bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predominant Expression of Hybrid N-Glycans Has Distinct Cellular Roles Relative to Complex and Oligomannose N-Glycans
Authors: Hall M. , Weidner Douglas , Zhu Yong , Dayal Sahil , Whitman Austin , Schwalbe Ruth
Published: June 2016

Glycosylation modulates growth, maintenance, and stress signaling processes. Consequently, altered N-glycosylation is associated with reduced fitness and disease. Therefore, expanding our understanding of N-glycans in altering biological processes is of utmost interest. Herein, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/caspase9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology was employed to engineer a glycosylation mutant Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line, K16, which expresses predominantly hybrid type N-glycans. This newly engineered cell line enabled us to compare N-glycan effects on cellular properties of hybrid type N-glycans, to the well-established Pro−5 and Lec1 cell lines, which express complex and oligomannose types of N-glycans, respectively. Lectin binding studies revealed the predominant N-glycan expressed in K16 is hybrid type. Cell dissociation and migration assays demonstrated the greatest strength of cell–cell adhesion and fastest migratory rates for oligomannose N-glycans, and these properties decreased as oligomannose type were converted to hybrid type, and further decreased upon conversion to complex type. Next, we examined the roles of three general types of N-glycans on ectopic expression of E-cadherin, a cell–cell adhesion protein. Microscopy revealed more functional E-cadherin at the cell–cell border when N-glycans were oligomannose and these levels decreased as the oligomannose N-glycans were processed to hybrid and then to complex. Thus, we provide evidence that all three general types of N-glycans impact plasma membrane architecture and cellular properties.
Systematic Identification, Evolution and Expression Analysis of the Zea mays PHT1 Gene Family Reveals Several New Members Involved in Root Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Liu Fang , Xu Yunjian , Jiang Huanhuan , Jiang Chaosheng , Du Yibin , Gong Cheng , Wang Wei , Zhu Suwen , Han Guomin , Cheng Beijiu
Published: June 2016

The Phosphate Transporter1 (PHT1) family of genes plays pivotal roles in the uptake of inorganic phosphate from soils. However, there is no comprehensive report on the PHT1 family in Zea mays based on the whole genome. In the present study, a total of 13 putative PHT1 genes (ZmPHT1;1 to 13) were identified in the inbred line B73 genome by bioinformatics methods. Then, their function was investigated by a yeast PHO84 mutant complementary experiment and qRT-PCR. Thirteen ZmPHT1 genes distributed on six chromosomes (1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 10) were divided into two paralogues (Class A and Class B). ZmPHT1;1/ZmPHT1;9 and ZmPHT1;9/ZmPHT1;13 are produced from recent segmental duplication events. ZmPHT1;1/ZmPHT1;13 and ZmPHT1;8/ZmPHT1;10 are produced from early segmental duplication events. All 13 putative ZmPHT1s can completely or partly complement the yeast Pi-uptake mutant, and they were obviously induced in maize under low Pi conditions, except for ZmPHT1;1 (p < 0.01), indicating that the overwhelming majority of ZmPHT1 genes can respond to a low Pi condition. ZmPHT1;2, ZmPHT1;4, ZmPHT1;6, ZmPHT1;7, ZmPHT1;9 and ZmPHT1;11 were up-regulated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), implying that these genes might participate in mediating Pi absorption and/or transport. Analysis of the promoters revealed that the MYCS and P1BS element are widely distributed on the region of different AMF-inducible ZmPHT1 promoters. In light of the above results, five of 13 ZmPHT1 genes were newly-identified AMF-inducible high-affinity phosphate transporters in the maize genome. Our results will lay a foundation for better understanding the PHT1 family evolution and the molecular mechanisms of inorganic phosphate transport under AMF inoculation.
Use of Natural-Fiber Bio-Composites in Construction versus Traditional Solutions: Operational and Embodied Energy Assessment
Authors: Galan-Marin Carmen , Rivera-Gomez Carlos , Garcia-Martinez Antonio
Published: June 2016

During the last decades natural polymers have become more and more frequent to replace traditional inorganic stabilizers in building materials. The purpose of this research is to establish a comparison between the most conventional building material solutions for load-bearing walls and a type of biomaterial. This comparison will focus on load-bearing walls as used in a widespread type of twentieth century dwelling construction in Europe and still used in developing countries nowadays. To carry out this analysis, the structural and thermal insulation characteristics of different construction solutions are balanced. The tool used for this evaluation is the life cycle assessment throughout the whole lifespan of these buildings. This research aims to examine the environmental performance of each material assessed: fired clay brick masonry walls (BW), concrete block masonry walls (CW), and stabilized soil block masonry walls (SW) stabilized with natural fibers and alginates. These conventional and new materials are evaluated from the point of view of both operational and embodied energy.
Antimicrobial Activity of Lactoferrin-Related Peptides and Applications in Human and Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Bruni Natascia , Capucchio Maria , Biasibetti Elena , Pessione Enrica , Cirrincione Simona , Giraudo Leonardo , Corona Antonio , Dosio Franco
Published: June 2016

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a vast array of molecules produced by virtually all living organisms as natural barriers against infection. Among AMP sources, an interesting class regards the food-derived bioactive agents. The whey protein lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein that plays a significant role in the innate immune system, and is considered as an important host defense molecule. In search for novel antimicrobial agents, Lf offers a new source with potential pharmaceutical applications. The Lf-derived peptides Lf(1–11), lactoferricin (Lfcin) and lactoferrampin exhibit interesting and more potent antimicrobial actions than intact protein. Particularly, Lfcin has demonstrated strong antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiparasitic activity with promising applications both in human and veterinary diseases (from ocular infections to osteo-articular, gastrointestinal and dermatological diseases).
Probing Steroidal Substrate Specificity of Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants
Authors: Liu Xing , Wang Zhi-Biao , Wang Ya-Nan , Kong Jian-Qiang
Published: June 2016

M01A82W, M11A82W and M01A82WS72I are three cytochrome P450 BM3 (CYP102A1) variants. They can catalyze the hydroxylation of testosterone (TES) and norethisterone at different positions, thereby making them promising biocatalysts for steroid hydroxylation. With the aim of obtaining more hydroxylated steroid precursors it is necessary to probe the steroidal substrate diversity of these BM3 variants. Here, three purified BM3 variants were first incubated with eight steroids, including testosterone (TES), methyltestosterone (MT), cholesterol, β-sitosterol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), diosgenin, pregnenolone and ergosterol. The results indicated that the two 3-keto-Δ4-steroids TES and MT can be hydroxylated at various positions by the three BM3 mutants, respectively. On the contrary, the three enzymes displayed no any activity toward the remaining six 3-hydroxy-Δ5-steroids. This result indicates that the BM3 mutants prefer 3-keto-Δ4-steroids as hydroxylation substrates. To further verify this notion, five other substrates, including two 3-hydroxy-Δ5-steroids and three 3-keto-Δ4-steroids, were carefully selected to incubate with the three BM3 variants. The results indicated the three 3-keto-Δ4-steroids can be metabolized to form hydroxysteroids by the three BM3 variants. On the other hand, the two 3-hydroxy-Δ5-steroids cannot be hydroxylated at any position by the BM3 mutants. These results further support the above conclusion, therefore demonstrating the 3-keto-Δ4–steroid substrate preference of BM3 mutants, and laying a foundation for microbial production of more hydroxylated steroid intermediates using BM3 variants.
A New Xanthone Glycoside from the Endolichenic Fungus Sporormiella irregularis
Authors: Yang Bin-Jie , Chen Guo-Dong , Li Yan-Jun , Hu Dan , Guo Liang-Dong , Xiong Ping , Gao Hao
Published: June 2016

A new xanthone glycoside, sporormielloside (1), was isolated from an EtOAc extract of an endolichenic fungal strain Sporormiella irregularis (No. 71-11-4-1), along with two known xanthones (2, 3). Their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis (IR, MS, and 1D- and 2D-NMR), a chemical method, and a comparison of NMR data with closely related compounds previously reported. According to the structures of isolated compounds, their plausible biosynthetic pathway was deduced.
A New Alkamide with an Endoperoxide Structure from Acmella ciliata (Asteraceae) and Its in Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity
Authors: Silveira Narjara , Saar Julia , Santos Alan , Barison Andersson , Sandjo Louis , Kaiser Marcel , Schmidt Thomas , Biavatti Maique
Published: June 2016

From the aerial parts of Acmella ciliata (H.B.K.) Cassini (basionym Spilanthes ciliata Kunth; Asteraceae), three alkamides were isolated and identified by mass- and NMR spectroscopic methods as (2E,6E,8E)-N-isobutyl-2,6,8-decatrienamide (spilanthol, (1)), N-(2-phenethyl)-2E-en-6,8-nonadiynamide (2) and (2E,7Z)-6,9-endoperoxy-N-isobutyl-2,7-decadienamide (3). While 1 and 2 are known alkamides, compound 3 has not been described until now. It was found that the unusual cyclic peroxide 3 exists as a racemate of both enantiomers of each alkamide; the 6,9-cis- as well as the 6,9-trans-configured diastereomers, the former represents the major, the latter the minor constituent of the mixture. In vitro tests for activity against the human pathogenic parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Plasmodium falciparum revealed that 1 and 3 possess activity against the NF54 strain of the latter (IC50 values of 4.5 and 5.1 µM, respectively) while 2 was almost inactive. Compound 3 was also tested against multiresistant P. falciparum K1 and was found to be even more active against this parasite strain (IC50 = 2.1 µM) with considerable selectivity (IC50 against L6 rat skeletal myoblasts = 168 µM).
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel PARP-1 Inhibitors Based on a 1H-Thieno[3,4-d] Imidazole-4-Carboxamide Scaffold
Authors: Wang Lingxiao , Liu Feng , Jiang Ning , Zhou Wenxia , Zhou Xinbo , Zheng Zhibing
Published: June 2016

A series of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP)-1 inhibitors containing a novel scaffold, the 1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-carboxamide moiety, was designed and synthesized. These efforts provided some compounds with relatively good PARP-1 inhibitory activity, and among them, 16l was the most potent one. Cellular evaluations indicated that the anti-proliferative activities of 16g, 16i, 16j and 16l against BRCA-deficient cell lines were similar to that of olaparib, while the cytotoxicities of 16j and 16l toward human normal cells were lower. In addition, ADMET prediction results indicated that these compounds might possess more favorable toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties. This study provides a basis for our further investigation.
Retinoic Acid as a Modulator of T Cell Immunity
Authors: Bono Maria , Tejon Gabriela , Flores-Santibañez Felipe , Fernandez Dominique , Rosemblatt Mario , Sauma Daniela
Published: June 2016

Vitamin A, a generic designation for an array of organic molecules that includes retinal, retinol and retinoic acid, is an essential nutrient needed in a wide array of aspects including the proper functioning of the visual system, maintenance of cell function and differentiation, epithelial surface integrity, erythrocyte production, reproduction, and normal immune function. Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide and is associated with defects in adaptive immunity. Reports from epidemiological studies, clinical trials and experimental studies have clearly demonstrated that vitamin A plays a central role in immunity and that its deficiency is the cause of broad immune alterations including decreased humoral and cellular responses, inadequate immune regulation, weak response to vaccines and poor lymphoid organ development. In this review, we will examine the role of vitamin A in immunity and focus on several aspects of T cell biology such as T helper cell differentiation, function and homing, as well as lymphoid organ development. Further, we will provide an overview of the effects of vitamin A deficiency in the adaptive immune responses and how retinoic acid, through its effect on T cells can fine-tune the balance between tolerance and immunity.
A Novel in Vivo Model for Assessing the Impact of Geophagic Earth on Iron Status
Authors: Seim Gretchen , Tako Elad , Ahn Cedric , Glahn Raymond , Young Sera
Published: June 2016

The causes and consequences of geophagy, the craving and consumption of earth, remain enigmatic, despite its recognition as a behavior with public health implications. Iron deficiency has been proposed as both a cause and consequence of geophagy, but methodological limitations have precluded a decisive investigation into this relationship. Here we present a novel in vivo model for assessing the impact of geophagic earth on iron status: Gallus gallus (broiler chicken). For four weeks, animals were gavaged daily with varying dosages of geophagic material or pure clay mineral. Differences in haemoglobin (Hb) across treatment groups were assessed weekly and differences in liver ferritin, liver iron, and gene expression of the iron transporters divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), duodenal cytochrome B (DcytB) and ferroportin were assessed at the end of the study. Minimal impact on iron status indicators was observed in all non-control groups, suggesting dosing of geophagic materials may need refining in future studies. However, this model shows clear advantages over prior methods used both in vitro and in humans, and represents an important step in explaining the public health impact of geophagy on iron status.
Potential Pasture Nitrogen Concentrations and Uptake from Autumn or Spring Applied Cow Urine and DCD under Field Conditions
Authors: Moir Jim , Cameron Keith , Di Hong
Published: June 2016

Nitrogen (N) cycling and losses in grazed grassland are strongly driven by urine N deposition by grazing ruminants. The objective of this study was to quantify pasture N concentrations, yield and N uptake following autumn and spring deposition of cow urine and the effects of fine particle suspension (FPS) dicyandiamide (DCD). A field plot study was conducted on the Lincoln University dairy farm, Canterbury, New Zealand from May 2003 to May 2005. FPS DCD was applied to grazed pasture plots at 10 kg·ha−1 in autumn and spring in addition to applied cow urine at a N loading rate of 1000 kg·N·ha−1, with non-urine control plots. Pasture N ranged between 1.9 and 4.8% with higher concentrations from urine. Results indicated that urine consistently increased N concentrations for around 220 days post deposition (mid December/early summer) at which point concentrations dropped to background levels. In urine patches, pasture yield and annual N uptake were dramatically increased on average by 51% for autumn and 28% for spring applied urine, in both years, when DCD was applied. This field experiment provides strong evidence that annual pasture N uptake is more strongly influenced by high urine N deposition than pasture N concentrations. FPS DCD has the potential to result in very high N uptake in urine patches, even when they are autumn deposited.
Dynamic Mode Decomposition of Fast Pressure Sensitive Paint Data
Authors: Ali Mohd , Pandey Anshuman , Gregory James
Published: June 2016

Fast-response pressure sensitive paint (PSP) is used in this work to measure and analyze the acoustic pressure field in a rectangular cavity. The high spatial resolution and fast frequency response of PSP effectively captures the spatial and temporal detail of surface pressure resulting in the acoustic pressure field. In this work, a high-speed camera is used to generate a continuous time record of the acoustic pressure fluctuations with PSP. Since the level of the acoustic pressure is near the resolution limit of the sensor system, advanced analysis techniques are used to extract the spatial modes of the pressure field. Both dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) are compared with phase averaging for data analysis. While all three techniques effectively extract the pressure field and reduce the impact of sensor noise, DMD and POD are more robust techniques that can be applied to aperiodic or multi-frequency signals. Furthermore, DMD is better than POD at suppressing noise in particular regions of the spectrum and at effectively separating spectral energy when multiple acoustic excitation frequencies are present.
Gyro Drift Correction for An Indirect Kalman Filter Based Sensor Fusion Driver
Authors: Lee Chan-Gun , Dao Nhu-Ngoc , Jang Seonmin , Kim Deokhwan , Kim Yonghun , Cho Sungrae
Published: June 2016

Sensor fusion techniques have made a significant contribution to the success of the recently emerging mobile applications era because a variety of mobile applications operate based on multi-sensing information from the surrounding environment, such as navigation systems, fitness trackers, interactive virtual reality games, etc. For these applications, the accuracy of sensing information plays an important role to improve the user experience (UX) quality, especially with gyroscopes and accelerometers. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a novel mechanism to resolve the gyro drift problem, which negatively affects the accuracy of orientation computations in the indirect Kalman filter based sensor fusion. Our mechanism focuses on addressing the issues of external feedback loops and non-gyro error elements contained in the state vectors of an indirect Kalman filter. Moreover, the mechanism is implemented in the device-driver layer, providing lower process latency and transparency capabilities for the upper applications. These advances are relevant to millions of legacy applications since utilizing our mechanism does not require the existing applications to be re-programmed. The experimental results show that the root mean square errors (RMSE) before and after applying our mechanism are significantly reduced from 6.3 × 10−1 to 5.3 × 10−7, respectively.
Design and Performance Analysis of an Intrinsically Safe Ultrasonic Ranging Sensor
Authors: Zhang Hongjuan , Wang Yu , Zhang Xu , Wang Dong , Jin Baoquan
Published: June 2016

In flammable or explosive environments, an ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement poses an important engineering safety challenge, because the driving circuit uses an intermediate frequency transformer as an impedance transformation element, in which the produced heat or spark is available for ignition. In this paper, an intrinsically safe ultrasonic ranging sensor is designed and implemented. The waterproof piezoelectric transducer with integrated transceiver is chosen as an energy transducing element. Then a novel transducer driving circuit is designed based on an impedance matching method considering safety spark parameters to replace an intermediate frequency transformer. Then, an energy limiting circuit is developed to achieve dual levels of over-voltage and over-current protection. The detail calculation and evaluation are executed and the electrical characteristics are analyzed to verify the intrinsic safety of the driving circuit. Finally, an experimental platform of the ultrasonic ranging sensor system is constructed, which involves short-circuit protection. Experimental results show that the proposed ultrasonic ranging sensor is excellent in both ranging performance and intrinsic safety.
The Impact of the Quality of Coal Mine Stockpile Soils on Sustainable Vegetation Growth and Productivity
Authors: Mushia Nicky , Ramoelo Abel , Ayisi Kingsley
Published: June 2016

Stockpiled soils are excavated from the ground during mining activities, and piled on the surface of the soil for rehabilitation purposes. These soils are often characterized by low organic matter (SOM) content, low fertility, and poor physical, chemical, and biological properties, limiting their capability for sustainable vegetation growth. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of stockpile soils of differing depth and quality on vegetation growth and productivity. Soils were collected at three different depths (surface, mid, and deep) as well as mixed (equal proportion of surface, mid and deep) from two stockpiles (named Stockpile 1: aged 10 and Stockpile 2: 20 years) at the coal mine near Witbank in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. Soils were amended with different organic and inorganic fertilizer. A 2 × 4 × 5 factorial experiment in a completely randomized blocked design with four replications was established under greenhouse conditions. A grass species (Digiteria eriantha) was planted in the pots with unamended and amended soils under greenhouse conditions at 26–28 °C during the day and 16.5–18.5 °C at night. Mean values of plant height, plant cover, total fresh biomass (roots, stems and leaves), and total dry biomass were found to be higher in Stockpile 1 than in Stockpile 2 soils. Plants grown on soils with no amendments had lower mean values for major plant parameters studied. Soil amended with poultry manure and lime was found to have higher growth rate compared with soils with other soil amendments. Mixed soils had better vegetation growth than soil from other depths. Stockpiled soils in the study area cannot support vegetation growth without being amended, as evidenced by low grass growth and productivity in this study.
A Data Mining Approach for Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis Using Heart Rate Variability and Images of Carotid Arteries
Authors: Kim Hyeongsoo , Ishag Musa , Piao Minghao , Kwon Taeil , Ryu Keun
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we proposed not only an extraction methodology of multiple feature vectors from ultrasound images for carotid arteries (CAs) and heart rate variability (HRV) of electrocardiogram signal, but also a suitable and reliable prediction model useful in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). For inventing the multiple feature vectors, we extract a candidate feature vector through image processing and measurement of the thickness of carotid intima-media (IMT). As a complementary way, the linear and/or nonlinear feature vectors are also extracted from HRV, a main index for cardiac disorder. The significance of the multiple feature vectors is tested with several machine learning methods, namely Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Classification based on Multiple Association Rule (CMAR), Decision tree induction and Bayesian classifier. As a result, multiple feature vectors extracted from both CAs and HRV (CA+HRV) showed higher accuracy than the separative feature vectors of CAs and HRV. Furthermore, the SVM and CMAR showed about 89.51% and 89.46%, respectively, in terms of diagnosing accuracy rate after evaluating the diagnosis or prediction methods using the finally chosen multiple feature vectors. Therefore, the multiple feature vectors devised in this paper can be effective diagnostic indicators of CVD. In addition, the feature vector analysis and prediction techniques are expected to be helpful tools in the decisions of cardiologists.
Submerged Pond Sand Filter—A Novel Approach to Rural Water Supply
Authors: Øhlenschlæger Mia , Christensen Sarah , Bregnhøj Henrik , Albrechtsen Hans-Jørgen
Published: June 2016

This study describes the new design and function of a modified version of a traditional slow sand filter. The Submerged Pond Sand Filter is built inside a pond and has a vertical as well as a horizontal flow of water through a sloped filter opening. The filter provides treated drinking water to a rural Indian village. The filter has functioned with minimal maintenance for five years without being subject to the typical scraping off and changing of sand as needed in traditional slow sand filters every few months. This five-year study showed bacterial removal efficiency of 97% on average with a level of faecal coliforms of 2 ± 2 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL measured in the treated water. Turbidity was visibly removed during treatment. When water was retrieved from the filter through a manual pump for long consistent time intervals (60 min), faecal coliform counts increased from four to 10 CFU/100 mL on average compared to shorter pumping intervals (5 min). Though the treated water did not comply with the World Health Organization standards of 0 CFU/100 mL, the filter significantly improved water quality and provided one of the best sources of drinkable water in a water-depleted area, where only surface water was available. Furthermore, it is a sustainable treatment method due to low maintenance requirements.
Essai de cartographie intégrée d'un espace forestier : la forêt de Bouconne
Authors: Hérail Gérard , Hubschman Jacques
Published: June 2016

The Bouconne forest near Toulouse. An essay of an integrated mapping of a woodland area. Grown west of Toulouse on the highest alluvial terraces built up by the Garonne river, the Bouconne woodland area is commonly known as a forest when it is an oak taillis dottered with pine trees. The spatial distribution of the various woodland geofacies and the growth of the aggregate vegetal biomass as well depend on one hand on the soils' nature (and mainly on their drainage) and on the other hand on the economic management of the woodland and the various crisis that it met (wood fires, invasions of parasites or too frequent cutting down of timber on the same plot). Drainage and timber growth quickness are the two major keywords for the map.
Modelé karstique et comportement hydrologique des calcaires primaires dans le sud du Massif Central
Authors: Favory François , Gazelle Francois
Published: June 2016

Karstic landforms and hydrologic influences of the paleozoic limestones in the southern part of the French Plateau Central. The authors Stress the common features of the paleozoic limestones and karsts in the Plateau Central's southern areas. These limestones are scattered in various districts ; anyhow they share distinct features that appear at small scale or at larges ones in spite of regional characters related to the climatic environment since we are there on an ancient and permanent border between atlantic and mediterranean influences. Hydrologic regimes and karst influence on them were examined through significant samples.
La troisième couronne périurbaine : une tentative d'identification
Authors: Kayser Bernard , Schektman Geneviève
Published: June 2016

La troisième couronne périurbaine est celle où les processus d'urbanisation affrontent une agriculture et une société rurale encore en plein fonctionnement. L'article décrit rapidement les différents éléments du système socio-spatial de cette couronne et donne des indications précises sur les méthodes et les résultats de l'étude conduite pour l'identifier dans 240 communes du nord de la Haute-Garonne situées hors du SDAU de Toulouse.
Distribution et gestion des ressources énergétiques des Pays de l'Adour
Authors: Pourqué Hélène
Published: June 2016

L'auteur signale que les Pays de l'Adour, compris ici comme les départements des Hautes-Pyrénées et des Pyrénées-Atlantiques, produisent autant d'électricité qu'ils en consomment et exportent des hydrocarbures. Cependant, l'énergie disponible est médiocrement valorisée sur place, l'appareil industriel étant peu différencié. L'auteur s'interroge sur cette situation et en cherche l'explication dans les contradictions qui opposent d'une part, les intérêts régionaux et nationaux, d'autre part, ceux des grandes entreprises et de la population locale. Débat d'actualité, alors que les gisements sont en voie d'épuisement. Débat historique du fait de l'inertie des structures nationales.
La crise des transports urbains et les projets de métro
Authors: Marconis Robert
Published: June 2016

Evolution and problems of the public transportation net in Toulouse. Established long ago the urban transportation net in Toulouse does not fit exactly the population needs and expectancies. But its costs were greatly increased and its practice withdrawn because of the urban sprawl and the use of private motor cars at the time of cheap gasoline. The transportation net focus point was maintained in the central core of the city which is jammed with traffic. The increasing public transportation deficit is a heavy burden to the local budgets. The author's would be solution is that of an underground.
Toulouse-Le Mirail et Colomiers Villeneuve vingt ans après (1960-1982)
Authors: Dompnier Geneviève
Published: June 2016

Toulouse Le Mirail and Colomiers : a new district and a new town in the urban agglomeration of Toulouse. Both projects were launched in the early sixties, the former within the municipal boundaries of Toulouse, the latter on the outskirts of its suburbs : they offer nowadays shelter and a large range of services to a population that has reached the 50 000 figure ; nevertheless none of them can be considered yet as a secondary centre in an agglomeration that has grown very much and was largely extended. Since the beginning of these planned operations various changes appeared : the present trend furthers separate houses rather than large blocks of flats and various estates are offered for light industries and trade.
Les groupes étrangers dans l'industrie de Midi-Pyrénées : effets et stratégies
Authors: Gilly Jean-Pierre , Savary J.
Published: June 2016

Analyse du poids des investissements étrangers dans l'industrie de Midi-Pyrénées et leur effet sur les structures industrielles régionales de 1973 à 1982. Les groupes étrangers se sont implantés dans Midi-Pyrénées depuis une vingtaine d'années avec une intensité et suivant des modalités variables en liaison avec les mouvements nationaux et internationaux de restructurations industrielles et d'internationalisation du capital. L'insertion des établissements régionaux dans les organisations internationalisées des groupes étrangers fait que dans la majorité des cas ces établissements sont de véritables filiales-ateliers, produisant pour un marché extra-régional, dépendantes des maisons-mères et peu liées au tissu économique local. Propositions de politique industrielle régionale visant à limiter les prises de contrôle de PMI performantes par des groupes étrangers.
La production de lait de brebis, le modèle de Roquefort et son avenir en France méridionale
Authors: Flamant Jean-Claude
Published: June 2016

La production de lait de brebis constitue une des activités agricoles typiques des régions méditerranéennes. Depuis les années 1960 des solutions techniques de modernisations ont été apportées à ses systèmes d'élevages traditionnels. En France, ces innovations ont permis de maintenir le volume de la collecte laitière. Depuis une dizaine d'année une expansion continue s'est manifestée qui entraîne une situation nouvelle : face à la demande garantie mais de faible capacité d'expansion du fromage de Roquefort, les industriels ont dégagé de nouveaux marchés en diversifiant leur production vers des produits moins élaborés et de moindre valeur marchande tel que le fromage de Fêta. Au niveau des systèmes d'élevage eux-mêmes il est possible d'envisager, en alternative à la recherche actuelle de performances plus élevées par brebis, des types de conduite à moindre coût qui tiennent compte des contraintes pédo-climatiques régionales. Face aux perspectives d'évolution des pays méditerranéens dans le Marché Commun, la question est posée du maintien de la solidarité producteurs-transformateurs dans un contexte où le fromage de Roquefort ne constitue plus le seul produit commercialisé.
La notion d'aménagement forestier
Authors: Mormiche André
Published: June 2016

The notion of forest managing. — General regulations and managing are complementary in the coordination of forestry operations chiefly to ensure their necessary continuity. A brief historical survey concerning their evolution allows one to understand the present situation of the French forest and form some ideas about their future.
Suggestions pour la protection biologique des races forestières locales dans les Pyrénées
Authors: Cantegrel Renaud
Published: June 2016

Suggestions for the biological protection of local tree species in the Pyrénées. The regulations concerning the introduction of tree species for retimbering the Pyrénées are evolving towards the limitation of the choice of selected origins, while they show an obvious preference for the seeds of local origin, chiefly in the case of native conifer plantations. The chronic scarcity of seeds of Pyrenean origin indeed compels forest managers to resort to seeds of foreign origin and, thus, take the risk of a gradual mongrelizing of the Pyrenean species.
Forges prédatrices, forges protectrices
Authors: Woronoff Denis
Published: June 2016

La sidérurgie française se nourrit de bois, jusqu'au milieu du XIXe siècle au moins. Cette consommation pèse lourdement mais inégalement sur les forêts dont elle accélère la conversion. Les besoins en combustible végétal, la montée des coûts incitent les maîtres de forges à économiser le bois et à gérer prudemment leurs forêts.
Nouvelles stratégies spatiales des groupes industriels en Midi-Pyrénées : le rôle croissant de Toulouse
Authors: Gilly Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2016

A partir de trois monographies relatives à l'implantation à Toulouse de groupes industriels publics relevant de trois secteurs technologiques appartenant à la lignée des industries des constructions mécaniques, et électro-mécaniques et des composants électroniques, dans les branches de l'aéronautique (SNIAS et Dassault), de l'aérospatiale (CNES, Thomson, Matra), et de l'automobile (Renix), l'auteur souligne le poids industriel croissant de l'agglomération de Toulouse vis-à-vis de Midi-Pyrénées. Il l'explique par la mise en place, dans les années 1960, d'un complexe local de formation et de recherche particulièrement efficace et par l'insertion accrue de la région dans le système de la division internationale du travail.
La crise de l'emploi et l'intervention des collectivités locales dans l'agglomération de Tarbes
Authors: Weissberg Gabriel
Published: June 2016

Avec l'achèvement du transfert des compétences, le développement local est plus que jamais à l'ordre du jour. Dans les Hautes- Pyrénées et l'agglomération de Tarbes la croissance continue du chômage depuis 1974 rend encore plus nécessaire une intervention des collectivités locales. Le contexte en est difficile : le tissu industriel est en effet marqué par la présence et les difficultés de grands établissements industriels tandis que les petites et moyennes entreprises, sous-représentées, créent de moins en moins d'emplois. En outre, à l'insuffisance des infrastructures et des équipements vient s'ajouter l'absence de consensus politique entre les différents acteurs. A travers le Comité Départemental de Développement Économique, l'intervention des municipalités et de la région et l'action d'une multitude d'associations s'esquisse cependant une politique de développement local qui restera sans doute longtemps encore dépendante de la politique des grands groupes industriels et de l'État.
Immobilisme des structures et différenciation de la production dans l'agriculture en Andalousie
Authors: Roux Bernard
Published: June 2016

Some characters of agriculture in Andalusia : unchanged socio- economic structures and changing agricultural production. The author mentions the historical origins and background of the present agrarian structures of Andalusia and their main features : large estates and large agricultural units, which remain unchanged since the 19th century. He stresses the momentous expansion of rural unemployment. And he describes later on the evolution of agriculture itself for twenty-five years : the production has changed, but its conversion and modernization went without any alteration of the land ownership structures when there appeared a large differentiation of the productive systems. He concludes that though most ancient characters of the local agriculture were preserved, the present situation should be defined by the emergence of neo latifundia.
Les transformations du paysage d'Andalousie occidentale et leurs représentations
Authors: Luginbühl Yves
Published: June 2016

Les transformations que les paysages d'Andalousie occidentale ont connues depuis une trentaine d'années aboutissent à un renforcement de l'agriculture latifundiaire capitaliste face à une catégorie de petits paysans et ouvriers agricoles de plus en plus démunis. La mise à jour de valeurs d'usage social et économique et de valeurs symboliques attribuées à ces paysages permet de comprendre les motivations et attitudes des groupes sociaux les plus éloignés des décisions d'aménagement du territoire qui ont été jusqu'alors favorables aux classes les plus nanties de la société andalouse, les grands propriétaires.
Séville, de l'agglomération urbaine à la structuration métropolitaine
Authors: Alvárez D. , Barrionuevo A. , Ferria J. , Fernández R. , Lozano C. , Susino J.
Published: June 2016

Durant ces dernières années, l'agglomération de Séville a vu sa population augmenter de 400 000 habitants, parmi lesquels un tiers étaient des immigrants, et atteindre 900 000 habitants. Le développement urbain, accompli de façon très désordonnée et avec une grande insuffisance d'infrastructures d'appui, a touché une vingtaine de communes de caractéristiques diverses et 400 km2 de territoire aux conditions physiques et humaines très différentes. Pour aborder l'aménagement à l'échelle métropolitaine de cette entité urbaine, on a impulsé un processus de coordination des politiques municipales en matière d'urbanisme. Les objectifs étaient, non seulement, d'apporter une solution aux problèmes actuels, mais aussi d'offrir un appui à la transformation de l'agglomération actuelle en une organisation bien structurée, basée sur la reconnaissance des identités et des différences. Les possibilités qu'offre l'État, incitateur de la planification urbaine dans les principales communes de l'agglomération, et les interventions exceptionnelles prévues en liaison avec la tenue de l'Exposition universelle de 1992 constituent des éléments supplémentaires qui justifient et engagent favorablement le processus.
Urbanisme et aménagement du territoire dans la baie de Cadix
Authors: Zoido Naranjo Florencio
Published: June 2016

La planification à l'échelle de la « comarca » (pays) illustre le passage de l'urbanisme à l'aménagement du territoire. L'expérience espagnole en matière de planification relève davantage de l'urbanisme que de l'aménagement du territoire en général ; de grandes difficultés et de notables insuffisances techniques et opérationnelles subsistent pour aménager des espaces supracommunaux. En 1969, fut élaboré le plan comarcal de la Baie de Cadix, première initiative relative à cette zone dépassant le cadre local. La procédure administrative d'élaboration fut si lente que, lorsque dix ans plus tard, il fut approuvé, un nouvel environnement politique, économique et urbanistique le rendit totalement inadapté. Récemment (1981-1983) on a essayé de faire aboutir l'aménagement en se basant sur les données actuelles et par des procédés qui laissent la plus grande capacité de décision aux communes. Les résultats sont médiocres et la plupart des conflits d'aménagement urbain et du territoire en général subsistent.
Rôle du tourisme et des loisirs dans la nouvelle organisation de l'espace en Andalousie occidentale
Authors: Fourneau Francis
Published: June 2016

The role of tourist and leisure activities in the new organization of territorial development in Western Andalusia. After presenting the possibilities of the different fields of tourist and leisure activities in western Andalusia (historical and cultural visits, seaside activities, rural activities, leisure potential near large towns), the author analyses in each of the cases the tourist and leisure practices and achievements which are linked to them. He describes existing facilities and the projects that are at present under way, and comes out in favour of a global and integrated development plan for tourist and leisure areas in western Andalusia which would give maximum importance to the use of the various fields discussed.
Géographie historique des bastides
Authors: Bernard Gilles
Published: June 2016

Geografía histórica de las « bastides » (Ciudades fuertes) .

Estudio de la morfología, las funciones y la distribución espacial de las « bastides ». Se plantea primero la cuestión de la definición e identificación de estas formas de habitat concentrado, de origen señorial o real, creadas en los siglos XIII y XIV en el suroeste de Francia. Luego se pone de manifiesto la relación entre la estructura parcelaria y las preocupaciones tributarias de los fundadores. Por fin se examinan las funciones económicas y militares de las « bastides » en su principio y la diferenciación posterior hasta su integración en la red urbana actual del Suroeste, especialmente en el área de influencia de Toulouse.
Reprise de croissance dans les villages du Lot : comment, pourquoi ?
Authors: Kayser Bernard , Sabalcagaray Marie-Dominique , Tulet Jean
Published: June 2016

Revival in the Lot villages (SW France). The results of the 1982 Population Census underline the demographic revival in many rural villages even when they lie off the periurban fringes. There is so far no analysis of how and why such a trend appeared. The authors surveyed 67 of the 142 communes of the Lot (Quercy) where this new trend is evident and they conclude that this new recent demographic trend depends upon three factors : socio-demographic characters of the indigenous population, employment and access to accommodation, which are combined according to different patterns from one locality to another.
L'urbanisation des bourgs ruraux en France : des exemples en Midi-Pyrénées
Authors: Laborie Jean-Paul , Stecktman-Labry G. , Jové P.
Published: June 2016

El proceso de urbanización en los pueblos rurales de Francia : el caso de Midi-Pyrénées : Desde hace veinte años, los pueblos rurales experimentan un crecimiento continuo que acelera la mobilidad de su población. Estos procesos implican una urbanización rápida, apreciable tanto en los paisajes como en las actividades y en nuevas prácticas sociales. Sin embargo, la proximidad del entorno rural frena la disgregación progresiva de la especificidad de dichos pueblos. La movilización de los patrimonios familiares para suavizar los efectos de las dificultades económicas mantiene el potencial de atracción del pueblo, pero también puede ser obstáculo a que se emprendan acciones de desarrollo.
Les maires ruraux de Midi-Pyrénées et leur appartenance politique
Authors: Nevers Jean-Yves
Published: June 2016

Dans la région Midi-Pyrénées, les changements démographiques et sociaux ont provoqué au cours des dix dernières années une transformation des enjeux et des modes de recrutement du personnel politique local. Une nouvelle génération d'élus communaux, issue des souches salariées néo-résidentes remplace progressivement les représentants des couches traditionnelles principalement les agriculteurs. A ces changements correspond un processus de politisation des élections locales au bénéfice des élus affirmant leur appartenance
Raymond Ledrut (1919-1987) : ses dix grands rapports avec la géographie et les géographes
Authors: Béringuier Ch.
Published: June 2016

The ten major relations of the sociologist Raymond Ledrut with the geographers. The scientific career of the french sociologist R. Ledrut was characterized inter alia by a constant intercourse with geographers. He certainly helped some of them to define more accurately the usual concepts which they need to analyze the spatial interferences which they study.
La population du Nord au Moyen Age. I : avant 1384
Authors: Derville Alain
Published: June 2016

Vers 850 la densité atteignait 50 au km2, du moins dans les riches villages du plateau artésien et si on admet un coefficient de feu de 4,5. Or celui-ci était plutôt de 3,5. Bref, dans la région la densité ne devait pas dépasser 12,5. Les invasions normandes furent catastrophiques. Le pays dut se retrouver vide à moitié ou aux trois quarts. Puis la croissance reprit, mais elle échappe à l'observation. Elle dut être moins forte que longue. Vers 1300-1350 en Artois la densité était d'environ 200. Ce chiffre étonnant est justifié par les performances agricoles, qui étaient au moins égales à celles de 1800, et par le fait qu'en 1375, après quatre saignées d'un tiers (1340, 1349, 1360, 1369) la population, réduite des trois quarts, avait encore une densité de 50.v
Les inspecteurs primaires du département du Nord durant la monarchie de Juillet : réflexions et conseils en matière pédagogique
Authors: Ravier Joël
Published: June 2016

La tournée d'inspection devait en elle-même, selon le voeu exprimé par François Guizot (auteur de l'ordonnance du 26 février 1835 portant création de ce corps), justifier la mission des inspecteurs primaires. Etudiant les rapports, la correspondance et les conférences des inspecteurs primaires du département du Nord, nous nous sommes posé la question de l'efficacité de cette présence et de son influence sur la pratique pédagogique des maîtres d'école. En effet, la simple augmentation du nombre des écoles primaires et des effectifs des élèves garçons et filles, conséquence directe de l'obligation faite à chaque commune, par la loi du 28 juin 1833, d'entretenir une école, ne pouvait suffire à conclure à un réel développement quantitatif et qualitatif de l'instruction primaire.
Un aspect méconnu du patrimoine muséographique lillois : le musée d'ethnographie Alphonse Moillet
Authors: Cadet Xavier
Published: June 2016

Xavier Cadet, Een miskend museum in Rijsel : het etnografisch museum Alphonse Moillet.

In de schaduw van het rijke museumbezit van Rijsel leidt het etnografisch Moillet een haast slapend bestaan. Het mag dan al een paar stukken van mondiaal belang her- bergen, het publiek kent het niet dan via een paar zeldzame tijdelijke tentoonstellin- gen van het Museum voor natuurhistorie waarvan het afhangt. Alleen in wetenschap- pelijke kring is zijn grote waarde al een eeuw bekend.

Nog minder bekend dan zijn schatten is zijn geschiedenis. Er bestaat terzake wei- nig informatie ; wat er in het archief en de toenmalige pers te vinden is over een bewogen bestaan, wordt in dit artikel beschreven. U vindt er voorts de verschillende inventarissen van het museum, de lijst van de voornaamste schenkers en van de leden van de administratieve commissie. Daarmee wil de auteur het onderzoek over de etnografische verzamelingen te Rijsel een solied hulpmiddel bieden.
Les modérés du Nord entre MRP et RPF. De l'Union des républicains du Nord au Centre départemental des indépendants et paysans (1945-1952)
Authors: Richard Gilles
Published: June 2016

Gilles Richard, The Nord Moderate between MRP and RPF. From the Union des Républicains du Nord to the Centre Départemental des Indépendants et Paysans.

The Union des Républicains du Nord was born in 1 946 as a reaction against the MRP, the first political force in the department at the time of the Liberation and involved in the tri-partisan policy at the national level. Conforted by the inheritance of the Republican Federation and the support of a large fraction of the local business, the U.N.R. will first get into an alliance with the Gaullist movement to fight better against the marxist parties. As early as 1949, however, the links between the Gaullists and the Moderate get looser. These latter, eager to get into a closer relation with the parties in power to get a better hold on the course of events, choose to join the CNIP for the preparation of the parliamentary elections of June 195 1 . In 1952, the U.N.R. transformed itself into the Centre Départemental des Indépendants et Paysans and supported the «Pinay experiment».