bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growing Old in the Cradle: Old Age and Immortality among the Kings of Ancient Assyria
Authors: Arnett William S.
Published: May 2005

The desire for a long and healthy life was expressed often by Assyrian kings in their extant public texts from the 14th through the 7th centuries BC. But advanced old age, whether for monarchs or commoners, was not achieved very often in the ancient world. Consequently, Assyrian royal inscriptions frequently reflect concern for another kind of longevity—an immortality achieved by having one's works and one's name preserved and remembered by posterity. Almost every dedicatory inscription associated with public works—palaces, temples, etc.—expressed the importance of these kings' participation in what this writer terms a “family cult.” The latter constituted a sense of continuity from father to son to grandson, and so on, which depended upon each new generation to preserve and/or restore the works and the “names” of their predecessors. If the Assyrian kings each did their job as “Curator” or “Steward” of the family's heritage, they expressed the hope that they would not be forgotten—perhaps the closest they could get to achieving immortality.
Sex Differences in Perceptions of Aging
Authors: Costello Mary T. , Meacham John A.
Published: May 2005

This study extends earlier work on perceptions of aging by assessing sex differences and by focusing on specific events of aging, rather than global perceptions. Thirty persons over sixty-five years were asked individually to rate the difficulty of sixteen events for themselves, other women, and other men. The general finding of previous studies that difficulty for oneself is not as great as for others was replicated. Also, there was no difference in the difficulty overall for men and women. However, both these findings must be interpreted in the light of a significant (p < .01) interaction between sex of other person and specific events. Change in appearance, departure of children, and decrease in time with children are seen as more difficult for other women. Increased leisure time, decreased strength, and retirement are seen as more difficult for other men. Statements regarding difficulty of aging ought to be precise as to sex and specific events of aging.
Notes for a Radical Gerontology
Authors: Marshall Victor W. , Tindale Joseph A.
Published: May 2005

The predominant theoretical perspectives in social gerontology reflect a normative bias toward adjustment of aging individuals to the society. This bias is reinforced through the methodological predelictions of most gerontologists. We outline the premises of a radical scholarship for gerontology which would provide an alternative, illustrating from selected works. A radical scholarship in gerontology would avoid the individualistic and adjustment biases, and would recognize that life in society is characterized by conflict, negotiation and compromise over politico-economic and other interests. Methodologically, it would seek to explicate the interests and aspirations of the aged in their own terms, and as relevant in the socio-historical context.
A Study of the Credibility Factor in Drug Education Programs
Authors: Pascale Pietro J. , Streit Fred
Published: May 2005

There are certain critical periods in the development of the human organism. The years of schooling coincide with several of these critical periods. One of the psycho-educational implications of these critical periods is the degree to which students will believe their source of information and indeed to what source they will turn for information and help. This empirical study has examined by chi-square procedures, the relationship between educational level of students, and the degree to which they will endorse various sources of information concerning drug problems.
The Role of Alcohol Advertising in Excessive and Hazardous Drinking
Authors: Atkin Charles K. , Neuendorf Kimberly , McDermott Steven
Published: May 2005

Based on a nationwide survey of 1,200 respondents predominantly in the twelve to twenty-two age range, alcohol advertising appears to contribute to certain forms of problem drinking. There is a moderately positive correlation between the amount of day-to-day exposure to beer, wine, and liquor ads and both excessive alcohol consumption and drinking in hazardous contexts such as automobile driving. These relationships remain significant when demographic attributes and interpersonal influences are controlled. The evidence indicates that advertising stimulates consumption levels, which in turn leads to heavy drinking and to drinking in dangerous situations. When respondents are shown specimen advertisements depicting excessive consumption themes or hazardous drinking situations, these concepts are readily perceived and many infer an implicit endorsement of such behavior by the sponsoring companies. These results have implications for designing alcohol abuse education messages that can effectively counteract the impact of advertising.
The Illusory Home, or the 24 Percent Fallacy
Authors: Retsinas Joan , Thompson Lauralee , Garrity Patricia
Published: May 2005

Although many elderly people live for years in nursing homes, death certificates routinely obliterate nursing home residence. Data gathered from records of one proprietary nursing home show that of 128 residents, from 45 percent to 66 percent could be classified as “permanent,” depending on the definition. Nevertheless, the death certificates for those 128 residents list the nursing home as the residence for only 24 percent. This article explores that bias.
The Generative Effects of Instructional Organizers with Computer-Based Interactive Video
Authors: Kenny Richard F.
Published: May 2005

Sixty-one nursing students and faculty were studied to compare the use of participatory graphic organizers to final form graphic organizers and advance organizers as adjunct instructional aids for computer-based interactive video. The participatory form was hypothesized to be more representative of Wittrock's generative learning hypothesis. The more generative form was thought to engage the learner in a more active, overt learning activity than the other two forms, which depend upon their nominal stimulus characteristics for effect and, therefore, to be more effective in assisting the learning and retention of the program material.

Results did not support this hypothesis. The participatory group actually achieved the lowest mean scores. Moreover, the difference between the mean scores of the final form and participatory graphic organizer treatment groups was statistically significant at the p ≤ 0.01 level on both posttests.

Interview data indicated the effectiveness of the final form graphic organizer treatment likely derived from the guided discovery approach of the CBIV program which appeared to cause considerable learner disorientation. The final form graphic organizer contained specific information to allow that treatment group to successfully navigate the disorienting sequences and to concentrate more fully on the content of the program.
A Typology of St. Louis Arrestees Surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (Adam) Program
Authors: Yacoubian George S.
Published: May 2005

Past research has demonstrated that the characteristics of substance abusers vary considerably. Often, however, addicts are considered members of a single, homogeneous group. These erroneous designations may indeed prevent the successful rehabilitation of substance abusers. In the present study, hierarchical and K-means cluster analyses are used to identify a typology of substance users from a sample of 1,580 St. Louis arrestees surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program. Five clusters are yielded in the present analysis. The analyses illustrate not only that drug-using classifications differ between criminal and non-criminal populations, but that arrestee populations themselves vary interjurisdictionally. Given these findings, implications for local and regional drug treatment programs are assessed.
Bed-Ridden Elderly in Japan: Social Progress and Care for the Elderly
Authors: Imai Kaori
Published: May 2005

The demand for health care and social welfare services for the elderly has increased and in Japan, there is a need in the social system to improve the quality of life, especially for those who are disabled. This article directs attention to bed-ridden elderly persons from the standpoint of social problems attending economic development and population changes based on data from Japan, the United States, Sweden, and OECD countries. Compared to the United States, there are more bed-ridden elderly in Japan, and inadequate public resources for caring. Physicians, nurses, care workers, and rehabilitation specialists such as physiotherapist and occupational therapist per 1000 aged sixty-five or over are 89.5 in Japan while 237.4 in Sweden. Japan has the fewest such health and welfare personnel among developed countries. Even with increases in such personnel through the New Gold Plan, future increase in aged population would off-set the effect and the problem of providing care for the elderly remains.
Behavioral Intention as an Indicator of Drug and Alcohol Use
Authors: Wolford Cynthia , Swisher John D.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between behavioral intention to use drugs and self-reported drug use. The subjects were 9403 seventh through twelfth grade students in five different types of schools in Pennsylvania. All subjects completed a questionnaire that assessed a variety of behaviors. Across all drugs, and within all school samples, the intention to use drugs was consistently related to the self-reported use of all drugs tested. Assessing the behavioral intentions of students serves as an alternative approach to measurement of substance use and abuse and has useful implications for program planning.
Effects of Multimodal Information on Learning Performance and Judgment of Learning
Authors: Chen Gongxiang , Fu Xiaolan
Published: May 2005

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of multimodal information on learning performance and judgment of learning (JOL). Experiment 1 examined the effects of representation type (word-only versus word-plus-picture) and presentation channel (visual-only versus visual-plus-auditory) on recall and immediate-JOL in fixed-rate learning conditions. Experiment 2 examined the effects of representation type (word-only versus word-plus-picture) and presentation media (computer versus paper) on recall and delayed-JOL in self-paced learning conditions. The results showed that recall performance was better in word-only conditions than in word-plus-picture conditions in Experiment 1, and better in computer conditions than in paper conditions in Experiment 2. Multimodal information had no influence on magnitude of people's judgment. Participants were overconfident in all conditions, but more overconfident in computer conditions than in paper conditions.
Psychosocial Factors Affecting Adaptation to Bereavement in the Elderly
Authors: Gallagher Dolores E. , Thompson Larry W. , Peterson James A.
Published: May 2005

A spouse's death requires more readjustment on the part of the bereaved than any other stressful life event. This finding holds across the many age groups and cultural backgrounds that have been studied. Although it is unclear as to whether the stress of bereavement is greater for women than for men, for the young than for the old, for one socioeconomic level or for another, a critical review of the literature suggests the following: 1) Negative changes in physical health, mortality rate and mental health status usually accompany widowhood; 2) Complex social-psychological variables such as the individual's characteristic ways of coping with stress (coping strength), the adequacy of the social network — plus other factors such as income and religious commitment — may attenuate widowhood's negative impact. Suggestions for further research include studies exploring differential adaptation to widowhood across age groups and in elderly men and women, and longitudinal studies tracing the process of recovery from acute grief.
A Path Model of Elder Caregiver Burden in Indian/Pakistani Families in the United States
Authors: Gupta Rashmi
Published: May 2005

Caregiver burden can be seen and analyzed within a cost/reward exchange framework. Within this context of caregiving the importance of relationship quality as a determinant of burden was examined for 118 Indian/Pakistani families. The quality of relationship between the caregiver and the elderly emerged as a key factor in predicting burden. Other factors predicting burden were gender, role overload, role conflict, and health problems of the elder. In addition, it was found that there were several indirect effects through relationship quality that predicted burden: support tasks by elder, role conflict, and gender of the caregiver.
Shakespeare on Old Age and Disability
Authors: Covey Herbert
Published: May 2005

The plays of William Shakespeare were reviewed for references to disabilities, aging and disability, and older characters with disabilities. Shakespeare's references draw from traditional cultural notions about older people with disabilities. These traditional notions include people with physical disabilities being evil, the entertainment value of disabilty, and those who were mentally ill being wild and animal-like. He viewed the aging process as disabling and old age as a time when individuals lost some abilities to function, particularly when it came to mental capacity and physical mobility. His writings show that he used disability as a literary tool to add dimension to characters and set them apart. Contemporary literature continues to share some of Shakespeare's view on aging and disability but also departs from them in important ways. For example, contemporary treatment of disabilities and aging places more emphasis on the human side of the affects of aging and disabilities. Disabilities and aging are not cast in the same negative terms as Shakespeare used.
Prescription Drug Abuse in Texas: Mortality and its Economic Consequences
Authors: Harlow Kirk , Swint J. Michael
Published: May 2005

Prescription drug overdose mortality is documented and its economic consequences estimated for Texas in 1978. 117 of 397 total drug related deaths were due to the use of barbiturates, tranquilizers, and anti-depressants. Another eighty-five deaths were due to mixing these with other drugs. The economic cost of mortality exceeded $43 million, of which 52 per cent was due to prescription drug overdose. Given questions concerning the efficacy of these drugs, the results indicate a need for a more careful examination of the relative benefits and costs of their continued widespread use.
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cognitive Functioning across the Life-Span
Authors: Muhs Paul J. , Hooper Frank H. , Papalia-Finlay Diane
Published: May 2005

Performance on Piagetian logical concept tasks, standardized intellectual measures, and measures of memory ability, was assessed cross-sectionally. One-hundred-sixty individuals participated. Differential item difficulty patterns were noted on the Piagetian tasks. Curvilinear trends were evident for class inclusion, combinatorial reasoning, and conservation of surface area. Factorial analyses of variance revealed significant chronological age main effects for all tasks except transitivity of weight. Covariance analyses indicated that educational level is generally more closely related to logical concept performance than is chronological age. Dimensional analyses revealed separate factors for general intelligence, classification, relations, and conservation. The youngest and oldest age groups has similar factor patterns; these differed from those of the mature participants.
The Effect of Supplemental Instruction on Retention: A Bivariate Probit Model
Authors: Bowles Tyler J. , Jones Jason
Published: May 2005

Single equation regression models have been used to test the effect of Supplemental Instruction (SI) on student retention. These models, however, fail to account for the two salient features of SI attendance and retention: (1) both SI attendance and retention are categorical variables, and (2) are jointly determined endogenous variables. Adopting primarily from the economics education literature, this article applies the bivariate probit model, a model appropriate for the case of simultaneous binary choice, to analyze the effect of SI attendance on retention. It is demonstrated that single equation methods are likely to overestimate this effect.
Adolescent Inhalant Use and Perceived Stress
Authors: Mitic Wayne R. , McGuire Don P. , Neumann Brigitte
Published: May 2005

We surveyed 1,684 students from Grades 7 through 12 on their use of inhalants and the types of circumstances they perceived as stressful. Inhalant users were classified as abstainers, experimental, and regular users. Male abstainers were found to exhibit lower ( p ≤ .05) mean stress scores as compared to males in the experimental and regular user groups. Among females, abstainers exhibited lower ( p ≤ .05) mean stress scores than regular users but did not differ ( p ≤ .05) with experimental users. For both males and females, the largest mean differences between abstainers and regular users occurred in the area of teachers. Educators should consider inclusion of stress management and the teaching of coping skills in drug education programs.
Child- or Adult-Directed Speech and Esteem: Effects on Performance and Arousal in Elderly Adults
Authors: Bunce Vicki L. , Harrison David W.
Published: May 2005

The effects of speech type and esteem level on performance, physiological arousal level, and subsequent esteem were explored in the present study of older individuals. The cardiovascular measures of blood pressure and heart rate showed the procedures to be stressful but produced inconclusive results related to the grouping variables. Practice effects were found for all participants on all tasks, regardless of group membership. On the mirror-tracing task, low esteem participants and participants who received child-directed speech made fewer errors than high esteem participants and participants who received adult-directed speech. The results indicate that older adults perform difficult tasks better with clarified instructions given in an attention-getting manner. This may be especially true on timed tasks where cautious response styles facilitate accuracy of performance (e.g., mirror-tracing tasks). The results were contradictory to more intuitive accounts of child-directed speech negatively impacting self-esteem and performance in this age group.
Bloom Revisited: A School Learning Model of Computer Literacy
Authors: Reece Mary J. , Owen Steven V.
Published: May 2005

Two path models of computer literacy are presented, one predicting computer knowledge, the other predicting computer attitude. Both models are fashioned after Bloom's Model of School Learning [1]. Data for the path models were gathered from gifted and private high school students enrolled in computer classes. Eight predictor variables, including student entry characteristics and instructional behaviors, were collected. Path analytic results lend broad support to Bloom's theory. In addition, specific conclusions about computer literacy are reported.
A Case Study of an Academic Retention Program
Authors: Engle Crystal C. , Reilly Nora P. , Levine Heidi B.
Published: May 2005

A 12-week retention program designed to assist at-risk students with test-taking, study and career skills through individual and group counseling was examined. Sixty-nine percent of the program participants attained a cumulative GPA ≥ 2.0 by the end of the intervention compared to 43% of the control group. Further, 55% of the original program participants remained successful through the following semester compared to 28% of the control group. Though retention was relatively better for program participants, concomitant improvement in study skills was not reported. Alternative explanations for improved retention are considered.
Fear and Communication
Authors: Webb R. A. J.
Published: May 2005

Abstracts of important findings on the relationship between fear and communication are presented and attention is drawn to the conflicting nature of the evidence. The conclusion reached is that where an attitude is the objective of a communication, a low to moderate fear presentation is preferred; where a behavior change is desired, a non-fear or low fear approach is preferred, and where prevention of a behavior is the objective, a moderate fear approach is preferred but only by a credible source. Conversely, where it is desired to provoke a behavior e.g., drug abuse, a high fear approach urging the opposite behavior is advisable, and when it is intended to block out all future communications (credible and incredible) on a topic (drug abuse) then again a high fear approach is the one of choice.
Suicide, Homicide, and Age Dependency Ratios
Authors: Lester David
Published: May 2005

This study examines the relationship between a large proportion of dependents in a nation and the incidence of suicide and homicide. The effects of using a homogeneous sample of nations as well as effects of sex and age are considered.
Alcohol Related Birth Defects: Implications for Education
Authors: Lamanna Michael
Published: May 2005

This article emerges from a larger study of preventive approaches for Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD) prepared for the New York State Department of Education. The author contends that in addition to clearly identifiable Fetal Alcohol Syndrome children, there is a continuum of impairment to the offspring of drinking mothers that is dose related and produces serious behavioral/learning deficits. The continuum includes young people of normal intelligence who perform below expected levels and find school adjustment difficult. School and community agencies need to conduct studies to determine the nature and extent of impairment and the kind of interventive and preventive action that should be instituted. To that end, this article gives information on the background and nature of ARBD and some suggestions to guide development of programs.
Changing Status and Roles of Older Korean Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Kauh Tae-Ock
Published: May 2005

This study examines the current status of older Korean immigrants and their changing roles in their families. Interviews were conducted with fifty elderly and forty adult children from Korean-American families residing in the Philadelphia area. The results suggest that a decrease in power and resources placed the elderly Koreans in an unfavorable position to remain valued members of their family. Older Korean immigrants have experienced many unexpected changing, and often less prestigious, roles in their old age. However, their modified beliefs on “filial piety” and a relative financial independence supported by the United States government may have been of significant influence to prevent intergenerational conflicts in Korean-American families.
Further Outcomes and Tentative Predictor Variables from an Evolving Comprehensive Program for the Behavioral Control of Smoking
Authors: Hackett Gail , Horan John J. , Stone Christopher I. , Linberg Steven E. , Nicholas W. Channing , Lukaski Henry C.
Published: May 2005

This paper reports further outcome data from an evolving comprehensive program for the behavioral control of smoking. At a six-month follow up evaluation, 50 per cent of the participants were fully abstinant from all forms of tobacco. Clinical and physiological correlates of success are noted and discussed.
Career Identification and Women's Attitudes toward Retirement
Authors: Erdner Ruth Ann , Guy Rebecca F.
Published: May 2005

This study seeks to heighten understanding of the retirement process as experienced by women through an examination of working women's attitudes toward retirement. The subjects for this study were 201 female teachers employed in the public school system in a central Oklahoma district. The survey instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic and work-related variables. The findings indicate that overall, females with stronger work identities have significantly more negative attitudes toward retirement than those with weaker work identities; this difference remains significant when controls are introduced for years of teaching experience, expected age of retirement, and attitude toward work. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Attitudes toward Aging: A Comparative Analysis of Young Adults from the United States and Germany
Authors: McConatha Jasmin Tahmaseb , Schnell Frauke , Volkwein Karin , Riley Lori , Leach Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

Social and cultural attitudes toward aging provide a framework for assessing one's own aging experiences as well as one's attitudes toward older men and women. Ageism, or prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory practices toward older adults (Butler, 1980), has been found to be widespread around the world. This study focuses on a comparative analysis of the attitudes of young adults from Germany and the United States. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to evaluate similarities and differences in the anxiety associated with four measurable dimensions associated with ageism: fear of old people, psychological concerns associated with aging, concern over changes in physical appearance as a result of aging, and fear of losses associated with aging. The second purpose of this study was to evaluate the age at which young adults from these two countries might consider themselves to be “old.” The findings indicate significant country and gender differences across the dimensions. German participants tended to view aging much more negatively than American participants did. However, Americans considered themselves to be “old” at a much younger age than Germans. Gender differences indicated that women in both countries were more concerned with age-related changes in their physical appearance than were men. Analyses of the results are discussed in relation to the influence of ageism and negative cultural stereotypes of aging on people's self-image across the life span.
Affective Responses to Acute Exercise in Elderly Impaired Males: The Moderating Effects of Self-Efficacy and Age
Authors: McAuley Edward , Shaffer Shelly M. , Rudolph David
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between perceptions of personal efficacy and affective responsibility to acute exercise in elderly male in-patients and outpatients at a Veterans Administration Medical Center. Participants completed self-efficacy measures prior to and following upper body ergometry exercise. Multidimensional affect was assessed prior to and following activity and in-task affect was assessed by retrospective recall. A significant change in feelings of fatigue was revealed over time but exercise effects on affect were shown to be moderated by perceptions of efficacy and age. Specifically, more efficacious individuals reported significantly more positive well-being and less psychological distress during and following exercise. Older individuals were less efficacious and experienced more negative responses to exercise. Finally, participants who experienced less psychological distress and more positive well-being during activity were more efficacious post-exercise. The results are discussed with respect to the role played by self-efficacy and age in the generation of affective responses to exercise.
Effects of Health and Income on Control Orientation and Life Satisfaction among Aged Public Housing Residents
Authors: Mancini Jay A.
Published: May 2005

Researchers have recently begun to focus to a greater degree on personality factors in old age. One such factor is locus of control. This investigation examines the relationship between life satisfaction and locus of control within the context of health and income, two variables that pervade numerous aspects of the older person's life. The data are derived from a randomly selected sample of people sixty-five years of age and older residing in high-rise public housing complexes (N = 74). The findings of the investigation are consistent with most of the previous research, which had shown internal locus of control and higher life satisfaction to be significantly associated. This association remained stable and significant when controlling on the effects of self-rated health and income, suggesting that internal control is related to life satisfaction independent of health level or monetary resources.
Objective and Subjective Uses of Time by Older People
Authors: Lawton M. Powell , Moss Miriam , Fulcomer Mark
Published: May 2005

The time allocations of 525 older people from two independent community-resident and two types of service-agency populations were studied. The strongest determinant of time allocation, beyond basic demographic characteristics, was functional health, which was better among people spending time in most obligatory activities, both alone and outside the home. Cognitive competence was associated with media use, being alone, less rest, time with family, and time in the home. More time was spent in most-liked discretionary, but not obligatory activities. Specifically, the more time one spent interacting with friends, with household family, reading, watching television, engaging in recreation, and being in the yard, the more each of these activities was liked. While there was a strong relationship between degree of liking for most activities and personal adjustment, the actual distribution of time among the activities was quite independent of personal adjustment, with the exception of time alone, which showed a slight negative association with personal adjustment.
An Alcohol and Drug Counselor Training Program: Hazelden Foundation's Trainee Characteristics and Outcomes
Authors: Laundergan J. Clark , Flynn Dorothy , Gaboury James D.
Published: May 2005

Hazelden Foundation in Center City, Minnesota has a year-long chemical dependency counselor training program which graduates twenty to twenty-five counselors each year. This study introduces the Minnesota Model of chemical dependency treatment, describes the Hazelden Counselor Training Program, and summarizes trainee characteristics and survey follow-up findings of 100 former trainees. The Minnesota Model is a multidisciplinary treatment approach that uses Alcoholics Anonymous principles as primary treatment adjuncts. Hazelden's Counselor Training Program is a year-long nondegreed work-study experience that prepares counselors to work at an entry level in alcohol and drug treatment settings using the Minnesota Model. It is accredited by the Institute for Chemical Dependency Professionals of Minnesota, Inc. Most graduates had experienced alcoholism directly or indirectly prior to entering training, were satisfied with their training, and were more likely to be satisfied with their work as counselors if they were certified or had a professional commitment to the field.
Educational Implications of Drug Abuse
Authors: Hochhauser Mark
Published: May 2005

Observing the steady decrease in SAT scores during the past decade, while noting the steady increase in licit and illicit drug use during the same time period, several conclusions emphasized the potentially deleterious effects of such drug use upon emerging adolescent cognitive processes, especially learning and memory.

Possible drug-behavior relationships were viewed from a developmental perspective (e.g., sex, age, and maturation rate), insofar as drug effects will be directly related to the level of physiological and psychological maturation achieved by the drug user. Consequently, proposals were made dealing with drug education in the schools, as well as the need for graduate and undergraduate programs in substance abuse.
The Effects of Computer-Assisted Learning-Strategy Training on the Achievement of Learning Objectives
Authors: Cardinale Loretta A. , Smith Charles M.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the effects of comprehension-directed and memory-directed computer-based learning-strategy training on the achievement of learning objectives. The subjects were sixty undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory computing course. Learners completed a tutorial about microcomputer components on the first day of the study. Two treatment groups completed a strategy-training tutorial focusing on comprehension or memory. The control group received extra time on the microcomputer-components tutorial and no strategy training. One week later, all subjects completed two separately administered tests including cued recall and recognition. The strategy training effects were significant on the fifty-item cued recall test, however, group mean scores were at or below 50 percent. Group mean scores on a recognition text suggested that comprehension-directed training was the most effective. All treatment group mean scores were significantly higher than the control group. The findings of this study provide a basis for further research into the design of computer-based learning-strategy training and assessment.
The Incidence of Jewish Alcoholism: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Bainwol Suzanne , Gressard Charles F.
Published: May 2005

This article presents a review and critique of recent research on the rate of Jewish alcoholism. The review revealed that studies indicating an increase in alcoholism among Jews has serious methodological flaws while the studies that were more methodologically sound indicated a continued low rate of alcoholism. It is concluded that alcoholism is probably still relatively rare among Jews. Predictions of future Jewish drinking practices and implications for further research are discussed.
Making King Alcohol Tremble: The Juvenile Work of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1874–1900
Authors: Erickson Judith B.
Published: May 2005

From its beginnings in 1874, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was concerned with the education of young people to the principles of total abstinence. Working through the Sunday schools and later the public schools, they laid the groundwork for the formal drug education programs that remain high on the agendas of today. Building on the earlier “juvenile work” of the temperance movement, they developed the Loyal Temperance Legion, an organization for the nonformal education of youth. Although the popularity of this group was relatively short-lived, their introduction of secular themes and experimentation with secular activities as a means of holding the attention of young members, provided models upon which the emerging field of nonformal education could build.
Drug Education: What it is and Isn't
Authors: Grant Richard H.
Published: May 2005

Drug education is a term that has many meanings. It is important that the drug educator assess his own values regarding drug use in our society, then share them freely. His values, however, should not dictate or completely overshadow rationality and honesty. Youth particularly need to know where the educator stands. To think that one can develop drug education programs that are value-free is naive. The drug educator's values, coupled with some operational assumptions, will provide the basis and direction of drug education.

Drug education content must include the physiological, pharmacological, psychological, legal, moral, spiritual, and political implications of drug use in our society. This content must be presented in a way that utilizes peer values and settings. The use of ex-drug abusers should be approached rationally and humanly.

Drug educators aren't going to make any difference at all, in terms of preventing drug abuse, until they view their role as being that of a “change agent.”
If You Had Your Life to Live over Again: What Would You Do Differently?
Authors: Degenova Mary Kay
Published: May 2005

The goal of this study was to identify what elderly people would do differently if they had their lives to live over again. A random sample of 122 retired persons completed a questionnaire assessing life revision in the areas of friends, family, work, education, religion, leisure, and health. The results of this study indicate that education is the area with the greatest amount of desired change. Over any other area in life, men would spend more time pursuing their education, and women would spend more time developing their mind or intellect. While controlling for health, social activity, and income, educational level was found to be the most significant predictor of life revision. This suggests that education is highly valued when looking back on life.
Use of Computer-Assisted Instruction in the Prevention of Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Meier Scott T. , Sampson James P.
Published: May 2005

Recent critiques of and research with traditional alcohol prevention programs have revealed serious problems. Prevention programs typically increase knowledge and appropriate attitudes about alcohol while having little effect on drinking behavior. In this article several concepts are introduced in support of a technology which has the potential to revitalize alcohol education efforts. First, Bandura's self-efficacy theory offers a direction for re-conceptualizing the design of prevention programs as well as the measurement of their effects. Second, computer-assisted instruction (CAI) programs may provide a means for capturing attention, effectively educating about alcohol, and supplementing traditional approaches. One current CAI program is described in detail. Implications for research and practice and obstacles to effective CAI use are also discussed.
Mood Modifying Substance Usage among 4-H and Non-4H Youth in Illinois
Authors: Windsor Richard A.
Published: May 2005

In a survey of 4-H and non-4-H youths from ten urban and ten rural counties, the author investigated the extent and predictors of drug abuse. His research reveals the mood modifying substance usage attitudes of his subjects and recommendations for future research.
Is There Hope for the Global Environment? A Discussion of Prospective Parent Corporation Liability for a Subsidiary's Environmental Practices Abroad
Authors: Tuminaro Amelia
Published: May 2005

U.S. parent corporations should be held liable for environmental pollution caused by their foreign subsidiaries. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) already holds parent corporations liable in some ways for pollution caused by domestic subsidiaries. Regulations similar to CERCLA's could be applied extraterritorially and would be facilitated by abrogation of two common law principles: limited liability and forum non conveniens. Extraterritorial application of U.S. environmental regulations would greatly enhance transnational corporations' environmental behavior and facilitate just adjudication of plaintiffs' claims against irresponsible companies. Establishing the corporate parent's liability and upholding U.S. environmental standards in such cases would end many current hazardous practices that create pollution in developing countries.
Substance-Abuse and the Native American Student
Authors: Murphy Susanna , Deblassie Richard R.
Published: May 2005

Substance abuse has resulted in high social costs to our society. Although this phenomenon exists in the American mainstream, as well as in the various sub-cultures throughout the country, it is given little attention in the case of specific ethnic/minority groups. This article revolves around substance abuse in terms of an overview, its prevention, and a focus on the Native American substance abuser. School counselor intervention strategies and implications are emphasized.
Place Therapies for Older Adults: Conceptual and Interventive Approaches
Authors: Scheidt Rick J. , Norris-Baker Carolyn
Published: May 2005

The study of place transitions—moves between places as well as changes occurring in environments of elders who age in place—is a relatively new, diverse research area of high relevance for adult developmentalists and gerontologists. This article explores the usefulness of a tractable model of environmental stress and proposes three potential “ place therapies” that may minimize the negative impacts of place transitions upon older adults. Specifically, a transactional model of environmental stress linked to behavior setting theory is proposed for understanding both positive and negative outcomes associated with different kinds of place transitions. Three distinct “ place therapies” are considered as interventions that may hold promise for preventing, ameliorating, and enriching the diverse impacts of place transitions on older adults and their environmental milieu.
Social Adjustment of the Elderly Residing in Institutional Homes: A Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Dooghe Gilbert , Vanderleyden Lieve , Van Loon Francis
Published: May 2005

An attempt was made to determine the order of magnitude of a number of variables which a bivariate analysis had demonstrated to show some degree of correlation with the way in which institutionalized elderly individuals adapt socially. To determine the multivariate impact of all these variables on the degree of social adjustment to life in a home, a path model was developed that permitted detection of both the direct and indirect effect of the variables. It was found that loneliness was the main factor underlying failure to adjust. Furthermore, widowhood and being alone seem to have a considerable influence. The degree of disability and the age of the individual proved to have a smaller impact than we had assumed to be the case. The operationalized model explains 27 per cent of the variance of the social adjustment in a home for the elderly.
Intergenerational Perceptions of English Speaking and Spanish Speaking Mexican-American Grandparents
Authors: Strom Robert D. , Buki Lydia P. , Strom Shirley K.
Published: May 2005

Hispanics are facing a number of problems, such as poverty, hunger, and a high dropout rate at school. Health-care reform and changes in Medicaid and Medicare are bound to further challenge the resiliency of minority families. To strengthen families from within, relevant programming should be implemented. Information regarding the strengths and needs of Mexican-American grandparents was obtained in order to adapt existing grandparenting programs for this population. Mexican-American grandparents ( n = 181), parents ( n = 148), and grandchildren ( n = 173) provided information on grandparent satisfaction, success, teaching, difficulty, frustration, and information needs. Multivariate analyses of variance found differences for English and Spanish speaking grandparents. Spanish speaking grandparents reported a greater need for information than English speaking grandparents, and more frustration when dealing with adolescents than with younger children. For the English speaking grandparents, all of the generations agreed that grandparents under the age of sixty-one experienced more frustration than their older counterparts, and those who spent more than five hours a month with their grandchildren were more effective in their role. Possible factors that account for the findings are discussed and recommendations for establishing a grandparent program are presented.
Some Dynamic Considerations in the Resistance to Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Krueger David W.
Published: May 2005

Patients who presented with a request for a dosage change of their maintenance methadone were intensively evaluated to understand the dynamic significance and precipitating factors of this request. The types of precipitating stresses and the meanings of these stresses to the patient were studied.

While 100 per cent of the patients presented with medication change as a chief and sole request or complaint, 74 per cent of the patients were clinically depressed at the time of their presentation. Ninety-three per cent of these patients had precipitants of major entrances or exits (separations) into or out of their life within the seven days prior to presentation; most of these events occurred within forty-eight hours of presentation.

In examining the dynamically significant predecessors to these events and the implication of sensitivities subsequently in the patient, 74 per cent of these patients were found to have lost a parent during their development (up to age eighteen) by a divorce, death, or separation.

Implications of these findings are discussed regarding the meaning of “methadone-maintenance resistance,” the dynamic significance of drugs (heroin and methadone), and treatment intervention.
The Concept of Compensation in Cognitive Aging: The Case of Prose Processing in Adulthood
Authors: Dixon Roger A. , Bäckman Lars
Published: May 2005

Although the rule of cognitive aging appears to be one of generalized decline with advancing age, much recent theoretical and empirical work has addressed a variety of potential exceptions to this rule. One mechanism through which decline might not be experienced is known as compensation. We describe a conceptualization of compensation that applies to lifespan cognitive development, in general, and the aging of prose processing skills, in particular. Our model of the forms and processes of compensation directs attention to the developing dynamics of cognitive skills and compensatory mechanisms. We outline three main approaches to research on compensation in cognitive aging: a) the logical experimental, b) on-line observation and manipulation, and c) several verbal report procedures. In summarizing our own research program, we emphasize that a) each of these approaches can render valuable information, b) each have some limitations, and c) there are potential theoretical benefits from employing more than one of them in a given study.
“No Two Fields Ever Grow Grass the Same Way”: Assessment of Conservation Abilities in the Elderly
Authors: Roberts Pamela , Papalia-Finlay Diane , Davis Elizabeth Socha , Blackburn James , Dellmann Mary
Published: May 2005

Within the past ten years, standard cognitive assessment procedures, including Piagetian tasks, have often been used with the elderly. The present paper examines several possible difficulties in interpreting the results of studies which employ Piagetian tasks, especially conservation tasks, with older individuals. First, it is noted that Piaget's clinical method allows more flexibility in the asesssment of competence than do the more quantifiable, American techniques. However, most of the research studies suggesting a cognitive decline with age have utilized rigid assessment procedures. Second, the paper examines the possibility of task misinterpretation by the elderly. Examples from recent research, in which older persons stressed reality-based problem solving strategies rather than the more abstract strategies traditionally associated with Piagetian tasks, are provided. The possibility of cognitive change instead of cognitive decline with age is discussed, and the importance of utilizing procedures which can measure this change is stressed.
Elderly Persons with Mental Retardation: An Exceptional Population with Special Needs
Authors: Jenkins Eileen L. , Hildreth Bertina L. , Hildreth Gladys
Published: May 2005

The passage of recent legislation has ensured special service provisions for a previously overlooked population, elderly persons with mental retardation. This article presents a broad overview of current research studies on this topic and focuses on identification of the population, residential options, and service needs of elderly persons with mental retardation. Similarities and differences between older persons with developmental disabilities and the non-retarded elderly, and service need requirements of this particular population are also included. Finally, the importance of developing collaborative services of developmental disability agencies and aging services is discussed as well as recommendations for future research needs.