bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variations in Periphyton Composition and Diversity in Oil Refinery Effluents
Authors: Singh A. K. , Singh M. P. , Gaur J. P.
Published: February 2007

Cyanophyta was the dominant algal group in the effluents of Mathura Oil Refinery and its relative abundance decreased with the removal of pollutants; the composition of this group, however, never decreased below 60%. Some members of Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta were also recorded. Among the blue greens, Oscillatoria was the most abundant genus throughout and this is a reflection of the marked capability of this organism to withstand oil pollution. The diversity (d) of the algal community increased owing to the removal of oils and phenols in effluent treatment ponds. No marked seasonal variation in the abundance of various algal taxa and diversity was apparent. Even slight changes in the concentration of oil and phenol from 5.1 to 1.2 mg/l and 1.56 to 0.20 mg/l, respectively, resulted in an appreciable increase in diversity. The study reveals that algal community structural parameters like relative abundance and diversity could be, irrespective of the time of sampling, effectively used for monitoring the quality of effluents in oil refineries.
Nitrat‐Bestimmung in Oberflächengewässern als Beispiel der Anwendung der UV‐Derivativspektroskopie in der Umweltanalytik
Authors: Wollin K.‐M.
Published: February 2007

Artificial nitrate solutions and a large number of membranefiltered nitrate‐containing water samples from Mecklenburgian lakes and rivers were investigated in the spectral range of 200… 260 nm with a dual beam spectrophotometer. By the formation of derivative spectra there are achieved a higher spectral resolution and the elimination of undesired disturbing effects since first‐ and higher‐order derivatives are formed. As it is known, the direct spectrophotometric nitrate determination is influenced by organic substances and some inorganic ions of natural waters. As a result, the UV derivative spectroscopy of 2nd order is recommended as a suitable technique of nitrate analysis for surface waters with a high degree of accuracy and precision – detailed reports on investigations being given. Compared with the equivalent salicylate method, however, the expenditure of the UV derivative spectroscopy described is considerably lower.
Rotifers as Indicators of Water Quality
Authors: Saksena D. N.
Published: February 2007

A comprehensive survey of the literature on the use of rotifers as bio‐indicators water quality has been made in this article. Brachionus angularis, Trichocerca cylindrica, Polyurthra euryptera, Pompholyx sulcata, Rotaria rotatoria, Filinia longiseta have been designated as indicators of heavy pollution (Eutrophy). Ascomorpha ovalis, Asplanchna herricki, Synchaeta grandis, Ploesoma hudsoni, Anuraeopsis fissa, Monostyla bulla and M. hamata are indicators of fresh and clean waters (Oligotrophy) while a variety of rotifers including Brachionus, Keratella spec, are inhabitants of moderately clean (mesotrophy) waters. However, more and more knowledge regarding morphological variations and physiological conditions of rotifers should be studied and then they can be used as better indicators of environmental quality.
Ciliated Colonization of Artificial Substrates in Different Saprobic Conditions in a Running Water
Authors: Primc B. , Habdija I.
Published: February 2007

This work investigates the effect of water current velocity and organic load on the colonization rate of ciliated Protozoa in periphyton communities. Artificial substrates (glass slides) were placed at three stations in a small mountain stream which runs through urban and industrial areas. The first station was located in an oligosaprobic to beta‐mesosaprobic zone, the second in an alfa‐mesosaprobic zone, and the third station in an alfa‐mesosaprobic to polysaprobic zone. At each station three substrates were placed in biotopes of different current velocity values (5… 20 cm/ sec., 20… 40 cm/sec. and 50… 70 cm/sec.). With such a distribution of artificial substrates it was possible to study the effect of the water current velocity on the colonization dynamics of ciliates in particular saprobic zones.
Toxic Impact of Hexavalent Chromium on the BLOOD Pyruvate of Colisa fasciatus
Authors: Nath K. , Kumar N.
Published: February 2007

The blood pyruvate levels of a freshwater tropical teleost Colisa fasciatus were investigated from 3 to 96 h following sublethal intoxication of 48 ppm hexavalent chromium. The blood pyruvate levels rose at every time period studied from 3… 96 h. A statistically significant elevation is observed from 24 h and progresses up to 96 h. The maximum elevation of 92.86% has been recorded at 72 h (p<0.001).
Histochemical Observation on Crude Oil Poisoning in the Respiratory Epithelium of Puntius sophore
Authors: Prasad M. S.
Published: February 2007

The sensitivity of respiratory mucus cells to the aqueous extracts of 200… 2000 ppm of crude oil has been determined in Puntius sophore using histochemical techniques. The results indicate the mucus cells to be highly susceptible to the crude oil poisoning in both lethal and sublethal concentrations. Sublethal extracts induce excessive mucus production and form a protective covering over branchial epithelia. Lethal extracts, however, reduce the number and size of the mucus cells causing scanty mucus secretion in short‐term exposure (≦4 h), but degenerate the mucus cells when the exposure period is prolonged (≧12 h).
Development of Algae in Waters and a Possibility of Spectrometric in‐situ Monitoring
Authors: Mittenzwey K.‐H. , Rummel W.
Published: February 2007

A short review is given on the production of algae, their influence on the matter budget, the damage to the biocoenosis of waters and on the purification processes of algae‐enriched rawwaters. For the development and construction of an in‐situ device to monitor the content of phytoplankton in eutrophicated waters on ships, measurements of the spectral reflectance in shallow inland and bay waters were made from 1983 till 1985. Simultaneously chlorophyll‐a and secchi‐disk transparency were measured. Especially marked correlations (partly dependent on the season and the type of the water body) exist between the quotient of reflectance at the wavelengths of 710 and 660 nm and the chlorophyll‐a concentrations (7… 320 μg/l) and between the reflectance at 710 nm and reciprocal values of secchi‐disk transparency (0.3… 3.0 m). On the basis of these results a prototype of a two‐channel spectrometer was produced.
Trihalomethane im Trinkwasser
Authors: Puchert W. , Prösch J. , Wagner H.
Published: February 2007

In three water works investigations were performed on the formation of halogenated hydrocarbons resulting from chlorination and the results are given. There were exclusively detected halogenated methane compounds with concentrations below 25 μg/1 and therefore agreeing with values already reported. Trichloronitromethane was detected, too; its concentration correlates with the nitrite content of water.
Treatment of Sewage Containing Aromatic Amines with Participation of Macrophytes. Part 1. Mechanisms and Kinetics of the Elimination of Aromatic Amines by Macrophytes
Authors: Timofeeva S. S. , Kashina N. F.
Published: February 2007

Results are presented of studying quantitative regularities of utilizing aromatic amines (benzidine, α‐ naphthylamine) by Chara algae (Nitella spec., Charafragilis) and higher aquatic plants (Elodea canadensis). It is shown that the basic part of eliminated benzidine is subjected to oxidative conversions under the action of macrophyte enzyme systems. Not more than 20% of eliminated benzidine accumulate in vegetative tissues.
Harmful gastropods and their control
Authors: Agarwal R. A. , Singh D. K.
Published: February 2007

In warm climates the control of aquatic snails as intermediate hosts of trematodes is very important for health. A biological control has been successful by a predatory snail (Marisa) as well as by reducing the aquatic vegetation. Of a greater importance, however, still is the chemical control by various molluscicides, especially by cholinesterase inhibitors (carbamates and organophosphorus compounds), which are active also in sublethal concentrations via the carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Of a special importance is also the application of synergistically active compounds, by which the biocidal activity is considerably increased, the required biocide concentration in the water is decisively reduced. Molluscicides of plant origin may be very important in future, especially the later of Euphorbiaceae and the natural products obtained from them which are active at high dilutions. Also the field of chemosterilants need to be explored.
Statistical estimation of the threshold of toxic effects
Authors: Maximov V. N. , Moshinskaya L. R. , Nosov V. N.
Published: February 2007

A method of the statistical estimation of the threshold of “no effect” and “100% effect” levels of a test compound has been suggested. The experimental data of this method concern the survival of organisms exposed to a range of concentration of toxic chemicals.
Spatial and seasonal distribution of bacterial physiological groups in two reservoirs with different trophic levels
Authors: Iriberri J. , Rodriguez M. T. , Egea L. , Barcina I.
Published: February 2007

The spatial and seasonal distribution of the viable heterotrophic population and three heterotrophic physiological groups, i.e. ammonifyers, nitrate reducers and sulphate reducers, were studied in two reservoirs in the province of Vizcaya (Spain). Using indicative parameters, both reservoirs were classified as warm monomictics, one hypereutrophic and the other mesotrophic. A direct relation between the size of the bacterial populations and the trophic levels of the reservoirs was observed. Likewise, the distributions of the bacterial populations in the water column are basically different. In the hypereutrophic lake there is a direct relationship between the bacterial distribution and the physical‐chemical environment of the reservoir that cannot be observed in the mesotrophic lake.
Indicative parameters of denitrification in river sediments
Authors: Muela A. , Gorostiza I. , Iriberri J. , Egea L.
Published: February 2007

Denitrification is studied in sediments from two areas of the River Butrón which represent different situations with respect to their degree of pollution. Denitrification is analysed by means of the following parameters: maximum denitrification rate (Vmax), Michaelis constant (Km), denitrification rate (v), denitrification constant (kd) and number of denitrifiers. In all the samples analysed denitrification follows a kinetic type Michaelis‐Menten with respect to nitrate.Vmax,Kmand number of denitrifiers are clearly superior in the polluted area when compared to the cleaner area, indicating an advantage given that denitrification suggests an alternative pathway for breaking down organic matter with low levels of dissolved oxygen. By comparison betweenKmand natural nitrate concentration values we find thatvfollows a first order kinetic depending directly on the nitrate concentration.valso presents higher values in the area of the river where the entry of sewage is taking place than in the cleaner area. However, this difference does not have a kinetic origin but rather is given by different nitrate concentrations in their sediments. This is due to the fact that the two areas present similar efficiencies in the elimination of nitrate, which is deduced from the similar values ofkd.
Consumption of the primary production of phytomicrobenthos and destruction of organic substances by the free‐living ciliates in benthos of the Tsibulnik bay of the Kremenchug reservoir
Authors: Kovalchuk A. A. , Skorik L. V.
Published: February 2007

The role of the benthic ciliofauna of the Tsibulnik bay of the Kremenchug reservoir in the comsumption of the primary production of phytomicrobenthos and the destruction of organic Substances is shown. In July all over the buy ciliates had consumed 41 % of the benthic primary production. During the process, consumption rates had reached 1.34 kJ/m2 d on seperate sections of the bottom. Sufficiently high is the role of these protists in the destruction of organic substances. They had destroyed 1.4… 1.5% of the whole mineralised organic substances in summer and 10… 11% in autumn. The authors made a conclusion on the importance of the benthic ciliofauna in the transformation of organic substances in an eutrophic bay.
Saprobic evaluation of Euglena viridis, E. agilis and E. proxima
Authors: Vilaclara G. , Robles E. , Rivera F. , Sládeček V.
Published: February 2007

According to an investigation of an anaerobic sewage pond in the State of Mexico we are proposing the change of the saprobic valence and other saprobiological characteristics for three species of mixotrophic Euglena, i.e. E. viridis (O. F. MÜLLER) EHRENBERG, D. agilis H. J. CARTER and E. proxima DANGEARD.
Size related toxicity of industrial effluents to cyprinus carpio (HAM.) and Channa punctatus (BL)
Authors: Gupta S.
Published: February 2007

Fish, Cyprinus carpio and Channa punctatus in four sizes (6.0 ± 1.2; 12.5 ± 1.6; 20.6 ± 1.5 and 28.0 ± 1.8 cm in total length) were exposed to industrial effluents from the Sangam Dyeing Factory (Ludhiana), the Sterling Steel and ABC Paper Mills (Hoshiarpur) to evaluate the acute toxicity of these effluents at different fish sizes. Results reveal that the toxicity of industrial effluents decreased with the increased fish size from 6.0 ± 1.2 to 20.6 ± 1.5 cm in length. However, for specimens of the size of 28.0 ± 1.6 cm and more, the toxicity of the effluents increased with an increase in fish size. On the basis of the relative toxicity to fish, effluent from the Sterling Steel Mill was found to be highly toxic to fish and effluent from the Dyeing Factory least toxic except for the fish of 6.0 ± 1.2 cm at which dyeing factory effluent was most toxic and ABC paper mill effluent the least toxic.
Sorption ausgewählter Schwermetallionen aus wäßriger Lösung an Kraftwerksaschen
Authors: Ender V. , Bosholm J. , Erb S.
Published: February 2007

The sorption of Co(II)., Mn(II)‐ and Fe(II)‐ions from aqueous solution on three power plant ashes was investigated in dependence on pH‐value and solution concentration. Sorption increases with rising pH‐value and increasing solution concentration. The results can be interpreted with the pH‐dependent occurrence of the hydrolysis products of the metal ions in solution and their reaction with the ash phase.
Oil pollution impact on marine communities and a problem of sea water quality improvement
Authors: Mironov O. G.
Published: February 2007

Sea entered pollutions, in particular oil and oil products, interact complexly with marine biota. On the one hand, oil causes disfunction of marine communities, death of some marine representatives and sometimes of the whole community. On the other hand, marine organisms and their communities transform pollutions during purification processes improving marine environment quality. It is known, that under pollution conditions the number of aquarium‐inhabiting organisms is reduced and only the most resistable species are left. The study of such species opens perspectives for the creation of hydrobiological systems and their purposeful use in cleaning polluted waters and sanitation of coastal aquaria.
Zur Anwendung des Standards TGL 27885/01 zur Klassifizierung und Bewirtschaftung von Flachgewässern
Authors: Schmidt I.
Published: February 2007

For the shallow lake there can be expected eutrophic conditions according to its morphometric data (z̄ 2.8 m, l 1.1… 1.8a), even mesotrophic conditions acc. to the catchment area (2.8 km2/hm3, 8 km2/km2, 20% wood) and eutrophic conditions acc. to load (1,340 Population Equivalents/hm3, 0.027… 0.386 g/m2 a P). The actually measured data of oxygen balance, nutrient contents and bioproduction show a eutrophic situation with a trend towards polytrophy. The difference to the expectation values can be explained by an underestimation of direct loading from a duck farm and the back‐wash waters of a waterworks, so that sanitation measures for reducing the direct loading are promising. The relocation of the duck farm and of a large complex of stables as well as the introduction of extensive fishery utilization with a balanced stock of predatory fish resulted in perceptible trends of oligotrophication already after two years, especially by a remarkable promotion of the macrophyte stocks in the shallow water zone.
Hyperglycemic response of Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to nickel
Authors: Nath K. , Kumar N.
Published: February 2007

Freshwater Indian catfish H. fossilis was exposed to a sublethal concentration of 192 mg/1 nickel sulphate from 3 to 96 h. Blood glucose of the nickel exposed fish increased significantly at 6, 12, 24, 72 and 96 h. The maximum elevation was recorded at 72 h (P < 0.001). The possible role of glucagon and insulin has been discussed.
Zur derivativspektroskopischen Bestimmung der Ligninsulfonsäure in Gegenwart von Huminsäuren
Authors: Schmidt A. , Meusinger U. , Worst M.
Published: February 2007

A Specord M 40 device with the Date Handling 1 computer cassette was used for the derivative‐spectroscopie determination of lignosulphonic acid. Because of the higher sensitivity and the better evaluable peaks, the 2nd derivation of the five possible derivations was used. The analysis method described in detail was tested with test substances on a surface water which was polluted with waste‐products from the pulp industry. With the stated device parameters, the lignosulphonic acid up to 2 mg/l can be determined in the presence of humic acids and chlorolignosulphonic acids. In weakly polluted waters, as groundwaters and shore filtrates. still lignosulphonic acid concentrations of 0.1 mg/l can be detected after an adequate enrichment.
Concept of planktonic species diversity in small water bodies – a case study of lake Rangasagar (Udaipur: Rajasthan)
Authors: Rao N. G. , Durve V. S. , Shrikhande V. J.
Published: February 2007

The quantitative and qualitative relationships within phyto‐ and zooplanktonic communities were examined for a period of one year in a small eutrophic lake in Udaipur, through the application of diversity indices. The results revealed that a higher plankton diversity needs not necessarily lead to a greater community diversity or evenness of species diversity. The phytoplankton species diversity was related to nutrients and ambient environmental factors. Within zooplankton groups, the diversity index was found influenced by the evenness and richness of the species. On the other hand, the strong correlation between individual species density and community diversity in the cladocera was influenced by food availability. The total zooplankton diversity was also strongly correlated (P < 0.01) with the number of species and equality. There was no spatial variation in species composition because of smaller spread of the water body. It is felt that the diversity indices could get influenced by the dominance or scarcity of one or more species or communities giving a deceptive picture of planktonic panorama.
Acute toxicity of cadmium to Channa punctatus (BLOCH)
Authors: Gupta A. K. , Rajbanshi V. K.
Published: February 2007

Effects of acute cadmium poisoning on survival, its residual values and histopathology in certain organs of a freshwater airbreathing fish, Channa punctatus (BLOCH) were investigated. The threshold concentration, MATC and LC50 values obtained from 96 h static bioassay, revealed that Channa is more susceptible to cadmium ions at higher temperature. The atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of cadmium residues differed significantly in organs of specimens having survived and died after 96 h of exposure. The gill accumulate the highest amount of cadmium, the liver accumulated a slightly smaller amount than the gill, while the kidney accumulated the least.

The histopathological lesions subjected to sublethal (5.2 mg/l Cd) and lethal (8.4 mg/l Cd) concentrations of cadmium were: detachment and rupture of lamellar epithelium, collapse of pillar cells and hypertrophy in mucus producing gland cells in the gill; vacuolization and coagulative necrosis in hepatic cells of the liver; and expansion, necrosis and accumulation of cellular debris in renal tubules of the kidney. The probable causes for death of fish due to cadmium ions have been discussed.
The catalogue of harmful water pollutants – its meaning for the protection of waters and drinking water in practice
Authors: Rummel W. , Wotzka J.
Published: February 2007

The characterization and estimation of the manifold properties of environmental chemicals become more and more important for the protection of environment, and so of waters, too. For that reason, since 1975 the “Catalogue of Harmful Water Pollutants” has been edited by the Institute of Water Management, Berlin, GDR. Hitherto four deliveries came out, which comprise the parameters of a total of 700 substances and commercial products. The properties of the harmful water pollutants are described and assessed by 13 different criteria and measures. After the compilation of the results each pollutant is assigned to one of the following three categories:

I: Very dangerous water pollutant

II: Dangerous water pollutant

II: Less dangerous water pollutant.

By selected examples from the work of Public Water Control (Staatliche Gewässeraufsicht) the importance of the Catalogue of harmful water pollutants for the practice of the protection of waters and drinking water will be demonstrated. At present the Catalogue is used by nearly 1,200 firms, managements and institutions in the GDR as well as in 39 other states of the world. The second edition will contain an extension of the spectrum of criteria and measures as well as the result of a general revision of all the parameters.
Annual production and productivity of the macrophytes of river Champanala, a side spill channel of the Ganges at Bhagalpur
Authors: Hasan R.
Published: February 2007

The present investigation gives the turnover value and productivity of macrophytes like Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus and Azolla pinnata for the year 1978 at Koylaghat site of the Champanala channel, a southern side spill channel of the river Ganges. The average annual production of all the macrophytes comes to 3.925 g/m2 · d, which is better than the world average of rice cultivated fields. All the important macrophytes in the present investigation are replaced annually. In contrast to pond and reservoir ecosystems, where the productivity of macrophytes is highest in the rainy season, in the Champanala channel the most of the macrophytes are absent from July to December and maximal productivity was about 4 g/m2 · d from February to April. The difference in the development of macrophytes in standing and flowing waters results from the fact that in the rainy season increasing flow velocity, sudden fluctuations in water column depth and other destabilising factors produce unfavourable conditions for macrophytes in flowing waters.
Toxicity of some oil constituents to Selenastrum capricornutum
Authors: Gaur J. P.
Published: February 2007

The toxicity of some oil constituents, viz., benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, dimethylnaphthalenes, trimethylnaphthalene, phenol, cresol, aniline and toluidine towards S. capricornutum was investigated. All constituents exerted detrimental effects on algal growth and toxicity depended inter alia on the number of methyl groups in the test chemicals. Aniline, toluidine and alkylnaphthalenes were most toxic to test alga and if present at a high concentration in an oil, the toxic effects of that oil would be very severe.
Malathion induced biochemical alterations in the liver of the fingerlings of Channa punctatus (BL.)
Authors: Shukla J. P.
Published: February 2007

The effect of a sublethal concentration of malathion (95% E. C.) on the nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and protein content in the liver of fingerlings of Channa punctatus, a freshwater murrel was investigated. 10 days of exposure brought non‐significant alteration (P < 0.05) neither in the nucleic acids nor in protein content. However, significant quantitative decline in the liver's RNA (P < 0.01) and protein (P < 0.001) but not in the DNA content was observed after 20 days of exposure. Possible causes for such decline have been discussed.
Acute and chronic toxic effects of the carbamate pesticide Sevin on some haematological, biochemical and enzymatic parameters in the fresh water teleost fishChanna punctatus
Authors: Sastry K. V. , Siddiqui A. A. , Samurl M.
Published: February 2007

The effects of exposure to LC50(10.5 mg/l) for 96 h and to a sublethal concentration (1.05 mg/l) of Sevin for 120 days have been observed on some haematological, biochemical and enzymatic parameters ofChanna punctatus.The fish were hyperglycemic and hyperlactemic and the glycogen content of the liver and muscles decreased, but the lactic acid content of two tissues increased. The activity of hexokinase increased in the kidney, intestine, liver and muscles but decreased in the gills and brain. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase decreased in the kidney and intestine, and increased in the liver, muscles, brain and gills. The pyruvate dehydrogenase activity decreased in all the six tissues. Both the exposures produced a decrease in the succinate dehydrogenase activity of the liver. The enzyme activity decreased in the brain, gills and muscles after chronic exposure, whereas the kidney and intestine showed an elevation in enzyme activity.
Tissue enzymes as biomonitors of PCP intoxication in Notopterus notopterus
Authors: Verma S. R. , Tyagi P. K. , Dutt D. , Chand R. , Sharma A. K.
Published: February 2007

In this paper, toxicity effects of pentachlorophenol have been studied using enzymes, phosphatases, transaminases and hydrogenases as indicators for toxicity. The sublethal concentrations used were 0.019, 0.0063 and 0.0038 mg/l (1/5th, 1/15th and 1/25th fractions of LC50) and the experimental fishes were exposed for the periods of 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. Most of the significant alterations in enzymes were observed at 1/5th and 1/10th fractions except at few places in the liver where a significant alteration in the enzyme acid phosphatase occurs at 1/15th fraction. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) showed a significant increase in different tissues in all the fractions of treatment.
Die Leistungen hydrischer Ökosysteme: Resultat ihrer Struktur
Authors: Horn W.
Published: February 2007

The unity of the structure, function and performance of an ecosystem and the importance of the biotic factors are represented by the example of the storage reservoir. Besides the morphometric relation of the trophogenic layer to the tropholytic one, the effect of the stability and mixing depth as well as of the o‐PO4 content on the phytoplankton development is demonstrated. The secondary production of zooplankton is described with respect to its interaction with phytoplankton and the specific relations between the available food and the greazing pressure of predators for the structure of populations of Daphnia are treated in particular. The practical consequences resulting from abiotic and biotic structural features for water quality are pointed out.
Macrozoobenthos as an Indicator of the Level of the Trophy and Saprobity of Lake Jarun
Authors: Kerovec M. , Tavčar V. , Meštrov M.
Published: February 2007

During complex ecological investigations on Lake Jarun (and neighbouring interstitial underground waters) which took place in 1984 and 1985, macrozoobenthos was also studied. Its qualitative and quantitative composition in a large part depends on the degree of trophy and saprobity of the water. Specially examined were the oligochaetes and chironomids larvae, which besides having a large numerical percentage also occurred with a large number of species. In addition, the representatives of other groups of macroscopic invertebrates were also mentioned, especially those which have a special significance as indicators of a certain degree of trophy and saprobity, and which are important because of their oasis preservation in this ecosystem.
Environmental Hazard Ranking of Chemicals Spilled in the Rhine River in November 1986
Authors: Halfon E. , Büggemannr R.
Published: February 2007

In 1986 a chemical spill took place from the Sandoz plant in Basel, Switzerland, into the Rhine River. Several chemicals entered the river and were transported downstream. In this paper we rank the environmental hazard of eight chemicals, Disulfoton, Dinitroorthocresol, Propetamphos, Thiometon, Parathion, Etrimphos, Metoxuron and Fenitrothion found in the German section of the Rhine River. Five attributes related to the toxicity, physio‐chemical characteristics and fate are used to rank the chemicals. The fate attributes were derived using the fate model EXWAT. Two ranking methods were used and results were compared. One method is based on the standardization of the data into attributes and aggregation into an index. The second method allows one to visually compare chemicals based on a large number of test results which might otherwise be very confusing when displayed in a table form: The Hasse diagram is an effective graphical display of data difficult to understand otherwise. Results by both ranking methods show that these chemicals can be divided into two groups, the most hazardous include Dinitroorthocresol, Propetamphos and Parathion, and the least hazardous include Disulfoton, Thiometon, Etrimphos, Metoxuron and Fenitrothion.
Denitrifikation von Stickstoffverbindungen in biologisch gereinigtem Abwasser der Faserplattenproduktion
Authors: Bachanek S.
Published: February 2007

The denitrification of biologically purified wastewater from the fibre‐board production is investigated in the batch experiment in a laboratory reactor with and without addition of methanol (0.5 ml/l) as an additional source of carbon. Without addition of methanol, in the main only a reduction of nitrate to nitrite occurs, which accumulates. The rate of reaction is low, so that the process is not yet finished after 10 h. The addition of methanol leads to an acceleration of the reactions and to a full denitrification of the wastewater within 4 h.
Fenvalerate and Cypermethrin Induced Changes in the Haematological Parameters of Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Reddy P. Malla , Bashamohideen Md.
Published: February 2007

Freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio have been exposed to sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate (0.010 ppm) and cypermethrin (0.020 ppm) for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. After each exposure period, certain blood parameters were studied. A decrease in red blood corpuscular (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), on the one hand, and an increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), on the other hand, have been observed with increasing time of exposure. The alterations observed may be due to the physiological disfunctioning of the haemopoietic tissue or may be due to the effect on the bone marrow. The effect of fenvalerate is more pronounced than that of cypermethrin.
Observations on the Bottom Fauna of the Ganga River (between Buxar and Ballia) with Special Reference to Its Role in the Seasonal Abundance of Fresh Water Prawn Macrobrachium birmanicum choprai (Tiwari)
Authors: Singh S. R. , Srivastava V. K.
Published: February 2007

The paper deals with the changes in composition and density of bottom fauna of the Ganga river at Buxar and Ballia in relation to soil texture and water quality observed between March 1984 and Feb. 1986 with its possible role in the seasonal abundance of M. birmanicum choprai. No marked differences were noted in the quality of water at the two centres. The texture of bottom was sandy at both the centres, but the soil at Ballia was found to consist almost of sand with a negligible quantity of clay content. The benthic fauna mainly consisted of dipterans, amphipods and annelids and exhibited a higher abundance at Buxar. It showed a major pulse in the month of March with a minor one in December. The macrobenthos including gastropods and bivalves were abundant during summer (March–June). The bottom fauna on which the prawns generally feed becomes a potential source of food during winter when the prawns get confined to a unit area.
Predation Efficacy of Larvivorus Fishes on Cyclops, Transmitting Dracunculiasis
Authors: Prakash D. , Srivastava R. C.
Published: February 2007

The predatory potentiality of G. affinis and P. reticulata fishes on cyclops was tested by ‘no‐choice’ and ‘choice’ experiments. In ‘no‐choice’ experiments predation increased significantly with the number of cyclops exposed (1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 preys) and decreased with the increase in the water volume (1, 2 and 3 litres) in case of both the fishes. A similar trend for cyclops predation was observed in ‘choice’ experiments. The relative rate of predation of G. affinis and P. reticulata was more in ‘no‐choice’ as compared to in ‘choice’ experiments. However, the predatory efficacy of G. affinis was relatively higher than that of P. reticulata in all the experiments. The comparative rate of predation on three zooplanktons by G. affinis and P. reticulata showed that Daphnia spec. was most susceptible to predation by both the fishes. It was followed by calanoids and the least preferred prey being cyclops.
Reedbed Treatment of Sewage in the UK
Authors: Lawson G. J. , Cooper P. F.
Published: February 2007

Natural wetlands perform significant sewage treatment, but artificial reedbeds are likely to be more reliable and effective. The processes responsible for purification in wetlands and reedbeds are described in this paper, together with an outline of the experimental reedbeds which have been established in the UK up to 1987. Major research needs are outlined.
Zum Auftreten von leichtflüchtigen Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen im Badewasser
Authors: Puchert W. , Prösch J. , Köppe F.‐G. , Wagner H.
Published: February 2007

110 samples from two swimming‐pools were gas‐chromatographically investigated for halogenated hydrocarbons. In spite of varying chlorine concentrations between 0.1 and 2.5 mg/l Cl2 the bacteriological results were unobjectionable. The total of the haloforms was between 1.2 and 182 μg/l, with the average value of 90 μg/l. Besides CHCl3, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl and CCl3NO2 there were observed other, still unidentified compounds in the chlorinated bathing water which clearly are successive products of disinfection, too. The water treatment by flocculation and filtration does not bring about any elimination of trihalomethanes. Of special importance is the occurrence of trichloronitromethane in concentrations of 0.13 … 1.2 μg/l, whose LC50 in the Daphnia test is 189 μg/l, at a threshold concentration of 160 μg/l. To limit the pollution of water and air to a minimum, specific conditions must be adhered to in the operation of indoor swimming‐pools.
Zur Modellierung der Adsorption von Mehrkomponentensystemen
Authors: Worch E.
Published: February 2007

Many dissolved organic compounds in waters and wastewaters can be effectively removed by adsorption processes. The design of such processes requires the modelling of adsorption equilibria in multi‐solute systems. In this paper a review on the most useful equilibrium models for multicomponent systems of known and unknown composition is presented.
Einfluß algenbürtiger organischer Substanzen auf Flockung und Filtration
Authors: Bernhardt H. , Hoyer O. , Lüsse B. , Schell H.
Published: February 2007

The treatment of water from eutrophic lakes is disturbed by extensive development of plankton, which is caused by particulate algogenic organic substances and frequently also by dissolved ones. They are released by excretion, diffusion, cell destruction, separation of cell wall substances and metabolic processes in the course of the cellular reproduction in dependence on the physiological state of the algae. At a sufficient dosage of metallic salts as a flocculant, the extracellular organic substance (EOS) may act as an anionic flocculation aid in the concentration range of 1 … 2 mg/1 C. There is decisive the mass ratio: Me (metal as flocculant)/EOS (as TOC). Below a mass ratio Fe : TOC =2 … 3 the EOS disturbs the process of flocculation and filtration. Flocculation and filtration tests are carried out with the centrifugate of the culture liquid of eight algae species in flocculation test apparatus in order to clarify the disturbance of flocculation and filtration. The following essential reaction mechanisms influencing flocculation have been found: complexation of the metal‐ions added as flocculation aids, precipitation reactions, neutralization of the positive charge of the metal hydroxo complexes of the flocculant with formation of surface complexes, increasing of the negative charge concentration and formation of protective colloids. The following counter‐measures may be technically used with success: increasing of the addition of flocculant (Fe : TOC =2 … 3), shifting of the pH‐value below the iso‐electric point, addition of calcium‐ions (1 … 2 mmol/l) and limited application of ozone prior to flocculation.
Ein Beitrag zur Bestimmung von Anilin/Phenol in Wasser/Abwasser mittels UV‐Derivativspektroskopie. Teil 1: Das analytische Grundverfahren
Authors: Wollin K.‐M. , Randow F. F. E.
Published: February 2007

Ultraviolet derivative spectroscopy was used as an analytical tool for the direct and simultaneous determination of aniline and phenol in water. It is shown that the diA/dλi values are proportional to aniline (i = 2, 4) and phenol (i = 2, 4 and 5) concentrations at 205.3 or 271.6 … 282.8 nm. The performance characteristics are discussed in detail. Thus the best precision resulted in both aniline and phenol for the second derivatives. The accuracy of the methods applied is independent on the derivative order and concentration levels within the dynamic range of 1 to 10 mg · 1−1 aniline or phenol respectively.
Studies on Limnobiotic Conditions in a Thermal Spring at Tajura, (Tripoli), Libya
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: February 2007

Summary: Studies on a hot spring at Tajura (Libya) indicated narrow fluctuations in water temperature (43 … 44.5 °C) near the source site. A wide thermal gradient of 10 K between two sampling sites (near the source and in the marsh) recorded in December narrowed to 3 … 4.5 K in March. Similar pH values (6.7) near the source increased along the runoff channel and touched 6.9 in the marsh. Bicarbonate alkalinity always exceeded 400 mg/l; likewise conductivity was remarkably high (>4700 μS/cm). Scarce algal growth was observed near the source site, though mats of variable thickness prevailed along the runoff channel and in the marsh.
Biologische und chemische Untersuchungen an Bergbächen unterschiedlichen Versauerungsgrades
Authors: Horn W. , Brettfeld R.
Published: February 2007

Summary: As ion balances and paleolimnological investigations prove, acidification is mainly the result of too much strain on the buffering capacity of catchment areas and waters by anthropogenic acid depositions. The situation is studied in mountain brooklets with different characteristics of their catchment areas. Distinct annual variations and functional relations of hydrological and chemical quantities can be described. The changed chemism of the water influences the structure of organisms and thus the function, stability and balance of matter as well as self‐purifying capacity of the water both directly (lethal effects) and indirectly (by the loss of species). The state of the water can be inferred from the biological findings in terms of the presence or absence of certain species (bioindicators).
Contribution to the oxygen input in a treated sewage channel by falls
Authors: Rummel W.
Published: February 2007

Summary: In the control of the discharge of a large‐scale sewage treatment being under enlargement it was repeatedly pointed out that the oxygen saturation of the water in the treated sewage channel at the mouth of the main water occasionally was much lower than 50 %, contrary to the demands of the public inspection of waters. The results of the oxygen input capacity investigated by oxygen measurements on the falls of the 17.5 km stretch of flow indicate a total of 2.67 t/d. For lack of information on the diffusing and biogenic oxygen input an oriented balance about the budget of the water in the treated sewage channel was made. From the resulting oxygen depletion of the sediment of only 1.8 t/d as well as from energy‐related considerations concerning the oxygen input by falls, technical alterations and arrangements for the protection and improvement of the water in the treated sewage channel were derived. By this it is guaranteed that the oxygen content of the treated channel‐water at the mouth of the main water does not decrease below 6.0 mg/l also during the daily periods of higher discharges of treated sewage waters.
Salinity Tolerance and Salinity Induced Changes in Ionic and Metabolite Composition in a Penaeid Prawn, Parapenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller)
Authors: Kundu Rahul , Prasad V. V. Sivaram , Mansuri A. P.
Published: February 2007

Summary: Experiments were carried out to study the salinity tolerance and the impact of salinity changes on ions and metabolite in the body of a marine penaeid prawn, Parapenaeopsis sculptilis. Juveniles of this prawn species have a comparatively wide range of salinity tolerance than adults. Juveniles can tolerate 60 … 100 %, but adults only 100 % seawater concentrations. Behavioural observations showed that the juvenile and adult prawns became inactive with decrease in seawater concentrations followed by paralysis and death. Death occurred probably due to failure of the neuromuscular system. A highly significant variation existed in the amount of sodium, potassium and calcium ions in juveniles as well as adults. Exposure to different seawater concentrations probably caused breakdown of the osmoregulatory mechanism in the prawn body. Protein and carbohydrate decreased in both juvenile and adult prawn body, with the decrease in seawater concentrations indicating the utilization of large amounts of protein and carbohydrate from the internal reserve.
Der Einfluß der Komplexierung auf die Kupfertoxizität bei Blaualgen
Authors: Lüderitz V. , Scholz F. , Nicklisch A. , Krause S.
Published: February 2007

Some aspects of the influence of copper speciation on toxicity for blue‐green algae are reviewed. The experimental part concentrates on Oscillatoria redekei and Aphanizomenon gracile. The two investigated species produce strong extracellular copper complexing ligands: Oscillatoria redekei in the exponential and stationary growth phase, and Aphanizomenon gracile has a distinct detoxification capacity.

The detoxification of copper by synthetic agents was investigated using ethylene‐diamine‐tetraacetic acid. Simultaneous addition of Cu2+ and Na2EDTA gives evidence for a slow complexation reaction. Hence an excess of Na2EDTA is necessary for a fast and complete detoxification of copper.

Model calculations are reported to show that the precipitation of copper compounds is not probable under the conditions used.
Die Entfernung von Cadmiumionen aus Spülwässern der galvanischen Industrie mittels Ionenaustausch
Authors: Dobrevski Iv. , Panajotova T. , Dimova‐Todorova M.
Published: February 2007

In laboratory investigations with model waters, the behaviour of selected cation‐exchange resins (Amberlite 200 C, Duolite C‐25, Lewatit S‐100, Wofatit KPS and Wofatit KS‐10) is tested. The usable volume capacity of the resins in the forms of H, Na and NH4 as well as the water content and the total volume capacity after 25 cycles of loading/regeneration are determined. It is recommended to use Amberlite 200 C and Wofatit KS‐10.
Stabilization System for Waste Water Treatment and Use. Part 1. Chemistry
Authors: Svoboda M. , Koubek P.
Published: February 2007

The difficulties arisen in an assimilation pond, as it is called, after 17 years of operation were solved by a stabilization system for the purification of effluents and utilization for fish breeding. It consists of two basins (0.56 and 1.04 ha) and a fish pond (15.58 ha) to which water can flow from a brook by‐passing the system. When the stabilization system had worked for 6 years, it was proved that in the case of the average daily intake of milk of 93,846…118,134 litres, effluents flowing out of the dairy plant amounted to 205.28…228.53 m3, on average. The BOD5 of effluents ranged from 201.33 to 261.73 kg/d and the total solids ranged from 95.5 to 139.3 kg/d on average. The average daily outflow from the pond amounted to 394.7…1567.0 m3 of water with 4.1…23.8 kg of BOD5 and with 29.3…112.4 kg of total solids. The average decrease of the main nutrients and extractable substances ranged from 62.8% (Ca2+) to 100% (NO−3). Only the BOD5 value at the end of the growing season in 1984 (8.4…10.3 mg/l) exceeded three times the standards for the admissible pollution of the receiving stream.
Freshwater Macrophytes as Indicators of Organic Pollution
Authors: Husák Š. , Sládeček V. , Sládečková A.
Published: February 2007

The commonest 118 taxa of freshwater anthophytes and pteridophytes in Czechoslovakia were ranked, on a 10‐point scale of saprobic valency, by their indicative weight (Ii) and by their individual saprobic index (Si).
Neues mathematisches Verfahren zur Charakterisierung unbekannter organischer Vielstoffgemische durch die Adsorptionsanalyse
Authors: Schilling H. , Walther H.‐J. , Worch E. , Burmeister W.
Published: February 2007

The adsorption analysis, a process‐technology‐oriented analytical method, characterizes complex organic multicomponent mixtures with respect to their different adsorbability by a sorbent such as activated carbon. The analytical method is based on the determination of adsorption isotherms and their mathematical interpretation. So far, this interpretation has required the use of a large computer or a time‐consuming computing program, in general. With the BASIC computing program “MAVIAS 10”, on the basis of the IAS theory a mathematical approach has been found which provides sufficient accuracy, demands low expenditure of time and makes the use of a small computer possible.
Mikroskopische und elektronische Zählung von Sestonpartikeln im Wasser der Warnow — ein Vergleich
Authors: Kalbe L.
Published: February 2007

In 37 samples from the river Warnow in the course of one annual variation the seston particles were counted in the inverted microscope in three size classes: A <8 μm, B 8 … 25 μm C>25μm. Parallel to that, counting was performed with the electronic particle counting device Picoscale 4, which is used for the counting of blood cells, in the setting WBC for leucocytes with a nozzle 200 μm in diameter, so that the setting approximately corresponded to the size range B of the microscopic count. The microscopic particle numbers per ml were 800,000 … 5,200,000 for A, 10,000 … 96,000 for B and 2,000 … 21,000 for C. In principle, there is a correlation between microscopic and electronic results for the particles B and C. The regression analysis, however, produces a considerable residual scattering because of the morphological variety of the particles and its changes in the course of the seasonal change of mass. Therefore, the conclusion of the particle density from results of electronic counting is connected with considerable indistinctness, so that the electronic counting can be used only as a supplementary method for the estimation of the density of suspended matter.