bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cyclic loading on fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth restored with conventional and esthetic posts
Authors: Xible Anuar Antônio , Tavarez Rudys Rodolfo de Jesus , Araujo Carlos dos Reis Pereira de , Conti Paulo César Rodrigues , Bonachella Wellington Cardoso
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION: Esthetic post and core systems were recently introduced. There are few reports regarding their behavior under cyclic loading. OBJECTIVES: This study compared the effect of cyclic loading on survival rate, residual strength and mode of fracture of endodontically treated teeth restored with esthetic and direct metallic post systems subjected to mechanical cyclic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty canines were endodontically treated, decoronated and prepared for metal free ceramic crowns, leaving 1.5 mm of dentin for ferrule effect. They were distributed in 3 groups and restored as follows: group 1 with zirconia posts (Cosmopost) and glass-ceramic cores (IPS Empress Cosmopost); group 2 with fiber reinforced composite posts (FibreKor) and group 3 with titanium posts (AZthec Anchor). Direct resin composite (Build It FR Resin Composite) was used as core in groups 2 and 3. All specimens were restored with all ceramic crowns (IPS Empress 2). A resin cement/adhesive system (Cement It/Bond It Primer A+B) was used to lute the posts to root canals and metal free porcelain crowns to the teeth preparation. Specimens were subjected to mechanical load of 250 N for 500,000x at a frequency of 1.7 Hz and then to static load until failure in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Fischer Exact tests alpha=0.05. RESULTS: All groups had 100% survival rate after cyclic loading; fracture strength values (SD) in N were: group 1 = 886.5(170.6), group 2 = 762.2(113.6) and group 3 = 768.9(72.9); there was no difference among groups (p=0.08); the percentage of mode of favorable fracture found was: group 1 = 60%, group 2 = 90% and group 3 = 50%; there was no correlation between the mode of failure and post and core system used (P=0.142). CONCLUSIONS: Esthetic post and core systems showed statistically equivalent fracture strength values, mode of failure and survival rate compared to conventional direct metallic post and resin composite core system after cyclic loading.
Erythropoietic Response to Two Epoetin alfa Regimens in Critically Ill Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Darveau Martin , Notebaert Éric , Denault André Y. , Williamson David R. , Albert Martin , Bélisle Sylvain , Lachaine Jean
Published: October 2006

Study Objective. To compare the erythropoietic responses and tolerability of two recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) regimens.

Design. Prospective, open‐label, multicenter study.

Setting. Three multidisciplinary intensive care units in Québec, Canada.

Patients. Sixty critically ill patients.

Intervention. The first 30 patients received EPO 40,000 U/week (group A); the next 30 received 40,000 U twice/week (group B).

Measurements and Main Results. Percent change from baseline in reticulocyte count and hemoglobin concentration were evaluated in both groups on study days 7 and 14. The numbers of adverse events were also compared between the two groups. No statistically significant differences were found in the results between the two groups.

Conclusion. Although the study had limitations, it suggested that EPO 40,000 U twice/week did not increase or sustain stimulation of the erythropoietic response compared with EPO 40,000 U/week in critically ill patients.
Adjunctive Therapy with Pramlintide in Patients with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Nogid Anna , Pham David Q.
Published: October 2006

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is associated with both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Despite an array of treatment options available, achievement of euglycemia in most patients with diabetes is still lacking. Pramlintide acetate, a synthetic analog of the human hormone amylin and belonging to a new class of agents, was approved in March 2005 as adjunctive treatment in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. To evaluate the data available on the efficacy and safety of pramlintide, we conducted a search of MEDLINE (January 1966–May 2006) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (January 1970–May 2006). Bibliographies of clinical trials were reviewed for additional references. The literature reviewed demonstrated that pramlintide is effective in reducing levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and potentially preventing weight gain. The most commonly reported adverse effects associated with pramlintide were nausea, anorexia, and hypoglycemia. These adverse effects occurred more often during the initiation of therapy and were usually mild to moderate in nature. Whether this therapy is a cost‐effective option for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus is yet to be determined.
Povidone‐Iodine–Induced Burn: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Lowe Donna O. , Knowles Sandra R. , Weber Elizabeth A. , Railton Craig J. , Shear Neil H.
Published: October 2006

Burns are a rare but potentially serious complication of povidone‐iodine use. This rare adverse drug reaction developed in a 38‐year‐old woman who underwent laparoscopic right ovarian cystectomy and endometrial ablation as a day procedure involving application of the topical antiseptic 10% povidone‐iodine solution. Two days later, the patient was admitted to the hospital with burning, pain, itching, marked redness, and blistering extending from her midback to buttocks. A stain on her back also was evident. Partial‐thickness chemical burn was diagnosed. Review of the literature yielded 13 other cases of povidone‐iodine–induced burn. This underrecognized adverse effect of povidone‐iodine application typically occurs when the povidone‐iodine has not been allowed to dry or has been trapped under the body of a patient in a pooled dependent position. The burn is usually seen immediately after the procedure or on the next day, and typically heals with minimum scarring within 3–4 weeks with conservative treatment. The commonly postulated mechanism is a chemical burn due to irritation coupled with maceration, friction, and pressure. Given the widespread use of povidone‐iodine and the potential for development of infection after a burn, clinicians need to be aware of this possible povidone‐iodine–associated adverse drug reaction, and of preventive measures.
Successful Anticoagulation and Continuation of Tramadol Therapy in the Setting of a Tramadol‐Warfarin Interaction
Authors: Dumo Peter A. , Kielbasa Luba A.
Published: October 2006

Tramadol is a commonly used synthetic opioid with the advantage of lowering the potential for dependence. Two reports of a tramadol‐warfarin drug interaction have been published, and the current product insert states that increased international normalized ratios (INRs) with concomitant tramadol‐warfarin use have been reported. We report a tramadol‐warfarin drug interaction that caused a supratherapeutic INR in a 65‐year‐old man in previously stable condition who was being treated at our anticoagulation clinic. Within 6 days of starting tramadol 50 mg twice/day, the patient's INR rose from 2.5 to 6.14. He elected to continue therapy with the tramadol. A 30% dosage reduction from warfarin 60 to 42 mg/week was eventually needed. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of the successful continuation of tramadol after a tramadol‐warfarin drug interaction. Based on our experience, we suggest an empiric dosage reduction of 25–30% in warfarin followed by repeat measurement of the INR within 1 week in patients who are starting tramadol therapy. As an alternative, maintaining the current dose of warfarin, followed by a repeat INR determination in 3 days, may be appropriate.
Immunosuppressive Therapy for Acute Porphyria: Safety and Efficacy in a Patient with Bone Marrow Failure
Authors: Field Joshua J. , Giannone Leonard , Bessler Monica , Blinder Morey A.
Published: October 2006

Acute intermittent porphyria is a rare disorder of heme biosynthesis with a clinical course characterized by exacerbations of neurologic symptoms. Drugs may precipitate these exacerbations; however, little is known about the safety of most drugs used to treat the disease. We describe a patient with acute intermittent porphyria who developed bone marrow failure and was successfully treated with cyclosporine. This agent has been reported as being unsafe for patients with acute intermittent porphyria based on an in vitro model. However, cyclosporine was used in this patient based on two published case reports of successful cyclosporine therapy in patients with acute intermittent porphyria undergoing kidney transplantation. Our patient tolerated cyclosporine well, and her blood counts demonstrated improvement. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of cyclosporine used for treatment of bone marrow failure in a patient with acute intermittent porphyria. Until more data are available, clinicians should consider immunosuppressive therapy as a safe option for treating certain patients with acute intermittent porphyria.
Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline-polyvinyl chloride blends doped with sulfamic acid in aqueous tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Ameen Sadia , Ali Vazid , Zulfequar M. , Mazharul Haq M. , Husain Mushahid
Published: October 2006

The temperature dependence of direct current (dc) conductivity was studied for various samples of polyaniline-polyvinylchloride (PANI-PVC) blended films. Polyaniline was doped with different concentrations of sulfamic acid in aqueous tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the blended films were prepared by varying the amount of doped PANI relative to a fixed amount of PVC. The dc conductivity of PANI-PVC blended films was measured to determine the effect of sulfamic acid (dopant) in the temperature range (300–400K). The mechanism of conduction is explained by a two-phase model. In order to evaluate the effect of the dopant, conductivity-derived parameters such as the pre-exponential factor (σ
o) and the activation energy (ΔE) were calculated. The structural changes of polyaniline-PVC blended films were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy that explores information about the suitability of the dopant in the chemical doping process.
Recent Advances in New Hard High‐Pressure Nitrides
Authors: Zerr A. , Riedel R. , Sekine T. , Lowther J. E. , Ching W. Y. , Tanaka I.
Published: October 2006

Since the discovery of spinel nitrides in 1999, there has been a lot of effort in basic science to further develop advanced nitrides and electronic nitrides. The aim and scope of the research in this field is to synthesize novel nitrides for structural and functional applications. Silicon‐based spinel nitrides combine ultrahigh hardness with high thermal stability against decomposition in different environments, suggesting potential applications as cutting tools. These materials are also expected to show interesting optoelectronic properties, which may lead to applications in light‐emitting diodes. The synthesis of spinel silicon and germanium nitrides at ultrahigh pressures and temperatures, as well as the successful synthesis of tin nitride at ambient pressure, has created an enormous impact on both the basic science and technological development of advanced nitrides. Moreover, the discovery of novel phases of transition metal nitrides, such as Zr3N4 and Hf3N4 with a Th3P4 structure, as well as the recently reported nitrides of Pt and Mo, demonstrates the scientific potential of high‐pressure synthesis techniques in the field of materials science. Here, the state of the art in the field of novel hard materials based on nitrides synthesized reproducibly under high pressure is reviewed.
Modified CMC. V. Synthesis and super‐swelling behavior of hydrolyzed CMC‐g‐PAN hydrogel
Authors: Pourjavadi A. , Zohuriaan‐Mehr M. J. , Ghasempoori S. N. , Hossienzadeh H.
Published: October 2006

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was grafted onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) sodium salt backbones by using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. The graft copolymer, CMC‐g‐PAN, was hydrolyzed by NaOH solution to yield hydrogel, H‐CMC‐g‐PAN. The nitrile groups of CMC‐g‐PAN were completely converted to a mixture of hydrophilic carboxamide and carboxylate groups during alkaline hydrolysis, followed by in situ crosslinking of the grafted PAN chains. The structure of the products was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The synthetic parameters affecting the swelling capacity of the hydrogel (i.e., CMC‐g‐PAN add‐on value, the hydrolysis time and temperature, and concentration of NaOH) were systematically optimized to achieve maximum swelling. Absorbency was also measured in various salt solutions. The H‐CMC‐g‐PAN product was recognized to be a smart hydrogel with superswelling properties. Several swelling changes of the hydrogel were observed in lieu of pH variations in a wide range (1–13). Also, the pH reversibility and on–off switching behavior make the hydrogel a good candidate for controlled delivery of bioactive agents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 103: 877–883, 2007
Interpolymer‐specific interactions and miscibility in poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid)/poly(styrene‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) blends
Authors: Hadj‐Hamou Assia Siham , Djadoun Said
Published: October 2006

The miscibility or complexation of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) containing 27 mol % of acrylic acid (SAA‐27) and poly(styrene‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) containing 17 or 32 mol % of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (SAD‐17, SAD‐32) or poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) were investigated by different techniques. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that a single glass‐transition temperature was observed for all the mixtures prepared from tetrahydrofuran (THF) or butan‐2‐one. This is an evidence of their miscibility or complexation over the entire composition range. As the content of the basic constituent increases as within SAA‐27/SAD‐32 and SAA‐27/PDMA, higher number of specific interpolymer interactins occurred and led to the formation of interpolymer complexes in butan‐2‐one. The qualitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study carried out for SAA‐27/SAD‐17 blends revealed that hydrogen bonding occurred between the hydroxyl groups of SAA‐27 and the carbonyl amide of SAD‐17. Quantitative analysis carried out in the 160–210°C temperature range for the SAA‐27 copolymer and its blends of different ratios using the Painter–Coleman association model led to the estimation of the equilibrium constants K2, KA and the enthalpies of hydrogen bond formation. These blends are miscible even at 180°C as confirmed from the negative values of the total free energy of mixing ΔGM over the entire blend composition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1011–1024, 2007
A method of dissecting the pelvic floor to allow anatomical validation of images of the soft tissues
Authors: Shulver H. , Bartram C. I. , Hudson C. N.
Published: October 2006

A method of intact postmortem removal of the pelvic floor for imaging correlation studies, with minimal access disfigurement, is described. This consists of subcutaneous removal of both ischiopubic rami with division of the obturator membrane cranial to the origin of the levator ani muscles. The anatomical relationships of soft tissue surrounding the distal birth canal are thus preserved. The report discusses the need for, constraints on, and limitations of such studies in the unique problems of determining the dynamic anatomical configuration of the soft tissues of the pelvic floor. It illustrates the clinical relevance of initial studies, and reviews the background contributions of members of the group. Clin. Anat. 20:322–325, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiographic measurements of normal elbows: Clinical relevance to olecranon fractures
Authors: Wadia Farokh , Kamineni Srinath , Dhotare Satish , Amis A.
Published: October 2006

This study aims to calculate a clinically relevant and intra‐operatively accessible measure of olecranon length that could be reliably applied by the operating surgeon to optimise fixation of comminuted olecranon fractures. One hundred normal adult antero‐posterior and lateral radiographs of the elbow were studied with respect to the proximal olecranon height (OH), trochlear notch width (TW) on lateral views, and trans‐epicondylar distance (TED) and trochlear width distance (TWD) on AP views. Three mean ratios were then derived: TWD/TW, TED/TW and OH/TW. The average OH was 26.2 mm (range 21–29), TW was 24.7 mm (range 21–32), TED was 58.7 mm (range 49–74), and the TWD was 27.0 mm (range 22–32). The average ratio of TWD: TW was 1.08 (SD = 0.08), that of TED: TW was 2.38 (SD = 0.18) and OH/TW was 1.06 (SD = 0.08). Comminuted fractures of the olecranon are a surgical challenge since it is often impossible to gauge the correct length to achieve in reconstruction of the olecranon process. Our data can be easily applied to the clinical situation, by taking intra‐operative radiographs, and calculating the ratios as demonstrated above. These will guide the surgeon to obtain a more reliable length of the olecranon intra‐operatively. Clin. Anat. 20:407–410, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Copper(I)–Tetrahydrosalen‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Henry Reaction and Its Extension to the Synthesis of (S)‐Norphenylephrine
Authors: Xiong Yan , Wang Fei , Huang Xiao , Wen Yuehong , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2006

A new chiral hydrogenated salen catalyst has been developed for the asymmetric Henry reaction which produces the expected products in moderate to high yields (up to 98 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 96 % ee). A variety of aromatic, heteroaromatic, enal, and aliphatic aldehydes were found to be suitable substrates in the presence of hydrogenated salen 1 f (10 mol %), (CuOTf)2⋅C7H8 (5 mol %), and 4 Å molecular sieves. This process is air‐tolerant and easily manipulated with readily available reagents, and has been successfully extended to the synthesis of (S)‐norphenylephrine in 67 % overall yield, starting from commercially available m‐hydroxybenzaldehyde. Based on experimental investigations and MM+ calculations, a possible catalytic cycle including a transition state (8 or A) has been proposed to explain the origin of reactivity and asymmetric inductivity.
Nanomolar Inhibition of Type II Dehydroquinase Based on the Enolate Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Toscano Miguel D. , Payne Richard J. , Chiba Akira , Kerbarh Olivier , Abell Chris
Published: October 2006

We describe the rational design of a novel, highly potent inhibitor of type II dehydroquinase, the dicarboxylate 6. The incorporation of a carboxylate at the 3‐position mimics the putative enolate intermediate in the reaction mechanism, and allows a potential electrostatic binding interaction with the arginine on the active site flap. This results in a 1000‐fold increase in potency, making the dicarboxylate 6 the most potent inhibitor of type II dehydroquinase reported to date, with a high ligand efficiency of −0.68 kcal mol−1 per nonhydrogen atom. The systematic dissection of 6 in compounds 7–12, all of which show a drop in potency, confirm the synergistic importance of the two carboxylates, the C3 and C4 hydroxyl groups, and the anhydroquinate ring structure for the potency of 6.
Distribution of MT1 melatonin receptor immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Colocalization of MT1 with vasopressin, oxytocin, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone
Authors: Wu Ying‐Hui , Zhou Jiang‐Ning , Balesar Rawien , Unmehopa Unga , Bao Aimin , Jockers Ralf , Van Heerikhuize Joop , Swaab Dick F.
Published: October 2006

Melatonin is implicated in numerous physiological processes, including circadian rhythms, stress, and reproduction, many of which are mediated by the hypothalamus and pituitary. The physiological actions of melatonin are mainly mediated by melatonin receptors. We here describe the distribution of the melatonin receptor MT1 in the human hypothalamus and pituitary by immunocytochemistry. MT1 immunoreactivity showed a widespread pattern in the hypothalamus. In addition to the area of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a number of novel sites, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), periventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus (SON), sexually dimorphic nucleus, the diagonal band of Broca, the nucleus basalis of Meynert, infundibular nucleus, ventromedial and dorsomedial nucleus, tuberomamillary nucleus, mamillary body, and paraventricular thalamic nucleus were observed to have neuronal MT1 receptor expression. No staining was observed in the nucleus tuberalis lateralis and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The MT1 receptor was colocalized with some vasopressin (AVP) neurons in the SCN, colocalized with some parvocellular and magnocellular AVP and oxytocine (OXT) neurons in the PVN and SON, and colocalized with some parvocellular corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the PVN. In the pituitary, strong MT1 expression was observed in the pars tuberalis, while a weak staining was found in the posterior and anterior pituitary. These findings provide a neurobiological basis for the participation of melatonin in the regulation of various hypothalamic and pituitary functions. The colocalization of MT1 and CRH suggests that melatonin might directly modulate the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis in the PVN, which may have implications for stress conditions such as depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:897–910, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrograde analyses of spinothalamic projections in the macaque monkey: Input to posterolateral thalamus
Authors: Craig A.D. (Bud) , Zhang En‐Tan
Published: October 2006

The distribution of retrogradely labeled spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons was analyzed in macaque monkeys following variously sized, physiologically guided pressure or iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) in order to determine whether different STT termination sites receive input selectively from different sets of STT cells. This report focuses on posterolateral thalamus, where prior anterograde tracing observations identified the posterior part of the ventromedial nucleus (VMpo) as the major projection target of lamina I STT neurons. Large injections in posterolateral thalamus labeled predominantly STT cells in lamina I throughout the spinal cord. In cases with medium‐sized or small injections centered in VMpo, almost all labeled STT cells (∼90%) were lamina I neurons. Small injections revealed a posteroanterior (foot to hand) somatotopographic organization consistent with that observed in prior anterograde tracing work; injections in posterior VMpo labeled primarily lumbosacral lamina I cells, whereas injections placed more anteriorly in VMpo labeled primarily cervical lamina I cells. These findings support the concept that VMpo is a primate lamina I spinothalamocortical relay nucleus important for pain, temperature, itch, muscle ache, sensual touch, and other interoceptive feelings from the body, and they provide strong evidence for the general hypothesis that the STT consists of several functionally and anatomically differentiable components. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:953–964, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel interneuronal network in the mouse posterior piriform cortex
Authors: Zhang Chunzhao , Szabó Gábor , Erdélyi Ferenc , Rose James D. , Sun Qian‐Quan
Published: October 2006

The neural circuits of the piriform cortex mediate field potential oscillations and complex functions related to integrating odor cues with behavior, affective states, and multisensory processing. Previous anatomical studies have established major neural pathways linking the piriform cortex to other cortical and subcortical regions and major glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal subtypes within the piriform circuits. However, the quantitative properties of diverse piriform interneurons are unknown. Using quantitative neural anatomical analysis and electrophysiological recording applied to a GAD65‐EGFP transgenic mouse expressing GFP (green fluorescent protein) under the control of the GAD65 promoter, here we report a novel inhibitory network that is composed of neurons positive for GAD65‐EGFP in the posterior piriform cortex (PPC). These interneurons had stereotyped dendritic and axonal properties that were distinct from basket cells or interneurons expressing various calcium‐binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin) within the PPC. The GAD65‐GFP neurons are GABAergic and outnumbered any other interneurons (expressing parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin) we studied. The firing pattern of these interneurons was highly homogenous and is similar to the regular‐spiking nonpyramidal (RSNP) interneurons reported in primary sensory and other neocortical regions. Robust dye coupling among these interneurons and expression of connexin 36 suggested that they form electrically coupled networks. The predominant targets of descending axons of these interneurons were the dendrites of Layer III principal cells. Additionally, synapses were found on dendrites and somata of deep Layer II principal neurons and Layer III basket cells. A similar interneuronal subtype was also found in GAD65‐EGFP‐negative mouse. The extensive dendritic bifurcation at superficial lamina IA among horizontal afferent fibers and unique axonal targeting pattern suggests that these interneurons may play a role in direct feedforward inhibitory and disinhibitory olfactory processing. We conclude that the GAD65‐GFP neurons may play distinct roles in regulating information flow and olfactory‐related oscillation within the PPC in vivo. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:1000–1015, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Follow‐up of an exercise‐based treatment for children with reading difficulties
Authors: Reynolds David , Nicolson Roderick I.
Published: October 2006

This study reports the results of a long‐term follow‐up of an exercise‐based approach to dyslexia‐related disorders (Reynolds, Nicolson, & Hambly, Dyslexia, 2003; 9(1): 48–71). In the initial study, children at risk of dyslexia were identified in 3 years of a junior school. One half then undertook a 6 month, home‐based exercise programme. Evaluation after 6 months indicated that the exercise group improved significantly more than the controls on a range of cognitive and motor skills. Critics had suggested that the improvement might be attributable to artifactual issues including Hawthorne effects; an initial literacy imbalance between the groups; and inclusion of non‐dyslexic participants. The present study evaluated the issue of whether the gains were maintained over the following 18 months, and whether they were in some sense artifactual as postulated by critics of the original study. Comparison of (age‐adjusted) initial and follow‐up performance indicated significant gains in motor skill, speech/language fluency, phonology, and working memory. Both dyslexic and non‐dyslexic low achieving children benefited. There was also a highly significant reduction in the incidence of symptoms of inattention. Interestingly there were no significant changes in speeded tests of reading and spelling, but there was a significant improvement in (age‐adjusted) reading (NFER). It is concluded that the gains were indeed long‐lasting, and that the alternative hypotheses based on potential artifacts were untenable, and that the exercise treatment therefore achieved its applied purpose. Further research is needed to determine the underlying reasons for the benefits. Possible (and potentially synergistic) explanations include: improved cerebellar function (neural level); improved learning ability and/or attentional ability (cognitive level); improved self‐esteem and self‐efficacy (affective level); and improved parental/familial support (social level). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STAT1 signaling is associated with acquired crossresistance to doxorubicin and radiation in myeloma cell lines
Authors: Fryknäs Mårten , Dhar Sumeer , Öberg Fredrik , Rickardson Linda , Rydåker Maria , Göransson Hanna , Gustafsson Mats , Pettersson Ulf , Nygren Peter , Larsson Rolf , Isaksson Anders
Published: October 2006

The myeloma cell line RPMI 8226/S and its doxorubicin resistant subline 8226/Dox40 were used as models to explore the potential importance of the STAT1 signaling pathway in drug and radiation resistance. The 40‐fold doxorubicin resistant subline 8226/Dox40 was found to be crossresistant to single doses of 4 and 8 Gy of radiation. A genome‐wide mRNA expression study comparing the 8226/Dox40 cell line to its parental line was performed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Seventeen of the top 50 overexpressed genes have previously been implicated in the STAT1 signaling pathway. STAT1 was over expressed both at the mRNA and protein level. Moreover, analyses of nuclear extracts showed higher abundance of phosphorylated STAT1 (Tyr 701) in the resistant subline. Preexposure of the crossresistant cells to the STAT1 inhibiting drug fludarabine reduced expression of overexpressed genes and enhanced the effects of both doxorubicin and radiation. These results show that resistance to doxorubicin and radiation is associated with increased STAT1 signaling and can be modulated by fludarabine. The data support further development of therapies combining fludarabine and radiation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low daytime pulse oximetry reading is associated with nocturnal desaturation and obstructive sleep apnea in children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Spivey John F. , Uong Elizabeth C. , Strunk Robert , Boslaugh Sarah E. , DeBaun Michael R.
Published: October 2006

A retrospective medical record review was established to test the hypothesis that in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA), a daytime oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≤94% is associated with nocturnal desaturation with or without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Twenty children had a resting SpO2 ≤94% and an abnormal polysomnogram (PSG). Seven patients had OSA and thirteen patients had nocturnal desaturation. The average daytime SpO2 correlated with the average nighttime SpO2 (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.453; P = 0.045). Our results indicate that in children with SCA, a daytime SpO2 ≤94% is a reasonable threshold to recommend a pulmonary evaluation, including a PSG. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:359–362. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smooth semiparametric receiver operating characteristic curves for continuous diagnostic tests
Authors: Wan Shuwen , Zhang Biao
Published: October 2006

We propose a semiparametric kernel distribution function estimator, based on which a new smooth semiparametric estimator of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is constructed. We derive the asymptotic bias and variance of the newly proposed distribution function estimator and show that it is more efficient than the traditional non‐parametric kernel distribution estimator. We also derive the asymptotic bias and variance of our new ROC curve estimator and show that it is more efficient than the smooth non‐parametric ROC curve estimator proposed by Zou et al. (Stat. Med. 1997; 16:2143–2156) and Lloyd (J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1998; 93:1356–1364). For our proposed estimators, we derive data‐based methods for bandwidth selection. In addition, we present some results on the analysis of two real data sets. Finally, a simulation study is presented to show that our estimators are better than the non‐parametric counterparts in terms of bias, standard error, and mean‐square error. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relief services for the aged in Hunan and Hubei during the Ming and Qing dynasties
Authors: Rong Zhou
Published: October 2006

Focused on the Hunan and Hubei areas during the Ming and Qing dynasties, this paper provides a discussion on the relief services for the aged. With an emphasis on the quota and object of the aged who needs to be relieved, the constructional scale of the relief houses and the operation patterns of the institutions, it reveals the gap between the ideal and the reality, the policies and the implementation, the philosophy of the philanthropy and the limit of the government budget.
CRSBP‐1/LYVE‐l‐null mice exhibit identifiable morphological and functional alterations of lymphatic capillary vessels
Authors: Huang S.S. , Liu I-Hua , Smith Tracy , Shah Maulik R. , Johnson Frank E. , Huang Jung S.
Published: October 2006

CRSBP‐1, a membrane glycoprotein, can mediate cell‐surface retention of secreted growth factors containing CRS motifs such as PDGF‐BB. CRSBP‐1 has recently been found to be identical to LYVE‐1, a specific marker for lymphatic capillary endothelial cells. The in vivo role of CRSBP‐1/LYVE‐1 is unknown. CRSBP‐1‐null mice are overtly normal and fertile but exhibit identifiable morphological and functional alterations of lymphatic capillary vessels in certain tissues, marked by the constitutively increased interstitial‐lymphatic flow and lack of typical irregularly‐shaped lumens. The CRSBP‐1 ligands PDGF‐BB and HA enhance interstitial‐lymphatic flow in wild‐type mice but not in CRSBP‐1‐null animals.
The first potassium channel toxin from the venom of the Iranian scorpion Odonthobuthus doriae
Authors: Abdel-Mottaleb Yousra , Clynen Elke , Jalali Amir , Bosmans Frank , Vatanpour Hossein , Schoofs Liliane , Tytgat Jan
Published: October 2006

OdK1 has 29 amino acids, six conserved cysteines and a pI value of 4.95. Based on multiple sequence alignments, OdK1 was classified as α‐KTx 8.5. The pharmacological effects of OdK1 were studied on six different cloned K+ channels (vertebrate Kv1.1‐Kv1.5 and Shaker IR) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Interestingly, OdK1 selectively inhibited the currents through Kv1.2 channels with an IC50 value of 183 ± 3 nM but did not affect any of the other channels.
Genetic analysis on Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery in Qahar Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia
Authors: Changchun Yu , Li Xie , Xiaolei Zhang , Hui Zhou , Hong Zhu
Published: October 2006

Sixteen sequences of the hypervariable segment I (HVS‐I, 16039–16398) in mtDNA control region from ancient Tuoba Xianbei remains excavated from Qilang Mountain Cemetery were analyzed. In which, 13 haplotypes were found by 25 polymorphic sites. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.98 and 0.0189, respectively, and the mean of nucleotide number differences was 6.25. Haplogroup analysis indicates these remains mainly belong to haplogroup C (31.25%) and D (43.75%). According to the published data were considered, we can suggest that the Tuoba Xianbei presented a close genetic affinity to Oroqen, Outer Mongolian and Ewenki populations, especially Oroqen.
Reversible skeletal neuromuscular paralysis induced by different lysophospholipids
Authors: Caccin Paola , Rigoni Michela , Bisceglie Alessandra , Rossetto Ornella , Montecucco Cesare
Published: October 2006

Lysophosphatidylcholine rapidly paralyses the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), similarly to snake phospholipase A2 neurotoxins, implicating a lipid hemifusion‐pore transition in neuroexocytosis. The mode and kinetics of NMJ paralysis of different lysophospholipids (lysoPLs) in high or low [Mg2+] was investigated. The following order of potency was found: lysophosphatidylcholine > lysophosphatidylethanolamine > lysophosphatidic acid > lysophosphatidylserine > lysophosphatidylglycerol. The latter two lysoPLs closely mimic the profile of paralysis caused by the toxins in high [Mg2+]. This paralysis is fully reversed by albumin washing. These findings provide novel insights on the mode of action of snake neurotoxins and qualify lysoPLs as novel agents to study neuroexocytosis.
496 ± 3 Ma zircon ion microprobe age for pre-Hercynian granite, Central Iberian Zone, NE Portugal (earlier claimed 618 ± 9 Ma)
Authors: ZECK H. P. , WHITEHOUSE M. J. , UGIDOS J. M.
Published: October 2006

Ion microprobe (SIMS) dating of zircon from the Miranda do Douro orthogneiss, Central Iberian Zone, Hercynian Iberian belt, defines an Early Ordovician U–Pb age of 496.0 ± 2.6 Ma (95 % conf., MSWD = 1.14) for magmatic zircon crystallization in its granitic protolith. The age contrasts with an earlier, conventional (ID-TIMS) U–Pb zircon age of 618 ± 9(95 % conf.) Ma, now thought to be an artefact of the complex zircon population. Individual SIMS ages for zircon from the rock range from 2700 to 180 Ma and comprise inherited and magmatic zircon, both concordant and common Pb-enriched, and younger, reset ages. The ID-TIMS study seems to have misinterpreted this heterogeneous population as a cogenetic suite consisting of magmatic zircon and its age-reset equivalents produced by recent Pb loss. The 496 ± 3 Ma SIMS age represents the weighted average for 26 magmatic zircon domains located by careful inspection of cathodoluminescence, secondary electron and optical microscopy images of ∼ 700 individual zircon crystals. Inherited zircon is widespread, ranging in age from 2700 to 550 Ma, with age clusters, which are statistically indistinguishable from those known from pre-Hercynian granitic basement material elsewhere in the Central Iberian Zone. Including the present age information, 582 ± 4 Ma (95 % conf., MSWD = 1.02, n = 13) and 619 ± 9 Ma (95 % conf., MSWD = 0.93, n = 7) appear as prevailing inherited zircon age components in basement intrusions in the Central Iberian Zone.
A Dignitary in the Land? Literary Representations of the American Rabbi
Authors: Zierler Wendy
Published: October 2006

The Haskalah of the late eighteenth century, it is often observed, dealt a major blow to many traditional Ashkenazic institutions, including the rabbinate. Formerly extolled by their communities in nearly God-like superlatives—such as “Chief shepherd, a dignitary in the land … Prince among princes in Torah and wisdom”—rabbis became the object of trenchant criticism during this period. The maskilim, formerly denizens of the yeshivot, cast special aspersion on rabbis and their assertion of the authority of Jewish law, charging that the rabbinic insistence on stringencies and legal minutiae was the source of all that was wrong with Diaspora Jewish life. Much of the critique of the rabbinate targeted the culture of yeshiva learning that supported it; the maskilim promoted the study of philosophy, science, Hebrew literature, and the scientific study of Judaism. Often, this literary and philosophical assault on the authority, role, and Talmud-centeredness of the rabbinate took the form of a critique of arranged marriages and the unequal status of women in Jewish law.
Comic Books, Tragic Stories: Will Eisner’s American Jewish History
Authors: Dauber Jeremy
Published: October 2006

In recent years, we have witnessed a significant increase in writing by scholars and literary and cultural critics on the genre of the comic book, corresponding to an increased legitimacy given to the comic book industry and its writers and artists more generally. Part of this phenomenon no doubt stems from the attention lavished on the field by mainstream fiction and nonfiction writers who consider comic books a central part of their own and America’s cultural heritage, such as Michael Chabon and Jonathan Lethem. It may also stem from the changing nature of the industry’s finances, which now employ a “star system” revolving around writers and artists, not merely the major companies’ storied characters; though the days of the big houses that control the major characters are by no means gone, in the last two decades, numerous specialty imprints have been developed to publish characters that are owned outright by writers and artists, to say nothing of profit-sharing deals with major stars, even at some of the major companies.
The Book of Ben Sira in Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Labendz Jenny R.
Published: October 2006

The Book of Ben Sira is a wisdom composition written in Hebrew toward the beginning of the second century BCE. It is well preserved in a Greek translation that, according to its prologue, was done by the author’s grandson, and a Syriac translation of a few hundred years later is preserved in the Peshitta. Between fragments found at Masada and in the Cairo Geniza, some 60 percent of the book survives in Hebrew.
From Sepharad to Ashkenaz: A Case Study in the Rashi Supercommentary Tradition
Authors: Lawee Eric
Published: October 2006

Though much has been done in the past half century to clarify boundaries and crossing points on the religious-intellectual maps of “Ashkenaz” and “Sepharad,” a large body of evidence that advances this complex exercise in cultural cartography has been wholly neglected: supercommentaries on Rashi’s Commentary on the Torah. Though it was produced in that part of Europe that Jews came to call (perhaps under Rashi’s influence) “Ashkenaz,” the Commentary traveled to points far and wide. Among the diverse responses that it elicited in its new homes, the vast supercommentary literature that came to surround the Commentary stands out. Though scholars working in diverse cultural orbits produced this literature, Sephardic and Ashkenazic writers created most of it. This genre continues to flourish, at times in new forms. Yet although some of the major rabbinic figures (e.g., Judah Loew of Prague) produced Rashi supercommentaries, and although these works reflect significant trends in premodern Judaism, the genre’s neglect among scholars has been well-nigh total.
In vivobinding of NF-κB to the IκBβ promoter is insufficient for transcriptional activation
Authors: Griffin Bryan D. , Moynagh Paul N.
Published: October 2006

Despite certain structural and biochemical similarities, differences exist in the function of the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) inhibitory proteins IκBα (inhibitory κBα) and IκBβ. The functional disparity arises in part from variance at the level of gene regulation, and in particular from the substantial induction of IκBα, but not IκBβ, gene expression post-NF-κB activation. In the present study, we probe the differential effects of IL (interleukin)-1β on induction of IκBα and perform the first characterization of the human IκBβ promoter. A consensus NF-κB-binding site, capable of binding NF-κB both in vitro and in vivo, is found in the IκBβ gene 5′ flanking region. However, the IκBβ promoter was not substantially activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor α, that are known to cause strong activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, in contrast with IκBα, NF-κB activation did not increase expression of endogenous IκBβ as assessed by analysis of mRNA and protein levels. Unlike κB-responsive promoters, IκBβ promoter-bound p65 inefficiently recruits RNA polymerase II, which stalls at the promoter. We present evidence that this stalling is likely due to the absence of transcription factor IIH engagement, a prerequisite for RNA polymerase II phosphorylation and transcriptional initiation. Differences in the conformation of promoter-bound NF-κB may underlie the variation in the ability to engage the basal transcriptional apparatus at the IκBβ and κB-responsive promoters. This accounts for the differential expression of IκB family members in response to NF-κB activation and furthers our understanding of the mechanisms involved in transcription factor activity and IκBβ gene regulation.
Mapping of glycolytic enzyme-binding sites on human erythrocyte band 3
Authors: Chu Haiyan , Low Philip S.
Published: October 2006

Previous work has shown that GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), aldolase, PFK (phosphofructokinase), PK (pyruvate kinase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assemble into a GE (glycolytic enzyme) complex on the inner surface of the human erythrocyte membrane. In an effort to define the molecular architecture of this complex, we have undertaken to localize the binding sites of these enzymes more accurately. We report that: (i) a major aldolase-binding site on the erythrocyte membrane is located within N-terminal residues 1–23 of band 3 and that both consensus sequences D6DYED10 and E19EYED23 are necessary to form a single enzyme-binding site; (ii) GAPDH has two tandem binding sites on band 3, located in residues 1–11 and residues 12–23 respectively; (iii) a PFK-binding site resides between residues 12 and 23 of band 3; (iv) no GEs bind to the third consensus sequence (residues D902EYDE906) at the C-terminus of band 3; and (v) the LDH- and PK-binding sites on the erythrocyte membrane do not reside on band 3. Taken together, these results argue that band 3 provides a nucleation site for the GE complex on the human erythrocyte membrane and that other components near band 3 must also participate in organizing the enzyme complex.
Impaired growth and neurological abnormalities in branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-deficient mice
Authors: Joshi Mandar A. , Jeoung Nam Ho , Obayashi Mariko , Hattab Eyas M. , Brocken Eric G. , Liechty Edward A. , Kubek Michael J. , Vattem Krishna M. , Wek Ronald C. , Harris Robert A.
Published: October 2006

The BCKDH (branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids). Activity of the complex is regulated by a specific kinase, BDK (BCKDH kinase), which causes inactivation, and a phosphatase, BDP (BCKDH phosphatase), which causes activation. In the present study, the effect of the disruption of the BDK gene on growth and development of mice was investigated. BCKDH activity was much greater in most tissues of BDK−/− mice. This occurred in part because the E1 component of the complex cannot be phosphorylated due to the absence of BDK and also because greater than normal amounts of the E1 component were present in tissues of BDK−/− mice. Lack of control of BCKDH activity resulted in markedly lower blood and tissue levels of the BCAAs in BDK−/− mice. At 12 weeks of age, BDK−/− mice were 15% smaller than wild-type mice and their fur lacked normal lustre. Brain, muscle and adipose tissue weights were reduced, whereas weights of the liver and kidney were greater. Neurological abnormalities were apparent by hind limb flexion throughout life and epileptic seizures after 6–7 months of age. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the brain due to hyperphosphorylation of eIF2α (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α) might contribute to the neurological abnormalities seen in BDK−/− mice. BDK−/− mice show significant improvement in growth and appearance when fed a high protein diet, suggesting that higher amounts of dietary BCAA can partially compensate for increased oxidation in BDK−/− mice. Disruption of the BDK gene establishes that regulation of BCKDH by phosphorylation is critically important for the regulation of oxidative disposal of BCAAs. The phenotype of the BDK−/− mice demonstrates the importance of tight regulation of oxidative disposal of BCAAs for normal growth and neurological function.
Dynamics of vesicle self-assembly and dissolution
Authors: Noguchi Hiroshi , Gompper Gerhard
Published: October 2006

The dynamics of membranes is studied on the basis of a particle-based meshless surface model, which was introduced earlier [Phys. Rev. E 73, 021903 (2006)]. The model describes fluid membranes with bending energy and—in the case of membranes with boundaries—line tension. The effects of hydrodynamic interactions are investigated by comparing Brownian dynamics with a particle-based mesoscale solvent simulation (multiparticle collision dynamics). Particles self-assemble into vesicles via disk-shaped membrane patches. The time evolution of assembly is found to consist of three steps: particle assembly into discoidal clusters, aggregation of clusters into larger membrane patches, and finally vesicle formation. The time dependence of the cluster distribution and the mean cluster size is evaluated and compared with the predictions of Smoluchowski rate equations. On the other hand, when the line tension is suddenly decreased (or the temperature is increased), vesicles dissolve via pore formation in the membrane. Hydrodynamic interactions are found to speed up the dynamics in both cases. Furthermore, hydrodynamics makes vesicle more spherical in the membrane-closure process.