bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATING A STOCHASTIC MODEL OF POPULATION DYNAMICS WITH AN APPLICATION TO KANGAROOS
Authors: Hertzler Greg , Harman Julie , Lindner Robert K.
Published: June 2017

In this study, we derive stochastic models of population dynamics and devise a new method of estimating the models. The models allow growth and harvest to be nonlinear functions of stochastic processes and the error terms to be nonlinear and heteroskedastic. Ordinary least‐squares estimates would be biased and inefficient and generalized least‐squares estimates cannot be calculated. Therefore, we implement nonlinear maximum likelihood methods to find unbiased and efficient estimates of parameters. The method is applied to the population dynamics of kangaroos in South Australia. Aerial survey data of kangaroo numbers are combined with harvest, effort and rainfall data to estimate the growth and harvest functions and the variances of the stochastic processes which drive the system. Results suggest that growth and harvest should be modeled as functions of stochastic processes and that observations on kangaroo numbers are critical for estimating population dynamics. The results also indicate that the estimation method works well and is a viable alternative to ARIMA and GARCH models, particularly for small data sets.
A STOCHASTIC FEEDBACK MODEL FOR OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Authors: Sandal Leif K. , Steinshamn Stein Ivar
Published: June 2017

Analytical expressions for optimal harvest of a renewable resource stock which is subject to a stochastic process are found. These expressions give the optimal harvest as an explicit feedback control law. All relations in the model, including the stochastic process, may be arbitrary functions of the state variable (stock). The objective function, however, is at most a quadratic function in the control variable (yield). A quadratic objective function includes the cases of downward sloping demand and increasing marginal costs which are the most common sources for nonlinearities in the economic part of the model. When it is assumed that there is a moratorium on harvest for stock sizes below a certain level (biological barrier), it is shown that the barrier requirements influence the optimal harvest paths throughout.
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSITION FROM LIMITED ENTRY TO TRANSFERABLE QUOTA: NON‐MARSHALLIAN PRINCIPLES FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
Authors: Weninger Quinn R. , Just Richard E.
Published: June 2017

Static analysis shows that individual transferable quotas (ITQs) can dramatically increase economic efficiency comparable to a limited entry (LE) management by releasing excess capital. However, the transition from LE to ITQ management presents further efficiency questions. This paper shows that the rate of retirement of excess capital is determined by the opportunity cost of holding ITQ harvest rights on cost inefficient vessels. While restructuring is immediate with perfect foresight, delayed exit occurs with uncertainty and low opportunity costs of holding ITQ. Nearly cost‐efficient fishers anticipate increasing their payoff by waiting for higher ITQ prices, e.g., game theoretic principles rather than static Marshallian principles apply. The results raise policy questions about allocating ITQ to incumbent fishers at no charge. The Mid‐Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery which switched from LE to ITQ management in 1990 is analyzed as a case study. Results show that a large surplus was possible but unattained under LE management but also that adjustment has been slow and costly, consistent with the results of this paper.
DISCONTINUOUS FORCING OF PERIODIC SOLUTIONS IN C1 VECTOR FIELDS WITH APPLICATIONS TO POPULATION MODELS
Authors: Buchanan J. Robert
Published: June 2017

Averaging methods are used to compare solutions of two‐dimensional systems of ordinary differential equations with constant or periodic forcing. The asymptotic separation of solutions of the periodically forced equations from the solutions of the constantly forced equations is proportional to the L1 norm of the periodic forcing terms. This result is applied to population models of Kolmogorov‐type with climax fitness functions where forcing represents stocking or harvesting of a population. The asymptotic behavior of such systems may be controlled, to some extent, by varying the period and/or amplitude of the forcing functions.
IS THE NILE OUTFLOW FRACTAL? HURST'S ANALYSIS REVISITED
Authors: Hastings Harold M. , Kissell Robert
Published: June 2017

In a now classic study, Hurst [1951, 1955] found significant long‐term correlations among fluctuations in Nile River outflows and described these correlations in terms of power laws. Mandelbrot's theory of random fractals [1982] later provided an axiomatic framework for Hurst's work. More recently, Bak, Tang and Weisenfeld's [1987] theory of “self‐organized criticality” predicted that the fluctuations in Nile River outflows should follow power laws such as those observed by Hurst. In reexamining Hurst's data, we found small but significant deviations from these power laws, and in particular, evidence for a natural time scale of 32–128 years in global climate dynamics, possibly driven by ocean dynamics.
ANALYSIS OF A POPULATION BIOLOGY MODEL DESCRIBING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PARASITIC MITE, VARROA JACOBSONI OUDEMANS AND THE HONEY BEE, APIS MELLIFERA L., USING NONLINEAR DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
Authors: Mangum W.A.
Published: June 2017

A summary of the derivation of two coupled nonlinear difference equations describing varroa mite parasitism of honey bees is presented. Assuming constant parameters, four cases are constructed by letting reproduction be present or absent and by letting worker bees with the ability to remove their parasites be present or absent. The linear stability analysis of these cases is presented, and, where possible, the biological interpretation of the mathematics is also included. For each case, the effect of varroa mite immigration on the population dynamics is also investigated.
DYNAMIC CORRECTIVE TAXES WITH FLOW AND STOCK EXTERNALITIES: A FEEDBACK APPROACH
Authors: Sandal Leif K. , Steinshamn Stein I.
Published: June 2017

In confronting a consumer good whose production process is associated with both flow and stock externalities, a corrective tax is introduced to restore efficiency. The objective is to maximize social welfare over time when the stock pollutant obeys an arbitrary dynamic process. The model makes it possible to derive the optimal corrective tax as a closed form feedback control law. This feedback rule can be applied for qualitative purposes such as parameter analysis or studying the time path of the corrective tax. It can also be used for quantitative purposes, for example, evaluating an actual policy or assessment of the optimal tax for a certain case. It is here used to study how the optimal corrective tax, both as a function of time and as a function of the pollution level, depends upon the decay function. It is shown that, depending upon the initial conditions and the structure of the economy and the decay function, most outcomes are possible.
Peer‐reviewed articles on inclusive research: Do co‐researchers with intellectual disabilities have a voice?
Authors: Strnadová Iva , Walmsley Jan
Published: June 2017

Background

Inclusive research is increasingly common in intellectual disabilities research, but ways in which voice of co‐researchers with intellectual disabilities is presented remain underexplored in the literature.

Materials and Method

The authors conducted a literature review and analysis of peer‐reviewed journal articles reporting on inclusive research. The aim was to explore the ways the voices of co‐researchers with intellectual disabilities are represented in published peer‐reviewed journal articles.

Results

The findings indicate that there are a wide range of ways in which inclusive research projects are reported in peer‐reviewed journals. However, the experiences, views and opinions of co‐researchers are often either absent or very selectively reported.

Conclusions

The article concludes that although inclusive research has proliferated in the 21st century, more attention needs to be paid to the ways in which the voices of co‐researchers with intellectual disabilities are heard in formal academic contexts. Guidelines for future practice are offered.
Need for closure and reactions to innovation
Authors: Chernikova Marina , Kruglanski Arie , Giovannini Dino , Vezzali Loris , Su Junjie
Published: June 2017

In two studies using Italian (N = 852) and American (N = 94) samples, we hypothesized that high NFC individuals would have lower intentions to use new technological developments, and that this relationship would be mediated by anxiety about the new technology. We found support for this hypothesis in Study 1, but not Study 2. In the second study, we found that the closed‐mindedness subscale of the full NFC scale was related to greater anxiety about new technology, which in turn led to lower intentions to use the new technology. This suggests that the closed‐mindedness facet of NFC may have been responsible for our results. A meta‐analytic synthesis of both studies provided some support for our original mediation hypothesis.
The impact of an automated learning component against a traditional lecturing environment
Authors: Maycock K.W. , Keating J.G.
Published: June 2017

This experimental study investigates the effect on the examination performance of a cohort of first‐year undergraduate learners undertaking a Unified Modelling Language (UML) course using an adaptive learning system against a control group of learners undertaking the same UML course through a traditional lecturing environment. The adaptive learning system uses two components for the creation of suitable content for individual learners: a content analyser that automatically generates metadata describing cognitive resources within instructional content and a selection model that utilizes a genetic algorithm to select and construct a course suited to the cognitive ability and pedagogic preference of an individual learner, defined by a digital profile. Using the Kruskal–Wallis H test, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the control group of learners and the learners that participated in the UML course using the adaptive learning system following an examination once the UML course concluded, with p = 0.005, scoring on average 15.71% higher using the adaptive system. However, this observed statistically significant difference observed a small effect size of 20%.
MDM2 is implicated in high‐glucose‐induced podocyte mitotic catastrophe via Notch1 signalling
Authors: Tang Hui , Lei Chun‐Tao , Ye Chen , Gao Pan , Wan Cheng , Chen Shan , He Fang‐Fang , Wang Yu‐Mei , Su Hua , Zhang Chun
Published: June 2017

Podocyte injury and depletion are essential events involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). As a terminally differentiated cell, podocyte is restricted in ‘post‐mitosis’ state and unable to regenerate. Re‐entering mitotic phase will cause podocyte disastrous death which is defined as mitotic catastrophe (MC). Murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a cell cycle regulator, is widely expressed in renal resident cells including podocytes. Here, we explore whether MDM2 is involved in podocyte MC during hyperglycaemia. We found aberrant mitotic podocytes with multi‐nucleation in DN patients. In vitro, cultured podocytes treated by high glucose (HG) also showed an up‐regulation of mitotic markers and abnormal mitotic status, accompanied by elevated expression of MDM2. HG exposure forced podocytes to enter into S phase and bypass G2/M checkpoint with enhanced expression of Ki67, cyclin B1, Aurora B and p‐H3. Genetic deletion of MDM2 partly reversed HG‐induced mitotic phase re‐entering of podocytes. Moreover, HG‐induced podocyte injury was alleviated by MDM2 knocking down but not by nutlin‐3a, an inhibitor of MDM2‐p53 interaction. Interestingly, knocking down MDM2 or MDM2 overexpression showed inhibition or activation of Notch1 signalling, respectively. In addition, genetic silencing of Notch1 prevented HG‐mediated podocyte MC. In conclusion, high glucose up‐regulates MDM2 expression and leads to podocyte MC. Notch1 signalling is an essential downstream pathway of MDM2 in mediating HG‐induced MC in podocytes.
Predictive ANN models for the optimization of extra virgin olive oil clarification by means of vertical centrifugation
Authors: Funes Estrella , Allouche Yosra , Beltrán Gabriel , Aguliera M. Paz , Jiménez Antonio
Published: June 2017

Eight artificial neural networks were developed as predictive models for regulated and nutritional parameters of oils obtained from vertical centrifugation. The networks were designed considering the NIR spectra of oily must at its exit from the horizontal decanter centrifuge, and the flows and temperatures of the oil and of the addition water. The results obtained in all the networks designed indicated the good creative capacity of the neural models through their quality indicators (RER and RPD). The correlations between the real data and those predicted by the networks were within the range of 0.76–0.99, the UV absorption networks (K232 and K270) being those which gave lower correlations. For polyphenols, tocopherols and carotene and chlorophyll pigments, the te‐Student external validation test makes a reliable prediction of these parameters. With predictive models, the vertical centrifuge can be modeled and regulated as well as monitored on‐line to control and optimize the clarification phase within the extraction process of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO).

Practical applications

The predictive ANN can use to regulate and model the vertical centrifuge to obtain an EVOO of a maximum regulated and nutritional quality possible, reducing water and energy consumption. Besides, with on‐line prediction of oil characterization, it will be possible to perform a correct classification prior to its storage in the cellar.
Life Cycle Assessment of 3D Printed Products in a Distributed Manufacturing System
Authors: Cerdas Felipe , Juraschek Max , Thiede Sebastian , Herrmann Christoph
Published: June 2017

Motivated by the rising costs of doing business overseas and the rise and implementation of digital technologies in production, new strategies are being explored to bring production and demand closer. While concepts like cloud computing, internet of things, and digital manufacturing increasingly gain relevance within the production activities of manufacturing companies, significant advances in three‐dimensional (3D) printing technologies offer the possibility for companies to accelerate product development and to consider new supply chain models. Under this production scheme, material supply chains are redefined and energy consumption hotspots are relocated throughout the life cycle of a product. This implies a diversification of energy mixes and raw material sources that poses a risk of shifting problems between life cycle phases and areas of protection. This study compares a conventional mass scale centralized manufacturing system against a 3D printing‐supported distributed manufacturing system on the basis of the production of one frame for eyeglasses using the life cycle assessment methodology. The study indicates clearly that the optimization potential is concentrated mainly in the energy consumption at the unit process level and exposes a close link to the printing material employed.
Updates to the US Food and Drug Administration Regulations for Mifepristone: Implications for Clinical Practice and Access to Abortion
Authors: Simmonds Katherine E. , Beal Margaret W. , Eagen‐Torkko Meghan K.
Published: June 2017

This article provides information on recent changes in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling and safety regulations for mifepristone (Mifeprex). The revised label now permits midwives, advanced practice nurses, and physician assistants to order and prescribe mifepristone, eliminating the requirement for physician supervision. The updated label also extends eligibility for use from 49 to 70 days’ gestation and decreases the number of required visits from 3 to 2. The recommended dose of mifepristone has been reduced, and the dosage, timing, and route of administration for misoprostol have also been changed to reflect current research. These changes have implications for clinical practice and may lead to expanded access for women in the United States.
(Re)constructing Family Images: Stepmotherhood Before Biological Motherhood
Authors: Sanner Caroline , Coleman Marilyn
Published: June 2017

Strong cultural values and ideals attached to women in families deem the role of stepmother as inferior to that of biological mother. Although biological motherhood is celebrated, stepmotherhood is stigmatized, and women who wish to become mothers but become stepmothers prior to having biological children may grieve the loss of images surrounding normative ideals of creating a family. Using a feminist family science approach, the purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore the experiences of women without children in their transition to stepmotherhood. Interviews with 23 stepmothers (aged 26–47) revealed that women engaged in an internal process of creating and then adjusting personal images of family life to accommodate their new family circumstances. The process of (re)constructing family images had implications for later adjustment to stepmotherhood. Notions of the motherhood hierarchy emerged to depict the unique experiences of women who became stepmothers prior to having biological children.
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE LOWER SILURIAN TANEZZUFT FORMATION AND BIOMARKER CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUDE OILS FROM THE GHADAMES BASIN, LIBYA
Authors: El Diasty W. Sh. , El Beialy S. Y. , Fadeel F. I. , Peters K. E. , Batten D. J.
Published: June 2017

The Ghadames Basin of NW Libya contains more than 10 B brls oil‐equivalent in Palaeozoic siliciclastic reservoirs which are charged by organic‐rich “hot shales” in the Lower Silurian (Rhuddanian) Tanezzuft Formation. Geochemical analysis of 85 shale samples and ten oils from three fields (NC2, NC4 and NC7) in the central and northern part of the basin provides a robust description of the Tanezzuft – Mamuniyat/Acacus petroleum system in this region, and of the associated source facies and oil families. The shale samples underwent total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, and the ten crude oil samples were analysed by gas chromatography – flame ionization detection (GC‐FID) and GC‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) of the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions, accompanied by stable carbon isotopic analysis. Organic matter ranges from Type II to mixed Type II/III kerogen with varying oil and gas generation potential in the early to main stages of the oil generation window.

The analysed oils are characterised by low sulphur, nickel and vanadium contents, and relatively high API gravity (34.9–46.8oAPI). Biomarkers suggest that they were generated from marine shales containing abundant Type II to mixed Type II/III kerogen deposited in mildly anoxic – suboxic conditions with a dominance of C29 over C27 or C28 steranes, indicative of a source rich in brown algae and cyanobacteria. Their close stratigraphic association and biomarker characteristics support a Tanezzuft “hot shales” source for the Mamuniyat and Acacus oils in the three fields. Maturity‐related parameters based on terpanes, steranes, aromatic hydrocarbons and low molecular‐weight hydrocarbons, suggest generation from marine shales in the early to peak oil‐generation window. The ZE3‐NC7, A19‐NC7 and A20 NC7 oils from the NC7 oil field are significantly more mature than those from the NC2 and NC4 fields. This indicates a difference in expulsion timing and may be related to the presence of two “hot shales” or to fault‐triggered vertical migration preceding and during the Neogene.
Habitual sleep and kidney function in chronic kidney disease: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study
Authors: Knutson Kristen L. , Lash James , Ricardo Ana C. , Herdegen James , Thornton J. D. , Rahman Mahboob , Turek Nicolas , Cohan Janet , Appel Lawrence J. , Bazzano Lydia A. , Kurella Tamura Manjula , Steigerwalt Susan P. , Weir Matthew R. , Van Cauter Eve ,   Cric Study Investigators
Published: June 2017

Physiological evidence suggests that sleep modulates kidney function. Our objective was to examine the cross‐sectional association between kidney function and objectively‐estimated habitual sleep duration, quality and timing in a cohort of patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. This study involved two US clinical centers of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study, including 432 participants in a CRIC ancillary sleep study. Habitual sleep duration, quality and timing were measured using wrist actigraphy for 5–7 days. Validated sleep questionnaires assessed subjective sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and risk of sleep apnea. Kidney function was assessed with the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, and the urinary protein to creatinine ratio. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate was associated with shorter sleep duration (−1.1 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 per hour less sleep, P = 0.03), greater sleep fragmentation (−2.6 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 per 10% higher fragmentation, P < 0.001) and later timing of sleep (−0.9 mL min−1 1.73 m−2 per hour later, P = 0.05). Higher protein to creatinine ratio was also associated with greater sleep fragmentation (approximately 28% higher per 10% higher fragmentation, P < 0.001). Subjective sleep quality, sleepiness and persistent snoring were not associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate or protein to creatinine ratio. Thus, worse objective sleep quality was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher protein to creatinine ratio. Shorter sleep duration and later sleep timing were also associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. Physicians treating patients with chronic kidney disease should consider inquiring about sleep and possibly sending for clinical sleep assessment. Longitudinal and interventional trials are needed to understand causal direction.
Eradication of hepatitis C virus profoundly prolongs survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving transarterial chemoembolization
Authors: Teng W. , Hsieh Y.‐C. , Lui K.‐W. , Chen W.‐T. , Hung C.‐F. , Huang C.‐H. , Chen Y.‐C. , Jeng W.‐J. , Lin C.‐C. , Lin C.‐Y. , Lin S.‐M. , Sheen I.‐S.
Published: June 2017

Adjuvant pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment (PegIFN/RBV) reduces recurrence and prolongs survival in early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection receiving resection or ablation. However, the impact of antiviral therapy in intermediate and advanced stage of CHC‐HCC patients is uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the impact PegIFN/RBV treatment on recurrence‐free interval and survival in patients with HCC receiving transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). From 2010 to 2013, 274 CHC patients from a 1073 patient‐based cohort composed of freshly diagnosed HCC and receiving TACE treatment the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center were recruited. Propensity score matching (PSM) (age, gender, AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), tumour size, tumour number and Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh score) with the ratio 1:2 for patients with and without PegIFN/RBV treatment was performed. Statistics were performed with SPSS V.20 (IBM, USA). After matching, 153 patients were analysed and 27 patients (17.6%) achieved sustained virologic response (SVR). The 2‐year cumulative overall survival rate and recurrence‐free survival rate among patients with SVR, non‐SVR, and untreated were 85.2% vs 58.3% vs 69.6% (P=.001) and 73.3% vs 53.8% vs 58.5% (P=.013). By Cox regression analysis, non‐SVR, untreated, increase CTP score and nonresponder to TACE were independent factors related to mortality. The SVR achieved by PegIFN/RBV treatment markedly improves survival and reduces tumour recurrence in CHC‐HCC patients receiving TACE treatment after complete response.
Living in a harsh habitat: epidemiology of the whale louse, Syncyamus aequus (Cyamidae), infecting striped dolphins in the Western Mediterranean
Authors: Fraija‐Fernández N. , Fernández M. , Gozalbes P. , Revuelta O. , Raga J. A. , Aznar F. J.
Published: June 2017

Whale lice (Cyamidae) are ectoparasitic amphipods exclusive to cetaceans. Data on their epidemiology usually come from species infecting baleen whales, which are large, slow‐moving hosts. In this study, we provide data on infection parameters, population structure and microhabitat selection in a whale louse exclusive to delphinids, Syncyamus aequus, with the aim of comparing them with those from cyamid species from large whales. A total of 176 striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba stranded along the Mediterranean coast of Spain during 1980–2016 were examined. The prevalence of S. aequus was 27.3% (95% CI: 20.9–34.3), and populations were sparse, with a mean number of whale lice per infected host of just 4.5 (3.4–6.7). The parasites were found on the head, with a clearly nested pattern, with the blowhole being the most frequently occupied site, followed by the mouth corner and eyes. Single‐male or single‐female populations were found on as much as 39.6% of infected dolphins. The sex ratio did not significantly depart from 1:1. Females were significantly larger than males and exhibited low fecundity (<10 eggs). The sex or the age class of the dolphins did not significantly affect the abundance or population structure of S. aequus. The patterns here obtained are in sharp contrast with those reported for whale lice infecting large whales. The small, streamlined body of dolphins creates strong current flows that would restrict the amount of suitable microhabitats and the body size of their associated cyamids. This would limit population growth, which in turn would lower the chances of host‐to‐host transmission upon body contacts, as well as male competition for the access to females.
Lack of population genetic structure in the marine nematodes Ptycholaimellus pandispiculatus and Terschellingia longicaudata in beaches of the Persian Gulf, Iran
Authors: Sahraean Narjes , Van Campenhout Jelle , Rigaux Annelien , Mosallanejad Hadi , Leliaert Frederik , Moens Tom
Published: June 2017

We investigated genetic diversity and population genetic structure of two common benthic nematode species, Ptycholaimellus pandispiculatus and Terschellingia longicaudata, from sandy beaches in the area of Bandar Abbas (Iran), Persian Gulf. Based upon partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI) gene data, 17 and two haplotypes were found for P. pandispiculatus and Te. longicaudata, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance did not reveal a significant population genetic structure for either species. The absence of genetic structuring indicates substantial dispersal and gene flow in our study area. To assess the species structure of Te. longicaudata at a larger geographic scale, we compared 18S rDNA and COI sequences from Iran and the Scheldt Estuary in The Netherlands to ascertain whether they truly belong to the same species. Our data confirmed previous studies that Te. longicaudata likely constitutes a complex of multiple cryptic species, with one of these species having a (near) cosmopolitan distribution.
Over 10 years of variation in Mediterranean reef benthic communities
Authors: Betti Federico , Bavestrello Giorgio , Bo Marzia , Asnaghi Valentina , Chiantore Mariachiara , Bava Simone , Cattaneo‐Vietti Riccardo
Published: June 2017

During the last several decades, the Mediterranean littoral shallow water benthic communities have suffered significant changes in their structure and taxa composition. Despite numerous studies conducted to characterize these changes at various levels, it has always been very difficult to disentangle the effects of natural factors from anthropic ones. The main purpose of this work was to evaluate possible changes, over a 10‐year scale, in diversity and abundance of the most representative species of the benthic communities considered to be primarily and potentially affected by natural stressors in a highly protected area. Sets of macro‐photographs were taken in 2002–2003 of three sites inside a small bay called Ca’ dell'Oro, which is the “no entry—no take” zone of the Marine Protected Area of Portofino, in order to analyse the structure of the benthic communities at different depths over a short time scale. The same sampling was repeated 10 years later in 2013. In the 10‐year span, a significant change in the macroalgal coverage and composition was observed, while the overall richness and coverage of species remained almost unchanged. This process resulted in a significant reduction of the habitat complexity of the three‐dimensional algal components. Likewise, a remarkable change in terms of presence and abundance occurred among all zoobenthic components. The benthic communities seem to have suffered from detrimental effects probably caused by climatic events that have been occurring in recent years in the Ligurian Sea.
A Cell‐Based Distributed‐Coordinated Approach for Network‐Level Signal Timing Optimization
Authors: Mehrabipour Mehrzad , Hajbabaie Ali
Published: June 2017

This article develops an efficient methodology to optimize the timing of signalized intersections in urban street networks. Our approach distributes a network‐level mixed‐integer linear program (MILP) to intersection level. This distribution significantly reduces the complexity of the MILP and makes it real‐time and scalable. We create coordination between MILPs to reduce the probability of finding locally optimal solutions. The formulation accounts for oversaturated conditions by using an appropriate objective function and explicit constraints on queue length. We develop a rolling‐horizon solution algorithm and apply it to several case‐study networks under various demand patterns. The objective function of the optimization program is to maximize intersection throughput. The comparison of the obtained solutions to an optimal solution found by a central optimization approach (whenever possible) shows a maximum of 1% gap on a number of performance measures over different conditions.
Olfactory dysfunction in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Morphological evaluations from the nose to the brain
Authors: Yao Zhi‐Gang , Hua Fang , Zhang Hao‐Zhuang , Li Yan‐Yan , Qin Ye‐Jun
Published: June 2017

Olfactory dysfunction is among the signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive impairment. It has been demonstrated Aβ was associated with olfactory impairment observed in both transgenic mice and in AD patients. In this study, we evaluated amyloid deposition in the olfactory circuit of APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD, which showed olfactory dysfunction in olfactory behavior tests. We found amyloid depositions were widely distributed in the whole olfactory circuit. Moreover, we think these amyloid depositions contribute to neuronal atrophy, dendritic abnormalities, synapse loss and axonal degeneration. Therefore, there was a correlation between olfactory deficits and amyloid deposition. Our findings provide initial insights into the pathological basis of AD‐related olfactory dysfunction.
Emotional awareness and expression training improves irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Thakur E. R. , Holmes H. J. , Lockhart N. A. , Carty J. N. , Ziadni M. S. , Doherty H. K. , Lackner J. M. , Schubiner H. , Lumley M. A.
Published: June 2017

Background

Current clinical guidelines identify several psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS patients, however, have elevated trauma, life stress, relationship conflicts, and emotional avoidance, which few therapies directly target. We tested the effects of emotional awareness and expression training (EAET) compared to an evidence‐based comparison condition—relaxation training—and a waitlist control condition.

Methods

Adults with IBS (N=106; 80% female, Mean age=36 years) were randomized to EAET, relaxation training, or waitlist control. Both EAET and relaxation training were administered in three, weekly, 50‐minute, individual sessions. All patients completed the IBS Symptom Severity Scale (primary outcome), IBS Quality of Life, and Brief Symptom Inventory (anxiety, depressive, and hostility symptoms) at pretreatment and at 2 weeks posttreatment and 10 weeks follow‐up (primary endpoint).

Key Results

Compared to waitlist controls, EAET, but not relaxation training, significantly reduced IBS symptom severity at 10‐week follow‐up. Both EAET and relaxation training improved quality of life at follow‐up. Finally, EAET did not reduce psychological symptoms, whereas relaxation training reduced depressive symptoms at follow‐up (and anxiety symptoms at posttreatment).

Conclusions & Inferences

Brief emotional awareness and expression training that targeted trauma and emotional conflicts reduced somatic symptoms and improved quality of life in patients with IBS. This emotion‐focused approach may be considered an additional treatment option for IBS, although research should compare EAET to a full cognitive‐behavioral protocol and determine which patients are best suited for each approach. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01886027).
The impact of alternative trait‐scaling hypotheses for the maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate (Vcmax) on global gross primary production
Authors: Walker Anthony P. , Quaife Tristan , van Bodegom Peter M. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Keenan Trevor F. , Joiner Joanna , Lomas Mark R. , MacBean Natasha , Xu Chongang , Yang Xiaojuan , Woodward F. Ian
Published: June 2017

The maximum photosynthetic carboxylation rate (Vcmax) is an influential plant trait that has multiple scaling hypotheses, which is a source of uncertainty in predictive understanding of global gross primary production (GPP).

Four trait‐scaling hypotheses (plant functional type, nutrient limitation, environmental filtering, and plant plasticity) with nine specific implementations were used to predict global Vcmax distributions and their impact on global GPP in the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (SDGVM).

Global GPP varied from 108.1 to 128.2 PgC yr−1, 65% of the range of a recent model intercomparison of global GPP. The variation in GPP propagated through to a 27% coefficient of variation in net biome productivity (NBP). All hypotheses produced global GPP that was highly correlated (r = 0.85–0.91) with three proxies of global GPP.

Plant functional type‐based nutrient limitation, underpinned by a core SDGVM hypothesis that plant nitrogen (N) status is inversely related to increasing costs of N acquisition with increasing soil carbon, adequately reproduced global GPP distributions. Further improvement could be achieved with accurate representation of water sensitivity and agriculture in SDGVM. Mismatch between environmental filtering (the most data‐driven hypothesis) and GPP suggested that greater effort is needed understand Vcmax variation in the field, particularly in northern latitudes.
Recent origin and rapid speciation of Neotropical orchids in the world's richest plant biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Pérez‐Escobar Oscar Alejandro , Chomicki Guillaume , Condamine Fabien L. , Karremans Adam P. , Bogarín Diego , Matzke Nicholas J. , Silvestro Daniele , Antonelli Alexandre
Published: June 2017

The Andean mountains of South America are the most species‐rich biodiversity hotspot worldwide withc. 15% of the world's plant species, in only 1% of the world's land surface. Orchids are a key element of the Andean flora, and one of the most prominent components of the Neotropical epiphyte diversity, yet very little is known about their origin and diversification.

We address this knowledge gap by inferring the biogeographical history and diversification dynamics of the two largest Neotropical orchid groups (Cymbidieae and Pleurothallidinae), using two unparalleled, densely sampled orchid phylogenies (including more than 400 newly generatedDNAsequences), comparative phylogenetic methods, geological and biological datasets.

We find that the majority of Andean orchid lineages only originated in the last 20–15 million yr. Andean lineages are derived from lowland Amazonian ancestors, with additional contributions from Central America and the Antilles. Species diversification is correlated with Andean orogeny, and multiple migrations and recolonizations across the Andes indicate that mountains do not constrain orchid dispersal over long timescales.

Our study sheds new light on the timing and geography of a major Neotropical diversification, and suggests that mountain uplift promotes species diversification across all elevational zones.
Say hello to my little friends: how microbiota can modulate tree health
Authors: Feau Nicolas , Hamelin Richard C.
Published: June 2017

This article is a Commentary on Koskella et al., 215: 737–746.
The potassium battery: a mobile energy source for transport processes in plant vascular tissues
Authors: Dreyer Ingo , Gomez‐Porras Judith Lucia , Riedelsberger Janin
Published: June 2017

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
The ‘normal’ phloem (re)loading mechanism
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III.
A futile cycling of potassium?
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IV.
Potassium channels of the AKT2‐type are involved in sugar retrieval by the transport phloem
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V.
The role of the K+ battery in phloem reloading
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VI.
Remote control of phloem reloading
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VII.
Regulation of AKT2
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VIII.
Conclusions and future outlook
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Acknowledgements
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References
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Plant roots absorb potassium ions from the soil and transport them in the xylem via the transpiration stream to the shoots. There, in source tissues where sufficient chemical energy (ATP) is available, K+ is loaded into the phloem and then transported with the phloem stream to other parts of the plant; in part, transport is also back to the roots. This, at first sight, futile cycling of K+ has been uncovered to be part of a sophisticated mechanism that (1) enables the shoot to communicate its nutrient demand to the root, (2) contributes to the K+ nutrition of transport phloem tissues and (3) transports energy stored in the K+ gradient between phloem cytosol and the apoplast. This potassium battery can be tapped by opening AKT2‐like potassium channels and then enables the ATP‐independent energization of other transport processes, such as the reloading of sucrose. Insights into these mechanisms have only been possible by combining wet‐lab and dry‐lab experiments by means of computational cell biology modeling and simulations.
Transcriptional mechanisms coordinating tight junction assembly during epithelial differentiation
Authors: Boivin Felix J. , Schmidt‐Ott Kai M.
Published: June 2017

Epithelial tissues form a selective barrier via direct cell–cell interactions to separate and establish concentration gradients between the different compartments of the body. Proper function and formation of this barrier rely on the establishment of distinct intercellular junction complexes. These complexes include tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. The tight junction is by far the most diverse junctional complex in the epithelial barrier. Its composition varies greatly across different epithelial tissues to confer various barrier properties. Thus, epithelial cells rely on tightly regulated transcriptional mechanisms to ensure proper formation of the epithelial barrier and to achieve tight junction diversity. Here, we review different transcriptional mechanisms utilized during embryogenesis and disease development to promote tight junction assembly and maintenance of intercellular barrier integrity. We focus particularly on the Grainyhead‐like transcription factors and ligand‐activated nuclear hormone receptors, two central families of proteins in epithelialization.
Experiencing everyday train travel in Auckland: An autoethnographic account
Authors: Officer Alison , Kearns Robin
Published: June 2017

Transportation researchers have tacitly marginalised passengers’ perceptions, experiences and emotions through a preoccupation with quantifiable and pragmatic data. We draw on autoethnographic research to ask How do passengers experience everyday train travel in Auckland?, a question prompted by the contention that everyday experiences influence decisions regarding modal choice. We present and discuss five themes relating to passenger experience that emerged from engagement with the transport geography and mobilities literature as well as field research. This analysis allows us to propose a more expansive and embodied understanding of commuting as a central element in the geographies of everyday urban life.
A review of craniofacial and dental findings of the RASopathies
Authors: Cao H. , Alrejaye N. , Klein O. D. , Goodwin A. F. , Oberoi S.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The RASopathies are a group of syndromes that have in common germline mutations in genes that encode components of the Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and have been a focus of study to understand the role of this pathway in development and disease. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML or LEOPARD syndrome), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Costello syndrome (CS), cardio‐facio‐cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1‐like syndrome (NFLS or Legius syndrome) and capillary malformation‐arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM‐AVM). These disorders affect multiple systems, including the craniofacial complex. Although the craniofacial features have been well described and can aid in clinical diagnosis, the dental phenotypes have not been analysed in detail for each of the RASopathies. In this review, we summarize the clinical features of the RASopathies, highlighting the reported craniofacial and dental findings.

Methods

Review of the literature.

Results

Each of the RASopathies reviewed, caused by mutations in genes that encode different proteins in the Ras pathway, have unique and overlapping craniofacial and dental characteristics.

Conclusions

Careful description of craniofacial and dental features of the RASopathies can provide information for dental clinicians treating these individuals and can also give insight into the role of Ras signalling in craniofacial development.
Whole‐exome sequencing identified a variant in EFTUD2 gene in establishing a genetic diagnosis
Authors: Rengasamy Venugopalan S. , Farrow E. G. , Lypka M.
Published: June 2017

Structured Abstract

Objectives

Craniofacial anomalies are complex and have an overlapping phenotype. Mandibulofacial Dysostosis and Oculo‐Auriculo‐Vertebral Spectrum are conditions that share common craniofacial phenotype and present a challenge in arriving at a diagnosis. In this report, we present a case of female proband who was given a differential diagnosis of Treacher Collins syndrome or Hemifacial Microsomia without certainty. Prior genetic testing reported negative for 22q deletion and FGFR screenings. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the critical role of whole‐exome sequencing in establishing a genetic diagnosis of the proband.

Setting and Sample Population

The participants were 14½‐year‐old affected female proband/parent trio.

Materials and Methods

Proband/parent trio were enrolled in the study. Surgical tissue sample from the proband and parental blood samples were collected and prepared for whole‐exome sequencing. Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument was used for sequencing (125 nucleotide reads/84X coverage). Analyses of variants were performed using custom‐developed software, RUNES and VIKING.

Results

Variant analyses following whole‐exome sequencing identified a heterozygous de novo pathogenic variant, c.259C>T (p.Gln87*), in EFTUD2 (NM_004247.3) gene in the proband. Previous studies have reported that the variants in EFTUD2 gene were associated with Mandibulofacial Dysostosis with Microcephaly.

Conclusion

Patients with facial asymmetry, micrognathia, choanal atresia and microcephaly should be analyzed for variants in EFTUD2 gene. Next‐generation sequencing techniques, such as whole‐exome sequencing offer great promise to improve the understanding of etiologies of sporadic genetic diseases.
Gene/environment interactions in craniosynostosis: A brief review
Authors: Durham E. L. , Howie R. N. , Cray J. J.
Published: June 2017

It is suggested that craniosynostosis is caused by a heterogeneous set of effects including gene mutations, teratogenic exposure during critical periods of development and gene/environment interactions. Distinguishing between sufficient, additive and interactive effects is important to the study of gene/environment interactions and allows for segregation of environmental exposures effecting susceptible populations. Through the identification of sufficient and interactive effects, efforts in prevention of craniosynostosis may be successful. Here, we provide a brief review focusing on defining these categorized exposures and relevant literature that has interrogated gene/environment interactions for craniosynostosis.
PTH [1‐34]‐induced alterations predispose the mandibular condylar cartilage to mineralization
Authors: Dutra E. H. , O'Brien M. H. , Gutierrez T. , Lima A , Nanda R. , Yadav S.
Published: June 2017

Structured Abstract

Objective

To study the effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH [1‐34]) on the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone in adult female mice.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐two, 20‐week‐old female mice were used for in vivo experiments. The experimental mice (n=11) received daily intraperitoneal injections of PTH [1‐34] for 3 weeks, while control mice (n=11) received intraperitoneal injections of 0.9% saline solution. Mice were euthanized and then micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT); histology and immunostaining were carried out to assess the response.

Results

Intermittent PTH [1‐34] led to early MCC breakdown and surface irregularities. Micro‐CT analyses indicated that PTH [1‐34] treatment led to increased bone volume fraction, tissue density and trabecular thickness, while decreasing the trabecular spacing. Histological analyses showed decreased proteoglycan secretion, increased bone turnover (TRAP staining) and increased mineralization. Furthermore, PTH [1‐34] treatment showed increased apoptosis of the cells. Our immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of pSMAD158 in the MCC and subchondral bone with PTH administration, whereas sclerostin (SOST) expression was decreased.

Conclusions

Intermittent PTH [1‐34] results in early mineralization of the MCC, which may result in cartilage degeneration. Our results identified a novel mechanism by which PTH [1‐34] induces alteration in the microarchitecture of the MCC and the subchondral bone.