bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earthquakes and Eruptions: Temporal and Spatial Display of Earthquake Hypocenters, Seismic‐wave Paths, and Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Ort Michael H.
Published: October 2006

Alan Jones and the Smithsonian Institution have come up with another educational software product that many of us have thought of but never had the time or skills to develop. Jones wrote the original programs, and the Smithsonian Institution put together a user‐friendly interface and an updating mechanism. The result is a CD‐ROM‐based product that shows all the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on Earth since 1960, plus a seismic wave simulation program and a small photo gallery
Technical Review: Earthquakes and Eruptions CD‐ROM
Authors: Molinari Marco
Published: October 2006

Both standard and advanced modes were tested, but not all files on the CD (hundreds present) were investigated.
Sea‐floor hydrothermal mineralization research advances in China
Authors: Rona Peter A.
Published: October 2006

Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits containing copper, zinc, silver, and gold concentrated by hydrothermal processes have been discovered at submerged plate boundaries and volcanic island arcs. These discoveries, in turn, have made mineralization an exciting field of sea‐floor hydrothermal research. Chinese scientists are beginning to join the international community in investigating sea‐floor hydrothermal mineralization.
Tennant receives 2002 Walter Sullivance Award for Excellence in Science Journalism‐Features
Authors: Carrillo Maria , Tennant Diane Casto
Published: October 2006

Diane Casto Tennant was awarded the Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism ‐ Features at the AGU Spring Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 29 May 2002, in Washington, D.C. The award recognizes reporting generally produced with deadlines of longer than one week.
Colored rain falls in Kerala, India
Authors: Kumar V. Sasi , Sampath S. , Mohanan C. N. , Abraham T. K.
Published: October 2006

On 25 July 2001, around 8:30 a.m., red precipitation fell in parts of Changanasserry town in Kerala State, India. The colored rain covered an area of about 2 km2. Since water supply had been disrupted in the region, many people had left vessels outside to collect rainwater for use. When examined, samples of this water were found to contain micro‐organisms that resembled spores of algae and fungi. They grew well in an algal culture medium and were identified as belonging to the genus Trentepohlia.
Exploring Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, Second Edition
Authors: Mosher Sharon
Published: October 2006

Exploring Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, Second Edition reminds me of why I found geology so exciting as a beginning student. This introductory physical geology textbook was written for future scientists to give them the basic background and tools needed to understand geologic processes. It is unusual in terms of both its rigor and its use of plate tectonics as a unifying theme. The book is surprisingly enjoyable to read, well‐written, and scientifically up‐to‐date. The authors do not oversimplify or gloss over difficult concepts; they explain them clearly in far more depth than most introductory textbooks.
Ancient writings reveal presence of aurora in 13th‐century Canadian Arctic
Authors: Silverman Sam
Published: October 2006

Modern Norway, Iceland, and Greenland are subject to frequent displays of the aurora borealis. The aurora can be viewed on almost every clear night in the northern part of Iceland and southern Greenland, which lie in or near the auroral oval. Thus, it is surprising to find almost no mention of the aurora in medieval Norse chronicles or in the extensive Icelandic saga literature. Only one paragraph, in the “King's Mirror,” a Norwegian writing dating to about 1250 C.E., notes the occurrence of the aurora in Greenland. The author reports this as hearsay and not from personal knowledge. For a fuller discussion of the Norse literature, see Brekke and Egeland [1983].
Brunhes' research revisited: Magnetization of volcanic flows and baked clays
Authors: Laj Carlo , Kissel Catherine , Guillou Hervé
Published: October 2006

On 21 April 1906, at a meeting of the Société Francaise de Physique, Bernard Brunhes (Figure 1) addressed his colleagues on an important discovery concerning the magnetization of several formations in the volcanic Massif Central. The talk was published in the Journal de Physique in November of the same year under the title “Recherches sur la direction de l'aimantation des roches volcaniques” [Brunhes, 1906].

This title only partially reflects the contents of his paper, which focused mostly on the magnetization of baked clays underlying lava flows, rather than on the flows themselves. This subject had stimulated Brunhes' interest since his appointment as professor at the Université de Clermont‐Ferrand and director of the Observatoire du Puy de Dôme on 1 November 1900. His first investigations on the subject, with Pierre David, date back to 1901–1902, almost exactly 100 years ago.
Changes in Pluto's atmosphere
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

New findings that Pluto's atmosphere has changed dramatically over the past 14 years make a stronger case for exploring the planet, according to Marc Buie of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona.

Data from a recent Pluto occultation indicate that the planet's atmosphere has cooled by 20–55°F since an earlier observed occultation in 1988, Buie and James Elliot of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge announced on 14 August.
What–No sequential page numbers? and What's this DOI?
Authors: Hornberger George M.
Published: October 2006

As explained in Eos last summer, starting 1 January 2002, AGU journals dispensed with sequential page numbers. (See the item by Sam Bowring at www.agu.org/pubs/e_publishing.) Some members have questioned this approach and so we, the Publications Committee, revisited the question via an e‐mail discussion this spring. After carefully thinking about the issues once more, we remain convinced that the course charted by AGU is correct.
Yuri I. Galperin (1932–2001)
Authors: Zelenyi Lev , Muliarchik Tatiana , Stepanov Vladimir
Published: October 2006

Yuri I. Galperin, head of the Laboratory of Auroral Physics Phenomena at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, passed away on 28 December 2001 due to a heart attack. He was a pioneer of auroral and upper atmospheric physics and contributed significantly to the development of space plasma physics. He had been an AGU member (SM) since 1974.

Galperin authored and co‐authored more than 200 publications in scientific journals and was a co‐author of three monographs on experimental space physics. In addition to AGU, Galperin was a member of many scientific councils in Russia, and he had also been a member of the International Astronomical Union since 1958 and the International Academy of Astronautics since 1975.
Mission seeks to explore Pluto‐Charon
Authors: Cheng A. F. , Young L. A.
Published: October 2006

The New Horizons project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration sponsored a Pluto‐Charon workshop last spring to review the latest advances in the science of the Pluto‐Kuiper Belt (PKB), to hear predictions about the Pluto‐Charon encounter, and to discuss new ideas for supporting ground‐based and Earth‐orbital observations. Currently awaiting approval to proceed to hardware implementation, the New Horizons mission will launch in January 2006, do a Jupiter swing‐by in March 2007, and visit Pluto in the fall of 2015. It will then visit up to three Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). (More information on the New Horizons mission, Pluto, and the Kuiper Belt can be found in a recent Eos article, 5 March 2002, pp. 101,108‐109).
Tropical Glaciers
Authors: Fountain Andrew
Published: October 2006

The term “tropical glacier” calls to mind balmy nights and palm trees on one hand and cold, blue ice on the other. Certainly author Gabriel Garcia Marqez exploited this contrast in One Hundred Years of Solitude. We know that tropical fish live in warm, Sun‐kissed waters and tropical plants provide lush, dense foliage populated by colorful tropical birds. So how do tropical glaciers fit into this scene? Like glaciers everywhere, tropical glaciers form where mass accumulation—usually winter snow—exceeds mass loss, which is generally summer melt. Thus, tropical glaciers exist at high elevations where precipitation can occur as snowfall exceeds melt and sublimation losses, such as the Rwenzori Mountains in east Africa and the Maoke Range of Irian Jaya.
CONTOUR investigation launched
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

On 27 August, NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe appointed a team to investigate the apparent loss of the Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) spacecraft, which stopped communicating with the mission control operations on 15 August.

On that date, CONTOUR failed to communicate following the firing of its main engine that would take it out of its orbit around the Earth. Shortly afterwards, the mission team received telescope images from several observatories showing two objects traveling along the spacecraft's predicted path. Those objects could be CONTOUR, and part of the spacecraft that may have separated from it when the spacecraft's solid rocket motor fired.
Pub Matters @ AGU: AGU faulted for being “online pioneer”–The rest of the story
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A news story in Science this week (30 August 2002, p. 1468) reports on AGU's transition to electronic publishing; specifically, on issues of page numbering, digital object identifiers (DOIs), pricing, and manuscript backlog. These topics will be familiar to members who have been following AGU's progress in this arena. (To keep members abreast, this transition has been described in an ongoing series of Eos articles that began last year; all have been posted at http://www.agu.org/pubs/pubReports.html). The Science article, which is critical of AGU'S efforts, contains many inaccuracies and serious omissions. AGU members deserve to hear the full story.
Toshiyuki Yonezawa (1915–2001)
Authors: Rishbeth Henry
Published: October 2006

Toshiyuki Yonezawa, an AGU member for 30 years, died in Tokyo, Japan, on 6 April 2001 at the age of 86. He became an AGU member in 1960 (Planetary Sciences).

Born on 14 February 1915 in Tokyo, he graduated from the physics department of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, in 1942 and entered the Radio Physics Laboratory of the Ministry of Education in Tokyo (Kokubunji). This establishment was later reorganized to become the Radio Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, and it was here that he followed his distinguished career in ionospheric physics until his retirement in 1974.
NOAA site offers ENSO information
Authors: Villwock Andreas
Published: October 2006

The Web site of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/) provides a comprehensive overview of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Phenomenon (ENSO) and information about the TAO project in general, as well as real‐time data display and delivery for the TAO/TRITON deep ocean moorings array.
Introduction to Environmental Analysis
Authors: Roth David A.
Published: October 2006

Scientists tasked with generating environmental data realize the difficulties of obtaining meaningful information. Proper data generation depends on planning, collection, preservation, and analysis of the sample. No one part of this process is any less critical than the next. With the quality of the data only as good as the weakest link, the proper analysis of environmental samples begins long before the final analysis.
Piston cores improve understanding of deep Arctic Ocean
Authors: Clark David L. , Grantz Arthur
Published: October 2006

Recent proposals for deep Arctic Ocean drilling [COMPLEX, 2000; JOIDES, 2001] are significant steps toward an eventual understanding of the geologic framework, plate kinematics, and Cretaceous and Cenozoic environmental history of the north polar ocean. Because the proposals are subject to a variety of fiscal uncertainties, however, deep drilling in the ice‐covered ocean could be years away from initiation. However, even in the absence of drilling, significant data concerning the geologic framework and Cretaceous‐to‐Eocene and late Cenozoic paleoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean basin have developed from piston cores collected from crests and flanks of Arctic Ocean ridges. While deep drilling is needed to test and amplify the commonly incomplete piston core record, some piston cores already have acquired firm data on lithology age, and paleoenvironment of Cambrian‐to‐Tertiary bedrock in parts of the Alpha, North wind, and Lomonosov Ridges (Figure l), and additional piston coring may be the best choice for immediate additional Arctic Ocean research.
Collaborative studies target volcanic hazards in Central America
Authors: Bluth Gregg J.S. , Rose William I.
Published: October 2006

Central America is the second‐most consistently active volcanic zone on Earth, after Indonesia. Centuries of volcanic activity have produced a spectacular landscape of collapsed calderas, debris flows, and thick blankets of pyroclastic materials. Volcanic activity dominates the history, culture, and daily life of Central American countries.

January 2002 marked the third consecutive year in which a diverse group of volcanologists and geophysicists conducted focused field studies in Central America. This type of multi‐institutional collaboration reflects the growing involvement of a number of U.S. and non‐U.S. universities, and of other organizations, in Guatemala and El Salvador (Table 1).
Ocean Drilling Program investigates hydrate ridge
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

There are several ways to get onboard the JOIDES Resolution, a 143‐meter long converted oil tanker that is a floating laboratory, and the pride of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP).

You can meet up with it at a port of call, or set down on its helicopter pad. Or you can hitch a ride by overnight supply boat, and then get lifted by crane to the Resolution by clinging to the outside of a rope transfer basket as this reporter did.
Workshop on subduction, arc magmatic processes completes North Pacific meeting cycle
Authors: Eichelberger John , Dehn Jon
Published: October 2006

What was once a remote backwater in the study of Earth processes—subduction and associated volcanism and seismicity of the far north Pacific region—has become a locus of real‐time observation. For example, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)—a collaborative project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Alaska‐Fairbanks (UAF), and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (ADGGS) at Anchorage and Fairbanks— now maintains real‐time seismic monitoring networks on 25 active volcanoes, from Cook Inlet to Adak Island; conducts continuous operational satellite surveillance of Alaska and Kamchatka for volcanic hot spots and ash plumes; and is now implementing real‐time continuous GPS networks. Also, the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) of the Institute for Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry and the Institute of Seismology (both in Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula) is similarly active in the Russian Far East.
Proposed deep underground facility could provide key research opportunities
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

A proposed laboratory and observatory in the deep sub‐surface could provide an unprecedented opportunity to conduct a broad range of Earth science research, according to geoscientists attending a mid‐September meeting in Washington, D.C.

Although neutrino and physics research are the current driving forces behind efforts to establish a U.S. national underground science laboratory (NUSL), the Earth sciences also could have a significant role in any such facility, they noted.
Earthquake science needs more resources
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

A number of research areas that offer important opportunities to advance the U.S. national effort in earthquake science could benefit from increased funding and interagency coordination, according to a September 2002 report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC)

Key interdisciplinary research goals outlined in the report include documenting the location, slip rates, and earthquake history of dangerous faults throughout the United States, and improving global earthquake forecasting and seismic hazard analysis.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Aykut A. Barka died on 1 February 2002, at age 50. He had been an AGU member (Tectonophysics) since 1988.

K. Douglas Nelson died on 17 August 2002, at age 49. He had been an AGU member (Tectonophysics) since 1978.
Comment [on “The Parker Challenge”]
Authors: Lui A. T. Y.
Published: October 2006

Recently John Greene took up the “Parker Challenge” [Parker, 1996]. Parker argued that the correct approach to understanding magnetospheric phenomena is to use the magnetic field and plasma flow velocity (B,u) as the primary quantities, with the electric field and current (E,j) being secondary in that E and j can be determined from B and u. Here, I propose the correct approach to be dependent on the phenomenon under investigation. There is no single paradigm that is always superior to others for treating macroscopic magnetospheric problems. Insisting on one particular approach as the only correct one is unjustified and may stifle innovative pursuit in research. Thus, I am motivated to address both the limitations of the B‐u paradigm, and the merits of the E‐j paradigm.
Tracing cosmic impacts by osmium in lacustrine sediments
Authors: Ivanov Alexei V. , Chebykin Eugeny P. , Dondov Tomurhuu , Tomurtogoo Onongin
Published: October 2006

The record of collision of the Earth with extraterrestrial bodies is far from complete because huge areas have not yet been properly surveyed. Search for the evidence of impact is not an easy task, however, because many impact structures have been erased by geological processes [e.g., Grieve, 1997] . As a result, only a few impact structures are known so far in Northeast and Central Asia (Figure 1) [Grieve, 1997semi; Earth Impact Database, 2002].
The Wind Program in the future
Authors: Ogilvi K. W. , Desch M. D.
Published: October 2006

Launched in November 1994, the Wind spacecraft is several years beyond its design life and well into the extended mission phase. Consequently in 2001, NASA decided that henceforth, Wind should be kept at the forward libration point to be used as a “hot spare” for the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft.

Nonetheless, despite its age, Wind has proven reliable, long‐lived, and highly productive, and it continues to produce solar wind magnetic field and other data of the highest quality. Thus, NASA has accepted a proposal to continue Wind operations in a cost‐effective manner to ensure that data will be taken continuously and archived in level‐zero and in key parameter form for use by the entire scientific community.
Western North Atlantic Paleogene and Cretaceous Paleoceanography, Geological Society Special Publication No. 183
Authors: Arthur Michael A.
Published: October 2006

Many of us who have been associated with ocean drilling for a long time possess shelf after shelf of thick, meaty Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Blue Books and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) volumes. At least one volume was produced to describe the results of each 2‐month drilling leg, and these were followed by papers and data reports on post‐cruise research.

These treasure troves of data and descriptions have been extensively plundered by enterprising synthesizers of ocean history. Their beauty lies in the collective wisdom accumulated in a single volume. Stratigraphic details and myriads of measurements tied to downhole lithology provide unlimited possibilities for interesting interpretation and speculation. Lamentably, to some, publication of these volumes ceased several years ago and electronic archives in the form of CD‐ROMs and Internet‐accessible publications took their place, in part. As a result, the ODP publications now contain primarily shipboard results, and the post‐cruise scientific papers have migrated to outside journals.
Excerpts from an interview with John A. Eddy
Authors: Weart Spencer
Published: October 2006

(This interview, which was conducted by Spencer Weart on 21 April 1999, at the American Institute of Physics, College Park, Md., can be read in its entirety on the AGU portion of the Geophysics History Project Web site; see http://www.agu.org/history).
Four decades of progress in seismic identification help verify the CTBT
Authors: Sykes Lynn R.
Published: October 2006

How well a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) can be verified has been debated for many decades. Verification was of major contention in 1999 during the U.S. Senate debate on ratification. Then‐governor George Bush claimed in 2000 and again in 2002 as president that the treaty, which the U.S. signed in 1996, is not verifiable. Since 1995, the international CTBT Organization focused on detecting and locating globally many small seismic events. While its staff filters out many obvious earthquakes, the identification of nuclear explosions and problem seismic events is reserved for national CTBT agencies. Since the findings of national authorities typically are classified, it is difficult to ascertain how well seismic events can be identified. Nevertheless, only a tiny fraction of events detected over the past 42 years were singled out in unclassified scientific and governmental documents or the media as problem events whose identification potentially compromises the verifiability of a CTBT.
Aykut A. Barka (1952–2002)
Authors: Stein Ross S.
Published: October 2006

Aykut Barka, a scientist respected throughout the world for the quality and depth of his research, died on 1 February 2002 from injuries suffered in a car accident five weeks earlier. Barka embodied the highest calling of science in service to the public. He was known for his unstinting integrity; his humor, openness, and selflessness; his plain talk to the Turkish public; and his tireless efforts to convince the Turkish government to confront the potential for an earthquake disaster in one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. Barka had been an AGU member (Seismology) since 1990.
Why not take the train? Trans‐Siberian atmospheric chemistry observations across central and East Asia
Authors: Oberlander Eva A. , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. , Crutzen Paul J. , Lelieveld Jos , Elansky Nikolai F.
Published: October 2006

With an area of ∼17 million square km (almost 10% of the world's land area), Russia is of considerable importance for the global atmosphere and its changes. Its ecosystems encompass 25% of the world's forest area (about 10% of the global biomass [Nilsson and Shvidenko, 1997]) and more than 25% of the global wetlands area [Aselmann and Crutzen, 1989]. Furthermore, Russia covers an area that is sensitive to climate changes. We highlight the following most significant features of Russian ecosystems: The wetlands are of special importance, not only as natural sources of atmospheric methane (60–175 Tg yr1 [Aselmann and Crutzen, 1989]), but also because large oil and natural gas fields are being exploited there. Repeatedly there have been speculations about large losses of natural gas being of significance for the global atmospheric methane budget (∼35–95 Tg yr1 [Lelieveld et al., 1998]).
Being there: The continuing need for human presence in the deep ocean for scientific research and discovery
Authors: Fryer P. , Fornari D. , Perfit M. , Von Damm K. , Humphris S. , Fox P.J. , Lippsett L.
Published: October 2006

We see with our mind's eye. This poetic phrase attempts to describe a complex set of human interactions by which we take in and process information about the physical world around us. For millennia, scientists and philosophers have relied on our ability to apply the uniquely human traits of perception, cognition, memory and motor action to scientific observations and experiments. “There is no authority higher than the human eye,” observed Leonardo Da Vinci, and his statement still holds true; as most field scientists will attest, there is no substitute for direct observation.
Two court rulings set back sonar‐based research
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

The use of civilian and military high‐intensity sonar systems have suffered setbacks in two separate U.S. federal district court rulings in San Francisco. The suits affect the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Navy.

On 28 October, Magistrate Judge James Larson issued a temporary restraining order to halt seismic research involving airguns, which had been conducted by scientists onboard the R/V Maurice Ewing, a vessel owned by the U.S. National Science Foundation. (See Eos, 29 October 2002).
A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words: The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System, and the Cambridge Photographic Guide to the Planets
Authors: Pappalardo Robert T.
Published: October 2006

Planetary spacecraft are sometimes considered to be extensions of our senses. This metaphor is truest in describing spacecraft imaging systems, which serve as our eyes on the planets and their satellites. Two recent books offer to be our guides to the solar system as viewed through the lenses of planetary spacecraft.
Wawrzyniec Karol deTeisseyre: A pioneer in the study of “Cryptotectonics”
Authors: Teisseyre Roman , Teisseyre Barbara
Published: October 2006

Contemporary studies of deep lithosphere structure in Europe focus on the so‐called Teisseyre‐Tornquist (or Tornquist‐Teisseyre) line, named for its discoverers, Polish geologist Wawrzyniec Teisseyre (1860–1939) and Swedish magnetologist A. J. H. Tornquist (1868–1944). Deep seismic soundings, first performed there by A. Guterch from the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences; and later in cooperation with M. Grad from the Institute of Geophysics, University of Warsaw, supported by the physical interpretation, established that this line relates to a 50‐ to 100‐km‐wide deep rift zone which appears to be part of the broad deformation zone now called the Trans‐European Suture Zone (TESZ).
AGU Member receives Nobel Prize for “Path‐breaking Work”
Authors: Grant Shermonta
Published: October 2006

Raymond Davis, Jr. was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics; in particular, for the detection of cosmic neutrinos.” He is the first scientist to have detected solar neutrinos, the signature of nuclear fusion reactions occurring in the core of the Sun.

Davis is a retired chemist of the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York. He has been a member of AGU (SPA) since 1961.
Federation improves access to Earth science data
Authors: Raskin Rob , Burrows Howard , Conover Helen , Gallagher James , Major Gene R. , Rhyne Tim
Published: October 2006

The Earth Science Information Partner (ESIP) Federation is a collection of data providers working together as an experiment in self‐governance and interoperability (http://www. esipfed.org). The federation provides over 2000 data products and services through its 43 partners, who include Distributed Active Archive Centers, science research centers, application centers, and NASA. Most federation data products are available free of charge.
AGU Member's Organization Awarded $2.5 Million to Conduct Earthquake Mitigation
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A California‐based, non‐profit organization whose president and founder is an AGU member, announced on 11 November that it had been awarded two U.S. foreign assistance grants totalling $2.54 million to support earthquake safety initiatives in 20 major cities in India, and 3 cities in Central Asia.

With these grants, GeoHazards International (GHI) will assess risk, raise awareness, improve school safety, launch self‐sustaining mitigation activities, and strengthen the capacity of governments and in‐country non‐governmental organization (NGOs) to prepare and respond to future earthquakes. The measures should save lives and livelihoods in these earthquake‐prone regions.
Why value history?
Authors: Doel Ronald E.
Published: October 2006

In 1961, after the successful conclusion of the International Geophysical Year, Sydney Chapman wrote his close colleague, Marcel Nicolet. As President of the Comité Spécial de l'Anneé Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI), which oversaw the operation of the IGY, Chapman had accumulated many cartons of private letters, telegrams, and documents on sensitive international negotiations and governmental instructions. Should we save these? Chapman asked Nicolet, a senior member of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium and fellow CSAGI member. What about the confidential papers dealing with Communist Chinese participation in the IGY and the publications controversy?
Outstanding student paper awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The following members received Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the AGU 2002 Spring Meeting in Washington, D.C.
Draft climate plan issued
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Climate Change Science Program issued a draft strategic plan for the Climate Change Science Program on 11 November. The plan, which provides a synthesis and update on the Bush Administration's thinking and direction on dealing with climate change, includes sections on the administration's Climate Change Research Initiative and the U.S. Global Change Research Program, as well as dozens of lists of climate science research needs and potential research products.

The plan was released in advance of a major Washington, D.C. workshop for scientists and stakeholders on 3–5 December, which will examine the draft plan.
Research‐oriented data base for rock and paleomagnetism to be developed
Authors: Solheid Peter , Constable Catherine , Koppers Anthony , Banerjee Subir
Published: October 2006

Plans for constructing a second‐generation paleomagnetic data base incorporating paleosecular variation, paleo‐intensity, paleopole positions, and reversal records are expanding to include fundamental and applied rock magnetic data. The Institute for Rock Magnetism (IRM) at the University of Minnesota held an initial planning meeting in early September to discuss design considerations for a new rock magnetic data base, and whether it should be subsumed under the new paleomagnetic umbrella. Technical aspects of modern data base design and how to deal with the particular difficulties of storing, searching, and retrieving multi‐variable rock magnetic data were the focus of the meeting.
Symposium explores percolation in porous media
Authors: Ewing Robert
Published: October 2006

The 6th International Conference on Electrical Transport and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Media (ETOPIM 6) broke new ground by inviting members of the geosciences community Previous conferences in this series had been attended primarily by physicists and mathematicians. The organizers decided to broaden attendance because geological materials are inhomogeneous media of widespread interest, and many challenges faced by physicists, such as homogenization, scaling, and dynamically changing properties, are also common to soil and rocks. This effort toward inclusion resulted in a symposium on percolation theory in geological porous media, and many fruitful exchanges between the geoscientists and others in attendance.
“Bible” of the hydrological sciences celebrates its 30th year
Authors: Berkowitz Brian
Published: October 2006

Jacob Bear's Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, first published by Elsevier in 1972 and re‐issued by Dover in 1988 as a classic in its physics and chemistry series, has reached the age of 30. And yet, the suffix “years old” is not applicable to the book, as it continues to be heavily referenced to this day by both academics and consultants.
Strategies for observing and modeling pollution
Authors: Thompson Anne M. , Newman Paul A. , Gleason James F. , Brune William H. , Dickerson Russell R.
Published: October 2006

Atmospheric chemistry and the study of pollution are currently at a crossroads. Traditionally communities have investigated distinct issues; for example, regional air quality, intercontinental transport, micro‐scale and molecular processes, global remote sensing, and gas‐particle‐climate connections. Within each area, knowledge has deepened through advances in basic science and technology. Modeling has evolved rapidly with the help of faster computers, improved parameterizations, and a better knowledge of many of the processes required for credible simulations. Experimentally, sensitive, accurate instrumentation has been developed to measure hundreds of trace species in gas and aerosol phases. Satellite remote sensing can be used to track the intercontinental transport of smoke, dust, haze, and ozone and several of its precursors, such as CO, NO2, and related gases. Researchers in remote field experiments can forecast pollution, view near‐real‐time satellite imagery, and predict the history of air parcels that may be sampled from aircraft or other platforms. A schematic is shown in Figure 1.
Hurricane! Coping With Disaster
Authors: Lifland Jonathan
Published: October 2006

A new AGU book, Hurricane! Coping With Disaster, analyzes the progress made in hurricane science and recounts how advances in the field have affected the public's and the scientific community's understanding of these storms. The book explores the evolution of hurricane study, from the catastrophic strike in Galveston, Texas in 1900—still the worst natural disaster in United States history—to today's satellite and aircraft observations that track a storm's progress and monitor its strength. In this issue, Eos talks with Robert Simpson, the books' senior editor.

Simpson has studied severe storms for more than 60 years, including conducting one of the first research flights through a hurricane in 1945. He was the founding director of the (U.S.) National Hurricane Research Project and has served as director of the National Hurricane Center. In collaboration with Herbert Saffir, Simpson helped design and implement the Saffir/Simpson damage potential scale that is widely used to identify potential damage from hurricanes.
Inverse Modeling of the Ocean and Atmosphere
Authors: Menemenlis Dimitris
Published: October 2006

Two hundred years ago, when Carl Friedrich Gauss was a youth of 17, he developed the method of least squares, which he would later apply with great success to geodesic and astronomical measurements. Today the method of least squares and the related statistical concepts of linear regression and maximum likelihood form the basis of inverse theory—the set of methods that is used in a wide variety of scientific and technical fields to analyze data and to extract quantitative inferences about the physical world. Andrew Bennett's Inverse Modeling of the Ocean and Atmosphere discusses the application of inverse theory to time‐dependent models of the oceanic and atmospheric circulations; the objective is to calibrate empirical model parameters, to estimate initial and boundary conditions, and to test statistical hypotheses.
Permafrost temperature records: Indicators of climate change
Authors: Romanovsky V. , Burgess M. , Smith S. , Yoshikawa K. , Brown J.
Published: October 2006

Permafrost has received much attention recently because surface temperatures are rising in most permafrost areas of the Earth, bringing permafrost to the edge of widespread thawing and degradation. The thawing of permafrost that already occurs at the southern limits of the permafrost zone can generate dramatic changes in ecosystems and in infrastructure performance. In this article, we describe an emerging system for comprehensive monitoring of permafrost temperatures, a system which is needed for timely detection of worldwide changes in permafrost stability, and for predictions of negative consequences of permafrost degradation.

Permafrost is rock, sediment, or any other Earth material with a temperature that remains below 0°C for two or more years. Permafrost zones occupy up to 24% of the exposed land area of the Northern Hemisphere (Figure 1) [Zhang et al., 2000]. Permafrost ranges from very cold (temperatures of −10°C and lower) and very thick (more than 500 m and as much as 1400 m) in the Arctic, to warm (within 1 or 2° of the melting point) and thin (several meters or less in thickness) in the sub‐Arctic.
El Niño suppressing storms
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

A strengthening El Niño has suppressed overall tropical storm activity during the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced on 25 November. The hurricane season, which ended on 30 November, produced only four hurricanes, half the number during a typical year since 1995. Eight storm systems—twice the average amount—affected the U.S., however.

NOAA hurricane forecasters at the agency's Climate Prediction Center, Hurricane Research Division, and National Hurricane Center had predicted normal to below‐normal overall storm activity, due to the strengthening El Niño, according to the agency. Climate Prediction Center director Jim Laver said that gaining a better understanding of the atmospheric conditions controlling seasonal hurricane activity is at the core of the agency's extended‐range hurricane outlooks. Laver said that while 2002 was the agency's fifth straight year of issuing accurate outlooks for overall hurricane season activity, “future success depends on more research into how global and regional climate patterns affect Atlantic hurricane activity.”
Peter Eric Holloway (1953–2002)
Authors: Symonds Graham , Nunes‐Vaz Rick , Middleton John
Published: October 2006

On 27 October 2002, Peter Eric Holloway died suddenly cutting short a highly distinguished career in physical oceanography Holloway was internationally recognized for his contribution to the observation, theory, and numerical modeling of internal waves. The oceanography community sends its sincerest condolences to his family.

He had been an AGU member (Ocean Sciences) since 1980.
U.S. Climate Science Conference examines strategic plan
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

A major Bush administration conference on climate change science was widely praised for its efforts to help formulate a good research agenda pursuant to producing a final U.S. government science strategic plan by April 2003; and for promises to seriously consider suggestions from the scientific community about climate research priorities.

However, a number of scientists at the U.S. Climate Change Science Program workshop, which took place 3–5 December, said they are concerned about how the administration will eventually select priorities from among a broad array of climate research topics that some said resembled a “Santa's wish list;” and whether sufficient funding will be allocated in the present difficult budgetary environment.
Free online access for eligible students
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

As a member of AGU, you may qualify for complimentary online access to AGU journal articles.

1. Are you a student at an academic institution that has a paid print subscription to Geophysical Research Letters, Water Resources Research, or any or all of the Journal of Geophysical Research, but has no paid electronic subscription to any AGU journal other than G‐Cubed?
Wetlands in Central Europe: Soil Organisms, Soil Ecological Processes and Trace Gas Emissions
Authors: Martikainen Pertti J.
Published: October 2006

Wetlands—land areas where the water table is close to the surface—are of great environmental and economic importance. Distributed throughout the world's northern, temperate, and tropical regions, natural wetlands provide a habitat for many species, and, as water‐saturated ecosystems, they act as sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The world's wetlands are threatened by their use for various economic purposes, particularly when they are converted to agricultural land. There are great differences in the intensity of wetland land use in various regions of the world. In some northern regions, a substantial proportion of the wetlands have been drained for forestry and agricultural purposes. However, in general, most of the wide peatlands in boreal regions remain undisturbed. Extensive wetlands were once found in central Europe, but now most of these areas have been converted for agricultural use. Drainage of wetlands is generally a necessary step for agricultural use, but this changes the soil biota, biological processes, and the environmental function of the wetlands.
Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans
Authors: Gordon Arnold L.
Published: October 2006

With so much information just a keystroke away on the World Wide Web, is there still a need for encyclopedias? I think so. Yes, the Web provides access to a plethora of information, if you only know what to look for. It presupposes that you know enough to navigate the maze. An encyclopedia lays out information in neat alphabetical order. One can look up a specific item, as one can search the Web; this is, perhaps, the traditional way in which an encyclopedia is used. But the pages of an encyclopedia can be browsed more casually than can the Web, and perhaps more importantly, without a specific topic in mind, which provides more of a learning exercise. I have spent many hours randomly flipping through pages of an encyclopedia, always fascinated and absorbed by subjects I didn't know existed.
NSF advisory group pushes multidisciplinary environmental research and education
Authors: Lifland Jonathan
Published: October 2006

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) should use some of its anticipated new funding to pursue multidisciplinary environmental projects over the coming decade, according to a report issued on 8 January by the group's Advisory Committee for Environmental Research and Education.

The committee recommended that new grants be provided during the next 10 years for inter‐disciplinary researchers working across the scientific and engineering disciplines who focus on integrated research themes, like biocomplexity cyber‐infrastructure, and coupled physical systems.
Satellite to measure ice sheet elevations
Authors: Jacobs Judy
Published: October 2006

On 12 January the National Aeronautic and Space Administration successfully launched its Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

The data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) onboard will be used to quantify ice sheet mass balance and understand how changes in Earth's atmosphere and climate affect polar ice masses and global sea level. The distribution of clouds and aerosols, as well as land topography sea ice, and vegetation cover will also be measured.
Draft report suggests reclassifying oceanography in research rankings
Authors: Lifland Jonathan
Published: October 2006

A draft report by the National Research Council (NRC) that proposes a new accounting system for doctoral research programs would group oceanography among other geosciences, and would cease listing it individually.

The proposal is a suggestion of a committee charged with revising the methodology used to assess doctoral research programs; their report is the first stage of an effort to rearrange the fields used for ranking and evaluating Ph.D granting programs in U.S. graduate schools. The first decadal report was completed in 1995, and is used, for example, by ranking systems such as the well‐known list published annually by U.S. News and World Report.
Observing earthquake‐related dewatering using MISR/Terra satellite data
Authors: Pinty Bernard , Gobron Nadine , Verstraete M. , Mélin Frédéric , Widlowski Jean‐Luc , Govaerts Yves , Diner David J. , Fielding Eric , Nelson David L. , Madariaga Raul , Tuttle Martitia P.
Published: October 2006

On 26 January 2001, at 8:46 am, the Gujarat province of India (see Figure 1A) was hit by destructive earthquake.This earthquake, considered one of the two most damaging seismic events in Indian recorded history, caused the death of about 20,000 people and affected 16 million individuals. Both local residents and post‐earthquake survey teams reported the fountaining of water and sediments on the ground, especially in the Rann of Kachchh, which formed deposits known as sand and silt blows [e.g., Bendick et al., 2001; Jain and Lettis, 2001; Tuttle et al., 2002]. The water flow was significant enough to reactivate ancient river channels and to form shallow lakes. (Extensive information concerning the Gujarat earthquake can be found on the following Web sites: http://geoinfo.usc.edu/, http://cires.colorado.edu/, http://www.ceri. memphis.edu/, http://home. hiroshima‐u‐ac.jp/.)
Manga receives 2002 James B. Macelwane Medal
Authors: O'Connell Richard J. , Manga Michael
Published: October 2006

Michael Manga was awarded the 2002 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony. The medal is given for significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability.
Eiler receives 2002 James B. Macelwane Medal
Authors: Stolper Edward M. , Eiler John M.
Published: October 2006

John M. Eiler was awarded the 2002 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony. The medal is given for significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability.
Gordon J.F. MacDonald (1929–2002)
Authors: Knopoff Leon , Treitel Sven
Published: October 2006

Gordon J.F. MacDonald died unexpectedly at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 14 May 2002, following a distinguished career as a scientist, teacher, and public servant. One of the most creative and innovative geoscientists of the 20th century MacDonald was a major force in public policy issues, and his work spanned a number of scientific fields.

MacDonald was a scientist of extraordinary diversity having studied and written on problems ranging from the experimental geochemistry of minerals at high pressure and temperature, to planetary science to environmental science and climate change. He was awarded AGU's James B. Macelwane Medal in 1965 for recognition of outstanding young scientists. In 1963, he was the founding editor‐in‐chief of AGU's Reviews of Geophysics.
Merrill receives 2002 John Adam Fleming Medal
Authors: McElhinny Michael W. , Merrill Ronald T.
Published: October 2006

Ronald T. Merrill was awarded the Fleming Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 8 December 2002, in San Francisco, California. The medal is given for original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy space physics, and related sciences.
Report provides roadmap for improving understanding of impacts of ocean noise on marine mammals
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2006

Several recent U.S. federal courts' injunctions against marine acoustical research have caused some scientists to worry about the very future of this research. They say it provides the most useful and important remote sensing tool available for learning about the geological structure of the seabed and discovering sub‐sea floor oil and gas reserves.

In addition, they question why the research community is being targeted by some environmental and other groups who filed for these injunctions in the courts, rather than marine based industries, which are a far greater source of anthropogenic noise in marine environments.