bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recuperación del cobalto mediante la lixiviación con ácido tartárico de una mena laterítica fuera de balance cubana
Authors: Ballester Pérez A. , Bruguera-Amaran N. , Rodríguez-Gamboa J. , Coto-Pérez O.
Published: December 2010

Mediante la conjugación de los conocimientos acumulados hasta el momento sobre las perspectivas de la biolixiviación en el tratamiento de los minerales lateríticos de baja ley y las principales limitaciones de las tecnologías convencionales de tratamiento de estos minerales, se evalúa el proceso de lixiviación en medio orgánico para la recuperación del cobalto presente en minerales de baja ley en níquel. Esta, constituye una opción a tener en cuenta para la solución de los principales problemas socioambientales y económicos existentes hoy de forma latente en la industria cubana del níquel. En el trabajo se demuestra que es posible recuperar alrededor del 90 % del cobalto contenido en éstas menas fuera de balance, en cuatro días, mediante la lixiviación con el ácido tartárico. Se determinan los principales parámetros físico-químicos que inciden en dicho proceso. Se evalúan las perspectivas de la lixiviación orgánica en el tratamiento de los minerales fuera de balance generados en la industria cubana del níquel.
Estudio de la capacidad para intumescer de dos sistemas de pintura expuestos a ambientes internos agresivos
Authors: Chico B. , López-Delgado A. , Lobo M. A. , De la Fuente D. , Castaño J. G. , Morcillo M. , López F. A.
Published: December 2010

Es conocida la influencia que ejerce la temperatura en la capacidad resistente del acero estructural. Un sistema de protección del acero, altamente efectivo, consiste en la utilización de pinturas intumescentes. Su efectividad se basa en el hecho de que, en el caso eventual de un incendio, al entrar en contacto con la llama reaccionan hinchándose y formando una capa aislante que se denomina "intumescencia" y que impide la propagación del calor. Estas pinturas no precisan de un mantenimiento continuo, aunque su comportamiento en servicio depende de las condiciones de exposición. Este trabajo estudia el comportamiento de dos sistemas intumescentes de tipo caucho acrilado expuestos en una planta de galvanizado durante 16 meses, valorando el efecto del medio ambiente sobre la capacidad para intumescer del recubrimiento cuando es sometido a un calentamiento.
Simulación en laboratorio mediante ensayos de corrosión acelerada de la presencia y contenido en sales solubles en los productos de corrosión atmosférica del acero
Authors: De la Fuente D. , Chico B. , Morcillo M.
Published: December 2010

En un intento de aproximación a lo que sucede en la atmósfera, en el presente trabajo, se ha establecido una metodología mediante el empleo de ensayos de corrosión acelerada, para contaminar superficies de acero con niveles de cloruros y sulfates, del orden de los encontrados de forma natural en la atmósfera. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, eligiendo como variable el tiempo de exposición en la cámara de niebla salina, en el caso de los cloruros, y el volumen de SO2 introducido en la cámara KESTERNICH, en el caso de los sulfatos, ha sido posible contaminar substratos de acero con unos contenidos preestablecidos en dichas sales, similares a los obtenidos de forma natural tras un período de exposición de tres meses en tres atmósferas de distinta agresividad: Cabo Vilano (marina). Avilés (industrial) y Madrid (urbana).
Generación de inclusiones no metálicas y su efecto sobre el bloqueo de boquillas de colada continua en aceros ultra bajo carbono estabilizados con titanio
Authors: Vega-Becerra O. , Reyes O. , Chávez-Alcalá F. , Romero-Serrano A.
Published: December 2010

En este trabajo se presenta un análisis termodinámico y experimental de las fases que precipitan en inclusiones no metálicas en función de los contenidos de aluminio (Al), titanio (Ti) y oxígeno (O) en el acero y su influencia sobre el bloqueo de boquillas de colada continua. Para el análisis termodinámico se utilizó el programa FACT-WIN (Facility For The Analysis of Chemical Thermodynamics) subrutina Equilib. Las pruebas experimentales se realizaron en un horno TAMMANN, en atmósfera de argón. El control del contenido de oxígeno disuelto se llevó a cabo mediante sensores de electrólito sólido base zirconia. La caracterización de las inclusiones se realizó por SEM, EDS y mediante la técnica de reducción fraccionada con carbono. Se observó una buena concordancia entre las predicciones termodinámicas y los resultados experimentales.
De los íberos al imperio romano. Evolución tecnológica del hierro
Authors: Simon J. , Tartera J. , Marsal M. , Auladell J.
Published: December 2010

Desde el siglo VII a.C, en que se supone comenzó el desarrollo de la cultura íbera, hasta la desaparición del imperio romano, siglo V, se constata la evolución de la metalurgia del hierro. En este trabajo se resumen los resultados de los estudios del material de hierro hallado en excavaciones realizadas en la franja mediterránea y en el valle del Guadalquivir. En los primeros estadios, las piezas se conformaban a partir de láminas de metal o de barras de composición heterogénea, pero ya se practicaban la recristalización, el temple y la cementación de forma rudimentaria mientras que en la época tardorromana la mayoría de piezas se elaboraban a partir de barras macizas más purificadas, empleando los mismos tratamientos térmicos y termoquímicos, posiblemente más perfeccionados.
Reciclado de chatarra contaminada por radiación en el ciclo nuclear y su aprovechamiento para otra aplicación
Authors: Quade U. , Müller W.
Published: December 2010

La fundición Siempelkamp en Krefeld, Alemania, desarrolló, en los años 80, un proceso para fundir metales mediana y levemente radioactivos, procedentes de reparaciones o desmantelamiento de plantas nucleares. En la planta de fundición CARLA, que cumple los requisitos del decreto de protección contra radiaciones de la República Federal de Alemania, se funden metales desde 1989, de los cuales la mayor parte puede ser utilizada nuevamente. Desde 1998, en una segunda planta, fundición GERTA, se funden y descontaminan totalmente, metales de hasta un 1 % de peso de mercurio, con una radioactividad natural de hasta 500 Bq/g y con otros contaminantes químicos. De este modo los metales pueden ser nuevamente utilizados en el ciclo metálico. El texto adjunto describe el método para el fundido, los criterios para aceptar chatarra contaminada y las vías de utilización para los bloques de metal y escorias generadas en el proceso.
Universal Vaccine Based on Ectodomain of Matrix Protein 2 of Influenza A: Fc Receptors and Alveolar Macrophages Mediate Protection
Authors: El Bakkouri Karim , Descamps Francis , De Filette Marina , Smet Anouk , Festjens Els , Birkett Ashley , Van Rooijen Nico , Verbeek Sjef , Fiers Walter , Saelens Xavier
Published: December 2010

The ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) of influenza A virus is an attractive target for a universal influenza A vaccine: the M2e sequence is highly conserved across influenza virus subtypes, and induced humoral anti-M2e immunity protects against a lethal influenza virus challenge in animal models. Clinical phase I studies with M2e vaccine candidates have been completed. However, the in vivo mechanism of immune protection induced by M2e-carrier vaccination is unclear. Using passive immunization experiments in wild-type, FcRγ−/−, FcγRI−/−, FcγRIII−/−, and (FcγRI, FcγRIII)−/− mice, we report in this study that Fc receptors are essential for anti-M2e IgG-mediated immune protection. M2e-specific IgG1 isotype Abs are shown to require functional FcγRIII for in vivo immune protection but other anti-M2e IgG isotypes can rescue FcγRIII−/− mice from a lethal challenge. Using a conditional cell depletion protocol, we also demonstrate that alveolar macrophages (AM) play a crucial role in humoral M2e-specific immune protection. Additionally, we show that adoptive transfer of wild-type AM into (FcγRI, FcγRIII)−/− mice restores protection by passively transferred anti-M2e IgG. We conclude that AM and Fc receptor-dependent elimination of influenza A virus-infected cells are essential for protection by anti-M2e IgG.
IL-21 Receptor Is Critical for the Development of Memory B Cell Responses
Authors: Rankin Andrew L. , MacLeod Heather , Keegan Sean , Andreyeva Tatyana , Lowe Leslie , Bloom Laird , Collins Mary , Nickerson-Nutter Cheryl , Young Deborah , Guay Heath
Published: December 2010

Development of long-term humoral immunity, characterized by the formation of long-lived plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow and memory B cells, is a critical component of protective immunity to pathogens, and as such it is the major goal of vaccination. However, the mechanisms involved in the generation of long-term humoral immunity remain poorly understood. In this study, we used IL-21R–deficient (IL-21R.KO) mice to examine the role of the IL-21 pathway in the development of the B cell memory response. Primary IgG serum Ab responses to the T cell-dependent Ag 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP) hapten conjugated to chicken γ globulin were delayed in IL-21R.KO mice, but reached normal titers within 3 to 4 wk of immunization. IL-21R.KO mice formed germinal centers and generated normal numbers of PCs in their bone marrow. Additionally, memory B cell formation was similar in wild-type and IL-21R.KO mice. However, NP-specific memory B cells and PCs failed to expand following secondary immunization of IL-21R.KO mice, and consequently, secondary IgG Ab responses to NP hapten conjugated to chicken γ globulin were significantly impaired. These results identify the IL-21 pathway as a critical component of the memory B cell response.
Natural Forms of Vitamin E and 13′-Carboxychromanol, a Long-Chain Vitamin E Metabolite, Inhibit Leukotriene Generation from Stimulated Neutrophils by Blocking Calcium Influx and Suppressing 5-Lipoxygenase Activity, Respectively
Authors: Jiang Ziying , Yin Xinmin , Jiang Qing
Published: December 2010

Leukotrienes generated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)–catalyzed reaction are key regulators of inflammation. In ionophore-stimulated (A23187; 1–2.5 μM) human blood neutrophils or differentiated HL-60 cells, vitamin E forms differentially inhibited leukotriene B4 (LTB4) with an IC50 of 5–20 μM for γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol (δT), and γ-tocotrienol, but a much higher IC50 for α-tocopherol. 13′-Carboxychromanol, a long-chain metabolite of δT, suppressed neutrophil- and HL-60 cell-generated LTB4 with an IC50 of 4–7 μM and potently inhibited human recombinant 5-LOX activity with an IC50 of 0.5–1 μM. In contrast, vitamin E forms had no effect on human 5-LOX activity but impaired ionophore-induced intracellular calcium increase and calcium influx as well as the subsequent signaling including ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 5-LOX translocation from cytosol to the nucleus, a key event for 5-LOX activation. Further investigation showed that δT suppressed cytosolic Ca2+ increase and/or LTB4 formation triggered by ionophores, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid but not by fMLP or thapsigargin, whereas 13′-carboxychromanol decreased cellular production of LTB4 regardless of different stimuli, consistent with its strong inhibition of the 5-LOX activity. These observations suggest that δT does not likely affect fMLP receptor-mediated signaling or store depletion-induced calcium entry. Instead, we found that δT prevented ionophore-caused cytoplasmic membrane disruption, which may account for its blocking of calcium influx. These activities by vitamin E forms and long-chain carboxychromanol provide potential molecular bases for the differential anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E forms in vivo.
IL-2–Controlled Expression of Multiple T Cell Trafficking Genes and Th2 Cytokines in the Regulatory T Cell-Deficient Scurfy Mice: Implication to Multiorgan Inflammation and Control of Skin and Lung Inflammation
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Sharma Poonam R. , Kim Young-Chul , Leitinger Norbert , Lee Jae K. , Fu Shu Man , Ju Shyr-Te
Published: December 2010

Scurfy (Sf) mice bear a mutation in the Foxp3 transcription factor, lack regulatory T cells (Treg), develop multiorgan inflammation, and die prematurely. The major target organs affected are skin, lungs, and liver. Sf mice lacking the Il2 gene (Sf.Il2−/−), despite being devoid of Treg, did not develop skin and lung inflammation, but the inflammation in liver, pancreas, submandibular gland, and colon remained. Genome-wide microarray analysis revealed hundreds of genes that were differentially regulated among Sf, Sf.Il2−/−, and B6 CD4+ T cells, but the most significant changes were those encoding receptors for trafficking/chemotaxis/retention and cytokines. Our study suggests that IL-2 controls the skin and lung inflammation in Sf mice in an apparent “organ-specific” manner through two novel mechanisms: by regulating the expression of genes encoding a variety of receptors for T cell trafficking/chemotaxis/retention and by regulating Th2 cell expansion and cytokine production. Thus, IL-2 is potentially a master regulator for multiorgan inflammation and an underlying etiological factor for various diseases associated with skin and lung inflammation.
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NON-COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE STUDENTS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURE AND RELATED FACTORS
Authors: Moore Eddie A. , Ingram Patreese D. , Dhital Prakash
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the knowledge of selected college students, regarding international agriculture and related factors. The population consisted of selected students in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and the College of Communication Arts and Sciences at Michigan State University. Although the study does not represent a representative sample of students in the two colleges, the results may have implications for internationalizing the undergraduate curriculum from a practical basis. Through the use of a validated pre-mastery assessment instrument, the knowledge of the respondents relative to international agriculture and related factors were determined. The results indicated that both groups demonstrated reasonably good knowledge about some of the geographic characteristics in Michigan, but they were less knowledgeable about the geographic characteristics of the USA and the world. Their knowledge about international agriculture was fairly good, but they possessed limited knowledge about some of the most critical factors in regard to U.S. and world agriculture. The findings from this study provides additional research for building the foundation for an internationalized undergraduate curriculum.
IDENTIFYING CONTINUING AND NON-CONTINUING ADULT 4-H VOLUNTEERS: HOW HAVE THEY EVOLVED OVER TIME?
Authors: Culp Ken
Published: December 2010

The initial component of a volunteer administration model is identification. Potential volunteers must be identified before they can be recruited, screened, selected, oriented, educated, empowered, recognized, evaluated or retained. Identifying who is most likely to volunteer is a key component of a volunteer recruitment initiative. Additionally, it is important to determine if differences exist between those individuals who continue their service of volunteerism for an extended period of time and those who terminate their service of volunteerism after three years of service or less. Moreover, it is important for Extension Educators to be aware of volunteer demographics and how these descriptive profiles may either remain constant or change over time. The purpose of this study was to identify the people most likely to volunteer for service as an adult 4-H leader. Findings from this study revealed that the profile of a typical Indiana 4-H volunteer during 1994 was remarkably similar to profiles of other 4-H and youth organizational volunteers from across the United States since 1950.
Ohio Agricultural Education Teachers' Attitudes Toward National Skill Standards
Authors: Belcber Greg , McCaslin N. L.
Published: December 2010

Currently, there is a movement in the U.S. for business and industry to voluntarily develop national skill standard systems for their occupations. Once these systems are developed they will be used to develop training programs and certify workers’ competence. To successfully implement any new system or program, it is vital to know the attitudes of the people that will be involved in the implementation process toward skill standards. After the attitudes of these key people are known, strategies for implementing such systems can be developed. This study was conducted to determine secondary agricultural teachers' attitudes toward national skill standards. The population consisted of all agricultural teachers in secondary schools in Ohio. It was found that agricultural teachers agreed that they would or had used skill standards. However, they currently lack information about these skill standards.
Assessment Of Cognitive Discourse: A Study Of Thinking Opportunities Provided By Professors
Authors: Whittington M. Susie , Stup Richard E. , Bish Lawrence , Allen Elissa
Published: December 2010

The American higher education system has been under close scrutiny for more than a decade. The cause is clear: a lack of correspondence between that which is believed to be required for critical thinking in adulthood and that which universities are teaching. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to describe the opportunities given to students to reach higher cognitive levels through professors' classroom discourse. The researchers sought to explore relationships between classroom discourse and class size, course level, and progression across the semester. Sixteen College of Agricultural Sciences faculty were purposefully selected. Researchers observed and recorded their teaching four times during the semester. Classroom discourse was presented predominately at lower cognitive levels. No statistically significant relationship existed between frequency of opportunities given students to think at higher cognitive levels, class size, course level, nor progression across semester. Teacher educators in agricultural education must prepare and present seminars and workshops designed to assist faculty in Colleges of Agriculture in learning techniques for increasing the frequency of opportunities given to students to think at higher cognitive levels, thereby enhancing the cognitive processing skills of students.
Motivating And Retaining Adult Volunteer 4-H Leaders
Authors: Culp III
Published: December 2010

Highly motivated volunteers can greatly extend organizational andprogrammatic outreach to involve audiences which may otherwise be unserved. Determining what motivates individuals to volunteer is a keycomponent of volunteer administration. The purpose of this study was to identify the motivators of adult volunteer 4-H Leaders and to determine if positive and negative motivations were similar for current and former 4-H volunteers. Findings from this study revealed three primary motivations which influence people to volunteer: Youth (issue/cause motive), the 4-H Program (affiliation motive) and Perceived Need (personal motive). Two negative motivators were found for current andformer 4-H volunteers and included a lack of adult assistance, (which volunteers coupled with feelings of being unwanted or unneeded); and a lack of time and employment conflicts.
Factors Influencing Enrollment In Agricultural Education Programs As Expressed By Iowa Secondary Agricultural Education Students
Authors: Reis Randal , Kahler Alan A.
Published: December 2010

Secondary agricultural education students in Iowa were surveyed to determine factors that influenced their enrollment in agricultural education programs. Responses were collected from 5.5 Iowa secondary agriculture programs and 1429 students. The people who most influenced the respondents to enroll in agricultural education were parents, the agriculture instructor, a friend, and a former agricultural education student. The personal and organizationalfactors which most influenced the respondents to enroll in agricultural education were personal interests, possession of a farm background and of participating in an agriculture course. Students were most satisfied with FFA activities, contest activities, and the supervised agricultural experience program. They were least satisfied with classroom facilities, agricultural mechanics course work and leadership activities. It was recommended that Iowa agricultural educators maintain active recruitment programs that share information about the agricultural program with potential students, parents, school administrators and the public. They should analyze the mechanics phase of the program seeking ways to strengthen it and share information with counselors to use in their work of advising students.
Analysis Of The Continuing Decline In Use Of Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) In New York State
Authors: Steele Roger
Published: December 2010

Agricultural educators are confronted with a dilemma. They continue to espouse a theory of learning that requires Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) but their students practice fewer and fewer SAEs. The various dimensions of the theory-to-practice dilemma have not been adequately addressed by agricultural educators. Researchers have recommended changes in either espoused theories or theories-inuse, but with little measurable impact. With the dilemma and decline of SAE in mind, a descriptive study was conducted in 1996 to analyze the status and importance of SAE. The findings provided a snapshot of SAE in New York state, showed measurements of secondary school teacher attitudes toward various aspects related to SAE, and comparedperceptions of teachers at central schools with those at BOCES (multipleschool programs). Data, compared with a precedent study conducted in 1983, indicated a 10% decrease in SAE practice since 1983. A low level of summer employment, limited release time for SAE supervision during the school day, decreased assistance with transportation costs, and complicated scheduling problems with competing school activities were the most formidable barriers identified. A comprehensive overhaul of thinking about andpractice of SAE was recommended in order to raise up innovative interventions that might arrest the decline of SAE.
A REGIONAL DELPHI STUDY OF THE PERCEPTIONS OF NVATA, NASAE, AND AAAE MEMBERS ON CRITICAL ISSUES FACING SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS
Authors: Connors James J.
Published: December 2010

This study utilized the expertise of secondary agriculture teachers, state supervisors and agriculture teacher educators to identify critical issues that secondary agricultural education programs will face over the next five years. This study was conducted using a four stage Delphi technique. The population for the surveys included secondary agriculture teachers, state supervisors and teacher educators throughout the Western Region of the American Association for Agricultural Education (AAAE). The national officers of AAAE, NASAE and NVA TA were also included in the study. The total number of teachers, supervisors and teacher educators included in the study was 82. The respondents to survey one listed over 400 critical issues. The top 20 categories were then used in the second survey. Only two categories: funding focal agricultural education programs and recruitment and retention of secondary agriculture teachers were ranked as extremely important issues in survey two. In surveys three and four respondents determined their level of agreement with specific critical issues. An AN0 VA found that there was a significant difference in the way teacher educators and state supervisors ranked the importance of the reduction in state supervisors. Teacher educators indicated the issue was very important while state supervisors indicated it was extremely important
OBSTACLES FACING EXTENSION AGENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND DELIVERY OF EXTENSION EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR ADULT FARMERS IN THE PROVINCE OF ESFAHAN, IRAN
Authors: Chizari Mohammed , Karbasioun Mostafa , Lindner James R.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess the viewpoints of extension agents regarding the most appropriate methods for teaching adult fanners, their own educa tional needs, and obstacles hampering them in developing and delivering educational programs for adult fanners in Esfahan Province, Iran. The population included all extension agents in the province of Esfahan who were involved in teaching processes andpractices to adult fanners (N=102).. Data were collected through a questionnaire mailed to each extension agent. The response rate was 83%. The most appropriate teaching methods as perceived by tie extension agents were result demonstrations, method demonstrations, formal group meetings, and informal discussions. Most extension agents said that they needed training in identifying and organizing training content, various teaching methods, and needs analysis. Obstacles hampering extension agents in developing educa tional programs in the Province of Esfahan, Iran, were lack of teaching equipment poor educational facilities, dispersion among fanners, and poor linkages between research centers and extension administration.
FIELD DEPENDENCE-INDEPENDENCE OF AMERICAN INDIAN STUDENTS ENROLLED IN SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Authors: Vicenti-Henio Vanessa D. , Torres Robert M.
Published: December 2010

With a growing American Indian population, agriculture teachers must be poised to provide effective education. This study sought to determine the learning styles and traditionalism of Navajo students enrolled in a secondary agricultural education program. The Group Embedded Figures Test and a researcher developed instrument were used to gather the data. The results revealed that students, in general, prefer a fieId independent style of learning. The style of learning, however, varied by students’ gender and degree of traditionalism. Based on the findings, recommendations are offered for teaching American Indian learners.
RATIONALE FOR RESEARCH ON INCLUDING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN THE HIGH SCHOOL AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM
Authors: Williams David L. , Dollisso Awoke D.
Published: December 2010

Sustainable agriculture is a global philosophy guiding the development of agricultural systems that address economic, social, and environmental issues in a multidisciplinary manner. Sustainable agriculture requires a holistic, system-oriented approach to solving problems in the food and fiber industry. Agricultural research has been targeted toward developing new technologies and practices which are economically, environmentally, and socially acceptable. Subject matter porn a multidisciplinary perspective can be used to support decision making in the food and fiber system from production to consumption. Subject matter featuring multidiscipline knowledge facilitates holistic and integrative approaches to education. Including sustainable agriculture in the high school agricultural education curriculum would allow the agricultural education profession to become a partner in achieving the goals of a sustainable agriculture industry and at the same time enhance the scientific nature of the curriculum; however, research is needed to show the way. Research is needed in all four of the scholarship functions advanced by Boyer (1990) - discovery, integration, application, and teaching.
THE EFFECTS OF AN AGRICULTURAL LITERACY TREATMENT ON PARTICIPATING K-12 TEACHERS AND THEIR CURRICULA
Authors: Balschweid Mark A. , Thompson Gregory K. , Cole R. L.
Published: December 2010

Oregon State University ‘s Summer Agriculture Institute (SAI) is an agricultural literacy program aimed at Oregon 3 non-agriculture K-I2 teachers. Since the debut of this program in 1998, no study has been conducted to determine SAI's effectiveness with participating K-12 teachers. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which participating teachers used the material received at SAI in their curricula, and to determine teacher perceptions of the content, structure, and usability of the agricultural literacy program presentations and materials. Additionally, the study sought to identify existing barriers that prevented teachers from integrating agriculture into their curricula. A mailed questionnaire was sent to a purposive sample of SAI participants. Findings indicated that teachers ’ curricula included significant instruction utilizing agriculture as the context for teaching as a result of attending the Summer Agriculture Institute. Results of the study also revealed that a lack of time to implement agricultural information and insufficient access to necessary supplies and materials were the greatest barriers to implementing agriculture into their curricula.
LEARNING STRATEGY AND LEARNER CHARACTERISTIC VARIABLES RELATED TO ACHIEVEMENT IN AGRICULTURE COURSES DELIVERED BY VIDEOTAPE
Authors: Miller Greg
Published: December 2010

There is a paucity of research involving factors related to student achievement in agriculture courses taught at a distance. Such research is needed to he&professors and advisors become more effective in their work with distant learners. The purpose of this descriptive study was to predict student achievement in college of agriculture videotaped courses using learner characteristic and learning strategy variables. The error in predicting student achievement in agriculture courses delivered by videotape can be significantly reduced by considering four learning strategy variables and one learner characteristic variable. Students who earned higher grades in videotaped courses spent less total time studying, spent more time viewing the videotape, were more likely to use study methods other than those identified on the questionnaire, were more likely to view the videotapes as they were received, and were more field-independent. Recommendations focus on how professors and academic advisors could use the results in advising students of how best to approach the learning task in videotaped courses.
AN OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS COMPARING 4-H YOUTH DEVELOPMENT AGENTS SERVING TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL CLIENTELE
Authors: Borden Lynne M. , Harris William
Published: December 2010

In this descriptive study, the occupational duties and tasks of 4-H Youth Development agents were examined using the DACUM (Developing a Curriculum) methodology. 4-H agents were selected by Ohio State University Extension System 's (OSUE) administration, representing agents who work with traditional and non-traditional clientele. Each group of agents identified the duties and tasks related to the 4-H programs they conduct. The results indicated that 4-H agents performed similar duties and tasks, regardless of their different foci. Agents who worked with non-traditional clientele spent more time assessing individual members. Moreover, agents who worked with traditional clientele often have a stronger focus on program management. The future of 4-H Youth Development will be dependent on its ability to meet the needs of diverse clientele in the next century. The results of this study have implication both for hiring and for training of 4-H Youth Development agents presently and in the future.
Problems And Challenges Associated With The First Years Of Teaching Agriculture: A Framework For Preservice And Inservice Education
Authors: Mundt John P. , Connors James J.
Published: December 2010

This national study used the expertise of the winners of the NVATA Outstanding Young Member Award in identifying problems and challenges associated with the first years of teaching agriculture. The study was conducted using a t three stage Delphi technique. The population surveyed were the state winners of the NVATA Outstanding Young Member Award for the years I995 and I996 and totaled 61 different names. The respondents to survey one listed over50 problems and challenges associated with the first years of teaching agriculture. The 350 problems and challenges were subsequently grouped into 23 categories andformed the contentfor surveys two and three using a Likert-type scale. Sixty percent of the respondents rated seven of the 23 categories as very important problems and challenges for first year teachers. Classroom management and student discipline, again in this study, surfaced as a problem for first year teachers. However, different from other studies, the issues relating to time and organizational management, and managing the activities of the FFA chapter surfaced as big problems and challenges and consistently placed at the top of the list in this study.
Comparing Quality In On- Campus And Off-Campus Courses: Perception Of College Of Agriculture Faculty
Authors: Miller Greg , Shih Ching-Chun
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare college of agriculture teachingfaculty members' perceptions of the quality of on-campus and off-campus courses. The population included 262 faculty members with teaching responsibilities or with teaching experience in the College of Agriculture at Iowa State University. All members of the population were surveyed and the response rate was 54.2%. Overall, college of agriculture teaching faculty perceived off-campus courses to be of lower quality than their on-campus counterparts. On a positive note, faculty perceived the difference between on- and off-campus courses on user-basedand value-basedfactors to be small. From a Total Quality Management perspective, user-based and value-basedfactors are most important. Faculty perceivedgreater disparities between on-campus and off-campus courses on manufacturing- and transcendent-based quality factors. Efforts to enhance offcampus course quality should be focused on the manufacturingfactor. Quality is enhanced on all factors by systematic analysis and improvement of workprocesses (Gilbert et al., 1993). In order to improve the process of delivering instruction off-campus, on-going faculty developmentprograms thatprovide hands-on experience are needed. Faculty should also have technical support and instructional design support available as they develop courses for off-campus delivery.
Whatever Happened To The Supervisor Of The Smith-Hughes Man?
Authors: Hillison John
Published: December 2010

Prior to the passage of the Smith-Hughes Act in 1917 there were essentially no statewide supervisory positions. Supervision was provided to agricultural education teachers by local principals and teacher educators. With the passage of the Smith-Hughes Act supervision became much more formal and oriented to rule enforcement. The objectives of this study includeddeterminingsupervision in agricultural education prior to passage of the Smith-Hughes Act, determining how the Smith-Hughes Act influenced supervision, determining issuesfor supervision between 1930 and 1959, and determining issuesfor supervision between 1960 and 1980. Many decisions had to be made on not only the supervisor's role, but also on qualifications. The role evolved from one of the "ironfisted" supervisor to the consultant of the 1970s. The supervisory visit was not always welcomed by practicing teachers. Some viewed the position as doing what the teacher educator should be doing. The century is ending as it began with most of the supervision being provided by local administrators in the form of vocational directors and by teacher educators.
Student Attitudes Toward Animal-Derived Products And Services And How They Affect Society And The Environment
Authors: Nordstrom Patricia A. , Wilson Lowell L. , Richards Martha J. , Coe Brenda L. , Fivek Marianne L. , Brown Michele B.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to 1) assess the students' attitudes, perceptions, and interests in agriculturally related issues, 2) ascertain the differences in attitudes between scholars with and without prior agricultural experiences, and 3) determine tfparticipation in a 2-week course on animal agriculture had an effect on the students " attitudes, perceptions, and interests through the use of pre- andpost-course surveys. The students in this study were participants in the Pennsylvania Governor 's Schoolfor Agricultural Sciences (PGSAS). Within the 5-week PGSAS program, students completed a 2-week unit titled "Contemporary Issues in Animal Agriculture. "Results indicated thatgenerally all students, with or without agricultural experience, had a more positive view of agriculture and increased knowledge of agriculture upon completion of the course. Results also indicated that the effects of the course were the greatest on students with no prior agricultural experience.
Perceptions Regarding Adult Learners Motivation To Participate In Educational Programs
Authors: Dollisso Awoke D. , Martin Robert A.
Published: December 2010

The main purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions ofyoungfarmers regarding motivation to participate in educational programs and to draw implications for program planning in agricultural education. Respondents perceived that motivation to learn was driven by multiple factors. Farmers were motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic motivationalfactors. Respondents were motivated by thefollowing factors to participate in educational programs: desire to increase profitability, desire to learn the latest technology, relevant material, and accessibility of the educational programs. The findings show that farmers in this study preferred to learn by hands-on activities and through trial and error, whether individually or in groups. Overall, the participants in this study preferred to learn through a variety of methods.
The Influence Of Science Applications In Agriculture Courses On Attitudes Of Illinois Guidance Counselors At Model Student-Teaching Centers
Authors: Dyer James E. , Osborne Edward W.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of Illinoisguidance counselors in model student teachingsites towardagriculture, agricultural technologies, andagriculture andscienceprograms. Results indicated that counselors heldpositive perceptions in all areas, with the mostpositive attitudes reported in agricultural technologies. Agriculture and science programs were both viewed as being high in quality. Counselors believed agricultural education to be too vocational and not scientific enough. Counselors in schools with applied science in agriculture coursework rated agriculture program quality to be higher than did those in schools without these courses. Counselors expressing the most positive attitudes towards agriculture and agricultural education were female; 40 or more years of age; had knowledge of agricultural coursework; and had teaching backgrounds in science, special education, or English.
Atmospheric pressure-wave bands around a cold front resulted in a meteotsunami in the East China Sea in February 2009
Authors: Tanaka K.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. A meteotsunami hit southwest Kyushu on 25 February 2009, with an estimated maximum amplitude of 290 cm, which was higher than that recorded for the 1979 Nagasaki event. This study investigated mesoscale meteorological systems over the East China Sea during the time leading up to the February 2009 event using a Weather Research and Forecast model. The disturbance in the sea-level pressure originated from a gravity wave over southeastern China. The sea-level pressure disturbance observed and modelled over the East China Sea had its source over the southeastern China mountains and was then propagated by a jet stream toward western Japan with the help of both wave-duct and wave-CISK (conditional instability of the second kind) mechanisms. Two synoptic systems supported the momentum convergence and the formation of band-shaped unstable layers in the mid-troposphere. The high-latitude trough extended from eastern Siberia and there was subtropical high pressure over the western Pacific Ocean. The phase speed of the atmospheric wave was as high as 25–30 m s−1, corresponding to the phase speed of long ocean waves on the East China Sea. Improvements in determining the amplitude and timing of the disturbance remain for future work.
Craniomandibular Osteopathy with a Unique Neurological Manifestation in a Young Akita
Authors: Ratterree William O. , Glassman Mathieu M. , Driskell Elizabeth A. , Havig Marc E.
Published: December 2010

This report describes a 4 mo old intact male Akita that presented for evaluation of a life-long history of facial swelling and failure to thrive. Physical examination revealed an enlarged cranium with prominent bony swellings on the maxillary bone, excessive laxity and crepitus involving multiple joints, and proprioceptive deficits. Radiographs demonstrated multiple osseous abnormalities including endosteal thickening of the femurs and ilium. Necropsy revealed gross compression of the cerebellum and brainstem. Physical exam findings, radiographic abnormalities, and histopathology of multiple boney lesions were all consistent with craniomandibular osteopathy. In this unique case of craniomandibular osteopathy, the dog was affected with severe bony proliferations leading to generalized hyperostotic lesions and brainstem compression resulting in neurologic deficits.
First Report of the Use of Meglumine Antimoniate for Treatment of Canine Leishmaniasis in a Pregnant Dog
Authors: Spada Eva , Proverbio Daniela , Groppetti Debora , Perego Roberta , Grieco Valeria , Ferro Elisabetta
Published: December 2010

Canine leishmaniasis during pregnancy is rarely reported, even in countries where the infection in dogs is endemic. The authors report a case of a 4 yr old bitch with leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate during pregnancy. The pregnancy and delivery were normal and the bitch presented improvement of the infection during treatment. Three puppies died within 2 days of birth and tested negative via real-time PCR for L. infantum. The two surviving puppies were followed clinically, serologically, and by real-time PCR until 1 yr of age with no evidence of congenital leishmaniasis. L. infantum DNA was detected with real-time PCR analysis of uterine tissue from the bitch at the time of ovariohysterectomy. PCR analysis was performed after an ovariohysterectomy of the bitch that was performed two months after parturition. Meglumine antimoniate use in the pregnant bitch may have prevented vertical transmission of leishmaniasis.
A Review of the Pathophysiology, Classification, and Analysis of Canine and Feline Cavitary Effusions
Authors: Dempsey Suzanne M. , Ewing Patty J.
Published: December 2010

Effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within a body cavity that can result from a variety of disease processes. This article reviews the normal production and resorption of body cavity fluid and the pathophysiology of abnormal fluid accumulation. In addition, classification schemes, differential diagnoses, and currently available diagnostic tests for evaluation of effusions are reviewed.
Current Needs for New Therapeutic Agents and Discovery Strategies—A Systems Pharmacology Approach
Authors: Desbiens Sophie C. , Farb David H.
Published: December 2010

In this chapter, we will provide a brief overview of some current therapeutic agents, including their weaknesses, and highlight selected opportunities for continued drug discovery efforts in certain disease areas. We will then focus our attention on different strategies used to identify new therapeutic agents, comparing target‐based discovery (TBD) and what we refer to as systems‐based discovery (SBD). Although pharmaceutical companies have favored TBD during the past thirty years, emerging evidence indicates that SBD may help in solving some of the issues that have plagued the modern approach to drug discovery. Finally, we will explore the challenges associated with the application of SBD to neurological disorders. This chapter is intended neither to be exhaustive or fair and balanced but presents a selective viewpoint.
An evolutionary review of human telomere biology: The thrifty telomere hypothesis and notes on potential adaptive paternal effects
Authors: Eisenberg Dan T.A.
Published: December 2010

Telomeres, repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of linear chromosomes, play a role in regulating cellular proliferation, and shorten with increasing age in proliferating human tissues. The rate of age‐related shortening of telomeres is highest early in life and decreases with age. Shortened telomeres are thought to limit the proliferation of cells and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although natural selection is widely assumed to operate against long telomeres because they entail increased cancer risk, the evidence for this is mixed. Instead, here it is proposed that telomere length is primarily limited by energetic constraints. Cell proliferation is energetically expensive, so shorter telomeres should lead to a thrifty phenotype. Shorter telomeres are proposed to restrain adaptive immunity as an energy saving mechanism. Such a limited immune system, however, might also result in chronic infections, inflammatory stress, premature aging, and death—a more “disposable soma.” With an increased reproductive lifespan, the fitness costs of premature aging are higher and longer telomeres will be favored by selection. Telomeres exhibit a paternal effect whereby the offspring of older fathers have longer telomeres due to increased telomere lengths of sperm with age. This paternal effect is proposed to be an adaptive signal of the expected age of male reproduction in the environment offspring are born into. The offspring of lineages of older fathers will tend to have longer, and thereby less thrifty, telomeres, better preparing them for an environment with higher expected ages at reproduction. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associations of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations with birth outcome in term Indian mothers and their neonates
Authors: Kilari Anitha , Mehendale Savita , Dangat Kamini , Pisal Hemlata , Joshi Sadhana
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the maternal and cord long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) concentrations and their associations with birth outcome in term deliveries. Pregnant women (n = 253) delivering at term were divided into two groups based on their babies' birth weights (1) normal birth weight (NBW), that is, ≥2.5 kg (n = 190) and (2) low‐birth weight (LBW), that is, <2.5 kg (n = 63). Each group is further divided into two groups according to the baby's sex, that is, male NBW (M‐NBW), female NBW (F‐NBW), male LBW (M‐LBW), and female LBW (F‐LBW) groups. Maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid and erythrocyte arachidonic acid (AA) levels were lower (P < 0.05 for both), while cord plasma docosahexaenoic acid and erythrocyte AA levels were higher (P < 0.05 for both) in LBW group when compared to the NBW group. Maternal erythrocyte AA levels were positively associated with birth weight (P = 0.001), while cord plasma docosahexaenoic acid levels were negatively (P = 0.05) associated with birth weight. Reduced maternal and increased cord LCPUFA levels exist in mothers delivering LBW babies, especially in mothers delivering female babies, indicative of sex‐specific effects. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schlüssel zum Öffnen photolabiler, metallhaltiger Käfige
Authors: Ciesienski Katie L. , Franz Katherine J.
Published: December 2010

Photolabile metallhaltige Käfige sind Metallkomplexe, die bei Bestrahlung mit Licht geeigneter Wellenlänge eine Veränderung der Koordinationsumgebung erfahren. Dabei kann entweder der verkapselnde Ligand allein oder der gesamte Metallkomplex photoresponsiv sein. Die veränderten Koordinationseigenschaften photoresponsiver Komplexe können mehrere Auswirkungen haben: eine Freisetzung des koordinierten Metallions in seine Umgebung, eine veränderte Reaktivität des Metallzentrums oder die Abspaltung eines reaktiven Moleküls, das zuvor durch Bindung an das Metallzentrum passiviert war. Diese photoaktivierbaren Systeme können von Nutzen sein, um die Bioverfügbarkeit von Metallen oder ihren koordinierenden Liganden für das Studium biologischer Reaktionspfade oder für mögliche therapeutische Zwecke zu manipulieren.