ХОРОЛОГІЯ ТА БІОЕКОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИДІВ РОДУ CARLINA L. ФЛОРИ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: Kolisnyk Kh. M. , Hrytsak L. R. , Prokopiak M. Z. , Drobyk N. M. 
Published: July 2024

The article deals with the biological and ecological features of plants of the genus Carlina L. as a potential source of biologically active substances for the pharmaceutical industry. The necessary to develop a technology for the preservation and restoration of the plant population of Carlina acaulis L., Carlina cirsioides Klok and Carlina onopordifolia Bess. ex Szaf., Kulcz. et Pawl has been noted. It has been concluded that the importance of plants of the genus Carlina was revealed in the value of both medicinal and decorative culture.
A list of the main growth localities of the studied species has been given, and the need for their protection in each location has been also emphasized. It is stressed that the species C. onopordifolia and C. sirsioides are included in the third edition of the Red Book of Ukraine (2009), and C. acaulis is a regionally rare species that is included in the European Red List.
It has been found that the range of C. cirsioides covers the Volyn-Podilsky Upland and the southern part of Polissia, while C. onopordifolia grows mainly on the Podilsky Upland. The species C. acaulis is observed in almost all plant communities of the Ukrainian Carpathians. It is shown that due to the action of anthropogenic factors (massive overgrowth of areas with various herbs and shrubs, mowing during the flowering period, uprooting as a medicinal plant), the range of species of the genus Carlina is reducing.
The ecological and coenotic growth conditions of species of the genus Carlina have been analyzed. It has been determined that C. onopordifolia and C. acaulis belong to light-loving plants, and C. cirsioides is a shade-tolerant species that grows in sparse forests and meadows. It was found that according to the types of phenorhythms, the investigated species belong to the group of summer-autumn green species, and according to the duration of vegetation, to long-vegetating ones.
The morphological features of the species C. onopordifolia, C. acaulis and C. sirsioides have been described. It has been noted that the investigated species are perennial herbaceous plants with a powerful taproot, which have the appearance of a spread rosette of spiny leaves with a basket inside. It has been indicated that the ability to generative reproduction is an important indicator of the vital state of plants ex situ. It has been established that the species C. onopordifolia, C. acaulis and C. cirsioides are propagated by highly viable seeds that do not have a dormant period. Peculiarities of fluctuations in seed germination throughout the year were studied: the highest germination rates were recorded in the early spring and autumn months, and much lower - in the summer and winter months.
It has been established that the percentage of seed germination under in vitro conditions was maximum in October (C. onopordifolia – 98.2%, C. cirsioides – 91.5% and C. acaulis – 85.9%), and minimum in July (C. onopordifolia – 89.9%, C. cirsioides – 85.8% and C. acaulis – 80.2%). Studies of biological and ecological features of the growth and the development of species of the genus Carlina ex situ have confirmed their wide ecological and phytocenotic amplitude and substantiated the expediency of in vitro cultivation.