bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcripts from a novel BMPR2 termination mutation escape nonsense mediated decay by downstream translation re‐initiation: implications for treating pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Hamid R , Hedges LK , Austin E , Phillips JA , Loyd JE , Cogan JD
Published: January 2010

Hamid R, Hedges LK, Austin E, Phillips III JA, Loyd JE, Cogan JD. Transcripts from a novel BMPR2 termination mutation escape nonsense mediated decay by downstream translation re‐initiation; implications for treating pulmonary hypertension.

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) gene mutations are a major risk factor for heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH), an autosomal dominant fatal disease. We have previously shown that BMPR2 transcripts that contain premature termination codon (PTC) mutations are rapidly and nearly completely degraded through nonsense mediated decay (NMD). Here we report a unique PTC mutation (W13X) that did not behave in the predicted manner. We found that patient‐derived cultured lymphocytes (CLs) contained readily detectable levels of the PTC‐containing transcript. Further analysis suggested that this transcript escaped NMD by translational re‐initiation at a downstream Kozak sequence, resulting in the omission of 173 amino acids. Treatment of CLs containing the PTC with an aminoglycoside decreased the truncated protein levels, with a reciprocal increase in full‐length BMPR2 protein and, importantly, BMPR‐II signaling. This is the first demonstration of aminoglycoside‐mediated ‘repair’ of a BMPR2 mutation at the protein level in patient‐derived cells and has obvious implications for treatment of HPAH where no disease‐specific treatment options are available. Our data also suggest the need for a more thorough characterization of mutations prior to labeling them as haploinsufficient or dominant negative based simply on sequencing data.
Genetic implications and health consequences following the Chernobyl nuclear accident
Authors: Kozenko M , Chudley AE
Published: January 2010

Kozenko M, Chudley AE. Genetic implications and health consequences following the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

It has been almost 25 years since the Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine. We review relevant data derived from published reports originating in the Former Soviet Union. We cite census data from Ukraine and research studies from Western Europe that analyzed the effect of radiation on genetics and health outcome in the exposed populations. We also present philatelic materials that pictorially captured that fateful event in history.
BK virus nephropathy after simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation
Authors: Akpinar Edip , Ciancio Gaetano , Sageshima Jun , Chen Linda , Guerra Giselle , Kupin Warren , Roth David , Ruiz Phillip , Burke George
Published: January 2010

Akpinar E, Ciancio G, Sageshima J, Chen L, Guerra G, Kupin W, Roth D, Ruiz P, Burke G. BK virus nephropathy after simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation.  Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 801–806. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) was reported in up to 7.5% of patients after simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation (SPK). Its management by reduction in immunosuppression might pre‐dispose to pancreatic graft loss.

Methods:  A retrospective analysis of 178 SPK recipients was performed. All patients received thymoglobulin, daclizumab and a maintenance of low‐dose steroids, tacrolimus, and either sirolimus or mycophenolate.

Results:  Two (1.1%) patients were identified with BKVN. Time of diagnosis was 22 and 45 months after transplant. Both patients had superimposed calcineurin toxicity in their graft biopsies. Immunosuppression was reduced in both patients, and leflunomide (LEF) was used in one patient. Concurrent kidney rejection episodes were treated with steroid pulses in both patients. One kidney graft improved with a last estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 43 mL/min, and another kidney graft showed limited improvement with a last GFR of 30 mL/min. Pancreatic graft function remained excellent in both patients as assessed by serum c‐peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin, amylase‐lipase, and urine amylase levels.

Conclusion:  Low incidence of BKVN was observed in our SPK series. Reduction in immunosuppression and sometimes LEF can be effective. The underlying mechanism of stable pancreatic allograft function despite ongoing kidney rejection warrants further investigation.
Transplantation behind the Iron Curtain – a short historical note on the 20th anniversary
Authors: Langer Robert M.
Published: January 2010

Langer RM. Transplantation behind the Iron Curtain – a short historical note on the 20th anniversary. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 20–22. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract  This article is dedicated to the memory of the pioneers of solid organ transplantation 20 yr after the Iron Curtain was demolished and Eastern European countries joined the free world. Despite the special political and medical conditions that existed, the evolution of transplantation could proceed following Western trends. With the formation of Intertransplant, kidney transplantation was formalized, and a limited organ exchange could be realized. The transplantation of non‐renal organs was rather sporadic until 1989. This paper summarizes the efforts in transplantation in Eastern Europe during this period of tension with the West.
Exogenous Application of Putrescine Ameliorates the Effect of High Temperature in Gossypium hirsutum L. Flowers and Fruit Development
Authors: Bibi A. C. , Oosterhuis D. M. , Gonias E. D.
Published: January 2010

Polyamines have been shown to stimulate fruit set and the initial phase of fruit development in several crops. The effect of exogenous application of putrescine on ovary development and seed set of cotton under high temperature stress was investigated under controlled environmental conditions. Putrescine was applied to floral buds of cotton, 24 h prior to anthesis, and caused a significant increase in putrescine content of cotton ovaries collected at anthesis compared with the control treatment. However, there was no increase in spermidine and spermine. High temperature (38 °C) significantly decreased the spermidine content of cotton ovaries in both years of the study compared with the untreated control (30 °C). Spermine was significantly decreased in the high temperature treatment the first year of the study; however, this result was not consistent for the second year. Ovarian putrescine concentration was not affected by the high temperature treatment. Increased temperatures in this study decreased seed set in cotton flowers; however, exogenous application of putrescine ameliorated the negative effect of high temperature on seed set, as expressed by the number of seeds per cotton boll. This was evident in both years of the study. Exogenous application of Putrescine increased the level of putrescine in cotton flowers, which was associated with increased seed set despite the negative effect of increased temperature.
The potpourri approach to hyaluronic acid filler injections
Authors: Lim Adrian C
Published: January 2010

There is an ever‐expanding range of hyaluronic acid fillers with varying physical characteristics available to cosmetic dermatologists. These fillers are commercially packaged in syringes of approximately 1 mL (range 0.5–2 mL) volume. Filler injectors are currently qualitatively and quantitatively restricted to fillers packaged in ready‐to‐go syringes. Patients often present for pan‐facial rejuvenation requiring varying amounts of fillers as well as more than one type/subtype of filler for optimum correction. The potpourri approach allows access to a range of prepared hyaluronic acid filler subtypes that can be used on the same patient in the one session. The potpourri method centres on the use of multiple 31‐gauge insulin syringes prepared with a range of different hyaluronic acid filler products that are ready for use. This increases flexibility with filler selection and has the potential to provide better filler‐to‐tissue match for patients.
A meta‐analysis of context‐dependency in plant response to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Hoeksema Jason D. , Chaudhary V. Bala , Gehring Catherine A. , Johnson Nancy Collins , Karst Justine , Koide Roger T. , Pringle Anne , Zabinski Catherine , Bever James D. , Moore John C. , Wilson Gail W. T. , Klironomos John N. , Umbanhowar James
Published: January 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 394–407

Mycorrhizal fungi influence plant growth, local biodiversity and ecosystem function. Effects of the symbiosis on plants span the continuum from mutualism to parasitism. We sought to understand this variation in symbiotic function using meta‐analysis with information theory‐based model selection to assess the relative importance of factors in five categories: (1) identity of the host plant and its functional characteristics, (2) identity and type of mycorrhizal fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal vs. ectomycorrhizal), (3) soil fertility, (4) biotic complexity of the soil and (5) experimental location (laboratory vs. field). Across most subsets of the data, host plant functional group and N‐fertilization were surprisingly much more important in predicting plant responses to mycorrhizal inoculation (‘plant response’) than other factors. Non‐N‐fixing forbs and woody plants and C4 grasses responded more positively to mycorrhizal inoculation than plants with N‐fixing bacterial symbionts and C3 grasses. In laboratory studies of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, plant response was more positive when the soil community was more complex. Univariate analyses supported the hypothesis that plant response is most positive when plants are P‐limited rather than N‐limited. These results emphasize that mycorrhizal function depends on both abiotic and biotic context, and have implications for plant community theory and restoration ecology.
Size, growth, temperature and the natural mortality of marine fish
Authors: Gislason Henrik , Daan Niels , Rice Jake C , Pope John G
Published: January 2010

The natural mortality of exploited fish populations is often assumed to be a species‐specific constant independent of body size. This assumption has important implications for size‐based fish population models and for predicting the outcome of size‐dependent fisheries management measures such as mesh‐size regulations. To test the assumption, we critically review the empirical estimates of the natural mortality,M(year−1), of marine and brackish water fish stocks and model them as a function of von Bertalanffy growth parameters,L(cm) andK(year−1), temperature (Kelvin) and length,L(cm). Using the Arrhenius equation to describe the relationship betweenMand temperature, we findMto be significantly related to length,LandK, but not to temperature (R2 = 0.62,P < 0.0001,n = 168). Temperature andKare significantly correlated and whenKis removed from the model the temperature term becomes significant, but the resulting model explains less of the total variance (R2 = 0.42,P < 0.0001,n = 168). The relationships betweenM,L,L,Kand temperature are shown to be in general accordance with previous theoretical and empirical investigations. We conclude that natural mortality is significantly related to length and growth characteristics and recommend to use the empirical formula: ln(M) = 0.55 − 1.61ln(L) + 1.44ln(L) + ln(K), for estimating the natural mortality of marine and brackish water fish.
The Venerable Bede and Gregory the Great: exegetical connections, spiritual departures
Authors: DeGregorio Scott
Published: January 2010

This article revisits the familiar comparison between the thought and writings of Bede and Gregory the Great. Bede was keen to foreground his debt to Gregory and past assessments have illuminated aspects of it, but this investigation offers a more searching analysis of the interface between biblical exegesis and spiritual teaching, a subject that highlights Bede's frequent reliance on Gregory as well as his calculated departures from him. Accordingly, the article first examines the different ways Bede in his commentaries could deploy Gregory's writings as a source, then discusses the more pragmatic, less mystical thrust of Bede's thought that sets him apart from Gregory.
Relapsing Neuromyelitis Optica: demographic and clinical features in Iranian patients
Authors: Sahraian M. A. , Moinfar Z. , Khorramnia S. , Mohammad Ebrahim M.
Published: January 2010

Background:  Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a severe inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with distinguishing features from multiple sclerosis (MS). NMO has an unknown etiology with poor prognosis in which anti‐aquaporin‐4 receptor IgG seems to play a major role. The purpose of this study is to represent a clinical and demographic data of NMO in Iranian population.

Methods:  Of 1800 patients attending our MS clinic, 44 patients with NMO were recruited from 2006 to 2009.

Results:  Female to male ratio was 3:1 and the disease affected women in younger ages than men (P = 0.04). The median expanded disability status scale score was 3 and the mean duration of symptoms was 4.53 ± 3.41 (median = 4) years with annual relapse rate of 1.13 year/patient. The most frequent symptoms at presentation were optic neuritis 22 (50%) and transverse myelitis 14 (31.8%). Out of 12 patients whose titer of NMO‐IgG was measured, four (30.7%) patients were seropositive. Twenty‐eight patients (63%) received azathioprine for a mean duration of 16.84 ± 27.91 months with significantly lower annual relapse rate (0.4 year/patient).

Conclusions:  Iranian patients as a Caucasian population living in Asia seem to have the same clinical features in comparison with the reported studies from Western countries. Although the duration of follow‐up was not too long, but they may possibly have a more benign course.
Side effects of anesthesia in DM2 as compared to DM1: a comparative retrospective study
Authors: Kirzinger L. , Schmidt A. , Kornblum C. , Schneider‐Gold C. , Kress W. , Schoser B.
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose: Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is an adult‐onset progressive multisystem disease. There have been no reported risks for anesthesia in DM2.

Methods: We assess the frequency, type, and severity of peri‐operative complications under general and local anesthesia in genetically proven DM2. A retrospective multicenter study was conducted.

Results: Out of 320 DM2 patients, 134 participated by completing questionnaires (41, 88%), which were delivered by mail, and their clinical records were reviewed (class III evidence). A total of 121 patients had 340 operations in general anesthesia at an average age of 40.5 years (range 18–82); 132 (38.8%) general anesthesia were performed prior to DM2 onset, 187 (55.9%) after disease onset. A total of 212 (62.4%) of the interventions were performed without known DM2 diagnosis. In 120 (35.3%) interventions, DM2 was already diagnosed. The locations of surgery were lower abdomen (47%), peripheral extremities (46.8%), upper abdomen (3.8%), thorax (1.8%), and brain (0.6%). The overall frequency of severe complications was 0.6% (2 of 340). One incident was a post‐operative development of rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, muscle weakness and renal failure; the others, prolonged muscular weakness and renal failure. Minor complications related to a general anesthesia were reported by 27 participants (20.2%). In 116 patients (86.6%), 342 interventions were performed in regional anesthesia. Minor complications were reported by 20.2% participants such as nausea (6.7%), muscular weakness and pain (5.9%), prolonged anesthesia (5.2%), circulatory insufficiency (2.9%), and shortness of breath (2.9%).

Conclusion: The overall lower risk seems to be predominantly related to the minor respiratory involvement in DM2, than in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1).
Effect of proteasome inhibition by MG‐132 on HSP27 oligomerization, phosphorylation, and aggresome formation in the OLN‐93 oligodendroglia cell line
Authors: Bolhuis Sandra , Richter‐Landsberg Christiane
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 960–971.

Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are characteristically observed in glial cell inclusion bodies in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. The small Hsp27 (HspB1) is stress inducible and participates in the defence against misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, it forms oligomeric structures with molecular masses ranging from 50 to 800 kDa. These structures are highly dynamic and their dynamic organization is regulated by phosphorylation, which has been suggested to be a crucial factor in modulating the activity of the protein. To investigate the responses of Hsp27 to stress induced by proteasomal inhibition, and its state of phosphorylation and oligomerization during aggregate formation, three oligodendroglial cell lines stably expressing Hsp27 were established: OLN27 wild type, OLN27DDD expressing triple mutant Hsp27 in its phosphorylation mimicking form, and OLN27AAA, expressing non‐phosphorylatable Hsp27. Our data show that the proteasomal inhibitor MG‐132 promotes Hsp27 phosphorylation by activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase and leads to the formation of small oligomers. However, Hsp27 is recruited to aggresomes independently of its state of phosphorylation. After 24 h of treatment, all three cell lines had formed protein accumulations in the vicinity of the centrosome, but in cells over‐expressing Hsp27, aggresome formation was delayed in comparison with OLN‐93 oligodendroglial cells not expressing Hsp27.
Basal ganglia pathology in schizophrenia: dopamine connections and anomalies
Authors: Perez‐Costas Emma , Melendez‐Ferro Miguel , Roberts Rosalinda C.
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 287–302.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects 1% of the world population. The disease usually manifests itself in early adulthood with hallucinations, delusions, cognitive and emotional disturbances and disorganized thought and behavior. Dopamine was the first neurotransmitter to be implicated in the disease, and though no longer the only suspect in schizophrenia pathophysiology, it obviously plays an important role. The basal ganglia are the site of most of the dopamine neurons in the brain and the target of anti‐psychotic drugs. In this review, we will start with an overview of basal ganglia anatomy emphasizing dopamine circuitry. Then, we will review the major deficits in dopamine function in schizophrenia, emphasizing the role of excessive dopamine in the basal ganglia and the link to psychosis.
Linking intronic polymorphism on the CHD1‐Z gene with fitness correlates in Black‐tailed Godwits Limosa l. limosa
Authors: SCHROEDER JULIA , KENTIE ROSEMARIE , VAN DER VELDE MARCO , HOOIJMEIJER JOS C. E. W. , BOTH CHRISTIAAN , HADDRATH OLIVER , BAKER ALLAN J. , PIERSMA THEUNIS
Published: January 2010

We show that variation in an intronic length polymorphism in the CHD1‐Z gene in Black‐tailed Godwits Limosa l. limosa is associated with fitness correlates. This is the second example of the CHDZ‐1 gene being correlated with fitness, a previous study having established that Moorhens Gallinula chloropus carrying the rare Z* allele have reduced survival. In Godwits, however, carriers of the Z* allele (374 bp) fared better than those with the more frequent Z allele (378 bp) with respect to body mass, plumage ornamentation, reproductive parameters and habitat quality. The Z* allele was found in 14% of 251 adult birds from nature reserves, but was absent from 33 birds breeding in intensively managed agricultural lands. Males and females with the Z* allele had less extensive breeding plumage, and females had a higher body mass, bred earlier and had larger eggs. There were no significant differences in annual survival between birds with and without the Z* allele. DNA isolated from museum skins demonstrated that this polymorphism was present at low frequency in 1929. We speculate that strong asymmetrical overdominance may explain the low frequency of the Z* allele and that genetic linkage to causal genes might be an explanation for the phenotypic correlations. Our findings suggest a degree of cryptic genetic population structuring in the Dutch Godwit population.
Long‐term effects of calorie restriction on serum sex‐hormone concentrations in men
Authors: Cangemi Roberto , Friedmann Alberto J. , Holloszy John O. , Fontana Luigi
Published: January 2010

Calorie restriction (CR) slows aging and consistently reduces circulating sex hormones in laboratory animals. However, nothing is known regarding the long‐term effects of CR with adequate nutrition on serum sex‐hormone concentration in lean healthy humans. In this study, we measured body composition, and serum total testosterone, total 17‐β‐estradiol, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‐S) concentrations in 24 men (mean age 51.5 ± 13 years), who had been practicing CR with adequate nutrition for an average of 7.4 ± 4.5 years, in 24 age‐ and body fat–matched endurance runners (EX), and 24 age‐matched sedentary controls eating Western diets (WD). We found that both the CR and EX volunteers had significantly lower body fat than the WD volunteers (total body fat, 8.7 ± 4.2%; 10.5 ± 4.4%; 23.2 ± 6.1%, respectively; P = 0.0001). Serum total testosterone and the free androgen index were significantly lower, and SHBG was higher in the CR group than in the EX and WD groups (P ≤ 0.001). Serum 17β‐estradiol and the estradiol:SHBG ratio were both significantly lower in the CR and EX groups than in the WD group (P ≤ 0.005). Serum DHEA‐S concentrations were not different between the three groups. These findings demonstrate that, as in long‐lived CR rodents, long‐term severe CR reduces serum total and free testosterone and increases SHBG concentrations in humans, independently of adiposity. More studies are needed to understand the role of this CR‐mediated reduction in sex hormones in modulating the pathogenesis of age‐associated chronic diseases such as cancer and the aging process itself.
Respiratory indices by gas analysis and fat metabolism by indirect calorimetry in normal subjects and triathletes
Authors: Steding K. , Buhre T. , Arheden H. , Wohlfart B.
Published: January 2010

Background:  The effects of exercise on different indices reflecting the metabolism have been of interest for a long time, and a relationship between anaerobic indices and maximal oxygen uptake has been established. The inter‐relationship between different respiratory indices during an exercise test remains to be studied in order to understand differences between individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine three respiratory indices and investigate their inter‐relationship in individuals with highly variable working capacity. A second aim was to investigate the fat metabolism at the VO2 corresponding to the respiratory compensation point (Pq) in the different subjects using indirect calorimetry.

Methods:  Sixty control subjects (20 female) and 18 triathletes (six female) performed an exercise test with gas analysis. Three respiratory indices, derivative crossing (Dx), point of crossing (Px) and respiratory compensation point (Pq), were calculated using a computerized method. Fat metabolism at Pq was calculated using indirect calorimetry.

Results:  Two different sequences of the respiratory indices were found: Dx<Px<Pq and Dx<Pq<Px. In subjects whom Px occurred before Pq, no fat metabolism was seen at Pq, whilst in subjects with Pq occurring before Px, a combined aerobic fat metabolism and anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism was found at Pq.

Conclusion:  This study has shown two different sequences of the respiratory indices Dx, Px and Pq in subjects of varying working capacity. The individual differences in the order of occurrence of Px and Pq during the exercise test are most likely caused by different abilities to metabolize fat at high workloads.
Influence of tectonic overpressure on P–T paths of HP–UHP rocks in continental collision zones: thermomechanical modelling
Authors: LI Z. H. , GERYA T. V. , BURG J.‐P.
Published: January 2010

The principle of lithostatic pressure is habitually used in metamorphic geology to calculate burial/exhumation depth from pressure given by geobarometry. However, pressure deviation from lithostatic, i.e. tectonic overpressure/underpressure due to deviatoric stress and deformation, is an intrinsic property of flow and fracture in all materials, including rocks under geological conditions. In order to investigate the influences of tectonic overpressure on metamorphic P–T paths, 2D numerical simulations of continental subduction/collision zones were conducted with variable brittle and ductile rheologies of the crust and mantle. The experiments suggest that several regions of significant tectonic overpressure and underpressure may develop inside the slab, in the subduction channel and within the overriding plate during continental collision. The main overpressure region that may influence the P–T paths of HP–UHP rocks is located in the bottom corner of the wedge‐like confined channel with the characteristic magnitude of pressure deviation on the order of ∼0.3 GPa and 10–20% from the lithostatic values. The degree of confinement of the subduction channel is the key factor controlling this magnitude. Our models also suggest that subducted crustal rocks, which may not necessarily be exhumed, can be classified into three different groups: (i) UHP‐rocks subjected to significant (≥0.3 GPa) overpressure at intermediate subduction depth (50–70 km, P = 1.5–2.5 GPa) then underpressured at depth ≥100 km (P ≥ 3 GPa); (ii) HP‐rocks subjected to ≥0.3 GPa overpressure at peak P–T conditions reached at 50–70 km depth in the bottom corner of the wedge‐like confined subduction channel (P = 1.5–2.5 GPa); (iii) lower‐pressure rocks formed at shallower depths (≤40 km depth, P ≤ 1 GPa), which are not subjected to significant overpressure and/or underpressure.
Effects of Spatial Pattern and Economic Uncertainties on Freshwater Habitat Restoration Planning: A Simulation Exercise
Authors: Fullerton Aimee H. , Steel E. Ashley , Lange Ian , Caras Yuko
Published: January 2010

Evaluating alternative future scenarios using simulation models is an emerging approach to conservation planning over large spatial and temporal extents. Such an approach is useful when predictions cannot be validated empirically; however, evaluating the sensitivity of scenario‐based approaches to key uncertainties is necessary so that managers understand how real‐world constraints might impact results. We used a simulation approach to investigate the sensitivity of freshwater habitat restoration plans to spatial pattern (e.g., project locations) and economic uncertainties (e.g., budget level and project costs) in a case study on Pacific salmon in the Lewis River Basin (WA, U.S.A.). We found that some evaluation metrics performed better when restoration was distributed randomly, whereas others improved more when restoration occurred on contiguous stretches of river. Subwatersheds responded differently to restoration, suggesting that intrinsic characteristics limit restoration potential. Changes in budget usually caused proportionate improvements in habitat but disproportionate fish responses, suggesting a cumulative benefit for fish. Most per‐dollar benefits increased as project cost decreased; therefore, model predictions are sensitive to project cost. Simulation analyses provided increased information about how economics and spatial pattern might affect habitats and salmon; these insights can help policymakers identify an appropriate restoration strategy.
Coexisting Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias and Hemicrania Continua
Authors: Robbins Matthew S. , Grosberg Brian M. , Lipton Richard B.
Published: January 2010

The trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) and hemicrania continua (HC) share many clinical characteristics including unilateral pain and ipsilateral autonomic features. We report a patient with a history of migraine without aura who developed cluster headache and HC simultaneously. The distinctive clinical features and differential response profiles to various treatments indicates that they are distinct disorders. We then review previous reports of patients with coexisting TACs and HC and discuss the relationship between these families of primary headache disorders.
The Case for Economic Reasoning in MBA Education Revisited
Authors: Polutnik Lidija
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Laurence S. Moss was a great scholar and author of countless articles and books. During his long career he continued to be excited by economics and history and made these subjects interesting to his students. For almost 30 years, undergraduate students enrolled in his Scams and Frauds class and Contemporary Economic Systems class in large numbers. Larry would engage students to think, to independently question prevailing truths, and to probe further. This essay is a reflection of our shared experience teaching in the full‐time MBA program at Babson College.
Inferolateral ST Elevation as a First Sign of Left Anterior Descending Artery Occlusion
Authors: Hsu Po‐Chao , Lin Tsung‐Hsien , Su Ho‐Ming , Voon Wen‐Chol , Lai Wen‐Ter , Sheu Sheng‐Hsiung
Published: January 2010

Combined anterior and inferior ST elevation due to occlusion of wrapped left anterior descending artery (LAD) is well reported in the literature. However, there is rare literature mentioned about inferolateral ST elevation in this patient group. Herein, we report a case of acute proximal wrapped LAD occlusion with initial electrocardiographic sign of inferolateral ST elevation. The most likely mechanism of this electrocardiographic finding might be related to old anteroseptal myocardial infarction, combination with other coronary abnormality, such as chronic total occlusion of left circumflex artery that caused larger injury current in inferolateral than anteroseptal myocardium, and made anteroseptal leads reveal isoelectric pattern.

Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(1):90–93
The Year of 2008 in Electrocardiology
Authors: Stern Shlomo
Published: January 2010

Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(1):85–89
Chemokine expression by human keratinocyte cell lines after activation of Toll‐like receptors
Authors: Olaru Florina , Jensen Liselotte E.
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Chemokine expression by human keratinocyte cell lines after activation of Toll‐like receptors. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e314–e316.

Abstract:  Keratinocytes in the skin play an important role in innate immune responses by secreting chemokines. This study aimed to determine if keratinocyte cell lines can be used for studies of innate immune mechanisms. Human primary keratinocytes and the HaCaT, CCD 1106 KERTr (KERTr) and HEK001 cell lines were treated with a panel of Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐ligands. Expression of IL‐8, CCL20, CXCL9 and CXCL10 was determined. All three cell lines expressed TLR1‐6 and TLR9. KERTr cells responded to the same TLR‐ligands as primary keratinocytes. Overall HEK001 responded similarly, but appeared to be relatively more sensitive to flagellin. This was in agreement with increased expression of TLR5. The expression profiles were most distinct in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, our data confirm and extend previously reported TLR7 and TLR8 independent IL‐8 secretion by keratinocytes after Imiquimod treatment. The different cell lines represent complementary tools for molecular studies of innate immunity of the skin.
Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery
Authors: Jeukendrup A. E. , Moseley L.
Published: January 2010

This study compared the effects of ingesting water (WATER), an 8.6% glucose solution (GLU) and an 8.6% glucose+fructose solution (2:1 ratio, GLU+FRU) on gastric emptying (GE), fluid delivery, and markers of hydration status during moderate intensity exercise. Eight male subjects (age=24 ± 2 years, weight=74.5 ± 1.2 kg, VO2max=62.6 ± 2.5 mL/kg/min) performed three 120 min cycling bouts at 61% VO2max). Subjects ingested GLU, GLU+FRU (both delivering 1.5 g/min carbohydrate), or WATER throughout exercise, ingesting 2.1 L. Serial dye dilution measurements of GE were made throughout exercise and subjects ingested 5.00 g of D2O and 150 mg of 13C‐acetate at 60 min to obtain measures of fluid uptake and GE, respectively. GLU+FRU resulted in faster rates of deuterium accumulation, an earlier time to peak in the 13C enrichment of expired air and a faster rate of GE compared with GLU. GLU+FRU also attenuated the rise in heart rate that occurred in GLU and WATER and resulted in lower ratings of perceived exertion. There was a greater loss in body weight with GLU corrected for fluid intake. These data suggest that ingestion of a combined GLU+FRU solution increases GE and “fluid delivery” compared with a glucose only solution.
Are former female elite athletes more likely to experience urinary incontinence later in life than non‐athletes?
Authors: Bø K. , Sundgot‐Borgen J.
Published: January 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether former female elite athletes are more likely to experience urinary incontinence (UI) later in life than non‐athletes and to assess possible risk factors for UI in athletes. Three hundred and thirty‐one former elite athletes (response rate 81%) and 640 controls replied to a postal questionnaire including validated questions on UI. While competing in sport, 10.9% and 2.7% of the former elite athletes reported stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urge incontinence, respectively. Presently, 36.5% of the former elite athletes and 36.9% of the controls reported SUI. 9.1% and 9.4% reported urge incontinence. Among former elite athletes, those with two or three children were more likely than nulliparous women to have UI now. Also, among former athletes, UI was more common in women with vs those without UI while competing (odds ratio 8.57, 95% confidence interval: 3.55–20.71). Age, menopause and being regularly physically active now were not associated with UI in either group. Based on this study, the prevalence of UI does not seem to be higher in former athletes than in controls. However, the results indicate that UI early in life, as reported during elite sport, is a strong predictor of UI later in life.
Exercise training and experimental diabetes modulate heat shock protein response in brain
Authors: Lappalainen Z. , Lappalainen J. , Oksala N. K. J. , Laaksonen D. E. , Khanna S. , Sen C. K. , Atalay M.
Published: January 2010

In diabetes, defense systems against cellular stress are impaired. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) function primarily as molecular chaperones. Factors that raise tissue HSP levels may slow progression of diabetes and improve diabetic complications that also affect brain tissue. This study tested the effect of an 8‐week exercise training on brain HSP response in rats with or without streptozotocin‐induced diabetes (SID). In untrained animals, the HSP levels were not different between SID and non‐diabetic groups. Endurance training, however, increased HSP72 and HSP90 protein in non‐diabetic rats, whereas SID significantly decreased the effect of training on these HSPs. At the mRNA level, HSP60, HSP90 and GRP75 were increased due to training, whereas HSP72 mRNA was only increased in exercise‐trained diabetic animals. Training or diabetes had no effect on protein carbonyl content, a marker of oxidative damage. Altogether, our findings suggest that endurance training increases HSP expression in the brain, and that experimental diabetes is associated with an incomplete HSP response at the protein level.
Questionnaire‐assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity of the Finnish youth in 1979–2005
Authors: Nupponen H. , Laakso L. , Rimpelä A. , Pere L. , Telama R.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of the study was to investigate the time trend of questionnaire‐assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among 12–18‐year‐old Finnish boys and girls from 1979 to 2005. The MVPA was defined as “at least moderately breathtaking and sweating in leisure time physical activities more than 3 times week.” Data were based on the Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey, which is a biannual, nation‐wide survey on adolescent health and health‐related lifestyle in Finland. The nationally representative samples were drawn from the Finnish Population Register Centre. The numbers of participants varied from 2832 to 8390 and the response rates from 91% (girls, 1981) to 58% (boys, 2005). The main results showed that the participation rate in MVPA increased during the study period. The increase was not continuous, but showed an upward trend during the years 2001–2005. The study also revealed that boys participated in MVPA more than girls. However, the gender difference decreased during the study period. Age differences in MVPA were rather small and they decreased during the study period. However, perceived intensity of physical activity was higher among older than younger groups, whereas participation in MVPA was more frequent in younger than older groups. The results supported the findings of some previous studies that reported that especially in Finland the vigorous physical activity among young people had consistently increased. This study gave more information about this phenomenon because the study period was longer, 26 years, and the sample also included older, 16‐ and 18‐year‐old boys and girls.
Three‐dimensional analysis of intracycle velocity fluctuations in frontcrawl swimming
Authors: Psycharakis S. G. , Naemi R. , Connaboy C. , McCabe C. , Sanders R. H.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine accurately the magnitude and changes of intra‐cycle velocity fluctuation (Vfluc), maximum (Vmax) and minimum velocity (Vmin) of the center of mass during a maximum 200 m frontcrawl swim, and to examine whether they are associated with performance. Performance was indicated by the mean velocity (Vmean) of the stroke cycle (SC) in the swimming direction. The relative Vfluc, Vmax and Vmin were also calculated as a percentage of Vmean, while Vfluc was calculated for all three directions. Eleven male swimmers of national/international level participated in this study and their performance was recorded with four below‐ and two above‐water‐synchronized cameras. Four SCs were analyzed for the 200 m swim (one for each 50 m). Anthropometric data were calculated by the elliptical zone method. Vmean generally decreased throughout the test. Vmax and Vmin were positively correlated to performance and were significantly higher in SC1 than in the other SCs. However, the relative Vmax and Vmin values were remarkably consistent during the 200 m and not associated with performance. Despite the noteworthy magnitude of Vfluc in all directions, they were in general not correlated with performance and there were no significant changes during the test.
Objectively assessed physical activity and aerobic fitness in a population‐based sample of Norwegian 9‐ and 15‐year‐olds
Authors: Kolle E. , Steene‐Johannessen J. , Andersen L. B. , Anderssen S. A.
Published: January 2010

The present study described current physical activity, determined compliance with physical activity guidelines and assessed aerobic fitness in a nationally representative sample of 9‐ and 15‐year‐olds in Norway. In 2005–2006, 2299 children and adolescents were randomly recruited. The participation rate was 89% and 74% among the 9‐ and 15‐year‐olds, respectively. Physical activity was assessed objectively by accelerometry, and aerobic fitness was measured directly as peak oxygen uptake during a cycle ergometry test. Boys were more physically active than girls, and 9‐year‐olds were substantially more active than 15‐year‐olds. Physical activity was higher during weekdays than weekends, and 9‐year‐olds were most active during spring. While four out of five children met current physical activity guidelines, only half of the adolescents did. The mean (SD) values for peak VO2 were: 9‐year‐old boys, 48.2 (7.1) mL/min/kg; 9‐year‐old girls, 42.9 (6.7) mL/min/kg; and 15‐year‐old girls 41.1 (6.0) mL/min/kg and 15‐year‐old boys 51.9 (8.0) mL/min/kg. Because of the high participation rate, this study provides a good description of the physical activity and aerobic fitness in the young population. Finally, girls and adolescents seem appropriate targets when promoting physical activity in order to increase the proportion meeting the recommendations.
Relationships between three potentiation effects of plyometric training and performance
Authors: Wu Y.‐K. , Lien Y.‐H. , Lin K.‐H. , Shih T. T.‐F. , Wang T.‐G. , Wang H.‐K.
Published: January 2010

This study measured the potentiation effects of plyometric training [normalized electromyography (EMG) in triceps surae, stiffness and elastic energy utilization of the Achilles tendon] and investigated the correlations between these effects and performances [voluntary electromechanical delay (EMD) and jump height]. Twenty‐one subjects were randomly assigned either to the control group (10 subjects: age 22.3±1.6 years) or to a training group (11 subjects: age 22.1±1.6 years) that performed 8 weeks of plyometric training. Results: As compared with the performances before training, normalized EMG in the soleus were significantly (P≤0.001) increased after 4 and 8 weeks of training. Tendon stiffness, elastic energy storage, release and jump height determined after training were significantly increased (P<0.05), with a concomitantly reduced voluntary EMD (P=0.01). These variables also showed significant differences vs the control group (all P<0.05). The other variables remained unchanged. Correlations were observed between tendon stiffness and either voluntary EMD (r=−0. 77, P=0.014) or jump height (r=0.54, P=0.031). Conclusions: Plyometric training specifically potentiated the normalized EMG, tendon stiffness and elastic energy utilization in the myotendinous complex of the triceps surae. Although these changes are possibly essential determinants, only increases of tendon stiffness were observed to correlate with performance improvements.
Diffusing capacity of the lung for CO and pulmonary blood flow during incremental and intermittent exercise
Authors: Charloux A. , Enache I. , Richard R. , Oswald‐Mammosser M. , Lonsdorfer‐Wolf E. , Piquard F. , Geny B.
Published: January 2010

The aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of successive diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) measurements during two different exercise tests (upright cycling), and to compare the relationships between DLCO and pulmonary blood flow (Qc). Eight healthy subjects performed an incremental test (1‐min step) and a strenuous 30‐min intermittent‐work exercise test (4 min at low and 2 min at high workload). Intrabreath DLCO and Qc were calculated by assessing the uptake of CO and C2H2 during exhalation. DLCO could be measured reliably up to 73–90% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2) during the incremental test, and up to 85–95% of peak VO2 during the intermittent test. The coefficients of variation of DLCO and Qc measured during two successive constant‐load exercise tests were 5–6% and 7–11%, respectively. The highest values of DLCO, Qc and VO2 measured during the incremental and intermittent tests were similar (56 and 51 mL/mmHg/min for DLCO, 18.7 and 18.3 L/min, for Qc and 2.4 and 2.3 L/min for VO2, respectively). The main observed result was that the linear relationships between DLCO and Qc were similar whatever the exercise type. This allows DLCO comparisons, with regards to Qc, during different exercise protocols.
A COX‐2 inhibitor reduces muscle soreness, but does not influence recovery and adaptation after eccentric exercise
Authors: Paulsen G. , Egner I. M. , Drange M. , Langberg H. , Benestad H. B. , Fjeld J. G. , Hallén J. , Raastad T.
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitor on the recovery of muscle function, inflammation, regeneration after, and adaptation to, unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Thirty‐three young males and females participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled experiment. Seventy unilateral, voluntary, maximal eccentric actions with the elbow flexors were performed twice (bouts 1 and 2) with the same arm, separated by 3 weeks. The test group participants were administered 400 mg/day of celecoxib for 9 days after bout 1. After both bouts 1 and 2, concentric and isometric force‐generating capacity was immediately reduced (∼40–50%), followed by the later appearance of muscle soreness and increased serum creatine kinase levels. Radiolabelled autologous leukocytes (detected by scintigraphy) and monocytes/macrophages (histology) accumulated in the exercised muscles, simultaneously with increased satellite cell activity. These responses were reduced and recovery was faster after bout 2 than 1, demonstrating a repeated‐bout effect. No differences between the celecoxib and placebo groups were detected, except for muscle soreness, which was attenuated by celecoxib. In summary, celecoxib, a COX‐2 inhibitor, did not detectably affect recovery of muscle function or markers of inflammation and regeneration after unaccustomed eccentric exercise, nor did the drug influence the repeated‐bout effect. However, it alleviated muscle soreness.
OPINION: Immunologic Abnormality of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Authors: Yayi Hu , Danqing Wang , Shuyun Liu , Jicheng Liu
Published: January 2010

Citation Yayi H, Danqing W, Shuyun L, Jicheng L. Immunologic Abnormality of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 267–273

Problem  Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy risk because of the possibility of pre‐term delivery and sudden intrauterine fetal death. Its pathogenesis is still under discussion.

Method of study  The analysis of the recent findings on the complex immunologic events that occur in ICP were performed.

Results  In ICP, an increase of type 1 cytokine (TNF‐α, IFN‐γ) associated with a decrease of type 2 cytokine (IL‐4). The decreased production of the suppressor cytokine TGF‐β2 may increase the type 1 cytokine. Fas appeared to be increased and FasL appeared to be decreased in syncytiotrophoblasts of ICP. The human leukocyte antigen gene (HLA‐G, E) in extravillous trophoblasts of ICP were significantly decreased.

Conclusion  Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and HLA play important roles in the tolerance and maintenance of pregnancy. ICP may be resulting from breach of the maternal fetal immune tolerance during pregnancy.