bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Cassia fistula (L.)-Based Emulsion Elicits Skin Anti-Aging Benefits in Humans
Authors: Khan Barkat , Akhtar Naveed , Menaa Abder , Menaa Farid
Published: November 2015

Cassia fistula, a flowering plant in the family of Caesalpinaceae (Fabaceae), is used in traditional medicine for several indications. Nevertheless, too little is known about its effects on skin conditions and skin aging. Therefore, in this pioneering study, the extracts of oil-in-water macro-emulsions containing 5% C. fistula (L.) crude pods (i.e., phyto-active formulation) were optimally developed and compared to the placebo (i.e., emulsions without the crude extract) for assessment of their effects on human skin aging. Healthy adult male volunteers (n = 13) with a mean age of 31 ± 5.5 years (range: 24–47 years) were enrolled after informed written consent. For 12 consecutive weeks, the subjects were directed to use a patch containing the active emulsion on one of their forearms as well as a patch containing the placebo on their other forearm. Biometrological measurements of skin hydration (SH) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were performed on both sides of their respective cheeks at time 0 (baseline values), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12th weeks. Surface evaluation of living skin (SELS) was taken at time 0 (baseline values) or after 1, 2 and 3 months. Topical application of C. fistula extracts showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in stratum corneum hydration level, a significant enhancement in its water-holding function as well as in its barrier function. Further, significant (p < 0.005) ameliorations of skin aspects were observed (i.e., less roughness, less dryness, less wrinkles). Taken together, our results strongly suggest therapeutic and esthetic potential of C. fistula pod’s extracts to prevent or delay human skin aging.
Modelling Underground Coal Gasification—A Review
Authors: Khan Md , Mmbaga Joseph , Shirazi Ahad , Trivedi Japan , Liu Qingzia , Gupta Rajender
Published: November 2015

The technical feasibility of underground coal gasification (UCG) has been established through many field trials and laboratory-scale experiments over the past decades. However, the UCG is site specific and the commercialization of UCG is being hindered due to the lack of complete information for a specific site of operation. Since conducting UCG trials and data extraction are costly and difficult, modeling has been an important part of UCG study to predict the effect of various physical and operating parameters on the performance of the process. Over the years, various models have been developed in order to improve the understanding of the UCG process. This article reviews the approaches, key concepts, assumptions, and limitations of various forward gasification UCG models for cavity growth and product gas recovery. However, emphasis is given to the most important models, such as packed bed models, the channel model, and the coal slab model. In addition, because of the integral part of the main models, various sub-models such as drying and pyrolysis are also included in this review. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the various simulation methodologies and sub-models in order to enhance the understanding of the critical aspects of the UCG process.
The Deep Mapping of Pennine Street: A Cartographic Fiction
Authors: Reddleman Claire
Published: November 2015

Pennine Street is a cartographic art experiment, twinning High Street 2012 in London with the Pennine Way, a long-distance footpath running between the Peak District and the Scottish Borders. Pennine Street was initially prompted by the London 2012 Olympic spectacle; more specifically, by the militarization of the Games through the proposed deployment of surface-to-air missiles at sites in London. The project initially took the form of three organized walks along the route of High Street 2012, from Aldgate to Stratford. Readings were made while walking on each occasion, and both photographic and textual collages emerged out of the initial walks. The project engages the idea of trespass as a political action, as both potent and futile, and traces the development of modes of photographic and textual “trespass”, or transgression. Textual collage is employed to investigate the possibility of articulating Pennine Street as a “space-between” the empirical and the imagined.
Nutritional Correlates of Perceived Stress among University Students in Egypt
Authors: El Ansari Walid , Berg-Beckhoff Gabriele
Published: November 2015

Food intake choice and amount might change with stress. However, this has not been examined among Egyptian students. We examined students’ stress levels, its correlation with their consumption of a range of food groups, and adherence to dietary guidelines. A cross sectional survey (N = 2810 undergraduates at 11 faculties at Assiut University, Egypt) assessed two composite food intake pattern scores (one unhealthy: sweets, cakes, snacks; and a healthy one: fruits and vegetables), and two indicators of healthy eating (subjective importance of healthy eating; and dietary guideline adherence index). Multiple linear regression tested the associations of stress with two food intake pattern scores and two indicators of healthy eating, controlling for six potential confounders for the sample and separately for males and females. Higher perceived stress score was significantly associated with less frequent food intake of fruit and vegetables in males and females. The association was more pronounced among males than in females. No significant association was observed between the sweets cakes and snacks score and stress. Of the two indicators of healthy eating, the dietary guideline adherence index was not associated with stress, while the subjective judgment of healthy eating was consistently negatively associated with stress. Stress related decreased-eating was present. Recent studies suggest that stress could be associated with either decreased or increased eating depending on the study population, food group, and type of stressor. Further research is necessary to understand stress related over- and undereating.
Smart Mesoporous Nanomaterials for Antitumor Therapy
Authors: Martínez-Carmona Marina , Colilla Montserrat , Vallet-Regí Maria
Published: November 2015

The use of nanomaterials for the treatment of solid tumours is receiving increasing attention by the scientific community. Among them, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) exhibit unique features that make them suitable nanocarriers to host, transport and protect drug molecules until the target is reached. It is possible to incorporate different targeting ligands to the outermost surface of MSNs to selectively drive the drugs to the tumour tissues. To prevent the premature release of the cargo entrapped in the mesopores, it is feasible to cap the pore entrances using stimuli-responsive nanogates. Therefore, upon exposure to internal (pH, enzymes, glutathione, etc.) or external (temperature, light, magnetic field, etc.) stimuli, the pore opening takes place and the release of the entrapped cargo occurs. These smart MSNs are capable of selectively reaching and accumulating at the target tissue and releasing the entrapped drug in a specific and controlled fashion, constituting a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy, which is typically associated with undesired side effects. In this review, we overview the recent advances reported by the scientific community in developing MSNs for antitumor therapy. We highlight the possibility to design multifunctional nanosystems using different therapeutic approaches aimed at increasing the efficacy of the antitumor treatment.
The Role of Maternal Dietary Proteins in Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Offspring
Authors: Jahan-Mihan Alireza , Rodriguez Judith , Christie Catherine , Sadeghi Marjan , Zerbe Tara
Published: November 2015

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity has been increasing. Pre-natal environment has been suggested as a factor influencing the risk of metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Both observational and experimental studies showed that maternal diet is a major modifier of the development of regulatory systems in the offspring in utero and post-natally. Both protein content and source in maternal diet influence pre- and early post-natal development. High and low protein dams’ diets have detrimental effect on body weight, blood pressure191 and metabolic and intake regulatory systems in the offspring. Moreover, the role of the source of protein in a nutritionally adequate maternal diet in programming of food intake regulatory system, body weight, glucose metabolism and blood pressure in offspring is studied. However, underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature related to the role of proteins in maternal diets in development of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in offspring.
Pathobiology of Hemangiosarcoma in Dogs: Research Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Kim Jong-Hyuk , Graef Ashley , Dickerson Erin , Modiano Jaime
Published: November 2015

Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an aggressive and common cancer in dogs. While cutaneous masses are often treatable by tumor excision, visceral tumors are almost always incurable. Treatment advances for this disease have been limited due to a poor understanding of the overall tumor biology. Based upon its histological appearance, HSA has been presumed to originate from transformed endothelial cells; however, accumulating data now suggest a pluripotent bone marrow progenitor as the cell of origin for this disease. More recently, the identification of a novel subclassification of HSAs has provided a foundation to further our understanding of the cellular characteristics of HSA tumor cells, along with those of the cells comprising the tumor microenvironment. These discoveries hold promise for the development of new approaches to improve treatments for canine HSA, as well as to establish the utility of this disease as a spontaneous model to understand the pathogenesis and develop new treatments for vascular tumors of humans. In this review, we will provide a brief historical perspective and pathobiology of canine HSA, along with a focus on the recent advances in the molecular and cellular understanding of these tumors. In addition, future directions that should continue to improve our understanding of HSA pathogenesis will be discussed.
Chinese State-Owned Enterprise Investment in Mekong Hydropower: Political and Economic Drivers and Their Implications across the Water, Energy, Food Nexus
Authors: Matthews Nathanial , Motta Stew
Published: November 2015

Over the last decade, Chinese State-Owned Enterprises have emerged as among the most active investors in Mekong Basin hydropower development. This paper uses a political economy analysis to examine the forces that drive Chinese State-Owned Enterprises to invest in hydropower in the Mekong Basin. We focus our analysis on the Lancang (Upper Mekong River) in China and in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), with an emphasis on Cambodia. The analysis reveals how powerful political and economic forces from within China and the GMS influence the pace, location and scale of investments in hydropower. These forces include foreign exchange reserves, trade packages and foreign direct investment, and political alliances. Combining the political economy and nexus approaches, we conclude that although policies from China recognize interconnections across the nexus, political and economic forces craft narratives that downplay or disregard these nexus interconnections and trade-offs. This in turn, influences how trade-offs and interconnections in hydropower development are managed and recognized in both local and transboundary contexts, thereby, creating potentially significant negative impacts on livelihoods, food security and the environment.
Le monde des objets dans la correspondance d'exil d'Alexandre Radichtchev (1791-1800)
Authors: Baudin Rodolphe
Published: November 2015

Abstract The material world in Radishchev's letters from exile

Radishchev was not only the cold blooded intellectual depicted by Soviet literary criticism. His letters from exile reflect his attachment to the habitus of the Russian gentry, as can be seen from the importance devoted to the mention of objects in it. Analyzing how Radishchev staged these objects in his letters not only provides us with insights into his relation to material culture in general, but also highlights some of the major rhetorical devices used by the writer to influence the emotions of his main addressee, Count A. R. Vorontsov. Finally, the paper compares Radishchev's equipment to that of the fictional sentimentalist characters of Nikolay Emin's novels. The similarity between these equipments suggests that, far from recording reality, the epistolary text abides by the rules of fiction.
La construction du moi romantique dans les lettres de Joukovski des années 1840
Authors: Niconova Natalia
Published: November 2015

This paper deals with the peculiarities of Zhukovsky's late correspondence with his "German friends". In these letters, Zhukovsky addresses such topics as revolution, monarchy and his own "religious anxiety", as well as reflecting on his translation of Homer. These French- written "German letters", which illustrate Zhukovsky's unprecedented mastering of the multilingual dimensions of Russian epistolary culture, also served as a laboratory for perfecting the poet's style and his "poetry of thought". Finally, the poetics of his epistolary texts reflects Zhukovsky's credo "live the way you write", and helps to shape his Romantic self.
Discussion of “Combining Health Data Uses to Ignite Health System Learning”
Authors: Denaxas S. , Friedman C. P. , Geissbuhler A. , Hemingway H. , Kalra D. , Kimura M. , Kuhn K. A. , Payne H. A. , de Quiros F. G. B. , Wyatt J. C.
Published: November 2015

This article is part of a For-Discussion-Section of Methods of Information in Medicine about the paper “Combining Health Data Uses to Ignite Health System Learning” written by John D. Ainsworth and Iain E. Buchan [1]. It is introduced by an editorial. This article contains the combined commentaries invited to independently comment on the paper of Ainsworth and Buchan. In subsequent issues the discussion can continue through letters to the editor.

With these comments on the paper “Combining Health Data Uses to Ignite Health System Learning”, written by John D. Ainsworth and Iain E. Buchan [1], the journal seeks to stimulate a broad discussion on new ways for combining data sources for the reuse of health data in order to identify new opportunities for health system learning. An international group of experts has been invited by the editor of Methods to comment on this paper. Each of the invited commentaries forms one section of this paper.
Genome‐Wide Association Analysis of Diverse Soybean Genotypes Reveals Novel Markers for Nitrogen Traits
Authors: Dhanapal Arun Prabhu , Ray Jeffery D. , Singh Shardendu K. , Hoyos‐Villegas Valerio , Smith James R. , Purcell Larry C. , King C. Andy , Fritschi Felix B.
Published: November 2015

Nitrogen is a primary plant nutrient that plays a major role in achieving maximum economic yield. Insufficient availability most often limits soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crop growth. Symbiotic N2 fixation in soybean is highly sensitive to limited water availability, and breeding for reduced N2 fixation sensitivity to drought is considered an important objective to improve yields under drought. The objective of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with N traits. A collection of 373 diverse soybean genotypes were grown in four field environments (2 yr and two locations) and characterized for N derived from atmosphere (Ndfa), N concentration ([N]), and C/N ratio. The population structure of 373 soybean genotypes was assessed based on 31,145 SNPs and genome‐wide association analysis using a unified mixed model identified SNPs associated with Ndfa, [N], and C/N ratio. Although the Ndfa, [N], and C/N ratio values were significantly different between the two locations in both years, results were consistent among genotypes across years and locations. While numerous SNPs were identified by association analysis for each trait in only one of the four environments, 17, 19, and 24 SNPs showed a significant association with Ndfa, [N], and C/N ratio, respectively, in at least two environments as well as with the average across all four environments. These markers represent an important resource for pyramiding favorable alleles for drought tolerance and for identifying extremes for comparative physiological studies.
Interacting Transcriptomes Revealing Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xa39 Mediated Broad Spectrum Resistance of Rice to Bacterial Blight
Authors: Zhang Fan , Huang Liyu , Zhang Fan , Hu Dandan , Wu Weijian , Wang Wensheng , Ali Jauhar , Vera Cruz Casiana , Zhou Yongli , Li Zhikang
Published: November 2015

Interaction between rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its bacterial blight (BB) pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the model system between monocot plants and their bacterial pathogens. To understand the genome‐wide interactions between Xoo and rice resulting from a broad‐spectrum hypersensitive reaction (BSHR) mediated by a new rice resistance (R) gene, Xa39, comparative dynamic transcriptomic profiles in the incompatible and compatible interactions were investigated using three related rice lines and a highly virulent Xoo isolate, PXO99. Large numbers of rice and Xoo differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in comparisons between the incompatible interactions and compatible ones, suggesting the gene network consisted of 27 genes in four groups of distinct functions involving leading to BSHR of rice in the sequential events from the avrXa39 × Xa39 interaction → signal recognition and transduction → protein modification → programmed cell death. Correspondingly, several groups of Xoo genes expressed or upregulated specifically in the incompatible interaction were those for type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III secretion effectors (T3SEs). Combined evidence suggests LOC_Os11g37759, one of a two‐member CC‐NBS‐LRR gene family on rice chromosome 11, as the most likely candidate for Xa39 in rice and two genes, XopN and XopX involved in T3SS of Xoo, as the most likely candidate genes for the corresponding avrXa39 in Xoo. Our transcriptome data and identified rice and Xoo DEGs provided a valuable source of information for future investigations on the Xoo–rice interactions.
Pour une comparaison internationale constructiviste : une recherche sur l’agriculture urbaine en Méditerranée
Authors: Perrin Coline
Published: November 2015

La comparaison internationale fait l’objet d’un intérêt académique et d’une demande sociale croissante. Mais les enjeux conceptuels et méthodologiques de cette pratique de recherche exigeante sont parfois sous-estimés. À partir de l’analyse réflexive du déroulement d’un programme de recherche porté par un collectif international et interdisciplinaire, cet article illustre l’intérêt d’une démarche comparative constructiviste, élaborée chemin faisant et en interaction avec les acteurs locaux, en particulier lorsque l’objet de recherche est fortement contextualisé comme c’est souvent le cas dans les rapports des sociétés à leur espace. Dans le champ de l’agriculture urbaine, où les études de cas dominent, le cadre comparatif a favorisé le dépassement des catégories nationales, la combinaison de différents niveaux d’analyse comparative et une lecture transversale mais aussi transnationale et interdisciplinaire de la diversité des situations d’action.
Deus in omnia currit . Chapiteaux et processions à Cluny III à la lumière du Periphyseon de l’Érigène
Authors: Montoux Arnaud
Published: November 2015

Selon Jean Scot Érigène, Dieu est « Celui qui court à travers tout ce qui existe » ( Periphyseon , I, 452 C.). Les œuvres de ce théologien et philosophe, présentes dans la bibliothèque de Cluny au xi e siècle, ont pu influencer l’iconographie de la Major ecclesia et la grande efflorescence des images du cosmos sensible à l’époque romane. L’étude des chapiteaux de l’hémicycle du chœur de Cluny III semble montrer que ceux-ci, souvent considérés comme un cycle de quaternités, peuvent être lus selon un schéma dynamique ternaire traduisant cette course de Dieu en ses créatures. Si ces vestiges de l’abbatiale, considérés à la lumière du Periphyseon , introduisent ce mouvement de procession divine dans l’espace monastique, ils ne peuvent être étudiés en dehors d’un regard global intégrant la liturgie qui se pratiquait à Cluny au temps de saint Hugues. L’étude de la procession dominicale dont nous parlent les coutumiers, permet de comprendre les chapiteaux comme le point de départ iconologique d’un immense mouvement de divisio-reductio partant de l’Homme-Paradis et revenant vers le Christ-Paradis en se développant à travers la Création. Dans cette procession cosmique, le terme de la descente est simultanément le commencement du retour à Dieu. Nous y découvrons un consentement à la matérialité du monde qui remet en question un certain regard historiographique sur l’angélisme clunisien.
Heat Stress Vulnerability among Indian Workmen
Authors: Majumder Joydeep , Shah Priyanka , Kumar Sunil
Published: November 2015

The average global temperature increase is estimated to go up by 1.8-4.0 0C by the next century. This climate change ought to affect populations where the burden of climate-sensitive disease is high – such as the urban poor in low- and middle-income countries. Particularly in industrial applications, heat generates during manufacturing process. This heat transmits to the environment to make it hotter, as well as the community, especially affecting workers involved in the operation. The primary outcomes of working in such environment leads to three kinds of major heat-related disorders-heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Understanding the quantifiable volume of health impacts due to work habits in hot working environment would provide multiple avenues of suitable intervention. Elucidating the multiple avenues of work pattern, physical and physiological attributes would generate knowledgebase and yield numerically defined susceptibility limits of workers occupational front. The present chapter provides directions to research into the heat related health profile of Indian workmen which would ascertain the relative vulnerability of different occupational groups to their workplace heat eventuality.
Lack of Land Tenure Security as Challenges to Sustainable Development
Authors: Samanta Debabrata
Published: November 2015

Tenural security towards land has far-reaching and long lasting socio-economic implications. Secured tenural right over land found as influencing factor in utilising the land in more efficient way, do investment as well as precondition for environmentally sustainable natural resource use. Though there are numerous laws have been initiated in Bihar to ensure land right and equity in distribution, but their implementation to ensure land tenure security is a far cry. The lack of tenural right, theoretically, paves way for two problems towards sustainable development; in one hand it restrict the sharecropper to undertake a long term investment in the land to increase productivity, on the other hand this might have created the problem termed as ‘tragedy of commons'. The study made an assessment of the legal framework and argues for proper legal initiative and effective implementation to protect land tenure security for sustainable development.
Climate Change, Trade Competitiveness, and Opportunity for Climate Friendly Goods in SAARC and Asia Pacific Regions
Authors: Dinda Soumyananda
Published: November 2015

This paper examines trade performance of climate friendly goods using some trade indices for South Asia and Asia Pacific countries during 2002 - 2008. Climate friendly goods (CFG) are those goods which are less harmful to environment. Paper identifies performance of Asia Pacific region in CFG trade with other nations. Most of the countries in Asia are importers of climate friendly goods and technologies. The Comparative advantage analyses indicate that Hong Kong, China, and Japan have comparative advantage in the production of CFG goods. Pakistan, Sri-Lanka, and India prefer to trade in CFG regionally and have shown interest in production and trade of clean coal technologies (CCT). East and South East Asia regions have comparative advantage in Solar Photovoltaic Systems (SPVS) and Energy Efficient Lighting (EEL). Japan, China, Malaysia and Macao show good in 2008 for SPVS.
Strategic Inertia vs. Strategic Change
Authors: Vernizzi Silvia , Zanoni Andrea Beretta , Russ Meir
Published: November 2015

Increasingly dynamic, complex and unpredictable economic circumstances require continuous and systematic re-evaluations of business strategies and plans and coherent and effective strategy implementation. Adopting the Resource Based View theoretical framework this chapter is aimed at shedding light on the role of human capital in the strategic change process. Specifically, by adopting the case study methodology the chapter points out the relevance and critical nature of human capital in the complex process that has driven Fiat's competitive and financial turnaround since 2008. Through the lens of Fiat's case, the article contributes both from an academic and a practitioner point of view, to shed light on the relevance of human capital in organizational attitude change, strategy formulation, choices implementation, and more in general, in Fiat's business model re-definition. The chapter ends with case questions.
The Nonlinear Elasticity of Hexagonal Ti2C Monolayer from First-Principles Calculations
Authors: Wang Shun , Li Jing Xiao , Ou Yuan Yuan , Du Yu Lei
Published: November 2015

In this work, the nonlinear elasticity of hexagonal Ti2C monolayer is studied by first-principles calculations. The second-and third-order elastic constants were calculated using nonlinear elasticity theory. The nonlinear stress-strain relationship depending on higher order elastic constants was also revealed. The intrinsic breaking strength and corresponding breaking strain were deduced as 11.9 N/m at the maximum strain 16.6% for Ti2C monolayer.
Integrated Solenoid Inductor with [FeCoSiN/SiNx]18 Multilayer Magnetic Film for GHz Applications
Authors: Xu Lei , Wang Lai Sen , Liu Xiao Long , Zou C.Y. , Yuan Bei Bei , Luo Qing , Zhang Q.F. , Wang Yi Cheng , Bai Fei Ming , Peng Dong Liang
Published: November 2015

In this work, we explored the solenoid inductor integrated [FeCoSiN/SiNx]18 multilayer magnetic film as magnetic core used in GHz range. The multilayer magnetic film was employed due to its high resistivity and excellent soft magnetic properties even in GHz range. It was found that this magnetic core material can dramatically increase the performance of the solenoid inductor, which presenting a 10-fold improvement in the inductance and a 23-fold enhancement in the quality factor at 1.67 GHz in comparison to those of the air core solenoid inductor. Besides, an inductance density of 27 nH/mm2 and a self-resonant frequency of 3 GHz were also achieved. The results indicated that the solenoid inductor with multilayer magnetic core showed good high frequency characteristics.
Excitonic Quasimolecules in Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Nanosystems
Authors: Pokutnyi Sergey I.
Published: November 2015

The possibility of occurrence of the excitonic quasimolecule formed of spatially separated electrons and holes in a nanosystem that consists of CuO quantum dots synthesized in a silicate glass matrix. It is shown that the major contribution to the excitonic quasimolecule binding energy is made by the energy of the exchange interaction of electrons with holes and this contribution is much more substantial than the contribution of the energy of Coulomb interaction between the electrons and holes.
The Whys of Patient Centered Care
Authors: Hadipour Dehshal Mahmoud
Published: November 2015

My late grandfather kept telling me tales about the influential status of Iranian practitioners (called Hakim) at old times in the lives of the old generations [...]
State of the Journal, 2015
Authors: Richards Lorie Gage
Published: November 2015

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT) had a successful 2015. From September 2014 to September 2015, the number of manuscripts submitted had increased by 35%. Manuscripts were received from 23 countries, compared with 17 countries in 2014. AJOT continues to have the highest impact factor and to be the highest ranked of the occupational therapy journals listed in Journal Citation Reports. AJOT continues to focus on publishing research articles on aspects of occupational therapy among varied populations with diverse acute and chronic conditions. Additional changes for 2015 include new associate editors, a significantly enlarged pool of reviewers from across the globe, continuous publishing, pay-per-view, updated author guidelines, and the adoption of clinical trial registration requirements effective January 1, 2016.
A qualitative comparison of secondary organic aerosol yields and composition from ozonolysis of monoterpenes at varying concentrations of NO2
Authors: Draper D. C. , Farmer D. K. , Desyaterik Y. , Fry J. L.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The effect of NO2 on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from ozonolysis of α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene, and limonene was investigated using a dark flow-through reaction chamber. SOA mass yields were calculated for each monoterpene from ozonolysis with varying NO2 concentrations. Kinetics modeling of the first-generation gas-phase chemistry suggests that differences in observed aerosol yields for different NO2 concentrations are consistent with NO3 formation and subsequent competition between O3 and NO3 to oxidize each monoterpene. α-Pinene was the only monoterpene studied that showed a systematic decrease in both aerosol number concentration and mass concentration with increasing [NO2]. β-Pinene and Δ3-carene produced fewer particles at higher [NO2], but both retained moderate mass yields. Limonene exhibited both higher number concentrations and greater mass concentrations at higher [NO2]. SOA from each experiment was collected and analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS, enabling comparisons between product distributions for each system. In general, the systems influenced by NO3 oxidation contained more high molecular weight products (MW > 400 amu), suggesting the importance of oligomerization mechanisms in NO3-initiated SOA formation. α-Pinene, which showed anomalously low aerosol mass yields in the presence of NO2, showed no increase in these oligomer peaks, suggesting that lack of oligomer formation is a likely cause of α-pinene's near 0 % yields with NO3. Through direct comparisons of mixed-oxidant systems, this work suggests that NO3 is likely to dominate nighttime oxidation pathways in most regions with both biogenic and anthropogenic influences. Therefore, accurately constraining SOA yields from NO3 oxidation, which vary substantially with the volatile organic compound precursor, is essential in predicting nighttime aerosol production.
Natural variability in the surface ocean carbonate ion concentration
Authors: Lovenduski N. S. , Long M. C. , Lindsay K.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We investigate variability in the surface ocean carbonate ion concentration ([CO32−]) on the basis of a~long control simulation with an Earth System Model. The simulation is run with a prescribed, pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 concentration for 1000 years, permitting investigation of natural [CO32−] variability on interannual to multi-decadal timescales. We find high interannual variability in surface [CO32−] in the tropical Pacific and at the boundaries between the subtropical and subpolar gyres in the Northern Hemisphere, and relatively low interannual variability in the centers of the subtropical gyres and in the Southern Ocean. Statistical analysis of modeled [CO32−] variance and autocorrelation suggests that significant anthropogenic trends in the saturation state of aragonite (Ωaragonite) are already or nearly detectable at the sustained, open-ocean time series sites, whereas several decades of observations are required to detect anthropogenic trends in Ωaragonite in the tropical Pacific, North Pacific, and North Atlantic. The detection timescale for anthropogenic trends in pH is shorter than that for Ωaragonite, due to smaller noise-to-signal ratios and lower autocorrelation in pH. In the tropical Pacific, the leading mode of surface [CO32−] variability is primarily driven by variations in the vertical advection of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in association with El Niño–Southern Oscillation. In the North Pacific, surface [CO32−] variability is caused by circulation-driven variations in surface DIC and strongly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, with peak spectral power at 20–30-year periods. North Atlantic [CO32−] variability is also driven by variations in surface DIC, and exhibits weak correlations with both the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. As the scientific community seeks to detect the anthropogenic influence on ocean carbonate chemistry, these results will aid the interpretation of trends calculated from spatially and temporally sparse observations.
A case study: Applying quality improvement methods to reduce pre-operative length of stay in a resource-constrained setting in Rwanda
Authors: Robinson Ssebuufu , Pawelzik Victor , Megentta Abraham , Benimana Oswald , Mazimpaka Damascene , Ndoli Jules , Sendegeya Augustin , Wong Rex
Published: November 2015

Objective: While several studies have focused on improving the quality of surgery, less attention has been paid to reducing pre-operative delays in care. We undertook a hospital quality improvement (QI) effort to reduce pre-operative delays in a teaching hospital in Rwanda. Without a coordinated admission schedule, many surgical patients arriving at the hospital for admissions were turned away because of unavailable beds. For those admitted for surgery, the pre-operative waits were long.Methods: A pre- and post-intervention study was conducted to examine the impact of a QI effort on two metrics: 1) pre-operative length-of-stay (LOS) for elective surgical patients, and 2) the number of elective surgical patients who were turned away on the scheduled admission date. Intervention: A multi-disciplinary work group utilized a Strategic Problem Solving Approach and implemented a centralized patient wait list and new schedule process utilizing the existing resources available at the hospital.Results: The percentage of elective surgical patients with a pre-operative LOS of more than two days was significantly lower in the post-intervention compared with the pre-intervention period (80% versus 26.8%, p-value < .001). The percentage of scheduled patients who were turned away due unavailable inpatient beds significantly decreased from 63.4% to 5.3%, p-value < .001.Conclusions: By following a methodical strategic problem solving approach, the pre-operative LOS was reduced, elective surgical patients turned away due to unavailable beds was decreased at very low financial cost.
An EMI Pedagogy That Facilitates Students' Learning
Authors: Chuang Yung-Ting
Published: November 2015

In recent decades, increasing numbers of EMI (English as Medium of Instructions) courses have been added to university course offerings in countries where English is not the first language, as a way of supporting university internalization and addressing the global status of English. However, some studies argue that EMI courses might affect the overall learning of course content because of students' poor lecture comprehension and passive engagement in class. In order to facilitate student engagement and improve learning experiences in EMI courses, the author introduces a pedagogical method that would facilitate students' overall learning in her EMI course. Based on students' overall feedback, the author confirms that her pedagogy is an effective method that improves lecture comprehension, encourages more class engagement, and promotes collaborative learning. Finally, the author recommends that other instructors apply this pedagogy to their EMI classes for better learning outcomes.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 7, No. 11
Authors: Duran Kevin
Published: November 2015

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 7, No. 11
Meat Quality in Katahdin Lamb Terminal Crosses Treated with Zilpaterol Hydrochloride
Authors: Partida José A. , Casaya Tania A. , Rubio María S. , Méndez Rubén D.
Published: November 2015

The effect of Zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation (0 vs. 0.15 mg/kg live weight) on the meat quality was evaluated in Katahdin x Charollais (32 KCh) and Katahdin x Dorper (28 KD) crosses. Lambs were fed a totally mixed ration with 14% crude protein (CP) and 2.9 Mcal EM/kg DM. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design: 2 genotypes (KCh and KD) and 2 ZH levels (0 and 0.15 mg/kg live weight). No interaction was found between ZH and the genotypes. The breed of the sire (BS) did not affect most of the meat traits, only KCh crosses had higher color values (L* = 34.0±0.6 vs. 35.6±0.6; a* = 13.4±0.3 vs. 14.9±0.4; b* = 5.6±0.3 vs. 6.6±0.4; h* = 20.8±0.9 vs. 23.0±0.09; C* = 14.7±0.4 vs. 16.4±0.5), more fat (11.2±0.5 vs. 11.9±0.5) and less protein (21.3±0.1 vs. 21.8±0.0) than KD. ZH meat had lower values (P < 0.001) than meat from the control animals: L* (31.9±0.6 vs. 37.7±0.6), a* (12.9±0.4 vs. 15.5±0.4), h* (15.1±0.9 vs. 28.6±0.9) and C* (13.5±0.5 vs. 17.7±0.8). ZH increased shear force on meat (5.4±0.2 vs. 3.7±0.2 kgf), and produced less fat (9.7±0.5 vs. 12.5±0.5%) and bone (23.2±0.3 vs. 24.6±0.2%), but more muscle (65.8±0.5 vs. 61.2±0.4%). Zilpaterol hydrochloride use in lamb production caused leaner yield and more protein retention, at the expense of reducing meat sensory qualities.
Crumbs is an essential regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell-cell adhesion during dorsal closure in Drosophila
Authors: Flores-Benitez David , Knust Elisabeth
Published: November 2015

The evolutionarily conserved Crumbs protein is required for epithelial polarity and morphogenesis. Here we identify a novel role of Crumbs as a negative regulator of actomyosin dynamics during dorsal closure in the Drosophila embryo. Embryos carrying a mutation in the FERM (protein 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin) domain-binding motif of Crumbs die due to an overactive actomyosin network associated with disrupted adherens junctions. This phenotype is restricted to the amnioserosa and does not affect other embryonic epithelia. This function of Crumbs requires DMoesin, the Rho1-GTPase, class-I p21-activated kinases and the Arp2/3 complex. Data presented here point to a critical role of Crumbs in regulating actomyosin dynamics, cell junctions and morphogenesis.
Initial results from the MAVEN mission to Mars
Authors: Jakosky Bruce M. , Grebowsky Joseph M. , Luhmann Janet G. , Brain David A.
Published: November 2015

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Mars orbiter has been gathering information on the Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and solar and solar wind interactions since its orbit insertion in September 2014. MAVEN's science goals are to understand processes driving the escape of atmospheric gases to space at the present epoch, and their variations with solar and local heliospheric conditions together with geographical and seasonal influences. This introduction and the accompanying articles provide a selection of key results obtained up to the time of writing, including measurements of the overall geometry and variability of the Martian magnetosphere, upper atmosphere, and ionosphere and their responses to interplanetary coronal mass ejections and solar energetic particle influxes. The ultimate goal is to use these results to determine the integrated loss to space through time and its role in overall Mars atmosphere evolution.
Estimation of the spatial structure of a detached magnetic flux rope at Mars based on simultaneous MAVEN plasma and magnetic field observations
Authors: Hara Takuya , Mitchell David L. , McFadden James P. , Seki Kanako , Brain David A. , Halekas Jasper S. , Harada Yuki , Espley Jared R. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Connerney John E. P. , Andersson Lailla , Mazelle Christian , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: November 2015

Simultaneous Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission (MAVEN) plasma and magnetic field observations reveal a detached magnetic flux rope in the Martian induced magnetosphere. The flux rope was identified by an increase in the magnetic field amplitude accompanied by smooth vector rotations. In addition, MAVEN observed a pronounced ion composition change across the structure, with solar wind ions dominating outside and planetary ions dominating within. Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction is applied to determine the two‐dimensional spatial structure of the flux rope. The event occurred near the dusk terminator, downstream from strong crustal magnetic fields. One possibility is that the flux rope was created by magnetic reconnection associated with interplanetary and/or crustal magnetic fields. A weak interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) arrived at Mars a few hours before the event. A pressure pulse and turbulent magnetic fields due to the ICME might be responsible for driving magnetic reconnection to detach the flux rope from the crustal source.
Is there any imprint of the wind variability on the Atlantic Water circulation within the Arctic Basin?
Authors: Lique Camille , Johnson Helen L.
Published: November 2015

The Atlantic Water (AW) layer in the Arctic Basin is isolated from the atmosphere by the overlaying surface layer, yet observations have revealed that the velocities in this layer exhibit significant variations. Here analysis of a global ocean/sea ice model hindcast, complemented by experiments performed with an idealized process model, is used to investigate what controls the variability of AW circulation, with a focus on the role of wind forcing. The AW circulation carries the imprint of wind variations, both remotely over the Nordic and Barents Seas where they force the AW inflow variability, and locally over the Arctic Basin through the forcing of the wind‐driven Beaufort Gyre, which modulates and transfers the wind variability to the AW layer. The strong interplay between the circulation within the surface and AW layers suggests that both layers must be considered to understand variability in either.
Mars heavy ion precipitating flux as measured by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN
Authors: Leblanc F. , Modolo R. , Curry S. , Luhmann J. , Lillis R. , Chaufray J. Y. , Hara T. , McFadden J. , Halekas J. , Eparvier F. , Larson D. , Connerney J. , Jakosky B.
Published: November 2015

In the absence of an intrinsic dipole magnetic field, Mars' O+ planetary ions are accelerated by the solar wind. Because of their large gyroradius, a population of these planetary ions can precipitate back into Mars' upper atmosphere with enough energy to eject neutrals into space via collision. This process, referred to as sputtering, may have been a dominant atmospheric loss process during earlier stages of our Sun. Yet until now, a limited number of observations have been possible; Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms‐3/Mars Express observed such a precipitation only during extreme conditions, suggesting that sputtering might be not as intense as theoretically predicted. Here we describe one example of precipitation of heavy ions during quiet solar conditions. Between November 2014 and April 2015, the average precipitating flux is significant and in agreement with predictions. From these measured precipitating fluxes, we estimate that a maximum of 1.0 × 1024 O/s could have been lost due to sputtering.
The interaction between transpolar arcs and cusp spots
Authors: Fear R. C. , Milan S. E. , Carter J. A. , Maggiolo R.
Published: November 2015

Transpolar arcs and cusp spots are both auroral phenomena which occur when the interplanetary magnetic field is northward. Transpolar arcs are associated with magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail, which closes magnetic flux and results in a “wedge” of closed flux which remains trapped, embedded in the magnetotail lobe. The cusp spot is an indicator of lobe reconnection at the high‐latitude magnetopause; in its simplest case, lobe reconnection redistributes open flux without resulting in any net change in the open flux content of the magnetosphere. We present observations of the two phenomena interacting—i.e., a transpolar arc intersecting a cusp spot during part of its lifetime. The significance of this observation is that lobe reconnection can have the effect of opening closed magnetotail flux. We argue that such events should not be rare.
Evidence of local sea surface temperatures overriding the southeast Australian rainfall response to the 1997–1998 El Niño
Authors: van Rensch Peter , Gallant Ailie J. E. , Cai Wenju , Nicholls Neville
Published: November 2015

El Niño events typically bring rainfall deficits to southeast Australia (SEA), for example, during the El Niño of 1982–1983. However, SEA experienced near average rainfall during the similar El Niño of 1997–1998. Using an ensemble of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced with observed SSTs, we demonstrate that the different September–November rainfall during the 1982 and 1997 events is primarily explained by differences in SST forcing from outside the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. The AGCMs reproduce an observed relationship between SEA rainfall and SSTs to the northeast of Australia. Significantly, cooler northeast Australian SSTs during 1982–1983 shifted the rainfall distribution, making a rainfall deficit more likely (relative to the situation in 1997–1998). However, stochastic atmospheric processes can modulate the El Niño and regional SST influence, and the use of an ensemble of AGCM simulations allows the separation of the effects of stochastic atmospheric processes and SST forcing.
Resolving bathymetry from airborne gravity along Greenland fjords
Authors: Boghosian Alexandra , Tinto Kirsty , Cochran James R. , Porter David , Elieff Stefan , Burton Bethany L. , Bell Robin E.
Published: November 2015

Recent glacier mass loss in Greenland has been attributed to encroaching warming waters, but knowledge of fjord bathymetry is required to investigate this mechanism. The bathymetry in many Greenland fjords is unmapped and difficult to measure. From 2010 to 2012, National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Operation IceBridge collected a unique set of airborne gravity, magnetic, radar, and lidar data along the major outlet glaciers and fjords in Greenland. We applied a consistent technique using the IceBridge gravity data to create 90 bathymetric profiles along 54 Greenland fjords. We also used this technique to recover subice topography where warm or crevassed ice prevents the radar system from imaging the bed. Here we discuss our methodology, basic assumptions and error analysis. We present the new bathymetry data and discuss observations in six major regions of Greenland covered by IceBridge. The gravity models provide a total of 1950 line kilometers of bathymetry, 875 line kilometers of subice topography, and 12 new grounding line depths.