bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric assessment
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: September 2016

Clinical assessment of patients and therapeutic interaction relies on the clinician’s interpersonal skills. The psychiatric interview serves the purposes to understand signs and symptoms in terms of their (maladaptive) meaning, to ascertain a (preliminary) diagnosis, and to initiate therapy. The clinician’s task, therefore, is to simultaneously listen to the patient’s subjective report, observe the patient’s non-verbal and paraverbal behaviour, and be attentive to his or her own emotional reactions (self-reflection). Specifically, sometimes the non-verbal expressions of behaviour tell more about a patient’s inner state than his or her verbal report, simply because the former is less under conscious control. The traditional psychiatric terminology distinguished between cognitive, emotional, and behavioural manifestations of psychopathology. An ethology-based description of non-verbal behaviours according to the meaning of the behavioural unit (eye contact, affiliation, assertiveness, flight, ambivalence, relaxation) is suitable to complement the traditional examination.
Anxiety disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: September 2016

Anxiety disorders comprise a group of syndromes that revolve around fear or worry elicited by specific situations and objects (i.e. phobias), or occurring independently of specific triggers (general anxiety disorder). They are accompanied by autonomic nervous system activation, including sweating, tachycardia, tremor, and nausea. Avoidance of the precipitating stimulus is typical. Anxiety disorders occur in response to perceived danger or threat. Accordingly, flight or freezing may follow. At the cognitive level, anxiety disorders are associated with increased uncertainty about future threats, and at the emotional level with feelings of uncontrollability and unpredictability. Like depression, anxiety disorders are concerned with harm avoidance and defence. Fear and anxiety are among the most common evolutionarily conserved emotions. Following the analogy of the smoke detector, thresholds for fear responses are low, which may explain why so many false alarms occur. Threshold-lowering factors include impending abandonment or the perception of social threat.
Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: September 2016

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders occur following exposure to a traumatic or other stressful event. They differ according to the timing of exposure and age at manifestation. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops following exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual assault. Intrusions, distressing dreams, dissociative reactions (flashbacks), intense psychological distress, and physiological stress responses at exposure to internal of external cues that symbolize aspects of the traumatic event are typical for PTSD. Behaviourally, PTSD reflects a strategy of defence involving avoidance, attentive immobility, withdrawal, aggressive defence, appeasement, and tonic immobility, some of which are ancient vertebrate heritage. These defence mechanisms are preceded by heightened vigilance and risk assessment. Persistent stress responses often occur when important biosocial goals had been thwarted by the traumatic event. Species with long life-history patterns may be more vulnerable to developing PTSD than species with short life cycles.
Sexual dysfunctions
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: September 2016

Sexual dysfunctions comprise heterogeneous disorders that are characterized by disturbed sexual responsiveness, reduced sexual desire, or problems in experiencing sexual pleasure. Women more frequently have problems in experiencing sexual arousal and pleasure, whereas men more often suffer from erectile dysfunction or dysfunctional ejaculation. From an evolutionary point of view, many sexual dysfunctions are caused by conflict relating to intra- and intersexual competition or cultural practices of controlling sexual activity of the opposite sex. Suppression of sexual interest in women may, for example, occur in patrilocal societies, where curbing one’s daughter’s sexual activity before her arranged marriage may eventually increase the parents’ reproductive success. Evolutionary hypotheses of female orgasm suggest that the function of orgasm in women could signal satisfaction and fidelity to their male partners. Premature ejaculation in men may relate to performance anxiety. Finally, hormonal contraceptives impact on the experience of sexual pleasure and mate choice in relevant ways.
Suicidal and self-injurious behaviour
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: September 2016

Suicidal behaviour is defined as a conscious, intentional act that aims at terminating one’s life. Parasuicidal or deliberate self-injurious behaviour usually has no terminal intent. Self-injurious behaviour may be appellative or ambivalently motivated. Suicidal behaviour expresses the desire to reduce emotional pain or anger directed towards self or others. Moreover, abnormal perception and interpretation of one’s own situation may be causally related to suicidal behaviour. Thus, suicidal behaviour or suicide attempt usually have a communicative meaning. Childhood adversity and psychiatric disorders increase the risk for suicidal behaviour, possibly by destabilizing stress-coping abilities through gene methylation. Moreover, genes involved in serotonin turnover seem to have a specific role in suicidal behaviour. Non-verbal behaviour of suicidal individuals, particularly signs of motivational ambivalence, is an important source of information with regard to the estimation of suicide risk.
Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: September 2016

This book outlines the principles and practice of Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy. An introductory chapter distills those aspects of psychoanalysis that provide a basis for the approach. Special attention is given to how a therapist may promote a patient’s development by registering and containing emotional states that the patient is unable to manage alone. This is followed by an overview of themes and variations in six forms of brief psychodynamic therapy. The remainder of the book is concerned less with theory than with clinical practice. Treatment and Adherence Manuals detail the specifics of therapist orientation and technique, and a formal research study comparing the approach with Interpersonal Therapy is reported. Case histories of individual treatments unfolding over time are complemented by detailed examination of short sequences of patient–therapist dialogue from transcribed sessions. What emerges is a picture of a psychoanalytic treatment that, while brief, is disciplined and coherent in its concentrated focus on analyzing the transference and countertransference in the therapeutic relationship.
The psychoanalytic background
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: September 2016

The aim of this chapter is to set out the psychoanalytic ideas and clinical principles on which Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy is founded. Topics include the centrality of intersubjective knowledge, the pivotal notion of transference, and the various ways in which a patient may affect a therapist’s emotional state. The clinical issues addressed range from varieties of communication and defence, contrasts between paranoid-schizoid and depressive position functioning, and the roles of countertransference and containment in the therapeutic endeavor. Overall, the chapter is concerned with the developmental potential of a therapeutic relationship in which the therapist is emotionally available and able to reflect upon the patterns of relatedness that a patient attempts to introduce into the therapeutic relationship, in part to avoid states of mind that are painful or conflictual.
Themes and variations in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: September 2016

This chapter surveys a range of relationship-orientated brief therapies: Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), Cognitive-Analytic Therapy (CAT), Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT), Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP), the Conversational Model (a version of which became known as Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy, or PIT), and Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy (BPT). Principles of treatment and mechanisms of change are considered, and for each approach, an excerpt of therapeutic dialogue provides vivid illustration. This establishes a basis for considering how far the treatments have features in common, and how far they are distinctive from one another. The chapter concludes by noting substantial evidence for the effectiveness of brief psychodynamic psychotherapies.
Therapeutic dialogues II
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: September 2016

This chapter records a series of five extended vignettes that have been transcribed almost verbatim from transcripts of audiotaped sessions involving five different clinicians and their respective patients. The vignettes are considered in turn, and each of the 17 items of the Adherence Manual is seen to apply to the clinical material. This careful review of episodes of therapeutic dialogue strengthens the links already established among the Manual, the Adherence Manual, and the nitty gritty of verbal exchanges between patients and their therapists. It also extends the range of clinical material presented, introducing new patients and new therapists, each with their own style of emotional and intellectual conduct in the therapeutic encounter. Nevertheless, the different clinicians show remarkable consistency in therapeutic orientation.
Is Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy distinctive? A research study
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes a formal study of therapeutic interventions in Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy (BPT). The aim of the study was to examine whether the therapeutic approach has distinctive qualities when compared with another relationship-oriented treatment, Interpersonal Therapy (IPT). The materials studied were transcripts from seven sessions of BPT and seven sessions of IPT, each involving different patients and different therapists. Separate therapists “blind” to treatment were asked to rate the transcripts for characteristics captured on a series of adherence scales, including BPT and IPT Adherence Scales. The results indicated very substantial differences between the treatments, with BPT more “interpretive” and IPT more “supportive” in nature.
The course of treatment
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: September 2016

Two final cases are presented, this time with a view to tracing the course of treatment from initial assessment to completion of therapy, both descriptively and through brief verbatim exchanges between patient and therapist. The aim is to achieve depth of focus, and complement a picture of the unfolding of psychotherapy over time with snapshots of more detailed clinical material. It is in slow but meaningful progress, manifest both in the scope and integration of a patient’s states of mind and in the coherence and depth of patient–therapist communication, that some of the most persuasive evidence for the value of treatment emerges.
The ITC Guidelines
Authors: Bartram Dave , Hambleton Ronald K.
Published: September 2016

This chapter focuses on international standards and guidelines that relate to tests and testing. It covers the work of the ITC (International Test Commission) and other international initiatives that have been influenced by that work, notably the work of EFPA (European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations) and of ISO (International Standards Organization). The authors discuss the need for international standards and guidelines, arguing that individual countries can no longer operate as “closed systems.” Psychological and educational testing is an international business. Many test publishers are international organizations, selling their tests in a large number of countries. Many of the organizations using tests for selection and assessment at work are multinationals. In each country, test suppliers and test users are likely to find differences in practices related to access, user qualification, and legal constraints on test use.
Personality Assessment
Authors: Iliescu Dragos , Ispas Dan
Published: September 2016

The chapter focuses on the assessment of personality in an international context. Starting from the definition of personality, the chapter discusses the way culture and personality are mixed and sets then out to explain the emic (indigenous) versus etic (universal) debate in personality assessment. The combined emic-etic approach is outlined as an interesting evolution in cross-cultural personality assessment, and two measures based on this approach are discussed, the Cross-Cultural Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) and the South African Personality Inventory (SAPI). Finally, the chapter discusses the currently dominant model of personality used in assessment internationally, the five-factor model, outlining some of the dilemmas still being debated related to this model, such as the broad versus narrow debate, the cross-cultural replicability issue, and the bandwidth-fidelity dilemma.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Hubley Anita M. , Mangaoang Maeve A.
Published: September 2016

Neuropsychological assessment involves compiling information about a person’s premorbid or current behaviour and using it to make inferences about his or her brain functioning or to predict behavior. Today, neuropsychological assessment is focused on identifying cognitive deficits associated with different disorders; changes over time; efficacy of treatment; and patient strengths and weaknesses. It is also used to predict functioning, guide rehabilitation planning, and supplement forensic/legal evaluations. Key elements of neuropsychological assessments described in the chapter include history taking; behavioral observations; the testing situation; selection, administration, and scoring of tests; and test standardization and norms. Descriptions of fixed, flexible, and “flexible battery” approaches to testing are provided, as are descriptions of quantitative (norm) and qualitative (process) approaches. Several norming approaches of particular interest to neuropsychological assessment (i.e., continuous norming, equivalent scores, overlapping cell tables) are noted. An overview is provided of a number of commonly assessed areas of neuropsychological functioning.
Clinical Assessment in International Settings
Authors: Butcher James N. , Hass Giselle A. , Paulsen Jacob A.
Published: September 2016

The adaptation of psychological tests that were developed in one language and country into a different language and culture is expanding in contemporary international psychological assessment. This chapter addresses the need for psychological tests to be carefully developed in order to be effectively employed in cultures and languages different from their country of origin. Before a psychological test, based upon item content from the initial culture, can be adapted in other cultures, it is important to assure that linguistic equivalence has been attained through effective translation and adaptation procedures. Several psychometric procedures that are crucial to developing effective test adaptation are provided in this chapter, such as the strategy of using multiple translations to ensure general accuracy, doing a careful back-translation study, conducting a bilingual test-retest evaluation of translated items and scales to further ensure translation accuracy, developing appropriate in-country norms, and conducting external validation of tests.
Testing Individuals with Disabilities
Authors: Geisinger Kurt F. , McCormick Carina
Published: September 2016

While individual countries vary in their legislation concerning individuals with disabilities, there is a consistent set of principles that can guide practice for testing individuals with disabilities. Accommodations are changes to the test format or administration, intended to increase access to the test content for those with disabilities without altering the intended test construct. This chapter provides guidance on determining whether accommodations would be appropriate in distinct scenarios by considering the overlap between the intended test construct, the disability, and the requested accommodation. This chapter describes federal laws in the United States that influence testing practice and highlights the potential for the United Nation’s disability rights framework to provide consistency in assessment across countries. The chapter suggests principles that can improve the consistency, efficiency, and defensibly of procedures for making accommodations decisions and administering tests with accommodations in a way that is applicable internationally.
Language and Culture in Testing
Authors: Schwabe Franziska , von Davier Alina A. , Chalhoub-Deville Micheline
Published: September 2016

Testing culturally and linguistically diverse populations challenges test developers and test users across the world. In the context of educational and psychological tests, validity and fairness issues associated with developing these tests have increased substantially due to significant changes in the test takers’ demographics. This chapter focuses on four interrelated issues pertaining to language and culture in testing (LCT): test purposes, constructs to be measured, target populations, and test construction and data analysis. All issues are discussed in the light of fairness and validity for test takers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Special attention is given to language-minority test takers. The chapter combines research results from different perspectives with a special emphasis on work done in the fields of language assessment and psychometrics. Examples of language and educational content assessments are provided and discussed from different perspectives.
Response Biases
Authors: Wetzel Eunike , Böhnke Jan R. , Brown Anna
Published: September 2016

Response biases comprise a variety of systematic tendencies of responding to questionnaire items. Response biases exert an influence on item responses in addition to any constructs that the questionnaire is designed to measure and can therefore potentially bias the corresponding trait level estimates. This chapter addresses general response biases that are independent of item content, including response styles (e.g., extreme response style, acquiescence) and rater biases (halo effect, leniency/severity bias), as well as response biases that are related to item content and depend strongly on the context (socially desirable responding). The chapter summarizes research on correlates of response biases and research on inter-individual and cross-cultural differences in engaging in response styles and rater biases. It describes different methods that can be applied at the test construction stage to prevent or minimize the occurrence of response biases. Finally, it depicts methods developed for correcting for the effects of response biases.
Test Adaptations
Authors: van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: September 2016

Adaptations refer to the process of translating and adjusting an instrument to a new cultural context, which usually goes beyond close translations and involves various changes to the instrument in order to increase its cultural and linguistic adequacy. A brief historical overview of approaches is presented that have been used in the past 75 years, illustrating how the traditional emphasis on linguistic aspects has shifted to multidisciplinary efforts; modern test adaptations are often made by teams. A taxonomy of adaptations is then presented, distinguishing between conceptual, cultural, linguistic, and measurement reasons for adjusting an instrument. A good adaptation integrates these four types. Various guidelines for adapting instruments are described, such as the ITC Guidelines. The authors conclude that test adaptations have largely replaced the concept of test translations and that test adaptations can be used in large-scale surveys and can accommodate instruments that cover both general (universal) and local components.
Ethical Standards, Guidelines, and Related Issues Pertinent to International Testing and Assessment
Authors: Oakland Thomas , Iliescu Dragos
Published: September 2016

Chapter 29 focuses on the ethical conduct of psychologists in relation to assessment. The chapter starts by establishing the fact that at the international level, codes of ethics that relate to testing and assessment are rather the exception than the rule. A number of codes of ethics are, however, influential in this respect. These are discussed to some length in the chapter. First, three national codes are discussed: the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists, the British Psychological Society Code of Ethical Conduct, and the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Then the chapter focuses on two regional codes (the Meta-Code of the European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations and the Code of Ethical Principles of Nordic Psychologists) and on the general international code (the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists). The chapter also discusses the Guidelines of the International Test Commission.
Session 1: Getting Started in Family Treatment
Authors: Peris Tara S. , Piacentini John
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the first family therapy session. It describes how to introduce families to the PFIT program and to develop a collaborative environment for establishing treatment goals. It describes psychoeducation about the role of the family in child OCD treatment, including family responses and expectations that may undermine success. It places particular emphasis on helping families to understand patterns of symptom accommodation that may be a barrier to treatment success, and it describes broader family dynamics that may interfere with efforts to change accommodation. The chapter also outlines steps for assessing current family functioning, including strengths and weakness, and for evaluating the family’s current strategies for managing OCD. Initial skills training begins with exercises designed to promote positivity in the home environment.
Session 2: Managing Emotions Related to OCD
Authors: Peris Tara S. , Piacentini John
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes the second session of treatment, during which families begin to work on recognizing and managing their emotional responses to OCD. The therapist provides psychoeducation about the range of emotional responses to childhood OCD, including feelings of frustration, manipulation, resentment, and disappointment, and begins to process and normalize the family’s experiences. Emotion monitoring is introduced as a prerequisite skill for managing challenging feelings, and families practice using a thermometer rating system to track their emotions that is based on the use of the feelings thermometer. Initial strategies for responding to difficult emotions are also presented, including self-soothing exercises and initial practice with disengaging from highly charged situations. The chapter concludes with a description of informing the OCD child about how his parents will respond to him at home.
Session 6: Consolidating Treatment Gains and Looking Ahead/Relapse Prevention
Authors: Peris Tara S. , Piacentini John
Published: September 2016

This chapter focuses on a review of the skills learned during treatment, with an emphasis on how they have been applied successfully to address challenges at home. It guides the therapist in processing treatment gains and highlighting changes that all family members have made. It outlines additional in-session skills practice, including exposure tasks, praise, and self-soothing exercises. It emphasizes that total mastery of these skills following a short course of family therapy is not expected. Rather, the goal is to keep practicing and refining these skills at home. It concludes with psychoeducation about relapse prevention as well as an opportunity to process family feelings about termination.
School Safety and Connectedness Matter for More than Educational Outcomes
Authors: Saewyc Elizabeth , Homma Yuko
Published: September 2016

LGBTQ youth face significant health disparities compared to heterosexual peers. School-based victimization of LGBTQ youth, as well as lower levels of school connectedness and perceived safety at school, have been implicated in those health disparities. Drawing on multivariate and population-based studies throughout the United States and Canada, this chapter explores the evidence that school connectedness can lower the odds of health-compromising behaviors and disparities among different subpopulations of LGBTQ youth. The authors review strategies for fostering school connectedness among the general population and consider how these strategies might fit or might need to be adapted for LGBTQ populations. The authors highlight evidence for programs and policies that improve school connectedness among LGBTQ students that is already available, especially evidence that these programs actually work to reduce health inequities. Schools, as key environments for young people, are important contributors to health for LGBTQ youth.
Teaching About Sexual and Gender Diversity and Challenging Homophobia/Transphobia in the South African School System
Authors: Reygan Finn
Published: September 2016

The South African Constitution was the first in the world to include sexual orientation protections, and the country was an early embracer of same-sex marriage. Nevertheless, the lives of sexual and gender minorities in South Africa, including young people in schools, are often characterized by violence and discrimination. The growing body of research on sexual and gender diversity in education in South Africa indicates that homophobia is widespread in schools and that teachers and school principals are ill-prepared to challenge this homophobia and to teach in an affirming way about sexual and gender diversity. This chapter discusses the development of a training module for South African teachers on how best to challenge homophobia and transphobia and to teach about sexual and gender diversity in schools. Given the focus in South African education policy on social justice and inclusion in the post-apartheid context, this ground-breaking intervention supports transformative education policy.
Changing the School Climate
Authors: Chamberland Line , Richard Gabrielle
Published: September 2016

The province of Québec (Canada) has adopted a series of legislation aimed at granting legal equality to all its citizens, regardless of sexual orientation. Despite a number of governmental and school-level policies and initiatives against homophobia, schools in the province remain heteronormative environments: homophobic comments are daily occurrences, sexual education classes have been abolished, and textbooks seldom include references to sexual diversity. This chapter critically discusses policies and strategies in education practice aimed at reducing and preventing homophobia and promoting an inclusive learning environment for LGBT students. It also presents the efforts undertaken by activists and scholars to challenge noninclusive education practices and to collectively promote equality for LGBT youth. With a strong backdrop of anti-bullying legislation, Quebec province is ahead of many in establishing parameters to fight homophobia but still lacks the concrete curricular and training tools to back these efforts in an effective and long-term manner.
From “Dignity” to “Success”
Authors: Schwartz Ryan , Laub Carolyn
Published: September 2016

This chapter chronicles how advocates in California have applied strategic communications research and practice to change policies and build the movement for inclusive and affirming schools. It begins with an exploration of lessons from psychology, neuroscience, and political theory about changing opinions and how those lessons apply to efforts to create schools that are more welcoming for people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. It then shows how advocates put those lessons into practice through campaigns that ensured students in California can go to a school that is free of discrimination and includes positive portrayals of people of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. While anchored in case studies from the United States, the underlying concepts of how people think, feel, and act—and how advocates can better shape their communications—are universal.
The Australian Context
Authors: Jones Tiffany , Hillier Lynne
Published: September 2016

This chapter explores the strong relationship between research and policy for same-sex attracted and gender diverse (SSAGD) youth in Australian education. It outlines the first phases of Australian research on the experiences of SSAGD youth and their corresponding well-being, particularly in school contexts over the past 20 years. It then describes how cultural changes in broader Australian society, strategic advocacy, and the promotion of Australian research findings have contributed to policy and practice changes around SSAGD youth issues within government and school communities. Specifically, it shows how particular policy documents and intervention initiatives in Victoria and New South Wales stemmed from research work. It also shows the value of shifting the research lens onto the impacts of these new policies.
Basic Cognitive Behavioral Model Used in Group CBT for Psychosis
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Leclerc Claude , Wykes Til
Published: September 2016

This chapter reviews the essential CBT model, such as the ABC’s of CBT model, as well as the specifics linked to psychosis in terms of cognitive biases (attributional, reasoning, etc) and different core beliefs, either specific to psychosis or shared by other disorders, such as depression or personality disorders. Cognitive and behavioral theories, linking biases as well as cognitive and metacognitive deficits, to positive symptoms such as paranoia, grandiosity, and negative symptoms are also presented. Other models used in group CBT for psychosis, such as the recovery model, which focuses on hope in the future, taking personal responsibility for oneself, and getting on with life, or the vulnerability-stress-competence model—empowering the person in developing protective factors to avoid relapse, are explained. The chapter also presents the single-session model, enabling participants to gain from each group session, and Bandura’s social learning theory, as useful for group CBT for psychosis.
The Role of the Therapist in Group CBT for Psychosis
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Leclerc Claude , Wykes Til
Published: September 2016

The therapist has a very different role in group therapy than in individual therapy—these differences are presented in this chapter. This chapter presents how to work in co-therapy, how to use the participants’ input to support the therapist, and what is expected of the therapist (e.g., show and ensure understanding, manage time and interactions, encourage group cohesion). The chapter also offers a detailed list of ‘to-do’ (e.g. protecting self-esteem, offer structure) and ‘do not’ (e.g., imposing his/her view, acting as an expert, monopolizing the session) that therapists need to keep in mind when offering gropu CBT for psychosis.
Stress: How It Affects Me (Sessions 1 to 6)
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Leclerc Claude , Wykes Til
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes the initial six sessions of our workbook, which include setting the rules, the icebreaker activity, and introducing nonthreatening topics, that are considered useful and make sense to participants. As such, the concept of stress is defined, identified in terms of physical, cognitive and emotional reactions, self-assessed and linked to specific people, places or circumstances. We also describe how the activities have been designed to engage people, help them relate to each other by discussing their first psychiatric hospitalization or consult for instance, and offer a new way of understanding their symptoms within the vulnerability-stress-competence model. The chapter takes each session of the first section of the workbook and explains in detail the purpose of each activity, how to conduct it, and gives clinical examples to illustrate participants’ reactions to these sessions.
Therapist Competence: What Skills Are Needed to Conduct Group CBT for Psychosis?
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Leclerc Claude , Wykes Til
Published: September 2016

This chapter defines what is meant by therapist competence, particularly regarding the three levels therapists need to address (i.e. the group, interpersonal and intrapersonal levels). The chapter also covers the typical clinician competencies such as empathy and warmth but also the skills necessary to conduct a group, such as time management, setting the agenda, using CBT techniques appropriately, flexibility, creativity, collaboration, and skillfully managing interactions in the group. This chapter will help clinicians better prepare themselves for running the group. We also describe existing measures for assessing therapist competence in CBT for psychosis, as well as in group CBT for psychosis.
CBT Groups for Psychosis With Other Targets
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Leclerc Claude , Wykes Til
Published: September 2016

Groups using CBT principles or techniques but targeting either a specific symptom or a domain outside of typical CBT for psychosis have been developed and tested. Some of these groups have been presented briefly in Chapter 3 and have demonstrated their empirical efficacy. In this chapter we present them in more detail. Specifically, we present a group approach focusing on voices, another aiming at improving participants’ self-esteem, a group targeting stress management in people with severe mental illness, and CBT for work integration of people with severe mental illness participating in supported employment programs. The chapter also describes a CBT group for parents or family members of individuals with psychosis, which seems to be effective.
Conclusion
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Leclerc Claude , Wykes Til
Published: September 2016

For the conclusion to this book, we imagined the future of group CBT for psychosis. Financial constraints, limited, highly trained staff, and empirical results linked to group CBT for psychosis suggest that group CBT for psychosis will likely continue to be used across many countries. The chapter also briefly presents current trends, such as combining group CBT for psychosis with other evidence-based interventions to help people with comorbid presentations (such as substance misuse or social anxiety). CBT for psychosis is also being offered in conjunction with third wave CBT strategies (such as mindfulness), although more studies are needed. Other developments include e-health approaches to CBT for psychosis.
Worrying About Crime: Experience, Moral Panics and Public Opinion in London, 1660–1800*
Authors: Shoemaker Robert B
Published: September 2016

This article considers the nature and significance of public opinion about crime in the eighteenth century. Existing research suggests that a combination of increasing crime and the growth of printed literature about crime led to public anxieties which contributed to important changes in judicial and penal policy. The prominent role accorded to the media in these arguments has led some historians to adopt the concept of the moral panic to encapsulate this phenomenon. But this article argues that the impact of such panics on policy was limited, and we need to examine the issue of ‘panic’, and public opinion more generally, from the point of view of the participants, the public who were supposedly rendered anxious by the widespread negative reporting of crime in print. Based on extensive research into diaries and correspondence, the article presents new evidence about Londoners’ actual experiences of crime, what they read about it, and their responses to such reports, during periods of both the presence and absence of supposed moral panics. It suggests that actual experiences of crime were relatively rare, and that Londoners relied primarily on printed sources for their information about crime. Since those representations were actually very diverse, and were often read sceptically, public opinion was resistant to the efforts of ‘moral entrepreneurs’ to induce anxiety. Attitudes were shaped by a complex combination of printed representations, oral discussions, and personal experiences, all reflected through the prism of individual personalities. Consequently, neither individual experiences of crime, nor print culture, created sufficiently strong support for policy changes. Instead, Londoners focused on their ability to shape judicial outcomes through the exercise of discretion when dealing with individual criminals. There are reasons to believe that this individualised approach to crime changed in the nineteenth century, with the adoption of the idea of a ‘criminal class’
Molecular and Biochemical Examination of Spraing Disease in Potato Tuber in Response to Tobacco rattle virus Infection
Authors: Sahi Ghulam , Hedley Pete E. , Morris Jenny , Loake Gary J. , MacFarlane Stuart A.
Published: September 2016

Field-grown tubers of potato were examined for infection by Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and consequent production of corky ringspot or spraing symptoms. A microarray study identified genes that are differentially expressed in tuber tissue in response to TRV infection and to spraing production, suggesting that hypersensitive response (HR) pathways are activated in spraing-symptomatic tubers. This was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of a selected group of HR-related genes and by histochemical staining of excised tuber tissue with spraing symptoms. qRT-PCR of TRV in different regions of the same tuber slice showed that nonsymptomatic areas contained higher levels of virus relative to spraing-symptomatic areas. This suggests that spraing formation is associated with an active plant defense that reduces the level of virus in the infected tuber. Expression of two of the same plant defense genes was similarly upregulated in tubers that were infected with Potato mop-top virus, a virus that also induces spraing formation.
Behcet's syndrome in nonendemic regions
Authors: Leccese Pietro , Yazici Yusuf , Olivieri Ignazio
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review

Behcet's syndrome is more common in certain geographic regions, however, can be seen outside of these areas and need to be included in the differential diagnosis of many patients, as it has overlapping features with many rheumatologic conditions.

Recent findings

Especially in regions with immigrant populations, there seem to be similarities to originating countries in Behcet's prevalence, but the syndrome is not limited to those from certain backgrounds and can be seen in others also. There is emerging evidence that even though the prevalence of Behcet's may be similar to that of endemic areas, in nonendemic regions the condition may be less severe, suggesting potential environment agents in determining the severity of the disease. In addition, women seem to be overrepresented in nonendemic areas and may explain part of the reason for less severe symptoms, as Behcet's tends to be more severe in men.

The somewhat different presentation of Behcet's syndrome in nonendemic areas needs to be considered when thinking about Behcet's in the differential diagnosis of patients. Research into potentially less severe form of the disease in nonendemic areas may provide new clues to the pathogenesis of this condition.
Microcirculatory Response In Vivo on Local Intraarterial Infusion of Autogenic Adipose-derived Stem Cells or Stromal Vascular Fraction
Authors: Wang Wei Z.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Both adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) have been demonstrated to have regenerative properties with therapeutic potential for numerous diseases through local or topical applications. However, it is unclear whether ASC or SVF can be delivered systemically through an intra-arterial infusion. The purpose of this study was to examine the microcirculatory response in vivo on local intraarterial infusion of autogenic ASCs or SVF in a vascular pedicle isolated rat cremaster microcirculation model.

Materials and Methods:

Fat tissue was surgically harvested from the flanks of male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 12) and processed for SVF isolation. Some SVF samples were cultured for 24 hours for ASC purification. The autogenic SVF (1 × 105) cells (n = 6) or purified ASC (1 × 105) cells (n = 6) cells were infused into the microcirculation of cremaster muscle at a speed of 0.05 mL/min through the cannulation of femoral artery. As this is a vascular pedicle isolated preparation, the infused SVF or ASC cells went nowhere but the cremaster muscle. The video image of the microcirculation was monitored in real time during infusion.

Results:

Arteriole diameter was measured as A1 (100–160 µm), A2 (40–80 µm), and A3/A4 (10–30 µm). Capillary perfusion was quantified in 18 capillary fields of each muscle. There was a significant increase in the diameter of terminal arterioles (P = 0.049) and the capillary density (P = 0.02) after ASC intraarterial infusion. However, a significant cell aggregation, embolisms, and arterial obstruction were observed in the microcirculation in every case during SVF infusion.

Conclusions:

Intraarterial infusion is an appropriate route for the delivery of autogenic ASCs, but not of SVF. SVF-induced microembolisms were the reason for narrowing or blocking the lumen of terminal arterioles, resulting in no flow in the corresponding capillaries.
RETINAL VASCULAR TORTUOSITY AND EXUDATIVE RETINOPATHY IN A FAMILY WITH DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA MASQUERADING AS FAMILIAL EXUDATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY
Authors: Thanos Aristomenis , Todorich Bozho , Hypes Stephen M. , Yonekawa Yoshihiro , Thomas Benjamin , Randhawa Sandeep , Drenser Kimberly A. , Trese Michael T.
Published: September 2016

Purpose:

To report a novel presentation of dyskeratosis congenita masquerading as familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

Methods:

Observational case series involving single family and literature review.

Results:

A brother and sister were diagnosed with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy at ages 4 and 2, respectively. Both patients were managed with laser photocoagulation. Eight years after the initial presentation, both siblings developed pancytopenia secondary to bone marrow failure. Laboratory work-up revealed severely shortened telomere length in both patients, and genetic testing revealed a missense mutation in the gene that encodes the reverse transcriptase component of telomerase, confirming the diagnosis of dyskeratosis congenita. The father of both children was a carrier of the same mutation, who exhibited marked retinal vascular tortuosity of the second-order vessels.

Conclusion:

Dyskeratosis congenita is a severe multisystem disorder, which should be considered in cases of pediatric exudative retinopathies with concurrent signs and/or symptoms of bone marrow failure.
A CASE OF CONE DYSTROPHY ASSOCIATED WITH CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION
Authors: Gulkilik Gokhan , Erdur Sevil Karaman , Eliacik Mustafa , Odabasi Mahmut , Ozsutcu Mustafa , Demirci Goktug , Kocabora Mehmet Selim
Published: September 2016

Purpose:

To report a case of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a patient with cone dystrophy (CD).

Methods:

Case report.

Results:

A 20-year-old woman presented with diminished vision in her right eye. Fundus examination showed perifoveal retinal pigment epithelial changes and retinal hemorrhage consistent with subretinal CNV in the right eye, and mild retinal pigment epithelial changes with a dull foveal reflex in the left eye. Optical coherence tomography analysis and fundus fluorescein angiography also confirmed the subfoveal CNV in the right eye. Electroretinography showed decreased amplitudes in photopic and 30-Hz flicker tests in both eyes, which confirmed cone dystrophy. A single intravitreal ranibizumab injection resolved the edema and stabilized the CNV during the follow-up of 6 months.

Conclusion:

Cone dystrophy is an inherited ocular disorder characterized by loss of cone photoreceptors. Association of CNV has been reported in patients with fundus flavimaculatus, best dystrophy, gyrate atrophy, choroideremia, retinitis pigmentosa, adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy, Sorsby macular dystrophy, Bietti crystalline dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy-related macular dystrophy. We report a case of a patient with CD in whom CNV developed in one eye and responded to a single ranibizumab injection.
Synchronous Low-grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm and Primary Peritoneal Low-grade Serous Carcinoma: A First Description of These 2 Neoplasms Presenting Together as Suspected Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Authors: Sekulic Miroslav , Pichler Sekulic Simona , Movahedi-Lankarani Saeid
Published: September 2016

Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm is a neoplasm typically of appendiceal origin, which is characterized by diffuse peritoneal involvement by pools of mucin with mucinous epithelium lacking high-grade cytologic atypia, and clinically presents as suspected peritoneal carcinomatosis. A similar clinical presentation can sometimes be seen with disseminated low-grade serous carcinomas of the peritoneum, fallopian tubes, or ovaries; however, this neoplasm is histologically characterized by tubal-type epithelium and invasive or confluent growth. In this case report, we describe a patient presenting with a clinical examination and radiologic features suggestive of peritoneal carcinomatosis and a prominent pelvic mass; however, after pathologic review, the patient was proven to have peritoneal involvement by both low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm of appendiceal origin and a low-grade peritoneal primary serous carcinoma. In short, we present the first description of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and serous carcinoma of the peritoneum presenting synchronously, providing morphologic characterization and immunohistochemical studies supporting the diagnosis, and illustrating a rare instance in which 2 neoplastic processes are underlying clinically suspected peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Control of the Public Health IT Physical Infrastructure: Findings From the 2015 Informatics Capacity and Needs Assessment Survey
Authors: Chester Kelley , Massoudi Barbara L. , Shah Gulzar H.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Despite improvements in information technology (IT) infrastructure in public health, there is still much that can be done to improve the adoption of IT in state and local health departments, by better understanding the impact of governance and control structures of physical infrastructure.

Objective:

To report out the current status of the physical infrastructure control of local health departments (LHDs) and to determine whether there is a significant association between an LHD's governance status and control of the physical infrastructure components.

Design:

Data came from the 2015 Informatics Capacity and Needs Assessment Survey, conducted by Georgia Southern University in collaboration with the National Association of County and City Health Officials.

Participants:

A total of 324 LHDs from all 50 states completed the survey (response rate: 50%).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Outcome measures included control of LHD physical infrastructure components. Predictors of interest included LHD governance category.

Results:

The majority of the control of the physical infrastructure components in LHDs resides in external entities. The type of governance structure of the LHD is significantly associated with the control of infrastructure.

Conclusions:

Additional research is needed to determine best practices in IT governance and control of physical infrastructure for public health.