bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comment on the Ways and Means of Researching Customary International Law a Half-Century after the International Law Commission's Work
Authors: Mersky Roy M. , Pratter Jonathan
Published: March 2019

As a glance at his bibliography shows, Dr. Sipkov, as well as a law librarian, was a publicist in the original sense of the term — a scholar of public, in particular public international, law. It is therefore fitting that our comment deals with a basic issue that arises at the intersection of international law and librarianship. We would like to evoke the problem of defining and then finding the “material sources” of customary international law. That means understanding, then locating, the concrete, usually documentary, materials that must be used to confirm the existence of a state practice. The consistent, generalized, though not necessarily universal, practice of states forms the objective element of a customary rule. This basic problem of international legal research is not new, but as we approach the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations International Law Commission, it makes sense to examine it again. Developments over the last half century should help in understanding how we try currently to solve the difficulties and will do so in the future.
The Virtual Law School Library
Authors: Pengelley Nicholas
Published: March 2019

What do the next twenty years hold for law school libraries? How will they look in 2021? What will be in them? Who will use them? Will we still use books, or will everything be accessed through an electronic medium? These questions are canvassed in the context of a law school library that is, in 2001, uneasily poised at a junction where signposts point to alternative futures for the delivery of legal education itself.

I. Introduction

We seem, yet again, to be at one of those moments in time, so common in the last quarter of the 20th century, and likely to be continuous in the 21st, when the future appears as a melting pot of possibilities for law libraries, particularly university law libraries. This time the uncertainty is largely driven by the potential advent of Web-based learning, and the as yet largely undeveloped nature of the law school response to the possibilities of education outside of the traditional classroom model. Uncertainty is also due to the growing awareness that IT literacy is increasing rapidly among our user community, and that students in particular now prefer electronic sources of information over print – sources which, increasingly, they can access from places other than the physical law library.
The Rights of Muslim Women in the Middle East: A Pathfinder
Authors: Schroeder Lauren E.
Published: March 2019

This annotated pathfinder is designed to serve as a guide for those who wish to learn about the legal and social situation of Muslim women in the region of the Middle East, but who do not have a great amount of advanced knowledge concerning the topic. It is meant to serve as an organized starting point from which to begin further research, and to provide a context for the current status of Muslim women's rights in the Middle East. A wide variety of types of materials are included, from books to reports to treaties.
Mexican Law on the Web: The Ultimate Research Guide
Authors: Vargas Jorge A.
Published: March 2019

Today, there are literally hundreds of online resources which contain information on Mexican law and related subjects with varying degrees of authoritativeness, accuracy and accessability. This note does not include information on Mexican legal materials provided by commercial companies, paid subscribers or law firms in the U.S. or Mexico.
Reparation for Past Wrongs: Using Domestic Courts Around the World, Especially the United States, to Pursue African Human Rights Claims
Authors: Sarkin Jeremy
Published: March 2019

Human rights have never received more attention than at present. All around the world there is new vigor in dealing with gross human rights abuse. As a result, the last ten years have seen major developments in international criminal processes to deal with these issues. Accountability for these violations, a major problem in the past, has improved to some degree. This is true at both international and domestic levels. With the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Court (ICC), the prospects for prosecuting those responsible for gross human rights violations are more likely than before.
Compensation for Victims of Terrorist Actions: Israel as a Case Study
Authors: Levush Ruth
Published: March 2019

The State of Israel has been subjected to numerous terrorist attacks since its establishment in 1948. The issue of rehabilitation, treatment, and compensation of victims of terrorism has been extensively regulated by its law. Special state funds for compensation of victims of terrorism have been established. This brief will describe the management and distribution of state funds to such victims. In addition, the right of victims to collect damages from those responsible for terrorist attacks will be analyzed. Specifically, this brief will explore whether victims of terrorism in Israel, as a precondition for filing for state compensation, are required to waive their rights to sue those responsible for the attack, and whether the State is entitled to reimbursement for money paid to victims. In addition, the right of Israeli victims of terrorism to sue knowing or unknowing tortfeasors and to sue terrorist states or quasi states will be analyzed. Special attention will be made to the application of the doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity to states and bodies responsible for terrorist actions.
When Property Does Not Mean Property: An Analysis of the Existence of International Intellectual Property†
Authors: Chu Jonathan M.W.W.
Published: March 2019

This paper endeavours to dispel the logical conclusion which one may draw from the territorial nature of intellectual property rights and aims to show that the term “international intellectual property” may refer to the underlying products of intellect which give rise to rights granted internationally and which are, themselves, rights of a different sort.

To suggest that “there is no such thing as international intellectual property” may have been particularly reasonable prior to the end of the 19thcentury when there was little or no international obligations to protect intellectual property. Nowadays, however, the term “international intellectual property” is, at the very least, misunderstood, if not a clear term that has worked its way into the international legal lexicon with each international intellectual property agreement entered into since the beginning of the beginning of the international period.

It is quite plain that individual intellectual property rights such as copyright, patents, registered designs, and registered and unregistered trade mark rights are not international in scope or nature. It is also quite clear that intellectual property rights are territorial in nature as they are derived from national law and are governed exclusively within jurisdictions of such law. This principle is trite and was better observed in a World Intellectual Property Organization survey:

Each country determines, for its own territory and independently from any other country, what it is to be protected as intellectual property, who should benefit from such protection, for how long and how protection should be enforced.

Despite an apparently logical conclusion which one may draw from the territorial nature of intellectual property rights, the term “international intellectual property” may infer something more than this. Rather than confining the term to basic interpretation of the words which make the term, international intellectual property may refer to the underlying products of intellect which give rise to rights granted internationally and which are, themselves, rights of a different sort. While the standards of recognition and rights granted in relation to such products of intellect may vary between nations, the source of such products remains the same and it is such property which various international agreements seek to govern. It is given through developments in international intellectual property agreements, that a definition of the term may be implied, if not derived.

In this paper, I endeavour to establish that there is such thing as international intellectual property. As such, I will first establish that there is such a thing as „intellectual property,” despite arguments against the term. I will then move on to establish that there is such thing as international intellectual property, particularly in light of the developments in international intellectual property agreements.
Socialist Legal Systems: Reflections on Their Emergence and Demise
Authors: Reynolds Thomas H.
Published: March 2019

For a significant part of the twentieth century, the countries and nations of Eastern Europe were considered as belonging to the “socialist family of laws”. There is no great need to study this particular phase or concept in any detail for the simple reason that in recent years it has become clear that Marx and Trotsky were wrong. It is not capitalism that will be consigned to the dust-bin of history, it is Communism that is being consigned to the trash heap in 1991.

It should now be evident that a lot of wool has been pulled over a lot of eyes on the subject of “socialist law”. For years, scholars and practitioners—believed in the existence of an efficient or at least a workable and functioning collection of legal systems in Eastern Europe. These were all assumed to be based, in some respectable fashion or other, on the precepts of Marx and Engels, applying the Hegelian dialectic to arrive at the desired legal norms of the new society and implementing legislation to achieve this goal. Everyone then understood the Communists view of law as a political instrument which would shift societies to a final workers’ paradise.
The Human Rights Situation in Tibet
Authors: Wedin Charlotte
Published: March 2019

It is known world-wide that there are human rights abuses in Tibet. In this paper I wish to discuss why these abuses arise, and how they can be put to an end. This will be analyzed with the help of theories laid down by Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, a Sudanese expert on human rights and international law, and Boaventura de Sousa Santos, a Portuguese expert in the sociology of law.
Developing an Electronic Information Role for Scholarly Associations: The American Society of International Law
Authors: Watson Jill McC.
Published: March 2019

During a panel organized by the American Society of International Law entitled Global Networks, New Technologies and International Law, Roberta Balstad Miller, of the Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), spoke of the “anarchic” internet.

It has no priorities. It makes no judgments. It treats every piece of information like any other. As a result, systems for managing electronic information are required that will permit users to search for (and find) materials relevant to their needs. However, the very flexibility of the Internet, and in particular the Web, that allows individuals and organizations to share electronic materials easily also creates, in turn, new problems for users. They must be able to: identify online materials that originate in a broad variety of organizations; depend on their being available over time; and evaluate the quality of the materials and organization that produce them.
Legal Developments in the Nordic Countries: A Selected, Partially Annotated Bibliography of Works Published in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, 1989-1998
Authors: Haider Inger Eriksson
Published: March 2019

The following bibliography continues, in an expanded and updated version, the one with the same title published earlier in these pages. The purpose remains the same: to give the non-Scandinavian language speaker an opportunity to follow the legal developments within the last decade in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The work primarily includes books, essays, reports and articles published between 1989 and 1998, but it also wants to point the reader to general works such as comparative treatises, encyclopedias and looseleaf works, where legal information about the Nordic countries also can be found. The bibliography reflects what has been received at the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law during this period, and makes no claim to be comprehensive.
How to Conduct Research in Israeli Law
Authors: Levush Ruth
Published: March 2019

The Israeli legal system belongs to the Western legal culture which is based on the rule of law and takes secular, liberal and rational approach that puts the individual at the center. The Israeli legal system has been classified as a “mixed jurisdiction” in that it has traits of both common law as well as civil law systems.
Australian University Law Libraries
Authors: Pengelley Nicholas
Published: March 2019

Until a few years ago there were only 12 law schools in this country. That number has now grown to 28 with rumours of more, and with the additional introduction of programmes like those run by the University of London. Law student numbers in Australia country have risen by over 60% since 1987. It can be, and has been, argued that this is simply too many for our resources and many of the newer law schools were established more with an eye to the prestige of having a law degree within the institution.
Constitutional Developments in the United Kingdom
Authors: Williams David
Published: March 2019

In hisIntroduction to the study of the Law of the Constitution, which appeared in its first edition in 1885, Professor A. V. Dicey of the University of Oxford emphasized in particular the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty and the concept of the Rule of Law as guiding principles of the constitution. His exposition was clear and trenchant, inspired by the self-confidence of late Victorian Britain, and through nine editions it provided the authoritative text which to this day has influenced judges and lawyers, politicians, observers from abroad, and many others in their interpretation of the constitutional law of the United Kingdom.
Ireland as a Venue for International Arbitration
Authors: Hoisín Colm Ó
Published: March 2019

Arbitration is frequently the most effective way of resolving international commercial disputes. In a typical dispute the parties will be of different nationality and have different legal and cultural backgrounds. Neither side will be content to allow the dispute to be decided by the national courts of the opposing party. Arbitration offers the parties the opportunity to choose their own arbitrator, the location of the arbitration, the procedures and the law in accordance with which the dispute is to be resolved. It also offers them privacy and in many cases this is likely to be a very important consideration.
Religious Law in a Secular Setting: New Classification Approaches for Jewish, Canon and Islamic Law
Authors: Goldberg Jolande E.
Published: March 2019

Library of Congress' Bicentennial Summer 2000 was set as the deadline for completion of Class K for law, the only class of the Library's classification system (LCC) not yet fully developed. The last section of Class K - KB-KBX: Religious law (see detailed outline in the Appendix) - will at its implementation close the lacunae in the LCC.
Travaux Préparatoires and United Nations Treaties or Conventions: Using the Web Wisely
Authors: Raisch Marylin
Published: March 2019

One of the spectacular and liberating features of the Internet in general and the United Nations web site in particular is that if a treaty you are researching was drafted in connection with a conference relating to human rights, the environment, development, or a major topic in criminal or commercial law, entire web pages based on the treaty and its history are now in place. The process of drafting and finalizing the texts of major conventions and treaties sponsored by bodies within the United Nations system is unusually well-documented. The conference process and other drafting procedures have always made researching UN treaties rather more systematic than is the case with many inter-governmental organizations.
An Historical Overview of American Law Publishing
Authors: Cohen Morris L.
Published: March 2019

Law publishing — that is, the reproduction and dissemination of statutes, judicial decisions, commentaries, legal forms and texts — is as old as writing and can be found in all literate societies. In the ancient world, written law was essential to political and social relations. That can be seen from the importance given to law codes in the Semitic, Greek and Roman societies. Over the centuries and in every medium from stone and clay, papyrus and parchment, to paper and the electronic media of our day — law has been a major component of literature. The very fact of publication is an essential requirement for the enactment and efficacy of laws in many societies. Publication of law was widespread before the invention of printing and was achieved by reproducing important texts in multiple manuscript copies which could then be disseminated to libraries, officials and others who needed them and could afford them. The printing of law depended not only on the invention of the press itself, but also on the acceptance of what more accessible law might mean to society. In England, for example this was a matter of considerable controversy for over a hundred years.
The UN's ‘War’ on Terrorism
Authors: Alvarez José E.
Published: March 2019

While those of us in the United States have become accustomed to talking aboutourwar on terrorism and its consequences, including its effects on civil rights, we should not ignore the fact that the international community, and specifically the United Nations, is conducting its own ‘war’ on terrorism. I will be addressing the General Assembly's and especially the Security Council's war on terrorism and the challenges these efforts present, including to international human rights.
The Jigsaw Puzzle of International Environmental Protection: International Approaches to Atmospheric pollution and the Baltic Sea Area
Authors: Brunnée Jutta A.
Published: March 2019

Airborne pollution of the marine environment has not received great attention in the literature. This is certainly a reflection of the fact that, for the longest time, this type of pollution was neglected in international efforts to cooperate for the protection of the marine environment. However, the last few years have witnessed considerable activity in this area and some stock-taking is in order.
The Human Right to a Clean, Balanced and Protected Environment
Authors: Symonides Janusz
Published: March 2019

Since the December 1968 General Assembly's resolution in which for the first time the United Nations admitted the linkage between environmental protection and human rights and expressed concern that environmental changes could have various (negative) implications for basic human rights, this question has been vividly discussed on many occasions.
Ignorance of International Law Is No Excuse, or How the Florida Legislature Ticked Off Canada†
Authors: Morgan Patricia , Turner Loren , Hart Edward T.
Published: March 2019

During its 2012 session the Florida Legislature amended the text of the Florida Statutes which lists exemptions from the requirements of obtaining a Florida drivers’ license. Removed from the text of Florida Statute 322.04 was the line concerning nonresidents, both fellow Americans and international visitors, “who has in his or her immediate possession a valid noncommercial driver's license issued to the nonresident in his or her home state orcountry[emphasis added].” Inserted was a new line, “An International Driving Permit issued in his or her name in his or her country of residence and a valid license issued in that country.” International visitors were required to have in their possession not only a valid drivers’ license, but also an International Driving Permit (IDP) that translated into English the personal identification information of the driver. The change took effect January 1, 2013, but even before that date, Florida faced allegations that it was violating international law with this new requirement.
For A Uniform International Citation System
Authors: Rodinò Walter
Published: March 2019

It is customary for the General Reports prepared for the International Congresses of Comparative Law to compare and contrast different national legal systems, the details of which are presented in the various national reports. This General Report will not follow this custom, for the simple reason that a number of the national reports are already comparative examinations of methods of citation that contain such an abundance of references to legal writings and practices that no further examination is necessary.
The Effects of Divorce on Children
Authors: Lauroba Elena
Published: March 2019

As we speak about Family Law, I want to begin my exposition with a concise picture of the Catalan society and the “Catalan family”. Our concept of family, like other neighboring societies, has changed substantially in relation to the preceding generations. Catalonia today is an aging society with rather low fertility, increasing divorce rates and a large increase in the number of single households (the result of an increased life expectancy). Furthermore, the man is no longer the only household member who contributes to household income; in more and more families both men and women engage in paid employment. The female employment rate has risen in a big way, which explains that the average age for a first marriage is over thirty years for both women and men. This fact means in practice that Catalonian couples have few children: one, two, or as a heroic common project, three.
Synchrotron radiation diffraction study of the mineral moolooite, and synthetic copper oxalates
Authors: O'Connor B. H. , Clarke R. M. , Kimpton J. A.
Published: March 2019

The orthorhombic mineral moolooite, CuC2O4.nH2O, described by Clarke and Williams (1986) using Debye-Scherrer photographic data, has a fully-disordered stacking fault (FDSF) structure. Related monoclinic models have been reported for various synthesised samples based on Schmittler (1968). In the present study, synchrotron radiation diffraction data for moolooite and synthesised specimens have been examined with particular reference to crystallographic disorder. The moolooite data correspond to space groupPnnm, witha= 5.3064(2),b= 5.6804(2),c= 2.5630(1) Å;Vc= 77.26(1) Å3; andZ= 1; and the FDSF structure along theb-direction has been confirmed. The synthetic specimen data from the study indicate partial ordering, with space groupP21/n; and the cell parameters for one specimen beinga= 5.957(7),b= 5.611(5),c= 5.133(7) Å;β= 115.16(2)°;Vc= 155.27 Å3andZ= 2. The level of zeolitic water in the materials has been considered using the approach of Schmittler based on thermogravimetry and pycnometry. The new data for natural topotype material correspond to CuC2O4.1.0H2O. It is postulated that the level of water for natural and synthetic specimens may be attributed to the conditions under which the material forms.
Evidence Based psychiatrie in de algemene praktijk
Authors: Swinkels J.A.
Published: March 2019

‘Klinische ervaring is onmisbaar, maar verraderlijk’, Stelde de Amsterdamse psychiater dr J.A. Swinkels in zijn inleiding over ‘evidence based’ psychiatrie (EBP). Hij typeerde de houding van de moderne psychiater als ‘socratisch’: voortdurend worden vragen gesteld, waarbij men niet te snel tevreden is met een antwoord. De oude denkwijze noemde hij ‘hippocratisch’: op autoriteit en klinische ervaring gebaseerd, met een overschatting van de inzichten in de Pathogenese. Hij hield een warm pleidooi voor de socratische houding, waarbij hij de inhoudelijke, pragmatische en emotionele bezwaren tegen EBP niet uit de wegging.
Farmacologie moderne antidepressiva, keuze op basis van bijwerkingen?
Authors: Westenberg H.W.G.
Published: March 2019

“Farmacologisch geziert zijn de antidepressiva een heterogene groep genees-middelen. Hoewel alle antidepressiva effectief zijn tegen de kernsymptomen van depressie, bestaan er veel onderlinge verschillen, met name in hun bijwerkingen-profiel.” Uit de lezing van prof, dr H.W.G. Westenberg werd duidelijk hoe werking en bijwerkingen samenhangen met de affiniteit voor verschillende receptoren in de hersenen. Deze kennis kan gebruikt worden bij het streven van de arts naar minimale belasting voor de patiënt, en daar-mee optimale therapietrouw.
Effectiviteit moderne antidepressiva
Authors: van Megen H.J.G.M.
Published: March 2019

Een complex ziektebeeld als een depressie wordt vermoedelijk veroorzaakt door ver-anderingen in diverse neurotransmittor-systemen. Op theoretische gronden is het dus aannemelijk dat de effectiviteit van een antidepressieve behandeling toe zou nemen als zij verschillende aangrijpingspunten heeft. Een combinatie van middelen of een middel met een multipele werking zou dan meer effect sorteren. “Pump it up” heet dat in de ‘duidelijke taal’ van sommige Amerikaanse psychiaters. Dr H.J.G.M. van Megen toetste deze Stelling aan de bestaande ‘evidence’ en concludeerde dat er voorlopig geen aanunjzing bestaat dat multipliciteit leidt tot een betere behandeling.
Antipsychotica van een nieuwe generatie Praktijkervaringen
Authors: Kolthof H.J. , Blansjaar B.A.
Published: March 2019

Samenvatting

In de praktijk zijn de effecten van clozapine en risperidon vergeleken bij schizofrene patiënten die onvoldoende reageren op klassieke antipsychotica. Van de 25 op clozapine ingestelde patiënten gebruikte 63 procent na een half jaar nog medicatie. Bij driekwart van deze groep wend naast goede effecten op hallucinaties en wanen ook een gunstig effect op negatieve symptomen geconstateerd. Van de 25 op risperidon ingestelde patiënten gebruikte na een half jaar nog 54 procent medicatie. In tegenstelling tot tie clozapine-gebruikers werd er bij hen nauwelijks een duurzaam effect op negatieve symptomen gevonden. Wel werden relatief weinig bijwerkingen gemeld. Gezien de resultaten van dit onderzoek wordt een kritische houding ten aanzien van het gebruik van nieuwe antipsychotica aanbevolen.
The integrated palliative care outcome scale for patients with palliative care needs: Factors related to and experiences of the use in acute care settings
Authors: Lind Susanne , Wallin Lars , Fürst Carl Johan , Beck Ingela
Published: March 2019

Objective

Implementation of patient-reported outcome measures for patients with palliative care needs is characterized by both enablers and barriers. The ways in which healthcare professionals experience the use of assessment tools is important. Our aims were to explore factors contributing to or hindering patients with palliative care needs in assessing their symptoms with the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale (IPOS) and to explore healthcare professionals’ experiences of the use of IPOS in acute care settings.

Method

Data were collected as a part of the evaluation of the feasibility of an implementation strategy for introducing IPOS. Data from three participating acute care units were included. We used descriptive and analytical statistics; a qualitative content analysis was also performed.

Result

A total of 309 patients were eligible to be offered assessment of symptoms with IPOS. Of these 69 (22%) had completed IPOS. A significant positive association was found between healthcare professionals’ participation in training sessions and completed IPOS. The experiences of IPOS were split into two categories: “IPOS acting as a facilitator” and “barriers to the use of IPOS.” The use of IPOS was described as contributing to person-centered care of patients with palliative care needs and inspiration to improved routines. Healthcare professionals’ feelings of uncertainty about how to approach severely ill patients and their family members appear to have hindered their use of IPOS.

Significance of results

We found an association between healthcare professionals’ participation in training sessions and patients who completed IPOS, indicating the need for a high degree of attendance at the training to achieve successful implementation. The healthcare professionals expressed feelings of insecurity concerning the use of IPOS indicating a need for further education and clinical support in its use of IPOS. Nevertheless, use of IPOS was considered to contribute to improved care of patients with palliative care needs.
The globalisation of constitutional law as a weakly neo-liberal project
Authors: TUSHNET MARK
Published: March 2019

An international consensus on the content of domestic constitutional law has structural ‘rights’-related components. The former requires roughly democratic systems for choosing representatives/executives. The consensus favours some forms of judicialised constitutional review, though the precise form is open to choice. The rights component includes a standard list of ‘core’ civil rights, including in this category equality along a number of dimensions – though not class or income. The rights-component is fundamentally neo-liberal. This is clearest in connection with ‘second generation’ social and economic rights, which – the consensus holds – can be recognised in a constitution but should not be vigorously enforceable (in systems where there is judicial enforcement of constitutional rights). The rights of free expression and political association must be specified in ways that allow political challenges to be mounted against efforts – including legislative programmes of political parties that control governments – to resist the neo-liberal policy agenda. Departures from this consensus are described as departures, not from ‘neo-liberal’ or even ‘liberal’ constitutionalism, but as departures from constitutionalism as such. We could ‘thin down’ the idea of constitutionalism quite a bit without abandoning constitutionalism’s core commitment to avoiding arbitrary government action.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in China From 2005 to 2014
Authors: Yan Xu , Qiu Dezhi , Zheng Shikan , Cheng Ke , Han Yunping , Sun Jianhui , Su Xianfa
Published: March 2019

Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are considered significant artificial sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in the forms of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), during their normal operations. In this study, we used an emission factor method to determine the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of GHG emissions from MWWTPs in China during the period 2005–2014; influencing factors and uncertainties were also analyzed. Our results show that total GHG emissions from Chinese MWWTPs increased from 326.54 to 1294.03 Gg CO2‐eq between 2005 and 2014, and that regional distribution was extremely variable. During this decade, the proportion of CH4 in the total GHG emissions decreased from 74.1 to 59.4% while that of N2O increased from 25.9 to 40.6%. The observed increase in N2O was probably due to the enhancement of wastewater discharge standards for nitrogen discharge, resulting in lower waterborne but higher atmospheric levels of nitrogen oxides. Our comparison of GHG emissions from wastewater discharging directly to the aquatic environment with that treated at MWWTPs in 2014 indicate that the latter disposal method resulted in an 18‐fold drop in GHG emissions. Regional economic development level and wastewater treatment capacity were the factors most closely related to GHG emissions from MWWTPs; the per‐capita protein supply was closely related to N2O emissions.
A Statistical Approach to Quantify Atmospheric Contributions to the ITEC WN4 Structure Over Low Latitudes
Authors: Chen T. , Wan W. , Xiong J. , Yu Y. , Ren Z. , Yue X.
Published: March 2019

Based on multiyear observations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and atmospheric wind, we develop a new method to interpret the atmospheric contribution to the ionospheric wave number‐4 (WN4) structure according to their coherences in annual variations. First, the ionospheric WN4 is extracted from the equatorial integrated TEC (ITEC) using the global ionospheric maps. The wind observation from the TIMED Doppler Interferometer on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetic and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite are used to deduce the latitudinal symmetric and antisymmetric components of the zonal and meridional DE3 (diurnal, eastward, and zonal wave number 3), SE2 (semidiurnal, eastward, and zonal wave number 2), and SPW4 (stationary planetary wave with zonal wave number 4). We then develop a regression model to estimate the coupling efficiency, the background diurnal influence, and the associated contribution in ITEC WN4. (1) The zonal symmetric DE3 is the most efficient tide in generating ITEC WN4, while the zonal symmetric SPW4 plays a secondary but varied role. (2) The diurnal variation of background ionosphere/thermosphere influence's amplitude is similar to that of the zonal mean ITEC during the day, with a westward phase velocity. (3) The zonal symmetric DE3 resulted WN4 can reach 7% of the zonal daily mean ITEC, while the observed total WN4 value is about 10%. The contributions by the zonal symmetric SE2, SPW4, and meridional symmetric SE2 are comparable with respective maxima ~1.5% of the zonal daily mean ITEC. The present results confirm former suggestions that symmetric zonal DE3 is the primary source for ionospheric WN4, and the contributions due to antisymmetric wind components are relatively small in ITEC WN4.
Solar Flare and Geomagnetic Storm Effects on the Thermosphere and Ionosphere During 6–11 September 2017
Authors: Qian Liying , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan G. , Chamberlin Phillip C. , Coster Anthea , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Solomon Stanley C.
Published: March 2019

The period of 6–11 September 2017 was an active period in which multiple solar flares and a major geomagnetic storm occurred. The two largest flares, an X9.3 and an X8.2, were a disk flare and a limb flare, respectively. We conducted model simulations and data analysis to examine solar flare effects on the coupled thermosphere and ionosphere (TI) system in connection with flare location effects and to investigate the occurrences of large‐scale traveling atmosphere disturbances (TADs) due to flares and storms. Soft X‐ray enhancement, which dominates E region ionization, is essentially not affected by the location of a flare on the Sun; solar extreme ultraviolet enhancement, which dominates ionization above ~150 km, is much weaker for a limb flare compared to a disk flare with the same magnitude. Consequently, flare responses in the lower thermosphere, and ionosphere E region are not affected by flare locations, but above ~150 km, the TI system responds more strongly to disk flares than to limb flares. However, our studies show that during the space weather events in September 2017, these flare location effects were masked by other factors including local time and longitude. Large‐scale TADs occurred when there were both flares and storms. The presence of the flares changed the magnitudes and propagation speeds of the large‐scale TADs. However, there was no evidence that large‐scale TADs occurred when there were only flares and not storms, indicating that solar flares alone were not sufficient to excite large‐scale TADs.
Modern Assessment of Natural Hydrocarbon Gas Flux at the Coal Oil Point Seep Field, Santa Barbara, California
Authors: Padilla A. M. , Loranger S. , Kinnaman F. S. , Valentine D. L. , Weber T. C.
Published: March 2019

The Coal Oil Point seep field is among the most active and studied hydrocarbon seep fields in the world. The water column of the Coal Oil Point seep field was acoustically surveyed from 31 August to 14 September 2016 with a 200‐kHz split‐beam echo sounder to map the distribution of natural hydrocarbons in the region. An in situ direct capture device was used to measure the volumetric gas flux of natural hydrocarbons for three localized seep sites while simultaneously collecting acoustic volume backscatter measurements of the hydrocarbons within the water column. The acoustic volume backscatter was calibrated with the measured volumetric gas flux, and the resulting relationship was used to determine flux over the entire seep field. The estimate of integrated volumetric gas flow rate over a survey area of approximately 4.1 km2 was 23,800 m3/day. The estimates of integrated volumetric gas flow rate and volumetric gas flux were compared to measurements reported in previous studies and were 2 to 7 times smaller than results obtained by Hornafius et al. (1999, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900148), which had a total survey area of 18 km2. However, differences between methodologies limit the ability to assess natural variability in the Coal Oil Point seep field.
Significant Organic Carbon Accumulation in Two Coastal Acid Sulfate Soil Wetlands
Authors: Brown Dylan R. , Johnston Scott G. , Santos Isaac R. , Holloway Ceylena J. , Sanders Christian J.
Published: March 2019

Restoring degraded freshwater wetlands may help to maximize soil carbon sequestration. In this study, we use 18 210Pb‐dated sediment cores to determine the organic carbon (OC) accumulation rates from two hydrologically restored freshwater coastal acid sulfate soil (CASS) wetlands. Recent OC accumulation rates (from ~1980 to present) were estimated to be 251 ± 26 g·m−2·year−1 in the seasonally inundated CASS and 227 ± 50 g·m−2·year−1 in the permanently inundated CASS. The average OC accumulation during the previous century (190 ± 20 g·m−2·year−1) was within the range of blue carbon ecosystems (saltmarshes, mangroves, and seagrasses). Considering their large area and carbon accumulation rate, we estimate that Australian CASS wetlands sequester approximately 7.8 ± 0.8 Tg of carbon annually, which is equivalent to ~8% of the CO2 emission from fossil fuels in Australia. Hence, preserving or restoring CASS may be a good climate change mitigation strategy.
Role of carbonate burial in Blue Carbon budgets
Authors: Saderne V. , Geraldi N. R. , Macreadie P. I. , Maher D. T. , Middelburg J. J. , Serrano O. , Almahasheer H. , Arias-Ortiz A. , Cusack M. , Eyre B. D. , Fourqurean J. W. , Kennedy H. , Krause-Jensen D. , Kuwae T. , Lavery P. S. , Lovelock C. E. , Marba N. , Masqué P. , Mateo M. A. , Mazarrasa I. , McGlathery K. J. , Oreska M. P. J. , Sanders C. J. , Santos I. R. , Smoak J. M. , Tanaya T. , Watanabe K. , Duarte C. M.
Published: March 2019

Calcium carbonates (CaCO3) often accumulate in mangrove and seagrass sediments. As CaCO3 production emits CO2, there is concern that this may partially offset the role of Blue Carbon ecosystems as CO2 sinks through the burial of organic carbon (Corg). A global collection of data on inorganic carbon burial rates (Cinorg, 12% of CaCO3 mass) revealed global rates of 0.8 TgCinorg yr−1 and 15–62 TgCinorg yr−1 in mangrove and seagrass ecosystems, respectively. In seagrass, CaCO3 burial may correspond to an offset of 30% of the net CO2 sequestration. However, a mass balance assessment highlights that the Cinorg burial is mainly supported by inputs from adjacent ecosystems rather than by local calcification, and that Blue Carbon ecosystems are sites of net CaCO3 dissolution. Hence, CaCO3 burial in Blue Carbon ecosystems contribute to seabed elevation and therefore buffers sea-level rise, without undermining their role as CO2 sinks.
Topologically enhanced harmonic generation in a nonlinear transmission line metamaterial
Authors: Wang You , Lang Li-Jun , Lee Ching Hua , Zhang Baile , Chong Y. D.
Published: March 2019

Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) are nonlinear electronic circuits used for parametric amplification and pulse generation, and it is known that left-handed NLTLs support enhanced harmonic generation while suppressing shock wave formation. We show experimentally that in a left-handed NLTL analogue of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) lattice, harmonic generation is greatly increased by the presence of a topological edge state. Previous studies of nonlinear SSH circuits focused on solitonic behaviours at the fundamental harmonic. Here, we show that a topological edge mode at the first harmonic can produce strong propagating higher-harmonic signals, acting as a nonlocal cross-phase nonlinearity. We find maximum third-harmonic signal intensities five times that of a comparable conventional left-handed NLTL, and a 250-fold intensity contrast between topologically nontrivial and trivial configurations. This work advances the fundamental understanding of nonlinear topological states, and may have applications for compact electronic frequency generators.
Mesoscopic and microscopic imaging of sensory responses in the same animal
Authors: Boido Davide , Rungta Ravi L. , Osmanski Bruno-Félix , Roche Morgane , Tsurugizawa Tomokazu , Le Bihan Denis , Ciobanu Luisa , Charpak Serge
Published: March 2019

Imaging based on blood flow dynamics is widely used to study sensory processing. Here we investigated the extent to which local neuronal and capillary responses (two-photon microscopy) are correlated to mesoscopic responses detected with fast ultrasound (fUS) and BOLD-fMRI. Using a specialized chronic olfactory bulb preparation, we report that sequential imaging of the same mouse allows quantitative comparison of odour responses, imaged at both microscopic and mesoscopic scales. Under these conditions, functional hyperaemia occurred at the threshold of neuronal activation and fUS-CBV signals could be detected at the level of single voxels with activation maps varying according to blood velocity. Both neuronal and vascular responses increase non-linearly as a function of odour concentration, whereas both microscopic and mesoscopic vascular responses are linearly correlated to local neuronal calcium. These data establish strengths and limits of mesoscopic imaging techniques to report neural activity.
Impacts of alkaline on the defects property and crystallization kinetics in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Chen Yihua , Li Nengxu , Wang Ligang , Li Liang , Xu Ziqi , Jiao Haoyang , Liu Pengfei , Zhu Cheng , Zai Huachao , Sun Mingzi , Zou Wei , Zhang Shuai , Xing Guichuan , Liu Xinfeng , Wang Jianpu , Li Dongdong , Huang Bolong , Chen Qi , Zhou Huanping
Published: March 2019

Further minimizing the defect state density in the semiconducting absorber is vital to boost the power conversion efficiency of solar cells approaching Shockley-Queisser limit. However, it lacks a general strategy to control the precursor chemistry for defects density reduction in the family of iodine based perovskite. Here the alkaline environment in precursor solution is carefully investigated as an effective parameter to suppress the incident iodine and affects the crystallization kinetics during film fabrication, via rationale adjustment of the alkalinity of additives. Especially, a ‘residual free’ weak alkaline is proposed not only to shrink the bandgap of the absorber by modulating the stoichiometry of organic cation, but also to improve the open circuit voltage in the resultant device. Consequently, the certified efficiency of 20.87% (Newport) is achieved with one of the smallest voltage deficits of 413 mV in the planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell.
How long do floods throughout the millennium remain in the collective memory?
Authors: Fanta Václav , Šálek Miroslav , Sklenicka Petr
Published: March 2019

Is there some kind of historical memory and folk wisdom that ensures that a community remembers about very extreme phenomena, such as catastrophic floods, and learns to establish new settlements in safer locations? We tested a unique set of empirical data on 1293 settlements founded in the course of nine centuries, during which time seven extreme floods occurred. For a period of one generation after each flood, new settlements appeared in safer places. However, respect for floods waned in the second generation and new settlements were established closer to the river. We conclude that flood memory depends on living witnesses, and fades away already within two generations. Historical memory is not sufficient to protect human settlements from the consequences of rare catastrophic floods.
Vapor dealloying of ultra-thin films: a promising concept for the fabrication of highly flexible transparent conductive metal nanomesh electrodes
Authors: Chauvin Adrien , Txia Cha Heu Willigis , Buh Joze , Tessier Pierre-Yves , El Mel Abdel-Aziz
Published: March 2019

The booming market of flexible electronic displays has urged the development of highly flexible transparent conductive electrodes (FTCE)1–3 with the ability to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films routinely used as transparent conductive electrodes in photoelectronic devices. The high cost of indium and the poor mechanical stability of ITO under deformation are the main driving forces behind the development of this research area.4 The use of metal nanomeshes as FTCE is a promising concept with a real potential to substitute ITO in photoelectronic devices.5,6 However, the development of a low-cost fabrication approach allowing producing metal nanomesh electrodes with competitive prices and a high performance remains a real bottleneck for the photoelectronic industry. In this paper, we report on a robust approach very easy to implement allowing producing highly flexible metal nanomesh electrodes with high performance at a very low cost. This approach lies on a concept consisting in applying dealloying process to ultra-thin Au-Cu alloy thin films using acidic vapors instead of a liquid phase as routinely done in the literature. Using an appropriate procedure, the nanomeshes can be transferred to any planar or curved support where they can serve as a FTCE. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that using this approach, one can easily fabricate gold nanomesh electrodes transferred onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film surface with 79% of transmittance and a sheet resistance as low as 44 Ω □−1 while maintaining exceptional stability under severe mechanical deformations.
Publisher Correction: ComPath: an ecosystem for exploring, analyzing, and curating mappings across pathway databases
Authors: Domingo-Fernández Daniel , Hoyt Charles Tapley , Bobis-Álvarez Carlos , Marín-Llaó Josep , Hofmann-Apitius Martin
Published: March 2019

The original version of this Article had an incorrect Article number of 3, an incorrect Volume of 5 and an incorrect Publication year of 2019. These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Lithospheric flexure and rheology determined by climate cycle markers in the Corinth Rift
Authors: de Gelder Gino , Fernández-Blanco David , Melnick Daniel , Duclaux Guillaume , Bell Rebecca E. , Jara-Muñoz Julius , Armijo Rolando , Lacassin Robin
Published: March 2019

Geomorphic strain markers accumulating the effects of many earthquake cycles help to constrain the mechanical behaviour of continental rift systems as well as the related seismic hazards. In the Corinth Rift (Greece), the unique record of onshore and offshore markers of Pleistocene ~100-ka climate cycles provides an outstanding possibility to constrain rift mechanics over a range of timescales. Here we use high-resolution topography to analyse the 3D geometry of a sequence of Pleistocene emerged marine terraces associated with flexural rift-flank uplift. We integrate this onshore dataset with offshore seismic data to provide a synoptic view of the flexural deformation across the rift. This allows us to derive an average slip rate of 4.5–9.0 mm·yr−1 on the master fault over the past ~610 ka and an uplift/subsidence ratio of 1:1.1–2.4. We reproduce the observed flexure patterns, using 3 and 5-layered lithospheric scale finite element models. Modelling results imply that the observed elastic flexure is produced by coseismic slip along 40–60° planar normal faults in the elastic upper crust, followed by postseismic viscous relaxation occurring within the basal lower crust or upper mantle. We suggest that such a mechanism may typify rapid localised extension of continental lithosphere.