bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How useful is the current species recognition concept for the determination of true morels? Insights from the Czech Republic
Authors: Petrželová Irena , Sochor Michal
Published: May 2019

The phylogentic diversity of the genus Morchella has only been sporadically studied in Central Europe. In this study, a molecular taxonomic revision of the Morchella species of the Czech Republic was performed using available fungarium specimens, fresh collections, and axenic cultures. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on either ITS or five-locus (ITS, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, and EF-1α) sequencing and the application of principles of the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) have revealed the occurrence of 11 phylogenetic species in the region, but only six of them could be assigned unequivocally to the previously published phylospecies: Mel-3 (M.semilibera), Mel-10 (M.importuna), Mel-19 (M.eohespera), Mes-4 (M.americana), Mes-5 and Mes-8 (M.esculenta). One lineage was identified as a new phylospecies and is designated as Mel-39. Four lineages grouped together with two or more previously published phylospecies: Mel-13/26 (M.deliciosa), Mel-15/16 (M.angusticeps / M.eximioides), Mel-20/34 (M.purpurascens), and Mel-23/24/31/32 (M.pulchella). Our phylogenetic analyses and literature review shed light on the pitfalls of current molecular taxonomy of morels and highlight the ambiguities of present species recognition concepts. The main source of the problems seems to be rooted in the application of different methods (multigene vs single-gene sequencing, phenotypic determination) and approaches (monophyly vs paraphyly, the application or not of GCPSR, degree of differentiation between accepted species, etc.) by various authors for the delimitation of new phylospecies. Therefore, we propose five criteria for distinguishing new phylospecies in the genus Morchella based on molecular data, and recommend a more conservative approach in species delimitation.
Four new East Asian species of Aleurodiscus with echinulate basidiospores
Authors: Wu Sheng-Hua , Wei Chia-Ling , Lin Yu-Ting , Chang Chiung-Chih , He Shuang-Hui
Published: May 2019

Four new species of Aleurodiscus sensu lato with echinulate basidiospores are described from East Asia: A.alpinus, A.pinicola, A.senticosus, and A.sichuanensis. Aleurodiscusalpinus is from northwest Yunnan of China where it occurs on Rhododendron in montane habitats. Aleurodiscuspinicola occurs on Pinus in montane settings in Taiwan and northwest Yunnan. Aleurodiscussenticosus is from subtropical Taiwan, where it occurs on angiosperms. Aleurodiscussichuanensis is reported from southwest China on angiosperms in montane environments. Phylogenetic relationships of these four new species were inferred from analyses of a combined dataset consisting of three genetic markers, viz. 28S, nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), and a portion of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene, TEF1.
A checklist of rheophytes of Cameroon
Authors: Kuetegue Felix , Sonké Bonaventure , Ameka Gabriel K.
Published: May 2019

Rivers in Cameroon were surveyed to collect and document rheophytic plants. Rheophytes are the dominant aquatic macrophytes in tropical river systems, where they are adapted to extreme environments of rushing water (e.g., river rapids, waterfalls and flash floods). Rheophytic plants are useful indicators of river health. However, their habitats are threatened by human activities such as agriculture, plantation development, alluvial mining and dam construction, particularly in tropical countries. In this survey we documented 66 rheophytic species in 29 genera and 16 families. Two ferns, 8 monocotyledons and 56 dicotyledons were listed. Apart from the Podostemaceae family in which all species are rheophytic, the other 15 families have few species which are rheophytic. Five of these families have up to four species and the remaining 10 have only one member as a rheophytic species. The conservation status of each species is assessed and discussed. This work urges botanists, conservationists, and policy makers to do more to protect the habitats of rheophytes and put in place strategies and action plans for the conservation of this important biological group.
Richness and composition of anuran assemblages from an Amazonian savanna
Authors: Costa-Campos Carlos Eduardo , Xavier Freire Eliza Maria
Published: May 2019

The Amazonian savannas occupy approximately 150,000 km2 of the Brazilian Amazon, occurring in scattered isolated patches over large areas of forest in the states of Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima and Rondônia. Despite having considerable variation in the Anuran composition between locations and between the savanna’s physiognomies, a systematic and geographically wide sampling has not been performed for the savanna from Amapá yet, located in the north of Brazil, eastern Amazonia. In this perspective, a study was conducted on the richness, composition, diversity, and abundance of Anuran species in a ​​savanna area in Amapá State. For Anuran sampling, we performed 24 samples in four physiognomies (grassland savanna, scrub grassland savanna, parkland savanna, open woodland savanna) through an active and auditory search more than 20 sampling plots of 100 × 50 meters in each physiognomy. Twenty-one (21) species of frogs belonging to five families were registered: Bufonidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Microhylidae and Phyllomedusidae. Scrub grassland savanna registered a greater number of individuals regarding the species richness by physiognomy. The species rarefaction curve for the total area reached an asymptote, suggesting that the data collection effort was enough to adequately sample the species richness of the area. The Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis revealed significant differences in the species richness and diversity among the physiognomies. The Bray-Curtis similarity analysis grouped the physiognomies into three main groups: open woodland savanna, grassland savanna and scrub grassland savanna and parkland savanna. Through ordering by non-metric multidimensional scaling, the species composition from the savanna anuran assemblage resulted in a separation among three sampled physiognomies with significant differences, indicating differences in assemblage composition of the three sampled physiognomies. The local richness (21 species) corresponds to 14% of the 15 typical species that have strongly associated distribution with the Cerrado from Central Brazil, and 35.6% of 59 typical species of neighboring domains which only marginally occur in the Cerrado, representing a considerable part of frog species richness recorded in the savanna in the eastern portion of the Brazilian Amazon.
Finding a Way In
Authors: Keiffer-Lewis Veronica
Published: May 2019

Dialogue is central to the process of deep understanding and to building true communities that not only respect cultural and spiritual/faith differences but also excel and thrive at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and cultural levels because of those differences. Although the benefits of dialogue as a pathway to authentic interfaith and intercultural communities are well documented, dialogue is not easy to develop and sustain within complex systems, such as healthcare and higher education. Thus, when dialogue as a means for deeper intercultural or interfaith understanding has not been readily agreed to by participants, the challenges met along the dialogic pathway can be difficult to sell. Following a review of the foundational literature pertaining to calling-out and calling-in, this chapter examines the lessons learned from teaching the praxis of calling-in versus calling-out as a starting point for the development and maintenance of dialogue across differences within complex systems.
The Impact of Israeli-Palestinian Inter-Religious Dialogue
Authors: Mollov Ben , Lavie Chaim
Published: May 2019

This chapter will focus on the prospects of inter-religious dialogue as a means of fostering the Israeli-Palestinian peacebuilding process, both from a theoretical and empirical perspectives. The two authors come from the disciplines of political science and social psychology and employ qualitative and quantitative methods, respectively. Although counter-intuitive as part of an ongoing research project, the authors suggest that, in line with other research, religion can indeed serve as a bridge between Israelis and Palestinians and not merely act as an escalatory influence as is commonly assumed. The authors have drawn on earlier work of these researchers and others, which have provided empirical evidence over time that inter-religious dialogue encounters between Israelis and Palestinians can help nurture perception change based on social psychological dynamics for intergroup relations as both sides discover strong commonalities between their respective faiths. This opportunity also offers a means to mutually explore the basis of the narratives of both sides in a non-confrontational atmosphere. Perception change between groups locked in conflict is an essential element for moderating strife and encouraging dialogue. However, in the case of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict clashing narratives––as succinctly analyzed in the Peel Commission Report of 1937––rooted in religious and cultural identity informs the conflict and must be addressed through dialogue with the hope of mutual accommodation. Ideally, the transcendent elements of religion can also serve as positive points of meeting. Research data collected primarily from the work of the Interfaith Encounter Association (IEA) will be presented to demonstrate the advantages of the inter-religious approach. In addition, the authors also refer to the case study of a special annual inter-religious dialogue by mid-level leadership in the “spirit of social partnership” in the Jewish-Arab City of Akko (in Northern Israel) in the context of an annual graduate seminar organized by the first author.
Beyond Sides
Authors: Keeley Saskia Bory
Published: May 2019

The author describes a program of photography workshops for Orthodox Jewish and Palestinian women in the West Bank she has conducted since 2016 in partnership with Roots, an initiative led by a Palestinian and Israeli settler committee. The workshops provide an environment where the women can interact with “the other” in an informal and safe setting, many for the very first time in their lives. They enable the participants to work together on joint projects in a setting where they can explore each other's life narratives as they learn a new skill, which engenders an awareness and understanding of similar life paths and shared humanity. The mutually illuminating activity promotes respect and is a step forward to a future of potential change. The program's participants describe its perspective-altering results and voice a hope for further engagement.
Data Protection in EU Law After Lisbon
Authors: Tzanou Maria
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an analysis of the data protection rules in EU law, focusing on the constitutional and legal developments after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. It examines the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU on data protection issues, including the recent decisions of the Court on metadata retention and the new right to be forgotten. It concludes with a critical comment on the possibilities and limitations of the EU to provide for effective and comprehensive data protection.
Who Is Tracking You?
Authors: Beck Estee
Published: May 2019

Exchanging information online often involves a degree of assessing the credibility and reliability of websites, which include the authors, sources, and content. This chapter argues for an additional assessment category: evaluating privacy and/or data use statements of websites because of the underlying ideologies, methods of tracking technologies used to collect data, and the need for comprehension of what website terms and conditions mean for the average person. This chapter provides a rhetorical framework as suggested guidelines to follow when evaluating privacy and/or data use statements of websites.
Information, Innovation and the Boogeyman
Authors: Fowler Trevor , Quigley Kevin
Published: May 2019

Governments around the Western world are becoming increasingly concerned about cyber security. This paper uses the Hood et al. Risk Regulation Regime (2001) framework to describe Public Safety Canada's Cyber Security Strategy and analyze the social and economic pressures that will influence the manner in which the strategy will be operationalized. This paper recommends that government: takes a balanced approach to securing its own systems, recognizing the costs of an overly precautionary stance; continues to work and exchange information on cyber security with owners and operators of critical infrastructure while at the same time recognizing the market context in which they operate, which constrains this exchange; and helps Canadians to be secure online with enhanced public education programs that have a longer-term view and recognize people's desire for flexibility and convenience in the technology they use. The research in this paper is drawn from academic literature, media analysis and semi-structured interviews.
Exploring Privacy Notification and Control Mechanisms for Proximity-Aware Tablets
Authors: Zhou Huiyuan , Ferreira Vinicius , Alves Thamara Silva , MacKay Bonnie , Hawkey Kirstie , Reilly Derek
Published: May 2019

In hospitals, offices and other settings, professionals face the challenge of accessing and sharing sensitive content in public areas. As tablets become increasingly adopted in work environments, it is important to explore ways to support privacy that are appropriate for tablet use in dynamic, mobile workflows. In this research we consider how spatial information can be utilized to support both individual and collaborative work in a natural way while respecting data privacy. We present a proof-of-concept implementation of a proximity-aware tablet, and a range of privacy notification and control mechanisms designed for such a tablet. Results from a user study support the idea that interpersonal distance and orientation can be used to mediate privacy management for tablet interfaces. Selecting a specific design for privacy threat notification and response is highly context-dependent—for example, in health care the first priority is to not impede the fluid exchange of information.
Security and Privacy Issues of Big Data
Authors: Moura José , Serrão Carlos
Published: May 2019

This chapter revises the most important aspects in how computing infrastructures should be configured and intelligently managed to fulfill the most notably security aspects required by Big Data applications. One of them is privacy. It is a pertinent aspect to be addressed because users share more and more personal data and content through their devices and computers to social networks and public clouds. So, a secure framework to social networks is a very hot topic research. This last topic is addressed in one of the two sections of the current chapter with case studies. In addition, the traditional mechanisms to support security such as firewalls and demilitarized zones are not suitable to be applied in computing systems to support Big Data. SDN is an emergent management solution that could become a convenient mechanism to implement security in Big Data systems, as we show through a second case study at the end of the chapter. This also discusses current relevant work and identifies open issues.
Surveillance of Electronic Communications in the Workplace and the Protection of Employees' Privacy
Authors: Inglezakis Ioannis
Published: May 2019

The use of Information and Communication Technologies in the workplace is constantly increasing, but also the use of surveillance technology. Electronic monitoring of employees becomes an integral part of information systems in the workplace. The specific software which is used for monitoring electronic communications is, however, intrusive and infringes upon the employees' right to privacy. The issue of surveillance of employees' electronic communications is subject to different approaches in various jurisdictions. The most comprehensive protection to employees is afforded in the EU, and it would be enhanced once the General Data Protection Regulation is passed.
Privacy and Territoriality Issues in an Online Social Learning Portal
Authors: Anwar Mohd , Brusilovsky Peter
Published: May 2019

Following the popularity of Wikipedia, community authoring systems are increasingly in use as content sharing outlets. As such, a Web-based portal for sharing of user-generated content (e.g., course notes, quiz answers, etc.) shows prospect to be a great tool for social E-Learning. Among others, students are expected to be active contributors in such systems in order to offer and receive peer-help. However, privacy and territoriality concerns can be potential barriers to wide adoption of such technology. Understanding the preference for sharing learning content is the first step to address privacy and territoriality concerns of content providers. The authors conduct a survey among students in four university courses in order to learn their preference for sharing notes and quiz answers with three target groups: instructor, peer, and stranger (i.e., someone outside their class). The authors also examine the preference for acceptable method of sharing by inquiring about three methods: “anonymous sharing,” “pseudonymous sharing,” and “sharing with name”. They further investigate the importance of “content type,” “sharing method,” and “accessor type” on the preference for sharing. The survey also reveals respondents' self-reported reasons for controlling access to their generated learning content. The survey data indicate that even though the respondents have various levels of concerns, almost all of them are willing to share. The authors observe relationships between content type and respondents' preference over each of these parameters: accessor type, commentator type, and sharing method.
Improving the Security of Storage Systems
Authors: Awad Wasan , Abdullah Hanin Mohammed
Published: May 2019

Developing security systems to protect the storage systems are needed. The main objective of this paper is to study the security of file storage server of an organization. Different kinds of security threats and a number of security techniques used to protect information will be examined. Thus, in this paper, an assessment plan for evaluating cyber security of local storage systems in organizations is proposed. The assessment model is based on the idea of cyber security domains and risk matrix. The proposed assessment model has been implemented on two prestigious and important organizations in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Storage systems of the assessed organizations found to have cyber security risks of different scales. This conclusion gives certainty to the fact that organizations are not capable of following the cyber security evolution and secure their storage systems from cyber security vulnerabilities and breaches. Organizations with local storage systems can improve the cyber security of their storage systems by applying certain techniques.
Understanding Continuance Usage of Mobile Social Network Sites
Authors: Zhou Tao
Published: May 2019

Retaining users and facilitating their continuance usage are crucial to the success of mobile social network sites. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting continuance usage of mobile social network sites. The results indicated that both system quality and service quality affect trust, which in turn affects flow experience and privacy concern. In addition, privacy policy can help mitigate privacy concern. Trust, flow and privacy concern determine continuance usage. The results imply that service providers need to improve users' experience and mitigate their privacy concern in order to facilitate their continuance usage.
Cyber Security in Tactical Network Infrastructure for Command and Control
Authors: Sigholm J.
Published: May 2019

Emerging information and communications technology has had significant importance for military operations during the last decades. Development within such technology areas as sensors, computers, and wireless communications has allowed for faster and more efficient collection, transmission, storage, processing, analysis, and distribution of data. This has led to new and improved military capabilities within command and control, intelligence, targeting, and logistics. However, the increased complexity and interdependencies of networked systems, the continuously growing amounts of data, changing non-technical requirements, and evolving adversary threats makes upholding cyber security in command and control systems a challenging task. Although some best-practice approaches have been developed, finding good solutions for protecting critical infrastructure and important information assets is still an open research question requiring an interdisciplinary approach. This chapter describes recent developments within emerging network technology for command and control, and suggests focus areas where further research is needed in order to attain sufficient operational effect from the employed systems. While a gradual and evolutionary progress of military cyber security has been seen, a long-term commitment is required within such areas as procurement, standardization, training, doctrinal, and legal development, in order to achieve military utility of command and control systems.
Women to the Rescue in Cyber Space
Authors: Brittain Kristin , Russo Marianne Robin
Published: May 2019

The world is a complex array of human actions within an individual's sphere of influence and within a more global context. In either case, human actions can be susceptible to privacy and cyber security concerns. The consequences of targeted attacks on strategic cyber-systems, inclusive of nuclear power plants, electrical grids, water systems, would be quite high were they to actually materialize. Security gaps must be assessed and efficiently managed, and a viable workforce must be trained and vetted to take on this security effort. Therefore, with the intersection of human resources and women, who would be capable of training and going beyond the male cyber world realm? Women employment power may be the answer to filling the critical needs of the individual and larger entities that may be in need of cyber protection. This is explored in this chapter.
Ethical Implications of the Techno-Social Dilemma in Contemporary Cyber-Security Phenomenon in Africa
Authors: Essien Essien
Published: May 2019

This article examines the cyber security dimension of the global information Infrastructure which has resulted in the attainment of remarkable milestones and unlimited opportunities. However, these benefits notwithstanding, the cyberspace is increasingly under attack by cybercriminals, and the cost and damages from such attacks are increasing alarming. This article therefore, sets out to examine the ethical implications of cybersecurity phenomenon. Relying upon an extensive contemporary literature on cyber security, this study examines the phenomenon using the protection motivation theory. The article employs qualitative analysis of the current cybersecurity landscape in Nigeria. With an insight provided into understanding the independent layers of cyber security in Nigeria, a criterion on what should constitute appropriate procedure for cyber security is thus supplied. Findings posit that with the vulnerability of cyberspace, cyber security phenomenon in Africa, mirrors the existing social inequalities and widens the social division that is more apparent with the expansion of the ICTs.
Employees' Protection
Authors: Chrysochou Chrysi , Iglezakis Ioannis
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the conflict between employers' legitimate rights and employees' right to privacy and data protection as a result of the shift in workplace surveillance from a non-digital to a technologically advanced one. Section 1 describes the transition from non-digital workplace surveillance to an Internet-centred one, where “smart” devices are in a dominant position. Section 2 focuses on the legal framework (supranational and national legislation and case law) of workplace surveillance. In section 3, one case study regarding wearable technology and the law is carried out to prove that national and European legislation are not adequate to deal with all issues and ambiguities arising from the use of novel surveillance technology at work. The chapter concludes by noting that the adoption of sector specific legislation for employees' protection is necessary, but it would be incomplete without a general framework adopting modern instruments of data protection.
Insider Attack Analysis in Building Effective Cyber Security for an Organization
Authors: Dhavale Sunita Vikrant
Published: May 2019

Recent studies have shown that, despite being equipped with highly secure technical controls, a broad range of cyber security attacks were carried out successfully on many organizations to reveal confidential information. This shows that the technical advancements of cyber defence controls do not always guarantee organizational security. According to a recent survey carried out by IBM, 55% of these cyber-attacks involved insider threat. Controlling an insider who already has access to the company's highly protected data is a very challenging task. Insider attacks have great potential to severely damage the organization's finances as well as their social credibility. Hence, there is a need for reliable security frameworks that ensure confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and availability of organizational information assets by including the comprehensive study of employee behaviour. This chapter provides a detailed study of insider behaviours that may hinder organization security. The chapter also analyzes the existing physical, technical, and administrative controls, their objectives, their limitations, insider behaviour analysis, and future challenges in handling insider threats.
Analytical Study on Privacy Attack Models in Privacy Preserving Data Publishing
Authors: Sowmyarani C. N.  , Dayananda P.
Published: May 2019

Privacy attack on individual records has great concern in privacy preserving data publishing. When an intruder who is interested to know the private information of particular person of his interest, will acquire background knowledge about the person. This background knowledge may be gained though publicly available information such as Voter's id or through social networks. Combining this background information with published data; intruder may get the private information causing a privacy attack of that person. There are many privacy attack models. Most popular attack models are discussed in this chapter. The study of these attack models plays a significant role towards the invention of robust Privacy preserving models.
Developing Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) in Cyberspace Between Pakistan and India
Authors: Yamin Tughral
Published: May 2019

Cyberspace is at once an area of immense cooperation and a no-holds barred arena for competition. Difficulties in creating a stable environment in cyberspace stem from differing national perceptions regarding the freedom of the Internet, application of international law and problems associated with attribution. Information space has no borders and no recognized rules of engagement or internationally accepted regulatory mechanisms. State parties, freelancers, criminals and terrorists all consider cyber operations beyond the pale of international jurisdiction. Some agreements have emerged concerning cybercrime but cyber warfare remains outside binding legal obligations. In the absence of a consensus on treaty obligations, it is a good idea to begin by constructing credible confidence building measures (CBMs) in information space between rival states. The prospects of an unintentional war as a consequence of a cyber-attack can spell disaster for South Asia. This paper discusses a range of CBMs that can be created between India and Pakistan in cyber space to control malicious cyber behavior and avert an inadvertent war. It advocates cyber cooperation instead of cyber warfare.
Privacy-Preserving Aggregation in the Smart Grid
Authors: Karopoulos Georgios , Ntantogian Christoforos , Xenakis Christos
Published: May 2019

The introduction of information and communication technologies to the traditional energy grid offers advantages like efficiency, increased reliability, resilience, and better control of demand-response, while on the other hand poses customers' privacy at risk. By using information collected by a smart meter, an attacker can deduce whether a house is empty from its residents, which devices are being used, residents' habits and so on. In order to cope with such cases, many privacy-preserving aggregation solutions have been proposed that allow aggregation, while at the same time protect individual readings from attackers. In this book chapter, the authors provide a critical review of such methods, comparing them and discussing advantages and disadvantages.
A Review of Internet Addiction on the Basis of Different Countries (2007–2017)
Authors: Samli Ruya
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents a review of Internet addiction on the basis of different countries between the years of 2007 and 2017. For this purpose, the term “addiction” is explained, some addiction types are examined, the differences between Internet addiction and the other ones are given and the Internet addiction status of different countries are presented. In today's world, Internet addiction is a privileged problem in almost all of the countries but especially a few countries have important number of studies about the subject. The most studies are completed in China, Turkey, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Korea. In this chapter, studies about these countries and some other ones are investigated. These studies show that the “Far East” is suffering from the problem a bit more than the others.
The Effect of Flow Frequency on Internet Addiction to Different Internet Usage Activities
Authors: Yang Hui-Ling , Wu Wei-Pang
Published: May 2019

This study investigated the online flow frequency among college students in regard to different internet activities, and analyzed the effect of flow frequency on internet addiction. This study surveyed 525 undergraduate internet users in Taiwan by using convenience sampling to question participants. In this paper, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine the differences in usage activity regarding the level of flow frequency. To test the effects of the flow frequency factor on perceived internet addiction, multiple regression analysis was performed for the constructs of internet addiction from different internet usage activities. The analytical results indicate that online gaming by undergraduates in Taiwan reporting higher level of flow frequency than their primary internet activities and their flow frequency of online gaming will predict internet addiction.
Usage of Social Media by Children and Teenagers
Authors: Velicu Anca , Marinescu Valentina
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents the results of EU Kids Online II project about the children's and adolescent's uses of the social network sites. The results showed both the main differences and similarities regarding this issue both at the European and at the country (i.e. Romania) level. Although at the European level one can notice the emergence of different groups of users, in Romania, the use of the Internet is only at the beginning and has no clear pattern. The individual characteristics in the self-efficacy variant positively vary with the using of SNS and, at the same time, none of the negative individual characteristics predicts the possessing of a profile on a social network. The strongest connection exists between having competences regarding the use of the Internet and owning a profile on a social network. Moreover, the results agree with previous researches that highlight a complex influence of the parental mediation on the social behaviors.
The Role of Social Networking in the Social Reform of Young Society
Authors: Abu-Shanab Emad , Frehat Mushera
Published: May 2019

Social networks are virtual communication sites that allow its participants to connect, building relationships, and collaborate on social issues. It became part of our lives and spread rapidly among youth. Young people join these sites to keep strong relationships with friends and to make new ones. Therefore, it is important to investigate the factors that influence the intention to use social networking sites (SNSs) to gain better position in the social reform among young people. This study developed an integrated theoretical model which has five major factors that predict the intention to use SNSs. An empirical test was conducted, where a sample of 302 university students and an instrument containing 27 items was used. The results provide consistent evidence that all hypothesized positive associations exist except for the isolation variable. After taking into account different demographic and attitudinal variables, Facebook use still predicted respondents' social reform. The future work might focus on a specific context such as the effects of using social networks on education, and focus on students' environment in education and the influence of social network. Detailed results, conclusions and future work are stated in later sections.
The Effect of Parental Demographics on Parental Assessment of Adolescent Internet Addiction
Authors: Ok Chiho , Lim Jisun
Published: May 2019

This article investigates how adolescent Internet addiction is assessed by parents based on children's Internet use time and parental demographic characteristics. The authors measured children's level of Internet addiction based on Young's scale evaluated by their parents to mitigate the social desirability bias in self-reported surveys when children evaluate themselves. Based on Korean General Social Survey data, which is nationally representative in South Korea, they analyzed 219 individuals and found that as the time of Internet use of children increased, the level of Internet addiction evaluated by parents increased. In addition, this relationship was moderated by parental demographic characteristics such that higher age, lower educational attainment, and higher Internet use time tend to decrease the parental evaluation of their children's Internet addiction. Results suggest that policies and programs related to children's Internet addiction should be focused more on parents from specific demographic groups.
Problematic Linkages in Adolescents
Authors: Boursier Valentina , Manna Valentina
Published: May 2019

Internet usage represents a risky opportunity for the youngest. Due to its social, communicative and emotional function in adolescents' lives, it may provide benefits and facilitations to their relationships. On the other hand, the excessive use of the Internet can harmfully affect their daily routines, with negative effects on their psychological state. Considering the widespread use of the Internet in everyday life during this developmental stage, the authors question the applicability of the concept of “addiction” and provide empirical data about the adaption of a useful instrument to measure problematic relationships with the Internet. The establishment of a cut-off procedure is proposed for screening purpose to identify at risk and problematic users. Moreover, differences by gender and age are explored and discussed. A comprehensive model of the Problematic Relationships with the Internet is presented and analyzed in comparison with the main perspectives and measures in literature.
CyberPsycho Effect
Authors: Nene Manisha J. , Gupta Prashant
Published: May 2019

The Internet has become a platform for different campaigns like political, social, cultural and marketing. Researchers are working on the effect of these services on human behavior and how the use of Internet and social network persuade the environment. This chapter focuses on the causes and effects of persuasive messages based on current trending news and events which can influence an individual's behavior. Cyberspace plus Psychological effect equals to CyberPsycho Effect leading to CyberPsycho attacks. In CyberPsycho attacks, an attacker uses cyberspace and social network to affect attitude or behavior of an individual or a targeted society, and achieve certain goals to attain political, religious, economical, and social gains. It motivates social media users towards a certain objective by spreading the persuasive messages in the form of texts, images or videos. The study is unique, valuable and compels the experts to understand the impact of Internet addiction.
Predicting Dysfunctional Internet Use
Authors: Stodt Benjamin , Wegmann Elisa , Brand Matthias
Published: May 2019

Internet addiction (IA) and cyberbullying (CB) represent two examples of dysfunctional Internet use (DIU) which are accompanied by negative consequences. In terms of prevention, the training of technical and reflective skills (Internet literacy) will be discussed with regard to these patterns. This study investigates the role of age, conscientiousness, and Internet literacy on IA symptoms and the participation in CB. Analyses reveal that positive attitudes towards online production and interaction and lower self-regulative skills can be associated with severe IA symptoms. Cyberbullies display less skills in reflecting on Internet content and also prove to have less self-regulative skills. Younger and less conscientious individuals are more likely to use the Internet dysfunctionally. Furthermore, significant correlations between experiences as a cyberbully and IA symptoms were found. In conclusion, the authors suggest that current media/Internet literacy curricula should be complemented by teaching reflective and regulative skills to prevent Internet users from negative consequences.
Being Online in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Benvenuti Martina , Mazzoni Elvis , Piobbico Gioele
Published: May 2019

Internet revolutionized our lifestyle. New generation devices like smartphones and tablets allow us to be always connected: the web represents a significant part of our days. These epochal changes bring with them questions about the potentialities and the risks of web 2.0. This chapter introduces a research whose purpose is to investigate the relationships between Online and Offline lives in Emerging Adulthood. Starting by the concept of functional organ (Leont'ev, 1972) and inverse instrumentality (Ekbia & Nardi, 2012), the goal of the study is to go beyond the research on web addiction, and start to explore a model able to predict why some emerging adults have their life empowered by the web and while others get trapped in the problematic use.
What Factors Determine the Usage of Online Games One Year Later?
Authors: Van Nguyen Huynh , Yu Jiajun , Teng Ching-I
Published: May 2019

Heavy usage of online games may negatively affect the gamer's health and take a toll on school performance. However, to date, no study has utilized a longitudinal design to identify predictors of heavy usage of online games after a year of play. This study thus refers to relevant theories (e.g., flow theory and habitual theory), investigates potential correlates of game play and examines which correlates predicted the likelihood of a gamer's heavy usage after one year of play. In total, 1,852 online gamers were recruited in the first wave of this two-wave study. The results identify several predictors of heavy usage of online games, including skill and flow, and the findings enable the identification of, and the development of interventions for, individuals likely to be heavy online gamers.
Determining the Risk of Digital Addiction to Adolescent Targets of Internet Trolling
Authors: Bishop Jonathan
Published: May 2019

Research on digital addiction has been increasing significantly since the start of the 2010s. What is not currently available is a measurement scale to assess the extent to which adolescents are at risk of abuse on the Internet that might lead them to develop digital addiction. This chapter sets out to develop a check-list that can be used to risk assess those youths who might be at risk of digital addiction. Through using data from a study into 1,828 young people aged 9-16, the study devised a 6-point check-list based on using a t-test to determine those at high risk and those at low risk. The check-list can be seen as a reliable way for screening those adolescents for whom concerns are raised over their online activities. The chapter concludes that further research will be needed to test the scale with people in older age ranges.
Encouraging Digital Civility
Authors: Beauchere Jacqueline F.
Published: May 2019

The internet, the landmark invention of our lifetime, has brought us great benefit, but along with it, risk and antisocial behavior, including online bullying, hate speech, extremist content, and other ills. Prevention lies in promoting digital citizenship—safe, responsible, and appropriate use of technology and services—and a newer concept, digital civility—online interactions rooted in empathy, respect, and kindness. And, while no one entity can combat these issues alone, internet companies can play their part, as exemplified by the robust tools and resources offered by Microsoft and others. A collective focus, however, is needed to help raise awareness and change behavior, and the responsibility must be shared among the technology industry and government policy makers as well as everyone who uses the internet, including parents and caregivers, educators, and young people. This chapter explores these ideas.
Mitigating Online Threats While Promoting Scholarship Through Awareness-Raising Interventions
Authors: Seok Soonhwa , DaCosta Boaventura
Published: May 2019

Enthusiasm about the educational benefits offered by the World Wide Web has been tempered in recent years by apprehension regarding the prospects of mitigating associated online threats. Numerous safety measures exist, from legislation to technical controls. Though no doubt helpful, they are not substitutes for education and training. The current study (N = 1,092) aimed at identifying technologies young people have access to, the degree to which they engage in risky online behavior, and their literacy of cyber security practices. Recommendations for tailoring and refining awareness-raising training and interventions are also presented. Overall, findings are discouraging, with participants showing poor judgment with regard to safeguarding their wellbeing in the contexts of preventing malware, handling passwords, dealing with data encryption and storage, and surfing the Internet. The study is predicated on the premise that effective awareness-raising education can be implemented through a better understanding of today's youth and their online practices.
Role of Biotechnology in Bioremediation
Authors: Mohanta Tapan Kumar , Mohanta Yugal Kishore , Mohanta Nibedita
Published: May 2019

The global environment is now facing a highly critical situation due to rapid urbanization and industrialization as well as increasing population in the limited natural resources. The population growth reflects the drastic changes of the life style of the people that created anthropogenic stress on the environment. There is requirement of highly developed environmental management systems and search of biotechnological technology to remove the contaminated materials and reestablish the natural resources Bioremediation is now considered as the most useful alternative method for eradicate the contaminated material from the nature for sustainable waste management. Now with recent advancement of the genetic approach multiplies the bioremediation process for protection of the natural environment by recycling the waste materials. This chapter covers detail notes on the use of most advanced technology to boost up the bioremediation process.
An Overview of Biological Data Mining
Authors: Balaji Seetharaman
Published: May 2019

The largest digital repository of information, the World Wide Web keeps growing exponentially and calls for data mining services to provide tailored web experiences. This chapter discusses the overview of information retrieval, knowledge discovery and data mining. It reviews the different stages of data mining and introduces the wide spread biological databanks, their explosion, integration, data warehousing, information retrieval, text mining, text repositories for biological research publications, domain specific search engines, web mining, biological networks and visualization, ontology and systems biology. This chapter also illustrates some technical jargon with picture analogy for a novice learner to understand the concepts clearly.
A Web Portal for Rice Crop Improvements
Authors: Baurley James W. , Budiarto Arif , Kacamarga Muhamad Fitra , Pardamean Bens
Published: May 2019

High quality models of factors influencing rice crop yield are needed in countries where rice is a staple food. These models can help select optimal rice varieties for expected field conditions. Development of a system to help scientist track and make decisions using this data is challenging. It involves incorporation of complex data structures - genomic, phenotypic, and remote sensing - with computationally intensive statistical modeling. In this article, the authors present a web portal designed to help researchers to manage and analyze their datasets, apply machine learning to detect how factors taken together influence crop production, and summarize the results to help scientists make decisions based on the learned models. The authors developed the system to be easily accessed by the entire team including rice scientist, genetics, and farmers. As such, they developed a system on a server architecture comprised of a SQLite database, a web interface developed in Python, the Celery job scheduler, and statistical computing in R.
Structural Intervention and External Control for Markovian Regulatory Network Models
Authors: Qian Xiaoning , Pal Ranadip
Published: May 2019

In order to derive system-based methods to control dynamic behavior of biological systems of interest for future gene-based intervention therapeutics, two basic categories of intervention strategies have been studied based on the Markov chain theory and Markov decision processes: Structural intervention by function perturbation and external control based on state perturbation. The chapter reviews the existing network analysis and control methods in these two categories and discusses their extensions for more robust and clinically relevant intervention strategies considering collateral damages from intervention.
Agricultural Waste Management for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Priyanka Miss , Kumar Dileep , Shankar Uma , Yadav Anurag , Yadav Kusum
Published: May 2019

This chapter contends that bioethanol has received the most attention over other fuels due to less emission of greenhouse gases and production from renewable sources. It is mainly produced from sugar containing feedstocks. Since feedstocks are utilized as food for humans, its consumption in bioethanol production creates a food crisis for the entire world. Bioethanol derived from agriculture waste, which is most abundant at global level, is the best option. Agriculture wastes contain lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses which creates hindrances during conversion to ethanol. Pretreatment of agriculture wastes remove lignin, hemicelluloses and then enzymatically hydrolyzed into sugars. Both pentose and hexose sugars are fermented to bioethanol. There are still various problems for developing an economically feasible technology but a major one is the resistance to degradation of the agricultural material. Use of two or more pretreatment methods for delignification and the use of genetically modified agricultural biomass can be developed for economically feasible ethanol production.