bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graph Transformation Units with Interleaving Semantics
Authors: Kreowski Hans-Jörg , Kuske Sabine
Published: October 2002

The aim of the paper is to introduce the notion of a transformation unit together with its interleaving semantics and to study it as a means of constructing large graph transformation systems from small ones in a structured and systematic way. A transformation unit comprises a set of rules, descriptions of initial and terminal graphs, and a control condition. Moreover, it may import other transformation units for structuring purposes. Its semantics is a binary relation between initial and terminal graphs which is given by interleaving sequences. As a generalization of ordinary derivations, an interleaving sequence consists of direct derivation steps interleaved with calls of imported transformation units. It must obey the control condition and may be seen as a kind of structured derivation. The introduced framework is independent of a particular graph transformation approach and, therefore, it may enhance the usefulness of graph transformations in many contexts.
Penetrating thoracoabdominal injuries: Ongoing dilemma—Which cavity and when?
Authors: Asensio Juan A. , Arroyo Hector , Veloz William , Forno Walter , Gambaro Esteban , Roldan Gustavo A. , Murray James , Velmahos George , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: October 2002

The aims of this study were to (1) define characteristics for the thoracoabdominal injury patient population; (2) describe sequences of surgical interventions with combined procedures (i.e., thoracotomy and laparotomy); and (3) describe pitfalls leading to inappropriate sequencing of surgical interventions for thoracoabdominal injuries. It was a retrospective 4‐year study (January 1995 to December 1998) conducted at an urban level I trauma center. The study population comprised 254 patients who had sustained thoracoabdominal injuries requiring surgical intervention: 187 (73%) gunshot wounds (GSWs), 64 (25%) stab wounds (SWs), and 3 (2%) shotgun wounds (STWs). The mean revised (RTS) was 6.04; the mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 27; the mean estimated blood loss (EBL) was 3000 ml. The overall survival was 175 of 254 (69%). Of the 254, 51 (20%) underwent emergency department (ED) thoracotomy. Altogether, 73 (29%) underwent combined thoracotomy and laparotomy: 59 (81%) GSW, 13 (18%) SW, 1 (1%) STW (mean RTS 5.2, mean ISS 34, mean EBL 6800 ml). Overall survival was 30 of these 73 (41%). A total of 21 of the 73 (29%) underwent ED thoracotomy. In group I (laparotomy then thoracotomy: Lap + Thor, n=34) the initial procedure was interrupted in 18 (53%). In group II (thoracotomy then laparotomy: Thor + Lap, n=39) the initial procedure was interrupted in 14 (36%). Pitfalls leading to inappropriate surgical sequencing were persistent hypotension (13/73,18%) and misleading chest tube output (8/73,10%). It was concluded that penetrating thoracoabdominal injuries incur high mortality (31%), and the mortality doubles for patients who require combined procedures (59%). Inappropriate surgical sequencing occurred in 32 of 73 (44%) patients undergoing combined procedures. Persistent hypotension, indicating that the wrong cavity was accessed, and misleading chest tube output are the leading pitfalls in thoracoabdominal injury management.
Higher morbidity and mortality after combined total gastrectomy and pancreaticosplenectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Lo Su‐Shun , Wu Chew‐Wun , Shen King‐Han , Hsieh Mao‐Chie , Lui Wing‐Yiu
Published: October 2002

Total gastrectomy with pancreaticosplenectomy for gastric cancer has been proposed for facilitating lymph node dissection or for resection of direct tumor invasion to the pancreas, especially for T4 lesions. Its effectiveness in improving patient survival is still controversial, and higher morbidity and mortality with this procedure have been reported in several series. Such risks to patient survival were not observed in the Japanese series. Based on a prospective gastric cancer database maintained from 1987 to 1999 in our institution, the morbidity and mortality were analyzed in our series of pancreaticosplenectomies. A total of 1,278 patients with gastric cancer received gastrectomy in our surgical unit. Of these, 127 patients underwent curative total gastrectomy with pancreaticosplenectomy in order to facilitate lymph node dissection or removal of direct tumor invasion. Operative time, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative complications, and surgical mortality were analyzed. Compared to another 201 total gastrectomies, longer mean operative time (7.91±2.16 hours vs. 6.67±2.01, p<0.001) and postoperative hospital stay (median, 24.5 days vs. 17, p<0.001) for combined organ resection (pancreaticosplenectomy) were shown in this series. The major complication rate, including intraabdominal abscess, anastomotic leak, postoperative bleeding, pancreatitis/fistula, chylous leak, and general complications causing unstable vital signs (26.8% vs. 11.9%, p=0.001), but not the mortality rate (6.3% vs. 4.8%, p=0.608), was also shown to be higher in pancreaticosplenectomy patients. The most frequent fatal complication was intraabdominal abscess. However, more than 50% of complications occurred in the first 40 pancreaticosplenectomies (1987–1991); after adequate accumulation of experience, the total complication rate (57.5% vs. 35.6%, p=0.021), major complication rate (40% vs. 20.7%, p=0.022), and mortality rate (17.5% vs. 1.1%, p=0.001) improved significantly in the remaining 87 patients (1991–1999). We therefore conclude that total gastrectomy with pancreaticosplenectomy can be performed by experienced surgeons with acceptable risk of morbidity and mortality.
Boosting Antitumor Immunity via a Tumor Microenvironment‐Responsive Transformable Trifecta Nanovaccine
Authors: Li Qiang , Dang Meng , Tao Jun , Li Xiaoye , Xiu Weijun , Dai Zhuo , He Ao , Ding Meng , Zhang Yu , Wen Zhi‐fa , Su Xiaodan , Elbourne Aaron James , Bao Lei , Chen Lin , Mou Yongbin , Teng Zhaogang , Dong Heng
Published: January 2024

In situ tumor vaccines (ISTVs) hold great potential in tumor immunotherapy, however, three major obstacles, including inadequate endogenous antigen uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), weak T‐cell immune responses, and stubborn immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), still need to be fully addressed. Herein, a trifecta nanovaccine (TriNV) with TME‐responsive transformable ability is developed to tri‐boost antitumor immunity. First, sufficient endogenous tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) are liberated in situ after immunogenic cell death is induced via TriNV‐based photoimmunotherapy. In the TME, soft‐transformed TriNV improves the uptake of TAAs by DCs to enhance acquired immunity. Second, the self‐adjuvating TriNV and the TME‐responsive released Mn2+ synergistically promote DC maturation and macrophage M1 polarization by augmenting the stimulator of interferon genes activation to further amplify T‐cell immune responses. Moreover, the decomposition of MnO2 within the core of TriNV exhausts glutathione and facilitates O2 release to alleviate hypoxia in the TME, thereby overcoming the chemical obstacles of the TME to further mitigate immunosuppression. Thus, TriNV remarkably eradicates primary tumors and inhibits distant metastasis, thus demonstrating great potential as a feasible and effective ISTV nanoplatform for combating poorly immunogenic solid tumors.
Multifunctional Silane Additive Enhances Inorganic–Organic Compatibility with F‐rich Nature of Interphase to Support High‐Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4//graphite Pouch Cells
Authors: Li Yuanqin , Li Xiaoqing , Liu Lixia , Li Chengfeng , Xing Lidan , He Jiarong , Li Weishan
Published: January 2024

A novel electrolyte additive, 3, 3, 3‐trifluoropropylmethyldimethoxysilane (TFPMDS), is first proposed to modify both the cathode and the anode of lithium‐ion batteries at the same time. Charging/discharging tests demonstrate that the electrolyte with 1 wt% TFPMDS not only greatly improves the capacity retention of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO)//Li cell (29.6%→90.8%) and graphite//Li cell (68.1%→98.3%), but also successfully ensures the long‐term cycle stability of LNMO//graphite pouch cell at 4.9 V. Further electrochemical measurements combining with spectroscopic characterization and theoretical calculations indicate that TFPMDS additive displays three principal functions: 1) Be preferentially oxidized to build a robust cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) enriched in F/Si species with F‐rich nature of strong oxidation‐resistance. 2) Be able to scavenge the hazardous HF, F−, and H+ through its strong binding with these species and thus to protect LNMO at high‐voltage. 3) Be preferentially adsorbed on the graphite surface to form a “framework”, and to co‐construct an elastic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) after the reduction of ethylene carbonate. Importantly, the Si─O group within TFPMDS is especially important for constructing a “molecular bridge” at the CEI/SEI interphase coupling the inorganic and organic species to improve its compatibility, stability, and elasticity.
Cataloging High‐Quality Two‐Dimensional van der Waals Materials with Flat Bands
Authors: Duan Jingyi , Ma Da‐Shuai , Zhang Run‐Wu , Jiang Wei , Zhang Zeying , Cui Chaoxi , Yu Zhi‐Ming , Yao Yugui
Published: January 2024

Benefited from the lower dimensionality compared to their 3D counterpart, 2D flat‐band systems provide cleaner lattice models, easier experimental verification, and higher tunability, which make the 2D van der Waals (vdW) system an ideal playground for exploring flat‐band physics as well as their potential applications. Given the vast amount of research in the field of flat bands, a simple and efficient approach to search for realistic vdW materials with flat bands is still missing. Here, a two‐tier framework to filter and diagnose high‐quality flat‐band vdW materials by combining high‐throughput first‐principles calculations and the proposed 2D flat‐band score criterion is presented. Based on systematic geometrical analysis, 861 potential monolayer vdW materials are initially obtained amounting to 187,093 structures as stored in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. By applying the 2D flat‐band score criterion, 229 flat‐band candidates are efficiently identified, among which a sub‐catalog of 74 materials with flat bands right next to the Fermi level is further provided to facilitate experimental verification. All these efforts to screen experimentally available flat‐band candidates will certainly motivate continuing exploration toward the realization of this class of special materials and their applications in material science.
Hardware‐Level Image Recognition System Based on ZnO Photo‐Synapse Array with the Self‐Denoising Function
Authors: Jiang Jiandong , Xiao Wei , Li Xiang , Zhao Yanfei , Qin Zhaoyang , Xie Zhichao , Shen Guangyue , Zhou Jianhong , Fu Yujun , Wang Yanrong , Wang Qi , He Deyan
Published: January 2024

The emerging optoelectronic neuromorphic devices are widely concerned due to their capability to integrate the functions of signal sensing, memory, and processing. Although significant advancements have been made in the study of individual optoelectronic synaptic devices, the development of hardware‐level image recognition systems based on photo‐synapse arrays remains a challenge. In this study, a crosstalk‐free, easy‐to‐integrate, and scalable 8 × 8 crossbar array for optical image sensing and storage is demonstrated using vertical two‐terminal ZnO photo‐synapses with the self‐denoising function. By designing peripheral circuits, a complete hardware‐level artificial visual system is constructed that successfully implements the real‐time pattern recognition tasks for 8 × 8 pixel images. The excellent performance of the photo‐synapse array shows its remarkable ability in highly efficient optic neuromorphic computing. Additionally, an in‐sensor reservoir computing (RC) system is constructed for image recognition of handwritten digits. The system achieves a high classification accuracy of 95.1%.
Nanoengineered Red Blood Cells Loaded with TMPRSS2 and Cathepsin L Inhibitors Block SARS‐CoV‐2 Pseudovirus Entry into Lung ACE2+ Cells
Authors: Yang Hui , Zhou Jun‐Nian , Zhang Xue‐Mei , Ling Dan‐Dan , Sun Ying‐Bao , Li Chen‐Yan , Zhou Qian‐Qian , Shi Gao‐Na , Wang Si‐Han , Lin Xiao‐Song , Fan Tao , Wang Hai‐Yang , Zeng Quan , Jia Ya‐Li , Xi Jia‐Fei , Jin Yi‐Guang , Pei Xue‐Tao , Yue Wen
Published: January 2024

The enzymatic activities of Furin, Transmembrane serine proteinase 2 (TMPRSS2), Cathepsin L (CTSL), and Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding are necessary for the entry of coronaviruses into host cells. Precise inhibition of these key proteases in ACE2+ lung cells during a viral infection cycle shall prevent viral Spike (S) protein activation and its fusion with a host cell membrane, consequently averting virus entry to the cells. In this study, dual‐drug‐combined (TMPRSS2 inhibitor Camostat and CTSL inhibitor E‐64d) nanocarriers (NCs) are constructed conjugated with an anti‐human ACE2 (hACE2) antibody and employ Red Blood Cell (RBC)‐hitchhiking, termed “Nanoengineered RBCs,” for targeting lung cells. The significant therapeutic efficacy of the dual‐drug‐loaded nanoengineered RBCs in pseudovirus‐infected K18‐hACE2 transgenic mice is reported. Notably, the modular nanoengineered RBCs (anti‐receptor antibody+NCs+RBCs) precisely target key proteases of host cells in the lungs to block the entry of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), regardless of virus variations. These findings are anticipated to benefit the development of a series of novel and safe host‐cell‐protecting antiviral therapies.
Physiochemical Coupled Dynamic Nanosphere Lithography Enabling Multiple Metastructures from Single Mask
Authors: Chang Lin , Liu Xiaohong , Luo Jie , Lee Chong‐Yew , Zhang Jianfa , Fan Xing , Zhang Wei
Published: January 2024

Metastructures are widely used in photonic devices, energy conversion, and biomedical applications. However, to fabricate multiple patterns continuously in single etching protocol with highly tunable photonic properties is challenging. Here, a simple and robust dynamic nanosphere lithography is proposed by inserting a spacer between the nanosphere assembly and the wafer. The nanosphere diameter decrease and uneven penetration of the spacer during etching lead to a dynamic masking process. Coupled anisotropic physical ion sputtering and ricocheting with isotropic chemical radical etching achieve highly tunable structures with various 3D patterns continuously forming through a single etching process. Specifically, the nanosphere diameters define the periodicity, the etched spacer forms the upper parts, and the wafer forms the lower parts. Each part of the structure is highly tunable through changing nanosphere diameter, spacer thickness, and etch conditions. Using this protocol, numerous structures of varying sizes including nanomushrooms, nanocones, nanopencils, and nanoneedles with diverse shapes are realized as proof of concepts. The broadband antireflection ability of the nanostructures and their use in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy are also demonstrated for practical application. This method substantially simplifies the fabrication procedure of various metastructures, paving the way for its application in multiple disciplines especially in photonic devices.
Reduced Lattice Constant in Al‐Doped LiMn2O4 Nanoparticles for Boosted Electrochemical Lithium Extraction
Authors: Tan Guangcai , Wan Shun , Chen Jie‐Jie , Yu Han‐Qing , Yu Yan
Published: January 2024

Extracting lithium selectively and efficiently from brine sources is crucial for addressing energy and environmental challenges. The electrochemical system employing LiMn2O4 (LMO) electrodes has been recognized as an effective method for lithium recovery. However, the lithium selectivity and stability of LMO need further enhancement for its practical applications. Herein, the Al‐doped LMO with reduced lattice constant is successfully fabricated through a facile one‐step solid‐state sintering method, leading to enhanced lithium selectivity. The reduced lattice constant in Al‐doped LMO is proved through spectroscopic analyses and theoretic calculations. Compared to the original LMO, the Al‐doped LMO (LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4, LMO‐Al0.05) exhibits highercapacitance, lower resistance, and improved stability. Moreover, the LMO‐Al0.05 with reduced lattice constant can offer higher Li+ diffusion coefficient and lower intercalation energy revealed by cyclic voltammetry and multiscale simulations. When employed in hybrid capacitive deionization (CDI), the LMO‐Al0.05 obtains a Li+ intercalation capacity of 21.7 mg g−1 and low energy consumption of 2.6 Wh mol−1 Li+. Importantly, the LMO‐Al0.05 achieves a high Li+ extraction percentage (≈86%) with Li+/Na+ and Li+/Mg2+ selectivity of 1653.8 and 434.9, respectively, in synthetic brine. The results demonstrate that the Al‐doped LMO with reduced lattice constant could be a sustainable solution for electrochemical lithium extraction.
Regulation of Coordination Chemistry for Ultrastable Layered Oxide Cathode Materials of Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Suning , Zhu Zhuo , Fang Hengyi , Feng Kun , Zhong Jun , Hou Machuan , Guo Yihe , Li Fei , Zhang Wei , Ma Zifeng , Li Fujun
Published: January 2024

Layered transition‐metal (TM) oxide cathodes have attracted growing attention in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, their practical implementation is plagued by Jahn–Teller distortion and irreversible cation migration, leading to severe voltage decay and structure instability. Herein, O3‐Na0.898K0.058Ni0.396Fe0.098Mn0.396Ti0.092O2 (KT‐NFM) is reported as an ultrastable cathode material via multisite substitution with rigid KO6 pillars and flexible TiO6 octahedra. The K pillars induce contracted TMO2 slabs and their strong Coulombic repulsion to inhibit Ni/Fe migration; and Ti incorporation reinforces the hybridization of Ni(3deg*)‐O(2p) to mitigate the undesired O3–O'3 phase transition. These enable the reversible redox of Ni2+↔Ni3.20+ and Fe3+↔Fe3.69+ for 138.6 mAh g−1 and ultrastable cycles with >90% capacity retention after 2000 cycles in a pouch cell of KT‐NFM||hard carbon. This will provide insights into the design of ultrastable layered cathode materials of sodium‐ion batteries and beyond.
Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Materials for Advanced Sodium Storage: Development and Anticipation
Authors: Zhou Jian‐En , Reddy R. Chenna Krishna , Zhong Ao , Li Yilin , Huang Qianhong , Lin Xiaoming , Qian Ji , Yang Chao , Manke Ingo , Chen Renjie
Published: January 2024

As a pioneering battery technology, even though sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are safe, non‐flammable, and capable of exhibiting better temperature endurance performance than lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), because of lower energy density and larger ionic size, they are not amicable for large‐scale applications. Generally, the electrochemical storage performance of a secondary battery can be improved by monitoring the composition and morphology of electrode materials. Because more is the intricacy of a nanostructured composite electrode material, more electrochemical storage applications would be expected. Despite the conventional methods suitable for practical production, the synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) would offer enormous opportunities for next‐generation battery applications by delicately systematizing the structure and composition at the molecular level to store sodium ions with larger sizes compared with lithium ions. Here, the review comprehensively discusses the progress of nanostructured MOFs and their derivatives applied as negative and positive electrode materials for effective sodium storage in SIBs. The commercialization goal has prompted the development of MOFs and their derivatives as electrode materials, before which the synthesis and mechanism for MOF‐based SIB electrodes with improved sodium storage performance are systematically discussed. Finally, the existing challenges, possible perspectives, and future opportunities will be anticipated.
Integrated Hybrid Mode‐Wavelength Demultiplexers Based on Cascaded Digital Metamaterials
Authors: Zhang Shuhe , Ye Han , Chen Lei , Li Jing , Liu Yumin , Chen Zhihui
Published: January 2024

High‐dimensional multiplexing technology is of importance in the on‐chip photonic interconnections and challenging to design within ultracompact footprint. Herein, high‐dimensional demultiplexers are proposed and demonstrated to enable wavelength‐division and mode‐division simultaneously. The functional regions of digital metamaterials are obtained by inverse design individually and are cascaded to work as high‐dimensional demultiplexers. The gradient‐based inverse design is carried out with an efficient method combining finite‐element method, density method, and method of moving asymptotes. The performances are simulated by 3D finite difference time domain with silicon‐on‐insulator configuration. The proposed demultiplexer with four‐channel has ultracompact footprint of 4.1 × 3.65 μm2. Its average transmission efficiency is 38.7% and contrast ratios are higher than 13.0 dB. Besides, the proposed demultiplexer with six‐channel has a footprint of 4.55 × 5.55 μm2. Its average transmission efficiency is 24.3% and contrast ratios are higher than 11.8 dB.
Giant Change in Electrical Resistivity Induced by Moderate Pressure in Pt(bqd)2 – First Candidate Material for an Organic Piezoelectronic Transistor (OPET)
Authors: Afanasjevs Sergejs , Benjamin Helen , Kamenev Konstantin , Robertson Neil
Published: January 2024

The piezoelectronic transistor (PET) has been proposed to overcome the voltage and clock speed limitations of conventional field‐effect transistors (FET). In a PET, voltage is transduced to stress, which leads to an insulator‐metal transition in a piezo‐resistive (PR) element. Although the simulated switching speeds are promising, the viable candidates proposed so far for the PR layer are rare earth compounds that require several GPa of pressure (P) to metalize, necessitating breakthroughs in transduction mechanism scaling and processing. Here, a PR candidate that metalizes in the 0–300 MPa range – the transition metal complex platinum benzoquinonedioximato (Pt(bqd)2) is demonstrated. Such electrical sensitivity to the application of P arises when the material is grown as a thin film with the preferred needle orientation perpendicular to the substrate. As evidence, a combination of hydrostatic and uniaxial pressure studies is provided. The former studies are produced on the compressed powder pellet in a specially developed piston‐cylinder cell (P‐C cell) under variable temperatures (T) and P. The latter is via thin film deposition and uniaxial resistivity (ρ) measurements and these revealed the high potential of this material for the PET concept.
Rational Design of Dinitroxide Polarizing Agents for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to Enhance Overall NMR Sensitivity
Authors: Venkatesh Amrit , Casano Gilles , Wei Ran , Rao Yu , Lingua Hugo , Karoui Hakim , Yulikov Maxim , Ouari Olivier , Emsley Lyndon
Published: January 2024

We evaluate the overall sensitivity gains provided by a series of eighteen nitroxide biradicals for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid‐state NMR at 9.4 T and 100 K, including eight new biradicals. We find that in the best performing group the factors contributing to the overall sensitivity gains, namely the DNP enhancement, the build‐up time, and the contribution factor, often compete with each other leading to very similar overall sensitivity across a range of biradicals. NaphPol and HydroPol are found to provide the best overall sensitivity factors, in organic and aqueous solvents respectively. One of the new biradicals, AMUPolCbm, provides high sensitivity for all three solvent formulations measured here, and can be considered to be a “universal” polarizing agent.
Identifying the foraging grounds of the new loggerhead turtle nesters in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Cardona Luis , Abalo‐Morla Sara , Cani Alessandra , Feliu‐Tena Blanca , Izaguirre Nuria , Tomás Jesús , Belda Eduardo J.
Published: January 2024

The western Mediterranean Sea has traditionally served as a primary foraging ground for juvenile loggerhead turtles from three distinct regional management units: the North‐western Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Cape Verde. Nesting activities were sporadic.

Recently, nesting activity on the beaches of eastern Spain has increased, due to warmer sand and water temperatures during the summer months.

The study has integrated stable isotope analysis of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) with satellite telemetry to identify the foraging grounds of these new colonizers nesting on Spanish beaches.

Results indicate that the majority of these adult females forage oceanically in the Algerian Basin, with a few exhibiting distinct stable isotope signals, tentatively associated with foraging in shallow coastal areas in the central Mediterranean Sea.

The dominance of oceanic foragers in this new population is noteworthy, given the Algerian Basin's oligotrophic nature. This contrasts with the prevalence of neritic foraging in adult females nesting in the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea.

The use of the Algerian Basin as a foraging ground for adult loggerhead turtles exposes them to bycatch from drifting longlines. The authorities should refrain from increasing bluefin quotas imposed on longliners in the Algerian Basin unless the fishery avoids using squid as bait and agrees to deploy hooks deeper than 25 m to reduce loggerhead turtle bycatch.
Phenomenon‐based classification: An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper
Authors: Gnoli Claudio , Smiraglia Richard P. , Szostak Rick
Published: January 2024

While bibliographic classifications are traditionally based on disciplines, the logical alternative is phenomenon‐based classification. Although not prevalent, this approach has been explored in the 20th century by J.D. Brown, the Classification Research Group, and others. Its principles have been stated in the León Manifesto (2007) and are currently represented by such general schemes as the Basic Concepts Classification and the Integrative Levels Classification. A phenomenon‐based classification lists classes of phenomena, including things and processes irrespective of the discipline studying them (which can optionally be specified as an additional facet). Facets can work in a phenomenon‐based system much as in a disciplinary one. This kind of system will promote the identification of potential relationships between research in different disciplines, and will especially benefit interdisciplinary work. The paper reviews the theory, history, structure, advantages, applications, and evaluation of phenomenon‐based classification systems.
An anti‐windup and backlash compensation‐based finite‐time control method for performance enhancement of a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Liu Guangyu , Ma Wenyu , Zhang Yanxin
Published: January 2024

Real‐world nonlinear control systems (e.g., robots) are influenced dynamically by backlash and saturation. However, it is lacking of a control design tool with a sound theory to deal with these phenomena and achieve optimal finite‐time stability simultaneously. To this end, we propose a novel anti‐windup and backlash compensation‐based finite‐time control (AWBC‐FTC) method for an unsolved control task of a general class of unstable nonlinear systems under input saturation and backlash nonlinearity. It includes a compound control structure with two layers where the upper switches two control modes and the lower regulates the system in either the backlash mode or the contact mode. New stability theory together with parameter optimization algorithms are also proposed to support new design approaches of two sub‐controllers where the adversary effects of input saturation and backlash are eliminated and the optimal finite state stability under a guaranteed domain of attraction is achieved. Experimental results on a benchmark robot system verify the advantages of the proposed design tools over the other in terms of a bunch of transient and stability measures. Therefore, the work enriches both theory and design of nonlinear systems for a challenging control objective.
Assessing the application of marine microalgae Dunaliella salina in a biorefinery context: production of value‐added biobased products
Authors: Félix Fellipe César Cardoso de Souza , Hidalgo Vitor Bertolassi , de Carvalho Ana Karine Furtado , Caetano Nídia de Sá , Da Rós Patrícia Caroline Molgero
Published: January 2024

Microalgae are a rich source of bioactive compounds such as pigments, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other substances of interest. Thus, given the possible variety of products that can be obtained from them, it is important to determine their biochemical composition, taking into consideration the species and cultivation conditions, so that they can be used as feedstock in biorefineries, with the aim of using all the biomass in the biorefining processes and increasing its economic viability. This work aimed to characterize the biochemical composition of the microalgae Dunalliela salina in a multi‐product biorefinery context, focusing on the production of high value‐added compounds such as pigments and biofuels. The biomass concentration obtained was 1.15 g·L−1 and the volumetric productivity was 164.28 mg·L−1·day−1, providing fractions of 23.86 ± 0.24% of lipids, 10.80 ± 0.86% of carbohydrates, and 5.71 ± 0.50% of proteins. The microalgal biomass contained pigment concentrations of 0.896 and 0.5380 mg·g−1of chlorophylls a and b, and 0.2043 mg·g−1 of total carotenoids. Thus, the data suggest that D. salina has biotechnological potential for application in integrated multi‐product biorefineries, focused on obtaining energy and high added value products simultaneously.
Deciphering the role of Zn2+‐binding histidines from TIA‐1 on the assembly and dynamics of stress granules
Authors: Corrales‐Guerrero Laura , Díaz‐Moreno Irene
Published: January 2024

T‐cell intracellular antigen‐1 (TIA‐1) is a key RNA‐binding protein that participates in translation regulation and RNA splicing. TIA‐1 undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation as a fundamental mechanism that enables the condensation of RNA and proteins into membraneless organelles called stress granules (SGs). However, this dynamic behavior can lead to aberrant fibril formation, implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, and must be tightly regulated. In this study, we investigated the role in the cell of histidine residues His94 and His96, responsible for Zn2+ binding. Using fluorescence microscopy, we found that the specific binding site formed by these residues is critical for SG assembly. Furthermore, it also plays a role maintaining the dynamic behavior of SG‐assembled TIA‐1. Collectively, our findings confirm the physiological relevance of TIA‐1 His94 and His96 in the Zn2+‐mediated regulatory mechanism for protection against fibril formation in SGs.
Writing a literature review as a class project in an upper‐level undergraduate biochemistry course
Authors: Hati Sanchita , Bhattacharyya Sudeep
Published: January 2024

A literature review is an important part of conducting academic research. Knowing how to conduct a literature search and write a high‐quality literature review is a valuable skill. Herein, the authors describe the method of introducing a literature review writing exercise in an upper‐level biochemistry course. Since 2020, authors have collaborated with numerous undergraduates writing literature reviews on topics in biochemistry that resulted in peer‐reviewed publications. Authors believe that this unique idea of providing a course‐based undergraduate research experience (CURE) to many undergraduates, especially those who otherwise do not receive collaborative research experience through traditional research paths, must be shared with other instructors.
Using blockchain or not? A focal firm's blockchain strategy in the context of carbon emission reduction technology innovation
Authors: Zhu Jianhua , Feng Taiwen , Lu Ying , Jiang Wenbo
Published: January 2024

Recently, blockchain has been increasingly applied to low‐carbon supply chains, enabling consumers to track production process of low‐carbon products, thereby improving brand awareness and expanding the market. However, do the operation and construction costs of blockchain come at the expense of squeezing resources originally allocated for research and development (R&D) of carbon emission reduction (CER) or reducing firms profits? Given the varying capacities of different types of firms to bear the costs of blockchain in the process of R&D of CER, this paper considers two categories of firms, superior brand firms and inferior brand firms, and studies the impact of blockchain usage on CER and profits. Research shows that the usage of blockchain is not necessarily beneficial to CER and profits enhancement. Consumers' trust and low‐carbon preference, brand awareness, blockchain operation and construction costs, and R&D difficulty of CER are key factors. Superior brand firms can improve CER level and profits through blockchain when R&D difficulty is low and consumers' trust is high or when R&D difficulty is high but consumers' low‐carbon preferences and brand awareness are high. Inferior brand firms can improve CER level and profits through blockchain when R&D difficulty is low and consumers' trust is high or when R&D difficulty is high but brand awareness is low. This study provides strategic insights for brand firms considering the usage of blockchain in their CER initiatives, highlighting the importance of aligning blockchain integration with firm‐specific characteristics and market conditions to achieve both environmental and profit objectives.
X‐ray imaging for structural evolution and phase transformation dynamics of battery electrodes
Authors: Shuja Muhammad T. , Thatipamula Sahithi , Khan Muhammad Waqas , Haris Muhammad , Babarao Ravichandar , Mahmood Nasir
Published: January 2024

The impending energy crisis entails sustainable battery technologies with improved energy density, reliability, safety and lifetime. Hence, it is essential to gain detailed insights into the surface reactions, ionic diffusion, structural and morphological evolution, and degradation mechanisms of battery electrodes. Recently, X‐ray techniques emerged as revolutionary tools to reveal an in‐depth understanding of the battery during operations. This review provides an overview of the use of in situ/operando X‐ray techniques to understand the different functionalities of electrode materials inside the battery. It will focus on the phase transformation, structural evolution and dynamic properties of the battery electrodes, and discuss the relationship between battery failure and electro‐chemo‐mechanical failure in the electrode. Finally, the limitations of these methods are also discussed with the prospects for effective use of these techniques in the development of advanced battery technologies.
Strain‐rich high‐entropy perovskite oxide of (La0.8Sr0.2)(Mn0.2Fe0.2Cr0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3 for durable and effective catalysis of oxygen redox reactions in lithium‐oxygen battery
Authors: Liu Zhanpeng , Xu Haoyang , Wang Xinxiang , Tian Guilei , Du Dayue , Shu Chaozhu
Published: January 2024

Despite their great promise as high‐energy‐density alternatives to Li‐ion batteries, the extensive use of lithium‐oxygen (Li‐O2) batteries is constrained by the slow kinetics of both the oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction. To increase the overall performance of Li‐O2 batteries, it is essential to increase the efficiency of oxygen electrode reactions by constructing effective electrocatalysts. As a high‐efficiency catalyst for Li‐O2 batteries, high entropy perovskite oxide (La0.8Sr0.2)(Mn0.2Fe0.2Cr0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3 (referred to as LS(MFCCN)O3) is designed and investigated in this article. The introduction of dissimilar metals in LS(MFCCN)O3 has the potential to cause lattice deformation, thereby enhancing electron transfer between transition metal ions and facilitating the formation of numerous oxygen vacancies. This feature is advantageous for the reversible production and breakdown of discharge product Li2O2. Consequently, the Li‐O2 battery utilizing LS(MFCCN)O3 as a catalyst achieves an impressive discharge capacity of 17,078.2 mAh g−1 and exhibits an extended cycling life of 435 cycles. This study offers a useful method for adjusting the catalytic performance of perovskite oxides toward oxygen redox reactions in Li‐O2 batteries.
Acquired arteriovenous hemangioma on the nose of a middle‐aged man: A case report
Authors: Fazelzadeh Haghighi Negin , Hekmat Maryam , Shirazi Yeganeh Babak
Published: January 2024

Key Clinical Message

Arteriovenous hemangioma is a rare, benign vascular lesion that presents with an asymptomatic red or violaceous papule which is frequently asymptomatic but pruritus, pain and enlargement may be seen in some patients. In histology it is composed of thick‐walled and thin‐walled blood vessels distributed in superficial and mid dermis. The treatment of choice in such cases is complete excision and recurrence is rare. In this article we describe an acquired form of arteriovenous hemangioma on the nose of a middle‐aged man.
A case of varicella due to primary varicella zoster virus infection followed by respiratory disease on the background of an immunocompromised condition
Authors: Tomita Hizuru , Nobeyama Yoshimasa , Morishima Miya , Asahina Akihiko
Published: January 2024

Key Clinical Message

We encountered an immunocompromised patient with severe respiratory disease immediately after the onset of varicella. Varicella zoster virus infection may be associated with more severe immunosuppressive condition.
Phase Transformation Strategies for the Construction of Heterojunction TiO2 Photocatalysts
Authors: Wang Pei , Song Weina , Li Wei
Published: January 2024

Heterojunction TiO2 has attracted great attention in photocatalytic applications due to its high efficiency in the separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs and strong ability of light absorption. This work concisely summarizes the distinct crystal phases of TiO2 and elucidates the prevalent methods employed in the synthesis of TiO2 heterojunctions. Furthermore, the review highlights novel strategies for the realization of TiO2 phase transformation, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding and advancement in the application of mixed‐phase TiO2 photocatalysts.
High‐Performance Reversible Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Gas Diffusion Electrodes with Multivalent Cation Doped Core‐Shell Mn/Mn3O4 Catalysts
Authors: Pei Yu , Wu Wen Yu , Wilkinson David P. , Gyenge Előd L.
Published: January 2024

The development of precious‐metal‐free catalysts with bifunctional activities for both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is crucial for the advancement of regenerative fuel cells and rechargeable metal−air batteries. Manganese oxides (MnOx) have emerged as promising bifunctional catalysts. However, MnOx electrodes typically exhibit poor ORR/OER cycling stability owing to polarization‐induced MnOx redox reactions and phase transition. To address this issue, we developed metallic cation (i. e., Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Bi3+) doped MnOx/carbon electrodes using potentiodynamic, potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods. Among the explored dopant cations Ni2+ intercalated into MnOx under acidic conditions using a slow‐scan cyclic voltammetry method, significantly enhanced the ORR/OER activity and stability of MnOx. Alongside electrochemical doping, MnOx also underwent redox reactions leading to changes in Mn valence and phase transitions. The Ni‐incorporated MnOx gas diffusion electrode (GDE) demonstrated exceptional stability for over 120 accelerated OER and ORR cycles at ±10 mA cm−2 in 5 M KOH, surpassing the performance of the Pt/C−IrO2 benchmark. Furthermore, it achieved OER current densities of approximately 22 mA cm−2 at 1.65 VRHE, which was twice as high as that of Pt/C−IrO2.
Electron‐deficient ZnO induced by heterointerface engineering as the dominant active component to boost CO2‐to‐formate conversion
Authors: Qin Qing , Li Zijian , Zhang Yingzheng , Jang Haeseong , Zhai Li , Hou Liqiang , Wei Xiaoqian , Wang Zhe , Kim Min Gyu , Liu Shangguo , Liu Xien
Published: January 2024

Electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐formate conversion is considered an economically viable process. In general, Zn‐based nanomaterials are well‐known to be highly efficient electrocatalysts for the conversion of CO2 to CO, but seldom do they exhibit excellent selectivity toward formate. In this article, we demonstrate that a heterointerface catalyst ZnO/ZnSnO3 with nanosheet morphology shows enhanced selectivity with a maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 86% at −0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and larger current density for the conversion of CO2 to formate than pristine ZnO and ZnSnO3. In particular, the FEs of the C1 products (CO + HCOO−) exceed 98% over the potential window. The experimental measurements combined with theoretical calculations revealed that the ZnO in ZnO/ZnSnO3 heterojunction delivers the valence electron depletion and accordingly optimizes Zn d‐band center, which results in moderate Zn–O hybridization of HCOO* and weakened Zn–C hybridization of competing COOH*, thus greatly boosting the HCOOH generation. Our study highlights the importance of charge redistribution in catalysts on the selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction.
The urgent need for greater parent support and better health system experiences to enhance outcomes for pediatric anorexia nervosa: A Commentary on Marchetti & Sawrikar (2023)
Authors: Wilksch Simon M.
Published: January 2024

Marchetti and Sawrikar's (2024) systematic review of parent illness representations of their child's anorexia nervosa provides a valuable synthesis of 32 qualitative studies. The key themes that emerge paint a concerning picture of parents' perceptions of AN as: difficult to identify and understand; of chronic duration; uncontrollable; severe; and associated with serious consequences. A sense of hopelessness and low‐parental self‐efficacy was identified. This Commentary explores the key findings of this review in four areas: AN treatment and recovery (control/cure); emotional representations of the illness; parent understanding of the illness (coherence) and its causes; and consequences of the AN. These illness perceptions are discussed along with relevant quantitative investigations of parent experiences, with a view to suggesting how the toll on parents might be reduced and how reducing burdens on parents might also lead to improved timely treatment outcomes. It is proposed that two broad features are needed: improved help‐seeking experiences in the health care system; and, more parent‐focussed support.
Transient dynamic electrophoresis of a soft particle
Authors: Ohshima Hiroyuki
Published: January 2024

We introduce a general theory that explains the transient dynamic electrophoresis of a soft particle in an electrolyte solution when an oscillating electric field is suddenly applied. A simple approximate analytic expression is derived for the transient dynamic electrophoretic mobility of a soft particle that can be applied to practical situations. It is found that the mobility shows a damped oscillation, approaching its final value, similar to the behavior of a hard particle.
COVID‐19 and working from home‐related changes in physical activity in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Cobbold Alec , Crane Melanie , Greaves Stephen , Standen Christopher , Beck Matthew , Rissel Chris
Published: January 2024

Issues Addressed

Evidence on how COVID‐19 lockdowns impacted physical activity (PA) is mixed. This study explores changes in PA following initial mobility restrictions, and their subsequent relaxation, in a sample of Sydney (Australia) residents using a natural experiment methodology.

Methods

Participants' health and travel behaviours were collected pre‐pandemic in late 2019 (n = 1937), with follow‐up waves during the pandemic in 2020 (n = 1706) and 2021 (n = 1514). Linear mixed‐effects models were used to analyse changes in weekly duration of PA between the three waves.

Results

Compared with pre‐pandemic, average weekly PA increased in 2021 by 42.6 min total PA (p = .001), 16 min walking PA (p = .02), and 26.4 min moderate–vigorous PA (MVPA) (p = .003). However, average weekly sessions of PA decreased in 2020 and remained lower in 2021. For participants who were sufficiently active in 2019, weekly total PA (−66.3 min) MVPA (−43.8 min) decreased in 2020 compared to pre‐pandemic. Conversely, among participants who were insufficiently active in 2019, average weekly PA increased in both 2020 (total PA, +99.1 min; walking PA, +46.4 min; MVPA +52.8 min) and 2021 (total PA, +117.8 min; walking PA, +58.4 min; MVPA +59.2 min), compared to 2019. Participants who did more work from home increased their average weekly total PA in 2021 compared to pre‐pandemic (+45.3 min).

Conclusion

These findings reveal the complex variability in PA behaviour brought about by the pandemic.

So What?

Strategies to support the population in achieving sufficient PA must focus on maintaining an appetite for PA as we move out of the pandemic and on promoting more frequent PA sessions.
CRP Albumin Ratio: A novel noninvasive and cost‐effective method for assessing the severity of acute pancreatitis
Authors: Ghaffar Sania , Shahnoor Syeda , Khan Abdul Moiz , Asif Aimen , Fida Maryam , Oduoye Malik Olatunde , Nafula Wechuli Polyne
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Acute pancreatitis is a significant and potentially life‐threatening gastrointestinal disorder that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment. Current diagnostic methods often involve expensive and inaccessible imaging studies, such as CT scans, limiting their utility in emergency settings and underserved areas.

Aim

This correspondence discusses an innovative and cost‐effective approach to assessing the severity of acute pancreatitis, focusing on the C‐Reactive Protein‐Albumin Ratio (CAR).

Methodology

We searched relevant articles and studies from 2015 till date on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using these keywords: “C‐Reactive Protein”, “Albumin Ratio”, “Acute pancreatitis”, “Cost‐effective”, “Non‐invasive”, and “Severity”.

Result

The CAR diagnostic method involves a simple blood test that measures the levels of C‐Reactive Protein (CRP) and albumin, both commonly used markers for assessing inflammation. Elevated CRP and decreased albumin levels are indicative of inflammation, and the CAR has shown a strong positive correlation with the severity of acute pancreatitis. This method offers a non‐invasive, time‐efficient, and cost‐friendly alternative to traditional diagnostic techniques.

Conclusion

The potential of CAR as an assessment tool for the severity of acute pancreatitis is highlighted, especially in resource‐limited settings. This innovation holds promise for improving the timely and accurate diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and reducing mortality rates.