bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basis for Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom
Authors: Paillet Jean-Luc , Meulenberg Andrew
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we look into the difficult question of electron deep levels (EDLs) in the hydrogen atom. Acceptance of these levels and, in particular, experimental evidence of their existence would have major implications for the basis for cold fusion and would open up new fields of femto-physics and -chemistry. An introduction shows some general considerations on these orbits as “anomalous” (and usually rejected) solutions of relativistic quantum equations. The first part of our study is devoted to a discussion of the arguments against the deep orbits and for them, as exemplified in published solutions. We examine each of the principal negative arguments found in the literature and show how it is possible to resolve the questions raised. In fact, most of the problems are related to the singularity of the Coulomb potential when considering the nucleus as a point charge, and so they can be easily resolved when considering a more realistic potential with finite value inside the nucleus. In a second part, we consider specific works on deep orbits, named Dirac Deep Levels (DDLs), as solutions of the relativistic Schrödinger and of the Dirac equations. The latter presents the most complete solution and development for spin 1/2 particles, and includes an infinite family of DDL solutions. We examine particularities of these DDL solutions and more generally of the anomalous solutions. Next, we analyze the methods for, and the properties of, the solutions that include a corrected potential inside the nucleus, and we examine the questions raised by this new element. Finally, we indicate, in the conclusion, open questions such as the physical meaning of the relation between quantum numbers determining the deep levels and the fact that the angular momentum seems two orders-of-magnitude lower than the values associated with the Planck constant.
Models for the Phase Diagram of Palladium Hydride Including O-site and T-site Occupation
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

Early statistical mechanics models for palladium hydride allowed for a good description of the phase diagram based on a simple parameterization of the O-site energy. In this work we study generalizations of these models to include higher-order dependence on loading, temperature-dependent O-site energies, and also to include T-site occupation. Experimental data sets for 10 isotherms were assembled, and augmented with additional extrapolated points for the low-pressure α-phase region as well as the high pressure β-phase region. Loading-dependent O-site energies are optimized by minimizing the mean square error in the chemical potential between the model and data set. The resulting models give a good match to the phase diagram. If the O-site energy is allowed to be temperature dependent then the fit is better, but the resulting optimum is a mathematical optimum not so closely connected with the physical system. Models were studied in which O-site and T-site occupation occurs. When optimized these models are able to provide a good match to the phase diagram. When the O-site to T-site excitation energy is fixed according to estimates developed in earlier studies, the resulting temperature-dependent O-site energies are physically plausible. When the excitation energy are optimized together with the O-site energy, the resulting optimum is a mathematical one much less connected to the physical system. An earlier analysis of solubility in the α-phase led to a strong argument that T-site occupation occurs in palladium hydride and in palladium deuteriude; the present study supports this conclusion based on an independent data set.
How Basic Behavior of LENR can Guide A Search for an Explanation
Authors: Storms Edmund
Published: December 2024

The LENR effect was identified 27 years ago by Profs. Fleischmann and Pons as production of extra energy in a normal chemical structure, in this case PdD. Over a thousand published papers now support the discovery and the energy is shown to result from fusion of hydrogen isotopes without the need to apply energy and without energetic radiation being produced. By conventional standards, the claims are impossible. Nevertheless, a new phenomenon has been discovered requiring acceptance and understanding. The major behaviors and their present understanding are described in this paper and are used to suggest how an effective explanation might be constructed. Once again, science has been forced to either reject the obvious or accept the impossible. In this case, the normal skepticism needs to be ignored in order to determine if this promised energy source is real and can provide the ideal energy so critically needed.
The Fleischmann–Pons Calorimetric Methods, Equations and New Applications
Authors: Miles Melvin H.
Published: December 2024

The Fleischmann–Pons Dewar isoperibolic calorimetry remains the most accurate system for measuring excess power in cold fusion experiments. The use of mathematical modelling and numerical integration of the experiment data, along with appropriate averaging methods, can achieve a calorimetric accuracy of ±0.1 mW. The Fleischmann–Pons “Lower Bound Method” can be used to determine the heat-transfer co-efficient during an experiment and yields accurate results. Important information can be obtained from time periods where the cell is first turned on and when the cell is shut off. Periods of large cell temperature changes are accurately modelled by the differential equations. These Fleischmann–Pons calorimetric methods and equations are applied to a new experiment where excess power is produced in the Pd/D2O + 0.1 M KNO3 systems. A heat conduction calorimeter was used in this study, but the same methods and equations apply.
Catalytic Mechanism of LENR in Quasicrystals based on Localized Anharmonic Vibrations and Phasons
Authors: Dubinko V. , Laptev D. , Irwin K.
Published: December 2024

We propose a mechanism explaining high catalytic activity of quasicrystals (QCs), which is based on unusual dynamics of atoms at special sites in QCs, namely, localized anharmonic vibrations (LAVs) and phasons. With the vibrations, one deals with a large amplitude (fractions of an angstrom) time-periodic oscillations of a small group of atoms around their stable positions in the lattice, known also as discrete breathers, which can be excited in regular crystals as well as in QCs. On the other hand, phasons are a specific property of QCs, which are represented by very large amplitude (angstrom) oscillations of atoms between two quasi-stable positions determined by the geometry of a QC. Large amplitude atomic motion in LAVs and phasons may result in time-periodic driving of adjacent potential wells occupied by hydrogen ions (protons or deuterons). The rate of tunneling of the particle through the potential barrier separating the wells is shown to be drastically enhanced by the driving. These results support the concept of nuclear catalysis in QCs that can take place at special sites provided by their inherent topology.
Coupling between the Center of Mass and Relative Degrees of Freedom in a Relativistic Quantum Composite and Applications
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

If we consider the nucleus as a relativistic composite, then we are able to derive from a many-particle Dirac model a coupling between the center of mass motion and internal nuclear degrees of freedom. This interaction can be rotated out in free space, but has the potential to give rise to new physics when two or more nuclei exchange phonons with a common vibrational mode. The simplest example of such a system is a homonuclear diatomic molecule in a frozen matrix, for which we are able to develop an expression for the second-order phonon–nuclear interaction that can result in a splitting of the nuclear energy levels as a result of excitation transfer between the nuclei. The phonon-nuclear coupling is an E1 interaction, so the low energy 6.237 keV E1 transition in 181Ta is special; this motivates an interest in molecular 181Ta2 as a candidate for a Mössbauer experiment where the splitting might be observable. We also consider excitation transfer in the case of a macroscopic a Ta plate.
Physical Reasons for Accepting the Deep-Dirac Levels– Physical Reality vs Mathematical Models in LENR
Authors: Meulenberg Andrew , Paillet Jean-Luc
Published: December 2024

Limitations to contemporary models of Coulomb and nuclear interactions have previously been identified in the development of low- energy nuclear reaction (LENR) theories based on experimental Cold Fusion (CF) results. However, relativistic quantum mechanics has already provided a means to overcome these limitations. Nevertheless, this ‘anomalous’ solution has been repeatedly rejected, based on the mathematical formalism of an assumed singular potential, simply because it has not been necessary heretofore in the description of available physical data. The physical realities of a non-singular potential and its interaction with a relativistic electron are not new physics and provide a solid theoretical basis for CF (as indicated in another paper in this conference, and the references therein) and for new fields in femto-physics and nuclear chemistry. This present paper is essentially a reasoned complaint against those critics who proclaim the limitations of the anomalous solution, yet ignore the inapplicability of their chosen potential to the real world where they claim the solution(s) fail. It also castigates those physicists who accept the mathematical limitations as applicable to the real world even when presented with the evidence of assumptions made where they are no longer valid. The paper picks a few of these alleged limitations and shows how relativity and near-field interactions alter predictions based on the mathematical models and approximations used to characterize the conventionally accepted observations. It identifies where the simple models fail, or violate physical reality, and points to the implications of extending the models to better fit the real world and to properly understand the physical mechanism(s) involved.
Stabilization of Nano-sized Pd Particles under Hydrogen Atmosphere
Authors: Hioki T. , Ichiki A. , Motohiro T.
Published: December 2024

To enhance the reproducibility of anomalous heat effects reported in gas loaded experiments using nano-sized metal particle systems, stabilization of the nano-sized metal particles under hydrogen atmosphere and at elevated temperatures seems to be important. In this paper, the synthesis of nano-Pd particles embedded in the meso-pores of a mesoporous-silica is reported. We have succeeded in synthesizing nano-Pd particle systems with an average Pd particle size of 3.60 nm and a standard deviation of 0.64 nm. It was found that the synthesized nano-Pd particle system is very stable, i.e., the average size of the Pd particle is unchanged when exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 773 K. The hydrogen absorption capacity of the nano-Pd particles in the mesoporous silica host at room temperature was smaller than that of the Pd bulk.
Observation of Excess Heat by Activated Metal and Deuterium Gas
Authors: Mizuno Tadahiko
Published: December 2024

Reports of heat-generating cold fusion reactions in the nickel–hydrogen system have been increasing. The reactions mainly involve nickel with other additive elements. The authors of these reports emphasized the importance of an extremely clean system in the electrolytic tests in which excess heat was generated. Therefore, we attempted to detect excess heat after reducing impurities to a minimum by cleaning the electrode carefully and then fabricating nanoparticles in situ in our test system, without ever exposing them to air. As a result, energy far exceeding input was continuously obtained. In the best results obtained thus far, the output thermal energy is double the input electrical energy, amounting to several hundred watts. The generated thermal energy follows an exponential temperature function. When the reactor temperature is 300◦C, the generated energy is 1 kW. An increase of the temperature is expected to greatly increase the output energy. We have recently improved the preparation of the electrode material. This enhanced reproducibility and increased excess heat. The new methods are described in the Appendix.
Cold Nuclear Transmutations. Distribution of Binding Energy within Nuclei
Authors: Hatt Philippe
Published: December 2024

In 1936 Bethe and Bacher and in 1938 Hafstad and Teller predicted that α particle structures could be present in atomic nuclei. In the course of developing a theory of nuclear structure based on the assumption of closest packing of clusters of nucleons, Linus Pauling found that the magic numbers have a very simple structural significance. He assumed that in nuclei the nucleons may, as a first approximation, be described as occupying localized 1s orbitals to form small clusters. These small clusters, called spherons, are usually helions (i.e. α particles), tritons and dineutrons. In nuclei containing an odd number of neutrons, an He3 cluster or a deuteron may serve as a spheron. The close-packed-spheron model differs from the conventional liquid-drop model of the nucleus in having spherons rather than nucleons as the units. This is a simplification: Gd154, for example, is described in terms of 45 spherons, rather than 154 nucleons. This enables to determine the binding energies in a much simpler way than the approach based on individual nucleons. I developed that idea, i.e. having clusters as basic bricks within the nucleus instead of nucleons. These clusters are the same than Pauling’s ones, i.e. α particles and deuterium, tritium, He3 and dineutrons like clusters. Nevertheless, on the method, my approach differs from that one of Pauling. I tried a simple method of mind experiments, approaching the problem step by step, nucleus after nucleus, isotope after isotope, looking each time at the preceding nucleus or isotope binding energy to compare with the next nucleus binding energy. My purpose is about LENR, i.e. looking for differences of binding energies between elements at the beginning and the end of the LENR process in order to determine the energy release. Indeed, my approach is looking for the distribution of binding energy within each element and each isotope, comparing their values, rather than researching for an internal structure of these elements. So, my approach is not about 3D structure of the nuclei but is rather based on an unidimensional value of their binding energy, looking for the internal distribution of that energy and trying to find distribution similarities between elements and isotopes. As a result, I could determine in a coherent way the binding energy of all stable nuclei and their isotopes on basis of the five clusters mentioned above and which are the same as those retained by Pauling. Indeed, I do not care about the geometrical structure of the packing of spherons, but rather about the organization of these spherons in order to determine for each element and isotope the binding energy characterizing it.
Deepening Questions about Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom
Authors: Paillet Jean-Luc , Meulenberg Andrew
Published: December 2024

In previous works, we analyzed and countered arguments against the deep orbits, as discussed in published solutions. Moreover, we revealed the essential role of Special Relativity as source of electron deep orbits (EDOs). We also showed, from a well-known analytic method of solution of the Dirac equation, that the obtained EDOs have a positive energy. When including the magnetic interactions near the nucleus, we observed a breakthrough in how to satisfy the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation (HUR) for electrons confined near the nucleus, in a radial zone of only a few fm. Here we chose a different method, by directly facing the HUR for such confined electrons, from which we deduce the coefficient γ of these highly relativistic electrons. Then we show the effective Coulomb potential due to a relativistic correction, can maintain the electrons in containment. Next we resume and deepen our study of the effects of EM interactions near the nucleus. We first obtain computation results: though approximate, we can effectively expect high-energy resonances near the nucleus. These results should be confirmed by using QFT-based methods.
Nuclear Metamorphosis in Mercury: Rare Earths Production
Authors: Cardone F. , Albertini G. , Bassani D. , Cherubini G. , Rosetto F. , Guerriero E. , Mignani R. , Monti M. , Sala V. , Petrucci A. , Rosada A. , Santoro E. , Ridolfi F. , Spera G.
Published: December 2024

In two previous papers, we described the equipment and the results of an experiment in which nuclear reactions occurred in a mole of mercury, in a condition of Local Lorentz Invariance breakdown. The elemental analyses performed after the experiment showed the presence of elements which were not part of the set- up before the treatment. However, some of the detected elements were not reported in the results as they needed further analysis. In this final paper, all the elements detected in the above-mentioned experiment are presented along with their concentration measured in the analysed samples. Of particular interest is the presence of some rare earth elements among them.
Analysis of Martian Nuclear Spacecraft Powered by Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)
Authors: Woo Tae Ho
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a model to determine the optimum power source for a manned spacecraft to Mars; that is to say, the most economical and reliable power source. Low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) is evaluated for application to several areas including space travel, in which the vacuum of space cannot provide any propellant or other materials. It is assumed that LENR may become a practical source of useable energy. Several things must be considered for a successful journey from Earth to Mars, including the trip rout, the type of rocket, energy source, and the spacecraft speed. These are discussed for space travel using LENR. The velocity of the rocket increases as the mass flow rate decreases. The shortest route of a trip to Mars is selected to reduce cost.
Excess Heat from Palladium Deposited on Nickel
Authors: Mizuno Tadahiko , Rothwell Jed
Published: December 2024

Two methods of generating excess heat with palladium on nickel are described: an older method, and a newer, faster method. With the older method after sufficient pretreatment, the output heat peaked at 232 W, which was nearly two times input power. However, the pretreatment was complicated and took many weeks or in some cases months before heat appeared. The newer method is to directly apply palladium to nickel. This is simpler and quicker, taking only about a day, but so far it has produced only 10–30 W, and 40 W in one instance.
High-temperature Calorimetric Measurements of Heat for Ni/H2 Exothermic Reactions
Authors: Beiting Edward J. , Romein Dean
Published: December 2024

Instrumentation developed to measure heat power from a high-temperature reactor for experimental trials lasting several weeks is being applied to gas-phase Ni/H2 LENR. We developed a reactor that can maintain and record temperatures in excess of 1200◦C while monitoring pressures exceeding 7 bar. This reactor is inserted into a flowing-fluid calorimeter that allows both temperature rise and flow rate of the cooling fluid to be redundantly measured by different physical principles. A computerized data acquisition system was written to automate the collection of more than 20 physical parameters with simultaneous numerical and dual graphical displays comprising both a strip chart and complete history of key parameters. Initial studies of the absorption of light hydrogen (H2) by nickel are presented.
Anomalous Heat Effects Induced by Metal Nano-composites and Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Iwamura Yasuhiro , Itoh Takehiko , Kasagi Jirohta , Kitamura Akira , Takahashi Akito , Takahashi Koh , Seto Reiko , Hatano Takeshi , Hioki Tatsumi , Motohiro Tomoyoshi , Nakamura Masanori , Uchimura Masanobu , Takahashi Hidekazu , Sumitomo Shunsuke , Furuyama Yuichi , Kishida Masahiro , Matsune Hideki
Published: December 2024

Collaborative research among Technova Inc., Nissan Motor Co. Ltd., Kobe Univ., Kyushu Univ., Nagoya Univ. and Tohoku Univ. was done from Oct. 2015 to Oct. 2017. For this collaborative work, a new accurate oil mass-flow calorimetry system was developed at Tohoku University to replicate anomalous heat generation experiments reported by Technova and the Kobe Univ. Group. In this paper, we present evidence of anomalous excess heat effects obtained from experiments at our laboratory at Tohoku University. Excess energy experiments were done using nano-sized metal composites with H2 or D2 gas. Anomalous excess heat generation were observed for all the samples at elevated temperature (150–350◦C) except for the palladium nanoparticles embedded in mesoporous SiO2 (PSn1). The amount of anomalous heat generation per hydrogen atom ranged from 15 eV/H or D to 2.1 keV/H or D, which is too much to be explained by any known chemical process. Coincident burst events of pressure and gas temperature were observed for all the experiments using the CuNi7Zr15–Ox with H2 gas, which suggested sudden energy releases in the reaction chamber. These observations suggest large local energy bursts. Excess heat experiments using the same material at Kobe and Tohoku Universities showed similar experimental results. Qualitative reproducibility between the Kobe and Tohoku experiments was good.
Coupled Calorimetry and Resistivity Measurements, in Conjunction with an Emended and More Complete Phase Diagram of the Palladium–Isotopic Hydrogen System
Authors: Staker M. R. Staker M. R.
Published: December 2024

Results of a calorimetric study established the energy produced, over and above input energy, from electrolytic loading of deuterium into Pd was 150 MJ/cm3 of Pd (14 000 eV/Pd atom) for a 46 day period. High fugacity of deuterium was developed in unalloyed palladium via electrolysis (0.5 mol electrolyte of lithium deuteroxide, LiOD) with the use of an independent electromigration current. In situ resistivity measurements of Pd were used to assay activity of D in the Pd lattice (ratio of D/Pd) and employed as an indicator of phase changes. During this period, two run-away events were triggered by suddenly increasing current density resulting in 100% excess power (2.4 W output with 1.2 W input) and necessitating temporary cut back in electrolysis current. The average excess power (excluding run-away) ranged from 4.7 ± 0.15 to 9.6 ± 0.30% of input power while input power ranged from 2.000 to 3.450 W, confirming the Fleischmann–Pons effect. The precision was: Power In = ± 0.0005 W; ∆T = ±0.05◦C; Power Out = ±0.015 W for an overall precision of ±0.5%. High fugacity was required for these results, and the triggered run- away events required even higher fugacity. Using thermodynamic energy balance, it was found that the energy release was of such magnitude that the source of the energy is from a nuclear source; however, the exact reaction was not determined in this work. X-ray diffraction results from the recent literature, rules for phase diagram construction, and thermodynamic stability requirements necessitate revisions of the phase diagram, with addition of three thermodynamically stable phases of the superabundant vacancy (SAV) type. These phases, each requiring high fugacity, are: γ (Pd7 VacD6−8), δ (Pd3VacD4- octahedral), δ′ (Pd3 VacD4- tetrahedral). The emended palladium–isotopic hydrogen phase diagram is presented. The excess heat condition supports portions of the cathode being in the ordered δ-phase (Pd3VacD4- octahedral), while a drop in resistance of the Pd cathode during increasing temperature and excess heat production strongly indicates portions of the cathode also transformed to the ordered δ′-phase (Pd3VacD4 - tetrahedral). A dislocation mechanism is presented for creation of vacancies and mobilizing them by electromigration because of their attraction to D+ ions which aids the formation of SAV-phases. Extending SAV unit cells to the periodic lattice epiphanates δ as the nuclear active state. The lattice of the decreased resistance phase, δ′, reveals extensive pathways of low resistance and a potential connection to the superconductivity phase of PdH/PdD.
Influence of Effective Microorganisms on the Activity of 137Cs in the Soil Contaminated due to the Accident on the Chernobyl NPP
Authors: Nikitin A. N. , Gutzeva G.Z. , Leferd G. A. , Cheshyk I. A. , Okumoto S. , Shintani M. , Higa T.
Published: December 2024

Microbiological soil improvers have a potential as a tool for regulation transfer of induced radioisotopes and other pollutants into crops. During the development of a method using effective microorganisms (EM) to reduce the soil-to-plant transfer of 137Cs on land contaminated with radioactive cesium, an unexpected effect of EM on the reduction of the 137Cs activity in soil samples was observed. Laboratory experiments were then conducted to evaluate the impact of EM and fermented organic fertilizer (EM Bokashi) on the 137Cs activity in soil samples to investigate this observation. The experimental results indicate an increase in the 137Cs decay rate of up to 4 times the usual decay rate corresponding to the half-life of 137Cs, which is 30.17 years. Our results suggest that EM accelerates the radioactive decay of 137Cs in soil.
Reaction of the Hydrogen with Air During the Desorption of Palladium Hydride
Authors: Ruer Jacques , French David J. , Yuill Douglas
Published: December 2024

Palladium cathodes can be loaded with hydrogen or deuterium by electrolysis. Sometimes, when a piece of loaded palladium is removed from the cell, it turns red hot. A simplified numerical model confirms that high temperatures can be reached. The process requires a catalytic metal surface. The combination of a detonation in the gas phase and of palladium self-heating may offer an alternative scenario to explain the meltdown of the Fleischmann and Pons cell operated with a 1 cm cube palladium cathode.
Generation and Detection of Undamped Temperature Waves at Large Distance in LENR Related Experiments
Authors: Vysotskii Vladimir , Kornillova Alla , Krit Timothy , Gaydamaka Sergey
Published: December 2024

In this paper we describe the process of detecting undamped (self-channeled) high-frequency heat waves generated and propagated in air from the cavitation of a water jet in a closed chamber, and the results of action of these waves on low energy nuclear fusion in a remote deuterated polycrystalline titanium sample with grain sizes of not more than 50 microns. These waves are formed on the reverse side of the metal target, which is affected by the jet of water in a state of cavitation, and are characterized by strictly defined frequencies (in air under normal conditions and different humidity, the minimum frequency of such a wave is equal to MHz) [1–7] Such waves can propagate in air for a long distance (in the laboratory - more than 2 meters and this distance was limited only by the size of our laboratory). Under the influence of such waves to the remote target, effective quasicontinuous nuclear dd-fusion with a concomitant generation of alpha-particles process takes place.
Using the Method of Coherent Correlated States for Production of Nuclear Interaction of Slow Particles with Crystals and Molecules
Authors: Vysotskii Vladimir , Vysotskii Mykhaylo , Bartalucci Sergio
Published: December 2024

In this paper, the possibility and characteristics of effective nuclear fusion based on the interaction of low energy proton beams with the nuclei on a crystal surface or gas of free molecules are discussed. It is shown that this effect can be explained by the process of formation of coherent correlated states, which take place during the interaction of moving protons with lithium molecules.
Modeling and Simulation of a Gas Discharge LENR Prototype
Authors: Higgins Bob , Letts Dennis G.
Published: December 2024

Modeling of a thermal system is described using circuit analogues and the highly developed SPICE simulator operating in nonlinear transient mode. Thermal circuit modeling is shown to provide a good fit in a Seebeck calorimeter, even for complex experimental thermal behavior. Component values are either derived or extracted for the calorimeter. The resulting model is used to correct for experimental measurement deficiencies, and to deconvolve the excess heat (XH) waveform (residual) from the output response. Model computation time is less than 5 s for typical circuits on an average contemporary personal computer. Also, during the course of modeling the calorimeter, experimental evidence was found for the obscure phenomenon of nonFourier heat transfer.
Theoretical basis for Nuclear-waste Remediation with Femto-atoms and Femto-molecules
Authors: Meulenberg Andrew , Paillet Jean-Luc
Published: December 2024

The relativistic quantum mechanics equations for atoms predict deep electron orbits with radii in the femto-meter range in addition to the known atomic orbitals. In prior papers, we have explored a model for the deep-orbit solutions of these relativistic equations and of the resulting hydrogen and helium femto-atoms (and even femto-molecules). One prediction of this model, based on observations from successful cold fusion (CF) results and previously mentioned, is that of hard-radiation-free transmutation. An extension of this important feature is that of the relativistic long-range electromagnetic forces of the deep-orbit electrons that can draw a femto- atom or molecule through a lattice to an excited or unstable nucleus. The earlier papers on this topic assumed the deep-orbit electrons to have kinetic energies in the 1–2 MeV range. Our recent work has replaced and/or augmented the low-MeV range with ∼100 MeV values. These highly relativistic electrons create basically the same remediation characteristics as those at 1–2 MeV. The selective attraction of mobile femto-atoms or molecules to radionuclides means that, not only their transmutation products but, all radioactive materials in the vicinity are preferentially made to decay by multi-particle, but fast, processes. This ability to so neutralize such materials explains some of the outstanding questions about low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) results, such as why known characteristic decay products of observed neutron-activated transmutations are not seen. Presently, the model is only a possible explanation of observations. This paper is not a “how-to” document. It seeks to consolidate, update, and expand our prior theoretical material on selective transmutation and nuclear-waste remediation that could lead to suggestions for experimental testing and possible confirmation of the proposed model.
On Highly Relativistic Deep Electrons
Authors: Paillet Jean-Luc , Meulenberg Andrew
Published: December 2024

We address a number of questions relating to the progress of our study on the relativistic-electron deep orbits (EDOs): (1) How to combine different EM potentials having two possible versions (attractive and repulsive), while rejecting unrealistic energies? (2) What about the angular momentum of the deep electrons? How is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation satisfied in these EDOs? (3) From where is extracted the high kinetic energy (of order 100 MeV) of the deep-orbit electrons? (4) What is the behavior of the effective potential Veff as a function of distance to the nucleus? (5) What is the order of magnitude of the radiative corrections for the EDO’s? (6) What is the relation between EDO solutions of the Dirac equation and the high energy resonances (with high binding energies) corresponding to a semi-classical local minimum of energy?
A Possible Signature of Neutron Quarks – Leptons via Gluon Interaction in Solids
Authors: Plekhanov V. G.
Published: December 2024

The experimental evidence for a macroscopic manifestation of the residual strong interaction in the optical spectra of solids (lumi- nescence and reflection) which differ by term of one neutron from each other (using LiD crystals instead LiH ones) is presented. As far as the gravitation, electromagnetic and weak interactions are the same in both of kind crystals, this only changes the residual strong interaction. Therefore, we conclude that the renormalization of the energy of electromagnetic excitations (electrons, excitons, and phonons) is carried out by the residual strong nuclear interaction. The necessity to take into account the more close relation between quantum chromodynamics and quantum electrodynamics is underlined. In the first step quantum electrodynamics should take into account the residual strong interaction at the description of the dynamics of elementary excitations (electrons, excitons, and phonons) dynamics.
Electron Structure, Ultra-dense Hydrogen and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Di Tommaso Antonino Oscar , Vassallo Giorgio
Published: December 2024

In this paper, a simple Zitterbewegung electron model, proposed in a previous work, is presented from a different perspective based on the principle of mass−frequency equivalence. A geometric−electromagnetic interpretation of mass, relativistic mass, De Broglie wavelength, Proca, Klein−Gordon, Dirac and Aharonov−Bohm equations in agreement with the model is proposed. A non-relativistic, Zitterbewegung interpretation of the 3.7 keV deep hydrogen level found by J. Naudts is presented. According to this perspective, ultra-dense hydrogen can be conceived as a coherent chain of bosonic electrons with protons or deuterons located in the center of their Zitterbewegung orbits. This approach suggests a possible role of ultra-dense hydrogen in some aneutronic and many-body low energy nuclear reactions.
Nuclear Structure and Cold Fusion
Authors: Wallace John P. , Wallace Michael J.
Published: December 2024

Combining advances in understanding the strong force with experiments on lattice fusion allows a description of lattice D–D fusion to be constructed. What has to be exposed is a nuclear energy loss mechanism leaving little or no residual radioactivity. The requirements on the lattice for D–D fusion are strict and appear to be limited to particular FCC lattices within a range of lattice parameters. A mechanical understanding is needed of how elevated local concentrations of deuterium are achieved while avoiding being trapped at defect sites. Using optical, RF, and experimental anomalous heat data the metallurgical requirements for the process is refined by considering a combination of diffusion, partial molar volume, positron annihilation data, defect kinetics, and electronic band structure allowing logical exhaustion to identify the kinetic structure that drives lattice nuclear fusion.
First Evaluation of Coated Constantan Wires Incorporating Capuchin Knots to Increase Anomalous Heat and Reduce Input Power at High Temperatures
Authors: Celani Francesco , Lorenzetti C. , Vassallo G. , Purchi E. , Fiorilla S. , Cupellini S. , Nakamura M. , Boccanera P. , Spallone A. , Cerreoni P. , Ortenzi B. , Burri R.
Published: December 2024

Anomalous Heat Effects (AHE) have been observed in wires of Cu55Ni44Mn1 (Constantan) exposed to H2 and D2 in multiple experiments during the last eight years. Improvements in the magnitude and reproducibility of AHE, and improvements in wire preparation and reactor design were reported by the authors in the present and previous papers. The oxidation of the wires by pulses of electrical current in air creates a rough surface featuring a sub-micrometric texture that proves particularly effective at inducing thermal anomalies when temperature exceeds 400◦C. This effect appears also to be increased substantially by deposing segments of the wire with a series of elements (such as Fe, Sr, Mn, K, via thermal decomposition of their nitrates applied from a water solution). Furthermore, an increase of AHE was observed after placing the treated wires inside a sheath made of borosilicate glass (B–Si–Ca; BSC), and even more after impregnating the sheath with the same elements used to coat the wires. The treated wire, comprised of knots and sheaths, was wound around a SS316 rod and inserted inside a thick wall glass reactor. The presence of thermal and chemical gradients is an important factor, especially when considering the noteworthy effect of knots on AHE. The ICCF21 Conference held in June 2018 marked a turning point, when the scientific community showed notable interest in the effects of knots and wire treatments, further increasing confidence in the approach. From that time on, attempts to further increase AHE focused on the introduction of different types of knots, leading to the choice of the “Capuchin” type. This knot design produces very hot spots along the wire and it features three areas characterized by a temperature difference up to several hundred degrees. Efforts were also made to better understand the thermionic effect of the wire, and the spontaneous voltage that arises when a second wire is introduced close by (anode). Eventually a large AHE rise was observed when an extra voltage was introduced between the active wire (cathode) and the second wire (anode) through an external power supply; a truly remarkable effect, despite its short duration due to the wire failure caused by an AHE runaway that melted the wire. This article summarizes the presentation given at the 13th International Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen Loaded Metals and reports the latest AHE results obtained from a new reactor design comprised of Capuchin knots and new custom manufactured, enhanced sheaths.
Investigations of “Heat after Death”
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

This report closely examines the heat energy generated during the discharge period after cessation of all input electrical power to active CF/LANR components (“Heat after Death” or “HAD” energy). This is potentially a very important source of energy because the techniques shown here, can increase the excess energy gain of CF/LANR reactions by at least 410%. In addition, by monitoring both the calorimetry and the Voc, detailed knowledge of the deuteron distribution and flows within the palladium are revealed. These experiments revealed that initially only one in 2300 deuterons takes part in the desired reactions of HAD excess enthalpy production, for a net utilization of 0.04% of the loaded deuterons at that time. This decreases over time. Integrated over the entire HAD regime, this deuteron participation levels falls, and eventually only 1 in 106 deuterons participates in the desired fusion reactions.
A Tale of Two Journals
Authors: Mosier-Boss Pamela A. , Forsley Lawrence P.
Published: December 2024

Earlier we discussed the flawed journal review process and how it stifles innovation and the diffusion of knowledge. Recently we tried to publish a paper describing our LENR experiences working with undergraduate chemical engineering students in an education journal. One journal had a word limit for articles as well as a fairly rigid format which prevented us from telling the story the way we wanted to. Although we addressed all the issues of the reviewers, the paper was rejected, after ten months and multiple revisions, on the grounds that independent research projects were outside the scope of the journal. We eventually published the paper in another education journal. In this journal, we were able to tell the narrative the way we originally wanted to, all the while emphasizing the advantages of involving students in verifying new scientific phenomena. This paper describes the events that transpired.
The Thermoneutral Potential in Electrochemical Calorimetry for the Pd/D2O System
Authors: Miles Melvin
Published: December 2024

The thermoneutral potential (EH) for any electrochemical reaction corresponds to the enthalpy change (∆H) for that reaction. The D2O electrolysis reaction produces an enthalpy change of ∆H = 294.600 J/mol of D2O which yields a thermoneutral potential ofEH = −1.5267 V (−∆H/2F ). This thermoneutral potential will apply throughout a Pd/D2O calorimetric experiment except for the first day or two where the loading of deuterium into the palladium cathode occurs. The changes in ∆H and EH during loading and their 􏰁ffect on measurements of excess power will be presented. It is concluded that the changes in EH during deuterium loading do not explain the very early excess power measurements for Pd–B cathodes. Furthermore, boron may be a critical component for the excess power effect in the palladium – D2O system.
Active LANR Systems Emit a 327.37 MHz Maser Line
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

Active LANR systems, both aqueous and dry preloaded nanomaterials, emit very narrow bandwidth radio frequency (RF) hyperfine emission peaks (ca. 327.37 MHz) very close to the Deuterium Line (DL). In a Fabry–Perot structure, two electrically driven PdD– ZrO2 preloaded components produce a solid state DL maser when driven above a threshold voltage, and below their electrical avalanche breakdown voltage. When the systems are electrically driven at higher applied voltage, a superhyperfine structure of sidebands appears with significant local in situ information. The RF emission proves that D is the LANR fuel and demonstrates that the deuteron, in the excited pre-4He state, is a free radical emitting from an FCC vacancy.
Review of Seebeck Calorimeters Used in LENR Experiments
Authors: Sisik Bengisu , Nagel David J.
Published: December 2024

Cold Fusion is the name initially applied to what are now called, more generally, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR). Such reactions produce nuclear products and generate thermal energy. Calorimeters are the instruments used to measure the energy production. They can be based on either mass or heat flow. Some heat flow calorimeters use the Seebeck effect in particular materials, where temperature differences produced by LENR generate measurable voltages from thermoelectric devices. This paper is a review of Seebeck calorimeters that have been used in LENR experiments. Compilations of their characteristics and performance are provided. The scaling of the performance of Seebeck calorimeters with their size is considered. The equations that govern the behavior of both mass flow and heat flow calorimeters are given.
Buoyant Heat Transport in Flow Calorimetry
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

Reported ‘excess heat’ by flow calorimetric systems may be false positive or inflated, if the information was collected with tem- perature probes at two different heights or in the absence of confirmatory thermal Joule calibrations and ηB correction. This is especially true at higher temperatures. The non-dimensional number (ηB), which is the ratio of heat transported by the buoyant forces caused by any inhomogeneous temperature distribution to the heat transported by the expected solution convection, can yield an improved semiquantitative estimate of the actual gain: Power Gain(corrected)= Power Gain(indicated) ∗ 􏰀1 − ηB􏰁 .
Could LENR Change the World?
Authors: Ruer Jacques
Published: December 2024

fuels. Energy generation releases 34 Gt of CO2 into the environment annually, which produces climate change. This paper considers the potential scenario with LENR sources of clean energy. It is based on the supposition that the new energy is generated by Metal Hydrogen Energy (MHE) stationary reactors that deliver heat at different temperature levels (100–200–350C) as the technology evolves along the years. The potential penetration of LENR energy is analyzed taking into account the different conversion routes between the primary energy sources and the final industrial and domestic u sers. It is assumed that MHE replaces all conventional sources operated at a similar temperature level. If cheap electricity is generated by such MHE reactors, there will be no need to increase the temperature of operation further. Hydrogen can be produced via water electrolysis. Future mobile equipment will be fueled by hydrogen. Extraction of CO2 from the atmosphere combined with hydrogen makes it possible to manufacture synthetic fuels to supply the fleet of vehicles and aircrafts using present technology. According to this scenario LENR combined with renewable energies may ultimately eliminate the need for fossil fuels.
The Possible Role of LENR in Dentistry (Reasons, Effects and Prevention)
Authors: Kornilova A.A. , Gaydamaka S.N. , Panchishin A.I. , Vysotskii V.I. , Vysotskyy M.V. , Bolotokov A.A.
Published: December 2024

The possibility of the influence of nuclear effects on the destruction of the tooth surface using dental implants made of titanium is considered. It has been shown for the first time that this process is associated with LENR occurring between selective titanium and calcium isotopes and leading to the formation of a molybdenum isotope. This reaction is stimulated by the growth of natural microbiological cultures located in the oral cavity. The mechanism of such reactions is associated with the formation of coherent correlated states, which are formed due to the topological features of growing microcultures.
Cavitation and Radio Frequency Stimulation of Water to Alpha Particle Production
Authors: Stringham Roger Sherman
Published: December 2024

Radio frequency (RF) cavitation of water using an RF amplifier has been under development for the last five years as a 2 MHz producer of high concentrations of small cavitation bubbles collapsing in water. There is little doubt that helium atoms were produced from RF at 2 MHz during cavitation of both DOD and HOH. The path for D to He looked much simpler, so the effort was placed there as the path for H to He appeared to be too complex. Measuring and finding He produced in a vacuum tight reactor with no air leaks where mass spectral (MS) system analyses numbers would be disturbed. The only He to deal with was in the reactor’s pressurizing tank of Ar and that value of 0.10 ppm was subtracted from all measurements. Two systems were analyzed. In one, HOH and Cu produced 1.7 W for 45 min. and in system two, DOD and Pd/6% Ag produced a burst of 6 W for 250 s. A comparison was made between cavitation and muon systems. A very slow rate muon system also produced He. The two impulse systems, Isw and Iμ, were compared, and the cavitating system’s impulse was 60 times greater than the muon system. The two systems differ. The cavitation system was explosive, and the muon system was implosive. The cavitation system was fueled by 15.5 eV of energy, and the muon system was fueled by 23.8×10+6 eV of energy. The cavitation system reaction rate was 1.6×10−15 s, and the muon system was 10−6 s. From this point of view the cavitation system looked more favorable than the muon system for He production.
Low Energy Nuclear fusion with Two Photon Emission
Authors: Jain Pankaj , Kumar Ankit , Ramkumar K. , Rajeev K. P. , Pala Raj
Published: December 2024

We consider a recently proposed mechanism for low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). In this mechanism the process is initiated by an external photon whose contribution is treated perturbatively. In the present paper we consider a related process that is induced by photon emission rather than absorption. We consider, as an example, fusion of hydrogen and deuterium to form He(3). This process, at leading order, proceeds by emission of a photon. In the present case we consider two photon emission and hence we need to go to the second order in perturbation theory. The emission of a high energy photon from the initial D-H system leads to the formation of an intermediate state which is a superposition of all energy eigenstates of the unperturbed Hamiltonian. We compute the cross section for such a reaction and show that, for suitable conditions in condensed matter medium, the reaction rate can be sufficiently large to be observable.