bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic and immune-based selection shifts before and after European contact inferred from 50 ancient and modern exomes from the Northwest Coast of North America
Authors: Lindo John , Huerta-Sánchez Emilia , Nakagome Shigeki , Rasmussen Morten , Petzelt Barbara , Mitchell Joycellyn , Cybulski Jerome S , Willerslev Eske , DeGiorgio Michael , Malhi Ripan S
Published: April 2016

The susceptibility of Native Americans to infectious disease has been postulated as a major factor for their population decline after European contact. To investigate if a preexisting genetic component contributed to this phenomenon, we analyzed 50 exomes of both ancient and modern individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America, dating from before and after European contact. We confirmed the genetic continuity between the ancient and modern individuals and modeled the population collapse after European contact, inferring a 57% reduction in effective population size. We also identified signatures of positive selection on immune-related genes in the ancient but not the modern group. The strongest selection signal in the ancients came from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) geneHLA-DQA1, with alleles that are close to fixation. The important immune function ofHLA-DQA1supports an ancient adaptation to the environments of the Americas. The modern individuals show a marked decrease in the frequency of the associated alleles (the most pronounced variant showing a 64% difference). This decrease is likely due to the environmental change associated with European colonization, which resulted in a shift of selection pressures, whereby negative selection may have acted on the same gene after contact. Furthermore, the selection pressure shift could correlate to the European-borne epidemics of the 1800s, suffered in the Northwest Coast region. This is among the first studies to examine a single population through time and exemplifies the power of such studies in uncovering nuanced demographic and adaptive histories.
Serotonin-dependent kinetics of bursts of feeding underlie a graded response to food availability
Authors: Lee Kyung Suk , Iwanir Shachar , Kopito Ronen B , Scholz Monika , Biron David , Levine Erel
Published: April 2016

Animals integrate physiological and environmental signals to modulate their food uptake. Failure to regulate feeding may have devastating results, including obesity and diabetes, underscoring the importance of understanding its underlying mechanisms. The nematodeC. elegans, whose food uptake consists of pumping bacteria from the environment into the gut, provides excellent opportunities for discovering principles of conserved regulatory mechanisms. Here we show that worms implement a graded feeding response to the concentration of environmental bacteria by modulating a commitment to bursts of fast pumping. Using long-term, high-resolution, longitudinal recordings of feeding dynamics under defined conditions, we find that the frequency and duration of pumping bursts increase and the duration of long pauses diminishes in environments richer in bacteria. The bioamine serotonin, a known feeding regulator in metazoa, is required for food-dependent induction of bursts as well as for maintaining their high rate of pumping through two distinct mechanisms. Following this phenotype quantitatively we identify the essential serotonergic neurons and the differential roles of distinct families of serotonin receptors. We propose that regulation of bursts is a conserved mechanism of behavior and motor control.
A fuzzy-ExIWO method for optimal placement of multiple DSTATCOM/DG and tuning the DSTATCM’s controller
Authors: bagheri tolabi hajar , Lashkar Ara Afshin , hosseini rahil
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is optimal placement of multiple Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Distributed Generation (DG) units along with nonlinear control of the DSTATCOM in order to loss reduction, voltage drop improvement, increase in the voltage stability and improvement of the performance of the controller of the DTATCOM.

Design/methodology/approach

A combination of a fuzzy system and Expanded Invasive Weed Optimization (ExIWO) has been employed for solving the nonlinear/complex problem. A nonlinear control has been designed based on Partial Feedback Linearization (PFL) theory for the DSTATCOM and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers have been employed to trace the reference values.

Findings

A combination of a fuzzy system and Expanded Invasive Weed Optimization (ExIWO) has been employed for solving the nonlinear/complex problem. A nonlinear control has been designed based on Partial Feedback Linearization (PFL) theory for the DSTATCOM and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers have been employed to trace the reference values.

Practical implications

An expandable application was written in MATLAB software to investigate the electrical distribution system with multiple DSTAOM and DG units by considering the DSTATCOM controller.

Originality/value

1- Definition of a new technical and hybrid optimization problem (i.e. optimal placement of multiple DSTATCOM and DG units along with nonlinear controlling of the DSTATCOM). Indeed another important challenge in distribution systems (i.e. optimal placement (size and location) of multiple DSTATCOM and DG units) has been considered along with previous problem (i.e. tuning the DSTATCOM controller).
2- Development the objective function and convert it from a purely controlling function to a multi objective function which aims to not only improve the controller of DSTATCOM performance but also aims to reduce the power losses, improve voltage drop and voltage stability.
3- Solving the nonlinear-complex problem by a new combination of fuzzy sets and ExIWO algorithm.
4- Considering two 33 bus and 119 bus distribution test systems and analyzing them in five different scenarios in order to demonstrate the proper performance of the proposed technique for the both small and large systems. Please see the modifications in introduction, problem formulation and simulation results sections.
Speech enhancement using robust estimators and rank-order statistics
Authors: Sandoval Yuma , Diaz-Ramirez Victor H. , Kober Vitaly
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of the present work is to design robust estimators for speech enhancement by incorporation of calculation rank-order statistics and locally-adaptive neighborhoods. The proposed estimators are able to increase the speech quality of a noisy signal, to preserve better speech intelligibility, and to introduce less artifacts comparing with known speech enhancement estimators.

Design/methodology/approach

We design a novel speech enhancement algorithm based on rank-order statistics and local adaptive signal processing to improve the accuracy of existing speech enhancement estimators, in terms of speech quality, intelligibility, and introduction of artificial artifacts.

Findings

We found that by using the proposed estimators for speech enhancement we obtain a better adaptation to nonstationary characteristics of speech and noise processes comparing with that of known speech enhancement estimators. The proposed algorithm increases speech quality, preserves better speech intelligibility, and introduces less artifacts comparing with known speech enhancement estimators.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed approach for speech enhancement is a locally-adaptive signal processing performed for each element of a noisy speech signal. Thus, the main limitation of the proposed approach is an increase of computational complexity compared with that of nonadaptive conventional techniques.

Practical implications

In order to perform real-time speech enhancement with the proposed approach, it is recommended to use a digital system with a fast processor. Another option is by using a parallel architecture such as a FPGA.

Originality/value

We propose a novel local-adaptive algorithm for robust speech enhancement by incorporation of calculation of rank-order statistics and local-adaptive neighborhoods. The proposed algorithm is able to adjust itself in response to changes in the statistical properties of ambience noise.
Fully automatic gain control beamformer for smart antenna array system
Authors: khattak muhammad yasin , akhtar pervez -
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The aim of this investigation is to make the Bessel beamformer fully automatic when it is combined with Root MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) and is based on the array processing in the application of beamforming and Direction of Arrival (DOA) algorithm for source position. The concept is analyzed for modified Bessel beamformer with Root MUSIC to form a non-blind array processing technique which is then used to focus a beam towards a desired user and place nulls towards interferers for capacity improvement.

Design/methodology/approach

The idea is manipulated for modified Bessel beamformer with Root MUSIC relies on MATLAB software with the goal to obtain high efficiency in terms of signal recovery, directive gain by minimizing MSE and place nulls towards interferers.

Findings

The finding of the analysis is presented in adaptive environment and provided in the tables. The paper shows that the presented method leads to superior results and can be used as a better alternative in many practical applications to avoid operator involvement.

Research limitations/implications

The adaptive processes described in the paper are still limited to simulation due to non availability of real system for testing.

Practical implications

The paper can be extended to a next level by implementing the proposed algorithms in the real time environment using FPGA technology.

Originality/value

This is our original work that can offer scientific contribution to signal processing community and may provide better results as an automatic beamformer.
Optimal power flow with storage in DC electrified railways
Authors: Bossi Olivier , pouget julien , Retiere Nicolas , Gerbaud Laurent
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Due to the increase of the traffic, issues are appearing on DC electrified railway feeding systems. One candidate solution to solve these issues and to improve their performances is to add storage systems in the railway DC electrical network. The paper presents a method based on an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) for the analysis and design of DC railway feeding systems with storage.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper describes a new methodology based on optimization to study DC electrified railways, including storage systems. A load flow model of a DC 1500V railway electrification system is presented, including the mobility of the train sets. Then, an Optimal Power Flow model of the DC network, including energy storage systems and feeding substation rectifiers has been developed. Finally, the OPF model has been tested on a real application case showing its benefits while searching solutions in order to improve the network performances.

Findings

An OPF model suitable for analysis of DC networks with storage is presented. It shows its ability to solve large scale problems.

Research limitations/implications

The paper focuses on the physical model of the network. The optimization model will have to be extended with application constraints.

Originality/value

The hypothesis presented in this paper allows to remove the discontinuities of the system in order to use a continuous optimization approach.
Students’ perceptions of the use of technology in cross-cultural communication
Authors: Bauman Antonina
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore students’ perceptions of the use of technology in cross-cultural communication and to compare findings with current trends in business.

Design/methodology/approach

– Structured interviews with seven open-ended questions were used to explore students’ perceptions of the use of technology in cross-cultural communication.

Findings

– Students learn how to use new technology in cross-cultural communication faster than businesses implement those technologies. Students tend to emphasize the use of video conferencing tools rather than e-mail.

Research limitations/implications

– Although data saturation has been reached, the sample size was relatively small. Students studying business participated in the study.

Practical implications

– The findings of this study suggest considering changes to the curriculum and embedding work-based learning into academic programs.

Originality/value

– This paper compares students’ perceptions with business expectations, revealing the areas in the content of the business communication classes that need to be changed.
An empirical illustration of the transformation process of purchasing
Authors: Koubaa Yamen
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to highlight the strategic role of purchasing and model its transformation process based on a case study of a military firm.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper reviews the existing literature to highlight the strategic role of purchasing and put forward the transformations the function is undertaking. The model system dynamic approach is then detailed and applied to model the transformation of the purchasing function of a military firm. The modeling software Analytica is then used to run the model and get to results.

Findings

– The shift of purchasing toward a more strategic function is complex and multidimensional. Implementing these transformations requires flexible designing approaches such as the system dynamic modeling that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative variables to model the function’s changes. The paper details the methodology of applying the system dynamic approach. It recommends a new structure of the purchasing function as well as new and upgraded indicators of purchasing performance and suppliers’ management.

Research limitations/implications

– A single-case study research. Even though, the objective is not to generalize the findings but to enrich the existing literature as regard the system dynamic modeling in a specific domain, the one-case research setting can be seen as a limitation against generalizeable findings.

Practical implications

– A clear step-by-step action plan of conducting the transformation of the purchasing function using the system dynamic modeling approach. The paper gives ways to upgrade existing measures of purchasing and policies of suppliers’ management.

Originality/value

– The application of the system dynamic modeling approach to the specific domain of military purchasing.
Discourse, knowledge and power: the continuing debate over the DBA
Authors: Stoten David William
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is related to how students and academics in a business school perceive the doctor of business administration (DBA) in terms of its purpose and value compared to that of the conventional PhD.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research methodology involved a two-stage approach in which a pilot questionnaire and short interviews with 37 students was followed by a second questionnaire to 21 academics employed at a business school at a post-1992 English university.

Findings

– The findings suggest that although the DBA is valued as means to develop professional knowledge and expertise, the PhD remains the premier choice for those who wish to embark on an academic career. The DBA does, however, also represents a development of work-based learning in higher education.

Research limitations/implications

– The research was undertaken at one post-1992 university business school, further research should look to expand the sample size and include a variety of business schools from both pre- and post-1992 universities in England.

Originality/value

– The paper does offer a justification for the continued development of the DBA and professional doctorates in general in terms of the development of work-based learning in higher education.
A variant allele of the Mediterranean‐fever gene increases the severity of gout
Authors: Balkarli Ayse , Tepeli Emre , Balkarli Huseyin , Kaya Arif , Cobankara Veli
Published: April 2016

Background

Gout is a clinical syndrome that occurs as an inflammatory response to increased concentration of uric acid and monosodium urate crystals. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary autoinflammatory disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. The Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene is responsible for FMF and encodes pyrin that suppresses the inflammatory response. Most of the FMF‐related mutations have been identified in exon 2 (e.g., E148Q and R202Q) and exon 10 (M680I, M694V, M694I and V726A) of the MEFV gene, and each missense mutation is known to increase production of interleukin‐1, a proinflammatory cytokine. Our aim was to investigate effects of MEFV variant alleles on the manifestations of gout.

Methods

Seventy‐one patients diagnosed with gout (age: 61.73 ± 11.73 years, F/M: 14/57) and 50 healthy subjects (age: 61.48 ± 11.97, F/M: 10/40) as controls were included in this study.

Results

MEFV variant alleles were found in 24 (33.8%) of the gout patients and in 13 (26%) of the control subjects; the difference was not statistically significant. In the gout patients with a MEFV variant allele, the interval between the first two attacks was shorter (P = 0.014), and the platelet count was higher (P = 0.026), compared to the patients without a variant allele. In addition, the patients with a MEFV variant allele showed the higher incidence of tophus (8.5% vs. 1.4%) (P = 0.005) and the higher number of attacks per year (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

We propose that a variant allele of the MEFV gene may be responsible for the severity of gout.
Genome‐wide association study for carcass traits, fatty acid composition, chemical composition, sugar, and the effects of related candidate genes in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Sasago Nanae , Abe Tsuyoshi , Sakuma Hironori , Kojima Takatoshi , Uemoto Yoshinobu
Published: April 2016

We performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and candidate gene analysis to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the GWAS in our small population by performing GWAS for carcass weight (CW) and fatty acid composition; (ii) detect novel candidate regions affecting non‐CW carcass traits, chemical composition and sugar; and (iii) evaluate the association of the candidate genes previously detected in CW and fatty acid composition with other economically important traits. A total of 574 Japanese Black cattle and 40 657 Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used. In addition, candidate gene analyses were performed to evaluate the association of three CW‐related genes and two fatty acid‐related genes with carcass traits, fatty acid composition, chemical composition and sugar. The significant regions with the candidate genes were detected for CW and fatty acid composition, and these results showed that a significant region would be detectable despite the small sample size. The novel candidate regions were detected on BTA23 for crude protein and on BTA19 for fructose. CW‐related genes associated with the rib‐eye area and fatty acid composition were identified, and fatty acid‐related genes had no relationship with other traits. Moreover, the favorable allele of CW‐related genes had an unfavorable effect on fatty acid composition.
Quality Improvement in Cystectomy Care with Enhanced Recovery (QUICCER) study
Authors: Baack Kukreja Janet E. , Kiernan Maureen , Schempp Bethany , Siebert Aisha , Hontar Adriana , Nelson Benjamin , Dolan James , Noyes Katia , Dozier Ann , Ghazi Ahmed , Rashid Hani H. , Wu Guan , Messing Edward M.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To determine if patients managed with a cystectomy enhanced recovery pathway (CERP) have improved quality of care after radical cystectomy (RC), as defined by a decrease in length of hospital stay (LOS) without an increase in complications or readmissions compared with those not managed with CERP.

Subjects and Methods

The Quality Improvement in Cystectomy Care with Enhanced Recovery (QUICCER) study was a non‐randomized quasi‐experimental study. Data were collected between June 2011 and April 2015. The CERP was implemented in July 2013. The primary endpoint was LOS. Secondary endpoints were quality scores, complications and readmissions. Multivariable regression was performed. Propensity score matching was carried out to further simulate randomized clinical trial conditions. A CERP quality composite score was created and evaluated with regard to adherence to CERP elements.

Results

The study included 79 patients managed with CERP and 121 who were not managed with CERP. After matching, there were 75 patients in the non‐CERP group. The LOS was significantly different between the groups: the median LOS was 5 and 8 days for the CERP and non‐CERP group, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariable linear regression showed that any complication was the most significant predictor of total LOS at 90 days after RC. The higher the quality composite score the shorter the LOS (P < 0.001). There was no association between CERP and a greater number of complications or readmissions.

Conclusions

Audited quality measures in the CERP are associated with a reduction in LOS with no increase in readmissions or complications. The CERP is important for the future improvement of peri‐operative care for RC and provides an opportunity to improve the quality of care provided.
Comparison of parental estimate of developmental age with measured IQ in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Chandler S. , Howlin P. , Simonoff E. , Kennedy J. , Baird G.
Published: April 2016

Background

Formal IQ tests are an important part of the diagnostic and needs‐based assessment process for children with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, resources for such assessments are not always available. It has been suggested that parental estimates of their child's developmental age could serve as a proxy IQ when formal measures are unavailable.

Method

Parental estimates of their child's developmental age were converted to a developmental quotient (DQ) in 197 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) aged 4–9 years, and 108 children with ADHD and intellectual disability (ADHD + ID) aged 7–15 years. Formal IQ assessments were then conducted. Parents completed the Social Communication Questionnaire ((SCQ), a measure of autism symptomatology) and a demographic questionnaire.

Results

In the ASD sample, 58% of parent estimates were within 15 points (i.e. one standard deviation) of the child's measured IQ score. Lower measured IQ and lower SCQ total score predicted higher parental accuracy. In the ADHD + ID sample, 74% of parental estimates were within 15 points of measured IQ. In this group, higher child IQ predicted greater parental accuracy. Parents in the ADHD + ID group were more likely to overestimate children's ability level than parents in the ASD group.

Conclusions

In this study, the majority of parents of children with ADHD and ID were able to estimate their child's intellectual ability level with some accuracy. Parents of children with ASD were less accurate, but this may be because these parents were focussing more on children's level of adaptive functioning, which is known to be typically lower than cognitive ability in ASD.
Citizen science networks in natural history and the collective validation of biodiversity data
Authors: Turnhout Esther , Lawrence Anna , Turnhout Sander
Published: April 2016

Biodiversity data are in increasing demand to inform policy and management. A substantial portion of these data is generated in citizen science networks. To ensure the quality of biodiversity data, standards and criteria for validation have been put in place. We used interviews and document analysis from the United Kingdom and The Netherlands to examine how data validation serves as a point of connection between the diverse people and practices in natural history citizen science networks. We found that rather than a unidirectional imposition of standards, validation was performed collectively. Specifically, it was enacted in ongoing circulations of biodiversity records between recorders and validators as they jointly negotiated the biodiversity that was observed and the validity of the records. These collective validation practices contributed to the citizen science character or natural history networks and tied these networks together. However, when biodiversity records were included in biodiversity‐information initiatives on different policy levels and scales, the circulation of records diminished. These initiatives took on a more extractive mode of data use. Validation ceased to be collective with important consequences for the natural history networks involved and citizen science more generally.
A framework for evaluating and designing citizen science programs for natural resources monitoring
Authors: Chase Sarah K. , Levine Arielle
Published: April 2016

We present a framework of resource characteristics critical to the design and assessment of citizen science programs that monitor natural resources. To develop the framework we reviewed 52 citizen science programs that monitored a wide range of resources and provided insights into what resource characteristics are most conducive to developing citizen science programs and how resource characteristics may constrain the use or growth of these programs. We focused on 4 types of resource characteristics: biophysical and geographical, management and monitoring, public awareness and knowledge, and social and cultural characteristics. We applied the framework to 2 programs, the Tucson (U.S.A.) Bird Count and the Maui (U.S.A.) Great Whale Count. We found that resource characteristics such as accessibility, diverse institutional involvement in resource management, and social or cultural importance of the resource affected program endurance and success. However, the relative influence of each characteristic was in turn affected by goals of the citizen science programs. Although the goals of public engagement and education sometimes complimented the goal of collecting reliable data, in many cases trade‐offs must be made between these 2 goals. Program goals and priorities ultimately dictate the design of citizen science programs, but for a program to endure and successfully meet its goals, program managers must consider the diverse ways that the nature of the resource being monitored influences public participation in monitoring.
The role of automated feedback in training and retaining biological recorders for citizen science
Authors: van der Wal René , Sharma Nirwan , Mellish Chris , Robinson Annie , Siddharthan Advaith
Published: April 2016

The rapid rise of citizen science, with lay people forming often extensive biodiversity sensor networks, is seen as a solution to the mismatch between data demand and supply while simultaneously engaging citizens with environmental topics. However, citizen science recording schemes require careful consideration of how to motivate, train, and retain volunteers. We evaluated a novel computing science framework that allowed for the automated generation of feedback to citizen scientists using natural language generation (NLG) technology. We worked with a photo‐based citizen science program in which users also volunteer species identification aided by an online key. Feedback is provided after photo (and identification) submission and is aimed to improve volunteer species identification skills and to enhance volunteer experience and retention. To assess the utility of NLG feedback, we conducted two experiments with novices to assess short‐term (single session) and longer‐term (5 sessions in 2 months) learning, respectively. Participants identified a specimen in a series of photos. One group received only the correct answer after each identification, and the other group received the correct answer and NLG feedback explaining reasons for misidentification and highlighting key features that facilitate correct identification. We then developed an identification training tool with NLG feedback as part of the citizen science program BeeWatch and analyzed learning by users. Finally, we implemented NLG feedback in the live program and evaluated this by randomly allocating all BeeWatch users to treatment groups that received different types of feedback upon identification submission. After 6 months separate surveys were sent out to assess whether views on the citizen science program and its feedback differed among the groups. Identification accuracy and retention of novices were higher for those who received automated feedback than for those who received only confirmation of the correct identification without explanation. The value of NLG feedback in the live program, captured through questionnaires and evaluation of the online photo‐based training tool, likewise showed that the automated generation of informative feedback fostered learning and volunteer engagement and thus paves the way for productive and long‐lived citizen science projects.
Effect of laser photobiomodulation on the periodontal repair process of replanted teeth
Authors: Matos Felipe de Souza , Godolphim Fernanda de Jesus , Correia Ayla Macyelle de Oliveira , de Albuquerque Júnior Ricardo Luiz Cavalcanti , Paranhos Luiz Renato , Rode Sigmar de Mello , Ribeiro Maria Amália Gonzaga
Published: April 2016

Background/Aim

Tooth replantation is the optimal treatment in cases of avulsion. However, its success is limited due to the occurrence of external root resorption. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) at λ808 nm and λ660 nm and of storage media on the periodontal repair process of replanted teeth in rats.

Material and methods

Sixty maxillary right incisors were extracted from sixty Wistar rats and randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10). Groups consisted of 10 teeth stored in paper napkins (PN), whole milk (WM), and soy milk (SM), for 45 min; and PNL, WML and SML, in which teeth were stored in the same storage media, but the root surface and the alveolus were treated with LPBM at λ808 nm before replantation, and the buccal and palatal mucosa of the alveolus were treated with LPBM at λ660 nm after replantation. Five rats from each group were euthanized after 15 or 30 days. The right hemimaxilla including the replanted incisor was removed and processed for histomorphometric analysis to assess root resorption areas, replacement root resorption, perimeter with ankylosis and periodontal repair, and areas of type I and III collagen deposition, using the ImageJ 1.50b software. Data were analyzed statistically by anova followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test (α = 5%).

Results

WM and SM showed smaller root resorption areas and higher collagen deposition in both experimental periods, and SM showed the largest perimeter of periodontal repair. LPBM reduced the occurrence of root resorption only in the PNL group, both at 15 and 30 days, and increased the perimeter of periodontal repair in all groups at 30 days. There was higher collagen deposition in the irradiated groups regardless of the experimental period.

Conclusions

The LPBM protocol at λ808 nm and λ660 nm as well as whole milk and soy milk favored the periodontal repair process of replanted teeth in rats.
Openness to experience shortens duration of untreated psychosis in Serbian clinical population
Authors: Maric Nadja P. , Andric Sanja , Mihaljevic Marina , Mirjanic Tijana
Published: April 2016

Aim

To determine duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) in patients with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders from Serbia and to analyse factors that potentially contribute to the treatment delay, with focus on personality traits.

Methods

Fifty seven patients (males 54.4%; age = 29.9 ± 6.0 yrs; age at the illness onset = 24.9 ± 5.1 yrs; IQ = 93.5 ± 12.2) were included. The assessment consisted of Nottingham Onset Schedule (NOS), Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) and NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R). We used Cox regression model to evaluate relationship between DUP and explanatory variables.

Results

Based on the most restrictive definition, the length of DUP in our sample was 77.8 ± 120.6 weeks (MED = 25.0 weeks). DUP was negatively associated with openness to experience (B = −0.804, P = 0.024).

Conclusions

We report the first evidence of DUP in Serbia, emphasizing that the personality domains are likely to impact the use of mental health care in persons with psychosis.
Flothilde's visions and Flodoard's histories: a tenth‐century mutation?
Authors: Koziol Geoffrey
Published: April 2016

Although Flodoard of Reims is best known for his comprehensive historical writings, he also recorded separately the visions of a young girl named Flothilde. Re‐examining Flodoard's varied historical works in light of these visions reveals that he was unusually interested in visions generally, and particularly those of women. The question is why. In proposing answers, it will be suggested that both Flodoard's histories and Flothilde's visions represent a crucial moment in the transformation of ninth‐century Carolingian understandings of history, visions, and reform into the quite different patterns of the early eleventh century.
Politics, prophecy and satire: Atto of Vercelli's Polipticum quod appellatur Perpendiculum
Authors: Vignodelli Giacomo
Published: April 2016

This article presents a new interpretation of Atto of Vercelli's Perpendiculum: this cryptic work, composed between 953 and 960, is a peroration that adopts the structural model of the classical oratio, identifying usurpations as the cause of the political problems of post‐Carolingian Europe. The text's aim is to denounce the usurpation that later led Otto I to definitively deprive Berengar II of his throne. The author's political discourse is a prophetic warning based on an eschatological reading of the political history of the Italian kingdom in the first half of the tenth century, analysed in depth by Atto. The crimes of the powerful are condemned in the cryptic and allusive style of classical satirical poets, within a work of considerable cultural ambition. The source adds significantly to our knowledge of the history of the Italian kingdom and conveys the author's specific assertion of the political role of the episcopate.
Correlation of the patient's reported outcome Inflammatory‐RODS with an objective metric in immune‐mediated neuropathies
Authors: Draak T. H. P. , Gorson K. C. , Vanhoutte E. K. , van Nes S. I. , van Doorn P. A. , Cornblath D. R. , van den Berg L. H. , Faber C. G. , Merkies I. S. J. ,   the PeriNomS Study Group
Published: April 2016

Background and purpose

There is increasing interest in using patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) in clinical studies to capture individual changes over time. However, PROMs have also been criticized because they are entirely subjective. Our objective was to examine the relationship between a subjective PROM and an objective outcome tool in patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and gammopathy‐related polyneuropathy (MGUSP).

Methods

The Inflammatory Rasch‐built Overall Disability Scale (I‐RODS©, a multi‐item scale that examines functionality) was completed by 137 patients with newly diagnosed (or relapsing) GBS (55), CIDP (59) and MGUSP (23) who were serially examined (GBS/CIDP, T0/T1/T3/T6/T12 months; MGUSP, T0/T3/T12). Possible association between the I‐RODS findings and the vigorimeter scores, an objective linear instrument to assess grip strength, was examined.

Results

A significant correlating trend was found between the I‐RODS and grip strength scores for the overall group and in each illness, independently.

Conclusion

The objectivity of patients' subjective report on their functional state based on a strong correlation between the I‐RODS and grip strength in patients with GBS, CIDP and MGUSP has been demonstrated. These findings provide further support to use the I‐RODS and grip strength in future clinical studies in these conditions.
Improving niche and range estimates with Maxent and point process models by integrating spatially explicit information
Authors: Merow Cory , Allen Jenica M. , Aiello‐Lammens Matthew , Silander John A.
Published: April 2016

Aim

Accurate spatial information on species occurrence is essential to address global change. Models for presence‐only data are central to predicting species distributions because these represent the only geographical information available for many species. In this paper we introduce extensions to incorporate a variety of types of additional spatially explicit sources of information in Maxent and Poisson point process models. This spatial information comes from the output of other statistical or conceptual models.

Innovation

Our approach relies on minimizing the relative (or cross) entropy (known as Minxent) between the predicted distribution and a prior distribution. In many scenarios, researchers have some additional information or expectations about the species distribution, such as outputs from previous models. Here, we show how to use this information to improve predictions of both niche models and spatial distributions, depending on what types of spatially explicit prior information is available and how it is incorporated in the model.

Main conclusions

We illustrate applications of Minxent that include models for sampling bias, explicitly incorporating dispersal/other ecological processes, combining native and invasive range data, incorporating expert maps, and borrowing strength across taxonomic relatives. These applications focus on addressing biological scenarios where range modelling is extremely challenging – non‐equilibrium species distributions and rare and narrowly distributed species – due to data limitations. When data are limited, we are typically forced to make informal assumptions or lean on predictions of other models in order to obtain useful predictions; our applications of Minxent provide a formal way of describing these assumptions and connections to other models.
Supporting older people with cancer and life‐limiting conditions dying at home: a qualitative study of patient and family caregiver experiences of Hospice at Home care
Authors: Jack Barbara A. , Mitchell Tracy K. , Cope Louise C. , O'Brien Mary R.
Published: April 2016

Aim

To explore patients' and family caregivers' experiences and perceptions of Hospice at Home care.

Background

The public indicate a preference to be cared for and to die at home. This has inherent challenges, with a key factor being the family caregiver. Supporting end‐of‐life care at home has resulted in the expansion of Hospice at Home services. A wide configuration of services exists with a lack of robust evidence as to what is valued by recipients, particularly those who are older people.

Design

A prospective descriptive qualitative study.

Methods

Recruitment was purposive. Eligible participants were in receipt of Hospice at Home service on at least three occasions and were deemed to have a life expectancy measured in weeks rather than days. Digitally recorded semistructured interviews with 41 participants (16 patients and 25 family caregivers) were undertaken between October 2014 ‐ July 2015. Data were analysed and organized thematically.

Results

Several subthemes: ‘Talking about’; ‘Knowing and Doing’; ‘Caring for the Caregivers’; and ‘Promoting Choice’ contributed to the overall theme of Embracing Holism. A positive impact on emotional, psychological, social and physical well‐being was apparent.

Conclusions

This study has provided additional insights as to the value of Hospice at Home care where Hospice Nurses are helping to bring Hospice care into the home. This is helping to support older people who are dying and their caregivers, to live as well as possible and facilitate their wish to be cared for and die in their own home.
Is it really theoretical? A review of sampling in grounded theory studies in nursing journals
Authors: McCrae Niall , Purssell Edward
Published: April 2016

Background

Grounded theory is a distinct method of qualitative research, where core features are theoretical sampling and constant comparative analysis. However, inconsistent application of these activities has been observed in published studies.

Aim

This review assessed the use of theoretical sampling in grounded theory studies in nursing journals.

Design

An adapted systematic review was conducted.

Method

Three leading nursing journals (2010–2014) were searched for studies stating grounded theory as the method. Sampling was assessed using a concise rating tool.

Results

A high proportion (86%) of the 134 articles described an iterative process of data collection and analysis. However, half of the studies did not demonstrate theoretical sampling, with many studies declaring or indicating a purposive sampling approach throughout.

Conclusion

Specific reporting guidelines for grounded theory studies should be developed to ensure that study reports describe an iterative process of fieldwork and theoretical development.
Transitioning from acute to primary health care nursing: an integrative review of the literature
Authors: Ashley Christine , Halcomb Elizabeth , Brown Angela
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectives

This paper seeks to explore the transition experiences of acute care nurses entering employment in primary health care settings.

Background

Internationally the provision of care in primary health care settings is increasing. Nurses are moving from acute care settings to meet the growing demand for a primary health care workforce. While there is significant research relating to new graduate transition experiences, little is known about the transition experience from acute care into primary health care employment.

Design

An integrative review, guided by Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) approach, was undertaken. Following a systematic literature search eight studies met the inclusion criteria.

Methods

Papers which met the study criteria were identified and assessed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Papers were then subjected to methodological quality appraisal. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify key themes within the data.

Results

Eight papers met the selection criteria. All described nurses transitioning to either community or home nursing settings. Three themes were identified: (1) a conceptual understanding of transition, (2) role losses and gains and (3) barriers and enablers.

Conclusion

There is a lack of research specifically exploring the transitioning of acute care nurses to primary health care settings. To better understand this process, and to support the growth of the primary health care workforce there is an urgent need for further well‐designed research.

Relevance to clinical practice

There is an increasing demand for the employment of nurses in primary health care settings. To recruit experienced nurses it is logical that many nurses will transition into primary health care from employment in the acute sector. To optimise retention and enhance the transition experience of these nurses it is important to understand the transition experience.
The relationship between sexual orientation and depression in a national population sample
Authors: Scott Roger L , Lasiuk Gerri , Norris Colleen
Published: April 2016

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sexual orientation and depression in a nationally representative population to determine if sexual minorities report higher levels of depression than the remainder of the population.

Background

Depression is a highly prevalent and disabling chronic disorder worldwide. Prior research utilizing national population samples have reported that members of sexual minorities are at higher risk for depression when compared to heterosexual people. More recent studies have revealed differences in depression risk based on sexual orientation, sexual activity and sex. There have been significant shifts in societal attitudes towards sexual minorities in recent decades. Continuing research into predictors for reporting depression amongst sexual minorities is needed.

Methods

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 2005–2012 were used to identify sexual minority status based on declared sexual orientation and presence of same‐sex sexual activity. Complex samples logistic and multivariate regression models were used to predict depression adjusted for sexual orientation, sexual activity, age, sex, marital status, education, income, race/ethnicity, employment and health status.

Results

Sexual orientation was not a significant independent predictor of depressive symptoms overall. Gay men reported lower levels of depressive symptoms than heterosexual men. In the sex stratified analyses, men who reported having sex with men were five times more likely to report depressive symptomatology compared to men who reported opposite sex partners (2005–2008 adjusted odds ratios: 5·00; 95% confidence interval: 1·44–17·38; 2009–2012 adjusted odds ratios: 5·10; 95% confidence interval: 1·33–19·54) after controlling for sexual orientation.

Conclusions

Results of our analyses indicate that homosexually experienced heterosexual men appear to be at highest risk for depression. Furthermore, reported physical health status was a significant independent predictor of depression in all models, suggesting a strong link between physical and mental health.

Relevance to clinical practice

Health care providers should inquire about sexual orientation and sexual behaviour as part of a routine health history and be familiar with the unique health needs of sexual minorities to tailor clinical practice and foster safe, inclusive, health care environments.
Endoloop technique for laparoscopic cornuectomy: A safe and effective approach for the treatment of interstitial pregnancy
Authors: Faioli Raffaele , Berretta Roberto , Dall'Asta Andrea , Di Serio Maurizio , Galli Letizia , Monica Michela , Frusca Tiziana
Published: April 2016

Interstitial pregnancy (IP) occurs within the intramural portion of the tube and accounts for 2% of ectopic pregnancies. Surgery is considered the most definitive treatment for IPs, although there is no clear consensus regarding the optimal approach. In this paper we describe the advantages of cornual resection performed using the Endoloop technique and present three patients who were successfully treated using this approach. IP diagnosis was confirmed at two and three‐dimensional ultrasound and laparoscopy in all cases. Fertility sparing surgery with cornuectomy by Endoloop ligature technique demonstrated low mean operating time and blood loss, and allowed the quick recovery and discharge of all patients. Laparoscopy has become the gold standard surgical approach for IP. Cornual resection or excision is the most commonly performed procedure. In our case series, the Endoloop technique showed excellent treatment outcomes in terms of effectiveness, blood loss, operative time, recovery and post‐procedure fertility. Because of these features, Endoloop appears to be a suitable option for the laparoscopic management of IPs, both in elective and emergency settings.
A peripherally inserted central line in a preterm infant
Authors: Narasimhan Muthulakshmi , Spotswood Naomi , Ziesing Patrick , Marshall Peter B , Brecht Marcus
Published: April 2016

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Verrucous pits on the palms
Authors: Fernández‐Crehuet Pablo , Ruiz‐Villaverde Ricardo
Published: April 2016

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