bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles for Haemonchus contortus control in sheep
Authors: KNOX MR
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the efficacy of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) for the control of H contortus infections in grazing sheep.

Procedure In experiment 1, 40 worm‐free Merino hoggets (11 to 12 months of age) were divided into four equal groups and allocated to separate 0.8 ha pasture plots. Two groups then received 2.5 g COWP whereas the other two groups were untreated. From 1 week after COWP treatment all lambs received a weekly infection of 2000 H contortus larvae. At week 8, six sheep from the untreated group were then allocated to two groups and treated with either 2.5 or 5.0 g of COWP to establish therapeutic efficacy of treatment. Experiment 2 followed a similar protocol but was conducted with 40 worm‐free Merino lambs (3 to 4 months of age) and no assessment of therapeutic efficacy was made.

Results In experiment 1 no significant difference in faecal worm egg counts was observed between treatments and faecal worm egg counts remained less than 3000 epg in all animals. Total worm counts were reduced by 37% by COWP treatment (P = 0.055). Both 2.5 g and 5.0 g doses of COWP at 8 weeks of infection reduced faecal worm egg counts by > 85% with the higher dose giving an earlier response to treatment. In experiment 2, faecal worm egg counts at 4 and 6 weeks were reduced by more than 90% in the COWP treated lambs and worm numbers were 54% lower after 6 weeks when all remaining untreated lambs had to be treated for haemonchosis. Mean faecal worm egg counts in the COWP lambs remained below 3500 epg and clinical disease did not develop in the majority of lambs before the end of the experiment at 10 weeks.

Conclusion Treatment with COWPs appears to have the potential to reduce establishment and worm fecundity of Haemonchus spp for an extended period and may offer livestock producers a supplementary means of reducing larval contamination of pasture particularly in areas where anthelmintic resistance is a problem and copper supplementation is likely to be beneficial.
Exophthalmos due to a wooden foreign body in a dog
Authors: O'REILLY A , BECK C , MOUATT JG , STENNER VJ
Published: March 2008

An 8‐year‐old Golden Retriever dog was presented with a 10‐month history of right‐sided exophthalmos. Radiographs and CT demonstrated a linear density, suggestive of a foreign body, in the region of the ramus of the right mandible. A 7 cm stick, located medial to the right zygomatic arch, was removed during exploratory surgery. The dog recovered with the aid of antibiotics, however was left with a residual facial nerve paralysis.
Protothecal colitis in a German Shepherd Dog
Authors: RALLIS TS , TONTIS D , ADAMAMA‐MORAITOU KK , MYLONAKIS ME , PAPAZOGLOU LG
Published: March 2008

A 3½‐year‐old intact male German Shepherd Dog was admitted with a history of protracted haemorrhagic diarrhoea and tenesmus. Clinical evaluation revealed thickening of the rectal mucosa and presence of fresh blood and mucus in the faeces. Severe mucosal granularity and multiple nodules, in addition to a rectal stricture 7 to 9 cm from the anus, were found on colonoscopy. Histopathological evaluation of biopsy specimens identified organisms with morphologic features compatible with those reported for Prototheca spp. Although surgical excision of the rectal stricture was performed and ketoconazole treatment was instituted postoperatively, the dog's clinical condition deteriorated and euthanasia was performed 4 months later.
The squatters and the blowflies
Authors: ABBOTT WE , CARROLL L , FARAGHER JT
Published: March 2008

Cutaneous myiasis in Australian sheep became an increasing problem in the early years of the 20th century after the import of the wrinkly Vermont Merinos and the introduction o f Lucillia cuprina. WE Abbott, a successful pastoralist in New South Wales at that time, wrote a little‐known and unusual description of early methods of control: a parody based on an episode in Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll. The plight of struck sheep and the lives and times of Abbott, several other pastoralists and the entomologists of the New South Wales Department of Agriculture are illuminated as the Walrus and the Carpenter walk again across the hills and pastures of New South Wales.
Molecular characterisation of Victorian Newcastle disease virus isolates from 1976 to 1999
Authors: PEROULIS‐KOURTIS I , O'RILEY K , GRIX D , CONDRON RJ , AINSWORTH C
Published: March 2008

Objective To characterise Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained in Victoria from 1976 to 1999 and identify the diversity of F0 cleavage signal.

Design RT‐PCR using viral RNA extracted from positive NDV allantoic fluid was performed to amplify a segment of the NDV F and HN genes. Molecular characterisation of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences within the F0 cleavage site was undertaken.

Results All isolates contained 'avirulent' F0 cleavage signal sequence of varied amino acid composition.

Conclusions Molecular characterisation of past and present NDV F0 cleavage signal sequences will provide valuable epidemiological information and assist in understanding the genetic origins and relationships of outbreaks.
The epidemiology of subfertility in non‐seasonal calving dairy herds in the Camden region of New South Wales: description of population and incidence
Authors: MOSS N , LEAN IJ , REID SWJ , HODGSON DR
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe biographic, reproductive, production and disease characteristics of 965 Holstein cows from 10 non‐seasonal calving dairy herds in the Camden region of New South Wales, and to describe the incidence of subfertility, that is, conception requiring > 2 inseminations, in this population.

Design A retrospective epidemiologic study.

Methods Computer records were used to determine biographic, reproductive, production and disease characteristics in all lactations that commenced between 1 July 1995 and 30 June 1996 and resulted in conception during that lactation. Differences in these characteristics among herds and between primiparous and multiparous cows were examined. The lactational incidence of subfertility for lactations commencing during the study period was determined.

Results Ten herds with appropriate records and management structures entered the study. Herd size ranged from 86 to 203 lactating cows. Nutritional and reproductive management of these herds was typical of smaller pasture‐based herds within the study region.

Records from 1320 cows were available, of which 965 were considered suitable for descriptive analysis. Monthly variations in number of cows calving were noted, with number of lactations commenced by primiparous and multiparous cows peaking in January and October, respectively. Significant (P < 0.001) inter‐herd differences for all reproductive, disease and milk production outcomes were detected for both the entire population and within primiparous and multi‐parous subgroups.

Of 1041 cows submitted for insemination, 76 failed to conceive. The lactational incidence rate (LIR) of subfertility in all lactations was 21.1% (95% CI19–24%). and among all cows conceiving was 22.8% (95% CI20–25%). The LIR of subfertility in primipara was 24.1% (95% CI19–28%) and varied widely between herds (10%‐40%). The LIR of subfertility in multipara was 22.2% (95% CI20–25%) and also varied widely between herds (7%‐46%).

Conclusion Parity and herd of origin should be considered in any further analyses of these data.
The epidemiology of subfertility in non‐seasonal calving dairy herds in the Camden region of New South Wales: preliminary investigation of risk factors
Authors: MOSS N , LEAN IJ , REID SWJ , HODGSON DR
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate relationships between biographic, reproductive, production and disease traits and subfertility among 965 Holstein cows from 10 non‐seasonal calving dairy herds in the Camden region of New South Wales.

Design A retrospective case‐control study

Methods Biographical, disease and reproductive data were collated from computerised records for cows with lactations that commenced between 1 July 1995 and 30 June 1996 and univariable and bivariable associations with subfertility were determined.

Results Records from 965 cows that conceived were considered for risk factor analyses. Associations between subfertility and a number of risk factors (P < 0.3) were detected. Significant (P < 0.05) risk factors for subfertility in multiparous cows included herd of origin and, after controlling for the effect of herd, subfertility in the previous lactation, greater than 62 days dry, parity greater than five, interval between calving and first recorded heat, metritis and cystic ovarian disease. Herd of origin and, after controlling for herd effects, dystocia, metritis and percentage of milk fat plus protein at the time of first service were significant (P < 0.05) risk factors for subfertility in primiparous cows. The direction and magnitude of these associations are presented.

Conclusion Subfertility has a similar rate of occurrence in the herds examined to that reported overseas. Although herd of origin has a substantial effect on individual risk of subfer‐tility, cow‐level risk factors for subfertility are likely to exist. Exposures differ between primiparous and multiparous cows.
Neuro‐angiostrongylosis in wild Black and Grey‐headed flying foxes (Pteropus spp)
Authors: BARRETT JL , CARLISLE MS , PROCIV P
Published: March 2008

Objective To identify nematodes seen in histological sections of brains of flying foxes (fruit bats) and describe the associated clinical disease and pathology.

Proceedures Gross and histological examination of brains from 86 free‐living flying foxes with neurological disease was done as part of an ongoing surveillance program for Australian bat lyssavirus. Worms were recovered, or if seen in histological sections, extracted by maceration of half the brain and identified by microscopic examination. Histological archives were also reviewed.

Results There was histological evidence of angiostrongy‐losis in 16 of 86 recently submitted flying foxes with neurological disease and in one archival case from 1992. In 10 flying foxes, worms were definitively identified as Angiostrongylus cantonensis fifth‐stage larvae. A worm fragment and third stage larvae were identified as Angiostrongylus sp, presumably A cantonensis, in a further three cases. The clinical picture was dominated by paresis, particularly of the hind‐limbs, and depression, with flying foxes surviving up to 22 days in the care of wildlife volunteers. Brains containing fifth‐stage larvae showed a moderate to severe eosinophilic and granulomatous meningoencephalitis (n=14), whereas there was virtually no inflammation of the brains of bats which died when infected with only smaller, third‐stage larvae (n = 3). There was no histological evidence of pulmonary involvement.

Conclusion This is the first report of the recovery and identification of A cantonensisfrom free‐living Australian wildlife. While angiostrongylosis is a common cause of paresis in flying foxes, the initial clinical course cannot be differentiated from Australian bat lyssavirus infection, and wildlife carers should be urged not to attempt to rehabilitate flying foxes with neurological disease.
Surgical cleft soft palate repair in a foal
Authors: KIRKHAM LEMcN , VASEY JR
Published: March 2008

An Anglo‐Arab foal with bilateral postprandial nasal discharge was diagnosed as having a full‐length defect of the soft palate. Surgical repair was attempted using a combination of two surgical approaches. Initially a mandibular symphysiotomy approach was used. The posterior portion of the defect did not heal adequately, so a ventral laryngotomy, bisecting the body of the thyroid cartilage and extending to a pharyngotomy approach, was performed 5 months later. The foal has since matured fully despite a slight unilateral nasal discharge. This case report demonstrates that these two surgical approaches used simultaneously provide surgical access that is superior to either approach used individually.
Surgical removal of a fish hook from the oesophagus of a turtle
Authors: HYLAND RJ
Published: March 2008

An adult male Macquarie turtle was presented for examination after swallowing a fish hook. Radiographs taken to determine the position of this foreign body within the gastrointestinal tract revealed the fish hook lodged in the turtle's oesophagus. Surgical removal of the fish hook involved an approach through the soft tissues of the lateral neck. The turtle recovered well and was returned to the wild.
Cytological examination and physical characteristics of the anal sacs in 17 clinically normal dogs
Authors: ROBSON DC , BURTON GG , LORIMER MF
Published: March 2008

Objective To quantify numbers of leucocytes, keratinocytes and microorganisms in, as well as the turgidity, colour and consistency of, anal sac exudates in clinically normal dogs.

Design Selection criteria were formed based on the absence of clinical signs associated with anal sac disease, and the absence of factors potentially affecting colonic flora. Anal sacs were palpated for turgidity then expressed onto a swab, where colour and consistency were noted. A squash preparation made from any exudate was heat fixed and stained with modified Wright's stain. Eight representative 1000x oil immersion fields from each were examined for leucocytes, erythrocytes, keratinocytes, bacteria and yeast. Results were summarised, and cytological counts grouped into quar‐tiles (minimal, few, moderate, numerous). Due to the multi‐variate nature of the study and limited subject numbers, further significant statistical analysis could not be performed.

Results Seventeen dogs satisfied the selection criteria. The physical characteristics of the exudate and sac varied, though 31/34 sacs were empty or soft, 22/27 exudates were light or dark brown and 19/27 exudates were a thin liquid. Total leucocyte, keratinocyte and bacilli counts were extremely variable. Yeasts were present in 26/208 microscopic fields examined cytologically. Only 5/208 fields showed numerous cocci. A single instance of intracellular bacteria and a single erythro‐cyte were noted following examination of all fields.

Conclusion In this study, the characteristics of normal anal sacs and their exudate varied but greater than 70% showed similar features. Exudate cytology was highly variable, though yeasts were uncommon, and intracellular cocci and erythro‐cytes extremely rare.
Diagnosis of sciatic nerve tumour in two dogs by electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: ABRAHAM LA , MITTEN RW , BECK C , CHARLES JA , HOLLOWAY SA
Published: March 2008

Sciatic nerve tumour was diagnosed in a Staffordshire Bull Terrier cross‐bred and a Bichon Frise, both presenting with chronic left hind limb lameness. Neurological examination in each case was consistent with left sciatic nerve deficits and this was confirmed by EMG studies. Rectal examination of both dogs revealed a palpable intrapelvic mass that was not apparent on survey radiographs. A sciatic nerve tumour was identified using MRI in each case. Histological examination of tissue taken from the Staffordshire Bull Terrier cross‐bred was consistent with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour.
Accuracy of bovine pregnancy detection using transrectal ultrasonography at 28 to 35 days after insemination
Authors: NATION DP , MALMO J , DAVIS GM , MACMILLAN KL
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the accuracy of real‐time ultrasonography to detect pregnancy in dairy cows at 28 to 35 days after insemination.

Methods Cows that did not return to oestrus between 18 and 24 days after a first insemination (n = 526) were examined by transrectal ultrasonography from 28 to 35 days after insemination. Pregnancy was confirmed by the observation of a foetus, but fluid in the uterine horn and the presence of embryonic membranes were also noted. When pregnancy was not confirmed by the observation of a foetus, a second examination 7 days later, confirmed these remaining cows as pregnant or not pregnant to the first insemination. Detection of pregnancy at this early examination was compared with manual transrectal pregnancy examination performed 10 to 13 weeks after insemination (13‐week examination).

Results There were 44% of cows that were pregnant to the first service, 34% that had returned for a second service 18 to 24 days after the first insemination, and 20% of cows that were not pregnant, and had not returned normally for a second service (non‐pregnant, non‐return) within 24 days of their initial insemination. The presence of a foetus at 28 to 35 days after insemination was accurately predicted by a simplified method where uterine fluid accumulation and embryonic membranes were observed. Foetal loss between the early detection and the 13‐week examination (9% of pregnancies) indicated that 28 to 35 days post insemination was too early to reliably detect pregnancy.

Conclusion Early examination of pregnancy with trans‐rectal ultrasonography is an accurate method to identify non‐pregnant, non‐return cows. The examination can be simplified by the observation of uterine fluid accumulation and embryonic membranes, as opposed to the more involved process of observing the foetus.
Trial introduction of the Willis dropped ovary technique for spaying cattle in northern Australia
Authors: JUBB TF , FORDYCE G , BOLAM MJ , HADDEN DJ , COOPER NJ , WHYTE TR , FITZPATRICK LA , HILL F , D'OCCHIO MJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To compare the Willis dropped ovary technique with traditional spaying methods in extensive beef cattle herds in northern Australia.

Procedure Three field trials were conducted simultaneously at different sites in northern Australia in 1996–97. Brahman and Brahman‐Shorthorn cross heifers (n = 219, 2 years, 250 to 378 kg) and cows (n = 211, 3 to 16 years, 256 to 540 kg) were allocated by stratified randomisation to three treatments: spaying using the Willis dropped ovary technique (WDOT); spaying using traditional paralumbar and vaginal methods; and unspayed. Following these procedures, these nonpregnant, nonlactating cattle were then exposed to bulls (4 per 100 females) under extensive rangeland conditions for 12 months during which time weight, body condition, pregnancy and ovarian function were monitored and compared.

Results Pregnancy rates varied from 60 to 90% for entire heifers and 80 to 100% for entire cows depending on site. The traditional spay methods were 100% successful in preventing pregnancy; the WDOT was 92 to 97% effective, depending on operator experience. The number of deaths was the same or higher in Willis spayed animals than other groups. Weight changes were similar in all groups at the three sites over the trial period. The time taken to spay using the WDOT was similar to or less than that required for the traditional methods. Uterine abnormalities were not observed in animals spayed with the WDOT, there were however 30 (12.4%) animals where excision of the ovary was incomplete; the still‐attached ovarian remnant presumably accounting for the three pregnant animals in this group.

Conclusion The WDOT suffers from requiring a high degree of skill in transrectal ovarian manipulation. There were more deaths and more pregnancies than with traditional spay methods. More experienced operators can be expected to achieve lower mortalities, better contraception and higher processing rates. Pregnancy will occur as a consequence of ovarian remnants unless care is taken to ensure removal of the entire ovary.
Complete heart block associated with lupus in a dog
Authors: MALIK R , ZUNINO P , HUNT GB
Published: March 2008

A 5‐year‐old Poodle‐cross was initially presented for exercise intolerance and difficulty in chewing and yawning. Some months later it acutely developed lethargy referable to complete heart block. Further investigations before and after permanent pacemaker implantation demonstrated Coombs‐positive immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia, presumptive masticatory myositis and hypoadrenocorticism, suggesting the possibility of multisystem auto‐immune disease. A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was made based on these findings and a positive anti‐nuclear antibody titre. It was thought that immune‐mediated destruction of cardiac conduction tissues was responsible for the development of atrioventricular conduction block. Glucocorticoid deficiency was corrected using cortisone replacement therapy. SLE was controlled successfully for 10 months using azathio‐prine monotherapy until signs, subsequently shown to be due to subacute bacterial endocarditis, resulted in the death of the patient. Lupus should be considered as a potential underlying aetiology in dogs that develop heart block.
Palmar digital neurectomy in 24 horses using the guillotine technique
Authors: MATTHEWS S , DART AJ , DOWLING BA
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the effectiveness and incidence of complications of palmar digital neurectomy using the guillotine technique in horses presented for lameness originating from sites innervated by these nerves.

Design Retrospective study of 24 clinical cases.

Animals Twenty‐four horses undergoing a palmar digital nerve neurectomy between June 1997 and June 2001.

Methods The records of all horses undergoing a uniaxial or biaxial, unilateral or bilateral neurectomy during the defined time period were retrieved. Information retrieved from the record included breed, age, gender, discipline for which the horse was used, history, results of lameness examination, results of perineural anaesthesia, radiographic findings, surgery report, postoperative care, complications and outcome.

Results Seventeen geldings and seven female horses of mixed breeds, ranging in age from 1 to 16 years, that were used for a variety of non‐racing, but competitive, athletic disciplines, underwent neurectomy using the guillotine technique during the specified time period. In 23 horses perineural anaesthesia was performed at the University Veterinary Centre to isolate the lameness. Anaesthesia resolved lameness in 18 horses. In five horses there was some residual lameness isolated to sites remote from the distal extremity. The most common radiographic finding was an increase in the number and or size of the synovial fossae of the navicular bone. Twenty‐two horses underwent bilateral biaxial neurec‐tomies and two horses with painful trauma‐induced neuromas underwent unilateral, uniaxial neurectomy. There were no postoperative complications. All horses were rested for 3 months before returning to work. At least 1 year after surgery, 22 horses were in full work and two horses were not in work because of unrelated problems. Of the horses in work, 17 were considered free of lameness. The other five were competing, but receiving medication for residual lameness associated with sites remote from the distal extremity.

Conclusion Results of this study suggested that palmar digital neurectomy using the guillotine technique provided reliable and consistent resolution of lameness originating from sites innervated by these nerves. There were no significant complications.
Evidence‐based veterinary medicine: what it is, what it isn't and how to do it
Authors: DOIG GS
Published: March 2008

“You know what they say about paradigms – Shift happens!” Anonymous
Serum protein electrophoretic pattern in young and adult camels
Authors: CHAUDHARY ZI , IQBAL J. , RASHID J.
Published: March 2008

Objective

To compare the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in clinically healthy adult camels (between 3 and 8 years of age) and camel calves (less than 3 months of age).

Design

Laboratory analysis of serum from healthy camels.

Procedure

Blood was collected from 30 healthy adult camels and 30 camel calves and the serum separated. Total protein of each serum sample was estimated by automated chemistry analyser. The proteins were fractionated by automated electrophoresis on agarose gel.

Results

Serum proteins migrated on the agarose gel as one albumin, two α(α1 and α(2‐globulins), two β(β1 and β2‐globulins) and one γ‐globulin fractions. In adult camels the mean concentration of total protein, albumin α1, α2, β1, β2 and γ‐globulins was 56.8±1.5, 30.7 ± 0.8, 2.4 ± 0.1, 3.2 ± 0.1, 9.7 ± 0.3, 3.4 ± 0.2 and 8.6 ± 0.3 g/L, respectively. These values in calves were 49.7 ±1.8, 23.7 ±0.8, 3.2 ± 0.2, 3.1 ± 0.2, 14.2 ± 0.2, 4.0 ± 0.2 and 4.1 ± 0.2 g/L, respectively.

Conclusion

The concentration of total proteins, albumin and γ‐globulins was higher (P< 0.05) in the adult camels than in camel calves. The concentrations of β1 globulins was higher (P< 0.05) in calves as compared to adult camels.
Acquired myasthenia gravis associated with a non‐invasive thymic carcinoma in a dog
Authors: STENNER VJ , PARRY BW , HOLLOWAY SA
Published: March 2008

An 8½‐year‐old neutered male Beagle was diagnosed with acquired myasthenia gravis associated with a non‐invasive thymic carcinoma. The thymic mass was surgically excised and the dog was treated with pyridostigmine, prednisolone and azathioprine. Serial acetylcholine receptor antibody titres were increased initially but slowly declined to normal values over a period of 24 weeks. Improved exercise tolerance was seen following therapy, however, oesophageal dysfunction persisted. The dog was euthanased 26 weeks after initial presentation due to a complicating illness. A necropsy showed no regrowth or metastasis of the thymic carcinoma.
The Kendall Oration: Veterinarians in Society ‐ Some Future Directions
Authors: Murray Gardner
Published: March 2008

Every four years a distinguished veterinarian is invited to provide the profession with a contemporary perspective on our craft. This year Australian Chief Veterinary officer Gardner Murray delivered a truly international viewpoint through the Kendall Oration at AVA's National Conference in Canberra.
Cervical hyperaesthesia in a Maltese Terrier with necrotising meningoencephalitis
Authors: FEARNSIDE SM , KESSELL AE , POWE JR
Published: March 2008

A 15‐month‐old female neutered Maltese Terrier was presented with a 12 hour history of low head carriage, reluctance to move and yelping when picked up. Physical examination was unremarkable apart from cervical hyperaesthesia. Twenty four hours after initial assessment there was significant clinical deterioration, with the dog exhibiting lateral cervical flexion and neurological abnormalities consistent with diffuse multifocal cerebral dysfunction. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a marked pleocytosis. Euthanasia was elected and gross necropsy findings included swelling of the right frontal cortex and a focal area of necrosis in the ventrolateral grey matter of the frontal cortex. Histological examination of the brain tissue revealed focal areas of necrosis and generalised non‐suppurative inflammation consistent with a morphological diagnosis of necrotising encephalomyelitis.
The effects of reducing the length of canine teeth in sucking pigs by clipping or grinding
Authors: HOLYOAKE PK , BROEK DJ , CALLINAN APL
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo provide production data that would support or discount current teeth clipping practices in sucking pigs.

DesignIntervention study of 207 litters of pigs on a commercial farm.

ProcedureLitters were assigned to one of three interventions undertaken at 1 day of age: clipped using hand‐operated side cutter pliers, ground using a battery‐operated grinder or left intact. The effects of the intervention on weaning weight, preweaning mortality, facial lesions, gum damage and arthritis in litters of pigs were recorded, as was the incidence of udder damage of the sows. Weight gain and facial damage post‐weaning of pigs within each intervention group were recorded. The cost:benefit of each intervention was determined.

ResultsAverage weaning weight of pigs whose teeth were clipped was higher than of those whose teeth were ground but not of those with intact teeth. Clipping resulted in fewer preweaning deaths than both unclipped and ground litters due to fewer overlays. The incidence and severity of face scarring was higher in unclipped litters than clipped and ground litters. Treatment had no effect on face scars at weaning, udder damage, post‐treatment fostering, time of preweaning deaths or postweaning weight gain. There was an additional labour cost of 6 cents per pig with teeth clipping.

ConclusionThis study supports teeth clipping of sucking pigs because there are welfare, production and financial benefits including reduced facial damage and preweaning mortality.
Detection of subgroup J avian leukosis virus infection in Australian meat‐type chickens
Authors: BAGUST TJ , FENTON SP , REDDY MR
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the extent of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV‐J) infection in Australian broiler breeder flocks, using virus isolation and molecular biological detection. Any resultant ALV‐J viral isolates to be characterised by neutralisation cross testing in order to determine antigenic relationships to overseas isolates of ALV‐J.

Study design Samples of blood, feather pulp, albumen and tumours were obtained from broiler breeder flocks which represented four genetic strains of meat chickens being grown in Victoria, South Australia, NSW and Queensland. Dead and ailing birds were necropsied on farm and samples were collected for microscopic and virological examinations. Virus isolation was carried out in C/O and DF‐1 CEF cultures and ALV group specific antigen was detected in culture lysates using AC‐ELISA. Micro‐neutralisation assay was used for antigenic characterisation of selected isolates. Genomic DNA was isolated from cultured cells, tumours and feather pulp. ALV‐J envelope sequences were amplified by PCR using specific ALV‐J primers while antibodies against ALV‐J were detected by ELISA.

Results A total of 62 ALV‐J isolates were recovered and confirmed by PCR from 15 (31.3%) of 48 breeder flocks tested. Antibody to ALV‐J was detected in 20 (47.6%) of the 42 flocks tested. Characteristic lesions of myeloid leukosis caused by ALV‐J were found in affected flocks. The gross pathological lesions were characterised by skeletal myelocytomas located on the inner sternum and ribs, neoplastic enlargement of the liver, and in some cases gross tumour involvement of the spleen, kidney, trachea, skeletal muscles, bone marrow, skin and gonads. Microscopically, the tumours consisted of immature granulated myelocytes, and were present as focal or diffuse infiltrations in the affected organs. Virus micro‐neutralisation assays demonstrated antigenic variation among Australian isolates and to overseas strains of ALV‐J.

Conclusion ALV‐J infection was prevalent in Australian broiler breeder flocks during 2001 to 2003. Australian isolates of ALV‐J show a degree of antigenic variation when compared to overseas isolates.
A comparative field trial of cephalonium and cloxacillin for dry cow therapy for mastitis in Australian dairy cows
Authors: SHEPHARD RW , BURMAN S. , MARCUN P.
Published: March 2008

Objective

To investigate and compare the therapeutic efficacy of dry cow agents containing either cephalonium or cloxacillin within Australian dairy herds.

Design

A treatment‐control trial.

Methods

Milk from infected quarters of cows with high somatic cell counts in milk on eight Australian dairy farms was cultured to identify bacterial pathogens. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups and one group was treated with cephalonium at drying off and the other group was treated with cloxacillin at drying off. Milk samples from infected quarters were collected immediately after calving and were cultured for pathogens. The effect of treatment on bacteriological cure was examined and somatic cell counts from infected cows from the first two herd tests after calving were examined for a treatment effect. On four farms, milk samples were collected for culture from all cases of clinical mastitis identified within the first 7 days after calving. The effect of treatment upon incidence of clinical mastitis after calving was examined.

Results

There was no significant difference between treatments on quarter cure rates for new infections, for chronic infections and for infections withStaphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus agalactiaeandStreptococcus uberis.Infected quarters treated with cephalonium had a significantly higher cure rate than quarters treated with cloxacillin whenCorynebacterium bovisandStaphylococcus epidermidswere included as pathogens combined (80.3% versus 70.7%). There was no significant difference between the treatments on somatic cell counts of infected cows at the first two herd tests after calving. There was no difference between treatments on the incidence of clinical mastitis in the first 7 days after calving.

Conclusions

Cephalonium is an effective antibiotic for dry cow therapy.
Effect of oral ursodeoxycholic acid on bile acids tolerance tests in healthy dogs
Authors: ABRAHAM LA , CHARLES JA , HOLLOWAY SA
Published: March 2008

Objective T o determine whether oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to healthy dogs alters the results of the bile acids tolerance test.

Methods UDCA (15 mg/kg once daily) was administered to 16 healthy dogs for 7 days. Health of the dogs was assessed by clinical examination, haematology, serum biochemistry and a bile acids tolerance test. Normal liver structure was confirmed by histopathology at the end of the study. Bile acids tolerance tests were performed before and at the end of the treatment period, with each dog serving as its own control. For the post‐treatment bile acids tolerance test, UDCA was administered at the time of feeding.

Results Pretreatment, the fasted serum total bile acid concentrations ranged between 0 and 9 μmol/L. In the majority of dogs, the postprandial total bile acid concentration was greater than the preprandial value, with a range of 0 to 16 μmol/L. The fasted total bile acid concentration was 0 μmol/L in most dogs (93.75%) after treatment with UDCA. Postprandial serum bile acids also remained within the reference range for the majority of dogs (93.75%) after UDCA treatment. A single dog had a postprandial bile acid concentration above the reference range, but the concentration was within the reference range when the assay was repeated the following day without concurrent administration of UDCA. The pre‐ and postprandial total serum bile acid concentrations were not significantly affected by UDCA treatment.

Conclusion The administration of UDCA does not alter the bile acids tolerance test of normal healthy dogs.
Toxic effects of mebendazole at high dose on the haematology of red‐legged pademelons (Thylogale stigmatica)
Authors: SPEARE R. , SKERRATT LF , BERGER L. , JOHNSON PM
Published: March 2008

Objective

To investigate the effects of mebendazole at high dose on the haematology of macropods.

Design

Experimental.

Procedure

Five red‐legged pademelons (Thylogale stigmatica) were dosed orally with mebendazole at 50 mg/kg/d for 5 to 6 days. Two control pademelons were dosed with water. Regular blood samples were taken for haematology over 20 days.

Results

All four treated pademelons sampled at 5 days developed severe leucopenia and neutropenia, moderate lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinopenia and monocytopenia, as well as bone marrow aplasia within 5 to 11 days after the first mebendazole dose. Four pademelons died unexpectedly or became ill and were euthanased 5 to 11 days after the first dose while the other animal recovered after 5 days of illness. Necropsy revealed systemic infection with opportunistic enteric bacteria, non‐suppurative inflammation in tissues, haemorrhage and ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.

Conclusions

Red‐legged pademelons rapidly develop bone‐marrow aplasia and subsequent septicaemia after administration of high doses of mebendazole. Mebendazole at high doses should not be used for macropods.
Effect of foodstuff contamination by aflatoxin on the one‐humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Authors: OSMAN NAWAL , EL‐SABBAN FF , KHAWLI A AL , MENSAH‐BROWN EPK
Published: March 2008

Twenty young female adult one‐humped racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) kept in camps scattered outside Al Ain city and aged between 3‐ and 6‐years‐old, died after a short clinical illness. Affected camels were dull, inappetant and pyrexic, with submandibular oedema and enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes. Of 100 camels within the camps, 31 showed clinical signs. At necropsy examination, the liver of dead animals appeared yellowish, enlarged, congested and friable. The main hepatic histological findings were centrolobular necrosis, haemorrhages and cellular vacuolation. Aflatoxins were detected in sera, liver, ruminal contents and in feed ingested by affected animals. Sera of symptomatic and recovered camels also showed increased levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminases, glutamic pyruvic transaminases, aspartate transaminases, gamma glutamyl transaminases, glucose, urea nitrogen, phosphorus and total iron. Decreased levels of albumin, calcium, cholesterol and triglycerides were also observed. It was probable that aflatoxicosis was responsible for clinical signs and subsequent death of the camels. The need for suitable and appropriate storage conditions of animal feed to prevent fungal growth and aflatoxin contamination is highlighted.
Acute renal failure following Bull Ant mass envenoma‐tion in two dogs
Authors: ABRAHAM LA , HINKLEY CJ , TATARCZUCH L , HOLLOWAY SA
Published: March 2008

Acute renal failure was diagnosed in a German Short Haired Pointer bitch and a Kelpie cross‐bred dog following envenomation by Bull ants. Both dogs had been tethered over a Bull ant nest and had experienced mass envenomation. There was local reaction at the envenomation sites and each dog had experienced vomiting that was poorly controlled by symptomatic therapy. Intensive treatment of renal failure was successful in the German Short Haired Pointer and the bitch remains well 19 months after envenomation. The Kelpie cross‐bred deteriorated despite intensive treatment and was euthanased 36 hours after presentation. Necropsy examination revealed haemorrhage and necrosis of the small intestine and myocardium, bilateral nephrosis with tubular necrosis, and patchy haemorrhage of the lung alveoli, pancreas and adrenal cortices. Electron microscopy revealed necrosis of the small intestine and hydropic swelling of proximal renal tubules with necrosis of medullary tubules.
Immune‐mediated neutropenia suspected in five dogs
Authors: PERKINS MC , CANFIELD P , CHURCHER RK , MALIK R
Published: March 2008

Five cases of suspected immune‐mediated neutropenia in dogs are described. Clinical signs varied depending on whether the animals had a systemic infection or concurrent immune‐mediated disease. Patients were diagnosed by excluding other causes of neutropenia, supportive bone marrow aspirate findings, an initial favourable response to corticosteroid administration in four of the cases, and concurrent immune‐mediated disease. Four of the dogs were receiving medications at the time of diagnosis, and immune‐mediated neutropenia secondary to drug therapy cannot be excluded. This study shows that appropriate immunosuppressive treatment can lead to a favourable outcome, however, care is required to avoid adverse effects associated with corticosteroid use. It is also imperative that medications are not withdrawn abruptly as a second remission may not always be achievable.
Detection of White Spot Syndrome virus and Yellowhead virus in prawns imported into Australia
Authors: McCOLL KA , SLATER J , JEYASEKARAN G , HYATT AD , CRANE M STJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether viable White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV) or Yellowhead virus (YHV) were present in prawn products imported into Australia.

Procedure A sample of fourteen uncooked prawns was obtained from a consignment imported from southeast Asia. Each of the prawns was examined for WSSV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then a bioassay was conducted in which a 10% homogenate of cuticular epithelium from each of the prawns was inoculated intramuscularly into healthy challenge prawns (Penaeus monodon) from Australia. The latter were then monitored for clinical signs of disease, and tissue samples were processed for electron microscopy, histological examination and for detection of WSSV by in situ hybridization (ISH) using a commercial kit. Limited numbers of haemolymph samples from inoculated challenge prawns were also examined by PCR for the presence of WSSV and YHV. All work was carried out under microbiologically secure conditions.

Results Results of the initial PCR examination for WSSV on the imported prawns were not definitive. However, in the bioassay, several of the challenge prawns inoculated with homogenates from the imported prawns showed clinical signs of disease (inappetence and lethargy) within 24 h post inoculation (pi) and died at 1 to 4 days pi. Tissue samples from a number of moribund prawns demonstrated lesions typical of White Spot Disease (WSD), and the presence of the virus was confirmed by electron microscopy, ISH and PCR. YHV was also demonstrated by PCR in two challenge prawns inoculated with homogenates.

Conclusion Viable WSSV and YHV were present in frozen prawn products imported into Australia for human consumption from southeast Asia. Importation of frozen infected products may present a risk of transferring virus to wild and farmed populations of crustaceans in this country. To date, WSD and Yellowhead Disease remain exotic to Australia.
Apoptosis in liver damage produced by tunicamycin
Authors: FINNIE JW , READ SH , SWIFT JG
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether apoptosis contributes to hepatocyte loss in tunicamycin poisoning.

Design Groups of four guinea pigs were given 400 μg/kg of tunicamycin subcutaneously and killed at 24 h intervals up to 72 h post‐injection. Livers were examined by routine histological methods and ancillary techniques (TUNEL staining, endonu‐clease activation, caspase activity, and electron microscopy) to ascertain whether any hepatocyte injury was apoptotic.

Results Many hepatocytes exposed to tunicamycin showed evidence of apoptosis in the form of nuclear karyorrhexis with chromatin margination and crescent formation, TUNEL‐posi‐tivity, DNA laddering, elevated caspase activity and apoptotic body formation.

Conclusion Tunicamycin caused the death of many hepatocytes in the livers of guinea pigs by apoptosis.
A squamous cell carcinoma and an adenocarcinoma in Australian treefrogs
Authors: BERGER L , SPEARE R , MIDDLETON D
Published: March 2008

We describe the pathology in a captive adult White lipped treefrog (Litoria infrafrenata) with a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and a free‐living adult Common green treefrog (L caerulea) with an adenocarcinoma of the skin. Although many amphibian neoplasms have been reported world wide, none had been described in Australian species.
Trauma‐induced central diabetes insipidus in a cat
Authors: CAMPBELL FE , BREDHAUER B
Published: March 2008

A 1‐year‐old neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented with a 4‐week history of polydipsia that began immediately after an 8 metre fall. Trauma‐induced central diabetes insipidus was suspected on the basis of the identification of hyposthenuria, normal haematology and serum biochemistry profile and unremarkable abdominal ultrasound examination. Failure to concentrate urine with water deprivation followed by production of hypersthenuric urine with administration of the synthetic antidiuretic hormone, Deamino‐8‐D‐arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), confirmed the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus. Treatment via conjunctival administration of DDAVP failed to attenuate the polydipsia, however, resolution of polydipsia was achieved with subcutaneous administration of DDAVP and the cat remains eudipsic with twice daily subcutaneous DDAVP administration 17 months after diagnosis.
The veterinary pharmacovigilance program of the APVMA
Authors: LINNETT P , DAGG P
Published: March 2008

This paper provides an overview of the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority's (APVMA) Adverse Experience Reporting Program for veterinary medicines (AERP Vet). It outlines the history of the AERP Vet and how the program investigates adverse experience reports received from veterinarians, product registrants and members of the public. The benefits to veterinarians of such a program are highlighted and include the ability to trust in the safety, quality and efficacy of the veterinary drugs that they handle and administer daily.
Mortalities in bobby calves associated with long distance transport
Authors: CAVE JG , CALLINAN APL , WOONTON WK
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate how distance of transportation and time of year affects mortality of bobby calves.

Method The overall mortality of bobby calves transported by road to an abattoir in Northern Victoria was investigated by the analysis of mortality data from 1998 to 2000 from the abattoir records.

Results Mortality of bobby calves increased exponentially with distance of transportation to the abattoir. The association between distance travelled and mortality was greatest in August. The increased mortality associated with greater distance travelled occurred during transportation rather than after arrival at the abattoir. The highest mortality of bobby calves was seen in October, followed by September, and the lowest was observed in August.

Conclusion Limits on the distance of transportation of bobby calves should be incorporated into future codes of practice to reduce the mortality of bobby calves.
Retrieval of ureteral calculus using a new method of endoscopic assistance in a cat
Authors: KUNTZ CA
Published: March 2008

A 9‐year‐old female spayed domestic short‐haired cat presented with ureteral obstruction due to a ureteral calculus 4 cm distal to the renal pelvis. Preoperative creatinine was 844 mmol/L. A novel approach to this condition was utilised whereby a flexible endoscope was passed through a hole made in the renal capsule into the renal pelvis and ureter. The calculus was visualised, and the endoscope was removed. A 1.4 mm flexible grasping forceps was introduced into the proximal ureter through the same hole in the renal capsule and the calculus was removed. The creatinine dropped to 282 μmol/L within 2 weeks of surgery. The cat died of apparently unrelated causes several months after surgery.
Pyruvate kinase deficiency in a Somali cat in Australia
Authors: MANSFIELD CS , CLARK P
Published: March 2008

A 7‐year‐old neutered male Somali cat, bred in Western Australia, was presented for investigation of jaundice and severe anaemia. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were evident on physical examination. Severe anaemia, along with leukopenia and increased liver enzymes, were present on laboratory evaluation. Clinical investigation identified cholangitis and treatment for this resolved the jaundice but failed to resolve the anaemia. Treatment forMycoplamsa haemofeliswas administered concurrently. Genetic testing was then performed and pyruvate kinase deficiency was identified, the first time this has been reported in an Australian cat. Treatment with immunosuppressive medication was not successful.
Udder development, lactation and ascites in a ewe with an ovarian granulosa cell tumour
Authors: GARDNER RB , ALCARAZ A , PORTER BF , DIVERS TJ
Published: March 2008

A 20‐month‐old sexually intact female mixed breed sheep was examined for lameness, unexpected udder development, lactation and anorexia. Tachycardia, tachypnoea, severe abdominal distension and vaginal prolapse were evident upon physical examination. A right hindlimb lameness was present at the walk. The udder was well‐developed and milk, normal in appearance, was easily expressed from each teat. Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed a non‐pregnant uterus, severe ascites and a large (12 cm diameter) abdominal mass. Although surgical treatment was discussed, the owners elected to euthanase the ewe. Necropsy examination confirmed the presence of severe ascites due to a ruptured ovarian tumour. The tumour was characterised as a granulosa cell tumour histologically. Unexpected udder development and lactation presumably occurred secondary to oestrogen and progesterone production by the tumour. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of udder development, lactation and ascites in a ewe secondary to an ovarian granulosa cell tumour.