bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting impact to assess the efficacy of community‐based marine reserve design
Authors: Smallhorn‐West Patrick F. , Bridge Tom C.L. , Malimali Siola'a , Pressey Robert L. , Jones Geoffrey P.
Published: September 2018

During the planning phase the efficacy of different strategies to manage marine resources should ultimately be assessed by their potential impact, or ability to make a difference to ecological and social outcomes. While community‐based and systematic approaches to establishing marine protected areas have their strengths and weaknesses, comparisons of their effectiveness often fail to explicitly address potential impact. Here, we predict conservation impact to compare recently implemented community‐based marine reserves in Tonga to a systematic configuration specifically aimed at maximizing impact. Boosted regression tree outputs indicated that fishing pressure accounted for ∼24% of variation in target species biomass. We estimate that the community‐based approach provides 84% of the recovery potential of the configuration with the greatest potential impact. This high potential impact results from community‐based reserves being located close to villages, where fishing pressure is greatest. These results provide strong support for community‐based marine management, with short‐term benefits likely to accrue even where there is little scope for systematic reserve design.
Immunohistochemistry of p16 in nevi of pregnancy and nevoid melanomas
Authors: Koh Stephen S. , Roehmholdt Brian F. , Cassarino David S.
Published: September 2018

Background

Hormonal changes in pregnancy are known to alter melanocytic lesions, with some nevi noted to have increased mitotic figures and increased Ki‐67 proliferation index. Additionally, cytomorphologic changes have also been noted, referred to as superficial micronodules of pregnancy. These changes may alarm the pathologist for malignancy, particularly nevoid melanoma. Immunohistochemistry for p16 has been recently utilized to distinguish benign nevi from melanoma. We assessed the use of p16 immunohistochemistry for distinguishing melanocytic nevi of pregnant patients from nevoid melanomas.

Methods

Fourteen nevomelanocytic lesions were obtained from pregnant or postpartum patients along with 20 nevoid melanomas for comparison. Immunohistochemistry with p16 was performed on each melanocytic lesion. The percentage of nuclear p16 staining of dermal melanocytes was grouped on a scale of <5%, 5% to 25%, >25% to 50%, and >50%.

Results

The majority of nevi from pregnant patients (81%) showed staining of >5% for p16. In contrast, the majority of nevoid melanomas (65%) had staining of <5% for p16.

Conclusion

The application of p16 as a potential immunohistochemistry diagnostic marker to distinguish nevi from pregnant patients vs nevoid melanomas may be useful.
Adjuvant treatment of severe/refractory bullous pemphigoid with protein A immunoadsorption
Authors: Hübner Franziska , Kasperkiewicz Michael , Knuth‐Rehr Diana , Shimanovich Iakov , Hübner Joachim , Süfke Sven , Muck Philip , Zillikens Detlef , Schmidt Enno
Published: September 2018

Background

While depletion of circulating autoantibodies using immunoadsorption (IA) is an established therapeutic approach in patients with pemphigus vulgaris, IA has only sporadically been used in other autoimmune bullous disorders. Although bullous pemphigoid (BP) usually responds well to topical and systemic corticosteroids, rapid depletion of serum autoantibodies may be an effective adjuvant treatment option in patients with severe and/or refractory disease.

Patients and methods

Case series of 20 patients (13 women, 7 men; mean age 78.6 years; range 56–94 years) with severe or refractory BP. In addition to oral prednisolone (0.25–0.5 mg/kg/day), dapsone (1.0–1.5 mg/kg/day), and clobetasol propionate 0.05 % ointment (lesional application, twice daily), treatment consisted of protein A IA (three sessions on consecutive days). The mean follow‐up period was 33.6 months (1–84 months).

Results

The majority of patients showed a rapid and sustained response. One month after treatment, eight patients (42 %; 19 patients were included in the follow‐up) were in complete remission; at the last follow‐up visit (after 1 to 84 months), that number was 13 (68 %). Not only was there an initial drop in anti‐BP180 autoantibodies (by 92 %), the effect also continued after one and three months, with mean autoantibody levels at 26 % and 13 % of baseline, respectively (p < 0.001). Both previously treated and treatment‐naive patients showed a significant reduction in anti‐BP180NC16A antibody levels throughout the observation period. Adverse events occurred in 13 of the 20 patients (65 %). Three were severe of which two were likely or probably related to IA.

Conclusion

Immunoadsorption is an effective adjuvant treatment option for (the usually elderly) patients with severe and/or refractory BP.
Barriers and Facilitators for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Adults in Rural Counties
Authors: Tallant April , Rettig Morgan , Tennyson Sarah
Published: September 2018

Research exploring factors affecting fruit and vegetable intake in rural populations is lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to and facilitators for eating fruits and vegetables among a convenience sample of rural‐dwelling adults in North Carolina. Twenty‐three women and men from five counties provided information in focus groups and completed demographic questionnaires. Analyses revealed barriers that included cost, time, schedule limitations, lack of options, food safety concerns, and inconvenience. Facilitators included having gardens, lower prices, having local and in‐season produce, and accessibility. Solutions to barriers were planning ahead and convenience. Facilitators included behavior changes and environmental supports.
Fatigue assessment of steel load‐carrying cruciform welded joints by means of local approaches
Authors: Song Wei , Liu Xuesong , Razavi Nima
Published: September 2018

In this paper, local approaches are employed to analyse stress distributions, local fatigue indicators of weld toe, and weld root in load‐carrying cruciform welded joints (LCWJs). An extension of previous available equations is applied herein to calculate the approximate notch strain energy density (SED) based on the notch stress intensity factors (NSIFs) of LCWJ. The extending range of applicability is useful to explain various geometry effects comprehensively of LCWJ under cyclic tension and bending. By employing these extended equations, SED values can be rapidly evaluated without any finite element calculations. The NSIF and SED values obtained according to proposed analytical solutions are first validated by comparing finite element data from several stimulations in LCWJ models, resulting in a good agreement. Moreover, the failure transition relationship between weld toe and weld root is assured by SED values considering variations of notch angles. As a preliminary validation, the accuracy and reliability of proposed analytical model in this paper are checked by several experimental data generated from testing under fatigue loading. The good agreements between the experimental results and existing scatter bonds based on local NSIF, SED, and peak stress method fatigue design standards establish reliable basis for validation of the present analytical equations.
Striving for the third space: A U.S. professional's experiences in Chinese workplaces
Authors: Zeng Zhini
Published: September 2018

This single‐case study explored the experiences of a U.S. professional working in China by focusing on his discursive performance in negotiating a third space at work with people from the target culture. The results revealed that the foreign professional demonstrated a strong desire to creatively appropriate the target language as his own use, which went hand‐in‐hand with his advanced language skills and cultural knowledge, allowing him to assume full responsibility for his own linguistic choice. In addition, the inclusion of evaluations of this U.S. professional's performances by his target‐culture domain counterparts imparted a two‐fold set of high expectations for a global professional. On the basis of these findings, this study proposed that instructors of advanced level should focus on developing learners’ multilingual capacities to operate successfully between languages and to negotiate domain expertise with members of the target community. It is important to help students recognize the boundaries of transgression and the target‐society expectations so as to co‐construct a desirable third space for both parties.
SCHOPENHAUER'S PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
Authors: JENSEN ANTHONY K.
Published: September 2018

Contained mostly within one brief chapter of his The World as Will and Representation, Schopenhauer's philosophy of history has long been considered either hostile or irrelevant to nineteenth‐century philosophy of history. This article argues that, on the contrary, Schopenhauer maintained what would become a widely accepted criticism of the methodological identity of historiography and the natural sciences. His criticism of Hegel's teleological historiography was more philosophically rigorous than is commonly acknowledged. And his proposal of a “genuine” historiography along the model of art became a major influence on the historiography of Burckhardt, Emerson, and Nietzsche. This article accordingly aims to restore Schopenhauer to the conversation of nineteenth‐century philosophy of history.
4. REASON, AGENCY, AND HISTORY: REMARKS ON KANT AND BENJAMIN
Authors: HAMMER ESPEN
Published: September 2018

This essay begins by determining the nature of Richard Eldridge's project. Referring mainly to writings by Immanuel Kant and Walter Benjamin, I view his attempt as considering what it involves to be an agent in a historical setting. According to Eldridge, the correct answer will have to involve the right combination of Kant's emphasis on rational self‐determination and Benjamin's account of spontaneous (yet nonrational) self‐transformation. In response to this answer, I suggest that Benjamin's view may not easily lend itself to being made compatible with Kantian thinking. In particular, Benjamin's effort to think experience in terms that do not make any reference to rational self‐determination must be viewed as deeply foreign to Kant's project. I also argue that Kant's third Critique, in particular its conception of reflective judgment, could have provided Eldridge with a view of agency and experience that does not deviate substantially from Kant's project elsewhere. At the end of the essay, I argue that the duality we find in Eldridge's exposition should be viewed as not only related to individuals but to society in general. An attempt to resolve it must involve reflection on how historically constituted social forms create such stark oppositions between reason and its other.
Self‐fulfilling regression and statistical discrimination
Authors: Hayashi Takashi
Published: September 2018

This paper provides a simple model which explains that statistical discrimination can arise in a purely self‐fulfilling manner. The story is as follows. (i) At the point of hiring, employers cannot observe workers’ productivities but can observe only their signals, such as test scores, and under perfect competition they pay for expected labor productivity conditional on signal observation, based on their belief about return to signal. (ii) Given the employers’ belief, workers choose an effort level, which affects the joint probability distribution over productivity–signal pairs. (iii) In equilibrium, the employers’ belief proves to be statistically consistent. We show that there may be multiple equilibria, and that equilibrium selection has nothing to do with economic fundamentals.
Consumers’ expectations and willingness‐to‐pay for local animal products produced with local feed
Authors: Profeta Adriano , Hamm Ulrich
Published: September 2018

What is local food? To answer this question, past consumer research focused on a definition based on distances between the point of production and the point of purchase or political and landscape boundaries. Nonetheless, there are few findings about what consumers expect or know about the origin of input factors for locally labelled products. Most consumers do not know that animal food production in Europe is dependent on protein feed imports from third countries that come with negative environmental effects. Local supply chains with domestic protein feedstuffs are only economically feasible when consumers pay higher prices. This study analyses whether consumers are willing to pay higher prices for the use of local feed in local products. For this purpose, a German wide survey of 1602 consumers in food retail shops was carried out. The findings reveal a high potential demand for local animal products produced with local feed.
Oestrogen promotes tumorigenesis of bladder cancer by inducing the enhancer RNA—eGREB1
Authors: Ding Mengting , Liu Yuhan , Li Jianfa , Yao Lin , Liao Xinhui , Xie Haibiao , Yang Kang , Zhou Qun , Liu Yuchen , Huang Weiren , Cai Zhiming
Published: September 2018

In recent years, studies have shown that enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) can be transcribed from enhancers. Increasing evidence has revealed that eRNAs play critical roles in the development of various cancers. Oestrogen‐associated eRNAs are closely related to breast cancer. In view of the gender differences in bladder cancer (BCa), we suppose that oestrogen‐associated eRNAs are also involved in tumorigenesis of BCa. In our study, we first demonstrated that eGREB1 derived from the enhancer of an oestrogen‐responsive gene—GREB1 was up‐regulated in BCa tissues, and the expression level of eGREB1 is positively associated with the histological grade and TNM stage of BCa. Knockdown of eGREB1 by CRISPR‐Cas13a could inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induce apoptosis in BCa cells T24 and 5637. Besides, we exhibited the promoting effect of oestrogen on BCa cells. What's more, down‐regulation of eGREB1 could improve the malignant biological characteristics of BCa cells induced by oestrogen. In conclusion, our data indicated that eGREB1 plays oncogenic role and oestrogen may promote the occurrence and progression of BCa by inducing eGREB1 production. Our findings provide new insights into the prevention of BCa and develop a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of BCa.
A costly chemical trait: phenotypic condition dependence of cuticular hydrocarbons in a dung beetle
Authors: Berson Jacob D. , Simmons Leigh W.
Published: September 2018

Chemical traits are increasingly recognized as important cues used in mate choice. For example, the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of insects have been shown to influence mating success in a range of taxa. Less is known, however, about how CHCs are expressed in proportion to an individual's condition, and consequently whether CHCs can function as condition‐dependent signals of quality. We investigated this question using the dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus. CHCs are subject to sexual selection in this species through mate choice. A dietary manipulation revealed condition dependence of CHC expression for both sexes: dietary restriction decreased overall CHC production and altered the composition of CHCs. Furthermore, CHC production was associated with a measure of condition in beetles fed a limited diet but not those fed ad libitum. These results implicate a resource cost to CHC production that is likely to result in trade‐offs with other fitness components in this species, as these respond similarly to a dietary restriction. The CHC profiles showed sexual dimorphism: males produced more CHCs and the sexes differed in the blend of compounds they produced. There was evidence for a male dimorphism in the CHC profile, in line with the presence of the alternative reproductive tactics (minor sneaks and major fighters) in this species. However, rather than mimicking a female CHC profile, minor males differed more from females than major males. Our results suggest that CHCs are a costly trait in O. taurus that has the potential to act as a condition‐dependent signal of quality.
Death penalty decision‐making: Fundamentalist beliefs and the evaluation of aggravating and mitigating circumstances
Authors: Yelderman Logan A. , West Matthew P. , Miller Monica K.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Jurors’ religious characteristics are related to death penalty attitudes and verdicts. Jurors’ religious characteristics might also relate to endorsements of aggravating circumstances (aggravators) and mitigating circumstances (mitigators)—factors that make a defendant more or less deserving of the death penalty, respectively. The purpose of this research was to assess the extent to which religious fundamentalism was related to endorsement and weighing of aggravators and mitigators and subsequent death penalty decisions while controlling for relevant religious and demographic characteristics.

Methods

Two studies were conducted. Study 1 included a regression analysis in which participants filled out religious and demographic measures via an online survey. In Study 2, participants acted as mock jurors in a death penalty trial in which the defendant was already found guilty. Mock jurors read the case facts and attorney arguments and then weighed aggravators and mitigators before recommending a sentence for the defendant.

Results

In Study 1, fundamentalism negatively predicted mitigator endorsement, intrinsic religiosity negatively predicted aggravator endorsement, and orthodoxy positively predicted aggravator endorsement. In Study 2, fundamentalism was related to death penalty sentences, and this was mediated by people's weighing of aggravators and mitigators. Specifically, fundamentalism was related to a lower likelihood of choosing a life sentence because fundamentalism was negatively related to weighing mitigators over aggravators.

Conclusions

Results support and explain prior research linking fundamentalism with punitiveness in death penalty cases. Such findings support the “eye for an eye” punishment philosophy associated with fundamentalist beliefs. Theoretical and legal implications are discussed.
The actinobacterial WhiB‐like (Wbl) family of transcription factors
Authors: Bush Matthew J.
Published: September 2018

The WhiB‐like (Wbl) family of proteins are exclusively found in Actinobacteria. Wbls have been shown to play key roles in virulence and antibiotic resistance in Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria, reflecting their importance during infection by the human pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In the antibiotic‐producing Streptomyces, several Wbls have important roles in the regulation of morphological differentiation, including WhiB, a protein that controls the initiation of sporulation septation and the founding member of the Wbl family. In recent years, genome sequencing has revealed the prevalence of Wbl paralogues in species throughout the Actinobacteria. Wbl proteins are small (generally ~80–140 residues) and each contains four invariant cysteine residues that bind an O2‐ and NO‐sensitive [4Fe–4S] cluster, raising the question as to how they can maintain distinct cellular functions within a given species. Despite their discovery over 25 years ago, the Wbl protein family has largely remained enigmatic. Here I summarise recent research in Mycobacteria, Corynebacteria and Streptomyces that sheds light on the biochemical function of Wbls as transcription factors and as potential sensors of O2 and NO. I suggest that Wbl evolution has created diversity in protein–protein interactions, [4Fe–4S] cluster‐sensitivity and the ability to bind DNA.
Managerial and Employee Conflict Communication in Papua New Guinea: Application of the Culture‐Based Social Ecological Conflict Model
Authors: Tommy Polang Forenuwe , Oetzel John G.
Published: September 2018

Framed by the culture‐based social ecological conflict model (CBSECM), this study examines individuals’ accounts of conflict communication in Papua New Guinea (PNG) between Chinese managers andPNGemployees. In‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 participants: six Chinese managers and eightPNGemployees. The findings show that primary orientation elements of face and power distance and situational features of labor laws and family obligations shape reported conflict communication strategies.PNGemployees tended to submit to managers even when they felt wrongly accused given their cultural orientations and situational constraints. To express dissent, these employees often used indirect, passive resistance strategies. Chinese managers reported using competition to resolve conflicts. The resulting conflict outcomes are distrust and dissatisfaction and have potential negative implications for intercultural relations and organizational success. The study contributes to theCBSECMby illuminating some of the multilevel effects proposed in the model.
A new species of Boletellus (Boletaceae, Basidiomycota) from tropical India
Authors: Parihar Arvind , Hembrom Manoj Emanuel , Vizzini Alfredo , Das Kanad
Published: September 2018

Boletellus shoreae is proposed as a new species characterized by a combination of features i.e. small (15–40 mm in diameter), brownish red to reddish brown pileus, yellow pore surface turning green when hurt or bruised, brown with 5% KOH, a stipe that is yellow in upper 1/4 of its length but brownish red in lower 3/4 of its length, becoming green in upper part and greyish red to red towards base with maturity and/or on bruising, basidiospores that are broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, sometimes oblong, inequilateral, and by the occurrence on ground under Shorea robusta in tropical dry deciduous forest. Morphological description, supporting illustrations and phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS and nrLSU (28S) sequence data are also provided.
Sweaty feet in adolescents—Early use of botulinum type A toxin in juvenile plantar hyperhidrosis
Authors: Bernhard Matthias K. , Krause Matthias , Syrbe Steffen
Published: September 2018

Background/Objectives

Plantar hyperhidrosis can have severe social effects on children and adolescents. Therapeutic options include antiperspirants and surgical interventions (eg, sympathectomy). Botulinum type A toxin is approved for axillary hyperhidrosis in adults only. The aim of the study was the determination of effect and safety of botulinum type A toxin in plantar hyperhidrosis in juvenile patients.

Methods

Children and adolescents with idiopathic focal plantar hyperhidrosis were treated with 50‐100 U of botulinum type A toxin per sole. Local anesthesia was provided using topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream and ice, in combination with midazolam as an anxiolytic.

Results

Fifteen patients (aged 12‐17) were included in the study. Best results were achieved with a dose of 75‐100 U of botulinum type A toxin per sole. Two patients did not benefit from the therapy, and 11 (73%) were satisfied with the results. Nine patients (60%) experienced pain at the injection site for a maximum duration of 3 days. One patient reported transient focal weakness for 4 weeks.

Conclusion

Botulinum type A toxin seems to be a safe secondary treatment option for plantar hyperhidrosis in adolescents aged 12 and older. A dose of 75‐100 U per sole resulted in a good therapeutic effect of variable duration in most patients. There were no severe side effects.
A randomized clinical trial of age and genotype‐guided tacrolimus dosing after pediatric solid organ transplantation
Authors: Min Sandar , Papaz Tanya , Lafreniere‐Roula Myriam , Nalli Nadya , Grasemann Hartmut , Schwartz Steven M. , Kamath Binita M. , Ng Vicky , Parekh Rulan S. , Manlhiot Cedric , Mital Seema
Published: September 2018

Background

Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics are influenced by age and CYP3A5 genotype with CYP3A5 expressors (CYP3A5*1/*1 or *1/*3) being fast metabolizers. However, the benefit of genotype‐guided dosing in pediatric solid organ transplantation has been understudied.

Objective

To determine whether age and CYP3A5 genotype‐guided starting dose of tacrolimus result in earlier attainment of therapeutic drug concentrations.

Setting

Single hospital‐based transplant center.

Methods

This was a randomized, semi‐blinded, 30‐day pilot trial. Between 2012 and 2016, pediatric patients listed for solid organ transplant were consented and enrolled into the study. Participants were categorized as expressors, CYP3A5*1/*1 or CYP3A5*1/*3, and nonexpressors, CYP3A5*3/*3. Patients were stratified by age (≤ or > 6 years) and randomized (2:1) after transplant to receive genotype‐guided (n = 35) or standard (n = 18) starting dose of tacrolimus for 36‐48 hours and were followed for 30 days.

Results

Median age at transplant in the randomized cohort was 2.1 (0.75‐8.0) years; 24 (45%) were male. Participants in the genotype‐guided arm achieved therapeutic concentrations earlier at a median (IQR) of 3.4 (2.5‐6.6) days compared to those in the standard dosing arm of 4.7 (3.5‐8.6) days (P = 0.049), and had fewer out‐of‐range concentrations [OR (95% CI) = 0.60 (0.44, 0.83), P = 0.002] compared to standard dosing, with no difference in frequency of adverse events between the two groups.

Conclusions

CYP3A5 genotype‐guided dosing stratified by age resulted in earlier attainment of therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations and fewer out‐of‐range concentrations.
Unresolved quenching mechanisms of chlorophyll fluorescence may invalidate MT saturating pulse analyses of photosynthetic electron transfer in microalgae
Authors: Havurinne Vesa , Mattila Heta , Antinluoma Mikko , Tyystjärvi Esa
Published: September 2018

Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a powerful tool for estimating photosynthetic efficiency, but there are still unanswered questions that hinder the use of its full potential. The present results describe a caveat in estimation of photosynthetic performance with so‐called rapid light curves (RLCs) with pulse amplitude modulation fluorometers. RLCs of microalgae show a severe decrease in photosynthetic performance in high light, although a similar decrease cannot be seen with other methods. We show that this decrease cannot be assigned to energy‐dependent non‐photochemical quenching or photoinhibition or to the geometry of the algal sample. The measured decrease in electron transfer rate is small in the tested siphonaceuous algae and higher plants, but very notable in all planktonic species, exhibiting species‐dependent variation in extent and reversibility. We performed in‐depth analysis of the phenomenon in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, in which the decrease is the most pronounced and reversible among the tested organisms. The results suggest that quenching of fluorescence by oxidized plastoquinone alone cannot explain the phenomenon, and alternative quenching mechanisms within PSII need to be considered.
Assessing the institutionalization of private sustainability governance in a changing coffee sector
Authors: Grabs Janina
Published: September 2018

The potential of transnational private governance initiatives to constitute effective alternatives to state‐led regulation of global value chains rests on their ability to scale up and become institutionalized in a given sector. This study examines whether such institutionalization has occurred in the coffee sector, the commodity with the most widespread adoption of certified products and over 30 years’ experience of private governance, and tests hypotheses on facilitating and inhibiting conditions. It finds that while norm generation around responsible supply chain management and the organizational institutionalization of standard‐setting bodies is well advanced, the practice of internalizing social and environmental externalities through the routinized production and purchase of higher priced certified goods continues to be questioned by industry actors. Indeed, conditions that favored normative and organizational institutionalization, such as high levels of industry concentration, product differentiation, and deliberative interaction, are shown to represent barriers to the practice‐oriented institutionalization of market‐driven regulatory governance.
Real exchange rate dynamics: Relative importance of Taylor‐rule fundamentals, monetary policy shocks, and risk‐premium shocks
Authors: Kim Chang‐Jin , Park Cheolbeom
Published: September 2018

We first show that the solution to the real exchange rate under the Taylor rule with interest rate smoothing can have two alternative representations—one based on a first‐order difference equation and the other based on a second‐order difference equation. Then, by comparing error terms from these two alternative representations and analyzing their second moments, we evaluate the relative importance of Taylor‐rule fundamentals, monetary policy shocks, and risk‐premium shocks in the dynamics of the real exchange rate. Empirical results suggest that the risk‐premium shock is the largest contributor to real exchange rate movements for all the countries examined, with the Taylor‐rule fundamentals and monetary policy shocks playing a limited role. These results are robust to various alternative sets of parameter values considered for the Taylor rule with interest rate smoothing.
The independence of working memory capacity and audiovisual cues when listening in noise
Authors: Michalek Anne M. P. , Ash Ivan , Schwartz Kathryn
Published: September 2018

This study examined the effect of levels of working memory capacity, levels of background noise, and audiovisual cues on adults’ ability to process speech when listening in noise. A mixed design was used to examine the effects of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR, 6 levels), audiovisual condition (audio vs. audiovisual), and working memory capacity on speech recognition. Ninety‐six participants between the ages of 18 35 without a history of hearing loss or cognitive impairment were recruited for this research project. Working memory capacity mediated speech processing in noise during the auditory only listening condition. The reliance on working memory capacity increased as noise level increased. There was no interaction effect between working memory capacity and the audiovisual listening condition. People with a high working memory capacity have an advantage when listening to speech in noisy backgrounds. The level of the noise makes the biggest difference in a person's ability to recognize speech and performance can be improved with the inclusion of audiovisual cues. The effects of low signal‐to‐noise ratios can be mitigated with audiovisual cues independent of attentional control mechanisms.
Sports and Qatar's empowered woman narrative
Authors: Harkness Geoff , Quiroz Esther , Gomez Kimberly
Published: September 2018

Qatar is a wealthy Arabian Gulf country whose petrodollars have been spent on a series of neoliberal projects intended to boost its economy and enhance its international profile. Integral to Qatar's ambitions is an “empowered woman” narrative that situates female advancement as central to the state's agenda. Qatar has relied heavily on sports to disseminate this motif, integrating it into its national development goals, sending female athletes to high‐profile mega‐sports events, establishing government entities to promote women's sports, building elaborate athletic facilities for sportswomen, and hosting exhibitions devoted to female athletes. Despite these efforts, however, studies find that rates of physical activity among Qatari women remain low due to cultural and institutional barriers. Within the literature, however, we find a striking paradox: Despite readily acknowledging the obstacles that deter female athletic participation, Qatari sportswomen and the mostly Western or Western‐trained scholars who study them are reluctant to characterize Qatari females as lacking agency. Instead, many of these parties echo the government's empowerment motif. This pattern emerges not only in research on female sports in Qatar but also in studies of Qatari women set in other realms. Narratives of empowerment may camouflage bleaker realities for Qatari women but also illustrate the tensions for Western and Western‐trained academics researching gender inequalities in the Middle East.
Digital soil assessment for quantifying soil constraints to crop production: a case study for rice in Punjab, India
Authors: Okonkwo E. I. , Corstanje R. , Kirk G. J. D.
Published: September 2018

Assessments of land capability for particular functions such as food production need to allow for uncertainties both in the criteria used to specify the function and in information on relevant soil properties. In this paper, we evaluate the use of digital soil assessment (DSA) for dynamic assessment of soil capability allowing for both uncertainties and spatial variability in soil properties and flexibility in the values of assessment criteria. We do this for soil constraints to rice production in the state of Punjab, India, where soil salinity and alkalinity are potentially important constraints to cropping. In DSA, spatial predictions of soil properties and associated uncertainties made with digital soil mapping (DSM) are used to assess soil functions. We use a combination of DSM and Monte Carlo simulation methods to estimate the spatial variation in soil electrical conductivity (ECe) and pH to 20 cm depth in soils across Punjab. We then use the estimates and associated uncertainties to assess the likelihood that soil salinity or alkalinity or both could constrain rice production. Results show that allowing for prediction uncertainties of soil attributes results in far smaller areas affected by salinity (1.2 vs. 2.0 Mha) and alkalinity (3.0 vs. 3.2 Mha). Results also show the importance of correctly setting threshold values for constraint criteria and the flexibility of the DSA approach for setting thresholds.
A More Plausible Collapsing Principle
Authors: Andersson Henrik , Herlitz Anders
Published: September 2018

In 1997 John Broome presented the Collapsing Argument that was meant to establish that non‐conventional comparative relations (e.g., “parity,” “imprecise equality,” “incommensurability”) cannot exist. Broome's argument has faced a lot of scrutiny and a certain type of counterexample has been used to undermine it. Most of the counterexamples focus on the Collapsing Principle which plays a central role in Broome's argument. In this article we will take a closer look at the most common type of counterexample and propose how to adjust the Collapsing Principle in order to avoid objections based on these counterexamples. We argue that a weaker version of the Collapsing Principle is not susceptible to the classical counterexamples. Furthermore, after an explorative discussion about the intuitions behind the original principle, we show that this weaker formulation is at least as intuitive as the principle suggested by Broome.
Influence of barbed suture on leak pressures after double‐layer inverting closure of cystotomy sites in sheep
Authors: Duffy Daniel J. , Duddy Hugh R. , Keating Stephanie , Gutierrez‐Nibeyro Santiago D.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To determine the influence of barbed suture on double‐layer inverting closure of cystotomy sites in sheep.

Study design

Ex vivo study.

Sample population

Urinary bladders harvested from ovine (n = 26) cadaveric specimens.

Methods

After collection and specimen preparation, a 3‐cm‐long incision was created on the ventral aspect of the urinary bladder. The cystotomy was repaired with barbed (n = 13) or nonbarbed analogous monofilament absorbable suture (n = 13) in a double‐layer inverting suture pattern. Time required for closure in seconds was recorded for each test. Each bladder was connected to a pressure transducer to monitor intraluminal pressure during infusion with dyed Hartmann's solution until leakage occurred. Intraluminal pressure at time of initial leakage and leakage site were also recorded. Two‐sample t tests were used to compare initial leakage pressure and closure time between the 2 types of suture (P = .05).

Results

The mean ( ± SD) leakage pressure of ovine urinary bladder incisions did not differ between closures with barbed sutures (42.3 ± 21.7 mmHg) and nonbarbed closures (32.5 ± 14.4 mmHg, P = .187). Cystorrhaphies were performed faster with barbed suture (307 ± 50 seconds) than with nonbarbed suture (390 ± 62 seconds, P = .001).

Conclusion

The use of barbed suture did not affect mean leakage pressure of ovine urinary bladder incisions but decreased the time required to complete cystorrhaphies in this model.

Clinical significance

This study provides evidence to support the use of knotless barbed suture for open ovine cystorrhaphies. Use of such suture for laparoscopic and laparoscopic‐assisted procedures in sheep warrants caution until cyclic and in vivo testing is performed with appropriate laparoscopic instrumentation.
El criollismo popular en Argentina, ¿hasta cuándo? Personajes, autores y editores de un fenómeno de literatura masiva
Authors: Adamovsky Ezequiel
Published: September 2018

En su estudio sobre la literatura criollista popular, Adolfo Prieto explicó su éxito a fines del siglo XIX como una expresión de las tensiones de la “modernización”. Según esta interpretación, el fenómeno entró en una rápida extinción al comenzar la década de 1920. Analizando la circulación de ediciones baratas de las historias gauchescas y los perfiles y trayectorias de sus editores y autores, este artículo propone correr la fecha de desaparición del fenómeno en cuestión hacia comienzos de los años cincuenta. Hacia el final, se invita a considerar explicaciones alternativas de la popularidad del criollismo.
Análisis de eficiencia multidireccional en hospitales públicos del Valle del Cauca
Authors: Murillo Kelly Patricia , Miguel Rocha Eugenio Alexandre , García González Carlos Alberto
Published: September 2018

La crisis financiera de los hospitales públicos en Colombia conlleva un análisis detallado de cómo funcionan los diferentes servicios de salud, a fin de detectar fallas y generar una mejor utilización de los recursos. En esta investigación se estudiaron los niveles de eficiencia de 44 hospitales públicos del departamento del Valle del Cauca, referente a los servicios de ginecología y obstetricia, odontología y urgencias, entre los años 2007 y 2014. Adoptamos un método determinístico no paramétrico reciente, hasta ahora no aplicado en estudios científicos de salud en Colombia, el cual combina el análisis de eficiencia multidireccional con otrasrelevantes técnicas para comparar grupos con diferentes niveles de eficiencia. Los resultados indicaron que más del 60% de los hospitales quedaron en el rango de poco eficientes, lo cual evidencia un inadecuado uso de los insumos (inputs). Esperamos motivar a burócratas a incorporar este tipo de técnicas de evaluación en su proceso de toma de decisiones.
Saturación en los servicios de urgencias: Análisis de cuatro hospitales de Medellín y simulación de estrategias
Authors: Restrepo Zea Jairo Humberto , Jaén Posada Juan Sebastián , Espinal Piedrahita Juan José , Zapata Flórez Paula Andrea
Published: September 2018

Las urgencias médicas pueden saturarse debido a factores externos e internos al ser vicio. Esto se refleja en congestión, tiempos de espera elevados e insatisfacción de los usuarios. Identificar y simular estrategias para gestionar las urgencias médicas, procurando atenuar la saturación. Investigación exploratoria y analítica, con trabajo de campo en cuatro unidades de urgencias de Medellín y simulación de estrategias contra la saturación mediante dinámica de sistemas. Las estrategias utilizadas son: reorganizar el registro,remitir los pacientes que no requieren atención urgente, implementar consultorio fast-track e incrementar el traslado a pisos. Esta última es la estrategia más efectiva en la simulación. Aunque las estrategias de flujo pueden ayudar a resolver la saturación a partir de sus causas internas, como lo sugiere la literatura, su alcance es limitado. Se requieren estrategias de entrada, que no están al alcance del ser vicio, y estrategias de salida del sistema hospitalario. Es posible disminuir la saturación, concibiendo las urgencias y el hospitalcomo dos elementos de un mismo sistema, de modo que se agilice el flujo de pacientes y se cuente con oferta adecuada de camas hospitalarias sin sobredimensionar la capacidad instalada.
Valorización económica de los cuidados no remunerados en salud: un aporte al reconocimiento del trabajo invisible de los hogares y las mujeres
Authors: Batthyány Dighiero Karina , Scavino Solari Sol
Published: September 2018

El presente artículo tiene como objetivos la valorización del cuidado no remunerado en salud en Uruguay y la caracterización de los/as cuidadores/as (remunerado o no) de personas enfermas. Dichos objetivos son llevados a cabo, principalmente, mediante el análisis cuantitativo de los datos de la primera Encuesta Nacional de Cuidados No Remunerados en Salud (2013) en Uruguay. La encuesta permite conocer y valorizar (método de costo de reemplazo) el tiempo de cuidados no remunerados en salud, así como la caracterización de las/os cuidadoras/es no remunerados en salud. El artículo muestra que el trabajo de cuidados no remunerados en salud realizado por los hogares equivale a un tercio del agregado del sector salud del Producto Interno Bruto y que las mujeres son las principales cuidadoras. En consecuencia, asumen los costos de pérdida de autonomía y limitaciones en el goce de derechosque la realización de este trabajo implica.
Adolescentes en riesgo: factores asociados con el intento de suicidio en México
Authors: Contreras Marisol Luna , Dávila Cervantes Claudio Alberto
Published: September 2018

En México el suicidio ha aumentado desde hace más de cuarenta años. El objetivo fue analizar los factores asociados con el intento de suicidio en adolescentes mexicanos en tres momentos: los doce meses previos a la encuesta, antes de doce meses y en algún momento de la vida. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística binomial y se exploró el método del intento con un análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Las mujeres reportaron mayor prevalencia de intento de suicidio, y esta fue menor para los más jóvenes. Si sufrió una agresión o tenía rezago educativo aumentó la propensión a intentar suicidarse, al igual que en aquellos adolescentes que consumen alcohol o tabaco. La prevención del suicidio se debe enfocar en el intento, que es su principal factor de riesgo, y se debe dirigir hacia las mujeres más jóvenes, adolescentes con rezago educativo, que fumen o consuman alcohol o que sufrieron recientemente violencia.
¿Estar indizados o no? Esa es la cuestión / To be Indexed or not to be Indexed? That is the Question
Authors: Delgado Troncoso Jorge Enrique , Delgado Troncoso Sandra Cecilia
Published: September 2018

Reacciones ante la más reciente evaluación y escalafonamiento de las revistas científicas colombianas. Las odontológicas salieron mal libradas.
Absceso gingival después de aumento de reborde alveolar con técnica en rollo modificada. Reporte de caso / Gingival Abscess after Alveolar Ridge Increase with Modified Roll Technique: A Case Report
Authors: Molano Valencia Pablo Emilio , Yepes Ramírez Bibiana Inés , Varela Peñaranda Alix María
Published: September 2018

RESUMEN. Antecedentes: La técnica en rollo modificado se ha utilizado ampliamente para mejorar el aspecto estético de las deficiencias de rebordes alveolares durante el tratamiento de rehabilitación y disminuir dolor posoperatorio. Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico en el que se realizó un aumento del reborde alveolar por medio de técnica en rollo modificada y se presentó un absceso durante las primeras semanas posoperatorias. Se describe también manejo clínico del caso. Resultados: Después del diagnóstico clínico y microbiológico, se realizó tratamiento antibiótico. En el control a los cuatro meses se observó resolución completa del absceso.ABSTRACT. Background: The modified roll technique has been widely used to improve the aesthetic appearance of alveolar ridge deficiencies during the oral rehabilitation treatments and to reduce postoperative pain. Purpose: To describe a case of alveolar ridge increase through modified roll technique and an abscess that occurred during the initial postoperative weeks. The clinical treatment of the case is also described. Results: After clinical and microbiological diagnosis, the patient underwent antibiotic therapy. Four-month follow-up showed complete resolution of the abscess.
“Active” and “Passive” Coach Pathways: Elite Athletes’ Entry Routes Into High-Performance Coaching Roles
Authors: Blackett Alexander David , Evans Adam B. , Piggott David
Published: September 2018

This study sought to analyse the lived experiences of so-called “fast-tracked” coaches from men’s association football and rugby union by seeking to understand how these individuals prepared for and then transitioned into a post-athletic coaching career. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 male coaches. All participants were former elite athletes and had followed a fast-tracked pathway into their current post-athletic coaching roles. Participants were based in England and had retired from an athletic career within 12 months of being interviewed. Two general categories of “active” and “passive” coach pathways were identified for the career trajectory. Active coaches purposefully prepared for a coaching career during their athletic careers, whereas passive coaches did not. Passive coaches’ decisions to become a coach were often reactive and made after retiring from a competitive athletic career. Results indicate that only the career trajectory of passive coaches reflects a fast-track pathway. None of the active or passive coaches negotiated any formalised recruitment processes into their first post-athletic coaching roles. The suggestion is that prejudicial recruitment practices are enacted by senior club management which creates a homogenous coaching workforce. This furthers the need for greater governance of high-performance coach recruitment within England for these sports.
The pseudokinase MLKL activates PAD4-dependent NET formation in necroptotic neutrophils
Authors: D’Cruz Akshay A. , Speir Mary , Bliss-Moreau Meghan , Dietrich Sylvia , Wang Shu , Chen Alyce A. , Gavillet Mathilde , Al-Obeidi Arshed , Lawlor Kate E. , Vince James E. , Kelliher Michelle A. , Hakem Razq , Pasparakis Manolis , Williams David A. , Ericsson Maria , Croker Ben A.
Published: September 2018

RIPK1-dependent necroptotic cell death stimulates neutrophil NET formation to control MRSA infection.
Oncogenic RAS isoforms show a hierarchical requirement for the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS2 to mediate cell transformation
Authors: Sheffels Erin , Sealover Nancy E. , Wang Chenyue , Kim Do Hyung , Vazirani Isabella A. , Lee Elizabeth , M. Terrell Elizabeth , Morrison Deborah K. , Luo Ji , Kortum Robert L.
Published: September 2018

Mutant RAS–selective dependence on the GEF SOS2 reveals tumor cell sensitivity to kinase inhibitors.