bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model reference adaptive control of structurally perturbed second‐order distributed parameter systems
Authors: A. Demetriou Michael , Fahroo Fariba
Published: September 2006

We consider a class of second‐order distributed parameter systems with structured perturbations in which both partial position and partial velocity measurements are assumed available. The control objective is to design an adaptive controller so that the plant state follows the state of a second‐order reference model despite the presence of the perturbation terms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Materials Specificity and Directed Assembly of a Gold‐Binding Peptide
Authors: Tamerler Candan , Duman Memed , Oren Ersin Emre , Gungormus Mustafa , Xiong Xiaorong , Kacar Turgay , Parviz Babak A. , Sarikaya Mehmet
Published: September 2006

Adsorption studies of a genetically engineered gold‐binding peptide, GBP1, were carried out using a quartz‐crystal microbalance (QCM) to quantify its molecular affinity to noble metals. The peptide showed higher adsorption onto and lower desorption from a gold surface compared to a platinum substrate. The material specificity, that is, the preferential adsorption, of GBP1 was also demonstrated using gold and platinum micropatterned on a silicon wafer containing native oxide. The biotinylated three‐repeat units of GBP1 were preferentially adsorbed onto gold regions delineated using streptavidin‐conjugated quantum dots (SAQDs). These experiments not only demonstrate that an inorganic‐binding peptide could preferentially adsorb onto a metal (Au) rather than an oxide (SiO2) but also onto one noble metal (Au) over another (Pt). This result shows the utility of an engineered peptide as a molecular erector in the directed immobilization of a nanoscale hybrid entity (SAQDs) over selected regions (Au) on a fairly complex substrate (Au and Pt micropatterned regions on silica). The selective and controlled adsorption of inorganic‐binding peptides may have significant implications in nano‐ and nanobiotechnology, where they could be genetically tailored for specific use in the development of self‐assembled molecular systems.
Reducing HIV risk‐associated sexual behavior among african american adolescents: Testing the generality of intervention effects
Authors: Jemmott John B. , Jemmott Loretta Sweet , Fong Geoffrey T. , McCaffree Konstance
Published: September 2006

This randomized controlled trial tested the effects of a theory‐based culture‐sensitive HIV risk‐reduction intervention among 496 inner‐city African American adolescents (mean age = 13 years) and examined the generality of its effects as a function of the facilitator's race and gender and the gender composition of the intervention group. Adolescents who received the HIV risk‐reduction intervention expressed more favorable behavioral beliefs about condoms, greater self‐efficacy, and stronger condom‐use intentions postintervention than did those who received a control intervention on other health issues. Six‐month follow‐up data collected on 93% of the adolescents revealed that those who received the HIV risk‐reduction intervention reported less HIV risk‐associated sexual behavior, including unprotected coitus, than did their counterparts in the control condition. Self‐reported sexual behavior and changes in self‐reported behavior were unrelated to scores on a standard measure of social desirability response bias. There was strong evidence for the generality of intervention effects. Moderator analyses testing eight specific interaction hypotheses and correlational analyses indicated that the effects of the HIV risk‐reduction intervention did not vary as a function of the facilitator's race or gender, participant's gender, or the gender composition of the intervention group.
Epidermal sphingolipids: Metabolism, function, and roles in skin disorders
Authors: Holleran Walter M. , Takagi Yutaka , Uchida Yoshikazu
Published: September 2006

Mammalian epidermis produces and delivers large quantities of glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin precursors to stratum corneum extracellular domains, where they are hydrolyzed to corresponding ceramide species. This cycle of lipid precursor formation and subsequent hydrolysis represents a mechanism that protects the epidermis against potentially harmful effects of ceramide accumulation within nucleated cell layers. Prominent skin disorders, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, have diminished epidermal ceramide levels, reflecting altered sphingolipid metabolism, that may contribute to disease severity/progression. Enzymatic processes in the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin, and the roles of sphingolipids in skin diseases, are the focus of this review.
Activation of diacylglycerol O‐acyltransferase 1 gene results in increased tumor necrosis factor‐α gene expression in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Hirata Takashi , Unoki Hiroyuki , Bujo Hideaki , Ueno Koichi , Saito Yasushi
Published: September 2006

The tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) expression has been reported to be largely dependent on the size of adipocytes. We herein investigated the gene regulation of diacylglycerol O‐acyltransferase (DGAT) in order to clarify the mechanism of TNF‐α expression induced in large adipocytes. 3T3‐L1 cells were cultured in the presence of 5 mM or 25 mM glucose to generate adipocytes from which the triglyceride content differs. The expression of TNF‐α, DGAT1, and DGAT2 were upregulated in adipocytes cultured with 25 mM glucose. Furthermore, knockdown of DGAT1 gene significantly inhibited the TNF‐α expression. Finally, the DGAT1 expression levels were closely related to the TNF‐α level in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.
Sinusitis of odontogenic origin
Authors: Brook Itzhak
Published: September 2006

Odontogenic sinusitis is a well‐recognized condition and accounts for approximately 10% to 12% of cases of maxillary sinusitis. An odontogenic source should be considered in individuals with symptoms of maxillary sinusitis with a history of odontogenic infection, dentoalveolar surgery, periodontal surgery, or in those resistant to conventional sinusitis therapy. Diagnosis usually requires a thorough dental and clinical evaluation including appropriate radiographs. The most common causes of odontogenic sinusitis include dental abscesses and periodontal disease that had perforated the Schneidarian membrane, irritation and secondary infection caused by intra‐antral foreign bodies, and sinus perforations during tooth extraction. An odontogenic infection is a polymicrobial aerobic‐anaerobic infection, with anaerobes outnumbering the aerobes. The most common isolates include anaerobic streptococci and gram‐negative bacilli, and Enterobacteriaceae. Surgical and dental treatment of the odontogenic pathological conditions combined with medical therapy is indicated. When present, an odontogenic foreign body should be surgical removed. Surgical management of oroantral communication is indicated to reduce the likelihood of causing chronic sinus disease. The management of odontogenic sinusitis includes a 3‐ to 4‐week course of antimicrobials effective against the oral flora pathogens.
Current management of penetrating injuries of the soft palate
Authors: Randall David A. , Kang D. Richard
Published: September 2006

Children present to emergency departments with soft palate impalement injuries on an infrequent though periodic basis. Although these usually heal without treatment, internal carotid artery thrombosis occurs on rare occasions due to vessel compression causing intimal disruption. Thirty‐two cases have been reported in the English literature. Hospital observation for up to 72 hours had been recommended previously for all of these injuries because of a, “lucid interval,” usually present before onset of neurologic symptoms. Subsequent studies have shown a very low occurrence of carotid injury and support outpatient observation similar to that after minor head injury. This is further justified by the lack of evidence that any diagnostic study or therapeutic measure alters the ultimate prognosis and outcome. Laceration repair is suggested for retained foreign bodies, through and through injury, or if a large hanging flap is present. Antibiotic indications are not well defined but should be considered for lacerations over 1 to 2 cm in length.
Use of anteriorly based pericranial flap in frontal sinus obliteration
Authors: Moshaver Ali , Harris Jeffery R. , Seikaly Hadi
Published: September 2006

Objective

In an era of endoscopic sinus surgery, frontal sinus obliteration continues to remain an important treatment option in chronic frontal sinus disease. Numerous avascular obliterative materials including fat, muscle, cancellous bone, and hydroxyapatite have been used in this procedure. In this article, we describe a vascularized anteriorly based pericranial flap to obliterate frontal sinus.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review of patients referred to tertiary care hospital between 1996 and 2003.

Methods

Records of the patients who underwent this procedure were reviewed. Demographics, indications, and immediate and late complications were recorded. A phone questionnaire was used to assess patient satisfaction with the outcome.

Results

A total of 12 patients underwent frontal sinus obliteration with this technique. Mean follow‐up was 40 months. None of the patients developed recurrent frontal sinusitis. All of the patients were pleased with the outcome.

Conclusion

Pericranial flap is a highly vascularized flap that is easily harvested and is an effective and viable modality for obliterating frontal sinus.

EBM rating: C‐4
Acoustical analysis of snoring: Can the probability of success be predicted?
Authors: Brietzke Scott E. , Mair Eric A.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

Palatal flutter snoring is the most common form of snoring. However, other types of snoring do exist. Does identifying palatal snoring beforehand translate into improved subjective treatment success with palatal stiffening procedures?

Methods

Fifty‐three patients presenting with snoring were evaluated with a commercially available device. The proportion (%) and magnitude of palatal flutter (dB) were quantified. Patients then underwent a palatal stiffening procedure and subjective success/failure was assessed.

Results

Overall subjective treatment success was 85% (45 of 53). The percent palatal flutter was the most predictive of success (area under ROC = 0.8556, 95% CI =. 7428‐.9683). Patients exceeding 68% palatal flutter had a 95% (39 of 41) success rate (P = 0.001, Fisher's exact) and an adjusted odds ratio of treatment success of 25.2 (95% CI = 3.22‐196, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Palatal stiffening treatments are successful in the majority of patients. However, identifying patients with predominant palatal flutter snoring significantly increases the probability of subjective treatment success.

EBM rating: B‐2b
Local treatment of cricoid cartilage defects with rhBMP‐2 induces growth plate–like morphology of chondrogenesis
Authors: Tcacencu Ion , Carlsöö Bengt , Stierna Pontus , Hultenby Kjell
Published: September 2006

Objective

The ultrastructural characteristics of new bone and cartilage, induced at the site of cricoid cartilage defects treated with rhBMP‐2 in rabbits, were investigated.

Study Design and Setting

A cricoid defect model was used. Fifteen rabbits were randomly and equally divided into 3 groups. Four rabbits from each group were treated with rhBMP‐2, while one rabbit from each group was used as control. The rabbits were killed 1, 2, or 4 weeks after surgery. The healing pattern of the laryngeal wound was evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopy.

Results

Mineralized collagen type I matrix, osteoblasts, and osteoclast‐like cells were present as early as 1 week after surgery. Well‐structured bone trabeculas and growth plate‐like structures were present 4 weeks after surgery.

Conclusion

Intramembranous and endochondral osteogenesis take place at the site of cricoid cartilage defects treated with rhBMP‐2. Progenitor cells of cricoid perichondrium form a growth plate‐like structure similar to the epiphyseal growth plate.

Significance

This study reveals the pattern of BMP‐2‐induced repair of airway cartilage defects.
Generic and specific quality‐of‐life measures in Taiwanese adults with sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Wang Pa‐Chun , Li Hsueh‐Yu , Shih Tung‐Sheng , Gliklich Richard E. , Chen Ning‐Hung , Liao Yu‐Fang
Published: September 2006

Objective

To investigate the quality‐of‐life status of Taiwanese adult patients with sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB).

Study Design and Setting

A prospective, quality of life survey in a tertiary referral sleep center on 94 consecutive adult SDB patients. Patients were evaluated with polysomnogram, Medical Outcome Study SF‐36 Health Survey, Snore Outcome Survey (SOS), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).

Results

SDB patients have significantly lower scores in all 8 SF‐36 subscales (P < 0.05) than do normative Taiwan adult population. Apnea patients have lower SOS (34.5 ± 7.5 vs 40.1 ± 10.3, P = 0.005) and higher ESS scores than do simple snorers (8.8 ± 5.1 vs 11.7 ± 5.2, P = 0.03). Patients with a higher degree of sleepiness show worse performance in all dimensions of their general health status (P values 0.0005 to 0.01). Deep sleep (stage 3 + 4) is predictive of SF‐36 role: physical (β = 1.63, P = 0.04), bodily pain (β = 1.22, P = 0.01), vitality (β = 1.05, P = 0.01), subscales scores (adjusted R2 0.005 to 0.1).

Conclusion

SDB has considerable impact on a patient's global health status.

Significance

Daytime sleepiness, rather than apnea, is a major quality‐of‐life determinant. EBM rating: B‐2b
Does the chorda tympani nerve confer general sensation from the tongue?
Authors: Perez Ronen , Fuoco Gabriel , Dorion Joanne M. , Ho Peter H. , Chen Joseph M.
Published: September 2006

Objective

Patients often complain of numbness of the tongue after otologic procedures; this symptom may occur with or without taste alterations. The purpose of this study was to objectively assess possible changes in the general sensation of the tongue in patients undergoing middle ear surgery.

Study Design and Setting

Thirty‐three individuals were included in this prospective controlled clinical study conducted at a tertiary referral center. Fifteen patients underwent middle ear surgery and 18 volunteers served as a control group. Subjects underwent objective tests to assess general sensation of the tongue before and twice after surgery.

Results

Forty‐seven percent of the patients complained of numbness or tingling of the tongue shortly after surgery. In these patients, a significant reduction in sensitivities to light touch and 2‐point discrimination on the operated side were noted at that time (P < 0.01; P < 0.009 respectively). Values returned to baseline on subsequent evaluations. No sensitivity change was noted for the contralateral hemi‐tongue.

Conclusion

Objective changes in the general sensory function of the tongue correlated with post‐operative clinical symptoms experienced by patients. The results of this study support the notion that the chorda tympani nerve confers general sensation from the tongue.

EBM rating: A‐1b
Vibratory pattern of vocal folds under tension asymmetry
Authors: Maunsell Rebecca , Ouaknine Maurice , Giovanni Antoine , Crespo Agrício
Published: September 2006

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the vibratory pattern of vocal folds in an asymmetric situation.

Study Design and Setting

Cricothyroid muscle unilateral action was simulated on excised larynges on an experimental bench. Increasing airflow rates were applied to achieve vocal fold vibration. Electroglottography and an optoreflectometer device allowed analysis of separate and simultaneous vocal fold vibration. Spectra of the signals were obtained for each level of airflow variation.

Results

All experiments showed periodic vibration. A phase shift was noted between the two vocal folds. Subharmonics and biphonation were identified in all the experiments.

Conclusion

Lax vocal folds were more susceptible to spectral changes with increasing airflow.

Significance

Knowledge of the consequences of mass, tension, and position asymmetries of the vocal folds is crucial for diagnosis making and defining therapeutic strategies in dysphonic patients. This study may contribute to the understanding of physiology of vocal fold interaction and its compensatory mechanisms.
Acetabular Fractures
Authors: Klinger Donna L.
Published: September 2006

Trauma injuries to the acetabulum and the associated pelvic region are second only to head injuries in mortality and morbidity for surgical patients. Surgeons in the past avoided exposing and stabilizing complex fractures of the acetabulum because of the intricate anatomy of the pelvic region. Recent advances in surgical techniques have increased the use of open reduction internal fixation of acetabular fractures. Early internal fixation of acetabular fractures allows rapid mobilization of severely injured patients and provides trauma patients optimal, long‐term, functional results. AORN J 61 (Jan 1995) 157–178.
A Study of Practices of Handling and Opening Suture Packets in the Operating Room
Authors: Watson Donna S.
Published: September 2006

A STUDY OF PRACTICES OF HANDLING AND OPENING SUTURE PACKETS IN THE OPERATING ROOM, B. Minckley, Nursing Research, Vol 18 (May/June 1969), 267‐270
Managing the Mosaic: Addressing Workforce Diversity and Managing Institutional Change in Health Care
Authors: Austin Karen L.
Published: September 2006

Managing the Mosaic: Addressing Workforce Diversity and Managing Institutional Change in Health Care By Trisha A. Svehla, Glen C. Crosier 1994, 222 pp $38 American Hospital Association members, $47.50 nonmembers paperback
Topological investigation of the ethanol/water system and its implications for the mode of action of homœopathic medicines
Authors: Singh Prem P. , Chhabra H.L.
Published: September 2006

Available molar excess volumes VE and molar excess enthalpies HE data at 250°C in the ethanol (E) and Water (W) system have been analysed in terms of a graphtheoretical approach to suggest that both E and W (in the pure state) exist as equilibrium mixture of various r-meric forms, that the particular configuration that they acquire in their mixture is dictated by their relative proportions. Although E undergoes hydrophobic interactions in W, specific interactions between E and W favour their mutual dissolution. The process of succussion (or trituration) of homœopathic drugs with E (or lactose) produces potentized E or W molecules that mimic the properties of the drugs. Homœopathic medicines have been postulated to operate via electron-transfer processes in the Central Nervous System. A mode of action of homœopathic medicines, consistent with the recent concepts of chemistry and physics is proposed to explain the scientific basis of the law of similars and some other characteristic pharmacologic actions of homœopathic medicines.
Survey on the teaching of complementary medicine in British schools of pharmacy
Authors: Kayne Steven
Published: September 2006

The 16 UK schools of pharmacy were surveyed to investigate whether undergraduate students were exposed to teaching in complementary medicine. 56% replied positively, with course varying in length from 1–2 hours up to 20 hours. Of the 44% who replied negatively, 30% indicated that they thought they would teach the subject in the future.
A case of colitis treated with Secale
Authors: Jack R.A.F.
Published: September 2006

Secale would appear initially to have helped her lassitude, diarrhoea, formication, calf cramps, and above all her apathy, restoring to her a sense of well-being. The further marked improvement that followed the therapeutic trial of increasing her dose of carbimazole suggests that she was still slightly thyrotoxic, and the indicated homœopathic medicine was not sufficient on its own. This case illustrates that homœopathic medicines can be of benefit when taken concurrently with conventional drugs.
A space-occupying lesion
Authors: Ghosh Amitav
Published: September 2006

A patient with a space-occupying lesion is treated with homœopathic medicines. Pathological and constitutional prescribing along with miasmatic medicines are recommended. Prognosis of neoplastic disease, significance of pathophysiology and repertorization and hypothesis on tremor are discussed. For further evaluation of homœopathic treatment of space-occupying lesions, more case reports from readers are suggested.
Points at issue in the physics of water and homoeopathy
Authors: Ilyin V.V. , Antonchenko V.Ya.
Published: September 2006

The main features of a new model for associated liquids are expounded. The stability of various dissipative structures in water systems is explained by their presence in the earth's electromagnetic field and by the stabilizing processes of proton transfer along hydrogen-bonded chains in these structures. A possible connection between processes occurring in dissipative water structures and the radiation characteristics of homoeopathic preparations is shown.
Lessons learnt from an unsuccessful clinical trial of homœopathy
Authors: Jansen G.R.H.J. , Veer A.L.J.v.d. , Hagenaars J. , Kuy A.v.d.
Published: September 2006

In a randomized, double-blind study, the effects of individualized homœopathy in patients suffering from proctocolitis were investigated. The study was controlled against conventional therapy and placebo.

Individually indicated homoœopathic medicines were prescribed in the 30c, 200c or 1,000c potencies.

The researchers did not succeed in attracting sufficient numbers of participants to arrive at statistically significant conclusions. The total number of patients in the three combined groups was only 20, which was far below the target figure. The causes of this are discussed.

Bowel habit and subjective parameters were assessed by a weekly health calendar. This calendar had not been previously validated. The conventional group scored best: eight out of ten patients completed the year of research and improved both with regard to their proctocolitis and their general well-being.
Implications of contaminants to scientific research in homoeopathy
Authors: Zacharias Carlos Renato
Published: September 2006

3 sets of potentized hydroalcoholic solutions were analyzed by ultraviolet spectroscopy in order to observe changes due to the dynamization process. For the sets prepared in pharmacies, the spectra from dynamized solutions were different from those of inert solutions; for the set prepared under more rigorous conditions of cleanness, no significant difference could be noted. These results indicate the presence of contaminants in commercial homoeopathic medicines. We discuss the implications of this for scientific research.
Management of nursing in 19th-century London
Authors: Lorentzon Maria
Published: September 2006

Examination of manuscript sources from the London Homoeopathic Hospital (LHH) 1850–1899 are set in historical context by presentation of data from the House of Lords Select Committee on Metropolitan Hospitals Report (1892)1 and review of selected items from the literature. This material shows the gradual progress in nursing practice, education and management at London hospitals.

Analysis of LHH primary historical source documents (Minutes of Board Meetings,2 Minutes of Governors and Subscribers Meetings,3 Minutes of the LHH Staff Committee4 and the Medical Staff Committee5 and Clinical Notes6) show development of management and education systems in nursing. Less stress was placed on clinical practice. Significant support for development of nurse education at LHH was provided by members of the medical staff. The few references made to clinical nursing practice were recorded in the Medical Staff Committee Minutes. The strongest emphasis in all source material was on management of nursing services.

Exploration of nursing management in 19th century London, in particular at the London Homoeopathic Hospital, reveals many similarities between conditions then and the present. It also provides evidence of progress in professionalization of nursing, with enhanced autonomy in education and professional practice. In this context, it is worth exploring the mode of managing nursing in 19th century voluntary hospitals and, in particular, at the London Homoeopathic Hospital.
Tetanus in children
Authors: Pai P.N.
Published: September 2006

This is an analysis of 260 cases of tetanus in children between 1 month and 12 years, treated with homœopathic remedies and four different types of combined therapies. The cases were graded into 5 categories according to severity and then divided into 5 groups. The results under different groups are analysed and compared. Combined therapy with Nux vom., Stram., A.T.S. and Chlorpromazine yielded the best results.

The prognostic value of various factors such as mode of infection, incubation period, etc., are analysed and discussed.
Experimental research in cataract with Cineraria maritima
Authors: Krishnamurty P.S.
Published: September 2006

This work claims 60 per cent. success in both arresting and curing cataract. It is felt that Cineraria offers definite prospects for the prophylaxis of cataract.
A graphic fluid balance chart
Authors: Staunton M. Dudley
Published: September 2006

A graphic fluid chart aids the estimation of fluid balance in patient care. The design shows volume, rate and time of fluids as graph lines. There are advantages in its use for all ward staff.
Graphites—adhesion breaker
Authors: Munro C.K.
Published: September 2006

This is a lass with a long gynaecological history who had four separate abdominal operations when some suspicious TB glands were found. Subsequently she developed multiple adhesions which were treated conservatively. No further surgery could be planned unless life-saving in view of the further causation of adhesions.

The first homœopathic remedy (Silica) had no effect. Within a week of commencing Graphites 30th she was completely well and went from strength to strength. She is still very well after about nine months.

I have little doubt that Graphites transformed her life and indeed may probably have saved it.
Symptoms and treatment of whooping cough, 1980–82
Authors: English J.M.
Published: September 2006

Questionnaires were obtained from the parents of 71 children who contracted pertussin in 1980–82. They sought to confirm the typical clinical history of the disease, its severity, duration, method of treatment, and any effect this had on its course. They suggest that the disease is milder than it used to be and that whilst antibiotics, including erythromycin, make no significant difference to its course, homœopathic treatment reduces its duration and severity.
Does chelidonium 3x lower serum cholesterol?
Authors: Bol C.J. , Oude Luttikhuis W.M.T. , Beynen A.C. , Baumans V.
Published: September 2006

Oral administration of Chelidonium 3x twice a day was found to partly counteract the increase in serum cholesterol seen in rabbits after cholesterol feeding. After 34 days the rabbits treated with Chelidonium 3x displayed about 25% lower serum cholesterol concentrations than the controls.
Homœopathy and physiotherapy, with special reference to osteoarthropathy
Authors: Mesquita Lucia Pires
Published: September 2006

A study was carried out to make scientific assessment of the efficacy of homœopathic treatment for osteoarthropathy. One hundred and sixty patients with this diagnosis who were attending the Physical Medicine Unit (SMFR) of the IASERJ Central Hospital were included in the study which compared the combination of physical therapy and homœopathic treatment with one of physical therapy and conventional medical treatment, to determine the limits for improvement and their probable causes.

Hypotheses were tested and revealed outstanding results to the effect that 92% of patients treated with physical medicine and homœopathy could be discharged. The results confirm that homœopathy used in conjunction with physical medicine gives more rapid and lasting results in cases of osteoarthropathy.
A century of homoeopathic paediatrics
Authors: Leary Bernard
Published: September 2006

Among homoeopaths the idea of specialist provision for children followed the general trend. It was encouraged by the high morbidity and mortality among children due to poverty. The prevalence of tuberculosis, syphilis and the infectious fevers, together with the ignorance about hygiene of mothers of young children, were all factors of concern. Homoeopathic physicians and their supporters wished to give poor children the benefits of their system, which they believed could deal more efficaciously with the risks to their health. Homoeopathic specialist units gradually disappeared, partly due to the NHS and partly because the factors which stimulated their inception no longer applied. Homoeopathy itself became the speciality.
How can we get more reliable information from homoeopathic pathogenetic trials?
Authors: Dantas Flávio
Published: September 2006

Indeed, a medicine must first of all be essayed in a healthy body, without any foreign admixture; when the odour and taste have been examined, a small dose must be taken, and attention must be paid to every change that occurs, to the pulse, the temperature, respiration and excretions. Then, having examined the symptoms encountered in the healthy person, one may proceed to trials in the body of a sick person.
Growth-promoting effect of sulphur 201c in pigs
Authors: Searcy-Bernal Roberto , Soto-Avila José , Guajardo-Bernal Germán
Published: September 2006

In a blind, placebo-controlled trial, a homoeopathic dynamized dilution of Sulphur 201c was given orally to pregnant sows every 10 days. No significant difference was detected between the birth weight of litters (39 piglets) of treated sows and control litters (40 piglets). On day 30 statistically significant differences were observed both in the final weight of litters, mean total and daily weight gain.
Homoeopathic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Lamont John
Published: September 2006

43 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were alternately assigned to either placebo or homoeopathic treatment in a double blind, partial crossover study to determine the effectiveness of homoeopathy for this disorder. Medicines or placebos were given to parents or carers and were administered to children by the parent or carers. After 10 days children in the placebo group were given homoeopathic medicines. Statistical comparisons were made on the basis of parent or carer ratings of ADHD behaviour before and after treatment. Scores for subjects initially in the placebo group were compared with those initially in the homoeopathic group; and scores for subjects initially in the placebo group were compared with scores for the same subjects after they received homoeopathic medicine. Statistically significant differences were found for both comparisons, supporting the hypothesis that homoeopathic treatment is superior to placebo treatment for ADHD.
Toxicology of Atrax robustus, the Sydney funnel-web spider
Authors: Bonnet M.S.
Published: September 2006

The following paper is a summary of studies of Atrax robustus and its toxicology. A materia medica based on human envenomation by A. robustus is also provided.
Patients at the London Homoeopathic Hospital, 1889–1923
Authors: Bosanquet Anna , Lorentzon Maria
Published: September 2006

Social profiles and clinical characteristics of patients at the London Homoeopathic Hospital in the period 1889–1923 are described, based on documentary research. The main sources are 300 volumes of manuscript case notes from this period, discovered in the LHH basement in 1992. Annual hospital reports from 1899 and 1919 provide further illustrative material. Examination of these documents revealed rich information related to medical diagnoses and outcomes of hospital treatment, length of hospital stay and social characteristics such as occupation. Changes over time were identifiable and this is of special interest as the period covered the First World War and an era of marked change in both traditional and homoeopathic medical practice.
Antineoplastic effects of 4 homoeopathic medicines
Authors: Maliekal Thobias P.
Published: September 2006

The present work is concerned with the study of the antitumour activities of the 4 homoeopathic medicines Kali muriaticum, Phytolacca decandra, Hydrastis canadensis and Zincum metallicum in murine models. The experiments showed that the administration of Zincum met 200x considerably increased the life span of the tumour-bearing mice.
A proving of parthenium hysterophorus, L
Authors: Shoukat Ali P.K. , Chaghtai S.A. , Khan Gizala , Maishi Arif Ismail
Published: September 2006

Parthenium hysterophorus belongs to the family Asteracaeae (compositae), many plants of which are capable of causing allergic contact dermatitis. Parthenium hysterophorus was introduced to India in the 1950s. Its dermatitis causing tendency was first reported by Ranade and others. Fornias, Duenas and Sleight had earlier undertaken its proving on human beings as well as on a few animals; we have re-proved P. hysterophorus in Indian conditions, particularly those prevailing in the northern part of the country, and have compared our findings with those of Fornias, Duenas and Sleight. Some important characteristic symptoms such as dermatitis, eczema, itching, sides of neck, part of face, “V” of neck, front of elbows and backs of knees (antecubital and popliteal fossae), allergic rhinitis (hay fever), breathlessness (resembling asthma) have not previously been reported. We also found that P. hysterophorus causes some characteristics in mammals other than human beings. We discovered that P. hysterophorus causes diarrhoea, severe papular erythematous eruptions, breathlessness and choking which sometimes causes the death of animals.

The non-occurrence of these symptoms outside India may be attributed to the climate differences and also to the susceptibility of persons. P. hysterophorus occurring here belongs to a strain which is more virulent than the form found outside India.
Cone contrasts do not predict color constancy
Authors: MURRAY I.J. , DAUGIRDIENE A. , STANIKUNAS R. , VAITKEVICIUS H. , KULIKOWSKI J.J.
Published: September 2006

A successive, asymmetric color-matching paradigm was used to
investigate the link between cone contrast and the stability of perceived
colors. We measured the perceived color shifts of 10 Munsell samples,
induced by test illuminant A, simulated in u′v′ color space.
The capacity of the visual system to resist these shifts, otherwise known
as color constancy, is measured in terms of the Brunswik ratio, BR. Cone
contrasts are calculated with respect to either the physical or perceived
background. Subjective cone contrasts show a better fit to the von Kries
law than those based on the physical background. Complete cone adaptation
occurs when color constancy is high. However we show conditions where cone
adaptation seems complete but color constancy is poor.
Guest Editor's Foreword: Proceedings of the 18th Biennial
Symposium of the International Colour Vision Society. Held July 2005,
Lyon, France
Authors: BUCK STEVEN , NEITZ MAUREEN , LEE BARRY B. , KNOBLAUCH KENNETH
Published: September 2006

The International Colour Vision Society (ICVS) held its 18th biennial
meeting in Lyon, France in July 2005. The ICVS, originally founded in 1967
as the International Research Group in Colour Vision Deficiencies and
renamed in 1997, brings together vision scientists and clinicians with a
common interest in color vision and color vision deficiencies. With
significant technological advances that have permitted new and deeper
questions about color vision to be addressed, the subject matter of recent
meetings has expanded to include greater contributions from such areas as
molecular genetics and evolution, retinal and cerebral imaging studies and
computational modeling. The peer-reviewed papers in this volume span these
newer and the more traditional topics of interest to the society, covering
both applied and fundamental topics.
Mutually exclusive expression of the L and M pigment genes in the human retinoblastoma cell line WERI: Resetting by cell division
Authors: DEEB SAMIR S. , LIU YAN , HAYASHI TAKAAKI
Published: September 2006

The key steps in the evolution of full trichromatic color vision in primates include duplication of the ancestral pigment gene to form the L and M pigment gene array on the X chromosome, mutually exclusive expression of the L and M pigment genes in cone photoreceptors, and formation of a retinal mosaic with randomly distributed L and M cones. Previous work using transgenic mice has indicated that a locus control region adjacent to this array of genes plays an important role in their mutually exclusive expression in respective cone cells (Smallwood et al., 2002). However, the mechanism by which this is accomplished is unknown. We searched for a cellular model system to investigate the mechanism of this mutually exclusive expression. We previously showed that the undifferentiated human retinoblastoma cell line WERI expresses L and M cone opsin but not rod opsin genes. We now show that WERI cells express the L and M pigment genes in a mutually exclusive manner, in that either L or M pigment mRNA is expressed in a single cell. Importantly, clonal analysis showed that single WERI cells that express either L or M generate, upon cell division produce, a mixed population of L- or M-expressing cells. These results indicate, first, that cell division resets L or M pigment gene expression, most likely due to disassembly and reassembly of LCR-promoter DNA-protein complexes during cell division. Second, a retinal mosaic with near-random distribution of L and M cones may have been generated automatically after duplication of the ancestral gene to form the L and M pigment genes. Third, determination of L and M cone identity may not require external molecular cues during differentiation, and is consistent with the idea that L and M cones are not intrinsically different.
Do magnocellular and parvocellular ganglion cells avoid short-wavelength cone input?
Authors: SUN HAO , SMITHSON HANNAH E. , ZAIDI QASIM , LEE BARRY B.
Published: September 2006

We recently developed a new technique to measure cone inputs to visual neurons and used this technique to seek short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cone inputs to parasol, magnocellular (MC) and midget, parvocellular (PC) ganglion cells. Here, we compare our physiological measurements of S-cone weights to those predicted by a random wiring model that assumes cells' receptive fields receive input from mixed cone types. The random wiring model predicts the average weights of S-cone input to be similar to the total percentage of S-cones but with considerable scatter, and the S-cone input polarity to be consistent with that of PC cells' surround and of MC cells' center. This is not consistent with our physiological measurements. We suggest that the ganglion cells' receptive fields may have a mechanism to avoid S-cone inputs, as is the case in the H1 horizontal cells. Previous reports of S-cone inputs, in particular substantial input to MC cells, are likely to reflect variation in prereceptoral filtering and/or the failure to correct for variation in macular pigment.
Color changes in the red-green plates of the 50-year-old AO HRR color vision test
Authors: LEE DAVID Y.
Published: September 2006

The original AO HRR color vision test has been considered by many as one of the best plate tests. It is still accepted by many governmental agencies for color vision certification. In their 1954 publication, Hardy, Rand, and Rittler stated that specially compounded inks were used for printing to avoid color changes with time. Fifty years later, it is both important and interesting to determine whether the wear and tear cause significant color changes. The chance finding of a never-used second edition offers an opportunity to evaluate the color changes. A GretagMacbeth Spectrolino spectrophotometer was used to measure the chromaticities of the never-used book, and an extensively used book. Four plates (#4, 7, 13, 16), selected randomly from the four red-green sections, were analyzed. The colored dots from each of the eight plates were plotted on a CIE chromaticity diagram. Isocolor lines were drawn to evaluate chromatic alignment. Chromaticities for plates #4 and 7 are significantly different between the two books. With regard to alignment with isocolor lines, the extensively used book is better than the never-used book for plate #4. There is significant misalignment on plate #7 for both books. Chromaticities for plates #13 and 16 are essentially identical between books, all with good alignment with isocolor lines. The overall comparison shows that the chromatic alignment characteristics of the extensively used book are not worse than the never-used book. Since colors in these plates have to be aligned with both the protan and deutan axes, any significant color changes would have disturbed this delicate requirement. The findings of many plates with good alignment, and the lack of differences on plates #13 and 16 between books, suggest that there are no significant color changes over time. Differences between books on plates #4 and 7 were likely the result of the original printing process.
Visual evoked potentials to red-green stimulation in
schoolchildren
Authors: POMPE MANCA TEKAVČIČ , KRANJC BRANKA STIRN , BRECELJ JELKA
Published: September 2006

The aim is to study chromatic visual evoked potentials (VEP) to
isoluminant red-green (R-G) stimulus in schoolchildren. Sixty children
(7–19 years) with normal color vision were examined, 30 binocularly
and 30 monocularly. The isoluminant point was determined for each child
subjectively by using heterochromatic flicker photometry, and objectively
from recordings. The stimulus was a 7° circle composed of horizontal
sinusoidal gratings, with spatial frequency 2 cycles/degrees and 90%
contrast, presented in onset-offset mode. VEP were recorded from Oz
(mid-occipital) position. Age-dependent waveform changes and changes of
the positive and negative wave were studied to both binocular and
monocular R-G stimulation. Age-dependent waveform changes were observed to
binocular and monocular R-G stimulation. In younger children the positive
wave was prominent, whereas in older children also the negative wave
became more evident. The latency of the positive wave decreased linearly
with age to R-G binocular stimulation. To monocular stimulation no
significant changes of the latency were observed. The amplitude of the
positive wave dropped exponentially with age to binocular and monocular
stimulation. The latency of the negative wave increased linearly with age
to binocular and monocular stimulation, whereas the amplitude did not show
age-dependent changes. These findings suggest that the chromatic VEP
response undergoes evident age-dependent changes during the school-age
period.
Absence of binocular summation, eye dominance, and learning effects in color discrimination
Authors: COSTA MARCELO FERNANDES , VENTURA DORA FIX , PERAZZOLO FELIPE , MURAKOSHI MARCIO , SILVEIRA LUIZ CARLOS DE LIMA
Published: September 2006

We evaluated binocular summation, eye dominance, and learning in the Trivector and Ellipses procedures of the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). Subjects (n= 36, 18–30 years old) were recruited among students and staff from the University of São Paulo. Inclusion criteria were absence of ophthalmological complaints and best-corrected Snellen VA 20/20 or better. The subjects were tested in three randomly selected eye conditions: binocular, monocular dominant eye, and nondominant eye. Results obtained in the binocular and monocular conditions did not differ statistically for thresholds measured along the protan, deutan, and tritan confusion axes (ANOVA,P> 0.05). No statistical difference was detected among discrimination ellipses obtained in binocular or monocular conditions (ANOVA,P> 0.05), suggesting absence of binocular summation or of an effect of eye dominance. Possible effects of learning were examined by comparing successive thresholds obtained in the three testing conditions. There was no evidence of improvement as a function of testing order (ANCOVA,P> 0.05). We conclude that CCT thresholds are not affected by binocularity, eye dominance, or learning. Our results differ from those found by Verriest et al. (1982) using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test and Hovis et al. (2004) using the Farnsworth-Munsell panel D-15 test.
Resolution of binocular rivalry: Perceptual misbinding of
color
Authors: HONG SANG WOOK , SHEVELL STEVEN K.
Published: September 2006

Is neural binding of color and form required for perception of a
unified colored object? Individual cells selectively tuned to both color
and orientation are proposed to moot the binding problem. This study
reveals perceptual misbinding of color, thereby revealing
separate neural representations of color and form followed by a subsequent
binding process. Low luminance-contrast, rivalrous chromatic gratings were
presented dichoptically. Each grating had alternating chromatic and gray
stripes (e.g., red/gray in the left eye, green/gray in the right
eye). Observers viewed the two rivalrous, 2 cpd gratings for 1 min. The
duration of exclusive visibility was measured for four percepts: left-eye
stimulus, right-eye stimulus, fusion of the two colors, or a two-color
grating (e.g. a red/green grating). The percept of a two-color grating
(misbinding) was observed with Michelson luminance contrast in the grating
up to 20%. In general, for a given level of luminance contrast either
misbinding (low luminance contrast) or color mixture (high luminance
contrast) was observed, but not both of them. The perceived two-color
gratings show that two rivalrous chromaticities are both represented
neurally when color and form are combined to give a unified percept.
“Resolution” of competing chromatic signals from the two eyes
is not restricted to color dominance and color mixture. The transition
from misbinding to color mixture by increasing luminance contrast shows
that luminance edges have an important role in correct localization of
color.
Three-dimensional shape perception from chromatic orientation
flows
Authors: ZAIDI QASIM , LI ANDREA
Published: September 2006

The role of chromatic information in 3-D shape perception is
controversial. We resolve this controversy by showing that chromatic
orientation flows are sufficient for accurate perception of 3-D shape.
Chromatic flows required less cone contrast to convey shape than did
achromatic flows, thus ruling out luminance artifacts as a problem.
Luminance artifacts were also ruled out by a protanope's inability to
see 3-D shape from chromatic flows. Since chromatic orientation flows can
only be extracted from retinal images by neurons that are responsive to
color modulations and selective for orientation, the psychophysical
results also resolve the controversy over the existence of such neurons.
In addition, we show that identification of 3-D shapes from chromatic
flows can be masked by luminance modulations, indicating that it is
subserved by orientation-tuned neurons sensitive to both chromatic and
luminance modulations.
Topography of long- and middle-wavelength sensitive cone opsin gene expression in human and Old World monkey retina
Authors: NEITZ MAUREEN , BALDING SHAWN D. , MCMAHON CARRIE , SJOBERG STACY A. , NEITZ JAY
Published: September 2006

The topographical distributions of the relative ratio of long- (L) and middle- (M) wavelength sensitive cone opsin messenger RNA (mRNA) in human and baboon retinas were mapped using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The L:M mRNA ratio increased in a central-to-peripheral gradient in both species, being quite pronounced for humans.