bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Downscaling daily maximum and minimum temperatures in the midwestern USA: a hybrid empirical approach
Authors: Schoof J. T. , Pryor S. C. , Robeson S. M.
Published: September 2006

A new hybrid empirical downscaling technique is presented and applied to assess 21st century projections of maximum and minimum daily surface air temperatures (Tmax, Tmin) over the Midwestern USA. Our approach uses multiple linear regression to downscale the seasonal variations of the mean and standard deviation of daily Tmax and Tmin and the lag‐0 and lag‐1 correlations between daily Tmax and Tmin based on GCM simulation of the large‐scale climate. These downscaled parameters are then used as inputs to a stochastic weather generator to produce time series of the daily Tmax and Tmin at 26 surface stations, in three time periods (1990–2001, 2020–2029, and 2050–2059) based on output from two coupled GCMs (HadCM3 and CGCM2). The new technique is demonstrated to exhibit better agreement with surface observations than a transfer‐function approach, particularly with respect to temperature variability. Relative to 1990–2001 values, downscaled temperature projections for 2020–2029 indicate increases that range (across stations) from 0.0 K to 1.7 K (Tmax) and 0.0 K to 1.5 K (Tmin), while increases for 2050–2059 relative to 1990–2001 range from 1.4 K to 2.4 K (Tmax) and 0.8 to 2.2K (Tmin). Although the differences between GCMs demonstrate the continuing uncertainty of GCM‐based regional climate downscaling, the inclusion of weather‐generator parameters represents an advancement in downscaling methodology. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Risk assessments of polychlorinated dibenzo‐ p‐dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls in food
Authors: Larsen John Christian
Published: September 2006

The polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin‐like PCB) are ubiquitous in food of animal origin and accumulate in fatty tissues of animals and humans. The most toxic congener is 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD). The toxic responses include dermal toxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Toxic equivalency factors have been established for the other PCDD, PCDF and dioxin‐like PCB relative to TCDD, and the combined toxicity of a sample can be expressed as toxic equivalent (WHO‐TEQ). The EC Scientific Committee for Food evaluated these compounds in 2001. The assessment used the most sensitive adverse toxicological end‐points of TCDD in experimental animals. These were developmental and reproductive effects in the male offspring of rats administered TCDD during pregnancy. Because of the large difference between rats and humans in the biological half‐life of TCDD, the assessment used a body burden approach to compare across species and derived a tolerable weekly intake of 14 pg TCDD/kg of body weight (bw), which was extended to include all the 2,3,7,8‐substituted PCDD and PCDF, and the dioxin‐like PCB, and expressed as a group tolerable weekly intake of 14 pg WHO‐TEQ/kg bw. The FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) performed a similar assessment whereas the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has paid more attention to human data on carcinogenicity.
Proximate composition, fatty acid analysis and protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score of three Mediterranean cephalopods
Authors: Zlatanos Spiros , Laskaridis Kostas , Feist Christian , Sagredos Angelos
Published: September 2006

Proximate composition, fatty acid analysis and protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) in three commercially important cephalopods of the Mediterranean sea (cuttlefish, octopus and squid) were determined. The results of the proximate analysis showed that these species had very high protein:fat ratios similar to lean beef. Docosahexaenoic, palmitic and eicosipentaenoic acid were the most abundant fatty acids among analyzed species. The amount of n‐3 fatty acids was higher than that of saturated, monounsaturated and n‐6 fatty acids. Despite the fact that cephalopods contain small amounts of fat they were found quite rich in n‐3 fatty acids. Finally, PDCAAS indicated that these organisms had a very good protein quality.
Design and experimental results of 15 pole spiral meander line HTS filter and its two tone distortion measurement
Authors: Pal Srikanta
Published: September 2006

Aimed at the application in the front‐end receiver of digital cellular communication service a new compact parallel‐coupled high‐temperature superconducting microstrip bandpass filter is realized. S‐parameter measurements show very encouraging frequency characteristics of the filter. To estimate the power handling capability of the filter, third‐order intermodulation distortion was measured and found to be the best that was ever reported. A suggestion to use the same design in 0.5% FBW applications is offered through sensitivity analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2451–2453, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21954
Perturbation analysis of fiber surface plasma resonance sensor
Authors: Sun F. G. , Zhang Z. Y. , Xiao G. Z. , Lu Z. G.
Published: September 2006

Perturbation method is used to calculate the resonance wavelength shift and the sensitivity of fiber surface plasma resonance sensor. We show that the resonance wavelength always shifts to long wavelength direction as the sensed medium dielectric index increases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2425–2427, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21956
A CMOS subharmonic mixer with input and output active baluns
Authors: Jackson Brad R. , Saavedra Carlos E.
Published: September 2006

A CMOS 0.18 μm subharmonic mixer is experimentally demonstrated that uses active baluns at the local oscillator (LO) and RF inputs, as well as at the output. With this subharmonic mixer, a 2.1 GHz RF input and a 1.0 GHz LO input produce a 100 MHz output signal. The conversion gain is 8 dB, the LO and RF input reflection coefficients are better than −10 dB, and IIP3 is −8.5 dBm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2472–2478, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21957
Modified stack inverted‐F antenna with corner‐truncated techniques for WLAN 2.4/5 GHz band applications
Authors: Liu Chung Ping , Wu Jung Chang , Liu Ji‐Chyun
Published: September 2006

A modified design of stack inverted‐F antenna with corner truncated technique for 2.4/5.0 GHz dual‐band applications is presented in this paper. The new stack inverted‐F antenna consists of two parts, one is M‐shaped and the other is F‐shaped. For current distributions, proposed F‐shaped configuration determines the certain resonated frequencies of desired bands (4.98–5.25 GHz) and the M‐shaped configuration depicts the range of 2.40–2.75 GHz. It is a compact and available microstrip antenna for IEEE 802.11a/b WLAN′s applications. Simulation and experimental results with frequency responses, radiation patterns, and current distributions are presented and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2378–2381, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21960
A new domain decomposition finite‐difference time domain for solving large electromagnetic problems
Authors: Abd‐El‐Raouf Hany E. , Mittra Raj , Ma Ji‐Fu
Published: September 2006

In this paper, we present a novel domain decomposition finite‐difference time domain technique for solving large electromagnetic radiation and scattering problems. In this method the computational domain is divided into manageable, moderate‐sized subdomains with overlapping regions. PML layers are used for terminating the subdomains to absorb the outgoing waves. The tangential electric fields are stored on an interface plane to be used as a boundary condition to generate the field in the adjacent subdomain. These computations are applied in a serial manner to solve a problem that is too large to be solved in one step because of limitations in the available computational resources. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2399–2405, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21962
Analysis of inclined slot‐loaded patch for dual‐band operation
Authors: Vishvakarma Shivnarayan , Vishvakarma Babau R.
Published: September 2006

The theoretical analysis of a single feed inclined slot‐loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna is presented using modal expansion cavity model and circuit theory concept. By cutting the inclined slot along the radiating edge of the patch, a dual‐frequency operation is obtained. The input impedance, VSWR, and return loss are calculated. It is found that the frequency ratio of two resonant frequencies can be varied from 1.92 to 2.44 by the inclination angle of the slot. The theoretical results are validated by experimental results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2436–2441, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21965
Experimental study on frequency selective surface with gangbuster array
Authors: Qing Anyong
Published: September 2006

Experiment provides the most convincing justification of numerical studies. A frequency selective surface (FSS) with Type‐2 gangbuster array is fabricated and measured. The measurement results agree well with numerical results. An FSS with regular y‐directed dipole array is also fabricated and measured. The bandwidth of the former is observed much wider than that of the latter. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2421–2425, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21967
An all‐fiber multi‐wavelength Raman laser based on a PCF sagnac loop filter
Authors: Chen Daru , Qin Shan , Shen Lingfang , Chi Hao , He Sailing
Published: September 2006

A Sagnac loop filter based on the birefringence of a photonic crystal fiber is used to demonstrate an all‐fiber multi‐wavelength Raman fiber laser. Stable lasing at multi‐wavelengths is achieved and the power distribution among different lasing wavelengths can be tuned by adjusting the pump powers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2416–2418, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21968
A radiator element for active phased array antenna
Authors: Seong Nak‐Seon , Park Seong‐Ook
Published: September 2006

This paper is concerned with selection and design of an antenna element of a phased array antenna for 20 GHz communications satellite. For this purpose, a new type of dual‐mode horn with inner choke ring at the excitation region is proposed. Also, measured results compared with predicted data for the dual‐mode horn radiator with a circular polarizer are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2393–2395, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21971
Magnetic loading of EBG AMC ground planes and ultrathin absorbers for improved bandwidth performance and reduced size
Authors: Kern D. J. , Werner D. H.
Published: September 2006

This paper demonstrates the advantages of magnetic loading within the substrate of an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) surface. A conventional EBG surface has been shown to act as an artificial magnetic conductor over a narrow bandwidth. This paper demonstrates that by magnetic loading of the substrate, increased operating bandwidth is achieved for each resonant frequency. In addition, previous research has revealed that an ultrathin electromagnetic absorber design can be obtained by introducing loss into the frequency selective surface of an EBG absorber. It is now shown that a further reduction in thickness is possible by including a small amount of magnetic permeability within the dielectric substrate material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2468–2471, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21972
Wideband circular wire mesh and annular ring monopole antennas
Authors: Ray K. P. , Kumar G. , Anob P.
Published: September 2006

Two new configurations of circular wire mesh and annular ring monopole antennas have been investigated and the results are compared with the corresponding circular disc monopole antenna. For the wire mesh monopole antenna of diameter 26 cm with peripheral metal strip, the measured bandwidth for voltage standing wave ratio ≤ 2 has been obtained from 258 to 5240 MHz, which has a bandwidth ratio of 20.3:1. For annular ring monopole with outer diameter of 26 cm and inner diameter 14 cm, the measured band width for voltage standing wave ratio ≤ 2 has been obtained from 245 to 5275 MHz leading to 21.5:1 bandwidth ratio. These new configurations have less wind loading and weight as compared to circular disc monopole antenna. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2459–2461, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21977
Re‐configurable Kμ dual‐bands slot antenna using mems switches
Authors: Guo Xinglong , Cui Jianming , Cai Miao , Liu Lei , Lai Zongsheng , Xin Peisheng
Published: September 2006

Reconfigurability in an antenna system is a desired characteristic that has been the focus of much research in recent years. The paper demonstrates miniature re‐configurable antenna designed and fabricated on the high resistivity Si substrate. This antenna can integrate with a novel microelectromechanical systems actuator for reconfiguring the operating frequency and is used for SoC (System on the chip). The switching between the two different frequency bands is achieved through the use of RF‐MEMS switches. According to the open/closed experiment results, when switch is on and off, the antenna operating frequency is 12.3 GHz and 13.1 GHz with low return loss, respectively. The final model radiates at two widely separated frequencies with very similar radiation patterns. The proposed concept can be extended to reconfigurable linear antenna arrays or to more complex antenna structures with large improvements in antenna performance. It is important for the next generation wireless communications and integrated antenna system on the chip. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2413–2416, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21979
Dispersive effective material parameters
Authors: Sjöberg Daniel
Published: September 2006

The author studied how effective material parameters can be defined for Maxwell's equations when taking dispersion into account. The reasoning is based on the concept of dispersion relations, and is consequently primarily concerned with lossless media. The author essentially required that the effective material parameters should produce the same dispersion relations as the heterogeneous problem, which implies that the effective material is primarily connected to the phase velocity of the waves. Material parameters that exhibit only temporal dispersion can be defined if the propagation direction is fixed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2629–2632, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21983
S‐parameter measurements for oblique angles of incidence and Brewster angle studies for metamaterial samples
Authors: Varadan Vasundara V. , Puligalla Swetha , Ro Ruyen
Published: September 2006

To date, most numerical and experimental studies of metamaterials are limited to normally incident plane waves with the magnetic field parallel to the axis of the inductive structure. In this article, the reflected field response of three types of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) media are measured as a function of incident field polarization, angle of incidence and frequency, using an automated free space focused beam measurement system. The measured results are compared with simulated data generated using the experimentally retrieved complex permittivity and permeability tensors from normal incidence measurements. It is concluded that there is no classical Brewster angle (zero reflection for a given angle of incidence). However, we observe a reflection minimum for all angles of incidence in a small range of frequencies close to the plasmon frequency for all orientations of the SRRs for perpendicular polarization. This will indeed have important low observable applications. In parallel polarization, SRR media are transparent for small angles of incidence. For both polarizations, the effect of anisotropy becomes significant as the angle of incidence increases and a significant change in the reflected field is observed. Thus, considering the anisotropic nature of such metamaterials is important when designing applications. In this article, we also independently verify the assumed constitutive models and property retrieval using normal incidence measurements, using oblique incidence scans. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2619–2624, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21986
Excitation of an electrically small metamaterial‐coated cylinder by an arbitrarily located line source
Authors: Arslanagic Samel , Ziolkowski Richard W. , Breinbjerg Olav
Published: September 2006

The problem of an arbitrarily located electric line source radiating in the presence of a metamaterial‐coated cylinder is solved analytically and implemented numerically. Electrically small resonant metamaterial‐coated cylinders are designed that lead to significant enhancements of both the radiated and scattered powers, as compared with the power radiated by the source into free space, as well as the total scattering cross section, as compared with the results obtained for a corresponding cylinder coated with a conventional material. The effects of the dispersion and losses present in the metamaterials are taken into account to study the bandwidth properties of these resonant configurations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2598–2606, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21990
New low profile cavity‐backed Hilbert slot antenna
Authors: Gentili Guido Biffi , Linari Mariano , Tesi Vasco , Vallecchi Andrea
Published: September 2006

In this paper, the use of a cavity‐backed Hilbert surface as an efficient slot‐like narrowband radiating aperture is suggested, to exploit its own unique electromagnetic characteristics in the context of radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. The proposed meta‐slot antenna (MSA) consists of a Hilbert surface window (HSW) made of a cascade of space‐filling slot inclusions of order three and backed by a very shallow cavity that contributes to its surface impedance and radiation characteristics. A straight longitudinal microstrip line printed on a thin, low permittivity substrate, whose ground plane includes the HSW, feeds the aperture through distributed electromagnetic coupling. As illustrated by simulation results and measurements, the antenna behaves as a magnetic current sheet over a ground plane, with a highly frequency‐selective impedance response and unidirectional radiation pattern. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2577–2581, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21995
Improved scattering matrix method for the analysis of two‐dimensional PBG devices
Authors: Crocco Lorenzo , Cuomo Fabrizio , Isernia Tommaso
Published: September 2006

Development of fast, flexible, and accurate methods for the analysis (and design) of photonic crystals devices is a relevant topic in order to optimize existing devices and/or developing new design solutions. Within this framework, in this article, we present an improved version of the scattering matrix method [1] for the evaluation of the electromagnetic behavior of two‐dimensional finite‐extent photonic crystals made of a finite set of parallel dielectric rods. In particular, by relying on features of the fields to be computed within the device and a suitable aggregation into “macrocells”, a considerable reduction of the number of unknowns of the linear system to be solved is achieved. A numerical analysis confirms the accuracy of the proposed method and the remarkable computational benefit. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2564–2570, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21998
Backward waves in a waveguide, filled with wire media
Authors: Nefedov I. S. , Dardenne X. , Craeye C. , Tretyakov S. A.
Published: September 2006

This paper depicts the properties of rectangular waveguides filled with a double wire medium, i.e. a double array of wires, perpendicular to the waveguide walls. Spectra of eigenmodes for structures with wires connected and nonconnected at their intersections are analyzed analytically and numerically. The applicability of the effective medium theory is discussed. Finally, propagation of backward and forward waves below TM and TE modes cutoff are studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2560–2564, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21999
Unimodal surface‐wave propagation in metamaterial nonradiative dielectric waveguides
Authors: Baccarelli Paolo , Burghignoli Paolo , Frezza Fabrizio , Galli Alessandro , Lampariello Paolo , Paulotto Simone
Published: September 2006

Nonradiative dielectric waveguides employing metamaterial media are studied with the aim of obtaining unimodal surface‐wave propagation for the operating low‐loss LSM01mode. Homogeneous isotropicε‐negative media are considered, with a plasma‐like frequency‐dependent relative permittivity. The use of such media allows for obtaining the desired unimodal propagation in suitable frequency ranges, provided that the metamaterial slab thickness and the metal‐plate spacing are sufficiently small. Parametric analyses are performed to determine the attainable frequency bandwidths. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2557–2560, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22000
Verification of impedance matching at the surface of left‐handed materials
Authors: Aydin Koray , Bulu Irfan , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: September 2006

Impedance matching at the surface of left‐handed materials (LHM) is required for certain applications including a perfect lens. In this study, we present the experimental and theoretical verification of an impedance‐matched LHM to free space. Reflection characteristics of both one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional LHM were investigated. The reflection was observed to be very low at a narrow frequency range. FDTD simulations and retrieval procedures were used to theoretically verify impedance matching. By varying the number of layers along the propagation direction, the ultralow reflection at specific frequencies was shown to be independent of the sample thickness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2548–2552, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22003
Waves in 2D anisotropic L‐C lattice metamaterials: Phenomenology and properties
Authors: Brennan E. P. , Schuchinsky A. G. , Fusco V. F.
Published: September 2006

Anisotropic metamaterials composed of 2D periodic infinite and finite periodic lattices of lumped inductor (L) and capacitor (C) circuits have been explored. The unique features of wave channeling on such anisotropic lattices and scattering at their interfaces and edges are reviewed and illustrated by the examples of the specific arrangements. The lattice unit cells composed of inductors and capacitors (basic mesh) as well as of assemblies comprised of double series, double parallel, and mixed parallel‐series L‐C circuits are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2538–2542, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22005
Circuit model and design of silicon‐integrated CRLH‐TLS analogically controlled by MEMS
Authors: Perruisseau‐Carrier Julien , Lisec Thomas , Skrivervik Anja K.
Published: September 2006

We present an integrated composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH‐TL) phase shifter analogically controlled by means of a MEMS series capacitor. The device is based on coplanar waveguide (CPW) technology and operates at a central frequency of 18 GHz. An accurate and physical circuit model including parasitics inherent to this MEMS realization is presented. We describe the method used to design the presented structure, which consists in a mixed approach using the developed circuit model and full‐wave simulations. The MEMS‐controlled CRLH‐TL has been fabricated and characterized, showing good agreement with predicted performances. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2496–2499, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22014
Plasmonic structures with extraordinary transmission and highly directional beaming properties
Authors: Caglayan Humeyra , Bulu Irfan , Ekmel Ozbay
Published: September 2006

We studied the grating–coupling phenomena between surface plasmons and electromagnetic waves in the microwave spectrum. We first present the experimental and theoretical results of an enhanced microwave transmission though a subwavelength circular annular aperture with and without metallic gratings. We demonstrate that a 145‐fold enhancement factor could be obtained with a subwavelength circular annular aperture that was surrounded by periodic metallic gratings. This was assisted by the guided mode of the coaxial waveguide and by coupling to the surface plasmons. We present the angular transmission distributions from circular annular apertures, and circular annular apertures surrounded by concentric periodic grooves. At the surface mode resonance frequency, the transmitted electromagnetic waves from the subwavelength circular annular aperture surrounded by concentric periodic grooves have a strong angular confinement with an angular divergence of ±3°. We demonstrate that only the output surface is responsible for the beaming effect. Furthermore, we present the field distributions and showed that there is no beaming effect at the off‐resonance frequency. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2491–2496, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22015
Design of compact RFID reader antenna with high transmit/receive isolation
Authors: Son Hae‐Won , Lee Jung‐Nam , Choi Gil‐Young
Published: September 2006

A radio frequency identification (RFID) reader antenna with high transmit/receive isolation, which consists of two circularly‐polarized radiating patches, is presented. The high isolation is achieved by the symmetric design of the antenna geometry and proper arrangement of four feed points on the patches, which are fed by branch‐line hybrid couplers. The experimental results show the transmit/receive isolation of more than 36 dB in the 860–960 MHz RFID frequency band. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2478–2481, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22017
Algorithm study of the space transformation factor in the transformed‐space nonuniform pseudo‐spectral time‐domain scheme
Authors: Liu Xiaoping , Chen Yinchao , Wu Xian , Tong Ming‐Sze , Huray Paul G.
Published: September 2006

In this paper, we explore algorithms for an evaluation of the space transformation factor (STF) in the application of the transformed‐space nonuniform pseudo‐spectral time‐domain (TSNU‐PSTD) scheme. We apply these algorithms to both typical propagation problems and scattering analyses. Before implementing the PSTD technique, we first transform nonuniform grids {xi}, {yj}, and {zk} sampled in a real, nonuniform space to uniform ones {ui}, {vj}, and {wk}. Next, we utilize a uniform‐sampled, standard FFT and inverse FFT to calculate spatial derivatives in the space domain of (u, v, w). We then convert the spatial derivatives back to the real space (x, y, z) by simply multiplying space transformation factors (STFs) du/dx, dv/dy and dw/dz. For comparison, we adopt both the Lagrange polynomial interpolation and the cubic spline interpolation to carry out the task. In the Lagrange's case, we evaluate those factors by solving for coefficients of the Lagrange polynomials from a Vandermonde linear system; in the cubic spline algorithm, we calculate the factors after solving for values of the second derivative of the interpolating function from a tridiagonal linear system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2367–2372, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22018
Short‐circuited microstrip antennas for multiband wireless communications
Authors: Roy J. S. , Chattoraj N. , Swain N.
Published: September 2006

The investigations on short‐circuited microstrip patch antennas, which are able to generate multiple resonance frequencies in the wireless communication bands, are reported. In these antennas, by properly choosing the positions of shorted posts, good impedance matching can be obtained. The multifrequency nature of the shorted patch, theoretically obtained using IE3D software, is verified by measurement. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2372–2375, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22019
Non‐local damage modelling of concrete: a procedure for the determination of model parameters
Authors: Nguyen Giang D. , Houlsby Guy T.
Published: September 2006

This paper presents a procedure for the determination of parameters of non‐local damage models. This is to assure a consistent response of a non‐local damage model, as choice of the internal length and other parameters of the model are varied. Correlations between the internal length and other parameters governing the local constitutive behaviour of the model are addressed and exploited. Focus is put on the relationship between the internal length of the non‐local model and the width of the fracture process zone. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the rigour of the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma in a five year old
Authors: Beresford M.W. , Wilkins S. , Ashworth M. , Davidson J.E. , McDowell H. , Cleary A.G.
Published: September 2006

We report a case presenting with persistent pyrexia that led to the diagnosis of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, a rare malignancy in childhood. The case illustrates diagnostic conundrums in a patient who is not responding as expected to treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:145–147. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concurrent carbogen and radiation therapy in children with high‐risk brainstem gliomas
Authors: Aquino‐Parsons C. , Hukin J. , Green A.
Published: September 2006

In an attempt to improve local control, we assessed the feasibility of the addition of 4 min of carbogen inhalation (as a radiosensitizer) to daily fractionated radiotherapy in pediatric patients with high grade and/or diffuse brainstem gliomas. Ten patients inhaled carbogen for >90% of the radiation treatments. Median survival time from start of therapy was 0.80 years. Carbogen inhalation did not appear to improve the dismal prognosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:397–399. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dilute solution properties of cellulose in LiOH/urea aqueous system
Authors: Cai Jie , Liu Yating , Zhang Lina
Published: September 2006

Cellulose was dissolved rapidly in 4.6 wt % LiOH/15 wt % urea aqueous solution and precooled to –10 °C to create a colorless transparent solution. 13C‐NMR spectrum proved that it is a direct solvent for cellulose rather than a derivative aqueous solution system. The result from transmission electron microscope showed a good dispersion of the cellulose molecules in the dilute solution at molecular level. Weight‐average molecular weight (Mw), root mean square radius of gyration (〈s2〉z1/2), and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) of cellulose in LiOH/urea aqueous solution were examined with laser light scattering and viscometry. The Mark–Houwink equation for cellulose in 4.6 wt % LiOH/15 wt % urea aqueous solution was established to be [η] = 3.72 × 10−2 M in the Mw region from 2.7 × 104 to 4.12 × 105. The persistence length (q), molar mass per unit contour length (ML), and characteristic ratio (C∞) of cellulose in the dilute solution were given as 6.1 nm, 358 nm−1, and 20.8, respectively. The experimental data of the molecular parameters of cellulose agreed with the Yamakawa–Fujii theory of the worm‐like chain, indicating that the LiOH/urea aqueous solution was a desirable solvent system of cellulose. The results revealed that the cellulose exists as semistiff‐chains in the LiOH/urea aqueous solution. The cellulose solution was stable during measurement and storage stage. This work provided a new colorless, easy‐to‐prepare, and nontoxic solvent system that can be used with facilities to investigate the chain conformation and molecular weight of cellulose. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3093–3101, 2006
Japanese cancer patients' communication style preferences when receiving bad news
Authors: Fujimori Maiko , Parker Patricia A. , Akechi Tatsuo , Sakano Yuji , Baile Walter F. , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: September 2006

This study describes the communication style preferences of Japanese patients when receiving bad news, examines the factor structure of the measure for patients' preferences (MPP) in a Japanese population, and explores variables that may be associated with patients' communication style preferences. Five hundred twenty‐nine cancer outpatients completed several psychosocial measures including the Japanese version of the MPP (MPP‐J), the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (MAC), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The patients desired detailed information and a supportive environment when receiving bad news. The MPP‐J demonstrated a 5‐factor structure: support, facilitation, medical information, clear explanation, and encouraging question‐asking. Regression analyses indicated that a female gender, the fighting spirit and anxious preoccupation dimensions of the MAC were positively associated with all 5 MPP‐J factors. In conclusion, Japanese cancer patients' preferences for communication when receiving bad news differ somewhat from those of American patients. Japanese physicians should encourage patients to ask questions and should consider the demographic (e.g. gender), medical (disease status) and psychosocial characteristics (fighting spirit and anxious preoccupation) of patients when delivering bad news. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Tc superconductivity in entirely end‐bonded multi‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Takesue I. , Haruyama J. , Kobayashi N. , Murata N. , Chiashi S. , Maruyama S. , Sugai T. , Shinohara H.
Published: September 2006

We report that entirely end‐bonded multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) can exhibit superconductivity with a transition temperature (T c) as high as 12 K, which is approximately 30 times greater than T c reported for ropes of single‐walled nanotubes. We find that the emergence of this superconductivity is highly sensitive to the junction structures of the Au electrode/MWNTs. This reveals that only MWNTs with optimal numbers of electrically activated shells, which are realized by end bonding, can allow superconductivity due to intershell effects. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Calculation of optical constants from carbon nanotube transmission spectra
Authors: Pekker Á. , Borondics F. , Kamarás K. , Rinzler A. G. , Tanner D. B.
Published: September 2006

We want to clarify a few issues about using optical absorption spectra for characterizing carbon nanotubes. The common method of using optical density for nanotube counting is reasonable in the near‐infrared and visible spectral region, but fails for the mid and far infrared, where metallic tubes can be unambigously detected. By performing Kramers–Kronig transformation on wide‐range transmittance spectra of free‐standing films, the far‐infrared spectral region creates a unique possibility for estimating the amount of metallic tubes in different nanotube networks. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CVD synthesis of single wall carbon nanotubes devoted to ULSI electronic applications
Authors: Ansaldo A. , Haluška M. , Čech J. , Ricci D. , Gatti F. , Di Zitti E. , Cincotti S. , Roth S.
Published: September 2006

We report a comparison of the behaviour of different catalysts for the ethanol‐CVD growth of single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on thermally grown silicon dioxide on silicon substrate. The samples have been prepared by spin‐coating organometallic salt (Co, Fe, Mo, Ni acetate, and their bimetallic mixtures) water solutions (ethanol solution for Mo). As grown samples have been characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Assuming as target the growth of high quality isolated nanotubes, the ratio in Raman spectra between the intensity of the G peak and of the D peak, has been used as main parameter to evaluate the performance of the catalytic process. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of atmospheric nanoparticles: Impact of sea salt and fate of organic molecules adsorbed on alumina
Authors: Sen Ayhan , Siekmann Frank , Krüger Heinz Ulrich , Zetzsch Cornelius
Published: September 2006

Nanoparticles of simulated sea spray were investigated in the presence of ozone in a Teflon chamber, where photochemical experiments on droplets (above 76% relative humidity) with Br enrichments up to a factor of 6 released OH radicals, (2–6) × 106 cm–3, atomic Cl (2–10) × 104 cm–3 and atomic Br up to 3 × 108 cm–3. Sub‐micrometer sized agglomerates of nano‐sized fused silica and alumina particles in a glass chamber served for degradation experiments of the semivolatile compound octadecyl vinyl ether (ODVE). Adsorbates of ODVE at submonolayer thickness on such substrates were observed to hydrolyse rapidly to form 1‐octadecanol (within a few hours). Treating the particles with NaOH before coating diminished hydrolysis, and exposing an aerosol of Alumina C (Degussa), coated with ODVE, to gaseous OH radicals in a glass chamber delivered rate constants for the consumption of ODVE and its hydrolysis product, 1‐octadecanol, which need further interpretation in terms of volatilisation and surface properties. This study reports first aerosol smog chamber experiments on such nanoparticles in a new facility that can be cooled to –28 °C. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Topochemical copolymerization of fullerenes with cubane in their rotor‐stator phases
Authors: Kováts É. , Klupp G. , Jakab E. , Pekker Á. , Kamarás K. , Jalsovszky I. , Pekker S.
Published: September 2006

A new family of heteromolecular crystals has been described recently: the rotor‐stator phases of fullerenes with cubane. Cubane (C8H8), the stator component of these materials is a highly strained molecule which decomposes to higher stability C8H8 hydrocarbons at 200 °C. This unimolecular isomerization takes also place in the rotor–stator phases, inducing a single phase topochemical reaction with the surrounding fullerenes. The resulting material is a random copolymer, percolating in the primitive cubic sublattices of the parent crystals. We followed the polymerization by HPLC, IR and UV–VIS spectroscopy, and determined the thermal stability by TG‐MS analysis. The polymers are insoluble, and stable up to 400 °C. At this temperature they start to decompose while preserving their crystalline appearance. The influence of the side groups of substituted cubanes on the polymerization will also be discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical calculation of bond dissociation energies and heats of formation for nitromethane and polynitromethanes with density functional theory
Authors: Su Xinfang , Cheng Xinlu , Liu Yonggang , Li Qinghuan
Published: September 2006

The CNO2 bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and the heats of formation (HOFs) of nitromethane and polynitromethanes (dinitromethane, trinitromethane, and tetranitromethane) system in gas phase at 298.15 K were calculated theoretically. Density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, and PBE0 methods in combination with different basis sets were employed. It was found that the CNO2 bond BDEs can be improved from B3LYP to B3PW91 to B3P86 or PBE0 functional. Levels of theory employing B3P86 and PBE0 functionals were found to be sufficiently reliable without the presence of diffusion functions. As the number of NO2 groups on the same C atom increases, the PBE0 functional performs better than the B3P86 functional. Regarding the calculated HOFs, all four functionals can yield satisfactory results with deviations of <2 kcal mol−1 from experimental ones for CH2(NO2)2 and CH(NO2)3, when the diffusion functions are not augmented. For the C(NO2)4 molecule, the large basis sets augmented with polarization functions and diffusion functions are required to yield a good result. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Hydrogen bonding structure and many‐body interactions in 1,3,5‐triazine–(water)3 and 1,2,4‐triazine–(water)3 complexes
Authors: Li Quan , Huang Fang‐Qian
Published: September 2006

The hydrogen bonding structure and many‐body interactions between 1,3,5‐triazine (1,2,4‐triazine) and three water molecules are studied using the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP method and 6‐31++G** basis set. Various structures of 1,3,5‐triazine–(water)3 and 1,2,4‐triazine–(water)3 complexes are investigated, and the seven and eight stable structures are reported for 1,3,5‐triazine–(water)3 and 1,2,4‐triazine–(water)3, respectively. Many‐body analysis is also carried out to obtain relaxation energy and many‐body interaction energy (two‐, three‐, and four‐body), and the most stable conformer has the basis set superposition error corrected interaction energy of −92.09 and −99.53 kJ/mol. The two‐ and three‐body interactions have significant contribution to the total interaction energy, whereas the relaxation energy, four‐body interactions are very small for 1,3,5‐triazine–(water)3 and 1,2,4‐triazine–(water)3 complexes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Quantum scattering calculation for reaction Br + H2 on two potential energy surfaces
Authors: Quan Wei‐Long , Tang Ping‐Ying , Tang Bi‐Yu
Published: September 2006

Three‐dimensional time‐dependent quantum wave packet calculations have been carried out for Br + H2 on a new global ab initio and a semi‐empirical extended London–Eyring–Polanyi–Sato potential energy surface. It is shown that on the ab initio surface, the threshold energy is much lower, and the reaction probabilities, cross sections, and rate constants are much larger. The effects of the initial rovibrational excitation have also been studied. Comparison of rate constants with experimental measurement implies that the ab initio surface is more suitable for quantum dynamic calculation. The possible reasons and mechanism for the dynamical difference on the two PES are analyzed and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Technische Entwicklung und Anwendungen im Kraftwerksbau
Authors: Dressel Thomas
Published: September 2006

Kraftwerke zur Stromerzeugung werden seit vielen Jahrzehnten weltweit gebaut. Aus der Vielzahl der möglichen Energieträger wie Wasserkraft, Windkraft, Kernenergie, Gas, Müll, Öl, Bio usw. soll hier über die Entwicklung und den derzeitigen Stand von konventionellen Kohlekraftwerken berichtet werden.

Die Entwicklung der Kraftwerke im Laufe der Zeit zeigt, daß die Kraftwerksleistungen auf Grund der weiterentwickelten Technik und unter Ausnutzung höherwertiger Kesselwerkstoffe mittlerweile in die Größenordung von 1100MW elektrische Leistung gekommen sind.

Großkraftwerke von der Stange – wie z. B. teilweise in Amerika ausgeführt – sind in Europa nicht üblich. Die Großdampferzeuger werden jeweils individuell auf den Endkunden, den Standort und die Kohleart zugeschnitten und im Wirkungsgrad optimiert.

An den modernen Dampferzeuger wird eine Vielzahl von Anforderungen gestellt. Die wichtigsten sind: geringe Schadstoffemissionen, hoher Wirkungsgrad, flexible Fahrweise, hohe Verfügbarkeit, Wartungsfreundlichkeit.
Ingenieur‐Entwürfe – Beispiele, Entwicklungen und Forschungsaufgaben
Authors: Wörzberger Ralf
Published: September 2006

Beratende Ingenieure werden in Wettbewerben hinzugezogen, unterstützen Architekten, – in einigen Fällen entwerfen sie selber. Gelegentlich führen Ideen über Forschungsarbeiten zu neuen Anwendungen.

Zunächst wird auf zwei ausgeführte Projekte (Haltestation Oberhausen und ICC‐Dresden) Bezug genommen, bei denen der Autor als Ingenieur im Wettbewerb beriet, sowie zwei weitere, die er selber entwarf und berechnete (Tribünendach Lausitzring und Drachenbrücke Recklinghausen).

Anhand der Beispiele: “selbstwölbende Stabflechtwerkschalen” und “PCM – People Cargo Mover” werden eigene Forschungsarbeiten vorgestellt. Daraus können Entwürfe aus Stahl in Verbindung mit anderen Materialien für neue Anwendungen weiterentwickelt werden.

Unter den Aspekten der globalen Bevölkerungsentwicklung wird auf zukünftige Herausforderungen hingewiesen, bei denen Ingenieur‐Entwürfe zu neuen Lösungen beitragen können.
Wiederaufbau der Sloboda‐Brücke Novi Sad – Teil II
Authors: Minas Frank
Published: September 2006

Die bei einem NATO‐Luftangriff 1999 teilweise zerstörte Schrägseilbrücke über die Donau bei Novi Sad, Serbien wurde in den Jahren 2002 bis 2005 wieder instand gesetzt. Diese Fortsetzung des Berichtes aus Stahlbau 73 (2004), 10, S. 811–817 befaßt sich im wesentlichen mit der Montage, den Ausbauarbeiten und dem Brückentest.
Neue Prüftechniken anstelle schweißtechnischer Reparaturen
Authors: Schmeink Helmut , Fischer Karl‐Heinz
Published: September 2006

Der vorliegende Bericht zum Vortrag “Neue Prüftechniken anstelle schweißtechnischer Reparaturen” resultiert aus einem Forschungsvorhaben, das die SLV Duisburg, Niederlassung der GSI mbH zusammen mit der RWTH Aachen bearbeitet hat. In diesem Forschungsvorhaben wurde die Problematik nicht durchgeschweißter Nähte aufgegriffen, der im Stahl‐ und Maschinenbaubereich ein hoher Stellenwert zukommt. Die RWTH Aachen konzentrierte sich auf die Themenkomplexe der Bruchmechanik und Betriebsfestigkeit während die SLV Duisburg die Problematik der zerstörungsfreien Prüftechnik bearbeitete. Es wurden Lösungen angestrebt, die unter Praxisbedingungen umsetzbar sind und einen möglichst geringen gerätetechnischen und finanziellen Aufwand erfordern. Einige Lösungsansätze sind mit der Standardausrüstung eines Ultraschallprüfers realisierbar. Andere erfordern einen geringen Aufwand in Form gerätetechnischer Zusatzausrüstung.
Evaluation of cowpea accessions for the Southern Guinea savannah
Authors: Awopetu JA , Aliyu OM
Published: September 2006

Twenty‐five accessions of cowpea of different origin were evaluated in Ilorin, in the Southern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. They showed variable adaptation in terms of flowering time, leaves at flowering, pattern of branching, yield capabilities and time of maturity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd