bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioinspired Material Approaches to Sensing
Authors: McConney Michael E. , Anderson Kyle D. , Brott Lawrence L. , Naik Rajesh R. , Tsukruk Vladimir V.
Published: July 2009

Bioinspired design is an engineering approach that involves working to understand the design principles and strategies employed by biology in order to benefit the development of engineered systems. From a materials perspective, biology offers an almost limitless source of novel approaches capable of arousing innovation in every aspect of materials, including fabrication, design, and functionality. Here, recent and ongoing work on the study of bioinspired materials for sensing applications is presented. Work presented includes the study of fish flow receptor structures and the subsequent development of similar structures to improve flow sensor performance. The study of spider air‐flow receptors and the development of a spider‐inspired flexible hair is also discussed. Lastly, the development of flexible membrane based infrared sensors, highly influenced by the fire beetle, is presented, where a pneumatic mechanism and a thermal‐expansion stress‐mediated buckling‐based mechanism are investigated. Other areas that are discussed include novel biological signal filtering mechanisms and reciprocal benefits offered through applying the biology lessons to engineered systems.
Application of direct fluid flow oscillations to improve mixing in microbioreactors
Authors: Li X. , van der Steen G. , van Dedem G. W. K. , van der Wielen L. A. M. , van Leeuwen M. , van Gulik W. M. , Heijnen J. J. , Ottens M. , Krommenhoek E. E. , Gardeniers J. G. E. , van den Berg A.
Published: July 2009

This article describes an active mixing method for a microbioreactor that was designed, simulated, tested, and successfully implemented. By applying a varying pressure to a microchannel looping tangentially into a cylindrical microreactor an oscillating fluid flow was shown to occur. Such an oscillating fluid flow improved mixing, both by diffusion and convection. The oscillating fluid flow has a large impact on the ratio between the diffusion domain and the convection domain. A good match was obtained between experimental mixing results, computational fluid dynamics simulation results and the results of a simplified mixing model thus demonstrating the potential of simulation on improving the design of microreactors. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Four beds pressure swing adsorption for hydrogen purification: Case of humid feed and activated carbon beds
Authors: Ribeiro Ana M. , Grande Carlos A. , Lopes Filipe V. S. , Loureiro José M. , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: July 2009

The novelty of this manuscript is the study of purification of hydrogen from a mixture of H2/CO2/CH4/CO/N2 saturated in water vapor. Simulations results of fixed bed behavior and of an eight steps PSA process are presented using an activated carbon as adsorbent. Several operating conditions were considered, namely different feed flow rates, humid/dry feed and adiabatic/nonadiabatic operation. Simulation with single column PSA showed that a 99.9979% purity hydrogen stream could be obtained with a recovery of 71.3% and a productivity of 63.9 mol/kgads/day. The simulation of a four columns PSA predicted a decrease in H2 purity to 99.8193% for the same operating conditions, due to the impurities present in the recycled stream of the continuous multicolumn process. To increase the hydrogen purity above 99.99%, the feed time was decreased 25%. Thus, the multicolumn simulation predicted a hydrogen recovery, purity, and productivity, respectively, of 62.7%, 99.9992%, and 55.2 mol/kgads/day. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Public health projects for preventing the recurrence of neural tube defects in the United States
Authors: Collins Julianne S. , Canfield Mark A. , Pearson Kay , Kirby Russell S. , Case Amy P. , Mai Cara T. , Major Judy , Mulinare Joe
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: The recurrence risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) in subsequent pregnancies is approximately 3%, or 40 times the background risk. Prevention projects target these high‐risk women to increase their folic acid consumption during the periconceptional period, a behavior which decreases their recurrence risk by at least 85%. This study surveyed birth defect surveillance programs to assess their NTD recurrence prevention activities and to identify components of intervention projects that might be implemented in states with limited resources. METHODS: In 2005, the National Birth Defects Prevention Network developed and distributed an online survey to primary state birth defects surveillance contacts for the purpose of gathering information on NTD recurrence prevention activities in the United States. RESULTS: Responses came from 37 contacts in 34 states and Puerto Rico. There were 13 active NTD recurrence prevention projects, four past projects, and three planned projects. Fifteen past and present projects recommended that women with a prior NTD‐affected birth take 4.0 mg of folic acid daily, and four projects provided folic acid to the women. Reasons given for not having an NTD recurrence prevention project included staffing limitations (53%), lack of funds (47%), lack of priority (18%), and confidentiality/privacy concerns (6%). CONCLUSIONS: Only 15 states and Puerto Rico had or were planning NTD recurrence prevention projects. An NTD recurrence prevention project using minimal resources should consist of timely case ascertainment, educational materials, and mechanisms for disseminating these materials. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Das Druckgurtmodell für Stahlbetonbauteile
Authors: Sigrist Viktor
Published: July 2009

In den vergangenen Jahren wurden verschiedene auf die Bemessung von Stahl‐ und Spannbetonbauteilen ausgerichtete theoretische Modelle entwickelt. Heute stehen das Zuggurtmodell, das Modell der gerissenen (Steg‐)Scheibe und das Druckgurtmodell zur Verfügung, auf deren Grundlage Verformungsverhalten und Tragwiderstände umfassend beurteilt werden können. Auf das Druckgurtmodell wird im vorliegenden Beitrag detailliert eingegangen. Es berücksichtigt die Festigkeits‐ und Duktilitätssteigerung durch eine Umschnürungsbewehrung sowie die bruchmechanisch begründete Entfestigung des Betons und die damit einhergehende Verformungslokalisierung. Auf der Grundlage neuerer Versuchsergebnisse können für die komplexen Interdependenzen zwischen diesen Effekten plausible Beziehungen angegeben werden. Die mithilfe des Druckgurtmodells gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind für die Baupraxis von Bedeutung: Das Verhalten von auf Druck beanspruchten Bauteilen (z. B. Druckplatten von Brückenquerschnitten, Stützen) lässt sich zuverlässig erfassen; darüber hinaus ergeben sich wichtige Hinweise für die konstruktive Durchbildung.

Compression Chord Model for Structural Concrete

In recent years, several theoretical models have been developed with the scope on the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. Today, the tension chord model, the cracked membrane model and the compression chord model are available, with which the deformation behaviour as well as ultimate loads can be determined. In the present contribution the compression chord model is discussed in detail. The model takes the increase of strength and ductility due to a confining reinforcement into account and considers the softening as well as the localisation of deformations accompanying the fracture of concrete. On the basis of new test results plausible relations for the complex interdependencies between these effects are found. The results of the compression chord model are relevant for practical applications: The behaviour of compressed members (e.g. in bridge girders or columns) can be assessed reliably; moreover, hints for the detailing of reinforcement can be deduced.
Brückenbau in Solothurn
Authors: Brux Gunther
Published: July 2009

Der Bau einer Brücke und eines Steges über die rd. 100 m breite Aare gehören zum Projekt “Solothurn, Entlastung West”. Die Baugruben für die Gründung ihrer vier Flusspfeiler wurden nach dem Einbau von Pfählen mit einer Platte aus unterWasser eingebautem Stahlfaserbeton abgedichtet; nach dem Lenzen der Baugruben konnten die Pfeilerfundamente betoniert werden. Auf die beiden Bauwerke sowie die Betontechnologie und den Einbau des Unterwasser‐Stahlfaserbetons wird näher eingegangen.
Herstellung und Prüfung von Biegebalken nach DAfStb‐Richtlinie Stahlfaserbeton
Authors: Vitt Gerhard , Schulz Markus , Nell Wilhelm
Published: July 2009

Die DAfStb‐Richtlinie Stahlfaserbeton wird voraussichtlich Mitte dieses Jahres erscheinen und die Normenreihe DIN 1045 hinsichtlich Bemessung und Ausführung von Stahlfaserbeton ergänzen. Durch die dann einheitliche Regelung des Baustoffes Stahlfaserbeton ist mit einer breiteren Anwendung zu rechnen. Wesentliche Grundlage ist die Klassifizierung der Nachrissbiegezugfestigkeit.

Von besonderer Bedeutung in diesem Zusammenhang sind eine sachgerechte Prüfkörperherstellung und Durchführung der Prüfung sowie die richtige Interpretation der Last‐Verformungskurven. Nachfolgend sind daher die aus Sicht des Verbandes deutscher Stahlfaserhersteller e.V. wichtigsten Punkte zusammengefasst.
Ultra scale‐down studies of the effect of shear on cell quality; Processing of a human cell line for cancer vaccine therapy
Authors: McCoy Ryan , Hoare Mike , Ward Stephen
Published: July 2009

Whole cell therapy is showing potential in the clinic for the treatment of many chronic diseases. The translation of laboratory‐scale methods for cell harvesting and formulation to commercial‐scale manufacturing offers major bioprocessing challenges. This is especially the case when the cell properties determine the final product effectiveness. This study is focused on developing an ultra scale‐down method for assessing the impact of the hydrodynamic environment on human cells that constitute the therapeutic product. Small volumes of a prostate cancer cell line, currently being developed in late phase II clinical trials as an allogeneic whole cell vaccine therapy for prostate cancer, were exposed to hydrodynamic shear rates similar to those present in downstream process, formulation and vial filling operations. A small scale rotating disc shear device (20 mL) was used over a range of disc speeds to expose cells to maximum shear rates ranging from 90 × 103 to 175 × 103 s‐1 (equivalent maximum power dissipation rates of 14 × 103 to 52 × 103 W kg‐1). These cells were subsequently analyzed for critical cell quality attributes such as the retention of membrane integrity and cell surface marker profile and density. Three cell surface markers (CD9, CD147, and HLAA‐C) were studied. The cell markers exhibited different levels of susceptibility to hydrodynamic shear but in all cases this was less than or equal to the loss of membrane integrity. It is evident that the marker, or combination or markers, which might provide the required immunogenic response, will be affected by hydrodynamic shear environment during bioprocessing, if the engineering environment is not controlled to within the limits tolerated by the cell components. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Immediate postmastectomy reconstruction is associated with improved breast cancer‐specific survival
Authors: Bezuhly Michael , Temple Claire , Sigurdson Leif J. , Davis Roger B. , Flowerdew Gordon , Cook E. Francis
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND:

Although immediate breast reconstruction is increasingly offered as part of postmastectomy psychosocial rehabilitation, concerns remain that it may delay adjuvant therapy or impair detection of local recurrence. No single population‐based study has examined the relationship between immediate breast reconstruction and breast cancer‐specific survival.

METHODS:

By using data from the US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries, breast cancer‐specific survival was compared for female unilateral mastectomy patients who did or did not undergo immediate breast reconstruction. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted, adjusting for known demographic and disease severity variables and stratifying on reconstruction type (implant or autologous) and age.

RESULTS:

Improved breast cancer‐specific survival was observed among all immediate breast reconstruction patients compared with patients who underwent mastectomy alone (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.80). Implant reconstruction patients below 50 years of age demonstrated the greatest apparent survival benefit (HR = 0.47; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.80). Similarly, autologous reconstruction was associated with improved cancer‐specific survival among patients below the age of 50 (HR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.80) and between ages 50 to 69 (HR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.85).

CONCLUSIONS:

Immediate breast reconstruction is associated with decreased breast cancer‐specific mortality, particularly among younger women. We believe this association is more likely attributable to imbalances in socioeconomic factors and access to care than to inadequate adjustment for tumor characteristics and disease severity. Further research is needed to identify additional prognostic factors responsible for the improved cancer survival among women undergoing immediate postmastectomy reconstruction. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Superselective high‐dose cisplatin infusion with concomitant radiotherapy in patients with advanced cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Authors: Homma Akihiro , Oridate Nobuhiko , Suzuki Fumiyuki , Taki Shigenari , Asano Takeshi , Yoshida Daisuke , Onimaru Rikiya , Nishioka Takeshi , Shirato Hiroki , Fukuda Satoshi
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND:

The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of superselective high‐dose cisplatin infusion with concomitant radiotherapy (RADPLAT) for previously untreated patients with advanced cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

METHODS:

Between October 1999 and December 2006, 47 patients were given superselective intra‐arterial infusions of cisplatin (100‐120 mg/m2 per week) with simultaneous intravenous infusions of thiosulfate to neutralize cisplatin toxicity and conventional external‐beam radiotherapy (65‐70 grays).

RESULTS:

There were 7 patients (14.9%) diagnosed with T3, 22 (46.8%) with T4a, and 18 (38.3%) with T4b disease. During the median follow‐up period of 4.6 years, the 5‐year local progression‐free survival rate was 78.4% for all patients (n = 47), 69.0% for patients with T4b disease (n = 18), and 83.2% for patients with <T4b disease (n = 29). The 5‐year overall survival rate was 69.3% for all patients, 61.1% for patients with T4b disease, and 71.1% for patients with < T4b disease. RADPLAT was feasible in 45 patients (95.7%). No patient died as a result of treatment toxicity or had a cerebrovascular accident. Osteonecrosis (n = 7), brain necrosis (n = 2), and ocular/visual problems (n = 16) were observed as late adverse reactions.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although a single institution experience, the results of the current study suggest that RADPLAT can cure the majority of patients with advanced cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, as well as preserve organs. Late adverse reactions should be monitored in future studies. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Partnership and outcomes in men with prostate cancer
Authors: Bergman Jonathan , Gore John L. , Saigal Christopher S. , Kwan Lorna , Litwin Mark S.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND:

Being in a supportive relationship may have improved the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of men with prostate cancer, if the support was strong and positive. In the current study, the authors sought to examine the impact of partnership status on the mental health of men treated for localized prostate cancer.

METHODS:

Participants had clinically localized prostate cancer and chose treatment with radical prostatectomy (n = 307), external‒beam radiotherapy (n = 78), or brachytherapy (n = 91). The authors prospectively assessed subject characteristics and HRQOL outcomes and evaluated associations between partnership outcomes and HRQOL measures. Two multivariate linear regression models were then created, 1 for baseline HRQOL outcomes and 1 for change in HRQOL from baseline to 12 months, with partnership status as the main predictor and subject characteristics as covariates.

RESULTS:

Partnership status was not found to be associated with either baseline physical or mental health, but partnered participants had less bowel bother (P = .02) and a lower fear of recurrence (P = .03) at baseline than did unpartnered subjects. Men with fewer comorbid conditions scored better across almost all baseline HRQOL domains. Primary treatment type was significantly associated with changes in physical HRQOL, with men undergoing radical prostatectomy describing better changes in physical health than those treated with brachytherapy (P = .04) or those receiving external‒beam radiotherapy (P ≤ .01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Physical and mental health was found to be comparable in the study cohort of partnered and unpartnered men treated for prostate cancer. The universally high socioeconomic status of the current study cohort may mitigate differences in HRQOL by partnership status. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Pre‐treatment predictors and in‐treatment factors associated with change in avoidant and dependent personality disorder traits among patients with social phobia
Authors: Borge Finn‐Magnus , Hoffart Asle , Sexton Harold , Martinsen Egil , Gude Tore , Hedley Liv Margaret , Abrahamsen Gun
Published: July 2009

We examined changes in avoidant and dependent personality disorder dimensions, and pre‐treatment and in‐treatment factors associated with such changes in 77 patients, randomized to medication‐free residential cognitive (CT) or residential interpersonal therapy for social phobia. Personality disorders and personality dimensions according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) were assessed at pre‐treatment and at one‐year post‐treatment. Both treatments were associated with a decrease in avoidant and dependent personality dimensions; dependent dimension decreased more in CT. Changes in cognitive factors predicted changes in both personality dimensions, whereas changes in symptoms or interpersonal factors did not. Change in the cognitive factorestimated costwas the most powerful predictor in the avoidant dimension, as it was the only predictor that remained significant in the forward regression analyses. Change in the cognitive factorestimated cost, andtreatmentwere the most powerful predictors of change in the dependent dimension. Pre‐treatment use of anxiolytics predicted larger changes in both PD dimensions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Improvement in symptoms and cognitions related to social phobia is associated with improvement in dependent and avoidant personality disorder traits.
Intraocular pigmented proliferations in the context of cytologic evaluation
Authors: Ylagan Lourdes R.
Published: July 2009

This article is written to give an overview of the various intraocular pigmented proliferations as it pertains to cytologic evaluation and interpretation. It reviews the various epithelial and melanocytic lesions, their location and the various clinical approaches the ophthalmologist uses to aspirate the lesion. It also reviews the current thinking in the differentiation between Class I and Class II melanomas and how molecular profiling may be necessary in its differentiation which could help stratify those patients whose tumors are refractory to treatment and may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy and eye‐sparing surgery. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agonists of fibroblast growth factor receptor induce neurite outgrowth and survival of cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Li Shizhong , Christensen Claus , Køhler Lene B. , Kiselyov Vladislav V. , Berezin Vladimir , Bock Elisabeth
Published: July 2009

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling is pivotal in the regulation of neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation and survival, and synaptic plasticity both during development and in adulthood. In order to develop low molecular weight agonists of FGFR, seven peptides, termed hexafins, corresponding to the β6‐β7 loop region of the FGF 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, and 17, were synthesized. This region shares a homologous amino acid sequence with the FG‐loop region of the second fibronectin Type III module of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) that binds to the FGFR. Hexafins were shown by surface plasmon resonance to bind to FGFR1‐IIIc‐Ig2‐3 and FGFR2‐IIIb‐Ig2‐3. The heparin analog sucrose octasulfate inhibited hexafin binding to FGFR1‐IIIc‐Ig2‐3 indicating overlapping binding sites. Hexafin‐binding to FGFR1‐IIIc resulted in receptor phosphorylation, but inhibited FGF1‐induced FGFR1 phosphorylation, indicating that hexafins act as partial agonists. Hexafin2, 3, 8, 10, and 17 (but not 1 or 9) induced neurite outgrowth from cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), an effect that was abolished by two inhibitors of FGFR, SU5402 and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and a diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, RHC‐80267. The neuritogenic effects of selected hexafins could also be inhibited by FGF1 which by itself did not induce neurite outgrowth. Moreover, hexafin1, 3, 9, 10, and 17 (but not 2 or 8) promoted survival of CGNs induced to undergo apoptosis. Thus, selected hexafins induced neuronal differentiation and survival, making them promising pharmacological tools for the study of functional FGFR regulation in development of the nervous system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2009
Structure and Magnetic Properties of a New 1D Nickel(II) Hydroxythiophenedicarboxylate
Authors: Demessence Aude , Mesbah Adel , François Michel , Rogez Guillaume , Rabu Pierre
Published: July 2009

The new carboxylato‐bridged NiII network {Ni3(μ3‐OH)2[(κ1‐κ1)‐(κ1‐κ1)‐μ4tdc]2(H2O)4}n (H2tdc = 2,5‐thiophenedicarboxylic acid) has been synthesized hydrothermally. The structure has been characterized by synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The title compound consists of [Ni1O6]2[Ni2O6] chains built of two edge‐sharing octahedrons “Ni1O6” linked via μ3‐OH to a vertex of the Ni2 octahedron. The connection between the chains is settled by the tdc2– anions, leading to a 3D framework. The title compound exhibits a metamagnetic transition (TN = 3.0 K, μ0HC = 0.13 T at 1.8 K). This behaviour results from chains of ferromagnetic dimers coupled antiferromagnetically with intermediate Ni2, the competing set of interactions leading to a resultant moment. At low temperature, a 3D antiferromagnetic ordering occurs between the chains. The magnetic Ni–Ni interactions were evaluated by numerical resolution of the corresponding spin Hamiltonian. The structural and magnetic properties were compared with those of compounds exhibiting similar structural features and based on fumarate (fum2–), terephthalate (tp2–) and 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate (chdc2–).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Pd‐EnCatTM TPP30 as a Catalyst for the Generation of Highly Functionalized Aryl‐ and Alkenyl‐Substituted Acetylenes via Microwave‐Assisted Sonogashira Type Reactions
Authors: Sedelmeier Jörg , Ley Steven V. , Lange Heiko , Baxendale Ian R.
Published: July 2009

We report a rapid microwave‐assisted Sonogashira cross‐coupling of aryl iodides and bromides with terminal alkynes using Pd‐EnCatTM TPP30. Both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient aryl halides reacted smoothly with a broad variety of terminal alkynes in MeCN at 100–120 °C. The coupling products were obtained in good to excellent yields and in high purity. This reaction can be performed under copper‐ and DMF‐free conditions and does not require an inert atmosphere. Furthermore, the encapsulated catalyst can be recovered and recycled by a simple filtration of the reaction mixture. It can be reused in further reactions with only minor decrease in activity. Additionally, we were able to produce a variety of enyne derivatives under modified conditions employing the same Pd‐EnCatTM source. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma recurrence associated with exogenous testosterone therapy
Authors: Riggs Sterling , Orlandi Richard R.
Published: July 2009

Background

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) are rare benign lesions that express hormonal receptors. This report describes a recurrence of a JNA 20 years after excision associated with exogenous testosterone therapy.

Methods

A 36‐year‐old man developed a sphenoid mass 20 years following resection of a JNA, shortly after initiating exogenous testosterone therapy for symptomatic low endogenous testosterone.

Results

The mass was subsequently excised and was histologically consistent with a JNA. The patient resumed his testosterone therapy postoperatively. Repeated imaging has demonstrated no recurrence after 3 years.

Conclusion

This unique case adds further evidence to the role of testosterone in the pathogenesis of JNAs. Exogenous testosterone can cause tumor regrowth at any time, even decades following treatment. The patients with a history of JNA, even those without recurrence for years, should weigh the risk of recurrence before the use of exogenous testosterone. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 by adenovirus mediated small interfering RNA attenuates hepatic fibrosis in rats #
Authors: Zhong Wei , Shen Wei-Feng , Ning Bei-Fang , Hu Ping-Fang , Lin Yong , Yue Hai-Yan , Yin Chuan , Hou Jun-Liang , Chen Yue-Xiang , Zhang Jun-Ping , Zhang Xin , Xie Wei-Fen
Published: July 2009

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) is a critical part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway, which is involved in hepatic fibrosis. However, the effect of down-regulation of ERK1 on hepatic fibrosis has not been reported. Here, we induced hepatic fibrosis in rats with dimethylnitrosamine administration or bile duct ligation. An adenovirus carrying small interfering RNA targeting ERK1 (AdshERK1) was constructed to determine its effect on hepatic fibrosis, as evaluated by histological and immunohistochemical examination. Our results demonstrated that AdshERK1 significantly reduced the expression of ERK1 and suppressed proliferation and levels of fibrosis-related genes in hepatic stellate cells in vitro. More importantly, selective inhibition of ERK1 remarkably attenuated the deposition of the extracellular matrix in fibrotic liver in both fibrosis models. In addition, both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells were proven to exert the ability to generate the myofibroblasts depending on the insults of the liver, which were remarkably reduced by AdshERK1. Furthermore, up-regulation of ERK1 paralleled the increased expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), vimentin, snail, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and small mothers against decapentaplegic-1 (p-Smad1), and was in reverse correlation with E-cadherin in the fibrotic liver. Nevertheless, inhibition of ERK1 resulted in the increased level of E-cadherin in parallel with suppression of TGF-β1, vimentin, snail, PDGF-BB, BMP4, and p-Smad1. Interestingly, AdshERK1 treatment promoted hepatocellular proliferation. Conclusion: Our study provides the first evidence for AdshERK1 suppression of hepatic fibrosis through the reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells without interference of hepatocellular proliferation. This suggests that ERK1 is implicated in hepatic fibrogenesis and selective inhibition of ERK1 by small interfering RNA may present a novel option for hepatic fibrosis treatment. (Hepatology 2009.)
Assessing and predicting the impact of El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) events on runoff from the Chopim River basin, Brazil
Authors: Chavasse Diana I. , Seoane Rafael S.
Published: July 2009

The main purpose of the research described in this contribution was to apply a conceptual hydrological model to predict runoff volumes when El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) events occur. Statistical analysis was used to assess the impact of ENSO events on rainfall and runoff variables across the Chopim River basin. A conceptual model was calibrated and validated to simulate the rainfall–runoff processes within the basin. An extended runoff volume prediction procedure was applied to derive forecasts of runoff volumes for different lead times for the different rainfall data series. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for breast cancer among Filipino women in Manila
Authors: Gibson Lorna J. , Héry Clarisse , Mitton Nicolas , Gines‐Bautista Abigail , Parkin D Maxwell , Ngelangel Corazon , Pisani Paola
Published: July 2009

Age‐adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer vary greatly worldwide with highest rates found in the typically ‘westernised’ countries of North America and Europe. Much lower rates are observed in Asian and African populations but an exception to this has been reported for the Manila Cancer Registry in the Philippines. The reason for this high rate is unknown but may be associated with the change in lifestyle that has occurred in urban Manila since the 1960s. In 1995, a randomised controlled trial was set up in Manila to evaluate the feasibility of a screening intervention by clinical breast examination as an alternative to mammography. The cohort of 151,168 women was followed‐up to 2001 for cancer incidence and a nested case‐control study carried out. This aimed to evaluate the increase in breast cancer risk associated with known risk factors. Increased risks were seen for a high level of education (OR = 1.9 95%CI 1.1–3.3 for education stopped at ≥13 versus <13 years), nulliparity (OR = 5.0 95% CI 2.5–10.0 for nulliparity versus five or more children), and late age at first birth (OR = 3.3 95% CI 1.3–8.3 for age ≥30 versus <20 years). We found no association with excess body weight, height, use of exogenous hormones or alcohol consumption. From this study, the recognised “classical” risk factors do not fully explain the high breast cancer incidence in Metro Manila, especially when compared to other urban Asian populations. We conclude that it is too simplistic to ascribe the high risk to ‘westernisation’.
Cytokines and signaling pathways regulating matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) expression in corneal epithelial cells
Authors: Gordon Gabriel M. , Ledee Dolena R. , Feuer William J. , Fini M. Elizabeth
Published: July 2009

Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) is a well‐known regulator and effecter of many cellular processes including wound healing. In the cornea, either too much or too little MMP‐9 can be detrimental to overall wound repair. We investigated the secreted factors as well as the intracellular signaling pathways and the promoter sequences that mediate this regulation. Primary culture rabbit corneal epithelial cells were treated with various cytokines alone or in different combinations and MMP‐9 induction was assessed by gel zymography. Pharmacological inhibitors were used to determine the intracellular signaling pathways induced by the cytokines tested and deletion promoter constructs were created to determine the regions of the MMP‐9 promoter involved in the cytokine regulation, thereby assessing the exact transcription factors binding the MMP‐9 promoter. We found that two cytokine families, transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) and interleukin 1 (IL‐1), act additively in an isoform non‐specific manner to induce MMP‐9 in this cell type. Our data suggest TGF‐β mediated MMP‐9 induction may be regulated by the NF‐κB, Smad3, and JNK pathways, whereas the IL‐1β mediated induction may be regulated by the NF‐κB and p38 pathways. Inhibition of the p38, NF‐κB, or JNK pathways significantly reduced, but did not abrogate, basal MMP‐9 levels. Inhibition of the ERK pathway did not have an effect on MMP‐9 mediated expression in either the treated or untreated co‐transfected cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 221: 402–411, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of human papilloma virus and human herpes virus types 1–7 in human nasal polyposis
Authors: Zaravinos Apostolos , Bizakis John , Spandidos Demetrios A.
Published: July 2009

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV), herpes simplex virus‐1/‐2 (HSV‐1/‐2), varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human herpes virus‐6/‐7 (HHV‐6/‐7) in 23 human nasal polyps by applying PCR. Two types of control tissues were used: adjacent inferior/middle turbinates from the patients and inferior/middle turbinates from 13 patients undergoing nasal corrective surgery. EBV was the virus most frequently detected (35%), followed by HPV (13%), HSV‐1 (9%), and CMV (4%). The CMV‐positive polyp was simultaneously positive for HSV‐1. HPV was also detected in the adjacent turbinates (4%) and the adjacent middle turbinate (4%) of one of the HPV‐positive patients. EBV, HSV, and CMV were not detected in the adjacent turbinates of the EBV‐, HSV‐ or CMV‐positive patients. All mucosae were negative for the VZV, HHV‐6, and HHV‐7. This is the first study to deal with the involvement of a comparable group of viruses in human nasal polyposis. The findings support the theory that the presence of viral EBV markedly influences the pathogenesis of these benign nasal tumors. The low incidence of HPV detected confirms the hypothesis that HPV is correlated with infectious mucosal lesions to a lesser extent than it is with proliferative lesions, such as inverted papilloma. The low incidence of HSV‐1 and CMV confirms that these two herpes viruses may play a minor role in the development of nasal polyposis. Double infection with HSV‐1 and CMV may also play a minor, though causative, role in nasal polyp development. VZV and HHV‐6/‐7 do not appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of these mucosal lesions. J. Med. Virol. 81:1613–1619, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic diversity of human papillomavirus type 16 E6, E7, and L1 genes in Italian women with different grades of cervical lesions
Authors: Cento Valeria , Ciccozzi Massimo , Ronga Luigi , Perno Carlo Federico , Ciotti Marco
Published: July 2009

High‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are risk factors for the development of cervical cancer. HPV 16 is the most common type, being present in about 60% of cervical cancers worldwide. Previous studies have reported upon the association between HPV 16 E6 variants and increased risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer. In this study, the presence of HPV 16 polymorphisms in the E6, E7, and L1 genes was investigated in relation to the presence of high‐grade lesions. Sequencing of the E6 gene revealed the presence of nucleotide mutations resulting in 15 amino acid changes. Of these, the G134D and C136R fall within the CXXC zinger finger domain important for p53 binding. In the E7 gene, four nucleotide variations were identified with two leading to the amino acid substitutions L15V and S31R. The L1 gene showed 13 nucleotide changes leading to 11 amino acid substitutions. Among these, the R364C and N367D are located at the base of the HI‐loop of the L1 protein, considered to be the immunodominant epitope of HPV 16. No significant relationship between HPV 16 variants and high‐grade lesions was found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the HPV 16 variants identified belonged to the European lineage, except one which was of the Asian‐American lineage. The European‐350G variant was detected most frequently (22 of 34, 64.7%). The study provides some new data on the genetic diversity of HPV 16 which may help to understand the oncogenic potential of the virus and to improve management of patients. J. Med. Virol. 81:1627–1634, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global proteome analysis of hepatitis B virus expressing human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2
Authors: Huang Qingling , Wang Lin , Bai Shiyu , Lin Wansong , Chen Wannan , Lin Jianyin , Lin Xu
Published: July 2009

In countries where hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic, a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occur in HBV carriers and the prolonged replication and expression of HBV proteins in the liver is considered an important risk factor for progression to malignancy. However, the mechanism of pathogenesis of HBV‐associated carcinoma remains elusive. In this study, the human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line harboring 1.2 × unit‐length of the HBV genome was generated and subjected to a proteomic approach analyzing the global protein expression profiles of HepG2 cells with and without HBV replication and protein expression. By using fluorescence two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE), followed by MALDI‐TOF‐MS and database searching, a total of 50 differentially expressed proteins were identified, including some cell cycle‐related proteins. These cycle‐related proteins may lead to accumulation of HepG2‐HBV cells in the G2/M phase, and an increase in the proportion of HepG2 cells with tripolar or multipolar spindles. This study described the proteomic alterations in HepG2 cells HBV‐harboring, which may provide new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in HBV replication and pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol. 81:1539–1550, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of near infrared laser excitation wavelengths and its influence on the interrogation of seized drugs‐of‐abuse by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Hargreaves Michael D. , Burnett Andrew D. , Munshi Tasnim , Cunningham John E. , Linfield Edmund H. , Davies A. Giles , Edwards Howell G. M.
Published: July 2009

The laser excitation wavelength is an important parameter in obtaining Raman spectra from drugs‐of‐abuse. This article compares the effect of near infrared wavelengths, 785 nm, using both benchtop and portable instrumentation and benchtop 1064 nm on the Raman spectra of seized drugs‐of‐abuse, including cocaine hydrochloride, cocaine freebase (crack), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘ecstasy’), amphetamine, diamorphine (heroin) and cannabis. The significant benefit of using 1064 nm for the interrogation of this type of sample is highlighted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Pendant Hydroxyl Groups on Enzymatic Degradation and Drug Delivery of Amphiphilic Poly[glycidol‐block‐(ε‐caprolactone)] Copolymers
Authors: Mao Jing , Gan Zhihua
Published: July 2009

An amphiphilic diblock copolymer PG‐b‐PCL with well‐controlled structure and pendant hydroxyl groups along hydrophilic block was synthesized by sequential anionic ring‐opening polymerization. The micellization and drug release of PG‐b‐PCL copolymers using pyrene as a fluorescence probe were investigated for determining the influences of copolymer composition and lipase concentration on drug loading capacity and controlled release behavior. The biodegradation of PG‐b‐PCL copolymers was studied with microspheres as research samples. It has been concluded that the polar hydroxyl groups along each repeat unit of hydrophilic PG block in PG‐b‐PCL copolymer have great influences on drug encapsulation, drug release, and enzymatic degradation of micelles and microspheres.

magnified image
Copper in diseases and treatments, and copper‐based anticancer strategies
Authors: Tisato Francesco , Marzano Cristina , Porchia Marina , Pellei Maura , Santini Carlo
Published: July 2009

Copper is found in all living organisms and is a crucial trace element in redox chemistry, growth and development. It is important for the function of several enzymes and proteins involved in energy metabolism, respiration, and DNA synthesis, notably cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate oxidase, and tyrosinase. The major functions of copper—biological molecules involve oxidation–reduction reactions in which they react directly with molecular oxygen to produce free radicals. Therefore, copper requires tightly regulated homeostatic mechanisms to ensure adequate supplies without any toxic effects. Overload or deficiency of copper is associated, respectively, with Wilson disease (WD) and Menkes disease (MD), which are of genetic origin. Researches on Menkes and Wilson disorders have provided useful insights in the field of copper homeostasis and in particular into the understanding of intracellular trafficking and distribution of copper at molecular levels. Therapies based on metal supplementation with copper histidine or removal of copper excess by means of specific copper chelators are currently effective in treating MD and WD, respectively. Copper chelation therapy is now attracting much attention for the investigation and treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and CreutzfeldtJakob. An excess of copper appears to be an essential co‐factor for angiogenesis. Moreover, elevated levels of copper have been found in many types of human cancers, including prostate, breast, colon, lung, and brain. On these basis, the employment of copper chelators has been reported to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of several types of cancers as anti‐angiogenic molecules. More recently, mixtures of copper chelators with copper salts have been found to act as efficient proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers, specifically in cancer cells. Moreover, following the worldwide success of platinum(II) compounds in cancer chemotherapy, several families of individual copper complexes have been studied as potential antitumor agents. These investigations, revealing the occurrence of mechanisms of action quite different from platinum drugs, head toward the development of new anticancer metallodrugs with improved specificity and decreased toxic side effects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 4, 708–749, 2010
Web server suite for complex mixture analysis by covariance NMR
Authors: Zhang Fengli , Robinette Steven L. , Bruschweiler‐Li Lei , Brüschweiler Rafael
Published: July 2009

Elucidation of the chemical composition of biological samples is a main focus of systems biology and metabolomics. Their comprehensive study requires reliable, efficient, and automatable methods to identify and quantify the underlying metabolites. Because nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a rich source of molecular information, it has a unique potential for this task. Here we present a suite of public web servers (http://spinportal.magnet.fsu.edu), termed COLMAR, which facilitates complex mixture analysis by NMR. The COLMAR web portal presently consists of three servers: COLMAR covariance calculates the covariance NMR spectrum from an NMR input dataset, such as a TOCSY spectrum; COLMAR DemixC method decomposes the 2D covariance TOCSY spectrum into a reduced set of nonredundant 1D cross sections or traces, which belong to individual mixture components; and COLMAR query screens the traces against a NMR spectral database to identify individual compounds. Examples are presented that illustrate the utility of this web server suite for complex mixture analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inconclusive psychometric properties of the Vaizey score in fecally incontinent patients: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Bols Esther M.J. , Hendriks Erik J.M. , Deutekom Marije , Berghmans Bary C.M. , Baeten Cor G.M.I. , de Bie Rob A.
Published: July 2009

Aim

To determine the psychometric properties of the total Vaizey score and its individual items.

Methods

The study was conducted as part of a prospective cohort study assessing the outcome of pelvic floor rehabilitation in patients with fecal incontinence.

Results

One hundred ninety‐four patients were analyzed, 53 of whom provided data on the global perceived effect (GPE) score. Pelvic floor rehabilitation resulted in a significant reduction of the total Vaizey score and most individual items. The total Vaizey scores changed in agreement with the GPE scores. The total Vaizey score was responsive, but some individual items yielded inconsistent results for three different measures. The test–retest reliability was adequate or excellent for six individual items and the total Vaizey score. The internal consistency was low for the total Vaizey score at baseline, in contrast to the follow‐up and change scores. The estimates for the minimally important change (MIC) and smallest detectable change yielded moderately consistent results. An MIC of −5 points seemed preferable and yielded the lowest misclassification rate.

Conclusions

More research is required to confirm conclusions on the psychometric properties of the total Vaizey score and its individual items, and to justify its use in research and routine clinical practice. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:370–377, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of double incontinence, risks and influence on quality of life in a general female population
Authors: Slieker‐ten Hove Marijke C. Ph , Pool‐Goudzwaard Annelies L. , Eijkemans Marinus J.C. , Steegers‐Theunissen Regine P.M. , Burger Curt W. , Vierhout Mark E.
Published: July 2009

Background

Urinary incontinence (UI) and anal incontinence (AI) are complaints with impact on quality of life (QOL). Few data are available on prevalence of double incontinence (DI) in the general female population.

Objective

To determine prevalence of UI, AI, and DI, their associations with age, parity, and effects on QOL.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Cross‐sectional study on a general female population, aged 45–85 years.

Measurements

Validated questionnaires measuring pelvic floor dysfunction and QOL. A short questionnaire was used for non‐responders. Analyses were performed with Chi‐square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression.

Results

Response rate was 62.7% (1,869/2,979); 59% of non‐responders filled in the short questionnaire (620/1,051). No significant differences in stress urinary incontinence, vaginal bulging, solid stool incontinence and parity were found between responders and non‐responders. DI with and without flatal incontinence were reported by 7.7% and 35.4%, respectively. Women with urge urinary incontinence (UUI) alone had an OR of 4.3 (95% CI 2.4–7.9) for liquid stool incontinence, 1.6 (95% CI 0.5–4.9) for solid stool incontinence and 2.4 for flatal incontinence (95% CI 1.5–3.8). Women with AI had an OR of 5.8 (95% CI 1.8–18.2) for UUI. Women with DI including flatus reported significantly poorer QOL. Limitation of the study was the lack of objective clinical validation of symptoms, which may have influenced the real prevalence data.

Conclusions

Most important relation was found between UUI and liquid stool incontinence (OR 4.3). We recommend that clinicians take the history of patients with UUI or mixed urinary incontinence to exclude the co‐existence of AI. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:545–550, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.