bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing technical writing programs for fire safety professionals: a model for sustainable industry-university partnerships
Authors: Fernandez Lourdes , Gandy Elizabeth Kate , Lawrence Heidi Y. , Bassi Preet , Piercy Ernst , Sobotka Debbie , Austin Marc , Lattanzi Shutika Debra
Published: February 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to offer guidelines and recommendations for launching and running sustainable programs involving partnerships between industries and universities. Teaching technical writing and communication to fire and emergency services personnel is a task that requires forethought and intricate planning. The Advanced Technical Writing Certificate provided jointly by the Center for Public Safety Excellence and George Mason University balances the unique workplace needs of fire service professionals while working to ensure a high level of transfer and information retention.

Design/methodology/approach

This study will describe how the authors have developed and run a successful course series. The methods used to structure the courses are explained in detail, alongside the pedagogical theories that shaped information delivery. This paper offers a detailed guide to program development and implementation.

Findings

Providing a uniquely collaborative online environment and designing each module with the purpose of knowledge transfer have created an effective method by which advanced principles can be taught to working professionals in a relatively short period of time. By collaborating with subject matter experts and focusing on the utility of the material, the authors were able to create a highly effective course that served the needs of first responders.

Practical implications

Using the steps detailed in the article, programs like this could be replicated, allowing greater access to workplace learners of all kinds and a pathway to sustainable programs like these in universities. The research also details the importance of an adaptive course that continues to grow and improve.

Originality/value

By modeling the course and making use of experts, students are capable of learning complex topics with ease in a short amount of time.
Managing metaphors – executive coaching and the role and power of analogy
Authors: Offstein Evan , Kentrus Ryan , Dufresne Ron , Wassell Stacy
Published: February 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to better understand the “black box” of how coaching is enacted and how it unfolds in practice. Indeed, some of the mixed results concerning the efficacy of executive coaching appear anchored to the confusion and surrounding ambiguity of the episodic and processual nature of coaching. In this conceptual paper, the authors turn to the power of metaphor to explore how executive coaches, either consciously or subconsciously, approach and enact their role.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a conceptual or theory paper with a heavy practitioner focus. The authors did augment and enhance their assertions with semi-structured interviews of coaches, a therapist, a pastor and physical trainers. Institutional review board approval was granted.

Findings

The authors identify two core metaphors that enjoy some dominance in how executive coaches make sense of their role and duties: coach-as-pastor and coach-as-therapist. Considering some of the limitations of the existing metaphors, the authors offer an alternative metaphor, coach-as-physical trainer, that may offer a more compelling, comprehensive and accurate portrayal of the executive coach.

Practical implications

The metaphors that coaches embrace, inarguably, impact how they perceive and enact their role. For these reasons, the authors suggest that expanding the domain of possible metaphors serves both the study and practice of executive coaching. The authors offer a new, alternative, metaphor that may change how coaches think about and execute their role.

Originality/value

The authors challenge two widely accepted metaphors that are often used in how coaches approach and enact their roles. They provocatively dissect these metaphors to expose limitations and inaccuracies. Given these limitations, the authors offer a new metaphor in which to view the study and practice of coaching.
“Development and evaluation of perspective: counselling simulator”: a gamified tool for developing risk-assessment skills in trainee counsellors
Authors: Conn Charlotte , Patel Aashiya , Gavin Jacob , Granda-Salazar Mishell , Williams Andrew , Barnes Steven
Published: February 2023

Purpose

Self-efficacy is the bridge between theoretical knowledge of counselling and practical application of effective techniques (Akinlolu and Chukwudi, 2019). Furthermore, risk-assessment and management are fundamental components of counselling training and self-efficacy in these areas is central to ethical practice. Gamification represents an opportunity to increase motivation encouraging users to engage with serious content via an entertaining medium. This study aims to present two studies concerning an outline of the development process and an initial evaluation of “Perspective: Counselling Simulator”, a gamified training tool for developing and enhancing self-efficacy in risk-assessment skills in trainee counselling students in the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents the development and initial user-evaluation of “Perspective”, as well as an initial evaluation of the game’s capacity to deliver risk-assessment education in a group of UK-based trainee counsellors to British Association for Counselling and Psychology (BACP) standards.

Findings

Firstly, mid-development assessment of a prototype-version of the game produced a good system usability score and positive user-feedback, while identifying areas for further improvement. Secondly, data relating to an initial evaluation of the efficacy of the game suggest that the game in its current form is significantly improved in terms of system usability and produces descriptive, albeit not statistically significant improvements to self-reported self-efficacy. Additional feedback was provided by users and further development and evaluation is planned.

Originality/Value

This paper represents, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first of its kind in developing and evaluating a gamified tool with accessibility and scalability for teaching and consolidating risk-assessment skills of UK counselling students in-line with BACP standards.
Influence of corporate social responsibility and brand attitude on purchase intention
Authors: Arachchi H.A. Dimuthu Maduranga , Samarasinghe G.D.
Published: February 2023

Purpose

This study aims to analyse the influence of perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) on purchase intention; this study also examines the mediating effect of generation Y’s attitude towards the brand and the moderating effect of their attitude towards CSR.

Design/methodology/approach

This study tested the model with a sample of 392 generation Y consumers using Smart partial least squares (PLS)-structural equation modelling.

Findings

Brand attitude partially mediates the positive influence of perceived CSR (PCSR) on purchase intention. Gen Y’s attitude towards CSR increases the impact of PCSR on brand attitude and purchase intention.

Practical implications

To multiply the effects of CSR and brand attitude, retail marketing managers can develop strategies that strengthen the links between awareness, knowledge, brand affection and purchase intent by encouraging Gen Y consumers to engage with the brand’s CSR strategy.

Originality/value

This study advances the literature on CSR and consumer behaviour by providing an integrated view of the hierarchy of effects model and a generational cohort perspective in predicting purchase intention.

sponsabilidad social corporativa y la actitud hacia la marca en la intención de compra
Instruction: examining elementary preservice teachers' self-efficacy for designing inquiry
Authors: Odebiyi Oluseyi Matthew
Published: February 2023

Purpose

This study seeks to understand the factors and orientations that are relevant to preservice teachers' (PSTs) beliefs about their ability to design lessons for inquiry-based K-6 social studies instruction.

Design/methodology/approach

Seventy elementary PSTs participated in a series of inquiry-based learning activities in a social studies methods course. The study uses exploratory factor analysis, a quantitative method to explore teacher self-reported efficacy for designing inquiry lessons.

Findings

The findings revealed that three capabilities related to design are relevant to elementary social studies PSTs' self-efficacy for designing inquiries: lesson design competence, lesson design disposition and lesson design practices. Most PSTs expressed low self-efficacy in all three capabilities. PSTs with a higher disposition for designing inquiry lessons may show a strong sense of self-efficacy for inquiry-based curricula design and practice in elementary social studies education.

Originality/value

The article discusses the importance of understanding PSTs sense of efficacy and categories of such self-efficacy beliefs at the level of lesson design within the context of teacher education. It discusses the need for teacher educators to facilitate educationally sound critical reflection on lesson design skills, disposition and practices that foster PSTs' sense of ability to teach via inquiry in elementary classrooms.
Green behavior among Gen Z consumers in an emerging market: eco-friendly versus non-eco-friendly products
Authors: Ewe Soo Yeong , Tjiptono Fandy
Published: February 2023

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the influence of brand familiarity, consumer green consciousness (GC) and chronic regulatory focus on consumer attitudes, buying intentions and willingness to pay more for eco-friendly products in a comparison between eco-friendly and non-eco-friendly products among Generation Z consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

An experiment with a between-subjects design was conducted with 151 Malaysian Generation Z consumers.

Findings

When consumers are more familiar with an eco-friendly brand than a non-eco-friendly brand, their attitude toward, buying intention and willingness to pay more for eco-friendly products are significantly higher than for non-eco-friendly products. In contrast, such effects are not significant when consumers are more familiar with a non-eco-friendly brand than an eco-friendly brand. Hence, young consumers are more inclined to favor a familiar eco-friendly brand than a familiar non-eco-friendly one. Consumers with higher GC are willing to pay more than consumers with lower GC for products of a familiar eco-friendly brand. When consumers are less familiar with an eco-friendly brand, those with a higher chronic promotion focus (CPF) will have a more favorable attitude toward, and a higher intention to buy, eco-friendly products than those with a lower CPF.

Practical implications

Awareness of how these factors influence consumer purchase behavior can help retailers and marketers design and communicate specific messages to highlight their brand and product eco-friendliness in their marketing strategies. Doing so may increase familiarity with their brand and the demand for and purchase of their brand’s eco-friendly products.

Originality/value

This research explores the influence of an integrated model of brand familiarity, GC and CPF on consumer purchase behavior in the comparison between eco-friendly and non-eco-friendly products. This has not been clearly examined in previous research.
Functional traits of soil nematodes define their response to nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Hou Weichen , Kuzyakov Yakov , Qi Yanwen , Liu Xiang , Zhang Hui , Zhou Shurong
Published: February 2023

Nitrogen (N) fertilization and warming are two crucial global change factors affecting the soil nematode communities. The effects of N fertilization and warming, however, on nematode communities in soils are inconsistent across ecosystems and maybe be even opposite.

One key reason is that the commonly used taxonomic diversity is less sensitive to environmental changes than the seldom‐used trait‐based indicators. To verify this, we performed an 8‐year field experiment with four N fertilization levels with and without soil warming and collected an extensive dataset consisting of (i) six traits related to the nematode performance, that is, body size, maximum body length, maximum body width, stylet length, oesophagus length and intestinal length; (ii) the taxonomic alpha (richness and abundance) and beta diversity (Bray–Curtis dissimilarities) of the whole nematode community and each nematode functional group, (iii) soil food web resources (the total taxonomic richness and abundance of plant, bacterial and fungal communities) and (iv) soil properties (pH, total, ammonium and nitrate N, microbial N and C, total and available P and soil water content).

We found that N fertilization altered plant diversity and soil nitrate levels, which in turn decreased taxonomic alpha diversity of two nematode functional groups (phytophagous nematodes and predators), but taxonomic diversity for the whole nematode community remained stable. The decreased taxonomic alpha diversity of phytophagous nematodes resulted in increased maximum body width, but decreased stylet length and oesophageal length. Mild warming (~ 0.7°C) had no effects on soil properties and soil food web resources, and the taxonomic diversity or nematode traits remained unchanged.

Our results reveal that nematode functional traits show strong responses to N fertilization as individual nematode groups adapted quickly to changed soil properties and food web resources. Taxonomic diversity indices, however, were more stable under these changes showing that the functional composition of nematode communities may respond in the short term despite little effects on species diversity. Thus, the trait‐based indicators not only reveal how nematodes respond to N fertilization, but also how nematodes mediate the effects of N fertilization on ecosystem functioning (i.e. soil nutrient cycling).

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
High species turnover and unique plant–pollinator interactions make a hyperdiverse mountain
Authors: Minachilis Konstantinos , Kantsa Aphrodite , Devalez Jelle , Vujic Ante , Pauly Alain , Petanidou Theodora
Published: February 2023

We studied α‐ and β‐diversity of pollinators, flowering plants and plant–pollinator interactions along the altitudinal gradient of Mt. Olympus, a legendary mountain and biodiversity hotspot in Central Greece.

We explored 10 study sites located on the north‐eastern slope of the mountain, from 327 to 2596 m a.s.l. Insect surveys were conducted once a month using hand netting (years 2013, 2014 and 2016), and they were combined with recordings of flowering plant diversity (species richness and flower cover). We then calculated α‐ and β‐diversity of pollinators, plants in flower and plant–pollinator interactions, and explored their demographic response along the altitudinal gradient.

Alpha diversity of pollinators, plants and plant–pollinator interactions were altitude dependent; α‐diversity of all pollinators, bees, non‐bumblebee bees, bee flies and butterflies showed linear declines with altitude, whereas those of hoverflies and bumblebees showed unimodal patterns. Beta diversity and its turnover component of all pollinators, hoverflies, bees, bumblebees, non‐bumblebee bees, butterflies and plants showed linear increases, whereas those of bee flies and of plant–pollinator interactions varied independently from the pairwise altitudinal difference.

The high dissimilarity and uniqueness of pollination networks, which is probably a result of the high biodiversity and endemism of Mt. Olympus, is driven by species turnover and the formation of new interactions between new species. Contrasting to the monotonic decline of the remaining groups, the unimodal patterns of hoverfly and bumblebee α‐diversity are probably the effect of a higher tolerance of these groups to high‐altitude environmental conditions. Our findings highlight that the high turnover of species and of pollination interactions along the altitudinal gradient are the mainstay of hyperdiverse mountains, a fact that conveys important historical, ecological and conservational implications.
Make me a test and I will save the world: towards an anthropology of the possible in global health
Authors: Street Alice
Published: February 2023

What is deemed possible in the wake of failure? The global biotech industry's failure to develop affordable diagnostic devices for use in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) has inspired a generation of humanitarian entrepreneurs to launch their own diagnostic start‐up companies. This essay traces the rise and fall of one such start‐up in Boston in the United States, Daktari, which developed a portable HIV testing device in the 2010s. I show how the alignment of humanitarian and economic valuations in a single diagnostic device depended on the ability of the start‐up's founders and employees to synchronize the distinct tempos of financial capital, humanitarian design, and global health standards. Yet their failure to achieve this synchronization does not simply offer another story of biotech hype and speculation, the generation of promissory value at the expense of actual things. Instead, the essay examines the hopes and expectations that the firm's employees invested in the device's material qualities, manufacture, and distribution. What, I ask, is the meaning of failure, and its material remains, when it is measured against humanitarian rather than solely commercial expectations? The essay concludes with some reflections on the aftermath of failure in humanitarian entrepreneurship, examining the questions that Daktari's demise poses for understandings of what is possible and desirable in global health.
Can computed tomography replace or supplement autopsy?
Authors: Lathrop Sarah L. , Wiest Philip W. , Andrews Sam W. , Elifritz Jamie , Price Janet P. , Mlady Gary W. , Zumwalt Ross E. , Gerrard Chandra Y. , Poland Valerie L. , Nolte Kurt B.
Published: February 2023

Postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) has been integrated into the practice of many forensic pathologists. To evaluate the utility of PMCT in supplementing and/or supplanting medicolegal autopsy, we conducted a prospective double‐blind comparison of abnormal findings reported by the autopsy pathologist with those reported by a radiologist reviewing the PMCT. We reviewed 890 cases: 167 with blunt force injury (BFI), 63 with pediatric trauma (under 5 years), 203 firearm injuries, and 457 drug poisoning deaths. Autopsy and radiology reports were coded using the Abbreviated Injury Scale and abnormal findings and cause of death (COD) were compared for congruence in consensus conferences with novel pathologists and radiologists. Overall sensitivity for recognizing abnormal findings was 71% for PMCT and 74.6% for autopsy. Sensitivities for PMCT/autopsy were 74%/73.1% for BFI, 61.5%/71.4% for pediatric trauma, 84.9%/83.7% for firearm injuries, and 56.5%/66.4% for drug poisoning deaths. COD assigned by reviewing PMCT/autopsy was correct in 88%/95.8% of BFI cases, 99%/99.5% of firearm fatalities, 82.5%/98.5% of pediatric trauma deaths, and 84%/100% of drug poisoning deaths of individuals younger than 50. Both autopsy and PMCT were imperfect in recognizing injuries. However, both methods identified the most important findings and are sufficient to establish COD in cases of BFI, pediatric trauma, firearm injuries and drug poisoning in individuals younger than 50. Ideally, all forensic pathologists would have access to a CT scanner and a consulting radiologist. This would allow a flexible approach that meets the diagnostic needs of each case and best serves decedents' families and other stakeholders.
Role of DSC1 in Drosophila melanogaster synaptic activities in response to haedoxan A
Authors: Qie Xingtao , Ren Yaxin , Chen Xueting , Du Yuzhe , Dong Ke , Hu Zhaonong
Published: February 2023

Drosophila sodium channel 1 (DSC1) encodes a voltage‐gated divalent cation channel that mediates neuronal excitability in insects. Previous research revealed that DSC1 knockout Drosophila melanogaster conferred different susceptibility to insecticides, which indicated the vital regulation role of DSC1 under insecticide stress. Haedoxan A (HA) is a lignan compound isolated from Phryma leptostachya, and we found that HA has excellent insecticidal activity and is worthy of further study as a botanical insecticide. Herein, we performed bioassay and electrophysiological experiments to test the biological and neural changes in the larval Drosophila with/without DSC1 knockout in response to HA. Bioassay results showed that knockout of DSC1 reduced the sensitivity to HA in both w1118 (a common wild‐type strain in the laboratory) and parats1 (a pyrethroid‐resistant strain) larvae. Except for parats1/DSC1−/−, electrophysiology results implicated that HA delayed the decay rate and increased the frequency of miniature excitatory junctional potentials of Drosophila from w1118, parats1, and DSC1−/− strains. Moreover, the neuromuscular synapse excitatory activities of parats1/DSC1−/− larvae were more sensitive to HA than DSC1−/− larvae, which further confirmed the functional contribution of DSC1 to neuronal excitability. Collectively, these results indicated that the DSC1 channel not only regulated the insecticidal activity of HA, but also maintained the stability of neural circuits through functional interaction with voltage‐gated sodium channels. Therefore, our study provides useful information for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of DSC1 in the neural system of insects involving the action of HA derived from P. leptostachya.
Domestication effects on nitrogen allocation, internal recycling and nitrogen use efficiency in the perennial new crop Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae)
Authors: Gonzalez‐Paleo Luciana , Ravetta Damián A. , Vilela Alejandra E. , Van Tassel David
Published: February 2023

Improvements in seed yield during domestication and breeding are frequently achieved moving plants from the conservative syndrome of the plant economic spectrum towards the more acquisitive side, changing how plants acquire, allocate, use and store C and nutrients in relation to their wild relatives. The aims were to evaluate if domestication changed the N allocation, the internal plant N recycling (N resorption efficiency and proficiency, and N storage) and N‐use‐efficiency, in the perennial new crop Silphium integrifolium. We compared in a field experiment repeated in two locations (Kansas and Patagonia), a Wild (W) and two improved accessions, with high‐ (HYI) and low‐seed yield improved (LYI) accessions. HYI accessions produced more than twice the biomass and acquired twofold more N than LYI and Wild accessions. Changes in proportional N allocation were similar in both improved accessions (HYI and LYI) and locations: higher allocation to leaves and lower to the crown at pre‐anthesis (growth‐storage trade‐off) and higher allocation to seeds and lower to the crown at maturity (reproduction‐storage trade‐off). HYI and LYI allocated 50% more N to seeds in average, reducing a 31% the N allocated to the crown in relation to the Wild. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and mean residence time (MRT) of N were reduced in both improved accessions. In HYI, the lower MRT was related to the lower storage of N in the crown and N removal through seed production, and in LYI was the result of the N lost through leaf senescence. HYI produced litter with lower N concentration (more proficient) that the wild accession. These could decrease the net N mineralization rate and soil N availability at long term. HYI plants should require higher external N inputs to the soil to sustain their N uptake requirements. LYI and Wild accessions, had lower resorption efficiency, but N recycled was allocated to the crown for future remobilization and uses (better internal cycling). The leaf litter type of these accessions with higher N content should sustain faster N‐cycles rates and N release to the soil. If the focus is on the ecosystem services, HYI accessions could help achieve a reduction in nitrate leaching by maximizing N uptake, N resorption and N removal through seed (i.e. nitrate catch crop), and also produce crop residues that slow down biogeochemical cycling and soil nutrient retention.
The acute effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol in adults and adolescents: A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover experiment
Authors: Lawn Will , Trinci Katie , Mokrysz Claire , Borissova Anna , Ofori Shelan , Petrilli Kat , Bloomfield Michael , Haniff Zarah R. , Hall Daniel , Fernandez‐Vinson Natalia , Wang Simiao , Englund Amir , Chesney Edward , Wall Matthew B. , Freeman Tom P. , Curran H. Valerie
Published: February 2023

Background and Aims

Long‐term harms of cannabis may be exacerbated in adolescence, but little is known about the acute effects of cannabis in adolescents. We aimed to (i) compare the acute effects of cannabis in adolescent and adult cannabis users and (ii) determine if cannabidiol (CBD) acutely modulates the effects of delta‐9‐tetrahydocannabinol (THC).

Design

Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover experiment. The experiment was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04851392).

Setting

Laboratory in London, United Kingdom.

Participants

Twenty‐four adolescents (12 women, 16‐ to 17‐year‐olds) and 24 adults (12 women, 26‐ to 29‐year‐olds) who used cannabis 0.5–3 days/week and were matched on cannabis use frequency (mean = 1.5 days/week).

Intervention

We administered three weight‐adjusted vaporised cannabis flower preparations: ‘THC’ (8 mg THC for 75 kg person); ‘THC + CBD’ (8 mg THC and 24 mg CBD for 75 kg person); and ‘PLA’ (matched placebo).

Measurements

Primary outcomes were (i) subjective ‘feel drug effect’; (ii) verbal episodic memory (delayed prose recall); and (iii) psychotomimetic effect (Psychotomimetic States Inventory).

Findings

Compared with ‘PLA’, ‘THC’ and ‘THC + CBD’ significantly (P < 0.001) increased ‘feel drug effect’ (mean difference [MD] = 6.3, 95% CI = 5.3–7.2; MD = 6.8, 95% CI = 6.0–7.7), impaired verbal episodic memory (MD = –2.7, 95% CI = −4.1 to −1.4; MD = −2.9, 95% CI = −4.1 to −1.7) and increased psychotomimetic effects (MD = 7.8, 95% CI = 2.8–12.7; MD = 10.8, 95% CI = 6.2–15.4). There was no evidence that adolescents differed from adults in their responses to cannabis (interaction P ≥ 0.4). Bayesian analyses supported equivalent effects of cannabis in adolescents and adults (Bayes factor [BF01] >3). There was no evidence that CBD significantly modulated the acute effects of THC.

Conclusions

Adolescent cannabis users are neither more resilient nor more vulnerable than adult cannabis users to the acute psychotomimetic, verbal memory‐impairing or subjective effects of cannabis. Furthermore, in adolescents and adults, vaporised cannabidiol does not mitigate the acute harms caused by delta‐9‐tetrahydocannabinol.
RNAseq reveals modulation of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in chicken liver according to genetic background, sex, and diet
Authors: Perini Francesco , Wu Zhou , Cartoni Mancinelli Alice , Soglia Dominga , Schiavone Achille , Mattioli Simona , Mugnai Cecilia , Castellini Cesare , Smith Jacqueline , Lasagna Emiliano
Published: February 2023

Increases in chicken production are mainly due to specialised breeds. However, local breeds are of increasing importance, known for ability to adapt to the environment and unique products. Conventional poultry products contain lower levels of n‐3 fatty acids (FAs) compared to those obtained from local breeds, therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the modulation of expression of genes involved in long‐chain polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) biosynthesis pathways according to genetic background, diet conditions, and sex. Animals from two local breeds and a commercial line were fed different diets: control and experimental diet (10% linseed supplementation). For each breed and diet group, both sexes were reared. The RNA was extracted from 36 liver samples and sequenced by RNAseq method. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out to find differentially expressed genes from comparisons between experimental groups. Results showed low impact of diet on differentially expressed genes related to FA biosynthesis, but linseed diet increased percentage of n‐3 FAs of liver. Sex and genetic background determined the differential expression of genes related to long‐chain PUFA biosynthesis. Specifically, females of local breeds shared 23 up‐regulated genes when compared to their respective commercial line groups. Some of the shared genes had a role in de novo triglyceride biosynthesis (MTTPL and GPAM), and in de novo FA biosynthesis (ACACA and SCD) was detected. In conclusion, local breeds are able to better adapt to a diet rich in PUFA, by triggering certain transcriptomic shifts in the liver that allow birds to process the high PUFA content provided by diet.
Differences in intent to refer buprenorphine among community correctional and treatment staff: A set of cross‐lagged models predicting efficacy beliefs and familiarity with buprenorphine for opioid use disorder
Authors: Milano Nicole , Lister Jamey J. , Victor Grant
Published: February 2023

Background and Objectives

Despite high rates of individuals with opioid use disorder, community correctional agencies underutilize medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Knowledge about the mechanisms which motivate correctional employees to refer buprenorphine remains underdeveloped, and differences in these patterns by employee status are unknown. This study has two objectives: (1) investigate the presence of a reciprocal relationship between familiarity with buprenorphine and efficacy beliefs among community corrections and community treatment staff and (2) identify whether this relationship differs by staff status in referral intentions.

Methods

Data were used from the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies 2 (CJ‐DATS 2) among correctional and treatment employees (N = 873). Four models investigated whether a reciprocal relationship existed between buprenorphine familiarity and efficacy beliefs. Then, the best fitting model was used to test the influence that prior training had on future referral intention through familiarity and efficacy beliefs among the analytic sample (n = 612), by comparing two separate structural equation models (SEMs) among correctional staff and treatment staff, respectively.

Results

The fully cross‐lagged model provided a significantly better fit to the data than other models ( (1) = 7.189, p < .01). The results of the multigroup SEM show that training had positive, indirect effects on future referral intentions that significantly differed between treatment and community correction staff.

Discussion and Conclusions

Findings show that training may influence correctional staff intent to refer individuals to receive buprenorphine through familiarity.

Scientific Significance

Tailored training for MOUD treatment for specific staff populations may prove more beneficial than existing approaches.
Effectiveness of local regulations on nonpoint source pollution: Evidence from Wisconsin dairy farms
Authors: Skidmore Marin , Andarge Tihitina , Foltz Jeremy
Published: February 2023

Although the Clean Water Act's regulation of point source pollution has had a significant effect on water quality, nonpoint sources of pollution, especially animal agriculture, remain a leading unevenly regulated source of water pollution in the United States. This work studies the effectiveness of local manure management regulations on dairy farms in Wisconsin. Wisconsin represents a unique policy experiment in the delegation of nonpoint agricultural pollution policy in a state with economically important small, nonpoint, dairy farms. Using hand collected regulatory data from Wisconsin counties we estimate the effects of changes in local regulations on water quality outcomes. The results demonstrate that a few easily implemented and verifiable regulations such as nutrient management plans have significant short‐term effects on water quality, whereas other less observable and difficult to implement regulations have no discernible effects in the short term. The work points to a number of potential policy levers to improve the Management of nonpoint pollution, as well as the challenges of nonpoint source regulatory policies on slow‐moving hydrologic processes.
Retinal microvascular markers in type 2 diabetes subphenotypes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults
Authors: Pedersen Frederik N. , Stidsen Jacob V. , Rasmussen Martin N. , Nielsen Henning‐Beck , Henriksen Jan Erik , Olesen Thomas Bastholm , Olsen Michael Hecht , Nielsen Jens S. , Højlund Kurt , Blindbæk Søren Leer , Grauslund Jakob
Published: February 2023

Purpose

To estimate if newly diagnosed patients with different subphenotypes of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) differ with respect to subclinical retinal microvascular structure or diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods

This population‐based, cross‐sectional study of 340 patients (675 eyes) classified patients with recently diagnosed T2DM in different subphenotypes according to beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in to; classical (n = 218), hyperinsulinaemic (n = 86), insulinopenic (n = 20), or LADA (n = 16). Retinal 6‐field images were graded according to the International Clinical DR Severity Scale by a retinal expert. Retinal microvascular structures were analysed in eyes by a semiautomatic software.

Results

Median age and duration of diabetes were 58.1 (49.9; 65.5) and 0.9 (0.5; 2.4) years, respectively, and 56.8% were male. In a multivariate linear mixed model regression analysis of eyes without DR (n = 570), there was no statistically significant difference in retinal venular or arteriolar width between subtypes and patients with classical T2DM. In addition, eyes from different subphenotypes did not differ according to vessel density, tortuosity or fractal dimension. In a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, HbA1c, diabetes duration, body mass index, mean arterial blood pressure and history of cardiovascular disease, there was a tendency towards persons with hyperinsulinaemic T2DM to be more likely to have DR (OR 1.97, 95% CI 0.95; 4.09) compared to classical T2DM.

Conclusion

We found no difference in retinal microvascular structure in patients with newly diagnosed subtypes of T2DM. However, DR may be more prevalent in newly diagnosed patients with hyperinsulinaemic T2DM compared to individuals with classical T2DM.
The Langeland Fault System unravelled: Quaternary fault reactivation along an elevated basement block between the North German and Norwegian–Danish basins
Authors: Ahlrichs Niklas , Hübscher Christian , Andersen Theis Raaschou , Preine Jonas , Bogner Laura , Schäfer Wiebke
Published: February 2023

The reactivation of faults and possible impact on barrier integrity marks a critical aspect for investigations on subsurface usage capabilities. Glacial isostatic adjustments, originating from repeated Quaternary glaciations of northern Europe, cause tectonic stresses on pre‐existing fault systems and structural elements of the North German and Norwegian–Danish basins. Notably, our current understanding of the dynamics and scales of glacially induced fault reactivation is rather limited. A high‐resolution 2D seismic data set recently acquired offshore northeastern Langeland Island allows the investigation of a fault and graben system termed the Langeland Fault System. Seismo‐stratigraphic interpretation of reflection seismic data in combination with diffraction imaging unravels the spatial character of the Langeland Fault System along an elevated basement block of the Ringkøbing–Fyn High. In combination with sediment echosounder data, the data set helps to visualize the continuation of deep‐rooted faults up to the sea floor. Initial Mesozoic faulting occurred during the Triassic. Late Cretaceous inversion reactivated a basement fault flanking the southern border of the elevated basement block of the Ringkøbing–Fyn High while inversion is absent in the Langeland Fault System. Here, normal faulting occurred in the Maastrichtian–Danian. We show that a glacial or postglacial fault reactivation occurred within the Langeland Fault System, as evident by the propagation of the faults from the deeper subsurface up to the sea floor, dissecting glacial and postglacial successions. Our findings suggest that the Langeland Fault System was reactivated over a length scale of a minimum of 8.5 km. We discuss the causes for this Quaternary fault reactivations in the context of glacially induced faulting and the present‐day stress field. The combination of imaging techniques with different penetration depths and vertical resolution used in this study is rarely realized in the hinterland. It can therefore be speculated that many more inherited, deep‐rooted faults were reactivated in Pleistocene glaciated regions.
Age‐related differences in social media use, online social support, and depressive symptoms in adolescents and emerging adults
Authors: Politte‐Corn Madison , Nick Elizabeth A. , Kujawa Autumn
Published: February 2023

Background

Despite growing concerns about the impact of social media use on the developing brain and associated mental health impacts, whether susceptibility to the benefits and harms of social media use changes across adolescence and young adulthood has yet to be empirically tested.

Method

Using a cross‐sectional sample of participants aged 14–22 years (N = 254), we examined (a) linear and non‐linear age‐related changes in social media use and online social support and (b) age‐related differences in the effects of social media use and online social support on depressive symptoms.

Results

We found age differences in social media use, but not online social support, such that social media use increased across adolescence and peaked around age 20, followed by stable use into young adulthood. Age moderated the effect of online social support, but not overall social media use, on depressive symptoms, such that online social support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms for adolescents (age < 16.98), but the opposite pattern emerged for young adults (age > 19.04).

Conclusions

Results suggest overall developmental changes in social media use and that adolescents may be more susceptible than emerging adults to the beneficial effects of positive online interactions on mental health.
Prediction of bioactivities of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase‐1 inhibitors by machine learning algorithms
Authors: Tian Yujia , Yang Zhenwu , Wang Hongzhao , Yan Aixia
Published: February 2023

There is a strong interest in the development of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase‐1 (mPGES‐1) inhibitors of their potential to safely and effectively treat inflammation. Herein, 70 QSAR models were built on the dataset (735 mPGES‐1 inhibitors) characterized with RDKit descriptors by multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), deep neural networks (DNN), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The other three regression models on the dataset are represented by SMILES using self‐attention recurrent neural networks (RNN) and Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN). For the best model (Model C2), which was developed by SVM with RDKit descriptors, the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.861 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.235 were achieved for the test set. Additionally, R2 of 0.692 and RMSE of 0.383 were obtained on the external test set. We investigated the applicability domain (AD) of Model C2 with the rivality index (RI), the prediction of Model C2 on 78.92% of molecules in the test set, and 78.33% of molecules in the external test set were reliable. After dissecting the RDKit descriptors of Model C2, we found important physicochemical properties of highly active mPGES‐1 inhibitors. Besides, by analyzing the attention weight of each atom of each inhibitor from the attention layer, we found that the benzamide group and the trifluoromethyl cyclohexane group are favorable substructures for mPGES‐1 inhibitors.
Multiphase optimization strategy: How to build more effective, affordable, scalable and efficient social and behavioural oral health interventions
Authors: Guastaferro Kate , Strayhorn Jillian C.
Published: February 2023

This commentary introduces the field of social behavioural oral health interventions to the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST). MOST is a principled framework for the development, optimization and evaluation of multicomponent interventions. Drawing from the fields of engineering, behavioural science, economics, decision science and public health, intervention optimization requires a strategic balance of effectiveness with affordability, scalability and efficiency. We argue that interventions developed using MOST are more likely to maximize the public health impact of social behavioural oral health interventions.
Achieving consensus on priorities for future behavioural and social research into social inequalities—Results of polling attendees at the BEHSR/IADR Summit on Behavioral and Social Oral Health Sciences
Authors: Newton Jonathon Tim
Published: February 2023

Aim

To explore the priority given by researchers working in the field of behavioural, epidemiological and health services research to key aspects of research in oral health and inequalities.

Method

Survey of registrants at the Behavioural Epidemiological and Health Services Research group of the International Association for Dental Research (BEHSR/IADR) Summit October 2020.

Findings

The highest ranking for priority was given to ‘Testing interventions to reducing oral health inequalities’, and within this area to the exploration of public health approaches to reducing such disparities. Lower ranking priorities included ‘Describing inequalities within countries’ and ‘Describing the mechanisms by which inequality produces poor health’.

Conclusions

Registrants at the (BEHSR/IADR) Summit October 2020 gave priority to testing interventions which will seek to reduce oral health inequalities, particularly through public health approaches such as creating policy change and community level interventions. Epidemiological research describing inequalities within countries was given a lower priority.
Social capital and stock price crash risk: Evidence from US terrorist attacks
Authors: Mun Hyejin , Mun Seongjae , Kim Hyeong Joon
Published: February 2023

Research Question/Issue

This study examines whether social capital's monitoring role intensifies during post‐terrorism periods, as terrorism influences citizens' willingness to change society and increases stakeholder participation. Focusing on firms' stock price crash risk, caused by managers' opportunistic behavior (viz., bad news hoarding), we hypothesize that social capital under terrorism reduces stock price crash risk, as it is expected to play an external monitoring governance role.

Research Findings/Insights

Using US public firms, a county‐level social capital index, and terrorist attacks from 1992 to 2014, we find that social capital surrounding corporate headquarters significantly reduces stock price crash risk during post‐terrorism periods. The results are robust to propensity score matching and instrumental variable regressions, and a battery of sensitivity tests. Overall, we suggest that stakeholders' willingness (that is intensified by terrorism) to monitor firms' bad news hoarding is channeled through social capital. Furthermore, the monitoring role of social capital under terrorism is significant for firms with poor internal monitoring, more institutional investors, less entrenched managers, CEOs preferring bad news hoarding, and accompanied by improvement of analysts' forecasts, suggesting that the impact of external governance may differ by firms' governance characteristics.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We contribute to the corporate governance literature by investigating the role of social capital as external governance. While terrorism brings serious damage and economic costs, our study shows that it gives rise to the increased role of social capital, suggesting a novel perspective that terrorism's unexpected socio‐psychological outcome, being non‐financial social threats, leads to positive corporate behaviors by stimulating stakeholders' willingness to monitor firms. Our study is also consistent with the literature that social capital particularly matters in certain periods, such as traumatic events. Furthermore, the impact of a firm's external monitor differs by its governance characteristics, highlighting the importance of corporate governance.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

We suggest that social capital serves as firms' external monitor by restraining managers' bad news hoarding under certain circumstances, providing implications for policymakers and practitioners. According to our results, traumatic events, such as terrorism, could be viewed as the moderator for the impact of social capital on corporates, emphasizing the need for intensifying social capital (or making it more effective) without tragic incidents. Meanwhile, one might view social capital as the mediator for the increased willingness of individuals to monitor during the post‐terrorism period, highlighting the need for sufficient social capital in the local community.
The international system for reporting serous fluid cytopathology: The initial project survey
Authors: VandenBussche Christopher J. , Crothers Barbara , Chandra Ashish , Schmitt Fernando , Kurtycz Daniel F. I.
Published: February 2023

Objective

An international panel in the field of body fluid cytology, supported by the International Academy of Cytology and the American Society of Cytopathology, conducted a survey to identify opinions and explore existing practice patterns regarding body fluid cytopathology.

Methods

The study group, formed during the 2018 European Congress of Cytology in Madrid, generated a survey of 54 questions related to the practice and taxonomy of body fluid cytology. The survey was available online from 28 August 2018 until 10 December 2018. Participants were invited through the websites and listserves of the professional societies.

Results

The survey collected 593 international participant responses. Questions pertained to practice patterns and diagnostic language. Information was collected regarding credentials, work setting, work volume (4‐10,000 samples) and years in practice (0‐60 years). The responses revealed variations in diagnostic practice and sample management. Direct smears and ThinPrep® preparations are the most popular methods, followed by Cytospin® and SurePath®. Most (70%) respondents perform ancillary studies on their material, with over 50% preferring a cell block preparation. Approximately 32% indicated that they are capable of performing genetic studies on the samples. Nearly 78% of participants would accept a two‐stage cytology report, with a preliminary assessment followed by a final diagnosis that accounts for ancillary studies to generate a more precise cytological interpretation. Approximately one‐third (36%) never report adequacy on body fluid samples. Most (78%) report a general category result (negative, atypical, suspicious, or positive) and 22% provide a detailed surgical pathology type report. Most (73.6%) participants believe that both Papanicolaou stains and a modified Giemsa stain (eg Diff Quik) should be standard preparations for all serous fluid cytology.

Conclusions

The results of the survey demonstrated strong support for the development of a unified system for reporting body fluid cytopathology among respondents.