bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Credibility‐based secure distributed load frequency control for power systems under false data injection attacks
Authors: Hu Zhijian , Liu Shichao , Luo Wensheng , Wu Ligang
Published: June 2020

In the distributed load frequency control (DLFC) scheme, the compromised areas by attackers may endanger the stable and reliable operation of the entire power system. A credibility‐based secure DLFC strategy is in this work proposed to sustain the stable operation of the power system under false data injection attacks. In this secure DLFC method, the gradient‐variation‐based credibility metrics are defined to detect potential attacked measurements. Then, the communication isolation decisions are made based on the adaptive thresholds. To compensate the impact of the communication isolation of misbehaving areas, predictions of future measurements by using the average gradient variation of stored healthy data are feeded back to the area controller. Simulation results of a four‐area power system show the proposed secure DLFC can identify and cut off the communication of the misbehaving areas and still maintain the stability of the power system.
General upper bound for conferencing keys in arbitrary quantum networks
Authors: Pirandola Stefano
Published: June 2020

Secure quantum conferencing refers to a protocol where a number of trusted users generate exactly the same secret key to confidentially broadcast private messages. By a modification of the techniques first introduced in (arXiv:1601.00966), the author derives a single‐letter upper bound for the maximal rates of secure conferencing in a quantum network with arbitrary topology, where the users are allowed to perform the most powerful local operations assisted by two‐way classical communications, and the quantum systems are routed according to the most efficient multipath flooding strategies. More precisely, the author bounds the ultimate rates that are achievable by single‐message multiple‐multicast protocols, where N senders distribute N independent secret keys, and each key is to be shared with an ensemble of M receivers.
Diagnostik und Therapie der Osteoporose bei geriatrischen Patienten
Authors: Tsourdi Elena , Nees Josef A. , Hofbauer Lorenz C.
Published: June 2020

Was ist neu?

Epidemiologie Aufgrund der demografischen Entwicklung wird eine steigende Prävalenz osteoporotischer Frakturen und demzufolge ein höherer Versorgungsbedarf erwartet. Trotz der Häufigkeit osteoporotischer Frakturen (ca. 765 000 Fragilitätsfrakturen pro Jahr in Deutschland) und zahlreicher Therapieoptionen erhalten in den meisten Ländern, einschließlich Deutschland, nur etwa 10 % aller Patienten eine leitliniengerechte Behandlung.

Diagnostik der Osteoporose Zur Einschätzung des Frakturrisikos ist neben der Messung der Knochendichte die Beurteilung des Sturzrisikos von entscheidender Bedeutung. Ein problemorientiertes geriatrisches Assessment zur Abschätzung des Sturzrisikos sollte neben Muskelkraft, Gehgeschwindigkeit und Ernährungszustand auch die psychische und kognitive Situation umfassen. Bei Frauen über 70 Jahren und Männern über 80 Jahren ist das Alter per se der dominierende Risikofaktor für eine Fraktur. Insbesondere nach osteoporotischen hüftnahen Femurfrakturen kann hier von einer Messung der Knochendichte abgesehen werden.

Therapie Bewegung kombiniert mit gezieltem Training von Kraft, Ausdauer, Koordination und Balance sind neben einem allgemein gesunden und aktiven Lebensstil Grundpfeiler einer effektiven Sturz- und Frakturprävention. Eine ausreichende Versorgung mit Kalzium und Vitamin D sollte vor dem Einsatz spezifischer Osteoporose-Medikamente garantiert sein. Die zugelassenen Osteoporose-Medikamente sind gut verträglich und reduzieren auch bei geriatrischen Patienten das Frakturrisiko. Die Therapie der Osteoporose beim geriatrischen Patienten ist immer eine individualisierte Therapie.

Konsequenz für den klinischen Alltag Eine effektive Osteoporose-Therapie in der Geriatrie erfordert einen ganzheitlichen, interdisziplinären Ansatz.
Normative Rugby Data of the SARTS Tests: Comparison of Elite and
School Players
Authors: Olds Margie , Gadkari Pradnya , Adams Thomas
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to examine the normative data for the SARTS rugby tests in elite
and schoolboy rugby players. A second aim was to examine differences between
level of sport and position of play in the SARTS rugby tests. Elite (N =
57) and Schoolboy (N = 63) rugby players performed the SARTS tests
relevant to rugby players each for 1 min, with 1–2 min
rest between each test. A 2×2 factorial ANOVA was used to assess for the
main effect of player position and player level of play. Results showed that
elite players performed more Ball Abduction External Rotation (BABER) (dominant
and non-dominant), Side Hold Rotations (dominant and non-dominant), Ball Taps
(dominant and non-dominant), and Overhead Snatch than schoolboy players. Heavier
players performed fewer Push-up Claps. Injured rugby players should perform at
least the mean value of the repetitions of the SARTS tests before returning to
contact training after an injury.
Side Differences Regarding the Limb Symmetry Index in Healthy
Professional Athletes
Authors: Lambert Christophe , Pfeiffer Thomas , Lambert Maxime , Brozat Benedikt , Lachmann Daniel , Shafizadeh Sven , Akoto Ralph
Published: June 2020

Side differences in the limb symmetry index during hop tests have been rarely
investigated in uninjured athletes. Unknown differences can result in false
interpretation of hop tests and affect return to sport decision. Hypothesis was
that un-injured athletes in Judo and Taekwondo have side differences in hop test
and that asymmetries can be predicted based on the athletes fighting display.
Differences, risk relationships were analyzed using the chi-squared test and the
odds ratio. A two-tailed p value of<0.05 was considered statistically
significant. 115 athletes from the national teams were included (mean age 18.4
years; range 13–27 years). 93, 97.4 and 98.3% did not have
symmetric hop distance for three hop tests. Up to a quarter did not reach a limb
symmetry index of>90. Moreover, 57.4% (n=66) reached
longer jumping distance with the standing leg. Ignoring such pre-existent side
differences in evaluation of hop tests and not knowing which limb was dominant
prior the injury, can lead to premature or delayed return to sports in the
rehabilitation process. Therefore, it might be helpful to refer to individual
jump lengths for each limb in case of injury by using hop tests in pre-season
screening in professional athletes in Judo and Taekwondo.
Why is the Surgical Leader also a Manager?
Authors: Funk Geoffrey , Fleshman James W.
Published: June 2020

The surgeon acts as a manager in the operating room, ward, classroom, and in daily life to control time. Skills cross all boundaries of medicine with specific needs in each area. Without leadership skills the nonmedical aspect of practice becomes more difficult and can make the physician less successful. Learning to manage, therefore, becomes critical.
Leadership in the Setting of the Operating Room Surgical Team
Authors: Arnold David , Fleshman James W.
Published: June 2020

Leadership in the operating room requires the ability to adopt different styles under specific circumstances. Transformational leadership grows the team. The style used to guide the team can vary; coercive, visionary, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting, and coaching are all important styles in team leadership. The ability to adapt to different needs in the operating room by using the appropriate style is leadership.
Types of Leadership and How to Use Them in Surgical Areas
Authors: Onaca Nicholas , Fleshman James W.
Published: June 2020

Surgery is a very complex, changing, and, sometimes, threatening environment. Emotional intelligence is a key skill for surgical leaders. Authoritarian, hierarchical, transactional, transformational, adaptive, situational, and servant–shepherd leadership can all be used in surgical leadership. Patient care must be the priority for surgical leaders.
Treatment of Chylothorax after Lung Resection: Indications, Timing, and Outcomes
Authors: Petrella Francesco , Casiraghi Monica , Radice Davide , Bertolaccini Luca , Spaggiari Lorenzo
Published: June 2020

Background Chylothorax following pulmonary resection and lymphadenectomy for cancer is a potential severe complication in thoracic surgery. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of the nonsurgical approach as well as the need for reoperation after conservative approach failure.

Methods Chylothorax was diagnosed when chylous leakage from the chest drainage was observed and confirmed by the presence of triglycerides in the pleural fluid. We initially treated all the patients conservatively with complete oral intake cessation and total parenteral nutrition; if drainage output remained more than 800 mL/d after the first 5 days or major pleural effusion was observed at chest X-ray after chest tube removal, surgical treatment of chylothorax was indicated.

Results Between January 1998 and December 2018, 5,072 patients underwent standard anatomical resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection for cancer at our institution. Among them, 30 patients (0.6%) developed chylothorax: 20 patients were effectively treated only by nil per os and low-fat diet, while 10 patients (33.3%) required surgical treatment. Mean age was 63 years; there were 24 male patients (80%); right-sided chylothorax was more frequent than left-sided chylothorax (22 vs. 8, respectively) although not statistically significant (p = 0.38); the only factor that seems to influence the need for reoperation is chylothorax flow rate during conservative treatment (p = 0.06).

Conclusion Conservative treatment is effective in the case of low flow-rate chylothorax (< 800 mL/d); in the case of a higher flow rate, surgical exploration is needed and thoracic duct ligation—with or without lymphatic sites clipping—provides definitive lymphostasis.
Open-cell P(VDF-TrFE)/MWCNT nanocomposite foams with local piezoelectric and conductive effects for passive airborne sound absorption
Authors: Mohamed Ayman M. , Yao Kui , Yousry Yasmin M. , Wang Junling , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: June 2020

Open-cell nanocomposite foams of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated for airborne sound absorption. When MWCNTs were well dispersed in the P(VDF-TrFE) matrix, the degree of crystallinity of the polar phase of the polymer was enhanced, and hence, the local piezoelectric effect and the electrical conductivity varied by nearly seven orders of magnitude dependent on the amount of MWCNT loading. The measurements in a standard acoustic tube showed that introduction of an appropriate amount of MWCNTs significantly enhanced the airborne sound absorption coefficient of P(VDF-TrFE) foam without poling, particularly in the lower and intermediate frequency range (below 2 kHz), which is attributed to the local piezoelectric effect in the polar polymer matrix and charge dissipation through the conductive MWCNT interfacing the polar phase. The experimental results and data analysis indicate that the open-cell nanocomposite foam with an optimal combination of local piezoelectric effect and electrical conductivity is promising for noise mitigation applications with enhanced passive airborne sound absorption.
Imaging microstructural dynamics and strain fields in electro-active materials in situ with dark field x-ray microscopy
Authors: Ormstrup Jeppe , Østergaard Emil V. , Detlefs Carsten , Mathiesen Ragnvald H. , Yildirim Can , Kutsal Mustafacan , Cook Philip K. , Watier Yves , Cosculluela Carlos , Simons Hugh
Published: June 2020

The electric-field-induced and temperature induced dynamics of domains, defects, and phases play an important role in determining the macroscopic functional response of ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials. However, distinguishing and quantifying these phenomena remains a persistent challenge that inhibits our understanding of the fundamental structure–property relationships. In situ dark field x-ray microscopy is a new experimental technique for the real space mapping of lattice strain and orientation in bulk materials. In this paper, we describe an apparatus and methodology for conducting in situ studies of thermally and electrically induced structural dynamics and demonstrate their use on ferroelectric BaTiO3 single crystals. The stable temperature and electric field apparatus enables simultaneous control of electric fields up to ≈2 kV/mm at temperatures up to 200 °C with a stability of ΔT = ±0.01 K and a ramp rate of up to 0.5 K/min. This capability facilitates studies of critical phenomena, such as phase transitions, which we observe via the microstructural change occurring during the electric-field-induced cubic to tetragonal phase transition in BaTiO3 at its Curie temperature. With such systematic control, we show how the growth of the polar phase front and its associated ferroelastic domains fall along unexpected directions and, after several cycles of electric field application, result in a non-reversible lattice strain at the electrode–crystal interface. These capabilities pave the way for new insights into the temperature and electric field dependent electromechanical transitions and the critical influence of subtle defects and interfaces.
Inverse spin Hall photocurrent in thin-film MoTe2
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wang Yu , Liu Yu , Zeng Xiao-Lin , Wu Jing , Yu Jin-Ling , Chen Yong-Hai
Published: June 2020

Circularly polarized photocurrent is observed in few-layer MoTe2 at room temperature. The spatial distribution of the circularly polarized photocurrent exhibits the characteristics of two wings, one positive and the other negative, not only in the middle of the sample but also near the electrodes. In addition, the circularly polarized photocurrent signal in the middle of the sample is opposite to the signal near the electrode at the same side. It is revealed that this phenomenon arises from the inverse spin Hall effect of spin-polarized photo-generated carriers, which is dominated by the carrier diffusion or the carrier drift depending upon the location of the light spot.
Enhancement of electrocaloric effect in compositionally graded ferroelectric nanowires
Authors: Van Lich Le , Vu Ngoc-Lu , Ha Minh-Tan , Bui Tinh Quoc , Le Van-Tuan , Nguyen Trong-Giang , Dinh Van-Hai
Published: June 2020

We report on numerical investigation of the electrocaloric effect, an important physical phenomenon in compositionally graded ferroelectric (CGFE) nanowires made of Pb(1−x)SrxTiO3 whose material compositions spatially vary along the longitudinal direction of nanowires. In this study, all numerical evidences are demonstrated through the phase field model based on the Ginzburg–Landau theory. Here, the change of polarization with temperature can be tailored by controlling the gradient of material compositions in CGFE nanowires. The isothermal entropy and adiabatic temperature changes are enhanced with an increasing compositional gradient in CGFE nanowires. The electrocaloric effect is found to have high magnitude near room temperature in CGFE nanowires of PbTiO3 (top surface)/SrTiO3 (bottom surface), which is much larger than that in homogeneous ferroelectric nanowire with the same average material composition. In addition, the high electrocaloric effect in CGFE nanowires of PbTiO3/SrTiO3 is achieved in a wide range near room temperature. We also discuss the potential of CGFE nanowires for electrocaloric cooling applications, and more importantly, this work, in essence, opens a new route to enhance the electrocaloric properties of ferroelectric nanowires near room temperature by controlling the gradient of material compositions.
Effect of magnetic perturbations on turbulence-flow dynamics at the L-H transition on DIII-D
Authors: Kriete D. M. , McKee G. R. , Schmitz L. , Smith D. R. , Yan Z. , Morton L. A. , Fonck R. J.
Published: June 2020

Detailed 2D turbulence measurements from the DIII-D tokamak provide an explanation for how resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) raise the L-H power threshold PLH [P. Gohil et al., Nucl. Fusion 51, 103020 (2011)] in ITER-relevant, low rotation, ITER-similar-shape plasmas with favorable ion ∇B direction. RMPs simultaneously raise the turbulence decorrelation rate ΔωD and reduce the flow shear rate ωshear in the stationary L-mode state preceding the L-H transition, thereby disrupting the turbulence shear suppression mechanism. RMPs also reduce the Reynolds stress drive for poloidal flow, contributing to the reduction of ωshear. On the ∼100 μs timescale of the L-H transition, RMPs reduce Reynolds-stress-driven energy transfer from turbulence to flows by an order of magnitude, challenging the energy depletion theory for the L-H trigger mechanism. In contrast, non-resonant magnetic perturbations, which do not significantly affect PLH, do not affect ΔωD and only slightly reduce ωshear and Reynolds-stress-driven energy transfer.
Colorful light channel for femtosecond laser filamentation in nanoparticle colloidal solutions
Authors: Nie Yuan , Yuan Shuai , Du Yinsheng , Yan Ming , Wang Jin , Zhang Qingshan , Xu Hui , Li Min , Zeng Heping
Published: June 2020

We investigate the femtosecond laser filamentation in nanoparticle colloidal solutions. Colloidal solutions of water doped with gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanospheres under different sizes and concentrations were experimentally studied. A cyan–red light path was visualized, and the generated supercontinuum spectra spanning from 400 nm to 950 nm were obtained. It was found that the energy losses and frequency-dependent scattering are necessary prerequisites for generating a colorful light path.
Coupled-cluster techniques for computational chemistry: The CFOUR program package
Authors: Matthews Devin A. , Cheng Lan , Harding Michael E. , Lipparini Filippo , Stopkowicz Stella , Jagau Thomas-C. , Szalay Péter G. , Gauss Jürgen , Stanton John F.
Published: June 2020

An up-to-date overview of the CFOUR program system is given. After providing a brief outline of the evolution of the program since its inception in 1989, a comprehensive presentation is given of its well-known capabilities for high-level coupled-cluster theory and its application to molecular properties. Subsequent to this generally well-known background information, much of the remaining content focuses on lesser-known capabilities of CFOUR, most of which have become available to the public only recently or will become available in the near future. Each of these new features is illustrated by a representative example, with additional discussion targeted to educating users as to classes of applications that are now enabled by these capabilities. Finally, some speculation about future directions is given, and the mode of distribution and support for CFOUR are outlined.
Non-linear instability analysis of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations: Taylor–Green vortex problem
Authors: Sharma Nidhi , Sengupta Tapan K. , Brinkerhoff Joshua R.
Published: June 2020

The three-dimensional (3D) Taylor–Green vortex (TGV) flow is one of the simplest systems to study the generation of different scales of vortices due to the growth of disturbances via effects of different physical mechanisms, including vortex-stretching as an additional source for instability, showing not only the creation of turbulence but also turbulent decay. The strong anisotropic and well-organized flow becomes unstable at early time due to transfer of energy to small scales. The analysis of instability of the periodic 3D TGV flow for the Reynolds number of Re = 2000 is reported here. The direct numerical simulation of the periodic 3D TGV flow is carried out using high accuracy numerical methods for the (vector-potential, vorticity)-formulation, which exactly satisfy the solenoidality condition for vector-potential and vorticity in the computational domain. The evolution of disturbances is examined using the instability theories of the disturbance mechanical energy of the Navier–Stokes equation and the role of rotationality by the disturbance enstrophy transport equation (DETE), which is derived from the enstrophy transport equation. The 3D TGV flow exhibits a tornado-type structure at the center of the domain at intermediate stages of transition to turbulence, which is analyzed using the vortex-identification method of λ2-criteria and the DETE method, as described by Sengupta et al. [“Tracking disturbances in transitional and turbulent flows: Coherent structures,” Phys. Fluids 31(12), 124106 (2019)]. Here, it is observed that the coherent structure is diffused in the λ2-contours. Third generation vortex-identification methods are analyzed for capturing the transient, rotating vortex. The combination of new Omega- and the Liutex/Rortex-methods, as reviewed by C. Liu et al. [“Third generation of vortex identification methods: Omega and Liutex/Rortex based systems,” J. Hydrodyn. 31(2), 205–223 (2019)], captures the evolution of the transient vortex, but the structure identified by these methods appears to be diffused, while the DETE method clearly captures the vortex geometry and highlights the formation of the vortex at early times to aid in predicting the flow evolution.
Surprisingly broad applicability of the cc-pVnZ-F12 basis set for ground and excited states
Authors: Kruse Holger , Szabla Rafał , Šponer Jiří
Published: June 2020

Excellent convergence properties for the (aug-)cc-pVnZ-F12 basis set family, purpose-made for explicitly correlated calculations, are demonstrated with conventional wave function methods and Kohn–Sham density functional theory for various ground and excited-state calculations. Among the ground-state properties studied are dipole moments, covalent bond lengths, and interaction and reaction energies. For excited states, we looked at vertical excitation energies, UV absorption, and excited-state absorption spectra. Convergence is compared against the basis sets cc-pVnZ, def2-nVD, aug-pcseg-n, and nZaPa-NR. It is established that the cc-pVnZ-F12 family consistently yields results of n + 1 quality and better. Especially, the cc-pVDZ-F12 basis set is found to be a basis set of good cost vs performance trade-off.
Combined wicking and evaporation of NaCl solution with efflorescence formation: The efflorescence exclusion zone
Authors: Lazhar Ramzi , Najjari Mustapha , Prat Marc
Published: June 2020

An experiment combining wicking and evaporation of a NaCl solution and leading to the formation of salt efflorescence is presented. The experiment shows that efflorescence develops over the porous medium surface exposed to evaporation except in the bottom region of the sample. This region remains free of efflorescence and is called the exclusion zone. It is shown that the exclusion zone extent depends on the solute concentration in the bottom reservoir. A model is developed, and it helps understand the exclusion phenomenon. The arch shape of the exclusion zone upper boundary is explained and modeled. The study is also seen as a successful test for the model of efflorescence growth driven by evaporation and salt precipitation presented in a previous study. The modeling approach is expected to help develop better models of salt transport with crystallization at the surface of porous media in relation with soil salinization issues or the salt weathering of porous materials.
Dynamic piezoelectric response of relaxor single crystal under electrically driven inter-ferroelectric phase transformations
Authors: Patterson E. A. , Staruch M. , Matis B. R. , Young S. , Lofland S. E. , Antonelli L. , Blackmon F. , Damjanovic D. , Cain M. G. , Thompson P. B. J. , Lucas C. A. , Finkel P.
Published: June 2020

In this work, we demonstrate that xPb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-(1-x-y)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-yPbTiO3 [110]-poled domain-engineered relaxor single crystals can be dynamically and reversibly driven through a ferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transition exhibiting a highly enhanced piezoelectric response in a wide range of frequencies. Realization of this phase switching requires an applied compressive stress close to the critical values for the inter-ferroelectric phase transition, which can then be induced by a relatively small electric field (≤0.2 kV/mm). The required critical stress was established by in situ stress and x-ray diffraction measurements. The effective d32 coefficient measured dynamically up to 70 Hz was shown to be consistently twice that of the linear piezoelectric mode measured below the phase transformation region. The crystal was installed into a prototype transducer based on a Tonpilz configuration. The performance of the transducer was tested in water and showed up to 15 dBSPL higher acoustic power radiated when the crystal was driven through the phase transition than when operating in the linear piezoelectric regime.
The nature of the DX state in Ge-doped AlGaN
Authors: Bagheri Pegah , Kirste Ronny , Reddy Pramod , Washiyama Shun , Mita Seiji , Sarkar Biplab , Collazo Ramón , Sitar Zlatko
Published: June 2020

Electrical conductivity in high Al-content AlGaN has been severely limited, presumably due to a DX transition forming an acceptor state and subsequent self-compensation, which imposed an upper limit on the achievable free carrier concentration. To elucidate this idea, this paper examines Ge doping as a function of Al-content in AlGaN and finds a different behavior: for Al compositions below 40%, Ge behaved as a shallow donor with an ionization energy below 20 meV, while for Al compositions above 40%, above DX transition, it emerged as a deep donor. The ionization energy of this deep state increased with increasing Al content and reached 150 meV for 60% AlGaN. Around the DX transition, a continuous change from the shallow to deep donor was observed. In contrast to the density functional theory predictions, acceptor-type states corresponding to a DX-type transition were not observed. This finding may have profound technological consequences for the development of AlGaN- and AlN-based devices as it offers a feasible pathway to high n-conductivity in these compounds.
Ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in quantum confined 2D perovskite
Authors: Folpini Giulia , Gatto Lorenzo , Cortecchia Daniele , Devetta Michele , Crippa Gabriele , Vozzi Caterina , Stagira Salvatore , Petrozza Annamaria , Cinquanta Eugenio
Published: June 2020

We studied the charge carrier dynamics in 2D perovskite NBT2PbI4 by ultrafast optical pump–THz probe spectroscopy. We observed a few ps long relaxation dynamics that can be ascribed to the band to band carrier recombination, in the absence of any contribution from many-body and trap assisted processes. The transient conductivity spectra show that the polaron dynamics is strongly modulated by the presence of a rich exciton population. The polarization field resulting from the exciton formation acts as the source of a restoring force that localizes polarons. This is revealed by the presence of a negative imaginary conductivity. Our results show that the dynamics of excitons in 2D perovskites at room temperature can be detected by monitoring their effect on the conductivity of the photoinduced polaronic carrier.
Effect of spanwise domain size on direct numerical simulations of airfoil noise during flow separation and stall
Authors: Turner Jacob M. , Kim Jae Wook
Published: June 2020

It is well established that a large spanwise domain size is required for accurate numerical simulations of flow past an airfoil in stall. A number of numerical experiments support this conclusion with regard to aerodynamic and turbulence statistics. However, very little has been reported concerning the effect of the span length on aeroacoustic results. In this paper, a detailed investigation is carried out into the influence of spanwise domain length on the prediction of airfoil stall noise when spanwise periodic boundary conditions are applied. This study is based on direct numerical simulations of an NACA0012 airfoil at Re∞ = 50 000 and M∞ = 0.4 at near- and full-stall conditions. There are three main findings in this paper. First, the far-field acoustics are found to be highly sensitive to the choice of spanwise domain length. In the full-stall case, a span length equal to 20% of the airfoil chord over-predicts the radiated noise by more than 10 dB at low-to-medium frequencies relative to a case with one chord length in span. Discrepancies are found to occur for acoustic wavelengths shorter than the spanwise domain size. Under near-stall conditions, the changes caused by the small spanwise domain are noticeably milder. Second, the lower noise predictions from the large span simulation at low frequencies are attributed to the spanwise breakup of large scale flow structures and reduced spanwise coherence near the trailing edge. Third, a more destructive source phase relationship is observed with a large span for medium frequencies, which was inhibited by the periodic forcing in the small span case.
Beryllium doped semi-insulating GaN without surface accumulation for homoepitaxial high power devices
Authors: Ahmad Habib , Anderson Travis J. , Gallagher James C. , Clinton Evan A. , Engel Zachary , Matthews Christopher M. , Alan Doolittle W.
Published: June 2020

Semi-insulating GaN films with controlled dopant profiles have significant potential to improve the performance of high-power electronics. Beryllium doped GaN (GaN:Be) films previously demonstrated a semi-insulating nature, but the Be-dopant profiles in these films exhibited Be surface segregation and accumulation, which would lead to undesired leakage current paths in devices and deterioration of breakdown voltage. Improved growth kinetics of metal modulated epitaxy at low growth temperatures are applied in the study of GaN:Be films to achieve selectively controlled and abrupt step-doped Be profiles. The GaN:Be films were found to be semi-insulating via Hall effect measurements at elevated temperatures of 495 K. The films were shown to effectively electrically compensate surface contaminants at regrowth interfaces. Surface contaminants (O, Si, and C) typically result in unintentional n-type doping at the GaN on GaN regrowth interface. In order to demonstrate the utility of Be doping, GaN:Mg p-type films are grown atop GaN:Be buffer, AlN buffer, and control samples without any insulating buffer on GaN:Fe templates. Remarkably, the p-type films grown atop control samples up to 400 nm thick are compensated from surface contaminants, whereas the films grown atop AlN and GaN:Be insulating layers effectively electrically neutralize the surface contaminants and result in high hole concentrations of 2.3 and 2.5 × 1019 cm−3, respectively. The use of GaN:Be instead of AlN buffers eliminates the need to deconvolve the effects of the AlN/GaN 2D sheet charges and defects from lattice mismatch, removes lateral conduction paths, and reduces inherently high static vertical electric fields that detract from power device performance.
Corrigendum to: Cost–benefit analysis of enhancing the uptake of long-acting reversible contraception in Australia
Authors: Concepcion Kristine , Lacey Sarina , McGeechan Kevin , Estoesta Jane , Bateson Deborah , Botfield Jessica
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveLong-acting reversible contraception (LARC) is the most effective form of reversible contraception, but its use in Australia is low compared with other countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic effect of an increase in LARC uptake to international rates.MethodsAn economic model was designed to assess two scenarios, namely increasing the current rate of LARC uptake of 12.5% to the international benchmark of 14.8% among: (1) women currently using the oral contraceptive pill (OCP); and (2) women at risk of pregnancy and not using contraception. Model inputs included cost of contraceptive methods, discontinuation rates and abortion and miscarriage costs associated with unintended pregnancies.ResultsWomen who switch from an OCP to LARC would save A$114–157 per year. Those not currently using any contraception who adopt LARC would incur costs of A$36–194 per year, but would reap savings from the reduction in unintended pregnancies. Over 5 years there would be a net saving of A$74.4 million for Scenario 1 and A$2.4 million for Scenario 2.ConclusionGreater use of LARC would result in a net gain in economic benefits to Australia. These benefits are largely driven by women switching from an OCP to LARC who have reduced costs, as well as women wishing to avoid pregnancy who choose to use LARC rather than no method. This evidence will support women making an informed contraceptive choice and policy makers in increasing the accessibility of LARC.What is known about the topic?LARC is the most effective form of reversible contraception, but uptake in Australia is relatively low.What does this paper add?There are economic benefits to society for women who switch from an OCP to LARC, as well as for women who switch from no contraception to LARC.What are the implications for practitioners?The findings of this study will support women in making an informed contraceptive choice and policy makers in increasing the accessibility of LARC.
Emergent linguistic structure in artificial neural networks trained by self-supervision
Authors: Manning Christopher D. , Clark Kevin , Hewitt John , Khandelwal Urvashi , Levy Omer
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the knowledge of linguistic structure learned by large artificial neural networks, trained via self-supervision, whereby the model simply tries to predict a masked word in a given context. Human language communication is via sequences of words, but language understanding requires constructing rich hierarchical structures that are never observed explicitly. The mechanisms for this have been a prime mystery of human language acquisition, while engineering work has mainly proceeded by supervised learning on treebanks of sentences hand labeled for this latent structure. However, we demonstrate that modern deep contextual language models learn major aspects of this structure, without any explicit supervision. We develop methods for identifying linguistic hierarchical structure emergent in artificial neural networks and demonstrate that components in these models focus on syntactic grammatical relationships and anaphoric coreference. Indeed, we show that a linear transformation of learned embeddings in these models captures parse tree distances to a surprising degree, allowing approximate reconstruction of the sentence tree structures normally assumed by linguists. These results help explain why these models have brought such large improvements across many language-understanding tasks.
Testis formation in XX individuals resulting from novel pathogenic variants in Wilms’ tumor 1 (
WT1
) gene
Authors: Eozenou Caroline , Gonen Nitzan , Touzon Maria Sol , Jorgensen Anne , Yatsenko Svetlana A. , Fusee Leila , Kamel Alaa K. , Gellen Balazs , Guercio Gabriela , Singh Priti , Witchel Selma , Berman Andrea J. , Mainpal Rana , Totonchi Mehdi , Mohseni Meybodi Anahita , Askari Masomeh , Merel-Chali Tiphanie , Bignon-Topalovic Joelle , Migale Roberta , Costanzo Mariana , Marino Roxana , Ramirez Pablo , Perez Garrido Natalia , Berensztein Esperanza , Mekkawy Mona K. , Schimenti John C. , Bertalan Rita , Mazen Inas , McElreavey Ken , Belgorosky Alicia , Lovell-Badge Robin , Rajkovic Aleksandar , Bashamboo Anu
Published: June 2020

Significance

Sex development involves a precise spatiotemporal expression and interactions of numerous genetic factors, including the
WT1
(Wilms tumor 1) gene. Complete and partial loss-of-function
WT1
variants are associated with 46,XY disorders/differences of sex development (DSD). Some 46,XX individuals develop testis in absence of the testis-determining gene
SRY
. We describe a genotype/phenotype association where variants impacting the C-terminal zinc finger (ZF4) of WT1 cause testis development in 46,XX individuals. XX mice carrying a pathogenic variant of ZF4 display masculinization of the fetal gonads. Testis formation may be due to inappropriate interaction between the mutated WT1 and an essential ovarian determinant β-CATENIN. These data show that variants affecting a specific domain of a developmental transcription factor can switch organ fate.
Self-assembled plasmonics for angle-independent structural color displays with actively addressed black states
Authors: Franklin Daniel , He Ziqian , Mastranzo Ortega Pamela , Safaei Alireza , Cencillo-Abad Pablo , Wu Shin-Tson , Chanda Debashis
Published: June 2020

Significance

Functional nanomaterials will enable the next generation of displays, detectors, and photovoltaic devices by interacting with light at subwavelength length scales. However, performance and practical integration with current electronic systems remain a scientific and engineering challenge. Here, we report the wafer-scale self-assembly/growth of nanoparticles which reproduce the cyan, magenta, and yellow color space. We explore the physics of the optical resonances and the advantageous properties they manifest for color filter technology, such as angle insensitivity and high saturation. The versatile formation process then enables integration with commercial devices to realize a hybrid, nanoparticle–liquid crystal reflective display.
Saying, crying, replying, and continuing
Authors: Walker Terry , Grund Peter J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter investigates the form, frequency, and function of speech reporting expressions in Early Modern English, such as quod she in “I perceiue now [$ (quod she) $] how mishap doth follow me” (CED, D1FGASCO, 1573). We focus on the use in the prose fiction texts in Periods 1 and 3 in A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760 (CED). The study points to developments over time, in the distribution of individual verbs as well as groups of verbs with similar functions. Variation is also evident in the word order of the speech reporting expression in relation to the represented speech and in the internal order of the speech reporting expressions (subject+verb or verb+subject).
Interjections in early popular literature
Authors: Taavitsainen Irma
Published: June 2020

Early modern jests and drama provide excellent materials for studies on speech-based language. This article focuses on a core group of interjections, alas, lo and O, and assesses their use from a diachronic perspective. The method of study is qualitative stylistic analysis and the data comes mostly from the popular genres of the Helsinki Corpus (HC) and the Corpus of English Dialogues (CED). Genuine feelings are depicted in romances and tragedies, but in popular genres these items express stereotypical reactions to awkward situations, contributing to audience involvement. Innovative uses emerge with novel stylistic effects in the early seventeenth century.
Patterns of reader involvement on sixteenth-century English title pages, with special reference to second-person pronouns
Authors: Peikola Matti
Published: June 2020

Title pages may be viewed as early forms of advertisement, intended to make the potential reader purchase the book and attach a high value to its contents. In research into the consumer psychology of present-day advertisements, second-person pronouns have been found an effective means of persuasion. Based on a comprehensive dataset of sixteenth-century title page texts, this study shows that early English book producers made versatile and creative promotional use of the second-person pronouns you and thou so as to involve the potential reader (purchaser). The core of the analysis consists of a qualitative contextual analysis of the pronoun forms.
Epistemic adverbs in the Old Bailey Corpus
Authors: Claridge Claudia
Published: June 2020

This study investigates selected epistemic adverbs in the courtroom discourse of the Old Bailey Corpus. Over time, more epistemic types are used in court and the frequencies of individual items are on the rise, with probably standing out as the most frequent item. All items are overwhelmingly used as sentence adverbs, which are mostly found in clause-medial positions. Additionally, the adverbs are used with medium frequency as focalizers, modifying words and phrases, and rarely as response items. All social groups show increasing usage, with higher-class males apparently leading the development. Witnesses are the most prolific user group, followed by defendants and judges. While all groups use probably frequently, witnesses show a preference for evidently and apparently and lawyers/judges for undoubtedly.
Sure in Irish English
Authors: Hickey Raymond
Published: June 2020

The English adjective sure functions in Irish English as a pragmatic marker in sentence-initial or clause-initial position (occasionally in tag questions) expressing intersubjectivity in discourse. This essentially has the effect of affirming shared knowledge among speakers and offering reassurance in cases where a speaker feels it is appropriate to do so. The specifically Irish use of sure can be traced back to the late seventeenth century with a peak in the nineteenth century, going on literary representations of Irish English. Its indexical value for Irishness may have contributed to its decline, but not demise, in twentieth century literature, despite its continued occurrence in Irish English today.
Intensification in dialogue vs. narrative in a corpus of present-day English fiction
Authors: Oksefjell Ebeling Signe , Hasselgård Hilde
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines adverbial intensification of adjectives in present-day English fiction, with the aim of establishing whether dialogic and narrative passages differ in this regard. Although the corpus is relatively small, the study indicates that the frequency of intensification differs across these two subregisters of fiction. Findings of a more qualitative nature include slight differences in preferred choice of intensifiers in dialogue (very > so > too) vs. narrative (so > too > very). Moreover, dialogue has a preference for evaluative adjectives, while narrative shows more variation. A comparison with authentic speech uncovered few clear patterns except the predominance of some high-frequency adverb-adjective combinations. Nevertheless, the differences between fictional dialogue and narrative demonstrate that linguistic phenomena may vary both within and across registers.
Crop evolution and diversity.
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Naegele Rachel P. , Myers James R. , Dhillon Narinder P. S. , Crosby Kevin
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the evolutionary history, commercial production, and cucurbits as weeds. The uses of cucurbits as food and drink, medicinal properties, and as ornamental plants are also discussed.
Major crops.
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Naegele Rachel P. , Myers James R. , Dhillon Narinder P. S. , Crosby Kevin
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on botany, origin and history, uses, cultivars and breeding, genetic diversity, nomenclature, classification, and species description of cucumbers, melons, squash, pumpkins, watermelons and their related species.
Minor crops.
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Naegele Rachel P. , Myers James R. , Dhillon Narinder P. S. , Crosby Kevin
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the cultivation and uses of minor crops such as Benincasa hispida, Coccinia grandis, Cucumis anguria, C. metuliferus, C. setosus, Cucurbita foetidissima, Cyclanthera pedata var. edulis, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa spp., Momordica angustisepala and M. cymbalaria, M. balsamina, M. charantia, M. cochinchinensis, M. dioica, Praecitrullus fistulosus, Sechium edule, Sicana odorifera, Telfairia spp. and Trichosanthes spp. These cucurbits are primarily cultivated by smallholder farmers in Asia and are often part of home, school and community gardens.
Cucurbits for human health.
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Naegele Rachel P. , Myers James R. , Dhillon Narinder P. S. , Crosby Kevin
Published: June 2020

Cucurbit fruits are comparable in nutrient content to other fruits and vegetables and are exceptional for high pro-vitamin A content of some cultivars of squash and melon, and the abundant oil and protein in seeds of Telfairia, Cucurbita and other cucurbits. Cucurbits are a good source of carbohydrates and play a significant role in human nutrition, especially in tropical countries where their consumption is high. This chapter describes the contents of moisture, solids, carbohydrates, proteins, oils, vitamins, minerals and secondary compounds (such as carotenoids, citrulline, flavonoids and phenolic acids), as well as toxic and potentially therapeutic compounds, of cucurbit fruits. Tabulated data are provided on nutritional composition of raw and processed cucurbits, and of cucurbit seeds, flowers and leaves. Each table is divided into: (a) major components (moisture, calories, protein, lipids, fatty acids and minerals); and (b) vitamins and carotenoids.
Insects and spider mites.
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Naegele Rachel P. , Myers James R. , Dhillon Narinder P. S. , Crosby Kevin
Published: June 2020

Insects are often a major obstacle to the successful production of cucurbits. They can severely reduce yield, injure or kill plants, spread disease and adversely affect fruit quality. Spider mites can also be a problem, particularly with glasshouse cucumbers. Integrated pest management requires an understanding of the biology and life history of the living organisms that interact with cucurbits. Management begins with cultural control methods, such as crop rotation, deep ploughing of crop residues, control of alternative hosts (i.e. weeds) and the use of trap crops. Cultural and physical controls alone are rarely sufficient for cucurbit pest management. Foliar application of chemicals is the most common means of controlling insects and mites in the field and aerial fumigation is also used in the glasshouse. Soil fumigation, although expensive, can eradicate soilborne pests. Beneficial insects are also employed for biological management. Breeding cucurbits for insect and mite resistance has great potential, but has not progressed nearly as far as breeding for disease resistance. This chapter describes insect and mite pests of cucurbits, and their control.
Neural networks-based regularization for large-scale medical image reconstruction
Authors: Kofler A , Haltmeier M , Schaeffter T , Kachelrieß M , Dewey M , Wald C , Kolbitsch C
Published: June 2020

In this paper we present a generalized Deep Learning-based approach for solving ill-posed large-scale inverse problems occuring in medical image reconstruction. Recently, Deep Learning methods using iterative neural networks (NNs) and cascaded NNs have been reported to achieve state-of-the-art results with respect to various quantitative quality measures as PSNR, NRMSE and SSIM across different imaging modalities. However, the fact that these approaches employ the application of the forward and adjoint operators repeatedly in the network architecture requires the network to process the whole images or volumes at once, which for some applications is computationally infeasible. In this work, we follow a different reconstruction strategy by strictly separating the application of the NN, the regularization of the solution and the consistency with the measured data. The regularization is given in the form of an image prior obtained by the output of a previously trained NN which is used in a Tikhonov regularization framework. By doing so, more complex and sophisticated network architectures can be used for the removal of the artefacts or noise than it is usually the case in iterative NNs. Due to the large scale of the considered problems and the resulting computational complexity of the employed networks, the priors are obtained by processing the images or volumes as patches or slices. We evaluated the method for the cases of 3D cone-beam low dose CT and undersampled 2D radial cine MRI and compared it to a total variation-minimization-based reconstruction algorithm as well as to a method with regularization based on learned overcomplete dictionaries. The proposed method outperformed all the reported methods with respect to all chosen quantitative measures and further accelerates the regularization step in the reconstruction by several orders of magnitude.