bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wave energy and clast transport in eastern Tasman Bay, New Zealand
Authors: Hartstein Neil D. , Dickinson Warren W.
Published: May 2006

Coarse‐gravel beaches are common features along the eastern margin of Tasman Bay, at the north end of South Island, New Zealand. Although these features have traditionally been interpreted as spits, contemporary incident wave energy appears too small to transport boulders and cobbles persistently along the beaches and platforms by longshore drift. An alternative explanation suggests that boulder beaches are essentially derived in situ from resistant bedrock, which lies seaward and was buried by gravel during the Holocene sea level rise. Wind, wave and clast size data from Cable Bay and the Nelson Boulder Bank were used to resolve this problem. Wave and wind data indicate that waves reaching these areas are derived locally in Tasman Bay, and are limited in size and energy. Hindcasting predicts a 4·7 m wave could propagate from Tasman Bay. However, during Cyclone Yalli, the most intense storm in nearly 40 years of wind records, the largest wave measured in the nearby area of Cable Bay was only 2·7 m high. Maximum orbital velocity on the seabed beneath a 4·7 m is calculated to be 2·9 m s−1, which cannot initiate transport of clasts greater than 0·15 m in diameter. Clasts on the gravel platforms have average diameters greater than this, but some clasts may be as large as 1·0 m in diameter. By comparison, a swash run‐up method predicts that a wave 4·7 m high can transport clasts no larger than 0·3 m in diameter. These data and approximate calculations strongly suggest that the present wave environment in eastern Tasman Bay is not capable of consistently transporting clasts on the boulder platforms by longshore drift. Reduced sea levels in the pre‐Holocene period would further reduce wave energies available in Tasman Bay. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some comments on ‘Fluorescent lamp modeling for voltage fluctuations’ by C. Carrillo and J. Cidras
Authors: Gluskin Emanuel
Published: May 2006

Several comments on the interesting and timely work [1] are made, explaining some mistakes, adding some references, making some constructive suggestion, and arguing the importance of the field of fluorescent lamp circuits for academic studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency shifting and pulse shaping with photonic‐crystal fibers for coherent nonlinear spectroscopy
Authors: Linik Ya. M. , Ivanov A. A. , Akimov D. A. , Alfimov M. V. , Siebert T. , Kiefer W. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: May 2006

The frequency‐shifted and pulse‐shaped output of photonic‐crystal fibers (PCFs) pumped by amplified femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser pulses is employed for frequency‐ and time‐resolved four‐wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy. Cross‐correlation frequency‐resolved optically gated laser‐induced grating (LIG) technique is applied for the characterization of the pulse‐shaped blue‐shifted PCF output. The light pulses produced in the PCF are combined with the second‐harmonic output of the Cr:forsterite laser, to probe a doublet of Raman resonances in the nonlinear response of a test object by means of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomization as a basis for inference in noninferiority trials
Authors: Wiens Brian L.
Published: May 2006

Noninferiority testing in clinical trials is commonly understood in a Neyman–Pearson framework, and has been discussed in a Bayesian framework as well. In this paper, we discuss noninferiority testing in a Fisherian framework, in which the only assumption necessary for inference is the assumption of randomization of treatments to study subjects. Randomization plays an important role in not only the design but also the analysis of clinical trials, no matter the underlying inferential field. The ability to utilize permutation tests depends on assumptions around exchangeability, and we discuss the possible uses of permutation tests in active control noninferiority analyses. The other practical implications of this paper are admittedly minor but lead to better understanding of the historical and philosophical development of active control noninferiority testing. The conclusion may also frame discussion of other complicated issues in noninferiority testing, such as the role of an intention to treat analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HCMV infection attenuates hydrogen peroxide induced endothelial apoptosis – involvement of ERK pathway
Authors: Wang Jing , Shen Ying H. , Utama Budi , Wang Jian , LeMaire Scott A. , Coselli Joseph S. , Vercellotti Greg M. , Wang Xing Li
Published: May 2006

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exerts anti‐apoptotic effect during early stage of infection, which provides HCMV time for propagation. We investigated pathways mediating the resistance to H2O2‐induced cell death – a self‐defense mechanism to remove infected cells. We found that human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) infected with VHL/E strain of HCMV during first 3 days were resistant to H2O2 (0–2 mM) induced apoptosis. This anti‐apoptotic effect may be mediated by the upregulation of Bcl‐2, an anti‐apoptotic protein through the activation pro‐survival pathway extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). Through this mechanism, HCMV is able to propagate and causes endothelial dysfunction, hence vascular disease.
Reconstruction of Fingertip Defects with the Neurovascular Tranquilli-Leali Flap
Authors: LORÉA P. , CHAHIDI N. , MARCHESI S. , EZZEDINE R. , BRAUN F. MARIN , DURY M.
Published: May 2006

For many years, bipedicled palmar advancement flaps were used rarely in fingers because they sacrificed the dorsal branches of the digital arteries, risking dorsal skin necrosis. In 1995, a short bipedicled neurovascular VY advancement flap raised distally to the PIP flexion crease, which spared the dorsal blood supply, was described by Elliot et al. (1995) . This paper includes an anatomical study on 28 fresh cadaver fingers to evaluate the advancement potential of this flap. It also reviews 22 fingertip reconstructions in 22 patients using this flap. The mean advancement of the flap in the cadaver study was 14 (range 10–16) mm. This procedure gave good clinical results in respect of healing, sensibility, bone cover and appearance. Complications occurred in four fingers (18%), viz. two infections, one neuroma and one stiff proximal interphalangeal joint. Our study suggests that this flap can be used to treat fingertip defects of a size of approximately half of the pulp of the distal phalangeal segment of the finger.
Structure and Change of the IIP-D Pre- and Postpsychotherapy
Authors: Grosse Holtforth Martin , Lutz Wolfgang , Grawe (†) Klaus
Published: May 2006

The structure and change of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems in the German Circumplex version (IIP-D; Horowitz, Strauss, & Kordy, 2000 ) were examined in a study of 393 Swiss psychotherapy outpatients. Replicating results by Vittengl, Clark, and Jarret (2003) , interpersonal problems showed a three-factor structure (Interpersonal Distress, Love, and Dominance), with the latter two factors approximating a circumplex, both before and after therapy. Interpersonal Distress, Love, and Dominance changed with therapy. Structural stability, patterns of change, as well as intercultural generalizability of IIP assessments are discussed.
Florida Current surface temperature and salinity variability during the last millennium
Authors: Lund David C. , Curry William
Published: May 2006

The salinity and temperature of the Florida Current are key parameters affecting the transport of heat into the North Atlantic, yet little is known about their variability on centennial timescales. Here we report replicated, high‐resolution foraminiferal records of Florida Current surface hydrography for the last millennium from two coring sites, Dry Tortugas and the Great Bahama Bank. The oxygen isotopic composition of Florida Current surface water (δ18Ow) near Dry Tortugas increased 0.4‰ during the course of the Little Ice Age (LIA) (∼1200–1850 A.D.), equivalent to a salinity increase of 0.8–1.5. On the Great Bahama Bank, where surface waters are influenced by the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, δ18Ow increased by 0.3‰ during the last 200 years. Although a portion (∼0.1‰) of this shift may be an artifact of anthropogenically driven changes in surface water ΣCO2, the remaining δ18Ow signal implies a 0.4–1 increase in salinity after 200 years B.P. The simplest explanation of the δ18Ow data is southward migration of the Atlantic Hadley circulation during the LIA. Scaling of the δ18Ow records to salinity using the modern low‐latitude δ18Ow‐S slope produces an unrealistic reversal in the salinity gradient between the two sites. Only if δ18Ow is scaled to salinity using a high‐latitude δ18Ow‐S slope can the records be reconciled. Variable atmospheric 14C paralleled Dry Tortugas δ18Ow, suggesting that solar irradiance paced centennial‐scale migration of the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone and changes in Florida Current salinity during the last millennium.
Simulating the ‘Other-Race’ Effect with Autoassociative Neural Networks: Further Evidence in Favor of the Face-Space Model
Authors: Caldara Roberto , Abdi Hervé
Published: May 2006

Other-race (OR) faces are less accurately recognized than same-race (SR) faces, but faster classified by race. This phenomenon has often been reported as the ‘other-race’ effect (ORE). Valentine (1991 Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology43 161–204) proposed a theoretical multidimensional face-space model that explained both of these results, in terms of variations in exemplar density between races. According to this model, SR faces are more widely distributed across the dimensions of the space than OR faces. However, this model does not quantify nor state the dimensions coded within this face space. The aim of the present study was to test the face-space explanation of the ORE with neural network simulations by quantifying its dimensions. We found the predicted density properties of Valentine's framework in the face-projection spaces of the autoassociative memories. This was supported by an interaction for exemplar density between the race of the learned face set and the race of the faces. In addition, the elaborated face representations showed optimal responses for SR but not for OR faces within SR face spaces when explored at the individual level, as gender errors occurred significantly more often in OR than in SR face-space representations. Altogether, our results add further evidence in favor of a statistical exemplar density explanation of the ORE as suggested by Valentine, and question the plausibility of such coding for faces in the framework of recent neuroimaging studies.
Binocular Rivalry and Surface-Boundary Processing
Authors: Ooi Teng Leng , He Zijiang J
Published: May 2006

Theoretical and empirical studies show that the visual system relies on boundary contours and surface features (eg textures) to represent 3-D surfaces. When the surface to be represented has little texture information, or has a periodic texture pattern (grating), the boundary contour information assumes a larger weight in representing the surface. Adopting the premise that the mechanisms of 3-D surface representation also determine binocular rivalry perception, the current paper focuses on whether boundary contours have a similar role in binocular rivalry. In experiment 1, we tested the prediction that the visual system prefers selecting an image/figure defined by boundary contours for rivalry dominance. We designed a binocular rivalry stimulus wherein one half-image has a boundary contour defined by a grating disk on a background with an orthogonal grating orientation. The other half-image consists solely of the (same orientation) grating background without the grating disk, ie no boundary contour. Confirming our prediction, the predominance for the half-image with the grating disk is ∼90%, despite the fact that the grating disk corresponds to an area with orthogonal grating in the fellow eye. The advantage of the grating disk is dramatically reduced to about 50% predominance when a boundary contour is added to the background-only half-image at the location corresponding to the grating disk. We attribute this reduced advantage to the formation of a corresponding binocular boundary contour. In experiment 2 the grating background was substituted by a random-dot background in a similar stimulus design. We found that the perceptual salience of the corresponding binocular boundary contours extracted by the interocular matching process is an important factor in determining the dynamics of binocular rivalry. Experiment 3 showed that vertical lines with uneven thickness and spacing as the background reduce the contribution of the monocular boundary contour of the grating disk in binocular rivalry, possibly through the formation of binocular boundary contours between the local edges (vertical components) of the vertical lines and the corresponding grating disk.
Extraction of DNA from Acidic, Hydrothermally Modified Volcanic Soils
Authors: Henneberger Ruth M. , Walter Malcolm R. , Anitori Roberto P.
Published: May 2006

Environmental Context.Microorganisms are intimately involved in geochemical processes. For example, they are major players in the environmental cycling of important elements (e.g. carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, iron), rock weathering, and the formation of ores and petroleum. Identification of the environmental microbiota, commonly achieved via DNA techniques, is essential for an understanding of these processes. The main focus of this Rapid Communication is to demonstrate that endogenous DNA can be extracted from acidic, volcanic soil samples. Abstract.Acidic soils for microbial diversity studies were collected from Devil’s Kitchen, a fumarolic field on Mt Hood, USA. The very dense soils, which contain clay and other minerals, are derived from andesitic and dacitic rocks altered by volcanic heat and acidic, sulfur-rich hydrothermal steam. An initial attempt to extract biomass DNA using a mechanical-based cell lysis protocol was ineffective. However, by using various other protocols, DNA was successfully extracted, leading to the identification of several acidophilic Mt Hood extremophiles. The results emphasise the importance of testing different extraction procedures when dealing with apparently intractable samples.
Comparison of the particulate organic carbon and permanganate oxidation methods for estimating labile soil organic carbon
Authors: Skjemstad J. O. , Swift R. S. , McGowan J. A.
Published: May 2006

Forty-four soils from under native vegetation and a range of management practices following clearing were analysed for ‘labile’ organic carbon (OC) using both the particulate organic carbon (POC) and the 333 mm KmnO4 (MnoxC) methods. Although there was some correlation between the 2 methods, the POC method was more sensitive by about a factor of 2 to rapid loss in OC as a result of management or land-use change. Unlike the POC method, the MnoxC method was insensitive to rapid gains in TOC following establishment of pasture on degraded soil. The MnoxC method was shown to be particularly sensitive to the presence of lignin or lignin-like compounds and therefore is likely to be very sensitive to the nature of the vegetation present at or near the time of sampling and explains the insensitivity of this method to OC gain under pasture. The presence of charcoal is an issue with both techniques, but whereas the charcoal contribution to the POC fraction can be assessed, the MnoxC method cannot distinguish between charcoal and most biomolecules found in soil. Because of these limitations, the MnoxC method should not be applied indiscriminately across different soil types and management practices.
Altering glucosinolate profiles modulates disease resistance in plants
Authors: Brader Günter , Mikkelsen Michael Dalgaard , Halkier Barbara Ann , Tapio Palva E.
Published: May 2006

Plant diseases are major contributing factors for crop loss in agriculture. Here, we show that Arabidopsis plants with high levels of novel glucosinolates (GSs) as a result of the introduction of single CYP79 genes exhibit altered disease resistance. Arabidopsis expressing CYP79D2 from cassava accumulated aliphatic isopropyl and methylpropyl GS, and showed enhanced resistance against the bacterial soft‐rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora, whereas Arabidopsis expressing the sorghum CYP79A1 or over‐expressing the endogenous CYP79A2 accumulated p‐hydroxybenzyl or benzyl GS, respectively, and showed increased resistance towards the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. In addition to the direct toxic effects of GS breakdown products, increased accumulation of aromatic GSs was shown to stimulate salicylic acid‐mediated defenses while suppressing jasmonate‐dependent defenses, as manifested in enhanced susceptibility to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Arabidopsis with modified GS profiles provide important tools for evaluating the biological effects of individual GSs and thereby show potential as biotechnological tools for the generation of plants with tailor‐made disease resistance.
A critical role for vesicle‐associated membrane protein‐7 in exocytosis from human eosinophils and neutrophils
Authors: Logan M. R. , Lacy P. , Odemuyiwa S. O. , Steward M. , Davoine F. , Kita H. , Moqbel R.
Published: May 2006

Background:  Granulocyte exocytosis is proposed to be critically dependent on the interaction of soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptors (SNAREs) located on granules/vesicles (v‐SNAREs) and plasma membrane (t‐SNAREs). Previous studies indicated that the v‐SNARE, vesicle‐associated membrane protein (VAMP)‐2, as well as t‐SNAREs (SNAP‐23, syntaxin‐4 and ‐6) are implicated in exocytosis from human granulocytes. Vesicle‐associated membrane proteins‐7 and ‐8 have been implicated in endosome/lysosome trafficking, however, their role in granulocyte exocytosis remains obscure.

Objective:  We sought to investigate the expression and functional role of SNARE isoforms in the secretion of different granule‐derived mediators in human eosinophils and neutrophils.

Methods:  The expression of SNAREs was determined by subcellular fractionation and flow cytometry. SNARE‐specific antibodies were examined for their ability to impair mediator release from permeabilized eosinophils and neutrophils.

Results:  Vesicle‐associated membrane proteins‐7 and ‐8 were localized to granule and membrane‐enriched fractions in eosinophils and neutrophils, whereas syntaxin‐6 was not detectable. In permeabilized cells, anti‐VAMP‐7, but not anti‐VAMP‐8, antibody impaired the secretion of all mediators examined (in eosinophils, eosinophil peroxidase and eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin; in neutrophils, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin and matrix metalloprotease‐9) in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, anti‐VAMP‐2 modestly and selectively impaired secretion from small granules and vesicles. Syntaxin‐4, but not syntaxin‐6, was found to interact with SNAP‐23 and was partially involved in mediator secretion from multiple compartments.

Conclusion:  Our observations indicate for the first time a critical role for VAMP‐7 in both eosinophil and neutrophil mediator release.
Requirement of dendritic calcium spikes for induction of spike‐timing‐dependent synaptic plasticity
Authors: Kampa Björn M. , Letzkus Johannes J. , Stuart Greg J.
Published: May 2006

Spike‐timing‐dependent synaptic plasticity (STDP) by definition requires the temporal association of pre‐ and postsynaptic action potentials (APs). Yet, in cortical pyramidal neurons pairing unitary EPSPs with single APs at low frequencies is ineffective at generating plasticity. Using recordings from synaptically coupled layer 5 pyramidal neurons, we show here that high‐frequency (200 Hz) postsynaptic AP bursts, rather than single APs, are required for both long‐term potentiation (LTP) induction and NMDA channel activation during EPSP–AP pairing at low frequencies. Furthermore, we find that AP bursts can lead to LTP induction and NMDA channel activation during EPSP–AP pairing at both positive and negative times. High‐frequency AP bursts generated supralinear calcium signals in basal dendrites suggesting the generation of dendritic calcium spikes, as has been observed previously in apical dendrites during AP burst firing at frequencies greater than 100 Hz. Consistent with a role of these dendritic calcium spikes in LTP induction, pairing EPSPs with low frequency (50 Hz) AP bursts was ineffective in generating LTP. Furthermore, supralinear calcium signals in basal dendrites during AP bursts were blocked by low concentrations of the T‐ and R‐type calcium channel antagonist nickel, which also blocked LTP and NMDA channel activation. These data suggest an important role of dendritic calcium spikes during AP bursts in determining both the efficacy and time window for STDP induction.
DARK MATTER SEARCHES
Authors: BAUDIS LAURA
Published: May 2006

More than 90% of matter in the Universe could be composed of heavy particles, which were non-relativistic, or 'cold', when they froze-out from the primordial soup. I will review current searches for these hypothetical particles, both via interactions with nuclei in deep underground detectors, and via the observation of their annihilation products in the Sun, galactic halo and galactic center.
NEW SELF-ORGANIZING MAPS FOR MULTIVARIATE SEQUENCES PROCESSING
Authors: ZEHRAOUI FARIDA , BENNANI YOUNÉS
Published: May 2006

Spatio-temporal connectionist networks comprise an important class of neural models that can deal with patterns distributed in both time and space. In this article, we present new models of self-organizing maps for sequence clustering and classification. We have introduced the temporal dynamics in these maps and we have proposed several new models based on covariance matrices computation. In the first models, the inputs are modeled using its associated covariance matrix. These models, used in speaker recognition, do not take into account the order of the vectors in the sequence. To overcome this drawback, we have proposed new models, which introduce the temporal dynamics in the covariance matrix associated to the input sequences. In order to obtain a network that can learn new knowledge without forgetting the previous learned ones, we have introduced the plasticity and stability properties into one proposed temporal model using the adaptive resonance theory paradigm.
BACE/APPV717F Double-Transgenic Mice Develop Cerebral Amyloidosis and Inflammation
Authors: Ozmen Laurence , Woolley Marie , Albientz Anita , Miss Marie-Therese , Nelboeck Peter , Malherbe Pari , Czech Christian , Grüninger-Leitch Fiona , Brockhaus Manfred , Ballard Theresa , Jacobsen Helmut
Published: May 2006

Most of the transgenic mice generated to model Alzheimer’s disease express human amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutants alone or in conjunction with presenilin mutants. We have generated a mouse model by overexpressing human BACE and human APP with the V717F mutation. The combination of a mutation at the γ-secretase cleavage site of APP and of increased β-secretase activity should favour the production of amyloid peptides. We analysed double BACE/APPIn and single APPIn transgenic mice at 16–18 months for amyloid load, brain histopathology and behavioural deficits. We show that overexpression of BACE induces an increase in APP CTFβ and total brain Aβ peptides. Brain histopathology shows clearly enhanced amyloid deposits in the cortex, hippocampus and in brain vasculature when compared to single APPIn transgenic mice. Amyloid deposits are mostly diffuse and predominantly composed of Aβ42. A strong inflammatory reaction is evidenced by the presence of microglial cells around the most mature amyloid deposits and astrocytosis over the entire cerebral cortex. At the same age, the APPIn single-transgenic mice show only very limited pathology. When assessed for their cognitive performance at 12 months, BACE/APPIn mice show impaired spatial acquisition in the Morris water maze test. However, these deficits are not greater than those observed in the APPIn single-transgenic animals.
Effects of Chymase on the Macular Region in Monkeys and Porcine Müller Cells: Probable Involvement of Chymase in the Onset of Idiopathic Macular Holes
Authors: Sugiyama Tetsuya , Katsumura Kozo , Nakamura Kimitoshi , Kobayashi Masato , Muramatsu Michiko , Maruichi Midori , Oku Hidehiro , Takai Shinji , Miyazaki Mizuo , Ikeda Tsunehiko
Published: May 2006

Objectives: To investigate chymase involvement in idiopathic macular hole onset, the effects of chymase on monkey eyes and cultured Müller cells were investigated. Methods: Immunohistochemistry using antinestin and antiglial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies was performed in a normal monkey eye. After chymase was injected into the monkey vitreous, histological changes in the retina were evaluated using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Expression of c-kit, a stem cell factor receptor, and nestin was examined in porcine Müller cells cultured with basic fibroblast growth factor. The effects of chymase on proliferation and TUNEL staining in Müller cells were also examined. Results: The number of nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells was higher in the macula than in other regions. Thickening of the posterior hyaloid membrane and some apoptotic cells were found in the macula of chymase-treated eyes. The expression of c-kit and nestin in Müller cells was shown and enhanced when cultured with basic fibroblast growth factor. Exposure to chymase inhibited Müller cell proliferation and produced TUNEL-positive cells. Conclusions: There might be Müller cells possessing atypical properties near the macular region and chymase might cause fibrosis and apoptosis through these cells. These findings suggest that increased chymase activity may result in idiopathic macular hole onset.
Accurate Measurement and Clinical Significance of Urinary Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1
Authors: Tsakas Sotiris , Goumenos Dimitrios S.
Published: May 2006

Transforming growth factorβ1 (TGF-β1) is the main modulator of the healing process after tissue injury. In the kidney, if TGF-β1 release is not switched off, extracellular matrix components (ECM) are accumulated and tissue fibrosis occurs. Urinary TGF-β1 levels reflect its renal production and it has been determined in various types of glomerular disease. In this review, a critical analysis of the different immunoassays that have been used for the measurement of TGF-β1 in the urine is presented and the importance of the serial determination of urinary TGF-β1 levels in patients with various types of renal disease is discussed.
Prediction of Cryogen Leak Rate through Damaged Composite Laminates
Authors: Peddiraju Pravin , Noh Jae , Whitcomb John , Lagoudas Dimitris C.
Published: May 2006

The structural weight of a cryogenic propellant tank for reusable launch vehicles (RLV) can be effectively reduced by the use of advanced composite materials. However, microscopic damage such as transverse matrix cracks (TMC) and delaminations are prone to develop in composites well below the load levels that would result in mechanical failure. This microscopic damage leads to a leakage path for the fuel. The leakage is influenced by many factors, including pressure gradients, microcrack density, connectivity of the cracks, residual stresses from manufacture, service-induced stresses from thermal and mechanical loads, and composite stacking sequence. It is expected that there is a direct relationship between leakage and damage opening but the connectivity of matrix cracks is also a major factor affecting the leakage. In this article, the leakage rate through the damage network is discussed based on earlier studies for the opening of damage paths due to TMC and delamination, including the TMC intersection area. In order to examine the leakage process, numerical simulations are performed using the computational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT) and the effective conductance of the leakage paths is estimated. A simplified model is also developed to predict the effective conductance. The flow resistance in the TMC and the resistance of the TMC intersection area are accounted for in the calculation of the effective conductance of the leakage path through the entire laminate using the simplified model. Comparisons between the numerical solution for a five-ply composite with interconnected leakage paths and the prediction of the simplified model are presented for gaseous hydrogen flow through the thickness of the composite at room and cryogenic temperatures.
Dynamic Direct Numerical Simulation of Woven Composites For Low-velocity Impact
Authors: Ji Kuk Hyun , Kim Seung Jo
Published: May 2006

This article describes a numerical low-velocity impact simulation with finite element models based on direct numerical simulation (DNS) on 3D orthogonal woven composites. The DNS approach is based on the concept that composites can be directly modeled considering their microscopic structures and each constituent's material property inside composite materials. Comparison studies with the classical approach based on the homogenized material property are carried out and these show that the DNS approach can cope with the limits of the classical approach which has difficulties in considering the inner microscopic structures. A few 3D DNS models are proposed in order to obtain intense understanding of the micro-geometrical effects of the matrix and yarns on the dynamic behaviors under impact. Deformation and internal stresses due to impact are investigated in detail at a microscopic level inside the materials. Furthermore, the multiscale model based on DNS concepts is also developed and analyzed taking into account micro and macroscopic structures of materials together.
Synthesis and Characterization of VP/O-MMT Macromolecule Nanocomposite Material via Polymer Exfoliation—Adsorption Method
Authors: Ma Jianzhong , Gao Dangge , Chen Xinjiang , Chu Yun
Published: May 2006

Vinyl polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposite (VP/O-MMT) is prepared by the solution exfoliation—adsorption method. The results of XRD, DSC, and TEM show that ion exchange has been successful between cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and montmorillonite (MMT) galleries, and the distance between the galleries of MMT has been increased from 1.0 to 1.9 nm, after exfoliation—adsorption by vinyl polymer. The distance can be increased to infinity. The glass transition temperature can be enhanced greatly and the melting peak is transferred to high temperatures; the thermal endurance of VP/O-MMT is also increased. An exfoliated structure is also formed. The TEM result of VP/O-MMT shows that MMT has been exfoliated by vinyl polymer matrix.
Some of the Properties of Three-layer Particleboard Panels Made from Under-utilized Species in Oklahoma
Authors: Hiziroglu Salim
Published: May 2006

The objective of this study is to determine some of the properties of experimental three-layer particleboard panels made from osage orange (Maclura pomifera) and eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), which are considered as invasive under-utilized species in Oklahoma. Static bending, internal bond strength, thickness swelling, and surface roughness characteristics of experimental panels made from particles of two species and their half and half mix are investigated. Whole-tree chipped material is used to manufacture experimental panels. The samples are tested for their mechanical strength and physical stability properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D-1037. The modulus of elasticity of the panels made from eastern redcedar is 16.6 and 15.5% higher than the ones made from osage orange and mixed particles, respectively. Overall mechanical properties of the panels are not statistically different from each other at the 95% confidence level. Thickness swelling of the samples range from 17.4 to 23.2% as a result of 2- and 24-h water soaking tests. All panels yield adequate bending strength, stiffness, and thickness swelling. Surface characteristics of the samples are also evaluated employing a stylus type equipment. Two parameters, average roughness (Ra) and maximum roughness (Rmax) are used as indicators and it has been found that all the specimens have a relatively rough surface as substrate for typical overlaying applications.
Addressing Linguistic Diversity from the Outset
Authors: Commins Nancy L. , Miramontes Ofelia B.
Published: May 2006

Schools of education typically prepare their prospective teachers to work with amorphous “average students”—who are by implication middle class, native, English speaking, and White. They are then given some limited opportunities to adapt these understandings to students with diverging profiles—children of poverty, second language learners, and students of color. The authors argue that given the changing demographics of public schools, initial teacher education should be based on the understandings that teachers typically do not receive until the end of their programs or in add-on endorsements. They should be prepared from the outset to work with the wide diversity of language, culture, and class that they are likely to meet in public schools. Ten recommendations are presented for “What Every Teacher Should Do” to work effectively in the linguistically and culturally diverse settings they are likely to encounter.
Knowledge and Vision in Teaching
Authors: Kennedy Mary M.
Published: May 2006

The author challenges the role of knowledge in teaching by pointing out the variety of issues and concerns teachers must simultaneously address. Teachers use two strategies to manage their multidimensional space: They develop integrated habits and rules of thumb for handling situations as they arise, and they plan their lessons by envisioning them unfolding as a drama might. It is entirely unclear where or how knowledge enhances teachers’ visions, but it is very clear that visions depend on a strong sense of purpose, direction, and momentum. Most teacher educators try to foster visions in their students, but their interest in vision creates two problems. First, it places them in conflict with their university brethren who expect to see them promulgating knowledge. Second, the particular vision they embrace is too narrowly progressive; it ignores many concerns that teachers try to juggle in their practice and many societal ideals for education as well.
Setting Up Camp at the Great Instructional Divide
Authors: Bain Robert , Mirel Jeffrey
Published: May 2006

This article sketches out a comprehensive approach for preparing history teachers. It argues that grounding in historical content knowledge is necessary for success in the classroom, but such grounding is not enough to ensure that success. For beginning teachers, the problem is not merely acquiring content knowledge but acquiring it in ways that facilitate teaching subjects to young people of varied backgrounds and abilities. In short, teachers need to understand content in the context of teaching, meaning prospective history teachers must have a robust understanding of history’s details, ways in which historians acquire and structure those details, and how teachers can make the subject accessible and worth knowing for students. This approach demands that teachers also know how their students understand history and the assumptions they make about historical events and developments. Finally, prospective teachers need to know how to offer content-rich, engaging instruction within a standards-based, high-stakes testing context.
Mediation in Internationalized Ethnic Conflicts: Assessing the Determinants of a Successful Process
Authors: Bercovitch Jacob , Derouen Karl
Published: May 2006

This article examines how internationalized ethnic conflicts, traditionally the most difficult form of conflict, can be managed and resolved. The case is made that mediation is particularly relevant in such contexts of intractable conflicts. The paper develops a framework of mediation and presents the significant features that may affect its outcome by examining an original data set on international mediation events. The findings from an analysis of 869 cases of mediation attempts in internationalized ethnic conflicts suggest that directive mediation strategies increase the probability of successful conflict management. Mediator experience also has a positive impact on successful management. Prolonged mediation and repeated efforts by the same mediator have a negative effect on the chances of a successful outcome.
Civil-Military Relations in the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco: The Road to the Spanish Civil War, 1912-1936
Authors: La Porte Pablo
Published: May 2006

This article focuses on civil-military relations in the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco in the early decades of the twentieth century. Its aim is not only to recover a historical approach to civil-military relations that seems underrepresented in recent studies, but also to contribute to an explanation of the origins of the Spanish Civil War using current civil-military relations theory. It is argued that the rebellion against the Second Republic in Morocco (July 1936), which triggered the Spanish Civil War, was a consequence of a long-term struggle between civilians and the military in the Protectorate rather than a sudden reaction of the Colonial Army prompted by threats of social revolution in mainland Spain. It is also argued that the attitude of the Moroccan population was crucial to explain its success.
Generals and Presidents: Establishing Civilian and Democratic Control in South Korea
Authors: Saxer Carl J.
Published: May 2006

Many have regarded the establishment of civilian and democratic control over the military as a necessary condition for the consolidation of a nascent democracy. Experience from third-wave democracies such as Chile and the Philippines shows us that, in order for democratic consolidation to be achieved, democratic control of the armed forces must be firmly established. Often these nascent democracies face the problem of how to deal with the legacy of the military and security service’s role in authoritarian rule. This article analyses the establishment of civilian control in South Korea and argues that, although semicivilian control was established during the only post-transition presidency, it was with the inauguration of Kim Young-sam in 1993 that firm civilian control was achieved. However, the way this control was achieved raises important questions about the rule of law in South Korea. Finally, the article asserts that due to the continuing dominance of national security and defense policy by the executive, the comprehensive oversight by the legislature needed for true democratic control has yet to be fully achieved.
A Defensive Grand Strategy for the United States
Authors: Haley P. Edward
Published: May 2006

By adopting a bold and ambitious strategy and pursuing it aggressively, the Bush administration has divided the Western alliance; altered the nature of international politics in the Gulf, South Asia, and the Middle East; and crystallized popular opposition to the U.S. in many countries. The new Bush strategy impinges on a number of critical social and military issues for the U.S., its allies, and the rest of the world: the suitability of a small, expensive, all-volunteer force for repeated interventions aimed at regime change; the character of relations between the military and society as a whole under the stress of repeated interventions; the tension between a strategy of aggressive, unilateral regime change and an increasingly interdependent global economic and technological order; the clash between unilateral realpolitik, constitutional obligations, and the separation of powers; and the growing contradiction between a conservative domestic political outlook—with its uncompromising insistence on small, weak government—and the vast governmental structures and expenditures necessary to sustain a strategy of global preventive war. Most critics argue that the Bush strategy will fail for political, economic, and strategic reasons: because it needlessly alienates allies; ignores the need of even a hegemonic state for reciprocity, international law, and mutual restraint; overlooks the importance of international assistance in achieving U.S. goals, such as eliminating terrorism; underestimates what will prove to be very heavy long-run costs of nation building; and encourages other governments to wage preventive war and acquire weapons of mass destruction. But there are other and, in the end, more persuasive reasons for opposing the strategy, having to do with domestic as well as international effects. This article develops those reasons and proposes an alternative grand strategy for the U.S., a grand strategy rooted in the defensive rather than the offensive use of a nation’s resources.
Expectations, Use, and Evaluation of Communication Media among Deployed Peacekeepers
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bell D. Bruce , Ender Morten G. , Rice Rose E.
Published: May 2006

As part of an experimental unit, over five hundred active- and reserve-component (AC, RC) soldiers deployed to the Sinai Desert in 1995 on a peacekeeping mission. While most junior enlisted personnel were reservists, leadership positions were shared between components. Before their departure, most soldiers had high expectations regarding their ability to use a variety of communication media to reach their families. While their reported use of communication media was less than what they had expected, almost all soldiers did use the telephone or other means to communicate with home during their deployment. Contrary to our hypotheses, communication media use was not strongly related to rank or component (AC, RC), though junior enlisted personnel were somewhat less likely than other ranks to use some communication media. As expected, married soldiers were somewhat more likely to use telecommunications than unmarried soldiers. While all forms of communication media were deemed useful for conveying information, more interactive forms of communication (e.g., telephone) were preferred for communicating with family and friends, especially with respect to time-sensitive or other more difficult issues.
NATO’s Secretary General and the Use of Force: Willy Claes and the Air Strikes in Bosnia
Authors: Hendrickson Ryan C.
Published: May 2006

Much has been written on the evolution of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and its military actions in Bosnia in 1995. Very little research, however, examines the role of NATO’s political leader, the secretary general, in shaping this evolution, and more specifically, on Secretary General Willy Claes’ role in NATO’s military strikes in Bosnia. Using a new analytical leadership model, this research maintains that Claes played a critical role, especially within NATO’s North Atlantic Council and through his relations with NATO’s Supreme Allied Commander-Europe, to help the alliance succeed in Bosnia, and more generally, in helping NATO transform itself into an organization with new missions in transatlantic security.
Leave No Man Behind: Recovering America’s Fallen Warriors
Authors: Wong Leonard
Published: May 2006

This article analyzes the ethic of the US military to rescue its fallen warriors. The US military will go to extraordinary lengths to evacuate its wounded, and more interestingly, to recover its dead. While taking risks to recover the body of a fallen soldier may make no rational sense, it impacts significantly on the unit, the military profession, and US society. This article examines the “leave no man behind” phenomenon through individual, family, unit, institutional, and societal perspectives. Possible reasons why the ethic has increased in salience and potential future implications are also discussed.
Taming the Monster
Authors: Ojo Emmanuel O.
Published: May 2006

This article is an in-depth analysis of civil-military relations in Nigeria's nascent democracy. It chronicles the factors responsible for the Nigerian army's descent into the abyss—once a professional body—shortly after political independence in 1960. The author argues that much still needs to be done to effectively tame the military, which has indeed become a monster. However, unless the “contradictory pressures of depolitization and renewed political involvement” are curtailed, the hope of a consolidated democracy in Nigeria, and in virtually all other states emerging from military absolutism, will remain a mirage after all, despite all pretensions to the contrary.
Biodiversity and the Military in Botswana
Authors: Henk Dan
Published: May 2006

This is a narrative of accomplishment that speaks well for a government and an army on a continent where both are widely held in contempt. It argues that Africans are contributing meaningfully to emerging global thinking on “security,” citing a case in which some of that new thinking involves environmental issues. In line with the new thinking, one African country, Botswana, has for almost two decades successfully deployed its capable, professional military to secure the large wild animals in its national parks. This article describes the country's wildlife resources and its antipoaching motivations before locating its antipoaching success in the wider framework of state capacity, political economy, and civil-military relations. The author urges caution in the use of armed forces for internal security roles in African countries but contends that Botswana's success can be replicated if key variables are understood and “controlled.”
Congenic Mice Provide in Vivo Evidence for a Genetic Locus that Modulates Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Bone Acquisition
Authors: Delahunty K. M. , Shultz K. L. , Gronowicz G. A. , Koczon-Jaremko B. , Adamo M. L. , Horton L. G. , Lorenzo J. , Donahue L. R. , Ackert-Bicknell C. , Kream B. E. , Beamer W. G. , Rosen C. J.
Published: May 2006

We identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) that determined the genetic variance in serum IGF-I through genome-wide scanning of mice derived from C57BL/6J(B6) × C3H/HeJ(C3H) intercrosses. One QTL (Igf1s2), on mouse chromosome 10 (Chr10), produces a 15% increase in serum IGF-I in B6C3 F2 mice carrying c3 alleles at that position. We constructed a congenic mouse, B6.C3H-10 (10T), by backcrossing c3 alleles from this 57-Mb region into B6 for 10 generations. 10T mice have higher serum and skeletal IGF-I, greater trabecular bone volume fraction, more trabeculae, and a higher number of osteoclasts at 16 wk, compared with B6 (P < 0.05). Nested congenic sublines generated from further backcrossing of 10T allowed for recombination and produced four smaller sublines with significantly increased serum IGF-I at 16 wk (i.e. 10-4, 10-7, 10-10, and 10-13), compared with B6 (P < 0.0003), and three smaller sublines that showed no differences in IGF-I vs. age- and gender-matched B6 mice. Like 10T, the 10-4 nested sublines at 16 wk had higher femoral mineral (P < 0.0001) and greater trabecular connectivity density with significantly more trabeculae than B6 (P < 0.01). Thus, by comprehensive phenotyping, we were able to narrow the QTL to an 18.3-Mb region containing approximately 148 genes, including Igf1 and Elk-3(ETS domain protein). Allelic differences in the Igf1s2 QTL produce a phenotype characterized by increased serum IGF-I and greater peak bone density. Congenic mice establish proof of concept of shared genetic determinants for both circulating IGF-I and bone acquisition.