bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modification of Gd‐DTPA cystine copolymers with PEG‐1000 optimizes pharmacokinetics and tissue retention for magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Mohs Aaron M. , Nguyen Thanh , Jeong Eun‐Kee , Feng Yi , Emerson Lyska , Zong Yuda , Parker Dennis L. , Lu Zheng‐Rong
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PEGylation of novel biodegradable macromolecular polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes, gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (GdDTPA) cystine copolymers (GDCP), on their pharmacokinetics and long‐term Gd(III) tissue retention, and to demonstrate the potential application of PEGylated GDCP (PEG‐GDCP) for MR angiography (MRA). The pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and metabolic excretion of PEG1000‐GDCP (42.1–52.1 kDa; PEG: MW = 1000 Da) with three different PEG grafting degrees and GDCP (43.3 kDa) were investigated in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by means of an open two‐compartment model. Initially all three PEG1000‐GDCP contrast agents (CAs) had a higher plasma concentration than GDCP, but after 30 min the Gd(III) concentration from the PEGylated agents rapidly decreased, resulting in significantly lower elimination half‐life values. All of the biodegradable macromolecular CAs demonstrated low long‐term Gd(III) tissue accumulation, while PEG1000‐GDCP had significantly lower accumulation in the liver than GDCP. In the rats, all CAs showed excellent vascular contrast enhancement in an MRA protocol with a long image acquisition time. Because PEG1000‐GDCP remained intravascular for an acceptable period for effective contrast‐enhanced (CE)‐MRA, and then excreted rapidly from the vasculature with minimal tissue retention, PEG1000‐GDCP shows a great promise as a blood‐pool CA for MRA. Magn Reson Med 58:110–118, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gas transport in surface grafted polypropylene films with poly(acrylic acid) chains
Authors: Costamagna Vanina , Strumia Miriam , López‐González Mar , Riande Evaristo
Published: July 2007

This work describes the grafting reaction of poly(acrylic acid) (PA) onto the surface of polypropylene (PP) films carried out with ultraviolet radiation, using benzophenone as photoinitiator and water as solvent. By increasing the reaction time, graft percentages of 3.5, 6.5, 12.9, 19.8, 29.4, and 36.0% were obtained. Micrographs of the modified films show that grafting exclusively occurs on the PP films surface. The values of the permeability coefficient of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, argon, methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane across the grafted films undergo a sharp drop. The interpretation of the permeation results suggest that radicals created in the tertiary carbons of the grafted chains by effect of UV light or by chain transfer reactions may highly crosslink the PA grafted layer. A rigid layer involving both strong hydrogen bonding and chains crosslinking is formed at grafting percentages of 3.5% that strongly hinders gas permeation across that layer. Destruction of hydrogen bonding by partially replacing protons of acrylic acid residues by sodium/silver cations increases the permeability of the surface grafted films. Finally, the films permselectivity is hardly affected by the grafted layer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2421–2431, 2007
Factors that Contribute to the Growth of Ag@TiO2 Nanofibers by Plasma Deposition
Authors: Borras Ana , Barranco Ángel , Espinós Juan P. , Cotrino José , Holgado Juan P. , González‐Elipe Agustín R.
Published: July 2007

A model experiment on the plasma deposition of TiO2 on silver is described which can help to identify the factors that control the formation of supported Ag@TiO2 nanofibers during plasma deposition of TiO2 at T > 130 °C. The plasma oxidation of silver and the plasma deposition of TiO2 on dispersed metal particles have also been studied and correlated with film topography. The species in the plasma have been analysed and fiber growth has been followed as a function of deposition time. The experimental evidence indicates that factors controlling fiber formation include silver mobility, stress relaxation of oxidized silver surfaces, chemical reduction of silver oxide, and inhomogeneities of the plasma sheath.

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Evidence for distinct DNA‐ and RNA‐based mechanisms of 5‐fluorouracil cytotoxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hoskins Jason , Scott Butler J.
Published: July 2007

5‐Fluorouracil (5FU) is an effective chemotherapeutic drug developed as an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase (TS). Inhibition of TS leads to ‘thymine‐less death’, a condition resulting from depletion of dTTP pools and misincorporation of dUTP into newly synthesized or repaired DNA. 5FU is also incorporated into RNA and a growing body of evidence suggests that RNA‐based effects play a significant role in its cytotoxicity. Indeed, recent experiments in yeast showed that defects in the nuclear RNA exosome subunit Rrp6p cause hypersensitivity to 5FU. The present study asked whether the 5FU hypersensitivity of an rrp6‐Δ yeast strain reflects the DNA‐ or RNA‐based effects of 5FU. Genetic analyses suggest that while a DNA repair mutation, apn1‐Δ, causes sensitivity to 5FU‐induced DNA damage, an rrp6‐Δ mutation causes hypersensitivity, due to the RNA‐based effects of 5FU. Analysis of a strain with normal DNA and RNA metabolism grown in the presence of 5FU shows that UMP suppresses the 5FU‐induced defect more than dTMP, suggesting that the RNA‐based toxicity of 5FU predominates in these cells. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the RNA‐based mechanism of 5FU cytotoxicity and highlight the use of yeast as a model system for elucidating its details. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of chain length on the rate of quaternization of alkyl amines
Authors: Friedli F. E.
Published: July 2007

Trialkyl amines from triethyl to tristearylamine were quaternized with benzyl chloride and compared for the effect of chain length on the rate of quaternization. Triethylamine reacted about twice as fast as tripropylamine with virtually no chain‐length effect from propyl to stearyl. Results are compared to previous rate studies on steric hindrance and chain‐length dependence.
Cyclization of eleostearic acid
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H.
Published: July 2007

Methyl eleostearate has been thermally cyclized in good yields, and a concentrate of the cyclic product has been prepared.

Using small amounts, a technique has been devised for a) aromatization of the resultant cyclohexadiene, b) oxidation to orthophthalic acid, and c) characterization of the acid as the anhydride and the imide.

The significance of cyclic fatty acids in industrial processes is discussed.
The fractionation of marine‐oil fatty acids with urea
Authors: Domart Claude , Miyauchi D. T. , Sumerwell W. N.
Published: July 2007

In two series of experiments, marine‐animal‐oil fatty acids were fractionated with urea using methanol as solvent.

In the first series, menhaden‐oil fatty acids were fractionated at 1°C. Almost all the saturated and monoenoic fatty acids were removed at mole ratios of 12∶1 to 13∶1. At higher ratios increasing amounts of the less stable dienoic fatty acids were precipitated. By the use of the appropriate ratio, fractions having iodine values above 300 were prepared.

In the second series, fatty acids from the oils of menhaden, herring, tuna, seal, salmon eggs, and salmon heads and viscera were fractionated at a mole ratio of urea to fatty acid of 9.2∶1. At 25° and 1° the complexes were composed almost entirely of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids, but as the temperature was lowered to −30°, the content of dienoic fatty acids in the precipitates increased.
Carbonyl compounds in rancid corn oil
Authors: Buss C. D. , Mackinney Gordon
Published: July 2007

Fourteen petroleum ether‐soluble and 16 insoluble DNPH derivatives have been isolated from rancid corn oil and their properties discussed. Evidence suggests that n‐undecanal and n‐undecenal are among the components of the rancid oil.
Isolation of pure natural linoleic and linolenic acids as their methyl esters by adsorption fractionation on silicic acid
Authors: Riemenschneider R. W. , Herb S. F. , Nichols Peter L.
Published: July 2007

An effective procedure is described for fractionating methyl esters of oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids by adsorption on silicic acid columns. Pure methyl linoleate from methyl esters of tobacco seed oil and pure methyl linolenate from methyl esters of linseed and perilla oils were isolated by this procedure. These compounds were characterized by the usual physical and chemical constants and by spectrophotometric examination. These natural acid esters differed significantly from corresponding debromination acid esters in the intensity of ultraviolet absorption at their maxima under the conditions of the alkali‐isomerization spectrophotometric method of analysis.
Comparison of fatty acid content of imported peanuts
Authors: How James S.L , Young Clyde T.
Published: July 2007

Variability in fatty acid compositions of peanuts imported from six different countries into the United States were studied to determine their effect on processing and storage conditions. The oil content ranged from 44.1 to 50.4%. Major fatty acids, palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:l), and linoleic acid (C18:2) ranged from 8.6 to 12.7, 35.9 to 61.1 and 21.7 to 44.2%, respectively. Oleic and lino‐leic acids together comprised ca. 78.0–83.0% of the total fatty acids. Highly significant differences (P<.01) in fatty acid compositions were obtained between samples and between locations (countries of origin). Indicators of stability of the peanut samples as measured by the oleic/linoleic acid ratio (O/L) and iodine value (IV) of the extracted peanut oils showed variable but significant differences (P <.05) between locations. Generally, higher O/L ratios corresponding to lower IV indicate better stability and longer shelf‐life of the samples.
Biochemistry of unsaturated fatty acid isomers
Authors: Emken E. A.
Published: July 2007

Recognition that catalytic hydrogenation changes the configuration and position of double bonds and alters the physical properties of unsaturated fats prompted numerous early investigations on the bio‐chemical effects of ldtrans isomers.” Recent research has provided data on positional isomer metabolism. Some aspects of fatty acid isomer metabolism are now reasonably well understood, but other issues are not resolved. Human and animal data have provided good evidence that isomers in partially hydrogenated oils are well adsorbed and incorporated into all organs and tissues. Analyses of human tissues also indicate that hydrogenated oils are the major source of fatty acid isomers in the US diet. Tissue composition data combined with isolated enzyme studies and isotope tracer experiments with whole organisms show unquestionably that structural differences between various fatty acid isomers influence specific biochemical transformations. Examples are differences in the reaction rates and/ or specificities of acyl transferase, lipase, desaturase and cholesteryl esterase/hydrolase for various positional fatty acid isomers. Isolated microsomes and mitochondria also have been used to identify dif‐ferences in acyl CoA activation, oxidation, and elongation of positional isomers. In addition, isotope tracer experiments show that preferential metabolism of individual positional isomers occurs in vivo. In vivo studies with hydrogenated vegetable oil diets containing adequate levels of linoleic acid produced no obvious physiological changes. Experiments with specific polyunsaturated isomers have produced changes in blood cell properties, pulmonary weight, lino‐leic acid requirements and tissue lipid composition. These changes may be related to a number of factors such as membrane fluidity and permeability, cell function, synthesis of arachidonic acid, homo‐gamma‐linoleic acid or prostaglandins. Whether differences in the biochemistry of fatty acid isomers are desirable or undesirable and whether these differences contribute to long‐term or subtle effects important to the etiology of atherosclerosis and cancer are not resolved.
Eicosapentaenoic acid geometrical isomer artifacts in heated fish oil esters
Authors: Wijesundera R. C. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Ackman R. G.
Published: July 2007

Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) on polar capillary columns showed that the ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in distilled fish oil methyl and ethyl esters sometimes is accompanied by several artifacts. The same EPA artifacts did not arise from saponification and/or esterification but were formed in a significantly high yield during prolonged heating of the authentic acid. Physicochemical studies, isolation and partial degradation showed that these artifacts are mainly geometrical (cis‐trans) isomers of the naturalcis ethylenic bonds of eicosapentaenoic acid. Several C20 mono‐and diethylenic geometrical isomers were prepared and the GLC equivalent chain length values determined. On the basis of measured and calculated equivalent chain length values on two different GLC phases, some of the EPA artifacts were identified as 20:5‐Δrans‐5,cis‐8,cis‐11,cis‐14,cis‐17; 20:5‐Δcis‐5,trans‐8,cis‐11,cis‐14,cis‐17; and 20:5‐Δcis‐5,cis8,cis‐11,cis‐14,trans‐17. No evidence was found for any positional isomers.
Chemical degumming of canola oils
Authors: Diosady L. L. , Sleggs P. , Kaji T.
Published: July 2007

Crude oil produced from 2 varieties of canola (low thioglucoside rapeseed), i.e., Candle and Tower, were chemically degummed using 54 reagents. Phosphorus, iron, calcum and free fatty acid levels, and Lovibond colors were measured. Inorganic and organic acids or their anhydrides gave the best results in terms of phosphorus removal. Phosphoric, nitric and citric acids, and maleic anhydride were used in laboratory refining tests to determine the effects of chemical degumming on the refining process and on refined oil quality. Citric acid and maleic anhydride gave residual phosphorus levels of less than 50 mg/kg, and after refining, resulted in the best quality oil in terms of color, flavor and stability. The chemical degumming agents behaved similarly for expressed, solvent‐extracted and blended oils of both varieties tested. One anomalous result was observed: Candle oil was not efficiently degummed by hydrocholoric acid, whereas the Tower oil gave excellent results. The experiments suggest that chemical degumming can significantly improve the quality of crude canola oil, and will lead to improved final products at lower cost to the refiner.
Inhibitors of the prooxidant activity of α‐tocopherol
Authors: Cillard J. , Cillard P.
Published: July 2007

The prooxidant activity ofα‐tocopherol (α‐T) can be reduced or inverted into antioxidant activity by various compounds.

An important antioxidant activity was obtained by the association ofα‐T with cysteine, BHT, hydro‐quinone and ascorbyl palmitate. EDTA 10‐4M, phos‐phoric, malonic and citric acids can partially decrease the prooxidant effect ofα‐T, although the strong acids exhibited no antioxidant activity withoutα‐T. Other amino acids such as glycine and alanine do little to reduce the prooxidant behavior of α‐T while they showed a strong antioxidant activity without α‐T.

The distribution of hydroperoxide isomers of linoleic acid formed with and withoutα‐T was not modified by the addition of the various compounds except BHT, which led to the production of only 13c,t and 9c,t isomers as observed withα‐T.

The oxidation ofα‐T in the presence of linoleic acid was completely inhibited by the addition of cysteine, phosphoric, malonic and citric acids, BHT, hydro‐quinone, ascorbyl palmitate and EDTA 10‐4M.

The inhibitors of the prooxidant activity ofα‐T could act in two different ways: by chelating the prooxidant metals traces (i.e., amino acids, EDTA) and/or by regeneratingα‐T, thus reducing the concentration of chromanoxy radical which would be involved in the prooxidant activity (i.e. phosphoric, malonic, citric acids, cysteine and the common antioxidants).
Hydrocarbon carotenoid profiles of palm oil processed fractions
Authors: Tan B. , Grady C. M. , Gawienowski A. M.
Published: July 2007

Analysis by gradient‐elution normal phase open column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (confirmation by two to three peaks), including calculation of peak ratios, tentatively revealed seven previously unreported hydrocarbon carotenoids in palm oil fractions. They were phytoene, phytofluene, ξ‐carotene,α‐zeacarotene, β‐zeacarotene, neurosporene and δ‐carotene. In addi‐tion, the presence ofα‐,β‐ andδ‐carotenes and lycopene was confirmed. The carotenoid profiles of crude palm oil, crude palm olein and filtered palm olein were similar; carotenoids in these fractions totalled 700–800 ppm. Carotenoids were not found in refined, filtered and deodorized palm olein, while palm kernel oil contained 0.3 ppm ofα‐zeacarotene. The yield of hydrocarbon carotenoids was 30% lower in the absence of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene.
The study of aluminum soap‐hydrocarbon systems: Effect of additives and metathesis
Authors: Smith Gerould H. , Rogers Lockhart B. , Mysels Karol J.
Published: July 2007

Many additives have pronounced and manifold effects on the behavior of aluminum soaps‐hydrocarbon systems. Some additives accelerate the formation of jellies, other retard it. Some thicken the jellies, others liquefy them. The mechanism of the action of additives is probably manifold, too. One of the many possible mechanisms is that of metathesis between the fatty acid radical of the soap and acidic additives. The actual occurrence of such metathesis is demonstrated by both qualitative observations of a variety of systems and by the preparation in benzene of aluminum dibenzoate from the dilaurate.
Recent research on sesamin, sesamolin, and related compounds
Authors: Budowski P.
Published: July 2007

This review covers the literature on sesamin, sesamolin and related compounds published since 1951. The topics reviewed include structural con‐siderations, natural occurrence, influence of oil processing, analytical methods, isolation proce‐dures and commercial preparations, various bio‐logical effects and stability questions.

Recent developments in pyrethrum synergists are discussed at length, since they owe so much to the discovery of the synergistic activities of sesamin and sesamolin.
Studies on the metabolism of linoelaidic acid in the essential fatty acid‐deficient rat
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L.
Published: July 2007

Male weanling rats of the Sprague‐Dawley strain were made essential fatty acid (EFA)‐deficient by feeding them a fat‐free diet for five months. The animals were then fed a supple‐ment of methyltrans‐9,trans‐12‐octadecadienoate (methyl linoelaidate), as 5% of the dietary calo‐ries (approximately 400 mg/animal/day) for 19 days, and killed by exsanguination. The com‐position of the liver, kidney, epididymal and plasma lipids was determined and compared with that obtained from EPA‐deficient rats given oral supplements of methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadeca‐dienoate (linoleate) and methylcis‐9,trans‐12‐ octadecadienoate. Linoelaidic acid was depos‐ited in the phospholipids, sterol esters and tri‐glycerides in all of the tissues examined. Iso‐lation analysis of the fatty acids showed no evidence that linoelaidic acid was converted to higher polyunsaturated fatty acids in the EFA‐deficient rat.
The effect of unsaponifiable matter on the properties of coffee seed oil
Authors: Hartman Leopold , Lago Regina C. A. , Tango J. S. , Teixeira C. G.
Published: July 2007

The unsaponifiable matter of coffee seed oil has been shown to be responsible for the comparatively low melting‐point (approximately 8C) of this oil. The melting point of coffee oil fatty acids, free of unsaponifiable matter, is 40−42C, and their esterification with glycerol produces an oil with a melting point of 34−36C. The unsaponifiable matter is probably responsible for high refining losses of coffee oil since the surface activity of its main constituents facilitates a partial saponification or emulsification of neutral oil during the treatment with alkalies, especially in oils with high acidity.
cis‐bond‐producing hydrogenation of polyunsaturates catalyzed by polymer‐complexed Cr(CO)3 catalysts
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N. , Friedrich J. P. , Pryde E. H.
Published: July 2007

cis‐Bond‐producing chromium carbonyl catalysts were prepared by complexing conventional or macroreticular, styrene‐divinylbenzene copolymers or cross‐linked poly (vinyl benzoate) with Cr(CO)6. With one exception, these polymer‐Cr(CO)3 catalysts were as selective as the corresponding homogeneous arene‐Cr(CO)3 complexes for the formation ofcis‐monoenes from methyl sorbate and from conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty esters in cyclohexane. Although several of the polymer catalysts were very active when fresh, they all lost activity on recycling. They could not be recycled more than two times before a marked decrease in activity occurred due to loss of Cr, as shown by elemental analysis and infrared absorption in the recovered catalyst. Thermal analysis indicated instability of the polymer complexes at hydrogenation temperatures.
Fractional distillation
Authors: Berger R. , McPherson W.
Published: July 2007

While practically all the fatty acids produced in the fatty acid industry are distilled products, these materials are all, at least to some degree, fractionated fatty acids. Rarely indeed are today's fatty acids suited for any of the many applications to which they are put without the quality and homolog distribution improvements which only fractional distillation can guarantee. Thus, this separation is of vital importance within the fatty acid and derivative industries. Fractional distillation is industrially a practical separative method for: (a) 16:0 and 18:0 fatty acids, such as those derived from hydrogenated fats and oils like tallow, soybean, cottonseed soapstocks, palm oil and others; (b) 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 fatty acids from hydrogenated fish oils or high erucic rapeseed oil; and (c) 8:0, 10:0, 12:0, and 14:0 fatty acids from the hydrogenated fatty acids from the lauric oils group (coconut, palm kernel, babassu, etc.). While theoretically possible under idealized conditions in the laboratory, it is not practical to separate palmitic, oleic, heptadecanoic, and stearic acids by means of fractional distillation
Tall oil fatty acids
Authors: Logan R. L.
Published: July 2007

About 1949, with the advent of effective fractional distillation, the tall oil industry came of age, and tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), generally any product containing 90% or more fatty acids and 10% or less of rosin, have grown in annual volume ever since, until they amount to 398.8 million pounds annual production in the U.S. in 1978. Crude tall oil is a byproduct of the Kraft process for producing wood pulp from pine wood. Crude tall oil is about 50% fatty acids and 40% rosin acids, the remainder unsaps and residues; actually, a national average recovery of about 1–2% of tall oil is obtained from wood. On a pulp basis, each ton of pulp affords 140–220 pounds black liquor soaps, which yields 70–110 pounds crude tall oil, yielding 30–50 pounds of TOFA. Separative and upgrading technology involves: (a) recovery of the tall oil; (b) acid refining; (c) fractionation of tall oil; and occasionally (d) conversion to derivatives. TOFA of good quality and color of Gardner 2 corresponds to above 97% fatty acids with the composition of 1.6% palmitic & stearic acid, 49.3% oleic acid, 45.1% linoleic acid, 1.1% miscellaneous acids, 1.2% rosin acids, and 1.7% unsaponifiables.
Recent advances in the analytical chemistry of fatty acids and derivatives
Authors: Metcalfe L. D.
Published: July 2007

Recent advances in the analysis of industrial fatty acids and their derivatives almost always involve complex instrumentation. One of the most important developments in the analysis of fatty acids and their derivatives was the application of gas chromatography (GC). The result has been so effective that the time‐consuming fractional distillation and detailed analysis of fractions previously employed are rarely used. Even though the so‐called GLC technique has now been applied for over twenty years, new advances continue to be made in this area. Perhaps the most potentially valuable new development is the coupling of GLC with mass spectrometry (GLC‐MS). Two newer chromatographic methods which have great potential in the field of fatty material analysis are thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The former is applicable to difficult separations; e.g., separation of broad lipid classes, in microquantities. The latter has already been applied with some success to the separation of individual component triglycerides of fats and oils and fatty acids using reverse phase HPLC. Instrumentation techniques include supportive methods which are frequently used in conjunction with other methods. Among these, the techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared absorption (IR) are the most prominent.13C NMR is useful in defining fine structure of fatty acids, particularly with respect to branching. X‐ray diffraction is used to study polymorphism in fatty acids.
Fat‐Based synthetic lubricants
Authors: Matthews D. M.
Published: July 2007

Synthetic lubricants derived from fat‐based materials are almost exclusively esters of the following type: (a) mono and dibasic acid esters, e.g., laurates, stearates of short chain aliphatic alcohols, azelates and sebacates of oxo alcohols; (b) polyalkylene glycols and glycol esters, e.g., triethyleneglycol dicaprylate caprate and others; (c) branched polyol or nucleic polyol esters derived from pentaerythritol or trimethylol alkanes and saturated short chained acid of the C6, C8, C9type; (d) triglycerides, specifically tailored by the rearrangement of two or more naturally occurring triglycerides. Among the unique but desirable characteristics of synthetic lubricants are: good lubricity, minimum viscosity change with temperature (high VI), low temperature fluidity, high thermal and oxidation stability, low volatility, excellent additive response, seal and gasket compatability and high fire and flash points.
Analysis of flavor quality and residual solvent of soy protein products
Authors: Rayner E. T. , Wadsworth J. I. , Legendre M. G. , Dupuy H. P.
Published: July 2007

A simple, direct, gas Chromatographic technique is described for eluting and resolving residual solvent and flavor‐related volatile components from soy products such as flour and protein isolates. No prior enrichment of volatiles is necessary. A sample, together with a small amount of water, is secured in a glass liner and placed in the heated injection port of a gas Chromatograph. The volatiles are rapidly steam distilled from the sample by the heat, moisture, and flow of carrier gas and are adsorbed on the chromatographic column in situ. Residual solvent and other volatiles adsorbed on the column are resolved by temperature‐programmed gas chromatography and identified by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The correlation between taste panel flavor score and concentration of volatile components is significant at the 1% level.
Phase behavior of tristearin/trioctanoin mixtures
Authors: Barbano P. , Sherbon J. W.
Published: July 2007

The thermal behavior of mixtures of two monoacid, saturated triglycerides, tristearin (TS) and trioctanoin (TOC), was investigated with the intent of determining the liquid‐solid and solid‐solid solubility relationships. A Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Perkin‐Elmer Model DSC‐1) was used for the thermal analysis. Two different high purity grades of each component triglyceride were used. No large deviations from the ideal liquidus curve were exhibited by either system studied, regardless of purity. Polymorphism was not exhibited in TS/TOC binary mixtures Polymorphic transitions were observed during the heating curve when the individual components were analyzed under the same conditions of analysis as the mixtures. In mixtures less than 73–86% TS, the TOC melted at a constant temperature that was 0.9 K lower than when TOC was melted alone. At higher TS concentrations, no TOC peak was seen in the thermograms. Solid solutions of TS and TOC were indicated at weight percent TS compositions greater than 73–86%. If a TS/TOC eutectic mixture existed, it would contain less than 3% (w/w) TS.
The composition of the oil of starfruit (Averrhoa carambola, Linn.) seeds
Authors: Berry Shiv K.
Published: July 2007

The starfruit (Averrhoa carambola, Linn.) seeds were found rich in oil. The oil was examined for its refractive index, iodine value, acid value, saponification number, unsaponifiable matter, and fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The values (area percent) for fatty acids as methyl esters were: C14:0 (0.67%); C16:0 (21.34%); C18:0 and C24:0 (trace).
Phospholipid content of foods
Authors: Weihrauch John L. , Son Young‐Sun
Published: July 2007

The content of total lipids and total and component phospholipids in ca. 140 foods was compiled in response to frequent requests for data by researchers in nutrition and medicine, and to fill the appar‐ent need for a reliable up‐to‐date tabulation of recent data. Eggs, organ meats, lean meats, fish, shellfish, cereal grains and oilseeds are good sources of phospholipids, especially the choline phosphatides: phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine. Leafy vegetables, fruiting parts, roots and tubers are, with few ex‐ceptions, relatively poor dietary sources of total lipids and phospho‐lipids. Foods or tissues in which the phospholipids perform similar functions also have similar relative phospholipid distributions. The data were tabulated by food group in separate tables with appropri‐ate discussion. The use of conversion factors for calculating the total and individual phospholipids, sources of error, and research needs are discussed.
The effect of rapeseed oil added to control grain dust on the quality of wheat
Authors: Hsieh Fu‐Hung , Daun J. K. , Tipples K. H.
Published: July 2007

The effect of spraying edible rapeseed oil on controlling dust in barley, oat, rye and wheat has been investigated. Both the amount of rapeseed oil deposited and initial dust level govern the dust reduction level whereas the type of grain is immaterial. Regarless of the initial dust concentration, about 80% dust could be reduced with only 0.05% rapeseed oil addition. When the initial dust level exceeded 750 mg/m3, dust reduction could reach 90%. Although some dust adhered to the wheat kernels after rapeseed oil application, except for slight deteriorations in flour ash and color, other flour analytical properties, physical dough properties, and milling and baking qualities were unaffected.
Laboratory‐scale continuous hydrogenation: Effect of pressure
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Mounts T. L. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

A laboratory‐scale, high‐pressure, continuous reactor was used to partially hydrogenate soybean oil with copper catalysts. Effects of pressure on the kinetics of the reaction were studied by conducting experiments in a central composite design. The interaction of pressure (75\s‐200 psig) with the other independent variables of temperature (155\s‐255 C) and copper concentration (0.15\s‐1.85%) was evaluated. Dependent variables studied were linolenate selectivity and formation of trans isomers and conjugated dienes. in addition, effects of pressure up to 500 psig, use of experimental and commercial copper catalysts and comparison of continuous with high‐pressure batch rections were investigated. Linolenate selectivity (8\s‐10) and trans‐isomer formation were not significantly affected by any of the independent variables. Conjugated dienes were eliminated as products of the reaction when pressure was above 200 psig. Experimental copper‐silica catalyst gave a 1.6‐fold increase in reaction rate over commercial copper catalysts.
Qualitative and quantitative comparison of minor constituents in different commercial oleic acids
Authors: Lin Sherman S. , Murase Yukinobu , Min David B. S. , Hsieh Oliver A. L. , Chang Stephen S.
Published: July 2007

The minor constituents from a high quality commercial oleic acid (SCOA) were isolated and fractionated by liquid column chromatography. They were chemically characterized and their effects on the color stability of oleic acid during heating were determined. The results were compared qualitatively and quantitatively with those from a mixture of commercial oleic acids (MCOA) manufactured by 10 companies. It was found that, qualitatively, SCOA and MCOA contained the same type of minor constituents. However, quantitatively, the MCOA contained 1.18% of minor constituents whereas the SCOA contained only 0.81% of minor constituents. The amount of effective minor constituents which had an adverse effect on the color stability of oleic acid during heating was 0.09% for SCOA vs 0.45% for MCOA.
Gas chromatographic separation of diterpene acids on glass capillary columns of different polarity
Authors: Mayr M. , Lorbeer E. , Kratzl K.
Published: July 2007

Mixtures of resin acids from tall oil distillation products and from naturally occurring rosins (colophony) were separated on WCOT glass capillary columns coated with SE 30, FFAP, DEGS and BDS, and the resin acids were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). In contrast to previous investigations, the identified diterpene acids are characterized by Kovats index values. These retention values are correlated with the different polarity of the stationary phase. The advantages of columns coated with FFAP for the separation of crude and distilled tall oil and fatty acid samples are discussed.
Nucleation behaviour of tripalmitin from a triolein solution
Authors: Ng W. L.
Published: July 2007

Nucleation of tripalmitin (PPP) crystals from melt and from its binary triolein (OOO) solutions was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy. Cooling DSC thermograms for either pure PPP or OOO exhibits a single exotherm. For the solutions, two widely separated peaks due to PPP and OOO were observed. The PPP peak is broadened and shifts down to a lower temperature as the OOO content in the solution increases. A modified Turnbull and Fisher equation was used for nucleation data analysis. The temperature for maximum supercooling of the solution is reduced by OOO but the degree of maximum supercooling remains unchanged at 22oK. An interfacial free energy of 9.45 erg/cm2 for β‐PPP/ melt was deduced. This value drops rapidly to a slightly lower value of 8.95 erg/cm2, in triolein solution. The effect of a reduced interfacial free energy on nucleation is critically discussed in the light of a simultaneous reduction in the melting point of β‐PPP in the solution.
Determination of chlorophyll pigments in crude and degummed canola oils by HPLC and spectrophotometry
Authors: Daun J. K. , Thorsteinson C. T.
Published: July 2007

Chlorophyll pigments in crude and degummed canola oils were analyzed by spectrophotometry using a modified AOCS Method and by reversed phase HPLC. HPLC showed that crude canola oils contained very littlechlorophyll a orb, these pigments having been converted to pheophytins and other pigments with similar spectral properties. The ratio ofchlorophyll a∶b in the seed was found to be about 3∶1 while the ratio ofpheophytin a∶b in the oil was about 9∶1. As the AOCS Method for determining oil chlorophyll was calibrated for pure chlorophyll, the use of this method on crude canola oil results in a significant error. Recalibration of the spectrophotometric procedure with pheophytin gave better agreement with the HPLC method.
Resistance of lipid films to oxygen transmission
Authors: Kester J. J. , Fennema O.
Published: July 2007

Various lipids, mounted on a polar filter paper matrix, were evaluated as barriers to O2 transmission Among those lipids tested, stearyl alcohol was most resistant to oxygen transmission, the most likely reason being its ability to crystallize as compactly overlapping platelets with their planes normal to the direction of O2 diffusion. Tristearin, beeswax, and acetylated monoglycerides were, respectively, 39, 43 and 61% less resistant to O2 transmission than the fatty alcohol. Activation energies of O2 transport were. 7.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 27.5 kcal/mole, respectively, for stearyl alcohol, tristearin, beeswax, and acetylated monoglycerides. Stearic acid was substantially less resistant to O2 flux than the above four lipids. In addition, the fatty acid was unique among the, lipids tested in its temperature dependence, i.e., resistance to O2 transmission increased with elevation of temperature yielding a negative activation energy of −17.2 kcal/mole. This was attributed to the presence of small interplatelet channels in the stearic acid film, which presumably act as the principal route for gas transport. Hexatriacontane displayed poor O2 barrier properties compared to the other lipids, a consequence of relatively large pores in the alkane film.
Rat models in protein quality evaluation
Authors: Mariani A. , Spadoni M. A.
Published: July 2007

The ideal methodology for establishing protein quality has not yet been elaborated. On the other hand, the proposed introduction on the market of novel protein sources urges the industry to ask for an in vitro test, characterized for being inexpensive fast, reliable, and acceptable at an official level. Obviously, the in vitro test must be confirmed by an appropriate in vivo test. In this connection the problems relative to the species on which to experiment if it should or should not be the one to whom the protein food is directed—and the characteristics of the in vivo test are discyssed. Although the rational appears to be to assay on man protein directed to him, the cumbersomeness of the procedure, technical difficulties, uncertainties in the interpretation of the results as wel as ethical considerations for what children are concerned, don't favor experimentation on man. An extensive experimental study, aimed at testing various conventional and novel proteins, confirmed that the multiple doses test, as proposed by Samonds and Hegsted (RPV), has the highest discriminating capacity and is scientificically the most reliable. A research project to verify the correlation between the two methods for evaluating biological quality, namely PRV and the method of the in vitro ultrafiltered digest (EUD), is under investigation.
A case study of the introduction of vegetable protein into school meals
Authors: Simpson D. S. B.
Published: July 2007

The Inner London Education Authority operates 1,070 Schools in the 12 Central Boroughs of London. The Education Act of 1944 imposed on Local Education Authorities a statutory duty to provide school lunches for all maintained Primary and Secondary School pupils who wanted them. In I.L.E.A. schools some 230,000 (65%) children take school meals daily. The Department of Education and Science gives local Authorities detailed advice on the nutritional content of the school meal and how it should be achieved. The last review of these standards was carried out by a Government Working Party in 1975. Concurrently the Food Standards’ Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food was reporting on its investigation into Novel Protein Foods. It was these two reports which opened the way to the introduction of Vegetable Protein into school meals. In this paper the Principal Education Catering Organizer for I.L.E.A. discusses how these two reports were implemented in his Authority and describes in detail the program of introduction to brief the 8,000 catering staff involved. Vegetable protein has been incorporated into the I.L.E.A. school meals program since January 1977, and the success of this program is discussed.
Vegetable protein application in yogurt, coffee creamers and whip toppings
Authors: Kolar C. W. , Cho I. C. , Watrous W. L.
Published: July 2007

Soy proteins and, in particular, isolated soy proteins are being used in coffee creamers and whip toppings. With the increasing cost of traditional protein sources, more food manufacturers are investigating and utilizing soy proteins in other dairy type products. Isolated soy protein added as a replacement for the nonfat dry milk in the production of yogurt increased the viscosity and gel strength to a greater amount than nonfat dry milk and sodium caseinate added on an equivalent protein basis.
Food applications of corn germ protein products
Authors: Inglett G. E. , Blessin C. W.
Published: July 2007

Many convenience foods such as meat analogs, breakfast foods, and baked goods use ingredients prepared from cereal grains and their processed products. Among the most important new cereal protein products, corn germ protein products appear to have the greatest potential food markets.
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of sodium sulfate in anionic surfactants
Authors: Kudoh Megumu , Kusuyama Takashi , Yamaguchi Shinichiro , Fudano Shintaro
Published: July 2007

Sodium sulfate is separated from anionic surfactants on a separation column packed with strong anion exchange resin, and is detected by a post column derivatization method based on a chemical reaction between sulfate and ferric ion. A calibration curve shows a linear relationship in the range of 10\s‐300 mg/100 mL for sodium sulfate. The lower limit of determination is 2 mg/100 mL. Anionic surfactants such as sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium alkyl sulfate do not interfere with the determination. A personal computer was connected to the chromatographic system for data processing and control of an automatic sampler. This personal computer controlled liquid chromatographic system provides good recovery, reproducibility, agreement with conventional methods and full automatic determination.
Effects of surfactants and inorganic phosphates upon apparent viscosities of pigment‐water (50–50) suspensions
Authors: Moriyama Noboru
Published: July 2007

The effects of various types of surfactants and inorganic phosphates upon the apparent viscosities of pigment‐water (50/50) suspensions are examined. The additions of surfactants or inorganic phosphates to the pigment‐water suspensions depress the apparent viscosities from the values of more than 10,000 centipoise to those of ca. 10 centipoise. The concentration of surfactants or inorganic phosphates required to depress the apparent viscosity depends upon the chemical composition and the mol wt of surfactants or inorganic phosphates. The effects are correlated with zeta potential, adsorption, and pH data.
Surface pH and stability of oil‐water emulsions derived from laurate solutions
Authors: Saleeb Fouad Z. , Cante Charles J. , Streckfus Thomas K. , Frost John R. , Rosano Henri L.
Published: July 2007

Emulsion stability, electrophoretic mobility, and interfacial tension of chloroform, cyclohexane, and n‐hexadecane‐potassium laurate solution were determined as a function of acidification by concentrated HCl. The stability of these emulsions were related to the presence or absence of lauric acid at the interface. It was found that a lauric acid‐laurate interfacial film was responsible for the enhanced stability in the case of cyclohexane and n‐hexadecane emulsions, while no such mixed film existed in the case of chloroform. The interfacial ionization markedly affects the distribution of ions in solution closer to the interface. The concept of surface pH was applied. Differences of up to 2 pH units between bulk and surfaces were found with these systems. Both cyclohexane and hexadecane have major stability peaks which lie at ca. the same surface pH of 5.9 ± 0.2, irrespective of the initial potassium laurate concentration or bulk pH. It is concluded that the stability of these emulsions can be explained when the role played by the interfacial ionization is taken into consideration.
Automated manometric apparatus
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

A manometric system has been developed for automatically performing hydrogenations, autoxidations and similar gas‐liquid phase reactions. Incorporation of an ion chamber permits radio‐active isotope experiments. Nonradioactive isotopes (such as deuterium and O18) are monitored by attaching the apparatus to a mass spectrometer. Automatic recording of gas volume and radioactivity establishes a permanent record and allows unattended operation. Use of a servomotor‐driven syringe eliminates all mercury, including mercury leveling bulbs. The flow‐through construction of the syringe permits circulation of the gas phase and, as required in isotopic experiments, obviates the dead space inherent in classical manometers. Basic electronics and readily available components enhance operation and construction. Typical hydrogenations with accompanying graphs showing gas uptake, reaction time and radioactivity concn illustrate the utility of the apparatus and the ease of collecting data.
Evaluation of detergent degradation using activated sludge
Authors: Huddleston R. L. , Allred R. C.
Published: July 2007

Continuous feed activated sludge systems provide excellent facilities for evaluating detergent biodegradability only when the environmental conditions can be rigidly controlled. Degradation is rapid in such a system, and because of the microorganisms and environment used, the rate and extent should closely approximate detergent decomposition in many municipal waste disposal plants. The design and operation of such a continuous feed activated sludge unit are described, and observed detergent degradation patterns are reported.
The effect of neomycin on cholesterol metabolism
Authors: Hamilton J. G. , Muldrey J. E. , Mccracken B. H. , Goldsmith Grace A. , Miller O. N.
Published: July 2007

Oral neomycin lowers serum cholesterol in man, whereas intramuscular doses are ineffective. Probably it exerts its effect in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been suggested that neomycin specifically involves alteration of the intestinal flora. An increased excretion of bile acids and the failure of the conversion of cholic acid to deoxycholic acid has been demonstrated, which supports this hypothesis. It has also been suggested that the decrease in serum cholesterol is related to a malabsorption syndrome. Although large doses of neomycin do cause a malabsorption syndrome there is no agreement as to the occurrence or severity of a malabsorption syndrome related to therapeutic doses of neomycin.
Sunflower oil quality and quantity as affected by rhizopus head rot
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Rogers C. E. , Zimmerman D. C.
Published: July 2007

Sunflower seed (Helianthus annus L.) from plants infected with head rot caused byRhizopus spp. exhibited serious oil quality problems. Free fatty acid content of this oil was 19.4%, compared with 0.8% for oil from seed of healthy plants. Oil from diseased seed was also higher in palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric fatty acids. In addition, diseased plants yielded only 81% as much seed and only 55% as much oil.
Preparation of heptadecenoic acid fromCandida tropicallis yeast
Authors: Bauchart D. , Aurousseau B.
Published: July 2007

In this paper a method is described for preparing 10 g or more of heptadecenoic acid (C17:1ω8) of 99 p.100 purity fromCandida tripicallis yeast. Three cycles of treatment, based on crystallization techniques, were used successively: (1) Crystallization of fatty acids (in free form) from acetone at −25 C induced the elimination of most of the saturated fatty acids, and at −60 C, of all of the poly‐unsaturated acids. (2) Inclusion formation of fatty acids (as methyl esters) with urea at hC induced the removal of all of the remaining saturated methyl esters and most of methyl oleate. (3) Crystallization of fatty acid methyl esters from acetone at −60 C removed almost all the remaining monounsaturated methyl esters (methyl palmitoleate and methyl oleate). Total efficiency of the preparation was about 17 p. 100.