bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amphibians in a transition region between the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest,west-central region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Rolim Daniel Contieri
Published: September 2021

Studies of the diversity and natural history of amphibians are extremely important and contribute with the knowledge about the patterns of geographical distribution and biology of the species, outlining the factors that influence this distribution, and contributing to the development of conservation projects of them. This study aimed to identify the richness, abundance, spatial and temporal distribution of amphibians in the Bauru region, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and compare the species composition with others regions in the São Paulo state located in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Eight locations were sampled between the years 2009 and 2012. Thirty-seven amphibian species were recorded, which represents 15.61% of the species in the state of São Paulo. In comparison to other regions of the state, Bauru resemble with the north-western region of the state and with the Assis Ecological Station in species composition. The community of amphibians in the studied region is regulated to morphoclimatic conditions, environmental heterogeneity and the conservation of natural resources, which directly reflect on the composition, abundance and species’ spatial and temporal distribution of the amphibians in this region. The richness of amphibians of the Bauru region is significant for the state of São Paulo and contributes with the maintenance of environments with conditions for the occurrence of Proceratophrys moratoi, which is considered in threat of extinction. This study contributed with the filling gap on the amphibian knowledge of the state of São Paulo.
Efeito da fotobiomodulação na modulação da interleucina-10: revisão narrativa de estudos clínicos
Authors: David Amanda Cabral , Zamuner Stella Regina
Published: September 2021

O sistema imune envolve diversos mecanismos de resposta imunológica que são fundamentais para o organismo se manter em equilíbrio e protegido. Dentre estes mecanismos, há a expressão de citocinas anti-inflamatórias e imunomoduladoras, como a interleucina-10 (IL-10). Esta citocina anti-inflamatória tem um papel crucial no sistema imune, uma vez que desempenha inúmeras funções biológicas. Estudos têm demonstrado que a terapia de fotobiomodulação (TFBM) tem sido eficaz na modulação da citocina IL-10, aumentando sua expressão, em várias doenças de caráter inflamatório. Apesar do mecanismo de ação da TFBM ainda não ser totalmente compreendido, esta vem se mostrando uma terapia promissora para estas doenças. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar estudos clínicos em que avaliaram a liberação/expressão da citocina IL-10 em diversas patologias em resposta à TFBM, e discutir as evidências atuais e potenciais da fotobiomodulação.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 14, No. 10
Authors: Duran Kevin
Published: September 2021

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 14, No. 10, 2021
Een aantal aspecten van de implementatie van de nieuwe richtlijn Consumentenkoop (Richtlijn 2019/771) nader belicht
Authors: Bijloo M.
Published: September 2021

Een aantal aspecten van de implementatie van de nieuwe richtlijn Consumentenkoop (Richtlijn 2019/771) nader belicht

Enkele aspecten van Richtlijn 2019/771 die (reeds) bestaande onderwerpen in het Burgerlijk Wetboek beïnvloeden of adresseren.
Leren exonereren: een update
Authors: van Wechem T.H.M.
Published: September 2021

Leren exonereren: een update

In zijn arrest van 29 januari 2021 (Bart’s retail) lijkt de Hoge Raad af te wijken van de lijn die leek te zijn uitgezet in het arrest GTI/Zurich uit 2004. In dat als laatstgenoemde arrest overwoog de Hoge Raad, ten overvloede, dat bij overeenkomsten tussen professioneel dan wel commercieel handelende grote partijen in de regel extra terughoudendheid gepast is waar het gaat om het op grond van art. 6:248 lid 2 BW buiten toepassing laten van exoneratiebedingen. In de literatuur werd ervan uitgegaan dat deze regel zich uitstrekte tot overeenkomsten waarbij er sprake was van een gelijkwaardigheid tussen partijen. In de casus die ten grondslag lag aan het Hoge Raad arrest van 29 januari 2021, was dat niet het geval. Het betrof een overeenkomst tussen een grote franchiseorganisatie (die tevens optrad als verhuurder) en een kleine franchisenemer. De Hoge Raad lijkt te benadrukken dat ook dan de rechter tot extra terughoudend is gehouden, voor zover het het buiten spel zetten betreft van een tussen partijen overeengekomen exoneratie. De auteur plaatst dit arrest in context en vraagt zich af of een weging van de exoneratie over de boeg van artikel 6:233 onder a BW, tot hetzelfde resultaat zou hebben geleid.
Onredelijk bezwarende algemene voorwaarden in België – gidsfunctie voor Nederland?
Authors: Spanjaard J.H.M.
Published: September 2021

Onredelijk bezwarende algemene voorwaarden in België – gidsfunctie voor Nederland?

In de Nederlandse rechtspraak worden algemene voorwaarden in B2B relaties zelden onredelijk bezwarend beoordeeld. Dit is deels het gevolg van de omstandigheid dat de zwarte en grijze lijsten uitsluitend B2C werken. In België is per 1 december 2020 een regeling over de inhoud van algemene voorwaarden in B2B relaties tot stand gekomen. In deze bijdrage wordt die regeling verkend en gekeken of Nederland van de Belgische wet kan leren.
Wie wint de ‘battle of forms’ als beide partijen naar verkoopvoorwaarden verwijzen?
Authors: Spanjaard J.H.M.
Published: September 2021

Wie wint de ‘battle of forms’ als beide partijen naar verkoopvoorwaarden verwijzen?

De battle of forms is een bekend terrein in het contractenrecht en geregeld in artikel 6:225 lid 3 BW. Normaliter verwijst de inkoper naar zijn inkoopvoorwaarden en de verkoper naar zijn verkoopvoorwaarden. Hoe werkt de battle of forms als ook de inkoper naar verkoopvoorwaarden verwijst? In dit artikel onderzoekt auteur die vraag naar het Nederlandse BW en het Weens Koopverdrag
Evaluation of potential eye or skin irritation/corrosion in rabbit exposed to TiO2 photocatalyst (GST)
Authors: Kim Sang Ho , Park Myeong kyu , Seol Ja Kyung , Im Jae Min , Park Hae Sung , Seo Heung Sik , Park Hee Ju , Nah Sung Soon
Published: September 2021

TiO2 NPs photocatalyst is widely used in a variety of applications and products in the environmental and energy fields, including self-cleaning surfaces, air and water purification systems, sterilization, hydrogen evolution, and photoelectrochemical conversion. The possible biological and safety effects of TiO2 dermal exposure and absorption have not been well studied and more investigations on the potential health hazards of the TiO2 are needed. This study aimed to investigate potential effect of local lesions (eye and skin irritation/corrosion) for new TiO2 material powder, GST produced through sludge recycling of the sewage treatment plant in according to the OECD test guideline (TG 404, 405) and imaging evaluation (micro-computed tomography analysis), histopathology examination. Also, P-25, commercial photocatalyst was used to compare with GST. For the eye or skin irritation/corrosion test, the test substances (GST, P-25) showed no irritation/corrosion for local lesions and the GHS category was identified as a “No hazard class”. The imaging analysis indicated that GST did not penetrate or distribute in the local lesions (eye, skin) and the treatment-related effect was not observed in histopathology. Therefore, the present study revealed that new TiO2 powder, GST was considered to be no potential effects (irritation/corrosion), penetration or distribution in the local lesions (eye, skin).
Readability and Understandability Scores for Snippet Assessment: an Exploratory Study
Authors: Dantas Carlos Eduardo C. , Maia Marcelo A.
Published: September 2021

Code search engines usually use readability feature to rank code snippets. There are several metrics to calculate this feature, but developers may have different perceptions about readability. Correlation between readability and understandability features has already been proposed, i.e., developers need to read and comprehend the code snippet syntax, but also understand the semantics. This work investigate scores for understandability and readability features, under the perspective of the possible subjective perception of code snippet comprehension. We find that code snippets with higher readability score has better comprehension than lower ones. The understandability score presents better comprehension in specific situations, e.g. nested loops or if-else chains. The developers also mentioned writability aspects as the principal characteristic to evaluate code snippets comprehension. These results provide insights for future works in code comprehension score optimization.
Prieinamo turizmo neįgaliesiems su judėjimo negalia vertinimas: patirtis ir galimos kliūtys
Authors: Švagždienė Biruta , Perkumienė Dalia , Dagytė Rūta
Published: September 2021

Straipsnyje, vertinant asmens poreikius, susijusius su konkrečiais turizmo paslaugos prieigos reikalavimais, aplinka analizuojama universalaus dizaino aspektu: prieinamumas, aplinkos pritaikymas ir galimos kliūtys. Šio mokslinio straipsnio tikslas – įvertinti turizmo aplinkos prieinamumą asmenims, turintiems judėjimo negalią. Analizuojama mokslinė literatūra, apibūdinanti prieinamo turizmo ir universalaus dizaino sąvoką. Pateikiamas holistinis požiūris į turizmo paslaugų prieinamumo galimybes bei turizmo infrastruktūros pritaikomumą asmenims, turintiems specialiųjų poreikių, t. y. judėjimo negalią. Straipsnyje taip pat aptariami teisiniai aplinkos prieinamumo neįgaliesiems reguliavimo aspektai bei socialinės integracijos problemos. Empirinė straipsnio dalis remiasi aplinkos sąlygų, neįgaliųjų su judėjimo negalia poreikių patenkinimu, patirtimi ir galimų kliūčių identifikavimu. Pagal šias sritis straipsnyje analizuojami pagrindiniai turizmo pritaikymo neįgaliesiems infrastruktūriniai sektoriai Lietuvoje. Metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė ir asmenų, turinčių judėjimo negalią, apklausa, kuria siekiama atskleisti turizmo aplinkos prieinamumą pačių neįgaliųjų požiūriu  ir parengti gaires situacijai tobulinti. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad žmonės, turintys judėjimo negalią, retai lankosi turistinėse vietose ir beveik niekada nesinaudoja turizmo teikiamomis paslaugomis, nes Lietuvoje apgyvendinimo, maitinimo įstaigos, kelionių organizavimo įmonės, kultūros įstaigos, viešasis transportas, jų teigimu, yra prieinami tik iš dalies. Išanalizavus rodiklius išskiriama silpniausia objektų pasiekiamumo sritis –  prie pastatų nėra tinkamai pritaikyto panduso ir automatiškai atsidarančių durų.
Tracking Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Power Line Inspection
Authors: Takaya Kenta , Ohta Hiroshi , Shibayama Keishi , Kroumov Valeri
Published: September 2021

This work presents some results about power transmission line tracking control and a full autonomous inspection using a quadrotor helicopter. The presented in this paper power line autonomous inspection allows detecting power line defects caused by thunderstorms, corrosion, insulator malfunctions, and same time monitoring of vegetation under the power line corridor. Traditional inspection is performed by helicopters equipped with high-resolution cameras or by direct visual examination carried out by highly skilled staff climbing over de-energized power lines. However, the visual inspection is time-expensive and costly. Moreover, due to regulatory constraints, the helicopters cannot cover narrow mountainous areas. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are an attractive alternative for power line inspection. In this work, a mathematical model for the quadrotor helicopter used in the autonomous inspection is presented. The model is successfully evaluated through simulations and flight experiments. Next, the construction of a quadrotor helicopter system and its application to power line autonomous inspection is introduced. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of that system. The results of this research are in the process of implementation for regular inspection of electrical transmission lines.
Microglia, TREM2, and Therapeutic Methods of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Xu Siwei , Ji Yaya , Sha Tianle , Li Haoming
Published: September 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia all around the world. It is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which contribute to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Microglia, as innate immune cells in brain, plays dual roles in the pathological process of AD. Expression in different subtypes of microglia is diverse in AD genes. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein mainly expressed on microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). Soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), a proteolytic product of TREM2, which is abundant in the cerebrospinal fluid, shows a dynamic change in different stages and ameliorates the pathological process of AD. The interplay between the different subtypes of apolipoprotein and TREM2 is closely related to the mechanism of AD and serves as important regulatory sites. Moreover, several therapeutic strategies targeting TREM2 have shown positive outcomes during clinical trials and some novel therapies at different points are in progress. In this review, we mainly talk about the interrelationships among microglia, TREM2, and AD, and hope to give an overview of the strategies of AD.
Review of Social Challenges of Heterosexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Uganda
Authors: Ikwaras Okware Samuel
Published: September 2021

This Chapter reviews and discusses the experiences of Uganda and the lessons learnt during the successful implementation of its HIV/AIDS Control Program. The major mode of transmission was by the heterosexual route. Control measures thus emphasized behavior change and sexual discipline that promoted faithfulness and monogamous sexual relationships. This chapter examines the factors responsible for the positive outcomes in the implementation of the national AIDS control strategy. The review is based on literature, reports and personal experience. The Uganda Program AIDS in the Ministry of Health (MOH) was one of the earliest AIDS Control Programs in the world. A cumulative total of nearly 2 million people have been infected since the onset of the outbreak in 1982. Some one million HIV related deaths also occurred. When the National AIDS Control Program was initially rolled out in the country there was no cure and the disease was like a death sentence. The available evidence then demonstrated heterosexual transmission as the major mode of spread. Interventions based on the promotion of Abstinence, Being faithful, and Condom use (ABC strategy) were the main components of the strategy in the public campaigns. This complex disease also impacted society and the social fabric deeply. The activities were expanded to include the socio and economic dimensions of HIV/AIDS. Later on the combination strategy integrating biomedical and social behavior change strategies offered new and more encompassing opportunities. The introduction of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) and availability of simplified tests for detection of the viral load status improved treatment and restored hope. Social support and programs for reduction of stigma opened up participation by people living with HIV/AIDS. A community based intersectoral and decentralized strategy reached every village and assured community engagement and involvement. Drastic and steady declines in prevalence and incidence followed. Cases have been declining steadily and prevalence and incidence rates continue to drop and reverse the HIV status in the country. Community Engagement strategy to promote monogamous sexual behavior and the introduction of the highly active retroviral treatment significantly consolidated to the successful outcomes.
Pelvic Anatomy for Distal Rectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: An Sanghyun , Yong Kim Ik
Published: September 2021

Worldwide, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Currently, total mesorectal excision (TME) is considered as the gold standard surgical procedure for rectal cancer. To achieve a good oncologic outcome and functional outcome after TME in distal rectal cancer, exact knowledge regarding the pelvic anatomy including pelvic fascia, pelvic floor, and the autonomic nerve is essential. Accurate TME along the embryologic plane not only reduces local recurrence rate but also preserves urinary and sexual function by minimizing nerve damage. In the past, pelvic floor muscles and autonomic nerves could not be visualized clearly, however, the development of imaging studies and improvements of minimally invasive surgical techniques such as laparoscopic and robotic surgery can clearly show the anatomy of the pelvic region. In this chapter, we will provide accurate anatomy of the rectum and the anal canal, pelvic fascia, and the pelvic autonomic nerve. This anatomical information will be an important indicator for performing an adequate operation for distal rectal cancer.
Development of Compute-in-Memory Memristive Crossbar Architecture with Composite Memory Cells
Authors: Teimoory Mehri , Amirsoleimani Amirali , Ahmadi Arash , Ahmadi Majid
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, we discuss the compute-in-memory memristive architectures and develop a 2M1M crossbar array which can be applied for both memory and logic applications. In the first section of this chapter, we briefly discuss compute-in-memory memristive architectural concepts and specifically investigate the current state off the art composite memristor-based switch cells. Also, we define their applications e.g. digital/analog logic, memory, etc. along with their drawbacks and implementation limitations. These composite cells can be designed to be adapted into different design needs can enhance the performance of the memristor crossbar array while preserving their advantages in terms of area and/or energy efficiency. In the second section of the chapter, we discuss a 2M1M memristor switch and its functionality which can be applied into memory crossbars and enables both memory and logic functions. In the next section of the chapter, we define logic implementation by using 2M1M cells and describe variety of in-memory digital logic 2M1M gates. In the next section of the chapter, 2M1M crossbar array performance to be utilized as memory platform is described and we conceived pure memristive 2M1M crossbar array maintains high density, energy efficiency and low read and write time in comparison with other state of art memory architectures. This chapter concluded that utilizing a composite memory cell based on non-volatile memristor devices allow a more efficient combination of processing and storage architectures (compute-in-memory) to overcome the memory wall problem and enhance the computational efficiency for beyond Von-Neumann computing platforms.
Investigating the Prevalence of Substance Use Among Students of Medical Science Universities in the Eighth Macro-region of Iran
Authors: Balvardi Mohadeseh , Dehdashti Nasim , Imani-Goghary Zahra , Ghaljeh Mahnaz , Bashiri Hamideh , Babaee Kamran , Daneshi Salman , Raei Mehdi
Published: September 2021

Background: The growing trend of substance use among students is a serious threat for the health of young adults. Using Network Scale-up (NSU) method Objectives: The present study was designed to indirectly estimate the prevalence of substance use among students of medical science universities in the eighth macro-region of Iran to attract government attention to this problem. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 3,900 students from medical science universities in the eighth macro-region of Iran (2300 from Kerman and 1600 from Sistan and Baluchestan provinces) in 2019. The sample size of each university was determined using a multistage non-random sampling approach. The participants were asked to introduce their academic close friends who did high-risk behaviors during last year by researcher-made questionnaire. The chi-squared test was used for comparing two proportions. Statistical analysis was carried out by Excel and SPSS software version 19. Significant level was set as 0.05. Results: Out of 3,900 participants, 1,872 (48%) were males and 2,028 (52%) were females. Students from all academic degrees contributed to this study. The prevalence of alcohol, marijuana, hemp, chewing tobacco, tramadol, methylphenidate, and opium use were 20.6% (95% CI: 19.3 - 21.9), 13.5% (CI: 12.4 - 14.5), 4.1% (CI: 3.5 - 4.7), 6.3% (CI: 5.5 - 7.1), 3.1% (CI: 2.6 - 3.7), 6.5% (CI: 5.7 - 7.3), and 4.0% (CI: 3.1 - 4.9), respectively. Also, the prevalence of substance use was higher among male students than females. Conclusions: Male students are more at risk for substance use. The rates of alcohol and marijuana consumption were higher among students. Training programs are recommended to increase awareness level of young people and the society about disadvantages of these behaviors.
Report of the Second Bi-monthly Virtual Meeting of the Iranian Society of Cardiac Surgeons: Investigation of Three Interesting Cases
Authors: Toloueitabar Yaser , Mirzaaghayan Mohammad Reza , Jadbabaei Amir Nasser , Asadian Sanaz
Published: September 2021

: The Iranian society of cardiac surgeons (ISCS) has been holding a regular meeting every two months since 2005. This is the report of one of the mentioned meetings in which three interesting cardiac surgery cases were presented and discussed.
Make Information in Science Meaningful Again
Authors: Anta Javier ,   Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch
Published: September 2021

Although the everyday notion of information has clear semantic properties, the all-pervasive technical concept of Shannon information was defended being a non-semantic concept. In this paper I will show how this measure of information was implicitly ‘semantized’ in the early 1950s by many authors, such as Rothstein's or Brillouin's, in order to explain the knowledge dynamics underlying certain scientific practices such as measurement. On the other hand, I will argue that the main attempts in the literature to develop a quantitative measure of semantic information to clarify science and scientific measurements, such as Carnap-Bar-Hillel, or Dretske, will not successfully achieve this philosophical aim for several reasons. Finally, I will defend the use of a qualitative notion of semantic information within the information-theoretical framework MacKay to assess the informational dynamics underlying scientific practices, particularly measurements in statistical mechanics.
Conjunction Closure without Factivity
Authors: Koscholke Jakob ,   Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch
Published: September 2021

Francesco Praolini has recently put pressure on the view that justified believability is closed under conjunction introduction. Based on what he calls ‘the hybrid paradox,’ he argues that accepting the principle of conjunction closure for justified believability, quite surprisingly, entails that one must also accept the principle of factivity for justified believability, i.e. that there are no propositions that are justifiably believable and false at the same time. But proponents of conjunction closure can do without factivity, as I argue in this short note. A less demanding principle is available.
Desafíos de la producción multimedia en los MOOC. Estudio de caso interpretativo sobre las perspectivas docentes
Authors: Freitas Cortina Ada , Paredes Labra Joaquín
Published: September 2021

En un contexto enmarcado por un proceso imparable de digitalización de enseñanza superior, los entornos de aprendizaje abiertos y masivos, del acrónimo MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses), se han convertido en un catalizador de soluciones para mejorar el desarrollo profesional docente y las experiencias de aprendizaje de estudiantes. Los contenidos audiovisuales y multimedia siguen ocupando gran parte de la preocupación y relevancia en el diseño de estos cursos. El objetivo de este trabajo es entender cómo se da el empleo de los materiales y los recursos digitales utilizados en estos entornos digitales como medio para reflexionar sobre los desafíos actuales de la formación del profesorado en competencia audiovisual y mediática. A partir de métodos mixtos de investigación, se desarrolló un estudio de caso con enfoque interpretativo desde las experiencias de innovación de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM). Se utilizaron análisis estadísticos de datos de la plataforma tecnológica, así como análisis del discurso pedagógico de las entrevistas al profesorado implicado en los proyectos de innovación. Con todo ello se realizó un proceso de triangulación e integración de los datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Entre los principales hallazgos, se pone de manifiesto que la producción de píldoras de contenido audiovisual fue el aspecto más novedoso y a la vez más desafiante del desarrollo de proyectos MOOC. Resulta fundamental más inversión institucional para trabajar las dificultades que implican la alfabetización audiovisual y mediática del profesorado.
Cheryl Wall, In Memoriam
Authors: Kaplan Cora
Published: September 2021

The distinguished critic Professor Cheryl A. Wall (1948–2020) was the Board of Governors Zora Neale Hurston Professor of English at Rutgers University, New Brunswick. Her path-breaking scholarship in two highly influential monographs, Women of the Harlem Renaissance (1995) and Worrying the Line: Black Women Writers, Lineage, and Literary Tradition (2005), helped to ensure that twentieth-century Black women writers were recognized and valued for their power, genius, and complexity. Her most recent book, On Freedom and the Will to Adorn: The Art of the African American Essay (2018), places the essay form at the center of African American literary achievement. Throughout her long career she supported and enabled Black students, and championed racial diversity and gender equality at every level of the university. An Associate Editor of James Baldwin Review, she was the most generous and astute of readers, as well as a wise editor. In this memorial section, fifteen colleagues, former students, and interlocutors share their remembrances and honor her legacy.
The Disorder of Life
Authors: Thorsen Karen
Published: September 2021

Filmmaker Karen Thorsen gave us James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket, the award-winning documentary that is now considered a classic. First broadcast on PBS/American Masters in August, 1989—just days after what would have been Baldwin’s sixty-fifth birthday—the film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 1990. It was not the film Thorsen intended to make. Beginning in 1986, Baldwin and Thorsen had been collaborating on a very different film project: a “nonfiction feature” about the history, research, and writing of Baldwin’s next book, “Remember This House.” It was also going to be a film about progress: about how far we had come, how far we still have to go, before we learn to trust our common humanity. But that project ended abruptly. On 1 December 1987, James Baldwin died—and “Remember This House,” book and film died with him. Suddenly, Thorsen’s mission changed: the world needed to know what they had lost. Her alliance with Baldwin took on new meaning. The following memoir—the second of two serialized parts—explores how and why their collaboration began. The first installment appeared in the sixth volume of James Baldwin Review, in the fall of 2020; the next stage of their journey starts here.
Everybody’s Protest Cinema
Authors: Lurie Peter
Published: September 2021

This article uses Baldwin’s 1949 essay “Everybody’s Protest Novel” to consider that literary mode’s corollary in the 1990s New Black Cinema. It argues that recent African American movies posit an alternative to the politics and aesthetics of films by a director such as Spike Lee, one that evinces a set of qualities Baldwin calls for in his essay about Black literature. Among these are what recent scholars such as Ann Anlin Cheng have called racial melancholy or what Kevin Quashie describes as Black “quiet,” as well as variations on Yogita Goyal’s diaspora romance. Films such as Barry Jenkins’s adaptation of If Beale Street Could Talk (2018) and Joe Talbot and Jimmy Fails’s The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2019) offer a cinematic version of racial narrative at odds with the protest tradition I associate with earlier Black directors, a newly resonant cinema that we might see as both a direct and an indirect legacy of Baldwin’s views on African American culture and politics.
Qualified reader or interpreter: on the attitude of the researcher towards the sources of cognition of legal and political doctrines
Authors: Gorban Vladimir Sergeevich
Published: September 2021

This article determines and analyzes certain characteristics of modern approaches towards the problem of attitudes to the sources of study on the history of political and legal thought. The attempts to speculate on hermeneutic practices as the constitutive method in analyzing the political and legal views of the philosophers of the past and modernity are subject to critical evaluation; and, on the other hand, the importance of qualified interpretation and analysis of the classical legal heritage is emphasized. It is demonstrated how conventional, shallow, or ideologized attitude towards the sources of study on the history and political thought creates fallacious and often just quasi-religious patterns of interpretation of the fundamental ideas and concepts, content of the discussed topics and problems, and social-practical orientation of their views. The scientific novelty lies primarily in determination and clarification of certain crucial aspects of modern methodology of the history of political and legal doctrines that are meaningful for the philosophy of law and legal theory overall. This pertains to the improvement of cognitive techniques and practices of the political and legal ideas of the past and modernity,  namely through minimization or elimination of such approaches towards their cognition that speculate on anti-historical attitudes; constitute interpretation as the key semantic unit in assessing the legal views of various philosophers; neglect the principles of objectivity and integrity in reconstructing the intellectual heritage; tendentiously articulate the accents of artistic, rather than documentary reconstruction of legal and political representations.
Transcranial Doppler study in acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: The role of pulsatility index
Authors: Park Jiyong , Hwang Sung-Kyun
Published: September 2021

Objective: Pulsatility index (PI) is a parameter calculated by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), which is commonly used for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage or ischemic stroke. However, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) to assess the function of TCD, particularly the PI.Methods: This study involved a total of 46 patients with acute ICH who received treatment at a single center between May 2013 and December 2014. Medical records of baseline characteristics, except for the modified Rankin scale, were obtained at initial evaluation in the emergency room, and TCD was used to calculate middle cerebral artery flow velocity (MFV) and PI at admission (baseline), 24 h, and 7 days. The PI and MFV values on the affected middle cerebral artery were compared with those on the contralateral side. Linear regression analysis was used for statistical analyses (SPSS 21.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).Results: Statistical analysis indicated that sex, age, Glasgow coma scale, intraventricular hemorrhage, and hematoma size were not correlated with PI (p＞0.05); however, only PI was positively correlated with functional outcome at 6 months after treatment (R=0.846, p=0.002).Conclusions: These results provide evidence that the parameter of PI is an independent determinant prognostic factor in acute spontaneous ICH. Further research is needed to investigate the influence of cerebral blood flow dynamics on a larger, more controlled, and more randomized basis.
Relationship between hydrogen bond network dynamics of water and its terahertz spectrum
Authors: Duan Tong-Chuan , Yan Shao-Jian , Zhao Yan , Sun Ting-Yu , Li Yang-Mei , Zhu Zhi ,   Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China,   Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
Published: September 2021

Water is the source of all life. The understanding of the terahertz absorption spectrum of water is the prerequisite for the application of terahertz technology to biomedicine. The choice of terahertz frequency is essential for achieving the biological effects of terahertz with high efficiency and low energy consumption. The complex hydrogen bond network of water possesses a broad terahertz absorption peak. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relation between the dynamics of the hydrogen bond network of water and its terahertz absorption spectrum. However, the research in this field is still lacking. Using molecular dynamics simulation methods, the terahertz absorption spectra of different water models at room temperature and pressure are studied in this work. Furthermore, taking the temperature as a variable, the dependence of the terahertz absorption spectrum of water on the strength of the hydrogen bond network is explored. It is found that rising temperature makes the terahertz absorption spectrum of the hydrogen bond network red-shift, indicating that the center frequency of the spectrum is strongly correlated with the strength of the hydrogen bond. Further studies show that there is a linear relationship between the hydrogen bond lifetime of water and the center frequency of vibration absorption peak of the hydrogen bond network. The underlying mechanism can be disclosed by imitating the hydrogen bonds in the hydrogen bond network as springs then using the spring oscillator model. These findings are conducive to understanding in depth the complex hydrogen bond network dynamics in water and promoting the study of terahertz biological effects.
Mechanically transduced immunosorbent assay to measure protein-protein interactions
Authors: Petell Christopher J , Randene Kathyrn , Pappas Michael , Sandoval Diego , Strahl Brian D , Harrison Joseph S , Steimel Joshua P
Published: September 2021

Measuring protein-protein interaction (PPI) affinities is fundamental to biochemistry. Yet, conventional methods rely upon the law of mass action and cannot measure many PPIs due to a scarcity of reagents and limitations in the measurable affinity ranges. Here, we present a novel technique that leverages the fundamental concept of friction to produce a mechanical signal that correlates to binding potential. The mechanically transduced immunosorbent (METRIS) assay utilizes rolling magnetic probes to measure PPI interaction affinities. METRIS measures the translational displacement of protein-coated particles on a protein-functionalized substrate. The translational displacement scales with the effective friction induced by a PPI, thus producing a mechanical signal when a binding event occurs. The METRIS assay uses as little as 20 pmols of reagents to measure a wide range of affinities while exhibiting a high resolution and sensitivity. We use METRIS to measure several PPIs that were previously inaccessible using traditional methods, providing new insights into epigenetic recognition.
Dietary nitrate supplementation prevents radiotherapy-induced xerostomia
Authors: Feng Xiaoyu , Wu Zhifang , Xu Junji , Xu Yipu , Zhao Bin , Pang Baoxing , Qu Xingmin , Hu Liang , Hu Lei , Fan Zhipeng , Jin Luyuan , Xia Dengsheng , Chang Shimin , Wang Jingsong , Zhang Chunmei , Wang Songlin
Published: September 2021

Management of salivary gland hypofunction caused by irradiation (IR) therapy for head and neck cancer remains lack of effective treatments. Salivary glands, especially the parotid gland, actively uptake dietary nitrate and secrete it into saliva. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary nitrate on the prevention and treatment of IR-induced parotid gland hypofunction in miniature pigs, and elucidated the underlying mechanism in human parotid gland cells. We found that nitrate administration prevented IR-induced parotid gland damage in a dose-dependent manner, by maintaining the function of irradiated parotid gland tissue. Nitrate could increase sialin expression, a nitrate transporter expressed in the parotid gland, making the nitrate-sialin feedback loop that facilitates nitrate influx into cells for maintaining cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, nitrate enhanced cell proliferation via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–protein kinase B (AKT)–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in irradiated parotid gland tissue. Collectively, nitrate effectively prevented IR-induced xerostomia via the EGFR–AKT–MAPK signaling pathway. Dietary nitrate supplementation may provide a novel, safe, and effective way to resolve IR-induced xerostomia.
Cryptocentrus steinhardti (Actinopterygii; Gobiidae): a new species of shrimp-goby, and a new invasive to the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Goren Menachem , Stern Nir
Published: September 2021

A new species of shrimp-goby was collected at depths of 60–80 m off the southern Israeli Mediterranean coast. A unique ‘DNA barcoding’ signature (mtDNA COI and Cytb) revealed that it differs from any other previously bar-coded goby species clustered phylogenetically with the shrimp-gobies group, in which Cryptocentrus is the most speciose genus. A morphological study supported the assignment of the fish to Cryptocentrus and differentiated the new species from its congeners. The species is described here as Cryptocentrus steinhardti n. sp. However, the present phylogenetic analysis demonstrates a paraphyly of Cryptocentrus and emphasizes the need for revision of the genus based on integrating morphological and genetic characteristics. This finding constitutes the third record of an invasive shrimp goby in the Mediterranean Sea. An intriguing ecological issue arises regarding the possible formation of a fish-shrimp symbiosis in a newly invaded territory. Describing an alien tropical species in the Mediterranean prior to its discovery in native distribution is an unusual event, although not the first such case. Several similar examples are provided in the present article.
Influence of Pleistocene climatic oscillations on the phylogeography and demographic history of endemic vulnerable trees (sectionMagnolia) of the Tropical Montane Cloud Forest in Mexico
Authors: Rico Yessica , León-Tapia M. Ángel , Zurita-Solís Marisol , Rodríguez-Gómez Flor , Vásquez-Morales Suria Gisela
Published: September 2021

The Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) is a highly dynamic ecosystem that has undergone frequent spatial changes in response to the interglacial-glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. These climatic fluctuations between cold and warm cycles have led to species range shifts and contractions-expansions, resulting in complex patterns of genetic structure and lineage divergence in forest tree species. In this study, we sequenced four regions of the chloroplast DNA (trnT-trnL, trnK5-matk,rpl32-trnL,trnS-trnG) for 20 populations and 96 individuals to evaluate the phylogeography, historical demography, and paleodistributions of vulnerable endemic TMCF trees in Mexico:Magnolia pedrazae(north-region),M. schiedeana(central-region), andM. schiedeanapopulation Oaxaca (south-region). Our data recovered 49 haplotypes that showed a significant phylogeographic structure in three regions: north, central, and south. Bayesian Phylogeographic and Ecological Clustering (BPEC) analysis also supported the divergence in three lineages and highlighted the role of environmental factors (temperature and precipitation) in genetic differentiation. Our historical demography analyses revealed demographic expansions predating the Last Interglacial (LIG, ~125,000 years ago), while Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) simulations equally supported two contrasting demographic scenarios. The BPEC and haplotype network analyses suggested that ancestral haplotypes were geographically found in central Veracruz. Our paleodistributions modeling showed evidence of range shifts and expansions-contractions from the LIG to the present, which suggested the complex evolutionary dynamics associated to the climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene. Habitat management of remnant forest fragments where large and genetically diverse populations occur in the three TMCF regions analyzed would be key for the conservation of these magnolia populations.
Haematological Changes in Donors Post Apheresis
Authors: Nikhil . , Das Subhashish , Snigdha .
Published: September 2021

Introduction: The productivity, quality of platelet apheresis collection has improved because of the considerable advancement in the automated cell separators. Automated cell separators have lot of sizeable scientific advances, but the alertness has been centered to Platelet Concentrates (PCs) quality than on safety of donor. Aim: To find the changes in haematological parameters and the consequences of apheresis and plateletpheresis on donor’s health. Materials and Methods: It was observational cross-sectional study done in laboratory at RL Jalappa Blood Bank, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India. The study was done from March 2019 to August 2020. A total of 300 healthy donors (plateletpheresis donors) were involved in the study. The plateletpheresis (Haemonetics MCS), predonation and postdonation haematological parameters such as haemoglobin concentration, Haematocrit (Hct), platelet, white and red blood cell count were calculated in all donors. The samples for Complete Blood Count (CBC) were secured from the donors, at the beginning and end of the procedure. Postdonation haematological parameters such as platelet count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, White Blood Cells (WBC), Red Blood Cells (RBC) counts of the donor was inscribed and comparison was done with the pre donation haematological parameters. Quality control of all Single Donor Platelet (SDP) products was done. All donors were evaluated for adverse donor reactions. The mean pre and post plateletpheresis values comparison was done utilising paired t-test. Statistical analysis was accomplished utilising Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16.0. Results: Platelet count, haemoglobin, WBC count, RBC count and haematocrit were jotted down from 262 donors and a significant decrease was noticed in these parameters postdonation. Donor parameter platelet count (lac/mL) value was decreased from 273.57-224.28 whereas WBC count (cu/mm) predonation value decreased from 9.91-8.86 Postdonation, haemoglobin (g/dL) value decreased from 14.46-12.91, haematocrit (%) decreased slightly from 45.19-44.19, RBC count (million/mm3) decreased from 5.21-5.01. This concluded that the values decreased postdonation. Conclusion: The study conducted was safe from donor’s point of view. SDP is very effective in treatment of thrombocytopenia and is safe from recipient’s point of view.
Characterisation and Prioritization of Micro Watersheds Using Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study on river Bharathapuzha, Kerala
Authors: Pasha Md. Majeed , Sathian K. K.
Published: September 2021

Watershed based interventions are essential for the sustainable land and water management of any region. Watershed prioritisation is a must for the efficient utilisation of available monetary and human resources. One of the most common means of prioritisation is through morphometric analysis as hydrological processes or watershed responses depend on morphometric characteristics of the watersheds. The study contains morphometric analysis of a few number of micro watersheds of river Bharathapuzha of Kerala state. With the help of ArcGIS software and SRTM DEM, all the basic morphometric characteristics and derived morphometric characteristics of 10 micro watersheds are determined and then scores are assigned to the parameters. Finally, combined parameter scores are determined and ranking of each micro watershed is done. The priority scores between watersheds show considerable variation which is an indication of the efficacy of the methods employed. Once the ranking of the micro watersheds are done objectively and scientifically it would be a great support to the soil and water conservationist and planners. This study gives an insight into the applicability of the method to a mid land region in the state of Kerala, India.
A Study on Nutritional Profile of Liver from Captured and Cultured Rohu, Labeo rohita (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Brraich Onkar Singh , Kaur Navpreet , Hundal Swarndeep Singh
Published: September 2021

Fish production and fish processing waste have straight connection.  In India, the waste produced during the processing of fish is predicted to be approximate 3.6 million metric tonnes, 48 per cent of the total body weight of Indian and exotic major carps is thrown away as waste (non-edible ). The present research, it was conducted to compare the total lipid content (TLC) and fatty acid composition from the liver of captured and cultured fish, Labeo rohita  (Hamilton) having weight more than 500 gram during different months as well as to evaluate its nutritional quality. Maximum total lipid content (33.33±0.14%) was found in the liver of cultured fish in May month, while the minimum (15.26±0.24%) was in the liver of captured fish in the month of January. During the study, total lipid content was found to be considerably elevated in cultured than captured Fish, Labeo rohita  (Hamilton). The amount of three major groups of fatty acids namely polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids was found to be maximum in captured fish during the month of March 97.19±0.96%, 61.30±0.56% and 95.39±0.31% month of April respectively. Total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed to be highest (21.95±8.05%) in the waste of liver in cultured fish during the month of March. Hence, it is concluded that the processing waste (liver) of the captured and cultured, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) is a prosperous resource of the essential fatty acids i.e.  PUFAs and total lipids. Further, it is observed that captured species are rich in fatty acid composition as compared to cultured species. Food industries can manufacture by-products from these high nutritional value contents of   waste for human utilization. EPA and DHA also reduce the risk of various life threatening diseases.
COVID-19 Pandemic: A Consequential Global Hazard to Public Mental Health
Authors: Mohan Pravina , Anusree M. , Nikitha B.
Published: September 2021

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 infection in humans first reported in Wuhan (China) which has spread around the world and having a significant impact on global health and mental health. It has caused widespread psychosocial and behavioural changes as a result of mass hysteria, economic burden, and financial losses, in addition to its high infectivity and the increased mortality rates.

Method: Published articles regarding to mental health related to the COVID-19 outbreak and other previous global infections have been considered and reviewed.

Comments: The pervasive fear of COVID-19, named as "coronaphobia," has resulted with a slew of psychiatric manifestations in people from all walks of life.  It has affected people from all the point of life, resulting in a variety of psychiatric issues such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), fear and uncertainty, panic attacks, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, xenophobia, and racism. Collective concerns have an impact on daily behaviours, the economy, prevention strategies, and decision-making by policymakers, health organisations, and medical centres, which can weaken COVID-19 control strategies and lead to increased morbidity and mental health needs on a global level.