bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CFD simulation of the multiphase heat transfer during the quenching process
Authors: Novosád J , Peukert P , Pomp N , Klouček P
Published: February 2020

The paper presents the results of the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation of quenching process for the ring shape sample. The aim of the work is to develop and validate the methodology for multiphase CFD simulation including the boiling during the quenching process. CFD simulation is provided in ANSYS Fluent. The Lee model is used for modelling the phase change during the quenching process. The first step consider the simulation of cooling of the ring sample when the correct model parameters will be found. Validation of results is performed by comparison with experimental data. Experimental was realized inside the own designed quenching bath device filled with quenching polymer. The general description of the experimental setup is included in the paper. The CFD results are cooling curves, i.e. variation of solid temperature on time. The Lee model parameters especially the evaporation frequency was tuned. Thin polymer film on the solid surface was considered to bring the results closer to the experimental data. The comparison between experiment and CFD shows very good agreement for higher temperatures, which covers the boiling stage. On the other hand for lower temperatures worse match of results was found caused probably by the sensitivity on the inlet velocity profile settings. Some recommendations for future work were defined.
The effect of SiO2 nanoparticles addition on lubrication properties of 10W-40 engine oil.
Authors: Seibert Ondřej , Kejzlar Pavel , Bakalová Totka
Published: February 2020

Proper lubrication of mechanical parts in the car engines shall minimize the wear of friction pair and thus to ensure long lifetime. Another goal of the lubrication is to decrease coefficient of friction and thereby reduce energy losses. Many publications are devoted to nanoparticle addition into simple oil (e.g. paraffin) but there is only limited attention to more complex lubricants as synthetic oils. In addition, there is paid very little attention to the stability of resulting suspensions. Present paper deals with the effect of different ways of SiO2 NPs addition into the advanced synthetic oil on the wear ratio of friction pair using ball-on-disc tribological test.
The effect of heat treatment on the structure and high – temperature strength of Fe3Al – based iron aluminide doped by carbon and carbide-forming element
Authors: Švec Martin , Vodičková Věra , Hanus Pavel , Keller Vojtěch
Published: February 2020

A structural study as well as the determination of σ0.2 compression yield stress at high temperatures have been performed on the Fe3Al-based iron aluminide doped by Nb (5 at. %) and C (1.5 at. %). The carbon occurrence leads to the formation of three-phase structure. Fe3Al matrix, niobium carbides and (Fe, Al)2Nb Laves phase were observed in the structure of investigated alloys. Precipitates were inhomogeneously distributed in as cast state alloy. The annealing at 1000 °C for 50 hrs. leads to more homogenously distribution of secondary phase particles and also to refinement of grain size. The strengthening mechanism of material at high temperatures was detected as a combination of strengthening by incoherent precipitates (NbC and Laves phase) and a solid solution hardening by Nb atoms. Effect of two reinforcing mechanisms together with homogeneously precipitate’s distribution increase the values of σ0.2 compression yield stress about 50 MPa in whole measured temperature range (600 – 800 °C) in comparison to similar intermetallic’s system Fe-Al-Zr-C.

Phase composition of the alloy was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). The electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was used for phase verification and grain size visualization.
A Brief Review on Biomass Converted Useful Materials
Authors: Akshay M N , Anand V , Abhilash S , Deepak G , Kumar Shrivastava Prashant
Published: February 2020

In this work we have discussed the different types of biomass converted materials like pyrolysis of biomass, biomass-waste, gasification of harmful gases, carbon-based supercapacitor, silica, macadamia shell waste, lithium-sulfur battery, and rice husk, etc. from the different industries and different types of conversion approaches. There are different types of conversion techniques are available for biomass conversion like CVD, hydrothermal process, thermolysis, pyrolysis, combustion, and chemical treatments. The aim of this study to identify the various types of biomass converted materials from different types of industrial waste and also find out the better way to convert into a useful material.
Beneficiation of goethite iron ore through magnetizing roasting followed by magnetic separation
Authors: Kumar Jaiswal Raj , Acharya Dipak kumar , Soren Shatrughan
Published: February 2020

The present study is carried out to recover iron value from low grade goethite iron ore. The method is based on coal based magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation. The effect of temperature, residence time and magnetic field intensity on grade and recovery of iron ore have been studied. The magnetizing roasting was carried out at 700°C, 800°C and 900°C for different residual time viz., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. The production obtained from magnetizing roasting was then separated in wet high intensity magnetic separator (WHIMS) at different magnetic field of 2000 gauss, 4000 gauss and 6000 gauss. The result obtained at 900°C roasting temperature for 50 minute followed by magnetic separation at 2000 gauss shows optimum Fe grade of 59.20% and recovery is 68.23%, this grade and recovery of iron ore increases with increase of temperature and time. However, the grade and recovery of iron ore decreases during prolonged roasting at 900°C. The recovery increases with increasing in magnetic field but the grade is decreasing. In the present study, the as received goethite iron ore and concentrate ore have been examined using optical microscopy to know the phases present and change of phase during processing.
An IOT based secure transaction system using Micro field communication
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Singh Dhananjay , Singh Rahul , Gupta Gagan , Singh S K
Published: February 2020

The humans have always tried to improve quality of living and technology plays a major role in this cause. Modern technology has been evolving with the emergence of smart technologies. Cash Based transaction involves lot of human effort of withdrawing and then storing the cash. It is also an insecure way of payment involving fears of theft etc… With large amounts of data transfer and e-payment needs, NFC is one of the prime technologies contributing towards fast and secure transmission of electronic signals, data and money. This paper focuses on NFC technology utilisation for a simplified and secure unified transaction system using IOT. Internet of things is a technology of present and future which has its applications in various fields like healthcare, transportation, manufacturing etc… There has already been a lot of research and developments on utilisation of NFC technology for transactions, but we propose a secure wireless transaction system by providing features such as database connectivity and user authentication in the system
Application of ELECTRE- I,II methods for EDM performance measures in manufacturing decision making
Authors: Tiwari Rashmi , Agrawal Sharad , Kumar Kasdekar Dinesh
Published: February 2020

Due to the demand of customer point of view requires good performance component with low cost. So, we have to expand the machining characteristics of Al7075 alloy containing 2wt% SiC on EDM. During machining following indicator has to be used for measures EDM performance. These output indicators for EDM are Surface roughness i.e., Ra and Rz, and also Energy consumption (PC). For experimenting, we choose the CCD approach in RSM. In this work, we have to apply a novel approach, multi-attributes decision making to predict the optimum result for the following criteria. In MADM approach using Electre I and II as an application to optimize EDM performance. Electre I and II have decided,based on Entropy weighting percentage. To predict sophisticated optimal attribute that contains the values of criteria (as an EDM performance indicator). Electre I and II offer Rank of alternatives that helps the designer to choose the best decision. At last, the graph shows the comparison of the computational results between Electre I and Electre II.
Modelling Drivers of Coordination Risk in Production System
Authors: Shakya R , Chauhan P
Published: February 2020

The production system process involves the coordination of a wide range of dissimilar and interconnected activities that’s why it involves more risk and uncertainty. When an organization coordinate with a differently located organization, it is very critical to established relations with new suppliers and sometimes it may bring about coordination and language problems. Coordination risk is the major risk in the entire production system because many suppliers are supply raw material to the organization. Coordination risks are very volatile and also often more difficult to observe, so they may go unnoticed. The main objective of this paper is to identify and understand the mutual interaction among various drivers of coordination risk which affects the performance of production system. To this effect, authors have identified various drivers through extant review of literature. From this information, an integrated model using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) for drivers of coordination risk in production system is developed and the structural relationships between these drivers are modelled. Further, MICMAC analysis is done to analyse the independent power and dependency of drivers which shall be helpful to managers to identify and classify important conditions and to reveal the direct and indirect effects of each condition of coordination risk on production system.
Valve Controlled Automatic Opto-Hydroponics System
Authors: Singh Kushagra , Kumar Maduri Praveen , Soni Apurva , Maurya Rishabh
Published: February 2020

In the growth of plants, various geological parameters like soil, air and water have been greatly affected by the increase in level of pollution and climate change. Degradation of soil, harmful gases in the air and loss of various macro nutrients are some common problems affecting the growth of plants. The only way that the plants could survive in a polluted environment is growing them in a well-managed and monitored greenhouse system. In this paper, a system is demonstrated which uses hydroponics technique and an artificial led light (Blue Red Pink) system to grow plants. The system is an automatic setup of hydroponics and led lights integration various sensors to manage the physical environment inside the greenhouse. System also proposes a hydroponics tube which is created for the seeds to directly grow on the tubes without shifting.
Design and Fabrication of low capacity Torque Transducer
Authors: Yadav Pooja , Pant Meena , Sheoran Ankita , Kumar Arora Pawan , Kumar Harish
Published: February 2020

The current work focuses on the development of a Torque Transducer capability of 10 Nm and analysis of it using FEA software ABQUS V.2018, it also focuses on identification of important parameters that impacts the stress values like mesh type and global seed size, values of stresses obtained using both analytically and computational are compared and parameters for which most conforming results are obtained is identified. Effect of mesh size and type has been thoroughly studied and it is analyzed what mesh type and what mesh size gives results most closer to analytical values. Using the same analysis it is found out at what point maximum stress, strain values occur on the surface, this helps in ascertaining the locations where strain gauges could be mounted on the sensing elements. For analysis purpose model is prepared using Autodesk Fusion 360 software and on that FEA is performed. Further the designed model has been fabricated using series of CNC machining operations After the fabrication is complete, strain gauges are mounted on previously identified location to measure the strain / stress values.
Research on Parameter Identification Method of Generator Excitation System Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm
Authors: Li Nan , Liu Yuqun , Geng Bin
Published: February 2020

In order to solve the problem of large parameter identification error caused by nonlinear links of excitation system being triggered easily when transient stability is under fault state, an improved differential evolution algorithm for system parameter identification is proposed by using the characteristic of artificial intelligence algorithm that the nonlinear link is approximated infinitely through optimization. The improvement of the algorithm solves the problems of slow convergence speed, poor fine optimization ability and easily to produce local optimum when classical artificial intelligence algorithm identifies the parameters of non-linear links. At the same time, in order to solve the problem of inaccurate parameters in the whole identification, a decomposition link identification strategy is proposed. The example analysis shows that the algorithm improves the convergence speed, avoids local optimum and improves the convergence accuracy. According to the proposed parameter identification strategy, the excitation system is decomposed and identified, which improves the accuracy of generator excitation system parameter identification, and provides an accurate model and method for power system stability analysis
Research on Inconsistency of Echelon- Use Batteries and Flexible Group Energy Storage Converter
Authors: Luo Min , Liang Hui , Meng Jinling
Published: February 2020

In this paper, fifty-five echelon-use batteries were tested and the capacity inconsistency of the batteries are analyzed. The flexible group technology of batteries is studied, and the characteristics and application scenarios of different topologies of energy storage converters are analyzed. Aiming at the problems of high current stress, high loss and high cost in full power control mode, a new energy storage converter topology with integrated primary power control is proposed, and the control method of the topology structure is given. The modeling and Simulation of MATLAB proves that the topology can realize independent control of the charging and discharging current of battery module under highly integrated conditions.
ConfID: an analytical method for conformational characterization of small molecules using molecular dynamics trajectories
Authors: Polêto Marcelo D , Grisci Bruno I , Dorn Marcio , Verli Hugo
Published: February 2020

Motivation

The conformational space of small molecules can be vast and difficult to assess. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of free ligands in solution have been applied to predict conformational populations, but their characterization is often based on clustering algorithms or manual efforts.

Results

Here, we introduce ConfID, an analytical tool for conformational characterization of small molecules using MD trajectories. The evolution of conformational sampling and population frequencies throughout trajectories is calculated to check for sampling convergence while allowing to map relevant conformational transitions. The tool is designed to track conformational transition events and calculate time-dependent properties for each conformational population detected.

Availability and implementation

Toolkit and documentation are freely available at http://sbcb.inf.ufrgs.br/confid

Contact

marcelo.poleto@ufv.br or bigrisci@inf.ufrgs.br

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Assessment of Available Tools for Monitoring Wheat Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Jorgensen Amanda , Otani Jennifer , Evenden Maya L
Published: February 2020

Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, is an invasive pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) throughout Canada and the United States. The applicability of available monitoring tools, including sex-pheromone baited traps, yellow sticky cards, and soil core sample surveys, in the northern-most agroecosystem of its invasive range has not been assessed. In this study, the attraction of male wheat midge to two Delta traps (green and orange) baited with one of three pheromone lures (a flex lure and two red septa lures from different sources) were compared. The efficacy of three yellow sticky cards (7 × 12 cm, 14 × 18 cm, and 14 × 18 cm rolled into a cylinder) for capture of male and female midge was assessed. Larvae were extracted from wheat heads sampled at the same sites to determine relationships with earlier adult trap capture. More male adult midges were captured in pheromone-baited traps with a greater surface area and in traps baited with the Scotts flex lure than the Great Lakes IPM septa lure, which had higher and more variable pheromone release rates. The smaller yellow sticky cards captured more male and female midges than the larger yellow sticky cards, regardless of shape. The number of female midges captured on yellow sticky cards predicted the number of larvae in wheat heads. The number of male midges captured in pheromone-baited traps did not predict larval density. Relationships were found between the number of overwintering cocoons recovered in soil core samples and emerging midges the following spring.
Fragmentation of the Sinai Plate indicated by spatial variation in present-day slip rate along the Dead Sea Fault System
Authors: Gomez Francisco , Cochran William J , Yassminh Rayan , Jaafar Rani , Reilinger Robert , Floyd Mike , King Robert W , Barazangi Muawia
Published: February 2020

A comprehensive GPS velocity field along the Dead Sea Fault System (DSFS) provides new constraints on along-strike variations of near-transform crustal deformation along this plate boundary, and internal deformation of the Sinai and Arabian plates. In general, geodetically derived slip rates decrease northwards along the transform (5.0 ± 0.2 to 2.2 ± 0.5 mm yr−1) and are consistent with geological slip rates averaged over longer time periods. Localized reductions in slip rate occur where the Sinai Plate is in ∼N–S extension. Extension is confined to the Sinai side of the fault and is associated with prominent changes in transform geometry, and with NW–SE striking, left-lateral splay faults, including the Carmel Fault in Israel and the Roum Fault in Lebanon. The asymmetry of the extensional velocity gradients about the transform reflects active fragmentation of the Sinai Plate along the continental margin. Additionally, elastic block modelling of GPS velocities requires an additional structure off-shore the northern DSF segment, which may correspond with a fault located along the continental margin, suggested by prior geophysical studies.
Global Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Diarrhea Hospitalizations and Deaths Among Children <5 Years Old: 2006–2019
Authors: Burnett Eleanor , Parashar Umesh D , Tate Jacqueline E
Published: February 2020

Background

Since 2006, more than 100 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccine into their immunization programs. We reviewed published data on relative reductions of rotavirus hospitalizations, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations, and AGE deaths among children <5 years old.

Methods

Articles published from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2019 with at least 12 months of data before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction were included. Relative reductions were abstracted into a standardized form. Descriptive statistics are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs).

Results

We reviewed 1827 total records and included 105 articles from 49 countries. Among children <5 years old, there was a median reduction of 59% (IQR, 46–74) in rotavirus hospitalizations, 36% (IQR, 23–47) in AGE hospitalizations, and 36% (IQR, 28–46) AGE mortality. Reductions were larger in countries with low child mortality, among younger age groups, and in countries with higher coverage. The median percentage of specimens that tested positive for rotavirus among children <5 years old hospitalized for diarrhea was 40% (IQR, 28–45) before rotavirus vaccine introduction and 20% (IQR, 20–20) 4 years after introduction.

Conclusions

Overall, we found sustained impact on rotavirus and AGE hospitalizations and deaths. These results should encourage countries still considering rotavirus vaccine implementation.
Collaborative Study of Infrared Methods for Phorate in Formulations
Authors: Pasarela N Kobekt
Published: February 2020

An infrared method for the determination of phorate in 5% and 10% granules was studied by 10 collaborators. In the method, the formulation is eluted from the carrier with acetonitrile, the solvent is removed by evaporation, and the residue is dissolved in cyclohexane. The absorbance of the solution is measured at 8.32 μ and the phorate content is determined by comparison with a sample of purified phorate treated in the same manner. Results show good agreement between replicates and laboratories. It is recommended that the method for phorate in granular formulations be adopted as official, first action.
Infrared Method of Analysis for 10% Di-Syston Granules
Authors: Cobbett Elizabeth B
Published: February 2020

A rapid, simple, infrared method of analysis for 10% Di-Syston granules has been developed in which Di-Syston is extracted with carbon disulfide and scanned over 8.7—10.2 μ; the main peak is at 9.75 μ. Per cent composition is obtained from a standard curve. The method has been shown to be reliable by analyses of over 1250 samples.
Thin-Layer Chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide Residue Analysis without Cleanup
Authors: Morley H V , Chiba M
Published: February 2020

Thin-layer chromatography on silica gel may be used for the determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in some plant extracts without prior cleanup, thus eliminating the possible loss of pesticides during the cleanup procedure. Rapid screening of a large number of samples is thus possible with consequent saving of time and labor. When necessary, thin-layer chromatography may be used as a prior cleanup for gas chromatography.
Rapid Method for Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Fluid Milk
Authors: Onley John H
Published: February 2020

The basic Mills procedure for residues of chlorinated pesticides in milk, as modified by Mills, Onley, and Gaither to apply to vegetables, has been further modified to extract the pesticides directly from whole milk, rather than from butterfat, thus eliminating the preliminary extraction. Also, dioxane has been included in the extraction mixture and second eluting mixture, and gives a cleaner eluent. The final determination was made by gas chromatography using electron affinity detection. Added pesticides could be recovered at 0.005 ppm.
Norit-A Cleanup for Chlorinated Pesticide Analysis by Microcoulometric Gas Chromatography
Authors: Baetz Richard A
Published: February 2020

A rapid cleanup procedure, which may be used in the determination of 13 chlorinated pesticides at levels of 0.1 and 1 ppm, has been developed in which the pesticides are extracted by the usual procedures, and the strip solution is evaporated to dryness, dissolved in benzene, cleaned up with acidwashed Norit-A, and finally determined by microcoulometric gas chromatography. Recoveries of the 13 chlorinated pesticides added to a benzene extract of four different crops ranged between 53 and 113%.
Investigations of Electron Capture Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Multiple Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Vegetables
Authors: Burke Jerry , Giuffrida Laura
Published: February 2020

Conditions have been experimentally worked out for most efficient operation of the electron capture gas chromatograph, with the objective of routinely determining 0.01 ppm of residues of chlorinated pesticides with GLC characteristics like heptachlor epoxide. These conditions are as follows: Column 6' long by 4 mm i.d., packed with 10% DC 200 (12,500 est) on 80/90 mesh Anakrom ABS, conditioned 1—5 days at 250°C; 200°C column and detector temperature; 120 ml/min. flow N2. Conditioning of the column by chromatographing cleaned up crop extracts through it improves results with certain pesticides. Relative retention times are tabulated for 65 compounds. Sample cleanup is essential for consistently accurate results; the Mills-Onley-Gaither method was used in our work. To insure a zero reagent blank, solvents must be distilled, all glassware rinsed with solvent, blender and funnel carefully cleaned, and no polyethylene containers used to store solvents. Quantitative analysis is made by comparing peak areas of sample and standard, preferably by automatic integration. Experimental work on crop samples was done with corn, spinach, carrots, green beans, potatoes, broccoli, peas, lettuce, radishes, green onions, kale, and cabbage. Over-all average recovery was 84% for seven common pesticides added to 100 g samples of broccoli at 0.001-0.1 ppm.
Electron Affinity Residue Determination of Nitrated MCP, MCPB, and NAA; Conversion of MCPB to MCP in Bean Plants
Authors: Bache Carl A , Lisk Donald J , Loos Michael A
Published: February 2020

In developing a method for determining residues of MCP, MCPB, and NAA by electron affinity, it was found that because of their low response, the herbicides must first be nitrated to (presumably) the 5 and 6 nitro derivatives. The method was used to determine about 0.1 ppm of MCP, MCPB, and NAA as residues in timothy, peas, and apples, respectively, and also to detect the conversion of MCPB to MCP in snap bean plants.
Evaluation of Protein in Foods. X. A Comparison of Methods for Assessing the Protein Contribution of Five Middle Eastern Meals
Authors: Sabry Z I , Morrison A B , Campbell J A
Published: February 2020

Protein quality of five Middle Eastern meals was evaluated by using simplified chemical score (SCS), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), protein retention efficiency (PRE), and net protein utilization (NPU). The meals consisted of Arabic bread in combination with sesame (Halaweh), with sesame and chickpea (Hommos tehineh), with rice and lentil (Rice Mujaddarah), with parboiled wheat and lentil (Burghul Mujaddarah), or with parboiled wheat, yoghurt, and meat (Kishk). Halaweh, Hommos tehineh, and Kishk were limiting in lysine, while the other two meals were limiting in methionine. Lysine and methionine appeared to be fully available in all meals with the exception of Halaweh, in which lysine was partially unavailable. All methods ranked the meals in the same order, with Halaweh as the poorest, Hommos tehineh the best, and the other three meals slightly inferior to Hommos tehineh in quality. Methods for determining the protein contribution of meals which took into account both quantity and quality of protein, i.e., net dietary protein calories per cent (N.D-p. Cals %), protein rating (PR), and per cent complete protein (% CP), were also tested. Values for N.D-p. Cals % and PR correlated closely with each other and relatively poorly with % CP. Values for SCS × % protein calories correlated closely with N.D-p. Cals % and PR.
Extraction Test Method for Flexible Barrier Materials
Authors: Ragelis Edward P
Published: February 2020

The extraction test method for flexible barrier materials, after approval by the Extraction Test Methods Section of the ASTM, was studied collaboratively by eight laboratories. Results were in good agreement, and the method is recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Ion-Exchange Paper—X-Ray Emission Procedure for Determination of Microgram Quantities of Mercury
Authors: Link William B , Heine Keith S , Jones J H , Wattlington Percy
Published: February 2020

A method has been developed for determining 1 μg of mercury in 100 ml of aqueous acid solution with a precision of ± 0.25 μg. In the method, the mercury is adsorbed by anion resinloaded paper and determined by X-ray emission spectroscopy. The method gave 75—125% recoveries of 1 μg of mercury from acid solutions containing 10 g of sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, iron oxide, magnesium carbonate, and calcium carbonate, and satisfactory recoveries from the HCl extract of carbon, barium sulfate, chromic oxide, bentonite, kaolin, talc, titanium dioxide, and magnesium stearate. Substantial changes in flow rate or acid concentration seem to have little effect on mercury absorption from HC1 solution. Mercury in zinc oxide or bismuth oxychloride cannot be determined by this technique.
How Available Is Available?
Authors: Brabson J A , Burch W G
Published: February 2020

Results of field tests of ammoniated superphosphate fertilizers correlated well with availabilities determined by an alkaline ammonium citrate extraction, but showed no relation to availabilities determined by the official neutral ammonium citrate extraction procedure. It is recommended that water solubility of phosphate fertilizers be guaranteed and that the alkaline ammonium citrate extraction be considered for determination of the availability of phosphate fertilizers.
Automation of the AOAC Flame Photometric Method for Potassium in Fertilizers
Authors: Gehrke Charles W , Ussary James P , Kramer George H
Published: February 2020

A study was undertaken to (a) develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and automatic method for routinely determining potassium in commercial fertilizers; (b) to determine the effect of different concentrations of common interfering ions on the emission intensity ratio of potassium in KNO3 standards; (c) to eliminate the ion exchange cleanup of sample and thus simplify the method; and (d) to evaluate the automatic instrument. Phosphate was the only ion that caused a serious effect. The cleanup was found to be unnecessary for fertilizers containing less than 16% K2O, but gives more accurate results for higher concentration fertilizers. The automatic method gave accurate and precise results, and effected considerable saving in analytical time.
Chemical Assay of Tubocurarine Chloride Injection
Authors: Welsh Llewellyn H , Summa A Francis
Published: February 2020

Two solutions, prepared to simulate the composition of commercial tubocurarine chloride injection, were assayed collaboratively for tubocurarine and its naturally-occurring isomer, chondocurarine. Potency values calculated on the basis of the chemical results showed good precision and close agreement with USP bioassay values. However, chemical potencies calculated for cert a in commercial solutions 3 to 10 years old were about 10% higher than biologically determined potencies.
Enzymatic Digestion of Tomato Products for Determination of Fly Eggs and Maggots
Authors: Vazquez Alberto Wanous , Cooper John C
Published: February 2020

A new enzymatic method has been devised for isolating fly eggs and maggots from tomato products; the products are digested overnight with cellulose and pectin-destroying enzymes, and the digested material is filtered through bolting cloth discs. A high potency detergent aids in washing fine cellular debris through the cloth. The new method saves a good deal of analytical time and gives fewer and cleaner bolting cloths than the present sedimentation method, 36.064. Better filth recoveries are also obtained.
A Standard Test for Efficacy of Germicides and Acceptability of Residual Disinfecting Activity in Swimming Pool Water
Authors: Ortenzio L F , Stuart L S
Published: February 2020

A biological test, using Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis as test organisms, has been designed to determine the germicidal activity of water containing 0.4— 1.0 ppm of available chlorine at pH 7.0— 7.5. The few results presented clearly indicate the usefulness of the method in evaluating commercial disinfectant preparations recommended for use in swimming pool water disinfection. The procedure can be readily adapted to study the effects of chlorine stabilizers, the influence of various algaecides applied as adjuncts to water disinfectant on germicidal activity, and determinations as to the acceptability of residual disinfecting activity of swimming pool waters during times that the pool is in use.
Collaborative Study of the Determination of Formaldehyde in Maple Sirup
Authors: Underwood J C
Published: February 2020

A modified Nash method for the determination of formaldehyde in maple sirup has been studied collaboratively by 13 chemists in 9 states and 2 provinces of Canada. As a result of the satisfactory precision obtained by these analyses, the method has been recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Effect of Vacuum Treatment on Freezing Point of Milk
Authors: Shipe W F
Published: February 2020

It has been observed, that vacuum treatment tends to raise the freezing point of milk. Apparently this is due to carbon dioxide removal, which is partly offset by water removal. There does not seem to be a correlation between original freezing point and the amount of increase. Therefore it is recommended that a precautionary statement be added to section 15.039.
Determination of Glucose in Egg Solids by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Coleman Charles H , Despaul John E , Ruiz Santiago
Published: February 2020

Copper reduction methods for determining residual glucose in egg solids give high apparent values due to the presence of other reducing sugars. A paper chromatographic method specific for glucose in dried egg and egg albumen has been developed in which glucose migrates independently of other components. Micro-quantities of glucose in egg from which glucose has been removed can be readily detected and determined. Migration of the unknown and its comparison with a standard glucose spot on the finished chromatogram provides positive qualitative identification and accurate quantitative determination. Good recoveries were obtained in micro-concentration ranges.
Separation and Identification of Carbon Tetrachloride and Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons from Multicomponent Mixtures
Authors: Shuman Harry
Published: February 2020

Steam distillation separates oil of bergamot into a volatile fraction (85—95% of the original pressed oil) which has a qualitatively significant IR absorption but no appreciable UV absorption in the 270—375 mμ, range. The relatively small steam nonvolatile fraction, however, has significant absorption in the 270—375 mμ range; maximum at 313 mμ, minimum at 277 mμ, and a ratio of 2.45 ± 0.07 for A313/A277. The steam nonvolatile fraction of bergamot consists primarily of the furocoumarin bergaptene. These compounds classed as psoralens have been reported to induce sensitization of the skin under the influence of sunlight or UV irradiation. Initial studies to separate bergamot oil constituents from mixtures have been partially successful. Work on commercial mixtures, and on characterizing the nonvolatile fraction by chemical and physical means, will be continued.
Spectrophotometric Characterization of Some Authentic Oil of Bergamot and a Few Related Oils
Authors: Rotondaro Felice A
Published: February 2020

Steam distillation separates oil of bergamot into a volatile fraction (85—95% of the original pressed oil) which has a qualitatively significant IR absorption but no appreciable UV absorption in the 270—375 mμ, range. The relatively small steam nonvolatile fraction, however, has significant absorption in the 270—375 mμ range; maximum at 313 mμ, minimum at 277 mμ, and a ratio of 2.45 ± 0.07 for A313/A277. The steam nonvolatile fraction of bergamot consists primarily of the furocoumarin bergaptene. These compounds classed as psoralens have been reported to induce sensitization of the skin under the influence of sunlight or UV irradiation. Initial studies to separate bergamot oil constituents from mixtures have been partially successful. Work on commercial mixtures, and on characterizing the nonvolatile fraction by chemical and physical means, will be continued.
Determination of Hesperidin in Dry Matter of Citrus Tissues by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Method
Authors: Goren R , Monselise S P
Published: February 2020

An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was suggested in 1959 for the determination of hesperidin in juice and fresh extract of orange peel. This method, based on the differences in absorbance units of hesperidin between 290 and 300 mμ, has been adapted to the determination of hesperidin in dry matter of citrus tissues. Hesperidin is extracted from dry matter with 0.2N NaOH for 22 hours at 10°C, the pH is adjusted to 3.8 ± 0.25, and plant residues are separated by centrifugation. The solution is diluted with 99% isopropanol, proteins are precipitated, and the extract is read on a spectrophotometer. Results are calculated from the difference in absorbances between 290 and 300 mμ.
Use of Enzymes in the Determination of Added Lactose in Meat Products Containing Corn Sirup Solids
Authors: Hankin Lester , Wickroski Alphoxse F
Published: February 2020

An enzymatic method is proposed to overcome the difficulties encountered with the AOAC yeast method for the determination of lactose in prepared meat products which also contain corn sirup solids in addition to nonfat dry milk. The AOAC method does not allow for complete hydrolysis of the corn sirup solids, and, when reducing sugars are calculated as lactose, inflated values are obtained since some of the unhydrolyzed reducing material from the corn sirup solids is measured. In the enzyme method, a combination of crude maltase and glucose oxidase are used to remove all reducing sugars except lactose. Preliminary yeast treatment is included either routinely or to remove sucrose, if present. Comparative values obtained on prepared frankfort samples showed that the enzyme method was superior to the AOAC method.
Determination of Sodium and Potassium in Fish and Other Marine Products
Authors: Thompson Mary H
Published: February 2020

Wet-ash and dry-ash extraction methods for the flame photometric determination of sodium and potassium in fish and other marine products were studied collaboratively. The wet-ash method was more accurate primarily because potassium was lost during the dry-ashing procedure at 550°C. Statistical analyses of precision indicate that wetashing is equal to or superior to dryashing. The Associate Referee, using the wet-ash procedure, obtained 98% recoveries for sodium and 102% for potassium, and relative standard deviations of 1.3—2.2 for sodium, and 1.5—3.6 for potassium. Over-all average recoveries obtained by the collaborators were 112% for sodium and 96% for potassium. Collaborative study will be continued.
Determination of Esters in Whisky by Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Martin Glenn E , Schoeneman Robert L , Schlesinger Howard L
Published: February 2020

A rapid and direct method has been developed for the determination of ethyl acetate in whisky by gas-liquid chromatography. Volatile esters are comprised mainly of ethyl acetate, but in addition, traces of methyl acetate are present.
A Simple Screening Procedure for the Detection of Traces of EDTA-Type Compounds in Beer
Authors: Stone Irwin
Published: February 2020

A rapid and simple screening procedure is presented for detecting the presence of traces of EDTA-type compounds in beer. The procedure is based upon the color change of the red zinc dithizonate to the bluish-green of dithizone in the presence of strongly chelating compounds. The presence of a watermiscible organic solvent provides sufficient solubility to keep the colored aqueous-insoluble dithizonates dispersed and discernible.
Sodium and Potassium in Wines and Distilled Spirits
Authors: Meuron Herman J
Published: February 2020

Collaborative study of the official, first action flame photometric method of Pro and Mathers for sodium and potassium in wines and distilled spirits was continued and showed that this method is applicable also to sherry wine, fruit wines, and apple brandy. The sodium determination, using essentially simple dilution of wines and little or no dilution of distilled spirits, varied considerably among collaborators for concentrations below 100 ppm, but this is not considered objectionable for routine determinations of these products. Studies will continue to determine the applicability of the method to beer and related malt beverages.
Determination of Water in Silage by Fischer Titration of Concentrated Ethanolic Suspensions
Authors: Dubravčić Milan F
Published: February 2020

A method is described for rapid determination of water in ensiled fodder materials. The procedure is based on a brief homogenization of 10—20% suspensions of samples in ethanol followed by titration of gravimetric aliquots with Fischer reagent. It has been found that the concentration of water in the alcoholic phase quickly reaches an equilibrium that is linearly related to the proportion of sample in the mixture and, accordingly, equal to the concentration of water in the suspended tissue. The uniformity of distribution of water simplifies both the aliquoting and the calculation. No interfering reactions have been encountered and the recovery of added water is close to 100%. Ethanol as solvent gives less variable results than either methanol or ethylene glycol. Incorporation of a dry box in the titration apparatus considerably improves the precision of the titration. Coefficient of variation of the titration is about 0.2%.
Components of Vitamin B6 in Grains and Cereal Products
Authors: Polansky Marilyn Macarthur , Murphy Elizabeth W , Toepfer Edward W
Published: February 2020

Extracts of 56 grains and cereal products were chromatographically separated on Dowex-50 ion exchange columns into pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine fractions. These fractions were assayed microbiologically by using S. carlsbergensis. Procedures used and values obtained by the assays are presented, along with values for total vitamin B6 in unchromatographed extracts and proximate composition values for each sample.
Pesticide Residues in Total Diet Samples
Authors: Williams S
Published: February 2020

Total diet samples collected since August 1962 were analyzed for the presence of chlorinated organic pesticides, parathion, and 2,4-D types of herbicides and plant growth regulators. Chlorinated pesticide residues were identified by paper, gas-liquid, thinlayer, and microcoulometric gas chromatography. Parathion residues were identified by polarography and confirmed by paper chromatography. Organophosphate pesticide residues were noted in a few samples by paper chromatography. No herbicides were detected in any samples.
Radioactivity in Total Diet Samples
Authors: Laug Edwin P , Dimitroff James M
Published: February 2020

Data have been compiled on the presence of strontinum-90 and cesium-137 in total diet samples. Strontium-90 and cesium-137 contents in the total diet have shown a steady increase in the 1963 samples, with the highest values concentrated during the fall of 1963.
Total Diet Study: Carbohydrate Content and Methodology
Authors: Eheart James F , Mason Blanche S
Published: February 2020

Determinations were made of total and reducing sugars, sucrose, dextrin, and starch content of dry fat-free solids of the "total diet" samples previously reported by Food and Drug Administration. Samples represented differences in season, location, time of purchase, and store at which purchased. Mean dry fat-free solids contents did not differ significantly. Purchase periods and locations caused extreme variability of the sucrose content of the diets. Factor- effect variations among the other carbohydrate constituents were not considered nutritionally important. Reducing sugars, sucrose, and starch gave positive correlations with total sugars, while negative correlations were obtained for total sugars with dextrin and for reducing sugars with sucrose.
Gas Chromatography with Microcoulometric Detection for Pesticide Residue Analysis
Authors: Burke Jerry , Holswade Wendell
Published: February 2020

Conditions are given for the most efficient operation of the microcoulometric gas chromatograph as a multiple detection technique for residues of chlorinated pesticides. Conditions are as follows: Column, aluminum, 6’ long by 4.5 mm i.d., packed with 10% DC 200 silicone fluid (12,500 est) on 80/90 mesh Anakrom ABS (conditioned 1—5 days at 250°C), 210°C column temperature, and 120 ml/min. N2 flow.

Chromatography of certain pesticides is improved by injection of cleaned up crop extracts. Columns with a minimum number of bends are superior to coiled columns. Chromatography is not improved by using glass columns. Relative retention times and instrument sensitivity are tabulated for 87 chlorinated and 26 thio pesticide chemicals. Theoretical chloride recoveries are given for 14 compounds and sulfur recoveries for 3 compounds. Theoretical recoveries indicate that the MCGC system is linear for a particular pesticide when it is present above some minimum quantity. Sample cleanup is essential for consistently accurate and reproducible results. The general level of "maximum sensitivity" of this multiple detection technique is approximately 0.01 ppm. The specificity of the detection system (for CI-, Br-, I- or sulfur) is the instrument's greatest virtue.
A New Colorimetric Method for Determination of Residues of Guthion and Ethyl Guthion and Their Oxygen Analogs
Authors: Miles J R W
Published: February 2020

A new and rapid colorimetric method of analysis for residues of Guthion and Ethyl Guthion and their oxygen analogs is presented. It is based on the direct coupling of the Guthion series with N-(l-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride in the presence of acetic acid and hydrochloric acid to produce a purple solution with absorption maximum at 556 mμ. The reaction is complete in less than 5 min. and the method is sensitive to 5 μg of Guthion. The oxygen analogs are separated on a Florisil column, the parent insecticides are eluted by chloroform, and the oxygen analogs are then eluted with acetone-chloroform mixture and determined separately. Recoveries from crops ranged from 78 to 97%.
Rapid Procedure for Extraction of Anatoxin from Peanuts, Peanut Meal, and Peanut Butter for Bioassay
Authors: Campbell A D , Dorset Elizabeth , Eppley Robert M
Published: February 2020

Previously, bioassays for anatoxin have used the same extract as that for chemical assays. However, the development of suitable rapid procedures for chemical assay, requiring the processing of relatively small amounts of the test material, do not produce enough anatoxin for bioassays. A procedure has been developed for processing samples as large as 2 kg to obtain crude anatoxin extracts for bioassays.
Mycotoxins: Studies of the Rapid Procedure for Aflatoxins in Peanuts, Peanut Meal, and Peanut Butter
Authors: Nesheim Stanley
Published: February 2020

The new rapid procedure for anatoxins has been collaboratively tested in 15 laboratories on samples of peanuts, peanut butter, and peanut meal distributed on three different occasions. For a semiquantitative method the results were in quite good agreement. It is recommended that the method be further studied.
Chemical Composition of Fruit and Fruit Juices
Authors: Osborn R A
Published: February 2020

Authentic data are given on the composition of jams, jellies, fruit juices, and other mixtures containing fruits.
Fluorometric Determination of Chlortetracycline in Low Level Mixed Feeds
Authors: Katz Stanley E , Spock Joseph
Published: February 2020

The fluorometric determination of low levels of chlortetracycline in mixed feeds is based upon the separation of the chlortetracycline on a Decalso ion exchange column after extraction from the feed. The chlortetracycline is eluted from the resin after conversion to isochlortetracycline by hot aqueous sodium carbonate. The isochlortetracycline is measured fluorometrically. Results agree with microbial assays.