bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peer‐Reviewed Embedded Pedagogy: A New Approach to Promote and Improve Active Learning in Science Education
Authors: Orr Matthew R. , Kirkegaard Amanda
Published: June 2022

Active learning increases student performance in STEM disciplines. Open educational resources (OERs) offered by the Ecological Society of America and other entities offer free, accessible, and peer‐reviewed active learning exercises in ecology and other fields. Here, we propose a new method, which we call peer‐reviewed embedded pedagogy (PREP), to improve the creation, implementation, and quality of OERs. Under PREP, a research laboratory publishes an OER before, instead of after, the research that it is predicated upon goes to press and then embeds a link to the OER in the scientific manuscript. We describe four ways that PREP might incentivize the creation and use of OERs by research scientists and three ways that it could improve the quality of OERs for students. Together, these benefits address eight AAAS benchmarks in science education and offer a win–win situation for both students and the scientists who instruct them.
Prime editing in plants and mammalian cells: Mechanism, achievements, limitations, and future prospects
Authors: Hillary V. Edwin , Ceasar S. Antony
Published: June 2022

Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has revolutionized genetic research in the life sciences. Four classes of CRISPR/Cas‐derived genome editing agents, such as nuclease, base editor, recombinase, and prime editor have been introduced for engineering the genomes of diverse organisms. The recently introduced prime editing system offers precise editing without many off‐target effects than traditional CRISPR‐based systems. Many researchers have successfully applied this gene‐editing toolbox in diverse systems for various genome‐editing applications. This review presents the mechanism of prime editing and summarizes the details of the prime editing system applied in plants and mammalian cells for precise genome editing. We also discuss the advantages, limitations, and potential future applications of prime editing in these systems. This review enables the researcher to gain knowledge on prime editing tools and their potential applications in plants and mammalian cells.
WRN rescues replication forks compromised by a BRCA2 deficiency: Predictions for how inhibition of a helicase that suppresses premature aging tilts the balance to fork demise and chromosomal instability in cancer
Authors: Datta Arindam , Brosh Robert M.
Published: June 2022

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers are frequently attributed to germline mutations in the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. BRCA1/2 act to repair double‐strand breaks (DSBs) and suppress the demise of unstable replication forks. Our work elucidated a dynamic interplay between BRCA2 and the WRN DNA helicase/exonuclease defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome. WRN and BRCA2 participate in complementary pathways to stabilize replication forks in cancer cells, allowing them to proliferate. Whether the functional overlap of WRN and BRCA2 is relevant to replication at gaps between newly synthesized DNA fragments, protection of telomeres, and/or metabolism of secondary DNA structures remain to be determined. Advances in understanding the mechanisms elicited during replication stress have prompted the community to reconsider avenues for cancer therapy. Insights from studies of PARP or topoisomerase inhibitors provide working models for the investigation of WRN's mechanism of action. We discuss these topics, focusing on the implications of the WRN‐BRCA2 genetic interaction under conditions of replication stress.
Orchestrating ribosomal RNA folding during ribosome assembly
Authors: Oborská‐Oplová Michaela , Gerhardy Stefan , Panse Vikram Govind
Published: June 2022

Construction of the eukaryotic ribosome is a complex process in which a nascent ribosomal RNA (rRNA) emerging from RNA Polymerase I hierarchically folds into a native three‐dimensional structure. Modular assembly of individual RNA domains through interactions with ribosomal proteins and a myriad of assembly factors permit efficient disentanglement of the error‐prone RNA folding process. Following these dynamic events, long‐range tertiary interactions are orchestrated to compact rRNA. A combination of genetic, biochemical, and structural studies is now providing clues into how a nascent rRNA is transformed into a functional ribosome with high precision. With this essay, we aim to draw attention to the poorly understood process of establishing correct RNA tertiary contacts during ribosome formation.
Analyzing the effect of using axial impellers in large‐scale bioreactors
Authors: Bernauer Sören , Eibl Philipp , Witz Christian , Khinast Johannes , Hardiman Timo
Published: June 2022

In high‐performance industrial fermentation processes, stirring and aeration may account for significant production costs. Compared to the widely applied Rushton impellers, axial‐pumping impellers are known to yield a lower power draw and at the same time improve mixing. However, their lower gas dispersion capability requires stronger agitation, compromising these benefits. Diverse advanced impeller forms have been developed to cope with this challenge. We apply alternating radial and axial impellers and demonstrate strong gas dispersion and energy‐efficient mixing for the first time in a large‐scale (160 m3) bioreactor, based on experimental and computational fluid dynamics simulation data. For equal operating conditions (stirrer speed, aeration rate), this setup yielded similar gas hold‐ups and better mixing times (35%) compared to a classical Rushton‐only configuration. Hence, applying a radial impeller on an upper level for improving gas dispersion maintains the benefits of axial impellers in terms of reducing energy demand (up to 50%). We conclude that this effect is significant only at large‐scale, when bubbles substantially expand due to the release of the hydrostatic pressure and have time to coalesce. The work thus extends current knowledge on mixing and aeration of large‐scale reactors using classical impeller types.
Effect of time‐gating on stimulated emission depletion microscopy using sub‐nanosecond pulses
Authors: Lee Mina , Joo Sihwa
Published: June 2022

Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is a super‐resolution microscopy technique that overcomes the diffraction limit using a donut‐shaped beam switching off fluorescence through stimulated emission. Because the resolution of STED microscopy is directly affected by beam intensity, a light source for the donut beam is very important. Because of their output power, cost, and convenience, sub‐nanosecond fiber lasers have become popular. However, their pulses (approximately 500 ps) are somewhat long, which can degrade the resolution. In this study, we used time‐gating to improve the resolution of an STED microscope built with a sub‐nanosecond fiber laser. Quantitative analysis of single DNA origami bead images revealed that time‐gating increased the resolution and signal‐to‐background ratio by 15% and twofold, respectively. A similar effect was observed in cell imaging. This result suggests that time‐gating would be beneficial for STED microscopes using slightly long pulses.
How to convert green entrepreneurial orientation into green innovation: The role of knowledge creation process and green absorptive capacity
Authors: Wang Chao , Zhang Xiu‐e , Teng Xinyu
Published: June 2022

Based on the resource advantage theory and knowledge‐based theory, this study explores the impact of green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO) on green innovation, the moderating role of green absorptive capacity (GAC), and the mediating role of knowledge creation process. Through the survey of 173 middle‐senior managers, this study finds that GEO significantly affects green innovation, and GEO has a positive impact on knowledge exchange (KE) and knowledge integration (KI). Furthermore, GAC strengthens the positive impact of GEO on knowledge creation process. Additionally, KE and KI have positive impacts on green product innovation and green process innovation. KE and KI play the mediating roles in the relationship between GEO and green innovation. These results expand the theoretical basis of green entrepreneurship, provide a more comprehensive understanding of how to carry out green innovation for enterprises, and contribute to the improvement of the research on green entrepreneurship.
RNA therapeutics in the clinic
Authors: Curreri Alexander , Sankholkar Disha , Mitragotri Samir , Zhao Zongmin
Published: June 2022

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapeutics are being actively researched as a therapeutic modality in preclinical and clinical studies. They have become one of the most ubiquitously known and discussed therapeutics in recent years in part due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Since the first approval in 1998, research on RNA therapeutics has progressed to discovering new therapeutic targets and delivery strategies to enhance their safety and efficacy. Here, we provide an overview of the current clinically relevant RNA therapeutics, mechanistic basis of their function, and strategies to improve their clinical use. We discuss the 17 approved RNA therapeutics and perform an in‐depth analysis of the 222 ongoing clinical trials, with an emphasis on their respective mechanisms and disease areas. We also provide perspectives on the challenges for clinical translation of RNA therapeutics and suggest potential strategies to address these challenges.
Early prediction of prostate cancer risk in younger men using polygenic risk scores and electronic health records
Authors: Varma Amita , Maharjan Jenish , Garikipati Anurag , Hurtado Myrna , Shokouhi Sepideh , Mao Qingqing
Published: June 2022

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) screening is not routinely conducted in men aged 55 and younger, although this age group accounts for more than 10% of cases. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and patient data applied toward early prediction of PCa may lead to earlier interventions and increased survival. We have developed machine learning (ML) models to predict PCa risk in men 55 and under using PRSs combined with patient data.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study on 91,106 male patients aged 35–55 using the UK Biobank database. Five gradient boosting models were developed and validated utilizing routine screening data, PRSs, additional clinical data, or combinations of the three.

Results

Combinations of PRSs and patient data outperformed models that utilized PRS or patient data only, and the highest performing models achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.788. Our models demonstrated a substantially lower false positive rate (35.4%) in comparison to standard screening using prostate‐specific antigen (60%–67%).

Conclusion

This study provides the first preliminary evidence for the use of PRSs with patient data in a ML algorithm for PCa risk prediction in men aged 55 and under for whom screening is not standard practice.
Phase I study of adjuvant chemotherapy with nab‐paclitaxel and S‐1 for stage III Lauren's diffuse‐type gastric cancer after D2 resection (NORDICA study)
Authors: Cui Yuehong , Yu Yiyi , Yu Shan , Li Wei , Wang Yan , Li Qian , Liu Tianshu
Published: June 2022

Purpose

The prognosis of diffuse‐type gastric cancer (DGC) is poorer than that of intestinal type, but S‐1 is a potential treatment option in DGC. This study explored the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended dose for phase II study (RP2D) of nab‐paclitaxel combined with S‐1 (AS regimen) as adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III DGC.

Methods

Patients with stage III DGC were recruited into this phase I dose‐escalation study between July 2019 and June 2020 in Zhongshan Hospital. Nab‐paclitaxel and S‐1 (80–120 mg/day, d1‐14, q3w) were administrated for 6 cycles, and then 8 cycles of S‐1 monotherapy were applied. The patients received nab‐paclitaxel at 180, 220, or 260 mg/m2 according to the 3 + 3 design based on dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT). The primary endpoint was RP2D. Secondary endpoints were the 1‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) rate and adverse events (AEs).

Results

One case experienced DLT in 180‐mg/m2 dose group, subsequently three additional subjects were enrolled. DLT was not observed in the 220‐ and 260‐mg/m2 dose groups (both n = 3). Therefore, the MTD has not reached, and the RP2D of nab‐paclitaxel would be 260 mg/m2. Five participants showed progressive disease, with three and two participants in the 180‐ and 220‐mg/m2 dose groups, respectively. The 6‐, 12‐, and 18‐month DFS rates were 100%, 63.6%, and 50.9%, respectively. The most frequently observed AEs were neutropenia (83.3%) and leukopenia (66.7%).

Conclusion

The RP2D of nab‐paclitaxel as adjuvant chemotherapy in DGC was 260 mg/m2. The AS regimen had a tolerable AE profile in stage III DGC.
Treatment of gummy smile combining crown lengthening, lip repositioning, and the use of polyester threads
Authors: Horn Renata O. R. , Joly Júlio C.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

The case report presents a new possibility of treatment for a gummy smile in a patient with multiple etiologies, such as altered passive eruption and hypermobility upper lip. At first, crown lengthening was not sufficient to achieve the desired aesthetic result, being necessary its combination with lip repositioning.

Case Presentation

Crown lengthening surgery (CLS) was performed in a 20‐year‐old woman, with a gingival display of 7.5 mm, having her gingival exposure reduced to 5.5 mm. Because the patient continued unsatisfied after 6 months, a new procedure was adopted. To reduce even more her gingival exposure, lip repositioning technique was performed associated with myotomy and the insertion of polyester threads as a physical barrier to prevent relapse.

Conclusion

The result of the gingival display was reduced to 2.5 mm, removing the condition of a gummy smile after the combination of both techniques: crown lengthening, and lip repositioning.

Key points

Why is this case new information?

Association of the technique of lip repositioning and myotomy, the insertion of polyester threads that act as a physical barrier against recurrence.

What are the keys to successful management of this case?

Correct etiological diagnosis.

Prior application of botulinum toxin.

Respect the period of 1 month for the insertion of the polyester thread, helping to preserve the suture (limitation of movement).

What are the primary limitations to success in this case?

Make the patient aware not to move the lips with the hands in order to observe the incision.
The affect premium for brands: Brand‐first versus attribute‐first presentation of product information impacts willingness to pay
Authors: Narayanan Priya , Sahay Arvind
Published: June 2022

Despite considerable difference between brand and attribute information, the question of whether sequential presentation of brand and attribute information can impact product evaluation has yet to be addressed. We answer this question by identifying a novel affect‐based mechanism for sequential presentation of brand and attribute information that is distinct from existing mechanisms that are predominantly cognitive. Based on the affective mental associations for a brand (vs. an attribute), we show that willingness to pay for a product is higher under brand‐first (vs. attribute‐first) presentation, a difference that we term the “affect premium” for brands. We present an affect‐based explanation for this phenomenon by showing that it is observed only for strong brands, mediated by affect elicited by the brand, and observed only under promotion (vs. prevention) focus due to contingent reliance on affect. Further research could determine the information processing pathway involved and boundary conditions for the observed effect.
Psychometric characteristics of the Dutch Personality Assessment Scale in Papiamento‐speaking prisoners
Authors: van de Vorst Micha , Heijtel Frans G. M. , Matroos Glenn M. , Vinkers David J.
Published: June 2022

Background

Although personality disorders are common among offenders, there is no validated translated questionnaire for the assessment of personality disorders in Papiamento, a Portuguese‐Spanish influenced creole language, which is widely spoken on the former Dutch Antilles.

Aim

To evaluate the Dutch Personality Scale as translated into Papiamento in the prison of Bonaire.

Methods

The Dutch Personality Assessment Scale was translated into Papiamento by two independent experts and retranslated back into Dutch by two other fully bilingual and independent experts. Twenty‐four Papiamento‐speaking prisoners agreed to participate in the study.

Results

There was good agreement on translation of the assessment items. The prisoner participants reported no difficulties in answering the questions. The internal consistency was acceptable for the seven subscales except for ‘egoism’ (α 0.21) and very good for ‘inadequacy’ and ‘social inadequacy’ (0.88 and 0.82 respectively). The scores of neuroticism, rigidity, egoism and dominance were higher than in the general Dutch population.

Conclusion

Translation of the Dutch Personality Scale into the creole language Papiamento proved feasible. The cross‐cultural translation and validation of personality assessment scales may be helpful in assessment of personality disorders in offenders speaking creole languages.
Intramucosal esophageal dissection caused by gastric tube insertion
Authors: Ichibayashi Ryo , Watanabe Masayuki , Honda Mitsuru
Published: June 2022

We experienced a case of iatrogenic intramucosal esophageal dissection in a patient who had difficulty inserting a gastric tube. CT is useful for diagnosis.
Neonatal lupus erythematosus—a rare syndrome of transient autoimmunity
Authors: Zdraveska Nikolina , Kostovski Aco , Sofijanova Aspazija , Jancevska Snezana , Jovanovska Jana , Kacarska Milena , Damevska Katerina
Published: June 2022

Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is a rare autoimmune disease due to a passive transfer of maternal autoantibodies to the fetus. The clinical spectrum is variable and includes skin lesions, cardiac, hematological, or hepatobiliary disorders. We report an NLE case presenting with skin eruption that was initially considered as tinea.
Transmigration of copper IUCD leading to abdominal abscess: A case report
Authors: Lamichhane Ramesh , Kumari Swati , Khadka Anuska
Published: June 2022

Far migrated IUCD (Intrauterine Contraceptive Device) is an uncommon condition that has different manifestations depending upon its location. We present the case of a 22‐year‐old primipara who had a spontaneous abortion after IUCD placement and suffered chronic right lower abdominal pain thereafter. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed Cu‐IUCD in the right iliac fossa.
Effect of turbulence intensity and surface tension on the emulsification process and its stationary state—A numerical study
Authors: Begemann Alexander , Trummler Theresa , Trautner Elias , Hasslberger Josef , Klein Markus
Published: June 2022

We study turbulent emulsions and the emulsification process in homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) using direct numerical simulations (DNS) in combination with the volume of fluid method (VOF). For generating a turbulent flow field, we employ a linear forcing approach augmented by a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller, which ensures a constant turbulent kinetic energy for two phase flow scenarios and accelerates the emulsification process. For the simulations, the density ratio of dispersed and carrier phases is chosen to be similar to that of oil and water (0.9), representing a typical application. We vary the turbulence intensity and the surface tension coefficient. Thus, we modulate those parameters that directly affect the Hinze scale, which is expected to be the most stable maximum droplet diameter in emulsions in HIT. The considered configurations can be characterized with Taylor Reynolds numbers in the range of 100–140 and Weber numbers, evaluated with the velocity fluctuations and the integral length scale, of 4–70. Using the 3‐D simulation results, we study the emulsification process as well as the emulsions at a statistically stationary state. For the latter, droplet size distributions are evaluated and compared. We observe a Hinze scale similarity of the size distributions considering a fixed integral length scale, that is, similar Hinze scales obtained at different turbulence intensities or for different fluid properties result in similar distributions.
Recent advances in density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation of mechanical, interfacial, and thermal properties of natural gas hydrates in Canada
Authors: Mathews Samuel , Daghash Shaden , Rey Alejandro , Servio Phillip
Published: June 2022

Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds of a water backbone that encloses gaseous molecules. Thanks to their applications in gas recovery, carbon capture and storage, gas storage, and flow assurance, generating high quality data and predictions of their properties is paramount. A review of novel techniques using first principles density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations methods coupled to auxiliary simulations methods is presented herein. Structure I (sI), structure II (sII), and structure H (sH) hydrates have been studied extensively, with studies of their material strength showing that it is often misleading to use the properties of ice instead of the difficult‐to‐determine gas hydrate properties. Key differences between the three structures and their possible guests are presented. The interfacial properties of gas hydrates display key behaviours that control nucleation and growth, which are important phases in controlling and monitoring their formation. Gas hydrate thermal properties are also examined, with key differences existing between guests and some unusual alignment in the cages shown for carbon dioxide, ethane, and ethylene oxide sI hydrates. First principles infrared spectroscopy is also examined, with techniques showing that these signatures can be tied to and predict material properties to improve the speed of analysis. Therefore, by quantifying, modelling, predicting, and explaining their formation and dissociation, and linking these to their thermal, material, and interfacial properties, a database of reliable data for science and engineering methods and applications is formed to provide a basis for further work.
An efficient hand gesture recognition based on optimal deep embedded hybrid convolutional neural network‐long short term memory network model
Authors: Palanisamy Gajalakshmi , Thangaswamy Sree Sharmila
Published: June 2022

Hand gestures are the nonverbal communication done by individuals who cannot represent their thoughts in form of words. It is mainly used during human‐computer interaction (HCI), deaf and mute people interaction, and other robotic interface applications. Gesture recognition is a field of computer science mainly focused on improving the HCI via touch screens, cameras, and kinetic devices. The state‐of‐art systems mainly used computer vision‐based techniques that utilize both the motion sensor and camera to capture the hand gestures in real‐time and interprets them via the usage of the machine learning algorithms. Conventional machine learning algorithms often suffer from the different complexities present in the visible hand gesture images such as skin color, distance, light, hand direction, position, and background. In this article, an adaptive weighted multi‐scale resolution (AWMSR) network with a deep embedded hybrid convolutional neural network and long short term memory network (hybrid CNN‐LSTM) is proposed for identifying the different hand gesture signs with higher recognition accuracy. The proposed methodology is formulated using three steps: input preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. To improve the complex visual effects present in the input images, a histogram equalization technique is used which improves the size of the gray level pixel in the image and also their occurrence probability. The multi‐block local binary pattern (MB‐LBP) algorithm is employed for feature extraction which extracts the crucial features present in the image such as hand shape structure feature, curvature feature, and invariant movements. The AWMSR with the deep embedded hybrid CNN–LSTM network is applied in the two‐benchmark datasets namely Jochen Triesch static hand posture and NUS hand posture dataset‐II to detect its stability in identifying different hand gestures. The weight function of the deep embedded CNN‐LSTM architecture is optimized using the puzzle optimization algorithm. The efficiency of the proposed methodology is verified in terms of different performance evaluation metrics such as accuracy, loss, confusion matrix, Intersection over the union, and execution time. The proposed methodology offers recognition accuracy of 97.86% and 98.32% for both datasets.
The ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR prolonged grief criteria: Validation of the Traumatic Grief Inventory‐Self Report Plus using exploratory factor analysis and item response theory
Authors: Kokou‐Kpolou Cyrille Kossigan , Lenferink Lonneke I. M. , Brunnet Alice Einloft , Park Sunyoung , Megalakaki Olga , Boelen Paul , Cénat Jude Mary
Published: June 2022

More recently, the prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has been recognized as a mental health disorder following bereavement, which is distinct from depression and PTSD. However, the number and proposed symptom items vary across the ICD‐11 and the DSM‐5‐TR criteria for PG. The Traumatic Grief Inventory‐Self Report Plus (TGI‐SR+), which is an updated version of the TGI‐SR, is currently the only robust instrument that assesses PG according to the ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR criteria. For research and clinical use among French‐speaking countries, the forward‐backward procedure was applied to translate the TGI‐SR+ into French language. Exploratory factor analysis and parallel analysis converged towards a two‐dimensional structure for the TGI‐SR+, representing adaptation difficulties and traumatic separation distress. However, items mapping onto ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR criteria for PG represented a one‐dimensional structure. Findings based on item response theory method provided strong evidence for discriminative characteristics of the items. The internal reliability was excellent for the TGI‐SR+ (McDonald's ω = 0.97) and ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR criteria for PGD (McDonald's ω = 0.95). We also demonstrated a very high temporal stability for the TGI‐SR+ total score (ICC = .91, p < 0.0001) and ICD‐11 PGD and DSM‐5‐TR PGD (ICC = 0.90, and ICC = 0.88, ps < 0.0001, respectively). The concurrent validity of the instrument was also demonstrated, such that the TGI‐SR+ total score and all combinations were positively and significantly associated with the levels of depression, anxiety and post‐traumatic stress symptoms. However, the effect sizes were moderate. We conclude that for research and clinical use among French bereaved populations, the TGI‐SR+ is a sound tool with very good psychometric properties.
Building Leadership Skills in Research Groups
Authors: Robel Stefanie
Published: June 2022

The academic research enterprise currently suffers from a culture of “academic bullying” and an unprecedented worldwide mental health crisis among trainees and faculty. These struggles, in part, result from a lack of leadership skills. Mental health, well‐being, intrinsic motivation, and engagement at work are linked to three fundamental needs of self‐determination: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. A great leader will first ensure they are meeting their own needs and, secondly, will support their team members in increasing their needs without decreasing autonomy. This article is a practical “how‐to” guide for researchers at every stage of the academic career path. It distinguishes management from leadership and addresses three key leadership competencies related to the self‐determination needs: 1. Increasing one's personal power as a foundation for autonomy, 2. building a culture of belonging and psychological safety to nurture relatedness, and 3. supporting and encouraging the need for competence by enabling people to self‐evaluate performance and direct professional growth. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Sensemaking factors influencing the engagement in corporate social responsibility
Authors: Bataillard Carole
Published: June 2022

This article analyses the sensemaking factors influencing the corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement of management students. CSR is a complex enterprise, producing different related goals and consequently ambiguity, significantly restricting individuals' engagement in it. While studying the processes involved in CSR engagement decision‐making is key to understanding why individuals behave differently, these processes have not been extensively researched. To fill this gap, we explore antecedents related to the cognitive processes influencing CSR engagement. The main contribution lies in providing a new typology and the empirical presentation of three sensemaking factors influencing CSR engagement, depending on the value attached to the decision to engage and emotions. The results also describe how ambiguity may discourage CSR engagement, and how the business case approach is enhanced. Overall, this research improves our understanding of antecedents of CSR engagement as well as cognitive and emotional processes shaping CSR evaluations.
Three‐stage transformer‐coupled CMOS power amplifier for millimeter‐wave applications using 130 nm CMOS technology
Authors: Mansour Marwa , Mansour Islam
Published: June 2022

High‐efficiency and high‐linearity three‐stage transformer‐coupled power amplifier (PA) and power combiner for millimeter‐wave applications using 130 nm CMOS technology are presented in the paper. The suggested PA uses transformer coupled for input, inter‐stage, and output matching networks where the inter‐stage matching inductors are utilized to enhance the RF performance. The proposed power amplifier is composed of three stages: first, driver, and power stages. The first stage operates in a class‐C to improve the efficiency and decrease power dissipated while a class‐AB is used in the driver and power stages to maximize the output power. The proposed PA and power combiner designs are suitable for mm‐wave 5G applications. The coupling transformers, inter‐stage matching inductors, and output combiner are analyzed and designed using Ansoft high‐frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and achieve high‐quality factor and high‐coupling coefficient over the frequency range from 26 to 33 GHz. The proposed three‐stage transformer‐coupled power amplifier covers a frequency band from 26 GHz to 33 GHz with a saturated output power of 13.1 dBm, a peak power added efficiency (PAE) equals 19.1%, and a maximum power gain of 13.25 dB. Whereas the proposed power combiner has a saturated output power of 16.3 dBm, a maximum PAE equals 20.5% and a peak gain of 16.5 dB. The proposed three‐stage transformer‐coupled PA and power combiner consume low power of 65 mW and 128 mW, respectively. Moreover, the adjacent channel power ratios (ACPR) of the proposed PA and power combiner equal −30 dBc and −36 dBc, respectively, for 20 MHz channel bandwidth. Finally, the active areas of the proposed power amplifier and power combiner equal 0.25 mm2 and 0.69 mm2, respectively, while the chip areas are 0.55 mm2 and 1 mm2, respectively.
Pronounced squamous cell contamination in biliary tract cytology: A diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Tomm Nicole K. , Lamps Laura W. , Ko Christopher , Kwon Richard S. , Cantley Richard , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: June 2022

Squamous cells are rarely found in biliary tract cytology specimens, and when present are typically scant in quantity. Over an 8‐year time period, two cases at our institution reporting abundant squamous cells were identified. Both patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with bile duct brushings and removal of a migrated biliary stent. The migrated stents were retrieved using rat toothed forceps and required removal of the endoscope through the esophagus with the stent exposed to esophageal and oral mucosa outside of the endoscope. Cytologic examination of the accompanying biliary stent material accordingly revealed abundant benign squamous cells. However, bile duct brushings showed benign ductal epithelial cells without squamous cells. Prior and subsequent cytology and bile duct surgical pathology specimens did not show squamous metaplasia. Migrated biliary stents that require endoscopic withdrawal increase the risk of contaminating samples with squamous cells. Recognition of this unique scenario is important, as the differential diagnosis includes squamous metaplasia and squamous neoplasia.
Functional diversity of farmland bees across rural–urban landscapes in a tropical megacity
Authors: Marcacci Gabriel , Grass Ingo , Rao Vikas S. , Kumar S Shabarish , Tharini K. B. , Belavadi Vasuki V. , Nölke Nils , Tscharntke Teja , Westphal Catrin
Published: June 2022

Urbanization poses a major threat to biodiversity and food security, as expanding cities, especially in the Global South, increasingly compete with natural and agricultural lands. However, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity in tropical regions is overlooked. Here we assess how urbanization affects the functional response of farmland bees, the most important pollinators for crop production. We sampled bees across three seasons in 36 conventional vegetable‐producing farms spread along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, an Indian megacity. We investigated how landscape and local environmental drivers affected different functional traits (sociality, nesting behavior, body size, and specialization) and functional diversity (functional dispersion) of bee communities. We found that the functional responses to urbanization were trait specific with more positive than negative effects of gray area (sealed surfaces and buildings) on species richness, functional diversity, and abundance of most functional groups. As expected, larger, solitary, cavity‐nesting, and, surprisingly, specialist bees benefited from urbanization. In contrast to temperate cities, the abundance of ground nesters increased in urban areas, presumably because larger patches of bare soil were still available beside roads and buildings. However, overall bee abundance and the abundance of social bees (85% of all bees) decreased with urbanization, threatening crop pollination. Crop diversity promotes taxonomic and functional diversity of bee communities. Locally, flower resources promote the abundance of all functional groups, and natural vegetation can maintain diverse pollinator communities throughout the year, especially during the noncropping season. However, exotic plants decrease functional diversity and bee specialization. To safeguard bees and their pollination services in urban farms, we recommend (1) preserving seminatural vegetation (hedges) around cropping fields to provide nesting opportunities for aboveground nesters, (2) promoting farm‐level crop diversification of beneficial crops (e.g., pulses, vegetables, and spices), (3) maintaining native natural vegetation along field margins, and (4) controlling and removing invasive exotic plants that disrupt native plant–pollinator interactions. Overall, our results suggest that urban agriculture can maintain functionally diverse bee communities and, if managed in a sustainable manner, be used to develop win–win solutions for biodiversity conservation of pollinators and food security in and around cities.
Modeling net ecosystem carbon balance and loss in coastal wetlands exposed to sea‐level rise and saltwater intrusion
Authors: Ishtiaq Khandker S. , Troxler Tiffany G. , Lamb‐Wotton Lukas , Wilson Benjamin J. , Charles Sean P. , Davis Stephen E. , Kominoski John S. , Rudnick David T. , Sklar Fred H.
Published: June 2022

Coastal wetlands are globally important stores of carbon (C). However, accelerated sea‐level rise (SLR), increased saltwater intrusion, and modified freshwater discharge can contribute to the collapse of peat marshes, converting coastal peatlands into open water. Applying results from multiple experiments from sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense)‐dominated freshwater and brackish water marshes in the Florida Coastal Everglades, we developed a system‐level mechanistic peat elevation model (EvPEM). We applied the model to simulate net ecosystem C balance (NECB) and peat elevation in response to elevated salinity under inundation and drought exposure. Using a mass C balance approach, we estimated net gain in C and corresponding export of aquatic fluxes () in the freshwater marsh under ambient conditions (NECB = 1119 ± 229 gC m−2 year−1; FAQ = 317 ± 186 gC m−2 year−1). In contrast, the brackish water marsh exhibited substantial peat loss and aquatic C export with ambient (NECB = −366 ± 15 gC m−2 year−1; FAQ = 311 ± 30 gC m−2 year−1) and elevated salinity (NECB = −594 ± 94 gC m−2 year−1; FAQ = 729 ± 142 gC m−2 year−1) under extended exposed conditions. Further, mass balance suggests a considerable decline in soil C and corresponding elevation loss with elevated salinity and seasonal dry‐down. Applying EvPEM, we developed critical marsh net primary productivity (NPP) thresholds as a function of salinity to simulate accumulating, steady‐state, and collapsing peat elevations. The optimization showed that ~150–1070 gC m−2 year−1 NPP could support a stable peat elevation (elevation change ≈ SLR), with the corresponding salinity ranging from 1 to 20 ppt under increasing inundation levels. The C budgeting and modeling illustrate the impacts of saltwater intrusion, inundation, and seasonal dry‐down and reduce uncertainties in understanding the fate of coastal peat wetlands with SLR and freshwater restoration. The modeling results provide management targets for hydrologic restoration based on the ecological conditions needed to reduce the vulnerability of the Everglades' peat marshes to collapse. The approach can be extended to other coastal peatlands to quantify C loss and improve understanding of the influence of the biological controls on wetland C storage changes for coastal management.
Prevalence of disordered eating behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Results of multicenter Italian nationwide study
Authors: Troncone Alda , Affuso Gaetana , Cascella Crescenzo , Chianese Antonietta , Pizzini Barbara , Zanfardino Angela , Iafusco Dario ,   Diabetes Study Group of Italian Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology
Published: June 2022

Objective

To assess the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in a large sample of Italian adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to explore potential demographic, clinical, and psychological differences (understood as emotional and behavioral problems) among adolescents with and without DEBs.

Method

Adolescents (11–19 years) with type 1 diabetes completed the Diabetes Eating Problems Survey‐revised (DEPS‐r) and the Youth Self Report (YSR). Demographic and clinical data were also collected.

Results

Of 690 adolescents with type 1 diabetes (mean age 14.97 ± 1.81, n = 337 girls) assessed in this study, 28.1% (21% boys, 35% girls) were DEPS‐r positive (score ≥ 20). Girls had higher DEPS‐r total scores (p < .0001, d = .42) than boys, although no age differences were found in mean DEPS‐r total scores (p = .961). In both genders, adolescents with DEBs had significantly higher zBMI (p < .0001, d = .52) and HbA1c values (p < .0001, d = .54) and showed more emotional and behavioral problems (both as internalizing and externalizing problems) than those without DEBs (all p < .0001). These differences were largely confirmed in all age groups. Adolescents reporting insulin misuse had higher HbA1c values (p = .001, d = .26), higher DEPS‐r mean scores (p < .0001, d = 1.07), and greater psychological problems (all p < .001) than those who did not.

Discussion

DEBs are prevalent among adolescents with type 1 diabetes, and those with eating problems showed adverse clinical and psychological conditions. Routine screening for DEBs and of general psychological condition should be a fundamental part of diabetes care, especially during adolescence.

Public significance statement

This nationwide study indicated that DEBs are common in adolescents with T1D, and those suffering from them show poorer clinical conditions and higher emotional and behavioral problems. As such, it offers important contributions for those working with EDs and in the T1D field, as it provides a deeper understanding of the co‐occurring DEBs–emotional/behavioral problems in youths with T1D and highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of their psychological condition by a multidisciplinary team.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on intensive cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes in patients with anorexia nervosa—A cohort study
Authors: Dalle Grave Riccardo , Dalle Grave Anna , Bani Elena , Oliosi Alessandra , Conti Maddalena , Dametti Laura , Calugi Simona
Published: June 2022

Objective

This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the efficacy of an intensive treatment based on enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT‐E) in patients with anorexia nervosa.

Methods

This cohort study analyzed 57 patients with anorexia nervosa who experienced the COVID‐19 pandemic during intensive CBT‐E, comparing their outcomes (body mass index [BMI], eating‐disorder and general psychopathology, and clinical impairment) with those of patients with anorexia nervosa matched by gender, age, and BMI given the same treatment before the COVID‐19 outbreak as controls. Patients were assessed at baseline, at the end of treatment and after 20 weeks of follow‐up.

Results

More than 75% of patients during the pandemic versus 85% of controls completed the treatment, a difference that was not significant. BMI, eating disorder and general psychopathology and clinical impairment scores improved significantly from baseline to 20‐week follow‐up in both groups. However, the improvement was more marked in controls than in those treated during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Conclusion

Patients with anorexia nervosa given intensive CBT‐E during the COVID‐19 pandemic had significantly improved psychopathology, albeit to a lesser extent than patients given the same treatment before the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Public significance statement

In this study, the outcome of 57 patients with anorexia treated with intensive enhanced cognitive behavior therapy during the COVID‐19 pandemic was compared with a matched group treated before the pandemic hit. The rate of remission from anorexia nervosa was similar between the two groups. However, patients exposed to the COVID‐19 pandemic showed lesser improvement than those not exposed.
Trait relationships of fungal decomposers in response to drought using a dual field and laboratory approach
Authors: Alster Charlotte J. , Allison Steven D. , Treseder Kathleen K.
Published: June 2022

Decomposer fungi play a fundamental role in terrestrial ecosystem dynamics. In the southwestern United States, climate change is causing more frequent and severe droughts, which may alter fungal community composition and activity. Investigating relationships between fungal traits may improve the prediction of fungal responses to drought. In this dual field and laboratory experiment, we examine whether trade‐offs occur between traits associated with drought. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that fungi sort into lifestyles specializing in growthyield, resourceacquisition, and droughtstress tolerance (“YAS” framework). For the field experiment, we constructed microbial “cages” containing sterilized litter and 1 of 10 fungal isolates. These cages were placed in long‐term drought and control plots in a southern Californian grassland for 6 and 12 months. We measured fungal hyphal length per unit litter mass loss for growth yield, the potential activities of four extracellular enzymes for resource acquisition, and the ability to grow in the drought versus control plots for drought stress tolerance. We compared these results with a laboratory microcosm experiment constructed with the same fungal isolates and that measured the same fungal traits. The field experiment corroborated our laboratory results, in that no trade‐offs were observed between growth yield and resource acquisition traits. However, in contrast to the laboratory experiment, drought tolerance was negatively related to extracellular enzyme activity and growth yield in the field, implying a trade‐off. Despite this observed trade‐off in the field, growth yield was not hindered by drought. We propose a modification to the YAS framework, by combining the growth yield and resource acquisition lifestyles, which may be more appropriate for this arid system. This joint laboratory and field approach contextualizes a theoretical framework in microbial ecology and improves understanding of fungal community response to climate change.
Evaluation of sample collection and storage protocols for surface eDNA surveys of an invasive terrestrial insect
Authors: Peterson Donnie L. , Allen Michael C. , Vastano Anthony , Lockwood Julie L.
Published: June 2022

Environmental DNA surveys have revolutionized monitoring of rare or cryptic species and species inhabiting areas where conventional sampling is difficult or dangerous. Recent advancements within terrestrial environments include the capture of eDNA deposited by animals on surfaces such as tree bark and foliage, hereafter “surface eDNA.” Notably, a technique which uses commercial paint rollers to aggregate surface eDNA has been deployed with success to detect the presence of forest insect pests providing a potentially powerful new management tool. However, before widespread adoption is feasible, the efficiency and logistics of roller sample collection and study design, especially relative to realistic survey conditions, must be evaluated. We compared the performance of two DNA preservation treatments—cold and ethanol—on their ability to reduce the loss of captured eDNA on rollers over time. Additionally, we evaluated how the detection probability of our target species, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), varied with sampling effort (time spent rolling per sample) and the initial quantity of eDNA present. Finally, we evaluated how the number of trees sampled per roller influenced the final concentrations of lanternfly eDNA remaining on the roller. We found storing rollers with ethanol or cold temperatures resulted in 3–10‐fold greater concentrations of experimentally controlled eDNA relative to no treatment after 24 h. Detection probability declined as the amount of lanternfly eDNA decreased, but did not change in response to sampling effort over sample time (10–80 s/tree). Finally, recovered lanternfly eDNA decreased as more trees were sampled by a single roller—a 91% reduction after 7 trees—potentially due to captured DNA being transferred back from the roller onto the bark. Our results provide improved guidance for deploying roller surface eDNA methods for spotted lanternfly surveys, and for invasive insect pest surveillance and monitoring programs generally.
A p‐n WO3/SnSe2 Heterojunction for Efficient Photo‐assisted Electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Bai Ling , Jia Shijie , Gao Yidan , Li Chuan , Chen Xin , Zhou Shuang , Han Junwen , Yang Fengchun , Zhang Xin , Lu Siyu
Published: June 2022

Water splitting is important to the conversion and storage of renewable energy, but slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) greatly limits its utility. Here, under visible light illumination, the p‐n WO3/SnSe2 (WS) heterojunction significantly activates OER catalysis of CoFe‐layered double hydroxide (CF)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Specifically, the catalyst achieves an overpotential of 224 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 47 mV dec−1, superior to RuO2 and most previously reported transition metal‐based OER catalysts. The p‐n WS heterojunction shows strong light absorption to produce photogenerated carriers. The photogenerated holes are trapped by CF to suppresses the charge recombination and facilitate charge transfer, which accelerates OER kinetics and boost the activity for the OER. This work highlights the possibility of using heterojunctions to activate OER catalysis and advances the design of energy‐efficient catalysts for water oxidation systems using solar energy.