bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enfants corrigés, enfants protégés. Genèse de la protection de l'enfance en Belgique, en France et aux Pays-Bas (1820-1914)
Authors: Dupont-Bouchat Marie-Sylvie
Published: February 2015

From Punishment to the Protection of Children : A Comparative Study on the Emergence of Policies on the Protection of Children in Belgium, France and the Netherlands (1820-1914).

This report is a short summary of a study carried out in 1993-1994 by a multidisciplinary and international team of historians, legal experts, and criminologists from Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Québec. The study is divided into two periods : 1820-1880, and 1880-1914. The first period saw the emergence of the concern towards disadvantaged children (« l'enfance malheureuse »), everywhere in Europe and North America. This concern mainly stems from private charities and philanthropists. In the years 1870 to 1880, we can observe a change in the attitude of the State towards children, family, poverty, and criminality. The fear of subsequent offence (recidive) and the social question forced the State to intervene. The second period saw drastic transformations in ideology, strategy, and policies towards children in all industrial countries through the intervention of the State and its first legislations in these fields.
Délinquances juvéniles et régulations institutionnelles
Authors: Carra Cécile
Published: February 2015

Juvenile Delinquency and Institutional Regulations.

The term « juvenile delinquency » may be used to describe all illegal or antisocial acts committed by children or adolescents under the age of majority. It is therefore a pure question of statistics. For the sociologist, however, it is seen as a complex and socially constructed phenomenon, a subject derived from intellectual and ideological categories. Using the life histories of two young offenders, the author shows how juvenile delinquency may also be defined as the perverse outcome of the workings of institutional regulations that are supposed to address the problem.
La technique au cœur du brevet : un concept social évolutif
Authors: Pitois Thierry , Vivant Michel
Published: February 2015

Notion of Technique Central to the Patent : A Changing Social Concept.

The European Patents Office states that an invention is a technique. Logically, therefore, the following question arises : what is, or are, techniques ? Everything is said to be, according to Braudel. Nevertheless, not all techniques are able to be patented. Nor is everything equally technical in relation to time and place. Going beyond the most obvious, it can readily be seen that, even staying within the domain of Europe where the idea of the patent was born, it is evident that the notion of technique applied to a mechanical model. The patent goes hand in hand with mechanisation. But bio-technology, just as the computer sciences, sits less and less comfortably within the définition. Energy, « physical entity... », the points of reference are moving. Finally, it must be admitted that if the domain of the patent is that of technique, the domain of technique is perhaps not what it was. However, it must not be over-looked that technique, like law, is also a reflection of society... which is not necessarily a reflection of the « scholars or scientists ».
Une nouvelle sociologie du droit ? Autour de Das Recht der Gesellschaft de Niklas Luhmann
Authors: Clam Jean
Published: February 2015

Niklas Luhmann's Das Recht der Gesellschaft : A New Sociology of Law ?

This article is a critical study of the latest work of Niklas Luhmann on law. It combines two efforts : a presentation of the work which concentrates on the theses of its various parts (sociological observation, function, coding and opening of law, justice, evolution, juridical argumentation, the relationship of law to politics, economy and psychic individuality) and tries to situate them within the evolution of Luhmann's work ; an inquiry to find out if systemism is able to deliver a sociology which can be exposed and develop in a systematic way on the one hand, and to suggest applied sociologies (of power, economy, law...) on the other, which would not be drowned by the abstraction of systemist conceptuality.
La magistrature du parquet et la diabolisation du politique 1830-1870
Authors: Chauvaud Frédéric
Published: February 2015

Au cœur de l'activité de la magistrature debout, se trouve la surveillance constante des idées et des pratiques politiques. Ces dernières représentèrent le danger extrême et elles furent « diabolisées ». Aussi convient-il d'observer les pratiques de la magistrature du parquet. Sous la monarchie de Juillet, des placards anonymes furent collés sur des bâtiments publics ou près de lieux passants, dans l'obscurité. Les magistrats du parquet considérèrent ces affiches comme des emblèmes séditieux. En 1841, la vie politique devint le sujet d'une vive polémique. Les législateurs n'avaient jusqu'alors pas défini la notion de délit politique. Aussi s'agit-il d'un débat essentiel. Le délit politique devint en effet un « crime public » et, pour la première fois, la magistrature inventa un concept de défense sociale. En 1852, l'État bonapartiste façonna un nouveau personnel : les procureurs impériaux. L'un d'entre eux suggéra une typologie des faits politiques. C'est entre 1830 et 1870 que le délit politique est véritablement né.
Aide juridique : des avancées sporadiques
Authors: Blankenburg Erhard
Published: February 2015

La vague d'aide juridique qui concerna nombre de pays dans les années 1970 et 1980 a cédé la place dans les années 1990 à une remise en cause du welfare state et à une crise de l'État-providence qui se sont traduites par d'importantes restrictions budgétaires. Dans ce contexte, les tenants de l'aide juridique cherchent à développer de nouvelles voies d'accès à la justice pour les plus défavorisés. L'assurance privée pourrait constituer une solution. Dans cet article, nous démontrerons tout d'abord comment ces évolutions s'inscrivent dans la tradition de l'histoire de l'accès à la justice. Ensuite, nous nous attacherons aux différences d'approche de cette question à travers l'Europe. Car si toutes les nations sont concernées par le problème de l'aide juridique, son traitement et les questions que cette notion soulève au sein de chaque barreau diffèrent sensiblement d'un pays à l'autre. Enfin, en dernière partie, nous verrons comment l'assurance privée peut s'inscrire ou non comme une solution d'accès à la justice pour les plus démunis.
De la régulation par le droit à l'heure de la globalisation. Quelques observations critiques
Authors: Arnaud André-Jean
Published: February 2015

Nous vivons une époque confuse et complexe du point de vue de la régulation des sociétés par le droit. Le mouvement de globalisation des échanges entraîne, en effet, un mouvement paradoxal d'affaiblissement et de renforcement de l'État. Ce dernier est tantôt relayé, tantôt suppléé, tantôt même supplanté dans sa fonction souveraine de diseur de droit. Mais il est, en même temps, appelé à jouer un triple rôle de rempart, de gendarme et de stratège. L'un des aspects les plus innovants de ces transformations tient probablement dans la part croissante que prend la société civile dans la production normative. S'agit-il d'une véritable participation au gouvernement ? L'analyse tendrait plutôt à suggérer un mode sui generis de gestion, qui a pour nom « gouvernance ».
Altera pars audiatur : le droit dans la collision des discours
Authors: Teubner Gunther
Published: February 2015

Contrairement aux récentes tentatives d'institutionnaliser la rationalité économique dans la pratique juridique, les juristes devraient prendre au sérieux le diagnostic wébérien d'un nouveau « polythéisme » de la modernité. Le droit contemporain est exposé à des conflits non résolubles entre différents discours socialement institutionnalisés, ce qui exclut la souscription du droit à l'une des rationalités en conflit. La pratique et la théorie juridiques devraient au contraire affronter directement le phénomène de la polycontexturalité. L'article suggère de tester l'idée d'un nouveau « conflit de lois » où les frontières territoriales sont remplacées par des codes symboliques. Deux exemples permettent de développer cette suggestion. Comme forme de raisonnement juridique, le conséquentialisme doit développer de nouveaux modes d'argumentation faisant explicitement droit à la collision des discours. La pratique récente des « comités éthiques » créés dans les institutions médicales, scientifiques et économiques devrait être redéfinie comme une contre-institution introduisant une orientation polycontexturelle dans des discours unidimensionnels hautement spécialisés.
L'indépendance du ministère public et le principe de la responsabilité en Italie : l'analyse d'un cas déviant d'un point de vue comparé
Authors: Di Federico Giuseppe
Published: February 2015

Prosecutorial Independence and the Democratic Requirement of Accountability in Italy : Analysis of a Deviant Case in a Comparative Perspective.

This article deals with the role of public prosecution and the necessity of combining at the operational level two functional needs that are difficult to balance : a) to insure prosecutorial independence ; b) to insure that prosecutorial discretion be subject to the democratic principle of accountability. While a trend to redress the balance in favor of prosecutorial independence seems to gain momentum in several countries, the author uses the Italian case to suggest that the need for prosecutorial accountability be anyway protected. In particular he shows that Italy by totally ignoring the need to render prosecutorial discretion accountable has de facto delegated to a totally independent prosecutor the definition of a good part of its criminal policies. The manifold dysfunctional consequences for the efficient repression of criminal phenomena and for the effective and equal protection of civil rights are outlined.
La sharîʻa moderne en quête de droit : raison transcendante, métanorme publique et système juridique
Authors: Salvatore Armando
Published: February 2015

Modem Shari'a in Search of Law : Transcendent Reason, Public Metanorm, and the Legal System.

This article examines the process of redefinition of shari'a as a metanorm of public life in Egypt. The investigation suggests that shari'a's increasing integration in the state's System of law does not exhaust the differentiating range of its (meta)normativity. Ranging from moral appeals to discipline the subject to constitutional daims about the primacy of divine norm, this normativity is neither in conflict with modern concepts of citizenship and legality, nor can be reduced to a tool for indigenising modem legal rationalities. Shari'a's normativity reflects rather a view of the transcendent thinking that grounds a religious model of Personal virtue. This normativity contributes to the reconstruction of catalogues of obligations and rights in a way that often bypasses the legal System, fosters the disciplinary authority of religious-legal personnel and resists a complete and systematic integration into the legal order of the state. In the process, shari'a keeps its impetus as a reservoir of normativity more than as an alternative legal order.
Structure, Organization, and Expression of the Alpha Prolamin Multigenic Family Bring New Insights into the Evolutionary Relationships among Grasses
Authors: Correa de Souza Rafael Soares , Balbuena Tiago Santana , Arruda Paulo
Published: February 2015

Prolamins are the major seed storage proteins of grasses. In maize and related species, prolamins are classified into α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐subclasses by their solubility properties. α‐prolamins are encoded by multigene families and have a secondary structure that consists of tandem α‐helix repeats. Maize has two α‐prolamin subclasses, namely the 19 and 22 kDa subclasses that contain nine and 10 α‐helix repeats, respectively. Here, we present an evolutionary study based on the structure, organization, and expression of α‐prolamins in maize, sugarcane, sorghum, and coix. True 22 kDa subclasses containing 10 repeats are conserved in all four species, but true 19 kDa subclasses containing nine repeats are found only in maize and sugarcane. We discovered a 19 kDa‐like α‐coixin that, as in sorghum, is encoded by few genes. These data suggest that a 19 kDa progenitor present in the ancestor common to maize, coix, sorghum, and sugarcane was preserved at low copy number in coix and sorghum, while amplified into multigene family architecture in maize and sugarcane. The expression profiling of α‐prolamins, verified by two‐dimensional gels, showed highly conserved multispot composition for the 19 kDa α‐prolamins in maize and sugarcane. Coix and sorghum did not present true 19 kDa α‐prolamin spots. Our data show remarkable similarity between maize and sugarcane 19 kDa α‐prolamins regarding both gene structure and expression. Since the multigene architecture of 19 kDa α‐canein appeared after sugarcane diverged from sorghum, our data suggest that maize and sugarcane might have acquired the multigene family encoding these storage proteins from a common ancestor.
The collection of the Herpetological Museum of the University of Antioquia (northwestern Colombia)
Authors: Ortiz-Yusty Carlos , Daza Juan , Paez Vivian , Bock Brian
Published: February 2015

Northwestern South America harbors one of the richest herpetofauna in the world. The connection among several biogeographic provinces along with climatic and orographic complexity makes this region an important contributor to the Neotropical biodiversity. Despite of this importance, the amphibian and reptile fauna in this area remains largely unknown as few herpetological collections has been made in recent decades. Motivated by this, the Herpetological Museum at the Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia) has been increasing the collection in the last 16 years to better understand the herpetofaunal diversity and thus contribute to ecological, systematic, biogeographic and conservation research in the Neotropics. Here, we present the results of this effort and highlight how future collection will impact our understanding of the Neotropical herpetofauna.
Cell proliferation control by Notch signalling during imaginal discs development in Drosophila
Authors: Estella Carlos , Baonza Antonio
Published: February 2015

The Notch signalling pathway is evolutionary conserved and participates in numerous developmental processes, including the control of cell proliferation. However, Notch signalling can promote or restrain cell division depending on the developmental context, as has been observed in human cancer where Notch can function as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene. Thus, the outcome of Notch signalling can be influenced by the cross-talk between Notch and other signalling pathways. The use of model organisms such as Drosophila has been proven to be very valuable to understand the developmental role of the Notch pathway in different tissues and its relationship with other signalling pathways during cell proliferation control. Here we review recent studies in Drosophila that shed light in the developmental control of cell proliferation by the Notch pathway in different contexts such as the eye, wing and leg imaginal discs. We also discuss the autonomous and non-autonomous effects of the Notch pathway on cell proliferation and its interactions with different signalling pathways.
Indicios de violencia en yacimientos de la región de Madrid en el marco del Calcolítico peninsular
Authors: Liesau Corina , Ríos Patricia , Blasco Concepción , Gómez José Luis
Published: February 2015

En el presente trabajo reflexionamos sobre diferentes aspectos relacionados con la violencia intergrupal o interpersonal durante el Calcolítico peninsular a través de algunas evidencias arqueológicas, además de presentar otros registros antropológicos inéditos. Especial atención merecen una serie de lesiones en hueso causadas por actos violentos que han sido documentadas en dos yacimientos calcolíticos madrileños, como son Camino de las Yeseras y Humanejos y al que se le añade otro posible caso encontrado en la necrópolis de Ciempozuelos. Del primer yacimiento se valoran diferentes registros en una fosa con una inhumación múltiple que acoge a un posible grupo familiar asociado a numerosas puntas de flecha y cuya causa de muerte pudo estar en relación con un episodio violento. Mucho más evidentes son las lesiones que presentan otros dos varones campaniformes: un individuo madurosenil de Camino de las Yeseras con una fractura y acusada desviación de los nasales que podría ser un indicio de un enfrentamiento interpersonal, mientras que otro varón adulto de Humanejos fue víctima de un contundente golpe en el frontal ante mortem, posiblemente golpeado con una azuela o hachita de cobre. Estos casos permiten intuir la existencia de conflictos inter o intragrupales más o menos organizados. Por otra parte se justifica la construcción de defensas arquitectónicas en una serie de yacimientos peninsulares, las cuales están asociadas a un considerable número de puntas de proyectil localizadas en sus accesos, tramos de murallas y en talleres próximos a ellas. Durante el Calcolítico, la necesidad de garantizar la seguridad de estas comunidades prehistóricas hace que la producción de las puntas en sílex y posteriormente en metal (Palmela) sean un recurso armamentístico de primer rango, siendo secundario su empleo en las actividades cinegéticas, como quedan avalados por los estudios arqueofaunísticos. También se discute el empleo de útiles habituales recuperados en los horizontes habitacionales como testimonios de actos de violencia, muy probablemente, surgidos por las propias desavenencias cotidianas o intergrupales. Todos estos procesos desembocan en el surgimiento de panoplias armamentísticas en el horizonte campaniforme en el que, aunque con discutida funcionalidad, su exhibición y amortización en las tumbas se hace muy patente.
Inventarios de armamento y armaduras de una fortificación de La Alhambra: Torres Bermejas
Authors: Fernández-Rubio Hornillos Gonzalo
Published: February 2015

En el Archivo de la Alhambra y, en menor medida, en el Archivo General del Palacio Real de Madrid, se conserva una documentación interesantísima sobre la fortaleza alhambreña de Torres Bermejas. Entre esta documentación se han localizado más de una docena de inventarios que nos permiten conocer las armas y objetos que hubo en Torres Bermejas. Estos inventarios abarcan un periodo que va desde 1584 hasta 1770. La localización de un número tan elevado de inventarios resulta algo excepcional y los mismos se elaboran por los más diversos motivos, como en tomas de posesión de nuevos alcaides o en las relaciones de bienes existentes en la Alhambra. Pretendemos dar a conocer estos inventarios y explicar diversas circunstancias que concurrieron en torno a esas armas, como robos, falta de pólvora, etc.
Analyzing the Location Decisions of Agro-Industrial Investments in Greece
Authors: Polyzos Serafeim , Tsiotas Dimitrios , Niavis Spyros
Published: February 2015

This article examines empirically the factors determining the agro-industrial investments in Greece and their impact on tourism development. Firstly, the determinants influencing the spatial configuration, the socioeconomic forces and the political framework of the agro-industrial investments in Greece are examined theoretically, according to the literature considered by Regional Science. At next, a multi-ordinal regression analysis is applied on the determinants elected theoretically, utilizing statistical data from Greece that describe the period 2004-2008. The results of the analysis are interpreted under the regional developmental perspective, constituting an indirect evaluation of the Greek Developmental Laws 3299/04 and 3522/06, applied by the Government to orientate the developmental dynamics of the agro-industry in Greece. Finally, a further analysis is applied comparing the agro-industrial investments with the tourism dynamics in Greece, indicating a field of policy implementation.
A Panel Study on the Effects of Social Media Use and Internet Connectedness on Academic Performance and Social Support
Authors: Leung Louis
Published: February 2015

Using a longitudinal panel study approach, this research examined the effects of social media use and internet connectedness on academic performance and on perceived social support. Results showed that, after controlling demographics and overall grades at Time 1, individual-level change in overall grades over the year that followed was attributable to Facebook, blogs, and online game use but not to internet connectedness. Results suggest that heavy Facebook use has a positive effect on overall grades, while heavy use of blogs and online games leads to grade impairment. In the case of academic competence and perceived social support, individual-level change over the year that followed was only attributable to Facebook use. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Therapy on the Move
Authors: Clough Bonnie A. , Casey Leanne M.
Published: February 2015

The present research investigated the use of a Smartphone App as an adjunct in the treatment of a range of anxiety disorders. The primary aim of the App was to increase client adherence to between session therapy tasks, involving homework practice of a range of skills and tasks known to be associated with successful treatment of anxiety disorders. Homework is an important component of many therapeutic approaches, allowing clients to practise therapeutic skills between sessions, as well as providing continuity between sessions (Freeman & Rosenfield, 2002). Greater client adherence to homework tasks has been associated with improved treatment outcomes, and may be particularly important for reducing the risk of relapse (Scheel, Hanson, & Razzhavaikina, 2004). However, despite the benefits of engagement with homework tasks, client adherence to these activities can often be a significant barrier to treatment (Addis & Jacobson, 2000; Burns & Nolenhoeksema, 1991; Detweiler & Whisman, 1999; Detweiler-Bedell & Whisman, 2005). It is also one area in which the use of adjunctive technologies may have the greatest impact. The aim of this paper was to describe the development and pilot testing of a therapeutic Smartphone application, namely, PsychAssist. This application was designed as an adjunct to face-to-face therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders among adults. The App was developed with the purpose of enhancing client engagement and adherence to between session (homework) tasks to improve maintenance and generalization of therapeutic behaviours.
Emotions in Social Computer Games
Authors: Mancilla-Caceres Juan F. , Espelage Dorothy , Amir Eyal
Published: February 2015

This article explores the set of emotions expressed by middle school youth (n = 96) when participating in a social computer game. In this article, we present the design of the game, the instruments used to assess bullying in the physical world, and the analysis of the emotions expressed during gameplay and their association with aggressive behaviors. Participants completed surveys on bullying experiences prior to playing the game. The game required participants to form teams and answer two sets of trivia questions, in competitive and cooperative stages. Results show a relation between the roles that participants have in their physical social environment and how they play the virtual game, in terms of the type of emotions they display.
A New Approach of Web Systems Modularity Increase Using Combination of Event-Driven Software Architecture and Relationship Mechanism Based on Message Passing
Authors: Amini Esmail , Maleki Isa
Published: February 2015

By increasing the rate of Web Systems sizes, other classic methods and styles of software production don't meet the needs anymore. In a big Web System which includes different elements and functions, the organizing method and the relations of these elements with each other and decreasing their complication is the main task of software architectures. In this paper, the authors are going to use software architecture style which is based on event-driven and relation mechanism based on Message Passing to determine a framework for internal and external structures of Web Systems and their internal parts to modularity increase of system. In fact, the authors try to provide a modular frame for Web System which divides it to two parts of core and broken independent modules and then design a structure according to the architecture based on event driven for these parts. The authors also want to use message exchange method with the structure based on XML to create relation and exchange Information among different modules with each other as well as system core which finally can improve system quality features such as security, modularity, extensibility, reusability and interaction between system haste and modules. Along with systems production based on a concrete and integrated frame, the authors can obtain a suitable efficiency in modular Web Systems.
Range of Motion as a Predictor of Clinical Shoulder Pain During Recovery From Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Authors: Larkin-Kaiser Kelly A. , Parr Jeffrey J. , Borsa Paul A. , George Steven Z.
Published: February 2015

Context:

Athletic trainers use clinical pain and range of motion (ROM) to gauge recovery after musculoskeletal injury. Limited evidence to date suggests which shoulder ROM measures can predict symptomatic relief and functional recovery after delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

Objective:

To determine whether shoulder passive internal rotation, passive external rotation, active abduction, and active flexion and evoked pain with abduction are associated with resting pain experienced after exercise-induced DOMS.

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

Controlled research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 110 healthy, right-hand–dominant participants (44 men: age = 25.39 ± 7.00 years, height = 178.93 ± 7.01 cm, weight = 78.59 ± 14.04 kg; 66 women: age = 22.98 ± 6.11 years, height = 164.64 ± 6.94 cm, weight = 61.86 ± 11.67 kg).

Intervention(s):

Participants completed an exercise-induced DOMS protocol for the external rotators of the dominant shoulder to replicate muscle injury.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Current resting pain was assessed daily for 96 hours using the Brief Pain Inventory. We evaluated functional recovery with measures of ROM in abduction, internal rotation, external rotation, and flexion. Evoked pain with active abduction was reported, and the pain rating served as the dependent variable in the regression model.

Results:

Impairment measures explained resting pain at 48 (R2 = 0.392) and 96 hours (R2 = 0.164). Abduction and internal-rotation ROM and evoked pain with abduction predicted resting pain at 48 hours (P < .001). At 96 hours, evoked pain with abduction of the injured arm (P < .001) was the significant contributor to resting pain.

Conclusions:

These models suggest that resting pain after experimentally induced DOMS occurs at 48 hours and is associated with specific ranges of motion and evoked pain with abduction.
Blood Flow After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Authors: Selkow Noelle M. , Herman Daniel C. , Liu Zhenqi , Hertel Jay , Hart Joseph M. , Saliba Susan A.
Published: February 2015

Context

The most common modality used to address acute inflammation is cryotherapy. Whereas pain decreases with cryotherapy, evidence that changes occur in perfusion of skeletal muscle is limited. We do not know whether ice attenuates the increases in perfusion associated with acute inflammation.

Objective

To examine the effects of repeated applications of ice bags on perfusion of the gastrocnemius muscle after an eccentric exercise protocol.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Eighteen healthy participants (3 men, 15 women; age = 22.2 ± 2.2 years, height = 166.0 ± 11.9 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 25.0 kg).

Intervention(s)

To induce eccentric muscle damage, participants performed 100 unilateral heel-lowering exercises off a step to the beat of a metronome. A randomized intervention (cryotherapy, sham, control) was applied to the exercised lower extremity immediately after the protocol and again at 10, 24, and 34 hours after the protocol.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Baseline perfusion measurements (blood volume, blood flow, and blood flow velocity) were taken using contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the exercised leg. Perfusion was reassessed after the first intervention and 48 hours after the protocol as percentage change scores. Pain was measured with a visual analog scale at baseline and at 10, 24, 34, and 48 hours after the protocol. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to assess each dependent variable.

Results

We found no interactions among interventions for microvascular perfusion. Blood volume and blood flow, however, increased in all conditions at 48 hours after exercise (P < .001), and blood flow velocity decreased postintervention from baseline (P = .041). We found a time-by-intervention interaction for pain (P = .009). Visual analog scale scores were lower for the cryotherapy group than for the control group at 34 and 48 hours after exercise.

Conclusions

Whereas eccentric muscle damage resulted in increased blood flow, ice did not decrease muscle perfusion 48 hours after exercise. Therefore, ice does not seem to decrease muscle perfusion when blood flow is elevated, as it would be during inflammation.
Dorsiflexion, Plantar-Flexion, and Neutral Ankle Positions During Passive Resistance Assessments of the Posterior Hip and Thigh Muscles
Authors: Palmer Ty B. , Akehi Kazuma , Thiele Ryan M. , Smith Douglas B. , Warren Aric J. , Thompson Brennan J.
Published: February 2015

Context

Passive straight-legged–raise (SLR) assessments have been performed with the ankle fixed in dorsiflexion (DF), plantar-flexion (PF), or neutral (NTRL) position. However, it is unclear whether ankle position contributes to differences in the passive resistance measured during an SLR assessment.

Objective

To examine the influence of ankle position during an SLR on the passive torque, range of motion (ROM), and hamstrings electromyographic (EMG) responses to passive stretch of the posterior hip and thigh muscles.

Design

Crossover study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 13 healthy volunteers (5 men: age = 24 ± 3 years, height = 178 ± 6 cm, mass = 85 ± 10 kg; 8 women: age = 21 ± 1 years, height = 163 ± 8 cm, mass = 60 ± 6 kg).

Intervention(s)

Participants performed 6 randomly ordered passive SLR assessments involving 2 assessments at each condition, which included the ankle positioned in DF, PF, and NTRL. All SLRs were performed using an isokinetic dynamometer programmed in passive mode to move the limb toward the head at 5°/s.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

During each SLR, maximal ROM was determined as the point of discomfort but not pain, as indicated by the participant. Passive torque and EMG amplitude were determined at 4 common joint angles (θ) separated by 5° during the final common 15° of ROM for each participant.

Results

Passive torque was greater for the DF condition than the NTRL (P = .008) and PF (P = .03) conditions at θ3 and greater for the DF than NTRL condition (P = .02) at θ4. Maximal ROM was lower for the DF condition than the NTRL (P = .003) and PF (P < .001) conditions. However, we found no differences among conditions for EMG amplitude (P = .86).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that performing SLRs with the ankle positioned in DF may elicit greater passive torque and lower ROM than SLRs with the ankle positioned in PF or NTRL. The greater passive torque and lower ROM induced by the DF condition possibly were due to increased tension in the neural structures of the proximal thigh.
A note on recognizing an old friend in a new place: list coloring and the zero-temperature Potts model
Authors: Ellis-Monaghan Joanna A. , Moffatt Iain
Published: February 2015

Here we observe that list coloring in graph theory coincides with the zero-temperature antiferromagnetic Potts model with an external field. We give a list coloring polynomial that equals the partition function in this case. This is analogous to the connection between the chromatic polynomial and the zero-temperature, zero-field, antiferromagnetic Potts model. The subsequent cross fertilization yields immediate results for the Potts model and suggests new research directions in list coloring.
Evidence for an unidentified non-photochemical ground-level source of formaldehyde in the Po Valley with potential implications for ozone production
Authors: Kaiser J. , Wolfe G. M. , Bohn B. , Broch S. , Fuchs H. , Ganzeveld L. N. , Gomm S. , Häseler R. , Hofzumahaus A. , Holland F. , Jäger J. , Li X. , Lohse I. , Lu K. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Rohrer F. , Wegener R. , Wolf R. , Mentel T. F. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Wahner A. , Keutsch F. N.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Ozone concentrations in the Po Valley of northern Italy often exceed international regulations. As both a source of radicals and an intermediate in the oxidation of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO) is a useful tracer for the oxidative processing of hydrocarbons that leads to ozone production. We investigate the sources of HCHO in the Po Valley using vertical profile measurements acquired from the airship Zeppelin NT over an agricultural region during the PEGASOS 2012 campaign. Using a 1-D model, the total VOC oxidation rate is examined and discussed in the context of formaldehyde and ozone production in the early morning. While model and measurement discrepancies in OH reactivity are small (on average 3.4 ± 13%), HCHO concentrations are underestimated by as much as 1.5 ppb (45%) in the convective mixed layer. A similar underestimate in HCHO was seen in the 2002–2003 FORMAT Po Valley measurements, though the additional source of HCHO was not identified. Oxidation of unmeasured VOC precursors cannot explain the missing HCHO source, as measured OH reactivity is explained by measured VOCs and their calculated oxidation products. We conclude that local direct emissions from agricultural land are the most likely source of missing HCHO. Model calculations demonstrate that radicals from degradation of this non-photochemical HCHO source increase model ozone production rates by as much as 0.6 ppb h−1 (12%) before noon.
Fossil vs. non-fossil sources of fine carbonaceous aerosols in four Chinese cities during the extreme winter haze episode of 2013
Authors: Zhang Y.-L. , Huang R.-J. , El Haddad I. , Ho K.-F. , Cao J.-J. , Han Y. , Zotter P. , Bozzetti C. , Daellenbach K. R. , Canonaco F. , Slowik J. G. , Salazar G. , Schwikowski M. , Schnelle-Kreis J. , Abbaszade G. , Zimmermann R. , Baltensperger U. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Szidat S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. During winter 2013, extremely high concentrations (i.e., 4–20 times higher than the World Health Organization guideline) of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) mass concentrations (24 h samples) were found in four major cities in China including Xi'an, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Statistical analysis of a combined data set from elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), 14C and biomass-burning marker measurements using Latin hypercube sampling allowed a quantitative source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols. Based on 14C measurements of EC fractions (six samples each city), we found that fossil emissions from coal combustion and vehicle exhaust dominated EC with a mean contribution of 75 ± 8% across all sites. The remaining 25 ± 8% was exclusively attributed to biomass combustion, consistent with the measurements of biomass-burning markers such as anhydrosugars (levoglucosan and mannosan) and water-soluble potassium (K+). With a combination of the levoglucosan-to-mannosan and levoglucosan-to-K+ ratios, the major source of biomass burning in winter in China is suggested to be combustion of crop residues. The contribution of fossil sources to OC was highest in Beijing (58 ± 5%) and decreased from Shanghai (49 ± 2%) to Xi'an (38 ± 3%) and Guangzhou (35 ± 7%). Generally, a larger fraction of fossil OC was from secondary origins than primary sources for all sites. Non-fossil sources accounted on average for 55 ± 10 and 48 ± 9% of OC and total carbon (TC), respectively, which suggests that non-fossil emissions were very important contributors of urban carbonaceous aerosols in China. The primary biomass-burning emissions accounted for 40 ± 8, 48 ± 18, 53 ± 4 and 65 ± 26% of non-fossil OC for Xi'an, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, respectively. Other non-fossil sources excluding primary biomass burning were mainly attributed to formation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) from non-fossil precursors such as biomass-burning emissions. For each site, we also compared samples from moderately to heavily polluted days according to particulate matter mass. Despite a significant increase of the absolute mass concentrations of primary emissions from both fossil and non-fossil sources during the heavily polluted events, their relative contribution to TC was even decreased, whereas the portion of SOC was consistently increased at all sites. This observation indicates that SOC was an important fraction in the increment of carbonaceous aerosols during the haze episode in China.
Insights into characteristics, sources, and evolution of submicron aerosols during harvest seasons in the Yangtze River delta region, China
Authors: Zhang Y. J. , Tang L. L. , Wang Z. , Yu H. X. , Sun Y. L. , Liu D. , Qin W. , Canonaco F. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Zhang H. L. , Zhou H. C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric submicron particulate matter (PM1) is one of the most significant pollution components in China. Despite its current popularity in the studies of aerosol chemistry, the characteristics, sources and evolution of atmospheric PM1 species are still poorly understood in China, particularly for the two harvest seasons, namely, the summer wheat harvest and autumn rice harvest. An Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) was deployed for online monitoring of PM1 components during summer and autumn harvest seasons in urban Nanjing, in the Yangtze River delta (YRD) region of China. PM1 components were shown to be dominated by organic aerosol (OA, 39 and 41%) and nitrate (23 and 20%) during the harvest seasons (the summer and autumn harvest). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the ACSM OA mass spectra resolved four OA factors: hydrocarbon-like mixed with cooking-related OA (HOA + COA), fresh biomass-burning OA (BBOA), oxidized biomass-burning-influenced OA (OOA-BB), and highly oxidized OA (OOA); in particular the oxidized BBOA contributes ~80% of the total BBOA loadings. Both fresh and oxidized BBOA exhibited apparent diurnal cycles with peak concentration at night, when the high ambient relative humidity and low temperature facilitated the partitioning of semi-volatile organic species into the particle phase. The fresh BBOA concentrations for the harvests are estimated as BBOA = 15.1 × (m/z 60–0.26% × OA), where m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) 60 is a marker for levoglucosan-like species. The (BBOA + OOA-BB)/ΔCO, (ΔCO is the CO minus background CO), decreases as a function of f44 (fraction of m/z 44 in OA signal), which might indicate that BBOA was oxidized to less volatile OOA, e.g., more aged and low volatility OOA (LV-OOA) during the aging process. Analysis of air mass back trajectories indicates that the high BB pollutant concentrations are linked to the air masses from the western (summer harvest) and southern (autumn harvest) areas.
Authigenic apatite and octacalcium phosphate formation due to adsorption–precipitation switching across estuarine salinity gradients
Authors: Oxmann J. F. , Schwendenmann L.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Mechanisms governing phosphorus (P) speciation in coastal sediments remain largely unknown due to the diversity of coastal environments and poor analytical specificity for P phases. We investigated P speciation across salinity gradients comprising diverse ecosystems in a P-enriched estuary. To determine P load effects on P speciation we compared the high P site with a low P site. Octacalcium phosphate (OCP), authigenic apatite (carbonate fluorapatite, CFAP) and detrital apatite (fluorapatite) were quantitated in addition to Al/Fe-bound P (Al/Fe-P) and Ca-bound P (Ca-P). Gradients in sediment pH strongly affected P fractions across ecosystems and independent of the site-specific total P status. We found a pronounced switch from adsorbed Al/Fe-P to mineral Ca-P with decreasing acidity from land to sea. This switch occurred at near-neutral sediment pH and has possibly been enhanced by redox-driven phosphate desorption from iron oxyhydroxides. The seaward decline in Al/Fe-P was counterbalanced by the precipitation of Ca-P. Correspondingly, two location-dependent accumulation mechanisms occurred at the high P site due to the switch, leading to elevated Al/Fe-P at pH < 6.6 (landward; adsorption) and elevated Ca-P at pH > 6.6 (seaward; precipitation). Enhanced Ca-P precipitation by increased P loads was also evident from disproportional accumulation of metastable Ca-P (Ca-Pmeta) at the high P site. Here, sediments contained on average 6-fold higher Ca-Pmeta levels compared with the low P site, although these sediments contained only 2-fold more total Ca-P than the low P sediments. Phosphorus species distributions indicated that these elevated Ca-Pmeta levels resulted from transformation of fertilizer-derived Al/Fe-P to OCP and CFAP in nearshore areas. Formation of CFAP as well as its precursor, OCP, results in P retention in coastal zones and can thus lead to substantial inorganic P accumulation in response to anthropogenic P input.
Modelling the climatic drivers determining photosynthesis and carbon allocation in evergreen Mediterranean forests using multiproxy long time series
Authors: Gea-Izquierdo G. , Guibal F. , Joffre R. , Ourcival J. M. , Simioni G. , Guiot J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Climatic drivers limit several important physiological processes involved in ecosystem carbon dynamics including gross primary productivity (GPP) and carbon allocation in vegetation. Climatic variability limits these two processes differently. We developed an existing mechanistic model to analyse photosynthesis and variability in carbon allocation in two evergreen species at two Mediterranean forests. The model was calibrated using a combination of eddy covariance CO2 flux data, dendrochronological time series of secondary growth and forest inventory data. The model was modified to be climate explicit in the key processes addressing acclimation of photosynthesis and allocation. It succeeded to fit both the high- and the low-frequency response of stand GPP and carbon allocation to the stem. This would support its capability to address both carbon source and sink limitations. Simulations suggest a decrease in mean stomatal conductance in response to environmental changes and an increase in mean annual intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) in both species during the last 50 years. However, this was not translated on a parallel increase in ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE). A long-term decrease in annual GPP matched the local trend in precipitation since the 1970s observed in one site. In contrast, GPP did not show a negative trend and the trees buffered the climatic variability observed at the site where long-term precipitation remained stable. In our simulations these temporal changes would be partly related to increasing [CO2] because the model includes biochemical equations where photosynthesis is directly linked to [CO2]. Long-term trends in GPP did not match those in growth, in agreement with the C-sink hypothesis. There is a great potential to use the model with abundant dendrochronological data and analyse forest performance under climate change. This would help to understand how different interfering environmental factors produce instability in the climatic signal expressed in tree-rings.
Temperature-dependence of the relationship between pCO2 and dissolved organic carbon in lakes
Authors: Pinho L. , Duarte C. M. , Marotta H. , Enrich-Prast A.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The relationship between the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in Brazilian lakes, encompassing 225 samples across a wide latitudinal range in the tropics, was tested. Unlike the positive relationship reported for lake waters, which was largely based on temperate lakes, we found no significant relationship for tropical and subtropical Brazilian lakes, despite very broad ranges in both pCO2 and DOC. Closer examination showed that the strength of pCO2 vs. DOC relationships declines with increasing water temperature, suggesting substantial differences in carbon cycling in warm lakes, which must be considered when upscaling limnetic carbon cycling to global scales.
Tropical cyclone genesis across palaeoclimates
Authors: Koh J. H. , Brierley C. M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Tropical cyclone genesis is investigated for the Pliocene, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the mid-Holocene through analysis of five climate models. The genesis potential index is used to estimate this from large scale atmospheric properties. The mid-Pliocene and LGM characterise periods where carbon dioxide levels were higher and lower than pre-industrial respectively, while the mid-Holocene differed primarily in its orbital configuration. The number of tropical cyclones formed each year is found to be fairly consistent across the various palaeoclimates. Although there is some model uncertainty in the change of global annual tropical cyclone frequency, there are coherent changes in the spatial patterns of tropical cyclogenesis. During the Pliocene and LGM, changes in carbon dioxide led to sea surface temperature changes throughout the tropics, yet the potential intensity of tropical cyclones appears relatively insensitive to these variations. Changes in tropical cyclone genesis during the mid-Holocene are observed to be asymmetric about the Equator: genesis is reduced in the Northern Hemisphere, but enhanced in the Southern Hemisphere. This is clearly driven by the altered seasonal insolation. Nonetheless, the enhanced seasonality may have driven localised effects on tropical cyclone genesis, through changes to the strength of monsoons and shifting of the inter-tropical convergence zone. Trends in future tropical cyclone genesis are neither consistent between the five models studied, nor with the palaeoclimate results. It is not clear why this should be the case.