bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geology of the Suk: Hills (Kenya Colony)
Authors: Glenday Vincent G. , Parkinson John
Published: October 2009

The district here included in the name ‘Suk Hills’ forms the north-western corner of Kenya Colony; on the west lies the volcanic chain of the Karamoja region of Uganda, including Mount Elgon, Mount Debasien, and Mount Moroto; on the east are the Suk Plains, bordering the south-western side of the more southerly part of Lake Rudolf (fig. 1, p. 587).

It comprises the northern end of the highlands of Cherangani and the Suk Mountains, the continuation of the great scarp which, extending from the Dodinga Hills to the River Turkwal, forms the watershed between Lake Rudolf and the Nile, and maintains an unbroken continuity until it is cut by the celebrated Turkwal Gorge, which allows the head-waters of the Swam, collected on the slopes of Mount Elgon, a passage to Lake Rudolf. On the south the Murun River, part of the system of the We we, deeply incises the northern slopes of the Cherangani Hills.

Between the Turkwal and the Murun Rivers rises Sekerr, to a height of 10,910 feet.

The general character of this high ground can be illustrated by clenching the right hand, with the exception of the forefinger and thumb. With these two fully extended and the palm of the hand placed downwards on the table, the first joint of the forefinger represents the Turkwal Gorge, the other two joints the Chemerongi or Northern Suk Hills, the clenched knuckles the Cheptulel Escarpment, the back of the hand the Cherangani Hills, and the inner surface of the thumb
The Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) Succession of a portion of the North Crop of the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: George Thomas Neville
Published: October 2009

The Avonian rocks in the area described form a narrow belt of country on the north-western border of the South Wales Coalfield, extending for a distance of some 30 miles from Kidwelly on the west to Penwyllt (Tawe Valley) on the east (figs. 1 & 2, facing p. 40). The Limestone has a predominantly southward and south-eastward dip, and the outcrop is rarely more than half a mile wide, except at a few localities in the Black Mountains where the dip is low. The outcrop is the continuation across Carmarthen Bay of the Limestone of North Pembrokeshire, and the succession presents greater resemblances to the rocks of that area than to the nearer Limestone outcrop of Gower.

The North Crop of the South Wales Coalfield is the only extensive area in South Wales in which the Avonian rocks have not been zonally described. The South Crop has in part been described by Dr. F. Dixey & Dr. T. F. Sibly (1917, p. 111); the Gower area by Mr. E. E. L. Dixon & the late Dr. A. Vaughan (1911, p. 477); and the Pembrokeshire area by the Officers of the Geological Survey (1914, p. 126 & 1921, p. 64), Mr. Dixon's recent account of South Pembrokeshire being a brilliant example of the application of Vaughan's zones.

The present communication is an attempt to fill, in part, the hiatus in our knowledge of the Avonian of the South-Western Province, by describing in terms of Vaughan's zones a portion of the Limestone
A Revision of the Non-Marine Lamellibranchs of the Coal Measures, and a Discussion of their Zonal Sequence
Authors: Davies John Henry , Trueman Arthur Elijah
Published: October 2009

The present paper deals with those Coal Measure lamellibranchs that are referred to the genera
Carbonicola, Anthracomya
, and
Naiadites
. These genera are represented at many horizons in the Coal Measures of Western Europe; they are now generally regarded as being of estuarine or freshwater habit, and it may be considered as established that they are not ordinarily associated with any of the marine forms which are found at certain horizons in the Coal Measures.

In this country the most important advances in the study of these shells resulted from the work of the late Dr. Wheelton Hind (1893, 1894–96, 1904), who systematized the classification, and demonstrated the utility of various species in correlating coal-seams and in zoning the Coal Measures, especially of Staffordshire.

Wheelton Hind published a critical bibliography of these shells in 1894, and it is therefore unnecessary to repeat here the history of research before that date. Reference is incidentally made to subsequent publications in the following pages, but it may briefly be noted that, apart from notable contributions by the late John Ward (1905), Dr. H. Bolton (1911, 1915), and others, the use of these shells in the correlation of the Coal Measures has been neglected in this country until recent years. It has been suggested that, for various reasons, they are less reliable in zoning than the plants.

Owing to the labours of Hind and Ward, the sequence of these mollusca has been better known in the North Staffordshire coalfield than in any other British coalfield;
The Ranikot Beds at Thal (North-West Frontier Provinces of India)
Authors: Davies L. Merson
Published: October 2009

According to the late E. Vredenburg (28
a
), ‘the Ranikot Series is of very limited occurrence, and is entirely unknown outside of a relatively small area in Western Sind.’ It apparently crops out in Sind in three disconnected patches: one being in the Laki Range, another in the Band Vera plain north-west of Kotri, and the third in the neighbourhood of Jhirak. Only the second and third of these outcrops show the Upper (and fossiliferous) Ranikot Beds.

In his map of the area (28
b
) Vredenburg shows these three blocks of Ranikot Beds as lying between longitudes 67° 40′–68° 20′ east, and latitudes 24° 40′–26° 20′ north (25° 50′ north, in the case of the Upper Ranikot Beds). Later on (28
c
), he repeats that ‘beds of lower eocene age are not known anywhere else in India outside the limited area briefly described above.’ ‘In all instances,’ he goes on to say, ‘where certain stratigraphical groups have been assimilated with the Ranikot, closer investigation has shown that they should be regarded as middle eocene.’ This was written in 1909; and Vredenburg seems to have held to these opinions to the end of his life, as regards India, although he admitted as ‘most important,’ in 1923, the discovery by Bankim Behari Gupta of three species of Ranikot gastropods in the lower beds of the Laungshe Shales in Burma, at a spot a mile and a half south of Yeshin, 94° 8′ long, east, 21° 52′ lat. north (30).

This being the
The Petrography of the Austral or Tubuai Islands (Sourthern Pacific)
Authors: Chubb Lawrence John , Smith Walter Campbell
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The following account of the petrography of the islands of Rapa and Rurutu in the Austral Group is based on the collections made by one of us in April and May 1925 during the
St. George
Expedition to the Southern Pacific. A general account of the geology of these islands has already been given by one of us (Chubb, 1927), and references to previous literature will be found in that paper.

In Rapa the district most thoroughly worked was that between Mount Vairu and Mount Taga and the head of the harbour, though collections were made from many other parts of the island. In Rurutu only the area between Moerai Bay and the districts of u and Avera was explored.

The few occurrences of sedimentary rocks have been described in the paper already mentioned. A brief account will be given of the pyroclastic rocks which were found at a few localities, after which the small intrusions and the volcanic rocks, forming the main bulk of the island, will be described in detail. The volcanic rocks are often deeply weathered to a red clay, especially in the higher parts of Rurutu, where no expesures of fresh rock were found above 600 feet. Elsewhere, however, exposures of unweathered rocks are fairly common, and the rocks selected for description are remarkably fresh and very suitable for chemical and petrographical study.

II. Rapa

Pyroclastic Rocks.

A brown-drab basalt-breccia [840] containing numerous crystals of augite (5 mm. long) and small olivines, in a
The Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Lacustrine Sediments of the Nyasan Rift-Valley
Authors: Dixey Frank
Published: October 2009

In the course of their examination of the country lying along the north-western shore of Lake Nyasa in 1906-1909, Dr. A. R. Andrew & Mr. T. E. Gr. Bailey recognized two main groups of sediments resting upon the crystalline rocks: the older of these sediments was found to be of Karroo age, whereas the younger, in virtue of its general incoherency and the apparent absence of fossils, apart from certain mollusca, was regarded as belonging to Recent times. Although later work has shown the necessity for a revision of certain of these conclusions, we are none the less indebted to these earlier writers for their valuable pioneer work on the geology of Nyasaland.

The uppermost ‘Karroo’ of the Nkana area and part of the ‘Recent’ deposits of other areas are now known to constitute the Deinosaur Beds of late Jurassic or early Cretaceous age, which have been followed over a distance of 80 miles along the northwestern shore of Lake Nyasa; moreover, the remaining ‘Recent’ deposits fall into six groups that range through later Tertiary and post-Tertiary times. The second oldest of these groups, designated below ‘the Chiwondo Beds’, but first mentioned by Andrew & Bailey, has recently yielded remains of
Mastodon
and of
Hippopotamus
, and these mammalian fragments show that the beds are of Pliocene age; moreover, a new series of lacustrine shells has been found in association with the mammalian bones.

Lake Nyasa lies within the Great Rift-Valley that runs down the eastern side of Africa from the
Report on a small Collection of Fossil Freshwater Mollusca from Lake Nyasa
Authors: Connolly Matthew
Published: October 2009

The most important treaties on the recent aquatic molluscan fauna of Lake Nyasa are those by E. A. Smith, in which he enumerates eighteen species, already known to science, as inhabiting the lake, and describes fourteen supposedly new ones.

The only work on the fossils of the district is that of R. B. Newton, in which he identifies four land and two aquatic molluses,
Viviparus unicolor
(Oliv.) and
Lanistes solidus
Smith.

The whole of the material collected by Dr. Dixey consists of aquatic species, and much of it is in very poor preservation, so that my identifications thereof must be accepted with a certain amount of caution; but they are not unreasonable, and in the majority of cases the fossil species still exist in the lake in live condition. They appear to be as follows:— (i) Lanistes sp., certainly either
solidus
Smith or
ovum
Ptrs. (=
affinis
Smith), but too much encrusted with deposit for better identification. (ii) Viviparus unicolor (Oliv.). I agree with R.B Newton in giving this name, rather than any later one, to the shells represented in the collection. They are a very small and slender form, about 19 × 13½ to 17 × 10½ mm. in size, with very rounded whorls, and almost coincide with individuals still living in the Nile, such as measure 21½ × 15 mm. This species,
sensu stricto
, is not as yet recorded as existing in the lake in live condition, yet there is no doubt that
V. capillatus
and
V. robertsoni
The Silurian Inlier of Woolhope, Herefordshire
Authors: Gardiner Charles Irving
Published: October 2009

The Silurian inlier of Woolhope is taken in this paper to include the tract of country, almost elliptical in outline, from Mordiford on the west to Putley Court on the east and from Stoke Edith on the north to Sollers Hope on the south.

From this area a narrow belt of Silurian rocks extends some 6 miles in a south-south-easterly direction to Aston Ingham, where it meets the May Hill Silurian inlier.

The Woolhope area lies about 5 miles to the west of the Malvern Silurian rocks, and is 22 miles south-south-east of the town of Ludlow, while Aymestry lies some 20 miles away to the north-west.

The higher Silurian deposits in the Ludlow neighbourhood, from the Aymestry Limestone to their summit, were described by Miss Elles & Miss Slater in 1905, while an account of the Lower Ludlow Beds was given by Dame E. M. R. Shakespear (Miss. Wood) in 1900, and in her paper the beds of that age extending from near Ludlow to Aymestry are described.

The May Hill area was described by me in 1920. Since the Geological Survey Memoir of 1848 no revision of the Woolhope district has been carried out, although there are references to visits paid to it in the Proceedings of the Woolhope Club.

The area described in this paper measures about 6 miles from north-north-west to south-south-east, and about 4 miles at right angles to that direction in its widest part.

Speaking generally, the area may be considered as made up
The Occurrence, Structure, and Affinities of
Echinocystis
and
Palæodiscus
Authors: Hawkins Herbert Leader , Hampton Sibyl Marion
Published: October 2009

Since their discovery about three-quarters of a century ago,
Echinocystis
and
Palœodiscus
have been the themes of an intermittent stream of publications, and, although their Echinoid nature is now generally accepted, their significance and structure are still largely problematical. Jackson (1912, p. 250) concludes his account of the ‘Order’ Echinocystoida with the only confident statement in the paragraph, to the effect that ‘further knowledge is much to be desired’. Two sets of factors, one objective and the other partly subjective, are the causes of this uncertainty.

The two forms have, as yet, been found in one locality only, so that most of the material is in one state of preservation. Friable casts of flexible tests that have been crushed and telescoped before and after decalcification are ill-adapted to reveal the structure of organisms that cannot be correlated with living types; and, in the case of fossils from Leintwardine, the rare specimens that are not decalcified are often less intelligible than the others. The new material that we have collected, including specimens which, in combination, show almost every aspect of the organisms, is sufficient warrant for this addition to the literature of the two genera for that reason alone.

The second factor tending to confuse our outlook on these early Echinoidea is a matter of human history and psychology. The years between 1857 (when Salter described
Palœodiscus
) and 1861 (when Wyville Thomson introduced
Echinocystis
) saw the publication of the ‘Origin of Species’. By 1861 all palæontologists who did not reject the
The Conglomerates of the Enville Series of the Warwickshire Coalfield
Authors: Shotton Frederick William
Published: October 2009

The conglomeratic beds found in the Corley (Enville) Series of the Warwickshire Coalfield have received little detailed attention from geologists. Although the existence and the extent of the beds have been known, albeit at first imperfectly, for the last seventy or eighty years, very little collecting from the pebbles has taken place. The following is a brief
résumé
of the chief works dealing with the Red Rocks of the district.

Previous to 1855, the Lower Red Measures of the district were classed with the newer Red Trias, the whole being called New Red Sandstone. In 1855 (1) A. C. Ramsay separated the beds, now called the Keele and Enville Series, from the overlying Trias; but, as he believed that an unconformity existed between these beds and the underlying Coal Measures, he decided that they were of Permian age. H. H. Howell (2), in 1859, also called them Permian, and brought forward, as evidence, the presence in the rocks of
Lepidodendron, Calamites
, and a badly preserved brachiopod resembling
Strophalosia
. Ten years later, Edward Hull (3) referred the beds to his Salopian type of Permian.

No important work was then done on the series until 1909, when Mr. T. C. Cantrill (4) discovered two bands of
Spirorbis
Limestone in the lower 600 feet of the beds and, on this evidence, relegated the whole of the Red Measures to the Carboniferous.

In 1912 Mr. E. D. Vernon (5) gave palæobotanical evidence that the beds below the Arley-Exhall Conglomerate were of a Carboniferous age.
The Structural Relations of the Mourne Granites, Northern Ireland
Authors: Richey James Ernest
Published: October 2009

The Mourne Mountains rise abruptly from sea-level south of Newcastle, Co. Down, on a front of 5 miles, and extend westwards as a conspicuous range of peaks and ridges for some 13 miles to the neighbourhood of Rostrevor. They are formed mainly of granite, with foothills to north, west, and south-west composed of contact-hardened Silurian shales. To the south-east a gently sloping plain lies between the granite hills and the Irish Sea.

During field-work in 1925 it was found that the massif included more than one granite intrusion. At least four distinct intrusions, composed of different varieties of granite, are now known. Three of these occur to the east, the fourth to the west. Two of the Eastern Granites are in contact with the Western Granite midway between Newcastle and Rostrevor, but only along a length of about 2 miles. The massif in plan is thus of hour-glass shape (see fig. 1). Only part of the top of the Western Granite is exposed, for it extends on all sides below a slightly domed roof of Silurian shales. In the case of the Eastern Granites, roofs of shales or of older granite are well seen, and, in addition, erosion has extended deep enough to disclose parts of bounding walls to all these three intrusions.

In the eastern half of the Mournes, many peaks are upwards of 2000 feet in height, the highest being Slieve Donard at 2796 feet. On the west the hills are much lower, excepting the two adjoining centrally
The Stratigraphy of the Valentian Rocks of Shropshire: the Main Outcrop
Authors: Whittard Walter Frederick
Published: October 2009

From an examination of a geological map of South Shropshire, it is manifest that the Silurian rocks rest with marked discontinuity upon all stages of the older rocks developed in the district. The irregularities of the land surface upon which they were deposited imparted to their outcrop its sinuous outline. In fact, the Silurian rocks may he interpreted as a mantle through which protrude complexes of older sediments.

Owing to the overstep and overlap of Carboniferous and Salopian beds, Yalentian rocks do not always crop out at the surface, and consequently they are found in a number of disconnected areas, three of which are recognizable in Shropshire.

This emerges from under the unconformable capping of Carboniferous rocks, sweeps off the south-east flank of the Wrekin, crosses the River Severn, and attains its maximum development in the neighbourhood of Kenley. Thence, with an ever-decreasing outcrop, it borders the village of Hughley, reposes for a short distance upon the Uriconian rocks of the Cardington area, and then rests upon successively younger Ordovician rocks until at the Onny Section it follows unconformably the Upper
Trinucleus
Mudstones.

This originates north of Little Stretton and borders the Longmynd, the precipitous slopes of which form a striking contrast to the undulating country occupied by Silurian rocks. Continuing to the west, the outcrop passes to the Habberley (Shineton) Shales north-west of Lydham and then oversteps all divisions of the Ordovician System, being obscured by Carboniferous rocks east of Minsterley. A few outliers of Yalentian beds rest unconformably
The Belemnite Marls of Charmouth, a Series in the Lias of the Dorset Coast
Authors: Lang William Dickson , Spath Leonard Frank , Cox Leslie Reginald , Muir-Wood Helen Marguerite
Published: October 2009

Anyone standing on the beach between Charmouth and Lyme, and looking up at the bluffs and precipices of Black Ven, is struck by the contrast between the pale, blue-grey colour of the third, and highest, Lias precipice and the deeper shade of the underlying Black Marl. These pale marls, about 75 feet thick, soon pass off the eastern shoulder of Black Ven, but are readily picked up again as the eye follows the line of stratification eastwards, and across the valley, to Stonebarrow Cliff. There the pale marls make the second precipice, but soon dip to the beach to form most of the long, low cliff reaching from Westhay to the Ridge fault.

These 75 feet of the pale marls are the Belemnite Beds of Day and of the Geological Survey. No adequate mention of them is made before 1863, when Day wrote his classic account of the Middle and Upper Lias of the Dorset Coast. although they are included in the ‘Upper Lias Marls’ of De la Beche's earlier account, and form the middle part of the eighth bed from the bottom of the section there described. In De la Beche's later account they occupy the middle of the lower part of his bed ‘a’: ‘Marls and slaty marls with several beds of indurated marl and earthy limestone in the lower part, micaceous in the higher—350 ft.’ In both accounts De la Beche particularly notes that belemnites are numerous, and other fossils occur in ‘marls on the shore, between
The Brachiopods
Authors: Muir-Wood Helen Marguerite
Published: October 2009

Brachiopoda occur scattered throughout the Belemnite Marls, but are abundant only at two horizons, namely in Beds 111–112, where several species of
Cincta
form a well-marked band; and in Beds 118–119, where crushed specimens of
Tropiorhynchia thalia
(A. d'Orbigny) are predominant. A remarkably large number of species are represented in the small amount of material to be described, all of which was collected by Dr. Lang and is now preserved in the British Museum (Natural History) Collection.

The material is poorly preserved, much flattened, and distorted, rendering specific determinations a matter of extreme difficulty. The specimens, however, are found to agree very well with better-preserved material from the Lias of Northern France, and from the Lias γ of Germany. Comparison has also been made with specimens from the Lias of Radstock (Somerset) and Yorkshire.

Small examples measuring about 3 mm. in diameter occur in the Middle pale band, Bed 113 (specimen B 45898) and in the Upper darker marls, Beds 118
c
, 119 (specimens B 49490, 45872). The upper, or conical, valve alone is preserved, and is of a pale-brown colour with a highly polished surface and numerous growth-lines. One specimen is attached to
Tropiorhynchia thalia
(A. d'Orbigny). From the form of the pedicle-opening seen in other specimens this species appears to belong to the genus
Discinisca
rather than to
Orbiculoidea
.

This species was recorded by Tate from the
angulatus
zone of County Antrim and the
ibex
zone of Cheltenham, but is said by Davidson to range throughout the Lower
The Granites of the Scilly Isles and their Relation to the Dartmoor Granites
Authors: Osman Charles William
Published: October 2009

Assuming that all the West of England granites are due to the same cause, namely, late adjustments of the Post-Carboniferous ‘Revolution’, it would follow that the successive movements in one part of the region should be represented in the remainder. The object of this paper is to show that, when the two flanking masses (the Dartmoor and Scilly Isles granites) are compared, the two areas show a similar isostatic or elastatic correction sequence of intrusions. Slight differences in composition, due to differences in the original rock-material from which these granites are derived, are to be expected.

The order of separate successive intrusions found in the eastern-most laccolite of Dartmoor by Dr. A. Brammall, and by myself in the north-eastern quarter of the same granite-mass, can be observed in the Scilly Isles laccolite, and may be tabulated as follows:—
The Glacial Retreat from Central and Southern Ireland
Authors: Charlesworth John Kaye
Published: October 2009

Severa years ago I deduced from the distribution of the mammalian cave-fauna of Ireland that an unknown extent of Older Drift existed in the southern part of that country and that the end-moraine of the Newer Drift, bordering it on the north, ran somewhere to the south of the Central Plain. During a series of excursions into the Dublin and Wicklow Hills in the company of Mr. A. W. Stelfox, of the National Museum, Dublin, this moraine was readily detected skirting their flanks; subsequent researches led to its complete mapping from coast to coast.

When this part of the field-work was complete, a remark made by Mr. Stelfox led me to the unexpected discovery that the moraine was already known to H. Carvill Lewis. Priority is, therefore, his. His map and conclusions, however, were based upon a very limited number of observations, made in the course of his various traverses of the country, where the railways chanced to cross the line of the moraine. He surmised that the moraine was continuous through these localities, and drew in its course from conjecture. It is consequently not surprising to find only the roughest agreement between his uncertain suppositions and the unequivocal results of this more careful survey of the moraine along its whole length. Carvill Lewis, moreover, erred in interpreting as the moraine certain other deposits, such as river-gravels, which bear no relation to it; and he went still farther astray by linking up with it a number of morainic features which
The Geology of the District around Dinas Mawddwy, Merioneth
Authors: Pugh William John
Published: October 2009

The western margin of the area described in this communication is situated about 5 or 6 miles east of Dolgelly, while the southern margin is some 8 or 9 miles north-west of Machynlleth. The villages of Dinas Mawddwy and Aberangell are located respectively in the eastern and south-eastern parts of the region. About 22 square miles in extent, it lies immediately to the north-east of the Corris—Aberllefenni country, which was described in 1923.

The district is almost entirely within the county of Merioneth, and is included in the 1-inch Ordnance Survey Maps, Sheets 149 & 150, in the 6-inch maps of Merioneth, Sheets XXIX N.W., S.W., XXXVIII N.E., N.W., S.E., S.W., XLIII N.E, N.W., and in the Geological Survey Maps, Old Series, 1-inch Sheets 59 N.E. and 60 N.W.

Except for the extreme north-western corner, the Dinas Mawddwy country lies wholly within the drainage-area of the River Dyfi (Dovey). This river passes through the eastern part of the area, and is followed by the road and railway from Machynlleth,
via
Cemmaes Road. At Mallwyd, about a mile due south of Dinas Mawddwy, the Machynlleth road is met by that from Welshpool and Llanfair Caereinion, while from Dinas Mawddwy itself, Dolgelly may be reached by the road running westwards along the Cerist valley and over the pass of Bwlch Oerddrws. North-eastwards from Dinas Mawddwy, the Dyfi valley is followed by the old road to Bala over Bwlch y Groes.

The area forms part of the slate-quarrying district, which extends from Towyn
Palæontology
Authors: Smith Stanley
Published: October 2009

The limestones of Arvon are no less fossiliferous than those of Anglesey, some beds being rich in compound corals, and others in large
Producti
, which two groups may be said to be the leading features of the fauna.

The number of genera and species is, indeed, much smaller, but this was to be expected, for it must be remembered that the Limestone area in that island is nearly eight times as large, with 12 miles of sea-cliff and many rocky moors. The present lists. however, are founded on 370 specimens, as compared with 2230 from Anglesey, so that, in proportion to extent and exposure, the collection is no less ample.

The fossils have been presented to the Geological Survey, in order that they may be easy of access for comparison with those of Anglesey. The numbers quoted here (Ar 176, etc.) are those of the Survey collection. The localities of specimens mentioned in this division of the paper can be found by means of their numbers in the division on Faunal Detail (p. 419).

Encrinite ossicles enter much more largely into the composition of most of the limestones than in Anglesey, and indicate the importance of these Pelmatozoa in the local marine life. Foraminifera and ostracods are plentiful in the undolomitized beds. Some of the lower shales are rich both in Cryptostomatous and in Trepostomatous polyzoa, and fragments of the zoœciæ of these are conspicuous in some of the limestones.

Although compound corals abound, a simple corals are comparatively scarce;
The Flora
Authors: Walton John
Published: October 2009

Plants are known only in the lower portion of the Basement Series, in a zone some 20 feet thick, which rests directly upon the Loams. But in this zone they are persistently present, and in some parts of it extremely abundant. A massive white sandstone, which has a range of more than a mile, is studded with carbonized fragments; but nearly all the determinable specimens were obtained from grey shales, which are often quite crowded with remains of slender plants. The richest of these shales are about 8 feet above the Loams, but others are only a few inches above barren yellow loam, the rapidity with which vegetable life appears being remarkable. [E. G.] Fig. 1

The following summary of the general characters of the flora is based on forty specimens:—

In the grey shales are very numerous fragments of what are probably Stigmarian rootlets, one (Ar 531) showing the usual dichotomous forking of
Stigmaria
. In view of the absence of any direct evidence of Stigmarian axes, it would be unwise to state definitely that
Stigmaria
is present in these beds, although the presence of trees, in sandstones which are nearly on the same horizon and only a few yards away, make it highly probable.

Lycopod megaspores are also fairly abundant in some of the samples of these shales, while the sandstones contain many large casts, one of which (Ar 593) was determinable as a
Knorria
-condition of ?
Lepidodendron
.

Half embedded in a fragment of shale (Ar 530) some exceedingly
Gyrinodon Quassus
, a New Genus and Species of Toxodont from Western Buchivacoa (Venezuela)
Authors: Tindell Hopwood Arthur
Published: October 2009

The pieces of bone and teeth submitted to me by Dr. Parkinson were collected by Mr. Donald Stewart. They include mammalian remains as well as some fragments of reptiles. Although the mammalian remains and teeth were found in two patches separated by a distance of about 100 yards, they have every appearance of being derived from a single individual. They represent a new genus of Toxodont, and are welcome confirmatory evidence of the wide range of this family outside the Pampas region of South America.

Diagnosis.—Toxodontidæ of medium size. Frontal region of skull passing gently into the anterior portion of the temporal fossa. Post-orbital processes greatly reduced. Neither the superior margin of the orbit nor the roof of the nasal chamber is inflated. Upper lateral incisor curved in an arc of 180° or more. First and second upper molars with slight metaloph; third molar with long, concave ectoloph, but no metaloph. Mandibular symphysis not extending backwards to the second lower molar. Third lower molar without a second, posterior, fold in the enamel of the lingual surface.

Type-specimens.—These are parts of one individual, but, should this be questioned by a future investigator, I hereby select the left mandibular ramus as the holotype.

The specimens are:—part of the left mandibular ramus with the three molars broken off at the level of the alveolar border; the following teeth of the upper dentition—right second incisor, ? right second premolar, right third premolar, left fourth premolar, right first molar, left second molar, and right third
Note on the Fossil Reptilia Collected By Mr. Donald Stewart in Venezuela
Authors: Swinton W. E.
Published: October 2009

Only four reptilian remains were found, and these are too fragmentary for specific determination. The specimens, with their registration-numbers in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), are:—R5300, a laterally compressed, dorsal vertebra of
Crocodilus
sp., with a centrum 7·4cm. long; R5301, part of a large nuchal or pygal of
Testudo
sp. 10·6 cm. thick; R5302, portion of the (?) plastron of a large specimen of the same genus; and a fragment showing parts of the seventh and eighth right costals, with a piece of sacral rib, also of
Testudo
. It is unlikely that the three last-named specimens belong to the same individual, although they are probably referable to the same species.

The President (Prof. J. W. Gregory) welcomed Dr. Parkinson's further evidence of great vertical movements in the Caribbean area in the late Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs.

Dr. T. O. Bosworth congratulated the Authors on a very interesting find and on the palæontological results thereof. There were some points in which he did not agree with Dr. Parkinson. He thought that the pebble-beds were not formed on a sea-beach. They had not the appearance of sea-beach pebbles, and he did not believe that the plateaux had been reached by the sea since Tertiary times. The rivers in Venezuela now flow northwards: he saw no reason for assuming an eastward-flowing river. He traced the evidence of movement along the coast westwards from Trinidad, and considered that this indicated differential movement. There was evidence in places of elevation possibly
The Geology and Tectonics of Oman and of Parts of South-Eastern Arabia
Authors: Lees George Martin
Published: October 2009

The raison d'être of the great mountain-range of Oman, projecting like a buttress across the entrance to the Persian Gulf, is an alluring problem for geologists and geographers alike. This rugged mountain-belt with heights rising almost to 10,000 feet is strangely out of keeping with the general nature of Arabian topography, and in consequence it has generally been regarded as the unsubmerged part of an outer loop of the Zagros System which rejoins the mainland structures at Karachi (Argand p. 205; Suess 94, vol. iii, p. 750, Krenkel 61, p. 35, etc.). The only dissenter from this view is Kober(55), who assumes a branching of the Zagros System between Bandar Abbas and Karachi, the Oman and the Kirthar ranges forming the opposing flanks of this two-sided orogen, which here strikes due south and eventually circumscribes the whole African continent. I reproduce a figure (fig. 1) by Krenkel in which he shows his solution (full line) contrasted with that of Kober (broken line). I shall show in due course Fig. 1.—
Tectonic map showing the relation of Oman to the Indus Ranges
. that both these explanations contain an element of truth, and that the true solution is more complex than either.

The intensive orogenesis of Oman is of pre-Maestrichtian, and probably of pre-Cenomanian, age, corresponding in time to the pre-Gosau movement of the Alps. If a connexion with Sind exists, it is of late Tertiary age, and these younger movements have followed a trend independent of the older tectonics. The more recent
The Carboniferous Section at Cattybrook, near Bristol
Authors: Smith Stanley , Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

About 3½ miles east of the Severn Tunnel the South Wales branch of the Great Western Railway, in passing through the Patchway Tunnel, crosses the western margin of the Bristol Coalfield, and in the railway-cutting immediately to the west, Lower Carboniferous rocks are exposed. Here only the highest beds of the series are present, the
Dibunophyllum
Zone (D
2
and probably D
1
), the main part of the sequence being cut out by the Cattybrook Fault, which brings in the Coal Measures. These are seen in the western end of the cutting, and are well exposed in the adjacent Cattybrook Brickworks.

The Carboniferous Limestone has a general eastward dip—that is, towards the middle of the coal-basin; but, near the Cattybrook Fault, the beds are thrown into folds, and are much overthrust and broken by minor dislocations. The Coal Measures which are nearly vertical are ill-exposed near the line of fracture, and are seen in the adjacent brickworks to be intensely disturbed. The disturbance, in fact, on both sides of the fault is unequalled elsewhere in the Bristol district.

The only published accounts of these exposures are (1) a brief reference by C. Richardson in the Report of the British Association (Manchester), 1861; (2) a somewhat fuller account in the Report of the Royal Coal Commission, 1871; (3) a short summary of the latter by H. B. Woodward in the Geology of East Somerset & the Bristol Coalfield and (4) an allusion by C. Lloyd Morgan to
The Succession and Structure of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series in Troutbeck, Kentmere, and the Western Part of Long Sleddale, Westmorland
Authors: Mitchell George Hoole
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

A well-defined group of fells lies somewhat to the east of the main mass of the Lake District mountains, and is centred around High Street. From this wide, lofty, and steep-sided plateau prominent ridges run outwards in all directions. But slightly lower than High Street itself, these rise to such heights as Harter Fell, Ill Bell, Froswick, and others, over 2000 feet above sea-level.

The drainage of the area is determined by a main watershed which extends from Kirkstone Pass over Caudale Moor and High Street, descending to Nan Bield Pass, and thence eastwards over Harter Fell, Tarn Crag, and Great Yarlside to Shap Fells. Northwards from this line flow a series of streams which eventually unite to form the River Eden. Of the southward flowing streams, the three most important are the Sprint, Kent, and Trout Beck. The Sprint rises in the peat-covered country under Harter Fell, and flows in a remarkably straight course south-south-eastwards down Long Sleddale to Garnett Bridge, where it turns south-westwards and joins the Kent at Burneside. The Kent rises in the crags south of High Street, and flows down the Kentmere valley in a somewhat irregular course southwards to Staveley; thence through Kendal to Morecambe Bay, into which it falls at Arnside. The Trout Beck rises in Threshthwaite Mouth, a high gap leading into Patterdale, and flows south-south-westwards to Windermere. The waters of the main stream are on the way augmented by Sad Gill, Woundale Beck, and Hagg Gill.

The lower reaches
The Glacial Geology of the Derbyshire Dome and the Western Slopes of the Southern Pennines
Authors: Jowett Albert , Charlesworth John Kaye
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The region dealt with in this paper is roughly triangular in shape, extending from its northern apex at Blackstone Edge, east of Littleborough, to beyond Crich in the south-east, and along the southern line of the Pennines to Madeley and Market Drayton in the south-west. It comprises the Carboniferous Limestone plateau of the Derbyshire Dome, the ‘Edges’ of the grits, and the intervening valleys of the shales of the Millstone Grit of the south-western slopes of the Pennines, together with the marginal plains of Triassic rocks which border these in East Lancashire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, and Derbyshire.

Some idea of the nature of the relief of the country may be gleaned from the accompanying map (Pl. XIX), and of the solid geology from the quarter-inch maps of the Geological Survey of England & Wales (Sheets 7 & 11).

This area forms the southerly continuation of that described by one of us in an earlier communication to this Society. A brief outline of some of the main conclusions set out below was presented at the Manchester Meeting of the British Association in 1915.

Numerous notes on the Glacial geology of this area, dealing chiefly with the distribution and character of the drifts and the erratics, are to be found scattered throughout English Glacial literature. Reference will be made to the most important of these, in the course of this paper, as occasion arises.

The Glacial deposits, with their smooth and striated boulders which thickly cover the plains, the far-travelled erratics
The South Wales End-Moraine
Authors: Charlesworth John Kaye
Published: October 2009

I. T
he
E
nd
-M
oraine
O
f
T
he
N
ever
D
rift
I
n
E
ngland

The course of the end-moraine of the Newer Drift of England is now, thanks to the labours of a number of glacialists, well established and, with the exception of two or three noteworthy departures, differs but slightly from the line laid down more than 40 years ago by H. Carvill Lewis.

The line as now amended and completed is inserted in the accompanying small map (p. 336), in which are also inscribed the extension through Wales, the subject of this paper, and the continuation across Ireland, recently described.

The track of the moraine is over 1000 miles long, and forms a markedly sinuous line, closely adapted to the varied relief. Thus the loops, directed southwards, embrace the broad basins and the wider valleys where the ready ice-flow facilitated unobstructed deployment of the lobes, and curve backwards over the intervening uplands where the ice-advance was impeded.

The south-easternmost link in the long chain of mounds is the Cromer ridge which runs on the south of Cromer for 20 miles from Trimingham to Holt.

North of the Wash, the continuation, as was suspected by S. V. Woods, forms a ridge of boulder-clay passing northwards into an accumulation of sands and gravels which trend by Firsby, Little Steeping, Toynton, and Keal to the southern end of the Lincolnshire Wolds. Thence the moraine, accompanied by a fine suite of marginal channels, flanks the eastern slopes of the Wolds to the Humber at South Ferriby.

The
The Basal Complex of Jamaica, with special reference to the Kingston District
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The Greater Antilles have had a complicated geological history, and much remains to be learned of the course of events, even in Tertiary times; but the pre-Tertiary history is especially obscure, and has been the subject of various changes of opinion. The older view was that throughout the Greater Antilles there lay, beneath a cover of Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic deposits, an axis of ancient rocks which some authorities considered to be Archæan, others Palæozoic. The tendency of later work is to cast doubt on the antiquity of the older rocks, and to relegate many of them to the Cretaceous and Eocene Systems. The prevailing view now is that, in Jamaica, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, there are no rocks older than Cretaceous, although they contain an igneous and metamorphic suite which in Cuba and Hispaniola is still regarded as pre-Cretaceous, and thought to range from Palæozoic to Jurassic.

It is not surprising that discordant results have been reached in the several islands, when the difficulties of field investigation are considered. Throughout the Antilles the older rocks have been involved in intense mountain-making movements, vulcanicity, and igneous intrusions. The areas in which they occur are usually mountainous, intersected by deep gorges often clad with dense forest, and rarely provided with driving roads. The climate is tropical or sub-tropical, periods of heavy rainfall are prevalent, and tropical weathering has decomposed the strata for many feet below the surface. Finally, that all-important requirement of the field-geologist, an
Some South Australian Algal Limestones In Process of Formation
Authors: Mawson Douglas
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

This contribution serves to record three different types of limestone occurring in the south-eastern region of South Australia, now actually in process of formation, at least partly under the influence of plant-growth.

Except for several small isolated inliers of ancient granitic and schistose rocks, and one localized outburst of Pleistocene basic volcanic activity, the south-eastern corner of South Australia between the Murray River, the Victorian border, and the sea is occupied by calcareous, almost horizontally-bedded rocks of later Tertiary age, overlaid irregularly by Pleistocene and recent formations. The whole area is flat, and but little elevated above the sea from which it has been reclaimed since the Middle Pliocene. The more southerly portion, and especially a wide coastal belt, has become dry land in Pleistocene and some of it even in Recent times.

The low coast-line of sand-hills or soft honeycombed limestone extending from the Victorian border westwards to the mouth of the River Murray owes its trend and condition largely to the prevalence throughout the greater part of the year of strong southwesterly gales blowing inland from off the Southern Ocean. The activity of the wind has developed shore-line dunes, trending roughly in a north-west to south-east direction. Under this influence there exists inland from the coast for a distance of 30 to 50 miles, or even more, a parallel series of sandy dune-ridges separated by flat or depressed areas; the latter are from several to 10 or more miles in width. An excellent example of land
A Marine Triassic Fauna from Eastern Persia
Authors: Douglas James Archibald
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

Among a large collection of rocks and fossils made by Mr. R. C. Jennings & Mr. K. Washington Gray, Geologists of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, during exploratory work in Central and Eastern Persia, and sent to me for examination, a rich marine Triassic fauna was found to occur. This is of particular interest, since the existence of fossiliferous rocks of that age in Persia, although actually first discovered in 1912 by General O. von Niedermayer, has been almost entirely unnoticed in literature dealing with the geology of that country.

Most writers on palæogeography are agreed in depicting the ancient Mediterranean Sea, or Tethys, as stretching continuously in Triassic times from Europe eastwards to the Himalayas, basing their conclusions on the similarity of the faunas in the two areas; but for a great part of this extent, namely, the district between Asia Minor and Afghanistan, comprising abont 30 degrees o longitude, the actual record has hitherto been blank. This recent discovery of a marine Triassic fauna in Eastern Persia, helps, therefore, to fill an important gap in our knowledge, although much remains to be learnt about the actual succession of the deposits.

The district of Naiband and Hauz-i-Khan, from which the collection here described was obtained; lies in lat. 32° 20′ N. and long. 57° 35′ E., near the southern border of the province of Kuhistan, about 150 miles north of Kerman and 330 miles due east of Isfahan, and forms part of a range of high hills running
The Petalocrinus Limestone Horizon at Woolhope, Herefordshire
Authors: Pocock Roy Woodhouse
Published: October 2009

The classic ground of the Woolhope Silurian inlier, situated some 5 miles south-east of the city of Hereford, has been described by various authors
1
; its general dome-shaped form and the sequence of beds from Upper Llandovery to Downtonian are, therefore, well known. This communication deals in greater detail with the central area of the dome, which is occupied by the outcrops of Upper Llandovery rocks and overlying Woolhope Limestone.

Murchison's description
2
of the succession of these beds at Woolhope has been tabulated by Prof. O. T. Jones,
3
in his paper on the Valentian Series, as follows:—

Prof. Jones pointed out that the systematic position of the shales with calcareous flags and the overlying earthy limestones is not clear from the description given by Murchison, who apparently regarded them as passage-beds from the Upper Llandovery into the Woolhope Series. In the same paper he observed that

‘their chief interest is in the occurrence of the well-marked species
Stricklandinia lirata
(forma typica), which appears to be of very restricted vertical range. As there is no information in regard to the fauna associated with that species, it is impossible to decide whether the horizon should be attached to the Woolhope or to the Llandovery.’

Prof. Jones pointed out that the systematic position of the shales with calcerous flags and the overlying earthly limestones is not clear from the description given by Murchison, who apparently regarded them as passage-beds from the Upper Llandovery into the Woolhope Series. In the same paper he observed that