bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ detection of stability limit of ω phase in Ti–15Mo alloy during heating
Authors: Zháňal Pavel , Harcuba Petr , Hájek Michal , Stráský Josef , Śmilauerová Jana , Veselý Jozef , Horák Lukáš , Janeček Miloš , Holý Václav
Published: September 2019

Phase transitions in a single crystal of a metastable β-titanium alloy (Ti-15Mo) were investigated in situ during heating by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The results were compared with previous measurements of electrical resistance. Single-crystalline samples allowed different crystallographic families of ω-Ti and α-Ti phases to be distinguished. The observed evolution of the intensity of the reflections of the ω phase during heating is consistent with the evolution of electrical resistance, which proves that the resistance is affected by the presence of ω-phase particles. Between approximately 673 and 833 K, both the resistance and the intensity of ω peaks sharply decrease. At 833 K, ω reflections disappear, indicating a complete dissolution of the ω phase due to achieving the solvus temperature of the ω phase in the Ti–15Mo alloy. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment proved that the disappearance of the ω phase during heating of Ti–15Mo with a heating rate of 5 K min−1 occurs by its dissolution back to the β phase and not by ω → α transformation.
Modified polyoxometalate: a novel monocapped bi-supporting and reduced α-Keggin structure {PMo12O40[Cu(2,2′-bpy)]}[Cu(2,2′-bpy)(en)(H2O)]2
Authors: Lu Yu-Kun , Li Ya-Ping , Yang Ling-Yu , Wang Wen-Hong , Pan Yuan , Yan Wen-Fu , Liu Yun-Qi
Published: September 2019

A novel modified polyoxometalate, {PMo12O40[Cu(2,2′-bpy)]}[Cu(2,2′-bpy)(en)(H2O)]2 [2,2′-bpy is 2,2′-bipyridyl (C10H8N2) and en is ethylenediamine (C2H8N2)], has been synthesized hydrothermally and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, TG, IR, XPS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structural analysis reveals that the compound contains the reduced Keggin polyanion [PMo12O40]6− as the parent unit, which is monocapped by [Cu(2,2′-bpy)]2+ fragments via four bridging O atoms on an {Mo4O4} pit and bi-supported by two [Cu(2,2′-bpy)(en)(H2O)]2+ coordination cations simultaneously. There exist strong intramolecular π–π stacking between the capping and supporting units, which play a stabilizing role during the crystallization of the compound. Adjacent POM clusters are further aggregated to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network through noncovalent forces, hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions. In addition, the photocatalytic properties were investigated in detail, and the results indicated that the compound can be used as a photocatalyst towards the decomposition of the organic pollutant methylene blue (MB).
Application of GRA method for multi-objective optimization of roller burnishing process parameters using a carbide tool on high carbon steel (AISI-1040)
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Mitra Bedasruti , Kumar Naresh
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and optimize the roller burnishing process parameters using the design of experiments and grey relational analysis (GRA).

Design/methodology/approach

In this experimental work, the carbide burnishing tool has been selected for the machining of AISI-1040 high carbon steel to get better product quality and satisfactory machining characteristics. The material surface condition while machining, burnishing tool speed, feed rate, depth of penetration and No. of passes have been selected as process constraints to conduct experimental trials.

Findings

The surface roughness (SR) and surface hardness were considered as output responses. The experimental outcomes optimized by multi-parametric optimization showed considerable improvement in the process. The roller speed and number of passes are the most significant parameters for surface hardness, whereas the surface condition and roller penetration depth have the most significance on SR.

Research limitations/implications

The GRA method shows the 0.03376 improvement in grey relational grade between the experimental values and the predicted values.

Practical implications

The experimental outcomes optimized by multi-parametric optimization showed the considerable improvement in the process and will facilitate steel industries to enhance and improve productivity while burnishing high carbon steel (AISI-1040).

Originality/value

This research represents valid work, and the authors have no conflict of interests.
Intention to leave among bullied university personnel
Authors: Meriläinen Matti , Nissinen Pirkko , Kõiv Kristi
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the degree of intention to leave and the relation between bullying and intention to leave, as well as the relation between features of the working environment and intention to leave among Estonian university personnel.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 864 faculty members from nine Estonian universities answered the e-mail questionnaire in the Spring of 2014. The nature of bullying was measured with the help of the Negative Acts Questionnaire. The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire was applied in a survey of characteristics of the work environment. The relations were analysed with the help of structural equation modelling.

Findings

More than one third of the respondents had considered quitting sometimes, quite often, or very often. The results show that perceived bullying is a predictor of intention to leave, whereas a favourable working environment prevents quitting.

Research limitations/implications

The present results can be utilised from at least three perspectives: cultural and institutional studies, leadership practices and personal work control.

Practical implications

Knowing the characteristics of bullying helps in recognising and preventing bullying and aids in improving the working atmosphere at universities.

Originality/value

This study revealed that besides directly, bullying is related to explained intention to leave indirectly, mediated by (negative) work environment perceptions. This indicates that bullying gives rise to an unfavourable working atmosphere and further to intention to leave.
A study of the reasons for prescribing and misuse of gabapentinoids in prison including their co-prescription with opioids and antidepressants
Authors: Soni Anju , Walters Pamela
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Electronic medical case files of male prisoners in a category B prison in London were studied to establish a prevalence during an eight-month period of the use of and the reasons for prescribing gabapentinoids in prison and also to establish prescribing standards in prison and compliance with these. In addition, the prevalence of co-prescription of gabapentinoids with opioids and antidepressants, particularly tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline, was also assessed in light of the increased risk of respiratory depression resulting in death when these drugs are used in combination. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A retrospective, SystmOne case-file based survey was undertaken searching by SNOMED CT supplemented by examination of free text, in a category B prison for males (Capacity 1,500 prisoners; Average turnover of prisoners up to 6,000 per year), to establish practice standards related to the prescription of Gabapentinoids in the prison and determine compliance with these.

Findings

In total, 109 cases were identified of prisoners having been prescribed gabapentinoids, pregabalin in 66 cases (61 per cent) and gabapentin in 43 cases (39 per cent). In 36 cases (33 per cent) prescriptions were for unlicensed indications. This in fact represented 50 per cent of the cases where the indications were documented. In 51 cases (47 per cent) gabapentinoids were prescribed with an opioid substitute. In 14 cases (13 per cent), prescribed gabapentinoids were diverted to other prisoners.

Practical implications

The initiation of gabapentinoids in prison should be avoided. For prisoners who are also receiving opioid substitutes or are abusing opiates, it may be unsafe to continue on gabapentinoids. Issues raised by this study are likely to apply to other prisons, secure forensic psychiatric facilities and indeed community mental health and primary care as well.

Social implications

Risk of dependance on gabapentinoids including risk of mortality when taken with opioids and opioid substitutes.

Originality/value

This is an original study conducted at a category B prison in London.
The effect of venture capital backing on companies’ subsequent lobbying efforts
Authors: Alakent Ekin , Ozer Mine , Goktan M. Sinan
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of venture capital (VC) funding as a form of ownership on lobbying strategies of venture-backed companies.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample consists of venture-backed IPO companies between 1999 and 2014. The authors collected IPO data from the Thompson Securities Data Company (SDC) database. The authors collected VC data from SDC VentureXpert database and lobbying data from the Center for Responsive Politics database (opensecrets.org).

Findings

Consistent with the hypotheses, the authors find that VC-backed companies spend less on lobbying compared to non-VC-backed counterparts. However, this relationship is moderated by companies’ R&D intensity. R&D intensive VC-backed companies choose to spend more on lobbying.

Research limitations/implications

The research indicates that although VC backing has a negative impact on lobbying efforts, R&D intensity creates an incentive for VC-backed companies to spend more on lobbying in order to shape public policy to their benefit. The study consists of VC-backed companies that are public. The authors believe that future research can explore political strategies of VC-backed companies during their pre-IPO stage.

Social implications

The authors believe that political strategies are powerful yet underutilized resources that VC-backed companies can rely on to shift industries and invest in innovative products that challenge norms and fight the status quo. Lobbying and other forms of political involvement can help them shape public policy.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study makes a unique contribution to the literature by exploring the political strategies of VC-backed companies.
Bringing the individual back in
Authors: Abdelhaey Samah Abdelsabour
Published: September 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to study individuals in international relations especially private individuals in global politics. Therefore the paper focuses on analyzing the case of Mark Zuckerberg the founder and chief executive of Facebook who affects the international arena. The paper illustrates Zuckerberg’s strategies to assert wide influence and power within Facebook’s network and through multiple networks.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper follows new theories of studying the human agent in international relations, concentrating on private individuals as new actors in international relations (IR). Thus, depending on “network making power theory” and the “three-dimensional power perspectives; (discursive, structural and instrumental)”, the paper illustrates the case of Mark Zuckerberg as a private entrepreneur and his authority in the era of social media dominance with a focus on: Zuckerberg's discursive/ideational power strategy. Zuckerberg’s strategy to work as a switcher through multiple networks. The most obvious one is the Facebook network, through which he can assert global influence.

Findings

Formal state officials are not the only type of individuals who can affect international relations. Technological evolution has empowered private individuals as influential actors in international relations (IR). Interdisciplinary approaches became essential tools in studying new actors affecting IR. There are new patterns of power linked to individuals without formal positions. Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook and global philanthropist, is considered an influential actor in IR depending on programming and switching strategies to assert his power in a networked world.

Originality/value

This paper is able to prove that there are new forms of power which belong to private individuals in a networked world.
Satisfaction from romantic relationship and social media usage
Authors: Yadav Mohit , Choudhary Sangita
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of satisfaction from romantic relationships on social media usage, with computer-mediated communication (CMC) motives and self-disclosure dimensions acting as mediators of the relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected from 420 individuals active on social media. Data were analysed with confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, hierarchical multiple regression and mediation analysis based on Baron and Kenny’s (1986) conditions.

Findings

The result from a cross-sectional survey of 420 individuals reveals how relationship satisfaction leads to the use of six social media channels directly and indirectly through five dimensions of CMC motives and four dimensions of self-disclosure. Out of 54 possible mediations, 17 were found to be significant.

Originality/value

The present study fulfils the need to identify how satisfaction in a romantic relationship impacts self-disclosure and social media selection and usage.
Influence of land consolidation on aquatic invertebrate communities and their distribution patterns in Korean rice fields
Authors: Nam Hyung‐Kyu , Yoon Sung‐Soo , Song Young‐Ju , Kwon Soon‐Ik , Eo Jinu , Kim Myung‐Hyun
Published: September 2019

Rice fields, the major cropland in South Korea, provide an important wetland habitat for a diverse wildlife and contribute to biodiversity conservation. On the other hand, land consolidation conducted to increase agricultural production since the 1960s on a nationwide scale in South Korea has frequently been suggested to be one of the factors in the decline of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems. Negative effects of habitat manipulation such as land consolidation would have influenced paddy field biodiversity, but the degree has not been clearly measured in South Korea. This study evaluated the impacts of land consolidation on the aquatic invertebrate biodiversity and investigated their patterns across the nation. Field sampling for biodiversity and environmental variables were made from 290 sites of paddy field over the country. Aquatic invertebrate communities were clustered into four major clusters showing land consolidation as the main factor and geographic location as the second factor. Species richness and abundance were significantly lower in the land consolidation fields (mean ± s.e., 12.80 ± 0.28 vs 88.89 ± 0.89 and 2027.15 ± 150.84 vs 2573.54 ± 572.16). Shannon diversity index was also significantly lower in land consolidation fields. Our results suggest that land consolidation and spatial location are important for biodiversity and conservation of the aquatic invertebrate assemblages in Korean rice fields.
Energetics of blood flow in Fontan circulation under VAD support
Authors: Telyshev Dmitry , Denisov Maxim , Markov Aleksandr , Fresiello Libera , Verbelen Tom , Selishchev Sergey
Published: September 2019

The need to simulate the normal operating conditions of the human body is the key factor in every study and engineering process of bioelectronic devices designed for implantation. The Fontan procedure is an example of such a process aimed to support the human body function. It is a standard treatment method for patients with a functionally univentricular heart. However, it has significant drawbacks such as overload of the only functional heart ventricle that often leads to the necessity of the heart transplantation. In this study, we analyze the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) influence on the blood with and without connected auxiliary blood circulation pump. We investigate four different types of TCPC configurations, analyze blood pressure and different flow rate, study the turbulent kinetic energy distribution, and evaluate hydraulic and power losses for various cases. Finally, we calculate volumetric scalar shear stresses distribution and demonstrate the high potential of TCPC configuration with connected rotary pump as a tool for the load redistribution in the functional heart ventricle. This work is particularly relevant for improving existing TCPCs’ quality that can extend the life of Fontan patients. Moreover, it also applies to the reduction of morbidity and mortality of the patients waiting for the heart transplantation.
The association between medication non‐adherence and adverse health outcomes in ageing populations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Walsh Caroline A. , Cahir Caitriona , Tecklenborg Sarah , Byrne Catherine , Culbertson Michael A. , Bennett Kathleen E.
Published: September 2019

Aims

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to synthesise the evidence relating to medication non‐adherence and its association with health outcomes in people aged ≥50 years.

Methods

Seven databases were searched up to February 2019 for observational studies that measured medication (non‐)adherence as a predictor of the following health outcomes in adults aged ≥50 years: healthcare utilisation (hospitalisation, emergency department visits, outpatient visits and general practitioner visits), mortality, adverse clinical events and quality of life. Screening and quality assessment using validated criteria were completed by 2 reviewers independently. Random effects models were used to generate pooled estimates of association using adjusted study results. The full methodological approach was published on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42017077264).

Results

Sixty‐six studies were identified for qualitative synthesis, with 11 of these studies eligible for meta‐analyses. A meta‐analysis including 3 studies measuring medication non‐adherence in adults aged ≥55 years showed a significant association with all‐cause hospitalisation (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12, 1.21). A meta‐analysis including 2 studies showed that medication non‐adherence was not significantly associated with an emergency department visit (adjusted odds ratio 1.05, 95% CI 0.90, 1.22). Good adherence was associated with a 21% reduction in long‐term mortality risk in comparison to medication non‐adherence (adjusted hazard ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.63, 0.98).

Conclusion

Medication non‐adherence may be significantly associated with all‐cause hospitalisation and mortality in older people. Medication adherence should be monitored and addressed in this cohort to minimise hospitalisation, improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
Youth Jury Policy Deliberation: Towards a Fair and Responsible Internet
Authors: Pothong Kruakae
Published: September 2019

Young people aged between 12 and 17 across three major British cities — London, Leeds and Nottingham — were invited to play the role of ‘jurors’ on a case where ‘the Internet was put on trial’. The recommendations reported in this paper are intended to improve digital experience and online safety as contributions to policy. These recommendations derive from the ‘youth jurors’ policy deliberations designed to encourage young people to reflect on their digital experience and collectively develop their own problem definitions and solutions.
Polypyrrole/polylactic acid nanofibrous scaffold cotransplanted with bone marrow stromal cells promotes the functional recovery of spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Raynald  , Shu Bing , Liu Xue‐Bin , Zhou Jun‐Feng , Huang Hua , Wang Jing‐Yun , Sun Xiao‐Dan , Qin Chuan , An Yi‐Hua
Published: September 2019

Aims

The objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy of polypyrrole/polylactic acid (PPy/PLA) nanofibrous scaffold cotransplanted with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in promoting the functional recovery in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods

Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 18/group): control group, PPy/PLA group, and PPy/PLA/BMSCs group. The SCI was induced in all rats. Consequently, rats in PPy/PLA/BMSCs group were transplanted with 1 × 105 BMSCs after implantation of PPy/PLA, while those in the PPy/PLA group were implanted with PPy/PLA only; no implantation was performed in the control group. Six weeks after surgery, immunofluorescence microscopy, electron microscope, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were performed to assess the changes in the injured spinal cord tissues.

Results

Electrophysiology and locomotor function testing suggested that PPy/PLA nanofibrous scaffold cotransplanted with BMSCs could promote the functional recovery of the spinal cord. Six weeks after the operation, lower amount of scar tissue was found in the PPy/PLA group compared with the control group. Abundant neurofilament (NF) and neuron‐specific marker (NeuN) positive staining, and myelin formations were detected in the injured area. In addition, the transplantation of BMSCs not only improved the efficacy of PPy/PLA but also managed to survive well and was differentiated into neural and neuroglial cells.

Conclusions

The implantation of PPy/PLA nanofibrous scaffold and BMSCs has a great potential to restore the electrical conduction and to promote functional recovery by inhibiting the scar tissue formation, promoting axon regeneration, and bridging the gap lesion.
Extended thromboprophylaxis following colorectal surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive systematic clinical review
Authors: McKechnie T. , Wang J. , Springer J. E. , Gross P. L. , Forbes S. , Eskicioglu C.
Published: September 2019

Aim

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) following major abdominal surgery. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and not fully understood. A combination of pathophysiology, patient and surgical risk factors increase the risk of postoperative VTE in these patients. Despite being at increased risk, IBD patients are not regularly prescribed extended pharmacological thromboprophylaxis following colorectal surgery. Currently, there is a paucity of evidence‐based guidelines. Thus, the aim of this review is to evaluate the role of extended pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in IBD patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

Method

A search of Ovid Medline, EMBASE and PubMed databases was performed. A qualitative analysis was performed using 10 clinical questions developed by colorectal surgeons and a thrombosis haematologist. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was utilized to assess the quality of evidence.

Results

A total of 1229 studies were identified, 38 of which met the final inclusion criteria (37 retrospective, one case–control). Rates of postoperative VTE ranged between 0.6% and 8.9%. Patient‐specific risk factors for postoperative VTE included ulcerative colitis, increased age and obesity. Surgery‐specific risk factors for postoperative VTE included open surgery, emergent surgery and ileostomy creation. Patients with IBD were more frequently at increased risk in the included studies for postoperative VTE than patients with colorectal cancer. The risk of bias assessment demonstrated low risk of bias in patient selection and comparability, with variable risk of bias in reported outcomes.

Conclusion

There is a lack of evidence regarding the use of extended pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in patients with IBD following colorectal surgery. As these patients are at heightened risk of postoperative VTE, future study and consideration of the use of extended pharmacological thromboprophylaxis is warranted.
An approximate optimization strategy using refined hybrid metamodel
Authors: Lee Kwon‐Hee , Jeong Gyung‐Il , Lee Seong‐Hyeong
Published: September 2019

An approximate model called metamodel or surrogate model is a mathematical model that numerically approximates response of a system during an engineering simulation process or test. The introduction of a metamodel makes it possible to express response defined in the design problem as a simple mathematical function of design variables. A metamodel can be built with response surface method (RSM), kriging, neural network, radial basis function, and so on. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. A combined metamodel called hybrid model, ensemble model, or multiple surrogates has been developed to maximize each metamodel's strength. The hybrid model of this research includes RSM and kriging. Besides, a strategy to refine the hybrid metamodel is implemented by reducing design space. In this process, information related to Hessian is utilized for an unconstrained optimization problem, on the contrary feasibility for a constrained optimization problem. This research presents a new hybrid metamodel‐based optimization strategy called refined hybrid metamodel. Five mathematical test problems, two‐bar design, spring design, and propeller shaft design problems are solved with the suggested method, verifying its usefulness. Most of the optimal results with the proposed method are closer to exact solutions with smaller function evaluations than existing methods.
Multimodality and multiterritory vascular imaging in a toddler with acquired, complex, and unusual aortic arch anatomy
Authors: Bhat Aarti H. , Trent Erin , Kapur Raj P. , Permut Lester
Published: September 2019

A 20‐month‐old otherwise well child with no cardiac history presented for evaluation of a recent onset cardiac murmur. His initial examination revealed significant right carotid bruit along with a transthoracic echocardiogram (ECHO) concerning for severe transverse arch hypoplasia with unusual appearance and left ventricular hypertrophy with preserved function. This report demonstrates the utility of various modalities including echo, CT, and MRI to assess vascular structures in different vascular territories in a challenging patient who underwent a satisfactory arch repair with unexpected pathology findings.
A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF THE MISSING DEFLATION PUZZLE
Authors: Kara Engin , Pirzada Ahmed
Published: September 2019

Following the Great Recession, despite large and persistent slowdown in economic activity, the fall in inflation was modest. This is known as the missing deflation puzzle. In this paper, we develop and estimate a New Keynesian model to provide an explanation for the puzzle. The new model allows for time‐varying volatility in cross‐sectional idiosyncratic uncertainty and accounts for changes in intermediate input prices. We show that inflation did not fall much because intermediate input prices were increasing. (JEL E31, E32, E52)
Digital Module 08: Foundations of Operational Item Analysis https://ncme.elevate.commpartners.com
Authors: Yoo Hanwook [Henry] , Hambleton Ronald K.
Published: September 2019

Item analysis is an integral part of operational test development and is typically conducted within two popular statistical frameworks: classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). In this digital ITEMS module, Hanwook Yoo and Ronald K. Hambleton provide an accessible overview of operational item analysis approaches within these frameworks. They review the different stages of test development and associated item analyses to identify poorly performing items and effective item selection. Moreover, they walk through the computational and interpretational steps for CTT‐ and IRT‐based evaluation statistics using simulated data examples and review various graphical displays such as distractor response curves, item characteristic curves, and item information curves. The digital module contains sample data, Excel sheets with various templates and examples, diagnostic quiz questions, data‐based activities, curated resources, and a glossary.
New net zooplankton geographical information system in the Far East seas and adjacent waters of the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Volvenko Igor V.
Published: September 2019

Motivation

I describe the GIS that is based on a new database of zooplankton collected by Juday net with a 0.1 m2 opening (0.168 mm mesh).

Main types of variables contained

The average density (in milligrams per cubic metre) of plankton and their different constituents in 1° trapeziums.

Location

Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, Japan/East seas and Pacific Ocean.

Time period

1984–2013.

Taxa studied

All mesofauna; > 214 species of holo‐ and meroplankton.

Methods

GIS creation, data analysis and literature review.

Software format

Any that is capable of working with shapefiles.

Results

Maps of the spatio‐temporal distribution of plankton with various taxonomic groups and dimensions were compiled and analysed. Based on these maps and on the literature, a hypothesis was made regarding the negative correlation of the zooplankton size with temperature. It was also revealed that some fluctuations in the abundance of plankton in the Bering Sea and the ocean are in phase, whereas in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan the fluctuations are fully out of phase. In particular, during the transition from the light to the dark time of the day in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan, the density of plankton almost everywhere throughout the epipelagic zone increases; however, in the Bering Sea and the ocean, over large parts of the water area, it decreases. This means that the common practice by trophologists of attempting to replace the day‐time catch in plankton nets with the night‐time catches to assess the food reserves for fish will yield significantly different results in these waters.

Main conclusion

This unique GIS could be useful to planktonologists, ichthyologists, hydrobiologists, trophologists, ecologists, biogeographers and modellers for understanding patterns and drivers of plankton diversity and biomass variations at large scales. Unfortunately, owing to lack of funding, it has not been brought to the levels of species, size classes and developmental stages that could be available in the final release.
Decolonial education and geography: Beyond the 2017 Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers annual conference
Authors: Stanek Marcin B.
Published: September 2019

This review is inspired by the recent resurgence of grassroots movements aimed at the decolonisation of education. The departure point of the paper are the numerous, recent academic responses to campaigns such as Rhodes Must Fall, Why is My Curriculum White?, Why Isn't My Professor Black?, and #LiberateMyDegree. Following from there, the narrative is divided into two sections. The first part reviews theoretical approaches to decolonial education, especially those rooted in the modernity/coloniality/decoloniality paradigm. The second part analyses the ways in which geographers have applied these ideas to our discipline. The review pays particular attention to the 2017 Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers annual conference, curated under the “Decolonising geographical knowledges” theme. I argue that as geographers, we have to continue reflecting on the meaning of decolonial praxis, especially in relation to geographical education, beyond the recent conference. To these ends, the review concludes with seven specific questions for geographers to consider in the near future.
Review: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Makristathis Athanasios , Hirschl Alexander M. , Mégraud Francis , Bessède Emilie
Published: September 2019

Endoscopic imaging of the stomach is improving. In addition to narrow band imaging, other methods, for example, blue light imaging and linked color imaging, are now available and can be combined with artificial intelligence systems to obtain information on the gastric mucosa and detect early gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry is only recommended as an ancillary stain in case of chronic active gastritis without Helicobacter pylori detection by standard staining, and recommendations to exclude false negative H. pylori results have been made. Molecular methods using real‐time PCR, droplet digital PCR, or amplification refractory mutation system PCR have shown a high accuracy, both for detecting H. pylori and for clarithromycin susceptibility testing, and can now be used in clinical practice for targeted therapy. The most reliable non‐invasive test remains the 13C‐urea breath test. Large data sets show that DOB values are higher in women and that the cut‐off for positivity could be decreased to 2.74 DOB. Stool antigen tests using monoclonal antibodies are widely used and may be a good alternative to UBT, particularly in countries with a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. Attempts to improve serology by looking at specific immunodominant antigens to distinguish current and past infection have been made. The interest of Gastropanel® which also tests pepsinogen levels was confirmed.
Night, light and flight: light attraction in Trichoptera
Authors: Larsson Malin , Göthberg Anders , Milberg Per
Published: September 2019

Artificial light is an important and necessary part of urban environments, but light can have substantial direct and indirect effects on populations of various organisms. Urban areas are often situated close to water and thus organisms dependent on water could be especially vulnerable. Trichoptera is one of the most abundant insect orders in freshwater, but its attraction to light has not been analysed in detail.

We contrasted catches in light traps and passive traps at three locations in Sweden.

The results showed that artificial light can affect Trichoptera populations. Attraction to light varied between Trichoptera species and females were more attracted than males. Day‐, evening‐ and especially night‐active species were all attracted to light. Light catches of day‐ and evening‐active Trichoptera could partly be a consequence of atypical flight activity, i.e. they are deceived to take flight when a lamp is lit during night.

In all, artificial light can alter Trichoptera populations, sex ratios and species composition. This impact should be considered when erecting and managing light sources near waterways.
A review of current and future food applications of natural hydrocolloids
Authors: Yemenicioğlu Ahmet , Farris Stefano , Turkyilmaz Meltem , Gulec Sukru
Published: September 2019

The main aim of this review paper was to focus on current and potential future sources and food applications of natural hydrocolloids in the food industry. The emerging research trends, problems, new methods and alternative approaches in production, environmental concerns, market trends and newly discovered health benefits have been discussed for natural hydrocolloids of commercial relevance. The rheological and surface active properties, interactions, functional properties, films and coatings, encapsulation applications and nanotechnology uses of natural hydrocolloids have been discussed in the light of recent developments. This review also reflected the most up‐to‐date concepts of applying natural hydrocolloids to meet consumer's and food sector's sophisticated demands related to food products.
Work Trajectories of Female and Male Immigrants in Spain
Authors: Carrasco Carpio Concepción , García‐Serrano Carlos , Hernanz Virginia
Published: September 2019

This article aims to examine in depth the work trajectories of individuals over time, in order to provide a wider perspective of the employment history of immigrants compared to native people, by gender and for more than one decade (2005–2017) in Spain. We use microdata (cohort and multivariate analysis) from the Labour Force Survey and carry out a comparison for three groups: the Spanish born in Spain, the Spanish born abroad, and the non‐Spanish born abroad. The results confirm that the non‐Spanish born‐abroad group is characterized by the existence of segmented assimilation. All foreigners suffered a loss in their work trajectories, since their employment rate in 2017 has as yet neither reached the level of the last years of the previous economic expansion nor the level of the previous cohorts at the same age.
Genome‐wide association study for insect bite hypersensitivity susceptibility in horses revealed novel associated loci on chromosome 1
Authors: Shrestha Merina , Solé Marina , Ducro Bart J. , Sundquist Marie , Thomas Ruth , Schurink Anouk , Eriksson Susanne , Lindgren Gabriella
Published: September 2019

Equine insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a pruritic skin allergy caused primarily by biting midges, Culicoides spp. IBH susceptibility has polygenic inheritance and occurs at high frequencies in several horse breeds worldwide, causing increased costs and reduced welfare of affected horses. The aim of this study was to identify and validate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with equine IBH susceptibility. After quality control, 33,523 SNPs were included in a Bayesian genome‐wide association study on 177 affected and 178 unaffected Icelandic horses. We report associated regions in E. caballus (ECA) 1, 3, 15 and 18, overlapping with known IBH QTLs in horses, and novel regions containing several genes, together explaining 11.46% of the total genetic variance. For validation, three SNPs on ECA 1 and ECA X (explaining the largest percentage of genetic variance) within 1‐mb genomic windows for IBH were genotyped in an independent population of 280 Exmoor ponies. The associated genomic region (152–153 mb) on ECA 1 was confirmed in Exmoor ponies and contains the AQR gene involved in splicing processes and a long non‐coding RNA. This study confirms the polygenic nature of IBH susceptibility and suggests a role of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms (e.g., alternative splicing) for IBH predisposition in these horse breeds.
Hypertension control in Argentina, in the middle of a long road
Authors: Carbajal Horacio A. , Salazar Martin R.
Published: September 2019

In Argentina, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and represent 1/3 of total mortality. In 2017, hypertension prevalence for inhabitants ≥18 years old was 36.3%, and its level of knowledge and control (<140/90 mm Hg) were 61% and 24%, respectively. Furthermore, 56% of people treated with antihypertensive drugs do not reach therapeutic goal. In addition to this, prevalence of other risk factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, overweight‐obesity, high blood glucose/diabetes, and high cholesterol, has worsened in the last 5 years. The governmental initiative "Less Salt More Life" intends to reduce salt consumption in the entire population and promoted a National Law, which establishes the progressive salt reduction in processed foods. This initiative is probably related to the reduction of salt use after cooking or sitting at the table, observed in the Risk Factors National Survey. Furthermore, previously published studies showed, in relatively small samples from Argentina, that populational blood pressure can be decreased and hypertension control can be improved using community‐based or multicomponent intervention programs. However, no specific designed national effort for hypertension control is now officially applied. In consequence, we believe that, in order to increase hypertension control, the effort should not focus on developing new strategies, but on quickly implementing and maintaining those local multicomponent interventions that have already proven to be effective.
A Comparison of Aggregation Rules for Selecting Anchor Items in Multigroup DIF Analysis
Authors: Huelmann Thorben , Debelak Rudolf , Strobl Carolin
Published: September 2019

This study addresses the topic of how anchoring methods for differential item functioning (DIF) analysis can be used in multigroup scenarios. The direct approach would be to combine anchoring methods developed for two‐group scenarios with multigroup DIF‐detection methods. Alternatively, multiple tests could be carried out. The results of these tests need to be aggregated to determine the anchor for the final DIF analysis. In this study, the direct approach and three aggregation rules are investigated. All approaches are combined with a variety of anchoring methods, such as the “all‐other purified” and “mean p‐value threshold” methods, in two simulation studies based on the Rasch model. Our results indicate that the direct approach generally does not lead to more accurate or even to inferior results than the aggregation rules. The min rule overall shows the best trade‐off between low false alarm rate and medium to high hit rate. However, it might be too sensitive when the number of groups is large. In this case, the all rule may be a good compromise. We also take a closer look at the anchor selection method “next candidate,” which performed rather poorly, and suggest possible improvements.
Classification Consistency and Accuracy With Atypical Score Distributions
Authors: Kim Stella Y. , Lee Won‐Chan
Published: September 2019

The current study aims to evaluate the performance of three non‐IRT procedures (i.e., normal approximation, Livingston‐Lewis, and compound multinomial) for estimating classification indices when the observed score distribution shows atypical patterns: (a) bimodality, (b) structural (i.e., systematic) bumpiness, or (c) structural zeros (i.e., no frequencies). Under a bimodal distribution, the normal approximation procedure produced substantially large bias. For a distribution with structural bumpiness, the compound multinomial procedure tended to introduce larger bias. Under a distribution with structural zeroes, the relative performance of selected estimation procedures depended on cut score location and the sample‐size conditions. In general, the differences in estimation errors among the three procedures were not substantially large.
Ground application of mating disruption against the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
Authors: Onufrieva Ksenia S. , Hickman Andrea D. , Leonard Donna S. , Tobin Patrick C.
Published: September 2019

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is a non‐native defoliating insect that continues to expand its range in North America and undergo periodic outbreaks. In management efforts to suppress outbreaks, slow its spread and eradicate populations that arrive outside of the invaded range, aerial deployments of mating disruption tactics and pesticides are generally used. However, in some cases, such as in heavily urbanized areas or other landscapes where aerial deployments are not feasible or permitted, ground applications are required. Ground applications tend to be labour‐intensive to ensure adequate coverage. To better inform optimal deployment of ground applications of mating disruption, we measured the effectiveness of a pheromone formulation designed for ground application, SPLAT® GM, in forested areas of Virginia from 2011 to 2014 using different dosages and number of point applications. We observed that SPLAT® GM applied to the tree trunks at the dosages of 49.4 and 123.6 g AI/ha in 11 × 11 systematic grids (i.e., every 11 m) reduced male trap catch by >90% relative to untreated control plots, which based on previous studies corresponds to >95% reduction in gypsy moth mating success. Our observations suggest that ground applications of gypsy moth mating disruption can be a successful management tool when circumstances require it.
Outcomes of Waterbirth in a US Hospital‐Based Midwifery Practice: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Water Immersion During Labor and Birth
Authors: Neiman Emily , Austin Elizabeth , Tan Alai , Anderson Cindy M. , Chipps Esther
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Although the safety of water immersion during labor is largely supported by evidence from research, the risks to women and neonates during waterbirth are not well established. The purpose of this study was to generate evidence regarding maternal and neonatal outcomes related to water immersion in labor and during birth.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study included a convenience sample of women receiving prenatal care at a nurse‐midwifery practice. Participants were categorized into 3 groups: 1) waterbirth, 2) water labor, or 3) neither. Participant characteristics, maternal outcomes, and newborn outcomes were collected at time of birth and health record abstraction. At the 6‐week postpartum visit, another maternal outcome, satisfaction with birth, was measured using the Care in Obstetrics: Measure for Testing Satisfaction (COMFORTS) scale. Analysis included effect size, descriptive statistics (sample characteristics), and maternal and neonatal group differences (analysis of variance and chi‐square) with a significance level of P < .05.

Results

Women in the waterbirth (n = 58), water labor (n = 61), and neither (n = 111) groups were primarily white, married, and college educated and did not differ by age or education. Women in the waterbirth group were more likely to be multiparous. Nulliparous women who had a waterbirth had a significantly shorter second stage of labor than nulliparous women who did not have a waterbirth (P = .03). The most commonly cited reasons for discontinuation of hydrotherapy were maternal choice (42.6%) and need for pain medication (29.5%). Significantly more women in the waterbirth group experienced a postpartum hemorrhage, compared with water labor or neither (n = 5, n = 3, n = 1, respectively; P = .045); there was no difference in related clinical measures. Neonatal outcomes were not significantly different. Maternal satisfaction was high across all groups.

Discussion

The results of this study suggest that waterbirth, attended by qualified intrapartum care providers in hospital settings in the United States, is a reasonable option for low‐risk women and their neonates.
Amaranthus caudatus subsp. mantegazzianus: A new host of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma hispanicum’ (subgroup 16Sr XIII‐A)
Authors: Noelting Maria Cristina , Ferreira Jacson , Galvão Sarah Rodrigues , Greizerstein Eduardo José , Molina Maria del Cármen , López César Gabriel , Bedendo Ivan Paulo
Published: September 2019

In Argentina, amaranth is a promising crop due to high nutritional quality and ability to grow in a diversity of environments. In areas cultivated with amaranth, were observed plants exhibiting slow growth, deformed leaves, proliferation of shoots and malformed lateral panicles. Field survey revealed up to 96% disease incidence and 92% of the seeds collected from mother plants produced diseased seedlings. A phytoplasma was detected in association with seedlings and adult plants using nested PCR assays. Molecular identification by computer‐simulated RFLP and phylogenetic analysis evidenced the occurrence of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma hispanicum’‐related strain, affiliated with 16SrXIII‐A subgroup. The findings implicate amaranth as a new host for this subgroup and as a potential reservoir of the pathogen for other cultivated species. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this study reports for the first time the presence of 16SrXIII‐A phytoplasma in Argentina and in South America. Furthermore, transmission assays pointed that naturally infected seed is an important vehicle of dissemination of the pathogen, threatening the expansion of the crop for new geographical areas.