bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of intravenous administration of lactated Ringer's solution on hematologic, serum biochemical, rheological, hemodynamic, and renal measurements in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Muir William W. , Kijtawornrat Anusak , Ueyama Yukie , Radecki Steven V. , Hamlin Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To determine the hematologic, serum biochemical, rheological, hemodynamic, and renal effects of IV administration of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) to healthy anesthetized dogs.

Design—4-period, 4-treatment cross-over study.

Animals—8 healthy mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Each dog was anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, instrumented, and randomly assigned to receive LRS (0, 10, 20, or 30 mL/kg/h [0, 4.5, 9.1, or 13.6 mL/lb/h]), IV, on 4 occasions separated by at least 7 days. Blood hemoglobin concentration and serum total protein, albumin, lactate, and electrolyte concentrations; PCV; colloid osmotic pressure; arterial and venous pH and blood gases (Po2; Pco2); whole blood and plasma viscosity; arterial and venous blood pressures; cardiac output; results of urinalysis; urine production; glomerular filtration rate; and anesthetic recovery times were monitored. Oxygen delivery, vascular resistance, stroke volume, pulse pressure, and blood and plasma volume were calculated.

Results—Increasing rates of LRS administration resulted in dose-dependent decreases in PCV; blood hemoglobin concentration and serum total protein and albumin concentrations; colloid osmotic pressure; and whole blood viscosity. Plasma viscosity; serum electrolyte concentrations; data from arterial and venous blood gas analysis; glomerular filtration rate; urine production; heart rate; pulse, central venous, and arterial blood pressures; pulmonary vascular resistance; and oxygen delivery did not change. Pulmonary artery pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output increased, and systemic vascular resistance decreased.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Conventional IV infusion rates of LRS to isoflurane-anesthetized dogs decreased colligative blood components; increased plasma volume, pulmonary artery pressure, and cardiac output; and did not change urine production or oxygen delivery to tissues.
Potential zinc phosphide rodenticide toxicosis in dogs: 362 cases (2004–2009)
Authors: Gray Sarah L. , Lee Justine A. , Hovda Lynn R. , Brutlag Ahna G.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To evaluate records of dogs exposed to zinc phosphide rodenticides and characterize the patient population, including breed, sex, age, body weight, time since exposure, development of clinical signs, clinical signs observed, treatments performed, veterinary care received, outcome, and overall prognosis.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—362 dogs with presumed zinc phosphide exposure.

Procedures—An electronic computer database from an animal poison control center was searched to identify dogs that ingested zinc phosphide between November 2004 and July 2009.

Results—Accurate information regarding development of clinical signs was available in 94.5% (342/362) of cases. Over half the dogs (58.8% [201/342]) did not develop clinical signs, and specific clinical signs were reported for the remaining 41.2% (141/342) of dogs. There were 180 total clinical signs recorded for these 141 dogs, with some dogs having developed > 1 category of clinical signs. Clinical signs involving the gastrointestinal tract were the most commonly reported type of clinical sign (66.7% [n = 120/180 reported signs]), followed by generalized malaise (17.8% [32/180]), CNS signs (8.9% [16/180]), respiratory signs (3.3% [6/180]), and cardiovascular signs (1.7% [3/180]). Approximately 65% (234/362) of patients received veterinary care (including decontamination via induction of emesis, gastric lavage, or activated charcoal administration), and of these dogs, 51.3% (120/234) were hospitalized. For the 296 dogs for which survival data were available, the survival rate was 98.3% (291/296).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overall, the prognosis for zinc phosphide toxicosis was good. Zinc phosphide rodenticide toxicosis is a potential public health concern, and veterinary staff should be aware of this commonly used rodenticide.
Clinical implications of high liver enzyme activities in hospitalized neonatal foals
Authors: Haggett Emily F. , Magdesian K. Gary , Kass Philip H.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To determine whether high liver enzyme activities were negatively associated with outcome in sick neonatal foals as compared with foals that did not have high liver enzyme activities.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—147 foals < 30 days old with high γ-glutamyltransferase activity, high sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, or both (case foals) and 263 foals < 30 days old with γ-glutamyltransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities within reference limits (control foals).

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, physical examination findings, and results of hematologic and serum biochemical analyses performed at the time of admission to a veterinary medical teaching hospital.

Results—Case foals were significantly more likely to die or be euthanized, compared with control foals (odds ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.28 to 3.85). Case foals were significantly more likely than control foals to have sepsis, and septic foals were significantly less likely to survive than were nonseptic foals. For case foals, other factors associated with a greater likelihood of nonsurvival were higher anion gap and higher logarithm of aspartate aminotransferase activity. When sepsis status was controlled for, the presence of high liver enzyme activities was not significantly associated with outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that high liver enzyme activities were common in sick neonatal foals, especially foals with sepsis. Foals with high liver enzyme activities were more likely to be septic, and septic foals were less likely to survive than were foals without sepsis. However, high liver enzyme activities alone were not a useful negative prognostic indicator.
Practice Effects on the Trail Making Test
Authors: Craddick Ray A. , Stern Michael R.
Published: September 2011

After six administrations, the Trail Making Test shows practice effects which significantly reduce performance rime. These effects were noted in Part A following the first trial and in Part B following the third trial. Neither Part A nor Part B appeared sensitive to anticipated or actual stress conditions.
Bilateral Transfer of Warm-up in Rotary Pursuit
Authors: Barch Abram M.
Published: September 2011

Bilateral transfer of warm-up was obtained on the pursuit rotor using distributed practice, a 1-wk. rest interval, and 3 warm-up trials on the contralateral hand. Factors influencing bilateral transfer are discussed.
Asymmetry of Aftereffects in the Upper and Lower Visual Fields
Authors: Cohen Murray , Berkeley Austin W. , Laverman Anita
Published: September 2011

The movement aftereffect was used to study the asymmetry of aftereffects in the median plane. The results show significantly greater aftereffects in the lower part of the visual field as compared with the upper part. These results are inconsistent with the Koehler-Wallach proposals concerning asymmetry but are consistent with the metabolic hypotheses of Wertheimer.
“Stimulus-Seeking” Behavior in Schizophrenics and Nonschizophrenics
Authors: Sidle Allan , Acker Mary , Reynolds Paul Mc
Published: September 2011

On the basis of previous theoretical formulations it was predicted that schizophrenics would score lower on a test of stimulus-seeking behavior than would nonschizophrenics. The prediction was tested by comparing 74 schizophrenics with 40 nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients and 45 college students. The test of stimulus-seeking behavior was Howard's Maze A. The results supported the prediction. Differential performance was inconsequentially related to age, education, intelligence, and length of hospitalization.
Overconstancy in Distance Perception as a Function of the Texture of the Stimulus Field and other Variables
Authors: Wohlwill Joachim F.
Published: September 2011

The primary aim of this investigation, inspired in part by Gibson's theory of space perception, was to study changes in distance bisections over short distances (up to 150 cm. from S) as a function of the texture of the stimulus field. The latter was systematically varied along two dimensions: the density of the texture elements and the degree of patterning in the arrangement of these elements. Panels constructed to represent these textures served as a ground over which the distance bisections were made; they were displayed in a brightly lit viewing box. A consistent bias of overconstancy was found for all textures (including a blank panel); the texture variable affected the judgments only to a very slight degree. Overconstancy rose markedly as a function of S's exposure to the task. Two subsidiary experiments showed no difference between binocular and monocular viewing, but substantial reduction in overconstancy when S's viewing height was increased The results were interpreted as reflecting the operation of a judgmental bias developing as S's perceptual frame of reference became stabilized; this frame of reference appears to operate in relative independence of stimulus variables such as those emphasized by Gibson.
Accurate Distance Judgments in Children
Authors: Harway Norman I. , Harway Vivian T.
Published: September 2011

Seven-year-old children were consistent in the accuracy of distance judgments as E moved away from or toward the child. Distance judgments were not related to other perceptual measures or to intelligence. Observations of the children's behavior suggest that accuracy may relate to attentiveness and specificity of focus.
Involuntary Rest Pauses in Tapping as a Function of Drive and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was tested that involuntary rest pauses occurring during massed practice on a tapping task would be more numerous for extraverted Ss; significant correlations in the predicted direction were obtained. It was also predicted that involuntary rests would be less numerous under conditions of high drive than under conditions of low drive; support for this hypothesis was suggested by the results of an analysis of covariance, but not at a statistically significant level. As anticipated, high-drive Ss produced a greater number of taps than did low-drive Ss.
On the Interpretation of “Interocular Transfer”
Authors: Scott Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Terwilliger has recently presented further evidence for the “interocular transfer” of after-images and suggests that figural aftereffects which also “transfer” may therefore also be retinal. Terwilliger's interpretation is questioned on the ground that “transfer” means two quite different things for these two phenomena.
Influence of Looking Behavior of a Social Model on Subsequent Looking Behavior of Observers of the Model
Authors: Walters Richard H. , Bowen Norma V. , Parke Ross D.
Published: September 2011

Male Ss viewed a film depicting the eye movements of a model as he viewed a series of pictures. Some of the pictures depicted nude or seminude male and female pictures, while the remainder showed fully clothed males and females in conventional advertisement poses. Ss' own eye movements were subsequently recorded as they observed a parallel set of pictures in the presence of a female E. Ss were assigned to one of four conditions: model looks at figures and is verbally approved by E, while looking at sexual stimuli; model looks at figures but receives no approval; model avoids figures and receives approval while avoiding sexual stimuli; model avoids figures but receives no approval. GSR records were secured from all Ss. Exposure to the model resulted in imitative looking responses when the stimuli were sexually significant; imitative behavior did not occur when the stimuli were neutral. The addition of verbal reinforcement had little effect on Ss' looking behavior. The GSR records indicated that the sexually significant pictures had had an emotional impact on the observers. It was concluded that exposure to a social model may result in a modification of sexually significant perceptual responses. In addition, evidence was secured that observers who are emotionally aroused and uncertain how to respond in a social situation are readily influenced by the behavior of a model.
Role of Perceptual Object in Impression Formation
Authors: Levy Leon H. , Blattner Keith C.
Published: September 2011

In order to determine whether the nature of the perceptual object entered into the process of impression formation 80 Ss were read lists of adjectives, favorable and unfavorable, presumably descriptive of either an individual or a group. Ss then indicated their favorableness of impression for either the individuals or groups on 8-point rating scales. Significant differences suggested that the form of the integrative process in impression formation is dependent upon the nature of the perceptual object.
Visual Exploratory Behavior following Postnatal Handling of Human Infants
Authors: White Burton L. , Castle Peter W.
Published: September 2011

Infants, who would otherwise have been reared under conditions of limited contact with adults, were given small amounts of extra handling during their first five weeks of life. Subsequently, these infants showed significantly more visual interest in their environments than non-handled controls.
Personality and Depersonalization under Sensory Deprivation Conditions
Authors: Reed G. F. , Sedman G.
Published: September 2011

Of 28 normal Ss undergoing brief sessions of S.D., 8 reported depersonalization experiences. They were found to be significantly more introverted than the rest of the group.
Tables of Binary Logarithms, Uncertainty Functions, and Binary Log Functions
Authors: Alluisi Earl A.
Published: September 2011

Three sets of 4-place tables are presented, one set on each of two facing pages: binary logarithms (log2 n) of 3-digit numbers, uncertainty functions (– p log2 p) and binary log functions (log2 1/ p) for values of p from .001 to .999.
Relationship of Myopia to Performance on a Test of Leveling-Sharpening
Authors: Stevens Douglas A. , Wolff Henry H.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-nine members of an undergraduate psychology class (15 men and 14 women) were administered the Schematizing Test, a test of leveling-sharpening. Of this group, 12 were myopic while 17 had normal (emmetropic) vision. The emmetropes made significantly larger errors in judging the mean increment of each Schematizing Test series than did the myopes. Point biserial correlations indicated a highly significant relationship between myopia and sharpening, especially for the females. Implications for the relationship of myopia and personality were discussed.
Use of Telemetry to Compare Dog ECGs under Routine and Test Environments
Authors: Kaplan Michael , Loesch Richard V. P.
Published: September 2011

Use of telemetry to compare dog ECGs transmitted from routine and test environments in the laboratory is considered. Several technical telemetry problems relating to the procedure are noted and their solution described.
Judgment of Size with Varying Conditions of Stimulus Duration and Illumination
Authors: Newsome L. R.
Published: September 2011

40 Ss assigned stimuli consisting of square grey patches of side lengths 1 in., 1½ in., 1½ in., 1¾ in. and 2 in., into 5 categories according to perceived size. The stimuli were viewed tachistoscopically under 4 conditions of duration—625, 125, 25, and 5 msec.—and two conditions of illumination—1.00 and 0.80 log ft-L. on white. Half the Ss experienced high illumination conditions and the other half low. Pre-test training in the correct assignment of the stimulus set to the appropriate categories was given under conditions of free inspection. Data obtained from the 5-msec. treatment for both high and low illumination conditions were scaled by the graphical method of Diederich, Messick, and Tucker. The resulting scale values were interpreted as showing a constant shift in perceived size toward the smaller end of the size scale. The differences in slope and position of the graph of scale values against real size for the two illumination conditions suggest that the size shrinkage effect is a function of the interaction of illumination and duration.
A Test of Hull's Reactive Inhibition Concept: Persistence of Curvilinear Response Pattern in Button-Pressing
Authors: Howarth E.
Published: September 2011

Fifteen Ss were tested on a simple five-button linear display in order to (a) verify a bowing effect observed in a previous study and (b) test whether the bowing was reduced in repeated trials. According to a prediction based on Hull's concept of reactive inhibition, the more frequent responses in the pattern should have become less frequent and the initial curve less bowed. This did not occur; in fact, an exactly opposite result was obtained.
Effect of Prompting on the Immediate Recall of Meaningful Material Practiced under Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: King David J. , Walker Howard J.
Published: September 2011

80 Ss were divided into four groups. The two experimental groups read the stimulus story under conditions of DAF, and the two control groups were not so treated. One set of the control experimental groups was questioned regarding the content of the story immediately following the reading and before a recall was obtained (this was called the prompt procedure). The other groups recited the story immediately after reading it and were then prompted on those points not covered in their recall. There were significant differences between control and experimental groups on both indicants of accuracy of retention.
Note on Delayed Auditory Feedback, Exposure Time and Retention
Authors: King David J.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of Ss, matched on reading rate, were exposed to the learning material for the same length of time. The experimental group practiced under conditions of delayed auditory feedback, the control group did not. The immediate retention of learned material was significantly poorer in the experimental group. The inhibition of immediate recall of connected meaningful material by delayed auditory feedback cannot be accounted for as a function of the decreased reading rate and resultant greater exposure duration to the learning material.
Prediction of Drive State and Output from Frequency Distribution Shape
Authors: Applewhite Philip B. , Paulhe G. Peter , Thompson David A.
Published: September 2011

By means of multiple regression analysis, productivity and performance level (drive state) were predicted for a psychomotor task using the shape of the generated frequency distributions.
Invariance of Personal Characteristics of Voice over Two Vowel Sounds
Authors: McGee Victor E.
Published: September 2011

19 adult male voices were analyzed acoustically over two vowel sounds—/ee/ as in “heed” and /aw/ as in “hawed.” It was found that the individual differences observed on the utterances of /ee/ were preserved very closely (invariant) on the utterances of /aw/. Frequencies between 1000 cps and 2300 cps appeared not to play any part in producing this invariance.
Organismic Variables as Predictors of Vigilance Behavior
Authors: Halcomb Charles G. , Kirk Roger E.
Published: September 2011

This research was designed to test the hypothesis that certain organismic variables are related to vigilance behavior. The vigilance task consisted of a cathode ray tube display which was monitored by 40 Ss for a period of 4 hr. Several of the organismic variables (personality and intelligence test data) were related to monitoring behavior. These were self-control and flexibility as measured by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Those Ss who scored high on both the intelligence test and the Achievement via Independence scale of the CPI showed no decline in their performance during the long monitoring session. These results suggest the feasibility of predicting S's performance on a vigilance task from psychological measures.
Originality, Reading, and Arithmetic
Authors: Long Barbara H. , Henderson Edmund H.
Published: September 2011

Reading and arithmetic scores from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were examined for 60 high- and low-original (Torrance's Parallel Lines Test) fifth and sixth graders of both sexes. Analysis of variance revealed an effect for IQ (Otis) ( p = .001) and an interaction between originality, reading and arithmetic ( p = .025).
IES Arrow-Dot Performance of Institutionalized Delinquents and Adolescent Patients in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Golias George A. , Roback Howard B.
Published: September 2011

The Dombrose and Slobin IES A-D test was administered to 20 institutionalized female delinquents and 20 female adolescents institutionalized in a mental hospital. As the two groups differed significantly in impulse control ( P < .01) and Ego strength ( P < .05), the claims of the test authors are generally supported.
Clinical Value of Infant Testing
Authors: Donofrio A. F.
Published: September 2011

90 infants from a foster home agency were examined with the Gesell Developmental Schedules and followed up with a later psychological evaluation utilizing the Stanford-Binet, Form L. The infants were available for follow-up because of selective factors, nevertheless, the statistical analysis supports previous research with more representative populations of infants as to the predictive validity of infant tests when a broad method of rating is used. The clinical value of the Gesell Developmental Scale for foster home and adoption agencies appears evident. The full clinical report of the infant examination with its differential analysis of weaknesses, strengths and potentials appears to have greater value to the agency in planning and placement than statistical data alone. The addition of the developmental examination to the pediatric and social casework studies appears to have value in foster home and adoption placement.
Some Correlates of Mode of Conflict Resolution in Impression Formation
Authors: Jackson Russell H. , Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to relate a number of personality and cognitive characteristics of the perceiver to the way in which an impression is formed from conflicting information about an object person. Instruments measuring 21 variables were administered to 101 Ss. Modes of conflict resolution determined from an impression formation task which presented 6 disparate and conflict-arousing personality traits were categorized as either integrated or unintegrated. The correlations of mode of conflict resolution with the other variables showed that the person who formed an integrated impression was most likely to be female; to have a father who had a greater amount of education; and to score high on construct fluency, thinking introversion, and cognitive differentiation. The intercorrelations among the personality and cognitive variables were also reported.
On the Dual Function of Consolidation
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that there are two types of consolidation. Primary consolidation is concerned with a process of making available to the learner for use neural traces acquired during massed practice; secondary consolidation is concerned with the protection of these learned effector patterns against traumatic events affecting the brain.
Arm Weight, Adaptation, and Weight Discrimination
Authors: Gregory R. L. , Ross Helen E.
Published: September 2011

The addition of a large weight to the forearm impairs weight discrimination by an amount which is small by Weber's Law but which could affect skilled tasks. When time is allowed for adaptation to the forearm weight, discrimination with the weight is improved and discrimination without the weight is impaired. Implications for pilots and astronauts under varying g are discussed.
Specificity in Somatic Responses to Anxiety
Authors: Fenz Walter D.
Published: September 2011

The paper presented an anxiety scale composed of items pertaining to striated muscle tension, to autonomic arousal, and to feelings of insecurity and fear. Results included reliability coefficients for each scale, as well as scores of normal and neurotic male and female Ss. In a factor analysis neurotic Ss manifested more specificity in factor loadings associated with the three scales than normals. Some personality correlates to specific somatic complaints were noted.
Mothers' Perceptions of Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Children at Different Ages and of Various Characteristics
Authors: Pohlman Edward
Published: September 2011

Mothers of 138 boys and 138 girls—almost all middle class Caucasian Californians—rated the relative advantages and disadvantages of children at different ages. These broad trends held true, in general, for both sexes and different birth orders, as well as for an additional rating of “children in general”: (1) Pregnancy: more disadvantages than any other age except adolescence; (2) Ages 2 to 4 or 5: more disadvantages than ages 6 to 11; (3) Ages 6 to 11: a relatively advantageous plateau; (4) Ages 12 to 19: more disadvantages than any earlier age since birth. In general, ratings were toward the “advantages” side, but some analyses suggest that this may have resulted in part from distortion in ratings Boys were rated as having more disadvantages than girls. The predictions that ratings would show more disadvantages (1) with each parity and (2) when made by mothers with larger families received support in comparisons between some subgroups.
Effect of Perspective on Two Trapezoid Illusions
Authors: Zenhausern Robert
Published: September 2011

A new perceptual illusion, the perception of rotation with an oscillating trapezoid, was compared with an older, similar illusion, the perception of oscillation with a rotating trapezoid. Perspective was found to have a differential effect on the two phenomena. In addition, a negative correlation was found between the magnitudes of the two illusions.
Reinforcement Therapy Using Aides and Patients as Behavioral Technicians: A Case Report of a Mute Psychotic
Authors: Neale John M. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

A mute 23-yr.-old woman, diagnosed as catatonic schizophrenic, received systematic reinforcement therapy from personnel on her ward (three aides and another patient). Employing food reward and social approval, and assisted by a simple electronic device, this treatment reinstated a substantial degree of verbal communication. 6 mo. later, on an “open” ward, the patient was judged to be satisfactorily adjusted although she continued to converse only with her roommate.
Is Field Independence an Expression of the General Personality Source Trait of Independence, U. I. 19?
Authors: Cattell Raymond B.
Published: September 2011

Placement of the finding of Johnson, et al. (1969) in theoretical context is attempted.
Improving Prediction of Brain Damage with the Tactile Performance Test for a Psychiatric Population
Authors: Strain G. S. , Kinzie Wayne B.
Published: September 2011

The Reitan-Halstead Organic Test Battery has been found of little practical value in general psychiatric populations in that it does not separate hospitalized organics from schizophrenics. An attempt was made to improve such discrimination through the application of response-contingent censure for poor performance during administration of one test from this battery. Ss were 48 hospitalized patients diagnosed schizophrenic reaction or brain syndrome. The Tactile Performance Test was administered to half of each group under standard administration conditions and to the other half under conditions of response-contingent censure. Under the latter condition there was a significant difference in performance by the groups, fewer schizophrenics scoring within the brain-damaged range.
The Mental Dexterity Test: A Study of Reliability and Validity
Authors: Thumin Fred J.
Published: September 2011

The objective of the investigation was to ascertain the reliability and concurrent validity of a new omnibus mental ability test which has considerably more ceiling than do most group intelligence tests, and which is proposed for use either as a speed or power device, once the appropriate norms are established. When administered to 184 college students under untimed conditions, the test was found to have a split-half reliability coefficient of .84 and a KR-20 reliability coefficient of .85. Regarding validity, the test correlated significantly with grades assigned in the classes which participated in the study (.26) and also with cumulative grade point average based on all courses taken at the university (.40).
Unambiguity of Forms and Inequality of Labels in Studies of Effect of Language on Memory for Form
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

The nature of the forms and labels used in the Carmichael, et al. study of the effect of language on the memory for form, upon which subsequent studies and theory have been based, were investigated because of some doubts about their methodological status. Matching and identification techniques were used in a perception task, followed by a recall measure, as a means of examining the appearance of the forms, and the retention of the labels. The forms were not found to be equally assignable to their sets of labels, and to a lesser degree, the pairs of labels were unequally recalled. This absence of control over the materials, while noted as an aspect of the data in previous research, has apparently been overlooked in interpreting earlier findings. As a consequence, it remains doubtful whether modifications in the memory for form are the result of verbal suggestions.
Detection of an Invariant among Irrelevant Dimensions of Different Salience Value
Authors: Odom Richard D. , Coon Robert C. , Guzman Richard D.
Published: September 2011

Deaf children for whom color was relatively more salient than form were assigned to tasks of invariance detection. The invariant of liquid amount was successfully detected by Ss in the condition that varied color but not in ones that varied form or color plus form.
Some Correlates of Language Distance and Their Factor Structure
Authors: Smith Olin W. , Koutstaal Cornelius W.
Published: September 2011

Four studies have yielded eight variables that are related to Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) concept of language distance. These values for each of the 24 CCVCs of Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) list 1 were correlated. The correlations were subjected to a principal components analysis with a varimax rotation. Three factors that account for 96% of the variance are reported. These are: (1) the perception and production of speech sounds, (2) language distance, and (3) the effort involved in pronouncing sounds subvocally.
Brightness Discrimination Learning in Caimans
Authors: Williams John T. , Robertson Sam G.
Published: September 2011

Caimans were trained to escape shock in a T-maze with either brightness cues or confounded brightness and spatial cues relevant. After criterion was reached on the confounded problem, the positions of the brightness cues were then varied for these Ss with position becoming an irrelevant cue and the color of the positive cue unchanged. Although the confounded problem was learned more quickly than the brightness problem, there was no statistically reliable difference in the over-all training required to learn the brightness problem regardless of prior training on the confounded task.
Systematic Desensitization Using Emotional Imagery Only
Authors: Kraft T.
Published: September 2011

This report describes a patient, successfully treated by systematic desensitization, in whom all the imagery was on an emotional plane, and the patient was unable to produce any visual or auditory images. The argument is put forward that the important therapeutic factor in the desensitization procedure may be the production and subsequent elimination of evoked emotional reactions, and other forms of imagery, though extremely helpful, may possibly not be essential for desensitization to take place.
Human Performance as a Function of Future Demands
Authors: Salthouse Timothy
Published: September 2011

The influence of increasing the requirements of a later RT task upon the performance of an earlier RT task was investigated in two experiments. The first experiment controlled the probability of the occurrence of the second reaction signal and the second experiment manipulated the complexity of the second task by introducing alternative distractor events to the reaction signal. The results of both experiments were interpreted as supporting a shared processing capacity theory of human performance in which the allocation of ‘preparation’ or ‘concentration’ is distributed in accordance with the demands of the component tasks.
An Effective Therapeutic Method for the LSD User
Authors: Torda Clara
Published: September 2011

Observations obtained during the first 6 mo. of a psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapeutic procedure, capable of shortening and easing the initial phase of psychotherapy of LSD users, are reported. This procedure consisted of combined individual and group therapy, adding the LSD users to open mixed groups of abstinent patients. This procedure enabled the LSD users to participate in psychoanalysis, using the classical procedure, within less than 6 mo. Specific character trends and the underlying psychodynamic processes are also suggested. These processes appear to be specific for the LSD user and differ from those of the heroin addict and the chronic alcoholic.
Frustration Tolerance and College Grade Point Average
Authors: Rardin Donald R. , Moan Charles E.
Published: September 2011

44 university undergraduate students, 22 males and 22 females, were presented an insoluble finger maze as a measure of frustration tolerance. Simple and multiple correlations of frustration tolerance, School and College Achievement Test (SCAT) scores, and grade point average showed frustration tolerance to be a relevant factor in the prediction of college grade point average for males but not for females and when in combination with SCAT Quantitative scores for both sexes.
Effects of Brief Sensory Deprivation and Somatic Concentration on Two Measures of Field Dependence
Authors: Kurie George D. , Mordkoff Arnold M.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to substantiate the indirect evidence that brief sensory deprivation (SD) has different effects on two measures of field dependence, the rod-and-frame test (RFT) and the embedded-figures test (EFT) and specifically to investigate whether it is the increased awareness of somatic activity which is involved in the more veridical RFT performance while having no effect on EFT. The RFT and EFT were administered to three groups of Ss before and after one group had been submitted to 1 hr. of SD, a second group to 1 hr. of somatic concentration, and a third to a control period. The results supported the above hypothesis in that the greatest changes in RFT performance occurred in the somatic concentration condition which were significantly greater than those obtained in the SD condition, these in turn were significantly greater than those occurring in the control condition. No significant effects were obtained with respect to the EFT.
Rod-and-Frame Test Performance as a Function of Momentary Arousal
Authors: Morf Martin E. , Howitt Rhoderick
Published: September 2011

44 Ss were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Solvable anagrams were administered to the control group, unsolvable anagrams to the experimental group. Pre- and post-anagram rod-and-frame test and palmar sweat scores were obtained. Analysis of variance indicated no significant effect of the experimental treatment on either measure. A correlation of .44 ( p < .025) between RFT and palmar sweat difference scores, obtained by subtracting post-from pre-anagram scores, was obtained for the experimental group.
Prediction of First Grade Performance
Authors: Lessler Ken , Schoeninger D. W. , Bridges Judith S.
Published: September 2011

A study of prediction in three schools, each representing a different socio-economic level, was completed. In each school three predictors, the Lee-Clark Reading Readiness Test, the Bender Gestalt Test (Bender), and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were administered to first grade children in September and used to predict performance on the California Reading Test (Reading Test) and Teachers' Ratings administered during April and May. The Lee-Clark was the best single predictor in all three schools, correlations ranging from .51 to .64 with the Reading Test and .42 to .66 with Teachers' Ratings. The Bender and Peabody did not predict a significant amount of variance in the criteria not already accounted for by the Lee-Clark. Prediction of adequate or inadequate performance for individual students using a cutting score on the Lee-Clark and adequate-inadequate distinctions on the two criteria showed the Lee-Clark to predict failure correctly 73% to 89% of the time. Prediction was improved in the lowest class school by lowering the Lee-Clark cutting score, indicating the possible need for different cutting scores for children of different socio-economic backgrounds.
Social Reinforcement Effects on Preschool Children's Motor Performance
Authors: Martens Rainer
Published: September 2011

The effects of positive, negative, and combined social reinforcement on the accuracy of motor performance among 25 preschool boys and 25 girls was determined. Reinforcement was administered on a contingency basis. Arithmetic error indicated significant differences between the sexes for initial trials. No significant social reinforcement effects were obtained. The failure of social reinforcement to influence complex motor performance was explained by the lack of control by an individual in varying his own performance.
Birth Order and Family Schemata
Authors: Hamid Paul N.
Published: September 2011

Family schemata were investigated by examining spatial placements of mother, father, younger sibling, and self in first- and later-born children. Firstborns placed themselves further away from mother, and younger sibling, and closer to father than later borns. Implications and restrictions of the data were discussed.
Effects of Knowledge of Results and Spacing of Practice Trials in Training of Control of Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Lack Leon C.
Published: September 2011

Ss in 4 experimental groups practiced under binocular rivalry control instructions of “Slow rate” and “Rapid rate” for a total of 2 min. each on 10 successive test sessions. The effects of distribution of practice and knowledge of results (KR) on the increase of control of binocular rivalry were investigated using a 2 by 2 factorial design. All experimental groups except the massed practice group with no KR showed significant decreases of slow rate, increases of rapid rate and, consequently, significant increases of control of binocular rivalry. The increase of such control with practice was facilitated significantly by spacing but was most dramatically affected by KR.
Reasoning Ability of Hebrew Parochial School Students
Authors: Gross Morris B.
Published: September 2011

Are Talmudic students superior reasoners as a result of the massive effort and time devoted to Talmudic training? To study this question, two tenth and two seventh grade groups, one each from the Hebrew parochial schools and public schools, were compared on 6 reasoning tests. As both parochial groups were significantly superior, it was concluded that Talmudic methodology may permeate the complete Hebrew parochial school, that syllogistic and inductive techniques may be taught without formal study of the Talmud.
Distortion of Self-Ascribed Characteristics
Authors: Touhey John C.
Published: September 2011

Average per cents of 20 Ss receiving a lecture relative to success in life based on a college education were higher than per cents of controls. Ss judged themselves taller and more successful than non-college educated persons.
Demographic and Attitudinal Differences between Negro and White Neighbors
Authors: Thumin Fred J.
Published: September 2011

This study quantified a number of racial discrepancies which are relevant and germane to any organized attempt at neighborhood integration, as such discrepancies could only complicate or impede the integrative process if left unattended. Data were collected by conducting personal interviews with 240 Negro and 249 white women living in transition areas. Median education for Negro and white respondents was identical—although the latter tended to be less well-educated than their husbands, whereas, if anything, the reverse was true among Negroes. White women were less often employed than Negro women—and the former had fewer children, despite the fact that, as a group, they were older than the latter. Negroes were better satisfied with the area than were whites as well as more optimistic about future property values. Relatedly, there was evidence of agitation by real estate firms attempting to “panic” residents (especially whites) into selling their homes. Finally, whites were substantially more conservative in their thinking than Negroes—at least where one major issue (viz., campus unrest) was concerned.
Iranian Perceptions of the Reza Shah, Presidents Nixon and Johnson, and the Ideal Self
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Bassiri Torab , Shapurian Reza , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

Data based on perceptions obtained from a sample of 56 members of the faculty of Pahlavi University were combined with those obtained in independent studies previously conducted. A comparison was made among the public images of the Reza Shah and Presidents Johnson and Nixon, and perceptions of the ideal self. Consensual perceptions were obtained of former President Johnson, incumbent President Nixon, and the Reza Shah as identical personalities. The ideal self and the ideal U.S. President image were also perceived identically. The two clusters were negatively correlated with each other.
Iranian Students' Perception of the Reza Shah and the Ideal Self
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Shapurian Reza , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

50 students of an Iranian University were administered a Persian language form of the AVA. They were asked to give their perceptions of the Reza Shah, the Great and of the Ideal-self concept. Findings showed a very tight cluster ( n = 47) around AVA “Administrative Pattern” for perceptions of the Reza Shah, and two clusters for the students' perception of the Ideal Self. One cluster ( n = 23) was consistent with findings of previous studies, attesting to the existence of a stereotype “perfect person” perception. The other cluster ( n3 = 18) overlapped completely with the “Administrative Pattern” cluster, yielding evidence that for some Ss, their ideal self-concepts were being influenced by their perceptions of their former great leader.
Long-Term Retention of Random Sequential Digital Information with the Aid of Phonemic Recoding: A Case Report
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

A single S learned a random sequence of 1,152 digits in 34½ hr. with the aid of a prelearned phonemic recoding system, while he was able to learn only one-third of that length without phonemic recoding in the same period of time. After a 3-mo. retention interval, S remembered two-thirds of the learning sequence, while in the control condition there was no evidence of recall. Utility of multiple recoding of binary sequential information was demonstrated. Results were compared with previous findings on phonemic recoding. Practical applicability of phonemic recoding of sequential digital information was suggested.
MMPI Scales and Dream Recall: A Failure to Confirm
Authors: Robbins Paul R. , Tanck Roland H.
Published: September 2011

The paper reports a failure to confirm previous studies finding a relationship between the A, R, and Es scales of the MMPI and dream recall. The study was carried out on two groups of college students ( ns = 48, 55) and required Ss to produce written dream reports. The first group was given 6 wk. to report 2 dreams, the second 9 wk. to report 3 dreams. Ss who were able to report these dreams were compared with those who were not on the three MMPI scales. The results were nonsignificant.
Congruent Multidimensional Scaling Results Obtained Using the Halo-Model and the Stone-Coles Method-Model
Authors: Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

Comparability of results from the Micko and Stone-Coles approaches to judgmental data is discussed.
Shock-Setting Behavior as a Function of Physical Attack and Extrinsic Reward
Authors: Borden Richard J. , Bowen Ray , Taylor Stuart P.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the relative aggressiveness (shock-setting behavior) of Ss competing against aggressive and nonaggressive opponents under conditions in which they could either receive or not receive extrinsic rewards (money) for behaving aggressively. It was observed that Ss behaved in a more aggressive manner when competing with aggressive opponents than when competing with nonaggressive opponents. Ss also selected significantly more intense shocks when given the opportunity to receive monetary rewards for doing so than when not given this opportunity. Aggressive behavior was an additive function of aggressive provocation and extrinsic reward.
Trail Making Test Results for Normal and Brain-Damaged Children
Authors: Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

The Trail Making Test (a shortened version for use with children) was administered to 98 normal children who ranged in age from 109 to 179 mo. No significant differences between the performances of boys and girls were found. Relatively weak but significant relationships between scores on both Parts A and B and chronological age were present. The second part of the study compared 35 matched pairs of Ss with and without cerebral lesions. The non-brain-damaged Ss had scores comparable to those of normal children tested in the first part of the study, but the brain-damaged children performed much more poorly. The results indicate that the skills required by either Part A or Part B of the Trail Making Test are significantly impaired by cerebral damage.
Preference Judgments for Polygons, Designs, and Drawings
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

484 Ss were administered 10 pairs of polygons, 10 pairs of designs, and 10 pairs of drawings from the Maitland-Graves Design Judgment Test, with instructions to indicate which of each pair they preferred. Pairs were constructed in each case by selection from larger numbers of items, in such a way that one was considered aesthetically superior to the other by a majority of judges; in this way a “correct” choice was established. Also administered were personality inventory items purporting to measure extraversion and neuroticism; the age, educational status and salary of each participant were noted. Factor analysis was performed on the intercorrelations between these various items, and relatively independent factors representing E, N, and the different aesthetic tests were found; there was no evidence that the polygon, design, and drawing tests were correlated with each other or associated with personality.
Extraversion, Field-Dependence, and the Stroop Test
Authors: Bone R. N. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

Scores on extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism were correlated with each other, and with scores on the rod-and-frame test and the Stroop test, for 97 male and 97 female Ss, and the resulting tables of correlations factor-analyzed for the sexes separately. Of interest for the study of personality was a factor containing loadings on extraversion, field dependence, speed on the Stroop colour and word naming tasks, and Stroop interference. Loadings were much higher and more clearly marked for men than for women. Women were significantly more field-dependent than men. The results are in line with expectation.