bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency up-converted piezoelectric energy harvester for ultralow-frequency and ultrawide-frequency-range operation
Authors: Zhang Xiyang , Gao Shiqiao , Li Dongguang , Jin Lei , Wu Qinghe , Liu Feng
Published: April 2018

At present, frequency up-converted piezoelectric energy harvesters are disadvantaged by their narrow range of operating frequencies and low efficiency at ultralow-frequency excitation. To address these shortcomings, we propose herein an impact-driven frequency up-converted piezoelectric energy harvester composed of two driving beams and a generating beam. We find experimentally that the proposed device offers efficient energy output over an ultrawide-frequency-range and performs very well in the ultralow-frequency excitation. A maximum peak power of 29.3 mW is achieved under 0.5g acceleration at the excitation frequency of 12.7 Hz. The performance of the energy harvester can be adjusted and optimized by adjusting the spacing between the driving and generating beams. The results show that the proposed harvester has the potential to power miniaturized portable devices and wireless sensor nodes.
Strontium and barium in aqueous solution and a potassium channel binding site
Authors: Chaudhari Mangesh I. , Rempe Susan B.
Published: April 2018

Ion hydration structure and free energy establish criteria for understanding selective ion binding in potassium (K+) ion channels and may be significant to understanding blocking mechanisms as well. Recently, we investigated the hydration properties of Ba2+, the most potent blocker of K+ channels among the simple metal ions. Here, we use a similar method of combining ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, statistical mechanical theory, and electronic structure calculations to probe the fundamental hydration properties of Sr2+, which does not block bacterial K+ channels. The radial distribution of water around Sr2+ suggests a stable 8-fold geometry in the local hydration environment, similar to Ba2+. While the predicted hydration free energy of −331.8 kcal/mol is comparable with the experimental result of −334 kcal/mol, the value is significantly more favorable than the −305 kcal/mol hydration free energy of Ba2+. When placed in the innermost K+ channel blocking site, the solvation free energies and lowest energy structures of both Sr2+ and Ba2+ are nearly unchanged compared with their respective hydration properties. This result suggests that the block is not attributable to ion trapping due to +2 charge, and differences in blocking behavior arise due to free energies associated with the exchange of water ligands for channel ligands instead of free energies of transfer from water to the binding site.
Effect of capping layer on spin-orbit torques
Authors: Sun Chi , Siu Zhuo Bin , Tan Seng Ghee , Yang Hyunsoo , Jalil Mansoor B. A.
Published: April 2018

In order to enhance the magnitude of spin-orbit torque (SOT), considerable experimental works have been devoted to studying the thickness dependence of the different layers in multilayers consisting of heavy metal (HM), ferromagnet (FM), and capping layers. Here, we present a theoretical model based on the spin-drift-diffusion formalism to investigate the effect of the capping layer properties such as its thickness on the SOT observed in experiments. It is found that the spin Hall-induced SOT can be significantly enhanced by incorporating a capping layer with an opposite spin Hall angle to that of the HM layer. The spin Hall torque can be maximized by tuning the capping layer thickness. However, in the absence of the spin Hall effect (SHE) in the capping layer, the torque decreases monotonically with the capping layer thickness. Conversely, the spin Hall torque is found to decrease monotonically with the FM layer thickness, irrespective of the presence or absence of the SHE in the capping layer. All these trends are in correspondence with experimental observations. Finally, our model suggests that capping layers with a long spin diffusion length and high resistivity would also enhance the spin Hall torque.
Water-based metamaterial absorbers for optical transparency and broadband microwave absorption
Authors: Pang Yongqiang , Shen Yang , Li Yongfeng , Wang Jiafu , Xu Zhuo , Qu Shaobo
Published: April 2018

Naturally occurring water is a promising candidate for achieving broadband absorption. In this work, by virtue of the optically transparent character of the water, the water-based metamaterial absorbers (MAs) are proposed to achieve the broadband absorption at microwave frequencies and optical transparence simultaneously. For this purpose, the transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are chosen as the constitutive materials. The water is encapsulated between the ITO backed plate and PMMA, serving as the microwave loss as well as optically transparent material. Numerical simulations show that the broadband absorption with the efficiency over 90% in the frequency band of 6.4–30 GHz and highly optical transparency of about 85% in the visible region can be achieved and have been well demonstrated experimentally. Additionally, the proposed water-based MA displays a wide-angle absorption performance for both TE and TM waves and is also robust to the variations of the structure parameters, which is much desired in a practical application.
An experimental/theoretical method to measure the capacitive compactness of an aqueous electrolyte surrounding a spherical charged colloid
Authors: Moraila-Martínez Carmen Lucía , Guerrero-García Guillermo Iván , Chávez-Páez Martín , González-Tovar Enrique
Published: April 2018

The capacitive compactness has been introduced very recently [G. I. Guerrero-García et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 262–275 (2018)] as a robust and accurate measure to quantify the thickness, or spatial extension, of the electrical double layer next to either an infinite charged electrode or a spherical macroion. We propose here an experimental/theoretical scheme to determine the capacitive compactness of a spherical electrical double layer that relies on the calculation of the electrokinetic charge and the associated mean electrostatic potential at the macroparticle’s surface. This is achieved by numerically solving the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation of point ions around a colloidal sphere and matching the corresponding theoretical mobility, predicted by the O’Brien and White theory [J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 74, 1607–1626 (1978)], with experimental measurements of the electrophoretic mobility under the same conditions. This novel method is used to calculate the capacitive compactness of NaCl and CaCl2 electrolytes surrounding a negatively charged polystyrene particle as a function of the salt concentration.
Motivations for conservation action in peopled landscapes
Authors: Shanahan D. F. , Ledington J. E. , Maseyk F. J. F.
Published: April 2018

Urbanisation can drive wholesale change of ecosystems, and so biodiversity conservation action in these landscapes must overcome significant challenges. Despite this, councils and city residents invest significant resources into managing and promoting biodiversity in cities, often independently from wider-scale conservation objectives. In this paper we first examine biodiversity strategies from cities (Australia and New Zealand) and countries (Pacific Islands) to identify key ‘motivations’ for conservation action in peopled landscapes – this information is critical to guide how conservation planners can leverage effort in these spaces for broader conservation gain. We found that enhancing human well-being is a key motivator for biodiversity conservation in peopled landscapes; for example, 100% of strategies identified cultural ecosystem services as a key motivator. This trend reflects the importance of biodiversity in cities for people. This study raises a crucial question: what conservation outcomes might be possible from conservation action in cities where the key desired outcome is for people? We use two case studies to examine this question (threatened plant and threatened bird conservation in New Zealand cities), showing that conservation action in cities can deliver significant benefits that contribute to broader conservation objectives. We conclude that these benefits arise for several reasons: urban landscapes can leverage considerable people-power, the highly disturbed landscape can provide significant advantages for conservation action for some species, and enabling people to connect with nature and carry out conservation action can galvanise community effort for even greater conservation gain. If conservation planners can identify ways to leverage this effort for broader outcomes the results can be exceptional.
Control of vacuole membrane homeostasis by a resident PI-3,5-kinase inhibitor
Authors: Malia PC , Numrich Johannes , Nishimura Taki , González Montoro Ayelén , Stefan Christopher J. , Ungermann Christian
Published: April 2018

Significance

The lysosome-like vacuole is the main organelle to degrade membrane proteins and organelles and, thus, provides amino acids, but also ions to the cytosol for cellular survival. Maintenance of vacuole membrane integrity is thus important for cellular adaptations. The vacuole contains several protein complexes on its surface to maintain the vacuole functional, and one such complex is a lipid kinase named Fab1 (of PIKfyve in human cells). Fab1 is part of a protein complex that produces a phosphorylated lipid, PI-3,5-P
2
. Other proteins bind PI-3,5-P
2
and can fragment the vacuole to balance volume vs. membrane during stress. We now identify Ivy1 as a protein that binds Fab1 and controls its activity.
Inferring genetic connectivity in real populations, exemplified by coastal and oceanic Atlantic cod
Authors: Spies Ingrid , Hauser Lorenz , Jorde Per Erik , Knutsen Halvor , Punt André E. , Rogers Lauren A. , Stenseth Nils Chr.
Published: April 2018

Significance

Estimates of migration are important for understanding the dynamics of natural populations. A statistic known as
F

ST

is often used to measure levels of genetic differentiation among natural populations. Equations that translate
F

ST

into estimates of migration are based on “ideal” populations, which are subject to many simplifying assumptions compared with real populations. Therefore, theoretical estimates of migration might not be realistic. We modeled populations of Atlantic cod in the North Sea and the adjacent Skagerrak region to compare how migration is related to the complexities of real populations, and how actual migration compares with predictions based on theory. Results are intended to help apply population genetic theory to practical situations.
Induction of antitumor cytotoxic lymphocytes using engineered human primary blood dendritic cells
Authors: Wu Long , Zhang Huan , Jiang Yixing , Gallo Robert C. , Cheng Hua
Published: April 2018

Significance

The dendritic cell (DC) is the master regulator of host immunity. The results of our study bring significant technical improvements in DC methodology. First, a method was developed to expand primary blood DCs at unlimited amounts. Second, the established DCs are constitutively activated and readily available to prime naïve T cells. Third, the DCs can be genetically modified to deliver given tumor antigens in high efficiency and to express activating molecules in driving simultaneous production of antigen-specific T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Fourth, introducing two allogeneic DRB1 molecules into the DCs improves generation of tumor antigen-specific T cells. Further, the DC-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells potently suppress tumor growth and metastasis in human lung cancer mouse models.
The semantic reduction of the noun universe and the diachrony of nominal classification
Authors: Seifart Frank
Published: April 2018

Classifiers and noun class markers are often semantically general and semantically opaque compared to open-class nouns, and in this sense they constitute a semantic reduction of the noun universe. These two semantic characteristics also play important roles in the diachronic development of nominal classification systems. First, the need for semantically general forms for anaphoric reference may be a possible motivation for developing nominal classification in the first place. Second, opaque classification, which may, for example, emerge through coalescence of classes with homophonous markers, may be replaced by transparent classification because of the incompatibility of opaque classification and certain syntactic constructions, such as contrastive focus. Finally, opaque classification, typical of grammatical gender systems, is less likely to diffuse through language contact than transparent classification, which is typical for other types of systems, including numeral classifier systems.
Diachronic and synchronic aspects of the simplification of grammatical gender in an obsolescent language
Authors: Frenda Alessio S.
Published: April 2018

The comparison of two corpora of spoken Irish – one representative of a traditional variety as spoken in 1964, the other of the language spoken today on Irish-language media – reveals a number of differences in the way gender agreement is marked on different agreement targets. The difference is minimal in terms of article–noun agreement and most conspicuous with pronominal agreement. An intermediate position is occupied by noun–adjective agreement within the noun phrase. This study suggests that the gender system of Irish, historically based on both semantic and morphological assignment, is becoming purely semantic, similar in this to the gender system which characterized the final stages of a number of now-extinct Celtic varieties. In their final stages, these exhibited a purely semantic gender assignment system, whereby feminine agreement was limited to anaphoric pronouns with female antecedents. Within the noun phrase, feminine agreement markers were only found in a few fossilized expressions. Irish currently appears to be at an intermediate stage along the path towards a similar system.
Numeral classifier systems in the Araxes-Iran linguistic area
Authors: Stilo Donald
Published: April 2018

This corpus-based study discusses numeral classifiers (NCs) in neighboring languages of disparate origins: Azerbaijani (Turkic) and within Indo-European both colloquial Armenian and Vafsi (NW Iranian). Colloquial Tehran Persian and some other smaller Iranian languages, an additional Armenian dialect, a peripheral dialect of Azerbaijani, two Neo-Aramaic dialects (Semitic), and colloquial Georgian (Kartvelian) are also marginally included. This study shows that languages of very different origins have developed typologically similar classifier systems with very parallel behaviors. Although NCs in these languages are robust in usage, they represent simple systems, generally consisting of only two members: (1) a universal NC meaning ‘seed, grain’ used for all noun types (including human), and (2) an NC meaning ‘person’ optionally used for humans. The statistics of frequency of each classifier in these languages are tabulated. The diachrony of NCs in the area, their relationship to Greenbergian typology, their areality, and their fade-out phenomena are also discussed.
Development and diffusion of classifier systems in Southwestern Amazonia
Authors: van der Voort Hein
Published: April 2018

Comparative research shows that many genealogically unrelated languages in the Guaporé-Mamoré region in the Southwestern Amazon share specific lexical and structural traits, which suggests that the region forms a linguistic area. One of these traits concerns classifier systems. Classifier systems in genealogically diverse Northwestern Amazonian languages display similar structural patterns that involve large sets of bound classifiers with wide morphosyntactic distributions, which represents an areal trait. I show that classifier systems in Southwestern Amazonian languages also share structural and formal characteristics among one another. In addition, important structural properties of these systems are similar to those that characterize Northwestern Amazonian systems. It is likely that certain structures and forms have spread through diffusion, although it may not be possible to determine their precise origin. Apparently, borrowed classifiers and calqued classifying structures have undergone further development and extension in the individual languages.
Nominal and verbal classification
Authors: Bisang Walter
Published: April 2018

The present paper starts from the observation that classification is cross-linguistically very widespread in the domain of the noun and rather rare in the domain of the verb. It argues that this asymmetry is not arbitrary. It is motivated by two conditions: (i) the markers used for classification should not interfere with other grammaticalization processes, and (ii) the use of a classification marker in later processes of grammaticalization should not impair the initial classification system. Since these conditions are violated more easily with verbs than with nouns, classification is more persistent in nominal classificaton than in verbal classification. The paper looks at compounding, which is the common denominator of many nominal and verbal classification systems and thus provides the starting point from which the differences between the two types of classification can be observed. It then looks at the semantics involved in nominal and verbal classification, and it shows that the two conditions are more easily violated in the domain of the verb than in the domain of the noun.
Analysis of metonymic triggers, metonymic chaining, and patterns of interaction with metaphor and with other metonymies as part of the metonymy database in the Córdoba project
Authors: Hernández-Gomariz Isabel
Published: April 2018

This chapter offers a continuation of the chapters presented by Antonio Barcelona and Olga Blanco-Carrión in this same volume. Consequently, it deals with part of the results of the project FFI2012–36523, focused on the development of a detailed database on metonymy. The present chapter discusses the issues addressed in the remaining fields of the database entry model, namely Fields 8, 9 and 11. First, the chapter addresses the identification of the triggers leading to the operation – or blockage – of the metonymy (Field 8). The subsequent section analyzes the cases of metonymic chaining (Field 9), as proposed in Barcelona (2005). Finally, it studies the patterns of interaction that the metonymy may have with metaphors and/or other metonymies (Field 11).
The role of metonymy in the constructionist approach to the conceptualization of emotions
Authors: Perak Benedikt
Published: April 2018

Based on the corpus analysis of the conceptualization of strah ‘fear’ in Croatian, this chapter demonstrates that the conceptual structure of emotions emerges from syntactic and semantic organization activated by sensory-motor, ontological, spatial, thematic and agentive linguistic constructions. The proposed emergent constructionist model argues for a hierarchal organization of the metonymic and metaphorical conceptualizations. In terms of cognitive hierarchy, the model shows that sensory-motor metonymic profiling is the most basic, distinctive and, therefore, the most informative mechanism of conceptualizing emotions because it conveys knowledge about the affective state, enabling simulations of the quality of a specific emotion category, while additional metaphorical mechanisms build on metonymic conceptualizations using other general cognitive abilities expressing knowledge about objects, properties, relations and events.
Evoking values or doing politics?
Authors: Richardson John E.
Published: April 2018

This article analyses the rhetoric of speeches delivered by British politicians at televised national HMD commemorations. Following the recommendation of the Stockholm International Forum, since 2001, Britain has commemorated victims of the Holocaust and subsequent genocides every 27 January. The television broadcasts of the national commemoration both reflect and illuminate the complex processes of (national) histories, individual memory and collective remembrance, and the ways that they mediate and interact with each other in social and historic contexts. In addition to other genres (e.g. music, poetry readings, archival film), a speech is delivered by a prominent politician at each of these ceremonies. I argue that these speeches are examples of epideictic oratory, which provide politicians with the opportunity to communicate an understanding of the Holocaust as a catastrophe and a great affront toOur values. My rhetorical analysis focuses on the ways that politicians utilize two artistic means of persuasion:etheticstrategies, which place emphasis on their personal character; andlogeticstrategies, which aim to persuade through invoking arguments. I orientate to the ways that poorly selectedetheticandlogeticstrategies can disrupt the primary purpose of the epideictic speech: to communicate, and revivify, shared values.
The microstructure and mechanical properties of the B4C/Cu matrix composite fabricated by SPS-HR
Authors: Chen Hong-sheng , Zhang Yu-yang , Nie Hui-hui , Wang Jin-feng , Wang Wen-xian , Zhou Jun , Zhang Peng
Published: April 2018

Copper matrix composites containing different volume fractions of B4C particles (0–15%) were first fabricated by spark plasma sintering followed by hot rolling in atmospheric environments, then their microstructures, phase compositions, mechanical properties and sintering mechanism were investigated. It was found that B4C particles distributed relatively homogeneously in the copper matrix. Reaction products of CuC8 and B were observed and identified in the composite. Under increasing B4C particle content, the ultimate tensile, yield strength and elongation to fracture of the composites decreased. Failure mode of composites included: (1) the interfacial debonding and (2) the cleavage fracture of copper. Moreover, micro-discharge between the adjacent particles occurred, and its led to local high temperature at the interface.
Medication Side Effects and Retention in HIV Treatment: A Regression Discontinuity Study of Tenofovir Implementation in South Africa and Zambia
Authors: Brennan Alana T , Bor Jacob , Davies Mary-Ann , Wandeler Gilles , Prozesky Hans , Fatti Geoffrey , Wood Robin , Stinson Kathryn , Tanser Frank , Bärnighausen Till , Boulle Andrew , Sikazwe Izukanji , Zanolini Arianna , Fox Matthew P
Published: April 2018

Tenofovir is less toxic than other nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors used in antiretroviral therapy (ART) and may improve retention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients on ART. We assessed the impact of national guideline changes in South Africa (2010) and Zambia (2007) recommending tenofovir for first-line ART. We applied regression discontinuity in a prospective cohort study of 52,294 HIV-infected adults initiating first-line ART within 12 months (±12 months) of each guideline change. We compared outcomes in patients presenting just before and after the guideline changes using local linear regression and estimated intention-to-treat effects on initiation of tenofovir, retention in care, and other treatment outcomes at 24 months. We assessed complier causal effects among patients starting tenofovir. The new guidelines increased the percentages of patients initiating tenofovir in South Africa (risk difference (RD) = 81 percentage points, 95% confidence interval (CI): 73, 89) and Zambia (RD = 42 percentage points, 95% CI: 38, 45). With the guideline change, the percentage of single-drug substitutions decreased substantially in South Africa (RD = −15 percentage points, 95% CI: −18, −12). Starting tenofovir also reduced attrition in Zambia (intent-to-treat RD = −1.8% (95% CI: −3.5, −0.1); complier relative risk = 0.74) but not in South Africa (RD = −0.9% (95% CI: −5.9, 4.1); complier relative risk = 0.94). These results highlight the importance of reducing side effects for increasing retention in care, as well as the differences in population impact of policies with heterogeneous treatment effects implemented in different contexts.
Empowering genomic medicine by establishing critical sequencing result data flows: the eMERGE example
Authors: Aronson Samuel , Babb Lawrence , Ames Darren , Gibbs Richard A , Venner Eric , Connelly John J , Marsolo Keith , Weng Chunhua , Williams Marc S , Hartzler Andrea L , Liang Wayne H , Ralston James D , Devine Emily Beth , Murphy Shawn , Chute Christopher G , Caraballo Pedro J , Kullo Iftikhar J , Freimuth Robert R , Rasmussen Luke V , Wehbe Firas H , Peterson Josh F , Robinson Jamie R , Wiley Ken , Overby Taylor Casey ,   eMERGE Network EHRI Working Group
Published: April 2018

The eMERGE Network is establishing methods for electronic transmittal of patient genetic test results from laboratories to healthcare providers across organizational boundaries. We surveyed the capabilities and needs of different network participants, established a common transfer format, and implemented transfer mechanisms based on this format. The interfaces we created are examples of the connectivity that must be instantiated before electronic genetic and genomic clinical decision support can be effectively built at the point of care. This work serves as a case example for both standards bodies and other organizations working to build the infrastructure required to provide better electronic clinical decision support for clinicians.
Neuro-oncologists have spoken – the role of bevacizumab in the inpatient setting. A clinical and economic conundrum
Authors: Sharma Akanksha , Low Justin , Mrugala Maciej M
Published: April 2018

Background

Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key player in tumor angiogenesis. The drug can halt tumor progression, treat radiation necrosis, and reduce peritumoral edema. Although it does not increase overall survival, bevacizumab can improve progression-free survival and quality of life. In many countries, bevacizumab use in the inpatient setting is restricted due to its significant cost. Here, we explore attitudes towards the use of bevacizumab amidst practitioners treating brain tumors and assess ease of accessing the drug in the inpatient setting.

Design/Methods

A 10-question survey querying practitioners’ opinions of inpatient bevacizumab utility and its availability was distributed to the membership of the Society of Neuro-Oncology in July 2016.

Results

Eighty-seven percent felt that there was a role for bevacizumab in the inpatient setting, and 69% reported favorable experiences with bevacizumab use. However, 40% encountered difficulty in obtaining approval for inpatient use. We present two contrasting clinical cases that highlight favorable and unfavorable outcomes when bevacizumab use was and was not permitted, respectively.

Conclusions

In this sample of neuro-oncology practitioners, there is general consensus that bevacizumab plays an important role in the inpatient treatment of brain tumors. In light of ongoing barriers to inpatient bevacizumab use due to cost concerns, these data motivate the creation of standardized policies for inpatient bevacizumab use that balances its important role in improving quality of life with financial considerations.
Sabina ‘Augusta’
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: April 2018

This chapter surveys the textual and material evidence for Sabina’s first dozen years as empress. Following his accession in August 117, Hadrian apparently made no special effort to promote Sabina until her designation as Augusta in early 128. This grant preceded but was coordinated with the emperor’s naming as pater patriae (“father of the fatherland”) that same year; both honors were preliminaries to the couple’s five-year journey to the east. Only after her elevation did Sabina see sustained production of empress coinage, and sculptures of her image. Sabina was largely an emblem of continuity with the Ulpian line: the living embodiment of her deified mother, Matidia, and grandmother Marciana. The chapter also examines a costly dedication at Perge (Pamphylia); a perplexing note about her absence from Hadrian’s private birthday celebration; and (most consequentially) a reported scandal linking her with one of Hadrian’s praetorian prefects and his correspondence secretary, Suetonius.
Enslaved Leadership in Early Christianity
Authors: Shaner Katherine
Published: April 2018

Slaves were ubiquitous in the first- and second-century CE Roman Empire, and early Christian texts reflect this fact. This book argues that enslaved persons engaged in leadership roles in civic and religious activities. Such roles created tension within religious groups, including second-century communities connected with Paul’s legacy. Archaeological materials, epigraphy, and literature from Ephesos and environs illustrate these power struggles with clarity. Enslaved persons were religious specialists, priests, and leaders in cultic groups, including early Christian groups. Thus, the book paints a complex picture of enslaved life in Asia Minor to illustrate how enslaved persons enacted roles of religious and civic significance that potentially upended social hierarchies which privileged wealthy, slaveholding men. Yet even as the enslaved engaged in such authoritative roles, Roman slavery was not a benign institution nor were early Christians kinder and more egalitarian toward slaves. Both early Christian texts (such as Philemon, 1 Timothy, and Ignatius’s letters) and archaeological finds from Ephesos defend, construct, and clarify the hierarchies that kept enslaved persons under the control of their masters. This book brings together archaeological materials and literary texts using feminist rhetorical criticism. In doing so, it shows how archaeological materials attempt to persuade viewers, readers, and inhabitants of the city. Early Christian texts similarly attempt to persuade readers that slaves should not hold leadership positions. Thus the book illustrates a historical world in which control of slaves must continually be asserted. It demonstrates that master-slave hierarchies were unclear, disjointed, and even subverted in everyday religious activities.
The Foundation of Choice of Law
Authors: Peari Sagi
Published: April 2018

This book focuses on the subject of choice of law as a whole and provides an analysis of its various rules, principles, doctrines, and concepts. It offers a conceptual account of choice of law, called “choice equality foundation” (CEF), which aims to flesh out the normative basis of the subject. This book reveals that, despite the multiplicity of titles and labels within the myriad choice-of-law rules and practices of the US, Canadian, European, and other systems, many of them effectively confirm and crystallize CEF’s vision of the subject. This alignment signifies the necessarily intimate relationship between theory and practice, whereby the normative underpinnings of CEF are deeply embedded and reflected in actual practical reality. Among other things, this book provides a justification for the nature (and limits) of such popular principles as “party autonomy,” “most significant relationship,” and “closest connection” (Chapters 2 and 3), discusses such topics as the actual operation of “public policy” doctrine in domestic courts (Chapter 4) and the relation between the notion of international human rights and international commercial dealings (Chapter 5), and makes some suggestions about the ability of traditional rules to cope with the advancing challenges of the digital age (Chapter 6).
Colonial Capitalism and the Dilemmas of Liberalism
Authors: Ince Onur Ulas
Published: April 2018

This chapter constructs an analytic framework for reconstructing the relationship between liberalism and empire through the optic of political economy. Extant studies of liberalism and empire tend to restrict the analysis to the explication of liberal texts in imperial contexts without explicitly theorizing the imperial contexts in question. To address this lacuna, the chapter elaborates the notion of “colonial capitalism” as a contextual theory and a hermeneutic key for interpreting the works of John Locke, Edmund Burke, and Edward G. Wakefield. Drawing on critical political economy, imperial social and economic history, and postcolonial theory, “colonial capitalism” captures the heterogeneous and globally networked property structures, exchange systems, and labor regimes that constituted Britain’s imperial economy. Against this background, it highlights the “dilemmas of liberalism” that materialized in the efforts to reconcile the peaceful, commercial, British self-imaginations and the coercive economic practices the Britons undertook in their imperial possessions.
Statistical Methods in Spatial Epidemiology
Authors: Gebreab Samson Y.
Published: April 2018

Most studies evaluating relationships between neighborhood characteristics and health neglect to examine and account for the spatial dependency across neighborhoods, that is, how neighboring areas are related to each other, although the possible presence of spatial effects (e.g., spatial dependency, spatial heterogeneity) can potentially influence the results in substantial ways. This chapter first discusses the concept of spatial autocorrelation and then provides an overview of different spatial clustering methods, including Moran’s I and spatial scan statistics as well as different models to map spatial data, for example, spatial Bayesian mapping. Next, this chapter discusses various spatial regression methods used in spatial epidemiology for accounting spatial dependency and/or spatial heterogeneity in modeling the relationships between neighborhood characteristics and health outcomes, including spatial econometric models, Bayesian spatial models, and multilevel spatial models.
Qualitative Methods and Neighborhood Health Research
Authors: Keene Danya E.
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses qualitative methods in neighborhood health research, including the use of individual interviews, focus groups, and participant observation. The majority of studies examining the role of neighborhoods and health outcomes have been quantitative in nature. However, qualitative methods offer an important contribution to our understanding of how neighborhoods shape health and well-being. By drawing on resident perspectives and observations of daily life to illuminate complex and often previously unknown processes, qualitative methods can help to shed light on how places shape health behavior, how place affects access to health risks and resources, or how experiences of place may get under the skin to affect health. These methods can also provide insight into the agency of residents who actively engage with the structural features of their environment.
The Geography of Insight
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: April 2018

This book, based on a philosopher’s experiences as dean over almost two decades, argues it is appropriate for the sciences and humanities to have different aims and for the values informing their inquiries also to be different. It maintains there are four core differences: (1) it is proper for the sciences but not the humanities to seek insights not limited to particular locations, times, or things; (2) the sciences but not the humanities value findings as independent as possible of the perspectives of the inquirers; (3) the sciences should be wholly descriptive while the humanities can also be concerned with prescriptive claims, which give expression to values; and (4) the sciences are organized to increase collective knowledge, whereas in the humanities individual insight is highly valued independently of its ability to generate consensus. Associated with these differences are secondary distinctions: different attitudes about an endpoint of inquiry; different notions of intellectual progress; different roles for expertise; different assumptions about simplicity and complexity; and different approaches to issues associated with consciousness. Taken together these distinctions constitute an intellectual geography of the humanities and sciences: a mapping of key features of their epistemology. In addition, the book discusses the role of universities in an era attached to sound bites and immediately useful results, and the importance of there being a healthy culture of research for both the sciences and humanities, one that treasures long-term intellectual achievements and whose presiding value is that with respect to many issues it ought not to be easy to have opinions.
Some Kind of Justice
Authors: Orentlicher Diane
Published: April 2018

Most assessments of the ICTY’s performance derive benchmarks for assessment from claims set forth in official instruments or made by Tribunal officials and scholars. This chapter instead derives such benchmarks from the expectations of Bosnians who embraced the Tribunal, exploring the kind of justice they expected it to provide. For many victims, retributive justice is fundamental. Many Bosnians also highly value what scholars call the expressive function of international criminal tribunals. Other goals Bosnians hoped the Tribunal would advance include: preventing future atrocities, dispelling denial and fostering acknowledgment about wartime atrocities, and removing war criminals from their midst.
The Paving Stone Theory of World Tectonics
Authors: Livermore Roy
Published: April 2018

Tuzo Wilson introduces the concept of transform faults, which has the effect of transforming Earth Science forever. Resistance to the new ideas is finally overcome in the late 1960s, as the theory of moving plates is established. Two scientists play a major role in quantifying the embryonic theory that is eventually dubbed ‘plate tectonics’. Dan McKenzie applies Euler’s theorem, used previously by Teddy Bullard to reconstruct the continents around the Atlantic, to the problem of plate rotations on a sphere and uses it to unravel the entire history of the Indian Ocean. Jason Morgan also wraps plate tectonics around a sphere. Tuzo Wilson introduces the idea of a fixed hotspot beneath Hawaii, an idea taken up by Jason Morgan to create an absolute reference frame for plate motions.
Scum of the Earth
Authors: Livermore Roy
Published: April 2018

Well into the 1970s, the poor old geologists were still refusing to mend their ways, despite what they regarded as a ‘reign of terror’ by geophysicists. ‘Plate tectonics is fine’, they admitted grudgingly, ‘but it does not work in my area’. One of the most progressive, John Dewey, later recalled that, on being shown a long marine magnetic anomaly profile in 1965, and having its implications spelled out to him by geophysicists, he was only mildly impressed and remarked ‘Interesting, but keep it in the oceans and don’t let it onto the continents.’ The reaction of the geophysicists, who ‘muttered darkly about the ignorance and narrow-mindedness of geologists’, was, he recollected, ‘slightly scathing’.
Ups and Downs
Authors: Livermore Roy
Published: April 2018

Despite the dumbing-down of education in recent years, it would be unusual to find a ten-year-old who could not name the major continents on a map of the world. Yet how many adults have the faintest idea of the structures that exist within the Earth? Understandably, knowledge is limited by the fact that the Earth’s interior is less accessible than the surface of Pluto, mapped in 2016 by the NASA New Horizons spacecraft. Indeed, Pluto, 7.5 billion kilometres from Earth, was discovered six years earlier than the similar-sized inner core of our planet. Fortunately, modern seismic techniques enable us to image the mantle right down to the core, while laboratory experiments simulating the pressures and temperatures at great depth, combined with computer modelling of mantle convection, help identify its mineral and chemical composition. The results are providing the most rapid advances in our understanding of how this planet works since the great revolution of the 1960s.
Portugal
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Álvaro , Neves Pedro
Published: April 2018

Business groups emerged in Portugal in the late nineteenth century amid nascent industrialization and revealing strong ties to colonial business. Economic nationalism, corporatism, and the decreasing importance of colonies nurtured different business groups in the aftermath of the Great Depression: increasingly diversified while oriented to the domestic market; inward-looking and with large capital shares in affiliate firms; internalizing corporate finance in intra-group capital flows. Everything changed dramatically in 1975, when large industrial and financial groups were nationalized. When they re-emerged twenty years later, they had metamorphosed into a different species: more focused, yet still with unrelated product portfolios; transmuted into multinationals active overseas; organized in pyramidal structures that magnify their control rights; and employed financing based on capital markets and intermediation. The quasi-experimental situation created by the 1975 nationalization emphasizes the importance of flexibility in adapting strategy and control structures to different economic and institutional contexts.
A Bridge Too Far?
Authors: Lee Charlotte P. , Schmidt Kjeld
Published: April 2018

The study of computing infrastructures has grown significantly due to the rapid proliferation and ubiquity of large-scale IT-based installations. At the same time, recognition has also grown of the usefulness of such studies as a means for understanding computing infrastructures as material complements of practical action. Subsequently the concept of “infrastructure” (or “information infrastructures,” “cyberinfrastructures,” and “infrastructuring”) has gained increasing importance in the area of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) as well as in neighboring areas such as Information Systems research (IS) and Science and Technology Studies (STS). However, as such studies have unfolded, the very concept of “infrastructure” is being applied in different discourses, for different purposes, in myriad different senses. Consequently, the concept of “infrastructure” has become increasingly muddled and needs clarification. The chapter presents a critical investigation of the vicissitudes of the concept of “infrastructure” over the last 35 years.
Direct Torque Control
Authors: Vaez-Zadeh Sadegh
Published: April 2018

The fundamental principles of direct torque control (DTC) of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) motors are presented in this chapter. The basic DTC system is then described. The operating limits of PMS machines under DTC are presented in terms of current limit, voltage limit, and flux linkage limit. Also, flux linkage control, including maximum torque per ampere (MTPA), unity power factor, and flux weakening at high speed, is derived. Then, alternative DTC schemes, including different SVM-DTC schemes, are presented. In line with the increasing energy-saving tendency in industrial applications, major emphasis is placed on the loss minimization of DTC. Finally, a comprehensive comparison was made between the basic DTC and vector control, emphasizing the pros and cons of DTC with respect to vector control.
Propertius’ Aberrant Itineraries
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: April 2018

Can we find the flâneur in ancient Rome? This is not a narrow question of whether this modern French literary figure has a Classical prehistory, but whether there is a parallel relationship at Rome between large urban centres, literary production, and individualism. This chapter suggests there are instances in Latin love elegy that offer a layered response to spatial forms. Observing the rhythms of the everyday in Rome, we discover shared spaces of erotic and imperial power. Propertius and Ovid are as much constructors of the eternal city as its monumental imperial builders. It is in fleeting and intense moments of escape that we become aware of the inflexibility of everyday life in Rome. In the moments when the citizen may (or may not) give way to the lover, the limitations of set scripts are revealed, and the implacable logic of imperial space softens in the undecidability of the moment.
Processes as Patterns of Occurrence
Authors: Galton Antony
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the idea that processes may be understood as patterns of occurrence, whose individual realizations may take on the character of states or events, depending on the perspective from which they are considered. In this way the ontological relations between states, processes, and events are clarified by effectively defusing the question as to whether processes should be classed as subordinate to events, or vice versa, or whether they are both specializations of some broader superordinate category. A key distinction is made between open and closed patterns, initially in the spatial domain and then in the temporal domain, where new light is thrown on why the term ‘process’ has come to be used in strikingly different ways by different authors. Finally, the account of processes as patterns is put to use in providing a fruitful framework within which to investigate aspectual phenomena in natural language.
Ballistic Action
Authors: Stout Rowland
Published: April 2018

A non-progressive achievement is something that an agent did but such that at no moment were they doing it. These achievements are not described using the progressive aspect, and as such are arguably not properly speaking intentional actions at all. Steward has an argument against the possibility of such things, which is rebutted. Ryle has an analysis that identifies them with what he calls achievements, and this is rejected too. The proposed analysis is that such non-progressive achievements are ballistic actions involving two stages—the agent setting up a process and that process then happening; only the first stage involves agency. This analysis is applied to problem cases for Anscombe’s principle of practical self-knowledge, like the carbon paper case.
Designing Multistakeholder Partnerships
Authors: Gray Barbara , Purdy Jill
Published: April 2018

Designing partnerships for success is challenging. Many partnerships succumb to collaborative inertia; that is, they experience slow progress or truncate their efforts without any tangible outcomes. Factors that contribute to such inertia include distrust, framing conflicts, identity, process, and power differences. This chapter identifies several important process design issues that partnership leaders need to consider. Eight critical tasks that interveners can undertake to shift these forces in positive directions are introduced: Convening, managing the process, visioning, intervening in large groups, conflict handling, visioning to facilitate partners’ learning, gaining buy-in back home, and institution building. Detailed advice is offered for how partners should engage in each of these tasks to steer partnerships in positive directions. Factors that motivate and block collaborative efforts at each of four phases in a partnership’s life cycle are also explored and their appropriateness for each phase of a partnership’s life cycle is assessed.