bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell‐mediated and humoral immune responses to tumor‐associated and viral antigens in relation to the pathogenic effect of rous sarcoma virus in rats
Authors: Jonsson Nils
Published: February 2007

After inoculation of the Schmidt‐Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus (SR‐RSV) into a series of newborn rats (strain R/F) sarcomas developed in 47% of the animals, half of which also had hemorrhagic‐cystic lesions. In 18% such hemorrhagic cysts occurred without demonstrable tumors, while no pathogenic effect of the virus was observed in the rest of the animals.

The colony inhibition technique was used to detect lymph‐node cell (LNC)‐mediated and humoral immunity to the tumor‐associated transplantation antigen (s). LNC‐mediated immunity could be demonstrated in a high proportion of tumor‐positive as well as tumor‐negative rats (83 and 94%, respectively), while the rats with hemorrhagic‐cystic lesions showed such immunity in a lower frequency (56%). Humoral cytotoxic activity could be demonstrated in a higher frequency in rats with cystic lesions than in rats without cysts, whether they had tumors or not (about 80 and 55%, respectively). Antiviral immune response was demonstrable in only a few animals.

The results indicate that, as in several other systems, the development of tumors is not related to a deficient LNC‐mediated immune response to the tumor‐associated transplantation antigen (s). Nor could any difference be demonstrated in the frequency of humoral immune response to the antigen (s) between tumor‐positive and tumor‐negative animals. The results furthermore indicate that the hemorrhagic‐cystic lesions, characteristic for the RSV effect, develop in animals which have a less efficient LNC‐mediated immune response and that these lesions are of importance for the sustaining of humoral cytotoxic immune response.
Karyological patterns and expression of malignancy in some homologous mouse somatic hybrid cells
Authors: Belehradek Jean , Barski Georges
Published: February 2007

A homologous mouse somatic hybrid cell line (HyEN) was developed in mixed cultures of C3H mouse malignant cell line crossed with a BALB/c mouse non‐tumorigenic cell line. An attempt was made to establish a possible relationship between the karyological features and die malignancy expression in this hybrid cell line as well as in six clones derived from it. As a rule, the karyotypes of the HyEN hybrid line and of its clones showed a marked dispersion of chromosome numbers and their modal values ranged from 80 to 129, the presumed “ideal” sum of the parental cell modes being 122. The HyEN line had a mode of 116 chromosomes and produced tumors when inoculated into histocompatible F1mice. Among the six randomly isolated hybrid clones studied, the only non‐tumor‐producing one had a mode of 112–118, quite similar to those of two other malignant clones. Three more clones were malignant and had modes of 80, 98 and 129 chromosomes. Early cultures of cells recovered from these different tumors obtained were likewise submitted to karyological analysis which showed a tendency to a decrease in chromosomal mode values after passage in vivo. A similar though less important tendency was noted following in vitro passages of the original HyEN line as well as of its clones. However, in spite of the general tendency toward chromosomal loss, the hybrid cells participating in the formation of tumors represented a wide range of chromosomal variants and no conclusion could be reached concerning a definite relationship between chromosomal deletion and malignancy of the hybrid cells.
Host response to challenge with SA7‐induced autochthonous tumor cells
Authors: Lausch Robert N. , Jerkofsky Mary Ann , Haughton Dennis , Cody Robert
Published: February 2007

The fate of SA7‐induced autochthonous tumor transplants in inbred hamsters (strain LSH) was determined. It was found that the host response to tumor autografts was not uniform. Out of a series of 30 such transplants, evidence for host resistance was found in 12 instances. Conversely, in six cases the tumor cell inoculum grew only or more rapidly in the autochthonous host. In three tests the challenge tumor growth rate was similar in both autochthonous and control (s), and in nine trials neoplasms did not develop in either recipient. In the last category the failure of the tumor cells to grow was most likely due to host resistance rather than to poor transplantability because it was found that SA7 tumor lines which were poorly oncogenic or non‐oncogenic in adult animals invariably produced lethal tumors in infant hamsters. It was concluded that a) hamsters can manifest autochthonous tumor immunity to SA7‐induced neoplasms and b) one factor which contributed to the diversity of the host response was the size of the primary tumor prior to and shortly after grafting.
Studies of the EB virus‐related antigens of human leukocyte cell lines
Authors: Walters Marilyn K. , Pope J. H.
Published: February 2007

The complement‐fixing (CF) antigens of five human leukocyte cell lines were studied. Three components were recognized in the EB virus‐rich QIMR‐WIL line. First, a virion component harvested from sucrose density gradients was resistant to heating at 56° C for 30 min. Second, a heat‐labile CF component detected was subviral but sedimentable at 70,000 × g for 2 h. Third, a heat‐resistant soluble CF antigen was present. In contrast to the QIMR‐WIL line, the virus‐free Raji line contained only the heat‐resistant soluble antigen. Labile CF antigen was also detected in the EB virus‐positive QIMR‐GOR line and in the QIMR‐STE and TFT‐1 lines in which the presence of EB virus was suggested by immunofluorescence tests. The presence in leukocyte cell lines of heat‐labile EB viral CF antigen is considered to be a useful indicator of active replication of EB virus. Evidence obtained suggested that naked virus was capable of transforming human leukocytes.
Effects of lasiocarpine on protein synthesis tn rat liver
Authors: Demarle Ana , Moulé Yvonne
Published: February 2007

A single dose of lasiocarpine corresponding to 1 LD50 (80 mg/kg body weight) strongly inhibits protein synthesis in rat liver as early as 15 min after administration. Maximal inhibition was found between 1 and 3 h; thereafter a progressive recovery occurs with time.

In lasiocarpine‐treated rats, the pattern of distribution of total liver RNP shows that the relative amount of polysomes decreases whereas ribosomal subunits and 80 S monomers are markedly enhanced. However, it has been found that breakdown of polysomes only concerns the free aggregates; the bound polysomes are apparently unaffected by the drug.

Moreover, amino acid incorporation is depressed in a cell‐free system derived from lasiocarpine‐treated rats; it is suggested that this effect is due to a functional impairment in the polysome itself rather than in the activity of the soluble enzymes involved in the translation process. The results are discussed in the light of the different hypotheses which could explain the short‐term effects and the long‐term carcinogenic property of lasiocarpine.
Immunosuppression by the radiation leukemia virus and its relation to lymphatic leukemia development
Authors: Peled Alpha , Haran‐Ghera Nechama
Published: February 2007

The immune response of C57BL/6 mice following intra‐thymic injection of the radiation leukemia virus was tested. A marked depression in plaque‐forming capacity of the 19S type to sheep red cells was observed in adult intact and thymectomized mice inoculated with the virus 5–60 days prior to the immunization. Serum hemagglutinin titers were depressed as well, but to a lesser degree.

The radiation leukemia virus did not significantly depress cell‐mediated immunity. Tests for prolongation of skin allograft survival, allogeneic tumor takes and graft‐versus‐host reactivity (Simonsen's test) were used as parameters for the evaluation of defects in cellular immunity.

No correlation was found between the immunosuppressive effect of the radiation leukemia virus and lymphatic leukemia development.

It is proposed that the decrease observed, with aging, in the immune response of normal C57BL mice, to sheep red cells, is due to the radiation leukemia virus that is present during post‐natal life in non‐irradiated C57BL mice, and that its titer increases with aging.
The effects of oronasal administration of two strains of murine sarcoma virus in mice
Authors: McCully D. J. , Simons P. J. , Ingram J. D.
Published: February 2007

Oronasal administration of MSV‐H produced pathological changes in the lungs, mediastinum, gastric mucosa, spleen and brain. The early pulmonary changes showed intra‐alveolar haemorrhage, then organization forming a “granuloma” and finally a circumscribed lesion containing predominantly vasoformative tissue. Similar vasoformative lesions were seen in the perinodal areas of the medimtinum. MSV‐M lesions were found only in muscb and were of an inflammatory and reparative type of reaction. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Kaposi's sarcoma in Uganda: A clinico‐pathological study
Authors: Taylor John F. , Templeton Alexander C. , Vogel Charles L. , Ziegler John L. , Kyalwazi Sebastian K.
Published: February 2007

Thirty‐seven Ugandan Africans with Kaposi's sarcoma were studied prospectively and a clinical classification was devised based on the clinical presentation of the disease and the appearance of the cutaneous tumours. The disease could be sub‐classified into four major groups. The first consisted of patients with nodular disease which was associated with a relatively benign clinical course. Patients in the next two groups (florid and infiltrative) had more aggressive disease with extensive cutaneous lesions on one or more extremities, generally associated with involvement of adjacent bone. Cutaneous lesions in the florid group were exophytic tumours while in the infiltrative group deep lesions associated with dense fibrosis predominated, Finally, the lymph‐adenopathic variety occurred mainly in children where lymph‐node involvement was usually the sole manifestation, and in young adults where skin involvement was seen concomitantly. Differing histological patterns were found to correlate with the four clinical types of involvement.
Time trends of intestinal and diffuse types of gastric cancer in Norway
Authors: Muñoz N. , Asvall J.
Published: February 2007

Samples of gastric cancer from three time periods (1940–1944, 1952–1953 and 1964–1966) were drawn from material of the Norwegian Radium Hospital, representing specimens collected from different hospitals throughout the country. The cases were diagnosed as belonging to the “intestinal”, “diffuse” or “other” category according to the classification of Laurén (1965). It was found that the three types showed about the same relative frequency from the first to the second time period, the intestinal one being the most common. However, from the second to the third time period the intestinal type decreased very markedly, in particular in the youngest age group.

Figures are presented showing that for both males and females the death rate from gastric cancer fell from the early 1930s to the middle of the 1960s, but that this trend stopped temporarily during the latter half of the 1940s. It is concluded that this could well be due to dietary changes during the 1940–1945 war, influencing mainly the intestinal type. Such changes are probably not related to protein deficiency or lack of Vitamin A, but they could depend on factors in cereals, milk or fat.

It is concluded that the long‐term, pronounced decline of gastric cancer death observed in Norway for several decades may soon begin to level of, leaving a “hard core” of very slowly decreasing “diffuse” and “other” types.
Time trends of intestinal and diffuse types of gastric cancer in the United States
Authors: Muñoz N. , Connelly R.
Published: February 2007

All histologically confirmed gastric cancer cases diagnosed during the periods 1940–1944 and 1960–1964 at the Hartford Hospital were classified into three groups: intestinal, difuse and others, according to a modified Laurén's classification. A reduction in the frequency of intestinal type carcinoma was observed between the earlier and the later time periods. Although this decrease was not statistically significant, it persisted within each sex. The cases were also subdivided into high‐ and low‐risk groups according to the risk for gastric cancer prevailing at their place of birth. As expected, the intestinal type carcinoma was the most predominant in the high‐risk group. This predominance persisted within each sex and time period category and it was more noticeable among female than among male cases. These findings support the hypothesis that these two types of gastric cancer, intestinal and difluse, differ not only structuraily and epidemiologically, but also etiologically.
Évaluation comparée des mesures cliniques, radiologiques et anatomiques des tumeurs mammaires
Authors: Contesso G. , Charbit A. , Mouriesse H. , Markovits P.
Published: February 2007

Comparative evaluation of clinical, radiological and anatomical measurements of mammary tumours

A study of two series of non‐irradiated benign and malignant breast tumours, operated on at the Gustave‐Roussy Institute, showed that radiological evaluation of a tumour's diameter was far closer to the actual anatomical diameter than was its clinical evaluation.

Various factors capable of influencing the indirect assessment of size have been successively studied—limitation, localization, histological type, age, etc.

Finally, the authors considered the possibility of replacing the clinical diameter of tumours by their radiological diameter in the TNM classification system.
Epstein‐barr and other herpes virus antibodies in children with acute leukemia
Authors: Gahrton G. , Wahren B. , Killander D. , Foley G. E.
Published: February 2007

Sera from 52 children with acute leukemia were examined for antibodies to herpes viruses (Epstein‐Barr) (EBV); herpes simplex (HSV); cytomegalovirus (CMV); varicella, and to some other common viruses (measles, rubella, mumps, adenovirus). The incidence of sera positive for herpes virus antibodies was lower among children 1–8 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia — either untreated, in relapse or in remission — than among sera from age‐matched children without leukemia. This difference was particularly striking among children less than 4 years of age, CMV and varicefla antibodies were not found in the sera of children 1–8 years of age who had leukemia, and HSV antibodies were not found in sera from children 1–4 years of age who had leukemia. It was suggested that infection of malignant cells with a continuous release of viral antigens may cause a consumption of humoral antibodies to the herpes viruses.

The incidence of sera positive for antibodies to measles and rubella virus did not differ from the expected frequencies in these age groups. A somewhat lower than normal incidence of adenovirus and mumps virus antibodies was found in sera from children with leukemia, 1–4 and 4–15 years of age respectively. This finding was dificult to interpret due to the stronger periodic variation of mumps and adenovirus infections in the community.
Australia antigen and antibody and alpha‐fetoglobulin in hepatoma patients
Authors: Hersh Theodore , Hollinger F. Blaine , Goyal Raj K. , Grubb Margaret N. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: February 2007

Australia antigen and antibody and alpha‐fetoglobulin were tested in 14 patients with a histologic diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Three of the 14 had Au antigen and four of eight tested had anti‐Au. Thus, at least 50% of the patients with hepatoma presented serological evidence of past exposure to viral hepatitis B. Alpha‐fetoglobulin was detected in five hepatoma patients. Sera from four of these cases were positive for either Au or anti‐Au. IgA levels were elevated in 10 of 12 hepatoma patients. These results suggest a possible association between long incubation type hepatitis and hepatoma, since the incidence of antigenemia and antibody is low in Houston in persons without a history of hepatitis.
Effect of host sex and splenectomy on moloney virus‐induced sarcomas
Authors: Pollack Sylvia B.
Published: February 2007

Female BALB/c mice injected intramuscularly with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) developed tumors which were smaller and were rejected more quickly than those induced in age‐matched males. Tumor rejection was also more frequent in splenectomized hosts than in sham‐operated controls. The eject of splenectomy was more pronounced in females than in males.

In sub‐lethally irradiated mice challenged with MSV, sex‐related and spleen‐dependent differences in response to adoptively transferred spleen cells were observed. In females, both splenectomized and sham‐operated recipients of immune cells rejected their primary sarcomas, while the tumors grew rapidly in all recipients of normal cells. In a concurrent experiment with males, splenectomy had a greater suppressive effect on tumor growth than did the type of spleen cells tranferred (immune vs. normal).
Replication of celo virus in the chicken chorio‐allantoic membrane
Authors: Slifkin Malcolm , Merkow Leonard P. , Henry Claude , Pardo Matias
Published: February 2007

Several previously undescribed ultrastructural features of chicken embryo lethal orphan (CELO) virus replication in chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) have been observed. The virus particles appeared to fuse with the plasmalemma at adsorption sites. Newly synthesized virus was detected at 12–14 hours post infection (PI) by titration of infectivity in embryonating chicken eggs. These infectivity titers reached a maximum at 30 h PI. The two membranes of the nuclear envelope of infected cells separated to form a perinuclear space. CELO virus in crystalline arrays was observed in nuclei of only endodermal CAM cells. CELO virus was not observed by electron microscopy in the brain, liver or lungs of allantoic or intravenous inoculated embryos. Thus, the invasiveness of the Phelps strain of CELO virus appears restricted to the CAM.
Further investigations of circulating antibodies in colon cancer patients: On the autoantigenicity of the carcinoembryonic antigen
Authors: Collatz E. , von Kleist S. , Burtin P.
Published: February 2007

Sera from 190 patients (including 125 patients with cancer of the digestive tract) have been investigated for the presence of circulating antibodies directed against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Use of three different techniques (passive hemagglutination, immunoadsorption and immunoftuorescence) revealed no evidence for the autoantigenicity of this particular antigen. The titers demonstrated in patients' sera were due to antibodies directed against normal tissue proteins which were present in perchloric acid extracts of colonic tumors.
Inhibition of murine sarcoma virus oncogenesis with living BCG
Authors: Schwartz Donald B. , Zbar Berton , Gibson W. Thomas , Chirigos Michael A.
Published: February 2007

Intramuscular inoculation of murine sarcoma virus of Moloney (MSV‐M) leads to the development of tumors at the site of injection. The effect of BCG treatment on tumor induction by MSV‐M in BALB/c mice was studied. Mice injected with BCG 28 days before induction of tumors with MSV‐M alone had shorter latent periods for tumor development and longer survivals than mice not previously exposed to BCG. When BCG was mixed with the MSV‐M used for tumor induction there was a significant decrease in mortality, tumor incidence, and tumor size compared to those seen in mice inoculated with MSV‐M alone. Previous exposure of the mice to BCG before attempted induction of tumors with the mixture of BCG and MSV‐M completely inhibited tumor development. In addition, these mice were effectively immunized against tumor development when subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of MSV‐M. The mechanisms of BCG's impressive activity are discussed.
Mutagenic properties of N‐acetyl‐2‐aminofluorene and its metabolites in relation to the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis
Authors: Fahmy O. G. , Fahmy Myrtle J.
Published: February 2007

The genetic properties of the carcinogen N‐acetyl‐2‐aminofluorene were compared with those of representatives of its suspected metabolites: the N‐hydroxylamine, its acetic and sulphuric acid oxy‐esters, as well as the 1‐ and 3‐hydroxylamines. Mutagenic activity was examined with respect to point‐mutations, gene eliminations and chromosome breakage, in both the euchromatic and heterochromatic parts of the genome. Selective mutagenicity was assayed on the basis of the specific mutational effects on the Minute (m), bobbed (bb) and 3 euchromatic loci relative to the overall X‐chromosome response (recessive lethals and visibles) in the same sample of treated gametes.

The parent carcinogen and its N‐hydroxy derivatives (both the acetylated and non‐acetylated forms) were inactive as regards X‐chromosome recessive mutations and heterochromatic deletions involving both the m loci and the fertility genes, but were decisively active with respect to the bb's, thus indicating their virtual specificity for the r‐RNA genes. The genetic activity of the 3‐hydroxyamine was identical to that of the N‐hydroxylamine, to which it might be converted in vivo, but the I‐hydroxy derivative was mutagenically ineffective.

The highest mutagenic activity among the present test compounds occurred with the chemically reactive amino‐oxy esters. The acetic acid derivative—N‐acetoxy‐2‐acetylaminofluorene—exerted a wide spectrum of mutational effects: X‐chromosome recessive mutations, heterochromatic gene eliminations (m's and bb's) and—to a lesser extent—chromosome structural rearrangements. Its yield of these mutational classes, however, was differential for the various germ cell stages, being maximal in the sperm for point‐mutations and in the spermatids for the m's and bb's. The sulphate ester—acetylaminofluorene‐N‐sulphate—was considerably more selective for the heterochromatin than the acetic acid analogue, as indicated by its high mutagenicity on the m loci and virtual inactivity with respect to the overall X‐chromosome mutations.

A subtle correlation seemed to occur between the oncological and mutagenic selectivities manifested by the present test series. The hepatocarcinogenic parent amine and its N‐hydroxylamines were also virtually specific for the bb loci, and the acetoxy derivative, which exerted its carcinogenicity at the site of injection, produced the same order of bb‐selectivity as other direct carcinogens among the alkylating agents. This is in harmony with the concept that mutations at the r‐RNA genes might be significant in cancer initiation.
Chromosomal control of chemical carcinogenesis
Authors: Hitotsumachi Shinya , Rabinowitz Zelig , Sachs Leo
Published: February 2007

Malignant cell transformation and its reversion, in cells transformed after treatment with the chemical carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine, are controlled by the balance between chromosomes that determine the expression (E) of malignancy and those that determine its suppression (S). Malignancy is due to a change in chromosome balance so as to produce an excess of E over S. The chromosome groups that contain these two types of chromosomes have been identified as the same groups that determine the expression and suppression of malignancy in cells transformed by polyoma virus. The balance between these two types of chromosomes also controls the resistance of cells to treatment with 5‐bromodeoxyuridine and visible light. The data suggest that viral and non‐viral carcinogens induce malignancy by inducing chromosome re‐arrangements that result in a change in the balance between E and S.
The formation of variants with a reversion of properties of transformed cells. vi. stability of the reverted state
Authors: Rabinowitz Zelig , Sachs Leo
Published: February 2007

The stability of the reverted state has been analysed in revertants from polyomavirus‐transformed cells in which reversion was not associated with a loss of the virus genome. The regaining of two transformed properties, the ability to form colonies at high temperature (41° C) and in soft agar, were used as markers for re‐reversion.

The frequency of re‐reversion was studied in 12 cloned revertants after different periods of in vitro cultivation. When tested at 45 days after isolation, there were no temperature re‐revertants and 2 to 184 agar re‐revertants per 5 × 104 cells. At 90 days after isolation, there were 14 to 784 temperature re‐revertants, and 242 to 1160 agar re‐revertants per 5 × 104 cells. The stability of the reverted state was thus decreased by in vitro cultivation.

The study of isolated re‐revertants has indicated that, once a transformed property has been regained during re‐reversion, the immediate progeny of the re‐revertant may contain a high frequency of segregants which had lost this regained property. The re‐reverted state was more stable in re‐revertants from revertants that were 100 days after isolation, than in re‐revertants from revertants that were 55 days after isolation. Re‐reversion for one transformed property was not necessarily associated with re‐reversion for the other transformed property.

The different degrees of stability are explained by differences in the balance between chromosomally located factors that determine the expression and suppression of transformed properties.
Eb‐virus associated serology in malignant disease: antibody levels to viral capsid antigens (vca), membrane antigens (ma) and early antigens (ea) in patients with various neoplastic conditions
Authors: de Schryver André , Klein George , Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner , Cameron Hector M. , Santesson Lars , Clifford Peter
Published: February 2007

Two hundred and forty‐nine sera derived from African donors suffering from a variety of malignant diseases were examined for EBV‐related antibody levels. When divided into three major subgroups (lymphoproliferative tumours, carcinoma and sarcoma) none of the mean titres approached the high anti‐VCA, anti‐MA or anti‐EA levels characteristic for Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) or nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). On breaking down the material further into specific diagnostic or pathological subgroups, similar low mean values were found, except for small groups of plasma cell tumours and carcinomas of the palate (with high anti‐VCA and anti‐MA) and osteogenic sarcoma (with moderately high anti‐MA). The data do not support a regular association of high anti‐EBV titres with malignant disease in general and thus reaffirm the special position of BL and NPC in this respect.
Rescue of the genome of the defective murine sarcoma virus from a non‐producer hamster tumor cell line, pm‐1, with murine and feline leukemia viruses as helpers
Authors: Monti‐Bragadin C. , Ulrich K.
Published: February 2007

Some properties of a hamster tumor cell line, the PM‐1 cl 6 (PM‐1), derived from a hamster tumor induced by the Harvey murine sarcoma virus (H‐MuSV) are described. The PM‐1 cell line appears to be free of viruses of the murine leukemia‐sarcoma complex as tested by the absence of plaque formation in the mixed cytopathogenicity test for MuLV, the absence of gs‐antigen (s) of MuLV demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique and the lack of focus formation in MuSV‐sensitive 3T3 cells. Incorporation studies with 3H‐uridine have shown lack of production of viral particles in the density region 1.16 g/cm3, and cell‐free preparations of the PM‐1 cells were not sarcomagenic in hamsters. Rauscher and Gross MuLV as well as MuLV isolated from several chemically‐induced murine leukemias were able to rescue the MuSV genome from the PM‐1 cells as demonstrated by focus formation of the different pseudotype MuSV in 3T3 cell cultures as well as sarcoma induction in mice. Trans‐species rescue of the defective MuSV genome has also been accomplished with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) as helper. The rescued pseudotype MuSV (FeLV) produced foci in feline embryonic cell cultures. The PM‐1 cell line should be useful for further studies of mammalian viruses of the Oncorna group.
Surface properties of non‐tumorigenic variants of mouse mammary carcinoma cells in culture
Authors: Hozumi Motoo , Miyake Setsuko , Mizunoe Fusako , Sugimura Takashi , Irie Reiko Furuse , Koyama Kotaro , Tomita Motowo , Ukita Tyunosin
Published: February 2007

The surface properties of two cell lines, Cl 1‐82 and Cl M‐6, from a cultured mouse mammary tumor cell line, FM3A/B, were studied with phytohemagglutinins and the immune adherence test. The transplantabilities of these cells had greatly decreased either spontaneously or after treatment with 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide. The agglutinability of these non‐malignant (low‐ or non‐tumorigenic) cells with agglutinins from various plants was markedly higher than that of the original malignant (tumorigenic) cells. The agglutination was inhibited specifically by certain kinds of sugars. The localization of the receptors of the agglutinin on the cell surface was observed with fluorescent agglutinin.

Surface antigens were detected by the immune adherence test with anti‐Cl 1‐82 cells, and their content was found to be higher on non‐malignant than on malignant cells. The increased content was shown to be responsible for induction of strong immunity against malignant cells.
Survival of breast cancer patients related to incidence risk factors
Authors: Morrison Alan S. , Lowe C. Ronald , Macmahon Brian , Warram James H. , Yuasa Shu
Published: February 2007

Variation in survival of breast cancer patients has been examined for relationship to three demographic variables known to affect incidence rates—geography, socioeconomic status and age at birth of first child. Three‐year relative survival ratios in two areas with high incidence rates (Boston, USA and Glamorgan, Wales) were 75.3% and 66.4%, respectively. In an area with a low incidence rate (Tokyo, Japan) the ratio was 85.6%. The overall survival ratios differed significantly between areas, but the pattern is not such as to suggest a consistent correlation — either positive or negative — with incidence rates. The differences in survival ratios between areas were not explained by differences in the extent of disease at diagnosis. Survival ratios did not vary consistently with socioeconomic status, as measured by duration of schooling. Neither childbearing nor age at which porous patients first became pregnant was related to probability of survival.
Action of miracil d and related compounds on dna and rna synthesis in regenerating liver and hepatomas
Authors: Lea M. A. , Miller S. , Mackauf Ida , Hirschberg E. , Morris H. P.
Published: February 2007

Miracil D (1‐diethylaminoethylamino‐4‐methyl‐10‐thiaxanthenone) caused a large and prolonged inhibition of thymidine‐3H incorporation into DNA of regenerating rat liver. A similar effect was observed with hycanthone and a desethyl derivative of Miracil D, which also complexes with DNA, but not with a noncomplexing congener bearing a methyl substituent on the proximal nitrogen of the dialkylaminoalkylamino side chain. Miracil D caused a less marked inhibition of orotate‐3H incorporation into RNA at 6 and 24 h after partial hepatectomy. Administration of Miracil D 16 h before measurement of DNA synthesis had a marked inhibitory effect on three slowly growing hepatomas (9618A, 47C and 7787) but had little or no effect on three rapidly growing hepatomas (3924A, 5123tc and 7777). RNA synthesis was not inhibited in hepatoma 7777 under these conditions, but a small, though significant, inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis was observed in rats subjected to partial hepatectomy. The data suggested that sensitivity of nucleic acid synthesis to Miracil D may be lost with a decrease in the differentiation of hepatic tissues.
Hematopoietic CFU in mice infected by the polycythemia‐inducing friend virus. I. number of CFU, and differentiation pattern in the spleen colonies
Authors: Wendling F. , Tambourin P. E. , Jullien P.
Published: February 2007

The number of colony‐forming units (CFU) in the spleen, femoral bone marrow and blood of Friend‐virus (FV)‐infected mice was determined at different times after virus infection, by the exogenous spleen colony assay. An increase in number occurred in the spleen, following the rise in the number of cells, and also in the blood, but not in the bone marrow. The fraction “f” of CFU which settle in the spleen of irradiated recipients was the same for bone marrow cells from normal or FV‐infected donors and slightly decreased in the case of spleen cells from infected mice. The total increase in the CFU compartment was estimated as being six‐fold, 30 days after virus infection.

Cytological and histological investigations of the colonies developing in the spleen of irradiated recipients grafted with hematopoietic cells from FV‐infected donors indicated that the pattern of differentiation along erythrocytic, myelocytic and megakaryocytic lines appeared comparable to the pattern of differentiation observed in spleen colonies derived from the graft of normal hematopoietic cells.

From these observations, it can be speculated that the CFU of FV‐infected mice behave as normal hematopoietic CFU, in terms of differentiation ability, in the spleens of isogeneic irradiated mice.
Some similarities in the responses of mice to pregnancy and leukemogenesis
Authors: Tyndall R. L. , Otten J. A. , Proffitt M. R. , Bowles N. D. , Tennant R. W.
Published: February 2007

Because of previous reports of a variety of similarities between fetal and malignant tissues, several physiologic, histologic, and serologic responses of leukemic mice were compared to those of pregnant mice. Identical alterations in protein profiles were seen in sera from pregnant and leukemic mice, both RLV‐infected BALB/c mice and AKR mice with spontaneous thymic lymphoma. The alterations included an obliteration of the bimodal distribution of prealbumins 2 and 3, and an increase in the concentration of prealbumin 4. Protein migrating immediately ahead of transferrin was also increased. Sera from pseudopregnant or partially hepatectomized mice, from mice inoculated with fetal tissue, or from mice infected with LDV or pneumotropic mycoplasm did not show such alterations, while sera from scalped mice did. Spleen tissue from pregnant BALB/c mice showed erythroid hyperplasia and non‐specific esterase profiles not unlike those for spleen tissue of mice infected with RLV free of LDV. These alterations were at their maximum from approximately 10‐12 days of gestation. Germinal center formation was seen in spleen tissues from inbred (BALB/c) pregnant mice at 18‐20 days of gestation and in postpartum spleens. In related experiments, sera from pregnant or scalped rats and anti‐MulV sera from sarcoma‐bearing rats showed a common precipitin line on reaction in double‐diffusion tests with RLV pelleted from the variant RLV‐infected JLS V5 cell culture. Sera from virgin rats showed no such reaction, nor did virus pellets from the original JLS V5 and JLS V6 cell cultures. Ether treatment of the virus pellet from the variant JLS V5 cell cultures abolished the precipitin reaction.

These results indicate the presence of a common moiety in sera from pregnant, scalped, and sarcoma‐bearing rats, which precipitates a factor (or factors) associated with the envelope of RLV propagated in cell culture. Only RLV from a transformed variant of the JLS V5 cell culture has thus far been capable of demonstrating the precipitin reaction. The similarity of physiologic, histologic, and serologic responses of leukemic and pregnant animals suggests the possibility that some neoplasms may induce reactions in the host not unlike those associated with pregnancy, and that the fate of such neoplasms may be related in part to these responses.
Inhibitory effect of rifampicin on rauscher‐virusinduced murine leukaemia
Authors: Gielkens A. L. J. , Burghouts J. T H. M. , Bloemendal H.
Published: February 2007

Rifampicin has a marked inhibitory effect on Rauscher‐virus‐induced leukaemia. Up to 90% inhibition of splenomegaly can be achieved when the drug is administered immediately after infection. It is suggested that these results may have implications for a rational leukaemia therapy.
Sv40‐induced transformation of cells of the lizard Gekko gecko
Authors: Clark H. Fred , Jensen Fred , Defendi Vittorio
Published: February 2007

Attempts to infect four cell lines of reptilian origin, GL1 (Gekko gecko), IgH‐2 (Iguana iguana) and VH2 and VSW (both Vipera russelli), with SV40 led to successful infection of the lizard cell line GL1 only. SV40 infection, indicated by acquisition of persisting T antigen in 100% of the cell population, was obtained in cells inoculated and maintained at 23, 30 or 35°C. (The optimal temperature for GL1 cell growth is 30°C). In early passages, infected GL1 cells exhibited a more orderly growth pattern and a more uniform cell morphology than did control cells. However, at about the 50th passage level after infection, a more exuberant growth pattern developed, characterized by cell saturation densities exceeding those of control cell cultures approximately threefold. Infectious virus in low titer was recovered from cells and media of infected cell lines tested during the first 21 passages post infection. At subsequent passage levels, virus could be rescued from cells maintained at each of the three different incubation temperatures by co‐cultivation with AGMK cells, but not directly from the cultures. The presence of SV40 tumor‐specific transplantation antigen was demonstrated by experiments in which hamsters inoculated with infected GL1 cells received marked protection against SV40 tumor induction. Further evidence of the altered state of the SV40‐infected cells was provided by demonstration of increased resistance to inhibition of cell growth by dextran sulfate, and an enhanced ability of the cells to multiply at supraoptimal temperatures. The evidence indicates that cells of a poikilothermic vertebrate have been transformed in vitro by the mammalian papovavirus SV40. This is the first demonstration of which we are aware of viral transformation of poikilothermic cells in vitro.
Chromosomal mechanism for the induction of reversion in transformed cells
Authors: Bloch‐Shtacher Navah , Rabinowitz Zelig , Sachs Leo
Published: February 2007

The changes in chromosome constitution that occur during induction of reversion in transformed cells have been studied. The culture of transformed cells at low cell density without a feeder layer, which induces reversion, also induced a change in chromosome number from diploid to aneuploid. The percentage of revertants formed under these conditions was related to the percentage of aneuploid cells. Most of the aneuploid cells had a subtetraploid chromosome number. The results indicate that the formation of aneuploids is due to the formation from binucleate cells of polyploid cells which later lose chromosomes, and suggest that conditions that stabilize the reverted state produce the right type of stable aneuploid cells required for reversion.
The sugar content and the ph of the smoke of cigarette, cigar and pipe tobaccos in relation to lung cancer
Authors: Elson L. A. , Betts T. E. , Passey R. D.
Published: February 2007

The risk of lung cancer is greater in cigarette smokers than in cigar or pipe smokers. In Great Britain, which has a very high lung‐cancer death rate, cigarette tobacco (flue‐cured) has a high sugar content (up to 20%) while cigar tobacco (aircured) has a low sugar content (0.5—2%). Determinations of the sugar content of the tobacco and the pH of the smoke of cigarettes from more than 30 countries, and of a number of cigar and pipe tobaccos, have been carried out. The main differences found between the characteristics of cigarette and cigar and pipe tobaccos are:

The high sugar content of the popular brands of cigarettes now smoked in many countries, which results in the production of a smoke of acid pH, becoming progressively more acid during the course of smoking, particularly towards the butt‐end of the cigarette when the tar content of the smoke is at its highest;

The low sugar content of cigar tobacco and of the air‐dried tobacco used in the cigarettes of certain countries, which gives a smoke of less acid pH becoming progressively more alkaline during the course of smoking;

The conditions of smoking in a pipe whereby the smoke from all types of tobacco, with both high and low sugar content, is less acid than that of most cigarettes, and becomes progressively more alkaline during the course of smoking.

Since the satisfaction derived from smoking is mainly due to the pharmacological effects of nicotine, it is suggested that the lower lung cancer incidence in cigar and pipe smokers may be related to the fact that nicotine is more readily absorbed in the form of the free base, at alkaline pH, than in the form of a stable salt, at acid pH. To obtain the same degree of “nicotine satisfaction” as in smoking a pipe or cigar, the smoker of cigarettes giving an acid smoke would tend to smoke more, and to encourage more prolonged and extensive contact of the smoke with the mouth and bronchus, and to take the smoke into his lungs, which would thus suffer greater exposure to the “carcinogenic” effects of the smoke than would be the case with cigar or pipe smokers.

In preliminary attempts to devise a “safer” cigarette, the addition of substances which give rise to an alkaline vapour at the usual temperature of combustion of cigarettes has been shown to reverse the character of the smoke of high sugar (fluecured) tobacco cigarettes so that it then resembles that of cigars and pipes in becoming progressively more alkaline during the course of smoking.
H‐2 antigens on murine leukemia cells and viruses
Authors: Dorfman N. A. , Stepina V. N. , Ievleva E. S.
Published: February 2007

Electron microscopic analysis of the distribution of H‐2 (b, d, k) antigens on the cell surface and viruses of Rauscher, Friend, Graffi, Mazurenko, Gross and SZ leukemia was carried out using the hybrid antibody test.

H‐2 antigens occupied different areas on the surface of the cells, but their average content per 100 randomly selected cells ranged from 13‐24% in different leukemias. The amount of mature viral particles with H‐2 antigens on their surface did not correspond to the average content of these antigens on leukemia cells and amounted to 7‐15%. H‐2 antigens never covered the entire surface of viral particles and the ferritin label, which made it possible to spot them, was not more than 5‐7 molecules. The same was true of viral buds, the majority of which, even on membrane sites with H‐2 antigens, were devoid of these antigens. Possible reasons for the absence of H‐2 antigens on mature and budding viruses are discussed.
Presence of carcinoembryonic antigen in children's colonic mucosa
Authors: Burtin P. , Sabine M. C. , Chavanel G.
Published: February 2007

The colonic mucosa of 48 young children, nine of them being over one year, and two being seven years old, was studied for the presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In all the cases, immunofluorescence with specific anti CEA antiserum was positive. Phytic extracts of three pools of juvenile colonic mucosae contained an antigen giving an identity reaction with reference CEA. CEA is thus a normal antigen in children's colonic mucosa.
The specificity of surface membrane immunofluorescence in human malignant melanoma
Authors: Lewis M. G. , Phillips T. M.
Published: February 2007

A study of membrane immunofluorescence on human malignant melanoma cells confirms previous preliminary reports indicating lack of significant cross‐reactivity with other melanoma sera, similar to that described in chemical carcinogen induced tumours. The importance of careful and critical appraisal of this technique is emphasized, and is supported by several other test systems, including cytotoxicity, demonstrating lack of cross‐reactivity. Multiple cross‐reactions with EB3 virus‐infected Burkitt lymphoma cells and glandular fever sera were clearly seen using the same methods of immunofluorescence and interpretation.
The kinetics of the killing of mouse tumour cells in vivo by immune responses
Authors: Porteous D. D. , Munro T. R.
Published: February 2007

Immune responses against the C3H mouse ascites tumour BP8 were studied in vivo by measuring the proportion of an inoculum that was killed in allogeneic C57BL animals. Killing was assayed by labelling the cells with 125IUdR; the 125I liberated from dead cells was excreted, and the proportion of label (and thus the proportion of cells) remaining was measured by whole‐body counting. Cell loss from the primary immune response began about a week after intraperitoneal injection of 107 cells, and was accelerated by addition of 107‐108 heavily irradiated cells to the inoculum. By contrast, it began immediately in immunized mice. Labelled cells irradiated with 10,000 R of X‐rays did not begin to lose 125I until 2 days after irradiation, and so could be used to investigate the immune status of an animal without fear of killing it.
Compared action of a polyoma‐virus‐specific inhibitor on the formation of polyoma capsid antigen and of polyoma tumor antigen
Authors: Meyer Georges , Cramer Robert , Yoshikura Hiroshi
Published: February 2007

A protein factor which can be extracted from polyoma‐virus‐transformed BHK 21 cells is shown not to inhibit a virus‐coded early function (tumour antigen formation), whereas it inhibits the formation of the virus capsid antigen.
Genetic properties of substituted derivatives of N‐methyl‐4‐aminoazobenzene in relation to azo‐dye carcinogenesis
Authors: Fahmy O. G. , Fahmy Myrtle J.
Published: February 2007

A comparative genetic study was undertaken with structurally related N‐methyl‐4‐aminoazobenzenes of varied chemical reactivities and carcinogenicities, including the parent N, N‐dimethyl azo dye (butter yellow) and model compounds of its suspected metabolites. The mutagenic activity of each compound was examined with respect to the specific effects on the heterochromatic bobbed (bb) and Minute (M) loci, relative to general mutability as indicated by the overall response of the X‐chromosome (recessive lethals and visibles) in the same treated genome.

The intrinsically non‐reactive compounds, such as the parent dye and its 3′‐methyl derivative, were inactive with respect to the general X‐chromosome mutations (mainly euchromatic genes) and the large heterochromatic M deletions, but were decisively active on the r‐RNA sites (yielding bb's), particularly in mature sperm. The N‐substituted reactive derivatives (amino‐oxy esters and chloroethylamines) were effective to various degrees for all mutational classes, but the reactivation of the ring methyl groups–as with the 3′‐chloromethyl compound–proved to be mutagenically ineffective.

Differential mutagenic effects were discernible among the tested azo dyes, with respect both to the affected genes and to the response of the germ cell stages. However, a close similarity occurred between the mutational spectra of the parent azo dye and its N‐benzoyloxy ester, both exerting maximal activity on the bb loci in mature sperm. This is in line with the biochemical evidence that metabolic activation of azo dyes probably proceeds via the formation of amino‐oxy esters.

The mutagenic activity and/or selectivity on the bb loci among the tested azo dyes appeared to be correlated with their carcinogenic potential. Specificity for these genes occurred with the hepatocarcinogenic parent dye and its 3′‐methyl derivative, and a high level of selectivity for these sites was also manifested by the N‐benzoyloxy ester which could be regarded as a precursor of the N‐hydroxy intermediate metabolite. The chloroethylamino derivatives produced a level of bb selectivity compatible with their possible in vivo conversion to alkylating carcinogens.

The genetic properties of the azo dyes were similar to those of other aromatic amines with comparable oncological activities and were in harmony with the concept that molecular deletions within the r‐RNA loci might be significant in cancer initiation.