bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a hospitalist care model on mortality of elderly patients with hip fractures
Authors: Batsis John A. , Phy Michael P. , Joseph Melton L. , Schleck Cathy D. , Larson Dirk R. , Huddleston Paul M. , Huddleston Jeanne M.
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND

We previously demonstrated that a hospitalist service created to medically manage patients with hip fracture reduced time to surgery and length of hospital stay, with no difference in inpatient mortality, compared with patients who received standard care. Whether this improved efficiency affects long‐term mortality is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the effects of this hospitalist service versus standard care on mortality up to 1 year and identified predictors of mortality in patients with hip fracture.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Tertiary care center.

PATIENTS

Four hundred and sixty‐six consecutive patients admitted for surgical repair of a hip fracture in 2000–2002 with 93% 1‐year follow‐up.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in survival of the patients between those on the hospitalist care service and those on the standard care service (70.5% [CI: 64.8%, 76.7%] vs. 70.6% [CI: 64.9%, 76.8%];P= .36), despite the shortened time to surgery and decreased length of stay in the hospitalist group. Predictors of mortality included: admission from a nursing home (hazard ratio [HR] 2.24, [CI: 1.73, 2.90]); age at admission (HR 1.17 [CI: 0.99, 1.38]); inpatient complications, including ICU admission, myocardial infarction, or acute renal failure (HR 1.85 [CI: 1.45, 2.35]); and ASA class III or IV compared with ASA class II (HR 4.20 [CI: 2.21, 7.99]).

CONCLUSIONS

The improved efficiency in reducing length of stay and time to surgery in the hospitalist group did not adversely affect long‐term mortality of this patient population. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:219–225. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Pre‐rainy season moisture build‐up and storm precipitation delivery in the West African Sahel
Authors: Omotosho J. Bayo
Published: August 2007

The salient differences between the years of above and below normal precipitation, particularly within the long period of 1972–1990 with persistently decreasing Sahelian rainfall, are investigated for Kano, a Nigerian station within the Sahel. Daily rainfall data from 1916 to 2000, storm records from 1951 to 2000 and radiosonde data for three dry and three wet years are used in this study. Results confirm previous findings that the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) located in the 700–600 mb layer is stronger during the dry than in wet years. Significantly, however, it is shown that during the wet years, there is stronger and deeper early season (April–June) build‐up of moisture below the AEJ. Furthermore, throughout the period from April to August, the middle troposphere was almost always drier than normal during the dry years and moist than normal in the wet years. Consequent upon these, the storms, which deliver almost all the rainfall in the Sahel, produce at least 150% more precipitation during the wet than in the dry years, though the June to September or annual total number of storms differs by only about 30%. Finally, during the dry years, the onset of rainfall is found to be generally very late compared to the long‐term mean, with shorter length of the rainy season. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Extreme rainfall in the Namib desert during late summer 2006 and influences of regional ocean variability
Authors: Muller A. , Reason C. J. C. , Fauchereau N.
Published: August 2007

The desert country of Namibia (southwestern Africa) and adjoining areas received anomalously heavy rains in austral summer 2006. In particular, the hyper‐arid southern Namib Desert experienced an extreme rainfall event in mid‐April 2006 which led to the coastal station of Luderitz receiving 102 mm, or about six times its annual average rainfall. Based on extreme value theory, this event appears to have a return period of 145 years—the rainfall received at Luderitz during 16–23 April 2006 was about twice that of the annual rainfall recorded at this station in the previous wettest year (1956).

It is argued that this event occurred as a result of the unusual interaction of an anomalously westward‐located tropical‐extratropical cloudband, and an anomalously northward‐located cut‐off low. In turn, the location and behaviour of these synoptic features may have been aided by regional ocean conditions, a strong warm event in the tropical southeast Atlantic and a positive dipole‐like sea surface temperature event in the south Indian Ocean, together with La Niña conditions. It is argued that the combination of these regional ocean patterns with the La Niña event led to the very wet conditions over Namibia and neighbouring countries during austral summer 2005–2006. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Headspace‐solid‐phase microextraction preconcentration of phenols, indoles and on‐fibre derivatised volatile fatty acids in liquid and gas samples from cow slurries
Authors: Larreta Joana , Vallejo Asier , Bilbao Urdax , Usobiaga Aresatz , Arana Gorka , Zuloaga Olatz
Published: August 2007

Odorous organic compounds from liquid and gas samples of animal wastes were studied by headspace (HS)‐solid‐phase microextraction (SPME)‐GC‐MS. 1‐Pirenyldiazomethane (PDAM) was adsorbed/absorbed on the SPME fibre in order to obtain the corresponding ester derivatives during the preconcentration step. The SPME fibre was immersed into a PDAM solution. Then, the SPME fibre was withdrawn and exposed to the HS of the liquid cow slurry. This way derivatisation of VFAs took place in the SPME fibre together with the preconcentration of the rest of the analytes of interest. The analytes were desorbed in the hot injection port (300°C) of a GC‐MS for 3 min. Four different fibre types and different immersion periods of the fibre in the PDAM solution were studied in order to obtain the best sensitivity with the selected fibre. Accuracy, precision and the LODs were calculated using spiked liquid and gas samples. The possibility of storing liquid samples after sampling by preconcentration on the fibre was also considered. Storage time and temperature were studied. The optimised method was applied to the determination of the analytes in liquid and gas samples from cow slurries from an intensive production farm.
Asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation coupled to multiangle laser light scattering detector: Optimization of crossflow rate, carrier characteristics, and injected mass in alginate separation
Authors: Alasonati Enrica , Benincasa Maria‐Anna , Slaveykova Vera I.
Published: August 2007

The coupling of the flow field‐flow fractionation (FlFFF) to differential refractive index (DRI) and multiangle laser light scattering (LS) detectors is a powerful tool for characterizing charged polysaccharides such as alginate. However, the correct interpretation of the experimental results and extrapolation of meaningful molecular parameters by using an analytical tool with such a level of complexity requires improvement of the knowledge of the alginate behavior in the channel and careful optimization of the operating conditions. Therefore, the influence of the critical operating parameters, such as crossflow rate, carrier composition and concentration, and sample load, on the alginate retention was carefully evaluated. Combined information obtained simultaneously by DRI and LS detectors over the wide range of the crossflow rate, carrier liquid concentration, and injected amount, allowed to set the appropriate combination of optimal parameters. It was found that the crossflow rate of 0.25 mL/min, carrier solution containing 5×10–2 mol/L ammonium or sodium chloride, and 50–100 μg of injected sample mass were necessary to achieve complete separation and determination of the meaningful molecular characteristics. The values of the weight‐average hydrodynamic radius (RHw), radius of gyration (RG), and molar mass (M), obtained under the optimal conditions were in good agreement to those found for alginates in the literature.
Correlation of vibratory quantitative sensory testing and nerve conduction studies in patients with diabetes
Authors: Kincaid John C. , Price Karen L. , Jimenez Maria C. , Skljarevski Vladimir
Published: August 2007

Monitoring the course of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) remains a challenge. Besides clinical examination, nerve conduction studies (NCS) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) are the most commonly used methods for evaluating peripheral nerve function in clinical trials and population studies. In this study the correlation between vibratory QST and NCS was determined. Patients (N = 227) with diabetes mellitus participated in this multicenter, single‐visit, cross‐sectional study. QST of vibration measured with the CASE IV system was compared with a composite score of peroneal motor and tibial motor NCS and with individual attributes of peroneal, tibial, and sural nerves. The correlation between QST and composite score of NCS was 0.234 (Pearson correlation coefficient, P = 0.001). The correlations between QST and individual attributes of NCS ranged from 0.189 to 0.480 (Pearson correlation coefficients, P < 0.001). The low to moderate correlation between QST and NCS suggests that these tests cannot replace each other but are complementary. Muscle Nerve, 2007
EuQoS approach for resource allocation in Ethernet networks
Authors: Carmo Maxweel Silva , Sa Silva Jorge , Monteiro Edmundo
Published: August 2007

Although the equipment currently available for Ethernet LANs provides basic quality of service (QoS) capabilities, as the ability of prioritizing traffic flows, it does not support more complex mechanisms like admission control or the ability of participating in a signalling process. This paper presents a survey on the QoS support and on resource allocation for LAN Ethernet networks, and describes a new proposal in the scope of the EuQoS project. The proposed solution is validated as proof of concept both by simulation and real testbeds. EuQoS is an FP6 IST Integrated Project with the aim of proposing, developing and studying end‐to‐end QoS support for Internet applications such as voice, video‐conferencing, video‐streaming and tele‐engineering. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheology of highly filled natural CaCO3 composites: IV. Effect of surface treatment
Authors: Kaully T. , Siegmann A. , Shacham D.
Published: August 2007

The rheology of poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) suspensions containing natural CaCO3 particles, treated with a homologous series of fatty acids, was studied using capillary and dynamic rheometry. Suspensions containing the maximal possible solid loading of raw CaCO3 were investigated, emphasizing the unique behavior of high filler loaded compositions. Surface treatment with fatty acids caused profound decrease of viscosity in the capillary flow, enabling a 4 vol% increase in the possible maximal solid loading of the suspension. The surface treatment leads to significant shear thinning opposed to the shear thickening exhibited by the untreated suspensions. Yet this effect was observed only at shear rates higher than 10 sec−1, while at lower shear rates and also under oscillatory low shear stresses, the opposite occurs: the viscosity of the surface treated systems increased. The contradictory effect of surface treatment at different shear rates regimes was ascribed to yield phenomenon of the treated suspensions, which is absent in the untreated ones. The combined, chemically and physically adsorbed acids caused higher increase in viscosity under oscillatory stresses, than the chemically adsorbed acids; thus, it can be concluded that thicker interface layer increased the yield effect reflected in higher viscosity at low shear rates. The oscillatory flow of the treated fine suspensions revealed also a consistent effect of the fatty acid length, the viscosity increased with increasing chain length; it correlated with higher layer thickness and higher surface energy of the treated filler, probably due to a skin friction effect. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic characterization of protein phosphatase 1 complexes in ischemia‐reperfusion and ischemic tolerance
Authors: Cid Cristina , Garcia‐Bonilla Lidia , Camafeita Emilio , Burda Jozef , Salinas Matilde , Alcazar Alberto
Published: August 2007

Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) regulates multiple cellular processes. Protein phosphorylation–dephosphorylation is largely altered during ischemia and subsequent reperfusion. The brain is particularly vulnerable to stress resulting from ischemia‐reperfusion (IR), however, the acquisition of ischemic tolerance (IT) protects against IR stress. We studied PP1 complexes in response to IR stress and IT in brain using proteomic characterization of PP1 complexes in animal models of IR and IT. PP1α and PP1γ were immunoprecipitated and resolved by 2‐D. DIGE analysis detected 14 different PP1‐interacting proteins that exhibited significant changes in their association with PP1α or PP1γ. These proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF MS. Seven had the PP1‐binding RVxF motif. IR altered the interaction of heat shock cognate 71 kDa‐protein, creatine kinase B, and dopamine‐ and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa (DARPP32) with both PP1α and PP1γ, and the interaction of phosphodiesterase‐6B, transitional ER ATPase, lamin‐A, glucose‐regulated 78 kDa‐protein, dihydropyrimidinase‐related protein‐2, γ‐enolase, neurofilament‐L, and ubiquitin ligase SIAH2 with PP1γ. IT prevented most of the IR‐induced effects. This study identifies novel PP1α‐ and PP1γ‐interacting proteins and reveals an in vivo modularity of PP1 holoenzymes in response to physiological ischemic stress. It supports a potential role of PP1 in IR stress and as a target of the endogenous protective mechanisms induced by IT.
Assessing peptide de novo sequencing algorithms performance on large and diverse data sets
Authors: Pitzer Erik , Masselot Alexandre , Colinge Jacques
Published: August 2007

De novo peptide sequencing algorithms are often tested on relatively small data sets made of excellent spectra. Since there are always more and more tandem mass spectra available, we have assembled six large, reliable, and diverse (three mass spectrometer types) data sets intended for such tests and we make them accessible via a web server. To exemplify their use we investigate the performance of Lutefisk, PepNovo, and PepNovoTag, three well‐established peptide de novo sequencing programs.
Proteomics Data Collection – The 1st ProDaC workshop 26 April 2007 Ecole Normale Supérieur, Lyon, France
Authors: Eisenacher Martin , Hardt Tanja , Hamacher Michael , Martens Lennart , Häkkinen Jari , Levander Fredrik , Apweiler Rolf , Meyer Helmut E. , Stephan Christian
Published: August 2007

Proteomics Data Collection (ProDaC) is an EU funded “Coordination Action” within the 6th framework programme. It aims to simplify the publication, dissemination and utilization of proteomics data by establishing standards that will support broad data collection from the research community. The 1st ProDaC workshop 2007 (succeeding the kick‐off meeting last year at the HUPO World Congress 2006) took place at the Ecole Normale Supérieur in Lyon, France. These workshops take place as regular meetings on a half‐year basis. On Thursday April 26th 2007 the progress of the first six months of the project was presented by the leaders of each of the seven work packages.
Theoretical investigations of the molecular conformation and reorganization energies in the organic diamines as hole‐transporting materials
Authors: Pan Jiunn‐Hung , Chou Yu‐Ma , Chiu Houn‐Lin , Wang Bo‐Cheng
Published: August 2007

Recently, organic diamine compounds have been widely used as hole‐transporting materials. In this work, DFT B3LYP method with the 6‐31G* basis set was performed to investigate the influence of molecular conformation on the reorganization energy of a series of tetra(aryl)benzidine‐based hole‐transport materials. The results indicate that there are two types (i.e., ISB and BD/TPD) of geometric differences of the organic diamines with the relaxation processes. The reorganization energy of the ISB type is lower than that of the BD/TPD type. For the ISB type, the terminal phenyl moiety of the molecular framework plays an important role in determining the Marcus‐type reorganization energy and the central biphenyl moiety does not. A methyl group attached to a terminal phenyl can be used to tune the reorganization energy. According to the statistical analysis, four geometric parameters could affect the reorganization energy of the BD/TPD type. The conformation of either the central biphenyl or the terminal phenyl moiety of the BD/TPD type determines the Marcus‐type reorganization energy associated with the charge transport process at the molecular level. Presumably, this calculation can be employed to predict the electroluminescence (EL) character of the other organic diamines and to improve the design of new hole‐transporting materials in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal density and heat of fusion for a stereo‐complex of poly(L‐lactic acid) and poly(D‐lactic acid)
Authors: Sawai Daisuke , Tsugane Yasuhito , Tamada Masanori , Kanamoto Tetsuo , Sungil Moon , Hyon Suong‐Hyu
Published: August 2007

Measured densities of films, consisting of only stereo‐complex (sc) crystals of poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(d‐lactic acid) (PDLA), are sometimes significantly higher than the density of the sc‐crystal calculated on the basis of the previously proposed triclinic and trigonal unit cells. In this work, we reexamined the crystal density and determined the heat of fusion for the sc‐crystal. Twenty wide‐angle X‐ray reflections from a highly oriented sc‐film could be well indexed on the basis of a trigonal unit cell previously proposed by Cartier et al. The refined parameters of the trigonal cell are a = b = 1.50 nm, c = 0.823 nm, α = β = 90°, and γ = 120°. The c‐axis determined from the WAXD fiber pattern was significantly shorter than those (0.87–0.93 nm) previously reported. The crystal density of the modified cell was 1.342 ± 0.002 g/cm3, which was significantly higher than those previously reported (1.21–1.27 g/cm3). The heat of fusion for the sc‐crystal, extrapolated from the linear increase in the observed heat of fusion with decreasing the specific volume for the samples consisting of only sc‐crystals, was 155 ± 5 J/g. This value was significantly higher than those of α‐form and β‐form homo‐crystals of PLLA suggesting stronger interactions between the 32 helices of PLLA and 31 helices of PDLA in the sc‐crystal. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2632–2639, 2007
Clinical proteomics in chronic inflammatory diseases: A review
Authors: Bons Judith A. P. , van Dieijen‐Visser Marja P. , Wodzig Will K. W. H.
Published: August 2007

There is a need for better markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Proteomic strategies can be helpful to detect new biomarkers. Proteomic analyses are performed to characterize the behaviour of the system rather than the behaviour of any single component. Since the genome has been unravelled, the proteome received more attention. Aim of this review was to focus on the use of different proteomics techniques to detect potential and/or common biomarkers in chronic inflammatory diseases. The identified and validated proteins detected in the different studies are compared and discussed to conclude if there are some common markers which can be used in the diagnosis and prognosis of the three chronic inflammatory diseases described in this study; multiple sclerosis, rheumatic diseases and lung inflammatory diseases. The heat shock protein family (hsp) was entitled as biomarkers with potential for further research in multiple sclerosis. Myeloid‐related protein 8 (MRP‐8) was found in three different rheumatoid arthritis (RA) studies with different sample materials and could be a potential marker for RA. α1‐Antitrypsin was validated in two studies as a marker for sarcoidosis and α1‐antitrypsin was also found to be a marker for cystic fibrosis (CF), together with myeloperoxidase and IgG.
Sequence variation in α‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase and risk of early‐onset and familial prostate cancer
Authors: Levin Albert M. , Zuhlke Kimberly A. , Ray Anna M. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Douglas Julie A.
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND

Expression of the α‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase (AMACR) gene has been established as a sensitive and specific biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. An initial study has also suggested that the risk of familial (but not sporadic) prostate cancer may be associated with germline variation in the AMACR gene.

METHODS

In a study of brothers discordant for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (including 449 affected and 394 unaffected men) from 332 familial and early‐onset prostate cancer families, we used conditional logistic regression and family‐based association tests to investigate the association between prostate cancer and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging common haplotype variation within the coding and regulatory regions of AMACR.

RESULTS

The strongest evidence for prostate cancer association was for SNP rs3195676, with an estimated odds ratio of 0.58 (95% confidence interval = 0.38–0.90; P = 0.01 for a recessive model). This non‐synonymous SNP (nsSNP) results in a methionine‐to‐valine substitution at codon 9 (M9V) in exon 2 of the AMACR gene. Three additional nsSNPs showed suggestive evidence for prostate cancer association (P ≤ 0.10).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results confirm an initial report of association between the AMACR gene and the risk of familial prostate cancer. These findings emphasize the value of studying early‐onset and familial prostate cancer when attempting to identify genetic variation associated with prostate cancer. Prostate 67: 1507–1513, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards ideal hexagonal self‐ordering of TiO2 nanotubes
Authors: Macak Jan M. , Albu Sergiu P. , Schmuki Patrik
Published: August 2007

The present work reports on key factors that influence the degree of order in anodic TiO2 nanotube layers. We show that the anodization voltage and the Ti purity are of crucial importance for the ideality of self‐organization within the nanotube layers and that repeated anodization can significantly improve hexagonal ordering. Optimizing each factor significantly reduces the variation in the average pore diameter and strongly reduces the areal density of polygon ordering/packing errors. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effect of aerosol composition and concentration on the development and anvil properties of a continental deep convective cloud
Authors: Ekman A. M. L. , Engström A. , Wang C.
Published: August 2007

A 3‐D cloud‐resolving model including an explicit aerosol module is used to examine the influence of a range of hygroscopic (CCN) and hydrophobic (IN) aerosol concentrations on the development of a mid‐latitude, continental deep convective cloud. The model reproduces a response to changes in CCN which is in agreement with previous studies of continental convection, i.e. lower precipitation rates and a later onset of deep convection for high CCN concentrations. However, the response is non‐linear and for low increments of CCN, coalescence and graupel formation becomes more efficient, which increases the total precipitation, i.e. a response similar to what has been obtained for oceanic deep convection. This result indicates the importance of using a range of CCN concentrations when examining aerosol influence on deep convection. The simulations show that an increased IN concentration has a substantial influence on the convective cloud development. Higher IN concentrations generally result in higher updraught velocities, a prolonged precipitation event and larger total precipitation amounts. The radiative forcing exerted by the cloud is determined by the anvil extent and ice crystal size. The anvil area is linked to the average updraught velocity which in turn is found to be correlated with the IN concentration. Homogeneously nucleated ice crystals dominate the total anvil ice mass formed, but heterogeneously formed ice crystals may significantly alter the homogeneous freezing process. For the simulated case, a key parameter for determining whether the number of homogeneously nucleated ice crystals will decrease or increase with increasing IN concentration is the initial updraught velocity. This dependence makes the results sensitive to the amount of heterogeneously formed ice crystals. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Simulated time for host‐based testing with TTCN‐3
Authors: Blom Stefan , Deiß Thomas , Ioustinova Natalia , Kontio Ari , van de Pol Jaco , Rennoch Axel , Sidorova Natalia
Published: August 2007

Prior to testing embedded software in a target environment, it is usually tested in a host environment used for developing the software. When a system is tested in a host environment, its real‐time behaviour is affected by the use of simulators, emulation and monitoring. In this paper, the authors provide a semantics for host‐based testing with simulated time and propose a simulated‐time solution for distributed testing with TTCN‐3, which is a standardized language for specifying and executing test suites. The paper also presents the application of testing with simulated time to two real‐life systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic segmentation of cellular networks for improved handover performance
Authors: Tragos Elias , Karetsos George T. , Kyriazakos Sofoklis A. , Vlahodimitropoulos Kostas
Published: August 2007

One of the most important initial steps, inherent in the planning procedure of cellular networks, is their segmentation in operational parts that is performed at different levels corresponding to the hierarchy and topology of the network. The major goal of this procedure is the efficient deployment of the system and management of the distributed segmented parts while minimizing the signaling overhead in the network. As we show here, it can take place even during the operational phase of the network when certain shortcomings appear. In this work, we present an approach based on graph theory for the segmentation of cellular networks at the Base Station Controller (BSC) level that achieves a significant increase in the performance of the network. In particular, with the proposed method, both the handover attempts when a mobile station is moving to a cell belonging to a different BSC as well as the corresponding handover failure rate are decreased significantly, allowing for a continuous network upgrade. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feature
Authors: Hutchins R. P.
Published: August 2007

Control of oilseed processing for best quality and yield requires attention to many details, starting at the seed unloading station and continuing through to the loading of products. Present trading rules encourage practices that degrade oil and meal. Better cleaning would pay handsomely in quality products. The continuous mechanical screw‐press process and the solvent extraction process have many common problems which involve quality and yield control. Time, temperature, and moisture are the variable involved in all the unit processes that comprise oilseed milling. These unit processes and some recent developments in low‐temperature processing are described. Oilseed milling is still “rough terrain” with regard to automation, but labor costs as a percentage of total processing costs are relatively low in large‐capacity plants.
Methods for stability and antioxidant measurement
Authors: Sherwin E. R.
Published: August 2007

A great variety of books and technical papers has been published dealing in detail with the basic chemistry of rancidity in fats and oils and the techniques which have been investigated as a means of determining the stability characteristics of fats and oils as well as the effectiveness of various agents, such as antioxidants, in improving those stability characteristics. This review of methods for stability and antioxidant measurement is intended to serve as a relatively brief outline of that particular area of fat and oil technology.
Fatty amidoamine derivatives: N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(3‐alkylamidopropyl)amines and their salts
Authors: Muzyczko T. M. , Shore S. , Loboda J. A.
Published: August 2007

A group of cationic surfactants based on N‐alkylamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethylamines, R‐CONHCH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2, was studied. Caprylamidopropyl, capramidopropyl, lauramidopropyl, stearamidopropyl and oleamidopropyl dimethylamines were prepared, purified and characterized. NMR, IR, and pKb data are reported. The acetate and methylchloride quaternary salts of these amines were also prepared and evaluated as bactericides gelling agents, and foaming surfactants. Surface tensions, interfacial tensions, critical micelle concentrations and Ross‐Miles foam heights were determined. N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)stearamide formed well structured gels in white mineral oil and deodorized kerosene. Further, these amidoamines and their salts showed excellent antistatic properties and were substantive to hair and skin.
Fatty glycols and isostearyl alcohol as lipstick components
Authors: Egan Richard R. , Hoffman Bernard J.
Published: August 2007

It is now possible to formulate lipsticks with a minimum number of ingredients. By using isostearyl alcohol as the oil phase and the appropriate vicinal glycols as the wax phase, both of which are good bromo solvents, a wide range of plastic properties may be obtained. The necessity of using oxidation inhibitors and couplers for incompatible bromo solvents is avoided. These raw materials are colorless, nearly odorless and tasteless, nontoxic, nonirritating, oxidation‐stable, miscible with waxes, and are good emollients.
Main constituents of rapeseed lecithin
Authors: Persmark U.
Published: August 2007

Commercial rapeseed lecithin has been analyzed after separation by silicic acid column chromatography. Besides neutral oil (40%), four major constituents have been found, viz., phosphatidyl ethanolamine (18%), phosphatidyl inositol (8%), phosphatidyl choline (16%) and sterol glycosides (8%). Among the minor fractions lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine accounts for about 2%. The phosphatides are characterized by low erucic acid content and the major fatty acids are palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids.
Direct conversion of some halogen hydroxy fatty acids into the corresponding methyl esters of ketoacids
Authors: Rankoff D.
Published: August 2007

Conditions have been established for converting some methyl esters of halogen hydroxy fatty acids to keto esters in high yields of 90% of isolated product, by the action of mercuric sulfate and sulfuric acid in methanol. Investigation of the same conversion using silver nitrate has shown the formation of dihydroxy acid parallel with the keto ester. The crude reaction mixture was separated into fraction by column chromatography.
The development of a particulate radioactive soil for detergency studies
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Bastin E. L.
Published: August 2007

A sample of kaolinite clay has been tagged by neutron irradiation. After an extended cooling period (18 months) to allow the short lived nuclides to decay, the clay is still sufficiently radioactive to use it in detergency studies. Extraction tests show that about 25% of the radioactivity is labile, i.e., removed by sodium tripolyphosphate but that the remainder is strongly fixed in the clay matrix, resisting extraction by built detergents. The clay has a number of nuclides emitting both beta and gamma radiation. Analytical methods for both types of radiation have been developed for use with fabrics and wash waters. The clay has been combined with the doubly labeled fatty soil (3H and14C) to make a triply labeled particulate soil. Tergotometer runs with three test fabrics show good precision for all three labeled components of the soil. Redeposition measurements were also made and showed that a considerable fraction of the residual clay on a washed swatch may in fact be due to redeposition rather than retention. Some problems remain in the application of this synthetic soil: the padding step must be modified so that the clay is more tenaciously bound to the fabric; a more automatic method of padding is required to handle large numbers of samples; the specific activity of the clay should be increased so that liquid scintillation analysis for all three tagged components can be made on a single sample of wash water.
Epoxidation of alkyl esters of 12,13‐epoxyoleic acids and evaluation of the diepoxides as plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Rusling J. F. , Riser G. R. , Snook M. E. , Scott W. E.
Published: August 2007

Methyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, octyl and 2‐ethylhexyl esters of 9,10:12,13‐diepoxystearic acid were prepared by peracetic acid oxidation of the corresponding esters of 12,13‐epoxyoleic acid. Using a 60 mole per cent excess of peracid at 30 C in chloroform as solvent, epoxidation was complete in 5 hr. A small aqueous phase was observed in the reaction mixture which decreases the amount of peracid available for reaction. This is due to the water and H2O2 present in the commercial peracetic acid used. Thin‐layer and gas chromatographic analysis showed that the diepoxides formed as isomers. These did not react quantitatively with HBr by the Durbetaki method. Isomers of methyl and propyl diepoxy esters were separated by crystallization.

The methyl (pure and mixed isomers), isobutyl, 2‐ethylhexyl and octyl (all mixed isomers) diepoxy esters were evaluated as plasticizers of poly (vinyl chloride). Delta values showed that these esters have good compatibility. Results are compared with commercial epoxidized soybean oil control. These diepoxy esters show better low temperature properties and have higher migration and volatility values than the control. They are more efficient plasticizers than the control. The liquid isomer of the methyl ester, as well as the 2‐ethylhexyl ester, should be useful as primary plasticizers and in combination with other plasticizers as plasticizer stabilizers.
Introduction: The great variety of spectroscopic techniques available for the analysis of fatty acids and lipids
Authors: O’Connor Robert T.
Published: August 2007

A consideration of the electromagnetic spectrum from the high energy gamma radiation, through x‐ray radiation, the electronic regions of the ultraviolet and visible, the vibrational region of infrared and the rotational region of microwaves, to the lower energy of radio frequencies are now used in resonance techniques. A consideration of how these various radiations can be used in emission, absorption, secondary emission (or fluorescence) and various scattering techniques, show that there are approximately 40 different ways in which spectra can be used as a potential tool for the analytical chemist. However, not all of them are applicable to the analysis of fats and lipids. Six methods will be reviewed with emphasis on the most up‐to‐date techniques and analyses used in fatty acid or lipid chemistry. In addition, two papers, on gas‐liquid chromatography and a description of the important development of computer aided chemical spectroscopy will be presented.
Application of wide‐line NMR to analysis of cereal products and fats and oils
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L.
Published: August 2007

The principal areas of interest to cereal and oil chemists of wide‐line NMR have been reviewed. It provides a rapid method for moisture in cereals where a large number of analyses are required. In the field of plant breeding and genetics of oil seed it provides a non‐destructive means of selecting seeds for test and evaluating the seeds grown. In the area of fats, oils and shortenings it provides a rapid and accurate means of measuring the solids content over a wide range of temperatures and can be applied to a finished product as is, under selected conditions.
High resolution NMR spectroscopy and some examples of its use
Authors: Hopkins C. Y.
Published: August 2007

High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has gained wide acceptance in the study of fatty acids and other lipids. Some of the techniques are described and examples of identification and structure determination of fatty compounds are given. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is of particular value in the examination of acids with various types of unsaturation, such as mono‐ and polyenoic, acetylenic, allenic and conjugated. Acids with a cyclopropene or cyclopropane ring have been detected and studied by NMR. Positional isomers of certain substituted acids can be identified by the NMR spectrum alone. Other lipids such as glyceryl ethers, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelin and plasmalogens have been investigated with the aid of NMR. Reference is made to studies of other compounds, including steroids, rotenones, gossypol, glycosides, sugars, amines, amino acids and polymers.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of lipids, carbohydrates and amino acids
Authors: Herb S. F.
Published: August 2007

Gas‐liquid chromatography is primarily a powerful separating tool. Compounds can be trapped as they emerge from the GLC apparatus for analysis by mass spectrometry and infrared or ultraviolet spectrophotometry, or the emerging separated components may flow directly into one of these instruments making positive identification of the components possible. Quantitative analyses of fats and oils are possible when certain requirements are observed. A combination of fatty acid, triglyceride and sterol analyses offers promise of a rapid means for the identification of fats and oils and their admixture or adulteration. Progress has been made on the preparation of derivatives of carbohydrates and amino acids such that these compounds may soon be analyzed as readily by GLC as lipids are today.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Piccolo Biagio , O’Connor Robert T.
Published: August 2007

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been used for the rapid determination of various metallic and nonmetallic elements in crude and refined vegetable oils and in animal fats, many present in levels of parts per million. Various types of crude and refined vegetable oils were analyzed for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn. This method of analysis has proven to be less time consuming, as accurate and more convenient than other spectroscopic techniques for elemental analyses.
The role of X‐ray diffraction in studies of the crystallography of monoacid saturated triglycerides
Authors: Hoerr C. W. , Paulicka F. R.
Published: August 2007

The contribution that x‐ray diffraction has made to the understanding of triglyceride polymorphism is reviewed. The crystal structure of these compounds is explained in terms of molecular orientation in the crystal lattices. At the present time only the crystal structure of the monoacid saturated triglycerides has been reasonably well defined. Mixed triglycerides and mixtures thereof have not yet been fully investigated. This review stresses the need for systematic correlation of the crystal structure of fats with the molecular composition and configuration.
Applications of infrared absorption spectroscopy in the analysis of lipids
Authors: Freeman Norman K.
Published: August 2007

The uses of infrared spectroscopy in lipid chemistry are discussed, with main emphasis on quantitative analytical methods. In reviewing the infrared technique from an overall perspective, attention is also given to instrumental developments, sampling techniques and qualitative applications. Some features are brought out in the context of examples cited. These include some significant established methods as well as recent developments, such as the use of integrated band intensities and the involvement of computers and computer techniques in infrared analysis. Current trends and future directions are indicated, and some unrealized potentialities are suggested.
Mass spectrometry of lipid molecules
Authors: Sun Kwok K. , Holman Ralph T.
Published: August 2007

The mechanisms of mass spectrometric fragmentation and their applications to the elucidation of structure of lipids related to fatty acids are reviewed. The mechanism of fragmentation of saturated fatty acids and the mass spectrometric determination of the position of the double bond in unsaturated esters are emphasized. The use of pyrolysis‐mass spectrometry for locating double bonds is introduced. Patterns of fragmentation of wax esters and glycerides are also given.
The sodium reduction of wool wax
Authors: Eisner Abner , Scanlan John T. , Ault Waldo C.
Published: August 2007

The sodium reduction technique has been modified for application to various grades of lanolin and wool grease. The improved process gives good yields of alcohols with low ester and acid numbers. The sterols present in the grease are not affected by the reduction. A recovery procedure is described which avoids the difficulties with extremely stable emulsions. The essential features of this procedure are the elimination of emulsion‐stabilizing sodium soaps by precipitation with barium chloride prior to the washing of the reduction mixture and acetone extraction of the alcohols from the insoluble barium soaps.
Determination of silica in soaps and soap flakes. Perchloric acid method
Authors: Silverman Louis
Published: August 2007

Soap and soap flakes are decomposed by nitricperchloric acid, with the aid of a catalyst. Silica is then dehydrated, filtered off, and determined in the usual manner.
The effect of some inorganic salts in dilute solution on the formation of calcium and magnesium soaps
Authors: Miles Gilbert D. , Ross John
Published: August 2007

The reactions in mixtures of dilute solutions of builders, pure soaps and hard water have been examined under conditions for optimum foam stability for the soap solution.

An attempt has been made to interpret these reactions on the basis of solubility products.

For dilute solutions of soaps of pure fatty acids a minimum mole ratio of builder to calcium or magnesium salts is required to prevent the formation of alkaline earth soaps. These mole ratios are different for each soap studied and vary with the particular calcium or magnesium salt and builder combinations.

The procedure used by previous investigators of this subject is discussed.

The authors wish to express their appreciation to C. W. Jakob for performing many of the determinations upon which this paper is based.
Some observations on the polymerization of styrene in the presence of oils
Authors: Falkenburg L. B. , Hill W. H. , Wolff Hans
Published: August 2007

Data and properties of products obtained by polymerizing styrene in the presence of drying and semidrying oils have been presented. Evidence is given showing that conjugation in an oil or peroxide content are not of fundamental importance for obtaining homogeneous products. The increasing of the viscosity of the oils appears to lead to the formation of styrenated products of higher homogeneity.
Processing variables in peanut protein preparation
Authors: Pominski J. , Laborde E. J. , Cirino V. O. , Vix H. L. E.
Published: August 2007

A general equation was derived with which the percentage yield of protein may be calculated for a solvent‐extracted peanut meal at various water‐meal ratios.

Results of investigations showed that nitrogen solubility for ground and unground meal increased slowly with temperature but was little affected by the water‐meal ratio and that peptization might be considered complete in 30 minutes.

For unground meal the yield of protein increased with increase in water‐meal ratio. Low water‐meal ratios left excessive amounts of peptized protein in the spent pulp. The ratio by weight of peptizing liquid in spent pulp to original meal at all water‐meal ratios was practically a constant. Repeated peptizations increased the yield, indicating the desirability of a countercurrent system of peptization. Grinding of meal resulted in increased peptization and increased protein yields.
Determination of moisture and oil in sesame seed
Authors: Stark S. M. , Hoffpauir Carroll L.
Published: August 2007

Sesame seed may be satisfactorily prepared for analysis by use of the Henry nut slicer equipped with a sharp blade.

For the determination of combined moisture and volatile matter in both the whole and ground seed, a 5‐gram sample should be dried for 2‐hours at 130°C. in a forced‐draft oven.

The A.O.C.S. official method Aa 4‐38 for cottonseed is satisfactory for the determination of oil in sesame seed, provided a 2‐gm. sample is reground with 0.25 gm. of 60‐to 80‐mesh sand after an initial 2‐hour extraction and subsequently re‐extracted for 3 hours.
A laboratory method for studying basket‐type extraction
Authors: Reiners R. A. , Sniegowski M. S. , Baldwin A. R.
Published: August 2007

A simple laboratory extractor is described which gives results that can be correlated with the operation of a basket‐type extractor. With this apparatus the flow rate of solvent through the meal can be determined, as well as the rate and completeness of extraction. Using flaked expelled corn germ, simple relationships were found to exist between oil content of the expelled meal and completeness of extraction, and between fines content of the flaked meal and flow of solvent through it.
Types and mechanisms of solubilization
Authors: Klevens H. B.
Published: August 2007

Two, or possibly three, types of solubilization are shown to occur which depend on the compound being solubilized. Those systems in which the mole ratio, MR (moles material being solubilized per mole solubilizer) increases with increasing soap concentration are characterized by an increase in long X‐ray spacings to the point at which the system becomes saturated with the compound being solubilized. Hydrocarbons such as benzene, ethyl benzene, and normal paraffins fall into this class. Another type is that in which the MR remains constant above the concentration where the soap assumes its full colloidal properties, and this is characterized by no change in long X‐ray spacing. Examples of this type are soap‐soap, soap‐fatty acid, soap‐alcohol, and possibly as a subtype, soap‐dye systems. These systems are shown to be mixed micelles in which the solubilized compound is oriented with the long axis of the solubilized compound lying approximately parallel and in the plane of the long axis of the soap molecules, the hydrophylic group of both constituents being toward the water interface. Protein‐detergent complexes are discussed from the point of view of solubilization.
Factors which affect the stability of highly unsaturated fatty acids. II. The autoxidation of linoleic and alkali conjugated acid in the presence of metallic naphthenates
Authors: Jackson A. H. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: August 2007

The addition of commercial paint driers to unconjugated linoleic acid increased the rate of diene conjugation during autoxidation and greatly lowered the amount of detectable peroxides. On the other hand, the addition of driers to the conjugated isomer lowered the amount of detectable peroxide but mildly promoted destruction of diene conjugation. The hydroperoxide decomposition role of driers is further supported. Metallic naphthenates increased the quantity of diene ketones in both unconjugated and conjugated acid though after a longer period of time in the latter case.
The effect of processing conditions upon the nutritional quality of vegetable oils
Authors: Wilding M. D. , Rice E. E. , Mattil K. F.
Published: August 2007

On the basis of the chemical, physical, and biological criteria used, all of which have been shown to be sensitive indicators of heat damage to oils, it must be concluded that the overall nutritional quality of an oil is not adversely affected by alkali refining, adsorptive decolorizing, or deodorization; that higher temperatures of deodorization (238C) produce oils nutritionally equivalent to those deodorized at lower temperatures (160C); and that the normal processes used in manufacturing edible oils improve the resistance of these oils to heat damage.