bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embedded Learning Strategy Instruction: Story-Structure Pedagogy in Heterogeneous Secondary Literature Classes
Authors: Faggella-Luby Michael , Schumaker Jean S. , Deshler Donald D.
Published: May 2010

The effects of using the Embedded Story-Structure (ESS) Routine in a literature course were investigated. A heterogeneous group of 79 ninth graders, including 14 students with LD, were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, with instruction occurring in groups of 12 to 14 students in general education literature classes over a nine-day period. ESS instruction focused on three reading strategies: (a) student self-questioning, (b) story-structure analysis, and (c) summarizing. Instruction for the alternative condition, called comprehension skills instruction (CSI), was comprised of a package of research-based reading interventions. Statistically significant differences were found between groups in favor of the ESS Routine on measures of strategy use, story-structure knowledge, and unit reading comprehension. Moreover, results indicated equivalent gains for ESS students regardless of disability versus nondisability category.
Identifying a Multivariate Screening Model to Predict Reading Difficulties at the Onset of Kindergarten: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Bishop Anne G. , League Martha B.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this followup study was to determine the long-term predictive validity of theoretically coherent reading measures administered during fall and winter of kindergarten. Seventy-nine children were screened using measures representing letter identification, phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid automatized naming. Reading achievement was measured at the end of grades 1 through 4 on passage comprehension, oral reading fluency, sight-word recognition, and phonemic decoding. A multivariate screening model incorporating letter identification, phonological awareness, and rapid automatized naming emerged as the most parsimonious model for predicting long-term reading achievement. This screening model yielded the highest correlations with oral reading fluency as the outcome measure. There was no practical significance between the fall and winter screening over the four-year period using this model. Results are interpreted as confirming the importance of a multivariate screening approach using letter identification, phonological awareness, and rapid automatized naming at the earliest time frame in kindergarten.
“My LD”: Children's Voices on the Internet
Authors: Raskind Marshall H. , Margalit Malka , Higgins Eleanor L.
Published: May 2010

This study examined children's presentations of the “LD experience” as expressed in online messages on a public website designed for children with learning and attention problems. Earlier research has demonstrated that children view the Internet as a social medium that enables communication and promotes personal relationships. In the current study, we assumed that students with LD would treat this specially designed website as a “safe environment,” enabling them to present their self-identities as children with LD and to share the personal meaning of their challenges. By studying their online messages, we sought to develop a deeper understanding of the children's thoughts, feelings and attitudes, as well as the ways they present themselves online. Theme analysis was performed on 4,903 e-mails sent from 164 self-identified LD participants ages 9–18. Six major themes emerged: (a) LD identity presentation; (b) disclosure of academic difficulties; (c-d) disclosure of emotional problems and social distress; (e) requests for help; and (f) description of positive aspects of LD. Results demonstrated the potential the study of online messaging has for understanding the LD experience. Implications for practice, considerations regarding future studies, and study limitations are discussed.
The Effects of Response to Intervention on Literacy Development in Multiple-Language Settings
Authors: McIntosh Angela Stephens , Graves Anne , Gersten Russell
Published: May 2010

This descriptive study documents the effects of response-to-intervention type practices in four first-grade classrooms of English learners (ELs) from 11 native languages in three schools in a large urban school district in southern California. Observations and interviews in four classrooms across two consecutive years were compared to first-grade gains in oral reading fluency ( N = 111). Reading fluency data were examined in relation to ratings of literacy practices, including the degree to which Tier 1 alone or Tier 1 plus Tier 2-type instruction was implemented. The correlation between classroom ratings on the English Learners Classroom Observation Instrument (ELCOI) and gain from pre- to posttest in first grade on oral reading fluency was moderately strong in both Year 1 ( r = .61) and Year 2 ( r = .57). The correlation between Cluster II teacher ratings and ORF gains was strong in both Year 1 ( r = .75) and Year 2 ( r = .70), suggesting a strong relationship between Tier 2-type literacy practices and end-of-first-grade oral reading fluency. Results indicated a strong correlation ( r = -.81) between the number of students below DIBELS benchmark thresholds at the end of first grade and the teacher rating on the amount of instruction provided for low performers. Followup data at the end of third grade in oral reading fluency and comprehension indicate moderate correlations to first-grade scores ( N = 51). Patterns of practice among first-grade teachers and patterns among ELs who were ultimately labeled as having learning disabilities are discussed. Educational implications and recommendations for future research are also presented.
Obstetric and Perinatal Complications in Placentas with Fetal Thrombotic Vasculopathy
Authors: Saleemuddin Aasia , Tantbirojn Patou , Sirois Kathleen , Crum Christopher P. , Boyd Theonia K. , Tworoger Shelley , Parast Mana M.
Published: May 2010

Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy (FTV) is a placental lesion characterized by regionally distributed avascular villi and is often accompanied by upstream thrombosis in placental fetal vessels. Previous studies, using preselected populations, have shown associations of this lesion with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes and potentially obstructive lesions of the umbilical cord. We investigated the prevalence of obstetric complications, perinatal disease, and placental abnormalities in cases with FTV. One hundred thirteen cases of placentas with FTV were identified in our pathology database over an 18-year period. Two hundred sixteen placentas without the diagnosis of FTV, frequency matched on year of birth, were selected as controls. Electronic medical records and pathology reports were used to extract maternal and gestational age, method of delivery, neonatal outcome, lesions of the umbilical cord, obstetric complications, and fetal abnormalities. Placentas with FTV were associated with a 9-fold increase in rate of stillbirth and a 2-fold increase in intrauterine growth restriction. The increase in pregnancy-induced hypertension/preeclampsia was not significant when adjusted for maternal and gestational age. Although the rate of potentially obstructive cord lesions was similar in both groups, there was an almost 6-fold increase in the presence of oligohydramnios in FTV placentas, compared with controls. Finally, FTV was associated with a 6-fold increase in fetal cardiac abnormalities. Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy is associated with a significantly higher rate of obstetric and perinatal complications. This study points to abnormal fetal circulation, either in the form of congenital heart disease or oligohydramnios predisposing to cord compression, as a risk factor for FTV.
Suppression of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite on Peanuts1
Authors: Campbell W. V. , Batts R. W. , Robertson R. L. , Emery D. A.
Published: May 2010

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a major pest of peanuts in North Carolina. Mite populations increase during hot, dry weather and are especially destructive in August and September. The potential losses to peanuts due to mites prompted an investigation of the miticidal and ovicidal properties of fungicides and insecticides currently registered for peanuts as well as the evaluation of chemicals not registered on peanuts for control of the two-spotted spider mite.

Plictran, Galecron, Trithion, Azodrin, Carzol, and Omite provided good suppression of the spider mite in field tests.

Laboratory studies, using a five second dip technique, indicated Plictran, Galecron, and Trithion had good ovicidal properties. The fungicides Du-Ter and Benlate exhibited a low level of ovicidal action. Du-Ter recommended for leaf spot control gave good control of mites in the laboratory tests and suppressed mite buildup in greenhouse experiments.
Some Results of Storage Tests on Farmers Stock Peanuts
Authors: Woodward John D. , Blankenship Paul D.
Published: May 2010

Storage tests were conducted on farmers stock peanuts during three seasons. The peanuts were aerated with 1/20 and 1/10 cubic feet per minute (cfm) of air per cubic foot of peanuts when the incoming air was within certain ranges of relative humidity. The aeration was beneficial in maintaining the desired peanut moisture content level and in preserving desirable milling characteristics. Attempts to maintain a lower temperature within the peanuts were unsuccessful. Peanuts near the bin walls and in the top layers had higher average temperatures, lower final moisture content levels, lower germination, and more split kernels than peanuts stored in other locations within the bins.
Early-Generation Yield Trials of Peanuts1
Authors: Coffelt Terry A. , Hammons Ray O.
Published: May 2010

In 1969, a large number of F2 lines developed from reciprocal infraspecific crosses between the varieties ‘Argentine’ and ‘Early Runner’ was available for use in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) breeding program at Tifton, Georgia. These lines were used to make preliminary observations on the possible use of early-generation yield trials in developing superior peanut varieties.

High yielding F2 lines were tested consecutively in F3, F4, F5 and F6 yield trials. Lines not out-yielding the parental cultivars were discarded after each test. Lines were placed in F5 and F6 Spanish and Runner yield trials on the basis of seed weight/100 seed. Eight commercial checks were used in the F5 yield trials and five in the F6 yield trials. Yield and shelling grade data from the F5 and F6 yield trials were evaluated statistically.

Nine of the twelve breeding lines in the F5 yield trials outylelded the parents. Seven yielded more than the highest yielding commercial check. Two of the five breeding lines in the F6 yield trials did not yield significantly less than the highest yielding commercial check. The remaining three did not yield significantly less than the parental cultivars. Based on these results, early testing in yield trials may be an acceptable breeding procedure for evaluation and selection of peanut varieties.
Sources and Nature of Resistance to Cercospora Arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium Personatum (Beck & Curtis) Deighton in Arachis Species1
Authors: Abdou Yousef A-M. , Gregory W. C. , Cooper W. E.
Published: May 2010

Various subspecies, botanical varieties and cultivars of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) from widely separated areas of South America and Africa were evaluated for resistance to C. personatum and C. arachidicola. All cultivated peanuts tested were highly susceptible to both fungi except one collection from Peru, which showed a high degree of tolerance to defoliation.

Sources of resistance were found in the wild Arachis species. Several immune and many highly resistant collections of Arachis were found in the sections Erectoides, Rhizomatosae, and Extranervosae. In section Axonomorphae, A. chacoense (10602 GKP) was highly resistant to C. arachidicola but susceptible to C. personatum, and C. cardenasii (10017 GKP) was susceptible to C. arachidicola but immune to C. personatum. Both Arachis species are cross-compatible with A. hypogaea.

Host response in terms of pathogen penetration was classified into: immune, moderately and highly susceptible; and the reactions after penetration were: highly resistant, moderately and highly susceptible. On highly susceptible peanuts, the germ-tubes showed directed growth toward open stomata through which these fungi penetrate. On moderately susceptible peanuts a few germ-tubes grew toward the stomata, and on the immune entries no directed growth of the germ-tubes was observed. Resistance after penetration was associated with the formation of a barrier in advance of and around the infection site in the form of cell wall swelling and thickening, and the deposition of pectic substances on the cell walls and in intercellular spaces.
Effect of Culture Medium and Light on Sporulation of Two Peanut Leaf Spotting Fungi, Cercospora Arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium Personatum (Beck & Curtis) Deighton1
Authors: Abdou Yousef A-M. , Cooper William Earl
Published: May 2010

Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum sporulated abundantly on certain culture media, while on others they produced none to few conidia. On some media which failed to support sporulation, the addition of an aqueous extract of peanut leaves markedly increased sporulation.

Light was not required for sporulation by C. arachidicola but was essential for sporulation by C. personatum. No conidia were produced by C. personatum in suitable media in continuous darkness or orange light, while greatly reduced sporulation occurred in yellow, blue, green, or red light. The pathogenicity of C. personatum grown under various wavelengths of light was unaffected.
Effects of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Yield and Other Characteristics of Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Brown R. H. , Ethredge W. J.
Published: May 2010

Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied at 0.95 kg/ha 60 days after planting to seven peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in 1970 and eight cultivars in 1971 and 1972. Pod yield of all cultivars were increased by SADH in 1970 by an average of 20%. Yields of Spanish type cultivars were increased in 1971 but not in 1972, while yields of runner and Virginia cultivars were not affected in 1971 nor 1972. There was a trend for increases in the number of pods per plant in Spanish cultivars in all three years and in runner and Virginia types in 1970. Weight per 100 pods was reduced in the Spanish cultivars only in 1972. Main stem lengths were reduced by SADH treatment by an average of 32% in 1970 and 27% in 1971.
Effectiveness of Rhizobia Forming Nodules on Texas Grown Peanuts1
Authors: Weaver R. W.
Published: May 2010

The effectiveness of the symbiotic association of rhizobia with peanuts grown in four production areas of Texas was investigated. This study was undertaken because farmers indicated that they were obtaining yield increases from fertilizing peanuts with N. The location and abundance of nodules on peanut roots indicated that numbers of rhizobia in 16 of 17 fields sampled were adequate for good to fair nodulation. However, nodules sampled from only one of the four production areas consistently contained leghaemoglobin. Twenty-one strains of rhizobia were isolated from peanut nodules from the four areas. Greenhouse trials revealed that only a few strains were highly effective. Results of these studies suggest that peanuts grown in Texas would respond to inoculation with highly effective rhizobia. Field tests are needed to verify the potential benefit from inoculation.
Some Moisture Related Properties of Spanish Peanuts
Authors: Wright M. E. , Porterfield J. G.
Published: May 2010

Physical properties of Spanish-type peanuts (Starr variety) related to moisture content were measured, including apparent density (AD), solid density (SD), void fraction (VF), solid volume per nut (SVN), and total volume per nut (TVN). Measurements were taken on hulls, kernels and whole peanuts, at moisture contents from 0 to approximately 30% wet basis. Test samples were rewet rather than fresh. Data were plotted vs. moisture content in each case and best fit regression equations were developed. VF for kernels was less than VF for whole peanuts which was less than VF for hulls, as expected. TVN for hulls plus kernels compared to TVN for whole peanuts indicates that the kernel cavity is completely filled at approximately 31% m. c. AD and VF relations between hulls, kernels and whole peanuts indicate that swollen kernels may tend to compress the inner layers of the hull at high m. c. Hull wet weight was about 26% of kernel wet weight and hull m. c. about 6% greater than kernel m. c. SVN for hulls was very small (0.08 cc/nut average) and apparently unrelated to m. c. SD for hulls was quite high—1.5 to 4.5 gm/cc.
Control of Florida Beggarweed and Sicklepod in Peanuts with Dinoseb1
Authors: Hauser Ellis W. , Buchanan Gale A.
Published: May 2010

Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.) and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), two of the worst weeds in peanuts grown in the Southeastern states, were most susceptible to dinoseb (the alkanolamine salt of 2-sec-butyl-4, 6-dinitrophenol) applied to seedlings before the true leaves expanded. If either of these weeds was not controlled by the first application of dinoseb, especially at the lowest rate of 0.63 kg/ha, it often survived later applications and became a problem when harvesting the peanuts. Sicklepod growing in soil previously treated with vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) was more susceptible to low rates of dinoseb than sicklepod growing in soil free of vernolate. A single treatment of dinoseb at 0.63 kg/ha killed seedling Florida beggarweed if the maximum daily temperature exceeded 32C; however, twice that rate was necessary under cool conditions. Repeated treatments with higher rates (such as 1.26 kg/ha) of dinoseb usually were necessary for satisfactory control of sicklepod. However, where dinoseb did not kill the early weeds, repeated treatments suppressed weed growth and reduced the mass of weeds present at harvest. Peaunt plants generally tolerated the repeated dinoseb treatments, although yields trended lower if dinoseb at 1.26 kg/ha was applied after treatment with naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid). However, any reduction in yields of peanuts attributable to either naptalam or dinoseb treatments was much less than potential reductions in yield from uncontrolled sicklepod and Florida beggarweed.
Some Effects of Commercial-Type Peanut Sheller Design and Operation on Seed Germination
Authors: Davidson James I.
Published: May 2010

Investigations were conducted with commercial-type peanut shellers to determine the effects of several variables of mechanical shelling on seed germination. The investigated variables were types of shellers, grate design, cylinder design, direction of cylinder rotation, radial distance between cylinder and grates, cylinder speed, and techniques of feeding peanuts into the sheller. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that only the effects of cylinder speed were statistically significant. Although the effects of feed techniques were not statistically significant, it appeared that some feed techniques lowered the germination by several percentage points. Operating commercial-type shellers so as to obtain a maximum whole-seed outturn and treating the shelled peanuts with the fungicide immediately after shelling minimized the detrimental effects of mechanical shelling on germination.
Effect of Temperature on Time from Planting to Flowering in Virginia Type Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Cox F. R. , Martin C. K.
Published: May 2010

Field studies with a planting date variable were utilized to determine an empirical relation between time from planting to first flowering of NC2, NC5, and Florigiant peanuts and minimum and maximum daily temperatures. Two basic types of curvilinear response functions and two heat unit systems, which used linear functions, were compared on the basis of days missed by each prediction. The mathematical expression of the data that gave the least days missed was the daily fraction of time to flowering being the sum of quadratic functions for minimum and maximum temperature. The rate of slope change was greater at the higher end of the temperature range. The relation between time to flowering and minimum temperature was more curvilinear that that for maximum temperature except at higher temperatures. Minimum temperatures below 43° F lengthened the time to flowering for the three varieties. Varietal differences appeared to be expressed more by the relation with daily maximum than with daily minimum temperatures. The expressions calculated should be more accurate for prediction purposes than a linear heat unit system, plus they tend to describe the individual responses to changes in minimum and maximum temperatures. A certain lack of fit for the relation still exists, indicating perhaps some other measure, such as solar radiation, should also be included.
Evaluation of Systemic and Nonsystemic Pesticides for Insect and Nematode Control in Peanuts1
Authors: Minton N. A. , Morgan L. W.
Published: May 2010

Carbofuran, aldicarb, disulfoton, AC 64,475 (diethyl 1,3-dithlethane-2-ylidenephosphoramidate), AC 64,475 plus phorate and fensulfothion plus disulfoton controlled thrips effectively in all tests where included. Fensulfothion, Nemacur® (ethyl 4-methylthio-m-tolyl isopropylphos—phoramidate), and oxamyl gave a lower level of control or less consistent control than the above materials. Control by all other materials was only mediocre or ineffective. Damage by lesser cornstalk borers was not reduced by any treatment. Carbofuran completely controlled leaf-hoppers in one experiment whereas no other material significantly controlled them. None of the pesticides tested controlled corn earworm and rednecked peanutworm. All chemicals gave some measure of nematode control. Significant nematode control usually increased yields. Although thrips control was obtained, most of the increase in yield was attributed to nematode control. Yields from plots treated with DBCP, which did not control any insect, were usually among the highest.
Moisture Transmission Through Peanut Oil Films
Authors: Tiemstra Peter J. , Tiemstra John P.
Published: May 2010

The rate of moisture transfer through a peanut oil film was measured. It was found that the rate can be expressed by the equation:

r = [k a1 (Δ a)]/t

where r is the rate in g water/cm2/day, a1 is the higher water activity, Δ a is the difference in the water activity across the barrier, t is the film thickness and k is a constant.

This principle was extended to fat-humectant systems where the lower water activity phase is intimately distributed through the fatty medium such as peanut butter and chocolate liquor. Doubling the fat content should increase the film thickness around each particle by 2 and halve the transmission rate as was found experimentally.
Storage of Prepackaged Fresh “Green” Peanuts
Authors: Hoover M. W. , Miller Norman C.
Published: May 2010

Raw ‘green’ peanuts were treated with combinations of hot water and fungicides. Portions of the variously treated peanuts were surface dried in 110°F. moving air for 10 minutes prior to packaging. The visible microbial infection of the packaged peanuts was greatly reduced by treating the raw, washed product in a 120°F. water bath containing 500 ppm of either Botran or benomyl. Treating the raw peanuts by submerging them in 120°F. water for 2.5 to 5 minutes was effective in retarding microbial growth; however, this was greatly improved by the addition of Botran or Benomyl. Reducing the surface moisture of the peanuts in 110°F. moving air for 10 minutes enhanced the effectiveness of all treatments.
Contents of Eight Nutrients in Central Stem Leaf Segments of Ten Peanut Cultivars and Lines1
Authors: Hallock D. L. , Martens D. C.
Published: May 2010

Petioles and blades of central stem leaves of 10 peanut (Arachis bypogaea L.) cultivars or lines grown in fertilized field plots in 1972 and 1973 and the last of four consecutive crops grown in pots during 1971 to 1973 were analyzed for evidence of relative differences in nutritional requirements. Runner-types included were Florigiant, Florunner, Va. 72R, NC 5, Avoca 11, and Va. 61R and bunch-types were NC 17, NC-Fla. 14, Va. 68 Composite, and Va. 70 Composite. The peanuts were grown in Woodstown (Aquic Hapludult) loamy fine sand.

Significant (5% level) differences among cultivars or lines occurred in the K, Ca, and Mg contents and not in the P, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents of leaf portions of peanuts grown in the field. However, none of the cultivars or lines contained markedly higher or lower contents of any nutrient-considered. Lines Va. 68 Composite and Va. 70 Composite and the cultivar Avoca 11 had not been evaluated in similar previous research. These generally were intermediate or higher in contents of the nutrients, except the Mg content of Va. 70 Composite petioles was lower than in most cultivars or lines but equivalent to NC 5 and Va. 72R. Petioles were higher in K and Mg contents, whereas the blades were higher in P, Ca, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents.

Continuous cropping of soil in the pots did not develop any apparent restrictive levels of nutrient availability. Hence, the fourth crop was not subjected to nutritional conditions for elucidation of abnormal nutrient-uptake capabilities among cultivars or lines.

Florigiant, Va. 72R, and NC-Fla. 14 cultivars were labeled as superior in yield potential in Virginia in previous research. Portions of these cultivars were highest 25%, intermediate 50% and lowest 25% of the cases, in contents of one or more of the eight nutrients of both field and pot-grown plants.

The average contents of the nutrients in leaf portions of the bunch or runner type cultivars or lines were similar.
Composition Changes of Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Johns Elizabeth B. , Singleton John A. , Sanders Timothy H.
Published: May 2010

Studies are reported which follow the changes in starch, sugar, fresh and extraction residue weights of peanut fruit parts during maturation. Observations are also reported on the lipid content of the seed. Starch and sugar contents reached maximum levels first in the pericarp (hull) and then the seed coat (testa). Starch maxima occurred at early and middle maturity (stages 3 [10 mg] and 7 [10 mg]) and sugar maxima at a stage approaching middle maturity and at middle maturity (stage 6 [47 mg] and 8[9 mg]), respectively. In the seed, starch reached a maximum just beyond middle maturity (stage 9 [55 mg]) and then remained constant. Sugar content increased throughout maturation and lipid content became maximum at full maturity (stage 13 [415 mg]) then declined to 385 mg at over-maturity (stage 15). The role of regulating substrate supply to the developing seed seemed to shift from the pericarp to the seed coat with increasing maturity. Observed increases in fruit residue weight suggest that the pericarp is competing with the seed for metabolic resources during the late maturity stages.
Effects of Dolomitic Limestone, Gypsum, and Potassium on Yield and Seed Quality of Peanuts1
Authors: Sullivan G. A. , Jones G. L. , Moore R. P.
Published: May 2010

The interactive effects of dolomitic limestone, gypsum, and potassium on yield and seed quality of a Virginia-type peanut was investigated. Responses were assessed in field experiments using a split-plot design with varying rates and combinations of dolomitic limestone and gypsum as the main plots. Two rates of potassium applied at planting were used as the split plots. Treatment effects were measured by changes in soil mineral composition, mineral content of the plant and fruit, yield, seed maturity, and seed quality.

Applications of dolomitic limestone increased soil pH and soil calcium levels, but did not improve seed quality or increase yields or kernel content of the fruits. Applications of gypsum improved seed germination, seedling survival, seedling vigor, and root growth. Dark plumule abnormality was reduced by addition of gypsum. Soil pH was reduced and chemical composition of peanut leaves, hulls, and seed was influenced more by gypsum than by either dolomitic limestone or potassium. Potassium was less detrimental to fruit yield and seed quality when applied in combination with gypsum. Two seedling abnormalities, watery hypocotyl and physiological root breakdown, were associated with low levels of seed calcium.
Laboratory Device for Peanut Skin Removal1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Mozingo R. W.
Published: May 2010

A laboratory device for peanut skin removal was designed and constructed to give maximum blanchability with a minimum of split kernels. Skin removal was accomplished by directing a stream of air into a 250 g. mass of peanuts held in an inclined-screen container rotating inside a plastic cylinder. The mechanical, electrical, and pneumatic components that make up the sample blancher were described. The operational features were discussed and results were presented relative to the blanching factors, split kernels, unblanched kernels, whole blanched kernels, blanching loss, and preheating loss.

The effects of air pressure, blanching time, and preheating time on the blanching factors provided a basis for selecting the proper pressure and time to give maximum blanchability with a minimum of split kernels. Virginia-type peanut breeding lines were evaluated for blanchability with this device.
Factors Affecting Aspergillus flavus Lk. ex Fr. Colonization of Resistant and Susceptible Genotypes of Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Mixon Aubrey C. , Rogers Kenneth M.
Published: May 2010

Two Arachis hypogaea L. genotypes (P. I. 337–394F and P. I. 337409) resistant to seed colonization by aflatoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus flavus Lk ex. Fr., were used to study the effects of initial adjusted seed moisture, incubation and storage time, seed maturity, harvest time and seed handling on seed colonization by the fungus. Under conditions highly favorable to the growth of the fungus, seed colonization (P.I. 337394F) was greater at 20% adjusted seed moisture than at 25% seed moisture. Colonization was least at 15 and 30% adjusted moisture. Aspergillus flavus colonized a low percentage (17%) of the cotyledons of P.I. 337409 genotype after 48 hours of incubation, whereas, 100% of the cotyledons of P.I. 331326 (a susceptible genotype) were colonized. Colonization of P.I. 337394F seed with intact seed coats increased with each increase in storage time from 0 to 6 and 12 weeks, and for each increase in temperature from 5 to 20 and 35C. Immature and overmature seed of both resistant genotypes with intact seed coats were more susceptible to colonization than sound-mature seed. However, seed of the resistant genotypes were colonized at a low level, with no difference for seed harvested at 4 successive 2-week intervals, whereas P.I. 331326 had greater colonization for each successive harvest date. Seed coat abrasion, soaking for 5 min. in a H2SO4 solution, machine picking or machine-shelling increased colonization of seed over check treatments.
Differences in Plant and Pod Reaction of Peanut Lines to Infection by Diplodia gossypina1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Hammons R. O.
Published: May 2010

In greenhouse inoculation tests we screened peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars Florigiant and Florispan Runner and breeding lines Tifton 8, F393–9–5–1–2–3, F420–100 and F334A-B-14 for resistance to Diplodia gossypina, using a low and a high level of inoculum. Thirty days after inoculation at the low inoculum level, all of the F393–9–5–1–2–3 and 50% of the Florigiant plants were infected. Thirty days after inoculation at the high inoculum level, all plants of F393–9–5–1–2–3, F420–100, Florigiant, and Tifton 8 were infected. Sixty days after inoculation, 50% of the Florispan Runner plants were infected. Ninety days after inoculation, 60% and 35% of Florispan Runner and F334A-B-14 plants, respectively, were infected. Pods of F393–9–5–1–2–3, F420–100, Tifton 8, and Florigiant were severely rotted 30 days after inoculation. During this time, only 3% of the Florispan Runner pods were rotted, whereas pods of F334A-B-14 remained free of rot. D. gossypina was isolated from all seed from nonrotted pods of F393–9–5–1–2–3, F420–100, Florigiant, and Tifton 8 after inoculation. Only 10% of Florispan Runner seed yielded isolates of this fungus. D. gossypina was not isolated from F334A-B-14 seed.
Accuracy of Peanut Moisture Determinations by Using the Official AOCS Method1
Authors: Brusewitz G. H. , Whitaker T. B. , Young J. H.
Published: May 2010

A collaborative study was conducted using Spanish peanuts at Oklahoma State University and Virginia peanuts at North Carolina State University regarding the variability in moisture determination using the official AOCS method. The variability among 30 samples was estimated at 5 moisture levels for each of the two peanut types. No difference could be detected between the two types and the data were combined. The standard deviation was linearly related to the mean moisture. Data provided information necessary to compute the number of samples required for a desired precision.
Effect of Curing Method on Peanut Seed Quality1
Authors: Norden A. J.
Published: May 2010

Moisture removal is a major function of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) curing process. While commercial peanut production in the United States has become largely mechanized, peanut breeders must often resort to the stackpole method of curing. This two year study evaluates the effects of alternative curing methods on seed quality of experimental peanuts. Three cultivars were harvested at two maturities, and after 0, 1 or 2 days exposure in inverted windrows, fruit from each treatment were then cured on stackpoles or in circulating air ovens at 38°, 54° or 66°C. Analyses were made on weight/seed and percentages of moisture, shelling, shrivels. germination, and extra large kernels.

While year of production affected seed weight and germination, harvest date within years did not affect the characteristics studied. Days in the windrow affected moisture content. Drying temperatures affected shelling, shrivels and germination percentages.

Harvesting a week earlier than optimum resulted in more shriveled seed but better germination. This indicates that it may be advantageous to dig a crop used for seed earlier than that dug for edible use.

The % shriveled seed increased somewhat with increased drying temperatures. Stack curing had the lowest % of shriveled seed. Peanuts that were not placed in windrows had heavier seed if stack-cured than if oven-dried, indicating that the seeds continue to mature while attached to the vine.

Seed from pods cured in ovens at temperatures below 54°C, especially when left in windrows a day or more, germinated as well or better than those stack-cured. At high oven temperatures, germination increased with number of days in windrows indicating that viability is impaired at high temperatures when moisture content is high.

The results indicate that peanut researchers could improve their harvesting efficiency by picking from the windrow and utilizing mechanical dryers adjusted to a somewhat higher temperature than that recommended for edible peanuts. The stackpole method results in high quality seed with less risk of loss than from windrow curing.
Resistance of Peanut Germplasm to Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C.
Published: May 2010

Several peanut cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions were screened in the field for susceptibility to Sclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Differences in susceptibility ranged from slight to severe. Of the cultivars screened, Florigiant appeared to be the most resistant to S. sclerotiorum. Florigiant and NC 17165 pod yields were significantly greater and plants were killed less frequently than plants of other cultivars. Breeding lines with Spanish and Valencia pedigrees were more resistant to S. sclerotiorum than Florigiant.
Effect of Plowing Date and Certain Crop Rotations on Peanut Productivity1
Authors: Hallock D. L.
Published: May 2010

The relationship of certain land management systems to productivity and pod breakdown disease incidence in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) was studied in Virginia during 1971–74. Main treatments were three dates of moldboard plowing prior to planting peanuts in the rotations. Splitplot treatments were 2-year rotations: (I) peanuts followed by rye (Secale cereale) winter cover crop then corn (Zea mays) followed by rye winter cover crop; (II) peanuts followed by rye winter cover crop then soybeans (Glycine max) followed by no winter cover crop (except weeds); (III) peanuts followed by rye winter cover crop then no summer crop (residue of unharvested rye) nor cover crop planted; (IV) peanuts followed by rye winter cover crop then corn followed by fallow in winter, weeds prevented.

Dates of plowing treatments affected peanut productivity most. Gross crop values and yields in plots plowed in December were 7%, and 18-to-20%, respectively, higher than when plots were plowed in March or May. Sound mature kernel contents also were lower for the later plowing dates.

Differences among rotation treatment means occurred only when plots were plowed in May. Gross crop values were higher for rotation I than for rotation III and IV. In 1974, gross crop values obtained from plots plowed in March in rotation IV were equivalent to those from plots plowed in December.

None of the treatments differentially affected pod breakdown disease significantly. However, the percentage of rotted pods averaged somewhat lower in plots plowed in December.
Effects of Time of Application of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Yields and Associated Characteristics of Peanuts1
Authors: Daughtry C. S. , Brown R. H. , Ethredge W. J.
Published: May 2010

Experiments were conducted during 3 years to evaluate the effects of applying succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at various times during the growing season on yield and other characteristics of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plants in field plots were treated with 0.95 kg/ha of SADH at 6, 8, 10 or 12 weeks after planting. SADH was applied as a foliar spray to the ‘Starr’ cultivar in 1970 and ‘Tifspan’ and ‘Florunner’ cultivars in 1971 and 1972. In 1970 and 1972 an “as needed” treatment was included to keep plants shorter than 34 cm. Pod yields were not significantly (P < .05) increased by SADH. Weight per pod, pod length, pod diameter and kernel size were decreased by early applications. There were trends toward increased pod and kernel size with 12 week SADH application, but the trends were significant (P < .05) only for Florunner pod length and the percentage of Tifspan kernels larger than 7.5 mm diameter in 1972. Multiple SADH application in the “as needed” treatment tended to increase pods per plant and decrease pod and kernel size.
Incidence and Distribution of Peanut Mottle Virus in Peanut in the United States1
Authors: Demski J. W. , Smith D. H. , Kuhn C. W.
Published: May 2010

Peanut mottle virus (PMV) was isolated from commercially grown peanuts in New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. This is the first report of PMV in the Southwestern United States and shows PMV to be present in all states with major peanut production. The incidence of PMV in Texas and Oklahoma was low in comparison to New Mexico and the Southeastern states. PMV was found in both seed and leaves of plants grown in the various states. The mild strain of PMV is the predominant strain in the United States. Since the source of primary inoculum is infected plants that have grown from infected seeds, it is theorized that the use of seed grown in areas with little or no PMV (Texas and Oklahoma) gives the greatest possibility of eliminating or delaying PMV epidemics.
Effects of Lipid Peroxidation During Storage on Raw and Roasted Peanut Proteins1
Authors: St. Angelo Allen J. , Ory Robert L.
Published: May 2010

The development of peroxidation in several varieties of peanuts stored for 12 months at 4°C was measured spectrophotometrically. Samples of raw and roasted peanuts were extracted with two solvent systems: hexane and chloroform/methanol. Proteins were extracted from the meals with buffered sodium chloride; protein recoveries, solubilities, and electrophoretic mobilities were compared. Intact raw peanuts were stored for at least 5 months at 4°C without appreciable peroxidation, but thereafter, peroxidation proceeds slower than that of roasted peanuts.
An Immunochemical Survey of Proteins In Species of Arachis
Authors: Neucere Navin J. , Cherry John P.
Published: May 2010

A comparative immunological survey of the proteins in 36 species accessions of the genus Arachis as grouped by Gregory et al. (1973) conducted by using immune sera from cultivated peanuts showed both quantitative and qualitative differences in protein contents. Sections I (Axonomorphae) and II (Erectoides) contained higher concentartions of the major peanut globulin, α-arachin than sections III (Caulorhizae), IV (Rhizomatosae), V (Extranervosae), VI (Pseudoaxonomorphae) and VII (Triseminalae). The precipitin patterns of total proteins in sections I, II, and IV appeared very similar to the precipitin pattern of the cultivar Virginia 61R. In general, the total precipitin patterns of sections III, V, VI, and VII showed relatively higher quantities of the albumins and the conarachins than did precipitin patterns of the other sections and their total patterns were less similar to the total pattern of Virginia 61R. Both intraspecific and interspecific polymorphism of proteins existed throughout the seven sections as evidenced by immunochemistry.
Physiology of Oil Seeds. V. Germination of NC-13 Virginia-type Peanut Seeds in the Presence of Inhibitors and Ethylene.1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L.
Published: May 2010

Control dormant seeds that imbibed water for 16 hr germinated 100% after 10 μ 1/1 C2H4 was applied for 24 hr. Dormant seeds that imbibed cycloheximide (100 μg/ml), 6-methylpurine (50 μ g/ml) and 6-azauracil (50 μ g/ml) for 16 hr did not germinate at either 24 or 48 hr after 10 μ 1/1 ethylene treatment. Both protein- and nucleic acid-synthesis ihhibitors prevented germination induced by ethylene in these dormant seeds.

Imbibition of 20 μ M ABA by dormant seeds prevented germination, but this effect was reversed by ethylene. Tracer studies with 14C-amino acids indicate that ABA does not inhibit total protein synthesis, but it does inhibit emergence in the absence of ethylene. In the presence of ABA plus ethylene, emergence occurred, but no change in total protein synthesis was detected. At 8 weeks after harvest, both germination and incorporation of 2–14C-uracil into RNA were inhibited by ABA and stimulated by ethylene. By 17 weeks after harvest, only the inhibition of germination and its reversal by ethylene were notable. However, at 17 weeks after harvest, ethylene enhanced RNA synthesis when germination and protein synthesis were inhibited by cycloheximide. Development of isocitritase activity in the seeds was inhibited by ABA and the inhibition was reversed by ethylene, indicating that de novo synthesis of protein is inhibited by ABA and activated by ethylene in these seeds. The opposite effects of ABA and ethylene on germination, RNA synthesis and isocitritase activity suggest that germination is controlled at the level of RNA and/or protein synthesis in these seeds. The prevention of germination of dormant seeds in the presence of ethylene by protein- and RNA-synthesis ihhibitors supports this suggestion, but the data do not preclude an action of ABA or ethylene prior to detectable affects on RNA or protein synthesis.
Photosynthesis in Peanut (Arachis) Genotypes1
Authors: Bhagsari A. S. , Brown R. H.
Published: May 2010

Research was undertaken to assess the variation in photosynthetic capacity within the genus Arachis and to determine associations between photosynthesis and other leaf characteristics. Photosynthetic rates of attached leaves of thirty-one peanut genotypes, including six wild (Arachis L.) species and twenty-four genotypes of the cultivated species, Arachis hypogaea L., were measured by gas exchange. Genotypes of A. hypogaea showed a range in photosynthetic rates from 24 to 37 mg CO2 dm-2 hr-1. Florunner, a recently developed US cultivar, consistently had higher photosynthetic rates than most other peanut genotypes. The rates were approximately 41 and 30 mg CO2 dm-2 hr-1 in two pot experiments and a field test, respectively. Wild species had generally lower photosynthetic rates than did A. hypogaea. A. pintoi Krap. et Greg. had the lowest rate of photosynthesis and the lowest specific leaf weight in the three experiments. Photosynthetic rate was positively correlated, though weakly, with percent nitrogen and chlorophyll content of leaves in two out of three experiments. Specific leaf weight was positively correlated with photosynthesis in only one out of three experiments. Stomatal frequency and photosynthetic rates were negatively correlated. The relationship between photosynthesis and leaf characteristics is discussed.
Resistance of Peanuts to the Potato Leafhopper1
Authors: Campbell W. V. , Emery D. A. , Wynne J. C.
Published: May 2010

More than 700 peanut (Arachis hypogaea) lines from the North Carolina germplasm collection were evaluated for resistance to the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris, from 1961 to 1972. Twelve lines were selected as being highly resistant to the potato leafhopper. The lines represent two diverse sources of germplasm resistant to the potato leafhopper.

A study of the nature of resistance using standard histological techniques revealed leafhopper resistance was associated with a thick epidermis, long trichomes, and with a high percentage of straight trichomes on leaves. Leafhopper susceptible peanuts have leaves with an appressed surface texture.
Moisture Contraction of Spanish Peanuts1
Authors: Paulsen Marvin R. , Brusewitz Gerald H.
Published: May 2010

The linear coefficient of moisture contraction for skinned Spanish peanut kernels was determined at 40°C and at 20, 42, 70, and 80% drying air relative humidities. Kernel lengths and diameters were measured optically with a microprojector. Cubical coefficients of moisture contraction were calculated from the linear-coefficients by approximating peanut volume by a prolate spheroid shape. Cubical coefficients ranged from 5.5 to 7.71 × 10-3 cm3/cm3 % MC and generally increased as drying air relative humidities increased.
Translocation of Photosynthetically Assimilated 14C in Peanut (Arachis) Genotypes1
Authors: Bhagsari A. S. , Brown R. H.
Published: May 2010

Two experiments were conducted, one in the field and one in a growth chamber to determine the range of translocation of 14C labeled photosynthate among peanut genotypes. Single attached leaves of peanut genotypes, which differed in photosynthetic rates, were exposed to 14CO2 in the field and in a growth chamber. A significant difference in translocation was found among the genotypes in the growth chamber experiment with a range of 22 to 45% of assimilated 14C translocation from the exposed leaf in 6 hours. The average translocation percentage of two cultivated genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.), common to both experiments, was 27.2 in the field and 41.9 in the growth chamber. By comparison two wild species, A. pintoi Krap. et Greg. (Unpubl.) and A. villosulicarpa Hoehne translocated an average of 19.4% in the field and 27.4% in the growth chamber. However, A. monticola Krap. et Rig., a wild species included in the growth chamber experiment, had a translocation percentage similar to the cultivated species. A significant positive correlation (r = +0.79) was found between the rates of translocation and net photosynthetic rates.