bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of melt parameters on density and surface roughness in electron beam melting of gamma titanium aluminide alloy
Authors: Mohammad Ashfaq , Al-Ahmari Abdurahman Mushabab , AlFaify Abdullah , Mohammed Muneer Khan
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Electron beam melting (EBM) is one of the potential additive manufacturing technologies to fabricate aero-engine components from gamma titanium aluminide (γ-TiAl) alloys. When a new material system has to be taken in to the fold of EBM, which is a highly complex process, it is essential to understand the effect of process parameters on the final quality of parts. This paper aims to understand the effect of melting parameters on top surface quality and density of EBM manufactured parts. This investigation would accelerate EBM process development for newer alloys.

Design/methodology/approach

Central composite design approach was used to design the experiments. In total, 50 specimens were built in EBM with different melt theme settings. The parameters varied were surface temperature, beam current, beam focus offset, line offset and beam speed. Density and surface roughness were selected as responses in the qualifying step of the parts. After identifying the parameters which were statistically significant, possible reasons were analyzed from the perspective of the EBM process.

Findings

The internal porosity and surface roughness were correlated to the process settings. Important ones among the parameters are beam focus offset, line offset and beam speed. By jointly deciding the total amount of energy input for each layer, these three parameters played a critical role in internal flaw generation and surface evolution.

Research limitations/implications

The range selected for each parameter is applicable, in particular, to γ-TiAl alloy. For any other alloy, the settings range has to be suitably adapted depending on physical properties such as melting point, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion co-efficient.

Practical implications

This paper demonstrates how melt theme parameters have to be understood in the EBM process. By adopting a similar strategy, an optimum window of settings that give best consolidation of powder and better surface characteristics can be identified whenever a new material is being investigated for EBM. This work gives researchers insights into EBM process and speeds up EBM adoption by aerospace industry to produce critical engine parts from γ-TiAl alloy.

Originality/value

This work is one of the first attempts to systematically carry out a number of experiments and to evaluate the effect of melt parameters for producing γ-TiAl parts by the EBM process. Its conclusions would be of value to additive manufacturing researchers working on γ-TiAl by EBM process.
St Croix oil refinery: choosing the right future
Authors: Geyfman Victoria , Grandzol Christian
Published: March 2017

Synopsis

Atlantic Basin Refining, Inc. (ABR), a Virgin Islands company located on the island of St Croix, reached a tentative agreement with Hess and Petroleos de Venezuela SA to purchase the two companies’ joint venture, Hovensa, LLC in November 2014. Hovensa operated the large St Croix oil refinery that had been closed since 2012, but the deal required approval by the Virgin Islands Senate. Although reopening the large refinery would generate a significant boost to the local economy, past operating losses, and financial and legal issues associated with Hovensa, raised concerns about the feasibility of ABR’s proposal. The case is set in late 2014 as the government is working to ensure that the decision to allow ABR to purchase the refinery reflects the long-term interests of the Virgin Islands.

Research methodology

The case was researched using secondary data and all materials are available to the public. This was necessary due to the ongoing legal battle concerning the refinery’s sale. No disguises of people or entities were used. Frequently cited sources include government and court records, newspaper articles, and internet sources.

Relevant courses and levels

The case is most appropriate for undergraduate courses in management or finance where capital budgeting decisions are analyzed.

Theoretical bases

The case draws on literature related to capital budgeting and management.
Turnaround of the Professional, Applied and Continuing Education Department at the University of Winnipeg
Authors: Albert Sylvie
Published: March 2017

Synopsis

The case begins in mid-2014 and provides an opportunity for students at the undergraduate and graduate level to complete several strategic assessments of an entrepreneurial department within a post-secondary institution. The continuing education department of a university in Canada has been transferred to the dean of an academic faculty. The department has had a history of budget deficits and the new dean and executive director (ED) were tasked to develop and implement a turnaround strategy.

Research methodology

The case is written by the dean who had firsthand experience with the turnaround strategy. The written case was reviewed for accuracy by two principal actors: the ED responsible for implementing the plan, and the vice-president academic who is the dean’s supervisor and was kept apprised of all developments throughout the turnaround. Some of the data were produced by staff within the operation of Professional, Applied, and Continuing Education and acknowledged in the case.

Relevant courses and levels

This case is suitable for courses in business strategy, operations management, and includes various implications for human resource management, organizational behavior, and entrepreneurship suitable for undergraduate and graduate courses. It has a focus on turnaround strategies and strategy implementation.

Theoretical bases

Theoretical underpinnings for this case include strategic visioning and communication: portfolio management and innovation; internal environment analysis and positioning; structuring and resource management; and monitoring and control systems.
Decreased Runoff Response to Precipitation, Little Missouri River Basin, Northern Great Plains,USA
Authors: Griffin Eleanor R. , Friedman Jonathan M.
Published: March 2017

High variability in precipitation and streamflow in the semiarid northern Great Plains causes large uncertainty in water availability. This uncertainty is compounded by potential effects of future climate change. We examined historical variability in annual and growing season precipitation, temperature, and streamflow within the Little Missouri River Basin and identified differences in the runoff response to precipitation for the period 1976‐2012 compared to 1939‐1975 (n = 37 years in both cases). Computed mean values for the second half of the record showed little change (<5%) in annual or growing season precipitation, but average annual runoff at the basin outlet decreased by 22%, with 66% of the reduction in flow occurring during the growing season. Our results show a statistically significant (p < 0.10) 27% decrease in the annual runoff response to precipitation (runoff ratio). Surface‐water withdrawals for various uses appear to account for <12% of the reduction in average annual flow volume, and we found no published or reported evidence of substantial flow reduction caused by groundwater pumping in this basin. Results of our analysis suggest that increases in monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures, including >1°C increases in January through March, are the dominant driver of the observed decrease in runoff response to precipitation in the Little Missouri River Basin.
Is the European Union Trade Deal with Canada New or Recycled? A Text‐as‐data Approach
Authors: Allee Todd , Elsig Manfred , Lugg Andrew
Published: March 2017

Are the rules in the Canada‐European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) largely copied from past trade agreements, or are they new and potentially groundbreaking? Some critics charge that CETA merely replicates the failures of past trade deals, while others worry that CETA is specifying new ‘behind the border’ rules that threaten state sovereignty. Using text analysis we compare the contents in CETA to those in previous trade agreements signed by both parties. Unlike many other recent trade deals, we find that much of the content in CETA is indeed novel. On average only about 7 per cent of CETA language is copied directly from any of the 49 previous trade agreements we analyze. This same pattern holds across many of the most controversial issue areas, like investment. Some recent agreements like EU‐Singapore (30%) and Canada‐South Korea (24%) are replicated in part in CETA, although recycled text is more likely to come from past Canadian PTAs than EU ones. Our results suggest that fears that CETA is ‘more of the same’ are overblown and indicate that if ratified CETA likely will play an important role as a model in future trade agreements.
Endometriosis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: Specific symptomatic and demographic profile, and response to the low FODMAP diet
Authors: Moore Judith S. , Gibson Peter R. , Perry Richard E. , Burgell Rebecca E.
Published: March 2017

Background

Women with endometriosis are frequently misdiagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for some time before a correct diagnosis is made. Visceral hypersensitivity is a key feature in both conditions.

Aims

To determine if there are distinct symptom patterns in women with IBS and endometriosis, and to determine the response of these women to a low FODMAP diet in comparison to those with IBS alone.

Materials and methods

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from women attending a specialist IBS service in Christchurch New Zealand. Data from those who met Rome III criteria for IBS were sorted into two groups: concurrent endometriosis and those with IBS alone. Demographics and symptom patterns were identified from a prospective questionnaire. A low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols) diet was taught to all women as the primary therapeutic intervention. Responses to the diet were noted against their ultimate disposition.

Results

Of the 160 women who met Rome III criteria for IBS, 36% had concurrent endometriosis. The presence of dyspareunia (P > 0.0001), referred pain (P = 0.005), bowel symptoms exacerbated by menstruation (P = 0.0004) and a family history of endometriosis (P = 0.0003) were associated with concurrent endometriosis. Seventy two percent of these women reported a >50% improvement in bowel symptoms after four weeks of a low FODMAP diet compared with 49% in those with no known endometriosis (P = 0.001, odds ratio 3.11, 95% CI, 1.5–6.2).

Conclusions

Women with concurrent endometriosis and IBS report a unique symptom phenotype. The low FODMAP diet appears effective in women with gut symptoms and endometriosis.
General practitioners and preconception weight management in New Zealand
Authors: Fieldwick Diana , Smith Alesha , Paterson Helen
Published: March 2017

Background

Childhood obesity is a growing concern internationally and a top priority for the World Health Organization. Preconception overweight, obesity and excess gestational weight gain significantly increase childhood obesity risk. Optimising preconception weight is a key preventative measure toward reducing childhood obesity. In 2014, the New Zealand (NZ) Ministry of Health released guidance for health practitioners on healthy weight gain in pregnancy in an effort to reduce the burden of childhood obesity.

Aim

To explore the knowledge and practice of NZ general practitioners (GPs) regarding preconception and gestational weight management.

Materials and methods

A nationwide survey was conducted on a randomly selected sample of NZ GPs using a mixed methods approach. Descriptive statistics were used for survey responses and a general inductive approach was applied to the free text data.

Results

A total of 200 GPs (42.5%) responded. The majority of GPs were aware of the risks of obesity in pregnancy. Over 50% of GPs reported practice that was not consistent with recommended standards of care. Ministry of Health guidance was known to only 12% of participants. Themes emerging from the free text data included: lack of opportunity for, and awareness of, preconception care; recognition of the importance of this area; and need for further learning.

Conclusions

General practitioners in NZ are not providing optimal preconception care. This research highlights the need for a public health message encouraging preconception counselling and better education of GPs on the topic. This should start with promotion of the Ministry of Health guidance.
Maternal age is a risk factor for caesarean section following induction of labour
Authors: Dunn Liam , Kumar Sailesh , Beckmann Michael
Published: March 2017

Background

In Australia, more than 20% of women giving birth are 35 years or older. Advanced maternal age (AMA) is a risk factor for stillbirth, and many clinicians now recommend induction of labour (IOL) at around term gestation. The aim of this study is to determine if AMA is associated with emergency caesarean section (CS) following IOL.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was undertaken using routinely collected de‐identified data. Live‐born, singleton, cephalic, non‐anomalous pregnancies undergoing IOL between 37 + 0 and 42 + 0 weeks were included. Previous CS and privately insured admission status were excluded. Mode of delivery was compared for women ≥38 years (AMA) and women <38 years. The primary outcome was birth by CS. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken.

Results

A total of 7459 women were included (≥38 years n = 718, 9.6%; <38 years n = 6741, 90.4%). AMA women had similar rates of unassisted vaginal births (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.98–1.35, P = 0.080) and CS (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.90–1.30, P = 0.407) but fewer instrumental deliveries (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55–0.87, P = 0.002) compared to women <38 years. When controlled for confounders, AMA was independently associated with a two‐fold increase in birth by CS following IOL (adjusted OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.64–3.20; P < 0.001). There were no differences in neonatal outcomes.

Conclusion

Following IOL, AMA was associated with a two‐fold increased likelihood of birth by CS in both nulliparous and multiparous women. However, the majority of AMA women birthed vaginally. Clinicians may find this information useful when counselling older women who are undergoing term IOL.
Efficacy of dermal substitute on deep dermal to full thickness burn injury: a systematic review
Authors: Widjaja Winy , Tan Juen , Maitz Peter K. M.
Published: March 2017

Background

The study aims to systematically examine the efficacy of dermal regeneration templates (DRTs) in comparison to split thickness skin grafting (STSG) in the management of acute burn injuries post‐excision and debridement.

Methods

Systematic literature search was conducted by two independent reviewers from the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library with selection criteria set a priori. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Main outcomes extracted were percent of STSG take, infection rate and scar quality.

Results

Seven studies were included. Three of the seven studies reported no significant difference in STSG take between burn wounds treated with dermal substitute and or STSG only. Three of the seven studies reported either low rates of infection or no significant difference in infection rates between dermal substitute and control. Four of the seven studies reported no significant difference in scar quality. Statistical pooling of data was not performed due to heterogeneity of the studies.

Conclusion

Current RCTs available are generally of small sample size with poor methodological reporting. Given the results of more recent RCTs, the risk associated with DRTs is low and it can be a useful alternative for immediate wound coverage post‐burn excision. However, there is still no strong evidence to support that DRTs have significant impact on scaring.
Incidental parathyroidectomy during total thyroidectomy is not a direct cause of post‐operative hypocalcaemia
Authors: Chew Carolyn , Li Ran , Ng Michael K. , Chan Steven T. F. , Fleming Bill
Published: March 2017

Background

Post‐operative hypocalcaemia is the most common complication after total thyroidectomy, with a reported incidence of transient hypocalcaemia up to 50% and permanent hypocalcaemia 1.5–4%. The impact of incidental parathyroidectomy (IPE) on post‐operative hypocalcaemia remains controversial. This study evaluated the risk factors for IPE following total thyroidectomy and compared post‐operative calcium levels serially between patients with and without IPE.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy from January 2009 to October 2016 at Western Health was conducted. Histopathology reports were reviewed to identify specimens that included parathyroid tissue. Risk factors and dichotomous data were analysed by exact test of difference in binomial proportions. Group comparison of serial calcium levels (preoperative to 48 h post‐operative) between the no IPE and IPE patients were analysed by calculating the area under the curve producing a time series summary.

Results

Four hundred and sixty‐eight patients were included: 395 were females (81%), with a median age of 51 years. IPE was confirmed histologically in 84 patients (17.7%) and was more likely to occur in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection (P = 0.0003), and in patients with malignant disease (P = 0.0005). The difference in area under the curve for serial post‐operative calcium levels between the no IPE and the IPE groups was 0.61 (P = 0.21, 95% confidence interval: −0.37 to 1.58).

Conclusion

Total thyroidectomy for malignancy and with central node dissection had a higher risk of IPE but did not result in significant changes in post‐operative serum calcium levels.
Trade Effects of US Antidumping Actions against China*
Authors: Lee Minsoo , Park Donghyun , Saravia Antonio
Published: March 2017

Using data on US imports, classified at the 10‐digit Harmonized System commodity level, we study the effects of all antidumping investigations initiated by the USA against China between 1998 and 2006. We find that antidumping actions cause a reduction in the volume and value of imports from China as well as an increase in the price of those goods in the US market. Critically, however, we find that these effects are short‐lived and dissipate approximately 2 years after the antidumping decision. Furthermore, antidumping actions against China prompt a substitution effect as they increase US imports from other countries. In general, our results cast doubt on the effectiveness of antidumping actions against China as mechanisms for protecting US producers.
Impact of Monetary Supply on Chinese Nonferrous Metal Price Movement*
Authors: Sun Zesheng , Sun Bianxia
Published: March 2017

Employing both classical vector autoregressive methodology and regression models utilizing shock factors constructed with the Hodrick–Prescott filtering method, this paper empirically studies the influence of monetary factors on the price of nonferrous metals and their expectation formation in the Chinese market. Monetary factors are found to significantly positively influence Chinese nonferrous metal prices, and further empirical research reveals that a structural change occurred near August 2006. There is an expectation formation mechanism of lagged futures prices on spot metal prices, and the risk originating primarily from international market is transmitted to Chinese markets.
Live cell imaging of bacterial cells: Pyrenoylpyrrole‐based fluorescence labeling
Authors: Arun Divakar Mathiyazhagan , Shanmugam Sivakumar
Published: March 2017

A novel substituted pyrenoylpyrroles was synthesized by the reaction of pyrenoyl chalcone, TosMIC and methyl iodide under mild condition. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their bioactivity, and the MIC was determined, among which few compounds showed moderate antibacterial activity toward Gram‐positive as well as Gram‐negative bacteria. Further, cytotoxicity assay ascertained that these compounds were non‐toxic to mammalian cells as well. The pyrene chromophore in the synthesized compounds (3a–e) and (5a–e) is responsible for the good photophysical properties which have an absorbance at λ 340 nm and emission at λ 410 nm. Hence, two of the selected novel synthesized compounds with non‐cytotoxic nature prospected for bio‐imaging of bacterial cells using high‐content screening analysis show that the molecule is suitable for microbial imaging in pathological diagnostic studies.
The APE1 redox inhibitor E3330 reduces collective cell migration of human breast cancer cells and decreases chemoinvasion and colony formation when combined with docetaxel
Authors: Guerreiro Patrícia S. , Corvacho Eduardo , Costa João G. , Saraiva Nuno , Fernandes Ana S. , Castro Matilde , Miranda Joana P. , Oliveira Nuno G.
Published: March 2017

The human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an ubiquitous multifunctional DNA repair enzyme and a redox signalling protein. Our work addressed the inhibition of APE1 redox function using E3330, as single agent or in combination with docetaxel (DTX), in human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells. E3330 decreased the colony formation of DTX‐treated cells. In addition, E3330 alone significantly reduced the collective cell migration as assessed by the wound‐healing assay, whereas the combined treatment decreased chemoinvasion. These results suggest that the inhibition of APE1 redox function might have therapeutic potential by modulating cell migration and invasion in metastatic breast cancer.
The Link Between Playing Video Games and Positive Youth Outcomes
Authors: Adachi Paul J. C. , Willoughby Teena
Published: March 2017

Playing video games continues to be popular among youth. Although many studies have examined the impact of video games on negative outcomes, such as aggression and addiction, fewer studies have investigated potential positive outcomes. However, recent studies are addressing this imbalance. In this article, we review some of this research, specifically studies indicating a link between playing video games and enhanced well‐being, problem‐solving skills, intergroup relations, and physical activity. In addition, we discuss how self‐determination theory may provide an underlying theoretical framework linking these domains of positive effects. We also address implications for ongoing research that furthers our knowledge of how video games affect youth development, including longitudinal studies that examine video game play and adjustment from childhood to young adulthood.
Subtotal colectomy for ulcerative colitis: lessons learned from a tertiary centre
Authors: Buchs N. C. , Bloemendaal A. L. A. , Wood C. P. J. , Travis S. , Mortensen N. J. , Guy R. J. , George B. D.
Published: March 2017

Aim

Subtotal colectomy (STC) is a well‐established treatment for complicated and refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). A laparoscopic approach offers potentially improved outcomes. The aim of the study was to report our experience with STC for UC in a single large centre.

Method

From January 2007 to May 2015, all consecutive patients undergoing STC for UC were retrospectively analysed from a prospectively managed database. Patients with known Crohn's disease or those undergoing one‐stage procedures were excluded. Demographics, perioperative outcomes and second‐stage procedures were analysed.

Results

During the study period, 151 STCs were performed for UC [100 emergency (66%) and 51 elective (34%)]. Acute severe colitis refractory to therapy was the most common indication (62%). Overall, 117 laparoscopic (78%) and 34 open STCs were performed, with a conversion rate of 14.5%. Mortality and morbidity rates were 0.7% and 38%, respectively. Whilst operative time was shorter for open STC (by 75 min; P = 0.001), there were fewer complications (32% vs 62%; P = 0.002) and a shorter hospital stay (by 6.9 days; P = 0.0002) following laparoscopic STC. Fewer complications and shorter hospital stay were also observed after elective STC. Patients undergoing laparoscopic STC were more likely to undergo a restorative second‐stage procedure than those having open STC (75% vs 50%; P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic STC for UC is feasible and safe, even in the emergency situation. A laparoscopic approach may offer advantages in terms of lower morbidity and reduced length of stay. Elective resection may offer similar advantages and is best performed whenever possible.
Course of employment in adults with cerebral palsy over a 14‐year period
Authors: Benner Joyce L , Hilberink Sander R , Veenis Thessa , van der Slot Wilma M A , Roebroeck Marij E
Published: March 2017

Aim

To explore the course of employment in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) over 14 years, and to identify subgroups at risk for unemployment.

Method

Sixty‐five adults with CP (33 males, 32 females; baseline age 25y 8mo, standard deviation [SD] 3y 2mo; intellectual impairment 25%; bilateral CP 65%) participated in a prospective cohort study. Self‐reports of employment and work hours per week in 1996, 2000, and 2010 were documented. The course of employment (including sheltered work) and work hours per week were analysed, using generalized estimating equations (GEE).

Results

Overall, employment rate was stable over time (38–45%, p=0.413), but lower than in the general population (75‐86%, p<0.001). Employment rates were specifically low in adults with intellectual impairment, bilateral CP, and in adults with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV and V. Work hours per week declined (35.0 [SD 7.9] to 31.2 [SD 10.3], p=0.033), especially among females (32.3 [SD 6.4] to 23.4 [SD 7.4], p<0.001). Similar to the general population, females often worked part‐time.

Interpretation

Employment was low compared with the general population, but remained stable in the long term; however, work hours per week decreased. Adults with intellectual impairment, bilateral CP, and GMFCS levels IV and V are subgroups at risk for unemployment.
Do males with higher mating success invest more in armaments? An across‐populations study in damselflies
Authors: SNIEGULA SZYMON , PRUS MONIKA A. , GOLAB MARIA J. , OUTOMURO DAVID
Published: March 2017

1. Males with higher mating success would be expected to invest more in traits that facilitate mating, leading to steeper allometry of those traits with respect to body size. Across‐population studies following latitudinal variation in male mating success are an excellent study system to address this question.

2. Males of the damselfly Lestes sponsa were used to investigate whether the allometric patterns of the length and width of the anal appendages, used for grasping the female prior to mating, corresponded to male mating success. Across a large latitudinal gradient, it was hypothesised that there is a larger investment in the grasping apparatus, i.e. a steeper allometric slope, following higher mating success.

3. Behavioural observations in field enclosures showed the highest mating success at high latitude, while there were no significant differences in mating success between the central and low latitudes. Positive allometry was found for the length of the anal appendages in high‐latitude males, while central‐ and low‐latitude males showed no significant regressions of the traits on body size.

4. These results partially support the hypothesis, as high‐latitude, more successful males invested more in the length (but not the width) of the grasping apparatus than did central‐ and low‐latitude males. Therefore, higher mating success might be facilitated by larger investment in armaments. Intraspecific studies on allometric patterns of traits that participate in mating success might offer new insights into the role of those traits in the reproductive behaviour of a species.
Barriers to hydroxyurea adherence and health‐related quality of life in adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Badawy Sherif M. , Thompson Alexis A. , Penedo Frank J. , Lai Jin‐Shei , Rychlik Karen , Liem Robert I.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To identify barriers to hydroxyurea adherence (negative beliefs, access, and/or recall barriers), and their relationship to adherence rates and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) among adolescents and young adults (AYA) with sickle cell disease (SCD).

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was administered to 34 AYAs (12‐22 years old) in SCD clinics from January to December 2015. Study measures included Brief Medication Questionnaire, Modified Morisky Adherence Scale 8‐items, visual analog scale, and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.

Results

Participants (59% male; 91% Black) had a median age of 13.5 years (IQR 12‐18). Participants reported negative beliefs (32%), recall barriers (44%), and access barriers (32%). Participants with recall barriers reported worse pain (P=.02), fatigue (P=.05), and depression (P=.05). The number of adherence barriers inversely correlated with adherence level using ©MMAS‐8 (rs=−.38, P=.02) and VASdose (rs=−.25, P=.14) as well as MCV (rs=−.45, P=.01) and HbF% (rs=−.36, P=.05), suggesting higher hydroxyurea adherence in patients with fewer barriers.

Conclusions

Patients with fewer barriers to hydroxyurea adherence were more likely to have higher adherence rates and better HRQOL scores. Routine assessment of hydroxyurea adherence and its related barriers could provide actionable information to improve adherence rates, HRQOL, and other clinical outcomes.
Frequency and functional characterization of exhausted CD8+ T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Taghiloo Saeid , Allahmoradi Esmaeil , Tehrani Mohsen , Hossein‐Nataj Hadi , Shekarriz Ramin , Janbabaei Ghasem , Abediankenari Saeid , Asgarian‐Omran Hossein
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The phenotypic and functional properties of Tim‐3+/PD‐1+/CD8+ cells as exhausted T cells were investigated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Methods

Frequency of CD8+/Tim‐3+/PD‐1+ exhausted cells was determined by flow cytometry. For functional analysis, magnetic beads‐isolated CD8+ T cells were stimulated with PHA and PMA/ionocymin to assess their proliferative responses and cytokine production by MTT and ELISA, respectively. Cytotoxic activity of isolated CD8+ T cells was determined using CD107a degranulation assay.

Results

The proportion of exhausted CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in CLL compared to controls. Isolated CD8+ T cells from CLL showed functional defects in proliferation, degranulation, and cytokines production. While IL‐2, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ were significantly lower in CLL patients, IL‐10 was higher in the patients group. Patients with progressive clinical stages showed higher frequency and dysfunction of exhausted CD8+ T cells.

Conclusion

Targeting immune inhibitory receptors to restore the function of tumor surrounding T cells could be helpful for immunotherapy of CLL.
Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of zirconia all‐ceramic cantilevered fixed partial dentures with different framework designs
Authors: Miura Shoko , Kasahara Shin , Yamauchi Shinobu , Egusa Hiroshi
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study were: to perform stress analyses using three‐dimensional finite element analysis methods; to analyze the mechanical stress of different framework designs; and to investigate framework designs that will provide for the long‐term stability of both cantilevered fixed partial dentures (FPDs) and abutment teeth. An analysis model was prepared for three units of cantilevered FPDs that assume a missing mandibular first molar. Four types of framework design (Design 1, basic type; Design 2, framework width expanded buccolingually by 2 mm; Design 3, framework height expanded by 0.5 mm to the occlusal surface side from the end abutment to the connector area; and Design 4, a combination of Designs 2 and 3) were created. Two types of framework material (yttrium‐oxide partially stabilized zirconia and a high precious noble metal gold alloy) and two types of abutment material (dentin and brass) were used. In the framework designs, Design 1 exhibited the highest maximum principal stress value for both zirconia and gold alloy. In the abutment tooth, Design 3 exhibited the highest maximum principal stress value for all abutment teeth. In the present study, Design 4 (the design with expanded framework height and framework width) could contribute to preventing the concentration of stress and protecting abutment teeth.
Responses of terrestrial ecosystem phosphorus cycling to nitrogen addition: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Deng Qi , Hui Dafeng , Dennis Sam , Reddy K. Chandra
Published: March 2017

Aim

Anthropogenic additions of nitrogen (N) are expected to drive terrestrial ecosystems toward greater phosphorus (P) limitation. However, a comprehensive understanding of how an ecosystem's P cycle responds to external N inputs remains elusive, making model predictions of the anthropogenic P limitation and its impacts largely uncertain.

Location

Global.

Time period

1986‐2015.

Major taxa studied

Terrestrial ecosystems.

Methods

We conducted a meta‐analysis including 288 independent study sites from 192 articles to evaluate global patterns and controls of 10 variables associated with ecosystem P cycling under N addition.

Results

Overall, N addition increased biomass in plants (+34%) and litter (+15%) as well as plant P content (+17%), while decreasing P concentrations in plants and litter (−8% and −11%, respectively). N addition did not change soil labile P or microbial P, but enhanced phosphatase activity (+24%). The effects of N addition on the litter P pool and soil total P remained unclear due to significant publication biases. The response of P cycling to N addition in tropical forests was different from that in other ecosystem types. N addition did not change plant biomass or phosphatase activity in tropical forests but significantly reduced plant P and soil labile P concentrations. The shift in plant P concentration under N addition was negatively correlated with the N application rate or total N load. N‐induced change in soil labile P was strongly regulated by soil pH value at the control sites, with a significant decrease of 14% only in acidic soils (pH < 5.5).

Main conclusions

Our results suggest that as anthropogenic N enhancement continues in the future it could induce P limitation in terrestrial ecosystems while accelerating P cycling, particularly in tropical forests. A quantitative framework generated on the basis of this meta‐analysis is useful for our understanding of ecosystem P cycling with N addition, and for incorporating the anthropogenic P limitation into ecosystem models used to analyse effects of future climate change.
The Role of Pre‐Entry Experience of Firm Founders in Peripheral Regions: Routines, Business Contacts, and Local Starting Conditions
Authors: Habersetzer Antoine
Published: March 2017

This paper investigates how spinoffs in peripheral regions can profit from the work experience of their founders. More specifically, it discusses which firm routines and business contacts entrepreneurs gather through their prior work experience, and how this experience influences the organizational structure and orientation of the newly founded firm. The transfer of capabilities from parent firm to spinoff has been identified as important aspect of industrial clustering, but empirical evidence from peripheral areas is still sparse. It compares 22 semi‐structured interviews with founders of manufacturing firms from different peripheral regions in Switzerland to investigate whether routine and network transfer differs in varying peripheral contexts. The results show that not only inherited routines are important, but also inherited business contacts. Further, instead of simply reproducing acquired routines and networks, founders employ a mixture of continuity and change to find a good trade‐off between relying on well‐proven practices and introducing novelty. Finally, the geographical proximity of inherited business contacts seems to have an influence on the implementation strategy founders choose. Entrepreneurs with strong inherited local business contacts do not have to invest as much in building up new business contacts as those entrepreneurs in more isolated locations.
Purification and characterisation of soluble acid invertase from mango fruits
Authors: Li Renjie , Li Jingyu , Liao Xiaojun , Wang Yongtao
Published: March 2017

Soluble acid invertase (SAI) was purified from mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) by ammonium sulphate fractionation and anion‐exchange chromatography (DEAE‐Sepharose Fast Flow). Molecular mass of the enzyme is 45 kDa estimated by SDS–PAGE. Dynamic light scattering analysis suggests the hydrodynamic radius of SAI distributes from 4 to 20 nm with a peak at 6.68 nm. Transmission electron microscopy shows that SAI is a globulin with diameter of 10–30 nm. Its optimal pH and temperature are 4.0 and 60 °C, respectively. The enzyme is not stable at high temperature (≥60 °C) or in alkaline (pH ≥ 8) environment. Using sucrose as substrate, its KM and Vmax are 25.55 mm and 1.002 mmol min−1 mL−1, respectively. Its circular dichroism spectrum shows a negative band at 220 nm and a positive band at 195 nm, suggesting a β‐sheet structure. The fluorescence spectra reflect that the tryptophan and tyrosine residues of SAI are partially exposed.
Potential for prevention of non‐O157 Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli contamination in traditionally fermented African maize gruel by fermentative probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Fayemi Olanrewaju E. , Taylor John R. N. , Buys Elna M.
Published: March 2017

Non‐O157 Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a frequent cause of STEC‐related infections such as diarrhoea. Fermentation by presumptive probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain B411 isolated from cereal fermentation was investigated to prevent the growth of acid‐adapted (AA) and non‐acid‐adapted (NAA) non‐O157 STEC in traditionally fermented maize gruel, a widely used complementary food in Africa. L. plantarum strain B411 possessed probiotic characteristics and antimicrobial activity against selected pathogenic bacteria. Growth of AA and NAA non‐O157 STEC strains was substantially inhibited by 3.6 and 4.8 log reductions, respectively, in the maize gruel fermented with the L. plantarum B411, while their growth was only inhibited by 1.0 and 1.2 log reductions, respectively, by traditional fermentation alone. Inclusion of fermentative strains of L. plantarum exhibiting probiotic activity is a feasible method to ensure safety of traditionally fermented African cereal porridges through inhibition of non‐O157 STEC.
Validating a Chinese version of the Weight Self‐stigma Questionnaire for use with obese adults
Authors: Lin Kuan Pin , Lee Mei Li
Published: March 2017

Background

Although weight‐based stigmatization is pervasive in everyday life, a suitable measure of weight self‐stigma is currently unavailable for the obese Chinese population.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to translate and test the psychometric properties of the Weight Self‐stigma Questionnaire into Chinese (C‐WSSQ) for use with obese Chinese people.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted on 156 overweight or obese adults. The data were collected from September to December 2015. Data on the body mass index, C‐WSSQ, and Multidimensional Body Self‐relation Questionnaire were used.

Results

The reproducibility and Cronbach a of the C‐WSSQ were .892 and .880, respectively, indicating acceptable reliability. The exploratory factor analysis revealed that 2 extracted factors identified to the domain structures of the C‐WSSQ, as explained by the 67.05% total variance. The C‐WSSQ also demonstrated that the 2‐factor model, self‐devaluation, and fear of enacted stigma fit the data on the basis of confirmatory factor analysis. Meanwhile, the C‐WSSQ was correlated with body mass index and Multidimensional Body Self‐relation Questionnaire, indicating an acceptable criterion‐related validity.

Conclusion

The C‐WSSQ shows adequate reliability and validity. The health professionals can use the C‐WSSQ to assess weight self‐stigma of obese Chinese adults before and after intervention of a weight‐loss program.
Market Risk Disclosures and Board Gender Diversity in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Firms
Authors: Al‐Yahyaee Khamis Hamed , Al‐Hadi Ahmed Khamis , Hussain Syed Mujahid
Published: March 2017

We investigate the impact of board gender diversity on corporate risk reporting for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) financial firms. Recent developments and improvements of corporate governance in the GCC markets suggest that firms in the GCC have become more transparent with less information asymmetry. However, we find that the presence of female directors in the boards of financial institutions suppresses the positive association between corporate governance and market risk disclosures for the period between 2007 and 2011. These findings suggest that culture and conservatism nature of GCC societies persist in the GCC business environment. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and endogeneity tests.
Non‐healing ischaemic digital ulcer in a systemic sclerosis patient: a challenging clinical case
Authors: Blaise Sophie , Roustit Matthieu , Forli Alexandra , Imbert Bernard , Cracowski Jean‐Luc
Published: March 2017

Ischaemic digital ulcers (DUs) are an indicator of the severity of the microangiopathy in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). DUs are a frequent complication, affecting about 50% of patients with SSc, and are often recurrent. In cross‐sectional studies involving patients with SSc, the frequency of ischaemic DUs was 12–16% with a major impact on hand function and quality of life. Effective therapy for DUs remains elusive. Intravenous iloprost has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on healing of active DUs. Bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist, only showed a benefit in preventing the occurrence of new DUs. Despite limited evidence, recent guidelines have recommended phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors as an option. Injection of botulinum toxin and digital sympathectomy have been increasingly used for ischaemic DUs. Here we present the complex case of a SSc patient already treated with sildenafil and bosentan in whom an active DU was successfully treated with botulinum toxin A. Despite the lack of a randomised controlled trial, results are encouraging for the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of DUs and could perhaps help to avoid some amputations, as in the present case.
A Method for Freezing and Washing Red Blood Cells Using a High Glycerol Concentration
Authors: Meryman H. T. , Hornblower M.
Published: March 2017

A modification of previously reported methods for freezing red blood cells with a high concentration of glycerol is described. The limits of osmotic tolerance of human red blood cells range from one‐half to four times isotonic. The introduction and removal of glycerol creates transient osmotic gradients that can exceed these limits. It is shown that much of the cell lysis following thawing and during washing can be related to hypertonic injury incurred during the glycerolizing procedure. Refinements of this portion of the process produce significant gains in recovery. Problems associated with washing out a high concentration of glycerol by centrifugal means can be alleviated by a preliminary dilution with hypertonic sodium chloride which serves also to reduce cell volume and increase cell specific gravity improving sedimentation characteristics and affording more latitude for the hypotonic stresses associated with glycerol removal. Careful attenion to the osmotic limits during both glycerolizing and washing results in a process in which hemolysis from freezing, thawing and washing can be reduced to less than three per cent.
Benefits from Increasing the Allowable Life of Human Blood
Authors: Pegels C. C. , Seagle J. P.
Published: March 2017

A study of the non‐medical effects of extending the life of stored human blood beyond the current 21 days is presented. The beneficial effects consist of a reduction in the percentage of outdated blood and the ability to maintain higher inventory levels. The adverse effect consists of a tendency to infuse older blood. The results of the study show that the benefits of extending the life span appear to be considerable, and the increase in average age of infusion is less than one might expect. The study is based on the use of a probabilistic model.
Platelet Filters—An Evaluation
Authors: Arora S. N. , Morse E. E.
Published: March 2017

An in vitro study was made to evaluate the effects of three different infusion sets [HB 182 (Fenwal); Abbott 4594 (Metal filter); and HE 792 (Fenwal)] on the recovery of platelets. The results indicate that platelets are not lost during the filtration process. Platelet recoveries were approximately the same with all three filters under study. The volume of platelet concentrates varies significantly. The loss of platelets in infusion sets and plastic bags is relatively large if small volume concentrates are used.
Tn‐activation with Acquired A‐like Antigen
Authors: Berman H. J. , Smarto J. , Issitt C. H. , Issitt P. D. , Marsh W. L. , Jensen L.
Published: March 2017

The red blood cells of Mr. R. W., an 86‐year‐old type O patient with Proteus mirabilis wound infection, anemia, and thrombocytopenia were found to be polyagglutinable due to Tn‐activation, to be agglutinated by and to absorb anti‐A, and to have a reduced sialic acid level probably as a result of enzyme modification in vivo. The reaction with anti‐A was inhibited by blood group A substance. It is possible that both Tn‐activation and acquisition of A‐like antigen were changes induced by Proteus infection but, if so, the changes persisted after the bacterial infection was cured.

The red blood cell modification in this patient has features in common with others in whom T‐ or Tn‐activation, reduced sialic acid levels, or acquired B antigens have been found. Various abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane are discussed and clinical, serological, and physicochemical findings are compared.
Hemoglobin Function in Stored Blood
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Loken M. R. , Crater D. H. , Newlon D. , Miller G. , Ellis T. J. , Billings T. A. , Ledford E. B. , Spurlock D. W.
Published: March 2017

An optimal pH was sought to maintain hemoglobin function, ATP, and red blood cell viability during liquid storage under blood banking conditions. Ten units of blood from normal volunteers were subjected to an automated analytical system for determining concentrations of 2,3‐DPG and ATP. Each unit was split during donation into five parts containing citrate—dextrose solutions of pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0. Significant differences at the 95 per cent level were based on the paired t‐test. In addition, osmotic fragility and methylene blue uptake were determined to assess their possible usefulness as indicators of either red blood cell viability or ATP.

With pH 5.0 preservative 2,3‐DPG fell from day 0 to day 3, with pH 5.0 and 5.5 preservatives from day 3 to day 7, and from day 7 to day 14 in all pH groups. A plot of 2,3‐DPG versus hydrogen ion concentration showed that in excess of 1 × 10−7hydrogen ion, corresponding to pH 7.0, 2,3‐DPG concentration falls at a rapid rate. From 2,3‐DPG and ATP data, a preservative with pH higher than 5.5 would seem to be optimal for maintaining hemoglobin function and red blood cell viability, but adenine may be needed to maintain adequate ATP levels.