bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Levels of Climate Adaptation Policy: Analyzing the Institutional Interplay in the Baltic Sea Region
Authors: Glaas Erik , Juhola Sirkku
Published: January 2013

International policy development and expected climate change impacts such as flooding, landslides, and the extinction of sensitive species have forced countries around the Baltic Sea to begin working on national climate adaptation policies. Simultaneously, the EU is building both a central and a macro-regional Baltic Sea-wide adaptation strategy to support national policy developments. However, it yet remains unclear how these EU strategies will complement each other or national policies. This article analyzes the constraints and opportunities presented by this new institutional interplay and discusses the potential of the forthcoming EU strategies to support national policy. It does so by mapping how adaptation is institutionalized in two case countries, Sweden and Finland, and is organized in the two EU approaches. The vertical institutional interplay between scales is analyzed in terms of three factors: competence, capacity, and compatibility. Results indicate institutional constraints related to: risks of policy complexity for sub-national actors, an unclear relationship between the two EU approaches, an overly general approach to targeting contextualized climate change vulnerabilities, and a general lack of strategies to steer adaptation. However, there are also opportunities linked to an anticipated increased commitment to the national management of adaptation, especially related to biodiversity issues.
Removal of Toxin (Tetrodotoxin) from Puffer Ovary by Traditional Fermentation
Authors: Anraku Kensaku , Nonaka Kiku , Yamaga Toshitaka , Yamamoto Takatoshi , Shin Min-Chul , Wakita Masahito , Hamamoto Ayaka , Akaike Norio
Published: January 2013

The amounts of puffer toxin (tetrodotoxin, TTX) extracted from the fresh and the traditional Japanese salted and fermented “Nukazuke” and “Kasuzuke” ovaries of Takifugu stictonotus (T. stictonotus) were quantitatively analyzed in the voltage-dependent sodium current (INa) recorded from mechanically dissociated single rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. The amount of TTX contained in “Nukazuke” and “Kasuzuke” ovaries decreased to 1/50–1/90 times of that of fresh ovary during a salted and successive fermented period over a few years. The final toxin concentration after fermentation was almost close to the TTX level extracted from T. Rubripes” fresh muscle that is normally eaten. It was concluded that the fermented “Nukazuke” and “Kasuzuke” ovaries of puffer fish T. Stictonotus are safe and harmless as food.
Altering SARS Coronavirus Frameshift Efficiency Affects Genomic and Subgenomic RNA Production
Authors: Plant Ewan , Sims Amy , Baric Ralph , Dinman Jonathan , Taylor Deborah
Published: January 2013

In previous studies, differences in the amount of genomic and subgenomic RNA produced by coronaviruses with mutations in the programmed ribosomal frameshift signal of ORF1a/b were observed. It was not clear if these differences were due to changes in genomic sequence, the protein sequence or the frequency of frameshifting. Here, viruses with synonymous codon changes are shown to produce different ratios of genomic and subgenomic RNA. These findings demonstrate that the protein sequence is not the primary cause of altered genomic and subgenomic RNA production. The synonymous codon changes affect both the structure of the frameshift signal and frameshifting efficiency. Small differences in frameshifting efficiency result in dramatic differences in genomic RNA production and TCID50 suggesting that the frameshifting frequency must stay above a certain threshold for optimal virus production. The data suggest that either the RNA sequence or the ratio of viral proteins resulting from different levels of frameshifting affects viral replication.
Reproduction, growth, and defense trade‐offs vary with gender and reproductive allocation in Ilex glabra (Aquifoliaceae)
Authors: Buckley Nicholas E. , Avila‐Sakar Germán
Published: January 2013

• Premise of the study: Male‐biased herbivory in dioecious species is expected as a consequence of selection for increased resistance (reduced attack) in the sex with higher reproductive costs—females. Empirical support of this prediction is taxonomically restricted and fraught with exceptions. Phenological changes in resource allocation to reproduction may change the trade‐offs among functions in a sex‐specific fashion, and may eliminate male‐biased herbivory.

• Methods: We investigated variation in trade‐offs among reproduction, growth, and defense in relation to the reproductive period, and whether females were more resistant and less tolerant (maintaining fitness upon damage) than males in a natural population of Ilex glabra in Nova Scotia. We subjected plants to partial or full defoliation treatments during and after flowering in 2006 and before flowering in 2007, and measured their growth and reproductive output in 2007. We assessed resistance to herbivory using the proportion of leaf damage found on leaves obtained from the defoliation treatment.

• Key results: Contrary to theoretical predictions, we did not find male‐biased herbivory. Males were more tolerant than females to being partially defoliated before or after flowering. Regardless of sex, plants either fully or overcompensated after partial defoliation, and under‐compensated in response to full defoliation, except when defoliated before flowering. Rather than a trade‐off, we found a weak, positive correlation between resistance and tolerance.

• Conclusion: The timing of damage in relation to reproductive phenology influences both resistance and tolerance to herbivory, which must be considered when assessing predictions about gender dimorphism of biotic interactions.
Aux sources des théories positives : contribution à une analyse des changements de paradigme dans la recherche en comptabilité
Authors: Jeanjean Thomas , Ramirez Carlos
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article a pour but de contribuer à l’histoire de la recherche comptable en analysant les facteurs qui permettent d’expliquer le succès des approches dites « positives ». En moins de dix ans, entre 1960 et 1967-1968, la recherche « positive » a pris le pas dans les grandes revues de recherche comptable sur les travaux se rattachant à la tradition « normative ». Les raisons de ce succès ne semblent pas clairement établies. Les propagateurs de l’approche positiviste (Ball et Brown 1968 ; Watts et Zimmerman 1986) mettent bien entendu en avant la fécondité de celle-ci. Leurs critiques soulignent la volonté de puissance, faite d’ostracisme et de dénigrement systématique des approches concurrentes qui les caractérise (Whittington 1987 ; Mouck 1988 ; Williams 1990 ; Mattessich 1995). Alors que les explications fournies par les uns et les autres font plutôt état d’une rupture de la recherche positive avec ce qui l’a précédée, associant ainsi un savoir nouveau à des acteurs nouveaux, nous nous proposons de montrer que l’évolution entre la théorie normative et cette dernière s’est opérée beaucoup plus progressivement. En effet, s’ils ont su tirer parti de la réforme de l’enseignement de la gestion aux États-Unis initiée dès la décennie 1950, les tenants de l’approche positive sont également redevables à leurs prédécesseurs d’avoir amorcé un découplage entre le monde académique et la pratique comptable dans lequel ils se sont engouffrés.
Le contrôle de gestion entre responsabilité globale et performance économique : le cas d'une entreprise sociale pour l'habitat
Authors: Meyssonnier François , Rasolofo-Distler Fana
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le contrôle de gestion est au cœur de la relation entre responsabilité globale et performance économique des entreprises. Le cas d’une Entreprise Sociale pour l’Habitat est présenté. Son système de pilotage est décrit et on constate que les outils et les indicateurs de gestion (financiers et/ou sociétaux) y sont utilisés de façon relativement intégrée et cohérente mais avec une finalité qui reste principalement économique. Cet exemple, atypique mais particulièrement révélateur, montre que le découplage, prôné par certains, entre les instruments de gestion à vocation financière et ceux à vocation sociétale n’est pas inévitable.
Les caractéristiques du contrôle de gestion au sein des sociétés coopératives de production
Authors: Maurel Christophe
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article traite du contrôle de gestion dans les sociétés coopératives de production (scop). Il cherche à identifier les modalités de ce système de contrôle. L’article propose une étude exploratoire sur la base d’un questionnaire recensant les outils de contrôle de gestion. Les résultats montrent que les scop recourent à un mode de contrôle par les résultats proche de celui des PME mais comportant une importante activité de reporting.
De l'obstination thérapeutique déraisonnable en cancérologie
Authors: Bouleuc Carole , Beaufils François
Published: January 2013

Résumé La notion d’obstination thérapeutique déraisonnable vient questionner une pratique médicale et soignante traditionnellement orientée vers l’agir – en cancérologie notamment, où l’intégration d’une chimiothérapie dans la démarche de soins palliatifs peut être source de confusion. Poser des repères, discerner – pour l’équipe médicale et soignante – les enjeux d’une décision d’arrêt de soins, améliorer la communication avec le patient et ses proches : un nouveau champ de réflexions s’est ouvert autour du soin en fin de vie des personnes atteintes de cancer.
Ethnographie sur Internet : rendre compte du « virtuel »
Authors: Berry Vincent
Published: January 2013

Résumé Peut-on considérer Internet comme un terrain ethnographiquement valable ? Cet article propose une réflexion méthodologique sur l’étude d’espaces en ligne. Dans un premier temps, le texte rappelle la façon dont les sciences sociales emploient et définissent aujourd’hui le terme d’ethnographie du virtuel et les différentes approches (parfois opposées) que la notion recouvre. Dans un second temps, à partir d’une recherche en sciences de l’éducation sur les joueurs francophones de jeux de rôles en ligne, il présente la manière dont une ethnographie de deux mondes virtuels a été menée et les principales limites rencontrées. La première, liée au processus d’homophilie (entendue comme la tendance statistique pour des individus aux caractéristiques socioculturelles proches de s’associer), a pour effet de masquer à l’ethnographe la diversité de la population. La seconde concerne l’importance de certaines données et variables « de la vraie vie » dans la compréhension des pratiques et des sociabilités. Face à ces difficultés, il est apparu comme nécessaire non seulement de « sortir du jeu » pour rencontrer les joueurs mais également de croiser différentes méthodes et données.
L'émergence des interprétations : une épistémologie des traces
Authors: Guigue Michèle
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article explore un moment où l’enquête est déjà avancée, celui de l’interprétation des données recueillies. La démarche décrite s’inscrit dans la perspective épistémologique développée par C. Ginzburg : « le paradigme indiciaire ». En prenant appui sur des exemples précis qui ont fonctionné comme déclic, nous montrerons comment des détails et des traces attirent l’attention, peuvent devenir des indices signifiants qui ouvrent des pistes et des développements imprévus. Ces analyses permettront d’aborder des questions théorico-méthodologiques : quelle articulation entre intuition et recherche systématique de traces ?, quelles modalités de passage de discours singuliers à des régularités transversales?, jusqu’à quel point se passe-t-on de références issues du patrimoine des connaissances ?
Contrôle et autocensure dans l'enquête ethnographique. Pour une éthique minimaliste
Authors: Marchive Alain
Published: January 2013

Résumé Dans son travail de terrain, l’ethnographe est amené à établir des relations de familiarité avec les enquêtés. Dans le même temps, il est confronté à des attentes plus ou moins explicites de ceux-ci, qu’il ne peut pas toujours ignorer. Les situations de restitution, à l’issue de la recherche, sont une manière de répondre à ces attentes. Mais dans de nombreux cas, l’ethnographe doit prendre des décisions en amont, dans le cours de la recherche : décisions sur ce qu’il faut dire ou ne pas dire, sur ce que l’on peut écrire et ce que l’on doit taire, etc. Dans cet article, l’auteur s’appuiera sur quelques exemples tirés de son expérience d’enquête ethnographique dans un collège, pour montrer les dilemmes devant lesquels se trouve placé l’ethnographe, qu’il s’agisse de la description des situations d’observation, ou de la restitution des propos tenus lors des entretiens de recherche. S’interrogeant sur les phénomènes de contrôle et d’autocensure, il préconise une éthique minimaliste guidée par le souci de ne pas nuire à autrui.
L'ethnographie à l'heure des « bonnes pratiques ». Retour sur une expérience tahitienne
Authors: Salaün Marie
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article veut mettre au jour un faisceau de déterminations qui définissent de nouvelles conditions de travail pour l’anthropologue aujourd’hui : déterminations institutionnelles (modes de financement de la recherche), épistémologiques (place ambiguë du qualitatif ) et déontologiques (rapport enquêteur/enquêtés). Il le fait par un retour réflexif sur un travail de terrain réalisé en Polynésie française dans le cadre d’un programme financé par l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche, programme visant à évaluer un dispositif d’enseignement renforcé du tahitien à l’école primaire. Il montre comment la pratique de l’enquête a été influencée par trois contextes : le financement « sur projets », l’injonction de la « pluridisciplinarité », le mot d’ordre de « décolonisation de la recherche » sur les terrains autochtones du Pacifique insulaire.
A Young Man with History of ADHD and Methamphetamine Use
Authors: Leikauf John , Ivanov Iliyan
Published: January 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Recognize the importance of assessing adult patients with substance use disorders for comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

2.

Understand the difficulties in diagnosing adult ADHD in patients with comorbid substance use disorders.

3.

Identify benefits of successful treatment of ADHD in patients with substance use disorders and identify common components of treatment.

With the encouragement of his friends and girlfriend, Mr. D, a white man in his late 20s, self-referred for intake at a substance abuse clinic. The initial report indicated that his abuse of methamphetamine had affected various interpersonal relationships as well as his ability to adequately perform at work. He called out sick from work on several occasions under the premise that he had personal business to attend to, and he had begun isolating himself from many social situations. Though in the recent past he worked as a counselor in a smoking cessation clinic and held a goal to become a licensed counselor, he had not taken the necessary steps to complete even the application for the licensing exam.
Medication Adherence among Older Adults with Schizophrenia
Authors: Leutwyler Heather C. , Fox Patrick J. , Wallhagen Margaret
Published: January 2013

How to Obtain Contact Hours by Reading This Article

Instructions

1.0 contact hours will be awarded by Villanova University College of Nursing upon successful completion of this activity. A contact hour is a unit of measurement that denotes 60 minutes of an organized learning activity. This is a learner-based activity. Villanova University College of Nursing does not require submission of your answers to the quiz. A contact hour certificate will be awarded once you register, pay the registration fee, and complete the evaluation form online at
https://villanova.gosignmeup.com
. To obtain contact hours you must:

1.

Read the article, “Medication Adherence among Older Adults with Schizophrenia” found on pages 26–34, carefully noting any tables and other illustrative materials that are included to enhance your knowledge and understanding of the content. Be sure to keep track of the amount of time (number of minutes) you spend reading the article and completing the quiz.

2.

Read and answer each question on the quiz. After completing all of the questions, compare your answers to those provided within this issue. If you have incorrect answers, return to the article for further study.

3.

Go to the Villanova website listed above to register for contact hour credit. You will be asked to provide your name; contact information; and a VISA, MasterCard, or Discover card number for payment of the $20.00 fee. Once you complete the online evaluation, a certificate will be automatically generated.

This activity is valid for continuing education credit until January 31, 2015.

Contact Hours

This activity is co-provided by Villanova University College of Nursing and SLACK Incorporated.

Villanova University College of Nursing is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation.

Activity Objective

Review the findings of a research study related to medication adherence among older adults with schizophrenia.

Disclosure Statement

Neither the planners nor the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.

Older adults with schizophrenia are a growing segment of the population, yet their physical and mental health status is extremely poor. This article presents findings from a qualitative study that explored the understanding older adults with schizophrenia have of their physical health status. The study was conducted among 28 older adults with schizophrenia from a variety of settings using semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Self-management of psychiatric and non-psychiatric medications and its effect on participants’ health status was one of the central themes that emerged from the study. Different styles of medication adherence were identified and factors associated with each style are presented. The findings provide insights into the design of clinical interventions aimed at promoting medication adherence among older adults with schizophrenia.
An Innovative Approach to Health Promotion Experiences in Community Health Nursing: A University Collaborative Partnership
Authors: Carter Melondie R. , Kelly Rebecca K. , Montgomery Michele , Cheshire Michelle
Published: January 2013

The number of nurses working in community-based practices with a population focus is increasing rapidly, whereas the rate of employment for nurses in hospitals is expected to grow more slowly. The shift in health care toward primary health care and health promotion requires nurse educators to ensure that students learn to practice in collaborative partnerships in community settings. This article describes an innovative collaborative partnership with the Capstone College of Nursing and the Office of Health Promotion and Wellness at The University of Alabama. Through this partnership, community health nursing students provide health promotion for university employees in the University’s wellness program. The program provides nursing students with a unique opportunity for interprofessional collaboration while improving their clinical and communication skills. This innovative collaborative approach serves as a useful model for nursing faculty members when delivering community health instruction.
Learning the Faculty Role: Using the Evolving Case Story of Professor Able in an Online Master of Nursing Education Program
Authors: Lewenson Sandra B. , Truglio-Londrigan Marie
Published: January 2013

This article presents the use of a case story about a fictitious character, Professor Able, as a strategy to learn about the role of the nurse educator and to assist in the transition from clinical practice into that role. The story evolves over a 13-week semester in an engaging, asynchronous online environment where students explore what it means to be a nurse educator. The story of Professor Able provides insights into faculty issues such as academic freedom, integrity, governance, and diversity. Students’ online discussions highlight the interactive learning experience and outcomes generated by the use of the case story. This teaching strategy offers support for nurses transitioning into the much-needed role of nurse educator.
Missed Opportunities in Primary Care: The Importance of Identifying Depression Through Screening, Family History, and Chronic Disease Management
Authors: Maradiegue Ann H. , Khan Fakiha
Published: January 2013

This study explored the adequacy of depression screening in a community health center. The medical charts of individuals (
N
= 90) enrolled at a community health center were randomly selected, reviewed, and compared to current standard-of-care guidelines for four elements: family history, screening for depression, control of chronic illnesses, and missed opportunities for preventive care. Family history documentation collected by the providers was limited and 44.4% had no family history. There was no routine depression screening process, although 48.9% of the clients had red flags (warning signals) for depression. Laboratory values used for screening control of chronic disease in the medical records were: fasting glucose levels ⩽100 mg/dL (46%), total cholesterol levels ⩽200 mg/dL (38%), and blood pressure ⩽120/80 mmHg (23%). The results highlight the need to focus on depression screening as part of preventive care and the management of chronic disease in the primary care setting.
Understanding Nurses’ Decisions to Treat Pain in Nursing Home Residents with Dementia
Authors: Gilmore-Bykovskyi Andrea L. , Bowers Barbara J.
Published: January 2013

Nursing home (NH) residents with dementia continue to receive inadequate pain treatment. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how nurses make decisions to pharmacologically treat pain in NH residents with dementia. Using Grounded Dimensional Analysis, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 nurses from four skilled nursing facilities in Wisconsin. Nurses experienced varying levels of certainty regarding suspected pain in response to particular resident characteristics and whether pain was perceived as visible/obvious or nonvisible/not obvious. Nurses felt highly uncertain about pain in residents with dementia. Suspected pain in residents with dementia was nearly always conceptualized as a change in behavior to which nurses responded by trialing multiple interventions in attempts to return the resident to baseline, which despite current recommendations, did not include pain relief trials. Residents with dementia were described as being at greatest risk for experiencing underassessment, undertreatment, and delayed treatment for pain.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2013; 6(2):127–138.]
Predictors of Quality in Rural Nursing Homes Using Standard and Novel Methods
Authors: Towsley Gail L. , Beck Susan L. , Pepper Ginette A.
Published: January 2013

We examined the effect of market and organizational characteristics on nursing home quality as measured by deficiencies (number and weighted) on states in a rural region of the United States. Rural nursing homes in five Mountain West states (
N
= 161) were sampled from the Online Survey Certification and Reporting system between January 1, 2004 and June 15, 2005. State comparisons indicated that rural nursing homes in Nevada had a higher number of deficiencies and weighted deficiency score as compared with Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho. Using regression analyses, we found that a higher percentage of licensed practical nurses in the staffing mix were predictive of a greater number of deficiencies. Nursing homes with more beds or higher Medicaid occupancy had higher weighted deficiency scores. Although rural Mountain West nursing homes average a similar number of deficiencies as nursing homes nationwide, these nursing homes had a greater number of serious deficiencies and higher weighted deficiency scores, suggesting greater actual harm to resident health and safety.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2013; 6(2):116–126.]
Tin mining in the limestone caves of Perlis, Malaysia
Authors: Price Liz
Published: January 2013

Perlis is a small state in northern Malaysia, and it has both isolated tower karst hills as well as a long range of limestone hills. Many of the natural caves within this hill range contain alluvial tin deposits that were extensively mined during the 20th century on a scale that is unique for tin ores from caves.
Major stone forest, litomorphogenesis and development of typical shilin (Yunnan, China)
Authors: Knez Martin , Slabe Tadej , Liu Hong
Published: January 2013

Major stone forest excellently reveals most characteristics of the formation of the various stone forests. The relatively thick stratification and evenly composed rock clearly display the development of stone forests from subsoil karren. This is evident from the shape of individual parts of the stone forest and the shape and rock relief of pillars that comprise the forest. It is the most typical example of development of karren from subsoil to rain and vegetation exposed stone forest. With it we can compare stone forests shaped on different rock and geomorphological and hydrological conditions. Type of rock is clearly reflected in the intensity of corrosion and erosion and with it in the formation and morphological appearance of individual stone pillars and larger blocks of rock. The rock relief on the pillars in stone forests reveals the interwoven traces of the original shaping of the rock below soil and sediment, of the lowering of the level of soil and sediment, and of the younger but distinct transformation of pillars by rainwater, which naturally dominates on the tops. The exceptional character and picturesqueness of this karst phenomenon is the reason for the successful developmentof the stone forest as an international tourist attraction that was deservedly placed on the UNESCO world heritage list.
Hydrogeology of the Gökpinar karst springs, Sivas, Turkey
Authors: Kaçaroğlu Fikret
Published: January 2013

Gökpınar karst springs are located 8 km to the south of the Gürün district centre, Sivas, Turkey. The springs have two main outlets (Gökpınar-1 and Gökpınar-2) and outflow from Jurassic-Cretaceous Yüceyurt formation (limestone). The total discharge of the springs ranges between 4.5 and 7.8 m3/s.The study area is formed of allocthonous and autocthonous lithological units whose ages range from Upper Devonian to Quaternary. These lithologies are mostly formed of limestones. Yüceyurt formation (limestone), from which Gökpınar karst springs outflow, constitute the main aquifer in the study area and is karstified. The unit has a well developed karst system comprising karren, dolines, ponors, underground channels and caves. The recession (discharge) analysis of the Gökpınar springs was carried out and the storage capacitiesand discharge (recession) coefficients of the Gökpınar-1 and Gökpınar-2 springs were calculated as 141×10^6 m3 and 98×10^6 m3, and 2.71×10^-3 day-1 and 2.98×10^-3 day-1, respectively. The storage capacities and discharge (recession) coefficients obtained suggest that the karst aquifer (Yüceyurt limestone) has large storage capacity, and drainage occurs very slow. The major cations in the study area waters are Ca2+ and Mg2+, and anion is HCO3-. The waters are calcium bicarbonate type. Some of the water chemistry parameters of the Gökpınar springs range as follows: T=10.8–11.1°C, pH=7.65–7.95,EC=270–310 μS/cm, TDS=170–200 mg/L, Ca2+=40.0–54.0 mg/L,Mg2+=4.5–10.0 mg/L, HCO3-=144.0–158.0 mg/L. Temperature, EC, TDS, and Ca2+ and HCO3- concentrations of the Gökpınar springs did not show significant variations during the study period.
Thermomineral waters of inner Dinarides Karst
Authors: Milenić Dejan , Krunić Olivera , Milanković Djuro
Published: January 2013

The Dinarides are the largest continuous karst region in Europe. With regard to a geotectonic view, they are divided into the Outer, Central and Inner Dinarides occupying the territories of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro. Numerous occurrences of thermomineral water have been recorded in the Inner Dinarides area. The majority of them are genetically related to carbonate sediments of Mesozoic age. This paper deals with occurrences of thermomineral waters of the Inner Dinarides karst, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics, basic genetic types, the age of karst thermomineral waters of the Inner Dinarides, the available quantities of hydrogeothermalmineral energy, balneological potential and the possibility of rational multi-purpose utilisation. Hydrochemical and isotope methods have been used for the analysis of basic genetic types and age of karst thermomineral waters, while a geothermometer method has been used for the calculation of primary temperatures in water-bearing horizons(geothermal reservoirs) themselves. The carried out research has pointed out that karst thermomineral waters formed in carbonate sediments of Mesozoic age are characterized by temperatures ranging from 15.5oC (Knežina Ilidža) to 75oC (Bogatić), being most frequently of a HCO3-Ca, Mg type with neutral to poor alkaline reaction and mineralization below 1 g/l. Karst thermomineral waters of the Inner Dinarides are most frequently related to geothermal systems formed in carbonate sediments covered by rocks of poor water permeability. In case of some thermomineral water occurrences, the mixing of the karst thermomineral waters with those formed in sedimentary basins occurs due to their hydraulic relation, thus it is not possible to determine only one geothermal system in which they are formed. The overall geothermal potential of the thermomineral waters of the Inner Dinarides karst is about 160 MW. In addition to the geothermal aspect, these waters  have been widely utilised in balneology, wellness programmes, as well as for the needs of bottling. The level of research activity and with that the way of the utilisation of these waters are various. With regard to the number of occurrences known so far and their potential, it can be claimed with certainty, that the utilisation of thermomineral water occurring in the karst of the Inner Dinarides will increase significantly in future. An example of the multi-purpose utilisation of the Pribojska Banja Spa thermomineral waters illustrates a possible way of doing it.
The Paradoxical Functions of B Cells and Antibodies in Transplantation
Authors: Cascalho Marilia I. , Chen Brian J. , Kain Mandy , Platt Jeffrey L.
Published: January 2013

Scarcely anyone would dispute that donor-specific B cells and the Abs that they produce can cause rejection of transplants. Less clear and more controversial, however, is the possibility that donor-specific B cells and the Abs that they produce are one or more means by which transplants can be protected from injury. In this article, we review and discuss this possibility and consider how less well-known functions of B cells and Abs might impact on the design of therapeutics and the management of transplant recipients.
Market Performance Implications of the Transfer Price Rule
Authors: Martin Stephen , Vandekerckhove Jan
Published: January 2013

The “transfer price rule” (TPR) defines a vertical price squeeze as an input price, output price combination set by a vertically‐integrated firm monopoly producer of an essential input that would not allow the firm's downstream unit to earn at least a normal rate of return on investment in the “as‐if” case that it had to purchase the input at the price charged independent firms. In its 2009 linkLine decision, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the TPR for the purpose of enforcing the anti‐monopolization prohibition of Section 2 of the Sherman Act. In contrast, a vertical price squeeze, defined by a TPR‐like standard, is an abuse of a dominant position under Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. In this article, we model the impact of the TPR on market performance. We find that the TPR increases consumer surplus and net social welfare if all firms remain active in the downstream market. It sometimes induces the upstream firm to refuse to supply the downstream firm, and in such cases, consumer surplus and net social welfare are reduced. The impact of the TPR on market performance thus depends on whether or not an upstream firm can refuse to supply downstream firms on terms that would offer it at least a normal rate of return on investment.
Childbearing Age, Family Allowances, and Social Security
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Ponthiere Gregory
Published: January 2013

Although the optimal public policy under an endogenous number of children has been widely studied, the optimal public intervention under an endogenous timing of births has remained largely unexplored. This paper examines the optimal family policy when the timing of births is chosen by individuals who differ as to how early fertility weakens future earnings. We analyze the design of a policy of family allowances and of public pensions in such a setting, under distinct informational environments. Endogenous childbearing ages is shown to affect the optimal policy through the redistribution across the earnings dimension and the internalization of fertility externalities. Contrary to common practice, children benefits differentiated according to the age of parents can be part of the optimal family policy. Our results are robust to introducing: (i) children as durable “goods”; (ii) education choices; (iii) varying total fertility.
Efficacy of Bleaching Treatment on Demineralized Enamel Treated with Resin Infiltration Technique
Authors: Pucci Cesar Rogério , Torres Carlos Rocha Gomes , Borges Alessandra Bühler , de Freitas Santos Luciana Floriani Thives , Rêgo Heleine Maria Chagas
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bleaching treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide in white spot lesions-affected teeth treated with caries infiltration technique. Cylindrical enamel-dentin specimens were prepared from bovine incisors. Baseline color measurement was performed by a spectro-photometer using the CIE L*a*b* system and specimens were divided in two groups: Sound (S) and demineralized (D) enamel. The group S was divided into two subgroups (n = 20): Nonbleached (SNB) and bleached (SB). The group D was divided in four subgroups (n = 20): Nonbleached (DNB), bleached (DB), resin infiltrated/nonbleached (DRNB) and resin infiltrated/bleached (DRB). Artificial white spot lesions were produced in all groups D, simulating the presence of active lesions in labial tooth surface, and after demineralization, caries infiltration with low viscosity resin was performed in the resin infiltrated groups. In the bleached groups, 10% carbamide peroxide gel was applied (2 hours/day for 14 days). New color measurements were performed after bleaching and color alteration was calculated using ΔE parameter. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). There were significant differences among groups when ΔE was evaluated (p = 0.001). Means (± standard deviation) and results of Tukey test were: SNB (2.53 ± 0.48)a; DRNB (2.88 ± 1.03)ab; DNB (3.15 ± 0.65) ab; DRB (2.88 ± 1.03)bc; SB (4.33 ± 0.93)cd; DB (5.27 ± 1.33)d. The bleaching treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide produced no significant color alteration in demineralized enamel treated with resin infiltration technique.

How to cite this article

Santos LFTF, Rêgo HMC, Borges AB, Pucci CR, Torres CRG. Efficacy of Bleaching Treatment on Demineralized Enamel Treated with Resin Infiltration Technique. World J Dent 2012;3(4):279-283.
Assessing Prescription Writing Skills of House Officers in Dental Teaching Hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Wali Aisha , Siddiqui Talha Mufeed , Ali Anwar , Jafri Hamza
Published: January 2013

Introduction

A prescription is ‘a written order, which includes detailed instructions of what medicine should be given to whom, in what formulation and dose, by what route, when, how frequently, and for how long’.

Aim

To determine competency and knowledge gained during undergraduate dental studies regarding clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) by house officers in the form of prescription writing skill assessment.

Materials and methods

A survey form with a clinical scenario was designed and distributed to house officers working in nine different dental teaching hospitals. It required a response in the form of a complete prescription. Out of 360 forms distributed, 200 were returned. Each form was assessed for all the 20 required parameters and scored accordingly. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 19.

Results

Frequency (92.5%) and route (93%) of drug administration were the most commonly listed, followed by dose (82.9%), symbol Rx (65.2%), duration (60.4%), doctor's signature (59.3%), patient's name (52.4%), patient's age (44.9%) and date (44.4%).

Parameters that were least or not listed include hospital address (0%), refill information (0%), instructions for labeling (0.5%), quantity to be dispensed (1.1%), patients address (1.1%), professional degree and registration number (1.1%), doctor's name (1.6%), diagnosis (7%), hospital name (22%), appropriateness of drug (26.2%) and patients sex (26.2%).

Conclusion

The current study concluded that prescription writing skills of a majority of house surgeons were deficient in important details.

How to cite this article

Wali A, Ali A, Siddiqui TM, Jafri H. Assessing Prescription Writing Skills of House Officers in Dental Teaching Hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. World J Dent 2012;3(4):294-296.
Oral Hygiene Pattern observed in Primary School Children as Reported by Their Mother: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Mittal Mudit , Vashisth Pallavi , Dwivedi Swati , Jaiswal Deepesh , Arora Satyaki
Published: January 2013

Objective

The study was conducted to determine the oral hygiene pattern in primary school children as reported by their mother through questionnaire used in epidemiological studies.

Materials and methods

The study was conducted by Department of Pedodontic and Preventive Children Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. The children received dental examinations, and their mothers were interviewed at home. The gold standard for oral hygiene was the simplified oral hygiene index. The mothers answered questions related to their child's oral hygiene, including daily tooth brushing, tooth brushing before sleeping and the combination of the two (oral hygiene). These responses were dichotomized into regular and irregular. The validity was determined by calculating the percentages and respective 95% confidence intervals for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.

Results

The overall prevalence of dental plaque was 38.3%. Just over half (54.6%) of the children were boys. Approximately, 80% of the mothers reported that their children brushed their teeth twice or more per day; however, 42.7% of the children presented oral hygiene pattern considered irregular. Plaque was higher among those with an irregular daily brushing pattern (49.8%, 95% CI 43.5; 56.1) and irregular oral hygiene (42.2%, 95% CI 37.7; 46.6) than among those in the regular categories.

Conclusion

Oral hygiene questions answered by mothers of primary school going children are not an appropriate substitute for direct oral hygiene assessment by the clinical examination of dental plaque.

How to cite this article

Dwivedi S, Mittal M, Vashisth P, Jaiswal D, Arora S. Oral Hygiene Pattern observed in Primary School Children as Reported by Their Mother: A Longitudinal Study. World J Dent 2012;3(4):308-312.
A Clinicohistopathologic Study and Probable Mechanism of Pigmentation in Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: Anjum Rubina , Singh Jasmin , Kudva Shailesh
Published: January 2013

Aim

Probable mechanism of pigmentation in oral lichen planus which is associated with anxiety disorder and its relation to gamma aminobutyric acid whose imbalance in brain occurs during stress and strain.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional study comprising of 33 cases of clinically diagnosed oral lichen planus was conducted. Ethical clearance and informed consent was obtained. Detailed history was recorded and clinical examination was conducted. All patients were subjected to thorough routine blood, urine and stool examination for any systemic conditions. Clinical photographs and biopsies were obtained. The biopsy specimens were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid Schiff's reagent staining.

Results

Histopathological features of lichen planus include hyperkeratosis, liquefaction degeneration of stratum basale and subepithelial band of chronic inflammatory cells. Lichen planus is related to anxiety as predisposing factor.

Conclusion

Due to excitation of melanocytes lichen planus are seen with pigmentation.

How to cite this article

Anjum R, Singh J, Kudva S. A Clinicohistopathologic Study and Probable Mechanism of Pigmentation in Oral Lichen Planus. World J Dent 2012;3(4):330-334.
Gingival Depigmentation with Scalpel and Diode Laser
Authors: Bhardwaj Amit , Grover Harpreet Singh , Lal Sanjay
Published: January 2013

The complaint of black gums is common particularly in patients having a very high smile line and possess esthetic problems for them. The degree of gingival pigmentation depends on melanoblastic activity. Various treatment options are in practice for depigmentation which includes scalpel gingivectomy, free gingival graft surgery, use of chemicals, such as 90% phenol and 95% alcohol, bur abrasion, electrosurgery, cryosurgery and lasers. Among the various techniques lasers offer a promising therapeutic option since it is simple, painless and predictable. Laser has been recognized as the most effective and reliable technique having many advantages as compared to other conventional treatment modalities. It provides a bloodless and painless surgery. Here, we report gingival depigmentation of 21-year-old female patient using scalpel and laser technique.

How to cite this article

Bhardwaj A, Grover HS, Lal S. Gingival Depigmentation with Scalpel and Diode Laser. World J Dent 2012;3(4):359-362.
Effect of the Presence of Dental Plaque on Oral Sugar Clearance and Salivary pH: An in vivo Study
Authors: Baad Rajendra , Jain Deepak , Pradhan Debapriya , Gulati Amit , Kolhe Swapnil J , Rao B Sunil
Published: January 2013

Background

Fermentable carbohydrates and microorganisms in the plaque play a significant role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Oral clearance of sugars and salivary pH is affected by the presence of plaque.

Aims and objectives

This study was conducted to study the effect of the presence of plaque on the salivary clearance of sucrose and on salivary pH.

Materials and methods

The study design was of a randomized controlled parallel group clinical trial and included two groups: The control group and plaque group, as follows: Control group— subjects without plaque and plaque group—subjects with plaque. Salivary sucrose determination was done by using the anthrone technique. A digital pH meter estimated the salivary pH. The Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the intergroup differences. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for analysis.

Results

The salivary sucrose clearance time was increased by presence of plaque.

Conclusion

The presence of plaque led to increased salivary sucrose concentrations and increased the salivary sucrose clearance time.

Clinical significance

The dental caries is the dynamic relationship among the dental plaque microbiota, dietary carbohydrates, saliva and cariogenic potential of the dental plaque. Caries occur preferentially in the dentition sites characterized by high exposure to carbohydrate and diminished salivary effect.

How to cite this article

Pradhan D, Jain D, Gulati A, Kolhe SJ, Baad R, Rao BS. Effect of the Presence of Dental Plaque on Oral Sugar Clearance and Salivary pH: An in vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):753-755.
The Efficacy of Neem Extract on Four Microorganisms Responsible for causing Dental Caries viz Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro Study
Authors: Chava Venkateswara Rao , Manjunath SM , Rajanikanth AV , Sridevi N
Published: January 2013

History and objectives

From the ancient time, neem used to be the traditional medicine for many diseases and was mainly used for cleaning the oral cavity. The incidence of dental caries was less a few decades ago but now the incidence of caries is very aggressive. This might be due to change in dietary habits, life style and more tendency toward processed food. The objective of this study is to find out the truth that if the neem is really efficacious against caries-inducing microorganisms, mainly Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis.

Materials and methods

The dried neem sticks ground into a coarse powder and weighed into 5, 10 and 50 gm were added to 100 ml of deionized double distilled water. After soaking for 2 days, the water was filtered at 4°C and the fine filtrate was inoculated onto blood agar plates contains individual species of microorganisms and incubated at 37°C for 2 days.

Results

At maximum concentrations, neem extract has shown the maximum zone of inhibition on Streptococcus mutans. At less concentration, the efficacy of neem has shown some inhibition of growth for all the four species of microorganisms.

Conclusion

Neem chewing provides the maximum benefits. Hence, the use of chewing sticks of neem can be recommended.

How to cite this article

Chava VR, Manjunath SM, Rajanikanth AV, Sridevi N. The Efficacy of Neem Extract on Four Microorganisms Responsible for causing Dental Caries viz Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):769-772.
Clinical Evaluation of Conventional Cantilever and Resin Bonded Cantilever Fixed Partial Dentures: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ramesh GC , Prasanna BG , Reddy K Kesava , Harsha TV Shree
Published: January 2013

Introduction

Ever since the introduction of the minimal preparation fixed partial dentures, the major concern of the clinicians has been its longevity.

Aims and objective

The objective of the present study was to compare the clinical performance of resin bonded cantilever bridges with conventional cantilever bridges for a period of 1 year and to evaluate the periodontal changes of abutment teeth using radio visio graphy.

Materials and methods

Fourteen patients with missing first or second premolar were selected for the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups, conventional cantilever group and resin bonded cantilever group.

Results

The results were analyzed using Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test. The clinical success rate for both the groups was 100%. The amount of bone loss at 6 months for conventional group was 0.11 mm and for resin bonded bridge group was 0.10 mm. The amount of bone loss at 1 year for conventional cantilever group was 0.14 mm and for resin bonded fixed partial denture group was 0.16 mm. There was no statistical difference between both the groups.

The results showed that the resin bonded cantilever bridges can be used for the treatment of missing posterior tooth.

How to cite this article

Prasanna BG, Reddy KK, Harsha TVS, Ramesh GC. Clinical Evaluation of Conventional Cantilever and Resin Bonded Cantilever Fixed Partial Dentures: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(6):793-798.