bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-axis vibration isolation using different active techniques of frequency reduction
Authors: Ahmed Abu Hanieh  , Preumont Andre
Published: October 2010

This paper demonstrates a new idea for vibration isolation. Two different techniques of frequency reduction are presented here; the first technique depends on using an active embedded control system with proportional plus integral compensator to reduce the stiffness and corner frequency of the isolator in an active state while keeping high rigidity in a passive state. This type of isolation has proven the ability to reduce the frequency modes to about 50% of the natural frequencies in a passive state. The second technique is based on using phase lead and lag compensators on the unity gain points of the open-loop transfer function. This document will concentrate on single axis isolation although the mentioned isolator can be used as one active leg (strut) in six-axis isolators (Stewart platforms). The experimental results show as well as the simulation ones that these frequency reduction techniques have high performance on the discussed single-axis systems which makes it promising to be applied on multi-axis systems.
Modeling loose joints in elastic structures - validation at higher excitation frequencies
Authors: Feenstra Joel R , Winter Tyler F , Dierschke Brandon R , Barhorst Alan A
Published: October 2010

The bolted or riveted lap joint is a common fastening technology for structural members. When a joint becomes worn the joined members can move in a nonlinear fashion relative to each other as well as impact each other and the lap joint plates. For low frequency bending modes, the system can experience sticking or frictional sliding motion at a finite number of contact points in the joint. The work presented herein is the fifth paper in a series of papers used for the development and verification of a hybrid parameter modeling methodology applied to the analysis of damaged structures. By utilizing an experimental test bed suitable for providing excitations up to 60 Hz, this research further validates a low order frictional contact impact mathematical model of a typical loose bolted joint that was developed and partially validated the aforementioned companion papers published in this journal. For each of the different contact and motion regimes experienced by the jointed beam, experimental estimations of the damping and other parameters were determined. Contact patches, strain gauges, a force transducer, and accelerometers were used to measure the response of the experimental test bed model of a bolted joint cantilever beam. The simulation results were then compared to the experimental results using spectral and time domain techniques. Animations of the simulated joint motion were compared to a high-speed video of the experimental joint motion. The results indicate good correlation between the model and reality, thus the results presented in this paper provide supporting evidence of the efficacy of the underlying low order modeling techniques.
Paternalism and the Good Lives Model of Sex Offender Rehabilitation
Authors: Glaser Bill
Published: October 2010

The lives of sex offenders are often confused and disorganized. Modern sex offender rehabilitation approaches such as the good lives model emphasize holistic aims such as helping offenders to live more satisfying and fulfilling lives, rather than merely teaching them to avoid risk. The appeal of the model lies in its justification by paternalism: Whatever harms are inflicted on offenders during the rehabilitation process are ultimately for their own good. But paternalism has its limitations, which include potential infringements on offenders’ autonomy and human rights, the risk of therapists imposing their own values and attitudes, and false claims that harmful interventions are justified by their benefit for offenders. Furthermore, some recent empirical studies suggest that offenders themselves do not necessarily prefer personal well-being goals over risk management techniques and that some offenders find it distressingly easy to incorporate “good lives” principles into an ongoing antisocial lifestyle. These limitations need to be taken into account when applying a good lives approach.
The Ideology of Homicide Detectives: A Cross-National Study
Authors: Reasons Charles E. , Francis Teresa , Kim David
Published: October 2010

Ideologies help guide our behavior and thought processes and have been largely neglected when studying crime and criminal justice professionals. Intensive interviews were conducted with homicide detectives in Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia to provide a view of their working beliefs and opinions concerning a number of issues. The areas questioned included (a) working environment, (b) causes of homicide, (c) television portrayal of homicide work, and (d) the death penalty. Within each area several questions were asked. Although homicide detectives in both cities and countries gave similar responses to many questions, they differed significantly in terms of the role of guns, particularly handguns, in homicide rates, the death penalty, and their relationship to the prosecutor/crown. Therefore, although their constellation of beliefs (ideologies) surrounding the above noted topics were in many ways similar, there were distinct differences. The areas of difference can be understood within the larger legal and cultural context.
Prior Crime Specialization and Its Relationship to Homicide Crime Scene Behavior Type
Authors: Horning Amber M. , Salfati C. Gabrielle , Crawford Kristan
Published: October 2010

The present study explored the link between offenders’ prior criminal specialization (violent crime, sexual crime, or burglary/theft) and subsequent homicide crime scene type (exploit, control, distance) in 77 U.S. cases of single-offender/single-victim homicides. Specialists as compared to those with no prior criminal history were significantly more likely to engage in goal directed behaviors such as controlling the victim, controlling the outcome, and exploitative behaviors (sex and theft). Sexual crime specialists specifically were the more distinct subtype. The findings indicated differences in how first-time homicide offenders approach the crime scene and are discussed in line with the usefulness to homicide investigators.
Homicides in Southern Denmark During 25 Years
Authors: Leth Peter Mygind
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to provide an analysis of the 166 homicidal deaths that occurred in Southern Denmark during 25 years.The inspiration came from increased press coverage of certain homicides that I as a forensic pathologist felt did not mirror the real situation. Extensive press coverage of a few serious cases has left the public with the impression that the number of homicides was escalating, and this has been cause for public concern, and has prompted various harsh legislative steps. A lot of public interest has been focused on knife homicides, on honor killings among Muslims, on gang homicides and on homicides committed by psychotic individuals. The political response to public opinion has to some degree been focused on increased punishment for violence. With this in mind, the aim of the investigation was to answer the following research questions: :

Research Question 1: What was the homicide rate in the study area, and has it changed during the 25-year study period?

Research Question 2: How were the homicides distributed according to motive?

Research Question 3: How often was the homicide motivated by a psychosis?

Research Question 4: Has the ratio between intra- and extra-family homicides changed?

Research Question 5: How often were weapons used?

Research Question 6: Is it possible to identify some important social factors characterizing homicide victims?

Research Question 7: Has the homicide pattern described changed over time?

Research Question 8: What are the implications of this study for homicide prevention strategies?
On the Validity and Reliability of Gang Homicide: A Comparison of Disparate Sources
Authors: Decker Scott H. , Pyrooz David C.
Published: October 2010

One of the vexing problems of criminology is the search for valid and reliable measures of offending and victimization. Gang research has been plagued by similar concerns. This article provides an assessment of the reliability and validity of measures of gang homicide using police and survey reports collected from different sources over five annual points in time (2002-2006). Given public and political claims about the role of gangs in crime, assessing the validity of such measures is of critical importance to research and policy. Using data gathered from Uniform Crime Reports, Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), and National Gang Center (NGC), the results indicated that gang homicide data were found to meet tests of reliability and validity. Supplementary analyses, however, revealed that the specialized measurement system (NGC) outperformed the generalized measurement system (SHR). The results provide strong support for the use of NGC measures of gang homicide, but not SHR measures of gang homicide, in cross-sectional and time-series research. We conclude by offering suggestions for future research.
Nonprofit Cash Holdings
Authors: Ramirez Andres
Published: October 2010

This study examines the determinants and implications of nonprofit cash holdings. Based on agency theory and traditional literature of cash holdings, the author develop and test a number of predictions about nonprofit cash holdings. Several important findings can be highlighted. Nonprofit cash holdings do not seem to be detrimental to nonprofits; in fact, their levels can be explained with traditional precautionary and speculative motives. Additionally, governance and managerial proxies indicate that nonprofit cash holdings may not be a function of agency problems. Consistent with a harmless interpretation of cash holdings, nonprofits with higher excess cash tend to invest more in land, buildings, and equipment than those that hold less cash. Finally, donors do not penalize organizations that hold high levels of cash.
Adhesion molecules are promising candidates to establish surrogate markers for natalizumab treatment
Authors: Wipfler P , Oppermann K , Pilz G , Afazel S , Haschke-Becher E , Harrer A , Huemer M , Kunz A , Golaszewski S , Staffen W , Ladurner G , Kraus J
Published: October 2010

Background: Natalizumab is the first monoclonal antibody therapy approved for multiple sclerosis (MS). Its therapeutic mechanism is the blockade of the α4-integrin subunit of the adhesion molecule (AM) very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4), which leads to an inhibition of immune cell extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS).

Methods: We investigated changes in the expression levels of unblocked α4-integrin and further AM (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, -2, -3 (cICAM-1, -2, -3), leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) determined by flow cytometry from 25 patients with MS before the first natalizumab infusion and before the fourth infusion. In 15 MS patients AM expression was evaluated every 3 months over 1 year.

Results:We found a significant decrease ( p < 0.0001) of unblocked α4-integrin cell surface expression on all investigated PBMC subsets (T cells −61.7%, B cells −69.1%, monocytes/macrophages −46.4%) in the blood of MS patients after 3 months of natalizumab treatment. Moreover, a continuous decrease ( p < 0.05) of unblocked α4-integrin expression levels was seen after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. As a secondary effect, expression levels of the other investigated AM were differentially affected.

Conclusions:Results show a sustained decrease of unblocked α4-integrin expression not only in all patients but also in all investigated PBMC subsets. This probably results in a continuously decreasing transmigration of PBMC into the CNS and may explain the improved clinical efficacy in the second treatment year and also the increasing risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during long-term natalizumab therapy. We conclude that AM expression profiles are promising candidates for the development of a biomarker system to determine both natalizumab treatment response and patients at risk for opportunistic CNS infections.
A backroom without the smoke? Superdelegates and the 2008 Democratic nomination process
Authors: Southwell Priscilla L.
Published: October 2010

This article is an examination of the candidate preferences of 2008 superdelegates and of their role in determining the eventual Democratic nominee. Multivariate analysis suggests that female superdelegates were less likely to support Obama than were men; African-Americans, in contrast, were more likely to support his candidacy. A higher percentage of the popular vote received by Obama in the primary or caucus also influenced superdelegates to support him. The effect of contributions from Obama to superdelegates appeared to boost his support, but Clinton contributions had little impact. Also examined is the effect that superdelegates had on the nomination outcome. Analysis suggests that the impact of unpledged superdelegates on the 2008 Democratic nomination was significant. A substantial number of superdelegates continue to follow their own preferences, especially in states where Clinton was victorious, and this asymmetry made a difference in the nomination outcome. The race for the nomination could have been quite different without the presence of these unpledged superdelegates, or under alternative rules for delegation selection.
Pathways to party unity: Sanctions, loyalty, homogeneity and division of labour in the Dutch parliament
Authors: Andeweg Rudy B. , Thomassen Jacques
Published: October 2010

The study of party unity and its determinants is conceptually confusing, with terms such as ‘party discipline’ and ‘party cohesion’ used to denote both dependent and independent variables. Moreover, while the literature recognizes both anticipated sanctions and homogeneity of preferences as pathways to party unity, it ignores possibilities such as party loyalty and the division of labour within parliamentary parties. The article examines these different pathways to party unity on the basis of five waves of interviews with nearly all members of the Lower House of the Dutch parliament. The article finds least evidence for sanctions as a major determinant of party unity, with the possible exception of parties in the governing coalition. Homogeneity, loyalty and division of labour all seem to play an important role. Party unity might seem over determined, but the more likely explanation offered is that it is a case of ‘different horses for different courses’.
Party system classification: A methodological inquiry
Authors: Golosov Grigorii V.
Published: October 2010

Despite the recent spread of multi-scale approaches to party system classification, the most widely accepted criterion has always been the number of parties, often defined in terms of their relative sizes. Building on the existing body of qualitative classifications and quantitative techniques, this article proposes a method that can be used for defining party system types in operational terms, and distinguishing among them by a parsimonious criterion. The proposed method is based on representing information about seat distributions by party in graphical form, segmenting the resulting bounded diagram into regions, and identifying these regions as representations of different party system types. This makes the graphical representation, dubbed the relative-size triangle, instrumental both for building categorical classifications of the empirically observed party systems and for visualizing differences among them. For illustration, the proposed method is applied to a comprehensive set of post-World War II party systems.
The importance of party ideology: Explaining parliamentarian support for political party gender quotas in Eastern Europe
Authors: Kjerulf Dubrow Joshua
Published: October 2010

Party gender quotas are rules voluntarily adopted within political party structures that aim at securing a set percentage of women to appear on candidate lists in elections for political office. Although parliamentarian support is critical to the adoption and enforcement of party gender quotas, empirical studies of parliamentarian opinion on this matter are few, and none are concerned with countries of Eastern Europe. In the context of Poland, this study addresses two main questions: (a) why do some parliamentarians support party gender quotas? And (b) what are the most important reasons? Using survey data on Polish parliamentarians, I examine the role of three major determinants of variation in party gender quota support: parliamentarian’s gender; economic and religious political party ideologies; and placement on the candidate list. Cross-tabulations reveal that women parliamentarians and parliamentarians from parties with economic statist and anti-clerical ideologies are more likely to support quotas than are those from economic liberal and Catholic traditionalist parties. In addition, parliamentarians placed low on the party’s electoral list in the previous election are more likely to support quotas than those placed at the top. Logistic regression analyses including all these determinants show that the only statistically significant effects pertain to economic and religious party ideologies. Discussion of the theoretical implications of party ideology being the most important explanatory factor for parliamentarian support of party gender quotas concludes this article.
Conceptualizing Left and Right in comparative politics
Authors: Jahn Detlef
Published: October 2010

Despite the importance of the Left-Right dimension in comparative politics, establishing an index that captures this dimension in both a theoretically and empirically sound manner remains an ongoing challenge for political scientists. Having reviewed existing attempts to construct measures for the Left-Right dimension, and having concluded that they are merely inductive and problematic from a methodological perspective, this article proposes a deductive approach based on Norberto Bobbio’s theory of Left and Right and suggests a combination with statistically robust measures drawn from the data provided by the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP). The fundamental features of the proposed index are: first, Left and Right are theoretical concepts which should be accounted for in the empirical analysis. Second, the Left-Right dimension is time- and country-specific. Third, different statements have different meanings on a Left-Right scale. Fourth, the importance of the Left-Right dimension itself varies over time and across countries. Finally, the data have to be analysed adequately.
Judeo-Christian Religious Experience and Psychopathology: The Legacy of William James
Authors: Dein Simon
Published: October 2010

This article examines the relationship between Judeo-Christian religious experience and psychopathology. It builds on William James’s Varieties of Religious Experience and more specifically his discussions of self, agency and the subliminal. Contemporary research on Christian conversion, mysticism, and its relationship to psychosis and mental health and healing are discussed. Future themes for research are proposed.
Traditional Healer Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Referral of the Mentally Ill to Western Doctors in South Africa
Authors: Sorsdahl Katherine , Stein Dan J. , Flisher Alan J.
Published: October 2010

Drawing on data collected from 3 focus groups with 24 traditional healers, the aim of this qualitative study was to use the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to gain an understanding of traditional healer referral practices of their patients with a mental illness. Results indicated that traditional healers possess a concept of mental illness, mainly referring to a patient behaving abnormally. They often report regularly treating patients with these behaviours. Traditional healer referral to Western care is considered a temporary measure or a last resort. A majority of healers feel that allopathic physicians do not treat them with the respect that they feel their contribution to the health of the community warrants. Recommendations include the need for traditional healers to be trained to identify potential cases of mental illness in their communities and for dialogue between traditional and allopathic physicians in regard to mental health care.
Collaboration Between Traditional Practitioners and Primary Health Care Staff in South Africa: Developing a Workable Partnership for Community Mental Health Services
Authors: Campbell-Hall Vicky , Petersen Inge , Bhana Arvin , Mjadu Sithembile , Hosegood Victoria , Flisher Alan J. ,   MHaPP Research Programme Consortium
Published: October 2010

The majority of the black African population in South Africa utilize both traditional and public sector Western systems of healing for mental health care. There is a need to develop models of collaboration that promote a workable relationship between the two healing systems. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of service users and providers of current interactions between the two systems of care and ways in which collaboration could be improved in the provision of community mental health services. Qualitative individual and focus group interviews were conducted with key health care providers and service users in one typical rural South African health sub-district. The majority of service users held traditional explanatory models of illness and used dual systems of care, with shifting between treatment modalities reportedly causing problems with treatment adherence. Traditional healers expressed a lack of appreciation from Western health care practitioners but were open to training in Western biomedical approaches and establishing a collaborative relationship in the interests of improving patient care. Western biomedically trained practitioners were less interested in such an arrangement. Interventions to acquaint traditional practitioners with Western approaches to the treatment of mental illness, orientation of Western practitioners towards a culture-centred approach to mental health care, as well as the establishment of fora to facilitate the negotiation of respectful collaborative relationships between the two systems of healing are required at district level to promote an equitable collaboration in the interests of improved patient care.
Special Issues in the Care of Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Popovsky Rabbi Mark A.
Published: October 2010

This article reviews the literature regarding psychiatric care of ultra-orthodox Jewish patients. The discussion describes common areas of difficulty working with members of this population in an in-patient setting, including ritual observance, gender dynamics, and countertransference. It provides guidelines for mental health professionals to distinguish between culturally-appropriate and pathological behavior in an effort to avoid misdiagnosis, and offers strategies for overcoming these challenges. It suggests possible adjustments to standard treatment plans which may prove effective in this population and recommends further resources, including the involvement of trained chaplains, for especially complicated situations.
Radiation Doses Due to Indoor Radon Exposure, Before and After the 2005 Earthquake, in Dwellings of Muzaffarabad and the Jhelum Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
Authors: Rafique Muhammad , Rahman S.U. , Rahman Said , Nasir Tabassum , Matiullah
Published: October 2010

Radiation doses from indoor radon exposure, before and after the 2005 earthquake, have been assessed from measurements taken in the city of Muzaffarabad and Jhelum valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Indoor radon concentration was measured in dwellings in Muzaffarabad city and the Jhelum valley after the devastating 2005 earthquake using CR-39 based radon box type detectors which were exposed to indoor radon for 60 days. After processing, the observed track densities were related to the indoor radon concentrations using a calibration factor of 0.0092 tracks cm-2 · hr-1 = 1 Bq m-3 of 222 Rn and compared with already published data obtained before the earthquake. The post-earthquake weighted average indoor radon concentration ranged from 65 Bq m-3 to 398 Bq m-3 for the dwellings of state capital city of Azad Kashmir where pre-earthquake values were in the range of 89 Bq m-3 to 167 Bq m-3. In the Jhelum valley, post-earthquake indoor radon concentrations varied from 81 to 509 Bq m-3 and 64 to 456 Bq m-3 in the bedrooms and kitchens, respectively while pre-earthquake radon concentration for Jhelum valley ranges from 86 to 236 Bq m-3 and 62 to 208 Bq m-3 in the bedrooms and kitchens, respectively. The post earthquake indoor radon concentration levels and hence radiation doses have been found higher than those of pre-earthquake values.
Radiological Assessment of Radionuclide Contents in Soil Waste Streams from an Oil Production Well of a Petroleum Development Company in Warri, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Jibiri N.N. , Amakom C.M.
Published: October 2010

Activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in the soil waste stream in the sedimentation tanks of an oil and gas production well site of a major Petroleum Development Company in Nigeria have been measured using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The gamma-ray peaks observed with reliable regularity in all the samples analysed belong to naturally occurring radionuclides. Radioactive elements such as 137 Cs were not detected in the samples indicating no contamination by radioactive sources in the operations at the site. The concentrations of the radionuclides in the samples ranged from below detection level to 248.2 ± 14.0, 29.9 ± 8.8 to 122.3 ± 13.6 and 12.4 ± 1.2 to 28.6 ± 1.9 Bq · kg-1 for 40K, 226Ra and 232Th respectively. The absorbed dose rates ranged from 25.3 to 73.3 nGy · h-1 with mean 52.6 ± 17.9 nGy · h-1, while the annual outdoor effective dose varied from 31.1 to 89.9 µSv with mean 64.6 ± 21.9 µSv. The cumulative cancer mortality and morbidity risk due to the radionuclides were 8.64 × 10-5 and 1.27 × 10-4, respectively. The results of measurements showed low values of the parameters determined, it suffices to say that the soil waste streams do not create any significant health concern for the workers and the environment and hence they can be used for building and development purposes in the area.
Current State of Domestic Concealed Wiring Practices in Bangalore, India
Authors: Sridevi Koonath Surendran  , Mani Monto
Published: October 2010

In a modernising world, building and construction trends in recent urban centres such as Bangalore, set precedence for developments in other urban centres of the country. Under such conditions, evaluating the current state of building practices could prove useful for identifying the likely nature of nationwide building trends. This paper comprises a study to evaluate the current state of domestic concealed wiring practices in the context of a modern urban centre area in India. Presently, concealed wiring is the predominant wiring method adopted for residences, both bungalows and apartments. A modern residential block in the city of Bangalore (India) was chosen as the study area. The study included extensive interaction and surveys amongst residents, professionals (architects and engineers) and site personnel (contractors and electricians). In addition, the study also included site verification on the state of wiring practices in the residential block. The study indicates that while aesthetics was the prime reason that dictated the choice of concealed wiring, its effectiveness as an appropriate and safe wiring method is severely compromised. Details of the study, results and recommendations are presented in this paper.
Radiological Consequences of the Use of Fly Ash in Construction Sector and Geotechnical Applications
Authors: Turhan Şeref , Arıkan İsmail H. , Küçükcezzar Rezzan
Published: October 2010

This study primarily focuses on the assessment of the radiological consequences for the public from the use of pulverised coal combustion fly ash in construction sector (cement production) and geotechnical applications (embankments, road pavement and road stabilisation) in Turkey. The results of the activity measurements made on samples of the fly ash and Portland cement incorporating 10%, 20% and 30% by mass of fly ash are presented. The results of the external and internal indices, indoor absorbed gamma dose rate and the corresponding annual effective dose were assessed for the samples and these were examined by comparison with the national and international standards or regulation criteria given for the indoor exposure.
Trash or popular journalism? The case of South Africa’s Daily Sun
Authors: Steenveld Lynette , Strelitz Larry
Published: October 2010

This article examines the rise of tabloids in South Africa, using the Daily Sun as the paradigmatic example in our attempt to account for their popularity. We first locate the tabloid as a commercial response to the post-1994 creation of black working-class South Africans as citizens and a new reading public.We then problematize the ‘definition’ of tabloid journalism, pointing to it as a hybrid bundle of texts which exist along a continuum ranging from ‘trash’ to ‘service journalism’. Within this context we locate the Daily Sun as closer to the tabloid-service journalism side of the continuum. Then we examine their popularity using understandings based on a notion of communication as ritual; the way in which print texts help constitute an imagined national community (which in this case is a populist one); and the use of a melodramatic aesthetic to draw in audiences. The article thus argues for a more nuanced understanding of South African tabloids at this moment in our history.
Reds, white and blue: The dialectical construction of Zionism through the communist other in the Israeli press, 1948-1976
Authors: Livio Oren
Published: October 2010

For many years, the Communist Party of Israel (CPI) has been seen as the political other of the Israeli parliamentary scene, due to its radical views on Jewish—Arab relations, its non-Zionist stance, and its socioeconomic ideology. This article analyzes the ways in which the Israeli mainstream press utilized these characteristics of the CPI in order to dialectically confirm the moral superiority, historical inevitability, and ideological cohesiveness of Zionism over the first three decades of Israel’s existence. By portraying the CPI as treacherous, irrational, dogmatic, violent, and passive, Zionism was shown to be patriotic, logical, pragmatic, peaceful, and active. By focusing on the CPI’s support of Arab interests, Zionism became reduced to its nationalistic components, at the expense of the socialist ideals supposedly embraced earlier. The implications of these findings for the role of the media in the construction of collective identity and the exclusion of marginalized social groups are discussed.
Comparing international coverage of 9/11: Towards an interdisciplinary explanation of the construction of news
Authors: Archetti Cristina
Published: October 2010

This article presents an interdisciplinary model attempting to explain how news is constructed, by relying on the contributions of different fields of study: News Sociology, Political Communication, International Communications, and International Relations. It is a first step towards developing a holistic theoretical approach to what shapes the news that bridges current micro to macro approaches. More precisely, the model explains news variation across different media organizations and countries by focusing on the different ways the sense of newsworthiness of journalists is affected by three main variables: national interest, national journalistic culture, and the editorial policy of each media organization. The model is developed on the basis of an investigation into what shaped the media coverage of 9/11 in eight elite newspapers across the USA, France, Italy and Pakistan.
Of conspiracies and kangas: Mail & Guardian Online’s construction of the Jacob Zuma rape trial
Authors: Worthington Nancy
Published: October 2010

This textual analysis considers how one of South Africa’s elite news media constructed the rape trial of Jacob Zuma, the nation’s former deputy president, who was charged with raping an HIV-positive family friend. The Mail & Guardian Online ’s representation of the case engaged with some of South Africa’s most pressing issues during 2005—2006: political succession, women’s status, treatment of rape accusers, cultural attitudes towards sexuality, and soaring rates of rape and HIV/AIDS prevalence. I argue that the M&G Online constructed the rape trial in ways that prioritized party politics over gender politics by foregrounding contemporary discourses related to political power, rape myths, class and ethnic division, and the role of the press in 21st-century South Africa. Ultimately, I suggest that such representation served the M&G Online’s interest in attracting the readers its advertisers sought most: the liberal-minded middle class, a group generally frustrated with its political options.
The environment, the press and the missing lynx: A case study
Authors: Coward Ros
Published: October 2010

While coverage of the environment generally has increased in the national media, some subjects remain difficult to place. One such subject is endangered species and threats to their survival, in particular, loss of habitat. This article is about the reporting of one highly endangered European species, the Iberian lynx, in the UK national press. It exposes the news values determining which stories get into the press. The article also explores the role of individual journalists and environmental campaign groups in getting coverage and the persistence, invention and manoeuvring which leads to innovation in news values.
Sensing and Identifying the Improvised Explosive Device Suicide Bombers: People Carrying Wires on their Body
Authors: Fox William P , Vesecky John , Laws Kenneth
Published: October 2010

We examined the use of radar to detect humans wearing detonation wires as part of a suicide vest in suicide bombings in an effort to stop the bombing. Dogaru et al. (Computer models of the human body signature for sensing through the wall radar applications. Tech. Rpt. ARL-TR-4290, Army Research Laboratory, 2007) used numerical electromagnetic simulations to show ways to use radar backscatter to detect humans carrying weapons behind walls. We developed Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) simulations for the radar cross-section of wire configurations appropriate to the human body and compared them to the radar cross-section simulations for the human body done by Dogaru et al. We also used GunnPlexer Doppler radar at 12.5 GHz to collect laboratory experimental data from standoff distances of 2—8 meters from the following: human subjects, human subjects wearing a wire loop, and human subjects wearing a simulated vest with wire loops. We performed numerous experiments with both horizontal and vertical polarization (HH and VV), analyzing the data after each experimental run. We developed metrics from examining our experimental data of the radar cross-sections that could be used in building models to more accurately find subjects wearing wires. We wanted a metric to provide us with better statistical detection rates. We found several metrics that improved our ability to detect persons wearing wires. We discovered our best metric was the VV/HH ratio of radar cross-section. From our empirical modeling, we found that the ratio for people wearing wires was statistically different from people without wires at a level of significance of α = 0.05. Using this metric, we built a Monte Carlo simulation model that generated a crowd of people and randomly picked those with wires on their person. We used our metric and a threshold value, which we determined experimentally, to distinguish the persons with wires from those without wires. We found from our simulation that our metric provided a success rate of detecting persons wearing wires of approximately 83.4%, based on running 36,000 trial runs in Excel. The rate of false alarms, where the metric in the simulation model picked a subject who was not wearing wires as a suspect wearing wires, was reduced to 28%.

Using the work of Dogaru et al. and our NEC simulations of wire harnesses in the 0.85—1 GHz range, we found that the radar cross-section ratio (body with wires/body without wires) varied from 11 dB for 1—1.15 GHz VV polarization to —5.5 dB for 0.85—1 GHz HH polarization. This frequency range was the best in the range 0.5—9 GHz.

From our research we showed that we can be successful in finding viable metrics for detecting wires on people using radar observations. This preliminary research and the exciting results it produced encourages one to think that suicide bombers can be found prior to their detonation of their bombs and at ranges that are relatively safe.
Masculinity and Health in Late Life Men
Authors: Tannenbaum Cara , Frank Blye
Published: October 2010

Masculinity is a social construction that defines itself according to context. Older men constitute an unseen minority when it comes to their health, and thus the study of masculinity as it relates to health in older men requires deeper understanding. This article offers insights into how gender, health, and ageing interact for older men and explores how men negotiate the concept of masculinity in later life. The findings from two complementary studies are presented and discussed. The first study, a qualitative analysis of focus group discussions held with 48 community-dwelling older men, indicates that the desire to uphold hegemonic ideals of independence, self-reliance, and imperviousness to pain and illness are embedded in older men’s health-related beliefs and behaviors. Ill health and help seeking are often perceived as a threat to the masculine identity, and taking action for health is considered only when health status jeopardizes independence. In the second study, more than 2,000 men aged 55 to 97 years responded to a postal survey on health behaviors and masculinity. Results of the survey indicated that age predicts health behaviors and health care seeking better than scores on a masculinity index, which tended to remain stable regardless of age. Both the qualitative and quantitative findings support the hypothesis that with age men will succeed in incorporating actions into their daily lives in a way that does not conflict with their perceived resilience to frailty and weakness, even if such actions involve seeking help for illness or adopting healthier lifestyle behaviors.
Hubristic and Authentic Pride as Serial Homologues: The Same but Different
Authors: Clark Jason A.
Published: October 2010

Tracy, Shariff, and Cheng (2010) propose that human pride has two facets (hubristic pride [HP] and authentic pride [AP]) which, despite their similarities, diverge in important ways, including their evolutionary histories and functions. Put simplistically, AP emerged from HP. While AP and HP are thus homologous, HP continues to exist in humans, alongside AP. This is problematic on the most common interpretation of homology, in which an ancestral trait transforms into a derived trait, but does not remain present independently. I suggest that construing HP and AP as serial homologues (duplicated but varying traits within single organisms) solves this problem, and also resolves some of the other tensions in their account of pride as a “single” emotion with “two” facets.
Disciplining Emotion
Authors: White Geoffrey
Published: October 2010

This commentary discusses the article “The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation” by Carroll Izard (2010). Reading the article from the vantage point of cultural anthropology, these comments applaud its “ethnographic” thrust in explicating conceptual models used by scientists to define and analyze emotion. At the same time, reading the article as a kind of auto ethnography finds problems with its assumptions and methods that limit the extent of the exploration and preordain certain findings.
Descriptive and Prescriptive Definitions of Emotion
Authors: Widen Sherri C. , Russell James A.
Published: October 2010

Izard (2010) did not seek a descriptive definition of emotion—one that describes the concept as it is used by ordinary folk. Instead, he surveyed scientists’ prescriptive definitions—ones that prescribe how the concept should be used in theories of emotion. That survey showed a lack of agreement today and thus raised doubts about emotion as a useful scientific concept.
Has there been Conceptual Progress in The Science of Emotion?
Authors: Zachar Peter
Published: October 2010

Izard’s claim that the term emotion works well as an adjective is closer to B. F. Skinner’s position than is acknowledged. Based on Izard’s survey of scientists, I argue that the lack of consensus on emotion as a unitary construct could be considered to represent the dissolution of emotions. Given that something similar has happened in biology with the dissolution of the unitary gene construct, this development in psychology may not be as problematic as it initially sounds.
More Meanings and More Questions for the term “Emotion”
Authors: Izard Carroll E.
Published: October 2010

I am very appreciative of those who wrote comments on my article. They raised some interesting and some quite challenging questions. Their responses seem quite in synchrony with my focus and intent—to reveal some problems that we need to address in advancing emotion science. The authors of the commentaries reflected some of the same sort of differences among themselves as I found among the emotion scientists whom I surveyed in search of a definition of emotion. Like the emotion scientists who responded to my survey, most of the authors of the commentaries were generally in agreement on the significance of research in the emotion domain but not in agreement on the meaning of the term emotion. I briefly discuss the noteworthy question (raised in one of the commentaries) as to whether and when discrete emotion concepts might someday share the same fate as the general term emotion and disappear from emotion science.
Zajonc, Cockroaches, and Chickens, c. 1965—1975: A Characterization and Contextualization
Authors: Rajecki D.W.
Published: October 2010

As a social psychologist addressing mainly the topics of social facilitation (motivation) and attitudinal effects of mere exposure (affect), between 1965 and 1975 Robert B. Zajonc authored prominent works that relied on or led to observations of the actions of nonhuman animals. Zajonc pointed to insects, worms, fish, fowl, birds, mice, rats, cats, dogs, monkeys, and apes as animal models whereby responses of beasts were used as evidential substitutes (with apparently equal weight) for responses of man. These efforts notwithstanding, animal-based research no longer has visibility in mainstream social psychology. Reasons for this absence include general historical trends in the field’s development.
Remembering Robert Zajonc: The Complete Psychologist
Authors: Berridge Kent C.
Published: October 2010

This article joins with others in the same issue to celebrate the career of Robert B. Zajonc who was a broad, as well as a deeply talented, psychologist. Beyond his well-known focus in social psychology, the work of Zajonc also involved, at one time or another, forays into nearly every other subfield of psychology. This article focuses specifically on his studies that extended into biopsychology, which deserve special highlighting in order to be recognized alongside his many major achievements in emotion and related social topics. The biopsychological focus is offered here in the hope that all his diverse contributions be savored together when celebrating the complete psychology of Robert Zajonc.
The Mere Exposure Phenomenon: A Lingering Melody by Robert Zajonc
Authors: Moreland Richard L. , Topolinski Sascha
Published: October 2010

The mere exposure phenomenon (repeated exposure to a stimulus is sufficient to improve attitudes toward that stimulus) is one of the most inspiring phenomena associated with Robert Zajonc’s long and productive career in social psychology. In the first part of this article, Richard Moreland (who was trained by Zajonc in graduate school) describes his own work on exposure and learning, and on the relationships among familiarity, similarity, and attraction in person perception. In the second part, Sascha Topolinski (a recent graduate who never met Zajonc, but found his ideas inspirational) describes his own work concerning embodiment and fluency in the mere exposure effect. Also, several avenues for future research on the mere exposure phenomenon are identified, further demonstrating its continuing relevance to the field.
Bob Zajonc and the Unconscious Emotion
Authors: Winkielman Piotr
Published: October 2010

This article focuses on Bob Zajonc’s views on unconscious emotion, especially in the context of the debates about the independence of affect and cognition. Historically, Bob was always interested in the “mere”—basic, fundamental processes. His empirical demonstrations of precognitive and preconscious emotional processes, combined with his elegant expositions of them, sharply contrasted with cold and complex cognitive models. Interestingly, Bob tended to believe that whereas the causes of emotion can be unconscious, the emotional state itself tends to be conscious. However, he reconsidered this assumption and in his later work showed that subjects in affective priming experiments do not experience conscious affect, but instead act on basic preferences. Today, Bob’s insights continue to inspire research on “unconscious emotion.”
Body and Mind: Zajonc’s (Re)introduction of the Motor System to Emotion and Cognition
Authors: Niedenthal Paula M. , Augustinova Maria , Rychlowska Magdalena
Published: October 2010

Zajonc and Markus published a chapter in 1984 that proposed solutions to the difficult problem of modeling interactions between cognition and emotion. The most radical of their proposals was the importance of the motor system in information processing. These initial preoccupations, when wedded with the vascular theory of emotional efference (VTEE), propelled theory and research about how the face works to control emotion and to control interpersonal interaction. We discuss the development of Bob’s thinking about facial expression—facial efference is the term he preferred—as he moved toward predictions that sounded radical at the time, and which these days sound like precursors to advances in neuroscience and psychology subsumed under the term “embodied cognition.”
Further Thoughts on the Evolution of Pride’s Two Facets: A Response to Clark
Authors: Shariff Azim F. , Tracy Jessica L. , Cheng Joey T. , Henrich Joseph
Published: October 2010

In Clark’s thoughtful analysis of the evolution of the two facets of pride, he suggests that the concurrent existence of hubristic and authentic pride in humans represents a “persistence problem,” wherein the vestigial trait (hubristic pride) continues to exist alongside the derived trait (authentic pride). In our view, evidence for the two facets does not pose a persistence problem; rather, hubristic and authentic pride both likely evolved as higher-order cognitive emotions that solve uniquely human—but distinct— evolutionary problems. Instead of being conceptualized as serial homologues, with one the vestigial form of the other, we argue that hubristic and authentic pride are both derived homologues of a vestigial proto-pride emotion that existed in our shared ancestry with other primates.