bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From wheat sourdough to gluten‐free sourdough: a non‐conventional process for producing gluten‐free bread
Authors: Marti Alessandra , Bottega Gabriella , Franzetti Laura , Morandin Francesca , Quaglia Lucio , Pagani Maria Ambrogina
Published: January 2015

Gluten‐free (GF) sourdough was prepared from wheat sourdough and analysed both in fresh (GFS) and dried forms (DGFS). The gluten content in each GF sourdough sample was <20 mg kg−1. The dough leavening capacity and the properties of the bread samples were investigated and compared to those of bread prepared using bakery yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Two commercial rice‐based mixtures (different for the presence/absence of buckwheat flour) were used to prepare bread samples. In GFS, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts were found in amounts corresponding to 108 and 107 CFU g−1, respectively, whereas both LAB and yeasts were detected in lower amounts (about 106 CFU g−1) in DGFS. When used in bread‐making, both GFS types produced significant dough acidification and exhibited good dough development during proofing, resulting in loaves with specific volume values between 3.00 and 4.12 mL g−1, values similar to those obtained for reference bread (3.05÷4.15 mL g−1). The use of GFS was effective in lowering the bread staling rate during storage for up to 7 days.
Thermosonication: a potential technique that influences the quality of grapefruit juice
Authors: Aadil Rana Muhammad , Zeng Xin‐An , Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Wang Man‐Sheng , Han Zhong , Jing Hong , Jabbar Saqib
Published: January 2015

Thermosonication (TS) is an emerging nonthermal processing technique used for the liquid food preservation and is employed to improve the quality and acceptability of grapefruit juice. In this study, fresh grapefruit juice samples were subjected to TS treatment in an ultrasonic cleaner with different processing variables, including temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C), frequency (28 kHz), power (70%, 420 W) and processing time (30 and 60 min) for bioactive compounds, inactivation of enzymes pectin methylesterase (PME), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenolase (PPO) and micro‐organisms (total plate count, yeasts and moulds). The micro‐organism activity was completely inactivated in the treatment (60 °C for 60 min). The TS treatment at 60 °C for 60 min exposure reduced PME, PPO and POD activity by 91%, 90% and 89%, respectively. Results indicate that the advantages of TS for grapefruit juice processing at low temperature could enhance the inactivation of enzymes and micro‐organisms and it can be used as a potential technique to obtain better results as compared to alone.
Labour inspection in contemporary China: Like the Anglo‐Saxon model, but different
Authors: ZHUANG Wenjia , NGOK Kinglun
Published: January 2015

The authors examine the lack of enforcement of China's increasing body of labour legislation, showing how, since the 1980s, the country's labour inspection system has evolved into a system resembling the Anglo‐Saxon model – characterized by fragmentation and reactive regulatory practices – but with highly selective and non‐coercive state enforcement. This “hybrid” labour inspection model stems from the combination of neoliberal reforms with the Leninist legacy of the authoritarian regime. More effective enforcement of labour law would, the authors suggest, require greater tripartite cooperation and social dialogue in the regulatory process, and the involvement of an independently organized industrial labour force.
The politics of labour legislation in southern China: How foreign chambers of commerce and government agencies influence collective bargaining laws
Authors: HUI Elaine Sio‐ieng , CHAN Chris King‐Chi
Published: January 2015

In 2010, labour protests spread across China, sparked by the Honda workers' strike. Hoping to pacify the aggrieved workers, the Shenzhen and Guangdong governments resumed discussion of the suspended draft Shenzhen Collective Consultation Ordinance and the Guangdong Regulations on the Democratic Management of Enterprises. However, following strong opposition from foreign chambers of commerce, discussion was once again suspended. The authors show that two factors determine how foreign chambers of commerce and government agencies influence labour legislation in southern China: the position in global production chains of the firms they represent, and the relevant industrial relations model.
China's “labour shortage” and migrant workers' lack of social security
Authors: WANG Zhikai
Published: January 2015

Since 2004, the massive flow of surplus rural labour in China has dried up; indeed, the country's eastern coastal region is currently experiencing a “labour shortage”. This phenomenon, which is bound up with China's ongoing economic and social development, has arisen because migrant workers have little or no social security in China. Rather than a labour shortage, there is in fact still a huge rural labour surplus. If the system governing migrant workers' social security and labour rights were improved, this could ease the apparent labour shortage and solve firms' employment problems, thereby increasing productivity and supporting China's long‐term economic growth.
Evolution of island warblers: beyond bills and masses
Authors: Leisler Bernd , Winkler Hans
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we take a closer look into the evolution of Acrocephalus warblers on islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The shape‐related morphological evolution of island species is characterized by changes in the hind limb, flight, and feeding apparatus. Birds on islands converged to a morphology with strong legs, shorter rictal bristles, and rounder, more slotted and broader wings. Because of their high variance among islands, body size and bill dimensions did not contribute to the separation of continental and island forms, although bills tend to be longer on islands. The wings of island birds hardly vary among islands, unsurprisingly due to a lack of the adaptive features associated with long distance flights. The tendency towards shorter rictal bristles in the island warblers can be explained by the diminished role of aerial feeding, and closer contact with various substrates in the course of extractive foraging. The shift towards stronger legs in several insular species is remarkable because reed warblers on continents have even stronger legs than other passerines of comparable size. This trait correlates with diverse, acrobatic feeding techniques that are typically associated with broad habitat use. Bills reach extreme lengths on some islands. However, short bills occur as frequently, rendering this character highly variable among islands. Short bills indicate gleaning feeding techniques, whereas long bills are typical for species that pursue hidden and difficult‐to‐access prey. Body sizes differ greatly from island to island. On average, the sizes of island birds do not differ from continental ones, however. We suggest that vegetation clutter is the major driving force for this variation.

The main conclusion following from our results is that evolution on islands pertains to all functional complexes, and not only the hitherto studied body size and bill dimensions.
Impaired Olfaction and Risk of Delirium or Cognitive Decline After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Brown Charles H. , Morrissey Candice , Ono Masahiro , Yenokyan Gayane , Selnes Ola A. , Walston Jeremy , Max Laura , LaFlam Andrew , Neufeld Karin , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Hogue Charles W.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of impaired olfaction in individuals presenting for cardiac surgery and the independent association between impaired olfaction and postoperative delirium and cognitive decline.

Design

Nested prospective cohort study.

Setting

Academic hospital.

Participants

Individuals undergoing coronary artery bypass, valve surgery, or both (n = 165).

Measurements

Olfaction was measured using the Brief Smell Identification Test, with impaired olfaction defined as an olfactory score below the fifth percentile of normative data. Delirium was assessed using a validated chart review method. Cognitive performance was assessed using a neuropsychological testing battery at baseline and 4 to 6 weeks after surgery.

Results

Impaired olfaction was identified in 54 of 165 participants (33%) before surgery. Impaired olfaction was associated with greater adjusted risk of postoperative delirium (relative risk = 1.90, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–3.09, P = .009). There was no association between impaired olfaction and change in composite cognitive score in the overall study population.

Conclusion

Impaired olfaction is prevalent in individuals undergoing cardiac surgery and is associated with greater adjusted risk of postoperative delirium but not cognitive decline. Impaired olfaction may identify unrecognized vulnerability to postoperative delirium in individuals undergoing cardiac surgery.
Lower Blood Pressure and Apathy Coincide in Older Persons with Poorer Functional Ability: The Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment in Elderly People (DANTE) Study Leiden
Authors: Moonen Justine E. F. , Bertens Anne Suzanne , Foster‐Dingley Jessica C. , Smit Roelof A. J. , van der Grond Jeroen , de Craen Anton J. M. , de Ruijter Wouter , van der Mast Roos C.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

To examine the association between blood pressure (BP) measures and symptoms of apathy and depression in older adults with various levels of functional ability.

Design

Cross‐sectional study using baseline data from the Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment in Elderly people (DANTE) Study Leiden.

Setting

Primary care setting, the Netherlands.

Participants

Community‐dwelling individuals aged 75 and older (N = 430).

Measurements

Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured during home visits. Symptoms of apathy and depression were assessed using the Apathy Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15), respectively. Stratified linear regression was performed in participants with better and worse functional ability according to the median of the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale.

Results

In participants with lower functional ability, each 10‐mmHg lower SBP, DBP, and MAP was associated with higher Apathy Scale scores (0.63, 0.92, and 0.94 points, respectively, all P < .005) but not with GDS‐15 scores. In participants with higher functional ability, BP measures were not associated with Apathy Scale or GDS‐15 scores.

Conclusion

In older participants with poorer functional ability, lower BP was associated with more symptoms of apathy but not depression.
Proteomic profiling of patient‐derived glioblastoma xenografts identifies a subset with activated EGFR: implications for drug development
Authors: Brown Kristine E. , Chagoya Gustavo , Kwatra Shawn G. , Yen Timothy , Keir Stephen T. , Cooter Mary , Hoadley Katherine A. , Rasheed Ahmed , Lipp Eric S. , Mclendon Roger , Ali‐Osman Francis , Bigner Darell D. , Sampson John H. , Kwatra Madan M.
Published: January 2015

The development of drugs to inhibit glioblastoma (GBM) growth requires reliable pre‐clinical models. To date, proteomic level validation of widely used patient‐derived glioblastoma xenografts (PDGX) has not been performed. In the present study, we characterized 20 PDGX models according to subtype classification based on The Cancer Genome Atlas criteria, TP53, PTEN, IDH 1/2, and TERT promoter genetic analysis, EGFR amplification status, and examined their proteomic profiles against those of their parent tumors. The 20 PDGXs belonged to three of four The Cancer Genome Atlas subtypes: eight classical, eight mesenchymal, and four proneural; none neural. Amplification of EGFR gene was observed in 9 of 20 xenografts, and of these, 3 harbored the EGFRvIII mutation. We then performed proteomic profiling of PDGX, analyzing expression/activity of several proteins including EGFR. Levels of EGFR phosphorylated at Y1068 vary considerably between PDGX samples, and this pattern was also seen in primary GBM. Partitioning of 20 PDGX into high (n = 5) and low (n = 15) groups identified a panel of proteins associated with high EGFR activity. Thus, PDGX with high EGFR activity represent an excellent pre‐clinical model to develop therapies for a subset of GBM patients whose tumors are characterized by high EGFR activity. Further, the proteins found to be associated with high EGFR activity can be monitored to assess the effectiveness of targeting EGFR.

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The development of drugs to inhibit glioblastoma (GBM) growth requires reliable pre‐clinical models. We validated proteomic profiles using patient‐derived glioblastoma xenografts (PDGX), characterizing 20 PDGX models according to subtype classification based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) criteria, TP53, PTEN, IDH 1/2, and TERT promoter genetic analysis, EGFR amplification status, and examined their proteomic profiles against those of their parent tumors. Proteins found to be associated with high EGFR activity represent potential biomarkers for GBM monitoring.
A dual role for AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) during neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury in mice
Authors: Rousset Catherine I. , Leiper Fiona C. , Kichev Anton , Gressens Pierre , Carling David , Hagberg Henrik , Thornton Claire
Published: January 2015

Perinatal hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in 1–2 in every 1000 term infants and the devastating consequences range from cerebral palsy, epilepsy and neurological deficit to death. Cellular damage post insult occurs after a delay and is mediated by a secondary neural energy failure. AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular stress resulting from ATP depletion and/or calcium dysregulation, hallmarks of the neuronal cell death observed after HIE. AMPK activation has been implicated in the models of adult ischaemic injury but, as yet, there have been no studies defining its role in neonatal asphyxia. Here, we find that in an in vivo model of neonatal hypoxia–ischaemic and in oxygen/glucose deprivation in neurons, there is pathological activation of the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ)‐AMPKα1 signalling pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK during the insult promotes neuronal survival but, conversely, inhibiting AMPK activity prior to the insult sensitizes neurons, exacerbating cell death. Our data have pathological relevance for neonatal HIE as prior sensitization such as exposure to bacterial infection (reported to reduce AMPK activity) produces a significant increase in injury.

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We show that in an in vivo model of neonatal hypoxia–ischaemic and in oxygen/glucose deprivation in neurons, there is a pathological activation of the CaMKKβ‐AMPKα1 signalling pathway. Inhibiting AMPK during OGD promotes neuronal survival; conversely, inhibiting AMPK prior to OGD exacerbates cell death. Our data have clinical relevance as prior sensitization (e.g. exposure to bacterial infection reducing AMPK activity) increases injury. AMPK, AMP‐activated protein kinase; HI, hypoxia–ischaemia; OGD, oxygen–glucose deprivation.
Factors That Influence the Development of Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction in Emergency Department Nurses
Authors: Hunsaker Stacie , Chen Hsiu‐Chin , Maughan Dale , Heaston Sondra
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to determine the prevalence of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in emergency department nurses throughout the United States and (b) to examine which demographic and work‐related components affect the development of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in this nursing specialty.

Design and Methods

This was a nonexperimental, descriptive, and predictive study using a self‐administered survey. Survey packets including a demographic questionnaire and the Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5 (ProQOL 5) were mailed to 1,000 selected emergency nurses throughout the United States. The ProQOL 5 scale was used to measure the prevalence of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout among emergency department nurses. Multiple regression using stepwise solution was employed to determine which variables of demographics and work‐related characteristics predicted the prevalence of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout. The α level was set at .05 for statistical significance.

Findings

The results revealed overall low to average levels of compassion fatigue and burnout and generally average to high levels of compassion satisfaction among this group of emergency department nurses. The low level of manager support was a significant predictor of higher levels of burnout and compassion fatigue among emergency department nurses, while a high level of manager support contributed to a higher level of compassion satisfaction.

Conclusions

The results may serve to help distinguish elements in emergency department nurses’ work and life that are related to compassion satisfaction and may identify factors associated with higher levels of compassion fatigue and burnout.

Clinical Relevance

Improving recognition and awareness of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout among emergency department nurses may prevent emotional exhaustion and help identify interventions that will help nurses remain empathetic and compassionate professionals.
Influence of intra‐oral sensory impairment by anaesthesia on food comminution and mixing in dentate subjects
Authors: Yoshida E. , Fueki K. , Wakabayashi N.
Published: January 2015

Sensory input from sensory receptors regarding food morsels can affect jaw motor behaviours during mastication. The aim was to clarify the effects of intra‐oral sensory input on the food‐comminuting and food‐mixing capacities of dentate subjects. Eleven dentate subjects without sensory dysfunction in their oro‐facial region participated in this study. Local anaesthesia was achieved on the periodontal structures and on the oral mucosa of the subjects' preferred chewing side by injecting a lidocaine solution with adrenalin. At baseline (control) and after anaesthesia, data on the subjects' food‐comminuting and food‐mixing capacities were gathered. The food‐comminuting capacity was quantified by measuring the degree of pulverisation of peanuts (objective hardness; 45·3 [Newton, N]) after a prescribed 20 chewing strokes. The food‐mixing capacity was measured as the degree of immixture of a two‐coloured paraffin wax cube after 10 chewing strokes. Wax cubes of three different hardness levels were used (soft, medium and hard: 20·3, 32·6 and 75·5 [N], respectively) and were chewed in random order. After anaesthesia, the subjects' food‐comminuting capacity significantly decreased (P < 0·001), as did the food‐mixing capacity for each hardness level of the wax cubes (P < 0·01). A significant correlation was observed between the objective hardness values and the anaesthesia effects for the food‐mixing capacity (P < 0·05), indicating that after anaesthesia, deterioration of the mixing capacity increased as the hardness increased. In conclusion, intra‐oral sensory input can affect both food‐comminuting and food‐mixing capacities.
CONTINUING EDUCATION: PREPARING PATIENTS TO CHOOSE A RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Authors: Goovaerts Tony , Bagnis Isnard Corinne , Crepaldi Carlo , Dean Jessica , Melander Stefan , Mooney Andrew , Prieto‐Velasco Mario , Trujillo Carmen , Zambon Roberto , Nilsson Eva‐Lena
Published: January 2015

Background

Patients with progressive chronic kidney disease face a series of treatment decisions that will impact the quality of life of themselves and their family. Renal replacement therapy option education (RRTOE), generally provided by nurses, is recommended by international guidelines

Objectives

To provide nurses with advice and guidance on running RRTOE.

Design

A consensus conference.

Participants

Four nurses, 5 nephrologists and 1 clinical psychologist (9 renal units; 6 European countries) from units that had extensive experience in RRTOE or were performing research in this field.

Approach

Experts brainstormed and discussed quality standards for the education team, processes, content/topics, media/material/funding and quality measurements for RRTOE.

Results

Conclusions and recommendations from these discussions that are particularly pertinent to nurses are presented in this paper.

Conclusions

Through careful planning and smooth interdisciplinary cooperation, it is possible to implement an education and support programme that helps patients choose a form of RRT that is most suited to their needs. This may result in benefits in quality of life and clinical outcomes.

Application to Practice

There are large differences between renal units in terms of resources available and the demographics of the catchment area. Therefore, nurses should carefully consider how best to adapt the advice offered here to their own situation. Throughout this process, it is crucial to keep in mind the ultimate goal – providing patients with the knowledge and skill to make a modality choice that will enhance their quality of life to the greatest degree.
Interactions Between Rhizoctonia Root Rot and the Foliar Common Bean Diseases Anthracnose and Rust
Authors: Paula Júnior Trazilbo J. , Jesus Junior Waldir C. , Admassu Belayneh , Lehner Miller da Silva , Hau Bernhard
Published: January 2015

The effects of co‐inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum or Uromyces appendiculatus at different inoculum levels were studied on the disease dynamics and on the growth of bean plants under greenhouse conditions. Bean seeds were sown in R. solani‐infested soil. Additional experiments in which seedlings were transplanted to infested soil were also carried out. Conidial suspensions of C. lindemuthianum or uredospores of U. appendiculatus were inoculated onto leaves at plant developmental stages V2 and V3, respectively. Interactions between root rot and the aerial diseases were observed depending on the inoculum levels and on the timing of R. solani inoculation. Anthracnose severity tended to be higher on R. solani‐infected plants. Conversely, R. solani infection significantly reduced diameter of pustules and rust severity. When seedlings were transplanted to soil infested with low levels of R. solani, root rot severity and density of R. solani in the soil were magnified at high levels of C. lindemuthianum or U. appendiculatus. In these experiments, a synergistic interaction between root rot and anthracnose was observed to affect the plant dry weight. Antagonistic effects on the plant dry weight were found for the combination root rot/rust only when seeds were sown in infested soil.
First Report of Corn Whorl Rot Caused by Serratia marcescens in China
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Qiang , Bi Tao , Li Xiang‐Dong , Zhang Li‐Qun , Lu Shi‐En
Published: January 2015

Whorl rot is a novel disease of corn found in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai Plain, China. Common symptoms of the disease in fields include yellowing and water‐soaked brown necrosis of young leaves in the whorl of corn plants, which often results in rot of the whorl. Bacterial streaming was always observed from diseased samples. Bacterial isolates were obtained from symptomatic tissue and further confirmed to be the casual agent of the disease using Koch's Postulates. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA, housekeeping gene groES‐groEL and BIOLOG tests revealed that the isolate B3R3 belongs to the bacterium Serratia marcescens. None of the corn cultivars evaluated showed acceptable resistance to the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report on corn whorl rot caused by Serratia marcescens.
Comparison of eleven commercially available rapid tests for detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis
Authors: Zasada A.A. , Formińska K. , Zacharczuk K. , Jacob D. , Grunow R.
Published: January 2015

Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis and Francisella tularensis cause serious zoonotic diseases and have the potential to cause high morbidity and mortality in humans. In case of natural outbreaks and deliberate or accidental release of these pathogens rapid detection of the bacteria is crucial for limitation of negative effects of the release. In the present study, we evaluated 11 commercially available rapid test kits for the detection of Y. pestis, B. anthracis and F. tularensis in terms of sensitivity, specificity and simplicity of the procedure. The results revealed that rapid and easy-to-perform lateral flow assays for detection of highly pathogenic bacteria have very limited sensitivity. In contrast, the immunofiltration assays showed high sensitivity but limited specificity and required a too complicated procedure to be applied in the field by nonlaboratory workers (e.g. First Responders like fire, police and emergency medical personnel). Each sample - whether tested negative or positive by the rapid tests - should be retested in a reference laboratory using validated methods.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Rapid detection of highly pathogenic bacteria causing anthrax, plague and tularemia is crucial for the limitation of negative effects of a potential release (natural, accidental or deliberate). In the study, commercially available rapid tests for detection of Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis were investigated in terms of sensitivity, specificity and ease-to-perform. The study showed problems which could be faced during testing and results interpretation. Conclusions from this study should be helpful not only in selection of the most appropriate test for particular group of First Responders but also in undertaking decisions in situation of a contamination suspicion which have high social and economical impacts.
Lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum C29 ameliorates age-dependent memory impairment in Fischer 344 rats
Authors: Jeong J.-J. , Woo J.-Y. , Kim K.-A. , Han M.J. , Kim D.-H.
Published: January 2015

To understand the anti-inflammaging effect of lactic acid bacteria, we selected NF-κB activation-inhibitory Lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum C29 and investigated its memory-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects in aged Fischer 344 rats. C29 (2 × 109 CFU rat−1), which was orally administered once a day (6 days per week) for 8 weeks, significantly restored age-reduced spontaneous alternation to 95·2% of that seen in young rats (P <0·05). C29 treatment also shortened the escape latency on the 4th day to 53·8% of that seen in young rats (P <0·05). Twenty hours after the last training session, C29 significantly increased the swimming time within the platform quadrant, which was shortened in the aged control rats. Oral administration of C29 restored age-reduced doublecortin (DCX) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activation in aged rats. Treatment of aged rats with C29 suppressed the expression of p16, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, as well as the activation of Akt, mTOR, and NF-κB in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that C29 ameliorates ageing-dependent memory impairment by inhibiting NF-κB signalling pathway, inducing DCX and BDNF expression and activating CREB.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The anti-inflammatory Lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum C29 had the memory-enhancing effect in aged Fischer 344 rats by restoring doublecortin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and suppressing p16 expression and NF-κB activation in the brain. Therefore, C29 may be useful in ameliorating age-related degenerative dementia.
Meanings and mess in collaborative participatory research
Authors: Davies Eleri
Published: January 2015

Participatory research can be seen as providing affordances for ‘listening’ to student voices. This study contributes to the debate around its affordances in ameliorating democratic processes in schools. Students in a northern city secondary school in England used multimodal methods to research questions based on ‘where do students feel good about themselves as learners?’ The participatory framework was stymied by the privileging of written text and the Discourse of Initiation/Response/Evaluation embedded in our local relations of power, and in my body, and it also provided affordances for autonomy and meaning making. Students took on identities as experts, exploring varied ideas, resisting the stillness and non‐socialness of written text‐based activities, and choosing multimodal ways to self‐author their findings, to communicate ‘differently’ and effectively to chosen audiences. Meanings were made from layers of data, some of it sensory and embodied, but the processes of meaning making distorted and left behind much that was also meaningful in the tumult of researching, denying a more open‐ended conclusion. The research explores whether including the tumult, communicating it in a variety of modes including the written, remains truer to the multivoiced, fragmentary, fluid nature of the research process.
Examining a social‐participatory youth co‐researcher methodology: a cross‐case analysis extending possibilities of literacy and research
Authors: Watson Vaughn W. M. , Marciano Joanne E.
Published: January 2015

At a time when youth are increasingly negotiating new media literacy practices across multiple contexts, literacy researchers are compelled to take notice and reconsider methodologies that centre the researcher, to purposefully engage youth's knowledge, identities and new media literacies as research methodologies. To that end, the authors constructed and enacted a Social‐Participatory Youth Co‐Researcher methodology across two in‐depth interpretive qualitative research studies. Specifically, the authors describe and analyse how such a methodology enacts purposeful researcher roles for youth that forefront their emerging literacies and complicate static notions of teacher, research(er), standardised curriculum and teacher evaluation whilst youth grapple with issues of educational equity.
Nurse‐physician collaboration and associations with perceived autonomy in Cypriot critical care nurses
Authors: Georgiou Evanthia , Papathanassoglou Elizabeth DE , Pavlakis Andreas
Published: January 2015

Background and aims

Increased nurse‐physician collaboration is a factor in improved patient outcomes. Limited autonomy of nurses has been proposed as a barrier to collaboration. This study aims to explore nurse‐physician collaboration and potential associations with nurses' autonomy and pertinent nurses' characteristics in adult intensive care units (ICUs) in Cyprus.

Design and Methods

Descriptive correlational study with sampling of the entire adult ICU nurses' population in Cyprus (five ICUs in four public hospitals, n = 163, response rate 88·58%). Nurse‐physician collaboration was assessed by the Collaboration and Satisfaction About Care Decisions Scale (CSACD), and autonomy by the Varjus et al. scale.

Results

The average CSACD score was 36·36 ± 13·30 (range: 7–70), implying low levels of collaboration and satisfaction with care decisions. Male participants reported significantly lower CSACD scores (t = 2·056, p = 0·04). CSACD correlated positively with years of ICU nursing experience (r = 0·332, p < 0·0001) and professional satisfaction (r = 0·455, p < 0·0001). The mean autonomy score was 76·15 ± 16·84 (range: 18–108). Higher degree of perceived collaboration (CSACD scores) associated with higher autonomy scores (r = 0·508, p <0·0001).

Conclusions

Our findings imply low levels of nurse‐physician collaboration and satisfaction with care decisions and moderate levels of autonomy in ICU nurses in Cyprus.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results provide insight into the association between nurse‐physician collaboration and nurses' autonomy and the correlating factors.
Revisiting Old Friends: The Production, Distribution and Use of Peterborough Ware in Britain
Authors: Ard Vincent , Darvill Timothy
Published: January 2015

Peterborough Ware is now recognized as the dominant ceramic tradition of the middle Neolithic in southern Britain during the period 3400–2800 BC, part of a wider north European family of Impressed Wares. Drawing on an extensive inventory of 600 recorded assemblages constructed by enriching previous lists with the results of development‐driven research carried out over the last 20 years or so, this paper reviews the production, distribution and use of Peterborough Ware. Support is found for the traditional sub‐division of the Peterborough Ware series into three sub‐styles: Ebbsfleet, Mortlake and Fengate Wares on the basis of the materials used, forms, and the decorative schemes preferred in each. The overall distribution of Peterborough Ware focuses on south‐eastern Britain although there are important assemblages from areas to the west and north, especially those composed of Mortlake Ware. The range of contexts in which Peterborough Ware was deposited is wide, but suggests a backward‐looking attitude in which the users of this style of pottery were trying to connect with their past.
An Absolute Chronological Framework for the Central‐Eastern European Eneolithic
Authors: Wencel Maciej Mateusz
Published: January 2015

Bayesian analysis of a large corpus of radiocarbon measurements from central and eastern Europe has been performed in order to revisit and modify archaeological models of the spatio‐temporal development of three Eneolithic cultures (the Funnel Beaker, the Globular Amphora and the Corded Ware cultures). While the results place the origins of the Funnel Beaker and the Corded Ware cultures in central‐eastern Poland, it was impossible to specify the place of origin of the Globular Amphora complex.
IronAgeSaunas ofNorthernPortugal: State of the Art and Research Perspectives
Authors: García Quintela Marco V. , Santos‐Estévez Manuel
Published: January 2015

Special buildings used as saunas have been found in certain large hillforts in the north ofPortugal and in theCantabrian coastal area ofAsturias andGalicia inSpain. The principal aim of this study is to highlight the importance of these buildings in the archaeology and art of theEuropeanIronAge, where they are very rarely mentioned. Two approaches are developed: inParts 1 and 2, we explain the structure of the buildings, their function, and the current debate surrounding their dating. InParts 3 and 4, further analyses are developed on their position in the landscape, associating the saunas with the public life of the hillforts, and on the decorative structure of the pedras formosas (‘beautiful stones’) found in some of them, and their relation to certain artistic trends in so‐called Celtic art.
Exponential Decline in the Dispersal of Stone Artefacts in Roman Britain: Further Expressions of Trade
Authors: Allen J.R.L.
Published: January 2015

Several industries that exploited stone are known to have sprung up in Iron Age–Roman and Roman Britain. They include the fashioning of rotary querns from the Upper Old Red Sandstone of the Forest of Dean and the Lower Cretaceous Hythe Beds (Lodsworth rock) of West Sussex, the production of whetstones from sandstones in the Weald Clay Formation of the north‐west Weald, and the manufacture of a wide range of products from the Upper Jurassic Purbeck Marble of south‐east Dorset. The dispersal of goods from these sources is found to exhibit a similar exponential decline with distance to that previously demonstrated for prehistoric stone artefacts and Romano‐British ceramics. Evidently, interactions at settlements led to the retention of a roughly constant proportion of the goods brought there.
Identification and Management of Noncompliance in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Receiving Dabigatran: The Role of a Drug Monitor
Authors: HU YU‐FENG , LIAO JO‐NAN , CHERN CHANG‐MING , WENG CHING‐HUI , LIN YENN‐JIANG , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , WU CHENG‐HSUEH , SUNG SHIH‐HSIEN , WANG KANG‐LING , LU TSE‐MIN , CHAO TZE‐FAN , LO LI‐WEI , CHUNG FA‐PO , HSU LI‐CHI , CHEN SHIH‐ANN
Published: January 2015

Background

Noncompliant patients might be at risk of thromboembolism because of the short half‐life and rapid offset of dabigatran etexilate. The assessment and management of dabigatran noncompliance should be optimized.

Methods and Results

A total of 150 nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients receiving dabigatran were prospectively enrolled and followed for drug compliance and persistence. Noncompliance was identified by questionnaires and interviews. The hemoclot thrombin inhibitor (HTI) assay was used for monitoring the plasma dabigatran levels. Sixteen patients were noncompliant (10.7%). None of the clinical characteristics were significantly relevant to noncompliance after multivariate analysis. The dabigatran plasma level based on HTI was the only independent predictor of noncompliance (odds ratio: 0.97 per ng/mL, P = 0.003). The prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio of PT (INR [PT]), and activated partial thromboplastin time did not differ between compliant and noncompliant patients. During the follow‐up, the persistent prescription of dabigatran was noted in 75% of noncompliant patients without improvement in compliance. The drug discontinuation rate was higher in the noncompliant than compliant patients (6.7% vs. 25%, P = 0.035). None of the patients in either group received warfarin after discontinuing dabigatran.

Conclusions

The assessment and management of dabigatran noncompliance is generally ignored in clinical practice. The measurement of dabigatran plasma levels by HTI could be a reliable and simple method to identify noncompliant patients.
Transcription co‐activator Arabidopsis ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) regulates water‐use efficiency and drought tolerance by modulating stomatal density and improving root architecture by the transrepression of YODA (YDA)
Authors: Meng Lai‐Sheng , Yao Shun‐Qiao
Published: January 2015

One goal of modern agriculture is the improvement of plant drought tolerance and water‐use efficiency (WUE). Although stomatal density has been linked to WUE, the causal molecular mechanisms and engineered alternations of this relationship are not yet fully understood. Moreover, YODA (YDA), which is a MAPKK kinase gene, negatively regulates stomatal development. BR‐INSENSITIVE 2 interacts with phosphorylates and inhibits YDA. However, whether YDA is modulated in the transcriptional level is still unclear. Plants lacking ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) activity have high drought stress tolerance because of low stomatal densities and improved root architecture. Such plants also exhibit enhanced WUE through declining transpiration without a demonstrable reduction in biomass accumulation. AN3 negatively regulated YDA expression at the transcriptional level by target‐gene analysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that AN3 was associated with a region of the YDA promoter in vivo. YDA mutation significantly decreased the stomatal density and root length of an3 mutant, thus proving the participation of YDA in an3 drought tolerance and WUE enhancement. These components form an AN3–YDA complex, which allows the integration of water deficit stress signalling into the production or spacing of stomata and cell proliferation, thus leading to drought tolerance and enhanced WUE.
Inhibiting plant microRNA activity: molecular SPONGEs, target MIMICs and STTMs all display variable efficacies against target microRNAs
Authors: Reichel Marlene , Li Yanjiao , Li Junyan , Millar Anthony A.
Published: January 2015

Elucidation of microRNA (miRNA) function through a loss‐of‐function approach has proven difficult due to extensive genetic redundancy among most plant and animal miRNA families. Consequently, miRNA decoy technologies such as target MIMICs (MIMs) and short tandem target MIMICs (STTMs) in plants or molecular SPONGEs (SPs) in animals have been developed to generate loss‐of‐function phenotypes by perturbing endogenous miRNA activity. To test whether SPs can inhibit plant miRNA activity, synthetic SP transgenes containing multiple miRNA binding sites targeting different Arabidopsis miRNA families were generated. Additionally, their silencing efficacies were compared to the corresponding MIM and STTM transgenes via scoring the frequency and severity of phenotypic abnormalities elicited by each transgene. While SPs with wild‐type miRNA binding sites have no apparent impact, SPs containing miRNA binding sites with two central mismatches (cmSPs) can generate strong loss‐of‐function phenotypes. However, their efficacy varied dramatically, from inducing strong loss‐of‐function phenotypes to failing to produce any phenotypic impact. Variability was also observed when MIMs and STTMs were compared to cmSPs. While cmSP165/166 and STTM165/166 showed a stronger efficacy than MIM165/166, MIM159 was stronger than cmSP159 and STTM159. Although increasing the number of miRNA binding sites or strengthening the free energy of the miRNA binding site interaction can improve decoy efficacy, clearly additional unknown overriding factors are at play. In conclusion, we demonstrate that no one approach guarantees the strongest miRNA inhibition, but rather distinct miRNA families respond differently to the various approaches, suggesting that multiple approaches may need to be taken to generate the desired loss‐of‐function outcome.
Managing the appropriability of R&D collaboration
Authors: Henttonen Kaisa , Hurmelinna‐Laukkanen Pia , Ritala Paavo
Published: January 2015

Research and development (R&D) collaboration with various types of external stakeholders is becoming increasingly important for firms pursuing innovation‐related goals. However, collaborating with actors such as customers, suppliers, competitors, and research organisations involves risks related to knowledge leakage and the possible misappropriation of the created value. It is therefore logical to employ mechanisms that safeguard effective knowledge protection and innovation appropriability. In order to shed light on this issue, we conduct an empirical investigation of appropriability mechanisms in R&D collaboration based on a multi‐industry sample from Finland. The results of the study provide novel evidence concerning the relationship between different appropriability mechanisms (intellectual property rights, contracts, labour legislation, human resource management practices, lead time, secrecy, and tacitness) and the firm's propensity to engage in R&D collaboration with various stakeholders.
B‐Mode and Doppler Sonography of the Mammary Glands in Dairy Goats for Mastitis Diagnosis
Authors: Santos VJC , Simplício K , Sanchez D , Coutinho L , Teixeira P , Barros F , Almeida V , Rodrigues L , Bartlewski P , Oliveira M , Feliciano M , Vicente W
Published: January 2015

Contents

This study aimed to evaluate the sonographic characteristics of the udder and teats and to determine the Doppler indexes of mammary artery in healthy and undergoing subclinical and clinical mastitis goats. Thirty animals among Saanen and Alpine Brown goats were arranged in three groups, healthy goats (HG), goats with subclinical mastitis (SMG) and goats with clinical mastitis (CMG). Using the B‐mode, the sonographic characteristics (echotexture and echogenicity) and biometry (diameter and area of the udder cistern, diameter and area of the teat cistern and thickness of the teat wall) were evaluated. Using Doppler ultrasonography, the vascular indexes of the mammary artery were obtained. It was observed hyperechogenicity with solid component in the gland cistern when comparing animals with clinical mastitis and healthy mammary tissue. Regarding the echotexture of the breast tissue, there was heterogeneity in the mammary parenchyma on the three groups, for the milk, it was observed homogeneity for animals on HG and SMG and heterogeneity for animals on CMG. Grey‐scale quantitative assessment revealed increase in echogenicity (mean value) for all the structures when comparing the three groups. Biometry did not reveal statistical difference between groups, for none of the evaluated structures. Doppler examination of the mammary artery showed the decrease of end diastolic velocity and raise of pulsatility index between groups. The association of B‐mode and Doppler ultrasonography is useful for the evaluation of the udder of dairy goats with mastitis. It is a sensitive and specific method for the study of this disease. Doppler mode was unable to establish reliable criteria for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. Moreover, the quantification of echogenicity is a useful technique for the evaluation of the milk in animals with mastitis; therefore, it is suggested that it can be used as complementary technique for the diagnosis of mastitis in goats.
Intellectual Property, Scientific Independence, and the Efficacy and Environmental Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops
Authors: Glenna Leland L. , Tooker John , Welsh J. Rick , Ervin David
Published: January 2015

Neoliberalism is the political ideology behind efforts to commercialize university science. The development of genetically engineered (GE) crops has facilitated the commercialization process because GE crops generally have more restrictive intellectual property protections than conventional crops. Those restrictions have led some to question whether long‐term university research and innovations are being compromised to protect short‐term intellectual property interests. This concern is evident in two letters submitted by public‐sector entomologists in February 2009 to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The letters asserted that scientists are prohibited from conducting fully independent research on the efficacy and environmental impact of GE crops. In response to the letter, the American Seed Trade Association (ASTA) negotiated an agreement between university scientists and seed companies to protect industry property rights while enabling university scientists to conduct research with more independence. Through a survey of public‐ and private‐sector entomologists who are members of two regional entomologist research groups, we document scientists' perspectives on the adequacy of the ASTA agreement and whether those scientists have experienced limitations on their research projects involving efficacy and environmental impacts. Our findings show that limitations exist and that certain forms of public knowledge about crops are likely being compromised. These findings have implications for the legitimacy of current risk management institutions, as well as for future technological breakthroughs and innovations.
Identification of a novel HLA‐DRB1*04 null allele, HLA‐DRB1*04:178N
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Hung J. H. , Lin P. Y.
Published: January 2015

A single nucleotide insertion in codon 77 of HLA‐DRB*04:05:01 results in a null allele, HLA‐DRB1*04:178N
HLA‐B*58:63, a novel allele identified by sequence‐based typing in a Chinese bone marrow voluntary donor
Authors: Ji X. , Wang J. , Ou G. J. , Wang C. Y. , Liu Z.
Published: January 2015

HLA‐B*58:63 differs from HLA‐B*58:01:01 by one nucleotide at position 248 resulting in a single amino acid change.
Challenging Racism and White Privilege in Undergraduate Theology Contexts: Teaching and Learning Strategies for Maximizing the Promise of Community Service‐Learning
Authors: Reed‐Bouley Jennifer , Kyle Eric
Published: January 2015

This paper explores the possibilities and challenges inherent in employing community service‐learning as a pedagogy for engaging undergraduates in theology and religious studies courses that contribute to racial reconciliation. The paper summarizes research from the scholarship of teaching and learning on best practices for structuring service‐learning projects and processes that hold the possibility of students' genuine engagement with issues of race and the wisdom of theCatholic tradition.