bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Royal Lottery and the Old Regime: Financial Innovation and Modern Political Culture
Authors: Kruckeberg Robert
Published: February 2014

The French Royal Lottery was founded in 1776 under Louis XVI. The king and his ministers saw the lottery as a way to raise revenue while avoiding the politically contentious debates with the Parlement of Paris over taxation. The monarchy hoped that the lottery would avoid the charges of arbitrary despotism and coercion leveled against taxation measures, since the lottery was portrayed as voluntary consumption by the public. With the lottery, the monarchy entered the marketplace and directly engaged in new patterns of consumption and financial innovation. By entering the marketplace, the monarchy ultimately undermined its own absolutist ideology as critics attacked the monarchy as forgoing its traditional role of royal paternalism in favor of its new role as merchant. An examination of the Royal Lottery shows how the economic and political transformations of the century were deeply intertwined.

La Loterie royale de France fut fondée en 1776 sous Louis XVI. Le roi et ses ministres voyaient dans la loterie un moyen d’augmenter les recettes de l’Etat tout en évitant le débat politique controversé sur la fiscalité avec le Parlement de Paris. La monarchie espérait que la loterie permettrait d’éviter les accusations de despotisme arbitraire et de coercition portées contre les mesures fiscales, celle-ci étant dépeinte comme une consommation volontaire du public. Avec la loterie, la monarchie a pénétré le marché et s’est directement lancée dans de nouveaux modèles de consommation et d’innovation financière. En ce faisant, la monarchie a compromis sa propre idéologie absolutiste tandis que les critiques lui reprochaient de renoncer au traditionnel paternalisme royal en faveur de son nouveau rôle de négociant. La Loterie royale de France montre de quelles façons les transformations politiques et économiques du siècle ont été profondément liées.
Collectors, Catholics, and the Commune: Heritage and Counterrevolution, 1860-1890
Authors: Stammers Tom
Published: February 2014

The violence and vandalism of 1870-71 had a profound effect on stirring the conscience of private collectors in Paris. Taking their cue from the 1790s, they scrambled to safeguard the city’s treasures, form new antiquarian associations, and indulge in forms of patriotic philanthropy. The 1870s and 1880s represent a crucial moment in the visibility of the rich collector, offering a new legitimating rhetoric for luxury consumption and marking a growing rapprochement between public service and private possessions. But under commercial pressures, these decades also witnessed a more chauvinist reaction, with fresh attempts to imagine social and ethnic restrictions on who was entitled to be a custodian of the French past. Focusing on the correspondence of bibliophile Baron Jérôme Pichon and on the memory palace of Léopold Double, this article seeks to retrieve an understanding of heritage and conservation radically distinct from the scientific and secular definitions elaborated by government agencies arising out of the French Revolution and the July Monarchy.

La violence et le vandalisme de l’année terrible (1870-71) exerçaient une influence profonde sur les collectionneurs particuliers à Paris. Se rappelant l’exemple néfaste de la Révolution française, ils ont entrepris une croisade afin de sauver les trésors de la ville, ils ont créé des sociétés savantes, et ils ont manifesté leur largesse patriotique. Ces individus élaborèrent une rhétorique centrée sur la possession légitime et exclusive de ces objets. Etant souvent fortement hostiles envers l’Etat, ils se trouvèrent également à l’abri des directives de ce dernier. En analysant les collectionneurs Jérôme Pichon et Léopold Double, j’interroge la possibilité de parler d’un patrimoine « autre », d’un patrimoine privé, insolite, et contre-révolutionnaire.
The central molecular clock is robust in the face of behavioural arrhythmia in aDrosophilamodel of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chen Ko-Fan , Possidente Bernard , Lomas David A. , Crowther Damian C.
Published: February 2014

Circadian behavioural deficits, including sleep irregularity and restlessness in the evening, are a distressing early feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have investigated these phenomena by studying the circadian behaviour of transgenic Drosophila expressing the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). We find that Aβ expression results in an age-related loss of circadian behavioural rhythms despite ongoing normal molecular oscillations in the central clock neurones. Even in the absence of any behavioural correlate, the synchronised activity of the central clock remains protective, prolonging lifespan, in Aβ flies just as it does in control flies. Confocal microscopy and bioluminescence measurements of molecular clock function point to the output pathway as the main site of Aβ toxicity. In addition there appears to be significant non-cell autonomous Aβ toxicity resulting in morphological and likely functional signalling deficits in central clock neurones.
A stem–loop structure directsoskarmRNA to microtubule minus ends
Authors: Jambor Helena , Mueller Sandra , Bullock Simon L. , Ephrussi Anne
Published: February 2014

mRNA transport coupled with translational control underlies the intracellular localization of many proteins in eukaryotic cells. This is exemplified inDrosophila, whereoskarmRNA transport and translation at the posterior pole of the oocyte direct posterior patterning of the embryo.oskarlocalization is a multistep process. Within the oocyte, a splicedoskarlocalization element (SOLE) targetsoskarmRNA for plus end-directed transport by kinesin-1 to the posterior pole. However, the signals mediating the initial minus end-directed, dynein-dependent transport of the mRNA from nurse cells into the oocyte have remained unknown. Here, we show that a 67-nt stem–loop in theoskar3′ UTR promotesoskarmRNA delivery to the developing oocyte and that it shares functional features with thefs(1)K10oocyte localization signal. Thus, two independentcis-acting signals, the oocyte entry signal (OES) and the SOLE, mediate sequential dynein- and kinesin-dependent phases ofoskarmRNA transport during oogenesis. The OES also promotes apical localization of injected RNAs in blastoderm stage embryos, another dynein-mediated process. Similarly, when ectopically expressed in polarized cells of the follicular epithelium or salivary glands, reporter RNAs bearing theoskarOES are apically enriched, demonstrating that this element promotes mRNA localization independently of cell type. Our work sheds new light on howoskarmRNA is trafficked during oogenesis and the RNA features that mediate minus end-directed transport.
Distinct functional classes oframmutations in 16S rRNA
Authors: McClory Sean P. , Devaraj Aishwarya , Fredrick Kurt
Published: February 2014

During decoding, the ribosome selects the correct (cognate) aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) from a large pool of incorrect aa-tRNAs through a two-stage mechanism. In the initial selection stage, aa-tRNA is delivered to the ribosome as part of a ternary complex with elongation factor EF-Tu and GTP. Interactions between codon and anticodon lead to activation of the GTPase domain of EF-Tu and GTP hydrolysis. Then, in the proofreading stage, aa-tRNA is released from EF-Tu and either moves fully into the A/A site (a step termed “accommodation”) or dissociates from the ribosome. Cognate codon-anticodon pairing not only stabilizes aa-tRNA at both stages of decoding but also stimulates GTP hydrolysis and accommodation, allowing the process to be both accurate and fast. In previous work, we isolated a number ofribosomalambiguity (ram) mutations in 16S rRNA, implicating particular regions of the ribosome in the mechanism of decoding. Here, we analyze a representative subset of these mutations with respect to initial selection, proofreading, RF2-dependent termination, and overall miscoding in various contexts. We find that mutations that disrupt inter-subunit bridge B8 increase miscoding in a general way, causing defects in both initial selection and proofreading. Mutations in or near the A site behave differently, increasing miscoding in a codon-anticodon-dependent manner. These latter mutations may create spurious favorable interactions in the A site for certain near-cognate aa-tRNAs, providing an explanation for their context-dependent phenotypes in the cell.
Polypyrimidine tract binding protein inhibits IgM pre-mRNA splicing by diverting U2 snRNA base-pairing away from the branch point
Authors: Zheng Xuexiu , Cho Sunghee , Moon Heegyum , Loh Tiing Jen , Oh Huyn Kyung , Green Michael R. , Shen Haihong
Published: February 2014

The mouse immunoglobulin (IgM) pre-mRNA contains a splicing inhibitor that bears multiple binding sites for the splicing repressor polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB). Here we show that the inhibitor directs assembly of an ATP-dependent complex that contains PTB and U1 and U2 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Unexpectedly, although U2 snRNA is present in the inhibitor complex, it is not base-paired to the branch point. We present evidence that inhibitor-bound PTB contacts U2 snRNA to promote base-pairing to an adjacent branch point–like sequence within the inhibitor, thereby preventing the U2 snRNA–branch point interaction and resulting in splicing repression. Our studies reveal a novel mechanism by which PTB represses splicing.
Necessity: Duress of Circumstances or Moral Involuntariness?
Authors: Williams Glenys
Published: February 2014

While the Canadian Supreme Court has accepted necessity as an excuse on the basis of moral involuntariness, English and Welsh courts have adopted a different route by incorporating excusatory necessity into duress of circumstances. The objective element of this defence prevents the defendant's characteristics from being taken into account, and assumes a level of courage. In a defence where the fear emotion is the prevalent feature, this paper questions whether judges in England and Wales have taken the wrong path by implementing a necessity defence as a form of duress.
Declarations of Incompatibility, Dialogue and the Criminal Law
Authors: Davis Fergal F. , Mead David
Published: February 2014

The past 30 years have seen the development of ‘New Commonwealth’ forms of judicial review. These models of review are characterized by an emphasis on institutional dialogue over either legislative or judicial supremacy. Thus, instead of giving courts a strike down power, dialogic review grants courts the power to declare legislation ‘incompatible’ with human rights norms while leaving the final say on the legislation with the legislature. This article explores the potential for controversy when such a non-binding mechanism is employed in the arena of the criminal law. In particular, it focuses on the Northern Irish case of R v McR and the Australian case of Momcilovic v the Queen. These cases demonstrate the difficulties associated with the operation of dialogic review in the criminal law.
Homeownership in Israel: The Social Costs of Middle-Class Debt
Authors: Weiss Hadas
Published: February 2014

What motivates people to make home purchases that seem imprudent in narrowly economic terms, and how does the salience of homeownership debt shape political struggles for social justice? To answer these questions, I draw on my fieldwork among homebuyers in Israel in the wake of the 2011 housing protests. I find that homebuyers’ reliance on credit compels them to operate as investors despite themselves by making homeownership synonymous with achieving security. Homebuyers’ competitive pursuit of security through mortgage-enabled homeownership contributes to the collective insecurity of the middle class. Credit-leveraged accumulation thereby widens the gap between market growth and public welfare, even as they are widely represented as interlinked. This analysis will illuminate the relation of credit and debt to political agency.
Work Performance Assessed by a Newly Developed Japanese Version of the Work Limitation Questionnaire in a General Japanese Adult Population
Authors: Takegami Misa , Yamazaki Shin , Greenhill Annabel , Chang Hong , Fukuhara Shunichi
Published: February 2014

Work Performance Assessed by a Newly Developed Japanese Version of the Work Limitation Questionnaire in a General Japanese Adult Population: Misa TAKEGAMI, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center—

Background

The Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ) was recently developed to measure health‐related decrements in ability to perform job roles among employed individuals. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a Japanese version of the WLQ.

Methods

Developing the Japanese version of the WLQ involved translations, back‐translations, and a pilot study. Using data obtained from a nationwide survey, 4,600 people aged ≥20 years were selected from the entire population of Japan by stratified random sampling. We ultimately used data from a total of 1,358 workers out of 2,266 subjects who filled out the self‐administered questionnaire. We computed the proportion of missing data, measured internal consistency reliability, and tested for convergent and discriminant validity, concurrent validity, known groups validity, and the factor structure of this instrument.

Results

For the Japanese version of the WLQ, the percentages of missing values for each scale ranged from 3.6% to 7.8%. Internal consistency reliability was high, and Cronbach's α was ≥0.7 for all subscales. Subjects with headache and orthopedic pain had significantly higher WLQ subscale scores than subjects without. Higher WLQ subscale scores were associated with depressive symptoms as measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (p<0.001).

Conclusions

The Japanese WLQ provides reliable and valid information on at‐work disability for group‐level comparisons and tracking therapeutic outcomes.
Classification of the Alveolar Ridge Width: Implant-Driven Treatment Considerations for the Horizontally Deficient Alveolar Ridges
Authors: Tolstunov Len
Published: February 2014

Among many techniques advocated for the horizontally deficient alveolar ridges, ridge-split has many advantages. Here, treatment management strategies of the horizontally collapsed ridges, especially the ridge-split approach, are discussed and a clinically relevant implant-driven classification of the alveolar ridge width is proposed, with the goal to assist an operator in choosing the proper bone augmentation technique. Comparison and advantages of two commonly used techniques, ridge-split and block bone graft, are presented.
Uso do software Estradas para determinação do espaçamento entre desaguadouros em estradas não pavimentadas do interior de Goiás
Authors: Oliveira João Fonseca de , Griebele Nori Paulo , Garvil Rafael A. , Oliveira Janaína de M. , Rabelo Max W. de O.
Published: February 2014

Estradas não pavimentadas correspondem a aproximadamente 90% da malha rodoviária brasileira. Estas, na maioria das vezes, são construídas sem a realização de estudos prévios, estando sujeitas a vários tipos de problemas. Um dos principais fatores de deterioração dessas vias é a ineficiência do sistema de drenagem. Neste trabalho simulou-se o espaçamento entre desaguadouros em estradas não pavimentadas, utilizando-se um software desenvolvido com base num modelo matemático de dimensionamento de sistemas de drenagem em estradas não pavimentadas. Utilizaram-se valores de erodibilidade, tensão crítica de cisalhamento e massa específica para diferentes solos de estradas, localizadas no Estado de Goiás. Simularam-se cenários considerando alterações na declividade (1, 5, 10 e 15%) e na seção transversal do canal com relações entre altura e largura de 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 e 1:10. O modelo respondeu sensivelmente às alterações na declividade, na seção transversal do canal e nas de resistência do solo. Os espaçamentos obtidos indicaram que, estradas com declividades inferiores a 5%, mesmo com elevados valores de erodibilidade permitiram espaçamentos viáveis em aspectos construtivos. No entanto, para as declividades de 10 e 15%, os espaçamentos, na maioria dos casos, apresentaram dimensões reduzidas, tornando-se impraticáveis, sendo necessário, nestes casos, proteção do canal ou alteração de suas características hidráulicas.
Dimensionamento amostral para a caracterização da qualidade póscolheita do maracujá-amarelo
Authors: Coelho Antonione Araujo , Oliveira Eliana Monteiro Soares de , Resende Eder Dutra de , Thiébaut José Tarcisio Lima
Published: February 2014

Este trabalho teve, como objetivo, determinar o tamanho mínimo de amostras representativas de uma população infinita de frutos, para caracterizar a qualidade pós-colheita do maracujá-amarelo, decorrente do tamanho do fruto e do estádio de maturação. Foram coletadas amostras padronizadas de 20 frutos, em lavoura comercial, em Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), e os dados foram interpretados, considerando-se o método de amostragem simples ao acaso. Avaliaram-se a coloração e a espessura da casca, a razão comprimento/largura, o rendimento em suco, a massa do fruto, a acidez, o pH e os conteúdos de vitamina C, sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares redutores e não redutores e açúcares solúveis totais. A amostragem padronizada de 20 frutos foi representativa de uma população infinita, quando utilizada para análises químicas de maracujás maduros, colhidos com mais de 30% de coloração amarela da casca. Medidas de rendimento em suco e espessura de casca exigiram tamanhos de amostras maiores.
Comparação entre folhas sombreadas de sete clones adultos de seringueira
Authors: Conforto Elenice de Cássia , Bittencourt Júnior Nelson Sabino , Scaloppi Junior Erivaldo José , Moreno Rogério Manoel Biagi
Published: February 2014

Nas seringueiras, o substrato para a síntese do látex provém, em curto prazo, do processo fotossintético, realizado em sua maioria por folhas dos estratos sujeitos à radiação sub-saturante. Neste estudo, foram avaliados e comparados (1) os teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos (clorofilas a, b e carotenóides totais); (2) a espessura foliolar total e dos parênquimas clorofilianos; e (3) a área e peso da matéria seca foliar de folhas sombreadas, para seis clones de seringueira selecionados pelo Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), comparativamente ao tradicional clone RRIM 600. Em média, os teores de clorofila total (a+b) e de carotenóides totais foram, respectivamente, de 3,14 e 1,04 mg g-1 de peso fresco, sempre superiores ou iguais ao da testemunha. A espessura foliolar média foi de 119,62 µm e mostrou grande variação entre os clones IAC, e destes quanto à testemunha. A área foliar média, de 219,17 cm², foi quase equivalente para todos os clones. A área foliar específica foi, em média, de 198,08 cm² g-1, e neste caso, o maior valor foi observado para o IAC 56, sendo os demais, inferiores ou equivalentes ao da testemunha. Os clones IAC 302 e IAC 303 mostraram-se estatisticamente similares ao RRIM 600 para todos os caracteres analisados, e uma relação com a produtividade foi sugerida para o clone IAC 303.
Severidade da ferrugem da soja em função do suprimento de potássio e cálcio em solução nutritiva
Authors: Pinheiro Jadir Borges , Pozza Edson Ampélio , Pozza Adélia Aziz Alexandre , Moreira Alécio de Souza , Alves Marcelo Carvalho
Published: February 2014

Entre as estratégias para o controle da ferrugem da soja cita-se a nutrição mineral equilibrada. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, verificar o efeito do cálcio e do potássio na severidade da ferrugem (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), na fotossíntese potencial e na nutrição de plantas de soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com 25 tratamentos, 4 repetições e 2 plantas por repetição. Utilizou-se esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com 5 doses de K (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 mmol L-1), combinadas com 5 doses de Ca (3, 5, 7, 9, 11 mmol L-1). As plantas foram inoculadas no estádio V4 e, após nove dias, iniciaram-se avaliações da severidade da ferrugem pelas porcentagens de tecido lesionado, as quais foram transformadas em área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPS).Também foram avaliados a fotossíntese potencial e o teor de nutrientes na matéria seca de raiz, caule e folhas. O suprimento de Ca reduziu a AACPS em todas as doses de K. O suprimento de K também reduziu a AACPS nas doses 5, 7 e 11 mmol L-1 de Ca. A menor AACPS foi observada na combinação das doses de 8 e 11 mmol L-1 de K e Ca, enquanto a maior AACPS foi observada nas doses de 4 e 5 mmol L-1 de K e Ca. As plantas tratadas com as doses 6 e 5 mmol L-1 de K e Ca e 5 e 5 mmol L-1 de K e Ca apresentaram melhor resposta fotossintética. Com o incremento das doses de K na solução, houve aumento dos teores foliares de K e redução linear dos teores foliares de Ca. Com o incremento das doses de Ca em solução nutritiva verificaram-se aumentos nos teores desse elemento e redução linear dos teores de K nas folhas.
Titulação de aloanticorpos anti-a e anti-b em gatos domésticos sem raça definida em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Lacerda Luciana de Almeida , Oliveira Simone Tostes de , Stein Gisele Guiomara , Guerra Tatiana Amaral , Gonzáles Félix
Published: February 2014

A probabilidade de ocorrência de reação transfusional em um felino depende da prevalência local dos tipos sanguíneos felinos e dos títulos de aloanticorpos. A determinação dos títulos de aloanticorpos auxilia na estimativa do risco e da severidade de reação transfusional, após transfusão não compatível, em uma população de gatos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a titulação de aloanticorpos e o risco de possível reação transfusional, em felinos domésticos sem raça definida, da cidade de Porto Alegre. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 100 gatos clinicamente saudáveis, sem raça definida e sem parentesco entre si e sem histórico de transfusão prévia. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas da veia jugular e a titulação de aloanticorpos foi determinada no soro de gatos com tipo sanguíneo previamente definido. O risco estimado foi calculado de acordo com estudos prévios. No presente trabalho, 82,5 e 100% dos gatos do tipo A e B, respectivamente, apresentaram titulação variada de aloanticorpos. Com base nos títulos encontrados, verificou-se que uma transfusão de sangue, do tipo A ou AB, em gatos do tipo B apresenta risco de 33,3% de reação aguda severa e de 66,7% de reação aguda leve, nos receptores felinos. A transfusão de sangue do tipo AB ou B em gatos do tipo A apresenta risco de reação aguda severa em 1,0%; reação aguda leve em 37,1% e destruição prematura dos eritrócitos em 44,3% dos receptores felinos.
Características agronómicas de la soya en función de las densidades de siembra y profundidad de deposición de abono
Authors: Cortez Jorge Wilson , Furlani Carlos Eduardo Angeli , Silva Rouverson Pereira da , Román Rodrigo Alberto Alandia
Published: February 2014

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características agronómicas de la soya sembrada en Sistema de Siembra Directa, en función de las densidades de siembra (15, 16 y 20 plantas por metro) y la profundidad de deposición de abono (11, 14 y 17 cm). El experimento fue realizado en el Departamento de Ingeniería Rural, UNESP/Jaboticabal, utilizando, en el delineamiento, parcelas subdivididas en bloques al acaso, con cuatro repeticiones. Características agronómicas de la soya analizadas: número de días de aparición, índice de aparición, porcentaje de daños, altura de plantas, altura de inserción de la primera vaina, vainas por planta, granos por vaina, porcentaje de plantas sobrevivientes y productividad. Los resultados indicaron que el número de días de aparición, índice de aparición y el porcentaje de daños, no fueron influenciados por las densidades y la profundidad de deposición de abono. Los daños por insectos y aves fueron del orden de 30% de plantas atacadas. La altura de plantas, altura de inserción de la primera vaina, vainas por planta y granos por vaina no variaron en relación a la densidad y profundidad de deposición de abono. La productividad de la soya (5.146 kg ha-1) fue semejante en las densidades y profundidades de deposición de abono.
Efeito do Nitrogênio em genótipos de arroz cultivados em várzea úmida do Estado do Tocantins
Authors: Kischel Elisângela , Fidelis Rodrigo Ribeiro , Santos Manoel Mota dos , Brandão Diogo Ribeiro , Cancellier Eduardo Lopes , Nascimento Ildon Rodrigues do
Published: February 2014

A cultura do arroz possui alta demanda em nutrientes e, na maior parte das áreas onde é cultivado, o nitrogênio é o principal fator limitante à produtividade e o custo do fertilizante nitrogenado constitui a maior fração do custo total de produção. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar o efeito de baixo e alto nível de nitrogênio em cultivares de arroz irrigado, cultivados em solos de várzea úmida, sem o controle do sistema de inundação. Foram utilizados nove cultiva-res de arroz de várzea: BRS-Jaçanã, Metica-1, Best-2000, BRSGO-Guará, BRS-Alvorada, BRA-01381, AN-Cambará, BRS7-Taim e EPAGRI-109. Simulando ambientes com baixo e alto nível de N, foram utilizadas doses entre 20 e 120 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente. As características avaliadas foram altura de planta, produtividade de grãos e massa de 100 grãos. Conclui-se que o genótipo EPAGRI - 109 foi o único a constituir o melhor grupo estatístico, tanto em baixo, quanto em alto nível de nitrogênio e que o ambiente de alto nível de nitrogênio promoveu maiores alturas de planta.
Lime and fertilizer recommendation system for coconut trees
Authors: Rosa Gustavo Nogueira Guedes Pereira , Novais Roberto Ferreira de , V. Victor Hugo Alvarez , Barros Nairam Félix de , Villani Ecila Mercês de Albuquerque
Published: February 2014

Fertilizer recommendation to most agricultural crops is based on response curves. Such curves are constructed from field experimental data, obtained for a particular condition and may not be reliable to be applied to other regions. The aim of this study was to develop a Lime and Fertilizer Recommendation System for Coconut Crop based on the nutritional balance. The System considers the expected productivity and plant nutrient use efficiency to estimate nutrient demand, and effective rooting layer, soil nutrient availability, as well as any other nutrient input to estimate the nutrient supply. Comparing the nutrient demand with the nutrient supply the System defines the nutrient balance. If the balance for a given nutrient is negative, lime and, or, fertilization is recommended. On the other hand, if the balance is positive, no lime or fertilizer is needed. For coconut trees, the fertilization regime is divided in three stages: fertilization at the planting spot, band fertilization and fertilization at the production phase. The data set for the development of the System for coconut trees was obtained from the literature. The recommendations generated by the System were compared to those derived from recommendation tables used for coconut crop in Brazil. The main differences between the two procedures were for the P rate applied in the planting hole, which was higher in the proposed System because the tables do not pay heed to the pit volume, whereas the N and K rates were lower. The crop demand for K is very high, and the rates recommended by the System are superior to the table recommendations for the formation and initial production stage. The fertilizer recommendations by the System are higher for the phase of coconut tree growth as compared to the production phase, because greater amount of biomass is produced in the first phase.
Adubação do feijoeiro cultivado no norte de Minas Gerais com nitrogênio e fósforo
Authors: Viana Tarciana de Oliveira , Vieira Neiva Maria Batista , Moreira Guilherme Borém Lobato , Batista Renata Oliveira , Carvalho Saul Jorge Pinto de , Rodrigues Heverton Fernandes Ferreira
Published: February 2014

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta da cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L), cv. Carioca Precoce, à adubação com nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P), cultivado no norte de Minas Gerais. O experimento foi realizado na safra do inverno-primavera de 2008, com delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram organizados segundo esquema fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro doses de N: 0, 70, 140 e 210 kg ha-1 e quatro doses de P: 0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5. A ureia e o superfosfato simples foram utilizados como fontes de N e P, respectivamente. O incremento das doses do fertilizante nitrogenado reduziu linearmente o estande inicial de plantas de feijão, sem influência das doses de fósforo. O número de vagens por planta foi o único componente de rendimento influenciado pela aplicação dos fertilizantes, unicamente para doses de N, com número máximo na dose de 108 kg ha-1 de N. Houve resposta quadrática da produtividade de grãos às diferentes doses de N e P, sendo a máxima produtividade (1.528 kg ha-1) alcançada com 98 kg ha-1 de N e 201 kg ha-1 de P, sem haver interação entre eles.
Estratégias de seleção para germinação de sementes de cenoura em condições de temperaturas elevadas
Authors: Silva Giovani Olegário da , Vieira Jairo Vidal , Nascimento Warley Marcos , Boiteux Leonardo Silva
Published: February 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir estratégias mais adequadas de seleção e verificar a efetividade dessas estratégias para aumentar a taxa de germinação de sementes de cenoura em duas temperaturas (20 e 35 ºC). A primeira contagem (vigor) e a taxa de germinação de sementes foram utilizadas como critérios de avaliação. Foram estudadas 27 populações de cenoura (derivadas do cultivar Brasília) e três cultivares (testemunhas). Foi utilizado um delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições de 50 sementes de cada material genético. Foram estimados os padrões de correlação entre os caracteres, e as médias entre os tratamentos foram comparadas. Vigor e taxa de germinação apresentaram-se significativos em diferenciar as populações avaliadas. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre as duas temperaturas para os dois caracteres. Dessa forma, a seleção deve ser efetuada em conjunto nas duas temperaturas, para evitar a potencial perda da adaptação em uma delas. A primeira contagem e a taxa de germinação apresentam correlações elevadas dentro de cada temperatura, indicando que se pode optar pela avaliação de apenas um caractere.
Prevalence and zoonotic aspects of small ruminant mange in the lateritic and waterlogged zones, southern Benin
Authors: Salifou Sahidou , Attindéhou Sabbas , Salifou Chakirath Folakè Arikè , Pangui Louis-Joseph
Published: February 2014

An epidemiological survey was undertaken from March to September 2010 to assess the prevalence and zoonotic aspects of scabies in small ruminants in two agro-ecological zones in southern Benin. Small ruminant (n = 444) smallholders and 1,807 of their animals (1,233 West African dwarf goats and 574 West African dwarf sheep) were included in the study. The animals underwent physical examination and, when scabies-like lesions were found, crusts and integument scrapings were collected for microscopic parasitological tests. The samples collected in each survey were coded in accordance with the owner-animal pairings in order to assess the degree of correlation between mange cases in humans (smallholders) and their animals. The overall prevalence of scabies was 28.33% and 9.5% in animals and smallholders (human cases) respectively. Infestations were significantly (p < 0.001) more frequent in goats (39.6%) than in sheep. The uniqueness of the etiological agent (Sarcoptes scabiei), the very high predictive value of human scabies in infected farms (83.67%) and a very high odds ratio (OR = 2,019.25) indicate that small ruminant scabies has been transmitted to smallholders by their animals. Close contact between these smallholders and their animals was a determining factor in this interspecies communicability of sarcoptic mange.
Optimization of protease production by the fungusMonacrosporium thaumasium and its action againstAngiostrongylus vasorum larvae
Authors: Soares Filippe Elias de Freitas , Braga Fabio Ribeiro , Araújo Jackson Victor de , Lima Walter dos Santos , Mozzer Lanuze Rose , Queiroz José Humberto de
Published: February 2014

The objectives of this study were to optimize protease production from the nematophagous fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a) and evaluate its larvicidal activity and biological stability. An isolate of the nematophagous fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a) was used to produce the enzyme. The Plackett-Burman design was used in order to scan which components of the culture medium could have a significant influence on protease production by the fungus NF34a. An in vitro assay was also performed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of NF34a. It was observed that only one component of the culture medium (yeast extract), at the levels studied, had any significant effect (p < 0.05) on protease production. There was a reduction (p < 0.01) in the mean number of larvae recovered from the treated groups, compared with the control groups. The results confirm previous reports on the efficiency of nematophagous fungi for controlling nematode larvae that are potentially zoonotic. Thus, given the importance of biological control, we suggest that further studies should be conducted on the protease produced by the fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium.
Histopathological findings of the kidney TrematodaParatanaisia spp. (Digenea: Eucotylidae) in cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis)
Authors: Abdo Walied , Sultan Khaled
Published: February 2014

Paratanaisia spp. was recorded from the right kidney of a cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) in Kafr Elsheikh governorate, Nile Delta, Egypt. The bird showed marked emaciation and dissipation. Necropsy findings revealed marked enlargement and brownish discoloration of the kidney. Microscopic examination demonstrated marked dilatation of renal tubules with hyperplasia of lining epithelium due to presence of a trematode consistent withParatanaisia spp. Eggs of this parasite were also noticed deeply within the interstitial tissue, surrounded with mononuclear cell infiltration, thus indicating their pathogenic potential. This result is the first report of trematodes of this genus parasitizing the kidneys of cattle egrets.
Occurrence of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli in Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: de Castro Bruno Gomes , de Souza Miliane Moreira Soares , Regua-Mangia Adriana Hamond , Bittencourt Avelino José
Published: February 2014

This study aimed to verify the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli (STEC) strains in three distinct anatomic parts of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR Multiplex). According to the results obtained,E. coli was identified in 19.5% of the stable flies. Shiga toxin genes were detected in 13% of the E. coli isolated, most frequently from the surface, followed by abdominal digestive tract and mouth apparatus of insects, respectively. This is the first study to detect presence of STEC in Stomoxys calcitrans in Brazil; it has also revealed the potential role of stable flies as carriers of pathogenic bacterial agents.
Monitoring of parasitic cysts in the brains of a flock of sheep in Egypt
Authors: Anwar Shehata , Mahdy Emad , El-Nesr Khalid Ali , El-Dakhly Khaled Mohamed , Shalaby Adel , Yanai Tokuma
Published: February 2014

Cerebral parasitic cysts constitute a major problem for livestock. Among these, coenurosis and toxoplasmosis are predominant. Here, a total number of 60 sheep obtained from a private farm in Suez province, Egypt, were examined postmortem to detect visible parasitic cysts, and microscopically to detect small-sized entities. Necropsy revealed bladder-like cysts measuring 0.5-6.5 cm in diameter that were filled with a translucent fluid containing a large number of protoscolices. Accordingly, the cysts were identified as the metacestodeCoenurus cerebralis. Among the sheep examined, 11 animals (7 males and 4 females) (18.3%) were infected. Most of the cysts were located in the cerebral hemispheres, with numbers ranging from one to three per infected animal. The effect of the presence of cysts in the brain tissue was evaluated. Histopathologically, pseudocysts of the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii were found in two animals with no detectable inflammatory cell reactions. In conclusion, coenurosis and toxoplasmosis are serious parasitic problems that play a significant role in sheep management in Egypt, as a result of close contact between livestock and dogs and cats, which play a critical role in the life cycle of these parasites.
Metazoan endoparasites of Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Serrasalminae) in the Negro River, Pantanal, Brazil
Authors: Vicentin Wagner , Vieira Kelly Regina Ibarrola , Tavares Luiz Eduardo Roland , Costa Fábio Edir dos Santos , Takemoto Ricardo Massato , Paiva Fernando
Published: February 2014

In the period of October 2007 to August 2008, 152 specimens ofPygocentrus nattereri were caught in the Negro River in the Nhecolândia region, central Pantanal wetland, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The specimens were necropsied and a total of 4,212 metazoan endoparasites were recovered, belonging to 10 taxons:Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus)inopinatus, Philometridae gen. sp.,Eustrongylides sp., Brevimulticaecum sp.,Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda), Echinorhynchus paranensis (Acanthocephala), Leiperia gracile,Sebekia oxycephala, Subtriquetra sp. 1 andSubtriquetra sp. 2 (Pentastomida). This is the first record of two parasite species from P. nattereri: E. paranensis and L. gracile.
Environmental infestation and rickettsial infection in ticks in an area endemic for Brazilian spotted fever
Authors: Brites-Neto José , Nieri-Bastos Fernanda Aparecida , Brasil Jardel , Duarte Keila Maria Roncato , Martins Thiago Fernandes , Veríssimo Cecília José , Barbieri Amália Regina Mar , Labruna Marcelo Bahia
Published: February 2014

Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, is endemic in the municipality of Americana, southeastern Brazil, where the disease is transmitted by the tickAmblyomma cajennense. This study evaluated the tick fauna and rickettsial infection in free-living ticks that were captured monthly using dry ice traps in areas endemic for BSF in Americana, from July 2009 to June 2010. Two tick species were captured: A. cajennense (6,122 larvae; 4,265 nymphs; 2,355 adults) and Amblyomma dubitatum(7,814 larvae; 3,364 nymphs; 1,193 adults). The immature stages of A. cajennense and A. dubitatum had similar distribution through the 12-month period, with larvae of both species collected in highest numbers between April and July, and nymphs between June and October. The highest numbers of A. cajennense adults were collected between October and December, whereas A. dubitatum adults were collected in relatively similar numbers throughout the 12-month period. Rickettsial infection was evaluated by means of PCR in 1,157 A. cajennense and 1,040 A. dubitatum ticks; only 41 (3.9%) A. dubitatum were found to be infected byRickettsia bellii. The present study showed that the areas of Americana that are endemic for BSF are characterized by high environmental burdens of A. cajennense and A. dubitatum.
Hematological changes in Eleginops maclovinus during an experimental Caligus rogercresseyi infestation
Authors: Peña-Rehbein Patricio , Ruiz Karin , Ortloff Alexander , Pizarro María Isabel , Navarrete Carolina
Published: February 2014

Eleginops maclovinus has been an important fishery resource in Chile since 1957. Caligus rogercresseyi is one of the most prevalent ectoparasite species found on E. maclovinus. Hematocrit, hemoglobin level, red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and differential white blood cell count were determined before and after an experimental infestation withC. rogercresseyi. We found significant differences in the hemoglobin level, WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hematocrit level and RBC between infested and uninfested fish. Furthermore correlations between number of C. rogercresseyi with hematocrit, MCHC, neutrophil, eosinophil and lymphocyte counts were found. Hematological reference ranges of E. maclovinus in captivity conditions were also established.
First autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Campos Monique Paiva de , Silva Denise Amaro da , Madeira Maria de Fátima , Velho Júnior Artur Augusto Mendes , Figueiredo Fabiano Borges
Published: February 2014

In Brazil, American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is caused byLeishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and its main vector isLutzomyia longipalpis. Cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in non-endemic areas have been reported over the last few years throughout the country. The objective of this research note is to describe an autochthonous case of CVL that occurred in the municipality of Volta Redonda, state of Rio de Janeiro, an area where the disease is not endemic, alerting veterinarians and the scientific community to the expansion of this important zoonosis and advising veterinary practitioners on how to deal with a suspicion of CVL. Canine visceral leishmaniasis can be misdiagnosed within a broad spectrum of canine diseases based on clinical and laboratory findings. Therefore, knowledge of its clinical manifestations, specific and sensitive laboratory diagnostic tests and parasitological procedures are of the utmost importance for rapid confirmation and notification of a case, thus contributing directly to the control of a focus.
Occurrence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in rheas (Rhea americana) and ostriches (Struthio camelus) from farms of different Brazilian regions
Authors: Almeida Amanda Brentano , Krindges Michelle Mayara , Barros Luiz Daniel de , Garcia João Luis , Camillo Giovana , Vogel Fernanda Silveira Flores , Araujo Denise Nunes , Stefani Lenita Moura , Silva Aleksandro Schafer da
Published: February 2014

This study aimed to verify the occurrence of antibodies againstToxoplasma gondii in rheas (Rhea americana) and ostriches (Struthio camelus) commercially breeding in Brazil. Blood samples from 20 rheas and 46 ostriches (young and adults) were serologically tested using a technique known as modified agglutination test (MAT) at an initial titration of 1:16 for ostriches and 1:25 for rheas. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in 50% (10/20) of the rheas, with titers ranging from 1:25 to 1:6,400. The incidence of antibodies against T. gondii in ostriches was 17.4% (8/46) with titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:256. Birds showing titers higher than 1:200 forT. gondii were mainly the young ones. Therefore, rheas and ostriches may be parasitized by T. gondii, showing high levels of antibodies against this parasite.
Video otoscopy as a diagnostic tool for canine otoacariasis
Authors: Souza Clarissa Pimentel de , Verocai Guilherme Gomes , Balbi Margareth , Scott Fabio Barbour
Published: February 2014

Canine otoacariasis, or otodectic mange, is a common parasitic disorder of dogs' ear canals caused by the mite Otodectes cynotis. Infestation can be detected through diverse protocols of varying sensitivity. We evaluated the use of video otoscopy in comparison with conventional otoscopy and cerumen examination under a microscope for diagnosingO. cynotis in dogs. Thirty-five dogs were evaluated bilaterally for the presence of ear mites, using a veterinary otoscope (Gowlands®), a video otoscope (Welch Allyn®) and the gold-standard technique of examination of swab-collected cerumen under a microscope. Each ear was considered to represent one sample, and 69 ears were examined, since one dog presented with one completely stenotic ear canal. Ear mites were diagnosed in 59.42% (41/69) through video otoscopy. The same 41 infested ear canals were detected by means of cerumen examination under a microscope, whereas conventional otoscopy was able to diagnose mites in only 39.13% (27/69). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Video otoscopy proved to be superior to conventional otoscopy, and equivalent to the gold standard for detection of O. cynotis in canine ear canals, and should be recommended for controlled trials on drug efficacy for treatment of canine otoacariasis.
Occurrence of Braga cigarra(Cymothoidae) parasitizing Galeocharax knerii (Characidae) from affluents of Jurumirim reservoir, Brazil
Authors: Brandão Heleno , Toledo Gislayne de Melo , Wunderlich Alison Carlos , Ramos Igor Paiva , Carvalho Edmir Daniel , Silva Reinaldo Jose da
Published: February 2014

The occurrence of the cymothoidae Braga cigarra is reported parasitizing the oral cavity of freshwater fish Galeocharax knerii from Veados, Paranapanema and Taquari Rivers, affluent of the Jurumirim Reservoir, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil is reported. The isopod species were identified based on the multilaminar pleopods, narrow pleon and short pleotelson in females. The overall prevalences of isopods were 31.7%, 7.7% and 5.7%, respectively, in the Paranapanema, Veados and Taquari Rivers. This note contributes to the knowledge of the geographical distribution and fauna of parasite crustaceans known to date in these important ecosystems.
Nematodes of zoonotic importance in Cynoscion guatucupa (Pisces) in the state of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Fontenelle Gabrielle , Knoff Marcelo , Felizardo Nilza Nunes , Lopes Leila Maria Silva , São Clemente Sérgio Carmona de
Published: February 2014

Between January and August 2012, thirty specimens of Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) caught off coast of the municipality of Itajaí, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (26° 54′ 28″ S and 48° 39′ 43″ W) and commercialized in the state of Rio de Janeiro were investigated for the presence of zoonotic nematodes. In total 853 larvae of four nematode parasite species were found. There were three species of Anisakidae: three larvae ofAnisakis sp., with prevalence (P) of 10%, mean intensity (MI) of 1.0, mean abundance (MA) of 0.1 and infection site (IS) in the mesentery; five of Terranova sp. with P = 13.3%, MI = 1.25, MA = 0.17, range of infection (RI) from 1 to 2 and IS = mesentery; and seven ofContracaecum sp. with P = 6.6%, MI = 3.5, MA = 0.23, RI = 1 to 4 and IS = mesentery and abdominal cavity. There was one species of Raphidascarididae: 838 larvae of Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum with P = 83.3%, MI = 33.52, MA = 27.93, RI = 1 to 219 and IS = mesentery, liver serosa and abdominal cavity. This is the first report of larvae of Anisakis sp. andContracaecum sp in C. guatucupa in Brazil. Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum;Anisakis sp.; Terranova sp.;Contracaecum sp.; Cynoscion guatucupa
Seroprevalence and risk factors for cattle anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and trypanosomiasis in a Brazilian semiarid region
Authors: Costa Valéria Medeiros de Mendonça , Ribeiro Múcio Flávio Barbosa , Duarte Amélia Lizziane Leite , Mangueira Julia Marry , Pessoa André Flávio Almeida , Azevedo Sergio Santos , Barros Antonio Thadeu Medeiros de , Riet-Correa Franklin , Labruna Marcelo Bahia
Published: February 2014

The seroprevalence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Trypanosoma vivax and the risk factors for these infections were investigated in 509 cows on 37 farms in the semiarid region of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Cow serum samples were tested by means of immunofluorescence assay (IFA) against each specific antigen. The mean seroprevalence values per farm were 15.0% (range: 0-75%) for A. marginale, 9.5% (range: 0-40%) for B. bigemina and 26.9% (range: 0-73.7%) for B. bovis. All cows tested negative for T. vivax. Higher prevalence for A. marginale was significantly associated with less frequent acaricide spraying per year and with higher use of injectable antihelminthics. Presence of cows positive for B. bigemina was significantly associated with acaricide use and with presence of horse flies on the farm. Both occurrence and higher prevalence of B. bovis were significantly associated with recent observations of ticks on cattle. Overall, the present results indicate that the region investigated is an enzootically unstable area forA. marginale, B. bigemina and B. bovis, since most animals were seronegative to at least one agent.