bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Digital Divide: Smartphones as Translanguaging Tools Among Middle Eastern Refugees in New Jersey
Authors: McCaffrey Katherine T. , Taha Maisa C.
Published: July 2019

The article examines smartphone use among Middle Eastern refugee families recently resettled in northern New Jersey as an opportunity to reconceptualize the language barrier during the early stages of refugee resettlement. Smartphone access and use among families reveal the interlinguistic conditions of life in resettlement, and ethnographic research demonstrates the way a tech‐savvy population, conventionally considered “digitally unprepared,” creatively approaches communication. We explore smartphones as tools of translanguaging: a strategy in which speakers “mesh” and weave linguistic repertoires together. Qualitative research upends the idea of a language barrier as final or surmountable only through formal language instruction. Instead, smartphones offer multimodal communicative strategies with pragmatic and affective dimensions. We argue that refugees’ own culturally specific interactional norms and priorities can be revalorized within host societies as foundations for linguistic and social integration.
Predictive value of a novel pragmatic tool for post‐stroke aspiration risk: The Functional Bedside Aspiration Screen
Authors: Virvidaki Ioanna‐Eleni , Giannopoulos Sotirios , Nasios Grigorios , Dimakopoulos Georgios , Michou Emilia , Milionis Haralampos
Published: July 2019

Background

There is still a strong need for an optimal clinician‐friendly screening tool for the identification of aspiration risk in stroke patients. In this study, we present the development of a novel, context‐specific screening tool for the prediction of aspiration risk on recent stroke survivors, the Functional Bedside Aspiration Screen (FBAS), and examine its construct validity, reliability with the predictive values toward pragmatic patients' outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a prospective validation study of 104 acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to clinical wards in a tertiary university hospital. A group of experts developed and administered the FBAS 10‐point scale to all patients. Outcome measures were compared with those of the validated Yale Swallow Protocol (YSP, reference measure) and health indicators.

Key Results

A strong association was found between the FBAS cutoff criterion and the YSP (Pearson χ2 = 54.92, P < .001). A score of ≤8 on the FBAS presented with 93.3% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity in deeming patient with reduced safety for oral nutrition (AUC = 0.934, CI = 0.884‐0.985). An inverse relationship was found between performance on the FBAS and in‐hospital and long‐term outcome indicators. Patients who failed the FBAS were 1.82 times more likely to develop aspiration pneumonia (95% CI = 1.42‐2.35) and 1.35 times more likely to develop pneumonia within 3 months postonset (95% CI = 1.15‐1.59).

Conclusions and Inferences

The FBAS is a potentially useful tool for timely prediction of aspiration risk and health outcome in acute stroke.
Anti‐incretin effect: The other face of Janus in human glucose homeostasis
Authors: Karras Spyridon N. , Koufakis Theocharis , Mustafa Omar G. , Kotsa Kalliopi
Published: July 2019

The provocative idea that type 2 diabetes (T2D) may be a surgically treated disorder is based on accumulating evidence suggesting impressive remission rates of obesity and diabetes following bariatric surgery interventions. According to the “anti‐incretin” theory, ingestion of food in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, apart from activating the well‐described incretin effect, also results in the parallel stimulation of a series of negative feedback mechanisms (anti‐incretin effect). The primary goal of these regulations is to counteract the effects of incretins and other postprandial glucose‐lowering adaptive mechanisms. Disruption of the equilibrium between incretins and anti‐incretins could be an additional pathway leading to the development of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. This theory provides an alternative theoretical framework to explain the mechanisms behind the optimal effects of metabolic surgery on T2D and underlines the importance of the GI tract in the homeostatic regulation of energy balance in humans. The anti‐incretin concept is currently based on a limited amount of evidence and certainly requires further validation by additional studies. The aim of the present review is to discuss and critically evaluate recent evidence on the anti‐incretin theory, providing an insight into current state and future perspectives.
Perinatal self‐report of thoughts of self‐harm, depressive symptoms, and personality traits: Prospective study of Japanese community women
Authors: Takegata Mizuki , Takeda Satoru , Sakanashi Kyoko , Tanaka Tomoko , Kitamura Toshinori
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify women with thoughts of self‐harm preceded by suicidal ideation, during the perinatal period, on cluster analysis and to clarify their psychological correlates.

Methods

A secondary analysis was conducted using the data from a longitudinal study involving 18 obstetric clinics between 2011 and 2012 in Kumamoto Prefecture (Japan). Self‐administered questionnaires including demographic data, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Temperament and Character Inventory, and the Postnatal Bonding Questionnaire were distributed during the third trimester of pregnancy (wave 1), at 5 days (wave 2), and 1 month postpartum (wave 3).

Results

On cluster analysis using the data of participants who answered all observational points, the participants were divided into two groups: cluster 1, normal (n = 201); and cluster 2, thoughts of self‐harm (n = 42). Low self‐directedness, low cooperativeness, higher anxiety, depression, and lack of affection and anger and rejection towards the baby were associated with cluster 2.

Conclusions

The finding that low self‐directedness and low cooperativeness were related to the cluster 2 group suggests that immature personality traits may work as a predisposing factor mediating between anxiety, depression and thoughts of self‐harm.
Dissimilar molecular and morphological patterns in an introgressed peripheral population of a sand dune species (Armeria pungens, Plumbaginaceae)
Authors: Nieto Feliner G. , Rosato M. , Alegre G. , San Segundo P. , Rosselló J. A. , Garnatje T. , Garcia S.
Published: July 2019

Introgression is a poorly understood evolutionary outcome of hybridisation because it may remain largely undetected whenever it involves the transfer of small parts of the genome from one species to another. Aiming to understand the early stages of this process, a putative case from the southernmost border of theArmeria pungensrange from its congenerA. macrophyllais revisited following the discovery of a subpopulation that does not show phenotypic signs of introgression and resembles typicalA. pungens.

We analysed morphometrics, nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS and plastid DNA (trnL‐trnF) sequences, genome size, 45S and 5S rDNA loci‐FISH data and nrDNA IGS sequences.

Within the study site, most individuals match morphologies of either of the two hybridising species, particularly the new subpopulation, with intermediate phenotypes being scarce. This pattern does not fully fit molecular evidence revealing two ITS ribotypes co‐occurring intragenomically in most plants from the study site and one single plastid haplotype. Genome size and structural features of the IGS sequences both indicate thatA. pungensfrom the study site is genetically more similar to its sympatric congener than to the remainder of its conspecifics.

Introgression ofA. macrophyllaintoA. pungensand plastid capture explain all the evidence analysed. However, important features to understand the origin and fate of the introgressed population, such as the degree and direction of introgression, which are important for understanding early stages of hybridisation in plants with low reproductive barriers, should be addressed with new data.
Trends in sociodemographic and health care factors in Portuguese and non‐Portuguese mothers giving birth in Portugal, 1995‐2014
Authors: Kana Musa Abubakar , Peleteiro Barbara , Correia Sofia , Barros Henrique
Published: July 2019

Background

Time‐trend disparity in adverse pregnancy outcomes according to maternal nationality or immigration status has been well documented. In this study, we investigated time changes in individual‐level risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes that have not been given the needed attention.

Objective

To compare 20‐year trends in sociodemographic, obstetric, health care factors, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Portuguese and non‐Portuguese women.

Methods

We studied 2 105 497 livebirths from Portuguese national birth registry (1995‐2014). We compared maternal sociodemographic characteristics (age, education, employment, and marital status), obstetric, and health care factors (parity, number of foetuses, place and type of delivery) in Portuguese and non‐Portuguese at four periods (1995‐1999, 2000‐2004, 2005‐09, and 2010‐2014). Time‐trend analysis using joinpoint regression method was performed to identify trends (joinpoints) and compare time changes in the prevalence of sociodemographic, obstetric, and health care factors expressed as annual percentage change (APC).

Results

The proportion of livebirths in non‐Portuguese mothers increased between 1995 and 1999 (2.9%), 2000‐2004 (6.3%), 2005‐2009 (9.5%), and 2010‐2014 (9.8%). The proportion of women aged ≥ 35 years among Portuguese mothers varied from 11.1% (1995‐1999), 14.4% (2000‐2004), 18.6% (2005‐2009) to 25.5% (2010‐2014); among non‐Portuguese women, the corresponding proportions were 15.7% (1995‐1999), 14.6% (2000‐2004), 16.1% (2005‐2009), and 19.0% (2010‐2014), respectively. The rate of change in maternal age ≥ 35 years had 2 joinpoints in both Portuguese (APC = 6.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2, 6.9; 2005‐2014) and non‐Portuguese (3.3%, 95% CI 2.5, 4.0; 2002‐2014). Increase in caesarean rate was higher for non‐Portuguese (24.0%‐36.1%) than the Portuguese (30.6%‐31.6%) between 1995 and 2014.

Conclusions

Sociodemographic, obstetric, and health care factors have divergent time trends and rate of change for Portuguese and non‐Portuguese.
Legality and Legitimacy in American Military Interventions
Authors: Kreps Sarah E.
Published: July 2019

Debates about the sources of presidential power in wartime often turn on constitutional separation of powers questions about where executive authority ends and legislative authority begins. Such legal premises of presidential power are both ambiguous and contested, however, lending credibility to alternative theories of presidential power that hinge on political considerations such as public support, a source of legitimacy rather than legality for particular actions. This article builds on the distinction between legality and legitimacy in presidential power in wartime and develops a legitimacy framework that identifies rational‐legal, traditional, and charismatic sources of legitimacy. An examination of the historical record of American military force from 1798 to the present suggests that executives have often pursued a legal basis for intervention and obtained legislative authorization for the use of force, but have also acted as though sources of legitimacy are viable substitutes for legality. Early in American history, those sources consisted of traditional authority such as Manifest Destiny; in the early half of the twentieth century, they took the form of charismatic authority such as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine; and since 1945, rational‐legal authority through international organizations. Analyzing the argument in light of the historical record shows that the turn to unilateralism is not a new feature of the executive–legislative balance of power, but rather an undercurrent of intervention politics, atop of which rest efforts at legitimation for the use of force.
Residual effect after salmon oil supplementation on semen quality and serum levels of testosterone in dogs
Authors: Santos Marcelo Carvalho , Milani Chiara , Zucchini Paolo , Quirino Celia Raquel , Romagnoli Stefano , da Cunha Isabel Candia Nunes
Published: July 2019

The objective of present study was to evaluate the effects of oral supplementation of salmon oil on seminal parameters and testosterone serum levels in dogs, following also the residual effects for 60 days after treatment. Nine healthy male dogs with proven fertility, weighing between 10 and 36 kg, ageing from 2 to 11 years, of different breeds, fed diets supplemented with salmon oil at the manufacturer's recommended dosage. The parameters measured were sperm volume, motility, vigour, normal morphology and concentration, live/dead ratio, membrane viability by means of HOST test and serum testosterone levels. Evaluations occurred at baseline (D0), after 90 days of supplementation (D90) and at the end of the experiment, 60 days after supplementation cessation (D150). Results (mean ± SD) obtained at time D0, D90 and D150 were as follows: motility of 76.66% ± 13.7, 92.77 ± 4.41 and 93.0 ± 7.90 (p = .001); normal spermatozoa of 69.11% ± 24.90, 90.00% ± 5.15 and 80.66 ± 16.04 (p = .05); live/dead (%) from 64.44 ± 22.86 to 85.33 ± 8.41 (p = .001); and spermatozoa (%) with integral membrane in the membrane integrity (HOST) test ranging from 76.44 ± 20.74 to 91.22 ± 4.68 (p = .05). Serum levels of testosterone (ng/ml) increased from 5.50 ± 1.13 to 8.84 ± 1.13 at D90 (p = .003) and decreased after 2 months (D150) to 5.13 ± 1.13. In conclusion, a 90‐day supplementation with salmon oil had a positive influence on semen quality and serum testosterone levels. The supplementation of omegas 3 and 6 at the ratio of 10:1 for 90 days determined an increase in concentration and motility of the sperm, and these effects were maintained for 60 days, with the only exception of testosterone levels.
Lectin histochemical pattern on the normal and cystic ovaries of sows
Authors: Mendes Marcelo HAF , Pinto Maria HB , Gimeno Eduardo J , Barbeito Claudio G , de Sant'Ana Fabiano JF
Published: July 2019

The lectin histochemical pattern (LHP) was characterized and compared in normal and cystic ovaries of sows. Six biotinylated lectins (PNA, SBA, WGA, RCA‐1, DBA and UEA‐1) were used on tissue sections. In the normal ovaries, the reaction to UEA‐1 and SBA was mild to moderate in mesothelial and endothelial cells. RCA‐1 staining was mild to moderate in theca interna of growing follicles, corpora luteum and mesothelium. In addition, this lectin presented strong reaction in endothelial cells, granulosa cells of atretic follicles, zona pellucida of growing follicles and plasma. DBA showed strong intensity in mesothelial and endothelial cells. There was mild to moderate reactivity to WGA in granulosa cells, corpus luteum and theca interna of follicles in development, and moderate in zona pellucida, in granulosa cells of atretic follicles and mesothelium. PNA staining was mild to moderate in oocytes and in the adventitia and media of medullary arteries. Changes in the LHP of the cystic ovaries were noted; however, there were no differences in these findings between the follicular and luteinized cysts. UEA‐1 reactivity in the cystic ovaries was moderately reduced in the mesothelial and endothelial cells, whereas there was mild reduction in the DBA staining in the granulosa cells. Reaction to RCA‐1 and WGA in the cysts also was decreased in theca interna, zona pellucida and granulosa cells of atretic follicles. Furthermore, endothelium and theca interna in the cystic ovaries presented mild reduction of marcation to SBA, whereas there was decreased reactivity to PNA in the oocytes and adventitia and media layers of the medullary arteries. The results of the current study show that cysts modify the LHP in swine ovaries. These changes of glycoconjugates in many ovarian structures could modify diverse process and may be one of the reasons for decreased fertility in sows.
Gossip and reputation in sixteenth‐century Rome: Tommaso de’Cavalieri and Lavinia della Valle
Authors: Ruvoldt Maria
Published: July 2019

Tommaso de’Cavalieri is best known as the young man who attracted Michelangelo’s passionate attention in the early 1530s. The recipient of drawings, poems, and letters from the artist, Cavalieri was also a high ranking member of Roman society. This article details the traces of Cavalieri’s public reputation at the time of his marriage in 1544 to Lavinia della Valle. Relying on unpublished and overlooked literary sources, this article provides a more nuanced and thorough accounting of Cavalieri’s place in sixteenth‐century Rome, not only as Michelangelo’s beloved and most trusted friend, but as a member of the Roman establishment, a veteran of several terms in public office, an advisor to popes and cardinals on artistic matters, a collector of antiquities, drawings, and other artworks, and a husband and father.
Household Food Insecurity and Maternal and Child Nutritional Status: Evidence from Maharashtra
Authors: Maitra Chandana , Sethi Vani , Unisa Sayeed , Shankar Sriram
Published: July 2019

In this paper we rigorously examine the association of household food security status with maternal and child nutritional status exploring a rich micro‐level database, the Comprehensive Nutrition Survey Maharashtra 2012. Using Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) as a metric to measure household food security, we apply simultaneous probit models to estimate the effect of food insecurity on maternal and child nutritional outcomes. The modelling framework addresses possible endogeneity in the above relationship. Findings indicate that household food insecurity increases the risk of maternal and child underweight with no effect on child stunting, wasting or maternal overweight. Women’s decision‐making power mediates these associations. Food security interventions should be effective in tackling the concerns with undernutrition, however, food alone is not the solution. A mix of nutrition‐specific and nutrition‐sensitive policies is warranted. Food security interventions should be integrated into policies for human development.
A novel HLA allele, HLA‐B*56:67, identified in a Melanesian individual from New Caledonia
Authors: Touzain Frederic , Celton Jean L. , Barker Dominic J. , Turner Thomas R. , Marsh Steven G. E.
Published: July 2019

Novel allele HLA‐B*56:67 potentially formed by recombination between B*56:01:01:03 and B*40:01:01.
Redox‐sensitive bZIP68 plays a role in balancing stress tolerance with growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Yimin , Liu Wuzhen , Zhong Huan , Zhang Hai‐Lei , Xia Yiji
Published: July 2019

Perturbation of the cellular redox state by stress conditions is sensed by redox‐sensitive proteins so that the cell can physiologically respond to stressors. However, the mechanisms linking sensing to response remain poorly understood in plants. Here we report that the transcription factor bZIP68 underwent in vivo oxidation in Arabidopsis cells under oxidative stress which is dependent on its redox‐sensitive Cys320 residue. bZIP68 is primarily localized to the nucleus under normal growth conditions in Arabidopsis seedlings. Oxidative stress reduces its accumulation in the nucleus and increases its cytosolic localization. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP‐seq) revealed that bZIP68 primarily binds to promoter regions containing the core G‐box (CACGTG) or G‐box‐like motif of the genes involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses, photosynthesis, biosynthetic processes, and transcriptional regulation. The bzip68 mutant displayed slower growth under normal conditions but enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. The results from the ChIP‐seq and phenotypic and transcriptome comparison between the bzip68 mutant and wildtype indicate that bZIP68 normally suppresses expression of stress tolerance genes and promotes expression of growth‐related genes, whereas its inactivation enhances stress tolerance but suppresses growth. bZIP68 might balance stress tolerance with growth through the extent of its oxidative inactivation according to the environment.
Lateral radioulnar subluxation in three cattle: clinical findings, treatment, and outcome
Authors: Devaux David , Müller Judith , Butty Marc André , Steiner Adrian , Nuss Karl
Published: July 2019

Objective

To describe the clinical signs, conservative treatment, and short‐ and long‐term outcomes of lateral radioulnar subluxation in cattle.

Animals

Three cattle with lateral radioulnar subluxation.

Study design

Case series.

Methods

One 3‐year‐old Red Holstein cow, one 2‐year‐old Red Holstein cow, and one 9‐month‐old Holstein heifer were presented with acute, grade greater than 3 of 5, mixed lameness in one forelimb. Clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic examination results revealed radioulnar subluxation with lateral displacement in all cases.

Results

The subluxations were manually reduced under general anesthesia by simultaneous maximum flexion of the elbow and carpal joints, medial rotation of the forearm, and application of strong pressure to the radial head and olecranon. The short‐term clinical outcome after stall rest was excellent in all three cases. Clinical and radiographic follow‐up examinations were performed at varying intervals, with a final on‐farm examination in all three cattle 12, 7, and 9 months after reduction. Osteoarthritic changes were visible in all three cases, mainly at the medial humeral trochlea, but lameness had completely resolved in all three animals.

Conclusion

Conservative management of lateral radioulnar subluxation had an excellent clinical outcome in all three cattle. Follow‐up radiographs revealed osseous proliferation mainly in the region of the medial trochlea of the humerus and subtle signs of osteoarthritic changes.

Clinical significance

Lateral radio‐ulnar subluxation is a rare but possibly underdiagnosed cause of lameness in cattle. It should be part of the differential diagnosis in cattle with elbow joint pain.
How Individual Characters Affect the Ex ante Moral Hazard of Basic Medical Insurance: Evidence from China
Authors: Luo Ji , Zhou Yuanxiang
Published: July 2019

How individual characters affect the ex ante moral hazard of basic medical insurance still remain academically debatable. This paper based on divergent individual characters of insurers to analyze the roles of basic health insurance on the ex ante moral hazard. It found health level, marital status, income level and age are the key individual factors affecting ex ante moral hazard of basic health insurance. But the roles of rural-urban difference and gender are not obvious. It gives supplementary explanations to the medical service expenditure, waste of medical resources and other issues, and also put forward the corresponding policy recommendations.
Exports Performance of Nepal: What Can Be Done?
Authors: Paudel Ramesh C.
Published: July 2019

What can be done to improve the export performance of Nepal? is an important question as the Nepal’s progress on export is not satisfactory. Yes, the performance has not met the expectation of the stakeholders and even of the policymakers. In addition to the detailed descriptive analysis, I use a standard gravity modelling technique to answer this question using SITC, 5 digits data for the period 2005-2018. The econometric estimation results suggest that, Nepal could not gain meaningfully from its earlier steps in the liberalization and reform procedures rather its loosing export position. To come out from this situation, the estimated results suggest that Nepal’s should focus on some products that have high-value to weight targeting to reduce the transportation costs meaningfully. Nepal should adopt specific strategies, such as, build trade and manufacturing-focused infrastructure, initiate for bilateral trade agreements, improve the quality of the governance side by side of the reform process and second generation reform programs, tie up the education with national production system, and adjust the exchange rate system making more export friendly.
An Analysis on the Influencing Factors of the World Food Price
Authors: Min Fang
Published: July 2019

The paper analyzes influencing factors of the world food price by using the data from 1964 to 2013. There is cointegration relationship between the world food price, world agricultural productivity, world food production, food consumption, food inventory, world oil prices, and the exchange rate of dollar. The world agricultural productivity, world food production and the exchange rate of dollar have significantly negative effect on the world food price. The world food consumption has significantly positive impact on the word food price. The impact of the world food stock and the world crude oil price on world food prices is not statistically significant. The elasticity of world food production on the world food price is less than the elasticity of world food consumption. To improve the agricultural productivity, increase food production is the key measure to stabilize the world food prices.
Successive Aeroacoustic Transfer of Leading Edge Serrations From Single Airfoil to Low-Pressure Fan Application
Authors: Biedermann Till M. , Kameier F. , Paschereit C. O.
Published: July 2019

Leading edge serrations are identified as an effective passive treatment for reducing fan broadband noise due to high turbulent inflow conditions. This paper aims to investigate the isolated effect of serrated applications in a rotating frame, covering the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance. With this purpose, a serration design, previously analyzed in the rigid domain, is transferred to the rotating frame, following a successive approach in form of a continuous increase of the fan blade number. This is considered as a feasible way to isolate the serration effects and to provide information on fan blade interaction and possible masking effects. Comparing blades with straight and serrated leading edges by analyzing the spectral noise reduction and the overall level result in deep insights in the underlying noise reduction mechanisms. Furthermore, analysis of phase differences by means of the wall pressure fluctuations leads to the identification of rotating flow phenomena, nonsynchronized with the rotor speed. The results obtained indicate an efficient noise reduction by the serrations in the vicinity of the design point. By use of the presented successive approach, noise reduction phenomena observed with the full rotor could be identified to be of either aeroacoustic or aerodynamic nature. A reduced noise is observed for the full rotor case, showing a reduction of blade interaction effects. At reducing flow coefficients, an improved stall margin of the serrated rotor is identified that also affects the aeroacoustic signature.
Exact tuning of a vibration neutralizer for the reduction of flexural waves in beams
Authors: Issa Jimmy S.
Published: July 2019

In this work, designs of vibration neutralizers for the reduction of flexural waves in beams are proposed. The system considered consists of an Euler-Bernoulli beam experiencing a harmonically travelling wave. The neutralizer, which consists of a mass, spring, and damper (viscous or hysteretic), is attached at a point on the beam. Two designs are considered. In the first, the aim is the minimization of the transmitted energy, and in the second, the aim is the maximization of the energy dissipated in the neutralizer. For minimum energy transmission, the undamped neutralizer can be tuned to reflect all the energy back to its source at the tuning frequency. The tuning stiffness ratio and the neutralizer bandwidth is obtained in an analytical closed form. For maximum energy dissipation, the neutralizer can dissipate up to 50% of the incident energy. The maximum energy dissipated, i.e., 50% of the incident energy, is constant and occurs at the tuning frequency. It is neither affected by the neutralizer mass nor by the tuning frequency. The tuning parameters are obtained analytically. Finally, in all the above cases, the increasing of the neutralizer mass enhances the neutralizer performance. All analytical findings are validated numerically.
High-speed video microscopy and numerical modeling of bubble dynamics near a surface of urinary stone
Authors: Pishchalnikov Yuri A. , Behnke-Parks William M. , Schmidmayer Kevin , Maeda Kazuki , Colonius Tim , Kenny Thomas W. , Laser Daniel J.
Published: July 2019

Ultra-high-speed video microscopy and numerical modeling were used to assess the dynamics of microbubbles at the surface of urinary stones. Lipid-shell microbubbles designed to accumulate on stone surfaces were driven by bursts of ultrasound in the sub-MHz range with pressure amplitudes on the order of 1 MPa. Microbubbles were observed to undergo repeated cycles of expansion and violent collapse. At maximum expansion, the microbubbles' cross-section resembled an ellipse truncated by the stone. Approximating the bubble shape as an oblate spheroid, this study modeled the collapse by solving the multicomponent Euler equations with a two-dimensional-axisymmetric code with adaptive mesh refinement for fine resolution of the gas-liquid interface. Modeled bubble collapse and high-speed video microscopy showed a distinctive circumferential pinching during the collapse. In the numerical model, this pinching was associated with bidirectional microjetting normal to the rigid surface and toroidal collapse of the bubble. Modeled pressure spikes had amplitudes two-to-three orders of magnitude greater than that of the driving wave. Micro-computed tomography was used to study surface erosion and formation of microcracks from the action of microbubbles. This study suggests that engineered microbubbles enable stone-treatment modalities with driving pressures significantly lower than those required without the microbubbles.
Atomically precise bottom-up synthesis of π-extended [5]triangulene
Authors: Su Jie , Telychko Mykola , Hu Pan , Macam Gennevieve , Mutombo Pingo , Zhang Hejian , Bao Yang , Cheng Fang , Huang Zhi-Quan , Qiu Zhizhan , Tan Sherman J. R. , Lin Hsin , Jelínek Pavel , Chuang Feng-Chuan , Wu Jishan , Lu Jiong
Published: July 2019

On-surface synthesis of π-extended triangulene enables the characterization of its spin-polarized edge states.
Manipulating efficient light emission in two-dimensional perovskite crystals by pressure-induced anisotropic deformation
Authors: Liu Sheng , Sun Shishuai , Gan Chee Kwan , del Águila Andrés Granados , Fang Yanan , Xing Jun , Do T. Thu Ha , White Timothy J. , Li Hongguo , Huang Wei , Xiong Qihua
Published: July 2019

Tunable PL emission of 2D halide perovskites occurs when pressure-induced anisotropic deformation modifies quantum confinement.
Unconventional quantum optics in topological waveguide QED
Authors: Bello M. , Platero G. , Cirac J. I. , González-Tudela A.
Published: July 2019

Topological one-dimensional photons induce exotic and tunable quantum emitter dynamics and interactions.
The Diversity of the
Plasmodium falciparum
K13 Propeller Domain Did Not Increase after Implementation of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy in Uganda
Authors: Conrad Melissa D. , Nsobya Sam L. , Rosenthal Philip J.
Published: July 2019

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the standard of care to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria. However, resistance to artemisinins, defined as delayed parasite clearance after therapy, has emerged in Southeast Asia, and the spread of resistance to sub-Saharan Africa could have devastating consequences.
Chitin Heterodisaccharide, Released from Chitin by Chitinase and Chitin Oligosaccharide Deacetylase, Enhances the Chitin-Metabolizing Ability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Hirano Takako , Okubo Manabu , Tsuda Hironobu , Yokoyama Masahiro , Hakamata Wataru , Nishio Toshiyuki
Published: July 2019

We demonstrate that β-
N
-acetyl-
d
-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-
d
-glucosamine (GlcNAc-GlcN) enhances the chitin-metabolizing ability of
V. parahaemolyticus
. Members of the genus
Vibrio
are chitin-degrading bacteria, and some species of this genus are associated with diseases affecting fish and animals, including humans (F. L. Thompson, T. Iida, and J. Swings, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68:403–431, 2004; M. Y. Ina-Salwany, N. Al-Saari, A. Mohamad, F.-A. Mursidi, et al., J Aquat Anim Health 31:3–22, 2019). Studies on
Vibrio
are considered important, as they may facilitate the development of solutions related to health, food, and aquaculture problems attributed to this genus. This report enhances the current understanding of chitin degradation by
Vibrio
bacteria.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection of Melanoma Lesions Delays Tumor Growth by Recruiting and Repolarizing Monocytic Phagocytes in the Tumor
Authors: Wilski Nicole A. , Del Casale Christina , Purwin Timothy J. , Aplin Andrew E. , Snyder Christopher M.
Published: July 2019

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an exciting new platform for vaccines and cancer therapy. Although CMV may delay tumor growth in some settings, there is also evidence that CMV may promote cancer development and progression. Thus, defining the impact of CMV on tumors is critical. Using a mouse model of melanoma, we previously found that murine CMV (MCMV) delayed tumor growth and activated tumor-specific immunity although the mechanism was unclear. We now show that MCMV delayed tumor growth through a mechanism that required monocytic phagocytes and a viral chemokine that recruited macrophages to the tumor. Furthermore, MCMV infection altered the functional state of macrophages. Although the effects of MCMV on tumor growth were transient, we found that repeated MCMV injections sustained the antitumor effect, suggesting that active viral infection was needed. Thus, MCMV altered tumor growth by actively recruiting macrophages to the tumor, where they were modulated to promote antitumor immunity.
Zika Virus Infection Induces DNA Damage Response in Human Neural Progenitors That Enhances Viral Replication
Authors: Hammack Christy , Ogden Sarah C. , Madden Joseph C. , Medina Angelica , Xu Chongchong , Phillips Ernest , Son Yuna , Cone Allaura , Giovinazzi Serena , Didier Ruth A. , Gilbert David M. , Song Hongjun , Ming Guoli , Wen Zhexing , Brinton Margo A. , Gunjan Akash , Tang Hengli
Published: July 2019

Clinically, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can lead to developmental defects in the cortex of the fetal brain. How ZIKV triggers this event in developing neural cells is not well understood at a molecular level and likely requires many contributing factors. ZIKV efficiently infects human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and leads to growth arrest of these cells, which are critical for brain development. Here, we demonstrate that infection with ZIKV, but not dengue virus, disrupts the cell cycle of hNPCs by halting DNA replication during S phase and inducing DNA damage. We further show that ZIKV infection activates the ATM/Chk2 checkpoint but prevents the activation of another checkpoint, the ATR/Chk1 pathway. These results unravel an intriguing mechanism by which an RNA virus interrupts host DNA replication. Finally, by mimicking virus-induced S-phase arrest, we show that ZIKV manipulates the cell cycle to benefit viral replication.
GSK3732394: a Multi-specific Inhibitor of HIV Entry
Authors: Wensel David , Sun Yongnian , Davis Jonathan , Li Zhufang , Zhang Sharon , McDonagh Thomas , Langley David , Mitchell Tracy , Tabruyn Sebastien , Nef Patrick , Cockett Mark , Krystal Mark
Published: July 2019

There continue to be significant unmet medical needs for patients with HIV-1 infection. One way to improve adherence and decrease the likelihood of drug-drug interactions in HIV-1-infected patients is through the development of long-acting biologic inhibitors. Building on a bi-specific inhibitor approach targeting CD4 and gp41, a tri-specific molecule was generated with three distinct antiviral activities. The linkage of these three biologic inhibitors creates synergy that offers a series of advantages to the molecule. The addition of human serum albumin to the tri-specific inhibitor could allow it to function as a long-acting self-administered treatment for patients with HIV infection. This molecule is currently in early clinical trials.
Rapid Elimination of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Correlates with Treatment Failure in the Acute Phase of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Wu Yanling , Xue Jing , Wang Chunyu , Li Wei , Wang Lili , Chen Weizao , Prabakaran Ponraj , Kong Desheng , Jin Yujia , Hu Dan , Wang Yulu , Lei Cheng , Yu Diao , Tu Chao , Bardhi Ariola , Sidorov Igor , Ma Liying , Goldstein Harris , Qin Chuan , Lu Lu , Jiang Shibo , Dimitrov Dimiter S. , Ying Tianlei
Published: July 2019

Currently, there is no bnAb-based monotherapy that has been reported to clear the virus in the acute SHIV infection period. Since early HIV treatment is considered critical to restricting the establishment of viral reservoirs, investigation into the mechanism for treatment failure in acutely infected macaques would be important for the therapeutic use of bnAbs and eventually towards the functional cure of HIV/AIDS. Here we report the comparative study of the therapeutic efficacy of a bnAb in acutely and chronically SHIV-infected macaques. This study revealed the correlation between the fast clearance of infused bnAbs and treatment failure during the acute period of infection.
Постановка граничных условий в бикомпактных схемах для HOLO алгоритмов решения уравнения переноса
Authors: Аристова Елена Николаевна , Aristova Elena Nikolaevna , Караваева Наталия Игоревна , Karavaeva Nataliya Igorevna
Published: July 2019

Рассмотрены бикомпактные схемы для HOLO алгоритмов решения уравнения переноса. В этих алгоритмах для ускорения сходимости итераций по рассеянию используется не только решение уравнения переноса относительно функции распределения высокой размерности (HO -- high order), но и уравнения квазидиффузии более низкой размерности (LO -- low order). Для обеих систем кинетических уравнений используются полудискретные бикомпактные схемы, обладающие четвертым порядком аппроксимации по пространству. Интегрирование по времени может проводиться с любым порядком аппроксимации, в работе используется диагонально-неявный метод третьего порядка аппроксимации, каждая стадия которого может быть сведена к неявному методу Эйлера. Подробно описана дискретизация уравнений квазидиффузии. Исследованы два варианта постановки краевых условий -- классический, посредством введения дробно-линейных функционалов, и вариант непосредственной постановки условий для плотности излучения из решения уравнения переноса HO части. Показано, что постановка краевых условий для LO системы уравнений квазидиффузии понижает порядок сходимости схемы по времени до второго. Постановка краевых условий по решению уравнения переноса сохраняет третий порядок сходимости по времени, но ухудшает эффективность HOLO алгоритмов ускорения итераций.
Case of immunotactoid glomerulopathy showing high responsiveness to steroids therapy despite severe pathological features
Authors: Ohashi Atsuki , Kumagai Jiro , Nagahama Kiyotaka , Fujisawa Hajime
Published: July 2019

A 72-year-old woman presented with nephrotic proteinuria and moderate haematuria. Renal pathology was compatible with immunotactoid glomerulopathy (ITG), for which there is no consensus for appropriate therapy. We, therefore, postponed immunosuppressive therapy. After 4 years, the patient’s renal function started to decline and renal pathology was re-evaluated, revealing a pathological change from mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis to endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis. Treatment with oral prednisolone (30 mg/day) was initiated. Within 5 weeks, complete remission of proteinuria was obtained (proteinuria 6.02 g/gCr to 0.12 g/gCr), and the patient’s renal function stabilised. Generally, responsiveness to immunosuppressive therapy is poor in patients with ITG, and the present case represented a very rare clinical course. Some previous cases have indicated susceptibility to the therapy, regardless of the severity of renal damage. As a possible distinct entity that determines susceptibility to immunosuppressive therapy, we suggest the presence of a latent lymphoproliferative disease with no significant haematological symptoms.
‘Enemy within’: an interesting cause for anemia during warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Sunny Anita Ann , Vallipalam Josy , Ramasamy Balakrishnan , Iyer Rajesh Shankar
Published: July 2019

The oral anticoagulant warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist and is considered the first line anticoagulant in valvular atrial fibrillation. However prothrombin time should be closely monitored, drug interactions checked and compliance regarding diet ensured when the patient is on warfarin therapy. Anaemia should be looked for, evaluated for the cause and corrected since it is an independent predictor of bleeding and thrombotic episodes during warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation We present an interesting case of anaemia which developed during warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation. The patient was on amiodarone and was consuming leafy vegetables resulting in frequent raise in prothrombin time during which time she developed bleeding into the right femoral pseudoaneurysm which had developed following catheterisation for thrombectomy. Surgical correction of pseudoaneurysm was done, comedication was changed and diet compliance ensured which resulted in the subsequent maintenance of prothrombin time in the therapeutic range and steady haemoglobin levels.
That was a game changer: clinical impact of an emergency department-based palliative care communication skills training workshop
Authors: Wright Rebecca , Hayward Bradley , Kistler Emmett , Vaughan Dickson Victoria , Grudzen Corita
Published: July 2019

Objective

To explore the impact of an adapted goals-of-care communications skills workshop created for ED physicians from the physicians’ perspective.

Methods

Semi-structured, one-on-one audio-recorded interviews lasting 30–60 min were conducted with twelve physicians who had completed the training workshop. Interviews explored the experience of undertaking the workshop, its impact on their clinical practice and their ability to teach new skills to other clinicians using learnt techniques. Descriptive content analysis was performed on interview transcripts.

Results

Participants reported positive experiences of the workshop. The analysis identified four main themes and ten subthemes dealing with workshop content and its impact on subsequent ED-based clinical practice. There were: 1) value and future improvements for the course; 2) value of the course to practice; 3) value of the course for teaching residents and 4) barriers to application of learning. Specifically recommended components include the use of mnemonics, mechanisms to introduce difficult conversations and a positive feedback environment. Participant-recommended refinements to the workshop included emphasising urgency, replicating the chaotic ED environment and expanding content to include more ED-focused goals-of-care discussions.

Conclusion

A short, focused training workshop directed at improving palliative care communication skills among ED clinicians appears to be welcomed and useful.
Outcome of radial scar/complex sclerosing lesion associated with epithelial proliferations with atypia diagnosed on breast core biopsy: results from a multicentric UK-based study
Authors: Rakha Emad , Beca Francisco , D'Andrea Mariangela , Abbas Areeg , Petrou-Nunn William , Shaaban Abeer M , Kandiyil Aneeshya , Smith Samantha , Menon Sindhu , Elsheikh Somaia , ElSayed Maysa E , Lee Andrew HS , Sharma Nisha
Published: July 2019

Aims

The clinical significance of radial scar (RS)/complex sclerosing lesion (CSL) with high-risk lesions (epithelial atypia) diagnosed on needle core biopsy is not well defined. We aimed at assessing the upgrade rate to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma on the surgical excision specimen in a large cohort with RS/CSL associated with atypia.

Methods

157 women with a needle core biopsy diagnosis of a RS/CSL with atypia and follow-up histology were studied. Histological findings, including different forms of the atypical lesions and final histological outcome in the excision specimens, were retrieved and analysed, and the upgrade rates for malignancy and for invasive carcinoma were calculated.

Results

69.43% of the cases were associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) or atypia not otherwise classifiable, whereas lobular neoplasia was seen in 21.66%. On final histology, 39 cases were malignant (overall upgrade rate of 24.84%); 12 were invasive and 27 had DCIS. The upgrade differed according to the type of atypia and was highest for ADH (35%). When associated with lobular neoplasia, the upgrade rate was 11.76%. The upgrade rate’s variability was also considerably lower when considering the upgrade to invasive carcinoma alone for any associated lesion.

Conclusions

The upgrade rate for ADH diagnosed on needle core biopsy with RS is similar to that of ADH without RS and therefore should be managed similarly. RS associated with lobular neoplasia is less frequently associated with malignant outcome. Most lesions exhibiting some degree of atypia showed a similar upgrade rate to invasive carcinoma. Management of RS should be based on the concurrent atypical lesion.
What is the cultural value of dying in an era of assisted dying?
Authors: Richards Naomi , Krawczyk Marian
Published: July 2019

Assisted dying is now a lawful and integral component of many societies ‘death system’, orienting individual and collective encounters with death and dying. While only a very small number of people living with terminal illness in these societies will opt for an assisted death, the choice, nevertheless, exists for those who satisfy the legal criteria. Theoretically, in these jurisdictions, this turns dying into an optional part of the human life cycle; a final phase of life that, until now, seemed a universal feature of life except in instances of sudden death. As anthropologists specialising in death and dying, we pose the question of how the various cultural scripts that have sought to give meaning to dying in post-industrial Western societies since the mid-20th century might be affected by the advent of assisted dying. We begin by building on both medical and social science literature to construct a working definition of ‘dying’. We then identify four dominant cultural scripts: psychological growth, preparation for death, the suffering experience and the caring experience. After outlining each script, we discuss how it may (or may not) be affected by the increase in assisted dying legislation. We propose that it is the ‘caring’ script; the notion of affective, intergenerational bonds created through the experience of caring for people specifically in the last few months or weeks of their life, which are likely to be most affected. However, we find that access to these cultural scripts is already limited because of the widespread reluctance to recognise and name ‘dying’, and the challenges of doing so. Consequently, the various cultural scripts we identify are negated not by the increase in assisted dying, but rather by a combination of medical advances and institutional orthodoxies which limit opportunity for people to experience themselves, or others, as ‘dying’.
Procedure-based assessments: the past, the present and the future
Authors: Abdelaal Ahmed
Published: July 2019

One of the most significant changes to the structure of surgical training in the UK was the introduction of workplace-based assessments (WBAs). Since its integration into the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme, we as surgical trainees became the children of WBAs. Procedure-based assessment (PBA) is one of the pillars of WBAs and no surgical trainee portfolio is complete without a significant number of PBAs completed. As a senior trauma and orthopaedics trainee myself, I have encountered PBA on a regular basis, both as a trainee and as an assessor to my junior colleagues. My journey in understanding and implementing PBAs has not been a smooth one. This is also a reflection of almost all surgical trainees across all specialties. In this review, I aim to shed some light on my perspective on PBA, its values, limitations and concerns that have risen as a result of its introduction. I also aim to use my experiences to highlight possible ways of improvement in PBA.