bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON BARLEY, OATS AND TRITICALE GROWN AS FORAGE
Authors: NASS H. G. , KUNELIUS H. T. , SUZUKI M.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of high rates of N fertilizer (NH4NO3) on whole plant dry matter yields, crude protein and NO3-N concentrations and in vitro digestibility of dry matter of oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) harvested at early dough stage. Dry matter (DM) yields of barley only were significantly increased by N applications over the zero N rate every year. Split applications of N at seeding and stem elongation did not generally result in higher DM yields than the corresponding single applications of N at seeding. The crude protein concentration ranged from 5.1 to 12.1% in the zero N check plot and from 7.1 to 14.9% in the N-fertilized plots. The NO3-N concentration in tissue was generally less than 0.10%, although NO3-N concentrations up to 0.34% were recorded in oats at 200–300 kg N/ha rates. For barley and triticale, the mean in vitro digestibility of DM was 57.2 and 58.3%, respectively, while the mean in vitro digestibility of DM for oats was much lower at 46.9%. In vitro digestibility of DM was affected very little by rates of N. The limitations in using cereals for forage are discussed.
COMPARISON OF PRESEEDING TILLAGE WITH TOTAL AND MINIMAL TILLAGE BY VARIOUS SEEDING MACHINES ON SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: ANDERSON C. H.
Published: March 2010

In a 6-yr study at Swift Current, Saskatchewan in the Brown soil zone of Western Canada, preseeding tillage did not significantly influence the volume weight or yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). There were some indications that protein content of wheat was enhanced by preseeding tillage but the results were not consistent. A 2-yr supplementary study, on the other hand, did not show any benefits from preseeding tillage. Plant density was lower on plots seeded with the discer, whether direct-seeded or following preseeding tillage. The seed was also placed deeper in the soil compared to seeding with the hoe press or double-disc seeders, as indicated by the length of the plants’ subcoronal internodes. However, the differences in plant density and depth of seed placement were not reflected in the final wheat yields; this emphasized the ability of the wheat plants to compensate for establishment differences within the moisture limits encountered. There were no significant differences in volume weight, yield, or protein content of wheat for those seeders that provided total tillage during the seeding operation (discer or cultivator-rod weeder drills) as compared to seeders that provided only minimal tillage in the seed row (hoe, single-disc or triple-disc drills) when preseeding tillage was not practiced.
YIELDS AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF ALFALFA PLANT PARTS AT LATE BUD UNDER TWO FERTILITY LEVELS
Authors: ROMINGER R. S. , SMITH DALE , PETERSON L. A.
Published: March 2010

The current study was initiated to ascertain distribution of elements in various parts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and whether differential accumulation occurred when a fertilizer was applied. Rows of Vernal alfalfa were fertilized in late April with a mixture of K2SO4, KCl, K2HPO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, Na2B4O7, CuSO4, and ZnSO4. Control rows were not fertilized. Shoots were removed at late bud and separated by 10-cm segments into leaves and stems. Upper 15 cm of roots also were sampled. No significant difference existed between unfertilized and fertilized plants in dry weights of comparable plant parts, except for significantly more leaves on next-to-bottom segment of fertilized shoots. Total leaves at both fertility levels contained higher concentrations of S, P, Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, B, N, and Cu than total stems or roots. Total stems were highest in K and Cl. Total roots at both fertility levels contained higher concentrations of Na, Fe, and Al than total stems or leaves; roots contained no measurable Cl. In shoot segments, largest differences in concentrations due to fertilization occurred for K and S in upper stem segments, for Cl in lower stem and lower leaf segments, for Zn in lowest stem segment and stubble, for Mn in middle-to-lower stem segments and stubble, and for B in middle stem segment.
TRANSLOCATION OF 14C-LABELLED CHLORONEB IN THREE TURFGRASS SPECIES
Authors: VARGAS Jr J. M. , TURGEON A. J.
Published: March 2010

Chloroneb was shown to be systemic in the three turfgrass species Poa annua L., Poa pratensis L. ’Merion’ and Agrostis palustris Huds. ’Penncross’ through radioautographic and thin-layer chromatographic analysis of techniques on 14C-chloroneb-treated plants. The systemic activity of chloroneb helps explain the 4–5 mo control of Typhula blight (Typhula incarnata Lasch ex Fr) obtained with it.
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF SMALL FABA BEANS GROWN IN MANITOBA
Authors: CANDLISH E. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

The growth, nitrogen content and nitrogenase activity of Diana and Ackerperle cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba L. var. minor) were studied in the greenhouse and field. All inoculated seeds produced well nodulated plants. The total nitrogen fixed was 840 mg/plant in the second greenhouse experiment. The faba bean continued to fix nitrogen after pod formation. Application of nitrogen suppressed nitrogenase activity. Where no inoculum was applied to farmers’ fields in Manitoba, nodulation of faba beans was spotty, plant nitrogen was lower, and ethylene production was less than with plants from fields where inoculum was applied.
EFFECTS OF ETHEPHON AND SADH ON COLOR, QUALITY AND SHELF-LIFE OF CRIMSON GRAVENSTEIN APPLES
Authors: FORSYTH F. R. , CROWE A. D. , EMBREE C. G.
Published: March 2010

The effects of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) from Ethrel at 0.62 and 1.25 liters/ha (0.5 and 1.0 pints/acre) applied at two dates, and of SADH (succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide) from Alar 85W at 13.2 kg/ha were tested on Crimson Gravenstein apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.). SADH and ethephon treatments intensified red overcolor when compared with untreated controls. Ethephon at the 0.62-liter/ha rate was almost as effective as at the 1.25-liters/ha rate. Fruit ripening, following harvest, was slowed by early harvest and by the application of SADH and was accelerated by ethephon. However, no significant interaction was found between the effects of applying both chemicals to the same fruit.
LEVELS OF DEICING SALT PRODUCING INJURY ON APPLE TREES
Authors: HOFSTRA G. , LUMIS G. P.
Published: March 2010

A suppression of flowering and dieback of terminal shoots in apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) trees was associated with increased levels of Na and Cl in the twigs. These symptoms were observed on both roadside trees exposed to salt spray, and trees sprayed experimentally with 2% aqueous solutions of road salt. Concentrations of Na and Cl exceeding 0.20 and 0.50%, respectively, of the dry weight were associated with injury to the trees.
SOME EFFECTS OF MULTIPATERNAL POLLINATION IN TOMATO PLANTS
Authors: HORNBY C. A. , LI SHIN-CHAI
Published: March 2010

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, Bonny Best and Immur Prior Beta, and their reciprocal hybrids were grown in the greenhouse to investigate the effects of multipaternal pollination on percentage fruit set, fruit weight and the leaf character ratio of the progeny seedlings. Mixed pollen did not increase the percentage fruit set significantly, but increased the fruit weight for the true breeding cultivars. The seedling leaf shape in the progenies from the self-, cross- and mixed-pollinations indicated that a plant favors its own genotype pollen when there is a mixture of genotypes present at the time of pollination.
PYTHIUM SPP. PRODUCE RUSTY ROOT OF CARROTS IN ONTARIO
Authors: SUTTON JOHN C.
Published: March 2010

The cause of the rusty-root disorder in carrots grown in muck soils in Ontario was investigated. The incitant was shown to be a living agent, greater than 3 μm and smaller than 53 μm in size, and capable of spread in sterilized soil. Because it was found that rusty root was controlled effectively in pot-grown carrots by the fungitoxicants Dexon, PP 395 and thiram, but not by several other fungitoxicants, oomycetous fungi were considered as the possible cause. Several species of Pythium were recovered from affected roots and shown to be capable of producing rusty root in carrots.
SOME EFFECTS OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS FROM PHASEOLUS VULGARIS PLANTS
Authors: KOSKE T. J. , SVEC L. V.
Published: March 2010

The light reactions in leaf chloroplasts extracted from maleic hydrazide (MH)-treated and untreated snapbean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ’Tendercrop’) were studied using three dye reduction tests. The intact plants were treated with a level of MH which caused little or no morphological alteration. The Hill reaction and dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) reduction by pigment system II (PS II) were significantly decreased by the MH treatment. Ferricyanide reduction activity was significantly accelerated by the MH treatment. The Hill reaction and DCPIP reduction results suggest that there is not an uncoupling of photophosphorylation. The point of action for MH in photosynthesis appears not to be in PS II but between cytochrome f and plastocyanin.
DISTRIBUTION AND IMPORTANCE IN NORTHWESTERN ALBERTA OF TOADFLAX AND ITS INSECT ENEMIES
Authors: DARWENT A. L. , LOBAY W. , YARISH W. , HARRIS P.
Published: March 2010

A survey was conducted during 1971–73 to determine the distribution of toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) in the Peace River region of northwestern Alberta. A total of 4,189 ha were found to be moderately or heavily infested. Approximately 47% of the infested land was used for perennial forage crops and 45% for annual crops and summer fallow. The remainder occurred on abandoned lands or in farmyards and woodland. Comparison with estimates of toadflax distribution made in 1956 indicates that the weed may be decreasing in a large portion of the survey areas, although increases are apparent on a few farms. Two biological control agents, the flower-feeding beetle, Brachypterolus pulicarius L., and the seed-eating weevil, Gymnaetron antirrhini Payk., accompanied by improved tillage practices appear to be the major factors restricting the spread of toadflax. The weed is not considered a serious problem in cereal crops but is troublesome in forage crops such as creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) where high densities reduce seed yields.
A RAPID AND SIMPLE ASSAY FOR IDENTIFYING LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED
Authors: McGREGOR D. I. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

A rapid, simple and reliable method for the identification of seed from low glucosinolate cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) was developed using a semi-quantitative, glucose-specific test paper containing glucose oxidase, peroxidase and the chromogen, o-tolidine. Glucose released from hydrolysis of the glucosinolates by the endogenous myrosinase in aqueous seed extracts was measured after removal of interfering substances with charcoal. Greater sensitivity at the lower end of the glucose test-paper range allowed identification of low glucosinolate seed from mixtures with normal glucosinolate seeds when the glucosinolate content of the mixture was double, or more, the content of the low glucosinolate seed. The stability of the reagents, sensitivity, simplicity and speed of the assay, approximately 5 min, suggest that it is suitable for the identification of low glucosinolate seed in commerce.
WHEAT QUALITY EVALUATION. 3. INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT
Authors: FOWLER D. B. , ROCHE I. A. DE LA
Published: March 2010

Agronomic and quality data from eastern Canadian spring and winter wheat trials, for an equivalent of 15 trial yr, were analyzed to determine the relative effects of genotype and environment on quality. Considerable genetic variability was detected for many of the 19 measurements studied, indicating that positive results from selection could still be expected in these populations. A large environmental effect was observed for yield, protein and protein related parameters. The consequence of this environmental modification was considered with regard to breeding programs. Except for a few instances, genotype × year and genotype × location interactions were found to be relatively insignificant. However, indirect evidence suggested that the genotype x year × location interaction could be of greater concern.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS: 10. Iva axillaris Pursh
Authors: BEST K. F.
Published: March 2010

Iva axillaris Pursh, povertyweed, is a native, colony-forming herbaceous perennial, generally associated with poorly drained alkaline regions on clay and clay loam soils and is one of the most persistent weeds of agriculture in western North America. This is one of a series of papers dealing with the biology of Canadian weeds and is concerned primarily with those characteristics of the species which appear to present the main obstacles to its effective control.
RESPONSE OF CIGAR TOBACCO TO DIFFERENT DATES OF PLANTING AND SPACING
Authors: KOZUMPLIK V. , LUKOSEVICIUS P. P.
Published: March 2010

Response of cigar tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in morphological, agronomic and chemical characteristics to date of planting and planting distance was studied during 1971–73. A cultivar and a breeding line of cigar tobacco were transplanted outdoors on 26 May, 9 (or 12) June and 23 June. The tobacco was spaced 36, 41 and 46 cm in rows that were 97 cm apart. The best results were obtained when cigar tobacco was transplanted not later than 9 June, and the plants were spaced 41 cm in the rows that were 97 cm apart. The highest number of leaves per plant, cured-leaf yield, percentage of nicotine and total alkaloids were obtained from the tobacco transplanted on the first or second date in 3 yr. In 2 yr, the later tobacco had the tallest plants, the largest leaves, the highest percent filler leaf, grade and crop index. Earlier-transplanted tobacco was harvested earlier, although the period to flower decreased with later date of planting. On the average, the tobacco spaced 41 cm was taller and had a shorter period to flower, and higher yield and crop index than that spaced 36 cm or 46 cm. Grade index, percent filler leaf, nicotine and total alkaloids were affected significantly by the distance in 1 yr only.
CONTROL OF THE ROOT-LESION NEMATODE (PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS) IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO IN ONTARIO
Authors: MARKS C. F. , ELLIOT J. M.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted on Fox loamy sand to determine the relative efficacy of certain fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides against Pratylenchus penetrans in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Control of nematodes in the soil shortly after transplanting was better with the fumigants than with the non-fumigant nematicides, but the degree of control in the roots was about the same. Initial nematode population densities in the soil were similar in 1971 and 1972, but the crop responded to nematicide treatments only in 1972. The response differences were attributed mainly to weather conditions. It was not possible to relate final yields of flue-cured tobacco to degree of control of P. penetrans in either the soil or the roots at any one time during the growing season.
CANUCK HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: McBEAN D. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
MACOUN DURUM WHEAT
Authors: TOWNLEY-SMITH T. F. , HURD E. A. , LEISLE D.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KERNEL MOISTURE AND TRANSLOCATION OF PHOSPHORUS INTO THE KERNELS OF WINDROWED WHEAT
Authors: GREEN D. G. , DODDS M. E. , WARDER F. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
TECHNIQUE DE PRELEVEMENT DE PLANTES DANS UN SOL GELE
Authors: PAQUIN R. , PELLETIER H.
Published: March 2010

The authors report on a rapid, easy and inexpensive technique they have developed using a chain saw to sample the roots of plants from frozen soil during winter. The regrowth of alfalfa in greenhouse is used to determine its rusticity and survival.
MODIFIED PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING TEST WEIGHT OF CORN AT CONSTANT MOISTURE CONTENT
Authors: DAYNARD T. B. , HILLIARD J. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF SPRING N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND N CONTENT OF FOUR WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: MACLEOD J. A. , MACLEOD L. B.
Published: March 2010

The effects of spring N fertilization on yield and N content of grain were studied over a 3-yr period on four cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with three rates of fall-applied fertilizer. No increases in grain yield, grain N concentration or grain N yield were observed when fall-applied N was increased from 22 to 44 kg/ha, or when fall-applied K was increased from 37 to 74 kg/ha. Increasing the rate of spring-applied N from 0 to 33 kg/ha increased grain yields by 0.84 metric ton/ha with no increase in grain N concentration. Increasing the rate of N application from 33 to 67 kg/ha increased grain yield by 0.59 metric ton/ha. This was accompanied by a 0.14% increase in grain N concentration. Increasing the rate of N application from 67 to 100 kg/ha increased grain yields by only 0.14 metric ton/ha. This was accompanied by an increase of 0.21% in grain N concentration. The increase in grain N yield was similar with each increment of N application and averaged 0.40 kg N in grain per kg fertilizer N applied in the spring. Larger increases in yield and smaller increases in grain N concentration were generally obtained with the high yielding, low N cv. Yorkstar than with the low yielding, high N cv. Richmond. The effects of N on Genesee and Talbot were intermediate.
PHOTOSYNTHATE TRANSLOCATION IN TILLERED ZEA MAYS FOLLOWING 14CO2 ASSIMILATION
Authors: ALOFE C. O. , SCHRADER L. E.
Published: March 2010

Photosynthate translocation in field-grown corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by tillering was studied by offering 14CO2 to a leaf blade on either the main stalk or tiller. Translocation from the labeled leaf blade of the main stalk or its tiller differed markedly depending upon stage of development at labeling and harvest. In plants assimilating 14CO2 before tasseling, little photosynthate was translocated from the labeled plant to the tiller, or conversely. When the ear leaf blade of the main plant was labeled with14CO2 4 days post-silking, the main ear and stalk were major sinks for 14C-assimilates until physiological maturity. When the tiller ear leaf blade was labeled, the tiller stalk was the major sink at first, but the tiller ear became a strong sink later. During grain filling, source-sink relationships were strongly dependent upon the presence of ears on the main plant, tiller, or both. When both had an ear, the developing ear on the labeled main plant or tiller was the major sink. When neither had an ear, the stalk of the labeled main plant or tiller was the major sink. When the labeled tiller had no ear, 14C-photosynthate was translocated to the ear on the main plant; an earless main plant also supplied the tiller ear.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RASPBERRY FRUIT DROP
Authors: JOLLIFFE PETER A.
Published: March 2010

Several berry characteristics relating to raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. ’Willamette’) fruit drop were measured during the 1971, 1972, and 1973 harvest periods. These characteristics included fruit removal force, peduncle strength, berry weight, berry ripeness, and receptacle and peduncle dimensions. All of the characteristics exhibited large fluctuations during the harvest periods. Fruit removal force and peduncle strength were particularly variable; during the 1972 harvest period each of these characteristics decreased to less than one-fifth of its original value. The only characteristics that showed net increases during the harvest period were peduncle diameter and average berry ripeness. Among the characteristics surveyed, peduncle strength was correlated with berry weight and peduncle length, and was inversely correlated with peduncle diameter. Decreases in fruit removal force were correlated with increased berry ripeness and decreased receptacle dimensions. These results may assist in the improvement of the design or use of mechanical raspberry harvesters.
GNOMONIA FRUCTICOLA RELATIVE TO OTHER FUNGI ON DISEASED CALYXES OF MATURE STRAWBERRY FRUIT
Authors: GOURLEY C. O.
Published: March 2010

The incidence of Gnomonia fructicola (Arn.) Fall on diseased calyxes of mature strawberry fruit was less than that of Botrytis cinerea Pers. G. fructicola was usually the only organism on dry, brittle, necrotic calyxes of sound, mature fruit. The weak parasite Pezizella oenotherae (Cke. & Ell.) Sacc. and saprophytic species of Alternaria and Penicillium fungi were generally associated with other fungi on diseased calyxes.
SPARTAN APPLE BREAKDOWN AS AFFECTED BY ORCHARD FACTORS, NUTRIENT CONTENT AND FRUIT QUALITY
Authors: LIDSTER P. D. , PORRITT S. W. , MASON J. , EATON G. W.
Published: March 2010

Tree age, rootstock, soil type, thinning practices and soil fertilizer application were examined as possible cultural factors affecting Spartan apple (Malus pumila Mill.) breakdown. Postharvest fruit analysis of calcium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, boron, acid, fruit diameter, soluble solids and internal chlorophyll content of fruit were also examined as potential correlative factors. A significant negative correlation existed between the incidence of breakdown and flesh calcium content. Boron, potassium, fruit size soluble solids and tree vigor were positively correlated to breakdown. A statistical profile of orchard conditions and fruit mineral levels associated with minimum breakdown is presented.
AN ASSESSMENT OF BULK WEIGHT AND OTHER SIMPLE CRITERIA FOR PREDICTING THE DIGESTIBLE ENERGY VALUES OF FEED GRAINS
Authors: CHRISTISON G. I. , BELL J. M.
Published: March 2010

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) typical of the ranges in bulk weight (density) and quality found in the commercial grain trade of Canada were analyzed for protein, gross energy, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, ash, cell wall content and lignin, and also measured for kernel plumpness. Effects of admixtures of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) were studied. Samples were fed to mice to obtain digestibility coefficients. Statistical correlations between analyzed traits and digestible energy (DE) contents of the grains and admixtures were obtained. Various published equations for predicting DE were tested. There was too little variation in the DE values of wheat to warrant distinction on this basis. Bulk weight was useful for differentiating oats on a DE basis. For barley, both gross energy and crude fiber determinations were needed to permit a reliable estimation of DE.
EFFECTS OF SEED INOCULATION METHODS WITH PEAT-BASED RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI ON ALFALFA
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , GUPTA UMESH C.
Published: March 2010

Saranac alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was grown on Charlottetown fine sandy loam (CHFSL) and Culloden sandy loam (CSL) in the greenhouse and field. Uninoculated, inoculated with peat-based rhizobia (I), inoculated and molybdenum-treated (IMo), inoculated and lime-coated (ILC), and inoculated, lime-coated and Mo-treated (ILCMo) seeds were included. At soil pH 5.0 and 5.3 in the greenhouse, the dry weights of alfalfa ranged from 214 to 727 mg/plant in the four cuttings from the ILC and ILCMo seed. The dry weights of alfalfa from the I and IMo seed were 1.3 to 99.7% of those from the ILCMo seed. Alfalfa from the ILC and ILCMo seed was well nodulated, whereas I and IMo seed resulted in poor nodulation. The 1973 field experiment showed that ILC and ILCMo seed at soil pH 5.5 and 5.6 resulted in alfalfa dry matter (DM) yields of 4,050 and 4,830 kg/ha which were equal to DM yields from plots with a pH of 6.0 and 6.1 seeded with inoculated seed. In plots with pH 5.5 and 5.6, total DM yields from I and IMo seed were 26.0–49.7% lower than those from ILCMo seed. In 1972, seed treatments on CHFSL at pH 5.6 did not influence the DM yields of alfalfa, whereas on CSL at pH 5.2 the crop failed to establish except from ILC and ILCMo seed and in limed plots at pH 5.9. In the first cutting, high N concentrations of alfalfa tissue coincided with good growth and good nodulation. The Mo concentrations of alfalfa tissue were not influenced in a uniform manner by seed treatments and varied from 0.11 to 0.49 ppm in the first cut tissue.
EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS ON LEAF RESPIRATION, TRANSPIRATION RATES IN THE DARK AND CUTICULAR RESISTANCE TO WATER VAPOR DIFFUSION OF TWO CORN INBREDS
Authors: DUBÉ P. A. , STEVENSON K. R. , THURTELL G. W. , HUNTER R. B.
Published: March 2010

Growth chamber studies were undertaken to determine relationships between leaf respiration and transpiration in the dark, and leaf water potential. Leaf cuticular resistances were calculated. Two lines of corn (Zea mays L.), one a wilting inbred line, Q188, and the other, DR1, an inbred line known to have at least some heat and drought tolerance under field conditions were used in this study. Differences were found in dark transpiration and the magnitude of cuticular resistances to water vapor diffusion between these lines. Dark transpiration occurred at a greater rate in Q188 than in DR1. Both lines showed decreased transpiration as leaf water potentials decreased and were not significantly different in this respect. Cuticular resistance to water vapor diffusion was higher initially in DR1 than in Q188 and also increased at a faster rate in DR1 as the drying cycle progressed. Incomplete recovery in leaf water potential was observed in both lines upon watering after severe desiccation. No differences were found in leaf respiration rates between the inbreds.
USE OF MOVING MEANS IN GRASS YIELD TRIALS
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , TOWNLEY-SMITH T. F.
Published: March 2010

Analyses of data from three grasses of contrasting growth-type (intermediate wheatgrass, Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.; Russian wild ryegrass, Elymus junceus Fisch.; and Altai wild ryegrass, Elymus angustus Trin.), seeded in different row spacings, showed that the moving mean adjustment of plot yields prior to analysis gave improved control of the experimental error as compared to variance analysis of unadjusted values. The optimum number of adjacent plot yields to include in the moving mean varied widely from test to test as well as from year to year in the same test. Plant breeders may have to run several analyses to obtain the most accurate adjustment. However, this can be easily accomplished in one computer run by inserting appropriate values into the program. A lattice analysis made on several trials suggested that the lattice analysis and the use of the moving mean adjustment in a random block design were comparable in relative efficiency, but the moving mean adjustment in a random block design is more flexible in terms of number of lines that can be assessed.
STIMULATION OF INTERNAL BREAKDOWN, RESPIRATION AND ETHYLENE EVOLUTION OF SPADONA PEARS WITH BENZIMIDAZOLE FUNGICIDES
Authors: BEN-ARIE RUTH , GUELFAT-REICH SYLVIA
Published: March 2010

The incidence of internal breakdown of Spadona pears (Pyrus communis L.) after 6 mo storage at −1 C, was increased by postharvest antifungal treatments with benomyl (methyl-1-(butyl-carbamyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate) or with thiabendazole (2-(4′thiazolyl)-benzimidazole). Susceptibility to internal breakdown was variable, with different fungicidal concentrations augmenting it to various degrees in different experiments. A stimulation of carbon dioxide and ethylene evolution was observed following cold storage when the fruit suffered from an increased incidence of internal breakdown due to treatment. When no internal breakdown occurred, or when its incidence was not increased by postharvest fungicidal treatment, no effect on the respiration rate of the fruit or its ethylene evolution was observed.
FRUIT DISORDER OF GLASSHOUSE TOMATOES CAUSED BY A TOBACCO FORM OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: ALLEN W. R. , CHADHA K. C.
Published: March 2010

A severe fruit disorder of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was induced with a tobacco form of tobacco mosaic virus isolated from blemished tomato fruit (cv. Ohio WR25) from a glasshouse crop in southwestern Ontario. Symptoms on green tomatoes consisted of slightly sunken, pale or yellowish-brown lesions with a thin, dark green margin. Lesions frequently expanded and coalesced along the flutes. The shoulders of the fruit were the most extensively affected areas. On mature fruit, the lesions appeared either silvery or silvery-brown and generally had a scabby appearance due to cracking and lifting of the surface tissues. Lesions were superficial and internal symptoms were not detected. First-truss inoculations prevented or delayed the fruit disorder. Inoculations at truss stages two, three, and four, however, resulted in development of affected fruit on inoculated as well as lower and subsequent trusses with the exception of the first truss. Similar susceptibilities to the fruit disorder occurred among the glasshouse cultivars Michigan Ohio (Burghart strain), Ohio WR25, Vantage, Veegan, and Vendor. No cross protection against the fruit disorder was provided by a mild tomato form of TMV introduced at the second-leaf stage.
BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE PROVINCES.: III. Delphinium bicolor Nutt.
Authors: LOOMAN J.
Published: March 2010

Delphinium bicolor Nutt. (Low Larkspur) occurs at montane altitudes in southern Saskatchewan and Alberta, mainly in the fescue grasslands, in deep coulees and ravines, and in forest margins. Data on its morphology, phenology and ecology are presented, and its importance as a major cause of stock poisoning is discussed.
RELATION OF SEVERAL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS TO HARDNESS IN TWO SPRING WHEAT CROSSES
Authors: BAKER R. J. , DYCK P. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
L’AVOINE ALMA
Authors: DUBUC J. P. , ST-PIERRE C. A. , PELLETIER G. , GAUTHIER F. M. , KLINCK H. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF CARBOFURAN ON GRAIN YIELD OF CORN
Authors: DAYNARD T. B. , ELLIS C. R. , BOLWYN B. , MISENER R. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
COMBINING ABILITY AND CORRELATIONS IN APPLE FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: SPANGELO L. P. S. , FEJER S. O.
Published: March 2010

not available
TESTS OF GRANULAR ETHEPHON AS A MALE GAMETOCIDE ON SUGAR BEET
Authors: HECKER R. J. , SMITH G. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
CAROTENOIDS IN DURUM WHEAT: DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS DURING TWO GROWING SEASONS
Authors: LACROIX L. J. , LIER J. B.
Published: March 2010

Variations in seed pigment concentrations of Triticum durum Desf. cv. Hercules were studied during two growing seasons. In the second season, the effects on seed pigment of spraying durum wheat with CPTA (chlorophenylthiotriethylamine) at 3.9 kg/ha, 1 and 2 wk after flowering were also studied. Normal pigment synthesis showed one period of synthesis for chlorophyll, but two for carotenoids. One complement of carotenoids seems to be associated with the chloroplast, while the other is probably located in the endosperm. CPTA appeared to affect the size and duration of chlorophyll and α + β carotene pools. Lutein concentrations at 33 days after flowering were at the same level in sprayed and non-sprayed samples. Since mature seeds showed pigment increases of up to 20% after spraying with CPTA, a late synthesis of lutein is indicated.
LYSINE SCREENING IN BARLEY WITH A MODIFIED UDY DYE-BINDING METHOD
Authors: BHATTY R. S. , WU K. K.
Published: March 2010

A modified Udy method of protein determination and an amino acid analyzer method were compared for lysine screening in a number of lines and cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare and H. distichum). The lysine values obtained with the modified Udy procedure gave a correlation coefficient of + 0.96 with the analyzer lysine expressed as grams of lysine per 100 g meal, and a correlation coefficient of + 0.80 when the lysine values were expressed as grams of lysine per 100 g of meal protein. The modified Udy method was satisfactory for initial screening of lysine in barley genotypes.
ENERGY EXCHANGE IN A CORN CANOPY
Authors: McCAUGHEY J. H. , DAVIES J. A.
Published: March 2010

Results from a study of the energy balance within a sweet corn (Zea mays L.) canopy are presented. The downward depletion of hourly net radiation in the canopy is described by a modified exponential model. Temperature, humidity and energy source/sink profiles are discussed at two crop stages. The use of one-dimensional mass transfer equations for sensible and latent heat was satisfactory only under certain conditions of windspeed and wind direction. The vertical distribution of energy sources and sinks changed as the canopy aged. During both sample periods, evaporation was the principal energy user, and its source strength showed two maxima which were most pronounced around solar noon. As the attenuation of net radiation increased after solar noon, the source strength for evaporation returned to a single maximum. The diffusion for all levels in the canopy was turblent. Turblence did not decay exponentially in this canopy. Profiles of the computed turbulent transfer coefficient showed local increases at the base and the center of the canopy probably as a result of increased thermal convection.
INFLUENCE DE LA FUMURE, DU CHARGEMENT ET DE L’ALIMENTATION A LA MOULEE SUR LA PRODUCTIVE HERBAGERE ET BOVINE DES PATURAGES
Authors: DIONNE J. L. , LALANDE G. , GENEST J. , FERNET C.
Published: March 2010

The influence of chemical fertilizers, stocking rate and meal supplementation on herbage and beef production was determined in a 3-yr pasture experiment. A stocking rate of 2.47 heads/ha was compared to one of 4.94 heads/ha. At the latter stocking rate, some of the steers were fed meal while on pasture. The fertilizer rates used were 1,121, 2,242 and 3,363 kg/ha of 10–10–10. All factors were combined in a factorial way. The fertility level of the soils was increased due to chemical fertilizer applications and at the highest rate, an excessive buildup of K occurred in soils. Phosphorus and potassium levels in soils were also increased at the highest stocking rate. An increase in fertilizer rate increased the total dry matter production of the herbage by 28%. Most of the increase in dry matter yields was accounted for by the harvesting of herbage surpluses obtained on the pastures fertilized with the highest rate of 10–10–10 and where the stocking rate was 2.47 heads/ha. At the stocking rate of 4.94 heads/ha, it was impossible to maintain the pasture dry matter production to meet the feed requirements of the grazing steers during the complete pasture season, even when the highest fertilizer rate was used. In the second half of the season, the daily body weight gains of the steers decreased by 50%. Feeding meal to the steers from mid-August compensated for the herbage shortage. The growth rate was markedly increased, while the carcasses had a thicker fat cover and a larger eye of lean. Finishing steers on grass pastures exclusively was possible at the stocking rate of 2.47 heads/ha. The maximum fertilizer rate appears to be at 200 kg/ha of each of N, P2O5 and K2O. The optimum rate would be half of this quantity.
EFFECTS OF SEASONAL FUNGICIDE SPRAYS ON PERITHECIUM FORMATION AND ASCOSPORE PRODUCTION IN VENTURIA INAEQUALIS
Authors: ROSS R. G. , NEWBERY R. J.
Published: March 2010

Seasonal sprays of the systemic fungicides benomyl, thiophanate-methyl, Bay Dam 18654 and Bavistin applied for the control of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., either completely or almost completely suppressed the production of ascospores in apple (Malus pumila Mill.) leaves overwintered in the orchard. In vitro production of perithecia on leaves sterilized with propylene oxide was also inhibited by these sprays, although some treatments suppressed ascospore discharge in overwintered leaves that failed to inhibit perithecium formation on the sterile leaves. Ascospore production was also reduced in leaves from spur clusters that had been sprayed with Dikar and metiram. In terminal shoot leaves from Dikar-sprayed trees, ascospore production was higher in leaves collected from near the tip than in leaves collected from near the base of the terminal growth.
LOW-DOSE IRRADIATION OF VEGETABLE SEEDS: THE EFFECTS ON N AND P UPTAKE
Authors: RENNIE D. A. , NELSON S. H.
Published: March 2010

Seed irradiation resulted in a random, infrequent and irregular pattern of both increases and decreases in plant uptake of fertilizer N and P, but in general did not change any yield parameter. Root distribution of the four vegetable cultivars was unaffected by seed irradiation. The percent utilization of the applied fertilizer N ranged from approximately 40% for the corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.) crop to a low of 6% for the onions (Allium cepa L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L. var. sativa, DC.). Corresponding values for fertilizer P were 10 and 2, respectively. The reasons for the low efficiency of fertilizer N and P uptake by onions and carrots require further study. The isotope composition was identical for the various plant parts of any one cultivar. It is therefore necessary to analyze only one plant part, preferably that containing the highest percent of the particular nutrient, in order to obtain a measure of the isotope dilution throughout the above-ground plant parts.
VERMICULITE–PERLITE–CLAY MIXTURES AS CONTAINER GROWTH MEDIA
Authors: PILL WALLACE G. , LAMBETH VICTOR N.
Published: March 2010

Vermiculite–perlite–clay (Putnam subsoil) mixtures with added nutrients were evaluated as growth media for periods up to 112 days in 3.8-liter jars using tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Patio Hybrid) as a test plant. Although vermiculite–perlite (V–P) ratio had no effect, subsoil levels above 50 g/jar and low N rate (22.5 meq/50 g subsoil) gave greatest growth of 42-day transplants. For long-term periods (112 days), only fruit yield was affected by V–P ratio, a 1:1 (vol/vol) proportion giving the highest yield. Large yield increases were obtained by increasing subsoil to the 150-g or 300-g levels. Fresh and dry plant weights increased with each increment of subsoil, and high N rate (45 meq/50 g subsoil) increased both vegetative growth and fruit yield to levels approaching those obtained with Cornell peat-lite mix A. The V–P clay mixes held more than twice the available moisture present in the peat-lite mix.
INFLUENCE OF ETHEPHON ON ABSORPTION AND TRANSLOCATION OF HERBICIDES IN CANADA THISTLE
Authors: ARSON A. G. , BANDEEN J. D.
Published: March 2010

The influence of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) on the foliar absorption of 14C-labelled dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and 14C-labelled 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] at three growth stages of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) was investigated in the growth room. There was increased leaf uptake and retention of dicamba and 14C from 2,4-D under the influence of ethephon at all growth stages; this was reflected in total foliar absorption. The most efficient dicamba/ethephon combination, on the basis of the amount of herbicide accumulated in the roots, was simultaneous ethephon treatment at the bloom and post full bloom stages. Maximum accumulation of 14C from 2,4-D in roots occurred with simultaneous 2,4-D and ethephon application at the post full bloom stage. Differences between acropetal and basipetal accumulation following dicamba treatments were much smaller than those observed after treatment with 2,4-D. More 14C from 2,4-D was accumulated in the roots than was translocated acropetally in all 2,4-D treatments at all growth stages.
PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF HERBAGE IN A SILVERBERRY (ELAEAGNUS COMMUTATA) COMMUNITY COMPARED TO ADJACENT GRASSLAND AND FOREST COMMUNITIES
Authors: WHYSONG GARY L. , BAILEY ARTHUR W.
Published: March 2010

Production and nitrogen content of herbage growing under the nitrogen-fixing shrub silverberry (Elaeagnus commutata Bernh.) was compared with that in adjacent grassland and aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) forest communities. The soil was an outwash sand over lacustrine clay and a water table was present. The greatest cover and highest production of desirable forage plants, particularly Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), occurred in the silverberry community. The percentage nitrogen in grass and sedge (Carex spp.), forbs and baltic rush (Juncus balticus Willd.) was higher under silverberry than in the grassland. Similar results occurred when the silverberry and poplar communities were compared, with the exception of baltic rush which demonstrated no difference in percentage nitrogen. There was no difference in herbage production between the grassland and silverberry communities, but the change in vegetative composition and the increased nitrogen content made the forage in the silverberry community more desirable for grazing livestock. The shrub silverberry was beneficial to the growth of desirable forages, whereas aspen and balsam poplar in the forest community reduced herbage production by 63% on these rangelands. Poplar stands growing adjacent to silverberry stands had higher tree production, higher percentage nitrogen in leaves and litter and a greater quantity of nitrogen in above-ground parts than in poplar stands growing a distance away from silverberry.
PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF ATRAZINE, BROMACIL, MONURON, AND SIMAZINE IN INTERMITTENTLY-FILLED IRRIGATION DITCHES
Authors: SMITH A. E. , GROVER R. , EMMOND G. S. , KORVEN H. C.
Published: March 2010

Atrazine (22.4 kg/ha), bromacil (15.2 kg/ha), monuron (35.8 kg/ha), and simazine (22.4 kg/ha) were applied to especially prepared irrigation ditches in the fall of 1970. Soil samples from ditch sides, ditch bottoms, and basins irrigated with water were taken during 1971, 1972, and 1973 seasons. Water samples were also taken during these years. The soil and water samples were analyzed chemically to determine the herbicide residues remaining in the ditches and basins, their movement in the soil profile, and the amount of herbicides carried in the flowing water over the 3-yr period. The order of persistence for the four herbicides was simazine > atrazine > monuron > bromacil. Atrazine, bromacil and monuron residues were distributed uniformly throughout the 90-cm soil depth by the third growing season. The greater part of simazine residues was, however, still present in the top 7.5-cm soil layer. In irrigation waters, the highest herbicide concentrations were in the initial ponding in the spring of 1971, decreasing by a factor of two- to fivefold in the second filling in 1971. The relative amounts of each herbicide in the first two water samplings were inversely proportional to their respective water solubilities.
TREK ALFALFA
Authors: HANNA M. R. , HAWN E. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE APPLICATION AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES ON QUACK GRASS CONTROL
Authors: IVANY J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
INDUCED MUTATIONS IN PLANT BREEDING
Authors: MICKE A.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF SOWING DATES, SOIL AMENDMENTS, AND CULTIVARS ON WHEAT SPINDLE STREAK MOSAIC IN WINTER WHEAT
Authors: GATES L. F.
Published: March 2010

Wheat spindle streak mosaic was reduced by sowing wheat after mid-October, instead of in the usual period, mid- to late September, but yield losses from late sowing more than offset the gain through disease reduction. Nitrogenous fertilizers and fungicides to control the probable fungus vector did not reduce the disease significantly. Several cultivars of red winter wheat, including Halytchanka, Blueboy and Miro, showed much lower incidence of disease and milder symptoms than the commercially acceptable white cultivars Genesee, Talbot, Fredrick or Yorkstar. Resistant cultivars offer the best solution at present to this disease problem.
INFLUENCE OF FORMULATION ON EFFICACY OF THREE SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF OAT LEAF RUST
Authors: CHIN MAY Y. , EDGINGTON L. V. , BRUIN G. C. A. , REINBERGS E.
Published: March 2010

Three systemic fungicides, oxycarboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilido-4,4-dioxide), benodanil (2-iodobenzanilide), and pyracarbolid (2-mefhyl-5,6-dihydro-4,4-pyran-3-carboxylic acid anilide) appear promising for control of rust diseases. The ability of different formulations of these three fungicides to control oat leaf rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenue) was compared by an eradicant test and a systemic test in a controlled environment. Large differences between dosage response (DR) curves were observed. In general, liquid formulations, i.e. emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and oil dispersible (OD) concentrates, had lower ED50 values than wettable powder (WP) formulations. The slope of DR curves for WP formulations was less steep. In field tests, an EC formulation of oxycarboxin and an OD formulation of benodanil gave, per unit of active ingredient, better disease control, less lodging and greater yield than their respective WP formulations. Pyracarbolid at low rates gave inadequate rust control and yield response in field tests. None of the ultralow volume formulations was effective in small plots.
EFFETS D’UNE INFECTION HATIVE VS. TARDIVE DE VIRUS DU NANISME JAUNE DE L’ORGE (BYDV) SUR DES CULTIVARS D’ORGE (HORDEUM VULGARE) AVEC VS. SANS GENE YD2
Authors: COMEAU A. , ST-PIERRE C.-A.
Published: March 2010

BYDV (barley yellow dwarf virus) inoculated on the 16th day of growth caused much heavier losses and more grain weight reduction for cultivars without Yd2 gene. Susceptibility is strongly correlated with symptoms for this date of inoculation. Inoculation on the 34th day of growth caused heavier damage in 1974 than in 1973, and no precise symptoms occurred in 1973 despite measurable losses. Maturity is often accelerated by BYDV for cultivars without Yd2, but is generally slowed down for cultivars with Yd2. No relationship was observed between the date of maturity and the susceptibility level of cultivars possessing Yd2.
SELECTIVE CONTROL OF WILD OATS IN BARLEY WITH AC 84777
Authors: FRIESEN H. A. , LITWIN O. B.
Published: March 2010

A series of field plot experiments showed that AC 84777 (1,2 dimethyl-3, 5-diphenylpyrazolium methyl sulfate) as a postemergence herbicide provided selective control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) equal to or better than barban over a growth period of the weed extending from the 3-leaf to the 5-leaf stage. Barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) must be applied at the 2-leaf stage of the wild oats to achieve effective control of the weed. AC 84777 increased in efficacy as the wild oats advanced from the 3- to the 5-leaf stage. Spot applications of AC 84777-C14 showed that the C14 label entered the leaf of wild oats or barley and moved quickly in an acropetal direction. It had concentrated in the leaf area above the point of application in a space of 30 min. Spot applications of AC 84777 made at the mid-point of the first through to the fourth leaf of wild oats resulted in necrosis of the leaf area above the point of application. Application at or below the meristematic area of the stem apex also resulted in rapid upward movement of the herbicide in both wild oats and barley but caused necrosis and death of the stem apex and eventual death of only the wild oats. Histological studies of the shoot apices of these wild oats plants showed extensive chromosome clumping, shrinking and necrosis of the cells. A wild oats plant that only had the mid-point of one of its leaves treated had a histologically normal shoot apex.