bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of zein and lignin‐PLGA biopolymer nanoparticles used as pesticide nanocarriers on soybean growth and yield under field conditions
Authors: Bonser Colin A. R. , Borgatta Jaya , White Jason C. , Astete Carlos E. , Sabliov Cristina M. , Davis Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2023

Nanoparticles are being utilized in agriculture as fertilizers, pesticides, and agrochemical‐carriers. Designed to be biocompatible and degradable, biopolymer nanoparticles were developed as an alternative to metallic nanoparticles, and though safe‐by‐design, polymeric nanoparticles must be field‐tested prior to largescale use. Several field studies were conducted to observe detrimental effects of biopolymer nanoparticles on plant growth and yield using soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., as a model system. Biopolymer nanoparticles made from lignin or zein were applied as seed treatments to soybean seeds or as foliar sprays (zein only) to soybean plants. Studies using biopolymer nanoparticle seed treatments (nano‐STs) measured the germination rates and seedling growth were evaluated in the laboratory, while stand counts, plant height, growth stage, yield, and hundred‐seed weight were measured in the field. Foliar treatments assessed nanoparticle impact on flower abortion and pod production. To ensure nano‐STs would not compromise the plant's defensive capabilities, herbivore feeding was assessed using a leaf bioassay for defoliators and a seed damage index for pod feeders. Growth rate, percent germination, or root length were not impacted by nano‐STs. In the field, nano‐STs had no impact on stand counts, heights, growth stage, yield, and hundred‐seed weights. Leaf feeding assays and damage indices indicate plant susceptibility to herbivore attack was not increased due to nano‐STs. Foliar applications of zein nanoparticles did not increase flower abortion or decrease pod set. These results indicate that biopolymer nanoparticles have no negative effects on growth, yield, and herbivore susceptibility and should be suitable for use in agriculture.
The Society for Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology 45th Annual Meeting
Authors: Stottmann Rolf W. , Harris Matthew P. , Saint‐Jeannet Jean‐Pierre , Merrill Amy E. , Clouthier David E.
Published: April 2023

The Society for Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology (SCGDB) held its 45th Annual Meeting at the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine at the University of California, San Diego on October 20th–21st, 2022. The meeting included presentation of the SCGDB Distinguished Scientists in Craniofacial Research Awards to Drs. Ralph Marcucio and Loydie Jerome‐Majewska and four scientific sessions that highlighted new discoveries in signaling in craniofacial development, genomics of craniofacial development, human genetics of craniofacial development and translational and regenerative approaches in craniofacial biology. The meeting also included workshops on analysis of single cell RNA sequencing datasets and using human sequencing data from the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program. There were 110 faculty and trainees in attendance that represent a diverse group of researchers from all career stages in the fields of developmental biology and genetics. The meeting, which also included outdoor poster presentations, provided opportunities for participant interactions and discussions, thus strengthening the SCGDB community.
Heat stroke management during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Recommendations from the experts in Japan (2nd edition)
Authors: Kanda Jun , Wakasugi Masahiro , Kondo Yutaka , Ueno Satoru , Kaneko Hitoshi , Okada Yohei , Okano Yuichi , Kishihara Yuki , Hamaguchi Jun , Ishihara Tadashi , Igarashi Yutaka , Nakae Ryuta , Miyamoto Sohma , Yamada Eri , Ikechi Daisuke , Yamazaki Maiko , Tanaka Daiki , Sawada Yusuke , Suda Chiaki , Yoshimura Satoshi , Onodera Ryuta , Kano Kenichi , Hongo Takashi , Endo Kaori , Iwasaki Yohei , Kodaira Hiroshi , Yasuo Shunsuke , Seki Nozomu , Okuda Hiroshi , Nakajima Satoshi , Nagato Tadashi , Terazumi Keiko , Nakamura Satoshi , Yokobori Shoji
Published: April 2023

Both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and heat stroke have symptoms of fever or hyperthermia and the difficulty in distinguishing them could lead to a strain on emergency medical care. To mitigate the potential confusion that could arise from actions for preventing both COVID‐19 spread and heat stroke, particularly in the context of record‐breaking summer season temperatures, this work offers new knowledge and evidence that address concerns regarding indoor ventilation and indoor temperatures, mask wearing and heat stroke risk, and the isolation of older adults. Specifically, the current work is the second edition to the previously published guidance for handling heat stroke during the COVID‐19 pandemic, prepared by the “Working group on heat stroke medical care during the COVID‐19 epidemic,” composed of members from four organizations in different medical and related fields. The group was established by the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Heatstroke and Hypothermia Surveillance Committee. This second edition includes new knowledge, and conventional evidence gleaned from a primary selection of 60 articles from MEDLINE, one article from Cochrane, 13 articles from Ichushi, and a secondary/final selection of 56 articles. This work summarizes the contents that have been clarified in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and heat stroke to provide guidance for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heat stroke during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Association Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoporosis in Japanese Populations: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Deng Yunyang , Wong Martin Chi Sang
Published: April 2023

Objective

The positive association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoporosis has been reported in previous observational studies, but the causal relationship remains unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate whether RA was causally associated with osteoporosis in Japanese populations using Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.

Methods

Publicly available summarized data from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) on RA (4,199 cases and 208,254 controls) and osteoporosis (7,788 cases and 204,665 controls) were obtained from BioBank Japan. Eleven RA‐related single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (P < 5×10−8) were selected as instrumental variables. We used the inverse variance–weighted method as the primary method to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We also used the MR–Egger's method, weighted median, and weighted mode to determine the robustness of the main results. To partially test the horizontal pleiotropy, we used the MR–Egger's intercept test and the Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MRPRESSO) test.

Results

Using the inverse variance–weighted method, we showed that genetically predicted RA was positively associated with osteoporosis (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06–1.14, P < 0.001). The positive association was robust when we tested the results using the MR–Egger's method (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03–1.16, P = 0.023), weighted median (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04–1.15, P < 0.001), and weighted mode (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.03–1.13, P = 0.012). Horizontal pleiotropy was not detected (P = 0.737) by the MR–Egger's intercept test or the MRPRESSO test.

Conclusion

Our results show a potential causal association between genetically predicted RA and osteoporosis. The finding was consistent when we used different MR methods and the sensitivity analysis. Further MR studies are needed when GWAS with more details of RA and osteoporosis performed in other East Asian/Japanese populations are available.

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Anatomists' uses of human skeletons: Ethical issues associated with the India bone trade and anonymized archival collections
Authors: Jones David Gareth
Published: April 2023

Concerns have recently been expressed about the continuing availability of human bones from India, obtained originally for educational purposes but lacking the requisite informed consent that would be expected today. More generally, a broader claim is being made, namely, that the practice of using any unconsented bones in educational settings is unethical and should cease. These calls, in turn, raise broader issues regarding the availability of anonymous archival collections in anatomy museums. Although this debate centers on undergraduate anatomy teaching, much anthropological research utilizes human remains of past populations for which there can have been no consent. A suggested alternative for undergraduate teaching is the use of 3D images of human bones, rather than the bones themselves. In addressing these issues, the background to the India bone trade is assessed, and the year 1985 is pinpointed as having significant ethical weight. The cultural and ethical interests inherent in studying archival anonymous skeletal material are weighed against indiscriminate reburial. Although any use of unconsented material represents ethical compromise, account should be taken of changing ethical expectations with time. It is concluded that: there is no justification for repatriation or disposal of all bones for which specific informed consent has not been obtained; continued use of anonymous archival human bones in a professional setting is acceptable, even in the absence of informed consent, with the proviso that there are no culturally relevant groups seeking repatriation; the continued existence of bones in long‐standing private collections cannot be justified since it amounts to long‐term storage with no identified goals; the notion that 3D images are an ethically superior alternative to actual human bones is unsustainable, since there is an intimate connection between the bones and the 3D images.
CircFAM114A2 inhibits the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via miR‐630/HHIP axis
Authors: Lai Mingshuang , Li Deyuan , Liu Meiliang , Zhang Ruirui , Wang Lijun , Peng Wenyi , Xu Haotian , Wu Siqian , Liang Si , Gu Ye , Nan Aruo , Zeng Xiaoyun
Published: April 2023

Background

Many studies have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abnormally expressed in various tumor tissues and served as a key regulator in the occurrence and development of cancer. However, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the molecular mechanism of circRNAs in body fluids remains to be further explored.

Methods

The expression levels of genes and proteins were detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blotting, respectively. Cell counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8), 5‐Ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine (EdU), wound healing assay, Transwell assays, flow cytometry, and tumor formation models in nude mice were conducted to investigate the effects of circFAM114A2 on HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. RNA antisense purification (RAP), dual luciferase reporter assays and rescue assays were carried out to verify the interaction between circFAM114A2, miR‐630 and HHIP.

Results

CircFAM114A2 was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues and was associated with microvascular invasion and lymph node metastasis of HCC patients. We also observed that circFAM114A2 was lowly expressed in HCC plasma, which may serve as an effective biomarker to screen HCC patients from healthy controls (area under curve (AUC)=0.922). In vitro, circFAM114A2 overexpression significantly blunted HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted apoptosis, whereas circFAM114A2 silencing posed opposite effects. In vivo, circFAM114A2 overexpression inhibited the growth of HCC cells. Mechanistically, circFAM114A2 could increase the expression of the tumor suppressor HHIP via acting as a sponge for miR‐630.

Conclusions

CircFAM114A2 exerts a tumor suppressor role in HCC through miR‐630/HHIP axis, and may be served as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for HCC patients.
To Isomerize or not to Isomerize? E/Z Isomers of Cyclic Azobenzene Derivatives and Their Reactivity Upon One‐Electron Reduction
Authors: Glotz Gabriel , Knaipp Konstantin , Maier Martin S. , Hüll Katharina , Novak Alexander , Kelterer Anne‐Marie , Griebenow Thomas , Herges Rainer , Trauner Dirk , Gescheidt Georg
Published: April 2023

Azo compounds are efficient electron acceptors. Upon one‐electron reduction they generally isomerize forming the thermodynamically most stable radical anion. Herein we show that the size of the central ring in 1,2‐diazocines and diazonines has a ruling influence on the configuration of the one‐electron reduced species. Markedly, diazonines, which bear a central nine membered heterocycle, show light‐induced E/Z isomerization, but retain the configuration of the diazene N=N moiety upon one‐electron reduction. Accordingly, E/Z isomerization is not induced by reduction.
Tröger's Base‐Based Cuboid Constructed by Chiral Self‐Discrimination
Authors: Shi Conghao , Niu Pengbo , Xie Wang , Jiao Jianmin , Li Yumei , Wang Ranran , Lin Chen , Wang Leyong , Jiang Juli
Published: April 2023

Cuboid, a basic geometric structure, has been widely applied in architecture and mathematics. In chemistry, the introduction of cuboid structures always provides a specific structural shape, enhances the stability of the structure and improves the performance of materials. Herein, a simple strategy exploiting self‐discrimination to construct a cuboid‐stacking crystal material is proposed, in which a chiral macrocycle (TBBP) based on Tröger's base (TB) and benzophenone (BP) was synthesized as the building element of the cuboid. The cuboid is designed to be transformable compared with cuboid structures in previous work. For this reason, it is considered that the cuboid‐stacking structure can be transformed through external stimulation. Iodine vapor is selected as the external stimulus to transform the cuboid‐stacking structure due to the favorable interaction between iodine and the cuboid. The changes in the stacking mode of TBBP is studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD). To our surprise, this Tröger's base‐based cuboid shows strong iodine adsorption capacity up to 3.43 g g−1 and exhibits potential as a crystal material for iodine adsorption.
Fully Tin‐Coated Coinage Metal Ions: A Pincer‐Type Bis‐stannylene Ligand for Exclusive Tetrahedral Complexation
Authors: Krätschmer Frederic , Sun Xiaofei , Gillhuber Sebastian , Kucher Hannes , Franzke Yannick J. , Weigend Florian , Roesky Peter W.
Published: April 2023

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of P. W. Roesky (Karlsruhe) and F. Weigend (Marburg). The image depicts coinage metal cores with tetrahedrally coordinating tin atoms. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202203583.
Cardiac amyloidosis: A survey of current awareness, diagnostic modalities, treatment practices, and clinical challenges among cardiologists in selected Middle Eastern countries
Authors: Mohty Dania , Nasr Samer , Ragy Hany , Farhan Hasan A. , Fadel Bahaa , Alayary Islam , Ghoubar Marcelle
Published: April 2023

Background

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a chronic progressive disease caused by the deposition of amyloid fibrils in cardiac tissues. Diagnosis and management of CA are complicated and have developed over the years.

Hypothesis

Middle Eastern countries have significant knowledge disparities in diagnosing, managing, and treating different subtypes of CA.

Methods

An online survey was sent to cardiologists in four countries (Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq) interested in heart failure and practicing for more than a year. The survey questioned the characteristics of the participants and their institutions. It addressed their knowledge and practices in CA specifically diagnostic modalities, treatment options, and interest in education and knowledge exchange.

Results

A total of 85 physicians participated in the survey. There was a variation in the participating cardiologists' knowledge, experience level, and readiness of their institutes to manage patients with ATTR‐CM. Most participants believed that a high rate of ATTR‐CM misdiagnosis existed. Participants' knowledge of the diagnostic modalities and “red flags” raising suspicion about ATTR‐CM varied. Another challenge was the availability of essential diagnostic modalities among various cardiology centers. A knowledge gap was also observed regarding updates in ATTR‐CM management. However, there was a high endorsement of the need for more education, physician networking, and knowledge exchange.

Conclusions

This survey highlighted the need for increasing awareness levels among cardiologists in the four selected Middle Eastern countries. Cardiologists are most likely to benefit from additional training and knowledge exchange on the latest management advances of this disease. Thus, measures must be taken to focus on the physician's awareness of ATTR‐CM patient journey to achieve a better quality of care and outcome.
Allergic sensitisation and type‐2 inflammation is associated with new‐onset and persistent allergic disease
Authors: Blöndal Viiu , Sundbom Fredrik , Zhou Xingwu , Movérare Robert , Borres Magnus P. , Högman Marieann , Alving Kjell , Malinovschi Andrei , Janson Christer
Published: April 2023

Background

Allergic disease is common. The aim of this study was to look at the change in asthma and rhinitis over time and to characterise factors contributing to remission and persistence of disease.

Methods

This cohort study included 255 individuals with or without asthma and or rhinitis that participated in a population survey and a follow‐up 10 years later. The participants were tested for allergic sensitisation, total IgE, multiplex allergen component analysis and type‐2 inflammatory markers: exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN).

Results

Of the 132 healthy individuals, 112 remained healthy, 16 developed rhinitis, 4 asthma and rhinitis over the 10 years. Out of 82 subjects with rhinitis, 26 went into remission, 53 remained unchanged and 3 developed asthma in addition to rhinitis. None of the 41 participants with asthma and rhinitis went into remission. Subjects with persistent rhinitis and asthma had higher levels of total IgE (odds ratio [OR] 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.16 [3.05–12.5]) at baseline and after 10 years, and FENO and ECP at baseline (OR per log unit increase, 95% CI 5.21 [1.20–22.7] and 6.32 [1.52–26.4], respectively), compared with those that remained healthy. Subjects with persistent rhinitis were more likely to be sensitised to grass pollen and had higher total IgE levels than those that went into remission. Individuals with persistent asthma were more likely to be sensitised to tree pollen and furry animals than those with only persistent rhinitis (OR 95% CI: 3.50 [1.29–9.49] and 6.73 [2.00–22.6], respectively).

Conclusion

IgE sensitisation and total IgE levels are associated with the persistence of rhinitis and asthma. Participants with persistent allergic disease had higher levels of allergen sensitisation and type 2 inflammation markers at baseline than those who remained healthy.
Mammalian Reoviruses: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Coombs Kevin M.
Published: April 2023

Mammalian reoviruses are pathogens that cause gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. In humans, the mammalian reoviruses usually cause mild or subclinical disease, and they are ubiquitous, with most people mounting immunity at a young age. Reoviruses are prototypic representations of the Reoviridae family, which contains many highly pathogenic viruses. This article describes techniques for culturing mouse fibroblast L929 cell lines, the preferred cell line in which most mammalian reovirus studies take place. In addition, mammalian reovirus propagation, quantification, purification, and storage are described. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Propagation of mammalian reoviruses in cell culture from virus stocks

Alternate Protocol 1: Large‐scale propagation (and purification) of mammalian reoviruses in cell culture from virus stocks

Basic Protocol 2: Quantification of mammalian reoviruses by plaque assay with neutral red staining

Alternate Protocol 2: Quantification of mammalian reoviruses by plaque assay with crystal violet staining

Basic Protocol 3: Storage of mammalian reoviruses

Support Protocol 1: Growth and maintenance of mouse L929 cells

Support Protocol 2: Plating L929 cells
Synthesis and Computational Investigation of Antioxidants Prepared by Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin and Aldol Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes
Authors: Gao Daihong , Ouyang Denghao , Bai Yuchen , Zhao Xuebing
Published: April 2023

Novel antioxidants are synthesized by CuSO4‐catalyzed oxidative depolymerization of lignin to form aromatic aldehydes followed by aldol condensation with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Aldol condensation greatly improves the antioxidation ability of lignin depolymerized products. Three lignin monomeric aromatic aldehydes, – p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde – are further employed for aldol condensation with MEK, resulting in successful synthesis of new antioxidants 1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)pent‐1‐en‐3‐one (HPPEO), 1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)pent‐1‐en‐3‐one (HMPPEO), and 1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)pent‐1‐en‐3‐one (HDMPPEO), respectively. Kinetic modeling illustrates that p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde has the highest rate of reaction with MEK, followed by vanillin and then syringaldehyde, which is probably affected by the presence of methoxy groups. The syringaldehyde‐derived product (HDMPPEO) displays the best antioxidation ability. As revealed by density functional theory calculations, electron‐donating groups, such as methoxy, and conjugated side chains effectively improve the antioxidation ability. A hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism tends to occur in nonpolar solvents, whereas a sequential proton‐loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanism is favored in polar solvents. This work thus can inspire new pathways for valorization of lignin to produce high value‐added products.
Small‐amplitude kinetic Alfvén solitons for hot electrons taking regularized kappa distribution in Earth's inner magnetosphere
Authors: Li Yushu , Liu Yong
Published: April 2023

The kinetic Alfvén solitons in a plasma with regularized kappa distributed electron are studied under the small‐amplitude assumption; the analytical solution of the kinetic Alfvén soliton is obtained using the reductive perturbation method. The numerical calculation reveals that the width and amplitude of the soliton decrease with the increase of the cut‐off parameter for fixed spectral index . However, the width and amplitude of the soliton increase for small spectral index and decrease for a larger spectral index in the case of the fixed cut‐off parameter. The properties of the soliton can explain the observed electrostatic structure observed in the Earth's inner magnetosphere.
Resilience of temperate peatland vegetation communities to wildfire depends upon burn severity and pre‐fire species composition
Authors: Davies G. Matt , Gray Alan , Power Simon C. , Domènech Rut
Published: April 2023

Peatland ecosystems are of global conservation and environmental importance storing globally significant amounts of ancient carbon, regulating regional temperatures and hydrological regimes, and supporting unique biodiversity. Livestock grazing, land‐use change, drainage, nutrient and acid deposition, and wildfire threaten the composition and function of many peatlands including those in the uplands of the United Kingdom. Presently, little is known about either the short‐ or long‐term effects of wildfires within these systems in the UK. Our study aimed to evaluate how plant communities respond to wildfires across a range of vegetation communities, soil types, and burn severities. We evaluated wildfire burn severity using the ground‐based Composite Burn Index adapted for treeless peatlands. Using paired burned–unburned plots, we quantified differences in the abundance of plant families and functional groups, vegetation diversity, and community composition. Multivariate differences in composition between burned and unburned areas were used as an index of community resilience to fire. Plots in heathland communities with shallow organic soils burned at the highest severities and had the greatest reductions in plant diversity and richness. There were significant declines in plot‐scale species richness and diversity with increasing burn severity. Graminoids were resilient to fire whilst Ericaceae tended to increase with higher severity. Bryophyte composition was substantially altered—pleurocarpous species declined and acrocarpous species increased with greater burn severity. Community resilience was related to ground layer burn severity with higher burn severity driving greater changes in communities. Wildfire effects on temperate peatlands are a function of fire weather and site environmental and ecological characteristics. Management policy should ensure that the risk of severe wildfires is mitigated to protect ecosystem function and biodiversity. This will require system‐specific fire management prescriptions across the gradient of peatland soil and vegetation types.
Cycad phylogeny predicts host plant use of Eumaeus butterflies
Authors: Sierra‐Botero Laura , Calonje Michael , Robbins Robert K. , Rosser Neil , Pierce Naomi E. , López‐Gallego Cristina , Valencia‐Montoya Wendy A.
Published: April 2023

Eumaeus butterflies are obligate herbivores of Zamia, the most diverse neotropical genus of cycads. Eumaeus–Zamia interactions have been characterized mainly for species distributed in North and Central America. However, larval host plant use by the southern Eumaeus clade remains largely unknown, precluding a comprehensive study of co‐evolution between the genera. Here, we combine fieldwork with museum and literature surveys to expand herbivory records for Eumaeus from 21 to 38 Zamia species. We inferred a time‐calibrated phylogeny of Eumaeus to test for distinct macroevolutionary scenarios of larval host plant conservatism and co‐evolution. We found a remarkable coincidence between Eumaeus and Zamia diversification, with the butterfly stem group diverging at the same time as the most recent radiation of Zamia in the Miocene. Cophylogenetic reconciliation analyses show a strong cophylogenetic signal between cycads and their butterfly herbivores. Bipartite model‐based approaches indicate that this is because closely related Zamia species are used by the same Eumaeus species, suggesting larval host plant resource tracking by the butterfly herbivores. Our results highlight a case of tight evolution between Eumaeus butterflies and cycads, pointing to the generality of correlated evolution and phylogenetic tracking in plant–herbivore interactions across seed plants.
A review of light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces for remote microwave control and hybrid signal processing
Authors: Zhang Xin Ge , Sun Ya Lun , Huang Zhixiang , Jiang Wei Xiang
Published: April 2023

Programmable metamaterials and metasurfaces have gained great interest due to real‐time electromagnetic control and digital information processing capabilities. Different from traditional electrically‐controlled programmable metasurfaces, recently, light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces have been presented, on which the microwaves can be manipulated and modulated wirelessly in the space domain or time domain by incident light. More importantly, such the metasurface platform offers an efficient interface to link directly light and microwave signals, showing huge potential to develop wave‐based optoelectronic hybrid devices and relevant applications. Here, we review some of these recent developments, focusing particularly on the mechanisms of light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces and their fascinating functions from remote microwave control to hybrid signal processing. We survey related implementation methods based on the hybrid integrations of microwave digital metasurfaces and different photoresponsive components including photodiodes, photoresistors, infrared modules, and light sensors, as well as discuss their unique advantages. In the summary, the perspective on the challenges and future directions of light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces are presented.
Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin as a predictor of pre‐eclampsia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sisti Giovanni , Rubin Gal , Zhou Chi , Orth Teresa , Schiattarella Antonio
Published: April 2023

Background

Protein neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been associated with kidney injury and inflammatory conditions. In particular, several studies have found an association between maternal blood and urine levels and the development of pre‐eclampsia.

Objectives

To examine whether maternal blood and urine levels of NGAL are good predictors of pre‐eclampsia.

Search strategy

The authors searched MEDLINE databases via PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Scielo, Google Scholar, PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.

Selection criteria

The authors included case–control observational clinical studies comparing protein levels of NGAL in serum and urine in women with pre‐eclampsia with uncomplicated pregnancies. Only studies where the collection of blood or urine was peformed before the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia were selected.

Data collection and analysis

The primary outcome was the difference in NGAL levels in blood or urine between women with and without pre‐eclampsia.

Results

Seven studies in total were included: five studies measuring NGAL in blood and two in urine. Regarding the serum studies, 315 patients were included as cases and 540 as controls. Higher NGAL in maternal blood during all three trimesters together was associated with pre‐eclampsia; the standardized mean difference was 1.15 ng/mL (95% confidence interval, 0.92–1.39; P < 0.01). Regarding the urine studies, 39 patients were included as cases and 220 as controls. There was no statistically significant difference between patients with pre‐eclampsia and controls regarding urine NGAL.

Conclusions

NGAL in maternal blood is higher in patients who later develop pre‐eclampsia compared with controls and could be used as a potential predicting test in the routine clinical setting.
Computer Database for Melanoma: A Clinical Management and Research Tool to Ensure Continuous Quality Assessment
Authors: Reintgen Douglas , Cruse C. Wayne , Schroer Kenneth , Glass Frank , Saba Hussain , Puleo Chris , King Jeff , Berman Claudia , Hannon Laura , Cox Charles
Published: April 2023

The need for an efficient method to handle data and for chart documentation is more apparent today than at any time in the past. High volume clinics for screening, diagnosis, and treatment are the rule rather than the exception in modern practice. A papermill medical record department or tumor registry fails on a day‐to‐day basis because of inefficiency of data collection, filing, storage, and abstraction. Requirements of the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) include the setting of standards and the ability to query data to ensure the standards are met. A PC‐based software program has been developed with the following features: (1) ongoing timed queries of the data are possible on any variable collected in the database to monitor trends in the standards established for care in the clinic; (2) a daily update of the database is performed so that it may be used as a clinical management tool, acting as an electronic medical record or as a clinical research tool; (3) the software will summarize the chart by abstracting a predetermined list of key data elements to improve clinical efficiency; (4) chart documentation is improved for Medicare coding requirements to maximize physician reimbursement; and (5) clinic notes and referral letters are generated the same day as the clinic visit to allow patients to have a copy of their clinic notes or for same day FAXing to the referring doctors. To date, > 1,200 patients with melanoma have been registered and entered into the system. The system acts as a melanoma database for the State of Florida by registering 10% of the new cases diagnosed in the state. The use of the database allows the natural history of various subgroups of the melanoma population to be defined in a state in which the disease is “epidemic.” In this way, populations can be identified who have a good prognosis and can just be followed or other subgroups identified who are candidates for adjuvant protocols.
Treatment of the Primary Malignant Melanoma: A Review
Authors: Cruse C. Wayne , Reintgen Douglas
Published: April 2023

Treatment of the primary tumor in malignant melanoma includes a surgical excision of the surrounding skin and subcutaneous fat to remove tumor and occult focci. The most significant factor in predicting recurrence of melanoma at the primary tumor site is thickness of the primary tumor and the presence of ulceration. The margin of resection for lesions less than .76 mm is 1 cm and the margin of resection for lesions .76 mm or greater is 2 cm. However, we must remember that an additional margin of skin resection rarely compromises a satisfactory esthetic result and prognosis may be gravely affected by local recurrence of the tumor. The primary incisions may require special considerations if the underlying lymph nodes are also to be resected. On the face less margins may be advantageous for an optimal cosmetic result. The method of reconstruction depends upon the location and size of the defect, the functional and esthetic requirements of the patient, and the medical condition of the patient. Reconstructive methods with primary closure, split thickness skin grafts, full thickness skin grafts, local flaps, and regional flaps are discussed for different locations.
Selective Lymphadenectomy: Emerging Role for Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Node Biopsy in the Management of Early Stage Melanoma
Authors: Ross Merrick I. , Reintgen Douglas , Balch Charles M.
Published: April 2023

The percentage of melanoma patients diagnosed at an early stage is increasing. Many of these patients, particularly those with primary tumors thicker than 1.5 mm, harbor occult metastases in regional nodes and are eligible for regional lymphadenectomy as part of their primary management. Until the results of recently completed prospective randomized trials are available the role for elective lymphadenectomy in terms of survival benefit remains a controversial issue. A new technique, intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy, has emerged as a simple way to determine whether or not metastatic disease is present. An intradermal injection of a vital blue dye at the site of the primary tumor allows identification of a “sentinel” node in the regional basin. A study of 237 patients was recently reported by Morton et al. (Arch Surg 127:392–399, 1992; Surg Oncol Clin North Am 1:247–259, 1992) demonstrating that the sentinel node can be readily identified > 80% of the time and that histologic examination of the node results in at least a 95% accuracy rate in staging the nodal basin for metastases. Our present series substantiates the results of the original study. An international multicenter trial has been proposed to further confirm the accuracy and universal feasibility of this technique. Acceptance of this technique will lead to a selective approach to regional lymphadenectomy, as only patients with proven micrometastases will undergo lymph node dissections. This approach should satisfy both the advocates and the opponents of elective regional lymphadenectomy.
Radiologic Imaging in Malignant Melanoma: A Review
Authors: Berman Claudia , Reintgen Douglas
Published: April 2023

The role of imaging in the staging of malignant melanoma is reviewed. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) are useful for detecting liver, lung, and central nervous system (CNS) metastases in asymptomatic patients at high risk and in symptomatic patients. Plain films, bone scan, and gastrointestinal (GI) studies are useful in patients with skeletal or GI complaints. Additionally, imaging studies have a primary role for ascertaining the response, if any, to treatment.
Molecular Basis of Tumor Progression: Mechanisms of Organ‐Specific Tumor Metastasis
Authors: Yeatman Timothy J. , Nicolson Garth L.
Published: April 2023

Tumor cell metastasis is an extremely complex process governed by many different classes of molecules with each class having a separate function. Metastasis is the result of multiple sequential steps and is a highly organized, nonrandom, and organ‐selective process. Recent advances in tumor and molecular biology have permitted the identification of a variety of heterogeneous molecules governing invasion (degradative enzymes, motility factors), adhesion (integrins, selectins, cadherins, immunoglobulin‐like superfamily, annexins), and growth (paracrine and autocrine growth factors) of tumor cells. This diverse group of biological molecules is collectively responsible for determining whether tumor cells can progress from a single malignant cell to a lethal, multiorgan, metastatic disease.
Development of Serotonin Antagonists for the Control of Chemotherapy‐Induced Emesis
Authors: Hainsworth John D.
Published: April 2023

Chemotherapy‐induced emesis is one of the most common and severe side effects of systemic cancer therapy. During the 1980s, the development of metoclopramide‐based combination antiemetic regimens resulted in complete or near‐complete control of emesis in 60–70% of patients receiving cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. However, 30–40% of patients remained poorly controlled with these regimens, and bothersome side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms and sedation hindered therapy in some patients.

The selective 5‐hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) inhibitors are a new class of antiemetics that have further improved the control of chemotherapy‐related nausea and vomiting. Ondansetron, the first of these compounds available commercially, has proven superior to high‐dose metoclopramide in controlling cisplatin‐induced emesis. In addition, no extrapyramidal side effects have been observed with ondansetron. Although the currently approved dosing schedule for ondansetron is 0.15 mg/kg intravenously (IV) every 4 hours for three doses, recent data indicate that a single 32 mg dose prior to chemotherapy may be superior. The addition of dexamethasone (10–20 mg IV prior to chemotherapy) improves the efficiency of ondansetron; this combination should be considered in all patients receiving cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. The role of ondansetron in non‐cisplatin chemotherapy is not completely defined, but patients unresponsive to other antiemetic therapy often have improved control with the addition of ondansetron.
Psychrometric Studies
Authors: Henry H. C. , Epstein N.
Published: April 2023

Measurements of the intensity and scale of turbulence have been made in the absence of mass transfer within two 4‐inch ducts, using both air and helium, with and without wire screen turbulence promoters, including measurements in the vicinity of a cylinder subjected to cross‐flow. The results are consistent with, and extend the scope of, comparable turbulence measurements in the literature.

Local and overall wet‐bulb temperature depressions for sublimation into air of naphthalene (Le = 3.5) and p‐dichlorobenzene (Le = 3.1) cylinders, spheres and flat plates at subcritical flow conditions are shown to be unaffected by a free stream turbulence intensity variation of 2 – 16% and a tenfold variation of free stream scale of turbulence. It is concluded that despite increases in the absolute rates of both heat and mass transfer with increase in turbulence levels, the analogies between heat and mass transfer and the corresponding equations for psychrometric ratios which apply for relatively low mass fluxes at low‐levels of turbulence, remain intact at the higher levels of turbulence

On a fait des mesures de l'intensité et de l'envergure de la turbulence, en l'absence de transfert de masse, dans deux conduits de 4 pouces, en utilisant l'air et l'hélium, avec ou sans écrans en fil métallique servant à promouvoir la turbulence; parmi ces mesures, certaines ont été faites au voisinage d'un cylindre exposé à un écoulement transversal. Les résultats obtenus sont conformes aux mesures comparables de turbulence qu'on trouve dans la littérature et augmentent leur portée. On montre que les diminutions locales et globales de la température, dans le cas de bulbes humides et de la sublimation dans l'air de cylindres, sphères et plaques plates de naphthaline (nombre de Lewis de 3.5) et de paradichlorobenzène (nombre de Lewis de 3.1) dans des conditions d'écoulement inférieures aux conditions critiques, n'étaient pas affectées par une variation d'intensité de 2 à 16% de la turbulence d'une courant libre ou une variation décuple de l'échelle de turbulence de celui‐ci. On en conclut qu'en dépit des augmentations dans les taux absolus du transfert de chaleur et de masse avec un accroissement du degré de turbulence, les analogies entre le transfert de masse et de chaleur et les équations correspondantes, pour les rapports psychrométriques qui s'appliquent dans le cas de flux de masse relativement faibles à de bas niveaux de turbulence, demeurent les mêmes à des degrés plus élevés de turbulence.
Laminar Flow Through Periodically Convergent‐Divergent Tubes and Channels
Authors: Batra V. K. , Fulford G. D. , Dullien F. A. L.
Published: April 2023

Laminar fluid flow through small tubes and capillaries having frequent changes in cross‐section plays an important role in a number of processes. In the present study the effect of the wave parameters of ¼‐in. and ⅜‐in. nominal diameter rigid, periodically convergent‐divergent (wavy) tubes on the laminar flow‐characteristics was investigated. The value of friction factor increases with decreasing wavelength‐to‐diameter ratios (< 0.5) by as much as 120% of the uniform tube value (wave amplitude‐to‐diameter ratios were in the range 0.13‐0.25). The value of the critical Reynolds number of transition to turbulence decreases with decreasing wavelength‐to‐diameter ratio.

For steady, fully developed laminar flow through deep flat channels with wavy sides, the value of friction factor increases with increasing depth‐to‐mean width ratio and obeys the relationship f = m/NRe, where m is a constant.

L'écoulement laminaire d'un fluide, dans des tubes petits et capillaires dont la section transversale est soumise à des changements fréquents, joue un rôle important dans un certain nombre de procédés. On a étudié dans le présent travail l'effet, sur les propriétés d'écoulement laminaire, des paramètres d'ondes de tubes (onduleux) rigides de diamètres nominaux de ¼″ et ⅜″ qui étaient périodiquement convergents et digergents. La valeur du coefficient de frottement a augmenté à mesure que les rapports entre la longueur d'on et le diamètre décroissait et cette augmentation a atteint 120% de la valeur du tube uniforme (les rapports entre l'amplitude des vagues et le diamètre ont été dans l'échelle de 0.13 à 0.25). La valeur du nombre critique de Reynolds pour le passage à la turbulence a diminué lorsque le rapport entre la longueur d'onde et le diamètre a décru. Dans le cas d'un écoulement laminaire stable et en plein fonctionnement dans des canaux profonds et plats et dont les côtés étaient onduleux, la valeur du facteur de frottement a augmenté avec le rapport entre la profondeur et la largeur moyenne conformément à la relation f = m/NRe, où m est une constante.
Some Aspects of Research on Coal Liquefaction in Alberta
Authors: Ignasiak B. , Brown R. A. S.
Published: April 2023

Alberta has extensive reserves of subbituminous coals and the major objective of the Alberta Research Council coal R&D program is to determine the feasibility of producing liquid hydrocarbons from these coals.

This is to be accomplished by (1) developing the technical capability for and carrying out a preliminary assessment of existing liquefaction processes for indigenous coals and (2) perusing and intensifying the more fundamental research on coal liquefaction that has already been done in the Council and that could lead to development of a novel method of liquefaction specifically geared for Alberta subbituminous coals. This communication describes the more interesting aspects of work conducted in our laboratories on the fundamentals of coal liquefaction.

L'Alberta possède des réserves considérables de charbons subbitumineux et l'objectif principal du Conseil des Recherches de l'Alberta, dans son programme de recherche et de développement sur les charbons, est de déterminer la faisabilité de la production d'hydrocarbures liquides à partir de ces charbons.

Cet objectif sera atteint (1) en développant les possibilités techniques des procédés actuels de liquéfaction des charbons domestiques et en faisant une évaluation préliminaire; (2) en recensant minutieusement le travail de recherche fondamentale déjà fait à ce Conseil et en l'intensifiant, étant donné qu'il pourrait conduire à la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de liquéfaction adaptée spécifiquement aux charbons subbitumineux de l'Alberta. On décrit dans le présent travail les aspects les plus intéressants des travaux faits dans les laboratoirese du Conseil sur les aspects fondamentaux de la liquéfaction des charbons.
Current Status of H‐Coal® Commercialization
Authors: Eccles Richard M. , De Vaux George R. , Dutkiewicz Kroner
Published: April 2023

H‐Coal® is a catalytic hydroliquefaction process for converting coal to high quality, clean liquids. The process uses the commercially proven ebullating‐bed reactor to achieve superior distillate yields in the range of 40 to 50 weight percent from a wide variety of coals. Having been thoroughly and successfully tested in laboratory equipment at coal capacities up to 3.5 tons per day, H‐Coal is ready for demonstration in commercial‐size equipment when the 600 ton‐per‐day Pilot Plant at Catlettsburg, Kentucky, goes on stream later this year. Continuing parallel research on H‐Coal has demonstrated the feasibility of lower pressure operation and improved catalysts. A comparative economic study of several coal liquefaction processes prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy suggests that the H‐Coal syncrude mode operation is a front‐runner in terms of lowest product cost.

“H‐Coal®” est un procédé d'hydro‐liquéfaction pour transformer le charbon en des liquides propres et de haute qualité; on y emploie le réacteur à lit bouillonnant, qui a fait ses preuves au point de vue commercial, pour obtenir des rendements supérieurs en distillat (40‐50% en poids) à partir d'une grande variété de charbons. Après avoir été rigoureusement testé dans de l'équipement de laboratoire à des capacités allant jusqu'à 3.5 tonnes par jour, le procédé “H‐Coal” est prêt pour les tests dans de l'équipement de dimensions commerciales, lorsque l'usine‐pilote de Catlettsburg, Kentucky, d'une capacité de 600 tonnes/jour, commencera à fonctionner plus tard cette année. Des travaux de recherches parallèles, faits sur le procédé “H‐Coal” ont démontré qu'il était possible de fonctionner à plus basses pressions, avec des catalyseurs améliorés. Une étude économique comparative de plusieurs procédés de liquéfaction des charbons, fait pour le U.S. Department of Energy indique que le mode de fonctionnement “Syncrude” du procédé “H‐Coal” donne le produit au coût le plus bas.