bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocupação e género: uma análise dos efeitos da segmentação ocupacional e da discriminação de género para o Brasil
Authors: Mantovani Gabriela Gomes , Souza Solange de Cassia Inforzato de , Gomes Magno Rogério
Published: March 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos da segmentação ocupacional sobre os rendimentos dos trabalhadores e a discriminação de gênero intraocu-pacional no Brasil. Estimaram-se as equações salariais com correção do viés de seleção amostral e efetuou-se a decomposição salarial de Oaxaca-Blinder, a partir dos microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios – PNAD 2015. Confi rmou-se a segmentação do mercado de trabalho no Brasil, sendo o seu efeito mais intenso no grupo ocupacional de Dirigentes e Profi ssionais das Ciências e das Artes, comparado ao grupo dos Trabalhadores dos serviços e da produção. Há discriminação intraocupacional de salários contra a mulher, maior para ocupações de liderança e inferior para os trabalhadores envolvidos na execução de atividades.
COVID-19: Economic Recession or Depression?
Authors: Ruiz Estrada Mario Arturo
Published: March 2021

This paper is interested to introduce a new macroeconomic indicator to evaluate the impact of any massive pandemic such as COVID-19 on the world economy performance in the short run (1 year) and long run (10 years). The new macroeconomic indicator is entitled “The Economic Uncontrolled Desgrowth from COVID-19 (-δCOVID-19).” In fact, the new macroeconomic indicator assumes that always COVID-19 is going to be the major factor to generate a large economic leakage on the final GDP formation anytime and anywhere. Additionally, the same paper is willing to evaluate two post-COVID-19 possible scenarios. The first scenario: if COVID-19 is going to generate a short economic recession, then the world economy gross domestic product can delay between two and three years. The second scenario: if COVID-19 is going to produce a large economic depression, then the world economy gross domestic product can take easily between five and ten years such as the case of the world great depression of 1928. From now, the economists need to decide between two possible choices to solve these two types of economic crisis (recession or depression): The first choice is the uses of the classical economic policies –fiscal or monetary- from past experiences (Keynesians and Monetarists). The second choice is the creation of new and innovative polices approaches to reduce the COVID-19 damage under the support of new theoretical and methodological approaches.
An Empirical Inquiry into the Effectiveness of the Growth Center Approach to Regional Economic Development
Authors: Martin Randolph C.
Published: March 2021

The major purpose of this paper is to provide some empirical evidence on the effectiveness of EDA dollars spent on projects in development centers in stimulating economic expansion in the surrounding development district counties. To this end, Section II examines the geographic distribution of the funding patterns to both development districts and development centers. Of specific interest here is the extent to which U. S. regional development efforts have actually followed a growth center approach.
An Exploration of the Real Productivity Effects of Cities
Authors: Fogarty Michael S. , Garofalo Gasper
Published: March 2021

Recent evidence on earnings differentials between urban areas points to a tradeoff between income and environmental quality (Izraeli, 1977). Efforts to establish the characteristics of urban environmental quality income tradeoff functions must confront recent research dealing with the productivity of cities. A yet unresolved controversy exists between those who argue agglomeration economies produce a net productivity differential in favor of larger urban areas and those who suggest the higher incomes in larger cities largely reflect compensatory payments for urban disamenities. This paper attempts to resolve several parts of this controversy.
Factors Affecting Rural Land Prices in an Urbanizing Area
Authors: Reynolds John E. , Tower Devin L.
Published: March 2021

Urban growth in many areas of the South has been accompanied by changes in land use and increases in rural land prices in the surrounding areas. The conversion of agricultural land to a nonagricultural use in an urbanizing area appears to have had a marked affect on rural land prices. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of physical and locational characteristics of property on rural land prices in an urbanizing area.
Testing Various Econometric Models of Internal Migration in Italy
Authors: Salvatore Dominick
Published: March 2021

In recent years there have been a number of studies on the socioeconomic determinants of human migration in this journal and elsewhere. Most of these migration studies utilized census data because of lack of time series data. One exception was the excellent article by Walsh studying Irish migration to Britain. The present study follows Walsh in testing the same econometric models but for internal (South-North) migration in Italy. The present study utilizes somewhat more reliable and disaggregated data than used by Walsh, tests some additional relevant variables, and obtains results which are statistically more significant and which also conform better with theoretical dictates.
Structural Change in Models of Migration Omission of Psychic Income
Authors: Coelen Stephen P.
Published: March 2021

The question of the relative importance of various migration determinants has heen raised in recent migration research. Some of the associated debate has resulted from the inevitable squabbling among the proponents of various disciplines over the variables of their own special interest — economic, sociologic, geographic, etc., but much of the debate has real substance and policy significance. From an economic perspective, if differential regional incomes and unemployment are less important migration determinants than individualistic and personal factors (like amenities and better quality of life), then migration does not have the important equilibrating quality so frequently attributed to it. Without migration to equalize factor prices, commodity trade and capital movements become strained as equilibrating factors and the conclusions of the neoclassical regional growth model, Borts and Stein [1964], are less likely to he obtained. In that case, national output would he suhoptimized by regional concentrations of labor, and regional policy would have to become aimed at finding viable means of properly redistributing population.
A Regional Short-Run Forecasting Model of Coal Demand by Electric Utilities
Authors: Uri Noel D.
Published: March 2021

For the foreseeable future, it is unlikely that any factor will be of greater importance to the economic planning of a particular region than the availability of energy in general and electrical energy in particular. To facilitate this planning, accurate forecasts of, among other things, electrical energy demand are needed. Much research has been done on the longer-run aspects of demand. It has generally been the case that a structural econometric model performs admirably in forecasting aggregate annual kilowatt-hour demand. In the short-run at a regionally disaggregated level, however, the results have not been as satisfactory. The unreliability and unavailability of the data, the strong influence of the weather, and the structurally changing characteristics of demand all combine to produce a generally unacceptable forecasting model. Further, since the consumption of coal is inexorably intertwined with generation (electric utilities consumed 75 percent of all coal mined in 1976), poor short-run forecasts of generation naturally lead to poor forecasts of coal consumption. Realizing the foregoing problems exist, this paper develops a short-run forecasting model for electrical energy generation and coal consumption by electric utilities that overcomes them and, at least over the test period, has provided excellent regional forecast results.
The Net Value Contribution to Human Capital Employment, by Foreign-owned Firms, in Southeast Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Schubert Walt
Published: March 2021

The southeast has experienced an influx of foreign direct investment in recent years. This paper is designed to explore the net contribution, by foreign-owned firms, to the value of human capital employed in the southeast.
The Realism and Relevance of Regional Science
Authors: Miernyk William H.
Published: March 2021

Regional Science is the newest of the social sciences. The roots of regional economics—the precursor of regional science—can he traced to von Thunen’s Der isolierte Staat, published in 1826. The birth of regional science as a separate discipline came much later, however. It can be dated rather precisely as December 27, 1954. This is when approximately sixty economists, geographers, planners, and others with an interest in spatial analysis, met to form the Regional Science Association. The guiding light of this meeting was Walter Isard, the founder and still the prime mover of Regional Science.
An Analysis of Income Concentration in Small Areas
Authors: Schroeder Larry D.
Published: March 2021

Studies relating socio-economic attributes of the population of an area to income inequality of that population are fairly numerous. The current paper is another such effort but with a slightly different focus. Rather than observe populations living within regions, states or even counties, we here concentrate upon persons living within a single major city—Atlanta, Georgia. Income inequality as observed among families living with Census tracts is used as the unit of analysis.
Alternative Transportation Expenditures in Development Strategy: Arterial Highways Versus Local Roads
Authors: Ayers Jr. F. Thomas , Freiberg Jr. Lewis
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the impact of Interstate 64 (I-64) on land values in five rural hut diverse counties in Eastern Kentucky. Since the corridor of I-64 examined is hounded on the West by Lexington, Kentucky and on the East by Ashland, Kentucky and Huntington, West Virginia, it is possible to test Haig’s theory of location and the extent to which I-64 has promoted economic development within the corridor.
Regional Residential Energy Use Models
Authors: Kurish James B. , Hirst Eric
Published: March 2021

This paper describes the methods used and the assumptions made in developing a regional data base for each of the nine U.S. census, divisions. The data are used to provide regional input to a comprehensive engineering-economic computer model to simulate energy use in the residential sector from 1970 to 2000. These regional models provide an analytical tool with which conservation policies, technologies, and strategies can be evaluated for their effects on residential energy use, fuel expenditures, and capital costs.
Migration and the Quality of Life
Authors: Kau James B. , Sirmans C.F.
Published: March 2021

A model is formulated for the estimation of migration between the nine census divisions and the various states using 1960 and 1970 census data. This study estimates a model for migrants by race in the United States who moved during a five year period prior to the census (current migrants) and for migrants who were enumerated in 1960 in a state different from the region in which they were bom (lifetime migrants). The explanatory variables are used to measure the responsiveness of recent and lifetime migrants to factors which may effect their decision to move.
Alternative Migration Strategies for the Southern Poor
Authors: Iden George
Published: March 2021

In this paper the impact of migration on the earnings of the southern poor is analyzed. Particular attention is focused on the effects of destination of migration on earnings, hy region and by city size. The following questions with which this paper attempts to deal were thought to be crucial in formulating a migration strategy for reducing southern poverty: Does migration increase the earnings of the southern poor? How do the earnings of migrants to southern metropolitan areas compare with the earnings of migrants to northern metropolitan areas? Within regions, do the earnings of migrants increase with the city size of destination?
Causes and Valuation of Fatalities Saved Under the 1974 Energy Crises: A Case Study of California
Authors: Chu Betty Yei-Chou , Nunn Geoffrey E.
Published: March 2021

During the first six months of 1974, California experienced a significant reduction in traffic fatalities compared to the same period of 1973. There are numerous reasons that account for the reduction. Some can be identified and some cannot. A major factor of course is the serious fuel shortage that occurred during the period. Six months data now have become available, and it is possible to analyse the reasons underlying the reduction. This paper focuses on two questions. First, what impact did each of the various factors have; and second, what is the economic value associated with the reduction in fatalities.
Some Developing Region Tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory
Authors: Katzman Martin T.
Published: March 2021

The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of interregional trade is tested as an explanation of regional patterns of specialization in Brazil. With the Northeast defined as the labor-abundant region and Sao Paulo as the capital abundant region, there seemed to be no relationship between sectoral capital-labor ratios and regional specialization, contrary to hypothesis. On the other hand, the Northeast specializes in unskilled-labor intensive industries, and Sao Paulo, skilled-labor interior industries, conforming to hypothesis. In agriculture, the pattern of state specialization in some commercial crops seems predictable by the relative land-labor endowments.
The Price of Federal Aid: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry
Authors: Kochanowski Paul
Published: March 2021

The tax burden-grant received ratio is the Federal tax “price” a state pays per dollar of Federal grant funds it receives. In fiscal 1972, this “price” ranged from a low of $0.34 for Alaska to a high of $1.58 for Connecticut. This paper formulates a theoretical model of this ratio; estimates the parameters of this model using cross-sectional state data; and demonstrates the policy implications of the empirical results through a case study.
A Cohort Analysis of Black-White Income Differentials in the South, 1960-1970
Authors: Shin Eui Hang
Published: March 2021

The primary purpose of the present study is to analyze the patterns of intracohort changes in the black-white male income differentials in each of ten selected Southern states between 1960 and 1970. The analysis includes a set of comparisons of the trends and variations in black-white income differentials: among selected Southern states at specified points in time and over time; between Southern states and Northern states; between Southern states and the United States as a whole. The ten Southern states considered in this study are Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. These ten Southern states were selected because of their common historical background; all were Secessionist states. However, one of the Secessionist states, Texas, is not included in this study, because the large proportion of Mexican-American population among the total white population of Texas rmduly complicates any analyses of black-white differentials. Also, for a South-North comparison, seven Northern states are selected: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. These seven states are selected on the basis of their having a large concentration of the total black population in the North. As of the 1970 Census, these states had about 84 percent of the blacks in the Northeast and North Central.
Dimensions of Indian Urban Centers: Some Policy Implications
Authors: Mookheejee Debnath
Published: March 2021

In view of the phenomenal rise of India’s urban population during the postindependence period, a great deal of research interest has been focused on urbanization—urban process, growth strategy, planning and policy formulation. Few other fields in the social sciences may be considered to he more richly deserving of this interest, for although the 79 millions of urban dwellers of India in 1961 comprised only 18 percent of her total population, she experienced nearly eighty percent growth in urban population over the period of 1941-61, and the current estimates indicate that even on a conservative basis the urban population of the nation is likely to be of the order of 152 million in 1981. The most disturbing aspect of this urban growth is that, with their already inadequate or severly strained resources, and with all the “dirt, the squalor, the overcrowding, and the grinding poverty. . .” the larger urban centers as a group have continued to increase at a much faster rate in comparison to other urban units. During the 1941-61 period the cities and town groups with population of 100,000 and over have grown nearly 150 percent, adding a total of twenty-one million additional people. This disproportionate urban growth rate, along with an excessive concentration of industries in the larger urban centers, has led the Planning Commission in the recent years to set their objectives in favor of a “decongestion or dispersal of population” from the largest metropolitan centers, and exploration of smaller towns with potentials for development.
Some Reflections on Urban Dualism in Mature Economies
Authors: McKee David L.
Published: March 2021

Many economists will recall with a certain amount of nostalgia the “Robinson Crusoe Dilemma” as it was presented to them in courses in economic theory during their undergraduate days. No doubt these same economists will be surprised to learn that Robinson Crusoe is very much alive and still marooned in small town America. Unfortunately this time it will take much more than a raft to solve his dilemma, for the evidence appears to suggest that he was torpedoed rather than shipwrecked and that his attacker, a peculiar form of dualism, is still at large and ready to sink him should he attempt to rejoin the mainstream. His plight is further complicated by the fact that he has been forgotten by those in the mainstream and is either invisible or unrecognizable to passersby.
Determination of Key Sectors in a Regional Economy through Input-Output Analysis: The North-Central Texas Case
Authors: Hayashi P.M. , Mullendore W.E. , Ekholm A.L.
Published: March 2021

Regional promoters and planners face the problem of how to achieve economic development. One possible way is to develop many sectors of the regional economy at the same time, and the other possible way is to develop a sector or few sectors of the economy which, in turn, stimulates other sectors of the economy. These different approaches, “the balanced growth” and “the unbalanced growth”, are the basis for a well known controversy in the field of economic development. The purpose of this paper is twofold: one is to survey the methodologies for identification of key sectors and the other is to present and analyze the results of identifying key sectors for the North Central Texas Region.
Determination of Key Sectors in a Regional Economy through Input-Output Analysis: The North-Central Texas Case: Comment
Authors: Schaffer William A.
Published: March 2021

This paper is a comment on Hayashi et al (1973).
The Lending Policies of Banks in Nonmetropolitan Areas and the Implications for Local Economic Development
Authors: Kaatz John R. , Tarpley Jr. Fred A.
Published: March 2021

The process of local economic development is extremely complex, and the factors which contribute to its success or failure are many. A capital shortage, however, is generally regarded as one of the problems which must be overcome for nonmetropolitan area development. It is the argument of this paper that while financial factors are not, in and of themselves, a sufficient condition for economic development, they can be a positive force, especially at the margin. We further argue that governmental policy should encourage larger average size banks and that this would aid industrial development by increasing availability of credit as well as benefit depositors by providing increased safety.
Market Imperfections, Social Costs of Strip Mining, and Policy Alternatives
Authors: Bohm Robert A. , Lord James H. , Patterson David A.
Published: March 2021

All but the most hardened defenders of the coal and utility interests must admit that the visual and ecological impact of an unreclaimed stripped area is unfavorable. We would never quarrel with the overriding concern of the participants at the conference, that concern being for the strained resources situation and the financial and technological difficulties in meeting energy demands. However, the prevailing attitude of the power sector seems to be to put highest priority on meeting the future demands for energy and then, if the public is willing, to meet the considerable additional costs of dimishing environmental spillovers. But this attitude reflects a basic misunderstanding of the economics of the issue, i.e. , of the role of price in determining the quantity of energy used.
Regional Environmental Quality: An Optimal Industry Mix to Minimize Pollution
Authors: Meadows T.C. , Hite J.C.
Published: March 2021

Recreation and leisure-oriented industry is frequently recommended as a type of economic development suitable for rural, low-income areas interested in preserving a high quality natural environment. However, even such activities as these have negative aspects – both economic and environmental – which are not generally recognized. In this paper, evidence will be presented showing that even the most innocuous appearing industries may have serious environmental impact. While this evidence is based on two case studies and should not be generalized too broadly, it does serve to alter regional development planners to some of the special problems associated with the development of tourism as part of a regional economic base.
A Growth Center Strategy for the United States
Authors: Hansen Niles M.
Published: March 2021

This paper proposes a national regional policy based on the development of employment opportunities in an intermediate-sized city. The strategy is based on thre propositions. First, it is not generally feasible to base a national strategy on the industrialization of rural areas. Second, it is possible that our metropolitan areas are too big and growth should be watched. Finally, given changes in technology it is possible to offer rural areas an alterantive growth strategy to urban ghettos.
Program Evaluation: The Appalachian Experience
Authors: Rothblatt Donald N.
Published: March 2021

Recently, a debate has emerged over the efficacy of the Appalachian Program. How can we resolve this debate? Is it in fact possible to evaluate the Appalachian experience at this time? And how should an evaluation be conducted? This paper addresses these questions and provides a framework for their answers.
Market Share, Distance, and Potential
Authors: Bechmann Martin J.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to state a simple hypothesis concerning the effect of distance on demand and to demonstrate its implications. This will incidentally produce an extension of the rate of application for conventional market and supply areas and will serve to give operational meaning to the gravity or potential theory of spatial competition.
Neighborhood Schools and Integration
Authors: Fearn Robert M.
Published: March 2021

This paper looks at a recent pair of Supreme Court Decisions regarding busing between communities to achieve racial integration. The papers suggests the possibility of simultaneous solutions to the busing and neighborhood integration problems.
Observations on the Federal Role in Regional Planning Councils
Authors: Reeves Mavis Mann
Published: March 2021

With the federal encouragement and support of regional planning, have we set in motion a trend we cannot stop? This paper offers some thoughts on this current debate.
Universities, Agglomeration, and Regional Innovation
Authors: Orlando Michael J. , Verba Michael , Weiler Stephan
Published: March 2021

Urban agglomeration is an important correlate to regional innovation. Large population centers pool knowledge workers and facilitate spillovers essential to innovative activity. And large populations provide more cost-effective locations for non-labor inputs to innovation, including local infrastructure that may facilitate innovative activity. However, university locations may also agglomerate these innovative inputs, even absent the agglomerative effects of large populations. Regional policymakers may find it useful to differentiate between various correlates to innovation. This paper exploits the collinearity of universities and population with regional human capital to apportion the relationship between these regional correlates of innovation into human-capital related and non-human-capital related channels. We identify a correlation between universities and regional innovation that reflects a relationship between innovation and regional human capital correlated with university presence. None of this relationship can be apportioned to factors correlated with university presence and uncorrelated with local human capital. A key methodological contribution of this paper is the analytical framework, which can be extended to a larger number of aggregate factors and causal channels.
A Quantile Regression Approach to Examine Changes in County Unemployment Rates in Indiana during the Great Recession
Authors: Srinivasan Arun K. , Arano Kathleen G.
Published: March 2021

We take a closer look at changes in county unemployment rates in Indiana during the Great Recession and evaluate how local population and the mix of sectoral employment influence these patterns. Using a quantile regression approach, we specifically observe the impacts on counties on both tails of the changes in unemployment distribution. We find the impact of sectoral composition of a county’s workforce depends on its geographical classification. Overall, greater reliance on pro-cyclical industries, most notably manufacturing, magnifies the increases in unemployment during the recession. This effect is further amplified for MSA counties. In contrast, counter-cyclical industries, education in particular, insulates the counties in the top 10th percentile of the distribution of changes in unemployment rates, and a stronger insulation effect is observed for MSA counties. At the bottom 10th percentile, education marginally amplifies changes in unemployment rates for MSA counties, whereas it insulates non-MSA counties from the same distribution.
Churning in Rural and Urban Retail Markets
Authors: Artz Georgeanne M. , Eathington Liesl , Francois Jasmine , Masinde Melvin , Orazem Peter F.
Published: March 2021

Using data on the universe of taxable retail sales, retail firm start-ups, and retail firm exits in Iowa from 1992 through 2011, we test whether patterns of retail firm entry and exit are consistent with churning. Consistent with churning, the same factors that increase retail sales in a local market also increase new retail firm entry and either increase or do not affect retail firm exit. Evidence suggests that there is more churning in urban than in rural markets. Similar evidence is found using a sample of national firm entry and exit into local markets. If churning increases productivity growth, then the greater churning rate in urban markets is another source of agglomeration advantages in thick markets.
The Externality of Vacant Houses: The Case of Toshima Municipality, Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Sadayuki Taisuke , Kanayama Yuki , Arimura Toshi H.
Published: March 2021

The Japanese housing market has experienced a rapid increase in the number of vacant housing units due to regulatory obstacles and a decreasing population. Abandoned vacant houses can cause negative externalities in the surrounding neighborhood, due to illegal dumping of garbage, increased risks of arson, and building collapse. Few empirical studies exist that focus on the negative externalities of vacant houses, because of data limitations. This paper investigates these negative externalities by using a complete field survey conducted in the Toshima municipality, one of 23 wards in the Tokyo prefecture. We find that a vacant (single-family) house devalues nearby rental prices by 1-2 percent, on average. Vacant houses with property defects cause greater spillover effects. Addressing dilapidated vacant housing with overgrown vegetation and combustible materials would likely produce annual tax gains greater than one million yen (approximately nine thousand U.S. dollars) per vacant housing unit. Given the substantial number of existing vacant houses, local governments should identify the types of vacant houses causing the most severe negative externalities based on empirical assessment and implement efficient countermeasures to address the issue.
The Effects of Undocumented Immigration on the Employment Outcomes of Low-Skill Natives in the United States
Authors: Weiler Stephan , Schultz Russell , Shields Martin
Published: March 2021

Although international immigrations’ impacts on domestic workers are well studied in the United States, data paucity means most researchers have yet to isolate the specific effects of undocumented immigration. Despite limited empirical evidence, many policymakers presuppose undocumented immigrants adversely impact native workers to justify stringent immigration laws. In this paper, we examine the validity of this supposition, offering two contributions. First, we create annual, state-level estimates of the U.S. undocumented population for the period 1994 to 2010 by emulating a methodology adopted by notable demographers. Second, we incorporate these estimates into a fixed-effect, dynamic model to isolate how undocumented immigrants impact low-skill native labor force participation rates and unemployment rates. Overall, we find the total number of international immigrants has a relatively small impact on both. Omitting undocumented immigrants indicates that documented immigrants alone have no significant impact on natives. However, the effects of undocumented immigrants are themselves statistically indistinguishable from the impact of all immigrants. This suggests that neither immigrant group separately has substantive impacts on low-skill natives.
Higher Energy Prices and Resource Endowments in an Export Base Model Context
Authors: Manuel David P.
Published: March 2021

This paper modifies previous work that has shown that export base employment growth is positively correlated with per capita income growth. Modifications made to the model allow researchers to distinguish between energy surplus and deficit states, sunbelt and non-sunbelt states, and pre-embargo years and post-embargo years.The model confirmed that energy surplus states experienced considerably higher export base employment and real capital expenditure growth rates in post-embargo years than energy deficit states
Do We Know Economic Development When We See It?
Authors: Partridge Mark D. , Rickman Dan S.
Published: March 2021

Considerable ambiguity exists regarding the assessment of regional economic development. Alternative measures often produce conflicting conclusions. Even if economic development progress is defined as improvement in economic welfare, it is not directly measurable. Therefore, this paper develops a theoretical framework that explores the potential linkages between regional utility and commonly used economic measures. State trends in these measures are then examined for the 1990s and related to the theoretical framework. The exercise reveals that no single measure should be preferred in assessing economic development, although it is possible to separate strong performers from weak performers.
Directions, Magnitude, and Efficiency of Interregional Migration, 1970-1990: Jews and Whites in the United States Compared
Authors: Rebhun Uzi
Published: March 2021

This study presents a two-dimensional comparison, over time (1970 and 1990) and intergroup (Jews and total whites), of interregional migration streams. Both lifetime and five-year migration are examined. Data from the 1970/71 and 1990 National Jewish Population Surveys and from the U.S. Censuses of the same years show that the directions of internal migration of Jews and total whites were similar, i.e., from the Northeast and Midwest to the Sunbelt. By 1990, however, net migration for each region-both for the gaining region and for the losing region-had a more significant effect on the Jewish population than on the white population. The initial differences in regional dis-tribution between the two subpopulations have narrowed. Multivariate analy-sis shows that Jewish migration can largely be explained by educational attainment and employment opportunities. Over time, Jewish migration has become less selective, as seen, inter alia, in the declining importance of denominational identification. The findings are discussed in relation to the integration of Jews into the host society and, more generally, to the geographic dimension of minority status in late 20th century America.
Predicting Regional Recessions Via the Yield Spread
Authors: Gauger Jean , Schunk Don
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the ability of the slope of the yield curve to serve as a predictor of regional recessions. The ability of interest rate spreads to pre-dict recessions has received considerable attention at the aggregate level. This paper offers evidence on the usefulness of rate spreads in predicting economic downturns at the regional level. The evidence points to regional differences in the ability of the U.S. yield curve to predict regional recessions. These differences are highlighted in the context of differing regional economic structures.
Economic Growth Theory, Clustering, and the Rise of the South
Authors: Bernat Jr. G. Andrew
Published: March 2021

This paper uses the relatively strong economic growth of the South over the past 20 to 30 years as the basis for a discussion of recent developments in economic growth theory. First, three facts about the South’s rise relative to other regions are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of the two leading macroeconomic explanations of economic growth, neoclassical growth theory and endogenous growth theory, showing how endogenous growth theory’s focus on innovation as the engine of growth, and on the externalities related to innovations, might be used to explain key regional characteristics of southern economic growth, such as clustering and uneven growth. The paper concludes with some observations about how the South’s future might unfold in light of these newer growth theories and briefly discusses how the resurgence in inter-est in regional economic growth presents excellent opportunities for regional science.
Economics of Religious Participation in the Rural South
Authors: Rupasingha Anil , Freshwater David
Published: March 2021

This paper analyzes individuals’ religious behavior from an economic perspective to explain religious behavior among residents of the rural South of the United States. Religious participation decisions of individuals in the rural South are analyzed within an allocation of time framework. Empirical estimation uses an ordered probit model and survey data collected from a sample of residents of the rural South. Results show that economic variables as well as noneconomic variables account for variation in religiosity. An individual’s age, educational attainment, sex, marital status, race, income, faith in God and afterlife, intensity of belief, and civic participation are strongly associated with religious participation.
Gambling as an Economic Development Strategy: The Neglected Issue of Job Satisfaction and Nonpecuniary Income
Authors: Blair Benjamin F. , Schwer R. Keith , Waddoups C. Jeffrey
Published: March 2021

Economic impact analyses of proposed new gaming venues have focused on such pecuniary factors as the number of jobs and the increase in income likely to accompany gaming development projects, while ignoring non-pecuniary components of compensation. If nonpecuniary compensation is not accounted for, economic impact assessments of development options will not reflect the true impact of alternative development options. Results of this study suggest that employees in gaming industry occupations are less satisfied with their jobs than those in other industries. Community decision makers who are considering the option of gaming to develop their local and regional economies should be aware not only of the quantity, but of the quality of employment that will be created should gaming be introduced into their areas.
Historical Preservation Districts and Home Sale Prices: Evidence from the Sacramento Housing Market
Authors: Clark David E. , Herrin William E.
Published: March 2021

During the past two decades, cities have turned increasingly to historic preservation of residential and commercial property as a method to help revive declining metropolitan areas. Sacramento, California, established historical preservation districts in an attempt to protect and maintain older structures while simultaneously increasing their value. Historic preservation, however, imposes strict rules on property owners that make property improvement more expensive than it otherwise would be. This paper uses hedonic price theory on a sample of residential properties in Sacramento to test whether positive externalities resulting from an historic preservation designation outweigh the potential negative impact of a cumbersome set of rules. The findings suggest that an historic preservation designation has a net positive impact on property values in four of the six preservation districts in the sample.
Local Public Services and Migration: Educational Change Evidence from Norwegian Municipalities
Authors: Andersson Kjetil , Carlsen Fredrik
Published: March 2021

We take advantage of a large panel data base covering most Norwegian municipalities during seven years to examine the relationship between local public services and migration to and from municipalities for different age groups. The main innovation of the paper is that we use a survey data set to verify that the input measures employed as explanatory variables in the migration study actually are related to citizen satisfaction with local public services. We find that the results depend crucially on whether the input measures are instrumented. When input measures are instrumented, we find few effects of local public services on migration.
Dynamic and Spatial Impact of Hurricane Andrew on Florida’s Taxable Sales: An Intervention Analysis
Authors: Lenze David G.
Published: March 2021

This paper shows how intervention analysis can be used to estimate the dynamic and spatial impact of recovery from a natural disaster. Specifically, it shows how to estimate three distinct phases of recovery: immediate impact, transitory recovery impact, and negative aftershock. It also discusses the estimation of a permanent impact. The method is then used to estimate the impact on Florida’s taxable sales of the recovery from Hurricane Andrew. Estimates are provided of the immediate and total impact in five regions, and the length of the recovery is discussed. The results are compared to earlier impact studies of natural disasters on taxable sales. On the basis of studies of other hurricanes, it is found that the recovery from Hurricane Andrew has taken much longer than might be expected It is also found that, despite the magnitude of the insurance and transfer payments received by victims, the impact on taxable sales was within the normal variation of taxable sales at the state level, but significantly larger at the MSA level.
Keeping Down with the Jonses: Neighbors, Networks, and Wages
Authors: Pastor, Jr. Manuel , Robinson Adams Ara
Published: March 2021

This paper looks at the effects of neighborhood location on wages for a sample of male workers in Los Angeles County. Controlling for the usual human capital and social variables, the poverty of one’s neighborhood has a dampening effect on earnings, presumably because of the “lower quality” of job networks available in poor areas. This “concentrated poverty” or “network” effect seems to be more important in this sample than “spatial mismatch” or distance from employment; nonetheless, commuting (as well as moving) out of a poor neighborhood tends to raise wages, giving some support for recent policy attempts to increase the residential and employment mobility of inner-city residents.
Determinants of Economic Development Incentives Offered by States: A Test of the Arms Race Hypothesis
Authors: Jenn Mark A. , Nourzad Farrokh
Published: March 2021

This paper tests the “arms race” hypothesis, which postulates that states tend to increase their incentive offerings to new firms if such incentive programs are in use in other states that are perceived to be direct competitors. Using a pooled time-series/cross-section sample of twelve states covering the period from 1969 through 1985 and a model that controls for the effects of various economic and political factors, we find strong support for the “arms race” hypothesis. This result is robust to the alternative specifications of the incentive offerings and different measures of the degree of competition among states.
Estimating Tourism’s Share of Local Income from Secondary Data Sources
Authors: Leatherman John C. , Marcouiller David W.
Published: March 2021

Typically, primary survey data is necessary to gauge the scale of local tourism. This paper proposes an alternative method for generating county-level estimates of employee compensation attributable to tourism based on secondary data sources. The procedure used principal components and cluster analyses to establish regions matched by tourism structure. Minimum requirements was then used to estimate the share of employee compensation attributable to non-local demand. The procedure was applied to Wisconsin counties to estimate tourism shares attributable to travelers and recreational home owners. The principal components analysis showed that Wisconsin tourism is driven by variable combinations of three components: urban tourism, outdoor-based activities, and natural parks/specialty tourism. Minimum requirements generated county-level estimates of non-local demand for disaggregated tourism-sensitive business sectors. Tourism shares ranged from approximately 3 percent of total employee compensation within the urban clusters to about 10 percent in the nature and parks clusters
Regional Economic Fluctuations: Portfolio Variance and Industrial Instability Across Metro Areas
Authors: Kurre James A. , Woodruff III Clifford H.
Published: March 2021

Portfolio variance analysis is a useful tool for examining both a region’s industrial diversification and its cyclical instability. Ideally, it can guide policy makers in choosing industrial targets that will reduce regional instability. However, for portfolio variance to be a useful tool, policy makers must be able to predict the effect of a new industry on the local economy. This paper applies portfolio variance analysis to 17 American MSAs in order to determine the cyclical characteristics of industries and to determine if they are consistent across regions. We also examine regional business cycle amplitude and how it relates to a region’s industrial structure. In the process, we identify a technique for measuring the contribution of each industry to an MSA’s instability and for separating that effect into portions due to the size of the industry and its cyclical behavior.
Industrial Filtering in a Nonmetropolitan Area of the South
Authors: Campbell Charles A.
Published: March 2021

The industrial filtering hypothesis is examined, using employment data for 82 counties in Mississippi. Shift-share analysis is used to explore the underlying question of whether the industrial filtering process adequately provides a general explanation for the growth of nonmetropolitan employment and is an appropriate basis for theories of economic development. Shift calculations are produced for the period of 1969 through 1988, as well as four subperiods based upon business cycle fluctuations. Two regression models are used in an attempt to statistically test the industrial filtering hypothesis. The author concludes that the industrial filtering process does not appear to represent a satisfactory explanation for the changes in industrial employment structure within Mississippi based upon the available evidence. The author points out that the evidence is not definitive and suggests that further studies should be based upon firm-specific data.
Global Cities and Back Roads: Perspectives on the Southern Economy
Authors: Malecki Edward J.
Published: March 2021

It is an honor, but at the same time, a difficulty to follow the distinguished colleagues who have already noted the southern contribution to regional science (Hite 1985), and indeed the entire past, present and future of regional science (Isserman 1993). I will not repeat here the findings of those comprehensive surveys. Both theory (T. Johnson 1991) and the need for empirical research and data (Kort 1995) have received attention. I would like in these few words to provide some thoughts and observations of the South, from the perspective of a typical new Southerner.
Determinants of Manufacturing Efficiency in Canadian Cities: A Stochastic Frontier Approach
Authors: McCoy Kim , Moomaw Ronald L.
Published: March 2021

This study uses panel data to estimate stochastic production frontiers for Canadian cities. Efficiency indices are derived from the production frontiers. Regression analysis of the determinants of a city’s inefficiency shows that population size and density both increase efficiency. These results are consistent with the existence of static agglomeration economies or of a systematically increasing failure of smaller cities to use best-practice technology. In either case, the results imply that urbanization may have an important positive influence on national economic growth.
Regional Impacts of Farm Programs: A Top-Down CGE Analysis
Authors: Bernat, Jr. G. Andrew , Hanson Kenneth
Published: March 2021

This paper analyzes the regional impacts of changing a major component of national farm policy. Using a national-level computable general equilibrium (CGE), we estimate the national impacts of removing deficiency payments, one of the primary components of U.S. farm programs. We then use two top-down methods of regionalization to analyze the regional impacts. While both top-down methods are easy to implement, the analysis demonstrates the importance of accounting for the presence of local linkages in assessing regional impacts of policy changes. The analysis indicates that elimination of the deficiency payment·program would result in efficiency gains at the national level, but because of the reallocation of resources, nonmetropolitan regions would lose and metropolitan regions would gain.
Regional Differences in Labor Market Discrimination
Authors: Gyimah-Brempong Kwabena , Fichtenbaum Rudy
Published: March 2021

Using a decomposition methodology developed by Neumark and 1987 CPS data to investigate the regional differenc:ea in labor market discrimination in the United States, we find that there are minor regional differences in the wage gap between males and females and between blacks and whites. However, we find that there is large regional variation in the components of the wage gap that is due to labor market discrimination. We find that the regions with the largest wage gaps are not necessarily the regions with the largest labor market discrimination.