Biochemical Engineering
Authors: Krahe Martin 
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Requirements2.1.Microorganisms: Growth and Bioreaction2.1.1.Biomass Concentration ‐ Cell Density2.1.2.Unstructured Model of Growth2.1.2.1.Monod Model2.1.2.2.Inhibition Kinetics2.1.2.3.Nutrient Uptake Rate2.1.3.Aerobic Bioreactions2.1.3.1.Stoichiometry of an Aerobic Growth without Product Formation2.1.3.2.Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR)2.1.3.3.Generated Heat2.2.Sterility2.2.1.Thermal Microbial Death Rates2.2.2.Steam Sterilization Processes2.2.2.1.Sterilization in the Autoclave2.2.2.2.“Full” Sterilization In Place (SIP)2.2.2.3.“Empty” Sterilization In Place (SIP)2.2.2.4.Continuous Water/Steam Sterilization2.2.3.Sterile Filtration2.2.4.Incinerators2.3.Cleaning2.3.1.Manual Cleaning2.3.2.Cleaning in Place (CIP)2.4.Homogenous Conditions due to Mixing2.4.1.Mechanical Mixing2.4.1.1.Stirred Tank Reactors ‐ Energy Dissipation2.4.1.2.Vibromixer2.4.1.3.Hydraulic Mixing2.4.2.Pneumatic Mixing2.5.Gas ‐ Liquid Mass Transfer2.5.1.Solubility of Oxygen and Other Gases2.5.2.Oxygen Transfer Rate for Stirred Tank Reactors2.5.2.1.Liquid Mass‐Transfer CoefficientkL2.5.2.2.Specific Interfacial Areaa2.5.3.Aeration of Stirred Tank Reactors2.5.3.1.Gas Hold‐up and Foaming in Stirred Reactors2.5.3.2.Volumetric Mass‐Transfer Coefficient in Stirred Reactors2.5.4.Volumetric Mass‐Transfer Coefficient in Airlift Reactors2.6.Measurement and Control Loops2.6.1.Temperature Measurement and Control2.6.2.Agitation Control2.6.3.pH Measurement and Control2.6.4.Measurement and Control of Dissolved Oxygen2.6.5.Measurement and Control of the Volume or the Level2.6.6.Measurement and Control of Gas‐Flow Rate2.6.7.Measurement and Control of Liquid Flows2.6.8.Other Measurement Systems2.7.Containment3.Processes and Related Equipment3.1.Media Preparation and Sterilization3.1.1.Media Preparation Techniques3.1.2.General Procedure of a “Full” SIP3.1.3.General Procedure of an “Empty” SIP3.2.Inoculation3.3.Batch Cultivation3.4.Fed‐Batch Cultivation3.5.Continuous Cultivation3.6.Continuous Cultivation with Cell Retention3.6.1.Filtration Systems for Suspended Organisms3.6.1.1.Cross‐Flow Filtration3.6.1.2.Rotor Filter3.6.2.Immobilized Organisms3.6.2.1.Pellets, Porous Matrices, or Beads3.6.2.2.Fluidized‐Bed Reactors3.6.2.3.Fixed‐Bed Reactors3.7.Dialysis Cultivation3.8.Selection of Equipment Related to Specific Processes or Products4.Materials4.1.Austenitic Steel4.1.1.Different Alloys of Austenitic Steels4.1.2.Welding4.1.3.Surfaces of Austenitic Steels4.1.3.1.Definition and Measurement of Surface Roughness4.1.3.2.Mechanical Surface Treatment4.1.3.3.Chemical Surface Treatment4.1.3.4.Electrochemical Surface Treatment4.1.4.Storage and General Working Rules4.2.Polymers4.3.Other Materials4.3.1.Glass4.3.2.Grease and Lubricants5.System Components and Detailed Engineering5.1.The Vessel5.1.1.Components Mounted or Welded on the Vessel5.1.1.1.Seals5.1.1.2.Ports5.1.1.3.Viewing Glasses5.1.1.4.Manways5.1.1.5.Heating/Cooling Jackets5.1.1.6.Heating/Cooling Coils5.1.1.7.Pressure Relief and Safety Devices5.1.2.Standard Stirred Tank Reactor5.1.3.Standard Airlift Reactor5.1.4.Glass Vessels5.1.5.Special Polyamide Film Sleeve Bioreactors5.2.Agitation System Design5.2.1.Top or Bottom Drive?5.2.2.Mechanical Seals versus Magnetic Coupling5.2.2.1.Shafts with a Mechanical Seal5.2.2.2.Magnetic Coupled Shafts5.3.Transfer Lines5.3.1.Needle Connection5.3.2.Steam‐Sterilizable Transfer Line5.3.3.Steam‐Sterilizable Transfer Line with CIP5.3.4.Manually Operated Transfer Panel5.3.5.Ring Transfer Panel5.4.Valves5.4.1.Diaphragm Valves5.4.1.1.The Valve Body5.4.1.2.Diaphragms5.4.2.Bellows‐Type Sealed Valves5.4.3.Piston Valves5.4.4.Ball and Butterfly Valves5.4.5.The Actuators5.4.6.Relieve Valves, Safety Valves5.4.7.Check Valves (Nonreturn Valves)5.5.Pipes5.5.1.Pipe and Tube Sizes5.5.2.Pipe Applications and Sloping of Lines5.5.3.Bends, Reducing‐Fittings, T‐Piece Connectors5.5.4.Sterile Coupling of Pipes5.6.Gassing Devices for Bioreactors5.6.1.Tubes and Ring Spargers5.6.2.Sinter Metal and Porous Membrane Spargers5.6.3.Surface Gassing5.6.4.Bubble‐Free Membrane Gassing5.7.Mechanical Foam Separators5.8.Sterile Filtration5.8.1.Depth Filters5.8.2.Membrane Filters5.9.Hydraulic Pumps