bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competition Policy in the Asian‐Pacific Region
Authors: Lloyd P. J.
Published: March 2003

This paper surveys competition policy in the APEC countries. It covers competition‐promoting policies such as free trade but focuses on competition law. Fourteen of the 21 APEC countries have comprehensive national competition laws but in some the coverage is limited and the enforcement is weak. After reviewing national, bilateral and regional competition laws, the paper discusses the problems of devising competition law in developing countries with a weak tradition of promoting competition.
A Comparison of Methods of Fitting Models to Twin Data
Authors: Huggins R.M. , Loesch D.Z. , Hoang N.H.
Published: March 2003

Data on twins are used to infer a genetic component of variance for various quantitative human characteristics. There are several statistical approaches available to analyze twin data. Here we compare three approaches for fitting variance components models to the relationship between height and bi‐illiocristal diameter across ages in a sample of male and female Polish twins aged 8–17. Two of the approaches assume a multivariate normal model for the data, with one basing the likelihood on the raw data and the other using the distribution of the sample covariance matrix. The third approach uses a robust modification of the multivariate normal log‐likelihood to downweight abnormal observations. The statistical theory underlying the methods is outlined, and the implementation of the methods is discussed.
An Exact Algorithm for Projection onto a Polyhedral Cone
Authors: Hu Xiaomi
Published: March 2003

Projection is an operation widely used in restricted statistical inferences. A polyhedral cone restriction includes many interesting problems in linear regression, order restricted inferences etc. This paper proposes an exact algorithm for the projection of a vector onto a polyhedral cone, and presents an application to second order polynomial regression subject to a non‐negative, isotonic restriction.
The Choice of Statistic on Which to Base Tight Upper Confidence Limits
Authors: Kabaila Paul
Published: March 2003

We consider the problem of finding an upper 1 –α confidence limit (α < ½) for a scalar parameter of interest θ in the presence of a nuisance parameter vector ψ when the data are discrete. Using a statistic T as a starting point, Kabaila & Lloyd (1997) define what they call the tight upper limit with respect to T. This tight upper limit possesses certain attractive properties. However, these properties provide very little guidance on the choice of T itself. The practical recommendation made by Kabaila & Lloyd (1997) is that T be an approximate upper 1 –α confidence limit for θ rather than, say, an approximately median unbiased estimator of θ. We derive a large sample approximation which provides strong theoretical support for this recommendation.
Theory and Methods: Estimation in Regressive Logistic Regression Analyses of Familial Data with Missing Outcomes
Authors: FitzGerald Patrick E.B. , Knuiman Matthew W.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines a number of methods of handling missing outcomes in regressive logistic regression modelling of familial binary data, and compares them with an EM algorithm approach via a simulation study. The results indicate that a strategy based on imputation of missing values leads to biased estimates, and that a strategy of excluding incomplete families has a substantial effect on the variability of the parameter estimates. Recommendations are made which depend, amongst other factors, on the amount of missing data and on the availability of software.
Theory & Methods: A Robust and Almost Fully Efficient M‐Estimator
Authors: Öztürk Ömer
Published: March 2003

Simultaneous robust estimates of location and scale parameters are derived from a class of M‐estimating equations. A coefficient p (p > 0), which plays a role similar to that of a tuning constant in the theory of M‐estimation, determines the estimating equations. These estimating equations may be obtained as the gradient of a strictly convex criterion function. This article shows that the estimators are uniquely defined, asymptotically bi‐variate normal and have positive breakdown for some choices of p. When p = 0.12 and p = 0.3, the estimators are almost fully efficient for normal and exponential distributions: efficiencies with respect to the maximum likelihood estimators are 1.00 and 0.99, respectively. It is shown that the location estimator for known scale has the maximum breakdown point 0.5 independent of p, when the target model is symmetric. Also it is shown that the scale estimator has a positive breakdown point which depends on the choice of p. A simulation study finds that the proposed location estimator has smaller variance than the Hodges–Lehmann estimator, Huber’s minimax and bisquare M‐estimators.
Theory & Methods: Resolvable Designs With Unequal Block Sizes
Authors: John J.A. , Russell K.G. , Williams E.R. , Whitaker D.
Published: March 2003

Resolvable block designs for v varieties in blocks of size k require v to be a multiple of k so that all blocks are of the same size. If a factorization of v is not possible then a resolvable design with blocks of unequal size is necessary. Patterson & Williams (1976) suggested the use of designs derived from α‐designs and conjectured that such designs are likely to be very efficient in the class of resolvable designs with block sizes k and k– 1. This paper examines these derived designs and compares them with designs generated directly using an interchange algorithm. It concludes that the derived designs should be used when v is large, but that for small v they can be relatively inefficient.
Theory & Methods: An Analysis of Two‐Dimensional Agricultural Field Trials in the Presence of Outliers and Fertility Jumps
Authors: Taplin Ross H.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a model for outliers and fertility jumps in agricultural field trials when the fertility is correlated in two directions. Uncertainty concerning the occurrence of these anomalies can be substantial, especially when outliers occur near a fertility jump. The proposed estimation technique can take this uncertainty into account rather than condition on a particular set of anomalies. Diagnostics for the detection of these anomalies are also discussed. The procedures are illustrated with a wheat trial.
Theory & Methods: Choosing Sampling Effort for Recapture Experiments with Behavioural Response
Authors: Lloyd Christopher J. , Chaiyapong Yongyuth
Published: March 2003

One of the main aims of a recapture experiment is to estimate the unknown size, N of a closed population. Under the so‐called behavioural model, individual capture probabilities change after the first capture. Unfortunately, the maximum likelihood estimator given by Zippin (1956) may give an infinite result and often has poor precision. Chaiyapong & Lloyd (1997) have given formulae for the asymptotic bias and variance as well as for the probability that the estimate is infinite.

The purpose of this article is to tabulate the inversions of the above cited formulae so that practitioners can plan the required capture effort. This paper develops simple approximations for the minimum capture effort required to achieve (i) no more than a certain probability of breakdown, (ii) a given relative standard error.
Theory & Methods: A Characterization of the Normal Family of Distributions Based on the Bias of the Maximum Likelihood Estimator
Authors: Tzavelas George
Published: March 2003

This paper characterizes the family of Normal distributions within the class of exponential families of distributions, via the structure of the bias of the maximum likelihood estimator Θn of the canonical parameter Θ. More specifically, when E (Θn) –Θ= (1/n) Q(Θ) +o(1/n), the equality Q(Θ) = 0 proves to be a property of the Normal distribution only. The same conclusion is obtained for the one‐dimensional case bt assuming that Q(Θ) is a polynomial of Θ.
Theory & Methods: Local Linear Kernel Regression with Long‐Range Dependent Errors
Authors: Anh Vo , Wolff Rodney , Gao Jiti , Tieng Quang
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the use of a local linear kernel regression method to test whether the mean function of a sequence of long‐range dependent processes has discontinuities or change‐points. It proposes a non‐parametric estimation procedure and then establishes an asymptotic theory for the estimation procedure. Examples, simulated and real, illustrate the estimation procedure.
Theory & Methods: A Construction of Lancaster Probabilities with Margins in the Multidimensional Meixner Class
Authors: Koudou A.E. , Pommeret D.
Published: March 2003

The well‐known Meixner class (Meixner, 1934) of probabilities on R has been extended recently to Rd (Pommeret, 1996). This generalized Meixner class corresponds to the simple quadratic natural exponential families characterized by Casalis (1996). Following Lancaster (1975), the present paper offers a characterization of the joint probability of a randomvector (X, Y) such that the two variables X and Y on Rd belong to the multidimensional Meixner class and fulfil a bi‐orthogonality condition involving orthogonal polynomials. The joint probabilities, called Lancaster probabilities, are characterized by two sequences of orthogonal polynomials with respect to the margins and a sequence of expectations of products. Some multivariate probabilities are studied, namely the Poisson‐Gaussian and the gamma‐Gaussian.
Theory & Methods: Non‐Gaussian Conditional Linear AR(1) Models
Authors: Grunwald Gary K. , Hyndman Rob J. , Tedesco Leanna , Tweedie Richard L.
Published: March 2003

This paper gives a general formulation of a non‐Gaussian conditional linear AR(1) model subsuming most of the non‐Gaussian AR(1) models that have appeared in the literature. It derives some general results giving properties for the stationary process mean, variance and correlation structure, and conditions for stationarity. These results highlight similarities with and differences from the Gaussian AR(1) model, and unify many separate results appearing in the literature. Examples illustrate the wide range of properties that can appear under the conditional linear autoregressive assumption. These results are used in analysing three real datasets, illustrating general methods of estimation, model diagnostics and model selection. In particular, the theoretical results can be used to develop diagnostics for deciding if a time series can be modelled by some linear autoregressive model, and for selecting among several candidate models.
Theory & Methods: A New Proof of Murthy's Estimator which Applies to Sequential Sampling
Authors: Salehi Mohammad M. , Seber George A.F.
Published: March 2003

Murthy's estimator has been used for constructing an unbiased estimator of a population total or mean from a sample of fixed size when there is unequal probability sampling without replacement. Traditionally, the estimator is derived by constructing an unordered version of Raj's ordered unbiased estimator. This paper presents an elementary proof of Murthy's estimator which applies the Rao–Blackwell theorem to a very simple estimator. This proof includes any sequential sampling scheme, thus extending the usefulness of Murthy's estimator. We demonstrate this extension by deriving unbiased estimators for inverse sampling.
Theory & Methods: Unbiased estimators for restricted adaptive cluster sampling
Authors: Salehi Mohammad M. , Seber George A.F.
Published: March 2003

In adaptive cluster sampling the size of the final sample is random, thus creating design problems. To get round this, Brown (1994) and Brown & Manly (1998) proposed a modification of the method, placing a restriction on the size of the sample, and using standard but biased estimators for estimating the population mean. But in this paper a new unbiased estimator and an unbiased variance estimator are proposed, based on estimators proposed by Murthy (1957) and extended to sequential and adaptive sampling designs by Salehi & Seber (2001). The paper also considers a restricted version of the adaptive scheme of Salehi & Seber (1997a) in which the networks are selected without replacement, and obtains unbiased estimators. The method is demonstrated by a simple example. Using simulation from this example, the new estimators are shown to compare very favourably with the standard biased estimators.
Assessing the Economic Preconditions for a Yen Bloc
Authors: Madden Gary , Savage Scott , McDonald Andrew
Published: March 2003

Stabilising Asia‐Pacific exchange rates by establishing a system of pegs, bands or target zones around the Japanese yen requires the compromise of domestic policy autonomy. The cost of doing so is least when members reaction to economic shocks are symmetric. This study considers which currencies meet this necessary precondition. To assess regional disturbance symmetry the Blanchard and Quah (1989) procedure is employed to distinguish temporary from permanent shocks for paired aggregate output and price time‐series. Disturbance correlations between Japan and other Asia‐Pacific nations are calculated. Supply‐side disturbance correlations are relatively weak and suggest the economic preconditions for a yen bloc are not in place.
Gambling Taxation: Public Equity in the Gambling Business
Authors: Smith Julie
Published: March 2003

Government's intrinsic role in sustaining a viable gambling industry, and its significant revenue stake in industry profitability, can make the public effectively shareholders in the industry. An important social cost of gambling is the potential for corruption of democratic processes through close industry and government links. Government can increase gambling revenues by expanding the tax base, rather than by raising tax rates. Gambling tax rates have fallen in recent decades, while revenues have increased dramatically. This paper analyses the forces encouraging governments to give excessive priority to protecting gambling revenues. It finds gambling taxation is regressive, and increasingly so as access widens. ‘Children, madmen and fools' are significant to the market. The transition to a goods and services tax, along with the recent inquiry by the Productivity Commission into gambling, provides an opportunity for gambling policy to be made in a coherent social and economic framework, rather than as ad hoc and short‐term solutions to State governments' revenue problems. Such an outcome rests on the Commonwealth government playing a leadership role.
Recognising the People’s Republic of China: A Reappraisal of Australian Foreign Policy During the First Menzies Ministry 1950–51
Authors: Penrose Sandra K.
Published: March 2003

The attitude of the early Menzies Government towards the recognition of the People’s Republic of China has not been well understood in the literature on Australia’s international relations. The early Menzies regime has been taken by some scholars to be implacably opposed to communism, including Chinese communism, by others to have ceased to consider recognition because of the Korean War and by a third contingent to have been responsive to United States pressure not to recognise the Chinese communist government. A perusal of the foreign policy documents of the period of the first Menzies ministry reveals that both Menzies and Spender were giving favourable consideration to recognising the People’s Republic of China during late 1950 and early 1951 and that none of these three views were decisive in preventing recognition. The question for Menzies and Spender was not whether to recognise but when to recognise and the actions of the Chinese communists themselves, in particular their attitude to British recognition, created the greatest impediment to recognition by Australia at that time.
Democratic Regimes, Internal Security Policy and the Threat of Terrorism
Authors: Reinares Fernando
Published: March 2003

Since terrorism poses a serious threat to the processes of liberal democracy governments should act decisively to curb terrorist groups. This article examines the range of political, judicial and enforcement measures available, assesses the problems associated with them and the conditions for their success. Political measures include reforms in response to popular unrest, negotiations with terrorist groups and amnesties to encourage an end to violence. Since terrorists seek to influence domestic and international public opinion, the authorities need to counter that propaganda and in particular to explain and justify the political, judicial and enforcement measures they adopt. Governments have to choose between treating terrorism like other forms of criminal behaviour or setting up special courts and passing emergency legislation, with the attendant dangers to civil liberties. Enforcement of anti‐terrorist measures has quite often been inept. Coordination is required to prevent police anti‐terrorist units and other security agencies from engaging in institutional rivalry. But if these agencies are efficient in their intelligence gathering, and politically supervised to ensure that they act within the law, they can be decisive in the reduction of terrorism, as in Western Europe at the end of the 1970s.
The Illusive Phenomenon of Fraudulent Voting Practices: A Review Article
Authors: Hughes Colin A.
Published: March 2003

abstract
Willard Straight, The First World War, and “Internationalism of all Sorts”: The Inconsistencies of An American Liberal Interventionist
Authors: Roberts Priscilla
Published: March 2003

Willard D. Straight was a banker‐diplomat and one of the most prominent early twentieth‐century advocates of a greater international role for the USA. From the beginning of the war he argued the Mahanist line that American security depended upon the British fleet and in its own interest the United States should therefore intervene. At the same time he perceived the war as offering a golden opportunity for American bankers and businessmen to make international commercial gains at the expense of Britain. In 1915 this outlook led him to leave the insistently pro‐Allied banking firm of J. P. Morgan & Company for the National City‐affiliated American International Corporation, which was consciously designed to expand American overseas investments. Throughout the war Straight, who died in late November 1918, consistently argued that an Anglo‐American alliance must be the essential foundation of any postwar international order — a position also taken by Theodore Roosevelt — but Straight also demonstrated significant and growing suspicion of and hostility to Great Britain. The numerous inconsistencies in his thinking seem to have sprung from the fact that, rather than being a well thought‐out position, his internationalism arose primarily from an indiscriminating psychological need to have his country play a great but poorly defined role on the world stage.
The Canberra Commission: A “Realistic” Analysis?
Authors: Forge John , Myhra Sverre
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the proposals made in the Canberra Commission for the abolition of nuclear weapons. The Report is quickly summarised and the major arguments for the abolition of nuclear weapons are then examined in the following way. A classification, or “typology”, of reasons why nuclear weapons should be abolished is given, and then the main and supporting arguments outlined in turn. It is concluded that these arguments are not persuasive and that the Report contains certain hidden presuppositions and assumptions.
A Moveable Place With A Moveable Past: Perspectives on Central Europe
Authors: Gerner Kristian
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses whether the region which in the 1990s has been called “the Visegrád Four” is a political and/or cultural whole and if so, in what respects. Using the concepts “centre” and “periphery” the paper argues that parts of contemporary Central Europe were political and cultural centres of the European civilisation in previous eras. The interpretation and use of this past in the Central European states’ contemporary endeavour to join NATO and the EU is discussed. That historical chronology is superseded by what may be labelled the “mythological presence” of things past is especially noted.
Soviet Work Attitudes and Politics, 1953–91: A Preliminary Historical Sociology
Authors: Pereira N.G.O.
Published: March 2003

The main question investigated here is the extent to which Russian workers’ changing attitudes toward their labour contributed to the systemic political crisis of the Soviet regime during the latter part of the 1980s. The related issue of the workers’ understanding of what has been called the “social contract” between themselves and government is also explored. The goal is to assess the relationship between their political allegiance and historical Soviet practices that guaranteed rudimentary welfare and job security, irrespective of work performance.
Recent Historical Writing on Darwinism: A Review Article
Authors: Crook Paul
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Frederick Burkhardt, (ed.), Charles Darwin’s Letters: A Selection 1825–1859

Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945

Stephen J. Gould, Life’s Grandeur: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin
A failure of imagination: R.G. Casey and Australian plans for counter‐subversion in Asia, 1954‐1956
Authors: Waters Christopher
Published: March 2003

This article is a study of some aspects of the non‐military response of the Menzies government to the decolonisation of the European empires and the cold war in Asia. In the mid‐1950s R.G. Casey, the Minister for External Affairs, was given responsibility by the cabinet to develop a programme of Colombo Plan ‐ educational, cultural, propaganda, intelligence and political initiatives ‐ which the Menzies government hoped would influence the outcome of the cold war in Asia. This article suggests that an examination of these government initiatives reveals some important insights into the nature of the Menzies government’s understanding of and response to the revolutionary changes which swept through Asia in the decade after the Second World War.
Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919‐22
Authors: Bennett G.H.
Published: March 2003

This article revises the accepted narrative about British foreign policy in the aftermath of the First World War, which portrays the Foreign Secretary and Foreign Office as subservient to a dynamic and interventionist Prime Minister inthe formulation of foreign policy. It argues that the relationship between Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, was far more complex than that suggested by the historical consensus, shaped, in part, by David LloydGeorge’s political opponents and Curzon’s enemies. Comparisons are drawn between Curzon’s influence over policy towards specific geographical areas, and between Curzon’s experiences under Lloyd George and his eventual successors as Prime Minister, Andrew Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin.
Russia's Twentieth Century in History and Historiography
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: March 2003

Discussions of Russian history have frequently been marked by a preoccupation with the question of Russian ‘backwardness’, or, during the Soviet period from 1917 to 1991, with its obverse: the claim of the Soviet Union to play a vanguard role in world history. This paper offers a critical survey of twentieth‐century Russian and Soviet history, and of its often highly politicised historiography, in the light of these debates. The extent to which the Soviet ‘building of socialism’ represented a project of modernisation will be considered, along with differing interpretations of this project by both Western and post‐Soviet Russian historians. While the work of the new generation of post‐Soviet historians promises substantive advances in our knowledge of the Soviet past, it is suggested here that debates on Russia's past are once again being overshadowed by old concerns about Russia's backwardness vis‐à‐vis the West.
Developmentalism and its Environmental Legacy: The Western Australia Wheatbelt, 1900 – 1990s
Authors: Beresford Quentin
Published: March 2003

The Western Australia Wheatbelt contains the largest area of dry‐land salinity in Australia with major economic, social and environmental consequences. In recent years salinity has been widely recognised as the State's worst environmental problem. Yet, the historical record shows that this crisis, which has taken half a century to fully materialise, was largely foreseen by contemporary agricultural scientists. In examining the origins of the salinity crisis, the article examines the reasons why this scientific advice was ignored. It locates the schemes to open up the area for agriculture in the period 1900‐1980s within the ideology of developmentalism which became the major plank in the policy of successive governments. The article identifies the key elements in the way developmentalism was applied to agriculture and discusses its populist appeal; the separation of science from policy; and the institutionalisation of the developmentalist ethos in the administrative arms of government.
Did They Read Marx? Marx Reception and Social Democratic Party Members in Imperial Germany, 1890–1914
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G.
Published: March 2003

Did rank‐and‐file members of the German Social Democratic party before 1914 bother to read Marx? A number of studies of borrowing from trade union and other workers' libraries since the 1970s have indicated that workers who read Marx were rare, although this does not mean that workers' reading habits were not influenced by socialist ideas. However, for a broader understanding of the reception of Marx's writings among rank‐and‐file German socialists, it is necessary to consider not only books, but the pamphlet literature produced by the SPD in huge quantities, serialisations and other treatments in the party press, and oral communication. When the full range of sources is considered, the extent of the reception of Marx's writings, albeit often in very simplified forms, can be more fully appreciated.
Economic or Political Development: The Evolution of “Native” Local Government Policy in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, 1945–1963
Authors: Wright Huntley
Published: March 2003

In 1969, Speaker of the House Assembly of Papua and New Guinea John Guise, spoke of a “quiet decision” to limit the activities of “Native” Local Government Councils in the Territory, so that “they seem to be much more like those of Australian Shire Councils”. The present essay suggests that this “quiet decision”, contrary to conventional wisdom, was not simply part of a colonial policy designed to serve “assimilationist purposes”. Rather, the restricted role finally accorded to local councils was a corollary of the enhanced, post‐war capacity of the metropolitan state. Early local government policy never envisaged councils as a first step toward self‐government. Rather, councils were to be vehicles for securing the “systematic development of native agricultural potential”. The decision to limit the scope of local government policy reflected not a rejection of this initial intent, but rather agrarian reform after 1956 was re‐constituted as an object of direct government control. The legacy of local government in Papua New Guinea is not so much one of ‘white’ colonialism, but of ‘development’ entrapped in trusteeship.
The Mechanics of Responsibility in Government
Authors: Brennan Gerard
Published: March 2003

Robert Garran was Premier Reid's legal and constitutional adviser at the Premiers’ Conference in Melbourne in 1899. If Alfred Deakin is to be believed, while there Garran performed in classical fashion the duties of the competent administrator. Out of sight in an adjoining room, he and a financial adviser, Mr Coghlan, awaited Premier Reid who would withdraw from the conference room from time to time for consultation with his advisers. Then Reid would return ‘freshly primed to reopen the debate’ presumably stating the propositions with which he had been recently furnished. In later years his scholarly and incisive work on the Constitution was a source of sound advice to all those concerned to understand the workings of the organic law under which we live. I acknowledge my debt to his work and I am honoured to deliver an oration that bears his name.
Leadership in Local Government Reform: Strategic Direction v Administrative Compliance
Authors: Martin John
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on a survey across 26 Victorian local councils which assessed the impact of local government reform – boundary restructuring – compulsory competitive tendering, across‐the‐board rate cuts and rate capping, on the management and organisation of local government organisations in that state. It highlights the fact that leadership, planning and performance management is essential in responding to these reforms. It also reveals thatsome councils have been able to assist employees to make the shift to an outcomes‐oriented deliverer of local services while others have made much less progress and are still focused on the traditional, compliance‐oriented culture of local government administration.
Re‐evaluation of the Importance of the Public Service: Tasmania’s Collaborative Program
Authors: Fitzgerald Lynne
Published: March 2003

In considering what should be the role of government in a community like Tasmania we need to understand the context within which we are working. We are a small population that is almost without exception a branch economy. No major corporations are based here – we have branch offices or divisions of major companies. We lack a managerial class – headquarters and management staff are based elsewhere – decisions made by the level of management based in our state do not take the welfare of the state into account. Our private sector does not have the capital and quite clearly the capacity to take up the challenge posed by a reduction of government services or a contraction of services. When public sector jobs are cut in Tasmania they stay cut. The private sector does not step into the breach and create jobs. Tasmania has always relied, to a large extent, on the public sector for its economic viability – with the contraction of public sector funding, the viability of the state’s economy has been seriously eroded.
Alternatives to Competitive Tendering and Privatisation: A Case Study from the Australian Health Industry
Authors: Adams David , Hess Michael
Published: March 2003

The international trend towards economic and financial management reforms is well documented with most governments now being involved in public sector restructuring programs, which have at their core the aim of improving the quality of administrative functions through a more responsive approach by state agencies (OECD 1996). In nations with administrative systems derived from British models these efforts may be generally referred to as ‘the de‐Sir Humphreying of the Westminister model’ (Hood 1990:105). In essence this approach has had three aims. First, it has attempted to diminish the role of thestate and make the bureaucracy more responsive to political leaders. Second, it has aimed for greater efficiency through the use of private sector management techniques. Third, it has focused on the citizen as a customer and service recipient (Aucoin 1990:16).
Institutions of Deliberative Democratic Processes and Interest Groups: Roles, Tensions and Incentives
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn
Published: March 2003

There are inherent tensions between traditional, more pluralist forms of public participation and new deliberative democratic processes, such as citizens’ juries. These innovative processes, known collectively as citizens’ forums, challenge existing roles and power relationships between interest groups and the state. Instead of having key access to the policy stage, interest groups are required to be ‘bystanders’, ‘information providers’, and ultimately ‘process legitimisers’. With such a radical shift in roles and power structure, there are few apparent reasons why interest groups would want to participate in such deliberative processes. In some cases, to the detriment of the process, they decide not to.
Liberal Rationalism And Medical Decision‐making
Authors: Savulescu Julian
Published: March 2003

I contrast Robert Veatch's recent liberal vision of medical decision‐making with a more rationalist liberal model. According to Veatch, physicians are biased in their determination of what is in their patient's overall interests in favour of their medical interests. Because of the extent of this bias, we should abandon the practice of physicians offering what they guess to be the best treatment option. Patients should buddy up with physicians who share the same values —‘deep value pairing’. The goal of choice is maximal promotion of patient values. I argue that if subjectivism about value and valuing is true, this move is plausible. However, if objectivism about value is true — that there really are states which are good for people regardless of whether they desire to be in them — then we should accept a more rationalist liberal alternative. According to this alternative, what is required to decide which course is best is rational dialogue between physicians and patients, both about the patient's circumstances and her values, and not the seeking out of people, physicians or others, who share the same values. Rational discussion requires that physicians be reasonable and empathic. I describe one possible account of a reasonable physician.
Locating the Beginnings of Pain
Authors: Derbyshire Stuart W. G.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the question of whether a fetus can feel pain. The question is divided into four sub questions: What is pain? What is the neurology of pain processing? What is the fetus? Are there good reasons for holding that fetuses feel pain? Pain is suggested to be a multi‐dimensional phenomenon drawing on emotional and sensory processes – a consequence of a gradual development involving a number of noxious events rather than an automatic consequence of injury or disease. The non‐automaticity of pain is emphasised in the discussion of pain neurology that defies explanations based on a specialised neuronal ‘pain‐centre’. The development of the fetus is considered with respect to developmental neurobiology, behavioural and neurological responses to stimulation, and hormonal and neurochemical responses to noxious stimulation. While acknowledging that the development of the fetus is complex, especially after 26 weeks gestation, considerable development is still to occur, even after birth. The fetal pain literature is criticised for tending to exaggerate fetal development. Finally, the difficulty of explaining the subjectivity of pain in materialist terms is discussed. Pain is suggested to arise with development of the necessary neurological, cognitive and emotional structures. Pain experience is placed at approximately 12 months of age, though this is within the context of a continuum of awareness rather than a straight ‘on‐off’ switch. The major moral implication of this stance is to place the burden of proof for analgesic use onto clinical measures, rather than relying upon the, so far, poorly supported assumption of pain awareness.
Continuing the Debate over Risk‐related Standards of Competence
Authors: Cale Gita S.
Published: March 2003

This discussion paper addresses Ian Wilks’ defence of the risk‐related standard of competence that appears in Bioethics 11. Wilks there argues that the puzzle posed by Mark Wicclair in Bioethics 5 against Dan Brock's argument in favour of a risk‐related standard of competence — namely that Brock’s argument allows for situations of asymmetrical competence — is not a genuine problem for a risk‐related standard of competence. To show this, Wilks presents what he believes to be two examples of real situations in which asymmetrical competence arises.

I argue that insofar as Wilks equivocates two senses of competence in his examples — namely, competence to perform a task and competence in performing a task — Wilks is unable to illustrate the existence of real situations of asymmetrical competence. By examining the way in which Wilks equivocates two senses of competence in his examples, and by applying the results of this examination to the problem of patient competency within the medical field, I argue that not only does Wilks fail to show that situations of asymmetrical competence exist, but he is also unable to provide a foundation for understating how the risk‐related standard of competence can strike a balance between an individual’s autonomy and benevolent intervention.

I thus conclude that insofar as Wilks fails to answer the objections raised by Wicclair and others against the risk‐related standard of competence, the risk‐related standard of competence continues to be undermined by the problem of asymmetrical competence.
Money Talks, Money Kills? – The Economics of Transplantation in Japan and China
Authors: Becker Carl
Published: March 2003

Japan and China have long resisted the Western trend of organ transplantation from brain‐dead patients, based on a ‘Confucian’ respect for integrity of ancestors’ bodies. While their general publics continue to harbor grave doubts about such practices, their medical and political elites are hastening towards the road of organ‐harvesting and organ‐marketing, largely for economic reasons. This report illustrates the ways that economics is motivating brain‐death legislation in Japan and criminal executions in China.
The Ethics of Genetic Research of Intelligence
Authors: Reiss Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Should research on the possible genetic components of human intelligence be carried out? I first try to provide some general guidelines as to whether any particular piece of research should be undertaken and then consider the specific example of the ethics of genetic research on intelligence. The history of the debate on intelligence does not make one very optimistic that the fruits of such research would be used wisely. However, there are indications that people’s understanding of the nature of inheritance may be improving and it could be that such research might have significant benefits. It is worth remembering than the condition phenylketonuria, a genetic disease in any useful sense of the term, and one that leads to mental retardation (i.e. very low intelligence), is now wholly preventable, and indeed very largely prevented, through environmental intervention.
Anorexia Nervosa and Respecting a refusal of life‐prolonging Therapy: A Limited Justification
Authors: Draper Heather
Published: March 2003

People who suffer from eating disorders often have to be treated against their will, perhaps by being detained, perhaps by being forced to eat. In this paper it is argued that whilst forcing compliance is generally acceptable, there may be circumstances under which a sufferer's refusal of consent to treatment should be respected. This argument will hinge upon whether someone in the grip of an eating disorder can actually make competent decisions about their quality of life. If so, then the decision to refuse therapy may be on a par with other decisions to refuse life‐prolonging therapy made by sufferers of debilitating chronic, or acute onset terminal illness. In such cases, palliation might justifiably replace aggressive therapy. The argument will also draw heavily on the distinction between competent refusal of therapy and passive euthanasia, and the distinction between incompetent and irrational decisions. Both distinctions will then be applied to decisions to refuse food. The extent to which sufferers from anorexia nervosa can be categorised as either incompetent or irrational will be examined. It is against this background that it will be argued that at least some of those who suffer from eating disorders should have their refusals respected, even if they may die as a result.
Ethical Issues in Limb Transplants
Authors: Dickenson Donna , Widdershoven Guy
Published: March 2003

On one view, limb transplants cross technological frontiers but not ethical ones; the only issues to be resolved concern professional competence, under the assumption of patient autonomy. Given that the benefits of limb transplant do not outweigh the risks, however, the autonomy and rationality of the patient are not necessarily self‐evident. In addition to questions of resource allocation and informed consent, limb, and particularly hand, allograft also raises important issues of personal identity and bodily integrity. We present two linked schemas for exploring ethical issues in limb transplants. The first, relying on conventional concepts in biomedical ethics, asks whether the procedure is research or therapy, whether the costs outweigh the benefits, and whether it should be up to the patient to decide. The second introduces more speculative and theoretically challenging questions, including bodily integrity, the argument from unnaturalness, and the function of the hand in expressing personal identity and intimacy. We conclude that limb transplants are not ruled out a priori, unlike some procedures that are prima facie wrong to perform, such as amputation of healthy limbs to relieve body dysmorphic disorders. However, their legitimacy is not proven by appeals to the interests of scientific research, cost‐benefit, or patient autonomy.
Marquis: A Defense of Abortion?
Authors: Gelfand Scott D.
Published: March 2003

This is a reply to Don Marquis’‘Why Abortion is Immoral.‘ Marquis, who asserts that abortion is morally wrong, bases his argument on the following premise: Killing a being is morally wrong if that being is the sort of being who has a valuable future. I argue that this premise is false. I then assert that if I am correct about this premise being false, Marquis is faced with a dilemma. If he does not alter the premise in a way that makes it true, his argument is unsound. However, if he does make such an alteration, he must also alter a second premise in his argument, and this second change opens him to the charge of question begging. In addition, I conclude that such an alteration requires Marquis to adopt a position much like that taken by Judith J. Thompson in ‘A Defense of Abortion,‘ a position he initially states is indefensible.
The Embryonic Stem Cell Lottery and the Cannibalization of Human Beings
Authors: Savulescu Julian
Published: March 2003

One objection to embryonic stem (ES) cell research is that it ‘cannibalizes’ human beings, that is, kills some human beings to benefit others. I grant for argument’s sake that the embryo is a person. Nonetheless, killing it may be justified. I show this through the Embryonic Stem Cell Lottery. Whether killing a person is justified depends on: (1) whether innocent people at risk of being killed for ES cell research also stand to benefit from the research and (2) whether their overall chances of living are higher in a world in which killing and ES cell research is conducted. I call this kind of killing ‘risk reductive.‘
Germ–line Engineering, Freedom, and Future Generations
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth F.
Published: March 2003

New technologies in germ–line engineering have raised many questions about obligations to future generations. In this article, I focus on the importance of increasing freedom and the equality of freedom for present and future generations, because these two ideals are necessary for a just society and because they are most threatened by the wide–scale privatisation of GLE technologies. However, there are ambiguities in applying these ideals to the issue of genetic technologies. I argue that Amartya Sen's capability theory can be used as a framework to ensure freedom and equality in the use of GLE technology. Capability theory articulates the goal of equalising real freedom by bringing all people up to a threshold of basic human capabilities. Sen's capability theory can clarify the proper moral goal of GLE insofar as this technology could be used to bring people up to certain basic human capabilities, thereby increasing their real freedom. And by increasing the freedom of those who lack basic human capabilities, GLE can aid in decreasing the inequalities of freedom among classes of people.
Healing and Feeling: The Clinical Ontology of Emotion
Authors: Robichaud Allyson L.
Published: March 2003

In the clinical setting, not enough attention is paid to the role that emotion plays. It is at worst ignored or avoided, isolating those who are suffering, at best treated as something to help another to endure. This is the result, in part, of an impoverished idea that views emotion as mere feelings. However, emotions are not just feelings, they are cognitive. If we look beneath the surface, emotions can provide information about values and beliefs, some of which may be false or unreasonable. When they are motivating decisions that seriously affect the lives of others, there is a moral obligation to ferret them out and correct or deal with them. Attention needs to be paid to the emotions of healthcare providers as well as to the emotions of patients and their loved ones, and more done to train healthcare providers to deal effectively and productively with emotion – their own and others’. A son tearfully requests everything be done for his dying father. He fears limiting treatment means his father will be ignored. A physician orders another course of chemotherapy because she cannot bear for this patient to die. The patient, fearing he will painfully suffocate to death, agrees. Paying attention to emotions and bringing to light the beliefs and values behind them can only enhance the care and consideration of all involved.
Focus on Practice: Whole School Management: Turning an Illusion into Practice
Authors: Aird Richard , Bainbridge Sue
Published: March 2003

Richard Aird, headteacher, and Sue Bainbridge, deputy headteacher, of Baginton Fields Special School, Coventry describe a system of audit model which takes as its starting point curriculum issues. Although it drives an authority funding formula, its educational importance is at a school level and the work of an individual school is described to illustrate how it facilitates decision making by all involved in the school.
Bridging the Communication Gap (for Pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties)
Authors: Detheridge Tina
Published: March 2003

Tina Detheridge, a Senior Lecturer at Westminster College, Oxford, suggests that, by using information technology, some pupils are able to generate unambiguous signals which, used in social contexts, stimulated interaction and enhanced communication. The work undertaken further highlighted criteria for the successful use of IT in such contexts.
Teachers and Speech and Language Therapists Working with Children with Physical Disabilities: Implications for Inclusive Education
Authors: Wright Jannet A. , Kersner Myra
Published: March 2003

Jannet A. Wright and Myra Kersner, senior lecturers in the Department of Human Communication Science, University College London, consider the practical implications of recent policies for teachers and speech and language therapists working together in inclusive settings. Their conclusions complement McCartney's ideas in the previous article.
Research Section: ‘It's a Delicate Thing’: Coping with a Hidden Disability in Mainstream Schools
Authors: Cavet Judith
Published: March 2003

Judith Cavet, Principal Lecturer at Staffordshire University, reports on her qualitative study exploring the experience of children and young people affected by faecal incontinence as a result of a congenital physical impairment, and highlights the significant tensions facing some pupils, who are ‘invisibly disabled’. The associated taboos mean that the disability is little understood and poorly accepted. Affected children and their parents describe how school staff can play a key role in providing a suitable educational environment.