bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tunable block copolymers based on a polysiloxane backbone by anionic ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Bauer Josef , Hüsing Nicola , Kickelbick Guido
Published: July 2004

Block copolymers with tunable functional groups were obtained through the postfunctionalization of poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐b‐poly(methylvinylsiloxane) diblock copolymers prepared by the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of cyclotrisiloxanes. As the source of the vinyl‐containing segment, 1,3,5‐trimethyl‐1,3,5‐trivinylcyclotrisiloxane was used. The obtained polymers showed high block purity and a narrow molecular weight distribution. The postmodification was carried out with a two‐step procedure: in the first step, epoxide groups were introduced into the diblock copolymer, and in the second step, the ring opening of the latter functionalities was carried out. A variety of different nucleophiles were used for the ring‐opening reaction, and the influence of selected reaction parameters, such as the dilution and the use of monofunctional and difunctional nucleophiles, on the resulting polymers were investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3975–3985, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of new light‐emitting copolymers in polymeric‐light‐emitting‐diode device fabrications
Authors: Wu Sheng‐Han , Shen Chi‐Hsien , Chen Jar‐Hung , Hsu Chia‐Chen , Chien‐Chao Tsiang Raymond
Published: July 2004

A series of thiophene‐containing photoactive copolymers consisting of alternating conjugated and nonconjugated segments were synthesized. The 1H NMR spectra corroborated the well‐defined structures, and the copolymers not only were soluble in common organic solvents but also had high glass‐transition temperatures (ca. 130 °C) and good thermal stability up to 390 °C. Introducing aliphatic functional groups, such as alkyl or alkoxyl, into chromophores of the copolymers redshifted the photoluminescence spectra and lowered the optical bandgaps. The electrochemical bandgaps calculated from cyclic voltammetry agreed with the optical bandgaps and thus indicated that electroluminescence and photoluminescence originated from the same excited state. The energy levels (highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of all the copolymers were lower than those of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1.4‐phenylenevinylene] MEH–PPV, indicating balanced hole and electron injection, which led to improved performance in both single‐layer and double‐layer polymeric‐light‐emitting‐diode devices fabricated with these copolymers. All the copolymers emitted bluish‐green or green light above the threshold bias of 5.0 V under ambient conditions. At the maximum bias of 10 V, the electroluminescence of a device made of poly(2‐{4‐[2‐(3‐ethoxy phenyl)ethylene]phenyl}‐5‐{4‐[2‐(3‐ethoxy,4‐1,8‐octanedioxy phenyl)ethylene]phenyl}thiophene) was 5836 cd/m2. The external electroluminescence efficiency decreased with the lifetime as the polymer degraded. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3954–3966, 2004
Significance of conformational biases in Monte Carlo simulations of protein folding: Lessons from Metropolis–Hastings approach
Authors: Przytycka Teresa
Published: July 2004

Despite significant effort, the problem of predicting a protein's three‐dimensional fold from its amino‐acid sequence remains unsolved. An important strategy involves treating folding as a statistical process, using the Markov chain formalism, implemented as a Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm. A formal prerequisite of this approach is the condition of detailed balance, the plausible requirement that at equilibrium, the transition from state i to state j is traversed with the same probability as the reverse transition from state j to state i. Surprisingly, some relatively successful methods that use biased sampling fail to satisfy this requirement. Is this compromise merely a convenient heuristic that results in faster convergence? Or, is it instead a cryptic energy term that compensates for an incomplete potential function? I explore this question using Metropolis–Hasting Monte Carlo simulations. Results from these simulations suggest the latter answer is more likely. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relativistic and electron correlation effects for molecules of heavy elements: Ab initio fully relativistic coupled‐cluster calculations for PbH4
Authors: Malli Gulzari L. , Siegert Martin , Turner David P.
Published: July 2004

Ab initio fully relativistic all‐electron Dirac–Fock (DF) and nonrelativistic (NR) Hartree–Fock (HF) limit self‐consistent field (SCF) benchmark molecular calculations are reported for the tetrahedral (Td) PbH4 at various Pb–H bond distances. Our fully relativistic Dirac–Fock and nonrelativistic HF calculations predict for a PbH4 bond distance of 1.75 and 1.82 Å, respectively. Both our DF and NR HF limit SCF calculations predict the ground state of PbH4 (Td) to be bound, with the predicted atomization energy (Ae) of 7.20 and 8.63 eV, respectively. There are antibinding effects due to relativity of ∼1.4 eV to the predicted atomization energy (Ae) of PbH4. Our relativistic four‐component coupled‐cluster singles and doubles (RCCSD) calculations, which correlate 50 electrons and include 302 active molecular spinors with energies up to ∼46 a.u. in the active space predict the relativistic second‐order Møller‐Plesset (RMP2), RCCSD and RCCSD (T) (RCCSD plus the triple excitation correction included perturbationally) correlation energies as −1.271, −1.161, and −1.186 hartree, respectively. The contribution of the RMP2, RCCSD, and RCCSD (T) electron correlation energies toward the atomization energy of PbH4 as predicted by our above‐mentioned CC calculation is 3.78, 4.22, and 4.30 eV, respectively. We predict the NR and relativistic MP2, CCSD, and CCSD (T) atomization energies (Ae) for PbH4 at the optimized PbH bond distances as 12.72, 12.90, 1.77 and 10.98, 11.42, and 11.50 eV, respectively. With the inclusion of both the electron correlation and effects of relativity, we predict the atomization energy for PbH4 to be ∼10–11 eV. This should encourage experimentalists to devise new synthetic methods to prepare plumbane, so that its chemical and physical properties can be investigated as in the case of its lighter congeners. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Performance evaluation for VBR Continuous Media File Server admission control
Authors: Makaroff D. J. , Neufeld G. W. , Hutchinson N. C.
Published: July 2004

A file server for continuous media must provide resource guarantees and only admit requests that do not violate the resource availability. This paper addresses the admission performance of a server that explicitly considers the variable bit rate nature of the continuous media streams. A prototype version of the server has been implemented and evaluated in several heterogeneous environments. The two system resources for which admission control is evaluated are the disk bandwidth and the network bandwidth. Performance results from both measurement and simulation are shown with respect to different admission methods and varying scenarios of stream delivery patterns. We show that the vbrSim algorithm developed specifically for the server outperforms the other options for disk admission especially with request patterns that have staggered arrivals, while the network admission control algorithm is able to utilize a large percentage of the network bandwidth available. We also show the interactions between the limits of these two resources and how a system can be configured without wasted capacity on either one of the resources. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Checking secure information flow in Java bytecode by code transformation and standard bytecode verification
Authors: Bernardeschi C. , De Francesco N. , Lettieri G. , Martini L.
Published: July 2004

A method is presented for checking secure information flow in Java bytecode, assuming a multilevel security policy that assigns security levels to the objects. The method exploits the type‐level abstract interpretation of standard bytecode verification to detect illegal information flows. We define an algorithm transforming the original code into another code in such a way that a typing error detected by the Verifier on the transformed code corresponds to a possible illicit information flow in the original code. We present a prototype tool that implements the method and we show an example of application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the internal consistency of ISO/IEC TR 15504 process capability measures
Authors: Jung Ho‐Won
Published: July 2004

A software process assessment based on the emerging International Standard ISO/IEC 15504 (Software Process Assessment) can be considered a subjective measurement procedure since assessors assign ratings to measures (i.e. PA: process attributes) to measure the capability of processes. Since measurement always includes some amount of random measurement error, evaluating the reliability of empirical measurement in ISO/IEC 15504–based process assessment is crucial to give confidence to the assessment results. This study estimated the internal consistency (reliability) of process attributes by utilizing Cronbach's alpha. For this purpose, we analyzed 364 process instances from 29 assessments on the basis of ISO/IEC 15504 in Korea during February 1999 and December 2001. Our result shows that Cronbach's alpha has a high value of 0.88 for use in practice. This is the same value as obtained in the data from the Phase 2 SPICE Trials (between September 1996 and June 1998), where SPICE denotes Software Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination. In addition, this study explored whether the change of the current four‐category PA rating scale increases the internal consistency. Our findings indicate that the current four‐category rating scale gives higher internal consistency of process capability measures than a two‐ or a three‐category rating scale. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Level 5 process capability achievement: A case study from Software Engineering Research Management
Authors: Walker A. J.
Published: July 2004

There is scant recorded experience in the literature of the attainment of ISO 15504 Level 5 capability. The reasons are not hard to find: instances of advanced capability are infrequent; those enterprises that have attained such advanced levels of process capability, understandably, may be reluctant to share their experiences with potential competitors; and assessors are frequently unsure of how to interpret the process attributes, management practices and indicators at Levels 4 and 5.

The situation described in this article relates to the management of the higher‐degree process at the Software Engineering Applications Laboratory (SEAL) over the period 1988 through 2000. The SEAL was a post‐graduate laboratory in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand, focussing on research investigations in specialised engineering and scientific applications in the field of software engineering. A major process re‐engineering exercise was initiated in 1992, leading to the certification of the SEAL to ISO 9001 in July 1995. Key performance indicators relating to the recruitment, supervision and graduation of students, and development and publication of research articles were tracked over the period of interest. The impact of the formalised management system on these KPIs was tracked and monitored. Process improvements, both heroic and incremental, and their impacts, were recorded in detail. When the work products of a sample of SEAL projects and the quality management system were assessed recently, the assessment team concluded that Level 5 process capability had been achieved in the higher‐degree process. This contribution seeks to record the background to the assessment and offers some insights as to what practices were applied to achieve Level 5 capability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Das Airside Center‐Dach des Züricher Flughafens
Authors: Manning Martin , Terry Richard , Roe Tim , Falter Holger
Published: July 2004

Das rund 250 m lange und 50 m breite Airside Center des Züricher Flughafens verbindet die beiden bestehenden Terminals und Fingerdocks A und B und ersetzt ein Verbindungsbauwerk aus den 70er Jahren. Überdacht wird das neue Airside Center durch ein fugenloses Raumfachwerk aus Stahlhohlprofilen. Der entstehende Raum ist auf allen Seiten verglast.

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt den Entwurfsprozeß von der architektonischen Idee hin zur Tragwerksidee, den Tragwerksentwurf sowie Berechnung und Detaillierung. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neurological outcome of children who were treated for fetal tachycardia complicated by hydrops
Authors: Oudijk M. A. , Gooskens R. H. J. M. , Stoutenbeek P. , de Vries L. S. , Visser G. H. A. , Meijboom E. J.
Published: July 2004

Objective

Fetal tachycardia is a condition associated with congestive heart failure and development of fetal hydrops, which may result in neurological morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the long‐term outcome of hydropic fetuses.

Methods

This was a retrospective study on cognitive and neurological functioning of 11 infants, aged 6 months to 12 years, who experienced fetal tachycardia complicated by hydrops.

Results

Seven fetuses had supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), three had atrial flutter (AF) and one had ventricular tachycardia (VT). Nine fetuses converted to sinus rhythm within a mean time of 8.2 days of presentation; resolution of hydrops was achieved in six of these patients in a mean time of 8.8 days. Mean gestational age (GA) at birth was 35 + 4 weeks. Neonatal cranial ultrasound was normal in seven infants and all but one of these were normal at follow‐up: one infant who initially had no abnormalities developed multiple cerebral lesions as a result of a malignant long QT syndrome (LQTS) and died at the age of 2 years. Three infants had periventricular echogenicity (PVE) on neonatal cranial ultrasound, associated with a pseudocyst in one infant. The remaining infant showed a parenchymal hemorrhage of antenatal onset, seen as a porencephalic cyst at birth. One of these infants was normal at follow‐up, one died 2 days after birth and two infants had neurological abnormalities at follow‐up, consisting of mild hemiplegia with normal cognitive function in one, and a cognitive developmental delay in the other.

Conclusions

In this study, neurological outcome was good in eight out of 11 infants. Initiation of therapy should not be withheld or delayed on the assumption of poor neurological outcome. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography for deep pelvic endometriosis
Authors: Bazot M. , Thomassin I. , Hourani R. , Cortez A. , Darai E.
Published: July 2004

Objective

To determine the accuracy of transvaginal sonography (TVS) for the diagnosis of deep pelvic endometriosis.

Methods

In a prospective study, 142 women with clinical signs of endometriosis underwent TVS followed by surgical and histopathological investigations. The presence and extent of endometriosis involving the uterosacral ligaments, vagina, rectovaginal septum, intestines, bladder and ovaries shown by TVS were compared with surgical and histological findings. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy of TVS for predicting deep pelvic endometriosis were assessed.

Results

Ovarian and deep pelvic endometriosis were found by surgery and histology in respectively 83 (58.5%) and 79 (55.6%) of the 142 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of TVS for the diagnosis of deep pelvic endometriosis were 78.5%, 95.2%, 95.4% and 77.9%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of TVS for endometriotic involvement of the uterosacral ligaments, vagina, rectovaginal septum and intestines were 70.6% and 95.9%, 29.4% and 100%, 28.6% and 99.3%, and 87.2% and 96.8%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of TVS for bladder involvement were 71.4% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion

TVS accurately diagnoses intestinal and bladder endometriosis, but is less accurate for uterosacral, vaginal and rectovaginal septum involvement. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hostility, depressive symptoms, and smoking in early adolescence
Authors: Weiss Jie Wu , Mouttapa Michele , Chou Chih‐Ping , Nezami Elahe , Anderson Johnson C. , Palmer Paula H. , Cen Steven , Gallaher Peggy , Ritt‐Olson Anamara , Azen Stanley , Unger Jennifer B.
Published: July 2004

Using logistic and multiple regression, we examined the association between hostility, level of depressive symptoms, and smoking in a sample of 1699 ethnically diverse students in California. Self‐reports were collected twice from each student, at the beginning of the 6th and 7th grade years. Among 6th graders who had not smoked, depressive symptoms and hostility were associated with smoking initiation by the 7th grade. Among those students who had already tried smoking, increases in depressive symptoms and hostility were associated with more frequent smoking. The association between hostility and smoking was stronger for students reporting higher levels of depressive symptoms.
Herring as a major consumer in the Norwegian Sea
Authors: Dommasnes Are , Melle Webjørn , Dalpadado Padmini , Ellertsen Bjørnar
Published: July 2004

Using available information, the authors attempt to calculate the food consumption of the Norwegian Spring Spawning Herring in the Norwegian Sea in the years 1994–1996, and to calculate how much is taken of different prey organisms. Consumption/biomass ratios extracted from literature vary within the range 3.0–7.0. Based on the likely size of the herring stock in the Norwegian Sea and an annual consumption/biomass ratio of 4.5, the consumption in 1994, 1995, and 1996 was calculated to be 31, 40, and 47 million tonnes, respectively. Quantitative data are presented on the presence of different prey categories in herring stomachs in different water masses (Coastal, Coastal/Atlantic, Atlantic, and Atlantic/Arctic, respectively), and the results are used to estimate total consumption of the different prey categories by herring. Based on a consumption/biomass ratio of 4.5, the consumption of copepods in 1994, 1995, and 1996 was calculated to be 19, 24, and 29 million tonnes, respectively, making up 62% of the food consumed as a mean over the 3 years. Corresponding numbers for krill were 1.2, 3.3, and 1.8 million tonnes and 5%, and for amphipods 3.3, 5.2, and 6.6 million tonnes and 13%. The results are compared with the assumed production by the different prey organisms in the areas where the herring feed. For copepods it seems that the consumption by herring is at the same level as the production, but for other prey organisms the production seems to exceed consumption by herring.
Oxygen isotope compositions of phosphate from arvicoline teeth and Quaternary climatic changes, Gigny, French Jura
Authors: Navarro Nicolas , Lécuyer Christophe , Montuire Sophie , Langlois Cyril , Martineau François
Published: July 2004

Oxygen isotope compositions of biogenic phosphates from mammals are widely used as proxies of the isotopic compositions of meteoric waters that are roughly linearly related to the air temperature at high- and mid-latitudes. An oxygen isotope fractionation equation was determined by using present-day European arvicoline (rodents) tooth phosphate:δ18Op= 20.98(±0.59) + 0.572(±0.065)δ18Ow. This fractionation equation was applied to the Late Pleistocene karstic sequence of Gigny, French Jura. Comparison between the oxygen isotope compositions of arvicoline tooth phosphate and Greenland ice core records suggests to reconsider the previously established hypothetical chronology of the sequence. According to theδ18O value of meteoric water–mean air temperature relationships, theδ18O value of arvicoline teeth records variations in mean air temperatures that range from 0° to 15°C.
The potential of long-chain fatty alcohols and long-chain fatty acids as diet composition markers: development of methods for quantitative analysis and faecal recoveries of these compounds in sheep fed mixed diets
Authors: ALI H. A. M. , MAYES R. W. , LAMB C. S. , HECTOR B. L. , VERMA A. K. , ØRSKOV E. R.
Published: July 2004

Previous investigations have shown that the long-chain fatty alcohols and long-chain fatty acids of plant waxes have potential as diet composition markers. This study was conducted to measure faecal recoveries of long-chain fatty alcohols (C20–C30) and long-chain fatty acids (C20–C32) in sheep fed mixed diets. Methodology for quantitative analysis of these compounds in feed and faeces is also presented. The method was an extension of the original n-alkane method of Mayes et al. (1986) in which separate hydrocarbon (n-alkanes, n-alkenes and branched-chain alkanes), alcohol (free+esterified) and acid (free+esterified) fractions could be obtained from a single sample. A fraction containing alcohols and sterols was eluted from the silica gel column after removal of the hydrocarbons. Sterols were removed from alcohols using aminopropyl solid-phase extraction columns. Alcohols were converted to their trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers and run on a gas chromatograph (GC). Acids were extracted from the aqueous phase of saponification products after removal of hydrocarbons, alcohols and sterols, purified through silica gel columns and were converted into their methyl esters (FAMES) prior to analysis on a GC. Tests were carried out to evaluate the reproducibility of the results obtained from the analytical method developed for quantifying alcohols and acids. Twelve sheep, in metabolism crates, were offered (0·8 kg DM/animal/day) four different mixtures of hill grass (Agrostis capillaris), birch (Betula pendula) leaves and current season's growth of heather (Calluna vulgaris) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) for 17 days. Total daily faeces and feed refusals collections were carried out over the last 7 days. Faeces collections were bulked for each animal. Representative samples of feed, refusals and faeces were analysed for alcohols and acids using the described method. Faecal recoveries of alcohols and acids were calculated from the ratio of output and input of each marker. The results showed high, though incomplete, faecal recoveries for both alcohols and acids. Alcohols had consistently higher faecal recoveries compared with acids. Mean (±S.E.) faecal recovery values for alcohols C20, C22, C24, C26, C28 and C30 were 0·58±0·04, 0·67±0·01, 0·72±0·008, 0·80±0·007, 0·94±0·005 and 1·01±0·02, respectively, whereas those of acids C20, C22, C24, C26, C28, C30and C32 were 0·47±0·02, 0·57±0·02, 0·61±0·02, 0·77±0·017, 0·84±0·01, 0·79±0·015 and 0·84±0·013, respectively. Increasing chain-length had a significant effect (P<0·05) on the recoveries of both alcohols and acids (R2=0·808, 0·741, respectively). Different dietary plant mixtures had no effect (P>0·05) on the recoveries of alcohols and acids in faeces.
Fermentation and degradation in the rumen of dairy cows fed on diets consisting of silage from an intensively managed sward and silages from semi-natural grasslands
Authors: BRUINENBERG M. H. , VALK H. , STRUIK P. C. , VAN VUUREN A. M.
Published: July 2004

To assess the effect of grassland management on the ruminal digestion of silages, four lactating dairy cows, fitted with a rumen cannula, were fed diets consisting of concentrates and different grass silages. The grass silages consisted of intensively managed grass (IM) in variable proportions replaced by silages harvested from a ‘species-poor’ grassland managed to stimulate nesting of birds (SPP) or from a grassland managed to increase plant species diversity (SPR). The roughage part of the diets was composed completely of IM (100IM), or 200 g/kg (in dry matter) of IM replaced by SPP (20SPP) or 600 g/kg of IM replaced by SPP (60SPP), or SPR (60SPR). The pH in the rumen was highest on 60SPR and lowest on 100IM and 20SPP (P<0·05), whereas volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations were lowest on 60SPP and 60SPR and highest on 100IM (P<0·05). No differences in the ratio non-glucogenic: glucogenic volatile fatty acids were observed among the diets. The NH3 concentration was highest on 100IM and 20SPP and lowest on 60SPR (P<0·05), reflecting differences in CP intake. The concentration of uric acid in the urine (mg per kg metabolic body weight) was highest on 100IM (P<0·05). Rumen pool size of OM and DM did not differ among treatments, but pool size of NDF and IADF were highest on 60SPR (P<0·05). Passage rate was high on 100IM and 60SPR, but no significant differences with the other treatments were established. Also, no significant differences were observed in rates of degradation. Clearance rate of large particles was highest on 60SPP and differed significantly from 60SPR (P<0·05) only. No differences were observed in clearance rate of small particles. In conclusion, for most rumen fermentation characteristics measured in the study, no noticeably aberrant behaviour of the silages from semi-natural grassland was observed.
Association, Community and the Origins of Secularisation: English and Welsh Nonconformity, c. 1850–1930
Authors: YALDEN PETER
Published: July 2004

The revisionism which has marked the secularisation debate in recent decades has modified in various respects the traditional view that Christianity in Britain has been in almost constant decline for at least the last century or so. As a contribution to the debate, this article revisits the changes which developed in the internal dynamics of English and Welsh Nonconformity during the period from about 1850 to 1930. It argues that the secularisation of Nonconformity at the institutional level was primarily due to the fact that it became more associational and less communal in character. Indeed, Nonconformist Churches almost certainly contained the seeds of secularisation from their inception, as they were the first widespread voluntary associations in Britain with the concept of formal membership.
India for the Working Classes: The Maps of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
Authors: BARROW IAN J.
Published: July 2004

This paper examines the maps of India published under the supervision of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK) during the 1830s and 1840s. The Society was established in London in late 1826 to educate poor adults and the working classes in a variety of intellectual and practical subjects. It published an encyclopaedia, a magazine and a series of monographs, including a book on The Hindoos. But it also published, in instalments, an atlas that featured India in twelve sheets together with a detailed map of Calcutta. The maps were first issued in the 1830s and reissued a decade later. The India maps of the SDUK are the first multi-sheet maps that were sold explicitly for non-elite British audiences and, as such, are of great interest. Moreover, they were among the most detailed, well-drawn maps generally available, and were sometimes eagerly sought-after. A close examination of the maps – their symbols, names, regions and perspectives – reveals how the Company's Indian empire was depicted, described, taught and made ‘useful’ to the working classes.
Gosain Tawaif: Slaves, Sex, and Ascetics in Rasdhan, ca. 1800–1857
Authors: PINCH VIJAY
Published: July 2004

In the center of the clearing, an aging warrior tries to draw his sword, fury etched upon his face. He faces two young warriors with raised swords who are racing to attack. A distraught old woman restrains the old warrior, while two younger men attempt to calm his attackers. A young boy holding a bow, arrows tucked in his waistband, dashes toward the combatants, in hopes of intervening. In the flash of a moment, perhaps as a result of a misspoken word or a perceived affront, harmony has given way to fracture. The anger on some faces, and despair on others, suggests an earlier time of friendship and love. Only one person is unperturbed. In the foreground a placid young woman observes the unfolding battle while tending a crying newborn. A young boy by her side also looks upon the scene, but with an expression of horror on his face. She, by contrast, seems utterly unconcerned. Indeed, she almost appears to enjoy the collapse of the social world around her. This is a hint, perhaps, about the nature of the conflict, namely, that it somehow revolves around her.
The Colonial Transition: South Asia, 1780–1840
Authors: BARROW IAN J. , HAYNES DOUGLAS E.
Published: July 2004

The seven papers in this special issue focus primarily on the development of British colonial rule between the 1780s and the 1840s. Over the course of these decades, the East India Company extended and consolidated its political and military control throughout much of the Indian subcontinent. Many of the crucial developments in the formation of the colonial state occurred during this period. These include the conquest of Mysore and the defeat of the Marathas, the implementation of the Permanent Settlement, the reforms undertaken during the Viceroyalty of Lord Bentinck, the introduction of Utilitarianism and missionary activity, the establishment of the Trigonometrical Survey, the development of the systems of control based upon indirect rule in the ‘princely states’, the emergence of new concepts of ‘race’ and social hierarchy, and the reshaping of British social life in South Asia. Outside of India, Ceylon's maritime provinces were captured from the Dutch and, in 1815, the interior Kandyan kingdom was annexed, paving the way for the island's transformation into a Crown colony focused on plantation production. In Britain, too, there was a growing interest among the public in the British territorial possessions in South Asia and an increasing awareness that this empire helped to define Britain as a great national power within Europe. For these reasons alone, this period, which begins when the Company was seeking to entrench itself as the de facto ruler of Bengal and ends shortly before the 1857 rebellions and the formal end of the Company rule, requires serious attention by historians.
Spinoza and the Unimportance of Belief
Authors: Mason Richard
Published: July 2004

The idea of an original contract is, ironically, inherently narrative in form; although tautological in essence, it nevertheless portrays events occurring in sequence. In response to Filmer's provocations that the idea of an original contract lacks historical veracity. Locke tries and repeatedly fails to establish a direct historical substantiation of his position in the early chapters of the Second Treatise. The most important of these various miscalculations concern the role of consent in his account of the origins of government, the tension between logical and historical evidence in describing the development of prerogative in the English monarchy, and the inescapable conclusion that conquest and not consent was the likely origin of most states. In these places, the Locke's deductive argument is forced to slow, hesitate, and change direction. The general concept of individual transgression, as it emerges from Locke's depiction of the state of nature, war, and slavery, later transforms itself into the basis of governmental injustice and tyranny. These, in turn, work to generate a sort of secondary and “political” state of nature in which a now “historical” people, by means of concrete acts of resistance and revolution, enact the hypothesis of the consensual theory in their own actual time and place.
Twenty years on: the UN and the ‘Question of Antarctica,’ 1983–2003
Authors: Beck Peter J.
Published: July 2004

The United Nations (UN) has now been involved with the ‘Question of Antarctica’ for 20 years. Divisions within the international community about the most appropriate form of management for Antarctica, which was presented to the UN as a region of global importance, have never completely disappeared, even if the restoration of a consensus approach during the mid-1990s was based upon a broader appreciation of the merits of the Antarctic Treaty System. Both Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties and non-Consultative Parties, pointing to the regime's enduring intrinsic qualities, have adopted an unyielding attitude towards Treaty outsiders advocating a more democratic, accountable, and transparent regime. Even so, the critical lobby, led by Dr Mahathir's Malaysian government, has never gone away. Initially, the ‘Question of Antarctica’ was discussed at the UN on an annual basis, but since 1996 it has been placed on a triennial reference. Following the most recent session in late 2002, the topic is scheduled to be placed on the UN's agenda again in 2005. This article reviews critically the key themes characterising the UN's involvement in the ‘Question of Antarctica’ since 1983, while using successive Polar Record articles on individual UN sessions to provide a framework of reference and an informed basis for further research on the topic.
Gentlemen travellers in the north: Cutcliffe Hyne's Through Arctic Lapland, 1898
Authors: Stone Ian R.
Published: July 2004

Cutcliffe Hyne, a popular late-nineteenth-century writer, and his artist friend Cecil Hayter travelled overland from Varanger Fjord in Arctic Norway to the head of the Gulf of Bothnia in the summer of 1896. The ostensible aim of the trip was to observe the Sami in their own habitat, but it also had an element of adventure for its own sake. Approximately half of the distance was accomplished on foot and the rest by canoe or post cart. They were ill-prepared for the journey and experienced considerable problems in securing food at various farms and villages at which they stopped en route. Hyne wrote a travel book based upon the trip entitled Through Arctic Lapland, and this is of interest today as providing a first-hand account of the way of life of the inhabitants of the region through which they passed and also as an example of a style of travel writing that was then common but is now extinct.
Return of the megaherbs: plant colonisation of derelict ANARE station buildings on sub-Antarctic Heard Island
Authors: Whinam J. , Selkirk P.M. , Downing A.J. , Hull Bruce
Published: July 2004

Buildings were constructed and artefacts left behind on sub-Antarctic Heard Island, associated with Antarctic research expeditions since 1926. Both bryophytes and vascular plants are colonising many parts of the now derelict buildings. On these structures and artefacts, the authors recorded four species of vascular plants out of the 11 that occur on Heard Island and nine species of mosses out of the 37 recorded from Heard Island. The vascular plant species most frequently recorded colonising structures and artefacts was Pringlea antiscorbutica (288 occurrences), with the area colonised varying from 0.3 cm2 to 430.0 cm2. Muelleriella crassifolia was the moss species that was most frequently recorded (14 occurrences), colonising areas from 2.1 cm2 to 12.9 cm2. The highest number of bryophyte species (seven) was recorded on the stone and cement of the ‘water tank.’ Pringlea antiscorbutica, Poa cookii, Azorella selago, Muelleriella crassifolia, Bryum dichotomum, Dicranoweisia brevipes and Schistidium apocarpum are all expected to continue to colonise the ANARE ruins, as well as areas that have become available since building removal and also possibly areas bared by further deglaciation.
The East German East Antarctic Expedition, 1979–80
Authors: Norman F.I.
Published: July 2004

A once-restricted report dealing with the first (and only) official East German Antarctic expedition to Prydz Bay, East Antarctica, is discussed. Members of ‘die Ergebnisse der DDR-Erkundungsexpedition’ (EREX 79/80) were in the Larsemann Hills during the 1979–80 season. From ground (17 January) and aerial examination (17 January, 8 February), a site on eastern Broknes was selected for a future station; proposed facilities and some EREX observations are presented. Implications and consequences of the visit are discussed in relation to subsequent station development in the Larsemann Hills.
Social outcome in early psychosis
Authors: ADDINGTON J. , YOUNG J. , ADDINGTON D.
Published: July 2004

Background. It has been demonstrated that patients experiencing their first-episode of psychosis have social functioning deficits that are equivalent to those seen in patients with a more chronic course of illness. The purpose of this study is to examine social functioning over the course of the first year after admission to an early psychosis programme.

Method. The social functioning of 177 first-episode subjects was assessed on admission and 1 year later and compared with that of 40 non-psychiatric controls. Assessment measures included the Quality of Life Scale (QLS).

Results. At the 1-year follow-up there was significant improvement in quality of life. However, even those first-episode patients experiencing a remission from positive symptoms had lower QLS scores than the non-psychiatric controls.

Conclusions. These results are encouraging and supportive of early intervention. There is room for more improvement in the application and development of psychological interventions for these young patients.
Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive behaviour therapy versus treatment as usual in recurrent deliberate self-harm: the POPMACT study
Authors: TYRER P. , THOMPSON S. , SCHMIDT U. , JONES V. , KNAPP M. , DAVIDSON K. , CATALAN J. , AIRLIE J. , BAXTER S. , BYFORD S. , BYRNE G. , CAMERON S. , CAPLAN R. , COOPER S. , FERGUSON B. , FREEMAN C. , FROST S. , GODLEY J. , GREENSHIELDS J. , HENDERSON J. , HOLDEN N. , KEECH P. , KIM L. , LOGAN K. , MANLEY C. , MacLEOD A. , MURPHY R. , PATIENCE L. , RAMSAY L. , DE MUNROZ S. , SCOTT J. , SEIVEWRIGHT H. , SIVAKUMAR K. , TATA P. , THORNTON S. , UKOUMUNNE O. C. , WESSELY S.
Published: July 2004

Background. We carried out a large randomized trial of a brief form of cognitive therapy, manual-assisted cognitive behaviour therapy (MACT) versus treatment as usual (TAU) for deliberate self-harm.

Method. Patients presenting with recurrent deliberate self-harm in five centres were randomized to either MACT or (TAU) and followed up over 1 year. MACT patients received a booklet based on cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) principles and were offered up to five plus two booster sessions of CBT from a therapist in the first 3 months of the study. Ratings of parasuicide risk, anxiety, depression, social functioning and global function, positive and negative thinking, and quality of life were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months.

Results. Four hundred and eighty patients were randomized. Sixty per cent of the MACT group had both the booklet and CBT sessions. There were seven suicides, five in the TAU group. The main outcome measure, the proportion of those repeating deliberate self-harm in the 12 months of the study, showed no significant difference between those treated with MACT (39%) and treatment as usual (46%) (OR 0·78, 95% CI 0·53 to 1·14, P=0·20).

Conclusion. Brief cognitive behaviour therapy is of limited efficacy in reducing self-harm repetition, but the findings taken in conjunctin with the economic evaluation (Byford et al. 2003) indicate superiority of MACT over TAU in terms of cost and effectiveness combined.
World commerce, world politics, world English
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: July 2004

In 1995, Ballantine Books published in New York a book by Benjamin R. Barber. Its title was Jihad vs. McWorld, a phrase that would not have made much (any?) sense in 1895, or been easily unpacked even in 1975. It is often in word capsules like these that we see how much a language can change in a century, so as to put Arabic jihad alongside Latin versus while attaching Gaelic Mc (courtesy US fast food) to world, the only bit of original Anglo-Saxon. Barber also provided the subtitle ‘How globalism and tribalism are reshaping the world’, and it is the use of globalism that particularly interests me here. 1995 was a key year for globalization as a label for the worldwide spread of Western and especially US notions and practices relating to trade and technology. On page 23 of his book, Barber says:

[bull ] ‘Welcome to McWorld. There is no activity more intrinsically globalizing than trade, no ideology less interested in nations than capitalism, no challenge to frontiers more audacious than the market.’
Is it world or international or global English, and does it matter?
Authors: McARTHUR TOM
Published: July 2004

This review explores the histories and meanings of, and similarities and contrasts among, three labels for English at large: world English, international English, and global English, first as phrases containing the words world, international, and global, then in terms of their history and use, and how a range of dictionaries has dealt (or failed to deal) with them. The first has been used to mean both standard English and all English; the second refers to the multinational use of English (notably in language teaching); and the third both implies vast use and links the language (often negatively) with socio-economic globalization. Since all three are likely to go on being used, they may need to be handled with care.
Uncle Sam and Mr Unz
Authors: BIANCO JOSEPH LO
Published: July 2004

In the United States today, two developments – concern for national security and the concerns of private citizens – have catapulted languages onto the national policy agenda. The first requires more Americans to learn foreign languages while the second seeks to ban bilingual education. ‘Uncle Sam wants you to learn a foreign language!’
China's ESL goals: are they being met?
Authors: HAI TENG , QIANG NIU , WOLFF MARTIN
Published: July 2004

A review of the needs and opportunities of Chinese university students learning English, with a particular focus on the work of a ‘Foreign Expert’ in a Henan college.
Duetto a tre: Franco Alfano's completion of Turandot
Authors: FAIRTILE LINDA B.
Published: July 2004

This study of the ending customarily appended to Giacomo Puccini's unfinished Turandot offers a new perspective on its genesis: that of its principal creator, Franco Alfano. Following Puccini's death in November 1924, the press overstated the amount of music that he had completed for the opera's climactic duet and final scene. In fact, Puccini's manuscripts were so disjointed that Arturo Toscanini, the conductor chosen to lead the première, drafted the reluctant Alfano to fashion them into a viable conclusion. While occupied with this assignment, Alfano spoke with the writer Raymond Roussel about his plans for the opera's completion. This long-forgotten interview, absent from previous studies of Turandot's conclusion, reveals a strategy that would inevitably fall foul of Toscanini's expectations. Rejecting Alfano's first attempt for its extensive original composition, Toscanini forced changes on the conclusion that undermine both its musical coherence and dramatic logic. I assess Alfano's original ending in light of his frustration with Puccini's sketches, as well as the generally deleterious result of Toscanini's interventions. While neither conclusion represents an ideal solution, a judicious conflation of the two versions offers the best chance of reconciling a suitable denouement with the musical character of Puccini's finished score.
‘È l’ora della prova': Berio's finale for Puccini's Turandot
Authors: UVIETTA MARCO
Published: July 2004

This article examines the new finale by Luciano Berio for Puccini's Turandot, commissioned by the Festival de Musica de Gran Canarias and prèmiered in 2002. This finale constitutes a priviledged point of view from which to revisit not only the composer's life-long engagement with musical works of the past, but also his theatrical aesthetics, thrown into sharp relief by the particular challenges of this endeavour. Berio's compositional process is carefully reconstructed, from his interventions on the libretto to his respectful yet creative use of the numerous sketches left behind by Puccini. Particular attention is then paid to Berio's choice of reminiscences from earlier scenes of the opera, as well as to his citations from Wagner's Tristan, Mahler's Seventh Symphony and Schönberg's Gurrelieder. A separate section is devoted to Berio's most original contribution: a long orchestral interlude at the moment when Calaf kisses Turandot. The article concludes with a detailed scrutiny of Berio's orchestration.
Legal and illegal immigration into Europe: experiences and challenges
Authors: BADE KLAUS J.
Published: July 2004

The end of the Cold War marked a major break for migration policies in Europe. Defensive projections and visions of migration came to the fore in a European Union whose integration and openness toward the internal border-free single market went hand-in-hand with joint isolation of a ‘Fortress Europe’ vis-à-vis undesirable and, especially illegal, in-migration from outside its borders. As long as a negative coalition against unwelcome immigration prevails instead of a European migration concept, Europe itself contributes to the illegalization of immigration and to the persistence of the enemy image of ‘illegal immigration’. Against a background of widespread and confused fears of migration pressure from outside Europe, three issues have to be promoted by clear political direction with long-term perspectives: (1) a further normalization in dealing with migration and integration; (2) the acceptance and understanding of the feasibility of these central issues of social life in an immigration country, but also (3) the pragmatic acceptance of the limits of migration control in view of the often underestimated autonomous dynamics of migration and integration processes. This combines perspectives of researching migration and integration as well as the shaping of policies.
Effects of immigration on labour markets and government budgets: the case of the Netherlands
Authors: ROODENBURG HANS , EUWALS ROB , TERRELE HARRY
Published: July 2004

Employing methods extracted from the literature, in combination with data on the Dutch economy, we assess the impact of immigration on the labour market and the public sector in the Netherlands. Additional labour supply due to immigration will have only a limited positive effect on the total income of natives, though redistribution between native groups is relatively large. The long run fiscal impact of immigrants will only be positive if their labour market performance at least equals that of natives. We conclude that selective labour immigration may contribute to the economic well-being of the host country. However, large-scale immigration of labour is not considered to be effective in alleviating the financial burden of ageing in the Netherlands.
Athletic exercises in ancient Rome. When Julius Caesar went swimming
Authors: THUILLIER JEAN-PAUL
Published: July 2004

Roman ludi circenses are well known, especially chariot-racing, which was extremely popular during the Roman Empire. In many aspects, this competition even foreshadows modern sport seen as show business (the Circus Maximus could accommodate about 150,000 spectators). One could not say the same thing about the athletic exercises of Roman citizens: the common view is that Romans had a negative attitude towards athletics, which were not regarded as useful and were sometimes considered as scandalous. But Roman citizens did, in fact, practise much sport, for instance in the Campus Martius in Rome, and in the palaestrae of public baths. They were particularly fond of ball-games and of swimming in very large cold pools.
The state of the modern Olympics: citius, altius, fortius?
Authors: CROWTHER NIGEL
Published: July 2004

Baron Pierre de Coubertin purported to follow the traditions of the ancient Olympic Games, but adapted them to fit his own political, social, and sporting conceptions. From their very beginning, the modern Games have had aspirations that have extended beyond sport. After brief comments on corruption, philosophy of life, and spectacle, this essay examines the Olympic Games in terms of amateurism and professionalism; winning and the joy of participation; nationalism and ultra-nationalism; the medal count; war, violence, and peace; performance-enhancing drugs; women and minorities; and the Americanization of the Games.