bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Record of Ophiorrhiza trichocarpon Blume (Rubiaceae: Ophiorrhizeae) from Western Ghats, India: Another Source Plant of Camptothecin
Authors: Sibi C. V. , Dintu P. K. , Renjith R. , Krishnaraj M. V. , Roja G. , Satheeshkumar K.
Published: May 2012

Ophiorrhiza trichocarpon Blume is newly recorded from Western Ghats, India. A detailed description, with images and relevant notes are provided. Keywords: Ophiorrhiza trichocarpon; Camptothecin; Rubiaceae; Western Ghats; New Record; India. © 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.9378 J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 529-532 (2012)
Numerical Solutions of Volterra Integral Equations Using Laguerre Polynomials
Authors: Rahman M. A. , Islam M. S. , Alam M. M.
Published: May 2012

We solve numerically Volterra integral equations, of first and second kind with regular and singular kernels, by the well known Galerkin weighted residual method. For this, we derive a simple and efficient matrix formulation using Laguerre polynomials as trial functions. Several numerical examples are tested. The approximate solutions of some examples coincide with the exact solutions on using a very few Laguerre polynomials. The approximate results, obtained by the present method, confirm the convergence of numerical solutions and are compared with the existing methods available in the literature.Keywords: Volterra integral equations; Galerkin method; Laguerre polynomials.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.9407    J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 357-364 (2012)
Incidence of Human Skin Pathogens from Cosmetic Tools used in Beauty Saloons in Different Areas of Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Naz S. , Iqtedar M. , Ain Q. ul , Aftab K.
Published: May 2012

With the surprising development across the cosmetic and personal care companies the re-utilization of cosmetic tools is of a common practice. Isolation and detection of human skin pathogens from 100 samples of beauty salon tools i.e., blusher brush, face sponge and wax has been done. All the samples were examined microbiologically for the contamination of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, yeast and fungus. It was observed that the percentage of Staphylococcus aureus was higher (100% in sponge, 100% in brush, 88% in wax) in the tools than Pseudomonas aeruginosa (69.6% in sponge, 81.8% in brush and 73.5% in wax), where counts obtained for fungus was 51.5% in sponge, 30.3% in brush and 20.5% in wax. It was observed that the major cause of contamination of saloon tools is repetitive usage on all costumers without considering the hygienic conditions.  Keywords: Human skin pathogens; Cosmetic contamination; Pseudomonas in cosmetics; S.aureus in cosmetics.  © 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.9640 J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 523-527 (2012)
Temperature Dependence of the Zero-Field In-Plane Critical Current Density of YBa2Cu3O7-d High-Tc Superconductors
Authors: Sarkar M. R. H. , Naqib S. H.
Published: May 2012

The nature of the temperature dependence of the zero-field critical current density, Jc0(T), in the CuO2 planes has been investigated for c-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7-d (Y123) thin films over a range of hole content, p. The hole concentration was varied by changing the oxygen deficiency, d, in the CuO1-d chains by annealing the films under different oxygen partial pressures and temperatures. The Jc0(T) values were extracted from the magnetic hysteresis (M-H) loops obtained at different temperatures. From the analysis of the Jc0(T) data for different sample compositions, we have extracted valuable information regarding the nature of the underlying magnetic flux pinning mechanisms in Y123 superconductors. We have found that the oxygen defects play only a secondary role in pinning of the vortices, the superfluid density, on the other hand plays a significant role. The exponent, n, governing the Jc0(T) behavior for a given sample composition showed a systematic behavior as hole contents are changed. Keywords: Y123 superconductors; Critical current density; Flux pinning.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.9653 J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 287-296 (2012)
Density of Microbial Colonization on External and Internal Surfaces of Concurrently Placed Intravascular Devices
Authors: Koh David Boon Chai , Robertson Iain Kilpatrick , Watts Marianne , Davies Andrew Neil
Published: May 2012

Background

Intravascular devices provide essential vascular access for management of critically ill patients but can be associated with bloodstream infections.

Objectives

To determine colonization rates in segments of concurrently placed peripheral arterial, nontunnelled short-term central venous catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters and the pattern of heaviest colonization when the catheters are removed.

Methods

A prospective study was conducted on inpatients with intravascular devices in place for 9 days or more. At removal, each catheter was cut into 3 segments, and each segment was cultured separately. The density of colonization on external and internal surfaces of each segment was compared by estimating odds ratios by repeated-measures ordinal logistic regression.

Results

A total of 48 peripheral arterial, 135 central venous, and 106 peripherally inserted central catheters were obtained from 289 patients. Colonization was greatest at the proximal external segment of all catheters. On the external surface, colonization was lower on the middle (odds ratio, 0.70; P < .001) and distal (odds ratio, 0.56; P < .001) segments than on the proximal segments. On the internal surface, colonization was lower on the proximal (odds ratio, 0.39; P < .001), middle (odds ratio, 0.30; P < .001), and distal (odds ratio, 0.31; P < .001) segments than on the external proximal segments. This trend was similar for all catheter types.

Conclusion

Colonization of intravascular devices was heaviest on proximal segments.
Projection of FMRFamide-like neuropeptide-producing neurosecretory cells from silkworm brain into ventral nerve cord and retrocerebral complex
Authors: Kim Bo Yong , Song Hwa Young , Kim Mi Young , Kang Pil Don , Cha Min Ho , Park Hun Hee , Lee Seung Gwan , Lee Chang Kyou , Yu Chai Hyeock , Lee Bong Hee
Published: May 2012

Using immunostaining methodology, we traced the axonal projection of FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2)-like immunoreactive (LI) medial neurosecretory cells (MNCs) and lateral neurosecretory cells (LNCs) from the brain into the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and retrocerebral complex inBombyx mori(L.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Of the seven pairs of FMRFamide-LI MNCs, one pair extended its axons from the brain pars intercerebralis into the VNC ipsilateral connective where they appeared to terminate. The axons of the remaining MNCs ran through decussation in the brain median region and contralateral nervi corporis cardiaci (NCC) I out of the brain, and eventually innervated the contralateral corpus cardiacum (CC). Axons from the single pair of FMRFamide-LI LNCs projected into the ipsilateral NCC II fused with NCC I without decussation in the brain, and finally terminated in the CC. These results suggest that transport of the FMRFamide-like neuropeptide from may be related to the modulation of functions such as gut contraction in MNCs terminating in the VNC, and regulation of production and/or secretion of specific hormones such as juvenile hormone in MNCs and LNCs terminating in the CC.
C. P. Alexander review
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Kettela Edward G. , Silk Peter J.
Published: May 2012

The Canadian registration in 2007 of Disrupt SBW Micro-Flakes®, a pheromone-based product for control of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), paved the way for large-scale trials to test the practicality of mating disruption as a commercial pest management strategy. We review results from field and laboratory experiments on pheromone-based mating disruption of spruce budworm conducted from 1974 to 2008. Application of pheromone from the ground or the air consistently reduced the orientation of males toward pheromone sources. Mating disruption also reduced the mating success of caged or tethered females in 15 of 16 field studies where this parameter was recorded, but had only a limited effect on the mating success of feral females. No consistent difference in the density of egg masses in control and treated plots was observed, which has often been attributed to immigration of gravid females into pheromone-treated plots. Laboratory studies suggest that false-trail following is the predominant mechanism underlying mating disruption in spruce budworm. The enhanced mating success of females with increasing population density suggests that mating disruption should target low-density emergent populations during the initial phase of an outbreak. Constraints that may limit the potential of mating disruption as a management tool include (1) difficulties associated with obtaining accurate sampling estimates at low population density to forecast the onset of outbreaks, (2) potential behavioral adaptations by which females enhance their mating success when the atmosphere is treated with pheromone, and (3) long-range dispersal of females by flight.
Protective Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Endotoxin-Induced Lung Inflammation through Modulation of IL-10 Expression
Authors: Deng Jing , Wang Xuerong , Qian Feng , Vogel Stephen , Xiao Lei , Ranjan Ravi , Park Hyesuk , Karpurapu Manjula , Ye Richard D. , Park Gye Young , Christman John W.
Published: May 2012

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase are generally known to be proinflammatory, and it seems to be counterintuitive that ROS play a critical role in regulating the resolution of the inflammatory response. However, we observed that deficiency of the p47phox component of NADPH oxidase in macrophages was associated with a paradoxical accentuation of inflammation in a whole animal model of noninfectious sepsis induced by endotoxin. We have confirmed this observation by interrogating four separate in vivo models that use complementary methodology including the use of p47phox−/− mice, p47phox−/− bone marrow chimera mice, adoptive transfer of macrophages from p47phox−/− mice, and an isolated perfused lung edema model that all point to a relationship between excessive acute inflammation and p47phox deficiency in macrophages. Mechanistic data indicate that ROS deficiency in both cells and mice results in decreased production of IL-10 in response to treatment with LPS, at least in part, through attenuation of the Akt-GSK3-β signal pathway and that it can be reversed by the administration of rIL-10. Our data support the innovative concept that generation of ROS is essential for counterregulation of acute lung inflammation.
Delays and Diversions Mark the Development of B Cell Responses to Borrelia burgdorferi Infection
Authors: Hastey Christine J. , Elsner Rebecca A. , Barthold Stephen W. , Baumgarth Nicole
Published: May 2012

B cell responses modulate disease during infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, but are unable to clear the infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that B. burgdorferi infection induces predominantly T-independent B cell responses, potentially explaining some of these findings. However, others have shown effects of T cells on the isotype profile and the magnitude of the B. burgdorferi-specific Abs. This study aimed to further investigate the humoral response to B. burgdorferi and its degree of T cell dependence, with the ultimate goal of elucidating the mechanisms underlying the failure of effective immunity to this emerging infectious disease agent. Our study identifies distinct stages in the B cell response using a mouse model, all marked by the generation of unusually strong and persistent T-dependent and T-independent IgM Abs. The initial phase is dominated by a strong T-independent accumulation of B cells in lymph nodes and the induction of specific Abs in the absence of germinal centers. A second phase begins around week 2.5 to 3, in which relatively short-lived germinal centers develop in lymph nodes, despite a lymph node architecture that lacks clearly demarcated T and B cell zones. This response failed, however, to generate appreciable numbers of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells. Finally, there is a slow accumulation of long-lived Ab-secreting plasma cells in bone marrow, reflected by a strong but ultimately ineffective serum Ab response. Overall, the study indicates that B. burgdorferi might evade B cell immunity by interfering with its response kinetics and quality.
Crystal Structure of Cell Adhesion Molecule Nectin-2/CD112 and Its Binding to Immune Receptor DNAM-1/CD226
Authors: Liu Jun , Qian Xiaomin , Chen Zhujun , Xu Xiang , Gao Feng , Zhang Shuijun , Zhang Rongguang , Qi Jianxun , Gao George F. , Yan Jinghua
Published: May 2012

The nectin and nectin-like molecule (Necl) family includes important cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) characterized by their Ig-like nature. Such CAMs regulate a broad spectrum of cell–cell interactions, including the interaction between NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and their target cells. CAM members nectin-2 (CD112) and Necl-5 (CD155) are believed to form homodimers (for nectin-2) or heterodimers in their functions for cell adhesion, as well as to interact with immune costimulatory receptor DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1) (CD226) to regulate functions of both NK and CTL cells. However, the structural basis of the interactive mode of DNAM-1 with nectin-2 or Necl-5 is not yet understood. In this study, a soluble nectin-2 Ig-like V-set domain (nectin-2v) was successfully prepared and demonstrated to bind to both soluble ectodomain and cell surface-expressed full-length DNAM-1. The 1.85-Å crystal structure of nectin-2v displays a perpendicular homodimer arrangement, revealing the homodimer characteristics of the nectin and Necls. Further mutational analysis indicated that disruption of the homodimeric interface of nectin-2v led to a failure of the homodimer formation, as confirmed by crystal structure and biochemical properties of the mutant protein of nectin-2v. Interestingly, the monomer mutant also loses DNAM-1 binding, as evidenced by cell staining with tetramers and surface plasmon resonance assays. The data indicate that interaction with DNAM-1 requires either the homodimerization or engagement of the homodimeric interface of nectin-2v. These results have implications for immune intervention of tumors or autoimmune diseases in the DNAM-1/nectin-2–dependent pathway.
Internal Rebellions and External Threats: A Model of Government Organizational Forms in Ancient China
Authors: Zhou Haiwen
Published: May 2012

In ancient China, a ruler needed to handle both internal rebellions and external threats. To decrease the possibility of internal rebellions, a ruler could organize the government to establish the division of power among ministers. While effective in preventing internal rebellions, this approach could make the defense of the country against external threats less effective. The trade‐off between preventing internal rebellions and dealing with external threats in a ruler's choice of government organizational form is affected by factors such as the size of the population, the level of coordination efficiency, and the degree of increasing returns to the military sector. If the magnitude of external threats increases, regardless of the type of equilibrium organizational form, the equilibrium level of the concentration of power among division heads increases.
Water Externalities: Tragedy of the Common Canal
Authors: Holt Charles A. , Johnson Cathleen A. , Mallow Courtney A. , Sullivan Sean P.
Published: May 2012

Laboratory experiments are used to investigate alternative solutions to the allocation problem of a common‐pool resource with unidirectional flow. Focus is on the comparative economic efficiency of nonbinding communications, bilateral “Coasian” bargaining, allocation by auction, and allocation by exogenous usage fee. All solutions improve allocative efficiency, but communication and bilateral bargaining are not generally as effective as market allocations. An exogenously imposed optimal fee results in the greatest allocative efficiency, closely followed by an auction allocation that determines the usage fee endogenously.
Reservation Values and Regret in Laboratory First‐Price Auctions: Context and Bidding Behavior
Authors: Turocy Theodore L. , Watson Elizabeth
Published: May 2012

Recent articles hypothesize that an asymmetry in regret motivates aggressive bidding in laboratory first‐price auctions. Subjects emphasize potential earnings foregone from being outbid. Proposed motivators of this asymmetry include the one‐to‐one relationship in the auction between winning and positive earnings and the ex post knowledge that bidders who do not win the auction know they earned less than the winning bidder. We design a novel implementation of the first‐price auction environment in which these characteristics are not present, while leaving unchanged the expected‐earnings maximizing bidding strategy against any fixed beliefs about the bidding behavior of others. Bidding is significantly less aggressive in this treatment. These findings support the hypothesis that aggressive bidding is motivated in part by features of the protocol for incentivizing subjects that are not essential to the auction environment.
Trade, Geography, and Industry Growth in U.S. Manufacturing
Authors: Francis John , Zheng Yuqing
Published: May 2012

Much of the recent empirical literature examining the New Economic Geography has focused on how access to markets impacts wages. In this article, we consider an alternative aspect of the theory by examining how access to markets affects industry growth. We develop a model relating the growth of two key measures of market size—market access and supplier access—to growth in industry employment and the real value of industry shipments. We estimate the model using data on U.S. manufacturing industries between 1984 and 1996. We find strong evidence to suggest that access to markets positively affects industry growth.
Correlation between Dental Traumatic Injuries and Overjet among 11 to 17 years Indian Girls with Angle's Class I Molar Relation
Authors: Bendgude Vikas , Akkareddy Basavaprabhu , Panse Amey , Metha Deepak , Jawale Bhushan , Garcha Vikram , Jathar Prasad
Published: May 2012

Aim

The present study was conducted to assess the correlation of traumatic dental injuries and overjet among school going girls of age 11 to 17 years in Pune, India.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 2045 school girls aged 11 to 17 years, attending public elementary schools in Pune, India. The traumatic dental injuries were assessed according to Ellis and Davey's criteria. Occlusion was recorded according to Angle's classification and overjet was measured using a WHO 621 probe. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney test.

Results

There was a significant (Z −2.785) association between increase in overjet and occurrence of trauma. Children with increased overjet were 3.09 times more likely to have dental injuries.

Conclusion

It can be concluded from the present study that a significant correlation exists between amount of overjet and prevalence of traumatic injuries among children. The percentage of trauma prevalence increases with the increase of overjet.

Clinical significance

Traumatic dental injury is not a result of disease but a consequence of several factors that will accumulate throughout life if not properly treated. One of the most important factors significantly contributing to traumatic dental injuries is the anterior overjet. Hence, correction of increased anterior overjet may help in prevention of traumatic injuries.

How to cite this article

Bendgude V, Akkareddy B, Panse A, Singh R, Metha D, Jawale B, Garcha V, Jathar P. Correlation between Dental Traumatic Injuries and Overjet among 11 to 17 years Indian Girls with Angle's Class I Molar Relation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):142-146.
Effect of Immediate and Delayed Postpreparation on the Integrity of the Apical Seal: An in vitro Study
Authors: Kamra Abhay , Choudhari Shantanu , Bhondwe Sarvesha , Srilatha S , Desai Neha Chhasatia , Pandit Varsha Sanjay
Published: May 2012

Aim

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate if there is any significant difference in apical leakage when gutta-percha is removed immediately after obturation for postspace preparation or after a week.

Materials and methods

Two commonly used sealers AH26 and tubliseal were used in four groups each consisting of 20 teeth each. The tooth was sectioned at the amelocemental junction to leave a root portion of 12 to 14 mm. Canals were checked for patency and prepared to No-55 K file size. Two people, using a stereomicroscope, independently evaluated each tooth-half for the extent of apical leakage.

Results

The leakage results were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA according to present study, immediate postpreparation is preferable than delayed postpreparation. The relationship of in vitro leakage measurements to the in vivo situation has not been established.

Clinical implication

Hence, immediate postpreparation is preferable than delayed postpreparation.

How to cite this article

Bhondwe S, Kamra A, Choudhari S, Srilatha S, Desai NC, Pandit VS. Effect of Immediate and Delayed Postpreparation on the Integrity of the Apical Seal: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):153-156.
Expression of Extracellular Matrix—Laminin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Kapse Sonam C , Koshy Ajit V , Rao Nirmala N , Kamat Sushant S , Kiswani Kamal , Shaikh Nahid A
Published: May 2012

Aim

To evaluate the expression of laminin in various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in order to determine whether this protein can be used as a marker for early detection and elucidation of oral cancer.

Materials and methods

Immunohistochemical staining for laminin was done on 60 selected archival blocks of histopathologically diagnosed cases of primary OSCC and the laminin expression was compared between the different histopathological grades of primary OSCC. The statistical analysis was performed by using Chi-square (÷ square) test and Gaussiantest with a probability of p < 0.05 was considered as significant.

Results

It was observed that laminin expression decreased with tumor progression which may be correlated to the tumor aggressiveness.

Conclusion

There was a gradual decrease of laminin staining with decreasing cellular differentiation, with differentiated lesions showing a more conspicuous staining of basement membrane glycoprotein than less differentiated lesions.

Clinical significance

An understanding of how the extracellular matrix influences tumor development and invasion is fundamental in the development of new prognostic indicators and treatment strategies for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

How to cite this article

Koshy AV, Rao NN, Kamat SS, Kiswani K, Kapse SC, Shaikh NA. Expression of Extracellular Matrix— Laminin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):194-200.
Saliva: A Powerful Diagnostic Tool for Minimal Intervention Dentistry
Authors: Ranganath LM , Rajesh AG , Shet RGK
Published: May 2012

Saliva plays a vital role in oral health as patients strive to maintain a healthy dentition throughout their lives. It is nature's primary defense mechanism for the oral environment, and is particularly important for protecting exposed tooth surfaces. While internal protection for dentin comes from odontoblasts and the dental pulp, the body's external protection for enamel comes from saliva.

The noninvasive nature of salivary testing has made it an effective alternative to blood and urine testing and home testing kits have made it possible for people to monitor their own health using this diagnostic medium. This paper presents what saliva can reveal about general and oral health as well as highlights the current use and potential clinical and research applications, of diagnostics based on oral fluids.

Clinical significance

Early detection always minimizes the need for more invasive treatment. It prevents oral health disease at an early stage and provides a good oral health in rejuvenated state. If you stick and follow regular professional care, prevention maintenance appointments, prevention counseling, good home care and oral hygiene, diet habits you will be free from oral health illness and you can experience the harmonious and rejuvenated state of good oral health.

How to cite this article

Ranganath LM, Shet RGK, Rajesh AG. Saliva: A Powerful Diagnostic Tool for Minimal Intervention Dentistry. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):240-245.
Behavior Shaping of Complete Denture Patient: A Theoretical Approach
Authors: Sudheer A , Reddy G Vivekananda , Reddy Giridhar
Published: May 2012

The psychological status of a geriatric patient undergoing complete denture treatment is one of the key determinants of the success of prosthesis. Hence, the understanding and behavior management of such patients is of paramount importance for any clinician aspiring to be a successful in practice. Even though several attempts have been made to understand the effects of psychology of patients undergoing this particular treatment on the final outcome of treatment, no single theory or classification has been proposed so far as to be able to completely understand the thought process of geriatric patients. The aim of this paper is to propose a theoretical approach, a step by step guide to clinicians to better understand the thoughts, aspirations and expectations of complete denture patients and their effects and consequences in different patients, when not met with.

How to cite this article

Sudheer A, Reddy GV, Reddy G. Behavior Shaping of Complete Denture Patient: A Theoretical Approach. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):246-250.
Personal Strategic Plan Development: Getting Ready for Changes in Our Professional and Personal Lives
Authors: Hinojosa Jim
Published: May 2012

Daily challenges for occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants are changing work environments and the desire to address the needs of their clients. This article highlights the need for occupational therapy practitioners to create personal strategic plans to prepare for their rapidly changing futures. Although AOTA’s Centennial Vision responds to the profession's future, practitioners must focus on their personal and professional roles and responsibilities. They also must engage in individual strategic planning. Sound individual strategic planning provides a means for practitioners to merge their fantasized views of occupational therapy with the reality of today's practice.
Current Occupational Therapy Publications in Home Health: A Scoping Review
Authors: Craig Daniel G.
Published: May 2012

PURPOSE. Recently, home health services have been a topic of increasing interest. Occupational therapy practice and utilization patterns in home care have not been the subject of recent research.

METHOD. I examined 65 publications addressing current occupational therapy practice in U.S. home health. Articles were analyzed to uncover factors influencing occupational therapy utilization and practice.

RESULTS. Results indicate that research has looked at a variety of typologies and efficacy measures for occupational therapy in home care. However, occupational therapy utilization and practice patterns in home health do not appear to be entirely consistent with research. I identify factors explaining this inconsistency and make research and practice recommendations.

CONCLUSION. Results suggest that system challenges limit the utilization and practice of occupational therapy to deliver expected outcomes in home health practice.
Systematic Review of Occupational Engagement and Health Outcomes Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Stav Wendy B. , Hallenen Theresa , Lane Jennifer , Arbesman Marian
Published: May 2012

We conducted this systematic review, one of four related to productive aging, to explore the existing evidence for the health benefits of engagement in occupations and activities among older adults. The review incorporates the breadth of areas of occupation in which older adults engage and the range of health benefits derived from that engagement. The results of this review demonstrate the multidisciplinary appreciation for occupational engagement and associated well-being and elucidate the health effects of engagement in a wide variety of occupations and activities. Additionally, the results of this systematic review support occupational therapy’s historical ideologies and core philosophies linking occupational engagement to improved health and well-being. The findings suggest an increasing role for occupational therapy service delivery in community-based health promotion and prevention efforts to meet the everyday activity and health needs of the growing older adult population.
Research Focused on Children and Youth
Authors: Hilton Claudia List , Smith Diane L.
Published: May 2012

We reviewed 22 articles on children and youth published in 2011 in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy and organized the articles by level of research and research type according to a framework adapted from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF; World Health Organization, 2007). The largest percentage of articles described intervention effectiveness studies classified as Level III or IV. The bulk focused on the Body Function/Body Structure construct of the ICF, but as a whole the studies addressed all the constructs except Biomedical Molecular/Cellular. Rigor remains a concern, although laudable efforts have been made to increase strength of the evidence. Longitudinal, efficacy, and qualitative studies, as well as studies examining adolescents and the transition to adulthood, were absent from articles in this review and are important areas for future investigation. Several studies explicitly addressed intervention fidelity, an imperative in evidence-based research needed to move the profession toward the Centennial Vision.
Systematic Review of the Effect of Home Modification and Fall Prevention Programs on Falls and the Performance of Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Chase Carla A. , Mann Kathryn , Wasek Sarah , Arbesman Marian
Published: May 2012

This systematic review explored the impact of fall prevention programs and home modifications on falls and the performance of community-dwelling older adults. It was conducted as part of the American Occupational Therapy Association’s Evidence-Based Practice Project. Thirty-three articles were analyzed and synthesized. The strongest results were found for multifactorial programs that included home evaluations and home modifications, physical activity or exercise, education, vision and medication checks, or assistive technology to prevent falls. Positive outcomes included a decreased rate of functional decline, a decrease in fear of falling, and an increase in physical factors such as balance and strength. The strength of the evidence for physical activity and home modification programs provided individually was moderate. Implications for practice, education, and research are also discussed.
Analysis of Bone Formation on Porous and Calcium Phosphate-Coated Acetabular Cups: A Randomised Clinical [18F]Fluoride Pet Study
Authors: Ullmark Gösta , Sörensen Jens , Nilsson Olle
Published: May 2012

We present a study using Fluoride-Positron Emission Tomography (F-PET/CT) to analyse new bone formation in periacetabular bone adjacent to press fit cups following THA.

In 16 THA (8 patients) with bilateral hip osteoarthritis simultaneous bilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) was performed, employing electrochemically applied calcium phosphate coated (HA) cups or porous-coated (PC) cups allocated at random to compare the two sides. A reference group of 13 individuals with a normal healthy hip was used to determine ‘normal’ bone metabolism. [18F]fluoride -PET/CT was used to analyze bone formation adjacent to the cups 1 week, 4 months and 12 months after surgery. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed preoperatively, postoperatively and at 2 years.

Bone forming activity had a mean of 5.71, 4.69 and 3.47 SUV around the HA- and 5.04, 4.80 and 3.50 SUV around the PC-cups at 1 week, 4 months and 12 months respectively. Normal bone metabolism was 3.68 SUV. After 1 year activity had declined to normal levels for both groups. The clinical results were good in all cases.

HA coating resulted in higher uptake indicating higher bone forming activity after 1 week. F-PET/CT is a valuable tool to analyse bone formation and secondary stabilisation of an acetabular cup.
Association of Hip Joint Effusion Volume with Early Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
Authors: Liu Bingli , Yi Hongli , Zhang Zhigang , Li Zirong , Yue Debo , Sun Wei
Published: May 2012

This study aimed to examine the association between hip joint effusion volume and osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) using the Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) classification.

Patients (n = 403) who were diagnosed with ONFH were enrolled between February 2005 and December 2008. Only patients (n = 109) with complete clinical and imaging data and at early to mid ARCO stage (I - III) were eligible for further analysis, including 94 males and 15 females. All the included patients had hip joint radiographic examinations (anteroposterior and frog-leg views) and magnetic resonance imaging scans (axial and coronal views).

Out of 109 patients included in this study, 185 hip joints were involved (unilateral disease in 33 patients and bilateral diseases in 76 patients). The patients had a mean age of 39 ± 11 years (range, 13–70). All the affected hip joints exhibited effusion, classified as grade 1 (n = 70, 37.8%), grade 2 (n = 62, 33.5%), and grade 3 (n = 53, 28.7%). The volume of joint effusion varied significantly among stage I, II, and III (X2 = 29.210, P < 0.05). The effusion volume did not differ significantly among stage IIA, IIB, and IIC (X2 = 0.103, P > 0.05), whereas it differed significantly among stage IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC (X2 =11.556, P < 0.05). The volume of hip joint effusion was associated with the ARCO stage, and increased over the staging.
Water Is Still Cheap: Demonstrating the True Value of Water
Authors: Maxwell Steve
Published: May 2012

Based on his 2005 article in Market Outlook, Maxwell revisits the real value of water versus the average price of water relative to the other necessities and various luxuries of life and makes key comparisons regarding the price of water and states the inevitability of having to pay more for water. The article provides two tables that list the average price of water by country, and price comparison of water versus other widely used consumer goods.
Synthesis of hydroxylated oligoamides for their use in wood conservation
Authors: Cipriani Giacomo , Salvini Antonella , Fioravanti Marco , Di Giulio Giuseppina , Malavolti Marino
Published: April 2012

Some oligo‐ or polyamides containing several hydroxyl groups were synthesized in order to obtain new water‐soluble compounds with a high affinity for polar materials as wood, paper, and natural fibers. The interest for the synthetic procedures is the use of renewable sources as starting compounds. In fact natural compounds or their derivatives, as l‐tartaric acid, d(+)‐glucaric acid and α,α‐trehaluronic acid, were used as dicarboxylic acids in the polycondensation reactions, in order to obtain several functionalized oligoamides. All the compounds obtained in this study were characterized through FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The oligoamides, water‐soluble and not provided with high‐molecular weights, were tested as wood consolidants. Physical properties like hygroscopicity of stabilized wood, volume shrinkage, density, and basic density were evaluated on the treated samples and compared with those obtained in the same conditions for an untreated archeological sample and a recent wood sample. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Absorbent for metal ions and dyestuffs based on modified polyethylene‐coated‐polypropylene non‐woven fabric
Authors: Mostafa Abo El‐Khair B. , El‐Shteary Basher A. , Ibrahim Sayeda M. , El‐Naggar Amal A.
Published: April 2012

A modified polyethylene coated polypropylene (PE‐coated‐PP) non‐woven fabric was prepared by surface coating with a constant layer of thickness (25 μm) of a mixture of an aqueous solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and different concentrations of acrylic acid (AAc). Radiation curing of the coated layer was accomplished by electron beam irradiation with a constant dose of 30 kGy. The value of coating percent was calculated in terms of difference in weight. Properties related to hydrophilicty, such as swelling and water uptake %, were investigated by difference in weight of dry and wet samples after several washing cycles. Weight loss, before and after several washing cycles, was monitored. The effect of AAc concentration on the weight loss % of the modified fabric was studied. Moreover, the swelling in different solvents, dilute acid and base, was investigated. The structure of the modified fabric was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope in order to examine the compatibility between the coated layer and fabric. Mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength and elongation at break were studied. The efficiency of the uptake of this modified fabric toward basic, reactive dyes, and metal ions such as Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ was measured by UV spectrophotometer and energy dispersive X‐ray. The results obtained show good efficiency of these modified fabrics toward heavy metal ions and dyes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal curing of a novel polyhedral oligomeric octa(propargylaminophenyl)silsesquioxane
Authors: Fan Haibo , He Jiyu , Yang Rongjie
Published: April 2012

A novel polyhedral oligomeric octa(propargylaminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OPAPS, (SiO1.5C6H4NHCH2CCH)8) was prepared from octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane and propargyl bromide. The chemical structure of OPAPS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐performance liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The structure of the thermally cured polymer of OPAPS was characterized by FTIR, XRD, and TGA. It had good thermal stability. TGA demonstrated that the thermal decomposition temperatures (Td5) of the cured OPAPS polymer in nitrogen and air were 455.6 and 458.8°C, respectively. The thermal curing reaction kinetics of OPAPS were studied and some kinetic parameters were obtained. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Ionic liquid as surfactant in microwave‐assisted emulsion polymerization
Authors: Costa Cristiane , Santos Verusca H. S. , Dariva Claudio , Santos Alexandre F. , Fortuny Montserrat , Araujo Pedro H. H. , Sayer Claudia
Published: April 2012

The aim of this work is to study the use of an ionic liquid (IL) as surfactant in emulsion polymerization reactions and to evaluate its effect when these reactions are heated under microwave irradiation. The IL 1‐n‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride was chosen to replace the surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in methyl methacrylate emulsion polymerizations. The conversion evolutions and the final average diameter of polymeric particles were quite similar for reactions using the surfactant DTAB or the IL, showing that the IL acted efficiently as surfactant in emulsion polymerizations. Comparing the polymerization reactions performed under microwave irradiation and conventional heating, reaction rate enhancements were obtained for both DTAB and IL. Using a pulsed scheme, under high‐power microwave irradiation, slightly higher reaction rates and molecular weights were obtained in reactions using IL, in comparison with surfactant DTAB, indicating the existence of some specific effects linked to IL–microwaves interaction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A comprehensive study on the size exclusion chromatography of kappa‐carrageenan for the identification of after‐peaks
Authors: Şen Murat , Yolaçan Burcu , Güven Olgun
Published: April 2012

Aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of polysaccharides in general and carrageenans in particular is complicated by a number of factors. The chromatograms of carrageenans which are sulfated anionic natural polymers contain a number of after‐peaks depending on the occlusion, adsorption, or association of various ionic species either naturally present or evolved during their processing. A systematic SEC analysis of after‐peaks appearing in the chromatograms was made to identify the species responsible for their formation. The five after‐peaks constantly appearing in the aqueous (0.1M NaNO3) SEC of kappa‐carrageenan are attributed to sulfate, chloride, and nitrate anions whereas the first three and the fourth are due to divalent cations, mostly, and the fifth appears to result from the unknown impurities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Cure study of epoxy resin reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes by Raman and luminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Cividanes L. S. , Brunelli D. D. , Antunes E. F. , Corat E. J. , Sakane K. K. , Thim G. P.
Published: April 2012

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were annealed at high temperature under vacuum, followed by a chemical treatment using acids and ethylenediamine. The presence of acid and amine chemical groups on CNT surface was confirmed by infrared spectra. The amount of iron remaining in the CNTs after the treatments was evaluated by thermogravimetry and by energy dispersion spectroscopy. The crystalline property of CNTs was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy, showing that the acid treatment performed after the thermal treatment did not damage the nanotubes walls. Micrographs showed that the most dispersed CNTs were obtained after the amine functionalization step. The curing process of the neat resin and composites was studied by Raman and Luminescence spectroscopies and both techniques showed similar results. The presence of CNTs, functionalized or not, increased the cure degree of the epoxy resin when the same cure time was used in the comparison. Nanocomposites synthesized with annealed CNT and acid‐treated CNT had cure rates considerably higher at the beginning of the reaction. The difference in the cure rate was explained by means of the sample's homogeneity and the presence of chemical groups. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thiophene‐based copolymers synthesized by electropolymerization for application as hole transport layer in organic solar cells
Authors: Triantou Despina , Soulis Spyridon , Koureli Sofia , De Sio Antonietta , von Hauff Elizabeth
Published: April 2012

Electrically conducting thiophene‐based copolymers were synthesized by electropolymerization. The potential range used has a strong influence on the film structure and properties. The extent of oxidation of the copolymers was determined from the ratio of the oxidation to reduction charge, Qox/Qred. The use of wide potential range leads to reduced films, whereas the narrow range leads to partially oxidized films. The copolymers exhibit a characteristic band in UV–vis spectra at ∼ 410 nm, which shifts to higher wavelengths for the more doped material. The electrical conductivity of the copolymers was correlated to their morphology and their structure. The copolymer with higher conductivity is partially reduced, has compact morphology and higher ratio of quinoid to benzenoid rings. The energy gap of the copolymers is reversely proportional to their electrical conductivity. The optical and electrical properties of the copolymers make them very well suited for use as hole transport layers (HTL) in organic opto‐electronic devices. We prepared polymer : fullerene solar cells with copolymer HTLs. The solar cell performance was tested with very encouraging initial results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effects of 837 and 1950 MHz radiofrequency radiation exposure alone or combined on oxidative stress in MCF10A cells
Authors: Hong Mi‐Na , Kim Bong‐Cho , Ko Young‐Gyu , Lee Yun‐Sil , Hong Seung‐Cheol , Kim Taehong , Pack Jeong‐Ki , Choi Hyung‐Do , Kim Nam , Lee Jae‐Seon
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to determine whether the exposure to either single or multiple radio‐frequency (RF) radiation frequencies could induce oxidative stress in cell cultures. Exposures of human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells to either a single frequency (837 MHz alone or 1950 MHz alone) or multiple frequencies (837 and 1950 MHz) were conducted at specific absorption rate (SAR) values of 4 W/kg for 2 h. During the exposure period, the temperature in the exposure chamber was maintained isothermally. Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) showed no statistically significant alterations as the result of either single or multiple RF radiation exposures. In contrast, ionizing radiation‐exposed cells, used as a positive control, showed evident changes in all measured biological endpoints. These results indicate that single or multiple RF radiation exposure did not elicit oxidative stress in MCF10A cells under our exposure conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 33:604–611, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselective copper‐aminopyridine‐catalyzed aza‐Henry reaction with chelating N‐(2‐pyridyl)sulfonyl imines
Authors: Blay Gonzalo , Escamilla Ana , Hernández‐Olmos Víctor , Pedro José R. , Sanz‐Marco Amparo
Published: April 2012

This article describes a copper‐catalyzed aza‐Henry reaction. Copper complexes of camphor‐derived aminopyridines catalyze the addition of nitromethane to N‐(2‐pyridyl)sulfonyl aldimines to give the corresponding β‐nitrosulfonamides with good yields and variable enantiomeric excesses (up to 83%). An example of transformation of these compounds into N‐(2‐pyridyl)sulfonyl‐α‐amino acids and deprotection of the sulfonamide with Mg–MeOH is provided. Chirality 24:441–450, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supramolecular Photochirogenesis with Novel Cyclic Tetrasaccharide: Enantiodifferentiating Photoisomerization of (Z)‐Cyclooctene with Cyclic Nigerosylnigerose‐Based Sensitizers
Authors: Yang Cheng , Liang Wenting , Nishijima Masaki , Fukuhara Gaku , Mori Tadashi , Hiramatsu Hiroyuki , Dan‐oh Yasufumi , Tsujimoto Kazuo , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: April 2012

Isophthalic and terephthalic acid monoesters of cyclic nigerosyl‐(1→6)‐nigerose (CNN), a cyclic tetrasaccharide composed of four d‐glucopyranosyl residues connected by alternating α‐1,3‐ and α‐1,6‐linkages, were synthesized as novel chiral supramolecular sensitizers for enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization of (Z)‐cyclooctene (1Z) to planar chiral (E)‐isomer (1E). Despite the saucer‐shaped shallow cavity of CNN that does not immediately guarantee strong ground‐state interactions with 1Z, the sensitizer‐appended CNNs afforded optically active 1E in such enantiomeric excesses that are much improved than those obtained with an α‐cyclodextrin analog and comparable with those obtained with a β‐cyclodextrin analog. Interestingly, the enantiomeric excess values obtained were a critical function of temperature and solvent to show an inversion of the product chirality by changing the environmental variants. Nevertheless, all of the differential activation parameters calculated from the temperature‐dependent enantiomeric excesses gave an excellent compensatory enthalpy–entropy relationship, indicating an operation of a single enantiodifferentiating mechanism in the present chiral photosensitization with modified CNNs. Chirality 24:921–927, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.