bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lay Participation in Decision Making: A Croatian Perspective on Mixed Tribunals
Authors: Ivković Sanja Kutnjak
Published: March 2003

This paper studies mixed tribunals, a form of lay participation in which professional and lay judges decide cases jointly. The focus of the analysis is the interaction of professional judges and lay judges in tribunals that decide criminal cases in two regions of Croatia. The respondents in this study were professional judges and lay judges, as well as ‘the observers’of the trials by mixed tribunals, that is, state attorneys and attorneys. A theoretical framework for the study of interaction of the members of mixed tribunals is developed by applying status characteristics theory. Lay judges ask questions during trials only infrequently; lawyers (professional judges, state attorneys, and attorneys) perceive that those questions are not very important. Lay judges are only sometimes given an opportunity to ask questions during trials. Deliberation typically starts with the summation of evidence by the professional judge. Consistent with the findings about the trials, the comments offered by lay judges during deliberations are perceived by professional judges to be minor, both in regard to frequency and importance. Disagreements between professional and lay judges occur rarely. Lay judges very rarely outvote professional judges. All of the findings are consistent with status characteristics theory.
Private Prisons in Perspective: Some Conceptual Isues
Authors: Shichor David
Published: March 2003

This article deals with several conceptual issues concerning the privatisation of prisons. The focus is on the private operation rather than the financing and the construction of facilities. Typically, the issue of correctional privatisation is debated on utilitarian grounds, the main supporting argument centring on cost effectiveness, while such issues as ethics, symbolism, motivation, and accountability are neglected. The article highlights problems of separation between the determination and administration of punishment, the adoption of the free market model to the provision of human services, the symbolic messages of private prisons, corporate ethics, and organisational accountability.
The Impact of Time‐Served and Regime on Prisoners' Anticipation of Crime: Female Prisonisation Effects
Authors: Stevens Dennis J.
Published: March 2003

To examine the extent of time‐served and regime on incarcerated females, 304 inmates were surveyed about prior lifestyles, violent orientations, and future anticipations of future crime. Results show that women who led a non‐violent lifestyle prior to incarceration might, once released, commit crimes of violence largely due to prison experiences through a prisonisation process. A conclusion arising from this finding is that short prison sentences can be as effective a punishment as long prison sentences with less future options toward acts of criminality. Some implications of this finding are that organisational membership changes attitudes and that female prisonisation is as salient among female inmates as it is among male inmates. A longitudinal study should be conducted on released female offenders and recidivism.
Prison Privatisation and the Remand Population: Principle Versus Pragmatism?
Authors: James Adrian , Bottomley Keith
Published: March 2003

This article draws on our recently published evaluation of HMP Wolds, the first contracted‐out prison in the United Kingdom. The authors argue that prison privatisation in England and Wales was a direct consequence of the increase in the remand population in the 1980s and the deteriorating conditions of their custody; that the response of Group 4 in designing a regime for Wolds was directly influenced by their awareness of the remand status of the prisoners they were to manage; that some of the problems that emerged in the first year of Wolds stemmed directly from the particular circumstances of remand prisoners; and that Wolds'response to these problems resulted in regime modifications relying on more traditional approaches, compromising Wolds'original ethos and resulting in convergence with the public‐sector prisons. In addition, the authors argue that these changes reflected a response to the social status shared by all prisoners rather than the legal status which is unique to remand prisoners and this, arguably, has contributed towards a deterioration in the standards that Wolds initially offered to remand prisoners.
Providing a Secure Home for Older Residents: Evaluation of an Initiative in Plymouth
Authors: Mawby R.I.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes an evaluation of a crime prevention initiative which was targeted at older local authority tenants in areas of the city where crime was of particular local concern. Our evaluation suggests that it was successful in addressing both crime and fear of crime. Respondents indicated that they were very satisfied with the service and felt safer as a result of it. Moreover, recorded burglary statistics revealed a marked reduction. It is thus argued that it is possible to reduce the risk and fear of crime among older people without having a detrimental effect on their quality of life. Indeed it appears that most respondents were happy to remain in the area and did not see residential care as necessary.
Further Evidence on the Significance of Plea in the Crown Court
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: March 2003

The main purpose of this article is to provide some additional research evidence in an effort to illustrate how conventional accounts of the relationship between plea and outcome in certain specific offence categories may be oversimplified and inaccurate. More specifically, the article considers the extent to which these practices may represent further inroads into due process at the expense of those mechanisms designed to achieve a measure of ‘quality control’ in the criminal process.
A Decade of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Judicial Outcomes and Unresolved Problems*
Authors: Lee Barbara A.
Published: March 2003

A decade after its enactment, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has not resulted in the substantial employment gains for individuals with disabilities that its proponents had predicted. It also has not resulted in many legal victories for disabled individuals who have challenged alleged discriminatory actions by their employers. This article briefly reviews literature on disability and work and summarizes the data on the employment of individuals with disabilities. It addresses litigation trends prior to several significant U.S. Supreme Court rulings the ADA made in 1999 and compares them with litigation trends following the issuance of these rulings. The article concludes that the law needs to be amended if it is to serve those individuals with disabilities who are capable of productive employment but whose impairments do not fit the judicially narrowed definition of disability in the ADA.
Constant Consumption and the Economic Depreciation of Natural Capital: The Nonautonomous Case
Authors: Hartwick John M. , Van Long Ngo
Published: March 2003

We investigate economic depreciation of natural capital for cases of nonstationary output prices, technology, and interest rates. For the former two cases (exogenous movements in prices and technology), constant consumption emerges under a strategy of investing to cover off economic depreciation. The interest rate case requires a modified sinking fund strategy.
Increases in Risk Aversion
Authors: Bültel Dirk
Published: March 2003

This note gives sufficient conditions for signing the effect of an increase in risk aversion on the optimal level of the choice variable selected by a decision maker under conditions of risk. The results are illustrated with a decision model taken from the theory of insurance demand.
On the Evolution of Pareto‐Optimal Behavior in Repeated Coordination Problems
Authors: Lagunoff Roger
Published: March 2003

I characterize the asymptotic behavior of a society facing a repeated‐common‐interest game. In this society, new individuals enter to replace their “parents” at random times. Each entrant has possibly different beliefs about others' behavior than his or her predecessor. A self‐confirming equilibrium (SCE) belief process describes an evolution of beliefs in this society consistent with a self‐confirming equilibrium of the repeated game. The main result shows that for any common‐interest game, the Pareto‐dominant equilibrium is a globally absorbing state of the behavioral dynamics when the SCE beliefs of new entrants satisfy certain independence and full‐support properties. This result does not involve either of the usual assumptions of myopia or large inertia common in evolutionary models, nor is this result possible if only Nash rather than self‐confirming equilibria are considered.
Surplus Sharing with a Two‐Stage Mechanism
Authors: Kaplan Todd R. , Wettstein David
Published: March 2003

In this article we consider environments where agents jointly produce a private output good by contributing privately owned resources. An efficient outcome may not be realized due to strategic behavior and conflicting interests of the agents. We construct a two‐stage mechanism, building on a Varian mechanism. The modified mechanism ensures an equilibrium for a large class of preferences and guarantees the feasibility of outcomes.
Decentralization of Intertemporal Economies With Discounted Maximin Criterion
Authors: Kaganovich Michael
Published: March 2003

The intertemporal decentralization literature scrutinizes the ability of markets to achieve dynamically optimal allocation of resources. Put differently, it examines the possibility of designing a mechanism enabling short‐lived agents to make independent decisions compatible with long‐run optimum. The Hurwicz and Weinberger impossibility result states that the mechanisms that are both privacy preserving and optimal fail to exist when an infinite‐horizon optimum is defined by Ramsey‐type criteria with discounting. However, for a special case where the economy cannot sustain growth and agents do not discount future utilities, it is known that a decentralized mechanism using rolling plans is in a certain sense asymptotically optimal. To address the problem of possibility of decentralization mechanisms in a sustainable growth economy with discounting, I consider a ‘discounted maximin’ optimality criterion. It selects the programs that sustain growth of welfare at a given rate. The article argues that this criterion is consistent with the principles of intergenerational justice, which can be defined in terms of intergenerational Nash equilibrium. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that a decentralized mechanism designed on the basis of rolling plans generates decisions that are asymptotically optimal in terms of the discounted maximin.
Optimal Urban Employment Policies: Notes on Calvo and Quibria
Authors: Chau Nancy H. , Ali Khan M.
Published: March 2003

We show that Quibria's insightful observation on the efficacy of urban policy in a model with an urban trade union and an urban informal sector holds, but with a revenue‐neutral employment tax‐subsidy combination levied on the urban employer. We also draw the relevance of the generalized Harris–Todaro model in providing intuition for the validity of this surprising result.
Risk Management and Public Policy in Payment, Clearing and Settlement Systems
Authors: Dale Richard
Published: March 2003

In recent years regulators have been increasingly focusing their attention on payment, clearing and settlement systems on the grounds that any serious disruption to the settlement process could have widespread sys‐temic consequences. These concerns embrace wholesale interbank payment systems, foreign‐exchange settlement, securities settlement and derivatives clearing houses. There is, however, a dilemma for regulators insofar as their active involvement in the settlement process can lead to market expectations of official support in the event of any threatened disruption.

This paper explains the nature of settlement risk in interbank payments as well as foreign exchange, securities and derivatives markets; describes recent regulatory initiatives in these areas; and assesses the financial market's approach to handling settlement risks. The conclusion is that the market has been most effective in controlling settlement exposures in those areas where systemic risk – and therefore central bank involvement – is least evident.
Predicting Stock and Bond Returns: the Impact of Global Variables
Authors: Ely David , Salehizadeh Mehdi
Published: March 2003

Prior research demonstrates that returns on US stocks and bonds over time can be predicted using models containing proxies for domestic business conditions and the stance of monetary policy. This paper has two objectives. First, it examines the benefits of adding international economic and monetary variables to US stock and bond prediction models. We specify a base model (employing US variables only), along with two alternative approaches that supplement or replace US measures with weighted average measures of corresponding variables based on the economic environment of the G‐7 countries. Monthly and quarterly holding period returns are examined over the time period August 1976 to December 1997. We conclude that, for some assets, using international information can improve forecasts of returns. The second objective of this paper is to re‐examine issues addressed in earlier studies using the international versions of our models. Our findings suggest that bond returns can be predicted with a common set of variables and that variables characterizing the monetary sector contain information about expected bond returns beyond that of business conditions proxies.
Monetary Policy, Price Stability and Output Gap Stabilization
Authors: Gaspar Vitor , Smets Frank
Published: March 2003

Using a standard New–Keynesian model, this paper examines three reasons why monetary policy should primarily focus on price stability rather than the stabilization of output around potential, even if there appears to be an exploitable trade–off between the volatility of inflation and that of the output gap. First, we discuss the well–known time–inconsistency problem associated with active output gap stabilization. Increasing the relative weight on inflation stabilization improves the equilibrium outcome. Second, we analyse some of the problems associated with the substantial uncertainty that surrounds estimates of potential output. We argue that focusing on price stability is a robust monetary policy strategy in the face of such uncertainty. Finally, we consider the case where private agents are trying to estimate the inflation generating process using an ‘ad hoc’, but reasonable learning rule. By emphasizing a single goal the central bank facilitates the process of learning, thereby stablizing both inflation and the output gap.
University‐to‐industry knowledge transfer: literature review and unanswered questions
Authors: Agrawal Ajay K.
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the economic literature concerning university‐to‐industry knowledge transfer. Papers on this topic are divided into four categories. Research in the ‘firm characteristics’ category focuses directly on company issues, such as internal organization, resource allocation, and partnerships. In contrast, research in the ‘university characteristics’ stream pays little attention to the firms that commercialize inventions, but rather focuses on issues relating to the university, such as licensing strategies, incentives for professors to patent, and policies such as taking equity in return for intellectual property. The ‘geography in terms of localized spillovers’ stream of research considers the spatial relationship between firms and universities relative to performance in terms of knowledge transfer success. Finally, the ‘channels of knowledge transfer‘ literature examines the relative importance of various transfer pathways between universities and firms, such as publications, patents, and consulting. Each of these research streams is discussed and key papers are described highlighting important methodologies and results. Finally, an outline of topics requiring further research in each of the four categories is offered.
Performance Rating Accuracy: Convergence Between Supervisor Assessment and Sales Productivity
Authors: Sundvik Lilli , Lindeman Marjaana
Published: March 2003

The role of seven variables in predicting supervisor rating accuracy was examined. The study was conducted in natural settings, and the criterion for rating accuracy was the rated salesperson’s productivity in terms of sales. The predictors examined were the supervisor’s gender, the amount of time the supervisor spent working with the subordinate, the length of the supervisor–subordinate relationship, depth of acquaintance, the subordinate’s sensitivity to expressive behavior in others, the ability to modify self‐presentation and the subordinate’s age. The participants were 208 supervisors and 268 female salespersons. The results of a discriminant analysis showed that the variables predicting accuracy–inaccuracy were different from those predicting overestimation–underestimation. Accuracy was best predicted by the length of the supervisor–subordinate relationship and by the supervisor’s female gender. The direction of the inaccurate ratings was best predicted by high acquaintance, which pulled the ratings in a positively‐biased direction.
Computerized Testing in the United States Air Force
Authors: Ree Malcolm James , Carretta Thomas R
Published: March 2003

Computerized testing in the United States Air Force finds its historical beginnings in apparatus tests developed during World War II. The advent of fast, small, and inexpensive computers led to the establishment of a research program to use computers in pilot selection. Later, computerized tests were demonstrated for more familiar aptitude measures such as verbal and quantitative ability. Several large‐scale efforts to implement computerized testing have proved informative. Many Air Force tests are routinely administered by computer. Continued advances in computer technology promise to make computerized testing more common and more commonplace. Computer use in measuring physiological correlates of human ability is discussed.
Personality, Self‐Efficacy and Functioning in Management Teams: A Contribution to Validation
Authors: De Jong Rendel D. , Bouhuys Stephanie A. , Barnhoorn John C.
Published: March 2003

The relationship between individual difference variables and the contribution to team functioning was examined in 58 members of management teams. Extraversion and self‐efficacy for working in teams were related to attraction to the team, which in turn was related to a rating of team effectiveness. Extraversion was also related directly to team effectiveness. The relationship between conscientiousness and team functioning was not clear. The results are considered supportive for the validity of self‐efficacy for teams and extraversion as indicators of the ability and propensity of individuals to contribute to the functioning of management teams.
Self‐ratings in Training Programs: An Examination of Level of Performance and the Effects of Feedback
Authors: Carless Sally A. , Roberts‐Thompson Geoff P.
Published: March 2003

The level of agreement (mean differences and correlations) between self, peer and training staff ratings were examined in this study. The sample consisted of 545 participants who were undertaking a Royal Australian Airforce officer training program. Consistent with previous research there was strong agreement between training staff and peers and weak agreement between self‐ratings and ratings by others (training staff and peers). Accuracy of ratings was examined by (a) comparing the mean ratings of outstanding, average and below‐average performers; and (b) correlating difference scores with a measure of performance. The findings showed that below‐average performers have a less accurate view of themselves compared to outstanding performers. Finally, we examined the effects of negative feedback on self‐perceptions. The analyses indicated that after receiving negative feedback, average performers adjusted their self‐ratings. Various explanations were proposed together with practical implications for training.
The Stability of the Five‐Factor Model of Personality in Personnel Selection and Assessment in Greece
Authors: Tsaousis Ioannis , Nikolaou Ioannis E.
Published: March 2003

The stability and replicability of the Five‐Factor model of personality across samples and testing purposes remain a significant issue in personnel selection and assessment. The present study explores the stability of a new Greek Big Five personality measure (TPQue) across different samples in order to explore the suitability of the measure in personnel selection and assessment. The factor structure of the measure across three samples (students, employees, and job applicants) is examined. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses show that the five‐factor structure remains intact for the students’, the applicants’ and the employees’ samples – contrary to previous studies – with all the sub‐scales of the personality measure (TPQue) loading on the intended factors. Furthermore, congruence coefficients between the samples justify the stability of the model in the working settings.
Which Welfare States are Most Likely to Survive?
Authors: Glennerster H.
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the major shocks to which modern welfare systems are having to adapt. These include the growing inequalities of rewards for those in work, the growing scale of unemployment, global economic pressures, the ageing of populations and the combination of fiscal constraint with rising consumer expectations. It discusses how different kinds of welfare state are responding to these pressures and looks especially at the policies of the new Blair government. The paper concludes by suggesting that these issues are taking the UK to a distinctive welfare regime position.
Social Work in a Managed Care Environment
Authors: Segal S.P.
Published: March 2003

Managed care has created a new service environment, eliminating distinctions that have sustained social work ideology and the profession throughout its history. This paper reviews important features of managed care, considers changes it has brought to practice ideology, the practitioner/client relationship, and the practice environment, including social work employment. The paper discusses the new opportunities, challenges and problems that have emerged with this approach.

While social workers should not embrace managed care, they should not run from it or blindly oppose it. They need to aggressively pursue it, fighting its major drawbacks, while adapting to a competitive market place. Given the current managed care market, the social work profession is now in the right place, at the right time, with the right skills, and available at the right price. It must now take on a leadership role to maintain its competitive position, protect its clients and insure quality practice.
Childhood and adolescent antecedents of psychiatric disability in men and women: a prospective study
Authors: Lindelöw M. , Hodgins S. , af Klinteberg M.
Published: March 2003

The prevalence of childhood and adolescent antecedents of psychiatric disability, that is, an extended inability to work due to a mental disorder, were investigated in a general population sample of 1,393 Swedish men and women, followed from age 10 to age 40. The point prevalence of psychiatric disability was 3.2% among the males and 2.2% among the females. Antecedents of disability differed for the two sexes. Among the women, the disabled subjects were more likely than the non‐disabled to have parents with low levels of education and low income. The disabled men showed significantly more teacher rated concentration problems and motor restlessness than did the non‐disabled, later recalled school as a more negative experience, and were more likely to leave the educational system as soon as it was legally possible. Age at first contact with the mental health services also differed for disabled men and women.
Leisure for youth in residential care: an important context for intervention
Authors: Säfvenbom Reidar , Sandahl D.M.
Published: March 2003

Compared with non‐institutionalized youth, adolescents under the protection of a social welfare agency have somewhat differing patterns of free‐time activity. However, little is known about the contexts in which meaningful free time activity occurs. Data on this topic were collected from a sample of adolescents (n = 20) under the care of the Child Welfare Organization (Oslo, Norway) and a comparison group of non‐institutionalized adolescents (n = 27) from neighboring schools. The Experience Sampling Method was used to collect data on 1220 situations sampled during after‐school hours, with particular attention given to the nature of the activity, social group, and location. The dependent variable was the respondent’s desire to do that activity more or less often. Compared to the reference group, adolescents in the youth protection group were significantly more likely to say they wanted more self‐involving activities and found this type of engagement within the privacy of their institution rather than in public arenas. These results are discussed in relation to the potential for intervention to enhance the leisure opportunities of institutionalized youth.
Dynamics of food‐assisted development strategies in Bangladesh
Authors: Dowlah C. A. F.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the dynamics of food‐assisted development strategies in Bangladesh focusing on the ultra‐poor women and children. The magnitude of poverty and malnutrition has been examined to determine how chronic food insecurity and malnutrition deter the ultra‐poor from taking active part in the mainstream development programmes in Bangladesh. Forces and factors that led to policy and programme shifts over the years, including the imperatives of national development experience, World Food Summit 1996 and the Enabling Development Approach of World Food Program, have been scrutinised in order to suggest strategies for directing food assistance more intensely towards community and human resource development, instead of physical or infrastructure development, as done in the past benefiting more the non‐poor than the poor.
Working and Learning with Electronic Performance Support Systems: An Effectiveness Study
Authors: Bastiaens Theo J. , Nijhof Wim J. , Streumer Jan N. , Abma Harmen J.
Published: March 2003

In this study the effectiveness of electronic performance support systems (EPSS) is reported. Some of the expected advantages of EPSS, such as an increase in productivity and improved learning are evaluated with insurance agents using laptop computers. Theoretical statements, research design and hypotheses are presented. The conclusion is that EPSS was cheaper than classroom training and had some benefits for learners, but did not produce the expected benefit of an increase in productivity.
New Zealand Human Capital Development and Structural Reform
Authors: Elkin Graham
Published: March 2003

Between 1983 and 1997 New Zealand has undergone major economic and labour market changes moving it from one of the most protected economies and labour markets in the world into one of the most open. During the same period the vocational education and training infrastructure was largely abandoned. In 1992 after a four year gap, major initiatives were put in place to allow a voluntary, industry based, human capital development strategy to grow. This article looks at the historical position of education and training and attempts to evaluate the success of the new approach—suggesting the main human capital initiatives are proving successful when combined with economic reform.
Relationship between competence‐based education and student reflection on practice: a UK case study of initial teacher training
Authors: Burchell Helen , Westmoreland Susan
Published: March 2003

The past six years have seen a major change in initial teacher training (ITT) in the UK through the introduction of national competences, later developed as standards, which govern the arrangements for teaching and assessing on all programmes leading to the award of qualified teacher status. This article takes as its focus the value to be placed on a competence‐based approach to ITT in the context of a programme which gives emphasis also to reflection on practice. The issues are first explored in a general way, and then examined through a case study of one higher education institution ITT programme.
A study of the on‐the‐job training of production line operatives in manufacturing companies
Authors: Riding Richard , Mortimer Julianne
Published: March 2003

A case‐study using interview and observation investigated on‐the‐job training in manufacturing companies to consider the implications for personnel professionals. The findings were that training was undertaken by peer colleagues who had received very restricted trainer training, and the training was wholly outside the oversight of personnel professionals. Developments were proposed which, while they would apply primarily to the case‐study organisations, might well be appropriate for more general implementation.
Identification of clusters of managerial skills for increased effectiveness: the case of the steel industry in Iran
Authors: Analoui F. , Labbaf H. , Noorbakhsh F.
Published: March 2003

Managerial skills are viewed as being of fundamental importance for improved managerial performance and effectiveness as the whole. Recent developments in the field point to the presence of three paramount and overlapping categories of managerial skills namely, task‐, people‐ and self‐related, that play a crucial role towards increasing the effectiveness of the senior managers in both private and public sector organisations. The results of a survey of executive and senior managers in the steel industry of Iran point to the emergence of distinct patterns delineating clusters of skills with various degrees of generalisability to the universe of managerial skills. It is concluded that while people‐related skills are strongly interrelated, and should be regarded as an integrated set of skills, the same does not apply, at least to the same extent, to the other two categories of skills. People‐related skills, however, constitute the most important category for the increased effec‐tiveness of senior managers, irrespective of their position in the hierarchy.
HRD involvement in merger and acquisition decisions and strategy development: four organizational portraits
Authors: Jeris Laurel S. , Johnson James R. , Anthony C. Carol
Published: March 2003

Although the financial and strategic aspects of mergers and acquisitions are well researched, little work has been done on the human resource development implications of this popular topic. The purpose of this case study research project was to explore the timing and scope of HRD involvement in four organizations recently involved in a merger or acquisition, by using three theoretical models as lenses. The results demonstrated that HRD normally was not involved in the initial decision‐making to merge or acquire, even though post‐deal HRD initiatives, particularly related to change management, were perceived as critical indicators of success.
‘It’s the identification, stupid’: profiling senior public service managers for training and development
Authors: Bhatta Gambhir
Published: March 2003

A review of practices of senior management development across the upper echelons of the public services of major jurisdictions shows that while the need to develop leaders is universally recognised by governments, there are still considerable gaps in the development function. One of the key gaps the article argues that is central to the training and development function is that of identification and targeting of individuals. A profiling protocol is presented that is argued could be an appropriate tool for governments to consider as they seek to link the desired competencies with the career aspirations of their public service senior managers.
Transformation of Local Power Elites: the Institutionalization of Social Movements in St Petersburg
Authors: Duka Alexander
Published: March 2003

Starting from the elections of 1990, the renewal of St Petersburg's political elite has developed in two stages. During the first stage, activists of social movement organizations were established in the city representative body (institutionalization of social movements). In the second stage, authoritative bodies within the city Soviet were formed from the deputy corps (whose members we have identified as the elite). Having progressed from their role of challenging the institutionalized political process to participating in it, the new city political leadership at first followed the patterns of social movement behaviour. There has been, however, a shift in activity patterns and an estrangement from challenging groups. There is also evidence of a change in the concept of city authorities' functioning. The desire for a union of representative and executive power, typical of an initial introduction to politics, is giving way to recognition of the need for a division of power. But the admission of leaders of challenging social movements to city power structures has not entailed their conversion to the new city elite.

Depuis les élections de 1990, le renouvellement des élites de Saint Pétersbourg s'est produit en deux étapes. Durant la première phase, les activistes des organisations de mouvements sociaux s'établirent dans le corps représentatif de la ville (l'institutionalisation des mouvements sociaux). Durant la deuxième phase, les organisations autoritaires de la ville furent formées par le corps des fondés de pouvoir (dont nous avons identifiés les membres comme étant l'élite). Ayant progressé de leur position de contestation du processus politique institutionaliséà celle de participant dans ce processus, les nouveaux dirigeants politiques de la ville suivirent, au début, le modèle de comportement du mouvement social. Il y a cependant eu un changement dans les types d'activités et un retrait des groupes contestataires. Il y a aussi des indications de changement dans les concepts de fonctionnement des autorités de la ville. Le désir d'unir les pouvoirs représentatifs et exécutifs, caractéristique d'une introduction initiale à la politique, cède la place à une reconnaissance qu'une division du pouvoir est nécessaire. Mais l'entrée des dirigeants des mouvements sociaux contestataires dans les structures du pouvoir de la ville n'a pas été suivie par leur transformation en nouvelles élites.
Revitalizing Inner‐City Neighborhoods in the United States
Authors: Seidman Karl F.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Ronald F. Ferguson and William T. Dickens ,(eds.) Urban problems andcommunity development

Michael R. Greenberg, Restoring America's neighborhoods: how local people make a difference

W. Dennis Keating and Norman Krumholz, (eds.) Rebuilding urban neighborhoods: achievements, opportunities and limits

John Kromer, Neighborhood recovery: reinvestment policy for the new hometown

William Peterman, Neighborhood planning and community‐based development: the potential and limits of grassroots action
City Moves: An Essay in Honour of Ian Taylor
Authors: Lippens Ronnie , Taylor Ian
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Vincenzo Ruggiero, Movements in the city. Conflict in the European metropolis

Sophie Body‐Gendrot, The social control of cities? A comparative perspective
The Local Polity as a Pathway for Public Power: Taming the Business Tiger during New York City’s Industrial Age
Authors: Kantor Paul
Published: March 2003

This article explores how bargaining advantages arising from the process of public‐private coordination of interests enable local government to contain business influence in urban development. A theoretical framework highlights how the scope of business demands and the impact of policy on political coalitions empower local officials as Brokers, Organizers, Entrepreneurs and Promoters. Each role affords different pathways for state power in competition with business. This is illustrated by surveying transportation politics during the industrial age in New York City. The city’s experience demonstrates alternative local public‐sector foundations for governmental power in growth politics. As such, it qualifies theories of business privilege in democratic politics and identifies how the dynamics of the public sector empower local officials.

Cet article examine comment la négociation d’avantages, née de la coordination des intérêts publics‐privés, permet à un gouvernement local de contenir l’influence des entreprises sur l’urbanisme. Un cadre théorique explique comment l’ampleur des demandes des entreprises et l’impact de la politique sur les coalitions politiques autorisent les représentants locaux à agir en Médiateur, Organisateur, Entrepreneur et Promoteur, chacun de ces rôles permettant des chemins différents vers le pouvoir étatique, en concurrence avec le monde des affaires. L’illustration est donnée par une étude de la politique des transports de la ville de New York à l’ère industrielle. Elle démontre que le secteur public local dispose de diverses assises pour s’assurer un pouvoir gouvernemental dans une politique de croissance. A cet égard, il modère les théories sur le privilège des entreprises dans une politique démocratique et définit comment la dynamique du secteur public donne un pouvoir aux représentants locaux.
‘Weltoffenheit schafft Jobs’: Turkish entrepreneurship and multiculturalism in Berlin
Authors: Pécoud Antoine
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the connections between multiculturalism, unemployment and self–employment in the case of Berlin’s Turkish economy. It first describes five trends that are currently shaping German–Turks’ business activities: heterogeneity, hybridity, professionalism, internationalization and state interest. The consequences of these five trends are partly contradictory. On the one hand, they challenge the relevance of the ‘Turkish economy’ concept. On the other hand, they give an unprecedented respectability to the ‘Turkish economy’, thus popularizing this concept. The article argues that this contradiction should be interpreted as an outcome of the growing importance of multiculturalism in Germany’s relation to immigrants. Acknowledging the presence of immigrants has led to an emphasis on their high rate of self–employment, viewed as a possible solution to their unemployment and ‘integration’ problems. What emerges is the economic dimension of multiculturalism, i.e. an ideology that sees immigration and ethnic pluralism as economically positive. The article concludes by a critical analysis of this ideology.

Cet article étudie les liens entre multiculturalisme, chômage et entreprise individuelle dans le cas de l’économie turque berlinoise. Il décrit d’abord cinq tendances qui configurent actuellement l’activitééconomique des Germano–turcs: hétérogénéité, hybridité, professionnalisme, internationalisation et intérêt de l’État. Les conséquences de ces cinq tendances sont en partie contradictoires. D’un côté, elles remettent en question le concept ‘d’économie turque’ et, de l’autre, elles lui offrent une respectabilité sans précédent, propageant ainsi le concept. Cette contradiction devrait être interprétée comme le résultat de l’importance croissante du multiculturalisme dans la relation de l’Allemagne à l’égard des immigrants. Reconnaître la présence d’immigrés a conduit à souligner le rôle important des entrepreneurs, considérés comme une solution possible à leurs problèmes de chômage et ‘d’intégration’. Est ainsi révélée la dimension économique du multiculturalisme, c’est–à–dire une idéologie qui voit l’immigration et le pluralisme ethnique comme économiquement positifs. La conclusion expose une analyse critique de cette idéologie.
Immigrant Unemployment: The Australian Experience
Authors: Miller Paul W. , Neo Leanne M.
Published: March 2003

Between 1980 and 1996 both male and female immigrants experienced higher unemployment rates than Australian‐born workers. In 1996, for example, the unemployment rate for the overseas‐born was 9.8 per cent, compared with 8.1 per cent for the Australia‐born. A multivariate analysis is used in this article to examine unemployment rate differentials between Australia‐born and immigrants from English‐speaking countries and immigrants from non‐English‐speaking countries. A feature of the analysis is decomposition of unemployment rate differences between birthplace groups into a component attributable to the different characteristics of the birthplace groups (e.g. different mean levels of education) and a part that is viewed as an impact associated simply with being foreign born.

The analyses reveal that the principal factors that influence employment success in the Australian labour market are educational attainment, age, qualifications and, among the foreign‐born, duration of residence in Australia and English language proficiency. Also, unemployment rate reductions associated with additional years of education are not as large for immigrants from non‐English‐speaking countries as they are for the Australia‐born or for immigrants from English‐speaking countries.

The results suggest that if immigrants’ marketable characteristics were rewarded in the labour market in the same way that the Australia‐born’s characteristics are rewarded, then immigrants would experience considerably lower unemployment rates than those of the Australia‐born. The unemployment rate differentials actually observed in the albour market arise because this potential advantage is offset by “unjustified” factors. This suggests a role for skill adaptation courses, competency based skill standards and a strengthening of affirmative action programmes for ethnic minorities.

The study also shows that recent immigrants are at a pronounced unemployment rate disadvantage, and that this disadvantage persists for a considerable period. This result differs from recent findings for the US labour market where duration of residence effects are short‐lived. It is suggested that this difference may be associated with the Australian labour market being less flexible than the US labour market.
Sudanese Migration to the New World: Socio‐economic Characteristics
Authors: Abusharaf Rogaia M.
Published: March 2003

Sudanese migration is one of the most recent waves from the developing world to the US and Canada. Previous studies on Sudanese international migration were concerned with migration to Egypt and the oil‐rich Arab countries (i.e. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Libya, Qatar and Iraq). This article, the first on Sudanese‐New World migration, focuses on the period since the advent of the current Islamic military government of Lieutenant General Umar al Bashir in 1989, the Gulf war of 1991 and the renewal of the civil war in the Sudan. The article demonstrates that an earlier, small, temporary migration from the Sudan to the New World, based principally (but not exclusively) on seeking higher education, has been replaced by a larger migration stemming from political unrest, economic stringency and a perceived lack of choice in migration. The article also provides basic descriptive data on this phenomenon.
The Welsh Patagonian Connection: A Neglected Chapter in Australian Immigration History
Authors: Langfield Michele
Published: March 2003

This article is an account of the history of Welsh migrants to Patagonia from 1865 to 1914, their motivations for emigrating, their experiences in Argentina, and the subsequent relocation of several hundred to the British dominions in the early twentieth century.

The focus in the first part of the article is on the nature of those who went from Patagonia to Australia between 1910 and 1915 and the migration of a group of Australians to Paraguay in the 1890s. The second half of the article examines the experiences of the Welsh Patagonians in Australia, their relationships with federal and state governments in the light of the intense rivalry to procure them as settlers, and their involvement in two New South Wales Royal Commissions concerning the operations of the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area.

The article concludes with a discussion on the degree to which a Welsh cultural heritage and identity has been preserved by these settlers in an assimilationist post‐Federation Australia. Not only is this a unique double migration experience, but it calls into question immigration encouragement policies and official advertising material during this period, a history which parallels other land settlement schemes of both the pre‐ and post‐war eras in Australia.
Home, Work and Community: Skilled International Migration and Expatriate Women in Singapore
Authors: Yeoh Brenda S.A. , Khoo Louisa‐May
Published: March 2003

While skilled labour migration across international borders is a phenomenon of increasing significance in the age of globalization and an important component in the production of global cities, it has not been given sufficient attention in traditional migration analyses.

Recent research has focused on institutional mechanisms regulating the patterns of skill transfer rather than the individual experience of being part of the international labour circuit. Women, in particular, have usually been relegated to the role of “trailing spouses” and are generally invisible in the migration process.

Using a questionnaire survey and in‐depth interviews, this article attempts to reinstate the importance of women’s roles by portraying them as active agents who adopt a range of strategies in negotiating the move and coming to terms with the transformations wrought by the move in the domains of home, work and community. It argues that skilled labour migration is a strongly gendered process, producing different sets of experiences for the men and women involved in it.

While international circulation often represents “career moves” for expatriate men, their spouses often experience a devalorization of their productive functions and a relegation to the domestic sphere. As an adaptive strategy, expatriate women often turn to the social and community sphere to reach for grounding in their lives.

The article also points to the diversity of “expatriate experiences”: while “western” expatriates tend to recreate a more exclusive world by drawing on strong institutional support, “Asian” expatriates find that they have to navigate much finer social and cultural divides between themselves and the host society.
Forced Migration and Destination Choice: Armenian Forced Settlers and Refugees in the Russian Federation
Authors: Riddle Liesl A. , Buckley Cynthia
Published: March 2003

Many analysts have criticized resettlement institutions for placing displaced people in inappropriate and desolate areas. This article seeks to determine the extent to which the Russian Federal Migration Service (FMS) plays an active, systematic role in the placement of dislocated peoples, focusing on refugees (bezhentsii) and forced settlers (pereselentsii) in the Russian Federation arriving from the Republic of Armenia.

Using data on regional‐level forced migrations flows, we investigate structural‐ and choice‐based models for the prediction of settlement patterns.

Findings indicate that variables associated with models of individual choice best predict the resettlement pattern for forced settlers and refugees from the Armenian Republic in the Russian Federation. Our findings question previously held assumptions regarding the meaning of refugee status and the influence of institutions on settlement location patterns.