bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular event rates in a high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk population: estimates from Swedish population-based register data
Authors: Lindh Maria , Banefelt Jonas , Fox Kathleen M , Hallberg Sara , Tai Ming-Hui , Eriksson Mats , Villa Guillermo , Svensson Maria K , Qian Yi
Published: January 2019

Aims

This study aimed to estimate the rate of cardiovascular (CV) events in the real world in patients at high risk of recurrent CV events similar to the FOURIER trial population.

Methods and results

A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted using Swedish national registers from 1 July 2001 to 31 December 2015. Patients in the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevalent cohort met the FOURIER-like inclusion criteria, including treatment with high/moderate-intensity statins, on 1 July 2006. Additionally, two cohorts defined by diagnosis of incident ischaemic stroke (IS) and incident myocardial infarction (MI), meeting the FOURIER-like inclusion criteria were followed from date of diagnosis. Event rates were calculated for the hard major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) composite: MI, IS, and CV death; and the ASCVD composite: MI, IS, unstable angina, coronary revascularization, and CV death. Approximately half of patients experienced a CV event (ASCVD composite) during follow-up. The MACE composite rates/100 person-years were 6.3, 11.9, and 12.3 in the ASCVD prevalent (n = 54 992), MI incident (n = 45 895), and IS incident (n = 36 134) cohorts, respectively. The ASCVD composite rates/100 person-years were 7.0, 21.7, and 12.9 in the ASCVD prevalent, MI incident, and IS incident cohorts, respectively. The multiple-event MACE composite rates/100 person-years were 8.5 (ASCVD prevalent cohort), 15.4 (MI incident cohort), and 14.4 (IS incident cohort).

Conclusion

In this real-world setting, CV event rates were high in all studied cohorts. In particular, the MACE composite rates were two to three times higher than in the FOURIER clinical trial, indicating a substantial disease burden despite treatment with moderate or high-intensity statins.
Stage- and tissue-specific effect of cyclophosphamide during tooth development
Authors: Nakatsugawa Kohei , Kurosaka Hiroshi , Inubushi Toshihiro , Aoyama Gozo , Isogai Yukako , Usami Yu , Toyosawa Satoru , Yamashiro Takashi
Published: January 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of cyclophosphamide (CPA) in the development of rodent molars.

Methods

CPA was administered intraperitoneally in postnatal mice between Day 1 and Day 10, and the morphological phenotype was evaluated at Day 26 using micro-computed tomography and histological analysis, including cell proliferation and cell death analyses.

Results

M3 molars of the mice who received 100 mg/kg CPA treatment at Day 6 or M2 molars who received treatment at Day 1 resulted in tooth agenesis or marked hypoplasia. Histological observation demonstrated that CPA treatment at Day 6 resulted in shrinkage of the M3 tooth germs, with a significant reduction in the proliferation of apoptotic cells. Conversely, CPA exposure at Day 2, which occurs at around the bud stage of M3, resulted in crown and root hypoplasia, with reduced numbers of cusp and root. In addition, CPA exposure at Day 10, which is the late bell stage of M3, induced root shortening; however, it did not affect crown morphogenesis.

Limitations

The timing of CPA administration is limited to after birth. Therefore, its effect during the early stages of M1 and M2 could not be investigated.

Conclusion

Defective phenotypes were evident in both crown and roots due to the effect of CPA. Interestingly, the severity of the phenotypes was associated with the developmental stages of the tooth germs at the time of CPA administration. The cap/early bell stage is the most susceptive timing for tooth agenesis, whereas the late bell stage is predominantly affected in terms of root formation by CPA administration.
Results of outdoor smoking bans at secondary schools on adolescents smoking behaviour: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Rozema A D , Mathijssen J J P , van Kesteren J N , van Oers J A M , Jansen M W J
Published: January 2019

Background

Research on the effectiveness of school smoking policies on adolescents’ smoking behaviour remain inconclusive. This study evaluates the results of an outdoor school ground smoking ban at secondary schools on adolescents smoking behaviour, taking individual characteristics into account.

Methods

Data on 2684 adolescents from 18 Dutch secondary schools (nine with and nine without an outdoor smoking ban) were obtained at two moments. Associations between outdoor school ground smoking bans, individual characteristics, and smoking prevalence and frequency were measured. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used. At schools with a ban implementation fidelity was checked.

Results

Although smoking prevalence and frequency appeared to make a slower increase at schools with an outdoor smoking ban compared with schools without an outdoor smoking ban, the differences were not significant. Differences between schools in the prevalence of smoking behaviour of students could mainly be explained by individual characteristics. Smoking prevalence and frequency were higher among adolescents with a positive attitude towards smoking and when significant others were more positive about smoking. Smoking prevalence and frequency were significantly lower when adolescents perceived it as easy not to smoke. Implementation fidelity was good at schools with a ban.

Conclusions

No short-term effects were found of an outdoor smoking ban. A longer follow-up time than 6 months is needed. In addition, future research should investigate effectiveness in relation to the enforcement of the ban, comprehensiveness of the ban and when it is prohibited to leave school grounds, as smoking behavior might be transferred off school grounds.
Arithmetic of Rational Points and Zero-cycles on Products of Kummer Varieties and K3 Surfaces
Authors: Balestrieri Francesca , Newton Rachel
Published: January 2019

Let $k$ be a number field. In the spirit of a result by Yongqi Liang, we relate the arithmetic of rational points over finite extensions of $k$ to that of zero-cycles over $k$ for Kummer varieties over $k$. For example, for any Kummer variety $X$ over $k$, we show that if the Brauer–Manin obstruction is the only obstruction to the Hasse principle for rational points on $X$ over all finite extensions of $k$, then the ($2$-primary) Brauer–Manin obstruction is the only obstruction to the Hasse principle for zero-cycles of any given odd degree on $X$ over $k$. We also obtain similar results for products of Kummer varieties, K3 surfaces, and rationally connected varieties.
The Massive Feynman Propagator on Asymptotically Minkowski Spacetimes II
Authors: Gérard Christian , Wrochna Michał
Published: January 2019

We consider the massive Klein–Gordon equation on short-range asymptotically Minkowski spacetimes. Extending our results in [7], we show that the Klein–Gordon operator with Feynman-type boundary conditions at infinite times is invertible and that its inverse, called the Feynman inverse, satisfies the microlocal conditions of Feynman parametrices in the sense of Duistermaat and Hörmander. This supplements the recent work of Vasy [10] with more explicit techniques.
Adenylyl Cyclase 6 Expression Is Essential for Cholera Toxin–Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Fenton Robert A , Murali Sathish K , Kaji Izumi , Akiba Yasutada , Kaunitz Jonathan D , Kristensen Tina B , Poulsen Søren B , Dominguez Rieg Jessica A , Rieg Timo
Published: January 2019

Background

Cholera toxin (CT)–induced diarrhea is mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–mediated active Cl– secretion via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Although the constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) in response to CT is due to adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of the small G protein α-subunit activating CFTR with consequent secretory diarrhea, the AC isoform(s) involved remain unknown.

Methods

We generated intestinal epithelial cell–specific adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) knockout mice to study its role in CT-induced diarrhea.

Results

AC6 messenger RNA levels were the highest of all 9 membrane-bound AC isoforms in mouse intestinal epithelial cells. Intestinal epithelial-specific AC6 knockout mice (AC6loxloxVillinCre) had undetectable AC6 levels in small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells. No significant differences in fluid and food intake, plasma electrolytes, intestinal/colon anatomy and morphology, or fecal water content were observed between genotypes. Nevertheless, CT-induced fluid accumulation in vivo was completely absent in AC6loxloxVillinCre mice, associated with a lack of forskolin- and CT-induced changes in the short-circuit current (ISC) of the intestinal mucosa, impaired cAMP generation in acutely isolated small intestinal epithelial cells, and significantly impaired apical CFTR levels in response to forskolin.

Conclusions

AC6 is a novel target for the treatment of CT-induced diarrhea.
Comparison of blockchain platforms: a systematic review and healthcare examples
Authors: Kuo Tsung-Ting , Zavaleta Rojas Hugo , Ohno-Machado Lucila
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To introduce healthcare or biomedical blockchain applications and their underlying blockchain platforms, compare popular blockchain platforms using a systematic review method, and provide a reference for selection of a suitable blockchain platform given requirements and technical features that are common in healthcare and biomedical research applications.

Target audience

Healthcare or clinical informatics researchers and software engineers who would like to learn about the important technical features of different blockchain platforms to design and implement blockchain-based health informatics applications.

Scope

Covered topics include (1) a brief introduction to healthcare or biomedical blockchain applications and the benefits to adopt blockchain; (2) a description of key features of underlying blockchain platforms in healthcare applications; (3) development of a method for systematic review of technology, based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement, to investigate blockchain platforms for healthcare and medicine applications; (4) a review of 21 healthcare-related technical features of 10 popular blockchain platforms; and (5) a discussion of findings and limitations of the review.
Laying the Foundations for a Convention on Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Kreß Claus , Garibian Sévane
Published: January 2019

How far have we come in laying the foundations for a Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity? The co-editors of this symposium conclude that solid groundwork has been laid and hope that the current momentum will be maintained. At the same time, they caution against a ‘rush to conclusion’ as they see room for considerable refinement of many of the proposed provisions as well as the need for a genuine attempt to address the unresolved questions of immunity ratione materiae and amnesty. At this juncture, it is not easy to predict whether a meaningful new draft convention can be presented without further deepening the divide among states about international criminal justice. But it can safely be stated that every additional investment in intellectual energy and time to arrive at the formulation of such a draft is worthy of the effort. The adoption of a Convention on Crimes Against Humanity and preferably one that also updates the Genocide Convention would mark another milestone in the evolution of the international criminal justice system.
New O-type stars in the LAMOST Data Release 3
Authors: Roman-Lopes A , Roman-Lopes G F
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we present a sample of 27 new Galactic O-type stars found in the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) Data Release 3 (DR3). The new O-stars were identified by visual examination of spectra in a subsample of the main DR3 catalogue. The earliest of these new Galactic O-stars are two O4 stars: LS V +39 27, an O4 V((f)) star placed in the Outer Arm, probably at more than 15 kpc from the centre of the Galaxy; 2MASS J20261845+4347472, an O4 IV(f) star that has not previously been identified as OB-type. Taking into account the number of new O-stars found in the LAMOST DR3, it is very likely that more will be discovered/identified in the future. Indeed, about 63 per cent (18 of 27) of the new O-type stars are bright sources (V = 12), indicating that an important fraction of the Galactic O-stars is still unidentified, waiting to be catalogued/classified from large Galactic surveys such as LAMOST.
Genome-Wide Characterization of Arabian Peninsula Populations: Shedding Light on the History of a Fundamental Bridge between Continents
Authors: Fernandes Veronica , Brucato Nicolas , Ferreira Joana C , Pedro Nicole , Cavadas Bruno , Ricaut François-Xavier , Alshamali Farida , Pereira Luisa
Published: January 2019

The Arabian Peninsula (AP) was an important crossroad between Africa, Asia, and Europe, being the cradle of the structure defining these main human population groups, and a continuing path for their admixture. The screening of 741,000 variants in 420 Arabians and 80 Iranians allowed us to quantify the dominant sub-Saharan African admixture in the west of the peninsula, whereas South Asian and Levantine/European influence was stronger in the east, leading to a rift between western and eastern sides of the Peninsula. Dating of the admixture events indicated that Indian Ocean slave trade and Islamization periods were important moments in the genetic makeup of the region. The western–eastern axis was also observable in terms of positive selection of diversity conferring lactose tolerance, with the West AP developing local adaptation and the East AP acquiring the derived allele selected in European populations and existing in South Asia. African selected malaria resistance through the DARC gene was enriched in all Arabian genomes, especially in the western part. Clear European influences associated with skin and eye color were equally frequent across the Peninsula.
Assessment Policy in Music Education
Authors: Colwell Richard
Published: January 2019

The chapter describes the increasing role of assessment in music in a policy-driven accountability movement. As policy is related to politics and power, assessment has a major connecting role. The emphasis is on understanding the context in which music assessment is critical in providing the interpretive data from students, the curriculum, teacher education, and music programs. The context offered is historical and international, allowing for comparisons and trend analysis. Today’s accountability policies are well intentioned but inadequate as the United States lacks both an overall education and arts policy. In an effort to establish value in music education, policymakers have accepted a range of assessment indicators from regular tests to observations, performances, case studies, portfolios, and even speculations on needed resources for optimum opportunity to learn. Policymakers are receptive to outcomes other than skills to include “whole-child” assessments but less inclined to accept indicators of progress.
Classical Test Theory and Music Testing
Authors: Austin James
Published: January 2019

Classical testing theory, including its origins within psychological measurement, the fundamental principles of true scores and measurement error, psychometrics, and statistical assumptions are the focus of this chapter. Random and systematic forms of measurement error are addressed, and the standard error of measurement is defined. Major approaches to defining and estimating test reliability and validity are reviewed, and practical applications of classical test theory to K-12 music education assessment are considered, including large-scale standardized testing as well as measurement levels, item analysis, and techniques for enhancing the reliability and validity of classroom-level assessments. Finally, the transition from classical test theory to modern test theory is explored.
Theories and Practices of Sequential Curriculum Alignment
Authors: Hansen Dee
Published: January 2019

In a rapidly changing world of new technologies and workplace expectations, educational curriculum must reflect contemporary cultural and societal expectations through active, authentic learning experiences. This chapter begins with a historical review of curriculum models, followed by the introduction and description of a contemporary model of curriculum design. Effective assessment is a significant constituent of the model. Its value and quality relies on clearly aligned learning goals, adequate resources, professional development for teachers, effective approaches to instruction and assessment, thoughtful evaluation and data analysis, and purposeful reflection. The model is sequential, yet flexible and interchangeable, and provides a pathway for curriculum design across institutions of learning in all settings. Additionally, an international survey that summarizes curriculum priorities in nine countries is reviewed. This chapter directs particular attention to active or student-centered learning environments as they are reflected in the US National Standards for Music.
Cross-Cultural and Standards-Based Assessment of the African Musical Arts
Authors: Human René
Published: January 2019

This chapter contextualizes the measurability of African musical arts (including music, dance, drama, poetry, and costume art as an integrated whole), through the introduction of a generic evaluation system, which can be implemented outside its culture of origin as recontextualized authenticity. An assessment system is developed, titled The Generic Crosscultural Assessment Framework for African Musical Arts. The framework illustrates that the cultural-educational void between African/indigenous/informal and international/formal music education can be crossed and that the development of a reliable, valid, and objective evaluation system for African musical arts assessment, which can be recognized internationally to the satisfaction of Western and African cultures, is possible. The framework is informed by Western and African indigenous philosophies. A multidisciplinary approach toward the development of cross-cultural assessment standards comprises the syntheses of social studies (including ethnomusicology, translation studies, and cross-cultural studies), educational studies (including international assessment standards, philosophies, and systems) and sub-Saharan African musical arts through documentary research and deconstruction theory designs.
Observations of Music Educators for Teacher Evaluation
Authors: Siebert Johanna J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains the rationale supporting current practices in teacher evaluation as demonstrated through the main event of the teacher observation, with a focus on their application to the professional practice of music teachers. Formal teacher evaluation models and their observation protocols are described that include recommendations for use in improving teacher performance and contributing to ongoing professional growth. The value and integrity of such practices in music teacher observation is discussed, supported by participants’ responses to a nationally administered survey that queried music teachers’ observation experiences. Of particular interest are music educators’ feelings of dissatisfaction with their observers’ lack of content expertise, both in supplying informed feedback and in evaluating their performance as effective teachers. Suggestions for addressing music teachers’ concerns are offered that reflect the goals of teacher evaluation, improved teacher effectiveness, and their inclusion in the actualization of a “well-rounded education” for all students.
Measuring Dispositions in Preservice Music Educators
Authors: Parkes Kelly A. , Ritcher Gary K. , Doerksen Paul F.
Published: January 2019

The goal for this chapter is to share a body of research in music teacher education with colleagues who are tasked with measuring preservice music teacher dispositions. Dispositions can be seen as habits of mind and accompanying actions. Additionally, we hope this information will help university music education students to identify which dispositions to adopt and which to act on. Music teacher educators can no longer assume that the “I’ll know it when I see it” approach to understanding beliefs and behaviors in music education students is reasonable. For example, in the United States, accrediting bodies expect to review evidence that music education students have acquired and display the appropriate dispositions that underlie success in teaching. Furthermore, the collection of such data is part of basic program self-evaluation and improvement strategies that music teacher educators need to perform in the work they undertake. Music teacher educators have articulated a need to establish and measure whether their students have the appropriate habits of mind and deliberative actions that will support them throughout their careers as teachers. The chapter consists of three sections: a review of theoretical and historical perspectives on dispositions; an introduction and review of the work of Kelly A. Parkes, Gary K. Ritcher, and Paul F. Doerksen; and an overview of their endeavors in the measurement of dispositions. The chapter illustrates the need for measures and provides examples of measures that have been developed. This chapter is designed to be relevant to both music teacher educators and students in music teacher preparation programs.
Assessment Policy and Music Education
Authors: Nierman Glenn , Colwell Richard
Published: January 2019

Assessment policy, whether explicitly or implicitly expressed, is defined for this chapter as any set of principles or guidelines constructed for the purpose of bringing consistency and fairness to a course of action involving measurement, evaluation, or growth related to any dimension of an individual’s learning. Assessment policies are influenced by time and place and often are shaped by powerful policy frameworks, that is, the political environments in which policy is conceived. The purpose of this chapter is to examine several issues (the status of music as a basic/core/well-rounded subject and the jurisdiction for the teacher certification process) and trends that impact these issues (the decreasing federal government involvement in education; the extension of educational agendas across boundary lines; and the growing power of arts advocacy groups) that emerge at the intersection of assessment policy and music education from a North American (delimited to Canadian, Mexican and US) perspective.
Evidence-Based Practices for Music Instruction and Assessment for PreK–12 Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Swanson Robyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) by special education practitioners in instruction and assessment while providing music educators guidance toward implementing these practices in instruction and assessment for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) within universal design for learning (UDL) inclusive classrooms. Included are behavioral characteristics of students with ASD that music educators need be cognizant of in inclusive settings; federal education laws and policies that have provided students with disabilities rights to a quality education; and selected special education EBP and accommodations deemed as viable interventions for teaching and assessing PreK-12 standards-based music curriculum for students with ASD. Music educators may determine the PreK-12 music assessments aligned to appropriate EBP and accommodations for students with ASD are beneficial resources when designing and implementing curriculum, instruction, and assessment linked to the 2014 National Core Arts (Music) Standards (NCAS) with supporting Model Cornerstone Assessments (MCAs).
Levinas, Literature, and Philosophy
Authors: Hand Seán
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores posthumously published poems and fragments of novels by Levinas. It shows how seriously Levinas considered abandoning philosophy at a key moment in favor of writing novels. It examines how this calls into question some of Levinas’s positions regarding literature in the postwar period. It looks at how the thematics of his artistic plans conflict with ethical postulations in his major works. It traces relations between these plans and the work of key influential writers like Blanchot. It considers how these novelististic experiments recast Levinas’s essays on aesthetics. And it reflects on how knowledge of this work by Levinas must now inform our appreciation of his philosophical publications.
The Politics of Global Vaccination Policies
Authors: Blume Stuart
Published: January 2019

Organised efforts to prevent the spread of infectious diseases through mass vaccination began slowly. By World War I, although successes in saving soldiers’ lives offered encouragement, vaccination practices differed from country to country. In 1945, amid the rapid post-war spread of tuberculosis, preventive vaccination was deemed a necessary ‘technological fix’. During the Cold War period, technical cooperation coexisted with ideological rivalry. Although the Soviet Union and the United States supported vaccination for different reasons, they successfully cooperated on the WHO smallpox eradication programme beginning in 1965. Out of this grew the EPI, and disputes between supporters of ‘vertical’ and ‘horizontal’ approaches emerged. In recent decades new vaccine production has become a major driver of market growth for the pharmaceutical industry. New forms of collaboration between public and private sectors (such as public-private partnerships) have been crafted, whilst the global introduction of new vaccines is supported by the GAVI Alliance. However, at a time of shrinking health care budgets the wisdom of disease eradication targets is contested, and parents everywhere are becoming more critical.
Tandem Pore Domain Potassium Channels
Authors: Bayliss Douglas A.
Published: January 2019

The KCNK gene family encodes two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels, which generate the background (“leak”) K+ currents that establish a negative resting membrane potential in cells of the nervous system. A pseudotetrameric K+-selective pore is formed by pairing channel subunits, each with two pore-domains, in homo- or heterodimeric conformations. Unique features apparent from high-resolution K2P channel structures include a domain-swapped extracellular cap domain, a lateral hydrophobic-lined fenestration connecting the lipid bilayer to the channel vestibule, and an antiparallel proximal C-terminal region that links the paired subunits and provides a site for polymodal channel modulation. Individual channels transition between open and closed states, with the channel gate located at the selectivity filter. In general, K2P channels display relatively modest voltage- and time-dependent gating, together with distinct single-channel rectification properties, that conspire to yield characteristic weakly rectifying macroscopic currents over a broad range of membrane potentials (i.e., background K+ currents). Of particular note, K2P channel activity can be regulated by a wide range of physicochemical factors, neuromodulators, and clinically useful drugs; a distinct repertoire of activators and inhibitors for different K2P channel subtypes endows each with unique modulatory potential. Thus, by mediating background currents and serving as targets for multiple modulators, K2P channels are able to dynamically regulate key determinants of cell-intrinsic electroresponsive properties. The roles of specific K2P channels in various physiological processes and pathological conditions are now beginning to come into focus, and this may portend utility for these channels as potential therapeutic targets.
Representations of Fatness by Experts and the Media and How This Shapes Attitudes
Authors: Saguy Abigail C.
Published: January 2019

The past two decades have seen an explosion of research on “fat frames.” Scholars have found that medical researchers and the pharmaceutical industry have dominated such debates, whereas fat rights activists have struggled to get their message out. Media scholars have found that the news media primarily frame fatness as a medical problem and public health crisis that people bring on themselves through poor food choices and physical inactivity. In contrast, the news media rarely discuss fatness as a form of diversity or condemn weight-based discrimination. Research has further shown that the news media emphasize individual blame and responsibility for “overweight” and “obesity.” Finally, experimental research has shown that people who read news media reports on an “obesity epidemic” caused by poor individual choices express more anti-fat prejudice than people who do not read such reports. This chapter examines the methodology and major findings of these strands of research and identifies fertile avenues of future research.
The Auditory Brainstem Implant
Authors: Shannon Robert V.
Published: January 2019

The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a surgically implanted device to electrically stimulate auditory neurons in the cochlear nucleus complex of the brainstem in humans to restore hearing sensations. The ABI is similar in function to a cochlear implant, but overall outcomes are poorer. However, recent applications of the ABI to new patient populations and improvements in surgical technique have led to significant improvements in outcomes. While the ABI provides hearing benefits to patients, the outcomes challenge our understanding of how the brain processes neural patterns of auditory information. The neural pattern of activation produced by an ABI is highly unnatural, yet some patients achieve high levels of speech understanding. Based on a meta-analysis of ABI surgeries and outcomes, a theory is proposed of a specialized sub-system of the cochlear nucleus that is critical for speech understanding.
Demosthenic Scholarship
Authors: Paulsen Thomas
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 discusses the range of scholarship dealing with Demosthenes’ life and work, published in three distinct periods: from the eighteenth century to 1945, from 1945 to the late 1990s, and during the last twenty years. Before World War II, work on Demosthenes focused on the constitution and translation of the text on the one hand, and on the political judgement—often one-sided and heavily influenced by the contemporary outlook—of Demosthenes the politician on the other hand. After the war political interpretation, and interest in oratory in general, waned, whereas the last two decades have seen a new surge of research on Demosthenes, with particular prominence of high-standard commentaries.
Political Career
Authors: Karvounis Christos
Published: January 2019

Chapter 25 focuses on Demosthenes’ political career on the basis of his own public speeches (dêmêgoriai). To this end, it asks some fundamental questions concerning the ‘interpretation’ of the individual and his times, such as the allegedly ‘fateful’ importance of the conflict that opposed the kingdom of Macedon to Athens, compared to the conflict that pitched Athens against Sparta during the Peloponnesian Wars or that between Sparta and Thebes in the first quarter of the fourth century. The chapter links Demosthenes’ public speeches, especially the early ones, to the traditional goals of Athenian politics and the political climate of the period. It also considers some crucial developments that had an impact on Demosthenes’ political career, including the Battle of Chaeronea, the death of Philip II of Macedon in 336, and Demosthenes’ suicide in 322.
Public Opinion and the Arenas of Debate
Authors: Piepenbrink Karen
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 examines the role of public opinion in Athenian debates in philosophical circles, especially in arenas such as public assemblies and law courts. It begins with a discussion of the dêmos’ attitudes and positions that occur in speeches, particularly in the political speeches and the prosecution and defence speeches from public trials. More specifically, it considers the attitudes of the dêmos towards the social and political elite as well as its positions on day-to-day politics. It then analyses the competition between orators in political debates that are held in public assemblies and in the law courts. It shows that orators refer back to alleged views of the people in order to communicate their own suggestions or petitions successfully even as they attempt to discredit their opponents, but at the same time distancing themselves from the dêmos and representing the interests of individuals.
Expertise for the Future
Authors: Resnick Lauren B. , Russell Jennifer Lin , Schantz Faith
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses how learning outcomes can be improved by focusing educational systems on developing expertise in reasoning. A small but growing body of international research suggests that a wide variety of students can develop expertise in argumentation, and by extension, expertise in reasoning. Studies show that argument-based classroom talk can lead to the acquisition and retention of general knowledge, beyond the topics taught through discussion. The chapter considers how teachers develop expertise in this form of teaching, often called “dialogic,” and outline some of the challenges to spreading dialogic teaching beyond elite classrooms. It looks at how systems build organizational expertise to support dialogic teaching and learning, which involves considering the social and institutional structures within which teachers work. Finally, in a discussion of future research in this field, the chapter calls for engaging all levels of the educational system in supporting practices that will grow powerful learning.
Studies of Expertise and Experience: A Sociological Perspective on Expertise
Authors: Collins Harry , Evans Robert
Published: January 2019

The research programme known as Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE), often referred to as the “Third Wave of Science Studies,” treats expertise as real and as the property of social groups. This chapter explains the foundations of SEE and sets out the theoretical and methodological innovations created using this approach. These include the development of a new classification of expertise, which identifies a new kind of expertise called “interactional expertise,” and the creation of a new research method known as the Imitation Game designed to explore the content and distribution of interactional expertise. It concludes by showing how SEE illuminates a number of contemporary issues such as the challenges of interdisciplinary working and the role of experts in a “post-truth” society.
Uses and Gratifications of Social Media: Who Uses It and Why?
Authors: Orchard Lisa J.
Published: January 2019

Social media is built upon user-generated content and interactivity between users. Understanding the users within social media is therefore imperative to understanding how social media itself functions. This chapter explores the users of social media in more detail and asks the two key questions of who uses social media, and why they do so. When looking towards past research for inspiration as a way to understand user interest towards media, the Uses and Gratifications model stands out as a key approach for exploring media uptake. Therefore, the chapter starts by focusing on the Uses and Gratifications framework and how it can be used to explain why individuals are drawn to social media. The framework is then expanded to discuss how individuals’ personal needs, in particular personality, can impact upon such motivations.
Incorporating Christian Communities in North Africa
Authors: Stevens Susan T.
Published: January 2019

Christian communities in North Africa are attested in textual sources from the second into the tenth centuries. The material evidence for them, especially churches, is restricted to the fourth through the seventh centuries and is embedded in the Roman landscape. Case studies of the urban, small town, and rural churches at Ammaedara, Aradi, Henchir Sokrine, and Horrea Caelia demonstrate a North African tendency to incorporate martyria and baptisteries. Churches also embody and shape local communities of martyrs, saints, clergy, and laymen. Their archaeological histories emphasize the continuity and cohesion of Christian communities in the face of sectarian and political conflicts.
James and Hegel
Authors: Stern Robert , Williams Neil W.
Published: January 2019

Although William James formed his philosophical views in direct reaction to the Hegelianism then dominant in American and British institutions, modern critics have tended to reject James’s criticism of G. W. F. Hegel as superficial and outdated. This is in part due to James’s energetic rhetorical style, but also because James at his most polemical tends to present his pluralistic and pragmatist empiricism as diametrically opposed to Hegel’s monistic and intellectualistic idealism, so that it is not clear how the two theories could engage in any meaningful dialogue. This chapter presents a different interpretation of the engagement between James and Hegel. On this interpretation, James’s criticisms of Hegel emerge from what he perceives to be a common starting point: the attempt to find the world to be “a home.” As such, James’s criticisms of Hegel should be understood as offering a kind of internal critique. According to James, Hegel offers too narrow an account of what it is for beings like us to “feel at home” in the world. This is a unique and internal criticism of Hegel which deserves to be taken seriously.
Later Generative Grammar and Beyond: Lexicalism
Authors: Montermini Fabio
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the history and development of morphological research from Chomsky’s Remarks on nominalization (1970) onwards. It presents the first works that attempted to define and structure morphology as an autonomous field with its own units and principles, as well as its subsequent evolutions up to the present day. It discusses some of the main distinctions that appeared in the field (derivation vs. inflection, word- vs. morpheme-based morphology), its basic concepts and theoretical tools. Finally, an assessment is proposed of the different theoretical options, and of their importance and impact on subsequent research.
Distributed Morphology
Authors: Siddiqi Daniel
Published: January 2019

This chapter surveys the key principles of the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993, 1994). This summary distinguishes itself from other such summaries by focusing primarily on DM’s morphological properties rather than its syntactic ones. Thus it focuses on morphological concerns such as the morpheme-based hypothesis, realizational morphology, morphological rules, segmentability, derivation vs. inflection, underspecification, productivity, blocking, allomorphy, and the interfaces of morphology with syntax and phonology. This chapter emphasizes metatheoretical concerns that would be of interest to students of comparative morphological theory with a significant focus on the strengths and weaknesses of Distributed Morphology as a theory of morphology. Secondary focus is also given to internal metatheoretic debates such as the status of roots in the grammar and the power of post-syntactic rules.
Morphological Theory and Synchronic Variation
Authors: Ralli Angela
Published: January 2019

This chapter deals with morphological variation in synchronic terms. Variation is treated as a phenomenon triggered by principally language-internal causes, although it may often result from the interference of language external factors, such as contact with another language. Arguments are drawn from derivation, compounding, and inflection, and components such as reduction of allomorphy, paradigmatic leveling, selectional properties, headedness, and generally innate features of word-formation, proper to a particular language, are shown to be behind variation. Illustration is provided with examples from mainly Modern Greek, a fusional language which is rich in morphological structures and displays variation in the entire range of morphological processes. It is proposed that the examination of varying forms sheds light on the primacy of certain linguistic tendencies in a specific language and can give hints on possible linguistic changes.
After Gaddafi
Authors: Wehrey Frederic
Published: January 2019

The course of the 2011 Libyan revolution, international intervention, and the regime’s application of armed force created new forms of sub-state affiliation and mobilization. International and regional intervention has exacerbated Libya’s chaos and deepened its fault lines. The civil war in 2014 was the culmination of these fissures and international pressures but conflicts since then by the myriad armed groups have become increasingly predatory—a scramble for the country’s oil wealth and the capture of state institutions. Libya’s conflicts are directly tied to the pathologies of the rentier oil state under Gaddafi and the failure of post-2011 distributive policies, along with endemic corruption and cronyism. Meanwhile, Western engagement is focused on parochial aims such as counterterrorism and stemming irregular migration. For the foreseeable future, Libya is likely to suffer from truncated sovereignty, a fractured national identity, regional meddling, simmering armed conflict, and hyper-localized politics.
Agenda for Future Research and Concluding Comments
Authors: Brown Sandra A. , Zucker Robert A.
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter highlights issues we see as especially important next-step agendas for the field. The issues we have highlighted concern (a) the implications that a developmental frame of reference provides in characterizing and parsing the etiology and course of addictive behavior; (b) the relevance of event-level predictors occurring in microtime and the extent to which they will supercede the more summative indicators that currently dominate the substance abuse field; (c) the increasing awareness, and characterization of drug-specific influences, and the degree to which these influences are useful in evaluating the vulnerability potential of drugs of abuse; (d) the differences in characterization of clinical symptomatology and course that have the potential to occur when evaluation of psychopathology and the details of intervention methods are unpacked with a specifically developmental lens; (e) the insights that new big data collection programs will create in understanding the cross-domain causal structure of substance abuse.
Common Taxonomy of Traits and Symptoms: Linking Schizophrenia Symptoms, Schizotypy, and Normal Personality
Authors: Cicero David C , Jonas Katherine G , Li Kaiqiao , Perlman Greg , Kotov Roman
Published: January 2019

The associations among normal personality and many mental disorders are well established, but it remains unclear whether and how symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypal traits align with the personality taxonomy. This study examined the joint factor structure of normal personality, schizotypy, and schizophrenia symptoms in people with psychotic disorders (n = 288) and never-psychotic adults (n = 257) in the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. First, we evaluated the structure of schizotypal (positive schizotypy, negative schizotypy, and mistrust) and normal traits. In both the psychotic-disorder and never-psychotic groups, the best-fitting model had 5 factors: neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and psychoticism. The schizotypy traits were placed on different dimensions: negative schizotypy went on (low) extraversion, whereas positive schizotypy and mistrust went on psychoticism. Next, we added symptoms to the model. Numerous alternatives were compared, and the 5-factor model remained best-fitting. Reality distortion (hallucinations and delusions) and disorganization symptoms were placed on psychoticism, and negative symptoms were placed on extraversion. Models that separated symptom dimensions from trait dimensions did not fit well, arguing that taxonomies of symptoms and traits are aligned. This is the first study to show that symptoms of psychosis, schizotypy, and normal personality reflect the same underlying dimensions. Specifically, (low) extraversion, negative schizotypy, and negative symptoms form one spectrum, whereas psychoticism, positive schizotypy, and positive and disorganized symptoms form another. This framework helps to understand the heterogeneity of psychosis and comorbidity patterns found in psychotic disorders. It also underscores the importance of traits to understanding these disorders.
Multidisciplinary Treatment for Provoked Vestibulodynia
Authors: Smith Kelly B. , Sadownik Leslie A. , Dargie Emma , Albert Arianne Y.K. , Brotto Lori A.
Published: January 2019

Objectives:

Multidisciplinary treatment programs for provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) are recommended, yet few have been evaluated. This study examined women’s symptom trajectories over time, as well as baseline demographic, psychosocial and pain characteristics as predictors/ moderators of sexual pain and distress following treatment at a clinic using multidisciplinary concurrent methods. We also examined the impact of baseline variables on the probability of having low sexual distress scores following treatment.

Materials and Methods:

Women attending a multidisciplinary treatment program for PVD were invited to complete questionnaires before, following, and at 6 and 18 months after program completion. Questionnaires included the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Painful Intercourse Self-Efficacy Scale (PISES), and Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ). Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the FSDS and FSFI pain subscale as criterion variables, and the other baseline variables as predictors and moderators.

Results:

Significant improvements in sexual distress and pain were observed over time. No significant moderators were identified, but higher baseline levels of FSFI desire and arousal predicted greater improvements in sexual distress. Similarly, higher baseline levels of desire predicted greater improvements in pain. Among women distressed at baseline and with 6 month FSDS scores, 25% (n=35) were no longer sexually distressed at 6 months; higher baseline levels of desire were associated with greater probability of having low sexual distress at 6 months.

Discussion:

Although global improvements were observed, women with poorer baseline sexual functioning were less likely to improve after multidisciplinary treatment.