bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convergent Validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale with the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan , Joseph Stephen , McCollam Paddy
Published: August 2011

In recent years the study of subjective well-being has attracted much research interest. A 1993 operational definition is the Depression-Happiness Scale of McGreal and Joseph. The aim of the present research was to investigate the convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale with the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index. Among 40 undergraduate university students, higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale were significantly associated with lower scores on Free floating anxiety (–.63), Somatic anxiety (–.56), Depression (–.78), and Hysteria (–.36) scales but not the Phobic anxiety (–.27) or Obsessionality (–.25) scales of the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index. These data provide further evidence for the convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale.
Psychometric Properties of the Life Orientation Test and Attributional Style Questionnaire
Authors: Hjelle Larry , Belongia Christine , Nesser James
Published: August 2011

Research on dispositional optimism and explanatory style has burgeoned in recent years. The present study assessed the psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test and Attributional Style Questionnaire, two self-report scales commonly used to measure these two constructs in social-personality research. Data reported include means, standard deviations, internal reliabilities, and intercorrelations for a sample of 436 (342 women and 94 men) college students. Scores on the measures were moderately correlated ( r = .41), suggesting some conceptual overlap. No gender differences were evidenced on either scale.
A Pilot Study of Nonverbal Cues in Videotelecommunicatton
Authors: Scott Derek
Published: August 2011

With the increasing popularity of low-cost videocommunications systems and their attendant low bandwidth-resolution problems, receivers are likely to experience difficulties in recognising the sender's intended expression and feeling. As an extension of previous work in the area, this pilot study investigated the effects of three forms of degraded imaging (and their combined effects) on the nonverbal aspects of communication for one person. Degraded video messages significantly impaired the meaning of the sender.
Counselors' Adjective Correlates of Working Alliance
Authors: Dykeman Cass , LaFleur N. Kenneth
Published: August 2011

The authors present a study of 85 counselors' adjective descriptors of clients in relation to a working alliance. The imperative for such a study emerges from Gough's 1965 Conceptual Analysis of Test Scores approach to clinical measurement. For this investigation, all 300 items of the Adjective Check List were used. Working alliance was measured by the counselor's form of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short. Point biserial correlation of each adjective with inventory scores produced 54 significant adjectives. These 54 adjectives were 18 times the number expected by chance.
Predicting the Rate with Which Law Enforcement Officers are Murdered
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a time-series study of data from 1961 to 1985, the rate with which American police officers were killed by civilians was best predicted by the general homicide rate and the rate of justifiable homicide by police officers.
Shopping Motives and the Five Factor Model: An Integration and Preliminary Study
Authors: Mooradian Todd A. , Olver James M.
Published: August 2011

In consumer psychology, a primary and recurring goal of retail patronage and research on segmentation has been the identification of enduring differences in shopping patterns and predispositions. Generally, researchers have profited from the development of narrow and focused individual differences including differences across shopping motives. At the same time, in the personality literature, the Five Factor Model has emerged as an important taxonomy of global personality traits This paper relates shopping motives to the Five Factor Model and thereby enriches our understanding of individual differences at both the global and domain-specific levels and advances the integration of models of consumers' behavior with emerging scholarship and theory on personality.
The Face of AIDS: Effects of Physical Attractiveness and Target Gender on Inferred Mode of HIV Infection
Authors: Boehm Lawrence , Wambaugh Melissa , Riney Tim , Kunzelman Carrie
Published: August 2011

We examined the effects of physical attractiveness on the assumed mode of HIV acquisition. 176 students read a description of an HIV-positive target whose photograph was placed above the description. A 2 (target gender) by 2 (attractive or unattractive target) factorial design was used. Unattractive targets were perceived as more likely to have acquired HIV through homosexual relationships. Further, men were perceived as more likely than women to have acquired HIV homosexually. Attractiveness did not bias health-care allocations regarding the infected target.
The Greek-American Acculturation Scale: Development and Validity
Authors: Harris Allen C. , Verven Renee
Published: August 2011

The development of a self-report measure of acculturation in Greek-Americans began with item construction in three systematic steps. First, four first-generation Greek-American judges who were familiar with both Greek-American and Anglo-American cultures were asked to generate separate lists of cultural beliefs and practices along seven dimensions on which Anglo-Americans and Greek-Americans differ. Second, the most commonly listed beliefs and practices identified by the judges were included in a pilot inventory. Here, three Greek-American judges rated the accuracy of items as measures of Greek-American acculturation. Third, a 44-item revised inventory of items that had the highest mean ratings (content validation) showed good construct and concurrent validity among Greek-Americans.
Gender Differences in Attitudes and Recruitment into Psychiatry
Authors: Eagles John M.
Published: August 2011

Factors in change of attitude toward psychiatry and encouragement of women into the field are mentioned.
Validating Fowler's Theory of Faith Development with College Students
Authors: Das Ajit , Harries Beverly
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to validate an aspect of Fowler's theory of faith development with 32 college students. Results obtained were consistent with Fowler's theory. Significant gender differences were found in regard to Stage 4 faith development.
On Sin, Symptom Substitution, and Simplicity: A Response to “Preventing Relapse in Weight Control”
Authors: Baker Richard C.
Published: August 2011

A critique is provided of the Turner, Wang, and Westerfield (1995) article on maintenance of weight.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire
Authors: Domino George
Published: August 2011

Test-retest reliabilities for the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire are presented for eight samples across seven countries, representing both Eastern and Western cultures. Despite the variability of the samples and of the test-retest intervals, values fully support the reliability of the subscales.
Relating Depressive Symptoms to Machiavellianism in a Turkish Sample
Authors: Bakir Bilal , Yilmaz U. Reha , Yavas Ismail
Published: August 2011

The Turkish forms of Beck Depression Inventory and The Mach IV Scale were administered to all 690 students of a Military Medical School. There was a significant correlation of .21 between scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and those on the Mach IV scale for the 658 men. This was not surprising, given the characteristics of Machiavellian people previously described.
Risk Screening for Adverse Outcomes in Subacute Care
Authors: Evans Ron L. , Connis Richard T.
Published: August 2011

Purpose of this study was to identify variables near hospital admission that could identify patients at risk for placement, death, or readmission. The goals were to assess sensitivity and specificity of screening strategies in predicting adverse outcomes that deter or affect home health care. We evaluated whether generic screens might efficiently identify type of outcome. Criteria reported in the literature were used to predict outcomes for 1,332 admissions. Factors that discriminated type of outcome included comorbidity, mental status, living arrangement, transfer to special care, prior admission, iatrogenic trauma, and pending litigation. We conclude risk scores can accurately predict outcome of hospital treatment, which may be useful in targeting patients for intervention. Using billing data, although rather insensitive, was the most cost-effective strategy.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-Ii Follow-Up of Patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder
Authors: Ellason Joan W. , Ross Colin A.
Published: August 2011

This study is part of a two-year follow-up assessment of 35 out of 96 patients clinically diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, who were administered the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II. Eight subjects achieved integration during the two-year follow-up period. Significant improvement was evident for raw scores on the Self-defeating, Borderline, Paranoid, Anxiety, Somatoform, Dysthymia, Alcohol Dependence, and Drug Dependent scales among both the integrated and nonintegrated patients, with clinically meaningful Base Rate reductions occurring on Self-defeating, Borderline, Avoidant, Passive-Aggressive, Anxiety, Dysthymia, and Major Depression scales following integration. Although Dissociative Identity Disorder presents with polysymptomatology, much treatment progress can be achieved during pre-integration and dramatic improvement follows integration.
Consequences of Interpersonal Relationships between Teaching Assistants and Supervising Faculty
Authors: Meyers Steven A.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated how teaching assistants' relationships with their supervising instructors affect their ratings of role satisfaction and effectiveness. Teaching assistants' most positive and negative experiences with faculty varied on the basis of the instructor's style of authority. Instructors who provided the most positive experiences were rated highly by assistants and classified as democratic or permissive. Their most negative experiences were associated with instructors whom the teaching assistants perceived as highly demanding, i.e., authoritarian. Ratings of satisfaction and effectiveness were significantly associated with judgments of instructors who were classified as showing a democratic style of authority.
Benefits of Formal Training Courses: Gender Effects?
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This further analysis of data from an earlier work examined potential effects of gender and benefits of formal training for a sample of professional and managerial women ( n = 478) and men ( n = 725) employed with the same firm. Two aspects of formal training were considered, participation in courses and rated usefulness of formal training courses. Only usefulness of training courses was related to work outcomes among men, while both participating in more formal courses and usefulness of these courses were related to work outcomes among women.
Relationship between Personal Prayer and School-Related Attitudes among 11–16-Year-Old Girls
Authors: Montgomery Alice , Francis Leslie J.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 392 girls between the ages of 11 and 16 years attending a state-maintained single-sex Catholic secondary school completed six semantic differential scales of attitudes toward school and toward lessons concerned with English, music, religion, mathematics, and sports, together with information about paternal employment and their personal practice of prayer. The relationship between personal prayer and attitude toward school after controlling for age and social class was positive.
Eating Disorder and Manic-Depressive Tendencies
Authors: Williams Delisia , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 50 female college students, scores on two screening instruments for eating disorders differed in whether they were associated with manic or depressive tendencies.
Cognitive and Psychodynamic Correlates of Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Bachelor Alexandra , Bleau Patricia , Raymond Danielle
Published: August 2011

31 depressed, 26 nondepressed participants completed measures reflecting putative cognitive and psychodynamic characteristics of self-reported depression. Of the 16 variables 9 discriminated the groups in the expected direction. Ten characteristics correlated significantly with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, 4 reflecting negative automatic drinking, two of which (Negative Self-concepts and Expectations, Low Self-esteem) were important predictors of severity of depression.
Gender Issues and Students' Perceptions of Instructors' Immediacy and Evaluation of Teaching and Course
Authors: Rowden Gail V. , Carlson Robert E.
Published: August 2011

This study reports on relationships between teachers' immediacy and students' evaluations of the course and teacher, and differences among these variables based on teachers' and students' gender. Analysis showed that for 197 undergraduate students (105 women and 92 men) immediacy, course evaluation, and evaluations of their teachers (104 men and 92 women) were positively correlated. There were no differences by gender for immediacy, but three gender differences were found—female instructors received higher teacher and course ratings than their male peers, and female students with male instructors rated the course lower than any other gender grouping.
Compliance with Follow-Up Care among Adolescent Males with Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Weinman Maxine L. , Smith Peggy B. , Buzi Ruth S.
Published: August 2011

The aim of the study was to investigate behavioral and sociodemographic characteristics of a sample of 45 male adolescents with sexually transmitted diseases who attended family planning clinics. Low rates of compliance with follow-up care were noted. Only 13 (28.9%) males returned to the clinic for their scheduled appointments. Neither behavioral nor sociodemographic variables were related to compliance.
Nonsmoking College Students' Attitudes toward Smokers and Smoking
Authors: Hines David
Published: August 2011

Although teenagers may begin smoking to enhance their social image, there is little evidence about how nonsmokers feel about their smoking peers or about nonsmokers' attitudes toward exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, so a 22-item questionnaire was administered to 547 nonsmoking college students. They reported that they were less likely to want a smoker for a roommate, date, or potential spouse. Most nonsmokers were bothered a great deal by environmental cigarette smoke and would want a smoke-free residence if living with a smoker. Almost all nonsmokers felt that environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of serious disease. 92% strongly supported a ban on smoking in university classroom buildings and increased taxes on cigarettes.
Fear of Success among Business Students
Authors: Rothman Miriam
Published: August 2011

The concept of “Fear of Success” was measured with 352 male and female business students using the prompt, After first term finals, Ann(John) finds her(him)self at the top of her(his) Medical/Nursing school class. Analysis indicated a greater frequency of fear-of-success imagery among men than women and in particular to the John in Medical school and Ann in Nursing school cues. In addition, the Ann cue and the Medical school cue generated more fear-of-success responses among men than women.
Adaptation Strategies and Transient Niches of One Middle-Class Inmate in Prison
Authors: Wooden Wayne S. , Ballan Alex O.
Published: August 2011

This analysis documents the all-pervasive dynamics of a prison inmate's socialization and shows how one can develop coping strategies or transient niches over an extended period of time which allow for progression through five broad sequential stages.
Casino Use by College Students
Authors: Devlin Ann Sloan , Peppard Donald M.
Published: August 2011

College students' gambling behavior ( N = 238) at the Foxwoods Resort Casino in Mashantucket, Connecticut was investigated using the South Oaks Gambling Screen. Of the 730 randomly sampled students, 238 returned usable questionnaires, a return rate of 32.5%. Only 35 (14.8%) of the students indicated having visited Foxwoods, of these, 26 (11% of the total) reported having gambled. Rates of problem were relatively low (6 students; 2.5%) and few underage students (3 students; 1.9%) reported using Foxwoods in the fall of 1994. As in other studies of casino gambling by students, slot machines and blackjack were the most frequent activities.
Chronic Psychiatric Patients' Use of Caffeine: Pharmacological Effects and Mechanisms
Authors: Kruger Arnold
Published: August 2011

The uses and effects of caffeine as a psychoactive drug in chronic psychiatric inpatient groups are described. Caffeine use and abuse is linked etiologically to diverse psychiatric disorders; its mechanisms of action are examined in relation to anxiety, anxiety neuroses, psychosis, schizophrenia, and caffeine intoxication and dependence. It is postulated that deleterious effects may result from the interaction of caffeine with commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs. A possible model of caffeine abuse is discussed. Increased public education about potential health problems related to caffeine consumption is suggested, and further controls of caffeine in psychiatric settings are recommended.
Does Artistic Creativity Decline during Elementary School?
Authors: Baer John
Published: August 2011

Some psychologists have argued that artistic creativity declines during the elementary school years. This hypothesis was tested by having 108 students in kindergarten and Grades 3, 4, and 5 produce collages which were then judged for creativity using a consensual assessment technique. Contrary to the hypothesis of a creative decline, artistic creativity on this collage-making task as rated by 18 undergraduate art education students was higher among older elementary school students.
Nurses' Personality Types Based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Jain Vijay K. , Lall Rakesh
Published: August 2011

One personality type was common for 15 of 34 nurses administered the Myers, Briggs Type Indicator.
Black South African College Students' Views of Freud's Interpretation of the Phallic Psychosexual Stage
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore black South African college students' views of Freud's claim that during the phallic stage, boys have a special sexual interest in their mothers commonly known as the Oedipus complex and that, similarly, girls have such interest in their fathers commonly referred to as the Electra complex. In response, 30 of the 90 students ( M age = 21.9 yr., SD = 2. 8 yr.) agreed with Freud's interpretation, whereas 60 rejected it. Both groups of students supported their stance with various reasons. Notwithstanding students' differences and the controversial nature of Freud's view, there is adequate evidence for the conclusion that Freud's view cannot easily be dismissed as a fabrication of imagination.
Learned Helplessness in Drosophila Melanogaster?
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Mitchell Amy L. , Peercy Angie M. , Robertson Chuck L.
Published: August 2011

Drosophila ( n = 11) exposed to inescapable mechanical shaking in a black-white Y-maze escape task had reliably longer escape latencies 12 hr. later in a black-white shuttlebox escape task than groups ( ns = 11) with escapable shaking or without (control).
Social Fears in Hypochondriasis
Authors: Schwenzer Michael
Published: August 2011

152 students and inpatients of a psychosomatic clinic were divided into a hypochondriacal and a normal group with scores on the Hypochondriacal Beliefs and Disease Phobia scales from the Illness Attitude Scales. Social phobic characteristics were assessed by a clinical questionnaire. Significantly more subjects belonging to the hypochondriacal group scored above clinical cut-offs on measures of fear of criticism and fear of intimacy than subjects belonging to the normal group. Theoretical implications are discussed.
MMPI Findings on Astrological and other Folklore Concepts of Personality
Authors: Dahlstrom W. Grant , Hopkins Donald , Dahlstrom Leona , Jackson Elizabeth , Cumella Edward
Published: August 2011

The 2600 community adult subjects tested in the 1989 MMPI restandardization project by Butcher, Dahlstrom Graham, Tellegen, and Kaemmer were grouped on the basis of their astrological sign the year of their birth in the oriental yearly cycle, and the day of the week on which they were born. Analyses of variance were carried out on the T scores of the basic MMPI profile scales for both males and females on each of these categories. No effect size ( R2) larger than 2% was obtained on any scale in these analyses. No evidence was found in support of these folklore concepts. Discussion focused on the continuing paucity of empirical research on and support for these notions.
Provisional Statistics for MMPI-2 Dependency, Prejudice, Social Status, Control, and Low Back Pain Scales
Authors: Brophy Alfred L.
Published: August 2011

Provisional statistics are provided for MMPI-2 Dependency ( Dy), Prejudice ( Pr), Social Status ( St), Control ( Cn), and Low Back Pain ( Lb) scales. The statistics were derived primarily from the 1957 MMPI normative sample of Hathaway and Briggs, but means also are given for the MMPI-2 normative group. Both men and women in the MMPI-2 group scored higher than the MMPI sample on St and Lb but lower on Dy, Pr, and Cn.
Sources of Job Satisfaction among Employees of a Professional Services Firm
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

Sources and levels of job satisfaction among employees of a large professional services firm were examined. Data were collected from 829 women and 766 men using anonymously completed questionnaires. The sample reported being only moderately satisfied. The men, who were at significantly higher organizational levels than the women, reported significantly greater job satisfaction. When hierarchical level was controlled, these differences disappeared. Women and men at higher organizational levels were more satisfied than those at lower levels. Implications for management and organizations based on the pattern of findings are drawn.
Effects of Locus of Control, Occupational Stress, and Psychological Distress on Job Satisfaction among Nurses
Authors: Jain Vijay K. , McLaughlin Dennis G. , Lall Rakesh , Johnson W. Brad
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the effects of locus of control, occupational stress, and psychological symptom distress on reported job satisfaction in a sample of 34 practicing nurses. As predicted, greater work-related stress and higher psychological symptom distress were significantly negatively correlated with job satisfaction. External locus of control was also negatively associated with job satisfaction.
Contributors to Performance Ratings in a Professional Services Firm
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

Employees' perceptions of important contributors to performance ratings were examined. 1608 employees of a single large professional services firm completed questionnaires anonymously. Respondents rank-ordered three factors of 11 which they thought contributed most to performance ratings in their firm. There were no sex differences, but significant differences were found between levels in the organization. The three top-rated contributors were excellent work, personal attributes, and technical skills; developing staff ranked last. Implications of these rankings for management, organizational culture, change, and later competitiveness are offered.
Parental Educational Program: Effectiveness and Retention
Authors: Middlemiss Wendy
Published: August 2011

55 parents of adolescent children were asked to rate the effectiveness of their communication with their adolescents before and after a 10-wk. parent educational program encouraging authoritative parent-adolescent interactions. Parents reported improved effectiveness of communication from the pre- to postprogram assessment times. Retention was compared across groups receiving high and low support in attendance of meetings, but retention did not differ across the two groups.
Trends in Single Parenting in the U.S. Army
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Rice Rose E. , Bell D. Bruce , Perez Michelle M. V.
Published: August 2011

Dramatic increases in the percentage of female soldiers, married enlisted soldiers, spouses in the labor force, female single-parent soldiers, and dual military couples have changed the demography of the Army substantially since the end of the Vietnam War and the institution of the All Volunteer Army. The presence of single-parent families has perhaps most clearly broken the traditional pattern of the unmarried male soldier led by a married male officer. This report documents the increase of single-parent families in the U.S. Army since the early 1970s and discusses what effects, if any, such changes may have had on family adaptation, retention, readiness, and use of family social-support services.
A Closer Look at Select Cognitive Precursors to Organizational Turnover: What Has Been Missed and Why
Authors: Fuller J. Bryan , Hester Kim , Dickson Pat , Allison Barbara J. , Birdseye Meg
Published: August 2011

Two meta-analytic procedures are used to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and selected withdrawal cognitions. Moderating influences not found in previous integrative research were identified by controlling for the influence of a Large sample-size outlier and a target of behavioral intention, i.e., intention to stay versus, in tendon to leave. Findings for 49 studies indicate previous integrative models of turnover by Hom, Caranikas-Walker, Prussia, and Griffeth, and of Tett and Meyer should be altered to reflect context (civilian versus military) and intention target (staying versus leaving) moderators but not an intention to turnover or a moderator of withdrawal cognition as indicated by Tett and Meyer in 1993. The adequacy of measures of current intention to leave is discussed regarding their consistency with recent intention theory. General implications for meta-analytic research are discussed with regard to accounting for sample-size outliers.
The Structure of Jiritsu (Socially Sensitive Independence) in Middle-Aged Japanese Women
Authors: Kamitani Yukari
Published: August 2011

The study is based on the hypothesis that “jiritsu” comprises two major components, namely, “integrated dependence” and “independence.” The aim was to examine the components of jiritsu of 430 middle-aged Japanese women and to compare the structural elements of jiritsu between young and middle-aged Japanese women. Analysis showed that the structural concept of jiritsu of the middle-aged women was nearer to the hypothetical concept than that of the 479 young women.
Correlations between Two Short Cognitive Tests and a WISC-III Short Form Using a Sample of Adolescent Inpatients
Authors: Connery Shannon , Katz Danica , Kaufman Alan S. , Kaufman Nadeen L.
Published: August 2011

A new short form of the WISC-III was examined with a clinical adolescent sample ( N = 30), and the short form estimate of WISC-III Full Scale IQ also served as the criterion for validating two brief cognitive measures, the Kaufman Functional Academic Skills Test (K-FAST) and the K-SNAP. Data supported the brevity of the WISC-III short form and the criterion-related validity of both the K-FAST and the Kaufman Short Neuropsychological Assessment Procedure (K-SNAP).
The Compensatory Model in Weight Control: Relapse Prevention Revisited
Authors: Turner Lori W. , Wang Min Qi , Westerfield R. Carl
Published: August 2011

Acknowledging Baker's 1996 critique of our recent work in this Journal, comments are provided.
Comparison of Differences in the Association of Social Support and Adjustment between Chinese and Japanese Students in Japan: A Research Note
Authors: Jou Yuh Huey , Fukada Hiromi
Published: August 2011

This study examined the associations of Japanese students' social support, and their adjustment in comparison with those of Chinese students. Needed and actual support and the discrepancy between the two were examined, and Japanese professors and other Japanese students were employed as major sources of support. Respondents were 68 Japanese and 64 Chinese students in Japan. Analyses indicated that, although there was no significant difference between Japanese and Chinese students' adjustment, the associations of social support and adjustment were different between the two groups. This study also documented that Japanese professors were important as a source of support for Chinese students more than they were for Japanese students and that the support needed from other Japanese students correlated negatively with the adjustment of Chinese students.
Barriers towards Teachers' Involvement in Development of Curriculum
Authors: Monyooe Lebusa A.
Published: August 2011

To investigate possible barriers towards teachers' involvement in the development of curriculum, a 10-item questionnaire was administered to 82 secondary school teachers in the Umtata district in South Africa. Analysis showed teachers were handicapped by inter alia strong bureaucratic control of the curriculum by the state, weak channels of communication, lack of teachers qualified in curriculum development, and a poor resource base to facilitate change in education. Collaborative involvement by those in education was seen as an alternative method of restructuring education and resolving conflicts over curricula.
Reply to Comments on Byravan and Ramanaiah's 1995 Study of the Structure of the 16Pf Fifth Edition from the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model
Authors: Byravan Anupama , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: August 2011

This article provides a reply to Cattell's 1995 comments on some methodological issues related to Byravan and Ramanaiah's 1995 study and shows that their study was methodologically sound. It was concluded that the results of Byravan and Ramanaiah's study were different from those of Cattell's 1995 factor analyses mainly due to the fact that the former involved the factor analysis of 16PF primary scales from the perspective of the five-factor model using Revised NEO Personality Inventory domain scales and Goldberg's 1992 scales as markers for the five major factors whereas the latter investigated the structure of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory facet scales from the perspective of the 16PF global scales.
Association of Depressive Symptoms and School Adolescents' Smoking: A Cross-Lagged Analysis
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Turner Lori , Fu Qiang , Westerfield R. Carl
Published: August 2011

This study examined the association of depressive symptoms of adolescents and their smoking behavior. A national cohort sample of school adolescents ( N = 5,855) who participated in the 1989 and 1993 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey was obtained. The information from this survey included measures of smoking behavior and a series of factors related to depressive symptoms during a 3-yr. span. A cross-lagged analysis with Kendall tau b correlations was used. Judging from the magnitude of the cross-lagged correlations, the direction of causation cannot be ascertained. Rather, a reciprocal relationship between depression and smoking may be suggested.
An Animal Rights Attitude Survey of Undergraduate Psychology Students
Authors: Vigorito Michael
Published: August 2011

An animal rights attitude survey of 46 statements on various issues related to animal rights was given to 112 freshmen who were near the end of their first college course in introductory psychology and to 63 junior and senior psychology majors. A factor analysis yielded a multidimensional structure with attitudes toward animal research, nonresearch, environment, and evolution as factors. Beginning psychology students had a more negative attitude toward animal research than did psychology majors; however, psychology majors displayed a more positive attitude toward the environment and toward animal rights issues not involving animal research.
Preliminary Study of Effect of the Iraqi Invasion on Addictive Behaviour in Kuwait
Authors: El-Garem H. H. , Ismail E. S.
Published: August 2011

During the Iraqi invasion, Kuwait was flooded with alcoholic substances and drugs which, if used, could induce harmful radical changes in the personality and behaviour of Kuwaiti citizens (note Islam prohibits alcohol). After liberation aggressive behaviour prevailed among some Kuwaiti citizen groups, including addicts, as the government of Kuwait had not yet reestablished discipline and control over the citizens. Forensic cases of addicts referred to Kuwait Psychiatric Hospital before and after the invasion were examined. Marked differences were observed concerning age, education, occupation, marital status, addictive behaviour, crime committed, and place of referral and discharge.
Acceptance of Rape Myths among Prosecuting Attorneys
Authors: Gylys Julius A. , McNamara John R.
Published: August 2011

Surveys containing a measurement of acceptance of rape myths were mailed to 310 prosecuting attorneys from 87 counties in Ohio. Among the 182 (58.7%) participants who responded, self-reported acceptance of rape myths was low. Males endorsed rape myths more strongly than females, but the sex differences were small in magnitude. No demographic variables were significant in predicting the acceptance of rape myths in a regression analysis. The current findings are informative because they provide the only direct measure of prosecutors' attitudes towards rape victims that have been reported in the past 15 years.
Friendships, Femininity, and Reaction to Affective Arousal
Authors: Jacobs Marti G. , Gynther Malcolm D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined relations between college women's scores on femininity and their same-sex friendships and how these women's perceptions were influenced by induction of success or failure. 200 undergraduate women described themselves and their best friends on the dominance and submissiveness scales of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales and also completed the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity and a biographical information sheet. Mean ratings of dominance were above average both for self and best-friend ratings, but these two dominance ratings were not significantly correlated. However, women viewed themselves as similar to their best friends on submissiveness characteristics. Highly feminine women described themselves as more dominant than less feminine women. Highly feminine women also experienced less anxiety and fatigue as measured by the Profile of Mood States in response to failure induction than less feminine women. Both sets of results are contrary to expectations, but the behavioral definition of femininity was different from that used earlier.
Does the Mmpi Ptsd-Pk Scale Measure Robustness?
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Holen Michael C. , Heil Michael C.
Published: August 2011

Research evaluating the diagnostic value of the MMPI PK scale for determining Posttraumatic Stress Disorder has been consistendy positive. Various cutoff points have been suggested, depending on the population studied. The current study, involving a select group of police candidates from middle-sized midwestern towns, suggests that low PK scores may represent robustness. These subjects as a group made low use of health and mental health services and obtained very low PK scores ( T=41), although they made average scores on the clinical scales.
Health Care Trends and Holding the Line on Costs
Authors: Schori Thomas R.
Published: August 2011

The increasing reliance on third parry payment of health care costs has resulted in people assuming less personal financial responsibility for their own health care. Lessened personal financial responsibility has resulted in greater use of the Health Care System and so has led to greater costs for health care. This increased cost has focused attention on cost control and implementation of measures designed to control costs. The cost control measures, however, are flawed. Were the purchase of health care once again to become subject to consumers' buying decisions, health care costs would be brought under control.
Gender in Mock Hiring Decisions
Authors: Foster Nicole , Dingman Sherry , Muscolino Jessica , Jankowski Michael A.
Published: August 2011

On the basis of reviewing three resumés, 80 college students (44 women, 36 men), role-playing as human resource managers, were asked to recommend a candidate for a sales position at a brokerage firm. The apparent gender of candidates for the position was manipulated by assigning names that were gender-ambiguous or gender-specific to a given resumé. Students were asked to select one of three candidates: (1) the most qualified, (2) the less qualified for whom gender was ambiguous, or (3) the less qualified who differed in gender from the most qualified. Students were also asked to select a second candidate for an interview for the job. Analysis indicated both men and women favored their own gender. Only 56% of these college students who were enrolled in psychology and business courses, which should serve as some foundation for a career in human resources, actually selected the most qualified applicant.
Development and Validation of An Inventory for Measuring Job Satisfaction among Family Physicians
Authors: del Carmen García-Peña MA. , Reyes-Lagunes Isabel , Reyes-Frausto Sandra , Vtlla-Contreras Sofía , Libreros-Bango Vita , Hernãndez Onofre Muñoz
Published: August 2011

The aim was to develop and validate a measure of job satisfaction among family physicians. The construct of job satisfaction was developed theoretically, then the semantic network technique was used for the construction of the items. 80 semantic differential items in a random order were related by nine physicians. Four dimensions integrated the construct: “job satisfaction,” “health institution where I work,” “my patients,” and “myself as a doctor.” The average Cronbach alpha was .81. In the factor analysis, four factors were obtained in each dimension except that of “my patients,” for which two were obtained. These factors accounted for at least 44% of the construct developed. The semantic network technique may be useful.
Maternal Child-Rearing Attitudes, IQ, and Socioeconomic Status as Related to Cognitive Abilities of Five-Year-Old Children
Authors: Andersson Helle W. , Sonnander Karin , Sommerfelt Kristian , Ahlsten Gunnar
Published: August 2011

The effects of maternal child-rearing attitudes, as measured by the Child Rearing Practices Report, on 5-yr.-old children's Verbal IQ and Performance IQ were investigated in a Scandinavian sample of 108 boys and 126 girls. The maternal child-rearing attitude of Restrictiveness, as defined by scores on the Report, showed negative relations to the cognitive measures. However, the significant negative relation between Restrictiveness and Verbal IQ, obtained for both sexes, disappeared when the effects of maternal IQ and socioeconomic status were controlled. The maternal child-rearing attitude of Nurturance, as defined by scores on the Report, was significantly related to Verbal IQ and Performance IQ for boys only. Significant relationships between scores on Nurturance and cognitive abilities of boys remained when the effects of maternal IQ and socioeconomic status were controlled.
Ethnic-Racial Differences in Psychological Stress Related to Gay Lifestyle among Hiv-Positive Men
Authors: Siegel Karolynn , Epstein Jennifer A.
Published: August 2011

To examine whether there were any ethnic-racial differences among 144 HIV-infected gay men (47 Caucasian, 48 African-American, and 49 Puerto Rican) on psychological stressors related to the gay lifestyle, responses to the Gay Lifestyle Hassles scale were analyzed. The African-American and Puerto Rican men reported significantly higher scores on frequency of Gay Lifestyle Hassles and cumulated severity of Gay Lifestyle Hassles over-all than Caucasian men. The results suggest that HIV-infected ethnic-minority gay men were more prone to psychological stress related to the gay lifestyle than HIV-infected Caucasian gay men, which may have negative consequences for their mental and physical health.
Altruism toward Deviant Persons in Cities, Suburbs, and Small Towns
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen
Published: August 2011

Of 405 letters “lost” in Florida, 167 were returned in the mail (the altruistic response). Addressees' affhations were significantly associated with return rates; fewer highly deviant “Communist” and “FLAB” addressees were returned. The associations of urban size and addressees' affiliations with altruistic responses in 31 cities and 10 suburbs were substantially greater than in 5 small towns but only moderately so if the addressee was highly deviant. Small town residents returned only 7 letters to highly deviant addressees compared to 31 for nonrural residents.
On the Reliability of the Youth Self-Report
Authors: DeFrancesco John J. , Armstrong Sandra S. , Russolillo Patrick J.
Published: August 2011

The Youth Self-report was administered to 50 institutionalized delinquents between the ages of 14 and 16 years and readministered after 7 days to estimate test-retest reliability; r = .97.
Relations of Cognitive Functions Associated with the Frontal Lobes and Learning Disorders in Children
Authors: Wolfe James N.
Published: August 2011

Various cognitive processes associated with the frontal lobes and their influence upon learning and learning disorders in children were investigated. Subjects were 29 7- to 12-yr.-old boys and girls. Analysis of variance suggested that, as a group, the learning-disabled children scored lower on tasks with a high demand for selective attention, ability to inhibit interference, sequential reasoning, and integration and organization of new information—cognitive functions commonly attributed to the frontal lobes. The relationship of these cognitive functions to acquisition of basic academic skills is discussed.
Suicide in Indian States and Religion
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In India in 1981, the percentage of Muslims in 21 states was not associated with the suicide rates (per 100,000 per year) of the states.
Stanford-Binet: Fourth Edition Short Forms with Underachieving and Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Lawson Thomas T. , Evans Larry D.
Published: August 2011

55 students referred to a Child Development Center for academic underachievement and suspected learning disabilities were administered the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients of .98, .95, and .90 were obtained for the Test Composite with those for 6-, 4-, and 2-test Partial Composites derived from this administration, respectively. These values are compared with coefficients reported for other populations, and the suitability of the Stanford-Binet Partial Composites for screening underachievement and learning disabilities is discussed.
Loneliness and Creativity in Adolescents
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Thomas J. , Yarcheski Adela
Published: August 2011

Samples of 107 early, 81 middle, and 112 late adolescents responded to the UCLA Loneliness Scale and The Creativity Scale of the Adjective Check List. Contrary to the hypothesized direction, statistically significant inverse correlations (−.19 to −.33) were found between scores on measures of loneliness and creativity in all three adolescent samples. Findings are interpreted within the conceptualizations in which the relationship between loneliness and creativity were proposed.
Sex-Role Orientation among Incarcerated Women
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , Lamb Michel
Published: August 2011

This study of 120 women inmates of a state prison showed that sex-role orientation was related to the type of offence committed by women but, contrary to the hypothesis about the “new” female offender, violent offenders were more traditionally feminine than financial and drug-related offenders. Drug offenders had high rates of undifferentiated ratings. Women became more traditionally masculine or feminine with length of incarceration. Women who had children were more likely to score as traditionally feminine.
Comparison of Perceived Job Security of College Professors versus White-Collar and Blue-Collar Workers
Authors: Matthews Michael D. , Weaver Charles N.
Published: August 2011

This study compared perceived job security of 61 college professors with those of 3,442 other white-collar workers and 2,583 blue-collar workers using the 1972–1994 General Social Surveys as the database. Analysis indicated the college professors express greater security in their jobs, being less likely to think they would lose their jobs in the next year, and being more confident about finding a comparable job, if forced to do so.
Nonverbal Communication among American and Chinese Students
Authors: Hall Cathy W. , Chia Rosina , Wang Deng F.
Published: August 2011

The present study assessed nonverbal communication in a sample of Chinese and American elementary students. Participants were 412 children ranging in age from 7 years to 11 years (Grades 2 through 4), 241 from mainland China and 171 from the USA. Perception of nonverbal communication was assessed by use of the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy which assesses receptive nonverbal communication through facial expression, posture, gestures, and paralanguage (tone of voice). Only facial expression, posture, and gestures were examined, and significant differences between the two groups on gestures and postures were found but not on facial expressions. Teachers were also asked to rate their students using the Social Perception Behavior Rating Scale. Surprisingly, the teachers rated Chinese boys as having more difficulty with social behaviors and lower social perception than Chinese girls or American boys and girls.
Relation among Measures of Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Role Dynamics for a Sample of South African Child-Care Social Workers
Authors: Bhana Arvin , Haffejee Nasrin
Published: August 2011

Burnout and its associations with job satisfaction, role conflict, and role ambiguity were examined among 29 child-care social workers in South Africa. Social workers rated as moderate burnout associated with satisfaction with their jobs (−.48 to −.55) and with role conflict (.41) and role ambiguity (−.41 to −.65).
Children of Divorce and its Effect on Their Self-Esteem
Authors: Bynum Melissa K. , Durm Mark W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to investigate the temporal relationship of divorce with self-esteem of children and to assess differences in self-esteem, if any, between children of divorced families and children of intact families. The self-esteem of 60 children in Grade 9 and from divorced homes was measured using the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory. There was no significant positive correlation between the passage of time and higher self-esteem among these children. Independent t tests were then computed using the inventory scores of 60 students in Grade 9 from homes with both parents and the 60 from homes of divorced parents. Significant differences in self-esteem were found between the two groups.
The Role of Positive and Negative Affect in Flashbulb Memory
Authors: Scott Derek , Ponsoda Vicente
Published: August 2011

All previous reports on the phenomenon of flashbulb memories relate to hearing of shocking (or “bad”) news; in other words, that of negative affect. This study represents the first attempt to investigate whether those criteria used to define flashbulb memories would similarly apply to events of similar strength but of positive affect. 70 questionnaires were administered relating to 20 events over a 10-yr. period. No significant differences were found on the cardinal features of flashbulb memories for events of negative versus positive affect. This suggests that an hitherto untapped research area may be explored to clarify controversial issues within this construct such as whether a special mechanism exists in the formation of flashbulb memories.
Fertility and Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In France from 1950 to 1985, fertility rates and the mothers' average age were positively associated with female and male suicide rates.