bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The decline and probable extinction of the Colombian GrebePodiceps andinus
Authors: Fjeldså J.
Published: May 2010

Searches were made for the Colombian GrebePodiceps andinusin 1981 in the wetlands in the Eastern Andes of Colombia. The studies also included surveys of other waterbirds and recorded the general conditions of these wetlands, once the stronghold for waterbirds in the northern Andes. The Colombian Grebe was apparently last seen in 1977 in Lake Tota, and is probably extinct, although a flock may have been moving around outside Lake Tota and could have settled outside the former breeding area. The primary reason for the decline must be draining of wetlands and eutrophication and siltation which destroyed the open submergentPotamogetonvegetation, where this grebe may have been feeding on a large diversity of arthropods. Introduction of exotic fish and hunting may also have played a role.

Durante 1981 se han realizado varias expedidones en busca dePodiceps andinusen las zonas húmedas de los Andes Orientales de Colombia. Durante estos estudios también se censaron otras aves acuáticas y se tomaron notas sobre el estado general de éstas zonas húmedas, que en el pasado fueron el principal enclave para las aves acuáticas en los Andes del Norte. AparentementePodiceps andinusfué visto por última vez en 1977 en el Lago Tota, y está probablemente extinguido, aunque podría haber un bando en las inmediaciones de dicho lago que se hay a establecido fuera de la antigua área de cría. La razón fundamental del declive debe ser el drenaje de las zonas húmedas y la eutrofización y salinización que ha destruido la vegetatión sumergida dePotamogeton, donde ésta especie se alimentaba de una gran variedad de artrópodos. La introducción de peces exóticos y la caza pueden haber influido también.
Bird faunas of the humid montane forests of Mesoamerica: biogeographic patterns and priorities for conservation
Authors: Hernández-Baños Blanca E. , Peterson A. Townsend , Navarro-Sigüenza Adolfo G. , Escalante-Pliego B. Patricia
Published: May 2010

The distribution of 335 species of birds in 33 islands of humid montane forest in Mesoamerica is summarized, and patterns of distribution, diversity and endemism are analysed.The montane forests of Costa Rica and western Panama far exceed other habitat islands considered for species-richness, richness of species endemic to Mesoamerica, and richness of species ecologically restricted to humid montane forests. Other regions, such as the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero and Oaxaca, the Los Tuxtlas region of southern Veracruz and the mountains of Chiapas and Guatemala, also hold rich and endemic avifaunas. Based on patterns of similarity of avifaunas, the region can be divided into seven regions holding distinctive avifaunas (Costa Rica and western Panama; northern Central America and northern Chiapas; southern Chiapas; eastern Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; Sierra Madre del Sur; interior Oaxaca; and Transvolcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Occidental), which serve as useful guides for the setting of priorities for conservation action.

Se resumen las distribuciones de 335 especies de aves en 33 islas de bosque húmedo de montaña en Mesoamerica, y se analizan patrones de distributión, diversidad y endemismo. Los bosques montanos de Costa Rica y del oeste de Panamá tienen la más alta riqueza de especies, riqueza de especies endémicas a Mesoamerica, y riqueza de especies ecologicamente restringidas a bosque húmedo de montana. Otras regiones, tales como la Sierra Madre del Sur de Guerrero y Oaxaca, la región de Los Tuxtlas y las montanas de Chiapas y Guatemala, también tienen avifaunas ricas en especies y en endémicas. Basado en patrones de similitud de avifaunas, se puede dividir Mesoamerica en siete regiones que tienen avifaunas distintas (Costa Rica y el oeste de Panamá; el norte de Centroamérica y el norte de Chiapas; el sur de Chiapas; el este de México; la Sierra Madre del Sur; el interior de Oaxaca; y el Eje Neovolcánico y la Sierra Madre Occidental), las cuales pueden servir como guias en el establecimiento de prioridades para la conservatión.
An avifaunal survey of the vanishing montane Atlantic forest of southern Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Gonzaga L. P. , Pacheco J. F. , Bauer C. , Castiglioni G. D. A.
Published: May 2010

Recent ornithological surveys of humid forest remnants in the Serra da Ouricana near Boa Nova, southern Bahia, Brazil, revealed the existence of an as yet unnoticed montane Atlantic forest avifauna. Among the 220 species recorded, 27 represent range extensions of several hundred kilometres, several others were preceded only by single or a few old, disputed records from Bahia, and at least two are undescribed taxa. A portion of this avifauna has been recorded in other mountainous areas of interior Bahia (Chapada Diamantina, plateau of Maracás), where a complex vegetation mosaic that includes patches of humid forest is found.

In addition to the two undescribed passerines, nine other threatened and thirteen near-threatened species have been recorded in the study area. Considered together with the adjoining and also highly endangered “mata-de-cipo”, forest habitats in the Boa Nova area are probably the most neglected habitats in Brazil concerning bird conservation.

Levantamentos ornitológicos recentemente feitos em remanescentes florestais úmidos na Serra da Ouricana perto de Boa Nova, sul da Bahia, Brasil, revelaram a existência nessa região de uma avifauna montícola da mata Atlântica. Entre as 220 espécies registradas, estão 27 que tiveram sua área de distribuição estendida por centenas de quilômetros, muitas outras conhecidas da Bahia apenas através de registros antigos e contestados, além de ao menos duas aves não descritas. Parte dessa avifauna foi também registrada em outras áreas montanhosas do interior da Bahia (Chapada Diamantina, Chapadão Maracás), onde se encontra um complexo mosaico de vegetação que inclui manchas de floresta úmida. Além dos dois pássaros não descritos, outras nove espécies ameaçadas e treze quase-ameaçadas foram registradas na área de estudo. Considerando-se em conjunto essa área com a vizinha “mata-de-cipo”, também muito ameaçada, pode-se dizer que os ambientes florestais na região de Boa Nova são os hábitats mais negligenciados em relação à conservação de aves no Brasil.
Avian inventory of the cerrado region, South America: implications for biological conservation
Authors: da Silva José Maria Cardoso
Published: May 2010

The distribution of the ornithological localities in the cerrado region of South America is analysed. When plotted out, the distribution of total sampling localities appears to be even. However, when only those localities at which birds have been sampled in any depth (> 80 specimens collected or >100 species recorded) are considered a different pattern emerges: c.70% of the cerrado region has never been satisfactorily sampled for birds, and similar or worse situations have been reported for other groups of organisms. Priority areas for future ornithological exploration in the cerrado region are most of the states of Tocantins, Maranhão, and Mato Grosso do Sul, southern Goiás, and western Minas Gerais. In these areas, inventory efforts could be focused mainly on the avifaunas of tropical dry forests, gallery forests and “campos rupestres”. Because the biological diversity in the cerrado region is poorly known and most of this region has already been modified by human activity, it is suggested that the most feasible way to define both a set of priority areas for conservation and a coherent reserve system is to focus analyses on ecosystems and landscapes rather than on species, subspecies or populations.

A distribuição das localidades ornitólogicas na regiao do cerrado, América do Sul, é analisada. Quando todas as localidades são plotadas em um mapa, o inventário das aves nessa região parece ser bem distribuido. Entretanto, quando somente aquelas localidades que tern sido amostradas com certa intensidade (>80 espécimes coletados ou >100 espécies registradas) são plotadas, um padrão bastante distinto é encontrado: cerca de 70% da região do cerrado tem nunca sido amostrada satisfatoriamente para aves, e situações similares ou piores tern sido também descritas para o inventário de outros grupos de organismos. Áreas prioritárias para futuras explorações ornitológicas na região do cerrado são grande parte dos estados do Tocantins, Maranhão e Mato Grosso do Sul, sul de Goiás e oeste de Minas Gerais. Nestas áreas, inventários poderiam ser direcionados principalmente para as avifaunas de florestas secas tropicais, florestas de galeria e campos rupestres. Em virtude da diversidade biológica na região do cerrado ser pouco conhecida e de grande parte dessa região já ter sido modificada pelas atividades humanas, é sugerido que a melhor estratégia para definir um conjunto de áreas prioritárias para conservação e um coerente sistema de reservas seria concentrar análises sobre ecossistemas e paisagens ao invés de espécies, subespécies ou populações.
Distribution and habitat use of Neotropical migrant landbirds in the Amazon basin and Andes
Authors: Robinson S. K. , Fitzpatrick J. W. , Terborgh J.
Published: May 2010

We documented the geographical distributions and habitat selection of Neotropical migrants in South America along a successional gradient in the lowlands of Amazonian Peru, and along elevational gradients in the Andes of south-eastern Peru and of eastern and western Ecuador. Most of the 30 species of northern migrants that regularly winter in South America appear to be concentrated in the western edge of the Amazon basin and on the lower slopes (2,000 m) of the Andes. Migrants in a lowland site were documented more often in early successional habitats than in primary forest, and no species were confined to mature forest habitats. The number of species and relative abundance of migrants in primary forest, however, increased with elevation up to about 1,200 m and decreased above that elevation. Several species (Contopus borealis, Dendroica cerulea and Wilsonia canadensis) were largely confined to primary forest in the 1,000-2,000 m elevational zones in both Peru and Ecuador. Migrants on the western slope of the Ecuadorean Andes included several species that primarily winter further north. In general, the species richness of migrants and residents was inversely correlated, both on a biogeographical and a local scale. Migratory birds are most likely to be adversely affected by deforestation of the lower slopes of the Andes, which is proceeding at a rapid pace. The impact of human alterations of Amazonian forests will be greater on resident than on migratory birds. The loss of mid-successional lowland forests, however, might have a negative effect on several species.
The biology and conservation status of Central and South American Falconiformes: a survey of current knowledge
Authors: Bierregaard Richard O.
Published: May 2010

Based on an extensive literature review for the 81 species of Falconiformes (excluding vultures) that breed primarily in Central and South America, I summarize the current state of our knowledge of the biology and conservation status of these birds. Most of what is known about the diurnal raptors in the region is based on studies carried out in the southern U.S.A., the Petén of Guatemala, extreme north-eastern South America (Venezuela through the Guianas) and Chile. The least-known species are residents of primary forest, especially in the generaAccipiter, LeucoptemisandMicrastur. Nests remain undescribed for 19 species, and less than five nests have been described for an additional 12 species. No prey data are available for six species and only anecdotal data have been published for a further 25 species. Breeding behaviour is unknown for 27 species and known only anecdotally for an additional 18. The migratory habits of 28 species are poorly understood. Available data permit a reasonable assessment of the conservation status for 39 species and a well-educated guess for another 31, but any assessment for the remaining 11 would be speculation at best.

Basado en un estudio muy extensivo de la literatura para 81 especies de Falconiformes(excluyendo Cathartidae) que se aparean principalmente en Centro y Sur América, hago un resumen de nuestro conocimiento más actual de la biologia y el estado de conservación en que se encuentran estas aves. La mayor parte de la información que se tiene sobre raptores diurnos de la región está basada en estudios que fueron llevados acabo en el sur de los Estados Unidos, el Petén en Guatemala, la parte noreste de América del Sur (Venezuela hasta las Guianas) y Chile. Las especies menos conocidos son residentes de bosque primario, especialmente de los génerosAccipiter, Leucoptemis y Micrastur. Falta describir nidos para 19 especies y menos de cinco nidos han sido descritos para 12 especies adicionales. No hay informacion sobre la alimentatión para seis especies y solamente información anecdotal ha sido publicada para 25 especies adicionales. Comportamiento de apareo se desconoce para 27 especies y solamente es conocido por anécdotas par 18 especies adicionales, Las costumbres migratorias de 28 especies se conocen muy poco. Información disponible permite juzgar razonablemente el estado de conservación para 39 especies y se puede estimarlo para 31 más, pero el juzgar de los 11 que restan seria solamente especulación.
Conservation education in threatened species management in Africa
Authors: Ntiamoa-Baidu Yaa
Published: May 2010

The issues that need to be addressed in conservation education programmes aimed at saving threatened species in Africa are discussed. Elements considered as crucial for the success of such programmes include a clear definition of the problem, identification of the target groups, definition of appropriate messages for each group, and development of suitable strategies for dissemination. The advantages of using local people to implement education programmes are outlined. A system for monitoring and evaluation is essential for the assessment of the success of programmes and provides opportunities for improvement, re-definition of priorities and reallocation of resources.
Reproductive manipulation in the Whooping Crane Grus americana
Authors: Kuyt E.
Published: May 2010

Whooping Cranes Grus americana increased from 16 wild migratory birds in 1941 to about 146 birds in 1991. Management on the breeding range in Wood Buffalo National Park, Northwest Territories-Alberta, and protection of the birds along their migration route and on the winter range in Texas, are partly responsible for the population increase. The present Wood Buffalo National Park-Aransas National Wildlife Refuge flock consists of almost 50% non-breeders, mostly subadults. Further increases in the number of breeding pairs beyond the 1991 record of 33 can therefore be expected. The wild population has been a source of surplus eggs, whose removal has not adversely affected population growth. These eggs have been used to establish captive flocks, and captive-reared stock will be used to establish other populations. Attempts to establish a new migratory flock in Idaho by means of cross-fostering Whooping Crane eggs to Sandhill Cranes Grus canadensis have not been completely successful. Present plans call for the establishment of a non-migratory flock in Florida.
The conservation management of Kirtland's WarblerDendroica kirtlandii
Authors: Kepler Cameron B. , Irvine G. William , DeCapita Michael E. , Weinrich Jerry
Published: May 2010

Kirtland's WarblerDendroica kirtlandiibreeds in young jack pinePinus banksianaforests on sandy soils in Michigan's lower peninsula, where there were 502 censused singing males in 1951 and 167 in 1974 and 1987. An ongoing control programme for the Brown-headed CowbirdMolothrus ater, a nest parasite, resulted in immediate and continued improvement in warbler reproductive success which was not, however, matched by an increase in warbler numbers until the 1990s. From three 1,000 ha reserves in the 1960s, currently over 54,000 ha are managed for the warbler. Despite the establishment of managed plantations, over 70% of warblers censused in the past 15 years have occupied habitat created by wildfires. Optimal habitat consists of more than 5,000 trees per hectare in a mosaic of dense patches interspersed with small openings. Nearly 70% of adult and 30% of juvenile warblers departing for the Bahamian wintering grounds return each spring, and the Michigan singing male population increased from 212 (1989) to 397 (1992) as abundant habitat, resulting from a 1980 wildfire, became available at Mack Lake. This suggests that lack of optimal habitat in Michigan has been the species's major problem.
Habitat use and management for the Noisy Scrub-bird Atrichornis clamosus
Authors: Smith G. T.
Published: May 2010

After European settlement, the range of the Noisy Scrub-bird Atrichornis clamosus contracted and only the population at Two Peoples Bay survived. Management policy at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve has been one of wildfire prevention, which has created increased areas of suitable habitat for the species. Territories rose from 45 in 1970 to 189 in 1994. Habitat use was assessed by grouping the dominant vegetation associations in each territory in five categories, in descending order of suitability (assessed on breeding and feeding resources): low eucalypt forest, Agonis forest, tall thicket, low thicket and heath. Turnover rates in territory use gave the same habitat rankings. A range of values of Ne (effective population size) was calculated using assumptions about breeding potential of each habitat category. There may be insufficient habitat at Two Peoples Bay for the population to reach an Ne of 500. Successful translocation to Mt Manypeaks, and the establishment of three small populations by birds dispersing from Two Peoples Bay, suggest that an integrated regional population can develop with an Ne well in excess of 500. The management of areas with populations and the corridors linking them must include minimizing the incidence and extent of wildfires.
Ecology and management of the Black StiltHimantopus novaezelandiae
Authors: Pierce R. J.
Published: May 2010

New Zealand's endangered Black StiltHimantopus novaezelandiaeis confined largely to South Island's upper Waitaki River Basin, where it breeds on braided riverbeds and associated wetlands. It is under pressure from nest predators (particularly introduced carnivorous mammals), habitat loss and hybridization with the Pied StiltH. himantopus leucocephalus. Management focuses on localized predator control, habitat enhancement, egg manipulation and cross-fostering, and more recently captive breeding and release. Future management may be extended to establish an island population.
Hybridization between Madagascan Red Fody Foudia madagascariensis and Seychelles Fody Foudia sechellarum on Aride Island, Seychelles
Authors: Lucking Robert S.
Published: May 2010

On islands where populations of the endemic Seychelles Fody Foudia sechellarum and the introduced Madagascan Red Fody F. madagascariensis coexist, previous studies have concluded that the two species are reproductively isolated. On Aride Island, Seychelles, one female F. sechellarum became established within a population of F. madagascariensis and produced at least two hybrid offspring. This paper describes the first known case of hybridization between the two species and highlights the possible biological consequences.
The impact of RaccoonsProcyon lotoron breeding seabirds at Englefield Bay, Haida Gwaii, Canada
Authors: Gaston Anthony J. , Masselink Michelle
Published: May 2010

RaccoonsProcyon lotorwere introduced into the Haida Gwaii archipelago of British Columbia in the 1940s and have spread throughout the islands. Although feeding mainly on inter-tidal invertebrates, they also take seabirds. Haida Gwaii supports internationally important populations of several species of burrow-nesting auks. In 1993, we visited several islands to determine the current status of their seabird populations. We found extensive signs of predation on auks by raccoons, including burrows that had been excavated and carcasses from which little had been eaten, suggesting excess killing. On islands with raccoons, numbers of burrow nesting auks had fallen by as much as 80% since 1986, whereas on islands without raccoons numbers had remained stable or increased. The evidence obtained suggests that burrow nesting auks will not coexist with raccoons and that once raccoons are established the auk populations will be rapidly extirpated.
A rapid assessment of Bolivian and Ecuadorian montane avifaunas using 20-species lists: efficiency, biases and data gathered
Authors: Poulsen Bent Otto , Krabbe Niels , Frølander Amy , Hinojosa Marcelo B. , Quiroga Carmen O.
Published: May 2010

summary

Tropical forests are disappearing very rapidly, so there is often not time for thorough quantitative studies. It therefore becomes increasingly important to use rapid, reliable and informative methods which are also adjusted to tropical logistic constraints. In this paper we use data from seven dry and semi-humid temperate forest patches in Bolivia and three humid, temperate forests in Ecuador to estimate the efficiency, potential biases and the amount of information obtained by the 20-species list method, which we applied in a rapid assessment of avian species richness. Even when used without any standardizations, 20-species lists produce more data than simple species lists, particularly on the amount of survey effort, the order of species richness, the relative abundances of species and the α-diversity index. This approach precludes comparisons with lists from other sites. However, when applied with standardization of area, altitude and effort, the method is neither easier to use nor superior to point counts (based upon vocalizations) in combination with dawn chorus tape-recordings. In species-poor habitats, it is more appropriate to use lists of fewer species. The method is recommended due to its simplicity and the increased quantity of information produced, but it requires a reasonable amount of observer competence and is therefore unfit for use by people ignorant of local avifaunas.
Newly discovered breeding sites of Olrog's GullLarus atlanticusin Argentina
Authors: Yorio Pablo , Punta Gabriel , Rabano Daniel , Rabuffetti Fabian , Herrera Gonzalo , Saravia Jose , Friedrich Pablo
Published: May 2010

Olrog's GullLarus atlanticusis a threatened and endemic species to the Argentine Atlantic coast. We present information on seven new colonies and update information on known colonies obtained during 1992–1995. Five of the new colonies were in southern Buenos Aires and two in southern Chubut. Total population size, including already known colonies, was estimated at 2,300 breeding pairs. All colonies were located on islands and islets and were associated with breeding Kelp GullsLarus dominicanus.The new colonies extend the known breeding range of Olrog's Gull to the north and increase the overall known population size. However, the aerial survey also showed that two colonies found in 1990 no longer exist. Almost 40% of the total breeding population breed within the Bahía Blanca estuary, an area currently subject to intense human pressure. Olrog's Gull is still a species with restricted distribution and low population size. We suggest conservation actions needed to adequately protect this threatened species.
The status of the Ferruginous DuckAythya nyrocain Turkey
Authors: Kirwan Guy M.
Published: May 2010

Both breeding and midwinter populations of the Ferruginous DuckAythya nyrocaare in decline throughout Europe. As part of an action plan for the species currently being prepared, a comprehensive Turkish site inventory was made. The Turkish breeding and midwinter populations (500–600 pairs and 0–1,500 birds respectively) are amongst the most important in Europe but have been subject to significant and probably long-term declines. Of 25 breeding sites identified in this study, only 10 are considered to hold more than 10 pairs, seven are probably no longer suitable and the rest probably all support fewer than five pairs. Thirty-one localities have held birds in winter but of these 18 have been unoccupied in the 1990s. Significant numbers appear to remain in Turkey only during particularly mild winters. Measures for its effective conservation in Turkey are outlined. A comprehensive site inventory, based on fieldwork directed to potential breeding localities, and monitoring of important sites identified by this study and earlier surveys are urgently required.
Collecting birds: the importance of moral debate
Authors: Bekoff Marc , Elzanowski Andrzej
Published: May 2010

In a recent article in this journal, Remsen (1995) attacked moral (and other) objections to killing birds for museum collections, objections that are frequently raised by the general public and scientific community alike. The only grounds for moral objections against killing birds that Remsen considers and rejects are reverence for all life or personal (p. 157; all page references refer to Remsen 1995), that is sentimental (p. 165) reasons. What Remsen ignores is avian sentience and the moral imperative of respecting it.
The world status of the Houbara BustardChlamydotis undulata
Authors: Goriup Paul D.
Published: May 2010

The Houbara BustardChlamydotis undulatais prominent in avian conservation because of its high value as the traditional quarry of falconers in Arabia and western Asia; such hunting has often been blamed for severely reducing population levels especially in Arabia, Pakistan and Morocco. This paper reviews current knowledge of the world status of the Houbara Bustard in each of the 31 range states where it has occurred within the last 10 years. On the basis of the evidence available, the overall population is estimated to be between 49,000 and 62,000 birds, made up of 700–750 birds in the Canary Islands, around 10,000 in Africa, and the remainder in the Middle East and Asia (especially Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan). Numbers have apparently declined greatly during this century because of agricultural intensification and other land use changes, often exacerbated by hunting and trapping. Evaluation of the population status and trends against the current Red List criteria of IUCN indicate that the Canary Islands subspecies C.u. fuertaventuraeis Vulnerable, while the subspecies C.u. undulataandC. u. macqueenii(as well as the whole species population) could probably also qualify for listing as Vulnerable but it is more appropriate to consider them “Near threatened” for the time being.
Impact of brodifacoum poisoning operations on South Island RobinsPetroica australis australisin a New ZealandNothofagusforest
Authors: Brown Kerry P.
Published: May 2010

South Island RobinsPetroica australis australiswere monitored through two different brodifacoum (Talon 20 P, 20 ppm) control operations targeting stoatsMustela ermineaand ship ratsRattus rattusin aNothofagusforest. Repeated observations of banded and radio-tagged territorial adult Robins were used to monitor survival from 6 to 8 weeks after poisoning. Where poison was deployed in bait feeders, 96.7% (29/30) of marked Robins definitely survived, whilst where poison was freely broadcast, only 52.2% (12/23) of marked Robins definitely survived. At the non-treatment site 85.7% (18/21) of marked Robins definitely survived. This study demonstrates that individual Robins are at risk from poisoning from exposed brodifacoum on the forest floor and therefore, probably from aerial application of brodifacoum. Further research is required to determine whether the benefit to Robin populations from successful predator control outweighs the loss of some Robins from poisoning. Conservation managers must take a wide view of the ecological community impacts when controlling introduced mammalian predators.
Multiple Kagu Rhynochetos jubatus deaths caused by dog attacks at a high-altitude study site on Pic Ningua, New Caledonia
Authors: Hunt Gavin R. , Hay Rod , Veltman Clare J.
Published: May 2010

Dog predation has been cited as an important factor in the decline of the threatened Kagu of New Caledonia but direct evidence of predation was restricted to single kills. Here we report the first documented case of multiple Kagu deaths caused by dogs, which occurred at our 200 ha, high-altitude (800-1,300 m) study site on Pic Ningua. The deaths were discovered because we were radio-tracking Kagus there as part of our behavioural study on the birds. In 1993 we found 20 Kagus either dead (15) or wounded (5; one survived) from dog attacks in four distinct episodes over a 14-week period from late April to early August. Two other birds whose older remains were found also probably died from dog attacks. Of the 22 birds 18 wore radio transmitters; the four non-radio-tracked birds were found by chance. Dogs errant from a nearby tribal village were strongly implicated in carrying out most, if not all, of the attacks. They climbed around 1,000 m in altitude to reach the study site and attacked birds there on repeat visits to the site. The apparent recent disappearance of Kagus in forest neighbouring the study site suggests the dogs caused the deaths of most of the birds on the peak. Dog predation is probably an ongoing problem for the Kagu and the attacks at Pic Ningua are probably not an isolated incident. Protecting birds outside Riviere Bleue Park from dogs will require: (1) establishment of additional intensively managed reserves; (2) continuing education of the public and administrators about the need for Kagu protection and associated dog control; (3) involvement of tribal communities in Kagu conservation; and (4) enforcement of dog control laws. The events at Pic Ningua demonstrate the necessity for additional and non-connected reserves to safeguard against catastrophes and increase the probability of long-term Kagu persistence in the wild.
The 'Ura or Rimatara Lorikeet Vini kuhlii: its former range, present status, and conservation priorities.
Authors: Mccormack Gerald , Künzlè Judith
Published: May 2010

Fossils and other evidence from the Southern Cook Islands show that the Rimatara Lorikeet Vini kuhlii, known as the Kura, was widespread in the group during prehistoric times and, it was probably extirpated due to exploitation for its red feathers. Today, it survives only on Rimatara in the Austral Islands, where it is known as the ‘Ura. On Rimatara during 5-11 August 1992 we saw/heard 263 ‘Ura, and estimated the total population at 900 birds. The mixed horticultural belt, about 32% of the island, was the most favoured habitat at 2.2 birds ha1 and it supported about 61% of the total population. The species was uncommon in the coastal coconut plantations and central hills, and rare in the makatea/feo. Rats, especially Rattus rattus, have often been associated with the loss of forest birds on oceanic islands and R. rattus is thought to be responsible for the decline in other lorikeets of French Polynesia. A preliminary trapping study located R. norvegicus and R. exulans, but not R. rattus. The highest conservation priority should be given to confirming the absence of R. rattus on Rimatara and the implementation of a major quarantine programme to ensure that it is not accidentally introduced. We recommend reintroducing the lorikeet to islands within its former natural range.
The culture and practice of longline tuna fishing: implications for seabird by-catch mitigation
Authors: Robertson Graham
Published: May 2010

The development of practical approaches to seabird by-catch reduction in longline tuna fisheries is dependent upon knowledge of fishing practices and the cultural and vocational nuances of fishermen. This overview, drawn from information gathered on Japanese tuna vessels in Australian waters, describes the Japanese method of tuna longlining and lists possible reasons for the reluctance shown by tuna fishermen in the adoption of measures to reduce the incidental take of seabirds. While the focus is on Japan there are reasons to believe that tuna fishing for long periods on the high seas is a culture of its own that transcends nationalities. The acceptance of change in fishing cultures, unless imposed by economic necessity or direct government policy, is slow. The overview also makes some suggestions for future efforts to reduce seabird deaths in longline tuna fisheries.
The avifauna and conservation status of the Río Nangaritza valley, southern Ecuador
Authors: Balchin C. S. , Toyne E. P.
Published: May 2010

An ornithological survey was conducted in December 1994 at the lower Río Nangaritza valley in southern Ecuador, during which 181 species were recorded. These data combined with published records reveal the number of species known for this area to be 290. Of these, nine species are classified as globally vulnerable: Solitary Eagle Harpyhaliaetus solitarius, White-breasted Parakeet Pyrrhura albipectus, Spot-winged Parrotlet Touit stictoptera, Napo Sabrewing Campylopterus villaviscensio, Ecuadorean Piedtail Phlogophilus hemileucurus, Lanceolated Monklet Micromonacha lanceolata, Coppery-chested Jacamar Galbula pastazae, Fiery-throated Fruiteater Pipreola chlorolepidota and Orange-throated Tanager Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron. Of the 290 species listed 115 are currently unrecorded in the adjacent Podocarpus National Park and therefore inhabit no protected area in southern Ecuador. Wildlife of the Nangaritza valley is threatened by gold mining, encroachment and hunting. Given the high avian diversity and the known botanical importance of the area plans to conserve the undisturbed forests of this region as part of a buffer zone for the adjacent Podocarpus National Park are recommended.
Status and trends of the Common CraneGrus gruson the western route
Authors: Sánchez Guzmán J. M. , Avilés J. M. , Medina F. J. , Sánchez A.
Published: May 2010

The evolution of 40 wintering areas ofGrus grusin the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula has been studied, including the traditional wintering places of this species on its western route. Eight of these areas harboured 50% of the whole population using this route, and none of the 40 areas showed a decline in the number of birds during the study period. At present the number of cranes in each area is much greater than in the 1979–1980 winter. No geographical trends have been observed regarding the magnitude of the increase, which is closely related to that observed for the whole Spanish and Palearctic populations. Despite the emergence of some new wintering areas, the magnitude of the increase is greater in more southerly parts of the range. This may be a consequence of greater diversity and availability of food in these latitudes. The influence of enhanced international protection and agricultural food sources on the appearance of new wintering areas is discussed.
The Grey-necked Picathartes Picathartes oreas and Ibadan Malimbe Malimbus ibadanensis in Nigeria
Authors: Ash J. S.
Published: May 2010

The Grey-necked Picathartes Picathartes oreas was found in various forested areas of south-eastern Nigeria in February 1987, an event followed in September-October that year by the discovery of 91 breeding sites, reflecting a total population in the order of 500–1,000 birds. Since then a further three breeding sites have been added. Forest destruction was a major threat to this population, but killing of birds was also a problem. Conservation education, the guarding of some sites, and the development of a national park in the area, were recommended protective measures, and now good progress is being made in their implementation. More extensive surveys are needed. The Ibadan Malimbe Malimbus ibadanensis, endemic to south-west Nigeria, had not been seen since 1980; in October- November 1987 a survey produced observations of at least three in secondary woodland at a research farm, and subsequently the species was found nearby. A more concerted survey to clarify the species's status and ecology is needed, followed by protective recommendations and appropriate remedial action.
Trade and the conservation status of the family Psittacidae in Venezuela
Authors: Desenne Philip , Strahl Stuart D.
Published: May 2010

An assessment of trade in parrots throughout Venezuela, 1988–1989, reveals alarmingly high internal and international levels. The national trade has main outlets in major cities, but is now compounded by the use of feathers for Indian artifacts sold to tourists. International trade involves illegal export chiefly from the Orinoco Delta, the majority of such birds (65,000–75,000) destined for Guyana. The large macaws suffer badly from both types of trade, but owing to its restricted range the endemic Amazona barbadensis is perhaps the most critically threatened species. Other species are assessed and, along with key sites, identified in priority order for remedial action, which should include more detailed field studies, rigorous trade data analysis, exchange of trade data with major neighbours, census and monitoring technique improvements, educational campaigns, and strict breeding facility control.
Action Plans: do they help conservation?
Authors: McGowan Philip. J. K. , Garson Peter. J. , Carroll John. P.
Published: May 2010

Introduction

IUCN (The World Conservation Union) published its first Action Plan more than a decade ago (Oates 1986). Many taxon-specific Specialist Groups working under the auspices of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) have since produced such documents, some of which are now in their second editions (e.g. Reeves and Leatherwood 1994). As we know only too well ourselves, Action Plans take a great deal of time and effort to compile, but what evidence is there to show that they are effective in achieving their prime objective of increasing the amount and quality of work that gets done to save threatened species from extinction?
A review of the status of the Green Peafowl Pavo muticus and recommendations for future action
Authors: McGowan P. J. K. , Duckworth J. W. , Xianji Wen , Van Balen B. , Xiaojun Yang , Mohd  , Khan Khan Momin , Yatim Siti Hawa , Thanga Lalram , Setiawan Iwan , Kaul Rahul
Published: May 2010

The Green Peafowl has undergone a substantial decline throughout East Asia since the turn of the century and is now reported only from a few widely scattered localities in several countries. Its plight was highlighted in the IUCN Pheasant Action Plan where it was one of the highest priorities for conservation action. Recent surveys have clarified its status and distribution in at least part of several range countries and there is patchy information from elsewhere in its range. The current knowledge of the species was reviewed at a workshop in Malaysia in autumn 1997 at which representatives from most key countries were present. The species is extinct in Peninsular Malaysia, and almost lost from Bangladesh and north-east India. There is one large population remaining in Thailand and the species is thought to be in danger of extinction in Laos. China and Indonesia hold mostly small and scattered populations although the latter does contain two large protected populations. The status in Myanmar and Cambodia is unknown, although the presence of large tracts of apparently suitable habitat in eastern Cambodia suggest that this area may hold the largest populations of the species. Conservation recommendations fall into four categories: a strategic review, assessing status and understanding ecological requirements, investigating the human-Green Peafowl relationship and considering the possibility of reintroducing the species where appropriate.
Surveys of the Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India using spring call counts
Authors: Khaling Sarala , Kaul Rahul , Saha Goutam Kumar
Published: May 2010

Call counts of Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra were conducted in the Singhalila National Park, Darjeeling, India, for three years (1995–1997). Twenty-eight groups of calling birds were recorded in 1995, 19 in 1996 and 24 in 1997 with mean density estimates (groups/km2) of 6.19/km2, 4.52/km2 and 5.46/km2 respectively. During the three years, the number of calling groups varied only on one trail. Birds called early (04h45–05h00) and the calling frequency varied from 33% to 88%. Calling peaked in April and there were significant differences in the number of groups calling in April and May in 1995 and 1996. Adverse weather conditions and wind affected calling and the audibility of calls. During spring, the Satyr Tragopan was found to be associated with both open and closed habitats. The main possible threats to this species were grazing and tree lopping. Despite some shortcomings this survey method appears to be most suitable for monitoring Satyr Tragopan.
Distribution and conservation status of Bornean Peacock-pheasantPolyplectron schleiermacheriin Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: O'Brien Timothy G. , Winarni Nurul Laksmi , Saanin Frida Mindasari , Kinnaird Margaret F. , Jepson Paul
Published: May 2010

We distributed questionnaires and conducted interviews between July and November 1996 to develop a better understanding of the status and distribution of Bornean Peacock-pheasantPolyplectron schleiermacheriin Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. We found that many people were familiar with the species, that it is apparently widely distributed but rare in lowland forest, and that populations may be declining. We received reports of recent sightings of the pheasant at 23 locations in 9 survey areas. The primary threats to Bornean Peacock-pheasants are habitat loss within logging concessions and hunting. Recommendations for future conservation action include increasing the representation of lowland rainforest in Kalimantan's protected area system, specifically the proposed extension of Bukit Raya National Park, and control of hunting within logging concessions.
Genetic endangerment of wild Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus?
Authors: Peterson A. Townsend , Brisbin I. Lehr
Published: May 2010

Domestic chickens were derived from the wild Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus. A survey of 745 museum specimens of Red Junglefowl suggests that most wild populations have been contaminated genetically by introgression of genes from domestic or feral chickens. A male eclipse plumage, which appears to be an indicator of pure wild genotypes, was found in populations in the western and central portions of the species's range, but not in the easternmost populations. Eclipse plumages probably disappeared from extreme south-eastern Asia and the Philippines prior to the advent of intensive scientific collecting (about 1860) and have not been observed in Malaysia and neighbouring countries since the 1920S. Populations exhibiting eclipse plumages were found in north-eastern India as late as the 1960s, but the dense human populations there make their continuing genetic integrity uncertain. These data suggest that surveys of wild and captive populations should be undertaken to assess the genetic integrity of this species. A re-evaluation of the conservation status of Red Junglefowl might then follow.
Genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships and conservation of Edwards's Pheasant Lophura edwardsi
Authors: Hennache Alain , Randi Ettore , Lucchini Vittorio
Published: May 2010

An historical study shows that the present day ex situ population of Edwards's Pheasant Lophura edwardsi, now numbering over 1,000 living specimens, originated in the 1920s from at least six different sources and c. 30 potential founders, including more males than females. Partial sequences, 820 nucleotides long, of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region were obtained in representatives of about half of 21 captive-reared bloodlines, identified from data in the revised International Studbook. All captive-reared birds had identical sequences. Sequences of mtDNA obtained from museum skins and samples of birds collected in the wild were slightly different from that representing the captivereared birds. The lack of mtDNA variability in the captive stock is probably due to the small number of founding females and genetic drift during c. 30 generations of captive breeding. Estimation of true extent of mtDNA sequence variability in historical and living wild Edwards's Pheasants awaits the procurement and analysis of more specimens. At least one bloodline of captive Edwards's Pheasant is polluted with exogenous genes resulting from past hybridization with Swinhoe's Pheasant L. sivinhoii. Edwards's Pheasant is more closely related to Vietnamese Pheasant L. hatinhensis and Imperial Pheasant L. imperialis than to several other taxa regarded as full species in the genus Lophura. However it is not yet possible to determine the extent of their evolutionary divergence and of their proper taxonomic rank. The initial results of this genetic research suggest that there should be efforts to (1) expand field sampling and genetic analyses of wild populations of Lophura species, (2) purge the captive stock of Edwards' Pheasant of all hybrids, (3) apply microsatellite analyses to estimate the level of genetic diversity in nuclear DNA.
Population size of Cuban ParrotsAmazona leucocephalaand Sandhill CranesGrus canadensisand community involvement in their conservation in northern Isla de la Juventud, Cuba
Authors: Aguilera Xiomara Gálvez , Alvarez Vicente Berovides , Wiley James W. , Rosales José Rivera
Published: May 2010

The Cuban Sandhill CraneGrus canadensis nesiotesand Cuban ParrotAmazona leucocephala palmarumare considered endangered species in Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Pinos). Coincident with a public education campaign, a population survey for these species was conducted in the northern part of the Isla de la Juventud on 17 December 1995, from o6hoo to 10hoo. Residents from throughout the island participated, manning 98 stations, with 1–4 observers per station. Parrots were observed at 60 (61.2%) of the stations with a total of 1320, maximum (without correction for duplicate observations), and 1100, minimum (corrected), individuals counted. Sandhill cranes were sighted at 38 (38.8%) of the stations, with a total of 115 individuals. Cranes and parrots co-occurred at 20 (20.4%) of the stations.
Differential human impact on the survival of genetically distinct avian lineages
Authors: Hughes Austin L.
Published: May 2010

At the present time the earth is facing an anthropogenic (human-caused) mass extinction event that may eventually rival previous mass extinction events caused by drastic changes i n the physical environment; however, the impact of this event on the earth's biotic diversity remains difficult to predict. Patterns of extinction and endangerment in birds, one of the best known taxonomically among major groups of organisms, showed that the distribution of human impact has been non-uniform relative to phylogenetic relationships. Fifteen major avian lineages differed over 35-fold with respect to the frequency of historical extinction and over threefold with respect to frequency of current threat; and overall rates of both extinction and threat were significantly higher in non-passerine orders than in passerines. Moreover, among both passerines and non-passerines, the rate of historic extinction has been significantly higher for species in monotypic genera than for other species; and in passerines, the rate of current threat is significantly higher for species in monotypic genera than for other species. Thus, the anthropogenic extinction and threat to avian species has specifically targeted species that are phylogenetically and thus, presumably genetically, unique.