bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The value of host and parasite identification for arripid fish
Authors: Catalano Sarah R. , Hutson Kate S. , Ratcliff Rodney M. , Whittington Ian D.
Published: January 2011

Accurate identification of fishes and their parasites is fundamental to the development, management and sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture worldwide. We examined three commercially and recreationally exploited Australian arripid species (Pisces: Arripidae), namely Australian herring (Arripis georgianus), eastern Australian salmon (A. trutta) and western Australian salmon (A. truttaceus), to determine their metazoan parasite assemblages and infection parameters. We identified 49 parasite species including 35 new parasite–host records and recognised seven ambiguous parasite–host records in the literature, largely a consequence of unsubstantiated host identifications in previous studies. Morphological and molecular methods confirmed a new western extension for the range of A. trutta, ∼1000 km west of the previous record. Confusion about host identification and the range extension documented here has implications for the management of these economically important arripid species in southern Australian waters. Our examination of an endemic Australian fish family emphasises that accurate identification of fishes and their parasites is a fundamental pre-requisite for efficient and sustainable resource management.
Regulation of cell wall invertase by a proteinaceous inhibitor
Authors: Krausgrill Silke , Sander Andreas , Greiner Steffen , Weil Marion , Rausch Thomas
Published: January 2011

Suspension-cultured tobacco cells express a cell wall invertase (CWI) and a proteinaceous invertase inhibitor. Both proteins have been purified and characterized. A CWI cDNA clone has been isolated. The N-terminal protein sequence of the inhibitor has been determined showing high similarity with the N-terminal sequence of a tomato invertase inhibitor. A polyclonal antiserum has been raised against the denatured inhibitor protein. The observed changes of CWI activity during cell culture are partially the result of changes in gene expression, however, evidence has accumulated for further regulation by the inhibitor protein. In vivo regulation of CWI by the inhibitor is likely for the following reasons: (1) CWI inhibition is dependent on pH within the range relevant for the apoplasmic space, (2) divalent cations in the millimolar range affect CWI inhibition, (3) substrate protects CWI (but not vacuolar invertase) against inhibition, (4) CWI and inhibitor are co-expressed and co-localized in the apoplasmic space, (5) addition of inhibitor to intact cells causes substrate-protectable inhibition of CWI, (6) an in situ formation of tight complexes between CWI and inhibitor upon starvation of cells could be demonstrated. The results indicate that suspension-cultured tobacco cells are a suitable system to study the effects of an invertase inhibitor on CWI.
Effect of mineral nutritional status on shoot-root partitioning of photoassimilates and cycling of mineral nutrients
Authors: Marschner H. , Kirkby E. A. , Cakmak I.
Published: January 2011

Mineral nutrients taken up by the roots are, as a rule, transported in the xylem to the shoot, and photoassimilates transported in the phloem to the roots. According to the Thornley model of photosynthate partitioning, nutrient deficiencies should favour photosynthate partitioning to the roots. Examples are cited to show that this preferential partitioning is dependent on phloem mobility and hence on nutrient cycling from shoot to roots. Thus, root growth is enhanced under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies, but not under deficiencies of nutrients of low mobility in the phloem, such as calcium and boron. Enhanced root growth under nutrient deficiency relies on the import of both photosynthates and mineral nutrients.

Cycling of mineral nutrients serves a number of other functions. These include the root supply of nutrients assimilated in the shoot (nitrate and sulphate reduction), maintenance of cation-anion balance in the shoot, providing an additional driving force for solute volume flow in the phloem and xylem, and acting as a shoot signal to convey nutrient demand to the root.

Cycling of certain mineral nutrients through source leaves has a considerable impact on photosynthate export as demonstrated in impaired export under magnesium, potassium, or zinc deficiencies. Mineral nutrient deficiency can, therefore, affect photosynthate partitioning either directly via phloem loading and transport or indirectly by depressing sink demand.
The Perfect Stage of Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) of Beta vulgaris Found in Michigan
Authors: Hanson L. E. , McGrath J. M.
Published: January 2011

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC [synonym E. betae {Vanha} Weltzien]) affects several different crops of Beta vulgaris, including sugar beet, Swiss chard, and table beet. The disease has been prevalent in many sugar beet-growing areas of the United States since the first major epidemic in beet in 1974 (3). Powdery mildew in the United States was primarily associated with the asexual stage of the pathogen until the perfect stage was found, first in western states such as Idaho and Colorado (2), then in more Midwestern states such as Nebraska, and most recently in North Dakota (1). Similar to North Dakota, powdery mildew has not been a major problem in the Michigan growing area. It does appear sporadically, particularly on sugar beets that have not been sprayed to control other foliar diseases. In 2010, powdery mildew infection on sugar beet was observed in late August in a field in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Plants were inspected periodically for the presence of the sexual stage. In early October, sugar beet and Swiss chard plants with heavy powdery mildew infection also were observed at the Michigan State University (MSU) Horticultural Demonstration Gardens in East Lansing and on sugar beet at the MSU Plant Pathology and Botany research farms. On both the Saginaw Valley sugar beet and Swiss chard on the MSU campus, ascomata were observed on a few leaves in mid-October. No ascomata were found on sugar beet at the other two locations. The majority of ascomata were dark brown to black when located, although a few light tan ascomata were observed on the Swiss chard. Ascomata varied from 70 to 100 μm in diameter. Asci contained one to four hyaline or golden yellow ascospores similar to those described in other growing regions on sugar beet (1,2). No ascomata had been detected on powdery mildew-infected sugar beet from either the Saginaw Valley or the MSU research farms the previous two years. These results appear to indicate a spread of the ability to form the perfect stage eastward from the western United States. This may be due to movement of one mating type because E. polygoni has been reported to be heterothallic on some crops (4). The presence of the perfect stage indicates that sexual recombination could occur in E. polygoni on Beta species in Michigan, creating the potential for more rapid development of new strains that might vary in fungicide sensitivity and response to host resistance.

References: (1) C. A. Bradley et al. Plant Dis. 91:470, 2007 (2) J. J. Gallian and L. E. Hanson. Plant Dis. 87:200, 2003. (3) E. G. Ruppel. Page 13 in: Compendium of Beet Disease and Insects. E. D. Whitney and J. E. Duffus, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1986. (4) C. G. Smith. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 55:355, 1970.
Regulated recruitment of tumor suppressor BRCA1 to the p21 gene by coactivator methylation
Authors: Lee Young-Ho , Bedford Mark T. , Stallcup Michael R.
Published: January 2011

Tumor suppression by p53 and BRCA1 involves regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA repair and is influenced by transcriptional coactivators and post-translational modifications. Here we show that coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) methylates Arg 754 in the KIX region of coactivator p300. Methylated p300 and p300 protein fragments are preferentially recognized by BRCT domains of BRCA1, identifying the BRCT domain as a novel methylarginine-binding module. CARM1 and p300 cooperate with BRCA1 and p53 to induce expression of the critical cell cycle and proliferation regulator p21WAF1/CIP1 in response to DNA damage. This induction was severely attenuated by elimination of CARM1 or its methyltransferase activity, or by mutation of Arg 754 of p300. Absence of CARM1 methyltransferase activity led to failure of cells to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. CARM1 methyltransferase activity was required for induction of some p53 target genes (p21 and Gadd45) but not others (Bax) by DNA damage. Recruitment of BRCA1 to the p53-binding region of the p21 promoter in response to DNA damage required methylation of Arg 754 of p300 by CARM1. Thus, coactivator methylation may be crucial for fine-tuning the tumor suppressor function of BRCA1 and other BRCT domain proteins.
Prescribing of medicines in the Danish paediatric population outwith the licensed age group: characteristics of adverse drug reactions
Authors: Aagaard Lise , Hansen Ebba Holme
Published: January 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Off‐label use of medicine in children is common, as few medications are licensed for use in this population.

• There is concern about off‐label use of medicines in children due to lack of knowledge about safety beyond the indication area described in the official product information documented in the licensing material.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• One‐fifth of all ADRs reported over a decade in Danish children were associated with off‐label prescribing of medicines.

• Serious ADRs from off‐label prescribing primarily appeared in therapeutic groups: allergens, dermatologicals and sex hormones.

• Until more clinical studies are conducted in children, prescribers and carers must be aware of the risk of potentially serious ADRs from off‐label prescribing, and the safety of off‐label prescribing in the paediatric population should be closely monitored.

AIM To identify adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with off‐label prescribing of medicines in a paediatric population.

METHODS We analysed spontaneous ADR reports for children from ages 0 to 17 years submitted to the Danish national ADR database from 1998 to 2007. We defined off‐label prescribing as prescriptions outside the licensed age group. Off‐label ADRs were categorized by therapeutic group, age of child, type and severity. The unit of analysis was one ADR.

RESULTS We analysed 4388 ADRs for children reported in the national database. Approximately 17% of reported ADRs were associated with off‐label use, 60% of them serious. More than one half of off‐label ADRs were reported in adolescents. Serious ADRs due to off‐label prescribing are more likely to be reported for hormonal contraceptives (ATC group G), anti‐acne preparations (ATC group D) and allergens (ATC group V).

CONCLUSION One‐fifth of all ADRs reported over a decade in Danish children was associated with off‐label prescribing, and serious ADRs due to off‐label prescribing were primarily present in three therapeutic groups: sex hormones, dermatologicals and allergens. There is a need for more research into the prescribing of these medicines in the teenage population, as well as tighter reporting and monitoring of ADRs for medicines prescribed off‐label in the paediatric population.
High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support for patients with histologically transformed B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. A Norwegian multi centre phase II study
Authors: Eide Marianne B. , Lauritzsen Grete F. , Kvalheim Gunnar , Kolstad Arne , Fagerli Unn M. , Maisenhölder Martin , Østenstad Bjørn , Fluge Øystein , Delabie Jan , Aarset Harald , Liestøl Knut , Holte Harald
Published: January 2011

We present a prospective phase II study of patients with relapse after chemotherapy showing transformation of follicular lymphoma to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, performed before rituximab was included in standard treatment. Patients in complete (CR) or partial remission (PR) after salvage chemotherapy were eligible for high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support (HDT). Forty‐seven patients from five Norwegian centres were included, of whom 30 (63%) received HDT. Eighteen (60%) achieved CR, seven (23%) PR and five (10%) had progressive disease following HDT. Median follow‐up for the surviving patients was 75 months; median progression‐free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 26 and 47 months, respectively. Median OS for all patients was 43 months, compared to only 10 months for patients not eligible for HDT. Patients receiving CD34+ enriched/B‐cell depleted grafts had inferior PFS and a trend for inferior OS compared to patients receiving non‐purged grafts (Log Rank 0·025 and 0·151, respectively). In conclusion, two thirds of patients with transformation of follicular lymphoma were eligible for HDT. The majority of patients achieved CR and a considerable number had prolonged OS. The use of in vitro purged grafts did not result in a survival benefit compared to that of non‐purged grafts.
The Expression of Interferon‐Stimulated Gene 15 in Equine Endometrium
Authors: Klein C , Scoggin KE , Troedsson MHT
Published: January 2011

Contents

Establishment of pregnancy is critically dependent upon a precisely orchestrated embryo–maternal interaction leading to a receptive uterine environment. The up‐regulation of the interferon‐stimulated protein 15 kDa (ISG15) during pregnancy has been described in various species and has been hypothesized to be part of the molecular repertoire that makes the uterus receptive to conceptus development. In the current study, the expression of ISG15 and enzymes involved in ISG15ylation was examined at the mRNA and protein level in equine endometrium at Day 14 of the luteal phase and at Day 14 and 50 of pregnancy. ISG15 mRNA showed a 2.63‐fold higher expression at Day 14 of pregnancy when compared to Day 14 of the cycle, while mRNA abundance at Day 50 of pregnancy was unchanged compared to Day 14 of the cycle. Upon Western blot analysis using anti‐ISG15 antibody, several higher molecular weight bands could be observed, representing proteins conjugated to ISG15. No free ISG15 could be detected. The pattern of ISG15 reactive proteins differed from those observed in non‐uterine samples. Upon immunohistochemistry, ISG15 reactive proteins located primarily to luminal and glandular epithelial cells, while stromal cells showed weaker staining. In conclusion, the expression of ISG15‐conjugated proteins in equine endometrium did not differ between cyclic and pregnant 14 days after ovulation and Day 50 of pregnancy. It is hypothesized that the unique subset of ISG15ylated proteins expressed in endometrial tissue contributes to normal cellular function and that, unlike other species, the modification of ISG15‐conjugated proteins is not an active contributor to conceptus–maternal interaction in the mare.
Health and well‐being of young people who attend secondary school in Aotearoa, New Zealand: What has changed from 2001 to 2007?
Authors: Denny Simon J , Grant Sue , Utter Jennifer , Robinson Elizabeth M , Fleming Theresa M , Milfont Taciano L , Crengle Sue , Clark Terryann , Ameratunga Shanthi N , Dixon Robyn , Merry Sally , Herd Ruth , Watson Peter
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To describe the changes in the health and well‐being of secondary school students from 2001 to 2007.

Methods:  A total of 9107 secondary school students were randomly selected to participate in a comprehensive health and well‐being survey using Internet tablets conducted in 2007. Comparisons are made with the first health and well‐being survey conducted in 2001.

Results:  Students from 2007 reported good relationships with their families, people in their schools and neighbourhoods. Compared with the 2001 survey, students surveyed in 2007 were more likely to report positive mental health, better nutritional habits and higher levels of physical activity, and were less likely to report using tobacco and marijuana than students in 2001. In addition, the proportion of students who reported significant depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviours had decreased since 2001. However, concerning proportions of students in 2007 reported: binge drinking, experience of physical and sexual abuse, and witnessing violence in their homes.

Conclusion:  While students’ health and well‐being have significantly improved from 2001 to 2007, there remain significant areas of concern.
Comparison of two ventilator circuits for Dräger Babylog high‐frequency ventilation
Authors: Wheeler Kevin I , Moore Gregory P , Morley Colin J , Davis Peter G
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The Dräger Babylog 8000plus ventilator (Dräger Medical Systems, Lübeck, Germany) can provide both conventional and high‐frequency ventilation (HFV). Dräger recommends specific circuits for each of these modes. We investigated the performance of the Babylog ventilator in HFV mode when used with the recommended circuits for both conventional and HFV.

Methods:  The Fisher and Paykel RT235 (conventional; Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand) and Hytrel (HFV; Fisher and Paykel Healthcare) circuits were studied using a 50‐mL test lung. Tidal volume, high‐frequency minute volume and ventilator alarms were compared at 100 combinations of mean airway pressures (10–16 cm H2O), frequencies (6–14 Hz) and amplitudes (20–60%).

Results:  Tidal volume with the two circuits differed by <5% for tidal volumes ≤2.5 mL. Above this, tidal volumes delivered with the HFV circuit were up to 15% more than that obtained with the conventional ventilation circuit, and high‐frequency minute volume differed by up to 30%. With the exception of the highest tidal/minute volumes, the tidal volume delivered using the HFV circuit could also be achieved with adjusted frequency or amplitude when using the conventional circuit. More ‘pressure measurement out of range’ alarms were noted with the conventional ventilation circuit, particularly at mean airway pressure ≥14 cm H2O and frequency ≤10 Hz.

Conclusions:  The conventional ventilation circuit may allow delivery of adequate tidal volume for some infants. Where requirements are higher, the HFV circuit allows the Babylog to deliver higher tidal volumes and higher minute volume, and reduce alarms.
Antibiotics and observation have a similar impact on asymptomatic patients with a raised PSA
Authors: Heldwein Flavio L. , Teloken Patrick E. , Hartmann Antonio A. , Rhoden Ernani L. , Teloken Claudio
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)  Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

As PSA exhibits suboptimal specificity, different strategies have been proposed in order to decrease the number of negative biopsies. An empirical course of antibiotics has been proposed as a cost‐saving strategy to differentiate patients with benign cancer as it could potentially avoid unnecessary biopsies.

Despite being limited by its non‐randomized open‐label design, our data suggest that no specific PSA reduction threshold can accurately discriminate prostate cancer. The empirical use of antibiotics for asymptomatic patients with elevated PSA levels should be discouraged.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the influence of a 4‐week course of empirical antimicrobial therapy or observation on the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels of asymptomatic patients with a raised baseline PSA.

To identify whether a decrease in PSA can predict the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) detection on prostate biopsy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients were referred to our ambulatory centre because of a raised PSA level (>2.5 ng/mL) with a normal digital rectal examination. A 12‐core prostate biopsy was indicated in these patients and they were offered antibiotic treatment with levofloxacin 500 mg daily for 30 days.

Patients who did not agree to use antibiotics but who still showed interest in participating underwent simple observation, serving as controls.

Total and free PSA levels at baseline and after 45 days were measured. Variation in PSA level was calculated.

All patients underwent a 12‐core prostate biopsy 6 weeks after the initial visit.

RESULTS

In all, 245 men were enrolled, but 43 were lost due to follow‐up. A total of 145 patients who used antibiotics and 57 controls were included in the analysis.

The median baseline PSA levels were 7.6 and 7.7 ng/mL in the antibiotic and control groups, respectively, with median follow‐up levels of 6.8 and 7.0 ng/mL. The follow‐up PSA level was significantly lower than the initial PSA level (P = 0.009).

Mean absolute and percentage variation in PSA level were similar in both groups (P = 0.828 and 0.128, respectively).

The overall PCa detection rate was 15.8%, and did not differ among the groups (P = 0.203). Regarding the percentage variation in PSA level, patients diagnosed with PCa tended to have their PSA level increased (22.4 vs –5.3%; P = 0.001). Indeed, a decrease of 20% in PSA was not predictive of a negative prostate biopsy (P = 0.41).

The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for percentage PSA variation as a predictor of PCa was 0.660.

CONCLUSIONS

PSA levels tend to fall when repeated after 45 days, regardless of antibiotic use.

Despite being associated with the chance of PCa, no percentage PSA variation threshold value exhibits satisfactory discriminatory properties.
Alterations in HbA1c with advancing age in subjects with normal glucose tolerance: Chandigarh Urban Diabetes Study (CUDS)
Authors: RaviKumar P. , Bhansali A. , Walia R. , Shanmugasundar G. , Ravikiran M.
Published: January 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 590–594 (2011)

Objective  To study the alterations in HbA1c with advancing age in subjects with normal glucose tolerance.

Methods  Community‐based cross‐sectional study involving 2368 subjects aged ≥ 20 years from Chandigarh, India. All the subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g anhydrous glucose and were classified as having normal glucose tolerance, pre‐diabetes or diabetes according to World Health Organization 1999 criteria. HbA1c was measured on a National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program‐certified Bio‐Rad D‐10 system and the data were available for 1972 subjects.

Results  Out of 1972 subjects, 1317 (67%) subjects had normal glucose tolerance. There was a significant positive correlation between mean HbA1c and age in these subjects (r = 0.308, Ptrend < 0.001). The increase in HbA1c with each advancing year was 0.01% above the age of 20 years and corrected HbA1c (%) for age was 5.09 + 0.01 (age). The 95th percentile of HbA1c exceeded 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) (the American Diabetes Association cut‐off for diagnosis of diabetes) in subjects aged ≥ 70 years. A significantly higher number (6.5%, 21/325) of subjects had HbA1c of ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) in those above the age of 50 years compared with those below the age of 50 years (1.7%, 17/992) in the group with normal glucose tolerance (P < 0.001). On multivariate regression analysis, after adjusting for BMI, fasting plasma glucose and 2‐h plasma glucose post‐glucose load, the correlation of HbA1c with age still remained significant (r = 0.241, P < 0.01).

Conclusion  HbA1c increases with advancing age independent of glycaemia, suggesting caution when seeking to achieve the recommended HbA1c targets in the elderly population.
The association between anxiety and measures of glycaemia in a population‐based diabetes screening programme
Authors: Aujla N. , Davies M. J. , Skinner T. C. , Gray L. J. , Webb D. R. , Srinivasan B. , Khunti K.
Published: January 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 785–788 (2011)

Aim  To investigate associations between anxiety and measures of glycaemia in a White European and South Asian population attending community‐based diabetes screening.

Methods  In total, 4688 White European and 1353 South Asian participants (aged 40–75 years) without a previous diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c measurement, detailed history, anthropometric measurements and completed the short‐form Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Results  Anxiety was significantly higher in South Asian participants (mean 34.1; sd 0.37) compared with White European participants (mean 29.8; sd 0.13). Significant correlations were not identified between anxiety and fasting (r = −0.01, P = 0.75), 2‐h glucose (r = −0.10, P = 0.24) or HbA1c (r = 0.01, P = 0.40).

Conclusions  Anxiety levels at screening were greater among South Asian people. Fasting, 2‐h plasma glucose and HbA1c are not affected by anxiety during screening tests for diabetes. Current and proposed screening methods for diagnosis of diabetes are not affected by anxiety at screening.
Inflation Dynamics in the New EU Member States: How Relevant Are External Factors?
Authors: Mihailov Alexander , Rumler Fabio , Scharler Johann
Published: January 2011

In this paper we evaluate the relative influence of external versus domestic inflation drivers in the 12 new European Union (EU) member countries. Our empirical analysis is based on the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) derived in Galí and Monacelli (2005) for small open economies (SOE). Employing the generalized method of moments (GMM), we find that the SOE NKPC is well supported in the new EU member states. We also find that the inflation process is dominated by domestic variables in the larger countries of our sample, whereas external variables are mostly relevant in the smaller countries.
Stock Market Integration between Three CEECs, Russia, and the UK
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Spagnolo Nicola
Published: January 2011

This paper estimates a trivariate VAR‐GARCH(1,1)‐in‐mean model to examine linkages between the stock markets of three Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs), specifically the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, and both the UK and Russia. The adopted framework allows to analyze interdependence by estimating volatility spillovers, and also contagion by testing for possible shifts in the transmission of volatility following the introduction of the euro and EU accession. Further evidence on possible changes in the transmission mechanism (namely, on whether there is contagion) can be obtained by examining the conditional correlations implied by the estimated model over different time periods. The empirical findings suggest that there is significant co‐movement (interdependence) of these CEEC markets with both the Russian and the UK ones. Furthermore, whilst the introduction of the euro has had mixed effects, EU accession has resulted in an increase in volatility spillovers between the three CEECs considered and the UK (contagion).
The Relationship between Bullying Roles and Children's Everyday Dyadic Interactions
Authors: Murphy Suzanne , Faulkner Dorothy
Published: January 2011

This study investigated the behaviour and communication of seven‐ to eight‐year‐old children during a dyadic computer task. The children participating were identified by peers as: (1) initiators of bullying (‘bullies’); (2) defenders of those victimised (‘defenders’); and (3) those who generally do not take on a consistent role in relation to bullying (‘non‐role’ children). Children were videotaped during the task and the interaction was coded, 34 dyads participated. Defenders used significantly higher levels of supportive communication such as explanation and guidance than bullies. The task performance of dyads consisting of defenders with non‐role children was significantly superior to that of dyads comprising bullies plus non‐role children. The behaviour of the non‐role children was influenced according to whether they were working with a bully, a defender or another non‐role child. The study suggests that the roles that children adopt in relation to bullying influence their behaviour in other, non‐bullying contexts.
Predictors of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior in an Adolescent Sports Context
Authors: Rutten Esther A. , Schuengel Carlo , Dirks Evelien , Stams Geert Jan J. M. , Biesta Gert J. J. , Hoeksma Jan B.
Published: January 2011

This study examined antisocial and prosocial behavior of N = 439 adolescent athletes between 14 and 17 years of age (67 teams). Multi‐level analyses showed that team membership explained 20 and 13 percent of the variance in antisocial and prosocial behavior in the sports context, respectively. The team effects suggest that aggregating antisocial or prosocial adolescents within teams may partially explain differences in antisocial and prosocial behavior among athletes in the sports context. A trend was found toward a relation between higher levels of moral reasoning within teams, and less antisocial behavior in the sports context. Favorable moral atmosphere was positively associated with more prosocial behavior in the sports context. Finally, supportive coach–athlete relationships were associated with both less antisocial and more prosocial behavior in the sports context.
REVIEWS
Authors: Phillips O. Hood
Published: January 2011

Minimum Standards of Judicial Administration. Edited by Arthur T. Vanderbilt.

American Administrative Law. By Bernard Schwartz, ll.m. (Harv.)

The Sense of Injustice. By Edmond N. Cahn

Living Law of Democratic Society. By Jerome Hall

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. With Notes and Institute Proceedings. Edited by Honorable Alexander Holtzoff.

Relations between the Federal and State Courts. By Mitchell Wendell

Sistema Y Filosofia Del Derecho Internacional Privado. By Werner Goldschmidt. 2 vols.

The Law of Quasi‐Contracts. By John H. Munkman

Bullen and Leake's Precedents of Pleadings. Tenth Edition. By His Honour Judge Kirkhouse Jenkins

Phipson's Manual of the Law of Evidence for the Use of Students. Seventh Edition. By Sir Roland Burrows

Underhill's Law of Torts. Sixteenth Edition. By Ralph Sutton

Learning the Law. By Glanville L. Williams

Law and Conduct of the Legal Profession in New South Wales. By R. C. Teece

Patriarcha. By Sir Robert Filmer. Edited by P. Laslett.

Beiträge zum Zivilprozessrecht. Festgabe zum 70. Geburtstage von Leo Rosenberg.

The Trial of German Major War Criminals. Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal, sitting at Nuremberg, Germany.

History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission. Compiled by the United Nations War Crimes Commission.

Luftrecht. By Otto Riese.

Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht.

Under God and the Law. Papers read to The Thomas More Society of London. Second Series.

Report of the International Law Commission Covering its First Session.

Ways and Means of Making the Evidence of Customary International Law More Readily Available.

The Charter and Judgment of the Nürnberg Tribunal.

Historical Survey of the Question of International Criminal Jurisdiction.

Preparatory Study Concerning a Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States.

The Office and Duties of the Director of Public Prosecutions. By Sir Theobald Mathew

The British Journal of Delinquency. Vol. I. No. 1. July, 1950.

Planning and Compensation Reports. Edited by John Burke

International Monetary Fund. Annual Report of the Executive Directors for the Fiscal Year ended April 30th, 1949.

Slater's Mercantile Law. 12th Edition. By R. W. Holland and R. H. Code Holland

The Export Trade. Second edition. By Clive M. Schmitthoff

Annual Review of United Nations Affairs, 1949. Edited by Clyde Eagleton

Pollock's Principles of Contract. 13th Edition. By Sir Percy H. Winfield

The Court of Appeal in England. By Sir Raymond Evershed, Master of the Rolls.

Memorandum on the Present Confused State of the Divorce Law.

The Lawyer's Companion and Diary, 1951. Part I, by Ernest L. Buck. Part II, by Leslie C. E. Turner.
Fourth Report Of The Private International Law Committee (Formal Validity Of Wills)
Authors: Morris J. H. C.
Published: January 2011

FOR nearly a century writers on the conflict of laws in England and elsewhere have been plagued by the incongruities and ambiguities of the Wills Act, 1861 (Lord Kingsdown's Act). The news that the Private International Law Committee in their Fourth Report1 propose its radical amendment is therefore to be welcomed.
Rescission Of A Contract Of Sale Of Goods
Authors: Atiyah P. S.
Published: January 2011

THE case of Long v. Lloyd,1 noted by Mr. Grunfeld in 21 M.L.R. p. 550, is of such interest that a further Note on it may not be superfluous. It is unnecessary to set the facts out again in detail. Reduced to its simplest elements the case involved a sale of goods in which the seller had made certain statements regarding the quality of the goods to the buyer, and the latter was claiming the right to rescind the contract on the ground that these statements were false.
Suez Crisis Frustrates C.I.F. Contract
Authors: Giles O. C.
Published: January 2011

Carapanayoti & Co., LTD. V. E. T. Green, LTD.,1 concerns a c.i.f. contract affected by the blocking of the Suez Canal in November, 1956. In September of that year, the plaintiffs bought from the defendants 100 tons of Sudanese semi‐decorticated expeller cotton seed cake for shipment from Port Sudan in October or November to Belfast, and the defendants made a covering purchase from Sudan Oil Mills, Ltd., of Khartoum. The contract contained a clause concerning the effect of hostilities, but in the event the court decided the case on the basis of the common law.
Failure To Take Soundings
Authors: Hardy‐Ivamy E. R.
Published: January 2011

ONE of the issues raised in Riverstone Meat Co. Pty. v. Lancashire Shipping Co., Ltd.,1 was whether the shipowner could successfully rely on the Australian Sea‐Carriage of Goods Act, 1924, Sched., Art. IV, r. 2, which provides: “Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising from (a) act, neglect or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or management of the ship.”2 It was alleged in this case by the owners of cargo found to be damaged by sea water that the damage had been caused by the negligence of the shipowner in failing to discover by proper soundings the presence of water in the hold.
NOTES OF CASES
Authors: Pettit P. H.
Published: January 2011

The greater part of the judgment of Danckwerts J. in G. L. Baker, Ltd. v. Medway Building & Supplies, Ltd.,1 is concerned with the unsuccessful defence raised by the defendant under the Limitation Act, 1939. This note is, however, concerned with a different point, which is of considerable interest, although it occupies little space in the report. It seems desirable to begin by giving a brief account of the facts of the case, which, fortunately, were not complex. The plaintiff company had as its auditor one Titley who was a chartered accountant and a director of the defendant company. Titley was entrusted2 by the plaintiff with the sum of approximately £80,000 which Titley paid into his business account. Titley fraudulently paid some £6,000 to the defendant by means of cheques drawn on his business account which, as appeared from the bank statement, were paid out of the moneys entrusted to Titley by the plaintiff. Titley, who was eventually tried and sentenced to a term of seven years' imprisonment for his frauds, had prior to the present action been sued to judgment by the plaintiff, but the judgment remained entirely unsatisfied and the plaintiff had never succeeded in recovering any part of its moneys from Titley. The plaintiff now sought to recover from the defendant the sums which the defendant had admittedly received from Titley.
REVIEWS
Authors: Campbell A. H. , Fridman G. H. L. , Phillips O. Hood , Yardley D. C. M. , de Smith S. A. , Joiinson D. H. N. , Coiin E. J. , Hudson A. H. , Coiin E. J. , Lonsdale Allister , Fridman G. H. L. , Hammelmann H. A.
Published: January 2011

The Advocate's Devil. By C. P. Harvey, Q. C.

Problems Of Legal Philosophy. By Frede Castberg, Professor Of Constitutional And International Law At The University Of Oslo, Rector Of The University.

THE PROBLEM OF DIVORCE. By R. S. W. POLLARD.

The Composition Of Legislation. By Elmer A. Driedger, Q. C., B. A., LL. B., Of The Saskatchewan Bar; Assistant Deputy Minister And Parliamentary Counsel, Department Of Justice, Ottawa.

The Bill Of Rights: The Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures, 1958. By Learned Hand.

Free Elections. By W. J. M. Mackenzie, Professor Of Government In The Victoria University Of Manchester.

International Institutions. By Paul Reuter. Translated From The French By J. M. Chapman.

The Occupation Of Enemy Territory. A Commentary On The Law And Practice Of Belligerent Occupation. By Gerhard Von Glahn.

The Sale Of Goods. By P. S. Atiyah, B. A., B. C. L.

Anti‐Trust In Perspective. The Complementary Roles Of Rule And Discretion. By Milton Handler, Professor Of Law, Columbia University.

Personal Property. Second Edition. By J. Crossley Vaines, LL. M.

The Law Of Tort: A Treatise On The Law Of Civil Wrongs. Fifth Edition. By S. Ramaswamy Iyer, B. A., B. L., Senior Advocate Of The Supreme Court Of India.

The Proof Of Guilt. A Study Of The English Criminal Trial. By Glanville Williams. (The Hamlyn Lectures, Seventh Series). Second Edition.
Reviews
Authors: Marshall Geoffrey , Phillips O. Hood , de Smith S. A. , Yardley D. C. M. , Garner J. F. , Nokes G. D. , Hammelmann H. A. , McClean J. D. , Allott A. N. , Jackson Paul , Greek L. C. , Mann F. A. , Boyle A. J. , Dowrick F. E. , Blair L. , Lazar Leonard , Fridman G. H. L. , Mann F. A. , Cohn E. J. , Garner J. F. , Harvey C. P. , Garner J. F. , Andrews J. A. , Garner J. F.
Published: January 2011

Australian Federal Politics and Law By Geoffrey Sawer.

The Constitutions of the Australian States. By R. D. Lumb.

The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions. By S. A. de Smith, Professor of Public Law in the University of London.

The Constitution of India. By Trimbak Krishna Tope, Principal, Government Law College, Bombay.

The Commerce Power in Canada and the United States. By Alexander Smith.

Administrative Law: The Informal Process. By Peter Woll.

Crime and the Criminal Law. By Barbara Wootton.

The Magistrates' Courts. By F. T. Giles, LL.B.

The Habitual Prisoner. An Enquiry by the Cambridge Institute of Criminology. Carried out by Dr. D. J. West, M.D., D.P.M., Assistant Director of Research.

The Short‐term Prisoner. A study in Forensic Psychology. By R. G. Andry, M.A., PH.D. With a Foreword by Professor Hermann Mannheim.

The Penal Codes of Northern Nigeria and the Sudan. By Alan Gledhill, M.A., LL.D., I.C.S. (Retd.)

The Criminal Law and Procedure of Lagos, Eastern Nigeria and Western Nigeria. By Sir Lionel Brett and Ian McLean.

The Homicide Act. By Christopher Hollis.

The Law Relating to Commercial Letters of Credit. By A. G. Davis, LL.D. (Lond.) Solicitor. Third edition.

The Law of International Waterways, with particular regard to interoceanic canals. By R. R. Baxter.

Asian African Legal Consultative Committee: Fifth Session. Rangoon, 1962.

Legal History: Law and Social Change. By Frederick G. Kempin, Jr. [New Jersey: Prentice‐Hall Inc. 1963.

Jurisprudence: Readings and Cases. By Mark R. MacGuigan, PH.D., J.S.D., Associate Professor of Law in the University of Toronto.

The Machinery of Justice. By Lewis Mayers.

Maasdorp's Institutes of South African Law. Vol. IV. Seventh edition. By C. G. Hall, Q.C.

Accident Claims. The Doorstep Series: No. 10. By Philip Asterley Jones, Solicitor.

Legal Status of Government Merchant Ships. By Thamarap‐pallil Kochu Thommen.

Partei‐Justiz. Eine vergleichende Dokumentation über den nationalsozialistischen und kommunistischen Rechtsmissbrauch in Deutschland 1933–1963.

Community Planning. A Casebook on Law and Administration. Edited by J. B. Milner, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto.

The Machinery of Justice in England. By R. M. Jackson. Fourth edition.

Study Guide to Real Property. By Peter B. Keenan.

Study Guide to Equity. By Peter B. Keenan and D. M. E. Evans.

Registers and Records. Oyez Practice Notes: No. 49. By Trevor M. Aldridge, M.A., Solicitor.
REVIEWS
Authors: McKendrick Ewan
Published: January 2011

Fridman on Torts

Charlesworth & Percy on Negligence (8th ed)
Law Under Pressure
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: January 2011

Carol Harlow and Richard Rawlings, Pressure Through Law
Science, Evidence and Logic
Authors: Redmayne Mike
Published: January 2011

Bernard Robertson and G.A. Vignaux, Interpreting Evidence: Evaluating Forensic Science in the Courtroom, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1995, xxi + 240 pp, hb £24.95.
Localized Wegener’s granulomatosis
Authors: Marzano A.V. , Balice Y. , Papini M. , Testa R. , Berti E. , Crosti C.
Published: January 2011

Background  Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG) is a rare granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium vessels which has predilection for upper airways, lungs and kidney. However, any other organ, including the skin and oral cavity, can be involved. Although mucocutaneous lesions are relatively common, they have only rarely been reported as localized manifestation of the disease.

Objectives  Our aim was to evaluate the type and sites of skin and mucosal lesions, clinical course and response to treatment, histologic features and laboratory findings in localized WG.

Methods  The medical records of three patients (two women and one man) with localized WG followed up at our hospitals for a mean time of 10 years were studied.

Results  All patients presented with facial plaques infiltrating the nasal and palatal mucosae and cartilages and, in one case, perforating the palatal bone. Anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, which are the marker for multisystem WG, were negative. The disease, refractory to various immunosuppressants, responded well, albeit incompletely, to prednisone plus cyclophosphamide.

Limitations  The limited number of patients is counterbalanced by the rarity of the disease.

Conclusions  Our cases may represent a rare distinctive subset of WG limited to the facial region and upper airway mucosa but showing a locally aggressive behaviour leading to cartilage and bony destruction.
The effect of noncardiac disease on plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs
Authors: Lee Justine A. , Herndon William E. , Rishniw Mark
Published: January 2011

Objective –To evaluate the effects of noncardiac disease on c‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide (cBNP) concentrations in dogs.

Design –Prospective observational study.

Setting –Urban university veterinary hospital.

Animals –Thirty‐eight apparently healthy dogs, 28 dogs with cardiac disease (14 CHF, 14 non‐CHF), and 81 dogs with primary noncardiac diseases.

Interventions –none.

Materials and Methods –Plasma was collected from each dog and analyzed for active (cBNP) B‐type natriuretic peptide using an assay that is being investigated for commercial use (Biosite).

Measurements and Main Results –Dogs with CHF had significantly higher plasma cBNP concentrations than dogs with subclinical cardiac disease, apparently healthy dogs, or dogs with primary noncardiac disease. However, 21% (28/133) of dogs without CHF (including healthy dogs, dogs with primary noncardiac disease, and dogs with subclinical cardiac disease) had cBNP concentrations above previously identified diagnostic thresholds for CHF, reiterating the importance of reestablishing new diagnostic cutoffs when considering comorbidities affecting B‐type natriuretic peptide levels.

Conclusions –A clinically relevant proportion of nondyspneic dogs with primary noncardiac diseases have increased cBNP concentrations that exceed previously identified diagnostic thresholds, potentially limiting the ability of this test to identify CHF when noncardiac comorbidities exist. Interpretation of increased cBNP concentrations in such cases must be appropriately interpreted with further diagnostic investigation.
Melatonin alleviates lipopolysaccharide‐induced placental cellular stress response in mice
Authors: Wang Hua , Li Ling , Zhao Mei , Chen Yuan‐Hua , Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Zhang Cheng , Ji Yan‐Li , Meng Xiu‐Hong , Xu De‐Xiang
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Melatonin protects mice from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced fetal death and intra‐uterine growth retardation. Nevertheless, its molecular mechanism remains obscure. In the present study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on LPS‐induced cellular stress in placenta. Pregnant mice were given with melatonin [5.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)] 30 min before and 150 min after LPS (300 μg/kg, i.p.) on gestational day 15. Oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, hypoxic stress, and heat stress in placenta were analyzed at 4 hr after LPS. As expected, maternal LPS administration resulted in placental glutathione (GSH) depletion and up‐regulated the expression of placental antioxidative enzymes. In addition, LPS significantly increased the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and enhanced the intensity of placental 3‐nitrotyrosine residues. An ER stress, as determined by a decreased GRP78 expression, an obvious eIF2α and JNK phosphorylation, and an increased CHOP expression, were observed in placenta of pregnant mice injected with LPS. In addition, LPS significantly increased mRNA level of placental HIF‐1α, VEGF, and ET‐1, the markers of hypoxic stress. Heme oxygenase (HO)‐1, a marker of heat stress, was also up‐regulated in placenta of LPS‐treated pregnant mice. Interestingly, LPS‐induced placental oxidative stress, hypoxic stress, and ER stress were significantly alleviated when pregnant mice were given with melatonin, whereas melatonin had little effect on LPS‐evoked placental HO‐1 expression. In conclusion, maternally administered melatonin alleviates LPS‐induced cellular stress in the placenta. Melatonin may be useful as pharmacological agents to protect the fetuses against LPS‐induced intra‐uterine fetal death and intra‐uterine growth restriction.
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Levels in the Placenta and in Serum in Preeclampsia
Authors: Wang Bo , Koga Kaori , Osuga Yutaka , Hirata Tetsuya , Saito Ako , Yoshino Osamu , Hirota Yasushi , Harada Miyuki , Takemura Yuri , Fujii Tomoyuki , Taketani Yuji
Published: January 2011

Citation  Wang B, Koga K, Osuga Y, Hirata T, Saito A, Yoshino O, Hirota Y, Harada M, Takemura Y, Fujii T, Taketani Y. High mobility group Box 1 (HMGB1) levels in the placenta and in serum in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 143–148

Problem Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder characterized by systemic inflammation. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a molecule known to act as a ‘danger signal’ by participating in various inflammatory processes, but data in regard to preeclampsia are sparse. The aim of this study was to analyze placental and serum HMGB1 levels in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.

Method of study Sera were collected from women with preeclampsia soon after the manifestation of the disease and before commencing any medication. Placental samples were collected immediately after delivery. Expressed isoforms of HMGB1 (28‐ and 30‐kDa) in the placenta were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Serum HMGB1 concentrations were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Results Two isoforms of HMGB1 are expressed by the human placenta. The 28‐ and 30‐kDa HMGB1 isoforms were expressed highly in preeclamptic placental tissue; however, compared with normotensive control tissue, differences in detected expression levels did not reach statistical significance. No significant difference was observed in serum HMGB1 levels between control and preeclampsia.

Conclusion Inflammation provoked by HMGB1 is likely to be involved in the proinflammatory process in preeclamptic placenta. Further studies are needed to elucidate the precise role of HMGB1 in preeclampsia.