bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receiving Receptions Received
Authors: Thorsen Thea S. , Berge Robert Emil
Published: February 2019

This chapter includes the most comprehensive collection of Greek and Latin testimonies to Sappho to date, with English translations. The collection is preceded by a brief introduction that outlines the organization of previous collections and explains how the present collection builds on and differs from these. Furthermore, the chapter shows how interpolations, emendations, conjectures, and supplements in critical editions, from which the testimonies are taken, give such editions the character of a reception palimpsest. This chapter avoids the organization of existing collections into thematic sections, which run the risk of occluding the chronological order in which the testimonies appear as well as of imposing an unwarranted narrative onto the ancient testimonies to Sappho. Instead, the chapter presents the testimonies according to an approximate chronological order, alongside thematic key words.
The Method of Language-Games as a Method of Logic
Authors: Kuusela Oskari
Published: February 2019

This chapter develops an interpretation of Wittgenstein’s method of language-games as a method of logic that exhibits continuities with Frege’s, Russell’s, and the early Wittgenstein’s conceptions of logic and logical analysis as the method of philosophy. On the proposed interpretation, the method of language-games is a method for isolating and modelling aspects of the uses of linguistic expressions embedded in human activities that enables one to clarify complex uses of expressions by gradually building up the complexity of clarificatory models. Wittgenstein’s introduction of the language-game method constitutes an attempt to overcome certain limitations of calculus-based logical methods, and to extend the reach of logical methods, so as to make accessible areas of language use and thought that are not accessible by means of calculus-based methods. Rather than rejected, calculus-based methods are retained as a special case of logical methodology. The method of language-games is thus compatible with the employment of calculus-based methods in logic and philosophy, and the method of language-games involves no exclusive claim to being the correct method.
Measuring the Fire of Life: A Brief History of Metabolic Measurement
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the evolution of respirometry from Leonardo da Vinci’s musings onwards. The works of Boyle, the brilliant and prophetic Mayow, and the well-intentioned but misguided Priestley are described. The bizarre dead-end theory of phlogiston and its apparent validity to the scientists of the day are explained in historical context. The breakthroughs of Lavoisier and Paulze, who realized the central role of oxygen and pioneered the quantitative measurement of metabolism, end the conventional historical part of the chapter, which concludes with a brief description of the deep history of the molecules most important to respirometry.
Flow-through Respirometry: The Equations
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter demystifies respirometry equations, showing how they can be derived using a simple mental trick: focusing the analysis on the principal gas that is neither consumed nor produced by animals. The effect of dilution of oxygen by carbon dioxide, the enrichment of carbon dioxide by the consumption of oxygen, and the effects of water vapor on the concentrations of both gases are described and quantified. A system of eight equations is derived that allow oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to be calculated in practically any feasible flow-through respirometry system.
Flow-through Respirometry: Incurrent Flow Measurement
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the setup, plumbing, and equations required for applying a respirometry system wherein the flow rate of the air entering the animal chamber is known. Such systems are usually referred to as push systems, because the air is usually pushed into a sealed respirometer chamber at a known rate, and the concentrations of incurrent and excurrent gases are alternately measured. Setups and equations for oxygen-only, carbon dioxide-only, and combined oxygen and carbon dioxide systems are described. Methods for creating multiple-animal push mode respirometry systems and for the automatic baselining (that is to say, measuring incurrent gas concentrations) of respirometry systems are also discussed.
Room Calorimetry and Mask Respirometry
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes two approaches to human metabolic measurement: room calorimetry and dilution mode mask (or hood, or canopy) respirometry. For room calorimetry, where the EE of a subject is typically monitored for 24 h, strategies for arranging air flow systems and the convective air movement required for effective time constant compensation are described, together with evaluation of push, pull, and push–pull flow and pressure regulation, with an emphasis on demystifying the technology. Methods for correcting the huge time constant of such rooms are described. For human metabolic measurement using a mask, hood, or canopy, common methodologies are summarized, and the advantages of dilution mode measurement over spirometry are discussed.
Metabolic Phenotyping
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the development of metabolic phenotyping in biomedical research, providing a critical review of methodologies for air flow management, multiplexed versus continuous sampling, and the interaction between the cage time constant and sampling interval. The fact that the temporal resolution of a system is generally limited primarily by the cage time constant rather than the sampling interval is validated and emphasized. Sensor technologies and their associated analytical approaches for food and water intake, body mass, wheel running, and position/activity measurement are described with examples. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the synergistic role of behavior analysis in metabolic phenotyping.
The Varieties of Flow Meters
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the most frequently used flow meters in respirometry. These include the volumetric rotameter, which is affected by ambient temperature and barometric pressure; and the mass flow meter, which directly measures the molar quantity of air passing through it, and thus automatically corrects the volume to standard temperature and pressure. The operation and calibration of each type of meter are discussed.
Critique and Utopia in Postcolonial Historical Fiction
Authors: Forter Greg
Published: February 2019

Postcolonial historical fiction offers readers valuable resources for thinking the prehistory of our present. The genre’s treatment of colonialism as geographically omnivorous yet temporally “out of joint” with itself gives it a special purchase on the continuities between the colonial era and our own. These features also enable the genre to distill from our colonial pasts the evanescent, utopian intimations of a properly postcolonial future. Critique and Utopia in Postcolonial Historical Fiction arrives at these insights by juxtaposing novels from the Atlantic world with books from the Indian subcontinent. Attending to the links across these regions, Forter develops luminous readings of novels by Patrick Chamoiseau, J. G. Farrell, Amitav Ghosh, Marlon James, Hari Kunzru, Toni Morrison, Marlene van Niekerk, Arundhati Roy, Kamila Shamsie, and Barry Unsworth. He shows how these works not only transform our understanding of the colonial past and the futures that might issue from it, but also contribute to pressing debates in postcolonial theory—debates about the politics of literary forms, the links between cycles of capital accumulation and the emergence of new genres, the meaning of “working through” traumas in the postcolonial context, the relationship between colonial and panoptical power, the continued salience of hybridity and mimicry for the study of colonialism, and the tension between national liberation struggles and transnational forms of solidarity. Beautifully written and meticulously theorized, Critique and Utopia in Postcolonial Historical Fiction will be of interest to students of world literature, Marxist critics, postcolonial theorists, and thinkers of the utopian.
Colonial Trauma, Utopian Carnality, Modernist Form
Authors: Forter Greg
Published: February 2019

Understandings of trauma in the colonial context fall largely into two strands. A therapeutic strand endorses the potential for “healing” from colonial trauma in the present, postcolonial era but fails to grasp how much this era reprises the toxins of colonialism itself. This view implicitly encourages the once-colonized to align themselves with the purported “health” of postcolonial modernity. An anti-therapeutic strand grants the need for a critique of the postcolonial but generalizes the historically specific toxins of that era to any and all social orders—hence making it difficult to imagine social change. Toni Morrison’s Beloved and Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things provide more historically astute and dialectical accounts than the theoretical models offer. These examples of postcolonial historical fiction are modernist in form; they explore distinct yet homologous types of domination (slavery and the slave trade on one hand, exploitation colonialism in India on the other) through a similar set of representational techniques. These techniques are crucial to the novels’ political astuteness. The books’ temporally disordered forms at once record the fragmentations and devastations visited on the colonial body and provide intimations of an alternative, erotic futurity in which those bodies will have been made whole.
Government Responses to the Great Recession
Authors: Helgason Agnar Freyr
Published: February 2019

In this chapter Agnar Freyr Helgason focuses on the statistical profiles of government policies and outcomes after the crisis hit. The Great Recession is placed in the context of longer-term developments of financial crises. The economic growth context is outlined, as are current account balances and debt levels leading up to the crisis. The chapter also focuses on what fiscal policy measures affecting population welfare (automatic stabilizers versus discretionary measures) governments put in place. The extent of stimulus, austerity, taxation and transfers, and other social protection efforts are considered in turn. These three chapters making up Part I, as well as the Introduction, set the scene for the more detailed country case studies in Part II, by providing understanding of governments’ options and comparative perspectives and showing how populations were differentially affected.
Sweden
Authors: Palme Joakim
Published: February 2019

The two crises examined by Joakim Palme in this chapter impacted differently on the level of living conditions in Sweden. The deep 1990s crisis had a broad-ranging effect on population hardship, while Great Recession effects were much more restricted. The effects of the 1990s crisis were partially affected by the retrenchment of social protection expenditures across the board. This indicates an emerging institutional deficit in relation to the ideal type of universalism often associated with the Swedish welfare state model. In contrast, there were no retrenchment effects on social protection systems as such during the Great Recession, but policy changes made beforehand had actually increased the identified universalism deficit further. This leaves the welfare state at another crossroads, particularly in light of the massive refugee migration that took place in 2015. Nevertheless, the Swedish welfare state managed to avert an increase of financial hardship during the Great Recession.
Conclusions
Authors: Ólafsson Stefán
Published: February 2019

In the concluding chapter Stefán Ólafsson pulls the threads of this book together and discusses the lessons learned from the Great Recession along five dimensions: varieties of crisis experiences, how the burdens were shared, how the welfare state made a difference, how politics mattered, and lastly crises and the political economy of welfare futures. He summarizes the relationship between economic contraction, increased unemployment, and increased financial hardship in European countries, and he reviews how differing outcomes relate to welfare state structures, different policies, and other conditions. The chapter ends with a discussion of the future of welfare regimes in a globalized crisis-prone environment.
Not Quite Hope and Other Political Emotions in the Gilded Age
Authors: Wolff Nathan
Published: February 2019

Not Quite Hope and Other Political Emotions in the Gilded Age argues that late-nineteenth-century US fiction grapples with and helps to conceptualize the disagreeable feelings that are both a threat to citizens’ agency and an inescapable part of the emotional life of democracy—then as now. In detailing the corruption and venality for which the period remains known, authors including Mark Twain, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Adams, and Helen Hunt Jackson evoked the depressing inefficacy of reform, the lunatic passions of the mob, and the revolting appetites of lobbyists and office seekers. Readers and critics of these Washington novels, historical romances, and satirical romans à clef have denounced their fiercely negative tone, seeing it as a sign of cynicism and elitism. This book argues, in contrast, that their distrust of politics is coupled with an intense investment in it—not quite apathy, but not quite hope. Chapters examine both common and idiosyncratic forms of political emotion, including “crazy love,” disgust, “election fatigue,” and the myriad feelings of hatred and suspicion provoked by the figure of the hypocrite. In so doing, the book corrects critics’ too-narrow focus on “sympathy” as the American novel’s model political emotion. We think of reform novels as fostering feeling for fellow citizens or for specific causes. Not Quite Hope argues that Gilded Age fiction refocuses attention on the unstable emotions that shape our relation to politics as such.
Crazy Love
Authors: Wolff Nathan
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that Harriet Beecher Stowe’s My Wife and I (1871) and Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age (1873) dramatize the difficulty, but also necessity, of theorizing desire and love as simultaneously social adhesives and solvents. My Wife and I and The Gilded Age depict the emotionality of the free love movement, embodied by the radical reformer Victoria Woodhull, as an assault on property and responsibility—a form of “emotional insanity.” Together, they reveal a fraught engagement with love as a force capable of holding groups together and shattering existing institutions. An afterword to this chapter further discusses how this tension anticipates and complicates later efforts (by Le Bon, Freud, et al.) to denigrate the supposed irrationality of the crowd, as well as recent critical efforts to celebrate the putatively unmediated emotions of popular political movements.
On the Hatred of Hypocrites
Authors: Wolff Nathan
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that political hypocrisy—a so-called “minor” vice that often provokes outsized anger—was scrutinized and repurposed in key late-nineteenth-century texts dealing with Reconstruction and Gilded Age politics. It focuses on Doctor Huguet (1891) by Ignatius Donnelly, founder of the American People’s Party. Doctor Huguet depicts a white Southern reformer who suppresses his feelings of solidarity with African Americans in order to gain elected office. In an act of divine retribution, Huguet is turned black for what the text calls his “hypocritical” betrayal. Like many populists, Donnelly hoped economic interests might offer a rational route to overcome sectional passions. Yet in the novel, his distrust of political ambition, bargaining, and strategizing (collectively diagnosed as “hypocrisy”) threatens to fuel a full-on retreat from politics. The chapter’s final section looks to W.E.B. Du Bois’s Black Reconstruction (1935) to help theorize the hypocrisy that Donnelly’s novel anxiously dramatizes.
Cynical Reason in the Cranky Age
Authors: Wolff Nathan
Published: February 2019

Drawing on Peter Sloterdijk’s Critique of Cynical Reason (1983), this chapter tracks shifts in Mark Twain’s political imagination to help interrogate “cynicism” as a feeling and a hermeneutic. After the 1881 assassination of President Garfield by Charles Guiteau, some commentators looked back to Twain’s The Gilded Age (1873) for his satire of the insanity defense, which Twain saw as a cynical ruse. Yet when Twain returns to a character from The Gilded Age in The American Claimant (1892), the eccentric Colonel Sellers, he rejects the violence of legal reason and affirms a species of lunacy as an irrational-but-necessary optimism. Through a reading of these novels’ unstable tone, this chapter shows how cynicism is defined by the intensity of its own affective involvement in politics (expressed aversively as a smart form of bitterness) and a deep suspicion of others’ “positive” affects as signs of unthinking credulity.
Coda Election Fatigue
Authors: Wolff Nathan
Published: February 2019

If preceding chapters employed an atmospheric metaphor for thinking about politics’ affective environments the Coda argues that recent theories of temporality provide another important model for understanding Gilded Age political emotion. The chapter examines Frances Hodgson Burnett’s Washington novel Through One Administration (1881), whose title invokes a unit of official time that also bookends the novel’s love plots. Like Whitman’s neologism “presidentiad,” Burnett’s “administration” privileges the rhythms of electoral politics while also imagining that such timeframes could organize alternative forms of intimacy. This chapter argues that Burnett’s tale of Washingtonians moving alongside but not fully in step with administrative time suggests a rubric for revising recent queer theories of temporality which often valorize asynchronous sociality as necessarily radical. The chapter concludes by noting that in twenty-first-century vernacular “election fatigue” offers a related diagnosis of negative political emotions as indexes of the public’s fraught engagement with politics.
Introduction Bureaucratic Vistas
Authors: Wolff Nathan
Published: February 2019

This chapter sheds new light on the US Gilded Age (roughly the final three decades of the nineteenth century), revealing it—and its literature—to be a period defined as much by cynicism about corruption as by actual political venality. It sets out three of the book’s overarching interventions: first, calling us to expand our vocabulary of “political emotion” beyond sympathy to a wider range of disagreeable and in-between feelings; second, providing frameworks for analyzing the relation, rather than the opposition, between reason and emotion in political contexts (in particular, via the affective tenor of late-nineteenth-century bureaucratic discourse); third, claiming that we must supplement accounts of nineteenth-century US literature’s utopian moods with a view of those quotidian feelings—so often negative—that define encounters with existing political institutions, as foregrounded by Gilded Age fiction. Authors discussed include Frances Hodgson Burnett, Herman Melville, Mark Twain, and Walt Whitman.
Beyond the Barricades
Authors: Ross Anna
Published: February 2019

Beyond the Barricades is an original study of government after the 1848–9 revolutions. It focuses on a number of conservative ministers in Prussia who sought to learn lessons from their experiences of upheaval and introduce a wave of reforming activity in the 1850s. Using extensive primary research, the work explores Prussia’s entry into the constitutional age, charting initiatives to recast criminal justice, agriculture, industry, communications, urban life, and press management. The reforms of the 1850s strengthened state contact with the Prussian population, making this a classic episode of state-building. But Beyond the Barricades seeks to go further. It makes a case for taking notice of government activity at this particular juncture because the measures endorsed by conservative statesmen in the 1850s were designed to remove the feudal intermediaries that had lingered so long, albeit in significantly weakened forms, into the nineteenth century. In other words, this book recasts the post-revolutionary period as one in which an old world is increasingly replaced with a new one, pivotal to the making of modern Prussia and, ultimately, modern Germany.
Agriculture, Industry, and Communications
Authors: Ross Anna
Published: February 2019

This chapter looks at the efforts of the Brandenburg–Manteuffel and Manteuffel Ministries of State to reform agriculture, industry, and communications in the post-revolutionary decade. Throughout the 1850s, Manteuffel and the Trade Minister August von der Heydt sought to create economic growth in ways that had not been possible before the revolution. On a macro-scale, they implemented long-developed plans for peasant emancipation to make agriculture more profitable. They also looked to ease the effects of free trade. In Prussia’s industrial sectors, the Trade Ministry oversaw a programme of substantial direct and indirect interventions to stimulate growth, the likes of which were predominantly being borne by the business class before 1848. And, in communications, the state reached into the countryside with the construction of railways, roads, and telegraph lines. Prussia’s economic reforms were essential to the making of the modern Prussian state and, despite their domestic focus, did not preclude the possibility of national codification.
Cities and Urban Life
Authors: Ross Anna
Published: February 2019

This chapter looks at the efforts of the Brandenburg–Manteuffel and Manteuffel Ministries of State, as well as the police, to reform local government in the 1850s. At the centre of this project stood the introduction of a statewide municipal ordinance developed according to the earlier templates of Baron Karl von und zum Stein. The Municipal Ordinance of 1850 was designed to energize urban activity by increasing the power of state supervision. In addition, the ordinance sought to replace corporate-based participation in local affairs with class affiliations, thus continuing to break down the last remnants of feudalism in Prussia. Realizing such a reform agenda was no easy task, but, when coupled with energetic policing, change was soon achieved. The police became an important element in this process of revitalization, overseeing a range of new programmes to develop towns and better to provide for the welfare of residents, particularly in Berlin.
In Defense of Extended Conciliar Christology
Authors: Pawl Timothy
Published: February 2019

This book examines the logical consistency and coherence of Extended Conciliar Christology—the Christological doctrine that results from conjoining Conciliar Christology, the Christology of the first seven ecumenical councils of the Christian Church, with five additional theses. These theses are: the claim that multiple incarnations are possible; the claim that Christ descended into hell during his three days of death; the claim that Christ’s human will was free; the claim that Christ was impeccable; and the claim that Christ, via his human intellect, knew all things past, present, and future. These five theses, while not found in the first seven ecumenical councils, are common in the Christian theological tradition. For just one example, St Thomas Aquinas affirmed all five extensions. The main question asked in this book is whether these five theses, when conjoined with Conciliar Christology, imply a contradiction. This book does not undertake to defend the truth of Extended Conciliar Christology. Rather, it shows that the extant philosophical objections to Extended Conciliar Christology fail.
Multiple Interpretations of “Multiple Incarnations”
Authors: Pawl Timothy
Published: February 2019

This chapter asks the question: Are multiple incarnations possible? It then differentiates four ways of interpreting this question. It might mean to ask whether natures other than human natures could be assumed. It might mean to ask whether the other two divine persons, the Father and the Holy Spirit, could have become incarnate. It might mean to ask whether there could be more than one incarnation in the same creation. Finally, it might mean to ask whether more than one divine person could share one and the same human nature in an incarnation. After distinguishing these various questions, the chapter provides Thomistic answers to these four questions. The chapter concludes by sketching an ontological account of the full Thomistic view of multiple incarnations.
Objections to the Possibility of Multiple Incarnations
Authors: Pawl Timothy
Published: February 2019

This chapter considers seven objections to the robust Thomistic understanding of multiple incarnations presented at the end of Chapter 2. It begins with an objection that focuses on the predicates that would have to be apt of a divine person, were that divine person to have two assumed natures. In such a case, the objector claims, the divine person would have incompatible predicates apt of him, given that the predicates from each assumed nature would communicate to the one divine person. Then it considers whether a case of multiple incarnations would imply too many thinkers. Next it considers two objections from Brian Hebblethwaite. The final three objections are from Eric Mascall, Michael Schmaus, and Kenneth Baker. The chapter concludes that none of these objections succeed in showing that the robust Thomistic understanding of multiple incarnations is false.
The Freedom of Christ
Authors: Pawl Timothy
Published: February 2019

According to Conciliar Christology, Jesus Christ had two wills: one divine, and one human. A question arises: what relation did these wills bear to one another? Were they free? This chapter considers an extension to Conciliar Christology which says that Christ, by virtue of his assumed human will, was free. There is some reason to think that this extension is inconsistent with Conciliar Christology. For the sixth council, III Constantinople, includes a text that claims that the human will was subjugated to the divine will. Such subjugation, though, is sometimes viewed as evidence that the subjugated will is not free. This chapter considers this text and an argument based on it. The chapter concludes that the argument for the inconsistency of Conciliar Christology and Christ’s human freedom is unsound.
Christ’s Knowledge in Relation to our Wills
Authors: Pawl Timothy
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents the final extension to be considered in this book. That extension is the thesis that Christ, via his human intellect, knew all things past, present, and future. The chapter begins by providing evidence that Aquinas believed that Christ had such robust knowledge. It goes on to provide evidence that other traditional thinkers and Christian groups believed similarly. The chapter next asks the question of foreknowledge and creaturely freedom, but in this case with respect to Christ’s human knowledge, not God’s divine knowledge. That is, if the extension discussed in this chapter is true, then Christ, 2,000 years ago, knew everything you would be doing right now. But then, the question arises, how could you be free in your actions. This chapter presents a Thomistic response to the argument for the inconsistency of Conciliar Christology with this extension concerning Christ’s human knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Pawl Timothy
Published: February 2019

This Introduction discusses and defines the five extensions to Conciliar Christology that the book considers: the claim that multiple incarnations are possible; the claim that Christ descended into hell during his three days of death; the claim that Christ’s human will was free; the claim that Christ was impeccable; and the claim that Christ, via his human intellect, knew all things past, present, and future. It next discusses some points on the method the book employs. These methodological points include: the assumption of Conciliar Christology for the sake of argument, the concept of mystery, the deference owed to the ecumenical councils, the cumulative assumption of the extensions throughout the book, the division of labor between philosophers and theologians, the types of philosophical objections the book will consider, and the book’s reliance on St Thomas Aquinas.
John Rainolds, Hamlet, and the Anti-Theatrical Aristotle
Authors: Leo Russ
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 demonstrates how the English Puritan John Rainolds followed the philosophical account of tragedy in the Poetics to the letter, mobilizing an anti-theatrical Aristotle against stage plays, an Aristotle for whom spectacle and histrionic performance are anathema to tragedy. In his heated exchanges with the Oxford jurist Alberico Gentili, Rainolds betrays his deep suspicion of spectacle and stage-playing as they relate to mendacia and other species of falsehood, offering a comprehensive defense of tragedy at the expense of histrionic performance, distinguishing licit recitative enactment from illicit modes of presentation that compromise the rhetorical and dialectical precision of tragedy. William Shakespeare, in turn, responded to Rainolds in Hamlet, defending the rich resources of spectacle and stage-playing available to the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, offering a forensic vision of tragedy in The Murder of Gonzago that counters Rainolds’ Aristotelian assumptions about tragedy.
Euroconstitutionalism and its Discontents
Authors: Gerstenberg Oliver
Published: February 2019

This book addresses the question of social constitutionalism, especially with regard to its role in the contemporary European project. For reasons of history and democracy, Europeans share a deep commitment to social constitutionalism. But at the same time, Europeans are concerned about an overconstitutionalization and the balancing-away of less-favoured rights, leading to the entrenchment of the status quo and stifling of the living constitutionalism and democracy. The book challenges the common view that constitutionalization means de-politicization. Without claiming for themselves the final word, courts can exert a more indirect—forum-creative and agenda-setting—role in the process of an ongoing clarification of the meaning of a right. In exerting this role, courts rely less on a pre-existing consensus, but a potential consensus is sufficient: courts can induce debate and deliberation that leads to consensus in a non-hierarchical dialogue in which the conflicting parties, state actors, civil society organizations, and the diverse stakeholders themselves develop flexible substantive standards that interpret constitutional requirements, often over repeat litigation. The CJEU and the ECtHR—as courts beyond the nation state—in their constitutionalizing jurisprudence are able to constructively re-open and re-politicize controversies that are blocked at the national level, or which cannot be resolved at the domestic level. But, crucially, the understanding of constitutional framework-principles is itself subject to revision and reconsideration as the experience of dealing with the diverse national contexts of discovery and application accumulates. This democratic-experimentalist process lies at the heart of the distinctive model of contemporary Euroconstitutionalism.
Non-Finality and Dialogue in Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Gerstenberg Oliver
Published: February 2019

By looking both at the European and contemporary US constitutional theory debates, this chapter proposes an analytic taxonomy of contemporary non-court centric approaches to constitutional interpretation: those that have concluded that the most promising response to persistent concerns about a democratic deficit is to shift the focus from courts as a forum of principle to the dialogue between courts and other actors, ranging from (other) courts to legislatures, administrative agencies, private actors, civil society stakeholders, and the wider public, in the jurisgenerative process. The goal is, by following the emergent literature on ‘weak’, proceduralist, and democratic-experimentalist forms of judicial review, to argue the virtues of the latter. Democratic experimentalism denotes a modality of judicial review that allows judges to enforce avowedly open-ended, fundamental, constitutional commitments in a way that institutionalizes—rather than excludes—continuing, social, and democratic determination and the progressive clarification of what constitutional commitments can and should come to mean in practice. Judicial review may deepen democracy rather than limit it by providing a focus and reason for public deliberation. The hope is to provide, by setting out contrasting positions, a foil for discussion and to show that the desirability of judicial review is not merely complacent assumption in contemporary constitutional and political thought, but can be supported on democratic grounds as deliberation-enhancing.
A Reappraisal of Heitz
Authors: Mayhew Robert
Published: February 2019

As part of my appeal to scholars not to limit themselves to the standard collections of fragments (i.e. Rose and Gigon) when studying the Homeric Problems, I argue that Heitz’s 1869 edition of Aristotle’s fragments is a too often overlooked collection (at least with respect to the Homeric Problems). I do this by examining two fragments in Heitz’s collection that were not included in those of Rose and Gigon. One comes from the Etymologicum genuinum, and concerns the identity of a tree (the ἀχερωΐς‎) that appears twice in the Iliad; the other comes from Eustathius’ Commentary on the Odyssey, and concerns the recognition scenes in the Odyssey involving Odysseus’ scar.
The Evidence from the Rhetoric
Authors: Mayhew Robert
Published: February 2019

This chapter attempts to expand our knowledge of Aristotle’s Homeric Problems through an examination in context of a select number of references to Homer in Aristotle’s Rhetoric. The first half of the chapter deals with Homeric problems involving emotions (namely lamentation, anger, and indignation). Odysseus’ interaction with the Cyclops Polyphemus receives special attention. The second half deals with literary style, specifically problems concerning epithets, asyndeton and repetition, and metaphors. It is argued that references to Homer in Aristotle’s Rhetoric likely provide additional evidence about the content of the Homeric Problems. Or at the very least, they give us a better idea of how Aristotle would have approached some of the debates engaged in by Homeric scholars in antiquity.
Aristotle and Aristarchus on the Meaning of κέρας‎ in the Iliad
Authors: Mayhew Robert
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines numerous texts—Homeric scholia and Eustathius’ commentary on Iliad 11.385, and Plutarch’s Whether Land or Sea Animals Are Cleverer 24—in which Aristotle and/or Aristarchus are said to offer an interpretation on the specific meaning in context (in the Iliad) of κέρας‎ (‘horn’). The two authors are treated together, because one reason that these Aristotle fragments have been neglected is that earlier scholars have argued that the references to Aristotle are in fact, in most cases, mistakes for Aristarchus. This conclusion is rejected in almost every instance. The Aristotle fragments, properly identified, provide further evidence for Aristotle’s views on metaphor in Homer.
Aristotle on the Theomachy in Iliad 21
Authors: Mayhew Robert
Published: February 2019

The focus of this chapter is the Theomachy of Iliad 21. In this connection, two relatively neglected texts are examined: One is from an Oxyrhynchus papyrus containing a commentary on Iliad 21 (the Homeric problem discussed is: Why did Poseidon and Athena encourage Achilles, but not help him, in his battle with the river Scamander?). The other is from a lengthy scholium (the Homeric problem discussed is: Why, in Iliad 5, does Zeus chastise Ares, as being always fond of war, whereas in Iliad 21, Zeus watches with pleasure as the gods take sides in the war and fight each other?). These are important fragments in their own right, but also in connection with the question of whether Aristotle ever engaged in allegorical interpretation.
Aristotle’s Naturalistic Interpretation of Odyssey 12
Authors: Mayhew Robert
Published: February 2019

This final chapter considers the textual evidence for Aristotle’s (possible or probable) discussions of three episodes in Odyssey 12, namely, concerning the Sirens, the ambrosia-bearing doves, and the Cattle of the Sun. All three have historically been treated allegorically. Further, as some contemporary scholars take the fragments on these doves and cattle to be evidence for Aristotle interpreting Homer allegorically, this is an appropriate place to return to the issue of whether Aristotle ever employs allegorical interpretation, and as such it serves as an appropriate conclusion to the volume. The essential nature of what Aristotle is doing in his Homeric Problems is to defend Homer (where possible) according to rational principles of literary criticism, but without relying on allegorical interpretation.
Introduction
Authors: Yang Anand A.
Published: February 2019

‘Who does not know,’ writes Gadadhar Singh, the author of Chīn Me Terah Mās (Thirteen Months in China), in the opening line of the concluding section entitled ‘Chin aur Hind[ustan]’, ‘that in the Asian continent, both China and India are very big and fertile countries and, as civilizations, the most superior’...
Treacherous Minds, Submissive Bodies
Authors: Sengoopta Chandak
Published: February 2019

Whilst historians have extensively explored how hospitals, asylums or sanitation projects in British India reflected colonial ideas of racial difference, we know rather less about the influence of racial theories and stereotypes on technologies such as fingerprinting—evolved in colonial Bengal as an administrative tool but found applicable across the world—or, at the other extreme, ‘mesmeric surgery’, discarded in the metropole but experiencing a brief second life in colonial Bengal. Exploring these contrasting projects, both grounded in British theories about the nature of the bodies and minds of ‘natives’, the chapter suggests that the historiography of colonial medicine needs to expand its scope to include issues related to governmentality, corporeal technologies and knowledge transfer within and beyond the British Empire.
Colonizing Cannabis
Authors: Mills James H.
Published: February 2019

This chapter looks at cannabis products and their history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In part this story is about the entry of preparations of the plant into Western medical knowledge and practice. However, the chapter also demonstrates that cannabis was not simply constructed as a medicine in Western circles in this period. The ways in which competing understandings emerged of the plant and the substances that could be manufactured from it is also explored. The purpose of doing this is twofold. In the first instance the chapter begins to provide some answers to the question of ‘what is medical about colonial medicine’. In addressing this question the chapter also addresses a second concern, which is to put plants back into the picture of the history of medicine in the colonial period.
Re-Thinking the ‘Medical’ through the Lens of the ‘Indigenous’
Authors: Ranganathan Shubha
Published: February 2019

This chapter analyses material from a contemporary anthropological study of women seeking healing in Mahanubhav temples in Maharashtra to explore how the ‘medical’ is invoked in narratives of indigenous healing. I argue that the conceptual differentiation between ‘biomedical’ and ‘indigenous’ healing systems, often referred to in the literature on medical pluralism, is in fact at odds with people’s everyday lived experiences of healing. Women’s complicated ‘healing pathways’ reflected alternation between biomedical and indigenous healing, determined by various circumstances and factors. Such fluidity was also permitted by the temple discourses of healing, which described Mahanubhav temples as ‘hospitals’, thereby proving the ‘modern’ and ‘rationalist’ temper of the shrines, even while maintaining the greater efficacy of these temples vis-à-vis biomedical treatment for healing spirit afflictions.
Vernacularizing Political Medicine
Authors: Mukharji Projit Bihari
Published: February 2019

Christopher Hamlin describes a strand of medical thinking in nineteenth-century Britain that resisted narrow notions of disease specificity in the name of a broader, socio-economically grounded notion of ‘political medicine’. This chapter explores the vernacularization of this political medicine in Bengal in the 1870s. It focuses on the work of two specific Bengali intellectuals, viz. Dr Gopaul Chunder Roy and the Rev. Lal Behari Day. Since the former was a Glasgow-trained physician and the latter a missionary, ethnographer and novelist, the chapter also explores the differences between the literal and the literary vernacularizations of political medicine.
Introduction
Authors: Nijhawan Shobna
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses new approaches to the study of periodicals that include a consideration of paratexts, text–image relationships as well as horizontal and vertical ways of reading. It suggests that the periodical acts as both a source (from where to gather primary sources) and as a genre in its own right. Other themes addressed in the introduction are the commercialization of print in colonial India, the designation and creation of poetic and prose genres and ‘canons’ in the Hindi periodical Sudhā as well as the creation of specifically gendered spaces within a mainstream Hindi literary periodical. The introduction concludes with an overview of primary sources consulted in this monograph as well as a chapter overview.
Wild Beasts in the City
Authors: Nagendra Harini
Published: February 2019

Early settlers, pastoralists and hunters, demonstrated an extensive ecological knowledge of the local landscape as of animal behaviour. India rulers used hunts and captive wild animals in the court to underline their bravery, military prowess and valour. The local fascination with shikar (hunting) rubbed off onto British elite, who participated in gruesome farces of urban ‘hunts’, against large wild cats imported in cages from the forests surrounding Bengaluru. Uncaged wildlife were perceived as vermin, leading to an intensive period of targeted kills in the 19th century. These histories influence our framing of the wild beast as the ‘other’: a being to be valorized in battle, conquered in a hunt, trapped in a cage, butchered for trophies, and exoticized in print, but not capable of co-existing with humans. Solutions are unclear, and would be simplistic to propose. But the need to foster a new ethic of urban conservation appears clear.
Going, Going, Gone
Authors: Tal Alon
Published: February 2019

Israel’s remarkable biodiversity can be attributed to its unique geographical location at the juncture of three continents, its extreme climatic variability and half a century of interventions to ensure protection of habitat. For the country’s first fifty years, its progress in setting aside reserves and protecting myriad, damaged animal populations led to a reversal in the decline of individual species and ecosystems, making the country a model of applied conservation biology. Recently, however, there has been a steady loss of animal and plant populations, with one third of Israel’s 100 mammal species defined as threatened. This chapter considers the range of drivers behind the recent deterioration in ecological indicators, with a focus on the impact of the country’s extraordinary growth in human numbers on the natural world.
History and the Militarized Landscape
Authors: Biggs David
Published: February 2019

The environmental history of war, especially its impacts on landscape, encompasses a much broader scope than the conflicts and the historiography of the late twentieth century. Ideas on the social and environmental processes of conflict draw from a much longer, global discourse. This chapter uses the ancient-to-modern conflict landscape of central Vietnam to argue for a multi-layered, broader analysis of the environmental history of conflict.
‘Natural’ No More?
Authors: Agarwal Ravi
Published: February 2019

Rivers in fast-changing and expanding Indian cities have become contested natural features. Though central to such human settlements for long, which have depended on them for water security, livelihoods, biodiversity and cultural life, more recently they face threats from new urbanization of their flood plains, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity as the city encroaches upon them. Based on a case study of the river Yamuna flowing through the mega city of Delhi, the article brings forth the limited understanding of such natural features in urban planning and the public discourse in general. It explores in detail the changing landscape, its implication on the long-term sustainability and the wider implications of their destruction in urban settings.
Expanding Nature Conservation
Authors: Raman T.R. Shankar
Published: February 2019

Conservation in developing countries like India increasingly involves approaches transcending boundaries that have traditionally constrained nature conservation. As species range and ecological processes play out over large areas, including outside protected reserves and in human-use areas, conservationists increasingly integrate their efforts across wider landscapes involving human communities and newer constituencies. The recognition that few, if any, natural areas remain pristine or completely uninfluenced by humans, emerging from studies of deep ecological history and global changes, stimulates a recasting of nature conservation. Ecological field research that has revealed gradations of human influence on biological diversity, ranging from destruction and degradation to recovery and restoration, indicates effective conservation requires areas of low anthropogenic impact to be retained in the wider landscape. At the same time, restoration and rewilding efforts that use ecological history as a guide to enhance ecological and cultural potential of a landscape demonstrate positive roles for humans in conservation.
Introduction
Authors: Mody Sujata S.
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, I introduce the polarizing figure of Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi (1864-1938); his literary project for an emergent nation; and Sarasvatī, the illustrated monthly journal he edited for nearly 20 years (1903–1920). A railroad man turned litterateur, Dwivedi became a leading arbiter of modernity for Hindi literature in his capacity as editor. Dwivedi engaged a variety of strategies to inspire new writing and to establish his literary authority. His strategies involved linguistic and literary initiatives, as well as cultivated interactions between literature and art. This chapter outlines some of the linguistic and literary contexts that frame my contention that literary authority in an early twentieth-century Hindi public sphere was contingent and cultivated within a realm marked by productive and restrictive tensions.
Rise of the Modern Hindi Short Story
Authors: Mody Sujata S.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 4 provides an overview and history of the modern Hindi short story as it developed in Sarasvatī from 1900 to 1920, under Dwivedi’s direction. Dwivedi did not explicitly articulate his vision for short fiction; however, as editor of a journal that pioneered the modern genre in Hindi, he exerted great control over its development. Drawing inspiration from Shakespeare, Poe, and Verne to Shriharsh and Tagore, among other influences, short story writers in Hindi experimented with adventure-romance, science fiction, horror, and historical fiction but eventually settled on subject matter that was more mundane than spectacular, as per Dwivedi’s agenda for language, literature, and nation.