bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Couldn’t Kant Be A Utilitarian?
Authors: Terada Toshiro
Published: November 2019

In his essay "Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?", R. M. Hare tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked if Kant could have been a utilitarian, though in fact he was not. I take seriously Hare's challenge to the standard view because I find his reading on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philosophy. Still, I hardly believe that it is necessarily concluded from Hare's reading that Kant could have been a utilitarian. In this paper, I will first show that Hare's interpretation of 'treating a person as an end' as treating a person's ends as our own is reasonable, and so is his reading of 'willing our maxim as a universal law' and 'duties to oneself,' which is based on that interpretation. Then I will argue that Kant couldn't be a utilitarian despite the apparently utilitarian elements in his theory because caring about others' ends (of which happiness is the sum) is a duty. This is so, in Kant's view, not because happiness is valuable in itself, but because it is the sum of those ends set freely by each rational human being who is valuable in itself, that is, an end in itself.
Contribuições da análise do comportamento para a Educação Especial em periódicos brasileiros no período de 2008 a 2018
Authors: Santos Rafael Ernesto Arruda , Elias Nassim Chamel
Published: November 2019

A relação da Análise do Comportamento com a Educação Especial é evidenciada por livros, artigos e temas de pesquisa elaborados por pesquisadores internacionais e nacionais. Entretanto, a maioria das revisões de literatura e revisões sistemáticas focam seus objetivos no Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA). Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o impacto dos princípios da Análise do Comportamento em intervenções com indivíduos que pertencem ao público-alvo da Educação Especial utilizando uma revisão sistemática em artigos empíricos produzidos em revistas brasileiras da área no período de 2008 a 2018. O método consistiu de pesquisas no campo de busca das revistas nacionais de análise do comportamento com termos chaves, leitura do título e resumo para exclusão e inclusão dos artigos, armazenamento dos artigos incluídos e leitura completa do texto para análise qualitativa e quantitativa. OS resultados apresentam 39 artigos, sendo 18 artigos sobre surdez/deficiência auditiva, 18 sobre TEA e três sobre deficiência intelectual. Os métodos experimentais prevalecem na literatura, principalmente com delineamentos que tem o sujeito como seu próprio controle. Os estudos sobre surdez apresentam dois grupos distintos: implante coclear e uso da Libras. Os estudos sobre TEA apresentam um aumento ao longo dos anos e uma ênfase nos pais como educador da criança. Dessa forma, os pesquisadores de Análise do Comportamento têm se especializado em públicos como deficientes auditivos e TEA, mas há uma lacuna na área com outros públicos, como surdocego e altas habilidades/superdotação, sendo esta análise importante para pesquisas futuras da área.
Shaping the modern world with a stone-age brain: Brexit and the Moral Foundations Theory
Authors: Smith David S.
Published: November 2019

Decision making is not always a reasoned process. It is often subject to reflexive heuristics. The Moral Foundations Theory is a popular theoretical framework that characterises political decisions by adherence to an evolutionary criterion. Based on recurrent ancestral pressures, this model anticipates our species’ tribal history has resulted in a set of intuitive ethics: Care/ Harm, Fairness/ Cheating, Loyalty/ Betrayal, Authority/ Subversion, and Sanctity/ Degradation. Focusing on the winning side, this paper analyses official communications, polling data and media coverage to explore how the Leave campaigners intentionally or unintentionally appealed to the public’s moral intuitions. In doing so, it aims to show why evolutionary psychology potentially offers a useful layer of analysis with which to understand contemporary politics.
LA RÉPONSE À L’INTERVENTION ET L’OFFRE DE SERVICES MULTIPALIERS POUR SOUTENIR L’INCLUSION SCOLAIRE : UN PARADOXE À VISÉE D’EXCLUSION DES ÉLÈVES EN SITUATION DE HANDICAP
Authors: Trépanier Nathalie S.
Published: November 2019

À partir d’un recensement général des écrits, ce texte offre une analyse critique de l’application actuelle des programmes de réponse à l’intervention (RAI) combinés à une offre de services multipaliers (SMP) en contexte d’inclusion scolaire. Cinq dimensions paradoxales sont ainsi présentées. Il s’agit de l’éligibilité des élèves à recevoir des services professionnels, l’identification des élèves ayant des besoins particuliers, les rôles des enseignants et de l’éducation spéciale, les interventions fondées sur les données probantes et les programmes standardisés ainsi que l’utilisation limitée de l’approche par résolution de problèmes (APRP). En bref, nous expliquerons comment la RAI et l’offre de SMP actuelles peuvent contribuer à l’exclusion des élèves qui rencontrent des situations de handicap pédagogiques (SHP) dans leur parcours scolaire.
UN COLLÈGE FRANÇAIS À L’ÉPREUVE DE L’INCLUSION : UNE SITUATION D’ENTRE-DEUX SOURCE DE DILEMMES
Authors: Laville Matthieu , Saillot Éric
Published: November 2019

L’école inclusive postule d’adapter l’éducation à la diversité des jeunes afin de réduire les processus d’exclusion de certains élèves, en favorisant la continuité éducative au sein des établissements scolaires. Cet article s’intéresse à un collège français qui a développé des modalités inclusives de scolarisation. Il s’appuie sur une méthodologie qualitative à la fois compréhensive et axée sur les points de vue des acteurs. Les concepts de liminalité et de dilemme permettent d’analyser des contradictions traversant le quotidien des professionnels de l’établissement. Nous avons relevé trois types de dilemmes, vécus comme une épreuve révélatrice d’obstacles mais aussi source de réflexions sur l’inclusion. Cette recherche souligne au final la nécessité d’avancer localement par « petits pas » pour permettre à tous les acteurs de se mobiliser autour d’un projet d’éducation inclusive.
Are the Netherlands a Nordic Country? Reflections on Understanding the Lutheran Tradition in the Netherlands
Authors: Hiebsch Sabine
Published: November 2019

Contrary to the German Lands and the Nordic Countries the Lutherans in the Netherlands were always a religious minority under a non-Lutheran authority.

The history of the Dutch Lutherans is closely related to the migration streams of the 16th and 17th century, especially from the German Lands and the Nordic Countries. But the Nordic countries have barely been considered in the historiography of Dutch Lutheranism. 

This article shows that the relations between the Netherlands and the Nordic Countries happened on a variety of levels. Even though the confessional motivation wasn't always paramount, this Northern dimension had a decisive influence on the development of Dutch Lutheranism and provides an excellent comparative context to study it. In order to understand its place in the Dutch religious landscape and within the broader context of global Lutheranism, research on the role of the Nordic countries is indispensable.
The Reformation of Death and Grief in Northern Scotland
Authors: Raeburn Gordon
Published: November 2019

In many ways the Scottish Reformation was a centralised, top-down event, driven by prominent members of the aristocracy, and imposed in stages throughout the country with greater or lesser success. Certain areas, in particular the Highlands and Islands, were harder to reform than other parts of the country, and certain aspects of pre-Reformation religious life were never fully excised from daily practice. This chapter examines the process of reform as applied to death, burial, and the emotions surrounding these events in the Highlands and Islands, in order to determine what aspects of pre-Reformation practice survived intact, which were modified, and which were removed entirely. The chapter investigates the speed of these changes, and the resistance to them, as this will determine the degree to which the reform of death was welcomed in the most remote parts of Scotland. Finally, this paper will briefly compare the practices surrounding death and burial in the Northern Isles with those of other parts of Scotland in order to determine the influence upon these islands from Scotland in comparison to the lingering practices from before they came under Scottish control.
Reformation, Mikael Agricola, and the Birth of the Finnish Literary Language
Authors: Häkkinen Kaisa , Salonen Kirsi , Toropainen Tanja
Published: November 2019

This article revisits the traditional history of the birth of the Finnish literary language in the aftermath of the Lutheran Reformation in the first half of the 16th century. Contrary to what earlier scholars have assumed, the article argues that the creation of the Finnish literary language cannot be attributed exclusively to the Bishop of Turku, Mikael Agricola, who is known as “the father of the Finnish literary language” because he published the first printed books in Finnish. The article will show that although the first Finnish publications were printed in the name of the Bishop of Turku, they were based on the translations of more authors. The article will also propose answers to the question, who these until now unknown authors could have been. The article is based on the study of relevant contemporary historical source material and close linguistic analysis of the early translations of ecclesiastical texts into Finnish.
Vi feirer Kvinnedagen med rød leppestift! Russiske migranters fortellinger om 8. mars i Norge –
Authors: Wara Tatiana
Published: November 2019

I denne artikkelen vil jeg bruke sanselig fenomenologi for å argumentere for at ulike historiske og politiske fortellinger om Kvinnedagen etablerer hierarkiske forestillinger av vestlige og østlige feminiteter.  Jeg vil illustrere hvordan 8. mars kan forstås som et kulturelt og politisk fenomen som mobiliserer følelser, og som dessuten bidrar til å både differensiere og sedimentere forståelser av «oss» og «de andre». Dette vil vi gjøre gjennom en analytisk kobling av tre ulike fortellinger om Kvinnedagen, nemlig en historisk, politisk og det vi kan kalle en empirisk fortelling om Kvinnedagen. Mens den politiske fortellingen om Kvinnedagen illustreres gjennom en kort analyse av Russlands president Vladimir Putin og Norges statsminister Erna Solbergs 8. marstaler anno 2017, så baserer analysen av den empiriske fortellingen om 8. mars på russiske kvinners erfaringer med Kvinnedagen etter å ha bosatt seg i Norge. Artikkelen viser hvordan Kvinnedagen kan brukes som et eget russisk rom innenfor majoritetskonteksten for å uttrykke likestilling på egne måter, ikke som «likhet», men som «likeverd»; og feminitet, ikke som varianter av kjønnsnøytralitet, men heller «på russisk vis» med skjørt, oppsatt hår og rød leppestift. Artikkelen viser således hvordan forestillinger om kvinnelighet og likestilling veksler mellom individuelle og kollektive fortellinger, og belyser hvordan kvinnelighet aktualiseres og kommuniseres i fortellinger om 8. marsfeiring.
Prestisje: Kjønnsbalanse i forskningsledelse ved UiT Norges arktiske universitet
Authors: Kjeldaas Sigfrid
Published: November 2019

Akademia er langt fra å ha nådd kjønnsbalanse i alle organisatoriske ledd og på alle nivåer. Selv om andelen kvinnelige professorer ved UiT har økt betydelig og rekrutteringsgrunnlaget har blitt bedre, ser vi kjønnsforskjeller i mer prestisjefulle handlingsfelt ved institusjonen. Derfor skal Prestisje-prosjektet rette fokus mot kjønnsbalanse i ledelsen av toppforskningsmiljøer. Prosjektet har to hovedmål. Det første hovedmålet er å utvikle kunnskap om kvalitetsvurderinger i forskningsledelse. I hvilken grad finnes det bevisst eller ubevisst kjønnspartiskhet i vurderingen av potensielle forskningsgruppelederes kvalitet? Spørsmålet besvares gjennom analyser av fakultetenes arbeid med utvelgelse av forskningsgruppeledere til store forskningssatsninger. Parallelt med dette tar individuelle fagmiljøer fatt i egne fagspesifikke utfordringer med kjønnsbalanse. Ved å bygge kunnskap om hvor og i hvilken form (ubevisst) kjønnspartiskhet forekommer, blir det mulig aktivt å motarbeide slike mekanismer. Prosjektets andre hovedmål er å utvikle konkrete tiltak som kan skape en kultur der både faglige og administrative ledere aktivt reflekterer over og arbeider for kjønnsbalanse i ledelsen av forskningssatsninger. Kartleggings- og analysearbeidet danner grunnlag for utvikling av kurspakker som skal inngå i universitetets lederutviklingsprogram. Disse kurspakkene gir faglige og administrative ledere mulighet til å arbeide med lokale praksiser til hinder for kjønnsbalansen. Sentrale forskningsgruppeledere inviteres til en dialogrekke om kvalitet og kjønnsbalanse i forskning. Prestisje-prosjektet er forankret i UiTs toppledelse med pro-rektor for forskning som prosjektleder, mens prosjektet drives av universitetets Senter for kvinne- og kjønnsforskning. Avdeling for personal og organisasjon bidrar med implementering av kunnskap utviklet i prosjektet i universitetets administrative rutiner.
Good Days and Bad Days
Authors: Harkness Ethan
Published: November 2019

This article presents an in-depth study of a constellation of interrelated texts trans- mitted in three Chinese rishu 日書 (“daybook”) manuscripts dating from the third to first centuries BCE. All of the manuscripts have an archaeologically verified provenance in the central Yangtze River Valley region of the former Warring States kingdom of Chu, and taken together they reveal in unusual detail the effects, both intentional and possibly unintentional, of Qin assimilation policies after the transfer of authority beginning with the conquest of the Chu capital in 278 BCE . These effects are shown to reverberate for millennia in China’s rich tradition of hemerology and related technical arts, and by doing so, they weave a surprising human tapestry connecting nameless diviners, minor officials of the early empire, the First August Thearch of Qin, Mongols, Manchus, and others . Methodologically, it is suggested that despite the idiosyncratic nature of these manuscripts, productive analysis of structural elements remains possible and worthwhile.
Proton transfer in uncoupled variants of cytochrome c oxidase
Authors: Vilhjálmsdóttir Jóhanna , Albertsson Ingrid , Blomberg Margareta R. A. , Ädelroth Pia , Brzezinski Peter
Published: November 2019

Cytochrome c oxidase is a membrane‐bound redox‐driven proton pump that harbors two proton‐transfer pathways, D and K, which are used at different stages of the reaction cycle. Here, we address the question if a D pathway with a modified energy landscape for proton transfer could take over the role of the K pathway when the latter is blocked by a mutation. Our data indicate that structural alterations near the entrance of the D pathway modulate energy barriers that influence proton transfer to the proton‐loading site. The data also suggest that during reduction of the catalytic site, its protonation has to occur via the K pathway and that this proton transfer to the catalytic site cannot take place through the D pathway.
Stabilizing Polymer–Lithium Interface in a Rechargeable Solid Battery
Authors: Yan Min , Liang Jia‐Yan , Zuo Tong‐Tong , Yin Ya‐Xia , Xin Sen , Tan Shuang‐Jie , Guo Yu‐Guo , Wan Li‐Jun
Published: November 2019

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising candidates for developing high‐energy‐density Li metal batteries due to their flexible processability. However, the low mechanical strength as well as the inferior interfacial regulation of ions between SPEs and Li metal anode limit the suppress ion of Li dendrites and destabilize the Li anode. To meet these challenges, interfacial engineering aiming to homogenize the distribution of Li+/electron accompanied with enhanced mechanical strength by Mg3N2 layer decorating polyethylene oxide is demonstrated. The intermediary Mg3N2 in situ transforms to a mixed ion/electron conducting interlayer consisting of a fast ionic conductor Li3N and a benign electronic conductor Mg metal, which can buffer the Li+ concentration gradient and level the nonuniform electric current distribution during cycling, as demonstrated by a COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. These characteristics endow the solid full cell with a dendrite‐free Li anode and enhanced cycling stability and kinetics. The innovative interface design will accelerate the commercial application of high‐energy‐density solid batteries.
Achieving Fast Charge Separation and Low Nonradiative Recombination Loss by Rational Fluorination for High‐Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Chenkai , Pan Fei , Chen Shanshan , Wang Rui , Sun Rui , Shang Ziya , Qiu Beibei , Min Jie , Lv Menglan , Meng Lei , Zhang Chunfeng , Xiao Min , Yang Changduk , Li Yongfang
Published: November 2019

Four low‐cost copolymer donors of poly(thiophene‐quinoxaline) (PTQ) derivatives are demonstrated with different fluorine substitution forms to investigate the effect of fluorination forms on charge separation and voltage loss (Vloss) of the polymer solar cells (PSCs) with the PTQ derivatives as donor and a A–DA'D–A‐structured molecule Y6 as acceptor. The four PTQ derivatives are PTQ7 without fluorination, PTQ8 with bifluorine substituents on its thiophene D‐unit, PTQ9, and PTQ10 with monofluorine and bifluorine substituents on their quinoxaline A‐unit respectively. The PTQ8‐ based PSC demonstrates a low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.90% due to the mismatch in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels alignment between the donor and acceptor. In contrast, the devices based on PTQ9 and PTQ10 show enhanced charge‐separation behavior and gradually reduced Vloss, due to the gradually reduced nonradiative recombination loss in comparison with the PTQ7‐based device. As a result, the PTQ10‐based PSC demonstrates an impressive PCE of 16.21% with high open‐circuit voltage and large short‐circuit current density simultaneously, and its Vloss is reduced to 0.549 V. The results indicate that rational fluorination of the polymer donors is a feasible method to achieve fast charge separation and low Vloss simultaneously in the PSCs.
P3HT‐Based Polymer Solar Cells with 8.25% Efficiency Enabled by a Matched Molecular Acceptor and Smart Green‐Solvent Processing Technology
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Zhang Guangjun , Yu Liyang , Li Ruipeng , Peng Qiang
Published: November 2019

A novel molecular acceptor of TrBTIC (2,7,12‐tris((2‐(3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroinden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile‐7‐benzothiadiazole‐2‐)truxene) is designed by attaching the 2‐(3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroinden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile‐benzothiadiazole (BTIC) electron‐deficient unit to an electron‐rich truxene core. TrBTIC has excellent solubility in common solvents and features good energy level matching with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Interestingly, P3HT can be readily dissolved in warm 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene (TMB), a green solvent, but crystallizes slowly with long‐term aging in TMB at room temperature. A prephase separation can thus occur before active blend film deposition, and the separation degree can be easily controlled by varying the aging time. After 40 min of aging, the resulting active blend has the most appropriate phase separation with uniform nanowires, which forms favorable interpenetrating networks for exciton dissociation and charge transport. As a result, the device performance is improved from 6.62% to 8.25%. Excitingly, 8.25% is a new record for P3HT‐based solar cells. The study not only provides an efficient nonfullerene acceptor for matching P3HT donors but also develops a promising processing technology to realize high‐performance P3HT‐based polymer solar cells with an efficiency over 8%.
Large‐Area, Ultrathin Metasurface Exhibiting Strong Unpolarized Ultrabroadband Absorption
Authors: Wu Shangliang , Ye Yan , Jiang Zhouying , Yang Tianchi , Chen Linsen
Published: November 2019

Large‐area, ultrathin devices with strong ultrabroadband absorption and high angular tolerance are in demand for applications such as ultraviolet protection, energy harvesting, photodetectors, and thermal imaging technology. Although there have been considerable efforts to design and fabricate these devices, the simultaneous realization of all desired properties has not been achieved. A 330 nm thick metasurface with an area of 3 cm2 is experimentally developed, which incorporates dielectric cylinder arrays, a titanium nitride (TiN) layer, and silicon nitride (SiNx) layers. The developed metasurface absorbs ≈87% of ultrabroadband light in the range of 250–2250 nm, which covers almost the entire solar spectrum, and has a low hemispherical thermal emittance of ≈29% in the long‐infrared range (5–13 µm). Moreover, the structure exhibits strong ultrabroadband absorption over a wide range of incident angles (82% at 60°). In addition, due to the high temperature resistance of TiN and its excellent spectral and angular performance, the device made from this material is ideal for solar‐thermal applications.
Deep‐Red Lasing and Amplified Spontaneous Emission from Nature Inspired Bay‐Annulated Indigo Derivatives
Authors: Shukla Atul , Wallwork Nicholle R. , Li Xin , Sobus Jan , Mai Van T. N. , McGregor Sarah K. M. , Chen Kay , Lepage Romain J. , Krenske Elizabeth H. , Moore Evan G. , Namdas Ebinazar B. , Lo Shih‐Chun
Published: November 2019

While noteworthy progress has been made on organic solid‐state lasers with low amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) thresholds and high optical gains in blue and green colors, the same advancement has not been achieved for red laser dyes. This is mainly due to their low photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) because of “energy bandgap law.” Here, a new family of solution‐processable organic semiconductor laser dyes based on a bay‐annulated indigo derivative (Cibalackrot) with deep‐red emission is reported. They exhibit excellent PLQYs and low ASE thresholds (9.6 µJ cm−2) with deep‐red emission when blended in a mixed host of 1,3‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)benzene (mCP) and 2‐hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole (HBT). In contrast to a single blend in mCP, the co‐blend films are found to significantly enhance the photostability by retaining 90% of initial ASE intensity even after continuous pumping with over 9000 pulses at a pump input energy twice that of the ASE threshold, which can be attributed to efficient cascade energy transfer from mCP to HBT and then to the Cibalackrot chromophore. Low lasing threshold of 6 µJ cm−2 is further achieved at 641 nm by using distributed feedback gratings. Transient absorption spectroscopy measurements indicate that the dye has extremely low yield of triplet excited‐state under optical excitation. The results show Cibalackrot derivatives to be a promising new family of organic deep‐red laser dyes.
Unraveling Ferroelectric Polarization and Ionic Contributions to Electroresistance in Epitaxial Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Sulzbach Milena Cervo , Estandía Saúl , Long Xiao , Lyu Jike , Dix Nico , Gàzquez Jaume , Chisholm Matthew F. , Sánchez Florencio , Fina Ignasi , Fontcuberta Josep
Published: November 2019

Tunnel devices based on ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) barriers hold great promises for emerging data storage and computing technologies. The resistance state of the device can be changed through use of a suitable writing voltage. However, the microscopic mechanisms leading to the resistance change are an intricate interplay between ferroelectric polarization controlled barrier properties and defect‐related transport mechanisms. The fundamental role of the microstructure of HZO films determining the balance between those contributions is demonstrated. The HZO film presents coherent or incoherent grain boundaries, associated to the coexistance of monoclinic and orthorhombic phases, which are dictated by the mismatch with the substrates for epitaxial growth. These grain boundaries are the toggle that allows to obtain either large (up to ≈450%) and fully reversible genuine polarization controlled electroresistance when only the orthorhombic phase is present or an irreversible and extremely large (≈103–105%) electroresistance when both phases coexist.
Chemical Exfoliation as a Controlled Route to Enhance the Anodic Performance of COF in LIB
Authors: Haldar Sattwick , Roy Kingshuk , Kushwaha Rinku , Ogale Satishchandra , Vaidhyanathan Ramanathan
Published: November 2019

A covalent organic framework (COF), built from light atoms with a graphitic structure, could be an excellent anodic candidate for lightweight batteries, which can be of use in portable devices. But to replace the commercial graphite anode, they need more Li‐interactive sites/unit‐cell and all such sites should be made to participate. The compromise made in the volumetric density to gain the gravimetric advantage should be minimal. Exfoliation enhances surface/functional group accessibility yielding high capacity and rapid charge storage. A chemical strategy for simultaneous exfoliation and increase of Li‐loving active‐pockets can deliver a lightweight Li‐ion battery (LIB). Here, anthracene‐based COFs are chemically exfoliated into few‐layer‐thick nanosheets using maleic anhydride as a functionalizing exfoliation agent. It not only exfoliates but also introduces multiple Li‐interactive carbonyl groups, leading to a loading of 30 Li/unit‐cell (vs one Li per C6). The exfoliation enhances the specific capacity by ≈4 times (200–790 mAh g−1 @100 mA g−1). A realistic full‐cell, made using the exfoliated COF against a LiCoO2 cathode, delivers a specific capacity of 220 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles. The observed capacity stands highest among all organic polymers. For the first report of a COF derived full‐cell LIB, this is a windfall.
Cp*CoIII/Chiral Carboxylic Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,4‐Addition Reactions of Indoles to Maleimides
Authors: Kurihara Takumaru , Kojima Masahiro , Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki
Published: November 2019

We report enantioselective 1,4‐addition reactions of indoles to maleimides via a C2‐selective C−H activation catalyzed by an achiral Cp*CoIII/chiral carboxylic acid system. In these reactions, a BINOL‐derived chiral carboxylic acid enables the enantioselective reactions as the sole chiral source.
A simple method for inducing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis
Authors: Yahaghi Leyla , Ebrahim‐Habibi Azadeh , Hayati‐Roodbari Nasim , Irani Shiva , Yaghmaei Parichehreh
Published: November 2019

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly occurring in sedentary people, and may progress to NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is essential to design affordable animal models for the study of various diseases, including fatty liver, which was the aim of the study. In this study, a high‐fat diet was devised that triggers NASH's animal model quickly and easily. High‐fat diet (HFD) was used both with intra‐mouth oral gavage and in combination with animal pellets.

Methods

Twenty‐four male C57BL/6J mice were divided into HFD and ND groups, which received a high‐fat diet and a normal diet, respectively. At the end of the experiment (fourth week of treatment), body and liver weights, biochemical parameters, PPAR‐α gene expression and histopathologic characteristics of the liver were evaluated.

Results

During 4 weeks, body weight of mice did not show a significant increase in the HFD group compared to the ND group, while weight gain of the liver was significant. Histological assessment of the HFD group's liver confirmed NASH symptoms. In the HFD group, HDL‐c, SOD, catalase, FRAP, adiponectin, and PPAR‐α decreased significantly, and lipid profiles, hepatic enzymes, MDA, leptin, and TNF‐α showed a significant increase compared to the ND group.

Conclusion

Our high‐fat diet has successfully induced all aspects of NASH with fibrosis in 4 weeks, and with low cost.
Facially Dispersed Polyhydride Cu9 and Cu16 Clusters Comprising Apex‐Truncated Supertetrahedral and Square‐Face‐Capped Cuboctahedral Copper Frameworks
Authors: Nakamae Kanako , Nakajima Takayuki , Ura Yasuyuki , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Tanase Tomoaki
Published: November 2019

By using a linear tetraphosphine, meso‐bis[(diphenylphosphinomethyl)phenylphosphino]methane (dpmppm), nona‐ and hexadecanuclear copper hydride clusters, [Cu9H7(μ‐dpmppm)3]X2 (X=Cl (1 a), Br (1 b), I (1 c), PF6 (1 d)) and [Cu16H14(μ‐dpmppm)4]X2 (X2=I2 (2 c), (4/3) PF6⋅(2/3) OH (2 d)) were synthesized and characterized. They form copper‐hydride cages of apex‐truncated supertetrahedral {Cu9H7}2+ and square‐face‐capped cuboctahedral {Cu16H14}2+ structures. The hydride positions were estimated by DFT calculations to be facially dispersed around the copper frameworks. A kinetically controlled synthesis gave an unsymmetrical Cu8H6 cluster, [Cu8H6(μ‐dpmppm)3]2+ (3), which readily reacted with CO2 to afford linear Cu4 complexes with formate bridges, leading to an unprecedented hydrogenation of CO2 into formate catalyzed by {Cu4(μ‐dpmppm)2} platform. The results demonstrate that new motifs of copper hydride clusters could be established by the tetraphosphine ligands, and the structures influence their reactivity.
f‐Element Half‐Sandwich Complexes: A Tetrasilylcyclobutadienyl–Uranium(IV)–Tris(tetrahydroborate) Anion Pianostool Complex
Authors: Boronski Josef T. , Doyle Laurence R. , Seed John A. , Wooles Ashley J. , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: November 2019

Despite there being numerous examples of f‐element compounds supported by cyclopentadienyl, arene, cycloheptatrienyl, and cyclooctatetraenyl ligands (C5–8), cyclobutadienyl (C4) complexes remain exceedingly rare. Here, we report that reaction of [Li2{C4(SiMe3)4}(THF)2] (1) with [U(BH4)3(THF)2] (2) gives the pianostool complex [U{C4(SiMe3)4}(BH4)3][Li(THF)4] (3), where use of a borohydride and preformed C4‐unit circumvents difficulties in product isolation and closing a C4‐ring at uranium. Complex 3 is an unprecedented example of an f‐element half‐sandwich cyclobutadienyl complex, and it is only the second example of an actinide‐cyclobutadienyl complex, the other being an inverse‐sandwich. The U−C distances are short (av. 2.513 Å), reflecting the formal 2− charge of the C4‐unit, and the SiMe3 groups are displaced from the C4‐plane, which we propose maximises U−C4 orbital overlap. DFT calculations identify two quasi‐degenerate U−C4 π‐bonds utilising the ψ2 and ψ3 molecular orbitals of the C4‐unit, but the potential δ‐bond using the ψ4 orbital is vacant.
Organotin(IV) complexes of NSAID, ibuprofen, X‐ray structure of Ph3Sn(IBF), binding and cleavage interaction with DNA and in vitro cytotoxic studies of several organotin complexes of drugs
Authors: Kumari Ranjana , Banerjee Somesh , Roy Partha , Nath Mala
Published: November 2019

This study encompasses the synthesis and characterization of organotin(IV) derivatives of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IBF), viz. [(Me3Sn)(IBF)] (1), [(Bu3Sn)(IBF)] (2), [Ph3Sn(IBF)] (3), {[Me2Sn(IBF)]2O}2 (4) and [Bu2Sn(IBF)2] (5). The crystal structure of complex 3, [Ph3Sn(IBF)], indicates a highly distorted tetrahedral (td) geometry with anisobidentate mode of coordination of the carboxylate group with tin atom, and a similar structure has been proposed for other two triorganotin(IV) derivatives. Moreover, the DFT (density functional theory) calculation and other studies have verified a dimer distannoxane type of structure for complex 4, {[Me2Sn(IBF)]2O}2. Complex 5 has been found to exhibit a highly distorted octahedral geometry around the tin atom. To investigate the DNA binding profile of the synthesized complexes, viscosity measurement, UV–vis and fluorescence titrations were performed, which revealed an intercalative type of binding with DNA for IBF and complex 5 and external binding in case of the complexes 1 and 2; complexes 3 and 4 could not be studied owing to their insufficient solubility in tris buffer. Plasmid DNA fragmentation studies of IBF and complexes 1, 2 and 5 indicate that they cleaved the pBR322 plasmid potentially. Further, the drugs IBF {2‐[4‐(2‐methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid}, MESNA (sodium 2‐mercaptoethane‐sulfonate), warfarin [2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one,4‐hydroxy‐3‐(3‐oxo‐1‐phenylbutyl)], sulindac (2‐{5‐fluoro‐1‐[(4‐methanesulfinylphenyl) methylidene]‐2‐methyl‐1H‐inden‐3‐yl}acetic acid) and their corresponding organotin(IV) complexes 1–19 (complexes 6–19 were synthesized/reported previously) were screened in vitro for cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines viz. DU145 (prostate cancer), HCT‐15 (colon adenocarcinoma), Caco‐2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), MCF‐7 (mammary cancer), LNCaP (androgen‐sensitive prostate adenocarcinoma) and HeLa (cervical cancer), through MTT reduction assay and the cause of cell death was investigated through acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining of cells and DNA fragmentation assay. The probable structure–cytotoxicity relationship is also discussed. The major role of apoptosis along with small necrosis was also validated by flow cytometry assay using annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide analysis.
Flame retardant application of a hypophosphite/cyclotetrasiloxane bigroup compound on polycarbonate
Authors: Shao Lushan , Xu Bo , Ma Wen , Wang Jingyu , Liu Yanting , Qian Lijun
Published: November 2019

A novel flame retardant aluminum 2,4,6,8‐tetramethyl‐2,4,6,8‐teravinylcyclotetrasiloxane‐hypophosphorous acid (MVC‐AlPi) constituted based on hypophosphite and cyclotetrasiloxane groups was synthesized and characterized through fourier transform infrared and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance. The synergistic flame‐retardant behavior and mechanism of MVC‐AlPi/triphenyl phosphate (TPP) in polycarbonate (PC) were investigated. 5%MVC‐AlPi/5%TPP/PC composite got a highest limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 28.4% and passed UL94 V‐0 rating. The cone calorimeter test displayed that 5%MVC‐AlPi/5%TPP system not only inhibited the maximum combustion strength of PC composites, but also suppressed the total combustion reactions, which indicates a good synergistic flame‐retardant effect for MVC‐AlPi/TPP system. The photos of the residues disclosed that the pyrolysis solid fragments by MVC‐AlPi enhanced the residues mechanical strength, and the flexible film from TPP jointly restrained the release of fuels, thereby forming a synergistic barrier effect. The results from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed TPP mainly exerted quenching effect in gas phase and MVC‐AlPi mostly promoted a charring effect in condensed phase. In addition, the thermal decomposition of MVC‐AlPi also produced some phosphoric acid derivatives which tended to capture benzene ring debris generated by combustion from TPP and to promote the formation of more high‐quality carbon barrier. At the same time, the anti‐impact and tensile strength results from electronic universal testing machine and electronic Izod impact testing machine showed that although the mechanical properties of composites were slightly deteriorated by the addition of MVC‐AlPi/TPP system into PC, the side effect for mechanical properties was still within acceptable limits. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48699.
Bottom‐Up On‐Surface Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Graphene Nanoribbon Networks and Their Thermoelectric Properties
Authors: Kojima Takahiro , Nakae Takahiro , Xu Zhen , Saravanan Chinnusamy , Watanabe Kentaro , Nakamura Yoshiaki , Sakaguchi Hiroshi
Published: November 2019

Graphene, the one‐atom‐thick two‐dimensional (2D) carbon material, has attracted tremendous interest in both academia and industry due to its outstanding electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. For electronic applications, the challenging task is to make it as a semiconductor. The bottom‐up synthesis of semiconducting one‐dimensional (1D) nanometer‐wide graphene strips, namely, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), has attracted much attention owing to its promising electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. In this regard, we report the fabrication of cove‐type 2D GNR networks (GNNs) via the interconnection of 1D self‐assembled GNRs on the surface of Au(111). The cove‐type 2D GNRs networks (GNNs) were fabricated from the GNR, 5‐CGNR‐1‐1, synthesized using the precursor of DBSP. Annealing of high‐density self‐assembled GNRs on the surface of Au(111) through two‐zone chemical vapour deposition (2Z CVD) successfully generated a 2D interconnected structure with high yield via the fusion and ladder coupling reactions of GNR chains. In order to validate the later fusion reaction, we have also synthesized the GNR, 7‐AGNR‐1‐1, using the precursor of DBBA. The GNNs, which consist of hybridized metallic‐like and semiconducting GNRs, are a new class of carbon‐based materials. Further, we applied this material for thermoelectric (TE) applications and found a very low cross‐plane thermal conductivity of 0.11 Wm−1 K−1, which is one of the lowest value among the carbon‐based materials as well as inorganic semiconductors, while maintaining the cross‐plane electrical conductivity of 188 S m−1.
Decision‐makers use social information to update their preferences but choose for others as they do for themselves
Authors: Michael John , Gutoreva Alina , Lee Michele H. , Tan Peng Ning , Bruce Eleanor M. , Székely Marcell , Ankush Thobhani , Sakaguchi Hiroaki , Walasek Lukasz , Ludvig Elliot A.
Published: November 2019

People's risky decisions are susceptible to the social context in which they take place. Across three experiments using different paradigms, we investigated the influence of three social factors upon participants' decisions: the recipient of the decision‐making outcome (self, other, or joint), the nature of the relationship with the other agent (friend, stranger, or teammate), and the type of information that participants received about others' preferences: none at all, general information about how previous participants had decided, or information about a specific partner's preference. We found that participants' decisions about risk did not differ according to whether the outcome at stake was their own, another agent's, or a joint outcome, nor according to the type of information available. Participants did, however, adjust their preferences for risky options in light of social information.
Integrating scientific literacy skills into a biochemistry course for nonscience majors
Authors: Taylor Ann T.S.
Published: November 2019

One of the goals for requiring all college students to take science courses is to develop critical thinking about scientific issues they will encounter as citizens, consumers, and patients. This article integrates skill development activities targeting civic scientific literacy skills in a nonscience majors (liberal arts) biochemistry course, but similar principles could be integrated into nursing and major levels biochemistry courses. Strategies include teaching information acquisition, source analysis argument analysis, and civic engagement. These can be integrated into classroom activities, homework assignments, and outside of class projects. The impact of these activities was assessed through performance on the activities, open ended exam questions, and an end of course survey. Students gained both biochemical content and skills in evaluating claims with evidence, and reported the course helped them better understand what scientists do and how to make decisions based upon scientific evidence without detracting from the typical content learning goals of the course.
A biochemometrics strategy for tracing diuretic components of crude and processed Alisma orientale based on quantitative determination and pharmacological evaluation
Authors: Tao Yi , Jiang Enci , Yan Jizhong , Cai Baochang
Published: November 2019

We proposed a biochemometrics strategy for tracing diuretic components of herbs based on quantitative determination and pharmacological evaluation. First, a sensitive and robust liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry approach was established for simultaneous quantification of six major triterpenoids in crude and salt‐processed Alisma orientale. The separation of triterpenoids was achieved on a BEH C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water spiked with 0.1% formic acid. Six major triterpenoids were detected by multiple reaction monitoring in the negative ion mode. Glycyrrhetinic acid was used as the internal standard. The approach showed good linearity. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were all within 2.9%. The recovery rates of each triterpenoid ranged from 97.9% to 103.2%. The approach was then successfully employed for quantitative analysis of six triterpenoids in ten batches of crude and salt‐processed A. orientale. Second, the diuretic effects of crude and salt‐processed A. orientale were evaluated in mice. Third, principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis were used to uncover the relationship between the contents of six major triterpenoids and the diuretic effect of different crude and salt‐processed samples. Alisol B, alisol F, and alisol A have a close positive correlation with the diuretic effect.
Characterization of the metabolites of H3B‐6545 in vitro and in vivo by using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization linear ion trap‐orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Dong , Hao Xiuxian , Xu Lili , Yang Ying , Zhao Hong
Published: November 2019

H3B‐6545 is a selective ERα covalent antagonist, which has been demonstrated to be effective in anti‐tumor. To fully understand its mechanism of action, it is necessary to investigate the in vitro and in vivo metabolic profiles. For in vitro metabolism, H3B‐6545 (50 μM) was incubated with the hepatocytes of rat and human for 2 h. For in vivo metabolism H3B‐6545 was orally administered to rats at a single dose of 10 mg/kg, and plasma, urine and fecal samples were then collected. All samples were analyzed by using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with linear ion trap‐orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐LTQ‐Orbitrap‐MS) operated in positive ion mode. The structures of the metabolites were elucidated by comparing their MS and MS2 spectra with those of parent drug. A total of 11 metabolites, including a GSH adduct, were detected and structurally identified. M2, M7 and M8 were further unambiguously identified by using reference standards. Among these metabolites, M1, M5, M7 and M10 were newly found and reported for the first time. The metabolic pathways of H3B‐6545 included deamination (M8 and M9), dealkylation (M2, M3 and M10), N‐hydroxylation (M6), hydroxylation (M1 and M4), formation of amide derivatives (M5 and M7) and GSH conjugation (G1).
Dynamic business modeling for sustainability: Exploring a system dynamics perspective to develop sustainable business models
Authors: Cosenz Federico , Rodrigues Vinicius Picanço , Rosati Francesco
Published: November 2019

In the last decade, business models for sustainability have gained increasing attraction by corporate sustainability scholars with international conferences and scientific journals encouraging the development of the debate on their design, use and innovation processes. Capitalizing on the basic principles, requirements, and methodological limitations found in the literature on sustainability‐oriented business model design, this paper aims to conceptualize a dynamic business modeling for sustainability approach, which combines an adapted sustainable business model canvas and system dynamics modeling. To this end, the paper also illustrates the key operating principles of the proposed approach through an exemplary application to Patagonia's business model. Findings suggest that dynamic business modeling for sustainability may contribute to sustainable business model research and practice by introducing a systemic design tool, which frames environmental, social, and economic drivers of value generation into a dynamic business model causal feedback structure, thus overcoming methodological gaps of the extant business model design tools.
The Pivotal Role of Boron in Improving the Azo Dye Degradation of Glassy Fe‐based Catalysts
Authors: Xie Shenghui , Xie Yuelin , Kruzic Jamie J. , Gu Kunming , Yang Haipeng , Deng Yuanming , Zeng Xierong
Published: November 2019

Fe‐based metallic glasses have been confirmed to degrade azo dyes effectively, however, a detailed understanding, of the role of alloying elements and crystallization is still elusive. Herein, it is reported that boron‐facilitated hybrid structures greatly improve the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and the degrading rate can be further improved by 2.5 times after fully crystallization. Three distinct types of galvanic cells created by different iron‐containing phases are believed to dominate the degradation reactions. Most notably, some FeB‐based compounds precipitated from FeB‐based metallic glasses, such as Fe2B, FeB and Fe5SiB2, are found to have more negative electrode potential and higher catalytic efficiency than iron. These compounds create galvanic cells with α‐Fe and lose electrons, therefore promoting the degradation reaction. The favorable effects of the FeB‐based compounds are discussed at the light of their electron densities and energy band structures. These findings open a new research strategy to developing iron‐bearing catalysts for improved degradation of azo dyes.
Ten Years of Aberration Corrected Electron Microscopy for Ordered Nanoporous Materials
Authors: Li Chengmin , Zhang Qing , Mayoral Alvaro
Published: November 2019

Ordered nanoporous materials including zeolites, zeotypes, and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely used in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, ion exchange and gas storage/separation. In addition, due to their particular structural features new applications are continuously being explored as a consequence of their well‐defined porous network, thermal stability, acidity and guest‐species confinement. All physicochemical properties are directly structure related and therefore characterization at atomic level is highly desired. In the current work, we have aimed to review the recent progress of electron microscopy science applied to the characterization of different nanoporous materials since the first work that made use of spherical aberration (Cs) corrected electron microscopy in 2010. All difficulties encountered for the application of this technique will be presented, together with the excellent degree of information that can be extracted and the scientific responses that only Cs‐corrected electron microscopy can provide in the area of nanoporous materials, zeolites, zeotypes and MOFs.
Activated Carbon‐Anchored 3D Carbon Network for Bromine Activity and its Enhanced Electrochemical Performance in Zn−Br2 Hybrid Redox Flow Battery
Authors: pandiyan Naresh Raghu , Mariyappan Karuppusamy , Selvakumar Archana Kaliyaraj , Suresh Subramanian , Ditty Dixon , Ulaganathan Mani , Ragupathy Pitchai
Published: November 2019

There has been a huge demand on the usage of biomass‐derived activated carbon as an electrode and electrocatalyst for energy storage and conversion applications owing to its abundance, high surface area, good chemical stability, low cost, and eco‐friendliness. Herein, we report for the first time, activated carbon (AC) derived from Phyllanthus Emblica Leaves (PEL) (Indian gooseberry) biomass as an electrocatalyst for enhancing the bromine electro‐kinetics. The AC‐anchored graphite felt (AC−GF) showed excellent improvement in the bromine reversibility, which reinforces the overall performance of the zinc bromine redox flow battery (ZBRFB). Specifically, the AC−GF showed significant improvement in voltage efficiency. The flow cell employing AC in the positive electrode showed high Coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiency of 99, 83 and 82 %, respectively at a current density of 30 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the cell showed good cycle performance with 96.43 % Coulombic efficiency retention even after 100 cycles. Thus, the significant improvement in the cell performance unveils the good electrochemical/catalytic activity of the AC and therefore can be used as a potential low‐cost electrocatalyst in ZBRFB.