Medrado , Lettieri Giancarlo Crosara , Borges Luiz Gustavo dos Anjos , Marconatto Letícia , de Oliveira Laudimar Alves , Damé-Teixeira Nailê , Salles Loise Pedrosa
Published: August 2021

Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) is an autosomal recessive rare disease, main characteristics of which include palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and premature edentulism due to advanced periodontitis (formerly aggressive periodontitis). This study aimed to characterize the oral phenotype, including salivary parameters, and the salivary microbiome of three PLS sisters, comparatively. Two sisters were toothless (PLSTL1 and PLSTL2), and one sister had most of the teeth in the oral cavity (PLST). Total DNA was extracted from the unstimulated saliva, and the amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene fragment was performed in an Ion PGM platform. The amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were obtained using the DADA2 pipeline, and the taxonomy was assigned using the SILVA v.138. The main phenotypic characteristics of PLS were bone loss and premature loss of primary and permanent dentition. The PLST sister presented advanced periodontitis with gingival bleeding and suppuration, corresponding to the advanced periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease, stage IV, grade C. All three PLS sisters presented hyposalivation as a possible secondary outcome of the syndrome. Interestingly, PLST salivary microbiota was dominated by the uncultured bacteriaBacterioidales(F0058),Fusobacterium,Treponema, andSulfophobococcus(Archaeadomain).Streptococcus,Haemophilus, andCaldivirga(Archaea) dominated the microbiome of the PLSTL1 sister, while the PLSTL2 had higher abundances ofLactobacillusandPorphyromonas. This study was the first to show a high abundance of organisms belonging to theArchaeadomain comprising a core microbiome in human saliva. In conclusion, a PLST individual does have a microbiota different from that of the periodontitis’ aggressiveness previously recognized. Due to an ineffective cathepsin C, the impairment of neutrophils probably provided a favorable environment for the PLS microbiome. The interactions ofBacteroidalesF0058,Caldivirga, andSulfophobococcuswith the microbial consortium of PLS deserves future investigation. Traditional periodontal therapy is not efficient in PLS patients. Unraveling the PLS microbiome is essential in searching for appropriate treatment and avoiding early tooth loss.
Impaired B Cell Apoptosis Results in Autoimmunity That Is Alleviated by Ablation of Btk
Authors: Wright Jacqueline A. , Bazile Cassandra , Clark Emily S. , Carlesso Gianluca , Boucher Justin , Kleiman Eden , Mahmoud Tamer , Cheng Lily I. , López-Rodríguez Darlah M. , Satterthwaite Anne B. , Altman Norman H. , Greidinger Eric L. , Khan Wasif N.
Published: August 2021

While apoptosis plays a role in B-cell self-tolerance, its significance in preventing autoimmunity remains unclear. Here, we report that dysregulated B cell apoptosis leads to delayed onset autoimmune phenotype in mice. Our longitudinal studies revealed that mice with B cell-specific deletion of pro-apoptotic Bim (BBimfl/fl) have an expanded B cell compartment with a notable increase in transitional, antibody secreting and recently described double negative (DN) B cells. They develop greater hypergammaglobulinemia than mice lacking Bim in all cells and accumulate several autoantibodies characteristic of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and related Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) including anti-nuclear, anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB at a level comparable to NODH2h4 autoimmune mouse model. Furthermore, lymphocytes infiltrated the tissues including submandibular glands and formed follicle-like structures populated with B cells, plasma cells and T follicular helper cells indicative of ongoing immune reaction. This autoimmunity was ameliorated upon deletion of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene, which encodes a key B cell signaling protein. These studies suggest that Bim-mediated apoptosis suppresses and B cell tyrosine kinase signaling promotes B cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Strategies to Overcome Failures in T-Cell Immunotherapies by Targeting PI3K-δ and –γ
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sanjay , Funk Christopher Ronald , Kleber Troy , Paulos Chrystal M. , Shanmugam Mala , Waller Edmund K.
Published: August 2021

PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ are critical regulators of T-cell differentiation, senescence, and metabolism. PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ signaling can contribute to T-cell inhibitionviaintrinsic mechanisms and regulation of suppressor cell populations, including regulatory T-cells and myeloid derived suppressor cells in the tumor. We examine an exciting new role for using selective inhibitors of the PI3K δ- and γ-isoforms as modulators of T-cell phenotype and function in immunotherapy. Herein we review the current literature on the implications of PI3K-δ and -γ inhibition in T-cell biology, discuss existing challenges in adoptive T-cell therapies and checkpoint blockade inhibitors, and highlight ongoing efforts and future directions to incorporate PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ as synergistic T-cell modulators in immunotherapy.
Digital Implementation of Oscillatory Neural Network for Image Recognition Applications
Authors: Abernot Madeleine , Gil Thierry , Jiménez Manuel , Núñez Juan , Avellido María J. , Linares-Barranco Bernabé , Gonos Théophile , Hardelin Tanguy , Todri-Sanial Aida
Published: August 2021

Computing paradigm based on von Neuman architectures cannot keep up with the ever-increasing data growth (also called “data deluge gap”). This has resulted in investigating novel computing paradigms and design approaches at all levels from materials to system-level implementations and applications. An alternative computing approach based on artificial neural networks uses oscillators to compute or Oscillatory Neural Networks (ONNs). ONNs can perform computations efficiently and can be used to build a more extensive neuromorphic system. Here, we address a fundamental problem: can we efficiently perform artificial intelligence applications with ONNs? We present a digital ONN implementation to show a proof-of-concept of the ONN approach of “computing-in-phase” for pattern recognition applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to implement an FPGA-based fully-digital ONN. We report ONN accuracy, training, inference, memory capacity, operating frequency, hardware resources based on simulations and implementations of 5 × 3 and 10 × 6 ONNs. We present the digital ONN implementation on FPGA for pattern recognition applications such as performing digits recognition from a camera stream. We discuss practical challenges and future directions in implementing digital ONN.
The Association Between Hippocampal Volume and Level of Attention in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Kim Tae-Hyeong , Choi Eunhye , Kim Hayeon , Kim Shin-Young , Kim Yeeun , Kim Bung-Nyun , Park Subin , Jung Kyu-In , Park Bumhee , Park Min-Hyeon
Published: August 2021

The hippocampus, which engages in the process of consolidating long-term memories and learning, shows active development during childhood and adolescence. The hippocampus also functionally influences attention. Based on the influence of hippocampal function on attention, it was expected that the volume of the hippocampus would be associated with the difference in attention during childhood and adolescence, in which the brain develops actively. Thus, this study examined the association between hippocampal volume and attention metrics measured by the continuous performance test (CPT) in 115 children and adolescents (mean age = 12.43 ± 3.0, 63 male and 52 female). In association studies with both auditory and visual attention, we found that the bilateral hippocampal volumes showed negative relationships with auditory omission errors. A smaller volume of the left hippocampus also led to a longer auditory response time. However, visual attention did not show any significant relationship with the hippocampal volume. These findings were consistent even after adjusting for the effects of the related covariates (e.g., age, insomnia, and depression). Taken together, this study suggested that the increase in hippocampal volume during childhood and adolescence was associated significantly with better auditory attention.
Cytotoxic Effects of Hellebrigenin and Arenobufagin Against Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhang Yu , Yuan Bo , Bian Baolin , Zhao Haiyu , Kiyomi Anna , Hayashi Hideki , Iwatani Yui , Sugiura Munetoshi , Takagi Norio
Published: August 2021

Development of new therapeutic strategies for breast cancer is urgently needed due to the sustained emergence of drug resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis. To gain a novel insight into therapeutic approaches to fight against breast cancer, the cytocidal effects of hellebrigenin (Helle) and arenobufagin (Areno) were investigated in human estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Helle exhibited more potent cytotoxicity than Areno in both cancer cells, and MCF-7 cells were more susceptible to both drugs in comparison with MDA-MB-231 cells. Apoptotic-like morphological characteristics, along with the downregulation of the expression level of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and the upregulation of the expression level of Bad, were observed in Helle-treated MCF-7 cells. Helle also caused the activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, along with the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in MCF-7 cells. Helle-mediated necrosis-like phenotype, as evidenced by the increased propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells was further observed. G2/M cell cycle arrest was also induced by Helle in the cells. Upregulation of the expression level of p21 and downregulation of the expression level of cyclin D1, cyclin E1, cdc25C and survivin were observed in MCF-7 cells treated with Helle and occurred in parallel with G2/M arrest. Autophagy was triggered in MCF-7 cells and the addition of wortmannin or 3-MA, two well-known autophagy inhibitors, slightly but significantly rescued the cells. Furthermore, similar alterations of some key molecules associated with the aforementioned biological phenomena were observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Intriguingly, the numbers of PI-positive cells in Helle-treated MCF-7 cells were significantly reduced by wortmannin and 3-MA, respectively. In addition, Helle-triggered G2/M arrest was significantly corrected by wortmannin, suggesting autophagy induction contributed to Helle-induced cytotoxicity of breast cancer cells by modulating necrosis and cell cycle arrest. Collectively, our results suggested potential usefulness of both Helle and Areno in developing therapeutic strategies to treat patients with different types of breast cancer, especially ER-positive breast cancer.
Prognostic Impact of Sarcopenia on Clinical Outcomes in Malignancies Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Li Shuluan , Wang Tianyu , Tong Gangling , Li Xiaoyu , You Danhui , Cong Minghua
Published: August 2021

Background

The effect of sarcopenia on the clinical outcomes of patients with malignant neoplasms receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect and survival of patients with malignancies and sarcopenia receiving ICIs.

Methods

We systematically searched related studies in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to March 2021 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Information pertaining to the hazard ratio (HR) corresponding to 95% confidence interval (CI) of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) as determined by univariate and multivariate analyses; the odds ratio (OR) corresponding to the 95% CI of the disease control rate (DCR) and objective response rate (ORR); and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) was collected and analyzed using the RevMan 5.4 software. Study heterogeneity and sensitivity were also assessed.

Results

A total of 19 studies were finalized that included 1763patients with lung, gastrointestinal, and head and neck cancers as well as those with melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma. According to univariate and multivariate analyses, patients with sarcopenia at pre-immunotherapy had poorer PFS and OS than those without. HRs and the corresponding 95% CI of PFS were 1.91(1.55–2.34, p <0.00001) and 1.46 (1.20–1.78, p =0.0001), respectively, and HRs and the corresponding 95% CI of OS were 1.78 (1.47–2.14, p <0.00001) and 1.73 (1.36–2.19, p <0.0001), respectively. Patients with sarcopenia showed poor PFS and OS during treatment. In addition, patients with sarcopenia had worse ORR (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28–0.74, p = 0.001) and DCR (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.31–0.64, p<0.0001); however, the incidence of irAEs of any grade and high-grade in patients with sarcopenia did not increase, OR and the corresponding 95% CI were 0.58(0.30–1.12, p = 0.10) and 0.46(0.19–1.09, p = 0.08). Further, we performed subgroup analysis, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and psoas muscle mass index (PMI) stratification. In the SMI group, patients with sarcopenia had poor ORR, DCR, PFS, and OS than those without. In the PMI group, sarcopenia had poor ORR,DCR, and was a poor prognostic factor for PFS and OS according to univariate analysis but had no effect on PFS and OS according to multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Patients with malignancies and sarcopenia at pre-immunotherapy or follow-up visits had poorer clinical outcomes than those without, and sarcopenia was a poor predictive factor of ICI immunotherapy outcomes.
Feeling Socially Connected and Focusing on Growth: Relationships With Wellbeing During a Major Holiday in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Vaughn Leigh Ann , Burkins Patricia G. , Chalachan Rachael D. , Judd Janak K. , Garvey Chase A. , Luginsland John W.
Published: August 2021

Numerous major holidays celebrate socially gathering in person. However, in major holidays that happened during the pandemic, desires to nurture relationships and maintain holiday traditions often conflicted with physical distancing and other measures to protect against COVID-19. The current research sought to understand wellbeing during American Thanksgiving in 2020, which happened 8months into the COVID-19 pandemic, after months of physical distancing and stay-at-home orders. American Thanksgiving is a major holiday not limited to any religion. We asked 404 American adults how they spent Thanksgiving Day and to report on their experiences of that day. Predictors of wellbeing that we drew from self-determination theory were satisfaction of the fundamental needs for social connection (relatedness), for doing what one really wants (autonomy), and feeling effective (competence). The predictors of wellbeing that we drew from regulatory focus theory were a focus on growth (promotion), and a focus on security (prevention). We found that feeling socially connected and focusing on growth related most strongly to wellbeing. Additionally, participants who saw even one other person face-to-face reported significantly higher relatedness satisfaction, promotion focus, and wellbeing than those who did not. Our research could help construct persuasive messages that encourage nurturing close relationships at major holidays while remaining safe against the virus.
Investigating the Consequences of the Socio-Instrumental Use of Enterprise Social Media on Employee Work Efficiency: A Work-Stress Environment
Authors: Wu Shuhui , Pitafi Abdul Hameed , Pitafi Sheena , Ren Minglun
Published: August 2021

Enterprise social media (ESM) has been widely adopted by firms for employee work-related communication. However, it is still debatable how such usage benefits work stress and employee work efficiency. Applying the transactional theory of stress, this study examined the impact of resilience as a moderator on the link between work stressors and individual work efficiency. A total of 285 entries were used to analyze the proposed hypothesis, using structural equation modeling (SEM) technique and hierarchical regression analysis on SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 software. According to the findings, ESM use has a considerable impact on work stresses (challenge and hindrance). The findings also revealed that challenge stressors have a beneficial influence on employee work efficiency, while hindrance stressors have a negative impact on it. Furthermore, the results also indicated that resilience strengthens the positive relationship between challenge-stressed employees and work efficiency. However, the findings also revealed that resilience reduces the negative association between hindrance-stress and work efficiency. Finally, the author also explored the study's implications for theory and management.
Kids on the Autism Spectrum and Their Siblings
Authors: Rum Yonat , Dromi Esther
Published: August 2021

Siblings play and enjoy together, and also have conflicts and quarrels. This way, they teach each other important things, mostly how to communicate with others. Kids on the autism spectrum have challenges in social communication, acquiring social skills, and applying them. Therefore, many researchers were interested in negative influences that children on the autism spectrum could have on the sibling relationship in the family. Other researchers were interested in the positive aspects of these relationships. In this paper, we review aspects unique to relationships between kids on the autism spectrum and their siblings.
Laparoscopic Orthotopic Kidney Transplantation in Swine: A Novel Vascular Prop Device for Venous Anastomoses
Authors: Zhang Peng , Han Xiu-wu , Zhang Xin , Zhu Xu-hui , Li Tao , Li Yan-sheng , Chen Yuan-hao , Li Gao , Han Long-xi , Zhang Rong-jie
Published: August 2021

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of a vascular prop device for laparoscopic orthotopic kidney transplantation (LOKT) in swine.

Material and Methods: Twenty swine were randomly divided into two groups. A vascular prop device was used in the observation (VP) group, and the vein beltization technique was used in the control (VB) group. The right kidney, as a donor graft, was laparoscopically transplanted to the location of the left kidney after a left nephrectomy. Data on the operative time, venous anastomotic time, vein stenosis, etc., and the survival of the swine in the two groups were recorded.

Results: The mean transplant operative time, the mean cold ischemia time, and the venous anastomotic times in the VP group were significantly shorter than those in the VB group. Seven swine in the VP group and three swine in the VB group survived for 7 days. Autopsy results showed the occurrence of one artery stenosis and one vein stenosis in the VP group and one artery stenosis and five vein stenoses in the VB group. The median survival time was 6.25 days for the swine in the VP group and 4.40 days for those in the VB group.

Conclusions: The vascular prop device is safe and feasible for LOKT in swine and may accelerate venous anastomosis and ensure the quality of venous anastomotic stoma.
Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty With the Use of Restricted Kinematic Alignment Protocol: Surgical Technique and Initial Results
Authors: Kostretzis Lazaros , Roby Gabriel Bouchard , Martinov Sagi , Kiss Marc-Olivier , Barry Janie , Vendittoli Pascal-André
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Kinematic alignment (KA) for primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been shown to provide equivalent or better results to mechanical alignment (MA). The use of KA in revision TKA to restore the individual knee anatomy, kinematics, and soft-tissue balance, has not been documented yet. The purpose of this study is to describe the technique for performing TKA revision using the restricted KA (rKA) protocol and to report (1) rerevision rate and adverse events, (2) patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and (3) radiological signs of implant dysfunction related to this technique.

Methods: The rKA protocol was used in 43 selected TKA revisions cases suitable for the technique. Adverse events, reoperation, revision, and their causes were recorded. In addition, PROMs assessed by WOMAC score and radiographic evaluation to identify signs of implant dysfunction were documented at last follow-up.

Results: After a mean follow-up of 4.0 years (0.9–7.7, ±2), only one rerevision (2.3%) was required for persisting instability (polyethylene liner exchange from posterior stabilized to a semi-constrained). Short-cemented stems were used for both the femur and tibia in 28 (65%) cases, for the femur alone in 13 (30%) cases, and no stems in two cases. In 31 (72%) cases, a standard posterior stabilized tibial insert was used, while 12 (28%) cases required a semi-constrained insert. The mean WOMAC score was 34.4 (0–80, ±21.7). Mean postoperative arithmetic hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) was 0.8° varus (from 5° varus to 4° valgus), mean mechanical distal femoral angle was 1.7° valgus (from 2° varus to 5° valgus), and mean mechanical tibia proximal angle was 2.2° varus (from 5° varus to 1° valgus). No radiological evidence of aseptic loosening or periprosthetic radiolucencies were identified.

Conclusion: Although current revision TKA implants are not ideal for revision TKA performed with rKA, they are an appealing alternative to MA, especially in cases of early, non-wear-related, unsuccessful MA TKAs. rKA TKA revision using short-cemented stems in conjunction with meticulous preoperative planning is safe in the mid-term.

Level of evidence: IV
The Northern Ireland Control Programmes for Infectious Cattle Diseases Not Regulated by the EU
Authors: Strain Sam , Verner Sharon , Campbell Emma , Hodnik Jaka Jakob , Santman-Berends I. M. G. A.
Published: August 2021

The disease control programmes for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Johne's Disease (JD), Leptospirosis and Neosporosis are described including the approved diagnostic tools, diagnostic quality systems, and the role of vaccination (where appropriate). This paper describes the control programmes within NI, the challenges relating them, as well as assessing their impact and effectiveness, taking into consideration the quality of data available and number of herds participating. With the NI agricultural industry experiencing increasing financial pressures and post Brexit changes, the necessity of working to maximise the performance of bovine disease control programmes at the individual farm level as well as at the regional level is increasingly important. The programmes described fall into two categories with two distinct aims. Two managed by Animal Health & Welfare NI (AHWNI), the BVD eradication and JD Dairy Control programmes seek to eradicate or control infection at the regional level. A further 5 programmes, covering BVD, JD, IBR, Leptospirosis and Neosporosis, are managed by the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) and focus on facilitating eradication or control at the individual herd level. These latter programmes conform to the Cattle Health Certification Standards (UK) (CHeCS) which is a UK self-regulatory body set up to ensure consistency between different disease control schemes across herds. The largest of all the programmes described is the AHWNI BVD Eradication Programme which has led to significant reductions in infection incidence. Compliance with it has been high with more than 97% of all cattle alive at the end of 2020 having a BVD test status. The rolling annual incidence of BVD virus positive calves has fallen by 56% since the start of the compulsory programme in 2016. This decrease has occurred largely through industry initiatives to deal with BVD positives, including the voluntary culling of persistently infected (PI) animals by herd owners, a voluntary abattoir ban on the slaughter of BVD virus (BVDv) positive animals, and the inclusion of retention of a BVDv positive animal as a non-conformance in the industry-run Farm Quality Assurance Scheme.
Assessing the Effects of Directive 2014/95/EU on Nonfinancial Information Reporting: Evidence from Italian and Spanish Listed Companies
Authors: Posadas Stefanía Carolina , Tarquinio Lara
Published: August 2021

This paper explored the effects of new regulation on the disclosure of NFI in two European countries, Italy and Spain. The method used to develop the analysis is mainly qualitative. Content analysis was performed to verify the sustainability indicators disclosed by Italian and Spanish companies, listed on the FTSE MIB and IBEX 35 Indexes, before and after the Directive’s publication and implementation in national legislation. The level of NFI disclosure was scored using a disclosure index. The comparative analysis found a progressive reduction in disclosure levels for Italian companies compared with Spanish companies, for which an expansion of the disclosure was detected. Moreover, a reduced gap between the quantity of NFI reported in the two countries was found. This is one of the few studies to use a 3-year longitudinal analysis to investigate the EU Directive’s impact at the cross-country level.
Identifying New Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Validating Markers for the CMD2 Locus
Authors: Thuy Cu Thi Le , Lopez-Lavalle Luis Augusto Becerra , Vu Nguyen Anh , Hy Nguyen Huu , Nhan Pham Thi , Ceballos Hernan , Newby Jonathan , Tung Nguyen Ba , Hien Nguyen Trong , Tuan Le Ngoc , Hung Nguyen , Hanh Nguyen Thi , Trang Do Thi , Ha Pham Thi Thu , Ham Le Huy , Hoi Pham Xuan , Quynh Do Thi Nhu , Rabbi Ismail Y. , Kulakow Peter A. , Zhang Xiaofei
Published: August 2021

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a crucial staple crop, and provides carbohydrate energy to more than half a billion people in the tropics. Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is the most important disease of cassava in Africa. Since Sri Lanka Cassava Mosaic Virus (SLCMV) was first reported in South East Asia in 2015, establishing sustainable solutions to CMD has become a top priority for the cassava program at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and its partners. In the present study, we screened two populations for CMD resistance: VNM142, 142 clones collected from farms throughout Vietnam, and CIAT102, 102 clones resistant to CMD or mites, which were introduced from CIAT. High broad-sense heritability was observed in all the trials (>0.80). From the population VNM142, eight clones showed high CMD resistance with CMD severity scores less than 2.0. Two resistant clones had the same DNA fingerprinting with the accessions CR63 (PER262 or TAI9) and KM57 (VNM8) in the genebank, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMD resistance in the genebank at CIAT. We also used the two populations to validate the CMD markers S12_7926132 and S14_4626854. Both markers explained 51% of the population variance in the segregating population CIAT102, but only 11% in the diverse population VNM142. Thus, we concluded that the two CMD markers could not be used to select for CMD resistance in diverse populations, but could predict the CMD resistance in segregating populations when the susceptible parents do not have resistant marker alleles and the resistance of the CMD2 donors is confirmed.
Improvements in Plant Morphology Facilitating Progressive Yield Increases of japonica Inbred Rice since the 1980s in East China
Authors: Meng Tianyao , Ge Jialin , Zhang Xubin , Chen Xi , Zhou Guisheng , Wei Huanhe
Published: August 2021

Grain yield was greatly increased during the genetic improvement of japonica inbred rice since the 1980s in Jiangsu, east China; thus, an improved plant morphology should be expected, considering that plant morphology is a decisive factor determining grain yield. Twelve representative japonica inbred rice released from 1983 to 2013 were grown in the same fields in 2019 and 2020. Grain yield increased (p < 0.01) at 63.3 kg ha−1 year−1 across 2 years among rice cultivars released in different periods. The genetic improvement in grain yield was associated with increased spikelets per panicle. Single panicle weight, number of primary and secondary branches, and number of grains on primary and secondary branches were all increased with a year of release. Generally, the width of top three leaves positively correlated (while angle of top three leaves and light extinction coefficient negatively) correlated (p < 0.01) with year of release. Leaf area per tiller and leaf area index at heading and maturity, specific leaf weight, leaf photosynthetic rate, and SPAD values after heading were all increased linearly with year of release. Plant height exhibited a positive (p < 0.01) trend with year of release, as well as stem weight per tiller and K and Si concentrations of stem. Spikelets per panicle, width of top three leaves, plant height, and leaf area index, and specific leaf weight after heading positively correlated (while angle of top three leaves and light extinction coefficient negatively) correlated (p < 0.01) with grain yield and single panicle weight. Our results suggested that modern japonica inbred rice exhibited expanded sink size by spikelets per panicle, higher leaf area through leaf width, optimized leaf photosynthetic capacity, lower leaf angle and light extinction coefficient, and enhanced stem strength. These improved plant morphologies facilitated yield increases of japonica inbred rice since the 1980s in east China.