bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periosteal Chondroma of the Cuboid Presenting in a 7-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Ricca Robert L. , Kuklo Timothy R. , Shawen Scott B. , Vick Dan J. , Schaefer Richard A.
Published: February 2017

This case report discusses the finding of a periosteal (juxtacortical) chondroma of the cuboid in a 7-year-old male. While this lesion is well recognized in the tubular bones of adults, this case is unusual due to the child's age, the site of the lesion (cuboid), and the difficulty in establishing the diagnosis due to the cellular atypia. The child was treated with marginal resection and curettage with no evidence of local recurrence on follow-up. A review of the literature is also included in the discussion.
The Medial Crosssover Toe: a Cadaveric Dissection
Authors: Deland Jonathan Thorndike , Sung Hoon
Published: February 2017

The development of a medial crossover second toe (second toe crossing over the first toe) is not a rare clinical condition. It often occurs in the setting of hallux valgus, although not exclusively so. The resulting displacement of the second toe can cause pain in shoes, with surgical correction being problematic. The pathologic anatomy of this condition has not been fully described. In an effort to better understand it, dissection of a cadaveric specimen with a full crossover toe is presented. The dissection revealed findings not previously documented. They include medial displacement of the flexor tendons and plantar plate along with deformity of the plate itself. These changes are in addition to contracture of the medial collateral ligaments and the previously described rupture of the lateral collateral ligaments. Both the plantar plate and the collateral ligaments, the two major static soft tissue stabilizers of the lesser MP joint, were found to be significantly involved. Pull on the flexor tendons only accentuated the malalignment of the toe.

Clinical Significance: The extensive soft tissue changes explain the difficulty in achieving a successful long term correction of a full medial crossover toe with a soft tissue procedure. With attenuation of the plantar plate and medial displacement of the flexor tendons, there is an imbalance of muscle forces across the MP joint. This muscle imbalance would not be corrected by release of the medial collateral ligament, dorsal capsular release or extensor tendon lengthening. Reconstruction of the collateral ligament is at risk for incomplete correction since it is unlikely to resolve deformity in the plate if already present.
The Injury of the Calcaneocuboid Ligaments
Authors: Andermahr Jonas , Helling Hans-Joachim , Maintz David , Mönig Stefan , Koebke Jürgen , Rehm Klaus Emil
Published: February 2017

The selective rupture of the calcaneocuboid ligament is extremely rare and frequently misdiagnosed. This study tries to clarify the mechanism, classification and treatment of this entity. The necessity of radiographs with varus stress and in certain cases of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), beside the routine antero-posterior and lateral views, is emphasized. Thirteen cases out of five-hundred-twenty-one sprain injuries of the ankle are described, classified and the therapy discussed: If on varus stress radiographs, there is a calcaneocuboid angle <10 degrees without a bony flake (type 1) strapping for six weeks is indicated. A calcaneocuboid angle >10 degrees with or without a small bony flake of the ligament insertion (type 2) should primarily be treated with a shoe cast for 6 weeks; if there are persistent symptoms a secondary peroneus brevis tendon graft is recommended. A calcaneocuboid angle >10 degrees with a big flake (type 3) should be treated by open reduction and refixation of the ligament. Complex injuries (type 4) are characterised by cuboid compression fracture and ligament rupture.
Subtalar Arthrodesis for Complications of Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures
Authors: Flemister Adolph S. , Infante Anthony F. , Sanders Roy W. , Walling Arthur K.
Published: February 2017

Eighty six subtalar arthrodeses performed between 1985 and 1996 for complications associated with intra-articular calcaneal fractures were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into three Groups: (I) 59 patients with calcaneal malunions (II) 13 patients with failed open reduction and internal fixation, and (III) eight patients undergoing open reductions and primary fusion for highly comminuted fractures. In each scenario, internal fixation was achieved with cancellous lag screws. Bone graft material consisted of either autogenous iliac crest graft, local graft obtained from the lateral wall exostectomy of the malunion, or freeze-dried cancellous allograft. Fusions in Groups II and III were performed in situ. Fusions in Group I were performed either in situ or utilizing a variety of reconstructive procedures depending upon the type of malunion encountered. Eighty three of the 86 fusion attempts were successful following the initial operations for a union rate of 96%. Fusion rates were similar regardless of the graft material used. Complications included four varus malunions, four cases of osteomyelitis, and two cases of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. A statistically significant shorter hospital stay was found for patients not undergoing iliac crest bone graft procedures. Eighty patients with at least two year follow up achieved a mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score of 75.0. Scores were similar for all three groups and for the various types of reconstructive procedures used. No correlation was found between postoperative talar declination angle and the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score. Worker's compensation patients tended to have a poorer clinical outcome.
The Effect of Axial Load on the In Vivo Anterior Drawer Test of the Ankle Joint Complex
Authors: Liu Wen , Maitland Murray E. , Nigg Benno M.
Published: February 2017

The anterior drawer test is commonly used in the diagnosis of ankle joint mechanical instability. However, the effect of axial load on the anterior drawer test has not been examined in vivo. The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of axial load on passive anterior instability, and on the diagnostic measurement of the anterior drawer instability of the ankle joint complex. A total of 21 subjects with various degrees of ankle sprains were tested on a device that could continuously record applied anterior force and the resultant displacement of the rear-foot. Anterior drawer flexibility of the ankle joint complex in a neutral dorsi/plantar flexion position was quantified on both feet for all subjects without and with an axial load (385 N). Flexibility of the ankle joint complex in anterior drawer was defined as the slope of a linear load-displacement curve (which fitted test data with high correlation coefficients (r>0.991)). With axial load, anterior drawer flexibility was significantly reduced by 28.8% compared to that without axial load. The difference in anterior drawer flexibility between injured and intact ankles significantly decreased with axial load. An axial load increased the stability of ankle joint complex. However, axial load reduced the sensitivity of anterior drawer test to mechanical instability of the ankle joint complex.
Magnetic Resonance and Cadaveric Findings of the Incidence of Plantaris Tendon
Authors: Saxena Amol , Bareither Daniel
Published: February 2017

A retrospective review of 63 Magnetic Resonance Image studies (yielding 86 ankles) was conducted to find the incidence of the plantaris tendon. Radiographically, the plantaris tendon was visualized 62.8% of the time. Surgical confirmation of this tendon during 18 achilles surgeries yielded 13 “true positives” and 4 “true negatives”. Sensitivity was 92.8%; specificity and positive predictive value was 100%, respectively. As a comparison, forty cadaveric specimens were evaluated as well, with the incidence of the plantaris found to be 97.5%. These findings may be useful when considering MRIs as a screening tool for the presence of plantaris tendon. When axial images were 4 mm or less, the plantaris tendon was more easily visualized. A Chi-squared test examining for differences of axial sections greater than 4 mm was not significant. (P = 0.2). This is important if one is to use MRI to screen for the plantaris (for graft purposes).
Deltoid Ligament Strain After Correction of Acquired Flatfoot Deformity by Triple Arthrodesis
Authors: Song Suzette J. , Lee Samuel , O'Malley Martin J. , Otis James C. , Sung Hoon , Deland Jonathan T.
Published: February 2017

Deltoid insufficiency represents a difficult surgical challenge. We have witnessed patients who have developed a valgus tibiotalar deformity following a properly positioned triple arthrodesis. To investigate whether the triple arthrodesis itself, by creating a rigid triple joint complex below the ankle, leads to increased strain of the deltoid complex, a flatfoot model was created in 8 fresh-frozen below-knee amputation specimens. Each specimen was loaded in three gait cycle (GC) positions: Heel strike (0% GC), midstance (10% GC), and heel rise (40% GC). The three components of the ground reaction force (GRF) and the tendon forces consistent with those respective positions were applied. To simulate a posterior tibial tendon insufficient state the posterior tibial tendon was not loaded. Strain at the tibiocalcaneal fibers of the superficial deltoid ligament complex was determined at each of the three foot positions. A triple arthrodesis was performed and the deltoid strains were again recorded for each position. A significant increase in the strain of the deltoid ligament was observed for only the heel rise position (p = 0.007) in our cadaver model following triple arthrodesis. The results favor medializing the calcaneus following arthrodesis to protect the deltoid complex.
A Biomechanical Comparison of the Z Step-cut and Basilar Crescentic Osteotomies of the First Metatarsal
Authors: Newman Alistair Scott , Negrine John P , Zecovic Milan , Stanford Phil , Walsh W.R.
Published: February 2017

The basilar crescentic osteotomy is a popular procedure for the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity. Dorsiflexion due to malposition of the osteotomy, fixation failure, or late contracture of the soft tissues can lead to lateral metatarsalgia. This study compares the mechanical properties of the Z step cut osteotomy Scarff to those of the crescentic osteotomy in cantilever-bending. The ultimate load, maximum bending moment and energy absorbed were significantly greater for the Scarff osteotomy compared to those in the crescentic osteotomy (p < 0.001). Values for stiffness did not differ between the two osteotomies. Failure of the cortical bone-bridge between the screw-hole and the osteotomy was observed in all crescentic osteotomies, while fracture of the proximal dorsal bridge was seen in all Scarff osteotomies.
Current Practice Patterns in the Treatment of Charcot Foot
Authors: Pinzur Michael S. , Shields Naomi , Trepman Elly , Dawson Patrick , Evans Andrew
Published: February 2017

Treatment of Charcot foot osteoarthropathy has emerged as a major component of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Diabetes 2000 Initiative. A two-part survey described treatment patterns and current footwear use of patients with Charcot osteoarthropathy of the foot and ankle. In the first part, 94 consecutive patients with a history of Charcot foot and ankle presenting for care were questioned on their foot-specific treatment and current footwear use. A history of diabetic foot ulcer was given by 39 (41%) patients, and an infection had been present in a foot of 20 (21%) patients. The initial treatment of the Charcot foot and ankle had been a total contact cast in 46 (49%) patients, and a pre-fabricated walking boot in 19 (20%). Charcot related surgery had consisted of 76 procedures in 46 (49%) patients. Sixty-three (67%) patients were currently using accommodative footwear (depth-inlay shoes in 46 [49%], custom shoes in 10 [11%], and CROW in 7 [7%] patients), and 72 (77%) were currently using custom accommodative foot orthoses.

The second part of this study consisted of a questionnaire completed by 37 orthopaedic surgeons (members of AOFAS) interested in forming a Charcot Study Group. They treated an average of 11.8 patients having Charcot foot or ankle per month. Thirty (81%) used the Semmes-Weinstein 5.07 monofilament as a screening tool for peripheral neuropathy. For treatment of Eichenholtz Stage I, 29 (78%) used a total contact cast and 15 (41%) allowed weightbearing; for Stage II, 30 (81%) physicians used a total contact cast and 18 (49%) allowed weightbearing.

Although the literature contains uniform recommendations for immobilization and non-weightbearing as treatment for the initial phases of Charcot arthropathy, the results of this benchmarking study reveal that current treatment is varied.
Treatment of Chronic Achilles Tendon Disorders with Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Transfer/Augmentation
Authors: Wilcox Daniel K. , Bohay Donald R. , Anderson John G.
Published: February 2017

Chronic disorders of the Achilles tendon are commonly seen by the orthopaedic surgeon. In cases that are resistant to conservative treatment, a variety of surgical procedures have been utilized in the past. The indications for a previously described technique of flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer for reconstruction of chronic Achilles tendon rupture have been expanded to include further subsets of chronic Achilles tendinopathy, including rupture and tendinosis. We evaluated 20 patients (mean age 61) who underwent flexor hallucis longus transfer for treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy at a mean of 14 months following surgery. Our results were measured with the SF-36 survey, AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale, and Cybex strength and range of motion testing. Wound complications, tip-toe stance, and calf circumference were also assessed. There were no postoperative reruptures, tendinopathy recurrences, or wound complications. Despite a small loss of calf circumference, range of motion, and plantarflexion strength, 90% of patients scored 70 or higher on the AOFAS scale. SF-36 testing revealed significantly lower scores in the physical function category when compared with United States norms. Flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer/augmentation is a reasonable option for treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis and rupture.
Avascular Necrosis after Minimally Displaced Talus Fracture in a Child
Authors: Rammelt Stefan , Zwipp Hans , Gavlik Johann Marian
Published: February 2017

This is a case report of a delayed diagnosis in a 5 year old child who sustained a minimally displaced fracture of the proximal or posterior aspect of the talar neck of the left fot with no subluxation at the subtalar or ankle joint of his left talus. Avascular necrosis (AVN) appeared 6 months after the injury. The further course was protracted with another 12 months of non-weight bearing. The case was followed until 36 months after the injury with nearly full functional recovery. An extensive literature review revealed a calculated incidence of AVN after reportedly non-displaced talus fractures in children of 16 per cent which is considerably more than is reported in adults. Nearly half of all reported cases occurred after the fracture had been missed initially. 8 of 11 cases with reported age occurred between 1 and 5 years. No child was older than 9 years, which indicates that the immature talus may be more prone to AVN. Some possible causes for the higher incidence of AVN in children with non-displaced talus fractures are discussed. Prolonged non weightbearing cannot be recommended, since it reportedly does not alter the course of the disease.
A 30 Year Functional Follow-up of a Neglected Congenital Clubfoot in an Adult: A Case Report
Authors: Salinas Guillermo , Chotigavanichaya Chatupon , Otsuka Norman Y.
Published: February 2017

Neglected congenital clubfoot in adults has been described in literature, but is not common to see adult patients with this orthopaedic disorder in developed countries with 30 years of follow-up. We report an asymptomatic case of neglected congenital clubfoot in an adult, who is incidentally seeking treatment for her 18-month-old son with congenital clubfoot. Although the cosmetic appearance is unacceptable, this mother remarkably has no functional limitations and for this reason she refuses any surgical treatment for her foot. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an untreated congenital clubfoot with 30 years follow-up.
Ankle Arthrodesis: Combined Internal-External Fixation
Authors: Colgrove Robert C. , Bruffey Jaime D.
Published: February 2017

This report documents the experience of using combined internal and external fixation in ankle arthrodesis. During the period from 1992 to 2000 a single surgeon used this method of fixation on 26 ankle fusions in 26 consecutive patients without exclusions. There were no nonunions and no delayed unions. The median time to union was 10.3 weeks and the mean time was 11.3 weeks (range, 7.4 to 23.2 weeks). Complications specific to this procedure included 3 (12%) minor pin tract infections which cleared with oral, out-patient antibiotics, 4 (15%) skin irritations from internal fixation pins sufficiently bothersome to require pin removal after union was obtained, and 1 (4%) painful pin tract which cleared spontaneously. Most of these complications occurred early in the series and subsequent changes in technique considerably decreased their incidence. This fixation technique produced excellent results. Combined internal and external fixation is recommended as a useful option in arthrodesis of the ankle.
The Role of Ankle Arthroscopy on the Surgical Management of Ankle Fractures
Authors: Thordarson David B. , Bains Ravinder , Shepherd Lane E.
Published: February 2017

Nineteen patients were prospectively randomized for operative treatment of their ankle fracture to be supplemented with or without ankle arthroscopy. All patients had an SER or PER fracture with an intact medial malleolus requiring operative treatment without evidence of intra-articular debris preoperatively. All patients underwent plate fixation of their fibula fracture and had a similar postoperative protocol. Ten patients were randomized to the control group with plate fixation only and nine patients randomized to the plate fixation plus operative arthroscopy. The average follow-up was 21 months. The arthroscopic examination of the study group revealed eight of the nine patients to have articular damage to the dome of the talus. Minimal arthroscopic treatment of these joints was required. All patients healed their fractures. No difference was noted between SF-36 scores or lower extremity scores between the two groups. At shortterm follow-up, it does not appear that the arthroscopic procedure will impact upon the patient's eventual outcome in this small group of patients.
Collagenous Fibril Texture of the Gliding Zone of the Human Tibialis Posterior Tendon
Authors: Petersen Wolf , Hohmann Gerrit
Published: February 2017

Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was used to describe the collagenous fibril texture of the wrap around region of the human tibialis posterior tendon in human cadavers. In the region where the tendon wraps around the medial malleolus, the anterior part of the tendon directed towards the pulley had the structure of fibrocartilage. This zone started approximately 25-30 millimeters from the navicular insertion. Scanning electron microscopy of the collagen fibril texture revealed three different layers in the fibrocartilaginous zone. The anterior surface was covered by a meshwork of thin unbanded fibrils with a diameter of app. 30nm. Beneath the superficial network there was an app. 150μm thick layer of banded collagen fibrils, These fibrils formed lamella-like bundles which intersected at various angles. The main portion of the collagen fibrils lie below this layer and run in a longitudinal direction. The longitudinal fibrils were divided into bundles by loose connective tissue. The location of the fibrocartilage corresponds to the region where the tibialis posterior tendon wraps around the medial malleolus which serves as a pulley.

Clinical significance: Our study documented the existence of a fibrocartilaginous zone with a specific collagen fibril texture that corresponds to a possible site of rupture, as reported by several authors. Due to special collagen fibril texture the fibrocartilage may be more vulnerable to repetitive tensile micro-trauma.
Multiple Hemangiomas of the Foot: A Case Report
Authors: Yetkin Haluk , Kanatli Ulunay , Guzel Volkan B. , Poyraz Aylar
Published: February 2017

Although hemangiomas are common soft tissue tumors, it rarely involves the feet. We are reporting a forty-seven-year-old female with multiple hemangiomas of her left foot without pain. During surgery there were seven well-defined masses that were totally excised after ligation of penetrating vessels. The microscopic investigation revealed mixed-type (capillary and cavernous) hemangioma. We had not experienced any recurrence after two years follow up period.
MP I Joint Giving Way–A Case Study
Authors: Lohrer Heinz
Published: February 2017

A case history of a 26 year old international class female 400 m hurdle sprinter is presented. While sprinting she felt a sudden and very intensive pain at her left hallux. After this she was unable to run and had episodes of giving way in the MP I joint elicited by minor activity. Operative investigation revealed a broad disruption of the MP I medial collateral ligament. After periosteal flap repair and early functional aftertreatment she returned to full high level sports ability.
Outcomes Following Cheilectomy and Interpositional Arthroplasty in Hallux Rigidus
Authors: Lau John T.C. , Daniels Tim R.
Published: February 2017

Surgical management of hallux rigidus remains controversial. Arthrodesis is considered the gold standard. However, many patients are reluctant to undergo fusion. This paper reviews two commonly used procedures that are reasonable alternatives.

A retrospective review of 19 patients (24 feet) with grade 2 osteoarthritis and 11 patients (11 feet) with grade 3 osteoarthritis was performed. The patients with grade 2 osteoarthritis were managed with a cheilectomy and the patients with grade 3 osteoarthritis with an interpositional arthroplasty. All patients were individually assessed with a subjective questionnaire, physical exam, AOFAS hallux scale, SF-36 and pedobarographic analysis.

Cheilectomy patients (51.9 years) were younger than interpositional arthroplasty (59 years). Follow up between the interpositional arthroplasties (2.0 years) and cheilectomies (2.1 years) were comparable. Postoperative motion, visual analogue pain scale and SF-36 scores were comparable between groups. Cheilectomies had a higher mean AOFAS score (77.3) than interpositional arthroplasties (71.6). Weakness of the great toe was reported in 72.7% of interpositional arthroplasty patients compared to only 16.7% of patients with a cheilectomy. Patient satisfaction was 87.5% in cheilectomies and 72.7% in interpositional arthroplasties. Pedobarographic analysis demonstrated a decreased load under the great toe with increased weight transfer to the lesser metatarsal heads in all patients. The weight transfer to the lesser metatarsal heads was greatest in patients with interpositional arthroplasty.

Management of moderate hallux rigidus with a cheilectomy and phalangeal osteotomy is a reliable method of relieving pain and improving function. Management of severe osteoarthritis of the joint with an interpositional arthroplasty should be considered a salvage procedure with less reliable results.
Force Patterns of Heel Strike and Toe Off on Different Heel Heights in Normal Walking
Authors: Wang Yong “Tai” , Pascoe David D. , Kim Chang K. , Xu Dali
Published: February 2017

This study investigated the changes of force patterns of the heel strike and toe off phases at different heel heights during normal walking. Ten healthy female college students wore running shoes, flat leather shoes and high heeled shoes while walking on a Kistler force platform at their self-comfortable paces. It was found that the high heeled shoes and the leather shoes generated significantly greater vertical impact forces and anterior-posterior forces in the toe off phase than those in the heel strike phase. Accumulated impulses did not show significant increase while the heel heights increased and total support time while wearing the high heeled shoes was significantly longer than while wearing the running shoes.
The Measurement of the Medial Longitudinal Arch in Children
Authors: Gilmour John C. , Burns Yvonne
Published: February 2017

Both feet of two hundred and seventy two children aged between five years six months and ten years and eleven months were studied using a footprint technique called the arch index (Al), and the vertical height of the navicular (NH) as non invasive techniques of objective measures of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). In addition to age the study investigated the influence of gender, limb dominance, and body weight. The study found the existence of a relationship between the two measures of the MLA. There was no significant difference in NH measures between males and females and body weight did not affect the NH. The NH changed with age, suggesting it provides a useful, easily obtained clinical measure. The Al measures were slightly more reliable than the NH but showed less change with age.
‘Osteosynthesis’ of a Symptomatic Bipartite Medial Cuneiform
Authors: Azurza Koldo , Sakellariou Anthony
Published: February 2017

Bipartition of the medial cuneiform is uncommon and often not recognized on plain radiographs. It is usually asymptomatic and rarely, if ever, requires surgery. Injury to the synchondrosis of a bipartite medial cuneiform is rare and has, to our knowledge, been reported only once. We describe such a case with chronic disabling midfoot pain after remote trauma.
Congenital Crossover Fifth Toe Correction with Soft Tissue Release and Cutaneous Z-plasty
Authors: Thordarson David B.
Published: February 2017

Congenital overriding of the fifth toe causes symptoms in approximately half of all patients. The results of three patients treated with a simpler procedure involving metatarsal phalangeal capsular release dorsally and medially, oblique lengthening of the extensor tendon, and Z-plasty of the skin is reported. At an average of 33 month follow-up, no recurrence is noted with this simple procedure.
Postponement of puberty in queens treated with deslorelin
Authors: Cecchetto Marta , Salata Paola , Baldan Anna , Milani Chiara , Mollo Antonio , Fontaine Christelle , Sontas Hasan , Gelli Donatella , De Benedictis Giulia , Stelletta Calogero , Romagnoli Stefano
Published: February 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess efficacy of deslorelin, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist marketed in Europe for the control of male dog reproduction, for the postponement of puberty in queens.

Methods

Nine prepubertal queens aged 3–9 months were selected for this study; their general and reproductive health was checked through clinical, haematological, vaginal cytology and hormonal tests. Following treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant, each cat received a monthly clinical examination and blood was collected for hormonal assay every third month. Cats were monitored for 14.1 ± 5.2 (range 7–23) months.

Results

All cats were in good body condition and normal health prior to treatment. Their health status remained unchanged throughout the study and no significant variation was observed with regard to serum progesterone or oestradiol. Seven days post-treatment, 1/9 queens showed signs of heat, and one other queen showed complete vaginal keratinisation. No other signs of heat were subsequently observed in any other queen. Five queens were lost during the study after 7, 7, 16, 17 and 18 months of observation (during which time they did not show signs of heat). By the end of the study, no sign of puberty was observed in the four remaining queens at 21–36 months of age.

Conclusions and relevance

A 4.7 mg deslorelin implant was able to suppress the feline pituitary–gonadal axis, leading to postponement of puberty for up to 21–36 months in the four queens that completed the study. Deslorelin can be considered as a safe method to postpone puberty in queens.
Assessing the public willingness to contribute income to mitigate the effects of climate change: A comparison of Adelaide and Lisbon
Authors: Everuss Louis , Carvalho Manuela , Casanova José Luís , Chaffee Daniel , Lever-Tracy Constance
Published: February 2017

While the scientific rationale for climate change mitigation has never been stronger, the Australian public is still hesitant about personally contributing to its costs. This public reticence is often explained as resulting from cost–benefit calculations and a human propensity to prioritize present over future goods. In this article we argue that these assumptions have limited bearing on people’s willingness to contribute. Our research supports this by demonstrating that the people of Lisbon, Portugal, are more willing to contribute than those of Adelaide, despite Portugal’s poorer economic conditions. Furthermore, willingness to contribute in both Lisbon and Adelaide does not diminish when the effects of climate change are deemed to be further away. Drawing on these results, we seek to begin the discussion of how social and cultural factors shape public attitudes towards climate change, and thus further build upon the research looking sociologically at people’s willingness to act.
“Nothing about us, without us”: Conducting participatory action research among and with persons with disabilities in humanitarian settings
Authors: Tanabe Mihoko , Pearce Emma , Krause Sandra K
Published: February 2017

Standard approaches to data collection can present challenges to persons with disabilities participating in research processes. The Women's Refugee Commission applied a participatory model to examine the intersections of sexual and reproductive health and disability in Kenya, Nepal, and Uganda. Respecting the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and a rights-based framework to research, the study engaged a variety of stakeholders—including organizations of persons with disabilities—from its inception and design, through to implementation and recommendation formulation. In Nepal especially, persons with disabilities played a central role in gathering the information from refugee women, men, and adolescents with physical, intellectual, sensory, and psychosocial impairments. Reasonable accommodations for the data collectors included the provision of personal assistants, vehicles for movement, sign language interpretation, Braille documents, and tactile ink-based diagrams; use of a “talking pen;” and creation of a “supporter” role in the facilitation process. Daily debriefings provided opportunities for collective improvement and reflection. The study offers considerations for other researchers to extend their research—on the part of the study participants and in the research process itself—to operationalize a rights-based, inclusive, and empowering approach to qualitative research.
A Methodological Review and Critique of the “Intergenerational Transmission of Violence” Literature
Authors: Haselschwerdt Megan L. , Savasuk-Luxton Rachel , Hlavaty Kathleen
Published: February 2017

Exposure to interpersonal or interparental violence (EIPV) and child abuse and maltreatment (CAM) are associated with an increased risk of maladaptive outcomes, including later involvement in adulthood intimate partner violence (IPV; often referred to as the theory of intergenerational transmission of violence). Recent meta-analyses, however, have documented a weak effect size when examining this association. By focusing on young adulthood, a development stage in which identity development and romantic relationship formation are salient tasks, we can provide insight into the association between EIPV, CAM, and IPV. Guided by the methodological critiques from the IPV and EIPV literatures, the present study reviewed the methodology used in 16 studies (published between 2002 and 2016) that tested the theory of intergenerational transmission of violence. The review study focused on how EIPV, CAM, and young adult dating violence were measured and analyzed, with the initial goal of better understanding how methodological decision informed the study’s findings. Ultimately, we determined that there was simply too much methodological variability and yet too little methodological complexity to truly inform a review and discussion of the results; therefore, our review solely focused on the study’s methodological decisions. Based on our review, we suggest that both of these challenges, too much variability and too little complexity, hinder our ability to examine the theory of intergenerational transmission of violence. Future research must strike a balance between methodological consistency and complexity to better understand the intricate nuances of IPV experiences and inform practice.
Blood–brain barrier-on-a-chip: Microphysiological systems that capture the complexity of the blood–central nervous system interface
Authors: Phan Duc TT , Bender R Hugh F , Andrejecsk Jillian W , Sobrino Agua , Hachey Stephanie J , George Steven C , Hughes Christopher CW
Published: February 2017

The blood–brain barrier is a dynamic and highly organized structure that strictly regulates the molecules allowed to cross the brain vasculature into the central nervous system. The blood–brain barrier pathology has been associated with a number of central nervous system diseases, including vascular malformations, stroke/vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and various neurological tumors including glioblastoma multiforme. There is a compelling need for representative models of this critical interface. Current research relies heavily on animal models (mostly mice) or on two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models, neither of which fully capture the complexities of the human blood–brain barrier. Physiological differences between humans and mice make translation to the clinic problematic, while monolayer cultures cannot capture the inherently three-dimensional (3D) nature of the blood–brain barrier, which includes close association of the abluminal side of the endothelium with astrocyte foot-processes and pericytes. Here we discuss the central nervous system diseases associated with blood–brain barrier pathology, recent advances in the development of novel 3D blood–brain barrier -on-a-chip systems that better mimic the physiological complexity and structure of human blood–brain barrier, and provide an outlook on how these blood–brain barrier-on-a-chip systems can be used for central nervous system disease modeling.

Impact statement

The field of microphysiological systems is rapidly evolving as new technologies are introduced and our understanding of organ physiology develops. In this review, we focus on Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) models, with a particular emphasis on how they relate to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, cancer, and vascular malformations. We emphasize the importance of capturing the three-dimensional nature of the brain and the unique architecture of the BBB – something that until recently had not been well modeled by in vitro systems. Our hope is that this review will provide a launch pad for new ideas and methodologies that can provide us with truly physiological BBB models capable of yielding new insights into the function of this critical interface.
Examining Fall Recurrence Risk of Homebound Hispanic Older Adults Receiving Home Care Services
Authors: Solis Guillermina R. , Champion Jane Dimmitt
Published: February 2017

Introduction:

Unintentional falls and injuries is a major problem among older adults and the fourth cause of death in the United States. A previous fall event doubles the risk of recurrence and lessens the person’s quality of life. Hispanic older adults have higher rates of disability and lower independent functioning due to poor medical health and risk for fall recurrence. Most fall studies focus on fall risk with few studies on fall recurrence in older adults receiving home health care services unrelated to fall incident.

Method:

A descriptive pilot study of 30 homebound Hispanic older adults receiving home care services who reported a fall within 3 months was conducted by a multidisciplinary team to evaluate risk of fall recurrence.

Results:

A heightened risk for fall recurrence was identified with high number of chronic illnesses, high intake of medications, vision problems, and prevalence of urinary incontinence.

Conclusion:

Findings highlight significant number of intrinsic factors for fall risk recurrence and injuries in a Hispanic older adults population that is homebound and receiving home care services. A multidisciplinary evaluation and culturally appropriate interventions to lessen the risk of fall recurrence are recommended.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, Erectile Dysfunction, and Quality of Life in Poststroke Men: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tibaek Sigrid , Gard Gunvor , Dehlendorff Christian , Iversen Helle K. , Biering-Soerensen Fin , Jensen Rigmor H.
Published: February 2017

The aim of the current study was to compare lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), erectile dysfunction (ED), and quality of life (QoL) in poststroke and healthy men. Thirty poststroke men with stroke-related LUTS, and as controls, 96 healthy men participated in this controlled, cross-sectional study. Participants filled in the Danish Prostate Symptom Score (DAN-PSS-1) Questionnaire, the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), the 36-Item Short Form (SF-36), the Nocturia Quality-of-Life (N-QoL) Questionnaire. In the age group ≤55 years, comparing poststroke men with healthy controls both with LUTS, the results indicated DAN-PSS-1, total score median 13 (4-17) versus 3 (2-6), p = .05; IIEF-5 25 (14-25) versus 24 (23-25), p = .06; SF-12, total score 499 (360-679) versus 695 (644-734), p = .02; and N-QoL 98 (70-100) versus 96 (90-100), p = .65. In the age group >55 years, comparing poststroke men with healthy controls both with LUTS, the results indicated DAN-PSS-1, total score 13 (8-24) versus 5 (2-7), p < .01; IIEF-5 13 (5-20) versus 25 (24-25), p < .01; SF-36, total score 585 (456-718) versus 742 (687-772), p < .01; and N-QoL, total score 81 (66-95) versus 98 (80-100), p < .01. The results demonstrated that in age group above, but not below 55 years, poststroke men with LUTS had significantly higher frequency of severe and bothersome LUTS and ED than the healthy controls with LUTS, while QoL and N-QoL were significantly lower in comparison. It is recommended to identify and assess older poststroke men for LUTS, ED, and QoL.
Religious Coping and Types and Sources of Information Used in Making Prostate Cancer Treatment Decisions
Authors: Bowie Janice V. , Bell Caryn N. , Ewing Altovise , Kinlock Ballington , Ezema Ashley , Thorpe Roland J. , LaVeist Thomas A.
Published: February 2017

Treatment experiences for prostate cancer survivors can be challenging and dependent on many clinical and psychosocial factors. One area that is less understood is the information needs and sources men utilize. Among these is the influence of religion as a valid typology and the value it may have on treatment decisions. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between race, religion, and cancer treatment decisions in African American men compared with White men. Data were from the Diagnosis and Decisions in Prostate Cancer Treatment Outcomes Study that consisted of 877 African American and White men. The main dependent variables sought respondents’ use of resources or advisors when making treatment decisions. Questions also assessed men perceptions of prostate cancer from the perspective of religious coping. After adjusting for age, marital status, education, and insurance status, race differences in the number of sources utilized were partially mediated by cancer was a punishment from God (β = −0.46, SE = 0.012, p < .001), cancer was a test of faith (β = −0.49, SE = 0.013, p < .001), and cancer can be cured with enough prayer (β = −0.47, SE = 0.013, p < .001). Similarly, race differences in the number of advisors utilized in making the treatment decision were partially mediated by cancer was a punishment from God (β = −0.39, SE = 0.014, p = .006), and cancer was a test of faith (β = −0.39, SE = 0.014, p = .006). Religious views on prostate cancer may play an important role in explaining race differences in information used and the number of advisors utilized for treatment decision making for prostate cancer.
Analysis on hydraulic adaptability and pressure drop factors of low-pressure pipe network in coal-bed methane field
Authors: Yongan Yang , Juntao Yang , Jingyi Lei , Jiajia Li
Published: February 2017

Because the coal-bed methane field is influenced by factors such as low pressure, slow velocity, terrain, and condensed water, which lead to the fact that the design is different from gathering design of conventional gas field, how to make full use of wellhead pressure and maximize the wellhead pressure ability is an important link of surface engineering optimization. Therefore, we need to analyze the factors which influence the pressure drop of the gas-gathering pipe network to improve the efficiency of the coal-bed methane field surface gathering. We first contrasted the two hydraulic analysis software (PIPEPHASE and TGNET) for the analysis of coal seam gas field adaptability. By comparing the simulation results with the actual data, we found that the PIPEPHASE software is better to analyze the hydraulic situation of pipe network in the coal-bed methane field. Then, using PIPEPHASE for network simulation and contrasting the 9 state equations and 26 kinds of pressure drop formula calculation results, SRK state equation and BBM pressure drop formula are recommended. We analyze the inlet temperature, pressure, and other nine factors affecting gas extraction pipeline pressure drop according to the practical experience and put forward the suggestions as follows: (1) in order to reduce the pressure drop and increase the ability of pipeline, burying pipeline under the permafrost and improving the inlet pressure are suggested; (2) The higher the inlet pressure, the more obvious the pipeline efficiency influences the pipeline pressure drop, so the inlet pressure and pipeline efficiency should be reasonably controlled in order to reduce the pressure drop; (3) The higher the pipeline pressure, the greater the wall roughness influences the pipeline pressure drop, also the greater the pressure can damage, so we should try to use small wall roughness materials.
Test bed for applications of heterogeneous unmanned vehicles
Authors: Palacios Filiberto Muñoz , Quesada Eduardo Steed Espinoza , Sanahuja Guillaume , Salazar Sergio , Salazar Octavio Garcia , Carrillo Luis Rodolfo Garcia
Published: February 2017

This article addresses the development and implementation of a test bed for applications of heterogeneous unmanned vehicle systems. The test bed consists of unmanned aerial vehicles (Parrot AR.Drones versions 1 or 2, Parrot SA, Paris, France, and Bebop Drones 1.0 and 2.0, Parrot SA, Paris, France), ground vehicles (WowWee Rovio, WowWee Group Limited, Hong Kong, China), and the motion capture systems VICON and OptiTrack. Such test bed allows the user to choose between two different options of development environments, to perform aerial and ground vehicles applications. On the one hand, it is possible to select an environment based on the VICON system and LabVIEW (National Instruments) or robotics operating system platforms, which make use the Parrot AR.Drone software development kit or the Bebop_autonomy Driver to communicate with the unmanned vehicles. On the other hand, it is possible to employ a platform that uses the OptiTrack system and that allows users to develop their own applications, replacing AR.Drone’s original firmware with original code. We have developed four experimental setups to illustrate the use of the Parrot software development kit, the Bebop Driver (AutonomyLab, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada), and the original firmware replacement for performing a strategy that involves both ground and aerial vehicle tracking. Finally, in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed test bed for the implementation of advanced controllers, we present experimental results of the implementation of three consensus algorithms: static, adaptive, and neural network, in order to accomplish that a team of multiagents systems move together to track a target.
Real-time altitude control for a quadrotor helicopter using a super-twisting controller based on high-order sliding mode observer
Authors: Gonzalez-Hernandez Ivan , Palacios Filiberto Munoz , Cruz Sergio Salazar , Quesada Eduardo Steed Espinoza , Leal Rogelio Lozano
Published: February 2017

This article addresses the problem of altitude tracking for unmanned aircraft system when the altitude velocity is unknown, because in a practical implementation, the available sensors used to measure the vehicle’s altitude (barometer, global positioning system, laser, etc.) do not provide the altitude velocity. We propose a control strategy based on both the super-twisting sliding mode controller as well as a high-order sliding mode observer to control and to estimate the altitude velocity, respectively. A comprehensive stability analysis for the combined controller–observer based on the Lyapunov stability theory is presented, ensuring the asymptotic convergence of the tracking error under external bounded disturbances. To demonstrate the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed solution, an extensive set of real-time experimental tests performed at outdoor environments is presented.
Implementing clinical academic careers in nursing: an exemplar of a large healthcare organisation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Gerrish Kate , Chapman Hilary
Published: February 2017

The drive to establish clinical academic careers in nursing in the United Kingdom has gained momentum in recent years, spearheaded by opportunities presented by the Higher Education England/National Institute for Health Research integrated clinical academic pathway. However, embedding clinical academic careers within a healthcare organisation is challenging. This paper outlines the approach that one large NHS Trust has taken to developing a framework for clinical academic careers in nursing. The internal and external resources that are drawn upon to support the implementation of the framework are outlined and some of the practical challenges of making the framework a reality are discussed. The development, implementation and sustainability of the framework are dependent on professional, managerial and research leadership together with close collaboration between the healthcare organisation and higher education institutions.
Outcomes of grafting intrasynovial tendons of the toes to the hands in 10 patients: a preliminary report
Authors: Ohi H. , Uchiyama S. , Kanda T. , Mukoda M. , Hayashi M. , Kato H.
Published: February 2017

Ten patients had intrasynovial tendon grafting harvested from the toes for secondary flexor tendon reconstruction in nine fingers and one thumb in our institutes from 2009 to 2014. These patients were followed for a mean of 15 (range: 8–36) months. The ranges of total active motion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of these nine fingers were 143° (range: 108–175°) and of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of one thumb were 110°. In conclusion, this technique is feasible and gives a good result when successful but with a high complication rate.

Level of Evidence IV