bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocultural Landscapes and the Scalability of Biocultural Heritage
Authors: Pérez-Valladares Cloe Xochitl , Farfán-Heredia Berenice
Published: September 2024

La perspectiva geográfica puede ayudar a resolver la actual falta de estructura en el abordaje de los distintos niveles de agregación del fenómeno biocultural. Para ello, se necesita un marco conceptual que aborde la escalabilidad del fenómeno y su correspondencia con escalas geográficas. Desde el surgimiento del concepto de diversidad biocultural se han planteado importantes preguntas de investigación sobre los patrones de distribución espacial de la biodiversidad, la cultura y el lenguaje, y la última década del siglo XX vio nacer un nuevo campo académico interdisciplinario. En la última década el nivel de paisaje se señaló como el nivel adecuado para evaluar las relaciones cultura-naturaleza, no obstante poco se ha discutido sobre los diferentes niveles de integración del patrimonio biocultural y cuáles son los elementos básicos que son considerados en los niveles superiores de integración, por ejemplo a nivel de paisaje, así como su relación con las escalas geográficas. No existe claridad sobre lo que puede ser considerado un paisaje biocultural. Se propone aquí un marco incipiente para la exploración de los diferentes niveles de integración del patrimonio biocultural. El esquema general relaciona principalmente las expresiones tangibles de la bioculturalidad con el espacio geográfico, y considera hasta el momento seis niveles de integración: recursos, entidades, lugares, territorios, paisajes y regiones. Los elementos listados son todos resultado de la interdependencia entre naturaleza y cultura, y representan diferentes niveles de agregación del fenómeno biocultural; estos niveles son a su vez relacionados con otras dimensiones como la organización socio-espacial para el manejo de la naturaleza, así como las dimensiones biológicas y lingüísticas asociadas. Se proponen las escalas geográficas relevantes para abordar cada nivel de integración.
Hexagonal diffraction gratings generated by convolutional neural network-based deep learning for suppressing high-order diffractions
Authors: Hu Huakui , Ding Jiangtao , Wu Weifeng , Xu Huajie , Li Hailiang
Published: September 2024

The st order diffraction of gratings is widely used in spectral analysis. However, when the incident light is non-monochromatic, the higher-order diffractions generated by traditional diffraction gratings are always superimposed on the useful first-order diffraction, complicating subsequent spectral decoding. In this paper, single-order diffraction gratings with a sinusoidal transmittance, called hexagonal diffraction gratings (HDGs), are designed using a convolutional neural network based on deep learning algorithm. The trained convolutional neural network can accurately retrieve the structural parameters of the HDGs. Simulation and experimental results confirm that the HDGs can effectively suppress higher-order diffractions above the third order. The intensity of third-order diffraction is reduced from 20% of the first-order diffraction to less than that of the background. This higher-order diffraction suppression property of the HDGs is promising for applications in fields such as synchrotron radiation, astrophysics, and soft x-ray lasers.
Generation of vectorial vortex beams by a coherently combined laser array
Authors: Jin Kaikai , Su Rongtao , Chang Hongxiang , Yang Yi , Jiang Min , Zhang Yuqiu , Ma Yanxing , Zhou Pu
Published: September 2024

With the superpositions of spin and orbital angular momentum, vectorial vortex beams (VVBs) have attracted great attention in recent years. Many approaches have been developed to generate such beams, but high-power output is not supported. Here, we report the coherent beam combining (CBC) for generating VVBs that are compatible with high-power fiber amplifiers. The laser array is composed of two discrete vortex arrays with left-handed and right-handed circular polarization states. The phase and polarization of each beamlet are manipulated simultaneously. Experimentally, the phase noise in the amplifiers is compensated by the all-fiber internal phase control feedback structure. Quarter-wave plates are employed as polarization state converters. When the system is in the closed loop, a distinct and stable VVB can be obtained in the far-field. This work could provide a significant reference for the future implementation of high-power structured beams.
Phase-controlled quantum entanglement and one-way steering in cavity magnonic system
Authors: Ye Ying-Chen , Li Qian-Cheng , Yang Tian-Le , Xu Ye-Jun
Published: September 2024

We study phase-controlled quantum entanglement and one-way quantum steering in a cavity magnonic system, where two magnon modes couple to two microwave cavities driven by squeezed fields. The magnon-magnon entanglement and the steering directivity can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of the coupling strengths between cavity modes and magnon modes. In particular, the quantum entanglement and one-way quantum steering can be significantly enhanced by the squeezed vacuum field, which also exhibits robustness against temperature variations. More intriguingly, both quantum entanglement and steering between two magnon modes are susceptible to variations in the phase difference of two Josephson parametric amplifiers, and thus the phase-controlled quantum entanglement and one-way quantum steering can be achieved. Our scheme may have potential applications in quantum information.
Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic doses among pediatric patients of inpatient, outpatient, and emergency care units in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Mahmudul Islam A. F. M. , Raihan Md. Abu , Ahmed Khandaker Tanveer , Islam Md. Saiful , Nusrat Nahria Amin , Hasan Md. Asif , Emran Md. Galib Ishraq , Das Ananta Kumar , Lamisa Anika Bushra , Ahmed Tania , Happy Halima Akter , Khatoon Mst. Mahfuza
Published: September 2024

The heterogeneous pediatric populations, their physiological differences, along with the necessity of performing additional dose calculation, make the pediatric population more vulnerable to the incidences of inappropriate antibiotic doses. This study was conducted to examine and evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic doses. A cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted in three hospitals located in Savar from January 06, 2021 to October 17, 2022. This study had used a convenient sampling method to collect 405 filled prescription orders from heterogeneous pediatric patients prescribed by physicians from emergency, inpatient, and outpatient care units of various clinical settings. The Harriet Lane Handbook was used as reference to investigate inappropriate doses of antibiotics. Subsequently, all analyses were conducted using the RStudio 1.3.959 software. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the risk of inappropriate antibiotic prescription in pediatrics. The overall prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic dosing in pediatrics was 335 out of 545 (61.5%). Overdosing (36.3%) and oral antibiotic prescriptions (64%) were more common than underdosing (20.4%) and parenteral antibiotics (36%). The majority (230 out of 405, 56.8%) of pediatric patients had prescriptions with inappropriate antibiotic doses, with prevalence rates of 33.8% for inpatients, 86.7% for outpatients, and 50% for emergency pediatrics. The results also indicated that pediatric patients in outdoor and emergency care units, infants, toddlers, and early childhood, those prescribed two antibiotics simultaneously, and those receiving parenteral antibiotics, were less likely to have inappropriate antibiotic dosages in their prescriptions. This study demonstrated that about one out of every two prescriptions had inappropriate antibiotic doses; in particular, prescriptions containing only one antibiotic exhibited a substantial proportion of inappropriate antibiotic doses. Inappropriate antibiotic doses may result in therapeutic failure, patient harm, and antibiotic resistance. Good clinical pharmacy practice and careful adherence to pediatric dosing standards may minimize inappropriate antibiotic doses.
Larval crowding enhances dengue virus loads in Aedes aegypti, a relationship that might increase transmission in urban environments
Authors: Dutra Heverton L. C. , Marshall Dustin J. , Comerford Belinda , McNulty Brianna P. , Diaz Anastacia M. , Jones Matthew J. , Mejia Austin J. , Bjornstad Ottar N. , McGraw Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2024

Background

Climate change and urbanization will alter the global distribution of disease vectors, changing the disease burden in yet unpredictable ways. Aedes aegypti is a mosquito responsible for transmitting dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses that breeds in containers associated with urban environments. We sought to understand how ambient temperature and larval densities in the immature aquatic phases determine adult life history traits and dengue virus loads post-infection. We predicted that larval crowding and high temperatures would both lead to smaller mosquitoes that might struggle to invest in an immune response and, hence, would exhibit high viral loads.

Methods

We first examined larval densities from urban and rural areas via a meta-analysis. We then used these data to inform a laboratory-based 2x2 design examining the interacting effects of temperature (21 vs. 26°C) and density (0.2 vs. 0.4 larvae/mL) on adult life history and dengue virus loads.

Results

We found that urban areas had an ~8-fold increase in larval densities compared to more rural sites. In the lab, we found that crowding had more impact on mosquito traits than temperature. Crowding led to slower development, smaller mosquitoes, less survival, lower fecundity, and higher viral loads, as predicted. The higher temperature led to faster development, reduced fecundity, and lower viral loads. The virus-reducing effect of higher temperature rearing was, however, overwhelmed by the impact of larval crowding when both factors were present.

Conclusions

These data reveal complex interactions between the environmental effects experienced by immature mosquitoes and adult traits. They especially highlight the importance of crowding with respect to adult viral loads. Together, these data suggest that urban environments might enhance dengue virus loads and, therefore, possibly transmission, a concerning result given the increasing rates of urbanization globally.
“I probably shouldn’t go in today”: Inequitable access to paid sick leave and its impacts on health behaviors during the emergence of COVID-19 in the Seattle area
Authors: Iwu Chidozie D. , Cox Sarah N. , Sohlberg Sarah L. , Kim Ashley E. , Logue Jennifer , Han Peter D. , Sibley Thomas R. , Ilcisin Misja , Fay Kairsten A. , Lee Jover , McCulloch Denise J. , Wang Yongzhe , Boeckh Michael , Englund Janet A. , Starita Lea M. , Hajat Anjum , Chu Helen Y.
Published: September 2024

This study examines inequities in access to paid sick leave (PSL) by race/ethnicity, income, and sex and the role of PSL access on leave-taking and care-seeking behaviors among Seattle-area workers in the months leading up to and during the emergence of COVID-19 in the region. Survey responses were collected online and in-person from individuals experiencing acute respiratory illness symptoms between November 2019 and March 2020 as part of a community-based respiratory viral surveillance study. Chi-square tests and log-binomial models were used to assess the association between PSL access and various socioeconomic indicators. A total of 66.6% (n = 2,276) respondents reported access to PSL. Proportionally, access to PSL was highest in respondents identifying as Asian (70.5%), followed by White (68.7%), Latine (58.4%), Multiracial (57.1%), Black (47.1%), and Other (43.1%). Access to PSL increased with household income. Eighty three percent of high-income respondents reported access compared to 52.9% of low-income households. Only 23.3% of the lowest-income households reported access to PSL. Fewer females (65.2%) than males (70.7%) reported access to PSL. Access to PSL is inequitably distributed across income, race/ethnicity, and sex. This study reinforces the vast body of knowledge on how socioeconomic inequalities increase individual and community-level vulnerability to the impacts of infectious disease outbreaks. It also supports the role of labor and economic policy in mitigating (or exacerbating) these impacts. Exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, universal access to PSL, especially for marginalized populations, benefits all.
Recording provenance of workflow runs with RO-Crate
Authors: Leo Simone , Crusoe Michael R. , Rodríguez-Navas Laura , Sirvent Raül , Kanitz Alexander , De Geest Paul , Wittner Rudolf , Pireddu Luca , Garijo Daniel , Fernández José M. , Colonnelli Iacopo , Gallo Matej , Ohta Tazro , Suetake Hirotaka , Capella-Gutierrez Salvador , de Wit Renske , Kinoshita Bruno P. , Soiland-Reyes Stian
Published: September 2024

Recording the provenance of scientific computation results is key to the support of traceability, reproducibility and quality assessment of data products. Several data models have been explored to address this need, providing representations of workflow plans and their executions as well as means of packaging the resulting information for archiving and sharing. However, existing approaches tend to lack interoperable adoption across workflow management systems. In this work we present Workflow Run RO-Crate, an extension of RO-Crate (Research Object Crate) and Schema.org to capture the provenance of the execution of computational workflows at different levels of granularity and bundle together all their associated objects (inputs, outputs, code, etc.). The model is supported by a diverse, open community that runs regular meetings, discussing development, maintenance and adoption aspects. Workflow Run RO-Crate is already implemented by several workflow management systems, allowing interoperable comparisons between workflow runs from heterogeneous systems. We describe the model, its alignment to standards such as W3C PROV, and its implementation in six workflow systems. Finally, we illustrate the application of Workflow Run RO-Crate in two use cases of machine learning in the digital image analysis domain.
Exploring the interplay between colorectal cancer subtypes genomic variants and cellular morphology: A deep-learning approach
Authors: Hezi Hadar , Shats Daniel , Gurevich Daniel , Maruvka Yosef E. , Freiman Moti
Published: September 2024

Molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer (CRC) significantly influence treatment decisions. While convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently been introduced for automated CRC subtype identification using H&E stained histopathological images, the correlation between CRC subtype genomic variants and their corresponding cellular morphology expressed by their imaging phenotypes is yet to be fully explored. The goal of this study was to determine such correlations by incorporating genomic variants in CNN models for CRC subtype classification from H&E images. We utilized the publicly available TCGA-CRC-DX dataset, which comprises whole slide images from 360 CRC-diagnosed patients (260 for training and 100 for testing). This dataset also provides information on CRC subtype classifications and genomic variations. We trained CNN models for CRC subtype classification that account for potential correlation between genomic variations within CRC subtypes and their corresponding cellular morphology patterns. We assessed the interplay between CRC subtypes’ genomic variations and cellular morphology patterns by evaluating the CRC subtype classification accuracy of the different models in a stratified 5-fold cross-validation experimental setup using the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) and average precision (AP) as the performance metrics. The CNN models that account for potential correlation between genomic variations within CRC subtypes and their cellular morphology pattern achieved superior accuracy compared to the baseline CNN classification model that does not account for genomic variations when using either single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) molecular features (AUROC: 0.824±0.02 vs. 0.761±0.04, p<0.05, AP: 0.652±0.06 vs. 0.58±0.08) or CpG-Island methylation phenotype (CIMP) molecular features (AUROC: 0.834±0.01 vs. 0.787±0.03, p<0.05, AP: 0.687±0.02 vs. 0.64±0.05). Combining the CNN models account for variations in CIMP and SNP further improved classification accuracy (AUROC: 0.847±0.01 vs. 0.787±0.03, p = 0.01, AP: 0.68±0.02 vs. 0.64±0.05). The improved accuracy of CNN models for CRC subtype classification that account for potential correlation between genomic variations within CRC subtypes and their corresponding cellular morphology as expressed by H&E imaging phenotypes may elucidate the biological cues impacting cancer histopathological imaging phenotypes. Moreover, considering CRC subtypes genomic variations has the potential to improve the accuracy of deep-learning models in discerning cancer subtype from histopathological imaging data.
Two-dimensional Graphene/MoS2 vertical heterostructure for detection of hemoglobin concentration in blood samples
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Pandey Purnendu Shekhar , Srivastava Vivek Kumar , Reddy M. Sudhakara , Gehlot Anita , Singh Yadvendra , Singh Gyanendra Kumar , Singh Balkeshwar
Published: September 2024

This study demonstrates the use of computational methods to simulate the molecular dynamics involved in hemoglobin concentration sensing, utilizing Material Studio and the TCAD Silvaco device simulator. A non-invasive and flexible Graphene/MoS2 heterostructure has been proposed for sensing hemoglobin concentration in blood samples. The findings reveal a notable shift in the wavelength-dependent refractive index and extinction coefficient, as well as significant changes in the absorption coefficient and reflectivity of the Graphene/MoS2 heterostructure in response to different hemoglobin concentrations, specifically within an approximate range of 0.3 μm to 1 μm. Moreover, the spectral response of the heterostructure demonstrates that at a particular wavelength of approximately 600 nm, a maximum response is obtained. This wavelength can be considered optimal for detecting various levels of hemoglobin using this heterostructure. The anticipated outcome is a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles, ultimately resulting in the development of an exceptionally sensitive platform for detecting hemoglobin concentration.
A new city hospitality experience model
Authors: Wiegerink Karoline , Huizing Jan , Oruc Yasemin
Published: September 2024

The original city hospitality experience (CHX) model outlined essential components of urban visitor experiences and the dynamics inherent in guest–host relationships. Its primary aim was to comprehend the essence of hospitality in destinations, striving to establish a harmonious equilibrium among diverse engaged stakeholders. A new model appears necessary to respond more effectively to societal developments, the escalating complexity of city hospitality within urban contexts, and the evolving academic discourse on customer experiences. Meta-theoretical research provided a conceptual basis for the new CHX model. Recognizing the multitude of perspectives and stakeholder interests, an initial iteration of the revised model was disseminated among scholars and practitioners, prompting valuable input and recommendations that helped to refine the model. The new CHX model encompasses further elements including relationships between stimuli and responses and evaluative outcomes, while acknowledging contextual and contingency factors. The new model adds to the urban tourism literature and supports practitioners to understand how city hospitality experiences arise and develop. From a societal perspective, the new model enables understanding, measuring and sustaining experiences of stakeholders. It aims to support destinations addressing major challenges, such as having hospitable, open and friendly images of places that offer safe, yet stimulating experiences, in a responsible manner, while recognizing the interests of visitors, residents and businesses. The model helps to explain the impact of developments in digitization, sustainability and overtourism through a multi-stakeholder experience lens. Furthermore, the new CHX model serves as a framework for designing and testing specific interventions that lead to a balanced experience while fostering positive community effects.
Categorizing concept predications and participations in Platonic dialogues
Authors: Dendrinos Markos
Published: September 2024

The Platonic work, extended to a lot of dialogues, could be used among others as an analytical instruction of the nature of participation given through various types of predication relations. This article focuses on the identification of the implicit and explicit predications (seen as participations) dispersed in the Platonic work. Nine distinct categories have been found and each of then is comprised of certain structures, carrying distinguishable meanings. Ordinary predication, Pauline predication, identity, difference, otherness and definition are included, while the various senses of self-predication and self-participation are presented. Lastly, concept maps of mutual relations between selected ideas are exhibited in a software ontology environment.
Injustice and instability in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Fossati Manlio
Published: September 2024

This paper argues that the timocracy, the first of the four corrupt cities described in Plato’s Republic, is a fragmented regime ruled by individuals with a fragmented and unstable character. The deterioration of the elements forming the positive cycle that links the good nature of Callipolis’ guardians and the good quality of their education causes three levels of instability in the timocracy: the compresence of elements belonging to three different regimes, the destruction of the guardians’ unity due to the emergency of the oikos, and the split of the oikos in which the timocratic man grows up.
Speech, Personification, and Friendship in Plato’s Crito
Authors: Liebersohn Yosef Z.
Published: September 2024

In this article, I propose novel answers to three longstanding questions in the scholarship on Plato’s Crito: (1) Why does Socrates choose to respond to Crito in the second part of the conversation by using a speech?; (2) Why does this speech employ personification?; and (3) Why are the Laws, specifically, personified ? The answers to these questions will reveal Socrates’ method of treating Crito and his worldview. The latter considers himself to be a good man for a twofold reason, namely, he is concerned not only about helping a friend but also about the possible negative consequences of doing so. Crito takes care not to harm anyone while saving his friend and wishes to use only legitimate means. But Socrates will ultimately show Crito how, in fact, he uses violence to achieve his goals; how he harms others in the process, and how he is not nearly as good a friend as he believes himself to be. The result is a new way of looking at the dialogue, and of Plato’s message in composing it.
Interculturalidad, políticas públicas y educación en América Latina: una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Jiménez Morales Jorge , Abril Hervás David
Published: September 2024

Este artículo es una revisión de la literatura académica de la última década sobre la inclusión de lo intercultural en la agenda política latinoamericana. Dicha revisión se elabora de forma descriptiva y utilizando estrategias cuantitativas de indagación, situando sus diferentes enfoques y ámbitos, entre los que destacan el análisis de políticas públicas de educación intercultural. Los resultados permiten disponer de una panorámica de la evolución de estas políticas, de sus retos y contradicciones actuales, incluidos en la discusión.
Financeirização e plataformização dos trabalhos de inovação: o assalariamento por peça nas startups de base tecnológica
Authors: Wolff Simone , Parra João Fernando de Lima
Published: September 2024

O artigo visa evidenciar a plataformização dos trabalhos de inovação como um método de gestão que viabiliza às indústrias high-tech o uso do capital financeiro liberalizado para camuflar processos de subordinação de força de trabalho qualificada. O hub de inovação Cubo Itaú é apresentado como um modelo de negócio que permite elucidar a maneira pela qual essas corporações têm se servido de plataformas digitais para mediar investimentos financeiros diretos em startups de base tecnológica, voltadas a incrementação de suas patentes. A análise demonstrou que tal esquema favorece estratégias corporativas que disfarçam relações trabalhistas como relações comerciais, através de uma forma de assalariamento por peça análoga à da uberização. Assim, embora a plataformização desse tipo de atividade tenha natureza e escopo diferentes das plataformas de uberização, seu uso converge para os mesmos fins: evasão de direitos trabalhistas e a transferência de seus custos e riscos para os próprios trabalhadores.
Humor não gera fake news
Authors: Possenti Sírio
Published: September 2024

O ensaio discute a seguinte questão: por que afirmações humorísticas “falsas” não são consideradas fake news, o que é um fato empírico. Apresenta e analisa brevemente alguns enunciados que circularam na mídia e que nunca foram assim classificados. A hipótese apresentada é a de Victor Raskin, que assume que humor não é bona fide, ou seja, não tem compromisso com a verdade. Em seguida, distingue dois tipos de fatos e sustenta que só em relação ao um deles a questão das fake news é posta.  Conclui com algumas considerações sobre esta última tese, entre elas que esses enunciados esperam um leitor atento.
Justiça socioambiental e tributação extrafiscal sobre monocultura
Authors: Rahnemay Rabbani Roberto Muhájir , Carregosa Rabbani Allívia Rouse , Narezi Gabriela
Published: September 2024

A monocultura do eucalipto no extremo sul da Bahia se traduz como uma riqueza privada que atende a um grupo empresarial e às necessidades de uma sociedade em constante desenvolvimento. Por outro lado, as consequências negativas da atividade não são internalizadas pela empresa, resultando em impactos ambientais e insatisfações pelas populações da região. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir a importância e os problemas da monocultura do eucalipto, propondo, a partir da análise da estrutura jurídica existente e das experiências no direito comparado, a possibilidade da instituição de uma figura tributária que corresponda a uma ferramenta de justiça social e fiscal que possa ser aplicada em monoculturas. Assim, dentro do existente conflito ambiental, social e econômico, apresenta-se uma alternativa que conecta estes três elementos e propõe minimizar o mal-estar que perdura por décadas na região. Este modelo poderá servir como piloto para outras regiões do país.
Dinámicas de sociabilidad y tejido comercial: una comparación entre contextos locales multiculturales
Authors: Gómez Crespo Paloma , Pérez Alonso Yaiza , Torres Pérez Francisco
Published: September 2024

Este artículo aborda el papel del espacio comercial en las dinámicas de sociabilidad de contextos locales multiculturales, comparando barrios con larga trayectoria de inmigración, pero con procesos de gentrificación y turistización (Russafa-Valencia y Lavapiés-Madrid) y contextos de asentamiento residencial inmigrante más tardío: Caño Roto, antigua periferia obrera madrileña, y Carcaixent, municipio de la Comarca de la Ribera Alta valenciana. Los resultados identifican factores claves que contribuyen al fortalecimiento de la sociabilidad barrial: la implicación de los/as comerciantes en la cotidianidad a través del servicio que prestan al vecindario; su talante personal y su participación en eventos y movilizaciones de interés para el mismo; el tiempo y la continuidad construyen lazos vecinales y favorecen reconocer el comercio inmigrante como propio del barrio. En cambio, un tejido comercial percibido como ajeno, que no se mantiene en el tiempo y que no se implica en la vida vecinal contribuye a debilitar la sociabilidad.
Structual features of the dearylation reaction рroducts of pentarylantimony with polyfunctional acids
Authors:   South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia, Pupkova Yu. , Sharutina O. , Sharutin V.
Published: September 2024

It has been established that in reactions with pentaphenylantimony, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic and 5-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acids behave as bifunctional compounds and form binuclear products [Ph4Sb]+[Ph4Sb(O,O¢-C6H3COOH-3]- (I), Ph4SbOC(O)C5H3NOSbPh4-4 (II), respectively. The reaction with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid occurs with the participation of just hydroxy groups, while the interaction with 5-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid proceeds with the participation of hydroxy and carboxy groups. 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid reacts with penta(para-tolyl)antimony only at the carboxyl group, giving tetra(para-tolyl)antimony 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate p-Tol4SbOC(O)C6H3(OH)2-2,6 (III). The structures of compounds I–III have been characterized by IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. According to the X-ray diffraction data, crystal I contains [Ph4Sb]+ cations with a slightly distorted tetrahedral coordination of the antimony atom (the CSbC angles are 99.18(14)°-118.07(16)°, the Sb-C bonds are 2.093(4)-2.119(3) Å) and anions containing a five-membered metallocycle [SbO2C2], in which the antimony atom is hexacoordinated (the CSbC cis-angles are 91.52(13)°-102.90(13)°; the CSbО angles equal 85.06(12)°-94.73(13)°, the ОSbО angle is 76.22(9)°). The Sb–O distances in the ring are 2.122(2) and 2,215(2) Å. The Sb–C bonds vary in the range 2.175(3)–2.187(4) Å. In molecule II, the antimony atoms are structurally nonequivalent. One of the atoms, associated with the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group, has the coordination of a distorted trigonal bipyramid (the OSbC axial angle equals 174.5(2)°, the CSbC angles in the equatorial plane are 116.2(3)°-120.9(3)°; the Sb-O and Sb-C distances are 2.256(5) Å and 2.108(7)–2.174(7) Å, respectively). The coordination number of the second antimony atom associated with the oxygen of the carboxyl group is increased to 6 due to coordination of the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring located in the ortho position with respect to the carboxyl group (the Sb∙∙∙N distance is 2.402(6) Å). The coordination polyhedron of the atom is a distorted octahedron (cis-angles at the antimony atom vary in the range 72.22(19)°-103.6(3)°). The Sb–O bond length is 2.194(5) Å, the Sb–C distances are 2.165(7)–2.189(7) Å. In molecule III the coordination of the antimony atom is a distorted trigonal bipyramid: the OSbC axial angle equals 170.30(8)°, the CSbC angles in the equatorial plane are 112.17(9)°-122.09(9)°; the Sb-O bond is 2.527(2) Å, and the Sb-C bond equals 2.031(2)–2.258(3) Å.
Jednostranná nebo konkludentní? Problematické aspekty volby práva (nejen) v zajišťovacích instrumentech ve světle aktuální judikatury
Authors: Bříza Petr
Published: September 2024

This article deals with cases of unilateral and tacit choice of law, as less common examples of choice of law. These are entirely separate categories. Unilateral choice reflects the fact that it is the result of the will of only one person, and typically appears in unilateral legal acts (such as a financial guarantee in Czech law). Tacit choice, on the other hand, indicates that the intent to choose the law was expressed in a non-explicit way. Choice of law can be at the same time both unilateral and tacit, although this will not occur very often in practice. In the case of unilateral legal acts in the field of contract and tort law, there is a debate whether their conflict of laws regime falls under the EU’s unified conflict of laws rules (Rome I or Rome II Regulation) or under national law. There is no clear decision on the issue by the CJEU. The Czech Supreme Court has recently been given the opportunity to comment on this and some other issues of unilateral and implied choice of law. However, the Court rather missed this opportunity. It avoided the question of whether the national law or the Rome I Regulation applies to unilateral legal acts similar to a declaration of guarantee by (unfortunately incorrectly) applying the Rome Convention. The Court also applied the rules for a bilateral choice of law to an apparently unilateral choice of law in a rather complex manner. Moreover, its conclusion that the choice subjecting the declaration in question to “Danish statutes” is only an implied choice and not an express one is at least questionable. The article critically assesses this decision and shows in what respects a different (and more correct) course of action should be followed.
The Right to Life of the Unborn in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Through the Prism of the Drafting Process
Authors: Panasyuk Sergiy
Published: September 2024

After the 75th anniversary of adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we can state that some of its provisions still cause discussions about a basic and inherent right – the right to life. Getting a new “breath” after the Roe v. Wade case’s overturning, the battle between women’s abortion rights supporters and the protectors of the right to life for the unborn seems to get a new round. Worldwide experts in different fields start to find new arguments or remember the old ones to have solid proof in the discussions. It is too hard to find a more fundamental international document in the human rights field than the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which can be used in this case. Many scholars’ papers claim that the Declaration is only for an already-born person and does not cover the unborn one. However, such a vision is incorrect and causes many misunderstandings and false interpretations of the international basis of human rights protection. This work will try to dispel the myth that the Declaration was written only for a born person. After analyzing hundreds of documents from the Declaration drafting process, using historical facts and drafters’ statements, we hope to shed light on the real essence of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights about the right to life.
Rules on Family Enterprise in Czech Law
Authors: Janků Martin , Marek Karel
Published: September 2024

For more than two decades the family business enterprises of the first generation (generation of founders) are more and more dominant in the category of today’s Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the Czech Republic. The necessary legal background defining the legal relationships and rights of all participating persons was, however, limited to general provisions in the Commercial Code that hasn’t solved many of the problems associated thereto. Only in 2012, the new Czech Civil Code, Act. No 89/2012 Sb., introduced the institute of a family enterprise as a completely new institute in Czech Civil law. The present paper aims to analyse the key rules of the existing legal regulation, focusing on significant aspects of the institute in the context of commercial law and family law, as well as to highlight the potential weaknesses in the regulation itself.
Aspects of the Reich's Ministry of Economics. Concept of an Economic Reorganisation of Europe (1940)
Authors: Freymond Jean F.
Published: September 2024

Before and during the First World War, then between the two wars, the problem of the economic organization of Europe has very often, in different ways, attracted the attention of German politicians, civil servants and busi- nessmen, not to speak of intellectuals or publicists. It is, however, mainly during the Second World War, and especially when the Third Beich dominated the Continent, that the question becomes the subject of various studies as well as plans.
Zur rüstungsökonomischen Bedeutung und groß raumwirtschaftlichen Motivation der Eingliederung der Sudetengebiete und Böhmen-Mährens in das Deutsche Reich
Authors: Volkmann Hans-Erich
Published: September 2024

Die hier zu behandelnde Problematik soll aus der vergegten Perspektive des Münchener Vertragswerkes herausgelöst und in einen größeren Rahmen gespannt werden, indem der Stellenwert der genannten Territorien in der politisch-ökonomischen Gesamtrechnung des Dritten Reiches vor und auch nach München zu bestimmen ist. Wer die Triebfedern des nationalsozialistischen Aggressionskurses eruieren will, darf sich nicht darauf beschränken, allein über die machtpohtischen und rassenideologischen Ursächlichkeiten der Annexionspolitik zu reflektieren; er muß vielmehr auch ihre ökonomischen hinterfragen. Gerade dies aber hat die nicht marxistische Historiographie lange Zeit sträflich versäumt. Dies gilt für die Beurteilung der deutschen Okkupationspolitik ganz allgemein, wie speziell für die Wertung und Deutung der Einbeziehung des sogenannten Sudetengaues und des Protektorats in das als großdeutsch bezeichnete Reich. Konnten die Nationalsozialisten den Anschluß der Sudetengebiete noch mit der Umsetzung des vom Völkerbund sanktionierten Rechts der nationalen Selbstbestimmung leidlich legitimieren, das Herausbrechen des böhmisch-mährischen Gebietes aus dem tschechoslowakischen Staatsverbund und damit dessen Auflösung ließ sich als ein zu offenkundiger Akt territorialer Expansion nicht mehr mit der Beseitigung einer — wie es Hitler nannte — „ungeheuerliche(n) Bedrohung des europäischen Friedens" kaschie- rend begründen.
Der Steinkohlenbergbau im oberschlesischen Becken während des zweiten Weltkrieges
Authors: Jaros Jerzy
Published: September 2024

Im Jahre 1938 wurden im oberschlesischen Steinkohlenbecken 64 086 566 Tonnen Kohle gefördert, wovon 25 983 299 Tonnen entfielen auf den westlichen Teil des oberschlesischen Reviers (der damals Deutschland gehörte) und 38 103 267 Tonnen — auf die übrigen, zn Polen gehörenden Reviere (ohne das Karwiner Revier). Die Produktionskapazität der polnischen Reviere wurde wegen des Absatzmangels nicht völlig ausgenutzt und die vorrichteten Kohlenvorräte betrugen (nach der Berechnung vom Jahre 1936) 180 Mil- lionen Tonne. Im ganzen Steinkohlenbecken wurden im Jahre 1938 129 341 Arbeiter beschäftigt, so daß auf 1 Arbeiter jährlich 495,5 Tonnen Förderung entfielen. Die Förderung der polnischen Gruben verminderte sich im Jahre 1939 wegen Krieges bis zum 34 092 924 Tonnen, auf der deutschen Seite wuchs sie dagegen auf 26 532 120 Tonnen Kohle. Auf 1 Arbeiter (im ganzen oberschlesischen Becken) entfielen in diesem Jahre 472,7 Tonnen.
Role of Manpower of Prisoners of Nazi Concentration Camps in the Third Reich Economy
Authors: Piper Franciszek
Published: September 2024

From 1942, with the failure of the "Blitzkrieg", when the long confrontation of economy and military power between both fighting parts began, the most important problem of the Nazis economy was to fulfil the demand for manpower increasing from year to year. The most important kind of manpower foreseen to substitute the drafted German workers were foreign labourers and prisoners of war. Because earlier measures of labour recruitment were not satisfactory, in March 1942 Sauckel was appointed the Plenipotentiary General for the Utilization of Labour with the task to use reserves of the German manpower and to recruit such number of foreign workers and prisoners of war which was necessary to realize Speer's plans of development of the German economy of war. Although between May 1942 and May 1944 the total number of foreign labour and prisoners of war increased from 4.12 to 7.13 million, Germany did not achieve the prewar level of employment. At the beginning of 1944 there was in Ger- many a manpower lack of 4 million workers.
Die Eigentumsverhältnisse und die Verwaltungsstruktur der oberschlesischen Industrie 1939 - 1945
Authors: Sulik Alfred
Published: September 2024

Anschließend an die dargestellten Vorträge möchte ich auf die Bedeutung des Industriepotentials Oberschlesiens in der Kriegswirtschaft des Dritten Reiches und aus dieser sich ergebender Neuordnung der Besitzverhältnisse und Neuorganisation der Schwerindustrie hinweisen. Die Wirtschaftsverwaltung des Dritten Reiches und die deutschen Kon- zerne waren schon vor dem Ausbruch des IL Weltkrieges für das Ostoberschlesische Industrierevier interessiert. In der Fach- und Tagespresse erschienen viele Artikel, welche Merkmale der Propaganda trugen, die die Schwierigkeiten, Schikanen und Vernachlässigungen in der oberschlesischen Industrie im polnischen Staat darstellen sollten. Am Vortage des Kriegsausbruches beabsichtigten die Berg- und Hüttenkonzerne des westlichen Teils Oberschlesiens, und ebenfalls Konzerne aus anderen Teilen des Reiches die Bergwerke und Halten und andere Objekte der Schwerindustrie in Oberschlesien in ihre Hände zu übernehmen. Die Wirtschaftsleitung des Dritten Reiches, die riesige Rohstoffschwierigkeiten zu überwinden hatte, erwartete in der Annexion des östlichen Teils Oberschlesiens große Nutzen. Übrigens hatte man genaue Erkenntnis und Übersicht der Rohstoffsvorkommen und Kapazität der Produktion in diesem Gebiet, zumal hier der Anteil des deutschen Kapitals beträchtlich war.
Die Ausbeutung der Kriegsgefangenen in der Industrie und Landwirtschaft 1939 - 1945 am Beispiel Oberschlesiens
Authors: Szefer Andrzej
Published: September 2024

In meinem Diskussionsbeitrag möchte ich das Problem der Ausbeutung der Kriegsgefangen, durch das Nazi-Regime während der Besetzungszeit im Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz, vorstellen. Speziell möchte ich meine Aufmerksamkeit auf die Ausbeutung der Kriegsgefangen konzentrieren, die sich im Stammlager Cieszyn befanden und der Wehrmacht im VIII. Wehrkreis in Wrocław untergeordnet waren. Jetzt paar Worte über das Stammlager in Cieszyn. Das tesohener Stammlager war eines der größeren Kriegsgefangenenlager im VIII. Wehrkreis, neben solchen wie das Stammlager in Zgorzelec, Łambinowice, Żagań und Nowa Kuźnia bei Opole. Den Anfang des Stammlagers in Cieszyn, genannt Stammlager VIII D, notieren wir im Frühjahr 1941. Der größte Teil der Gefangenen waren Franzosen, Belgier, Jugoslawen und ab November 1941 auch Polen. Außer ihnen waren auch andere Nationalitäten repräsentiert. In dieser Zeit überschritt die allgemeine Zahl der Kriegsgefangenen im Stammlager nicht 7000 Gefangene.
Arterial stiffness in adults with Long COVID in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Theresa Chikopela , Katebe Bwalya , Shibao Cyndya A. , Kirabo Annet
Published: September 2024

Severe acute coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection has been associated with endothelial damage, and impaired nitric oxide production, which results in arterial stiffness and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Long COVID is a term used to describe the persistence or the development of new symptoms that can occur after an acute infection. Little is known about the association between arterial stiffness and Long COVID. An observational, cross‐sectional study in which arterial stiffness was measured with pulse wave velocity (PWV) was carried out in 74 participants between 19 and 40 years old (53 with Long COVID, 21 age and gender‐matched controls). Data was collected from participants between 1 and 9 months after acute COVID‐19 infection using the Complior analyze unit protocol. The Long COVID group had higher carotid‐radial‐PWV (crPWV) than controls (10 m/s interquartile range [IQR] 8.5–11.2 m/s) versus 8.8 m/s (IQR 7.7–9.2 m/s) as was their carotid‐radial‐arterial stiffness index (crASI) (2.26 cm/ms (IQR 1.9–2.56 cm/ms) vs. 2.01 cm/ms (IQR 1.82–2.27 cm/ms); p < 0.05) in both. They also had more type‐A waveforms, indicating increased arterial stiffening. Peripheral arterial stiffness was higher in adults with Long COVID than in controls who were never infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 as noted by the elevated levels of crPWV and crASI among adults with Long COVID.
Non-linear associations between cardiovascular metabolic indices and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in the US population (2017–2020)
Authors: Xu Meimei , Han Sibo , Wu Qiaomei , Ma Shihong , Cai Huiying , Xue Mengqi , Liu Fengling , Xiao Xiaozhen , Chen Xiaoshuang , Lin MeiZhen
Published: September 2024

The cardiometabolic index (CMI) is an emerging and effective indicator for predicting the presence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aims to investigate the relationship between CMI and MAFLD using data from NHANES 2017–2020. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 3,749 subjects were included. The study conducted a thorough analysis of CMI with three multivariate logistic regression models, subgroup analyses, and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were utilized. Using multifactorial logistic regression as the primary method of analysis, we found that a higher CMI was also significantly associated with an increased risk of MAFLD (OR = 1.45, 95% CI (1.05–2.01)). This result was further visualized by the RCS curve: There was a non-linear positive correlation between CMI and MAFLD incidence (the turning point is CMI = 0.4554). These findings were strongly reinforced by subsequent subgroup and sensitivity analyses. There is a robust positive relationship between the CMI and the risk of MAFLD, providing valuable clinical benefits for early detection and screening of MAFLD. It is important to highlight the presence of a non-linear association between CMI and MAFLD, with an inflection point identified at CMI = 0.4554.
How Film Adaptations Make the Original Poetic
Authors: Chutong Wang
Published: September 2024

This essay argues that film adaptations make the original poetic because the mode of expression changes from “telling” to “immersion.” The author refers to Walter Benjamin’s translation theory to discuss the nature of adaptation and makes use of several widely celebrated novels and their film versions as examples.
Historical development of passive optical network (PON): a review
Authors: Arya Vivek , Kumari Meet , Rana Arun Kumar
Published: September 2024

Communication networks are forced to transition to optical access networks in order to boost the information rate of transmission due to huge utilization of internet. Passive optical networks (PONs) are a highly developed and promising technology that offers low cost design, high bandwidth, and information rate for both residential and commercial use. PON uses the passive components incorporating couplers, splitters, as well as combiners. Compared to modern access networks, PON features bidirectional capabilities, cost-effectiveness, high resource efficiency, transparency, privacy, flexibility, along with upgradeability. Due to these ever increasing demands for high bandwidth, high capacity, and long reach communication for next generation networks, next generation passive optical networks (NG-PONs) are optimum choice. It provides cost-effective, energy efficient network architecture and can be realized in integrated wired/wireless network scenarios for fronthaul/backhaul data transmissions. This paper reviews the standardization process of PON that led to the development of the NG-PON. The detail literature review of various technologies related to PON and NG-PON has been conducted. Potential drawbacks of NG-PON as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies are also discussed besides the future scope. Meanwhile it offers long haul high bandwidth hybrid scenarios. The futuristic PON networks may be realized for high undersea, satellite, and beyond sixth generation (6G) networks.
Syntheses, structures, and characterization of two new Zn(ii)/Cd(ii) complexes with phenanthroline derivative
Authors: Song Yuzhu , Li Wei , Jin Ruiwen , Feng Jingdong
Published: September 2024

Under hydrothermal conditions, two novel Zn(ii)/Cd(ii) complexes [Cd2(L)4(Cl)2]·(SO4) (1) and {[Zn2(L)2(Sip)(OH)]·H2O}
n
(2) (L = 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, NaH2Sip = 5-sulfoisophthalic acid monosodium salt) were successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and Hirshfeld surface analysis. The study reveals that complex 1 is constructed from the binuclear [Cd2L4Cl2] unit, and the [Cd2L4Cl2] units are linked via C–H⋯π and C–Cl⋯π interactions into 2D supramolecular layers. These 2D layers are further connected to generate 3D structures by N–H⋯O and N–H⋯S hydrogen bonds. Complex 2 exhibits a 1D double-chain structure consisting of a binuclear [Zn2L2(OH)] unit, which is further connected by π–π interaction to shape a 2D supramolecular structure.