bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the fitness of removable partial denture frameworks manufactured using additive manufacturing/selective laser melting
Authors: Saadaldin Selma A. , Rizkalla Amin S. , Eldwakhly Ezahraa A. , Soliman Mai , Aldegheishem Alhanoof
Published: October 2022

The study compared the fitness accuracy of digitally produced removable partial denture frameworks using 3D printing selective laser melting technology. Three groups were fabricated; the first group where the frameworks were produced digitally through digital designing and then the
frameworks were printed by selective laser melting additive manufacturing (3DP-G1). The second frameworks groups were produced by the lost wax/casting method (C-G2) and the third group was produced by scanning wax-up of the framework and then printed as in the first group (SP-G3). A total
of 6 frameworks were produced from each group. Micro-CT images were used to investigate spaces under the frameworks seated on the master casts at five specified locations. Finally, spaces at the same locations were measured by using light-body polyvinyl siloxane impression materials. There
was no significant difference among the spaces calculated underneath the 18 frameworks for the three various groups at a significance level of (α = .05) either at the CT-scan images or by using the silicone registration materials. Removable partial denture frameworks that were
produced by 3D printing technology using selective laser melting additive manufacturing have a high level of fitness accuracy comparable to the ones produced by the lost wax/casting method.
Children's Play–Work Occupation Continuum: Play-Based Occupational Therapy, Play Therapy and Playwork
Authors: Brown Ted , Lynch Helen
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Occupational therapists often use play-based approaches to facilitate children's occupational development and promote participation, for example, play-based occupational therapy, play therapy and playwork. However, where does play occupation fit, within these adult-guided play-based approaches in occupational therapy? Purpose: To examine and discuss the play–work occupation continuum of children to inform occupational therapy practice. Key Issues: Children's play occupations are free-selected, unstructured, internally-controlled, spontaneous and intrinsically-motivated. Yet, occupational therapists often utilize play as a therapeutic modality to support occupational development for occupations other than play. This use of play represents play-based work occupations as they are structured, externally-controlled, adult-guided, goal-focused and extrinsically-motivated. Play occupations then move from being authentic free-play to adult-guided play-based work occupations for children. Implications: When working with children and families, occupational therapists need to balance the use of self-selected, unstructured play occupations with the application of adult-guided, structured, goal-focused play-based work occupations.
The union experience: Workplace instrumentality, prosocial unionism, and union satisfaction
Authors: Keyes Andrew , Russell Zachary A , Fiorito Jack
Published: October 2022

Although prior research on union satisfaction emphasized the importance of workplace issues, such as wages, hours, and working conditions for union member satisfaction, some research has suggested satisfaction with union representation is more nuanced. Specifically, because unions extend their activities beyond the workplace to include all working people and societal issues, these activities also affect the experience of union members. This two-sample study uses a 2018 Qualtrics panel and a 2003 telephone survey to uncover additional aspects of union satisfaction determinants. Despite the prominence of the business union philosophy and its focus on union workplace instrumentality, results show prosocial unionism also is a significant predictor of union satisfaction.
Biomedical Research on Substances of Abuse: The Italian Case Study
Authors: Magliaro Chiara , Ahluwalia Arti
Published: October 2022

Substances of abuse have the potential to cause addiction, habituation or altered consciousness. Most of the research on these substances focuses on addiction, and is carried out through observational and clinical studies on humans, or experimental studies on animals. The transposition of the EU Directive 2010/63 into Italian law in 2014 (IT Law 2014/26) includes a ban on the use of animals for research on substances of abuse. Since then, in Italy, public debate has continued on the topic, while the application of the Article prohibiting animal research in this area has been postponed every couple of years. In the light of this debate, we briefly review a range of methodologies — including animal and non-animal, as well as patient or population-based studies — that have been employed to address the biochemical, neurobiological, toxicological, clinical and behavioural effects of substances of abuse and their dependency. We then discuss the implications of the Italian ban on the use of animals for such research, proposing concrete and evidence-based solutions to allow scientists to pursue high-quality basic and translational studies within the boundaries of the regulatory and legislative framework.
Chinese as a Mandatory Foreign Language at a Higher Education Institution in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim , Zaki Sajida , Memon Natasha
Published: October 2022

Universities in Pakistan offer Chinese language courses to prepare students for ample employment-related opportunities in Pak-China projects, Chinese university scholarships, learner exchanges and mobility programmes. This article provides an interpretive policy analysis, focused on comparing the interpretations of policymakers and foreign language students concerning the aims and implementation of a mandatory Chinese language learning policy introduced at a major public engineering university in Pakistan. The findings reveal that while most aims stated in the policy artefacts match the stakeholders’ interpretations of the policy aims, the students’ interpretations differed slightly regarding policy implementation, mainly concerning the medium of instruction and class size, affecting student motivation and levels of learning. The article discusses to what extent such a policy entails implementation challenges.
Parsi Identity: Myth and Collective Memories
Authors: Sataravala Snober
Published: October 2022

This article discusses the politics of identity and narratives of the Parsi minority community in India, who are Indian Zoroastrians on the brink of extinction. The mapping of the mythical construction of the Parsis by the Parsis themselves is contrasted with representations by popular culture. The main concern is that when there are no more Parsis left in South Asia to participate in this dialogue regarding the manufacture of identity, unchallenged stereotypes will persist, to the disadvantage of the community. Specifically, the character of the mad Parsi ( yeda) in Hindi cinema will remain predominant in popular imagination, while narratives of great Parsi entrepreneurs will be absorbed into general narratives of the nation, and collective memory will privilege the queer, the fool, the drug dealer or the anti-Christ.
Teaching Online During the Covid Pandemic in Rural Bhutan: Challenges and Coping Strategies
Authors: Wangdi Thinley , Rai Amit
Published: October 2022

The adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teachers and students has been discussed in different contexts of education, mostly focused on challenges of the imposed transition from physical to virtual teaching. Not much has been written about the resulting predicaments of rural teachers and their students, especially in developing countries like Bhutan. Using a qualitative approach, this article explores these challenges and identifies the coping strategies used by 15 Bhutanese rural teachers regarding online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Possible implications and recommendations for future practice and research are discussed.
The Strategic Task of the Church in Creating Spaces for Spirituality
Authors: Olivier Isak Jacobus
Published: October 2022

The self-revelation of God through His Manifested Presence occurred in a variety of natural, cultural and historical spaces. This manifested in the liturgical communion of His people during public worship events, which in the Old Testament took place in the Tabernacle and the Temple. In the New Testament the role of the Temple changed, and the Church as God’s community became the space where believers experienced spirituality. The historical development of the Church was supported by spaces that were created for spiritual experience and liturgy. In these spaces, spirituality was aided by liturgical activities, music, art, education and other aesthetic symbols. With the dawning of the 21st century the world has changed drastically. The Pentecostal experience after Azusa street gave emphasis to the spreading of the gospel into a variety of missionary and apostolic spaces. Therefore, the Church must think strategically regarding the spaces created to experience spirituality.
Reasons for participating in musical activities and their relationship with well-being during and before Covid-19
Authors: Kiss Luca , Linnell Karina J.
Published: October 2022

People tend to participate in musical activities—whether it is making or listening to music—for reasons that are related to basic psychological needs. This study explored whether the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) has changed the reasons for participating in musical activities and examined the relationship between these reasons and well-being during as well as before the pandemic. In total, 246 people (between 18 and 35 years) completed a survey during the pandemic, which contained questions relating to the reasons for participating in musical activities—namely the promotion of identity and agency, mood regulation, relaxation and company, enjoyment—and to subjective and eudaimonic well-being before and after the outbreak of the pandemic. Results showed that during the pandemic compared with before, people more often chose music to promote identity and agency, mood regulation, and relaxation and company. Two of the reasons that were invoked more often—namely identity and agency and mood regulation—positively predicted eudaimonic and subjective well-being, respectively, during the pandemic as well as before. Thus, people’s reasons for participating in musical activities during the pandemic compared with before changed in a direction consistent with increasing both eudaimonic and subjective well-being.
Female Murderers and Stigma: Coping With the “Bad Woman” Label
Authors: Binik Oriana , Verde Alfredo
Published: October 2022

Among the stereotypes of female delinquency, the article focuses on “bad women” par excellence, that is to say, those convicted of murder who have not benefited from the possibility of being perceived and portrayed as “victims” because of their unorthodox femininity. The aim of the study was to understand how the label of “bad woman” is incorporated into the narration of identity of five women condemned for murder; to this end, we focus on the narratives implemented in order to cope with the stigma (narrative criminology), tracing them back to their past and the traumatic experiences they lived (psychosocial criminology). Four narratives emerge: the denied stigma, the disregarded stigma, the despairing stigma and the processed stigma. Psychosocial criminology consents to “go beyond” the surface and to find a “fil rouge” that can explain the discrepancies and the contradictions found in the way of coping with the imposed label.
In Search of Public Perceptions of Disorder and Crime: Examining the Core Tenets of Broken Windows Theory
Authors: Ren Ling , Zhao Jihong (Solomon) , Luo Fei
Published: October 2022

A cornerstone of broken windows theory concerns public perceptions of disorder and crime, and the citizens’ “panic response” with the onset of disorder in their neighborhoods. Naturally, assuming this dynamic to exist lends support for a significant expansion of police operations from traditional crime control to order maintenance. More specifically, the advocates of the theory presume that citizens view disorder and crime as two distinctive constructs, and further that the former triggers the latter. Broken windows theory was quite popular during the 1990s and early 2000s, a period in which order maintenance or quality of life policing reached its apex of popularity. Findings from recent studies on public perceptions of disorder and crime, however, have called into serious question: the cognitive distinction between crime and disorder. Using data collected from a random telephone survey of residents residing in the Houston metropolitan area, we follow this line of research and test the hypothesized dynamics underlying broken windows theory. Our principal findings suggest that neither a one-factor model (convergent) nor a two-factor model (discriminant) fit the empirical data when an appropriate concept validation process is carried out. Implications are drawn for broken windows theory and some specific recommendations are made for future research at the end of the study.
Perceptions of occupational therapists in the United Kingdom on the applicability of the reflective framework for community development in occupational therapy
Authors: Melville Anna , Schiller Sandra , Engelen Anne-Mie , Kramer-Roy Debbie
Published: October 2022

Introduction:

Community development approaches are increasingly used by occupational therapists in response to occupational justice theory, which posits that both individuals and community groups may be denied access to meaningful occupations through societal powers outside their control. Previous research has found that occupational therapists feel insufficiently prepared for a role in community development and tend to use their general skill set, sometimes in combination with generic community development approaches. This study explored whether the reflective framework for community development in occupational therapy is applicable and useful for occupational therapists in the United Kingdom.

Methods:

A mixed methods approach was used, combining an online questionnaire and focus groups with occupational therapists who already work in community development. Findings were compared with the framework.

Findings:

The participants recognised most aspects of the Framework in their own practice, but some key aspects such as collaboration with the community at every stage were less prominent. They found the framework applicable to the UK context, particularly for occupational therapists inexperienced in community development practice.

Conclusion:

This study has highlighted community development practice by occupational therapists in the United Kingdom and concluded that the framework would support them in fulfilling this role more effectively.
Women’s bodies and lives as symbols of patriarchal codes: Honor killings
Authors: Loza Yasmine
Published: October 2022

Violence(s) imposed on non-western women during aggressive ritualized occurrences and, in the hereafter, meta-analysis of pain inflicted upon women is discussed particularly in the domain of honor crimes. Representational languages framing trauma in global discourses of naming and human rights are scrutinized, asserting that women’s perspectives must be centric to the discussion. Orientalist frames and control over women as symbols of honor and patriarchal codes maintain tensions of dichotomies between modernity and tradition and cultural relativism. These are thus challenged by emphasizing women’s burdens – as situated individuals – of multi-layered struggles which unfold from purporting to depict women’s realities. The naturalization of women’s suffering is further amplified when constrained within a one-dimensional representation claimed by regional and global injustice. This article contributes to critical feminist interventions in spaces representing women’s realities in a process which deconstructs and diverts the post of modernity and colonialism toward equality and dialogue across socio-political racial and gendered markers.
Pancreatic Cystic Lesions: Review of the Current State of Diagnosis and Surveillance
Authors: Alwahbi Omar , Ghumman Zonia , van der Pol Christian B. , Patlas Michael N. , Gopee-Ramanan Prasaanthan
Published: October 2022

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are both common and often incidental. These encompass a range of pathologies with varying degrees of concern for malignancy. Although establishing a diagnosis is helpful for determining malignant potential, many PCLs are either too small to characterize or demonstrate nonspecific morphologic features. The most salient modalities involved in diagnosis and surveillance are magnetic resonance imaging, multidetector computerized tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound. Fine needle aspiration has a role in conjunction with molecular markers as a diagnostic tool, particularly for identifying malignant lesions. Although several major consensus guidelines exist internationally, there remains uncertainty in establishing the strength of the association between all PCLs and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and in showing a benefit from extended periods of imaging surveillance. No consensus exists between the major guidelines, particularly regarding surveillance duration, frequency, or endpoints. This review paper discusses PCL subtypes, diagnosis, and compares the major consensus guidelines with considerations for local adaptability along with questions regarding current and future priorities for research.
The Toxic Other: The Palestinian Critique and Debates About Race and Racism
Authors: Ayyash M. Muhannad
Published: October 2022

This article explores an important feature of anti-Palestinian racism (APR) that is salient in the North American and European academic landscape: the expulsion of the Palestinian critique of Zionism and Israel from rational and even anti-racist discourse. This expulsion takes place through the toxification of the Palestinian other whereby Palestinian epistemology is to be mistrusted and shunned because it is allegedly rooted in an antisemitic disposition. This amounts to a racialization of the Palestinian critique in the name of anti-racism, which can be seen in recent definitions of antisemitism, the debate over the boycott of Israeli academic institutions and harassment campaigns against Palestinian scholars. I argue that we must name this expulsion as a form of racialization that is part and parcel of colonial modernity. The article concludes that without a centralization of the Palestinian critique, decolonial and anti-racist efforts will not live up to their professed ideals.
3D DEM-FEM simulation of the flexible metal wheel–soil interaction in low gravity environments
Authors: Zhu Jianzhong , Zou Meng , Shen Yan , Cao Hongtao , Chen Zhen , Qi Yingchun
Published: October 2022

To investigate the driving performance of the flexible metal wheel of the manned lunar rover in a low gravity environment, we established a 3D discrete element method (DEM)-finite element method (FEM) coupling simulation system. The wheel was modeled by FEM and the soil was modeled by DEM. Then, the direct shear tests were performed to verify the validity of the DEM contact parameters. Finally, the driving performance of the flexible metal wheels with different treads under low gravity conditions was studied, and the velocity field of soil particles under the wheels was observed. The results show that the sinkage of the flexible wheel is almost independent of gravity, while the torque and drawbar pull are significantly affected by gravity. Moreover, by comparing the driving performance of the wheel equipped with treads (WT wheel) and without tread (NT wheel), it is found that the tread have great effect on sinkage, torque, and drawbar pull to wheel weight ratio due to the differences in wheel-soil contact area. Also, through the observation of the particle velocity field under the wheel, it is found that the gravity and load also have significant effects on the movement of soil particles. This study provided a reliable method for studies on the interaction between the flexible wheel and soil in low gravity environments.
Test Anxiety Does Not Predict Exam Performance When Knowledge Is Controlled For: Strong Evidence Against the Interference Hypothesis of Test Anxiety
Authors: Theobald Maria , Breitwieser Jasmin , Brod Garvin
Published: October 2022

Do test-anxious students perform worse in exam situations than their knowledge would otherwise allow? We analyzed data from 309 medical students who prepared for a high-stakes exam using a digital learning platform. Using log files from the learning platform, we assessed students’ level of knowledge throughout the exam-preparation phase and their average performance in mock exams that were completed shortly before the final exam. The results showed that test anxiety did not predict exam performance over and above students’ knowledge level as assessed in the mock exams or during the exam-preparation phase. Leveraging additional ambulatory assessment data from the exam-preparation phase, we found that high trait test anxiety predicted smaller gains in knowledge over the exam-preparation phase. Taken together, these findings are incompatible with the hypothesis that test anxiety interferes with the retrieval of previously learned knowledge during the exam.
A Lost Past? The Production of Affective Archives in Malayalam Cinema
Authors: Edachira Manju
Published: October 2022

This article studies Malayalam cinema’s engagement with its own history through the medium and the production of affective archives. endeavours to understand the use of archival materials in cinema and explores the affective potential of films in the creation of generative archives. Thus, the article studies select Malayalam films of the post-2000s that employed ‘cinema within cinema’ and argues that through the tropes of the lost heroine ( Thirakkatha and Nayika), lost time ( Vellaripravinte Changathi) and lost history ( Celluloid), these films explore the past through affective archiving. Further, it discusses the archival recuperation of P. K. Rosy, the first heroine of Malayalam cinema, and how the oppressed communities engage with archives in the present as a political and aesthetic act for an emancipatory future. In short, the article examines the possibilities of affective archiving within and outside cinema in interrogating dominant historical narratives.
Geopolitical Dynamics in the Afghanistan–India–Pakistan Triangle
Authors: Wani Zahoor Ahmad
Published: October 2022

Since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947, the geopolitics of South Asia has been shaped by a dynamic triangular relationship among Afghanistan, India and Pakistan on which depend prospects of peace, governance and stability in the South Asian region. This article examines how and why the Afghanistan–India–Pakistan triangle emerged and how it affects the entire South Asian region as a matter of geopolitics. The article also analyses why major strategic and political shifts occurred in these complex relations after the fall of the Taliban rule in Afghanistan in 2001 and ventures to provide some comments on more recent developments. The evolution and nature of the triangular engagements lie in the overlapping policies of these three countries. Hence, I identify their interactions as constituting a dynamic triangle. This article argues that strategic positioning and concerns and claims for political space have shaped their relationship to such an extent that if something bad happens in one of the three countries, this affects the position of the other two as well. That is why the current re-alignments in Afghanistan have crucial implications for the whole region, not just in terms of their respective foreign policy objectives but also for the long-term harmony, peace, progress and stability in the whole region.
Post-Disaster Reconstruction, Well-being and Sustainable Development Goals: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Tiwari Piyush , Shukla Jyoti
Published: October 2022

Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of disasters. Low-income households living in low- and middle-income countries are most vulnerable to the effects of disasters. While efforts have increased for better disaster management since the adoption of the Sendai framework adopted at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan in 2015 by 187 countries, the success rate of post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation has been debatable for disaster affected persons.

The purpose of this article (which is the first part of our research on approach to post disaster reconstruction) is to propose a framework based on capability approach to understand the determinants of well-being that need to be restored for disaster affected persons. The second part will present results from application of this framework to examine the post-disaster reconstruction of affected persons in Chennai (India). Resettlement is a complex issue, and it requires a balance between protecting lives and livelihoods of those affected, as these are tied to a location, and protecting them from future disasters, the occurrence of which is also tied to a location. The article argues that a capabilities-based approach that aligns with sustainable development goals could provide a framework to identify components of a post-disaster management plan to satisfactorily rebuild the well-being of affected persons.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and wellbeing of refugees and asylum seekers-A Narrative Review of the Literature
Authors: El Tatary Ghassan , Gill Neeraj
Published: October 2022

Objective

To identify the factors affecting refugees and asylum seekers mental health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A narrative review of available international research literature from January 2020 to June 2021 was conducted to identify these factors.

Results

Seven factors were identified: pre-existing physical health vulnerabilities, pre-existing mental health vulnerabilities, environmental, social, cultural-specific, economic and legal/welfare challenges.

Conclusion

Multiple interacting bio-psycho-socio-economic-cultural-ecological factors lead to greater impact of COVID-19 pandemic on refugee and asylum seekers wellbeing than the general population.
Design-Related Impacts on End-of-Life Experience: A Brief Report of Findings from an Exploratory Qualitative Study
Authors: Knox Michelle
Published: October 2022

Background

Despite the general preference to die at home, many deaths occur in institutionalized settings. While biomedical interventions to ameliorate end-of-life (EoL) suffering have advanced, the end-of-life care (EoLC) environment is less understood as a means of palliative support.

Objective

This exploratory study considered the implications of clinical EoLC environments (facility buildings and their adjacent areas), aiming to understand how these designed spaces may be improved to better support experiences for patients, families, and staff.

Methods

Using an ethnography-driven approach, field observations (including participant commentaries) were captured at a standalone hospice and a palliative care ward at a general hospital. These were supplemented with semi-structured interviews. Content and thematic analyses were performed based on an interpretive-descriptive paradigm. Finally, informed by a review of field literature, analyses of all data were inter-related, and an interpretation was built to highlight key design considerations.

Results

Through the analysis, 6 socio-spatial dimensions of EoLC facilities were identified (locational contexts; service administration & management; common spaces; private spaces; in-between spaces; and nature-integrated spaces) as guiding concepts to appraise and improve such settings.

Conclusion

Physical, emotional, and social wellbeing at the end of life is coalesced in and made visible by the designed environment. Therefore, evidence-based design serves as an important non-clinical intervention in such settings; however, patient involvement in such research remains difficult. Future scholarly research, new building schemes, and renovation projects should further examine the socio-spatial functions of clinical EoLC environments and investigate the challenges surrounding patient engagement within this domain.
Partisanship on the Playground: Expressive Party Politics Among Children
Authors: Lay J. Celeste , Holman Mirya R. , Greenlee Jill S. , Oxley Zoe M. , Bos Angela L.
Published: October 2022

The beliefs and behaviors of U.S. adults are increasingly sorted and polarized along partisan lines. We draw on studies of partisanship and social identity formation to argue that children develop partisanship as a social identity during the political socialization process. For a group of children, their partisan social identity produces an affective (and largely negative) evaluation of the political world. Analyzing survey data collected from 1500+ children ages 6–12 in 2017 and 2018, we show that some children develop a partisan identity as they learn about politics that operates similarly to other social identities like gender and race. Children’s partisanship is associated with negative affective evaluations of politics, particularly leaders of the other political party. Using an innovative measurement tool, we show affective, negative reactions in children’s open-ended responses, including when they are asked to draw a political leader. Other children simply learn about politics without developing partisan identities and thus hold more positive affective evaluations of the political system.
Let the voters decide: Incumbents, opposition, and contested primaries in Argentina
Authors: Skigin Natán
Published: October 2022

Citizens’ ability to influence public decisions is the hallmark of democracy, and central to this are candidate selection mechanisms. Despite the increasing popularity of primaries across the globe, scholars disagree on how incumbency status shapes primary election contests. To address this question, I exploit an electoral reform in Argentina that forces parties and coalitions to participate in primaries, but allows these to be contested or uncontested. Employing an original data set on federal legislative nominations between 2011 and 2017, I show that internal divisions encourage contested primaries within the opposition, to which district-level rivals strategically respond in kind by fielding multiple internal lists to counter any potential electoral “bonus” others may enjoy from contesting primaries. Combined with the influence of presidents and governors over selection procedures, these patterns mean that primary races are closely fought within the opposition but are trouble-free under incumbency status.
Does External Attribution Motivate Pessimistic Consumers to Purchase Organic Cosmetics?
Authors: Bharti Kumkum , Jabeen Fauzia , Sadiq Mohd , Khan Farheen
Published: October 2022

With the increased focus on environmental preservation and consumer well-being, the sale of organic cosmetics across the globe is gradually increasing. However, consumer hesitancy exists due to the nascent stage of the organic cosmetic market. The current study investigates the role of external attribution in increasing pessimistic consumers’ organic purchase behaviour and subjective well-being. It also examines how consumers’ purchase behaviour of organic cosmetics mediates the hypothesised relationships. The proposed conceptual model is grounded in the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and tested through data from 613 consumers from Amazon MTurk. We found that pessimistic consumers do not purchase organic cosmetics, which, in turn, reduces their subjective well-being. However, external attribution significantly and positively moderates the negative influence of consumers’ pessimism on their purchase behaviour of organic cosmetics and their subjective well-being. In addition, we discovered that pessimistic consumers could conserve their psychological resources through external attribution, helping them reduce their scepticism towards organic cosmetics and adopt such products. Furthermore, the study’s findings highlight the need for managers to develop effective marketing strategies that increase pessimistic consumers’ well-being. Particularly, marketing strategies that emphasise the environmental and health benefits of using organic cosmetics over conventional cosmetics should be devised.
Beyond the Basic Law: Interpretive principles protective of fundamental rights in Hong Kong
Authors: Coxon Benedict
Published: October 2022

In considering the protection of fundamental rights in Hong Kong, the Basic Law and the Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap 383) (BORO) tend to be the dual focus. However, common law principles protective of fundamental rights continue to apply. These include principles of statutory interpretation such as the principle of legality (the presumption that general or ambiguous words in legislation are insufficient to interfere with certain common law rights) and the presumption that legislation is to be interpreted consistently with international treaties. This article considers the role of these common law interpretive principles in Hong Kong, and, in particular, the scope for their application in light of the Basic Law and the BORO. It concludes that the protection of fundamental rights in Hong Kong will continue to focus on the Basic Law and the BORO for so long as the current constitutional arrangements persist. However, the courts ought to take care to pay due regard to the relevant common law interpretive principles, including the stringency of the test of necessary implication where a statutory interference with rights is not express, and the potential for the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to be relevant to statutory interpretation.
Vicarious liability as risk-through-placing
Authors: Tan Justin
Published: October 2022

The common law on vicarious liability is unsatisfactory because the doctrine is couched at such a high level of generality that it cannot yield predictable results when applied to a given fact situation. This paper is an attempt to inject some precision into the doctrine. It examines and rejects three justifications for the doctrine: effective compensation/risk spreading, deterrence and certain theories related to quid pro quo. It then proposes the most suitable justification for the doctrine: vicarious liability is imposed because and when the defendant, by placing the tortfeasor in the position in its organisation that it did with that position's accompanying privileges and demands, had created or significantly enhanced the risk of the claimant’s injury. Three implications follow from this justification: (1) there is no vicarious liability for the wrongful acts of independent contractors; (2) agency reasoning should be rejected; and (3) we should stop using the phrase ‘enterprise-risk approach’.
Constraint handling methods for a generative envelope design using genetic algorithms: The case of a highly constrained problem
Authors: Duclos-Prévet Claire , Guéna François , Efron Mariano
Published: October 2022

The use of genetic algorithms as generative and performance design techniques often involves, in practice, constraint handling, which can be a complex task. Moreover, environmental simulations are computationally expensive and managing constraints can avoid wasting time on infeasible solutions. Despite these two incentives, and the benefits of an immense literature, both applied and theorical, on constrained optimization, there are only few guidelines and tools directly applicable by architects to address this issue. This paper proposes to fill this gap by identifying, classifying, and implementing different constraint management techniques available to architects. Seven methods have been tested for a highly constrained envelope design problem, consisting in the optimization of a sun-shading system. Three of them are easily replicable to different types of projects while the four others need to find a problem-specific heuristic. It appears that the second category is more efficient but implies the use of generative techniques that are more difficult to implement than parametric models.
Impact of the COVID-19 Controlled Drugs and Substances Act exemption on pharmacist prescribing of opioids, benzodiazepines and stimulants in Ontario: A cross-sectional time-series analysis
Authors: Chang Ann , Chaudhry Shanzeh , McCormack Daniel , Gomes Tara , Shivji Anisa , Tadrous Mina
Published: October 2022

Background:

Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Health Canada issued an exemption to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA) on March 19, 2020, enabling pharmacists to act as prescribers of controlled substances to support continuity of care. Our study investigates utilization of the CDSA exemption by Ontario pharmacists with the intent to inform policy on pharmacist scope of practice and to improve future patient outcomes.

Methods:

We conducted a time-series analysis of pharmacist-prescribed opioid, benzodiazepine and stimulant claims data using Ontario Narcotics Monitoring System (NMS) data between January 2019 and December 2021. We used ARIMA modelling to measure the change to these classes of claims and to opioid claims containing quantities greater than a 30-day supply.

Results:

Postexemption, the average weekly number of pharmacist-prescribed opioid, benzodiazepine and stimulant claims rose by 146% (160 to 393 claims/week), 960% (49 to 515 claims/week) and 2150% (8 to 177 claims/week), respectively. There was a 2-week lag period between the time of announcement and the statistically significant increase in claims on April 5, 2020( p < 0.0001). The total number of claims for opioid quantities exceeding a 30-day supply decreased by 60%. Cumulative pharmacist-prescribed claims accounted for under 2% of the total NMS claims.

Interpretation:

Ontario pharmacists used the CDSA exemption but were prescribing at low rates. These findings suggest an effective change to pharmacy practice as the low rates show pharmacists used the exemption as a last line of defense. This may lead to further studies exploring treatment breaks during the COVID-19 pandemic and future changes to pharmacist scope to benefit patients.
Public sector information in the European Union policy: The misbalance between economy and individuals
Authors: Valli Buttow Clarissa , Weerts Sophie
Published: October 2022

Algorithmic technologies and artificial intelligence are centred on data and generate new business models, known as the data-driven economy. In the European Union context, the development of such new business is accompanied by a regulatory and political framework. An important aspect of this regulatory framework regards the legal conditions that enable the data collection, availability, sharing, use and reuse. Within the larger context, this article analyses the development of the European Union regulatory framework governing the availability, sharing and reuse of public sector data, also referred to as Public Sector Information policy. Anchored in the analytical tools provided by Discursive Institutionalism and Critical Data Studies and after studying the evolution of this policy over 25 years, this article argues that economic considerations have been overwhelmingly decisive in the European Union Public Sector Information policy and much less attention has been paid to fundamental rights and democracy issues. It also shows how European Union Public Sector Information policy contributes to the data infrastructure, enabling a thriving data-driven economy. In doing so, this article argues that the possible problematic effects of this new data-driven economy are not only affordances of the technology itself but are also the result of political and regulatory choices. More globally, the article stresses the need for policymakers to inscribe each of the policies and regulations affecting the digital transformation in the framework of fundamental rights and democracy.
A Proposal for a Standardized Imaging Algorithm to Improve the Accuracy and Reliability for the Diagnosis of Thoracolumbar Posterior Ligamentous Complex Injury in Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Aly Mohamed M. , Al-Shoaibi Abdulbaset M. , Aljuzair Ali H. , Issa Tariq Ziad , Vaccaro Alexander R.
Published: October 2022

Study Design

Systematic Literature Review.

Objective

To propose a systematic imaging algorithm for diagnosing posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) injury in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve the reliability of PLC assessment.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The Scopus database was searched from its inception until July 21, 2022, for studies evaluating CT or MRI assessment of the PLC injury following thoracolumbar trauma. The studies extracted key findings, objectives, injury definitions, and radiographic modalities.

Results

Twenty-three studies were included in this systematic review, encompassing 2021 patients. Five studies evaluated the accuracy of MRI in detecting thoracolumbar PLC injury using intraoperative findings as a reference. These studies indicate that black stripe discontinuity due to supraspinous or ligamentum flavum rupture is a more specific criterion of PLC injury than high-signal intensity. Thirteen papers evaluated the accuracy or reliability of CT in detecting thoracolumbar PLC injury using MRI or intraoperative findings as a reference. The overall accuracy rate of CT in detecting PLC injury was 68-90%. Two studies evaluate the accuracy of combined CT findings, showing that ≥2 CT findings are associated with a positive predictive value of 88-91 %. Vertebral translation, facet joint malalignment, spinous process fracture, horizontal laminar fracture, and interspinous widening were independent predictors of PLC injury.

Conclusion

We provided a comprehensive imaging algorithm for diagnosing PLC in CT and MRI based on available literature and our experience. The algorithm will potentially improve the accuracy and reliability of PLC assessment, however it needs multicentre prospective validation.
Social purpose and autonomy at the end of the end of history: A response to critics
Authors: Hochuli Alex
Published: October 2022

That the End of History is over is no longer in dispute, but drift and decay, rather than a restarting of History proper, is the order of the day. In this article, critical discussions of The End of the End of History by Daniel Zamora, Anton Jäger, Nicholas Kiersey and Richard Sakwa are responded to. Zamora’s focus on the displacement of social conflict outside the workplace is discussed as a feature of political disintermediation, creating a boundless sort of politics. An alternative to Jäger’s proposed term, ‘hyperpolitics’, is then advanced, as a means of leaving open the possibility of greater politicisation in the future. A defence of the way left-populist movements are cast as essentially ‘anti-political’ is then ventured, in opposition to Kiersey. Sakwa’s criticisms of our historicism are then turned on their head, before we consider the impact that the Ukraine war may have on History’s putative return. By way of conclusion, the dichotomies of resignation versus autonomy, and compliance versus social purpose, are discussed as the pivots on which History’s return will be decided.
Critical Care Nurses’ Experiences During the Illness of Family Members: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Khatib Wadad El , Fawaz Mirna , Al-Shloul Mohammad N. , Rayan Ahmad , ALBashtawy Mohammed , Al-Amer Rasmieh M. , Abdalrahim Asem , Khatatbeh Moawiah
Published: October 2022

Introduction

A loved one's hospitalization in a critical care unit is a traumatic experience for families. However, because of their status and professional competence, a family member who is also a critical care nurse has additional obstacles and often long-term consequences.

Objectives

To describe the experiences of critical care nurse-family members when a loved one is admitted to a critical care unit at the Hotel-Dieu de France hospital.

Methods

A qualitative path based on van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenology combining both descriptive and interpretive models were adopted.

Results

The lived experience of critical care nurses in providing care for their family members admitted into the same critical care were summarized in five themes. Nurses were torn between roles, consisting of confounding roles, their registered nurse status, and watchfulness. The lived experience of critical care nurses in providing care for their family members admitted into the same critical care was summarized into specialized knowledge that included a double-edged sword of seeking information and difficulty delivering the information. Critical nurses compete for expectations, including those placed on self and family members, resulting in emotional and personal sacrifice while gaining insight into the experiences.

Conclusions

Critical care nurse-family members have a unique experience compared to the rest of the family, necessitating specialized care and attention. Increased awareness among healthcare providers could be a start in the right direction.
Implementation of advance care planning decision aids for patients undergoing high-risk surgery: a field-testing study
Authors: Yamamoto Kanako , Kaido Toshimi , Yokoi Tadao , Shimada Gen , Taketa Takashi , Nakayama Kazuhiro
Published: October 2022

Background

Patients undergoing high-risk surgery are at a risk of sudden deterioration of their health. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of the development of two patient decision aids (PtDAs) to assist patients undergoing high-risk surgeries in informed decision-making about their medical care in a crisis.

Methods

This field testing implemented two PtDAs that met the international criteria developed by the researchers for patients before surgery. Study participants were patients scheduled to be admitted to the intensive care unit after surgery at one acute care hospital in Japan and their families. The study used a mixed-methods approach. The primary outcome was patients’ decision satisfaction evaluated by the SURE test. Secondary outcomes were the perception of the need to discuss advance care planning (ACP) before surgery and mental health status. The families were also surveyed on their confidence in proxy decision-making (NRS: 0–10, quantitative data). In addition, interviews were conducted after discharge to assess the acceptability of PtDAs. Data were collected before (preoperative outpatients, baseline: T0) and after providing PtDAs (in the hospital: T1) and following discharge (T2, T3).

Results

Nine patients were enrolled, of whom seven agreed to participate (including their families). The SURE test scores (mean ± SD) were 2.1 ± 1.2 (T0), 3.4 ± 0.8 (T2), and 3.9 ± 0.4 (T3). The need to discuss ACP before surgery was 8.7 ± 1.3 (T1) and 9.1 ± 0.9 (T2). The degree of confidence in family surrogate decision-making was 6.1 ± 2.5 (T0), 7.7 ± 1.4 (T1), and 8.1 ± 1.5 (T2). The patients reported that using PtDAs provided an opportunity to share their thoughts with their families and inspired them to start mapping their life plans. Additionally, patients wanted to share and discuss their decision-making process with medical professionals after the surgery.

Conclusions

PtDAs supporting ACP in patients undergoing high-risk surgery were developed, evaluated, and accepted. However, they did not involve any discussion of patients’ ACP treatment wishes with their families. Medical providers should be coached to provide adequate support to patients. In the future, larger studies evaluating the effectiveness of PtDAs are necessary.