bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authentication Analysis of Red Fruit (Pandanus Conoideus Lam) Oil Using FTIR Spectroscopy in Combination with Chemometrics
Authors: Rohman Abdul , Che Man Yaakob B. , Riyanto Sugeng
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) is endemic plant of Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The price of its oil (red fruit oil, RFO) is 10–15 times higher than that of common vegetable oils; consequently, RFO is subjected to adulteration with lower price oils. Among common vegetable oils, canola oil (CaO) and rice bran oil (RBO) have similar fatty acid profiles to RFO as indicated by the score plot of principal component analysis; therefore, CaO and RBO are potential adulterants in RFO.

Objective

To develop FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of partial least square regression (PLSR) and discriminant analysis (DA) for authentication of RFO from CaO and RBO.

Results

The presence of CaO in RFO was better determined at frequency regions of 1200–1050 cm−1; meanwhile, the combined frequency ranges of 1207–1078 and 1747–1600 cm−1 were exploited for quantitative analysis of RBO with acceptable values of coefficient of determination (R2) and errors in calibration, prediction and during cross validation. DA based on Mahalanobis distance was able to discriminate between RFO and RFO adulterated with CaO and RBO.

Conclusion

FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLSR and DA can be successfully used for quantification and classification of oil adulterants in RFO. The developed method is rapid and environmentally friendly and sample preparation is easy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast Ultrasound‐assisted Extraction of Polar (phenols) and Nonpolar (lipids) Fractions in Heterotheca inuloides Cass.
Authors: Mijangos Ricárdez O. F. , Ruiz‐Jiménez J. , Lagunez‐Rivera L. , Luque de Castro M. D.
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Heterotheca inuloides Cass., also known as “arnica”, is used in traditional medicine in Mexico.

Objective

Development of fast methods for the extraction of lipidic and phenolic fractions from arnica plants and their subsequent characterization.

Methodology

Ultrasound was applied to accelerate extraction of the target compounds from this plant and reduce the use of organic solvents as compared with conventional methods. Gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection were used for the characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively.

Results

Under optimal extraction conditions, 9 and 55 min were necessary to complete extraction of the lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively. The fatty acids present at the highest concentrations in H. inuloides were eicosatetraenoic n3 (24.6 μg/g), cis‐9‐hexadecenoic n7 (23.1 μg/g), exacosanoic (22.7 μg/g) and cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid (21.3 μg/g), while the rest were in the range 7.6–1.3 μg/g. The most concentrated phenols were guaiacol (41.5 μg/g), catechin (38.7 μg/g), ellagic acid (35.9 μg/g), carbolic acid (24.2 μg/g) and p‐coumaric acid (19.5 μg/g), while the rest were in the range 5.1–0.4 μg/g.

Conclusion

Ultrasound reduces the time necessary to complete the extraction 160 and 26 times, the extraction volume 2.5 and 4 times, and increases the extraction efficiency 5 and 3 times for lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively, in comparison with conventional extraction methods. In addition, the characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions constitutes a first approach to the H. inuloides metabolome. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distortions of sex ratios at birth in the United States; evidence for prenatal gender selection
Authors: Egan James F. X. , Campbell Winston A. , Chapman Audrey , Shamshirsaz Alireza A. , Gurram Padmalatha , Benn Peter A.
Published: March 2011

Objective

The normal male to female livebirth sex ratio ranges from 1.03 to 1.07. Higher ratios in China, India and Korea reflect prenatal sex selection. We reviewed sex ratios for US births to investigate potential prenatal sex selection.

Methods

We reviewed all US livebirths from 1975 to 2002 using National Center for Health Statistics birth certificates in 4‐year intervals. We compared the sex ratios of Blacks, Chinese, Filipinos, Asian Indians and Koreans relative to Whites. We also compared the sex ratios by birth order for first, second and third and more births (third+) from 1991 to 2002.

Results

The male to female sex ratio from 1975 to 2002 was 1.053 for Whites, 1.030 (p < 0.01) for Blacks, 1.074 (p < 0.01) for Chinese and 1.073 (p < 0.01) for Filipinos. From 1991 to 2002, the sex ratio increased from 1.071 to 1.086 for Chinese, 1.060 to 1.074 for Filipinos, 1.043 to 1.087 for Asian Indians and 1.069 to 1.088 for Koreans. The highest sex ratios were seen for third+ births to Asian Indians (1.126), Chinese (1.111) and Koreans (1.109).

Conclusion

The male to female livebirth sex ratio in the United States exceeded expected biological variation for third+ births to Chinese, Asian Indians and Koreans strongly suggesting prenatal sex selection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐temperature‐resistant polyimide/montmorillonite nanocomposite foams by solid blending
Authors: Pan Ling‐Ying , Zhan Mao‐Sheng , Wang Kai
Published: March 2011

A series of high‐temperature‐resistant polyimide/montmorillonite (PI/MMT) nanocomposite foams were prepared by solid blending method. The dispersion of MMT and effects of MMT content on the properties of the PI/MMT nanocomposite foams were investigated. Results indicated that MMT could be exfoliated effectively and dispersed uniformly in the PI matrix by the solid blending method. The introduction of MMT could considerably increase the reduced compressive strength, thermal resistance, and decrease the dielectric constant of the PI/MMT nanocomposite foams. The reduced compressive strength of nanocomposite foams showed a maximum value at the MMT content of 5 wt%, which was 197% higher than that of pure PI foams. It was worth noting that a significant increase in glass‐transition temperature (T
g) could be achieved with the increase of MMT content, and the maximum T
g was as high as 436°C at the MMT content of 7 wt%. This study may provide a useful method to prepare PI/MMT nanocomposite foams with improved properties for targeted high‐temperature applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. ©2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Negative effect of stretching on the development of β‐phase in β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Zheng Guoqiang , Li Songwei , Zhang Xiaoli , Liu Chuntai , Dai Kun , Chen Jingbo , Li Qian , Peng Xiangfang , Shen Changyu
Published: March 2011

On the premise that shear in the slit die of an extruder was minimized as far as possible, β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene (iPP) was extruded. Simultaneously, once the extrudate (in the melt state) left the die exit, it was stretched at various stretching rates (SRs). For iPP with a low content of β‐nucleating agent (β‐NA), the crystallinity of β‐phase (Xβ) initially increases with increasing SR, and then decreases slightly with further increase in SR. However, for iPP containing a higher content of β‐NA, with increasing SR, Xβ decreases monotonically, indicating a negative effect of SR on β‐phase formation. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering and polarized optical microscopy experiments reveal that, when SR is less than 30 cm min−1, the increasing amount of row nuclei induced by increasing SR is mainly responsible for the increase of Xβ. In contrast, when SR exceeds 30 cm min−1, the overgrowth of shish structures unexpectedly restrains the development of β‐phase, and spatial confinement is considered as a better explanation for the suppression of β‐phase. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Viscoelastic behavior of poly(butyl methacrylate) densely grafted on silica nanoparticles
Authors: Hayashida Kenichi , Tanaka Hiromitsu , Watanabe Osamu
Published: March 2011

A series of poly(butyl methacrylate)s (PBMAs) with various molar masses (33 000–270 000 g mol−1), which were densely grafted on fumed silica nanoparticles (PBMA–SiO2), were synthesized by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The dynamic viscoelastic behavior of PBMA–SiO2 was systematically investigated in the solid and molten states with oscillatory strains, and compared to that of a conventional nanocomposite (PBMA/SiO2). The storage moduli of PBMA–SiO2 and PBMA/SiO2 are equivalent in the solid state, whereas the storage modulus of PBMA–SiO2 is lower than that of PBMA/SiO2 in the molten state, especially at high silica loading. This is because the formation of a network structure composed of the silica nanoparticles in PBMA–SiO2 is strongly suppressed by the polymer brushes on the particles. In contrast, even at low silica loading, the PBMA–SiO2 system exhibits a gel‐like behavior resulting from a steric repulsion between the composite particles, because all of the tethered polymers behave as bound polymers. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Redox initiated cationic polymerization: The unique behavior of alkyl glycidyl ethers
Authors: Crivello James V.
Published: March 2011

Redox systems composed of a diaryliodonium or a triarylsulfonium salt together with a silane bearing SiH groups were used for the in situ generation of strong Brønsted acids at room temperature in the presence of alkyl glycidyl ether monomers. Secondary oxiranium intermediates are generated with lifetimes from minutes to hours at room temperature. These systems undergo rapid, exothermic cationic chain polymerization when the temperature is raised. Metastable monomer‐redox initiator systems were also observed to undergo frontal polymerizations when a localized heat source is applied to the sample. The application of these delayed cationic ring‐opening polymerization systems for the development of one‐component structural adhesives that undergo rapid thermosetting at low temperatures are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Spontaneous Cu(I)Br–PMDETA‐mediated polymerization of isobornyl methacrylate in heterogeneous aqueous medium at ambient temperature
Authors: Rajendrakumar Kannapiran , Dhamodharan R.
Published: March 2011

Isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA), a bulky hydrophobic methacrylate, undergoes very fast polymerization, in bulk, with Cu(I)Br/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)/ethyl‐2‐bromoisobutyrate system, at ambient temperature. IBMA also undergoes a spontaneous initiator‐free polymerization, at ambient temperature, with Cu(I)Br/PMDETA catalytic system in dimethyl sulfoxide–water mixtures. The rate of the polymerization is seen to increase with the water content up to 80 mol % of water. A possible intervention of air in initiation is proposed. The active Cu(0) formed by the disproportionation of Cu(I) species in aqueous medium probably plays a vital role for a possible air‐initiation of IBMA via single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) mechanism. A high tolerance level to water under SET‐LRP conditions is demonstrated. The poly(IBMA) samples obtained exhibit low molecular weight distributions (1.1–1.3). Similar behavior was not observed with other common methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate, t‐butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, and benzyl methacrylate. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Basic amino acid assisted‐fabrication of rectangular nanotube, circular nanotube, and hollow microsphere of polyaniline: Adjusting and controlling effect of pH value
Authors: Gao Cuiling , Ai Man , Li Xun , Xu Zheng
Published: March 2011

This work reports a simple and effective method to prepare polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes with rectangular or circular cross section and hollow microspheres by using basic amino acids L‐lysine or L‐arginine as dopants and pH buffer agents, respectively. The research reveals that the pH value of the reaction solution at the beginning stage is a crucial factor to form PANI microstructures. The L‐lysine and L‐arginine have isoelectric point 9.74 and 10.76, which can maintain reaction solution at high pH value at the beginning reaction and assist aniline to couple in ortho‐position forming phenazine unit in the oligomer chain. The oligomer produces rectangular nanorods or microspheres by interaction. These oligomer microstructures act as templates for further polymerization to form PANI rectangular nanotubes and hollow microspheres. Decreasing the concentration of the basic amino acid or using acidic amino acid, the round nanotubes are formed. This method provides a simple route to prepare PANI microstructures with different morphologies without any foreign template or surfactant, and raises a new view on the polymerization process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
New polyimides incorporated with diphenylpyrenylamine unit as fluorophore and redox‐chromophore
Authors: Kung Yi‐Chun , Lee Wen‐Fu , Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Liou Guey‐Sheng
Published: March 2011

A series of novel polyimides based on N,N‐di(4‐aminophenyl)‐1‐aminopyrene and aromatic or alicyclic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides were synthesized. The polymers exhibited good solubility in many polar organic solvents and could afford robust films via solution casting. The polyimides derived from aromatic dianhydrides exhibited high thermal stability and high glass‐transition temperatures (333–364 °C). Cyclic voltammetry studies of the polymer films showed that these polyimides are both p and n dopable and have multicolored electrochromic states. For the polyimides derived from alicyclic dianhydrides, they revealed a strong blue‐light emission with high fluorescence quantum yields (ϕPL > 45%) and a marked solvatochromic behavior. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Poly[methyl(phenyl)silanediyl] modified with dansyl fluorophore: Synthesis and photophysics
Authors: Cimrová Věra , Výprachtický Drahomír , Hörhold Hans‐Heinrich
Published: March 2011

The syntheses and photophysical properties of novel luminescent polysilanes modified with dansyl fluorophores on various spacer (PMPSi‐n‐DNS) are reported. The modified polysilanes were prepared by condensation reaction of dansyl amines, such as 5‐(dimethylamino)naphthalene‐1‐sulfonohydrazide orN‐(ω‐aminoalkyl)‐5‐(dimethylamino)naphthalene‐1‐sulfonamides with formylated poly[methyl(phenyl)silanediyl], yielding Schiff bases. The aldehyde groups were incorporated into the parent polymer by a one‐step reaction with dichloromethyl methyl ether in the presence of Lewis acid. Influence of the alkyl chain length (n) on the photophysical properties was investigated using absorption, steady‐state, and time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The excitation energy transfer from the polysilane backbone to dansyl fluorophore was proved. PL decay dynamics revealed the existence of more than one excited species. In solution, the decay curves of PMPSi‐DNS (no spacer) were double exponential, whereas for PMPSi‐n‐DNS (with spacer), and, in thin films, the decays were three‐exponential. Polymer light‐emitting devices (LEDs) were prepared from the blends of modified polysilane with electroluminescent polymer poly[2,5‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐phenylene‐1,2‐ethenylene‐2‐methoxy‐5‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐(1,4‐phenylene‐1,2‐ethenylene)] (M3EH‐PPV). Compared with LED made of neat electroluminescent polymer, a significant performance improvement of blend LEDs was demonstrated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Characteristics of caregiver perceptions of end‐of‐life caregiving experiences in cancer survivorship: in‐depth interview study
Authors: Mori Hiroko , Fukuda Risa , Hayashi Akitoshi , Yamamoto Kazunari , Misago Chizuru , Nakayama Takeo
Published: March 2011

Objective

Little is known about caregiver experiences during the end‐of‐life period. Our objective was to characterize caregiver perceptions of their experiences in cancer survivorship with special reference to the end‐of‐life stage considering depression in bereavement.

Methods

Qualitative research using in‐depth interviews of 34 caregivers from two palliative care units in Japan. Data were analyzed inductively using framework analysis. Depression and personality traits were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES‐D) and Sense of Coherence (SOC) scales, respectively.

Results

Caregiver perceptions were characterized along two axes. One axis involved four caregiver–cancer patient relationships: strengthening, reconstruction, intimacy‐maintained, and estrangement‐maintained. The core concept was transformation of relationships: caregivers reappraised aspects of caregiver–patient interactions through caregiving. The other axis involved subjective caregiving experiences divided into five concepts: spontaneity of care, discussing death, sympathy for patient emotions, impressions on first witnessing death, and introspective reflections in bereavement. Strengthening and reconstruction relationships appeared similar among the four relationship types, but only the former tended to overcompensate by sacrificing private time. Although median CES‐D scores in each relationship type were under the cutoff for possible depression, four of eight caregivers suspected to have depressive tendencies belonged to the strengthening type. The mean SOC score for all caregivers was intermediate relative to scores previously reported in Japanese studies.

Conclusions

While caregivers' subjective experiences can be classified, their relationship to depression in bereavement needs future research. The present findings indicate that caregivers should also be considered in clinicians' views of cancer survivorship.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapeutic combination of sildenafil and iloprost in a preterm neonate with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Gürakan Berkan , Kayıran Petek , Öztürk Nilüfer , Kayıran Sinan Mahir , Dindar Aygün
Published: March 2011

While new pharmacological approaches have been demonstrated to effectively manage PH in adults, few reports have addressed PH treatment in neonates and infants. This case report describes the successful management of severe PH secondary to bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory syncytial virus infection, and hypoxia in a preterm 4‐month‐old with the long‐term use of orally administered sildenafil and inhaled iloprost. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:617–620. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption of 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene on MFI Zeolite
Authors: Walsh Graham , Hamilton Sean
Published: March 2011

2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene (TNT) was adsorbed onto all silica MFI zeolite. These TNT doped zeolite samples were examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray Diffraction (XRD). Results indicate that, using FTIR with an Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) accessory, mass loading percentages as low as 2.5 mass percent TNT in zeolite are detectable. It was also observed that adsorption of TNT onto MFI did not suppress the IR absorbing vibrations of TNT. TNT doped zeolite samples were washed, using vacuum aspiration, with water and acetone, both of which stripped the TNT from the zeolite samples, indicating that the adsorption of TNT onto MFI zeolite is a physisorption, rather than chemisorption, phenomenon. Finally, a lack of strain‐induced peak broadening from XRD studies indicate that TNT does not enter the zeolitic pore structure, rather, it is adsorbed onto the zeolite surface.
A Complete Detonator, Booster, and Main Charge Study of LX‐07/PBX 9502
Authors: Souers P. Clark , Druce Robert L. , Roeske Franklin , Vitello Peter , May Chadd
Published: March 2011

A complete study of an exploding bridgewire detonator (EBW), an LX‐07 hemispherical booster and a PBX 9502 outer shell are described. Breakout times from all three are listed in terms of first impact on the booster, i.e., code times. Lucite windows are also used to obtain particle velocities at the edges of each explosive, and these are converted into explosive pressures. The key to modeling is the use of the profile of the aluminum detonator can as it impacts the booster, i.e., we need to know the curvature of the end of the booster can. Modeling even with coarse zoning shows that (i) using reactive flow in the booster is better than programmed burn, (ii) creating the flyer curvature helps, and (iii) creating the time differences of flyer impact helps even more.
Effect of methomyl and oxamyl soil applications on early control of nematodes and insects
Authors: Desaeger Johan A , Rivera Michel , Leighty Robert , Portillo Hector
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Methomyl is a widely used carbamate insecticide that has traditionally been applied as a foliar spray. More recently, methomyl has been labeled as a soil application via drip chemigation. Not much is known about the insecticidal and nematicidal potential of soil‐applied methomyl. Methomyl soil applications were evaluated for their potential to control soil nematodes and foliar insect pests in a series of lab and greenhouse tests.

RESULTS: Methomyl showed rapid knockdown of Meloidogyne incognita (Kof. & White) Chitwood in aqueous assays, with EC50 and EC90 values that were similar to oxamyl and averaged 4.9 and 15.2 mg L−1. In the greenhouse, soil applications of methomyl ranging from 0.56 to 4.0 kg ha−1 provided significant M. incognita control similar to oxamyl during early growth (up to 25 days after planting) of pea and bean. Higher application rates and split applications improved nematode control, but also increased the risk of phytotoxicity. Methomyl soil applications were highly effective on several insects including Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Aphis gossypii (Glover), Frankliniella occidentalis Perg. and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). Methomyl was about 5–9‐fold more potent on M. persicae and A. gossypii when applied via soil drench as opposed to foliar spray. Potency on Bemisia tabaci Genn., S. exigua and Trichoplusia ni Hübner was about the same with the two application methods.

CONCLUSION: Methomyl soil applications showed good potential for early control of various insect and nematode pests. Further testing is required to verify activity under field conditions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of reservoir dispenser height on efficacy of mating disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple
Authors: Epstein David L , Stelinski Lukasz L , Miller James R , Grieshop Matthew J , Gut Larry J
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: The effect of varying the height of reservoir dispensers for mating disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was investigated. The goal was to improve the effectiveness of C. pomonella mating disruption through improved understanding of adult distribution within the tree canopy and the impact of pheromone dispenser placement on disruption. Two dispensers per tree were placed at 2 m and 4 m and/or one dispenser at each height on the tree at a label rate of 1000 units ha−1. Monitoring traps and tethered female moths were deployed in plots at 2 and 4 m heights to assess treatment effects by catches or matings respectively.

RESULTS: Fewest male moths were captured with all dispensers placed at 4 m. Female mating was lowest, and with least variation between females tethered at 2 and 4 m, when dispensers were placed simultaneously at 2 and 4 m (28% mated). Mating was 32% with both dispensers at 4 m, 38% with both dispensers at 2 m and 46% in the no disruption control. Mating was highest across treatments when females were tethered at 2 m and dispensers placed at 4 m (40%), and when females were tethered at 4 m with dispensers placed at 2 m (46%).

CONCLUSION: Traps at 4 m in trees captured more male moths than traps at 2 m, regardless of disruption dispenser positioning. Female mating was lowest when dispensers were placed simultaneously at 2 and 4 m, suggesting that current recommendations for placement of reservoir dispensers in tree crowns may be suboptimal. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of 2‐amino‐6‐oxocyclohexenyl‐ sulfonamides and their activity against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Li Xing‐Hai , Ji Ming‐Shan , Qi Zhi‐Qiu , Li Xiu‐Wei , Shen Yu‐Xia , Gu Zu‐Min , Zhang Yang , Wei Song‐Hong , Wang Ying‐Zi , Wang Dao‐Quan
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: With the objective of exploring the fungicidal activity of 2‐oxocyclohexylsulfonamides (2), a series of novel 2‐amino‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides (6 to 23) were synthesised, and their fungicidal activities against Botrytis cinerea Pers. were evaluated in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS: The compounds were characterised by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Bioassay results of mycelial growth showed that compounds 6 to 23 had a moderate antifungal activity against B. cinerea. N‐(2‐methylphenyl)‐2‐(2‐methylphenylamino)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (13) and N‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(2‐chlorophenylamino)‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (21) showed best antifungal activities, with EC50 values of 8.05 and 10.56 µg mL−1 respectively. Commercial fungicide procymidone provided an EC50 value of 0.63 µg mL−1. The conidial germination assay showed that most of compounds 6 to 23 possessed excellent inhibition of spore germination and germ‐tube elongation of conidia of B. cinerea. For in vivo control of B. cinerea colonising cucumber leaves, the compound N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐(cyclohexylamino)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (19) showed a better control effect than the commercial fungicide procymidone.

CONCLUSION: The present work demonstrated that 2‐amino‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides can be used as possible new lead compounds for further developing novel fungicides against B. cinerea. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Density functional calculation for growth of GaN on graphite as 3D growth on 2D material
Authors: Ishii Akira , Tatani Takaaki , Nakada Kengo
Published: March 2011

The density functional calculation is performed to determine the structure of the grown GaN film on graphite substrate for comparison with experimental results using pulsed laser deposition method. The predicted result for polarity of the grown GaN is the nitrogen‐terminated face, (0001) and it agrees with experiment. Since graphite is the 2 dimensional material having very weak interaction between layers, graphite is considered to be an ideal lattice mismatch free substrate for heteroepitaxial growth. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hypouricemic Effects of Anthocyanin Extracts of Purple Sweet Potato on Potassium Oxonate‐induced Hyperuricemia in Mice
Authors: Hwa Kwon Sun , Chung Dong‐Min , Chung Young Chul , Chun Hyo Kon
Published: March 2011

Gout is a clinical syndrome in which tissue damage is induced by a chronic metabolic disorder associated with increased concentrations of uric acid in the blood. The study investigated the hypouricemic effects of anthocyanin extracts from purple sweet potato (APSP), and allopurinol, on serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic mice. It was found that administration of a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg APSP to such animals reduced the serum uric acid concentration to 4.10 ± 0.04 mg/dL, compared with a concentration of 10.25 ± 0.63 mg/dL in the hyperuricemic control group. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioassay‐guided Evaluation of Antinociceptive Properties and Chemical Variability of the Essential Oil of Hyptis fruticosa
Authors: Franco Clóvis R. P. , Antoniolli Ângelo R. , Guimarães Adriana G. , Andrade Daniela M. , de Jesus Hugo C. R. , Alves Péricles B. , Bannet Leonard Edward , Patrus Ana Helena , Azevedo Eduardo G. , Queiroz Dinalva B. , Quintans‐Júnior Lucindo J. , Botelho Marco Antonio
Published: March 2011

The composition of three samples of essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves and flowers of Hyptis fruticosa (Lamiaceae) were investigated by GC/MS and GC‐FID. The variability of the constituents and biological activity were evaluated in the oil samples. Acetic acid‐induced abdominal constrictions and formalin‐induced pain tests in mice were used for screening the antinociceptive activity. The possible antagonism of the essential oils or morphine (MOR) antinociceptive effects by pretreatment with naloxone, showed no influence on the antinociceptive action of the oils in the acetic acid‐induced writhing test. All examined oil samples presented antinociceptive activity. The oil sample obtained from the leaves collected during the vegetative growth stage, near São Cristóvão at Sítio Tujubeba exhibited the highest effect. The same oil sample had a main percentage of 1,8‐cineole (18.70%). Nevertheless, the oil obtained from flowers collected at the same location, showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the response intensity in the first phase of paw licking (100 mg/kg) possibly due to the higher contents of α‐pinene (20.51%) and β‐pinene (13.64%). The results provide evidence for the use of H. fruticosa by traditional medicine practitioners in the management of pain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved one‐sided control charts for the mean of a positively skewed population using truncated saddlepoint approximations
Authors: Chen Binchao , Matis Timothy , Benneyan James
Published: March 2011

This paper develops a truncated saddlepoint (TS) control chart for the mean of a population with a skewed density. This chart requires the estimation of only a few population cumulants from sample data and is relatively straightforward in construction. Performance is assessed at various levels of truncation in terms of type 1 and 2 error rates and compared with other heuristic control charts via the Monte Carlo simulation. The truncated saddlepoint (TS) chart is shown to generally outperform these charts, especially in cases with small sample sizes or high levels of population skewness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the global stability of conventional PID control for a class of chemical reactors
Authors: Alvarez‐Ramirez Jose , Alvarez Jesus , Schaum Alexander
Published: March 2011

The stabilization properties of derivative control for chemical reactor stabilization have been rarely studied in the literature. In a pioneering work, Aris and coworkers (textitChem. Eng. Sci. 1959; 11:199–206.) used linear analysis to show that derivative control offers greater stabilization flexibility than proportional control. The aim of this work is to show that mixed derivative and proportional control can yield global stabilization for a large class of continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) characterized by having stable isothermical dynamics. The stability proof exploits the structure of CSTR models where the nonlinearity is concentrated in the chemical reaction kinetics. It is shown that the proportional mode is a type of energy shaping to induce a unique equilibrium point, while the derivative mode can be interpreted as a global damping injection to reduce undesired transient effects, such as temperature overshooting and oscillations. A numerical example is used to illustrate the different features of mixed proportional and derivative control in chemical reactor dynamics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prioritizing Local Agenda 21 Programmes using Analytic Network Process: A Spanish Case Study
Authors: Peris Jordi , García‐Melón Mónica , Gómez‐Navarro Tomás , Calabuig Carola
Published: March 2011

Given that prioritization of programmes is a key concern in Local Agenda 21 processes, the aim of this paper is to explore how the Analytic Network Process (ANP) can provide greater consistency and legitimacy to prioritization of local action plans. Through the analysis of an experience in the municipality of Benetusser in Spain, the study shows how ANP, by modelling reality as a network of multiple and mutual interrelations, embraces complexity and translates it into a set of operational questionnaires that help participants to reflect on their preferences and think deeply on the real implications of programmes for sustainable development. In the case study, citizens, technical staff and politicians of Benetusser carried out the prioritization process by defining a set of criteria and assessing the programmes in an interrelated way. The experience shows that the ANP procedure not only allows prioritization to be dealt with in an organized and systematic way, but also enables reflective thinking on sustainable development and the role of Local Agenda 21 itself. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Single‐Particle Tracking of Hepatitis B Virus‐like Vesicle Entry into Cells
Authors: Hao Xian , Shang Xin , Wu Jiazhen , Shan Yuping , Cai Mingjun , Jiang Junguang , Huang Zhong , Tang Zhiyong , Wang Hongda
Published: March 2011

HBsAg, the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), is used as a model to study the mechanisms and dynamics of a single‐enveloped virus infecting living cells by imaging and tracking at the single‐particle level. By monitoring the fluorescent indicator of HBsAg particles, it is found that HBsAg enters cells via a caveolin‐mediated endocytic pathway. Tracking of individual HBsAg particles in living cells reveals the anomalously actin‐dependent but not microtubule‐dependent motility of the internalized HBsAg particle. The motility of HBsAg particles in living cells is also analyzed quantitatively. These results may settle the long‐lasting debate of whether HBV directly breaks the plasma membrane barrier or relies on endocytosis to deliver its genome into the cell, and how the virus moves in the cell.
A method for alignment evaluation of product strategies among stakeholders (MASS) in software intensive product development
Authors: Khurum Mahvish , Gorschek Tony
Published: March 2011

Current practices in the industry are moving towards the market‐driven development of software intensive products compared to customer‐specific system development. Consequently, product management is faced with several challenges that have to be addressed as a part of the market‐driven requirements engineering process. One of the important challenges is how to select the right mix of requirements, balancing short‐term and long‐term gains. One way to address this challenge is to utilize product strategies for selecting requirements. However, in order to do this the internal success‐critical stakeholders (SCS) involved in strategies creation and requirements selection need to be aligned with respect to a product's strategic goals and objectives. This paper presents a method to enable the evaluation of degree of alignment between SCS with respect to the understanding and interpretation of a product's strategy. Further, the method not only enables the evaluation of alignment, but also specifically shows misalignment, and enables the identification of leading causes. The method has been developed in collaboration with the industry and its application is shown through a case study at Ericsson AB. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Fluid Transport Characteristics on the Level Fluctuation in the Pool of Twin‐Roll Strip Casting
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhang JieYu , Zhang WeiDong , Ren SanBing , Fan JunFei , An ShengLi , Chou K.‐C.
Published: March 2011

The fluid transport characteristics and level fluctuations in the pool of twin‐roll strip casting are studied using a water model and mathematical simulations. The level profile depends on the transport characteristics of the flow in the pool. A full scale water modeling experiment has been conducted to address the relationship between the fluid flow and level fluctuation in the narrow strip pool. The residence time of fluid at the ports of nozzle and nip points of caster are measured to evaluate the fluid flow uniformity in the caster. The level fluctuations are measured with wave gauge and sensors. Mathematical modeling is also established to help anticipate flow patterns in the pool and residence time at the exits of nozzle and caster. The results show that a strong jet flow impinging on the both sides of delivery system is generated and free surface oscillations increase at the most lateral ports of delivery system. The fluids are uniformly distributed along the direction of roll width at the narrow pool zone. The flow patterns are complex near side dams' zone. Calculated results are in good agreement with residence time and average wave height measurements.
The Effects of Electromagnetic Brake on Liquid Steel Flow in Thin Slab Caster
Authors: Yavuz Mehmet Metin
Published: March 2011

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with magneto hydro dynamics (MHD) is developed for a thin slab caster to investigate the effects of electromagnetic brake (EMBr) on liquid steel flow in continuous casting mold and to determine the EMBr practices which lead to optimal flow structure. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) tests in water model and meniscus flow measurements in real caster are performed to validate the predictions obtained with CFD models. The performance of different submerged entry nozzle designs, SEN 1 and SEN 2, are evaluated. The effects of nozzle submergence in relation to the applied magnetic field on mold flow structure are quantified. There are significant differences between flow structures obtained with SEN 1 and SEN 2, even though both designs have fundamental similarities and contain four ports. EMBr mainly reduces the meniscus velocities for SEN 2 as opposed to the foremost influence of EMBr for SEN 1 that is to significantly slow down the downward jet coming from the bottom ports. In addition, reducing the EMBr strength for shallow nozzle submergence and increasing the EMBr strength for deep nozzle submergence help to maintain similar meniscus activity for all conditions.
Effect of Ti Additions on Micro‐Alloyed Nb TRIP Steel
Authors: Jung Jaehyuk , Lee Seok‐Jae , Kim Sungil , De Cooman B. C.
Published: March 2011

In the present study, the influence of Ti‐additions on the mechanical properties of Nb‐microalloyed TRIP steel is investigated. Ti micro‐alloying additions to multi‐phase Nb TRIP steel result in a substantial increase of the yield strength and a reduction of strain hardening. The increase of the yield strength can be attributed mainly to grain refinement with a relatively small contribution of precipitation hardening. Based on general principles and well‐known models of alloying strengthening, metallurgical reasons for the observed mechanical behavior of the steel can be formulated. The contribution of precipitation hardening is relatively small as Ti‐addition result in the formation of coarse (Nb,Ti)(C,N) particles. The addition of Ti to a Nb‐microalloyed TRIP steel leads to a pronounced enhancement of precipitation kinetics of (Nb,Ti)(C,N), thereby increasing their phase fraction. The precipitates coarsen and tend to form groups of aggregates of particles rather than single isolated particles with increasing intercritical annealing time. In addition, Ti‐addition to Nb‐microalloyed TRIP steel has a direct influence on the chemical composition of the precipitates, which become Ti‐rich.
Incremental Sheet Metal Forming: Numerical Simulation and Rapid Prototyping Process to make an Automobile White‐Body
Authors: Duc‐Toan Nguyen , Seung‐Han Yang , Dong‐Won Jung , Tae‐Hoon Choi , Young‐Suk Kim
Published: March 2011

In order to make an automobile body structure, incremental sheet metal forming is introduced as a rapid prototyping process. Numerical modeling of the process is initially used to predict the deformation of the sheet metal to avoid failure during the incremental forming process using ABAQUS/Explicit finite element code and OYANE's ductile fracture criterion via a VUMAT user material. An automobile CAD model is then designed, and segmented into several parts in order to accommodate the working space of the CNC machine and formability of sheet metal. After that, CAM software is used to generate a tool‐path for making wooden‐dies and all small parts. Finally, a welding process is applied to join all parts which were cut by laser cutting after incremental sheet forming process.
Pasting properties of Angelica dahurica starches in the presence of NaCl, Na2CO3, NaOH, glucose, fructose and sucrose
Authors: Zhou Hongying , Wang Jianhua , Li Jinli , Fang Xinsheng , Sun Yinshi
Published: March 2011

The pasting viscosities of starches from Angelica dahurica (three cultivars named Chuan Baizhi, Yu Baizhi and Qi Baizhi in Chinese, respectively), in the presence of NaCl, Na2CO3, NaOH, glucose, fructose and sucrose were determined with a rapid visco analyser. The pasting peak, trough or final viscosities and the pasting temperatures (Pt) of Baizhi starches increased with NaCl concentration increased from 0 to 3.0%. The peak viscosities of Baizhi starches increased at 0.2% Na2CO3 concentration and then decreased with Na2CO3 concentration up to 0.8%. The trough and final viscosities and the Pt decreased with Na2CO3 concentration up to 0.8%. The peak viscosities increased in 0.1%, but decreased in 0.2% NaOH concentration. The trough and final viscosities and the Pt decreased in the presence of NaOH. With the concentration of sugar (glucose, fructose and sucrose) increased from 0 to 20%, the pasting peak, trough and final viscosities of these starches increased significantly. For the same Baizhi starch, the elevation of peak viscosity was the most significant when fructose was added, and the elevation of final viscosity was the greatest when sucrose was added.
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Cells Exhibit Ion Transport, Membrane Potential, Polarized Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Secretion, and Gene Expression Pattern Similar to Native RPE
Authors: Kokkinaki Maria , Sahibzada Niaz , Golestaneh Nady
Published: March 2011

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of blindness in aging population that progresses with death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor degeneration inducing impairment of central vision. Discovery of human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells has opened new avenues for the treatment of degenerative diseases using patient-specific stem cells to generate tissues and cells for autologous cell-based therapy. Recently, RPE cells were generated from hiPS cells. However, there is no evidence that those hiPS-derived RPE possess specific RPE functions that fully distinguish them from other types of cells. Here, we show for the first time that RPE generated from hiPS cells under defined conditions exhibit ion transport, membrane potential, polarized vascular endothelial growth factor secretion, and gene expression profile similar to those of native RPE. The hiPS-RPE could therefore be a very good candidate for RPE replacement therapy in AMD. However, these cells show rapid telomere shortening, DNA chromosomal damage, and increased p21 expression that cause cell growth arrest. This rapid senescence might affect the survival of the transplanted cells in vivo and therefore, only the very early passages should be used for regeneration therapies. Future research needs to focus on the generation of “safe” as well as viable hiPS-derived somatic cells.
Hardware‐oriented ant colony optimization and its application to dynamic route guidance problem
Authors: Yoshikawa Masaya , Terai Hidekazu
Published: March 2011

Ant colony optimization (ACO) is based on the behavior of food gathering of ants and it is a powerful search tool particularly when applying it to combinatorial optimization problems. However, ACO has the inherent problem of substantial processing time, because it requires a lot of repetitive calculations. In this article, we propose novel hardware‐oriented ACO (H‐ACO) to reduce processing time. H‐ACO adopts new integer arithmetic instead of conventional floating point arithmetic in the optimization process and it achieves high‐speed processing while keeping the quality of solutions. In addition, H‐ACO reduces the hardware resources, accelerates the clock frequency, and improves the latency, if it is implemented as a dedicated hardware. Furthermore, we also propose a new route guidance algorithm which combines H‐ACO with Dijkstra's algorithm and it can be applied to a dynamic route guidance problem. Experiments using actual map data demonstrate the validity of the proposed route guidance algorithm. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“Off‐on‐off” Fluorescence pH Switch of Three Trinuclear RuII Complexes Containing Imidazole Rings
Authors: Cheng Feixiang , Chen Jishu , Wang Fan , Tang Ning , Chen Longhai
Published: March 2011

Three tripodal ligands H3L1–3 containing imidazole rings were synthesized by the reaction of 1,10‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione with 1,3,5‐tris[(3‐formylphenoxy)methyl]benzene, 1,3,5‐tris[(3‐formylphenoxy)methyl]‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene, and 2,2′,2"‐tris[(3‐formylphenoxy)ethyl]amine, respectively. Trinuclear RuII polypyridyl complexes [(bpy)6Ru3H3L1–3](PF6)6 were prepared by the condensation of Ru(bpy)2Cl2·2H2O with ligands H3L1–3. The pH effects on the UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the three complexes were studied, and ground‐ and excited‐state ionization constants of the three complexes were derived. The three complexes act as “off‐on‐off” fluorescence pH switch through protonation and deprotonation of imidazole ring with a maximum on‐off ratio of 5 in buffer solution at room temperature.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Photoluminescence of Lanthanide Coordination Polymers with 4‐Acetamidobenzoate
Authors: Yin Xia , Fan Jun , Wang Zhihong , Zhang Wei‐Guang
Published: March 2011

The reactions of Ln(NO3)3·6H2O and 4‐acetamidobenzoic acid (Haba) with 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bpy) in ethanol solution resulted in three new lanthanide coordination polymers, namely {[Ln(aba)3(H2O)2]·0.5(4,4′‐bpy)·2H2O}∞ [Ln = Sm (1), Gd (2), and Er (3), aba = 4‐acetamidobenzoate]. Compounds 1–3 are isomorphous and have one‐dimensional chains bridged by four aba anions. 4,4′‐Bipyridine molecules don’t take part in the coordination with LnIII ions and occur in the lattice as guest molecules. Moreover, the adjacent 1D chains in the complex are further linked through numerous N–H···O and O–H···O hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular network. In addition, complex 1 in the solid state shows characteristic emission in the visible region at room temperature.
Investigations on the Thermal Reactivity of ZnII and CdII Selenocyanato Coordination Compounds
Authors: Boeckmann Jan , Reinert Thorben , Näther Christian
Published: March 2011

Reaction of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) selenocyanate with pyridine leads to the formation of new zinc(II) and cadmium(II) selenocyanato coordination compounds. The crystal structures of bis(selenocyanato‐N)‐tetrakis(pyridine‐N) zinc(II) (1) and bis(selenocyanato‐N)‐tetrakis(pyridine‐N) cadmium(II) (2) consist of discrete complexes in which the metal cations are octahedrally coordinated by two terminal N‐bonded selenocyanato anions and four pyridine molecules. Investigations on the thermal degradation behavior of 1 and 2 using simultaneous differential thermoanalysis and thermogravimetry as well as X‐ray powder diffraction, IR‐ and Raman spectroscopy, prove that on heating the pyridine‐rich compounds 1 and 2, a stepwise decomposition is observed, which leads to the formation of the pyridine‐deficient compounds bis(selenocyanato‐N)‐bis(pyridine‐N) zinc(II) (3) and catena‐[bis(μ‐1,3‐selenocyanato‐N,S)‐bis(pyridine‐N) cadmium(II)] (4) as intermediates. Whereas the octahedral coordination of the CdII cations are unchanged in its pyridine‐deficient intermediate 4, that is build up of polymeric chains, the crystal structure of compound 3 consists of tetrahedrally coordinated ZnII atoms, which are surrounded by two N‐bonded selenocyanato anions and two pyridine ligands forming discrete complexes. The structures and the thermal reactivity are discussed and compared with that of related transition metal isothiocyanates and selenocyanates with pyridine.