bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
External Debt and Economic Growth: A Heterogeneous Static ‎Panel Study in Asian Developing and Transition Economies
Authors: Dawood Muhammad , Biqiong ‎ Zhang , Al-Asfour Ahmed , Nilofar Memoona
Published: November 2020

Abstract‎This study examined the impact of total external debt, public external debt, and private external debt on economic growth of ‎Asian ‎developing and transition economies economic growth from 1995 to 2019. We ‎applied the fixed effect model with two ‎robust estimators of the feasible generalized least square estimator ‎and Driscoll-Kraay standard error estimator to address the ‎cross-sectional dependence. The findings showed that the total external debt has a significant and positive impact on economic ‎growth while the public external debt and private external debt affect economic growth adversely.  ‎
Compassion Fatigue among Nurses: The Cost of Having a Relationship with HIV-Positive Patients
Authors: Tellie Mercia Jane
Published: November 2020

In the public healthcare sector in South Africa, nurses treat a large number of patients who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on an outpatient basis. Many patients consult the nurses only when they experience symptoms due to the delayed onset of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. The large number of patients and often poor outcome of treatment could result in compassion fatigue in the nurses. The aim of the current study was to describe the cost of having a relationship with HIV-positive patients on nurses who work in outpatient ARV clinics. A qualitative, single, embedded case study design was used, and six registered nurses (RNs) and one enrolled nurse (EN) were individually interviewed. The data analysis revealed two themes, namely: (1) the risk of developing compassion fatigue; and (2) the manifestation of compassion fatigue. The themes were discussed with reference to the extant literature. Many research reports have focused on compassion fatigue in nurses in hospital-based settings, but few on the manifestation of compassion fatigue in nurses who work in outpatient settings. The authors concluded that nurses who take care of HIV-positive patients on an outpatient basis are at risk of developing and do manifest compassion fatigue, and it is thus recommended that programmes be instituted to support them.
Flat-Bottomed Ceramics of the Neolithic in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia: The History of the Formation of the Basic Concepts of Its Study
Authors: Shorin Alexander F.
Published: November 2020

Purpose. The history of the study of the Neolithic site with flat-bottomed ceramics of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia is considered. Until the end of the 20th Century, such complexes in the region were correlated with the Boborykino culture. The formation of ideas about the main components of this culture determined the essence of the first two stages of the study of culture (from 1961 to the first decade of the 20th Century).
Results. At the first stage, in the publications of K. V. Salnikov and L. Ya. Krizhevskaya, the characteristic features of the newly identified culture are defined: flat-bottomed ceramics with original ornaments and the microlithic character of flint inventory; the chronological positions of the culture are determined by the Eneolithic – Early Bronze Age. At the second stage, in the publications of V. T. Kovaleva and her colleagues, the Boborykino culture is assigned to the second stage of the development of ceramic ornamental traditions of the Neolithic Trans-Urals. The culture dates from the third quarter of the 6th – the first quarter of the 4th millennium BC. Initially, the autochthonous line of development of this culture from the early Neolithic Koshkino culture was substantiated. However later the alien character of this culture as a result of migration in the Trans-Urals of the early agricultural population of the Near East and the Caucasus began to be declared. At the third stage, by researching new archaeological sites in the Baraba forest-steppe and Middle Ob region, the age of archaeological sites with flat-bottomed ceramics was raised to the 7th – 6th millennium BC; the difference between local ceramics and Boborykino complexes was shown. The comprehension of sites with flat-bottomed ceramics of the period 7th – 6th millennium BC began as a new independent cultural-chronological phenomenon in the Neolithic of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia.
Conclusion. A version of the autochthonous origin of the Baraba culture is expressed. However, migration theories of the appearance of such archaeological sites in the north of Eurasia in their variations can also be discussed.
Neolithic Complex of the Settlement of Barsova Gora II/9
Authors: Chemyakin Yury P.
Published: November 2020

Purpose. Materials published here describe findings on the ancient settlement Barsova Gora II/9b (located 7 km to the west of Surgut city on the right bank of the Ob river). Over the 5 years of excavations, the remains of structures from different time periods were uncovered and studied, among which 5 seated below grade square and rectangular dwellings stand out.
Results. Original flat-bottomed pottery, clay ornamented bars and a spherical pommel have been found inside these dwellings. Clay bars were probably used as spatulas for smoothing dishes, skin scrapers. Among stone tools, polished ones predominate: chopping tools (axes, adzes, chisels, including grooved ones), lancet-shaped arrowheads and knives, as well as abrasives. Flint tool findings were less common: a few leaf-shaped arrowheads, scrapers and one lithic core. A fragment of a quartz lithic core and about ten quartz flakes were found as well. Among the pottery next to flat-bottomed vessels, there are round-bottomed vessels. Generally pottery is decorated in a variety of ways – drawn, impaled, using a walking comb stamp, with pits. Among the patterns there appears straight, broken or wavy lines, areas of a walking stamp. Clear geometric shapes are rare. On some pots horizontal compositions are replaced by vertical ones in the lower half of the vessels. Flat bottoms are ornamented with crossed, wavy and other patterns.
Conclusion. Incorrect functional identification of the clay bars during first excavations led to initial incorrect dating of the settlement as belonging to the Early Bronze Age. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating during the new excavations revealed earlier settlement dates going back to early Neolithic. Some similarities to these structures and settlement type can be found in the ancient settlements of Boborykino and Bystrinsky cultures, Petrovoborsky and Kayukovsky types, settlements of Amnya I and others within the Eneolithic Period as well. However, the settlement of Barsova Gora II/9b is a unique cultural type dating from 6th – early 5th millennium BC.
Letters from the First Archaeographic Expeditions of the USSR Academy of Sciences to Buryatiya
Authors: Borodikhin Andrei Yu. , Matkhanova Natalya P.
Published: November 2020

The article deals with the history of the first series of the archaeographic expeditions of the Russian Academy of Sciences to Buryatia, carried out in the late 1950s – early 1960s on the initiative of the academician M. N. Tikhomirov, in accordance with the resolution of the Department of Historical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. They are known to have proved the prospects of further archaeographic work in Siberia. Six letters of the participants of the expeditions to Buryatia in 1959–1962 V. B. Pavlov-Silvansky and A. I. Rogov to the Chairman of the Archaeographic Commission academician M. N. Tikhomirov, preserved in the collection of the latter, are published. They are classified as semi-business: the style of correspondents is mostly informal, the features required for office documentation are absent, and the main content is purely business in its nature. The letters contain important data on the history and character of the expedition itself, on the relationship with the Moscow and Ulan-Ude colleagues, on the old believers – the keepers and owners of priceless pieces of ancient Russian writing and printing, cooperation with which remains the most important direction of the archaeographic research work also at the present stage. As a result of the expeditions, a small collection of handwritten and early printed books of the 16th – early 20th centuries was formed. At first, the acquired items were accumulated in the scientific library of the Archaeographic Commission, where they were initially examined. Brief descriptions of the book acquisitions were published in the Archaeographic yearbooks. Later, it was decided to transfer this collection of manuscripts and books to the Siberian Department of the Archaeographic Commission (Novosibirsk) and add it to the Trans-Baikal regional collection of the State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the SB RAS (SPSTL SB RAS). The Appendix presents the information on the findings of these expeditions, provides inventory numbers and storage ciphers of SPSTL SB RAS based on the selected data from the descriptions of the Archaeographic yearbooks.
Boyar Gantimur from Bogdoy Khan: Birth and Debunk of a Myth
Authors: Zuev Andrey S.
Published: November 2020

This article discusses the main facts about one of the leaders of the nomadic Ewenkis of Transbaikalia  Gantimur, who in 1666/67 left Qing empire and got through the process of naturalization in Russia. The author criticizes the narrative that is widespread in the state and local historical works and genealogical writings. According to it, Gantimur belonged to the Manchu ruling elite and allegedly participated in 1655 in the attack on the Russian Komarsky ostrog (fortress), located on the right bank of the Amur. Based on the analysis of a broad range of archival and published sources (petitions of Gantimur and his descendants, reports of Russian explorers and administrators, diplomatic documents drawn up during the Russian-Manchu negotiations) and historical research, it is shown, how this narrative appeared and became prevalent. The author proves that this historical myth does not correspond to real facts and was fabricated by the grandchildren of Gantimur in order to improve their status in the Russian social hierarchy and increase wealth. This article concludes by arguing that Gantimur was not part of the Manchu elite and did not take part in the Manchu campaigns on the Amur river.
Perfil epidemiológico e distribuição da meninginte em um estado da região norte do país - Rondônia de 2017 A 2019
Authors: De Sousa Cássia Lopes , Dantas Sara , Witcel Khatlyn Rayeele Evencio da Silva , Toro Rafaela Gomes , Menezes Amilton Victor Tognon , Dos Santos Pâmela Mendes , Folgado Jéssica Diniz , Da Silva Jonatas Tiago Lima , Santos Poliana Gouvea , Cruz Jessíca Reco
Published: November 2020

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo identificar o perfil epidemiológico a distribuição da meningite em um estado da região norte do Brasil, com intuito de mostrar os dados para poder ajudar nas buscas e produções cientificas que abrangem o tema. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo, de dados secundários retirados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN), de modalidade quantitativa. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo revelaram que a população masculina é a mais acometida pela doença, e que a região de residência mais endêmica é a urbana com 76,04% dos casos. Conclui-se que é evidente o número de casos distribuídos em todo estado e que a sua predominância maior e no sexo masculino, sendo necessário ressaltar a promoção de políticas da saúde do homem que abordem de maneira efetiva a população masculina, inclusive com a vacinação dos adolescentes.  As medidas de educação em saúde são indispensáveis para a redução do número de casos.
Kinetika Ekstraksi Minyak Atsiri Lada Hitam (Piper nigrum) Secara Hidrodistilasi
Authors: Shintawati Shintawati , Analianasari Analianasari , Zukryandry Zukryandry
Published: November 2020

Lada hitam dikenal dengan nama King of Spices yang merupakan salah satu komoditi unggulan ekspor asal Provinsi Lampung. Lada hitam memiliki aroma dan rasa pedas yang khas. Kontribusi aroma berasal dari senyawa volatile yang terkandung pada minyak atsiri dalam lada hitam. Minyak atsiri lada diperoleh dari ekstraksi pelarut, hidrodistilasi, distilasi uap, distilasi fluida super kritik dan  hidrodistilasi menggunakan microwave. Nilai konsentrasi minyak atsiri selama ekstraksi serta laju ekstraksi dapat diprediksi dari model kinetika. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari ekstraksi minyak atsiri lada hitam dan mengetahui model kinetika ekstraksi minyak atsiri lada hitam secara hidrodistilasi. Hidrodistilasi dilaksanakan selama 5 jam dengan pengambilan data setiap 15 menit. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan kinetika ekstraksi lada hitam mengikuti model kinetika ekstraksi orde kedua.  Nilai parameter kinetika orde kedua dari ekstraksi minyak atsiri lada hitam yaitu kapasitas ekstraksi minyak atsiri lada,Cs, laju awal ekstraksi, h, dan konstanta laju ekstraksi, k masing-masing adalah 4,9 gL-1, 0,206 g L-1menit-1 dan 0,0086 g-1L menit-1 dan nilai determinasi sebesar 99,97%. Hasil eksperimen didapat perolehan ekstraksi sebesar 5,14%.
Youtube ve Astım: Astımla İlgili Popüler Videoların Bilgi İçeriğinin Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi
Authors: GUNAYDİN Fatma , ALTİN Sedat
Published: November 2020

Amaç: Astım dünya genelinde 300 milyondan fazla kişiyi etkilemektedir, astımlı hastalar sıklıkla interneti bir bilgi kaynağı olarak kullanırlar. Youtube ülkemizde internet kullanıcılarının %92 oranla en sık ziyaret ettiği platformların başında gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı astımla ilişkili videoların bilgi içeriklerini analiz ederek videoların eğitim kalitesi değerlendirmektir.
Materyal ve Metot: "Astım" anahtar kelimesini kullanarak Youtube araması yapıldı, en çok izlenen 100 video dahil edildi. Özellikler, kaynak ve içerik açısından analiz edildi. Video kalitesini değerlendirmek için bir puanlama sistemi oluşturuldu.
Bulgular: Yüz video analiz edildi, konu içeriği olarak en sık hasta eğitimi ile ilgili (%58), ikinci sırada alternatif tedavilerle ilgili videolar yer almaktaydı (%37). Diğer sağlık profesyonellerinin videoları en yüksek puana sahipti ve diğer kaynaklardan önemli ölçüde yüksekti. Alternatif tıp kanallarını izlenme sayısı sağlık profesyonellerinin izlenme sayısından yüksekti.
Sonuç: YouTube platformundaki en çok izlenen astım videoları değerlendirildi, içerik analizi yapıldığında sağlık profesyonellerinin videoları en yüksek kalitedeydi, ancak izlenme oranlarına göre bakıldığında en çok alternatif tıp içerikli videoların izlendiği görüldü. Astımla ilgilenen sağlık profesyonelleri tarafından üretilecek daha çok izlenecek yüksek kaliteli, eğitici materyaller üretilmesine ihtiyaç vardır.
Epidemiologia e investigación en salud pública
Authors: Cedeño Ávila Leyla María , Patiño Zambrano Viviana Paola , Rivera Ponce Patricia Cecibel , Hidalgo Zambrano Claudia Vanessa , Mendoza Hidalgo Karina Lisseth , Chele Chumo Nora Elizabeth , Hidrovo Arteaga María José , Villacrés Segovia Karen Ximena , Hidalgo Montenegro Ginna Paola , Bravo Bravo Katherine Gisella
Published: November 2020

Los avances científicos generados en el campo de la salud, dan paso al surgimiento de una disciplina cuyas características estima aquellas posibles condiciones para lograr un recorrido específico en las áreas determinantes y existentes en el campo de las ciencias de la salud. Este proceso de transformación hacia la búsqueda de un método particular y directamente vinculado con el quehacer clínico, permite el surgimiento de la epidemiología como la herramienta que permite encaminar diferentes procesos investigativos y ofrecer con ello nuevas experiencias caracterizadas por reconocer la existencia de enfermedades trasmisibles y no transmisibles, valorar la necesidad de reconocer la importancia que presenta la sociedad como gestor de una modificación significativa en la investigación ligados a la salud pública.
Patología Ginecológica y Obstétrica
Authors: Auqui Carangui Diego Armando , Montenegro Aucancela Carlos Julio , Rodríguez Cruz Viviana Elizabeth , Villafuerte Lozada Evelin Marcela , López Pérez Grace Pamela , Espinoza Cabezas Edith Efigenia , Castañeda Morales Dubán Hernando , Romero Cevallos John Patricio , Narváez Rueda Argenys Michael , Franco Ruiz Giovanna Birmania
Published: November 2020

Una de las principales entidades que pueden promover esta misión es durante las consulta génico-obstétrica. En ella se pueden realizar diferentes diagnósticos que involucran el aparato de reproducción femenino, así como el proceso evolutivo del embarazo deseado y el parto del neonato. Estas ciencias pueden determinar e influir en el comportamiento de la mujer al momento de buscar protegerse de las enfermedades sexuales y de la prevención del embarazo. En estas áreas de la medicina se busca poder establecer los parámetros que permitan una mejor calidad de vida de las pacientes. Su función es diagnosticar y tratar medicamente, a través de medios farmacológicos o quirúrgicos, los síntomas y las causas que producen un deterioro en la salud de la mujer, y en si del círculo familiar cercano.
Vivencias de un médico, antes y durante el COVID-19
Authors: Vargas Baños Marcelo Jorge , Vargas Baños Marcelo Patricio , Vargas Baños Cesar Emilio
Published: November 2020

Vivencias de un médico ecuatoriano, antes y durante el COVID-19, es un trabajo donde se incluye parte de la trayectoria, escenarios y períodos que dejaron huellas en mi aprendizaje como estudiante universitario, hasta convertirme en médico tratante, en la especialidad de Cirugía Plástica Reconstructiva y Estética. De cada etapa vivida existen experiencias enriquecedoras que nos ayudan a formar nuestro espíritu: férreo, sensible, humano, noble; lo que nos permite afrontar circunstancias desoladoras como las vividas por la crisis sanitaria, producto de la enfermedad causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, donde el personal sanitario en primera línea, en todo el mundo, se entrega por entero a salvar vidas, poniendo en riesgo la suya misma con tal de combatir los estragos de estas dolencias y ganarle la batalla a este virus.
Effects of factors of informal care on the utilization of social care insurance benefits: A cross-sectional study
Authors:   1Department of Health and Care Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, Kornmarkt 1,  Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. 2University of Applied Sciences for Social Work, Education and Care, Duererstr. 25, Dresden, Saxony.
Published: November 2020

Background: Presently in Germany, as there is a shortage of nursing staff, informal caregivers have become highly relevant. Because they often deal with care related burden, legislation was passed to improve caregivers’ situations by offering more supports. Nonetheless, a considerable percentage of caregivers do not utilize it. Methods: Data was collected in Saxony (Germany) from November 2019 to December 2019 by using an online survey and a postal survey (cross-sectional study design; n= 1,716). For analysis bivariate logistic regression (forward method LR, α≤0.05) was performed. Results: The average age of the sample was 61.9 years, 52.9% were female and 45.7% male. Results indicate a medium utilization of care insurance services. Considerable associations were time spent on care and utilization of care allowance (OR: 1.77), such as duration of care degree and utilization of residential care services (OR: 1.88) and substitute care (OR: 1.81). Conclusions: Informal caregivers putting intensive effort into care do tend to utilize services. The resulting questions of why newer informal caregivers do not tend to utilize services and why there is a medium utilization among all caregivers implies that people need to gain better access to services independently of care factors.
“I Greatly Rejoiced When Our Business Was to Be Resolved by a Decree of the Great White Tsar...”: Letters of the Kalmyk Khan Ayuka to the Emperor Peter Alekseevich and Chancellor G. I. Golovkin (1714)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Elista, Russian Federation, Tepkeev Vladimir T. , Bembeev Evgeny V. ,   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Elista, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

The article addresses written evidence of the Russian-Kalmyk relations in the early 18th century. It is to introduce into scientific use new documentary sources belonging that period when the epistolary written tradition of the Kalmyk nobility was at its apogee. While studying these sources, not only a brief historical description of the period has been provided, but also methods of paleographic identification of manuscripts and archaeographic analysis of the monuments of Old Kalmyk writing have been used. The article publishes transliteration, translation, and two copies of the original letters of Kalmyk Khan Ayuka: one addressed to the Emperor Peter Alekseevich, another to the Chancellor Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin. Both letters have been found in the Kalmyk Affairs Foundation of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The letters were delivered to Moscow by the Kalmyk embassy led by Hojim (1714). Until now their contents have remained unknown to the wide array of researchers. The documents contain information on the difficult situation on the Russo-Turkish frontier after the signing of the Adrianople Peace Treaty in 1713. Participation of the 20,000 Kalmyk cavalry in the Kuban campaign against the Nogais (1711) incited the latter to retaliate. Kalmyk areas on the Lower Volga were constantly threatened the Kuban Nogais, which forced Ayuka Khan to ask for Russian military assistance. A distinctive feature of these sources is the fact that they are written in the old-Kalmyk writing “Todo bichig” (“clear writing”) and end with a red square stamp granted to Ayuka Khan by Dalai Lama VI in 1698. The letters are phrased in the traditional epistolary genre typical of the official correspondence of the Kalmyk nobility of the time: despite their brevity, they brim with truth, life, dynamism, and tension. Further identification and investigation of the Kalmyk letters in the Russian archives should be a comprehensive effort of various specialists, thus setting a promising trend in the scholarship.
Expeditionary Journals of Major General G. N. Karaev, Leader of the Combined Expedition to Establish the Exact Location of the Battle on the Ice: The Second Half of the 1950s — Early 1960s
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Krivosheev Yury V. , Sokolov Roman A. ,   St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

Recent studies of the Battle of the Ice (1242) in many respects derive from the late 1950s–early 1960s expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR to the region of Lake Peipsi that was to determine the battle location. The reliability of the results it obtained is now evaluated differently, especially by those zealously searching for evidence of state commission. Materials collected and research carried out and published as early as 1962 is now used in disputes; however the authors contend that that they are not sufficient for making balanced and objective conclusions. Handwritten diaries of the expedition leader G. N. Karaev should shed a new light on the history of the project: its preparation, field work progress, and applied methods. The diaries covering the period of 1956-1960 are stored in the fonds of the Archive of the Pskov State United Historical, Architectural, and Fine Arts Museum-Reserve. The text refers directly to the time of the described events (to a day). The diaries expound the research process (including submarine studies) and the general mood of the expedition. They show that the initiative came from the local historians, some of those amateurs. However, support of the leading scholars (particularly, academician M.N. Tikhomirov) and of the USSR Academy of Sciences gave the project its scientific force. The documents attached to the diaries confirm that G. N. Karayev founded his conclusions on the changes in level and depths of the lake, its bottom relief, and reasons for the absence of finds that definitely dated from the 13thcentury on the data obtained by experts in the natural and exact sciences. The authors conclude that the expedition journals of G. N. Karaev confirm the reliability of its results.
Using Network Analysis to Study the History of Archival Collections Formation: A Case-Study of the Collection of N.P. Likhachev from the Scientific Historical Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History
Authors:   St. Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.Petersburg, Russian Federation, Nosova Ekaterina I.
Published: November 2020

Interest in the history of book collections is not a recent phenomenon. However, rapid development of computers and the Internet over the past twenty years has provided researchers with new tools for network analysis, such as UCI6 и NetDraw 2.160. Continuing to identify the provenance of the documents kept in the Western European Section of the Scientific Historical Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author had to face the fact that abundance of information and complexity of the links between various sources make it difficult to make out the complete picture. The Western European section of the Scientific Historical Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences is mostly based on the collection of the academician N P. Likhachev (1862—1936). N.P. Likhachev contacted hundreds of antiquarian firms around the world, and thus his collection fits into the complex and interwoven system of the European antiquarian market of the late 19th–early 20th century. To overcome the problem of branching data, the author decided to call on the experience of sociologists and to use computer programs for network analysis that enable to reflect and comprehend the links between objects. The article is to present the process and results of this work, as well as to underscore problems and specificity of the programs in relation to the archival material. The main source is data from the personal provenance archive of the academician N. P. Likhachev, collection of documents on the history of the Western European Section, and artifacts from the Likhachev collection. The second layer of sources is antiquarian catalogs. The program can visualize these two layers of information in different ways by using different colors and lines. Overlaying of the schemes allows completing of missing elements in the chain of provenance. It should be noted that due to the richness of the sources, the network, originally compiled for the collection of N.P. Likhachev, grows into a pan-European system of “collector-antiquarian” relationships. It opens wide perspectives for research.
Documents from the Latvian State Historical Archive on the Situation of German Citizens in Riga at the Beginning of the First World War
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation, Bakhturina Alexandra Yu.
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the information potential of the documents from the Latvian Historical Archive for studying policy of the Russian government towards subjects of adversary states in the First World War. Citizens of Germany and Austria-Hungary who were in Russian regions, where at the beginning of the First World War the martial law was imposed, were subject to administrative deportation to the Central and Eastern gubernias of the Russian Empire as prisoners of war. This problem is being studied mainly on the basis of documents from the central archives, which does not permit to reconstruct the complete picture of what had happened. The article analyses the lists, petitions of deported German citizens, correspondence of police officials, statistical data, and orders of the administration of the governorate of Livonia. Drawing on these documents, it studies social and age composition of the deportees, reconstructs courses of action of the gubernia government. It is noted that petitions of deportees have a strong emotional impact, as they draw pictures of difficult life circumstances of those forced to leave their place of residence and travel far into Russian lands. The emotional intensity of these documents needs to be balanced by using record keeping documents. Lists of deportees have notations on canceling of deportation for various reasons; they permit to introduce into scientific use statistics on the number of deportees. The archival documents suggest that the practice of deportation of adversary state subjects was not a standard procedure. At request, many of them were given a brief reprieve, some received permission to return to Riga later. By the winter of 1914-15, within German and Austrian subjects there were exuded categories of persons not to be subject to deportation (Czechs, Slovaks, French, widows who had previously been Russian subjects, their minor children, persons of over 60 and the sick).
Archiving Development in Bashkiria in the 1920s: Pages of History
Authors:   Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russian Federation, Burangulov Bayras V.
Published: November 2020

The article examines problems of archival documents protection in the Bashkir ASSR in the first years of the Soviet power. History of the State Archival Service of Bashkiria goes back to August 11, 1919, when the Ufa Gubernia Division of the Glavarchive (Main Directorate for Archiving) was founded by resolution of the Collegium of the Glavarchive of the RSFSR. Alongside with the Ufa Gubernia Archive there was the Archive of the BASSR in Sterlitamak, capital of Small Bashkiria. It was established upon initiative of the Head of the Bashkir Revolutionary Committee A. Z. Validov on March 18, 1920. The article reviews the historiography of the issue. Its novelty is based on using unpublished sources from the fonds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and State Archive of the Orenburg Region (one of major and oldest regional archives), that are being thus introduced into scientific use. The article reviews main episodes, concerning documents protection: loss of archival materials in the days of the Civil War, first attempts of acquisition and archive fonds systematization. It focuces on issues of preservation of archival fonds of the Ufa Gubernia Government, Ufa District Court, Ufa Religious Consistory, Ufa Gendarmery Department, Orenburg Mohammedan Religious Assembly, Orenburg Education District, Ufa Directorate for Agriculture and Public Property, Ufa Gubernia Zemstvo, Ufa Land Use Commission. It also describes identification of the 1920s volost and country manorial archives of the Usergan, Burzyan-Tangaur, Tabyn, and Yurmaty cantons of Bashkiria. The article addresses the loss of archival documents due to events of the Civil War, absence of archival repositories, insufficient funding of archiving, and stealage. Nevertheless, the analysis of regional archive activities in the documents preservation sphere demonstrates that invaluable archival documentary heritage of Bashkiria has mostly survived, despite poor conditions of archival records storage.
Minutes of the Interdepartmental Commission of the Russian Government on Release of 1,000,000 Rubles for the Repair the Episcopal House in Irkustk (1919)
Authors:   Russian State Archive of Socio–Political History, Moscow, Russian Federation, Sukhanov Aleksandr V. , Lykova Lyudmila A. ,   Russian State Archive of Socio–Political History, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

The published document has been found in the archival fond of the Council of Ministers of the Russian government of A. V. Kolchak. It permits to verify the existing notion of the historiography that theconsideration of the issue of state financing of the Irkutsk episcopal house repair confirms that there were “unscheduled expenses” of the Chief Directorate for Religious Affairs “for the maintenance of religious organizations.” Recordkeeping documentation of the anti–Bolshevik governments agencies in the East of the former Russian Empire of the Civil War period (files no. 1436 of the Office of the Council of Ministers and no. 1128 of the Legal Department of the Russian government “On release of 1,000,000 rubles in assistance of repair of the burned-down episcopal house in Irkutsk”) follows the consideration of this issue. On August 20, 1919, the Chief Directorate for Religious Affairs sent a petition for the release of 1,000,000 rubles for the repair of the burned-down episcopal house in Irkutsk to the Council of Ministers, where it was received on August 22. On October 8, 1919 it was considered at a meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission under the Chief Directorate for Religious Affairs. On October 21, 1919 the Legal Department developed a draft of the resolution for the Council of Ministers “On the allocation of 1,000,000 rubles from the Treasury in allowance for the repair of the episcopal house in Irkutsk.” Documents on adoption of the resolution or on the release of the funds haven’t been found, and yet the minutes of the Interdepartmental Commission on this issue show that the main argument in favor of the release of public funds for the repair of the building was that its restoration was to provide for the needs of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian government, thus allowing to question the existing notion that the financing of the repair of the Irkutsk episcopal house in was an example of “unscheduled expenses” of the Chief Directorate for Religious Affairs “for the maintenance of religious organizations.”
Light Industry in the Urals in 1928–40: Regional Aspects of Early Industrial Modernization
Authors:   Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg, Russian Federation, Hisamutdinova Ravilya R. , Vasilieva (Polkunova) Svetlana U. ,   Togliatti State University, Togliatti, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

Providing the population with consumer goods is one of the state’s main tasks. Therefore, in terms of welfare, development of light industry is a priority. Studying modernization of the light industry in the first half of the 20th century require a regional approach to identify common pattern and peculiarities of territories. The authors draws on previously unpublished archival documents (dating from 1928–40) from the State Archive of the Russian Federation to consider the development of light industry in the Urals during the pre-war five-year plan. The article uses general scientific method and such methods as comparative-historical, system-structural. With their help, it was possible to draw a historically objective picture of the development of light industry in the Urals in 1928–40. The authors focus their attention on the dynamics of production of essential goods in regions and republics of the Urals and identify the most rapidly developing industries. The article reviews the state of material and technical base of the enterprises; the process of reconstruction of the main industries and of equipment renewal. Most factories and plants received new equipment. During the first five-year plans the textile, footwear, and clothing industries were in the lead. However, the rate of production mechanization remained slow. The article introduces into scientific use statistical data on the expansion of light industry enterprises network during the first five-year plan. There were established sewing, saddlery, footwear, textile factories, workshops of individual tailoring. The number of light industry enterprises in the Urals grew from 91 industrial facilities in 1928 to 412 by 1940. The raw material base of light industry of the Urals was insufficient for the growing needs of production. Shortage of raw materials, dependence on numerous suppliers of raw materials, and their territorial remoteness complicated the work of industries, resulting in reduction of the enterprises’ capacity. The results of the study can be used in writing of general works on the development of light industry during the pre-war five-year plans in Russia, and in the Urals in particular.
Number of the Russian Emigrants in Berlin of the 1920s according to German Sources
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Kotelnikov Konstantin D.
Published: November 2020

The article analyzes in detail the issue of the number of Russian emigrants in Berlin of the 1920s. The existing data of the historiography is contradictory, incomplete, and based on imperfect sources: emigrant press and journalism, fragmentary reports of international and charitable organizations that didn’t have a centralized systems of tracking refugees in Europe. The interest of emigration and the role of Germany and Berlin as a transit zone in European travels led to exaggerated estimates of the number of emigrants of the “first wave.” The number of the Russians in Germany in 1923 was proclaimed around 600,000; 360,000 in Berlin. These huge estimates were transferred to historiography and still appear in the works of researchers. This prevents a realistic assessment of the scale of the “Exodus” from Russia after 1917 and of the size of the emigrant “colonies” in Europe. The article attempts to revise the number of emigrants in Germany and especially in “Russian Berlin” of the 1920s. Having studied the materials of the emigrant press (the newspaper Rul’) and the Berlin archives (Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preu?ischer Kulturbesitz; Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde), the author comes to a conclusion that the number of emigrants in Germany and in Berlin was significantly exaggerated by the contemporaries. However, the size of the “colony” in Berlin can be revised using estimates of the Berlin police officials involved in the supervision of foreigners. Official correspondence and public interviews of the police officers show that they never assumed that there were more than 100,000 Russians living in the German capital in 1920-24 (this highest estimate was made in March 1924). As the police was engaged in registration of foreigners, its employees were best informed on the scales of migration flow, thus, their data is most credible.
The Order of the Chief Trustee of the Kalmyk People V. A. Bashkirov on Records Management Procedure in the Department for the Kalmyk People (1892)
Authors:   Federal Research Centre Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, Lidzhieva Irina V.
Published: November 2020

The aim of this work is to conduct a source study of the order of the Chief Trustee of the Kalmyk people of the Astrakhan gubernia V. A. Bashkirov, dated June 24, 1892 and stored in the I-24 fond “Directorate for the Bagatsokhur ulus” of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. In the first half of the 19th century, the policy of the imperial authorities aimed at integration of the Kalmyk steppe led to the emergence of a number of laws regulating the process, the main emphasis of which was on the desire to integrate the regional periphery into the imperial system of governance. Accordingly, the task of the Chief Bailiffs and Chief Trustees of the Kalmyk people was to sustain effective management process in the Kalmyk steppe, which could not have been achieved without well-organized records management at all levels of the administrative apparatus. The use of general scientific research methods and of special ones has allowed the author to consider this document as a source on the history of records management in the agencies for managing the Kalmyk people of the Astrakhan gubernia in the 19th century. Historical reconstruction and analysis of imperial legislation in the specified sphere of the system of governing the inorodtsy (allogeneous people) of the Astrakhan gubernia has determined the state of office work, underscored the desire of the head of the regional administration to establish office work in the institution, where throughout the 19th century there was a lack of specialists. The biographical method has made it possible to establish that it was the personality and activities of V. A. Bashkirov as the Chief Trustee of the Kalmyk people that contributed to the reforms that improved the quality of the managerial process. The remoteness and specificity of the territory led to a shortage of personnel capable of adapting to the new conditions and of managing peoples who did not welcome changes to their centuries-old ways of life. The integration of the Kalmyk steppe as national periphery of the Russian Empire also depended on well-established management process.
“Our Trip to the Island Should Be as Secure as Possible”: G. D. Krasinsky's Contribution to the Establishment of the Sovereignty of the USSR over the Wrangel Island in 1921–26
Authors:   Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, Bey Evgeniy V.
Published: November 2020

The article draws on archival documents to analyze events connected with the policies of a number of foreign states contesting the sovereignty of the Wrangel Island in the Arctic that belonged to the young Soviet state in 1921-26 and the role of the polar researcher Georgy Davidovich Krasinsky in prevention of these aggressive actions. Content analysis provides new information on this historical episode. The documents from the personal provenance fond of G. D. Krasinsky in the Russian State Archive of Economy demonstrate Krasinsky’s active position and role in the development of the Arctic and in the establishment of Soviet frontiers, when he was appointed assistant to the head of Special hydrographic expedition to the Wrangel Island in 1924. The most interesting document in our opinion – the official address of G. D. Krasinsky to the People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs of G. V. Chicherin concerning organization of the second expedition on the island - is published in the article with some abbreviation. This document provides insight into Krasinsky’s plans on implementation of the final stage of suppression of active actions of foreign “aggressors.” He believed that only actual colonization of the Wrangel Island can provide effective response to the encroachments of the British and Americans, who naturally saw in it an important base for transpolar air traffics. Along with principle of historicism, the article uses method of biographic analysis, which allows to investigate in details Krasinsky’s course of life and to give objective assessment of his professional ability to anticipate the future, that is, to work out his actions proactively. Thus, G. D. Krasinsky ideas were confirmed in the days of the Cold War, when military facilities of the Soviet Union were placed on the island, and it became an important outpost in monitoring the integrity of the Soviet frontiers in the Arctic. We still observe these same tendencies today, in the light of strengthening of the Russian military presence in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
Food Supply of the Kalinin Region Population in 1943
Authors:   Tver State Technical University, Tver, Russian Federation, Bolokina Lyubov A.
Published: November 2020

The article studies the situation with food supply in the Kalinin region in 1943. It aims to reveal the reasons for a considerable decline in delivery and distribution of food products at the local level and to analyze the actions of the local authorities in their efforts to solve the problems of food shortage. The research rationale consists in touching upon a subject that hasn’t yet drawn the local historians’ attention and hasn’t been highlighted in regional historiography. The study is based on the analysis of archival sources and on the implementation of microhistorical approach. The data from various documents reveals a decline in local residents’ food consumption in the studied period. There were problems with food supply in Eastern and front line areas, but the situation was most severe in the areas freed from occupation. The mortality rate due to starvation was registered in a number of areas. Apart from objective necessity to send some part of food supplies to the front line, there were also subjective factors affecting the situation with food supply in the region. Among them were malfunctioning of regional procurement, inability of trade units to achieve proper planning, timely delivery of goods, and effective control over their distribution. Food shortage was aggravated by looting, self-supply that heads of organizations and authorities practiced. Personnel issues were an acute problem. The senior posts in the kolkhozes, village Soviets, and party bodies were held by citizens who lacked managerial skills, were prone to influence peddling and often callous to the people. Therefore, mismanagement and malconduct of some administrators resulted in a situation when the potential of centralized food supply system aimed at giving help to the most vulnerable and insuring their survival under the conditions of war was not fulfilled.
Organization of the First Post-War Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in Leningrad in October 1945 – February 1946: Documents from the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg
Authors:   St. Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Rupasov Alexander I.
Published: November 2020

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 5, 1945, the first post-war elections to this supreme body of state power were scheduled for February 10, 1946. The political leadership attached exceptional importance to the election campaign launched in autumn 1945. The election campaign and its results could have been an indicator of the mood of Soviet society, permitting to estimate whether the victory in the war had been able to neutralize the accumulated fatigue from the hardships of the war and prevent the growth of negative feelings among the population towards the communist party and Soviet leadership. Thus, the authorities paid special attention to the organization of the elections to the Supreme Soviet in Leningrad, the city which survived the siege. Political and ideological support for the election campaign of autumn 1945 – winter 1946 was not the only task that the Soviet and party structures in Leningrad were concerned about. Purely organizational and technical aspects of the elections required coordination between a large number of departments and organizations. One of the most serious organizational problems was lack of trained personnel to work in election commissions. The Central State Archive of St. Petersburg has some limited number of documents that allow us to study the organizational and technical side of the elections in Leningrad in 1945-1946.