bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work commitment as an effect of applied system of motivation
Authors: Grabiec Olimpia , Jędraszczyk-Kałwak Joanna
Published: December 2017

This article presents a discussion of issues related to the work commitment, which is an effect of motivating employees’ to work. In this publication, authors presented the most popular theories of motivation, as well as results of self-study related to work commitment in small and medium enterprises of Silesian Voivodship. The main goal of this article is to determine, which factors influence the work commitment and work results in an enterprise. The conclusions of the investigation can provide a basis for the management of small and medium enterprises when choosing the factors, which can influence their employees’ work commitment and thus increase the effects of enterprises activity.
Cu(II) Ions Adsorption Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Pithecellobium Jiringa (Jengkol) Shells With Ultrasonic Assistance: Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Muslim Abrar , Ellysa Ellysa , Said Syahiddin Dahlan
Published: December 2017

Adsorption of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution onto activated carbon (AC) prepared from Pithecellobium jiringa shell (PJS) waste was investigated by conducting batch mode adsorption experiments. The activation with ultrasound assistance removed almost all functional groups in the PJS-AC, while more cavities and pores on the PJS-AC were formed, which was confirmed by FTIR and SEM analyses. The Cu(II) ion adsorption isotherm fitted best to the Freundlich model with average R2 at 0.941. It was also correlated to the Langmuir isotherm with average R2 at 0.889. This indicates that physical sorption took place more than chemical sorption. The maximum Cu(II) ion adsorption capacity onto the PJS-AC for a dose of 1 g was 104.167 mg/g at 30 °C and pH 4.5, where the Langmuir constant was 0.523 L/mg, the Freundlich adsorption intensity was 0.523, and the Freundlich constant was 5.212 L/mg. Cu(II) adsorption followed the pseudo second-order kinetic (PSOKE) model with average R2 at 0.998, maximum adsorption capacity at 96.154 mg/g, PSOKE adsorption rate constant at 0.200 g/mg.min, temperature at 30 °C and pH at 4.5. The changes in enthalpy, entropy, free energy and activation energy were determined, and the results confirmed that Cu(II) adsorption onto the PJS-AC was exothermic chemical adsorption in part. There was a decrease in the degree of freedom and the adsorption was non-spontaneous.
Evaluation of the Fate of Nitrate and Analysis of Shallow Soil Water using Geo-electrical Resistivity Survey
Authors: Islami Nur
Published: December 2017

Evaluation of the fate of nitrate and analysis of shallow soil water in a tobacco plantation area were conducted using integration of soil properties and hydrogeochemical analysis, and geo-electrical resistivity methods, taking measurements four times within a three-month period. The sampling data were taken in two areas: a fertilized and a nonfertilized zone. Chemical fertilizer was introduced to the fertilized zone after the first data acquisition. Hydrogeohemical analysis of the soil water was conducted from the surface to a depth of 1 m at an interval of 25 cm. The results show that the cations in the soil water were quite comparable for each monitoring time. Conversely, relatively larger changes in anion content occurred at the surface until a depth of 1 m. In particular, the nitrate concentration reached its maximum level at about 67 days after fertilization and returned to its initial value approximately 195 days after fertilization. The geo-electrical resistivity profiles exhibited no indication of low resistivity values prior to fertilization near the surface. However, lower resistivity values were found in the fertilized zone at the second and third measurement. The result shows that the adjoining environment dissolved the nitrate concentration in the pore soil within the three-month time period.
Head Injury Analysis of Vehicle Occupant in Frontal Crash Simulation: Case Study of ITBâs Formula SAE Race Car
Authors: Mihradi Sandro , Golfianto Hari , Mahyuddin Andi Isra , Dirgantara Tatacipta
Published: December 2017

In the present study, frontal crash simulations were conducted to determine the effect of various car speeds against the Head Injury Criterion (HIC), a measure of the likelihood of head injury arising from impact. The frontal impact safety of ITB's formula SAE race car designed by students was evaluated as a case study. LS-DYNA®, an explicit finite element code for non-linear dynamic analysis was utilized in the analysis. To analyze head injury, a two-step simulation was conducted. In the first step, a full-frontal barrier test was simulated without incorporating a dummy inside the car. The output was the deceleration data of the car, which was used as input in the second step, a sled test simulation. In the sled test, only the cockpit and dummy were modeled. The effect of deceleration to the head of the dummy was then evaluated. The results show that HIC values at an impact speed of 7 m/s (25 km/h) to 11 m/s (40 km/h) were below the safe limit and still in the safe zone. However, the HIC values will exceed the safe limit when the speed of impact is the same as or greater than 12 m/s (43 km/h).
Removal of Copper (II) Ions in Aqueous Solutions by Sorption onto Fly Ash
Authors: Darmayanti Lita , Notodarmodjo Suprihanto , Damanhuri Enri
Published: December 2017

The ability of fly ash to adsorp Cu(II) ions from two different coal combustion systems was studied. Optimum removal was found at pH 5, contact time 30 minutes and 60 minutes for Fly Ash 1 and Fly Ash 2, respectively, and dosage 10 g/l. The difference in adsorption capacity between both fly ashes may be due to their carbon fraction and CaO content. The removal of Cu (II) ions was caused by both adsorption and/or precipitation. Precipitation is enhanced by lowering the carbon fraction and increasing the CaO content. The adsorption isotherm showed that the Langmuir model fitted well to the experimental data of both fly ashes. A thermodynamic study was conducted at three different temperatures: 25 °C, 45 °C, and 60 °C. The adsorption processes were spontaneous and endothermic and were more favorable at higher temperature.
Undeclared Food Allergens and Gluten in Commercial Food Products Analyzed by ELISA
Authors: Do Andrew B , Khuda Sefat E , Sharma Girdhari M
Published: December 2017

Undeclared allergen(s) in commercial food products are responsible for many food recalls, as reported by regulatory agencies in various countries, including the United States. Correct allergen labeling practices are essential for the safety of food-allergic consumers. However, this practice may be hindered by the introduction of allergens all along the food supply chain, including unintentionally through cross-contact. To understand the pervasiveness of undeclared allergen(s) in commercial food products, the objective of this review is to summarize the prevalence of undeclared milk, egg, hazelnut, peanut, soy, and gluten as detected by ELISA from previously published surveys. The prevalence of undeclared allergen(s) in products with or without an advisory statement was also summarized and compared. As compiled by this review, there are some food categories that may be at higher risk for containing undeclared allergen(s). However, the data on prevalence and amount of allergen present may vary widely within any particular allergen or food category. Factors, such as food survey product selection, geography, awareness of allergen/gluten issues, and/or the choice of ELISA method, may be responsible for such differences.
European Regulations for Labeling Requirements for Food Allergens and Substances Causing Intolerances: History and Future
Authors: Koeberl Martina , Clarke Dean , Allen Katrina J , Fleming Fiona , Katzer Lisa , Lee N Alice , Lopata Andreas L , Said Maria , Scheelings Pieter , Shepherd Neil , Sherlock Robin , Roberts James
Published: December 2017

Food allergies are increasing globally, including numbers of allergens, the sensitization rate, and the prevalence rate. To protect food-allergic individuals in the community, food allergies need to be appropriately managed. This paper describes current Australian food allergen management practices. In Australia, the prevalence of food allergies, the anaphylaxis rate, and the fatal anaphylaxis rate are among the highest in the world. Interagency and stakeholder collaboration is facilitated and enhanced as Australia moves through past, current, and ongoing food allergen challenges. As a result, Australia has been a global leader in regulating the labeling of common allergens in packaged foods and their disclosure in foods not required to bear a label. Moreover, the food industry in Australia and New Zealand has developed a unique food allergen risk management tool, the Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling program, which is managed by the Allergen Bureau. This paper summarizes insights and information provided by the major stakeholders involved to protect food-allergic consumers from any allergic reaction. Stakeholders include government; consumer protection, regulation, and enforcement agencies; the food industry; and food allergen testing and food allergen/allergy research bodies in Australia. The ongoing goal of all stakeholders in food allergen management in Australia is to promote best practice food allergen management procedures and provide a wide choice of foods, while enabling allergic consumers to manage their food allergies and reduce the risk of an allergic reaction.
The Allergen Bureau VITAL Program
Authors: Taylor Simon Brooke , Christensen Georgina , Grinter Kirsten , Sherlock Robin , Warren Lisa
Published: December 2017

This paper sets out the role of the Allergen Bureau and the Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling (VITAL) Program from its origin in 2007 to its current iteration, VITAL 2. Herewith are outlined the scientific principles that support the program; the program’s application in the food chain; and the benefits of the program’s use to the food industry, clinicians, and the allergic consumer. VITAL was developed by the Australian and New Zealand food industry in consultation with multiple stakeholders, including consumer organizations, industry bodies, regulators, and retailers, to provide a standardized, science-based risk assessment process for the investigation of the potential presence of food allergens due to cross-contact and to determine whether, for cases in which the allergen is unable to be removed or controlled consistently, precautionary statements are required. The aim of the program is to provide a consistent process, a standardized approach, and a relevant cross-contact statement to allow the allergic consumer to make an informed decision regarding consumption of food.
Target Selection Strategies for LC-MS/MS Food Allergen Methods
Authors: Downs Melanie L , Johnson Philip
Published: December 2017

The detection and quantitation of allergens as contaminants in foods using MS is challenging largely due to the requirement to detect proteins in complex, mixed, and often processed matrixes. Such methods necessarily rely on the use of proteotypic peptides as indicators of the presence and amount of allergenic foods. These peptides should represent the allergenic food in question in such a way that their use is both sensitive (no false-negatives) and specific (no false-positives). Choosing such peptides to represent food allergens is beset with issues, including, but not limited to, separated ingredients (e.g., casein and whey), extraction difficulties (particularly from thermally processed foods), and incomplete sequence information, as well as the more common issues associated with protein quantitation in biological samples. Here, we review the workflows that have been used to select peptide targets for food allergen detection. We describe the use and limitations of both in silico-based analyses and experimental methods relying on high-resolution MS. The variation in the way in which target selection is performed highlights a lack of standardization, even around the principles describing what the detection method should achieve. A lack of focus on the food matrixes to which the method will be applied is also apparent during the peptide target selection process. It is hoped that highlighting some of these issues will assist in the generation of MS-based allergen detection methods that will encourage uptake and use by the analytical community at large.
Arquitectura y urbanismo de la simulación de Tijuana
Authors: Méndez Sáinz Eloy
Published: December 2017

En la solución arquitectónica de la realidad predomina la tendencia a presentarla

como imágenes y con ello como simulacro. Para mostrarlo presento la “lectura” de un edificio

ordinario en el paisaje urbano de Tijuana, un hotel de paso. El recorrido del lugar da cuenta de

los detalles constructivos de un hecho social asumido a la manera de espectáculo, donde los

actores involucrados comparten los supuestos de la representación. El caso es un botón de

muestra del tejido urbano fronterizo que ofrece al turista y en general al visitante objetos

recurrentes de “lo mexicano” encapsulado sobre pedido. Obedece también a la clasificación

genérica y maniquea de los espacios del bien y del mal, cuyos referentes respectivos son las

ciudades gemelas ubicadas al Norte y Sur de la Línea Internacional. Termino con la versión

reciente de la fórmula que pretende consagrar el espacio bueno: el vecindario defensivo.

Nowadays, in the architectural solution of reality prevails the tendency to portray it using images, and thus as sham architecture. In order to show this tendency I present an interpretation of a conventional building representative of Tijuana’s landscape: a motel. The tour of the site gives an account of the construction details of a social assumption in the manner of spectacle where actors share the assumptions of representation. The case is a just a sample of the urban fabric border that offers tourists and visitors in general recurrent objects of "Mexican" aspects encapsulated on request. This representation obeys also to the generic classification and Manichean of spaces of good and evil, which have parallel in the twin cities located north and south of the international border [Tijuana & San Diego]. The paper finalizes with the recent version of the formula that seeks to devote the “good” spaces: the gated communities.

En la solució arquitectònica de la realitat predomina la tendència a presentar-la com imatges i, amb això, com un simulacre. Per mostrar-lo presento la “lectura” d’un edifici ordinari en el paisatge urbà de Tijuana, un hotel de pas. El recorregut del lloc proporciona els detalls constructius d’un fet social assumit de forma d’espectacle, on els actors involucrats comparteixen els suposats de la representació. El cas és un botó de mostra del teixit urbà fronterer que ofereix al turista i, en general, al visitant, objectes referents a lo mexicano encapsulat sobre comanda. Obeeix també a la classificació genèrica i maniquea dels espais del bé i del mal, els respectius referents dels quals són les ciutats bessones ubicades al Nord i al Sud de la Línia Internacional. Finalitzo amb la versió recent de la fórmula que pretén consagrar l’espai bo: el veïnat defensiu.
Altérités liminales. À propos de quelques usages contemporains de plantes psychotropes
Authors: Ghasarian Christian
Published: December 2017

Cet article traite des représentations, discours et pratiques liés à quelques plantes psychotropes initialement employées dans les contextes shamaniques à travers le monde et désormais réappropriées dans le cadre d’une quête de soi. Après un bref retour sur les circonstances socioculturelles et les raisons individuelles de ces investissements dans les sociétés postindustrielles (reconnexion avec la nature, travail sur soi, développement personnel, recherche d’expériences fortes, rapport valorisé à l’inconnu, etc.), il présente un courant particulier dans l’offre des spiritualités alternatives contemporaines : l’approche néo-shamanique, avec ses modèles d’action inspirés des shamanismes, mais reformulés pour un public qui n’en possède pas le sens commun. La description de situations concrètes de ces prises de plantes psychotropes, illégales dans la plupart des pays, est suivie par celle des expériences vécues par les personnes les ingurgitant sous forme de breuvage. Bien qu’elles puissent parfois être pénibles, voire effrayantes psychologiquement ou physiquement, les expériences en jeu, liminales, dans un entre-deux de la conscience, sont fortes et quasiment toujours rétrospectivement envisagées comme « enseignantes » et transformatrices par les personnes impliquées. La notion de « travail » introspectif, systématiquement mobilisée et l’impact que ces expériences peuvent avoir dans leur existence distinguent ainsi ces substances psychotropes de l’usage ludique de celles communément classées dans la catégorie des drogues.
Penser et percevoir autrement les personnes qui font usage de drogues par injection
Authors: Poliquin Hélène
Published: December 2017

Cet article propose une réflexion sur les caractéristiques des personnes qui font usage de drogues par injection (UDI) pouvant mener à un élargissement de la réponse sociale qui ira au-delà des interventions biomédicales ciblant des personnes « à risques ». Ainsi, le potentiel mobilisateur et les limites de la prise en compte des personnes UDI par d’autres caractéristiques sociales seront exposés. Il s’agit de la personne vue comme étant « vulnérable », « souffrante », « victime de discrimination et d’iniquités sociales » et enfin « en devenir ». Il sera exposé que la réponse aux « problèmes » sociaux des personnes UDI dépendra de notre aptitude, en tant que société, à repenser les actions autrement que par une approche sanitaire reposant massivement sur la prévention des risques biologiques et des maladies. Plus particulièrement, la prise en compte de l’individu comme un être en devenir, avec des projets qui lui sont propres, est capital pour se déprendre des pensées institutionnelles réductrices et pour humaniser la réponse sociale. Il est notamment nécessaire, dans une société qui se veut solidaire, juste et équitable, de voir à créer les conditions sociales essentielles. Il s’agit de créer des espaces de réduction des méfaits et de soin et de rendre accessibles diverses sources d’aide dont l’insertion sociale par l’emploi et le logement, des lieux d’écoute et des mécanismes de reconnaissance des forces et des aspirations singulières de ces personnes, sans tomber dans le piège des formules d’interventions toutes faites, des préjugés ou des stéréotypes.
The Human Cell Atlas
Authors: Regev Aviv , Teichmann Sarah A , Lander Eric S , Amit Ido , Benoist Christophe , Birney Ewan , Bodenmiller Bernd , Campbell Peter , Carninci Piero , Clatworthy Menna , Clevers Hans , Deplancke Bart , Dunham Ian , Eberwine James , Eils Roland , Enard Wolfgang , Farmer Andrew , Fugger Lars , Göttgens Berthold , Hacohen Nir , Haniffa Muzlifah , Hemberg Martin , Kim Seung , Klenerman Paul , Kriegstein Arnold , Lein Ed , Linnarsson Sten , Lundberg Emma , Lundeberg Joakim , Majumder Partha , Marioni John C , Merad Miriam , Mhlanga Musa , Nawijn Martijn , Netea Mihai , Nolan Garry , Pe'er Dana , Phillipakis Anthony , Ponting Chris P , Quake Stephen , Reik Wolf , Rozenblatt-Rosen Orit , Sanes Joshua , Satija Rahul , Schumacher Ton N , Shalek Alex , Shapiro Ehud , Sharma Padmanee , Shin Jay W , Stegle Oliver , Stratton Michael , Stubbington Michael J T , Theis Fabian J , Uhlen Matthias , van Oudenaarden Alexander , Wagner Allon , Watt Fiona , Weissman Jonathan , Wold Barbara , Xavier Ramnik , Yosef Nir ,   Human Cell Atlas Meeting Participants
Published: December 2017

The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body. The Human Cell Atlas Project is an international collaborative effort that aims to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (such as gene expression profiles) and to connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (such as location and morphology). An open comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, and also provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas, including a commitment to open data, code, and community.
eIF1A residues implicated in cancer stabilize translation preinitiation complexes and favor suboptimal initiation sites in yeast
Authors: Martin-Marcos Pilar , Zhou Fujun , Karunasiri Charm , Zhang Fan , Dong Jinsheng , Nanda Jagpreet , Kulkarni Shardul D , Sen Neelam Dabas , Tamame Mercedes , Zeschnigk Michael , Lorsch Jon R , Hinnebusch Alan G
Published: December 2017

The translation pre-initiation complex (PIC) scans the mRNA for an AUG codon in favorable context, and AUG recognition stabilizes a closed PIC conformation. The unstructured N-terminal tail (NTT) of yeast eIF1A deploys five basic residues to contact tRNAi, mRNA, or 18S rRNA exclusively in the closed state. Interestingly, EIF1AX mutations altering the human eIF1A NTT are associated with uveal melanoma (UM). We found that substituting all five basic residues, and seven UM-associated substitutions, in yeast eIF1A suppresses initiation at near-cognate UUG codons and AUGs in poor context. Ribosome profiling of NTT substitution R13P reveals heightened discrimination against unfavorable AUG context genome-wide. Both R13P and K16D substitutions destabilize the closed complex at UUG codons in reconstituted PICs. Thus, electrostatic interactions involving the eIF1A NTT stabilize the closed conformation and promote utilization of suboptimal start codons. We predict UM-associated mutations alter human gene expression by increasing discrimination against poor initiation sites.
Looking inside the cell
Authors: Arakel Eric C , Schwappach Blanche
Published: December 2017

Advances in imaging techniques have shed new light on the structure of vesicles formed by COPI protein complexes.
Sykepleieforskning i rurale områder i Norge; en scoping review
Authors: De Smedt Svenja Eidesen , Mehus Grete
Published: December 2017

In Norway, many areas can be classified as rural on climatic, geographic or demographic grounds. The rural context means that nurses and patients face circumstances and situations that are different, or do not occur in urban areas. The aim of this study was to identify existing research literature to ascertain what is known about nursing in rural areas of Norway. Scoping review, following Arksey and O`Malley`s methodological framework was used. A total of 111 articles were identified from searching five databases, twenty articles were included. This study gives an overview of rural descriptions and also provides a geographic presentation of areas categorized as rural in existing Norwegian nursing research. Only eight of the twenty articles described the rural context. The lack of descriptions makes it difficult to compare and conclude on causal relationships in the field. Increased awareness and more research into challenges that confront patients and nurses in rural settings in Norway is needed.
Cell wall composition and lignin biosynthetic gene expression along a developmental gradient in an Australian sugarcane cultivar
Authors: Bewg William P. , Coleman Heather D.
Published: December 2017

Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant source of lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production. Utilisation of bagasse for biofuel production would be environmentally and economically beneficial, but the recalcitrance of lignin continues to provide a challenge. Further understanding of lignin production in specific cultivars will provide a basis for modification of genomes for the production of phenotypes with improved processing characteristics. Here we evaluated the expression profile of lignin biosynthetic genes and the cell wall composition along a developmental gradient in KQ228 sugarcane. The expression levels of nine lignin biosynthesis genes were quantified in five stem sections of increasing maturity and in root tissue. Two distinct expression patterns were seen. The first saw highest gene expression in the youngest tissue, with expression decreasing as tissue matured. The second pattern saw little to no change in transcription levels across the developmental gradient. Cell wall compositional analysis of the stem sections showed total lignin content to be significantly higher in more mature tissue than in the youngest section assessed. There were no changes in structural carbohydrates across developmental sections. These gene expression and cell wall compositional patterns can be used, along with other work in grasses, to inform biotechnological approaches to crop improvement for lignocellulosic biofuel production.
Nutritional, physical and sensory properties of extruded products from high-amylose corn grits
Authors: Liu Linsan , Li Silu , Zhong Yuyue , Li Yibo , Qu Jianzhou , Feng Jiaojiao , Xu Shutu , Zhang Renhe , Xue Jiquan , Guo Dongwei
Published: December 2017

To investigate the applicability of high-amylose corn grits (HACG) to the process for extruded products, a single screw extruder was used to produce extrudates under feed rate of 220 g/min, barrel temperature of 120°C, and screw rotational speed of 150 rpm. The nutritional, physical and sensory properties were investigated in the HACG extrudate and normal corn grits (NCG) extrudate acting as control. The results indicated that the HACG extrudate had higher (P≤ 0.05) protein (7.07%), fiber (5.41%), lipid (1.48%), ash (0.76%), resistant starch (2.89%), zein (4.65%), calcium (22.34 mg/kg), magnesium (718.63 mg/kg), iron (19.47 mg/kg), zinc (22.73 mg/kg) contents and 16 of 17 types of amino acids compared to the NCG extrudate. In regards to physical properties, the bulk density (BD), radial expansion index (REI) and water solubility index (WSI) values of the HACG extrudate, which were 57.94 mg/ml, 45.47 and 43.25, respectively, were significantly lower (P≤ 0.05) than those of the NCG extrudate. However, the HACG extrudate had a higher special length (SL), indicating a higher axial expansion, water absorption index (WAI), frangibility and cohesiveness (7.34 cm/g, 3.69, 68.79 and 0.32, respectively), and a more sponge-like structure. A sensory analysis indicated that the HACG extrudate had higher values for frangibility, cohesiveness, chewiness and overall taste with a lower coarseness and adhesiveness (to teeth).
Lower Crustal Strength Controls on Melting and Serpentinization at Magma‐Poor Margins: Potential Implications for the South Atlantic
Authors: Ros Elena , Pérez‐Gussinyé Marta , Araújo Mario , Thoaldo Romeiro Marco , Andrés‐Martínez Miguel , Morgan Jason P.
Published: December 2017

Rifted continental margins may present a predominantly magmatic continent‐ocean transition (COT), or one characterized by large exposures of serpentinized mantle. In this study we use numerical modeling to show the importance of the lower crustal strength in controlling the amount and onset of melting and serpentinization during rifting. We propose that the relative timing between both events controls the nature of the COT. Numerical experiments for half‐extension velocities <=10 mm/yr suggest there is a genetic link between margin tectonic style and COT nature that strongly depends on the lower crustal strength. Our results imply that very slow extension velocities (< 5 mm/yr) and a strong lower crust lead to margins characterized by large oceanward dipping faults, strong syn‐rift subsidence and abrupt crustal tapering beneath the continental shelf. These margins can be either narrow symmetric or asymmetric and present a COT with exhumed serpentinized mantle underlain by some magmatic products. In contrast, a weak lower crust promotes margins with a gentle crustal tapering, small faults dipping both ocean‐ and landward and small syn‐rift subsidence. Their COT is predominantly magmatic at any ultra‐slow extension velocity and perhaps underlain by some serpentinized mantle. These margins can also be either symmetric or asymmetric. Our models predict that magmatic underplating mostly underlies the wide margin at weak asymmetric conjugates, whereas the wide margin is mainly underlain by serpentinized mantle at strong asymmetric margins. Based on this conceptual template, we propose different natures for the COTs in the South Atlantic.
Observation‐Based Trends of the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink
Authors: Ritter R. , Landschützer P. , Gruber N. , Fay A. R. , Iida Y. , Jones S. , Nakaoka S. , Park G.‐H. , Peylin P. , Rödenbeck C. , Rodgers K. B. , Shutler J. D. , Zeng J.
Published: December 2017

The Southern Ocean (SO) carbon sink has strengthened substantially since the year 2000, following a decade of a weakening trend. However, the surface ocean pCO2 data underlying this trend reversal are sparse, requiring a substantial amount of extrapolation to map the data. Here we use nine different pCO2 mapping products to investigate the SO trends and their sensitivity to the mapping procedure. We find a robust temporal coherence for the entire SO, with eight of the nine products agreeing on the sign of the decadal trends, that is, a weakening CO2 sink trend in the 1990s (on average 0.22 ± 0.24 Pg C yr−1 decade−1), and a strengthening sink trend during the 2000s (−0.35 ± 0.23 Pg C yr−1 decade−1). Spatially, the multiproduct mean reveals rather uniform trends, but the confidence is limited, given the small number of statistically significant trends from the individual products, particularly during the data‐sparse 1990–1999 period.
Controls of Multimodal Wave Conditions in a Complex Coastal Setting
Authors: Hegermiller C. A. , Rueda A. , Erikson L. H. , Barnard P. L. , Antolinez J. A. A. , Mendez F. J.
Published: December 2017

Coastal hazards emerge from the combined effect of wave conditions and sea level anomalies associated with storms or low‐frequency atmosphere‐ocean oscillations. Rigorous characterization of wave climate is limited by the availability of spectral wave observations, the computational cost of dynamical simulations, and the ability to link wave‐generating atmospheric patterns with coastal conditions. We present a hybrid statistical‐dynamical approach to simulating nearshore wave climate in complex coastal settings, demonstrated in the Southern California Bight, where waves arriving from distant, disparate locations are refracted over complex bathymetry and shadowed by offshore islands. Contributions of wave families and large‐scale atmospheric drivers to nearshore wave energy flux are analyzed. Results highlight the variability of influences controlling wave conditions along neighboring coastlines. The universal method demonstrated here can be applied to complex coastal settings worldwide, facilitating analysis of the effects of climate change on nearshore wave climate.
Significant Weakening of Brewer‐Dobson Circulation Trends Over the 21st Century as a Consequence of the Montreal Protocol
Authors: Polvani Lorenzo M. , Abalos Marta , Garcia Rolando , Kinnison Doug , Randel William J.
Published: December 2017

It is well established that increasing greenhouse gases, notably CO2, will cause an acceleration of the stratospheric Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) by the end of this century. We here present compelling new evidence that ozone depleting substances are also key drivers of BDC trends. We do so by analyzing and contrasting small ensembles of “single‐forcing” integrations with a stratosphere resolving atmospheric model with interactive chemistry, coupled to fully interactive ocean, land, and sea ice components. First, confirming previous work, we show that increasing concentrations of ozone depleting substances have contributed a large fraction of the BDC trends in the late twentieth century. Second, we show that the phasing out of ozone depleting substances in coming decades—as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol—will cause a considerable reduction in BDC trends until the ozone hole is completely healed, toward the end of the 21st century.
Solar‐Driven Variation in the Atmosphere of Uranus
Authors: Aplin K. L. , Harrison R. G.
Published: December 2017

Long‐term measurements (1972–2015) of the reflectivity of Uranus at 472 and 551 nm display variability that is incompletely explained by seasonal effects. Spectral analysis shows that this nonseasonal variability tracks the 11 year solar cycle. Two mechanisms could cause solar modulation: (a) nucleation onto ions or electrons created by galactic cosmic rays (GCR) or (b) UV‐induced aerosol color changes. Ion‐aerosol theory is used to identify expected relationships between reflectivity fluctuations and GCR flux, tested with multiple regression and compared to the linear response predicted between reflectivity and solar UV flux. The statistics show that 24% of the variance in reflectivity fluctuations at 472 nm is explained by GCR ion‐induced nucleation, compared to 22% for a UV‐only mechanism. Similar GCR‐related variability exists in Neptune's atmosphere; hence, the effects found at Uranus provide the first example of common variability in two planetary atmospheres driven through energetic particle modulation by their host star.
Topographical and Local Time Dependence of Large Stationary Gravity Waves Observed at the Cloud Top of Venus
Authors: Kouyama T. , Imamura T. , Taguchi M. , Fukuhara T. , Sato T. M. , Yamazaki A. , Futaguchi M. , Murakami S. , Hashimoto G. L. , Ueno M. , Iwagami N. , Takagi S. , Takagi M. , Ogohara K. , Kashimura H. , Horinouchi T. , Sato N. , Yamada M. , Yamamoto Y. , Ohtsuki S. , Sugiyama K. , Ando H. , Takamura M. , Yamada T. , Satoh T. , Nakamura M.
Published: December 2017

The existence of large stationary gravity waves was discovered during Akatsuki's first observation sequence in 2015. In this study, the further detection of large stationary gravity waves in brightness temperature images over a 1.5 year period is reported. The waves periodically appeared mostly above four specific highland regions in the low latitudes when these regions were in the local afternoon. The wave amplitudes attenuated after the wave locations passed beyond the evening terminator, and the locations of the waves tended to slowly drift eastward over their lifetimes. The appearances of stationary waves depend not only on surface topography but also on latitude and local time, suggesting that solar heating during the daytime and atmospheric structure affected by solar heating may control the excitation and propagation of stationary waves.
Tracking the Subsurface Signal of Decadal Climate Warming to Quantify Vertical Groundwater Flow Rates
Authors: Bense V. F. , Kurylyk B. L.
Published: December 2017

Sustained ground surface warming on a decadal time scale leads to an inversion of thermal gradients in the upper tens of meters. The magnitude and direction of vertical groundwater flow should influence the propagation of this warming signal, but direct field observations of this phenomenon are rare. Comparison of temperature‐depth profiles in boreholes in the Veluwe area, Netherlands, collected in 1978–1982 and 2016 provided such direct measurement. We used these repeated profiles to track the downward propagation rate of the depth at which the thermal gradient is zero. Numerical modeling of the migration of this thermal gradient “inflection point” yielded estimates of downward groundwater flow rates (0–0.24 m a−1) that generally concurred with known hydrogeological conditions in the area. We conclude that analysis of inflection point depths in temperature‐depth profiles impacted by surface warming provides a largely untapped opportunity to inform sustainable groundwater management plans that rely on accurate estimates of long‐term vertical groundwater fluxes.
Ionospheric Bow Waves and Perturbations Induced by the 21 August 2017 Solar Eclipse
Authors: Zhang Shun‐Rong , Erickson Philip J. , Goncharenko Larisa P. , Coster Anthea J. , Rideout William , Vierinen Juha
Published: December 2017

During solar eclipses, the Moon's shadow causes a large reduction in atmospheric energy input, including not only the stratosphere but also the thermosphere and ionosphere. The eclipse shadow has a supersonic motion which is theoretically expected to generate atmospheric bow waves, similar to a fast‐moving river boat, with waves starting in the lower atmosphere and propagating into the ionosphere. However, previous geographically limited observations have had difficulty detecting these weak waves within the natural background atmospheric variability, and the existence of eclipse‐induced ionospheric waves and their evolution in a complex coupling system remain controversial. During the 21 August 2017 eclipse, high fidelity and wide coverage ionospheric observations provided for the first time an oversampled set of eclipse data, using a dense network of Global Navigation Satellite System receivers at ∼2,000 sites in North America. We show the first unambiguous evidence of ionospheric bow waves as electron content disturbances over central/eastern United States, with ∼1 h duration, 300–400 km wavelength and 280 m/s phase speed emanating from and tailing the totality region. We also identify large ionospheric perturbations moving at the supersonic speed of the maximum solar obscuration which are too fast to be associated with known gravity wave or large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance processes. This study reveals complex interconnections between the Sun, Moon, and Earth's neutral atmosphere and ionosphere and demonstrates persistent coupling processes between different components of the Earth's atmosphere, a topic of significant community interest.
The 2017 Mw 8.2 Chiapas, Mexico, Earthquake: Energetic Slab Detachment
Authors: Ye Lingling , Lay Thorne , Bai Yefei , Cheung Kwok Fai , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: December 2017

On 8 September 2017, a great (Mw 8.2) normal faulting earthquake ruptured within the subducting Cocos Plate ~70 km landward from the Middle American Trench beneath the Tehuantepec gap. Iterative inversion and modeling of teleseismic and tsunami data and prediction of GPS displacements indicate that the steeply dipping rupture extended ~180 km to the northwest along strike toward the Oaxaca coast and from ~30 to 70 km in depth, with peak slip of ~13 m. The rupture likely broke through the entire lithosphere of the young subducted slab in response to downdip slab pull. The plate boundary region between the trench and the fault intersection with the megathrust appears to be frictionally coupled, influencing location of the detachment. Comparisons of the broadband body wave magnitude (mB) and moment‐scaled radiated energy (ER/M0) establish that intraslab earthquakes tend to be more energetic than interplate events, accounting for strong ground shaking observed for the 2017 event.
Do Southern Ocean Cloud Feedbacks Matter for 21st Century Warming?
Authors: Frey W. R. , Maroon E. A. , Pendergrass A. G. , Kay J. E.
Published: December 2017

Cloud phase improvements in a state‐of‐the‐art climate model produce a large 1.5 K increase in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS, the surface warming in response to instantaneously doubled CO2) via extratropical shortwave cloud feedbacks. Here we show that the same model improvements produce only a small surface warming increase in a realistic 21st century emissions scenario. The small 21st century warming increase is attributed to extratropical ocean heat uptake. Southern Ocean mean‐state circulation takes up heat while a slowdown in North Atlantic circulation acts as a feedback to slow surface warming. Persistent heat uptake by extratropical oceans implies that extratropical cloud biases may not be as important to 21st century warming as biases in other regions. Observational constraints on cloud phase and shortwave radiation that produce a large ECS increase do not imply large changes in 21st century warming.
Energy Flow Exciting Field‐Aligned Current at Substorm Expansion Onset
Authors: Ebihara Y. , Tanaka T.
Published: December 2017

At substorm expansion onset, upward field‐aligned currents (FACs) increase abruptly, and a large amount of electromagnetic energy starts to consume in the polar ionosphere. A question arises as to where the energy comes from. Based on the results obtained by the global magnetohydrodynamics simulation, we present energy flow and energy conversion associated with the upward FACs that manifest the onset. Our simulations show that the cusp/mantle region transmits electromagnetic energy to almost the entire region of the magnetosphere when the interplanetary magnetic field is southward. Integral curve of the Poynting flux shows a spiral moving toward the ionosphere, probably suggesting the pathway of electromagnetic energy from the cusp/mantle dynamo to the ionosphere. The near‐Earth reconnection initiates three‐dimensional redistribution of the magnetosphere. Flow shear in the near‐Earth region results in the generation of the near‐Earth dynamo and the onset FACs. The onset FACs are responsible to transport the electromagnetic energy toward the Earth. In the near‐Earth region, the electromagnetic energy coming from the cusp/mantle dynamo is converted to the kinetic energy (known as bursty bulk flow) and the thermal energy (associated with high‐pressure region in the inner magnetosphere). Then, they are converted to the electromagnetic energy associated with the onset FACs. A part of electromagnetic energy is stored in the lobe region during the growth phase. The release of the stored energy, together with the continuously supplied energy from the cusp/mantle dynamo, contributes to the energy supply to the ionosphere during the expansion phase.
Negative Potential Solitary Structures in the Magnetosheath With Large Parallel Width
Authors: Holmes J. C. , Ergun R. E. , Newman D. L. , Wilder F. D. , Sturner A. P. , Goodrich K. A. , Torbert R. B. , Giles B. L. , Strangeway R. J. , Burch J. L.
Published: December 2017

We report multispacecraft observations by the Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission of large (80–155 λDe parallel to B) electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs). Observations of the same ESWs at different positions and times enable unprecedented accuracy in determining the size, velocity, and evolution of these nonlinear structures. This particular event is a short series of negative potential solitary waves in the magnetosheath. The observed structures differ in amplitude and speed, merging or colliding with one another. A Vlasov simulation supports initial wave growth by a cold feature in the electron distribution function. Such cold electrons are likely the result of mixing between the cold magnetospheric and warm magnetosheath plasma along a reconnection separatrix. ESW speed and perpendicular size are inconsistent with ion phase space holes. Solving Poisson's equation for the measured potential, we find a reduction in electron density rather than an enhancement expected from an electron soliton. These ESWs have an unusual combination of properties on both ion and electron scales, likely supported by a complex electron distribution in the nonlinear state.
Revisiting Slow Slip Events Occurrence in Boso Peninsula, Japan, Combining GPS Data and Repeating Earthquakes Analysis
Authors: Gardonio B. , Marsan D. , Socquet A. , Bouchon M. , Jara J. , Sun Q. , Cotte N. , Campillo M.
Published: December 2017

Slow slip events (SSEs) regularly occur near the Boso Peninsula, central Japan. Their time of recurrence has been decreasing from 6.4 to 2.2 years from 1996 to 2014. It is important to better constrain the slip history of this area, especially as models show that the recurrence intervals could become shorter prior to the occurrence of a large interplate earthquake nearby. We analyze the seismic waveforms of more than 2,900 events (M≥1.0) taking place in the Boso Peninsula, Japan, from 1 April 2004 to 4 November 2015, calculating the correlation and the coherence between each pair of events in order to define groups of repeating earthquakes. The cumulative number of repeating earthquakes suggests the existence of two slow slip events that have escaped detection so far. Small transient displacements observed in the time series of nearby GPS stations confirm these results. The detection scheme coupling repeating earthquakes and GPS analysis allow to detect small SSEs that were not seen before by classical methods. This work brings new information on the diversity of SSEs and demonstrates that the SSEs in Boso area present a more complex history than previously considered.
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Synoptics of Extreme Wet‐Bulb Temperature in the Contiguous United States
Authors: Raymond C. , Singh D. , Horton R. M.
Published: December 2017

Extremes of wet‐bulb temperature (WBT)—jointly reflecting temperature and specific humidity—have seen relatively little study in terms of climatology, despite their demonstrated relevance for health and economic impacts. In this study, we uncover and characterize distinct spatiotemporal patterns of WBT extremes in the contiguous United States for the 1981–2015 period, focusing on identifying and making a first pass at understanding regional differences. We find that anomalies of specific humidity are of greater importance than those of temperature in controlling extreme WBT in most of the contiguous U.S., particularly for southern and arid regions. Composites of extreme‐WBT days for each region reveal coherent sea‐surface temperature anomalies and midlevel and upper ‐level geopotential‐height anomalies that differ considerably between regions, particularly in terms of the resulting low‐level temperature and moisture fields. These findings suggest that the primary factors controlling the timing and intensity of WBT extremes, while ultimately forced by synoptic‐scale weather patterns, vary spatially according to both local geography and baseline climate. We demonstrate this conclusion by showing how regional features such as late‐summer WBT extremes in the Southwest and southern Great Plains derive primarily from spatial and temporal variations in moist low‐level flows.
Characterizing Stratospheric Polar Vortex Variability With Computer Vision Techniques
Authors: Lawrence Zachary D. , Manney Gloria L.
Published: December 2017

Computer vision techniques are used to characterize the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex in 38 years of reanalysis data. Such techniques are typically applied to analyses of digital images, but they represent powerful tools that are more widely applicable: basic techniques and considerations for geophysical applications are outlined herein. Segmentation, descriptive, and tracking algorithms are combined in the Characterization and Analysis of Vortex Evolution using Algorithms for Region Tracking (CAVE‐ART) package, which was developed to comprehensively describe dynamical and geometrical evolution of polar vortices. CAVE‐ART can characterize and track multiple vortex regions through time, providing an extensive suite of region, moments, and edge diagnostics for each. CAVE‐ART is valuable for identifying vortex‐splitting events including, but not limited to, previously cataloged vortex‐split sudden stratospheric warmings. An algorithm for identifying such events detects 52 potential events between 1980 and 2017; of these, 38 are subjectively classified as distinct “split‐like” events. The algorithm based on CAVE‐ART is also compared with moment‐based methods previously used to detect split events. Furthermore, vortex edge‐averaged wind speeds from CAVE‐ART are used to define extreme weak and strong polar vortex events over multiple vertical levels; this allows characterization of their occurrence frequencies and extents in time and altitude. Weak and strong events show distinct signatures in CAVE‐ART diagnostics: in contrast to weak events, strong vortices are more cylindrical and pole centered, and less filamented, than the climatological state. These results from CAVE‐ART exemplify the value of computer vision techniques for analysis of geophysical phenomena.