bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melt-Spun Poly(D,L-lactic acid) Monofilaments Containing N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide as Mosquito Repellent
Authors: Ferreira Ignatius , Brünig Harald , Focke Walter , Boldt Regine , Androsch René , Leuteritz Andreas
Published: January 2021

Malaria is still a major tropical disease, with Africa particularly burdened. It has been proposed that outdoor protection could aid substantially in reducing the malaria incidence rate in rural African communities. Recently, melt-spun polyolefin fibers containing mosquito repellents have been shown to be promising materials to this end. In this study, the incorporation of N,N‑Diethyl‑3‑methylbenzamide (DEET)—a popular and widely available mosquito repellent—in commercially available, amorphous poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) is investigated with the aim of producing biodegradable mosquito-repelling filaments with a reduced environmental impact. It is shown to be possible to produce macroscopically stable PDLLA-DEET compounds containing up to 20 wt.-% DEET that can be melt-spun to produce filaments, albeit at relatively low take-up speeds. A critical DEET content allows for stress-induced crystallization during the spinning of the otherwise amorphous PDLLA, resulting in the formation of α-crystals. Although the mechanical integrity of the filaments is notably impacted by the incorporation of DEET, these filaments show potential as materials that can be used for Malaria vector control.
Cytocompatibility of Graphene Monolayer and Its Impact on Focal Cell Adhesion, Mitochondrial Morphology and Activity in BALB/3T3 Fibroblasts
Authors: Lasocka Iwona , Szulc-Dąbrowska Lidia , Skibniewski Michał , Skibniewska Ewa , Gregorczyk-Zboroch Karolina , Pasternak Iwona , Hubalek Kalbacova Marie
Published: January 2021

This study investigates the effect of graphene scaffold on morphology, viability, cytoskeleton, focal contacts, mitochondrial network morphology and activity in BALB/3T3 fibroblasts and provides new data on biocompatibility of the “graphene-family nanomaterials”. We used graphene monolayer applied onto glass cover slide by electrochemical delamination method and regular glass cover slide, as a reference. The morphology of fibroblasts growing on graphene was unaltered, and the cell viability was 95% compared to control cells on non-coated glass slide. There was no significant difference in the cell size (spreading) between both groups studied. Graphene platform significantly increased BALB/3T3 cell mitochondrial activity (WST-8 test) compared to glass substrate. To demonstrate the variability in focal contacts pattern, the effect of graphene on vinculin was examined, which revealed a significant increase in focal contact size comparing to control-glass slide. There was no disruption in mitochondrial network morphology, which was branched and well connected in relation to the control group. Evaluation of the JC-1 red/green fluorescence intensity ratio revealed similar levels of mitochondrial membrane potential in cells growing on graphene-coated and uncoated slides. These results indicate that graphene monolayer scaffold is cytocompatible with connective tissue cells examined and could be beneficial for tissue engineering therapy.
Optimal Control for a Nonlocal Model of Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows
Authors: Baranovskii Evgenii S. , Artemov Mikhail A.
Published: January 2021

This paper deals with an optimal control problem for a nonlocal model of the steady-state flow of a differential type fluid of complexity 2 with variable viscosity. We assume that the fluid occupies a bounded three-dimensional (or two-dimensional) domain with the impermeable boundary. The control parameter is the external force. We discuss both strong and weak solutions. Using one result on the solvability of nonlinear operator equations with weak-to-weak and weak-to-strong continuous mappings in Sobolev spaces, we construct a weak solution that minimizes a given cost functional subject to natural conditions on the model data. Moreover, a necessary condition for the existence of strong solutions is derived. Simultaneously, we introduce the concept of the marginal function and study its properties. In particular, it is shown that the marginal function of this control system is lower semicontinuous with respect to the directed Hausdorff distance.
Double Solutions and Stability Analysis of Micropolar Hybrid Nanofluid with Thermal Radiation Impact on Unsteady Stagnation Point Flow
Authors: Anuar Nur Syazana , Bachok Norfifah
Published: January 2021

The mathematical modeling of unsteady flow of micropolar Cu–Al2O3/water nanofluid driven by a deformable sheet in stagnation region with thermal radiation effect has been explored numerically. To achieve the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), we have employed some appropriate transformations and solved it numerically using MATLAB software (built-in solver called bvp4c). Influences of relevant parameters on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristic are discussed and presented in graphs. The findings expose that double solutions appear in shrinking sheet case in which eventually contributes to the analysis of stability. The stability analysis therefore confirms that merely the first solution is a stable solution. Addition of nanometer-sized particle (Cu) has been found to significantly strengthen the heat transfer rate of micropolar nanofluid. When the copper nanoparticle volume fraction increased from 0 to 0.01 (1%) in micropolar nanofluid, the heat transfer rate increased roughly to an average of 17.725%. The result also revealed that an upsurge in the unsteady and radiation parameters have been noticed to enhance the local Nusselt number of micropolar hybrid nanofluid. Meanwhile, the occurrence of material parameter conclusively decreases it.
Common α-Fuzzy Fixed Point Results for F-Contractions with Applications
Authors: Ahmad Jamshaid , Marino Giuseppe , Al-Mezel Saleh Abdullah
Published: January 2021

F-contractions have inspired a branch of metric fixed point theory committed to the generalization of the classical Banach contraction principle. The study of these contractions and α-fuzzy mappings in b-metric spaces was attempted timidly and was not successful. In this article, the main objective is to obtain common α-fuzzy fixed point results for F-contractions in b-metric spaces. Some multivalued fixed point results in the literature are derived as consequences of our main results. We also provide a non-trivial example to show the validity of our results. As applications, we investigate the solution for fuzzy initial value problems in the context of a generalized Hukuhara derivative. Our results generalize, improve and complement several developments from the existing literature.
Mast Cell Activation Disorders
Authors: Giannetti Arianna , Filice Emanuele , Caffarelli Carlo , Ricci Giampaolo , Pession Andrea
Published: January 2021

Background and Objectives: Mast cell disorders comprise a wide spectrum of syndromes caused by mast cells’ degranulation with acute or chronic clinical manifestations. Materials and Methods: In this review article we reviewed the latest findings in scientific papers about mast cell disorders with a particular focus on mast cell activation syndrome and mastocytosis in pediatric age. Results: Patients with mast cell activation syndrome have a normal number of mast cells that are hyperreactive upon stimulation of various triggers. We tried to emphasize the diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies. Another primary mast cell disorder is mastocytosis, a condition with a long-known disease, in which patients have an increased number of mast cells that accumulate in different regions of the body with different clinical evolution in pediatric age. Conclusions: Mast cell activation syndrome overlaps with different clinical entities. No consensus was found on biomarkers and no clearly resolutive treatment is available. Therefore, a more detailed knowledge of this syndrome is of fundamental importance for a correct diagnosis and effective therapy.
Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Thandra Krishna C. , Barsouk Adam , Saginala Kalyan , Padala Sandeep Anand , Barsouk Alexander , Rawla Prashanth
Published: January 2021

Non-Hodgins’s lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematological malignancy worldwide, accounting for nearly 3% of cancer diagnoses and deaths. NHL is the seventh most prevalent cancer and has the sixth highest mortality among cancers in the US. NHL accounts for 4% of US cancer diagnoses, and incidence has increased 168% since 1975 (while survival has improved 158%). NHL is more common among men, those >65 years old, and those with autoimmune disease or a family history of hematological malignancies. NHL is a heterogenous disease, with each subtype associated with different risk factors. Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is strongly associated with Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, while peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is most associated with celiac disease. Occupational exposures among farm workers or painters increases the risk of most of the common subtypes. Prior radiation treatment, obesity, and smoking are most highly associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), while breast implants have been rarely associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Infection with Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is strongly associated with endemic Burkitts lymphoma. HIV and human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8), is predisposed to several subtypes of DLBCL, and human T-cell lymphoma virus (HTLV-1) is a causative agent of T-cell lymphomas. Obesity and vitamin D deficiency worsen NHL survival. Atopic diseases and alcohol consumption seem to be protective against NHL.
A Review on Ionic Liquid Gas Separation Membranes
Authors: Friess Karel , Izák Pavel , Kárászová Magda , Pasichnyk Mariia , Lanč Marek , Nikolaeva Daria , Luis Patricia , Jansen Johannes Carolus
Published: January 2021

Ionic liquids have attracted the attention of the industry and research community as versatile solvents with unique properties, such as ionic conductivity, low volatility, high solubility of gases and vapors, thermal stability, and the possibility to combine anions and cations to yield an almost endless list of different structures. These features open perspectives for numerous applications, such as the reaction medium for chemical synthesis, electrolytes for batteries, solvent for gas sorption processes, and also membranes for gas separation. In the search for better-performing membrane materials and membranes for gas and vapor separation, ionic liquids have been investigated extensively in the last decade and a half. This review gives a complete overview of the main developments in the field of ionic liquid membranes since their first introduction. It covers all different materials, membrane types, their preparation, pure and mixed gas transport properties, and examples of potential gas separation applications. Special systems will also be discussed, including facilitated transport membranes and mixed matrix membranes. The main strengths and weaknesses of the different membrane types will be discussed, subdividing them into supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs), poly(ionic liquids) or polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), polymer/ionic liquid blends (physically or chemically cross-linked ‘ion-gels’), and PIL/IL blends. Since membrane processes are advancing as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional separation processes, having shown promising results for complex new separation challenges like carbon capture as well, they may be the key to developing a more sustainable future society. In this light, this review presents the state-of-the-art of ionic liquid membranes, to analyze their potential in the gas separation processes of the future.
Investigation on Analysis Method of Environmental Fatigue Correction Factor of Primary Coolant Metal Materials in LWR Water Environment
Authors: Shao Xuejiao , Xie Hai , Zhang Yixiong , Xiong Furui , Bai Xiaoming , Jiang Lu , Kan Qianhua
Published: January 2021

The environmental fatigue correction factor (Fen) is mainly used to analyze the influence of the coolant environment on the fatigue life of primary metal materials. Because the calculation of the transformed strain rate is related to the stress history of the component structure, how to determine the strain rate is the most critical step in calculating the Fen. The approaches of the detailed method were given by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) guidelines and RCC-M-2017 Edition Section VI- RPP No. 3 separately, so a gap analysis was performed between the two methods. Furthermore, another average method was also proposed to determine the average strain rate and strain range. Based on the analysis benchmark provided in the EPRI guideline, a simple case study was performed to account for the effect on the fatigue life in applications with different strain rate approaches and different Fen expressions. Finally, two industry case studies were also completed, including on materials of low alloy steel, austenitic stainless steel, and nickel-base alloy. We suggest adopting a more accurate detailed method, and its methodology is recommended to provide more reasonable solutions.
Production of the HBc Protein from Different HBV Genotypes in E. coli. Use of Reassociated HBc VLPs for Packaging of ss- and dsRNA
Authors: Petrovskis Ivars , Lieknina Ilva , Dislers Andris , Jansons Juris , Bogans Janis , Akopjana Inara , Zakova Jelena , Sominskaya Irina
Published: January 2021

The core proteins (HBc) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and HBc-formed virus-like particles (VLPs) were purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography (IEX). The best VLP yield was found for the HBc of the HBV genotypes D and G. For the HBc of the HBV genotypes D, F, and G, the possibility of dissociation and reassociation maintaining the native HBc structure was demonstrated. Single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) ribonucleic acid (RNA) was successfully packed into HBc VLPs for the HBV genotypes D and G.
Interactions of Bacillus subtilis Basement Spore Coat Layer Proteins
Authors: Krajčíková Daniela , Bugárová Veronika , Barák Imrich
Published: January 2021

Bacillus subtilis endospores are exceptionally resistant cells encircled by two protective layers: a petidoglycan layer, termed the cortex, and the spore coat, a proteinaceous layer. The formation of both structures depends upon the proper assembly of a basement coat layer, which is composed of two proteins, SpoIVA and SpoVM. The present work examines the interactions of SpoIVA and SpoVM with coat proteins recruited to the spore surface during the early stages of coat assembly. We showed that the alanine racemase YncD associates with two morphogenetic proteins, SpoIVA and CotE. Mutant spores lacking the yncD gene were less resistant against wet heat and germinated to a greater extent than wild-type spores in the presence of micromolar concentrations of l-alanine. In seeking a link between the coat and cortex formation, we investigated the interactions between SpoVM and SpoIVA and the proteins essential for cortex synthesis and found that SpoVM interacts with a penicillin-binding protein, SpoVD, and we also demonstrated that SpoVM is crucial for the proper localization of SpoVD. This study shows that direct contacts between coat morphogenetic proteins with a complex of cortex-synthesizing proteins could be one of the tools by which bacteria couple cortex and coat formation.
Alkali-Hydrothermal Treatment of K-Rich Igneous Rocks for Their Direct Use as Potassic Fertilizers
Authors: Mbissik Aaron , Elghali Abdellatif , Ouabid Muhammad , Raji Otmane , Bodinier Jean-Louis , El Messbahi Hicham
Published: January 2021

Due to the increasing demand for conventional sources of potassium (K) and their inaccessibility by African countries, K-rich igneous rocks are increasingly studied as potential alternative sources. In this study, six potassic igneous rocks (syenites and trachytes) from the Tamazeght, Jbel Boho, Ait Saoun, and El Glo’a regions (Morocco) were sampled and characterized. Then they were hydrothermally treated to enhance their K release for potential use as potassic fertilizers. The raw materials are mainly formed by microcline (up to 74%), orthoclase (20–68%), albite (36–57%), biotite-muscovite (15–23%), and titanite, calcite, hematite, and apatite as accessory minerals. These samples were crushed and milled to reach a particle size <150 µm and mixed with 4 N NaOH solution in an autoclave. The liquid/solid (L/S) ratio was about 44 mL/50 g. The powders were allowed to react with the solution at 170 °C for 7 h. For all tests, NaOH reacted completely with the powders and no liquid was observed after the treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IRTF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) were carried out on treated samples to characterize the mineralogical and structural changes due to the alkali-hydrothermal treatment. Indeed, the treated samples revealed the presence of sodic neoformed phases such as thermonatrite, sodalite, analcime, and cancrinite. The treated material was leached for a week using deionized water and the elements released were measured using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The hydrothermal process showed a strong effect on structure breakdown as well as on the release of K and other nutrients such as P, Fe, Si, Mg, and Ca. Therefore, the alkali-hydrothermal treatment allowed the release of 50.5 wt% K. Moreover, the release of Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si were significantly increased. Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si release within raw materials was about (0.5–3.6), (3.5–31.4), (0.01–0.4), (0.01–0.3), (20–55), and (4.6–8) mg/kg, respectively, whereas treated samples showed a higher release of these elements. Quantitatively, Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si releases were about (10–11.8), (60–70), (7–20), (1.2–15), (218–1278), and (1119–2759) mg/kg, respectively. Consequently, the treated igneous rocks (syenite and trachyte) could be directly used as potassic fertilizers that would also be a source of other nutrients.
Proposal of the Annotation of Phosphorylated Amino Acids and Peptides Using Biological and Chemical Codes
Authors: Minkiewicz Piotr , Darewicz Małgorzata , Iwaniak Anna , Turło Marta
Published: January 2021

Phosphorylation represents one of the most important modifications of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. By modifying the latter, it is useful in improving the functional properties of foods. Although all these substances are broadly annotated in internet databases, there is no unified code for their annotation. The present publication aims to describe a simple code for the annotation of phosphopeptide sequences. The proposed code describes the location of phosphate residues in amino acid side chains (including new rules of atom numbering in amino acids) and the diversity of phosphate residues (e.g., di- and triphosphate residues and phosphate amidation). This article also includes translating the proposed biological code into SMILES, being the most commonly used chemical code. Finally, it discusses possible errors associated with applying the proposed code and in the resulting SMILES representations of phosphopeptides. The proposed code can be extended to describe other modifications in the future.
Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in the Root Canal
Authors: Parolia Abhishek , Kumar Haresh , Ramamurthy Srinivasan , Madheswaran Thiagarajan , Davamani Fabian , Pichika Malikarjuna Rao , Mak Kit-Kay , Fawzy Amr S , Daood Umer , Pau Allan
Published: January 2021

To determine the antibacterial effect of propolis nanoparticles (PNs) as an endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm inside the endodontic root canal system. Two-hundred-ten extracted human teeth were sectioned to obtain 6 mm of the middle third of the root. The root canal was enlarged to an internal diameter of 0.9 mm. The specimens were inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days. Following this, specimens were randomly divided into seven groups, with 30 dentinal blocks in each group including: group I—saline; group II—propolis 100 µg/mL; group III—propolis 300 µg/mL; group IV—propolis nanoparticle 100 µg/mL; group V—propolis nanoparticle 300µg/mL; group VI—6% sodium hypochlorite; group VII—2% chlorhexidine. Dentin shavings were collected at 200 and 400 μm depths, and total numbers of CFUs were determined at the end of one, five, and ten minutes. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to compare the differences in reduction in CFUs between all groups, and probability values of p < 0.05 were set as the reference for statistically significant results. The antibacterial effect of PNs as an endodontic irrigant was also assessed against E. faecalis isolates from patients with failed root canal treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were also performed after exposure to PNs. A Raman spectroscope, equipped with a Leica microscope and lenses with curve-fitting Raman software, was used for analysis. The molecular interactions between bioactive compounds of propolis (Pinocembrin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin) and the proteins Sortase A and β-galactosidase were also understood by computational molecular docking studies. PN300 was significantly more effective in reducing CFUs compared to all other groups (p < 0.05) except 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX (p > 0.05) at all time intervals and both depths. At five minutes, 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX were the most effective in reducing CFUs (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between PN300, 6% NaOCl, and 2% CHX at 10 min (p > 0.05). SEM images also showed the maximum reduction in E. faecalis with PN300, 6% NaOCl, and 2% CHX at five and ten minutes. CLSM images showed the number of dead cells in dentin were highest with PN300 compared to PN100 and saline. There was a reduction in the 484 cm−1 band and an increase in the 870 cm−1 band in the PN300 group. The detailed observations of the docking poses of bioactive compounds and their interactions with key residues of the binding site in all the three docking protocols revealed that the interactions were consistent with reasonable docking and IFD docking scores. PN300 was equally as effective as 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX in reducing the E. faecalis biofilms.
Wine Polyphenol Content and Its Influence on Wine Quality and Properties: A Review
Authors: Gutiérrez-Escobar Rocío , Aliaño-González María José , Cantos-Villar Emma
Published: January 2021

Wine is one of the most consumed beverages around the world. It is composed of alcohols, sugars, acids, minerals, proteins and other compounds, such as organic acids and volatile and phenolic compounds (also called polyphenols). Polyphenols have been shown to be highly related to both (i) wine quality (color, flavor, and taste) and (ii) health-promoting properties (antioxidant and cardioprotective among others). Polyphenols can be grouped into two big families: (i) Flavonoids, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanols, hydrolysable and condensed tannins, flavanones, flavones and chalcones; and (ii) Non-flavonoids, including hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, stilbenes, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol. Each group affects in some way the different properties of wine to a greater or a lesser extent. For that reason, the phenolic composition can be managed to obtain singular wines with specific, desirable characteristics. The current review presents a summary of the ways in which the phenolic composition of wine can be modulated, including (a) invariable factors such as variety, field management or climatic conditions; (b) pre-fermentative strategies such as maceration, thermovinification and pulsed electric field; (c) fermentative strategies such as the use of different yeasts and bacteria; and (d) post-fermentative strategies such as maceration, fining agents and aging. Finally, the different extraction methods and analytical techniques used for polyphenol detection and quantification have been also reviewed.
Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products
Authors: Yulvianti Meri , Zidorn Christian
Published: January 2021

Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds.
A Contribution to the Solid State Forms of Bis(demethoxy)curcumin: Co-Crystal Screening and Characterization
Authors: Wünsche Steffi , Yuan Lina , Seidel-Morgenstern Andreas , Lorenz Heike
Published: January 2021

Bis(demethoxy)curcumin (BDMC) is one of the main active components found in turmeric. Major drawbacks for its usage are its low aqueous solubility, and the challenging separation from other curcuminoids present in turmeric. Co-crystallization can be applied to alter the physicochemical properties of BDMC in a desired manner. A co-crystal screening of BDMC with four hydroxybenzenes was carried out using four different methods of co-crystal production: crystallization from solution by slow solvent evaporation (SSE), and rapid solvent removal (RSR), liquid-assisted grinding (LAG), and crystallization from the melt phase. Two co-crystal phases of BDMC were obtained with pyrogallol (PYR), and hydroxyquinol (HYQ). PYR-BDMC co-crystals can be obtained only from the melt, while HYQ-BDMC co-crystals could also be produced by LAG. Both co-crystals possess an equimolar composition and reveal an incongruent melting behavior. Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of BDMC in the diketo form in the PYR co-crystals, while it is in a more stable keto-enol form in the HYQ co-crystals. Solubility measurements in ethanol and an ethanol-water mixture revealed an increase of solubility in the latter, but a slightly negative effect on ethanol solubility. These results are useful for a prospective development of crystallization-based separation processes of chemical similar substances through co-crystallization.
Red Arils of Taxus baccata L.—A New Source of Valuable Fatty Acids and Nutrients
Authors: Tabaszewska Małgorzata , Rutkowska Jaroslawa , Skoczylas Łukasz , Słupski Jacek , Antoniewska Agata , Smoleń Sylwester , Łukasiewicz Marcin , Baranowski Damian , Duda Iwona , Pietsch Jörg
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study, focused on the nutritional value of wild berries, was to determine the contents of macronutrients, profiles of fatty (FAs) and amino acids (AAs), and the contents of selected elements in red arils (RA) of Taxus baccata L., grown in diverse locations in Poland. Protein (1.79–3.80 g/100 g) and carbohydrate (18.43–19.30 g/100 g) contents of RAs were higher than in many cultivated berries. RAs proved to be a source of lipids (1.39–3.55 g/100 g). Ten out of 18 AAs detected in RAs, mostly branched-chain AAs, were essential AAs (EAAs). The EAAs/total AAs ratio approximating were found in animal foods. Lipids of RA contained seven PUFAs, including those from n-3 family (19.20–28.20 g/100 g FA). Polymethylene-interrupted FAs (PMI-FAs), pinolenic 18:3Δ5,9,12; sciadonic 20:3Δ5,11,14, and juniperonic 20:4Δ5,11,14,17, known as unique for seeds of gymnosperms, were found in RAs. RAs may represent a novel dietary source of valuable n-3 PUFAs and the unique PMI-FAs. The established composition of RAs suggests it to become a new source of functional foods, dietary supplements, and valuable ingredients. Because of the tendency to accumulate toxic metals, RAs may be regarded as a valuable indicator of environmental contamination. Thus, the levels of toxic trace elements (Al, Ni, Cd) have to be determined before collecting fruits from natural habitats.
Packham’s Triumph Pears (Pyrus communis L.) Post-Harvest Treatment during Cold Storage Based on Chitosan and Rue Essential Oil
Authors: Peralta-Ruiz Yeimmy , Grande-Tovar Carlos David , Navia Porras Diana Paola , Sinning-Mangonez Angie , Delgado-Ospina Johannes , González-Locarno María , Maza Pautt Yarley , Chaves-López Clemencia
Published: January 2021

Pears (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Packham’s Triumph are very traditional for human consumption, but pear is a highly perishable climacteric fruit with a short shelf-life affected by several diseases with a microbial origin. In this study, a protective effect on the quality properties of pears was evidenced after the surface application of chitosan-Ruta graveolens essential oil coatings (CS + RGEO) in four different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %, v/v) during 21 days of storage under 18 °C. After 21 days of treatment, a weight loss reduction of 10% (from 40.2 ± 5.3 to 20.3 ± 3.9) compared to the uncoated pears was evident with CS + RGEO 0.5%. All the fruits’ physical-chemical properties evidenced a protective effect of the coatings. The maturity index increased for all the treatments. However, the pears with CS + RGEO 1.5% were lower (70.21) than the uncoated fruits (98.96). The loss of firmness for the uncoated samples was higher compared to the coated samples. The pears’ most excellent mechanical resistance was obtained with CS + RGEO 0.5% after 21 days of storage, both for compression resistance (7.42 kPa) and force (22.7 N). Microbiological studies demonstrated the protective power of the coatings. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria and molds were significantly reduced (in 3 Log CFU/g compared to control) using 15 µL/mL of RGEO, without affecting consumer perception. The results presented in this study showed that CS + RGEO coatings are promising in the post-harvest treatment of pears.
Quantitative Evaluation of Carbon Fiber Dispersion in Amorphous Calcium Silicate Hydrate-Based Contact-Hardening Composites
Authors: Ji Guangxiang , Xiong Guangqi , Peng Xiaoqin , Wang Shuping , Wang Chong , Sun Keke , Zeng Lu
Published: January 2021

Carbon fiber dispersion has a substantial influence on the properties of amorphous calcium silicate hydrate-based contact-hardening composites. In this study, a mixture of carbon fiber and calcium silicate hydrate powder was compressed into solid composites at 40 MPa for one minute. The mechanical properties and electrical resistivity of the solid materials were measured, and the dispersion of carbon fibers was quantitatively evaluated by digital image processing technology. The Taipalu model was used to build the correlation between the electrical resistivity of the composites and the carbon fiber dispersion. The results of the electrical resistivity showed that the down threshold of carbon fiber content in the contact-hardening composites was 1.0 wt.% and the electrical resistivity was 30,000 Ω·cm. As the fiber content increased to 2.0 wt.%, the electrical resistivity dropped to 2550 Ω·cm, which was attributed to the increase in fiber dispersion uniformity in the solid composites, and the value of the fiber distribution coefficient reached a maximum value of 0.743. A subsequent decrease in the uniformity of the fiber dispersion was observed at a high fiber content. In addition, the carbon fiber content showed a slight influence on the fiber orientation in the contact-hardening composites.
Nutritional Importance of Selected Fresh Fishes, Shrimps and Mollusks to Meet Compliance with Nutritional Guidelines of n-3 LC-PUFA Intake in Spain
Authors: Mesa Maria , Gil Fernando , Olmedo Pablo , Gil Angel
Published: January 2021

Fishery products are the main source of dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). Following the European Commission’s request to address the risks and benefits of seafood consumption, and taking into account the great variability of nutrient and contaminant levels in fishery products, the present work aims to estimate the n-3 LC-PUFA provided per serving of selected fishes, shrimps and mollusks that are commonly consumed in Spain. This would enable the establishment of a risk–benefit analysis of fish consumption and provide recommendations for fish intake to comply with nutritional guidelines of n-3 LC-PUFA intake. We confirmed high variation in the pattern and contents of fatty acids for different species. n-6 PUFA were minor fatty acids, whereas palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1 n-9), and mainly eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids were the major fatty acids in the sample. Therefore, consumption of 2–3 servings per week of a variety of fishery products may contribute to compliance with the recommended daily n-3 LC-PUFA intake while maintaining an adequate balance to avoid contaminant-derived potential risks (metals and others). Taking the fatty acid content of fishery products described in this study into consideration, it is advisable to include one serving of fatty fish per week in order to meet recommended n-3 LC-PUFA levels.
The Effect of a Combined Gluten- and Casein-Free Diet on Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Keller Amélie , Rimestad Marie Louise , Friis Rohde Jeanett , Holm Petersen Birgitte , Bruun Korfitsen Christoffer , Tarp Simon , Briciet Lauritsen Marlene , Händel Mina Nicole
Published: January 2021

There has been a growing interest in the gastrointestinal system and its significance for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including the significance of adopting a gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet. The objective was to investigate beneficial and safety of a GFCF diet among children with a diagnosis of ASD. We performed a systematic literature search in Medline, Embase, Cinahl, and the Cochrane Library up to January 2020 for existing systematic reviews and individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Studies were included if they investigated a GFCF diet compared to a regular diet in children aged 3 to 17 years diagnosed with ASD, with or without comorbidities. The quality of the identified existing reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). The risk of bias in RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and overall quality of evidence was evaluated using Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). We identified six relevant RCTs, which included 143 participants. The results from a random effect model showed no effect of a GFCF diet on clinician-reported autism core symptoms (standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.31 (95% Cl. −0.89, 0.27)), parent-reported functional level (mean difference (MD) 0.61 (95% Cl −5.92, 7.14)) or behavioral difficulties (MD 0.80 (95% Cl −6.56, 10.16)). On the contrary, a GFCF diet might trigger gastrointestinal adverse effects (relative risk (RR) 2.33 (95% Cl 0.69, 7.90)). The quality of evidence ranged from low to very low due to serious risk of bias, serious risk of inconsistency, and serious risk of imprecision. Clinical implications of the present findings may be careful consideration of introducing a GFCF diet to children with ASD. However, the limitations of the current literature hinder the possibility of drawing any solid conclusion, and more high-quality RCTs are needed. The protocol is registered at the Danish Health Authority website.
Effects of Maternal Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Placental Complications: An Umbrella Review, Meta-Analysis and Evidence Map
Authors: Kinshella Mai-Lei , Omar Shazmeen , Scherbinsky Kerri , Vidler Marianne , Magee Laura , von Dadelszen Peter , Moore Sophie , Elango Rajavel ,   The PRECISE Conceptual Framework Working Group
Published: January 2021

The placenta is a vital, multi-functional organ that acts as an interface between maternal and fetal circulation during pregnancy. Nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy alter placental development and function, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as pre-eclampsia, infants with small for gestational age and low birthweight, preterm birth, stillbirths and maternal mortality. Maternal nutritional supplementation may help to mitigate the risks, but the evidence base is difficult to navigate. The primary purpose of this umbrella review is to map the evidence on the effects of maternal nutritional supplements and dietary interventions on pregnancy outcomes related to placental disorders and maternal mortality. A systematic search was performed on seven electronic databases, the PROSPERO register and references lists of identified papers. The results were screened in a three-stage process based on title, abstract and full-text by two independent reviewers. Randomized controlled trial meta-analyses on the efficacy of maternal nutritional supplements or dietary interventions were included. There were 91 meta-analyses included, covering 23 types of supplements and three types of dietary interventions. We found evidence that supports supplementary vitamin D and/or calcium, omega-3, multiple micronutrients, lipid-based nutrients, and balanced protein energy in reducing the risks of adverse maternal and fetal health outcomes. However, these findings are limited by poor quality of evidence. Nutrient combinations show promise and support a paradigm shift to maternal dietary balance, rather than single micronutrient deficiencies, to improve maternal and fetal health. The review is registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020160887).
Potential SARS-CoV-2 Immune Correlates of Protection in Infection and Vaccine Immunization
Authors: Sui Yongjun , Bekele Yonas , Berzofsky Jay A.
Published: January 2021

Both SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines induce robust immune responses. Current data suggested that high neutralizing antibody titers with sustained Th1 responses might correlate with protection against viral transmission and disease development and severity. In addition, genetic and innate immune factors, including higher levels of type I interferons, as well as the induction of trained immunity and local mucosal immunity also contribute to lower risk of infection and amelioration of disease severity. The identification of immune correlates of protection will facilitate the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics strategies.
Tauvid™: The First FDA-Approved PET Tracer for Imaging Tau Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Jie Caitlin , Treyer Valerie , Schibli Roger , Mu Linjing
Published: January 2021

Tauvid has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2020 for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of adult patients with cognitive impairments undergoing evaluation for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on tau pathology. Abnormal aggregation of tau proteins is one of the main pathologies present in AD and is receiving increasing attention as a diagnostic and therapeutic target. In this review, we summarised the production and quality control of Tauvid, its clinical application, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, as well as its limitation due to off-target binding. Moreover, a brief overview on the second-generation of Tau PET tracers is provided. The approval of Tauvid marks a step forward in the field of AD research and opens up opportunities for second-generation tau tracers to advance tau PET imaging in the clinic.
Preclinical Evaluation of 99mTc-Labeled GRPR Antagonists maSSS/SES-PEG2-RM26 for Imaging of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Abouzayed Ayman , Rinne Sara S. , Sabahnoo Hamideh , Sörensen Jens , Chernov Vladimir , Tolmachev Vladimir , Orlova Anna
Published: January 2021

Background: Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is an important target for imaging of prostate cancer. The wide availability of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and the generator-produced 99mTc can be utilized to facilitate the use of GRPR-targeting radiotracers for diagnostics of prostate cancers. Methods: Synthetically produced mercaptoacetyl-Ser-Ser-Ser (maSSS)-PEG2-RM26 and mercaptoacetyl-Ser-Glu-Ser (maSES)-PEG2-RM26 (RM26 = d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) were radiolabeled with 99mTc and characterized in vitro using PC-3 cells and in vivo, using NMRI or PC-3 tumor bearing mice. SPECT/CT imaging and dosimetry calculations were performed for [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26. Results: Peptides were radiolabeled with high yields (>98%), demonstrating GRPR specific binding and slow internalization in PC-3 cells. [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 outperformed [99mTc]Tc-maSES-PEG2-RM26 in terms of GRPR affinity, with a lower dissociation constant (61 pM vs 849 pM) and demonstrating higher tumor uptake. [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 had tumor-to-blood, tumor-to-muscle, and tumor-to-bone ratios of 97 ± 56, 188 ± 32, and 177 ± 79, respectively. SPECT/CT images of [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 clearly visualized the GRPR-overexpressing tumors. The dosimetry estimated for [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 showed the highest absorbed dose in the small intestine (1.65 × 10−3 mGy/MBq), and the effective dose is 3.49 × 10−3 mSv/MBq. Conclusion: The GRPR antagonist maSSS-PEG2-RM26 is a promising GRPR-targeting agent that can be radiolabeled through a single-step with the generator-produced 99mTc and used for imaging of GRPR-expressing prostate cancer.
Involvement of Polyamine Metabolism in the Response of Medicago truncatula Genotypes to Salt Stress
Authors: Antoniou Chrystalla , Zarza Xavier , Gohari Gholamreza , Panahirad Sima , Filippou Panagiota , Tiburcio Antonio F. , Fotopoulos Vasileios
Published: January 2021

Salinity constitutes one of the most important causes leading to severe reduction in plant yield. Several reports correlate the accumulation of polyamines in plants with tolerance to abiotic stress cues. The present study examined three Medicago truncatula genotypes with differing sensitivities to salinity (TN1.11, tolerant; Jemalong A17, moderately sensitive; TN6.18, sensitive), with the aim of examining the genotype-specific involvement of the polyamine metabolic pathway in plant response to salinity. The study was carried out with leaves harvested 48 h after watering plants with 200 mM NaCl. A comprehensive profile of free polyamines was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. All genotypes showed spermidine and spermine as the most abundant polyamines under control conditions. In salinity conditions, spermine levels increased at the expense of putrescine and spermidine, indicating a drift of polyamine metabolism towards the synthesis of increasing polycationic forms as a stress response. The increasing balance between high and low polycationic forms was clearly diminished in the salt-sensitive genotype TN6.18, showing a clear correlation with its sensitive phenotype. The polyamine metabolic profile was then supported by molecular evidence through the examination of polyamine metabolism transcript levels by RT-qPCR. General suppression of genes that are involved upstream in the PA biosynthetic pathway was determined. Contrarily, an induction in the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of spermine and spermidine was observed, in agreement with the metabolic analysis. A significant induction in diamino oxidase expression, involved in the catabolism of putrescine, was specifically found in the sensitive genotype ΤΝ6.18, indicating a distinct metabolic response to stress. Present findings highlight the involvement of polyamines in the defense response of Medicago genotypes showing sensitivity to salt stress.
An Extended Thickness-Dependent Moisture Absorption Model for Unidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Azizan Azisyahirah , Johar Mahzan , Karam Singh Salvinder Singh , Abdullah Shahrum , Koloor Seyed Saeid Rahimian , Petrů Michal , Wong King Jye , Tamin Mohd Nasir
Published: January 2021

Moisture absorption tests for materials that exhibit non-Fickian behavior generally require a relatively long period to reach saturation. Therefore, it would be beneficial to establish a relationship between the moisture content and the thickness to minimize the experimental time and cost. This research characterizes the moisture absorption behavior of AS4/8552 carbon/epoxy composites. Specimens were prepared at 4, 8, and 16 plies and immersed in distilled water at 60 °C. The relationship between the non-Fickian parameters (Fickian to non-Fickian maximum moisture content ratio ϕ, non-Fickian diffusivity per square thickness α, and non-Fickian initiation time to) and thickness was characterized using a thickness-dependent model. A comparison with other materials revealed that all three non-Fickian parameters are able to be fitted using a power law. Nevertheless, the upper boundary for the applicability of this model was not determined in this study. The Weibull distribution plots indicate that the probability of non-Fickian moisture absorption is influenced by ϕ and α at approximately 62% within a normalized thickness range of 2–3. In regards to to, it is 82% at a normalized thickness of 6. Therefore, the Weibull distribution is proposed for the assessment of non-Fickian moisture absorption based on the material’s thickness.
Halloysite Nanotube-Ferrihydrite Incorporated Polyethersulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane: Effect of Nanocomposite Loading on the Antifouling Performance
Authors: Wan Ikhsan Syarifah Nazirah , Yusof Norhaniza , Mat Nawi Normi Izati , Bilad Muhammad Roil , Shamsuddin Norazanita , Aziz Farhana , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi
Published: January 2021

Membrane filtration is an attractive process in water and wastewater treatment, but largely restricted by membrane fouling. In this study, the membrane fouling issue is addressed by developing polyethersulfone (PES)-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with the incorporation of hydrophilic nanoparticles as an additive. Ultrafiltration MMMs were successfully fabricated by incorporating different loadings of halloysite nanotube-ferrihydrates (HNT-HFO) into a polyethersulfone (PES) matrix and their performance was evaluated for the separation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution and oil/water emulsion. The results show that wettability is endowed to the membrane by introducing the additive aided by the presence of abundant -OH groups from the HFO. The loading of additive also leads to more heterogeneous surface morphology and higher pure water fluxes (516.33–640.82 L/m2h) more than twice that of the pristine membrane as reference (34.69 L/m2h) without affecting the rejection. The MMMs also provide much enhanced antifouling properties. The filtration results indicate that the flux recovery ratio of the modified membrane reached 100% by washing with only distilled water and a total flux recovery ratio of >98% ± 0.0471 for HNT-HFO-loaded membranes in comparison with 59% ± 0.0169 for pristine PES membrane.