bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-ray Diffraction Study of a Random Mixture; Rb1-x(NH4)xH2PO4
Authors: Hayase Shuichi , Sakashita Hirofumi , Terauchi Hikaru
Published: March 2014

The measurements of thermal expansion and X-ray diffuse scattering were made in a random mixture of ferroelectric RbH2PO4 (RDP) and antiferroelectric NH4H2PO4(ADP), (RDP)1-x
(ADP)
x
. Anomalous expansion of lattice constants was observed at low temperatures in glassy (RDP)-1x(ADP)
x
' 0.22<x<0.78, but no macroscopic crystal-symmetry change was detected. Diffuse scattering was found around (800) in glassy (RDP)0.7(ADP)0.3 and around (810) in glassy (RDP)0.3(ADP)0.7 at low temperatures. The glass transition in (RDP)1-x
(ADP)
x
is likely to be a gradual condensation of clusters as proposed in spin glasses.
EXAFS Study on Glassy Phases in a Random Mixture; Rb1-x(NH4)xH2PO4
Authors: Nishihata Yasuo , Sakashita Hirofumi , Terauchi Hikaru
Published: March 2014

EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) measurement on a random mixture of a ferroelectric and an antiferroelectric, Rb1-x
(NH4)
x
H2PO4 with concentration x=0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9, has been carried out at low temperatures. The Fourier transforms of EXAFS spectra around Rb atom were obtained. It is found that the local structure in the glassy phase depends on concentration at low temperatures.
Physical Properties of K1-x(NH4)xH2PO4 and KH2P1-xAsxO4 Mixed Crystals
Authors: Kwun Sook-Il , Yoon Jong-Gul , Lee Donghan
Published: March 2014

Experimental results on mixed crystals of K1-x
(NH4)
x
H2PO4 and KH2P1-x
As
x
O4 are reported as a function of concentration (for x\lesssim0.13) and explained by the modified proton lattice coupled model. Some physical properties of the mixed crystals obtained from measurement of the Curie constants, spontaneous polarizations, and specific heats are related to the role of impurities in the phase transition of the crystals. We found that the interaction energy beween host and impurity is negative for mixed crystal with ADP impurities. This indicates that in this mixed crystal, there is competition between ferroelectric and antiferroelectric exchange interactions.
KDP Impurity Effects on Antiferroelectric Phase Transition of ADP Crystal*
Authors: Lee Kwang-Sei , Kim Kyu-Tae , Kim Jong-Jean
Published: March 2014

Complementary to our previous work on (KDP)1-x
(ADP)
x
crystals we have studied on the temperature dependence of dielectric constants ε
a and ε
c of (ADP)1-x
(KDP)
x
crystals between x=0 and x=0.07. Phase transition temperature T
N(x) of (ADP)1-x
,(KDP)
x
crystal was observed to decrease at the rate of dT
N/dx≃-250°K as KDP impurity concentration x was increased in this low concentration limit of x\lesssim0.07. Proton tunnelling effect seems to be important to understand the observed impurity effects in both KDP and ADP systems.
Low Temperature Behavior of Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity in Crystalline Ferroelectric Materials
Authors: Yoreo J. J. De , Pohl R. O. , Burns Gerald
Published: March 2014

There is a great deal of confusion as to the very low temperature behavior (below ≃5 K) of the heat capacity and thermal conductivity in ferroelectric materials. We show that actually they fall into two classes: those with crystal-like (Debye-like) thermal properties and those that display glass-like excitations. Furthermore, there is an exact correspondence between the materials with glass-like excitations at low temperature and those that display both a diffuse ferroelectric transition at T
c and anomalous index of refraction, n(T), above T
c.
LiNbO3+9%Mg2+
Authors: Burns Gerald , Dacol F. H. , Yoreo J. J. De , Pohl R. O. , Bryan D. A.
Published: March 2014

We report low temperature (1–10 K) thermal conductivity measurements, and room temperature Raman and infrared measurements of the phonons in crystals of LiNbO3+9% Mg (Li0.901Mg0.087Nb0.992O3). The results are compared to the same studies in pure LiNbO3. These Crystals do not show any indication of glass-like excitations. Rather, normal crystal-like behavior is observed. A quasi-localized mode, due to the Mg, is observed in the Raman studies.
New Materials for Hydrophone Applications- Single Crystals and Polar Glass-Ceramics
Authors: Ting R. Y. , Halliyal A. , Bhalla A. S.
Published: March 2014

Hydrostatic piezoelectric strain coefficients d
h (∼10 pC/N) and voltage coefficients g
h (80–100×10-3 V m/N) on single crystals of Ba2TiSi2O8, Ba2TiGe2O8 have been measured as a function of temperature, pressure, and frequency. The values are found to be comparable to those of the state of the art piezoelectric PVDF polymers.
Measurements are also made on the glass-ceramics in the compositions of BaO–TiO2–SiO2 and some isostructural materials compositions in the system BaO–TiO2–GeO2. The typical values of the piezoelectric constants of glass ceramics are almost on the order of those obtained on the respective single crystal samples. Glass-ceramics provide a promising way of achieving the larger area samples needed for various piezoelectric devices.
Electric Field Dependence of the Glasslike Thermal Conductivity of (Cd, Pb)2Nb2O7 at Low Temperatures
Authors: Lawless W. N.
Published: March 2014

Inorganic ferroelectrics display glasslike thermal and dielectric properties at low and ultralow temperatures. Fluctuations in the spontaneous polarization may provide the disorder mechanism, and this postulate was investigated by measuring the thermal conductivity of (Cd1-x
Pb
x
)2Nb2O7 at low temperatures under electric fields large enough (\leqslant0.12 MV/cm) to influence the P
s fluctuations. The composition x=0.2 was selected to depress P
s while still insuring that the material was in the classical regime.
Two thermal conductivity experiments were made: First, the thermal conductivity, 2–6 K, was measured at E=0, 60, and 117 kV/cm; and second, the thermal conductivity at 4.3 K was measured at 16 field levels up to 117 kV/cm. In both cases the thermal conductivity at 4.3 K was measured at 16 field levels up to 117 kv/cm. in both cases the theremal conductivity was E-field independent within the experimental uncertainty (±3%). It is concluded that fluctuations in P
s do not provide the disordering mechanism in ferroelectrics.
Comparison of MFA and MD Results for Systems with an Isolated Defect
Authors: Wiesen B. , Weyrich K. H. , Siems R.
Published: March 2014

The Dynamics of an isolated defect in a 2-dimensional system was studied near a structural phase transition with mean field approximation (MFA) and with molecular dynamics (MD). Whereas MFA predicts, under certain conditions, a localized mode whose frequency goes to zero above the bulk critical temperature, the MD calculations show that a relaxator appears far above T
c and the relaxation time increases if T approaches T
c.
Fabrication of Transparent PZLT Ceramics by Atmosphere Sintering
Authors: Tanaka Katsuhiko , Okabe Sinsei , Murata Michihiro , Wakino Kikuo
Published: March 2014

Pressure-less fabrication process of lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) electrooptic ceramics has been developed. Fine-particle PLZT powders having excellent reaction and homogeneous composition were fabricated by a chemical preparation method using inexpensive starting materials. Optically transparent PLZT ceramics were obtained by sintering this chemically-prepared powder under O2-gas flow and atmosphere PLZT powder.
Influence of Elastic Loss on Measured Dielectric-Loss-Angle of High-Coupling Piezoelectric Material
Authors: Saito Shigemi , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

A dielectric loss angle of piezoelectric materials measured at sufficiently low frequencies contains an excess angle resulting from an elastic loss brought by the quasi-static strains. This paper presents an experimental verification of this effect in transducers made of high-coupling piezoelectric ceramics with a low mechanical Q-factor, where the excess loss-angle becomes fairly large. Taking account of both dielectric and elastic losses, an advanced equivalent circuit is also derived, which is useful for estimating the excess loss-angle through the free immitance measurements. In this circuit, the excess loss-angle can be evaluated by a resistance equal to k
2/ωC
d
Q

B
) added in series to the clamped impedance.
Deflection of Light Induced by Ferroelectric-ferroelasic Crystals
Authors: Tsukamoto Takeyo , Hatano Jun , Futama Hideo
Published: March 2014

The optical deflection phenomena are observed for some ferroelectric-ferroelastic and ferroelastic crystals.
Above a critical angle of incidence, five deflected light beams are observed with a He–Ne laser incidence. The deflected beams are linearly polarized and can be turned off/on by external electric fields. The intensity ratio of the deflected beams to the incident one is of the order of 2×10-1 for RbHSeO4 and KH3(SeO3)2 and 10-3 for Rochelle salt. It was found that the phenomena are due to refraction and reflection of light on the ferroelastic domain walls. The relation between the angle of incidence and the angle of deflection calculated by the Huygens construction quantitatively agrees with the experimental results. Application to optical devices can be proposed utilizing the properties of the deflected beams.
Diffraction Lines and BaWO4 Crystals of Vacuum-Deposited BaTiO3 Films
Authors: Iijima Yoshio
Published: March 2014

When amorphous BaTiO3 thin film is heat-treated, the resultant angle of diffraction is about 0.4° (2θ) lower than the position for ceramic BaTiO3. The low value of the angle of diffraction is considered to be due to the presence of the platinum substrate. A diffraction line for BaWO4 has also been observed. These crystals are originally compounds of tungsten and barium with uniform distributions which have been subsequently heat-treated. The BaWO4 crystals gather in narrow bands when the heat-treatment temperature is higher than 1000°C. At 1400°C, the narrow bands divide into grains with diameters greater than 10 µm, and 85% of the surface areas are composed of BaTiO3 crystal with an impurity content of less than 3W%. The dielectric constant is therefore found to increase in value.
Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Using Modified PbTiO3 and Its Applications
Authors: Ichinose Noboru , Hirao Yousuke , Nakamoto Masayuki , Yamashita Youhachi
Published: March 2014

This paper is concerned with the pyroelectric infrared sensor using modified lead titanate ceramics (Pb, Ca)[(Co1/2 W1/2), Ti]O3. The pyroelectric properties of these ceramics have been studied by changing the Ca concentration. With an increase in Ca concentration, the pyroelectric coefficient P and figure of merit Fv increased and reached 4.43×10-8C cm-1°C-1, and 0.61×10-10C cmJ-1, respectively.
Pyroelectric characteristics have been improved to twice the values for the PbTiO3 ceramics. Several applications of the sensor are described.
400 MHz SAW IF Filter for Satellite Broadcast Receiver without Any Adjustments
Authors: Yamada Jun , Yuhara Akitsuna , Shiba Takashi
Published: March 2014

A UHF SAW filter for satellite broadcast receivers has been developed. Features are high center frequency to suppress the image interference, sufficiently flat group delay for linear FM detection and unnecessary any adjustments for tuning. The influence of electrode resistance on the insertion loss, and the triple transit echo caused by wave reflection is investigated in extended Smith's equivalent circuit model, and is effectively applied as an independent design parameter of the radiation and the load conductance. In cosequence the interdigital transducers with the wide aperture stretched nonoverlapped electrodes are efficiently verified to suppress undesired surface wave diffraction and reflection effects without any increase in the insertion loss, and to be able to omit the conventional tuning coils and the intentional impedance mismatching.
320 kHz Timing Tank Mechanical Filter for Digital Subscriber Transmission System
Authors: Tomikawa Yoshiro , Ogasawara Toshiharu , Konno Masashi , Gounji Takashi
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with experimental results of the 320 kHz timing tank mechanical filter. The composite longitudinal 2-nd mode transducer was made into a sandwich structure by affixing a constant modulus alloy plate to each electrode surface of a piezoelectric ceramic plate.
Resonant frequencies, nodal points and suppression of spurious responses due to the 4-th and 6-th order longitudinal modes of the transducer were analyzed.
The conclusion is that the timing tank filter dealt with herein, consisting of two transducers, fully satisfied the requirement, including requirement for volume.
Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuator with Varying Thickness Layers
Authors: Takahashi Sadayuki , Yano Takeshi , Fukui Izumu , Sato Eiichi
Published: March 2014

A structure for a multilayer piezoelectric ceramic actuator has been studied using finite element method analysis for reducing stresses which are induced at an adhesive layer between the ceramic actuator and a certain body to which the actuator is attached. The stresses are induced by a piezoelectric unstiffened effect (or piezoelectric transverse effect) and they cause mechanical rupture of the adhesive layer. They are successfully reduced for the actuator with both piezoelectric inactive layers and layers which induce a small strain on its top and bottom. It was experimentally confirmed that no mechanical rupture occurs, when adopting an actuator with the improved structure.
Temperature Characteristics for Multilayer Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuator
Authors: Ochi Atushi , Takahashi Sadayuki , Tagami Satoru
Published: March 2014

Temperature characteristics for multilayer piezoelectric ceramic actuator have been investigated. Thermal expansion coefficient with DC 150 V application is negative, -6×10-6/°C, at 20°C. Between 0°C and 100°C, an available net displacement under DC 150 V is less changed, within 5%. Temperature rise and dissipation power due to dielectric loss were observed while driving at 0.3∼1.5 kHz. They are about 70°C and 0.7 J/sec at 1.5 kHz, with 150V peak voltage, respectively. The results suggest that a main origin for a temperature rise is dielectric loss.
Preparation of Conductive SrMoO3 Thin Films and Their Application to Electrodes for Thin Film Capacitors
Authors: Inukai Takashi , Murakami Toshiaki
Published: March 2014

Perovskite SrMoO3 thin films are prepared by RF magnetron sputtering at substrate temperatures above 600°C. They show metallic conduction, and their resistivity at 300 K is (1.5∼1.8)×10-4Ω·cm. The tri-layered capacitor fabricated from SrMoO3 (base electrode) –SrTiO3 (dielectric layer)–Cu (counter electrode) has a capacitance of about 0.8 µF/cm2 at 1 kHz and 30°C, where the thickness of the SrTiO3 layer is 700Å.
Deposition of Ta2O5 Thin Film and Application to SAW Devices.
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuhiko , Gomi Yasuo , Suzuki Takanao
Published: March 2014

Crystallized Ta2O5 thin film have been deposited on fused quartz substrate by reactive dc diode sputtering. Crystalline structure and piezoelectric properties of the Ta2O5 thin film were investigated. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) properties, including a phase velocity, a coupling coefficient, a temperature coefficient of delay, and a propagation loss, were measured for SAW propagating in the Ta2O5 thin film on fused quartz substrate. The coupling coefficient K
2 is 0.7% for h
k=1.6. The first-order temperature coefficient of delay time is zero for h
k=1.78.
Characteristics of Electro-Optic Effect of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals in Infrared Range
Authors: Yoshino Katsumi , Ozaki Masanori , Kishio Shin-ichi
Published: March 2014

Optical properties of ferroelectric liquid crystals have been studied in the infrared range. It is revealed that the electrooptic effects in these ferroelectric liquid crystals can be used successfully in the infrared range (∼15µm) for the application in optical communication and sensing etc.
Dependence of Dielectric Properties on Observation Methods in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kai Shoichi , Hashimoto Tetsuya , Nomiyama Miyuki , Imasaki Masahide
Published: March 2014

Three different methods were used to measure the spontaneous polarization P

s
and the coercieve field E

c
in a thick cell of DOBAMBC, i.e. polarization reversal current method using a triangular wave, a
c method by Pepinsky bridge and d
c bias method. P

s
obtained from the methods of the former two was typically about 3 nC/cm2 and that from d
c bias method ∼0.6 nC/cm2, which show the bulk and the surface spontaneous polarization respectively. Accordingly the former two can be selectively used to study the bulk properties. Another one is more advantageous to observe the surface dielectric properties.
High Speed Colour Switching Element Utilizing Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal
Authors: Ozaki Masanori , Kishio Shin-ichi , Shigeno Yasuhiro , Yoshino Katsumi
Published: March 2014

Characteristics of ferroelctric liquid crystals mixed with dichroic dyes are studied by the application of a dc voltage and voltage pulse trains to understand the fundamental processes as a high speed colour switching element. The guesthost effect and its combined effect with the transient light scattering are observed in ferroelectric liquid crystals. The response speed does not change by the introduction of dichroic dyes. The contrast as the optical switching element of the transient scattering mode has been found to increase by the introduction of dichroic dyes.
Hydrothermal Growth and Stoichiometric Assessment of ZnO Single Crystals of High Purity
Authors: Sakagami Noboru
Published: March 2014

Zinc oxide single crystals of high purity have been grown by the hydrothermal method adding a partial pressure of oxygen and using platinum-lined autoclave and ultra-pure nutrient reagents. The Stoichiometric assessment of the grown crystals was investigated by empoloying a coulometric analysis which was available for detecting a small deviation in the Stoichiometric constituent, such as Zn1+x
O. The concentration of the excess Zn atoms was accurately determined from 0.8 to 1.7 ppm and the electrical resistivity of the as-grown crystals obtained in the order of 108Ω-cm.
Dielectric Properties of Sr(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–Ba(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramics at Microwave Frequencies
Authors: Banno Hisao , Mizuno Fumio , Takeuchi Tadashi , Tsunooka Tsutomu , Ohya Kanji
Published: March 2014

Complex perovskite ceramics, the system Sr(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3(SNN)–Ba(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3(BNN) system, have been studied in view of finding materials for use as dielectric resonators at microwave frequencies. A nearly zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency is obtained for solid solution ceramics with 0.73SNN–0.27BNN composition which corresponds to the order-disorder phase boundary. The relative densities of those ceramics sintered in O2 atmosphere are more than 99.5%, while those sintered in air are 97∼98.5%. The dielectric constant and the unloaded Q of the ceramics sintered in O2 atmosphere are 34 and 10,000 at 10 GHz respectively.
Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)(Zn1/3Nb2/3) (Fe2/3W1/3O3) Ceramics
Authors: Yokotani Yoichiro , Kato Junichi , Nishida Masamitsu , Kawashima Shunichiro , Ouchi Hiromu
Published: March 2014

Dielectric ceramics with the compositions of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3) O3–Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3 pseudo-ternary system were studied. The ceramics were sintered at 900°C, had high dielectric constant (6500) and small change of dielectric constant with temperature (+3%∼-26% relative to 20°C between -25°C to 85°C). The powder processing of these compositions was studied. Pb2Nb2O7 phase remained in the ceramics with low calcining temperatures. Multilayer chip capacitors with Ag–Pd internal electrodes were fabricated.
Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission from Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: Nakamura Yoshikazu , Kubozoe Tadayoshi , Watanabe Yoshihisa
Published: March 2014

The exoelectron emission from stainless steel (types 304 and 430) has been investigated in an ultra-high vacuum system. A strong emission was detected at low and high temperatures for both samples. The intensity of exoelectrons emitted from color-treated film was weaker than that from bright annealed film. Samples from which bright annealed films had been removed, however, showed the strongest intensity at low and high temperature peaks. The mean energies at peak temperatures were measured by means of a retarding-field method. The mean energy obtained at high temperatures was lower than that at low temperatures. The this results shows that the exoelectron emission phenomenon can be used for monitoring the oxide films used to cover engineering-type materials.
Exoelectron Emission from Skeleton (Raney) Catalysts
Authors: Biernacki Leon , Górecki Czesław , Górecki Tadeusz
Published: March 2014

The results of experimental investigations regarding the temperature dependence of photostimulated EEE on skeleton catalysts (Raney nickel, cobalt and copper alloys) are presented. Measurements were performed in the air at atmospheric pressure with the aid of an open-air point counter with a saturated ethanol quenching vapour. Additionally, the DTA measurements were performed at similar heating rates using analar (reagent) grade Al2O3 powder as a reference. The temperature dependence of the EEE intensity on the investigated catalysts displayed broad maxima. Some coincided with anomalies of the DTA curves. An analysis of the obtained results together with data from the literature clearly show that the observed EEE effects can be associated with changes in the density and quality of defects accompanying phase transformations in the investigated materials.
Repeated Regeneration of Thermoluminescence in γ-Irradiated Crystals
Authors: Arnikar H. J. , Patil S. F. , Sardesai S. S. , Bhatia P. J.
Published: March 2014

The two component room temperature thermoluminescence (RTL) from γ-irradiated crystals is attributed to such electrons as get stuck up at varying distances from holes, some within, and others outside the Onsager radius. The former recombine with holes fast, following first order kinetics, while the electrons lying farther away do so more slowly, following a pseudo-first order rate law. Side by side, the conduction-valence band gap is continually lowered to about 4 eV in the defect region by the clustering of interstitials around F centres. Resulting recombination TL is in the continuum, consistent with this model. Repeated regeneration of thermoluminescence (RRTL) induced by F light is due to the release of electrons from F centres. Once the F centres are completely bleached RRTL would cease.
Effect of Oxidizing Conditions on the TSEE Behaviour of Nickel Surfaces
Authors: Otsuka Rikuro , Ueno Yukihiro
Published: March 2014

Thermally stimulated exo-emission from an oxidized nickel surface was investigated in comparison with that from the cleavage plane of a single crystal and a pressed-powder disk of nickel oxide. These specimens produced similar glow curves with emission peaks at 400 and 520 K. The 520 K peak was nearly constant and independent of the atmospheric pressure at which the specimens were oxidized. However, the intensity of the 400 K peak was proportional to the 6th root of the pressure. This fact implies that the intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of the nickel ion-vacancy in nickel oxide. It was revealed that the exo-electron source producing the 400 K peak is closely correlated to the vacancy.
Investigation of the TSEE from Cu, Ni and Their Alloys
Authors: Kagawa Kimio , Nakajima Koichi
Published: March 2014

Thermally stimulated exoelectron (TSEE) from oxidized surfaces of Cu, Ni and their alloys and of the same specimens surface-treated with 0.1N KOH was studied in a vacuum (1.5×10-3 Pa) using a secondary electron multiplier. The temperature at which the glow curve began to appear (starting temperature) was higher in the case of a Ni content between 40 and 20%. The strain in the surface layer was observed by an X-ray diffraction technique. It was found that the starting temperature has some relation to the surface strain; the strain reached a maximum at a Ni content between 40 and 20%. The TSEE from specimens with 0.1N KOH was about 100 times more intensive than those with no KOH. The surface composition of the samples before and after the examinations were investigated by AES. It was found that the oxide surface film which was thick for Ni specimens decreased monotonously with an increase in the Cu content.
Optically Stimulated Exoelectron Emission/OSEE/as Correlated with the Plastic Properties of Stainless Steel and the Degree of Structural Defectiveness
Authors: Duś-Sitek M. , Olszowski Z. , Sujak B.
Published: March 2014

Specimens made of H17 steel were used to correlate the parameters characterizing OSEE due to plastic deformations with the concentration of defects generated in the samples by deformations. The assumption that for H17 steel, the α-Fe phase is the decisive one from the point of view of the observed electron emission and X-ray characteristics, made possible a determination of the concentration of vacancies as well as surface dislocation concentrations versus the temperature (T
0) of the initial annealing of a specimen. The parameter of the plastic property ε

f
and the concentration of defects show very clear changes over the same range of temperatures T
0. The transport mechanism of vacancies facilitated by dislocation movements is obligatory only within a temperature range from 293 to 873 K. On the basis of experimental data an exoemissive criterion regarding the yield point for metals is suggested.
Optically Stimulated Exoelectron Emission for Determining the Degree of Hydrogen Embrittlement of Nickel
Authors: Duś-Sitek M. , Olszowski Z. , Sujak B.
Published: March 2014

Results of exoemission studies are presented for both non-hydrided and hydrided nickel. On the basis of the obtained TSEE curves and an X-ray analysis performed simultaneously, the existence of hydrogen in three phase in Nickel samples is proposed. Two of these hydrogen phases seemed to be crystalline, the third one was of a gaseous form.
The analysis of OSEE curves for deformed, hydrided nickel in terms of the recovery time confirms the existence of the three postulated hydride phases in nickel. A relationship of “emissive parameter of hydrogen embrittlement” was proposed. The value of a “hydrogen strain hardening” in the sub-surface layer of a specimen was determined.
It is shown that an application of the EEE phenomena for an identification of hydride phases in nickel through a determination of the “emissive parameter of hydrogen embrittlement” is possible. Therefore, one can conclude that the EEE phenomena can be effectively used for controlling the history of the tested material also by determining those areas which are hardened due to a previous presence of hydrogen in a specimen.
Exoelectron Emission from Metals in the Process of Cutting and Friction
Authors: Ohshima Ikuya , Momose Yoshihiro , Kawafune Kazuyoshi
Published: March 2014

The exoelectron emission phenomena from metals in peripheral-cutting and dry-friction processes were examined using a modified GM counter with a lathe-like device. Aluminum (Al), brass (Bs) and carbon steel (S45C) specimens were cut with a cemented carbide tool. The emission intensity (El) during the cutting process fluctuated considerably with the cutting time. The EE for the same cutting speed decreased in the order Al≫Bs≫S45C. In the friction process, a rotating metal bar (Bs and S45C) was pressed with a rectangular metal tool (Al, Bs and S45C) at various loads. The El varied very irregularly with the friction time and was almost the same magnitude for all the metal bar-metal tool couples, except for a S45C–Bs couple. The El increased along with an increase in the cutting and friction speeds, depth of a cut
and the applied friction load.
Exoelectron Emission from Wear Scar of Cast Iron
Authors: Takahashi Toshio , Abe Toshihiko
Published: March 2014

The photo-stimulated exoelectron emissions (PSEE) from wear scars of flaky and compacted-vermicular graphite cast iron were measured in the atmosphere at room temperature with a picoammeter. The wear experiments were carried out under dry sliding conditions using a Sawin-type machine. The PSEE current was maximum at the beginning of the measurement but decayed rapidly. The specific EE intensities of the flaky graphite cast-iron specimens varied according to their wear characteristics. A remarkable result was obtained: the intensity was larger in the middle sliding-speed range where the specific degree of wear was a minimum.
TSEE from Aluminas and Spinels Subjected to Ar+-Ion Irradiation
Authors: Iwamoto Nobuya , Makino Yukio , Endo Shigeki , Yamamoto Takayoshi , Matsunami Noriaki
Published: March 2014

TSEE from Ar+-ion and/or X-ray irradiated alumina and spinel was investigated. A TSEE peak at 150°C from X-ray irradiated alumina was suppressed when the alumina was further irradiated by Ar+-ions. A TSEE peak at 300°C was observed for Ar+-ion irradiated alumina and was suppressed by the combined effect of Ar+-ion and X-ray irradiatifons. Only weak TSEE peaks were observed between 250 and 350°C in Ar+-ion irradiated spinels. Generally, sprayed spinel specimens showed weaker TSEE peaks than the specimens of a single-crystal spinel. This is attributable to the fact that a plasma-sprayed spinel becomes amorphous more easily than its single crystals. X-ray irradiated spinel single-crystal showed well-defined TSEE when they were not irradiated with Ar+-ions.
TSEE of Al2O3/Au and Au/SiO2 under the Irradiation of Light
Authors: Kawabata K. , Seiyama T. , Okuda S. , Kitagawa M.
Published: March 2014

Thermally stimulated electron emission under light irradiation has been studied for fine-powder Al2O3 deposited on an Au plate. Emitted electrons, probably generated from the substrate Au by photo-excitation, show a unique temperature dependence which peaks at 250°C. This is quite different from the usual photo-emitted electrons from metals. A similar type electron emission has also been found for SiO2 glass with a very thin film of evaporated Au on the surface. These electron-emissions are accompanied by a detachment of water from the surfaces of the oxides. It is suggested that some of the photo-emitted electrons from metals are trapped at the water-rich surfaces of the oxides for a very short time and eventually drop back to the metals or are transferred to the deeper levels of the oxides. However, they are simultaneously ejected into free space with the detachment of water at a particular temperature. This resembles the well known process in which the usual TSEE generated from stably trapped electrons on metal oxides is very often accompanied by the detachment of gas from a surface.
Measurement of Depth Dose Distribution by Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission
Authors: Oda Keiji , Kakiage Toru , Yamamoto Takayoshi , Kawanishi Masaharu
Published: March 2014

Exoelectron emission has been applied to measurements of the depth-dose curve for gamma-ray fields from a dosimetric point of view. With thin dosemeter elements of LiF single crystals (0.4 mm thick) and Li2B4O7 glass ceramics (0.18 mm thick), the absorbed dose was experimentally determined as a function of depth to be between 0.0264 and 2.64 g/cm2. A procedure for evaluating kerma has also been proposed. An important factor, the distance that secondary electrons maintain their kinetic energy, was numerically obtained from a derived approximation formula and a Monte Carlo code.
Correlation between Energy Spectrum of TSEE and Radiation Quality
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Nakasaku S. , Oda K. , Kawanishi M.
Published: March 2014

The TSEE energy spectra from a LiF single-crystal exposed to various qualities of radiation have been investigated. Irradiation by high-energy electrons produced with an electron linear accelerator results in an unusual deviation in the integrated-type energy spectrum compared to spectra obtained using low-energy X-rays or a mixed field of fast neutrons and high energy X-rays.
The increasing rate of the average energy of the exoelectrons emitted from a sample exposed to a mixed field vs. the sample temperature was observed to be much higher than that in case of high-energy electron irradiation.
TL Signals from BeO Thin-Film TSEE Dosemeters
Authors: Lesz J. , Scharmann A. , Holzapfel G.
Published: March 2014

Radiation-induced thermoluminescence (TL) was observed from BeO thin-film detectors developed recently for exoelectron (TSEE) dosimetry. For soft X-rays, the low-dose threshold was found at about 5 mGy. The linear dose range is extended over four orders of magnitude up to 50 Gy followed by a supralinear range until dose saturation appears at 104 Gy.
Dependence of the TSEE Response of Beta-rayed BeO Thin Film Dosemeters on the Thickness of Polycarbonate Foils
Authors: Petel M. , Kriegseis W. , Scharmann A. , Wieters C. U.
Published: March 2014

BeO thin-film dosemeters covered with conducting polycarbonate foils of different thickness (1.9–19.2 mg/cm2) were irradiated on a phantom with a constant energy dose from 147Pm, 204Tl, and 90Sr+90Y beta sources. The dependence of their TSEE response on both the foil thickness and the mean beta energy is reported.
Photostimulated EEE Accompanying Structural Transformations in Metallic Glasses
Authors: Górecki T. , Górecki C.
Published: March 2014

The temperature dependence of the intensity of photostimulated EEE from metallic glasses (produced by a melt-spinning method) has been investigated. Measurements were performed in atmospheric air with exoelectrons being detected by means of an open-air point counter using an ethanol quenching vapour. The temperature dependence of the EEE intensity display peaks corresponded to structural transformations in the surface layers of various types of glass. The results of systematic EEE investigations regarding various types of metallic glasses together with DTA measurements clearly showed the possibility of detecting a premature crystallization of surface layers of the investigated materials as well as the effect of chemical composition, surface and temperature treatments and the manufacturing procedure on the crystallization kinetics of the surface layers of amorphous ribbons.
A New Method for the Measurement of the Differential Energy Distribution of Exoelectrons by a Retarding Potential Method
Authors: Kubozoe Tadayoshi , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Terui Giichi
Published: March 2014

A new method for the measurement of the differential energy distribution of exoelectrons by using a retarding potential has been developed in which the retarding voltage changes at the center of each channel of a multichannel analyzer. Within the first half interval of a channel, input pulses are added; within the second half interval, the input pulses are subtracted from the previously accumulated data. A differential energy distribution can be obtained after one scan of the retarding voltage. Using this method, differential energy distributions have been measured for thermally stimulated exoelectrons from a LiF single crystal and a BeO ceramics excited by UV light in an ultra-high vacuum.
Open Counter for Low Energy Electron Detection
Authors: M.Uda M.Uda
Published: March 2014

A new type of analyzer for detecting low-energy electrons emitted from solid surfaces in an arbitrary gas atmosphere was constructed. It was equipped with two grids for the external quenching of the counter discharge and for the suppression of a positive-ion bombardment. The work functions of metals and semi-conductors, the oxide film thickness on Si, and exoelectrons from CaF2 were successfully measured for the first time in air at atmospheric pressure by use of the open counter for low-energy electron detection.
Contribution of Inner Shell Ionization to Exoelectron Emission of MgO
Authors: Yanagisawa Yasunori , Kiyama Yasushi , Huzimura Ryoitiro
Published: March 2014

The exoelectron after emission (AE) and thermally stimulated exoelectron emission (TSEE) of MgO powder have been observed after electron irradiation in the energy range of 10–1500 eV in an ultra-high vacuum. It was found that both AE and TSEE have electron-excitation spectra with sharp rises at 60 and 90 eV, corresponding to the inner-shell ionizations of Mg(L
2,3) and Mg(L
1). This suggestsd that ionization multiplication induced by Auger type transitions, accompanied by inner-shell ionization, plays an important role in the excitation mechanism for exoelectron emissions.
Exoelectron Emission from Cryosolidified Liquids and Solutions
Authors: Gieroszyński A. , Gieroszyńska K. , Sujak B.
Published: March 2014

From a cryosolidified NaCl water solution electron-bombarded, post-exoelectron emission appears in darkness, and is also observed optically stimulated exoelectron emission `OSEE', exhibiting the typical decaying with time. During heating the solution, thermostimulated exoelectron emission `TSEE' appears with maxima at 88, 102 and 125 K. After thermal treatment the cryosolidified samples show a strong increase in the emission intensity, and new TSEE maxima are observed. After thermal treatment the OSEE quantum yield also strongly increases and additional quantum yield maxima are observed in the yield vs stimulation wavelength curve.
Anisotropy of Exoemission Properties of Quartz Single Crystals
Authors: Zatsepin A. F. , Kalentyev V. A. , Kortov V. S.
Published: March 2014

The symmetrical aspects of exoelectron emission in quantz are discussed. The dependence of the emission intensity and the energy spectra on the emitting direction show that the anisotropy of the emission properties of quartz is determined by the point-symmetry group of a crystal. It is also shown that the absence of a symmetry center in a quartz lattice changes the charge distribution of the emission-active layer upon heating. TSEE related to piezoelectric polarization along certain crystallographic directions was obtained.
Optically Stimulated Exoelectron Emission from X-Irradiated KCI
Authors: Kamada Masao , Asai Fumiyasu , Tsutsumi Kenjiro
Published: March 2014

Crystal-and evaporated film-type KCI were irradiated with X-rays and studied for optically stimulated exoelectron emission (OSEE). Special attention was paid to sample treatment in a clean high vacuum system and to the charging of samples. Upon studying the effects of dose, acceleration voltage and temperature on the OSEE yield spectra, it was shown that when KCI surfaces are clean and non-electrostatically charged, the yield spectra had no “Selective features”. From the OSEE energy spectra that were measured at temperatures sufficiently high to avoid any charging effects, it was found that the threshold energy increased linearly with the photon energy when the latter exceeded 3.4 eV. These results indicate that a direct photoionization from F centers dominates the OSEE mechanisms for KCI and that a two-step
process of photo-thermal ionization from the F centers is not important.
A Fundamental Evaluation of In Vivo Local Velocity Measurement by Crossed Beam Method
Authors: Kondo Masafumi , Kikuchi Naoshi , Takamizawa Kinya
Published: March 2014

The possibility of in vivo local velocity measurements by crossed beam method is described. The local velocity in the homogeneous medium is calculated from the known beam geometry and the difference in propagation time measured by several pairs of transducers. Each propagation time is determined by the center of moment for the echo from the cross region. Experimental results show the estimated error to be about 4%, but corrected values agree well with true values and the effectiveness of this new method is confirmed.
Equivalent Networks for Surface Acoustic Wave Metallic Gratings
Authors: Koshiba Masanori , Mitobe Seiichi , Suzuki Michio
Published: March 2014

An equivalent network approach is described for the anlysis of surface acoustic wave metallic gratings. Circuit parameters can be theoretically determined by applying the finite-element method to an infinite array. To show the validity and usefulness of this approach, examples are computed for aluminum strips on 128°Y–X LiNbO3, ST–X quartz, X–112°Y LiTaO3, and 45°X–Z Li2B4O7 substrates. Results show that for the Al/45°X–Z Li2B4O7 structure, the reflection magnitude per strip is large and the influence of the change of strip-thickness on the center-frequency shift is small.
Planar Ultrasonic Transducers Using LiTaO3 Poled with Interdigital Electrodes
Authors: Nakamura Kiyoshi , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

It is demonstrated that an array of alternating polarity antiparallel domains can be formed along the surface of a LiTaO3 crystal by poling with interdigital electrodes on the surface. Combination of the domain array and the interdigital electrodes can be utilized for generation and reception of bulk waves propagating in the direction normal to the surface. The characteristics of such ultrasonic transducers are reported.
Reflections on the Study of Piezoelectric Ceramics: Focusing on the Development of Electro-Mechanical Filters
Authors: Tanaka Tetsuro
Published: March 2014

This paper describes memories the author had when he made basic and application research into the piezoelectricity of barium titanate ceramics in a laboratory at Kyoto University during the first period (1947–1969) of Piezoelectric Ceramic Age.
The paper covers the basic studies on electrostrictive phenomena and elastic vibration modes and the application studies on underwater ultrasonic transducers, piezoelectric type tuning forks and vibration reeds, both of which led to the development of piezoelectric type mechanical filters.
Wide-Band and Low-Loss Unidirectional SAW Filter
Authors: Yamada Jum , Fujita Yuuji , Yuhara Akitsuna
Published: March 2014

An improved group-type unidirectional SAW transducer has been proposed which reduces the geometrical phase difference between sending and reflecting electrodes. A 90° phase shifter delays the phase of the reflection side electrodes. In consequence, both the wider frequency band width for triple transit suppression and low insertion loss can be achieved.
A New Ultrasonic Power Generator Using Voltage-Vector Controlled Resonant Inverter and Its Control System
Authors: Kim D. H. , Nakaoka M. , Maruhashi T.
Published: March 2014

The design of ultrasonic transducer energy processing systems requires highly reliable command featuring mechanical frequency tracking and constant velocity control of the ultrasonic transducer with an acoustic load.
The paper presents a new conceptional resonant vector control base high-frequency inverter using power static induction transistors (SIT) driving an electrostrictive ultrasonic transducer system and its optimum control technique, which is implemented by feedback of the ultrasonic transducer applied voltage and instantaneous velocity of the transducer vibrating system through a phase-locked-loop control scheme.
The feedback voltage corresponding to instantaneous velocity is averaged over a half-period with respect to constant amplitude/constant velocity control strategy. Described are the theory of this signal detection technique and the experimental setup.
Rotary Ultrasonic Motor using Extensional Vibration of a Ring
Authors: Iwamatsu Satoshi , Ueha Sadayuki , Kuribayashi Minoru , Mori Eiji
Published: March 2014

Using the extensional vibration mode of a PZT ring, an ultrasonic rotary motor is successfully made. The PZT ring is radially polarized and acts as a stator of a motor. The traveling wave along the circumference of the ring is obtained by driving two standing waves which are temporally and spatially phase shifted by 90 degrees from each other. A structure similar to a drum brake is employed as a rotor. The maximum torque and maximum efficiency of the motor are 200 g·cm and 1.9%, respectively.
Characteristics of Metal Weldment Joined by Ultrasonic Butt Welding
Authors: Tsujino Jiromaru , Ueoka Tetsugi , Suzuki Hidetoshi , Horikoshi Takahiro
Published: March 2014

Characteristics of the weldment of aluminum and copper plates joined end to end by ultrasonic butt welding are studied. Aluminum and copper plates of 6 mm thickness are successfully welded with the weld strength of over 90 MPa which is nearly equal to the tensile strength of an aluminum specimen. Characteristics of the weldments were measured by a scanning electron microscope, an X-ray microanalyzer and a micro hardness tester. No significant metal structural change or mutual diffusion was found, and only a slight decrease in hardness adjacent to the welding surface was noted.
Behavior of Bridged-over Corona in High-intensity Sound Field
Authors: Nakane Tomoo , Seya Koichiro
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with the discharging phenomena experienced in the region of corona discharge with an acoustic field. An electrostatic unit having positive needle electrode and negative plate electrode was located at the sound pressure node, and the sound pressure level and frequency were varied.
As a result, the form of bridged-over corona was changed to fanwise, and the starting voltage for corona discharge phenomena could be varied by the sound pressure level and the frequency.
Analysis of Subsurface Cracks in Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Yamanaka Kazushi
Published: March 2014

Acoustic micrographs of samples containing subsurface cracks have been analyzed with a plate model which faces the coupling liquid above and a vacuum below. Minima have been found in the intensity of the reflected beam as a function of the thickness D of the plate when the normalized parameter F
D (F is the frequency) is among multiples of the half velocities of either longitudinal or shear waves in the sample. A model is proposed to explain these minima as destructive interference due to the higher order modes of leaky Lamb waves with very large phase velocities.
Ultrasonic Measurement of Anisotropy in Rolled Materials Using Surface Wave
Authors: Okada Kenichi
Published: March 2014

An ultrasonic technique for measuring the velocity of surface wave is proposed, and is applied to determine the velocity as a function of propagating direction in aluminum 5052, 5083 and 6061, and steel SM41A. From these data, each slowness diagram in the specimens was determined and it was found that this diagram can be approximated to a ellipse. As a measure of an anisotropy in the surface, B
R was taken, where B
R is a relative difference in the major and minor axes of the sllipse. The values of B
R obtained in the specimens were the order of 10-3 to 10-4, and were smaller than B
s, the measure of anisotropy obtained by shear wave.
Evaluation of Optical Absorption Coefficients of a-SiN:H Films by Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS)
Authors: Hata Tomonobu , Hatsuda Tsuguyasu , Miyabo Tohru , Hasegawa Seiichi
Published: March 2014

This paper is concerned with the experimental results of the optical absorption coefficients of a-SiN:H thin films by photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS). Such small optical absorption coefficients as 10 cm-1 are observed for 1 µm thin films which are deposited by various deposition conditions. It is speculated that the incorporation of the N atoms in the film results in the defect states acting as a non-radiative center in the gap.
Ultrasonic Images Reconstructed from Inverse Scattering Solutions
Authors: Nagai Keinosuke
Published: March 2014

This paper discusses a procedure of ultrasonic imaging which takes into account the diffraction and scattering effects. An inverse scattering solution is numerically calculated to reconstruct the image. The solution is exact in the sense that it is derived by Born approsimation rather than by the paraxial one.
It is proved the solution can be efficiently computed using FFT. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of the discussion.
Fundamentals of Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
Authors: Takagi K.
Published: March 2014

In this review, development of the experimental techniques of ultrasonic spectroscopy made in the past 60 years is briefly recollected. Most of the thechniques belong to one of the four groups evolving from the interferometer, the reverberation method, the pulse method or the Brillouin scattering. The original experiment and the latest technique of each group are introduced. Also dealt with are some fundamental problems inherent in the observation of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation. Brief discussion and comments are given on the problems of uncertainty, spatial wave vs temporal wave, velocity of thermal phonon, and group velocity vs phase velocity.