bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS VALIDITAS DAN RELIABILITAS TES MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM TINGKAT SMA
Authors: Khafidin Zaenal
Published: December 2018

Ujian Sekolah/madrasah sering mendapat perhatian lebih dari praktisi sebagai pentingnya pendidikan, terutama dalam 5 tahun terakhir,  yaitu sejak berdirinya ujian nasional.  Penelitian  ini bertujuan: (1) untuk mengetahui prosedur penyusunan tes ujian akhir mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMA; (2) untuk mengetahui tingkat validitas; dan (3) untuk mengetahui tingkat reliabilitas tes ujian akhir mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMA. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian campuran (mixed method kualitatif-kuantitatif  model Sequential Explanatory Design.  Hasil   penelitian   ini  adalah: (1)  Pelaksanaan  Ujian Sekolah Berstandar Nasional Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (USBN-PAI) pertama kali dilaksanakan tahun pelajaran 2010/2011 berdasarkan Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Islam nomor: DJ.1/754/2010 tentang Pelaksanaan Ujian Sekolah Berstandar Nasional (USBN) Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam pada SD, SMP, SMA/SMK tahun pelajaran 2010/2011; (2) soal ujian Pendidikan  Agama Islam memiliki validitas isi sebesar 99,98 %; dan (3) nilai reliabilitas tes sebesar 0,89. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut, berarti memiliki reliabilitas sangat tinggi.

 Kata kunci: validitas, reliabilitas, ujian, PAI, sekolah.

ANALYSIS STUDY OF  VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY ON ISLAMIC EDUCATION’ TEST IN NATIONAL EXAMINATION OF  SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL.  School  examination   gets  more attention from scientists because of the education importance, especially this last 5 years. It is since the National examination held. This research had three purposes: (1) knowing the procedure of arranging national examination test of Islamic Education subject for Senior High School; (2)  knowing the validity; and (3)  knowing  the  reliability of the Islamic Education test. This research used mixed method (qualitative and quantitative), Sequential Explanatory Design. The results showed that: (1) national-standard  school examination  for Islamic Educion has been started  on 2010/2011 based  on the wisdom of Islamic Education  General  Director  number:  DJ.1/754/2010  about the implementation of national-standard  school examination  for Islamic Education subject for Elementary, Junior and Senior High School; (2) the Islamic Education test had validity 99,98 %; and (3) the Islamic Education test had reliability 0,89. It means that the test had high reliability.

Keywords: validity, reliability, examination, Islam, school.
Pengunaan Media Larutan Bunga Sebagai Indikator Karbondioksida (Co2) Untuk Meningkatkan Daya Serap Kelas VIII Pada Materi Respirasi Manusia
Authors: Mayasari Diah
Published: December 2018

Proses pembelajaran konsep respirasi sering menemui banyak kendala sehingga daya serap kelas tidak seperti yang diharapkan. Untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran yang sesuai. Fokus penelitian, berjudul "Penggunaan Media Solusi Bunga sebagai Indikator Karbon dioksida (CO2) untuk Meningkatkan daya serap Kelas VIII untuk konsep Respirasi Pada Manusia" bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek penggunaan larutan bunga (Impatiens platypetala) sebagai media pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan daya serap kelas pada materi pernafasan pada manusia, Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK), yang terdiri dari 2 siklus. Siklus 1 membahas organ dan proses respirasi manusia, siklus 2 menyelidiki jenis gas respirsasi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, dalam setiap siklus menggunakan larutan air bunga pacar (impatiens platypetala) sebagai media pembelajaran. Data diperoleh dari nilai tes harian I, II, dan sub sumatif yang memperlihatkan  peningkatan daya serap kelas kategori sedang (N-gain: 30,4). Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian mendukung pengembangan keterampilan proses sains dan sikap skala likert. Data pendukung menunjukkan bahwa keterampilan interpretasi telah meningkatkan kategori sedang (N-gain: 51,63) dan data yang diperoleh dari skala sikap menunjukkan pada umumnya siswa kelas VIII yang terdiri dari 12 anak laki-laki dan 25 anak perempuan merasa lebih memahami dan menyenangi belajar menggunakan media larutan bunga pacar air (Impatiens platypetala) untuk menyelidiki CO2.
Analisis Penurunan Miskonsepsi Siswa Pada Konsep Pemanasan Global Dengan Tes Diagnostik (Two-Tier Test) Setelah Pembelajaran Predict-Observe-Explain (Poe)
Authors: Suryawirawati Ismi Ghina , Ramdhan Billyardi , Juhanda AA
Published: December 2018

Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami konsep, terutama pada konsep pemanasan global karena merupakan salah satu materi yang sulit dan ada beberapa konsep yang dianggap abstrak oleh siswa, sehingga dapat menimbulkan persepsi yang berbeda oleh siswa serta dapat menimbulkan miskonsepsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi miskonsepsi siswa menggunakan tes diagnostik (two-tier test) setelah pembelajaran model predict-observe-explain (POE), kemudian menganalisis penurunan miskonsepsi siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMPN 5 Kota Sukabumi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan desain penelitian one-group-pretest-posttest Design. Sampel yang digunakan diambil dari populasi dengan teknik purposive sampling, yaitu kelas VII A dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 41 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tes diagnostik (two-tier test) yaitu soal pilihan ganda dengan dua tahap pemilihan jawaban, dan lembar observasi. Instrumen soal terdiri dari 10 soal masing-masing dengan 3 pilihan jawaban dan 4 pilihan alasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat miskonsepsi pada saat pretest. Penurunan miskonsepsi siswa setelah pembelajaran model POE adalah rata-rata 66% dan tiap konsep adalah 64,98%. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada pembelajaran POE ini dapat dijadikan atlternatif pembelajaran untuk mengurangi miskonsepsi dapat dilihat dari nilai siswa antara sebelum pembelajaran (pretest) dan setelah pembelajaran posttestyangmenunjukkan penurunan miskonsepsi.

Kata Kunci: Tes Diagnostik (Two-Tier Test), ModelPredict-Observe-Explain(POE), Miskonsepsi, Pemanasan Global
Pembelajaran Thinking Actively In Social Context Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Higher Order Thinking Siswa SMA
Authors: Wardhani Irma Yuniar
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model pembelajaran Thinking Actively in Social Contexts (TASC) pada pembelajaran Biologi SMA disertai dengan panduan model yang layak untuk meningkatkan kemampuan higher order thinking. Penelitian ini menggunakan model 4D: define, design, develop, disseminate yang dikombinasikan dengan model Borg and Gall. Tahap define meliputi analisis kurikulum, karakteristik siswa, kegiatan siswa, materi dan tujuan pembelajaran. Tahap design meliputi pemilihan media, perancangan modifikasi sintaks, perancangan format panduan model, serta pembuatan produk awal. Tahap develop meliputi pengembangan model TASC disertai panduan model dengan penilaian oleh ahli dan uji pengembangan (uji coba terbatas dan uji coba lapangan). Tahap disseminate merupakan upaya penyebaran model TASC dilengkapi panduan model yang telah direvisi kepada beberapa pihak terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran TASC layak dan efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan higher order thinking siswa. Pencapaian nilai kemampuan higher order thinking mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan berdasarkan hasil pretest dan postes yang telah diuji dengan uji gain score dan uji t.
Pengembangan Komik Manga Biologi Berbasis Android Untuk Peserta Didik Kelas Xi Ditingkat SMA/MA
Authors: Haka Nukhbatul Bidayati , Suhanda Suhanda
Published: December 2018

Pada pembelajaran biologi sarana dan prasarana penunjang pembelajaran serta perkembangan teknologi seperti android milik peserta didik belum dijadikan media pembelajaran. Alternatifnya dengan mengembangkan media pembelajaran komik manga digital berbasis android untuk memudahkan pemahaman materi biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1.) Mengetahui cara pengembangan media pembelajaran komik manga digital berbasis android pada materi sistem hormon untuk kelas XI di MAN 2 Bandar Lampung yang memudahkan materi belajar biologi oleh peserta didik. 2.) Mengetahui kelayakan pengembangan media komik manga digital berbasis android pada materi sistem hormon untuk peserta didik kelas XI berdasarkan penilaian ahli materi, ahli bahasa, ahli media, guru biologi, dan peserta didik. Penelitian ini merupakan Research and Development (R&D), tahapan yang digunakan yaitu hanya sampai pada tahap ketujuh dari sepuluh tahapan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di MAN 2 Bandar Lampung pada peserta didik kelas XI MIA 1. Penilaian ahli materi sangat layak berpersentase 83,75%, penilaian ahli bahasa sangat layak berpersentase 93,75%, penilaian ahli media sangat layak berpersentase 85,8%. Sedangkan pada repson guru berpersentase 86,25%, dan respon peserta didik kelas XI berpersentase 82,4% di MAN 2 Bandar Lampung. Berdasarkan penilaian tersebut kualitas media pembelajaran komik manga digital pada materi sistem hormon dinyatakan dalam kriteria sangat layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran.
Uban Dalam Persperktif Biologi Dan Teologi
Authors: Sholihuddin Moh , Jalil Muhamad
Published: December 2018

Uban merupakan kejadian alamiah yang terjadi pada seorang manusia. Uban selalu diidentikkan bahwa manusia tersebut sudah masuk pada usia tua. Uban yang tumbuh sebelum waktunya tentu akan menjadikan persoalan tersendiri bagi mereka yang ingin tampil sempurna di depan khalayak umum. Hal ini akan mendorong untuk melakukan segala cara untuk menutupi kekurangan tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (a) mendeskripsikan proses terjadinya uban secara biologi fisiologis pada manusia; (b) menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan uban pada manusiaa; (c) nilai pendidikan islam seperti apa yang terjadi dibalik peristiwa uban. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Sumber data dalam penelitan ini adalah Fatwa MUI No 23 Tahun 2012, Buku Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia, dan Fisiologi Hewan. Dalam studi ini data sekundernya adalah buku-buku yang mendukung penulis untuk melengkapi isi sertai interpretasi dari dari sumber data primer. Metode analisis data menggunaka analysis content tipe Holsti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) uban dalam biologi disebabkan kekurangan pigmen melanin sehingga rambut tampak berwarna putih; (2) Uban terjadi karena faktor luar seperti penggunaan bahan kimia yang merusak folikel rambut, stres, genetik, gaya hidup, dan tingkat polusi udara yang tinggi dan faktor instrinsik karena sel melanosit tidak mampu lagi memproduksi pigmen melanin; dan (3) Uban merupakan isyarat bahwa dengan bertambahnya umur maka kematian telah dekat sehingga orang sedapat mungkin menghindari sebanyak mungkin dosa-dosa kecil apalagi dosa besar.

Kata kunci: Biologi, Uban, Teologi
Predictive Maintenance Implementation In Reach Stacker Kalmar Type Drd To Reduce Component Failure
Authors: Ponidi Ponidi , Makhfud Ali
Published: December 2018

The Reach Stacker lifting tool is the most productive lifting tool for container lifting today. It can move container till 20 container box in every hour, it means that in 3 minutes it can lift and lower 1 box container. In operation the lifting equipment will surely experience a stop operation due to the failure of a component. The purpose of this study was to determine critical and important components of the history of failure data for a year (2016) in PT meratusline, by using tools Fault Tree Analysis, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Pareto. From the analysis, it obtained Load Handling component as the most critical component based on the most frequent failure and required a long time to repair. The cause of the failure itself was inconsistent greasing maintenance / Predictive maintenance was not executed and there was no loose handling of Load Handling chain components. From the result of research, it was suggested to make standard rule by adding greasing item in worksheet Predictive maintenance and Standard Operating Procedure Predictive Maintenance for chain replacement on Load Hadling component if already entering 12000 Hour life.
Pengaruh Jenis Bahan Bakar Terhadap Viskositas dan TBN Pelumas SAE10W-30 pada Motor Bakar 125cc
Authors: Yuliyanto Dwi , Widodo Edi
Published: December 2018

Along with the increasing progress of gasoline type of fuel led to many types of gasoline fuel sold in Indonesia to meet consumer demand required for fuel energy motor fuel. Includes Premium fuel types, Pertalite, Pertamax, Pertamax Turbo, and Pertamax Racing. Therefore, with the number of options are conducted research on the use of 3 different types of fuel are: Premium, Pertalite, and Pertamax tested on a 125cc motor fuel engine for 7 hours nonstop at 4000 rpm speed to know the effect on the difference in decrease in value of Viscosity and TBN SAE10W-30 lubricating oil used on the combustion engine. Given the function Lubricant oil is also very important in maintaining the durability and performance of the engine. The results show that the use of Pertamax fuel has the highest decrease in Viscosity and TBN value compared to Pertalite and Premium fuels. Where each value of Viscosity and TBN on the sample of Pertamax lubricant 9.7 cSt and 6.9 mg KOH / g. Pertalite 9.8 cSt and 7.1 mg KOH / g. Premium 7.2 cSt and 10 mg KOH / g.
Pengaruh Penambahan Kadar Gula Pasir pada Lem Besi Tipe Epoxy terhadap Tegangan Geser Sambungan
Authors: Jaelani Itang , Daryono Daryono , Jufri Mohammad
Published: December 2018

This research concerned on glueing by adding sugar variation toward metal shear strength tested with tensile test. Shear strength test was conducted as method of this research with tensile test tool where variation of additional suggar is respectively 1 gr, 2 gr, 3 gr, and 4 gr with 3 specimens for each variation. Result of testing shows that the highest value of shear strength is 0.69 kg/mm2 on variation of 1 gr additional sugar. Whereas, 2 gr additional sugar variation resulted the highest shear stress of 0.30 on specimen no. 2. Meanwhile, on 3 gr variation, the highest value is 0.821 kg/mm2 on specimen no. 3. The last variation of 4 gr additional sugar has the highest value on 0.074 for specimen no. 2. It confirms that adding powder on epoxy glue will increase displacement or additional length during testing process. Yet, the highest displacement occur in 3 gr additional sugar variation. It is due to the additional sugar of 3 gr made epoxy dense and less stiff compare with 1 gr, 2 gr, and 4 gr additional sugar. It is as depicted by Table 4.2 on 4 gr variation for shear stress and tensile stress.
Pengaruh Variasi Holding Time Peleburan terhadap Karakteristik Logam Al-Si Menggunakan Cetakan Pasir
Authors: Taufiq Muhammad , Murjito Murjito , Kurniawati Dini
Published: December 2018

Molten metal is a method to form metal to be base material of making equipment and give great advantages to human life. Purpose of this research is to find out impact value, hardness, macro defect, and micro structure as the result of holding time in molten Al-Si. Impact value of Al-Si due to molten holding time by variation of 0, 10,20, and 30 minutes are respectively 0.37 joule/mm2, 0.29 joule/mm2, 0.30 joule/mm2, and 0.26 joule/mm2. Meanwhile, hardness value of 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes holding time are respectively 65.886 kg/mm2, 81.681 kg/mm2, 88.86 kg/mm2 and 86.265 kg/mm2. Brittle fracture occurred in all specimens and granule size of micro structure is smaller with the holding time. This research confirms that impact value has inverted correlation to hardness value. The lower of impact value, the higher hardness value. Based on micro structure observation on Al-Si casting due to molten holding time in 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes variation, it is obtained smaller granule size.
Pengaruh Sudut Pengarah Aliran Pada Turbin Air Crossflow Tingkat Dua Terhadap Putaran dan Daya
Authors: Laksmana Satria Candra , Fahruddin A'rasy , Akbar Ali
Published: December 2018

The potential of hydro energy is very large both for large scale and for small scale. Until now, the need for energy continues to increase, so that energy is a very important element in the development of a country or a region. Cross-flow turbines are one type of turbine that is often used for PLTMH. In this study planning a cross-flow water turbine applied to the height and amount of water per second in the irrigation channel water flow, this water flow will rotate the turbine shaft to produce mechanical energy. With variations in the direction of the turbine flow direction, namely 30o, 35o, and 40o, and the same variation of water discharge 10,5 L / s, 21 L / s and 31,5 L / s to determine the effect on the rotation and the power produced. In this study with 12 turbine blades, 30o blade angle, 40o flow direction angle, and 31.5 L / s water discharge obtained the highest first stage turbine rotation value is 478 rpm. Whereas at the flow direction angle of 30o with the same water discharge which is 31.5 L / s so that the first stage of the turbine is obtained is 296 rpm.
Analisa Efektivitas Dan Efisiensi Pompa Bravo Tipe WP20CX Untuk Pembersihan Kolam Renang di Kolam Rahayu Park
Authors: Huda Mochammad Alim , Mulyadi Mulyadi
Published: December 2018

Technological development is very rapid, the demand for the needs of both goods and services is demanded to be faster. Pumps are one of the tools that are often used in industry to help meet human needs, where this tool is used to ease the burden of humans who cannot be demanded to continue working. But in determining the pump there are many things that need to be considered in its use. Analysis of the WP20CX BRAVO pump used in the process of assisting the provision of clean water in the Rahayu Park pond is one of the stages in which the performance of the pump is known in terms of the effectiveness and efficiency of the pump against pool cleaning. This determination was reviewed through several different discharge variables when taking 5 samples at each suction of 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% with the aim that the pump works optimally. From the discharge, the pump size is produced with a discharge of 300 liters / minute, pump diameter 2 "and with a pump motor power of 2 kW and the cost required in the recommended pump operation is Rp. 10,000, - every 6 hours of pump operation.
Energy, Environment, and Social Development: What Does Sustainability Mean for Oil and Gas?
Authors: Alnuaim Sami
Published: December 2018

President's column

After my October column, I heard from some members concerned about my plan to promote sustainability. They equated the term with a “green” agenda, and with stopping the use of fossil fuels. While oil and gas are finite, not “renewable” resources, they are still crucially important to building a more sustainable world and will play a major role for a very long time, not only for global economic growth but also for global social development and human lifestyle enhancement.

In 2015, the United Nations (UN) adopted an ambitious agenda for transforming our world by 2030. They established 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) that address some of the world’s most pressing challenges, such as poverty, hunger, health, education, clean water, and affordable energy. According to the UN, these 17 SDGs are integrated and indivisible, and they balance the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social, and environmental.

My focus during my term as SPE president is to highlight how the oil and gas industry contributes to all three of these main concepts. I believe this can be achieved by mapping some of these SDGs on what we do daily and explain how our industry is contributing broadly to the economy, society, and the environment.

The impact of oil and gas on the global economy is evident. According to BP’s World Energy Outlook for 2018, oil and gas supply around 53% of the world’s energy needs, especially in the transportation, chemicals, and manufacturing sectors. This percentage is not expected to change much through 2040, with the total volume of oil and gas demand expected to increase. Exporting countries and those supplying their own energy needs benefit from our industry through gross domestic product (GDP) and economic growth. But even importing countries see significant benefit from the oil and gas powering their economies.

Let us just imagine for a second what would happen to Japan, South Korea, China, and even Western Europe without oil and gas. The majority of the energy needs for these sectors currently, and for the long term, are met largely by oil and gas, without which their economies would be negatively affected and their lifestyle would diminish. These countries rely on the commodities we produce to grow their GDP, develop their societies, and improve the lifestyle of their citizens. With the abundance, mobility, and affordability of oil and gas, the world economy not only thrives but also fully supports continued growth, bringing more prosperity.

The social challenges facing the world, which can be seen in many of the UN SDGs, reflect issues our industry has been addressing since we first discovered resources in far-flung parts of the globe. When our industry discovers and develops hydrocarbon resources, we help countries to develop socially by creating local jobs, enhancing the local content, and building infrastructure such as roads, schools, hospitals, water wells, housing, and communities.
Permian Pulse: Using Satellite Imagery Analytics To Track the World’s Busiest Oil Play
Authors: Zborowski Matt
Published: December 2018

A trip on Highway 285 between Fort Stockton, Texas, and Carlsbad, New Mexico, is both fascinating and horrifying for the average commuter in the US desert Southwest.

The 140-mile stretch of two-lane road can take hours to traverse on a given day as trucks hauling crude oil, sand, water, chemicals, and petroleum equipment overload the battered, sun-fried pavement. The mostly flat, dusty landscape is populated by drilling rigs, workover rigs, and gas flares as far as the eye can see. Even on the highway’s best day, most traffic laws are ignored as oilfield workers in pickup trucks race from site to site.

The industrial chaos along the corridor serves as a snapshot of the now multiyear industry boom in the Delaware Basin and greater, 75,000-sq-mile Permian Basin.

Keeping track of it all has become a massive challenge for operators, service firms, and midstream companies that make the basin move. They work in an environment that is changing daily, and they can’t afford to be caught by surprise when hydraulically fracturing a well, building infrastructure, delivering equipment to a remote area, or prospecting for new business.

An emerging solution: an intelligent, continually updated view from above—or satellite imagery analytics. Companies such as Sourcewater, Planet, and West-wood Global Energy Group are stepping up to monitor the world’s busiest oil play by leveraging relatively inexpensive satellite technology and machine learning.

Application of satellite imagery in the oil and gas industry is nothing new. It has been used by companies to monitor remote facilities. Market observers have used the technology to assess global oil supplies by tracking tanker traffic and storage levels. The World Bank has used it to estimate emissions from the flaring of natural gas and oil output by the Islamic State.

The real breakthrough is in merging this capability with artificial intelligence and advanced analytics to aid planning for development, production, and logistics while providing competitor intelligence and market research.

Development is still in the early stages as companies refine their models to produce the most reliable information possible, and products are just now being rolled out to clients.

Finding Water in the Desert

An early entrant in the satellite imagery analytics space, Sourcewater’s primary objective is to serve as an online data analytics platform and marketplace for oilfield water sourcing, recycling, and disposal.

Founded in 2014 as part of MIT’s Energy Ventures program, Sourcewater “is really about providing oilfield water market intelligence” to its clients, which often are operators planning their completions and production work and logistics or midstream water companies determining where to add new capacity, explained Josh Adler, Sourcewater chief executive officer.

Relatively new to the industry himself, Adler’s career path includes founding one of the Internet’s first match-making sites and serving as chief speechwriter to former US Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill.
Fighting Water With Water: How Engineers are Turning the Tides on Frac Hits
Authors: Jacobs Trent
Published: December 2018

Frac hits were once a painful cost of doing business for Abraxas Petroleum. But today, the San Antonio, Texas-based shale producer has softened the blows dealt by this widespread and challenging problem.

Its approach, called “active well defense,” has been put to the test amid the rolling hills of the company’s North Fork oil field in McKenzie, North Dakota.

“Necessity is the mother of invention—and that’s our story here,” said Peter Bommer, vice president of engineering at Abraxas, who noted that the driver of its strategy was not production declines, as it has been for others. Instead, active well defense is designed to prevent temporary, yet costly, production stoppages caused by unabated frac hits filling parent wells with sand.

The company starts by injecting produced water at low pressures into older, parent wells. It flows down miles of wellbore and into the formation’s partially depleted fracture networks where it has proven to prevent the damage often caused by high-pressure hydraulic fracturing of new child wells—known as frac hits.

Active well defense relies on sporadic injections to reinforce the preloaded water. To do this, Abraxas has partnered with a technology vendor Abra Controls, whose custom communications network gives engineers “real-time pressure monitoring so we can watch the wellhead pressures in the parents, and when we start to see interference, we start pushing back on it,” Bommer said.

Active well defense is now used across Abraxas’ infill program in its 3,300-acre development targeting the Bakken and Three Forks shale plays. Its genesis and evolution are covered in two technical papers, the latest of which was published at the start of the year (SPE 184851 and SPE 189860).

Renewed Trend

Examples of similar strategies have recently emerged from other major North American plays. They include BHP Billiton’s “preloads” in the Eagle Ford Shale of Texas and Canbriam Energy’s “pump-ins” in the Montney Shale of Alberta. Similar tactics are being tested in the Permian Basin and the Anadarko Basin.

This trend sits on one side of the well-defense spectrum, while on the other are the more capital-intensive projects known as cube developments that drill and complete a dozen or more wells in quick succession to avoid the downsides of reservoir depletion. Published results on injection-based well defense are encouraging, but it remains unclear whether they will scale up to stem concerns over the shale sector’s ability to sustain record output in the face of falling productivity of new child wells.

These operations are distinct from refracturing, as both Abraxas and BHP emphasize that the injections use pressures that do not open new fractures, or affect existing ones much.

Injection-based defense is not stopping frac hits, said Marcus Bayne, a fracturing supervisor with Abraxas. “But if we can interfere with the interference, then we can have the fluid we’re injecting act as a shock absorber, or a diffuser, so we don’t push solid material into the parent wellbore.”
Technology Focus: Water Management (December 2018)
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: December 2018

Technology Focus

“Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.”—Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Produced water has been an albatross around the neck of operators for a long time. It gets in the way of production by displacing the target oil, and it is filthy, requiring great expense to treat for reuse or disposal. Efforts to solve these challenges have been extensive and continue to evolve. These efforts can have a strong effect on the profitability of an operation.

The authors of paper SPE 187624 claim that the amount of produced water could be in the region of 210 million B/D for every 75 million bbl of oil produced. “Many oil companies could almost be called water companies,” they write. Their paper presents efforts to increase oil production while disposing of produced water by using an inverted electrical submersible pump. These efforts resulted in the disposal of water through the same wellbore, reducing the expense of bringing it to the surface for treatment and of drilling disposal wells.

Disposing of the produced water is only one factor that limits the profitability of operations. Treating the water before reuse or disposal also takes a substantial bite out of profits. Paper SPE  190272 examines an economical effort to desalinate produced water with the use of an electrochemical system with a resilient membrane. The membrane’s durability means that pretreatment of the water can be minimal, saving costs. In instances where polymer flooding is used, the membrane allows the polymer to remain in the desalinated water so that it can be used again. The cost savings from polymer reuse can be significant.

Production facilities also suffer from the massive quantities of water produced. When produced water moves with the stream through a facility, it takes up precious space that could be used more profitably by oil. Paper SPE 187109 takes a look at one of the ways operators are looking to ease this bottlenecking problem. By partially processing the stream to remove water at the production manifold, more room is made for oil through transfer piping and in primary separation and floating storage facilities. The authors claim this has increased oil production by 80% and reduced the in-field transfer volume by 62%.

For more solutions to the persistent problems of produced water, please see the papers listed as recommended additional reading and find more in the OnePetro online library  (www.onepetro.org).

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.

SPE 187119 Employing Effective Water Treatment in West Texas To Mitigate Surface-Equipment Failures by Sarkis Kakadjian, Keane Group, et al.

SPE 190129 Case Studies of an Effective Methodology To Collect Formation Water To Meet Regulatory Requirements for Formation-Water Sampling by V.H. Tran, Chevron, et al.

SPE 188400 Successful Field Application of Bulk Water Removal Debottlenecks Declining Songkhla Marginal Offshore Fields, Extending Economic Life by Manuel De La Sota, CEPSA
Improvement and Learnings from Reservoir Performance Analysis in a Large Scale Thermal Pilot in North Kuwait
Authors: AlAbbasi Lulwa , AlMatrook Mohammad , AlRubah Abdullah , Rawnsley-bettembourg Solenn
Published: December 2018

A Large Scale Thermal Pilot (LSTP) has been in operation in Northern Kuwait in a Heavy Oil Field for some time. Currently, the pilot wells are on Steam flood (SF), after completing two cycles of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS). This paper presents the analysis that led to the improvement of reservoir performance, and the critical learnings from monitoring the steam chamber development from different well completions.

The LSTP in the North area of the field consists of 26 vertical production/injection wells, distributed into eight inverted 5-spot patterns. One is a 10-acre area pattern targeting one reservoir unit and the other one is a 5-acre pattern area targeting two commingled reservoir units.

A systematic approach for data integration was used by multiple disciplines to improve the thermal recovery of the pilots. This integrated approach led to gaining thermal recovery field experience and learnings for improvement of future commercial development thermal operations in the subject heavy oil field.

This paper presents the pilot performance improvements, learnings, and new challenges after analysis of the reservoir performance, including production and injection data, valuable information from dedicated observation wells, impact of completion designs for free-gas and sand management, and supporting systems such as water disposal and water source.

Successful pilot performance improvement under the thermal application was promising and it will support the commercial full-scale phase development by implementing the learnings and the integrated approach of all teams, from surface to subsurface, with a shared goal.
Evaluation of Well Completions in the First Steam Flood Pilot Performed in an Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoir in Kuwait
Authors: Pandey Dharmesh Chandra , Al Shammari Nayef Fadhel , Al-Dhafeeri Aiydah Khaled , Al-Naqi Ahmad , Al- Arfan Faisal , Gonzalez Santiago , Diri Muhammad
Published: December 2018

A steam flood pilot in unconsolidated sandstone reservoir is being performed for the first time in Kuwait with inverted 5 spot configuration and pattern areas of 5 and 10 acres and a total of 26 wells. Prior to the steam flood, two cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) cycles were applied in all wells. This paper provides a detailed description of the well completions and challenges during CSS and the ongoing steam flood operations.

Different designs of well completions were evaluated for injection and production wells. Injection well completion designs were evaluated by comparing actual vs. expected injection rates and review of operational issues. Production well completion designs were evaluated by comparing peak production rates, decline rates and sand issues.

Two different injection well completion designs were evaluated. In the 5 acre, the steam injectors target two sand sub layers and hence initially completion were designed with downhole steam splitters but later removed due to injectivity issues. In the 10 acre, steam injectors target a single sand layer using packer less completions. Production wells were completed with 7" case hole perforated with 3.5" completion tubulars and insert sucker rod pump (ISRP). Sand screens were installed in some producers, but 50% of them were removed later due to very sharp production declines. When the screens were pulled out, screens were found completely plugged with debris.

The responses from the 2 CSS cycles were very good with average peak well production rates of higher than 100 BOPD. The steam flood pilots have been running for around 6 months and the preliminary results are very encouraging. There is a clear initial response to steam flood, characterized by an overall increase in gross and oil production.

The experience and the lessons learned from the CSS and evaluation of initial response of steam flood pilots are very useful in risk identification and mitigation applicable to the commercial phase.
Seismic Quantitative Interpretation of Heavy oil Reservoir Characterization in North Kuwait
Authors: Ren Zu Biao , Al-Rabah Abdullah A-Karim , Albloushi Ahmad , Freeman Michael Edward
Published: December 2018

Key challenges to seismic imaging of shallow heavy oil recovery in North Kuwait include how to acquire high quality seismic data, and how to carry out seismic inversion and quantitative interpretation (QI) for reservoir characterization. Kuwait Oil Company acquired a high resolution baseline 3D seismic survey over an area of 700m × 700m in January 2017, followed by a six week time-lapse 4D seismic survey, as part of geophysical monitoring project for studying the reservoir and associated steam flood pilot performance. This paper presents the technical methodology and interpretation results of these 3D and 4D seismic surveys.

Highly pressurized and heated steam injected into a reservoir will move in all directions to drive out in situ heavy oil. It is important to understand where the steam has traveled to, which is controlled by reservoir properties such as formation pressure, porosity, and permeability. Seismic inversion and quantitative Interpretation (QI) are proven tools that can extract information about reservoir properties such as sand probability and porosity, which can be used to estimate steam chamber size, optimize the steam injection strategies and update the geological static modeling.

The 3D and 4D seismic inversions have confirmed that the data quality meets the QI requirement for such a shallow reservoir. The main outcomes from the pre and post stack inversions are the sand porosity and sand probability. Due to steam injection in the reservoir, seismic amplitude anomalies and time-shifts were observed from seismic slices and time-delay processing, which could be used for estimation of steam injection size. Sand porosity and probability maps were created of the upper zone overlying the lower steamed reservoir, and clearly indicate that steam from the lower reservoir passed through the intervening baffle and spread to the upper zone, which means that the thin baffle in this area could not prevent steam from traveling upwards.

The key enabler for proper seismic quantitative interpretation is the rock physical modeling, which searches and establishes the relationship between reservoir properties (i.e. sand probability and porosity) and seismic attributes such as P-Impedance and Poisson's Ratio (Vp/Vs). Inputs into the rock modeling process include bulk density logs, compressional and shear sonic logs, and interpreted porosity and clay volume petrophysical logs. A sand probability function is first established using P-impedance and Poisson's Ratio, and then reservoir properties are extracted from the seismic inversion.
Geochemical Modeling to Evaluate the Performance of Polymer Flooding in a Highly Sour Sandstone Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Al-Murayri Mohammed Taha , Kamal Dawood Sulaiman , Garcia Jose Gregorio , Delshad Mojdeh , Britton Christopher , Fortenberry Robert
Published: December 2018

The Umm Niqa Lower Fars (Heavy Oil Field) oil reservoir has very favorable properties of high permeability, low temperature, and moderate oil viscosity for polymer flooding and work is progressing towards implementing a polymer pilot in this target reservoir. Nonetheless, Heavy Oil Field contains high salinity water, it is shallow with concerns about injectivity limitations, and high concentrations of H2S (up to 5 mol% in reservoir fluids) which may adversely impact the effectiveness of the injected polymer solutions. A comprehensive laboratory and numerical modeling was initiated to address some of these issues. One potential concern is the degradation of polymer in the co-presence of H2S and possible oxygen introduced with polymer solution injection. This study is aimed at evaluating the impact of H2S on polymer performance in the Heavy Oil Field reservoir via geochemical simulations based on laboratory data.

Previously performed polymer rheology and transport experiments were history matched and model parameters were developed for subsequent simulations. Transport behavior of both HPAM type and biopolymers was modeled incorporating two new features of viscous fingering and filtration models.

This was then followed by a geochemical simulation study to assess and potentially de-risk the presence of H2S near the wellbore assuming that all oxygen in the injection water (if any) is rapidly consumed by reservoir rock minerals and oil.

The parameters developed for the rheology of the polymers were very robust and represented the effects of salinity and polymer shear thinning over a wide range of polymer concentrations for each polymer. These parameters were then used to conduct simulation studies on waterflooding and polymer flooding in the presence of near wellbore H2S. Sensitivity simulations to relative permeability/wettability, oil viscosity, polymer concentration were also conducted to identify the impact on injectivity of polymer solution. The use of the newly added viscous fingering and filtration models was necessary in some cases to correctly model the transport behavior of unstable displacements. Geochemical evaluation showed that injecting H2S-free water over a period of ~3 months can significantly reduce H2S concentration in the near-wellbore region (~30 ft) due to stripping from the oil phase. This is advantageous for the injected polymer because even if small oxygen concentration is co-injected with the water, there would be no H2S present to cause polymer degradation.

This study presents a practical approach to de-risk the deployment of polymer flooding in a highly sour shallow sandstone heavy oil reservoir. The findings of this study will be evaluated in a one-spot EOR pilot soon.
Methodology to Improve Techno-Economic Viability of Surfactant-Flooding in a Shallow Sandstone Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Al-Murayri Mohammed Taha , Hassan Abrahim Abdelgadir , Al-Ajmi Naser Ammash , Wartenberg Nicolas , Delbos Aline , Suzanne Guillaume
Published: December 2018

There are ongoing efforts to assess the techno-ecnomic viability of surfactant polymer (SP) flooding to increase oil recovery by improving microscopic and macroscopic sweep efficiency. This paper sheds light on a methodology to design an appropriate SP formulation for potential deployment in the Ratqa Lower Fars (RQLF) heavy oil reservoir in Kuwait.

Besides achieving low residual oil saturation due to SP flooding under typical RQLF reservoir conditions, this study focuses on mitigating surfactant retention. Several injection strategies were investigated using alkali, adsorption inhibitors and a variety of water treatment techniques. For each scenario, a specific SP formulation was designed and evaluated through static adsorption tests using crushed reservoir rock. The two most promising options were then evaluated through coreflood experiments. The best option was selected based on in-depth chemical propagation, oil desaturation and surfactant adsorption. Finally, lab-optimization work was performed through additional corefloods to reduce chemical consumption while maintaining favorable oil recovery.

Softened seawater obtained through reverse osmosis was considered as the most appropriate water source to implement the desired SP process. Previous work revealed that the use of unsoftened seawater results in high levels of surfactant adsorption on reservoir rock. Salt addition allows applying an efficient salinity gradient post SP injection. Sodium chloride was used instead of alkali which did not exhibit any benefit in this case. A particular effort was made to reduce the amount of added salt and the corresponding formulation cost. Several injection sequences were investigated to compare polymer and SP flooding. The final coreflood experiment based on SP injection (0.6 PV of surfactant at 4 g/l), followed by a salinity gradient, and involving a polymer drive recovered 80% of the original oil in place. The promising performance of this injection sequence will be further evaluated using the results from a one-spot EOR pilot.

This EOR study on the RQLF shallow heavy oil reservoir in Kuwait provides important insights to select an appropriate surfactant-polymer injection strategy to increase oil recovery while maintaining reduced adsorption levels, thereby improving SP techno-economic viability.
Heavy Oil Enhancement Process for Deep Heavy Oil Reservoir in Kuwait Field
Authors: Mohammed Noor , AL-Rashidi Hamad , Safar Abdul-Aziz , Duncan Bruce , AL-Sagheer Asmaa , Muhsain Batoul
Published: December 2018

Kuwait is in the process of developing the deeper heavier oil reservoirs as part of Kuwait's national oil production strategy and KPC strategy 2040. This is in order to increase the oil production capacity for the next decade. The enhanced recovery of heavy oil assets needs a high level of expertise, optimum technologies and techniques, which are tailored to the distinctive challenges of the reservoirs and performed in a cost effective manner to optimize output and maximize economic benefits and rate of returns.

Several wells are perforated in the zones of interest of the reservoir within the study area, which is currently under production using Progressing Cavity Pumps and is under natural production phase. The low productivity oil producers are completed in the Burgan reservoir. This reservoir is characterized by very high viscous crude oil around 15,000 cp, with a low gas-oil ratio (10-30) and with little or no primary drive mechanisms. The project requires overcoming certain challenges the following challenges are identified as the key challenges:

Limited fluid mobility which is due to the high viscosity of the oil. Absence of drive support associated with the dissolved gas, the depth of the well, and the oil and its compositional gradient reservoir. Non-thermal well completion of the well, and the perforation design policy that was implemented. Lack of fluid/rock characterization and being in an oil-wet system.

In the design of this project, the suggested method to be used is a non-thermal optimization process "chemical treatment ". The chemical treatment will be implemented as the chosen technology for a well that ceased producing in 2009. This method which has been applied globally and has also been proven to have less impact on the environment as per KOC HSE policy. The selected environmentally friendly method has three important mechanisms, which are as follows:

Acts as a Wettability alteration agent. Acts as a Viscosity reducer agent. Acts as an Asphaltene inhibitor agent.

KOC successfully conducted a pilot in 2016 and after the well was put back on to the production phase an increase of 300 bbl/day (net oil) was attained. The return of investment (ROI) of this pilot was a key economic calculation in answering the economic benefits of this procedure and in validating the project. As well showing the economic benefits of the projects value and its impact on the margin. The return of investment (ROI) was captured within day of production, with the total profit for the first 34 days was 438,885.52 USD.
Design Optimization of Slotted Liner Completions in Cased and Perforated Wells: A Numerical Skin Model
Authors: Velayati Arian , Roostaei Morteza , Fattahpour Vahidoddin , Mahmoudi Mahdi , Nouri Alireza , Alkouh Ahmad , Fermaniuk Brent , Kyanpour Mohammad
Published: December 2018

Several parameters affect the skin factor of the cased and perforated (C&P) wells completed with slotted liners. Existing skin factor models for slotted liners account for such factors as the flow convergence, pressure drop and partial production but neglect phenomena such as partial plugging of the screen or near-wellbore permeability alterations during the production. This paper discusses these factors and incorporates them into a skin model using a finite volume simulation.

The finite volume analysis evaluates the skin factor as a result of pressure drop in the gap between the casing wall and the slotted liner. This skin model accounts for: 1) the perforation density and phasing, 2) slotted liner specifications, and 3) different amount of sand accumulation in the annular space between the casing and the sand screen. A semi-analytical pressure drop model is also linked to the numerical model to incorporate the skin factor due to flow convergence behind the perforations.

The results of finite volume analysis reveal that a low perforation density would behave close to the open-hole completion for sand-free casing-liner annular space. Conversely, pressure drops were found to be significant for a partially or totally filled space. Additionally, it was found that the optimum completion design occurs if the slotted liner joints are in line with the casing joints. Besides, a partially perforated casing or a partially open sand screen increases the distance fluids have to travel in the annular space and intensifies the skin factor.

This paper provides skin models derived for vertical and perforated wells completed with slotted liner sand screens using the finite volume simulations. Each part of the model has been verified against existing numerical models in the literature. The model improves the understanding of flow performance of the sand screens and skin factor, which in turn leads to a better design of sand control completions.