bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Russian Cities Budget Autonomy in the Transition to Multi-Level Governance
Authors:   HSE University, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation, Gorodnichev Anton V. ,   Masaryk University, Brno 60200, Czech Republic, Kulakova Tatiana V. ,   HSE University, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation, Moiseeva Maria A. ,   HSE University, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
Published: February 2021

Throughout the period after the municipal reform in 2003, the governing of Russian cities has been changing. A city as an object of governance is located at the intersection of interests of different levels of public authorities and is not limited only to local authorities This article investigates how budget autonomy of Russian cities has been changing for the last 16 years, and how exogenous economic shocks and large-scale federal initiatives such as the “May Decrees” have influenced the budget autonomy of Russian cities. The paper considers a hypothesis that there was a transition to multi-level governance of Russian cities in 2006–2019, which led to significant reduction of the budget autonomy. Budgets of the 35 largest cities of Russia (except for city-regions like Moscow and Saint Petersburg) were collected and analyzed in terms of their revenue and expenditure sections to test the proposed hypothesis. The relationship between the economic level of development and budget sufficiency was investigated with cluster analysis. The main result of this research is that Russian cities have become dependent on the financial grants from regional governments since there is no national policy of stimulating the economic development of cities. The national economic crisis of 2014 accelerated the process of governance centralization. In addition, the budget autonomy of municipalities was reduced due to the fact that achieving indicators of the May Decrees had become the primary objective for the public authorities. The share of the income tax in local budgets increased significantly although the share and diversity of other income sources decreased.
Unallocated Metal Accounts in Russia: Determinants of Quoted Bid-Ask Spreads
Authors:   HSE University, Perm 614000, Russian Federation, Rozhentsova Elena V. , Saltykova Anastasiia D. ,   HSE University, Perm 614000, Russian Federation, Devyatkova Tatyana М. ,   JSC “UEC-Aviadvigatel”, Perm 614000, Russian Federation
Published: February 2021

Due to economic instability there has been an increase in demand for unallocated metal accounts offered by Russian commercial banks since April 2020. Although opening unallocated metal accounts gives banks an opportunity to expand the range of their products, diversify income, attract new clients and retain old ones, most Russian banks do not provide such services. For those, it is important to understand the determinants of bid-ask spreads (the difference between the quoted metal bid and ask prices), since the demand for unallocated metal accounts and the bank’s income from this service depend on the bid-ask spread. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main determinants of quoted bid-ask spreads on unallocated metal accounts in commercial banks. Multiple regression models are applied for the period from October 2017 to May 2020. There are very few articles on the determinants of quoted bid-ask spreads on unallocated metal accounts; for this reason the paper is based on the results of studies of bid-ask spreads in other markets. Based on recent theoretical results, which indicate that bid-ask spreads depend on price volatility, we confirm this hypothesis on unallocated metal accounts. Moreover, we reveal that banks’ assets and the share of state participation influence bid-ask spreads on unallocated metal accounts in commercial banks. It is also proven that bid-ask spreads for unallocated metal accounts in gold are, on average, lower than those for palladium, platinum and silver.
PENERAPAN METODE KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS PUISI PADA SISWA SMA NEGERI DI KABUPATEN BURU
Authors: Susiati Susiati
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan kemampuan menulis puisidengan menggunakan metode kooperatif tipe jigsaw pada siswa kelas X-b SMA NegeriSawa Kabupaten Buru, dan (2) mendeskripsikan hasil kemampuan menulis puisi denganmenggunakan metode kooperatif tipe jigsaw siswa kelas X-b SMA Negeri SawaKabupaten Buru. Penelitian ini adalah Penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK), skenario PTKdirancang dua siklus. Setiap siklus, dilakukan dua kali pertemuan. Subjek penelitianadalah siswa kelas X SMA Negeri Sawa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukandalam penelitian ini adalah (1) pengamatan (observasi), (2) tes, dan (3) wawancara.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) pelaksanaan kemampuan menulis puisi denganmenggunakan metode kooperatif tipe jigsaw berhasil meningkatkan keaktifan belajarsiswa, (2) peningkatan kemampuan menulis puisi dengan metode kooperatif tipe jigsawpada siswa kelas kelas X SMA Negeri Sawa Kabupaten Buru meningkat dari siklus Ike siklus II, 42,30% siswa yang tuntas memperoleh nilai 65 ke atas pada siklus I atau 11siswa yang tuntas pada siklus I, dan pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 82,62% atausebanyak 22 siswa yang tuntas memperoleh nilai 65 ke atas dan 4 siswa (15,38%) tidaktuntas yamg memperoleh nilai 65 ke bawah.
Earth Hour in Vietnam: a perspective from the electricity industry
Authors: AISDL
Published: February 2021

Earth Hour is one of the most popular environmental events in Vietnam. However, looking at the rise in electricity consumption in the country, it is impossible to feel its impact.
FAM206A is differentially expressed in the lymph nodes of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: February 2021

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). Between the breast and the brain reside the secondary lymphoid organ, the lymph nodes. We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that family with sequence similarity 206 member A, FAM206A, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. FAM206A mRNA was present at increased quantities in lymph node metastases as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of FAM206A in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with patient recurrence-free survival, in lymph node positive patients but not in lymph node negative patients. Modulation of FAM206A expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the lymph nodes and the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Misery Implicitly Loves Company: Implicit Homophily and Bully Victimization
Authors: Saraf Yasmine , Khalil Laureen , Willis Jarryd , Yim Samantha , Disler Gareth , Li Jiani , Awrang Zeb Tugral Bek
Published: February 2021

This study focuses on the formation of bullied individuals’ friendships and romantic relationships. Individuals bullied in their past may be more likely to form connections with those who share similar oppressive experiences. Thus, we investigated the possibility that implicit homophily underlies the formation of interpersonal relationships amongst previously bullied individuals. Moreover, we investigated whether these individuals were aware of their friends’ and romantic partners’ similarly oppressive experiences prior to initiating the relationship. Our findings suggest that the young adults in our sample bullied in grade school are significantly more likely to have a close friend and or significant other who also experienced bullying. The findings of this study contribute to the relatively small, yet growing, body of research on implicit homophily, add to research extending homophily processes to bullies and victims, and are in line with research suggesting that deselection (a form of induced homophily) can coexist with homophily by personal preference.
Situation Analysis of Episiotomy in the Gulf: A Scoping Review
Authors: Zabidi Faisal Zain Mohammed Al , Elsirafi Maged Said , Muqresh Mohamad Ayham , Ali Mohamed Abdelghafour , Billah Syed Muhammad Baqui
Published: February 2021

Objective: To assess episiotomy rates and indications in Gulf Council Countries (GCC).Materials and Methods: Two databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) were searched for relevant papers published from January 2014 to December 2019. Only 9 articles (3 in Saudi Arabia, 2 in Iraq and 1 in Oman, 1 in Qatar, 2 in UAE) were eligible. All articles reported episiotomy rates and indications as a primary or secondary outcome.Results: The cumulative rate of episiotomy in GCC was 52%, while this was 45% in Saudi Arabia. The Perineal tear reported rate in GCC was 29%, however, the cases accompanied with episiotomy was 65%. The most frequent indication was rigid perineum in both 16.9% in Saudi Arabia and 65.5% in Iraq.Conclusion: Episiotomy rates were reported to be high in GCC and Saudi Arabia. Only few articles reported episiotomy from the GCC. The commonly reported indications were both subjective for the doctor or the patient. We recommend that episiotomy rates with clear indications should be investigated in future research.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 03 July’21 Page: 286-291
The Use of Indirect Immune-fluorescence Antibody Testing (IFAT) IgM And IgG In the Diagnosis of Melioidosis
Authors: Janaki Arumugam , Rozi Nur Raziana Binti , Mahmud Mohammed Imad A Mustafa , Rahman Jamalludin Bin Ab , Rahman Ahmad Kashfi Bin Hj Ab , Hin How Soon
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Meliodosis is an important public health disease caused byBurkholderiapseudomallei. Early laboratory diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment due to its high mortality rate.Objective: This study is conducted to assess the potential role of the in-house IFAT IgM and IgG as the serodiagnostic tool in melioidosis and to determine the cut-off levels.Method: 40 culture-confirmed melioidosis patients were recruited. Controls consisted of a group of 40 patients without active infection and another group of 40 patients with positive blood culture for organisms other thanBurkholderiapseudomallei.Results and Discussion: Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the best cut-off levels determined to diagnose melioidosis are 1:20 for IgM and 1:80 for IgG. Of these cut off levels, the sensitivity and specificity for IgM are 72.5% and 80% respectively and 65% and 87.5%respectively for IgG which also has high background seropositivity.Conclusion: IFAT IgM at the cut-off level 1:20 is recommended for diagnosis.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 03 July’21 Page: 307-314
Spontaneous Regression of Osteochondroma – A Rare Phenomenon
Authors: King Chia Kok , Haron Juhara , Malek Nik Fatimah Salwati Nik
Published: February 2021

Background: Osteochondroma is a common benign bone tumour, but its spontaneous regression is a rare occurrence. The first case was reported by Hunter in 1786. And only 30 cases were found in literature to date. Spontaneous regression of osteochondroma usually occurs in paediatric age group prior to skeletal maturation without any sequelae. The exact pathophysiology of its spontaneous regression is still not fully understood. We report a case of spontaneous regression of osteochondroma in a child after a 6-year period of follow up without needing any surgical intervention.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 03 July’21 Page: 372-374
Analysis of the synchronous motors behavior in the transients for backup power supply. Purpose
Authors:   State Institution of Higher Education «Donetsk National Technical University, V. SYVOKOBYLENKO , V. LYSENKO
Published: February 2021

Simulation of transient and steady state modes of synchronous motors for the analysis of switching to backup power using mathematical model. Method. The methods of linear algebra, numerical optimization methods, methods of modeling and analysis of established and transient modes are used. Results. The mathematical model of the salient pole rotor and non-salient or cylindrical pole rotor synchronous motor is presented, which is presented in the form of a alternate scheme, which allows to take into account the effect of displacement of current and saturation of the non-salient pole rotor motor's magnetic core. A method for determining the parameters of the synchronous motor based on passport data is proposed, which allows to improve the accuracy of modeling in steady state and transient modes. The mathematical model is reduced to a three-phase coordinate system a, b, c of the stator winding. The rotor windings are modeled in the coordinates d, q. The results of mathematical modeling allow us to determine the magnitude of the shock currents and mechanical moments of the synchronous motor. It is shown that non-synchronous switching on of the synchronous motor, which occurs in case of automatic transfer switch, can lead to engine damage. Shock currents can also be dangerous to other power supply equipment. Thus, synchronous motors, if transfer switch is used, require synchronization before being connected to the network. Scientific novelty. The mathematical model of the synchronous motor was improved taking into account the displacement of current and saturation of the magnetic conduit, the method of determining the parameters of the mathematical model based on the passport data of the engine was improved, which allowed to increase the accuracy of the simulation and the reliability of the simulation results. The modes of power transfer switch are simulated and the values of shock current and shock mechanical moment of the engine are obtained. Practical meaning. The mathematical model of the synchronous motor allows to analyze the behavior of synchronous motors in interaction in the power supply system and to identify the dangerous states of synchronous motors that may occur during the transfer switching. The proposed model improves the accuracy of determination of the limits of dangerous states and improves the reliability of synchronous motors and power supply systems
Some aspects of improving the energy efficiency of a mine centrifugal pumps.
Authors:   State Institution of Higher Education «Donetsk National Technical University, V. KONDRATENKO , V. KALINICHENKO
Published: February 2021

Mine drainage systems, which are used at the main drainage of mining enterprises, have a drive capacity of up to 1600kW. To reduce non-productive energy losses, as well as for the continuous operation of the mining company, mine pumps must be energy efficient and reliable. Analysis of downtime of drainage systems shows that the weak point is the unloading device. This fact can lead not only to the failure of the pumping unit, but also to possible prolonged downtime of the mine. The main disadvantage of the existing disk unloading devices of mine pumps is their low reliability and low service life, due to the rapid wear of the components of the unloading unit. The most vulnerable elements of the unloading device are the unloading rings. The need for frequent replacement and adjustment of the elements of the discharge unit is associated with disassembly and assembly of the pump directly in the pump chamber. Such actions require significant costs of unproductive manual labor of service personnel, and rapid wear of parts of the unloading device necessitates their constant replenishment. Malfunctions in the unloading device can cause significant pump failures. To increase the reliability and energy efficiency of mine drainage systems, the method of control of the unloading device was used. During the experimental studies it was found that cavitation phenomena during the operation of pumping units are absent and, accordingly, can not be the cause of wear of the elements of the unloading unit. When the pumps are operating in steady state, the displacement of the rotors was monitored for 3-4 hours on each pump unit. After data processing, it was obtained that the wear of the surface of the unloading rings occurs at a rate of 0.05-0.15mm in one hour. To determine the wear of the rings of unloading during start-up - stop of the pump, at first the indicators of measuring devices at the established mode of operation of the pump unit were fixed. Then the pump was turned off and on again. After starting the pump unit, we made sure that the operating mode of the unloading device did not change and compared the readings of the shaft position indicator before stopping and after starting the pump. From the measurements made it followed that stopping and starting the pump does not lead to noticeable wear of the unloading device. Therefore, it can be assumed that mainly the wear of the discharge rings occurs during the steady operation of the pump unit.
Analysis of operating modes of squirrel-cage induction motors in the presence of damage to the rotor rods.
Authors:   State Institution of Higher Education «Donetsk National Technical University», E. NIEMTSEV
Published: February 2021

The article determines that the main faults in induction motors are damage to the stator and rotor windings, which occur due to changes and distortions in the shape and amplitude of the supply voltage, technological overheating of the windings, mechanical damage. These factors lead to accelerated wear of the insulation of the windings, structural components of the motors, increased values of power losses and the occurrence of pre-emergency and emergency situations. Among the specified diagnostic parameters of engine operation it is possible to consider separately existence of damages of cores of a short-circuited rotor which timely diagnostics demands removal of the engine in repair and will allow to avoid emergency situations with induction motors. To diagnose the control of the rotor rods are quite diverse: determining the amplitude-frequency spectrum of stator currents, detecting the presence of current ripples in an artificial short circuit in the stator winding, the use of diagnostic curves, the selection of appropriate harmonic oscillations in the vibration of the rotor. To reduce or eliminate the negative impact of various factors on the course of technological processes, the best approach at present is the use of tools and measures to diagnose the operation of engines using modeling methods. Based on the model of an induction motor with a short-circuited rotor created in the MATHCAD software environment, graphical dependences were obtained that reflect the change of the main parameters of the induction motor operation and allow to analyze their change during the modulation time. The presence of pulsations of regime parameters and aperiodic components caused by transients was shown. Studies of the process of starting the engine without load and under load showed an increase in start-up time, and the pulsating nature of the studied parameters is observed only in the initial section. The engine start time also increases in the presence of damaged rods in the short-circuited rotor. The pulsating nature of the main diagnostic parameters can be used as a criterion for determining the presence of damage in the short-circuited winding of the rotor of an induction motor.
Development of alternative energy of Ukraine in the context of energy and environmental security of the state.
Authors:   State Institution of Higher Education “Donetsk National Technical University, І. PRYDATKO , O. KOLLAROV , D. KARDASH , N. TYUTYUNNYK
Published: February 2021

Increased greenhouse gas emissions, climate change; loss of diversity of fauna and flora, depletion of mineral deposits, accumulation of huge volumes of industrial waste, increasing risks of shortages of some types of energy has led to the development and reaching new levels of renewable energy in many countries, mainly with strong economies. To date, a number of EU countries have virtually abandoned traditional nuclear energy, virtually curtailed fuel energy using nonrenewable fossil resources, and are working hard to develop new energy-saving technologies. In Ukraine, there is a similar tendency to reduce the production of electricity from thermal power plants and increase the share of renewable energy in total production. Unfortunately, in 2020 the structure of electricity production in Ukraine has changed and does not correspond to global trends in energy development. The share of electricity generation at TPPs has increased significantly, and the share of cleaner and cheaper NPP generation has decreased to 40%. There are a number of reasons for this, but we consider it urgent to return to the process of reducing TPP generation capacity. The dynamics of renewable energy development in the country is quite positive. Additional measures are also needed to ensure the safety of nuclear energy - to finally eliminate dependence on Russian fuel. Many countries have decided to abandon cars with internal combustion engines altogether. In Ukraine, the market for electric cars is also developing and the demand for such cars is growing every month. We are among the top 5 countries in terms of market development dynamics. The development of car designs with so-called "nuclear batteries" cannot be ruled out. There are many such technologies, but all of them are currently unfinished and limited in the use of security issues. It is necessary to stimulate the development of hydrogen and electric transport in our country at the legislative level. And last but not least: in order to form a philosophy of ecological consumption among the citizens of Ukraine, it is necessary to develop appropriate government programs, introduce them in education, science and industrial production
Unsur Budaya dan Karakter Tokoh dalam Novel Gajah Mada Sumpah di Manguntu Karya Langit Kresna Hariadi
Authors: Sujoko Sujoko
Published: February 2021

The problems in this paper were (1) how the cultural elements contained in Novel Gajah Mada Oath in Manguntur works Langit Kresna Hariadi (2) how the characters in the novel Sumpah Gajah Mada in Manguntur work Kresna Hariadi sky. The purpose of this study was describe the cultural elements and characters. The method used descriptive analytic method. Based on the results of this study concluded that the novel Sumpah Gajah Mada in Manguntur contain many elements of culture, especially Javanese culture in the era of the Majapahit Kingdom as reflected through the various series of events in the novel. The element of trust towards various things like believing in the power of dreams and believing in the magical powers that are found in a variety of series of stories. So also in other cultural elements such as information technology becomes an interesting fact that in the era of the Majapahit empir, pigeons and gong used as a means of information. Other cultural elements obtained in this study was the language elements are enough to dominate. Java language shaped imagery and idioms are found in this study. Keywords: culture, characters, Java
Korelasi Kemampuan Memahami Ciri Pantun dan Kemampuan Menentukan Jenis Pantun dengan Kemampuan Menulis Pantun Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri I Pagaralam
Authors: Amar Chairil
Published: February 2021

This study wants to answer about the correlation between the ability to understand the features and capabilities to determine what kind of rhymes with the ability to write rhymes of students in class VIII at SMP Negeri 1 Pagaralam. The purpose of this study was to describe the correlation between the ability to understand the features and capabilities to determine what kind of rhymes with the ability to write rhymes of students in class VIII at SMP Negeri 1 Pagaralam. This study used a descriptive and correlation method. The results of data analysis research concluded, that there is a significant correlation of the ability to understand the characteristics and capabilities to determine what kind of rhymes with the ability to write rhymes of students in class VIII SMP Negeri 1 Pagaralam. The hypothesis shown that there is a significant correlation between the understanding of the characteristics and capabilities to determine what kind of rhymes with the ability to write rhymes of students in class VIII at SMP Negeri 1 Pagaralam that proven true. Keywords: correlation, the characteristics of rhyme, rhyme types, writing rhymes.
MITOLOGI PANTANGAN MASYARAKAT DESA KUNDI KECAMATAN SIMPANG TERITIP KABUPATEN BANGKA BARAT
Authors: Mustika Lela , Wardiah Dessy , Effendi Darwin
Published: February 2021

ABSTRAKTujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan Mitos Pantangan Masyarakat Desa Kundi Kecamatan Simpang Teritip Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, teknik rekam, teknik catat dan teknik wawancara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan semiotik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya kepercayaan yang kuat masyarakat terhadap mitos pantangan yang ada di Desa Kundi Kecamatan Simpang Teritip Kabupaten Bangka Barat dan ada masyarakat yang masih sangat menjaga dan meyakini kebenaran mitos pantangan dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya, adapun hasil dari penelitian terdapat 19 pantangan yang masih banyak dipatuhi dan diyakini oleh masyarakat Desa Kundi dan tak sedikit pula masyarakat yang masih mempertahankan kepercayaan terhadap mitos.Kata Kunci : Mitos, Pantangan, Makna MitosABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to find out and describe the mythical taboo in Kundi Village, Simpang Teritip District, West Bangka Regency The method used in this research is descriptive method data collection techniques using observation techniques, recording technique, note taking technique, interview technique. This research uses a semiotic approach. The results of this research indicate that there is a strong belief in the community against the myth of taboo in the Kundi village and there are people who still strongly maintain and believe in the truth of taboo in their daily lives. The results of this research, there are 19 taboo which are still widely obeyed and believed by the people of Kundi Village, Simpang Teritip Subdistrict, West Bangka Regency and not a few people who still maintain the belief in the mythKeywords: Myth, Taboo, Meaning Myth
ANALISIS GAYA BAHASA DAN PERSAJAKAN PADA KUMPULAN LAGU ARMADI RAGA DALAM ALBUM AU
Authors: Merlita Sari , Rukiyah Siti , Ardiansyah Arif
Published: February 2021

ABSTRAK Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Penelitian ini mengkaji ragam gaya bahasa dan persajakan pada kumpulan lagu Armadi Raga dalam album Au.Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan jenis gaya bahasa dan persajakan pada kumpulan lagu Armadi Raga dalam album Au. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini menggunakan teknik cakap (wawancara), simak, dan catat.Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang ditemukan 25 gaya bahasa dan yang dominan paling sering digunakan pada kumpulan lagu Armadi Raga adalah gaya bahasa/ majastautologi sebanyak 8, hiperbola 5 kali, simile 4 kali, litotes 4 kali, metafora 1 kali, metonimia 1 kali, kontradiksiointerminis 1 kali, dansinisme 1 kali. Selanjutnya pada persajakan ditemukan 16 sajak meliputi sajak akhir 7, sajak awal 6 kali, sajak tengah 2 kali, sajak tak sempurna 1 kali.Â
ANALISIS STILISTIKA NOVEL DAUN YANG JATUH TAK PERNAH MEMBENCI ANGIN KARYA TERE LIYE DAN NOVEL BELENGGU MERAH MUDA KARYA TYAS DAMARIA
Authors: Kasmarani Melo
Published: February 2021

This research is to determine the novel by using analytical descriptive method. The uniqueness of the language use in the novel â€œSehelai Daun yang Jatuh Tak Pernah Membenci Anginâ€ by Tere Liye and the novelÂ  â€œBelenggu Merah Mudaâ€ by Tyas Damaria where the novel is motivated by socio-culture factorsÂ  and educationalâ€™s writer are express through story description. In the novel of Sehelai Daun yang Jatuh Tak pernah Membenci Anginâ€ that has 41 usage of foreign language where included in phrases, clauses, or quotations. Besides, it has 11 usages of knowledge, whether it is social knowledge, medical science, law, and many others. There also 3 usages of greetings, meanwhile there are 7 language style in the sentences of metaphors, 1 metonymic, 15 similes, 10 idioms, 4 connotations, 6 personification, 54 hyperboles, 70 tautologies, and 1 figurative. In other novel â€œBelenggu Merah Mudaâ€ by Tyas Damaria, there are 37 usages of foreign language that consist of phrases, clauses or quotations. Where it has 15 usages of foreign language whether it is socio-culture, medical science, law, and many others, it also has language style such as 3 sentences in metaphors, 0 metonymic, 14 similes, 26 idioms, 1 connotations, 14 personifications, 10 hyperboles, 24 tautologies, and1 figurative. In this research, the writer concludes that in the Tere Liyeâ€™s novel and Tyas Damariaâ€™sÂ  novel are the novel that has the differences of unique and the language style that give statistical effect.Â Keywords: Stilistika, Novel â€œSehelai Daun yang Jatuh Tak Pernah Membenci Angin, Novel Belenggu Merah Muda, Language Style
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS PANTUN MELALUI PENDEKATAN PEMBELAJARAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) SISWA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 24 AIR SALEH
Authors: Wartik Wartik
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this research is to improve the writing skill of fourth grade students of Â SD 24 Air Saleh. This study was conducted in two cycles. The data obtained from the observation of teacher and student activities while learning, while to measure the success of writing ability pantun evaluation test in each cycle. In the first cycle the average value of the students 'activity is 57.90%, in the second cycle, it reaches 85.23%, meaning that the students' activity is increased by 27.33%. Furthermore, the value of students' ability in writing pantun in the first cycle reached 62.33, after the action taken on the second cycle reached 76.83. So there is an increase of 14.4. Based on these values, it can be concluded that the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning approach can improve the writing ability of fourth grade pupil of 24 Air Saleh State High School.Â Keywords: Contextual Teaching and Learning
New data on brown coal occurrences in the Yamutarida and Dyuntaturku-yamu river basin in the northern part of the Yenisei-khatanga trough
Authors: Zhuravlév A. N. , Stukalova I. E.
Published: February 2021

Background. New information was obtained on brown coal occurrences in the northern part of the Yenisei-Khatanga trough (Lake Taimyr area). This region continues to attract the attention of geologists and oil producers due to its established oil and gas potential.

Aim. To study the lithological features of rocks and material-petrographic composition of coals from a new promising area of the Yenisei-Khatanga trough in northern Russia.

Materials and methods. A set of geological, lithological, and petrographic research methods was used to study a series of samples of coals and host rocks. Measurements were carried out on a QDI-302 Craic Spectrophotometer microscope with a 50× objective lens according to the standard methodology ISO 7404-5 in reflected polarised light using a Spinel standard (Ro = 0.426%) in oil immersion. X-ray fluorescence analysis was performed using a Respect device with an energy dispersive spectrometer without vacuum, having an X-ray tube with a silver anode (registration of elements only from K to U). Anode voltage — 30 kV. Current — 0.3 mA. Exposure time (τ) — 300 s. Y axis — intensity of characteristic lines, rel. units

Results. The lithological features of the studied samples were elucidated, and the material-petrographic composition of the coals was studied. In the spore-pollen assemblage from the studied deposits, the dominant associations were determined by the predominance of two-bag pollen of Disaccites (Pinaceae) conifers. On this basis, the age of the Begichevskaya Formation rocks was established as belonging to the Albian and Cenomanian stages of the Lower-Middle Cretaceous.

Conclusion. The degree of variability of coals was estimated; their grades (technological groups) and the trace element composition of ash were determined. The reflection values of vitrinites were measured in order to clarify the stage of changes in brown coals and obtain the quantitative characteristics of their quality. The reflection values of vitrinites (Ro) are from 0.32 to 0.52%, which corresponds to the stages of brown coal changes, technological groups 1B—3B.
Gold and gold-bearing volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Central Cuba
Authors: De la Nuez Colon D. , Santa Cruz Pacheco M.
Published: February 2021

Background. Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits (VMS) are the most important sources of Cu and Zn; they account for a large share of the world production of Pb, Ag, Au, Se, Te, Bi and Sb, as well as small amounts of many other metals. The polymetallic VMS deposits of economic value of varying degrees are known in the rocks of the Los Pasos Cretaceous Formation, Cuba.

Aim. To show the potential of the Cretaceous volcanic deposits of Central Cuba for gold, silver, copper, zinc and lead deposit prospecting.

Materials and methods. The study characterises the San Fernando, Independencia, Antonio, Los Cerros VMS deposits and the Boca del Toro and El Sol ore occurrences located in the Los Pasos Formation. The similarities and differences in the mineral and elemental composition and structures of the ores of these objects are described, which underlie the assessment of their economic importance.

Results. The latitudinal zoning of VMS and noble metal mineralisation of the Central Cuban ore region is outlined. In the west, copper-VMS deposits with accompanying gold ore objects prevail. In the east, copper-zinc VMS deposits with barite and gold-silver objects are widespread.

Conclusions. It is necessary to assume the different erosional sections corresponding to the blocks of the Cretaceous volcanic arc of Central Cuba, which is larger in the west and smaller in the east. Proceeding from the presence of veinlet gold ores, their confinement to tectonic zones and the lack of correlation between noble and chalcophile metals at the San Fernando deposit, as well as significantly different gold-silver ratios in the considered ore objects, it could be assumed that some of the gold-silver ores were formed after VMS. The obtained Au/Ag ratios are close to the ores of the high sulphidation type (high sulphide ores) from similar ore regions of Venezuela and the Kur-il island arc. In this regard, one can expect hidden gold deposits in the west and gold-silver deposits in the east of the studied area.
Oil and gas potential of the south Turgay basin
Authors: Kaukenova A. S.
Published: February 2021

Background. The South Turgay basin has been extensively studied using geological and geophysical methods. To date, the discovery of large oil and gas deposits in its structural traps seems impossible. The deposits, which have been under development for a long time, demonstrate the trend towards depletion. Therefore, a search and exploration of non-anticlinal traps is becoming an important source of hydrocarbon reserves.

Aim. To identify zones of non-anticlinal reservoirs and traps.

Materials and methods. On the basis of three main criteria for predicting the development of nonanticlinal traps (stratigraphic, lithofacies and structural-tectonic), this paper presents the forecast zones for the development of non-anticlinal traps with oil and gas potential, taking into account the facies diagnostics of the deposits.

Results. The traps of regional pinching-out, as well as possible traps of erosion-accumulative and accumulative subgroups, are predominantly developed in the trough. The traps of the regional pinch-out subgroup are most widespread in the Aryskum and Bosingen graben synclines. The traps of the accumulative subgroup are predicted mainly in the Bosingen and Akshabulak graben synclines.

Conclusions. According to the obtained results, the South Turgay Basin possesses a significant oil and gas potential in non-anticlinal traps. Lithological reservoirs with thick and widespread mudstones confined to the Jurassic deposits are of particular interest.
The state and main directions in the development of earth’s interior resources
Authors: Trubetskoy К. N.
Published: February 2021

Background. In order to achieve a high efficiency in the development of deep-seated deposits, mining sciences are required to optimize the parameters of mining operations, equipment and technology, to study and develop the principles of a rational combination of various resource-saving, low-waste and resource-reproducing technological processes, above all, providing the widespread use of automated planning systems and methods for managing the extraction of minerals.

Aim. To analyse the state and main directions in the development of the Earth’s interior resources.

Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of scientific publications, reports and archive materials on the development of mineral resources.

Results. A scheme describing the formation of a consolidated natural-technogenic massif in the Earth’s interior and a technological diagram of the movement of mineral-raw material flows are presented. A conclusion is made that it is expedient to create the technologies for the purposeful formation of deposits on the basis of the principle of geotechnological continuation of the formation of useful components by artificial methods using natural forces to transform deposits to a state that is maximally acceptable for subsequent development. Such technologies should provide the creation of conditions in the massif for the spatial separation of useful components, changes in the physical properties of rocks, the conditions of occurrence of minerals and, on this basis, increasing the efficiency of traditional and new ways of developing deposits.

Conclusion. The use of these technologies will allow the resource base to be expanded by increasing the concentration of useful components in the Earth’s interior and involving poor deposits and ore occurrences in the development; to increase the value of deposits due to associated components obtained in the processes of material transformation of ores; to reduce the depth of mining operations due to the formation of technogenic deposits on geochemical barriers near the Earth’s surface; to reduce the development time of deposits; and to reduce the technogenic load on the environment. The creation of such technologies will require a deep integration of the efforts of geologists, geochemists, geophysicists, ecologists and miners.
Women in geology. Olga Alekseevna Denisova (1893—1972)
Authors: Starodubtseva I. A. , Romanova V. V.
Published: February 2021

The article presents the biography of O.A. Denisova (1893—1972), one of the first Russian female geologists involved in practical geology. In 1918, she graduated from the Natural Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow Higher Women’s Courses. During her studies, she participated in field research in the Moscow Region, on Volkhov and Vychegda rivers under the guidance of A.B. Missuna. In 1923, she graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in geology. Since 1918, O.A. Denisova had worked as a researcher in the Moscow branch of the Geological Committee, since 1920 as a geologist in the Geological Department of the Special Commission for the Study of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. Later she was engaged in the study of deposits of building materials and hydrogeological surveys. O.A. Denisova began her activity under the supervision of A.D. Arkhangelsky. The article contains her previously unpublished memories about this famous geologist. O.A. Denisova taught geology and hydrogeology at universities and technical schools in Moscow. In 1936 O.A. Denisova was awarded the degree of Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences without defending a thesis, and in 1946 the All-Union Certification Commission approved her with the academic rank of Associate Professor at the Department of Geology. O.A. Denisova was awarded the medal “For Valiant Labour during the Great Patriotic War of 1941— 1945” (1946) and “In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow” (1948). The collections of rocks and minerals collected by O.A. Denisova during field work in the Kursk and Belgorod regions, are stored in the State Geological Museum named after V.I. Vernadsky of RAS.
ASSESSMENT OF LAPAROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF INTESTINAL PERFORATION
Authors: Soni Nitish , Choudhary Vineet , Khan Irfan Hussain
Published: February 2021

Background: Intestinal perforation is a surgical emergency often, encountered. Usually, coelotomy is performed to manage intestinal perforation. It has been the gold standard approach to deal with intestinal perforation for the past decades in conjunction with various procedures. Post laparotomy wound related complications have been the biggest challenge for general surgeons till date, so much as to adding up to morbidity, as severe as burst abdomen. Laparoscopic management of perforation is a recent technique.

Aim: The present study is aimed to assess the efficacy of laparoscopic management of intestinal perforation.

Material and Method: Prospective study of 75 patient admitted and operated in National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research. Intestinal perforation (traumatic and not traumatic) will be managed through laparoscopic procedure. The perforated intestine will be –

Identified and exteriorized with or without repair of perforation.

Adequate peritoneal toilet would be performed.

Sub diaphragmatic and pelvic spaces will be drained.

The outcome of the patients will be assessed in regards to- Total hospital stay, Any associated complications – local or distant. Cause of mortality.

Results: In present study the perforation peritonitis was found to be in 70.6% with 58.6% ileal perforation 17.1% jejunal perforation. In our study 52% patients managed laparoscopically 33.3% laparoscopic with exteriorization and 14.6% were converted to open surgery. Various cause for open surgery includes 27.2% multiple perforation,9.2% cardiac disease and 63.6v % site not identified laparoscopically. Patients managed laparoscopically had less complications as compared to open.

Conclusion: dealing with intestinal perforation or associated peritonitis using minimal access technique is feasible and in turn helpful in minimizing the most dreaded morbidity i.e. the surgical site infections which can be reduced with improving skills and thorough lavage. Other factors associated with post-operative morbidity i.e. ambulation can be started as early as post operative day one. Prolonged hospital stay can be also be reduced and patients can be sent home early decreasing risk for nosocomial

Keywords: Laparoscopic, intestinal, perforation, perforation peritonitis
INCORPORATING ARTICLE 31bis FLEXIBILITIES ON TRIPS PUBLIC HEALTH INTO DOMESTIC PATENT SYSTEM: THE INESCAPABLE WAY FORWARD FOR MALAYSIA
Authors: Hingun Mohsin , Nizamuddin Rahamatthunnisa Mohamed
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to highlight the absence of specific provisions on public health under Article 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement, that were not incorporated into the Patents Act 1983 in Malaysia. The main research question of this study is; why should Malaysia immediately amend its Patents Act 1983 to incorporate these flexibilities? Malaysia must develop effective strategies to implement policies, law and governance in managing the country’s public health system. This is to ensure a balance of rights between intellectual property owners and the public, at all times. This study employs a qualitative research methodology that is based on primary sources such as the TRIPS Agreement and the Patents Act 1983, and is further supported by secondary sources such as journals and the contents of authorities’ websites. This study is limited to the issues related to public health and patents. This study includes a discussion on the provisions related to patents and public health, proposed amendments to the Patents Act 1983 that should incorporate the provisions from Article 31bis, and a conclusion on the importance of immediately amending the Patent Act 1983 to incorporate these provisions, especially during the current Covid-19 pandemic. This study proposes that the amendments be made to Section 84 of the Patents Act 1983 in relation to Rights of Government, and not through the compulsory licence mechanism under Part X of the Patents Act 1983. Thus, this study concludes that currently, Malaysia is unable to implement the provisions under Article 31bis, unless the Patents Act 1983 is amended.
The Coal Bio-Solubilization Technology for Energy Security
Authors: Zahara P. Lis Ocktty , Permatasari Cantika Setya , Supriyadi Imam , Andreyani Anggun
Published: February 2021

The petroleum needs as primary energy in Indonesia more increasing, while the petroleum reserves were more depleting so that coal utilization as primary energy is inevitable. Therefore, needed a solution in coal utilization which is environmentally friendly (clean energy) to fulfill the national energy needs. This research is based on the analysis and study of 11 research journals related to coal bio-solubilization technology published in the period 1994 to 2019. The results show that low-rank coal has the potential as the environmentally friendly alternative energy by converting solid coal into liquid phase equivalent to gasoline and diesel which is sulfur and nitrogen-free with bio-solubilization technology. However, this bio-solubilization technology has the disadvantage of the slow coal degradation process into the liquid phase because it only relies on the microorganism’s ability. The application of coal bio-solubilization technology as the alternative energy to support energy security requires genetic engineering and catalyst technology research support to improve the microorganism’s ability to increase the coal degradation rate.