bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical Aspects of Migration Flows
Authors: Innes Alexandria
Published: August 2018

A comprehensive review of the scholarly literature that considers ethical questions surrounding human migration flows across international borders covers themes of membership and belonging, the right to exclude, the liberal impasse with regard to immigration, the role of property rights at the international level, movement through visa categories, and the problem of jurisdiction during migration journeys. Such an examination reveals that migration provokes a particular problem for international relations when the nation-state is the primary unit of analysis, and that the current literature acknowledges yet does little to correct a Western bias at the heart of scholarly work on the ethics of human migration flows.

Ethical questions regarding human migration have been at the forefront of news and public debate, particularly in recent years. The implications of human migration for membership in political communities have received much attention in political theory, international relations theory, international law, human rights, and ethics. Migration, by definition, challenges some of the key assumptions, categories, and ways of theorizing international relations (hereafter IR). The conventional assumptions of IR reproduce the notion that states as unitary actors interact with each other in a global sphere or within the confines of the international system and its structure and rules of behavior. In this rendering of the global, there is little room for people who seep outside of state borders, people who move with no national affiliation, or people who retain multiple national affiliations. The embodied contestation of the territorial categories of IR that is practiced by the movement of people is particularly relevant to constructivist IR theory. If the world is constituted through social interactions and intersubjective understandings, when social interactions happen across borders the intersubjective understanding of state units containing human populations is called into question. When people manifest multiple identities, the state-based identities of the international system are called into question. Studies of the ethics of migration flows then must tackle these lines of inquiry.
American Urban Planning Since 1850
Authors: Platt Harold
Published: August 2018

As places of dense habitation, cities have always required coordination and planning. City planning has involved the design and construction of large-scale infrastructure projects to provide basic necessities such as a water supply and drainage. By the 1850s, immigration and industrialization were fueling the rise of big cities, creating immense, collective problems of epidemics, slums, pollution, gridlock, and crime. From the 1850s to the 1900s, both local governments and utility companies responded to this explosive physical and demographic growth by constructing a “networked city” of modern technologies such as gaslight, telephones, and electricity. Building the urban environment also became a wellspring of innovation in science, medicine, and administration. In 1909–1910, a revolutionary idea—comprehensive city planning—opened a new era of professionalization and institutionalization in the planning departments of city halls and universities. Over the next thirty-five years, however, wars and depression limited their influence.

From 1945 to 1965, in contrast, represents the golden age of formal planning. During this unprecedented period of peace and prosperity, academically trained experts played central roles in the modernization of the inner cities and the sprawl of the suburbs. But the planners’ clean-sweep approach to urban renewal and the massive destruction caused by highway construction provoked a revolt of the grassroots. Beginning in the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965, mass uprisings escalated over the next three years into a national crisis of social disorder, racial and ethnic inequality, and environmental injustice. The postwar consensus of theory and practice was shattered, replaced by a fragmented profession ranging from defenders of top-down systems of computer-generated simulations to proponents of advocacy planning from the bottom up. Since the late 1980s, the ascendency of public-private partnerships in building the urban environment has favored the planners promoting systems approaches, who promise a future of high-tech “smart cities” under their complete control.
Digital Resources: En el Ojo del Huracán, Private Letters from the Caribbean to Spain
Authors: Stangl Werner
Published: August 2018

The early 19th century was a period of intense turmoil and chaos in the Spanish-speaking world: The Napoleonic Wars and French occupation of the Peninsula in the 1800s, independence movements in the Americas, the liberal constitution of Cádiz, Napoleon’s defeat, and the reinstallation of the Bourbons in the 1810s, and finally, the second constitutional period, the iron fist of restoration, and the eventual loss of most American possessions between 1821 and 1825. The least affected areas in the midst of this turmoil were the loyalist islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico, metaphorically the “eye of the hurricane.” It is within this context that a corpus of some dozen letters, preserved in the Spanish National Archive, were written. They were produced in the circum-Caribbean region—most in Puerto Rico—and addressed mainly to relatives and business partners on the other side of the Atlantic. The letters in question were archived without accompanying documentation, probably seized by authorities loyal to the restoration of the Ancien Régime. As a central element, this digital resource—“En el Ojo del Huracán”—displays these primary sources in an online presentation.

Beyond the historiographic value of the sources, the project explores the differences between traditional and digital edition standards (TEI) for digital letter editions with the aim of showcasing the benefits of implementing the digital paradigm and for different visualizations, functionalities, analysis and incorporation in larger infrastructures.
Manuel Gómez Morin and the Creation of the National Action Party (PAN)
Authors: Garciadiego Javier
Published: August 2018

Manuel Gómez Morin was a multifaceted Mexican whose life spanned the first three quarters of the 20th century, from 1897 to 1972. He was affected personally, domestically, and generationally by the Revolution, which drastically impacted the geographic backdrops of his childhood and youth and severely affected his family’s social standing. In ideological terms, he was aware of the last (and undoubtedly most authoritarian) stages of Porfirio Díaz’s government, as well as Victoriano Huerta’s dictatorship, which had pushed the Mexican population to take up arms. Although he rejected the destructive violence inherent in the process of revolution, he also opposed the dictatorial regimes that were applauded by some for the results they produced. He spent the second half of his life as a critic of the post-revolutionary Mexican state.
Scandinavia in the Atlantic World
Authors: Rönnbäck Klas
Published: August 2018

The Scandinavian countries established overseas settlements in Africa and the Americas, starting in the 17th century. In Africa, trading stations were initially established with the consent of local rulers. The Danish trading stations on the Gold Coast developed in time into a more formal colony. In the Americas, Scandinavian settlements were of various natures, including the short-lived settlement colony of New Sweden and slavery-based plantation societies in the Caribbean. The Caribbean colonies would bear resemblance to many other Caribbean plantation economies of the time. The Scandinavian countries also participated in the transatlantic slave trade: while these countries might have been responsible for a quite small share of the total transatlantic slave trade, the trade was large compared to the size of the domestic population in these countries. The formal abolition of the slave trade, and later of slavery, in the Scandinavian colonies made the colonial possessions unimportant or even burdens for the Scandinavian states, so that the colonies eventually were sold to other European nations.
annona (other products)
Authors: Machado Carlos
Published: August 2018

The annona was the imperial service responsible for overseeing the supply of key food items to the city of Rome and the army. Primarily concerned with grain, the service became increasingly involved in the provisioning of other commodities, such as olive oil, wine, and pork. By the end of the 3rd century, the annona was a complex machinery involving private and public agents in different parts of the empire, overseen by the prefect of the annona, based in Rome. The operation of this system is documented in literary texts, administrative documents such as papyri and writing tablets, inscriptions, and a rich archaeological record, in Rome and in the provinces. However, the precise working of the system and the degree to which it was controlled by the Roman state remain open to debate. The annona was also involved in the supply of the army, especially with regards to provisions brought from distant producing centres. During the later empire, the system became more centralised, being overseen by the praetorian prefecture.
Navigating infection risk during oviposition and cannibalistic foraging in a holometabolous insect
Authors: Siva-Jothy Jonathon A , Monteith Katy M , Vale Pedro F
Published: August 2018

To stay healthy, animals should avoid sources of infection. However, some important behaviors, such as foraging and reproduction, can increase infection risk. We tested experimentally whether fruit flies avoided infected food sources when foraging as larva and deciding where to lay eggs as adults. Larvae did not avoid infected food when foraging. Mothers however, sometimes avoided laying eggs on infectious food.
Detection of de novo copy number deletions from targeted sequencing of trios
Authors: Fu Jack M , Leslie Elizabeth J , Scott Alan F , Murray Jeffrey C , Marazita Mary L , Beaty Terri H , Scharpf Robert B , Ruczinski Ingo
Published: August 2018

Motivation

De novo copy number deletions have been implicated in many diseases, but there is no formal method to date that identifies de novo deletions in parent-offspring trios from capture-based sequencing platforms.

Results

We developed Minimum Distance for Targeted Sequencing (MDTS) to fill this void. MDTS has similar sensitivity (recall), but a much lower false positive rate compared to less specific CNV callers, resulting in a much higher positive predictive value (precision). MDTS also exhibited much better scalability.

Availability and implementation

MDTS is freely available as open source software from the Bioconductor repository.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
1. Introducing The Successful Law Student
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book aims to give students the best possible chance of success when studying law at university. It is ideal for those applying for or have just accepted a place to study law at university; about to start a law degree; studying law at university; and thinking about whether to study law at university. An important feature of this book is the advice provided by real law students. A panel of students from different universities, studying different law programmes and with different backgrounds, provide their take on a wide range of issues. The six sections of the book are also described.
2. Thinking about studying law
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: August 2018

This chapter was created for those who have not yet made up their mind about whether to study law, or are reviewing or questioning their plans. Making the decision to undertake a law degree may not be easy. The student may be wondering what studying law at university will be like, or where a law degree might lead. Conversely, even if their ultimate aim is to become a lawyer, they may be unsure whether they must, or should, complete a law degree. The chapter addresses questions such as what is law; where will law lead; is law for them? It also discusses different degree programmes containing law; selecting a law programme; the Graduate Diploma in Law; and studying law in the UK as an international student.
3. Preparing for success
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on how to become a successful law student. Success requires preparation: doing and thinking. The first part of the chapter explores what ‘a successful law student’ might actually be: it is hard to prepare to be one, without knowing what it is. It then explores the attributes that will help the student to earn that title, and concludes by giving some suggestions of things that they can do right now to help them on their way. The common attributes of a successful law student include a willingness to engage with learning and the whole experience of being a law student, interest in people, capacity for hard work, motivation, and resilience.
5. Studying law: Acquiring legal knowledge
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: August 2018

Legal knowledge is fundamental to being a successful law student and for undertaking any legal work. It is also key to understanding society, and relationships with other individuals and public and private organisations. Law programmes therefore require the student to study a variety of different legal subjects over the course of their degree. And almost all law programmes will make certain key areas of law compulsory. This chapter explains what subjects make up the foundations of legal knowledge. It outlines what these foundation subjects commonly include. It considers how these subjects relate to real life, and also encourage the student to think more deeply about the role of law in society and develop social and commercial awareness.
7. Legal materials and resources
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: August 2018

When a student begins studying law at university, they will be greeted with a plethora of new and unfamiliar sources that they will need to discover and explore. Part of the learning journey is navigating the way to the right resources and using them to guide to greater understanding. Finding relevant and appropriate legal resources can be one of the biggest challenges the student may face when arriving at university. This chapter considers the various resources available in the modern university — both traditional library resources and additional digital resources. It also considers resources in the wider context of the changing nature of legal study, the increasing use of technology, and the accessibility of sources.
10. Thinking Like a Lawyer: Critical Thinking and Legal Analysis
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: August 2018

The successful law student needs to be able to place the law in context, analyse its effects on different parts of society, apply these rules to different problems, and reflect upon the suitability of both individual laws and the law as an institution. This ability to think critically and undertake broad and deep legal analysis is important to becoming a lawyer, but is also valuable for any other career. This chapter explores the importance of critical thinking to the law degree and beyond, and looks at how the student can bring analysis and criticism into their work. It considers techniques for problem solving and essay writing, and the importance of constructing arguments balancing ‘content’ and ‘thought’.
11. Completing assignments: Core skills for assessment
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers some general points and core skills for success in law assessments. It begins by distinguishing between formative and summative assessments. A formative assessment usually refers to a formally set piece of work where feedback is given and, usually, a mark it given too, but the mark does not count towards the final grade in a module or course. A summative assessment is any piece of work where the mark counts towards the final mark for the module and/or course. The chapter then discusses the need to reflect on the assessment experience; timed and non-timed assessments; preparing and planning for assessment; how to raise the grade; and academic misconduct, plagiarism, and poor academic practice.
5. Step three in the IRAC method: the application
Authors: Strong S I
Published: August 2018

This chapter deals with the third step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: the application of the facts to the rules (legal authorities) presented in the second step of the essay. This technique is very seldom addressed in class discussions, and many students can become overwhelmed when seeking to undertake this element of the exam- and essay-writing process. The discussion explains what ‘application’ means under the IRAC system; the need for an application process in legal writing; how to distinguish ‘application’ from the ‘rules’ in IRAC methodology; and various stylistic and practical issues concerning the application of the facts to the rules. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter. A worked example is also presented.
6. Step four in the IRAC method: the conclusion
Authors: Strong S I
Published: August 2018

This chapter guides the law student to the fourth step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: identification of the conclusion of the argument. Students often overlook the need to have a conclusion in their law essays and exams, or believe that their conclusion must be the same as that identified by the instructor. This chapter explains what ‘conclusion’ means under the IRAC system, outlines the need for a conclusion in legal writing and provides a fast and easy technique that can be used to facilitate the process of writing a conclusion to any essay or exam. The chapter also includes tips on writing legal essays and exams, as well as a worked example.
10. Worked questions
Authors: Strong S I
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents eight legal essays written by law students, six in response to problem questions and two in response to ‘discuss’ questions. The first essay is a first-class example of how the IRAC method of legal writing can work in practice; the second, third and fourth essays deal with contract; the next three are tort questions; and the last essay relates to a jurisprudence ‘discuss’ question. Each essay is followed by general comments and a class mark. A partial sample from a first-class essay in tort appears before the essays, which the student can use to improve their individual writing style.
2. Law and society: the purposes and functions of law
Authors: Partington Martin
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the social functions of law at both the macro and micro levels. The macro functions of law cover law and public order, political order, social order, economic order, international order, and moral order. They also include the resolution of social problems, the regulation of human relationships, and the educative or ideological function of law. The micro functions of law include: defining the limits of acceptable behaviour, the consequences of certain forms of behaviour, and processes for the transaction of business and other activities, as well as creating regulatory frameworks, giving authority to agents of the state to take actions against citizens, preventing the abuse of power by officials, giving power/authority to officials to assist the public, and prescribing procedures for the use of law.
9. Delivering legal services: practitioners, adjudicators, and legal scholars
Authors: Partington Martin
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the role both of those professionally qualified to practise law—solicitors and barristers—and of other groups who provide legal/advice services but who do not have professional legal qualifications. It examines how regulation of legal services providers is changing. It notes new forms of legal practice. It also considers how use of artificial intelligence may change the ways in which legal services are delivered. It reflects on the adjudicators and other dispute resolvers who play a significant role in the working of the legal system. It reflects on the contribution to legal education made by law teachers, in universities and in private colleges, to the formation of the legal profession and to the practice of the law.
4. The US rise to world power, 1776–1945
Authors: LaFeber Walter
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the emergence of the United States as a ‘superpower’ in 1945. It begins with a discussion of how America rose from being a group of British colonies to a continental empire containing human slavery during the period 1776–1865. It then examines how the reunification of the country after the Civil War, and the industrial revolution which followed, turned America into the world’s leading economic power by the early twentieth century. It also considers Woodrow Wilson’s empire of ideology and how the United States got involved in World War I, how the American economic system sank into depression between 1929 and 1933, and US role in the Cold War between 1933 and 1945.
5. The economic rise of a superpower: from Washington to Trump
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the American political economy from the colonial period to Donald Trump. In particular, it examines how the United States emerged from being a predominantly agricultural country to the wealthiest economic power in the world. The chapter first considers America’s economic rise before independence before discussing the role played by economic factors in sparking war between Great Britain and American colonists. It then looks at America’s dramatic economic growth between formal independence and World War I, as well as through the post-war period. It also analyses the American political economy under Bill Clinton and how his economic policies — and those of his successor George W. Bush — contributed to the great economic crash of 2008. It also explores the major economic reasons that accounted for Trump’s victory in the 2016 presidential election and concludes with an overview of how the American economy has been impacted by globalization.
7. America in the 1990s: searching for purpose
Authors: Dumbrell John
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how the external environment of US foreign policy and internal pressures on policy makers both shifted radically in the 1990s. Internationally, the ‘long 1990s’ were characterized by intense democratic possibility. Yet they were also years of atavistic negativity and irrationality, as seen in Rwanda and Bosnia. Two questions arise: First, how should the United States respond to a world which was apparently both rapidly integrating and rapidly disintegrating? Second, was it inevitable, desirable, or even possible that the US should provide global leadership? Before discussing various approaches to these questions, the chapter considers the wider international environment of apparent unipolarity and globalization. It also analyzes the development of American foreign policy under presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, focusing in particular on the so-called ‘Kennan sweepstakes’ during the first year of Clinton’s presidency as well as Clinton’s turn towards unilateralism and remilitarization.
9. Domestic influences on foreign policy making
Authors: Aronica Valentina , Parmar Inderjeet
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines domestic factors that influence American foreign policy, focusing on the variety of ways in which pressure groups and elites determine and shape what the United States does in the international arena. It first considers how US foreign policy has evolved over time before discussing the US Constitution in terms of foreign policy making and implementation. It then explores institutional influences on foreign policy making, including Congress and the executive branch, as well as the role of ‘orthodox’ and ‘unorthodox’ actors involved in the making of foreign policy and how power is distributed among them. It also analyzes the Trump administration’s foreign policy, taking into account the ‘Trump Doctrine’ and the US strikes on Syria.
13. The USA and the EU
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the United States’ transatlantic relationship with the European integration project and its implications for US foreign policy. In particular, it considers the ways in which US policy makers have developed images of the European Community (EC) and later the European Union (EU) on the challenges posed by European integration for US policy processes and the uses of US power. The chapter first explores key factors in the evolution of the relationship within US foreign policy up to the end of the Cold War before discussing trends and tensions in the period between 1990 and 2016 covering the presidencies of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. It also analyzes the impact of Donald Trump’s policies on US relations with the EU before concluding with an assessment of a number of wider questions about the future of the US–EU relations.
14. US foreign policy in Russia
Authors: Rutland Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines US foreign policy in Russia. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 raised a number of questions that have profound implications for American foreign policy; for example, whether the Russian Federation, which inherited half the population and 70 per cent of the territory of the former Soviet Union, would become a friend and partner of the United States, a full and equal member of the community of democratic nations, or whether it would return to a hostile, expansionary communist or nationalist power. The chapter considers US–Russia relations at various times under Bill Clinton, Boris Yeltsin, George W. Bush, Vladimir Putin, Barack Obama, Dmitry Medvedev, and Donald Trump. It also discusses a host of issues affecting the US–Russia relations, including the enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the crisis in Kosovo and Ukraine, and the civil war in Syria.
16. US foreign policy in Latin America
Authors: Dunkerley James
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines US foreign policy in Latin America and the historical evolution of US relations with the region. It first considers the Monroe Doctrine and manifest destiny, which sought to contain European expansion and to justify that of the United States under an ethos of hemispherism, before discussing the projection of US power beyond its frontiers in the early twentieth century. It then explores the United States’ adoption of a less unilateral approach during the depression of the 1930s and an aggressively ideological approach in the wake of the Cuban Revolution. It also analyzes US policy towards the left in Central America, where armed conflict prevailed in the 1980s, and in South America, where the Washington Consensus brought an end to the anti-European aspects of the Monroe Doctrine by promoting globalization. Finally, it looks at the impact of the Cold War on US policy towards Latin America.
17. US foreign policy in Africa
Authors: Patman Robert G.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines US foreign policy in Africa. It first considers the United States’ historical engagement with Africa, particularly during the Cold War era that saw the intensification of US–Soviet Union superpower rivalry, before discussing the rise of a New World Order in the immediate post–Cold War period that held out the possibility of positive US involvement in Africa. It then explores the United States’ adoption of a more realist approach after Somalia, as well as its renewal of limited engagement between 1996 and 2001. It also analyzes US policy towards Africa after 9/11, with emphasis on President George W. Bush’s efforts to incorporate Africa into Washington’s global strategic network as part of the new war on terror, as compared to the approach of the Obama administration calling for political transformation in Africa.
18. Global terrorism
Authors: Rogers Paul
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how global terrorism, and particularly the war on terror, has shaped US foreign policy. It first provides an overview of the 9/11 terror attacks and definitions of terrorism before discussing the US experience of terrorism prior to 9/11 as well as the political environment in Washington at the time of the attacks. It then considers the response of the Bush administration in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as the nature and aims of the al-Qaeda organization. It also reviews the conduct of the war on terror in its first nine years, along with the decline and transformation of al-Qaeda after 2010. Finally, it analyzes the options available to the United States in the war against al-Qaeda, ISIS, and like-minded groups.
20. Gender
Authors: Bashevkin Sylvia
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how gender shapes US foreign policy. It first considers key perspectives that can be drawn from the work of Cynthia Enloe and other feminist writers before discussing a series of empirical questions that follow from this background; for example, when and how women entered the main institutions of American foreign policy; how female diplomats responded to discriminatory attitudes and practices; in what ways women leaders have influenced the directions of US foreign policy; and how sexual orientation politics figure in State Department actions. The chapter goes on to highlight strong resistance to efforts to integrate women’s rights and gay rights claims in the content of US foreign policy.
Politics
Authors: Ferdinand Peter , Garner Robert , Lawson Stephanie
Published: August 2018

Politics offers an introduction to political studies. It combines accessibility and an analytical approach, encouraging critical study and engaged debate. Alongside coverage of concepts, approaches, and ideologies, the text features chapters on all crucial elements of political studies, from institutions and states to security, political economy, civil society and the media, making it an ideal text for a broad range of modules. Current debates and key developments in contemporary politics are taken into account, with coverage of the rise of populism, Brexit, and the presidency of Donald Trump, as well as a broad range of international case studies and examples.
1. Introduction: The Nature of Politics and Political Analysis
Authors: Ferdinand Peter , Garner Robert , Lawson Stephanie
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the nature of politics and political analysis. It first defines the nature of politics and explains what constitutes ‘the political’ before asking whether politics is an inevitable feature of all human societies. It then considers the boundary problems inherent in analysing the political and whether politics should be defined in narrow terms, in the context of the state, or whether it is better defined more broadly by encompassing other social institutions. It also addresses the question of whether politics involves consensus among communities, rather than violent conflict and war. The chapter goes on to describe empirical, normative, and semantic forms of political analysis as well as the deductive and inductive methods of the study of politics. Finally, it examines whether politics can be a science.
3. Political Power, Authority, and the State
Authors: Ferdinand Peter , Garner Robert , Lawson Stephanie
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines power and authority, two central concepts in politics, in relation to the state. It first defines power in the context of authority, taking into account the distinction between them by citing the role of the US Supreme Court as an example. It then considers the classic threefold typology of authority proposed by German sociologist Max Weber, namely: traditional authority, charismatic authority, and legal–rational authority. It also addresses some conceptual questions about power; for example, whether power is the same as force, whether it must be exercised deliberately, whether it is a good thing, or whether we can eliminate it. The chapter goes on to explore the methodological problems inherent in the measurement of power, particularly in relation to the theories of the state such as Marxism, pluralism, elitism, and feminism. Finally, it describes Stephen Lukes' three dimensions of power.
6. Nations and Nationalism
Authors: Ferdinand Peter , Garner Robert , Lawson Stephanie
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the concept of nation, its relationship with the state, and the phenomenon of nationalism. The concept of nation implies a notion of common biological descent and may thus be associated with ‘race’. In turn, nationalist ideas may be expressed in racist forms, although we must exercise caution when relating nationalism to racism. The chapter first considers the many different ways that the phenomenon of nationalism has been theorized, focusing on nationalist ideology in relation to the nation-state, as expressed in the principle of self-determination, and patriotism as a form of nationalism. It then explores the phenomenon of the multinational state and of sub-state nationalism and discusses three forms of nationalism: ethnic nationalism, civic nationalism, and anti-colonial nationalism. It also shows how nationalism has been faring in the era of globalization.
11. Laws, Constitutions, and Federalism
Authors: Ferdinand Peter , Garner Robert , Lawson Stephanie
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the interrelationships between law, constitutions, and federalism. It first explains the importance of constitutions in shaping the basic structure of the state and the fundamental rights of citizens that they establish before discussing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in particular asking whether it is Western-centric. It then considers the ways in which states may attempt to realize justice in applying the law, with emphasis on the distinction between Islamic and Western practice. It also examines the role of constitutional courts and judicial review, legal adjudication of political problems, how the institution of federalism is used to contain the powers of the state and to manage diverse societies, and consociationalism as an alternative approach to handling social diversity. Finally, it analyses the increasing legalization of political life.
17. Security Insecurity, and the State
Authors: Ferdinand Peter , Garner Robert , Lawson Stephanie
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines various dimensions of security and insecurity within states. It first considers different conceptualizations of security and the range of areas within which it may be applied before discussing security and insecurity in the state of nature. It then explores the impact of security and insecurity on global politics, Thomas Hobbes' ideas about security and insecurity, and collective security as embodied in the United Nations (UN). It also reviews some pressing security challenges in the post-Cold War period and the broadening of the security agenda to encompass more recent concerns such as human security, environmental security, and energy security. Finally, it analyses the ‘war on terror’ that came in response to 9/11, raising further questions concerning how best to deal with nonconventional threats.
Exploring Parliament
Authors: Leston-Bandeira Cristina , Thompson Louise
Published: August 2018

Exploring Parliament offers a fresh perspective on an ancient institution. It provides a real-life insight into the inner workings, impact, and relevance of twenty-first century Parliament. Short academic and practitioner chapters are combined with relevant and practical case studies, to provide an introduction to Parliament's structures, people, and practices. As well as covering the broader structure of UK Parliament, this text explains the role of small parties in law-making, the design and space of Parliament, and offers illuminating case studies on highly topical areas such as the Backbench Business Committee, the Hillsborough Inquiry and recent pieces of legislation such as the Assisted Dying Bill.
1. Introduction: Exploring the UK Parliament in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Evans Paul , Thompson Louise , Leston-Bandeira Cristina
Published: August 2018

This text examines changes and continuities in the UK Parliament, the institution's contemporary work in its wide range of roles, its relevance in the twenty-first century, and the challenges it is facing today. It describes both the formal and informal work of Parliament and its members, focusing on common notions about the institution's relationship with the executive as a one-sided affair. The goal is to offer a rounded view of the work of Parliament as a multilayered and complex actor and its place in the wider political context as well as to highlight the importance of its historical development to its work today. The text looks at various aspects of Parliament, from governance to the legislative cycle, and even its design and space. This introduction discusses the ever changing relationship between the monarch, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords.
14. Accountability in Parliament
Authors: Bennister Mark , Larkin Phil
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the accountability of the government to Parliament. One way to conceptualize the place of the UK Parliament in the accountability process is as part of a ‘chain of delegation’, whereby democratic authority lies in the hands of the citizens. Due to lack of time and expertise to participate actively in the day-to-day process of running the country, however, these citizens delegate much of this responsibility to a subset of their number who become parliamentarians. Parliamentarians in turn delegate much of this role to a further subset of their number who become the government. The chapter first considers accountability in the Westminster model before discussing recent reforms of accountability mechanisms and how they have increased Parliament's capacity to scrutinize government. Examples of the strengthening of the accountability function include stronger select committees, the use of urgent questions, and Liaison Committee sessions with the prime minister.
21. The Rise of the Professional Politician?
Authors: Allen Peter , Cowley Philip
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the debate over the presence of ‘professional’ politicians in the UK Parliament. It first explains the distinction between professional politicians, career politicians, and political class before discussing why the presence of professional politicians in Parliament is often seen as a problem. In particular, it considers two main arguments levelled against the professional politician. The first is a functionalist argument: that the optimal way to manage national affairs is to draw on a wide range of occupational experience from different spheres of society and the economy. The second type of criticism draws on a broader argument in favour of political equality and representation. The chapter concludes with an overview of contemporary developments relating to the composition of Parliament and argues that there are in fact fewer professional politicians than is commonly thought.
23. Representation in the Lords
Authors: Dorey Peter , Purvis Matthew
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the issue of representation in the House of Lords. The existence of the unelected House of Lords has long been the subject of criticism, particularly from the Left. This is because the House of Lords today remains an almost wholly nominated, unelected, parliamentary institution, with most peers formally appointed by the Queen. However, some peers are also appointed by a House of Lords Appointments Commission, primarily those of a non-political nature. Such appointments have sparked accusations that the House of Lords is not representative, which runs counter to Britain's status as a parliamentary democracy. The chapter considers four discrete modes of representation and representativeness vis-à-vis the House of Lords: political representativeness, social representativeness, individual representation, and sectional representation.
26. MPs Campaigning for their Constituencies
Authors: Gay Oonagh
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the mechanisms used by Members of Parliament (MPs) to campaign for their constituencies, and more specifically to influence policy agendas and become national figures. There are clear personal and career factors that make constituency campaigning worthwhile to MPs. In terms of themes adopted for campaigns, unemployment has long been at the heart of constituency projects. The chapter first considers the reasons why MPs undertake constituency projects before discussing the first modern example of how constituency unemployment could be used to win national publicity, the Jarrow Crusade led by the Labour MP Ellen Wilkinson. It then explains how MPs raise constituency issues in the UK Parliament and use their party machinery to lobby ministers. It also explores the ways in which the clash between constituency interests and government policy pose dilemmas for MPs as ministers.
Fishing efficiency of biodegradable PBSAT gillnets and conventional nylon gillnets used in Norwegian cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) fisheries
Authors: Grimaldo Eduardo , Herrmann Bent , Vollstad Jørgen , Su Biao , Moe Føre Heidi , Larsen Roger B , Tatone Ivan
Published: August 2018

Fishing trials were carried out to compare the relative fishing efficiency of gillnets made of a new biodegradable resin (polybutylene succinate co-adipate-co-terephthalate, PBSAT) with conventional (nylon) nets. The fishing trials covered two consecutive fishing seasons (2016 and 2017) for cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) in northern Norway. Results generally showed better catch rates for the nylon gillnets. The biodegradable PBSAT gillnets caught 50.0% and 26.6% fewer cod, and 41.0% and 22.5% fewer saithe than the nylon gillnets in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Even though the relative catch efficiency of the biodegradable gillnets was slightly better in 2017 than in 2016, the difference with respect to the catch efficiency of nylon gillnets may be too large for biodegradable gillnets to be accepted by fishermen if they were available commercially. Tensile strength measurements of the nylon and biodegradable PBSAT gillnets carried out before and after the fishing trials showed that the both types of gillnets had significant reductions in tensile strength and elongation at break, especially in 2017. Although less catch efficient than nylon gillnets, biodegradable PBSAT gillnets show great potential for reducing ghost fishing and plastic pollution at sea, which are major problems in these fisheries.
Constipation and Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Vidal Marieberta
Published: August 2018

Constipation is frequent in the palliative care population. Constipation can present with a variety of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, overflow diarrhea, abdominal distention, and pseudo-obstruction. Common causes are metabolic disorders, dehydration, autonomic failure, medications such as opioids, intra-abdominal tumors, and immobility. Constipation is often undiagnosed and is the cause of significant distress in patients with life-threatening diseases and at the end of life. Malignant bowel obstruction can present as severe constipation. Structural disorders such as intraluminal and extraluminal bowel lesions caused by primary or metastatic tumor affect peristalsis and the maintenance of normal bowel function. The management and prevention of constipation involve adequate hydration, avoidance of excessive dietary fiber, laxatives, prokinetic agents, and adjustment or discontinuation of constipating medications. In the case of pure opioid-induced constipation, the mu opioid receptor antagonist can be helpful, but it must be avoided in patients with a history or clinical signs of bowel obstruction.
Frequent Pharmacological Interactions in Palliative Care
Authors: Mendoza Kelly , Geiger-Hayes Jessica , McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: August 2018

Pharmacodynamic (increasing or decreasing the effect of a medication on the body) and pharmacokinetic (altering the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion of a medication) interactions are important in palliative care. These interactions are similar to those seen in other areas of medical care, but they have significant consequences in pain and symptom management. Failure to recognize these interactions can lead to overdosing, undertreatment, or increased side effect burden. This chapter highlights the key topics regarding pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions and provides examples that include the commonly used opioids such as codeine and methadone, as well as benzodiazepines and other symptom management medications.
Hospice Approach to Palliative Care
Authors: Yennurajalingam Sriram
Published: August 2018

For the provision of palliative care in the hospice setting in the United States, Medicare covers any care that is reasonable and necessary to manage palliative and hospice care at end of life. To be eligible for this Medicare hospice benefit, a beneficiary must be entitled to Medicare Part A and be certified by a physician to have a life expectancy of 6 months or less if the illness runs its expected course. Medicare covers medications, nursing care, and medical services including care by a physician, physical therapy, social work. This chapter briefly reviews the various aspects of the Medicare hospice benefit.
Grief and Bereavement
Authors: Dev Rony
Published: August 2018

One of the frequent psychosocial issues that arises at the end of life for patients and their family caregivers is grief and bereavement. In patients facing death, anticipatory grief is part of a normal dying process. However, some patients may have difficulty coping with their immortality and have complications of clinical depression. Healthcare providers must be able to distinguish anticipatory grief from clinical depression in patients facing a life limiting illness. After a patient dies, the majority of family caregivers will experience a normal grieving process; however, some family members may experience prolonged complicated grief and other depressive disorders which must be treated. This chapter reviews this important topic as well as the burial customs of various religious groups.
Caregiver-Related Concerns
Authors: Milbury Kathrin
Published: August 2018

Distress in family caregivers is a frequent problem in the palliative care setting. Symptoms of anxiety and depression are usually due to an imbalance of care demands relative to caregivers’ personal time, social roles, physical and emotional states, coping skills, formal care resources and the overall functioning of the family unit. . While caregiver distress is a concern in itself, it is also associated with an inability to provide effective care and support to the patient, a decreased level of patient activity, and patient hospital readmissions. Therefore, addressing caregiver distress is important in palliative care. With the goal of providing optimal care to the patient, the palliative care team can reduce family caregivers’ distress by offering information and education and facilitate open communications around prognosis and treatment decisions. This chapter highlights the key topics regarding evidenced-based assessment and management of family distress in palliative care.