bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) aplicada e a trabalhadores de higienização e limpeza
Authors: Moser Auristela Duarte , Costa Maria Cristina Grilo , Lopes Jaqueline Carmo Machado
Published: March 2017

Introdução. A Revolução Tecnológica trouxe repercussões em aspectos coletivos e individuais no mundo do trabalho, porém, no Brasil ainda persistem atividades caracterizadas por significativo desgaste físico, como é o caso dos serviços de higienização e limpeza. Objetivo. Estabelecer um perfil funcional de higienizadores com base na CIF. Método. Dados foram coletados de um serviço de Medicina do Trabalho, para codificação com base na CIF. Resultados. No componente Funções do Corpo identificaram-se as categorias b28010 (dor em cabeça e pescoço), b28014 (dor em membro superior), 28013 (dor nas costas), e 28015 (dor em membro inferior). Nas Estruturas do Corpo, destacou-se o código s76002 (coluna lombar). Identificou-e em atividades e participação, os códigos d2200 (limpeza e desinfecção), d4109 (postura inadequada), fatores ambientais com e1358 (risco químico), 298 (risco biológico) e 2251(umidade). Conclusão. As informações subsidiaram um perfil funcional que será utilizado para o aprimoramento da aquisição de dados em saúde pela equipe de saúde.
Benefício do Método Pilates em mulheres com fibromialgia
Authors: Kümpel Claudia , Aguiar Sônia Dias de , Carvalho Jéssica Paixão , Teles Daniela Andrade , Porto Elias F.
Published: March 2017

Introdução - A Síndrome da fibromialgia (SFM) é uma doença crônica com dor difusa. Objetivo - avaliar a eficácia do Método Pilates para a melhora da dor em pacientes com Fibromialgia. Método - Este estudo é prospectivo de autocontrole, os pacientes foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento por meio da algometria e da Escala Visual Analógica. A qualidade de vida por meio do Questionário Impacto da Fibromialgia (QIF) e o sono pelo Índice da Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. O programa de exercícios de Pilates no solo teve 15 sessões, duas vezes por semana, com duração de 60 minutos. Resultados – compuseram o estudo 20 mulheres com SDF, tempo de diagnóstico de 6±4 anos, quanto a QIF os pacientes melhoraram em todos os domínios. Foi encontrada correlação entre o impacto da fibromialgia com a qualidade do sono. Conclusão - Os efeitos do Método Pilates são positivos para redução da dor.
Treinamento físico em academia melhora qualidade de vida em pacientes no pós-operatório de revascularização miocárdica
Authors: Anzolin Caroline Cristina , Freire Ana Paula Coelho Figueira , Alves Marcelo José , Gomes Mariana Janini , Cavalcante Margaret Assad , Mustafa Ricardo Migliorini , Verazain José Vladimir Hernan Quiroga , Pacagnelli Francis Lopes
Published: March 2017

Introdução: A Reabilitação Cardiovascular usualmente é realizada em âmbito ambulatorial e hospitalar e pode ser expandido para academias. Objetivos: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de cardiopatas submetidos ao treinamento físico em curto prazo supervisionado por fisioterapeutas e educadores físicos em uma academia. Métodos: Foram avaliados 10 cardiopatas de ambos os sexos, média de faixa etária de 63.1±10,10 anos. Foram submetidos ao treinamento aeróbio em esteira ou bicicleta ergométrica, em intensidade moderada e um treinamento resistido em circuito em uma academia. O treinamento foi realizado por 45 dias, 2 vezes semanais, com duração de 1 hora. A aplicação do questionário de qualidade de vida SF-36 foi realizada antes e após o treinamento. Resultados: Com relação à força, houve melhora significante após a intervenção proposta. Foram constatadas melhoras em todos os aspectos da qualidade de vida. Conclusões: O treinamento físico realizado em academia melhorou a qualidade de vida de cardiopatas em curto período de reabilitação.
Comparação entre dispositivos de pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas após gastroplastia
Authors: Souza Stefane Cristina Oliveira , Rocha Maura Rigoldi Simões da , Merino Daniela Faleiros Bertelli , Rasera-Júnior Irineu , Pazzianotto-Forti Eli Maria
Published: March 2017

Introdução: A pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas (CPAP) pode auxiliar na restauração da função pulmonar após a gastroplastia. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos da aplicação da CPAP por meio de dois dispositivos diferentes, na função pulmonar e na prevalência de atelectasias pulmonares após gastroplastia. Métodos: 36 voluntárias foram randomizadas e alocadas em 2 grupos para receber a CPAP: um por meio de equipamento microprocessado e o outro por gerador de fluxo, além da fisioterapia respiratória convencional. No pré-operatório e na alta hospitalar foram realizados exame espirométrico e raio X de tórax. Resultados: Houve redução significativa (p0,05). Na comparação entre os grupos, não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05). Em relação à prevalência de atelectasias, ambos apresentaram um índice de 16,6%. Conclusão: A aplicação da CPAP, independente do dispositivo utilizado, associada à fisioterapia respiratória convencional, foi efetiva para manter o VRE e o VC no pós-operatório de gastroplastia, podendo, dessa forma, contribuir para um baixo índice de atelectasias.
Effect of selected flavonoids on glycosaminoglycans in human skin fibroblasts
Authors: Wosek J. , Kuźmicz I. , Wiśniewska R. , Nazaruk J. , Galicka A.
Published: March 2017

Purpose: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PG) in addition to collagen are the main components of extracellular matrix (ECM). They play an important role in intercellular communication and interactions between cells and ECM. The biological changes in ECM that occur during aging are induced by decrease in GAG biosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of selected flavonoids isolated from Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. on GAG content in human skin fibroblasts. Materials and methods: Human skin fibroblasts were treated with eriodictyol 7-O-glucoside (C1), 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside (C2), scutellarein 7-O-glucoside (C3) and pedalitin (C4) at 1, 20 and 40 μM for 24 h. Concentration of GAGs in the medium was assayed using method based on their ability to bind the cationic dye 1,9- dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB). Results: C1, C2 and C4 at concentration of 20 and 40 µM significantly increased content of sulphated GAGs in the medium. In contrast, treatment of cells with compound C3 did not have a statistically significant impact on GAG level. Ascorbic acid used as a positive control at 50 µM showed no effect on GAG concentration and increased their content at 100 µM but to a much lower extent than flavonoids. Conclusion: Flavonoids C1, C2 and C4 showed greater than ascorbic acid stimulatory impact on GAGs in healthy human skin fibroblasts, demonstrating their therapeutic potential in the aging.
The influence of luteolin on expression of epithelial MUC1 mucin in human skin fibroblasts
Authors: Wosek J. , Radziejewska I. , Andrulewicz E.
Published: March 2017

Purpose: The membrane-anchored MUC1 mucin is typically expressed on normal and cancerous epithelial cells. Non-epithelial localization of this mucin is rare. However, the presence of MUC1 in human skin fibroblasts has been recently unexpectedly revealed. The aim of the study was to prove the expression of MUC1 mucin in human skin fibroblasts and the examine of the influence of luteolin on its expression. Materials and methods: ELISA tests and real-time PCR analysis were used to assess the expression of MUC1 mucin in fibroblast cells cocultured with 30 μM concentration of luteolin. Results: The expression of MUC1 was revealed in human skin fibroblasts. Luteolin decreased the relative level of mucin in cell lysates and media. Statistically significant decreased expression of MUC1 gene after luteolin treatment of fibroblasts cells was also revealed. Conclusion: Our results prove non-epithelial localization of MUC1 mucin. Luteolin inhibits the expression of MUC1 mucin in healthy human skin fibroblasts.
Sprouts as potential sources of dietary antioxidants in human nutrition
Authors: Zujko M.E. , Terlikowska K.M. , Zujko K. , Paruk A. , Witkowska A.M.
Published: March 2017

Purpose: The present study evaluates antioxidant activity, as well as polyphenol and flavonoid contents in common sprouts, available on the Polish market. The aim of this study was to extend our already published food databases. Materials and methods: Ten seed species from four plant families were analysed. Total polyphenol content of sprout extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Total flavonoid content was assessed by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Total antioxidant status was measured using FRAP and ABTS methods. Results: The FRAP antioxidant potential was 0.60- 2.53 mmol TE (trolox equivalents)/100 g FM (fresh mass), and arranged in descending order it was: white mustard>cress>radish>broccoli>chickpea> sunflower>mung bean>wheat>green lentil>alfalfa), while the ABTS potential was 3.92-16.19 mmol TE/100 g FM (according to decreasing value: white mustard>green lentil>chickpea>sunflower>mung bean>cress> alfalfa>wheat> broccoli> radish). The polyphenol content was 160-774 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/100 g FM, and flavonoid content 15-53 mg QE (quercetin equivalents)/100 g FM. Conclusion: Our results suggest that sprouts in comparison to other foods, despite small weight can be powerful sources of antioxidants. Special attention in human nutrition should be paid to white mustard sprouts as they are excellent source of polyphenol and flavonoid and are characterized by tremendous antioxidant activity.
Medical students’ perceptions of people with disabilities
Authors: Guzowski A. , Kułak-Bejda A. , Stelcer B. , Jasiński M. , Łukaszuk CR. , Cybulski M. , Kułak W.
Published: March 2017

Introduction: Little is known about associations of
attitudes of medical students towards people with
disabilities and their life satisfaction and empathy.
Purpose: To assess the social perception of people
with disabilities by medical students.
Materials and methods: The present study
interviewed 451 medical students of the Medical
University of Białystok regarding their perceptions
of people with disabilities, especially in light of
their own satisfaction with life and empathy. We
used the following questionnaires: the original
questionnaire about attitudes towards people with
disabilities, The Satisfaction with Life Scale
(SWLS), and Empathy Understanding
Questionnaire (KRE).
Results: Attitudes towards people with disabilities
people were generally positive. Almost 40% of
respondents expressed a willingness to help for
people with disabilities. In general, disabled people
do not have full access to all fields of social
(63.4%) and professional (63.2%) life. At the same
time, disabled people tend to marry (84.9%), have
children (82.1%), work (88.2%), and drive cars
(76.1%). Respondents were convinced that contact
with a disabled person teaches ways to help others
(42.1%), and in fact 58.6% of respondents reported
having decided to participate with helping the
disabled. The average life satisfaction of the
students was 22.7 ± 5.3 which indicates that the
respondents are satisfied with their lives. The
empathy level of respondents was 66.97 points ±
2.98, which indicates average level of empathy.
Conclusions: This study shows that students’
perception of people with disabilities depends upon
how the students viewed disabled people’s, life
satisfaction and empathy.
The Influence of the Swiss SVP on Policy-Making: Opening the Black Box
Authors: Biard Benjamin
Published: March 2017

This article assesses the influence of radical right populist parties on policy-making in Europe. Much scientific research has been conducted on populism, theoretically and empirically, through different facets: their history, their leaders, their discourses, or their electorate. Yet the populist phenomenon has barely been studied by policy analysts by policy analysis. What influence do populist parties have on policy-making? This question is crucial since these parties are on the rise in Europe and are often perceived as dangerous for democracy. This article investigates the case of the Swiss ‘Schweizerische Volkspartei’ (SVP) and analyzes its influence on the policy-making in a typical ‘radical right populist’ issue: law and order. The SVP has always been a member of the federal government and even became the first Swiss political party at the Lower House in 2003. In addition, its electoral weight was strengthened in the recent elections of 2015. To assess its influence, SVP electoral pledges (2011–2015) are qualitatively traced through the institutional arenas, thanks to a document analysis, interviews conducted with elected officials and direct observations. The study suggests that the SVP can influence policy-making in the law and order sector. However, this influence significantly evolves according to the policy-making stage under analysis. Only an indirect influence can be exercised by the SVP in order to fully translate its electoral pledges into decisions.
Experiencing European Integration. Transnational lives and European Identity
Authors: Wernerová Marika
Published: March 2017

Kuhn, Theresa (2015). Experiencing European Integration. Transnational lives and European Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 208 pages.
Redescription of the types of species of Anastatus Motschulsky, 1859 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) described by J.K. Sheng and coauthors
Authors: Peng Lingfei , Tang Lu , Gibson Gary A.P.
Published: March 2017

Six species of Anastatus Motschulsky, 1859 (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) were described from China in Chinese by J.K. Sheng and coauthors in 1997 and 1998: A. dexingensis, A. flavipes, A. fulloi, A. huangi, A. meilingensis and A. shichengensis. This represents almost half the species of Anastatus recorded from China, but no keys were given to differentiate the species and the original descriptions included only simple line drawings to illustrate the species. Because recognition of these species is critical prior to clarifying the Anastatus fauna of China and of the eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions, we have redescribed the six species in detail in English based on original type material, illustrating the species through macrophotography of type material and providing a key to differentiate females of the species.
Nia ta kdak / moi et l’autre
Authors: Charland Philippe
Published: March 2017

Cet article traite des ethnonymes employés par les Abénakis, à travers le temps, pour désigner les nations autochtones les côtoyant. Comme bien des toponymes, les ethnonymes ont subi différentes variations à travers le temps, variations dues entre autres à la méconnaissance des langues autochtones et à la bureaucratisation de ce vocabulaire, qui rendent de nos jours difficiles leur lecture, leur compréhension et leur interprétation. À travers une recherche exhaustive des ethnonymes disponibles dans les sources primaires, il a été possible d’identifier dix-neuf ethnonymes se rapportant à quatorze groupes autochtones du Nord-Est (Algonquin, Attikamek, Huron-Wendat, Inuit, Iroquois, Malécite, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, Mohawk, Mohican, Naskapi, Nipissing, Odawa et Pénobscot). Plusieurs des ethnonymes trouvés se sont avérés être des emprunts linguistiques à d’autres langues algonquiennes, et certains groupes sont identifiés par plus d’un ethnonyme. Assez étrangement, certains des groupes du Québec n’ont pas de nom en abénakis malgré leurs contacts attestés à travers le temps.
Un penseur pragmatique
Authors: Boutevin Stéphanie
Published: March 2017

Cet article présente les réflexions sur sa religion d’un pasteur abénaquis, Peter Paul Osunkhirhine, qui a exercé à Saint-François, ancienne mission jésuite de la vallée du Saint-Laurent, auxixesiècle. En prenant deux de ses lettres comme exemples, on constate qu’il participe activement aux débats de la société qui l’entoure et qu’il cherche à jouer un rôle de penseur au sein de la communauté, voire de la congrégation à laquelle il appartient. Auteur de plusieurs écrits, il n’hésite pas à confronter ses idées à celles du Révérend Burns, presbytérien, membre éminent de l’Église de Knox. À travers ce personnage, c’est le rôle actif de plusieurs Amérindiens de cette époque dans les changements vécus par leur communauté qui transparaît : oeuvrant dans un milieu plutôt hostile, Osunkhirhine montre qu’il s’est véritablement approprié les idées véhiculées par le protestantisme pour les adapter à sa situation.
Les mariages entre autochtones et Blancs
Authors: Vien Marie Lise
Published: March 2017

Cet article retrace les événements en cours à Kahnawake dans les années 1830 et 1840, alors qu’est contestée l’acceptabilité des mariages entre Mohawks et Blancs. Il souligne comment la récupération d’un malaise préexistant au sujet de la présence de Blancs a pu amener certains acteurs locaux, autochtones ou non, à redéfinir les critères qui encadrent l’acceptabilité de ces mariages selon des orientations raciales biologiques et patriarcales, et ce, dans le but de servir des intérêts économiques et politiques, personnels ou collectifs. En se concentrant sur le rôle des acteurs au niveau local, cet article démontre que la définition légale du statut indien dans les lois de 1850 et 1851, dans lesquelles sont introduites des balises raciales et genrées pour encadrer l’intégration de Blancs par le mariage, est le reflet de discours contradictoires en cours dans les communautés autochtones de la Vallée du Saint-Laurent, notamment celle de Kahnawake.
Sortir de la violence conjugale dans l’avancée en âge : les réalités des femmes vivant en milieu rural francophone minoritaire
Authors: Savard Véronique , Marchand Isabelle
Published: March 2017

L’article présente une revue critique de la documentation portant sur les réalités des femmes qui avancent en âge (50 ans et plus), vivent en milieu rural franco-ontarien et sont victimes de violence conjugale, ainsi que sur les enjeux qu’elles rencontrent dans leurs parcours de sortie de violence. Après avoir défini les catégories d’âge retenues, nous montrons notamment que ces femmes sont aux prises avec des contextes sociospatiaux, géographiques et économiques spécifiques, lesquels engendrent des barrières particulières dans la sortie de la violence. De plus, la situation de minorisation vécue sur le plan sociolinguistique accroît certains de ces obstacles, tels que l’accès aux services publics et sociaux. Nous concluons en mettant en relief la dimension critique de la recension effectuée et proposons des pistes de recherche.
AKIN10, a representative Arabidopsis SNF1‐related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1), phosphorylates and downregulates plant HMG‐CoA reductase
Authors: Robertlee Jekson , Kobayashi Keiko , Suzuki Masashi , Muranaka Toshiya
Published: March 2017

HMG‐CoA reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway for sterols and cytosolic isoprenoid production. Although HMGR kinases from spinach, barley, and cauliflower tissues have been strongly suggested as members of SNF1‐related protein kinases 1 (SnRK1), the phosphorylation and inactivation of HMGR by plant SnRK1s has not been demonstrated. In this study, we elucidated that AKIN10, an Arabidopsis SnRK1, acts as an HMGR kinase. The recombinant AKIN10 phosphorylates and inactivates AtHMGR1S using recombinant GRIK1 as the AKIN10 activator. In contrast, AKIN10‐GRIK1 fails to inactivate AtHMGR1S‐S577A, suggesting that this is achieved through Ser577 phosphorylation. Moreover, phosphorylation is detected not only in AtHMGR1S but also in AtHMGR1S‐S577A, suggesting the presence of a novel regulatory mechanism of plant HMGR.
Electron acceleration during streamer collisions in air
Authors: Köhn Christoph , Chanrion Olivier , Neubert Torsten
Published: March 2017

High‐voltage laboratory experiments show that discharges in air, generated over a gap of one meter with maximal voltage of 1 MV, may produce X‐rays with photon energies up to 1 MeV. It has been suggested that the photons are bremsstrahlung from electrons accelerated by the impulsive, enhanced field during collisions of negative and a positive streamers. To explore this process, we have conducted the first self‐consistent particle simulations of streamer encounters. Our simulation model is a 2‐D, cylindrically symmetric, particle‐in‐cell code tracing the electron dynamics and solving the space charge fields, with a Monte Carlo scheme accounting for collisions and ionization. We present the electron density, the electric field, and the velocity distribution as functions of space and time. Assuming a background electric field 1.5 times the breakdown field, we find that the electron density reaches 2·1021 m−3, the size of the encounter region is ∼3·10−12 m3 and that the field enhances to ∼9 times the breakdown field during ∼10−11 s. We further find that the radial component becomes comparable to the parallel component, which together with angular scattering leads to an almost isotropic distribution of electrons. This is consistent with laboratory observations that X‐rays are emitted isotropically. However, the maximum energy of electrons reached in the simulation is ∼600 eV, which is well below the energies required to explain observations. The reason is that the encounter region is small in size and duration. For the photon energies observed, the field must be enhanced in a larger region and/or for a longer time.
Hydroeconomic modeling of sustainable groundwater management
Authors: MacEwan Duncan , Cayar Mesut , Taghavi Ali , Mitchell David , Hatchett Steve , Howitt Richard
Published: March 2017

In 2014, California passed legislation requiring the sustainable management of critically overdrafted groundwater basins, located primarily in the Central Valley agricultural region. Hydroeconomic modeling of the agricultural economy, groundwater, and surface water systems is critically important to simulate potential transition paths to sustainable management of the basins. The requirement for sustainable groundwater use by 2040 is mandated for many overdrafted groundwater basins that are decoupled from environmental and river flow effects. We argue that, for such cases, a modeling approach that integrates a biophysical response function from a hydrologic model into an economic model of groundwater use is preferable to embedding an economic response function in a complex hydrologic model as is more commonly done. Using this preferred approach, we develop a dynamic hydroeconomic model for the Kings and Tulare Lake subbasins of California and evaluate three groundwater management institutions—open access, perfect foresight, and managed pumping. We quantify the costs and benefits of sustainable groundwater management, including energy pumping savings, drought reserve values, and avoided capital costs. Our analysis finds that, for basins that are severely depleted, losses in crop net revenue are offset by the benefits of energy savings, drought reserve value, and avoided capital costs. This finding provides an empirical counterexample to the Gisser and Sanchez Effect.
Systemic Signalling in Plant Defence
Authors: Vlot A Corina , Pabst Elisabeth , Riedlmeier Marlies
Published: March 2017

Systemic signalling involves a complex network of signal transduction and amplification that leads to the activation of defence genes and establishment of systemic resistance throughout the entire plant. On microbial invasion, pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and effectors are frequently detected and recognised by plant receptors. Localised perception at the infection site rapidly triggers a cascade of early signalling events, including protein phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species. Subsequently, secondary signal molecules are synthesised and involved in amplification of defence signalling and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). An increasing number of long‐distance signalling intermediates has been identified. Most of these act together and specifically promote systemic defence via the regulation of the local release of a set of systemically mobile signals. In the systemic tissue, the induction of SAR depends on synergistic interactions between systemic and ubiquitous salicylic acid‐associated immune signals.

Key Concepts

Local resistance to pathogen infection generally results from PAMP (pattern‐associated molecular pattern)‐triggered immunity and microbial effector‐triggered immunity.

Microbial infection of local tissues often leads to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in distal tissues which provides long‐lasting broad‐spectrum resistance to a variety of pathogens.

Reactive oxygen species mediate systemic immunity acting as both cell‐to‐cell systemic signals and as local signalling partners upstream of other phloem‐mobile signals.

Mobile signals for SAR that are translocated via the vasculature may include methyl salicylate, the C
9
lipid peroxidation product azelaic acid, one or more lipid transfer proteins, the diterpene dihydroabietinal and the nonprotein amino acid pipecolic acid.

Many of the SAR mobile signals cooperate with each other and with salicylic acid in one or more parallel and synergistic signalling pathways.

As a form of priming, SAR is supported by epigenetic regulation of defence gene expression.
Insurance and Human Genetics: Approaches to Regulation
Authors: Lemmens Trudo , Bombard Yvonne
Published: March 2017

The potential use of genetics for insurance purposes raises concerns about genetic discrimination. Genetic discrimination refers to the unfair treatment of individuals based on their genetic information as opposed to their physical features. Regulatory strategies to curb genetic discrimination exist in several countries. These regulations aim at promoting a just distribution of insurance, which has multiple meanings in different social contexts, and at curbing the potential negative impact of genetic discrimination. In the United States, for example, genetic discrimination laws aim at preventing genetics from augmenting the already existing inequity of access to healthcare. Many European countries, for their part, seem to consider that some form of financial security offered by private insurance should also be accessible independent of one's genes. Finally, protection against genetic discrimination can sometimes be placed in a larger social context, where insurance is a necessary condition for access to other goods, towards citizens' equal participation in society.

Key Concepts

With the development of more predictive and cheaper genetic testing, insurers are increasingly interested in the risk information provided by this technology.

Insurers are concerned that restrictions on accessing genetic test results obtained by insurance applicants will lead to adverse selection.

lncreasingly, it is becoming clear that proteins encoded by ATG genes carry out functions in cellular pathways independent of their roles in autophagy.

Adverse selection costs associated with restricting the use of genetic tests or access to test results may be modest, but may be more serious as more test results associated with serious risk factors become available.

Regulations aimed at curbing genetic discrimination reflect a particular view about the social good nature of specific forms of insurance.

Genetic discrimination statutes have particularly flourished in the United States because of the concern about the impact of the use of genetic testing on access to health insurance.

Regulatory restrictions and moratoria on the use of genetic testing in countries with universal health insurance reflect the view that other types of insurance, such as life insurance, can fulfill a particular social goods function.
Chromosome 15
Authors: Farra Chantal , Morton Cynthia C
Published: March 2017

Human chromosome 15 is an acrocentric chromosome that represents approximately 3% of the genetic material in the human genome. Although it remains comparatively gene‐poor, chromosome 15 contains a ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene cluster and a number of imprinted genes. Over 900 genes were mapped to chromosome 15, some of which have been traced to various diseases including Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), Angelman syndrome (AS) and many others. Robertsonian translocations are common cytogenetic aberrations that occur between nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes at a frequency of 1 in 1000 live births. Robertsonian translocations that are involved with chromosome 15 represent an important cause of uniparental disomy, and thus are mechanistic in causing PWS and AS, which are disorders manifesting neurological, developmenmtal and behavioural phenotypes. A variety of non‐Robertsonian translocations have been reported to involve chromosome 15, among them being t(15;17)(q22;q11–q21), which is specifically associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia.

Key Concepts

Human chromosome 15 is an acrocentric estimated to contain approximately 3% of the genetic material of the entire human genome.

Chromosome 15 shares substantial sequence similarities in the short arm that encode the tandemly repeated ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes and a series of other tandemly repeated sequence arrays.

Chromosome 15 has, due to the localisation in 15q11–q13 of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS), has illuminated the role of genomic imprinting in gene expression.

The physical size of chromosome 15 has been estimated at 107 Mb with 15p at 17 Mb and 15q at 89 Mb. The euchromatic region of this chromosome has been entirely sequenced, and contains 11 contigs.

A total of 301 Yeast artificial chromosomes, 306 bacterial artificial chromosomes, and 6493 sequence‐tagged sites have been identified on chromosome 15.

The genetic map length for chromosome 15 is 137 cM in the human female and 99 cM in the human male.

Over 900 genes were mapped to chromosome 15, some of which have been traced to the following diseases: Andermann syndrome, AS, Bardet–Biedl syndrome type 4, Bloom syndrome, cardiomyopathy, hepatic lipase deficiency, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, Marfan syndrome, oculocutaneous albinism type 2, PWS, spastic paraplegia type 6 and Tay–Sachs disease.

Robertsonian translocations are common cytogenetic aberrations that occur between nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes at a frequency of 1 in 1000 live births.

Robertsonian translocations represent an important cause of uniparental disomy, and thus are mechanistic in causing PWS and AS when chromosome 15 is involved.

A variety of non‐Robertsonian translocations have been reported to involve chromosome 15, notably among them being t(15;17)(q22;q11–q21), which is specifically associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia.
Senescence in Plants
Authors: McCabe Paul
Published: March 2017

Plant senescence is the final stage of development during which the plant recycles the valuable cellular building blocks that have been deposited in the leaves and other parts of the plant during growth. These reusable nutrients are then stored in the plant until they can be used in new growth or sent to the seed to provide a nutrient store for the next generation. Maintaining an efficient senescence process is therefore essential for the fitness of the plant or its seed. Senescence is a complex, highly regulated process that requires new gene expression and involves the interactions of many signalling pathways. In crops inappropriately timed senescence can reduce final crop yield, and in many vegetable crops significant postharvest loss is due to senescence. Unravelling the regulatory mechanisms that underlie senescence may have significant impact on increasing future food production.

Key Concepts

Plant senescence is a recycling process.

Senescence confers an adaptive advantage to a plant increasing its fitness or reproductive success.

Initiating senescence triggers a regulated series of events that dismantle, degrade and then mobilise valuable cellular processes.

The majority of a leaf protein and lipid component is in the chloroplast and it undergoes dramatic structural changes during senescence.

Chlorophyll needs to be rapidly degraded during senescence to ensure cells do not die due to phototoxicity.

Proteins degraded during senescence release valuable nitrogen and other minerals for mobilisation.

Thousands of genes are involved in the regulation of senescence.

Most of the major plant hormones have roles in the regulation of senescence.
Disorders of Cholesterol Biosynthesis, Genetics of
Authors: Kanungo Shibani , Steiner Robert D
Published: March 2017

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is the most common and best understood of the inborn errors of cholesterol metabolism. Comprising a heterogeneous group of disorders, inborn errors in cholesterol biosynthesis result in characteristic but variable phenotypes. SLOS is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in
DHCR7
which encodes the final enzyme in the cholesterol synthetic pathway. There are eight other cholesterol biosynthesis disorders described in the pre‐Squalene and post‐Squalene pathways. Phenotypic features of SLOS and the other eight disorders are thought to be related to cholesterol deficiency and/or accumulation of cholesterol precursors and their metabolites. A better understanding of SLOS and these other inborn errors of cholesterol biosynthesis may shed light on the importance of cholesterol biosynthesis in embryo‐ and morphogenesis as well as provide clues to treatment.

Key Concepts

Developing brain tissue is dependent on endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis.

Cholesterol is a fundamental component of cell membranes and myelin, a precursor of bile acids, Vitamin D and steroid hormones synthesis and is crucial in cellular signalling.

Cholesterol influences embryonic and postnatal development.

Cholesterol can play a role in autism and socio‐behavioural problems.

Inborn errors of cholesterol metabolism are a heterogeneous group of at least nine disorders, with more likely to be identified.
Autophagy
Authors: Simon Hans‐Uwe , Friis Robert , Colombo María I
Published: March 2017

Autophagy comprises several evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for uptake and transport of proteins and even cytoplasmic organelles to the lysosome for degradation. Although the importance of autophagy for cell homeostasis and survival has long been appreciated, our understanding of how autophagy is carried out at the molecular level has recently benefited from genetic studies that have revealed the functions of many of the participating proteins. The importance of autophagy for maintaining quality control on proteins and organelles is underscored by the fact that many diseases exhibit dysfunctional autophagic activities, for example neurodegenerative diseases. When cells undergoing stress leading to deoxyribonucleic acid damage, mitochondrial damage, and/or accumulation of damaged proteins are unable to induce a sufficient autophagic response, genetic instability ensues and such cells are prone to accumulate oncogenic mutations. Thus, autophagy is required for multiple roles in the prevention of human disease.

Key Concepts

Though a basal or constitutive level of autophagy is present in almost all cell types all the time for elimination of damaged proteins and even dysfunctional organelles, for example, mitochondria, autophagy can be strongly induced to compensate for nutritional imbalances or in response to stresses such as DNA damage.

Autophagy is carried out by a set of more than 30 proteins encoded by the Autophagy‐Related genes (
ATGs
), the functions of which have been dissected using genetic and biochemical approaches.

lncreasingly, it is becoming clear that proteins encoded by ATG genes carry out functions in cellular pathways independent of their roles in autophagy.

Autophagy is a process in which a cup‐shaped, double‐membrane phagophore develops from a region of or near modified endoplasmic reticulum and closes, either unselectively in bulk or selectively, around sequestered cytoplasmic cargos, finally fusing with a lysosome to deliver the contents for degradation.

Dysregulated autophagy contributes to many pathologic processes including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Molecular Genetics of Hypertriglyceridaemia
Authors: Dron Jacqueline S , Hegele Robert A
Published: March 2017

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a commonly encountered medical condition defined by elevated fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. The degree of elevation may range from mild to severe, with clinical features ranging from asymptomatic to increased vascular disease susceptibility to life‐threatening pancreatitis. While numerous nongenetic secondary factors play a strong contributory role, a genetic component is frequently present in patients who clinically express HTG. Purely monogenic or Mendelian HTG – for example autosomal recessive chylomicronemia – is exceedingly rare and results from bi‐allelic mutations affecting lipolysis. The pool of patients with more common polygenic HTG has an increased frequency of heterozygous large‐effect rare variants in
LPL
(lipoprotein lipase) and related genes, together with a high burden of small‐effect common polymorphisms, although any particular variant is not definitively causative in this condition.

Key Concepts

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) ranges from mild to severe, with the role of genetic determinants increasing with a more severe clinical presentation.

One definition proposes that plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in mild‐to‐moderate HTG are between 2.0 and 9.9 mmol L
−1
(175 and 885 mg dL
−1
), while in severe HTG, levels exceed 10 mmol L
−1
(885 mg dL
−1
).

A gamut of secondary factors can contribute to clinical expression of HTG.

Clinical consequences of HTG range from increased vascular disease risk to visible lipid eruptions on the skin to life‐threatening pancreatitis, depending on the affected species of lipoprotein particles and associated disturbances.

Monogenic chylomicronemia is an extreme and rare form of severe HTG that results from bi‐allelic mutations in
LPL
,
APOC2
,
APOA5
,
LMF1
, or
GPIHBP1
genes.

Most other HTG cases have a polygenic basis: this patient pool harbours an assortment of genetic variants, including a high burden of rare heterozygous large‐effect variants and common small‐effect variants.
Perovskite Hollow Fibers with Precisely Controlled Cation Stoichiometry via One‐Step Thermal Processing
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Zhang Guangru , Liu Gongping , Liu Zhengkun , Jin Wanqin , Xu Nanping
Published: March 2017

The practical applications of perovskite hollow fibers (HFs) are limited by challenges in producing these easily, cheaply, and reliably. Here, a one‐step thermal processing approach is reported for the efficient production of high performance perovskite HFs, with precise control over their cation stoichiometry. In contrast to traditional production methods, this approach directly uses earth‐abundant raw chemicals in a single thermal process. This approach can control cation stoichiometry by avoiding interactions between the perovskites and polar solvents/nonsolvents, optimizes sintering, and results in high performance HFs. Furthermore, this method saves much time and energy (≈ 50%), therefore pollutant emissions are greatly reduced. One successful example is Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ HFs, which are used in an oxygen‐permeable membrane. This exhibits high oxygen permeation flux values that exceed desired commercial targets and compares favorably with previously reported oxygen‐permeable membranes. Studies on other perovskites have produced similarly successful results. Overall, this approach could lead to energy efficient, solid‐state devices for industrial application in energy and environmental fields.
High Current Injection into Dynamic p–n Homojunction in Polymer Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Sakanoue Tomo , Li Jinpeng , Tanaka Hisaaki , Ito Ryota , Ono Shimpei , Kuroda Shin‐ichi , Takenobu Taishi
Published: March 2017

Ions and electrons in blends of polymer–electrolyte can work in ensemble to operate light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), in which the unique features of in situ formed p–n homojunctions offer efficient charge injection and transport. However, electrochemical features give rise to significant stability and speed issues due to limited electrochemical stability and low ion mobility, resulting in low brightness and a slow response of LECs. Here, these issues are overcome by the separate control of ionic and electronic charges, using a simple driving pulse superimposed on a small base voltage; ions with slow response are rearranged by a constant base voltage, while a high‐voltage pulse, superimposed upon the base, injects electrons/holes which have fast response, with minimal effect on the ions. This scheme successfully injects an extremely high current density of > 2 kA cm−2 with a balanced electron/hole ratio, at a high‐speed response time of ≈ 50 ns; both properties demonstrate advantages of LECs in making polymers brighter. An in situ electron spin resonance measurement on the LECs further revealed that this impressive performance is due to the highly doped polymers, whose spin density reached 7 × 1019 spins cm−3, and an ordered polymer structure in the active layer blend.
Hybrid Photoconductive Cathode Interlayer Materials Composed of Perylene Bisimide Photosensitizers and Zinc Oxide for High Performance Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Xie Zengqi , Würthner Frank
Published: March 2017

Hybrid photoconductive materials based on zinc oxide (ZnO) doped with perylene bisimide (PBI) dye molecules have emerged as new promising cathode interlayer materials for inverted polymer solar cells (i‐PSCs). Such interlayers show increased conductivity under light irradiation (working condition of i‐PSCs) due to enhanced electron mobility and carrier density, enabling high performance devices at interlayer thickness of up to 100 nm. Such increased interlayer thickness is desired for roll‐to‐roll processing techniques to facilitate mass production of photovoltaic modules.
Predictors of Early Community Involvement: Advancing the Self and Caring for Others
Authors: Lawford Heather L. , Ramey Heather L.
Published: March 2017

Recent research on community involvement points to the importance of both agentic (advancing the self) and communal motives (serving others) as key predictors, though few studies have examined both simultaneously. At the same time, research has identified generativity, defined as concern for future generations as a legacy of the self, as particularly relevant for community involvement. Moreover, generativity involves both agentic and communal motives, meaning that advancing personal goals and caring for others are integrated in this construct. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how individual differences in attributes pertaining to self and to others—specifically, self‐esteem, initiative, and empathy—related to both generativity and community involvement. A sample of adolescents (N = 160; 64% female, Mage = 17) and a sample of young adults (N = 237; 84% female, Mage = 20) completed a survey including measures of community involvement and generativity. Generative concern fully mediated the associations between individual differences (self‐esteem, initiative, and empathy) and community involvement, suggesting that the early generativity has a role in fostering capacities and contribution in youth. These developmental indicators pertaining to self and others link to actions that benefit the community through a desire to benefit future generations.
Analysis of workers' compensation disabling claims in Oregon's seafood preparation and packaging industry, 2007‐2013
Authors: Syron Laura N. , Kincl Laurel , Yang Liu , Cain Daniel T. , Smit Ellen
Published: March 2017

Background

Few occupational health and safety studies have focused on the US seafood preparation and packaging industry, and none on Oregon's seafood industry.

Methods

Oregon workers’ compensation (WC) disabling claims data were analyzed. Oregon Employment Department and US Census Bureau data were used as denominators for rates.

Results

During 2007‐2013, there were 188 accepted disabling claims, with an average annual rate of 24 claims per 1000 workers. Men experienced a significantly higher rate (27.6 per 1000) than women. The most frequent incident characteristics and circumstances were: by nature—traumatic injuries to muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints (42%); by body part—upper extremities (44%); and by event—overexertion and bodily reaction (48%), and contact with objects and equipment (31%).

Conclusion

Analyzing WC disabling claims data provides important preliminary information for understanding workplace hazards to develop control strategies. Reducing traumatic and cumulative injury risk among seafood workers is paramount.
Tissue‐specific mosaicism for a lethal osteogenesis imperfecta COL1A1 mutation causes mild OI/EDS overlap syndrome
Authors: Symoens Sofie , Steyaert Wouter , Demuynck Lynn , De Paepe Anne , Diderich Karin E. M. , Malfait Fransiska , Coucke Paul J.
Published: March 2017

Type I collagen is the predominant protein of connective tissues such as skin and bone. Mutations in the type I collagen genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2) mainly cause osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). We describe a patient with clinical signs of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), including fragile skin, easy bruising, recurrent luxations, and fractures resembling mild OI. Biochemical collagen analysis of the patients’ dermal fibroblasts showed faint overmodification of the type I collagen bands, a finding specific for structural defects in type I collagen. Bidirectional Sanger sequencing detected an in‐frame deletion in exon 44 of COL1A1 (c.3150_3158del), resulting in the deletion of three amino acids (p.Ala1053_Gly1055del) in the collagen triple helix. This COL1A1 mutation was hitherto identified in four probands with lethal OI, and never in EDS patients. As the peaks on the electropherogram corresponding to the mutant allele were decreased in intensity, we performed next generation sequencing of COL1A1 to study mosaicism in skin and blood. While approximately 9% of the reads originating from fibroblast gDNA harbored the COL1A1 deletion, the deletion was not detected in gDNA from blood. Most likely, the mild clinical symptoms observed in our patient can be explained by the mosaic state of the mutation.
Rapid Room‐Temperature Gelation of Crude Oils by a Wetted Powder Gelator
Authors: Ren Changliang , Shen Jie , Chen Feng , Zeng Huaqiang
Published: March 2017

Phase‐selective organogelators (PSOGs) not only exhibit ability to phase‐selectively congeal oil from oily water but also allow easy separation of gelled oil from the body of water. However, all hitherto reported PSOGs either necessitate carrier solvents for their dissolution or suffer from an extremely slow action in gelling oil in the powder form. A previously unexplored generally applicable wetting strategy is now described to dramatically enhance, by up to two orders of magnitude, gelling speed of the resultant wet but non‐sticky gelator in the powder form in crude oils of widely ranging viscosities. Such unprecedented rapid gelling speeds enable rapid gelation of six types of (un)weathered crude oils within minutes at room temperature, making PSOGs one step closer to their eventual practical uses as one of important oil spill control technologies.