bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the ascent of sounding balloons: derivation of the vertical air motion
Authors: Gallice A. , Wienhold F. G. , Hoyle C. R. , Immler F. , Peter T.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. A new model to describe the ascent of sounding balloons in the troposphere and lower stratosphere (up to ~30–35 km altitude) is presented. Contrary to previous models, detailed account is taken of both the variation of the drag coefficient with altitude and the heat imbalance between the balloon and the atmosphere. To compensate for the lack of data on the drag coefficient of sounding balloons, a reference curve for the relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number is derived from a dataset of flights launched during the Lindenberg Upper Air Methods Intercomparisons (LUAMI) campaign. The transfer of heat from the surrounding air into the balloon is accounted for by solving the radial heat diffusion equation inside the balloon. The potential applications of the model include the forecast of the trajectory of sounding balloons, which can be used to increase the accuracy of the match technique, and the derivation of the air vertical velocity. The latter is obtained by subtracting the ascent rate of the balloon in still air calculated by the model from the actual ascent rate. This technique is shown to provide an approximation for the vertical air motion with an uncertainty error of 0.5 m s−1 in the troposphere and 0.2 m s−1 in the stratosphere. An example of extraction of the air vertical velocity is provided in this paper. We show that the air vertical velocities derived from the balloon soundings in this paper are in general agreement with small-scale atmospheric velocity fluctuations related to gravity waves, mechanical turbulence, or other small-scale air motions measured during the SUCCESS campaign (Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study) in the orographically unperturbed mid-latitude middle troposphere.
Underestimated effects of low temperature during early growing season on carbon sequestration of a subtropical coniferous plantation
Authors: Zhang W.-J. , Wang H.-M. , Yang F.-T. , Yi Y.-H. , Wen X.-F. , Sun X.-M. , Yu G.-R. , Wang Y.-D. , Ning J.-C.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The impact of air temperature in early growing season on the carbon sequestration of a subtropical coniferous plantation was discussed through analyzing the eddy flux observations at Qianyanzhou (QYZ) site in southern China from 2003 to 2008. This site experienced two cold early growing seasons (with temperature anomalies of 2–5 °C) in 2005 and 2008, and a severe summer drought in 2003. Results indicated that the low air temperature from January to March was the major factor controlling the inter-annual variations in net carbon uptake at this site, rather than the previously thought summer drought. The accumulative air temperature from January to February showed high correlation (R2=0.970, p<0.001) with the annual net ecosystem production (NEP). This was due to the controls of early-month temperature on the plant phenology developing and the growing season length at this subtropical site. The cold spring greatly shortened the growing season length and therefore reduced the carbon uptake period. The eddy flux observations showed a carbon loss of 4.04 g C m−2 per growing-season day at this coniferous forest site. On the other hand, the summer drought also reduced the net carbon uptake strength because the photosynthesis was more sensitive to water deficit stress than the ecosystem respiration. However, the impact of summer drought occurred within a relatively shorter period and the carbon sequestration went back to the normal level once the drought was relieved.
Productivity response of calcareous nannoplankton in the South Atlantic to the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2)
Authors: Dedert M. , Stoll H. M. , Kroon D. , Shimizu N. , Ziveri P.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The Early Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2) at ~53.7 Ma is one of multiple hyperthermal events that followed the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~55 Ma). In order to reconstruct the primary productivity response to the ETM2 in the South Atlantic, we have analyzed Sr/Ca ratios in various size fractions of bulk sediments and in picked monogeneric populations of calcareous nannofossils. The latter technique of measuring selected nannofossil populations using the ion probe circumvents possible contamination with secondary calcite. Avoiding such contamination is important for interpretation of the nannoplankton productivity record, since diagenetic processes can bias the productivity signal, as we demonstrate for Sr/Ca measurements in the fine (<20 um) and other size fractions obtained from bulk sediments. The paleoproductivity signal as reconstructed from the Sr/Ca ratios appears to be dominantly governed by cyclic orbital forcing. The ~13 to 21 % increase in Sr/Ca above the cyclic background conditions as measured by ion probe in dominating genera is likely the result of a slightly elevated productivity during ETM2. This high productivity phase is the result of enhanced nutrient supply either from land or from upwelling. Our results show that calcareous nannoplankton productivity was not reduced by environmental conditions accompanying ETM2, but even showed a small increase during the extreme climatic conditions of ETM2.
Data-driven catchment classification: application to the pub problem
Authors: Di Prinzio M. , Castellarin A. , Toth E.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. A promising approach to catchment classification makes use of unsupervised neural networks (Self Organising Maps, SOM's), which organise input data through non-linear techniques depending on the intrinsic similarity of the data themselves. Our study considers ∼300 Italian catchments scattered nationwide, for which several descriptors of the streamflow regime and geomorphoclimatic characteristics are available. We compare a reference classification, identified by using indices of the streamflow regime as input to SOM, with four alternative classifications, which were identified on the basis of catchment descriptors that can be derived for ungauged basins. One alternative classification adopts the available catchment descriptors as input to SOM, the remaining classifications are identified by applying SOM to sets of derived variables obtained by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to the available catchment descriptors. The comparison is performed relative to a PUB problem, that is for predicting several streamflow indices in ungauged basins. We perform an extensive cross-validation to quantify nationwide the accuracy of predictions of mean annual runoff, mean annual flood, and flood quantiles associated with given exceedance probabilities. Results of the study indicate that performing PCA and, in particular, CCA on the available set of catchment descriptors before applying SOM significantly improves the effectiveness of SOM classifications by reducing the uncertainty of hydrological predictions in ungauged sites.
Integrating coarse-scale uncertain soil moisture data into a fine-scale hydrological modelling scenario
Authors: Vernieuwe H. , De Baets B. , Minet J. , Pauwels V. R. N. , Lambot S. , Vanclooster M. , Verhoest N. E. C.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. In a hydrological modelling scenario, often the modeller is confronted with external data, such as remotely-sensed soil moisture observations, that become available to update the model output. However, the scale triplet (spacing, extent and support) of these data is often inconsistent with that of the model. Furthermore, the external data can be cursed with epistemic uncertainty. Hence, a method is needed that not only integrates the external data into the model, but that also takes into account the difference in scale and the uncertainty of the observations. In this paper, a synthetic hydrological modelling scenario is set up in which a high-resolution distributed hydrological model is run over an agricultural field. At regular time steps, coarse-scale field-averaged soil moisture data, described by means of possibility distributions (epistemic uncertainty), are retrieved by synthetic aperture radar and assimilated into the model. A method is presented that allows to integrate the coarse-scale possibility distribution of soil moisture content data with the fine-scale model-based soil moisture data. To this end, a scaling relationship between field-averaged soil moisture content data and its corresponding standard deviation is employed.
Using dissolved oxygen concentrations to determine mixed layer depths in the Bellingshausen Sea
Authors: Castro-Morales K. , Kaiser J.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Concentrations of oxygen (O2) and other dissolved gases in the oceanic mixed layer are often used to calculate air-sea gas exchange fluxes; for example, in the context of net and gross biological production estimates. The mixed layer depth (zmix) may be defined using criteria based on temperature or density differences to a reference depth near the ocean surface. However, temperature criteria fail in regions with strong haloclines such as the Southern Ocean where heat, freshwater and momentum fluxes interact to establish mixed layers. Moreover, the time scales of air-sea exchange differ for gases and heat, so that zmix defined using O2 may be different to zmix defined using temperature or density. Here, we propose to define an O2-based mixed layer depth, zmix(O2), as the depth where the relative difference between the O2 concentration and a reference value at a depth equivalent to 10 dbar equals 0.5 %. This definition was established by numerical analysis of O2 profiles in coastal areas of the Southern Ocean and corroborated by visual inspection. Comparisons of zmix(O2) with zmix based on potential temperature differences, i.e. zmix(Δθ = 0.2 °C) and zmix(Δθ = 0.5 °C), and potential density differences, i.e. zmix(Δσθ = 0.03 kg m−3) and zmix(Δσθ = 0.125 kg m−3), showed that zmix(O2) closely follows zmix(Δσθ = 0.03 kg m−3). Further comparisons with published zmix climatologies and zmix derived from World Ocean Atlas 2005 data were also performed. To establish zmix for use with biological production estimates in the absence of O2 profiles, we suggest using zmix(Δσθ = 0.03 kg m−3), which is also the basis for the climatology by de Boyer Montégut et al. (2004).
Phacoemulsificator and Sterile Drapes Contamination during Cataract Surgery: A Microbiological Study
Authors: Balestrazzi Angelo , Malandrini Alex , Montagnani Francesca , Nguisseu Chegoua Ghislaine Laure , Ciompi Leonardo , Zanchi Alessandra , Tosi Gian Marco , Martone Gian Luca , Motolese Ilaria , Fruschelli Mario
Published: June 2011

Purpose

To determine the microbial contamination of the irrigating fluids at the time of phacoemulsification after the use of topical povidone-iodine and antibiotics prophylaxis.

Methods

A total of 119 patients undergoing cataract surgery were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients received 5 mg/mL levofloxacin starting from the day prior to surgery and topical and 5% povidone-iodine drops starting from 30 minutes before the surgery. At the end of each surgery, 2 samples of drainage liquids were sterilely collected from the drainage bags (DBL) and from the peristaltic pump single-cassettes (PCL) of the phacoemulsification machine. Search for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi was performed.

Results

Seventy-five patients (31.5%) revealed a growth of at least one microbial species (53 DBL and 22 PCL, 44.5% vs 18.5%; p<0.001). Sixty-six patients (55.5%) had at least one positive intraoperative solution. Overall, 111 microbial strains were collected: 82 (74%) Gram-positive bacteria, 20 (18%) fungi, and 9 (8%) Gram-negative bacteria. Thirteen staphylococcal isolates from PCL, compared with 52 out of DBL (11% vs 43.7%, p<0.001), fungi were essentially isolated from PCL. No significant correlation was found between microbial isolation and risk factors. No postsurgical infective complication occurred in the follow-up.

Conclusions

Evaluation of intraoperative fluids can provide evidence on sources or vehicles of postsurgical infections. Antibiotic prophylaxis and topical povidone-iodine can significantly contribute to minimize the risk of endophthalmitis.
On the Fixed Points of Correspondences in Modular Spaces
Authors: Lael Fatemeh , Nourouzi Kourosh
Published: June 2011

We give two fixed point results for contractive and nonexpansive
correspondences defined on modular spaces.
Enhancement of VUV Emission from a Coaxial Xenon Excimer Ultraviolet Lamp Driven by Distorted Bipolar Square Voltages
Authors: Jou S. Y. , Hung C. T. , Chiu Y. M. , Wu J. S. , Wei B. Y.
Published: June 2011

Enhancement of vacuum UV emission (172 nm VUV) from a coaxial xenon excimer UV lamp (EUV) driven by distorted 50 kHz bipolar square voltages, as compared to that by sinusoidal voltages, is investigated numerically in this paper. A self‐consistent radial one‐dimensional fluid model, taking into consideration non‐local electron energy balance, is employed to simulate the discharge physics and chemistry. The discharge is divided into two three‐period portions; these include: the pre‐discharge, the discharge (most intense at 172 nm VUV emission) and the post‐discharge periods. The results show that the efficiency of VUV emission using the distorted bipolar square voltages is much greater than when using sinusoidal voltages; this is attributed to two major mechanisms. The first is the much larger rate of change of the voltage in bipolar square voltages, in which only the electrons can efficiently absorb the power in a very short period of time. Energetic electrons then generate a higher concentration of metastable (and also excited dimer) xenon that is distributed more uniformly across the gap, for a longer period of time during the discharge process. The second is the comparably smaller amount of “wasted” power deposition by Xe+2 in the post‐discharge period, as driven by distorted bipolar square voltages, because of the nearly vanishing gap voltage caused by the shielding effect resulting from accumulated charges on both dielectric surfaces (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cross‐layer error recovery in wireless access networks: The ARQ proxy approach
Authors: Kliazovich Dzmitry , Redana Simone , Granelli Fabrizio
Published: June 2011

Wireless networks are being increasingly employed to provide mobile access to network services. In most existing standards, reliable transmission on the wireless medium is achieved through the introduction of ARQ schemes at MAC layer, a strategy which is also employed by TCP for reliable end‐to‐end data delivery. The paper proposes an approach to overcome the performance degradation deriving from the duplicate ARQ strategies implemented at the transport and MAC layers by introducing a cross‐layer solution to reduce un‐necessary transmissions on the wireless medium. Furthermore, the paper describes how the proposed scheme, called ARQ Proxy, can be deployed in three different wireless technologies (3G Long‐Term Evolution, Wi‐Fi, and WiMAX) and provides extensive validation of the achievable improvement through simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Underreporting of recognized adverse drug reactions by primary care physicians: an exploratory study
Authors: González‐Rubio Francisca , Calderón‐Larrañaga Amaia , Poblador‐Plou Beatriz , Navarro‐Pemán Cristina , López‐Cabañas Anselmo , Prados‐Torres Alexandra
Published: June 2011

Purpose

This study evaluated the magnitude of underreporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and investigated possible reporting patterns according to patient characteristics and the type of reaction based on the integration of information obtained from primary care electronic medical records (EMRs) and the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System.

Methods

This investigation was a descriptive retrospective study analysing ADRs recorded in 2005 in the EMRs from six health centers in Zaragoza (Aragon, Spain) with a covered population of 126,838 subjects. The associations between the probability of reporting and the reaction and drug type were studied using logistic regression models adjusted by age and sex.

Results

The total number of ADRs recorded in the EMRs was 543, of which 65.7% were reported to the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System. Positive associations were found between the probability of reporting an ADR and advanced age of patients (OR for ≥76 years = 2.0; 95%CI 1.1–3.6), involvement of the reproductive system (OR = 7.9; 95%CI 1.02–60.2) and involvement of psychiatric disorders (OR = 4.0; 95%CI 1.4–11.6). Negative associations were found between reporting an ADR and early age of patients (OR for 0–14 years = 0.2; 95%CI 0.1–0.6) and the use of antimicrobial drugs (OR = 0.6; 95%CI 0.4–0.9).

Conclusions

This study tackles an important public health problem directly related to patients' safety and highlights the utility of EMRs for investigating the current significance of ADR underreporting. It also makes us think that primary care physicians seem to have selective reporting patterns based on their familiarity with the reaction type and the drug causing the reaction as well as on the age of patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties of new chalcogenide glasses from the GeSe2‐Sb2Se3‐PbSb2Te4 system
Authors: Vassilev Gergo , Vassilev Venceslav , Aljihmani Lilia
Published: June 2011

New chalcogenide glasses from the GeSe2‐Sb2Se3‐PbSb2Te4 system are synthesized for the first time and the region of glass‐formation in this system is outlined. The glass transition temperatures and the microhardness of some of the prepared glasses are determined. Based on the data from the measurement of the glass transition temperatures and the microhardnesses the elastic modulus and the thermo‐mechanical characteristics (volume and energy of micro‐voids) of the investigated glasses are calculated. A correlation between the properties and the composition of the glasses is established (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Story strength demands of irregular frame buildings under strong earthquakes
Authors: Van Thuat Dinh
Published: June 2011

Irregular frame buildings with discontinuous columns in one or several stories have been vulnerable to collapses during strong earthquakes. This paper presents the investigation of the seismic response demands at irregular stories of such buildings in terms of story strength factor demand. In this study, a story strength factor was defined to represent the relative reserve strength against the formation of a story failure mechanism of the structure. In addition, a huge number of rigorous nonlinear inelastic dynamic time‐history analyses of various analytical models of 7‐story, 8‐story and 15‐story frame structures with discontinuous columns in one and two irregular stories were conducted under 29 strong earthquake records with various characteristics. The results show that the seismic response demands at irregular stories of the structures were well evaluated in terms of the story strength factor demand to avoid development of a story failure mechanism of the structures when subject to strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“You Wouldn't Know it Had Alcohol in it until you Read the Can”: Adolescents and Alcohol-Energy Drinks
Authors: Jones Sandra C.
Published: June 2011

Young Australians’ perceptions, and consumption, of alcohol-energy drinks were examined via a multi-method study conducted in late 2008. The study consisted of: 12 focus groups with 12- to 17-year-olds from metropolitan, regional and rural New South Wales ( n=95); and a survey of 12- to 17-year-olds with data collected through schools, intercepts, and the Internet ( n=1263). Alcohol-energy drinks were a popular product among adolescent participants, with similarity to soft drinks identified as a primary appeal, and they showed limited awareness of the potential harms from their consumption. Given the international evidence of harms associated with alcohol-energy drinks, those concerned with reducing alcohol-related harm amongst young people should advocate for restrictions on this product category.
Effect of morphine in needle procedures in children with cancer
Authors: Hedén Lena E. , von Essen Louise , Ljungman Gustaf
Published: June 2011

Background: The aim was to investigate whether children experience less fear, distress, and/or pain when they receive oral morphine vs. placebo before a needle is inserted in a subcutaneously implanted intravenous port when combined with topical anesthesia.

Method: Fifty children 1–18 years of age who were treated in a pediatric oncology and hematology setting were included consecutively when undergoing routine needle insertion into an intravenous port. All children were subjected to one needle insertion following topical anesthetic (EMLA) application in this randomized, triple‐blind, placebo‐controlled study comparing orally administered morphine (n= 26) 0.25 mg/kg body weight with placebo (n= 24). The patients’ fear, distress, and pain were reported by parents, nurses and the children themselves (if ≥7 years of age) on 0–100 mm Visual Analogue Scales. In addition, observational methods were used to measure distress and procedure pain.

Results: No differences between the morphine and the placebo group were found with respect to age, weight, height, physical status, sex, weeks from diagnosis, or weeks from latest needle insertion. According to, parents, nurses, and children, oral morphine at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg body weight did not reduce fear, distress or pain compared with placebo.

Conclusion: We could not reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the oral morphine and placebo groups assuming an effect size of 15 mm on VAS. Therefore it seems that oral morphine at 0.25 mg/kg does not give any additional reduction of fear, distress or pain compared with placebo when combined with topical anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing subcutaneous port needle insertion, and would not be expected to be of any advantage for similar procedures such as venipuncture and venous cannulation when topical anesthesia is used.
Time-dependent effect analysis of antipsychotic treatment in a naturalistic cohort study of patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Kroken R.A. , Mellesdal L.S. , Wentzel-Larsen T. , Jørgensen H.A. , Johnsen E.
Published: June 2011

Objective

Evidence based treatment of schizophrenia as well as antipsychotic drug utility patterns have changed considerably in recent years and the present study aims to investigate the current level of unplanned hospital readmissions in a cohort of patients with schizophrenia, and to determine the risk-reducing effects of current antipsychotic drug treatment.

Method

An open cohort study included all consecutively discharged patients with schizophrenia in a 3-year period (n = 277). The treatment-dependent variables were entered in a multivariate Cox survival analyses with time to unplanned readmission as the dependent variable.

Results

11.2% of patients were readmitted within 30days of discharge, and 44.8% were readmitted within 12months. Antipsychotic monotherapy reduced the risk of readmission by 74.9%. Treatment in CMHC also had a risk-reducing effect. The prescription rate of clozapine in this sample was 10.1%.

Discussion

The over-all level of unplanned readmissions was in correspondence with the findings of others. Current antipsychotic drug treatment independently offers strong protection against unplanned readmissions. There may be a potential for further optimalizing antipsychotic drug treatment according to treatment guidelines.

Conclusions

Unplanned readmissions are very common for patients with schizophrenia but antipsychotic drug treatment is associated with a strong risk-reducing effect in this regard.
Effect of age and stage of endometriosis on ovarian follicular loss during laparoscopic cystectomy for endometrioma
Authors: Oh Hoon‐Kyu , Sin Jeong‐Im , Kim Ju‐Hyun , Hong Seong‐Yeon , Lee Tae‐Sung , Choi Youn‐Seok
Published: June 2011

Objective

To identify the risk factors associated with inadvertent follicular loss during laparoscopic cystectomy for endometrioma.

Methods

Between April 2008 and April 2010, 114 patients who underwent laparoscopic cystectomy for endometrioma were enrolled in the study. Clinical data were collected, together with a retrospective review of medical records. Ovarian follicular loss and the thickness of the cystic wall removed were evaluated by pathologic slide review.

Results

Ovarian follicular loss was more frequently observed among younger patients (P < 0.001) and those with stage 3 endometriosis than among those with stage 4 (P = 0.027), in addition to having an inverse correlation with age (P < 0.001). The thickness of the removed ovarian tissue correlated with inadvertent follicular loss (P < 0.001); however, there was no correlation between any clinical parameter tested and the thickness of the removed ovarian tissue. There was a correlation between ovarian follicular loss and the thickness of the removed ovarian tissue among patients younger than 40 years (P < 0.001), but not among patients aged 40 years or older (P = 0.123).

Conclusion

Ovarian follicular loss was more common among younger patients and patients with lower‐stage endometriosis. The thickness of the removed ovarian tissue did not differ among patients, despite varying clinical factors.
Obstetrician–gynecologists’ beliefs about safe‐sex and abstinence counseling
Authors: Lawrence Ryan E. , Rasinski Kenneth A. , Yoon John D. , Curlin Farr A.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To examine obstetrician–gynecologists’ beliefs about safe‐sex and abstinence counseling.

Methods

Between October 2008 and January 2009, a survey was mailed to a national randomized sample of 1800 practicing US obstetrician–gynecologists. Study variables were agreement with 2 statements. (1) “If physicians counsel patients about safe‐sex practices, the patients will be less likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors”. (2) “If physicians counsel patients about abstinence, the patients will be much less likely to engage in sexual activity”. Covariates included demographic, clinical, and religious characteristics of the physician.

Results

The response rate was 66% (1154/1760 eligible physicians). Most respondents somewhat (62%) or strongly (25%) agreed that counseling patients about safe‐sex practices makes patients less likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors. Fewer agreed strongly (3%) or somewhat (28%) that counseling patients about abstinence makes patients less likely to engage in sexual activity. The belief that safe‐sex counseling reduces risky behaviors was less common among males (odds ratio [OR] 0.6) and more common among immigrants (OR 2.0). Religious physicians were more likely to believe that abstinence counseling reduces sexual activity (OR 2.2–5.3).

Conclusions

Most obstetrician–gynecologists believed that counseling about safe sex is effective, and a significant minority endorsed abstinence counseling.
Retrospective analysis of follicle loss after laparoscopic excision of endometrioma compared with benign nonendometriotic ovarian cysts
Authors: Dogan Erbil , Ulukus Emine Cagnur , Okyay Emre , Ertugrul Caglan , Saygili Ugur , Koyuncuoglu Meral
Published: June 2011

Objective

To evaluate follicle loss in ovarian tissue after laparoscopic excision by the stripping technique in endometriomas versus benign nonendometriotic ovarian cysts.

Methods

Cystectomy samples obtained from 127 ovaries from 104 patients (mean age, 29.05 ± 05 years; range, 19–40 years) by laparoscopic excision (61 endometriomas and 66 benign nonendometriotic cysts) were evaluated for follicle loss. The samples including normal ovarian tissue were graded on a semiquantitative scale from 0 to 4, where 0 was complete absence of follicles and 4 was the pattern of primary and secondary follicles seen in a normal ovary. The results from endometriomas were compared with those from nonendometriotic cysts.

Results

There were no differences in mean tissue thickness, or number of primordial, primary, or secondary follicles between the endometriomas and the nonendometriotic cysts (P > 0.05). Ovarian cortex was detected in 92% and 82% of the endometriomas and nonendometriotic samples, respectively, (P = 0.081). Semiquantitative scoring of ovarian tissue was significantly higher in endometriomas (1.64 ± 1.35 versus 1.11 ± 1.22, P = 0.022).

Conclusion

In up to 92% of the cystectomy samples, normal ovarian tissue was found adjacent to the benign cyst; however, functional follicle loss was slightly, but significantly, higher in the endometriomas.
Effects of Prominence, Involvement, and Persuasion Knowledge on Children's Cognitive and Affective Responses to Advergames
Authors: van Reijmersdal Eva A. , Rozendaal Esther , Buijzen Moniek
Published: June 2011

The integrated and highly involving nature of advergames has led to criticism and concern among academics and caretakers. It is assumed that children are highly susceptible to persuasion via advergames, but empirical evidence is scarce. Therefore, this study examined the effects of three factors typically associated with advergames: brand prominence, game involvement, and (limited) persuasion knowledge on cognitive and affective responses. An experiment among 7 to 12 year old children (N = 105) showed that brand prominence and game involvement influenced children's responses, while persuasion knowledge did not. Brand prominence led to increased brand recall and recognition, whereas game involvement led to more positive brand attitudes. The effect of game involvement was mediated by game attitude, indicating that children are susceptible to affective mechanisms induced by the game. Crucially, our results demonstrate that brand prominence evokes cognitive responses, while game involvement leads to affective responses. Finally, our study revealed that persuasion knowledge (i.e. knowledge of the commercial source of the game and its persuasive intent) did not influence cognitive or affective responses to the brand or game. This implies that even if children understand the game's commercial and persuasive nature, they do not use this knowledge as a defense against the advergame's effects. This study has important theoretical and practical implications regarding the influence of new marketing techniques on children.
Is scent‐enhanced memory immune to retroactive interference?
Authors: Morrin Maureen , Krishna Aradhna , Lwin May O.
Published: June 2011

Research shows that scent enhances memory for associated information. Current debate centers around scent's immunity to “retroactive interference,” i.e., reduced memory for earlier‐learned information after exposure to additional, subsequently‐learned information. This paper demonstrates that scent‐enhanced memory is indeed prone to retroactive interference, but that some of the information lost is restored using a scent‐based retrieval cue. Two process explanations for interference effects are proposed, with the evidence providing more support for an inhibition rather than a response competition explanation. The results enhance our understanding of the encoding and retrieval of olfactory information from long‐term memory, and reasons why interference occurs.
New data on the composition of metacinnabar and Hg-sphalerite with an isomorphous Cd admixture
Authors: Vasil’ev V.I.
Published: June 2011

The data on the composition of metacinnabar and Hg-sphalerite with an isomorphous Cd admixture from some mercury and complex ore objects are summarized. There are two varieties of metacinnabar: (1) cadmium-rich (9.25–15.80 wt.%), with the minimum quantity of Zn admixture (0.67–3.94 wt.%), which has the idealized formula (Hg,Cd,Zn)S (Ulandu) and (2) with increased amounts of Zn (2.21–10.83 wt.%) and Cd (6.00–14.10 wt.%), having the formula (Hg,Zn,Cd)S (Arzak, Kadyrel’, Murzinskoe, Ravnou-1, Ravnou-2). The maximum content of isomorphous Cd (15.80 wt.%) was determined in the metacinnabar from the Ulandu ore occurrence. The Hg-sphalerites are compositionally divided into two groups: (1) with an increased Cd concentration (up to 7.96 wt.%) and (2) mainly with a low content of Cd admixture (0.0n–1.63 wt.%). The sphalerites of the first group are typical of mineral assemblages including Cd-Zn-enriched metacinnabar (Arzak, Kadyrel’, Murzinskoe, Sarasa). The sphalerite of the Sarasa deposit is included into this group arbitrarily, because it contains more cadmium than the sphalerites of the second group, which are constituents of parageneses only with Zn-metacinnabar or lacking it (Nikitovka, Khaidarkan, Dzhizhikrut, Bayan-Khan, Aktash). There are some Hg-bearing varieties of sphalerite with the idealized formulas (Zn,Hg,Fe)S, (Zn,Hg,Cd)S, (Zn,Cd,Hg,Fe)S, (Zn,Fe,Cd,Hg)S, (Zn,Hg,Cd,Fe)S, (Zn,Fe,Hg,Cd)S, and (Zn,Hg,Cu)S, which transforms into (Zn,Cu,Hg)S. The maximum Cd admixture (7.96 wt.%) was established in Hg-sphalerite from the Kadyrel’ ore occurrence. It is the highest content observed in natural Hg-bearing β-ZnS. The studied metacinnabar and sphalerite varieties are the only cubic phases of the natural system Zn–Hg–Cd–S, which is sometimes expanded because of minor admixtures of other metals. These varieties have a structure identical to the cubic phases of the synthetic systems Me–S and Me–Me–S, where Me = Zn, Cd, and Hg. None of Hg-bearing hexagonal solid solutions were found in the natural system Zn–Hg–Cd–S. The continuity of the natural isomorphous series ZnScub–HgScub has not been confirmed by finding of natural intermediate solid solutions at the series fragment between (Zn0.752Hg0.248)S and (Hg0.539Zn0.461)S. The metacinnabar varieties enriched in both Zn and Cd show no correlation between these elements. It is assumed that the host rocks with an increased content of cadmium compounds were the source of Cd for the formation of specific varieties β-HgS and β-ZnS.
3D simulation of transient electromagnetic field for geosteering horizontal wells
Authors: Onegova E.V. , Epov M.I.
Published: June 2011

The article discusses numerical simulation of the transient electromagnetic field. The field source is an induction coil. We consider the situation when a logging tool is in a horizontal well in a medium with horizontal and vertical boundaries. The specific features of this problem are the metallic mandrel of the tool, 3D geometry, and distant boundaries. The method of separate computation of normal and anomalous fields is proposed. The finite element method is used for spatial approximation of the field, and the implicit finite-difference scheme is used for approximation of the field in time. Correctness and advantages of the method are shown. Some numerical results are demonstrated. The method proposed can be used when designing tools for geosteering.
Catalogs of historical earthquakes in East Siberia: the need for revision
Authors: Radziminovich Ya.B. , Shchetnikov A.A.
Published: June 2011

The paper is devoted to mistakes and omissions in earthquake catalogs for East Siberia during the historical observation period. The earthquakes of 8 March 1866 and 18 May 1904 are used as examples of misinterpretations or underuse of historical evidence. The main parameters of these events have been redetermined from primary data. The paper also analyzes the “forgotten” earthquake of 1 August 1910 and the previously unknown event of 6 August 1910, which are missing from the regional parametric catalogs. It is concluded that the existing macroseismic and parametric earthquake catalogs of the study area need a thorough revision, correction, and supplementation.
Computational Analysis of Drought Stress-Associated miRNAs and miRNA Co-Regulation Network in Physcomitrella Patens
Authors: Wan Ping , Wu Jun , Zhou Yuan , Xiao Junshu , Feng Jie , Zhao Weizhong , Xiang Shen , Jiang Guanglong , Chen Jake Y.
Published: June 2011

miRNAs are non-coding small RNAs that involve diverse biological processes. Until now, little is known about their roles in plant drought resistance. Physcomitrella patens is highly tolerant to drought; however, it is not clear about the basic biology of the traits that contribute P. patens this important character. In this work, we discovered 16 drought stress-associated miRNA (DsAmR) families in P. patens through computational analysis. Due to the possible discrepancy of expression periods and tissue distributions between potential DsAmRs and their targeting genes, and the existence of false positive results in computational identification, the prediction results should be examined with further experimental validation. We also constructed an miRNA co-regulation network, and identified two network hubs, miR902a-5p and miR414, which may play important roles in regulating drought-resistance traits. We distributed our results through an online database named ppt-miRBase, which can be accessed at http://bioinfor.cnu.edu.cn/ppt_miRBase/index.php. Our methods in finding DsAmR and miRNA co-regulation network showed a new direction for identifying miRNA functions.
D. H. Lawrence
Authors: Niven Alistair
Published: June 2011

Since his death in 1930, D. H. Lawrence has become not only one of the most controversial English novelists of the twentieth century, but also one of the most widely read and quoted writers in the language. In this new study of his major fiction, Alistair Niven revalues all the novels, tracing Lawrence's development through them, both as an artist and as a thinker. At the centre of the book Dr Niven discusses The Rainbow and Women in Love as the diverse products of a single creative intention, nothing less than an exploration of where modern man is going. Lawrence's early novels, The White Peacock and The Trespasser, receive exceptionally close scrutiny. There are also full-length chapters on Lawrence's well-known fiction of sexual self-discovery, Sons and Lovers and Lady Chatterley's Lover. The 'travel' novels - The Lost Girl, Aaron's Rod, The Plumed Serpent and especially the Australian novel Kangaroo, which the author believes has been seriously underestimated by previous critics - are given prominence as evidence of Lawrence's restless desire to find a superior set of values to those he believed had failed in England. Dr Niven's conclusions are derived solely from his close reading of the novels themselves and, when relevant, from Lawrence's correspondence and short stories. This study, with its unusually lively and commonsense approach, confirms Lawrence as not only a great novelist, but a central figure in the development of the modern mind.
Chinua Achebe
Authors: Innes Catherine Lynnette
Published: June 2011

This book provides a detailed examination of the writings of Chinua Achebe, Africa's best-known and most widely-read author, shortlisted for the 1987 Booker Prize. Dr Innes studies his writings, lectures and activities chronologically, in the context of Nigerian culture and politics and their interaction with Western cultures and powers. Her analysis goes beyond that of previously published studies, to examine Achebe's short stories, essays and poetry, and his most recent publications, Anthills of the Savannah (1987) and Hopes and Impediments (1988). Particular emphasis is placed on Achebe's departure from European literary models to create a new kind of fiction which seeks to challenge the preconceptions of African and Western audiences alike, and which is of considerable literary and political significance. This study will be invaluable to readers of Achebe and to students and teachers of African literature and politics, and modern fiction.
Foundations in Public Economics
Authors: Starrett David A.
Published: June 2011

In this book, Professor David Starrett organizes within a single framework the major theoretical foundations of modern public sector economics. He presents a unified treatment of market failure that encompasses externalities, pure public goods, local public goods and natural monopolies. Professor Starrett then develops and assesses the efficacy of the various planning procedures - including representative voting, benefit cost analysis, incentive compatible design mechanisms and the free market. He devotes attention to both national and local issues, with the aim of identifying those methods that are best suited to each arena separately. Special attention is paid to financial arrangements, techniques for eliciting necessary information that is not readily available, and identification of biases that will result from incorrect procedures. This study will be useful to graduate students and economists who are interested in public finance or welfare economics.
Chemical Synthesis of Advanced Ceramic Materials
Authors: Segal David
Published: June 2011

This is the first book devoted to the role of chemical synthetic techniques in the development of advanced ceramic materials. It bridges the gap between existing volumes dealing with the properties of ceramic materials, for example their mechanical properties, and those on chemistry. The author describes the variety of advanced ceramics and their conventional synthesis and fabrication. This is followed by a description of the range of non-conventional synthetic methods. The basic chemistry of the synthesis is described and well-illustrated by reference to ceramics made on both laboratory and industrial scales. This resource book will be of value to anyone working with advanced ceramics in research laboratories, and to postgraduate students and research workers in chemistry, material science, physics, metallurgy and mechanical engineering departments involved with ceramic materials.
Saltmarsh Ecology
Authors: Adam Paul
Published: June 2011

This book provides a broad introduction to saltmarsh ecology, concentrating on plants, although much of the information should also be of interest to zoologists. Particular attention is given to the geographical diversity of saltmarsh vegetation and to the ecophysiological mechanisms which permit tolerance to the major challenges of high, but variable, soil salinities and of frequently waterlogged soils. The importance of saltmarshes as functioning ecosystems is discussed and issues relevant to the long-term conservation and management of saltmarshes are considered. Saltmarsh Ecology will be useful to upper level undergraduates and wetland scientists.
Poet's Prose
Authors: Fredman Stephen
Published: June 2011

Poet's Prose is the first scholarly work devoted exclusively to American prose poetry and has been recognised as a pioneering study in contemporary American poetry. Many recent American poets have been writing prose; Fredman has set out to determine why and what it means. Three central works of American poets' prose are discussed in detail: William Carlos Williams' Kora in Hell, Robert Creeley's Presences, and John Ashbery's Three Poems. In these chapters, Fredman both demonstrates how to read these difficult works and examines their philosophical seriousness. In a final chapter and a new epilogue, he discusses the newest trends in contemporary poetry, the 'talk poems' of David Antin and the prose of the Language poets, in which poet's prose forms an important aspect of the 'theoretical poetry' now being written.
Vergleichungstafeln der europaïschen Stamm-Sprachen und Süd-, West- Asiatischer
Authors: Rask Rasmus , Ahlwardt Christian Wilhelm
Published: June 2011

Johann Severin Vater (1771–1826) was professor of theology and Oriental languages at Halle, but his linguistic interests also included Slavonic and Native North American languages. This book, first published in 1822, was a landmark publication of the first generation of Indo-European comparative philology, and was intended as a resource for future comparative study. It includes a substantial contribution by Rasmus Rask, the influential and prolific early Danish linguist, comparing members of the 'Thracian' family of languages, as he called Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Slavonic and Germanic (including Old Norse), which he had proved to be related. Vater translated this so as to make it available to linguists who could not access the original Danish edition. In addition there are chapters on Albanian, Gaelic, and Georgian (which later research showed to be a Caucasian language), and the book includes numerous comparative tables for easy reference.
Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einflu§ auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts
Authors: Humboldt Wilhelm von
Published: June 2011

Wilhelm von Humboldt's classic study of human language was first published posthumously in 1836 and influenced generations of scholars of language including Boas, Sapir and Chomsky. In the later twentieth century, Humboldt's pioneering philosophical and linguistic works began once again to attract scholarly attention in their own right, and in the context of Humboldt's lively communication with other leading scholars of his day. This book, now reissued, summarises the author's theoretical views of language, its universal structures and its relation to mind, education and culture. It ranges far beyond the Indo-European languages and explores the ways in which the grammatical structures of languages make them more or less suitable as instruments of thought and cultural development. Humboldt also addresses the relationship between written and spoken language. To this day, this landmark publication remains one of the most significant attempts to draw philosophical conclusions from comparative linguistics.
Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel
Authors: Herschel Caroline
Published: June 2011

Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel (1876) contains the letters and diaries of the celebrated astronomer Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), edited by her niece, Mary Herschel. Caroline was born in Hanover to a musician father and an illiterate mother who did not want her daughter to be educated. However Caroline's brother William, an organist employed in Bath, persuaded their mother to allow Caroline to join him there. She left for England in 1772 to live with William, to whom she remained devoted all of her life. In Bath, William turned towards telescope-making and astronomy, to such effect that in 1781 he discovered the planet Uranus. He was appointed 'the King's astronomer' in 1782, and Caroline, trained by William, continued to work at his side as a scientist in her own right. Between them, they discovered eight comets and raised the number of recorded nebulae from a hundred to 2500.
The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon
Authors: Bacon Roger
Published: June 2011

Roger Bacon, the medieval natural philosopher who broke new ground in promoting scientific method, produced the encyclopedic Opus Majus or 'Greater Work' in the mid-thirteenth century. This 1897 publication in two volumes was the first complete edition of the work to appear in print. Written at the request of Pope Clement IV, the Opus Majus is the most significant and most influential of Bacon's works, containing his observations of the natural world and theories on knowledge acquisition. Bacon's text appears in the original Latin, and Bridges includes a substantial introduction and brief analysis of each chapter in English, as well as extensive footnotes and an analytical table to aid the reader. Volume 1 contains the first four parts of Bacon's treatise with sections on 'Wisdom and Truth', 'The connection of Philosophy with Theology', 'The Study of Language', and 'Mathematical Science'.
History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
Authors: Gregorovius Ferdinand
Published: June 2011

Ferdinand Gregorovius (1821–1891) was a celebrated German medieval historian. After studying philosophy and theology at the University of Königsberg, Gregorovius moved to Rome in 1852, and became immersed in researching the medieval history of the city. First published in 1872, his monumental study of medieval Rome was the first modern account of the subject, and became the standard reference. This English translation of the fourth German edition appeared between 1894 and 1902. In his work Gregorovius discusses the political, social and cultural changes in the city from 400 to 1534, making extensive use of primary sources. Gregorovius also includes the Renaissance in his study, showing how medieval thought and events influenced political and cultural life and thought during the Renaissance. Volume 5, Part 1 covers the period 1200–1260, and examines the relationship between Pope Innocent III and the Holy Roman Emperor Fredrick II.