bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testicular Steroid Metabolism In Vitro and Spermatogenesis in a Male with an XYY‐Karyotype
Authors: Kjessler B. , Berg A. Å:son
Published: May 2008

Males with a 47, XYY‐chromosomal constitution have been reported to generally suffer from an impaired gametogenesis, and the reason for this spermatogenetic failure is unknown.

The concentration of gonadotrophic hormones and testosterone in the peripheral circulation of XYY‐males have not been found to differ significantly from normal control subjects, but so far there is a lack of information on the intratesticular steroid conversion patterns in such individuals.

We have repeately analysed the metabolism of [3H] progesterone in vitro in incubated testicular biopsy specimens derived from an XYY‐male before and after gonadotrophic substitution therapy. In addition hormone levels in peripheral blood samples, gametic output and testicular histopathology were investigated.

The present patient was a 34‐year‐old healthy, but infertile male with a 47.XYY‐karyotype. His gonads were reduced in volume (6–8 ml) and displayed a heterogenous morphological picture. The appearance of the tubules varied from normal to complete destitution of germinal cells. The Leydig cell apparatus appeared normal. Serum levels of FSH, ICSH (LH) and testosterone were repeatedly within normal limits. The seminal fluid contained less than 10 mill. sperm per ml.

Incubated testicular biopsy specimens metabolized [3H] progesterone in vitro mainly to 20α‐dihydroprogesterone (20α‐DH‐P) and to a less extent to 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone (17α‐OH‐P). Thus, the ratio 20α‐DH‐P:17α‐OH‐P was found to be remarkably high, i.e. an immature pattern often observed in prepubertal testicular tissue (Berg et al. 1976). By exogenous administration of gonadotrophic hormones to the present patient the steroid metabolic pattern in vitro changed in favour of an increased production of 17α‐OH‐P, concomitantly with an observed rise in gametic output.
The Ultrastructure of Sertoli Cells in the Boar
Authors: Osman D. I. , Plöen L.
Published: May 2008

The fine structure of Sertoli cells of the boar was studied in material fixed by perfusion. The Golgi apparatus was well developed and consisted of several separate Golgi stacks and many associated coated vesicles. Large aggregates of microbodies were found in the basal part of the cell. Microfilaments were concentrated in the vicinity of the indented nucleus and the junctional specializations. Microtubules were abundant in the cell processes. Adjacent Sertoli cells were joined together by occluding junctions and gap junctions. Three types of surface specializations were found between Sertoli cells and germ cells. Desmosome‐like devices were observed between Sertoli cells and all germ cell types while “half‐Sertoli cell junctions” were found towards spermatocytes, spermatids, and the tubular lumen after spermiation. The third type of surface specialization was observed prior to spermiation and it consisted of a tubular evagination of spermatid plasma membrane into pockets in the Sertoli cell. The posesible significance of the junctional specializations for nutrition of germ cells, formation and maintenance of the blood‐testis barrier, secretion of fluid, spermiation and cell‐to‐cell communication was discussed.
The Terminal Segment of the Seminiferous Tubules and the Blood‐Testis Barrier Before and After Efferent Ductule Ligation in the Rat
Authors: Osman D. I. , Plöen L.
Published: May 2008

The ultrastructure of modified Sertoli cells in the terminal segment of the seminiferous tubules in the rat was studied in material fixed by perfusion through the thoracic or the abdominal aorta. The central lumen of the terminal segment was not distinct under normal conditions, but became quite evident with an increased intratesticular pressure caused by efferent ductule ligation. The modified Sertoli cells were characterized by a marked increase in number of microtubules and microfilaments, extensive inter‐Sertoli cell junctions, vacuolated cytoplasm, and considerably dilated intercellular spaces. Three types of specialized cell contacts were found between modified Sertoli cells: typical inter‐Sertoli cell junctions, desmosome‐like devices, and septate‐like tight junctions. These specialized cell contacts were efficient in preventing lanthanum to penetrate into the lumen of the terminal segment both before and after efferent ductule ligation. Moreover, it was found that typical inter‐Sertoli cell junctions prevented lanthanum penetration into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules even after efferent ductule ligation.
Studies on the Relationship Between Sperm Count and Steroid Levels in the Spermatic and Cubital Veins of Patients With Varicocele
Authors: de la Torre B. , Norén S. , Hedman M. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: May 2008

The levels of 10 unconjugated and 5 sulphurylated neutral steroids were assayed following chromatographic purification by radioimmunoassay procedures in the blood plasma obtained simultaneously from the left spermatic vein and cubital vein of 13 patients with varicocele.

The levels of all unconjugated steroids as well as those of sulphurylated pregnenolone and sulphurylated testosterone were significantly higher in the spermatic vein than in the cubital vein.

The ratios of the levels in spermatic to peripheral blood were highest in the case of testosterone (68.1), 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (61.2) and androstenedione (14.7) and lowest in the case of cortisol (1.3), suggesting that the former three steroids represent major secretory products of the human testis.

The levels of pregnenolone, 17‐hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone in spermatic vein were significantly correlated to those in the cubital vein.

The peripheral plasma levels of 17‐hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone in varicocele patients exhibiting severe oligospermia were significantly lower than those found in their normospermic counterparts. The levels of progesterone in the spermatic vein blood were also significantly lower in the oligospermic than in the normospermic group.

The results indicate that in man, there is a significant relationship between the spermatogenic process and the profile of steroids secreted by the testes.
A Longitudinal Study of Pubertal Development in Boars Investigation of the Relationships Between Gonadal and Epididymal Development and Plasma Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone Profiles
Authors: FlorCruz S. V. , Lapwood K. R.
Published: May 2008

A longitudinal study was undertaken to evaluate the course of gonadal and epididymal development, and the concurrent endocrine changes during the period of sexual maturation, in Large White x Landrace boars.

Twenty‐four animals were castrated sequentially at ages ranging from 43 to 241 days. Increases in testicular weights were more highly correlated with body weight (r = 0.953, P<0.001) and age (r = 0.919, P<0.001) than were similar increases in epilidymal weights (r = 0.558 and 0.593, P < 0.01, respectively). The age at onset of spermatogenesis varied between boars in the range 90 to 127 days. First observations of spermatozoa in seminiferous and epididymal tubules were made at 127 and 146 days of age respectively. Epididymal spermatozoal reserves per epididymis (ESR) were zero prior to 146 days of age; from that age mean ESR values increased progressively from 5.54 times 109 to 130 times 109 at 241 days of age.

Longitudinal profiles of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone secretion were investigated by assaying plasma samples collected at fortnightly intervals from each of ten boars aged 42 to 236 days. Until 82 days of age mean LH levels were low (0.20–1.25 ng/ml), then rose to a peak of 2.19 ng/ml at 110 days. Later LH levels declined gradually and after 166 days fluctuated between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/ml. Mean testosterone levels also were low in the prepubertal period (0.10–0.27 ng/ml), then between 110 and 138 days increased from 0.60 to 8.00 ng/ml. Subsequently testosterone concentrations fell slowly, then except for an isolated peak of 7.73 ng/ml at 194 days, fluctuated between 1.40 and 3.80 ng/ml. Castration ***
Testicular Development in the Unilaterally Cryptorchid Rat
Authors: Bergh A. , Helander H. F.
Published: May 2008

By cutting the distal part of gubernaculum testis in newborn rats cryptorchism was produced. This new method to obtain cryptorchid animals has the advange of preventing testicular descent before it normally takes place, thus mimicking congenital cryptorchism. Unilaterally cryptorchid rats were examined at 20, 30 and 100 days of age. Morphometric methods were used to compare the structure of the abdominal and the scrotal testicles during development. In the abdominal testicles some tubular cells were damaged already at 20 days of age, i. e. when the temperature difference between the testicles probably is quite small.

In the abdominal testicles the pathological changes of the tubules precede those of the interstitium. The descended testicles of unilaterally cryptorchid rats were identical to testicles of normal control rats, and all the operated rats were fertile at adult age.
Influence of Antiandrogens on Sertoli Cell Function and Intratesticular Androgen Transport
Authors: Schenck B. , Neumann F.
Published: May 2008

The effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on spermatogenesis and especially on Sertoli cell function was investigated. Male rats were treated with daily doses of cyproterone acetate ranging from 0.625 to 30 mg/day sc for six weeks.

The highest dose of cyproterone acetate inhibits spermatogenesis and reduces testicular weights as well as ABP content and concentration in the capita epididymis of treated rats, whereas serum FSH, LH and testosterone concentrations remain unaffected by cyproterone acetate treatment. These findings demonstrate that cyproterone acetate acts directly upon the testis and inhibits Sertoli cell function, as reflected by decreased ABP production.

The binding studies revealed that cyproterone acetate does not compete with androgens for binding to ABP and, therefore, has no other effect on androgen transport in the testis than inhibition of ABP production. The nonsteroidal antiandrogen, flutamide, behaves like cyproterone acetate in respect of its binding to ABP, whereas SKF 7690 competes with DHT.
Amniotic Fluid Androgens and their Relationship to Foetal Sex
Authors: Lox Charles D.
Published: May 2008

Levels of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and androstenedione (A) in amniotic fluid taken before twenty weeks of gestation were measured by radioimmunoassay in 37 patients with female foetuses and 45 patients with male foetuses.

Androstenedione levels were not significantly influenced by foetal sex. While DHT levels were undetectable for both sexes, the levels of T were significantly higher in the amniotic fluid surrounding the male foetus when compared to that surrounding the female foetus (X̄= 184 pg/ml for males and 58 pg/ml for females).

Testosterone concentration in the amniotic fluid still appears to be the best hormonal indicator of foetal sex in utero.
Destabilization of Human Sperm Membranes by Albumin, EDTA and Histidine
Authors: Johnsen Ø. , Eliasson R.
Published: May 2008

Washed human spermatozoa produced significant amounts of lipid peroxides in the presence of cupric and ferrous ions. Depletion of the zinc content of the spermatozoa by albumin, histidine or EDTA strongly stimulated the metal catalyzed production of lipid peroxides. This indicates that zinc ions are important for the integrity of sperm membranes. Albumin is present in the follicular fluid and it is suggested that zinc depletion of the spermatozoa at the site of fertilization may induce a destabilization of the membranes and thereby be part of the capitation process.
The Possible Mode of Action of Prostaglandins. XV. Study of the Effect of Prostaglandins E1, E2 or F2α in Limiting the Fertilizing Capacity of Epididymal Spermatozoa in Rats1
Authors: Chatterjee Amar , Rej Swapan K.
Published: May 2008

Multiple sc injections of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2 at a dose of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg b. w., respectively on days 8, 10 and 12 or 15, 17 and 19 following surgical separation of epididymides from the testes at the testis‐caput junction made the test animals infertile. Prostaglandin F2α conversely failed to affect the fertility in the same experimental model system at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Testosterone replacement concurrently with prostaglandin E1 or E2 effectively maintained the fertilizing ability of the epididymal spermatozoa in all of the test animals. The possible involvement of prostaglandins in affecting the fertilizing capacity of the epididymal spermatozoa has been discussed.
Cytological Studies of Prostatic Fluids from Men With and Without Abnormal Palpatory Findings of the Prostate II. Clinical Application
Authors: Eliasson R. , Johannisson E.
Published: May 2008

Exfoliative cytology of the fluid from human prostate and/or seminal vesicles has been used for diagnosis and follow‐up of inflammatory conditions in these glands. Forty‐one men with a barren union and obvious cytological and/or palpatory signs of inflammation of the prostate or seminal vesicles were included and three men had cytological evidence of slight inflammation. Thirty‐four men had an abundance of inflammatory cells in the expressed fluid and severe inflammatory changes appeared in the epithelial cells. In a control group of 41 matched men whose wives were pregnant in the first trimester cytological evidence of inflammation was noted only in four specimens.

All men in the experimental group were treated with antibacterial drugs for two to four months, sometimes in combination with anti‐inflammatory drugs. The inflammatory changes in expressed fluids disappeared in 28 of all 37 men with cytological evidence of inflammation (75.5%). The palpatory findings were also normalized in most men who had pathological changes in the prostate and/or seminal vesicles before treatment.

It is concluded that the use of exfoliative cytology enhances the accuracy of the diagnosis of inflammatory changes in the male accessory genital glands and makes the follow‐up and evaluation of treatment more objective.
Simultaneous Differentiation between Motile, Non‐Motile, Live and Dead Human Spermatozoa by Combining Supravital Staining and Multiple Exposure Photography Procedures
Authors: Makler Amnon
Published: May 2008

A technique by which motile, non motile live (NML) and dead human sperm can be differentiated simultaneously is described. In this technique samples from human semen are mixed with aqueous solutions of eosin Y, and then colour slide photomicrographs with the aid of the MEP method are taken. By analyzing these projected slides, objective and accurate information about number and ratio between motile NML and dead sperms can be obtained as well as average and frequency distribution of sperm velocities. Data from experiments performed with this technique showed that: 1. There is no significant difference in results when using eosin concentrations between 0.5 and 2 per cent. 2. There is almost no difference results when incubation times were from one to five min. 3. Analyzing 16 specimens from normal and infertile men revealed that an average ratio of NML/dead sperms is about 2, which is much above figures obtained by other authors. Some suggested explanations for this difference are discussed.
On the Concentration of hCG‐like Material in Human Semen
Authors: Krause W.
Published: May 2008

Seminal fluid levels of hCG‐like material are determined by a radio‐immunoassay using an antibody against the β‐chain of hCG. In 267 unselected cases a significant positive correlation to sperm count and a negative correlation to the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa is found. It is suggested, that the hCG‐like material is produced in relation to normal spermatogenesis. Further on, a negative correlation to FSH serum levels occurs, which may indicate, that the hCG‐like material is produced under the control of FSH.
Effects of Hypophysectomy on LH Receptor Binding and Leydig Cell Sensitivity and Responsiveness to hCG/LH in the Immature (30 Day) Rat
Authors: Purvis K. , Clausen O. P. F. , Torjesen P. A. , Hansson V.
Published: May 2008

The sensitivity (dose of hormone eliciting half maximal response) and the magnitude of the maximal response of Leydig cell suspensions prepared from immature intact and immature eight day hypophysectomized rats to hCG and dibutyryl‐cyclic‐3'5‐adenosine monophosphate (dBC) were assessed in vitro in the presence or absence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, methylisobutyl‐xanthine (MIX). In separate studies LH/hCG binding to dispersed Leydig cells from intact and hypophysectomized rats of the same age was evaluated by Scatchard analysis and autoradiography.

Hypophysectomy was associated with a 3–4 fold increase in the sensitivity of response, but an 80 % reduction in the maximum steroidogenic response to both hCG and dBC (when expressed per million 3β‐hydroxy‐steroid‐dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) positive cells. Addition of MIX resulted in a greater increase in the sensitivity of response from intact Leydig cells than from cells from hypophysectomized rats, suggesting that hypophysectomy is associated with a decrease in the activity of the phosphodiesterase. Scatchard analysis of [125I]hLH binding to Leydig cells indicated no major decrease in the average number of LH/hCG receptors per cell after 8 days of hypophysectomy. Grain counts after autoradiography of the radiolabelled LH/hCG receptor confirmed this finding.
Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone Concentrations in Spermatic Venous Blood of Azoospermic Subjects
Authors: Pazzagli M. , Giusti G. , Forti G. , Franchini M. , Scarselli G. F. , Guazzelli R. , Conti C. , Borrelli D. , Cicchi P. , Serio M.
Published: May 2008

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured in spermatic venous blood of 37 azoospermic subjects. On the basis of testicular biopsy and vesiculodeferentography the patients were divided into three groups, i.e. subjects affected by azoospermia of obstructive origin with normal testicular histology, subjects with germinal cell arrest and those with Sertoli cell only syndrome (n = 6, n = 25 and n = 6 respectively).

The mean values (± SE) of hormone concentrations in spermatic venous blood in the three groups were respectively 2312 ± 517 nM/l. 2292 ± 320 nM/l and 2006 ± 342 nM/l for testosterone and 28.8 ± 7.7 nM/l, 39.0 ± 5.9 nM/l and 41.9 ± 17.7 nM/l for dihydrotestosterone. The differences were not statistically significant.
Effect of Indomethacin on Semen of Infertile Men
Authors: Padrón Ruben S. , Nodarse Manuel
Published: May 2008

The effects of long term administration of the prostaglandin inhibitor, Indomethacin, on semen, in 22 infertile men with severe oligozoospermia and/or asthenozoospermia have been studied. Quantitative assessment of semen in the whole group showed improved sperm motility (P < 0.05), normal morphology (P < 0.05) and concentration (P < 0.002) after treatment. Individual qualitative evaluation of semen parameters showed improvement in sperm count in one third and improved motility and morphology in 18 per cent of the patients. It would seem that Indomethacin has a beneficial effect on semen in some men with idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia. It remains to be elucidated whether these effects are related to changes in prostaglandin levels.
17β‐Oestradiol Concentration in Spermatic Venous Blood with Increasing Age
Authors: Mannelli M. , Borrelli D. , Gonnelli P. , Fiorelli G. , Forti G. , Serio M.
Published: May 2008

Androstenedione, testosterone and 17β‐oestradiol were measured in spermatic venous blood of 25 subjects (age range 20–70).

Blood samples were taken during surgical intervention for hernia repair. While androstenedione and testosterone decreased significantly in spermatic venous blood with advancing age, 17β‐oestradiol was unchanged in the same subjects.

These results seem to demonstrate that in senescence the increase of 17β‐oestradiol in systemic blood is not due to an increased secretion of this steroid by the human testis, but that it may be due to an increased peripheral conversion of the aromatizable androgens and to a reduction of the metabolic clearance rate of 17β‐oestradiol.
The Anti‐Reproductive Effects of Long Term Oral Administration of Cadmium on the Adult Male Rat
Authors: Zielinska‐Psuja Barbara , Lukaszyk A. , Senczuk W.
Published: May 2008

The toxic effects of prolonged oral administration of cadmium on gametogenic and endocrine function of testes of adult rats were investigated. The experimental animals received daily, for 3, 6, 12 or 15 months, pellets containing 8.8 mg or 88 mg of cadmium chloride per kg body weight.

The rats treated with the higher doses of cadmium for 12 and 15 months showed a marked reduction in absolute weight of testes accompanied by histological signs of impairment of seminiferous tubules. There were no necrotic changes but a number of cross‐sections of seminiferous tubules were deprived of spermatocytes and spermatids, reaching about 50 per cent of the tubules in the rats treated with higher doses of cadmium. The appearance of histological changes in rats treated for 12 and 15 months correlated with cumulation step of cadmium in testes and with alterations in serum concentration of LH but not of testosterone. Therefore, we suppose that under these experimental conditions the impairment of seminiferous tubules was induced by the direct influence of cadmium on germinal epithelium beginning the moment when cadmium reaches an effectively toxic concentration in testis.
Development of Diabetic‐Infertility induced by Streptozotocin in the Male Rat
Authors: Paz G. , Homonnai Z. T.
Published: May 2008

Diabetes was induced in male rats by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg BW). Rats were sacrificed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11 and 14 weeks after induction of diabetes. On autopsy the prostate, coagulating glands, seminal vesicles, epididymides and testes were isolated and weighed. Sperm isolated from the epididymis were characterized. The endocrine function of the testes was evaluated by counting number of Leydig cells per testes, testicular and serum testosterone and the testosterone production by the isolated Leydig cells.

The following changes were found; testicular and serum testosterone decreased significantly starting the 2nd week of the diabetes, the atrophy of the accessory glands began shortly after diabetic induction and reached maximal values after 8 weeks, testicular weight began to decrease from the 8th week of the diabetic induction as well as the Leydig cells, the function of the epididymis was depressed as reflected in its weight and sperm quality.

It can be concluded that the axis LH – Leydig cells is much more sensitive than FSH – tubuli to the block of LHRH secretion following streptozotocin induced diabetes.
Prostatitis and Male Infertility: A Pilot Study. Possible Increase in Sperm Motility with Antibacterial Chemotherapy
Authors: Baker H. W. G. , Straffon W. G. E. , Murphy G. , Davidson A. , Burger H. G. , de Kretser D. M.
Published: May 2008

The cytology and bacteriology of urethral urine specimens and expressed prostatic secretions were examined in 24 infertile men suspected of having chronic prostatitis. Lencocytes were found and commensal bacteria cultured from most subjects but these were unrelated to clinical features, seminal characteristics or the outcome of treatment. Infection with pathogenic bacteria was not found in any subject. Despite this, there was a significant increase in sperm motility after antibacterial treatment, principally with erythromycin or cotrimoxazole, and three pregnancies coincided with the improvement.

It is concluded that antibacterial therapy may improve fertility in patients with low sperm motility, but more investigation is necessary before the role of genital tract infection in male infertility can be placed in its proper perspective.
Motility Related to the Presence of Carnitine/Acetyl‐Carnitine in Human Spermatozoa
Authors: Johansen Liv , Bohmer Thomas
Published: May 2008

Total carnitine, acetylcarnitine and carnitine acetyl transferase (E.C. 2.3.1.7) were measured in the plasma and spermatozoa fractions of 41 samples of human semen and the correlation with sperm motility and sperm density examined.

It was confirmed that the concentration of total carnitine as well as of acetylcarnitine was 2–25 times higher and the activity of carnitine acetyl transferase 20–15 fold higher in spermatozoa than in seminal plasma. Sperm motility correlated with the concentration of acetylcarnitine (r = 0.6, P < 0.01) and of total carnitine (r = 0.55, P < 0.01) but not with the concentration of free carnitine nor with the activity of carnitine acetyl transferase in the spermatozoa. No correlation was found between sperm motility and the concentrations of acetylcarnitine, free carnitine or total carnitine in the seminal plasma.

It is concluded that the amount of carnitine present in the spermatozoa probably provides a better index of epididymal function than the carnitine in the seminal plasma as the latter in influenced by af variable contribution from the other accessory sex organs.
Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) in Human Spermatozoa
Authors: Calamera J. C. , Giovenco P. , Vilar O.
Published: May 2008

The Fisher's dispersion analysis test was employed to establish the accuracy limits of spermatozoa concentrations for the evaluation of ATP content of spermatozoa. It was established that the Bücher's method working between 4 times 108 and 1 times 108 spermatozoa, showed no significant variation of the results. With less than 1 times 108 spermatozoa results are significantly different and therefore they are not reliable.
Physico‐Chemical Characterization of the NADPH Dependent Soluble 3α‐Hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase in the Rat Epididymis
Authors: Hastings Cetra D. , Hansson Vidar
Published: May 2008

The present paper describes some important physico‐chemical characteristics of the NADPH dependent, 3α‐hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (3α‐oxidoreductase) in the rat epididymis. This enzyme activity is stable in the presence of reducing agents (1–10 mM 2‐mercaptoethanol), EDTA (1 mM), and glycerol (10% v/v). The pH optium is in the physiological range (pH 6.0–8.0).

Chromatography of epididymal cytosol fractions on calibrated G‐200 columns indicated a molecular weight of 34 000, and sucrose gradient centrifugation a sedimentation coefficient of 3.3 S20,w. The enzyme has a Stokes radius of approximately 25 Å. Calculation of molecular weight using both the sedimentation rate and the Stokes radius indicated a molecular weight of 34 400 and a frictional ratio (f/f0) of 1.17. The enzyme migrated with an Rx of 0.37 (relative to bromophenol blue) in 6.5% polyacrylamide gels and the iso‐electric point (pI) determined by iso‐electric focussing in 3.5 % polyacrylamide gels was 5.9. Further indication that the enzyme is negatively charged at neutral pH was obtained by DEAE‐cellulose ion exchange chromatography, from which the enzyme activity was eluted between 0.05 and 0.08M KCl.

The epididymal 3α‐oxidoreductase is temperature sensitive, showing a greatly reduced activity after preincubation at 50°C for 30 min. Preincubation at 60°C caused a complete loss of enzyme activity. Interestingly, preincubation at 25°C for 30 min seemed to cause a significant increase in enzyme activity. Whether this is due to “temperature activation”, “cold inactivation” or to a temperature dependent disappearance of inhibitors is not known.
Investigations on Carnitine Derivatives in Human Seminal Fluid
Authors: Frankel J. , Lewin L. M.
Published: May 2008

Free L‐carnitine and its derivatives, present in human seminal fluid, were fractionated on Dowex 50WX8 (H +) cation exchange columns by sequential elution with HCl (1 M, 2.5 M and 4 M). Free L‐carnitine eluted with 1 M HCl, whereas other carnitine‐containing materials eluted with 2.5 M and 4 M HCl. Chromatography of semen extracts on Whatman No 1 paper likewise resolved three classes of materials which satisfied the carnitine requirement of Torulopsis bovina ATCC 26014. In addition to water soluble alkali‐hydrolyzable materials with the properties of short chain acylcarnitines, there was another carnitine derivative, resistant to hydrolysis, which eluted from Dowex 50 W columns with 4 M HCl. It was concluded the human semen contains free carnitine. short chain acylcarnitines and an unidentified highly polar carnitine derivative.
Morphological and Endocrinological Differences between the Abdominal Testes in Bilateral and Unilateral Cryptorchid Rats
Authors: Bergh Anders , Damber Jan‐Erik
Published: May 2008

Using a new experimental model of cryptorchism in rats, where testicular descent was prevented, testicular development and function were studied in bilateral and unilateral cryptorchid animals Morphometric and radioimmunological techniques were used. Up to 30 days after birth testicular development was identical in the two types of abdominal testes but in adult rats differences were observed. In these rats spermatogenesis was damaged to a similar extent, but total tubular length and testicular weight were increased in the bilateral abdominal testes. Moreover, in these testes, the volume density of Leydig cells, the total Leydig cell mass, the average Leydig cell size and the testis testosterone concentration were larger than in unilateral abdominal testes. It is suggested that the impaired spermatogenesis seen in both kinds of abdominal testes may be unrelated to Leydig cell function.
Effect of Hypophysectomy on Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Primary Spermatocytes Isolated from Rat Testes
Authors: Grootegoed J. A. , van Meerkerk L. M. , Rommerts F. F. G. , van der Molen H. J.
Published: May 2008

RNA synthesis was examined in pachytene spermatocytes isolated from intact immature rats and from hypophysectomized immature rats (2–4 days after hypophysectomy). Hypophysectomy did not result in changes in the synthesis and turnover of “heterogeneous” RNA as well as the synthesis and processing of rRNA from spermatocytes. The uptake and incorporation of 3H‐uridine in the spermatocyte population isolated from hypophysectomized rats, however, was decreased. These contradictory results were explained by radioautographic experiments which showed that 25 ± 6% of the pachytene spermatocytes isolated from hypophysectomized rats were unlabelled after incubation with 3H‐uridine, whereas only 3 ± 2% of the pachytene spermatocytes from intact rats were unlabelled. It appeared therefore that in the absence of gonadotropic hormones from the pituitary gland, RNA synthesis in many spermatocytes remained unchanged for at least several days, although an increased number of the spermatocytes became inactive.
Leydig Cell Function in Rats Chronically Deprived of Normal Gonadotrophic Stimulation: The Effect of Treatment with hCG
Authors: Sharpe R. M. , Fraser H. M.
Published: May 2008

Leydig cell function was assessed in adult rats 11 months after active immunization against LH‐RH. Immunized rats were divided into 2 groups according to whether the serum levels of LH and FSH were always undetectable (Group A) or were detectable at some time during the 11 months (Group B). Compared with controls, testicular weight was reduced by 84% (Group A) and 78% (Group B), but the number of Leydig cells per unit area of testis was increased by a factor of 7. Despite the latter change, the binding of 125I‐hCG per 20 mg testicular homogenate was 40% lower in immunized than in control rats. The serum level of testosterone in immunized rats was ≤ 0.1 ng/ml whilst levels ranged from 0.7 to 2.9 ng/ml in controls. In the same rats the testicular production of testosterone in vitro, both basally and after incubation with hCG or dibutryl cyclic AMP, was reduced by over 90% in immunized animals, although this impairment was more severe in Group A than in Group B animals.

Leydig cell function was also assessed at 48 h after a single injection of 100 IU hCG. This treatment reduced the testicular binding of 125I‐hCG by over 89% in controls as well as both groups of immunized rats and caused a 3‐ to 4‐fold increase in the serum levels of testosterone in all animals. Following injection of hCG, the basal production of testosterone by the testis in vitro was doubled in controls whereas this increase was over 50‐fold in Group A immunized rats. In the latter, the maximum steroidogenic response of the testis in vitro was more than trebled by prior injection of hCG whilst this treatment caused a 30% reduction in the maximum response of testes from controls.
On the Postnatal Development of the Terminal Segment of the Seminiferous Tubules in Normal and Germ Cell Depleted Rat Testes
Authors: Osman D. I. , Plöen L. , Hagenäs L.
Published: May 2008

The development of the terminal segment of the seminiferous tubules was studied in 5 to 50 days old normal rats. At the age of 5, 10, and 15 days the terminal segment contained fewer gonocytes or spermatogonia than did the corresponding seminiferous tubule. The differentiation of the terminal segment was obvious at 20 days of age due to the high number of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules, where the epithelium became stratified at this stage. The blood‐testis barrier in the terminal segment was chiefly established between 15 and 20 days of age as revealed by the lanthanum tracer technique.

To study the effect of the germ cells on the differentiation, the germ cell depleted testes of prenatally irradiated rats were also studied. The modified Sertoli cells of the terminal segment were more vacoulated and had fewer lipid droplets and inter‐Sertoli cell junctions than did the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules. The ultrastructure of the modified Sertoli cells of the terminal segment was similar in adult normal and adult SCO (Sertoli cell only) rats. The amount of lipid droplets in the Sertoli cells of SCO rats showed considerable variation among different tubular cross‐sections within one testis.
Male Hypogonadism Associated with Elevated LH, Normal FSH and Low Testosterone Possibly Due to an Abnormal LH Molecule
Authors: D'Agata R. , Vicari E. , Romeo F. , Aliffi A. , Gulizia S.
Published: May 2008

A male patient of 20 years of age with clinical features of hypogonadism presented high LH, low T and normal FSH blood level. Although the LH data suggested a primary gonadal defect, he responded normally to hCG administration, with a rise of plasma testosterone. During therapeutical administration of hCG he also improved clinically. Thus, the patient's Leydig cells responded to exogenous hCG but not to endogenous LH. This syndrome is likely to be attributable to the presence of an immunologically active but biologically inactive LH molecule.
Surgical Technique for Establishment of Ductus Deferens Fistula in the Boar
Authors: Einarsson Stig , Funkquist Berit
Published: May 2008

A new surgical technique for the establishment of a ductus deferens fistula in the boar is described. The technique was successfully applied to 4 animals and epididymal fluid could be collected during 23 to 84 days.
Influence of Thyroidectomy on Glycolytic Enzymes in Seminal Vesicles and Ventral Prostate
Authors: Kumari G. Vanitha , Govindarajulu P.
Published: May 2008

The effect of thyroidectomy on phosphohexoseisomerase (PHI) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the seminal vesicles and ventral prostate of rats has been investigated. Following long term thyroidectomy the activities of PHI and LDH declined 28% and 40%, respectively, in the ventral prostate when compared to the values for normal rats. However, both PHI and LDH activities were elevated to 27% and 33%, respectively, in the seminal vesicles of thyroidectomized rats. The data reported in this communication are consonant with the view that an altered thyroid state may have a definite influence on androgen‐regulated glycolytic enzyme activities in the male accessory organs, thereby indirectly affecting the secretory activities of these tissues.
Effects of 6‐Chloro‐6‐deoxyglucose on Electrolyte and Water Transport in the Epididymis and Fertility of Male Rats
Authors: Wong P. Y. D. , Au C. L. , Ngai H. K.
Published: May 2008

The effects of 6‐chloro‐6‐deoxyglucose (6 CDG) on the transport of electrolytes and water in the cauda epididymidis and fertility of male rats were studied. Injection of 6 CDG into male rats at a dose rate of 120 μM/kg/day for 7–14 days induced sterility and inhibited sodium and water reabsorption in the perfused cauda epididymidis by about 60%. The rates of potassium and protein secretion were unaffected. When these rats were allowed to recover for 10 weeks, both fertility and the Na and water reabsorption of the cauda were restored. It is proposed that the chlorinated sugar may affect cpididymal sperm metabolism through an effect on the transport function of the epididymis.
The Response of the Male Domestic Fowl (Gallus Domesticus) to α‐Chlorohydrin Treatment
Authors: Aire T. A. , Olusanya S. K.
Published: May 2008

Sexually mature male cockerels were treated with low and high doses of α‐chlorohydrin for up to 30 days. Neither gross nor histological lesions were produced by the drug, and sodium, potassium and acid phosphatase levels in the testicular fluid and ductus deferential plasma were not significantly altered. All the cockerels given low doses remained fertile.
The Effect of Intravenously Administered Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin on Plasma Testosterone in Patients with Sexual Impotence and Oligozoospermia
Authors: Krause Walter
Published: May 2008

The intravenous administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) leads to a significant increase of plasma testosterone in normal men after two h (from 5.85 to 8.35 ng/ml). The rise of plasma testosterone occurs also in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia (5.81 to 6.84 ng/ml) but it is absent in men with sexual impotence (5.30 resp. 5.37 ng/ml). These data refer to men aged between 20 and 30 years. It is concluded, that the response to hCG may be of diagnostic help in sexual impotence and in oligozoospermia, especially in respect to a therapeutic approach.
Effects of Human Chorionic Gonadotropins on the Interstitial Cells of the Rat Testis: A Morphometric and Radioimmunological Study
Authors: Nussdorfer Gastone G. , Robba Claudia , Mazzocchi Giuseppina , Rebuffat Piera
Published: May 2008

The effects of human chorionic gonadotropins (hCG) on the rat testicular interstitial cells (Leydig cells) were investigated by stereologic and radioimmunological methods. Short‐term (2 h's) hCG‐administration induced only lipid depletion in the Leydig cells. Chronic hCG‐treatment provoked a significant cell hypertrophy, which was mainly due to smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation: the surface area of mitochondrial cristae, and the volume of the lipid and peroxisome compartments were also significantly increased. These morphologic findings are discussed in the light of radioimmunological data, showing that chronic hCG‐administration increased the steroidogenic capacity (testosterone output) of the Leydig cells.
Testicular and Epididymal Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Rodents: Modulation by Ethanol and Disulfiram
Authors: Messiha F. S.
Published: May 2008

The distribution of (newly found) NAD‐dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) was determined in the rat testis and epididymis as a function of age. There were changes in specific activity of testicular ALDH as a function of age. Epididymal ALDH, which is found evenly distributed between the caput and cauda epididymis, increased initially from the 20th day after birth to the 50th day and remained little altered thereafter in both the caudet and the caput portion of the epididymis. Testicular and epididymal ALDH were found species‐dependent with the hamster testis and the rat epididymis showing greater specific activities from the rest of the species studied, respectively. Determinations of testicular ALDH in various mouse strains indicate that it is strain‐dependent. Intake of 25% (v/v) ethanol solution as the sole drinking fluid for 10 consecutive days inhibited testicular ALDH in the three mouse strains studied. Administration of disulfiram, 15 mg/kg/day for 60 consecutive days, exerted inhibitory action on testicular and epididymal ALDH in the rat. Intra‐peritoneal injection of pyrazol, 100 mg/kg once daily for 7 days, resulted in inhibition of epididymal but not of testicular ALDH. It is suggested that testicular and epididymal ALDH may play a role in the toxic action of ethanol‐derived acetaldehyde on the gonad.
On the Microscopic Anatomy of the Rete Testis A Scanning Electron Microscopic and Light Microscopic Study
Authors: Nykänen Matti
Published: May 2008

The microscopic anatomy of the transitional zone of the seminiferous tubules, the tubuli recti and the rete testis in adult rats was studied with histological serial sections, semithin sections and scanning electron microscopy. In paraffin section most transitional zones of the seminiferous tubules seemed to be obliterated by the modified Sertoli cells. Thinner plastic sections showed always a lumen, however. PAS ‐ positive material, throught to represent masses of degenerating spermatozoa surrounded by Sertoli cell nuclei was found in 20% of transitional zones. About 80% of the tubuli recti had an initial widening which surrounded the bulging Sertoli cell bodies of the transitional zones.

The intratunical rete consisted of five to seven intercommunicating channels, usually of small caliber. One wide communication was regularly present, however. The extratesticular rete was usually formed of two wide cavities. From their subdivisions the five to seven ductuli efferentes arose. The rete epithelium varied from very thin squamous to cuboidal and even columnar. The epithelial cells contained a flagellum surrounded by peripheral microvilli. Loose connective tissue was found under the epithelium of all parts of the rete.
Androgen Substitution with Testosterone Containing Nasal Drops
Authors: Danner Ch. , Frick J.
Published: May 2008

Testosterone proprionate in form of eye drops will not be absorbed. A good absorbtion takes place following the administration of testosterone containing nasal drops in the form of an emulsion of pure testosterone. A quick, significant testosterone increase but of only short duration takes place. Unpleasant side effects were not observed. This treatment may be clinically applicable to male patients in the climacteric period.
Changes in the Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Mammalian Spermatozoa during Maturation
Authors: Egbunike Gabriel N.
Published: May 2008

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of sperm recovered from the testes and several epididymal sites was studied in the boar, bull, and rat. AChE was highest in the bull spermatozoa followed by those of the rat and the boar. Between the testis and caput epididymis washed spermatozoa lost about 86% (bull), 60% (boar) or 32% (rat) in AChE activity while between the caput and cauda epididymides, a further loss of 28, 10, and 27% in the enzyme activity occurred in the respective species. Sperm AChE activity was negatively related to the development of sperm motility during sperm maturation and with sperm abnormality.
The Effect of Clomiphene Citrate on Different Sperm Parameters and Serum Hormone Levels in Preselected Infertile Men: A Controlled Double‐Blind Cross‐Over Study
Authors: Rönnberg L.
Published: May 2008

In order to try to clarify the often supposed stimulating effect of clomiphene citrate on spermatogenesis a controlled double‐blind cross‐over trial was used. 30 pre‐selected normogonadotropic infertile men were given 50 mg clomiphene citrate daily or placebo in a double‐blind cross‐over fashion for three months, each treatment period being separated by three to four months. On clomiphene treatment the median sperm count increased from 13.3 to 28.7 mill/ml (P < 0.001). During the placebo treatment schedules the median sperm count remained unchanged (P> 0.05). The increases of FSH, LH, testosterone, and oestradiol were highly significant (P > 0.001) during the clomiphene treatment but during placebo treatment the median hormone levels did not change (P > 0.05). Three pregnancies occured due to clomiphene treatment and one occured during placebo treatment.
Mn2+‐dependent Adenylyl Cyclase (AC) in Rat Testis: Kinetic Properties and Optimalization of Assay Conditions
Authors: Gordeladze Jan Oxholm , Hansson Vidar
Published: May 2008

The aim of the present study was to investigate some kinetic properties of the soluble Mn2+‐dependent adenylyl cyclase (AC) in rat testis and to examine the viability of this enzyme under various assay conditions.

1. Constant AC activity was found during the first 35 min of incubation, and AC activity was proportional to protein concentrations in the range tested (10–45 μg/tube).

2. The enzyme activity was constant for at least 24 h at 4°C and for at least 2 h at 35°C. At higher temperatures (above 45°C) the AC activity rapidly declines.

3. The enzyme displays a pH optimum in the psysiological range (7.0–7.4) and increasing ionic strenght (0‐0.4 M NaCl/KCl) caused only a marginal decrease in enzyme activity.

5. The soluble Mn2+‐dependent AC in rat testis could not be stimulated by hormones (hCG, FSH, prostaglandins), guanyl‐nucleotides (GMP‐P(NH)P, 2–4 times 10‐5 M) or F‐. Ca2+ (0.1–5 mM) caused a dose‐dependent stimulation of AC activity; the most pronounced effect was seen at low Mn2+ concentrations.

6. The Km for MnATP2‐ was estimated to 3.0 mM and the Km for Mn2+ to 7.2 mM. Increasing concentrations of Mn2+ did not alter the affinity for MnATP2‐ and neither did varying levels of ATP affect the affinity for Mn2+.
Relation between Semen Quality and Fate of Pregnancy: Retrospective Study on 534 Pregnancies
Authors: Homonnai Z. T. , Paz G. F. , Weiss Judith N. , David M. P.
Published: May 2008

Full semen analysis including sperm and seminal plasma (SP) was performed on 534 men, within 3 months of their wives conception. 65% of the pregnant wives eventually delivered, while the remainder aborted. The abortions were divided into five groups: early abortion (6%), late abortion (3%), repeated abortion (14%), and habitual abortion (12%). SP quality of the husbands of the various groups were identical. The motility and vitality of spermatozoa of the various groups were in the same range. Sperm concentration was significantly higher in the repeated and habitual abortion groups with a tendency to polyzoospermia. The morphology of spermatozoa was much better in these two groups. Generally, sperm quality of the men whose wives were repeated or habitual aborters was better than in the other groups. We could not find any evidence in the routine semen analysis indicating that sperm quality was responsible for the abortions. The reason for the abortions seems to be a female factor or chromosomal aberrations.
The Effect of pH on Ram Sperm Collective Motility Driven by Mitochondrial Respiration
Authors: Bartoov Benjamin , Bar‐Sagie Dafna , Mayevsky Avraham
Published: May 2008

Ram sperm cells treated with 0.02 M 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose exhibit collective motility which is driven only by mitochondrial respiration. This motility was measured, by means of multichannel optical objective technique, under various [H+] concentrations (pH range 5.6–7.2) buffered by 0.125 M phosphate buffers. Semen was divided into 8 aliquots and motility was monitored simultaneously for intensity and duration within 10 min of ejaculation until its complete cessation. The optimal pH range found for the two above‐mentioned parameters was in the range of 6.0–6.5. A certain characteristic of the pattern of sperm motility intensity (an oscillations phenomenon) was similarly related to pH. It is suggested that the mechanisms underlying the relationship between pH and motility are rather metabolic. Concerning the results, some practical implications are introduced.