bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeing Like a Firm
Authors: Néron Pierre-Yves
Published: May 2023

To think about the prospects for building more egalitarian relationships in the workplace, as advocates of relational egalitarianism do, we need to think in reverse. We need to take seriously conceptions of the corporation that tend to erase the importance of social equality and instead praise workplace hierarchies. Yet, from a normative perspective, the emphasis on hierarchies is usually justified on utilitarian or libertarian grounds. Moreover, and more generally, in our ways of thinking normatively about economic institutions, we tend to use libertarianism to make theoretical sense of right-wing intuitions, which goes with the use of a certain kind of normative vocabulary, centered on notions of private property, self-ownership, voluntariness, etc. This chapter argues that that is misleading. To put it plainly, the way that the corporation “sees” is probably more a conservative one than a libertarian one, strictly speaking. To normatively unveil what it means to “see” like a firm, we need to move from a focus on libertarianism to a focus on conservatism.
Relational Egalitarianism, Institutionalism, and Workplace Hierarchy
Authors: Berkey Brian
Published: May 2023

According to relational egalitarians, the fundamental value that grounds requirements of justice is egalitarian social relationships. Hierarchical authority relations appear to be a threat to relational equality. Such relations, however, are pervasive in our working lives. Contemporary workplaces, then, seem to be potential sites of substantial injustice for relational egalitarians. This presents us with a challenge: the view that justice requires that individuals relate as equals appears difficult to reconcile with the view that it is permissible for firms to be organized with hierarchical authority structures, and yet both claims seem independently plausible. This chapter argues that these claims can be reconciled, but only if we reject the widely accepted Rawlsian “institutionalist” view that principles of justice apply to the institutions of the basic structure of society, but do not apply directly to the conduct of agents within those institutions.
Good Enough for Equality
Authors: Rozeboom Grant J.
Published: May 2023

The ideal of relational equality is, in part, an ideal of virtue—the attitudes and dispositions that support relational equality. These are standardly taken to involve accepting the Equal Authority of other persons, giving other persons Equal Consideration, and treating the interests of other persons as having Equal Importance. But why does relational equality involve these attitudes and dispositions, and what exactly do they entail? This chapter aims to make progress on answering these questions by focusing on adult autonomy, using the workplace as an apt setting for exploring the resulting autonomy-focused conception of relational egalitarian virtue. The chapter first considers and rejects an interest-focused conception of relational egalitarian virtue, which treats Equal Importance as central. It then develops an autonomy-focused view that treats Equal Authority as central, what is called the “Authority-Centered Relational Egalitarian” virtue (ACRE). The chapter concludes by exploring how managers can enact ACRE in exercising organizational authority over employees.
“An Apprenticeship for Life”
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

By the late nineteenth century, most young workers eschewed formal apprenticeships and entered directly into the workforce. To combat this “apprenticeship crisis,” Catholic and republican reformers established vocational training programs. Chapter 2 focuses on Paris’ network of vocational schools. These schools’ innovative curricula integrated academic and manual instruction. In that they created age-specific spaces for young workers, the schools expanded adolescence to the working classes. But in developing these schools, republican reformers drew on a model for vocational training first created by Catholic elites. Catholic elites had created vocational training programs to shape working-class behavior. Chapter 2 argues that the republican reformers who created municipal vocational schools were not trying to universalize adolescence, but instead were carving out working-class adolescence as a stage to prepare for the workforce. The schools thus reinforced the separation between bourgeois, male adolescence and working-class, male adolescence. However, the schools had limited success. Parents and workers’ syndicates expressed ambivalence toward the schools’ method of training workers and the way they restructured the working-class life course.
Creating the Juvenile Delinquent
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

In the decades prior to World War I, the Third Republic created a separate legal and institutional regime to protect young offenders. The justice system doled out separate sentences for minors and placed them in age-segregated institutions. And yet, even if judges cleared most juvenile delinquents of their crimes, they placed a significant number in welfare institutions or prisons. Examining cultural and academic depictions of juvenile delinquents reveals that middle-class reformers worried about delinquents’ participation in the illicit economy. For these reformers, child beggars and youthful vagabonds were liable to become permanently unproductive. By establishing separate laws and institutions for juvenile delinquents, republican legislators helped to define childhood as a distinct stage of life. But they also empowered these institutions to enforce children’s productivity.
Conclusion
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

The Conclusion reflects on the changes and continuities in working-class childhood between 1870 and 1940. In this period, the number of institutions and services catering to young people ballooned. Labor inspectors surveyed laboring youths’ workspaces and social workers assisted vulnerable children. Even so, the experiences of working-class youths in 1940 were not so different from those of young people in the 1870s, as the majority entered the workforce before they reached adulthood. The institutions intended to protect children ensured this outcome. The Conclusion ends by exploring the consequences of metropolitan social policy for children in the French Empire. In their empire, the French established few laws or institutions to protect indigenous children. Although this absence allowed indigenous populations to retain control over family life, it enabled the French to continue marginalizing and exploiting colonial children. Thus, through the regulation of age, the Third Republic constructed hierarchies both in the metropole and in its colonies.
Costa Rica—Where Urban Young People View Women as Leaders
Authors: Naranjo Gerardo Hernández , Taylor-Robinson Michelle M.
Published: May 2023

The Costa Rica experiment finds an absence of traditional gendered leadership templates. Women are viewed as leaders for cabinet posts and as legislators, capable in masculine policy areas, and able to win votes. Participants evaluate candidates significantly more favorably when the party name is not present on the speech, and when the candidate is from their preferred party. In Costa Rica, women appear to “look like the norm” for candidates for both male and female participants and across family situations and social classes. However, party has a larger effect than candidate gender on evaluations. The Costa Rican findings fit expectations in the literature as Costa Rica has broad incorporation of women in government, a historic government focus on social welfare programs, has no military, and uses party-focused, closed-list PR elections.
The Masculine Template in Perceived Competence of Women in Israeli Politics
Authors: Yarkoney-Sorek Ayala , Geva Nehemia
Published: May 2023

The Israel experiment reveals bias against women as leaders to be an MK, cabinet minister, and party leader, or to oversee masculine policy areas, though women candidates are favored in stereotypically feminine policy areas. Women and men candidates, however, receive equivalent evaluations by female participants as MK or minister, and for energy policy; and participants whose mothers are highly educated score women and men candidates equivalently as MK, minister, party leader, and for security and energy policy. Participants recognize party issue ownership and give more favorable evaluations to candidates of their preferred coalition, yet candidate gender in some cases has a larger effect on evaluations than party. The Israeli case fits expectations in the literature due to its limited incorporation of women into government, a constant security threat, and continued male dominance in the military in combat roles and as senior officers.
Young Adults’ Attitudes to Women Candidates in Uruguay
Authors: Johnson Niki
Published: May 2023

Findings of the Uruguay experiment indicate young adults, both male and female, do not use gender as an important component of leadership templates, and when candidate gender is significant the woman candidate is evaluated more favorably than the man (for legislator and minister). Party, however, matters as evaluations are more favorable when the candidate is from the participant’s party and for policy areas owned by a party. Broad acceptance of women as leaders across posts, including ability to win votes and policy areas, is incongruent with women having occupied few top posts in the legislative or executive branches of national government. It is consistent, though with the government emphasis on social welfare programs, and the limited role of defense policy. It also is consistent with the higher level of education of women than men, and high levels of work force participation by Uruguayan women of all classes.
A Generation Without Political Gender Biases?
Authors: Bjarnegård Elin , Erikson Josefina , Zetterberg Pär
Published: May 2023

In the Sweden experiment, gender does not appear to be a relevant component of leadership templates, for either male or female participants. The only evidence of more favorable evaluations of men is with participants who did not state a preferred party, and then only for evaluations to be party leader or to win preference votes. Regarding policy areas, while men and women candidates are both evaluated as capable to handle masculine policies, women are evaluated more favorably than men for some stereotypically feminine policies. Party ideology, however, is important in how candidates are evaluated, and party effects are stronger than gender effects. These findings fit expectations as Swedish young people grew up in what is arguably one of the most gender equal political spheres in the world, and in a country with a long-time emphasis on social welfare programs.
Mental Disorder
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Does having a mental disorder excuse bad behavior? On a standard naïve view, the mentally ill are often regarded as clear examples of individuals lacking full-fledged freedom and responsibility. However, our evolving understanding of the brain and human agency reveals that there is more agency in mental disorders than it might seem at first blush. Psychopathology affects agency in such a variety of ways that it’s difficult to draw an inference about one’s moral responsibility merely from the fact that one has a mental disorder. Symptoms only sometimes reduce one’s agency and sometimes enhance it. This nuanced view paves the way for a cognitive continuum on which all people lie, which can help to reduce the stigma we commonly attach to mental disorders.
Moral Enhancement
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Should we alter our brains to become better people? This chapter evaluates five key ethical concerns with going beyond treatment to enhancing ourselves. Such endeavors could, for example, bypass one’s agency, promote a problematic desire to master oneself, or lead to the rich getting morally richer. Although such concerns are to be taken seriously, they are typically overblown. Brain interventions will work best and most ethically when they merely aid more traditional forms of character building, such as moral instruction and exemplars. These work through our rational learning mechanisms rather than bypassing them in some posthuman fashion. The result is a realistic conception of moral enhancements as no more problematic than traditional modes of moral improvement. To make our discussion concrete, we begin by considering the neurobiological manipulation of intelligence and compassion.
Song
Authors: Link Nathan
Published: May 2023

Chapter 1 explores the incongruity that sets opera seria apart from most other forms of mimetic storytelling: the discrepancy between the mode of expression in representation (song) and the mode of expression within the story (usually speech, thought, or nonmusical emoting). This discontinuity between the actor’s and character’s respective modes of expression is the exception in film and spoken drama but the rule in opera, in which the only mimetic equivalence can only occur when a character actually sings. Instances in which characters do sing (“phenomenal” singing) are usually of great importance to the story. To appreciate the significance of phenomenal song in Handel, we must first learn to distinguish it from “noumenal” singing (song that the audience hears, but which is not perceived as such by any in-story characters). This chapter offers approaches for identifying the rare instances of phenomenal song and explores its profound significance for the story.
Orchestra
Authors: Link Nathan
Published: May 2023

The clearest example of non-mimetic operatic expression is the music of the pit orchestra. While the singers onstage ostensibly represent the characters within the story, the orchestra usually has no clear in-story referent; its representational mode seems closer to mimesis than to diegesis—closer to telling than to showing. But what do Handel’s orchestral utterances mean? Clearly they convey beauty, or excitement, or dread, depending on the situation, but how and what do they contribute to the storytelling process? Sometimes the orchestra seems to play a role analogous to the commenting chorus of Greek drama. In other passages, it seems unconcerned with any character, instead depicting the scenic backdrop in vivid musical detail. In still others, it suggests a capacity to mime in sound certain events—from physical gestures to Cartesian passions—that, while fictively “real” in the story, are not perceptible in-story as sound, a process I term “sonification.”
How Whiteness Structures Restrictive Immigration Attitudes
Authors: Matos Yalidy
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 uses the American National Election Studies (ANES) to focus on whites’ restrictive immigration attitudes. Most white Americans express restrictive immigration attitudes. The chapter first shows how these attitudes are related to the maintenance of the group, i.e., whiteness. It then tests the relationship between white identity, white group consciousness, and predispositions on immigration attitudes. An examination of both white identity and white group consciousness reveals that the former very seldomly influences restrictive immigration attitudes, while the latter sporadically does so. Once predispositions are considered, however, they are shown to be stronger predictors of restrictive immigration attitudes. The chapter finds that white identity and whiteness do moderate when predispositions are most important and that moral traditionalism is one of the most consistent and strongest predictors of restrictive immigration attitudes.
The Role of the Internet in Research on BDSM
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: May 2023

The internet has had a transformational impact on social and sexual aspects of life. However, research in BDSM studies has not fully engaged with this social trend. In this short critical review of the existing literature, how BDSM studies has engaged with this trend is discussed, alongside the limitations of this research. A summary of the literature on the internet and sexuality more broadly is provided, before turning to how BDSM studies has focused primarily on FetLife as a way of reaching community participants. The chapter concludes by highlighting four distinct areas that future BDSM studies should develop and expand to enhance the understanding of the effect of the internet on BDSM broadly conceived and advance the field of critical BDSM studies.
The World of Rope Bondage
Authors: Jones Zoey
Published: May 2023

Rope bondage is a social world positioned underneath the broader umbrella of pansexual BDSM subculture. When rope bondage is depicted and explored in research and media, it is often represented as just one among many expressions of kink and sexuality. This chapter utilizes interviews with rope bondage practitioners to illustrate how people’s experiences of rope can often exceed this simplistic framing and be an intensely social and personal experience; it can also be an activity around which kinksters build focused, distinct communities and subcultures across the globe. Next, this chapter demonstrates how racialized and disabled rope bondage practitioners’ experiences ideologically and literally shape the nature of the subculture; their accounts of oppression, alienation, and resistance provide a narrative that is critical to understanding these spaces. Last, this chapter will highlight stories of pleasure to help explain the drive behind people’s engagement with and commitment to rope bondage community.
Perverting Innocence in Age Play?
Authors: Bauer Robin
Published: May 2023

BDSM practices and relationships playing with performed age differences are associated with cultural taboos like incest or pedophilia. In practice, age play can be sexual or asexual, playful and light or serious and boundary-transgressing, striving for authenticity or creative in its reference to real-life childhood. Based on one interview study with a les-bi-trans-queer BDSM community sample and one content analysis of a German online age play community forum, this chapter takes a look at differences in these two community contexts. Informed by childhood studies, it asks what effects age play practices have on constructions of children in cultural contexts that consider particular notions of adulthood as a norm that devalues other modes of existence such as being or acting like children, so-called adultist societies. The analysis focuses on how childhood innocence is constructed and deconstructed during age play practices.
Examining Representations of BDSM in Undergraduate Human Sexuality Textbooks
Authors: Graham Benjamin C. , Kirakosyan Tsolak M. , Fox Jessica A. , Ruvabalca Miles
Published: May 2023

Human sexuality textbooks reflect how the social sciences understand and frame the experience of BDSM, which in turn can influence how undergraduates interpret it. Sex researchers and advocates have championed participatory approaches to representing marginalized sexual identities. A need exists to assess BDSM representation in textbooks informed by both academic and community perspectives. The current study is the second in a three-part project that addresses this need. A content analysis was conducted of five top-selling undergraduate human sexuality textbooks to determine the structure of BDSM representation. Inductive and deductive coding results indicate that there exist distinct differences between representations of BDSM and community member experiences. From these analyses nine recommendations are proposed for improving BDSM descriptions. This chapter provides a resource for textbook authors, sex educators, and others concerned about the representation of marginalized sexual identities.
A Record of Violence
Authors: Bennett Theodore
Published: May 2023

“A Record of Violence” engages with the continuing criminalization of BDSM activities that cause minor injuries within the Western common law jurisdictions of Australia, Canada, England and Wales, and the United States of America. It highlights the impact of criminalization on BDSM participants and communities, identifies the barriers preventing decriminalization from occurring, and explores the liberalizing potential of claims based on BDSM identity. It notes that the major barrier holding back legal change is the interlinking of BDSM and violence within legal discourse, and it shows how this barrier can be overcome by using the broader academic literature on “violence” to better understand how BDSM and violence dis/connect. This chapter concludes that (1) BDSM activities not involving physical force/injury fail to satisfy any legally relevant definition of violence and (2) BDSM activities involving physical force/injury may constitute descriptive violence, but they do not constitute legally disqualifying normative violence.
The Politics of BDSM Play
Authors: Norman Amber R.
Published: May 2023

“The Politics of BDSM: Racial Dynamics and Critical Consent” examines how historically marginalized groups with limited social power (e.g., racial and sexual minorities) communicate their needs and boundaries within the power-laden practice of BDSM. In this study, 13 Black BDSM practitioners were interviewed to examine how racial identity plays a role in BDSM practice. Racial identity is a non-negotiable marker that has created a structural dynamic in power relationships since the time of chattel slavery in the Americas, and racial dynamics continue to influence status and personal agency in the modern era. It is argued that the disavowal of systemic objectification and racial domination impedes consent and agency in BDSM settings. The findings of this study include the narratives of Black practitioners who provide insight into how role enactment, fetishism, and negotiation must be approached from a culturally responsive lens to enhance safety in BDSM.
Survivors of Sexual Victimization and the Negotiation of BDSM Play
Authors: Holt Karen
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the meanings and experiences of sexual victimization among five individuals who identify as BDSM participants in a kink community in the Midwest region of the United States. The author explores how a history of sexual victimization affects BDSM play and the ways in which these individuals understand, define, and experience BDSM. Those who report abuse histories have unique BDSM experiences and construct their practices differently, relying more on therapeutic narratives. The author draws from the literature on sexual victimization, constructions of consent, and BDSM as therapy and trauma play to describe how forms of erotic practice are used by the participants to make sense of their past victimization and their present BDSM activities. Implications of the research for practice and treatment as well as future avenues for exploration are discussed.
Engaging Politics, Culture, and Religious Difference
Authors: Markofski Wes
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 shifts attention to how multicultural evangelicals navigate political, cultural, and religious difference and disagreement in organizational practices and public life. It introduces post-secular “particularist pluralism” as one preferred mode of public religion among multicultural evangelicals. The chapter describes Christians for the Common Good’s (CCG) advocacy and lobbying efforts in the Oregon legislature, drawing on participant observation, interviews, organizational records and other documents to investigate CCG’s health care, anti-poverty, and environmental legislation and education efforts. The case highlights key issues involving evangelical and mainline Protestant relations, partnership with religious and secular others, issue selection and voting prioritization in evangelical circles, navigating political partisanship and divisive culture war issues, and various organizational funding and mobilization challenges that face progressive-leaning evangelical advocacy organizations. A final section examines multicultural evangelical approaches to gender and sexuality from the perspective of women holding leadership positions in Portland- and Atlanta-area faith-based organizations.
Reflexive Evangelicalism
Authors: Markofski Wes
Published: May 2023

The first section of this chapter explores multicultural evangelical approaches to multifaith collaboration and evangelism, a defining feature of evangelical religious identity. Multicultural evangelical research participants practiced social reflexivity by critically examining and adjusting evangelistic expression while interacting across different types of organizational and public settings. Subsequent sections investigate reflexive evangelical approaches to, (1) politics and culture war, (2) poverty and economic inequality, and (3) racial difference and inequality. A final section explores the biblical and experiential meanings and motivations of strategic relocation given its significance as an intensive case of multicultural evangelical approaches to racial justice and integration. In light of recent events, the chapter pays particular attention to whether and how the perspectives of white evangelical interview respondents grew or changed through strategic relocation or their involvement in faith-based public service, political advocacy, community development, and community organizing groups across the United States.
Ethical Democracy and Four Modes of Social Reflexivity
Authors: Markofski Wes
Published: May 2023

This chapter defines and gives examples of the four distinct modes of social reflexivity I observed in my research: segmented reflexivity, transposable reflexivity, deep reflexivity, and frozen reflexivity. Individuals and groups practice segmented reflexivity when they think and interact flexibly and self-critically with respect to one type of social difference but not others. They practice transposable reflexivity when they think and interact flexibly and self-critically across multiple domains. Individuals and groups practice frozen reflexivity when they think and interact self-critically, but partially and inflexibly, with respect to identities, groups, and settings in which they are involved. Deep reflexivity, by contrast, is reliably recursive and fallibilist, involving iterative capacity for flexible and self-critical thought and action whilst recognizing the inescapably partial and fallible nature of human understanding and action across difference. Though emerging from research on multicultural evangelicals, these concepts offer a potentially generalizable framework applicable to other groups and settings.
Conclusion
Authors: Markofski Wes
Published: May 2023

In the post-2020 era, it is clear that evangelicalism and democracy in America alike are in need of deep transformation and renewal. In the concluding chapter, I summarize the book’s main findings and arguments concerning reflexive and multicultural evangelicalism, the relationship between multicultural and other varieties of evangelicalism, the importance of deep and transposable social reflexivity across difference for ethical democracy, and make my closing arguments for a postsecular pragmatist approach to pluralism and ethical democracy in the United States, one with potential to help us better navigate the persistent existence of deep difference and disagreement in our pursuit of ethical democracy and common goods in American public and political life.
A Revolution That Did Not Happen
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes the Bolsheviks’ failed attempt to create a new socialist currency. War communism, a bewildering experiment in the eradication of money, resulted in its de-governmentalization. The state lost its monopoly on the production of money, but money hardly went away. The Russian economy, devastated by war, switched to barter, and dozens of new monetary signs circulated across the country that was falling apart into semi-independent regions and territories. The New Economic Policy (NEP) was the Bolshevik government’s attempt to regain control over the currency and to reconstruct the pre-1914 monetary order. The reform of 1921–24 bore many traces of Witte’s gold standard, for example, the centrality of the state and the obsession with the size of the gold reserve.
Epilogue
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: May 2023

After the end of the New Economic Policy, the Soviet ruble remained inconvertible. With the creation of the planned command economy, money lost its economic meaning as a measure of value. However, its political role became even more significant. The government used the ruble as a means of political control and class struggle. The monetary reforms of 1947 and 1961 repeated the patterns of imperial reforms because they pursued the interests of the state and confiscated the private wealth of Soviet citizens. In the late 1980s, the Soviet government tried to fix its monetary system without changing the principles of political organization and economic governance. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ruble turned into the currency of sovereign Russia, but even in the reforms of the 1990s, one could see the legacy of the imperial and Soviet past. The ruble remained the tool of state governance and political control.
Transitions to Empire in Early China and Rome
Authors: Robinson Rebecca
Published: May 2023

“Transitions to Empire in Early China and Rome” compares and contrasts the histories of early China and Rome up to the time of Emperor Wu and Augustus, respectively, paying particular attention to how each state developed into what we now recognize as an empire. In particular, it examines the challenges faced by each ruler to consolidate their authority. In the Han, although one-man rule had long been the norm, central authority over the commanderies and kingdoms was often tenuous. In Rome, Augustus was faced with the opposite challenge. Roman authority was generally not contested in the provinces, but the rule of one man was strongly opposed.
State Cult in Early China and Rome
Authors: Robinson Rebecca
Published: May 2023

“State Cult in Early China and Rome” builds on the groundwork laid in Chapter 2, and turns to compare the histories of state-sponsored religion in early China and Rome as well as the religious institutions that existed in each place. This chapter shows that although we cannot make direct comparisons between the types of religious institutions and practices that existed in early China and Rome, in both societies, religious activity was closely integrated into government systems. Chapter 3 shows that a more fruitful comparison can be made by examining the place of these religious institutions within their respective states as well as by comparing the transformations that took place during the reigns of Emperor Wu and Augustus.
Redefining Ceremony
Authors: Robinson Rebecca
Published: May 2023

“Redefining Ceremony” analyzes some of the most important sacrifices and ceremonies performed or sponsored by Augustus and Emperor Wu. In the Han, many of the sacrifices and ceremonies performed by the emperor were relatively new, while in Rome, Augustus claimed to revive sacrifices that had long been neglected. In both cases, the rulers shaped, or reshaped, these sacrifices to demonstrate their unprecedented authority and to celebrate their glorious reigns. The chapter closes with a case study of two ceremonies: the feng 封 and shan 禪 sacrifices performed by Emperor Wu and the ludi saeculares celebrated by Augustus. In these performances, couched in the language of tradition, the two rulers ushered in new golden ages.
Conclusion
Authors: Robinson Rebecca
Published: May 2023

The Conclusion revisits some of the main themes of the book and highlights the advantages and new perspectives offered by a comparative approach. Following this, it turns to look at the legacies of the religious reforms. While the sacrificial system established by Emperor Wu was dismantled in the generations following his reign, the position of the emperor as the central authority in religious and other matters was well established. In contrast, the precedent set by Augustus, that the princeps would be a member of each of the priestly colleges and have ultimate authority over religious decisions, remained in place long after his reign.
The Use of Real or Imagined Inscriptions in Late Antique Literature
Authors: Sitz Anna M.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 gathers the literary evidence for the late antique reading and appropriation of ancient inscriptions, complementing earlier research on the use of inscriptions in Greek and Roman literature. Some authors, such as Agathias of Myrina and Kosmas Indikopleustes, copied down real, centuries-old inscriptions with remarkable attention to detail; others, such as the anonymous authors of hagiographies or theosophical texts, invented inscriptions to make a point. One of our key examples in this chapter, the Life of Abercius, drew on at least one real ancient inscription: the famous grave stone of Abercius himself. The precise way it was used in this hagiography, however, requires a re-evaluation of the materiality of the stone and its local context. These textual sources not only indicate that older epigraphic material was of interest to late antique writers, they also show the variety of lenses through which inscriptions were interpreted. While some authors were interested in what inscriptions communicated about the past, others were preoccupied with the future, as epigraphic material took on a new, prophetic role for both pagans and Christians.
Property
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: May 2023

Chapter 5 extends the perspectival analysis thus far developed by characterizing views of property by reference to the function of property that comes to the fore in their analyses: the personal, the economic, or the political. These terms will help us add another connection between the projects of agency and the social perspectives, as well as profiling the Idealists against the background of the broader modern debate over property rights. Perhaps most important, this chapter helps to fill out the way in which each of the philosophers takes up multiple perspectives by showing that each has a different perspective on property than he has on the family.
Hegel’s State
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: May 2023

Chapter 8 reconstructs Hegel’s theory of the state. Of crucial importance to the structure of Hegel’s state is understanding the way that its pattern is essentially that of the estates—and thus the way Hegel’s institutional design of the state is a self-conscious attempt to bridge the gap between state and society. Because the very notion of the estates sounds as archaic and idiosyncratic to us now as does Kant’s thing-like right to persons, the first section of this chapter goes into some detail regarding the context and function of Hegel’s theory of the estates. That chapter argues that for Hegel, the estates are social preconditions for legal and political practices, forms of political participation in their own right, and conditions of possibility of moderate government (three functions also attributed to the estates by Montesquieu).
Living in Time
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: May 2023

Living in Time is a book about the philosophical ideas of Henri Bergson (1859–1941), once the most famous philosopher in the world, though now seldom considered, especially not in Anglophone philosophy. This is regrettable, as Bergson is a great philosopher, and this book explains why. There is a chapter on each of Bergson’s four major works, explaining his theories of time, perception, memory, and panpsychic consciousness, his innovative concept of virtual existence, his objection to Darwin, his controversy with Einstein, his philosophy of creative evolution, and his social philosophy of closed and open society. Bergson is without doubt the most profound thinker about time since antiquity. In referring to time we refer to duration, which is always an interval, never instantaneous, and therefore always marked by differences of past and present. This duration is real, that is, not imaginary or subjective, and it is effective, a power for change, as we see in geology and the evolution of life. Classical arguments for determinism fallaciously apply spatial concepts to consciousness. Once we take time seriously, which means acknowledging its reality as duration and its difference from space, the arguments for determinism become insupportable. Bergson’s ideas on time and evolution open a context for a comparison with Nietzsche, which the book develops in detail, exposing both philosophical concurrence and systematic difference. The conclusion discusses the question of Bergson and naturalism and summarizes the ontology of the virtual that emerges as the book’s argument unfolds.
Open and Closed
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: May 2023

This chapter concerns the theme of open and closed in Bergson’s last work. Closed society is our evolved social adaptation and default tendency, which is to cherish one group above other, excluded groups. Open society is the tendency of life and growth, tending to a cosmopolitan society of humanity, which is so far only aspirational. Bergson regards laughter as an ally of closed society, which it certainly can be, though it is more than that, as comparison with the laughter Nietzsche depicts in Thus Spoke Zarathustra shows. Technology is the ally of open society, or it would be were it not diverted by capitalism. Bergson remains hopeful that the spell of wealth over science and technology can be broken by a spell of an entirely different sort cast by mystics and the creative emotion they diffuse.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Barry
Published: May 2023

After a review of the book’s argument, this conclusion discusses the question of Bergson and “naturalism.” He is not a philosophical naturalist after the model of W. V. Quine. Instead, he proposes a new metaphysics, not of being, but of time, and not continuous with natural science but complementary, developing qualitative intelligence about the phenomena of duration (endurance, movement, melody, development, individuality, and evolution), to match the quantitative intelligence about space and matter in science. The chapter summarizes Bergson’s ontology of the virtual, drawing comparisons to Leibniz and the Stoics. Life and time, living in time, is the context of all Bergson’s thought, which may be said to define a kind of radical empiricism.
The Global Politics of Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D.
Published: May 2023

The Global Politics of Interreligious Dialogue examines the growth of interreligious dialogue initiatives in the Middle East and their use by states as a policy instrument for engaging with religious communities and ideas. The book argues that this growth is best understood as the result of a complex interplay of geopolitical interests, ideational development, and religious change. In doing so, it interprets these initiatives as a concrete example of religion operating in contemporary global politics and as yielding critical insights about the relationship between religion, politics, and modernity. The book is divided into three parts. Part I builds a theoretical framework to analyze the dynamics of power, ideas, and practices at work in the politics of interreligious dialogue. It begins by considering state-centric accounts of dialogue. It then turns to theories of postsecularism and post-Islamism to conceptualize the new ideas and practices of citizenship, religious pluralism, and social solidarity which characterize dialogue initiatives in the region. Part II explores the history of interreligious dialogue and the evolution of theological approaches to religious pluralism in the traditions of Roman Catholicism and Sunni Islam. It analyzes key interreligious dialogue declarations produced in the Middle East over the past two decades, including the “A Common Word” letter, the Marrakesh Declaration, and the Human Fraternity document. Finally, drawing on five years of ethnographic fieldwork, Part III presents four case studies of dialogue in the region: the Focolare Community in Algeria, the Adyan Foundation in Lebanon, KAICIID of Saudi Arabia, and DICID of Qatar.
A Brief History of Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a global history of interreligious dialogue. It begins by reviewing debates among scholars of religion about the problems posed by religious pluralism. The chapter then situates the growth of dialogue within the framework of modernization processes. It draws links between subsequent waves of democratic reform across major religious traditions, often in response to crises of authority and violent conflicts associated with religious ideas or actors, and the development of new theological perspectives on religious pluralism. The chapter introduces the framework of exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism and debates among theologians about the religious meaning of religious diversity, especially within the traditions of Sunni Islam and Roman Catholicism.
Catholicism and Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Driessen Michael D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes the development of the Catholic Church’s position on interreligious dialogue following the Second Vatican Council and its impact on dialogue initiatives in the Middle East and North Africa. It examines the work of several key figures of dialogue engaged in the case studies presented in the book, including Piero Coda, Fadi Daou, and Chiara Lubich, as well as Louis Massignon and Christian de Chergé. The chapter explores the themes of human dignity, religious freedom, spiritual solidarity, and religious pluralism as taken up by these thinkers and analyzes how they understood their experiences in relation to the authority of the Catholic Church as well as the historical shifts introduced by liberal modernity.
The Capacity to Govern
Authors: Issacharoff Samuel
Published: May 2023

Democracies have compiled a historical record of strong state capacity, dramatically reducing poverty, educating their residents, delivering large-scale projects, and developing powerful militaries to secure themselves. In recent years, however, autocratic countries like China and Singapore have challenged democracies’ claim to superior state capacity—another narrative of democratic superiority—and democracies have had difficulty keeping pace. This chapter asks why the ability of democracies to “get it done” has been called into question. Two reasons are proposed—first, the dysfunction of legislatures in democratic countries; second, the decline of parties in democracies, as opposed to dominant parties in other systems with long time horizons and the capacity to maneuver around veto points that proliferate in democracies. The chapter concludes by arguing that state incapacity and legislative dysfunction have made executive unilateralism a tempting alternative to voters for populist parties.
A Theory of Strategic Selection
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna , Wiegand Krista E.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 presents the theory of strategic selection and explains the underlying reasons for states’ commitment to strategy during the entire process of peaceful settlement: uncertainty associated with the resolution process and the preference to win. The second part of this chapter focuses on the first stage of strategic selection: the choice of venue. It discusses the mechanisms that reduce uncertainty for proposer states during the process of choosing peaceful resolution methods: past experience in peaceful resolution and the relationship between domestic and international law. The chapter includes qualitative examples of states’ strategies in territorial and maritime disputes, as well as insights from conversations with policymakers personally involved in peaceful resolution. The chapter concludes by presenting a set of testable hypotheses dealing with each mechanism of choice-of-venue strategic selection.
Arsenals for Space Warfare
Authors: Bowen Bleddyn E.
Published: May 2023

The spread of space technology is rekindling a desire to threaten enemy satellites of major military powers to a level not seen since the 1980s. Today we are witnessing the resuscitation, maturation, and proliferation of space weapons because there are many targets worth hitting in orbit. This chapter looks at what space weapons are, as well as their limitations and strengths based on whether they are Earth-to-space, space-to-space, or space-to-Earth weapons, by using examples from the Cold War and present day. It gives a general sense of the classes of space weapons available today and what they mean for the bigger picture of space warfare, strategy, and military power, rather than providing a detailed, technical “bestiary.”
Erdoğan Turns to Islam
Authors: Tol Gönül
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 examines the next phase in Erdoğan’s war, after he defeated the secularist establishment. It focuses on Erdoğan’s strategy of utilizing Islam to mobilize support for establishing an all-powerful executive presidency with no meaningful checks and balances. It takes an in-depth look at how Erdoğan utilized Islam to secure the backing of pious Turks and Kurds to seize unconstrained power and how he saw the Arab uprisings as an opportunity that would help him execute his plan. The chapter details the ways in which the Arab uprisings helped Erdoğan in his effort to cast himself as the protector of Islam and Muslims and those who were opposed to his autocratic vision as his new enemies.
From Religion to Nationalism
Authors: Tol Gönül
Published: May 2023

Chapter Four discusses the failure of Erdoğan’s efforts to use Islam to mobilize support for his presidential plans. It tells the story of Erdoğan’s clash with key constituencies, which culminated in a historic election loss for Erdoğan in 2015. It details how the rise and eventual dominance of the Syrian Kurdish militia along Turkey’s southern border as well as the feud that erupted in Erdoğan’s Islamist alliance complicated his plans to secure the backing of Turkey’s Kurds and Islamists for his executive presidency. The chapter then delves into Erdoğan’s turn to Turkish nationalism in response and how the Kurds became his new target.
Syrians Must Go
Authors: Tol Gönül
Published: May 2023

Chapter Seven discusses the implications of Erdoğan’s declining political fortune for Syria. Due to a growing protest from large segments of the country and the opposition parties’ increasingly vocal criticism of his Syria policy, Erdoğan was forced to act. The chapter explores the military incursion Erdoğan launched into Syria, a few months after his party lost almost all major cities in municipal elections, to secure a zone that would host Turkey’s Syrian refugees. It discusses Erdoğan’s efforts to prevent a regime takeover of Idlib, the last opposition stronghold, which would unleash another tide of refugees towards Turkey’s borders.
Anxiety, Racial Capitalism, and the Donald Sterling Tapes
Authors: Kelly Casey Ryan
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 continues to explore the rhetorical unconscious of white supremacy by situating racist disclosures within the confines of a symbolic economy inherited from the history of chattel slavery. This chapter examines leaked audio of phone conversations between NBA team owner Donald Sterling and his girlfriend V. Stiviano. In conversations between the two, Sterling admonishes Stiviano for consorting with Black friends and acquaintances in public, begging her to keep her associations with Black people private. The tapes illustrate how whiteness rhetorically manages its anxiety over boundary violations within racial capitalism—between the labor of people of color and leisure of white people.
Access Hollywood and the Return of the Primal Father
Authors: Kelly Casey Ryan
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 examines the infamous Access Hollywood tape as a key moment in the rearticulation of white masculinity around a refusal of sexual prohibitions and moral authority. Reading the tape through Freud’s parable of the primal horde in Totem and Taboo, I argue that Trump introduced traumatic paralysis into the body politic by announcing the gross refiguration of white masculinity as beyond reproach, its function merged and conflated with the paternal signifier. The tape offers a theory of masculine power that is organized around what Gayle Rubin termed the “traffic in women.” This chapter illustrates how the Access Hollywood tape cemented an audience dynamic conducive to the autocratic exercise of power.