bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro‐computed tomography for the investigation of stationary liquid–liquid and liquid–gas interfaces in capillaries
Authors: Schuler Julia , Kockmann Norbert
Published: December 2019

For better understanding and optimization of multiphase flow in miniaturized devices, micro‐computed tomography (μCT) is a promising visualization tool, as it is nondestructive, three‐dimensional, and offers a high spatial resolution. Today, computed tomography (CT) is a standard imaging technique. However, using CT in microfluidics is still challenging, since X‐ray related artifacts, low phase contrast, and limited spatial resolution complicate the exact localization of interfaces. We apply μCT for the characterization of stationary interfaces in thin capillaries. The entire workflow for imaging stationary interfaces in capillaries, from image acquisition to the analysis of interfaces, is presented. Special emphasis is given to an in‐house developed segmentation routine. For demonstration purposes, contact angles of water, liquid polydimethylsiloxane, and air in FEP, glass, and PMMA are determined and the influence of gravity on interface formation is discussed. This work comprises the first steps for a systematic 3D investigation of multiphase flows in capillaries using μCT.
An aging theory‐based mathematic model for estimating the wax content of wax deposits using the Fick's second law
Authors: Li Rongbin , Huang Qiyu , Zhang Dongxu , Zhu Xiangrui , Shan Jinxu , Wang Junfang
Published: December 2019

In this study, a mathematic model is proposed for estimating the wax content of wax deposits. The proposed model was built based on the diffusion of wax molecules and counter‐diffusion of oil molecules and described using the Fick's second law, allowing for the stacking fraction and orientational order of precipitated wax crystals and the tortuosity of diffusion path of de‐waxed oil molecules during the counter‐diffusion. The calculated results were verified by comparing with the flow‐loop wax deposition experimental results. Dependence of radial position, deposition duration, bulk temperature, and wall temperature were investigated. These factors significantly affected the wax content during wax deposition. Good agreements were observed between the predictions and experimental results. The variation trends of wax content affected by various aspects are consistent with the existing studies.
Season of birth is not associated with age at menarche in young adults from Central India
Authors: Liczbińska Grażyna , Gautam Rajesh K. , Dubey Pragya , Ahirwar Ajay K. , Chaurasia Anurag , Kosińska Magdalena
Published: December 2019

Objectives

We aimed to test whether birth season is associated with age at menarche in the sub‐tropical climate of Central India where temperature and photoperiod differences between seasons are very small.

Methods

Date of birth and age at menarche were collected for 330 female students of Central University, Sagar. The impact of birth month and birth season on age at menarche was analyzed using ANOVA and time‐to‐event analysis with the use of the Kaplan‐Meier curve.

Results

ANOVA, Kaplan‐Meier estimation and Cox Proportional Hazard did not show statistically significant differences in age at menarche according to birth month and birth season.

Conclusions

Constant sun exposure during the whole year, related to a stable vitamin D amount and to equal access to fruits and vegetables, may translate into a lack of association between seasons and age at menarche.
Exploring the potential association among sleep disturbances, cognitive impairments, and immune activation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Yirmiya Erez T. , Mekori‐Domachevsky Ehud , Weinberger Ronnie , Taler Michal , Carmel Miri , Gothelf Doron
Published: December 2019

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.DS) is a neurogenetic disorder caused by a microdeletion in chromosome 22. Its phenotype includes high rates of psychiatric disorders, immune system abnormalities, and cognitive impairments. We assessed the quality of sleep in 22q11.2DS and its potential link to inflammatory markers and cognitive deficits. Thirty‐three 22q11.2DS individuals and 24 healthy controls were studied. Sleep parameters were assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) questionnaire and correlated with serum cytokine levels and cognitive functioning, measured using the Penn computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB). The 22q11.2DS individuals had significantly worse sleep quality scores than the controls, unrelated to the psychiatric or physical comorbidities common to 22q11.2DS. Interleukin 6 levels were correlated with the overall score of the PSQI questionnaire for nonpsychotic 22q11.2DS participants only. Several domains of the CNB were associated with poorer sleep quality, suggesting that cognitive impairments in 22q11.2DS may be at least partially explained by poor sleep quality. Our findings confirm sleep impairments in individuals with 22q11.2DS, which might negatively affect their cognitive functioning, and corroborate a potential role of immunological pathways in the 22q11.2DS neuro‐phenotype.
Anthropological perspectives on genomic data, genetic ancestry, and race
Authors: Benn Torres Jada
Published: December 2019

Human variation, including questions about race, have been central to biological anthropology since its emergence as a professional discipline in the early 20th century. More recently, genomic data have been used to address open questions about the nature and scope of human variation. Results from genome‐wide association studies and commercially available direct‐to‐consumer genetic ancestry tests have also kindled scholarly debate about the relationship between genetics/genomics and race. Such discussions among scholars and other stakeholders, illustrates that there are still many open issues about how genomic data influence the ways that people think about and debate race and racism. Genetic ancestry remains particularly contentious because of a complicated history of race within anthropology and other human sciences. In this article, I provide a broad overview on understandings of race given the new discoveries in genetics/genomics and provide examples of how these types of data continue to impact social and legal understandings of race. Ultimately, given that a primary focus of biological anthropology is to query human experience from a biological perspective, it will remain critical that biological anthropologists uphold the anti‐racist tradition of modern anthropology and diligently work to shape narratives about human difference.
Unveiling Latent Photoreactivity of Imines
Authors: Uraguchi Daisuke , Tsuchiya Yuto , Ohtani Tsuyoshi , Enomoto Takafumi , Masaoka Shigeyuki , Yokogawa Daisuke , Ooi Takashi
Published: December 2019

Unlike carbonyl compounds, it has long been common understanding that excited imines show virtually no photoreactivity, and hence their properties and potential utility in chemical science remain largely unexplored. Now, a strategy is presented for eliciting latent photoreactivity of imines based on the introduction of a donor–acceptor (D‐A) structure to extend the lifetime of their photoexcited states. A series of spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory calculations reveal unique photophysical properties of the D‐A‐type imines. Furthermore, the reactivity of the D‐A‐type imines is demonstrated by using them as a photoredox catalyst for atom‐transfer radical addition. These findings illuminate a previously neglected chemical space in the field of photochemistry, which will be exploited by taking advantage of the inherent structural modularity of imines.
Adjuvant statin therapy for oesophageal adenocarcinoma: the STAT-ROC feasibility study
Authors: Alexandre L. , Clark A. B. , Walton S. , Lewis M. P. , Kumar B. , Cheong E. C. , Warren H. , Kadirkamanathan S. S. , Parsons S. L. , Dresner S. M. , Sims E. , Jones M. , Hammond M. , Flather M. , Loke Y. K. , Swart A. M. , Hart A. R.
Published: December 2019

Background

Statins inhibit proliferative signalling in oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) and their use is associated with better survival in observational studies. The present study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of assessing adjuvant statin therapy in patients with operable OAC in a phase III RCT.

Methods

For this multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled feasibility trial, adults with OAC (including Siewert I–II lesions) who had undergone oesophagectomy were centrally allocated (1 : 1) to simvastatin 40 mg or matching placebo by block randomization, stratified by centre. Participants, clinicians and investigators were blinded to treatment allocation. Patients received treatment for up to 1 year. Feasibility outcomes were recruitment, retention, drug absorption, adherence, safety, quality of life, generalizability and survival.

Results

A total of 120 patients were assessed for eligibility at four centres, of whom 32 (26·7 per cent) were randomized, 16 in each group. Seven patients withdrew. Participants allocated to simvastatin had lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 3 months (adjusted mean difference −0·83 (95 per cent c.i. −1·4 to −0·22) mmol/l; P = 0·009). Median adherence to medication was greater than 90 per cent between 3 and 12 months' follow-up. Adverse events were similar between the groups. Quality-of-life data were complete for 98·3 per cent of questionnaire items. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and aspirin use were more prevalent in the non-randomized group, whereas tumour site, stage and grade were similar between groups. Survival estimates were imprecise.

Conclusion

This RCT supports the conduct and informs the design considerations for a future phase III trial of adjuvant statin therapy in patients with OAC. Registration number: ISRCTN98060456 (http://www.isrctn/com).
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis to validate the synergy between PARP1 inhibition and chemotherapy in BRCA1‐mutated breast cancer cells
Authors: Mintz Rachel L. , Lao Yeh‐Hsing , Chi Chun‐Wei , He Siyu , Li Mingqiang , Quek Chai Hoon , Shao Dan , Chen Boyuan , Han Jing , Wang Sihong , Leong Kam W.
Published: December 2019

For patients carrying BRCA1 mutations, at least one‐third develop triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Not only is TNBC difficult to treat due to the lack of molecular target receptors, but BRCA1 mutations (BRCA1m) also result in chemotherapeutic resistance, making disease recurrence more likely. Although BRCA1m are highly heterogeneous and therefore difficult to target, BRCA1 gene's synthetic lethal pair, PARP1, is conserved in BRCA1m cancer cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that targeting PARP1 might be a fruitful direction to sensitize BRCA1m cancer cells to chemotherapy. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate PARP1 deficiency in two TNBC cell lines, MDA‐MB‐231 (BRCA1 wild‐type) and MDA‐MB‐436 (BRCA1m). We explored whether this PARP1 disruption (PARP1m) could significantly lower the chemotherapeutic dose necessary to achieve therapeutic efficacy in both a 2D and 3D tumor‐on‐a‐chip model. With both BRCA1m and PARP1m, the TNBC cells were more sensitive to three representative chemotherapeutic breast cancer drugs, doxorubicin, gemcitabine and docetaxel, compared with the PARP1 wild‐type counterpart in the 2D culture environment. However, PARP1m did not result in this synergy in the 3D tumor‐on‐a‐chip model, suggesting that drug dosing in the tumor microenvironment may influence the synergy. Taken together, our results highlight a discrepancy in the efficacy of the combination of PARP1 inhibition and chemotherapy for TNBC treatment, which should be clarified to justify further clinical testing.
Adsorptive filtration: A case study for early impurity reduction in an Escherichia coli production process
Authors: Metzger Karl F.J. , Voloshin Alexei , Schillinger Harald , Kühnel Harald , Maurer Michael
Published: December 2019

Primary recovery of intracellular products from Escherichia coli requires cell disruption which leads to a massive release of process‐related impurities burdening subsequent downstream process (DSP) unit operations. Especially, DNA and endotoxins challenge purification operations due to their size and concentrations. Consequently, an early reduction in impurities will not only simplify the production process but also increase robustness while alleviating the workload afterward. In the present work, we studied the proof of concept whether a nonwoven anion exchange filter material decreases soluble impurities immediately at the clarification step of E. coli DSP. In a first attempt, endotoxin burden was reduced by 4.6‐fold and the DNA concentration by 3.6‐fold compared to conventional depth filtration. A design of experiment for the adsorptive filtration approach was carried out to analyze the influence of different critical process parameters (CPPs) on impurity reduction. We showed that depending on the CPPs chosen, a DNA lowering of more than 3 log values, an endotoxin decrease of approximately 7 logs, and a minor HCP clearance of at least 0.3 logs could be achieved. Thus, we further revealed a chromatography column protecting effect when using adsorptive filtration beforehand.
Intercostal nerve block of the anterior cutaneous branches and the sensibility of the female breast
Authors: Bijkerk Ennie , Cornelissen Anouk J. M. , Sommer Micha , Van Der Hulst René R. W. J. , Lataster Arno , Tuinder Stefania M. H.
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Better sensation in the reconstructed breast improves the quality of life. Sensory nerve coaptation is a valuable addition to autologous breast reconstruction. There are few publications concerning the sensory nerves of the breast and the nipple‐areola complex and reports are contradictory, so it is unknown which nerve is best suited as a recipient for coaptation. The current study serves as a proof of concept.

Materials and Methods

The areas innervated by the anterior cutaneous branches (ACBs) of the intercostal nerves (ICNs) were studied on two separate occasions in two healthy women. First, the ACBs of ICNs 2–5 were individually blocked using ultrasound. Next, the ACBs of all levels were blocked simultaneously. Sensation was measured using Semmes‐Weinstein monofilaments. The numbed areas corresponding to the ICNs were drawn in a raster of 2 × 2 cm.

Results

The largest area was supplied by the ACB of the 4th ICN, located in the upper (UIQ) and the lower (LIQ) inner quadrants of the breast. The 2nd‐largest area was supplied by the ACB of the 3rd ICN. Blockage of ACBs 2–5 affected sensation in the nipple and the areola.

Conclusions

Blockage of all levels 2–5 partially affected sensation in the nipple‐areola complex, suggesting innervation by a nerve plexus consisting of both ACBs and lateral cutaneous branches (LCBs). ACB4 supplied the largest area of the breast in the UIQ and LIQ and could be best suited for sensory nerve coaptation to optimize sensation in the autologously reconstructed breast.
Magnetic resonance imaging anatomy and morphometry of lumbar intervertebral foramina to guide safe transforaminal subarachnoid punctures
Authors: Khalaf Alexander M. , Yedavalli Vivek , Massoud Tarik F.
Published: December 2019

Percutaneous transforaminal lumbar punctures (TFLPs) offer alternative access routes to the lumbar subarachnoid cistern. Safe fluoroscopic insertion of a needle through a lumbar intervertebral foramen (IVF) should ideally avoid the exiting spinal nerve and surrounding vascular pedicles. A crescentic region in the posterior aspect of IVF is the conventional position for needle placement during TFLP, but the underlying anatomic basis for this has not been evaluated fully. To enhance TFLP safety, we defined the morphometry of normal lumbar IVFs and precise locations of neurovascular structures in the IVF posterior crescent. We retrospectively reviewed high‐resolution T2‐weighted lumbar spine magnetic resonance images of 40 normal adults to establish normative dimensions of each IVF from L1 to L5 bilaterally. We segmented the IVF posterior crescent into three parts, and within each, measured the areas occupied by neurovascular structures. We statistically correlated the presence or absence of neurovascular structures in each crescent segment using a chi‐square test. The mean morphometrics for all 304 IVFs in 10 males and 30 females of similar ages were: area 115.3 ± 29.5 mm2; height 18.0 ± 2.4 mm; and width at mid‐disc level 5.6 ± 2.1 mm. We found a significant association between crescent segment and presence or absence of neurovascular structures (χ2 = 95.9, p < .001). A post‐hoc calculation of adjusted standardized residuals identified a significant association between the middle crescent segment and absence of neurovascular structures. Thus, the middle segment of the IVF posterior crescent is significantly most devoid of neurovascular structures, and more often would be the safest target for needle placement during TFLP.
Pseudo‐reentry due to automatic annotation of dissociated activity unmasked by the new Lumipoint™ algorithm
Authors: Solimene Francesco , Maddaluno Francesco , Malacrida Maurizio , Schillaci Vincenzo
Published: December 2019

The new Lumipoint™ algorithm based on map analysis with several features is a valuable aid to understanding complex circuits, particularly as it can unmask areas with dissociated activity misleadingly annotated by an automatic mapping system.
Xanthogranulomatous prostatitis: A rare mimicker of prostate adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mukendi Alain Mwamba , Doherty Sean , Mohanlal Reena
Published: December 2019

Xanthogranulomatous prostatitis as mimicker of prostate adenocarcinoma can cause a diagnostic dilemma, as presented in this case. Therefore, alongside histopathology analysis, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) would be useful in this situation by identifying and characterizing suspicious prostatic lesions before biopsy thereby supporting current recommendations on the use of mpMRI.
Epicardial left ventricular lead implantation in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients via a video‐assisted thoracoscopic technique: Long‐term outcome
Authors: Marini Massimiliano , Branzoli Stefano , Moggio Paolo , Martin Marta , Belotti Giuseppina , Molon Giulio , Guarracini Fabrizio , Coser Alessio , Quintarelli Silvia , Pederzolli Carlo , Graffigna Angelo , Penzo Daniele , Valsecchi Sergio , Bottoli Maria Caterina , Pepi Patrizia , Bonmassari Roberto , Droghetti Andrea
Published: December 2019

Background

Epicardial placement of the left ventricular (LV) lead via a video‐assisted thoracoscopic (VAT) approach is an alternative to the standard transvenous technique.

Hypothesis

Long‐term safety and efficacy of VAT and transvenous LV lead implantation are comparable. To test it, we reviewed our experience and we compared the outcomes of patients who underwent implantation with the two techniques.

Methods

The VAT procedure is performed under general anesthesia, with oro‐tracheal intubation and right‐sided ventilation, and requires two 5 mm and one 15 mm thoracoscopic ports. After pericardiotomy at the spot of the epicardial target area, pacing measurements are taken and a spiral screw electrode is anchored at the final pacing site. The electrode is then tunneled to the pectoral pocket and connected to the device.

Results

105 patients were referred to our center for epicardial LV lead implantation. After pre‐operative assessment, 5 patients were excluded because of concomitant conditions precluding surgery. The remaining 100 underwent the procedure. LV lead implantation was successful in all patients (median pacing threshold 0.8 ± 0.5 V, no phrenic nerve stimulation) and cardiac resynchronization therapy was established in all but one patient. The median procedure time was 75 min. During a median follow‐up of 24 months, there were no differences in terms of death, cardiovascular hospitalizations or device‐related complications vs the group of 100 patients who had undergone transvenous implantation. Patients of both groups displayed similar improvements in terms of ventricular reverse remodeling and functional status.

Conclusions

Our VAT approach proved safe and effective, and is a viable alternative in the case of failed transvenous LV implantation.
Effects of the therapist's statements on the patient's outcome and the therapeutic alliance: A systematic review
Authors: Kadur Jennifer , Lüdemann Jonas , Andreas Sylke
Published: December 2019

This systematic review summarizes articles that examined the effects of the psychotherapist's statements on the outcome of the patient and the therapeutic alliance.

The databases PsychINFO, PSYNDEX, PubMed, and PsychARTICLES were searched, and English peer‐reviewed articles were included. Participants should be adult patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnosis who were receiving evidence‐based psychotherapy in an individual setting. Studies with a standardized, observer‐based measurement of the therapist's verbal utterances on the basis of verbatim transcripts of therapy sessions were included. Furthermore, there should be a standardized measurement of the symptom outcome or a measurement of the therapeutic alliance. The 10 included articles showed that supportive and exploratory statements and addressing aspects in the therapeutic relationship were perceived as positive regarding symptom outcome. Negative effects were particularly evident with controlling and challenging statements of the therapist. Regarding the therapeutic alliance, both positive and negative as well as nonsignificant results were obtained. The results of this review suggest that the question of which statements by therapists correlate positively or negatively with the outcome of therapy and the therapeutic alliance cannot be answered unequivocally and must be applied to more individual and specific situations.
Four‐day plaque regrowth evaluation of a peptide chewing gum in a double‐blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Kirkwood Brian , Miller Michael , Milleman Jeffery , Milleman Kimberly , Leung Kai
Published: December 2019

Objective

Antimicrobial peptide, KSL‐W, formulated as an antiplaque chewing gum (APCG), was tested to evaluate the dental plaque inhibition activity and safety in an IRB approved and FDA regulated 4‐day plaque regrowth clinical study.

Methods

This Phase 2 two‐armed placebo‐controlled, double blind, randomized (1:1), multiple dose, and single‐center study was evaluated in a proof of concept for the APCG containing 30 mg antimicrobial peptide KSL‐W. Twenty six generally healthy subjects were consented and randomized into the study. The subjects were administered a dose three times per day for four treatment days following a complete dental prophylaxis. Participants were prohibited from conducting oral hygiene care (teeth brushing, flossing, and/or mouth wash rinse) for the duration of the trial. Twelve to 16 hr prior to the baseline visit, the subjects were to abstain from oral hygiene care. The Quigley–Hein Turesky plaque index (QHT) score and the oral soft tissue clinical exams were obtained at both Day 0 and Day 4.

Results

All randomized study subjects that received either APCG or placebo gum completed the study with no significant adverse events recorded. The APCG significantly inhibited the regrowth of dental plaque over the course of 4 days. The whole mouth data demonstrated a difference in the QHT between the APCG and the placebo gum of 1.14 (SE = 0.27) and 95% confidence bounds of 0.58, 1.70 with a two‐tailed P value of .0003.

Conclusion

Considering the limited sample size, the proof of concept analysis in this Phase 2 study confirmed that APCG is effective against dental plaque formation and safe for human use. (ClinicalTrials.gov Study ID# NCT02864901).
The impact of corporate social responsibility on buying tendencies from the perspective of stakeholder theory and practices
Authors: Waheed Abdul , Zhang Qingyu , Rashid Yasir , Zaman Khan Sher
Published: December 2019

This paper investigates the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on buying behavior tendencies (BBTs), adopting two sub‐tendencies of BBTs—exploratory acquisition of buying tendencies (EAPTs) and exploratory information seeking tendencies (EISTs)—based on the stakeholder theory and practices. Data were collected and examined using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The study revealed a positive relationship between CSR practices and BBTs, and a significant correlation of CSR on both EISTs and EAPTs. Additionally, it verified a positive linkage between CSR and BBTs through the mediation of EAPTs and EISTs. These results provide insights for managements, especially those in CSR‐oriented firms, on how incorporation of CSR activities may influence the BBTs of consumers. Finally, the paper discusses several implications for strategic management along with avenues for future research.
2D Graphene‐Based Macroscopic Assemblies for Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Gao Chang , Chen Kaiyue , Wang Ying , Zhao Yang , Qu Liangti
Published: December 2019

Rapid development of portable and wearable electronic devices has triggered increased research interest in small‐scale power sources, especially in micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) because of their high power densities, long service life, and ability to be charged and discharged quickly. Graphene, an ideal two‐dimensional energy‐storage electrode material with good conductivity, high quantum capacitance, and large specific surface area, can be used as a building block for MSCs with multi‐dimensional architectures. Considerable efforts have been devoted to constructing structures with different dimensions for advanced graphene‐based MSCs (GMSCS). In this Review, we summarize the recent progress of graphene‐based macroscopic assemblies in MSCs, including 1D fiber GMSCs, 2D planar GMSCs; and 3D in‐plane or stacked GMSCs, and discuss the relationship between the structures and applications of the devices. In addition, future prospects and challenges in the MSCs are also discussed.
Land use alters relationships of grassland productivity with plant and arthropod diversity in Inner Mongolian grassland
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Li Frank Yonghong , Tang Kuanyan , Wang Yanan , Suri Guga , Bai Zheng , Baoyin Taogetao
Published: December 2019

The threats of land‐use intensification to biodiversity have motivated considerable research directed toward understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Functional diversity is deemed a better indicator than species diversity to clarify the BEF relationships. However, most tests of the BEF relationship have been conducted in highly controlled plant communities, with terrestrial animal communities largely unexplored. Additionally, most BEF studies examined the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions, with the effects of ecosystem functioning strength on biodiversity hardly considered. Based on a 6‐yr grassland experiment in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia, we examined the variation of taxonomic diversity (TD) and functional diversity (FD) of both plant and arthropod communities, and their relations with grassland productivity, across three land management types (moderate grazing, mowing, and enclosure). We aimed to clarify the interrelations among plant FD, arthropod FD, grassland productivity, and soil factors. We found the following: (1) Grassland under mowing performed best in terms of sustaining a high TD and FD of plants and arthropods compared to that under grazing and enclosure. (2) The relationships between plant and arthropod diversity and productivity varied with management types. Plant TD and FD were negatively related, whereas arthropod FD was positively related with productivity under enclosure; plant FD, but not arthropod FD, was positively related with productivity under grazing; arthropod FD, but not plant FD, was negatively related with productivity under mowing. (3) Grassland productivity was positively interrelated with plant FD, but not plant TD; and was negatively interrelated with arthropod TD, but not arthropod FD across different management types. The respective positive vs. negative bidirectional relationships of productivity with plant diversity vs. arthropod diversity, were majorly a consequence of divergent grazing/mowing effects on plant vs. arthropod diversity. The results indicate that grazing increases plant diversity, but decreases arthropod diversity, whereas fall mowing provides a management strategy for conservation of both trophic levels. These results also provide new insights into the effects of land‐use changes on biodiversity and ecosystem processes, and indicate the importance of incorporating the functional interrelations among different trophic groups in sustainable grassland management.
Modeling avian full annual cycle distribution and population trends with citizen science data
Authors: Fink Daniel , Auer Tom , Johnston Alison , Ruiz‐Gutierrez Viviana , Hochachka Wesley M. , Kelling Steve
Published: December 2019

Information on species’ distributions, abundances, and how they change over time is central to the study of the ecology and conservation of animal populations. This information is challenging to obtain at landscape scales across range‐wide extents for two main reasons. First, landscape‐scale processes that affect populations vary throughout the year and across species’ ranges, requiring high‐resolution, year‐round data across broad, sometimes hemispheric, spatial extents. Second, while citizen science projects can collect data at these resolutions and extents, using these data requires appropriate analysis to address known sources of bias. Here, we present an analytical framework to address these challenges and generate year‐round, range‐wide distributional information using citizen science data. To illustrate this approach, we apply the framework to Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), a long‐distance Neotropical migrant and species of conservation concern, using data from the citizen science project eBird. We estimate occurrence and abundance across a range of spatial scales throughout the annual cycle. Additionally, we generate intra‐annual estimates of the range, intra‐annual estimates of the associations between species and characteristics of the landscape, and interannual trends in abundance for breeding and non‐breeding seasons. The range‐wide population trajectories for Wood Thrush show a close correspondence between breeding and non‐breeding seasons with steep declines between 2010 and 2013 followed by shallower rates of decline from 2013 to 2016. The breeding season range‐wide population trajectory based on the independently collected and analyzed North American Breeding Bird Survey data also shows this pattern. The information provided here fills important knowledge gaps for Wood Thrush, especially during the less studied migration and non‐breeding periods. More generally, the modeling framework presented here can be used to accurately capture landscape scale intra‐ and interannual distributional dynamics for broadly distributed, highly mobile species.
Mechanistic Study on Ring‐Contracting Skeletal Rearrangement from Porphycene to Isocorrole by Experimental and Theoretical Methods
Authors: Koide Taro , Maeda Takafumi , Abe Tsukasa , Shiota Yoshihito , Yano Yoshio , Ono Toshikazu , Yoshizawa Kazunari , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: December 2019

In this study, the ring contracting skeletal rearrangement reaction in one‐pot under basic conditions from octaethylporphycene to two types of isocorroles, i.e., the meso‐formyl and meso‐free forms, was confirmed and the reaction mechanism was proposed by the comparative analyses of the experimental and theoretical studies. The electron accepting nature of the porphycene and imine‐amine conversion of pyrrole rings make it possible to react with hydroxide ions and the following reaction to afford isocorroles. Based on this reaction, the valence of the compound as a ligand as well as the photochemical and electrochemical properties were dramatically changed.
Poly(3,4‐Ethylene Dioxythiophene)/Poly(Styrene Sulfonate) Electrodes in Electrochemical Cells for Harvesting Waste Heat
Authors: Wang Ying , Mukaida Masakazu , Kirihara Kazuhiro , Lyu Lingyun , Wei Qingshuo
Published: December 2019

Low‐grade waste heat is harvested using electrochemical cells. However, the high cost of commonly used platinum electrodes limits their application. Herein, poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) films are reported as attractive alternatives to platinum electrodes, as they show a lower charge transfer resistance. Using ferricyanide/ferrocyanide as the electrolyte, the PEDOT/PSS‐based thermoelectrochemical cell with dimensions of 5 cm × 5 cm × 2 cm delivers a maximum power output of 300 μW with 1 Ω loading at a temperature difference of ≈30 K, which is sufficient for driving an array of light‐emitting diodes and Bluetooth humidity/temperature sensors for wireless communication. Furthermore, PEDOT/PSS offers the advantage of compatibility with insoluble redox couples such as Prussian blue analog materials, which facilitates determining the temperature‐dependent redox potential of different materials. The appropriate combination of redox couples enables realizing thermally regenerative electrochemical cells. Power can be generated during an environmental temperature change; however, the temperature difference between different electrodes need not be maintained for these cells.
A Literature Review on Methodologies of Fault Location in the Distribution System with Distributed Generation
Authors: Kumar Ranjeet , Saxena Dipti
Published: December 2019

In the last decade, with increasing power supply from distributed generation (DG) to the distribution system, the traditional passive radial distribution systems transformed into an active multisource system. The nature of fault location schemes designed for the distribution system has traditionally been based on unidirectional power flow assumptions, making them ineffective for a distribution system with a higher level of DG penetration. New grid regulations require DGs to remain connected to the system in the event of a fault to provide support to the grid and improve system reliability. This makes the fault location process important as the timely location of a fault speeds up the restoration process, which improves the system reliability. Herein, providing a comprehensive review of the available techniques for fault location in the distribution system with DG penetration is focused on. An analysis is given on the shortcomings of traditional protection methods when applied to DG‐integrated distribution systems. A comparative analysis is carried out in which the merit and demerit of each technique is assessed. A discussion on some other important technical issues arising due to DG integration, such as effects on the stability of the distribution system, is also given.
Knowledge and attitudes about sudden death in epilepsy among people living with epilepsy and their healthcare providers in Mulago Hospital, Uganda: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kaddumukasa Mark , Mwesiga Emmanuel , Sewankambo Nelson , Blixen Carol , Lhatoo Samden , Sajatovic Martha , Katabira Elly
Published: December 2019

Objective

The objective of the study was to assess level of knowledge and attitudes of SUDEP among people living with epilepsy (PLWE) and healthcare workers providing epilepsy care in Uganda.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study of 48 PLWE and 19 epilepsy care providers used a tailored questionnaire to evaluate epilepsy and SUDEP knowledge, frequency of SUDEP discussion, reasons for not discussing SUDEP, timing of SUDEP discussions, and perceived patient reactions to being provided information on SUDEP.

Results

Median PLWE sample age was 25 (IQR; 19‐34) years, 10 (20.8%) were male, median age of onset of epilepsy 12 (IQR; 6‐18) years. Half of the PLWE reported that they had never heard of SUDEP. Most PLWE desired detailed information regarding SUDEP and preferred this information during the subsequent visits. Healthcare provider sample mean age was 35.7 (22.8) years, 12 (63.2%) were male and composed of 4 physicians (21.1%). Only 15% (3/20) of providers discussed SUDEP with their patients while 85% (17/20) have never discussed it. The main reasons for not discussing SUDEP were not knowing enough about SUDEP (89.5%) and no adequate support network available (30%). Providers that discussed SUDEP (100%) reported that negative reactions were the most common patient response.

Significance

In this Ugandan sample, most PLWE are not aware of SUDEP and epilepsy care providers rarely discuss SUDEP with their patients or patient caregivers. Negative reactions to SUDEP discussions are common but not universal. There is an urgent need for epilepsy educational programs in clinics and targeted communities addressing SUDEP.
Mitigation of DIS flooding attacks in RPL‐based 6LoWPAN networks
Authors: Verma Abhishek , Ranga Virender
Published: December 2019

The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low‐Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the de facto routing protocol for IPv6‐based Low‐Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). In RPL protocol, DODAG Information Solicitation (DIS) messages are sent by the node to join the network. A malicious node can exploit this mechanism to send illegitimate DIS messages to the neighbor nodes to perform a DIS flooding attack. In this research paper, it is observed that the DIS flooding attack increases the control packet overhead of the network, which significantly degrades the network's performance. This further increases the power consumption of the nodes in the network. To address this problem, a mitigation scheme named Secure‐RPL is proposed. The proposed scheme mitigates significantly the effects of DIS flooding attack on the network's performance. The effectiveness of the proposed Secure‐RPL scheme is compared with standard RPL protocol. The experimental results show that Secure‐RPL detects and mitigates DIS flooding attack quickly and efficiently in both static and dynamic network scenarios, without adding any significant overhead to the nodes.
A chicken protein hydrolysate exerts anti‐atherosclerotic effect beyond plasma cholesterol‐lowering activity in Apoe−/− mice
Authors: Bjørndal Bodil , Aloysius Thomas A. , Lund Anders , Slizyte Rasa , Bohov Pavol , Carvajal Ana Karina , Berge Rolf K.
Published: December 2019

Chicken protein hydrolysates (CPHs) generated from rest raw materials through enzymatic hydrolysis using Corolase PP or Alcalase were shown to reduce inflammation and stimulate hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in high‐fat‐fed mice. This study investigates the effect of CPH diets in atherosclerosis‐prone apolipoprotein E‐deficient (Apoe−/−) mice. Apoe−/− mice were divided into three groups of 12 animals and fed high‐fat diets with casein (control), Alcalase CPH, or Corolase PP CPH. After 12 weeks, mice were sacrificed, blood samples were collected, and aorta was dissected for subsequent én face analysis. Mice fed Corolase PP CPH but not Alcalase CPH had significantly lower % atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic arch compared to controls (p = .015 and p = .077, respectively). Plasma and liver cholesterol and triacylglycerol remained constant, but levels of the fatty acid C20:5n‐3 were increased, accompanied by an elevated delta‐5 desaturase index in both CPHs groups. Moreover, a significant reduction of plasma MCP‐1 was detected in Corolase PP CPH compared to control. Overall, our data show that protein hydrolysates from chicken reduced atherosclerosis and attenuated systemic risk factors related to atherosclerotic disorders, not related to changes in the level of plasma cholesterol.
Changes of bioactive compounds in barley industry by‐products during submerged and solid state fermentation with antimicrobial Pediococcus acidilactici strain LUHS29
Authors: Bartkiene Elena , Mozuriene Erika , Lele Vita , Zokaityte Egle , Gruzauskas Romas , Jakobsone Ida , Juodeikiene Grazina , Ruibys Romas , Bartkevics Vadims
Published: December 2019

In this study, changes of bioactive compounds (crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), dietary fiber (DF), fatty acids (FAs), free amino acids (FAAs), phenolic compounds (PCs), biogenic amines (BAs), lignans, and alkylresorcinols) in barley industry by‐products (BB) during submerged and solid state fermentation (SSF) with Pediococcus acidilactici were analyzed. It was established that both fermentation conditions reduce the CP and CF content in BB (by 25.8% and 35.9%, respectively) and increase DF content (on average by 25.0%). Fermentation increases the oleic, arachidic, eicosadienoic, behenic, and lignoceric FA in BB samples. The highest total BA content was found in untreated samples (290.6 mg/kg). Solid state fermentation increased the content of the alkylresorcinol C19:0. Finally, collecting data about the changes of these compounds during technological processes is very important, because according to the specific compounds formed during fermentation, further recommendations for by‐product valorization and uses in food, pharmaceutical, or feed industries can be suggested.
Influence of the formula on the properties of a fast dispersible fruit tablet made from mango, Chlorella, and cactus powder
Authors: Sun Hanying , Wang Xin , Wang Jiangyu , Shi Gengqiang , Chen Lan
Published: December 2019

Tableting of fruit powders is gaining popularity because of the advantages it brings in, such as ease of storage, transportation, and use, and effervescent tablets could be a good alternative to accomplish fast dissolving. The present study provides a specific effervescent tablet formulation that is appropriate for the delivery of mango, cactus, and Chlorella fruit powder. The direct compression method was employed. A series of disintegration time, tensile strength, and moisture content tests were performed on the different formulations at each stage. The effects of effervescent agents' ratio, fruit powder proportion, acid and alkali content, and mannitol and lactose content on tablet properties were investigated. The results indicated that the tablet properties were highly influenced by formulation, especially the ratios of effervescent agents, fruit powders, acid to alkali ratio, as well as mannitol to lactose ratio. The best performing formulation was as follows, 45% effervescent agents (citric acid monohydrate:sodium bicarbonate = 1.3:1), 35% adhesives (mannitol:lactose = 1:8), and 20% mixed fruit powders (mango:cactus:Chlorella fruit powders = 14:5:1). With this formula, the moisture content was 3.62% and the disintegration time was 154 s, as well as a sufficient tensile strength of 2.32 MPa. Our study presented useful findings regarding the specific effects of changing ingredient ratios on tablet strength and other properties and provided a basis for the potential of using mango, cactus and microalgae powders as novel functional ingredients for fruit powder effervescent tablets. This may be used as a basis for further research on tableting.
Geochemical, Sr and Nd isotopic studies on the Kalva Rangan Durga Quartzites of the Shimoga greenstone belt: Implications on weathering of Dharwarian continental crust
Authors: Murugan Rajamanickam , Srinivasan Balakrishnan , Tripathi Jayant K.
Published: December 2019

The Mesoarchean Kalva Rangan Durga Formation of the Shimoga greenstone belt in the western Dharwar Craton consists of orthoquartzite, ferruginous phyllite, banded ferruginous chert, and conglomerates. Thick beds of orthoquartzites of this formation are well exposed in Kalva Rangan Durga ridge, trending northeast to southwest for about 9 km, in the southwest part of the Honnali Dome. Quartzites are fine‐grained in nature and mostly composed of quartz grains and fuchsite mica. In the present study, we have collected quartzite samples and carried out geochemical, Sr, and Nd isotope analyses to decipher their paleo‐weathering conditions, provenance characteristics, and possible tectonic setting of deposition. Geochemical data indicate they are arkose to subarkose in nature. Moderate to intense chemical weathering of the source rocks of these quartzites during the Mesoarchean is suggested based on various weathering indices and ternary plots. Enriched LREE and flat to variably fractionated HREE patterns with negative Eu anomalies of quartzites indicate that they were mainly derived by weathering of tonalities, trondhjemite, and granodiorites (TTG) gneisses and granites. The relatively high concentration of Cr with variable Th/Sc and high Cr/Th ratios indicate both felsic and mafic sources for quartzites. Initial εNd values (t = 3.0 Ga) of quartzites range from −3.04 to +1.24 which further support their derivation from both older evolved continental crustal and juvenile sources. The presence of symmetrical ripple marks on the surface of quartzite indicates a shallow marine environment.
Mineralogical constraints on Nb–REE mineralization of the Zhujiayuan Nb (−REE) deposit in the North Daba Mountain, South Qinling, China
Authors: Nie Xiao , Wang Zongqi , Chen Lei , Yin Jingwu , Xu Haiming , Fan Li , Chen PuPu , Wang Gang
Published: December 2019

The trachyte‐hosted Zhujiayuan deposit is located in the North Daba Mountain of South Qinling, China. In this deposit, the presence of different stages and genetic types of biotite, apatite, and rutile make it an excellent locality to constrain the mineralization process of Nb–REE in the alkaline igneous rock. In this study, supported by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), chemical analyses of biotite, apatite, rutile, columbite‐group minerals, fersmite, monazite, and aeschynite‐group minerals were presented. Three types of biotite were identified, including magmatic (Bt‐1), reequilibrated (Bt‐2), and hydrothermal biotite (Bt‐3). Apatite can be divided into two types: magmatic (Ap‐1) and hydrothermal apatite (Ap‐2). Rutile can also be divided into two types: magmatic (Rt‐1) and hydrothermal rutile (Rt‐2). Rt‐1 and Ap‐1 contain average 1.44 wt% Nb2O5 and 4.14 wt% LRE2O3, respectively, indicating that certain concentrations of Nb and REE were incorporated into the rutile and apatite, respectively, during the magmatic crystallization process. The distributions of the columbite‐group, fersmite, monazite, and aeschynite‐group minerals, as well as the compositional characteristics of monazite, indicate the important role of hydrothermal metasomatism during Nb–REE mineralization. The compositional characteristics of Bt‐2 indicate relatively high F and Cl fugacities in the hydrothermal fluid. Bt‐2 and Bt‐3 both have higher Nb2O5 content than Bt‐1, indicating a higher Nb content in the fluid. The source of fluidic Nb likely derived from the metasomatism of magmatic rutile. The REE content decreased from Ap‐1 to Ap‐2, possibly due to a dissolution–reprecipitation process. The compositional changes from Bt‐1 to Bt‐3 and Ap‐1 to Ap‐2 also revealed a decrease in temperature, increase in oxygen fugacity, and increase in Ca content from the magmatic to the hydrothermal system. We speculate that rutile and apatite may have originally formed from an Nb–REE‐rich alkaline‐silicate melt derived from the metasomatized mantle, which led to the initial Nb–REE enrichment. Subsequent hydrothermal alteration by hydrothermal fluids rich in F and Cl, accompanied by changes in the above physical and chemical conditions and fluid composition, caused a relatively limited and localized remobilization of Nb–REE into the fractures and vesicles in the trachyte.