bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Simplified Analytical Model for Predicting the Time- history of Ship Impact Loading on the Bridge
Authors: Song Yanchen , Wang Junjie , Gao Hao
Published: February 2021

This paper developed a simplified analytical model for predicting the time-history of ship impact loading on the bridge. First, the FE models of 5 ships were developed. Then, the interaction between the ship and the bridge was decoupled by employing the rigid bridge assumption, and in total 45 impact force time-history curves were obtained by numerical simulations. Afterwards, a simplified analytical model for predicting the impact force time history was proposed, with the corresponding parameters determined depending on the 45 curves of impact force time-history. In addition, to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed model, the demonstration case using a cable-stayed bridge model was presented.
Adoption of Precast Column-Base Pocket Connections with Rough Surface Interface in Long Span Bridges
Authors: Farouk Abdelrahman H. , Riad Khaled H. , Saad Fathy
Published: February 2021

Rapid construction of bridges has become a priority as traffic volumes are expected to increase exponentially in the next years all over the world. Precast concrete construction technique facilitates rapid construction of bridges with an improvement in constructability and reduction in traffic disruption and environmental impact. This paper introduces an experimental-analytical study for pocket connections with different embedded lengths. Three types of pocket connections were investigated as: external pockets, internally embedded pockets and partially embedded pockets. The column embedded length to its width ratios range between 1,06 and 1,6 for each type of connections. The experimental observations and results are presented in this paper. Moreover, nonlinear finite element analysis was carried out and verified with the experimental results. Based on the experimental and finite element results, 3D strut and tie models were developed to provide a rational design tool for this type of connections. The results of this research work will be combined with all available previous information to provide design guidelines for such type of connections which can be used for long span bridges.
The Steel Railway Arch Bridge Behaviour under Short-time Brake and Acceleration Loading
Authors: Ryjáček Pavel , Werunský Martin , Polák Michal
Published: February 2021

The paper describes the behaviour of the new railway bridge in the Czech Republic, located on the track between Hohenau and Přerov, under the very short dynamic loading. The bridge is a net arch structure of span 97.5 m and skew angle 43°. The bridge is equipped with the steering rod Meyer – Wunstorf, because of the reduction of the stresses in the track, caused by the train-bridge interaction. This loading is represented mainly by brake and acceleration forces. For that purpose, the extensive monitoring system was used. The system included the detection of the strain in the bridge structure and the rail, acceleration and displacement during the test load that consisted of the heavy trains and the tandem locomotives Siemens Taurus. It also describes the redistribution of the load to the various elements of the bridge, including the Meyer – Wunstorf steering rod system and its function.
Mawaiya CLC: Technical Challenges in Design & Construction
Authors: Mehta Shekhar , Singh Ashutosh Kumar
Published: February 2021

The Mawaiya Balanced Cantilever Special span is India’s longest metro span over railway track which has been delivered on an extremely fast-tracked schedule. The structural configuration of the bridge is 105 m as main span & 75 m as side span on both sides i.e. 255 m total bridge length. This bridge crosses two tier traffic as highway on first level and railway on second level which created the design as well as construction challenges. This paper discusses how the specific design & construction challenges encountered while meeting the expectations of the contractor and the client.
Variations of Safety Factors for Bridges over their Lifetime considering Changing Live Load Definitions
Authors: Hanley Ciarán , Frangopol Dan M. , Kelliher Denis , Pakrashi Vikram
Published: February 2021

Design of long lasting structures would require insights from the past. In this regard, design of future long- life bridges and the assessment of current ageing bridges can particularly benefit from understanding the evolution of safety over lifetime. This is an important issue since there has been an evolution of design live loads over the lifetime of such bridges in the past and such changes in definition can influence the computed estimates of safety; while the true state of the structure remains the function of the site-specific live loads. Considering the limitations around instrumenting individual bridges, it is important to investigate the variations of such computed estimates over their lifetime. Previous studies around this problem have focused on the changes in terms of reliability indices over time and life-cycle costs due to degradation. However, the key change in safety estimates for owners of bridges based on changes in live load definitions will be reflected in terms of safety factors, which remain a key index for taking commercial and safety intervention decisions for a bridge stock. This paper presents the variation in safety factors of representative slab, beam and prestressed bridges for changing live load definitions and compares it with corresponding changes in reliability index parameter importance factors for the life-cycle of such bridges. The work provides an insight to how future changes in anticipated changes in live loading definitions can influence safety factors and provides guidance around better built bridges for the future.
Fragility Analysis of Girder Bridges Subjected to Multi-hazards
Authors: Wang Jingyu , Yuan Wancheng
Published: February 2021

Numerous terrorist attacks and frequent natural disasters over the past quarter century have heightened widespread concern about the safety of bridges subjected to multi-hazards especially the combined effect of earthquake and blast. Analysis of girder bridges under composite action requires good understanding of the dynamic behavior of bridge components. In this paper, a new and effective approach for implementing combined action of blast and earthquake by coupling blast at several different time points during the earthquake is put forward. Based on existing researches, El Centro and specific blast load are selected to work as applied loads on bridge model built in LS-DYNA. Dynamic response of various components including main girder and piers under different loading directions are analysed. Results show that the damage of bridge components would be much severer under combined effect comparing with that under individual load. Severity of damage and the time when the most serious damage appears are related to loading directions.
Proposals to make Complex Structures Affordable
Authors: Caron Jean-François , Baverel Olivier , Douthe Cyril , Mesnil Romain , Gobin Tristan
Published: February 2021

By reinforcing the links between mechanics of materials, structural engineering and applied mathematics at a sufficiently high level, new paths may be explored and building innovations proposed, making complex structures more affordable constructions. Three main keys are explained and illustrated with examples. The first key is a deep knowledge of materials, a second one is based on a rigorous mathematical management of shapes and geometry and a last one is related to new digital and technological prospects as robots and 3d printing. In the paper, several illustrations from Navier laboratory are shown such as composite gridshell (Créteil cathédrale), complex shapes designed to be natively “fabrication-aware” (nodes and facets considerations). ThenBuild’Inthe Ecole des Ponts ParisTech technological platform devoted to digital fabrication (3d printing, robotic constructions…) is presented and an illustration is made on a wood structure prototype, realized in 2017. About 100 m2, the structure involves the management of a complex geometry, respecting the material specificities (economical and mechanical), and using a construction process permitting to make it affordable.
Reliability of Pre-stressed Elliptical Paraboloidal Concrete Shells
Authors: Sossou Gnida
Published: February 2021

This paper describes a numerical and experimental analysis model used to estimate (a) transient bi-directional strains due to the concrete creep and shrinkage, (b) the resulting time-dependent bi- directional stress redistribution, as well as (c) bi-directional displacement variations in the structural shell elements and (d) bi-directional pre-stressing losses in the pre-stressed high yield steel tendons. The concrete shear stresses are evaluated by the well-known principle of Juravskiy. A series of experiments with once evaluated strength parameters are planned to be used to provide encouraging support for the numerical evaluations said at points (a) - (d) in addition to (e) calibrating the parameters to enable the estimations of the time-dependent pre-stressing losses,

(f) predicting the shell elements sections’ stiffness and strength by determining their long-term flexural and nonlinear creep capacity and hence, (g) devising a definition for structural reliability.
Methodology for the Dynamic Identification of Damaged Unreinforced Masonry Walls through Vibrations Tests
Authors: Ientile Silvia , Cecchi Antonella , Boscato Giosuè , Argoul Pierre , Schmidt Franziska , Nedjar Boumediene , Siegert Dominique
Published: February 2021

The preservation of architectural heritage from natural hazards and catastrophic events, including the seismic risk, requires in-depth investigation on structural behavior and in particular on the dynamic response of monumental and existing buildings, such as masonry structures. The support of experimental tests, dynamic identification techniques together with structural monitoring allow to a non-destructive evaluation of dynamic parameters and more in general for the seismic vulnerability assessment of heritage buildings, preserving its integrity and considering its operational status. In this paper, an experimental campaign on unreinforced masonry (URM) walls is presented on three typologies of walls considering induced damage. A methodology for the investigation of dynamic behavior of damaged URM walls proposed to support the most common dynamic identification techniques pointing out information through a simple spectral estimation.
Comparison of Different Design Codes on Fatigue Assessment of Typical Welded Joints in Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks
Authors: Huang Yun , Zhang Qinghua , Guo Yawen , Bu Yizhi
Published: February 2021

Many fatigue cracks have been gradually detected in typical fatigue-prone details of orthotropic steel decks (OSDs), which will lead to the reduction of fatigue life, load-carrying capacity and operation safety to some extent. In this regard, design codes for steel structures play a significant role in ensuring the fatigue resistance with high reliability. However, small differences between design standards may have a great influence on fatigue assessment. To explore and compare the variations, a full-scale FEA model of OSDs in a real bridge was developed. The hot spot stress histories and stress amplitude spectrums of toe-deck fatigue cracking at rib-to-deck (RTD) welded joints were precisely calculated, and based on this, the fatigue life evaluation was conducted. The results indicate that the fatigue resistance of this detail can meet the design requirements, but the fatigue lives which were evaluated according to Eurocode 3 and Chinese JTG specifications respectively, have a significant difference between them. The primary cause for this is that stress concentration effects vary with the contact area of wheel load under different fatigue load models, which may have a critical influence on hot spot stress range used to predict fatigue life.
Fatigue Crack Propagation Analysis of Rib-to-deck Welded Joint in OSDs using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Wu Weijian , Kolstein Henk , Veljkovic Milan
Published: February 2021

The orthotropic steel decks are one of the most widely used bridge decks, especially in moveable and long span bridges. Numerous cracks have been detected in existing bridges, mainly in the welded connections. Fatigue performance of the bridge decks governs the design. The crack at the rib-to-deck joint is one of the most representative types. Strict requirements of the configuration of this joint are given in design codes resulting in classification categories based on experimental findings. Fatigue life of the crack initiation and changes of the stress conditions are usually experimentally investigated. However, prediction of the crack propagation and the effect of the cracks on the local stress fields are not possible to be fully understood based on experiments only. In this paper, finite element models are refined around the crack tip using software programs Abaqus and FRANC3D to study the crack propagation of rib-to-deck joint between crossbeams. The results is compared with beach marking tests in literature. Good agreement is found between predicted results and test data for both the crack shapes and loading cycles. The largest SIF range is predicted in the middle of the developed crack. It is then moved to the position 0.19 (relative distance, normalized by the width of the specimen) away from the crack priori to the fracture. During propagation period, structural integrity is affected by the crack and stress redistribution phenomenon is observed.
Crack Resistance Test and Analysis of Steel–UHPC Lightweight Composite Deck Structure
Authors: Luo Jun , Shao Xudong , Fan Wei , Cao Junhui
Published: February 2021

In order to study the crack resistance performance of the steel-UHPC lightweight composite deck structure, a comparative analysis was made based on serial tests on steel-UHPC composite beam specimens exposed to either longitudinal or transverse bending loads. The test results show that the steel-UHPC lightweight composite deck has high cracking stress. The spacing of longitudinal reinforcement and the cover thickness affect the anti-cracking performance of UHPC layer significantly. The specimens have better cracking-resisting performance in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction, and the reasons should be attributed to the position of the neutral axis and the size effect. The predicted cracking load, calculated based on the French standard UHPFRC-2016, agrees well with the cracking load obtained in the test.
Negative Bending Fatigue Damage on the Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composite Girder
Authors: Xu Chen , Zhang Boyu , Su Qingtian , Masuya Hiroshi
Published: February 2021

The tensile concrete crack in the negative flexural region is a critical factor to the safety and durability of steel-concrete continuous composite girder which can be used in mega bridge structures. This crack can be ameliorated by the steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Since the fatigue study on the mechanical behavior of the SFRC composite girder is rare, a series of fatigue negative bending tests on SFRC composite girders and fatigue push-out tests on stud connectors in SFRC were executed. The test results showed that the fatigue slip in the SFRC composite girder was smaller than the normal concrete composite girder, and the fatigue life of stud in SFRC was longer than the one in normal concrete. Meanwhile, according to the comparison between the stud fatigue live evaluations and test results, the AASHTO-based evaluations were comparatively conservative, and JSCE was close to the test results but had smaller safety redundancy.
A Journey of Exploration through Infrastructure Systems: from Value of Information to Information Avoidance
Authors: Pozzi Matteo
Published: February 2021

The management of infrastructure systems involves taking difference kinds of actions: some are directed towards replacing, repairing and maintaining components, others towards collecting data and information. We refer to the latter type asexplorative actions, and they comprise of sensor integration, inspections scheduling and the design of tests and experiments. Explorative actions can reduce the uncertainty in the management process and allow for a more effective use of resources. They can be optimized following the principles of the Value of Information (VoI), which is an economic based metric for decision making under uncertainty.

This paper summarizes recent research in VoI analysis, for applications to inspection scheduling, sensor placement and monitoring plans. VoI analysis can be computationally highly complex, depending on the interaction between observations, actions and losses, and this paper illustrates findings related to specific settings. When a single decision-maker manages the system, the VoI metric has simple and intuitive properties that make it adequate for integration into optimization schemes. For example, the value of free information is always non-negative, following the principle that “information never hurts”. However, in other contexts where multiple agents interact with one another, some agents may prefer “not to know”, avoiding to collect certain information. This paper discusses this and other phenomena of the VoI in the context of infrastructure management.
Towards a New Paradigm for Governance and Management of the Built Environment
Authors: Faber Michael Havbro
Published: February 2021

Climate change, excessive exploitation of resources, pollution of air and drinking water are just some of the consequences of past societal developments that must be dealt with now and in the future. Identification of new rationales, frameworks and methods in support of sustainable and resilient governance and management of the built environment is more urgent than ever. To meet the challenges of the future, and to ensure continued improvement of global welfare, past best practices must be critically assessed and disruptive changes, by means of organization and technology, must be identified and implemented.

In this contribution, starting point is taken in an outline of the critical role of the built environment, in the quest for a sustainable and resilient societal developments. Thereafter, a critical inventory is presented with respect to organizational, procedural and technological - and not least regulatory factors which might be associated with past and present best practices in the governance and management of the built environment. With this basis, potentials for radical improvements in current best practices – a paradigm shift in governance and management of the built environment

– through utilization of new and emerging technologies, such as cyber-physical systems, Big Data techniques and Artificial Intelligence, are presented and discussed. To illustrate the ideas and concepts addressed in the presentation, principal examples are provided addressing integrity management of structural and infrastructure systems.
Estimation of Equipment Fragility Curve of Nonlinear Nuclear Power Plant Structures
Authors: Ju Heekun , Jung Hyung-Jo
Published: February 2021

Fragility analysis is priorly conducted for probabilistic seismic risk assessment of nuclear power plants (NPPs). In this research, a sample-based method is used to estimate equipment fragility curves more realistically. A numerical model representing an auxiliary building of NPP is used for probabilistic seismic analysis. The structural nonlinearity comes from the hysteretic behaviour of shear walls, which is a dominant structural component affecting the structural behaviour under earthquakes. Uncertainties from ground motions, structural and equipment properties are considered. To generate simulation cases, an advanced Latin Hypercube sampling approach with sequential sampling capability is adopted. The response distribution are utilized for calculating fragility curves, and the effects of each uncertainty sources on fragility curves are evaluated and compared.
Seismic Response Law of Suspension Bridge-track System of High- Speed Railway
Authors: Rui Gan , Bin Yan , Gaoxiang Zhang
Published: February 2021

Taking a suspension bridge of (84+84+1092+84+84) m high-speed railway as an example, a nonlinear dynamic simulation model of the interaction between the long-span suspension bridge and the four tracks is established, which considers the bridge tower, main cable, suspender, steel truss beam, orthogonal special-shaped plate, rail and adjacent bridge span structure. The seismic response of the CWR system of the railway suspension bridge under the seismic wave is analyzed. The results show that: setting rail expansion regulators at both ends of suspension bridge can greatly reduce rail stress at beam ends; the maximum stress of rail on suspension bridge is 10,8MPa under earthquake; the maximum internal force of main cable and suspender is 4115,4kN and 146,1kN respectively, and the maximum longitudinal shear force of main tower is 26,5MN.
Condition Assessment of an Aging PSC Bridge in Karachi
Authors: Khan Rashid Ahmed , Mohammad Aslam Faqeer , Lodi Sarosh Hashmat , Shah Murad Ali , Bashir Sohail
Published: February 2021

With many of the Karachi bridges that are built before the adoption of modern philosophies of design, are structurally deficient and degraded, owing to the ageing effects and non-existent maintenance. In most cases, these bridges as they approach their service lifetime are now carrying much higher volume and heavier loaded freight vehicles, which warrants continuous assessment of their safety to increased operational loads and seismicity, before deciding on their optimal management.

A pre-stressed concrete bridge (PSC) located in Karachi is investigated for structural deficiencies and possible weakening based on a three-tier approach, including Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) and seismic evaluation. The study results show that the overall behaviour of the bridge structure has adequate strength to meet the West Pakistan Highway Code (WPHC) [1] and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 2006 [2] code demands.
Towards a Holistic Bridge BIM Solution
Authors: Samec Vanja , Stampler Johann , Osterz Jan , Navrátil Jaroslav , Byun Moonjoo
Published: February 2021

A new BIM solution tailored for bridge engineering has recently been developed, with the ambition of successively covering all tasks related to bridge design, construction, and management throughout lifetime.

Currently, the solution already contains a variety of bridge design functionality from parametric modeling to structural analysis and checking procedures. Based on an intelligent 4D model of the structure including the construction timeline in addition to the parametrically described geometric model, an appropriate analysis model is automatically created.

The paper describes the current functionality and recent successful practical use cases and gives an outlook to the considered future extensions.
A combined model-free Artificial Neural Network-based method with clustering for novelty detection: The case study of the KW51 railway bridge
Authors: Neves A. C. , Maes K. , Gonzalez Ignacio , Karoumi Raid
Published: February 2021

Clustering is one of the most commonly employed exploratory data analysis technique to get some valuable insight about the structure of data. It is considered to be an unsupervised learning method as there is no ground truth to compare the output of the algorithm with the true labels of the data. However, the intention in this work is not to evaluate the performance of the algorithm but to try to investigate the structure of the data and underlying patterns.

This paper proposes an approach for condition assessment of bridges based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) combined with data clustering. The approach is developed and validated through a monitoring campaign. The one span ballasted railway bridge was subjected to retrofitting and in the course of the several states - before, during and after retrofitting - data on relevant properties of the bridge has been collected. The data collected in the before retrofitting state was used to train ANNs. Over time, new measurements are collected from the bridge under the new states and presented to the trained ANNs. The predictions by the ANNs can be compared to real measurements and prediction errors can be obtained. Based on statistical data analysis of the prediction errors by means of clustering techniques, the ANN is able to identify the different states of the structure.
Monitoring solutions for large movable scaffolding systems
Authors: Resende André , Coelho Hugo , Pacheco Pedro , Costa Joao , Moutinho Carlos , Magalhães Filipe
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to describe the SMART-OPS research project, present preliminary results of the experimental campaign and foresee the characteristics and advantages of the product under development. In the first stage, a commercial monitoring equipment was adopted. The paper will describe preliminary results obtained with this equipment to demonstrate in a full-scale MSS under normal operation the advantages and challenges of monitoring. In the second stage, a customized monitoring system is under development.

The monitoring system was implemented in a Movable Scaffolding System (MSS) used to build spans up to 70m of prestressed concrete deck. The monitoring scheme included 2 sonic anemometers, 29 strain gages and 3 triaxial accelerometers. The MSS built 12 spans near Bratislava between May 2019 and February 2020.
Submarine impact on a submerged floating tube bridge
Authors: Minoretti Arianna , Xiang Xu , Johansen Inger Lise , Eidem Mathias
Published: February 2021

The Norwegian Public Roads Administration have been given the task of building fixed links to replace the ferries along the Coastal Highway Route E39 on the west coast of Norway. One of the concepts that has been looked at is a Submerged Floating Tube Bridge (SFTB), also called Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT). This is a concept where the roadway is placed in a tube that is fully submerged in water, but is not resting on the seabed like an immersed tunnel. The buoyancy of the tube is therefore critical in carrying the vertical loads in this concept and must be maintained at all times, so not to lose the structure. An unusual extreme load that has to be taken into consideration in this aspect is ship impact from a submarine. This is of particular interest because one of the fjords where the Submerged Floating Tube Bridge has been studied, is the Bjørnafjord, a fjord where the Norwegian Navy have practice ground for their submarines. Impact analysis have been performed between the Submerged Floating Tube Bridge and a submarine of the same size as the Norwegian Navy operates, to find out the potential for damages to the structure, as well as damages to the submarine.
Short-Term Forecasting of the Occurrence Time of Strong Wind Speed during a Typhoon based on LSTM for Sea-Crossing Bridge Operation
Authors: Lim Jae-Yeong , Kim Se-Jin , Kim Ho-Kyung
Published: February 2021

Vehicles running on sea-crossing bridges are vulnerable to strong winds with instantaneous speeds of over 20 m/s. Bridge operators should secure the safety of the bridge users by limiting vehicle speeds or restricting the traffic when wind speed measured on the bridges exceeds a certain threshold value. To guarantee the safety of the bridge users during typhoons, an accurate forecasting of the strong winds would be essential. In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was considered to model the occurrence characteristics of the strong wind speed at the sea- crossing bridge during typhoons. The Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), which is generally used in the time-series analysis, was applied. This research utilized 16 years of wind speed data acquired by sensors located on a suspension bridge in South Korea and Best Track data of typhoons from the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) in Tokyo.
How powerful are the models?
Authors: Urrego-Giraldo Héctor
Published: February 2021

On January 15, 2018 a collapse occurred during the construction process of one of the towers of a cable-stayed bridge on a road that connects Bogotá and Villavicencio; two cities in Colombia. A total of eight independent studies were realized to determine the cause of the collapse. Four of the studies used only one model based on Linear Finite Elements, with some adjustments to represent the reinforced Concrete but they did not do any calibration to determine the reliability of their results. Three other studies used specialized Software for Reinforced Concrete. The last study used a simple model with Linear Finite elements with degraded rigidity obtained results similar to the models made with specialized software. The results of the first four studies differ completely from the three other studies that used specialized software. Some physical models, at scale, with Microconcrete, confirm that the models made with linear finite elements, present a very large error.
Implementation of image-based inspection technology for bridges
Authors: Choi Young Jin , Cho Jun Sang , Kim Dong Woo , Kong Jung Sik
Published: February 2021

Many infrastructures are conducting smart inspections using drones and various inspection equipment. Bridge inspections are still mostly performed by manpower, and the demand for unmanned equipment-based inspections to improve these traditional methods is increasing. In this research, a drone was used to photograph the entire view of the bridge, and rail, wire-cam were used to check the inspection blind spots that occur during inspection by personnel. A 360- degree camera was used in the part accessible to the inspector. Based on the images obtained through all technologies, a three-dimensional road view of the inspection bridge was constructed. The image-based inspection result is intuitive for both managers and inspectors, so it will improve convenience and efficiency during maintenance.
Experimental Investigation of Temperature-dependent Behavior of a Rubber Material for Base-Isolated Bridges under Multi-axial Loadings
Authors: Narita Hiromichi , Yoshida Junji , Takeya Kouichi
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates temperature-dependent behavior of a natural rubber, which has been employed for bearings of base-isolation. At first, we develop a temperature-bath for our multi-axial loading machine to keep surface temperature of rubber specimens constant. Then, we conduct a series of bi-directional simple shear tests on cylindrical specimens at different temperature levels (- 15, 0, 20, 40, 60 [°C]), various strain amplitudes and strain rates. The experimental results show that stiffness and hysteretic area are gradually reduced with increase of the temperature. This fact indicates that variation of temperature gives effective change to behavior of the rubbers. In the future, we are going to construct a constitutive model of the rubber, based on the stress-strain relations obtained in the experiment.
Flexural Behavior of Composite Beam with I-Shaped Cross-Section Shear Connector
Authors: Wencong Li
Published: February 2021

In recent years, supertall buildings above a height of 450 meter have been built continuously in the world, especially in China and the Middle East. In order to meet structural performance of the supertall buildings, structural systems with excellent seismic performance and wind resistance performance are required. In the structural system, mega-column located at the building perimeter is a key structural member and it is expected to have large tensile, compressive, flexural, shear and torsional strength. Therefore, it is desirable that the steel and the concrete in the mega-column can be integrated tightly. In this study, I-shaped cross-section shear connector is proposed to prevent the slip between steel and concrete. Three-point flexural tests of a I-shaped cross-section steel and concrete composite beam specimen with I-shaped cross-section shear connectors and a conventional I-shaped cross-section steel and concrete composite beam specimen without I-shaped cross-section shear connector were carried out to investigate the effect of I-shaped cross-section shear connector on the inelastic behavior of a flexural member. The experimental results showed that the composite beam specimen with I-shaped cross-section shear connectors exhibited higher flexural strength and it is expected that the proposed I-shaped cross-section shear connector has a potential of being applied to the mega-column in the tomorrow’s supertall buildings.
A Risk Assessment Approach Based on Chain-Model during Bridge Construction
Authors: Zhuang Dongli , Xiao Rucheng , Fan Meina , Dai Wei
Published: February 2021

Due to the relatedness of the risk events in infrastructure, this paper attempts to give the correlation mechanism of the risk events, and abstracts the correlation structure into a risk chain-model. At the same time, based on the risk chain-model, the process and approach of the ecological, disaster and safety risk assessment during the bridge construction are proposed. Taking the railway bridge across the Nairobi national park as an example, this method is applied to the risk assessment study during the bridge construction, and the probability level, the loss expectation and the risk level of every risk category are given. The results show that this method is more systematic and comprehensive for the risk sensitive construction management, ecological environment and natural disasters. The evaluation method proposed in this paper has important practical application value for the risk evaluation of the infrastructure in ecologically sensitive areas.
Life-cycle probabilistic loss and resilience quantification of civil infrastructure under extreme events
Authors: Li Yaohan , Dong You
Published: February 2021

Resilience and loss assessment plays an important role in hazard risk management and mitigation. As a paramount indicator, resilience has been widely utilized to account for robustness and recovery capability of civil infrastructure. However, previous studies evaluate the resilience conditioned on a single hazard scenario, which is less likely to incorporate long-term uncertainty and multiple hazard effects. Although the life-cycle loss was commonly computed in previous research, quantification of loss has been restricted to the expectation and the stationary occurrence model. Statistical moments, such as standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of long-term loss interpreting uncertainty characteristics, were rarely discussed. Uncertainty associated time-dependent characteristics with respect to stochastic occurrence and intensity have not been taken into account. To address these concerns, an integrated life-cycle probabilistic resilience and loss assessment framework is developed to aid the management and decision making of civil infrastructure subjected to hazard effects.
Visual inspection on balcony damages in Copenhagen
Authors: Du Guangli , Buch-Hansen Thomas Cornelius , Henriksen Jens
Published: February 2021

Balcony deterioration is a well-recognized issue in residential buildings. If not properly maintained, such deterioration may further develop, leading to reduced load bearing capacity and service life. In recent years, a number of accidents related to balcony failures were reported worldwide, for instance, Chicago, Berkeley, Los Angeles, France, Queensland and Australia. In 2016, a case of balcony falling has attracted serious concerns from the Danish authority regarding the overall balcony conditions in the country. Today there is still a lack of national guideline on balcony condition assessment and it is up to the building owner to ensure their balconies have the sufficient load bearing capacity. To prevent future occurrence of balcony failures, property owners need knowledge on their balconies to detect early signs of damages. In this context, this study selected six residential areas in Copenhagen to examine the actual conditions of balconies. The areas are chosen from different time periods to represent a reasonable coverage of mixed building and balcony types. The collected information, including classification of damages and their degradation levels, is useful for decision making in the asset management.
Management of Bridge Structures – Challenges and Possibilities
Authors: Bień J. , Salamak M.
Published: February 2021

Bridges are particularly vulnerable elements of transport infrastructures. In many cases, bridge structures may be subject to higher volumes of traffic and higher loads as well as more severe environmental conditions than it was designed. Sound procedures to ensure monitoring, quality control, and preventive maintenance systems are therefore vital. The paper presents main challenges and arriving possibilities in management of bridge structures, including: relationships between environment and bridge infrastructure, improvement of diagnostic technologies, advanced modelling of bridges in computer-based management systems, development of knowledge-based expert systems with application of artificial intelligence, applications of technology of Bridge Information Modelling (BrIM) with augmented and virtual reality techniques. Presented activities are focused on monitoring the safety of bridges for lowering the risk of an unexpected collapse significantly as well as on efficient maintenance of bridges as components of transport infrastructure − by means of integrated management systems.
Novel Structural Engineering Technologies to Serve Heritage Bridges
Authors: Brühwiler E.
Published: February 2021

Bridges of high cultural value and aesthetic quality deserve respectful treatment, and consequently, construction interventions must balance these assets with the severe requirements of utilisation. This is particularly relevant to structural engineers and bridge owners involved in rehabilitation or modification interventions. This paper presents examples of how interventions are performed with adequate respect to cultural value. It is argued that the preservation of cultural value may go hand-in-hand with socio-economic, environmental and technical requirements following the principles of sustainable development. These requirements are met through the application of advanced structural engineering methods, including monitoring of structural behaviour and using the UHPFRC Technology. Extending the service duration means adding value to bridges as well as appreciating the art of structural engineering and the identity of structural engineers.
A SURVEY ON AUTONOMUS CAR TESTING
Authors: S Manasa , N P Lekhana , Krishnananda
Published: February 2021

Amid self-governing auto framework improvement, the independent vehicles testing directions build up a Self-sufficient Vehicle Analyzer Program with sensors and control framework. In this paper, the overview of the independent auto, sorts of sensors and control framework is presented. The LiDAR, Radar and GPS capacities are reached out into self-sufficient auto testing. Additionally, the mileage, benefits and restrictions are examined. Time and cost can be saved and a more solid framework can be ensured.
INTELLIGENT ENGINE SYSTEM FOR TRAIN BY USING ARDUINO UNO KIT WITH THE GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY USING SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY
Authors: Praveen  , P Jayashri , Shetty Manasa M
Published: February 2021

The railway network of India is the biggest in South Asia and perhaps the most complicated in all over the world. There are so many different types of train local, fast, super-fast, passenger, goods etc. and there are so many multiple routes. Although the time table is perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. And that’s why the train accidents are becoming more and more usual. So a kind of intelligence of the train engines itself, so that it prevents accidents. In our project we aim at generating electricity using combined renewable energy resources of wind and solar from a running train and using a part of this energy to detect damages in the railway track system by passing a minute voltage over the track, thus avoiding the train accidents. Remaining energy can be saved using battery and used for train lighting system. We also aim at avoiding the other different possibilities of train accidents. Such as accidents due to signal miscommunication, accident due to moving or stationary objects across the track using MATLAB.
SIMULATION BASED VIDEO COMPRESSION THROUGH DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Authors: Pundaraja  , Manjunath
Published: February 2021

The paper is about the transmission, compression, detection of the video based on simulation for the various communication applications. The video and image compression overcomes the problem of reducing the amount of data required to the information that has to be transmitted and this saves the bandwidth required for transmission of data and memory which is required for storage purpose. Hence video compression reduces the volume of the video data with a small change in quality of the video. Compressed video transmission can be done over a channel by huffman coding for the source at transmitter side and then channel codes is done by technique called hamming. The data which is to be sent through channel is a BPSK modulated so the received data is demodulated followed by the channel decoding, source decoding using inverse of the techniques used in the transmitter side to obtain the original transmitted video. The above procedure is done for the input video taken by camera and this compressed video can be transmitted then detected at receiver by digital communication system(DCS) which is simulated in the MATLAB.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF SKIN CANCER USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: Yogesh Birajdar , P Rengaprabhu
Published: February 2021

The proposed work is to present an approach to easily detect the skin cancer and classify into benign and malignant classes differentiating with the wounds. The skin cancer occurs for many people in some regions of the countries like Australia & New Zealand where the sunlight is difficult to reach during winters. Thus the deficiency of Vitamin D causes skin cancer for the people dwelling in such regions. Self-assessment is being encouraged in such cities to detect the skin cancers in early stages. It is very much essential to diagnose the skin cancer in the early stages and help the patients to get the treatment effectively. The proposed system is supposed to match the self-assessment need for the people to take care of themselves in very less time and regular basis.
ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING POTASSIUM POWDER AS ADMIXTURE
Authors: Gadgihalli Vishal , Ramya  , Khan Abrar , Dinakar Raghavendra Prasad
Published: February 2021

Chemical admixtures are the ingredients in concrete other than Portland cement, water and aggregate those are added to mix immediately before or during mixing. These admixtures are primarily used to reduce the cost of concrete construction, to modify the properties of hardened concrete, to ensure the quality of concrete during mixing, transportation, placing curing and to overcome certain emergences during concrete operations. In this paper analysis of properties of concrete using potassium power as admixture is studied and verified the strength of concrete and temperature emitted due to chemical reaction to normal Portland cement. Using potassium powder the temperature emitted due to exothermal reaction of concrete has reduced. Thus gives better results hence we can use this potassium powder as an admixture where the temperature and the emitting temperatures place a crucial role in construction and maintenance.
EFFECT OF SOLAR DEHYDRATION METHOD ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEN BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS)
Authors: Priyanka Kuna , Chandni R.C. , Sankar Amar , Raghu A.V.
Published: February 2021

Studies were done by different chemical treatments under solar dehydration of Green beans. The Green beans were treated by five different methods which are mentioned and the end product was underwent analysis for physico-chemical characteristics, nutritional characteristics, microbial analysis and sensory evaluation. Five treatments of different proportions with Magnesium chloride, Sodium chloride, Sodium bicarbonate and Magnesium oxide were done for solar dehydration of Green beans and (0.1% Magnesium chloride and 0.1% Sodium bicarbonate) treated Green beans were found to be good in all characteristics i.e. Physico-chemical (better chlorophyll retention) and nutritional characteristics when compared to other  treatments.
A NON-GAUSSIAN MODEL FOR INDIAN MONSOON RAINFALL
Authors: Ramesh Kokila , Iyengar R.N.
Published: February 2021

A non-Gaussian model as a function of Gaussian process is developed in this paper for Indian monsoon rainfall time series. The functions of a Gaussian process are the Hermite polynomials. The unknown coefficients of the Hermite polynomials are found with the help of the first four moments of the given data. Since the probability density function of the Gaussian process is known, the non-Gaussian density function for the rainfall process is found by using the transformation on the known Gaussian density function numerically. Sample histogram of the data and the non-Gaussian density function are compared graphically along with the Gaussian density function. This clearly justifies that the non-Gaussian density better compares with the data distribution. This exercise has been done on the four broad regions of India identified by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and also for one subdivision of Karnataka. It has been observed that at 5% significance level, this model is able to reproduce the probability structure of the rainfall time series at different spatial scales studied.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FEED FORMULATION SOFTWARE- A SHORT REVIEW
Authors: Patil Vishal , Gupta Radha , D Rajendran , Singh Kuntal Ravinder
Published: February 2021

The paper highlightsthe different feed formulation software’s for least cost formulation of livestock and animals, where the comparison of techniques is donebased on different aspectslike data collection, software used, price, scope and limitations. Feed formulation requires large amount of data about the composition of feeds, environment conditions,and availability of feeds.Development of Software’sfor feed formulations is changing with change in computer.  With advancement of technology, the feed formulation can be calculated for ‘n’ number of feed stuff but still Linear Programming is used as base for mathematical  modelling, where uses of non-linear programming is very less. Maximum number of feed formulation software’s is developed to select the feeds for formulation within budget of the farmers or dairy industry.