bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol, Misperception, and Sexual Assault: How and Why Are They Linked?
Authors: Abbey Antonia , Ross Lisa Thomson , Mcduffie Donna , Mcauslan Pam
Published: November 2023

In our studies of sexual assault, both perpetrators and victims have described alcohol’s role in what occurred. One man justified forcing sex on his date by saying, “I was very drunk and upset by the fact that it was our prom night and she spent most of it helping someone throw up while I sat by myself.” Another man thought the assault occurred “because I was a little drunk and so was she. She wanted only to kiss and I misinterpreted this.” One young woman told of how she “wasn’t able to respond soon enough to his advances. Maybe I wasn’t aware of his serious intentions soon enough because of my drinking.” Another woman wrote, “I was very drunk and could not drive or get away from him even though we were in my car. He took me to a motel and carried me inside.” One man felt that the assault was due to his date’s drinking: “She asked for it [by being drunk] and she got it.” A woman explained her assault by writing, “because I allowed myself to drink beyond what I could handle and I trusted the man too much.”
Social Action for Battered Women
Authors: Roche Susan E , Sadoski Pam J
Published: November 2023

On September 13, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed the Violence Against Women Act into law as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is the most extensive support that the federal government has ever committed to improve, expand, and enhance services and community responses to abused women. It represents a major legislative advocacy success for the battered women’s movement and its allies and took more than two decades to achieve.

For those who have a long-term commitment to ending gender violence, it is important to recognize that history “is not something that happens necessarily, but something that can be made” (Freire, 1990, p. 9). The VAWA is but one powerful example of what is “historically possible” (p. 9) in pursuing a mission of social change on behalf of battered women. Battered women’s movements in the United States and globally have a twenty-year base of experience with social action and contemporary wisdom with which to inform the “critical optimism” (p. 9) in regard to sustaining their mission of social change. This chapter presents a national view of the experience and wisdom regarding social change in the U.S. battered women’s movement.
The Criminalization of Woman Battering: Planned Change Experiences in New York State
Authors: Frisch Lisa A , Caruso Joseph M
Published: November 2023

Each year, a staggering number of women, children, and the elderly are abused by intimates, family members, caretakers, and cohabitants. Although such violence impacts a wide range of victims, the abuse of adult women in intimate relationships is a problem that has long been inadequately addressed and continues to be a troublesome policy issue for criminal justice officials. This chapter focuses on woman battering, its legal and social history, and the various attempts to change the social, legal, and political responses to the problem.

The terms domestic violence, woman battering, partner abuse, wife beating, and spouse abuse are often used interchangeably and are generally defined as physical abuse between those engaged in an intimate relationship (Rush, 1991, p. 106). The nature of the relationship however, is not the only distinction between domestic violence and stranger assault. Domestic violence is unique in that it embodies a continuum of coercive behaviors that includes physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, and/or economic abuses that tend to escalate in frequency and severity over time (Carter, Heisler, & Lemon, 1991; Hart et al., 1990).
The Big Bang and the Horizon Problem
Authors: Earman John
Published: November 2023

Discussions from the recent astrophysics literature on observability, horizons, and the like have trickled down to the level of philosophical consciousness, at least in a folkloric way. For example, the folklore contains the wisdom that the standard big bang cosmological models contain particle horizons, that when this fact is coupled with the observed isotropy of the 3 K cosmic background radiation there arises a “horizon problem,” and that inflationary cosmology solves this problem. Like most folklore, this example contains some truth and a number of distortions. There is a need to set the record straight and to correct some fundamental misimpressions about observability and horizons in relativistic cosmoiogical theories. But more is at stake than correcting some misimpressions. The horizon problem provides an interesting test case for accounts of scientific explanation, for the perception of a “problem” in connection with particle horizons in standard big bang cosmology depends on views about what features a good scientific explanation should have. While this matter has received little attention in the philosophical literature, it has played an important role in guiding research in relativistic cosmology.
Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

The Theme of American Exceptionalism Permeated Writing about the United States from its beginning but has come under attack in recent years. Ever since Hector St. John Crèvecoeur asked his famous question in 1782, “What Is the American, This New Man?” native and foreign commentators alike have sought to define what supposedly makes the United States exceptional, indeed unique, among peoples of the world. Reaching the height of its influence in the 1950s, the exceptionalist school argued that something special about the American experience—whether it was abundance, free land on the frontier, the absence of a feudal past, exceptional mobility and the relative lack of class conflict, or the pragmatic and consensual liberalism of our politics—set the American people apart from the rest of humankind.
The War of Southern Aggression
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

“South Carolina,” Wrote One of The State’s Few Opponents of secession in 1860, “is too small for a republic, but too large for an insane asylum.” In earlier years most Southerners outside the Palmetto State would have agreed. In 1832 no other state joined South Carolina in its “nullification” of a national tariff law that Carolina planters viewed as discriminatory against plantation agriculture. On that occasion the Carolina planters and their allies backed down rather than face the wrath of President Andrew Jackson, who vowed to send in the army and hang the ringleaders of nullification. Again in 1851 they had to contain their zeal for a separate slaveholding republic when other Southern states refused to secede in protest against the Compromise of 1850, which had admitted California as a free state.
Race and Class in the Crucible of War
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

Social History Since The 1960s Has Become The Liveliest field of American history. Historians have been using evidence about class, race, ethnicity, and gender to gain insight into Americans’ everyday lives—their work and leisure, their culture and ideology, their relations with one another and with the political and economic systems under which they have lived. From that research have come new perspectives that have increased our understanding of the American past—especially the past lives of blacks, women, ethnic minorities, and blue-collar workers.
Reason and Induction
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

The celebrated Monsieur Leibnitz has observed it to be a defect in the common systems of logic, that they are very copious when they explain the operations of the under standing in the forming of demonstrations, but are too concise when they treat of probabilities, and those other measures of evidence on which life and action intirely depend, and which are our guides even in most of our philosophical speculations.
Liberty and Necessity
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

The Scientific Revolution demanded a rethinking of the relation between human beings and nature. The success of mechanistic explanation led to conceptions of the causal relation that take events, rather than substances, as the most fundamental relata. This change is evident in Hume’s own analysis of causation in terms of constant conjunction, and even more so in his applications of it, despite his own lingering use of the broad term ‘objects’ to refer to potential causes and effects.
Miracles
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

The Scientific Revolution posed questions not only about the relation between nature and human actions but also about the relation between nature and divine actions, and about the existence of divine actions in or alongside nature. In the face of a mechanistic universe from which God appeared to stand aloof, many theologians claimed that the historical occurrence of miracles in conjunction with divine revelation, as established by the testimony of scripture, was a primary source of evidence for the truth of Christianity.
Personal Identity
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

For the eighteenth century, the nature of personal identity was not simply a metaphysical puzzle. Rather, it was a philosophical problem with conse-quences not only for temporal moral responsibility but also for the justice of divine rewards and punishments in the afterlife. Skepticism concerning the existence of nonphysical, substantial souls exacerbated the problem. It was largely in order to defend the justice of divine rewards and punishments in the face of his own relative agnosticism about substantial souls that Locke offered his reductive empiricist analysis of personal identity in terms of consciousness and memory.1
Skepticism and Commitment
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

While the Scientific Revolution offered new answers to some questions, it also raised new questions and reinstated old ones, questions concerning both the structure of the universe, on the one hand, and the powers of the human cognitive instrument, on the other. As the authority of Aristotelian explanations decayed and the writings of ancient skeptics became better known, European philosophy became increasingly interested in the uses of skepticism and the status of skeptical arguments.
Me’s and We’s Forms and Functions of Social Identities
Authors: Thoits Peggy A , Virshup Lauren K
Published: November 2023

While the concept of “social self’’ or “social identity” has always had multiple meanings, two predominant conceptions of social identity can be found in the social psychological literature. For simplicity, we will term these two conceptions “me’s” and “we’s,” or for variety, “individuallevel” and “collective-level” identities, or more briefly, “individual” and “collective” identities. Individual-level me’s are identifications of the self as a certain kind of person, using broad social categories to describe “who I am.” Collective-level we’s are identifications of the self with a group as a whole, using broad social categories to describe “who we are.”1 Because, as will be seen, both types of identity are social in origin, we must use terms other than “social identity” to distinguish between them.
Man and the Mass: Reality and the Heroic Image in War
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

War is essentially a military confrontation between two armed groups or organizations of men; yet, at the same time, war seems to present an image of heroic individuals on whose supreme qualities its outcome depends. Whereas the first image denotes an impersonal mass, the second implies the centrality of personal valor. Since this fundamental contradiction between the heroic image of war and its reality can be traced far back in history, and is clearly just as prevalent—or, indeed, much exacerbated—in modem armed conflicts, it appears to constitute an inherent component of the phenomenon of war as such. Thus, one question to be posed in this chapter is: Why is this tension between the abstract ideals and brutal facts of war so persistent, what purpose does it serve, at what price, and what does it tell us about the nature of human warfare? More specifically, I will attempt to gauge the impact of industrial killing in the Great War on traditional Western perceptions of individual heroism. Finally, and by way of introducing the next chapter, I will suggest some links between the effects of modem warfare on the individual’s relationship with the mass, and the emergence of genocide as a characteristic phenomenon of the twentieth century.
Intellectual Life
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

The day started off poorly. The small Wesleyan chapel in the upstate New York town of Seneca Falls was locked, and Elizabeth Cady Stan ton had to send her nephew scampering through a window to open the doors from the inside. But the rest of the meeting went splendidly. Some of the individuals who had helped organize this first women’s rights convention feared it would be poorly attended. But they needn’t have worried. Even though announcements were issued only a few days before the July 1848 meeting, 300 people, mostly women, at tended. The gathering at Seneca Falls focused on improving the condition of women. But the convention was also representative of the broad waves of reform that rolled across the North in the 1830s, ‘40s, and ‘50s. Many of the delegates had taken part in other campaigns for perfecting humanity. Stanton and Lucretia Mott-the leaders at Seneca Falls-had first met as delegates to an antislavery gathering. Even the language of the Seneca Falls declaration, which affirmed a belief in the God-given potential of individuals, was familiar to northern reformers. “It is time,” the meeting resolved, that “she [“woman”] should move in the enlarged sphere which her great Creator has assigned her.
The Paths Converge: 1940 to 1975
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

In all three regions long-standing patterns of thought and behavior changed dramatically between 1940 and 1975. The traditional, non-entrepreneurial outlook of southerners and French Canadians gradually yielded to a more commercial mind-set. Powerful institutions such as sharecropping in the South and the Catholic Church in Quebec-declined in importance. Such changes accelerated growth in these two sections, which for more than a century had lagged far behind the North. By contrast, the triumph of the corporate economy in the northern states dulled the business ethos that long had driven the growth of that area. The stage was set for economic decline. But (and the but here is important) these changes had only begun. Older pat terns of thought and behavior persisted. In 1975 as in 1940 northern ers remained more business-minded and more productive than southerners or French Canadians. The gap in the standard of living between the North, on the one hand, and the South and Quebec, on the other, had lessened but had not been erased.
Accretion And Evolution Of Water
Authors: Carr Michael H
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters we have built a case for extensive modification of the surface by water. In this chapter we discuss what the total inventory of water near the surface of the planet might be and how it may have evolved and been redistributed with time. Water is only one volatile species. Its fate is likely to have been coupled to the fate of other volatiles, such as CO2, N2, and the noble gases, so these are also briefly discussed. Up to this point the book has been mainly concerned with surface morphology because it has provided most of the evidence that Mars is water rich and that water has played a prominent role in the evolution of the planet. Indeed, had the surface been masked from the view of spacecraft and only the atmosphere been accessible to measurements, water would not have been an issue, at least until recently. But quantitative measures of the amount of water from geology alone are difficult to obtain, and in this chapter we examine some of the geochemical evidence for the evolution of water.
Stretching The Imagination
Authors: Cornoldi Cesare , Logie Robert H , Brandimonte Maria A , Kaufmann Geir , Reisberg Daniel
Published: November 2023

This is the first volume in the Counterpoints Series, which explores the issues being debated in psychology, child development, linguistics, and neuroscience. Each volume consists of the presentation of three or four extensive chapters by researchers representing key points of view on the issue. This text examines one of the liveliest areas of debate in psychology today, the relationship between perception and mental imagery. A variety of recent studies have pointed to the existence of a strong relationship between memory and mental representation, while others have shown that images are open to reinterpretation and manipulation, and are therefore not merely static impressions or mental representations of memories. Three core chapters by researchers in the midst of this debate--Maria Brandimonte, Geir Kaufmann, and Dan Reisberg--make up the central portion of this text. The first chapter is a historical overview of the problem as well as a review of the research in psychology and the argument as it has developed in related fields, such as philosophy and artificial intelligence. The last chapter pulls together all of the positions and points to new areas of research which may help uncover an explanation for the apparent contradictions in the research. Students and researchers in psychology and cognitive psychology will benefit from this comprehensive look at this heated debate.
The Many Faces of Mental Imagery
Authors: Kaufmann Geir
Published: November 2023

A particularly recalcitrant problem in the philosophy and science of mind has been the clarification of the nature and function of imagery. The debate has been particularly long-standing and heated both in psychology and philosophy. This may seem strange since mental imagery seems to be a fairly minor, and even remote, corner of the mind. Some people (e.g., John B. Watson) even claimed that they did not have any mental imagery, and that they did well without it! Galton (1883) argued that imagery was a primitive form of cognition, prevalent in children and housewives. Yet an overwhelming amount of empirical evidence seems to show that imagery is a remarkably effective mediator of cognitive performance, ranging from short-term memory to creativity.
Progressive Rock, “Close to the Edge,” and the Boundaries of Style
Authors: Covach John
Published: November 2023

“Progressive rock;’ “classical rock;’ “art rock;’ “symphonic rock”—these labels have been used over the last twenty-five years by various authors to designate a style of popular music developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, primarily by British rock musicians.I During this time groups such as King Crimson, the Moody Blues, Proco Harum, the Nice (and later Emerson, Lake, and Palmer), Gentle Giant, Genesis, Yes, Jethro Tull, Van der Graaf Generator, and Deep Purple attempted to blend late-’60s and early-’70s rock and pop with elements drawn from the Western art-music tradition. This attempt to develop a kind of”concert-hall rock”—which was nevertheless still often performed in stadiums and arenas—was the result of a tendency on the part of some rockers and their fans to view rock as “listening music” (as opposed to dance music), an aesthetic trend that Wilfrid Mellers attributes to the influence of the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band of 1967.
After Sundown
Authors: Harrison Daniel
Published: November 2023

Sometimes it happens in this crazy world that the cartoon becomes great art, the self-indulgent reveals generosity, the absurd comes to contain meaning, the silly shows profundity. Sometimes drinking songs end up as national anthems, young shepherds defeat giant warriors, and Hollywood personalities become leaders of the free world.

Sometimes raucous singing at an innocent party shows a keen artistic consciousness, and inscrutable, off-the-wall songs that fail as rock music succeed as chic, minimalist art music. Sometimes musicians who gain fame hymning to surfboards and hot rods, who record not in stereophonic splendor but in monophonic modesty—sometimes such a group succeeds in honing for a little while an edge that cuts open convention, prunes away proprieties, and clears the way for a music that both taps your foot and feeds your head.
United States California’s Reporting System
Authors: Lawrence-Karski Ruth
Published: November 2023

The maltreatment, misuse, and neglect of children are recognized as a serious social problem in the United States. Although children have been the subject of various types of maltreatment in different historical periods, concern for maltreated children now prompts action from private citizens and the government. As Nelson (1984) notes, a specific definition of this problem has been recognized, adopted, promoted, and maintained by the federal bureaucracy, state legislatures, and Congress.
The Netherlands Responding to Abuse-Compassion or Control?
Authors: Roelofs Marian A S , Baartman Herman E M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we describe the child abuse and neglect reporting system and the methods of intervention used in the Netherlands. First we discuss some recent developments concerning public awareness of child abuse and neglect. To make these developments understandable we have to place them in a historical context that illustrates how the attention paid to child abuse since the beginning of the 1970s relates to a tradition of child protection, which goes back to the turn of the century. Second we discuss the meaning of the concept of child maltreatment, especially with regard to its judicial implications. Third the Dutch system of reporting cases of child abuse and, more specifically, the Dutch Confidential Doctor Offices (Bureau Vertrouwensarts) and their strategies are described. Fourth we describe some recent trends in reporting child abuse and in the policy of placements. Finally some current dilemmas with regard to child abuse policies are discussed.
Occupational Risk
Authors: Liles W Conrad , Stamm Waltere.
Published: November 2023

The risk of acquisition of HIV by health care workers who sustain a needlestick injury or similar percutaneous injury involving HIV-infected blood is currently estimated to be approximately 0.3 percent. Thus, the magnitude of risk of acquiring HIV from a discrete percutaneous exposure is less than the risks associated with exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). With HBV, the infection rate ranges from 5 percent following exposure to an HBV e-antigen-negative source to 43 percent following exposure to an HBV e-antigen-positive source; with HCV, the rates range from 1 to 3 percent.
Psychoanalysis, Memory, And Trauma
Authors: Galatzer-Levy Robert M
Published: November 2023

During the hot Vienna summer of 1882 physician Josef Breuer observed his young patient, Anna O.: ‘‘ She would take up the glass of water she longed for, but as soon as it touched her lips she would push it away. This had lasted for some six weeks, when one day during hypnosis she grumbled about her English lady-companion whom she did not care for, and went on to describe, with every sign of disgust, how she had once gone into that lady’s room and how her little dog-horrid creature!-had drunk out of a glass there. The patient had said nothing, as she had wanted to be polite. After giving further energetic expression to the anger she had held back, she asked for something to drink, drank a large quantity of water without any difficulty and woke from her hypnosis with the glass at her lips; and thereupon the disturbance vanished, never to return” (pp. 34-35). Breuer and Freud observed that when hysterical patients remembered, with affect, the circumstances in which a symptom arose, that symptom disappeared. Thus began the study of the relationship between bad events, memory, and symptoms.
Memory And Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Golier Julia A , Yehuda Rachel , Southwick Steven
Published: November 2023

This chapter will focus on the memories of those who have endured traumatic events as adults, particularly those who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a relatively new diagnostic category that incorporates symptoms resulting from exposure to life-threatening events. Many of these symptoms are related to memory. For example, the re-experiencing symptom cluster is defined by the persistence of traumatic memories in forms that are distressing and sometimes distorted, such as intrusive thoughts, nightmares, or dissociative flashbacks. Paradoxically, in addition to persistent and intrusive memories, survivors often complain of an inability to recall important aspects of their traumatic experience, a phenomenon formerly called ‘‘psychogenic amnesia.’’ Additionally, individuals with PTSD also suffer from other symptoms related to memory such as poor concentration and impaired attention.
The Fox Runs as Long as He Has Feet
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

In April 1683 one of George Fox’s female disciples, visiting London from Cambridge, came to see her leader. Ann Docwra had heard from a hypercritical relative that Fox lived as well as any knight in England, was as big as two or three, and spent his time dozing, in a near stupor from liquor and brandies. She found a big man, true, taller than the average, big boned, his face rounded, a bit on the fat side, but not incapacitated, either by liquor or languor. When she approached, he was dining, his fare this day a piece of salty beef the size of a man’s hand, his drink a beer flavored with wormwood, a bitter aniselike herb. Docwra declined an invitation to eat—she did not care for the food—though her host, she understood, ate it regularly. He moved stiffly, and his hands and fingers were so puffy he could not write. Fox, feeling her critical eye, told her that she should not look to him but to the light and grace of God in her own heart by which she would see the truth and its enemies. Docwra left impressed.
One Voice and Many Legs: Oedipus and the Riddle of the Sphinx
Authors: Rokem Freddie
Published: November 2023

In the third book of The Library, Apollodorus relates how, after the burial of Laius, Creon, his brother-in-law, took over the rule of Thebes. During his reign, however, a great calamity in the form of a Sphinx befell the city. This hybrid creature sent by Hera “had the face of a woman, the breast and feet and tail of a lion, and the wings of a bird,” and “having learned a riddle from the Muses she sat on Mount Phicium, and propounded it to the Thebans.” The oracle declared that as long as they couldnot answer its riddle, the Sphinx would snatch away different individuals from the city and “gobble” them up.
“We Let the Women Do the Talking”: Bab’i Bunty and the Anatomy of Peasant Revolt
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: November 2023

Bab’ i bunty were a specific type of peasant riot. They were the most prominent symptom of March fever and best exemplified the forms and rituals of peasant rebellion during collectivization. The term bab’i bunty may be translated literally as “women’s riots,” yet this translation does not begin to do justice to its specific cultural and historical evocations. Babii (singular adjective) is a colloquial expression for women that refers in particular to country women with country ways. The baba (singular noun) is most often perceived as illiterate, ignorant (in the broader sense of nekul’turnaia), superstitious, a rumor-monger, and, in general, given to irrational outbursts of hysteria.
Prospects for Fair Reform
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L
Published: November 2023

Applying the benchmarks of fairness to current changes in our health care system, as we did in chapter 6, yields the provisional judgment that our system is becoming less fair in important ways. This judgment is provisional because the evidence about these trends is incomplete and because the time period during which the trends were assessed is so short. A larger question is raised, however, by the scope and speed of the trends we surveyed, especially the rapid expansion of managed care and the corporatization of larger sectors of our health care system. These trends fundamentally alter the organization of our delivery system. Perhaps more important, they change in basic ways the culture that has pervaded our delivery system throughout this century. Will these trends and the changes they produce in the attitudes and values of those who organize and deliver health care make the system harder to reform fairly in the long run? Will reform that would score highly on our ten benchmarks be more difficult to achieve?
Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders in Patients with Advanced Cancer
Authors: Ripamonti Carla , Rodriguez Carlos
Published: November 2023

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders can be defined as abnormalities in smooth muscle contraction secondary to neural, humoral, and myogenic dysfunction.

There are many symptoms associated with impaired GI motility. They include pyrosis, chest pain, dysphagia, regurgitation, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, bloating, abdominal distention, constipation, diarrhea, and halitosis. Among these symptoms, only a few are organ specific (i.e., dysphagia and fecal incontinence). Table 4.1 shows the frequency of some of the symptoms reported by patients with GI motility disorders.
Intraindividual Variability in Opioid Response: A Role for Sequential Opioid Trials in Patient Care
Authors: Watanabe Sharon
Published: November 2023

Intraindividual variability in response to different opioids, or to the same opioid over time, is a commonly appreciated clinical phenomenon. Variability may be manifested in the relative intensity of analgesic and nonanalgesic effects, and in the spectrum of nonanalgesic effects experienced. Recent literature has suggested a role for sequential opioid trials when the balance between analgesia and adverse effects is unfavorable. This chapter will review the evidence for the existence of this phenomenon, the possible underlying mechanisms, and implications for clinical practice.
The Family as a Unit of Treatment
Authors: Kristjanson Linda J
Published: November 2023

Families of terminally ill cancer patients are not neutral bystanders to the illness experience. The literature documents the stressful nature of a family member’s terminal illness on family members and recommends that health professionals view the family as the unit of treatment. But just how reliable, valid, and useful is the research supporting the family as a unit of treatment?
Families in Pediatric Palliative Care
Authors: Davies Betit , Steele Rose
Published: November 2023

Family-centered care is a basic tenet of palliative care philosophy. Hospice care recognizes that terminally ill patients are not isolated, but exist within the family system. In pediatrics, the focus on families becomes even more critical. The child’s illness affects the whole family, and in turn, the family’s responses have their impact on the child. In addition, because of the child’s dependency, the family becomes a partner in care more so than in adult palliative care-pediatric palliative care involves the child-family unit in all aspects of care and decision making.
Bach
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Bach wrote these works about 1720, and presumably led and took part in their first performances at the court of Cothen soon after their composition. They were almost certainly introduced singly, not as a set. Bach played the harpsichord in the Concerto No. 5, and probably played violin in the first four concertos and viola in No. 6. The scoring is discussed in the notes on the individual works. When Bach assumed the post of Capellmeister to His Most Serene Highness Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Cothen, in 1717, he made that move in the hope of spending the rest of his life there. The court was Calvinist and thus required no church music, and Bach enjoyed the change of not being primarily an organist and the challenge of providing great quantities of solo, chamber, and orchestral music. His new patron, just twenty-three, loved music and played the violin, the viola da gamba, and keyboards skillfully. But the idyll was spoiled when Bach’s wife died suddenly in the summer of 1720, and the next year the professional scene darkened when the prince married. His musical interests, Bach recalled later, became “somewhat lukewarm, the more so since the new Princess seemed to be alien to the muses.” In fact the Amusa, as Bach called her, soon died, and Leopold’s second wife was a sympathetic and sensitive patron, but by then Bach was restless and determined to leave.
Brahms
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Using some material that goes back to 1854 and was originally intended for other purposes and designs, Brahms completed his Piano Concerto No. 1 early in 1858, but continued to tinker with details of the first movement even after the first performances. With Joseph Joachim conducting the Hanover Court Orchestra, where he had a royal appointment as concertmaster, Brahms played a reading rehearsal on 30 March 1858 and gave the first public performance with the same partners on 22 January 1859. No one should be deprived of the pleasure of knowing that the first performance in England (apparently an excellent one) was by a Miss Baglehole (first name not given).
Rachmaninoff
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff was born at Semyonovo, district of Starorusky, Russia, on 1 April 1873 and died in Beverly Hills, California, on 28 March 1943. Using some material that goes back to the early 1890s, Rachmaninoff wrote the second and third movements of this Concerto in the fall of 1900 and performed them in Moscow on 15 December that year; his teacher and first cousin, Alexander Siloti, conducted. Rachmaninoff completed the first movement on 4 May 1901 and was soloist at the first complete performance on 9 November that year, again in Moscow and again with Siloti on the podium. The score is dedicated to Dr. Nikolai Dahl. Prokofiev began the Piano Concerto No. 2 in the winter of 1912-1913, completing it in April 1913, while still a student at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.
Shostakovich
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Shostakovich wrote this Concerto in 1959. Mstislav Rostropovich received his copy on 2 August, learned and memorized the work in four days, played it for the composer at his dacha on 6 August with the pianist Alexander Dedyukhin, and gave the first performance on 4 October, with Yevgeny Mravinsky conducting the Leningrad Philharmonic. The concerto is dedicated to Rostropovich. The Cello Concerto No. 1-Shostakovich wrote another, also for Rostropovich, in 1966-comes from one of the calmer periods in this much-buffeted composer’s life. Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization campaign was in full swing; it Sessions began the first movement of his Violin Concerto in 1930 in Rome, continuing the following year at Lutjenberg, a resort on the Baltic Sea, and in Berlin and Hamburg. He wrote the second and third movements over the next two years, for the most part in Berlin, though he finished the third movement in Massachusetts. Sessions wrote the finale in San Francisco in the summer of 1935 and the score is dated “San Francisco, Calif., August 1935”; however, the orchestration was not completed until the fall of that year, in New York.
Functionalism Cognitive Science or Science Fiction?
Authors: Putnam Hilary
Published: November 2023

There is an ancient form of “functionalism”-so Martha Nussbaum and I have argued-that can be found in Aristotle’s De Anima. This is the view that our psyches can best be viewed not as material or immaterial organs or things but as capacities and functions and ways we are organized to function. In that wide sense of the term, I am still a functionalist. In this chapter, however, I will be considering a contemporary rather than an ancient way of specifying what it is to be a functionalist, one I myself introduced in a series of papers beginning in 1960.
Metasubjective Processes The Missing Lingua Franca of Cognitive Science
Authors: Pascual-Leone Juan
Published: November 2023

Cognitive science has brought with it a keen awareness of the difference between process and performance in humans, and forced recognition that high cognitive functions in humans (thinking, problem solving, intelligence, creativity, etc.) are not reducible to perceptual/motor or learning processes. Human performance, objective as much as subjective, is often construed by cognitive science as caused by brain processes that can be properly modeled by logico-mathematical means (computer programs, neuronal-connectionist instantiations, etc.); or, in a more idealist Galilean epistemology, as processes that literally are logico-mathematical and rulegoverned (i.e., formally equivalent to computer programs, connectionist networks, or complex electronic machines). This latter claim, often called the hard cognitive science (computer-reductionist) assumption, does literally construe humans as biological computing machines; this is the position against which I argue and for which I offer a methodological remedy.
Language from an lnternalist Perspective
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: November 2023

These remarks have a narrow and a broader concern. The specific focus is the character and scope of an approach to language that arguably underlies much current empirical work, and some questions about its status. The broader concern, which I will mention only briefly and inadequately, has to do with what lies beyond. Many questions remain untouched, but it is not clear that they are amenable to theoretical inquiry in any terms, at least for now. Perhaps they are of the kind that can be raised, but without serious intent, such as: “Why do things happen the way they do?,” or “How do things work?”-pseudo-questions, to be understood only as indicating areas that one might want to explore, not as requests for a specific answer.
The Cognitive Revolution from an Ecological Point of View
Authors: Reed Edward
Published: November 2023

Within psychology, the so-called cognitive revolution was spearheaded by the information-processing approach. This approach to psychology emerged in the wake of World War II developments in the engineering theory of information and control. Human beings were conceived of as special elements in communication and control systems (Broadbent, 1958; Leahey, 1992), elements that receive, process, and transmit information, sometimes acting to change the control parameters of the system within which they are embedded.
Geometric Approaches to the Nexus of Time, Space, and Microprocess: Implementing a Practical Model for Mundane Socio-Spatial Systems
Authors: Forer Pip
Published: November 2023

The nomenclature in the area of spatio-temporal reasoning has historically been very confused. In this chapter, time-space is taken to mean space defined by travel times between points (after Janelle, 1968); space-time means a conceptualization of space (i.e., separation) and time as part of a 3- or 4-D continuum-in the manner but not in the terms of Hiigerstrand and co-workers in the Lund School who originally also used the term time-space for this very different purpose (Hiigerstrand, 1970, Carlstein et al., 1978); an event is an occurrence in space-time in between zero and four dimensions and; space is taken to mean a comprehensive set of inter-point separations (distances) defined for a spatial sys tem but not conforming to a continuous metric in a small number of dimensions. In the fields of time geography and geographic information systems (GISs) there are several approaches to modeling time. The appropriate syntax for de scribing and querying events within a relational database format has attracted much concern, major aspects of which are listed in Al-Taha et al. (1994). This body of work, with its acknowledgment of space, has complemented a wider search for embodying time queries in a non-spatial context (e.g., Ahn, 1990; Kim et al., 1990; Snodgrass, 1992). On a broad scale, the significance for GIS of relational or object-oriented database management systems (DBMS) with time functionality has not been lost, whether for managing audit trails of frequently changing coverage themes, for extending Boolean analyses to patterns of change, or for evolving better models of process.
A Representational Framework for Geographic Modeling
Authors: Smyth C Stephen
Published: November 2023

Geographic modeling is the representation of complete spatio-temporal environments in geographic space and time. A geographic model is a realistic abstraction of all or part of the physical world or some part of the built or altered environment that can be manipulated to analyze the past, define the present, and to con sider possibilities of the future. All geographic models contain or relate to the same entity: the planet Earth as conceived of by the human mind. As a consequence, there are many similarities between models. A theory of geographic modeling must clearly define these common structures, while providing for the specialized needs of individual geo graphic modeling applications.
Temporal Dynamics and Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Stead Stephen D
Published: November 2023

A temporal geographic information system (TGIS) can be characterized as “a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and displaying spatially and temporally referenced data from the real world for a particular set of purposes” (after Burrough, 1986, p. 6). Time can be visualized as a set of time lines. A time line is a single ordered line of time along which temporal extent of data values may be plotted, where a value can only exist in one state at any one time: the line may not go back and overlap itself. (Langran and Chris man, 1988) The real world operates along one such time line. A computer system’s knowledge of the real world operates along another line. This is often called system time. Alternative scenarios are simulations of a real world given a set of inputs that are hypothetical. Each operate along their own individual time line. They can be used to model possible futures, for instance, the results of a planning decision, or to test alternative explanations of the past. This can be of great power when considering the links between natural and person-made phenomenon, for instance, climate and settlement patterns or river courses and the placement of defensive works.
Alcoholism in America:Extent, Diagnosis, Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention
Authors: Nathan Peter E
Published: November 2023

How Many Americans Suffer from Alcohol-Related Disorders? Between 5 and 7 percent of the U.S. population, or between 14 million and 16 million people, meet DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence (NIAAA, 1993). Annual per capita alcohol consumption in America has remained generally steady over the past 150 years, with two exceptions: during the 14 years of Prohibition from 1919 to 1933 and since about 1960, which first saw a rise in alcohol consumption and then a fall. Rates of alcohol abuse and dependence have probably remained steady over the same time span (Horgan, 1993).
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders as a Loss of the Meaning of Life
Authors: Magomed-Eminov Madrudin S
Published: November 2023

War never ends for those who have suffered through it. Those who committed the atrocities of death and destruction, those who witnessed them, and those who suffered at the hands of their enemies are sentenced to a life of recurring memories from which they cannot escape. For these multiple victims, the psychic war continues long after they have returned from the battlefield, their towns have been rebuilt, and their respective governments have resumed trade and promoted tourism. The psychological sequelae of war and other traumatic events show a distinct pattern of symptoms that are known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The approach that has been used in the laboratories and clinical settings in the former Soviet countries is to understand the aftermath of traumatic events as an existential crisis.
Gerontological Psychology: The Western Perspective
Authors: Salthouse Timothy A
Published: November 2023

The material to be discussed in this chapter is necessarily selective because gerontological psychology is far too large a topic to provide comprehensive coverage of the field within a single chapter. I have nevertheless attempted to maximize the breadth of the coverage by relying on articles published in one of the major journals in the field, Psychology and Aging, during the last four years to help identify major topics for inclusion. The coverage is still selective because some areas (e.g., death and dying) are not well represented in that journal and also because my lack of familiarity with some areas that are published in the journal may mean that I have not fully appreciated the significance of a given topic.
Picasso’s “dusty manikins”
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde
Published: November 2023

Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is a striking composition of five nude figures, only a few of which are obviously feminine (figure 2.1). The figure in the center has her arms lifted and crossed above her head; her dark eyes stare straight ahead with a blank expression. She and the figure immediately to her left flaunt their nudity, but the leftmost figure is a more staid observer of the scene. The fruit dish in the foreground, filled with grapes, an apple, and a slice of watermelon, is depicted in so flat a manner as to underscore the two-dimensionality of the image. Both fruits and bodies hardly resemble their natural counterparts.
Introduction: The Study of Spontaneous Facial Expressions in Psychology
Authors: Rosenberg Erika L
Published: November 2023

Much of the research in which facial behavior has been measured and related to other variables is unknown to many psychologists because the work has been published in a wide variety of places. In addition to journals in psychology, many studies have appeared in journals of psychiatry, European journals, and journals of medicine. This unique book presents previously published articles on spontaneous facial expression in a single volume, so that they may be more accessible to interested scholars and practitioners. It also contains afterwords by the authors that offer the reader a glimpse of the researchers’ current thinking on the issues addressed in their articles.
Components and Recognition of Facial Expression in the Communication of Emotion by Actors
Authors: Gosselin Pierre , Kirouac Gilles , Dore Franyois Y
Published: November 2023

According to psychoevolutionist theories (Ekman, 1984, 1993; Izard, 1977; Izard & Malatesta, 1987; Plutchik, 1980), facial expressions play an important role in the communication of emotion and in the regulation of social interactions. The information provided by facial displays allows protagonists involved in social interactions to mutually appraise their emotional states and adjust their behavior in the appropriate way. One phenomenon that contributes to the complexity of the communication of emotion is the control that human beings have of their facial expressions. According to Ekman (1977) and Malatesta and Izard (1984), many control strategies may be used, such as attenuating, amplifying, simulating, or masking the expression of an emotion. The ability of human beings to control their facial expressions raises several issues. One of the main issues is the degree of similarity between facial expressions of genuine emotions and those of simulated emotions. Given that simulation is a strategy commonly used by the encoder to convince the decoder that an emotion is felt, it is justified to assume that facial expressions of simulated emotions are good reproductions of those of genuine emotions.