bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review article: gastrointestinal features in COVID‐19 and the possibility of faecal transmission
Authors: Tian Yuan , Rong Long , Nian Weidong , He Yan
Published: March 2020

Background

There is little published evidence on the gastrointestinal features of COVID‐19.

Aims

To report on the gastrointestinal manifestations and pathological findings of patients with COVID‐19, and to discuss the possibility of faecal transmission.

Methods

We have reviewed gastrointestinal features of, and faecal test results in, COVID‐19 from case reports and retrospective clinical studies relating to the digestive system published since the outbreak.

Results

With an incidence of 3% (1/41)‐79% (159/201), gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID‐19 included anorexia 39.9% (55/138)‐50.2% (101/201), diarrhoea 2% (2/99)‐49.5% (146/295), vomiting 3.6% (5/138)‐66.7% (4/6), nausea 1% (1/99)‐29.4% (59/201), abdominal pain 2.2% (3/138)‐6.0% (12/201) and gastrointestinal bleeding 4% (2/52)‐13.7% (10/73). Diarrhoea was the most common gastrointestinal symptom in children and adults, with a mean duration of 4.1 ± 2.5 days, and was observed before and after diagnosis. Vomiting was more prominent in children. About 3.6% (5/138)‐15.9% (32/201) of adult and 6.5% (2/31)‐66.7% (4/6) of children patients presented vomiting. Adult and children patients can present with digestive symptoms in the absence of respiratory symptoms. The incidence of digestive manifestations was higher in the later than in the early stage of the epidemic, but no differences in digestive symptoms among different regions were found. Among the group of patients with a higher proportion of severe cases, the proportion of gastrointestinal symptoms in severe patients was higher than that in nonsevere patients (anorexia 66.7% vs 30.4%; abdominal pain 8.3% vs 0%); while in the group of patients with a lower severe rate, the proportion with gastrointestinal symptoms was similar in severe and nonsevere cases (nausea and vomiting 6.9% vs 4.6%; diarrhoea 5.8% vs 3.5%). Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and virus nucleocapsid protein were detected in gastrointestinal epithelial cells, and infectious virus particles were isolated from faeces. Faecal PCR testing was as accurate as respiratory specimen PCR detection. In 36% (5/14)‐53% (39/73) faecal PCR became positive, 2‐5 days later than sputum PCR positive. Faecal excretion persisted after sputum excretion in 23% (17/73)‐82% (54/66) patients for 1‐11 days.

Conclusions

Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in patients with COVID‐19, and had an increased prevalence in the later stage of the recent epidemic in China. SARS‐CoV‐2 enters gastrointestinal epithelial cells, and the faeces of COVID‐19 patients are potentially infectious.
Biotic exchange leaves detectable genomic patterns in the Australian rain forest flora
Authors: Yap Jia‐Yee S. , van der Merwe Marlien , Ford Andrew J. , Henry Robert J. , Rossetto Maurizio
Published: March 2020

The movement (or invasion) of plant lineages from Sunda (the Malay Archipelago) into Sahul (mainland Australia) has resulted in a present‐day Australian rain forest flora of mixed ancestries. Floristic integration increased during the Quaternary when continental vegetation was subjected to recurrent expansion/contraction cycles. To date, this expansion history has yet to be investigated through multi‐species, landscape‐level genetic analyses within tropical Northern Australia, presumably the main point of contact for Sunda lineages. Here, we characterize and compare the dynamics of 53 species of Sunda and Sahul ancestry co‐distributed across the Australian Tropics and Subtropics. We use whole chloroplast genomic datasets to obtain comparable measures of species‐level diversity and estimate community dynamics through time across multiple rain forest sites. Unlike Sahul‐derived species, Sunda‐derived species show consistently low genomic diversities, with recent accumulation rates for Sunda species being detected across all sites, confirming recent arrival and expansion across eastern Australia. A subset of Sunda‐derived species with continental distributions consistently exhibited highest diversity at the most northerly site sampled, suggesting north to south colonization processes. The same species, however, differed in the levels of genomic differentiation between the Tropics and Subtropics, suggesting that continental expansion occurs at different temporal scales, with some species experiencing a northern time lag before a southern expansion along the east coast of Australia.
When open data and data activism meet: An analysis of civic participation in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Ricker Britta , Cinnamon Jonathan , Dierwechter Yonn
Published: April 2020

Municipal open data projects are motivated by a desire to democratize data access and knowledge production, strengthen transparency, and advance cities socially and economically. However, their effects and implications are insufficiently analyzed. This paper examines civic engagement in open data in Cape Town, South Africa, the continent's first municipal‐level open data initiative. Findings reveal how local civil society organizations have been driving engagement with municipal open data as part of their recent turn towards technology and data‐driven forms of public engagement and activism. This analysis highlights the important role of the “smart civil society organization”—occupying a position between the smart city and smart citizen—that is developing significant capacity to produce and share data about the city's informal settlements with stakeholders in government, the private sector, and wider society. Minimal engagement with or recognition of civil society efforts illustrates the limits to the city's philosophy of data openness, which is largely restricted to releasing selected government datasets to the public. The notion of “bi‐directional open data” is developed here to characterize emerging possibilities for data openness between governments and the public. This may be particularly relevant for cities like Cape Town with a highly active, capable, and data‐literate civil society.
Maternal administration of bisphenol A alters the microglial profile in the neocortex of mouse weanlings
Authors: Kagawa Nao , Nagao Tetsuji
Published: March 2020

Bisphenol A (BPA) is known to cause abnormal neurogenesis in the developing neocortex. The mechanisms of BPA toxicity concerning neuroinflammatory‐related endpoints are incompletely characterized. To evaluate the microglial morphology and the gene expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the newborn neocortex, ICR mice were exposed to BPA 200 μg/kg/d on gestational day 6 through post‐partum day 21. Weanlings exposed during prenatal and postnatal period to BPA showed an increased number of amoeboid‐type microglia, a microglial differentiation disruption (the M1/M2 microglial ratio), and an abnormal expression of genes encoding pro‐inflammatory factors. These findings suggest that the well‐known neurodevelopmental toxicity of BPA may be related to an increased microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the neocortex.
Mutational and clinical spectrum in a cohort of Chinese patients with hereditary nemaline myopathy
Authors: Wang Qi , Hu Zhenxian , Chang Xingzhi , Yu Meng , Xie Zhiying , Lv He , Zhang Wei , Xiong Hui , Yuan Yun , Wang Zhaoxia
Published: March 2020

Hereditary nemaline myopathy (NM) is one of the most common congenital myopathies with the histopathological findings of nemaline bodies. We used targeted next‐generation sequencing to identify causative mutations in 48 NM patients with confirmed myopathological diagnosis, analyze the mutational spectrum and phenotypic features. Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used to confirm the pathogenic effect of one nebulin (NEB) splicing variant. The results showed that variants were found in five NM‐associated genes, including NEB, actin alpha 1 (ACTA1), troponin T1, Kelch repeat and BTB domain‐containing 13, and cofilin‐2, in 34 (73.9%), 7 (15.2%), 3 (6.5%), 1 (2.2%), and 1 (2.2%) patients, respectively, in a total of 46/48 (95.8%) NM patients. Of the total 64 variants identified, 51 were novel variants including 26 pathogenic, 1 probably pathogenic, and 24 variant of uncertain significance (VUS). Notably, one NEB splicing mutation, c.21417+3A>G causing exon 144 splicing (NM_001164508.1), as confirmed by RT‐PCR, was found in 52.9% (18 patients) of NEB variant‐carrying patients. Typical congenital NM, the most common clinical subtype (60.4%), was associated with five NM genes. We concluded that hereditary NM showed a highly variable genetic spectrum. NEB was the most frequent causative gene in this Chinese cohort, followed by ACTA1. We found a hotspot splicing mutation in NEB among Chinese cohort.
Word Order Typology Interacts With Linguistic Complexity: A Cross‐Linguistic Corpus Study
Authors: Yadav Himanshu , Vaidya Ashwini , Shukla Vishakha , Husain Samar
Published: March 2020

Much previous work has suggested that word order preferences across languages can be explained by the dependency distance minimization constraint (Ferrer‐i Cancho, 2008, 2015; Hawkins, 1994). Consistent with this claim, corpus studies have shown that the average distance between a head (e.g., verb) and its dependent (e.g., noun) tends to be short cross‐linguistically (Ferrer‐i Cancho, 2014; Futrell, Mahowald, & Gibson, 2015; Liu, Xu, & Liang, 2017). This implies that on average languages avoid inefficient or complex structures for simpler structures. But a number of studies in psycholinguistics (Konieczny, 2000; Levy & Keller, 2013; Vasishth, Suckow, Lewis, & Kern, 2010) show that the comprehension system can adapt to the typological properties of a language, for example, verb‐final order, leading to more complex structures, for example, having longer linear distance between a head and its dependent. In this paper, we conduct a corpus study for a group of 38 languages, which were either Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) or Subject–Object–Verb (SOV), in order to investigate the role of word order typology in determining syntactic complexity. We present results aggregated across all dependency types, as well as for specific verbal (objects, indirect objects, and adjuncts) and nonverbal (nominal, adjectival, and adverbial) dependencies. The results suggest that dependency distance in a language is determined by the default word order of a language, and crucially, the direction of a dependency (whether the head precedes the dependent or follows it; e.g., whether the noun precedes the verb or follows it). Particularly we show that in SOV languages (e.g., Hindi, Korean) as well as SVO languages (e.g., English, Spanish), longer linear distance (measured as number of words) between head and dependent arises in structures when they mirror the default word order of the language. In addition to showing results on linear distance, we also investigate the influence of word order typology on hierarchical distance (HD; measured as number of heads between head and dependent). The results for HD are similar to that of linear distance. At the same time, in comparison to linear distance, the influence of adaptability on HD seems less strong. In particular, the results show that most languages tend to avoid greater structural depth. Together, these results show evidence for “limited adaptability” to the default word order preferences in a language. Our results support a large body of work in the processing literature that highlights the importance of linguistic exposure and its interaction with working memory constraints in determining sentence complexity. Our results also point to the possible role of other factors such as the morphological richness of a language and a multifactor account of sentence complexity remains a promising area for future investigation.
Eccrine duct dilatation in neutrophilic scarring alopecias
Authors: Tababa Erin , Gonzalez Manuel , Chung Hye Jin
Published: March 2020

Background

Eccrine duct dilatation (EDD) has been noted to occur significantly more often in primary lymphocytic scarring alopecias compared with non‐scarring alopecias, thus serving as a possible histopathologic marker for primary scarring alopecias with a lymphocytic infiltrate. This study aims to determine the presence and role of EDD in primary neutrophilic scarring alopecias.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review comparing primary scarring alopecia (neutrophilic, n = 90; lymphocytic, n = 100) and non‐scarring alopecia (n = 123) for presence of EDD, seen in Boston University School of Medicine between 2013 and 2017.

Results

EDD was more commonly seen in primary neutrophilic scarring (62.2%, 56/90) and primary lymphocytic scarring alopecias (54.0%, 54/100) than in non‐scarring alopecias (25.2%, 31/123) (P < 0.001). Albeit uncommon, non‐scarring alopecias exhibited the biggest ratio of dilated eccrine duct lumen to background duct lumen (14.33), followed by lymphocytic (10.99) and neutrophilic scarring alopecias (6.66).

Conclusion

EDD is seen more frequently in primary scarring alopecias compared with non‐scarring alopecias and usually found in sections containing inflammation and dermal fibrosis, serving as a possible histopathologic clue for a scarring process. Non‐scarring alopecias have significantly fewer but considerably larger EDD which, may imply a different pathologic cause.
Cytotoxic‐mediated spontaneous regression of inflammatory cutaneous metastases of breast carcinoma
Authors: Tomasini Carlo
Published: March 2020

Spontaneous regression (SR) of cancer is a rare but well‐documented biological phenomenon, which is even rarer in the context of metastatic breast carcinoma. Different mechanisms of SR are still under debate, including immune‐mediated response. We herein report a case of the SR of intralymphatic cutaneous metastases of a breast carcinoma with spontaneously‐induced T‐cell‐mediated cytotoxic response. An 86‐year‐old female was diagnosed with locally advanced right breast carcinoma and axillary lymph node metastases, without distant metastases The patient refused any therapy. Six months afterwards, she developed multiple, asymptomatic purpura‐like plaques with prominent teleangectasias on her right chest wall, continuous to the previous surgical scar and on her ipsilateral abdomen. Skin biopsy showed aggregates of atypical cells admixed with erythrocyte thrombi within dilated dermal lymphatic vessels. SR of the cutaneous lesions occurred within 6 months and persisted at the 15 months follow‐up in the absence of therapy, whilst no signs of internal relapse were observed. Immunohistochemically, the estrogen‐negative, CK7‐positive, C‐erb B2‐positive intralymphatic metastases were associated with extensive infiltration of CD8‐positive cytototoxic T lymphocytes. Factors that may have precluded the implantation of intralymphatic metastases leading to SR are discussed, with local immune surveillance being one major hypothesis.
Motor behaviour in infancy is associated with neurological, cognitive, and behavioural function of children born to parents with reduced fertility
Authors: Wu Ying‐Chin , Heineman Kirsten R , La Bastide‐Van Gemert Sacha , Kuiper Derk , Drenth Olivares Machiel , Hadders‐Algra Mijna
Published: March 2020

Aim

To evaluate the associations between motor development in infancy and developmental outcomes at school age.

Method

Participants were 195 children (99 males, 96 females; mean age [SD] 9y 3mo [3mo], range 8y 4mo–10y 11mo) born to couples whose reduced fertility was or was not treated with assisted reproductive technologies. Motor behaviour was assessed at 4, 10, and 18 months with the Infant Motor Profile (IMP). IQ, neurological optimality score (NOS), and behavioural problem scores were measured at 9 years with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, minor neurological dysfunction assessment, and the Child Behavior Checklist respectively.

Results

Children with a slow developmental trajectory in the IMP‐domain adaptability had an IQ 12.6 points lower (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.7–20.4) and an NOS 3.4 points lower (95% CI 0.7–6.2) at 9 years of age than children with typical adaptability development. Children with a slow developmental trajectory in the IMP‐domain performance had an IQ 5.0 points lower (95% CI 0.7–9.3) than children with typical performance development. A non‐optimal trajectory in IMP‐variation and a fluctuating trajectory in IMP‐fluency were associated with higher internalizing scores of 3.6 and 5.8 points respectively, than infants with optimal IMP‐domain trajectories.

Interpretation

In relatively low‐risk children, motor behaviour in infancy was associated with neurological, cognitive, and behavioural function at school age.
Detection vision development in infants and toddlers with congenital vision disorders and profound‐severe visual impairment
Authors: Salt Alison T , O’Reilly Michelle A , Sakkalou Elena , Dale Naomi J
Published: April 2020

Aim

To investigate detection vision development in infants and toddlers with congenital disorders of the peripheral visual system (CDPVS) and severe to profound visual impairment (SVI/PVI).

Method

This was a longitudinal observational investigation of a cohort of infants with CDPVS (entry age 8–16mo) followed up 12 months later. Detection vision (Near Detection Scale [NDS]) and resolution acuity (Keeler Acuity Cards [KAC]) were assessed at each time point. Relationships between detection vision, resolution acuity, and age were investigated.

Results

The study cohort comprised 80 children (39 females, 41 males), mean age 13 months (Time 1) and 26 months (Time 2); 22 (27.5%) with PVI (light perception at best) and 58 (72.5%) with SVI (basic ‘form’ vision) at Time 1. All children achieved a measure with the NDS, however only 35 per cent and 56 per cent at Time 1 and Time 2 respectively did so on KAC. Those with PVI at Time 1 showed no further improvement at Time 2, but 87 per cent of children with SVI showed improvement in vision. The median change in NDS score was 1.0 (range 1–7, SD 1.68).

Interpretation

Vision development continues after 12 months of age in many toddlers if they have basic ‘form’ vision. A measure of detection vision is feasible in very young children when resolution acuity measurement is not achievable.

What this paper adds

The Near Detection Scale (NDS) can measure low levels of vision when acuity is not otherwise measurable.

Vision can improve in toddlers with severe visual impairment who have some ‘form’ vision.

Infants with light perception at best by 12 months are unlikely to show improvement in vision.

There is a moderate negative relationship between the NDS and resolution acuity results.
Globally consistent climate sensitivity of natural disturbances across boreal and temperate forest ecosystems
Authors: Seidl Rupert , Honkaniemi Juha , Aakala Tuomas , Aleinikov Alexey , Angelstam Per , Bouchard Mathieu , Boulanger Yan , Burton Philip J. , De Grandpré Louis , Gauthier Sylvie , Hansen Winslow D. , Jepsen Jane U. , Jõgiste Kalev , Kneeshaw Daniel D. , Kuuluvainen Timo , Lisitsyna Olga , Makoto Kobayashi , Mori Akira S. , Pureswaran Deepa S. , Shorohova Ekaterina , Shubnitsina Elena , Taylor Anthony R. , Vladimirova Nadezhda , Vodde Floortje , Senf Cornelius
Published: March 2020

Disturbance regimes are changing in forests across the world in response to global climate change. Despite the profound impacts of disturbances on ecosystem services and biodiversity, assessments of disturbances at the global scale remain scarce. Here, we analyzed natural disturbances in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems for the period 2001–2014, aiming to 1) quantify their within‐ and between‐biome variation and 2) compare the climate sensitivity of disturbances across biomes. We studied 103 unmanaged forest landscapes with a total land area of 28.2 × 106 ha, distributed across five continents. A consistent and comprehensive quantification of disturbances was derived by combining satellite‐based disturbance maps with local expert knowledge of disturbance agents. We used Gaussian finite mixture models to identify clusters of landscapes with similar disturbance activity as indicated by the percent forest area disturbed as well as the size, edge density and perimeter–area‐ratio of disturbed patches. The climate sensitivity of disturbances was analyzed using Bayesian generalized linear mixed effect models and a globally consistent climate dataset. Within‐biome variation in natural disturbances was high in both boreal and temperate biomes, and disturbance patterns did not vary systematically with latitude or biome. The emergent clusters of disturbance activity in the boreal zone were similar to those in the temperate zone, but boreal landscapes were more likely to experience high disturbance activity than their temperate counterparts. Across both biomes high disturbance activity was particularly associated with wildfire, and was consistently linked to years with warmer and drier than average conditions. Natural disturbances are a key driver of variability in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems, with high similarity in the disturbance patterns between both biomes. The universally high climate sensitivity of disturbances across boreal and temperate ecosystems indicates that future climate change could substantially increase disturbance activity.
Interaction networks of avian mixed‐species flocks along elevation in the tropical Andes
Authors: Montaño‐Centellas Flavia A.
Published: March 2020

Ecological communities are comprised of species that interact with each other and those interactions ultimately generate community structure. Network theory provides a useful framework to study communities, by simultaneously considering species composition and the interactions among species. In this study, I use mixed‐species flocks as model systems to gain insights on community and network structure. Specifically, I use co‐occurrence network analyses to explore if avian mixed‐species flocks change in richness and composition and/or in network structure and pair‐wise associations, across elevations in the tropical Andes of Bolivia. Networks of flocking species changed both in composition and in the frequency and realization of pair‐wise interactions across elevations, but changes in pair‐wise associations explained most of network turnover along elevation. Pair‐wise interactions changed rapidly, with shared species changing in position and importance within the network. Network dissimilarity was mostly explained by changes in the nature of associations rather than by differences in composition. Altogether, results show that montane mixed‐species flocks are composed of loosely connected species and that most species have the potential of switching associations, often increasing in association strength at high elevations (up to 3150 m). Networks increased in connectivity and cohesion with elevation; flocks in lower elevations had more connections and these were less even. Above 3150 m a.s.l., there was rapid decay suggesting that flocks above this critical point are less connected and cohesive. This study exemplifies how combining community, network and pair‐wise analyses can provide a more holistic view on the responses of species and assemblages to environmental gradients.
Mixed phenotype acute leukemia: Biological profile, clinical characteristic and treatment outcomes: Report of the population‐based study
Authors: Zając‐Spychała Olga , Irga‐Jaworska Ninela , Drożyńska Elżbieta , Muszyńska‐Rosłan Katarzyna , Krawczuk‐Rybak Maryna , Zawitkowska Joanna , Kowalczyk Jerzy , Ćwiklińska Magdalena , Balwierz Walentyna , Mizia‐Malarz Agnieszka , Badowska Wanda , Kamieńska Elżbieta , Urasiński Tomasz , Kaczorowska Aneta , Kazanowska Bernarda , Chybicka Alicja , Wysocki Mariusz , Sędek Łukasz , Szczepański Tomasz , Woszczyk Mariola , Matysiak Michał , Młynarski Wojciech , Karolczyk Grażyna , Chaber Radosław , Wachowiak Jacek
Published: March 2020

Objectives

The aim of this population‐based, retrospective study was to analyze biological and clinical features and treatment results in children diagnosed with MPAL in all Polish pediatric oncology centers between 2007 and 2018.

Methods

Among 2893 children and adolescents diagnosed and treated for acute leukemia, 39 (1.35%) patients fulfilled the WHO criteria of MPAL. The T/myeloid phenotype was most prevalent.

Results

Cytogenetics findings were seen in 2 (5.1%), while chromosomal abnormalities were found in 14 (35.9%) patients. Thirty‐two patients achieved CR‐1, including 23 (92.0%) treated with ALL‐directed chemotherapy and 9 (64.3%) treated with AML‐type induction regimens. Within these patients, 4 (12.5%) died due to treatment‐related complications and 11 (34.4%) relapsed. Nineteen (63.3%) patients underwent allo‐HSCT in CR‐1 and 14 (73.7%) of them have been in CR‐1. In total, 17 (43.6%) patients remain in CR‐1 for 1‐12 years, including 14 (58.3%) with T/myeloid MPAL. The 5‐year pOS and pEFS were 51.8% and 44.2%, respectively. The overall survival for ALL‐directed therapy was significantly better than the one for AML‐type chemotherapy (P = .001). It was also better for patients who underwent HSCT in CR‐1 (P = .001).

Conclusions

The prognosis of MPAL is unsatisfactory, but initial treatment with ALL‐directed chemotherapy consolidated with allo‐HSCT improves the outcomes in MPAL.
Dangerous Knowledge: The Political, Personal, and Epistemological Promise of Feminist Research in Management and Organization Studies
Authors: Bell Emma , Meriläinen Susan , Taylor Scott , Tienari Janne
Published: March 2020

Feminism is a theoretical perspective and social movement that seeks to reduce, and ultimately eradicate, sexist inequality and oppression. Yet feminist research remains marginal in the most prestigious management and organization studies (MOS) journals, as defined by the Financial Times 50 (FT50) list. Based on a review of how feminism is framed in these journals (1990–2018), we identify three overlapping categories of how feminism is represented: (i) as a conceptual resource which is used to address specific topics; (ii) as an empirical category associated with the study of specific types of organization or organizing practice; and, rarely, (iii) as a methodology for producing knowledge. While feminist knowledge exists beyond these parameters, such as in the journal Gender, Work & Organization, we suggest that the relative absence of explicitly feminist scholarship in the most prestigious MOS journals reflects an epistemic oppression which arises from the threat that feminism presents to established ways of knowing. Drawing on Sara Ahmed's work, we use the ‘sweaty concept’ of dangerous knowledge to show how feminism positions knowledge as personal, introducing a radical form of researcher subjectivity which relies on the acknowledgment of uncertainty. We conclude by calling for the epistemic oppression of feminist scholarship to be recognized and redressed so the potential of feminism as a way of knowing about organizations and management can be realized. This, we argue, would enable feminist research praxis in MOS to develop as an alternative location of, in bell hooks' term, healing that challenges the main/malestream.
Articaine efficacy and safety in young children below the age of four years: An equivalent parallel randomized control trial
Authors: Elheeny Ahmad Abdel Hamid
Published: March 2020

Background

Pain control is a mandatory aspect in pediatric dentistry office through local anesthesia.

Aim

To assess the safety and efficacy of 4% articaine local anesthetic in young children below four years old.

Design

An equivalent randomized control trial with two parallel arms included 184 young children (92 per group) aged from 36 to 47 months seeking pulpotomy of mandibular primary molars which performed after buccal infiltration injection. The control group received lidocaine hydrochloride 2% with epinephrine 1:100 000. The intervention was articaine hydrochloride 4% with epinephrine 1:100 000. Children's behavior during injection and treatment have assessed using Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) and child's behavior using Frankl Behavior Rating Scale (FBRS). In addition, post‐operative complications have been addressed.

Results

Both anesthetic agents were equivalent during the injection phase. During the treatment phase, the absolute risk difference (ARR) between the two groups was 0.120 (95% CI: −0.003; 0.243). The maximum limit of 95% CI surpassed the margin of equivalence, indicating that less pain has been expressed during pulpotomy among children delivered articaine when compared to their counterparts in the lidocaine group. Concerning post‐operative complications, no statistically significant difference was detected between the two anesthetic drugs.

Conclusion

The findings supported the efficient and secure use of articaine hydrochloride 4% with epinephrine 1:100 000 to treat children between the ages of 3 and below 4 years old.
When a growth mindset can backfire and cause escalation of commitment to a troubled information technology project
Authors: Lee Jong Seok , Keil Mark , Wong Kin Fai Ellick
Published: April 2020

This research focuses on information technology (IT) project managers' growth mindset concerning IT project management (PM) ability and investigates how such a mindset can promote escalation of commitment to a troubled IT project. Specifically, we suggest that the growth mindset of IT PM ability promotes prospective achievement motivation and can lead IT project managers to escalate their commitment to an IT project despite negative feedback suggesting that the project may not be completed successfully. Through a series of three experiments with 351 IT project managers, we obtained consistent support for our hypotheses suggesting that the growth mindset of IT PM ability promotes IT project escalation and this effect is partially mediated by anticipated regret about project failure and anticipated likelihood of project success. In addition, in the three experiments we found that when the project involves an unfamiliar technology the indirect effect of the growth mindset of IT PM ability through anticipated likelihood of project success is stronger than when the project involves a familiar technology.
Cryptic speciation in the ectocommensal Bdelloura candida (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola) follows habitat specialization of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus
Authors: Roux Elizabeth L. , Giribet Gonzalo
Published: March 2020

In strict symbiotic associations, the genetic structure of the symbiont often mirrors that of its host, with interesting implications for population dynamics and phylogeography. An unresolved case of symbiotic specificity and phylogeographic consequence is the relationship between the marine triclad Bdelloura candida and its host, the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. A recent study by Riesgo et al. (2017, Marine Biology, 164, 111) identified a strong genetic break between populations of B. candida in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean but had minimal sampling around the Florida peninsula such that the exact location of the boundary zone was not specified. To solve this, a comprehensive analysis of 16S rRNA and ITS2 genetic markers was conducted from new collections around the Florida peninsula. A clear and significant genetic break was identified between populations of supposed B. candida between Cumberland Island, Georgia, and Mosquito Lagoon, Florida. This genetic break establishes two cryptic lineages, an Atlantic population as far south as Georgia and a Floridian population inclusive of the entire peninsula and Gulf of Mexico, potentially due to niche partitioning of the unique intertidal habitats of its horseshoe crab hosts in Florida. This result directly refutes the previous hypothesis that a population break exists between the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, and instead matches the genetic break of its host. Furthermore, a third cryptic lineage was identified in Key West. Overall, this work demonstrates the challenges in maintaining genetic connections between populations of both B. candida and L. polyphemus across their distributions, and poses meaningful implications for both species in the larger context of marine conservation and biodiversity.
Opposed bands of cilia in the nonfeeding larvae of the serpulid annelid Salmacina tribranchiata
Authors: Pernet Bruno
Published: March 2020

The nonfeeding planktonic larvae of marine invertebrates typically lack larval feeding structures. One puzzling exception to this generalization is the annelid clade Sabellidae, in which nonfeeding larvae possess ciliary bands (specifically, food groove and metatroch) that, to the best of our knowledge, have no function other than in feeding. Nishi and Yamasu (1992b, Bulletin of the College of Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 54, 107–121) published a scanning electron micrograph showing that nonfeeding larvae of the serpulid annelid Salmacina dysteri also possess food groove and metatrochal cilia. Here I demonstrate that nonfeeding larvae of Salmacina tribranchiata also bear ciliary bands identifiable as food groove and metatroch by position. High‐speed video of ciliary beat patterns shows that, together with the prototrochal cilia, these bands function in an opposed band system. The presence of feeding structures in nonfeeding annelid larvae is thus more widely distributed than previously recognized. The presence of feeding structures may make evolutionary transitions to planktotrophy more likely, and may underlie an inferred origin of larval feeding in the common ancestor of one of the two major clades of serpulid annelids, Serpulinae.
SENP3 in monocytes/macrophages up‐regulates tissue factor and mediates lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury by enhancing JNK phosphorylation
Authors: Chen Xuelian , Lao Yimin , Yi Jing , Yang Jie , He Shuangjun , Chen Yi
Published: April 2020

The mechanisms underlying coagulation abnormalities in sepsis and septic acute lung injury remain unclear. Tissue factor (TF) initiates coagulation; its production can be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS); and monocytes/macrophages produce pathological TF during sepsis. The SUMO2/3 protease SENP3 is redox‐sensitive, and SENP3 accumulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated macrophages is ROS‐dependent. To explore whether SENP3 contributes to LPS‐activated coagulation, we used mice with Senp3 conditional knockout (cKO) in myeloid cells. In the model of LPS‐induced sepsis, SENP3 cKO mice exhibited less severe acute lung injury than SENP3 fl/fl mice. SENP3 cKO mice exhibited decreased TF expression in monocytes and alveolar macrophages, with consequently compromised coagulation in their blood and lungs. In vitro results showed that ROS‐induced SENP3 accumulation contributed to LPS‐induced TF expression, which was reduced by JNK inhibitor SP600125. Furthermore, mice injected with LPS following SP600125 (75 mg/kg) treatment showed decreased monocytes/macrophages TF production and alleviated coagulation activation, with less severe lung injury and higher survival rates. Collectively, the results suggest that SENP3 mediates LPS‐induced coagulation activation by up‐regulating monocyte/macrophage TF production in a JNK‐dependent manner. This work provides new insights into ROS regulation of LPS‐activated coagulation and reveals a link between SUMOylation and coagulation.
Functional characterisation of fatty acyl desaturase, Fads2, and elongase, Elovl5, in the Boddart's goggle‐eyed goby Boleophthalmus boddarti (Gobiidae) suggests an incapacity for long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis
Authors: Soo Han‐Jie , Sam Ka Kei , Chong Joey , Lau Nyok‐Sean , Ting Seng Yeat , Kuah Meng‐Kiat , Kwang Sim Yee , Ranjani Manogoran , Shu‐Chien Alexander Chong
Published: March 2020

The biosynthesis of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA), a process to convert C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or arachidonic acid (ARA), requires the concerted activities of two enzymes, the fatty acyl desaturase (Fads) and elongase (Elovl). This study highlights the cloning, functional characterisation and tissue expression pattern of a Fads and an Elovl from the Boddart's goggle‐eyed goby (Boleophthalmus boddarti), a mudskipper species widely distributed in the Indo‐Pacific region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cloned fads and elovl are clustered with other teleost orthologs, respectively. The investigation of the genome of several mudskipper species, namely Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, Periophthalmus schlosseri and Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus, revealed a single Fads2 and two elongases, Elovl5 and Elovl4 for each respective species. A heterologous yeast assay indicated that the B. boddarti Fads2 possessed low desaturation activity on C18 PUFA and no desaturation on C20 and C22 PUFA substrates. In comparison, the Elovl5 showed a wide range of substrate specificity, with a capacity to elongate C18, C20 and C22 PUFA substrates. An amino acid residue that affects the capacity to elongate C22:5n‐3 was identified in the B. boddarti Elovl5. Both genes are highly expressed in brain tissue. Among all tissues, DHA is highly concentrated in neuron‐rich tissues, whereas EPA is highly deposited in gills. Taken together, the results showed that due to the inability to perform desaturation steps, B. boddarti is unable to biosynthesise LC‐PUFA, relying on dietary intake to acquire these nutrients.
Temporal and latitudinal comparisons of reproductive parameters in a heavily exploited shark, the bonnethead, Sphyrna tiburo (L. 1758), in the southern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Palacios‐Hernández Daniela , Castillo‐Géniz José L. , Méndez‐Loeza Iván , Pérez‐Jiménez Juan C.
Published: March 2020

In the southern Gulf of Mexico, the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is one of the most frequently captured species in landings of small‐scale fisheries. Based on the analysis of two fishery‐dependent sampling periods (1993–1994 and 2007–2014), this study aimed to determine reproductive parameters and identify temporal differences between the two time periods. In the first sampling period, 776 males and 352 females with a size range of 28.0–120.0 cm total stretched length (LT) were analysed, and in the second sampling period, 387 males and 432 females with a size range of 28.0–122.0 cm LT were analysed. The size at 50% maturity in the second sampling period was significantly different between sexes, 82.6 cm LT for females and 73.8 cm LT for males (no estimation was possible for the first sampling period). The size at 50% maternity was not different between sampling periods, 97.3 cm LT for the first sampling period and 99.0 cm LT for the second sampling period. Litter size varied from 3 to 19 embryos and the average was not statistically different in both periods, 10.1 (S.D. = 3.8) for the first sampling period and 11.3 (S.D. = 3.5) for the second sampling period. The female reproductive cycle is asynchronous, and it seems to be annual, with a gestation period of 5–6 months, and a consecutive ovarian cycle and gestation period. Temporal (between sampling periods) and latitudinal (southern Gulf versus northern regions) variations occur in the synchronicity of the reproductive cycle, temporal variation in the relationship between maternal length and litter size, and latitudinal variation in average size of mature sharks.
BDNF deficiency and enriched environment treatment affect neurotransmitter gene expression differently across ages
Authors: Dong Brittany E. , Chen Hao , Sakata Kazuko
Published: March 2020

Deficiency of activity‐induced expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) disturbs neurotransmitter gene expression. Enriched environment treatment (EET) ameliorates the defects. However, how BDNF deficiency and EET affect the neurotransmitter gene expression differently across ages remains unclear. We addressed this question by determining the neurotransmitter gene expression across three life stages in wild‐type and activity‐dependent BDNF‐deficient (KIV) mice. Mice received 2‐months of standard control treatment (SCT) or EET at early‐life development (ED: 0–2 months), young adulthood (2–4 months), and old adulthood (12–14 months) (N = 16/group). Half of these mice received additional 1‐month SCT to examine persisting EET effects. High‐throughput quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction measured expression of 81 genes for dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and BDNF systems in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus. Results revealed that BDNF deficiency mostly reduced neurotransmitter gene expression, greatest at ED in the FC. EET increased expression of a larger number of genes at ED than adulthood, particularly in the KIV FC. Many genes down‐regulated in KIV mice were up‐regulated by EET, which persisted when EET was provided at ED (e.g., 5‐hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) transporter [5HTT], ADRA1D, GRIA3, GABRA5, GABBR2). In both the regions, BDNF deficiency decreased the density of gene co‐expression network specifically at ED, while EET increased the density and hub genes (e.g., GAT1, GABRG3, GRIN1, CHRNA7). These results suggest that BDNF deficiency, which occurs under chronic stress, causes neurotransmitter dysregulations prominently at ED, particularly in the FC. EET at ED may be most effective to normalize the dysregulations, providing persisting effects later in life.

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Water‐soluble variant of human Lynx1 positively modulates synaptic plasticity and ameliorates cognitive impairment associated with α7‐nAChR dysfunction
Authors: Shenkarev Zakhar O. , Shulepko Mikhail A. , Bychkov Maxim L. , Kulbatskii Dmitrii S. , Shlepova Olga V. , Vasilyeva Nathalia A. , Andreev-Andrievskiy Alexander A. , Popova Anfisa S. , Lagereva Evgeniya A. , Loktyushov Eugene V. , Koshelev Sergey G. , Thomsen Morten S. , Dolgikh Dmitry A. , Kozlov Sergey A. , Balaban Pavel M. , Kirpichnikov Mikhail P. , Lyukmanova Ekaterina N.
Published: March 2020

Lynx1 is a GPI‐tethered protein colocalized with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain areas important for learning and memory. Previously, we demonstrated that at low micromolar concentrations the water‐soluble Lynx1 variant lacking GPI‐anchor (ws‐Lynx1) acts on α7‐nAChRs as a positive allosteric modulator. We hypothesized that ws‐Lynx1 could be used for improvement of cognitive processes dependent on nAChRs. Here we showed that 2 µM ws‐Lynx1 increased the acetylcholine‐evoked current at α7‐nAChRs in the rat primary visual cortex L1 interneurons. At higher concentrations ws‐Lynx1 inhibits α7‐nAChRs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes with IC50 ~ 50 µM. In mice, ws‐Lynx1 penetrated the blood‐brain barrier upon intranasal administration and accumulated in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Chronic ws‐Lynx1 treatment prevented the olfactory memory and motor learning impairment induced by the α7‐nAChRs inhibitor methyllycaconitine (MLA). Enhanced long‐term potentiation and increased paired‐pulse facilitation ratio were observed in the hippocampal slices incubated with ws‐Lynx1 and in the slices from ws‐Lynx1‐treated mice. Long‐term potentiation blockade observed in MLA‐treated mice was abolished by ws‐Lynx1 co‐administration. To understand the mechanism of ws‐Lynx1 action, we studied the interaction of ws‐Lynx1 and MLA at α7‐nAChRs, measured the basal concentrations of endogenous Lynx1 and the α7 nAChR subunit and their association in the mouse brain. Our findings suggest that endogenous Lynx1 limits α7‐nAChRs activation in the adult brain. Ws‐Lynx1 partially displaces Lynx1 causing positive modulation of α7‐nAChRs and enhancement of synaptic plasticity. Ws‐Lynx1 and similar compounds may constitute useful hits for treatment of cognitive deficits associated with the cholinergic system dysfunction.

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Hydrological cycle changes under global warming and their effects on multiscale climate variability
Authors: Ma Jian , Zhou Lei , Foltz Gregory R. , Qu Xia , Ying Jun , Tokinaga Hiroki , Mechoso Carlos R. , Li Jinbao , Gu Xingyu
Published: March 2020

Despite a globally uniform increase in the concentrations of emitted greenhouse gases, radiatively forced surface warming can have significant spatial variations. These define warming patterns that depend on preexisting climate states and through atmospheric and oceanic dynamics can drive changes of the hydrological cycle with global‐scale feedbacks. Our study reviews research progress on the hydrological cycle changes and their effects on multiscale climate variability. Overall, interannual variability is expected to become stronger in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and weaker in the Atlantic. Global monsoon rainfall is projected to increase and the wet season to lengthen despite a slowdown of atmospheric circulation. Strong variations among monsoon regions are likely to emerge, depending on surface conditions such as orography and land–sea contrast. Interdecadal climate variability is expected to modulate the globally averaged surface temperature change with pronounced anomalies in the polar and equatorial regions, leading to prolonged periods of enhanced or reduced warming. It is emphasized that advanced global observations, regional simulations, and process‐level investigations are essential for improvements in understanding, predicting, and projecting the modes of climate variability, monsoon sensitivity, and energetic fluctuations in a warming climate.
Potential association between oral mucosal nevus and melanoma: A preliminary clinicopathologic study
Authors: Liu Wei , Wang Yang , Du Guanhuan , Zhou Zengtong , Yang Xi , Shi Linjun
Published: March 2020

Objectives

To assess potential association between oral nevi (ON) and nevus‐associated melanoma (NAM), in which melanoma cells coexist with nevus cells.

Methods

A total of 74 ON patients and 7 NAM patients were retrospectively reviewed. Comparative and regression analyses of clinical and histological data were performed between two groups.

Results

The mean age of the patients with ON was 36.5 years compared with that of 54.7 years of the patients with NAM (p = .008). Gender ratio was female predominance for ON (1.64:1 ratio) and male predominance for NAM (6:1 ratio). The most common location of ON and NAM was the palate (31.1%) and gingiva (71.4%), respectively. Univariate regression analysis revealed that elderly male patients (≥60 years) with junctional ON located on the gingiva correlate with higher risk of melanoma. Multivariate analysis revealed that junctional type of ON was an independent factor (adjusted OR, 38.32; 95% CI, 3.20–458.64; p = .004) associated significantly with increased risk for melanoma.

Conclusions

The preliminary study for the first time elucidated the clinicopathologic features of a Chinese series of ON and evaluated the potential association between ON and NAM with a limited sample size. Further large multicenter studies are needed to confirm the findings.