bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial dysfunction in endothelial cells induced by airborne fine particulate matter (<2.5 μm)
Authors: Miao Xiaoyan , Li Wenke , Niu Bingyu , Li Jiangshuai , Sun Jingjie , Qin Mengnan , Zhou Zhixiang
Published: July 2019

Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (<2.5 μm; PM2.5) increases the risk of the physiopathology of vascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanism, particularly the mitochondrial damage mechanism, of PM2.5‐induced vascular dysfunction is still unclear. In this study, we examined PM2.5‐induced alterations of mitochondrial morphology, and further demonstrated the adverse effects on mitochondrial dynamics and function in vascular endothelial cells. Consequently, cultured EA.hy926 cells were subjected to PM2.5 collected from Beijing. A Cell Counting Assay Kit‐8 demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure decreased the proliferation of EA.hy926 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. The exposure caused an increment of abnormal mitochondria coupled with the decrease of fusion protein MFN2 and the increase of fission protein FIS1, suggesting that PM2.5 inhibits mitochondrial fusion. Further analyses revealed PM2.5 decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased the mitochondrial permeability transport pore opening, eventually resulting in impairments in adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Therefore, it is clearly shown that PM2.5 triggered endothelial toxicity through mitochondria as the target, including the damage of mitochondrial homeostasis.
Denosumab Improves Glomerular Filtration Rate in Osteoporotic Patients With Normal Kidney Function by Lowering Serum Phosphorus
Authors: Miyaoka Daichi , Inaba Masaaki , Imanishi Yasuo , Hayashi Noriyuki , Ohara Masaya , Nagata Yuki , Kurajoh Masafumi , Yamada Shinsuke , Mori Katsuhito , Emoto Masanori
Published: July 2019

Higher serum phosphorus (Pi) increases the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). It was reported that a single administration of denosumab or zoledronate significantly suppressed serum Pi levels as well as those of bone resorption markers in serum. Also, previous evidences suggest a link between bone anti-resorptive therapy and vasoprotective/renoprotective effects through mechanisms that remain unexplored. The aim of this study is to assess the renoprotective effect of denosumab and involvement of denosumab-induced reduction in serum Pi in osteoporotic patients. Osteoporotic patients (n = 73) without overt proteinuria in dipstick test results were treated with denosumab (60 mg) every 6 months during the study period (24 months). Estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum cystatin C (eGFRcys) was used as a filtration marker and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b) as a bone resorption marker. For analysis of non-CKD patients (n = 56), those with eGFRcys <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were excluded. A single injection of denosumab suppressed serum Pi as well as TRACP-5b during the first 6 months, whereas age-related decline in eGFRcys was significantly reversed, with an increase of 2.75 ± 1.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 after 24 months noted. Multivariate analysis showed that serum Pi reduction following the initial denosumab injection was positively associated with serum TRACP-5b suppression during that same period (β = 0.241, p = 0.049). In addition, a positive association of serum Pi suppression, but not of corrected calcium or TRACP-5b, with eGFRcys increase after 24 months (β = 0.321, p = 0.014) was found after adjustments for gender, age, BMI, antihypertensive drug use, albumin, and eGFRcys. The same was observed in osteoporotic cases restricted to non-CKD patients. In conclusion, serum Pi reduction resulting from phosphorus load decrement from bone induced by denosumab is a determinant for eGFRcys increase. Early introduction of bone antiresorptive therapy can retain glomerular filtration in osteoporosis cases, including non-CKD patients. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Parathyroid hormone enhances the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells via ERK and P38 MAPK pathways
Authors: Ge Xingyun , Li Zehan , Jing Shuanglin , Wang Yanqiu , Li Na , Lu Jiamin , Yu Jinhua
Published: July 2019

Objective

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a main systemic mediator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the bone. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been extensively studied in the regeneration of bone and tooth tissues. This paper aims to uncover the influences of PTH on the proliferative ability and osteo/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs, as well as the underlying mechanisms.

Materials and Methods

The optimal concentration of PTH on DPSCs was determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, ALP staining and western blot analysis. Proliferative ability and cell cycle distribution of DPSCs were analyzed by Cell counting kit‐8, 5‐ethynyl‐20‐deoxyuridine assay, and flow cytometry. Osteo/odontogenic capacity of DPSCs was evaluated and finally, the involvement of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was assessed.

Results

Purified DPSCs were obtained by enzymatic digestion, which presented a typical fibroblast‐like morphology. 10−9 mol/L PTH was concerned as the optimal concentration for DPSCs induction. 10−9 mol/L PTH treatment did not change the proliferative rate of DPSCs (p > .05). Relative expressions of DSPP/DSPP, RUNX2/RUNX2, OSX/OSX, and ALP/ALP were upregulated in PTH‐treated DPSCs relative to control group. Particularly, their mRNA/protein levels at Day 7 were markedly higher relative to those at Day 3 (p < .05 or p < .01). Mineralized nodules were formed after PTH induction, and calcium content increased by cetylpyridinium chloride quantitative analysis. Mechanistically, the protein levels of p‐ERK and p‐P38 significantly increased after PTH treatment, and the inhibitors targeting MAPK were identified that weakened the effects of PTH on the committed differentiation of DPSCs.

Conclusions

PTH enhances the osteo/odontogenic differentiation capacity of DPSCs via ERK and P38 signaling pathways.
Prolonged Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Capecitabine and a CYP2C9 Substrate, Celecoxib
Authors: Ramírez Jacqueline , House Larry K. , Karrison Theodore G. , Janisch Linda A. , Turcich Michelle , Salgia Ravi , Ratain Mark J. , Sharma Manish R.
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the time course and magnitude of the pharmacokinetic interaction between capecitabine and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 substrate celecoxib, with implications for coadministration of fluoropyrimidines with CYP2C9 substrates such as warfarin. Patients received celecoxib 200 mg orally twice daily continuously, with capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days every 21 days) starting 7 days later. Assessment of the drug‐drug interaction (DDI) potential was performed using equivalence testing, which assumes that there is no clinically relevant DDI when the calculated 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the drug exposure ratios fall within the range of 0.80 to 1.25. Comparison of steady‐state pharmacokinetic parameters of celecoxib between day 7 (cycle 0, celecoxib only) and day 14 (cycle 1, celecoxib + capecitabine) showed geometric mean ratios of 1.24 (90%CI, 1.04‐1.49), 1.30 (1.11‐1.53) and 1.28 (1.11‐1.47) for maximum plasma concentration, minimum plasma concentration, and area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to 8 hours, respectively. Comparison of day 7 vs day 21 (cycle 1, after 1 week washout of capecitabine) showed a further increase in the geometric mean ratio of maximum plasma concentration (1.39; 90%CI, 1.16‐1.66), minimum plasma concentration (1.53; 1.10‐2.12) and area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to 8 hours (1.41; 1.19‐1.68). Because the 90%CIs fell outside the prespecified equivalence margin, we conclude that coadministration results in a DDI (increased celecoxib exposure) that persists for at least 7 days after capecitabine discontinuation. Close monitoring should be undertaken when administering fluoropyrimidines with CYP2C9 substrates with narrow therapeutic indexes while also weighing the benefits and risks for individual patients.
Changes in knee extension peak torque and body composition and their relationship with change in gait speed
Authors: Osawa Yusuke , Chiles Shaffer Nancy , Shardell Michelle D. , Studenski Stephanie A. , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: July 2019

Background

Slow gait speed is a powerful predictor of disability in activities of daily living and mortality. Muscle strength and body composition change over time, but their changes differ by sex. How these parameters jointly affect gait speed decline is unknown. Understanding this association could help develop and evaluate the sex‐specific effects of lifestyle interventions to delay gait speed decline in older adults. We assessed whether changes in strength (Δstrength), appendicular lean mass (ΔALM), and fat mass (Δfat) jointly relate to change in gait speed and whether the association differs by sex.

Methods

The analytic sample comprised 575 women and 539 men aged 22–95 years enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Mean follow‐up was 4.0 years. Measures included isometric knee extension strength, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐assessed ALM and fat mass, and gait speed from the 400 m fast pace walk. Sex‐specific linear mixed models were adjusted for follow‐up time and baseline age, race, height, ALM, fat mass, peak torque, and gait speed. We also included second‐order interaction terms of the key predictive variables (e.g. Δstrength × ΔALM). To interpret the interactions, we estimated average gait declines using the 25th or 75th percentile of the two significant predictive variables and then assessed which condition relates to larger decline in gait speed.

Results

In both sexes, independent of ΔALM and Δfat, larger decline in strength significantly related to larger decline in gait speed (P = 0.01 for both sexes). In men, interactions between Δstrength × ΔALM and Δfat by ΔALM were associated with change in gait speed; men with greater declines in both muscle strength and ALM or greater declines in both ALM and fat have steeper gait speed decline. In contrast, in women, the interaction between Δfat and ΔALM was associated with change in gait speed; women with an increase in fat mass combined with less decline in ALM have steeper gait speed decline.

Conclusions

While change in strength affects change in gait speed in both sexes, the effects of body composition change differ by sex. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐based estimates of lean mass may be confounded by intramuscular fat. Future studies should examine sex‐specific combined effects of change in strength and body composition on mobility using multiple techniques to measure body composition. Intervention studies should consider testing sex‐specific interventions on body composition.
Deep semantic lung segmentation for tracking potential pulmonary perfusion biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): The multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis COPD study
Authors: Winther Hinrich B. , Gutberlet Marcel , Hundt Christian , Kaireit Till F. , Alsady Tawfik Moher , Schmidt Bertil , Wacker Frank , Sun Yanping , Dettmer Sabine , Maschke Sabine K. , Hinrichs Jan B. , Jambawalikar Sachin , Prince Martin R. , Barr R. Graham , Vogel‐Claussen Jens
Published: July 2019

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Identification of imaging biomarkers for phenotyping is necessary for future treatment and therapy monitoring. However, translation of visual analytic pipelines into clinics or their use in large‐scale studies is significantly slowed by time‐consuming postprocessing steps.

Purpose

To implement an automated tool chain for regional quantification of pulmonary microvascular blood flow in order to reduce analysis time and user variability.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

In all, 90 MRI scans of 63 patients, of which 31 had a COPD with a mean Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease status of 1.9 ± 0.64 (μ ± σ).

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5T dynamic gadolinium‐enhanced MRI measurement using 4D dynamic contrast material‐enhanced (DCE) time‐resolved angiography acquired in a single breath‐hold in inspiration. [Correction added on August 20, 2019, after first online publication: The field strength in the preceding sentence was corrected.]

Assessment

We built a 3D convolutional neural network for semantic segmentation using 29 manually segmented perfusion maps. All five lobes of the lung are denoted, including the middle lobe. Evaluation was performed on 61 independent cases from two sites of the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Arteriosclerosis (MESA)‐COPD study. We publish our implementation of a model‐free deconvolution filter according to Sourbron et al for 4D DCE MRI scans as open source.

Statistical Test

Cross‐validation 29/61 (# training / # testing), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Spearman ρ, Pearson r, Sørensen–Dice coefficient, and overlap.

Results

Segmentations and derived clinical parameters were processed in ~90 seconds per case on a Xeon E5‐2637v4 workstation with Tesla P40 GPUs. Clinical parameters and predicted segmentations exhibit high concordance with the ground truth regarding median perfusion for all lobes with an ICC of 0.99 and a Sørensen–Dice coefficient of 93.4 ± 2.8 (μ ± σ).

Data Conclusion

We present a robust end‐to‐end pipeline that allows for the extraction of perfusion‐based biomarkers for all lung lobes in 4D DCE MRI scans by combining model‐free deconvolution with deep learning.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:571–579.
The hematite–goethite enhancement model of loess and an ‘irregular’ case from Paks, Hungary
Authors: Bradák B. , Seto Y. , Csonka D. , Végh T. , Szeberényi J.
Published: July 2019

On the basis of a key model of the appearance of hematite and goethite in some Chinese and European loess successions, paleosols generally contain higher proportions of hematite formed by pedogenic processes during warm and humid interglacials, while loess contains sedimentary goethite deposited during colder, glacial periods. Rock magnetic measurements were conducted on samples from Paks (Hungary) loess, revealing an anomalous case. Sediments were found to contain higher amounts of hematite and/or goethite, while the well‐developed paleosols were found to be lacking in hematite but had significant amounts of magnetite and maghemite. This observation demonstrates that the character of pedogenic magnetic mineral alteration and neoformation differs from the hematite/goethite model; the model is therefore not applicable to the Paks succession, possibly due to differences in the regional paleoclimate and pedogenic environment. The results indicate the existence of a further model, in which hematite formation is not significant in the course of pedogenesis.
Metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with the use ofAscophyllum nodosumextracts as tools to improve the quality of wine grapes (Vitis viniferacv. Sangiovese) and their tolerance to biotic stress
Authors: Frioni Tommaso , Tombesi Sergio , Quaglia Mara , Calderini Ornella , Moretti Chiaraluce , Poni Stefano , Gatti Matteo , Moncalvo Alessandro , Sabbatini Paolo , Berrìos Julian Garcìa , Palliotti Alberto
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Recent studies report thatAscophyllum nodosumextracts, once applied on the canopy of different crops, deliver positive effects, increasing yield, inducing tolerance to biotic stress, and improving the quality of products. However, the mechanisms of action are still unclear. In this research, vines subjected to multiple foliar applications of anA. nodosumextract (ANE) at label doses were compared with untreated vines (NTV) in accordance with a comparative approach. The investigation coupled a field experiment with a second trial conducted under semi‐controlled conditions, to clarify the mechanisms of action involved.

RESULTS

The biostimulant did not affect soluble solids or the acidity of grapes; instead, it improved their anthocyanin and phenolic concentrations and the respective profiles. At the time of harvest, anthocyanin, and phenolic concentration were increased by 10.4% and 14.5%, respectively, when compared to the NTV. These effects correlated with a specific modulation of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolic pathways. Moreover, grapes from ANE vines witnessed a significant reduction in the spreading of gray mold when they were either assessed in field conditions orin vitro, compared to the grapes of NTV vines. This was related to a significant upregulation of the defense‐related genes of the plant.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the results showed thatA. nodosumextracts can be valuable tools in viticulture considering the emergence of challenging environmental conditions; hence, the regulation of specific metabolic pathways is the mechanism of action that leads to an increased tolerance of biotic stress and of changes in the content of grape metabolites. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Translocation of elements and sugars in wheat genotypes at vegetative and generative stages under continuous selenium exposure
Authors: Filek Maria , Sieprawska Apolonia , Telk Anna , Łabanowska Maria , Kurdziel Magdalena , Walas Stanisław , Hartikainen Helinä
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Biofortification with selenium (Se) elevates its concentration in feed and fodder plants and helps to prevent health problems in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to describe Se‐induced modifications in the accumulation of elements important for the proper functioning of wheat, one of the most popular cereals. The presence of Se correlated with carbohydrate synthesis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). This explained the mechanisms of Se's antioxidant activity.

RESULTS

Selenium accumulation in vegetative and generative leaves, and in the grains of three wheat genotypes (cv. Parabola, cv. Raweta and cv. Manu), differing in their stress tolerance and grown hydroponically in the presence of 10 or 20 μM Na2SeO4,, was proportional to its content in the medium. Stronger Se accumulation was typical of a stress‐sensitive genotype. Selenium generally promoted the uptake of macronutrients and micronutrients but their distribution depended on tissue and genotype. Changes in the Se‐induced EPR signals of paramagnetic metals and organic radicals corresponded with stress tolerance of the tested genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

Se application increased the accumulation of nutrients and carbohydrates that are vital for proper plant growth and development. Accelerated uptake of molybdenum (Mo), an element improving dietary properties of grains, may be an additional advantage of Se fertilization. The mechanisms of Se‐induced changes in removing Mn and iron (Fe) ions from macromolecules may be one of the factors that differentiate plant tolerance to oxidative stress. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
One‐step synthesized magnetic MIL‐101(Cr) for effective extraction of triazine herbicides from rice prior to determination by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Jiang Yanxiao , Piao Huilan , Qin Zucheng , Li Xiaolei , Ma Pinyi , Sun Ying , Wang Xinghua , Song Daqian
Published: July 2019

The magnetic metal‐organic framework MIL‐101(Cr) material‐based solid‐phase extraction method coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was applied to extract seven triazine herbicides in rices. Fe3O4/MIL‐101(Cr) was synthesized using reduction‐precipitation method, in which steps including pre‐synthesis and modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were by‐passed. Various parameters including extraction solvent type and volume, ultrasonic extraction time, amount of Fe3O4/MIL‐101(Cr) microspheres, adsorption time, desorption volume and time were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method had the limit of detection (S/N = 3) and the limit of quantification (S/N = 10) of 1.08–18.10 and 3.60–60.20 pg/g, respectively. Relative standard deviations calculated for all herbicides with concentrations of 2 and 20 ng/g were in the range of 0.5 to 13% (n = 3). In addition, at the two above‐mentioned concentrations, the method achieved relative recoveries percentages of 79.3 to 116.7% when applied to determine the triazine herbicides in real samples spiked. This rapid, green, non‐polluting, pre‐concentrated extraction method was successfully developed and applied to analyze herbicides in rice samples.
How publishers and editors can help early career researchers: Recommendations from a roundtable discussion
Authors: O'Brien Anna , Graf Chris , McKellar Kate
Published: July 2019

Key points

Hearing the views of early career researchers (ECRs) provides valuable insights and is a worthwhile investment for publishers.

Understanding the time and relationship issues that ECRs face can help publishers develop better systems and services.

Talking to ECRs demonstrates a frustration that the editing, peer reviewing, and publishing ecosystem is built by people with whom they do not identify and by whom they are not represented.

There is a greater role for journal editors to offer support, advice, and encouragement to ECRs.

ECRs want journals to take more of a lead in promoting open science and supporting novel research outputs.

There is a need for publishers to develop tools and systems that simplify journal requirements and help ECRs to publish.
Superior laryngeal nerve block for neurogenic cough: A case series
Authors: Dhillon Vaninder K.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To demonstrate that an in‐office superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) block with lidocaine and steroids is an effective alternative to neuromodulators for patients with neurogenic cough.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

A retrospective review of 10 patients who underwent in office nerve block to the laryngeal nerve (SLN) for neurogenic cough. Demographic data and pre‐ and postcough survey index are the measure outcomes. Follow‐up was 3–6 months.

Results

We find that all patients in this study that underwent an SLN block showed significant improvement in cough severity index (CSI). The average number of blocks was 2.3. The mean follow‐up time from the first SLN block is 3.4 months. The mean CSI improvement 16.30. 95% confidence interval, 11.44–21.16; P < .0001. All patients in this study completed at least one session of cough suppression therapy with speech language pathology (SLP). No patients were on neuromodulators at the time of the SLN block.

Conclusions

There is a role for in‐office SLN block with lidocaine and steroids for patients with neurogenic cough, and can be an effective alternative to neuromodulators.

Level of Evidence

NA
Effect of Ti interlayer on corrosion behavior of nanostructured Ti/TiN multilayer coating deposited on TiAl6V4
Authors: Shanaghi Ali , Ghasemi Sajjad , Chu Paul K. , Ahangarani Shahrokh , Zhao Ying
Published: July 2019

To improve the corrosion properties of TiAl6V4 alloy, TiN monolayer and Ti/TiN multilayer coatings are deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. The phase, structure, and morphology properties are investigated by grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, respectively, and the corrosion behavior is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. The TiN monolayer and Ti/TiN multilayer with thickness of 1,350 and 1,410 nm have the (111) and (002) preferred orientation and crystallite size of 42.5 and 24.3 nm, respectively. Columnar growth in TiN is hindered by the Ti interlayers and no cracking is observed between the layers indicating strong adhesion. The nanostructured Ti/TiN coating forms stable surface titanium oxide which improves the corrosion resistance by approximately 80 and four times compared with TiAl6V4 alloy and TiN coating, respectively. Hindrance of the columnar structure in TiN by the Ti interlayer decreases the local corrosion rate and enhances the galvanic corrosion resistance by forming a layer on the β‐phase enriched with vanadium as well as a TiO2 stable layer. The nanostructured Ti/TiN coating demonstrates capacitive behavior with phase angles approximately −50° and high impedance values at low frequency to be the corrosion resistance mechanism.
Oscillatory and periodic solutions of differential equations with piecewise constant generalized mixed arguments
Authors: Chiu Kuo‐Shou , Li Tongxing
Published: July 2019

We study scalar advanced and delayed differential equations with piecewise constant generalized arguments, in short DEPCAG of mixed type, that is, the arguments are general step functions. It is shown that the argument deviation generates, under certain conditions, oscillations of the solutions, which is an impossible phenomenon for the corresponding equation without the argument deviations. Criteria for existence of periodic solutions of such equations are discussed. New criteria extend and improve related results reported in the literature. The efficiency of our criteria is illustrated via several numerical examples and simulations.
Texture‐based, automatic contour validation for online adaptive replanning: A feasibility study on abdominal organs
Authors: Zhang Ying , Plautz Tia E. , Hao Yao , Kinchen Catherine , Li X. Allen
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Evaluation of contour accuracy in radiation therapy planning requires manual interaction and is one of the most limiting bottlenecks for online replanning. This study aims to develop an automatic approach to rapidly evaluate contour quality based on image texture features to facilitate the routine practice of online adaptive replanning (OLAR).

Method

Fifty‐five pancreas cancer patients were selected from a clinical database of patients treated at our institution from 2011 to 2018. For each patient, the pancreas head and duodenum were contoured in five images (one fraction per week) resulting in a total of 275 CT image sets with corresponding ground‐truth contours. A second set of inaccurate contours was generated using deformable‐image‐registration‐based contour propagation. Three subregions, core, inner shell and outer shell, were generated from the contour of each organ. Texture features were extracted from each subregion and descriptive features of each subregion were identified using the image set with corresponding ground‐truth contours. A three‐level decision tree model was constructed based on texture constraints empirically determined for the three subregions. The two datasets containing ground truth and inaccurate contours were merged. Randomized threefold cross‐validation was performed and repeated three times.

Results

The first level of the decision tree utilizes textures derived from principal component analysis of a subset of extracted features from the core subregion (five PCs for pancreas head, seven PCs for duodenum). The second and third levels of the decision tree use gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM)‐based cluster prominence to reject inaccurate contours. The trained model identifies accurate and inaccurate contours with an average sensitivity/specificity of 85%/91% for the pancreas head and 92%/92% for the duodenum contours. The false‐positive rate is 9% and 8% for pancreas head and duodenum, respectively. The execution time is less than 15 s using a standard desktop computer.

Conclusion

Quantitative image features can be used to develop a model to rapidly validate the quality of an organ contour. Our model accurately classifies unseen contours as accurate or inaccurate with high sensitivity and specificity. As auto‐segmentation continues to improve in quality and accuracy, this method may be integrated into a fully automatic pipeline for auto‐segmentation, contour‐quality evaluation and contour correction, which would replace the time‐consuming manual review process, thereby facilitating the more routine practice of OLAR.
Optimal mass transport kinetic modeling for head and neck DCE‐MRI: Initial analysis
Authors: Elkin Rena , Nadeem Saad , LoCastro Eve , Paudyal Ramesh , Hatzoglou Vaios , Lee Nancy Y. , Shukla‐Dave Amita , Deasy Joseph O. , Tannenbaum Allen
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Current state‐of‐the‐art models for estimating the pharmacokinetic parameters do not account for intervoxel movement of the contrast agent (CA). We introduce an optimal mass transport (OMT) formulation that naturally handles intervoxel CA movement and distinguishes between advective and diffusive flows.

Method

Ten patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were enrolled in the study between June 2014 and October 2015 and underwent DCE MRI imaging prior to beginning treatment. The CA tissue concentration information was taken as the input in the data‐driven OMT model. The OMT approach was tested on HNSCC DCE data that provides quantitative information for forward flux () and backward flux (). OMT‐derived was compared with the volume transfer constant for CA, , derived from the Extended Tofts Model (ETM).

Results

The OMT‐derived flows showed a consistent jump in the CA diffusive behavior across the images in accordance with the known CA dynamics. The mean forward flux was 0.0082 ± 0.0091 () whereas the mean advective component was 0.0052 ± 0.0086 () in the HNSCC patients. The diffusive percentages in forward and backward flux ranged from 8.67% to 18.76% and 12.76% to 30.36%, respectively. The OMT model accounts for intervoxel CA movement and results show that the forward flux () is comparable with the ETM‐derived .

Conclusions

This is a novel data‐driven study based on optimal mass transport principles applied to patient DCE imaging to analyze CA flow in HNSCC.
An energy‐stable mixed formulation for isogeometric analysis of incompressible hyperelastodynamics
Authors: Liu Ju , Marsden Alison L. , Tao Zhen
Published: July 2019

We develop a mixed formulation for incompressible hyperelastodynamics based on a continuum modeling framework recently developed in the work of Liu and Marsden and smooth generalizations of the Taylor‐Hood element based on nonuniform rational B‐splines (NURBSs). This continuum formulation draws a link between computational fluid dynamics and computational solid dynamics. This link inspires an energy stability estimate for the spatial discretization, which favorably distinguishes the formulation from the conventional mixed formulations for finite elasticity. The inf‐sup condition is utilized to provide a bound for the pressure field. The generalized‐α method is applied for temporal discretization, and a nested block preconditioner is invoked for the solution procedure. The inf‐sup stability for different pairs of NURBS elements is elucidated through numerical assessment. The convergence rate of the proposed formulation with various combinations of mixed elements is examined by the manufactured solution method. The numerical scheme is also examined under compressive and tensile loads for isotropic and anisotropic hyperelastic materials. Finally, a suite of dynamic problems is numerically studied to corroborate the stability and conservation properties.
Long‐term leukoencephalopathy and neurocognitive functioning in childhood sarcoma patients treated with high‐dose intravenous chemotherapy
Authors: Sleurs Charlotte , Lemiere Jurgen , Radwan Ahmed , Verly Marjolein , Elens Iris , Renard Marleen , Jacobs Sandra , Sunaert Stefan , Deprez Sabine , Uyttebroeck Anne
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Knowledge is limited regarding the prevalence and persistence of chemotherapy‐induced leukoencephalopathy in childhood sarcoma patients. This study explored the presence, clinical relevance, and potential risk factors of leukoencephalopathy in childhood bone and soft tissue sarcoma survivors, treated with intravenous chemotherapy.

Methods

We acquired cross‐sectional neurocognitive data in adult survivors (n = 34) (median age at diagnosis [AaD] = 13.32 years, age range = 16‐35 years) and healthy age‐matched controls (n = 34). Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging included T2‐weighted FLAIR (leukoencephalopathy Fazekas rating), multiexponential T2 relaxation (MET2), and multishell diffusion MRI to estimate myelin integrity‐related metrics and fluid movement restrictions. Finally, chemotherapy subgroups (methotrexate, alkylating agents, or combination), AaD, and Apoε and MTHFRC677T polymorphisms were explored as potential risk factors for leukoencephalopathy.

Results

At the group level, quality of life, working memory, processing speed, and visual memory were significantly lower in patients compared to controls. Furthermore, long‐term leukoencephalopathy was observed in 27.2% of the childhood sarcoma survivors, which was related to attentional processing speed. Lesions were related to diffusion‐derived, but not to myelin‐sensitive metrics. A significant interaction effect between AaD and chemotherapy group demonstrated more lesions in case of high‐dose methotrexate (HD‐MTX) (F = 3.434, P = .047). However, patients treated with alkylating agents (without HD‐MTX) also showed lesions in younger patients. Genetic predictors were nonsignificant.

Conclusion and implication

This study suggests long‐term leukoencephalopathy with possibly underlying changes in vasculature, inflammation, or axonal injury, but not necessarily long‐term demyelination. Such lesions could affect processing speed, and as such long‐term daily life functioning of these patients.
Comparison of the physiological responses induced by different pediatric exercise field tests in children
Authors: Scalco Janaina C. , Minsky Rafaela C. , Mayer Anamaria F. , Caputo Fabrizio , Schivinski Camila I. S.
Published: July 2019

Objective

This study aimed to compare the physiological responses induced by the modified shuttle walk test (MSWT), the 6‐minute walk test (6MWT), and the pediatric Glittre activities of daily living test for children (TGlittre‐P) in healthy children.

Method

This was an analytical observational cross‐sectional study. All subjects underwent an anthropometric evaluation, pulmonary function test, TGlittre‐P, 6MWT, and MSWT using a portable gas analyzer. Each test was conducted on the same day, and a maximum period of 15 days was considered for completion of the 3 days of data collection.

Results

Overall, 24 subjects were included (mean age, 9.78 ± 1.27 years). The peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) during the MSWT (1409.94 ± 285.13 mL/kg/min) was significantly higher than that during the TGlittre‐P (982.19 ± 205.95 mL/kg/min) and 6MWT (982.85 ± 257.09 mL/kg/min) (P < .001 for both). There was no difference in VO2peak as well as most of the physiological variables between the 6MWT and TGlittre‐P (P = .987). The MSWT VO2peak correlated with the 6MWT VO2peak (r = 0.67; P = .00) and the TGlittre‐P VO2peak (r = 0.43; P = .04). The VO2peak values achieved in the 6MWT and TGlittre‐P were also correlated (r = 0.68; P = .00). Unlike in the MSWT, in which the physiological measurements show an incremental response, the VO2, heart rate, minute ventilation, and respiratory exchange ratio were stabilized in the TGlittre‐P and 6MWT.

Conclusion

The TGlittre‐P and 6MWT showed similar physiological responses and required less metabolic, respiratory, and cardiovascular overload than the MSWT. The performance measures and VO2peak values obtained in the three tests were correlated.
Ventilation efficiency to exercise in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kampouras Asterios , Hatziagorou Elpis , Avramidou Vasiliki , Georgopoulou Vasiliki , Kirvassilis Fotis , Hebestreit Helge , Tsanakas John
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Exercise ventilation efficiency index in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is elevated in patients with heart failure providing useful information on disease progression and prognosis. Few data, however, exist for ventilation efficiency index among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients.

Aims

To assess ventilation efficiency index (ΔVE/ΔVCO2 or V′E/V′CO2 slope) and intercept of ventilation (VE‐intercept) in CF patients with mild, moderate, and severe cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. To assess possible correlations with ventilation inhomogeneity and structural damages as seen on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT).

Methods

CF patients with mild (FEV1 > 80%, n = 47), moderate (60% < FEV1 < 80%, n = 21), and severe (FEV1 < 60%, n = 9) lung disease, mean age 14.9 years participated. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), pulmonary ventilation at peak exercise (VE), respiratory equivalent ratios for oxygen and carbon dioxide at peak exercise (VE/VO2, VE/VCO2), end‐tidal CO2 (PetCO2), and ΔVE/ΔVCO2, ΔVE/ΔVO2 in a maximal CPET along with spirometry and multiple breath washout indices were examined. HRCT scans were performed and scored using Bhalla score.

Results

Mean ΔVE/ΔVCO2 showed no significant differences among the three groups (P = .503). Mean VEint discriminated significantly among the different groups (p
2< 0.001). Ventilation efficiency index did not correlate either with LCI or Bhalla score. However, VE together with ΔVE/ΔVCO2 slope could predict Bhalla score (r
2 = 0.869, P = .006).

Conclusion

No significant differences were found regarding ΔVE/ΔVCO2 slope levels between the three groups. Ventilation intercept (VEint) was elevated significantly as disease progresses reflecting increased dead space ventilation. CF patients retain their ventilation efficiency to exercise even as lung function deteriorates by adopting a higher respiratory rate along with increased dead space ventilation.
Cover Image, Volume 75, Issue 8
Authors: Larue Clayton T , Goley Michael , Shi Lei , Evdokimov Artem G , Sparks Oscar C , Ellis Christine , Wollacott Andrew M , Rydel Timothy J , Halls Coralie E , Van Scoyoc Brook , Fu Xiaoran , Nageotte Jeffrey R , Adio Adewale M , Zheng Meiying , Sturman Eric J , Garvey Graeme S , Varagona Marguerite J
Published: July 2019

The cover image is based on Research Article Development of enzymes for robust aryloxyphenoxypropionate and synthetic auxin herbicide tolerance traits in maize and soybean crops by Clayton T Larue et al., DOI: 10.1002/ps.5393

X‐ray crystallography was used to solve the structure of FT enzymes (FT_T shown in both ribbons and space fill views).

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Investigation of Microwave Plasma during Diamond Doping by Phosphorus Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Lobaev Mikhail Aleksandrovich , Radishev Dmitry Borisovich , Gorbachev Alexey Mikhailovich , Vikharev Anatoly Leontievich , Drozdov Mikhail Nikolaevich
Published: July 2019

Results of the studies of plasma–chemical processes in plasma of microwave discharge in gas mixture of hydrogen, methane, and phosphine are presented. For the first time, the dependence of emission intensity of PH radical on the parameters of plasma maintenance is studied in a wide range of variation of gas pressure, microwave power, and phosphine and methane content in gas mixture. Experiments are conducted under conditions that are used in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactors for doping diamond with phosphorus. The relationship between emission intensity of PH radical and efficiency of the incorporation of phosphorus into diamond is analyzed.
Nano‐Graphite Clusters Regulation for Reliability Improvement of Amorphous Carbon‐Based Resistive Random Access Memory
Authors: Tao Ye , Zhao Peng , Li Ye
Published: July 2019

Herein, the influence of nano‐graphite clusters on amorphous carbon‐based memories reliability is studied in detail. The size of nano‐graphite clusters is effectively controlled through vacuum annealing process, which is experimentally verified by Raman spectra. Taking advantage of the local electric‐field enhancement around the nano‐graphite clusters, the relative fluctuation of high‐resistance state/low‐resistance state (HRS/LRS) and SET/RESET voltage reduce from 66.5%/41.2% to 25.3%/19.7% and 43.2%/21.4% to 18.8%/15.4%, respectively. In addition, highly reliable write‐once‐read‐many (WORM) memories with excellent anti‐interference and high temperature (300 °C) retention capacity are also prepared thanks to the electrical modulating characteristic of graphite clusters to amorphous carbon (a‐C) film.
Interaction of VSe2 with Ambient Gases: Stability and Chemical Reactivity
Authors: Edla Raju , Kuo Chia-Nung , Torelli Piero , Lue Chin Shan , Boukhvalov Danil W. , Politano Antonio
Published: July 2019

Combining first‐principles calculations with synchrotron‐based X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the surface chemical reactivity of VSe2 single crystals toward oxygen, water, and air is assessed. It is found that the pristine, undefected surface is inert toward oxygen and water adsorption. The presence of Se defects drastically changes the surface reactivity. Specifically, water adsorption at room temperature is dissociative and mainly localized at Se vacancies. In contrast, surface oxidation is achieved only after long‐term air exposure (1 month). These results are crucial to assess the surface stability in ambient environment in the prospect of VSe2‐based applications.
Non‐small cell lung cancer with mesenchymal–epithelial transition gene exon 14 skipping mutation treated with crizotinib
Authors: Katakura Seigo , Kobayashi Nobuaki , Somekawa Kohei , Masumoto Nami , Kudo Makoto , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: July 2019

We report the case of an 85‐year‐old man who was surgically diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma (pT2aN1M0 stage IIA). He was administered platinum combination chemotherapy as first‐line treatment for lung cancer recurrence. The patient's pleural fluid sample was obtained and analysed using a next‐generation sequencer, which demonstrated the presence of mesenchymal–epithelial transition gene (MET) exon 14 skipping mutations. As the patient developed progressive disease after receiving first‐line chemotherapy, crizotinib was administered as the second‐line treatment. The treatment was effective, and the patient had a stable disease for 7 months. This case suggests that crizotinib is effective against non‐small cell lung cancer with MET exon 14 alterations.
Relation of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptom severity to the efficacy of an animal‐assisted intervention for stress reduction after military aeromedical evacuation
Authors: Krause‐Parello Cheryl A. , Friedmann Erika , Wilson Candy , Hatzfeld Jennifer J. , Kolassa John , Hackney Alisha , Morales Kristie A.
Published: July 2019

Animal‐assisted interventions (AAIs) have been found to decrease stress in some settings, but it is not known if AAI is feasible in an aeromedical staging facility or effective in reducing stress following aeromedical evacuation (AE) of military personnel. An experimental design was used to evaluate the efficacy of AAI at reducing stress in AE military patients (N = 120). Patients participated in a 20‐min AAI (n = 60) or 20‐min informational session about assistance dogs as an attention‐control group (n = 60). Demographics, post‐traumatic stress symptom severity (PTSSS), and stress biomarkers (cortisol, alpha‐amylase, and immunoglobulin A) were collected regular intervals. AAI was found feasible and efficacious at reducing stress. Cortisol decreased significantly (p < .05) in the AAI group compared with the attention‐control group. PTSSS moderated the immunoglobulin A responses to AAI as demonstrated by the interaction of PTSD Checklist–Military Version score, group, and time, F(1, 111.23) = 4.15 p = .044; effect size: d = 0.31. This research supports AAI as a stress‐reducing modality in AE patients, particularly those who report higher PTSSS. Implications for future research are discussed.
Progress in Multifunctional Molecules for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Zhihui , Wu Jiawen , Li Sheng , Liu Shuang , Wang Qifei , Mei Anyi , Rong Yaoguang , Han Hongwei , Hu Yue
Published: July 2019

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently attracted much attention with the recent certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) record exceeding 24%. To date, many approaches have been developed for producing high‐performance PSCs, in which the application of multifunctional molecules plays an important role. The multifunctional molecules can modify the morphology of perovskite films and/or passivate the surface defects through interactions with the perovskites' boundaries and/or the charge carrier extraction interfaces. As a result, both the PCEs and the stability of PSCs are improved. The recent progress in the development of multifunctional molecules‐incorporated PSCs is reviewed. The importance of further understanding of the role of the multifunctional molecules in the perovskite film formation process and defect passivation mechanism is discussed. Further research in terms of multifunctional molecules can help to develop high‐performance devices with long‐term stability for future practical applications of PSCs.
Sensory, Tribological, and Rheological Profiling of “Clean Label” Starch–Lipid Complexes as Fat Replacers
Authors: Agyei‐Amponsah Joyce , Macakova Lubica , DeKock Henrietta L. , Emmambux Mohammad N.
Published: July 2019

Dietary fat is highlighted as one of the critical risk factors that contribute to a number of chronic diseases. In this study, the sensory profile, tribological, and rheological properties of starch–lipid complexes, as a potential fat replacer, is investigated. Starch–lipid complexes are formulated by incorporating food friendly chemicals (stearic acid and monoglyceride) into maize starch by wet‐heat processing and compared with a commercial fat replacer. The starch–lipid complexes have good lubricating properties and are described by the panelists as being glossy, smooth, creamy, and easy‐to‐swallow. All the complexes exhibited a shear thinning behavior and had lower firmness, due to their non‐gelling ability compared to the commercial fat replacer. The properties of starch–lipid complexes for non‐gelling, good lubricating, smooth, and creamy can be related to the formation of amylose–lipid complexes and other properties. The complexes have the potential to produce non‐gelling emulsions having a creamy and smooth texture with no adverse effect on the overall aroma and flavor.
Effective widths for class 1 and 2 composite girders at negative moments
Authors: Dulevski Encho
Published: July 2019

When ascertaining the effective widths of class 1 and 2 composite girders, it is claimed that at ULS, Eurocode 4 procedures give highly conservative results. A new approach to the problem is proposed in which the strain limitation values are introduced after deriving a new formula (graphically presented) with the intention of replacing the existing one. It turns out that the new effective width is significantly larger. Such a result leads to some advantages in reinforcement distribution in the support areas of continuous girders. It might also lead to some savings in reinforcing and structural steel. This is demonstrated by an example. Another example shows a situation in which the rough application of Eurocode 4 may produce a design with a lack of reliability for some of the bridge superstructure elements. The results obtained may also be useful for situations where a structure with composite girders already in service has to be redesigned for increased loads.
Curing effect on the properties of high‐performance mortars incorporating recycled glass powder
Authors: Öz Hatice Öznur , Demirel Sevgi , Güneş Muhammet
Published: July 2019

This study presents the effects of water curing (WC) and steam curing (SC) on the fresh and hardened properties of high‐performance mortar (HPM) incorporating recycled glass powder (RGP). In addition, this study evaluates the environmental effects of RGP. For this purpose, HPM samples were prepared in which cement was partially replaced by RGP ranged from 0% to 20% by steps of 5% increment. Tests were performed on fresh mortar involved slump flow diameter, and the hardened properties of HPMs incorporating RGP (HPMRGP) were evaluated via mechanical and durability tests at 28th and 56th days, respectively. In addition, microstructural investigations (scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis analyses) were performed to support the mechanical and durability performances of HPMs exposed to SC and WC. Finally, life cycle assessment of HPMs was conducted through cradle‐to‐gate life‐cycle impact assessment approach. Based on all these test results, it can be stated that the best results were obtained from HPMs containing 20% RGP.