bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identity of bryozoan species described by Jullien & Calvet from the Bay of Biscay historically attributed to Smittia
Authors: SOUTO J. , REVERTER-GIL O.
Published: January 2019

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a number of species of bryozoans were described in the genus Smittia Hincks, 1879 (a junior synonym of a dipteran genus). Jullien and/or Calvet named several species, mainly from the Bay of Biscay. Some of them have been re-examined in recent years and ascribed to Smittina Norman, 1903 and other genera. Five species, however, have remained unstudied. Here, type specimens of S. colletti, S. decipiens, S. fallax, S. gemmata, S. grimaldi and S. immersa—together with new specimens recently collected—are examined. The morphological study of all this material enabled the conclusion that only three species are involved. The synonymy of S. colletti with the senior species Smittina cervicornis is proposed; S. gemmata is transferred to the smittinid genus Raymondcia; and S. fallax, S. grimaldi and S. immersa, together with S. decipiens, are considered as junior subjective synonyms of Porella compressa.
Redescription of Pulvinaria indica Avasthi & Shafee, 1985 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with new host and distribution records
Authors: JOSHI SUNIL , RAMYA R.S. , NAVIK OMPRAKASH , PAWAR S.A. , HOLE U.B. , TAMBE A.B.
Published: January 2019

The soft scale Pulvinaria indica (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) was described by Avasthi & Shafee in 1985 from four females collected on Duranta repens Linn. from Simhachalam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The original description, however, was scanty and attempts to locate the type material were unsuccessful. To facilitate the identification and separation of P. indica from other similar species, we redescribe and illustrate the adult female, based on newly collected specimens found on an economically important new host plant. Management options in the event of its future occurrence are discussed briefly.
Stability and Sea State as Limiting Conditions for TKE Dissipation and Dissipative Heating
Authors: Smith Andrew W. , Haus Brian K. , Zhang Jun A.
Published: January 2019

This study analyzes high-resolution ship data collected in the Gulf of Mexico during the Lagrangian Submesoscale Experiment (LASER) from January to February 2016 to produce the first reported measurements of dissipative heating in the explicitly nonhurricane atmospheric surface layer. Although typically computed from theory as a function of wind speed cubed, the dissipative heating directly estimated via the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate is also presented. The dissipative heating magnitude agreed with a previous study that estimated the dissipative heating in the hurricane boundary layer using in situ aircraft data. Our observations that the 10-m neutral drag coefficient parameterized using TKE dissipation rate approaches zero slope as wind increases suggests that TKE dissipation and dissipative heating are constrained to a physical limit. Both surface-layer stability and sea state were observed to be important conditions influencing dissipative heating, with the stability determined via TKE budget terms and the sea state determined via wave steepness and age using direct shipboard measurements. Momentum and enthalpy fluxes used in the TKE budget are determined using the eddy-correlation method. It is found that the TKE dissipation rate and the dissipative heating are largest in a nonneutral atmospheric surface layer with a sea surface comprising steep wind sea and slow swell waves at a given surface wind speed, whereas the ratio of dissipative heating to enthalpy fluxes is largest in near-neutral stability where the turbulent vertical velocities are near zero.
The Impact of the Amazon–Orinoco River Plume on Enthalpy Flux and Air–Sea Interaction within Caribbean Sea Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Rudzin Johna E. , Shay Lynn K. , Jaimes de la Cruz Benjamin
Published: January 2019

The influence of the Amazon–Orinoco River plume in the Caribbean Sea on latent and sensible heat flux (enthalpy flux) and tropical cyclone (TC) intensity is investigated for Hurricanes Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007) using dropwindsonde data, satellite sea surface temperature (SST), and the SMARTS climatology. Relationships among enthalpy fluxes, ocean heat content relative to the 26°C isotherm depth (OHC), and SST during storm passage are diagnosed. Results indicate that sea surface cooling in the river plume, a low-OHC region, is comparable to that in the warm eddy region, which has high OHC. An isothermal layer heat budget shows that upper-ocean cooling in the river plume can be explained predominantly by sea-to-air heat flux, rather than by entrainment flux from the thermocline. The latter two findings suggest that relatively large upper-ocean stratification in the plume regime limited entrainment cooling, sustaining SST and enthalpy flux. Inspection of atmospheric variables indicates that deep moderate wind shear is prevalent, and equivalent potential temperature is enhanced over the river plume region for most of these storms. Thus, sustained surface fluxes in this region may have provided warm, moist boundary layer conditions, which may have helped these storms to rapidly intensify even over relatively low-OHC waters and moderate shear. These findings are important because several Caribbean Sea TCs, including these cases, have been underforecast with respect to intensity and/or rapid intensifications, yet minimal upper-ocean observations exist to understand air–sea interaction during TCs in the salinity-stratified Amazon–Orinoco plume regime.
A geospatial analysis between the sale prices of single-family properties and the presence of registered sex offenders in Jefferson County, Kentucky
Authors: Navarro John C , Ruther Matt
Published: January 2019

This study explores whether a relationship exists between sale prices and the presence of registered sex offenders in Jefferson County, Kentucky after accounting for observed and unobserved neighbourhood characteristics in accompaniment with property characteristics. The sale prices of single-family properties sold in 2015 were estimated as a function of the characteristics of the property, the housing and population characteristics of the neighbourhood, block group fixed effects and two separate measures of sex offender presence: a) the distance of the nearest registered sex offender to sold single-family properties; and b) the density of registered sex offenders within a half mile distance to sold single-family properties. Registered sex offender distance and density are associated with sale price when controlling for property characteristics and observed neighbourhood characteristics of the property, but these relationships cease to exist when unobserved neighbourhood characteristics are accounted for in the model.
Spatial experiences of the intellectual: Exile, isolation and imprisonment in Bread and Wine and Karartma Geceleri
Authors: Alkan Burcu
Published: January 2019

This article compares the portrayal of the intellectual in two social realist novels from two different countries: Ignazio Silone’s Bread and Wine (1936) from Italy and Rıfat Ilgaz’s Karartma Geceleri (1974, Blackout Nights) from Turkey. It focuses on spatial settings as domains of interaction (or lack thereof) and the ways in which they define the identities, realities, and responsibilities of the protagonists, Pietro Spina and Mustafa Ural. The discussion is constructed on the concept of the intellectual and societal engagement as theorised by Antonio Gramsci, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Edward Said along the lines of political involvement and its consequences. It examines actual and metaphorical exile, isolation, and imprisonment in their varying manifestations. How narration, setting, and imagery create an oppressive atmosphere is scrutinised in order to highlight the ways in which literary texts reveal affinities among the intellectuals’ relation to the broader society, despite the differences in their temporal and cultural contexts.
3-Furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide, a highly selective positive allosteric modulator of α7 nicotinic receptors, produces anxiolytic-like activity in mice
Authors: Targowska-Duda Katarzyna M , Budzynska Barbara , Michalak Agnieszka , Jozwiak Krzysztof , Biala Grazyna , Arias Hugo R
Published: January 2019

Background:

Several lines of investigations support the idea that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate neuronal pathways involved in anxiety and depression.

Aims:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide, a highly selective positive allosteric modulator of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, influences anxiety-like behaviour in mice, and to determine the modulatory activity of 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide on mice pretreated with either nicotine or selective α7-agonists (i.e. PNU-282987 or (2.4)-dimethoxybenzylidene anabaseine dihydrochloride).

Methods:

The elevated plus maze and novelty suppressed feeding tests were selected to evaluate 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide and other nicotinic ligands on anxiety-like behaviour in mice.

Results:

The results indicated that: (a) 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide induces anxiolytic-like activity at 0.5 (elevated plus maze) and 1.0 (novelty suppressed feeding) mg/kg, respectively, after acute treatment, whereas its efficacy is increased after chronic treatments (i.e. active at 0.1 mg/kg; elevated plus maze). This is the first time showing anxiolytic-like activity elicited by 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide, contrary to the lack of activity for PNU-120596 (0.1 mg/kg); (b) the anxiolytic-like activity of 0.5 mg/kg 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide is inhibited by methyllycaconitine, a selective α7-antagonist, suggesting that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are involved in this process; (c) 0.5 mg/kg 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide reverses the anxiogenic effects induced by 0.1 mg/kg nicotine but not by 10.0 mg/kg PNU-282987; and (d) inactive doses of both 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide (0.1 mg/kg) and (2.4)-dimethoxybenzylidene anabaseine dihydrochloride (1.0 mg/kg) produce anxiolytic-like effects, suggesting drug interactions, probably synergistic.

Conclusions:

Our findings indicated that anxiolytic-like activity is mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, supporting the concept that these receptors modulate anxiety processes. The results indicating that the chronic treatment with 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide is more efficient than the acute treatment in eliciting anxiolytic-like activity, and that 3-furan-2-yl-N-p-tolyl-acrylamide reverses the anxiogenic effects induced by nicotine, might be of therapeutic importance during smoking cessation.
Alternation in dopamine D2-like and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor density caused by differing housing conditions during abstinence from cocaine self-administration in rats
Authors: Frankowska Małgorzata , Miszkiel Joanna , Pomierny-Chamioło Lucyna , Pomierny Bartosz , Giannotti Giuseppe , Suder Agata , Filip Małgorzata
Published: January 2019

Background:

Environmental conditions have an important function in substance use disorder, increasing or decreasing the risks of relapse. Several studies strongly support the role of the dopamine D2-like and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptors in maladaptive neurobiological responses to cocaine reward and relapse.

Aims:

The present study employed cocaine self-administration with yoked-triad procedure in rats to explore whether drug abstinence in different housing conditions affects the drug-seeking behaviour and the dopamine D2-like and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor density and affinity in several regions of the animal brain.

Methods:

Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine and later they were forced to abstain either in: (a) enriched environment or (b) isolation cage conditions to evaluate the effect of housing conditions on the drug-seeking behaviour and to assess changes concerning receptors in animals brain.

Results:

Our results show that exposure to enriched environment conditions strongly reduced active lever presses during cue-induced drug-seeking. At the neurochemical level, we demonstrated a significant increase in the dopamine D2-like receptor density in the prefrontal cortex in animals following drug abstinence in isolation cage or enriched environment conditions, and the reduction in their density in the dorsal striatum provoked by isolation cage conditions. The metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor density decreased only in the prefrontal cortex after isolation cage and enriched environment abstinence.

Conclusions:

This study shows the different impacts caused by the type of housing conditions during abstinence from cocaine self-administration on drug-seeking behaviour in rats. The observed changes in the dopamine D2-like and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor Bmax and/or Kd values were brain-region specific and related to either pharmacological and/or motivational features of cocaine.
Acute and chronic neurobehavioral effects of the designer drug and bath salt constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone in the rat
Authors: Atehortua-Martinez Luisa Alessandra , Masniere Cyriaque , Campolongo Patrizia , Chasseigneaux Stéphanie , Callebert Jacques , Zwergel Clemens , Mai Antonello , Laplanche Jean-Louis , Chen Huixiong , Etheve-Quelquejeu Mélanie , Mégarbane Bruno , Benturquia Nadia
Published: January 2019

Background:

The substantial increase in use of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a popular recreational synthetic cathinone, has raised legitimate questions about its behavioral consequences and abuse liability.

Aims:

The aim of this study was to study MDPV-induced neurobehavioral effects in the rat, using different paradigms traditionally developed to study drug-attributed addictive properties.

Methods:

Different patterns of intraperitoneal 3 mg/kg MDPV administration were investigated. Consequences on rat horizontal locomotion and behavior of acute, intermittent (once daily dosing over 10 days), and binge (three-time daily dosing for 3 days) MDPV administration as well as challenge after 10 day MDPV withdrawal were studied. The dopamine receptor-D1 antagonist, SCH23390, was bilaterally infused in the nucleus accumbens to determine the role of D1-receptors in MDPV-related effects on the associative memory recall using the conditioned place preference paradigm. In addition, in a separate experience using western blot, we investigated the effects of chronic MDPV administration (four injections during 24 h) on ΔFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, and prefrontal cortex.

Results:

Acute MDPV administration increased stereotypies and open arm entries in the elevated plus maze while SCH23390 abolished MDPV-induced enhancing effects on memory consolidation. Intermittent MDPV administration resulted in sensitization of MDPV-induced locomotor effects and tolerance during the following challenge. With binge MDPV administration, locomotor activity was not altered despite tolerance onset after challenge. SCH23390 abolished MDPV-induced conditioned place preference. Chronic MDPV administration induced ΔFosB accumulation in the nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, and prefrontal cortex.

Conclusions:

Our findings clearly show that MDPV produces profound behavioral alterations mediated by the activation of the dopaminergic system similarly to other amphetamines.
Cycling into Headwinds: Analyzing Practices That Inhibit Sustainability
Authors: Scheurenbrand Klara , Parsons Elizabeth , Cappellini Benedetta , Patterson Anthony
Published: January 2019

Using the example of cycling, the authors contribute to public policy debates surrounding sustainability. They employ practice theory to shift the debate away from consumer choice and agency to examine instead why sustainable practices are not always available to consumers. Therefore, rather than asking, “Why don’t people cycle?” the authors ask, “Why isn’t the practice of cycling thriving?” Practice theory focuses on material, meanings, and competences as the components of a practice, positing that a practice can thrive and grow only when these elements come together. By looking at how practices compete for the same set of elements, the authors demonstrate how some practices (e.g. driving, schooling, policing) come to dominate or inhibit others (i.e., cycling). In terms of the theme of this special issue, then, instead of excavating anticonsumption as a precursor to practices (i.e., a choice not to engage in those practices), by unpacking practices, the authors examine the mechanisms through which this choice is restricted.
An Experiment in the Economics of Advertising
Authors: Bloom Paul N. , Krips Jeanne
Published: January 2019

A laboratory experiment was conducted to test several propositions from the economics literature about the effects of advertising on the search behavior and brand choices of consumers. Specifically, the study examined how consumers searched for and selected a dentist when advertising was and was not available to assist them.
Consumers’ Attitudes about Energy Conservation in Sweden, Canada, and the United States, with Implications for Policymakers
Authors: Allen Chris T. , Calantone Roger J. , Schewe Charles D.
Published: January 2019

Cross-cultural comparisons can prove helpful for pinpointing factors which underlie efficient energy use. This study examines differences in the attitudes of Swedes, Canadians, and Americans about energy conservation, as a vehicle for evaluating the energy policies of these nations. Although they are efficient energy users, the heavily regulated Swedes possess weaker perceptions of personal involvement and effectiveness with regard to their energy problems. Canadians seem to have a more realistic understanding of the energy situation, and are more sensitive to the economic rationale for conservation, possibly as a result of their government's conservation promotion campaigns. Implications of the findings for U.S. energy policy are discussed.
The Role of Publicity in FTC Corrective Advertising Remedies
Authors: Tyebjee Tyzoon T.
Published: January 2019

This paper explores the effects of media publicity surrounding an FTC action requiring corrective advertising. Empirical data are reported to assess the extent and effect of publicity in the case of the corrective advertising remedy for STP oil additive. The study finds that media publicity, and the word-of-mouth communication generated by such publicity, are prevalent mechanisms by which consumers’ brand cognitions are altered.
Affirmative Disclosure at the FTC: Theoretical Framework and Typology of Case Selection
Authors: Wilkie William L.
Published: January 2019

This article presents a theoretical framework designed to provide insights about the affirmative disclosure activities of the Federal Trade Commission. This framework was developed on the basis of an intensive study of affirmative disclosure cases and includes the nature of the problem, the determination of objectives for the orders, the determination of strategy for the disclosure, the making of tactical disclosure decisions, and the outcome of the order. Additionally, this paper examines in detail the nature of the problems selected for affirmative disclosure remedies by the FTC.
A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Listerine Corrective Advertising Campaign
Authors: Armstrong Gary M. , Gurol Metin N. , Russ Frederick A.
Published: January 2019

Four waves of telephone interviews with adult mouthwash users were conducted to examine the impact of a corrective advertising campaign on levels of deception. A small, significant relationship was found. Results suggest that corrective advertising can be improved by calling attention to the correction and considering the entire belief structure of the consumer.
Affirmative Disclosure: Long-term Monitoring of Residual Effects
Authors: Kinnear Thomas C. , Taylor James R. , Gur-Arie Oded
Published: January 2019

In 1973, the Federal Trade Commission charged the manufacturer of Hawaiian Punch fruit drink with deceptive advertising of the proportion of natural fruit juice in the product. A consent order that specified the use of corrective advertising (affirmative disclosure) to correct suspected residual effects was agreed to. The order required that a consumer survey be conducted to demonstrate whether the residual effects had dissipated to an acceptable level. This study presents the results of 11 cross-sectional surveys taken over a nine-year period following the FTC order. The results indicate that residual effects have systematically declined over the nine-year period and are now at a level which meets one of the FTC's three criteria for termination of the affirmative disclosure advertising message.
The Impact of Comparative Product Ingredient Information
Authors: Cox Steven R. , Coney Kenneth A. , Ruppe Peter F.
Published: January 2019

Marketers spend heavily to create unique brand images for products that have nearly identical ingredients. This study investigates the extent of cunsumer awareness of quality differences for these products and the related question of whether informing consumers about the lack of differences has any effect on buying behavior.
Public Policy toward Essential Consumption Items: Generalizations from the Indian Experience
Authors: Dholakia Nikhilesh , Khurana Rakesh
Published: January 2019

In the developing countries, public policies are widely used to influence the marketing of essential consumption goods. This paper examines the rationales for such policies. Using the Indian situation as an example, the paper develops an analytical framework for formulating and implementing public policies toward essential consumption goods for Third World countries.
An Evaluation of the Children's Advertising Review Unit
Authors: Armstrong Gary M.
Published: January 2019

This article evaluates the purpose and performance of the Children's Advertising Review Unit. The Unit's activities are described and the results of an analysis of CARU case summaries are reported. The recommendation is made that the Children's Unit focus its efforts on policy development rather than on enforcement to be more consistent with its limited resources and industry orientation.
Consumer Medical Complaint Behavior: Determinants of and Alternatives to Malpractice Litigation
Authors: Brown Stephen W. , Swartz Teresa A.
Published: January 2019

Medical malpractice is a major societal, consumer, and public policy issue with wide ranging and significant litigation and cost dimensions. One approach to analyzing the medical malpractice problem is to investigate it from the perspective of consumer dissatisfaction or complaint behavior. Within this basic framework, the current research explores consumer determinants of potential malpractice litigation and alternative or modified courses of action to traditional suing behaviors.
Product Safety Warnings: A Legal Review
Authors: Ursic Michael
Published: January 2019

It is imperative that businessmen understand the law concerning consumer product safety warnings if they are to minimize their losses in product liability suits; yet the legal issues in this area are often vague and complex. This paper will attempt to clarify these issues by providing a comprehensive review of the statutory and common law requirements concerning safety warnings. In addition, both the existing and the needed empirical work which could aid businessmen in complying with the common law will be delineated.
Affirmative Disclosure at the FTC: Objectives for the Remedy and Outcomes of past Orders
Authors: Wilkie William L.
Published: January 2019

This article presents alternative types of objectives for FTC affirmative disclosure orders. The framework for this discussion was developed on the basis of an extensive study of FTC orders in this area. The paper also presents an evaluation of the outcomes of these FTC orders relative to the objectives.
Marketing, Minorities, and Consumption: Traditional and Neo-Marxist Perspectives
Authors: Hirschman Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2019

This paper presents a partial framework for consumption resource distribution among American ethnic groups based upon propositions relevant to current marketing practices. An aggregative analytical posture is used and implications for public policy initiatives are suggested. Normative and positive aspects of the discussion are derived from both traditional and neo-Marxist thought.
An Evaluation of Franchisee-Protection Legislation in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Bloom Paul N. , Heinzelmann Richard , Alt Frank B.
Published: January 2019

An evaluation was conducted of the effects of several state-level “Dealer Day in Court” laws designed to protect franchisee-dealers from unfair terminations by the major oil companies. The results suggest that these laws were somewhat effective at slowing the decline in the number of dealer-operated stations during the 1970s, but that competition and efficiency in gasoline retailing were not significantly impacted. Market forces favoring vertical integration and new forms of competition in gasoline retailing apparently reduced the influence of these laws.
A Field Study of Corrective Advertising Effectiveness
Authors: Bernhardt Kenneth L. , Kinnear Thomas C. , Mazis Michael B.
Published: January 2019

Previous research on corrective advertising has generally involved a forced exposure in a laboratory setting using student subjects. Treatment and criterion variables have also usually been developed by the researcher independent of the real interests of regulators. The current research is a national field study of the STP corrective advertising campaign, as it was actually undertaken by the Federal Trade Commission.
Self-Regulation of Sex-Role Stereotyping in Advertising: The Canadian Experience
Authors: Wyckham Robert G.
Published: January 2019

The advertising industry in Canada began self-regulation of sex role stereotyping in 1981. This action was undertaken in response to public pressure and the threat of government regulation. The experiment has been a qualified success. The current self-regulatory system needs to be well advertised and equipped with a compulsion mechanism to be fully responsive to the public's concern about sex role portrayal.
Deception in Brand Names
Authors: Reece Bonnie B. , Ducoffe Robert H.
Published: January 2019

A study of the meanings of some key words used in brand names reveals widespread misunderstanding among consumers. This misunderstanding is manifested in terms of both ambiguity and inaccuracy. Consumer education rather than regulation is recommended.
Consumer Reactions to Walk-Behind Power Lawn Mower Safety Features
Authors: Dudley Sid C. , Dudley Lola Woodard , Phelps Lonnie D.
Published: January 2019

Because of growing concern about walk-behind power lawn mower-related injuries, the Consumer Products Safety Commission, lawn mower manufacturers, and consumer advocates have developed improved safety standards for mowers. This project reviewed the process of developing safety standards and studied the effectiveness of the standards, including consumer attitudes toward these product modifications. The resulting conclusions and implications have implications for the safety improvement process for a wide range of consumer products.
At the Turning Point: The Commission in 1978
Authors: Baer William J.
Published: January 2019

This article examines the Federal Trade Commission in 1978—at the midpoint of the last twenty years of its history. The year 1978 saw the Commission at the height of its powers and influence. Over the prior ten years its mandate had been significantly expanded by a supportive Congress and successive administrations. Its docket of consumer protective initiatives, antitrust actions and economic studies was full. There seemed little that the Commission was reluctant to challenge or legally unable to accomplish.

Nineteen seventy-eight also was the point at which the tide turned, when growing dissatisfaction with regulation generally and with a number of specific FTC initiatives produced a strong backlash that tended to overshadow the Commission's many accomplishments and, for a time, imperiled the agency's existence. Congress relieved the crisis in 1980 by passing legislation which preserved the Commission's basic statutory mandate but imposed restrictions on certain rule-making proceedings and established procedural safeguards on the future exercise of the agency's authority.

Therefore, the Commission began to change direction. With the advent of the Reagan Administration, a more cautious and restrained attitude ensued, and the Commission in recent years has significantly reduced the number and range of activities it has undertaken. Thus, 1978 was a critical point in the agency's history, both when compared to where the agency had been, and to the direction it took thereafter.
An Evaluation of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty and Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act of 1975
Authors: Wiener Joshua Lyle
Published: January 2019

A quasi-experimental design is used to investigate whether the Magnuson-Moss Act succeeded in its efforts to transform a products warranty into an accurate signal of a products reliability, and to improve the overall level of warranty protection. The paradox of how an information remedy could create an accurate signal without changing how consumers process information is addressed.
An Evaluation of Consumer Awareness and Use of Energy Labels in the Purchase of Major Appliances: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Dyer Robert F. , Maronick Thomas J.
Published: January 2019

The National Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1978 requires the Federal Trade Commission to mandate labels for appliances indicating their energy consumption. The purposes of this study are to measure the level of awareness of appliance energy labels by recent purchasers of refrigerators and washers, and to measure changes in the degree to which energy considerations entered into the purchase decisions of national samples of consumers before and after introduction of the FTC program.
Disclaimer Footnotes in Ads: Discrepancies between Purpose and Performance
Authors: Foxman Ellen R. , Muehling Darrel D. , Moore Patrick A.
Published: January 2019

Marketers use disclaimer footnotes in ads to clarify or deflate claims made in the body of the ad. This is done either to avoid possible charges of misleading or deceptive advertising, or because the FTC has required companies to include an affirmative disclosure in their promotional messages. The present study finds that disclaimer footnotes may not achieve their intended purpose of providing consumers with more complete information for decision-making. Though the incorporation of footnoted disclaimers does not affect comprehension of most claims made in the body of the ad, it does positively affect consumers’ comprehension of disclaimer-related claims. However, the type of footnote (informational vs. restrictive) and the method of presentation (small vs. large print) can significantly influence consumer belief formation about certain brand attributes. Some types and formats of disclaimer footnotes, therefore, may fail to fulfill their intended purpose because consumers are less likely to process them correctly.
Responding to Recall Requests: A Strategy for Managing Goods Withdrawal
Authors: Jackson George C. , Morgan Fred W.
Published: January 2019

Goods recalls occur with unfortunate regularity, primarily due to sellers’ mistakes, but occasionally because of product tamperings. In either situation the legal environment affects what the marketer can and should do. In this paper, the current legal environment influencing recalls is reviewed, and resultant implications for marketers are explored.
Do HMO Members Get More Cancer Checkups?
Authors: Gelb Betsy D. , Jones Marilyn Y. , Person Sandra S.
Published: January 2019

One justification for Congressional support of Health Maintenance Organizations has been the supposition that they promote preventive medicine. This study found HMO members no more likely overall to receive appropriate cancer checkups than individuals with traditional (reimbursement) insurance coverage, although in the under-40 age category, HMO members were more likely to receive the checkups. The study identified reminders, rather than type of health plan coverage, as the key predictor of obtaining checkups.
Filters, Flavors … Flim-Flam, Too! on “Health Information” and Policy Implications in Cigarette Advertising
Authors: Pollay Richard W.
Published: January 2019

Cigarette advertising has often used health appeals, but has rarely been informative about health effects. Many historical examples and Canadian data suggest that the Ringold and Calfee [1989] data on “health information” must be very cautiously interpreted. To be carefully considered are their conservative definition of “health,” liberal definition of “information,” exclusive focus on words, disregard of claim emphasis or repetition in an ad, and coding procedures. The deregulation their conclusion suggests holds little promise for producing cigarette advertising with greater informativeness and consumers with better information.
State Governments’ Response to the AIDS Crisis: An Advertising Perspective
Authors: Bush Alan J. , Davies Victoria
Published: January 2019

AIDS in the United Slates may be the most urgent public health issue facing public policy makers today. Since there is currently no chemical cure or vaccine for the AIDS virus, the only weapons available for prevention are public information and education. This study assesses the role of advertising in disseminating information during the AIDS crisis by interviewing the state AIDS coordinators in each of the 48 contiguous United States. The results of the study summarize what the states are currently doing with their AIDS advertising campaigns. Additionally, state AIDS coordinators’ perceptions are presented on advertising's role during the AIDS crisis, and what can be done to improve current AIDS advertising campaigns. Finally, implications for public policy makers are discussed.
The Impact of Providers on Consumer Satisfaction and Price in Hearing Aid Purchases
Authors: Maronick Thomas J. , Gleason Sandra E. , Stiff M. Ronald
Published: January 2019

A consumer mail panel was used to locate persons who had purchased a hearing aid within the past two years in order to determine the relationship between price paid, and overall satisfaction as a function of use by a physician, an audiologist, or a dealer as the provider to services related to the purchase. A total of 874 consumers, 78 percent of whom were over age 60, completed the written questionnaire. Overall, 83 percent of the survey respondents were satisfied with their most recent hearing aid purchase. Those who consulted a physician for a medical exam prior to being fitted for and purchasing a hearing aid were slightly more satisfied than those who did not consult a physician (85 percent versus 80 percent). Consumers were most satisfied when they were fitted for and bought their hearing aid from an audiologist. The least satisfied respondents were those consumers who used hearing aid dealers or salespersons rather than physicians or audiologists. The most expensive hearing aids were sold by the least well trained providers, hearing aid dealers and salespersons. Herein, implications for public policy in terms of access to hearing aids by the elderly and level of training are discussed.
Legal and Public Policy Implications for the Future of Comparative Advertising: A Look at U-Haul v. Jartran
Authors: Beck-Dudley Caryn L. , Williams Terrell G.
Published: January 2019

This article investigates the regulatory environment for comparative advertising in terms of industry regulation, government regulatory agencies, and private court actions under state law and the federal Lanham Act. Major legal issues are trade disparagement and defamation, trademark infringement and dilution, and deception. The Lanham Act offers protection and redress for parties injured by false, misleading or unfair comparative advertising. Legal theory for application of Lanham to comparative advertising is detailed and implications of the U-Haul vs. Jartran case, where Lanham was applied with U-Haul's being awarded more than forty million dollars in damages and legal fees, are discussed. Several public policy issues are raised including whether the FTC's private action policy serves the public interest given legal risks and costs of defending law suits.
Legal Issues Surrounding the Use of Comparative Advertising: What the Non-Prescriptive Drug Industry Has Taught Us
Authors: Bixby Michael B. , Lincoln Douglas J.
Published: January 2019

Comparative advertising has been one of the most widely researched advertising topics during the last 15 years. At the same time, its use has led to an unprecedented increase in private lawsuits. This article focuses on the use of Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act as a basis for these lawsuits. It describes the lengthy litigation occurring between two major over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever manufacturers, American Home Products and Johnson & Johnson, in their continuing efforts to stop and/or instigate change in each other's comparative advertising claims. Implications of the critical legal issues surrounding comparative advertising are presented for both practitioners and public policymakers.
The Social Consequences of Marketing: Macromarketing and Public Policy
Authors: Nason Roger W.
Published: January 2019

The study of the social consequences of marketing actions, the understanding of the causal factors underlying those consequences, and the analysis of corrective strategy form a central thrust of macromarketing. The analysis of these consequences and the design of appropriate public policy is directly related to macromarketing analysis, while implementation goes beyond its scope. A simple classification of the social consequences of marketing is presented as a basis for elaborating causal factors and for exploring directions for public policy.
What can we Learn from the Informational Content of Cigarette Advertising? A Reply and Further Analysis
Authors: Ringold Debra Jones , Calfee John E.
Published: January 2019

“Once more the industry is back to its traditional and usually successful course—advertising flavor, taste and pleasure against a backdrop of beaches, ski slopes and languid lakes. It is a formula that works, …. And this new mood in advertising will probably prevail for some time, now that the FTC has insisted that wildly competitive copy is generally distasteful.”

Printers Ink, Dec. 27, 1960, p. 37, celebrating the Federal Trade Commission's ban on tar claims, nicotine claims and all advertising references to the physical effects of smoking.
An Assessment of Assumptions Underlying the Reasonable Consumer Element in Deceptive Advertising Policy
Authors: Laczniak Russell N. , Grossbart Sanford
Published: January 2019

Court and FTC references imply that reasonable consumers have defenses against deceptive advertising, because of higher message involvement and greater product class expertise. However, experimental results (with commonly used deceptive claim strategies) suggest involvement and expertise do not operate in the assumed manner. This raises questions about the reasonable consumer concept.
The Technology Innovation Act of 1980, Ancillary Legislation, Public Policy, and Marketing: The Interfaces
Authors: Steele Thomas J. , Schwendig W. Lee , Johnson George A.
Published: January 2019

For decades the federal government of the United States has invested billions of dollars in extremely “high-tech” research at a handful of national engineering laboratories around the country. Recently, a flurry of legislative mandates (perhaps the most pointed of which is the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980; Public Law 96–480) have been issued to transfer results of these taxpayer-funded efforts to the private sector. However, the process has proceeded at a glacial pace. In this paper the authors summarize the legal framework and public policy dimensions of technology transfer, assess the role of marketing therein, and report on an exploratory study.
Environmental Advertising Claims: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Kangun Norman , Carlson Les , Grove Stephen J.
Published: January 2019

As organizations increasingly target consumers who are concerned about the environment, the nature of their advertising becomes more of an issue. While much has been written about the problems associated with environmental advertising, this phenomenon has seldom been addressed systematically. This paper is intended to ascertain the extent to which environmental ads contain misleading and deceptive claims and to pose public policy recommendations concerning environmental advertising.
An Examination of Ecologically Concerned Consumers and Their Intention to Purchase Ecologically Packaged Products
Authors: Schwepker Charles H. , Cornwell T. Bettina
Published: January 2019

Packaging is a major contributor to the escalating solid waste stream. This paper presents results of a study that attempts to determine variables which can be used to discriminate between groups that are and are not willing to purchase ecologically packaged products. Attitude toward ecologically conscious living, attitude toward litter, locus of control and the perception of pollution as a problem were found to be significant discriminating variables. Implications for marketers and public policymakers are provided, as well as directions for future research.
The Evolution of Comparative Advertising Law: Has the Lanham Act Gone Too Far?
Authors: Petty Ross D.
Published: January 2019

The law of comparative advertising has evolved from providing virtually no legal remedy for misleading claims to enjoining most advertising challenged by competitors under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act. This article first examines the historical evolution of the law and then analyzes the seventy-one reported comparative advertising Lanham Act cases through mid-1989 to determine the effects of both the advertising and the lawsuits on consumers and competition.
A Market Test of Consumer Response to Information Disclosure
Authors: Stanley Linda R.
Published: January 2019

Hedonic price techniques are presented as a method to infer consumer reaction to information that is presented in the marketplace, and to discover where new information or education of consumers is needed. The methodology is demonstrated for breakfast cereals. Advantages of the technique are; the data are accessible, the method is inexpensive, and the results pertain to current consumer decisions.
Direct Mail Privacy-Efficiency Trade-offs within an Implied Social Contract Framework
Authors: Milne George R. , Gordon Mary Ellen
Published: January 2019

The authors conceptualize direct mail as an implied social contract between marketers and consumers. Four attributes constitute the direct mail social contract: volume, targeting, compensation, and permission. Several proposals have been advanced in an effort to protect consumer privacy in the direct mail environment. These proposals would directly or indirectly result in changes in the levels of the social contract attributes. The authors use a conjoint study to measure the trade-offs consumers make among these attributes. The results suggest consumers want improved targeting efficiency and lower mail volume, and they are not willing to pay for these improvements. These findings suggest that consumers consider several attributes in their evaluation of direct mail social contracts. Proposals to alter the direct mail environment must consider all these attributes in concert.
Permissible Puffery versus Actionable Warranty in Advertising and Salestalk: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Simonson Alexander , Holbrook Morris B.
Published: January 2019

The authors analyze the concept of permissible puffery in advertising, salestalk, and other promotions by examining the communication content of sellers’ claims and the circumstances underlying buyer-seller transactions. Their study broadens the FTC-related focus on puffery in the literature to include warranty cases and goes beyond the traditional qualitative analysis of puffery. It thereby affords insights to researchers about the perceptions of truthfulness in advertised communications; to policy makers, judges, or attorneys about the application of the puffery defense; and to marketing practitioners about potentially serious liabilities arising from product and service communications.
What Makes People Sacrifice Their Freedom for the Good of Their Community?
Authors: Wiener Joshua L.
Published: January 2019

Many marketing scholars argue that often the best way to solve a social problem (e.g., litter) is to enlist support for a collective sacrifice (e.g., a bottle bill). The author tests Wiener and Doescher's [1991] propositions that support can be gained by communicating that the person's group has power, nongroup members will sacrifice, and the problem will be solved. His research supports the first two propositions.
Source Credibility, Legal Liability, and the Law of Endorsements
Authors: Kertz Consuelo Lauda , Ohanian Roobina
Published: January 2019

This paper reviews the endorsement advertising and source credibility literature to identify factors which make this type of advertising effective. These credibility factors resemble the legal concept of reliance and are used as a framework for developing the bases of legal liability associated with false or misleading endorsement advertising. The legal liability of endorsers, advertising agencies, and the media is discussed through a review of Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations, state laws, and court cases. Suggestions for minimizing legal liability are provided and the role of industry self-regulation in the consumer protection matrix is discussed Finally, suggestions for future research areas in endorsement advertising are provided.
Ownership Redirection in Franchised Channels
Authors: Dant Rajiv P. , Kaufmann Patrick J. , Paswan Audhesh K.
Published: January 2019

Since the typical franchise arrangements permit the more powerful franchisors to simultaneously act as suppliers as well as competitors to their franchisees, apprehensions about potential opportunistic behaviors and allegations of antitrust violations are not uncommon. In turn, this unique structuring of franchises with dual distribution has drawn considerable scrutiny from the public policy platform. In particular, the ownership redirection hypothesis—that the powerful franchisors will reacquire the best franchised outlets relegating only the marginal units to franchisees—has received special attention because it verbalizes the worst fears associated with franchising. This paper provides an evaluation of this hypothesis. To do so, we examine (1) the key premises of the hypothesis from the perspectives of a number of related literatures and (2) the available empirical evidence on the hypothesis. Both aspects of the appraisal point to a number of unresolved issues with important public policy implications.
Parental Perceptions of Toy-based Programs: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Muehling Darrel D. , Carlson Les , Laczniak Russell N.
Published: January 2019

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has been asked by Congress to study the effects of programs which feature characters that are based on toymakers’ latest creations. While the viewpoints of certain advocacy and industry groups toward such programs have been well documented, the parental viewpoint has received little attention. This paper reports the results of a study that solicited parents’ (primarily mothers’) responses to questions dealing with toy-based programs. Generally speaking, perceptions of these programs were negative, although not to the extent that one might expect, given the reported views of advocacy groups.