bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dynamiters
Authors: Whelehan Niall
Published: September 2012

In the 1880s a New York-based faction of militant Irish nationalists conducted the first urban bombing campaign in history, targeting symbolic public buildings in Britain with homemade bombs. This book investigates the people and ideas behind this spectacular new departure in revolutionary violence. Employing a transnational approach, the book reveals connections and parallels between the 'dynamiters' and other revolutionary groups active at the time and demonstrates how they interacted with currents in revolution, war and politics across Europe, the United States and the British Empire. Reconstructing the life stories of individual dynamiters and their conceptual and ethical views on violence, it offers an innovative picture of the dynamics of revolutionary organizations as well as the political, social and cultural factors which move people to support or condemn acts of political violence.
Animals in the Qur'an
Authors: Tlili Sarra
Published: September 2012

The Islamic tradition has always held animals in high esteem, deserving the same level of consideration as humans. The Qur'an opines that 'there is not an animal in the earth nor a flying creature flying on two wings, but they are people like you'. This fascinating and highly original book examines the status and nature of animals as they are portrayed in the Qur'an and in adjacent exegetical works, in which animals are viewed as spiritual, moral, intelligent and accountable beings. In this way, the study presents a challenge to the prevalent view of man's superiority over animals and suggests new ways of interpreting the Qur'an. By placing the discussion within the context of other religions and their treatment of animals, the book also makes a persuasive case for animal rights from an Islamic perspective.
Plato's Erotic World
Authors: Gordon Jill
Published: September 2012

Plato's entire fictive world is permeated with philosophical concern for Eros, well beyond the so-called erotic dialogues. Several metaphysical, epistemological and cosmological conversations - Timaeus, Cratylus, Parmenides, Theaetetus and Phaedo - demonstrate that Eros lies at the root of the human condition and that properly guided Eros is the essence of a life well lived. This book presents a holistic vision of Eros, beginning with the presence of Eros at the origin of the cosmos and the human soul, surveying four types of human self-cultivation aimed at good guidance of Eros and concluding with human death as a return to our origins. The book challenges conventional wisdom regarding the 'erotic dialogues' and demonstrates that Plato's world is erotic from beginning to end: the human soul is primordially erotic and the well-cultivated erotic soul can best remember and return to its origins, its lifelong erotic desire.
The Logic of Slavery
Authors: Armstrong Tim
Published: September 2012

In American history and throughout the Western world, the subjugation perpetuated by slavery has created a unique 'culture of slavery'. That culture exists as a metaphorical, artistic and literary tradition attached to the enslaved - human beings whose lives are 'owed' to another, who are used as instruments by another and who must endure suffering in silence. Tim Armstrong explores the metaphorical legacy of slavery in American culture by investigating debt, technology and pain in African-American literature and a range of other writings and artworks. Armstrong's careful analysis reveals how notions of the slave as a debtor lie hidden in our accounts of the commodified self and how writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne, Rebecca Harding Davis, Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Ralph Ellison and Toni Morrison grapple with the pervasive view that slaves are akin to machines.
Gene network-based cancer prognosis analysis with sparse boosting
Authors: MA SHUANGGE , HUANG YUAN , HUANG JIAN , FANG KUANGNAN
Published: September 2012

High-throughput gene profiling studies have been extensively conducted, searching for markers associated with cancer development and progression. In this study, we analyse cancer prognosis studies with right censored survival responses. With gene expression data, we adopt the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to describe the interplay among genes. In network analysis, nodes represent genes. There are subsets of nodes, called modules, which are tightly connected to each other. Genes within the same modules tend to have co-regulated biological functions. For cancer prognosis data with gene expression measurements, our goal is to identify cancer markers, while properly accounting for the network module structure. A two-step sparse boosting approach, called Network Sparse Boosting (NSBoost), is proposed for marker selection. In the first step, for each module separately, we use a sparse boosting approach for within-module marker selection and construct module-level ‘super markers’. In the second step, we use the super markers to represent the effects of all genes within the same modules and conduct module-level selection using a sparse boosting approach. Simulation study shows that NSBoost can more accurately identify cancer-associated genes and modules than alternatives. In the analysis of breast cancer and lymphoma prognosis studies, NSBoost identifies genes with important biological implications. It outperforms alternatives including the boosting and penalization approaches by identifying a smaller number of genes/modules and/or having better prediction performance.
Invariance of coarse median spaces under relative hyperbolicity
Authors: BOWDITCH BRIAN H.
Published: September 2012

We show that, for finitely generated groups, the property of admitting a coarse median structure is preserved under relative hyperbolicity.
“Let Them Make Him Duke to Rule that People”: TheLaw of the Bavariansand Regime Change in Early Medieval Europe
Authors: Couser Jonathan
Published: September 2012

The early Middle Ages produced a series of law codes for the new “barbarian” kingdoms of Europe, which succeeded the western Roman Empire. These law codes were often inspired by the precedent and sometimes the content of Roman vulgar law as well as the customs of the respective peoples for whom they were written and the interests of their rulers. The making of law could often play a vital role in the stabilization of kingdoms, especially under new rulers. Early medieval secular lawmaking falls into three broad periods: the early royal laws of the Frankish, Burgundian, and Visigothic peoples in the fifth and sixth centuries; the interrelated composition of Lombard, south German, and perhaps also early Anglo-Saxon law in the seventh and eighth centuries; and the writing up of the last “ethnic” laws for peoples subject to Charlemagne's empire, such as Frisians and Saxons, in order to accommodate them into a multiethnic empire committed to the principle of personality of the law. The subject of this article, the law of the Bavarians (Lex Baiuvariorum, hereafter abbreviated “Lb”), belongs to the second of these stages. However, scholars have never reached consensus as to the date of its composition nor where it was created. This has inhibited the use of the Lb for any but they most general discussion of Bavarian society. This article will review the evidence for the Lb's date and place of composition, to suggest that we can plausibly identify them more precisely than has been done, and therefore argue that the distinctive features of this text can be tied to specific political needs.
An analysis of North Saami gradation
Authors: Bals Baal Berit Anne , Odden David , Rice Curt
Published: September 2012

This paper gives a moraic analysis of gemination and laryngeal alternations associated with consonant gradation in North Saami. Gradation gives rise to a surface three-way length distinction in consonants, which is essential to understanding length in vowels and diphthongs. It is explained by a system of prosodic rules applying to underlying representations containing only a two-way contrast between geminate and singleton consonants, plus a floating mora present in certain suffixes, which results in surface alternations between extra-long and long or between long and short consonants. An enlightening explanation of quantity alternations is available if one exploits the possibility implicit in moraic theory that the relationship between segments and moras can be surface-contrastive, and we show that recourse to trimoraic syllables is unnecessary, despite the surface three-way length difference. These prosodic alternations also result in shifts in the timing of preaspiration and preglottalisation, as well as loss of these laryngeal specifications.
The impact of models of a physical oracle on computational power
Authors: BEGGS EDWIN J. , COSTA JOSÉ FÉLIX , TUCKER JOHN V.
Published: September 2012

Using physical experiments as oracles for algorithms, we can characterise the computational power of classes of physical systems. Here we show that two different physical models of the apparatus for a single experiment can have different computational power. The experiment is thescatter machine experiment(SME), which was first presented in Beggs and Tucker (2007b). Our first physical model contained a wedge with a sharp vertex that made the experiment non-deterministic with constant runtime. We showed that Turing machines with polynomial time and an oracle based on a sharp wedge computed the non-uniform complexity classP/poly. Here we reconsider the experiment with a refined physical model where the sharp vertex of the wedge is replaced byanysuitable smooth curve with vertex at the same point. These smooth models of the experimental apparatus are deterministic. We show thatno matter what shape is chosen for the apparatus:

(i)

the time of detection of the scattered particles increases at least exponentially with the size of the query; and

(ii)

Turing machines with polynomial time and an oracle based on a smooth wedge compute the non-uniform complexity classP/log* ⫋P/poly.

We discuss evidence that many experiments that measure quantities have exponential runtimes and a computational power ofP/log*.
The financial impact of Spanish pension reform: A quick estimate
Authors: DE LA FUENTE ANGEL , DOMÉNECH RAFAEL
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we present a preliminary estimate of the financial impact of the recent reform of the Spanish pension system. After updating the projections of pension expenditure constructed in de la Fuente and Doménech (2010) for the period 2008–2060, we analyze the impact on this variable of raising the retirement age from 65 to 67 years, extending from 15 to 25 years the period over which wages are averaged to calculate the starting pension and increasing from 35 to 37 the number of contribution years required to obtain a ‘full pension.’ Conditional on a series of assumptions about the evolution of employment, productivity and demographics, our estimates suggest that these measures will reduce pension expenditure by up to 1.4 percentage points of GDP once the reforms have been fully implemented in 2027, thereby stabilizing pension expenditure at a bit over 9% of GDP during the transition period and preventing the emergence of a structural deficit in the system before the end of the next decade. On the other hand, the existing uncertainty about the future evolution of the relevant variables suggests that it would be desirable to bring forward in time the introduction of the periodic evaluation of the system (the so-called sustainability factor) so as to have in place a mechanism that can be used to modulate the rhythm and scope of the reform if the system's financial situation requires it before the end of the transitional period.
Gedächtnisdiagnostik mit der Wechsler Memory Scale – Fourth Edition
Authors: Lepach Anja C. , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2012

Ergebnisse zur Validierung der neuen Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (Deutsche Version) werden anhand von drei klinischen Stichproben (Depression, Hirnschädigung, Demenz; N = 165) vorgestellt. Für alle drei Gruppen zeigen sich signifikante Unterschiede mit hohen Effektstärken zu den parallelisierten gesunden Kontrollgruppen. Während die Patienten mit Demenz global sehr niedrige Ergebnisse zeigten, sind die Leistungen der Patienten mit Depression im unteren Durchschnittsbereich und die der Patienten mit Hirnschädigung weichen um 1,5 bis 2 Standardabweichungen nach unten ab. Damit zeigen sich erste Befunde, dass die WMS-IV nicht nur zwischen klinischen und nicht klinischen Gruppen trennen kann, sondern auch störungsbezogene Abstufungen von Gedächtnisbeeinträchtigungen darstellen kann.
Jugendalter
Authors: Petermann Franz , Petermann Ulrike
Published: September 2012

Beim Jugendalter handelt es sich um einen krisenhaften Entwicklungsabschnitt, der weitgehend in der Psychologie und Psychiatrie vernachlässigt wird. Nur wenige epidemiologische Daten und relativ wenige jugendspezifische Diagnoseverfahren existieren; ebenso sind angemessene Behandlungsansätze Mangelware. Die Übersicht dieses Themenschwerpunktes geht auf Fragen der Diagnostik von psychischen Störungen im Jugendalter ein. Affektive Störungen und die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung werden thematisiert. Auf Aspekte der Figurunzufriedenheit und Probleme der Körperwahrnehmung wird eingegangen.
Neuere Entwicklungen zur Diagnostik psychischer Störungen im Jugendalter
Authors: Jantzer Vanessa , Parzer Peter , Lehmkuhl Ulrike , Resch Franz
Published: September 2012

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die gängigsten klinischen Interviewverfahren zur Diagnosestellung bei Jugendlichen sowie geeignete störungsspezifische Messinstrumente im deutschen Sprachraum vor. Zudem werden Besonderheiten bei der Diagnostik psychischer Störungen bei Jugendlichen erläutert sowie handlungsrelevante Hinweise gegeben. Beurteiler sind mit einer Vielzahl von Problemen konfrontiert, die eine valide Diagnosestellung erschweren. Hierbei ist die Abgrenzung von krankheitswertigem vs. jugendtypischem Verhalten, die hohe Komorbidität von psychischen Störungen im Jugendalter sowie die mangelnde Übertragbarkeit der diagnostischen Kriterien auf Jugendliche zu nennen. Zudem sind ein Einbezug verschiedener Informationsquellen und eine sorgfältige Exploration der psychosozialen Umstände des Jugendlichen erforderlich sowie eine kontinuierliche Weiterbildung über sich neu entwickelnde Störungsbilder.
Zur Lebenszeitprävalenz Affektiver Störungen im Jugendalter
Authors: Petermann Franz , Jaščenoka Julia , Koglin Ute , Karpinski Norbert , Petermann Ulrike , Kullik Angelika
Published: September 2012

Schon vor einigen Jahren konnte die Bremer Jugendstudie zeigen, dass Affektive Störungen im Jugendalter ein häufiges psychisches Störungsbild darstellen ( Essau, Karpinski, Petermann & Conradt, 1998 ). Aktuell fehlen Studien, die den kategorialen Ansatz zur Messung psychischer Störungen heranziehen und aktuelle Daten für die Verbreitung Affektiver Störungen bei Jugendlichen liefern. Die vorliegende Studie führte mit 333 Jugendlichen zwischen 12 und 17 Jahren vollstandardisierte, klinische Interviews zur Messung von Lebenszeitprävalenzen psychischer Störungen in der Stadt Bremen durch und erhob darüber hinaus mithilfe eines Fragebogenkatalogs umfassende Angaben zum psychischen Funktionsniveau der Jugendlichen. Die ersten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insgesamt 14.4 % der Jugendlichen von Affektiven Störungen betroffen waren (7.5 % Major Depression, 5.4 % Dysthyme Störung, 1.5 % Bipolare und Hypomane Störungen). Diese Ergebnisse entsprechen Prävalenzschätzungen früherer Studien und betonen die Notwendigkeit einer frühzeitigen Prävention und Behandlung.
Bindungsmuster, Figurzufriedenheit und auffälliges Essverhalten bei 13- bis 18-jährigen weiblichen und männlichen Jugendlichen
Authors: Wick Katharina , Leipold-Haas Steffi , Dye Louise , Strauß Bernhard
Published: September 2012

Als potentielle Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung von Essstörungen sind unsichere Bindung sowie Unzufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Körper bekannt. Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang von Bindungsmustern, Figurzufriedenheit und Essverhalten bei einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe von Jugendlichen beiderlei Geschlechts. Folgende Variablen wurden bei 13- bis 18-jährigen Mädchen und Jungen (n = 851) an neun Schulen in Jena (Thüringen) erhoben: Bindungsmuster (dt. Version der Adult Attachment Scale, AAS), Figurzufriedenheit (Stunkard Skalen) und Essverhalten (dt. Version des Eating Attitudes Test, EAT-26D). In einem Gesamtmodell stellt die Einschätzung zu dick zu sein das größte Risiko für die Entwicklung einer Essstörung dar (OR = 8,9), gefolgt vom weiblichen Geschlecht (OR = 3,9), Übergewicht (OR = 3,4) sowie unsicherer Bindung (OR = 2,6). Die Ergebnisse bestätigen den positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Bindungsmuster, Figurzufriedenheit und Essverhalten auch für eine jugendliche, nicht-klinische Stichprobe von Jungen und Mädchen und ergeben damit wichtige Implikationen für primär- und sekundärpräventive Interventionen.
Körperbildwahrnehmung als Risikofaktor für chronischen Stress
Authors: Schmidt Sören , Petermann Franz , Brähler Elmar , Stöbel-Richter Yve , Koglin Ute
Published: September 2012

Das Jugend- und junge Erwachsenenalter kann aufgrund entwicklungsbezogener Besonderheiten als ein äußerst sensibler Lebensabschnitt angesehen werden. Besonders die Entwicklung des eigenen körperlichen Selbstbilds stellt eine zentrale Entwicklungsaufgabe dar. An einer Stichprobe von N=328 Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen wird untersucht, in welchem Ausmaß eine Diskrepanz zwischen dem Körperideal und dem Körperselbst zu einer Erhöhung von chronischem Stressempfinden und einer Abnahme des Wohlbefindens führt. Es ergaben sich signifikante Korrelationen zwischen dem ideal- und selbstempfundenen Körperbild, der Stresswahrnehmung und dem Wohlbefinden. Nach einer Gruppeneinteilung auf der Basis der Abweichungen zwischen Ideal- und Selbsteinschätzung berichteten Personen, die ihren Körper stärker ablehnen als sie es für den Idealfall sehen, von einem signifikant höheren Stressempfinden. Gleiches gilt für Personen, die einen höheren Anspruch an ihre Körpervitalität stellen, als sie es für das Ideal vermuten. Diese berichten zudem eine stärkere Ablehnung ihres äußerlichen körperlichen Erscheinungsbildes. Männer dieser Gruppe schildern insgesamt ein stärkeres Ausmaß an Stressempfinden als Frauen. Die Ergebnisse haben eine hohe Relevanz für die therapeutische Praxis, insbesondere für die Behandlung von jungen Männern mit körperbezogenen psychischen Störungen.
Inanspruchnahme von Psychotherapie durch Jugendliche mit und ohne eine Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung
Authors: Kowalski Jens T. , Kreußel Claudia , Gerber Wolf-Dieter , Niederberger Uwe , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2012

Obwohl die Forschung zum Thema Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland in den vergangenen Jahren deutlich intensiviert wurde, liegen bisher kaum Befunde zum Inanspruchnahmeverhalten professioneller Hilfe nach Traumatisierung vor. Trotz deutlich verbesserter psychotherapeutischer Möglichkeiten bleibt aber offenbar ein großer Teil der Betroffenen über Jahre unbehandelt. Anhand einer Stichprobe von 104 Jugendlichen (Patienten und Gesunde) wird untersucht, welche Faktoren sich auf das Inanspruchnahmeverhalten auswirken. Neben den Faktoren des Modells zum Inanspruchnahmeverhalten von Andersen werden auch psychologische Faktoren wie Angst vor Stigmatisierung berücksichtigt.
Epigenetik–Revolution der Entwicklungspsychopathologie?
Authors: Schmidt Martin H. , Petermann Franz , Schipper Marc
Published: September 2012

Die Epigenetik, die sich mit der Bedeutung der Gene im Kontext der menschlichen Entwicklung beschäftigt, konnte zeigen, dass genetische Wirkungen auf die Entwicklung immer auf einer Wechselwirkung zwischen Genom und Umwelt basieren. Die Annahme, der genetische Einfluss auf die (psychische) Entwicklung sei konstant und nur durch gentechnologische Maßnahmen veränderbar, ist demnach offenbar ein Fehlschluss. Es werden Grundbegriffe der Epigenetik und aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse erörtert. Desweiteren wird diskutiert, ob epigenetische Prozesse die Pathogenese psychischer Störungen beeinflussen und ob diese Prozesse an bestimmte Entwicklungsphasen gebunden sind. Anschließend wird die Epigenetik im Kontext der Klinischen Kinderpsychologie betrachtet. Es wird diskutiert, ob die Epigenetik die Entwicklungspsychopathologie grundlegend verändert und welche Konsequenzen die neuen epigenetischen Erkenntnisse für die Klinische Kinderpsychologie bereithalten.
It’s Right to Be Sad
Authors: Hofer Matthias , Wirth Werner
Published: September 2012

Although sad films elicit states of sadness and cause onlookers to mourn beloved characters, these media offerings also lead to enjoyment. This paradoxical situation challenges both theoretical approaches and empirical studies in entertainment research. Based on an appraisal-theoretical framework, the present study examined the role of multiple appraisals of recipients’ sadness. It is argued that these so-called meta-appraisals are able to transform one’s sadness into a positive meta-emotion (i.e., enjoyment); this process is called valence transformation. Results of an experimental study (N = 149) showed that in cases of a sad film ending, participants experienced higher levels of sadness than they did in cases of a happy ending. Furthermore, given a sad ending, meta-appraisal processes were activated that mediated the relationship between sadness and enjoyment. If the film had a happy ending, however, there were no indirect effects. Results are discussed in the light of theoretical considerations.
Analyzing Internet Forums
Authors: Holtz Peter , Kronberger Nicole , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: September 2012

Within Internet forums, members of certain (online) communities discuss matters of concern to the respective groups, with comparatively few social restraints. For radical, extremist, and other ideologically “sensitive” groups and organizations in particular, Internet forums are a very efficient and widely used tool to connect members, inform others about the group’s agenda, and attract new members. Whereas members of such groups may be reluctant to express their opinions in interviews or surveys, we argue that Internet forums can yield an abundance of useful “natural” discursive data for social scientific research. Based on two exemplary studies, we present a practical guide for the analysis of such data, including data-sampling strategies, the refinement of the data for computer-assisted qualitative and quantitative analysis, and strategies for in-depth analysis. The first study is an in-depth analysis of discourses within a German neo-Nazi discussion board. In the second, nine online forums for young German Muslims were analyzed and compared. Advantages and potential issues with analyzing Internet forums are discussed.
A Longitudinal Analysis of US Adults’ Pornography Exposure
Authors: Wright Paul J.
Published: September 2012

Several studies have explored whether pornography exposure is associated with a casual approach to sex. Much of this research, however, has been cross-sectional, has assessed only straightforward exposure–casual sex associations, and has employed convenience samples of adolescents. This study employed nationally representative longitudinal data from the General Social Survey to explore whether casual sex behavior predicted over time change in US adults’ pornography exposure and whether pornography exposure predicted over time change in US adults’ casual sex behavior. Casual sex behavior did not predict over time change in pornography exposure, but pornography exposure did predict over time change in casual sex behavior. To test the prediction of Wright’s acquisition, activation, application model of sexual socialization (3AM) that negative affective states make the application of risky sexual scripts provided by sexual media more likely ( Wright, 2011a ) the moderating role of unhappiness was explored. In support of the model, pornography exposure was associated with nearly a sevenfold over time increase in the odds of having engaged in casual sex for unhappy individuals, but was unrelated to the casual sex behavior of very happy individuals.
Effects of Passion for Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games on Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Utz Sonja , Jonas Kai J. , Tonkens Ellen
Published: September 2012

Game research suffers from using a variety of concepts to predict the (often negative) effects of playing games. These concepts often overlap (e.g., addiction or pathological gaming), include negative consequences in their definition, or are very game-specific (e.g., collective play). We argue that the field would benefit from using concepts that are well-established in other domains. Extending earlier work to the interpersonal domain, we examined the effects of obsessive and harmonious passion for massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) on the number and quality of online and offline friendships. Obsessive passion describes an irrepressible urge to engage in an activity, whereas harmonious passion describes the voluntary engagement in an activity. In an online survey of 406 MMORPG players, we found differential relationships between obsessive and harmonious passion and the number and quality of online and offline friendships. The results confirmed the usefulness of the dualistic model of passion for consequences of online gaming.
Relativistic electron microbursts associated with whistler chorus rising tone elements: GEMSIS‐RBW simulations
Authors: Saito S. , Miyoshi Y. , Seki K.
Published: September 2012

Relativistic electron microbursts, which are bursty enhancements of the precipitation of relativistic electrons, are often observed by low‐altitude satellite measurements. These microbursts are likely to play an important role in high‐energy electron flux loss in the outer radiation belt. Some observations suggest that whistler chorus waves are a cause of relativistic electron microbursts. First, we derived the relativistic time of flight model considering the propagation of whistler mode waves, and then investigated characteristics of the precipitations. We found that relativistic electron precipitation has a positive energy dispersion at low altitude. The duration of electron precipitation by one whistler chorus element decreases when the energy of the precipitated electrons is increased. We then performed three‐dimensional test particle simulation with a newly developed wave‐particle interaction model using realistic plasma parameters in the inner magnetosphere. The test particle simulation showed for the first time that the resonant interactions with whistler chorus elements at high‐latitudes produce bursty enhancements of relativistic electron precipitation, thus confirming the results of the TOF analysis. A few Hz modulations are embedded in the precipitating electron flux variations, which is associated with the repetition period of the whistler chorus elements. The simulation results indicate that microbursts of relativistic electrons of the outer belt are caused by chorus wave‐particle interactions at high latitudes and a series of rising tone elements of chorus waves produce a few Hz modulation of microbursts observed by the SAMPEX satellite.
How changes in the tilt angle of the geomagnetic dipole affect the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system
Authors: Cnossen Ingrid , Richmond Arthur D.
Published: September 2012

The orientation of the Earth's magnetic field has changed dramatically during the geological past. We have investigated the effects of changes in dipole tilt angle on the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere, using the Coupled Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Thermosphere (CMIT) model. The dipole tilt angle modulates the efficiency of solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling, by influencing the diurnal variation in the angleμ between the dipole axis and the GSM z axis. This influences how much Joule heating occurs at high magnetic latitudes. The dipole tilt angle also controls the geographic distribution of the Joule heating, as it determines the geographic latitude of the magnetic poles. Changes in the amount and distribution of Joule heating with tilt an`gle produce further changes in temperature and neutral winds. The latter affect the O/N2 ratio, which in turn modifies the peak electron density of the F2 layer, NmF2. All these effects are most important when the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) is southward, while being almost negligible under northward IMF. However, a change in dipole tilt also changes the inclination of the magnetic field, which affects the vertical component of ionospheric plasma diffusion along the magnetic field, regardless of the IMF direction. Changes in vertical plasma diffusion are responsible for ∼2/3 of the changes in NmF2 and most of the low to midlatitude changes in hmF2under southward IMF and for most of the changes in both variables under northward IMF. Thermal contraction may be responsible for high‐latitude decreases in hmF2 with increasing tilt angle under southward IMF.
Driven wave generated electric field in the solar corona
Authors: Kaghashvili Edisher
Published: September 2012

We investigate the evolution of waves driven by the linearly polarized Alfvén wave in the magnetic field‐aligned cross‐field shear flow. The generated electric field is derived in ideal MHD using analytical solutions for the driven waves. A single particle dynamics in the generated electromagnetic field is considered and governing equations for the particle's total kinetic energy and particle parallel velocity are obtained. Our goal is to show how the driven wave inclusion modifies the evolution of these quantities. It is shown that the total kinetic energy of the particle as well as the particle's parallel velocity is not conserved in the driven wave fields and there is a force exerted on particles. A specific example is considered using solar coronal hole plasma parameters. The process presented in this work might also be important in the laboratory, terrestrial and astrophysical plasma processes where the inhomogeneous flows are present.
A fully coupled 3D wave‐current interaction model on unstructured grids
Authors: Roland Aron , Zhang Yinglong J. , Wang Harry V. , Meng Yanqiu , Teng Yi‐Cheng , Maderich Vladimir , Brovchenko Igor , Dutour‐Sikiric Mathieu , Zanke Ulrich
Published: September 2012

We present a new modeling system for wave‐current interaction based on unstructured grids and thus suitable for very large‐scale high‐resolution multiscale studies. The coupling between the 3D current model (SELFE) and the 3rd generation spectral wave model (WWM‐II) is done at the source code level and the two models share same sub‐domains in the parallel MPI implementation in order to ensure parallel efficiency and avoid interpolation. We demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, stability and robustness of the coupled SELFE‐WWM‐II model with a suite of progressively challenging benchmarks with analytical solution, laboratory data, and field data. The coupled model is shown to be able to capture important physics of the wave‐current interaction under very different scales and environmental conditions with excellent convergence properties even in complicated test cases. The challenges in simulating the 3D wave‐induced effects are highlighted as well, where more research is warranted.
Assessing the value of Microwave Sounding Unit–radiosonde comparisons in ascertaining errors in climate data records of tropospheric temperatures
Authors: Mears Carl A. , Wentz Frank J. , Thorne Peter W.
Published: September 2012

Multidecadal‐scale changes in atmospheric temperature have been measured by both radiosondes and the satellite‐borne microwave sounding unit (MSU). Both measurement systems exhibit substantial time varying biases that need to removed to the extent possible from the raw data before they can be used to assess climate trends. A number of methods have been developed for each measurement system, leading to the creation of several homogenized data sets. In this work, we evaluate the agreement between MSU and homogenized radiosonde data sets on multiyear (predominantly 5‐year) time scales and find that MSU data sets are often more similar to each other than to radiosonde data sets and vice versa. Furthermore, on these times scales the differences between MSU data sets are often not larger than published internal uncertainty estimates for the RSS product alone and therefore may not be statistically significant when the internal uncertainty in each data set is taken into account. Given the data limitations it is concluded that using radiosondes to validate multidecadal‐scale trends in MSU data, or vice versa, or trying to use such metrics alone to pick a ‘winner’ is an ill‐conditioned approach and has limited utility without one or more of additional independent measurements, or methodological, or physical analysis.
Observations of isoprene, methacrolein (MAC) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) at a mountain site in Hong Kong
Authors: Guo H. , Ling Z. H. , Simpson I. J. , Blake D. R. , Wang D. W.
Published: September 2012

A field campaign was carried out in September–November 2010 near the summit of Mt. Tai Mo Shan in Hong Kong. Isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MAC) were measured. The average isoprene mixing ratio was 109 pptv, and the average MAC and MVK levels were 68 pptv and 164 pptv, respectively. The average daytime levels of isoprene (149 ± 20 pptv, average ± 95% confidence interval, p < 0.01), MAC (70 ± 9 pptv, p < 0.01) and MVK (169 ± 22 pptv, p < 0.1) were significantly higher than the average nighttime values (20 ± 5 pptv, 49 ± 8 pptv and 139 ± 25 pptv, respectively). The relationship between MVK and MAC indicated that nearby isoprene oxidation dominated their daytime abundances, while NO3 chemistry and regional transport of anthropogenic sources from inland Pearl River Delta region could explain the higher MVK to MAC ratios at night. Correlation analysis of [MVK]/[isoprene] versus [MAC]/[isoprene] found that the isoprene photochemical ages were between 10 and 64 min. Regression analysis of total O3 (O3 + NO2) versus MVK resulted in an estimated contribution of isoprene oxidation to ozone production of 12.5%, consistent with the simulated contribution of 10‐11% by an observation‐based model.
Therapy Session 2.0: From Static to Dynamic With the iPad
Authors: Atticks Andrea Hirsch
Published: September 2012

Tablets, specifically the iPad, quickly are becoming a valuable therapy tool for clients with cognitive-communication deficits. Speech-language pathologists are beginning to introduce the iPad into therapy in innovative ways that capture their clients' attention, motivate them, and empower them to be successful outside of the therapy session. The popularity and proliferation of mobile technology is threefold: incoming clinicians, who have been born into a digital world, are readily using technology and mobile devices with their clients; mobile devices and apps are replacing the larger isolating Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) predecessors; and many clients are requesting the use of technology in their therapy sessions. These mobile devices are readily available, relatively inexpensive compared to AAC devices of the past, and do not isolate individuals with cognitive-communication deficits from the general population. These devices, rather, are the “it factor” that spans generations (The Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Communication Enhancement, 2011). Although these multifunctional devices are innovative and accessible, they do not replace a speech-language pathologist. Evidence-based practice and appropriate objectives are essential. Experienced clinicians must serve as advocates for our clients and provide ongoing support and assistance. Therapy does not end in the session by simply handing the client an iPad. Clinicians serve a critical role in identifying the appropriate software applications (apps) for their clients, using evidence-based practice, and providing continued support and training for clients to be successful and to meet their personal goals.
Conditional regularity of solutions of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and implications for intermittency
Authors: Gibbon J. D.
Published: September 2012

Two unusual time-integral conditional regularity results are presented for the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The ideas are based on L2m-norms of the vorticity, denoted by Ωm(t), and particularly on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$D_{m} = \big[\varpi_{0}^{-1}\Omega_{m}(t)\big]^{\alpha_{m}}$\end{document}Dm=ϖ0−1Ωm(t)αm, where αm = 2m/(4m − 3) for m ⩾ 1. The first result, more appropriate for the unforced case, can be stated simply: if there exists an 1 ⩽ m < ∞ for which the integral condition is satisfied (Zm = Dm + 1/Dm): \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\int _{0}^{t}\ln \left(\frac{1 + Z_{m}}{c_{4,m}}\right)\,d\tau \ge 0\,$\end{document}∫0tln1+Zmc4,mdτ≥0, then no singularity can occur on [0, t]. The constant c4, m ↘ 2 for large m. Second, for the forced case, by imposing a critical lower bound on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\int _{0}^{t}D_{m}\,d\tau$\end{document}∫0tDmdτ, no singularity can occur in Dm(t) for large initial data. Movement across this critical lower bound shows how solutions can behave intermittently, in analogy with a relaxation oscillator. Potential singularities that drive \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\int _{0}^{t}D_{m}\,d\tau$\end{document}∫0tDmdτ over this critical value can be ruled out whereas other types cannot.
On the early stage of aluminum oxidation: An extraction mechanism via oxygen cooperation
Authors: Lanthony C. , Ducéré J. M. , Rouhani M. Djafari , Hemeryck A. , Estève A. , Rossi C.
Published: September 2012

We propose a barrierless mechanism for describing the oxidation of Al(111) in which oxygen atoms located on the outer surface extract aluminum atoms of the surface layers through local cooperation of other pre-adsorbed oxygen atoms. We show the details of this complex chemical process that kinetically competes with the non-destructive formation of an oxygen monolayer onto the Al surface, thus elucidating the initial aluminum oxidation regime. We demonstrate that further stripping of the complete surface Al layer is consistent with both (i) the formation of a defective alumina structure and (ii) an oxide capping layer preventing further oxidation at low temperature.
Transition path sampling for discrete master equations with absorbing states
Authors: Eidelson Nathan , Peters Baron
Published: September 2012

Transition path sampling (TPS) algorithms have been implemented with deterministic dynamics, with thermostatted dynamics, with Brownian dynamics, and with simple spin flip dynamics. Missing from the TPS repertoire is an implementation with kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC), i.e., with the underlying dynamics coming from a discrete master equation. We present a new hybrid kMC-TPS algorithm and prove that it satisfies detailed balance in the transition path ensemble. The new algorithm is illustrated for a simplified Markov State Model of trp-cage folding. The transition path ensemble from kMC-TPS is consistent with that obtained from brute force kMC simulations. The committor probabilities and local fluxes for the simple model are consistent with those obtained from exact methods for simple master equations. The new kMC-TPS method should be useful for analysis of rare transitions in complex master equations where the individual states cannot be enumerated and therefore where exact solutions cannot be obtained.
Field-structured, multilayered platelets enable high performance, dielectric thermal composites
Authors: Martin James E. , Solis Kyle J. , Rademacher David , Raksha Vladimir
Published: September 2012

Moldable, thermally conductive polymer composites have broad applications as thermal interface materials and encapsulants. These thermal composites are generally comprised of single-phase particles that are randomly oriented and dispersed. Magnetic platelets have been shown to give exceptionally high thermal conductivities when magnetically aligned along the intended direction of heat flow, but produce composites that are electrically conductive. We have designed precision multilayered platelets that enable the development of high performance thermal composites that are electrically insulating. These platelets consist of a thin Ni core that permits field alignment, Al or Cu coatings that facilitate heat transport, and dielectric layers of MgF2 or SiO2 that ensure that the final composite is electrically insulating. These platelets can be made flat or corrugated, square or irregular, and the thickness of the various layers can be varied over a wide range. Thermal conductivity data for a variety of platelet compositions, layer thicknesses, and geometries demonstrate that these platelets are highly effective at producing composites with thermal conductivities much greater than that of the resin. Simulation data are presented that show that multilayer platelets have surprising dependencies of their efficiency for heat transfer on the relative thermal conductivities of the various layers. In fact, analysis shows that if the thermal conductivity of the particle phase is much greater than that of the resin, then the thermal conductivity of the composite, at fixed number density of particles, is insensitive to the platelet thickness. These electrically insulating composites would be especially useful as thermally conductive encapsulants for electronic devices.
Single particle force distributions in simple fluids
Authors: Rickayzen G. , Brańka A. C. , Pieprzyk S. , Heyes D. M.
Published: September 2012

The distribution function, W(F), of the magnitude of the net force, F, on particles in simple fluids is considered, which follows on from our previous publication [A. C. Brańka, D. M. Heyes, and G. Rickayzen, J. Chem. Phys. 135, 164507 (2011)]10.1063/1.3653942 concerning the pair force, f, distribution function, P(f), which is expressible in terms of the radial distribution function. We begin by discussing the force on an impurity particle in an otherwise pure fluid but later specialize to the pure fluid, which is studied in more detail. An approximate formula, expected to be valid asymptotically, for W(F) referred to as, W1(F) is derived by taking into account only binary spatial correlations in the fluid. It is found that W1(F) = P(f). Molecular dynamics simulations of W for the inverse power (IP) and Lennard-Jones potential fluids show that, as expected, W(F) and P(f) agree well in the large force limit for a wide range of densities and potential forms. The force at which the maximum in W(F) occurs for the IP fluids follows a different algebraic dependence with density in low and high density domains of the equilibrium fluid. Other characteristic features in the force distribution functions also exhibit the same trends. An exact formula is derived relating W(F) to Px(Fx), the distribution function of the x-cartesian components of the net force, Fx, on a particle. W(F) and Px(Fx) have the same analytical forms (apart from constants) in the low and high force limits.
Exact quantum scattering calculation of transport properties for free radicals: OH(X2Π)–helium
Authors: Dagdigian Paul J. , Alexander Millard H.
Published: September 2012

Transport properties for OH–He are computed through quantum scattering calculations using the ab initio potential energy surfaces determined by Lee et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5736 (2000)10.1063/1.1290605]. To gauge the importance of the open-shell character of OH and the anisotropy of the potential on the transport properties, including the collision integrals Ω(1,1) and Ω(2,2), as well as the diffusion coefficient, calculations were performed with the full potential, with the difference potential Vdif set to zero, and with only the spherical average of the potential. Slight differences (3%–5%) in the computed diffusion coefficient were found between the values obtained using the full potential and the truncated potentials. The computed diffusion coefficients were compared to recent experimental measurements and those computed with a Lennard-Jones (LJ) 12-6 potential. The values obtained with the full potential were slightly higher than the experimental values. The LJ 12-6 potential was found to underestimate the variation in temperature as compared to that obtained using the full OH–He ab initio potential.
Asymptotic structure of laminar diffusion flames at high pressure
Authors: Fong D. , Bechtold J. K. , Law C. K.
Published: September 2012

We analyze the structure of laminar diffusion flames at high pressure in the limit of large activation energy for the particular configuration of a steady flame in counterflow. We consider a dense fluid in which normal Fickian diffusion of the fuel is limited, and thermal diffusion, i.e., the Soret effect, is the dominant mechanism for fuel mass transport. Temperature and species profiles, as well as flame temperature and location, are determined as a function of Damköhler number and Soret diffusion coefficient. In particular, we find that oxidant is entirely consumed by the flame, while some fuel leaks through. For light fuels, the fuel profile is found to have a local peak on the oxidant side as a result of thermal diffusion. Our analysis includes a description of extinction phenomena, including explicit criteria in terms of the Soret diffusion coefficient, ratio of temperature of the two streams, and the Damköhler number at extinction.
Instability in evaporative binary mixtures. I. The effect of solutal Marangoni convection
Authors: Uguz K. E. , Narayanan R.
Published: September 2012

The instability of an evaporating binary mixture underlying its own vapor in an enclosed container is investigated. The fluid dynamics of both liquid and vapor phases, in the absence of gravity, are taken into account as also a deflecting interface. It is concluded from calculations, exemplified by a low weight alcohol mixture, that unlike single component systems a non-dilute binary mixture can become unstable only when it is heated from the vapor side. This instability is caused by solutal Marangoni convection that is triggered in the presence of phase change.
Effect of acceptor heteroatoms on π-hydrogen bonding interactions: A study of indole⋅⋅⋅thiophene heterodimer in a supersonic jet
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Das Aloke
Published: September 2012

Resonant two photon ionization (R2PI), IR-UV, and UV-UV double resonance spectroscopic techniques combined with quantum chemistry calculations have been used to determine the structure of indole⋅⋅⋅thiophene dimer observed in a supersonic jet. With the help of combined experimental and theoretical IR spectra it has been found that the observed dimer has a N–H⋅⋅⋅π hydrogen bonded slanted T-shaped structure. The present study demonstrates the effect of heteroatoms present in the acceptors on the strength of the π-hydrogen bonding interactions. It was concluded by Sherrill and co-workers from their theoretical study of benzene⋅⋅⋅pyridine dimer that aromatic rings containing heteroatoms are poorest π-hydrogen bond acceptors [E. G. Hohenstein and C. D. Sherrill, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 878 (2009)10.1021/jp809062x]. But the current spectroscopic investigation exhibits that five membered aromatic heterocycles are favorable π-hydrogen bond acceptors. In this study, it has also been shown that thiophene is a better π-hydrogen bond acceptor than furan. The present work has immense biological significance as indole is the chromophore of tryptophan residue in the proteins and thiophene derivatives have potential therapeutic applications. Thus, understanding the binding motif between indole and thiophene in the heterodimer studied in this work may help in designing efficient drugs.