bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Outer Shell Layer on the Electronic Transport Behaviors of Sn@SnOx Nanoparticles
Authors: Ding Ang , Li Tianjun , Wang Dongxing , Muhammad Javid , Shah Asif , Dong Xinglong , Zhang Zhidong
Published: November 2020

Tin oxide‐encapsulated tin nanoparticles (Sn@SnOx NCs) are in situ prepared by a modified DC arc‐discharge plasma process. The as‐prepared Sn@SnOx NCs are typically 50–70 nm in diameter with 6 nm of the SnOx shell. The diameter of Sn@SnOx NCs is 50–80 nm and the thickness of the SnOx shell increases to ≈25 nm after heat treatment in a vacuum tube furnace. The effect of SnOx shell thickness on the electrical properties of Sn@SnOx NCs is measured by the four‐probe technique. The results show that the resistivity is described using Bloch–Grüneisen's equation with SnOx shell thickness‐dependent resistivity and SnOx shell thickness‐dependent Debye temperature above the superconducting transition temperature Tc. Superconductivity occurs in both Sn@SnOx NCs with different shell thicknesses when the temperature is lower than Tc. The Tc of the two NCs (3.98 K, 4.15 K) is slightly higher than that of the metal block (3.73 K) due to the electron‐scattering effect of the particles' surface shell. The resistances of the two samples below Tc show an exponential decay mode, which is the result of the thermally activated phase slip (TAPS) and quantum phase slip (QPS).
A scoping review of 20 years of research on differentiation: investigating conceptualisation, characteristics, and methods used
Authors: Graham Linda J. , de Bruin Kate , Lassig Carly , Spandagou Ilektra
Published: November 2020

The use of a pedagogical practice known as ‘differentiation’ has become more common over time as educators have sought to respond to increases in the diversity of students enrolling in their local school. However, there are now so many misperceptions and definitional inconsistencies that it is difficult to know what is being enacted in the name of differentiation or indeed what is being researched internationally. The aim of this scoping review was to identify key characteristics of and conceptualisations within peer‐reviewed empirical research on differentiation published between 1999 and 2019, as well as to map the ways in which this body of research was produced. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to inform a systematic screening process and resulted in a final sample of 34 articles focusing on differentiation in regular schools. Half were conducted in the United States and most in the elementary school phase. Survey and case study designs were dominant, as was research of and influences on teacher practice. Only a small group of studies focused on differentiation's impact on student outcomes and these typically only examined specific elements of differentiation or its use in specific academic domains. The diversity of focus and methodological approaches across the 34 studies prevents comparison of findings and weakens the evidential basis to make claims of either differentiation's effectiveness or indeed its ineffectiveness. The review concludes with recommendations for future research and practice in this important area of practice.
Cloud‐native seascape mapping of Mozambique’s Quirimbas National Park with Sentinel‐2
Authors: Poursanidis Dimitris , Traganos Dimosthenis , Teixeira Luisa , Shapiro Aurélie , Muaves Lara
Published: November 2020

The lack of detailed spatial information on coastal resources, notably shallow water coral reefs and associated benthic habitats, impedes our ability to protect and manage them in the face of global climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Here, we develop a semi‐automated workflow in the cloud that uses freely available Sentinel‐2 data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus programme to derive information on near‐shore coral reef habitats in the Quirimbas National Park (QNP), a recently declared biosphere reserve in northern Mozambique. We use an end‐to‐end cloud‐based framework within the Google Earth Engine cloud geospatial platform to process imagery from raw pixels to cloud‐free composites which are corrected for glint and surface artefacts, water column and derived estimated depth and then classified into four benthic habitats. Using independent training and validation data, we apply three supervised classification algorithms: random forests (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and classification and regression trees (CART). Our results show that random forests are the most accurate supervised algorithm with over 82% overall accuracy. We mapped over 105 000 ha of shallow water habitat inside the protected area, of which 18% are dominated by coral and hardbottom; 27.5% are seagrass and submerged aquatic vegetation and another 23.4% are soft and sandy substrates, and the remaining area is optically deep water. We employ satellite‐derived bathymetry to assess slope, bathymetric position, rugosity and underwater topography of these habitats. Finally, a spectral unmixing model provides further sub‐pixel–level information of habitats with the potential to monitor changes over time. This effort provides the first, consistent and repeatable and also scalable coastal information system for an east African tropical marine protected area, which hosts shallow‐water ecosystems which are of great significance to local communities and building resilience towards climate change.
Introduction Part II Colonial Hegemony, Arab Virtù and the Philosophy of History: Excavating, Exhibiting and Cultural Diplomacy in the Palestine Mandate
Authors: Bourmaud Philippe
Published: November 2020

A short section introduction to Part II “Showing and Telling: Cultural and Historical Entanglements under the Mandate”
Palestinian Christians in the Mandate Department of Antiquities: History and Archaeology in a Colonial Space
Authors: Irving Sarah
Published: November 2020

Cultural diplomacy is often understood first and foremost as an activity of states and institutions, operationalising culture to wield power and communicate ideologies. This chapter considers the use of the concept firstly in terms of its impact on individuals affected by the activities of cultural diplomacy through education and employment by relevant institutions. Secondly, by examining the potential for such individuals also to act as cultural diplomats themselves, for their own subaltern and resistant ends, by tracking the life-histories of Na’im Shehadi Makhouly and Stephan Hanna Stephan, both Palestinian Christian employees of the British Mandate administration’s Department of Antiquities. This chapter shows how cultural diplomacy can be activated as a means of dissent within a colonial setting, but that its appeal and potential are limited.
Development Cooperation in the Context of Contested Global Governance
Authors: Chaturvedi Sachin , Janus Heiner , Klingebiel Stephan , Li Xiaoyun , Mello e Souza André de , Sidiropoulos Elizabeth , Wehrmann Dorothea
Published: November 2020

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has successfully set a normative framework for global cooperation, including development cooperation. Yet, the implementation of this agenda is characterised by power struggles and unresolved contestations. Hence, it is uncertain whether the 2030 Agenda will be achieved. Therefore, a key question is how different narratives and norms in development cooperation can be reconciled to achieve the 2030 Agenda. As a response and guiding framework, this chapter explores the concept of “contested cooperation”, drawing on research on contested global governance and contested multilateralism. Applying this conceptual perspective not only yields theoretical insights but also helps in better understanding the practical challenges that development actors face in implementing the 2030 Agenda.
The Implementation of the SDGs: The Feasibility of Using the GPEDC Monitoring Framework
Authors: Bhattacharya Debapriya , Gonsior Victoria , Öhler Hannes
Published: November 2020

Achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires significant behavioural changes from a variety of actors, including actors in development cooperation. Within this context, this chapter discusses important political as well as technical factors that influence the contribution of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) and its monitoring framework to the implementation of the SDGs. These are, among other things, the complementarity of the GPEDC monitoring framework to the SDGs; the limited enthusiasm of development partners from the Global South, in particular China and India; the limited attention paid to the platform in general and the monitoring framework in particular by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); as well as the missing interpretative evaluations and follow-up processes in the aftermath of the respective monitoring rounds.
Failing to Share the Burden: Traditional Donors, Southern Providers, and the Twilight of the GPEDC and the Post-War Aid System
Authors: Bracho Gerardo
Published: November 2020

In 2011 the International Community came together in Busan to create the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) as a common space to promote aid effectiveness. By 2014, however, the main providers of South-South cooperation (China, India, and Brazil) had left the GPEDC. This chapter seeks to understand why. Using an abstract model inspired by game theory to analyse the situation, it concludes that the main cause was that traditional donors and new Southern providers failed to agree on a consensual burden-sharing formula. The episode, meaningful in itself, illustrates the difficulties that the International Community faces to make room for the new emerging Southern powers in the post-war liberal order.
Should China Join the GPEDC? Prospects for China and the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation
Authors: Li Xiaoyun , Qi Gubo
Published: November 2020

The Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC) is regarded as being the twenty-first-century epitome of a partnership within a polycentric world in the arena of international development cooperation. The chapter argues that, among the group of emerging economies, the GPEDC is considered to be just another form of the DAC’s recent transformation. That is why the emerging powers are sceptical—they are not a part of it; hence, they are reluctant to join it. However, we also explain why the GPEDC is a valuable platform for continuing the role of development cooperation for global development and implementing the 2030 Agenda. The chapter suggests how different stakeholders—including the emerging ones, particularly China—can work together to make the GPEDC a genuine partnership.
US Multilateral Aid in Transition: Implications for Development Cooperation
Authors: Pipa Tony
Published: November 2020

The United States, whose leadership through the Marshall Plan created the basis for modern-day development cooperation, has veered abruptly from its traditional role. An analysis of US funding trends shows that it has increasingly shifted from collective to specific interests, even as it has increased its multilateral aid. The United States is now actively shunning multilateral settings as part of its America First foreign policy, even when multilateral policies reinforce the international development priorities of the Trump administration, and its growing geopolitical competition with China is spilling into development assistance. This chapter explores the implications for development cooperation and whether these changes signal a more durable shift in US perspective.
Southern Think Tank Partnerships in the Era of the 2030 Agenda
Authors: Ordóñez-Llanos Andrea
Published: November 2020

Think tanks are important actors in global policy-making, and those from the Global South are gaining relevance. One premise of this chapter is that the 2030 Agenda’s calls for more effective partnerships and new types of knowledge. A second premise is that partnerships reflect a power distribution among partners; in some cases, these are horizontal, and in others asymmetrical. In this context, the chapter explores the relationships between think tanks from the Global South with each other, their Northern peers, and the broader international community. It concludes that think tanks can enable collaborations with a diversity of actors. To do so, however, think tanks need to adapt their business models and develop trust with other policy actors in order to remain effective.
Conclusion: Leveraging Development Cooperation Experiences for the 2030 Agenda—Key Messages and the Way Forward
Authors: Chaturvedi Sachin , Janus Heiner , Klingebiel Stephan , Li Xiaoyun , Mello e Souza André de , Sidiropoulos Elizabeth , Wehrmann Dorothea
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides an overview of how different narratives and norms in development cooperation can be reconciled towards achieving the 2030 Agenda based on the overall handbook. Drawing on key insights from different handbook chapters, we recap the narratives and norms that are shaping development cooperation, highlight the existing as well as new institutional sites of contestations, and provide examples of how international governance structures can enhance collaboration and cooperation. Looking forward, we conclude that researchers should continue to explore the duality of contestation and cooperation, as it is key to understanding and shaping the policy field of development cooperation.
The Globalisation of Foreign Aid: Global Influences and the Diffusion of Aid Priorities
Authors: Swiss Liam
Published: November 2020

This chapter explains why bilateral aid donors often look and act alike, despite distinct national interests and histories—a phenomenon previously identified as “the globalisation of foreign aid”. It identifies processes that drive the similarity of aid actors and the diffusion of aid priorities, contributing to the globalisation of aid. The chapter reflects upon: (1) how the isomorphism of aid institutions and the homogenisation of aid policy represent the effects of these common processes of globalisation; (2) the implications of the globalisation of aid on the 2030 Agenda; and (3) how the globalisation of aid contributes to the “contested cooperation” framework woven through this volume.
Diffusion, Fusion, and Confusion: Development Cooperation in a Multiplex World Order
Authors: Esteves Paulo , Klingebiel Stephan
Published: November 2020

Development cooperation (DC) is shaped by norms. We aim at filling a gap of research on DC by using the academic debates in international relations on norms. Contrary to interpretations that consider developed countries as norm-makers and developing countries as norm-takers, our analysis provides evidence that—and highlights how—Southern agents have influenced the processes of norm-setting and norm-diffusion for DC. The OECD was the dominant norms “entrepreneur” for a long period of time; more recently, developing countries have played a significant role in setting DC norms. We identify the diverging norms for official development assistance and South-South cooperation and the interrelationship between both norm systems. Thus, norm-making, norm-taking, and norm-diffusion of two competing norm clusters are key terms of the contribution.
Shaping Administrative Practice: The Institutional Habitus
Authors: Affolter Laura
Published: November 2020

In order to understand how regularities in administrative practice are produced, the shaping of administrative caseworkers’ discretionary practices must be studied. This chapter adopts a holistic way of doing so, arguing that regulatory frameworks, the structural conditions of bureaucratic decision-making, the ideological environments administrations are embedded in as well as professional norms and values shape administrative caseworkers’ practices. Furthermore, the chapter argues that officials develop specific dispositions through organisational socialisation. For this purpose, building on Bourdieu, the concept of the institutional habitus is introduced. The chapter argues that the institutional habitus not only shapes everyday administrative practice but also reaffirms the very regulatory constraints, norms and values that lie at its heart. With regard to the empirical focus of this book—credibility assessments in asylum procedures—the concept of the institutional habitus allows us to analytically grasp the socialised subjectivity which emerges out of caseworkers’ socialisation in the office.
The United States of America—Disruptive Governments, Social Movements and Technocrats in Transformation Processes Towards Sustainability
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac
Published: November 2020

The election of the populist Donald Trump to the United States is argued to be a consequence of the fluke of the electoral college, the lackluster Democratic turnout, and the anti-establishment and populist sentiments in the population. Through effective gerrymandering after the 2000 general elections, the Republican party and its presidential candidate Trump won the elections, even though he lost the popular vote by close to 3 million ballots. Another example of the flaw of the electoral system is shown by the 2018 midterm elections.
Jamaica—The Transformation Towards Sustainability of an Island Economy Under Austerity Measures
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac
Published: November 2020

This chapter diverges from the previous case studies. In addition to a literature review and qualitative interviews of local stakeholders, this chapter also contextualizes sustainable, low-carbon transformation by using an innovative experiment, where participants played the role of a decision-making government official committing to decisions under specific conditions (e.g., imposed austerity measures). When applied to Jamaica, the specific parameters of a scenario are assumed and through solution-oriented role playing, the process of decision-making is analyzed.
Lessons for Theory: A Conceptual Framework of Transformative Pathways
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac
Published: November 2020

A major objective of this book is to provide theoretical and practical knowledge on how sustainable, low-carbon transformation can be facilitated. As a creative and a rational process, transformation can be managed. However, the management of transformation necessitates an integrative and process-oriented outlook to grasp the various issues, dynamics, causalities, associative relations, lock-ins, critical junctures, tipping points, interactions, behavior, and analytical levels that drive any transformation process.
Mexico and China—Sustainable, Low-Carbon Transformation Processes in Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac
Published: November 2020

Mexico and China are two dynamic countries that can ‘challenge’ existing normative views on regimes, governance, and institutions. On the one hand, Mexico is a vibrant democratic country that has managed to become a member of the OECD and its economy has benefitted from open borders, direct foreign investment inflows and integration into global value chains (OECD 2017b), but yet it still reflects governance deficiencies, particularly in the formal and material representation of relevant stakeholders, and especially in marginalized communities. On the other hand, although China is governed by an authoritarian regime, particularly when environmental issues are involved, societal groups’ interests seem to find effective ways to influence policy-making.
Nationale Verpflichtungen auf Grundlage des Pariser Klimaabkommens
Authors: Prettenthaler Franz , Damm Andrea , Gössling Stefan , Neger Christoph , Schwarzinger Stephan , Haas Willi
Published: November 2020

Kap. 11 hat gezeigt, dass es derzeit noch große Unsicherheiten darüber gibt, wie hoch tatsächlich der Beitrag des Tourismus zu den nationalen und internationalen Treibhausgasemissionen ist. Es ist jedoch gewiss, dass der Anteil bedeutend ist und, in Zusammenhang mit dem prognostizierten Wachstum des weltweiten Tourismus, wahrscheinlich weiter steigen wird. Daher stellt sich die Frage, wie die Emissionen der touristischen Aktivitäten gesenkt werden könnten. Im vorliegenden Kapitel wird berichtet, welche Verpflichtungen und Strategien es dazu aktuell auf politischer Ebene gibt, beginnend mit internationalen Verträgen, insbesondere dem Pariser Klimaschutzabkommen, und Vorgaben der Europäischen Union, bei denen Österreich sich verpflichtet hat, teilzunehmen. In weiterer Folge richtet sich das Augenmerk auf eine detaillierte Betrachtung und Bewertung der Klimaschutz‑, Klimawandelanpassungs- und Tourismusstrategien auf Bundesebene und in den einzelnen Bundesländern. Im Anschluss daran werden allgemein mögliche Maßnahmen und Potenziale besprochen. Schließlich wird unter dem Schlagwort „Paris Lifestyle“ diskutiert, welche Maßnahmen notwendig sind, um auf individueller Ebene zum Ziel eines CO2-armen bzw. -neutralen Tourismus beitragen zu können. Dazu werden auch Beispiele innovativer, emissionsarmer Angebote von Tourismusbetrieben und Destinationen vorgestellt.
Outdooraktivitäten und damit zusammenhängende Einrichtungen im Sommer und in den Übergangszeiten
Authors: Pröbstl-Haider Ulrike , Hödl Claudia , Ginner Kathrin , Falk Martin , Borgwardt Florian , Formayer Herbert , Olefs Marc , Illing Kai
Published: November 2020

Der Sommertourismus in Österreich trägt wesentlich zu der großen Bedeutung des Tourismus insgesamt bei. So hat die Zahl der Nächtigungen in den Sommermonaten in Österreich 2018 erneut einen Höchstwert erreicht. Mit bisher 68,67 Mio. Nächtigungen liegt die Sommersaison 2018 (Mai bis September) um 2,2 % über dem Vorjahresniveau. Auch die Zahl der Ankünfte stieg in der vergangenen Sommersaison um 2,9 % auf 21,70 Mio. (Statistik Austria 2018). Mehr Nächtigungen wurden auch im September 2018, also außerhalb der eigentlichen Sommersaison festgestellt. Im September 2018 nahm die Zahl der Gäste um 2,0 % auf 3,86 Mio. zu, Gästenächtigungen stiegen um 1,4 % auf 11,24 Mio. Zu diesem Ergebnis trugen die ausländischen Herkunftsmärkte mit einem Plus von 1,6 % auf 7,86 Mio. bei. Die Nächtigungszahlen wichtiger Herkunftsländer, wie Deutschland (+1,2 %), Schweiz und Liechtenstein (+3,5 %) sowie der Niederlande (+2,1 %), erhöhten sich weiter. Die Zahl der inländischen Gästenächtigungen stieg ebenfalls um 0,9 % auf 3,38 Mio. (Statistik Austria 2018).
Vom Klimagas zum Wertstoff: CO2
Authors: Neumann Kirsten , Richter Doreen , Rohleder Lukas
Published: November 2020

Es befindet sich zu viel Kohlendioxid, CO2, in der Atmosphäre. So ist die CO2- Konzentration seit Beginn der Industrialisierung von einem über Jahrtausende hinweg gleichbleibenden Wert von 280 ppm (parts per million, gemessen an Eisbohrkernen) auf fast 408 ppm (gemessen in der Atmosphäre an verschiedenen Messstationen) gestiegen. Derzeit werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Rückführung von CO2 aus der Atmosphäre diskutiert. Dazu zahlen zum Beispiel Aufforstung, Wiedervernässung von Mooren, CO2-Abscheidung, Ozeandüngung, Biokohle, oder Filter, mit denen CO2 der Umgebungsluft in chemischen Prozessen entzogen wird.
Auf dem Weg zu einer nachhaltigen Mobilität
Authors: Zachäus Carolin , Wilsch Benjamin , Bösche Eyk , Martens Martin , Randhahn Annette
Published: November 2020

Mit der Entwicklung emissionsarmer alternativer Antriebstechnologien sowie einer zunehmenden Automatisierung und Digitalisierung der Fahrzeuge und Verkehrssysteme bestehen die technischen Möglichkeiten, eine nahtlose, nachhaltige Mobilität gleichzeitig sozial, ökologisch und ökonomisch gerecht umzusetzen. Jetzt gilt es, einzelne Mobilitätsangebote in einem effizienten Mobilitätssystem zusammenzufuhren, das nicht nur die vielfaltigen Anforderungen der Nutzer:innen möglichst gut bedienen kann, sondern vor allem ein Erreichen der Nachhaltigkeitsziele ermöglicht und vorantreibt.
Exploring the Relationships Between Learning Space and Student Learning in Higher Education: A Comparative Case Study in China
Authors: Yu Ji
Published: November 2020

The landscape of learning space design in higher education is undergoing a transformation. During the past decade, flexible, innovative learning spaces have been established around the world in response to the changing perspectives on how knowledge is discovered and what constitutes important and appropriate higher education in contemporary society.
The Spirit of ‘WE’ in the Learning Environment: ‘WE LEaRN’—A Space for Students and Teachers to Become
Authors: Mor-Avi Anat
Published: November 2020

This chapter advances the idea that in order to improve twenty-first-century learning environments for students and particularly for teachers, it is necessary to enhance the spirit of collective culture, called ‘WE’, versus the spirit of individualism, called ‘I’, and provides an example of how this is reflected in the design of learning spaces. Both of these cohorts use learning, working and doing processes, and face major changes from educational mandates. A ‘WE’ cultural environment will be discussed in order to support multiple aspects of collaboration and creativity, where hub-specific solutions empower the two groups as collectives, supporting a ‘WE LEaRN HUB’ setting. Connecting practice to research, a process of change in school design related to the ‘WE’ culture is presented through an academic park built in Israel. This academic park uses an introductory design of the hub’s setting approach, supporting the ‘WE’ of both communities and reflecting new approaches in learning processes.
Addressing the Socio-Spatial Challenges of Innovative Learning Environments for Practicum: Harmonics for Transitional Times
Authors: Nelson Emily , Johnson Leigh
Published: November 2020

A shift to Innovative Learning Environments (ILEs) in New Zealand schools is a current Ministry of Education strategic direction challenging how we as teacher educators prepare candidate teachers (student teachers or trainee teachers) to teach in these emerging environments. Candidate teachers in our primary teaching degree increasingly are placed in ILEs on practicum as these develop in schools in our geographic area. Our students report anecdotally that teaching in ILEs poses them steep and novel challenges around how they plan, teach, assess, manage students and learning, as well as work collaboratively with associate teachers and, increasingly, other colleagues. With our current programme underpinned by a more conventional image of teaching and learning, and schools transitioning between conventional and arguably more innovative, bespoke environments, we wondered how our students navigated the novel pedagogical and physical configurations they encountered in ILEs on practicum. We conducted focus group interviews with our candidate teachers and recent graduates who had completed one or more practicum in an innovative learning environment (as defined by the practicum school). We explored participants’ perceptions of the particular demands ILEs created for them. Utilising Lefebvre’s (The production of space. Trans. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1991) socio-spatial trialectic and Monahan’s (Built pedagogies & technology practices: designing for participatory learning. Palo Alto, CA, 2000) notion of “built pedagogy” in this chapter we identify key socio-spatial entanglements, or harmonics, that emerge from our analysis and explore how these inform how we might better prepare our candidate teachers in these transitional times.
The Enactment of Teacher Collaboration in Innovative Learning Environments: A Case Study of Spatial and Pedagogical Structuration
Authors: Bradbeer Chris
Published: November 2020

Implicit within the design of many Innovative Learning Environments (ILEs) in New Zealand primary schools is the intention of a group of co-located teachers working together with an ‘up-scaled’ community of students. To some these socio-spatial settings are suggestive of pedagogical and spatial freedom, of high levels of professional and student agency, and a transformation away from routines established in previous traditional classroom environments. The shift into ILEs may therefore encourage possibilities for novel approaches, the utilisation of individual strengths and opportunities for teachers to determine together how facets of learning, time and space are organised. However, the level of structure required by teams to successfully and collaboratively achieve this presents as a complex, and time-consuming task, with teachers often finding themselves in a space between practicality and potential. This paper draws on observational and interview data from one primary school ILE—part of a wider case study of teacher collaboration in six New Zealand schools. It considers the role of pedagogical and organisational structures alongside levels of autonomy experienced by teachers on adapting to new spaces. The findings indicate that while the occupation and ongoing inhabitation of Innovative Learning Environments may well present opportunities for teachers, tensions may be felt between predominating or created structures, and aspired or idealised practice.
Analysis of news sentiments using natural language processing and deep learning
Authors: Vicari Mattia , Gaspari Mauro
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates if and to what point it is possible to trade on news sentiment and if deep learning (DL), given the current hype on the topic, would be a good tool to do so. DL is built explicitly for dealing with significant amounts of data and performing complex tasks where automatic learning is a necessity. Thanks to its promise to detect complex patterns in a dataset, it may be appealing to those investors that are looking to improve their trading process. Moreover, DL and specifically LSTM seem a good pick from a linguistic perspective too, given its ability to “remember” previous words in a sentence. After having explained how DL models are built, we will use this tool for forecasting the market sentiment using news headlines. The prediction is based on the Dow Jones industrial average by analyzing 25 daily news headlines available between 2008 and 2016, which will then be extended up to 2020. The result will be the indicator used for developing an algorithmic trading strategy. The analysis will be performed on two specific cases that will be pursued over five time-steps and the testing will be developed in real-world scenarios.
Different types of physical activity are positively associated with indicators of mental health and psychological wellbeing in rheumatoid arthritis during COVID-19
Authors: Brady Sophia M. , Fenton Sally A. M. , Metsios George S. , Bosworth Ailsa , Duda Joan L. , Kitas George D. , Veldhuijzen van Zanten Jet J. C. S.
Published: November 2020

Nationwide lockdowns during SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) can compromise mental health and psychological wellbeing and limit opportunities for physical activity (PA), particularly in clinical populations, such as people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who are considered at risk for COVID-19 complications. This study aimed to investigate associations between PA and sedentary time (ST) with indicators of mental health and wellbeing in RA during COVID-19 lockdown, and examine the moderation effects of self-isolating. 345 RA patients completed an online questionnaire measuring PA (NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Questionnaire), ST (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form), pain (McGill Pain Questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale), fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory), depressive and anxious symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and vitality (Subjective Vitality Scale) during the United Kingdom COVID-19 lockdown. Associations between PA and ST with mental health and wellbeing were examined using hierarchical multiple linear regressions. Light PA (LPA) was significantly negatively associated with mental fatigue (β = − .11), depressive symptoms (β = − .14), and positively with vitality (β = .13). Walking was negatively related to physical fatigue (β = − .11) and depressive symptoms (β = − .12) and positively with vitality (β = .15). Exercise was negatively associated with physical (β = − .19) and general (β = − .12) fatigue and depressive symptoms (β = − .09). ST was positively associated with physical fatigue (β = .19). Moderation analyses showed that LPA was related to lower mental fatigue and better vitality in people not self-isolating, and walking with lower physical fatigue in people self-isolating. These findings show the importance of encouraging PA for people with RA during a lockdown period for mental health and wellbeing.
Improving accessibility of CMS-based websites using automated methods
Authors: Csontos Balázs , Heckl István
Published: November 2020

New methods of identifying and fixing accessibility issues on websites are presented in this article. The websites taken into consideration by the research are created with content management systems (like WordPress or Joomla!). Our main goal was to develop different methods to improve accessibility that may be used by various user groups (website creators, operators, content editors). Some of our methods are easy to use, some need more proficiency. The three methods we have developed (CSS/SCSS class override, MVC-based extension override, HTML output override) are described in detail. The use of an already existing method (Data entry checking) is also introduced, as well as some development options of this method. Each method is introduced in general, furthermore an example of their usage is also presented. Using the proposed methods, websites can fulfil the recommendations of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) in order to make the content of the websites more accessible.
In Silico Ventilation Within the Dose-Volume is Predictive of Lung Function Post-radiation Therapy in Patients with Lung Cancer
Authors: Dong Yu , Kumar H. , Tawhai M. , Veiga C. , Szmul A. , Landau D. , McClelland J. , Lao L. , Burrowes K. S.
Published: November 2020

Lung cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Radiation therapy (RT) is one method to treat this disease. A common side effect of RT for lung cancer is radiation-induced lung damage (RILD) which leads to loss of lung function. RILD often compounds pre-existing smoking-related regional lung function impairment. It is difficult to predict patient outcomes due to large variability in individual response to RT. In this study, the capability of image-based modelling of regional ventilation in lung cancer patients to predict lung function post-RT was investigated. Twenty-five patient-based models were created using CT images to define the airway geometry, size and location of tumour, and distribution of emphysema. Simulated ventilation within the 20 Gy isodose volume showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s 12-months post-RT (p = 0.001, R = − 0.61). Patients with higher simulated ventilation within the 20 Gy isodose volume had a greater loss in lung function post-RT and vice versa. This relationship was only evident with the combined impact of tumour and emphysema, with the location of the emphysema relative to the dose-volume being important. Our results suggest that model-based ventilation measures can be used in the prediction of patient lung function post-RT.
Community Knowledge About the Use, Reuse, Disinfection and Disposal of Masks and Filtering Facepiece Respirators: Results of a Study Conducted in a Dermatology Clinic at the University of Naples in Italy
Authors: Scalvenzi Massimiliano , Villani Alessia , Ruggiero Angelo
Published: November 2020

In Italy, as well as in almost all countries, the use of masks in public with several other measures has been an important health measure during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The correct use of masks is essential, as a wrong use and disposal may increase the rate of contagious. Herein, we report a descriptive study evaluating the knowledge and use, reuse and disposal of masks in community settings. An anonymous questionnaire called MaSK (Mask uSe and Knowledge) questionnaire was developed and offered to patients referring at our dermatologic outpatient clinic. A total of 2562 full complete patients’ questionnaires were considered for the study. Our results showed that awareness and information campaigns aimed at the general population are urgently needed in order to implement a correct use of masks and limit as much as possible the infection rate.
Age Differences in Material Deprivation in Finland: How do Consensus and Prevalence-Based Weighting Approaches Change the Picture?
Authors: Ilmakunnas Ilari , Mäkinen Lauri
Published: November 2020

While material deprivation is often used to measure poverty, analyses focusing on the measurement of material deprivation are scarce. This study provides new information on material deprivation by analyzing how differences in the considerations of necessities and possession of deprivation items among all respondents and within population subgroups affect group-level differences in material deprivation in Finland. In line with many previous studies on material deprivation, this study focused on age groups. There is a significant age gradient regarding considerations of necessities, possession, and deprivation of many deprivation items. On average, younger adults experience material deprivation more often than older adults do. This study considers the differences in the considerations of necessities and possession of deprivation items using different weighting approaches. The study found that these differences are not largely transmitted to deprivation indices. Two causes of this finding were found: (1) individuals, on average, are not deprived of items in which there are differences between age groups regarding consensus and prevalence and (2) in those items in which deprivation is high, the consensus and the prevalence rates are often lower compared to other items. The results provide new information on which factors are important when using weighting approaches to measure material deprivation.
Laterale Epikondylopathie
Authors: Ott Nadine , Hackl Michael , Wegmann Kilian , Müller Lars Peter , Leschinger Tim
Published: November 2020

Hintergrund

Die laterale Epikondylopathie, auch Tennisellenbogen genannt, ist ein häufiges Krankheitsbild im klinischen Alltag. Neben den degenerativen Veränderungen im Bereich des Extensorenursprungs, meist basierend auf Überbelastung oder Mikrotraumata, können noch weitere Veränderungen ursächlich für den lateralen Ellenbogenschmerz sein. Hierzu gehören radiohumerale Knorpelschäden, Pathologien der Plica dorsoradialis oder auch eine posterolaterale Rotationsinstabilität.

Diagnostik

Im Vordergrund steht meist eine Schmerzsymptomatik. Die Diagnose ist primär klinisch zu stellen, bei chronischen Verläufen (>6 Monaten) sollte eine MRT-Diagnostik angestrebt werden. Nicht selten liegt eine sekundäre Instabilität vor die es als Differentialdiagnose oder auch Begleitpathologie zu beachten gilt.

Therapie

Aufgrund der hohen Rate an spontane Remissionen innerhalb der ersten 12 Monate ist die primäre konservative Therapie der Goldstandard. Die konservative Therapie ist als ein multimodales Therapiekonzept zu betrachten. Die operative Therapie ist meist Begleitpathologien oder chronischen Verläufen mit Beschwerdepersistenz nach Ausschöpfung aller konservativen Maßnahmen vorbehalten. Die Arthroskopie ist besonders hilfreich, um intraartikuläre Begleitpathologie oder eine sekundäre Instabilität zu erfassen.
Numerical Evaluation of Advanced Laser Control Strategies Influence on Residual Stresses for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Systems
Authors: Carraturo Massimo , Lane Brandon , Yeung Ho , Kollmannsberger Stefan , Reali Alessandro , Auricchio Ferdinando
Published: November 2020

Process-dependent residual stresses are one of the main burdens to a widespread adoption of laser powder bed fusion technology in industry. Residual stresses are directly influenced by process parameters, such as laser path, laser power, and speed. In this work, the influence of various scan speed and laser power control strategies on residual stresses is investigated. A set of nine different laser scan patterns is printed by means of a selective laser melting process on a bare plate of nickel superalloy 625 (IN625). A finite element model is experimentally validated comparing the simulated melt pool areas with high-speed thermal camera in situ measurements. Finite element analysis is then used to evaluate residual stresses for the nine different laser scan control strategies, in order to identify the strategy which minimizes the residual stress magnitude. Numerical results show that a constant power density scan strategy appears the most effective to reduce residual stresses in the considered domain.
International Human Rights Law and Practice
Authors: Bantekas Ilias , Oette Lutz
Published: November 2020

This unique textbook merges human rights law with its practice, from the courtroom to the battlefield. Human rights are analysed in their particular context, and the authors assess, among other things, the impact of international finance, the role of NGOs, and the protection of rights in times of emergency, including the challenges posed by counter-terrorism. In parallel, a series of interviews with practitioners, case studies and practical applications offer multiple perspectives and challenging questions on the effective implementation of human rights. Although the book comprehensively covers the traditional areas of international human rights law, including its regional and international legal and institutional framework, it also encompasses, through distinct chapters or large sections, areas that have a profound impact on human rights worldwide, such as women's rights, human rights and globalisation, refugees and migration, human rights obligations of non-state actors, debt and human rights, and others.
Not in My Office: Rights in an Armed Campus Space
Authors: HEISKANEN BENITA
Published: November 2020

When the Texas legislature in August 2016 allowed concealed handguns on campuses, the implementation of the legislation assumed a spatial meaning. At issue was not so much what the impact of firearms in educational establishments would be but where concealed guns could be carried and which specific locations were to be determined as exclusion zones. The decision-making process boiled down to a negotiation of rights by the federal government, state legislature, university, and members of the campus community. In particular, the question of gun rights was interpreted through notions of space, freedom, and privacy, as understood through amendments to the US Constitution.
Audiovisual Materialism
Authors: Zareei Mo H.
Published: November 2020

This article looks at the emergence of physical material in a growing number of contemporary sound-based art practices. From academic symposia to music festivals and media art exhibitions, the material presence of physical artefacts is notable in a variety of sound-based disciplines and scenarios. Considering the significance of the visual aspect of these works, this article proposes a reassessment of what audiovisual entails. I argue that our understanding of audiovisual status needs to be expanded beyond the scope of screen-based applications and move into the physical realm of objects and material. Further to this, I outline how the dominant discussions around materiality in sound-based art do not speak sufficiently to the physical materiality manifested in a growing wave within the field. Using an example of my own creative work, I will then suggest audiovisual materialism as an alternative lens through which such practices can be better examined, understood and built upon.
Coupled Evolution of Plate Tectonics and Basal Mantle Structure
Authors: Cao Xianzhi , Flament Nicolas , Müller R. Dietmar
Published: November 2020

The relationships between plate motions and basal mantle structure remain poorly understood, with some models implying that the basal mantle structure has remained stable over time, while others suggest that it could be shaped by the aggregation and dispersal of supercontinents. Here we investigate the evolution of mantle flow driven by end‐member plate tectonic models over 1 Gyr. We implement a tectonic scenario in which supercontinent reassembly occurs by introversion, and consider three distinct references frames that result in different net lithospheric rotation. Our flow models predict a dominant degree‐2 mantle structure most of the time. We analyze the relationship between imposed tectonic velocities and deep mantle flow, and find that at spherical harmonic degree 2, the maxima of lower mantle radial flow and temperature follow the motion path of the maxima of surface divergence. It may take ∼160–240 Myr for lower mantle structure to reflect plate motion changes when the lower mantle is reorganized by slabs sinking onto basal thermochemical structures, and/or when slabs stagnate in the transition zone before sinking to the lower mantle. Basal thermochemical structures move at less than 0.6°/Myr in our models, with a temporal average of 0.16°/Myr when there is no net lithospheric rotation, and between 0.20 and 0.23°/Myr when net lithospheric rotation exists and is induced in the lower mantle. Our results suggest that basal thermochemical structures are not stationary, but rather linked to global plate motions and plate boundary reconfigurations, reflecting the dynamic nature of the coevolving plate‐mantle system.
Diversification of methanogens into hyperalkaline serpentinizing environments through adaptations to minimize oxidant limitation
Authors: Fones Elizabeth M , Colman Daniel R , Kraus Emily A , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Templeton Alexis S , Spear John R , Boyd Eric S
Published: November 2020

Metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) and single amplified genomes (SAGs) affiliated with two distinct Methanobacterium lineages were recovered from subsurface fracture waters of the Samail Ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman. Lineage Type I was abundant in waters with circumneutral pH, whereas lineage Type II was abundant in hydrogen rich, hyperalkaline waters. Type I encoded proteins to couple hydrogen oxidation to CO2 reduction, typical of hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Surprisingly, Type II, which branched from the Type I lineage, lacked homologs of two key oxidative [NiFe]-hydrogenases. These functions were presumably replaced by formate dehydrogenases that oxidize formate to yield reductant and cytoplasmic CO2 via a pathway that was unique among characterized Methanobacteria, allowing cells to overcome CO2/oxidant limitation in high pH waters. This prediction was supported by microcosm-based radiotracer experiments that showed significant biological methane generation from formate, but not bicarbonate, in waters where the Type II lineage was detected in highest relative abundance. Phylogenetic analyses and variability in gene content suggested that recent and ongoing diversification of the Type II lineage was enabled by gene transfer, loss, and transposition. These data indicate that selection imposed by CO2/oxidant availability drove recent methanogen diversification into hyperalkaline waters that are heavily impacted by serpentinization.