bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definiteness projection
Authors: Mandelkern Matthew , Rothschild Daniel
Published: December 2019

We argue that definite noun phrases give rise to uniqueness inferences characterized by a pattern we calldefiniteness projection. Definiteness projection says that the uniqueness inference of a definite projects out unless there is an indefinite antecedent in a position that filters presuppositions. We argue that definiteness projection poses a serious puzzle for e-type theories of (in)definites; on such theories, indefinites should filter existence presuppositions but not uniqueness presuppositions. We argue that definiteness projection also poses challenges for dynamic approaches, which have trouble generating uniqueness inferences and predicting some filtering behavior, though unlike the challenge for e-type theories, these challenges have mostly been noted in the literature, albeit in a piecemeal way. Our central aim, however, is not to argue for or against a particular view, but rather to formulate and motivate a generalization about definiteness which any adequate theory must account for.
Scalable Person Re-Identification by Harmonious Attention
Authors: Li Wei , Zhu Xiatian , Gong Shaogang
Published: December 2019

Existing person re-identification (re-id) deep learning methods rely heavily on the utilisation of large and computationally expensive convolutional neural networks. They are thereforenot scalableto large scale re-id deployment scenarios with the need of processing a large amount of surveillance video data, due to the lengthy inference process with high computing costs. In this work, we address this limitation via jointly learning re-id attention selection. Specifically, we formulate a novelharmonious attention network(HAN) framework to jointly learn soft pixel attention and hard region attention alongside simultaneous deep feature representation learning, particularly enabling more discriminative re-id matching byefficientnetworks with more scalable model inference and feature matching. Extensive evaluations validate the cost-effectiveness superiority of the proposed HAN approach for person re-id against a wide variety of state-of-the-art methods on four large benchmark datasets: CUHK03, Market-1501, DukeMTMC, and MSMT17.
Legacy Effects of Eutrophication on Modern Methane Dynamics in a Boreal Estuary
Authors: Myllykangas Jukka-Pekka , Hietanen Susanna , Jilbert Tom
Published: December 2019

Estuaries are important conduits between terrestrial and marine aquatic systems and function as hot spots in the aquatic methane cycle. Eutrophication and climate change may accelerate methane emissions from estuaries, causing positive feedbacks with global warming. Boreal regions will warm rapidly in the coming decades, increasing the need to understand methane cycling in these systems. In this 3-year study, we investigated seasonal and spatial variability of methane dynamics in a eutrophied boreal estuary, both in the water column and underlying sediments. The estuary and the connected archipelago were consistently a source of methane to the atmosphere, although the origin of emitted methane varied with distance offshore. In the estuary, the river was the primary source of atmospheric methane. In contrast, in the adjacent archipelago, sedimentary methanogenesis fueled by eutrophication over previous decades was the main source. Methane emissions to the atmosphere from the study area were highly variable and dependent on local hydrodynamics and environmental conditions. Despite evidence of highly active methanogenesis in the studied sediments, the vast majority of the upwards diffusive flux of methane was removed before it could escape to the atmosphere, indicating that oxidative filters are presently still functioning regardless of previous eutrophication and ongoing climate change.
Various significant connections of the male pelvic floor muscles with special reference to the anal and urethral sphincter muscles
Authors: Suriyut Janyaruk , Muro Satoru , Baramee Phichaya , Harada Masayo , Akita Keiichi
Published: December 2019

The male pelvic floor is a complex structure formed by several muscles. The levator ani muscle and the perineal muscles are important components of the pelvic floor. The perineal muscles comprise the external anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles, and ischiocavernosus. Although the connections of the muscles of the pelvic floor have been reported recently, the anatomical details of each muscle remain unclear. In this study, we examined the male pelvic floor to clarify the connection between the muscles related to function. Fifteen male pelvises were used for microscopic dissection, and three male pelvises were used for histological examination. On the lateral aspect, the perineal muscles were connected to each other. Bundles of the levator ani muscle extended to connect to the perineal muscles. In addition, the extended muscle bundle from the levator ani muscle and the perineal muscles surround the external urethral sphincter. On the medial aspect, the levator ani muscle and the external anal sphincter form the anterior and posterior muscular slings of the anal canal. The connection between the perineal muscles and levator ani muscle indicates a possible close relationship between the functions of the urethra and anus.
Biomass and nutritive value of Spirulina (Arthrospira fusiformis) cultivated in a cost-effective medium
Authors: Michael Angelina , Kyewalyanga Margareth Serapio , Lugomela Charles Venance
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Cultivation of spirulina at commercial-scales relies on analytical grade–based media, which are expensive and so are the product.

Purpose

This study assessed the biomass, proximate composition, and other useful compounds in Spirulina (Arthrospira fusiformis) produced with a cost-effective culture medium (LCMA), and the results were compared with those from a standard Zarrouk medium–grown spirulina.

Methods

The LCMA medium was formulated by using a commercial NPK10-20-20 fertilizer as a source of the three major nutrients for spirulina growth, and other three ingredients from Zarrouk medium. The experiment was conducted for 28 days in the glass aquaria under indoor conditions. Standard analytical methods were applied for the determination of proximate composition, chlorophyll, minerals, and vitamins in the spirulina biomass.

Result

The LCMA medium showed the best growth conditions by accumulating higher chlorophyll content (0.99 ± 0.02%) and dry weight (0.75 ± 0.01 g/100 ml) as well as attaining higher optical density (2.06 at day 15) earlier than the Zarrouk medium. The results of the proximate analysis for spirulina cultured in the LCMA medium were of good quality, with the protein contributing more than 50% of its dry matter. It was further noticed that the LCMA was an ideal medium for optimization of vitamins and some minerals since it recorded a significant amount of most of the analyzed vitamins together with the minerals sodium and potassium compared with the Zarrouk medium.

Conclusion

It is suggested that LCMA medium could be used as the alternative and cheap medium for maximization of biomass and production of useful biochemical compounds in spirulina species.
Evolution of communities of software: using tensor decompositions to compare software ecosystems
Authors: Blanthorn Oliver A. , Caine Colin M. , Navarro-López Eva M.
Published: December 2019

Modern software development is often a collaborative effort involving many authors through the re-use and sharing of code through software libraries. Modern software “ecosystems” are complex socio-technical systems which can be represented as a multilayer dynamic network. Many of these libraries and software packages are open-source and developed in the open on sites such as , so there is a large amount of data available about these networks. Studying these networks could be of interest to anyone choosing or designing a programming language. In this work, we use tensor factorisation to explore the dynamics of communities of software, and then compare these dynamics between languages on a dataset of approximately 1 million software projects. We hope to be able to inform the debate on software dependencies that has been recently re-ignited by the malicious takeover of the npm package and other incidents through giving a clearer picture of the structure of software dependency networks, and by exploring how the choices of language designers—for example, in the size of standard libraries, or the standards to which packages are held before admission to a language ecosystem is granted—may have shaped their language ecosystems. We establish that adjusted mutual information is a valid metric by which to assess the number of communities in a tensor decomposition and find that there are striking differences between the communities found across different software ecosystems and that communities do experience large and interpretable changes in activity over time. The differences between the elm and R software ecosystems, which see some communities decline over time, and the more conventional software ecosystems of Python, Java and JavaScript, which do not see many declining communities, are particularly marked.
Learning embeddings for multiplex networks using triplet loss
Authors: Hajiseyedjavadi Seyedsaeed , Lin Yu-Ru , Pelechrinis Konstantinos
Published: December 2019

Learning low-dimensional representations of graphs has facilitated the use of traditional machine learning techniques to solving classic network analysis tasks such as link prediction, node classification, community detection, etc. However, to date, the vast majority of these learning tasks are focused on traditional single-layer/unimodal networks and largely ignore the case of multiplex networks. A multiplex network is a suitable structure to model multi-dimensional real-world complex systems. It consists of multiple layers where each layer represents a different relationship among the network nodes. In this work, we propose MUNEM, a novel approach for learning a low-dimensional representation of a multiplex network using a triplet loss objective function. In our approach, we preserve the global structure of each layer, while at the same time fusing knowledge among different layers during the learning process. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed method by testing and comparing on real-world multiplex networks from different domains, such as collaboration network, protein-protein interaction network, online social network. Finally, in order to deliberately examine the effect of our model’s parameters we conduct extensive experiments on synthetic multiplex networks.
“Every Citizen a Sentinel! Every Home a Sentry Box!” The Sentinels of the Republic and the Gendered Origins of Free-Market Conservatism
Authors: Bowes Julia
Published: December 2019

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Sentinels of the Republic, a conservative citizens' organization, mounted a fierce campaign against the adoption of the federal Child Labor Amendment. The Sentinels were able to defeat the amendment by painting it as a threat to the sovereignty of the male-headed family. This appeal proved an effective rallying cry across sex, class, and faith lines, and galvanized significant opposition to the expansion of state power. Initially formed in 1922, the Sentinels, composed predominantly of elite businessmen, lawyers, and antifeminists, remained an active antistatist lobby throughout the following two decades, and formed a key part of the pro-business lobby that attacked the New Deal. Assessing the gendered political ideology and organizing strategies of the Sentinels reveals how patriarchal ideas about the traditional family played a core and constitutive role in the development of conservative free-market politics.
Independent Agencies, Distribution, and Legitimacy: The Case of Central Banks
Authors: DIETSCH PETER
Published: December 2019

Delegation to independent agencies can reap real benefits for policy-making. In the case of monetary policy, it shores up the credibility of the central bank. However, the discretion of IAs needs to be constrained to ensure their legitimacy. This letter focuses on one potential constraint, namely, the idea that IAs should not make choices on distributional trade-offs. Given that monetary policy today has significant distributive consequences, if this constraint were respected, the independence of central banks would have to be repealed. This would be just as undesirable as a monetary policy whose distributive consequences remain unchecked. Instead, this letter encourages the search for alternative solutions and puts forward three possible institutional arrangements to manage the tension between the distributive consequences of monetary policy on the one hand and central bank legitimacy on the other.
The association of dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load with gestational weight gain and newborn birth weight
Authors: Gomes Caroline de Barros , Malta Maíra Barreto , Antunes José Leopoldo Ferreira , Gallo Caroline de Oliveira , Benício Maria Helena D’Aquino , Carvalhaes Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite
Published: December 2019

Diet during pregnancy is related to several maternal and infant health outcomes; however, the relationship between maternal dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) and gestational weight gain (GWG) or newborn birth weight is controversial. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between maternal dietary GI and GL and GWG and birth weight. A cohort of adult pregnant women with usual obstetric risk was followed in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Two 24-h dietary recalls were collected in each gestational trimester (<14, 24–27, 31–34 weeks), one in person and the other by telephone. GI and GL were determined using the software Nutrition Data System for Research. GWG was obtained from medical records and evaluated as the weekly GWG between the second and third gestational trimesters. Newborn birth weight z-score in relation to gestational age was evaluated according to Intergrowth-21st Project recommendations. A multiple linear regression model, adjusted for potential confounders, showed a one-point increase in the GI resulted in a mean decrease of 12·9 (95 % CI –21·48, –4·24) g in weekly GWG; GL was not associated with this outcome. The birth weight z-score was not associated with GI (P = 0·763) or GL (P = 0·317). In conclusion, in a cohort of pregnant women considered at usual risk for obstetric complications, maternal dietary GI was negatively associated with weekly GWG in the second and third gestational trimesters. No association was observed between GL and GWG, and neither GI nor GL was associated with birth weight z-score.
How State Capacity Helps Autocrats win Elections
Authors: Seeberg Merete Bech
Published: December 2019

Research has highlighted the role of the state in sustaining authoritarian regimes. But how does state capacity support autocrats during elections? The author argues that one specific aspect of state capacity – control over territory through the state apparatus – helps autocrats ensure large majority electoral victories. High-capacity rulers can rely on local agents and institutions to subtly manipulate elections, for instance by controlling the media or inhibiting the work of domestic election monitors throughout the territory while staying clear of costly manipulation such as election violence. In cross-national analyses of authoritarian multiparty elections from 1946 to 2017, the study finds that state territorial control increases the likelihood of large victories. Furthermore, high levels of state control correlate with subtle strategies of manipulation, including media bias and restrictions on domestic monitors – strategies that are also positively associated with large victories. At the same time, state control is negatively associated with election violence.
Barriers to Trade: How Border Walls Affect Trade Relations
Authors: Carter David B. , Poast Paul
Published: December 2019

Since trade must cross borders, to what extent do border walls affect trade flows? We argue that border walls can reduce trade flows. Even if the objective is to only stem illicit flows, border walls heighten “border effects” that can also inhibit legal cross-border flows. Using a gravity model of trade that reflects recent developments in both economic theory and econometrics, we find that the creation of a wall is associated with a reduction in legal trade flows between neighboring countries. We provide a battery of evidence that suggests this reduction is not simply a function of worsening bilateral relations. Our findings have implications for understanding how governments have taken measures to assert sovereign control of their borders in an age of increasing economic globalization.
Efficacy of calcium chloride and arginine foliar spray in alleviating terminal heat stress in late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)
Authors: Roy Chowdhury A. , Ghosh M. , Lal M. , Pal A. , Hazra K. K. , Acharya S. S. , Chaurasiya A. , Pathak S. K.
Published: December 2019

Terminal heat stress leads to sizeable yield loss in late-sown wheat in tropical environments. Several synthetic compounds are known to counteract plant stress emanating from abiotic factors. A field experiment was conducted in Sabour (eastern India) during 2013–2016 to investigate the field efficacy of two synthetic compounds, calcium chloride (CaCl2) and arginine, for improving grain yield of two contrasting wheat cultivars (DBW 14 and K 307) facing terminal heat stress. For this, foliar spray of 18.0 mM CaCl2at booting (CCB) or anthesis (CCA), 9.0 mM CaCl2at both booting and anthesis (CCB+A), 2.5 mM arginine at booting (ARGB) or anthesis (ARGA) and 1.25 mM arginine at both booting and anthesis (ARGB+A) treatments along with no-spray and water-spray treatments were evaluated in late-sown wheat. The highest grain yield was recorded in treatment CCB+A, followed by CCAand ARGB+A. However, the effect of these compounds was marginal on grain yield when applied only at the booting stage. Grains/ear and thousand-grain weight were found to be the critical determinants for yield in late-sown wheat. During the anthesis to grain filling period, flag-leaf chlorophyll degradation and increase in relative permeability in no-spray treatment were 34–36% and 29–52%, respectively, but these values were reduced considerably in CCB+Atreatment followed CCA. Thus, foliar spray of 9.0 mM CaCl2both at booting and anthesis stages may be recommended for alleviating the negative impacts of terminal heat stress in late-sown wheat and improving its productivity (>13%).
Simulation-based ENT induction: validation of a novel mannequin training model
Authors: Bhalla S , Beegun I , Awad Z , Tolley N
Published: December 2019

Objective

To ascertain whether simulation-based teaching is superior to lecture-based teaching for an induction programme using a home-made induction model.

Methods

A simulation-based induction programme was designed and separate lecture-based teaching covering the same content was organised for junior doctors. The junior doctors were asked to complete pre- and post-induction surveys regarding confidence and anxiety levels. The skills taught included microsuction, flexible nasendoscopy, and anterior and posterior nasal packing. Structured interviews were conducted after the programme to gain qualitative data for analysis. The trainees’ knowledge retention was compared using a standardised written assessment one month after the session.

Results

Simulation-based teaching using the induction model was associated with a statistically significant increase in confidence levels and reduction in anxiety levels, and was associated with greater knowledge retention.

Conclusion

A regular simulation induction programme should be introduced using the induction model, as it leads to better knowledge retention and increased confidence levels.
Dust-acoustic shock waves in a plasma system with opposite polarity dust fluids and trapped ions
Authors: Sumi R. A. , Tasnim I. , Anowar M. G. M. , Mamun A. A.
Published: December 2019

The propagation of dust-acoustic (DA) shock waves (SWs) is studied in a four-component dusty plasma system containing viscous dust fluids of opposite polarity, Schamel distributed ions and Boltzmann distributed electrons. The reductive perturbation method is employed to derive a modified Burgers equation which gives rise to the DA shock waves with stronger nonlinearity. The viscous force acting in the dust fluids is identified as a source of dissipation, and is responsible for the formation of the DA shock waves. The basic characteristics (viz., speed, amplitude, width) of the DA shock waves are found to be significantly modified by the combined effects of opposite polarity dust fluids and trapped ions. The applications of this investigation in different space plasma environments and laboratory devices are pinpointed.
‘What You See is What You Get’: Local journalism and the search for truth in Lyari, Karachi
Authors: GAYER LAURENT , KIRMANI NIDA
Published: December 2019

Situations of internecine warfare have in common to question the transitivity of everyday life—that is, its capacity to be taken for granted, to flow without any need for explication. These wars within the familiar generate specific anxieties about where to look at and what to believe. Events, persons, places, or objects whose status seemed hitherto undeniable become less predictable, while their worth comes into question. As individuals’ ontological security is threatened, the need for new monitoring devices and authentication procedures arises. Drawing on the phenomenology of civil wars and the anthropology of fakes, this contribution proposes to explore one such crisis of evidence: the nexus of political, ethnic, and criminal violence raging in Karachi's inner-city area of Lyari. Through the lens of local journalism, it reflects upon the tactics of social navigation deployed by residents confronted with chronic uncertainty in all sectors of life.Janbaz, the Urdu newspaper examined here, provides an opportunity to move beyond functionalist readings of the press in conflict situations. While insisting upon the pleasure derived byJanbaz’s readers from the sensationalized rendering of Lyari's predicament, we argue that the newspaper is the site of a continuous series of ‘reality tests’ and the focal point of private and collective investigations, pooling knowledge in an increasingly undecipherable environment. More than through its information, it is through its shortcomings thatJanbazhas helped to recreate social ties in a world plagued by discord and uncertainty.
Field Experiments and Behavioral Theories: Science and Ethics
Authors: Carlson Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

The design of field experiments makes them inappropriate for testing many common political theories. These theories propose that certain factors—for example, income or information—affect how individuals make choices. To test these theories, researchers typically investigate the correlation between the relevant factor and individuals’ choices, holding other factors constant. Field experiments, in contrast, allow multiple factors to vary at once: they create real-world disruption and do not control how actors behave in response. Subjects’ choices will be affected by the experimental treatment as well as by other changes that occur as the larger system reacts. It will be difficult to isolate the effect of any one factor, particularly without a good preexisting model of the system and how it is likely to respond. If a field experiment will not tell us what we need to know, the benefit of the study cannot outweigh harm, and it also will be unethical.
VARIETY, COMPETITION, AND POPULATION IN ECONOMIC GROWTH: THEORY AND EMPIRICS
Authors: Bucci Alberto , Carbonari Lorenzo , Trovato Giovanni
Published: December 2019

We provide aggregate macroeconomic evidence on how, in the long run, a diverse degree of complexity in production may affect not only the rate of economic growth, but also the correlation between the latter, population growth and the monopolistic (intermediate) markups. For a sample of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, we find that the impact of population change on economic growth is slightly positive. According to our theoretical model, this implies that the losses due to more complexity in production are lower than the corresponding specialization gains. Using a finite mixture model, we also classify the countries in the sample and verify for each cluster the impact that the population growth rate and the intermediate sector’s markups exert on the 5-year average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate.
Tutorial: Nuisance or Substance? Leveraging Heterogeneity of Preferences
Authors: Regenwetter Michel , Robinson Maria M.
Published: December 2019

Psychology and neighboring disciplines are currently consumed with a replication crisis. Recent work has shown that replication can have the unintended consequence of perpetuating unwarranted conclusions when repeating an incorrect line of scientific reasoning from one study to another. This tutorial shows how decision researchers can derive logically coherent predictions from their theory by keeping track of the heterogeneity of preference the theory permits, rather than dismissing such heterogeneity as a nuisance. As an illustration, we reanalyze data of Barron and Ursino (2013). By keeping track of the heterogeneity of preferences permitted by Cumulative Prospect Theory, we show how the analysis and conclusions of Barron and Ursino (2013) change. This tutorial is intended as a blue-print for graduate student projects that dig deeply into the merits of prior studies and/or that supplement replication studies with a quality check.
A Dynamic Dual Process Model of Intertemporal Choice
Authors: Diederich Adele , Zhao Wenjia Joyce
Published: December 2019

Dual process theories of decision making describe choice as the result of an automatic System 1, which is quick to activate but behaves impulsively, and a deliberative System 2, which is slower to activate but makes decisions in a rational and controlled manner. However, most existent dual process theories are verbal descriptions and do not generate testable qualitative and quantitative predictions. In this paper, we describe a formalized dynamic dual process model framework of intertemporal choice that allows for precise, experimentally testable predictions regarding choice probability and response time distributions. The framework is based on two-stage stochastic process models to account for the two postulated systems and to capture the dynamics and uncertainty involved in decision making. Using quasi closed form solutions, we illustrate how different factors (timing of System 1, time constraint, and preferences in both systems), which are reflected in the model parameters, influence qualitative and quantitative model predictions. Furthermore, we show how an existing static-deterministic model on intertemporal choice can be implemented in the framework allowing for testable predictions. The proposed framework can bring novel insights into the processes underlying intertemporal choices.
The Why and How of Entrepreneurial Action: An Integrative Model Based on Individual Values and Action Theory
Authors: Morales Carlos , Masuda Aline D. , Holtschlag Claudia
Published: December 2019

Although individual values have been scarcely studied in the entrepreneurship literature, existing research provides evidence that they are relevant for understanding entrepreneurial behavior. Values, however, do not necessarily influence action in a direct way. Instead, they may indirectly predict behavior via more proximal psychological processes. We build upon previous research in entrepreneurship values using Schwartz (1992) individual-values theory and Frese’s (2007) entrepreneurial action theory, and propose a theoretical model in which individual values have an indirect effect on entrepreneurial behavior through a series of four ulterior cognitive processes: Goal setting and intentions, mapping of information about the environment, planning and monitoring of the execution, and feedback processing. In doing so we integrate the theory of individual values with entrepreneurial cognition research. Despite their complementarity, these two theoretical approaches have not been studied together before. In this way, we offer new insights on the way individual values can explain entrepreneurial action. Based on these two lines of research we additionally propose a research agenda.
Internal Structure of the Oceanic Lithosphere at a Melt‐Starved Ultraslow‐Spreading Mid‐Ocean Ridge: Insights From 2‐D Seismic Data
Authors: Momoh Ekeabino , Cannat Mathilde , Leroy Sylvie
Published: December 2019

Extensive outcrops of serpentinized peridotite in melt‐starved spreading corridors of the ultraslow easternmost Southwest Indian Ridge are hypothesized to be due to slip on successive long‐offset normal faults that alternate polarity (flip‐flop detachment faults). We investigate the nature of the oceanic crust which forms under these conditions, using seismic reflection data acquired during the SISMOSMOOTH 2014 cruise. Using 3‐D binning, the seismic profiles were binned elastically, while three of the profiles shot closely were merged into one to take advantage of the larger air gun source volume. Using a poststack imaging sequence, we observe several types of reflectors at crustal and infracrustal depths, in the axial valley and off‐axis. Correlating our seismic observations with Residual Mantle Bouguer gravity anomalies and seafloor observations, we find that our results are explicable in the framework of the flip‐flop hypothesis of detachment faulting. Reflectors imaged down to 5 km into the basement and interpreted as due to damaged zones outlining the detachment faults dip 50° at the early stages, while at late stages after developing offsets >10 km, they dip 25°. Other reflectors observed in the crust are interpreted as moderate offset (<200 m) normal faults accommodating deformation and alteration in the hanging wall and channeling the sparse melt to the seafloor. We interpret these and other observed seismic reflectors in the frame of a two‐phase evolutionary sequence over the lifetime of two successive flip‐flop detachment faults: exhumation, footwall flexure, damage, serpentinization, and incipient magmatism in the footwall of one detachment fault; followed by further tectonic damage, alteration, and incipient magmatism in the hanging wall of the next detachment fault.
Probable Cold and Alkaline Surface Environment of the Hadean Earth Caused by Impact Ejecta Weathering
Authors: Kadoya Shintaro , Krissansen‐Totton Joshua , Catling David C.
Published: December 2019

Constraining the surface environment of the early Earth is essential for understanding the origin and evolution of life. The release of cations from silicate weathering depends on climatic temperature and
, and such cations sequester
into carbonate minerals in or on the seafloor, providing a stabilizing feedback on climate. Previous studies have suggested that this carbonate‐silicate cycle can keep the early Earth's surface temperature moderate by increasing
to compensate for the faint young Sun. However, the Hadean Earth experienced a high meteorite impactor flux, which produced ejecta that is easily weathered by carbonic acid. In this study, we estimated the histories of surface temperature and ocean pH during the Hadean and early Archean using a new model that includes the weathering of impact ejecta, empirically justified seafloor weathering, and ocean carbonate chemistry. We find that relatively low
and surface temperatures are probable during the Hadean, for example, at 4.3 Ga,
(in bar) is

and temperature is

K. Such a low
would result in a circumneutral to basic pH of seawater, for example,

at 4.3 Ga. A probably cold and alkaline marine environment is associated with a high impact flux. Hence, if there was an interval of an enhanced impact flux, that is, Late Heavy Bombardment, similar conditions may have existed in the early Archean. Therefore, if the origin of life occurred in the Hadean, life likely emerged in a cold global environment and probably spread into an alkaline ocean.
The Surface Energy Balance at Panda 1 Station, Princess Elizabeth Land: A Typical Katabatic Wind Region in East Antarctica
Authors: Ding Minghu , Yang Diyi , van den Broeke Michiel R. , Allison Ian , Xiao Cunde , Qin Dahe , Huai Baojuan
Published: December 2019

Using automatic weather station and reanalysis data (ERA5) from 2011 at Panda‐1 Station, situated in the katabatic region of Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, the surface energy balance was calculated using a surface temperature iteration method, and the characteristics of each energy component were analyzed. Downward shortwave and longwave radiation were the two primary energy sources during summer days with seasonal means of 346 and 142 W m−2. The turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat flux represent smaller heat sources. In the annual mean, reflected shortwave radiation exceeds the upward longwave radiation with a seasonal average values of −287 W m−2. During winter, the shortwave radiation is small, and the main energy input and output terms of the surface energy balance are downward and upward longwave radiation, with seasonal average values of 149 and −159 W m−2, respectively. The combination of high wind speed and a large near‐surface humidity gradient during summer resulted in significant frost depositional events. The total surface frost deposition for the whole year was 24 kg m−2, which accounted for 61% of the total accumulation (averaged over 10 years). When a high‐pressure ridge blocks cyclones and deflects fronts of low‐pressure systems to inland East Antarctica during winter, this has a significant impact on the surface energy balance at Panda 1 automatic weather station, with daily sensible and latent heat fluxes increasing by as much as 25 and 12 W m−2, respectively. These results still contain uncertainties as we only address a single year, when interannual variability may be considerable, and we do not consider drifting snow sublimation.
Modeling the Sources and Transport Processes During Extreme Ammonia Episodes in the U.S. Corn Belt
Authors: Hu Cheng , Griffis Timothy J. , Baker John M. , Wood Jeffrey D. , Millet Dylan B. , Yu Zhongjie , Lee Xuhui
Published: December 2019

Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is the primary form of reactive nitrogen (Nr) and a precursor of ammonium (NH4+) aerosols. Ammonia has been linked to adverse impacts on human health, the loss of ecosystem biodiversity, and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing. The midwestern United States is the major NH3 source in North America because of dense livestock operations and the high use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Here, we combine tall‐tower (100 m) observations in Minnesota and Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) modeling to investigate high and low NH3 emission episodes within the U.S. Corn Belt to improve our understanding of the distribution of emission sources and transport processes. We examined observations and performed model simulations for cases in February through November of 2017 and 2018. The results showed the following: (1) Peak emissions in November 2017 were enhanced by above‐normal air temperatures, implying a Q10 (i.e., the change in NH3 emissions for a temperature increase of 10°C) of 2.5 for emissions. (2) The intensive livestock emissions rom northern Iowa, approximately 400 km away from the tall tower, accounted for 17.6% of the abundance in tall‐tower NH3 mixing ratios. (3) Ammonia mixing ratios in the innermost domain 3 frequently (i.e., 336 hr, 48% of November 2017) exceeded 5.3 ppb, an important air quality health standard. (4) In November 2017, simulated NH3 net ecosystem exchange (the difference between NH3 emissions and dry deposition) accounted for 60–65% of gross NH3 emissions for agricultural areas and was 2.8–3.1 times the emissions of forested areas. (5) We estimated a mean annual NH3 net ecosystem exchange of 1.60 ± 0.06 nmol · m−2 · s−1 for agricultural lands and −0.07 ± 0.02 nmol · m−2 · s−1 for forested lands. These results imply that future warmer fall temperatures will enhance agricultural NH3 emissions, increase the frequency of dangerous NH3 episodes, and enhance dry NH3 deposition in adjacent forested lands.
Groundwater Carbon Within a Boreal Catchment: Spatiotemporal Variability of a Hidden Aquatic Carbon Pool
Authors: Nydahl Anna C. , Wallin Marcus B. , Laudon Hjalmar , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A.
Published: December 2019

Groundwater is an essential resource providing water for societies and sustaining surface waters. Although groundwater at intermediate depth could be highly influential at regulating lake and river surface water chemistry, studies quantifying organic and inorganic carbon (C) species in intermediate depth groundwater are still rare. Here, we quantified dissolved and gaseous C species in the groundwater of a boreal catchment at 3‐ to 20‐m depth. We found that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), the stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C‐DIC), and pH showed a dependency with depth. Along the depth profile, a negative relationship was observed between pCO2 and δ13C‐DIC and between pCO2 and pH. We attribute the negative pCO2‐pH relationship along the depth gradient to increased silicate weathering and decreased soil respiration. Silicate weathering consumes carbon dioxide (CO2) and release base cations, leading to increased pH and decreased pCO2. We observed a positive relationship between δ13C‐DIC and depth, potentially due to diffusion‐related fractionation in addition to isotopic discrimination during soil respiration. Soil CO2 may diffuse downward, resulting in a fractionation of the δ13C‐DIC. Additionally, the dissolved organic carbon at greater depth may be recalcitrant consisting of old degraded material with a greater fraction of the heavier C isotope. Our study provides increased knowledge about the C biogeochemistry of groundwater at intermediate depth, which is important since these waters likely contribute to the widespread CO2 oversaturation in boreal surface waters.
Flooding Dynamics Within an Amazonian Floodplain: Water Circulation Patterns and Inundation Duration
Authors: Pinel Sebastien , Bonnet Marie‐Paule , S. Da Silva Joecila , Sampaio Tania C. , Garnier Jérémie , Catry Thibault , Calmant Stephane , Fragoso Carlos R. , Moreira Daniel , Motta Marques David , Seyler Frederique
Published: December 2019

Flooding dynamics across a medium‐size (Janauaca Lake, 786 km2) floodplain system along the Amazon/Solimoes River over a 9‐year period (2006–2015) is studied through integration of remote sensing and limited in situ data in hydrologic‐hydrodynamic modelling based on Telemac‐2D model. Model accuracy varies through the hydrological year. We focus on seasonal and interannual spatial variability of water circulation and inundation duration. We highlight strong heterogeneities in water velocity magnitude between the different morphological domains of the floodplain, the highest velocities being encountered in the river‐floodplain channel. In addition to topography, we emphasize the importance of the main channel and the local runoff in controlling the water circulation, at least during part of the hydrological year. From low water to early rising period, local runoff constrains the river incursion across the floodplain, while the rates of main channel rising/receding controls the flood duration. The comparison of several hydrological years highlights the interannual changes of these hydraulic controls and also the influence exerted by prior inundation conditions. While we observed few changes in water velocity distribution among hydrological years, the inundation duration is highly variable. Usually defined by maximum water level, extreme flood events may paradoxically induce positive (up to 40 days) but also negative (up to −20 days) anomalies of inundation duration.
Author Correction: A consensus-based transparency checklist
Authors: Aczel Balazs , Szaszi Barnabas , Sarafoglou Alexandra , Kekecs Zoltan , Kucharský Šimon , Benjamin Daniel , Chambers Christopher D. , Fisher Agneta , Gelman Andrew , Gernsbacher Morton A. , Ioannidis John P. , Johnson Eric , Jonas Kai , Kousta Stavroula , Lilienfeld Scott O. , Lindsay D. Stephen , Morey Candice C. , Munafò Marcus , Newell Benjamin R. , Pashler Harold , Shanks David R. , Simons Daniel J. , Wicherts Jelte M. , Albarracin Dolores , Anderson Nicole D. , Antonakis John , Arkes Hal R. , Back Mitja D. , Banks George C. , Beevers Christopher , Bennett Andrew A. , Bleidorn Wiebke , Boyer Ty W. , Cacciari Cristina , Carter Alice S. , Cesario Joseph , Clifton Charles , Conroy Ronán M. , Cortese Mike , Cosci Fiammetta , Cowan Nelson , Crawford Jarret , Crone Eveline A. , Curtin John , Engle Randall , Farrell Simon , Fearon Pasco , Fichman Mark , Frankenhuis Willem , Freund Alexandra M. , Gaskell M. Gareth , Giner-Sorolla Roger , Green Don P. , Greene Robert L. , Harlow Lisa L. , de la Guardia Fernando Hoces , Isaacowitz Derek , Kolodner Janet , Lieberman Debra , Logan Gordon D. , Mendes Wendy B. , Moersdorf Lea , Nyhan Brendan , Pollack Jeffrey , Sullivan Christopher , Vazire Simine , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: December 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Evaluation of changes in the quality of extracted oil from olive fruits stored under different temperatures and time intervals
Authors: Saffar Taluri Samira , Jafari Seid Mahdi , Bahrami Akbar
Published: December 2019

Chilling and freezing injuries of olives harvested in geographically high elevated locations may affect the quality of olive, and subsequently lead to oil with a poor quality. This study was aiming to investigate the influence of whether changes and freezing condition on the quality of extracted olive oil. The olive Koroneiki cultivar obtained from two origins was stored at three different temperatures (20, 5 and −18 °C) before oil extraction and common analyses (oil yield, acidity, peroxide value, thiobarbitorik acid value, total phenolics level, and color) were carried out in different time intervals (0, 20, 40, and 60 days) in order to assess the olive oil quality. Our data revealed that longer storage times significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the quality of olive oil. The fruits remained at 20 °C provided the lowest oil quality in all parameters. For example, the acidity of olive oil at 20 °C was 177% higher than samples kept at 5 °C after 20 days of olive storage. The general trend for comparing the quality parameters of extracted oils from olives kept at different temperatures was −18 > 5 > 20 °C. No significant negative effect (P < 0.05) was found for the samples kept at −18 °C, compared to 5 °C. Also, the geographical source of olive had a statistically significant influence (P < 0.05) on the quality of olive oil.
Effective one-component model of binary mixture: molecular arrest induced by the spatially correlated stochastic dynamics
Authors: Majka M. , Góra P. F.
Published: December 2019

Spatially correlated noise (SCN), i.e. the thermal noise that affects neighbouring particles in a similar manner, is ubiquitous in soft matter systems. In this work, we apply the over-damped SCN-driven Langevin equations as an effective, one-component model of the dynamics in dense binary mixtures. We derive the thermodynamically consistent fluctuation-dissipation relation for SCN to show that it predicts the molecular arrest resembling the glass transition, i.e. the critical slow-down of dynamics in the disordered phases. We show that the mechanism of singular dissipation is embedded in the dissipation matrix, accompanying SCN. We are also able to identify the characteristic length of collective dissipation, which diverges at critical packing. This novel physical quantity conveniently describes the difference between the ergodic and non-ergodic dynamics. The model is fully analytically solvable, one-dimensional and admits arbitrary interactions between the particles. It qualitatively reproduces several different modes of arrested disorder encountered in binary mixtures, including e.g. the re-entrant arrest. The model can be effectively compared to the mode coupling theory.
Critical synchronization dynamics of the Kuramoto model on connectome and small world graphs
Authors: Ódor Géza , Kelling Jeffrey
Published: December 2019

The hypothesis, that cortical dynamics operates near criticality also suggests, that it exhibits universal critical exponents which marks the Kuramoto equation, a fundamental model for synchronization, as a prime candidate for an underlying universal model. Here, we determined the synchronization behavior of this model by solving it numerically on a large, weighted human connectome network, containing 836733 nodes, in an assumed homeostatic state. Since this graph has a topological dimensiond < 4, a real synchronization phase transition is not possible in the thermodynamic limit, still we could locate a transition between partially synchronized and desynchronized states. At this crossover point we observe power-law–tailed synchronization durations, withτt ≃ 1.2(1), away from experimental values for the brain. For comparison, on a large two-dimensional lattice, having additional random, long-range links, we obtain a mean-field value:τt ≃ 1.6(1). However, below the transition of the connectome we found global coupling control-parameter dependent exponents 1 < τt ≤ 2, overlapping with the range of human brain experiments. We also studied the effects of random flipping of a small portion of link weights, mimicking a network with inhibitory interactions, and found similar results. The control-parameter dependent exponent suggests extended dynamical criticality below the transition point.
Almost minimum error discrimination of N-ary weak coherent states by Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian dynamics
Authors: Namkung Min , Kwon Younghun
Published: December 2019

Quantum state discrimination of coherent states has been one of important problems in quantum information processing. Recently, R. Han et al. showed that minimum error discrimination of two coherent states can be nearly done by using Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian. In this paper, based on the result of R. Han et al., we propose the methods where minimum error discrimination of more than two weak coherent states can be nearly performed. Specially, we construct models which can do almost minimum error discrimination of three and four coherent states. Our result can be applied to quantum information processing of various coherent states.
Mitochondrial fission regulates germ cell differentiation by suppressing ROS-mediated activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling in the Drosophila larval testis
Authors: Sênos Demarco Rafael , Jones D. Leanne
Published: December 2019

Mitochondria are essential organelles that have recently emerged as hubs for several metabolic and signaling pathways in the cell. Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by constant fusion and fission events to maintain a functional mitochondrial network and to remodel the mitochondrial network in response to external stimuli. Although the role of mitochondria in later stages of spermatogenesis has been investigated in depth, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating early germ cell behavior is relatively less-well understood. We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial fusion is required for germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance in the Drosophila testis. Here, we show that mitochondrial fission is also important for regulating the maintenance of early germ cells in larval testes. Inhibition of Drp1 in early germ cells resulted in the loss of GSCs and spermatogonia due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the EGFR pathway in adjacent somatic cyst cells. EGFR activation contributed to premature germ cell differentiation. Our data provide insights into how mitochondrial dynamics can impact germ cell maintenance and differentiation via distinct mechanisms throughout development.