bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and microstructural characterisation of copolymers ofL‐lactide and trimethylene carbonate prepared using the SmI2/Sm initiator system
Authors: Agarwal Seema , Puchner Mario , Greiner Andreas , Wendorff Joachim H
Published: June 2005

Polymerisation of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and its copolymerisation withL‐lactide (LA) using the SmI2/Sm initiator system is reported. The reactions were carried out at different temperatures to optimize the reaction conditions. Reactivity ratio values evaluated using the Kelen–Tüdos method were 7.24 and 0.25 for LA and TMC, respectively. Microstructure of the copolymers and its change with the reaction time is reported using 1D (1H and13C) and 2D heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation NMR spectroscopic techniques. Electrospinning of the resulting copolymers was tried for the generation of fibres. Drastic deviations of the thermodynamic state from equilibrium were seen in the first heating cycle of the DSC trace of the electrospun fibres and are also reported here. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Syntheses and electroluminescence properties of conjugated poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) derivatives bearing dendritic pendants
Authors: Tang Rupei , Chuai Yutao , Cheng Caixia , Xi Fu , Zou Dechun
Published: June 2005

A series of new poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) derivatives with different dendritic pendants—poly{2‐[3′,5′‐bis(2″‐ethylhexyloxy)benzyloxy]‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene} (BE–PPV), poly{2‐[3′,5′‐bis(3″,7″‐dimethyl)octyloxy]‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene} (BD–PPV), poly(2‐{3′,5′‐bis[3″,5″‐bis(2‴‐ethylhexyloxy)benzyloxy]benzyloxy}‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (BBE–PPV), poly(2‐{3′,5′‐bis[3″,5″‐bis(3‴,7‴‐dimethyloctyloxy)benzyloxy]benzyloxy}‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (BBD–PPV), and poly[(2‐{3′,5′‐bis[3″,5″‐bis(2‴‐ethylhexyloxy)benzyloxy]benzyloxy}‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene)‐co‐(2‐{3′,5′‐bis[3″,5″‐bis(3‴,7‴‐dimethyloctyloxy)benzyloxy]benzyloxy}‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene)] (BBE‐co‐BBD–PPV; 1:1)—were successfully synthesized according to the Gilch route. The structures and properties of the monomers and the resulting conjugated polymers were characterized with 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence spectroscopy. The obtained polymers possessed excellent solubility in common solvents and good thermal stability, with a 5% weight loss temperature of more than 328 °C. The weight‐average molecular weights and polydispersity indices of BE–PPV, BD–PPV, BBE–PPV, BBD–PPV, and BBE‐co‐BBD–PPV (1:1) were in the range of 1.33–2.28 × 105 and 1.35–1.53, respectively. Double‐layer light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with the configuration of indium tin oxide/polymer/tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum/Mg:Ag/Ag devices were fabricated, and they emitted green‐yellow light. The turn‐on voltages of BE–PPV, BD–PPV, BBE–PPV, BBD–PPV, and BBE‐co‐BBD–PPV (1:1) were approximately 5.6, 5.9, 5.5, 5.2, and 4.8 V, respectively. The LED devices of BE–PPV and BD–PPV possessed the highest electroluminescent performance; they exhibited maximum luminance with about 860 cd/m2 at 12.8 V and 651 cd/m2 at 13 V, respectively. The maximum luminescence efficiency of BE–PPV and BD–PPV was in the range of 0.37–0.40 cd/A. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3126–3140, 2005
Dilatometric behavior and glass transition in a styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer
Authors: Briatico‐Vangosa Francesco , Rink Marta
Published: June 2005

Equilibrium and glass transition behavior of a styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) under different thermobaric histories were studied by means of a PVT dilatometer. Equilibrium behavior, as determined by isothermal and isobaric measurements, could be satisfactorily described using the Simha‐Somcynsky and Tait equations of state. Glass transition behavior depended upon the applied transformation path from the liquid‐equilibrium state to the glassy state. From isobaric cooling ramps performed at constant rate and at several pressures, it was possible to determine the glass transition temperature and its dependence upon pressure; whereas from isothermal compressions at various temperatures, it was possible to determine a glass transition pressure and its temperature dependence. Both the dependences were linear, and a correlation was observed between the slopes of the fitting lines. A possible interpretation of this correlation is provided in terms of free volume determined at the glass transition point by applying the Simha‐Somcynsky theory. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1904–1913, 2005
A qualitative exploration of the cancer experience among long‐term survivors: comparisons by cancer type, ethnicity, gender, and age
Authors: Foley Kristie Long , Farmer Deborah F. , Petronis Vida M. , Smith Roselyn G. , McGraw Sarah , Smith Kevin , Carver Charles S. , Avis Nancy
Published: June 2005

Background: To elucidate meanings ascribed to the cancer experience by long‐term survivors.

Methods: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 58 cancer survivors (>15 years post‐diagnosis). Respondents described how cancer affected their quality of life (QOL) generally and in 17 domains. Systematic content analyses were conducted to extract themes relating to meanings assigned to the cancer experience. Themes were analyzed by cancer type, gender, and age and confirmed using quantitative assessments of self‐rated health and QOL.

Results: Four themes were identified: Personal Growth, That's Life. Relinquishing Control, and Resentment. Women more frequently acknowledged Personal Growth, and men more often indicated minimal impact on their lives (That's Life). Older survivors were disproportionately classified as That's Life and younger survivors as Personal Growth. No differences were observed by cancer type or ethnicity. Those who saw cancer as personal growth had the highest QOL, while those who resented cancer had the lowest QOL.

Conclusions: Most long‐term survivors retrospectively report that cancer either positively influenced their lives or had little long‐term impact. Those who express Resentment report that pain, physical deformities, and social isolation significantly reduced their QOL. This qualitative study highlights how cancer survivors incorporate the cancer experience within their overall lives. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patupilone (epothilone B, EPO906) inhibits growth and metastasis of experimental prostate tumors in vivo
Authors: O'Reilly Terence , McSheehy Paul Michael John , Wenger Fritz , Hattenberger Marc , Muller Melanie , Vaxelaire Juliane , Altmann Karl‐Heinz , Wartmann Markus
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Microtubule agents appear promising for the treatment of prostate cancer. Patupilone (epothilone B), a highly potent non‐taxane microtubule stabilizing agent, was evaluated in models of androgen‐independent prostate cancer.

METHODS

Patupilone was administered to athymic mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts (subcutaneous DU 145 and PC‐3M, orthotopic PC‐3M).

RESULTS

One 4 mg/kg patupilone administration produced transient regression of DU 145 tumors, while two weekly administrations of 2.5 mg/kg produced stable disease followed by protracted regression, however with more pronounced body weight loss. Taxol® (15 mg/kg every other day) weakly inhibited tumor growth, but with less body weight loss. Patupilone (5 mg/kg) produced protracted growth inhibition of subcutaneous PC‐3M tumors, with transient body weight loss. In mice with orthotopic PC‐3M tumors, 4 or 5 mg/kg/week patupilone impaired primary tumor growth, abrogated metastases and enhanced survival, with only transient body weight loss.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that patupilone holds promise for prostate cancer treatment. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and biological characterization of human monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) and its analogs
Authors: Kruszynski Marian , Stowell Nicole , Das Anuk , Seideman Jonathan , Tsui Ping , Brigham‐Burke Michael , Nemeth Jennifer F. , Sweet Raymond , Heavner George A.
Published: June 2005

Novel analogs of human monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) were designed, synthesized and characterized to be used as tools to generate monoclonal antibodies as potential human therapeutics. MCP‐1 and three analogs were synthesized by step‐wise Fmoc solid phase synthesis. After oxidation to form the two‐disulfide bonds, affinity chromatography using an immobilized mouse anti‐human MCP‐1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was utilized for a simple and highly effective purification procedure for the proteins. The final products were extensively characterized and compared with recombinant human MCP‐1 (rhMCP‐1). All proteins showed identical binding with mouse anti‐human MCP‐1 mAbs as measured by surface plasmon resonance. Synthetic MCP‐1 and the analogs were comparable to recombinant MCP‐1 in competition radio‐ligand binding to CCR2 receptors on THP‐1 cells, and MCP‐1‐induced, calcium mobilization and chemotaxis assays. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, liposomal formulation and thermal effects on phospholipid bilayers of leuprolide
Authors: Saroglou V. , Hatziantoniou S. , Smyrniotakis M. , Kyrikou I. , Mavromoustakos T. , Zompra A. , Magafa V. , Cordopatis P. , Demetzos C.
Published: June 2005

A novel liposomal formulation was developed for the encapsulation of the oligopeptide leuprolide (GlpHisTrpSerTyr‐D‐LeuLeuArgProNHEt), a potent analogue of gonadotropin releasing hormone used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis and precocious puberty. Leuprolide was synthesized using solid phase methodology on a {3‐[(ethyl‐Fmoc‐amino)‐methyl]‐1‐indol‐1‐yl}‐acetyl AM resin and Fmoc/tBu chemistry. The new liposomal formulation, called ‘liposomes in liposomes’ is composed of egg phosphatidylcholine:dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol in a molar ratio of 98.91:1.09 (internal liposomes) and egg phosphatidylcholine:dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol:cholesterol in a molar ratio of 68.71:0.76:30.53 (external liposomes). It offers high encapsulation efficiency (73.8% for leuprolide); it can provide new delivery characteristics and it may have possible advantages in future applications regarding the encapsulation and delivery of bioactive peptides to target tissues. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics (size distribution and ζ‐potential) of the liposomal formulations and the thermal effects on leuprolide in model lipidic bilayers composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, the dynamic effects of leuprolide in an egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol system were examined using solid state 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a memory enhancing peptide on cognitive abilities of brain‐lesioned mice: additivity with huperzine A and relative potency to tacrine
Authors: Xu Zhiwen , Zheng Hui , Law Sek Lun , Dong So Donna , Han Yifan , Xue Hong
Published: June 2005

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementing disorders having cognitive manifestations represent an increasing threat to public health. In the present study, the effects of a memory enhancing NLPR tetra‐peptide (MEP), huperzine A (Hup A), or a combination of the two on the cognitive abilities of brain‐lesioned mice were evaluated and compared with tacrine in the passive avoidance and $\font\ss=cmss10 scaled 1000 \hbox{\ss Y}$‐water maze tests for the acquisition and retention aspects of cognitive functions. MEP at µg kg−1 doses, and Hup A or tacrine at mg kg−1 doses significantly reversed the cognition deficits induced by scopolamine. For acquisition ability, it was observed that mice administered with MEP (4.0 µg kg−1) spent less time escaping onto the platform in the water maze than those treated with tacrine (1.5 mg kg−1); whereas for memory retention, tacrine‐administration resulted in a higher step‐through latency in mice at the tested dose regime. In addition, co‐administration of MEP (2.0 µg kg−1) and Hup A (0.1 mg kg−1) exhibited an additive effect resulting in considerable improvements in both acquisition and retention abilities of brain‐lesioned mice. The results demonstrated that MEP was highly efficient in the rescue of cognitive abilities of brain‐lesioned mice and in particular, the effective doses of MEP were about two orders of magnitude lower than that of tacrine, a therapeutic currently used in the treatment of AD. Moreover, MEP and Hup A were effective at reduced doses when the two were co‐administered, providing a rationale for their combined usage in the treatment of cognitive deficits. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational analysis of human calcitonin in solution
Authors: Ogawa Kiyoshi , Nishimura Shigenori , Doi Masamitsu , Takashima Hiroyuki , Nishi Yoshinori , Yoshida Takuya , Ohkubo Tadayasu , Kobayashi Yuji
Published: June 2005

The solution conformation of human calcitonin in a mixture of 60% water and 40% trifluoroethanol has been determined by the combined use of 1H NMR spectroscopy and distance geometry calculations with a distributed computing technique. 1H NMR spectroscopy provided 195 distance constraints and 13 hydrogen bond constraints. The 20 best converged structures exhibit atomic rmsd of 0.43 Å for the backbone atoms from the averaged coordinate position in the region of Asn3—Phe22. The conformation is characterized by a nearly amphiphilic α‐helix domain that extends from Leu4 in the cyclic region to His20. There are no significant differences observed among the overall structures of a series of calcitonins obtained from ultimobranchial bodies, including those that possess 20‐ to 50‐fold greater activity. Three aromatic amino acid residues, Tyr12, Phe16 and Phe19, form a hydrophobic surface of human calcitonin. Bulky side chains on the surface could interfere with the ligand–receptor interaction thereby causing its low activity, relative to those of other species. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a novel conformationally restricted Val‐Phe dipeptidomimetic
Authors: Gilleron Pauline , Millet Régis , Domarkas Juozas , Farce Amaury , Houssin Raymond , Hénichart Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2005

A method for the synthesis of (3(R,S),6S,11b(R,S))‐1,3,4,6,7,11b‐hexahydro‐4‐oxo‐3‐phthalimidopyrido[2,1‐a]isoquinoline‐6‐carboxylic acid 2 as a new conformationally restricted dipeptidomimetic of Val‐Phe is reported. It involved cyclisation via an intramolecular electrophilic addition at the reactive bridgehead carbon. This new scaffold can be used as a building block in the preparation of libraries of peptidomimetics. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simplified model to calculate the higher surface energy of free‐standing nanocrystals
Authors: Xie Dan , Wang Mingpu , Cao Lingfei
Published: June 2005

A simple but valid equation for the higher surface energies of metallic nanocrystals is obtained. The calculated values on surface energies of Ag and Au nanocrystals are in excellent agreement with the corresponding newest experimental values. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Doxycycline, the drug used to control the tet‐regulatable promoter system, has no effect on global gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wishart Jill A. , Hayes Andrew , Wardleworth Leanne , Zhang Nianshu , Oliver Stephen G.
Published: June 2005

The tet‐regulatable promoter system is commonly used for genetic studies in many eukaryotic organisms. The promoter is regulated using doxycycline. There are no obvious phenotypic effects observed when doxycycline is added to the growth medium of yeast to control expression from the promoter. It is widely accepted that doxycycline is innocuous to yeast. Global genetic studies are now commonplace and the tetO‐system is being used in transcriptome studies. Hence, we wanted to ensure that the absence of phenotypic effects, on addition of doxycycline to the growth medium, is mirrored in transcriptome data. We have demonstrated that doxycycline has no significant effect on global transcription levels and will continue to use the tetO‐regulatable promoter system for genetic studies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mammalian transcription activation domains of VP16, AP2 and CTF activate transcription in a whole cell extract from Schizosaccharomyces pombe through the SRB/mediator
Authors: Tamayo Evelyn , Bernal Giuliano , Maldonado Edio
Published: June 2005

The acidic‐rich activation domain of VP16 and the proline‐rich activation domains of human AP2 and human CTF are able to activate transcription in a whole cell extract from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, whereas the glutamine‐rich domains of Sp1 and Oct2 are unable to activate transcription in this system. Immunodepletion experiments of the whole cell extracts using specific antibodies against pombe TAF110, pombe TAF 72, pombe TBP and Srb4 shows that the activation of transcription by VP16, AP2 and CTF is through the mediator, since depletion of Srb4 inhibits activated transcription but does not inhibit basal transcription. Immunodepletion of TBP causes inhibition of both activated and basal transcription. On the other hand, immunodepletion of TAFs does not have an effect on either activated or basal transcription. Purified RNA polymerase holoenzyme is able to rescue the transcriptional activation activity of the anti‐Srb4 immunodepleted extract. Moreover, we demonstrate that the mediator is needed for basal transcription of a TATA‐less promoter. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An extracellular lipase from the dimorphic yeast Arxula adeninivorans: molecular cloning of the ALIP1 gene and characterization of the purified recombinant enzyme
Authors: Böer Erik , Mock Hans Peter , Bode Rüdiger , Gellissen Gerd , Kunze Gotthard
Published: June 2005

The lipase‐encoding Arxula adeninivorans ALIP1 gene was isolated using fragments of lipase isolates obtained by trypsin digestion for the definition of oligonucleotide primers in a PCR screening approach. The gene harbours an ORF of 1347 bp encoding a 420 amino acid protein of some 50 kDa preceded by an N‐terminal 28 prepro‐secretion sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence was found to be similar to the lipases from Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis (34–38% identity) and more distantly related to other lipases. The sequence contains the consensus pentapeptide motif (–Gly–X–Ser–X–Gly–) that forms a part of the interfacial lipid recognition site in lipases. The expression of the gene is regulated by carbon source. In media supplemented with Tween 20, induction of the ALIP1 gene and accumulation of the encoded lipase in the medium is observed, thus demonstrating gene regulation by lipophilic compounds. The enzyme characteristics are analysed from isolates of native strains as well as from those of recombinant strains expressing the ALIP1 gene under control of the strong A. adeninivorans‐derived TEF1 promoter. For both proteins a molecular mass of 100 kDa was determined, indicating a dimeric structure, a pH optimum at pH 7.5 and a temperature optimum at 30 °C. The enzyme hydrolyses all ester bonds in all triglyceride substrates tested. Middle‐sized chain fatty acids are more efficiently hydrolysed than short‐ and long‐chain fatty acids, with the highest activity on C8/C10 fatty acid esters pNP‐caprylate, pNP‐caprate and tricaprylin. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional analysis of the Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Fps1p homologue
Authors: Tang Xue‐Ming , Kayingo Gerald , Prior Bernard A.
Published: June 2005

The osmotolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii accumulates the polyols glycerol and D‐arabitol intracellularly in response to hyperosmotic stress, but the membrane transport proteins regulating polyol accumulation have not been studied. We have cloned and characterized a FPS1 homologue in Z. rouxii NRRL Y2547, and its sequence revealed a 2709 bp open reading frame encoding a peptide of 692 deduced amino acids with 56.9% identity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fps1p. The role of this putative membrane channel protein in polyol accumulation and release during osmoregulation was investigated. The Z. rouxii FPS1 (ZrFPS1) complemented the S. cerevisiae fps1Δ growth defect and glycerol release upon hypo‐osmotic shock. Deletion of ZrFPS1 did not affect growth on glycerol as sole carbon source, suggesting that other transport proteins are involved in the uptake of glycerol. However, mutants lacking ZrFPS1 exhibited a significant decrease in glycerol and D‐arabitol efflux and poor growth during hypo‐osmotic conditions, suggesting that ZrFPS1 might be involved in D‐arabitol transport in addition to glycerol. This is the first demonstration of a yeast gene that affects D‐arabitol transport. The full‐length ZrFPS1 gene sequence including upstream promoter has been deposited in the public database under Accession No. AY488133. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New drug‐resistant cassettes for gene disruption and epitope tagging in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Sato Masamitsu , Dhut Susheela , Toda Takashi
Published: June 2005

We describe new heterologous modules for PCR‐based gene targeting in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Two bacterial genes, hph and nat, which display dominant drug‐resistance phenotypes, are used as new selectable markers in these modules. Both genes have been used successfully in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which hph confers resistance to hygromycin B, while nat confers nourseothricin resistance (Goldstein and McCusker, 1999). Vector modules for gene disruption and C‐terminal tagging with 3HA, 13Myc and GFP(S65T) are constructed using previously constructed pFA6a–MX6–derived plasmids (Bähler et al., 1998; Wach et al., 1997). In combination with the existing systems that are based upon the G418‐resistance gene (kan), triple gene deletions or tags could be constructed. In addition a vector for one‐step integration of a monomeric RFP (mRFP) to the C‐terminus of proteins of interest is developed. Finally, oligonucleotides that allow a simple marker switch from kan to hph or nat, and vice versa, are described. The new constructs developed here should facilitate post‐genomic molecular analysis of protein functions in fission yeast. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple solutions of stick and separation type in the Signorini model with Coulomb friction
Authors: Hild P.
Published: June 2005

This paper proves the existence of multiple solutions to the Coulomb friction problem with Signorini contact conditions in continuum linear elasticity. We consider a body lying on a rigid foundation and we propose a method in order to exhibit two solutions to the frictional contact problem when the friction coefficient is large enough: one solution which separates from the foundation and another one which remains stuck on the foundation. We apply the method to the simple class of problems with triangular bodies and linear displacement fields and we describe the cases in which such multiple solutions exist. Denoting by μ the friction coefficient, we come to the conclusion that such nonuniqueness cases may appear when μ>1.
The conjugate gradient algorithm applied to quaternion valued matrices
Authors: Opfer G.
Published: June 2005

Quaternions are a tool used to describe motions of rigid bodies in ℝ3, (Kuipers, [15]). An interesting application is the topic of moving surfaces (Traversoni, [21]), where quaternion interpolation is used which requires solving equations with quaternion coefficients. In this paper we investigate the well known conjugate gradient algorithm (cg‐algorithm) introduced by Hestenes and Stiefel [10] applied to quaternion valued, hermitean, positive definite matrices. We shall show, that the features known from the real case are still valid in the quaternion case. These features are: error propagation, early stopping, cg‐algorithm as iterative process with error estimates, applicability to indefinite matrices. We have to present some basic facts about quaternions and about matrices with quaternion entries, in particular, about eigenvalues of such matrices. We also present some numerical examples of quaternion systems solved by the cg‐algorithm.
Experimental validation of simulated plate deformations caused by shock waves
Authors: Stoffel M.
Published: June 2005

In the present paper measured and simulated vibrations of viscoplastic plates under impulsive loading are compared to each other. The aim is to determine how accurately the measured deformations can be calculated by the chosen constitutive and structural theories. A first‐order shear deformation shell theory assuming small strains and moderate rotations and viscoplastic laws are applied. In the experimental part of this study short time measurement techniques are applied to shock tubes in order to record fast loading processes and plate deformations.
A geometric treatment of Jellett's egg
Authors: Bou‐Rabee N.M. , Marsden J.E. , Romero L.A.
Published: June 2005

This paper explains and gives a global analysis of the “rising egg” phenomenon. The main tools that are used in this analysis are derived from the theory of dissipation‐induced instabilities, adiabatic invariants, and LaSalle's invariance principle. The analysis is done within the framework of a specific model of the egg as a prolate spheroid, with its equations of motion derived from Newtonian mechanics. The paper begins by considering the linear and nonlinear stability of the non‐risen and risen states of the spheroid corresponding to the initial and final state of the rising egg phenomenon. The asymptotic state of the spheroid is determined by an adiabatic momentum invariant. Because the symmetry associated with this adiabatic invariant coincides with the symmetry associated with the Jellett invariant in the tippe top, we call this quantity the Jellett momentum map. Linear theory shows that the spectral stability of the non‐risen state is determined by a cubic polynomial. The spectral stability of the risen state is governed by the modified Maxwell‐Bloch equations – a normal form that appears in the problem of tippe top inversion and that was studied previously by the authors. A generalization of the energy‐momentum method that includes adiabatic momentum invariants provides explicit criteria for the existence of an orbit connecting these states. In particular, it is shown that if the risen state is stable, the spheroid rises all the way.
Microarchitectured cellular solids – the hunt for statically determinate periodic trusses
Authors: Hutchinson R.G. , Fleck N.A.
Published: June 2005

The mechanical properties of open‐cell metallic foams and periodic lattice materials are explained by a structural analysis of their parent pin‐jointed truss structures. A matrix method of analysis is presented in order to elucidate whether a periodic truss structure can collapse by macroscopic strain producing mechanisms, or by periodic collapse mechanisms which induce zero macroscopic strain to first order. It is shown that the planar Kagome truss is of the latter type, and is consequently stiff. The in‐plane stiffness of the 2D Kagome grid and the bending stiffness of the 3D Kagome double‐layer grid (KDLG) are determined for elastic members. An alternative, statically determinate, double‐layer grid is derived from the octet truss, and is referred to as the modified octet truss (MOT). This structure has faces comprising a hexagonal grid and a semi‐regular triangular grid, and is much less stiff than the Kagome double‐layer grid. Both structures have morphing capability due to their static and kinematic determinacy.
Reproduction strategy in an island population of yellow‐necked mice
Authors: Bujalska Gabriela , Grüm Leszek
Published: June 2005

A population of yellow‐necked mice, Apodemus flavicollis, inhabiting Crabapple Island (NE Poland) was sampled from 1994–2002. The catch‐mark‐release method was applied. Sexually mature males and females (including pregnant ones) as well as immatures of each sex were identified. During the study period 3,036 mice were caught 10,672 times. The number of mice caught varied from 6 individuals (April 1999) to 272 (July 1996). The number of both mature females and mature males increased linearly with population size. Differences in the reproductive strategies of yellow‐necked mouse and bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus, are discussed. The respective strategies led to high variability in the population size of mice and much less variability in the case of the voles during the breeding season.
What's in a Name? Change Agenda Challenges of a Government Department
Authors: Raistrick Don
Published: June 2005

Don Raistrick, who is nearing the end of a long career in the government service, and who was recently awarded the MBE, writes about the challenges of working in a government department which has changed dramatically over the years. The DCA has to conform to its own change agenda and to that of the government. This has affected the organisation of library services, creating pressures caused by increased responsibilities and a broader customer base but in a climate where project disciplines are used to define and introduce new services and where we are encouraged to share our experience and our services with other departments.
Implementation of the Right to Know
Authors: Moody Victoria
Published: June 2005

Victoria Moody of the Information Commissioner's Office considers the regulatory framework of the right to know. It focuses on the public/private interface of information held by public authorities in the outsourcing of their functions.
Freedom of Information, Environmental Information and the Local Authority Perspective
Authors: Gray Jackie
Published: June 2005

Anne Jones, Assistant Commissioner for Wales, reports on how the Act has been implemented in Wales, discusses some of the issues that have arisen as a result, and outlines the Information Commissioner's approach to its regulation.
From our Own Correspondent … the Freedom of Information Act (FoIA) in Context: FoIA, Privacy and Public Records
Authors: Rogers Dave
Published: June 2005

The US Freedom of Information Act is a tool that can be used with success, but the current climate makes it less effective than it has been in the past. Privacy Acts are set up to protect the citizenry from untoward governmental scrutiny, but even with current legislation in place private collection of information from governmental public record resources and a variety of private resources can compile a relatively complete picture of many individuals in the U.S, from where Dave Rogers from Sidley Austin in Chicago sends us this report.
Checklist for Effective Interviews
Authors: Forster Vanessa
Published: June 2005

This is the first in a new series of short articles or checklists on practical aspects of our day to day work and we have asked senior information people within our field to contribute each article. Vanessa Forster, who is Training Manager at Cobbetts, is our first author.
Legal Research Facilities in Malaysia
Authors: Noordin Shaikh Mohamed
Published: June 2005

This article by Shaikh Mohamed Noordin gives a comprehensive overview of the types of law library in Malaysia, plus details of the various electronic sources of legal information available to information professionals and the general public.
AALL 2004 – a Boston Beano
Authors: Fogg Hannah
Published: June 2005

So, a trip to Boston, one of the first cities of the USA, brimming with history, and, for a week in July, brimming with law librarians. Worn out by 15 of my nephew's friends at his birthday party the day before, I got a lift into Boston early Sunday, managed to meet up with a fellow Brit at our hotel, and found myself registered and sitting in my first programme session by quarter past ten. To follow were four very full days of lectures, exhibition-visiting, library tours and social events which were almost as tiring as the toddlers.
A Comparative Study of Young and Adult Deliberate Self-Harm Patients
Authors: Hjelmeland H. , Grøholt B.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Research has shown that the prevalence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) is higher in adolescents than in adults, but little is known about other differences. In this study we compare adolescent and adult DSH-patients regarding factors contributing to the suicidal act. In two regions in Norway, 98 persons under 20 years of age and 83 older persons were interviewed following an act of DSH. They were compared regarding intentions involved in the DSH, precipitating circumstances, level of suicidal intent, medical seriousness of the act, depression, hopelessness, and self-esteem. Few differences were found. The adults more often wanted to escape from unbearable thoughts or situations, or to receive care and attention. Adults also reported a slightly higher level of medical seriousness of the DSH act, more psychiatric problems, and substance abuse. The similarities between young and adult DSH-patients are striking. The differences found are most likely related to factors of age itself, such as cognitive immaturity, impulsivity, and lack of experience in enduring problems.
Sati
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Sati as an act of ritual suicide has been reported from the Indian subcontinent, especially among the Hindus, for several centuries. Although legally proscribed, these acts occur even now in modern India. The principle behind such acts has been put forward as the principle of good wife. There is little evidence to suggest that women who commit this act suffer from a formal mental illness. Cultural factors and gender role expectations play a significant role in the act and its consequences. Using recent examples, this paper illustrates the cultural factors, which may be seen as contributing to the act of suicide. Other factors embedded in the act also emphasize that not all suicides have underlying psychiatric disorders and clinicians must take social causation into account while preparing any prevention strategies.
Automatic estimation of tropical cyclone intensity using multi‐channel TMI data: A genetic algorithm approach
Authors: Kishtawal C. M. , Patadia Falguni , Singh Randhir , Basu Sujit , Narayanan M. S. , Joshi P. C.
Published: June 2005

An automatic method for intensity estimation of tropical cyclones using multi‐channel observations from TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) is developed using a non‐linear data fitting approach called Genetic Algorithm. The intensity estimation technique SIEGA (Storm Intensity Estimation using Genetic Algorithm) uses only 9 simple statistical variables based on TMI observations and does not require any subjective input except the center of the cyclone. SIEGA was trained using 91 randomly arranged TMI scenes corresponding to several tropical storms (1998–2002), and produced a root‐mean square error of 13.88 kt, and average absolute error of 10.71 kt when tested on an independent test sample of 230 TMI scenes. Sensitivity of SIEGA's performance to the uncertainties in the location of TC center has also been carried out.
The Dansgaard‐Oeschger cycles discovered in the up stream source region of the North Pacific Intermediate Water formation
Authors: Ono Ayumu , Takahashi Kozo , Katsuki Kota , Okazaki Yusuke , Sakamoto Tatsuhiko
Published: June 2005

Millennial‐scale oceanographic oscillations were identified in the southern Okhotsk Sea based on high‐resolution measurements of total organic carbon (TOC), C/N ratios, and biogenic opal, employing Core MD01‐2412 (53 m) with the bottom age of 115 ka. The oscillations are linked with the Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) climatic cycles. Inadequate data existed in the source regions of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) formation thus far. We report the first decisive documentation of the D‐O cycles in the up stream source region of the NPIW, illustrating that the D‐O cycles observed in the down stream regions (e.g., Santa Barbara Basin) due to expansion of the NPIW were in part governed by the climatic variations occurred in the Okhotsk Sea. Increases in TOC and C/N ratios reflect abrupt sea level rises associated with 14 interstadial events over the past 115 kyrs, attributing to the downward transport of eroded continental shelf sediments.
Robust optical features of fine mode size distributions: Application to the Québec smoke event of 2002
Authors: O'Neill N. T. , Thulasiraman S. , Eck T. F. , Reid J. S.
Published: June 2005

Simple relationships involving the fundamental parameters of fine mode aerosol optical depth (τf), Angstrom exponent (αf) and its derivative (αf′) as near‐monotonic functions of the effective van de Hulst parameter (ρeff,f = 2 (2 π reff,f/λ) ∣m − 1∣) were derived for the conceptual case of a log‐translatable particle size distribution (LTPSD). This notion is useful in the interpretation of real sunphotometer data; the fine mode size distribution often approximates a LTPSD while departures from this behavior become more readily understood once one understands the first order optics. The near dependency of the fine mode optical parameters on ρeff,f was also exploited to obtain an explicit expression for ρeff,f as a function of αf and αf′. The relationships were applied to a representative case study to demonstrate their general applicability and then to the specific case of the July 2002 Québec smoke event. A number of illustrations were given where the coherency of the derived relations indicated that the LTPSD concept was often a good approximation to reality. The analysis of the Québec‐smoke extinction data showed the existence of a weak but systematic dependence of the Angstrom exponents on smoke trajectory time and by inference a steady growth in particle size with time. The variation of reff,f (derived from AERONET inversions) was however observed to be inconsistent with this dependence unless one redefined this parameter in terms of the clearly delineated peak of the asymmetric fine mode particle size distribution (PSD). This definition led to a re‐computed temporal rate of increase in reff,f which was coherent with the variation of the Angstrom parameters and which was coherent with a simple coagulative model based on conservation of volume. It was demonstrated that trajectory time was essentially a proxy variable for reff,f and more fundamentally ρeff,f (as predicted by the LTPSD relations). A similar proxy argument could be applied to the dependence of the Angstrom exponent on optical depth but such arguments are tempered by the relative variations of fine‐mode abundance (Af) and particle size (by the value of the parameter γ = dlogAf/dlogreff,f).
Dependence of wind erosion and dust emission on surface heterogeneity: Stochastic modeling
Authors: Okin Gregory S.
Published: June 2005

A method for incorporating surface heterogeneity into models of wind erosion and dust emission is presented. Parameters that control threshold shear velocity (bare‐soil threshold shear velocity, vegetation cover, and vegetation shape) are parameterized as modified‐normal distributions with defined means and coefficients of variation. A parameterized bootstrap (Monte Carlo) approach is used to estimate histograms of threshold shear velocities for vegetated surfaces using the model of Raupach et al. (1993). Horizontal mass flux is calculated from threshold shear velocity histograms and a wind record. Vertical mass flux (dust emission) can be inferred from horizontal mass flux. The results from these simulations indicate that wind erosion and dust emission are dominated by the few instances with unusually high surface erodibility (e.g., low threshold shear velocity). This finding is supported by observations of dust emission “hot spots” in landscapes undergoing dust emission. As a result, wind erosion and dust emission flux rates are much higher in simulations with variability than they are in nonvariable cases using only parameter means. The magnitude of highly nonlinear, threshold‐controlled processes such as wind erosion and dust flux is essentially controlled by variability in the landscape. This result argues for inclusion of surface heterogeneity in global and regional dust emission models.
Vegetation‐modulated landscape evolution: Effects of vegetation on landscape processes, drainage density, and topography
Authors: Istanbulluoglu Erkan , Bras Rafael L.
Published: June 2005

Topography acts as a template for numerous landscape processes that include hydrologic, ecologic, and biologic phenomena. These processes not only interact with each other but also contribute to shaping the landscape as they influence geomorphic processes. We have investigated the effects of vegetation on thresholds for channel initiation and landform evolution using both analytical and numerical approaches. Vegetation is assumed to form a uniform ground cover. Runoff erosion is modeled based on a power function of excess shear stress, in which shear stress efficiency is inversely proportional to vegetation cover. This approach is validated using data. Plant effect on slope stability is represented by additional cohesion provided by plant roots. Vegetation cover is assumed to reduce sediment transport rates due to physical creep processes (rainsplash, dry ravel, and expansion and contraction of sediments) according to a negative exponential relationship. Vegetation grows as a function of both available cover and unoccupied space by plants and is killed by geomorphic disturbances (runoff erosion and landsliding) and wildfires. Analytical results suggest that in an equilibrium basin with a fixed vegetation cover, plants may cause a transition in the dominant erosion process at the channel head. A runoff erosion–dominated landscape, under none or poor vegetation cover, may become landslide dominated under a denser vegetation cover. The sign of the predicted relationship between drainage density and vegetation cover depends on the relative influence of vegetation on different erosion phenomena. With model parameter values representative of the Oregon Coast Range (OCR), numerical experiments conducted using the Channel Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model confirm the findings based on the analytical theory. A highly dissected fluvial landscape emerges when surface is assumed bare. When vegetation cover is modeled, landscape relief increases, resulting in hollow erosion dominated by landsliding. Interestingly, our simulations underscore the importance of vegetation disturbances by geomorphic events and wildfires on the landscape structure. Simulated landscapes resemble real‐world catchments in the OCR when such disturbances are considered.
Fluvial and marine controls on combined subaerial and subaqueous delta progradation: Morphodynamic modeling of compound‐clinoform development
Authors: Swenson John B. , Paola Chris , Pratson Lincoln , Voller Vaughan R. , Murray A. Brad
Published: June 2005

Fluviodeltaic systems commonly display a compound‐clinoform geometry that consists of a subaerial/subaqueous delta couplet. The extent of subaqueous delta development varies significantly and, in modern systems, is a function of fluvial input and basin hydrodynamics. We present a model of fluviodeltaic progradation in which the repeated occurrence of characteristic terrestrial floods and large coastal storms drives fluvial and shallow marine morphodynamics, respectively. We couple fluvial and shallow marine sediment dynamics via the surf zone, which we collapse to a shock condition and treat as a moving boundary. With steady sediment supply and sea level and simple basin geometry, our model naturally develops prograding deltas with compound‐clinoform geometries. The subaerial delta grows via fluvial aggradation and shoreface progradation, whereas the subaqueous delta expands through foreset progradation, with only minor topset aggradation. The interplay of fluvial input with the wave/current field controls the basic partitioning of sediment between subaerial and subaqueous deltas and, by extension, the compound‐clinoform geometry. Increasing the frequency or magnitude of coastal storms, decreasing flood frequency or discharge, and reducing grain size all increase the fraction of sediment delivered to the shallow marine environment and the extent of subaqueous delta progradation relative to subaerial delta development. Our model, which emphasizes the intrinsic coupling of fluvial and shallow marine sediment dynamics and downplays the importance of allogenic fluctuations, can explain many of the first‐order morphologic features of natural delta systems, including significant lateral separation of the shoreline and clinoform rollover and differing rates of subaerial and subaqueous delta progradation.
Examination of a simple pulse‐blanking technique for radio frequency interference mitigation
Authors: Niamsuwan Noppasin , Johnson Joel T. , Ellingson Steven W.
Published: June 2005

Radiometry at L band can be adversely impacted by radio frequency interference (RFI) due to the presence of numerous sources, especially pulsed RFI from radars operating below 1400 MHz. RFI mitigation is very important to deal with this problem. A simple strategy for reducing pulsed RFI, termed “asynchronous pulse blanking” (APB), has been implemented in a digital receiver developed at Ohio State University. This paper presents results from a simulation of the APB algorithm. Several aspects of algorithm use and performance are reported, including means for choosing the algorithm's parameters and the robustness of the method in a realistic RFI environment. Effects of the blanking process on the final output are also examined.
Analysis of spatial patterns underlying the linkage between solar irradiance and near‐surface air temperatures
Authors: Balling Robert C. , Roy Shouraseni Sen
Published: June 2005

Many scientists have noted that global temperature anomalies were highly correlated with solar irradiance values until sometime in the 1970s, but since that time, the pronounced warming in the near‐surface temperature record is not explained by variations or trends in solar receipt. In this investigation, spatial dimensions are explored in the relationship between irradiance and near‐surface air temperatures. At the scale of individual 5° by 5° grid cells, the solar control on annual temperature variations is not statistically significant. When the temperature data are aggregated by 5° latitudinal bands, the solar – temperature connect is generally significant, and in every band, there is substantial evidence that a non‐solar control has become dominant in recent decades. The buildup of greenhouse gases and/or some other global‐scale feedback, such as widespread changes in atmospheric water vapor, emerge as potential explanations for the recent residual warming found in all latitudinal bands.
Spatial and temporal b value anomalies preceding the devastating off coast of NW Sumatra earthquake of December 26, 2004
Authors: Nuannin Paiboon , Kulhanek Ota , Persson Leif
Published: June 2005

Spatial and temporal variations of b values are studied by means of 624 earthquakes in the Andaman‐Nicobar Islands region during a five‐year period preceding the giant shock on December 26, 2004. Sliding time and space windows containing 50 events are used. Temporal variations reveal two significant drops in b value which coincide with the occurrence of two large shocks (Ms ≥ 7.0) towards the end of 2002 and with the Mw = 9.0 event in 2004. The spatial distribution shows accumulation of stresses (low b) around the epicentres of the 2002 and 2004 events and an event in North Andaman. The area of high stress around the 2004 epicenter extends in NNW‐SSE direction over an area about 450 km long.
The size‐frequency and areal distribution of rock clasts at the Spirit landing site, Gusev Crater, Mars
Authors: Ward J. G. , Arvidson R. E. , Golombek M.
Published: June 2005

Size‐frequency and nearest neighbor spacing measurements derived from the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's Panoramic Camera images of the Gusev landing site reveal that rock clasts on the intercrater plains are smaller, better sorted, and more evenly spaced than clasts found near the crater rims. The even clast spacing is interpreted to be due to wind transport, which acts to minimize surface roughness during periods of high velocity wind.