bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principles to Guide Integrative Oncology and the Development of an Evidence Base
Authors: Leis A. M. , Weeks L. C. , Verhoef M. J.
Published: August 2008

Background: Integrative oncology uses both conventional and complementary medicine to meet the needs of individual patients and to focus on the whole person. The core principles of integrative oncology include individualization, holism, dynamism, synergism, and collaboration, but the nature of the evidence to guide the development of integrative oncology has been given little attention. Objectives: (1) To discuss the need for evidence to support the integration of complementary therapies for integrative oncology care. (2) To emphasize that the evidence base must be valid and respect the underlying principles of individual complementary therapies and integrative oncology practice. (3) To suggest ways to begin developing the evidence base. Review and Discussion: Although the evidence for safety and efficacy seems paramount for supporting the integration of an individual complementary therapy into mainstream cancer care, the need for evidence to support the overall practice of integrative oncology has to be considered as well. We argue that developing an evidence base for integrative oncology requires a contextual and comprehensive research approach that assesses a range of outcomes over a suitable period of time that the patient and the patient’s family, in addition to the health care providers, deem important. Conclusion: A whole-systems framework to the development of the evidence base for integrative oncology can guide the development of evidence that respects the complex nature of many complementary and integrative practices and their underlying principles of care delivery.
Talking to Cancer Patients about Complementary Therapies: Is It the Physician’s Responsibility?
Authors: Verhoef M. J. , Boon H. S. , Page S. A.
Published: August 2008

Background: To ensure the safety and effectiveness of cancer management, it is important for physicians treating cancer patients to know whether their patients are using complementary and alternative medicine (cam) and if so, why. Objective: Here, we discuss the ethical and legal obligations of physicians to discuss cam use in an oncology setting, and we provide practical advice on how patient–provider communication about cam can be improved. Results: Physicians have both ethical and legal obligations to their patients, including the obligation to respect patient autonomy. This latter obligation extends to use of cam by patients and needs to be addressed beginning early in the patient–provider relationship. Because lack of education in this field and lack of time during patient consultations are barriers to talking with patients about cam, we provide resources to facilitate such discussions. These resources include suggestions on how to discuss the topic of cam and a wide range of information sources. Conclusions: Discussing cam with patients is the physician’s responsibility, and such discussion will facilitate evidence-based, patient-centred cancer care.
Integrative Oncology: A Canadian and International Perspective
Authors: Sagar S. M. , Leis A. M.
Published: August 2008

We are pleased to present this special supplement of Current Oncology, which is generously financed by a grant from the Lotte and John Hecht Memorial Foundation. Integrative oncology is both a science and a [...]
Cetuximab Treatment in a Patient with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer and Psoriasis
Authors: Neyns B. , Meert V. , Vandenbroucke F.
Published: August 2008

Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor, has activity against colorectal cancer. Treatment is associated with skin toxicity, and the safety of cetuximab in patients with psoriasis is unknown. We report the case of a male patient with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) and a life-long history of extensive psoriasis. This patient experienced a durable remission of his CRC and major improvement of his psoriasis during single-agent treatment with cetuximab. We conclude that, despite its known skin toxicity, cetuximab treatment can be offered to colorectal patients suffering from psoriasis.
Defining the Optimal Treatment Strategy for Localized Prostate Cancer Patients: A Survey of Ongoing Studies at the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group
Authors: Parulekar W.R. , McKenzie M. , Chi K.N. , Klotz L. , Catton C. , Brundage M. , Ding K. , Hiltz A. , Meyer R. , Saad F.
Published: August 2008

The designation “clinically localized prostate cancer” comprises a group of biologically heterogeneous tumours with different growth rates and risks of relapse. Because prostate cancer is primarily a disease of older men, treatment selection must take into account the prognosis of the tumour, patient age, comorbidities, side effects of treatment, and patient preferences. Clinical trials must identify the various prognostic groups and test the appropriate treatment strategies within these subgroups.
Side Effects Related to Systemic Cancer Treatment: Are We Changing the Promethean Experience with Molecularly Targeted Therapies?
Authors: De Angelis Carlo
Published: August 2008

For having stolen fire and given it to mankind, Prometheus was punished by Zeus by being chained to the side of Mount Caucasus, where, every day, an eagle would eat away at his liver. [...]
Lessons from the origins of eyewitness testimony research in Europe
Authors: Sporer Siegfried Ludwig
Published: August 2008

After 100 years of research I look back at the beginnings of the psychology of eyewitness testimony to assess the ‘progress’ researchers have made. Specifically, I review the origins of (experimental) psychological research at the first three decades of the 20th century in Central Europe which quickly expanded around the world. Both eyewitness errors (e.g. due to suggestive questioning) as well as intentional distortions of the truth (lies) were thoroughly studied at that time. An eyewitness statement was considered a joint product of cognitive factors and of interrogation. It is argued that many of the central issues that are at the focus of study today had already been addressed in this early period, perhaps even with a broader scope than much contemporary writing. At the end, I propose an integrative model of the psychology of testimony that may help to organise past and future research. Ten theses that address unresolved issues and suggestions for solutions after 100 years of research are outlined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hugo who? G. F. Arnold's alternative early approach to psychology and law
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Penrod Steven D.
Published: August 2008

Hugo Münsterberg is widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of psychology and law, and the publication of his book On the Witness Stand (1908) is considered the signal event in its founding. However, numerous other researchers were conducting and publishing research on psycholegal topics in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and at least one other book on psychology and law—G. F. Arnold's Psychology Applied to Legal Evidence and Other Constructions of Law (1906)—appeared prior to the publication of Münsterberg's work. The present paper contrasts these two seminal publications, focussing on their relevance to the ‘basic‐versus‐applied’ debate in contemporary eyewitness memory research and exploring reasons why Münsterberg has been so influential while Arnold has been largely ignored. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the impact of estimator variables on eyewitness identification: A fruitful marriage of practical problem solving and psychological theorizing
Authors: Deffenbacher Kenneth A.
Published: August 2008

The trier of fact has the practical problem of trying to estimate the impact of several estimator variables on the reliability of an eyewitness's identification. Until relatively recently, psychologists were either unsure as to the direction and magnitude of effect on eyewitness memory of certain estimator variables (e.g. heightened stress) or could offer the trier of fact only vague empirical generalizations (e.g. forgetting increases over time, most rapidly at first). At present, however, a number of meta‐analytic reviews of the effects of certain estimator variables have accumulated, as have a number of theoretical analyses of their operation in the eyewitness identification context, theoretical treatments resulting from fruitful application of theories from cognitive psychology and behavioural neuroscience. The combined accumulations are now sufficient to constitute a ‘critical mass’ of knowledge, thereby permitting the trier of fact to gain more precise information regarding the impact of these estimator variables on the fidelity of eyewitness report. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Münsterberg's legacy: What does eyewitness research tell us about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
Authors: Memon Amina , Mastroberardino Serena , Fraser Joanne
Published: August 2008

Münsterberg alerted us about the fallibility of eyewitness memory 100 years ago and we have come far in our understanding of the factors contributing to eyewitness error. A healthy empirical literature, including several meta‐analytic reviews, suggests progress has been made in understanding the impact of various estimator and system variables on eyewitness performance. We begin by acknowledging Münsterberg's pioneering studies of eyewitness fallibility. We then turn to the methodological contribution of Buckhout (1974), a follower of Münsterberg. A selective review of research then highlights the scientific merits and pitfalls of the laboratory and archival approach to studying eyewitness behaviour. We end with a discussion of what experts can really tell the courts about the causal and associative relationships between various estimator and system variables. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of Nanoparticles in Biology
Authors: De Mrinmoy , Ghosh Partha S. , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: August 2008

The wide variety of core materials available, coupled with tunable surface properties, make nanoparticles an excellent platform for a broad range of biological and biomedical applications. This Review provides an introduction to nanoparticle–biomolecular interactions as well as recent applications of nanoparticles in biological sensing, delivery, and imaging of live cells and tissues.

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Nanoscale Ionic Materials
Authors: Rodriguez Robert , Herrera Rafael , Archer Lynden A. , Giannelis Emmanuel P.
Published: August 2008

Polymer nanocomposites (nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer matrix) have been the subject of intense research for almost two decades in both academic and industrial settings. This interest has been fueled by the ability of nanocomposites to not only improve the performance of polymers, but also by their ability to introduce new properties. Yet, there are still challenges that polymer nanocomposites must overcome to reach their full potential. In this Research News article we discuss a new class of hybrids termed nanoparticle ionic materials (NIMS). NIMS are organic–inorganic hybrid materials comprising a nanoparticle core functionalized with a covalently tethered ionic corona. They are facilely engineered to display flow properties that span the range from glassy solids to free flowing liquids. These new systems have unique properties that can overcome some of the challenges facing nanocomosite materials.
Robust detection and accommodation of incipient component and actuator faults in nonlinear distributed processes
Authors: Armaou Antonios , Demetriou Michael A.
Published: August 2008

A class of nonlinear distributed processes with component and actuator faults is presented. An adaptive detection observer with a time varying threshold is proposed that provides additional robustness with respect to false declarations of faults and minimizes the fault detection time. Additionally, an adaptive diagnostic observer is proposed that is subsequently utilized in an automated control reconfiguration scheme that accommodates the component and actuator faults. An integrated optimal actuator location and fault accommodation scheme is provided in which the actuator locations are chosen in order to provide additional robustness with respect to actuator and component faults. Simulation studies of the Kuramoto‐Sivashinsky nonlinear partial differential equation are included to demonstrate the proposed fault detection and accommodation scheme. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Simultaneous synthesis of property‐based water reuse/recycle and interception networks for batch processes
Authors: Ng Denny Kok Sum , Foo Dominic Chwan Yee , Rabie Arwa , El‐Halwagi Mahmoud M.
Published: August 2008

A systematic technique is introduced for the synthesis of cost‐effective batch water networks with the placement of interception devices. Utilizing the new concept of property integration, a property‐based approach is adopted. The water streams (sources) are characterized by a number of key properties, and water‐using units (sinks) are bound with property constraints. The problem also considers a number of interception devices that can be used to modify the properties of the streams to optimize the reuse/recycle of process streams and minimize fresh resources. A source‐tank‐interception‐tank‐sink representation is developed. Storage tanks are used throughout the network to enable mixing, storage, and dispatch of the reused/recycled water streams. The procedure is supported by an optimization formulation whose solution identifies optimal allocation of sources to tanks, interception devices, and sinks. The solution also determines an optimal policy for operating the water network. A case study is solved to illustrate the important aspects of the devised procedure. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Molecular dynamics simulation studies of CO2 – [bmim][PF6] solutions: Effect of CO2 concentration
Authors: Bhargava B. L. , Krishna A. C. , Balasubramanian S.
Published: August 2008

Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out on CO2 – [bmim][PF6] mixtures using a refined atomistic potential model for the ionic liquid, at different concentrations of CO2. The expansion in volume as a function of added CO2 was found to agree well with experiments at all but the highest concentration. Significant concentration dependent differences in the radial distribution function of CO2 around the anion have been observed. These differences have been attributed to the specific interaction between CO2 and the anions. The diffusion coefficients of the ions and of CO2 have been found to increase with increase in CO2 concentration. The rotational relaxation of CO2 molecule in solution is found to be biexponential, and the mean relaxation times decreases with increasing CO2 concentration. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A critical analysis of the acceleration length and pressure profile of single‐particle systems in a circulating fluidized bed
Authors: Das Mitali , Meikap B. C. , Saha R. K.
Published: August 2008

A study was conducted to explore the hydrodynamic behaviors using both Geldart group A and B materials in a circulating fluidized bed unit consisting of fast column (riser) of 0.1016 m i.d. and 5.62 m height. The materials tested were 120 µm of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, 166 µm of iron ore, 215 µm of coal and five types of sand particles, ranging in size from 300 to 622 µm. The superficial air velocity ranged between 2.01 and 4.681 m/s and solid fluxes of 12.5–50 kg/m2s. Riser static pressure profiles were measured for the FCC catalyst, coal, iron ore and sand particles. Acceleration lengths were determined from the data, and using these and other data from the literature two correlations for the acceleration length were established for Geldart's group A and B particles. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Li ion conduction behavior of hybrid polymer electrolytes based on PEMA
Authors: Rajendran S. , Prabhu M. Ramesh , Rani M. Usha
Published: August 2008

Poly(vinyl chloride)/Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PVC)/(PEMA)‐based blend polymer electrolytes comprising a combination of PC (Propylene carbonate) as a plasticizer and LiClO4 as a salt have been prepared by solvent casting technique with varying salt concentration ratios systematically. The prepared electrolytes were subjected to X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, conductivity studies, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis and Scanning electron microscopic studies. PVC/PEMA polymer blend electrolyte with 8 wt % of lithium salt exhibited ionic conductivity of the order of 10−3 S/cm at room temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis of poly(p‐phenylene diamine) and its corrosion inhibition effect on iron in 1M HCl
Authors: Manivel P. , Sathiyanarayanan S. , Venkatachari G.
Published: August 2008

Water‐soluble poly(p‐phenylene diamine) was chemically synthesized. Its corrosion inhibition performance was evaluated for iron corrosion in 1M HCl at various concentrations, and the results were compared with that of the monomer. The corrosion inhibition properties were evaluated by polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that poly(p‐phenylene diamine) was a more efficient corrosion inhibitor than the monomer and gave an 85% inhibition efficiency at a concentration of 50 ppm, whereas the monomer gave an efficiency of 73% at 5000 ppm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ionic Transformations in Extremely Nonpolar Fluorous Media: Easily Recoverable Phase‐Transfer Catalysts for Halide‐Substitution Reactions
Authors: Mandal Debaprasad , Jurisch Markus , Consorti Crestina S. , Gladysz John A.
Published: August 2008

Solutions of the fluorous alkyl halides Rf8(CH2)mX (Rfn=(CF2)n−1CF3; m=2, 3; X=Cl, Br, I) in perfluoromethylcyclohexane or perfluoromethyldecalin are inert towards solid or aqueous NaCl, NaBr, KI, KCN, and NaOAc. However, halide substitution occurs in the presence of fluorous phosphonium salts (Rf8(CH2)2)(Rf6(CH2)2)3P+X− (X=I (1), Br (3)) and (Rf8(CH2)2)4P+I− (10 mol %), which are soluble in the fluorous solvents under the reaction conditions (76–100 °C). Stoichiometric reactions of a) 1 with Rf8(CH2)2Br and b) 3 with Rf8(CH2)2I were conducted under homogenous conditions in perfluoromethyldecalin at 100 °C and yielded the same Rf8(CH2)2I/Rf8(CH2)2Br equilibrium ratio (≈60:40). This shows that ionic displacements can take place in extremely nonpolar fluorous phases and suggests a classical phase‐transfer mechanism for the catalyzed reactions. Interestingly, the nonfluorous salt (CH3(CH2)11)(CH3(CH2)7)3P+I− (4) also catalyzes halide substitutions, but under triphasic conditions with 4 suspended between the lower fluorous and upper aqueous layers. NMR experiments established very low solubilities in both phases, which suggests interfacial catalysis. Catalyst 1 is easily recycled, optimally by simple precipitation onto teflon tape.
Attitudes toward Out‐groups and the perception of consensus: All feet do not wear one shoe
Authors: Pedersen Anne , Griffiths Brian , Watt Susan E.
Published: August 2008

Although social perception research has been carried out across a number of diverse domains, to the best of our knowledge, studies have not directly assessed the relationship between attitudes toward the out‐group and perceptions of community support for those attitudes. In the present research, we report the findings of a study conducted in Western Australia using data collected from 653 participants from three different locations. The main thrust of our study was the accuracy of beliefs about consensus as it related to attitudes toward two marginalized groups: Indigenous Australians and asylum seekers. With respect to their attitudes toward these two groups, our respondents were placed in seven categories corresponding to their responses to our seven point attitude scales. Three main findings emerged. First, respondents at all seven levels overestimated community support for their views with respect to both Indigenous Australians and asylum seekers. Second, as respondents in both groups became more rejecting, their estimates of community support progressively increased in a linear fashion. Third, respondents in the more negative categories were significantly less accurate in their estimates than those in the more positive categories. How these findings might contribute to programmes designed to reduce prejudice is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Granular Temperature in Bubbling Fluidized Beds
Authors: Huang X. , Liu Z.
Published: August 2008

In the CFD simulation of industrial‐scale bubbling fluidized beds, coarse grids are necessary due to limited computation resources, which creates a problem about how to characterize the effect of meso‐scale bubbling structures on the particulate phase stresses and inter‐phase interaction force. In this paper, the two‐phase theory of bubbling fluidization is applied in the analysis of the fluctuation characteristics of solid volume fractions and then it was used to establish a simple model for granular temperature in bubbling fluidized beds, which is based on the local pseudo‐thermal energy balance. It was shown that the granular temperature obtained experimentally is well predicted by the present model.
New Layered Rare‐Earth Hydroxides with Anion‐Exchange Properties
Authors: Geng Fengxia , Xin Hao , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Ma Renzhi , Tanaka Masahiko , Izumi Fujio , Iyi Nobuo , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: August 2008

We report the synthesis of a new series of layered hydroxides based on rare‐earth elements with a composition of RE(OH)2.5Cl0.5⋅0.8 H2O (RE: Eu, Tb, etc.) through the homogeneous precipitation of RECl3⋅x H2O with hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). Rietveld analysis combined with direct methods revealed an orthorhombic layered structure comprising a positively charged layer of [RE(OH)2.5(H2O)0.8]0.5+ and interlayer Cl− ions. The Cl− ions were readily exchangeable for various anions (NO3−, SO42−, dodecylsulfonate, etc.) at ambient temperature. Photoluminescence studies showed that the compounds display typical RE3+ emission. With rare‐earth‐based host layers and tunable interlayer guests, the new compounds may be of interest for optoelectronic, magnetic, catalytic, and biomedical materials.
Tailored Polymer‐Supported Templates in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: Simultaneous Selection, Amplification and Isolation of Synthetic Receptors
Authors: Besenius Pol , Cormack Peter A. G. , Liu Jingyuan , Otto Sijbren , Sanders Jeremy K. M. , Sherrington David C.
Published: August 2008

The thermodynamically controlled synthesis and isolation of macrocyclic receptors from dynamic combinatorial libraries has been achieved in a single step using a polymer‐supported template. The templates were cinchona alkaloids which show interesting enantio‐ and diastereoselective molecular recognition events in libraries based on pseudo‐dipeptide building blocks. The synthetic routes used to derivatise the alkaloids and attach them to polymer supports minimised any influence of the tethering linkage on the templating activity. Systematic studies have been carried out to probe how the polymer morphology and the template loading affect the selectivity and isolation yield of the macrocyclic receptors. Molecular recognition between solid‐phase bound templates and selected receptors also enabled their affinity‐type chromatographic separation.
PAMAM Structure‐Based Multifunctional Fluorescent Conjugates for Improved Fluorescent Labelling of Biomacromolecules
Authors: Wängler C. , Moldenhauer G. , Saffrich R. , Knapp E.‐M. , Beijer B. , Schnölzer M. , Wängler B. , Eisenhut M. , Haberkorn U. , Mier W.
Published: August 2008

Fluorescent probes are of increasing interest in medicinal and biological applications for the elucidation of the structures and functions of healthy as well as tumour cells. The quality of these investigations is determined by the intensity of the fluorescence signal. High dye/carrier ratios give strong signals. However, these are achieved by the occupation of a high number of derivatisation sites and therefore are accompanied by strong structural alterations of the carrier. Hence, polyvalent substances containing a high number of fluorescent dyes would be favourable because they would allow the introduction of many dyes at one position of the compound to be labelled.

A large number of different dyes have been investigated to determine the efficiency of coupling to a dendrimer scaffold and the fluorescence properties of the oligomeric dyes, but compounds that fulfil the requirements of both strong fluorescence signals and reactivities are rare. Herein we describe the synthesis and characterisation of dye oligomers containing dansyl‐, 7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazol‐4‐yl‐ (NBD), coumarin‐343, 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein and sulforhodamine B2 moieties based on polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. The PAMAM dendrimers were synthesised by an improved protocol that yielded highly homogeneous scaffolds with up to 128 conjugation sites. When comparing the fluorescent properties of the dye oligomers it was found that only the dansylated dendrimers met the requirements of enhanced fluorescence signals. The dendrimer containing 16 fluorescent dyes was conjugated to the anti‐epidermal‐growth‐factor receptor (EGFR) antibody hMAb425 as a model compound to show the applicability of the dye multimer compounds. This conjugate revealed a preserved immunoreactivity of 54 %.

We demonstrate the applicability of the dye oligomers to the efficient and applicable labelling of proteins and other large molecules that enables high dye concentrations and therefore high contrasts in fluorescence applications.
Cationic Metal–Corrole Complexes: Design, Synthesis, and Properties of Guanine‐Quadruplex Stabilizers
Authors: Fu Boqiao , Zhang Dan , Weng Xiaocheng , Zhang Ming , Ma Heng , Ma Yuzhi , Zhou Xiang
Published: August 2008

A series of pyridinium and quaternary ammonium copper corroles has been designed and synthesized. All new compounds have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectrscopy, and elemental analysis. Biochemical studies have indicated that all of these corrole derivatives can stabilize G‐quadruplex structures, with corrole 4 being the most effective according to the results of circular dichroism (CD) melting experiments, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) stop assays, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. Moreover, both corroles 3 and 4 tend to induce the human telomeric sequence to form hybrid G‐quadruplex structures, whereas corroles 8 and 9 are more inclined to induce the human telomeric sequence to form antiparallel G‐quadruplex structures.
Cyclophane‐Type Imidazolium Salts with Planar Chirality as a New Class of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors
Authors: Matsuoka Yuki , Ishida Yasuhiro , Sasaki Daisuke , Saigo Kazuhiko
Published: August 2008

Cyclophane‐type imidazolium salts with planar chirality were synthesized from enantiopure 2‐amino alcohols, of which the N(1) and N(3) positions were connected with a bridge. The structural profiles of the imidazolium salts and their derivative N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) were investigated by means of several analyses. The chiral NHCs derived from these imidazolium salts were found to catalyze the asymmetric cross‐annulation of an α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde with a ketone by means of the “conjugated” umpolung of the enal to give the target γ‐lactone with good to excellent enantioselectivity (up to 94 % ee). Based on the expected structure of the NHCs and their intermediates, together with the absolute configuration of the products, a plausible mechanism for the stereocontrol was proposed.
Predicting Reactivity and Stereoselectivity in the Nazarov Reaction: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study
Authors: Cavalli Andrea , Pacetti Alessandro , Recanatini Maurizio , Prandi Cristina , Scarpi Dina , Occhiato Ernesto G.
Published: August 2008

The Nazarov reaction of pentadienyl cations generated by protonation of either dienones or alkoxytrienes has been examined in detail both experimentally and by DFT calculations. In particular, calculations at the B3LYP/6‐311G** level of theory accurately predicted, and accounted for, the outcome of the Brønsted acid catalyzed electrocyclization of 4π‐electron systems in which one of the double bonds involved in the process was embedded in N‐ and S‐heterocyclic rings. Calculations showed that both heteroatoms are capable of accelerating the ring closure by stabilizing the partial positive charge which develops at C‐6 (C‐2) in the transition state, with S‐heterocyclic derivatives being more reactive than the corresponding N‐containing compounds. In general, pentadienyl cations generated by protonation of alkoxytrienes were expected to react faster than those obtained by protonation of the corresponding dienones, as the latter were stabilized by a hydrogen bond. The presence of a substituent on the heterocyclic ring significantly affects the stereoselectivity (torquoselectivity) only in the case of the N‐heterocyclic derivatives, in which a 2‐alkyl group is axially oriented, providing the cis‐2,5‐disubstituted isomer only. Instead, with substituted S‐heterocyclic compounds, the anticipated torquoselectivity was very low and, in fact, a 3:1 diastereomeric mixture between the trans and cis products was experimentally found after ring closure. For this study, the synthesis of the appropriate N‐ and S‐containing dienones and alkoxytrienes was realized to evaluate the predictivity power of the DFT computations, which was very good in all of the cases examined, both in terms of reactivity and stereoselectivity. The consistency observed between computational and experimental results, therefore, shows the usefulness of DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6‐311G** level of theory as a robust instrument for the prediction of reactivity and stereoselectivity in the Nazarov electrocyclic reaction.
Special Issue Editorial Introduction: Grids and Geospatial Information Systems
Authors: Pierce Marlon E.
Published: August 2008

Grids and Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) are both based on distributed service architectures and have complementary capabilities. GIS systems provide a comprehensive set of services for managing maps, geospatial data sets, and geospatial information that can be applied to areas ranging from access to scientific data by researchers to disaster planning and emergency management. The data and information focus of GIS are being augmented with the computational and virtual organization capabilities of Grid computing by many projects, including the ones by the contributors to this special issue. This editorial introduction serves as an overview of the issues discussed at the GIS‐Grid Workshop in the Open Grid Forum and the follow‐on papers of this special issue. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Caenorhabditis elegans DDX‐23, a homolog of yeast splicing factor PRP28, is required for the sperm‐oocyte switch and differentiation of various cell types
Authors: Konishi Takafumi , Uodome Nobuko , Sugimoto Asako
Published: August 2008

DEAD/H‐box proteins are involved in various aspects of RNA metabolism. Here we report the developmental function of a DEAD‐box protein, DDX‐23, in Caenorhabditis elegans, which has significant homology with the yeast splicing factor PRP28. We found by RNAi and mutant analyses that DDX‐23 is essential for both embryonic and post‐embryonic development, and required for differentiation of the majority of somatic tissues. When the germline function of ddx‐23 was inhibited, hermaphrodite animals showed a reduced number of germ cells and failed to switch from spermatogenesis to oogenesis. These phenotypes were similar to those of the mutants of the three DEAH‐box proteins (MOG‐1, MOG‐4, and MOG‐5) whose yeast orthologs are involved in the pre‐mRNA splicing pathway. We speculate that DDX‐23 functions with the three MOG proteins in the same pathway to regulate tissue differentiation, robust germline proliferation, and the sperm/oocyte switch through modulations of ribonucleoprotein complexes. Developmental Dynamics 237:2367–2377, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of protocadherin‐1 (Pcdh1) during mouse development
Authors: Redies Christoph , Heyder Jessica , Kohoutek Tomáš , Staes Katrien , Van Roy Frans
Published: August 2008

Protocadherin‐1 (Pcdh1) is a member of the δ‐protocadherin subgroup of non‐clustered protocadherins. We studied the expression of Pcdh1 from the early embryonic to the adult stage of mouse development by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization. Pcdh1 can be detected as early as embryonic day 9.5. In early embryogenesis, expression is especially prominent in blood vessels. During later development and in the adult mouse, organs derived from the embryonic gut, such as the esophagus, intestines, liver, lung, and submandibular gland, contain epithelia and other types of tissues that are Pcdh1‐positive. Other positive organs include the brain, spinal cord, retina, peripheral ganglia, the inner ear, hair follicles, kidney, vagina, uterus, placenta, testis, prostate, and the seminal gland. The tight spatial and temporal regulation of Pcdh1 expression suggests that this protocadherin plays multiple roles not only during development but also in mature tissues and organs in the mouse. Developmental Dynamics 237:2496–2505, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syndactyly and preaxial synpolydactyly in the single Sfrp2 deleted mutant mice
Authors: Ikegawa Masaya , Han Hua , Okamoto Akihiko , Matsui Ryosuke , Tanaka Masami , Omi Natsue , Miyamae Mahito , Toguchida Junya , Tashiro Kei
Published: August 2008

Secreted Frizzled‐related protein 2 (Sfrp2) or Stromal Cell Derived Factor‐5 (SDF‐5) is highly expressed in the developing limbs. Here we showed the single Sfrp2 inactivation in mice resulted in syndactyly and preaxial synpolydactyly, predominantly in the hindlimbs. Tails were often kinked. A penetrance of the syndactyly was highest in 129/SvJ or CBA/N × 129/SvJ background and the phenotype was haploinsufficient. Preaxial synpolydactyly was seen in homozygous mutants in C57BL/6 × 129/SvJ. Of note, syndactyly showed retarded apoptosis of the second and the third interdigital spaces; concomitantly, mesodermal Msx2 expression was down‐regulated. Impaired digital anlagen maturation was also noticeable in the same position. Preaxial synpolydactyly of the Sfrp2 mutants was a non‐mirror image type and Shh independent. Although joint formation was not disrupted, chondrocyte maturation was preaxially disturbed. Our results suggest that the Sfrp2 deleted mice can be a useful animal model to study human syndactyly/preaxial synpolydactyly defects. Developmental Dynamics 237:2506–2517, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical development in the presenilin‐1 null mutant mouse fails after splitting of the preplate and is not due to a failure of reelin‐dependent signaling
Authors: De Gasperi Rita , Gama Sosa Miguel A. , Wen Paul H. , Li Jingjun , Perez Gissel M. , Curran Tom , Elder Gregory A.
Published: August 2008

Cortical development is disrupted in presenilin‐1 null mutant (Psen1−/−) mice. Prior studies have commented on similarities between Psen1−/− and reeler mice. Reelin induces phosphorylation of Dab1 and activates the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Psen1 is known to modulate PI3K/Akt signaling and both known reelin receptors (apoER2 and VLDLR) are substrates for Psen1 associated γ‐secretase activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether reelin signaling is disrupted in Psen1−/− mice. We show that, while Dab1 is hypophosphorylated late in cortical development in Psen1−/− mice, it is normally phosphorylated at earlier ages and reelin signaling is intact in Psen1−/− primary neuronal cultures. γ‐secretase activity was also not required for reelin‐induced phosphorylation of Dab1. Unlike reeler mice the preplate splits in Psen1−/− brain. Thus cortical development in Psen1−/− mice fails only after splitting of the preplate and is not due to an intrinsic failure of reelin signaling. Developmental Dynamics 237:2405–2414, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of microRNAs in mouse preimplantation embryos by microarray
Authors: Yang Yanhong , Bai Wentao , Zhang Liang , Yin Guowu , Wang Xiaohong , Wang Jun , Zhao Hongxi , Han Yibing , Yao Yuan‐Qing
Published: August 2008

Expression profile of microRNA (miRNA) in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos has been revealed by a novel high throughput microarray assay. A total of 97 (43 “new” and 54 known) including mouse, human, and predicted miRNAs have been discovered in the preimplantation mouse embryos which can be classified into developmental stage‐dependent groups and non–stage‐dependent group according to the statistical analysis of the expression patterns. Potential gene targets of each group of miRNAs are estimated by TargetsScan system and significantly changed signaling pathways and biological processes underlying these gene targets are searched by PANTHER classification system between the stage‐dependent miRNAs and the non–stage‐dependent miRNAs. Expression of some miRNAs is confirmed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. It is shown that dynamic synthesis and degradation of miRNAs coexists in the preimplantation development of mouse embryos. However, the overall quantity of miRNAs and percentage of the stage‐dependent miRNAs increase as the preimplantation embryos develop. Developmental Dynamics 237:2315–2327, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A peek inside the neurosecretory brain through Orthopedia lenses
Authors: Del Giacco Luca , Pistocchi Anna , Cotelli Franco , Fortunato Antonio Emidio , Sordino Paolo
Published: August 2008

The wealth of expression and functional data presented in this overview discloses the homeogene Orthopedia (Otp) as critical for the development of the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system of vertebrates. Specifically, the results depict the up‐to‐date portrait of the regulation and functions of Otp. The development of neuroendocrine nuclei relies on Otp from fish to mammals, as demonstrated for several peptide and hormone releasing neurons. Additionally, the activity of Otp is essential for the induction of the dopaminergic phenotype in the hypothalamus of vertebrates. Recent insights into the pathways required for Otp regulation have revealed the implication of the main extracellular signals acting during hypothalamic development. Alterations in these pathways are involved in several neuronal disorders, and the resultant downstream misregulation of Otp might impair the development of the hypothalamus, and be therefore responsible for the neuroendocrine dysfunctions that typify these diseases. Developmental Dynamics 237:2295–2303, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
G2R Cre reporter transgenic zebrafish
Authors: Yoshikawa Shunichi , Kawakami Koichi , Zhao Xinping C.
Published: August 2008

The Cre/loxP site‐specific recombination system has been widely used to manipulate DNA in vivo and to study gene function in the mouse by inducible transgenic and conditional gene targeting. To fully use this powerful genetic tool in a relatively new animal model, zebrafish, we generated reporter transgenic lines for easy detection of Cre recombinase activity in vivo. The transgenic fish lines, designated G2R, express two fluorescent protein genes, GFP and RFP, under the control of the ubiquitous promoter of the Xenopus EF1 alpha gene. The G2R animals change their color from green to red (G2R) after Cre‐mediated recombination and are useful for development of cell type specific Cre transgenic lines and for cell lineage and fate mapping studies in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 237:2460–2465, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SSAO/VAP‐1 protein expression during mouse embryonic development
Authors: Valente Tony , Solé Montse , Unzeta Mercedes
Published: August 2008

SSAO/VAP‐1 is a multifunctional enzyme depending on in which tissue it is expressed. SSAO/VAP‐1 is present in almost all adult mammalian tissues, especially in highly vascularised ones and in adipocytes. SSAO/VAP‐1 is an amine oxidase able to metabolise various endogenous or exogenous primary amines. Its catalytic activity can lead to cellular oxidative stress, which has been implicated in several pathologies (atherosclerosis, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease). The aim of this work is to achieve a study of SSAO/VAP‐1 protein expression during mouse embryogenesis. Our results show that SSAO/VAP‐1 appears early in the development of the vascular system, adipose tissue, and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, its expression is strong in several epithelia of the sensory organs, as well as in the development of cartilage sites. Altogether, this suggests that SSAO/VAP‐1 enzyme could be involved in the differentiation processes that take place during embryonic development, concretely in tissue vascularisation. Developmental Dynamics 237:2585–2593, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal glomerulogenesis in medaka fish, Oryzias latipes
Authors: Fedorova Svetlana , Miyamoto Rieko , Harada Tomohiro , Isogai Sumio , Hashimoto Hisashi , Ozato Kenjiro , Wakamatsu Yuko
Published: August 2008

We provide an overview of glomerulogenesis in medaka from the embryo to the adult by means of in situ hybridization with the wt1 gene as a marker as well as histology and three‐dimensional images. The pronephric glomus starts to develop in the intermediate mesoderm during early somitogenesis, is completed before hatching, and persists throughout the lifetime of the fish. Within 5 days after hatching, mesonephric glomerulus formation begins in the caudomedial end of the pronephric sinus and duct area. The number of glomeruli reaches approximately 200–300 in each kidney within 2 months after hatching. wt1 expression during nephron maturation served as a marker for the formation of the mesenchymal condensate and the nephrogenic body. Existence of mesenchymal condensates and persistence of wt1 expression in the adult kidney suggest that the mesonephros retains precursor cells that may be capable of contributing to neoglomerulogenesis during adulthood. Developmental Dynamics 237:2342–2352, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancer detection and developmental expression of zebrafish sprouty1, a member of the fgf8 synexpression group
Authors: Komisarczuk Anna Z. , Topp Stefanie , Stigloher Christian , Kapsimali Marika , Bally‐Cuif Laure , Becker Thomas S.
Published: August 2008

Signaling pathways mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are under positive and negative regulation, and misregulation of RTK signaling results in developmental defects and malignancy. A major class of antagonists of Fgf and Egf signaling are the Sprouty proteins. Through an enhancer detection approach, we isolated the sprouty1 (spry1) gene, expressed in multiple developing organs during embryogenesis. We analyzed expression of spry1 between tail bud stage and 10 days postfertilization. From the tail bud stage on, transcript and reporter are detected in the craniofacial region and in the mid–hindbrain boundary, where expression persists until adulthood. Further expression domains are the telencephalon, hindbrain, dorsal diencephalon and epiphysis, branchial arches, pituitary, and the tubular gill epithelium. In the trunk spry1 is also prominently expressed in pronephros, the lateral line and tail fin. Sprouty1 acts in Fgf signaling downstream of Fgfr1, as its expression is abrogated through the small molecule inhibitor of this receptor, SU5402. Developmental Dynamics 237:2594–2603, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Ars insulator facilitates I‐SceI meganuclease‐mediated transgenesis in the sea urchin embryo
Authors: Ochiai Hiroshi , Sakamoto Naoaki , Suzuki Kenichi , Akasaka Koji , Yamamoto Takashi
Published: August 2008

For the efficient generation of transgenic sea urchins, we have adopted an I‐SceI meganuclease‐mediated transgenesis method. Several types of promoter‐GFP gene constructs flanked by two I‐SceI recognition sequences were co‐injected with I‐SceI into sea urchin fertilized eggs. Using cell‐lineage–specific promoter constructs, the frequency of transgene expression was elevated, and their level of mozaicism was reduced. The addition of the Ars insulator sequence, which is known to block the enhancer activity and protect transgenes from position effects, led to a reduction in ectopic transgene expression and an elevation of transgene expression frequency in this I‐SceI–mediated system. However, the magnitude of the effects of the Ars insulator was dependent upon the promoter constructs. QPCR analysis also showed that the Ars insulator increases the transgene copy number. These results suggest that the I‐SceI–mediated method using the Ars insulator is advantageous for transgenesis in the sea urchin embryo. Developmental Dynamics 237:2475–2482, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corneal epithelial nuclear ferritin: Developmental regulation of ferritin and its nuclear transporter ferritoid
Authors: Beazley Kelly E. , Nurminskaya Maria , Talbot Christopher J. , Linsenmayer Thomas F.
Published: August 2008

The corneal epithelium is exposed to reactive oxygen species that are potentially deleterious to nuclear DNA. However, our previous studies show that corneal epithelial cells have a novel, developmentally regulated mechanism for protection from such damage that involves having the iron‐sequestering molecule, ferritin, in the nucleus. Nuclear localization of ferritin is achieved through the action of a tissue‐specific nuclear transporter, ferritoid, which is itself a ferritin family member. Here, we show that during development ferritoid appears before ferritin. At this time, ferritoid is cytoplasmic, suggesting that its nuclear transport function requires an interaction with ferritin. To examine the developmental regulation of these two interacting components, cultured corneas were treated with the iron chelator deferoxamine. The results show that, while iron‐mediated translational regulation is involved in the synthesis of both molecules, ferritoid is also transcriptionally regulated, demonstrating that these family members—whose functions depend upon one another—are regulated differently. Developmental Dynamics 237:2529–2541, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discovery and characterization of three novel synuclein genes in zebrafish
Authors: Sun Zhihui , Gilter Aaron D.
Published: August 2008

Whole mount in situ hybridization demonstrates expression patterns of zebrafish synuclein genes at various developmental stages. See Sun and Gitler, Developmental Dynamics 237:2494–2499, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of electric field induced by ELF magnetic field utilizing fast‐multipole surface‐charge simulation method for voxel data
Authors: Hamada Shoji , Kobayashi Tetsuo
Published: August 2008

This paper presents a fast‐multipole surface‐charge‐simulation method for calculating three‐dimensional Laplacian fields in voxel models. This method treats a surface of a voxel that has different inside and outside conductivities as a surface element of the indirect BEM (boundary element method). The main features of the proposed method are as follows. (1) An O(D2) performance in the memory capacity and operation cost is provided by applying the diagonal form fast multipole method (FMM), when the number of voxels is about D3. (2) The boundary matching is imposed by the continuity of the total flux passing through each element, which guarantees the solution globally satisfying Gauss's law; therefore the solution is globally stabilized.

This method is successfully applied to calculate the electric field induced by an applied homogeneous ELF (extremely low frequency) magnetic field in a human head model that has 1 mm ×1 mm 1 mm voxel size. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(4): 1–10, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20529