bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon Derived from Salacca Peel Using ZnCl2 Hydrothermal Carbonization and Chemical Activation with Microwave Heating
Authors: Kristianto Hans , Lavenki Yoel , Susanti Ratna Frida
Published: March 2020

In this paper we describe synthesis and characterization of salacca peel derived activated carbon. The salacca peel was carbonized using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 225°C and 50 bar for 5 h with and without ZnCh as HTC catalyst. The obtained hydrochar was furthermore activated using microwave assisted chemical activation at 700 W for 8 min under inert atmosphere. The ratio between hydrochar and impregnant (ZnCl2) was varied between 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The samples were characterized using methylene blue equilibrium adsorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was obtained that the presence of catalyst during HTC could increase the methylene blue adsorption capacity (qe) and visible pores on the surface. The increase of impregnation ratio gave increase the surface pores and qe, with highest qe was obtained at impregnation ratio of 1:4. Furthermore, the obtained activated carbon had higher qe and oxygen functional groups compared to that of commercial activated carbon, making it suitable for various applications.
Preparation of Salacca Peel Based Activated Carbon using CeCl3 Catalyzed Hydrothermal Carbonization and Microwave Induced KOH Chemical Activation as Ni-Ion Capacitor Electrode
Authors: Ondy F C , Chrismanto C , Susanti R F , Kristianto H , Devianto H
Published: March 2020

Activated carbon is a highly porous non-graphite carbon material. Activated carbon has been used for various applications, namely adsorbent, catalyst support and electrode. As supercapacitor’s electrode, activated carbon has a high energy density and fast charge - discharge. In this study, salacca peel used as precursor to synthesized activated carbon through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and microwave induced chemical activation. The hydrochar (HC) was synthesized at 225°C, 5 bar for 5 h using cerium (III) chloride as catalyst. Furthermore, KOH was used as activating agent at various HC to KOH mass ratio at 1:2 (CE2), 1:3 (CE3), and 1:4 (CE4), under microwave irradiation at 700 W for 8 min. Activated carbon samples were analyzed using methylene blue adsorption capacity method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The CE4 sample gave highest methylene blue adsorption capacity, indicating high surface area. This sample was used as nickel ion’s capacitor electrode with nickel oxide as the reference electrode and 6 M KOH as the electrolyte. The electrochemical characteristic was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) with various scan rates (2 mV/s, 5 mV/s, 10 mV/s) for the nickel ion’s capacitor electrode. It was obtained that CE4 provided higher capacitance compared to commercial activated carbon.
Preparation of Activated Carbons Originated from Orange Peel Waste by Subcritical H2O Activation Method
Authors: Hady Dandy , Susanti Ratna Frida , Arie Arenst Andreas
Published: March 2020

Low-cost and environmental friendly activated carbons were synthesized from orange peel waste by carbonization followed by activation process using subcritical water. The carbonization process of orange peel waste was conducted in the electrical furnace at temperature of 800°C for 2 h. Activation process of the impregnated orange peel was carried out in the tubular furnace for 1 h at activation temperature of 200°C and pressure variation of 120, 170 and 220 bar. Activated carbon with highest surface area of 491 m2/g was obtained by water pressure of 170 bar. The activated carbons were then utilized as adsorbents for removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The batch adsorption study was carried out by varying the initial concentration of MB solution (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm). Experimental results showed that the adsorption kinetic of MB fitted the pseudo-second-order rate equation, whereas for the adsorption isotherm model followed two models i.e. the Dubinin-Radushkevich and Freundlich model. The adsorption mechanism was found to be governed by the intraparticle and surface diffusion mechanism.
Strength of Hydrated Cement Based on Borogypsum
Authors: Gordiyenko P S , Yarusova S B , Demidov M I , Buravlev I Yu , Zhevtun I G , Gulyaev V T , Pashnina E B , Ivanenko H B , Shabalin I A
Published: March 2020

The paper presents research into the strength of hydrated cement based on borogypsum.
Calculation Method Analysis for Structure Strengthening with External Reinforcement
Authors: Kuzina E S , Rimshin V I
Published: March 2020

This article describes the main provisions of the calculating method for the gain of reinforced concrete structures by the system of external reinforcement. As an example, the calculation of monolithic reinforced concrete slab with carbon fiber material using the SCAD Office software package was considered and analyzed, which most accurately reflects the geometry and physico-mechanical parameters of the structure. The calculation of reinforced concrete structures includes engineering survey to determine the existing physic-mechanical characteristics of materials, perform calibration calculations and stress calculations in reinforced concrete structures of buildings and structures, taking into account the existing stiffness characteristics, designing reinforcement engineering solutions, the calculation of the forces in the structures and verification of the structures bearing capacity after the reinforcement is completed. During the survey of reinforced concrete structures, it is determined existing loads, deformations, deflections, physico-mechanical characteristics for the subsequent selection of the composite material cross section and taking them into account after the concrete structure’s reinforcement. The external reinforcement systems is used for reinforcing concrete structures and rely on tensile stress perception, taking into account the joint deformations of the composite material used for reinforcement and the concrete structure. The calculation of reinforced concrete structures carried out on the first and second limit state. If the load after reinforcement with a composite material does not increase compared with the loads at the stage of the reinforced concrete structure operation, the calculation for the second group of limit states is not performed. The reinforced concrete structures calculation using an external reinforcement system made of composite materials is carried out from the joint operation conditions of the installed external reinforcement and the concrete base before the limit state onset. The calculation is performed in two stages: at the first stage, the reinforced concrete structure is calculated without reinforcement taking into account the existing loads and deformations, at the second stage, after the work on reinforcement, the design is calculated taking into account the efforts and deformations in the first stage.
Researches of the Seismic Properties of Clay Soils for Seismic Microzoning
Authors: Olyansky Yu I , Shekochihina E V , Kalinovsky S A
Published: March 2020

The paper presents the results of seismoacoustic studies of soils on the example of samples of unsalted Sarmatian clays from the Northern black sea region. Samples of natural addition and humidity, as well as corresponding samples of soil particles were studied. Regression dependences of the longitudinal wave velocity on some indices of physical and mechanical properties of Sarmatian clays are revealed. The values of elastic wave propagation velocities determined as a result of ultrasonic investigations are used to calculate the increment of the seismic score and to map seismic microzoning, which is extremely important for ensuring the safety of construction in seismic areas. The obtained results can be used for seismic microzoning of any areas composed of clay swollen soils.
Methodology for Comparison of Building Daylighting Systems
Authors: Kononova M S , Zherlykina M N , Kononov A A
Published: March 2020

The energy balance of buildings depends greatly on the type of external fencing, including translucent. The article presents a brief description of different types of daylighting systems that have different optical, geometric and thermal characteristics. The change in these characteristics affects the quality of lighting in the room, as well as determines the operating costs associated with losses and heat flows into the building through translucent fences. The task of comparing and choosing the optimal daylighting system should take into account all of the above factors. The authors propose a complex comparison criterion that takes into account thermal, optical, operational properties and capital costs. The structure of the proposed criterion allows you to add new indicators or remove irrelevant for a particular consumer comparison parameters. The method is composed and the calculated dependences for determining the numerical value of individual indicators included in the complex criterion are given. All parameters included in the proposed criterion have no dimension. This makes it possible to reduce the dependence of the calculations on changes in current energy prices.
Field Research of the Heaving Pressure Occurring at Frost Penetration in the Soil under the Foundation Bed
Authors: Kim Vyacheslav , Kim Marina , Kim Michael
Published: March 2020

This article describes the results of field experimental studies of the heaving pressure development during freezing of the soil under the foundation bed. Due to the intensive development of areas North and North-East of Russia, studies on the impact of heaving soils on foundations and underground structures are currently assuming a special significance. The research that we carried out allowed us to reveal features of the heaving pressure development of clay soils during freezing under the foundation bed depending on conditions of freezing. We found that pressure formation depends largely on the location of the frozen area and the compressibility of the melt zone of the freezing soil. In the article, we propose measures to reduce the impact of heaving pressure on the foundation bed.
On the Application of High-Strength Reinforcement in Beamless Slab
Authors: Kuznetsov V S , Shaposhnikova Yu A
Published: March 2020

The paper considers the peculiarities of the stress-strain state in the zone of junction of the slab of slabs with the joint using conventional and high-strength reinforcement. The maximum stresses in the stretched concrete before cracking correspond to the tensile strength of the concrete, and the stresses in the reinforcement before cracking depend on the reduction factor and were calculated for various classes of concrete. After the formation of cracks, the increase in stresses in the tensioned reinforcement depends on the width of the crack opening and the deformation of the reinforcement between the cracks. The paper shows that with a sufficient width of crack opening and a certain distance between the cracks, high-strength reinforcement can be used to increase the bearing capacity of the support sections of the plate. The total stresses in the reinforcement were calculated for different crack opening widths and different distances between the cracks, the results of which were used to plot the graphs. The graphs of the dependence of the content of high-strength reinforcement on the strength of the normal section, as well as the graphs of the growth of strength with different ratios of the number of rods, are plotted. According to the results of the work, it can be seen that, depending on the class of high-strength reinforcement and its quantity, the strength of normal sections can be increased up to two times.
Current Trends in Urban Design
Authors: Meseneva N V
Published: March 2020

With the development of urbanization processes, the urban environment is changing, the usual parameters of convenience of the urban environment are being transformed, the issues of integrity formation of the artistic image of the city become more relevant. These changes create the need for a study of modern approaches to the formation of the visual environment of the city. The task of architects is to design a comfortable, harmonious environment that takes into account new requirements and technologies. The modern environment of the city includes a number of components that affect the quality of life, have an emotional impact on citizens: the architecture of buildings and constructions, the landscape, the panorama of the city, historical traditions, culture, ecology, climate, and much more. Today, when organizing the urban environment, it is necessary to take into account current trends in the design of architecture, landscape, color and lighting solutions, advertising, decorative and monumental art, to organize a flexible, changeable urban environment.
The Role of the Design Equipment Features in Projecting the University Educational Environment
Authors: Antonenko J S , Ekaterinushkina A V , Zhdanova N S
Published: March 2020

The article presents the results of a functional sociological study of the design features of equipment for the educational environment of the university. The analysis of publications and directly university space of interiors testifies to the existence of a certain contradiction between the existing socio-technical environment of the university and the necessary equipment for the developmental education of students – of future designers. The problem arising from this discrepancy is the change in the object content of the medium by filling it with new equipment. The study was conducted by the team of teachers and students who, on the one hand, are active consumers, and on the other hand, they are given the opportunity to implement the most progressive ideas.

Based on the general characteristics of the architectural environment equipment, its typology and the connection of all environmental components, we have chosen different premises of the university. For each of them, a list of equipment was compiled, features were formulated, and only then was the design carried out. One of the main design features that was taken into account when designing equipment was shaping, which not only considered the functional purpose and ergonomic convenience, but also implemented an emotionally-oriented approach. In the course of the functional-sociological research, the main criteria for evaluating equipment for the educational environment of public institutions were selected, the main requirements and design features were determined. In this paper, we have described: a hypothesis, a research model, a goal and objectives, and ways to achieve them, to obtain an effective result. Research methods are based on a comprehensive study of theoretical and design materials to identify the features of equipment design and the content of the educational environment based on the functional-structural methodology. Showing the students’ project proposals on the organization of the educational environment of NMSTU.
Phosphogypsum Processing Method
Authors: Shuyskiy A I , Prokopov A Yu , Torlina E A
Published: March 2020

The article provides the information on a new method of processing phosphogypsum (calcium sulfate) stacks into a conditioned gypsum binder substance. The authors present the results of the research on creating a technology for phosphogypsum processing with the application of electro-magnetic units for material processing. The developed way for phosphogypsum processing allows eliminating continuous accumulation of tons of environmentally dangerous wastes. In addition, it facilitates reducing harmful impurities’ content in the processed phosphogypsum to maximum permitted concentration. It provides for elimination of harmful impurities from washing water and allows water reuse which results in saving funds for the construction of expensive wastewater treatment facilities. The comparison of the developed phosphogypsum processing method with well-known national and foreign analogues showed that its cost-efficiency is 2-3 times higher; the area necessary for the plant is 4-5 times less; the energy consumption reduces by 1.5-2 times; the costs for phosphogypsum disposal is lower by 30-50 %; the technological line performance is by 1.5-2 times higher.
Development of Mechanized Arc Welding Technology for High-strength Reinforcing Steel in a Reductive Carbon Monoxide Atmosphere
Authors: Ivanaysky E A , Ishkov A V , Ivanaysky A A
Published: March 2020

Modern methods of welding high-strength reinforcing steels were analyzed. Comparative studies of welded joints obtained using manual arc welding and welding in a reducing atmosphere of carbon monoxide were carried out. A chemical and metallographic analysis of welded joints was performed. It has been established that welded joints of microalloyed steels made at low temperatures may have reduced strength and viscous properties. The possibility of making welded steel joints using highly-efficient arc welding in a reducing medium of carbon monoxide was investigated. Welding modes have been selected to ensure the formation of a quality welded joint. Studies showed that the use of the proposed welding method in a reducing medium of carbon monoxide ensures full strength of the welded joint and the base metal.
Employment of a Trombe wall in Modern Heating Systems
Authors: Kostikov S A , Yiqiang J , Grinkrug N V
Published: March 2020

This article is devoted to the problems of passive solar heating systems application in the modern heat supply systems. During the last decades a Trombe wall is the most popular system among other passive heat supply systems. Solar radiation intensity is the main factor, which has the huge impact on the thermal effectiveness of a Trombe wall. Making a decision regarding Trombe wall application in a heat supply system depends on the correct forecasting of solar radiation intensity on the surface during the heating period. This article contains the brief calculation for forecasting of solar radiation intensity on a Trombe wall surface. The main innovations in the calculation under consideration are taking into account of clouds impact, as well as determination of solar radiation intensity on a horizontal surface, if there are no values for the set city in NASA data bases. The calculation results has showed, that in case of Harbin climatic conditions a Trombe wall can allow to provide 32% of required amount of heat energy in the coldest month. Annual savings of heat energy are approximately 61%. Thus, a Trombe wall, as an additional heat source, is a reasonable option for the heat supply system in the set climatic conditions.
Mathematical Model of a Trombe Wall in Combined Heat Supply System
Authors: Kostikov S A , Yiqiang J , Grinkrug M S
Published: March 2020

This article is devoted to the problems of Trombe wall application in the combined heat supply system of a building. The main problem of Trombe wall application in the cold climatic conditions is heat losses. This article represents a new design solution for the Trombe wall, which allows to reduce heat losses with no impact on accumulating capacity of the massive wall. The main innovation is application of a glass blocks instead of the ordinary glass panels. A mathematic model of a Trombe wall with a glass block has been developed, which takes into account the radiative and convective heat-mass-exchange between air of a room and a Trombe wall. Moreover, the developed mathematical model allows to carry out a numerical evaluation of Trombe wall energy contribution into the combined heat supply system of a building.
Urban Improvement, Increasing Investment Attractiveness Territories of Priority Social-Economic Development with the Use Technologies of Architectural Environment Design
Authors: Polyakova O M
Published: March 2020

Territories of advanced social-economic development (TAD) are created in the Russian Federation to support the economy of municipalities, mostly, single-industry towns, economic activity of which is determined by the city-forming enterprise, a group of integrated enterprises, by means of diversification of activity areas, investment attraction, provision of new jobs, improving social-economic state of population.

Urban improvement, cultural environment development, domestic and inbound tourism development are key R&D directions aimed at the achievement of the goals of organizing such preferential development territories with the application of advanced technologies of architectural environment design (AED). The report presents a number of research and development results to achieve these goals in the city of Togliatti, Samara region.
The Application of Evolutional Algorithm Optimization of Sprengel Systems of Transport Buildings and Structures for Northern Districts
Authors: Egorov V , Kravchenko A , Abu-Khasan M
Published: March 2020

One of the most effective types of modern building structures are combined systems sprengel type for cold areas and aggressive environments. Structurally, they consist of a stiffening beam reinforced with one or several pre-stressed flexible elements - ties. The practice of designing such systems has shown that the greatest efforts in a stiffening beam arise under the action of non-equilibrium, including one-sided loads. To solve this problem, a technique based on the use of heuristic optimization methods has been developed: a genetic algorithm and an annealing simulation algorithm.
The Systems of Reservation of Bearing Structures Coatings of Transport Buildings and Constructions for Northern areas
Authors: Egorov V , Abu-Khasan M , Shikova V
Published: March 2020

At design supporting structures for coatings of transport buildings and structures for northern areas in accordance with regulatory requirements, their resistance to progressive (chain) collapse is determined. To ensure safety, the structural system of the building in the northern areas must ensure its durability and stability, at least for the time necessary to evacuate people. To improve the reliability of the supporting structures of coatings proposed, developed and researched the system of redundancy of the type-sprengel. The scenario of collapse and an algorithm for calculating the intact elements of the coating system are proposed. The results of the study are given, which indicate that by varying the rigid parameters of the backup system it is possible to achieve minimal damage from the collapse of individual elements of the system.
Prefabricated Dome Structures with Walls Made of Soil Composites and Urea-Formaldehyde Foam Insulation (UFFI) as a Way to Solve Transport Infrastructure Problems in Permafrost Regions
Authors: Abu-Khasan M S , Rozantseva N V , Egorov V V , Kuprava L R
Published: March 2020

The territory of Russia extends from West to East for more than 10 thousand kilometres. Recently, this land has become of strategic importance on the international arena. The future development of Russia and its international situation will largely depend on the timely development of these territories. The development of infrastructure in permafrost regions requires the use of not only special construction technologies and materials, but also special design solutions that can reduce further operating costs, while maintaining the most comfortable conditions for human life and activities
The Mesh of Shells of a Bionic Type to be Operated in Extreme Habitats
Authors: Temnev V , Abu-Khasan M , Charnik D , Kuprava L , Egorov V
Published: March 2020

The authors of the article emphasized the structural efficiency and unique geometry of bionic shells which make it possible to implement the most extraordinary architectural solutions. The estimations of different options of geodetic shells are given. The conclusions on the mesh of shells of this type in extreme habitats are made. The mesh of shells of a bionic type has the criteria which are deterministic, for example, shape strength, resistance to aerodynamic, snow loads, minimum construction material and maximum usage of the volume.
Innovative Designs of Wooden Beams in Conditions Far North
Authors: Veselov V , Abu-Khasan M , Egorov V
Published: March 2020

In the conditions of the Far north of the country, the use of lightweight and environmentally friendly supporting structures of buildings and structures is ration-al. It is proposed to use innovative reinforced wooden beams, consisting of two symmetric across the width of the beams packets glued boards that are intercon-nected to the length of the coupling rods and wooden slats. Packets glued boards fitted with reinforcing elements in the form of longitudinal and transverse plates of composite material. The study was carried out using programmatically-SCAD computer, based on the method of finite elements. Comparative theoretical re-searches of an intense strained state wooden and fittings of wooden beams on the basis of results of the automated and manual calculation in compliance with exist-ing rules are conducted. The rational parameters of reinforcing elements and their location in the beam in the conditions of the Far north are determined.
Thermal Renovation of Facade Systems in Block Buildings
Authors: Korniyenko S V , Astafurova T N , Kozlova O P
Published: March 2020

According to results of the carried out research, the most significant heat engineering heterogeneous sections of wall enclosing structures of three-dimension block buildings were identified. The use of option with attaching a hinged panel to a threedimensional block with the help of edges along the contour of panel worsens thermal technical mode of the structure. Horizontal junction of wall panels carries the greatest thermal risks and is most responsible when designing a building. Structures of outer wall panels with ribs have practically no potential for energy saving. Fastening a hinged panel to a three-dimension block with the help of dowels equally spaced in the panel plane improves its thermal performance. Compared to the design solution in the proposed option the reduced resistance to heat transfer of outer walls is increased by 31%. High heat insulating effect in this case is achieved by improving design solution of the wall, rather than increasing thickness of insulation layer, which is an economically feasible measure. Designs of outer wall panels with dowel connections are promising from the point of view of thermal protection and can be used for thermal renovation of facade systems in three-dimension block buildings.
Landscape Organization of a Sensory Garden for Children with Disabilities
Authors: Kopeva A , Khrapko O , Ivanova O
Published: March 2020

The paper investigates some design peculiarities of public green spaces used by mobility- and visually–impaired citizens. The subject of studying is a sensory garden as a tool enabling to acquire important knowledge, develop skills, control emotions, and maintain self-confidence by people with special needs. The paper aims at establishing the techniques of creating a sensory garden in a visually-impaired children’s school area based on universal (inclusive) design concepts. To this end, the paper generalizes works on forming a universal design for mobility-impaired population; considers ornamental plant assortments and the effect of introducing ornamental flora in the south of Primorsky Krai (Region); a research project has been done on landscape arranging a visually-impaired school area in the town of Artyom, Primorsky Krai (Region). As a result, a sensory garden universal design has been created which takes into consideration emotional, sensual and physical needs of physically-challenged school students who cannot feel the same as other society members in public places due to their special needs. The proposed project solution may have a positive therapeutic healing effect on school students which results from being in nature and which would allow mobility-impaired children to experience the same senses during their walks as ordinary kids do.
Implementation of Sustainable Technology of Green Roofs for Renovation in Moscow
Authors: Benuzh A , Mochalov I
Published: March 2020

Metropolis cities like Moscow, have a very important part in social and economic growth of countries like Russia for example. But neglecting environmental resources and the impact on climate change have become a serious challenge for realization of the contribution which those big cities can make on economic development of the countries. This article contains a technical suggestions how to reduce the negative environmental consequences of the daily life of the megalopolis, new technological methods of urban planning and landscape architecture are being implemented all over the world. This article considers the new environmental methods and best foreign practices for the transition towards sustainable cities. Further described the possibility of using innovative technology of green roofs especially for Moscow region. The article is considering green roofs as a very effective mechanism for reducing the heat island effect and for “precipitation management”. This article gives a short overview of the European expertise of using green roofs for climate-change-adaptation measure and gives recommendations to Russian environmental policies.
The Principles of the Formation of the Environment of Pedestrian Spaces in the Context of Modern Urban Planning from the Standpoint of Sustainable Development
Authors: Wagner E , Avdeeva E , Chernikova K.
Published: March 2020

Architectural environment of pedestrian spaces is the main platform from which a person perceives the urban space and interacts with it. A well-functioning system of pedestrian space is a multi-level structure efficiently organized at the local level, Integrated at the regional and Incorporated at the federal levels. Thus, the strategic policy in pedestrian space systems development shall rest on the hierarchic and multidimensional approach. On this basis we developed a multilevel system of construction principles for pedestrian spaces including basic and general principles as well as the system performance principles for any of the area planning levels. Continual quality improvement of the architectural environment of pedestrian spaces based on these principles implementation lets us develop the comfortable, safe, attractive and healthy urban environment decreasing time and material inputs both for current and future generations of its residents and brings along the sustainable development of the society and cities.
Method for Stiffness Analysis of Weak Bases Reinforced with Crushed Stone Cores
Authors: Aminova L I , Dobud’ko O V
Published: March 2020

The article presents a method for stiffness analysis of the weak bases reinforced with crushed stone cores. Stiffness analysis of the bases reinforced with the geotechnogenic massif in the form of crushed stone cores showed that the maximum settlement of the compressible strata of the soil mass is far less than the maximum permissible value. This makes it possible to increase the design resistance of the base and to choose a more economical structure of the foundation.
Method of Protection of Foundations in Rammed Foundation Pits against Aggressive Groundwater and Frost Heaving
Authors: Dobud’ko O V , Aminova L I
Published: March 2020

The article presents the results of experimental studies of strength and adhesive characteristics for coatings that protect the foundations in rammed foundation pits against aggressive groundwater or industrial water and increase the resistance of such foundations against frost heaving. The studies were carried out on model foundations in rammed foundation pits with different compositions of protective coatings.
Investigation of Deformation Properties of Composite Soils on the Igdantine (with Inclusions) Models
Authors: Aminova L I
Published: March 2020

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the deformation properties of composite soils on igdantine models with inclusions confirming the possibility of studying the soil deformability using the simulation. The influence of the fragment shape and location in composite soil samples on their deformation properties is considered.
Study of Deformability of Weak Soils Underlying the Embankment at Construction Sites in Nakhodka City, Primorsky Region
Authors: Dobud’ko O V
Published: March 2020

The article presents the dependences of the weak soil settlement (peat, silty sand) on their capacity, the capacity of artificial embankment and the dynamic effects of transport and construction machinery on the planned area, which were identified due to long-term observations over settlement of ground reference marks and benchmarks. The recommendations are given to determine the settlement of weak soils under the embankment pressure when planning a residential area.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Concrete Modified with Activated Mineral Powders
Authors: Kopylov V E , Burenina O N
Published: March 2020

The study of the properties of asphalt concrete modified with activated mineral powders is described. Mineral powders were exposed to physicochemical activation by the joint grinding of limestone with oil sludge in a ball mill in order to produce asphalt concrete samples. Modification of mineral powder grains surface can improve adsorption layer properties. This leads to sharp increase in the adhesion between bitumen and mineral powder grains. Activated mineral powders are characterized by lower porosity, bitumen capacity and swelling. Water resistance of such samples is higher than that of non-activated powders. It has been determined that production of asphalt concrete with activated mineral powders requires 57% less bitumen than production of control samples. At the same time, the physicomechanical properties of asphalt concrete samples fully satisfy the requirements of regulatory documents.
Snow Load Modeling on Different Surfaces
Authors: Sobakin A A , Nikolaeva D A , Androsov V A
Published: March 2020

The snow load distribution model on the buildings and structures coatings is considered. The main factors affecting the snow load formation on the coatings of random shape are revealed. The dependence of the snow thickness on the coating on the angle of the roof inclination, the coating curvature radius, and the snow friction coefficient on the surface of the roof is determined. The level of individual factors influence on the snow load distribution is revealed. Recommendations on the coating structures calculation are given. These allow taking into account possible unfavorable loading options during the highest snowfall period.
Measuring the Strength of Concrete in the Underwater Part of Hydraulic Structures
Authors: Goncharov A
Published: March 2020

Devices for nondestructive testing of concrete strength (separation with chipping, ultrasound, elastic rebound method) allow to measure the strength only in the air. But for inspecting hydraulic structures (for example, piles of berths), it is necessary to measure the strength of concrete under water. For this purpose, it is possible to use the method of plastic deformation using a shotgun as a percussion device for spearfishing while providing a constant (controlled) force of impact. The works described in the article on obtaining special calibration dependences allowed to successfully apply the method of plastic deformation for measuring the strength of concrete in the inspection of piles of berths in the Black, Barents and Okhotsk seas
On Standard Requirements to Cement for Concrete Used in Marine Environment
Authors: Vavrenyuk S V , Efimenko Yu V , Vavrenyuk V G
Published: March 2020

The article describes the process of leaching (washing-out of calcium hydroxide from the cement stone) the concrete in a zone of variable sea level under the action of capillary forces, resulting to increase the diffusion permeability of concrete against aggressive ions.

It was noted that along with physical factors like the density (permeability) of concrete, the corrosion processes in the marine environment are associated with chemical factors, in particular with the content of tricalcium silicate in clinker which is the main supplier of calcium hydroxide.

In this regard, we researched the current regulatory documents (GOSTs) on cements for the requirements for the maximum content of tricalcium silicate in clinker. The research pointed out the absence of requirements for this indicator there, while many researchers believed that the role of tricalcium silicate was important enough in ensuring the frost and corrosion resistance of concrete in the marine environment in the zone of variable level.
Position Control of Maximum Wetting Plane for Building Walls with Foam Polystyrene Heat Insulator
Authors: Gagarin V G , Akhmetov V K , Zubarev K P
Published: March 2020

Current theory of moisture transfer, consisting in combined transfer of vapor in sorption wetting zone and liquid in oversorption zone, is reviewed. Moisture potential F, which is the basis for overwetting protection calculation of the enclosing structure, is described. A steady-stale problem on moisture distribution along enclosing structure thickness is presented. Expression for maximum wetting plane position assessment in the enclosing structure thickness is described. It is proposed to tie origin of coordinates and exterior insulation surface. “Relative shift of the maximum wetting plane” criterion is developed for the new coordinate system. Maximum wetting plane position for the enclosing structure made of aerated concrete masonry base and expanded polystyrene insulation is calculated. One parameter varied and others were taken as constant to find out dependences between maximum wetting plane shift criterion, layers thickness, and interior micro climate parameters. It is found out that increase in base thickness, temperature or relative humidity of inside air results in maximum wetting plane shift inside the enclosure, and increase in insulation thickness results in maximum wetting plane shift outside the enclosure.
Graphical Method for Determination of Maximum Wetting Plane Position in Enclosing Structures of Buildings
Authors: Gagarin V G , Akhmetov V K , Zubarev K P
Published: March 2020

Determination method for maximum wetting plane position, which is conventional in Russia, is considered. The method is based on the theory of vapor-state and liquid-state moisture combined transfer. Expressions for moisture potential F and maximum wetting complex applied for maximum wetting calculation in the enclosing structure are quoted. Graphic modification of the calculation method for maximum wetting plane position is proposed. Three analytic techniques for the enclosing structure are formulated. These techniques allow graphical determination of maximum wetting plane within the enclosing structure layer, at the joint between adjacent layers, and outside the structure. This method is applied to the enclosing structure, which is represented a facade heat-insulating composite system with exterior plaster layer, aerated concrete masonry and mineral insulation. It is found out that maximum wetting plane of this structure is located inside insulation layer. The plane is determined by the first analytical technique. It is reported that calculation results using graphical method correspond to results obtained using existing analytical method.
Compositional Features of Modern Open Public Spaces
Authors: Dormidontova V , Belkin A
Published: March 2020

The article is devoted to the actual problem of designing typologically new objects of landscape architecture - open public spaces of the city. The characteristic objects created in recent years in the capitals of Denmark and Sweden are considered. Among them are city squares, embankments, campus territory. The compositional analysis was carried out, the features of their functional and architectural-landscape organization were considered. Based on the study of literary sources, design materials and a field survey, characteristic techniques common to open public spaces were identified: multifunctional, polycentric, open, asymmetric, dynamic balance, lack of axial or centric organization, unambiguous direction of motion, main and subordinate parts. This set of techniques creates an attractive atmosphere of freedom and ease, which helps to form a community of citizens. It was concluded that the compositions of public spaces reflect the modern evolutionary synergetic natural science picture of the world. Their continuity in relation to the city square, square, multifunctional park is established
The Continuity of Open Greened Spaces-Basic Principle of Urboecology
Authors: Dormidontova V , Belkin A
Published: March 2020

For home urban planning of the last quarter of a century, a very low level of urban culture is typical. Today, the ecological principles of the formation of an urbanized landscape can become the methodological basis for designing a city. These principles consist in striving to achieve the sustainability of the urban landscape, in other words, the balance of human management processes and self-regulation processes at the expense of its natural components. Urban-ecological approach is carried out through the formation of a system of open green spaces of the city. One of the basic principles of building a system is the continuity of intracity and external, suburban and inter-settlement green spaces. The existence of natural elements introduced into the urbanized environment is facilitated by connections with the biogenic complexes of the suburban area. Thus, instead of the convenient, but absent today, planned indicators of the development of the economy, more complex and not familiar ecological foundations of the formation of the city have been proposed. The most important is the principle of continuity of open green spaces, which determines the quality of the ecological framework of the city.
The Use of Shells in the Design of Recreational Complexes
Authors: Gogolkina O
Published: March 2020

The article provides a brief description of parametric and mesh shells, their advantages over traditional types of structures when designing recreational complexes are indicated. Examples of the use of rod and mesh shells are also given, and modern design methods by means of generative design and the use of shells for recreational facilities are indicated.
Compressed and Bending Concrete Elements with Confinement Reinforcement Meshes
Authors: Krishan A L , Rimshin V I , Troshkina E A
Published: March 2020

Practical application limits and scope related to confinement reinforcement of loadbearing concrete structures are continuously expanding. However, strength and deformability of compressed and bending elements with confinement reinforcement are calculated based on empirical equations. The purpose of this article is to propose new equations for determining strength and ultimate shortening deformation of volume-compressed concrete that would reflect the key mechanisms of their force resistance and ensure higher accuracy of calculations when compared to the currently used ones. The comparison with previously reported empirical data demonstrated that such equations were obtained. An important advantage of these equations is that they take account of all the main factors influencing mechanical properties of volume-compressed concrete and are universally applicable.
Deformability of Volume-Compressed Concrete Core of Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns
Authors: Krishan A L , Rimshin V I , Troshkina E A
Published: March 2020

The application scale related to concrete filled steel tube columns is gradually expanding. Therefore, increasingly greater attention is given to their structural improvement. In particular, concrete filled steel tube columns can be manufactured with precompressed concrete core in order to improve the efficiency. However, known relationships used to calculate axial deformations of concrete filled steel tube structures are obtained empirically and unsuitable for precompressed elements. The formula for defining axial deformations of volume-compressed concrete core of concrete filled steel tube columns when achieving its strength is obtained in this study based on phenomenological approach. This formula allows carrying out accurate calculations when using structures both with precompressed and uncompressed concrete.
Analysis of the Growing Conditions of the Growth of Woody Plants in an Urbanized Environment
Authors: Avdeeva E V , Izvekov A A
Published: March 2020

Gardening of an industrial city is one of the necessary conditions for creating a comfortable environment. In a park or a public garden near a house, a person after a hard day’s work can take a breath of fresh air and put his thoughts in order, sitting in the shadow and listening to the birds singing in the crowns of trees. Also, parks are public spaces where you can make new acquaintances or just have a good time with your family. At the moment, there are many government projects aimed at improving the environmental situation of modern industrial cities and landscaping is not the last place in the list of necessary tasks. But first it`s necessary to assess the current state of the landscaping objects – the level of anthropogenic and development pressure, the degradation degree of plantations, etc. The current research work is devoted to the integral assessment of the quality of landscaping in Krasnoyarsk by dendroindication methods. The materials presented in this paper are the results of the intermediate stage of the research - analysis of the growing conditions of the growth of woody plants in an urbanized environment.
Resistance of Extruded Polyethylene Foam to Temperature and Humidity Effects
Authors: Burenina O N , Popov S N , Andreeva A V
Published: March 2020

The article describes an approach to the optimal design for materials intended for the construction of roads. Insufficient strength and deformability of materials used in road construction, which are affected by frost heaving of soil and frost fractures during operation, temperature drops with repeated transitions through freezing and thawing points of water and other negative processes lead to significant damage of the roadway.
Mixed-Use High-Rise Buildings: a Typology of the Future
Authors: Generalova E , Generalov V
Published: March 2020

The paper considers the objective problems of the development of modern cities related to the negative trend of their territorial expansion. The necessity of searching for modern methods of developing a multifunctional, compact and comfortable urban environment is pointed out. It is noted that the inclusion of mixed-use tall buildings in the urban structure allows using land resources efficiently and improves the quality characteristics of the living environment significantly. The authors analyze the global experience in designing mixed-use tall buildings with identifying the peculiarities of their functional structure.