bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Stimulant, Sedative, and Affective Responses to Alcohol
Authors: Grodin Erica N. , Green Re Joyce , Ray Lara A.
Published: September 2020

Background

Subjective response (SR) to acute alcohol reflects individual variance to the sensitivity of alcohol’s pharmacological effects. It has been argued that measures of stimulation and sedation may not fully capture the full‐range SR, with 2 novel domains proposed: high arousal negative and low arousal positive. While substantial progress has been made in the field of SR and alcohol use risk, it remains unknown how these novel domains correspond to traditional SR measures. Therefore, the current study examined the latent structure of traditional and novel SR measures at rising breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs) during alcohol administration.

Methods

Heavy drinkers (n = 67; 36M/31F) participated in an intravenous alcohol administration. Questionnaires assessing stimulation, sedation, mood, valence and arousal, and craving were assessed at baseline and at BrACs of 20, 40, and 60 mg%. A series of exploratory factor analyses were conducted to examine the latent factor structure of SR at each time point. Correlations examined the association between the generated factors and measures of problematic alcohol use.

Results

The analysis generated a 3‐factor solution, consistent across all time points. The factors measured the following effects of SR: (i) stimulation and positive mood, (ii) sedation and aversive effects, and (iii) tension reduction. The tension reduction factor was most commonly associated with problematic alcohol use in this sample.

Conclusion

This study extends upon the literature evaluating the biobehavioral effects of alcohol by examining a novel combination of SR to alcohol measures. This study demonstrates that the proposed low arousal positive domain, which loaded onto the tension reduction factor, provides novel information not captured by previous SR measures. Going forward, studies of alcohol’s subjective effects should use this dimensional approach to reduce multiple comparisons across a wide range of scales and to build a literature grounded on the underlying structure of SR as a translational phenotype for AUD.
Systemic Administration of the AMPA Receptor Antagonist, NBQX, Reduces Alcohol Drinking in Male C57BL/6J, But Not Female C57BL/6J or High‐Alcohol‐Preferring, Mice
Authors: Bauer Meredith R. , Garcy Daniel P. , Boehm Stephen L.
Published: September 2020

Background

α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that have been investigated for their role in modulating alcohol consumption. However, little is known about the role of AMPA receptors in the control of binge‐like or free‐access alcohol drinking in C57BL/6J or in selectively bred high‐alcohol‐preferring (HAP) mice. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the role of systemic administration of the AMPA receptor antagonist, 2,3‐dioxo‐6‐nitro‐7‐sulfamoyl‐benzo[f]quinoxaline (NBQX), on alcohol consumption using a model of binge‐like drinking, drinking in the dark (DID) and free‐access 2‐bottle choice (2BC) in male and female C57BL/6J and HAP mice.

Methods

C57BL/6J mice were allowed free access to 20% (v/v) alcohol for 2 hours each day beginning 3 hours into the dark cycle for 4 days. On day 5, mice were intraperitoneally injected with one of 4 doses of NBQX (0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg; n = 10) 15 minutes before alcohol presentation and were given 4‐hour alcohol access (extended DID). HAP mice were given 24‐hour free access to 10% (v/v) alcohol and water for 19 days. On day 20, mice were intraperitoneally injected with one of 4 doses of NBQX (0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg; n = 9) 15 minutes before alcohol and water presentation.

Results

In the first 2 hours of DID, at 30 mg/kg, male, but not female C57BL/6J or HAP, mice drank significantly less alcohol compared with controls and 30 mg/kg NBQX did not alter saccharin intake in the males. Although male HAP mice drank significantly less alcohol than female mice following 10 mg/kg NBQX, neither sex exhibited drinking that differed significantly from controls. NBQX did not reduce locomotor behavior at any dose, sex, or genotype.

Conclusions

These data suggest that AMPA receptors play a key role in modulating binge‐like alcohol consumption without altering saccharin consumption or general locomotion and that this effect is specific to sex and genotype.
“I Was Born at the Border, Like the ‘Wrong’ Side of It”: Undocumented Latinx Youth Experiences of Racialization in the U.S. South
Authors: Rodriguez Sophia
Published: September 2020

This article provides ethnographic evidence of how Latinx undocumented youth navigate racialization processes. The research occurs in a focal state in the New Latino South, a highly restrictive and hostile context toward immigrants broadly and undocumented ones specifically. The author situates this research in Rogelio Sáenz and Karen Douglas' call for the racialization of immigration studies, considering notions of race and racism in the study of undocumented youth experiences of identity, discrimination, social isolation, and belonging, and how processes of racialization mark the bodies of undocumented youth in negative, punitive ways in school and societal contexts in a restrictive policy context like South Carolina. Drawing on data from a three‐year, multisite ethnography in two Title I public high schools in South Carolina, the study shows how youth are racialized in their schools and communities. Their narratives provide moments when undocumented youth elaborate their experiences in schools, which the author argues is an act of resistance where they broker, dismantle, and overcome their position of marginality. This cultural elaboration by undocumented youth positions them as active agents and re‐centers and humanizes their experience of racism and racialization in order to make visible the systemic oppression they encounter. It is through their cultural elaboration of their undocumentedness that they can powerfully critique immigration policy and schools’ roles in perpetuating deficit discourses about the “problems” the undocumented subjectivity presents.
A single‐center retrospective study of the clinical significance of chorionic bump at early stage of gestation
Authors: Lu Yu , Wu Yilun , Huang Fan , Ren Min
Published: September 2020

Problem

The chorionic bump is a distinct rare sonographic abnormality. Until now, there is contradictory evidence about if it associates with poor pregnancy outcomes. We performed this retrospective study to provide additional clinical data to investigate the clinical significance of chorionic bump at early stage of pregnancy.

Method of study

A single‐center retrospective study was performed using the sonographic and clinical data of the pregnant women who had antenatal checkup and childbirth at Shanghai First Maternal and Child Health Care Center from December 2018 to December 2019. Sonographic examination was performed by experts at 5‐10 weeks' gestation. Maternal age and gestational age matched controls from the same period were selected for analysis.

Results

We observed 83 chorionic bump cases showing a prevalence of 0.33%. We found previous intrauterine operations and/or adverse maternal history posed a risk of having chorionic bump. In our cohort, chorionic bump associates with poor pregnancy outcomes. Poor pregnancy outcomes were more frequently found in the patients whose lesions were detected early (<56 days of pregnancy), or in the patients with the lesion relative sizes more than 40% of the sizes of the gestational sac, or in the patients with multiple lesions.

Conclusion

Intrauterine operations and/or adverse maternal history associate with an increased incidence of chorionic bump, which associates with poor pregnancy outcomes. Early detection, bigger relative size, and multiple lesions are factors likely leading to poor pregnancy outcomes.
Identifying haplotypes in recessive inherited retinal dystrophies using whole‐genome linked‐read sequencing
Authors: Repo Pauliina , Järvinen Reetta‐Stiina , Sankila Eeva‐Marja , Paavo Maarjaliis , Ellonen Pekka , Kivelä Tero T. , Turunen Joni A.
Published: September 2020

Conventional next‐generation sequencing methods, used in most gene panels, cannot separate maternally and paternally derived sequence information of distant variants. In recessive diseases, two or more equally plausible causative variants with unsolved phase information prevent accurate molecular diagnosis. In reality, close relatives might be unavailable for segregation analysis. Here, we utilized whole genome linked‐read sequencing to assign variants to haplotypes in two patients with inherited retinal dystrophies. Patient 1 with macular dystrophy had variants c.3442T>C, p.(Cys1148Arg), c.4209G>T, p.(Glu1403Asp), and c.1182C>T, p.(Cys394=) in CRB1, and Patient 2 with nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa had c.1328T>A, p.(Val443Asp) and c.3032C>G, p.(Ser1011*) in AHI1. The relatives were not available for genotyping. Using whole genome linked‐read sequencing we phased the variants to haplotypes providing genetic background for the retinal dystrophies. In future, when the price of sequencing methods that provides long‐read data decreases and their read‐depth and accuracy increases, they are probably considered the primary or adjunctive sequencing methods in genetic testing, allowing the immediate collection of phase information and thus obviating the need for the carrier testing and segregation analysis.
Pragmatic multicentre factorial randomized controlled trial testing measures to reduce surgical site infection in low‐ and middle‐income countries: study protocol of the FALCON trial
Authors:   NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery
Published: September 2020

Aim

Surgical site infection (SSI) is the commonest postoperative complication worldwide, representing a major burden for patients and health systems. Rates of SSI are significantly higher in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) but there is little high‐quality evidence on interventions to prevent SSI in LMICs.

Method

FALCON is a pragmatic, multicentre, 2 x 2 factorial, stratified randomized controlled trial, with an internal feasibility study, which will address the need for evidence on measures to reduce rates of SSI in patients in LMICs undergoing abdominal surgery. To assess whether either (1) 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine versus 10% povidone‐iodine for skin preparation, or (2) triclosan‐coated suture versus non‐coated suture for fascial closure, can reduce surgical site infection at 30‐days post‐surgery for each of (1) clean‐contaminated and (2) contaminated/dirty surgery. Patients with predicted clean‐contaminated or contaminated/dirty wounds with abdominal skin incision ≥ 5 cm will be randomized 1:1:1:1 between (1) 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine and noncoated suture, (2) 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine and triclosan‐coated suture, (3) 10% aqueous povidone–iodine and noncoated suture and (4) 10% aqueous povidone–iodine and triclosan‐coated suture. The two strata (clean‐contaminated versus contaminated/dirty wounds) are separately powered. Overall, FALCON aims to recruit 5480 patients. The primary outcome is SSI at 30 days, based on the Centers for Disease Control definition of SSI.

Conclusion

FALCON will deliver high‐quality evidence that is generalizable across a range of LMIC settings. It will influence revisions to international clinical guidelines, ensuring the global dissemination of its findings.
Is the influence of neoliberalism on development norms waning? Evidence from the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Authors: Engberg‐Pedersen Lars
Published: September 2020

Motivation

The term “neoliberalism” is often used inaccurately, making it difficult to assess its actual influence. Nevertheless, neoliberalism continues to dominate ideas about economic and social change. Few attempts have been made to analyse the influence of countervailing ideas which may imply a retreat from neoliberalism.

Purpose

The article seeks to identify the central characteristics of neoliberalism and how these have changed through time. It looks at how compatible neoliberal ideas are with two 2015 agreements that set norms for international development co‐operation, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Approach and methods

The compatibility of neoliberal ideas with the central tenets of the 2015 agreements is assessed. In particular, the process of setting a separate goal for reducing inequality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is analysed. In addition, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda is compared with earlier agreements on financing for development.

Findings

Central ideas of the two agreements significantly challenge neoliberal ideas. While neoliberal thinking still influences policy and practice, its setback in international co‐operation reminds us to exercise caution when explaining social change as the result of neoliberal ideas.

Policy Implications

Elements of the two international agreements point decisively in new directions. Neoliberal influences on international norms may be diminishing. Hence other ideas now stand a better chance to influence norms, policies and practices in development.
Riparian forest subsidises the biomass of fish in a recently formed subtropical reservoir
Authors: Felden Juliana , González‐Bergonzoni Iván , Rauber Adelita Maria , da Luz Soares Marlon , Massaro Marthoni Vinicius , Bastian Rodrigo , Reynalte‐Tataje David Augusto
Published: September 2020

Riparian forest may represent a key subsidy to aquatic food webs. While most research has been done in running waters, the origin of resources subsidising biomass and the role of riparian coverage in food webs remains largely unstudied in reservoirs. This research evaluated the role of forest riparian zones as food web subsidies in a recently formed reservoir of Ijuí River, Brazil. The diet of fish and the origin of carbon and nitrogen fuelling fish biomass was compared between littoral habitats with riparian forests and of open canopy. Sampling for stable isotopes of fish and basal resources and the application of bayesian mixing models showed that most of the fish production originates from terrestrial carbon in this recently formed reservoir. Moreover, an increasing terrestrial support to the biomass was found towards the riparian forest areas (subsidising c.a. 70% vs. around 57% of fish biomass in littoral areas of riparian forest and open canopy, respectively).This study remarked the role of riparian forest areas as energetic subsidises to aquatic ecosystems. Management actions in newly formed reservoirs should include preserving riparian forests to avoid losing natural ecosystem subsidies.
Nomogram predicting early neurological improvement in ischaemic stroke patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy
Authors: Zhang X. , Peng M. , Feng C. , Wang H. , Gong P. , Jiang T. , Xie Y. , Yang D. , Yuan K. , Chen J. , Li Y. , Liu D. , Liu X. , Xu G.
Published: September 2020

Background and purpose

Early neurological improvement (ENI) after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has been associated with favorable outcomes. This study aimed to identify the optimal definition of ENI and develop a nomogram for predicting ENI after EVT in acute ischaemic stroke.

Methods

Patients with EVT were enrolled from a multicenter registry as the training cohort. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to estimate the optimal threshold for ENI at 24 h of EVT. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to generate the best‐fit nomogram for predicting ENI. The discrimination of the nomogram was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). An additional 447 patients from two stroke centers were prospectively recruited as the test cohort for validating the nomogram.

Results

A total of 612 patients with EVT were included in the training cohort. The optimal threshold for predicting 3‐month favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale 0–2) was an improvement of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score by ≥6 points (AUC 0.875; sensitivity 79.5%; specificity 90.7%). Age, blood glucose, recanalization, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) were independently associated with ENI, and were incorporated in the nomogram. The AUC of the nomogram was 0.795 in the training cohort and 0.752 in the test cohort.

Conclusions

A reduction of NIHSS score ≥6 appeared to be the optimal definition of ENI. The nomogram composed of age, blood glucose, recanalization, sICH and baseline ASPECTS may predict the probability of ENI in ischaemic stroke patients treated with EVT.
Characterization of seizure susceptibility in Pcdh19 mice
Authors: Rakotomamonjy Jennifer , Sabetfakhri Niki P. , McDermott Sean L. , Guemez‐Gamboa Alicia
Published: September 2020

Objective

PCDH19‐related epilepsy is characterized by a distinctive pattern of X‐linked inheritance, where heterozygous females exhibit seizures and hemizygous males are asymptomatic. A cellular interference mechanism resulting from the presence of both wild‐type and mutant PCDH19 neurons in heterozygous patients or mosaic carriers of PCDH19 variants has been hypothesized. We aim to investigate seizure susceptibility and progression in the Pchd19 mouse model.

Methods

We assessed seizure susceptibility and progression in the Pcdh19 mouse model using three acute seizure induction paradigms. We first induced focal, clonic seizures using the 6‐Hz psychomotor test. Mice were stimulated with increasing current intensities and graded according to a modified Racine scale. We next induced generalized seizures using flurothyl or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), both γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor function inhibitors, and recorded latencies to myoclonic and generalized tonic‐clonic seizures.

Results

Pcdh19 knockout and heterozygous females displayed increased seizure susceptibility across all current intensities in the 6‐Hz psychomotor test, and increased severity overall. They also exhibited shorter latencies to generalized seizures following flurothyl, but not PTZ, seizure induction. Hemizygous males showed comparable seizure incidence and severity to their wild‐type male littermates across all paradigms tested.

Significance

The heightened susceptibility observed in Pcdh19 knockout females suggests additional mechanisms other than cellular interference are at play in PCDH19‐related epilepsy. Further experiments are needed to understand the variability in seizure susceptibility so that this model can be best utilized toward development of future therapeutic strategies for PCDH19‐related epilepsy.
Persistent abnormalities in Rolandic thalamocortical white matter circuits in childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes
Authors: Thorn Emily L. , Ostrowski Lauren M. , Chinappen Dhinakaran M. , Jing Jin , Westover M. Brandon , Stufflebeam Steven M. , Kramer Mark A. , Chu Catherine J.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (CECTS) is a common, focal, transient, developmental epilepsy syndrome characterized by unilateral or bilateral, independent epileptiform spikes in the Rolandic regions of unknown etiology. Given that CECTS presents during a period of dramatic white matter maturation and thatspikes in CECTS are activated during non–rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, we hypothesized that children with CECTS would have aberrant development of white matter connectivity between the thalamus and the Rolandic cortex. We further tested whether Rolandic thalamocortical structural connectivity correlates with spike rate during non‐REM sleep.

Methods

Twenty‐three children with CECTS (age = 8‐15 years) and 19 controls (age = 7‐15 years) underwent 3‐T structural and diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging and 72‐electrode electroencephalographic recordings. Thalamocortical structural connectivity to Rolandic and non‐Rolandic cortices was quantified using probabilistic tractography. Developmental changes in connectivity were compared between groups using bootstrap analyses. Longitudinal analysis was performed in four subjects with 1‐year follow‐up data. Spike rate was quantified during non‐REM sleep using manual and automated techniques and compared to Rolandic connectivity using regression analyses.

Results

Children with CECTS had aberrant development of thalamocortical connectivity to the Rolandic cortex compared to controls (P = .01), where the expected increase in connectivity with age was not observed in CECTS. There was no difference in the development of thalamocortical connectivity to non‐Rolandic regions between CECTS subjects and controls (P = .19). Subjects with CECTS observed longitudinally had reductions in thalamocortical connectivity to the Rolandic cortex over time. No definite relationship was found between Rolandic connectivity and non‐REM spike rate (P > .05).

Significance

These data provide evidence that abnormal maturation of thalamocortical white matter circuits to the Rolandic cortex is a feature of CECTS. Our data further suggest that the abnormalities in these tracts do not recover, but are increasingly dysmature over time, implicating a permanent but potentially compensatory process contributing to disease resolution.
Using fisheries‐independent survey data to reinforce China’s data‐limited fisheries management: Management strategy evaluation of survey‐based management procedures
Authors: Sun Ming , Li Yunzhou , Ren Yiping , Chen Yong
Published: September 2020

Fisheries‐independent survey data are vital to stock assessment and management because they provide reliable information on stock status. Although survey data have been increasingly recognised for their contributions to fisheries management, they have often not been adequately used to provide quantitative management recommendations for China's fisheries that are subject to limited data. In the present study, a framework was proposed to integrate two types of survey‐based management procedures (MPs) into China's fisheries management: the slope‐based MP and the target‐based MP. Specifically, the former generates fishing effort limits based on the trend in recent years’ abundance index, while the latter sets effort limits based on a static abundance index target. To test the performance of these MPs, management strategy evaluation was performed using a simulated fishery based on the small yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis (Bleeker) in Haizhou Bay, China. The sensitivity of MPs was investigated under different algorithm parameterisations and historical exploitation levels. Additionally, their robustness was evaluated in the face of survey uncertainty and changes in recruitment success. Both MPs could effectively improve the stock status compared with the status quo management when appropriately parameterised regardless of exploitation history. The target‐based MP was more robust to survey uncertainty than the slope‐based MP. Non‐stationary changes in recruitment success strongly impaired the management effects, while using recruitment‐specific instead of the age‐aggregated abundance index could slightly enhance their performance. This work indicates that survey‐based MPs can address the current challenges in China's fisheries management and reinforce the status quo management practice with limited data and highlights the potential risks.
Prevalence and potential biological role of TERT amplifications in ALK translocated adenocarcinoma of the lung
Authors: Alidousty Christina , Duerbaum Nicolai , Wagener‐Ryczek Svenja , Baar Till , Martelotto Luciano G , Heydt Carina , Siemanowski Janna , Holz Barbara , Binot Elke , Fassunke Jana , Merkelbach‐Bruse Sabine , Wolf Jürgen , Kron Anna , Buettner Reinhard , Schultheis Anne M
Published: September 2020

Aims

The advent of specific ALK‐targeting drugs has radically changed the outcome of patients with ALK translocated non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, emerging resistance to treatment with ALK inhibitors in these patients remains a major concern. In previous studies, we analysed two ALK+ patient cohorts (TP53 wild‐type/TP53 mutated) in terms of copy number alterations. All patients belonging to the TP53 wild‐type group had mainly genetically stable genomes, with one exception showing chromosomal instability and amplifications of several gene loci, including TERT. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of TERT amplifications in these ALK+ lung cancer patients by analysing an independent cohort of 109 ALK translocated cases. We further analysed the copy numbers of numerous cancer‐relevant genes and other genetic aberrations.

Methods and results

The prevalence of TERT amplifications was determined by means of FISH analyses. Copy numbers of 87 cancer‐relevant genes were determined by NanoString nCounter® technology, FoundationOne® and lung‐specific NGS panels in some of these TERT‐amplified samples, and clinical data on patients with TERT‐amplified tumours were collected. Our data revealed that five (4.6%) of all 109 analysed ALK+ patients harboured amplification of TERT and that these patients had genetically unstable genomes.

Conclusions

Our preliminary study shows that ALK+ adenocarcinomas should be evaluated in the context of their genomic background in order to more clearly understand and predict patients' individual course of disease.
Excavating Youth Justice Reform: Historical Mapping and Speculative Prospects
Authors: GOLDSON BARRY
Published: September 2020

This article analytically excavates youth justice reform (in England and Wales) by situating it in historical context, critically reviewing the competing rationales that underpin it and exploring the overarching social, economic, and political conditions within which it is framed. It advances an argument that the foundations of a recognisably modern youth justice system had been laid by the opening decade of the 20th Century and that youth justice reform in the post‐Second World War period has broadly been structured over four key phases. The core contention is that historical mapping facilitates an understanding of the unreconciled rationales and incoherent nature of youth justice reform to date, while also providing a speculative sense of future prospects.
Evaluation of the effect of a novel membrane filtration system on the lifespan of frying oil
Authors: Geiger Philippe , Buchli Jürg , Rüegg Ramona , Müller Nadina
Published: September 2020

Frying oil has a limited lifetime which results in the disposal of approximately 67% of all used oil. The aim of this study is to determine the suitability of different membranes for purifying frying oil and investigate the application of continuous membrane filtration in a commercial deep fryer. Eleven different membranes were tested to assess their suitability for filtrating frying oil. A prototype continuous filtration system with an integrated membrane filter was developed for a deep fryer to assess the effect of continuous membrane filtration on oil degradation. The prototype was subjected to a frying test over 13 days and the results compared to those from a standard deep fryer. The prototype maintained total polar compounds (TPC) at an acceptable level of <12% and the oil remained light in colour even after more than 280 h of use, while TPC in the standard deep fryer rose to >27%.
Planning and clinical role of acute medical home care services for COVID‐19: consensus position statement by the Hospital‐in‐the‐Home Society Australasia
Authors: Bryant Penelope A. , Rogers Benjamin A. , Cowan Raquel , Bowen Asha C. , Pollard James ,   Hospital‐in‐the‐Home Society Australasia
Published: September 2020

During a pandemic when hospitals are stretched and patients need isolation, the role of hospital‐in‐the‐home (HITH) providing acute medical care at home has never been more relevant. We aimed to define and address the challenges to acute home care services posed by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Planning for service operation involves staffing, equipment availability and cleaning, upskilling in telehealth and communication. Planning for clinical care involves maximising cohorts of patients without COVID‐19 and new clinical pathways for patients with COVID‐19. The risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission, specific COVID‐19 clinical pathways and the well‐being of patients and staff should be addressed in advance.
Interventional device implantation, Part I: Basic techniques to avoid complications: A hands‐on approach
Authors: Zou Fengwei , Brar Vijaywant , Worley Seth J.
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The essence of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is biventricular (BiV) pacing, which involves implanting pacing leads in both the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV). Unlike traditional RV pacing, many hurdles lie ahead of successful LV lead implantation.

Methods and Results

In this review, we first highlight the importance of optimizing the patient and the tools. Next, we describe the CRT tools developed over several decades, to facilitate successful implantation. Thereafter, we provide a streamlined step‐by‐step summary of the basic BiV implantation procedure. Lastly, we discuss some commonly encountered challenges during implantation and the techniques to tackle them.

Conclusion

A systematic approach to every step of the implantation process can reduce procedure time, decrease patient exposure to radiation and contrast, and minimize complications. The use of right tools and techniques can enable all implanters to become more successful with BiV implantation.
The role of Langerhans cells in epidermal homeostasis and pathogenesis of psoriasis
Authors: Yan Bei , Liu Nian , Li Jie , Li Jiaoduan , Zhu Wu , Kuang Yehong , Chen Xiang , Peng Cong
Published: September 2020

The skin is the main barrier between the human body and the outside world, which not only plays the role of a physical barrier but also functions as the first line of defence of immunology. Langerhans cells (LCs), as dendritic cells (DC) that play an important role in the immune system, are mainly distributed in the epidermis. This review focuses on the role of these epidermal LCs in regulating skin threats (such as microorganisms, ultraviolet radiation and allergens), especially psoriasis. Since human and mouse skin DC subsets share common ontogenetic characteristics, we can further explore the role of LCs in psoriatic inflammation.
Children’s sleep, impulsivity, and anger: shared genetic etiology and implications for developmental psychopathology
Authors: Miadich Samantha A. , Shrewsbury Amanda M. , Doane Leah D. , Davis Mary C. , Clifford Sierra , Lemery‐Chalfant Kathryn
Published: September 2020

Background

Prior research has established links between poor sleep and problems in emotion regulation. Impulsivity and anger/frustration are core features of child psychopathology. Further, sleep problems are commonly associated with psychopathology. This study examined shared and unique genetic and environmental influences on sleep, impulsivity, and anger/frustration in the middle childhood period with potential ramifications for psychopathology.

Methods

Families (29.9% monozygotic, 38.6% same‐sex dizygotic, 31.5% opposite‐sex dizygotic) from a longitudinal twin study participated (N = 613 twins). Twins (Mage = 8.37, SD = 0.66; 49% female; 58% non‐Latinx European American, 30% Latinx) wore actigraph watches for seven days to assess sleep. Primary caregivers (95.3% mothers) completed standardized questionnaires to assess twins’ temperament (impulsivity, anger/frustration).

Results

Univariate ACE twin structural equation models indicated strong genetic influences (76%) on impulsivity, whereas the largest proportion of variance in anger/frustration was attributed to the shared environment (56%). Bivariate model fitting indicated that sleep—impulsivity and sleep—anger/frustration associations in children are genetic; thus, a mutual underlying genetic factor likely contributes to the commonality in these associations.

Conclusions

Given evidence that sleep problems, impulsivity, and anger/frustration are mechanisms associated with psychopathology, our findings suggest a genetic commonality and the need to focus on shared and unique risk factors when understanding etiology. Early intervention and prevention efforts should target both sleep problems and high levels of impulsivity and anger/frustration in children, which may have implications for later psychopathology.
Experimentally induced intrasexual mating competition and sex‐specific evolution in female and male nematodes
Authors: Stångberg Josefine , Immonen Elina , Moreno Pilar Puimedon , Bolund Elisabeth
Published: September 2020

Sexual dimorphism in life history traits and their trade‐offs is widespread among sexually reproducing animals and is strongly influenced by the differences in reproductive strategies between the sexes. We investigated how intrasexual competition influenced specific life history traits, important to fitness and their trade‐offs in the outcrossing nematode Caenorhabditis remanei. Here, we altered the strength of sex‐specific selection through experimental evolution with increased potential for intrasexual competition by skewing the adult sex ratio towards either females or males (1:10 or 10:1) over 30 generations and subsequently measured the phenotypic response to selection in three traits related to fitness: body size, fecundity and tolerance to heat stress. We observed a greater evolutionary change in females than males for body size and peak fitness, suggesting that females may experience stronger net selection and potentially harbour higher amounts of standing genetic variance compared to males. Our study highlights the importance of investigating direct and indirect effects of intrasexual competition in both sexes in order to capture sex‐specific responses and understand the evolution of sexual dimorphism in traits expressed by both sexes.
Interrelations of Alzheimer´s disease candidate biomarkers neurogranin, fatty acid‐binding protein 3 and ferritin to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation
Authors: Brosseron Frederic , Kleemann Kilian , Kolbe Carl‐Christian , Santarelli Francesco , Castro‐Gomez Sergio , Tacik Pawel , Latz Eicke , Jessen Frank , Heneka Michael T.
Published: September 2020

There is growing evidence that promising biomarkers of inflammation in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases correlate strongest to levels of tau or neurofilament, indicating an inflammatory response to neuronal damage or death. To test this hypothesis, we investigated three AD candidate markers (ferritin, fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP‐3), and neurogranin) in interrelation to established AD and inflammatory protein markers. We further aimed to determine if such interrelations would be evident in pathological subjects only or also under non‐pathological circumstances. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of the three proteins were quantified in samples from the University Clinic of Bonn (UKB) Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geriatric Psychiatry, Germany. Data were analyzed based on clinical or biomarker‐defined stratification of subjects with adjustment for covariates age, sex, andAPOEstatus. Levels of ferritin, FABP‐3 and neurogranin were elevated in subjects with pathological levels of t‐tau independent of beta‐amyloid status. The three markers correlated with each other, tau isoforms, age, and those inflammatory markers previously described as related to neurodegeneration, predominantly sTREM2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM‐1), and C1q. These interrelations existed in subjects with pathological and sub‐pathological tau levels, in particular for FABP‐3 and neurogranin. Relations to ferritin were independent of absolute levels of tau, too, but showed differing trajectories between pathological and non‐pathological subjects. A specific set of inflammatory markers is highly related to markers of neuronal damage such as tau, neurogranin, or FABP‐3. These proteins could be used as readouts of the inflammatory response during the neurodegeneration phase of AD.

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India, Brazil, and public health: Rule‐making through south–south diffusion in the intellectual property rights regime?
Authors: Serrano Oswald Omar Ramon , Burri Mira
Published: September 2020

This article analyzes the domestic drivers of regulatory state formation in India and Brazil and its consequences for the global rules governing pharmaceutical patents. We first analyze Indian and Brazilian politics of regulatory state formation; then, in light of the extent to which the two countries have built regulatory capacity and capability in the field of patent regulation, we explore whether and how they have been able to influence the existing intellectual property regime in health. We look into India's Section 3(d) and Brazil's prior consent requirement. Whereas India's Section 3(d) regulation has gained international regulatory influence by diffusing to other developing countries, the same cannot be said for Brazil's prior consent regulation, which has been caught by policy‐reversals. The transition toward regulatory states in emerging countries is a bulky road and does not progress in linear ways. However, once regulatory capacity and capability have been solidified, domestic policy innovations can become internationally influential.
Poor targeting? Targeting the poor? Redistribution in the Hungarian welfare system by age and socio‐economic status
Authors: Gál Róbert I. , Medgyesi Márton
Published: September 2020

In line with the previous research, we confirm that welfare programmes in Hungary are poorly targeted in terms of socio‐economic status (SES). However, by adding age to our models, we demonstrate that even if the status is irrelevant in explaining access to social benefits and services, age is not. Applying simple regression techniques, we compare both the theoretical importance (based on regression coefficients) and the dispersion importance (using Shapley‐value decomposition of the R2) of age and SES in explaining the receipt of and contributions to both in‐kind and in‐cash benefits at the level of the general government in Hungary. We conclude that what appears to be a dysfunctional instrument in alleviating poverty and inequality in a univariate model is actually a channel of resource reallocation that connects working‐age people to children and to the elderly when the model includes two predictors.
Rifampicin resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected individuals using GeneXpert MTB/RIF ultra: a hospital‐based study
Authors: Kouemo Motse Francine D. , Nsagha Dickson Shey , Teyim Pride M. , Adiogo Dieudonné , Kojom Foko Loick P. , Kedy Koum Danielle C. , Ngaba Guy P. , Assob Nguedia Jules C.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with rifampicin (RIF)‐resistant tuberculosis using GeneXpert technology.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted from April 2018 to November 2019 among tuberculosis (TB)‐infected Cameroonian patients in the Littoral Region using records from patients presenting with clinically suspected or documented TB. The patients were screened for TB using GeneXpert MDR/RIF ultra. Data were documented with an ad hoc survey form and analysed with SPSS version 22.

Results

153 patients were included in the study. 64.1% were males; mean age was 37.9 ± 14.7 years and median age 37 years (range: 2–82). Most patients were new cases (76.4%). Relapses accounted for 8.5% and recurrences for 2.6%. Pulmonary TB was diagnosed among 98.7% patients using mostly sputum samples (85%). The prevalence of RIF resistance was 6.7% (95% CI: 3.4%–12.7%). This prevalence was significantly higher in samples of mucus and mucopurulent aspect (P‐value = 0.04). RIF‐resistant M. tuberculosis strains were significantly more frequent among relapses than new cases (23.1% vs. 2.3% P‐value < 0.0001). A statistically significant association was found between GeneXpert‐based quantification results and type and aspect of samples.

Conclusion

This study confirms the circulation of RIF‐resistant M. tuberculosis strains in the Littoral region. There is a need for extensive studies in other parts of the country.
Computed tomographic features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs
Authors: Brand Emily M. , Lim Chee Kin , Heng Hock Gan , Grosso Federico Vilaplana , Hanlon Jessica , Jones‐Hall Yava
Published: September 2020

Gallbladder pathology is common in dogs, but published studies describing the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of many gallbladder pathologies are currently lacking. This retrospective, multicenter, cases series, descriptive study evaluated the CT features of confirmed gallbladder pathology in 34 dogs. In this subset of dogs, the most common pathologies included cystic mucosal hyperplasia (15/34, 44.1%), gallbladder wall edema (9/34, 26.5%), gallbladder mucocele (8/34, 23.5%), bactibilia (7/34, 20.6%), cholecystitis (6/34, 17.6%), white bile (6/34, 17.6%), and cholelithiasis (4/34, 11.8%). The presence of intraluminal nodules, gallbladder wall thickening, hyperattenuating material (35‐100 HU), and mineral attenuating material (>100 HU) were the most common abnormalities detected. However, overlap of each of these findings with a variety of gallbladder pathologies showed that none of the findings were pathognomonic for any of these pathologies. The presence of any of these CT abnormalities should increase the suspicion of gallbladder pathology and prompt further evaluation of the gallbladder for definitive diagnosis.
Vectorial light–matter interaction: Exploring spatially structured complex light fields
Authors: Wang Jinwen , Castellucci Francesco , Franke-Arnold Sonja
Published: September 2020

Research on spatially structured light has seen an explosion in activity over the past decades, powered by technological advances for generating such light and driven by questions of fundamental science as well as engineering applications. In this review, the authors highlight their work on the interaction of vector light fields with atoms, and matter in general. This vibrant research area explores the full potential of light, with clear benefits for classical as well as quantum applications.
Supplemental Material: Syn-exhumation magmatism in an active continental margin above a continental subduction zone: Evidence from Late Triassic mafic igneous rocks in the southeastern North China Block
Authors: Fang Wei , Dai Li-Qun
Published: September 2020

Table S1: Major and trace element compositions of mafic igneous rocks from the southeastern North China Block; Table S2: Whole-rock Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Lu-Hf isotope compositions of mafic igneous rocks from the southeastern North China Block; Table S3: LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb isotope compositions of mafic igneous rocks from the southeastern North China Block; Table S4: Zircon LA-MC-ICPMS Lu-Hf and SIMS O isotopic compositions of mafic igneous rocks from the southeastern North China Block.
Safety of ceftriaxone in paediatrics: a systematic review
Authors: Zeng Linan , Wang Chao , Jiang Min , Chen Kexin , Zhong Haiqin , Chen Zhe , Huang Liang , Li Hailong , Zhang Lingli , Choonara Imti
Published: September 2020

Objective

To determine the safety of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients and systematically evaluate the categories and incidences of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients.

Methods

We performed a systematic search in Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, CINAHL, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and bibliographies of relevant articles up to December 2018 for all types of studies that assessed the safety of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients aged ≤18 years.

Results

112 studies met the inclusion criteria involving 5717 paediatric patients who received ceftriaxone and reported 1136 ADRs. The most frequent ADRs reported in prospective studies were gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (37.4 %, 292/780), followed by hepatobiliary disorders (24.6%, 192/780). Serious ADRs leading to withdrawal or discontinuation of ceftriaxone were reported in 86 paediatric patients. Immune haemolytic anaemia (34.9%, 30/86) and biliary pseudolithiasis (26.7%, 23/86) were the two major causes. Haemolytic anaemia following intravenous ceftriaxone led to death in 11 children whose primary disease was sickle cell disease. Almost all biliary pseudolithiasis are reversible. However, the incidence was high affecting one in five paediatric patients (20.7%).

Conclusions

GI ADRs are the most common toxicity of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients. Immune haemolytic anaemia and biliary pseudolithiasis are the most serious ADRs and the major reasons for discontinuation of ceftriaxone. Immune haemolytic anaemia is more likely in children with sickle cell disease and may cause death. Ceftriaxone should be used with caution in children with sickle cell disease.

Trial registration number

CRD42017055428
Examining patient distress and unmet need for support across UK renal units with varying models of psychosocial care delivery: a cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Seekles Maaike , Ormandy Paula , Kamerāde Daiga
Published: September 2020

Objective

To examine in-centre haemodialysis patients’ emotional distress and need for support across UK renal units with varying models of psychosocial service provision.

Design

The study used a cross-sectional survey design. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine patient distress, as captured by the Distress Thermometer, and need for support, across different renal units.

Setting

Seven renal units across England, Wales and Scotland. The units were purposively selected so that varying workforce models of renal psychosocial services were represented.

Participants

In total, 752 patients were on dialysis in the participating centres on the days of data collection. All adult patients, who could understand English, and with capacity (as determined by the nurse in charge), were eligible to participate in the study. The questionnaire was completed by 509 patients, resulting in an overall response rate of 67.7%.

Outcome measures

The prevalence of distress and patient-reported need for support.

Results

The results showed that 48.9% (95% CI 44.5 to 53.4) of respondents experienced distress. A significant association between distress and models of renal psychosocial service provision was found (χ2(6)=15.05, p=0.019). Multivariable logistic regression showed that patients in units with higher total psychosocial staffing ratios (OR 0.65 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.89); p=0.008) and specifically higher social work ratios (OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.74); p=0.001) were less likely to experience distress, even after controlling for demographic variables. In addition, a higher patient-reported unmet need for support was found in units where psychosocial staffing numbers are low or non-existent (χ2(6)=37.80, p<0.001).

Conclusions

The novel findings emphasise a need for increased incorporation of dedicated renal psychosocial staff into the renal care pathway. Importantly, these members of staff should be able to offer support for psychological as well as practical and social care-related issues.