bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence‐based motion tracking in cancer radiotherapy: A review
Authors: Salari Elahheh , Wang Jing , Wynne Jacob Frank , Chang Chih‐Wei , Wu Yizhou , Yang Xiaofeng
Published: August 2024

Radiotherapy aims to deliver a prescribed dose to the tumor while sparing neighboring organs at risk (OARs). Increasingly complex treatment techniques such as volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and proton therapy have been developed to deliver doses more precisely to the target. While such technologies have improved dose delivery, the implementation of intra‐fraction motion management to verify tumor position at the time of treatment has become increasingly relevant. Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently demonstrated great potential for real‐time tracking of tumors during treatment. However, AI‐based motion management faces several challenges, including bias in training data, poor transparency, difficult data collection, complex workflows and quality assurance, and limited sample sizes. This review presents the AI algorithms used for chest, abdomen, and pelvic tumor motion management/tracking for radiotherapy and provides a literature summary on the topic. We will also discuss the limitations of these AI‐based studies and propose potential improvements.
Profilometry‐Based Indentation Plastometry at High Temperature
Authors: Tammpere Hannes , McKeown Phil , Miller James , Fang Chizhou , Curtis Emily , Gaiser‐Porter Marcus , Burley Max , Campbell James , Artiles Maria , Tang Yuanbo , Utada Satoshi , Reed Roger , Clyne Trevor
Published: August 2024

This is a first report on profilometry‐based indentation plastometry (PIP) at high temperature (HT), covering both thermal characterization and issues for obtaining stress–strain curves. The heating system has a relatively low thermal inertia, reaching 800 °C within about 10 min, while both indentation (≈20 s) and cooling (≈20 min) are also quick. This capability is useful in terms of limiting exposure of the sample to prolonged periods at HT, and hence avoiding the formation of thick oxide layers (which can affect indent profiles and hence inferred stress–strain curves). There is good general consistency between stress–strain curves obtained via HT‐PIP and those from tensile testing. However, the possibility of creep (time‐dependent deformation) affecting the outcomes (of both types of test), particularly at higher temperatures, should be borne in mind. Creep has a characteristic effect on tensile curves, which can often be confirmed and investigated by changing the imposed strain rate. It can also be revealed by carrying out the HT‐PIP testing with different penetration velocities or by monitoring the shape of the load–displacement plot.
Tribological Behavior and In‐Vitro Biocompatibility of a Newly Designed TiZrNbMoTa High‐Entropy Alloy
Authors: Rajabi Elham , Dehghani Kamran , Shahmir Hamed
Published: August 2024

A novel Ti35Zr15Nb25Mo15Ta10 high‐entropy alloy has been designed, fabricated, and characterized as a viable substitute for the conventional Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy in biomaterial applications. Alloy design is conducted based on various parameters including mixing enthalpy (ΔHmix), omega parameter (Ω), delta parameter (δ), valence electron concentration (VEC), and biocompatibility aspects of its constituent elements with CALPHAD approach. The fabricated Ti35Zr15Nb25Mo15Ta10 alloy demonstrated a body‐centered‐cubic (BCC) solid solution phase with no evidence of intermetallics. Nanoindentation investigations exhibited high hardness of ≈5.1 GPa and a young modulus of ≈140 GPa. The alloy proposed better surface properties and tribological behaviour in comparison with the Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy in dry and wet (under PBS solution) conditions. Furthermore, the newly designed alloy revealed promising behaviour after investigation of in‐vitro biocompatibility compared to the Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy. These initial benefits of the Ti35Zr15Nb25Mo15Ta10 alloy concerning mechanical properties and wear resistance over the conventional Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy present an avenue for exploring novel orthopedic implant alloys.
In‐Plane Crashworthiness of Gradient Curved‐Walled Honeycombs: Experimental, Numerical Simulation, and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Yang Kuijian , Ke Zetao , Li Zekai , Ge Dejun , Yao Yingkang
Published: August 2024

Honeycombs are widely used in engineering protection, while the gap between peak and mean stresses remains to be narrowed, and the interaction effects among walls are weak. To break these limits, gradient curved‐walled honeycombs have been proposed recently. However, their in‐plane crashworthiness has never been studied, which restricts the actual applications in complex load environment. For this purpose, this article adopts experiments, finite‐element simulations, and theoretical analysis to reveal in‐plane crash performance of gradient curved‐walled honeycombs. Quasistatic and dynamic experiments are carried out for 3D‐printed honeycomb specimens made of 316L stainless steel, and numerical simulations are conducted by ABAQUS/Explicit. Compared to traditional straight‐ and curved‐walled honeycombs, gradient curved‐walled honeycombs display stabler deformation mode and more efficient mechanical response. Their EA and SEA are respectively 25.5% and 6.4% larger than straight‐walled honeycombs, and their energy absorption and force efficiencies are nearly 2.4 and 5.3 times larger, respectively. On this basis, plastic hinge model with high accuracy has been established, to derive the analytical solutions of their force–displacement relations. This work extends the comprehensive properties and application prospects of gradient curved‐walled honeycombs and sets an example to develop plastic hinge analysis with effective simplification and desirable accuracy on complex‐shaped structures.
Joint Microstructure and Performance of Brazing Si3N4‐MoSi2 Composites to Nb with AgCuTi and AgCuTi+MoSi2p Active Fillers
Authors: Fang Miaomiao , Wang Ying , Shan Wenyu , Yang Zhenwen
Published: August 2024

MoSi2 particle (MoSi2p), the component of Si3N4‐MoSi2 composites, is added into an AgCuTi filler to strengthen the interface bonding without bringing new elements into the Nb/Si3N4‐MoSi2 brazed joint. In this new brazing system, microstructure evolution and strength of Nb/Si3N4‐MoSi2 joints as a function of brazing temperature and holding time, as well as MoSi2p content, are investigated. With an AgCuTi filler, the reaction of active Ti and Si3N4‐MoSi2 forms a composite layer consisting of Mo5Si3, TiN, and Ti5Si3 at the interface. The extensive growth of the layer is observed from 1.9 μm at 860 °C to 5.0 μm at 920 °C, and from 1.3 μm for 5 min to 4.6 μm for 20 min as the chemical reactions between Ti and Si3N4‐MoSi2 are more sufficient. Adding 6 wt% MoSi2p to the filler, the joints exhibit a peak shear strength of 154 MPa, an increase of 20% over that of a commercial AgCuTi filler, with the fracture path changing from the Si3N4‐MoSi2 to the brazing seam. The enhancement of the joint is attributed to the reinforcement of the seam by in situ reaction of the dispersed MoSi2p with Ti, refining the microstructure and reducing the thickness of the Mo5Si3+TiN+Ti5Si3 reaction layer.
Advancements in the Synthesis and Application Research of Structural Color Photonic Crystal Inks
Authors: Zhang Peiyi , Xin Hua , Wang YaQi , Li Yuan , Zhu ZhuoYi
Published: August 2024

Photonic crystals enable further manipulation of light at the nanometer scale, and the preparation of photonic crystal inks becomes a novel approach in achieving multifunctional and customizable light manipulation. The unique physical structure of photonic crystals exhibits special structural colors, which find wide applications in fields such as displays, sensors, information storage and anti‐counterfeiting measures, printing, and biomedicine. Compared to traditional dye‐based inks containing chemical pigments, photonic crystal inks not only maintain vibrant colors for longer durations but also significantly reduce environmental harm. This article introduces the basic characteristics of photonic crystal inks, summarizes recent synthetic methods of some inks, and finally concludes with an overview and prospects of the applications and development directions of photonic crystal inks.
Microwave Hyperthermia Technology Based on Near‐Field Focused Metasurfaces: Design and Implementation
Authors: Xiong Han , Xie Jin‐Yun , Liu Yu‐Jie , Wang Ben‐Xin , Xiao Dong‐Ping , Zhang Huai‐Qing
Published: August 2024

This paper presents a near‐field focused metasurface design method for microwave hyperthermia. Utilizing full‐wave electromagnetic simulation, a novel dual‐layer metasurface unit with the following characteristics is developed: transmission efficiency higher than −1 dB, adjustable transmission phase from 0° to 360°, and insensitivity to the polarization and incident angle of the incoming wave. Leveraging phase compensation theory, the units at different positions in the array to achieve near‐field focusing functionality is meticulously designed. To further optimize transmission efficiency, the transmission phase of the central unit of the metasurface to 76° is tuned. When applying this near‐field focused metasurface to microwave hyperthermia, the electromagnetic and thermal effects in biological tissues is conducted simulations and experiments to analyzed. The results demonstrate that the proposed metasurface can effectively focus microwave energy, achieving efficient microwave transmission in pork tissue and generating localized high temperatures in the target area. This research introduces new design concepts and implementation strategies for the development of microwave hyperthermia technology.
Kesterite‐Type Narrow Bandgap Piezoelectric Catalysts for Highly Efficient Piezocatalytic Fenton System
Authors: Zhang Manqi , Wang Kai , Han Chen , Zhang Ming , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Dong Tianbao , Liu Lihong , Wang Shaobin , Liu Shaomin
Published: August 2024

Piezocatalytic Fenton (PF) system emerges as a promising approach to wastewater treatment by leveraging piezocatalysis to enhance Fenton‐like reactions. However, conventional piezocatalysts encounter challenges because they often compromise catalytic properties in biased favor of superior piezoelectricity, resulting in sluggish catalytic kinetics. To tackle this trade‐off, here a novel class of kesterite‐type narrow bandgap piezoelectrics, Cu2XSnS4 (CXTS, X = Zn, Ni, Co), is developed for PF reactions, which exhibit a unique combination of physicochemical attributes favorable for catalysis such as narrow bandgap (1.2–1.5 eV), high free charge density (1 × 1018 cm−3), mobility, and redox activity while retaining excellent piezoelectricity (62–142 pm V−1). With the well‐balanced piezoelectric, semiconducting, and catalytic properties, CXTS‐based PF systems demonstrate outstanding performance for tetracycline degradation, delivering a notable reaction kinetics of 0.34 min−1 only with a minor H2O2 dosage (1.2 mm), outperforming most of the conventional Fenton‐like reactions requiring a large amount H2O2 dosage by a factor up to 10. Such a remarkable performance is fulfilled by the simultaneously effective H2O2 activation and in situ generation of reactive oxygen species from oxygen and water via piezocatalysis. Additionally, the distinctive hierarchical morphology consisting of 2D nanosheets enables easy crystal domain deformation to trigger the piezoelectric effect, thereby drastically reducing the mechanical energy input required to drive redox reactions. Rigorous testing has validated the viability and practical feasibility of this system. The study offers a new design strategy for highly efficient piezocatalysts in the PF systems, enabling a cost‐effective and sustainable water treatment approach.
Dimensional Self‐Assembled Magnetic Coupling via Embedding Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles in Multi‐Channel Fibers for Microwave Absorption
Authors: Wang Xiangyu , Lv Xiaowei , Zhang Ruixuan , Yang XiaoFen , Dai Rong , You Wenbin , Lai Yuxiang , Che Renchao
Published: August 2024

1D magnetic fibers with significant morphological diversity and magnetic anisotropy are highly desirable for optimizing magnetic properties and electromagnetic responsiveness. However, it remains challenging for the precise control over internal magnetic interactions within each fiber. Herein, a strategy for self‐assembled magnetic coupling is taken to achieve the controllable reconstruction of continuous multiple coupling networks within a single fiber. High‐density ultrafine cobalt nanoparticles are uniformly embedded inside a carbon framework with a 1D multi‐channel structure (Co@MCF). This structure establishes a complex magnetic response system characterized by inherent inter‐fiber interactions and refined intra‐fiber self‐assembling coupling. The distinctive distribution of magnetic flux lines demonstrates enhanced magnetic sensitivity. This results in a minimum reflection loss of −57.65 dB and a broadband absorption frequency range of 7.28 GHz at 1.9 mm, effectively covers the entire Ku band and a substantial portion of the X band. The multi‐channel structure enhances the understanding of the relationship between microstructure and performance in magnetic fibers. Additionally, it positions Co@MCF as a highly competitive candidate for microwave absorption applications.
Above‐Room‐Temperature Ferroelectricity and Giant Second Harmonic Generation in 1D vdW NbOI3
Authors: Fang Yuqiang , Liu Yue , Yang Niuzhuang , Wang Gang , He Wen , Zhou Xinyi , Xia Shian , Wang Dong , Fu Jierui , Wang Jiapeng , Ding Yang , Yu Ting , Xu Chengyan , Zhen Liang , Lin Junhao , Gou Gaoyang , Li Yang , Huang Fuqiang
Published: August 2024

The realization of spontaneous ferroelectricity down to the one‐dimensional (1D) limit is both fundamentally intriguing and practically appealing for high‐density ferroelectric and nonlinear photonics. However, the 1D vdW ferroelectric materials are not discovered experimentally yet. Here, the first 1D vdW ferroelectric compound NbOI3 with a high Curie temperature TC > 450 K and giant second harmonic generation (SHG) is reported. The 1D crystalline chain structure of the NbOI3 is revealed by cryo‐electron microscopy, whereas the 1D ferroelectric order originated from the Nb displacement along the Nb‐O chain (b‐axis) is confirmed via obvious electrical and ferroelectric hysteresis loops. Impressively, NbOI3 exhibits a giant SHG susceptibility up to 1572 pm V−1 at a fundamental wavelength of 810 nm, and a further enhanced SHG susceptibility of 5582 pm V−1 under the applied hydrostatic pressure of 2.06 GPa. Combing in situ pressure‐dependent X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectra measurements, and first‐principles calculations, it is demonstrated that the O atoms shift along the Nb─O atomic chain under compression, which can lead to the increased Baur distortion of [NbO2I4] octahedra, and hence induces the enhancement of SHG. This work provides a 1D vdW ferroelectric system for developing novel ferroelectronic and photonic devices.
Fluid‐Induced Piezoelectric Field Enhancing Photo‐Assisted Zn–Air Batteries Based on a Fe@P(V‐T) Microhelical Cathode
Authors: Liang Shuang , Song Li‐Na , Wang Xiao‐Xue , Wang Yi‐Feng , Wu Jia‐Yi , Wang Huan‐Feng , Xu Ji‐Jing
Published: August 2024

Photo‐assisted Zn–air batteries can accelerate the kinetics of oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions (ORR/OER); however, challenges such as rapid charge carrier recombination and continuous electrolyte evaporation remain. Herein, for the first time, piezoelectric catalysis is introduced in a photo‐assisted Zn–air battery to improve carrier separation capability and accelerate the ORR/OER kinetics of the photoelectric cathode. The designed microhelical catalyst exploits simple harmonic vibrations to regenerate the built‐in electric field continuously. Specifically, in the presence of the low‐frequency kinetic energy that occurs during water flow, the piezoelectric–photocoupling catalyst of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene)@ferric oxide(Fe@P(V‐T)) is periodically deformed, generating a constant reconfiguration of the built‐in electric field that separates photogenerated electrons and holes continuously. Further, on exposure to microvibrations, the gap between the charge and discharge potentials of the Fe@P(V‐T)‐based photo‐assisted Zn–air battery is reduced by 1.7 times compared to that without piezoelectric assistance, indicating that piezoelectric catalysis is highly effective for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. This study provides a thorough understanding of coupling piezoelectric polarization and photo‐assisted strategy in the field of energy storage and opens a fresh perspective for the investigation of multi‐field coupling‐assisted Zn–air batteries.
Reversible Single‐Pulse Laser‐Induced Phase Change of Sb2S3 Thin Films: Multi‐Physics Modeling and Experimental Demonstrations
Authors: Laprais Capucine , Zrounba Clément , Bouvier Julien , Blanchard Nicholas , Bugnet Matthieu , Gassenq Alban , Gutiérrez Yael , Vazquez‐Miranda Saul , Espinoza Shirly , Thiesen Peter , Bourrellier Romain , Benamrouche Aziz , Baboux Nicolas , Saint‐Girons Guillaume , Berguiga Lotfi , Cueff Sébastien
Published: August 2024

Phase change materials (PCMs) have gained a tremendous interest as a means to actively tune nanophotonic devices through the large optical modulation produced by their amorphous to crystalline reversible transition. Recently, materials such as Sb2S3 emerged as particularly promising low loss PCMs, with both large refractive index modulations and transparency in the visible and near‐infrared. Controlling the local and reversible phase transition in this material is of major importance for future applications, and an appealing method to do so is to exploit pulsed lasers. Yet, the physics and limits involved in the optical switching of Sb2S3 are not yet well understood. Here, the reversible laser‐induced phase transition of Sb2S3 is investigated, focusing specifically on the mechanisms that drive the optically induced amorphization, with multi‐physics considerations including the optical and thermal properties of the PCM and its environment. The laser energy threshold for reversibly changing the phase of the PCM is determined through both theoretical analysis and experimental investigation, not only between fully amorphous and crystalline states but also between partially recrystallized states. Then, the non‐negligible impact of the material's polycrystallinity and anisotropy on the power thresholds for optical switching is revealed. Finally, the challenges related to laser amorphization of thick Sb2S3 layers are addressed, as well as strategies to overcome them. These results enable a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the physics behind the optically‐induced reversible change of phase in Sb2S3 layers.
Enhanced CO₂ Detection Using Potentiometric Sensors Based on PIM‐1/DBU Imidazolate Membranes
Authors: Molino Davide , Ferraro Giuseppe , Lettieri Stefania , Zaccagnini Pietro , Etzi Marco , Astorino Carmela , De Nardo Eugenio , Bartoli Mattia , Lamberti Andrea , Pirri Candido Fabrizio , Bocchini Sergio
Published: August 2024

A novel potentiometric sensor for carbon dioxide (CO2) detection utilizing a composite membrane of Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM‐1) and 18‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene imidazolate (DBU‐imidazolate) is presented. The high surface area and gas permeability of PIM‐1, combined with the chemical affinity and ion‐exchange properties of DBU‐imidazolate, contribute to enhanced CO2 sensitivity and selectivity. The research objectives included the synthesis of PIM‐1 and DBU‐imidazolate, the preparation of composite membranes, and the evaluation of their performance as CO2 sensors. Solvent casting and impregnation methods are employed to prepare the membranes, which are characterized using Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). CO₂ absorption tests and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) are conducted to assess the sensors' performance. The PIM‐1/DBU‐imidazolate membrane exhibited high efficiency in CO₂ capture and release. Open circuit voltage (OCV) measurements are performed under varying concentrations of CO2 exposure and cycles of adsorption/desorption. Results show that the membrane achieves steady state faster at higher CO2 concentrations, with a logarithmic relationship between CO2 concentration and voltage variation, indicating potential for CO2 detection in human environments. These results confirm the sensor's ability to detect varying CO2 concentrations, highlighting its potential for reliable and efficient CO2 monitoring in environmental and industrial applications.
Simulation and Optimization of Hole Transport Layer Performance of Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Qirong , Yang Xiaobo , Zhou Bao , Xie Zaixin , Duan Zhuoqi , Zhao Enming , Hu Yongmao
Published: August 2024

This article employs a combined approach using SCAPS and MS software to screen the cell structure combinations of various cell materials such as MASnI3, FASnI3, TiO2, C60, spiro‐OMeTAD, PTAA, CuI, CuSCN, Cu2O, and NiO. The structure of lead‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs): FTO/TiO2/MASnI3/Cu2O/Au is identified as having the best cell performance. Based on Molecular Dynamics theory, in combination with physical experimental preparation and characterization results, it is found that Cu2O thin films treated with annealing at 388 °C, as the hole transport layer material, can significantly enhance the performance of PSCs. This optimization led to power conversion efficiency (PCE) and fill factor (FF) performance indicators reaching 29.2% and 87.32%, achieving excellent cell performance.
Interfacial Lattice Strain‐Induced Vacancy Evolution Facilitating Highly Reversible Dendrite‐Free Zinc Metal Anodes
Authors: Wang Tian , Xu Liangliang , Xiang Weiwei , Tang Shaocong , Xiao Ya , Yu Jae Su
Published: August 2024

Interfacial stress caused by semi‐coherent and incoherent interfaces during zinc (Zn) plating and its effect on subsequent Zn deposition are important considerations for designing electrode/electrolyte interfaces to improve the electrochemical performance of Zn anodes. Although some studies have paid attention to this issue, the influence of lattice strain induced by Zn ion diffusion in the interface coating on Zn deposition is infrequently discussed. Herein, a tin‐doped indium oxide (ITO) interfacial is constructed, and the evolution of interfacial lattice oxygen to vacancy oxygen (OV) induced by lattice stress generated by Zn ion migration in the interface during Zn deposition is confirmed. The formed OV‐rich ITO interface exhibits strong affinity and a low Zn ion diffusion barrier, accelerating the Zn ion transport kinetics. Meanwhile, the interface layer can appropriately capture anions in the electrolyte and improve the corrosion resistance of the electrode through the electrostatic repulsion effect. As a result, the OV‐rich ITO‐decorated Zn anode achieves stable Zn plating/stripping for more than 4500 h and delivers a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% after 1400 cycles at 1.0 mA cm−2. This work provides a new horizon for the rational construction of the interface layer to achieve a highly reversible dendrite‐free Zn metal anode.
Nitrogen fertilization timing and rate influence N recovery efficiency and rice yield
Authors: Kongchum Manoch , Harrell Dustin L. , Ahmed Aziz , Adotey Nutifafa , Leonards James , Fluitt Jacob
Published: August 2024

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varies with production practices. In drill‐seeded, delayed‐flood production systems, the most common production practice in Louisiana N fertilizer is applied at two application timings. The first application timing is just before the permanent flood is established. The second application is at midseason. Nitrogen fertilization before flooding is critical for maximum N uptake, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), and yield. Field experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2020 to evaluate N timing effects on N uptake, NRE, and rice yield. The rice cultivar CL153 was drill‐seeded into a stale seedbed at a seed rate of 85 kg ha−1. Fertilizer‐N was applied utilizing multiple application timings and rates adding up to a seasonal rate of 155 kg ha−1 across treatments. A single N application 1‐day before flooding significantly increased grain yield in all trials, ranging from 8523 kg ha−1 in 2019 to 11,322 kg ha−1 in 2018. Compared to post‐flood applications, preflood N increased plant height, N uptake, and NRE. Split N application rates and timings after flooding did not impact rice yield or its agronomics, such as height, aboveground biomass, and time of heading. NRE and yield were significantly correlated (r = 0.805; p < 0.001). Our results indicated that a single N application before flooding has the potential to be an alternative option for N management in the drill‐seeded, delayed‐flood rice system.
Developing and Deploying End‐to‐End Machine Learning Systems for Social Impact: A Rubric and Practical Artificial Intelligence Case Studies From African Contexts
Authors: Bainomugisha Engineer , Nakatumba‐Nabende Joyce
Published: August 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have demonstrated the potential to provide solutions to societal challenges, for example, automated crop diagnostics for smallholder farmers, environmental pollution modelling and prediction for cities and machine translation systems for languages that enable information access and communication for segments of the population who are unable to speak or write official languages, among others. Despite the potential of AI, the practical and technical issues related to its development and deployment in the African context are the least documented and understood. The development and deployment of AI for social impact systems in the developing world present new intricacies and requirements emanating from the unique technology and social ecosystems in these settings. This paper provides a rubric for developing and deploying AI systems for social impact with a focus on the African context. The rubric is derived from the analysis of a series of selected real‐world case studies of AI applications in Africa. We assessed the selected AI case studies against the proposed rubric. The rubric and examples of AI applications presented in this paper are expected to contribute to the development and application of AI systems in other African contexts.
Direct Substitution of 2‐Aminotropones with Potassium Allyltrifluoroborates through Transition‐Metal‐Free C−N Bond Cleavage
Authors: Wu Qian‐Qian , Wang Yan , Zhang Muliang , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: August 2024

The poor nucleofugality of the amino group renders the C−N bond functionalization of primary aromatic amines highly challenging. Herein, we report a direct substitution reaction of 2‐aminotropones, bearing a unique non‐benzenoid seven‐membered aromatic ring that exists in some natural products and bioactive molecules, with potassium allyltrifluoroborates through C−N bond cleavage under transition‐metal‐free conditions. The amino group of 2‐aminotropones were directly substituted with potassium allyltrifluoroborates in the presence of sodium bicarbonate, delivering structurally diverse 2‐allyltropones in moderate to good yields. The reaction is free of directing groups, activating groups and transition metals, providing a convenient method to access substituted tropones.
Trauma‐related thyroid storm in adolescents: A case report
Authors: Jinno Atsushi , Bunya Naofumi , Hagiwara Junya , Takao Kai , Sawamoto Keigo , Ishii Akira , Tsugawa Takeshi , Narimatsu Eichi , Tsuji Yoshihisa
Published: August 2024

Background

Because of a scant report, it is little known that thyroid storms can occur after trauma, even in adolescence. Significantly, this increases the risk of delaying diagnosis resulting in life‐threatening.

Case Presentation

A 13‐year‐old girl was admitted to the emergency department after a traffic accident. Despite receiving comprehensive trauma care, the patient developed hyperthermia and tachycardia that did not respond to temperature management therapy. On the 10th day of her admission, she was diagnosed with a thyroid storm. Treatment for thyroid storm was initiated; thereby, her condition was totally improved.

Conclusion

We experienced a case of an adolescent girl, who developed a thyroid storm during the treatment of trauma and could save her life. Clinicians should consider thyroid storm in post‐traumatic hyperthermia and tachycardia patients, even in children.
Two‐Photon Clusteroluminescence Enabled by Through‐Space Conjugation for In Vivo Bioimaging
Authors: Zhang Jianyu , Shen Hanchen , Xiong Zuping , Du Lidong , Li Moxin , Ou Xinwen , Zhu Xinyan , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Liu Tzu‐Ming , Xu Changhuo , Zhang Haoke , Zhong Tang Ben
Published: August 2024

Clusteroluminescence (CL) materials without largely conjugated structures have gained significant attention due to their unique photophysical properties and potential in bioimaging. However, low luminescence efficiency and short emission wavelength limit their development. This work designs three luminogens with CL properties (CLgens) by introducing n‐electron‐involved through‐space conjugation (TSC) into diarylmethane. Apart from single‐photon excited long‐wavelength (686 nm) and high‐efficiency (29 %) CL, two‐photon clusteroluminescence (TPCL) is successfully achieved in such small luminogens with only two isolated heteroatomic units. TSC stabilized in the aggregate state has been proven to realize efficient spatial electron delocalization similar to conventionally conjugated compounds. Encouraged by the excellent TPCL properties, two‐photon imaging of blood vessels in vivo and biocompatibility verification utilizing CLgens are also achieved. This work illustrates the essential role of TSC in promoting nonlinear optical properties of CLgens and may facilitate further design and development of the next generation of bioprobes with excellent biocompatibility.
Covalent Organic Framework Stabilized Single CoN4Cl2 Site Boosts Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction into Tunable Syngas
Authors: Fu Ping , Chen Cailing , Wu Chao , Meng Biao , Yue Qihong , Chen Tao , Yin Wen , Chi Xiao , Yu Xiaojiang , Li Ruiting , Wang Yao , Zhang Yifan , Luo Wen , Liu Xiaoling , Han Yu , Wang Jun , Xi Shibo , Zhou Yu
Published: August 2024

Solar carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction provides an attractive alternative to producing sustainable chemicals and fuel. However, the construction of a highly active photocatalyst was challenging because of the rapid charge recombination and sluggish surface CO2 reduction. Herein, a unique Co−N4Cl2 single site was fabricated by loading Co species into the 2,2′‐bipyridine and triazine‐containing covalent organic framework (COF) for CO2 conversion into syngas under visible light irradiation. The resulting champion catalyst TPy‐COF‐Co enabled a record‐high CO production rate of 426 mmol g−1 h−1, associated with the unprecedented turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) of 2095 and 1607 h−1, respectively. The catalyst also exhibited favorable recycling performance and widely adjustable syngas production (CO/H2 ratio: 1.8 : 1–1 : 16). A systematical investigation including operando synchrotron X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, in situ attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR‐SEIRAS), and theoretical calculation indicated that the triazine‐based COF framework promoted the charge transfer towards the single Co−N4Cl2 sites that greatly promoted the CO2 activation by lowering the energy barrier of *COOH generation, facilitating the CO2 transformation. This work highlights the great potential of the molecular regulation of COF‐derived single‐atom catalysts to boost CO2 photoreduction efficiency.
Native Proteomics by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wang Qianyi , Wang Qianjie , Qi Zihao , Moeller William , Wysocki Vicki H. , Sun Liangliang
Published: August 2024

Native proteomics measures endogenous proteoforms and protein complexes under a near physiological condition using native mass spectrometry (nMS) coupled with liquid‐phase separations. Native proteomics should provide the most accurate bird's‐eye view of proteome dynamics within cells, which is fundamental for understanding almost all biological processes. nMS has been widely employed to characterize well‐purified protein complexes. However, there are only very few trials of utilizing nMS to measure proteoforms and protein complexes in a complex sample (i.e., a whole cell lysate). Here, we pioneer the native proteomics measurement of large proteoforms or protein complexes up to 400 kDa from a complex proteome via online coupling of native capillary zone electrophoresis (nCZE) to an ultra‐high mass range (UHMR) Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The nCZE‐MS technique enabled the measurement of a 115‐kDa standard protein complex while consuming only about 0.1 ng of protein material. nCZE‐MS analysis of an E.coli cell lysate detected 72 proteoforms or protein complexes in a mass range of 30–400 kDa in a single run while consuming only 50‐ng protein material. The mass distribution of detected proteoforms or protein complexes agreed well with that from mass photometry measurement. This work represents a technical breakthrough in native proteomics for measuring complex proteomes.
Enhancing Hole Transport Uniformity for Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells through Optimizing Buried Interface Contacts and Suppressing Interface Recombination
Authors: He Xilai , Chen Hui , Yang Jiabao , Wang Tong , Pu Xingyu , Feng Guangpeng , Jia Shiyao , Bai Yijun , Zhou Zihao , Cao Qi , Li Xuanhua
Published: August 2024

[4‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me‐4PACz) self‐assembly material has been recognized as a highly effective approach for mitigating nickel oxide (NiOx) surface‐related challenges in inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). However, its uneven film generation and failure to effectively passivate the buried interface defects limit the device‘s performance improvement potential. Herein, p‐xylylenediphosphonic acid (p‐XPA) containing bilateral phosphate groups (−PO3H2) is introduced as an interface layer between the NiOx/Me‐4PACz and the perovskite layer. P‐XPA can flatten the surface of hole transport layer and optimize interface contact. Meanwhile, p‐XPA achieves better energy level alignment and promotes interfacial hole transport. In addition, the bilateral −PO3H2 of p‐XPA can chelate with Pb2+ and form hydrogen bond with FA+ (formamidinium cation), thereby suppressing buried interface non‐radiative recombination loss. Consequently, the IPSC with p‐XPA buried interface modification achieves champion power conversion efficiency of 25.87 % (certified at 25.45 %) at laboratory scale (0.0448 cm2). The encapsulated target device exhibits better operational stability. Even after 1100 hours of maximum power point tracking at 50 °C, its efficiency remains at an impressive 82.7 % of the initial efficiency. Molecules featuring bilateral passivation groups optimize interfacial contact and inhibit interfacial recombination, providing an effective approach to enhancing the stability and efficiency of devices.
Revitalizing Dead Zinc with Ferrocene/Ferrocenium Redox Chemistry for Deep‐Cycle Zinc Metal Batteries
Authors: Qian Xiaohu , Chen Tao , Wang Yinan , Zhang Qianjin , Li Wenqi , Fu Jiajun
Published: August 2024

Aqueous zinc (Zn) batteries are highly desirable for sustainable and large‐scale electrochemical energy storage technologies. However, the ceaseless dendrite growth and the derived dead Zn are principally responsible for the capacity decay and insufficient lifespan. Here, we propose a dissolved oxygen‐initiated revitalization strategy to reactivate dead Zn via ferrocene redox chemistry, which can be realized by incorporating a trace amount of poly(ethylene glycol) as a solubilizer to improve the solubility of water‐insoluble ferrocene derivatives. Ferrocene scaffold can be spontaneously oxidized to ferricenium cations by dissolved oxygen, which eradicates the dissolved oxygen‐involved Zn corrosion and insulating by‐product generation. Subsequently, the generated ferricenium cations as the scavenger can rejuvenate electrically isolated dead Zn into electroactive Zn2+ ions to compensate the zinc loss. Through this design, the symmetric cell exhibited improved cycle life of 3700 h at 10 mA cm−2, and 220 h under a high depth of discharge of 80 %. Importantly, the Zn||NaV3O8 ⋅ 1.5H2O full cells demonstrated the impressive cycling stability over 1500 cycles at a low N/P ratio of 3.0. This work presents an innovative solution for the revitalization of dead Zn to extend the lifespan of deep‐cycling metal batteries.
C1‐4 Alkylation of Aryl Bromides with Light Alkanes enabled by Metallaphotocatalysis in Flow
Authors: Pulcinella Antonio , Chandra Tiwari Prakash , Luridiana Alberto , Yamazaki Ken , Mazzarella Daniele , Sadhoe Akshay K. , Alfano Antonella Ilenia , Tiekink Eveline H. , Hamlin Trevor A. , Noël Timothy
Published: August 2024

The homologous series of gaseous C1‐4 alkanes represents one of the most abundant sources of short alkyl fragments. However, their application in synthetic organic chemistry is exceedingly rare due to the challenging C−H bond cleavage, which typically demands high temperatures and pressures, thereby limiting their utility in the construction of complex organic molecules. In particular, the formation of C(sp2)−C(sp3) bonds is crucial for constructing biologically active molecules, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In this study, we present the previously elusive coupling between gaseous alkanes and (hetero)aryl bromides, achieved through a combination of Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) photocatalysis and nickel‐catalyzed cross coupling at room temperature. Utilizing flow technology allowed us to conduct this novel coupling reaction with reduced reaction times and in a scalable fashion, rendering it practical for widespread adoption in both academia and industry. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations unveiled that the oxidative addition constitutes the rate‐determining step, with the activation energy barrier increasing with smaller alkyl radicals. Furthermore, radical isomerization observed in propane and butane analogues could be attributed to the electronic properties of the bromoarene coupling partner, highlighting the crucial role of oxidative addition in the observed selectivity of this transformation.
The “virtual” child: The unconscious functions of child sexual exploitation material
Authors: Brown Julie , O' Neill Ray
Published: August 2024

The narratives of individuals using child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) highlight the individual and unconscious functions of this type of sexual offense. Fluid cycles of projection into and identification with the children in the imagery were evident, as were marked differences in the intensity and exclusivity of pedophilic sexual preference. Anger was a common trigger, but conscious awareness of any associated hostilities toward the child in the imagery was vigorously defended against. The Internet, the now dominant context of child sexual abuse, offers a distinct type of environment, on the porous boundary between the internal and the external, that seems to encourage regression to early, varied paraphilic sexuality and part‐object relations. Interactions in online forums facilitated the projection of pedophilic interests and sadistic impulses into other users. Broad empirical findings on the characteristics of those who use CSEM, coupled with this study and clinical experience, suggest that many who engage in this activity have an essentially neurotic structure.
Audiovisual integration and sensory dominance effects in older adults with subjective cognitive decline: Enhanced redundant effects and stronger fusion illusion susceptibility
Authors: Li Shengnan , Yang Weiping , Li Yueying , Li Ruizhi , Zhang Zhilin , Takahashi Satoshi , Ejima Yoshimichi , Wu Jinglong , Zhou Mengni , Yang Jiajia
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) refers to individuals’ perceived decline in memory and/or other cognitive abilities relative to their previous level of performance. Sensory decline is one of the main manifestations of decline in older adults with SCD. The efficient integration of visual and auditory information, known as audiovisual integration, is a crucial perceptual process. This study aims to evaluate audiovisual integration in older adults with SCD.

Methods

We adopted the audiovisual detection task, the Colavita task, and the Sound‐Induced Flash Illusion (SIFI) task to evaluate the audiovisual integration by examining both redundant and illusory effects. Older adults diagnosed with SCD (N = 50, mean age = 67.8 years) and a control group of non‐SCD older adults (N = 51, mean age = 66.5 years) were recruited. All participants took part in the three aforementioned experiments.

Results

The outcomes showed that a redundant effect occurred in both SCD and non‐SCD older adults, with SCD older adults gaining more benefits in audiovisual detection task. Moreover, an equivalent amount of the visual dominance effect was observed among both SCD and non‐SCD older adults in Colavita task. In addition, older adults with SCD perceived an equal fission illusion but a bigger fusion illusion compared with non‐SCD older adults in SIFI task.

Conclusions

Overall, older adults with SCD exhibit increased audiovisual redundant effects and stronger fusion illusion susceptibility compared to non‐SCD older adults. Besides, visual dominance was observed in both groups via the Colavita task, with no significant difference between non‐SCD and SCD older adults. These findings implied that audiovisual integration might offer a potential way for the identification of SCD.
Assessment of swallowing performance in patients with neurodegenerative disease: A hierarchical cluster analysis
Authors: Tosun Samet , Karali Fenise Selin , Kacar Kutukcu Dilber , Cinar Nilgün , Kendirli Sude , Sen Aksut Meltem , Albayrak Ilayda , Celik Yusuf
Published: August 2024

Background

Swallowing is a complex process that alters with age and neurological diseases; swallowing disorders can be a consequence of both of them. As an advanced multivariate statistical method, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was utilized to make the dendrograms, which was used to find the relationship between the variables. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the type of clustering exhibited by the variables using HCA and to evaluate the approach to major neurodegenerative diseases (MND) with swallowing disorders based on the results obtained.

Methods

Data were collected from a total of 173 patients from various neurological diagnoses, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke and polyneuropathy, aging between 42 and 104 (mean of age 72.85) by using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation Scale (EdFED), the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT‐10), and the Modified Mann Swallowing Ability test. From the collected data, dendrograms were formed by using HCA with Ward linkage method.

Results

Based on cluster analysis results, clusters demonstrate statistical significance. They center around EdFED, EAT‐10, and age in each MND. In healthy individuals, variables are not clustered as in the patient group. This study holds importance as it can give clinicians a different perspective on determining and managing the elderly population's swallowing problems.

Conclusions

The HCA method explicitly proposes which variables should be examined concurrently in the clinic for MND. This research is one of the pioneering studies conducted by using the HCA method.
Similar usage of T‐cell receptor β‐chain between tumor and adjacent normal tissue in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Jie‐Zuan , Xu Shao‐Yan , Xiao Dang‐Sheng , Li Jin‐You , Jin Xiu‐Yuan , Yan Dong
Published: August 2024

Background

In this study, we comprehensively profiled the T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of the tumor and adjacent normal tissue in patients with HBV‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and determined the baseline characteristics and clinical significance of TCR.

Methods

High‐throughput sequencing was used to determine the profile of complementarity‐determining region 3 (CDR3) of the TCR‐β chain variable (TRBV) in the tumor and normal tissue samples of 14 HCC patients. At the same time, TRBV diversity and differences in expression between tumor and normal tissues were investigated. The cumulative frequency of top 100 CDR3 (CF100), clonality, and Shannon entropy as indices to evaluate diversity,

Results

The diversity of TRBV CDR3 showed no significant difference between tumor and normal tissues. Of the 58 V gene segments in TRBV, TRBV16 and TRBV7‐6 had a significantly higher frequency in the tumor group than in the normal group (p < 0.05). The frequency of 14 J gene segments showed no significant difference between tumor and normal tissues. In contrast, the frequency of 22 TRBVx/BJx combinations was significantly higher in the tumor than in the normal tissue. In addition, the length and type of TRBV CDR3 were similar in tumor and normal tissues, and a Gaussian distribution was observed in both groups.

Conclusion

This study provided a large amount of information about the TCR lineage in HBV‐associated HCC, laying the foundation for further research. In addition, the fact that the immune repertoire (TRBV CDR3) hardly differs between tumor and adjacent normal tissue provides a new clue for exploring the mechanism of the liver as an organ with immune privileges.
Evolving patterns in systemic treatment utilization and survival among older patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Hong Yoon Duk , Enewold Lindsey , Sharon Elad , Warner Jeremy L. , Davidoff Amy J. , Zeruto Chris , Mariotto Angela B.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

In the last decade, melanoma treatment has improved significantly. However, data on population‐level treatment utilization and survival trends among older patients is limited. This study aimed to analyze trends in systemic anticancer therapy (Rx), including the uptake of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), in conjunction with trends in cause‐specific survival among older patients (66+) diagnosed with advanced melanoma (2008–2019).

Methods

We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare Condensed Resource to assess any Rx utilization among patients first diagnosed with advanced melanoma in 2008–2010, 2011–2014, and 2015–2019, stratified by stage, and type of first‐line Rx among patients receiving Rx. The SEER dataset was used to evaluate trends in cause‐specific survival by year of diagnosis.

Results

Rx utilization (any type) almost doubled, from 28.6% (2008–2010) to 55.4% (2015–2019) for stage 3 melanoma, and from 35.5% to 68.0% for stage 4 melanoma. In 2008–2010, the standard first‐line treatment was cytokines/cytotoxic chemotherapy/other. By 2015–2019, only 5.1% (stage 3) and <3.6% (stage 4) of patients receiving Rx received these agents, as ICIs emerged as the dominant treatment. Both 1‐year and 5‐year cause‐specific survival significantly improved since 2010 for stage 4 and since 2013 for stage 3.

Conclusions

This study shows a significant rise in Rx utilization and a rapid transition from cytokines/cytotoxic chemotherapy to ICIs, reflecting a rapid uptake of highly effective treatment in a previously challenging disease with limited options before 2011. The documented survival improvement aligns with the adoption of these novel treatments, underscoring their significant impact on real‐world patient outcomes.