bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEDIOS DE VIDA Y DINÁMICA AGROPECUARIA EN ÁREAS DE MANEJO ESPECIAL DE LA AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA
Authors: Gutiérrez García Gustavo Adolfo , Hernández Núñez Héctor Eduardo , Meléndez Gordillo María Alejandra , Gutiérrez-Montes Isabel
Published: January 2023

La caracterización de prácticas de manejo es el primer paso en la reconversión de sistemas productivos cada vez más sostenibles; pero la sostenibilidad no solo se trata del modelo productivo, sino de las personas. Aunque existen metodologías de caracterización desde los indicadores de sostenibilidad, se carece de enfoques centrados en la familia y en cómo esta se sobrepone a las adversidades. Por ello, el objetivo de investigación fue caracterizar los sistemas productivos agropecuarios en el distrito de Conservación de Aguas y Suelos del Caquetá a través del enfoque de medios de vida y marco de capitales de la comunidad. La investigación contempló el uso de herramientas cualitativas y cuantitativas que permitieran entender las dinámicas agropecuarias en un estudio de caso. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a 141 familias y un cuestionario como sondeo de mercado a 32 puntos de venta. En las veredas de mayor dinámica agropecuaria, se identificaron estrategias de medios de vida, dotación de capitales y nivel de seguridad alimentaria; así como 55 productos derivados de actividades agropecuarias, 40 de origen agrícola y 15 pecuario. A nivel de paisaje, la montaña y el piedemonte amazónico fueron las zonas de mayor actividad agropecuaria. Los principales medios de vida de las familias están ligados a producir pasturas, cacao, café, caña de azúcar y plátano. En la medida en que se diversifican los medios de vida, se avanza en mejores niveles de seguridad alimentaria de las familias, así como en la sostenibilidad económica e integralidad de la producción en las fincas.
Evaluación de la germinación de semillas de orquídeas según el tiempo de inmersión en hipoclorito de sodio
Authors: Duarte Evelyn Raquel , Da Vega Lonardo , Ortiz Lorena Marcela , Samudio Aldana , Küppers Guillermo
Published: January 2023

Diversos factores influyen sobre la germinación in vitro de las semillas de orquídeas, y el tiempo de exposición de las semillas al hipoclorito de sodio es uno de ellos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la germinación in vitro de Brasiliorchis chrysantha, Cattleya Cernua y Miltonia flavescens a los 40, 80 y 120 días después del cultivo, empleando una desinfección con etanol al 70 % por un minuto y una dosis de 0.2 % de NaClO durante 5 y 10 minutos. Se cosecharon cápsulas maduras previas a la dehiscencia de las especies antes mencionadas, se procedieron a la apertura y se extrajeron una muestra de semillas de 0.0050 g que fueron colocadas en sobres de papel filtro, para la desinfección en cámara de flujo laminar y posterior cultivo en cajas de Petri en un medio Murashinge y Skoog a la mitad de su concentración. Para determinar el porcentaje de germinación se tomaron microfotografías con una lupa Motic DM 39C. El mejor porcentaje de germinación fue cuando se desinfecto durante 5 minutos y la mayor mortalidad de semillas a los 10 minutos en todas las especies. B. chrysantha y C. Cernua fueron las más susceptibles a tiempo de exposición al NaClO y M. flavescens la más resistente.
Evaluación de sistemas de alimentación para el crecimiento de cuyes de granjas comerciales
Authors: Vargas Luna Eduardo
Published: January 2023

El propósito de este artículo fue evaluar el crecimiento de cuyes destetados a partir de tres sistemas de alimentación: i) integral, ii) mixto comercial y iii) mixto de granjas. Para ello, se empleó un estudio experimental, en el participaron 180 cuyes machos destetados (14 días ± 5dias), pertenecientes a dos granjas comerciales de Perú: la Granja de Cieneguilla de la Universidad Nacional de la Molina y la Granja Allin de Manchay. Se efectuó un diseño completo al azar de 3x2 para establecer el orden en que se implementaron los sistemas de alimentación, determinando la elaboración de seis tratamientos, con una frecuencia de tres repeticiones, en grupos de 10 integrantes. Los tratamientos siguieron tres combinaciones que variaron de acuerdo al genoma evaluado: (C1-alimento balanceado de granja + chala forrajera y agua) ; (C2:alimento balanceado comercial mixto+chala forrajera+agua) y (C3: alimento comercial integral+ agua).Los resultados fueron analizados a través de la prueba de Durcan, en donde se evidencia variaciones significativas entre los sistemas de evaluación en función al incremento de peso, conversión calórica, rendimiento porcentual de carcasa y el rubro económico, siendo el sistema integral y mixto, los que obtuvieron mejores resultados en todos los indicadores mencionados, por lo que se concluye que existen diferencias productivas entre la alimentación balanceada de granja y complementaria, donde este último refleja una alta rentabilidad y retribución económica en el rubro comercial agropecuario del país.
Gestión y valorización de la flora y fauna
Authors: Guerrero Rojas José Jesús
Published: January 2023

A nivel global, la humanidad se ha visto enfrentada a la escasez de recursos por la sobreexplotación indiscriminada de estos, la mala administración y distribución de alimentos y la pésima gestión para su aprovechamiento y conservación; lo cual ha traído como consecuencia problemas económicos a nivel mundial generando hambruna y pobreza en más de 100 países. Como consecuencia, en el año 2015 la asamblea general de las naciones unidas aprobó la agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible con 17 objetivos (ODS), los cuales tiene como misión la sostenibilidad económica, social, y ambiental.
MI ÚLTIMO DÍA
Authors: Pozo Ñaño José Feliciano
Published: January 2023

Otro día más. Qué flojera da despertarse —me dije al abrir los ojos sobre mi cama. Tenía un poco de sueño, pero debía levantarme, sino se me iba a hacer tarde para irme a mi universidad. Me levanté, y me dirigí al baño. Sin embargo, justo en ese momento, observé una pequeña tarjeta y una pluma debajo de la puerta de mi cuarto. Me quedé asombrado. Me acerqué, y la levanté. Para mi sorpresa, había una anotación muy curiosa: «Hoy es tu último día (18 de marzo)».

No comprendía. ¡Qué hacía esa carta en mi puerta! ¡Y por qué decía eso! Seguro será alguna mala broma de alguien. No entendía esa situación. Además, ¿qué hacía una pluma junto a esa tarjeta? ¿Qué significado tiene? No encontraba respuesta a mis dudas. Al final, creo que no me iba a importar tanto, porque no le iba a hacer caso al mensaje de esa misiva. Aunque, en ese instante, me acorde de algo: hoy era el cumpleaños de mi hermanito que había fallecido unos días después de nacer. Eso me puso más a pensar. ¿Habrá sido él? ¿Quién me está mandando ese anuncio? Me senté un rato en el suelo. Pensé en lo que iba a hacer. Transcurrieron unos minutos, y decidí que no perdía nada haciendo caso a lo que decía esa carta. Si no le prestaba importancia, iba a perder algo, hasta quizás la vida, que es lo más hermoso que existe.
LA FUERZA DEL AMOR VERDADERO
Authors: Saavedra Iván A.
Published: January 2023

En la Costa Blanca, en la Comarca de la Marina Baja, existe un pequeño pueblo costero, donde la vida transcurre, bajo el influjo de los recuerdos, de su barrio marinero. Quedándote ensimismado, con las historias que los viejos del lugar, aún recuerdan. Cada uno de sus rincones, irradia un estado de plena armonía, felicidad y amor. La brisa y el sonido del mar adormecen el alma en una absoluta tranquilidad. Tiene un precioso mirador, donde cada día se reúnen familias y grupos de amigos, curiosos turistas y distraídos coterráneos, para disfrutar en completa tranquilidad. Ven el vuelo de las gaviotas que surcan el azulado arco celestial, mientras los barcos pesqueros se alejan, y dejan su estela sobre las aguas cristalinas y mansas, a la espera de su regreso. Dejan en su memoria la impronta de unos entrañables momentos familiares, seductores de solo contemplarlos, de palpar la paz de cerca y de poder convocar instantes de absoluta felicidad, que te hacen de nuevo renacer cada día.
Reedificando el ser: sátira, parodia e identidad en Reivindicación del conde don Julián y El cuarto de atrás
Authors: Portillo Espinoza Génesis Herel
Published: January 2023

El presente artículo aborda una cuestión vital a lo largo de la tradición literaria española que adquirió especial relevancia durante los siglos XIX y XX: el «problema de España»; esto es, la singularidad identitaria del ser español. En relación con ello, se propone un análisis hermenéutico de las novelas Reivindicación del conde don Julián (1970) de Juan Goytisolo y El cuarto de atrás (1978) de Carmen Martín Gaite desde una perspectiva dialógica, con especial énfasis en la reelaboración que, en ambas novelas, publicadas durante o una vez concluida la dictadura, se propone respecto del ser español. Se concluye que ambos textos ofrecen una crítica, una subversión valorativa de lo que el régimen franquista consideró como la identidad española, a partir del empleo de diversas estrategias discursivas en las que destaca el empleo de los registros narrativos propios de la parodia y la sátira.
El Estado como anulador del placer en Eugenia de Eduardo Urzaiz
Authors: Loeza Zaldívar Alejandro
Published: January 2023

Se analiza el tema del placer a través de la oposición de los discursos en la novela Eugenia de Eduardo Urzaiz. A través del análisis de los elementos de dicha obra se establecen las estrategias y dinámicas que anulan el placer bajo un discurso de libertad y utopía social. El estudio explora las relaciones y tensiones entre los personajes principales y la ideología implementada por el Estado, bajo la premisa de la plena libertad y felicidad de los ciudadanos, lo que da como resultado la experiencia de una distopía disfrazada de utopía.
Service provision and access to services in Nordic rural areas
Authors:   Nordregio, Slätmo Elin , Bogason Ágúst , Cedergren Elin , Huynh Diana , Salonen Hilma
Published: January 2023

This report presents results based on in-depth field work in eight case studies of rural areas identified as having high access to services or as good examples in their national and regional context: Lolland, Suðuroy, Kinnula, Avannaata, Múlaþing, Herøy, Vimmerby and Geta. The aim of the field work has been to investigate service provision and validate the results of a research and policy review focusing on Nordic rural areas. The investigations presented in this report focus on the following questions: (1) Which services are considered essential, and how does that vary in rural areas across the Nordics? (2) How are services provided, what roles and responsibilities are involved in their provision? (3) Which challenges are encountered, and what solutions are being developed to solve challenges associated with access to essential services in Nordic rural areas?
ANALIZA AKUTNOG INFLAMATORNOG ODGOVORA KOJI NASTAJE TOKOM BAVLJENJA PADELOM
Authors: Suárez Montoya , Mary Duber , Zayas Ortega , Ángel Miguel , Castellar Otín Carlos , Pradas de la Fuente Francisco
Published: January 2023

Postoji mnogo naučnih dokaza o tome da je bavljenje fizičkom aktivnošću veoma korisno za zdravlje. Jedan od benefita je i održavanje imuniteta. Jedan od trenutno najpopularnijih sportova u Španiji je padel. Ipak, uprkos činjenici da se značajno povećao broj ljudi koji se bave tim sportom, ne postoje naučni dokazi koji opisuju efekte koje padel ima na tijelo. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istraživanje akutnog inflamatornog odgovora na meč padela. U istaživanju je dobrovoljno učestvovalo ukupno 29 profesionalnih igrača, 15 muškaraca (28,2 ± 7,9 godina) i 14 žena (29,7 ± 3,7 godina). Prije i poslije meča analiziran je nivo različitih proinflamatornih (TNFα i IL-8) i antiinflamatornih (IL-10 i IL-13) citokina. Rezultati pokazuju pad nivoa IL-8 (p 0,03) i povećanje nivoa IL-13 (p 0,05) kod oba pola i IL-10 kod muškaraca. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da trening padela na višem nivou stvara umjeren proinflamatorni odgovor. Može se smatrati da je padel sport koji je koristan za zdravlje.
Using a Complex Sensorimotor Reaction to Predict School Performance
Authors: Efimova Viktoriya Leonidovna , Nikolaeva Elena Ivanovna , Druzhinin Oleg Aleksandrovich , Mazurova Irina Sergeevna
Published: January 2023

In recent years, the number of students with learning difficulties has increased. Often, children with a high level of intellectual development cannot cope with the primary school program. The success of studying at school is largely determined by the level of development of the executive function. There is evidence that the results of sensorimotor tests coincide with the results of the evaluation of executive function. The purpose of the study: to find a connection between the results of sensorimotor tests and the academic performance of elementary school students. The study involved 108 children aged 9-11 years. Annual marks in all subjects for grades 2 and 3 were taken into account. The diagnostic unit consisted of 7 hardware and software tests that evaluated various parameters of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions. Results. Factorial and regression analysis of the data were carried out, statistically significant relationships between academic performance and indicators of complex sensorimotor tests were revealed. The tests included three main elements of executive function: inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. The results of certain sensorimotor tests predict academic performance in grades 2 and 3. Apparently, this is due to the fact that the tests simulate the learning process in real conditions when it is necessary to show cognitive flexibility. The relationship of academic performance with simple sensorimotor reactions has not been revealed. Conclusion. The use of certain sensorimotor tests for older preschoolers and first grade students will allow identifying children at risk of learning difficulties before these difficulties arise and have a negative impact on the development of the child's personality. The use of software and hardware complexes for conducting sensorimotor tests makes it possible to examine large groups of children in a short time, which is convenient in educational institutions. The results of testing of younger schoolchildren will help to develop an optimal educational route for each child, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of the nervous system.
Programmering i Kunst og håndverk 2018-2022
Authors: Haakonsen Peter
Published: January 2023

Helt siden det tidlig i 2018 ble kjent at programmering skulle bli en del av Kunst og håndverk i kommende læreplaner, startet jeg å holde korte kurs i programmering for faglærerstudenter i design, kunst og hånd­verk. Hensikten var først å gi studentene et innblikk i hva slags muligheter som lå i programmering i Kunst og håndverk, og forhåpentligvis bidra til at enkelte av studentene ville orientere seg videre i temaet på egenhånd. Utviklingen av denne undervisningen har gradvis utviklet seg fra år til år, i en vekselvirkning sammen med andre relevante prosjekter. Gjennom designbasert forskning med mål om å utvikle og forbedre egen praksis, ser denne artikkelen på fem års undervisning i programmering med hovedfokus på Scratch. En erfaring er at det er viktigere at studenter (og elever) får komme fort i gang med å utforske programmeringens muligheter og begrensninger, enn at de skal få veldig mye opplæring i forkant av en økt. Et annet biprodukt eller resultat av disse erfaringene er at strukturen på under­visningen settes opp som en egen kode, som har fått navnet pseudokodemodellen.
Formingsforskning i en ny tid?
Authors: Skjelbred Bente Helen , Borgen Jorunn Spord
Published: January 2023

I dette essayet undersøkes hvordan forskningstradisjonene i kunst og håndverk utformes og endres. Inngangen er tematikker og forskningsområder som illustreres med fire disputaser i løpet av en uke i juni 2021. Videre, rettes søkelyset mot den historiske utviklingen fra 1970-tallet og frem til 2021 da disse avhandlingen ble forsvart i disputaser ved norske universiteter og høyskole. Det er lagt vekt på de utdanningsinstitusjonelle rammebetingelser for forskningen i fagfeltet, og å se forskningen i fagfeltet i sammenheng med lærerutdanning og skolefaget forming/kunst og håndverk i grunnskolen. Essayet bygger tilgjengelig informasjon som primært er innhentet fra sammendragene for de fire avhandlingene fra juni 2021, oversikter over formingsforskning (Melby, 2002) og doktorgrader innenfor fagfeltet, i Norge og Norden (Johansson, 2018). Her diskuteres hvordan forskningen i fagfeltet fra disse kilder omtales, utformes og endres, sett i lys av Lindström (2011) argumenter om ulike tyngdepunkter i forskningen i fagfeltet, og fagets store spennvidde i tematikker og forskningsområder.
“You Can’t Wash Away Hope”
Authors: Perkiss Abigail
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the washed-up plastic Christmas tree at the corner of Jersey Avenue and Shore Road which became a national icon representing “Jersey Strong.” It narrates how James Butler used social media as so many did in those weeks following the storm: to connect, to process, to help, and to grieve. What followed over the next two hours were nearly two dozen separate posts, a series of discrete observations and reflections from his night of helping families sift through their lives. The chapter emphasizes that the Union Beach Hope Tree became a symbol of the Sandy recovery. Butler's efforts emerged as part of a coalescing network of individual homeowners, volunteer coordinators, and relief workers coming together to respond to the immediate needs of Bayshore residents. Filling the gaps in the official recovery efforts, the chapter stresses that the informal infrastructure mitigated the effects of the storm for the most vulnerable and formed a critical support base at ground zero of Sandy's destructive path. In what seemed to so many like a profound vacuum of leadership, this collaborative spirit of voluntarism forged deep and lasting connections.
Civil Wars
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter talks about John Jay II's embodiment of the words “Why We Resist, and What We Resist,” which were printed in the pages of a leading southern journal during the secession crisis. The chapter recounts how John Jay II indicted President-Elect Abraham Lincoln and himself as zealots eager to inflict their shared abolitionist agenda with the aid of incendiary subheadings inserted by the editors of De Bow's Review. De Bow's race-baiting editors found little to like about John Jay II's version of the future as they caricaturized his vision of a federal government committed to improving the lot of people of color at home and abroad. The chapter analyzes how John Jay II's anticipation of Republican victory provided a ready canvas onto which secessionists could paint their harsh scorn. John Jay II experienced the war as an abolitionist with a strong desire to see that the war permanently destroy American slavery.
Reconstructed
Authors: Gellman David N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter mentions Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox and President Abraham Lincoln's assassination, two markers of the dramatically changing historical landscape. Prior to the assassination, John Jay II embraced the effort to realize his and Lincoln's version of the founding vision in the wake of the Civil War. The chapter discusses the advancement of Black citizenship and the reconstruction of the nation, which promised to bring the goals of racial justice and national greatness into permanent alignment. The chapter explores how the class of men that John Jay II represented continued to consolidate their power and cultural identity during and after Reconstruction. It looks at John Jay II's post–Civil War path, which illustrates how the magnetic pulls of nationalism and social prestige combined with religious prejudice and self-righteous nativism distanced him from his abolitionist inheritance in ways subtle and profound.
Japanese Water Buddhas
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the tension between nature-loving and nature-exploiting to help shape multiple Japanese attitudes toward the issue of Buddhist vegetarianism. It explains the narrative of Conquering Yamato, who was known for disrespecting a mountain deity. Within personhood relationships, nature mysticism with mountain persons significantly influenced Japanese culture and history. The chapter explores Kūkai's contribution to the discussion of Shingon Buddhism and plant sentience alongside Dōgen's contribution to the concept of ecocentrism. It also expounds on the complexity of vegetarian attitudes in Japan and the subsequent personhood respect manifesting in varying inanimate realms such as the moon, sun, Venus, plants, or even waterfalls.
Releasing Animals in Tibet
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the theme of dülwa or also known as taming, which has been the central motif in Tibetan religion and the narrative of Taktser Rinpoché. It then elaborates on the practice of sustainable taming and animal release. Many rituals in honour of yül lhas, also known as hunting gods, have concluded with the sacrifice of an animal to provide a meat offering since protector deities are often carnivorous. However, in many places in Tibet, Buddhist leaders have successfully urged the replacement of actual animals in the sacrifice with effigies. The chapter elaborates on the limits to compassion by referencing how Tibetan Buddhist leaders attempted to offer teachings to discourage hunting, but Tibetan hunting has yet to conclude.
Natural Persons in the West
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: January 2023

This chapter tackles the Buddhism of the West, which offered fresh environmentalist perspectives by looking into ecological economics and climate change dynamics. It discusses the teachings of Bhikkhu Nyanasobhano, Philip Kapleau Roshi, Gary Snyder, and Stephanie Kaza that revolved around relational animism, nature mysticism, animal animism, and ecocentric personhood relationships. Moreover, Every Western Buddhist encourages respect for natural entities in some form or another, and, in so doing, they reflect sentiments expressed in the ancient Pāli jātaka tales. The chapter expounds on the nature of the mysticism of Western Buddhism. It highlights the significance of personhood respect for natural beings.
A Place for Muslims
Authors: Menon Kalyani Devaki
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how Old Delhi's Muslims negotiate insecurity in everyday life to make home and construct belonging in modern India. It begins with a discussion of some of the prejudices and inequalities that Muslims negotiate in everyday life and that make them insecure in contemporary India. The chapter then discusses how the targeting of Muslims by the Indian security state has compounded these feelings of insecurity. It argues that these feelings of insecurity are engendered by a powerful politics of belonging that excludes Muslims from the national imaginary, causing them to challenge their displacement by crafting a place for themselves in Old Delhi. The chapter suggests that even as Muslims contest their erasure from the national imaginary and assert their presence on the national landscape by making place for themselves in neighborhoods in Old Delhi, they simultaneously acquiesce to a national cartography that enables their continued marginalization in contemporary India.
Gender and Precarity
Authors: Menon Kalyani Devaki
Published: January 2023

This chapter takes a look at how diverse groups of economically underprivileged Muslims in Old Delhi negotiate precarity in contemporary India. While both men and women have to negotiate precarity, the chapter focuses on the everyday labor of Muslim women from such families as they struggle to make ends meet and support their families in neoliberal India. As Muslims face increasing economic insecurity in neoliberal India, women's labor has become crucial to meeting the everyday needs of families. Defying gendered stereotypes that configure women, especially Muslim women, as housewives rather than breadwinners and as helpless victims of oppressive and deterministic cultural systems, the Muslim women labored to ensure the survival of their families and communities in the face of deepening economic insecurity. Their productive and reproductive labor is not only central to negotiating economic insecurity in Old Delhi, but it also enables the wheels of the economy to keep turning even as everyday life becomes more difficult for so many in contemporary India.
Perfecting the Self
Authors: Menon Kalyani Devaki
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses constructions of Muslim subjectivity articulated by the women in the Muslim Club, who engage in dawa (religious outreach) and teach others in their communities about Islam and its place in the modern world. The chapter analyzes how they draw on movements and conversations among Muslims all over the world to articulate their vision of what it means to be a good Muslim in contemporary India. Illuminating an ongoing dialogue with the challenges and politics that shape their lives, the chapter shows how these women question global and local Islamophobia and culturalisms about Muslims, to make place for themselves in India and the world. Insisting on visibility, and marking their distinction against the tide of Hindu majoritarianism and disavowals of Muslims and Islam in the country, members of the Muslim Club assert their presence in contemporary India and embed transnational Islamic cultures in places such as Old Delhi. The chapter argues that their efforts, although contested by many other Muslims in Old Delhi, not only make place for Muslims in India today but also require one to understand Muslim subjectivity, and indeed religious cultures in India, through a transnational framework.
Life after Death
Authors: Menon Kalyani Devaki
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores how the death of Farhana Baji's husband not only irrevocably changed her life but also became a moment when various understandings of what it means to be a good Muslim were articulated. The chapter examines some of the tensions that emerged during the three days of mourning at Farhana Baji's house in Old Delhi and in the period of iddat that followed. It suggests that the divergent views expressed about how to appropriately mourn reflect various constructions of religious subjectivity, womanhood, and Islam among Old Delhi's Muslims. These views also articulate multiple understandings of self and belonging that root Muslims in different kinds of places and communities. It is argued that tensions about rituals of death are very much about life, as diverse groups of Indian Muslims negotiate the complexities and conflicts of being Muslim in India today.
“Fully Meets Its Responsibility”
Authors: Brady Steven J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on the limits of American unilateralism. It looks into the effort Liberia put in to declare itself as an independent nation and how the US government would extend diplomatic recognition to Liberia by 1862. However, Abraham Lincoln had been president at the time, which was considered controversial due to his belief that colonization was part of a plan for ending slavery that represented a middle ground between abolitionist radicalism and the prospect of a United States existing forever half-slave and half-free. The chapter discusses the continuing issue of slave trade suppression, while also referencing the increasing activity of the slave trade in Cuba. It explores the signing of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which did not address America's unwillingness to grant the right of search and Britain's refusal to renounce impressment.
Conceptualizing Shrinking Inner-Ring Suburbs as Small Cities
Authors: Lebovits Hannah
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the degree to which residents and governmental actors in fourteen inner-ring suburbs in Cuyahoga County, Ohio perceive their suburban municipalities as self-governed, independent small cities and the ways in which they concern themselves with small-city governance practices. Cuyahoga County, which encompasses Cleveland, resides in a region of the United States where, during the golden age of manufacturing, cities were local economic drivers and metropolitan regions expanded rapidly. It describes Cuyahoga County as a shrinking region in which the economy is unstable as a large number of residents are leaving, and measures of social equity are troubling. The chapter distinguishes the suburbs in the case study from others in the county by their aging housing stock and their proximity to the central city. It makes the provocative point that the communities in Cuyahoga County increasingly see themselves as separate from Cleveland and are striving to create distinctive, independent urban identities.
Afterword
Authors: Goodnight Greg
Published: January 2023

This chapter offers a hands-on perspective of the revitalization of a Rust Belt legacy city. With assistance from the federal government's Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), Kokomo's manufacturing employment levels stabilized and later increased. The chapter mentions Greg Goodnight, the mayor of Kokomo, Indiana, who has earned praise for his leadership of the city for spearheading municipal efforts to sustain its industrial base and for helping create a more attractive, livable community. The chapter details the practical political and social challenges encountered as a small city attempts to implement the kinds of urban redevelopment plans promoted by scholars and activists. It provides a reminder to everyone to pay special attention to both the internal dynamics and the external obstacles that influence actual redevelopment work.
Morale, Morality, and the “American Brothel”
Authors: Boczar Amanda
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the escalation period of the Vietnam War and the flooding of American service members and money into South Vietnam, which led to a resurgence of Western cultural influence. Black market trade in everything from prostitution to air conditioners linked the nations. Americans debated sexual encounters along with the war's legality, politics, and economic influence. The rise of brothel culture in South Vietnam came to epitomize service member–civilian relations. Culminating with the 1966 “American brothel” debate, the chapter argues that despite clear signs that the prostitution industry was growing too quickly for anyone to contain it, the Johnson administration chose to sweep the issue aside. This in part derived from the United States' failure to understand Vietnamese principles regarding sex and kinship, as well as from Ngo Dinh Diem's Catholicism and the inability of the Americans to foresee that the war would evolve into a protracted conflict. These misunderstandings only added to an increasingly strained and distrustful relationship between the United States and the Republic of Vietnam.
Vietnamese Eradication Efforts and the Americanization of Sexual Policy
Authors: Boczar Amanda
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the repercussions of the Johnson administration's policies, looking at the transition from Vietnamese eradication campaigns against prostitution in the mid-1960s to what can be called the Americanization of sexual and social policies. These policies include, but are not limited to, attempts to manage increases in rates of prostitution, intercultural dating, marriage, rape, and children born to GI fathers and civilian mothers. By the end of the decade, safety and medical concerns forced the hand of the Nixon administration, which worked around Republic of Vietnam laws to maintain the morale-building practice of prostitution while not completely undermining Vietnamese morality policies. Both governments feared the repercussions of limiting intercultural sexual encounters as much as they feared letting them continue. While the Americanization of sexual policies succeeded in establishing more clinics and monitoring tactics, it failed to stem disease rates, which did not improve until after troop numbers fell in 1973.
Love and Companionship
Authors: Boczar Amanda
Published: January 2023

This chapter studies how the United States and the Republic of Vietnam negotiated policies for sexual relationships beyond the brothel. Relationships outside the brothel proved to be just as complicated and risked similar negative impacts on US public diplomacy by undermining the Americans' purported goal of protecting civilians from the threat of communism. With regard to practices of employer-employee relationships, dating, marriage, and paternity, the Johnson administration similarly waited to take any major action on the issues. During the Nixon administration, however, the military made changes to the laws while attempting to work with South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu to ensure that both nations followed procedures. The layered bureaucracies created by these policies, particularly regarding marriage, caused challenges for young couples but worked fairly smoothly between the governments.
The Policing and Policy Problems of Sexual Violence
Authors: Boczar Amanda
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes nonconsensual sexual encounters through a study of rape and sexual violence during the Vietnam War. Reinforcing the argument that the United States took on greater responsibility for the maintenance of GI–civilian social relationships after 1968, rape became a major concern only after news broke of the My Lai massacre. Within Vietnam, women had feared rape throughout the war. The US Code of Military Justice prohibited rape, and leadership warned troops of the detrimental effect such acts had on America's image abroad, but officers rarely pursued courts-martial for accused soldiers. While cases of sexual violence were dwarfed in number by the prevalence of prostitution, publicized instances of rape reinforced the views of antiwar and anti-American activists and afforded valuable anecdotes to fuel change.
Introduction
Authors: Mahanty Sango
Published: January 2023

This chapter points out that markets are more than a forum where goods and services are exchanged for money. Although price, money, and bargaining are important hallmarks of market exchange, such exchanges cannot be considered separately from their social and political-economic contexts. The chapter illustrates that it is this social embeddedness that ultimately enhances the transformative power of markets. Drawing on the socially embedded, or “substantivist,” view of markets, the chapter studies the relationships, actions, and innovations that occur in market networks to gain a granular but contextualized view of their functioning. It then turns to Deleuze and Guattari's analytic of the rhizome. Deleuze and Guattari use these terms as a heuristic device to explain the tangled and unbounded character of various social phenomena that lack clear organizational hierarchies and points of “culmination.” As the chapter highlights, the rhizome analytic invites us to examine markets as constantly in formation, through everyday practices that bind social and material worlds.
Intervening in Market Formation
Authors: Mahanty Sango
Published: January 2023

This chapter inspects how market governance is challenged by the market's rhizomic characteristics. It returns to the crucial role of state actors and institutions in catalyzing new markets and in framing conditions such as land access. The chapter recalls the case of Cambodian value-chain interventions that attempt to enhance cassava production and processing opportunities and, through this, increase farmers' incomes and national revenues. These value-chain interventions have enrolled increasing numbers of farmers in cassava production, in particular through investment incentives supporting contract farming. However, as the chapter highlights, they have been unable to address destabilizing influences, such as disease and price volatility. The chapter then pays attention to a state-facilitated commodity network producing petrol-ethanol fuel (called E5) for Vietnam's transport sector. It chronicles how the state has engaged in market development to achieve environmental objectives but has been unable to grasp and manage this market's complexities, leaving the country with several defunct ethanol factories. The chapter points out that the inherent complexities and instabilities of markets make them unruly and potentially ungovernable.
Movement Behavior
Authors: Bildstein Keith L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter assesses the movement behavior of vultures. Short- and long-distance movements via low-cost, soaring flight allow vultures to expand their ecological neighborhoods considerably and to better assess and monitor daily the multi-annual changes in essential resources, as well as to fine-tune their breeding seasons and geographical distributions. The chapter identifies three types of movement: dispersal, ranging movements, and migration. Dispersal can be divided into two: natal dispersal, which occur when juveniles or subadults move away from their birthplace before breeding; and breeding dispersal, which occur when adults move from their birthplace to new breeding sites. Meanwhile, ranging movements consist of movements within home ranges, the areas that individuals routinely visit to obtain the resources needed to survive and reproduce. Migration, the large-scale seasonal shifts in populations between breeding grounds and winter areas, which is a signature trait in many birds, is far less common in vultures than in other avian groups.
Social Behavior
Authors: Bildstein Keith L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter addresses the social behavior of vultures. Vultures are considered social species in part because they often roost communally and feed in groups. One of two of the world's most common and widespread obligate avian scavengers, the Turkey Vulture, is relatively non-social, whereas the other, the Black Vulture, is highly social. Several key innovations, including an acute sense of smell and the ability to soar effectively at low altitudes, most likely enable Turkey Vultures to be less social than most other species. The chapter then looks at the function of communal roosts and age-specific gang behavior. Overall, social behavior is best thought of as a behavioral tool for obligate scavenging birds of prey, the functionality of which varies considerably among species.
Finding Origins and Meaning in the Warring States
Authors: Roberts Luke S.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the warrior domain's response to Pax Tokugawa in “Finding Origins and Meaning in the Warring States,” a study of the ways in which the battles that brought an end to the Warring States period were remembered in Tosa domain over the Tokugawa period. It explores two interrelated aspects of how the warfare of the Warring States era was remembered in the Tokugawa era. One is how the outcome of the battle of Sekigahara authorized a centuries-long latent conflict in the Tokugawa period between people who identified with the winning and losing sides of this last great battle of the Warring States period. The other aspect is related to the “Great Peace” itself: the memory of the wartime activities of ancestors became important in the status politics of peacetime samurai because it served to supplement their legal identity as warriors. The chapter then elaborates on a body of writings from Tosa, particularly by partisans of the Chōsogabe and Yamauchi clans, that record or investigate clan histories of the sixteenth-century Unification era. Marking three stages in documenting clan relationships to that final period of pre-Tokugawa warfare, the chapter unveils complex motivations behind the creation and content of these discourses that illuminate the politics of war memory for peacetime samurai of the Tokugawa period.
In Memorandum
Authors: Bethe Monica
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the heirloom robe held by the Kanze troupe of noh actors. The robe was purportedly worn by the fifteenth-century Kanze troupe leader On'ami in connection with a 1443 performance of the warrior play Tomonaga dedicated to the repose of the recently deceased shogun Yoshikatsu. The chapter describes the play which includes an enactment of the Kannon senbō repentance rite, and since On'ami's time, the robe has been used exclusively for the variant performance of this rite. The chapter then situates the robe within its nexus of meanings: originally an elegant warrior costume, it was later made into a monk's robe and subsequently returned to the secular world of performance only to be re-ritualized by its specific connection to the dramatization of the senbō rite performed for the deceased warrior in Tomonaga. Ultimately, the chapter considers how the piece sheds light on the distinctive decorative technique known as takeyamachi.
From Charlotte to Milliken
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts the last days of a tumultuous year for the Rochester's reorganization plan, which included the transportation of students from various neighborhoods to racially desegregated secondary schools. The chapter talks about the 1970s, which promised hope of meaningful action for the remaining coalition of Black and white liberal activists pushing for racial integration in Rochester schools. It also explains how the ambitious, decade-long reorganization plan would not only desegregate neighborhood schools but also revitalize teaching and learning at all levels. The chapter notes that race-based violence in schools had been a growing problem in Rochester for several years and peaked during 1971–72 when the controversial reorganization took place. Violence was often instigated, directly or indirectly, by white parents or community members rather than white or Black students.
Conclusion
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews what has gone wrong in Rochester and other cities. The problem in the cities is described as a combination of two main factors: First, traditional school attendance patterns where the buildings serve as neighborhood anchors have declined; and second, teacher quality has declined as a result of the belief by white teachers that students are too poor to learn, and that poverty is an excuse for their failure persists. The chapter explores the primary objection in the pursuit of racial integration, which is considered pragmatic as racism is something children are taught. It emphasizes how even the Brown ruling, one of the most momentous decisions in US history, was insufficient in overcoming the hostility of white Americans rising in opposition. The chapter discusses how desegregation and integration offer the greatest opportunity to improve population-level educational and economic outcomes for children of color in the United States.
Chivalry and Honor Violence
Authors: Sposato Peter W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the practice of “honor violence,” or violence related to personal and familial honor. It stresses that the term “honor violence” was chosen intentionally to encompass without distinction the violence inherent in vendettas, feuds, and other private enmities, while also highlighting the centrality of honor as a catalyst of that violence. Indeed, members of the Florentine chivalric elite treated honor as central to their very identities. Chivalry encouraged these men to utilize violence, often with reckless abandon, to assert, defend, or vindicate their personal and familial honor. The chapter argues that the consequences of this extreme violence were often devastating not only for the lineages and individuals involved, but also for the city itself. This chapter then investigates how chivalric honor violence was different enough in degree, motivation, and intention to be different in kind from the violence used by the Florentine civic elite. This difference stems mainly from the contrasting ideologies of each group, the civic ideology of the popolo and chivalry, that shaped their respective understanding and use of violence.
The Birth of the Propagandist by the Deed
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on a legendary symbol of uncompromising war against the bourgeoisie—Ravachol. It stresses that Ravachol was the original propagandist by the deed (anti-)celebrity who inspired Paulino Pallás and many others in the anarchist pantheon of martyrdom and triggered a cycle of bloody attacks on elite Parisian society. The chapter unfolds the two dramatic events that set Ravachol on a collision course with the French state. It first narrates the textile strike which culminated in a march of several hundred that was gunned down by soldiers wielding (recently invented) machine guns as it made its way into a local square. The chapter then chronicles the story of a group of anarchists who were marching toward Clichy when they were confronted by the police. It concludes by reviewing how Ravachol's death triggered an unprecedented wave of homage and martyr worship for a man previously unknown to the French Left.
The Anarchist Inquisition
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter underlines that anarchist bombs threatened physical destruction and the Spanish monarchy's international reputation by highlighting the impotence of the state to stop them. It emphasizes that nationalist tensions were already running high as the Spanish grip in Cuba and the Philippines was faltering while British and French imperial projects surged. The chapter also reveals how anarchism came to be seen by the press as “a tumor on the social body” that exacerbated the mounting perception of Spanish backwardness. To accomplish the urgent task of defusing anarchist bombs, it was generally agreed that exceptional measures were necessary to defeat “those who reject the human conscience.” In the aftermath of the bombing, journalists argued that extreme repression was warranted against all anarchists regardless of their involvement in the bombing. This chapter then looks at this new piece of legislation to augment the repressive powers of the 1894 law and authorize the arrest of anyone with anarchist sympathies and the closure of “all periodicals, centers, and places of anarchist recreation.” Given the repression and torture that followed the Liceo bombing, the anarchists knew to expect the worst.
Francisco Ferrer and the Tragic Week
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on Francisco Ferrer's three main avenues of social transformation that animated his radical spirit: education, the general strike, and insurrection. The chapter emphasizes that Ferrer explicated his “rationalist” pedagogical vision in The Modern School since the Spanish government prohibited the reopening of his cherished school. It then follows Ferrer's journey around Western Europe after his exoneration promoting the creation of his new International League for the Rational Education of Children. Ferrer also financed Solidaridad Obrera, the newspaper of the new labor federation of the same name and lent the union money for a headquarters. As the chapter reveals, Ferrer's objective was not simply to bankroll a gradualist union movement but to spark a revolutionary general strike that would topple the monarchy. In conclusion, the chapter highlights how Ferrer and his allies believed that resurrecting the campaign to liberate the six remaining workers in prison for their role in the Alcalá del Valle insurrectionary general strike of 1903 could capitalize on recent momentum to provide such a revolutionary spark.