bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Over crimmigratie en discretionair beslissen binnen het Mobiel Toezicht Veiligheid … of Vreemdelingen … of Veiligheid?
Authors: van der Woude Maartje , Dekkers Tim , Brouwer Jelmer
Published: October 2015

About crimmigration and discretionary immigration checks within the so-called ‘Mobile Security Monitor’

This article aims to explore the driving factors behind the process of crimmigration, the merger of crime control and migration control. By analysing the legal and policy framework governing the so-called ‘Mobile Security Monitor’ – the discretionary immigration checks carried out by the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee in the borderlands with Belgium and Germany, the research explores the extent to which the framework might leave room for crimmigration-based decisions on the street level. As the article shows, the dual nature of the Mobile Security Monitor as both an instrument for immigration control and crime control combined with an important name-change and the ongoing securitization of migration in Europe seem to create a favourable environment for crimmigration.
Tore Linné Eriksen og de store utviklingsspørsmålene
Authors: Nordhaug Kristen
Published: October 2015

This article reviews some of Tore Linné Eriksen’s works within development studies/development research. In a recent introduction to development studies from 2013, he presented development research as a cross-disciplinary social science approach that addresses the grand problems of mankind. Eriksen’s own research into these grand problems has concentrated on the causes of national and international inequality and poverty. In 1974 he supported the view of the “underdevelopment school”: “Underdevelopment” in Africa and Latin America was the outcome of the inclusion of those continents in a capitalist world economy dominated by Europe. Recent works by Eriksen on the origins of the “great divergence” between Western Europe and economically advanced non-European countries (2010) and on inequality and poverty in the current world (2012) are far more complex and empirically nuanced. Still, in a recent discussion of globalization and global capitalism (2013) he reverts to some of the earlier ”underdevelopment arguments” from 1974. The article concludes that there is a tension within Eriksen’s works on the role of capitalism in development and underdevelopment. In his programmatic writings, global capitalism is seen as the main cause of inequality and poverty. In his more empirically grounded works, global capitalism is viewed rather as an important part of the bigger picture of inequality and poverty.
Grunt variation in the oyster toadfishOpsanus tau: effect of size and sex
Authors: Fine Michael L. , Waybright Tyler D.
Published: October 2015

As in insects, frogs and birds, vocal activity in fishes tends to be more developed in males than in females, and sonic swimbladder muscles may be sexually dimorphic, i.e., either larger in males or present only in males. Male oyster toadfishOpsanus tauL produce a long duration, tonal boatwhistle advertisement call, and both sexes grunt, a short duration more pulsatile agonistic call. Sonic muscles are present in both sexes but larger in males. We tested the hypothesis that males would call more than females by inducing grunts in toadfish of various sizes held in a net and determined incidence of calling and developmental changes in grunt parameters. A small number of fish were recorded twice to examine call repeatability. Both sexes were equally likely to grunt, and grunt parameters (sound pressure level (SPL), individual range in SPL, number of grunts, and fundamental frequency) were similar in both sexes. SPL increased with fish size before leveling off in fish >200 g, and fundamental frequency and other parameters did not change with fish size. Number of grunts in a train, grunt duration and inter-grunt interval were highly variable in fish recorded twice suggesting that grunt parameters reflect internal motivation rather than different messages. Grunt production may explain the presence of well-developed sonic muscles in females and suggests that females have an active but unexplored vocal life.
Sensitivity of the Southern Ocean to enhanced regional Antarctic ice sheet meltwater input
Authors: Fogwill C. J. , Phipps S. J. , Turney C. S. M. , Golledge N. R.
Published: October 2015

Despite advances in our understanding of the processes driving contemporary sea level rise, the stability of the Antarctic ice sheets and their contribution to sea level under projected future warming remains uncertain due to the influence of strong ice‐climate feedbacks. Disentangling these feedbacks is key to reducing uncertainty. Here we present a series of climate system model simulations that explore the potential effects of increased West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) meltwater flux on Southern Ocean dynamics. We project future changes driven by sectors of the WAIS, delivering spatially and temporally variable meltwater flux into the Amundsen, Ross, and Weddell embayments over future centuries. Focusing on the Amundsen Sea sector of the WAIS over the next 200 years, we demonstrate that the enhanced meltwater flux rapidly stratifies surface waters, resulting in a significant decrease in the rate of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation. This triggers rapid pervasive ocean warming (>1°C) at depth due to advection from the original site(s) of meltwater input. The greatest warming is predicted along sectors of the ice sheet that are highly sensitized to ocean forcing, creating a feedback loop that could enhance basal ice shelf melting and grounding line retreat. Given that we do not include the effects of rising CO2—predicted to further reduce AABW formation—our experiments highlight the urgent need to develop a new generation of fully coupled ice sheet climate models, which include feedback mechanisms such as this, to reduce uncertainty in climate and sea level projections.
How partial melting affects small‐scale convection in a plume‐fed sublithospheric layer beneath fast‐moving plates
Authors: Agrusta Roberto , Tommasi Andrea , Arcay Diane , Gonzalez Alicia , Gerya Taras
Published: October 2015

Numerical models show that small‐scale convection (SSC) occurring atop a mantle plume is a plausible mechanism to rejuvenate the lithosphere. The triggering of SSC depends on the density contrast and on the rheology of the unstable layer underlying the stagnant upper part of the thermal boundary layer (TBL). Partial melting may change both properties. We analyze, using 2‐D numerical simulations, how partial melting influences the dynamics of time‐dependent SSC instabilities and the resulting thermo‐mechanical rejuvenation of an oceanic plate moving atop of a plume. Our simulations show a complex behavior, with acceleration, no change, or delay of the SSC onset, due to competing effects of the latent heat of partial melting, which cools the plume material, and of the buoyancy increase associated with both melt retention and depletion of residue following melt extraction. The melt‐induced viscosity reduction is too localized to affect significantly SSC dynamics. Faster SSC triggering is promoted for low melting degrees (low plume temperature anomalies, thick lithosphere, or fast moving plates), which limit both the temperature reduction due to latent heat of melting and the accumulation of depleted buoyant residue in the upper part of the unstable layer. In contrast, high partial melting degrees lead to a strong temperate decrease due to latent heat of melting and development of a thick depleted layer within the sublithospheric convecting layer, which delay the development of gravitational instabilities. Despite differences in SSC dynamics, the thinning of the lithosphere is not significantly enhanced relatively to simulations that neglect partial melting.
First evidence of middle atmospheric HO2 response to 27 day solar cycles from satellite observations
Authors: Wang Shuhui , Zhang Qiong , Millán Luis , Li King‐Fai , Yung Yuk L. , Sander Stanley P. , Livesey Nathaniel J. , Santee Michelle L.
Published: October 2015

HO2 and OH, also known as HOx, play an important role in controlling middle atmospheric O3. Due to their photochemical production and short chemical lifetimes, HOx are expected to respond rapidly to solar irradiance changes, resulting in O3 variability. While OH solar cycle signals have been investigated, HO2 studies have been limited by the lack of reliable observations. Here we present the first evidence of HO2 variability during solar 27 day cycles by investigating the recently developed HO2 data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). We focus on 2012–2015, when solar variability is strong near the peak of Solar Cycle 24. The features of HO2 variability, with the strongest signals at 0.01–0.068 hPa, correlate well with those of solar Lyman α. When continuous MLS OH observations are not available, the new HO2 data could be a promising alternative for investigating HOx variability and the corresponding impacts on O3 and the climate.
Simulations of inner radiation belt proton loss during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Engel M. A. , Kress B. T. , Hudson M. K. , Selesnick R. S.
Published: October 2015

The loss of protons in the outer part of the inner radiation belt (L = 2 to 3) during the 6 April 2000 solar energetic particles event has been investigated using test particle simulations that follow full Lorentz trajectories with both magnetic and electric fields calculated from an empirical model. The electric fields are calculated as inductive fields generated by the time‐changing magnetic field, which is achieved by time stepping analytic magnetic fields. The simulation results are compared with proton measurements from the highly elliptical orbit satellite for three different energy ranges (8.5–35 MeV, 16–40 MeV, and 27–45 MeV) as well as previous modeling work done. In previous work, inner zone radiation belt loss during geomagnetic storms has been modeled by simulating field line curvature scattering in static magnetic field snapshots with no electric field. The inclusion of the inductive electric field causes an increase in loss to lower L shells, improving the agreement with the satellite data.
Tidal sensitivity of tectonic tremors in Nankai and Cascadia subduction zones
Authors: Yabe Suguru , Tanaka Yoshiyuki , Houston Heidi , Ide Satoshi
Published: October 2015

Tectonic tremors in subduction zones, which result from slip at the deep plate interface, are known to exhibit a 12.4 h periodicity in their activity, due to tidal influence. Because tidal stress can be calculated quantitatively, the response of the plate interface can yield quantitative information about its frictional property. The relation between tremor rate and tidal stress is investigated, and an exponential relation is widely confirmed, as observed by previous studies. This study particularly focuses on spatial variations of tidal sensitivity, which are compared with spatial variations of tremor duration and amplitude. The sensitivity is quantitatively defined by the exponent of the exponential relation, which can be related to the parameter aσ, or (a − b)σ in the rate‐and‐state friction law, where σ is effective normal stress. On the shallower tremor zone, short‐duration and large‐amplitude tremors occur followed by more sensitive tremors. Meanwhile, deeper tremors with longer duration and smaller amplitude show lower sensitivity, although along‐strike variation also exists. Typical and maximum sensitivities estimated here imply values for aσ or (a − b)σ of about 3 and 1 kPa, respectively. These correlations are consistent with a model in which the plate interface consists of a velocity‐strengthening background with embedded velocity‐weakening regions. The frictional heterogeneity may be statistically characterized by cluster size and density of the velocity‐weakening regions and controls the overall slip behavior. The observed depth dependency of tremor duration, amplitude, and sensitivity implies that frictional heterogeneity is controlled by physical quantities varying with depth, such as temperature or fluid amount.
Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization
Authors: Jorgenson M. T. , Kanevskiy M. , Shur Y. , Moskalenko N. , Brown D. R. N. , Wickland K. , Striegl R. , Koch J.
Published: October 2015

Ground ice is abundant in the upper permafrost throughout the Arctic and fundamentally affects terrain responses to climate warming. Ice wedges, which form near the surface and are the dominant type of massive ice in the Arctic, are particularly vulnerable to warming. Yet processes controlling ice wedge degradation and stabilization are poorly understood. Here we quantified ice wedge volume and degradation rates, compared ground ice characteristics and thermal regimes across a sequence of five degradation and stabilization stages and evaluated biophysical feedbacks controlling permafrost stability near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Mean ice wedge volume in the top 3 m of permafrost was 21%. Imagery from 1949 to 2012 showed thermokarst extent (area of water‐filled troughs) was relatively small from 1949 (0.9%) to 1988 (1.5%), abruptly increased by 2004 (6.3%) and increased slightly by 2012 (7.5%). Mean annual surface temperatures varied by 4.9°C among degradation and stabilization stages and by 9.9°C from polygon center to deep lake bottom. Mean thicknesses of the active layer, ice‐poor transient layer, ice‐rich intermediate layer, thermokarst cave ice, and wedge ice varied substantially among stages. In early stages, thaw settlement caused water to impound in thermokarst troughs, creating positive feedbacks that increased net radiation, soil heat flux, and soil temperatures. Plant growth and organic matter accumulation in the degraded troughs provided negative feedbacks that allowed ground ice to aggrade and heave the surface, thus reducing surface water depth and soil temperatures in later stages. The ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks greatly complicate efforts to assess permafrost responses to climate change.
Iron Cofactors: Nonhaem
Authors: Fox Brian G
Published: October 2015

Proteins and enzymes with nonhaem iron centres display many functions: metal centres with primarily sulfur ligation are involved in electron transfer, electrophilic activation of hydroxyl groups, fixation of N
2
and regulation of gene expression; mononuclear and diiron centres with oxygen and nitrogen ligation have roles in various reactions with O
2
and in hydrolysis. The principles of their mechanisms of action have emerged from considerable experimentation. Ongoing research is refining understanding of their mechanisms of action and attempting to test and extend their already substantial catalytic capabilities.

Key Concepts

Nonhaem iron‐containing enzymes carry out a myriad of catalytic reactions.

Iron–sulfur centres participate in electron transfer, electrophilic catalysis, nitrogenase and hydrogenase reactions.

Mononuclear and diiron monooxygenases, dioxygenases and oxidases provide nonhaem counterparts to catalysis carried out by haem‐containing enzymes.

Rearrangements of protein ligands in nonhaem iron active sites provide a unique aspect to control catalysis.

Nonhaem oxidative enzymes access high‐valent states of iron during catalysis.

The electrophilic nature of nonhaem iron also supports effective hydrolytic catalysis in reactions where O
2
activation is not required.
Immune System: Early Ontogeny
Authors: Sharma Ashish A , Lavoie Pascal M
Published: October 2015

The development of immunity in humans starts within a few days of conception and proceeds over a few years before it reaches full maturity. Maturation of the immune system during gestation occurs through waves of cellular production and turnover. Unlike the adult immune system, the foetal one shows reduced antigenic diversity and attenuated pathogen recognition receptor function. Current models suggest that this state is well adapted to the foetal environment. However, this physiological state can prove to be detrimental for infants born prematurely. Consequently, given the high burden of neonatal morbidity and mortality due to infections, understanding of the foetal and neonatal immune system is important to improving health outcomes in this age group. In this article, we review the developmental changes in the immune system during human gestation and highlight its impact on the risk of neonatal infections.

Key Concepts

The development of the immune system takes place in sequential waves during gestation.

The foetal immune system is biased towards immunological tolerance to the mother.

Macrophages play a broad role in embryonic organ development.

Foetal lymphoid cells show more limited antigenic diversity and an increased proportion of innate‐like lymphoid cells.

This developmental immaturity of the immune system is responsible for a high health burden, especially in neonates born prematurely.
Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Zola Heddy , Engel Pablo
Published: October 2015

Antibodies bind to target molecules strongly and specifically and are therefore useful reagents in research, diagnosis and therapy. Antibodies taken from the blood of immunised animals are a mixture of different immunoglobulins produced by many B cells, and are known as polyclonal antibodies. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies are antibodies with a unique specificity, generally made by cells containing a particular immunoglobulin gene set derived from a single cell or a clone of B cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in cell culture and are therefore more reproducible from batch to batch than polyclonal antibodies. Most of the monoclonal antibodies currently used were generated from mice using the hybridoma technology. However, recently powerful alternative technologies have been developed for the generation of monoclonal antibodies, especially fully human antibodies. These methods are based on the cloning and sequencing of the immunoglobulin genes from antigen‐specific B cells followed by the generation of recombinant antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have become essential reagents in many research and diagnostic applications, and are increasingly used in therapy, generating a multibillion dollar industry.

Key Concepts

Antibodies form part of the vertebrate immune response, binding with high affinity and specificity to target molecules (antigens).

Antibodies are able to neutralise and remove antigens and modulate biological functions.

Antibodies that bind to target molecules can be made by injecting an animal with antigens, from immune individuals or synthetic libraries.

One B cells makes just one antibody with a unique specificity, but from the blood, we get a mixture of the antibodies produced by many B cells (polyclonal antibodies).

A monoclonal antibody is an antibody, which is obtained by expanding and immortalising a single clone of B‐cells with a defined specificity.

Monoclonal antibodies provide specific reagents for almost any molecular structure.

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify, quantify, isolate or remove the target molecule in complex biological mixtures or in tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies can be injected into patients for the treatment of a wide range of diseases including infections, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases.

Advances in molecular biological technologies make it possible to modify monoclonal antibodies to achieve enhanced therapeutic effects with minimal side effects.
Neutropenia
Authors: Dale David C
Published: October 2015

Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophilic leucocytes in the blood. Neutropenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count or ANC (total white blood cells per litre multiplied by the percentage of neutrophils) more than two standard deviations below the normal mean. The ANC is usually more than 2.0 × 10
9
L
−1
. Neutropenia is graded as mild, moderate or severe; severe is less than 0.5 × 10
9
L
−1
. Severe neutropenia predisposes to a high risk of bacterial and fungal infections.

Neutropenia occurs both as an acquired and as an inherited disorder. Drugs and autoimmune diseases are the common causes of acquired neutropenia. There are many hereditary causes of neutropenia; all of these are rare conditions, but some are quite severe.

Proper treatment depends on understanding the cause of neutropenia and its expected duration. Short periods of neutropenia can be managed with careful observation or antibiotics. Patients with severe chronic neutropenia benefit from long‐term treatment with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF).

Key Concepts

Neutrophils are critical for normal defence from infections by bacteria on body surfaces. Blood neutrophil levels below normal, that is, neutropenia, predispose to bacterial and fungal infections.

The bone marrow produces neutrophils from haematopoietic stem cells through an orderly process that takes about 10–14 days. Neutropenia is usually due to acquired or intrinsic/hereditary disorders affecting bone marrow production of these cells. When neutrophil production is interrupted by drugs or diseases recovery often takes several days.

The risk of infection in patients with neutropenia depends on the severity of neutropenia and its duration. With a brief period, that is, 1–3 days, the risk is relatively low. Severe neutropenia lasting longer is associated with a steadily increasing risk of severe infection and even death.

Proper management of neutropenia requires understanding its cause and the expected duration of neutropenia. When it is due to drugs, either cancer chemotherapy or as an idiosyncratic reaction to other drugs, the duration is usually relatively brief and can be managed with observation or antibiotics. Neutropenia lasting more than about 5–7 days and more chronic neutropenia predispose patients to a much higher risk of bacterial and fungal infections. These patients benefit from treatment with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF).

It is now possible to identify the genetic cause for severe chronic neutropenia in many patients through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing studies. Understanding of the molecular and cellular basis for these disorders is growing rapidly.
Envenoming: Consequences and Management
Authors: Warrell David A
Published: October 2015

Some snakes, lizards, arthropods and aquatic animals can inject venom into prey or enemies by biting or stinging. These accidents are preventable by wearing boots, using a light after dark and not sleeping unprotected on the ground. Treatment involves specific antivenom, supporting vital functions and surgically debriding necrotic wounds.

Snakebites: Local effects include swelling, blistering, necrosis and painful lymph node enlargement. Life‐threatening systemic effects are shock, bleeding, descending paralysis, generalised rhabdomyolysis, intravascular haemolysis and acute kidney injury.

Arthropods: Hypersensitisation to bee, wasp and ant venoms is a common cause of fatal anaphylaxis. Mass attacks can kill unsensitized people. Scorpion stings are intensely painful and may cause autonomic storm, leading to myocardial damage and pulmonary oedema particularly lethal in children. Some species cause neurotoxic effects. Loxosceles spiders cause local necrosis while Latrodectus bites cause painful muscle spasms.

Fish, cnidarian (jellyfish), coral, cone shell and sea urchin stings can be painful and dangerous.

Key Concepts

Animal venoms and venom apparatus have evolved to immobilise and digest their prey, and for defence.

Knowledge of the venomous fauna of a particular locality, use of protective footwear, a flash light after dark and avoidance of sleeping on open ground reduce the risk of envenoming.

Antivenom, purified immunoglobulin from animals that have been hyperimmunised with specific venoms, is the only antidote to envenoming.

Animal venoms may have tissue‐damaging local effects leading to permanent dysfunction and, by targeting physiological receptors, can cause haemostatic disturbances, shock, paralysis and autonomic nervous system overactivity.

Snakebite is a neglected occupational and environmental disease particularly affecting agricultural workers and their children in tropical developing countries. Community education is of paramount importance in reducing risky behaviour.

The greatest risk after neurotoxic snakebite is respiratory arrest. This may be delayed by first‐aid pressure immobilisation and treated by assisted ventilation.

Identification of the biting species, either directly if the causative animal, or a photographic image of it, is available, or by use of clinical syndrome‐based algorithms, is important for optimal management.

Bee, wasp and ant stings more often kill by anaphylaxis in hypersensitized people than by direct effects of their venoms.
Protein Structure Classification
Authors: Pearl Frances MG , Sillitoe Ian , Orengo Christine A
Published: October 2015

To understand and map the universe of protein structures, it is necessary to collate, annotate and classify these structures in a rational scheme. While the individual protein structures reveal much about the specific molecular mechanisms that underlie a particular biological function, taken together this body of data also allows biologists to explore the evolution of structure and function. As structure is much better conserved than sequence, these data also facilitate the recognition of evolutionary relationships that are hidden at the sequence level. The different approaches that have been taken to tackle this problem include the identification of protein domains, phylogenetic and phenetic classification and hierarchical and nearest‐neighbour clustering. Powerful sequence searching methods then enable structural assignments to be allocated to genomic data.

Key Concepts

Proteins comprise recognisable smaller sequence domains.

Domains usually consist of secondary and supersecondary structures and have an average size of 150 ± 50 residues.

These domains may be thought of as units of evolution, which recur in many proteins in various combinations.

Structural classifications have been developed that group domains into fold and sequence families.

The phenetic approach groups the proteins according to their structural characteristics.

The phylogenetic approach groups proteins into families according to their evolutionary history.
Deconvolution Methods for Low Exposure Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Arigovindan Muthuvel
Published: October 2015

Deconvolution microscopy is the only viable form of fluorescence microscopy when we study sensitive cells such as yeasts with imaging experiments of longer durations. It makes the full utilisation of emission photons in order to make the actual or practical/obtainable resolution to be as close as to the theoretical resolution limit. The postprocessing step, known as the deconvolution, which refers to computational inversion of microscope's image blurring model, plays a crucial role in maximisation of the obtainable resolution. In particular, the obtainable resolution is determined by the mathematical technique used for stabilising the computational inversion process against the noise, which is known as regularisation. The regularisation is an expression of some prior knowledge about the structure of a typical image, and its suitability to the actual structure greatly determines the maximum resolution obtainable by a deconvolution method. Advancements in the design of regularisation methods that are specifically tuned for fluorescence imaging will make new type of experiments – with imaging durations longer than ever – possible.

Key Concepts

The problem of phototoxicity limits the imaging duration in 4D microscopy.

In 4D deconvolution microscopy, actual resolution is significantly lower than the theoretical resolution.

In 4D deconvolution microscopy, extending imaging duration causes loss of resolution, and setting a minimum requirement on actual resolution limits imaging duration.

Extent of the loss of resolution in 4D deconvolution microscopy is determined by the efficiency of the deconvolution method.

The efficiency of deconvolution method is determined by the suitability of the regularisation functional used in deconvolution.
Endocannabinoid‐Like Lipids in Plants
Authors: Chilufya Jedaidah Y , Devaiah Shivakumar P , Sante Richard R , Kilaru Aruna
Published: October 2015

Classically, endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides and their derivatives that bind to the cannabinoid receptors and trigger a signalling pathway are referred to as endocannabinoids. Although derivatives of arachidonic acid, including arachidonylethanolamine or anandamide, are the known endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors, other fatty acid ethanolamides or
N
‐acylethanolamines (NAE) that vary in carbon chain length and saturation occur ubiquitously in eukaryotic organisms and play an important role in their physiology and development. The metabolic pathway for NAEs is highly conserved among eukaryotes and well characterised in mammalian systems. Although NAE pathway is only partly elucidated in plants, significant progress has been made in the past 20 years in understanding the implications of the metabolism of saturated and unsaturated endocannabinoid‐like molecules in plant development and growth. The latest advancements in the field of plant endocannabinoid research are reviewed.

Key Concepts

Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors in mammalian systems.

Endocannabinoids belong to a class of small bioactive lipid molecules that are derivatives of fatty acids including their ethanolamides, referred to as
N
‐acylethanolamines.

N
‐Acylethanolamines are ubiquitous and their metabolic pathway is highly conserved among eukaryotes.

In higher plants, only 12–18C
N
‐acylethanolamines have been identified and their metabolic pathway is partly elucidated.

The endocannabinoid‐like lipids play an important role in seed germination, seedling development, flowering and cellular organisation.

In plants,
N
‐acylethanolamines also participate in mediating responses to biotic and abiotic stress.
Use of Vaccines to Eradicate Infectious Disease
Authors: Minor Philip D
Published: October 2015

Smallpox and Rinderpest have been eradicated by vaccines, and polio is likely to be a third. The key elements to a successful programme include the need for a technically suitable but not necessarily perfect vaccine, good understanding of the disease and its transmission, willingness to adapt approaches, adequate surveillance mechanisms, political and societal commitment and funding. The programmes so far have been drawn out over decades so the commitment must be long term. The tools to eradicate measles and rubella are already available, and programmes in South America provide proof of principle. Other diseases such as malaria or yellow fever may be more problematic, and certain diseases such as tuberculosis and AIDS are intractable to vaccination at the time of writing. Other strategies not dependent on vaccines may be applicable. The programmes are expensive but less so than living with the burden of preventable disease.

Key Concepts

Eradication by vaccination has technical requirements to do with the disease and the availability of adequate vaccines.

It requires political and societal commitment and flexibility of approach.

It is a long‐term effort extending over decades.

There are diseases that could be eradicated with existing tools.

Not all eradication efforts require a vaccine.
Optical Measurements Revealing Nonuniform Hole Mobility in Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Friedlein Jacob T. , Shaheen Sean E. , Malliaras George G. , McLeod Robert R.
Published: October 2015

Theoretical predictions and experimental results show that the carrier mobility in conjugated polymers depends on carrier concentration. However, existing models for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) assume uniform carrier mobility along the transistor channel despite variations in carrier concentration. Here, a model incorporating disorder‐induced nonuniform mobility is developed to describe the steady‐state behavior of OECTs. This model is tested using in situ optical measurements of an OECT channel to decouple the mobility and carrier concentration contributions to channel conductivity. It is found that unlike existing models, the nonuniform mobility model agrees with these measurements. Furthermore, it is found that the model matches current–voltage data over a wide range of device geometries and two different device architectures. Finally, it is shown that a 120% improvement of transconductance can be obtained by operating a sensor according to device parameters given by the nonuniform mobility model rather than those extracted from an existing model that assumes a uniform mobility. Ultimately, the model presented allows more accurate measurement of material properties via transistor characterization. This will enable better‐informed material optimization, development of more accurate transient models for OECTs, and more effective use of OECTs made from existing materials.
Crack growth of natural rubber filled with functionalized silica particles
Authors: Chang Aijun , Weng Gengsheng , Fu Kun , Ding Yaxuan , Gong Dirong
Published: October 2015

In the present work, functionalized liquid isoprene rubber (FLIR) was used to improve the filler dispersion and filler–rubber interaction in the silica filled natural rubber system. By the infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy, it was proved that the FLIR was successfully grafted on the silica and the functionalized silica was dispersed in the NR matrix homogeneously. Based on the real‐time crack tip morphology monitoring method, the influence of FLIR on the crack growth behavior of NR filled with silica was analyzed. By the adding of FLIR, the crack resistance of the natural rubber embedded with functionalized silica is remarkably increased. When the weight ratio of FLIR to silica is 3:10, the NR composite has the best crack resistance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42972.
Cooling rate dependence of the crystallinity at nonisothermal crystallization of polymers: A phenomenological model
Authors: Schawe Jürgen E. K.
Published: October 2015

The cooling rate dependence of the crystallinity of polymers is investigated via the example of different technical polypropylenes using fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) in a cooling rate range between 1 and 5000 K s−1. In the slower cooling rate range (below 100 K s−1) the crystallinity increases slightly with decreasing cooling rate. Above cooling at 100 K s−1 the crystallinity decreases substantially and vanishes at the critical cooling rate. We describe this behavior using a simplified model with two components: the generic crystallinity function and the retardation function. For a mathematical description, we use empirically fitted functions that describe the cooling rate dependence of the crystallinity and the critical cooling rate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42977.
Incorporating early life stages of fishes into estuarine spatial conservation planning
Authors: Costa Micheli D. P. , Possingham Hugh P. , Muelbert José Henrique
Published: October 2015

Many species of fish depend on estuaries to complete their development. Most of them have a planktonic early life stage, and adults of the same species often live in a different habitat.

The aim was to assess the importance of incorporating data on fish eggs and larvae in systematic conservation planning at the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil.

Different scenarios, where fish larvae and eggs were or were not included in the systematic conservation planning process, were investigated.

An estimate of artisanal fishing revenue was used as an opportunity cost and compared with a spatially homogeneous cost. Cluster analysis was performed to assess the impact of incorporating ichthyoplankton data on the outcomes of estuarine systematic conservation planning.

Regardless of the opportunity cost, the spatial plans fell into two clusters – those with and without fish egg and larvae data. This shows that egg and larvae data have a large impact on priorities for conservation actions in space.

This approach is the first to combine artisanal fishery economic spatial data with a conservation plan that incorporates early life stages of fishes.

In the case of the Patos Lagoon estuary, shallow areas were particularly important for reaching conservation targets in all scenarios. Considering the dynamic nature of these ecosystems, much work needs to be done to devise better methods of spatial planning in estuaries.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical NiCo2S4 Nanotube@NiCo2S4 Nanosheet Arrays on Ni Foam for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Chen Haichao , Chen Si , Shao Hongyan , Li Chao , Fan Meiqiang , Chen Da , Tian Guanglei , Shu Kangying
Published: October 2015

Hierarchical NiCo2S4 nanotube@NiCo2S4 nanosheet arrays on Ni foam have been successfully synthesized. Owing to the unique hierarchical structure, enhanced capacitive performance can be attained. A specific capacitance up to 4.38 F cm−2 is attained at 5 mA cm−2, which is much higher than the specific capacitance values of NiCo2O4 nanosheet arrays, NiCo2S4 nanosheet arrays and NiCo2S4 nanotube arrays on Ni foam. The hierarchical NiCo2S4 nanostructure shows superior cycling stability; after 5000 cycles, the specific capacitance still maintains 3.5 F cm−2. In addition, through the morphology and crystal structure measurement after cycling stability test, it is found that the NiCo2S4 electroactive materials are gradually corroded; however, the NiCo2S4 phase can still be well‐maintained. Our results show that hierarchical NiCo2S4 nanostructures are suitable electroactive materials for high performance supercapacitors.
Sensitive detection of strong acidic condition by a novel rhodamine‐based fluorescent pH chemosensor
Authors: Tan Jia‐Lian , Yang Ting‐Ting , Liu Yu , Zhang Xue , Cheng Shu‐Jin , Zuo Hua , He Huawei
Published: October 2015

A novel rhodamine‐based fluorescent pH probe responding to extremely low pH values has been synthesized and characterized. This probe showed an excellent photophysical response to pH on the basis that the colorless spirocyclic structure under basic conditions opened to a colored and highly fluorescent form under extreme acidity. The quantitative relationship between fluorescence intensity and pH value (1.75–2.62) was consistent with the equilibrium equation pH = pKa + log[(Imax – I)/(I – Imin)]. This sensitive pH probe was also characterized with good reversibility and no interaction with interfering metal ions, and was successfully applied to image Escherichia coli under strong acidity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of Basic Chemicals on the Basis of Renewable Resources as an Alternative to Petrochemistry?
Authors: Wagemann Kurt
Published: October 2015

The current development in the USA, dominated by cheap shale gas, will make a significant impact on the production of basic chemicals. In this context, the paper addresses the question of whether the share of renewable resources for chemical production can be increased or whether the number of bio‐based products and processes will tend to progressively decrease. Answers are obtained by selecting a number of basic chemicals and comparing the existing production processes, based on petrochemicals, with alternatives, based on renewable or alternative fossil resources (e.g., methane and lower alkanes).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Structural and Photoluminescence Characteristics of Novel Red Emitting Mg7Ga2GeO12:Mn4+ Phosphor.
Authors: Wu Chuanqiang , Li Jiajia , Xu Hua , Wu Jing , Zhang Jiachi , Ci Zhipeng , Feng Lin , Cao Chen , Zhang Zhiya , Wang Yuhua
Published: October 2015

Mg7Ga2GeO12:Mn4+ is prepared by firing stoichiometric amounts of (MgCO3)4Mg(OH)2·5H2O, Ga2O3, GeO2, and MnCO3 in air (alumina crucible, 1400 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Mobility Sm‐Doped Bi2Se3 Ferromagnetic Topological Insulators and Robust Exchange Coupling.
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , et al.
Published: October 2015

(SmxBi1‐x)2Se3 (x = 0, 0.002, 0.005, 0.025, 0.05) crystals are prepared by melting mixtures of the elements (silica ampules, 950 °C, 5 d followed by annealing at 550 °C for 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A Study of the Al—Pt—Ir Phase Diagram.
Authors: Grushko B. , Samuha S. , Meshi L.
Published: October 2015

Phase equilibria in the Al—Pt—Ir ternary system are studied for ≤50 at.% Al at 1100 °C, ≤70 at.% Al at 900 C, and ≤75 at.% Al at 810 °C through levitation induction melting of the elements followed by annealing at the mentioned temperature for 146‐306 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Absorption in R2T2M Compounds with the W2CoB2‐Type Structure.
Authors: Miliyanchuk Khrystyna , Havela Ladislav , Tsaruk Yuliya , Maskova Silvie , Gladyshevskii Roman
Published: October 2015

Ln2Ni2Al (Ln: Gd, Er, Lu) and Ln2Ni2Sn (Ln: Gd, Tb) are prepared by arc melting of the elements and subsequently crushed to submillimeter particles.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Condensed (Oxo)Nitridosilicates: La3[SiN4]F and the Polymorph o‐La3[SiN3O]O.
Authors: Durach Dajana , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: October 2015

The isotypic compounds (IV) and (VII) are characterized by single crystal XRD, SEM, and FTIR and Raman spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Two New Phosphomolybdates Based on Strandberg‐Type {P2Mo5O23}6‐ Building Units.
Authors: Hu Gonghao , Dong Yayu , He Xingxiang , Miao Hao , Zhou Shuai , Xu Yan
Published: October 2015

Compounds (III) and (IV) are hydrothermally synthesized at different pH values and their structures are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity and O2 Formation by Mn(IV)‐ and Mn(V)‐Hydroxo Species Stabilized within a Polyfluoroxometalate Framework.
Authors: Schreiber Roy E. , Cohen Hagai , Leitus Gregory , Wolf Sharon G. , Zhou Ang , Que Lawrence , Neumann Ronny
Published: October 2015

Formation of only the α1 isomer of (III) is assured by controlling the reaction temperature to 80—85 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Paradodecatungstate‐B Compound Decorated by Transition Metal Copper, Na2Cu5(H2O)24(OH)2 [H2W12O42]·10H2O: Synthesis, Structure and Antitumor Activities.
Authors: Qu Xiaoshu , Yang Yanyan , Yu Xiaoyang , Lv Ze , Ji Mingshuang , Feng SuYang
Published: October 2015

The title compound is prepared by evaporation of an aqueous solution containing Na2WO4, H2SO4, CuSO4, morpholine, AcOK, and HCl (pH 3.8, room temperature, 7 d, 29% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Heterocycles via Sequencing of Enantioselective Three‐Component Reactions and One‐Pot Subsequent Cyclization Reactions.
Authors: Tang Min , Xing Dong , Huang Haoxi , Hu Wenhao
Published: October 2015

The Zr‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of methyl phenyldiazoacetate (II) with aldimine (Ia) and alcohols (V) gives rise to chiral aminoalcohols (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(0)/Selectfluor System‐Mediated Mild Synthesis of Fluorinated Fluorenones from Nonaromatic Precursors (1,6‐Enynes) Involving C—C Single Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Heng , Ren Shaobo , Zhang Wei , Liu Yunkui
Published: October 2015

Depending on the substitution pattern of the 1‐aryl‐6‐tert‐butyl substituted substrates not only fluorinated fluorenones, but also tert‐butylated fluorenones are isolated in low amounts or as the major product.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Isomerization: Expedient Synthesis of Carbohydrates from Achmatowicz Rearrangement Products.
Authors: Wang Hao‐Yuan , Yang Ka , Bennett Scott R. , Guo Sheng‐rong , Tang Weiping
Published: October 2015

A highly stereoselective dynamic kinetic isomerization of Achmatowicz rearrangement products is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Apparent Electrophilic Fluorination of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds Using Nucleophilic Fluoride Mediated by PhI(OAc)2.
Authors: Nash Toby J. , Pattison Graham
Published: October 2015

Optimized procedures are developed for the fluorination of 2‐substituted ring systems and for di‐ or monofluorination of unsubstituted chains.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation of Ketones with Trifluoromethanesulfanamide.
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhang Xuxue , Liang Fang , Cao Song
Published: October 2015

The trifluoromethylthiolation of ketones (I), (IV), and (VI) proceeds readily in the presence of acetyl chloride to afford mono‐trifluoromethylthiolated products (III), (V), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically Recyclable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for the α‐Cyanation of Amines under Acid‐Free Conditions and the Formal Synthesis of Praziquantel.
Authors: Patil Mahendra , Kapdi Anant R. , Kumar A. Vijay
Published: October 2015

Cyanation of amines is carried out by cross‐dehydrogenative‐coupling using Fe2O3 as catalyst and ethyl cyanoformate as cyanide source.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Homocoupling of Arylboronic Acids Catalyzed by a 4‐Aminoantipyrine‐Pd(II) Complex.
Authors: Contreras‐Celedon Claudia Araceli , Rincon‐Medina Jose Arturo , Mendoza‐Rayo Dario , Chacon‐Garcia Luis
Published: October 2015

The title reaction proceeds under mild conditions using an air‐ and moisture‐stable 4‐aminoantipyrine—Pd(II) complex as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: The Rhodium Complex of Bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)dopamine‐coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Hydroformylation of Olefins.
Authors: Shaikh Mohammed Nasiruzzaman , Bououdina Mohamed , Jimoh Abiola Azeez , Aziz Md. Abdul , Helal Aasif , Hakeem Abbas Saeed , Yamani Zain H. , Kim Tae‐Jeong
Published: October 2015

A new bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)dopamine (bpd) ligand is prepared and anchored on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐Hydroxyboronates Through Cu‐Catalyzed Additions of Alkylboronates to Aldehydes.
Authors: Joannou Matthew V. , Moyer Brandon S. , Meek Simon J.
Published: October 2015

Aryl and hetarylaldehydes as well as 3‐alkenyl and 2,3‐disubstituted acrylates are efficiently transformed to 1,2‐hydroxyboronates, and upon hydrolysis 1,2‐diols are obtained in moderate to high yields, with high diastereoselectivities in favor of the syn‐form and with high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Iodine‐Catalyzed Direct Arylthiation of Substituted Anilines with Thiols.
Authors: Yang Daoshan , Yan Kelu , Wei Wei , Zhao Jing , Zhang Mengqi , Sheng Xuguang , Li Guoqing , Lu Shenglei , Wang Hua
Published: October 2015

The procedure is successfully applied in the synthesis of LFA‐1/CAM‐1 inhibitor (XXI).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Direct Decarboxylative Coupling of α‐Keto Acids with Thiols: A Facile Access to Thioesters.
Authors: Yan Kelu , Yang Daoshan , Wei Wei , Zhao Jing , Shuai Yuanyuan , Tian Laijin , Wang Hua
Published: October 2015

Aryl‐substituted α‐keto acids are successfully transformed in a scalable manner with aryl and alkyl thiols to form thioesters in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Spirocyclic Lactams from β‐Keto Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Yang Wei , Sun Xianyu , Yu Wenbo , Rai Rachita , Deschamps Jeffrey R. , Mitchell Lauren A. , Jiang Chao , MacKerell Alexander D. , Xue Fengtian
Published: October 2015

This one‐pot cascade reaction towards both spirocyclic and fused cyclic lactams involves a Curtius rearrangement and an intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the enol carbon to the isocyanate intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of γ‐Difluoromethyl α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Butyrolactones Using PhSCF2SiMe3 as a Difluoromethylating Agent.
Authors: Issaree Arisara , Masusai Chonticha , Soorukram Darunee , Kuhakarn Chutima , Reutrakul Vichai , Pohmakotr Manat
Published: October 2015

Suitable approaches to the desired title compounds are elaborated and the way via key lactol (II), obtained as diastereomeric mixture after SiO2 chromatography, is found to be the optimal one.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroamination of Alkenes: Synthesis of Pyrrolidines Bearing a Tetrasubstituted Carbon Stereocenter.
Authors: Lin Jin‐Shun , Yu Peng , Huang Lin , Zhang Pan , Tan Bin , Liu Xin‐Yuan
Published: October 2015

The thiourea moiety in the substrates acts as both the activating and directing group through cooperative multiple hydrogen bonding with the Broensted acid and the double bond.