bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short-term outcome of mothers with severe mental illness admitted to a mother baby unit
Authors: Yadawad Vishwas , Ganjekar Sundarnag , Thippeswamy Harish , Chandra Prabha S. , Desai Geetha
Published: June 2021

Background:

Mother baby psychiatry units (MBUs) are the expected standard of inpatient care internationally for postpartum mothers with severe mental illness (SMI) and favorable outcomes for mother infant dyads have been reported from these services. However, there are very few such units in low- and middle-income countries. The current study aimed to assess the short-term outcome of mothers in SMI admitted to an MBU in India.

Materials and Methods:

Mother infant dyads admitted over a year in the MBU were assessed in detail at admission, discharge, and at 3 months. Tools used included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Young's Mania Rating Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Clinical Global Impression. Mother infant interaction was assessed using the NIMHANS maternal behavior scale.

Results:

The mean age of the 43 mothers admitted in this period was 27.3 ± 6.2 years. For 27 (62.8%) mothers, this was a first episode of psychosis. Affective disorders and acute psychotic disorders were the most common diagnoses. The average duration of stay in the MBU was 25 days. While all mothers showed significant improvement at discharge, mothers with a first episode in the postpartum had higher BPRS scores (Ws = 309.5, P = 0.02) as compared to the others. At 3 months following discharge, all mothers sustained the improvement achieved.

Discussion:

Mothers with SMI admitted to an MBU showed significant clinical and dyadic improvement at discharge which was sustained at 3 months. However, the lack of a control group limits the generalizability of the current findings.

Conclusion:

The study highlighted a favorable short-term outcome among mothers with SMI admitted to a MBU facility.
Prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among survivors of motor vehicle accidents from a hilly Indian state
Authors: Arora Deeksha , Belsiyal C Xavier , Rawat Vikram Singh
Published: June 2021

Background:

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are the leading cause of death and have also been proven debilitating for their survivors. In India, with poor road infrastructure and low maintenance, MVAs are quite apparent. With a significant focus of treatment on physical health, psychological consequences linked to these traumas are often neglected.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, as well as the determinants of these disorders among survivors of MVAs.

Materials and Methods:

An institution-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 250 survivors of MVA visiting a tertiary care center in Uttarakhand (India) during December 2019, recruited using total enumerative sampling. Data were collected with standardized and validated tools that consisted of sociodemographic information, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist 5, and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, including descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and mean percentage) and inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, and binary logistic regression).

Results:

The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was found to be 32.4%, and mild and moderate depressions were present among 14.4% and 6.4% of the study population, respectively. Witnessing death (odds ratio [OR] = 5.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92–3.06), loss of valuables (OR = 2.62; 95% CI = 0.78–9.04), self-blame (OR = 6.06; 95% CI = 1.15–31.91), and perceived death threat (OR = 9.98; 95% CI = 5.89–46.85) acted as determinants in the occurrence of PTSD and depression.

Conclusion:

A considerably large proportion of the population suffered from psychiatric disorders following the trauma. These must be addressed with an urgent development of multidisciplinary teams incorporating mental health services across all hospitals' trauma units.
Suicide among Indian doctors
Authors: Kishor M. , Chandran Suhas , Vinay H. R. , Ram Dushad
Published: June 2021

Background:

India has one of the largest numbers of doctors in the world. It is estimated that more than 1 million doctors are in India. Every year more than 80,000 medical students graduate as doctors from 529 medical colleges in India. Medical profession is considered as more stressful, but mental health is still a subject of taboo in medical profession in Indian context. Doctors have higher suicide risk, 2.5 times more than the general population. In the United Kingdom, 430 doctors committed suicide between the years 2011 and 2015. Even though suicide among doctors is reported in Indian media, there is hardly any scientific study that has looked into the suicide among Indian doctors because of many hurdles in the collection of information.

Materials and Methods:

All the Indian newspaper that are published in English and are available in the online platform were scrutinized on doctors suicide report from the year 2016 March to 2019 March.

Results:

Thirty suicides were reported between 2016 March and 2019 March, out of which 18 were female and 12 male. More than 80% were younger than 40 years. Twenty-two were from medical education institutions. Seventeen were from south India and 13 from North India. Eight were MBBS students and ten were postgraduate students. Among subspecialties, six doctors were from Anesthesia. Seventeen used hanging as a method for suicide, eight used medications, and five jumped from building to end life. Nineteen of suicide reports about doctors mentioned that they were depressed.

Conclusion:

Suicide among Indian doctors is concern. Majority are young undergraduate and postgraduate medical students. Female doctors were more than male doctors. Most doctors were reported to be depressed and used lethal method such as hanging and medications.
Early and High SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Are Associated with Severity in COVID-19 Patients from India
Authors: Shrivastava Shubham , Palkar Sonali , Shah Jignesh , Rane Prajakta , Lalwani Sanjay , Mishra Akhilesh Chandra , Arankalle Vidya A.
Published: June 2021

Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection, to mild illness, to severe disease with recovery or fatal outcome. Immune correlates of protection are not yet clear. To understand the association between presence and titers of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) with recovery, we screened 82 COVID-19 patients classified in mild (n = 56) and severe (n = 26) disease groups on different days post onset of disease and 27 viral RNA–positive asymptomatic contacts examined within 1 week of the identification of index cases. Of 26 patients with severe disease, six died and 20 recovered. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb levels in plasma and serum were measured using a plaque reduction neutralization test with live virus. The proportion of asymptomatic and symptomatic infections was 1:7.8 in males and 1:1 in females, with males predominating the severe disease group (21/26, 80.7%). At the time of presentation, NAb positivity and titers were comparable among groups with asymptomatic and mild infections. Notably, patients with severe disease exhibited higher NAb seropositivity and titers (25 of 26, 96.2%; 866 ± 188) than those in the mild category (39 of 56, 69.6%; 199 ± 50, P < 0.0001) and asymptomatic individuals (21 of 27, 77.8%; 124 ± 28, P = 0.0002). Within first 2 weeks of onset, NAb titers were significantly higher among patients with severe disease than those with mild presentation. Our data suggest that irrespective of fatal outcome, progression to disease severity was associated with induction of early and high levels of NAb. In our patient series, clinical disease, severity and fatality were predominantly seen in males. The role of NAbs in immunopathogenesis or protection needs to be defined.
Miniature za klavir Primoža Ramovša
Authors: Loparnik Borut
Published: June 2021

Primož Ramovš (1921–1999) je klavirske Miniature napisal jeseni 1945. Po končanem študiju pri Slavku Ostercu v Ljubljani (1941) ter izpopolnjevanju pri Alfredu Caselli v Rimu (1941–1943) so bile njegovo drugo obsežno poštudijsko delo. Zasnoval jih je kot variacije na koral, s katerim je bil uvedel sklepni stavek Druge simfonije (1943–1944). Sprva jih je želel imenovati variacije brez teme. V desetih odstavkih nastopa izhodiščna misel razdeljena v dve ne zelo kontrastni temi, ki sta vsakokrat obravnavani bodisi zaporedoma bodisi le ena; v prvotni melodični dikciji se avgmentirani oglasita le v srednjem delu zadnjega odstavka. Delo potemtakem niso variacije brez teme, temveč z »utajeno« temo, zaradi (morda različnih) zunanjih okoliščin pa jih je avtor slednjič in ne najbolj primerno imenoval Miniature. Bile so natisnjene 1955. leta, kot celota pa prvič javno izvedene šele jeseni 1963 in samó v radijskem programu. Ciklus kaže skladatelja na začetku samostojne poti. V njem so prepleteni idiomi »splošnega« neoklasicizma med obema vojnama, enako druga modernistična načela, ki jih je pri Slovencih uvajal Osterc, z ostanki starejšega kompozicijskega repertorija, ki ga je bil Ramovš spoznaval na koncertih in med pianističnim študijem. Oboje govori o potezah neoklasicizma na Slovenskem do 1945. leta, predvsem pa razkriva ustvarjalca z izrazitim novatorskim pogumom ter »improvizacijsko« domišljijo, širokopoteznega v zasnovah in usmerjenega k skrajnim območjem (klavirske) zvočnosti.
Glasba v Platonovi Državi
Authors: Snoj Jurij
Published: June 2021

Harmonije, osrednji pojem Platonove obravnave glasbe, se zgodovinsko kažejo kot glasbene lestvice. Vendar je težko razložiti, kako je mogoče, da prevzemajo lestvice etične značilnosti, kot trdi Platon. Sokrat, čeprav priznavajoč svojo nevednost o harmonijah, trdi, da obstaja potreba po ohranitvi dveh harmonij, in sicer za prikaz dveh različnih načinov življenja. Ta formulacija nakazuje, da je Platon zgolj prek teoretičnega premisleka uvidel potrebo po pojmu, s katerim bi bilo možno razložiti raznolikost v glasbi. V tem smislu se zdijo harmonije – bolj kot lestvice – pojem brez specifičnega pomena; pojem, ki bi lahko vključeval katero koli tehnično značilnost glasbe, v Platonovem času še ne raziskane, s katerim bi bilo mogoče razložiti etične lastnosti dejanskih melodij.
Telemahija
Authors: Davidović Dalibor
Published: June 2021

Hendikep omogoča razkrivanje strukture humanizma, ki ni pomembna zgolj za medicino, temveč tudi za znanost nasploh. Po mnenju humanista je človeško bitje popolno. Človek, ki je zaznamovan z nezmožnostjo in ni sposoben izpolniti norme humanista »biti človek«, naj bi bil(a) dopolnjen(a) s tehničnimi protezami. Kljub temu pa naj bi tehnično sredstvo omogočalo, da je normativno stanje »biti človek« zaznamovano tudi z določenimi pozabljenimi tehničnimi domnevami. V tem prispevku skušam pokazati relevantnost tega razumevanja za muzikologijo.
Semiotsko-semantična narava glasbe
Authors: Pompe Gregor
Published: June 2021

Namen članka je razrešitev metodološko-epistemološkega problema prvenstva semiotike oz. semantike v glasbi, ki je razrešeno s pomočjo razkritja dvojne narave glasbene referencialnosti (zunanje in notranje nanašanje) oz. kulturne, semitsko-semantične pogojenosti povednosti glasbe.
Evangelist or Socialist: Johann Sebastian Bach in the Cold War and Other Periods of National Uncertainty
Authors: Dittrich Marie-Agnes
Published: June 2021

At the Bach Conference 1950 in Leipzig, the socialist image of Bach in East Germany competed with the conservative and theological one of West Germany. During the Cold War both served to legitimize rival ideologies. Once again, Bach was interpreted as an orientation, as in other periods of national incertainty, like the Napoleonic Wars (Forkel, 1802) or just before the Prussian-German Empire (Wagner, 1870).
Art as a Critique of Language: On the Continuity of the Tradition of the Avant-Garde Aesthetic in the Modern and the Postmodern
Authors: Kogler Susanne
Published: June 2021

That art functions as a corrective to rational-scientific insights is one of the formative thoughts of art philosophy. The fact that artistic expression represents a corrective to linguistically-rationally affected insight also ranks among the constants of art philosophy in the 20th century. “Expression is the opponent of articulating something” can be read, for instance, in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory with regards to the character of language in art and Jean François Lyotard wrote on aesthetic experience: “What happens to us is by no means something which we would have controlled, programmed or conceptually apprehended beforehand”. The uneducible, conceptually unattainable is also at the centre of current art production of the 21st century. On the basis of Lyotard’s and Adorno’s positions, the article shows that one should acknowledge a constancy of the topos of art as non-conceptual knowledge on the one hand as the continuing function of a tradition defined from the philosophical aesthetics of modernity to post-modernity and orientated on the artistic avant-garde. On the other hand and beyond this a continuous line of tradition of New Music becomes clear, leading to the expressionistic avant-garde of the 20th century which represented the starting point for Adorno’s music philosophy, through Lyotard’s focus on John Cage, up to the avant-garde of New Music in the era of post modernity. Specific features of contemporary art, such as rebellion against linguistic standards, an understanding of expressivity that opposes the traditional language of music and operates on the verge of silence, as well as the utopian vision of a modified reality which aims at transcendency enable a conception of art as non-conceptual knowledge, corresponding with the positions of art philosophy in modernity and post-modernity in important points. The relevance of focusing on this line of tradition for musicology lies in the fact that it sheds new light on the musical avant-garde and its further function and, last but not least, that it opens new perspectives in understanding contemporary artistic productions.
Uzdasi u poodmakloj dobi – Petrarca, Vinci, Wert i Marenzio
Authors: Bujić Bojan
Published: June 2021

Uzdasi u poodmakloj dobi – Petrarca, Vinci, Wert i Marenzio
Silence As a Hermeneutic Oasis of Music
Authors: Veselinović-Hofman Mirjana
Published: June 2021

This text is an attempt to point to the possibility of the moments of musical silence in a music flow and musical sound, being presented as a specific hermeneutic ‘oasis’ of music. Musical silence is considered here primarily as compositionally shaped segments where silence is embodied by means of sound. And where the stillness of the sound state of the musical silence breaks into another space: the space of the unintentional, which actually stimulates associative and cognitive paths. It concerns a specific ‘suspension’ space that offers ‘some more time and place’ for various streams of emotion and thoughts, for their ‘authentication’ and justification; for establishing and ‘specifying’ narratives, and even renouncing them. This thesis is elaborated here on the basis of three compositions which belong to the Serbian music of the 1990s. These are: The Abnormal Beats of Dogon for bass clarinet, piano, mouth harmonica, percussion and live electronics (1991) and I have not spoken for alto saxophone, bass-mouth harmonica, actor-narrator and mixed choir (1995) by Zoran Erić and Nocturne of the Belgrade Spring 1999 AD for chamber ensemble, live electronics and audiotape (1999) by Srđan Hofman.
The Visual and Auditory Representation of Space and the Net-Space
Authors: Jauk Werner
Published: June 2021

The use of the term space in net-space is based on a mechanistic point of view, an imagery of visual space out of bodily experience of the world. By technical turns the active interaction to explore space more and more becomes a passive one. This is where the auditory space comes in and serves as an imagery for net-space. An experiment proved an auditory imagery just evoked by different sharpness/pitch. Subjects were instructed to show the point in space where they imagined a sound with a specific timbre is located. The results show two groups of subjects: a visual type that imagines space by his own movement and an exploring auditory type which imagines space according to the internalized knowledge of the behavior of sound: dull sounds are far away, sharp sounds are near. Pitch revealed a significant effect on the synesthetic imagination on the Y-axis. The secondary interpretation of sound as space-localization indicates auditory-space to be a space of occurrences and supports McLuhans assumption of an analogy of “ear and electricity”, of auditory space and electric space, nowadays net-space. Despite the metaphoric use of space artistic experiments initiate auditory-space-imagery to use it as a psychological interface to the net-space, another space of occurrences defined by communication-processes.
Večsmernost začetkov slovenske operne ustvarjalnosti
Authors: Barbo Matjaž
Published: June 2021

Članek obravnava operno uprizarjanje na Slovenskem na prelomu iz 18. v 19. stoletje, pri čemer se osredotoča na delo F. B. Dusíka in tri operna dela, za katera lahko ob upoštevanju novih dejstev trdimo, da jih je napisal v času svojega bivanja v Ljubljani: Sultan Wampum, Eugen der zweyte oder Der Held unserer Zeit in Die Lederers Tochter oder Der weibliche Kadet. V Ljubljani so bila dela tudi izvedena. Četudi so zvrstno označena kot opere, so bila po zasnovi morda bližje singspielom z govorjenim dialogom. Tako bi se na prvi pogled zdelo, da ob hkratnem vse bolj rednem gostovanju nemških opernih impresarijev, ki od zadnjega desetletja 18. stoletja naprej povsem zasenčijo sicer prej običajnejše italijanske družbe, sodijo v krog vse izrazitejšega vključevanja nacionalnega momenta. Vendarle podobnost s farso, ki se ji Dusík pozneje rad posveča, prej opozarja na splošni estetski zasuk časa. Tako tudi ta dela opozarjajo na presenetljivo kontinuiranost uprizarjanja opernih del ter redno sodelovanje domačih glasbenikov pri tem, kar oblikuje podobo bogate glasbeno-gledališke produkcije tega obdobja na Slovenskem.
Spremna beseda urednikov - Racionalizem magičnega nadiha: glasba kot podoba nepojmovnega spoznavanja
Authors: Katarina Bogunović Hočevar Leon Stefanija in
Published: June 2021

Spremna beseda urednikov - Racionalizem magičnega nadiha: glasba kot podoba nepojmovnega spoznavanja
Pozycja społeczno-zawodowa farmaceutów pracowników w Polsce (1918–1939) – teoria a praktyka
Authors: Ślusarczyk Wojciech
Published: June 2021

Socio-professional Position of Pharmacy Employees in Poland (1918–1939) – Theory and Practice The article aims to depict the socio-professional position of pharmacy employees in the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) and the factors which influenced their status. In the interwar period, reforms of the pharmacists’ education system were implemented, the office of the provincial pharmaceutical inspector was introduced, and bills were adopted to settle the particulars of the profession. Thus, the foundations were created to depart from the former semi-artisanal character of pharmaceutical practice towards an academic and independent profession. This had a positive impact on the social and professional position of pharmacy employees. In theory, they were equal to their employers and representatives of other liberal professions. However, the reforms had awakened their ambitions and expectations. The reality was different, especially during the great economic crisis (1929–1933/35). The salaries of professional pharmacy personnel, especially in the eastern provinces, were not high. Instead of sufficient remuneration, people were still offered – as in the 19th century – housing and board at a pharmacy. The burning problem was unemployment, and the employers did not respect the working time regulations. All this frustrated the employees. Their presumably high socio-professional status was not always reflected in real life.
Teoretyczny rozdział kompetencji pomiędzy dawnymi medykami i chirurgami a codzienna praktyka lecznicza opisana w egodokumentach staropolskich
Authors: Węglorz Jakub
Published: June 2021

Theoretical Division of Competences Between Physicians and Surgeons, and the Daily Medical Practice Described in Old-Polish Egodocuments

It is predominantly accepted in the historiography of European medicine that, apart from the differences in education, there was a division of competences between physicians educated at universities and barber-surgeons trained in the guild system in terms of their theoretical background. Regardless of the former stereotypes – dating back to the 19th century – relating to the Church-imposed restrictions in teaching surgery at universities, it is believed that the actual differences in terms of competences must have influenced the scope of the undertaken therapeutic activities. A different education model and the predominance of either theoretical or practical knowledge among representatives of these groups resulted in different treatment methods and a different perception of the causes of the disease. Physicians with mainly theoretical knowledge are often put in opposition to practising barber-surgeons. While it seems that the reluctance to bloody operations (sometimes articulated by the surgeons themselves) was a reason for the limited involvement of physicians in the barber-surgeon practice, it is difficult to clearly indicate the factors that would prevent surgeons from dealing with “non-operational” treatment. The article attempts to answer the question to what extent the then-existing differences in education and legal restrictions influenced the actual division of therapeutic tasks and the functioning of various medical professions as viewed from the patient’s perspective.
Legalizacja samowoli budowlanych w polskim systemie prawnym
Authors: Stotko Sybilla
Published: June 2021

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia regulację prawną dotyczącą instytucji legalizacji samowoli budowlanej w Polsce w ujęciu historycznym oraz jej ewaluację. Zaprezentowano złożoność zagadnienia oraz trudność właściwego uregulowania prawnego tej materii. Od 19 września 2020 roku w Polsce obowiązują znowelizowane przepisy w zakresie procedury legalizacji samowoli budowlanych. Po zmianie prawa to w dalszym ciągu do organów nadzoru budowlanego należy ostateczna decyzja co do możliwości legalizacji samowolnej budowy. Jednakże odmiennie niż w poprzednim stanie prawnym wszczęcie procedury legalizacyjnej jest możliwe jedynie na wniosek inwestora. Ponadto ustawodawca wprowadził możliwość legalizacji samowoli budowlanych zrealizowanych ponad 20 lat temu w uproszczonym postępowaniu legalizacyjnym. W końcowej części opracowania przedstawiono wszystkie procedury legalizacji samowoli obowiązujące od 19 września 2020 roku oraz zawarto ogólne wnioski w zakresie opisywanej instytucji.

Legalisation of unlawful building work in the Polish legal system
This paper presents a legal regulation regarding the institution of unlawful building work legalisation in Poland combining its historical review and evaluation. The paper shows the complexity of the problem and the difficulty of providing a legal regulation of the matter. The updated regulations on the procedure of unlawful building work legalisation came into force in Poland on 19 September 2020. After changing the legal regulations, the final decision on the legalisation of unlawful building work still remains in the hands of construction supervision authorities. However, in contrast to the previous legal status, a legalisation procedure can be initiated only upon developer’s request. In addition, the lawmaker has introduced an option to legalise unlawful building work completed over 20 years ago in a simplified legalisation procedure. The final part of the paper presents all procedures for unlawful building work legalisation effective from 19 September 2020 as well as general conclusions regarding the institution under scrutiny.
The Prevalence of Market Segmentation Research in the Tourism Industry in Africa
Authors: Visser Hennie
Published: June 2021

Despite the benefits that market segmentation could provide to marketers, it is uncertain to what extend market segmentation research informs decisions about marketing strategy in the tourism industry in Africa. The purpose of this paper is to appraise the incidence of market segmentation research in this context. Market segmentation is used to demarcate a broad market into smaller segments to enable the formulation of marketing strategies based on segment needs. A review of journal articles with market segmentation in the tourism industry in the African context as focus area is provided. While research in this context is available, recommendations are made about possible market segmentation research focus areas in the tourism industry in an African context.
ÇAĞATAY TÜRKÇESİYLE YAZILMIŞ MANZUM DÖRT İMAM HİKÂYESİ
Authors: Alper Serap
Published: June 2021

Dört İmam Hikayesi, Karahanlı Devleti hanlarından Yusuf Kadır Han döneminde Kaşgar, Yarkent, Hoten ve Uçatlık şehirlerinde İslam dininin yayılması adına Nasıreddin, Zahireddin, Kıvameddin ve Muineddin adlı imamların gösterdiği çabayı konu edinen bir hikayedir. Karahanlı Devleti’nin islamiyeti kabulüne dair tarihi bir belge niteliği taşımayan bu hikaye, halk muhayyilesinde bu kabulün kutsallık atfedilen kişilerin çabasıyla gerçekleştiği yönündeki inanışın halk ağzıyla ifadesidir. Halk arasında rağbet gördüğünü manzum ve mensur nüshalarının varlığıyla kanıtlayan bu hikayenin Bodleian Kütüphanesi MS.IND.IST.TURK 24 0/232/92 numarada kayıtlı ve daha eski bir tarihte yazıya geçirilmiş olan nüshası ile yine Bodleian Kütüphanesi MS. IND.IST.20 0/232/92 numarada kayıtlı eserin 56b-98a varakları arasındaki daha geç dönemde yazıya geçirilmiş manzum nüshası üzerinde yaptığımız bu çalışma, manzum dini eser yazma geleneğinin bir örneğini daha ortaya çıkarmamızı sağlamıştır. Çağatay Türkçesinin Klasik sonrası dönemine yerleştirdiğimiz bu hikaye, literatüre geçmiş klasik sonrası dönem dil özelliklerini göstermekle birlikte, yazıya geçirildiği tarih itibariyle konuşma diline ait fonetik hususiyetler ile söz varlığını barındırması açısından da Çağatay Türkçesi çalışmalarına katkı sağlayacaktır.
ƏDƏLƏT ANLAYIŞININ DINI-KOLONIK, FƏLSƏFI VƏ BƏDII MƏTNLƏRDƏ TƏZAHÜRÜ (ŞƏRQ-QƏRB MƏDƏNIYYƏTI KONTEKSTINDƏ)
Authors: Refailkızı Esedli Seide , Calil Farah
Published: June 2021

Məqalədə ədalət anlayışının dini-kononik, fəlsəfi və bədii mətnlərdə təzühürü məsələlərinə Şərq və Qərb mədəniyyəti kontekstində baxılmışdır. İnsan cəmiyyətinin formalaşması ilə təməli qoyulan ədalət anlayışı ibtidai cəmiyyətlərdə mifoloji dünyagörüşünə, daha dəqiq desək mif qanunlarına görə tənzimlənirdi. Bu qanunları pozan ibtidai cəmiyyət üzvləri qoyulan tabunu pozduğu zaman mif tərəfindən cəzalandırılırdı. Sinkretik düşüncə tərzinə sahib olan, o cümlədən ilkin fəlsəfənin rüşemlərini özündə daşıyan mif zamanla inkişaf etməklə fəlsəfənin müstəqil elm kimi inkişaf etməsinə səbəb oldu. Bu mənada fəlsəfədə müstəqil elm kimi ədalət anlayışına yeni prizmadan yanaşmış oldu. Mifoloji düşüncədən şaxələnən fəlsəfə ilə yanaşı din də müstəqil istiqamət kimi formalaşdı və dində də əladələt anlayışı özünəməxsus şəkildə öz əksini tapdı. Beləliklə ədalət anlayışı istər dində və istərsədə fəlsəfədə iki istiqamətdə sosial və ilahi ədalət prizmasında özünü ifadə etmiş oldu. Bu düşüncə isə zamanla bədii ədəbiyyata köçürüldü. Ədalət anlayışı ilə bağlı Şərq və Qərb bədii mətnlərində istər ilahi ədalət, istərsə də sosial ədalət anlayışı ilə bağlı bir çox əsərlər formalaşmış oldu.
Inclusión laboral y calidad de vida del adulto mayor. Un estudio hermenéutico en Guanajuato, México / Labor inclusion and quality of life of the elderly. A hermeneutical study in Guanajuato, Mexico
Authors: Zárate Negrete Laura Elena , Caldera González Diana del Consuelo
Published: June 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las motivaciones para la inserción laboral de las personas adultas mayores, permitiendo vislumbrar los retos para mejorar su calidad de vida. Se utilizó una metodología de tipo cualitativa con exploración hermenéutica y una alcance descriptivo y enfoque no experimental. Se usaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a una muestra incidental de 39 adultos mayores empacadores en un supermercado en Guanajuato, México. Los resultados apuntan hacia la inserción laboral de esta población por motivos económicos (subsistencia); y también por sentirse activos, productivos y parte de una sociedad, evitando la marginalidad, lo cual se asocia con el envejecimiento activo.
The Burden of Motherhood: An Assessment of Government Policy Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Working Mothers in Nigeria
Authors: Nwaodu Linda
Published: June 2021

Nigeria has witnessed a rapid increase in female labour participation such that it risks a decline in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate – despite the World Health Organization’s and government’s endorsement of EBF. EBF is a beneficial process of feeding an infant with breast milk only during the first six months. This study aims to assess the extent to which the Nigerian policy addresses the barriers and contributes to improved EBF rates among working mothers in Nigeria. It takes a qualitative approach – policy analysis. The policy analysis critically evaluated the content of the National Policy on Infant and Young Child Feeding in Nigeria (2010) and the Labour Act (2004). The policy documents addressed these barriers to an extent. However, they showed minimal coherence. There are still policy gaps and disparity between the policies and their implementation – attributable to inadequate clarity and insufficient mechanism to spur policy compliance. Therefore, nutritionists should be engaged in such nutrition-specific policy formulation. Further research to measure the impact of this recommendation is encouraged.
Perspectivas geo-políticas y socio-comunitarias en las políticas de desarrollo territorial. Una lectura otra desde la (de)colonialidad / Geo-political and socio-community perspectives in territorial development policies. A different reading from (de)coloniality
Authors: Castro Vanesa
Published: June 2021

El artículo es muestra avances preliminares sobre un estudio doctoral acerca de las discursividades del desarrollo en las políticas socio-territoriales en el norte de San Juan, Argentina y su relación con el modelo extractivo-exportador. El objetivo del estudio es (re)construir desde una perspectiva (de)colonial: a) los sentidos y prácticas construidos en torno al discurso del desarrollo en las recientes estrategias de desarrollo territorial impulsadas en Latinoamérica; b) y, por otro lado, analizar la matriz de interacciones, tensiones o escisiones de lo anterior con los sentidos y prácticas montados en las políticas socio-territoriales emergentes en el último tiempo a nivel local, en el departamento de Jáchal (San Juan, Argentina). Es un estudio cualitativo de análisis crítico de discurso. Las técnicas de investigación son análisis de documentos de políticas de desarrollo regional y nacional y trabajo de campo basado en entrevistas a actores clave. Los principales resultados dan cuenta de una marcada tendencia en las políticas en la región a (re)legitimar al extractivismo como vía para el crecimiento de los territorios en sus diversas escalas. Mientras que las voces comunitarias reportan representaciones ambiguas respecto a ello, es decir, algunos posicionamientos apuntalan la concepción hegemónica del desarrollo y otras deslegitiman el desarrollismo y apuntan a reivindicar alternativas de crecimiento local que sean afines a las necesidades de la población, a recuperar prácticas productivas, a construir modos de gobernabilidad diferentes.
Dramatic shift: Conservative to Avant-garde in Sarah Kane’s “4.48 Psychosis”
Authors: Beh Emmerencia Sih
Published: June 2021

Drama is a genre in literature that recreates not only existing actions but also interprets the different versions of truth put on stage. Sarah Kane, a dramatist, is usually associated with the new theatrical form of writing called the in-yer-face theatre. Kane, after writing her last play, 4.48 Psychosis commits suicide. For this reason, many critics consider this play as a ‘suicide notes’ which makes it limiting since these critics do not pay attention to her extensive use of styles and her experimental shift from conservative to avant-garde dramatic constructions. While her earlier works Blasted, Phaedra’s Love and Cleansed were centred principally on shock irritating violent and relatively hostile metaphors, the style of her two last plays Crave and 4.48 Psychosis shifts blatantly as they are written in a conspicuously poetic style. Her last play which is the focus of this study swings from conventional to unconventional style of writing given that she deviates from the classical presentation of drama. This study uses the theoretical backdrop of Postmodernism for its analysis. The paper demonstrates that analysing 4.48 Psychosis in connection to Kane’s life and death is restrictive and biased as it procures a plethora of innovative scopes.
Gobernar las periferias: morfología de la desigualdad socioespacial y la disputa por el espacio urbano / To govern the peripheries: morphology of socio-spatial inequality and the dispute for urban space
Authors: Ramírez Avilés José Iván
Published: June 2021

Este trabajo presenta algunos escenarios de urbanización acontecidos en una periferia al poniente del área urbana de la Zona Metropolitana de Pachuca, Estado de Hidalgo, México. Lo anterior como ejemplo local para debatir sobre los desafíos que el crecimiento difuso y desordenado plantea a los incipientes modelos para gobernar un territorio periférico y las normativas derivadas para su administración. De esta manera, se muestran, mediante el análisis de datos empíricos e información oficial, así como de la aplicación de entrevistas a funcionarios clave y observación no participante en el territorio considerado, los principales retos en la planificación urbana y en la gestión de un territorio en constante conflicto y disputa, con procesos complejos con incidencia diferenciada hacia comunidades locales. Si bien, algunos proyectos y megaproyectos se han plasmado como potenciales detonantes de desarrollo económico, estos también están manifestando consecuencias que merecen atención en relación con su impacto diferenciado en el territorio urbano y periurbano, por lo anterior apremia la aplicación de una forma de gobernanza metropolitana enfocada a sus periferias para enfrentar los problemas ecológicos, sociales y económicos que se están generando y que, con la actual tendencia urbanística, parecen ser irreversibles.
THREE SOURCES – THREE COMPONENTS IN THE AREA OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ENDING ON -LEI/-LYAI
Authors: Kornilov Gennadiy E.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the scientific article is to establish the main historical sources of the inventory and subsequent comparative-historical interpretation of geographical names in the Oka and Sura regions, to compare three approaches to this problem, reflected in the works of well-known scientists: historian I.K. Engevatov, linguists G.P. Smolitskaya and D.V. Tsy­gankin. The results of the study in practical terms are designed to: 1) to enrich and update the relevant articles on onomatology and comparative studies of Finno-Ugric scholars, Turkologists and Slavists; 2) to clarify the views of historians and ethnologists/ ethno­graphers about specific moments of ethnic and linguistic contacts in Eastern Europe (in the Oka and the Sura regions). The results of the research in the future should initiate new works devoted to a particular class of geographical nomenclature terms in the historical perspective within the boundaries of the Slavic, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages.
RECOGNITION AS A PHENOMENON OF ETHNIC IDENTITY
Authors: Salmin Anton K.
Published: June 2021

The relevance of the study is explained by a weak exploration maturity of the stated topic and the lack of development based on the materials of specific ethnic groups. At the same time, the desire to be recognized is present in all individuals and peoples. The article considers both positive and negative nuances of this phenomenon. The novelty of the study consists in applying the theoretical views of the leading researchers in the analysis of ethnic, in this case – Chuvash, material from the field of ethnography, traditional rituals and beliefs, as well as folklore. In the first part of the article, the author pays attention to history, ethnography and folk songs. Attention is drawn to the fact that family and descent-based holidays and rituals are distinguished by their sacredness; they have preserved the most ancient layers of folk culture. That is why they are perceived closely, recognized as primordial examples of the grandfather’s traditions. But a fair question arises: who can evaluate your merits? This complex issue is discussed in the second part of the article. The author comes to the conclusion that recognition becomes a necessary category in our society. Any disregard for the desire to be recognized causes aggression in one form or another. But it is important that the desire to be recognized served integration and progress.
ACTIVITIES OF THE FORCED LABOR CAMP IN THE CHUVASH AUTONOMOUS REGION IN THE TOWN OF CHEBOKSARY
Authors: Vyrlan Elena V.
Published: June 2021

The article attempts to analyze the activities of forced labor camps using as an the example the functioning of the Forced Labor Camp of the Chuvash Autonomous Region (ChAO) in 1920–1921. The work is based on previously unpublished sources of the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic. The study shows the features of classifying the prisoners, their number in the forced labor camp of the Chuvash Autonomous Region in the town of Cheboksary, the regime restrictions imposed on them, it also analyses the most frequent violations of discipline in the camp, shows the issues of the camp organization and the conditions of service in it, the system of employees’ remuneration, as well as the difficulties in the institution’s functioning under existing socio-economic situation during the years of mass famine in the Volga region. The history of establishment and operation of forced labor camps is currently poorly covered, especially at the regional level. Basing on the results of the study, the author makes a conclusion on the reasons for liquidation of forced labor camps, as well as on the need for detailed studying the regional aspects of the problem under consideration.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE CHUVASH ASSR COUNCIL OF MINISTERS’ APPARATUS IN THE 1980s
Authors: Gvozdev Vasily A.
Published: June 2021

The article examines the changes that occurred in the organizational structure of the apparatus of the Chuvash ASSR Council of Ministers in the 1980s. The Council of Ministers, as the supreme executive and administrative body of the state power of the republic, played a significant role in all spheres of public life, and the quality of decisions made and their subsequent implementation in this difficult time for the country largely depended on its apparatus. The source base of the study was primarily previously unpublished resolutions of the Republican government, which approved the changed staffing structure of the Chuvash ASSR Council of Ministers’ apparatus. The central role in the apparatus of the republican government was occupied by the General Affairs Department, which included branch departments and other structural subdivisions. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that during most of the 1980s, changes in the organizational structure of the apparatus of the Chuvash ASSR Council of Ministers were minor, they were limited to the transfer of individual functions from one branch department of the General Affairs Department to another with the corresponding renaming of departments. However, in the years of perestroika, under the conditions of growing political and economic reforms, the apparatus of the Chuvash ASSR Council of Ministers underwent a significant transformation, which was reflected in the adoption at the turn of the 1980s–1990s of new normative legal acts – the Regulations on the Apparatus of the Chuvash ASSR Council of Ministers, the staffing structure of the Council of Ministers’ Apparatus and job descriptions for employees of the Council of Ministers’ apparatus. In so doing, the leadership of the country and the republic demonstrated their readiness for significant changes, albeit within the framework of a centrally planned socialist system.
EXCURSION METHOD OF TEACHING IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF CHUVASHIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY
Authors: Gusarova Аnastasia Yu.
Published: June 2021

Active formation of extracurricular education in the post-reform period was due to the fact that the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century experienced changes in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres. Studying the history of extracurricular education in the post-reform period is important from the standpoint of a holistic understanding of the Russian post-reform period. To study the state of extracurricular education in Russia taken as a whole, it is necessary to study it in detail on the materials of various regions.

In the post-reform period, new teaching methods were developed in Russian educational institutions. The excursion method of teaching became very popular. The initiator of the introducing excursions in the life of Chuvash schools is I.Ya. Yakovlev.

The purpose of the work is to study the issue of organizing and implementing the excursion method of teaching in pre-revolutionary Chuvashia. In this article, archival data are introduced into scientific circulation, which enable to examine the process of introducing excursion practices in educational institutions of Chuvashia in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. The main attention is paid to the types of school excursions and their educational potential. The methodological basis of the work is made up of the principles of historicism in combination with a systematic approach, which made it possible to examine the introduction of the excursion teaching method in a historical retrospect. In addition, the article examines the first attempts on the part of the government to regularize schoolchildren excursions in the school, as well as describes the role of the print media in popularizing excursions. The practical significance of the study is to draw the attention of historians to an insufficiently studied issue.
THE SYMBOLISM OF AZHDAKHA IN THE FOLKLORE AND BELIEFS OF THE BASHKIRS
Authors: Ilimbetova Azaliya F.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the key serpentine characters – Azhdakha in the folk art and religious and mystical representations of the Bashkirs. The purpose of the work is to analyze the ideas associated with the image of Azhdakha basing on folklore and field materials, and to try to identify its origins. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that this work is the first attempt to study the reasons for the veneration of the image of Azhdakha among the Bashkirs. And this makes it possible to recreate certain aspects in the ethnic history of the Bashkir people, helps to identify the historical and genetic roots of their spiritual culture. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of analytical and retrospective analysis of literary, folklore and linguistic sources. This paper is the first to systematize and analyze historical-ethnographic and folklore-linguistic materials on the topic under consideration. Folklore information and field materials of the author, first translated into Russian by the author, are introduced into scientific circulation. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the presented materials contribute to the disclosure of the genetic roots of snake deification in the folklore and mythology of the Bashkirs, and can be used by ethnographers and folklorists in their comparative historical studies. Having studied the problem, the author came to the conclusion that in the Bashkir religious-mythological and folklore tradition, the image of Azhdakha was formed on the basis of further evolution of primitive totemic ideas about the snake-totem, totemic ancestor and patron spirit and is a consequence of its sacralization. In the religious and mystical visions of the Bashkirs, this image became a negative character as a result of defeat in ethno-cultural and interreligious clashes, as well as due to descendants’ inadequate perception of the most ancient totemic incarnation-initiation rites and speculations. Formation of ideas about the image of Azhdakha among the Bashkirs occurred not only under the influence of Indo-Iranian folklore and mythological traditions. In this process, in addition to the ancient Aryan hunters and gatherers (cattlemen and grain-growers), the ancestors of the Afrasian peoples, as well as the Dakho-Turan-Turkic tribal formations, took part.
KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEPORTED POPULATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION
Authors: Kaвurkin Aleksandr A.
Published: June 2021

The article reflects the stages of evolvement, formation and evolution of the administrative-territorial structure of Ostyak-Vogul, later Khanty-Mansi, national district in the 1930s – early 1941, it provides information about the deportation of the population to this district in the first decade of its existence, considers the impact of the deported population on the political situation in the district on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, as well as on its economic condition and national economy, education and culture. The relevance of the stated topic is noted. The article shows a significant influence of the deported population on the national economy in the district at the beginning of the war. There are also some memoirs of the deportees, the content and nature of the articles of the district newspaper immediately before the war and in its early days are analyzed. It is noted that the deported population made a significant contribution to the victory in the Great Patriotic War. The article presents the working and living conditions, the daily life of the deported population.
A educação bilíngue para surdos
Authors: Silva Izilda de Carvalho Noleto
Published: June 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma reflexão sobre como está a qualidade do ensino de crianças surdas em nosso país. Inicialmente vamos levantar algumas teorias que nos comprovam como a utilização da língua brasileira de sinais é essencial para que o processo de ensino e aprendizagem de alunos surdos. Feito isso, vamos brevemente, mostrar como algumas constatações históricas nos mostram que os indivíduos surdos precisam dominar os processos de leitura e escrita do português para poder exercer plenamente seus direitos de cidadãos. Entendido isso, passamos a propor a majestosa educação bilíngue para surdos. Conclui-se com uma síntese das principais teorias abordadas e com uma reflexão sobre como é importante que os professores sejam bilíngues para que possam utilizar-se da língua brasileira de sinais para ensinar significativamente seus alunos a dominarem os processos de leitura e escrita e dessa forma torna-los preparados para exercerem sua cidadania.