bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on the Distribution ofLichina confinisandL. pygmaeain the Plymouth District
Authors: Naylor Gladys L.
Published: October 2009

Very little work has as yet been done on the occurrence and distribution of marine lichens in the Plymouth district. The present investigation of the genus Lichina was undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. J. H. Orton, who, having noticed the two Lichina species at New Train Bay near Pad-stow, North Cornwall, thought it might be of interest to determine their distribution in the Plymouth area.
Kodioides borleyi, n.sp
Authors: Walton Chas. L.
Published: October 2009

In his Report on the Actiniaria of the Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, D. C. Danielssen erected the genus Kodioides to receive the remarkable form which he named K. pedunculata, a single specimen of which was dredged at Station 35, July 5th, 1876, in 1050 fathoms, Lat. 63° 17′ N., Long. 1° 27′ W., the bottom being Biloculina Clay. The detailed description will be found in the section “Actinida,” Vol. V, pp. 77–82, PI. VI, Tigs. 3–4; XXII, 8–11; and XXIII, 1–4. The genus is there characterized as follows: “The body encrusted, piriform, with a long bare stem terminating in a pedal disc. Two series, containing a few retractile tentacles. 12 pairs of septa, of which 6 pairs perfect. Suckers on the encrusted portion of the body. No gullet-groove. Mesodermal, annular muscles. Acontia.”
The Action of some Denitrifying Bacteria in Tropical and Temperate Seas, and the Bacterial Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in the Sea
Authors: Drew G. Harold
Published: October 2009

It is generally conceded that the plankton of tropical and sub-tropical seas is far less in quantity than that found in colder waters.

The zoö-plankton depends ultimately for its food on the phyto-plankton; hence any factor limiting the growth of the phyto-plankton, which is capable of functioning in tropical and not in temperate or Arctic waters, might offer an explanation of this phenomenon. It has been shown by various investigators that this factor is not temperature, light, or salinity, and it has been suggested that the explanation may lie in the relative deficiency in tropical seas of the nitrates or nitrogenous compounds which are so essential for all plant life. A matter of common observation in support of this view is the remarkable scarcity of algal growth in the shallow waters of tropical shores as compared with that in similar situations in temperate regions, and the fact that in the tropics, wherever sewage or other nitrogenous waste is poured into the sea, a free growth of algæ is found.
A Table showing certain Cultural Characteristics of some of the Commonest Bacteria found in the Laboratory Tanks at Plymouth
Authors: Drew G. Harold
Published: October 2009

The following table is merely intended as a rough classification of eight of the most common species of bacteria found in the Laboratory Tanks. Only the forms which occur free in the water in the greatest numbers have been considered, and the moulds and higher bacteria which can be cultivated from scrapings from the walls of the tanks have not been included.
Note on the Early Larvæ of Nephthys and Glycera
Authors: Fuchs H. M.
Published: October 2009

The larva of Nephthys was originally described by Claparède and Mecznikow (2) in 1868, from specimens obtained from the Plankton at Naples. Since then it has been figured by Fewkes (3), Häcker (5), and Gravely (4). The larva of Glycera is, as far as I am aware, hitherto undescribed.
The Relation of the Heart-Beat to Electrolytes and its Bearing on Comparative Physiology
Authors: Mines George Ralph
Published: October 2009

An objection often raised to experiments on tissues treated with artificial solutions and isolated from nervous control is that results obtained under such highly abnormal conditions can be of no real value. This criticism arises essentially from a misconception as to the aim of the experiments in question, but it is encountered so frequently that it may not be out of place to consider briefly why it is necessary for the physiologist who would learn something of the more intimate mechanism of the cell to work with tissues under artificial conditions.
Types of Crustacean Blood Coagulation
Authors: Tait John
Published: October 2009

Having been engaged at intervals during the last few years in studying from a physiological point of view the coagulation of crustacean blood—Tait (08), (10, A and B), (11)—and finding more variation in this regard in different Crustacea than has hitherto been recognized, it suggested itself to me to inquire if the observed differences are correlated with any special physiological peculiarities, and, further, if they depend in marked degree on phylogenetic relationship. It is not a simple matter to settle either of these questions, and I make no pretence to have done so. At the same time, I have thought it worth while to put my observations on record, in the hope that the matter may thus sooner arrive at a satisfactory settlement.
The Amphipoda collected by the “Huxley” from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906
Authors: Sexton E. W.
Published: October 2009

The Amphipoda dealt with in this paper were collected in August, 1906, by Dr. Allen, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of examining them.

The collection contained thirty-five species (belonging to twenty families), of which one only,Tryphosites alleni, is new to science. Five others,Stenothoe richardi, Syrrhoites walkeri, Syrrhoe affinis, Eusirus biscayensis, andRhachotropis rostrata, are recorded for the first time since their original discovery. The geographical range of five species has been considerably extended, viz.Syrrhoe affinis, Tmetonyx similis, Sympleustes glaber, Epimeria parasitica, andLaetmatophihis tuberculatus;the four last forms have not been hitherto recorded with certainty south of Norway.
Note on Abnormal Pigmentation of a Whiting infected by Trematode larvæ
Authors: Gamble F. W. , Drew G. H.
Published: October 2009

In one of the tanks at the Plymouth Laboratory containing pipe-fish and sticklebacks, a whiting was found recently which exhibited black specks scattered over its pigmented areas and on the conjunctiva. The spots were fairly evenly distributed and averaged .5 to .1 mm. in diameter. Around each black point there was a clear unpigmented area.
Pallasia murata, n. sp.: a new British Sabellarian
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: October 2009

Fragments of a large tube built of pieces of coarse gravel and shell, evidently the work of some Polychæte, have been constantly dredged for many years on the grounds in the neighbourhood of the Mewstone and Stoke Point, to the eastward of Plymouth Sound. Not until June 4th, 1903, was the worm first discovered to whose skill as a mason these tubes are due. On that day the Laboratory fisherman captured and drew attention to a tube which was occupied by a living worm. The specimen, along with a number of fragments of empty tube, was obtained on a patch of coarse gravel off Stoke Point.
Note on two species of Cucumaria from Plymouth, hitherto confused as C. Montagui (Fleming): C. Normani, n. sp., and C. saxicola, Brady and Robertson
Authors: Pace S.
Published: October 2009

Pending the publication, in a paper now in preparation, of an account of the Holothuria of the Plymouth district, and an attempt at a revision of the European species of that group, it has appeared advisable to publish the following short note, with the view of removing one of the most prolific of those sources of error with which the literary history of the Holothuria has come to be burdened.
Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: QUINNELL R. J. , COURTENAY O.
Published: October 2009

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused byLeishmania infantumis an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating foxCerdocyon thous, opossumsDidelphisspp., domestic catFelis cattus, black ratRattus rattusand humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.
The ultrastructure of taeniid cestode oncospheres and localization of host-protective antigens
Authors: JABBAR A. , SWIDERSKI Z. , MLOCICKI D. , BEVERIDGE I. , LIGHTOWLERS M. W.
Published: October 2009

Taeniid eggs contain an infective larval form of the parasite, known as the oncosphere, which has been found to be highly susceptible to attack by the host's immune system and this fact has been exploited in the development of highly effective vaccines. Relatively little is known about the structure of taeniid oncospheres and the localization of host-protective antigens within or on the oncosphere. Here, we briefly review the current state of knowledge of the structure of the oncosphere and present preliminary data on the localization of a host-protective antigen within the oncospheres of Taenia ovis. The precise localization of the antigens, in the context of a detailed knowledge of the ultrastructure of the parasite, may reveal the immune mechanisms by which the taeniid parasites are killed by vaccine-induced immune responses, which, in turn, may provide clues about how vaccines could be developed against other parasitic helminths.
Immunization with SmIg, a novel tegument protein fromSchistosoma mansoni, fails to induce protection in mice but reduces liver pathology
Authors: PINHO J. M. R. , CARDOSO F. C. , LOPES D. O. , PINHEIRO C. S. , CALIARI M. V. , OLIVEIRA F. M. S. , LEITE L. C. , OLIVEIRA S. C.
Published: October 2009

Proteins associated with the schistosome tegument are of great importance for the development of new intervention strategies since they may be exposed on the surface of the parasite. Herein, we have isolated a cDNA clone encoding for theSchistosoma mansoniSmIg and its recombinant protein was tested as a potential vaccine candidate. Initially, its amino acid sequence was analysed by bioinformatics and shown to possess an N-terminal signal peptide, a C-terminal transmembrane helix, 4 glycosylation sites, an immunoglobulin conserved domain and 73% similarity with a hypotheticalS. japonicumprotein of unknown function. SmIg was produced byE. colias a recombinant protein (rSmIg) and its protective effectiveness was evaluated againstS. mansoniinfection with 100 cercariae in a murine model. Mice immunized with rSmIg induced an immune response characterized by dominant IgG1 isotype and significant levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4. Although immunogenic, the recombinant vaccine failed to induce worm burden reduction when compared to the infected control group. However, rSmIg-immunized mice had significant reductions of liver granuloma volume and fibrosis content by 31·8% and 49%, respectively. In conclusion, SmIg is a new tegument protein fromS. mansonithat plays an important role in reducing pathology induced by parasite infection.
The three-spined stickleback-Schistocephalus solidussystem: an experimental model for investigating host-parasite interactions in fish
Authors: BARBER I. , SCHARSACK J. P.
Published: October 2009

Plerocercoids of the pseudophyllidean cestodeSchistocephalus solidusinfect the three-spined sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus, with important consequences for the biology of host fish. Techniques for culturing the parasitein vitroand generating infective stages that can be used to infect sticklebacks experimentally have been developed, and the system is increasingly used as a laboratory model for investigating aspects of host-parasite interactions. Recent experimental laboratory studies have focused on the immune responses of hosts to infection, the consequences of infection for the growth and reproductive development of host fish and the effects of infection on host behaviour. Here we introduce the host and the parasite, review the major findings of these recent experimental infection studies and identify further aspects of host parasite interactions that might be investigated using the system.
A Balancing Act between Universities and Trade Union Headquarters: The Swedish Labour History Project at the Labour Movement Archives and Library in Stockholm
Authors: Misgeld Klaus , Neunsinger Silke
Published: October 2009

The Labour Movement Archives and Library in Stockholm (Arbetarrörelsens arkiv och bibliotek, or ARAB) has been and still is one of the more important nodes of labor history in Sweden. It is well known among academics as well as activists who aim to write movement history. ARAB is financed not only by the Swedish state but also the labor movement to generate new ideas for public labor history. Although there are many units and higher education institutions in Sweden that played a vital role during the 1970s and 1980s, it was probably the research agendas developed by ARAB through seminars and publications that kept the field of labor history a vibrant area of scholarship. The main difference between ARAB and similar institutions is its steady attempt to create spaces where academics—such as historians and social scientists—and activists can meet in order to produce and promote new approaches to labor history. The results and even the success of this work have been built on two institutions at ARAB: the journal Arbetarhistoria, published since 1977, and the research council at ARAB, established in the early 1980s.
History of the Workers' Museum in Denmark
Authors: Ludvigsen Peter
Published: October 2009

The Workers' Museum in Copenhagen was formally inaugurated on April 12, 1982, at a meeting held at the historic Workers' Assembly Hall at Rømersgade in Copenhagen, the prime location near the Royal Gardens and Rosenborg Palace where the museum is located. At that time the museum had a governing board with representatives of The National Museum, The Museum of Copenhagen, The Library and Archives of the Danish Labour Movement, The University of Copenhagen, the National College of the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO), the Friends of the Workers' Museum, and the General Council of the Federation of Trade Unions.
Union History Online: Digitization Projects in the Trades Union Congress Library Collections
Authors: Coates Chris
Published: October 2009

Since its foundation as a central body for British trade unions in 1868, the Trades Union Congress (TUC) has been involved in the creation of the welfare state and public health, education and social services. It has helped to ensure legal rights in employment and an end to discrimination. The Labour Party was established by the TUC so that working people could have their own representatives in Parliament. The TUC has played an important role in international affairs, and union representatives have sat on public bodies and government advisory boards at national and international level.
Labor History and Public History in Australia: Allies or Uneasy Bedfellows?
Authors: Taksa Lucy
Published: October 2009

This paper reflects on the ways in which public labor history and more populist forms of public history have intersected and/or diverged in Australia since the 1970s. By comparing various labor heritage programs and public history interpretation strategies at four redeveloped industrial heritage sites, it examines how both approaches have conceived and represented workers' history and the relationship between past and present, industrialization and deindustrialization. Drawing on the concepts of “nostalgia” and “nostophobia,” the paper suggests that in Australia, labor history/heritage and public history are fundamentally at odds as a result of different political and economic imperatives and the recognition given to workers' collective traditions.
Subverting the Master's Narrative: Public Histories of Slavery in Plantation America
Authors: Giovannetti Jorge L.
Published: October 2009

This article examines public representations of slavery on plantation sites devoted to heritage tourism in the Americas. Plantations of various colonial backgrounds are compared in terms of the narratives they present, finding that the history of slavery is largely hidden in Barbados and Puerto Rico, while addressed more explicitly (although still problematically) in the Brazilian and Cuban cases. The article highlights the importance of tour guides and site administrators in the production of histories of slavery and advocates for a more proactive role of historians in the production of public histories of slavery and for more productive and instructive discussions on this thorny topic.
One Neighborhood, Two Communities: The Public Archaeology of Class in a Gentrifying Urban Neighborhood
Authors: Chidester Robert C. , Gadsby David A.
Published: October 2009

The Hampden Community Archaeology Project (HCAP) is a public archaeology project in a former textile mill neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland. Since the early 1990s the area has been transformed by gentrification. There are now two distinct communities (an older, working-class community and a newer, upper-middle-class community) in the neighborhood. The goal of HCAP is to create a critical public dialogue on issues of class and economic inequality relevant to the current issues facing the neighborhood. After three years of public archaeology in Hampden-Woodberry, the project has achieved some notable successes but has also run up against several roadblocks.
The Place of Imagery in the Transmission of Culture: The Banners of the Durham Coalfield
Authors: Wray David
Published: October 2009

The Durham Miners Gala is an annual event at which the associated branches of the Durham Miners Association carry their banners to a rally held in the city of Durham. The imagery displayed on those banners is representative of the class struggle to create a trade union that would represent and protect individuals and communities against the vagaries of the unbridled capitalism of the nineteenth century. In this way a tradition (and culture) was created not by social or political elites, but developed from ground level to counteract attempts to subsume them into a dominant ideology that saw them as little more than serfs.
Going Public: Archie Green's Lifelong Commitment to Laboring Culture
Authors: Burns Sean
Published: October 2009

Known as the “Dean of Laborlore,” Archie Green, who died this past March, spent much of the twentieth century developing innovative public sector projects at the intersection of labor history, occupational folklore, and cultural studies. In 1971, for example, he helped initiate the Working Americans Exhibition on the Washington Mall of the United States Capitol. Using this exhibit as a starting point, this article examines Green's orientation to publicly presenting labor culture and history. I draw from Robert McCarl's reflections on the challenges of the Working Americans Exhibit and suggest that several life experiences uniquely qualified Archie Green to meet these challenges. Excerpting from interviews with Green, I explore how his childhood in East Los Angeles combined with his years as a union shipwright in San Francisco to develop a strong analysis of, and civic commitment to, public workers' folklife. Central to this commitment is a generative, if uneasy, pairing of syndicalist ideals with pragmatic New Deal-inspired politics. I examine how immigrant Scottish shipwrights, educated in the militant syndicalist and Marxist tradition of John Maclean, particularly influenced Green. Raising questions of historiography, I conclude by suggesting we should view Green's integration of scholarly and public sector work as vitally contributing to the emergent cultural sensibility in New Labor History, folklore, American Studies, and public history in the late 1960s and 1970s.
The Labor Question in Colonial Cyprus, 1936–1941: Political Stakes in a Battle of Denominations
Authors: Rappas Alexis
Published: October 2009

Taking as a starting point two strikes in colonial Cyprus in the 1930s—the miners' strike in 1936 in which both Greek-Cypriots and Turkish-Cypriots were involved and the all-female spinners' strike in 1938—this paper looks at how the labor movement deeply transformed the political landscape of the island. In a society closely monitored by British colonial authorities and well acquainted with the Greek-Cypriot claim for Enosis, or the political union of Cyprus with Greece, the labor question became a locus, or “interstice of power structure,” articulating competing and mutually exclusive visions of Cyprus as a polity. More generally the paper investigates the modalities of formation of a collective group allegiance in a context of constraint.
Gas–plasma and superlattice free-electron lasers exploiting a medium with periodically modulated refractive index
Authors: Apollonov V.V. , Artemyev A.I. , Fedorov M.V. , McIver J.K. , Shapiro E.A.
Published: October 2009

Free-electron lasers exploiting media with periodically modulated refractive indices are studied. The regime of large modulation is considered, and the conditions of its realization are discussed. Two types of media with periodically modulated refractive indices are analyzed: a gas-plasma medium with a periodically varying degree of ionization and a superlattice-like medium. The gain, saturation field, and efficiency of these free-electron lasers are found. For any given frequency, the gain is optimized with respect to the choice of electron energy, direction of motion, and other parameters. Its relationship with other types of free-electron lasers (e.g., the Cherenkov laser) is discussed.
Generation of hot and dense plasmas in laser accelerated colliding foil systems
Authors: Angelo P. , Derfoul H. , Gauthier P. , Sauvan P. , Poquerusse A. , Ceccotti T. , Leboucher-Dalimier E. , Shepard T. , Back C. , Vollbrecht M. , Uschmann I. , Förster E.
Published: October 2009

We create hot (Te > 200 eV) and dense (Ne > 1023 cm−3) plasmas in the colliding zone of two thin foils accelerated by two laser beams of the LULI facilities. Three spectroscopic diagnostics (two 1D space-resolved spectrographs and a 2D monochromatic imaging) are used to drive the efficiency of the compression. We show that 2D effects are important. Realistic simulations of these experiments must be done, taking into account the inhomogeneity of the laser intensity in the focal spot, the foil distorsion, the plasma lateral expansion, and the lateral thermal conduction. Two-dimensional LASNEX code results are in good agreement with our experimental results. The optimized compressed plasmas generated are favorable for the exhibition of dense plasma effects due to molecular formations, and they reproduce in laboratory some astrophysical situations.
Dynamics of photo-ablated carbon plasma in an inert gas atmosphere
Authors: Kerdja T. , Abdelli S. , Amara E. H. , Ghobrini D. , Si-Bachir M. , Malek S.
Published: October 2009

Time and space-resolved emission spectroscopy measurements were performed to investigate plasma dynamics during laser evaporation of a graphite target in an ambient inert atmosphere. Intense molecular emission is found to occur behind a front separating the plasma from the foreign gas. Two stages of expansion are found and are well described, using a viscous drag force model for the first one and a delayed ideal blast wave model for the second. The vibrational temperature estimated using the Swan band in helium at different pressures is presented.
Study on the hydrodynamical behavior of thin foils irradiated by near-field ISI smoothed beams
Authors: Strangio C. , Caruso A.
Published: October 2009

The evolution of thin foils accelerated over distances much greater than their in-flight thickness has been studied for a classical, low power density regime (5 × 1012 and 2 × 1013 W/cm2 at λ = 1.054 μm, 0.15 THz bandwidth). Two illumination modes have been used, one of these being based on a near-field, multi-lens array ISI smoothing, the other on focusing by F/1 aspherical lenses. The results seem to be encouraging with regard to the possibility of getting smooth, spatially uniform acceleration over distances of the order of 100 × IFFT (In-Flight-Foil Thickness). The experiments with nonsmoothed beams have shown a sort of refractive interchange stabilization for the initial on-target imprinting of the illumination non-uniformities.
Formation of the X-ray line emission spectrum of excimer laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Magunov A. , Faenov A. , Skobelev I. , Pikuz T. , Batani D. , Milani M. , Costato M. , Pozzi A. , Turcu E. , Allot R. , Koenig M. , Benuzzi A. , Flora F. , Reale A.
Published: October 2009

Time- and space-integrated emission spectra measurements have been performed in plasma produced by 308 nm wavelength XeCl laser radiation (IL = (4–10)·1012 W/cm2, τ = 10 ns) and by 248 nm wavelength KrF laser pulse train radiation (IL = 5·1015 W/cm2, τ = 7 ps, 16 pulses in train) on CF2 plane target. Theoretical modelling of Lyman series and He-like ion resonance series of fluorine and its fit of experimental data show considerable differences in the absorption of laser radiation in the two plasmas.
Diffraction and transport in dense plasmas: Especially liquid metals
Authors: March N. H. , Tosi M. P.
Published: October 2009

Recent computer experiments on liquid Mg and Bi (and also on dense hydrogen) have focussed anew on issues involving static and dynamical structure in plasmas. In Mg and Bi, under normal liquid metal conditions, separation of core and valence electrons is valuable both for thermodynamics and in interpreting diffraction experiments. Mg is considered in some detail as a specific example where there is weak electron–ion interaction. Finally, dynamical structure is considered. After a brief summary relating back to the electron–electron pair correlation contribution in X-ray scattering, attention is next focussed on the (longitudinal) viscosity of alkali metals via the Kubo formula. This viscosity is shown to be dominated by ion–ion interactions. Nevertheless, an intimate relation at the melting point is exposed between shear viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical resistivity, the latter two transport coefficients being dominated by electrons.
Statistical ignition of high density D-T fuel
Authors: Caruso Angelo , Strangio Carmela
Published: October 2009

In energy-oriented ICF, a nondeterministic ignition process can be acceptable, provided the ignition probability be large enough. We present fuel gain calculations for D-T assemblies ignited by a supercritical spark, statistically created within a cluster of many subcritical ones, at the end of an implosion process. It is assigned the total number of sparks and the probability of having at least one of them supercritical. Comparatively to the central, single-spark approach, the multi-spark scheme is characterized by relaxed symmetry requirements. This allows to consider as realistic the achievement of higher fuel densities and gains comparable (or higher) to those typical of the single-spark approach, as evaluated for currently accepted spark convergence ratios.
Brilliance of X rays and gamma rays produced by Compton backscattering of laser light from high-energy electrons
Authors: John R. W.
Published: October 2009

In the Compton backscattering of laser light from a high-energy electron beam, the scattered photons are, as is well known, much harder than the incident photons. In connection with the inverse Compton effect, the spectral brightness, the brilliance of the backscattered radiation is theoretically investigated. For the brilliance B [photons/(sec × mm2 × sr × 0.1% bandwidth)] of the scattered radiation a defining relation is given. Then, the intensity I0 and the wavelength λ 0 of the incident laser light are assumed such that the intensity parameter η is sufficiently smaller than 1, so that with regard to the scattering process, multiphoton effects need not be considered, and the backscattered photon energy hν and the differential cross section dσ/dω approximately do not depend on η. In this case, the brilliance B linearly scales with I0. Furthermore, it is assumed that the primary electron and the incident laser photon are counterpropagating along a straight line, the head-on incidence of the laser photon. On these assumptions, for the brilliance B of the backscattered radiation, B depending on the back-scattered photon energy hν, an explicit formula is derived; from it, by approximations, a shorter formula for B is obtained.
Evaluation of focusing characteristics of spherical plasma focus diode
Authors: Imanari Kazuo , Bingo Takeru , Sasaki Kozue , Jiang Weihua , Masugata Katsumi , Yatsui Kiyoshi
Published: October 2009

Experiments and the associated simulations for the evaluation of the focusibility of spherical Plasma focus diode (SPFD) were carried out. To evaluate the ion beam focusibility, two types of time-integrated Rutherford scattering pinhole camera were used: angle-integrated and angle-resolved type. From the former method, the ion beam has been found to focus in a cylindrical area with 4.5mmφ × 6.0 mm. The ion density profile shows a peak at 2.5 mm downstream from the geometric focusing point. From the latter method, it is found that a large fraction of the ion beam is produced from the downstream region of the diode. In simulations, the influence of an initial ion thermal energy was evaluated on the ion beam focusibility. When the initial energy is 20 eV, the ion beam focused in a cylindrical area of 0.4 mmφ × 2.4 mm. The experimental focusing parameters seem to be much worse than those evaluated numerically presumably due to the aiming error of ion beam.
The Concept of Well-Being
Authors: Qizilbash Mozaffar
Published: October 2009

The concept of well-being is central to the subject matter of moral philosophy as well as economics. According to some moral theorists (particularly utilitarians) morality is about the maximization of social well-being. According to others, notably John Rawls (1972) we ought to give particular priority to the worst off members in society. Both these and other moral positions, whatever the priority they attach to different members of society in arriving at moral judgements, require an account of well-being or advantage. The concern with well-being is thus of foundational importance in moral philosophy, even if well-being is not thought of as all that matters. Furthermore, those who want to distinguish ‘morality’ from ‘self-interest’ must furnish us with an account of human interests, so that we can distinguish the moral realm from that of self-interest or prudence. The concerns of moral philosophers, here, clearly overlap with those of economists. Economists (particularly in welfare and development economics) are much concerned with questions of how well people are doing, with their ‘standard of living’ or ‘quality of life’. However, there are very different ways of thinking about each of these ideas. Indeed, we need to discriminate between different views of the quality of life and to decide which is the most appropriate for the purposes of moral theory and the normative parts of economics.
Grappling With the Centipede: Defence of Backward Induction for BI-Terminating Games
Authors: Rabinowicz Wlodek
Published: October 2009

According to the standard objection to backward induction in games, its application depends on highly questionable assumptions about the players' expectations as regards future counterfactual game developments. It seems that, in order to make predictions needed for backward reasoning, the players must expect (i) each player to act rationally at each node that in principle could be reached in the game, and also to expect (ii) that this confidence in the future rationality of the players would be kept by each player come what may: even at the game-nodes that could only be reached by irrational play. Both expectations seem to be rather unreasonable: a player's initial disposition to rational behaviour may be weakened by a long stretch of irrational play on his part and, even more importantly, his initial confidence in the other players' future rationality may be undermined by an irrational play on their part. For different formulations of this objection see Binmore (1987), Reny (1988) and (1989), Bicchieri (1989), Pettit and Sugden (1989). (For defences of backward induction see Sobel (1993) and Aumann (1995) and (1996).)
A Fragment of a Secular Poem of Judah Hallevi
Authors: Pagis Dan
Published: October 2009

Among Yehudah Hallevi's poems which have come to light since H. Brody's edition of the Diwan (1894–1930), the great majority are liturgical and only very few are secular poems. Here a new fragment of an unknown secular poem by Hallevi is published according to two Genizah manuscripts, T-S NS 96.18 and MC IV 136. The T-S manuscript, our main source, is a single torn sheet, which contains the first three lines (written as six hemistichs) and traces of the fourth. It explicitly attributes the poem to Yehudah Hallevi. The verso contains the end of a known piyyut by Abraham Ibn Ezra and two anonymous poems (one of them homonymic) whose unusual meter and awkward phrasing seem to point to a later period.

Hallevi's poem, “Shalom lekha shemesh be-'et hillo” (Peace upon you, radiant sun) is a panegyric addressed to a patron or friend. It starts in medias res with highflown eulogies, dispensing with the introduction often found in other poems of this genre. With regard to style and meter the fragment is adroitly written; however, its imagery and attitude are largely conventional. The patron or friend is extolled as a sun, a star, a mast and a cedar tree—all of which are conventional materials in panegyrics. Moreover the images are linked only by their common subject and not at all on the metaphorical level, and the formulation is impersonal. These traits were very common to contemporary panegyrics, one of the more conventional genres of the school, but Yehudah Hallevi usually took care to interweave the images in various subtle ways. Of course, he may also have done this here, in the lines that did not survive—probably the greater part of the poem. The text is printed with a commentary that includes parallels from Hallevi's and Moses Ibn Ezra's poetry illustrating the more conventional imagery
A Kurdish Jewish Variant of the Ballad of “The Bridge of Arta”
Authors: Shai Donna
Published: October 2009

Reinterpretation is one of the most characteristic qualities of Jewish folklore. In the process of reinterpretation, “alien” material is adapted and varied to find meaningful expression within the framework of Jewish life and tradition. An example of this process is the ballad “Nemo Delale” in the Zakho Jewish dialect of Neo-Aramaic. A variant of the important and well-known ballad narrative associated with the Balkan Peninsula, “The Bridge of Arta,” this ballad is known in Greek as “The Bridge of Arta” (Lawson 1910: 263), in Albanian as “Rozafati” (Skendi 1954: 50–55), in Serbian as “Zidanje Skadra” (Skendi 1954: 50–55), in Rumanian as “Master Manhole or the Building of Arges” (Entwistle 1939: 309), and in Judeo-Spanish as “The Princess and the Bozaǧí” (Attias 1956: 161–162). Versions have also been collected in Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Hungarian. Hitherto the distribution of the ballad was considered to be limited exclusively to the Balkan Peninsula (Armistead and Silverman 1963: 16). The appearance of the ballad as far east as Kurdistan, and among the Neo-Aramaic-speaking Jews of Zakho, raises theoretical questions in regard to the diffusion of the ballad to the east, and in regard to the possibility of contact among Jewish groups of this area.
On Some Aspects of Prayer in the Bible
Authors: Tigay Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2009

The root metaphor of God's kingship appears to have been the most fertile of those applied to God in the Bible. Although this metaphor was commonly applied to deities in the ancient Near East, in Israel it bore unique fruits. The seriousness with which it was taken is manifested in Israel's unique conception of her relation with God as a covenant with a suzerain. Conformably, Israel viewed her title to her land as a grant from the suzerain. Her prophets were pictured as royal messengers or ambassadors. Similarly expressive of God's kingship is the Israelite concept of divine authorship of laws, a role reserved for kings elsewhere in the ancient Near East.
Some Uses of Justification in Jewish Education
Authors: Ackerman Walter I.
Published: October 2009

The justification of plans and programs is a necessary condition of the relationship between systems of education, both obligatory and voluntary, and the publics they serve. Those who are responsible for the conduct of the educational enterprise in general and the schooling of the young in particular must provide those who support the system, financially and otherwise, with acceptable and defensible reasons for the efforts and activities of the schools. The idea of justification in education rests on the assumption that the process of schooling, whatever its form and content, is subject to rational control and that the authority for the conduct of schools is derived from the principles inherent in the justification offered. A proferred justification is most effective and likely of acceptance when the positions it generates on educational issues fit the general fabric of ideals and aspirations of the society to which it is addressed. If, as we believe, justification is a necessary part of the rhetoric which surrounds legislatively determined and state maintained school systems—i.e., systems whose right to existence is not subject to question or doubt in any modern society and where attendance is required by law—then it follows that it is of even greater significance for voluntary school systems which lack the coercive power of their governmental counterparts—i.e., Jewish education.
Tumultus Et Rumor in Sinagoga: An Aspect of Social Life of Provençal Jews in the Middle Ages
Authors: Shatzmiller Joseph
Published: October 2009

It is impossible to discuss the social life or the organization of the Jewish community in the Middle Ages without noting the fact that the synagogue was its center. In many cases the synagogue was the only building owned by the community as such, the only institution that actually was at everyone's disposal. It did not always happen to be a special kind of building constructed or dedicated to the worship of God: sometimes one of the city's houses, or an apartment, or a room, would serve as a synagogue. Thus we hear that in the town of Manosque in Southern France—the location of our episodes—there was in the year 1311 a synagogue located at what had formerly been the house of Macip, one of the community's members.
The Nature of Resh in Tiberian Hebrew
Authors: Revell E. J.
Published: October 2009

Records of pronunciation from early stages of a language are studied both for their interest for its general historical development and also for the light they may throw on variations in spelling. Such records were, then as now, necessarily couched in rather specialized language, and, being of limited interest, tended to suffer at the hands of copyists. For both reasons they are likely to present problems to the modern scholar. The information on resh is no exception.
The Duisburg Affair: A Test Case in the Struggle for “Conquest of the Communities”
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2009

During the years immediately preceding World War I, German Zionism boldly reoriented its ideological and political program. New leaders drawn from the ranks of a younger generation now emphasized the critical necessity of their movement for the survival of German Jewry and rejected their predecessors view that German Zionism was primarily a philanthropic cause designed to aid imperiled East European Jews. The movement also increasingly criticized the tactics and policies of other Jewish groups, claiming that Zionists best knew how to solve the problems of German Jewry. The transformed Zionist Federation of Germany thereby abandoned its earlier posture of moderation and conciliation in favor of a radical and aggressive stance intended to revitalize the movement and challenge the incumbent leadership of German Jewry.
Contra Judaeos in Seventeenth-Century Italy: Two Responses to the Discorso of Simone Luzzatto by Melchiore Palontrotti and Giulio Morosini
Authors: Ravid Benjamin
Published: October 2009

In 1638 a book entitled Discorso circa il stato de gl'hebrei et in particolar dimoranti nell'inclita città di Venetia (A Discourse on the State of the Jews, Particularly Those Dwelling in the Illustrious City of Venice), written by the prominent Venetian Rabbi, Simone Luzzatto, was published. This Italian work, 184 quarto size pages in length, was addressed to the Venetian patriciate which constituted the governing body of the city. On the basis of information contained in a seventeenth-century Hebrew chronicle first published in 1949, it appears that it had been written in order to avert an expulsion which threatened the Jews of Venice in 1636–37.
Sefirot as the Essence of God in the Writings of David Messer Leon
Authors: Tirosh-Rothschild Hava
Published: October 2009

The period from the middle of the fifteenth century to the middle of the sixteenth century marks a transition in Jewish intellectual history in the Italian Renaissance characterized by the decline of Jewish rationalism and the rise of kabbalah. This process reached its culmination with the printing of Sefer ha-Zohar in 1558–59, an event accompanied by heated controversy on many fronts. During these years we find those thinkers who unambiguously profess their allegiance to one camp or the other, but we also find many whose allegiance is at least superficially ambivalent.
R. Moses the Preacher and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha
Published: October 2009

R. Moses the Preacher in eleventh-century Narbonne was the compiler of an early example of the genre of biblical commentary to which the laterYalqut Shim'onibelongs, the anthology drawn from a wide range of rabbinic sources.Bereshit Rabbati(henceforth,BR),Midrash Aggadah, andBemidbar RabbahtoBemidbarandNasoare the surviving remnants of this work.
The End of the Universe in Medieval Jewish Philosophy
Authors: Feldman Seymour
Published: October 2009

Both the Bible and the earliest Greek philosophers begin with accounts of the world's genesis. It is thus not surprising that medieval cosmological thought was preoccupied, perhaps obsessed, with the issue of creation. But what about theendof the world? If the universe had a beginning, does it necessarily have an end? Does creation imply destruction? On this topic the Bible is not so explicit and unambiguous. Greek philosophy, however, was virtually unanimous in claiming that whatever has a beginning will have an end, and that whatever will have an end had a beginning. If this cosmological principle is construed strictly, then the world's past and its future are essentially and necessarily linked together, such that the finitude of one entails the finitude of the other. This would mean that if the temporal history of the world is finitea pane ante, then by virtue of this cosmological principle it will have a temporal enda pane post. The most vigorous and detailed defense of the strict interpretation of this general principle was given by Aristotle, who attempted to prove it in his treatiseOn the Heavens.Henceforth, I shall refer to this principle as “Aristotle's theorem.”
The Love Poetry of Yehuda Amichai
Authors: Abramson Glenda
Published: October 2009

If Yehuda Amichai does not use as topics for his work all three of those that Dante considered fundamental to poetry, salus, venus, and virtus, the second, venus, appears as a pervasive theme, perhaps the most pervasive throughout his work, revealing a consistency of idea which has unfailingly moved through the structured verse of the early volumes to the less tersely conceived poems of later years. One of the primary topics of his poetry is the alteration of love within a variety of contexts: time, war, youth and maturity, memory and religion. Love is the framework in which most of the events of the poetry take place, and it is itself celebrated or mourned in a number of long lyric cycles, particularly in the early books, written between 1948 and 1968.
The Tenuous Thread: A Venetian Lawyer's Apology for Jewish Self-Government in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Malkiel David
Published: October 2009

Ghettoization stimulated sixteenth-century Italian Jewry to develop larger and more complex political structures, because the Jewish community now became responsible for municipal tasks. This development, however, raised theological objections in Catholic circles because Christian doctrine traditionally forbade the Jewish people dominion. It also aroused hostility among the increasingly centralized governments of early modern Europe, who viewed Jewish self-government as an infringement of the sovereignty of the state. The earliest appearance of the term “state within a state,” which has become a shorthand expression for the latter view, was recently located in Venice in 1631.
The Formation Of The Biblical Narrative Corpus
Authors: Greenstein Edward L.
Published: October 2009

Following the lead of Spinoza, most of us have come to regard the sequence of Hebrew narrative from Genesis through Kings as a unified literary composition. It tells the story of Israel and its God from the creation of sky and land through the exile of Israel from its particular land. Although the anonymous narrator focuses on the fate of his people, he virtually always tries to identify with YHWH's point of view. For this reason, and possibly others, the narrator submerges his own identify and background. Unlike his near-contemporary Herodotus, who begins his Histories by introducing himself and his explicit agenda, the Hebrew author speaks from a perspective as wide as the cosmos. He would seem to assume the authority of God and give voice to a divinely certified account of his people's historical experience to (one assumes) his own community.
Imitatio Deiin Maimonides'Guide of the Perplexed
Authors: Kreisel Howard
Published: October 2009

There is probably no topic in Maimonides' philosophy more thoroughly explored than that of human perfection, many of the studies dealing explicitly with the notion ofimitatio Dei. Maimonides' view of ultimate perfection has been interpreted alternatively as primarily either intellectual, political, ethical, or halakhic. Many have interpreted Maimonides as positing a harmonious combination of the contemplative life and the life of socially oriented activity—bios praktikos—despite the evident tension between the two.Others have explained the apparent inconsistency in Maimonides' approach in terms of the distinction between exoteric and esoteric doctrines. The appropriate texts in Maimonides' writings have been analyzed in detail, and the sources at his disposal have been discussed at length. The challenge facing the student of Maimonides' thought, however, lies not only in explicating the individual texts which deal in a direct manner with the topic, but also in identifying all the issues and texts which are relevant to the topic, as well as their sources, and how they are related.