bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive value of antinative dna for systemic lupus erythematosus: Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Clough John D. , Chang Rose K.
Published: March 2007

Positive predictive values for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were determined for two antinative DNA assays: a Farr‐type radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a solid‐phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The study population consisted of all patients whose EIA anti‐DNA results were positive (>250 IU) during a 150 day period; in addition all patients whose EIA anti‐DNA results were 100–50 IU during the first 25 days of this period were also included. Simultaneous Farr RIA were performed on all sera, and the Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescent assay was also carried out on those with positive RIA and/or EIA results. Diagnoses were established by chart review, and disease activity was scored for SLE patients. Positive predictive values for SLE were dependent on the level of test positivity, and “normal” limits of 10% binding for the Farr RIA and 800 IU for the EIA gave comparable results. Combination with Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence increased the sensitivity of both assays, especially the EIA. Results of both assays correlated significantly with activity scores in SLE patients.
Detection of cytomegalovirus‐specific igm in renal transplant recipients
Authors: McMahon Cheryl A. , Lentz Ellyn B. , Dock Nancy L. , Lamberson Harold V. , Forbes Betty A. , Dock Nancy L. , Lamberson Harold V. , Reinitz Emanuel R.
Published: March 2007

We have compared two IgM‐specific cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody assays, an immunofluorescence assay (IFA‐M) and an enzyme‐linked antigen immunoassay (ELA‐M), with an assay for CMV total antibody (ELISA) and viral culture for the detection of active CMV infection in renal transplant recipients. Of 75 patients (49 ELISA negative pretransplant, 26 ELISA positive), CMV‐specific IgM was detected in 35 (27 ELISA negative pre‐transplant, 8 ELISA positive) using the IFA‐M assay and in 25 (16 ELISA negative pretransplant, 9 ELISA positive) using the ELAM test. Of the 25 patients identified as positive by ELA‐M, 21 had positive viral cultures post‐transplant, two seronegative patients had evidence of infection indicated by post‐transplant seroconversion, and two patients were seropositive pretransplant but remained viral culture negative throughout the follow‐up period. ELA‐M and CMV total antibody ELISA detected primary infection in renal transplant recipients equally well, but ELA‐M was found to be superior to ELISA and IFA‐M for detecting reinfection and reactivation infections.
Senile dementia, alzheimer type: A distinct entity in the immunosenescence?
Authors: Antonaci Salvatore , Garofalo Anna R. , Chicco Carmela , Polignano Antonia V. , Pugliese Piervito , Misefari Aldo , Jirillo Emilio
Published: March 2007

Since previous data have provided conflicting results on immunoresponsiveness in senile dementia, Alzheimer type (SDAT), we evaluated the immune function in groups of SDAT patients and aged and young donors. In comparison to the younger subjects, SDAT and aged subjects did not exhibit significant differences in lymphocyte surface markers. Both groups of aged donors showed decreased B cell polyclonal responsiveness in a nonspecific T cell‐driven B lymphocyte differentiation system. The use of an antigen‐specific induction assay revealed an imbalance of T helper (Th) or T suppressor function in the elderly, while SDAT individuals were characterized by decreased Th activity. At the same time, aged individuals manifested an impairment of leukocyte‐inhibiting factor (LIF) and lymphocyte‐derived chemotactic factor production; a selective deficit of LIF release was seen in SDAT. Finally, elderly individuals displayed a decline of polymorphonuclear cell (PMN)‐mediated functions and monocyte phagocytosis; only a decrease in PMN response was observed in SDAT. These results reveal discrepancies in impaired immune responses between SDAT and aging.
New assay to detect shedding antigen with use of anti‐idiotypic monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Tsujisaki Masayuki , Imai Kohzoh , Tokuchi Shigeru , Masuya Jiroh , Ishida Tadao , Adachi Masaaki , Hinoda Yuji , Yachi Akira , Hanzawa Yoshiaki
Published: March 2007

Anti‐idiotypic (Anti‐Id) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against anti‐carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody 5B3 (IgG 1) were prepared and characterized. Five anti‐Id MoAbs recognized the private idiotype of MoAb 5B3. Idiotype mapping suggested that MoAb 5B3 had at least three distinct idiotopes at its antigen combining site.

Utilizing the inhibition of idiotype‐anti‐idiotype interaction with use of anti‐Id MoAb T4‐305 or T4‐212, an immunoassay to detect shedding CEA was established. The results of this inhibition assay correlated with those of double determinant immunoassay and inhibition percentages linearly increased in a CEA concentration‐dependent manner.

Since it requires only one epitope of a given antigen molecule, this assay could be widely used for detection of shedding antigens, including tumor‐associated antigens.
Time‐Resolved fluorometric sandwich immunoassay for human growth hormone in serum and urine
Authors: Hashida Seiichi , Tanaka Koichiro , Ishikawa Eiji , Inoue Shinobu , Hayakawa Kunio
Published: March 2007

A specific and sensitive time‐resolved fluorometric sandwich immunoassay for human growth hormone (hGH) in serum and urine is described. A monoclonal anti‐hGH IgG1 (5802)–coated polystyrene ball was incubated with serum or dialyzed urine and subsequently with europium ion‐labeled monoclonal anti‐hGH IgG1 (5801). Europium ion bound to the polystyrene ball was measured by time‐resolved fluorometry. The detection limit of hGH was 0.3 pg/tube, which was 15‐fold higher than that by sandwich enzyme immunoassay using horseradish peroxidase as label. The assay range of serum hGH was 15–15,000 ng/liter using 20 μl of serum. The assay range of urinary hGH was 2–2,000 ng/liter using 150 μl of dialyzed urine. The detection limits of hGH in serum and urine by this immunoassay were satisfactory for measuring hGH levels in serum and urine of healthy children and in serum of healthy adults and higher levels but not in urine of healthy adults and in serum and urine of patients with hGH deficiency.
Infant feeding effects on flow cytometric analysis of blood
Authors: Carver Jane D. , Pimentel Bernardo , Barness Lewis A. , Wiener Doris A. , Lowell Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

Flow cytometric analysis was performed on purified mononuclear cells isolated from whole blood samples of 11 adults, 7 breast‐fed (BF) infants and 11 formula‐fed (FF) infants, mean ages 34.2 ± 4.3 years, 6.3 ± 1.3 months, and 6.2 ± 1.2 months, respectively. Infants were receiving at least 70% of calories from formula or breast milk. Infant mononuclear cell populations contained a higher percentage of lymphocytes and a lower percentage of monocytes compared with adults. Within the lymphocyte population, infants had a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio (T helper‐inducer/T cytotoxic‐suppressor), a higher percentage of CD19+ (pan B) and CD4+ cells, and a lower percentage of CD8+ and CD16+ (natural‐killer) cells compared with adults. CD3+ (pan T) and CD4+ lymphocyte percentages were higher and CD19+ lymphocyte percentages were lower in FF compared with BF infants. Although sample size is small, our data indicate that diet may influence lymphocyte subset distribution during infancy when the majority of calories is derived from infant formula or human milk.
Cytomegalovirus testing: Antibody determinations and virus cultures with recommendations for use
Authors: Schultz Duane A. , Chandler Susan
Published: March 2007

Human cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous virus with the property of becoming latent in the immunocompetent host. It can also cause devastating infections in the immunocompromised patient. Several different assays are available to detect either cytomegalovirus antibodies or cytomegalovirus itself, five of which are used at the University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics and the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. The latex agglutination (LA) test is used to detect antibody positivity in transplant donors, transplant recipients, and others. The complement fixation (CF) test is used to detect seroconversion or reactivation of infection in the CMV positive host. The immunofluorescent antibody–IgM (IFA‐IgM) test is used to diagnose infection in congenitally or neonatally infected infants. The “routine” CMV culture is the “gold standard” for the detection of the cytomegalovirus in patient secretions. The shell vial assay, a rapid method of detecting virus, is most useful when contemplating therapy for active CMV infection. The advantages and limitations, as well as the timing and appropriateness of each test, are reviewed.
Quantitative automated latex nephelometric immunoassay for determination of myoglobin in human serum
Authors: Borque Luis , Rus Antonio , Ruiz Roberto
Published: March 2007

We have evaluated a new latex nephelometric test for the quantitation of myoglobin in human serum. The assay consists of incubating the diluted serum sample (20‐fold) for 12 min at room temperature with latex particles covalently coated with anti‐myoglobin antibodies and then quantifying the change of light‐scatter produced. The assay is fully automated on the Behring nephelometer analyzer with a sampling rate of 150 samples/ hour. There is no interference from bilirubin (up to 340 μmol/l), haemoglobin (up to 7,000 mg/l), or rheumatoid factor (up to 1,100 int. units/ml). Myoglobin standard curve extends from 20 to 380 μg/I. Assay detection limit lies around 6 μg/l. Coefficient of variation ranged from 2.7 to 7.6%. Correlation coefficient between latex immunoassay and an RIA method was 0.987, calculated from the assay of 37 samples. A statistically significant difference was found between the distribution for females and males. The serum level of myoglobin showed an age‐dependent variation. Concentrations up to 60 μg/l are considered to be normal.
Tissue peroxidase in the normal and neoplastic salivary gland
Authors: Armstrong Donald , Wormer Dale Van , Dimmitt Sandra
Published: March 2007

Peroxidase activity was measured by two colorimetric methods in six neoplastic tumors of the parotid salivary gland. When p‐phenylenediamine was used as the hydrogen donor co‐substrate, peroxidase activity was absent or reduced from 6 to 22% of normal in these tumors. Cross reactivity with normal peroxidase antibody could not be demonstrated in tumors exhibiting negative activity. Two neoplastic salivary glands had well‐described, encapsulated tumors which showed reduced peroxidase activity when compared with the normal uninvolved portion. However, when guaiacol was substituted for p‐phenylenediamine, normal activity was recorded. After dialysis, peroxidase activity was not enhanced. Mixing experiments showed no effect of the tumor extract on the peroxidase activity of normal saliva, nor on salivary gland supernatant. Normal salivary gland peroxidase was inhibited 90% by 10‐2 g/L aminotriazole, but neoplastic tumors were inhibited less (13 and 73%).

It is suggested that perioxidase is a simple marker for the detection of neoplasia and can be of value in the differentiation of benign tumors.
Comparison of two screening methods, modified hb h preparation and the osmotic fragility test, for alpha‐thalassemic traits on the basis of gene mapping
Authors: Lin Chung K. , Jiang Mei L. , Chien Chih C. , Yang Man L. , Lin Hsi H. , Peng Hong W.
Published: March 2007

We evaluated 61 patients with two screening tests for alpha‐thalassemia traits on the basis of endonuclease gene mapping. Comparing these two methods—the osmotic fragility test of the red cell and modified hemoglobin H inclusion staining for the sensitivity—we found that the latter was much superior to the former with 100% sensitivity in detecting heterozygous alpha‐1 thalassemia and it was also specific as a confirmatory test for thalassemia traits. Red cell indices are still the basic screening tool and can be used together with modified Hb H inclusion staining. The osmotic fragility test was not better than the red cell indices and was not confirmatory. Besides the MCV, RBC, and discrimination functions, we found that RBC distribution width‐standard deviation (RDW‐SD) was consistently low in heterozygous alpha‐1 thalassemia but not in heterozygous alpha‐2 thalassemia. None of the above tests was shown to be really helpful in screening in the latter situation. We conclude that the modified Hb H inclusion staining is superior to the osmotic fragility test in screening of alpha‐1 thalassemia.
A simple ICP‐MS procedure for the determination of total mercury in whole blood and urine
Authors: Kalamegham Ramaswami , Ash K. Owen
Published: March 2007

A simple and sensitive procedure for total mercury in whole blood and urine using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) is described. Specimens are prepared by precipitation‐extraction with 50% v/v hydrochloric acid containing EDTA and cysteine, centrifuged, and filtered through fritended screening column; the filtrates are directly analyzed by ICP‐MS. The method is linear between 2 and 200 μg/L in the specimen with an absolute sensitivity of 0.2 μg/L in the final supernatant. The assay variability at various concentrations (μg/L) of mercury are as follows: intra‐assay whole blood (n = 20)—4.6 ± 0.6(c.v. 12.3%), 18.3 ± 1.1(c.v.6.1%), 56.4 ± 2.8(c.v.5.0%); inter‐assay whole blood (n = 15)—5.7 ± 1.0(c.v.16.8%), 19.7 ± 2.7(c.v. 13.5%), and 50.1 ± 6.9(c.v.13.7%); urine (n = 20)—9.3 ± 1.2 (c.v. 12.9%), 29.6 ± 2.2 (c.v. 7.4%). Recovery of organic and inorganic mercury from blood samples ranges from 91.6% to 110.2%. The method is suitable for analysis of total mercury, both organic and inorganic, in whole blood and urine. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary findings on the variation of serum apolipoprotein levels in neural degenerative disorders
Authors: Ikeda Teruaki , Sugiuchi Hiroyuki , Senba Umeko , Shibuya Yohko , Uji Yoshinori , Okabe Hiroaki , Araki Shukuro
Published: March 2007

We measured six apolipoproteins (Al, All, B, Cll, Clll, and E) in the serum of patients with several kinds of neural diseases [diabetic neuropathy and neural degenerative disorders (motor neuron degenerative disorders, spinocerebellar degeneration, Parkinson's disease)], comparing them to the age‐matched healthy controls using the immunoturbidimetric method.

Statistically significant decreases of serum apo‐AI, apo‐A‐ll and increases of apo‐CIII, apo‐E were observed in neural degenerative diseases; and, particularly, higher apo‐B and apo‐CII concentrations were observed in diabetic neuropathy.

Most neural degenerative disease showed lower apo‐All. However, in motor neuron degenerative disorders, higher apo C‐ll and apo‐E were seen. Lower apo‐AI was seen in spinocerebellar degeneration, and lower apo‐All was seen in Parkinson's disease. Higher apo‐B, Cll, and E levels were observed in females with spinocerebellar degeneration and Parkinson's disease, and lower apo‐All was seen in males with spinocerebellar disease. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow cytometric detection of recombinant human granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor binding to leukemic cells
Authors: Tatsumi Noriyuki , Yamane Takahisa , Tsuda Izumi , Okuda Kiyoshi , Chaisiripoomkere Watana
Published: March 2007

To examine binding of recombinant human granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor to myeloid cells, the factor was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and incubated with blood specimens, which were then analyzed by flow cytometry. Neutrophils demonstrated an increased fluorescence, while lymphocytes were negative. These cell fractions were used as controls for cytometric binding assays of leukemic cells. Six patients with lymphocytic leukemia were negative in this assay. Ten of 15 patients with myelocytic leukemia were positive. All patients (n = 5) in myeloblastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia were also positive. The flow cytometry results correlated well with the results of colony formation in response to granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor. The results indicate that our method is useful in predicting the susceptibility of leukemic cells to recombinant growth factors. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated latex nephelometric immunoassay for the measurement of serum lipoprotein (a)
Authors: Borque Luis , Rus Antonio , del Cura Jorge , Maside Carlos , Escanero Jesus
Published: March 2007

A sensitive immunoassay based on latex particle agglutination has been developed for measuring lipoprotein Lp(a) concentrations in serum or plasma. Carboxylated latex particles (diameter 240 nm) covalently coated with F(ab')2 fragments of anti‐lipoprotein Lp(a) antibodies are incubated with diluted sample (400‐fold) for 12 min at room temperature, with the resulting agglutination quantified by measuring the change of light‐scatter produced. The assay has been automated on the Behring nephelometer analyzer with a sampling rate of 150 samples/hour. This assay generates a standard curve in the range of 27 to 1750 mg/L, showing inter‐assay precision of less than 8%. There were no interferences from plasminogen, bilirubin, Intralipid™, haemoglobin, rheumatoid factor, and apolipoprotein B. No significant differences were observed when fresh and frozen samples were compared. Sample pretreatment with “Lipoclean” clearing agent and sample lyophillization decreased the agglutinating reaction. In two separate studies using 77 and 112 patient sera the Lp(a) values, determined by the latex nephelometric method, the Terumo Macra™ Lp(a) ELISA test, and the Pharmacia Apo(a) radioimmunoassay method, gave correlation coefficients of 0.948 and 0.974, respectively. Physiological lipoprotein (a) values were determined in a blood donor group, with the distribution of serum Lp(a) highly skewed, with a mean (SD) and median values of 213(236) mg/L and 116 mg/L, respectively. Concentrations of Lp(a) were found to be age‐and sex‐independent. This latex nephelometric procedure is a convenient method and an interesting alternative to other immunoassays for routine measurement of human lipoprotein (a). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzyme immunoassay for respiratory syncytial virus: Rapid detection in nasopharyngeal secretions and evaluation of isolates representing different RSV subgroups
Authors: Siqueira Marilda M. , Nascimento Jussara P. , Portes Silvana A. R. , Schuy Wilhelm
Published: March 2007

The presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was investigated by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) technique and by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in 169 samples of nasopharyngeal secretions of infants and children with acute respiratory infections. Of 31 samples positive by EIA, 25 were positive by IFA. In 24 samples from a retrospective study, RSV positive by IFA and/or tissue culture isolation (TCI), 22 were also positive by EIA. The EIA was also evaluated with 111 RSV isolates in Hep2 cell cultures representing different RSV subgroups. All were positive by EIA. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A survey of ciguatera: Assessment of Puako, Hawaii, associated with ciguatera toxin epidemics in humans
Authors: Hokama Y. , Asahina A. Y. , Titus E. , Shirai J. L. R. , Hong T. W. P , Chun S. , Miyahara J. T. , Takata D. , Muranaka A. , Pang E. , Abbott I. A. , Ichinotsubo D.
Published: March 2007

A survey for the assessment of the ciguatera problem has been determined in Puako, South Kohala, on the Island of Hawaii. This is in the area of persistent ciguateric outbreaks during the months of January through March, caused by a specific species of fish (Cheilinus rhodo‐chrous, red rose Gambierdiscus toxicus, and various species of fish, including herbivores and carnivores, gave positive indications of Puako as a potential ciguateric area. Algae associated with Gambierdiscus toxicus blooms and the dinoflagellate itself were found in transects A and D. Transects A and D showed 291 G. toxicus per gram of Tolycarpidia glomurata and 9 G. toxicus per gram of Turbinaria sp. with epiphytic Jania sp., respectively. No G. toxicus was found in transects B and C. This may be attributed to the low salinity from intrusion of freshwater in this vicinity. Examinations of the fish, kole, manini, Hawaiian kole, roi, and po'ou by the solid‐phase immunoassay showed 89% of fish in the borderline and positive categories from all transects. Extracts of viscera and flesh showed high levels of toxicity in mouse (13 of 23 deaths), particularly in the viscera (gut) of both herbivores and carnivores. The guinea pig atrial analysis generally showed a few cigua‐toxin‐like, but most were nonciguateric type responses. The data presented in this Puako survey showed evidence of toxic fish associated with ciguatoxin‐like and most probably other toxins, either polyethers or non‐poly‐ethers as yet unidentified. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunological characterization of pancreatic stone protein in human urine
Authors: Tatemichi Noriyuki , Kato Masanori , Hayakawa Shinobu , Hayakawa Tetsuo , Naruse Satoru , Kitagawa Motoji , Sobajima Hiroshi , Nakae Yasuyuki
Published: March 2007

In order to study the mechanism and origin of urine pancreatic stone protein (PSP), PSP was analyzed in the urine and sera from healthy subjects, patients with renal disease, and intensive care patients by Mono S chromatography and Western blotting. The elution patterns could be classified into three types. In control urine, a single peak of immunoreactive PSP (peak I) was identified at the position of PSP–S2–5 (typeA). In three of seven patients with renal disease, another peak of urine immunoreactive PSP (peak II) was recognized at the position slower than that corresponding to that of PSP–S1 (type B). In urine from one patient with diabetic nephropathy, a third peak of immunoreactive PSP (peak III) was eluted between peaks I and II (type C). In Western blotting, the bands in urine from patients with renal disease and of those in ICU mainly appeared at the positions of high‐molecular‐weight types of PSP and PSP–S2–5, respectively. These results suggest that the kidney can be another major source of urine PSP in addition to the pancreas. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β2‐GPI‐dependent and independent binding of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortions
Authors: Ozawa Nobuaki , Makino Tsunehisa , Matsubayashi Hidehiko , Hosokawa Tomotoshi , Someya Ken‐Ichi , Nozawa Shiro , Matsuura Eiji
Published: March 2007

We measured anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) in plasma samples from 214 women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortions by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing solid phase cardiolipin (CL) and β2‐glycoprotein I (β2‐GPI). Sixteen patients (7.5%) were positive for β2‐GPI‐dependent aCL. Though β2‐GPI appeared to enhance the binding of aCL, β2‐GPI‐independent aCL were also observed in these patients (4.7%). The patients were classified into three groups on the basis of their medical history, and analysis of data of individual groups revealed that the incidence of β2‐GPI‐dependent aCL was significantly higher in patients who had experienced at least one fetal loss in the second or third trimester. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contemporary concepts for the clinical and laboratory evaluation of systemic lupus erythematosus and “lupus‐like” syndromes
Authors: Nakamura Robert M. , Bylund David J.
Published: March 2007

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a nonorgan‐specific autoimmune disease which affects multiple organ systems and is multifactorial in etiology.

SLE is the prototypic systemic rheumatic disease with immune dysregulation characterized by (1) polyclonal activation of B‐cells and (2) production of a large spectrum of autoantibodies with a marked preference for nuclear and intracellular antigens.

The clinical and laboratory manifestations and criteria for classification and diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus‐like syndromes, and various subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus, are reviewed. The differential diagnosis of SLE and related diseases is described with correlation of specific intracellular autoantibodies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation of porcine pancreatic islets: Low trypsin activity during the isolation procedure guarantees reproducible high islet yields
Authors: Heiser Axel , Ulrichs Karin , Müller‐Ruchholtz Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

During the past few years, interest in xenotransplantation of porcine islets of Langerhans for the future therapy of type I diabetes has increased markedly. Therefore, we established a semiautomated digestion method for isolating islets from the porcine pancreas. However, although the isolation technique was standardized and collagenase of controlled quality was used, we were unable to attain high islet yields with a satisfactory degree of reproducibility. One hypothesis was that varying degrees of interference by donor pancreatic enzymes were responsible for this failure. The aim of this study was to examine the kinetics of four types of enzymatic activity during the isolation procedure, as well as their effects on islet yield: collagenase, trypsin, neutral protease, and clostripain. Our results indicate that while exogenous collagenase activity decreases slightly during the isolation procedure, the activity of the pancreas enzymes neutral protease and trypsin increases. In some cases, trypsin activity increases very strongly. A strong increase in trypsin activity correlates with poor islet yield, whereas low trypsin activity always correlates with high islet yield. Addition of the protease inhibitor Pefabloc to the isolation medium results in low trypsin activity and reproducible high islet yields. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of Epstein‐Barr virus in hodgkin's disease: Experience of a single university hospital in Korea
Authors: Park Chang‐Soo , Juhng Sang‐Woo , Brigati David J. , Montone Kathleen T.
Published: March 2007

Hodgkin's disease is known to be associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection in Western countries, and viral nucleic acids and proteins have been identified within Reed‐Sternberg (RS) cells, which are the histopathologic hallmark of the disease process. Twenty‐five cases of Hodgkin's disease from a single university hospital in Korea were studied for evidence of EBV by in situ hybridization for EBV DNA and RNA and immunohistochemistry for an EBV latent protein. EBV nucleic acids were studied by a rapid (60 minutes) in situ hybridization procedure, which utilized biotinylated DNA probes specific for the following nucleic acid sequences: (1) EBV EBER1 RNA (an abundant RNA sequence expressed during latent EBV infection), (2) EBV Notl repeats (a tandemly repeated DNA sequence, which has been established to identify amplified EBV genome in lytic EBV infection), and (3) BAM HI W (a DNA sequence reiterated 11 times within the viral genome). In addition, immunohistochemistry for EBV latent membrane protein, a protein that is capable of inducing cellular transformation in cell culture, was also performed. EBV was identified within the neoplastic RS cells by at least one method in 19/25 cases (76%). The mixed cellularity subtype was the most common subtype associated with EBV infection (11/13–85%). In situ hybridization for EBV EBER1 RNA was the most sensitive method for EBV detection and was present in 17/25 cases. A significant proportion of Korean Hodgkin's disease cases is associated with EBV infection. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HLA antigens and resistance to HIV
Authors: Peixinho Zulma F. , Mendes Nelson F.
Published: March 2007

The role of histocompatibility antigens in HIV infection has been investigated by several approaches. Thus the haplotype A1B8DR3 that is usually linked to autoimmune disorders seems to be associated with accelerated progression to AIDS. Cross‐reactivity between MHC antigens and HIV‐1 proteins is evident from alloimmunization experiments in mice and xenoimmunization of monkeys with human cells. Furthermore, recent reports suggest that some individuals with uncommon HLA antigens may be resistant to HIV infection. In addition to expressing cross‐reacting antigens with HLA, HIV also exhibits substantial amounts of host beta‐2 microglobulin and HLA‐DR attached to its surface. Taken together, these data are stimulating new hypotheses relevant for AIDS pathogenesis. Based on alloimmunization, novel approaches have also been proposed in attempts to promote an effective immune response to HIV. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α up‐regulates glucuronosyltransferase gene expression in human brain endothelial cells and promotes T‐cell adhesion
Authors: Dasgupta Somsankar , Yanagisawa Makoto , Krishnamurthy Kannan , Liour Sean S. , Yu Robert K.
Published: March 2007

Stimulation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (SV‐HCECs) with tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) up‐regulates sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside (SGPG) synthesis in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. After TNF‐α exposure at a concentration of 50 ng/ml for 24 hr, we observed a seven‐ to tenfold elevation of SGPG concentration. Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) at a concentration of 10 ng/ml and the combined doses of TNF‐α and IL‐1β were less effective than TNF‐α alone. TNF‐α also stimulated T‐cell (Jurkat) adhesion with SV‐HCECs via SGPG‐L‐selectin recognition: this was determined by double‐label immunofluorescent staining with SGPG and L‐selectin antibodies. The number of T cells bound to SV‐HCECs after different cytokine stimulations was proportional to the SGPG concentration, and the cell attachment was inhibited by anti‐SGPG and anti‐L‐selectin antibodies, respectively. Our data unequivocally establish that inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF‐α, stimulate the glucuronosyltransferse, GlcAT‐P, and GlcAT‐S, gene expression in brain endothelial cells and promote T‐cell adhesion via SGPG‐L‐selectin recognition, a preliminary step for onset of neuroinflammation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of surfactants for use in the spray treatment of iron chlorosis in citrus trees
Authors: Neumann Peter M. , Prinz R.
Published: March 2007

Wetting and stomatal penetration of plant leaves by spray solutions can be obtained when the surface tension of the spray solution is sufficiently low. Low surface tension fluorocarbon and silicone‐based surfactants were active at lower concentrations and were found to be less harmful to plant cell membranes than a comparable carbohydrate‐based surfactant. A silicone‐based surfactant greatly increased the efficiency of iron solutions sprayed onto chlorotic citrus trees.
Chemical changes and diastatic activity in grains of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars during germination
Authors: Subramanian Vaidyanathan , Murty Daita S , Rao Neppalli Sambasiva , Jambunathan Ramamurthi
Published: March 2007

Grain samples from nine sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) cultivars were germinated for 16, 48, 96 and 144 h, and changes in their diastatic activity, protein, starch, soluble sugars, tannin and total phenols contents were studied. The diastatic activity increased up to 96 h of germination and decreased at 144 h. Diastatic activity showed significant variation among cultivars, which ranged from 10.0 to 88.3 units at 48 h and from 20.0 to 150.4 units at 96 h germination. In general, starch content decreased while soluble sugars increased during germination. Variation in protein content during germination was appreciable among the cultivars.
Nutritional evaluation of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus as a protein source
Authors: Shlomai Pinhas , Margalith Pinhas , Mokady Shoshana
Published: March 2007

The quality of the protein of the carotenogenic fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus Burgeff, strain NRRL 1555 ( ‐ ), was evaluated with rats and observed to have a protein efficiency ratio of 1.4. The limiting amino acids were tryptophan, sulphur‐containing amino acids, lysine and isoleucine. Upon incorporation into diets containing 100 g kg−1 protein the proportions of the above mentioned amino acids of the optimal recommended dietary allowances for growing rats were 33.0%, 57.4%, 74.5% and 87.2% respectively. Furthermore, the fungal protein was found to contain an excess of histidine about eight fold more than the recommended dietary allowance for growing rats. Some safety aspects were examined and, although the fungus was consumed in high dietary concentrations, 242 g kg−1 of the diet, no pronounced toxicological effects were observed.
Epoxy and cyclopropenoid fatty acids in Amaranthus paniculatus seed oil
Authors: Mahmood Chirag , Daulatabad Jehan D , Hosamani Kallappa M
Published: March 2007

Amaranthus paniculatus (L) syn Amaranthus caudatus, (L) seed oil contains palmitic (19‐4%), stearic (3‐9%), oleic (21‐9%), linoleic (43‐9%), vernolic (7‐8%), malvalic (1‐5%) and sterculic (1‐6%) acids. These fatty acids were characterised by IR, NMR, MS and GLC techniques and by chemical degradations.
Phenolic acids released from bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) by sequential sodium hydroxide treatment in relation to biodegradation of cell types
Authors: Akin Danny E , Hartley Roy D , Rigsby Luanne L , Morrison W Herbert
Published: March 2007

Sections of solvent‐extracted bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L Pers) leaf blades were treated sequentially with increasing concentrations of sodium hydroxide. The amounts of saponifiable phenolic acid monomers and cyclobutane dimers released and the digestibility of the treated blades (ie % dry weight loss) were determined. Leaf sections were examined by scanning electron microscopy for biodegradation of cell types and histochemically (light microscopy) for lignin after treatment with sodium hydroxide. Treatment with 0.1 m sodium hydroxide for 1 h resulted in only minor changes from untreated sections. However, this treatment for 24 h released 86% of the ferulic acid, 65% of the dimers, and c 50% of the p‐coumaric acid. Digestibility was increased from 6.5% in the untreated control to 56.6%. Substantial loss of the slowly biodegradable tissues (ie epidermis and parenchyma bundle sheath) and partial biodegradation and disruption of the refractory tissues (ie sclerenchyma, xylem and mestome sheath) occurred; histochemical reactions for lignin were less intense after NaOH treatment. Treatment with 1 m sodium hydroxide for 24 h released 50% of the p‐coumaric acid and the remainder of the alkali‐extractable ferulic acid and dimers, increased digestibility to 72%, and increased biodegradation of mesophyll and phloem. Mestome sheath cell walls only gave a histochemical reaction for phenolics and the reaction was weak after 1 m NaOH treatment. Alkali treatment increased the biodegradation of all cell types, with lignified tissues reduced to single‐cell fibres after 1 and 2 m treatments.
Correlation of stress corrosion cracking behaviour with electrical conductivity and open circuit potential in Al‐Li‐Cu‐Mg‐Zr alloys
Authors: Ghosh K. S. , Das K. , Chatterjee U. K.
Published: March 2007

Studies of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour by slow strain rate test (SSRT), potentiodynamic electrochemical polarization and measurement of electrical resistivity were carried out on 8090 and 1441 Al‐Li‐Cu‐Mg‐Zr alloys in their peak aged T8, over aged T7 and retrogressed and reaged (RRA) T77 tempers. It has been found that the SCC resistance is maximum in the T7 temper, least in the T8 temper and in the RRA T77 tempers it lies in between to that of the T8 and T7 tempers, indicating that RRA heat treatment given to the T8 temper of both alloys caused an improvement of SCC resistance. Further, studies on the electrical conductivity measurements and electrochemical polarization of all tempers of both alloys showed that T7 temper has maximum electrical conductivity and most negative (anodic) open circuit potential (OCP), T8 has the minimum and the least respectively, whereas, in the T77 tempers these values lie in between to those of the T8 and T7 tempers. Therefore, a definite pattern of variation of these results with RRA treatment draws an attention to correlate SCC behaviour, electrical conductivity and OCP values which are explained on the basis of microstructural features revealed by TEM and XRD studies.
Experimental vascularized bone transplantations
Authors: Tamai Susumu
Published: March 2007

The postoperative hypertropy of the vascularized fibula graft is of particular interest. In order to clarify the etiology of the hypertrophy, we conducted experimental projects on vascularized bone grafts using fluorochrome bone labelings, his‐tomorphometry and measurement of blood flow in rats and rabbits. In the murine vascularized tibio‐fibula graft for bone defects of the tibia, where mechanical stress to the graft can be expected, cross‐sectional bone growth was maintained with acceleration of new bone formation and an alteration of growth direction at 3 weeks after the transplantation. In vascularized bone grafts where no mechanical stress to the graft is expected, more bone resorption was seen than bone formation. In the murine tail bone graft to a bony defect of the femur, the cancellous bone gradually disappeared, and the trabeculae took on an architecture characteristic of the femur. This process slowly transforms the graft into a femur with the morphologic features of a long bone. These results suggested that remodeling of the graft corresponding with the changes in the dynamic environment was accompanied by adequate resorption. The cross‐age transplantation of vascularized tibio‐fibula grafts in rats showed that the younger the donor, the faster the hypertrophy. Age is one of the important factors affecting remodeling of the vascularized bone graft. The blood flow of the grafted bone in the rabbits increased immediately after the transplantation as a reaction to surgery. Thereafter the blood flow of the graft may depend on the biological demands for new bone formation in adapting to the biomechanical environment of the recipient site. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technique of total hepatectomy in the rat
Authors: Lorenzo Michele , Angrisani Luigi , Ventriglia Renato , Ismail Tariq , Tesauro Beniamino
Published: March 2007

We report a novel one‐stage technique of total hepatectomy in the rat, in which the liver is replaced by an autologous prosthesis. This prosthesis is obtained from a donor rat, and consists of the subhepatic vena cava and the left renal vein harvested en block. This graft is sutured with the subdiaphragmatic cava and linked with cuffs to the subhepatic vena cava and the portal vein in the donor rat. This procedure is associated with a very low operative mortality. Rats with glucose and plasma‐expander infusions survived for a mean time of 23 ± 9 hr. This technique of total hepatectomy can be considered a valid and reproducible model of true anhepaty for metabolic and survival studies with liver support systems. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nerve regenerating effect of short‐course administration of cyclosporine after fresh peripheral nerve allotransplantation in the rat: Comparison of nerve regeneration using different forms of donor nerve allografts
Authors: Muramatsu Keiichi , Doi Kazuteru , Kawai Shinya
Published: March 2007

There is almost universal agreement that if cyclosporine (CsA), which is a potent immunosuppressant, is temporarily administered after surgery, regenerated axons will be maintained even after withdrawal of CsA following peripheral nerve allotransplantation. Thus, this experimental study was conducted to investigate whether a difference in donor nerve form, including thickness and length, influences nerve regeneration after withdrawal of immunosuppression with CsA. The findings suggest that as a result of immunosuppression with CsA, large‐diameter nerve grafts are better able to induce nerve regeneration than small‐diameter grafts, and after withdrawal of the immunosuppressant, thick nerve grafts are also better able to preserve regenerated axons against the rejection reaction than thin grafts. With regard to the length of the grafted nerve, short nerve allografts yield higher axon counts than long ones, the same as with autografts. The best way to induce nerve regeneration appears to be to transplant a short, thick nerve allograft, which is definitely capable of inducing many regenerated axons. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of ischemia and three different perfusion solutions on the rabbit epiphyseal growth plate
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyuki , Tsai Tsu‐Min , Firrell John C.
Published: March 2007

An isolated vascularized knee joint model was used (1) to determine the minimum ischemia time that produced growth retarding damage to the epiphyseal plate and (2) to evaluate whether intra‐arterial perfusion could reduce the ischemia damage. Experiment 1 consisted of 31 rabbits in 5 groups: 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr of warm ischemia produced by clamping the pedicle. Experiment 2 consisted of 18 rabbits in which 10 ml of one of (1) Euro‐Collins, (2) University of Wisconsin solution, or (3) heparinized blood were perfused through the joint without ischemia. Experiment 3 consisted of 21 rabbits in which one of the three solutions was perfused for a short period during 6 hr of ischemia. Growth of the tibia was followed radiographically every month over 3 months, and the growth plates were evaluated histologically after sacrifice. Results showed that at least 6 hr of ischemia was needed before longitudinal growth was reduced; less ischemia time caused overgrowth. Histologic damage was found in all animals to some degree. Perfusion alone without ischemia had no detrimental effect on growth or histology. The growth reduction at 6 hr of ischemia was minimized by perfusion with every solution. Heparinized blood was the most effective and Euro‐Collins was the least effective. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relaxation of solvent protons by paramagnetic ions and its dependence on magnetic field and chemical environment: implications for NMR imaging
Authors: Koenig Seymour H. , Brown Rodney D.
Published: March 2007

Paramagnetic ions have been used to alter the magnetic relaxation rates 1/T1 and 1/T2 of solvent water protons since the first observations of a proton resonance signal almost four decades ago. The earliest theories of relaxation indicated that the influence of solute paramagnetic ions on relaxation rates of solvent protons should depend both on the chemical environment of the solute ions and on the magnetic field strength. Much knowledge, both experimental and theoretical, has since been amassed regarding relaxation effects in solutions of hydrated ions (aquoions) and of complexes of these ions with macromolecules, mainly proteins. The phenomena are well understood at this point, though the understanding is more retrospective than predictive for ion‐protein complexes. Nonetheless, from what is now known about homogeneous solutions, and from current reports on the introduction of paramagnetic ions into tissue to alter contrast in NMR images by affecting relaxation rates, it is clear that the solution results are particularly germane, and transferable, to tissue investigations. The main features of relaxation of solvent protons in the presence of solute paramagnetic ions, as hydrated aquoions and complexed with protein, are presented here, with attention to those ions most relevant to in vivo studies, and with emphasis on the influence of the magnetic field and the chemical environment of these ions on solvent proton relaxation rates.
Measurement of intracellular oxygen concentration using the spin label TEMPOL
Authors: Morse Philip D. , Swartz Harold M.
Published: March 2007

We have developed a noninvasive method with general applicability for measuring intracellular oxygen using the spin label TEMPOL (2, 2, 6, 6‐tetramethypiperidine‐N‐oxyl‐4‐ol) which has superhyperfine structure in its electron spin resonance spectra that is broadened in the presence of oxygen. This broadening is linear over a range of 1 to 6 ppm oxygen which covers the important physiological range of oxygen concentration. Viscosity, TEMPOL concentration, and instrument modulation intensity also can affect superhyperfine structure but the contributions from these effects can be determined. The TEMPOL distributes equally into the intra‐and extracellular compartments but its intracellular signal can be studied selectively by addition of transition metal ions such as potassium ferricyanide and potassium tris (oxalato)chromiate, which broaden away the signal from extracellular TEMPOL and do not cross the cell membrane to affect the intracellular TEMPOL Results with a cell culture line (mouse thymus‐bone marrow) indicate that under our experimental conditions these cells may maintain an average intracellular oxygen concentration lower than the extracellular oxygen concentration, and that there is not a constant relationship between extracellular and intracellular oxygen concentrations.
One‐ and two‐dimensional EPR imaging studies on Phantoms and Plant specimens
Authors: Fujii Hirotada , Berliner Lawrence J.
Published: March 2007

The advantages of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging at L‐band frequencies are discussed. The construction and calibration of a low‐field L‐band EPR imaging spectrometer is described with capillary phantoms containing aqueous nitroxides as paramagnetic imaging agents. The peak separation induced by the magnetic field gradient is related to the object separation. The linewidth of each (first‐derivative) line is used to calculate the dimensions of each paramagnetic object, which is the sum of an intrinsic and a gradient‐induced component. By extrapolating the linewidth back to zero field gradient, one obtains the intrinsic linewidth correction factor in computing image size. The nonuniformity caused by deterioration of biological substructure was examined with plant stems where one capillary vessel had become leaky. Spin‐label destruction, particularly by biological reducing agents, was compared for three species of plant stems.
A comparison of T1 measurements at 1.7 and 3.4 MHz in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Smith F. W. , Cherryman G. R. , Steyn J. H.
Published: March 2007

To compare the specificity of T1 measurement for the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma in vivo, two groups of patients with clinically enlarged prostate glands have been imaged. One group comprising 25 patients was imaged at 1.7 MHz the other comprising 51 patients at 3.4 MHz. T1 measurements together with the gross anatomical appearances of the prostate gland were observed and compared with the clinical and histologic diagnoses. At 1.7 MHz it was found that the T1 measurement of carcinoma of the prostate and benign hypertrophy of the prostate fell into two distinct ranges with no overlap between the two conditions. Three false‐positive diagnoses of carcinoma were made in patients with prostatitis where the T1 values fell in the upper part of the carcinoma range. T1 measurement in the group studied at 3.4 MHz demonstrated no specific value for either condition and diagnosis of malignancy had to be made from the morphologic appearances of the gland. Morphologically benign hypertrophy appeared homogeneous while carcinoma appeared heterogeneous with small areas of increased T1 in the malignant part of the gland.
SHARP NMR Biomedical Spatial Localization
Authors: Hasenfeld Andrew
Published: March 2007

An application of the Slepian‐Pollak‐Landau “time and band limited functions” is found in NMR imaging. The precise context is best described by the rotating‐frame dynamics of the Bloch equations, where an analogy is made to the problem of simultaneously concentrating a function in time and frequency. The appropriately modulated rf fields are found to yield excellent response characteristics when used in numerical simulations of the Bloch equations.© 1985 Academic Press,Inc.