bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Heme Oxygenase-1 Deficiency on Glomerular Proteomics
Authors: Detsika Maria G. , Lygirou Vasiliki , Frantzis Vassileios , Zoidakis Jerome , Atsaves Vassilios , Poulaki Elpida , Gakiopoulou Hariklia , Vlahou Antonia , Lianos Elias A.
Published: June 2016

Background: The cytoprotective effect of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in various forms of renal glomerular injury is established. However, little is known on the role of HO-1 in preserving glomerular structural/functional integrity in the absence of injury. The present study addressed this question in HO-1-deficient rats. Methods: HO-1-deficient rats were generated using zinc finger nuclease-mediated HO-1 gene (Hmox1) disruption and studied. Glomeruli were isolated from HO-1-deficient (Hmox1-/-) rats and their wild type (WT) littermates for proteomic analysis. Results: Glomerular lesions were characterized and differentially expressed proteins important for preserving integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier were identified. HO-1-deficient (Hmox1-/-) rats developed albuminuria with decreased glomerular filtration rate. In albuminuric rats, there were lesions resembling focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Western blot analysis of the integral slit diaphragm proteins, nephrin and podocin revealed a significant decrease in nephrin, with no change in podocin. Proteomic analysis of glomerular protein lysates from Hmox1-/- and WT rats revealed differential expression of proteins previously linked with FSGS pathogenesis. Specifically, α-actinin-4, actin related protein 3, cytokeratins and novel candidates including transgelin-2 and lamins. Bioinformatic analysis predicted the upregulation of pathways implicated in platelet aggregation and fibrin clot formation. Conclusion: HO-1 is a putative regulator of proteins important in preserving glomerular structural stability and integrity, and in minimizing the activity of proinflammatory pathways.
O conceito epistemológico histórico de nostoc a partir de uma leitura indiciária de A teoria celular de George Canguilhem
Authors: Ramos Maurício de Carvalho
Published: June 2016

Através de uma leitura indiciária de A teoria celular de Canguilhem, proponho, orientado metodicamente pelo estilo epistemológico histórico de investigação, a construção do conceito de nostoc como um conceito metamórfico que, integrado aos conceitos de blastema primordial e de lodo bíblico do botânico francês Charles Naudin, ajustam-se a uma cultura científica de amplo alcance empenhada em resolver o enigma da unidade morfológica dos seres orgânicos e vitais. O conceito de nostoc refere-se alquimicamente a uma substância gelatinosa proveniente das estrelas e dotada de virtudes médicas balsâmicas e, botanicamente, a uma alga cianofícea do gênero Nostoc. Examinado as ideias de Canguilhem, Naudin, Jung e Paracelso, esse conceito é proposto como uma oscilação nucleoplasmática, entendida como uma forma específica de expressão do tema mítico-científico da tensão entre continuidade e descontinuidade, tal como apresentado por Canguilhem em sua história do conceito de célula
Entre o normal e o patológico: Ludwik Fleck, Georges Canguilhem e a gênese da epistemologia histórica
Authors: Condé Mauro Lucio Leitão
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é abordar, a partir de alguns aspectos do pensamento de Ludwik Fleck e Georges Canguilhem, a emergência da epistemologia histórica na história da ciência. Em especial, busca-se nesses autores a contribuição da matriz biológica, ou das ciências da vida, como referência central na constituição da epistemologia histórica. Em outros termos, mais que perceber semelhanças entre Fleck e Canguilhem, o objetivo é mostrar como, ao formular de modo independente suas concepções de história da ciência – especialmente a história da medicina – esses autores contribuíram decisivamente na formulação das bases de uma epistemologia histórica que constituirá, ao longo do século XX, um novo estilo de pensamento para a compreensão da história da ciência.
História da medicina e história das ideias: de Sigerist a Canguilhem
Authors: Almeida Tiago Santos
Published: June 2016

A originalidade de Canguilhem no cenário intelectual francês difundiu entre seus leitores a impressão de que sua reflexão sobre a teoria e o método da história das ciências se desenvolveu como reação às concepções de história e de ciência dos historiadores da sua época. Assim, a historiografia de Canguilhem pareceria ser o produto espontâneo de uma crítica filosófica original, que nada deveria aos historiadores de ofício, e que teria ganhado em sistematização a partir do seu encontro com a epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard. Nesse artigo, mostraremos que Canguilhem começou a elaborar sua técnica histórica no início da década de 40 apoiado nos trabalhos do historiador da medicina Henry E. Sigerist, sem nem por isso atentarmos contra sua originalidade.
Apresentação do dossiê "Georges Canguilhem, a história e os historiadores"
Authors: Almeida Tiago Santos
Published: June 2016

Apresentação do dossiê "Georges Canguilhem, a história e os historiadores"
The Prevalence and Significance of the Early Repolarization Pattern in Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome Families
Authors: Mellor Greg , Nelson Christopher P. , Robb Claire , Raju Hariharan , Wijeyeratne Yanushi , Hengstenberg Christian , Reinhard Wibke , Papadakis Michael , Sharma Sanjay , Samani Nilesh J. , Behr Elijah R.
Published: June 2016

Background—

The early repolarization (ER) pattern is associated with sudden death and has been shown to be heritable. Its significance when identified in families affected by sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS) remains unclear.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed 12-lead ECGs of 401 first-degree relatives of individuals who had died from SADS. The prevalence of ER patterns was compared with family-clustered controls. ER was more common in SADS family members than in controls (21% versus 8%; odds ratio: 5.14; 95% confidence interval, 3.37–7.84) independent of the presence of a familial cardiac diagnosis. Both ascending and horizontal ER patterns were more common. In addition, ER was investigated for associations with findings from ajmaline provocation (n=332), exercise ECG (n=304), and signal-averaged ECG (n=118) when performed. ER was associated with a trend toward late depolarization, in general was suppressed with exercise and was unaffected by ajmaline. Inferior and horizontal patterns were, however, more likely to persist during exercise. Augmentation of ER with ajmaline was rare.

Conclusions—

The ER pattern is more common in SADS family members than controls adjusted in particular for relatedness. The increased prevalence is irrespective of ER subtype and the presence of other inherited arrhythmia syndromes. ER may therefore represent an underlying heritable arrhythmia syndrome or risk factor for sudden death in the context of other cardiac pathology. The differing response of ER subtypes to exercise and ajmaline provocation suggests underlying mechanisms of both abnormal repolarization and depolarization.
Role of Adiponectin in Coronary Heart Disease Risk
Authors: Borges Maria Carolina , Lawlor Debbie A. , de Oliveira Cesar , White Jon , Horta Bernardo Lessa , Barros Aluísio J.D.
Published: June 2016

Rationale:

Hypoadiponectinemia correlates with several coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. However, it is unknown whether adiponectin is causally implicated in CHD pathogenesis.

Objective:

We aimed to investigate the causal effect of adiponectin on CHD risk.

Methods and Results:

We undertook a Mendelian randomization study using data from genome-wide association studies consortia. We used the ADIPOGen consortium to identify genetic variants that could be used as instrumental variables for the effect of adiponectin. Data on the association of these genetic variants with CHD risk were obtained from CARDIoGRAM (22 233 CHD cases and 64 762 controls of European ancestry) and from CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Metabochip (63 746 cases and 130 681 controls; ≈ 91% of European ancestry) consortia. Data on the association of genetic variants with adiponectin levels and with CHD were combined to estimate the influence of blood adiponectin on CHD risk. In the conservative approach (restricted to using variants within the adiponectin gene as instrumental variables), each 1 U increase in log blood adiponectin concentration was associated with an odds ratio for CHD of 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.68–1.01) in CARDIoGRAM and 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.12) in CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Metabochip. Findings from the liberal approach (including variants in any locus across the genome) indicated a protective effect of adiponectin that was attenuated to the null after adjustment for known CHD predictors.

Conclusions:

Overall, our findings do not support a causal role of adiponectin levels in CHD pathogenesis.
Composing Space/Calculating Space-Time Rhythms
Authors: Kobro Katarzyna , Strzemiński Władysław
Published: June 2016

In this treatise, Katarzyna Kobro and Władysław Strzemiński distinguish between the condition of painting (which features a picture on a support with physical imits) and of sculpture (which involves space, which is limitless) and propose that the ways in which each medium determines its own essence must be fundamentally different. While painting relies on what would later be called “deductive structure,” in sculpture the issue is how to relate the object to space. After conducting a chronological examination of the different ways in which the sculptural object has related to space (in the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque epochs), Kobro and Strzemiński propose various ways in which sculpture can not only relate to space but to “unite” with it via such solutions as polychrony and a disjunctive syntax through which the object itself eludes the perception of its identity.
Expanding Boundaries of Human Rights in (East) Africa
Authors: Aka Philip C.
Published: June 2016

To what extent has politics in Uganda changed since the era of egregious human rights abuses under General Idi Amin? Using the new book on law and politics in Uganda under Museveni referenced below as focal point, this essay answers that question in a discussion that also sketches three themes, testimony to the plasticity of the human rights doctrine, including the expanding boundaries of human rights in (East) Africa.
A Comparative Study of Fear of Crime among Korean Immigrants in the United States and Native Koreans in South Korea
Authors: Hwang EuiGab , Yun Ilhong , McGarrell Edmund F.
Published: June 2016

Scholars implicitly assume that the conceptual models of fear of crime found in the Western literature are also applicable to populations that have different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. To investigate whether such an assumption is legitimate, the current study analyzed survey data from samples of Korean immigrants in the Detroit metropolitan area and native Koreans in Seoul, South Korea. The result indicated a higher level of fear among native Koreans than Korean immigrants. The presented subgroup analyses revealed that perceived incivility, confidence in the police, and ethnic attachment were significant predictors of fear of crime among Korean immigrants, while gender, vicarious victimization, and perceived crime increase in the neighborhood were significant among native Koreans. Based on these findings, we offer implications for future research.
Can Religion be Explained?
Authors: Bronkhorst Johannes
Published: June 2016

This article claims that the study of religion has overlooked a feature of the human mind that may yet help to explain certain aspects of religion. Awareness, it is here argued, can vary along a dimension that is characterized by the density of associations and other inputs that accompany it. The mechanism behind this is concentration, including the stronger form of concentration here called absorption. Absorption has cognitive effects, and is at least in part responsible for the human tendency to believe in a different, “higher,” reality. Various other features usually associated with religion—including ritual behavior and asceticism—also make sense in the light of this observation.
Of Gods and Devils
Authors: Ellis Thomas B.
Published: June 2016

Perceiving the lack of control over the natural and social spheres is psychologically averse. The resulting depression has an effect upon the human animal’s inclusive fitness. In moments of despair and depression, sexual intercourse may be impossible. In order to restore a modicum of control, and thus libido, the human animal turns to religion. Religion provides compensatory, and thus adaptive illusions of control. It does this by first turning to the intentional stance and the presence of gods who may be socially manipulated to achieve a desired outcome. This is the nature of worship. Alternatively, religion employs the design stance and the presence of devils that may be mechanically compelled to withdraw. This is the nature of exorcism. Where the latter reflects the “illusion of control,” the former reflects the “illusion of qualified control.” Both cognitive stances are in the service of promoting illusions of power amidst truly random circumstances.
The Use of Armed Force: Contemporary Challenges in Light of Professor Skubiszewski’s Legacy
Authors: Kowalski Michał
Published: June 2016

The text explores the legacy of Professor Krzysztof Skubiszewski on the use of force with special focus on his contribution to the 1969 Manual of Public International Law edited by Professor Max Sørensen, which still serves as a reference in contemporary scholarship. Firstly, an attempt to identify Professor Skubiszewski’s approach to the use of force problems is made. It is claimed that the main feature which makes this approach still attractive is perceiving jus ad bellum in a systemic way. The remaining parts of the text take this approach as a starting point for dealing with contemporary jus ad bellum challenges. Two examples are particularly focused on in this respect: the problem of humanitarian intervention and the challenged inter-State paradigm of the use of force.
Description of two new Bathyaethiops species (Teleostei: Alestidae) from the Congo basin
Authors: Moritz Timo , Schliewen Ulrich K.
Published: June 2016

Two new species of Bathyaethiops (Teleostei: Characiformes: Alestidae) are described. Bathyaethiops baka n. sp. is a dwarf species with the largest known specimen being only 24.4 mm SL. The species is characterized by an incomplete squamation and a large humeral spot. Bathyaethiops baka n. sp. is known so far only from the Ngoko River of Southeastern Cameroon, a tributary of the Sangha River in the northern Congo basin. The second species, Bathyaethiops flammeus n. sp., shows a diagnostic spot in front of the dorsal-fin base, which is devoid of melanophores and bright red in life. The species is described from the Bakéré River at Yambula-Bakéré, a locality north-west of Kisangani in the Central Congo basin. Other records of Bathyaethiops flammeus n. sp. from the Tshuapa respectively Ruki River at Boende and Eala, Central Congo basin, suggests a wider geographic distribution. A key to all species of Bathyaethiops is provided.
Podocotyle nimoyi n. sp. (Digenea: Opecoelidae: Plagioporinae) and a re-description of Podocotyle pearsei Manter, 1934 from five species of deep-sea macrourids from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea
Authors: BLEND CHARLES K. , DRONEN NORMAN O. , ARMSTRONG HOWARD W.
Published: June 2016

Two rare species of Podocotyle Dujardin, 1845 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) parasitizing five macrourid species inhabiting the deep waters of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea off Panama are described. Podocotyle nimoyi n. sp. was found in the intestine of the pugnose grenadier, Sphagemacrurus grenadae (Parr), and the common Atlantic grenadier, Nezumia aequalis (Günther) (Gadiformes: Macrouridae), at depths of 534–995 m in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico off Florida and represents the fifth species of Podocotyle endemic to the deep sea. Podocotyle pearsei Manter, 1934, was re-described from the intestine of the bullseye grenadier, Bathygadus macrops Goode & Bean, the doublethread grenadier, Gadomus arcuatus (Goode & Bean), and the western softhead grenadier, Malacocephalus occidentalis Goode & Bean (Gadiformes: Macrouridae), collected from 591–728 m depths in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico off Florida and the Caribbean Sea off Panama. The following new host records are established: P. nimoyi n. sp. is the third parasite species known from S. grenadae and the first digenean species reported from this host; P. nimoyi n. sp. is the first reported species of Podocotyle parasitizing N. aequalis; and this is the first report of P. pearsei or any representative of the genus Podocotyle infecting B. macrops, G. arcuatus and M. occidentalis. A listing of all digenean parasites previously reported from the five macrourid species examined herein is given and some observations are made about Podocotyle in the deep sea.
Pachyneuridae (Diptera): new data on the geographic range and designation of the lectotype of Pachyneura fasciata Zetterstedt, 1838
Authors: PARAMONOV NIKOLAI M. , SALMELA JUKKA
Published: June 2016

All available records of two nematoceran flies Pachyneura fasciata and P. oculata were gathered and mapped. P. fasciata is a wide-ranging Palaearctic species, and is here reported for the first time for some regions of the Russian Federation, including the European part of Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Western Siberia (Tomsk Oblast, Altay Republic), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Chita Oblast), the Far East of Russia (Kuril islands, Kunashir and Paramushir Islands), and for continental China. Pachyneura oculata has a restricted eastern Palaearctic range. The lectotype of P. fasciata has been designated and a key for the identification of Pachyneura species is provided.
Rediscovery and a new record of Hemidactylus laevis (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Somaliland, with notes on and resurrection of Hemidactylus fragilis
Authors: MAZUCH Tomáš , ŠMÍD JIŘÍ , BAUER AARON M.
Published: June 2016

Hemidactylus laevis, a gekkonid lizard originally described from the Gaan Libah Mountains in Somaliland, is recorded herein from Erigavo, Sanaag Region, in the same state, which represents the second-ever known specimen and locality for this species in more than 100 years since its description. The species is endemic to Somaliland. Data on morphology and natural history, as well as the first life photographs are provided. Based on morphological data we conclude the species to be closely related to H. laticaudatus. Additionally, H. fragilis from southern Somalia and extreme south-east Ethiopia is resurrected from the synonymy of H. frenatus based on morphological data.
Dynamic Feedback of Aerosol Effects on the East Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Chen Jen-Ping , Chen I-Jen , Tsai I-Chun
Published: June 2016

The influence of present-day anthropogenic aerosols on the summer monsoon over the East Asia region was simulated using the Community Earth System Model coupled with a slab ocean model. The simulations revealed significant radiative forcing from anthropogenic aerosols and associated changes in clouds over East Asia and the northwestern Pacific; however, their spatial patterns differed from the exhibited surface temperature and precipitation responses. Two major dynamic feedback mechanisms were identified to explain such discrepancies. The wind–evaporation–sea surface temperature (WES) feedback, triggered by an initial cooling over the midlatitude sea surface, induced an equatorward expansion of ocean cooling through strengthened trade winds. The sea surface cooling excited a meridional wave pattern similar to the Pacific–Japan teleconnection pattern. Although the aerosol effect generally caused weakening in summer monsoon strength and regional precipitation over East Asia, precipitation increases were seen over the locations of the midlatitude mei-yu front and around the tropics. These precipitation increases are primarily associated with the WES feedback and teleconnection patterns. The aerosol effect also reached the upper troposphere, causing an equatorward shift of the jet stream over East Asia and the northwestern Pacific, indicating a much broader scale of teleconnection.
Hurricane GPROF: An Optimized Ocean Microwave Rainfall Retrieval for Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Brown Paula J. , Kummerow Christian D. , Randel David L.
Published: June 2016

The Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF) is an operational passive microwave retrieval that uses a Bayesian scheme to estimate rainfall. GPROF 2014 retrieves rainfall and hydrometeor vertical profile information based upon a database of profiles constructed to be simultaneously consistent with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) observations. A small number of tropical cyclones are in the current database constructed from one year of TRMM data, resulting in the retrieval performing relatively poorly for these systems, particularly for the highest rain rates. To address this deficiency, a new database focusing specifically on hurricanes but consisting of 9 years of TRMM data is created. The new database and retrieval procedure for TMI and GMI is called Hurricane GPROF. An initial assessment of seven tropical cyclones shows that Hurricane GPROF provides a better estimate of hurricane rain rates than GPROF 2014. Hurricane GPROF rain-rate errors relative to the PR are reduced by 20% compared to GPROF, with improvements in the lowest and highest rain rates especially. Vertical profile retrievals for four hydrometeors are also enhanced, as error is reduced by 30% compared to the GPROF retrieval, relative to PR estimates. When compared to the full database of tropical cyclones, Hurricane GPROF improves the RMSE and MAE of rain-rate estimates over those from GPROF by about 22% and 27%, respectively. Similar improvements are also seen in the overall rain-rate bias for hurricanes in the database, which is reduced from 0.20 to −0.06 mm h−1.
Ensemble–Variational Integrated Localized Data Assimilation
Authors: Auligné Thomas , Ménétrier Benjamin , Lorenc Andrew C. , Buehner Mark
Published: June 2016

Hybrid variational–ensemble data assimilation (hybrid DA) is widely used in research and operational systems, and it is considered the current state of the art for the initialization of numerical weather prediction models. However, hybrid DA requires a separate ensemble DA to estimate the uncertainty in the deterministic variational DA, which can be suboptimal both technically and scientifically. A new framework called the ensemble–variational integrated localized (EVIL) data assimilation addresses this inconvenience by updating the ensemble analyses using information from the variational deterministic system. The goal of EVIL is to encompass and generalize existing ensemble Kalman filter methods in a variational framework. Particular attention is devoted to the affordability and efficiency of the algorithm in preparation for operational applications.
A Reformulation of Tropical Cyclone Potential Intensity Theory Incorporating Energy Production along a Radial Trajectory
Authors: Kowaleski Alex M. , Evans Jenni L.
Published: June 2016

A modified formula for calculating tropical cyclone (TC) potential intensity (PI) from a balance between energy production and frictional dissipation in the TC surface layer is developed. This modified formula accounts for energy production and frictional dissipation at multiple radii (and therefore at multiple wind speeds) along the TC inflow trajectory. The PI maximum wind speed values VMAX are calculated using this expanded formula for four canonical radial profiles of wind speed. These results are compared to PI VMAX values calculated using the standard assumption that all energy production and frictional dissipation relevant to maximum intensity occurs at the radius of maximum winds (RMW).

The new PI formulation developed here results in PI VMAX values substantially higher than the standard PI VMAX for all four of the radial wind speed profiles examined; the difference is explained by the increase in the outer radial limit of energy production. This increase holds true even if outflow temperature increases with increasing radius, although the VMAX increases with increasing outer radius are somewhat more modest in this case. The extended PI formula yields VMAX values 3–17 m s−1 higher than the standard PI VMAX value when calculated with outer energy production–dissipation limits of 2.0–2.5 RMW, although it yields potentially unrealistic values when calculated with larger outer limits (e.g., 6 RMW). These results are presented as a potential explanation for why individual TCs can exceed their standard PI VMAX values in terms of the storm thermodynamics.
Chemical Imaging of Heterogeneous Muscle Foods Using Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging in Transmission Mode
Authors: Wold Jens Petter , Kermit Martin , Segtnan Vegard Herman
Published: June 2016

Foods and biomaterials are, in general, heterogeneous and it is often a challenge to obtain spectral data which are representative for the chemical composition and distribution. This paper presents a setup for near-infrared (NIR) transmission imaging where the samples are completely trans-illuminated, probing the entire sample. The system measures falling samples at high speed and consists of an NIR imaging scanner covering the spectral range 760–1040 nm and a powerful line light source. The investigated samples were rather big: whole pork bellies of thickness up to 5 cm, salmon fillets with skin, and 3 cm thick model samples of ground pork meat. Partial least square regression models for fat were developed for ground pork and salmon fillet with high correlations (R = 0.98 and R = 0.95, respectively). The regression models were applied at pixel level in the hyperspectral transmission images and resulted in images of fat distribution where also deeply embedded fat clearly contributed to the result. The results suggest that it is possible to use transmission imaging for rapid, nondestructive, and representative sampling of very heterogeneous foods. The proposed system is suitable for industrial use.
Is centralisation the right way to go? The case of internal security policy reforms in Switzerland in the light of community policing
Authors: Jacot-Descombes Caroline , Niklaus Julien
Published: June 2016

Looking from the angle of the allocation of tasks between cantons and municipalities in Switzerland, this article analyses how security reforms tend to concentrate police institutions at the cantonal level and eliminate local police in order to improve efficiency. As the shift to centralisation is being implemented through consensus-building, cities claim to be special cases and succeed in conserving their local police. The analysis focuses on two cantonal reforms through qualitative data. The results show that institutional changes have led to three main arrangements after reform: the centralisation of police (the municipalities buy the services of the cantonal police); regionalisation (several municipalities implement their policing activities together); and decentralisation (the city conserves its local police). In regard to which arrangement produces the best impact, an evaluation of the perception of actors (citizens and police) shows that the police’s work and the feeling of security are better in a decentralised setting.

Points for practitioners

Political issues are at the centre of reforms that aim for a new distribution of responsibilities between levels of public authorities in the Swiss security sector. They can strongly influence the new arrangements introduced by reform. Even if cantonal decision-makers have solid arguments to centralise a task, the power of municipalities is stronger. This leads to an asymmetric federalism, where cities can maintain their police and municipalities have to buy cantonal police services. As the decentralised option is better evaluated by citizens and the police, centralisation reforms are difficult to implement where there is a tradition of local police.
Primary Cilia and Intraflagellar Transport Proteins in Bone and Cartilage
Authors: Yuan X. , Yang S.
Published: June 2016

Primary cilia, present on most mammalian cells, function as a sensor to sense the environment change and transduce signaling. Loss of primary cilia causes a group of human pleiotropic syndromes called Ciliopathies. Some of the ciliopathies display skeletal dysplasias, implying the important role of primary cilia in skeletal development and homeostasis. Emerging evidence has shown that loss or malfunction of primary cilia or ciliary proteins in bone and cartilage is associated with developmental and function defects. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia formation and/or function. In this review, we discuss the role of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the development of bone and cartilage, as well as the differentiation and mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. We also include the role of primary cilia in tooth development and highlight the current advance of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the pathogenesis of cartilage diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.
Investing in stability
Authors: Powell Jonathan , Chacha Mwita
Published: June 2016

The capitalist peace thesis argues transnational economic ties have a pacifying effect on interstate relations. An extension of this literature reports that economic ties can prompt belligerents in civil conflicts to peacefully resolve their disputes and can attract third-party intervention from states with strong economic ties. This pacifying effect of economic ties, we argue, is applicable in the context of coups d’état: as a state becomes more economically interdependent with the rest of the world, the opportunity costs of domestic political disturbances are raised for both the targeted state and its financial partners. These costs – potential economic losses and a damaged economic reputation – influence belligerents in the state to use constitutional means to resolve their disputes while providing stronger incentives to foreign economic partners to influence the calculus of these belligerents as they consider the coup attempt. We test this argument quantitatively by investigating the influence of a dozen indicators of economic openness on coups in a global sample of states from 1952 to 2007. Our findings demonstrate the applicability of the capitalist peace thesis to coups d’état, manifestations of political uncertainty that are less likely to be accompanied by substantial loss of life or destruction of infrastructure.
Sound Foundations
Authors: West Chad
Published: June 2016

By starting with a foundation of sound before sight, we can help our students learn notation organically in a way that honors the natural process. This article describes five organic approaches to learning notation in beginning band: (1) iconic notation, (2) point and play, (3) student lead-sheet, (4) modeling, and (5) kid dictation. While time-consuming, these approaches can lead to better ear-to-hand coordination, heightened musical sensitivity, and stronger fundamental playing skills.
The effects of wind velocity and building geometry on air change efficiency in light shafts: Case studies
Authors: Padilla-Marcos Miguel Ángel , Feijó-Muñoz Jesús , Meiss Alberto
Published: June 2016

The evaluation of the air quality in light shafts requires a specific study of its air renewal ability due to building shape, dimensions and other external conditions. This research has studied the capacity of light shafts to provide natural ventilation through the air change efficiency concept. A methodology based on the limitation of the computational urban domain is used to adapt the indoor air change efficiency index for outdoor environments. Numerical simulations were performed using CFD and a model that was experimentally validated.

The aim is to evaluate the effect of the centreline building width and light shaft dimensions in the air change quality within several wind climates. Results would provide a numerically proven tool for designers, summarised in some design-based strategies in order to select which one improves the air change quality.

The results indicate that the light shaft dimension perpendicular to the wind direction has a negligible effect on efficiency. For the range of wind velocities studied (0.75–9.00 m/s), the efficiency decreases at higher velocities, up to −7.41% with respect to the mean. For variations in the wind velocity and the centreline building width, a mean variation of ± 18.77% in the efficiency is obtained.

Practical applications: The present methodology defines a proceeding to numerically evaluate the air change efficiency in light shafts inside different dimensional cases of buildings within several urban wind conditions.
Use of a Computer Software Program for Qualitative Analyses—Part 2: Advantages and Disadvantages1
Authors: Tak Sunghee Hong , Nield Margaret , Becker Heather
Published: June 2016

NUD·IST 3.0 was generally effective in managing the qualitative data of dyspnea stimuli. Yet, some disadvantages were found related to format restrictions of transcripts and data volume. In particular, an appropriate format of transcripts for NUD·IST use was critical for efficient data management. Awareness of strengths and limitations of program functions is necessary to use NUD·IST efficiently in qualitative data management.
Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of hypertension in risperidone-medicated patients – thinking of clinically relevant CYP2D6 interactions
Authors: Paulzen Michael , Haen Ekkehard , Gründer Gerhard , Lammertz Sarah E , Stegmann Benedikt , Schruers Koen RJ , Walther Sebastian , Schoretsanitis Georgios
Published: June 2016

Background:

Treatment of arterial hypertension in patients with severe mental illnesses often results in polypharmacy, potentially leading to drug-drug interactions. The objective of the study was to analyse the in vivo inhibitory potential of two antihypertensive drugs, amlodipine and metoprolol on CYP2D6 catalysed 9-hydroxylation of risperidone (RIS).

Methods:

A therapeutic drug monitoring database with plasma concentrations of RIS and 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS) of 1584 patients was analysed. Three groups were considered; a group of patients receiving RIS without a potentially cytochrome influencing co-medication (control group, R0, n=852), a group co-medicated with amlodipine (RA, n=27) and a group, co-medicated with metoprolol (RM, n=41). Plasma concentrations, concentration-to-dose ratios (C/Ds) of RIS, 9-OH-RIS and the active moiety (AM), as well as the metabolic ratios were computed and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Jonckheere-Terpstra test to determine the means and different patterns of distribution of plasma concentrations as well as the concentration-to-dose ratios.

Results:

The median daily dosage of RIS did not differ between the groups ( p=0.708). No differences were found in median plasma concentrations of RIS, 9-OH-RIS and AM. However, concentration-to-dose ratios for RIS, 9-OH-RIS and AM were significantly higher in the amlodipine group ( p=0.025, p=0.048 and p=0.005). In the metoprolol group, the concentration-to-dose ratio for RIS was significantly higher than in the control group ( p=0.017), while the C/D for 9-OH-RIS and AM was not.

Conclusions and limitations:

Our data show a potential pharmacokinetic interaction, most likely via CYP3A4 between amlodipine and RIS, reflected in significantly different C/Ds for RIS, 9-OH-RIS and AM. Although the interaction did not result in significantly higher plasma levels, changes in C/Ds and their distribution with regard to the median concentrations were observed.
The undercurrents of entrepreneurial development: Impressions from a globalizing city
Authors: Margalit Talia , Alfasi Nurit
Published: June 2016

High-standard entrepreneurial ventures are usually justified as a means of stimulating capital investment for social, spatial, and financial side benefits for the public. We show the unequal consequences of these ideas in Tel Aviv—Jaffa, where the location of the projects subject to such obligations is not really mitigated by the location of municipal public flagship projects and by the spatial distribution of the municipal development budget. As in many other urban centers, planning bureaucrats in this city advanced numerous expensive residential ventures to finance a variety of municipal initiatives and increase public budgets. Despite their success in attracting private investments, collecting developers’ taxes, exactions, and revenues, the more complicated issues and the less affluent communities see less private and public spending. We link this tendency to the growing fragmentation of urban planning, to the supremacy of the local plan—practically operating as a planning deal—and to the emergence of various municipal tools supporting the feasibility of the deal. We thus claim that while the entrepreneurial planning practice fosters the connections between flexible planning and urban economy, a short-range financial conclusion is unavoidable—most of its products are directed to attract additional similar projects. By tracing this institutional conduct, we claim that while current urban planning is subordinated to market logic and investments, it is actually trapped in a vicious cycle of deepening its own economic appeal. Simultaneously, planners are losing the ability to direct public goods to where they are needed.
Labour standards and regulation in global value chains: The case of the New Zealand Fishing Industry
Authors: Stringer Christina , Hughes Steve , Whittaker D Hugh , Haworth Nigel , Simmons Glenn
Published: June 2016

Building on the concept of polarity in global value chains, we explore how the nature of the governance of a global value chain can evolve and how contingencies can reshape governance arrangements. A case-study of the New Zealand fishing industry highlights how parties inside and outside the global value chain came to contest labour standards, laying the base for credible regulation. In 2011 through a series of convergent events, migrant crew on board South Korean fishing vessels, hitherto exploited, abused and isolated, emerged as a significant actor to bring about a clear transition in the governance of a multipolar global value chain. In this paper, we analyse the series of events which led to regulatory change and consider whether the dynamics from the case offer lessons for improving labour standards and regulation in global value chains more generally.
Pain modulation is affected differently in medication-overuse headache and chronic myofascial pain – A multimodal MRI study
Authors: Michels Lars , Christidi Foteini , Steiger Vivian R , Sándor Peter S , Gantenbein Andreas R , Landmann Gunther , Schreglmann Sebastian R , Kollias Spyros , Riederer Franz
Published: June 2016

Background

Neuroimaging studies revealed structural and functional changes in medication-overuse headache (MOH), but it remains unclear whether similar changes could be observed in other chronic pain disorders.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, we investigated functional connectivity (FC) with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in patients with MOH ( N = 12) relative to two control groups: patients with chronic myofascial pain (MYO; N = 11) and healthy controls (CN; N = 16).

Results

In a data-driven approach we found hypoconnectivity in the fronto-parietal attention network in both pain groups relative to CN (i.e. MOH < CN and MYO < CN). In contrast, hyperconnectivity in the saliency network (SN) was detected only in MOH, which correlated with FA in the insula. In a seed-based analysis we investigated FC between the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and all other brain regions. In addition to overlapping hyperconnectivity seen in patient groups (relative to CN), MOH had a distinct connectivity pattern with lower FC to parieto-occipital regions and higher FC to orbitofrontal regions compared to controls. FA and MD abnormalities were mostly observed in MOH, involving the insula.

Conclusions

Hyperconnectivity within the SN along with associated white matter changes therein suggest a particular role of this network in MOH. In addition, abnormal connectivity between the PAG and other pain modulatory (frontal) regions in MOH are consistent with dysfunctional central pain control.
Relationship between serum levels of VIP, but not of CGRP, and cranial autonomic parasympathetic symptoms: A study in chronic migraine patients
Authors: Riesco N , Cernuda-Morollón E , Martínez-Camblor P , Pérez-Alvarez AI , Verano L , García-Cabo C , Serrano-Pertierra E , Pascual J
Published: June 2016

Background

Cranial autonomic parasympathetic symptoms (CAPS) appear in at least half of migraine patients theoretically as a result of the release of peptides by the trigemino-vascular system (TVS). Cranial pain pathways become sensitised by repeated episodes of TVS activation, leading to migraine chronification.

Objective

The objective of this article is to correlate the presence of CAPS with serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).

Patients and methods

Patients with chronic migraine (CM) were asked about the presence – during migraine attacks – of five CAPS, which were scored from 0 to 10 by using a quantitative scale. Serum VIP and CGRP levels were determined by ELISA.

Results

We interviewed 87 CM patients (82 females; mean age 44.7 ± 10.6 years). Seventeen had no CAPS, while 70 reported at least one CAPS. VIP levels ranged from 20.8 to 668.2 pg/ml (mean 154.5 ± 123.2). There was a significant positive correlation between scores in the CAPS scale and VIP levels (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.227; p = 0.035). VIP levels were significantly higher in CM patients by at least one point in the scale vs those with 0 points ( p = 0.002). Analysing symptoms individually, VIP levels were numerically higher in those patients with symptoms, though they were significantly higher only in those patients with lacrimation vs those without it ( p = 0.013). There was no significant correlation between CGRP levels and the score in the CAPS scale.

Conclusions

Serum VIP, but not CGRP, levels seem to reflect the rate of activation of the parasympathetic arm of the TVS in migraine.
A Latent Mediated Moderation of Perfectionism, Motivation, and Academic Satisfaction
Authors: Gaudreau Patrick , Franche Véronique , Gareau Alexandre
Published: June 2016

The 2 × 2 model of perfectionism conceptualizes perfectionism as the within-person combinations of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism to define four subtypes of perfectionism. This model posits that each subtype is distinctively associated with self-determined motivation and psychological adjustment. Results of latent moderated structural equation model with data from a sample of 559 university students with our newly developed MPLUS syntax codes to estimate simple slopes and their statistical significance supported this hypothesis. As expected, pure self-oriented perfectionism was associated with higher academic self-determination and academic satisfaction relative to mixed perfectionism. Mixed perfectionism was also associated with higher academic self-determination and satisfaction than was pure socially prescribed perfectionism. Results of a latent mediated moderation structural equation model also showed that academic self-determined motivation significantly mediated the relationships between perfectionism subtypes and academic satisfaction. The indirect effects of the four simple slopes, tested with our newly developed MPLUS syntax codes, all reached statistical significance. On substantive grounds, the different amounts of autonomy or self-determination associated with each of the four subtypes of perfectionism of the 2 × 2 model explicate why they are distinctively associated with academic satisfaction. On methodological grounds, this study offered a roadmap to examine the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism with latent moderated structural equation modeling.
The Dopamine Receptor D5 May Influence Age of Onset
Authors: Maitra Subhamita , Sarkar Kanyakumarika , Sinha Swagata , Mukhopadhyay Kanchan
Published: June 2016

The objective was to investigate contribution of the dopamine receptor 5 (DRD5) gene variants in the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) probands since brain regions identified to be affected in these group of patients have higher expression of the DRD5 receptor. Out of 22 exonic variants, 19 were monomorphic in the Indo-Caucasoid individuals. rs6283 “C” and rs113828117 “A” exhibited significant higher occurrence in families with ADHD probands. Several haplotypes showed biased occurrence in the probands. Early and late onset groups exhibited significantly different genotypic frequencies. A new G>A substitution was observed in the control samples only. The late onset group exhibited higher scores for hyperactivity as compared to the early onset group. The authors infer that the age of onset of ADHD may at least partially be affected by DRD5 variants warranting further investigation on the role of DRD5 in the disease etiology.
Vitamin D Status After Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Abou Zahr Riad , Faustino Edward Vincent S. , Carpenter Thomas , Kirshbom Paul , Hall E. Kevin , Fahey John T. , Kandil Sarah B.
Published: June 2016

Deficiency in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the critically ill. Children who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are typically deficient in 25OHD. It is unclear whether this deficiency is due to CPB. We hypothesized that CPB reduces the levels of 25OHD in children with congenital heart disease. We conducted a prospective observational study on children aged 2 months to 17 years who underwent CPB. Serum was collected at 3 time points: immediately before, immediately after surgery, and 24 hours after surgery. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D, vitamin D binding protein, and albumin levels were measured. Levels were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. We enrolled 20 patients, 40% were deficient in 25OHD with levels <20 ng/mL prior to surgery. Mean (±standard deviation) of 25OHD at the 3 time points was 21.3 ± 8 ng/mL, 19 ± 5.8 ng/mL, and 19.5 ± 6.6 ng/mL, respectively ( P = .02). The decrease in 25OHD was observed primarily in children with sufficient levels of 25OHD, with mean levels at the 3 time points: 26.8 ± 4.2 ng/mL, 21.5 ± 5.7 ng/mL, and 23.0 ± 4.9 ng/mL, respectively ( P < .001). Calculated means of free fraction of 25OHD at the 3 time points were 6.2 ± 2.8 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 2.2 pg/mL, and 5.5 ± 2.4 pg/mL, respectively, ( P = .04). Mean levels of 1,25(OH)2D were 63.7 ± 34.9 ng/mL, 53.2 ± 30.6 ng/mL, and 67.7 ± 23.5 ng/mL ( P = .04). Vitamin D binding protein and albumin levels did not significantly change. Cardiopulmonary bypass decreases 25OHD by reducing the free fraction. Current investigations are geared to establish whether vitamin D deficiency is associated with outcomes and if treatment is appropriate.