bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metall‐Nanokristalle mit hochverzweigten Morphologien
Authors: Lim Byungkwon , Xia Younan
Published: November 2010

Metall‐Nanokristalle mit hochverzweigten Morphologien sind eine überaus interessante Klasse von Nanomaterialien, vor allem wegen ihrer einzigartigen Strukturen und physikochemischen Eigenschaften und ihrem großen Potenzial als Katalysatoren, Sensormaterialien und Bausteine für nanoskalige Funktionseinheiten. Verschiedene Strategien für die Synthese von Metall‐Nanokristallen mit verzweigten Morphologien wurden in jüngerer Zeit entwickelt. In diesem Kurzaufsatz stellen wir die Prozeduren und Mechanismen vor, die der Bildung von verzweigten Metall‐Nanokristallen wie Multipoden und Nanodendriten zugrunde liegen. Wir beschreiben jüngste Fortschritte bei der Synthese solcher Strukturen durch kinetisch kontrolliertes Überwachsen, aggregationsbasiertes Wachstum, heterogenes Kristallwachstum, selektives Ätzen und templatgelenkte Methoden sowie ihre Eigenschaften für katalytische und elektrokatalytische Anwendungen.
Removal of safranin from aqueous solutions by NaOH‐treated rice husk: thermodynamics, kinetics and isosteric heat of adsorption
Authors: Chowdhury Shamik , Mishra Rahul , Kushwaha Praveen , Saha Papita
Published: November 2010

Safranin is a widely used, cationic, azine synthetic dye, and because of various adverse properties any effluent streams require treatment prior to discharge. The correct disposal of synthetic dye wastewater after proper treatment is difficult because of the dye properties and their resistance to degradation processes. Adsorption is often an effective, economical and useful process for the treatment of dye effluents. The potential use of rice husk, a plentiful waste agricultural product, to remove safranin from aqueous solution by a batch adsorption process was evaluated. Rice husk was transformed into an effective adsorbent material by treating with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). During the treatment process, the effects of stirring rate, temperature, pH, initial dye concentration and sorbent dose were studied. The maximum dye adsorption was obtained at pH 8. The Langmuir isotherm model was a good representation of the equilibrium data, and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity obtained was 37.97 mg g−1 at 303 K. The mean free energy (E) estimated from the Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) model indicated that the main mechanism governing the sorption process was chemical ion‐exchange. The kinetic data were shown to be represented by the pseudo‐second‐order model and the intraparticle diffusion model. The Arrhenius and Eyring equations were used to evaluate the activation parameters. The activation energy was estimated to be 46.57 kJ mol−1. Gibbs' free energy was spontaneous for all interactions, and the adsorption process exhibited endothermic enthalpy values. The isosteric heat of adsorption, determined using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, increased directly in relation to the surface loading showing its strong dependence on surface coverage. Results suggest that NaOH‐treated rice husk is a potential low‐cost adsorbent for safranin removal from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Molecular Modeling Studies of Anti‐inflammatory Active 1H‐Pyrrolizine‐5‐carboxamides
Authors: Barsoum Flora F.
Published: November 2010

A variety of N‐aryl‐7‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizine‐5‐carboxamides 5, 6, 8, and 9 were synthesized via reaction of the 2‐amino derivatives 4 with acid chlorides and aromatic aldehydes. Meanwhile, 4a,b were obtained through the reaction of 2‐pyrrolidinylidenepropanedinitrile 1 with chloroacetanilides 2a,b. In addition, the tricyclic pyrimido[5,4‐a]pyrrolizines were formed through conducting the reaction of 4a,b with 90% formic acid. Anti‐inflammatory activity screening of some synthesized compounds utilizing in vivo acute carrageenan‐induced paw edema standard method in rats exhibited that the prepared heterocycles possess considerable pharmacological properties especially, 4a, 4b, 10a, and 10b which reveal remarkable activities relative to diclofenac sodium (reference standard). Ulcerogenic liability of the highly promising synthesized anti‐inflammatory active agents were evaluated and 4a and 4b showed ulcerogenic liability lower than that of the standard used drug. Molecular modeling studies were initiated herein in order to validate the attained pharmacological data and provide understandable evidence for the observed anti‐inflammatory behavior.
Synchrotron neutrino‐pair radiation in neutron stars
Authors: Yakovlev D. G. , Tschaepe R.
Published: November 2010

The neutrino‐pair radiation by electrons in a non‐quantizing magnetic field B is investigated. For a relativistic degenerate electron gas the emissivity of this process is mainly given by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \varepsilon _r = 5 \times 10^{15} (pF/mc)^{4/3} \,B_{13}^{2/3} T_y^{12/8} \,{\rm erg} \times {\rm cm}^{ - 3} \times {\rm sec}^{- 1} $\end{document} where pF is the electron Fermi momentum. Under typical neutron star conditions at B ∼ 1013G neutrino synchrotron radiation appears to be one of the most effective mechanisms of neutrino energy loss in the envelopes of neutron stars; this mechanism may also compete with other known neutrino production mechanisms in the neutron star cores if pion condensate or quark matter is absent.
Simultaneous and selective inference: Current successes and future challenges
Authors: Benjamini Yoav
Published: November 2010

The previous decade can be viewed as a second golden for era Multiple Comparisons research. I argue that much of the success stems from our being able to address real current needs. At the same time, this success generated a plethora of concepts for error rate and power, as well as multiplicity of methods for addressing them. These confuse the users of our methodology and pose a threat. To avoid the threat, it is our responsibility to match our theoretical goals to the goals of the users of statistics. Only then should we match the methods to the theoretical goals. Considerations related to such needs are discussed: simultaneous inference or selective inference, testing or estimation, decision making or scientific reporting. I then further argue that the vitality of our field in the future – as a research area – depends upon our ability to continue and address the real needs of statistical analyses in current problems. Two application areas offering new challenges have received less attention in our community to date are discussed. Safety analysis in clinical trials, where I offer an aggregated safety assessment methodology and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Abdominal trauma in primary blast injury
Authors: Owers C , Morgan J L , Garner J P
Published: November 2010

Background

Blast injury is uncommon, and remains poorly understood by most clinicians outside regions of active warfare. Primary blast injury (PBI) results from the interaction of the blast wave with the body, and typically affects gas-containing organs such as the ear, lungs and gastrointestinal tract. This review investigates the mechanisms and injuries sustained to the abdomen following blast exposure.

Methods

MEDLINE was searched using the keywords ‘primary blast injury’, ‘abdominal blast’ and ‘abdominal blast injury’ to identify English language reports of abdominal PBI. Clinical reports providing sufficient data were used to calculate the incidence of abdominal PBI in hospitalized survivors of air blast, and in open- and enclosed-space detonations.

Results

Sixty-one articles were identified that primarily reported clinical or experimental abdominal PBI. Nine clinical reports provided sufficient data to calculate an incidence of abdominal PBI; 31 (3·0 per cent) of 1040 hospitalized survivors of air blast suffered abdominal PBI, the incidence ranging from 1·3 to 33 per cent. The incidence for open- and enclosed-space detonations was 5·6 and 6·7 per cent respectively. The terminal ileum and caecum were the most commonly affected organs. Surgical management of abdominal PBI is similar to that of abdominal trauma of other causes.

Conclusion

Abdominal PBI is uncommon but has the potential for significant mortality and morbidity, which may present many days after blast exposure. It is commoner after blast in enclosed spaces and under water.
Connective tissue alteration in abdominal wall hernia
Authors: Henriksen N A , Yadete D H , Sorensen L T , Ågren M S , Jorgensen L N
Published: November 2010

Background

The aetiology and pathogenesis of abdominal wall hernia formation is complex. Optimal treatment of hernias depends on a full understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in their formation. The aim of this study was to review the literature on specific collagen alterations in abdominal wall hernia formation.

Methods

A computer-assisted search of the medical databases PubMed and Embase was performed, together with a cross-reference search of eligible papers.

Results

Fifty-two papers were included. Collagen alteration depended on the type of hernia; there were more pronounced changes in patients with a direct inguinal hernia than in those with an indirect inguinal hernia, recurrent inguinal hernia or incisional hernia. A consistent finding was a significant increase in immature type III collagen relative to the stronger type I collagen in patients with a hernia. This resulted in thinner collagen fibres with a correspondingly diminished biomechanical strength. It has been suggested that these alterations are due to variation in the synthesis, maturation or degradation of collagen by matrix metalloproteinases, in combination or alone.

Conclusion

Hernia formation and recurrence is associated with altered collagen metabolism manifested by a decreased type I:III collagen ratio.
Supermolecular Liquid Crystals with a Six‐Armed Cyclotriphosphazene Core: From Columnar to Cubic Phases
Authors: Jiménez J. , Laguna A. , Molter A. M. , Serrano J. L. , Barberá J. , Oriol L.
Published: November 2010

New liquid crystals having a non‐conventional structure have been synthesised from a six‐armed cyclotriphosphazene core, [N3P3(OC6H4OH‐4)6], which was condensed with polycatenar acids. Reactions were monitored by 31P{1H} and 1H NMR spectroscopy and the chemical structure of the resulting materials was confirmed by different spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF). Results were in accordance with monodisperse, fully functionalised cyclotriphosphazenes. Thermal and mesomorphic properties were studied by optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. All of the synthesised phosphazenes, substituted with benzyl ether chains, show a high thermal stability and exhibit mesomorphic properties, which depend on the number and type of alkyl terminal chains located at the periphery of the mesogens. Mesomorphic properties range from Colh for cph‐A1 and cph‐A2 to a cubic phase detected for cph‐A3, which has the larger number of alkyl chains. Furthermore, helical order was detected on X‐ray data of cph‐A2, which has chiral branched chains. Circular dichroism spectra of annealed films at mesophase temperature show a signal attributed to the chiral helical arrangement of the mesogenic chromophores.
Structural Requirements for the Antiproliferative Activity of Pre‐mRNA Splicing Inhibitor FR901464
Authors: Osman Sami , Albert Brian J. , Wang Yanping , Li Miaosheng , Czaicki Nancy L. , Koide Kazunori
Published: November 2010

FR901464, a natural product isolated from a bacterium source, activates a reporter gene, inhibits pre‐mRNA splicing, and shows antitumor activity. We previously reported the development of a more potent analogue, meayamycin, through the total synthesis of FR901464. Herein, we report detailed structure–activity relationships of FR901464 that revealed the significance of the epoxide, carbon atoms in the tetrahydropyran ring, the Z geometry of the side chain, the 1,3‐diene moiety, the C4‐hydroxy group, and the C2′′‐carbonyl group. Importantly, the methyl group of the acetyl substituent was found to be inessential, leading to a new potent analogue. Additionally, partially based on in vivo data, we synthesized and evaluated potentially more metabolically stable analogues for their antiproliferative activity. These structural insights into FR901464 may contribute to the simplification of the natural product for further drug development.
Dynamic Disorder in the Crystal Structure of an Organic Semiconductor: An Unusual Phase Transition Involving the Heat Capacity
Authors: Vande Velde Christophe M. L. , Collas Alain , De Borger Roeland , Blockhuys Frank
Published: November 2010

(E,E)‐1‐[2‐(4‐Nitrophenyl)ethenyl]‐4‐[2‐(2,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene was characterised by X‐ray diffraction and shown to be dynamically disordered at room temperature. The structure was re‐determined over a range of temperatures to infer the thermodynamic parameters related to this disorder. A phase transition of third order according to the Ehrenfest classification scheme was discovered. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimentally observed phase transition of formal third order. It can be explained by the involvement of long‐range lattice vibrations.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advancements in the Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Substituted 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Gupta Jitendra Kumar , Yadav Rakesh Kumar , Dudhe Rupesh , Sharma Pramod Kumar
Published: November 2010

Review: 74 refs.
Experimental Investigation on Continuous Precipitation and Stabilisation of Ultrafine BaSO4
Authors: Pieper Martin , Aman Sergej , Hintz Werner , Veit Peter , Tomas Jürgen
Published: November 2010

Submikrone BaSO4‐Partikel wurden kontinuierlich mit verschiedenen Flussraten und Konzentrationen gefällt mit Hilfe eines Dispergiermittels sterisch stabilisiert. Als Reaktor wurde ein T‐Mischer benutzt. Der zur Stabilisierung notwendige Gehalt an Dispergiermittel wurde bestimmt. Die Rolle der Vermischung wurde untersucht und Zeitskalen für Vermischung und Reaktion aus der Literatur auf die Messergebnisse angewendet. Partikelmorphologie und Kristallinität wurden sowohl mit Rasterelektronenmikroskopie als auch Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie untersucht, um ein Bild der internen Struktur der Partikel in Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsbedingungen zu erhalten.
Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy Reduces Angina and Improves Myocardial Function in Patients With Refractory Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Wang Yu , Guo Tao , Cai Hong‐Yan , Ma Tie‐Kun , Tao Si‐Ming , Sun Shuai , Chen Ming‐Qing , Gu Yun , Pang Jia‐Hua , Xiao Jian‐Ming , Yang Xi‐Yun , Yang Chao
Published: November 2010

Background:

Safe and effective therapeutic management of refractory coronary artery disease (CAD) in heart patients is critical to enhance cardiovascular function and improve quality of life. Current therapies for refractory CAD are inadequate in ameliorating angina and promoting revascularization of ischemic myocardium.

Hypothesis:

Cardiac shock wave therapy (CSWT) is a safe and effective noninvasive intervention in the management of patients with refractory CAD.

Methods:

The study enrolled 9 male patients age 50 to 70 years (5.11 ± 5.46 years) with a diagnosis of CAD and stent implantation (3.00 ± 2.24 stents). CSWT was carried out for 3 months at 3 intervals during the first week of each month (first, third, and fifth day), for a total of 9 therapies per patient. Dobutamine stress echocardiography and radionuclide angiography identified the myocardial ischemic segments. The effects of CSWT on myocardial perfusion and systolic function were examined. Other outcome measures included myocardial injury enzyme markers, angina scale, nitroglycerin dosage, and cardiopulmonary fitness assessments.

Results:

Improved myocardial blood flow and regional systolic function (stress peak systolic strain rate − 1.10 to − 1.60 s−1, P = 0.002) were detected in patients following CSWT. Reductions in creatine kinase (87.89 ± 36.69 to 86.22 ± 35.96 IU/L, P = 0.046), creatine kinase MB (10.89 ± 5.73 to 10.11 ± 5.93 IU/L, P = 0.008), aspartate transaminase (interquartile range [IQR], 28.00 to 27.00 IU/L, P = 0.034) were also found. Angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society scale IQR 3.0 to 2.0, P = 0.035) and nitroglycerin dose reduction (IQR 3.0 to 1.0 times/wk, P = 0.038) were reported.

Conclusions:

This study is a preliminary assessment of CSWT in patients with refractory CAD. We report that CSWT is a noninvasive, effective, and safe intervention in the treatment of refractory CAD. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Higher C‐Reactive Protein Predicts Worse Prognosis in Acute Heart Failure Only in Noninfected Patients
Authors: Lourenço Patrícia , Paulo Araújo José , Paulo Cristiana , Mascarenhas Joana , Friões Fernando , Azevedo Ana , Bettencourt Paulo
Published: November 2010

Background:

The prognostic role of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in acute heart failure (HF) is not fully understood, and the impact of an infectious process in its risk‐stratification power was not previously evaluated.

Hypothesis:

As CRP is an inflammatory marker, its prognostic value in acute HF is probably different in patients with and without concurrent infection.

Methods:

We recruited patients admitted to our hospital due to acute HF from October 2006 to October 2007. All patients were given treatment at the discretion of the attending physician. Serum CRP was measured at discharge in 225 patients. We followed patients for 3 months after discharge to assess occurrence of all‐cause death or readmission due to HF. Infection was defined according to diagnoses registered on the discharge record. Patients were classified according to CRP tertiles, in the entire sample and in groups according to infection occurrence.

Results:

An infectious condition occurred in 109 patients (first and second CRP tertiles: 8.8 and 27.4 mg/L, respectively). No infection was detected in 116 patients (5.0 and 12.3 mg/L, respectively). In the group with infection, CRP was not a good predictor of adverse outcome. In the noninfected group, the hazard ratio of those with CRP > 12.3 mg/L was 2.46 (95% confidence interval: 1.29–4.70) in comparison with those with lower CRP. Adjusted hazard ratio for ischemic heart disease and diabetes was 2.03 (95% confidence interval: 1.06–3.91).

Conclusions:

CRP had no prognostic value in acute HF patients with an infectious complication. Noninfected patients with higher CRP at discharge had worse prognosis. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This study was supported by a grant from FCT: PIC/IC/82773/2007. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Developmental expression patterns of candidate cofactors for vertebrate six family transcription factors
Authors: Neilson Karen M. , Pignoni Francesca , Yan Bo , Moody Sally A.
Published: November 2010

Six family transcription factors play important roles in craniofacial development. Their transcriptional activity can be modified by cofactor proteins. Two Six genes and one cofactor gene (Eya1) are involved in the human Branchio‐otic (BO) and Branchio‐otic‐renal (BOR) syndromes. However, mutations in Six and Eya genes only account for approximately half of these patients. To discover potential new causative genes, we searched the Xenopus genome for orthologues of Drosophila cofactor proteins that interact with the fly Six‐related factor, SO. We identified 33 Xenopus genes with high sequence identity to 20 of the 25 fly SO‐interacting proteins. We provide the developmental expression patterns of the Xenopus orthologues for 11 of the fly genes, and demonstrate that all are expressed in developing craniofacial tissues with at least partial overlap with Six1/Six2. We speculate that these genes may function as Six‐interacting partners with important roles in vertebrate craniofacial development and perhaps congenital syndromes. Developmental Dynamics 239:3446–3466, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinct regulatory mechanisms control integrin adhesive processes during tissue morphogenesis
Authors: Pines Mary , Fairchild Michael J. , Tanentzapf Guy
Published: November 2010

Cell adhesion must be precisely regulated to enable both dynamic morphogenetic processes and the subsequent transition to stable tissue maintenance. Integrins link the intracellular cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, relaying bidirectional signals across the plasma membrane. In vitro studies have demonstrated that multiple mechanisms control integrin‐mediated adhesion; however, their roles during development are poorly understood. We used mutations that activate or deactivate specific functions of vertebrate β‐integrins in vitro to investigate how perturbing Drosophila βPS‐integrin regulation in developing embryos regulation affects tissue morphogenesis and maintenance. We found that morphogenetic processes use various β‐integrin regulatory mechanisms to differing degrees and that conformational changes associated with outside‐in activation are essential for developmental integrin functions. Long‐term adhesion is also sensitive to integrin dysregulation, suggesting integrins must be continuously regulated to support stable tissue maintenance. Altogether, in vivo phenotypic analyses allowed us to identify the importance of various β‐integrin regulatory mechanisms during different morphogenetic processes. Developmental Dynamics 240:36–51, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of ocellar specification and size by twin of eyeless and homothorax
Authors: Brockmann Anette , Domínguez‐Cejudo María A. , Amore Gabriele , Casares Fernando
Published: November 2010

The retinal determination gene network (RDGN) constitutes a paradigm of a gene network controlling organ specification and growth. In this study, we probed the RDGN in the Drosophila ocelli, a set of simple eyes located on the fly's dorsal head, by studying the expression, regulation, and function of toy, hth, eya, and so, members of the Pax6, Meis, Eya, and Six gene families. Our results highlight the role of the pax6 gene toy, together with the hh signaling pathway, in the initiation of eya and so expression; the engagement of eya and so in a feedback loop necessary for their full expression; and the interplay between hh signaling and hth as a mechanism of organ size control, as general regulatory steps in the specification of visual organs. Developmental Dynamics, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IgSF molecule MDGA1 is involved in radial migration and positioning of a subset of cortical upper‐layer neurons
Authors: Ishikawa Takao , Gotoh Naoya , Murayama Chiaki , Abe Takaya , Iwashita Misato , Matsuzaki Fumio , Suzuki Toshiharu , Yamamoto Tohru
Published: November 2010

Mdga1, encoding a GPI‐anchored immunoglobulin superfamily molecule containing an MAM domain, is expressed by a specific subset of neurons, including layer II/III projection neurons, in the mouse neocortex. To investigate the function of Mdga1 in corticogenesis, we generated Mdga1‐deficient mice and backcrossed them to obtain a congenic background. Gross anatomy of the Mdga1‐deficient brain at postnatal day (P) 14 showed no obvious phenotype. However, the migration of Mdga1‐mutant neurons to the superficial cortical plate was clearly delayed. Most Mdga1‐mutant neurons reached the lower portion of the upper cortical layer by embryonic day 18.5 and stayed there through P0. By P7, the location of the mutant cells was the same as wild‐type. The location of Cux2‐expressing upper‐layer neurons in the cortical plate was largely unaffected. These observations indicated that Mdga1 is involved in the migration and positioning of a subset of cortical neurons and suggested that the radial migration of upper‐layer neurons might be differentially regulated. Developmental Dynamics, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in the production of spliced antigenic peptides by the standard proteasome and the immunoproteasome
Authors: Dalet Alexandre , Stroobant Vincent , Vigneron Nathalie , Van den Eynde Benoît J.
Published: November 2010

Peptide splicing allows the production of antigenic peptides composed of two fragments initially non‐contiguous in the parental protein. The proposed mechanism of splicing is a transpeptidation occurring within the proteasome. Three spliced peptides, derived from FGF‐5, melanoma protein gp100 and nuclear protein SP110, have been described. Here, we compared the production of these spliced peptides by the standard proteasome and the immunoproteasome. Differential isotope labelling was used to quantify (by mass spectrometry) the fragments contained in digests obtained with precursor peptides and purified proteasomes. The results show that both the standard and the immunoproteasomes can produce spliced peptides although they differ in their efficiency of production of each peptide. The FGF‐5 and gp100 peptides are more efficiently produced by the standard proteasome, whereas the SP110 peptide is more efficiently produced by the immunoproteasome. This seems to result from differences in the production of the two splicing partners, which depends on a balance between cleavages liberating or destroying those fragments. By showing that splicing depends on the efficiency of production of the splicing partners, these results also support the transpeptidation model of peptide splicing. Furthermore, given the presence of immunoproteasomes in dendritic cells and cells exposed to IFN‐γ, the findings may be relevant for vaccine design.
IL‐27 increases the proliferation and effector functions of human naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes and promotes their development into Tc1 cells
Authors: Schneider Raphael , Yaneva Teodora , Beauseigle Diane , El‐Khoury Lama , Arbour Nathalie
Published: November 2010

IL‐27 has been shown to exhibit both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory properties; it favors mouse naïve CD4+T‐cell differentiation into Th1 cells to the detriment of Th17 and Th2 skewing and regulates IL‐10 and IL‐17 production by human CD4+ T cells. Moreover, IL‐27 promotes proliferation and cytotoxic functions of mouse CD8+ T lymphocytes, but no data are available on human CD8+ T cells. We investigated the impact of IL‐27 on human CD8+T cells. In contrast to mouse T cells, the IL‐27 receptor (IL‐27R), composed of T cell cytokine receptor (TCCR) and gp130, was detected on a greater percentage of human CD8+ than CD4+ T cells and these proportions increased upon polyclonal activation. IL‐27 induced rapid STAT1 and STAT3 signaling, enhanced STAT1 protein levels, and induced SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in a STAT1‐dependent manner by human CD8+ T cells. Addition of IL‐27 to α‐CD3‐activated naïve CD8+ T cells significantly increased T‐box transcription factor expression levels, cell proliferation, and IFN‐γ and granzyme B production leading to increased CD8+ T‐cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that IL‐27, a rapidly produced cytokine by activated APC, has a profound impact on human naïve CD8+T cells, driving them to become highly efficient Tc1 cells.
T‐bet‐mediated differentiation of the activated CD8+ T cell
Authors: Yeo Crystal J. J. , Fearon Douglas T.
Published: November 2010

The T‐box transcription factor, T‐bet promotes the differentiation of short‐lived effector CD8+ T cells at the expense of central memory cells. How T‐bet mediates these effects, and whether they are directly caused by T‐bet alone are unknown, because expression of T‐bet requires stimulation of the T cell by inflammatory and growth cytokines, which may have T‐bet‐independent functions involving T‐cell differentiation. We developed an in vitro system of ectopic T‐bet expression that avoids the effects of inflammatory cytokines to determine which aspects of the T‐bet phenotype may be accounted for by T‐bet alone. Ectopic T‐bet expression by OT‐I CD8+ T cells stimulated by the H2‐Kb (SIINFEKL) complex and cultured with 2 ng/mL IL‐2 induced a coordinated change in gene expression leading to down‐regulation of CD127 and SOCS‐1 and up‐regulation of CD122 and IL‐15 receptor α, switching the cellular survival cytokine from IL‐7 to IL‐15. T‐bet expression and 2 ng/mL IL‐2 also led to a capacity for IFN‐γ and Fas ligand expression, confirming a role in eliciting these effector functions. Finally, ectopic T‐bet promoted the expression of B lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein 1 by OT‐I cells in the presence of 20 ng/mL IL‐2, providing a mechanism for the role of T‐bet in driving terminal differentiation in concert with a high level of IL‐2 receptor signalling.
Oxidorhenium(V) Complexes with Tridentate and Tetradentate Phenol‐Based Ligands
Authors: Traar Pedro , Schröckeneder Albert , Judmaier Martina E. , Belaj Ferdinand , Baumgartner Judith , Sachse Anna , Mösch‐Zanetti Nadia C.
Published: November 2010

The synthesis of oxidorhenium(V) complexes with tridentate and potentially tetradentate ligands of the type [ReOX2(L)] {X = Cl or Br; L = 2‐[CH2N(Me)CH2CH2OCH3]‐4,6‐di‐tBu‐phenolate, 2‐[CH2N(Me)CH2CH2SCH2CH3]‐4,6‐di‐tBu‐phenolate, 2‐[CH2N(Me)CH2CH2N(CH3)2]‐4,6‐di‐tBu‐phenolate, 2‐[CH2N(Me)CH2CH2N(CH2CH3)2]‐4,6‐di‐tBu‐phenolate, 2‐[CH2N(CH2CH2OCH3)2]‐4,6‐di‐tBu‐phenolate,2‐[CH2N(CH2CH2SCH2CH3)2]‐4,6‐di‐tBu‐phenolate, 2‐[CH2N{CH2CH2N(CH2CH3)2}2]‐4,6‐di‐tBu‐phenolate} 1–14 is reported. All complexes were spectroscopically characterized and shown to be isomerically pure. Compounds 1, 2, 9, and 11 were crystallographically characterized and show similar octahedral geometries with trans O=Re–O and cis O=Re–Cl bonds. All synthesized complexes 1–14 are catalyst precursors for the epoxidation of cyclooctene with tert‐butyl hydrogenperoxide (TBHP). Yields of the formed epoxide were up to 55 % with all precursors.
Geometric Aspects of Aromaticity: Interrelations between Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds, Steric Effects and π‐Electron Delocalisation in Nitroanilines
Authors: Majerz Irena , Dziembowska Teresa
Published: November 2010

The influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and steric hindrance on distortion from planarity of the benzene ring and its aromaticity is shown for a series of substituted 2,4,6‐trinitroanilines. The crystal structure geometry and thegeometry optimized at the B3LYP/6‐311++G** level are compared with analogues without intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The HOMA index and the parameter ΔPdescribing the distortion from planarity of the benzene ring were used to characterize the aromacity of the investigated molecules. NBO and AIM analysis were also applied.
The photochemical conversion of solar energy into electrical energy: Eosin‐fructose system
Authors: Gangotri K.M. , Bhimwal Mukesh Kumar
Published: November 2010

A photosensitizer‐Eosin and a reductant‐Fructose have been used in the photogalvanic cell for photochemical conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. The generated photopotential and photocurrent are 848.0 mV and 240.0 μA, respectively. The maximum power of the cell is 203.52 μW whereas the observed power at power point is 87.52 μW. The conversion efficiency is 0.84% and the fill factor is 0.3404 at the power point of the photogalvanic cell. The photogalvanic cell so developed can work for 55.0 min in dark if it is irradiated for 85.0 min. i.e. the storage capacity of photogalvanic cell is 64.70%. The effects of different parameters on the electrical output of the photogalvanic cell have been observed. A mechanism has also been proposed for the photogeneration of electrical energy. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
Remediation of contaminated soil by solvent extraction and catalytic hydrodehalogenation: Semicontinuous process with solvent recycle
Authors: Wee Hun‐Young , Cunningham Jeffrey
Published: November 2010

Halogenated hydrophobic organic contaminants (HHOCs), such as chlorinated benzenes and polychlorinated biphenyls, are common soil contaminants. We propose a new method for treating soils contaminated by HHOCs by extracting the contaminants with a solvent, then destroying the contaminants catalytically, enabling the solvent to be reused. Here, we report on the assessment of this technology at the lab scale, operating in a semicontinuous mode where the solvent is recycled in a closed loop. The solvent employed was a mixture of water and ethanol, the catalyst was 1% palladium (Pd) on porous alumina, and hydrogen gas was used as the reductant. We tested the process on two soils: Texas sandy loam contaminated in the laboratory, and Florida sandy clay loam collected from a contaminated field site. The technology worked successfully on the Texas soil: over 90% of the contamination (pentachlorophenol and 1,2,4,5‐tetrachlorobenzene) could be extracted and destroyed within 1 week using a solvent flow rate of 0.005 L/(min‐kg soil) and a residence time of ∼3.5 min in the catalytic reactor. Seven batches of soil were treated (one week each) without needing to replace the solvent. Catalyst activity decreased over time but was recovered by cleaning the catalyst with a dilute solution of hypochlorite. However, the process was unsuccessful at treating the Florida soil because of rapid catalyst deactivation. We believe that the proposed technology (called remedial extraction and catalytic hydrodehalogenation, or REACH) is a promising “green” technology if we can protect the catalyst from deactivation; possible methods for achieving this are discussed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010.
Macroergonomics intervention programs: Recommendations for their design and implementation
Authors: Mejías Herrera Sandra Haydeé , Huaccho Huatuco Luisa
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this article is twofold: 1) to consider the intervention programs that emerged before ergonomic research, and 2) to develop a methodology for design and implementation of a macroergonomics intervention program in a manufacturing organization. A design that has been used is shown, which allows subsequent specialists' actions to achieve the expected results and avoid mistakes during implementation. A case study in the shoe industry is used to validate the procedure and illustrate the results, which include improvement in the quality of work processes (from 6.14% to 1.54% defects) and in quality of work life (from 58.03% to 93.33%). The conclusions highlight the need to carry out intervention programs relating to both micro and macro levels to achieve optimization of work systems. The recent increase in research activity in this area and the positive results encourage the future development of such macroergonomics intervention programs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dancing between theory and practice: Enhancing work engagement through work stress intervention
Authors: Cifre Eva , Salanova Marisa , Rodríguez‐Sánchez Alma M.
Published: November 2010

This quasi‐experimental and longitudinal study assesses the effectiveness of a work stress intervention (i.e., Team Redesign) to increase job and personal resources and to consequently reduce job strain and increase employee psychosocial well‐being in an enamel manufacturing company following the Resources‐Experiences‐Demands Model (RED Model) and within the Action‐Research approach. The sample consisted of 108 employees at Time 1 and 72 employees at Time 2. Repeated‐measures multivariable analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that the Time × Intervention interaction had reliable, positive, and incremental effects on job resources (i.e., innovation climate), personal resources (i.e., professional self‐efficacy and perceived competence), and motivational outcomes (i.e., work engagement, vigor, and dedication) on the intervention group (laboratory team, n = 9) when compared with the control group (n = 63 employees from different departments). Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications based on the RED Model, including the feedback from Intervention (Action) to Theory (Research). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Image restoration through regularization based on error energy minimization
Authors: Pan Min‐Cheng
Published: November 2010

Image restoration has been an important field of image processing for decades. Various methods of restoration have been studied. Meanwhile, regularization presents a very general methodology for image restoration. However, more regularization will remove more noise but will also lose more image detail, and vice versa. In this article, a novel image restoration algorithm is presented, which is derived from regularization by minimizing error energy of noise and ring artifact. Thus, this proposed algorithm is not only immune to noise but also ringing artifact, where a designed high‐pass filter is used in the algorithm proposed here such as the difference of a delta function and a blurring function or an edge operator like a Laplacian operator. This proposed algorithm can achieve high‐resolution images by being implemented with a 1D noiseless signal to reveal its ability of generating high frequencies beyond the diffraction limit and with a 2D computer‐generated noisy image to show the ability of being immune to noise as well as with a 94‐GHz millimeter‐wave image to validate its reliability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 308–315, 2010
Long‐term feeding effects of stevioside sweetener on some toxicological parameters of growing male rats
Authors: Awney Hala A. , Massoud Mona I. , El‐Maghrabi Samia
Published: November 2010

Several attempts to decrease sugar demand by introducing stevioside as a sugar substitute in children's food products have been made, but safety issues were concerned. This exploratory study investigated the effects of stevioside low dose (SL), high dose (SH) and low dose with inulin (SL + I) for 12 weeks on the body weight, organ relative weight, hematological and biochemical parameters and enzyme activities of young male rats. The SL dose used in this study was 15 mg kg−1 per day and the SH dose was 100‐fold the low dose. Enormous similarities in most parameters were observed with no significant differences between SL, SL + I and control except in the lipid profile. Total lipid reduction in SL and SL + I and significant high‐density lipoprotein increase in SL + I were observed, which may be considered as clinically beneficial. Significant decreases in serum tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase activity were also observed in all treatments. Treatment with SH caused significant changes in all investigated toxicological parameters. The results indicated that, although the SL dose was higher than the stevioside temporary accepted daily intake (5.0 mg kg−1 body weight), no toxicological effects were observed in SL or SL + I on body weight, organ relative weight, hematological and biochemical parameters or enzyme activities investigated in this study, whereas stevioside high dose (1500 mg kg−1 per day) may be considered as a toxic dose for the same biological parameters in young male rats. However, the effects of SL, SH and SL + I on serum tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase activity need more investigation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo genotoxicity assessment of nerolidol
Authors: Pículo Fernanda , Guiraldeli Macedo Ceci , de Andrade Sérgio Faloni , Luis Maistro Edson
Published: November 2010

Nerolidol is a sesquiterpenoid component of essential oil used as a flavor and aroma enhancer. It has also been studied as a topical skin penetration enhancer, and has inhibitory activities against S. aureus and E. coli, among other activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a single nerolidol treatment to induce DNA damage in peripheral blood and liver cells of mice and micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow cells of the same animals. In the dose range‐finding assays, the maximum tolerated dose was higher than 2000 mg kg−1. The doses used in the experiments were 250, 500 and 2000 mg kg−1, administered by gavage in a single dose. Peripheral blood cells were collected 4 and 24 h after the treatments and liver cells 24 h after. At least 100 nucleoids per cell type/animal were analyzed to determine the DNA damage scores and 2000 PCEs per animal for micronuclei in PCEs. The positive control was N‐nitroso‐N‐ethylurea 50 mg kg−1. Cytotoxicity was assessed by scoring 200 consecutive total polychromatic (PCE) and normochromatic (NCE) erythrocytes (PCE:NCE ratio). The results showed that nerolidol induced weak levels of dose‐related DNA damage in both types of cells analyzed, and enhanced the average number of micronucleated cells in the two high doses tested. The PCE:NCE ratio showed no cytotoxicity for the three doses of the compound. The data obtained support the view that nerolidol induces clastogenicity and very weak genotoxicity in the mouse cells tested. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations in biomarkers of endothelial function following on‐pump coronary artery revascularization
Authors: Panagiotopoulos Ioannis , Palatianos George , Michalopoulos Argyris , Chatzigeorgiou Antonios , Prapas Sotirios , Kamper Elli F.
Published: November 2010

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been associated with activation and injury of endothelial cells, probably responsible for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) taking place in these patients. Methods: We measured plasma concentrations of soluble P‐selectin (sP‐s), E‐selectin (sE‐s), tetranectin (TN), vonWillebrand factor (vWF) levels, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity in 31 adult patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting, just before and up to three days after surgery, and in 25 healthy volunteers. Results: Patients showed higher plasma sP‐s and sE‐s and ACE concentrations, just before surgery, but significantly lower TN levels, compared with controls. During the first three postoperative days (PD), the concentration of each of the molecules followed a different and independent pattern, although in the third PD, the levels of sP‐s, sE‐s and ACE were higher and those of vWF and TN lower, compared with the preoperative ones. However, patients had higher sP‐s (P=0.06), sE‐s (P=0.07), and vWF (P=0.005), but lower TN concentrations (P=0.02) on the third PD compared with controls. Conclusions: CPB is characterised by pronounced changes in plasma sP‐s, sE‐s, TN, vWF levels, and ACE activity, which are associated with significant alteration in the intra‐ and early postoperative endothelial function observed in open heart surgery. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:389–398, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene diagnosis of Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in a Chinese family by a genescan method
Authors: You Pan , Ma Qilin , Tao Tao
Published: November 2010

This study aims to perform gene diagnosis for Chinese family patients with Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). Genomic DNAs were extracted from the pedigrees' members. Gene diagnosis was performed for these pedigrees' members by approaches, such as DNA sequencing and GeneScan. Sequence analysis and PABPN1 genotyping showed that the mutated allele in affected members of this familyhas nine trinucleotide repeats of GCG (GCG)9, whereas the normal allele contains six trinucleotide repeats of GCG (GCG)6. The above results suggest that mutated GCG repeats in PABPN1 gene may cause OPMD in this family, and PABPN1 genotyping could be used as a convenient, highly effective, and reliable gene diagnostic test for OPMD patients. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:422–425, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Canadian public venture capital market
Authors: Carpentier Cécile , Suret Jean‐Marc
Published: November 2010

The public venture capital market is indeed able to compete with a private one, even if it does not have the tools, skills and value‐added capabilities usually attributed to private venture capitalists.
Impact of culture on tourist decision‐making styles
Authors: Correia Antónia , Kozak Metin , Ferradeira João
Published: November 2010

This paper developed and tested an integrative model to examine the relationship between tourism decisions and their cultural background. The model was tested using surveyed data from 400 tourists travelling to Lisbon, a cultural city and the capital of Portugal. The results of a structural equation analysis revealed that culture affect tourist decisions. The decision to visit Lisbon relies on its quality, brand and price. This decision is shaped by the likelihood of visitors to accept social differentiation (power distance), moderated by their sense of individualism as well as their long‐term orientation. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are posttraumatic stress disorder mental health terms found in SNOMED‐CT medical terminology
Authors: Trusko Brett , Rosenbloom S. Trent , Montella Diane , Jackson James C. , Fitzhenry Fern , Brown Steven H. , Elkin Peter L. , Fielstein Elliot , Kotter Kristen , Tuttle Mark , Iannelli Richard J. , Speroff Theodore
Published: November 2010

The authors sought to evaluate how well the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine–Clinical Terms (SNOMED–CT) controlled vocabulary represents terms commonly used clinically when documenting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A list was constructed based on the PTSD criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), symptom assessment instruments, and publications. Although two teams mapping the terms to SNOMED–CT differed in their approach, the consensus mapping accounted for 91% of the 153 PTSD terms. They found that the words used by clinicians in describing PTSD symptoms are represented in SNOMED–CT. These results can be used to codify mental health text reports for health information technology applications such as automated chart abstraction, algorithms for identifying documentation of symptoms representing PTSD in clinical notes, and clinical decision support.
Convenient Vector Spaces of Smooth Functions
Authors: Kriegl A. , Nel L. D.
Published: November 2010

By a convenient vector space is meant a locally convex IR‐vector space which is separated, bornological and Mackey‐complete. The theory of such spaces, initiated in [Kr 82], [Fr 82], and [FGK 83], has evolved into a book [FK 88]. In the preliminaries below we outline the principal features of this theory relevant to this paper. We are concerned mainly with questions about the reflexiveness of spaces C∞(X, ℝ) for various X and matters closely related to this.
An Application of Differential Subordinations
Authors: Obradović Milutin , Owa Shigeyoshi
Published: November 2010

By using the method of differential subordinations we obtain a result which gives some criteria for univalency in the unit disk.
On Ill‐Determined Equations in Right Invertible Operator of Order one in Non‐Commutative Case
Authors: Mau Nguyen Van
Published: November 2010

In this paper we study a general equation in right invertible operator of order one in the case when either resolving operator I‐AR or I‐RA has a generalized almost inverse only. Moreover, we give the positive answer to the following question: Does the left invertibility (right invertibility, invertibility) of I‐AR imply the left invertibility (right invertibility, invertibility) of the operator I‐RA? (cf. [1], Open Question on p. 140).
On the Description of the Content‐Equality by a Relation
Authors: Jaritz Renate
Published: November 2010

In the geometry of polyhedra we understand by an elementary content‐functional a real valued, non‐negative, finite additive measure on the set of polyhedra which is invariant under isometries. There are close relations between the content‐measurement and the relation of equidecomposability. Two polyhedra are called equidecomposable if they are decomposed into pairwise congruent pieces. For an example we consider the set of all polygons in the euclidean plane. It is well known that planar polygons have the same area if and only if they are equidecomposable. In the three‐dimensional euclidean space one also can describe the content‐equality of polyhedra by a relation. Two polyhedra have the same volume if they are equidecomposable with respect to equiaffine mappings (see [3]). In [4] the concept of an invariant content of polyhedra in a topological Klein space is introduced. Each regular closed quasicompact set ot the space is called polyhedron. Under this supposition two polyhedra have equal contents if they are equivalent by decomposition. The relation “equivalent by decomposition” is closely related to the relation “equidecomposable”.