bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literacy and Gender
Authors: Lion Brigitte
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the relation between gender and cuneiform literacy in ancient Mesopotamia. It suggests that the apparent exclusion of women from written culture needs to be nuanced given that in mythological texts goddesses, more than gods, have mastered writing and calculation. It highlights the achievements attributed or attributable to women and mentions that previous studies on the question of literacy have not always taken into consideration the relationships that women could have with writing.
Manipulating The Gods: Lamenting in Context
Authors: Löhnert Anne
Published: February 2013

This article examines lamentation in the ancient Near East. It explains that lamenting was motivated by, and sought to cope with, the primal and perpetual fear of divine abandonment, and it was thus one of Mesopotamian society's most important means of direct interaction with the divine world. The geographical distribution of laments and compositions featuring lamenting covers the whole of what is nowadays Iraq as well as parts of Syria and Anatolia.
The Pious King: Royal Patronage of Temples
Authors: Waerzeggers Caroline
Published: February 2013

This article explores the royal patronage of temples and the place of temples as centers of worship in the Neo-Babylonian period. It examines the ideological basis underlying the interactions between temple and palace and describes the relationship between kings and priests, who were tied together in a triangular relationship through their joint worship of the gods. It discusses the beneficence of the king, the divine origin of the kingly task, and the role of the king as judge of priestly performance.
Bayesian Aspects of Treatment Choice
Authors: Chamberlain Gary
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the Bayesian approach to decision theory. It focuses on the case of an individual deciding between treatments. It deals with the role of information that is available about other individuals through a propensity score. It also shows the reason for absence of propensity score in the likelihood function but its appearance in the prior. A prior distribution leads to a closed-form expression for the decision rule. The parametric model plays the role of a prior distribution that can be dominated by the data. The next section examines the role of the propensity score in a random effects model with normal distributions for the outcomes and the random effects. It takes up the extension to the case of treatment selection based on unobservables. The main aim of this article is to estimate an average treatment effect for a particular covariate cell.
Flexible and Nonparametric Modeling
Authors: Griffin Jim , Quintana Fernando , Steel Mark
Published: February 2013

This article is divided into two parts. The first part considers flexible parametric models while the latter is nonparametric. It gives applications to regional growth data and semi parametric estimation of binomial proportions. It reviews methods for flexible mean regression, using either basis functions or Gaussian processes. This article also discusses Dirichlet processes and describes various posterior simulation algorithms for Bayesian nonparametric models. Usefulness is shown in empirical illustrations. Various applications as a function of income and as a cost function for electricity distribution are discussed. This article lists some freely available software that can accommodate many of the methods discussed. It provides a detailed discussion of both theory and computation for flexible treatment of distributions or functional forms or both.
Introduction to Simulation and MCMC Methods
Authors: Chib Siddhartha
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of Monte Carlo methods for generating variates from a target probability distribution that are based on Markov chains. These methods, called Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, are widely used to summarize complicated posterior distributions in Bayesian statistics and econometrics. This article begins with an intuitive explanation of the ideas and concepts that underlie popular algorithms such as the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and multi-block algorithm. It provides the concept of a source or proposal density, which is used to supply a randomization step or an acceptance condition to determine if the candidate draw should be accepted. It is important to assess the performance of the sampling algorithm to determine the rate of mixing. Finally, this article offers an extensive discussion of marginal likelihood calculation using posterior simulator output.
Bayesian Methods in Microeconometrics
Authors: Li Minglian , Tobias Justin
Published: February 2013

This article is of two-fold interest with the goal of providing an overview of the field and aims at discussing the most recent research in the relevant field. It shows how the computational methods and modelling ideas are being used by Bayesian econometricians. It also discusses linear models and presents a review of the normal linear regression model, deriving marginal, conditional, and predictive posterior densities of interest. This article proceeds further to discuss hierarchical linear models and review approaches to handle endogeneity problems. It presents applications and posterior simulation strategies for nonlinear latent variable models and considers the analysis of treatment effects models and multinomial and multivariate probit models. This article briefly reviews basic Bayesian approaches to the analysis of duration data.
Middleton's Collaborators In Music And Song
Authors: Stern Tiffany
Published: February 2013

Music of all kinds in any play demands collaboration. It requires that a composer, or at least a tune, be supplied from elsewhere to complete the moment; further collaborations then sometimes become necessary, with a dance master, a singing teacher, or a set of professional musicians. By looking at who creates the words for music in Middleton's plays, and how these then circulate, larger questions emerge: How possessive was Middleton about the music and song passages of the plays he wrote – and, by extension, about other passages? Were ‘ditties’ (the words to songs) seen as being permanent parts of Middleton's text – and, if not, what does that suggest about his plays as literature? To what extent was Middleton reliant for his emotional affect on music; and what can surviving words reveal of the theatrical concerns of the moment? This article examines specific songs in four plays stretching along the length of Middleton's writing, performing, and publishing career: A Mad World, My Masters (performed 1605 by Paul's Boys, printed 1608); A Chaste Maid in Cheapside (performed 1613 by Lady Elizabeth's Men, printed 1630); The Witch (performed 1615–16 by King's Men, printed 1778); and The Widow (performed 1615–17 by King's Men, and printed 1652).
Middleton's Historical Imagination
Authors: Roebuck Thomas
Published: February 2013

Middleton wrote two extant history plays: Game at Chess (1624) and Hengist, King of Kent (late 1620). This article not only tries to demonstrate some of the historiographical, religious, and political issues at stake in Hengist, but also argues that this play is part of a particular moment in Middleton's career, running roughly from the late 1610s to the early 1620s, when historical writing was much on his mind. History writing could take multiple forms in the early modern period: chronicle, antiquarian, chorographic, civic, and so on. These genres fluidly interpenetrated one another in Middleton's historical writing for the public stage and for the civic entertainments he wrote for his London patrons.
Playwright to Playwright: The Changeling
Authors: Gbadamosi Gabriel
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on Middleton's play The Changeling. The author speculates on why The Changeling stood out in its power to make him think and feel from anything else he had read before. The play seemed to work in new and completely unexpected ways from the character-driven drama he had come to think of as the template for his playwriting. He eventually put this down to the nature of the collaboration between the playwrights Thomas Middleton and William Rowley, and their reorientation away from an idea of sole, hero-centric authorship to theatre as a social practice, embedded in the ways they worked with each other and their audiences to produce their effects. Middleton the writer and Rowley the actor gave the author a new, non-Aristotelian way to think about making plays.
Thomas Middleton, William Shakespeare, and the Masculine Grotesque
Authors: Daileader Celia R.
Published: February 2013

This article explores Middleton's gender politics. Frailty or vice by one name or another is omnipresent in Middleton's dramatis personae, and Frailty himself – gendered male – steps onstage in Middleton's The Puritan Widow (1606), a play that post-dates Hamlet (1600). By the same token, in Middleton's The Revenger's Tragedy, written the same year as the former and quite obviously reworking Hamlet, almost every male character bears the name of a vice or defect – Lussurioso, Spurio, Ambitioso, Supervacuo, Vindice, Sordido – and the only virtuous characters are female. The gendered allegory of the collective Middletonian personae calls attention to a critical focus that runs through the author's works: simply put, Middleton is more interested in – and more vexed by – specifically masculine frailty or misbehaviour. And that misbehaviour is very frequently sexual and/or sexualized.
Interwar, War, Postwar: Was there a Zero Hour in 1945?
Authors: Overy Richard
Published: February 2013

When World War II ended in Europe, many assumed that the sheer level of destruction, hatred, and fear unleashed by the conflict would produce a Europe even worse than the one they recalled from the 1930s. Only in Germany was the moment captured linguistically, in the concept of Stunde Null, hour zero, for the German population almost certainly expected the worst from the catastrophic defeat of Adolf Hitler's Reich. The Cold War and racial realities of Europe between 1945 and 1949 contributed to the idea that the two German states created in 1949, the Federal Republic in the West and the Democratic Republic in the East, were new experiments in democratic politics quite distinct from the legacy of a united Germany since 1871. Much of the historical literature on European economic recovery has focused on West German revival. The gulf between the years of recession, poor trade, state restrictions, and planning for war in the 1930s, and the booming consumer and construction sectors in the 1950s, made it evident that something changed dramatically in 1945.
A Restructured Economy: From the Oil Crisis to the Financial Crisis, 1973–2009
Authors: Berend Ivan T.
Published: February 2013

During the quarter of a century that followed World War II, Western Europe enjoyed the most spectacular prosperity in history. While the population of Western Europe increased by less than 20 per cent, the gross domestic product rose by 286 per cent. Economists explained that depression and economic crisis were things of the past. In mid-October 1973, however, a dramatic event ended European prosperity. The Arab oil-exporting countries made a political decision against the West by introducing an oil embargo, increasing prices. Six years later, a second oil crisis followed, and, between 1973 and 1980, led altogether to a tenfold increase in oil prices. It soon turned out that the politically ignited oil crisis simply made the crisis manifest. Most paradoxically, the postwar prosperity in Europe undermined itself, and paved the way for a deep economic crisis. This article examines the ideological consequences of the dual economic and political crises of the 1960s and 1970s, focusing on neoliberal revolution, de-statisation, and deregulation. It also discusses the financial crisis and the economic restructuring in Europe.
Colonial Fantasies Shattered
Authors: Evans Martin
Published: February 2013

J. G. Ballard, author of the 1984 novel Empire of the Sun, was born in the Shanghai International Settlement in China in 1930, into a privileged colonial milieu with a chauffeur, a nanny, and servants. Ballard witnessed at first hand the collapse of the British Empire in Asia. The year 1945 was not a moment of imperial defeat, but of imperial reassertion for Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Britain, each of which saw their futures as global, colonial entities. This article, which deals with the end of empires, focusing on the loss of colonies such as Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and South-East Asia, also discusses blueprints for a liberal policy in Africa, the 1956 Suez Crisis, developmental colonialism and decolonisation, and the empires of Portugal and Spain.
Brothers, Strangers and Enemies: Ethno-Nationalism and the Demise of Communist Yugoslavia
Authors: Carmichael Cathie
Published: February 2013

In the forty-five years after World War II that Communist Yugoslavia existed, judgements as to the success of the experiment differed widely. Unlike the first royalist Yugoslav state, which had been dominated by the Serbian Karadjordjević Dynasty, the new country eventually gave recognition to all nationalities within the limits of its own authoritarian ideology. The creation of the second Yugoslavia united Bosnian Muslims, Albanians, Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Croats, and Slovenes with significant Hungarian, Roma, Italian, and Turkish minorities into a single, nominally Leninist state. What united it was the charismatic authority of its wartime leader Josip Broz Tito and a very large and politically significant army. After the break with the Soviet Union in 1948, the Yugoslav Communists veered on an uneasy path between centralisation and republican autonomy. The Communists showed little respect for traditional culture and religion when they came to power. This article focuses on ethno-nationalism and the demise of Communist Yugoslavia.
Science and Technology in Postwar Europe
Authors: Jamison Andrew
Published: February 2013

In the decades that have followed World War II, science and technology have come to play ever more central roles in the lives and life worlds of Europeans. Indeed, in the twenty-first century there is very little that goes on in Europe without there being at least some influence from science and technology. Europe has become a place where scientific ‘facts’ and technical ‘artifacts’ permeate our existence. They have infiltrated our languages, altered our behaviour, changed our habits, and, perhaps most fundamentally, imposed their instrumental logic – what philosophers call technological rationality – on our social interaction and the ways in which we communicate with one another. The advent of industrialisation led to the formation of a number of new scientific and engineering fields – thermodynamics, biochemistry, public health, electrical engineering, city planning, among others – and new forms of higher education and communication. This article focuses on science and technology in postwar Europe, and looks at postwar reconstruction, reform, and the age of commercialisation.
Intellectuals and Nazism
Authors: Moyn Samuel
Published: February 2013

Although Nazism was destroyed totally and decisively at the end of World War II, the relationship of intellectuals to it as the years passed thereafter never proved simple. Its formation and evolution depended above all on two factors. First, intellectuals drew on traditions of conceptualising the nature of the Nazi ideology and Adolf Hitler's regime forged before the war: anti-fascism and anti-totalitarianism. Second, an evolving politics of recognition of the particularities of Hitler's agenda, and especially his unique animus towards the Jewish people, proved crucial. The persistence of the earliest traditions of interpreting and denouncing Nazism has been drastically understated in conventional narratives of the postwar history of Europe. It may have been surprising that Christianity, even Christian anti-totalitarianism, could enjoy a massive renaissance in the immediate postwar years, given the active and tacit support which many Christians had lent Nazism in Germany and across the continent. France's case shows that – as elsewhere in the interregnum years between World and Cold War – there was no inevitability to the anti-fascist expulsion of Jewish victimhood from perception and memory.
Citizen Consumers: The Athenian Democracy and The Origins of Western Consumption
Authors: Davidson James
Published: February 2013

This article examines consumerism, with some evidence for the character of consumption in a very particular time and place: Athens in the two centuries between about 500 and 300 BC. In Athens, the marketplace was centred on the agora proper, a flat area to the north of the acropolis clearly demarcated by boundary stones, but the market spread out from there. Alongside the remarkably precocious linkages between democracy, freedom, individualism, and shopping opportunities which seem to be part of some kind of universalizing or at least very familiar discourse, it is also easy to argue that the peculiarities of the Athenian consumer scape were the consequence of locally contingent conditions: recent history, politics, taxes, laws, and wars. Finally, although the metaphor of consuming was frequently extended to the consumption of sexual services on the one hand and to the ‘gobbling up’ of property on the other, there is little evidence that it was ever extended to ‘the purchase and use’ of semidurables such as household furnishings and clothes.
Material Culture in Seventeenth-Century ‘Britain’: The Matter of Domestic Consumption
Authors: Pennell Sara
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on three issues: the historiographies which have made the period prior to that in which Neil McKendrick confidently told us a ‘consumer revolution’ occurred both a necessary staging post en route to revolution and a prelapsarian era in striking contrast to it; the relative absence of ‘mundane materiality’ within these accounts; and consumption as a matter of practice, rather than as an abstract phenomenon in the ‘long’ seventeenth century in Britain (c .1600–1720). In this, it follows Joan Thirsk in her important 1975 Oxford University Ford Lectures, in accepting Jacobean and Stuart Britain (or at least England) as very much concerned with production for the ends of domestic consumption, in both senses of the word ‘domestic’. Through the case studies of objects very rarely found in public museum displays thanks to their ‘everyday’ qualities, the article then argues for a re-evaluation of non-elite consumption within the domestic sphere as significant within any story we might wish to tell of changing consumption practices and material culture in Britain across the seventeenth century.
Consumption and Nationalism: China
Authors: Gerth Karl
Published: February 2013

In China, the politicization of consumption at the end of the nineteenth and start of the twentieth century became a key way in which intellectuals and politicians defined, and the general population experienced, nationalism. In China and worldwide, consumption has served as a battleground in the creation of the modern nation. This article traces the changing manifestations of these historical connections between consumption and nationalism across modern Chinese history up to the present, focusing on the most conspicuous form of economic nationalism in the twentieth century, boycotts, as well as a newer form, brand nationalism. A more subtle mode of linking consumerism to nationalism in the early twentieth century was an interlocking set of nationalistic commodity spectacles that included modern imaged-based advertising, museums, department stores, and exhibitions, all of which articulated and propagated this link through a nationalistic visuality. China also showed an obsession with creating national brands, a consequence of which is the increasing standardization of brands across the nation, a foundational element of a national consciousness through consumerism.
Fashion
Authors: Breward Christopher
Published: February 2013

In 1947, the Parisian couturier Christian Dior launched his celebrated New Look, a collection that offered an aspirational alternative to the fabric restrictions and low consumer expectations of post-war austerity – seemingly re-routing fashionable trends in Europe and North America in the space of a season. The diarist had unwittingly become first a witness to, and then a participant in, the mysterious process of fashion change. Suffering from a version of sartorial jet-lag, she faced an oncoming tide of novelties, fresh versions of the fashion designer's diktat, while her own wardrobe remained in another, less contemporary, time zone. She knew that she must adapt or be overtaken. Though it would be difficult to re-enact this precise scenario today or in the more distant past, it does present some generic issues concerning fashion's close relationship with novelty, change, competition, guilt, and desire that will be familiar to historians of consumption in the early modern period and the contemporary. Fashion's relation to time and space has formed a fascinating context in which to consider the development of consumerism.
Trust in Mediated Interactions
Authors: Riegelsberger Jens , Sasse M. Angela , McCarthy John D.
Published: February 2013

This article presents a brief overview of the background of trust research and its relevance. It then introduces a framework for trust in mediated interactions that draws on existing models and findings, and applies this to human trust in other humans, organizations (e.g., e-commerce vendors), and technology (e.g., websites). Beyond incorporating variables related to the trusting and the trusted actor, the framework accommodates key contextual factors. Rather than treating trustworthiness as a relatively stable attribute of the trusted actor, the framework considers how trustworthiness is influenced by these contextual factors. This framework will help researchers in aligning disparate research findings and it may be a step towards building a theory of trust in human–computer interactions. For designers, the benefit lies in helping them to fully explore the available design space of systems fostering trust in mediated interactions.
Online social support groups
Authors: Tanis Martin
Published: February 2013

To give and receive social support is an important aspect of social interaction, and since the Internet has become more and more integrated with everyday life, it is no surprise that much social support is exchanged online. Features of computer-mediated communication (CMC) offer possibilities for social support in a manner that would be less easy or even impossible in a face-to-face context. This article focuses on three key elements that are often mentioned when social consequences of CMC are discussed: the possibility to communicate relatively anonymously, the text-based character, and the opportunities it provides for expanding social networks without being hindered by time and space barriers. It addresses how these may affect support seeking, and argues that interacting in online social support groups holds great potential for people who seek support, but may also contain some potential hazards. However, even though the body of research is growing, we still know fairly little about how online social-support groups affect the well-being of people who are in need of support.
The psychological dimensions of collective action, online
Authors: Postmes Tom
Published: February 2013

This article examines the consequences of the migration of collective action into the mediated sphere. It focuses on the impact of the Internet on key psychological factors that are involved in collective action. The structure is as follows. First, the article considers the theoretical backdrop to its themes, focusing first on the classic literatures on crowds and on mediated communication, followed by more contemporary perspectives – identifying the underlying consistencies in the theoretical themes these literatures address. It identifies some key psychological factors that drive collective action. Then the article considers how the Internet changes the nature of collective action and the context in which it takes place. Subsequently, it elaborates how these changes might affect the key factors previously identified. Finally, the article takes a step back from all this and returns to the question of whether this amounts to a revolution in the way collective actions take place.
Through the Internet looking glass
Authors: McKenna Katelyn Y. A.
Published: February 2013

On the Internet, people are often able to interact with others under conditions of relative anonymity and in the absence of the physical presence of the other person. These conditions facilitate the sharing of important inner or ‘true’ aspects of self that are often difficult to express in ‘real life’. This article begins with a brief overview of conceptions of self. It then focuses upon a version of self that is current and private, but also which the individual would very much like to be made public and known to others. The article examines the nature of the true self and then the reasons why it may go unexpressed in everyday life. It concludes by describing the evidence suggesting that the Internet has become a prime venue for the expression and validation of the true self – in fact, perhaps the best venue there ever was.
Attitude change and social influence on the net
Authors: Sassenberg Kai , Jonas Kai J.
Published: February 2013

This article summarizes how social influence can be exerted in computer-mediated communication (CMC). It outlines research on short-term effects of CMC on attitudes and behaviour, rather than on long-term effects of social influence. The article first presents a model of three types of social influence that can be discerned in groups, representing the current state of research on social influence. Subsequently, the characteristics of CMC relevant to social influence are described and related to this model. Following this, classical and contemporary research is reviewed. The final section outlines a model summarizing the knowledge on social influence in CMC and identifies topics for further research.
Internet use and abuse and psychological problems
Authors: Morahan-Martin Janet
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the relationship of Internet abuse to psychological disorders and personality factors. It first provides an overview of definitions and criticisms of the concept of Internet abuse. Then,the article looks at different approaches to understanding the relationship of Internet abuse to various psychological disorders and personality factors. Finally, it presents emerging theories about the etiology of Internet abuse.
The methodology of Internet-based experiments
Authors: Reips Ulf-Dietrich
Published: February 2013

This article discusses methods and techniques, procedures and tools that have been found to be necessary or useful in Internet-based experimenting. While the focus is on experiments, many of the methods apply to other types of Internet-based research as well. The article is structured in a step-by-step fashion, guiding the reader through the various stages of setting up and conducting a web experiment. Apart from general issues, the relevant steps begin with planning, generating, and pre-testing an experiment. They continue with recruitment and monitoring, then analysis and archiving.
Gathering data on the Internet
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: February 2013

This article outlines the range of possibilities for conducting qualitative interview, observation, and document-analysis data-gathering procedures in an Internet-mediated research (IMR) context. It considers the range of approaches, tools, and technologies for supporting such research, as well as the advantages and disadvantages incurred in using the different techniques. The article argues that mixed-methods approaches are valuable, and that these may benefit particularly from being adapted to an IMR environment, since the cost and time savings that IMR affords may be especially useful in supporting research which is typically high in resource demands.
The ‘Rise’ of the State?
Authors: Stewart Laura A. M.
Published: February 2013

Instead of regarding the Britannic union as the moment when Scottish political autonomy was fatally compromised, Julian Goodare describes how Crown and Parliament worked together across the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century to forge an ‘absolutist state’. The result was a unified, centralized state that was operating by 1625, the year of Charles I's accession. Scotland's parishes were not units of secular government in the way that historians have argued for early modern England, which is perhaps most apparent in an area of social activity that was becoming a preoccupation for many local communities: poor relief. If it was fear of a hyperactive state that helped to propel Scottish elites into rebellion, the ensuing decade must have come as a shock. At the centre, Parliament arrogated to itself the power to convene and dismiss its representatives, as well as control the procedures by which legislation was prepared and passed. By the end of the seventeenth century, an autonomous Scottish state was faltering.
Reappraising the Early Modern Economy, 1500–1650
Authors: Devine T. M.
Published: February 2013

Though exact figures cannot be cited, Scotland's population started to grow from the later fifteenth century, continuing for much of the sixteenth century, and only stabilizing again in the 1630s and 1640s. Estimates vary from 500,000 to 700,000 around 1500, while a figure of just over one million has been most favoured by historians for the later seventeenth century. There is evidence that even modest increases in the numbers to be fed could put pressure on a fragile economy. One indicator was the expansion of settlement and cultivation areas into more marginal land. Another was evidence of the splitting of townships as some reached greater sizes because of population growth, thus making the working of field systems less manageable. These demographic and economic pressures resulted in strategies to manage risk and reduce the impact of overpopulation on poor communities. By far the most significant of these was the remarkable scale and increase of emigration. This article focuses on the Scottish economy between 1500 and 1650, and also considers overseas trade, agriculture, and food supply.
Union Historiographies
Authors: Jackson Clare
Published: February 2013

The tercentenary of the Scottish Parliament's approval of the Treaty of Union on January 16, 2007 coincided with a regular monthly press conference at 10 Downing Street. Asked why no major celebrations of the anniversary were being held, the prime minister, Tony Blair, replied that ‘the most important thing is not fireworks but ... giving a good reason as to why the union of England and Scotland is good for today's world and the future’. Several months later, the tercentenary of the Union coming into force on May 1 was overshadowed in Edinburgh by elections, the following day, to the devolved Scottish Parliament, which – aptly perhaps – returned a minority Scottish National Party administration. Seven and a half years previously, on July 1, 1999, the state opening of the new Parliament was choreographed to incorporate resonant echoes of the ceremonial ‘riding of Parliament’ before 1707, appealing to nostalgic notions that the Parliament was being reconvened, rather than created anew. This article provides an overview of Union historiographies three centuries after the Treaty of Union's enactment.
The Scottish Diaspora since 1815
Authors: McCarthy Angela
Published: February 2013

During the nineteenth and twentieth century, an estimated 3.25 million Scots left their homeland. Teasing out the volume, chronology, and profile of Scottish emigration, along with the causes of this movement, characterizes the work of many historians based in Scotland. Typically emphasizing a grim Scottish economy, such works have spawned overarching depictions of Scottish migrants as adventurers or exiles. These interpretations also appear in the countries where Scots settled and are connected to issues of migrant adjustment, including ethnic retention, assimilation, and contribution histories. Although a few studies incorporate the experiences of Scottish migrants in several destinations, these efforts are rarely explicitly comparative and fail to explicate differences between the countries of settlement. Indeed, the general impression of the historiography of the Scottish diaspora is that it is lacklustre, under-developed, and under-theorized. This article surveys the literature according to three overarching concerns evident from the extant historiography: the profile and pattern of emigration, its causes, and its consequences. Comparison is made with emigration from Ireland.
The Interwar Crisis: The Failure of Extremism
Authors: Finlay Richard J.
Published: February 2013

The consequences of World War I and World War II unleashed a torrent of political, social, and economic change across the world. The growth of political extremism and instability, made worse by fundamental changes in the global economy, were the hallmarks of much of contemporary European history in which politics on the Continent became increasingly polarized between far-right nationalism and fascism, and left-wing socialism and communism. This article, which relates the Scottish experience during the interwar period to a wider British and European historiography, shows how politics and economics became enmeshed as Scottish society was polarized by class divisions. Although the political and cultural debates were heated, they took place in a context of social and economic stagnation in which unemployment and poverty showed no signs of disappearing. The article also examines why the traumas of socio-economic dislocation that engulfed other political systems in Europe did not have the same effect in Scotland.
Gender and Nationhood in Modern Scottish Historiography
Authors: Macdonald Catriona M. M.
Published: February 2013

Women's history, as conceived since the 1970s, was not the first and has not been the sole avenue through which gender concerns have intruded upon comfortable historical conventions, nor has it always offered the most successful or most obvious approach to gendering Scotland's past. This article considers the ways in which women's histories (as opposed to women's history) have informed Scottish historiography in the last hundred years, and examines the extent to which gender perspectives (no matter how crude or old-fashioned) infused writings on Scotland's past in this period. It looks at the views of Scottish historians such as Agnes Mure Mackenzie, in whose histories nationhood rather than gender offered the dominant perspective. Between 1899 and 1969, establishing Scottish history's place within a resistant academic environment, challenging Whig perspectives on Scotland's past, and achieving both within a political context in which Scottish nationalism was regularly treated as an incidental and faintly comic distraction, proved to be the principal and most distinctive motivating factors in Scottish historical scholarship.
Behavioral Economics and the Food Consumer
Authors: Just David R.
Published: February 2013

Behavioral theory suggests a myriad other policy options that can have substantial impacts without restricting choices in any real sense. This article focuses on three general areas of research: food choice, food consumption volume, and the evaluation of foods. It discusses two primary literatures of behavioral economics and food consumption. One of these literatures seeks to apply general behavioral economic models to food consumption, while the other seeks to identify and incorporate known food psychological phenomena into models of economic behavior. It introduces many new concepts to the field of behavioral economics, and provides some promising areas for future research. Finally, it mentions that much remains to be done in terms of incorporating the important elements of food behavior, and creating and using suitable individual data to calibrate these models for policy purposes.
The Political Economy of Food Standards
Authors: Swinnen Johan , Vandemoortele Thijs
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the emerging literature on public food regulation by developing a general conceptual framework of the political economy of public food standards. It explains key insights from the literature and indicates how specific applications of the framework have yielded additional conclusions. It provides an overview of different interest groups who may have varying interests in public food standards. It then discusses the political equilibrium of this model and some factors that may influence this equilibrium. It presents the relation between this political equilibrium and development, and the impact of perceptions and media. It then discusses how various types of food standards can be incorporated in this general framework, and whether food safety standards are different from other types of standards. It analyzes the relation between trade and the political economy of public standards and presents a discussion on the relation between public and private food standards at the end.
Health Investments under Risk and Ambiguity
Authors: Johansson-Stenman Olof
Published: February 2013

This article deals with the question of how a public decision maker should think about issues of known and unknown risks. The optimal investment levels are then derived and compared for a number of different decision rules. It discusses three decision rules: the best guess, the maximin, and the expected value decision rules. It presents the St Petersburg paradox, which clearly shows that the expected value decision rule cannot be universally applied and introduces a non-linear utility function to the model. It discusses the optimal investment rules for a special case of a state-dependent expected utility model. This article then presents another paradox, the Ellsberg paradox. It deals with the problem of unknown probabilities by adding probability distributions of the probabilities. Decision rules for three different models that allow for ambiguity aversion are then derived and discussed. The article returns to the more fundamental question regarding whether models of ambiguity aversion can be justified for normative analysis.
Increasing and More Volatile Food Prices and the Consumer
Authors: Braun Joachim Von
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the relationship between consumers and food prices and addresses two main issues: increases in food price levels and volatility caused by changes in consumption volumes and structure, and changes in consumption caused by increases in food price levels and volatility. It gives a brief discussion of some relevant theoretical and conceptual issues. Changes in food consumption are addressed within a broad discussion of the patterns and determinants of high and volatile food prices. It examines consumer responses and impacts in the context of high and volatile food prices with a focus on poor consumers in developing countries. This article concludes with a brief discussion of existing and desired policy responses to stabilize consumption through price policy, stocks, and trade, as well as mitigation of negative effects on the most vulnerable through subsidies and social protection.
Food Consumption and Health
Authors: Etilé Fabrice
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the economic literature on the causes and consequences of current trends in food-related chronic diseases (FRCD) from a policy evaluation viewpoint. It focuses on policy interventions on the consumer side in developed countries. It recalls some key facts regarding historical trends in nutrition and FRCD, and highlights individual heterogeneity that is hidden behind aggregate trends. Some estimates of the medical and human capital costs of FRCD are also provided. It then considers the normative rationales for public intervention: market failures, such as the presence of externalities; and failures of consumer rationality. This article brings together some of the available empirical evidence regarding price and information policies and proposes some directions for future research.
A History Of The Languages Of Law
Authors: Tiersma Peter M.
Published: February 2013

All legal systems develop certain linguistic features that differ from those of ordinary language. Lawyers and judges may develop language that is entirely different from ordinary speech. Typically, the legal profession uses language that contains a substantial amount of technical vocabulary and a number of distinct (often archaic) features. As a result, the speech, and to a greater extent, the texts produced by such legal systems may be difficult for the lay public to understand. This article explores the history of the world's major legal languages, focusing on the two most widely dispersed legal traditions around the world: the civil law system that arose in continental Europe and the common law which developed in England. After considering the legacy of Roman law, it discusses the influence of Latin and French on legal language, the jus commune and the survival of indigenous law, codification, legal English around the world, and the globalization of legal language.
Fifty Years of Multilingual Interpretation in the European Union
Authors: Baaij Cornelis J. W.
Published: February 2013

Both the treaties of the European Union (EU) and the secondary legislation from EU institutions are currently issued in twenty-three different language versions. Discrepancies between these versions both jeopardize their equal authenticity, and make a uniform interpretation and application of EU law in all EU Member States more difficult. Yet, discrepancies between language versions have come up in the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Using a statistical analysis of fifty years of the ECJ's case law, all relevant judgments between 1960 and 2010, this article sheds further light on which interpretive method the ECJ is more likely to use in the event of linguistic discrepancies as an argument to justify its interpretation of EU law. It first discusses the discrepancies between the language versions that impede the multilingual interpretation of EU law. The article then makes use of the so-called ‘legal reasoning’ methodology to analyze the ECJ's case law, and considers the ECJ's use of the teleological approach and the literal approach to discrepancies.
The Meaning of Silence in the Right to Remain Silent
Authors: Ainsworth Janet
Published: February 2013

The right to remain silent is one of the cardinal principles of criminal jurisprudence in the United States and is probably the single most widely recognized principle of criminal law among members of the general public. The adoptive admission rule can become a particularly dangerous trap for those suspected by the police of involvement in a crime. Because the familiar Miranda warnings communicate the message that citizens have the right to remain silent in the course of a police investigation, it would be reasonable for the lay person to assume that this silence, if chosen, could not later be used against him to imply his guilt. This article examines the meaning of silence in the right to remain silent. It first presents a linguistic view of the meaning of silence and then looks at adoptive admissions, in which silence can be treated as a confession and as evidence of guilt. It concludes by considering adoptive admissions during police questioning.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenfeld Michel , Sajó András
Published: February 2013

This introductory article first sets out the book's purpose, which is to provide an overview of the current status of comparative constitutional law as a discipline and an accounting of fundamental constitutional developments, concepts, and debates as they emerge through the lenses of that discipline. The article is organized as follows. Section I provides a brief overview of the history of comparative constitutional law. Section II focuses on the uses and purposes of, and the challenges confronting, comparative constitutional law. Section III addresses preliminarily the key issue of transplantation of institutions and norms from one constitutional system to the next. Section IV discusses in summary fashion some of the most salient methodological issues that have an important bearing on work in comparative constitutional law. Finally, Section V accounts for the structure and organization of the Handbook and briefly situates each of its nine parts in the context of the project as a whole.
Rights and Liberties as Concepts
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: February 2013

The debate over rights and liberties — not unlike the debate over justice — is a never-ending discussion, reflecting normative, analytical, and institutional considerations. Questions respecting the rights and liberties that an individual can lay claim to are fundamental normative questions in every society. They represent major themes not only in the law, especially constitutional law, but also in practical philosophy, and they count as central points of political dispute. This article is organized as follows. Section I presents a brief analysis of the general structure of rights and liberties. The themes of Section II are the concepts of human and constitutional rights. Finally, Section III discusses the construction of constitutional rights, especially the connection between constitutional rights and proportionality.
Referendum
Authors: Morel Laurence
Published: February 2013

The referendum is a classical issue in constitutional law and political science, but its importance in liberal democracies has increased a lot in the recent period. Both its provisions and regulations in constitutions or other legislative texts, and its effective practice, at the national, but most of all subnational level (e.g., state or region), have greatly increased, albeit substantial country differences persist. Before considering these developments of the provisions and the practice of referendums, this article first reviews what most prominent constitutionalists and democratic theorists have said about the referendum. It then considers the question of judicial control, which, following the general trend, has dramatically gained relevance in the specific case of referendums in the past two or three decades.
Presidentialism
Authors: Fix‐Fierro Héctor , Salazar‐Ugarte Pedro
Published: February 2013

Presidentialism as a form of government was born as an alternative to both monarchy (absolute or constitutional) and parliamentarism (republican or monarchical). This article discusses the history and evolution of presidentialism; debates as to whether, and to what extent, both institutional designs — presidentialism and democracy — are compatible with each other; and trends in a number of presidential systems from the 1990s onwards.
Constitutional Courts
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone
Published: February 2013

This article provides an introduction to the basic institutional features of constitutional courts (CCs), as well as an overview of the small but growing comparative literature on their design, function, impact, and legitimacy. It presents the CC as an ideal type, with its own functional logics, and surveys the comparative scholarship seeking to explain commonalities and differences across systems. It emphasizes inter-disciplinarity, in part, because political scientists have been at the forefront of empirical research and, in part, because powerful CCs have shaped and reshaped their own political environments. Successful CCs routinely subvert separation of powers schemes, including elements on which their legitimacy was originally founded. In consequence, new legitimacy questions and discourses have emerged.