bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal/polymer composite Nuss bar for minimally invasive bar removal after Pectus Excavatum treatment: FEM simulations
Authors: Ricotti Leonardo , Ciuti Gastone , Ghionzoli Marco , Messineo Antonio , Menciassi Arianna
Published: September 2014

This study aims at assessing the mechanical behavior of a composite metal/polymer bar to be implanted in the retrosternal position, in order to correct chest wall deformities, such as Pectus Excavatum. A 300‐mm‐long, 12.7‐mm‐wide, and 3.5‐mm‐thick Nuss bar was considered, made of different metals and biodegradable polymers, fixed at its extremities, and with a constant force of 250 N applied on its center. Two different geometries for the metal elements to be embedded in the polymeric matrix were tested: in the former, thin metal sheets and in the latter, cylindrical metal reinforcing rods were considered. Finite element method simulation results are reported, in terms of maximum stress and strain of the bar. Furthermore, the maximum stress values obtained by varying metal sheet thickness or rod diameter (and therefore the volumetric percentage of metal within the matrix) for different material combinations are also shown; optimal configuration for the Pectus Excavatum treatment was finally identified for a composite Nuss bar. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Pd/Ni–Co Catalyst for Hydrogen Production by Chemical Looping Coupled With Steam Reforming of Acetic Acid
Authors: Fermoso Javier , Gil María V. , Rubiera Fernando , Chen De
Published: September 2014

High yield of high‐purity H2 from acetic acid, a model compound of bio‐oil obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomass, was produced by sorption‐enhanced steam reforming (SESR). An oxygen carrier was introduced into a chemical loop (CL) coupled to the cyclical SESR process to supply heat in situ for the endothermic sorbent regeneration to increase the energy efficiency of the process. A new multifunctional 1 %Pd/20 %Ni–20 %Co catalyst was developed for use both as oxygen carrier in the CL and as reforming catalyst in the SESR whereas a CaO‐based material was used as CO2 sorbent. In the sorbent–air regeneration step, the Ni–Co atoms in the catalyst undergo strong exothermic oxidation reactions that provide heat for the CaO decarbonation. The addition of Pd to the Ni–Co catalyst makes the catalyst active throughout the whole SESR–CL cycle. Pd significantly promotes the reduction of Ni–Co oxides to metallic Ni–Co during the reforming stage, which avoids the need for a reduction step after regeneration. H2 yield above 90 % and H2 purity above 99.2 vol % were obtained.
Dynamic variation in forebrain estradiol levels during song learning
Authors: Chao Andrew , Paon Ashley , Remage‐Healey Luke
Published: September 2014

Estrogens shape brain circuits during development, and the capacity to synthesize estrogens locally has consequences for both sexual differentiation and the acute modulation of circuits during early learning. A recently optimized method to detect and quantify fluctuations in brain estrogens in vivo provides a direct means to explore how brain estrogen production contributes to both differentiation and neuromodulation during development. Here, we use this method to test the hypothesis that neuroestrogens are sexually differentiated as well as dynamically responsive to song tutoring (via passive video/audio playback) during the period of song learning in juvenile zebra finches. Our results show that baseline neuroestradiol levels in the caudal forebrain do not differ between males and females during an early critical masculinization window. Instead, we observe a prominent difference between males and females in baseline neuroestradiol that emerges during the subadult stage as animals approach sexual maturity. Second, we observe that fluctuating neuroestradiol levels during periods of passive song tutoring exhibit a markedly different profile in juveniles as compared to adults. Specifically, neuroestrogens in the caudal forebrain are elevated following (rather than during) tutor song exposure in both juvenile males and females, suggesting an important role for the early consolidation of tutor song memories. These results further reveal a circadian influence on the fluctuations in local neuroestrogens during sensory/cognitive tasks. Taken together, these findings uncover several unexpected features of brain estrogen synthesis in juvenile animals that may have implications for secondary masculinization as well as the consolidation of recent sensory experiences. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 271–286, 2015
Effects of COX inhibition and LPS on formalin induced pain in the infant rat
Authors: Hunter Deirtra , Chai Christina , Barr Gordon A.
Published: September 2014

In the adult, immune and neural processes jointly modulate pain. During development, both are in transition and little is known about the role that the immune system plays in pain processing in infants and children. The objective of this study was to determine if inhibition or augmentation of the immune system would alter pain processing in the infant rat, as it does in the adult. In Experiment 1, rat pups aged 3, 10, or 21 (PN3, PN10, and PN21) days of age were pretreated with NS398 (selective cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitor) or SC560 (selective COX‐1 inhibitor) and tested in the intraplantar formalin test to assess effects of COX inhibition on nociception. Neither drug had an effect on the behavioral response at PN3 or PN10 pups but both drugs attenuated nociceptive scores in PN21 pups. cFos expression in the spinal cord likewise was reduced only at PN21. In Experiment 2, pups were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prior to the formalin test at PN3 or PN21. LPS increased the nociceptive response more robustly at PN21 than at PN3, while increasing cytokine mRNA equally at both ages. The augmentation of pain responding at PN21 was largely during the late stages of the formalin test, as reported in the adult. These data support previous findings demonstrating late maturing immune modulation of nociceptive behaviors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1068–1079, 2015
Regulation of cell proliferation and adhesion by means of a novel region of drosophila merlin interacting with Sip1
Authors: Abeysundara Namal , Leung Albert C. , Primrose David A. , Hughes Sarah C.
Published: September 2014

Background: The tumor suppressor protein merlin is thought to regulate cell proliferation and cell adhesion through interaction with protein partners. Loss of merlin is associated with Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) tumors. NHERF1 or EBP50 is a scaffolding protein that functions in apical organization of polarized cells. Merlin and NHERF1 have been shown to interact in vitro in vertebrates. We investigate how the Drosophila NHERF1 orthologue, Sip1, and Merlin function to regulate cell proliferation and adhesion. Results: We identify two conserved arginine residues (R325 and R335) in Merlin which, in addition to the FERM domain, are required for interaction with Sip1. Mutation of the arginine residues result in reduced Sip1 binding to Merlin and loss of Merlin growth suppressor function. Over‐expression of MerlinR325A and/or MerlinR335L in Drosophila wings result in increased proliferation in the adult wing (increase in size), which is rescued by co‐over‐expression of constitutively active Merlin protein. Reduced Sip1 binding to Merlin also produces defects in adhesion in follicle epithelial cells. Conclusions: Sip1 facilitates the activation of Merlin as a tumor suppressor protein. Thus, our work provides insight into how Merlin functions as a tumor suppressor and in adhesion and this provides insight into the mechanism of NF2 pathogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 243:1554–1570, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive Effect of Constant Leading Power Factor Operation of PV in Power System
Authors: Ishimaru Masa‐Aki , Tamachi Hideki , Komami Shintaroh
Published: September 2014

A voltage rise problem in distribution networks has been discussed as the foremost concern with respect to the spread of large numbers of photovoltaic systems. We focus on the latent ability of the present distribution network and photovoltaic systems to find a low‐cost solution to the problem and consider a solution to mitigate the voltage rise using the photovoltaic system's constant leading power factor operation. Previously, based on simulations using an aggregated model of a real distribution network, we proposed that a combination of a photovoltaic system's constant leading power factor operation and LDC makes it possible to maintain the line voltage and LTC tap position adequately. In this paper, additionally, we confirm some effects of the proposed method in an aggregated model of a distribution network and a trunk power system. One of them is that the proposed method reduces the frequency of restricting output power from photovoltaic systems and changing the LTC and SVR tap position, although photovoltaic systems rapidly fluctuate. Another is that the proposed method cannot make a significant impact on a trunk power system in a voltage class exceeding 6.6 kV.
Investigation of Tangential Lines and Prospective Values for TRV Measurements
Authors: Koshizuka Tadashi , Kudo Kietsu , Nakamoto Tetsuya , Haginomori Eiichi , Ibuki Koji , Ikeda Hisatoshi
Published: September 2014

The prospective transient recovery voltage (TRV) at current interruption for circuit breakers should be measured by using an ideal circuit breaker. Prospective values of the TRV are obtained by drawing the tangential line to the TRV waveform. But, it is difficult to draw the tangential line on the 4‐parameter TRV waveform automatically by computer software. This paper presents a new method of drawing the tangential line on the 4‐parameter TRV waveform. It is easy to draw the tangential line on the TRV waveform by a simple waveform transform process. This method is easy to code as computer software. We also investigate the method of deciding the current zero in prospective TRV measurements.
Rheological design of stabilized meat sauces for industrial uses
Authors: Lupi Francesca R. , Gabriele Domenico , Seta Lucia , Baldino Noemi , de Cindio Bruno
Published: September 2014

In the present work a rheological analysis was carried out on sauces produced with a spreadable spicy sausage, typical of the Italian dietary culture, and modified by organogelator addition in order to change their mechanical properties and to solve potential stability issues. From a microstructural point of view, the investigated sauces are suspensions of hard fat/meat phase in a liquid oil solvent based on a mixture of sunflower and olive oil. The stabilization of these heterogeneous systems was carried out by an organogelation technique, thanks to which the solvent was stabilized by a network linking the solid particles. Monoglycerides of fatty acids and policosanol, a fatty alcohol mixture, were used as organogelators at two different fractions (0.1 and 0.5% w/w). Small amplitude oscillation tests and flow tests were carried out, both on fresh samples and on samples destabilized by centrifugation; policosanol was found to be more efficient, even at low concentration, in stabilizing the system, guaranteeing rheological properties similar to those of a benchmark unstable sample, and, in the meantime, giving a good stability to the system subjected to shear stresses (like those arising during mechanical manipulations).

Practical applications: Oil suspension stabilization is a relevant challenge in food industry owing to the difficulties in structuring an oil phase. Organogelation is a potential solution to these stability issues because organogelators can structure the oil phase entrapping the dispersed particle in a semi‐solid gel network that prevents or delays the separation phenomena.

In the present work two different edible organogelators were adopted to stabilize meat suspensions in a vegetable oil mixture, and their effects on both quiescent stability and resistance to mechanical stresses were investigated by using rheological tests. It was shown that organogelation can significantly reduce the separation phenomena between two phases, and it can increase the capacity of materials to bear mechanical loads without affecting the desired consistency. The proposed rheological approach and the adopted organogelators can be used to stabilize also different food suspensions based on liquid oils.

The ratio between zero shear viscosity of the destabilized samples and fresh samples as function of the weight loss for: raw material fresh and ground (samples S1 and S2), ground with unstabilized oil phase (sample S3), stabilized with Myverol (sample S4, S5) and with Policosanol (samples S6 and S7).
31P NMR Spectroscopically Quantified Hydrogen‐Bonding Strength of Thioureas and Their Catalytic Activity in Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Nödling Alexander R. , Jakab Gergely , Schreiner Peter R. , Hilt Gerhard
Published: September 2014

The hydrogen‐bonding strength of a variety of commonly employed thiourea catalysts was quantified by using a trialkylphosphine oxide as a 31P NMR probe. Simple diarylthioureas and more complex bifunctional amine‐ and hydroxy‐substituted thiourea derivatives were examined. Their catalytic activity was determined in a Diels–Alder reaction, and the obtained pseudo‐first‐order rate constants were correlated with the 31P NMR chemical shifts. A linear correlation between both variables was observed throughout the functionalized thioureas. The 31P NMR probe correlation fared better in comparison to a pKa correlation. Accordingly, the quantification presented herein by using a 31P NMR probe offers an elegant way to estimate the catalytic activity of thiourea catalysts in hydrogen‐bond‐activated reactions such as the Diels–Alder reaction.
All Solid State Chromium(III) Selective Potentiometric Sensor Based on 2‐(1‐(2‐((3‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrozol‐1‐yl)methyl)benzyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)phenol
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Kumar Sanjeev , Jain Sapna , Lamba Bhawna Y. , Joshi Girdhar , Arora Shefali
Published: September 2014

Highly selective all solid state electrochemical sensor based on a synthesized compound i.e. 2‐(1‐(2‐((3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrozol‐1‐yl)methyl)benzyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)phenol (I) as an ionophore has been prepared and investigated for the selective quantification of chromium(III) ions. The effect of various plasticizers, viz. dibutyl phosphonate (DBP), dibutyl(butyl) phosphonate (DBBP), nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), tris‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphonate (TEP), tri‐butyl phosphonate (TBP), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dioctyl sebacate (DOS), benzyl acetate (BA) and acetophenone (AP) along with anion excluders NaTPB (sodium tetraphenyl borate) and KClTPB (potassium(tetrakis‐4‐chlorophenyl)borate was also studied. The optimum composition of the best performing membrane contained (I):KClTPB:NPOE:PVC in the ratio 15 : 3 : 40 : 42 w/w. The sensor exhibited near Nernstian slope of 20.1±0.2 mV/decade of activity in the working concentration range of 1.2×10−7–1.0×10−1 M, and in a pH range of 3.8–4.5. The sensor exhibited a fast response time of 10 s and could be used for about 5 months without any considerable divergence in potentials. The proposed sensor showed very good selectivity over most of the common cations including Na+, Li+, K+, Cu2+, Sr2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cs+, Mg2+, Cd2+, Al3+, Fe3+and La3+. The activity of Cr(III) ions was successfully determined in the industrial waste samples by using this sensor.
Direct Determination of miR‐21 in Total RNA Extracted from Breast Cancer Samples Using Magnetosensing Platforms and the p19 Viral Protein as Detector Bioreceptor
Authors: Torrente‐Rodríguez R. M. , Campuzano S. , López‐Hernández E. , Granados R. , Sánchez‐Puelles J. M. , Pingarrón J. M.
Published: September 2014

A novel magnetobiosensing approach for the rapid, sensitive and selective miR‐21 detection is reported involving the use of a specific RNA probe (antimiR‐21), streptavidin‐magnetic beads (Strep‐MBs), the siRNA Binding Protein p19 as detector bioreceptor, and amperometric detection with the H2O2/hydroquinone (HQ) system at disposable screen‐printed carbon electrodes. The magnetosensor exhibited a dynamic range from 1.4 to 10 nM and a detection limit of 4.2 fmol of synthetic target miR‐21 without any amplification step in 75 min. The usefulness of the approach was evaluated by analyzing total RNA (RNAt) extracted from metastatic breast cancer cell lines, human tissues and breast cytologies.
A New Concept for High‐Performance Fuel Cell Design with Controlled Component Mixing using Jet Flow
Authors: Danilov Valery A. , Denayer Joeri F.
Published: September 2014

A new concept is proposed for a high‐performance fuel cell design. The concept is based on the intensification of mass transfer processes due to implementing multiple contact zones with jet flow and preventing the intermixing of the reactants and products. A proof of concept was performed by comparing the new fuel cell design with conventional proton‐exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) containing a standard membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and gas diffusion layer (GDL). It is shown that the application of the new concept for flow‐field design provides an increase of the fuel cell performance of up to 40 % without humidification and flooding problems.
Comparative study of biodegradability prediction of chemicals using decision trees, functional trees, and logistic regression
Authors: Chen Guangchao , Li Xuehua , Chen Jingwen , Zhang Ya-nan , Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M.
Published: September 2014

Biodegradation is the principal environmental dissipation process of chemicals. As such, it is a dominant factor determining the persistence and fate of organic chemicals in the environment, and is therefore of critical importance to chemical management and regulation. In the present study, the authors developed in silico methods assessing biodegradability based on a large heterogeneous set of 825 organic compounds, using the techniques of the C4.5 decision tree, the functional inner regression tree, and logistic regression. External validation was subsequently carried out by 2 independent test sets of 777 and 27 chemicals. As a result, the functional inner regression tree exhibited the best predictability with predictive accuracies of 81.5% and 81.0%, respectively, on the training set (825 chemicals) and test set I (777 chemicals). Performance of the developed models on the 2 test sets was subsequently compared with that of the Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite Biowin 5 and Biowin 6 models, which also showed a better predictability of the functional inner regression tree model. The model built in the present study exhibits a reasonable predictability compared with existing models while possessing a transparent algorithm. Interpretation of the mechanisms of biodegradation was also carried out based on the models developed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2688–2693. © 2014 SETAC
Community mental health teams for older people: variations in case mix and service receipt (I)
Authors: Tucker Sue , Wilberforce Mark , Brand Christian , Abendstern Michele , Crook Anthony , Jasper Rowan , Stewart Karen , Challis David
Published: September 2014

Objectives

The study sought to identify the characteristics of community‐dwelling older people supported by community mental health teams (CMHTs) in England and, in particular, to determine whether there is a common threshold for CMHT entry and/or a core client group.

Methods

Data were collected about a random sample of 15 CMHTs' caseloads, including information about their sociodemographic characteristics, physical health, dependence, mental health, risks and service receipt. The sample was divided into 16 subgroups of people with similar needs for care (case types), and differences between teams were explored.

Results

Information was obtained for 1396 patients. Just under half had a functional mental health problem, slightly over a third an organic disorder, seven per cent both, and nine per cent no diagnosis. Considerable variation was found in teams' caseloads, and there was no evidence of a common caseload threshold. Two of the commonest case types represented people with functional diagnoses who were independent in activities of daily living (ADL) and had no/low levels of challenging behaviour. Another representing people with organic/mixed diagnoses, ADL dependence, challenging behaviour and at least one medium risk was also fairly common. The two case types that represented patients with the most complex needs accounted for more than a quarter of some teams' caseloads but less than a tenth of others.

Conclusions

It is wrong to assume that CMHTs all have similar caseloads. Commissioners must ensure that the network of services provided can meet the needs of all eligible patients, whilst more research is required on who such teams should target. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of microbial gene abundance in the development of fuel remediation guidelines in polar soils
Authors: Richardson Elizabeth L , King Catherine K , Powell Shane M
Published: September 2014

Terrestrial fuel spills in Antarctica commonly occur on ice-free land around research stations as the result of human activities. Successful spill clean-ups require appropriate targets that confirm contaminated sites are no longer likely to pose environmental risk following remediation. These targets are based on knowledge of the impacts of contaminants on the soil ecosystem and on the response of native biota to contamination. Our work examined the response of soil microbial communities to fuel contamination by measuring the abundance of genes involved in critical soil processes, and assessed the use of this approach as an indicator of soil health in the presence of weathered and fresh fuels. Uncontaminated and contaminated soils were collected from the site of remediation treatment of an aged diesel spill at Casey Station, East Antarctica in December 2012. Uncontaminated soil was spiked with fresh Special Antarctic Blend (SAB) diesel to determine the response of the genes to fresh fuel. Partly remediated soil containing weathered SAB diesel was diluted with uncontaminated soil to simulate a range of concentrations of weathered fuel and used to determine the response of the genes to aged fuel. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure the abundance of rpoB, alkB, cat23, and nosZ in soils containing SAB diesel. Differences were observed between the abundance of genes in control soils versus soils containing weathered and fresh fuels. Typical dose–response curves were generated for genes in response to the presence of fresh fuel. In contrast, the response of these genes to the range of weathered fuel appeared to be due to dilution, rather than to the effect of the fuel on the microbial community. Changes in microbial genes in response to fresh contamination have potential as a sensitive measure of soil health and for assessments of the effect of fuel spills in polar soils. This will contribute to the development of remediation guidelines to assist in management decisions on when the impact of a fuel spill warrants remediation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:235–241. © 2014 SETAC

Key Points

This study clearly demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR to measure changes in microbial communities and is recommended for further development and use in ecotoxicological testing. Microbial functional genes examined showed a typical dose-response relationship to hydrocarbons, making these genes suitable soil health indicators. Microbial genes provide a valuable alternative soil health indicator in an environment such as the Antarctic, where communities are relatively simple and few plant and invertebrate species are available for testing
Characterization of functional domains in the Merkel cell polyoma virus Large T antigen
Authors: Houben Roland , Angermeyer Sabrina , Haferkamp Sebastian , Aue Annemarie , Goebeler Matthias , Schrama David , Hesbacher Sonja
Published: September 2014

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)‐positive Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) tumor cell growth is dependent on the expression of a viral Large T antigen (LT) with an intact retinoblastoma protein (RB)‐binding site. This RB‐binding domain in MCPyV‐LT is—in contrast to other polyomavirus LTs (e.g., SV40)—embedded between two large MCPyV unique regions (MUR1 and MUR2). To identify elements of the MCPyV‐LT necessary for tumor cell growth, we analyzed the rescue activity of LT variants following knockdown of the endogenous LT in MCC cells. These experiments demonstrate that nuclear localization is essential for LT function, but that a motif previously described to be a nuclear localization sequence is neither required for nuclear accumulation of truncated MCPyV‐LT nor for promotion of MCC cell proliferation. Furthermore, large parts of the MURs distal to the RB binding domain as well as ALTO—a second protein encoded by an alternative reading frame in the MCPyV‐LT mRNA—are completely dispensable for MCPyV‐driven tumor cell proliferation. Notably, even MCPyV‐LTs in which the entire MURs have been removed are still able to promote MCC cellular growth although rescue activity is reduced which may be due to MUR1 being required for stable LT expression in MCC cells. Finally, we provide evidence implying that—while binding to Vam6p is not essential—HSC‐70 interaction is significantly involved in mediating MCPyV‐LT function in MCC cells including growth promotion and induction of E2F target genes.
Risk and impact of tuberculosis in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: A nationwide population‐based study in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Chia‐Jen , Hong Ying‐Chung , Teng Chung‐Jen , Hung Man‐Hsin , Hu Yu‐Wen , Ku Fan‐Chen , Chen Yung‐Tai , Chien Sheng‐Hsuan , Yeh Chiu‐Mei , Chen Tzeng‐Ji , Chiou Tzeon‐Jye , Gau Jyh‐Pyng , Tzeng Cheng‐Hwai
Published: September 2014

The relationship between chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and tuberculosis (TB) has not been determined. We conducted a national survey including 1,082 CML patients identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database covering a period between 1998 and 2011; the matched non‐exposed cohort included 10,820 subjects without CML that were matched for age, sex and comorbidities. The impact of TB was measured by the overall mortality, and the risk factors were identified by a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. We found the risk of TB was higher in the CML cohort, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 3.76 (p = 0.001) for both pulmonary (aHR 3.23, p < 0.001) and extrapulmonary (aHR 9.77, p = 0.001) TB. Specific risk factors were: aged ≥ 60 (aHR 3.24, p = 0.022), being male (aHR 13.49, p = 0.012), receiving stem cell transplantation (aHR 10.50, p = 0.001) and interferon‐α therapy (aHR 3.34, p = 0.011). CML patients with TB had a higher mortality rate than those without (aHR 2.04, p = 0.043). We conclude that the incidence of TB is significantly higher in CML patients of male sex, aged ≥ 60, having received either stem cell transplantation or interferon‐α treatment. Careful screening strategies for TB should be considered for CML patients with high risk of the infection.
Metallic wear debris may regulate CXCR4 expressionin vitroandin vivo
Authors: Drynda Andreas , Singh Gurpal , Buchhorn Gottfried H. , Awiszus Friedemann , Ruetschi Marcel , Feuerstein Bernd , Kliche Stefanie , Lohmann Christoph H.
Published: September 2014

CXCR4, the chemokine receptor for CXCL12, also known as SDF‐1 (stromal cell derived factor‐1), has been shown to play a pivotal role in bone metastasis, inflammatory, and autoimmune conditions but has not been investigated in periprosthetic osteolysis. We co‐cultured osteoblast‐like cells with increasing concentrations of metallic (Co‐35Ni‐20Cr‐10Mo and Co‐28Cr‐6Mo) and Co‐ions simulating wear debris. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting were used to quantify gene and protein expression of CXCR4. The expression of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and the effects of AMD3100 (bicyclam) on both CXCR4 and TNF‐α expression among these cells was investigated. RT‐PCR showed an increase in CXCR4 mRNA (7.5‐fold for MG63 and 4.0‐fold for SaOs‐2 cells) among cells co‐cultured with metal alloy particles. Western blotting showed a time‐dependent increase in protein expression of CXCR4. The attempted blockade of CXCR4 by its known competitive receptor agonist AMD3100 led to a significant inhibition TNF‐α mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry showed CXCR4 positivity among patients with failed metal‐on‐metal hip replacements and radiographic evidence of osteolysis. Our data collectively suggest that the CXCR4 chemokine is upregulated in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in the presence of metallic wear debris. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1940–1948, 2015.
Trichoderma species mediated differential tolerance against biotic stress of phytopathogens in Cicer arietinum L.
Authors: Saxena Amrita , Raghuwanshi Richa , Singh Harikesh Bahadur
Published: September 2014

Trichoderma spp. have been reported to aid in imparting biotic as well as abiotic tolerance to plants. However, there are only few reports unfolding the differential ability of separate species of Trichoderma genera generally exploited for their biocontrol potential in this framework. A study was undertaken to evaluate the biocontrol potential of different Trichoderma species namely T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum, and T. aureoviride as identified in the group of indigenous isolates from the agricultural soils of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Their biocontrol potential against three major soilborne phytopathogens, i.e., Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Colletotrichum capsici was confirmed by dual culture plate technique. Efficient mycoparasitic ability was further assessed in all the isolates in relation to chitinase, β‐1,3 glucanase, pectinase, lipase, amylase, and cellulase production while equally consistent results were obtained for their probable phosphate solubilization and indole acetic acid (IAA) production abilities. The selected isolates were further subjected to test their ability to promote plant growth, to reduce disease incidence and to tolerate biotic stress in terms of lignification pattern against S. rolfsii in chickpea plants. Among the identified Trichoderma species, excellent results were observed for T. harzianum and T. koningiopsis indicating better biocontrol potential of these species in the group and thus exhibiting perspective for their commercial exploitation.
Extraction optimization of polysaccharides from Chinese rice wine from the Shaoxing region and evaluation of its immunity activities
Authors: Shen Chi , Mao Jian , Chen Yongquan , Meng Xiangyong , Ji Zhongwei
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

Chinese rice wine is well known for its unique flavor and high nutritional value. It is of interest to investigate the functional components of Chinese rice wine and their health benefits.

RESULTS

Response surface design of three factors – pH, ethanol concentration and precipitation time – at three levels was utilized to optimize the extraction of Chinese rice wine polysaccharide (CRWP). The results indicated that the CRWP yield was 77.287% at the optimal levels for pH 8.4, ethanol concentration 88% and precipitation time 23 h. In addition, immune activity of CRWP was investigated by measuring body weight, spleen index and thymus index. Furthermore, immunity activity of CRWP was investigated by measuring lymphocyte proliferation, phagocytic index and phagocytic percentage of immunosuppressed mice. Compared with the control mice and model mice, it was found that CRWP has beneficial immune activities in vivo.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that CRWP has immune activities in vivo by modulating the immune response, and implies full development and utilization of the nutritional value of Chinese rice wine. However, further work will be conducted in the future to elucidate the structure–bioactivity relationship for CRWP. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A score model for the continuous grading of early allograft dysfunction severity
Authors: Pareja Eugenia , Cortes Miriam , Hervás David , Mir José , Valdivieso Andrés , Castell José V. , Lahoz Agustín
Published: September 2014

Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) dramatically influences graft and patient outcomes. A lack of consensus on an EAD definition hinders comparisons of liver transplant outcomes and management of recipients among and within centers. We sought to develop a model for the quantitative assessment of early allograft function [Model for Early Allograft Function Scoring (MEAF)] after transplantation. A retrospective study including 1026 consecutive liver transplants was performed for MEAF score development. Multivariate data analysis was used to select a small number of postoperative variables that adequately describe EAD. Then, the distribution of these variables was mathematically modeled to assign a score for each actual variable value. A model, based on easily obtainable clinical parameters (ie, alanine aminotransferase, international normalized ratio, and bilirubin) and scoring liver function from 0 to 10, was built. The MEAF score showed a significant association with patient and graft survival at 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. Hepatic steatosis and age for donors; cold/warm ischemia times and postreperfusion syndrome for surgery; and intensive care unit and hospital stays, Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease and Child‐Pugh scores, body mass index, and fresh frozen plasma transfusions for recipients were factors associated significantly with EAD. The model was satisfactorily validated by its application to an independent set of 200 patients who underwent liver transplantation at a different center. In conclusion, a model for the quantitative assessment of EAD severity has been developed and validated for the first time. The MEAF provides a more accurate graft function assessment than current categorical classifications and may help clinicians to make early enough decisions on retransplantation benefits. Furthermore, the MEAF score is a predictor of recipient and graft survival. The standardization of the criteria used to define EAD may allow reliable comparisons of recipients' treatments and transplant outcomes among and within centers. Liver Transpl 21:38‐46, 2015. © 2014 AASLD.
General functional response and recruitment in a predator–prey system with capture on both species
Authors: Ladino Lilia M. , Sabogal Edison I. , Valverde Jose C.
Published: September 2014

This work provides a mathematical model for a predator‐prey system with general functional response and recruitment, which also includes capture on both species, and analyzes its qualitative dynamics. The model is formulated considering a population growth based on a general form of recruitment and predator functional response, as well as the capture on both prey and predators at a rate proportional to their populations. In this sense, it is proved that the dynamics and bifurcations are determined by a two‐dimensional threshold parameter. Finally, numerical simulations are performed using some ecological observations on two real species, which validate the theoretical results obtained. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence of renormalized solutions to a nonlinear parabolic equation in L1 setting with nonstandard growth condition and gradient term
Authors: Li Zhongqing , Gao Wenjie
Published: September 2014

This paper is devoted to the study of a nonlinear parabolic p(x)‐Laplace equation with gradient term and L1 data. The authors obtain the existence of renormalized solutions via strong convergence of truncation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamical behaviors of a new hyperchaotic system
Authors: Shu Yonglu , Zhang Fuchen , Mu Chunlai
Published: September 2014

Currently, chaotic systems and chaos‐based applications are commonly used in the engineering fields. One of the main structures used in these applications is chaotic control and synchronization. In this paper, the dynamical behaviors of a new hyperchaotic system are considered. Based on Lyapunov Theorem with differential and integral inequalities, the global exponential attractive sets and positively invariant sets are obtained. Furthermore, the rate of the trajectories is also obtained. The global exponential attractive sets of the system obtained in this paper also offer theoretical support to study chaotic control, chaotic synchronization for this system. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method is effective. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Shiri Rahman
Published: September 2014

This study aimed to assess the magnitude of the association between hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Eighteen studies were included in a random‐effects meta‐analysis. A meta‐analysis of the studies that did not control their estimates for any confounder showed an association between a thyroid disease (hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism) and CTS (N = 9,573, effect size [ES] = 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.68) and between hypothyroidism and CTS (N = 64,531, ES = 2.15 [95% CI, 1.64–2.83]). When a meta‐analysis limited to the studies that controlled their estimates for some potential confounders, the association between a thyroid disease and CTS disappeared (N = 4,799, ES = 1.17 [95% CI, 0.71–1.92], I2 = 0%), and the effect size for hypothyroidism largely attenuated (N = 71,133, ES = 1.44 [95% CI, 1.27–1.63], I2 = 0%). Moreover, there was evidence of publication bias. This meta‐analysis found only a modest association between hypothyroidism and CTS. Confounding and publication bias may still account for part of the remaining excess risk. Muscle Nerve 50: 879–883, 2014
Rapid dynamic R1/R2*/temperature assessment: a method with potential for monitoring drug delivery
Authors: Lorenzato Cyril , Oerlemans Chris , Cernicanu Alexandru , Ries Mario , Denis de Senneville Baudouin , Moonen Chrit , Bos Clemens
Published: September 2014

Local drug delivery by hyperthermia‐induced drug release from thermosensitive liposomes (TSLs) may reduce the systemic toxicity of chemotherapy, whilst maintaining or increasing its efficacy. Relaxivity contrast agents can be co‐encapsulated with the drug to allow the visualization of the presence of liposomes, by means of R2*, as well as the co‐release of the contrast agent and the drug, by means of R1, on heating. Here, the mathematical method used to extract both R2* and R1 from a fast dynamic multi‐echo spoiled gradient echo (ME‐SPGR) is presented and analyzed. Finally, this method is used to monitor such release events. R2* was obtained from a fit to the ME‐SPGR data. Absolute R1 was calculated from the signal magnitude changes corrected for the apparent proton density changes and a baseline Look–Locker R1 map. The method was used to monitor nearly homogeneous water bath heating and local focused ultrasound heating of muscle tissue, and to visualize the release of a gadolinium chelate from TSLs in vitro. R2*, R1 and temperature maps were measured with a 5‐s temporal resolution. Both R2*and R1 measured were found to change with temperature. The dynamic R1 measurements after heating agreed with the Look–Locker R1 values if changes in equilibrium magnetization with temperature were considered. Release of gadolinium from TSLs was detected by an R1 increase near the phase transition temperature, as well as a shallow R2* increase. Simultaneous temperature, R2* and R1 mapping is feasible in real time and has the potential for use in image‐guided drug delivery studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lung ventilation volumetry with same‐breath acquisition of hyperpolarized gas and proton MRI
Authors: Horn F. C. , Tahir B. A. , Stewart N. J. , Collier G. J. , Norquay G. , Leung G. , Ireland R. H. , Parra‐Robles J. , Marshall H. , Wild J. M.
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this work was to assess the reproducibility of percentage of ventilated lung volume (PV) measured from hyperpolarized (HP) 3He and 1H anatomical images acquired in the same breath‐hold when compared with PV measured from 3He and 1H images from separate breath‐holds.

Volumetric 3He ventilation and 1H anatomical images of the same resolution were acquired during the same breath‐hold. To assess reproducibility, this procedure was performed twice with a short gap between acquisitions. In addition, 1H images were also acquired in a separate breath for comparison. PV (3He ventilated volume divided by 1H total lung volume) was calculated using the single‐breath‐hold images (PVsingle) and the separate‐breath‐hold images (PVseparate). Short‐term reproducibility of PV measurement was assessed for both single‐ and separate‐breath acquisitions. Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs) were calculated to quantify spatial overlap between 3He and 1H segmentations for the single‐ and separate‐breath‐hold acquisitions. The efficacy of using the separate‐breath method combined with image registration was also assessed.

The mean magnitude difference between the two sets of PV values (±standard deviation) was 1.49 ± 1.32% for PVsingle and 4.19 ± 4.10% for PVseparate, with a significant difference (p < 0.01). The mean magnitude difference between the two PV values for the registered separate‐breath technique (PVsep‐registered) was 2.27 ± 2.23%. Bland–Altman analysis showed that PV measured with single‐breath acquisitions was more repeatable than PV measured with separate‐breath acquisitions, regardless of image registration. DSC values were significantly greater (p < 0.01) for single‐breath acquisition than for separate‐breath acquisition.

Acquisition of HP gas ventilation and 1H anatomical images in a single breath‐hold provides a more reproducible means of percentage lung ventilation volume measurement than the previously used separate‐breath‐hold scan approach, and reduces errors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IS THERE AN ANTIDOTE TO PERFECTIONISM?
Authors: Greenspon Thomas S.
Published: September 2014

Within our competitive culture, some perfectionistic students do well, whereas others are overwhelmed. The personal characteristics of these perfectionistic students should not be construed as positive or adaptive perfectionism. A distinction is made between perfectionism and the pursuit of excellence. The intensity of the anxiety at the core of perfectionism is destined to have negative emotional, relational, and even performance consequences. Clinical observations over a 35‐year practice of psychotherapy provide data for understanding the developmental trajectory of perfectionism and its psychological roots in particular attachment relationships, modes of affect regulation, and meanings ascribed to mistakes. A clinical vignette illustrates these constitutive factors and suggests an approach for school psychologists and other mental health professionals for launching and supporting a process of recovery. Perfectionism is a self‐esteem issue, involving a desire to be perfect, a fear of imperfections being seen as evidence of personal defects, and an emotional conviction that such imperfections make one personally unacceptable. Because perfectionism arises in a relational environment of conditional acceptance, an antidote is something that counteracts this. Creating an environment of acceptance, described here, can provide such an antidote. The potential power and inevitable limitations of the school psychologist's role are also illustrated.
On the Plasma Chemistry During Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Microcrystalline Silicon Oxides
Authors: Gabriel Onno , Kirner Simon , Klingsporn Max , Friedrich Felice , Stannowski Bernd , Schlatmann Rutger
Published: September 2014

The advanced opto‐electronic properties of microcrystalline silicon oxide (µc‐SiOx:H) thin film layers deposited by means of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) resulted in several applications of this material especially in solar cells and modules in the last years. We investigated the plasma chemistry during the PECVD of µc‐SiOx:H using in situ plasma diagnostics. Plasma properties are related to the properties of resulting µc‐SiOx:H films measured ex situ. Two different deposition regimes were identified. Besides the standard low pressure regime, a high pressure regime was found, which lead to µc‐SiOx:H layers with high crystallinities and low refractive indices.
Infrared Irradiance Reduction in Minimum Smoke Propellants by Addition of Potassium Salt
Authors: Yim Yoo Jin , Jang Myung Wook , Park Eui Yong , Lee Jong Seop , Han Houkseop , Lee Won Bok , Song Soon Ho , Kim Min Taek , Yoo Ji Chang , Yoon Myong Won
Published: September 2014

One of the plume characteristics of minimum smoke propellant is the infrared (IR) radiation signature, which may be useful for detection of rocket. The IR irradiance is known to be reduced by afterburning suppression in rocket plume by addition of potassium salt in propellant. The minimum smoke propellant with nitrate ester polyether (NEPE) binder system and nitramine oxidizers was researched for the afterburning and IR irradiance difference according to the content of potassium salt as afterburning suppressant in propellant formulation. The propellants were formulated to satisfy the level of AGARD smoke class AA and potassium sulfate was selected as afterburning inhibitor suitable for NEPE propellant. The afterburning flame length and mid‐range IR intensity were measured, while conducting static firing tests of 6 inch (15.24 cm) standard rocket motors loaded with minimum smoke propellants of the different contents of potassium sulfate. The total IR irradiance of HMX/RDX propellant with 1.1 % potassium sulfate was reduced to about 23 % compared to the propellant without afterburning suppressant due to the inhibition of afterburning. Also, the total IR irradiance of the HNIW (30 %)/RDX propellant was found to be almost three times more than that of the HMX/RDX propellant although the content of potassium sulfate was the same of 1.1 % in both propellants.
Single‐walled carbon nanotubes as a template for coronene stack formation
Authors: Chernov Alexander I. , Fedotov Pavel V. , Anoshkin Ilya V. , Nasibulin Albert G. , Kauppinen Esko I. , Kuznetsov Vladimir L. , Obraztsova Elena D.
Published: September 2014

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes can serve as a template for formation of various structures inside. Depending on conditions, the nanotube filling with coronene molecules may lead to creation of coronene stacks, graphene nanoribbons, or inner tubes. In this work, the formation of coronene stacks inside single‐walled carbon nanotubes was studied using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. We demonstrate the difference in the excitation PL maps between the spectral features of coronene stacks inside the nanotubes and products formed outside the nanotube interior. The optical investigation was supported by calculations of adsorption energy of coronene molecules inside and outside nanotubes. The theoretical calculations predict the most energetically favorable configurations of coronene molecules with respect to the diameter of the outer nanotubes. Orientation of coronene stacks depends on the nanotube diameter.

Models of ten coronene molecules placed inside (10,10) and (11,11) nanotubes (upper and lower image part, respectively).