bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Measuring Function of the First Legs of Araneus Diadematus Cl
Authors: Reed Charles F. , Witt Peter N. , Jones Robert L.
Published: April 2008

Spiders deprived of one first leg or two front legs on the same side built webs changed in specific ways and never recovered. Web components were changed from control values to a statistically significant degree as follows: angle regularity and the number of radii decreased, the median central angle increased in size; the number of spiral turns and, in some cases, the spiral regularity decreased; the spiral area decreased relative to frame and central areas; the thread length decreased. No change could be detected in web shape or in the position of the hub. It is concluded that the first leg has a measuring as well as a locomotor function, that the second leg can partly substitute for that measuring function. Web changes following delegging reflect loss of normal adequacy in both of these functions. No evidence of right-left differences in leg function were found. All adaptation to the absence of one or two legs had occurred in the first web after the operation. The variation in control webs and the differential severity in reaction to delegging require evaluation of several animals and many webs; such extensive evaluation is made feasible by computer analysis of an array of points defining a web.
The Nursing. Posture of Domestic Sows and Related Behaviour
Authors: Fraser D.
Published: April 2008

The nursing behaviour of the sow commonly involves upward rotation of the udder, movements of the head and legs, and rhythmic grunting. Aspects of this behaviour were studied in several experiments with pregnant females, juveniles males, and suckling piglets. Many pregnant females lay down and assumed the nursing posture when their udders were first rubbed by hand. Those which initially appeared agitated in the experimenter's presence often failed to do so until after some habituation to the procedure. When the upper and lower rows of teats were rubbed alternately, the udder was usually rotated toward the stimulation. This rotation, like the rate of grunting and milk ejection, was greatest when the most anterior teats were stimulated. Juvenile male pigs showed very similar behaviour. When housed alone they lay down in response to manual stimulation of the belly, but only after some habituation to the experimenter. They rotated their bellies toward the stimulation, and gave most grunts in response to stimulation of the anterior teats. Sleeping piglets often gave an attenuated form of the nursing posture when their bellies were rubbed gently. Rotation of the belly was the most common response, with the movements of the head and legs apparently occurring as elaborations.
Aspects of Attention, Orientation, and Status Hierarchy in Mandrills (Mandrillus Sphinx) and Gelada Baboons (Theropithecus Gelada)
Authors: Emory Gary R.
Published: April 2008

Social visual attention, body orientation, and the status hierarchy were studied in groups of baboons, Mahdrillus sphinx and Theropithecus gelada. In the gelada group, social attention of the dominant male was found to be directed more to his group than was the case in the mandrill group. This was correlated with a greater amount of mutual visual attention between the dominant male and his harem in geladas, relative to the mandrills. A general discussion of the Importance of vigilance for external danger in group living primates was presented, with particular reference to the role of the dominant male. Secondary referents (statistically significant peaks of social attention) were found to occur in the lower levels of the status hierarchy in both groups. This was related to a current theory of primate aggression. Body orientation was related to avoidance of presenting a potentially threatening posture in mandrills and to sexual advertisement in geladas.
The Ontogeny of Predatory Behaviour in the Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus a. Auratus)
Authors: Polsky Richard H.
Published: April 2008

An attempt was made to delineate the nature of the experiences involved in the ontogeny of the predatory response in golden hamsters (M. a. auratus). Two principal experiential phases were identified: pre-capture and post-capture. Encompassed within the pre-capture phase was the process of fear attentuation through habituation and the processes involved in the perfection of the prey-capture technique. Encompassed within the post-capture phase was prey-consumption. The experiments in this paper were designed to allow subjects to experience the pre-capture and post-capture phases independently or both together before being tested for the capture of locust nymphs (Locusta migratoria). Results showed: 1. Hamsters fed dead prey prior to test onset (post-capture phase) captured with relatively low latencies concomitant with high frequencies of the behaviours needed for capture. 2. Hamsters which experienced only the pre-capture phase showed the reverse: high latencies concomitant with low frequencies. 3. The response of capture became extinguished through prey removal after capture in hamsters with weak dispositions for capture. 4. Consumption of prey did not have to immediately follow capture in order for the predatory response to develop. Conclusions were: a) the act of capture was self-reinforcing, b) dead feed before capture, or eat following capture, served to strengthen the tendency for capture but not permit the perfection of the behaviours needed for capture. Similarities and differences between predation in the rat and predation in the hamster were discussed and the prevalence of the various types of learning in the ontogeny of mammalian predation was briefly noted.
Vocal Communication Between Ewes and Their Own and Alien Lambs
Authors: Shillito Walser Elizabeth , Walters Eurof , Hague Peter
Published: April 2008

Vocal communication and consequent recognition between ewes and their own lambs or alien lambs was investigated by recording the bleating of one ewe and one lamb separated by a canvas barrier. Border Leicester, Dalesbred, Jacob and Soay, ewes were tested once when their lambs were 20-27 days and once when they were 70-80 days old. The number of bleats made by ewes and lambs over 3 min. was recorded, and the number of times they answered each others bleats within 2 sec. of hearing the first bleat, was calculated. Both ewes and lambs bleated more and answered more bleats when they were bleating to own rather than alien animals. Vocalisations were less with older lambs, particularly in the Soay sheep. The Dalesbred ewes answered significantly more of their own lambs' bleats than alien lambs, compared with other breeds. The Dalesbred lambs answered more of their own ewes' bleats when they were 70-78 days old. It is concluded that this vocal behaviour of answering bleats may help the lambs to identify their ewes more easily.
Extra-Territorial Movements of a Perennially Territorial Damselfish, Eupomacentrus Dorsopunicans Poey
Authors: Bartels Paul Jon
Published: April 2008

1. Dusky damselfish, Eupomacentrus dorsopunicans spend the majority of their time in very small, perennial territories but long forays to other territories are common. 2. Adults living on discrete habitats often forayed to continuous habitats, and were lost more frequently during a six month census. 3. Continuous habitat occupants participated in more courtship activity. 4. Following experimental habitat disruption the number of forays increased prior to the establishment of new territories, thus demonstrating that foraying is associated with territorial reestablishment. 5. Territorial shifts are essential for perennially territorial individuals in inferior habitats, and foraying is apparently a territorial monitoring mechanism. Presumably, forays optimally time territorial shifts and reduce their inherent costs.
Rudimentary Representational Vocal Signalling of Fellow Group Members in Spider Monkeys
Authors: Masataka Nobuo
Published: April 2008

Spider monkeys vocalize trills to each other when they attempt to make contact. These vocalizations have traditionally been considered to be a manifestation of a particular level of arousal in animals. Playback experiments suggest, however, that each group member is able to distinguish trills to which he originally responded from others, and that anticipation of responding animals is possible by voice alone in every animal on a truly individual basis. Results indicate that trills given by spider monkeys may function in a rudimentary representational manner to designate fellow group members.
Contrasts in the Songs of Two Sympatric Chaffinch Species
Authors: Sellar P.J. , Slater P.J.B.
Published: April 2008

Recordings have been made of 13 blue chaffinches Fringilla teydea and of 19 Canary islands chaffinches F. coelebs tintillon at various different sites on Tenerife. These are compared with chaffinch songs from elsewhere, where the blue chaffinch does not occur, as well as with each other. In both species on Tenerife, the final elements in the song are often repeated, and hybrid songs can occur on the transition from a bout of one song type to a bout of another. Neither of these features is typical of chaffinches in Britain: they may have arisen in their common ancestor or be due to convergence. In many other respects the two species have diverged so that they differ from chaffinches in Britain and Europe in opposite ways. The blue chaffinch typically has only a few brief elements of only one or two types in the trill. These are separated by long gaps and there is a long, stereotyped and very characteristic flourish. Individuals have a small repertoire of 1-3 song types. In the Canary islands chaffinch the song has very long elements and the flourish is not clearly separated from the rest of the song. Some birds have 7 song types, more than any recorded elsewhere; in others sequencing is variable so that the songs cannot be easily split into types. These results suggest divergence in sympatry, but data are not yet sufficient to decide whether the divergence is greater were territories of the two species overlap than it is elsewhere. An alternative explanation, that the differences have arisen through differences in habitat between the two species, is less likely.
A Study of Social Transmission in Juvenile Dicentrarchus Labrax (Pisces, Serranidae), in an Operant Conditioning Situation
Authors: Anthouard Michel
Published: April 2008

juvenile Dicentrarchus labrax having achieved good or poor performance in a task involving pushing a lever to obtain food served as demonstrators for conspecifics naive to the task. The results show that fish exposed to good demonstrators were subsequently more likely to engage in the same operant act than same-aged fish that observed poor demonstrators. Thus the development of traditions is shown to be possible in small groups of fish of the same age, originating in the appearance of a novel, adaptive behaviour by certain innovative individuals.
Laboratory and Field Studies of the Effect of Predation Risk On Foraging in Three-Spined Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Aculeatus)
Authors: Ibrahim A.A. , Huntingford F.A.
Published: April 2008

This article describes a series of experiments carried out in both field and laboratory on the effects of predators on foraging in threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In a field experiment on habitat use, predation risk did not cause the fish to abandon their preference for vegetated habitat, but led them to increase the use of the lake bed. However, in the presence of a predator, the fish still fed mainly on zooplankton rather than on benthos. In a field experiment on diet choice, predation risk suppressed the amount of food eaten and caused a shift to different prey species and smaller prey. In a laboratory experiment, predation risk slowed the response to the food and caused the fish to cease discrimination in favour of the more profitable food items. The number of feeding attempts was not affected, which could mean that the fish were compensating for their slow start by a higher subsequent rate of bites once feeding began. Thus, predation risk affected the foraging behaviour in such a way that energetic intake was reduced in the interest of predator avoidance.
Satellites and Transients: Ecological Constraints On Alternative Mating Tactics in Male Grasshoppers
Authors: Shelly Todd E. , Greenfield Michael D.
Published: April 2008

Alternative tactics of male mating behaviour, broadly classifiable as "dominant/ territorial" versus "subordinate/non-territorial", have now been described for numerous species. Furthermore, across diverse taxa the mating tactics of subordinate/non-territorial males often appear as one of two distinct types, satellite or transient behaviour. Despite general recognition of this dichotomy, though, little effort has been made to identify the circumstances under which one of these behaviours is adopted over the other. We compared the mating systems of two congeneric species of desert grasshoppers (genus Ligurotettix) to investigate specifically the role of resource dispersion in shaping the behaviour of subordinate males. The utility of the comparative approach derives from two basic similarities between the species: both Ligurotettix coquilletti and Ligurotettix planum feed almost exclusively on a single host plant species, and the majority of males in both species defend individual host plants to gain access to females. However, the two species are associated with host plants that are dispersed very differently; i.e., L. coquilletti encounter a small number of large plants and L. planum a large number of small ones. In L. coquilletti, subordinate males, individuals noted by their lack of success in aggression and in obtaining matings, were characterized as satellites that remained silent on host plants defended by territorial males. Subordinate males in L. planum, however, were transients that sang regularly but moved frequently among different host plants. We propose that this behavioural discrepancy results from (1) the large difference between the number of potential female encounter sites (i.e., individual host plants) available to the males of the two species and (2) the large difference between the sizes of resource patches defended by the two species, which influences the ability of dominant males to eject subordinates.
Memory for the Spatial Position of an Imprinting Object in Junglefowl Chicks
Authors: VAN KAMPEN Hendrik S. , DE VOS Gerrit J.
Published: April 2008

The characteristics of memory for the position of an imprinting object were investigated in junglefowl chicks (Gallus gallus spadiceus). Subjects were exposed individually and continuously to an imprinting object located in one of the two back quadrants of their home cage ('training quadrant'). Positioning of chicks in a test cage was studied from 7 to 1 days after hatching. In experiment 1 chicks preferred the training quadrant over the other back quadrant when tested in an empty cage, but not when two identical training objects were present, one in each back quadrant. In tests with one training object present, chicks showed more shrill calling when the object was in a novel position than when it was in the training position, but only during the first minute of a 5-min test. The strength of position preferences was independent of the effectiveness of the training object as an imprinting stimulus. In experiment 2a, chicks switched the position preference in an empty cage from the training quadrant to the other back quadrant after 2 h of exposure to the training object in that back quadrant of the home cage. In experiment 2b however, chicks still preferred the original training shape to a novel shape, after 2 h of exposure to an object with that novel shape. These results show that position memory in filial behaviour is less stable than memory for the physical properties of the imprinting object, and that position responses occur when chicks are motivated to seek contact with the object.
Analysis of the Brooding Cycle of Broody Jungle Fowl Hens With Chicks
Authors: Hogan-Warburg A.J. , Panning Linda , Hogan Jerry A.
Published: April 2008

Broody hens with chicks show a sequence of behaviors that is cyclical in nature: brooding, preening, feeding with drinking, exploring, dustbathing, and then brooding once again. In inexperienced hens, the average cycle length was about half an hour, with brooding and feeding taking up about 90% of the time. The amount of brooding, preening, and feeding correlated positively with the length of the cycle, whereas exploring and dustbathing had no significant effect on cycle length. Hens with previous experience brooding chicks showed a significantly shorter cycle length, but the sequence of behaviors was unaltered. The results were discussed in the context of ultradian rhythms in behavior. A clock mechanism was not able to account for the results. A model that included the interaction of causal factors provided by the chicks and by the hen's dustbathing system was more successful.
Pattern of Movement By Summer Tanagers (Piranga Rubra) During Migratory Stopover: a Telemetry Study
Authors: Aborn David A. , Moore Frank R.
Published: April 2008

How well migratory birds meet en route contingencies depends on their ability to locate resources and avoid sources of stress in an unfamiliar setting. Exploration is a means by which migrants could collect information about the kinds, distribution and abundance of available resources and places safe from predators. We used radio-telemetry to study the movements of 24 summer tanagers (Piranga rubra) during stopover on a barrier island following migration across the Gulf of Mexico. The movement of some individuals was characterized by high linearity and low turn bias (i.e. alternating left and right turns). The combination of left- and right-hand turns while maintaining an overall linear track represents an efficient way of exploring an unfamiliar area. Other summer tanagers restricted their movements to a particular area (e.g. low directionality and high meander ratio), which may reflect less time spent in exploration. Birds that had been on the island for a day and a night displayed a pattern of movement less consistent with exploration than did 'newly arrived' birds. Given pressure to minimize migration time, the time a migrant spends in exploration probably depends on the cost of acquiring information and the benefits to be gained, the ratio of which surely varies among individuals.
Planktonic Larvae of Natantia (Decapoda) in Tigullio Gulf (Ligurian Sea), With Remarks On Larvae of Pandalidae
Authors: Pessani Daniela
Published: April 2008

The larvae of 29 species of Natantia (Decapoda) have been collected in Tigullio Gulf (Ligurian Sea). In addition, four different "types" of unidentified first zoeac of Pandalidae were recognized and discussed. Using the similitude index of Sörensen (1948), it was possible to distinguish main groups of spring-summer and annual species and small groups of late-summer and autumn-winter ones. Comparison of the results obtained with data from other works on Mediterranean planktonic decapod larvae reveals some discrepancies regarding the number of collected species and their distribution throughout the year. These different results could be due to different collecting methods, environmental conditions, and geographical distribution of the adults. The work shows the importance of studying planktonic larvae for a better knowledge of larval development and life history of Crustacea Decapoda.
Morphological Features of the Mandible Related To Feeding Habits of Some Anostraca Species
Authors: Mura Graziella
Published: April 2008

Morphology of the molar surface of the mandibles is examined via SEM and discussed in relation to possible functions, after reviewing and reconsidering the existing literature on the subject. A comparison of mandibular (present work) and trunk limb morphology (Daborn, 1978, 1979) reveals some discrepancies between mandible structure and supposed feeding habits of some fairy shrimp species.
The Phenomenology of Sigmund Freud
Authors: Wertz Frederick J.
Published: April 2008

The convergences in approach between Freud's psychoanalysis and Husserl's phenomenology are elaborated. These include philosophical roots in Brentano's teachings; the primacy of direct observation over construction and theory; a conviction about the irreducibility of mentality to nature; the project of a "pure" psychology; the bracketing of theories, preconceptions, and the natural attitude; the necessity of self-reflection and empathy; a relational theory of meaning; receptivity to human subjects as teachers; and the methodological value of fiction for scientific truth. It is argued that divergences between psychoanalytic and phenomenological theory have obscured profound agreement in the approach, subject matter, and methods of these two schools of psychology.
The Color in Miami: Building Grassroots Leadership of Color in the U.S. Global Justice Movement1
Authors: Pastor Manuel , LoPresti Tony
Published: April 2008

Much of the global justice movement (GJM) constituency is white, middle-class, and college-educated, seeming to suggest a failure to engage low-income communities of color most negatively affected by globalization in the U.S. Drawing on recent innovations in social movement theory and a unique empirical base of interviews, focus groups, and participant observation with emerging grassroots leadership, we examine the constraints faced by community-based organizations (CBOs) in these communities and outline recent successful efforts to integrate a global perspective into their mission and vision. We suggest that these efforts can lead to a complementary partnership between NGOs, organized labor, and CBOs that will further empower the GJM in the U.S.
Sociology as a Practice in Humanity: Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, and Social Responsibility 1
Authors: Luck Philip
Published: April 2008

This paper presents sociology as a practice in humanity, whose members have a social responsibility to engage in work contributing to social progress and reform. In lieu of viewing sociology as praxis, sociologists frequently adhere to the hegemony of a conventional pedagogy, an “objective” scientific orientation, and an institutional view of scholarship that confines further positive impact on students and communities. The ramifications are myriad, including a divisive milieu within the discipline. Identified and explored is a missing link: a discipline-oriented model synthesizing intellectualism, teaching, and activism. An intervening model external to sociology, accentuating dissent, is presented from case studies of linguist and social critic Noam Chomsky and historian Howard Zinn, reflecting the potential and importance of sociology to contribute meaningfully in our society. Wedding theory and praxis, the case studies reexamine current sociological ideology and punctuate social responsibility among practitioners through institutional transformation.
Les Sceaux De L'Oxus: Diversité De Formes Et Variabilité De Fonctions
Authors: Francfort Henri-Paul
Published: April 2008

Glyptics of the civilazition of the Oxus was an obvious anomaly because all macrotypes of seals characteristics (square, round, cylinder, compartmented) of the cultures of the Indus, the Arabic Gulf, Mesopotamia and Turkmenistan coexisted there. The author supposes that the Oxus seals were symbolic marks of status of an individual (together with luxurious metal axes), but not real administrative attributes. The diversity of forms of the Oxus seals was the result of the polyethnic character of the population which created civilization of the Oxus rather than the consequence of the cultural influence of its neighbours. According to the author, amazing scenes of tauromachy and some other motifs of the Oxus seals do not presuppose migration of ethnic groups from the Aegean and Syro-Hittite West. It is the result of exception from the vast corpus of artistic imagery of the epoch by the Oxus dwellers for the illustration of their native myths. The creators of the Oxus civilization usually added some local traits to the things they had adopted from their neighbours.
John Wansbrough, Islam, and monotheism
Authors: Hawting G.R.
Published: April 2008

John Wansbrough has elaborated a model of the emergence of Islam, one of the chief merits of which is to place Islam squarely within the development of Semitic or Middle Eastern monotheism. This article draws attention to the way in which Islam's own tradition about its origins, and most modern scholarship which has worked within the framework provided by Muslim tradition, has the effect of distancing Islam from the development of the wider stream of monotheism - especially by explaining it as the result of an act of revelation which occurred in a remote region of inner Arabia. By insisting that Islam developed and came to fruition in the Middle East outside Arabia following the Arab conquest of the region and that its account of its own origins has to be understood in the same context, Wansbrough has increased our understanding of the nature of Islam's own tradition and what can and cannot be done with it. The article attempts to put him in a scholarly context and to contrast his approach with more usual modern scholarly discussion of the origins of Islam.
Joseph Athias and the early history of stereotyping
Authors: McMullin B.J.
Published: April 2008

There is circumstantial and documentary evidence that printing from stereotype plates was being undertaken by Joseph Athias in Amsterdam no later than September 1673. The terms of an agreement of that date between Athias and the Widow Schippers and Anna Maria Stam imply that he had two English bibles in plates, one a twelvemo, the other an eighteenmo. The eighteenmo can be equated with an edition with engraved title-page with the imprint 'Cambridge, Roger Daniel, 1648', the last in a sequence of four with the same imprint, each of which carries over from its predecessor a certain amount of setting. The earliest in the sequence appears to have been printed by Joachim Nosche in Amsterdam. That the fourth was impressed at least six times is suggested by the fact that it was printed on six or more discrete papers, thus implying that it was either kept standing or plated. That it was indeed plated at some stage of its life, and that the plates consisted of columns (not pages), is confirmed by the observable differences in alignment of the columns from exemplar to exemplar, particular alignments agreeing with particular papers. Athias's primacy in the history of stereotyping is thus established. From among the many librarians who have assisted me during this investigation I should like to thank in particular Dr Lotte Hellinga, whose advice in the early stages proved especially helpful. Earlier versions of the text were presented to: The Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand, Adelaide, August 1985; The Centre for Bibliographical and Textual Studies, Monash University, September 1985; The Bibliographical Society, London, April 1992.
Die Lehre Von Der Reinkarnation Im Islam
Authors: Dietrich Ernst Ludwig
Published: April 2008

Das Ergebnis unserer kurzen Untersuchung, die sich noch viel weiter ausdehnen ließe, ist folgendes: Die Lehre von der Seelenwanderung im Islam hängt aufs engste zusammen mit dem S e k t e n t y p u s : der Steigerung des Persönlichkeits- und Individualitätstriebes, wie sie sich einerseits in der Apotheose des verborgenen Imäm, andererseits in der Dramatisierung des Schicksals der menschlichen Seele (Absinken und Wiederaufsteigen in Stufen) kundtut. Die alten Religionen und Kulturen auf dem synkretistischen Boden Vorderasiens haben dazu ebenso das Material geliefert wie der Ferne Osten, vornehmlich Indien, nicht zuletzt aber hat zu ihrer Ausbildung auch manche bedeutende Persönlichkeit der islamischen Theologie und das fromme Volksgemüt beigetragen in seiner Art, transzendente Zusammenhänge durch Glauben an die Wiederkehr des verehrten Heiligen zu erfassen, und so daran mitgewirkt, eine ursprünglich politische Sezession in eine religiöse zu verwandeln. Der Seelenwanderungsglaube gewährt seinen Anhängern eine wichtige Möglichkeit zur Deutung von Schuld und Sühne, der Theodizee und der Tatsache der Verschiedenheit der Religionen ; er vertieft das Gemeinschaftsgefühl durch die Theorie der seelischen Verwandtschaft und des Seelenaustauschs zwischen sich nahe-stehenden Personen, und er erklärt, wie ein Heiliger vergottet werden kann (Schaich Adi bei den Jasiden). Seine Rolle im Islam mag abseitig sein, aber sie ist nicht unerheblich.
Darwinismus und Zeitgeist
Authors: Bolle Fritz , Buchholz Walter
Published: April 2008

Überblicken wir noch einmal das ganze riesige Gebiet des Geistesgeschehens vor und nach der Jahrhundertwende, soweit es darwinistische Züge erkennen läßt, so können wir eines feststellen : Ausgenommen die Konservativen und die Kirchen, die beide angesichts des stürmischen Vorwärtsdrängens darwinistischer Gedankengänge in die Defensive gehen müssen, bedienen sich so gut wie alle geistigen Strömungen des Darwinismus: Die Sozialisten, weil Darwins "Naturtheorie" mit ihrer Gesetzlichkeit des biologischen Fortschritts Gewähr zu bieten scheint, daß auch im Gesellschaftlichen eherne Gesetze des Fortschritts walten, und weil sie aus dem Darwinismus den Beweis für die Gleichheit aller Menschen herauslesen. Die Sozialdarwinisten, weil ihnen Darwins Lehre vom Kampf ums Dasein und von der Auslese der Lebensfähigsten angeblich den Beweis liefert für die Ungleichheit der Menschen und für die Notwendigkeit einer Menschenzucht. Nicht zufällig sprießen um 1890 so viele Zuchtvereine aus dem Boden, weil man in Charles Darwin den großen Pflanzen-, Tier- und Menschenzüchter sah. Die Atheisten, weil mit der Affenabstammung jegliches göttliche Wirken beim Werden des Menschengeschlechts widerlegt sei. Die pantheistischen Schwärmer von Friedrichshagen, weil sie ein Entwicklungsgesetz am Werk zu sehen glauben, das ganz folgerichtig zu immer Besserem, Edlerem, Vollkommnerem, Vergeistigterem führen müsse. Die Verteidiger einer "Leistungsaristokratie",
Die biblisch-orientalische Deutung indianischer Mythologie: Der Versuch, Fremdes zu kategorisieren1
Authors: Hutter Manfred
Published: April 2008

Der "Orient" in Amerika läßt sich auf zwei Begegnungsrichtungen festlegen, wie ich hier anhand einiger Beispiele zu zeigen versuchte: Zunächst finden wir den Weg der Missionare, die versuchten, die für sie buchstäblich "Neue" Welt mit ihrem biblischen Instrumentarium zu deuten: Die heidnischen Götter sind vergleichbar den Götzen, die das Alte Testament kennt, und nichts anderes als Vorspiegelungen des Teufels. Einzelne indianische Anschauungen können dabei überhaupt biblisch gedeutet werden, teils als teuflische Nachahmungen der wirklichen biblischen Geschichte, teils als fast in Vergessenheit geratene Erinnerungen an einen ehemaligen Kontakt zur Alten Welt. Mit den ersten Erfolgen in der Missionierung finden wir aber auch eine andere Begegnungsrichtung : Die Indios selbst greifen auf biblische und somit orientalische Elemente zurück, um ihr Weltbild daran anzuknüpfen. Häufiger kann man aber beobachten, daß die eigene Mythologie nur formal mit biblischen Aussagen in Korrelation gebracht wird, so daß diese "Begegnung" eher oberflächlich bleibt. Beide Wege können dabei als Versuche gelten, das Fremde zu kategorisieren, mit dem "Orient" und "Okzident" durch den Zusammenprall der Kulturen im Gefolge der Conquista plötzlich zu leben hatten. Da diese Versuche jedoch in sich z.T. fragwürdig sind, haben sie letztlich bis heute kaum dazu geführt, das Weltbild des jeweils anderen auch zu verstehen.
Zum Verhältnis zwischen Religionswissenschaft und Theologie
Authors: Moenikes Ansgar
Published: April 2008

Über eine Explikation der Begriffe "Religionswissenschaft" und "Theologie" wurde versucht, das Wesen und die Aufgabe beider Disziplinen sowie deren Verhältnis zueinander zu klären. Angesetzt wurde beim jeweiligen Gegenstand, "Religion/-en" bei der Religionswissenschaft und "Gott/Götter/Göttin/-nen" bei der Theologie. Religion/-en sind nicht Gegenstand der Theologie (ebensowenig wie Gott/Götter Objekt der Religionswissenschaft sind), sondern deren Standort. Objekt der Religionswissenschaft kann z.B. auch die Theologie einer Religion sein. Die sogenannte "Wirklichkeit der Religion" (zu der Gott/Götter als ein möglicher Aspekt gehört), also die Wirklichkeit dessen, was religiös als wirklich empfunden wird, ist Gegenstand der Religionsphilosophie bzw. der Theologie, die Empfindung dieser Wirklichkeit dagegen ist - unabhängig von der Wirklichkeit oder Nicht-Wirklichkeit des Empfindungsinhalts - ein Objekt der Religionswissenschaft. Religionswissenschaft hat einen empirisch faßbaren Gegenstand und ist daher eine empirische Wissenschaft; die Theologie hat einen empirisch nicht-faßbaren Gegenstand und ist daher eine nicht-empirische, deduktive Wissenschaft. Die historischen Fächer im christlich-theologischen Lehrplan, Bibelwissenschaft, Kirchen- und Theologiegeschichte, sind religionswissenschaftliche Disziplinen, deren Ergebnisse die Theologie, also Dogmatik und Moraltheologie, verarbeitet - wie die sogenannte Religionstheologie die Ergebnisse der Religionswissenschaft, die sich mit fremden Religionen beschäftigt, aufnimmt. Die "Fundamentaltheologie" ist Grundlagenwissenschaft der Theologie. Die praktischen Fächer nehmen die Ergebnisse der Theologie auf und wenden sie auf die kirchliche Praxis an. Die Religionsphilosophie hat es als Philosophie mit einem empirisch nicht faßbaren Gegenstand zu tun und ist daher keine religionswissenschaftliche Disziplin, sondern Grundlagenwissenschaft der Religionswissenschaft.
An Overview of the Jurisdictional Issues Affecting Hawaii's Ocean Waters
Authors: Van Dyke Jon M.
Published: April 2008

Serious legal questions about ownership and governance of the waters surrounding Hawaii remain unresolved. Hawaii's islands form a geographical archipelago, but its waters do not qualify as "archipelagic waters" under the formal definition in the LOS Convention. Jurisdictional conflicts exist between the state and federal governments. And the Native Hawaiians have strong claims to the waters and the marine resources that need to be addressed.
Military Remains on and around the Coast of the United Kingdom: Statutory Mechanisms of Protection
Authors: Dromgoole Sarah
Published: April 2008

This article addresses the protection afforded by UK statute law to the large number of military remains found on and around the coast of the UK. It is concerned primarily, but not exclusively, with remains from World Wars I and II. These remains are varied in nature and include sunken vessels and aircraft; landing craft and amphibious vehicles; fortresses, gun emplacements and other coastal defences. They face a wide variety of threats, including looting, redevelopment, dredging and land reclamation, erosional processes, recreational activities and neglect. The article examines the protection offered to these remains by three statutes: the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. The provisions of each statute are examined in order to consider the extent of the protection they may afford. The interrelationship of the statutes is also given consideration and the rather peculiar overlapping of their provisions is discussed. The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 is given particularly full analysis since this statute has been neglected by academic commentators in the past and yet could offer a useful protective mechanism. Although it was enacted after the Falklands conflict primarily in order to protect the sanctity of human remains, its provisions, if fully implemented, would have wide effect. The difficulty which may arise in choosing the most appropriate statutory mechanism for protection of particular remains is illustrated by an interesting case study relating to the German vessels scuttled by their crews in Scapa Flow at the end of World War II. Finally, some comments and suggestions are made concerning the current division of administrative responsibility for military remains in the UK which leads to an unco-ordinated approach to protection.
Legislative Developments in Patients' Rights in Belgium
Authors: Nys Herman
Published: April 2008

The legislative developments regarding the rights of patients in Belgium are described, analysed and discussed. Legislative developments in this field are rather recent and scarce. Up to now overall interest of the legislator has been disappointing. This may be explained by an exaggerated and out-dated confidence in medical professional ethics as an alternative source of regulation.
Medico-Legal Study of 70.000 Prescriptions written in France
Authors: Benech J.M. , Quatrehomme G. , Gastaud B. , Ollier A.
Published: April 2008

The authors studied 70 000 prescriptions by collecting a representative sample. All the informations were then put on a computer with a specific software to look for drug interactions. A quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed. This work points out that an important effort needs to be made to improve the quality of prescriptions.
The Absence of the Paternal Penis
Authors: Elise Dianne
Published: April 2008

Girls' experiences of object loss, in conjunction with female anatomical structure, may lend themselves to a particular genital anxiety regarding openness and emptiness. The relational void in giving up the mother as love object may lead to an internal self-representation of a “hole” to be filled, much as the mouth sucks the pacifier in the absence of the nipple. This image may then be extended to the genital representation. In turning to the father, a girl may find that she lacks a relationship with him in the relational space opened up by the loss of the mother; the penis is symbolically withheld from her in the father's relational distance. This lack of sexual and relational gratification, it is proposed, may be schematized by a female as her body being empty of something. The father's absence—the absence of the paternal penis—may lead to an absence of the mental representation of the vagina and to an inhibition of the role the vagina then plays for a woman in sexual desire. Vaginal repression may serve to disguise object hunger that might otherwise be experienced as vaginal longing. An abbreviated clinical vignette, revolving around a masturbatory fantasy, is offered in partial illustration of the thesis.
Mutual Regression: Altered States in the Psychoanalytic Situation
Authors: Aron Lewis , Bushra Annabella
Published: April 2008

Regression is one of the most controversial topics in the psychoanalytic literature, and disagreements continue regarding a number of propositions central to the issue. On the one hand are those who maintain a traditional view that analysis facilitates regression, through both its setting and its method. On the other are critics from diverse theoretical schools, Freudian, Kleinian, and interpersonal, who have argued that the setting does not, and that the analyst should not, induce or encourage regression. This paper reexamines the fundamentals of regression and relates the concept to the notion of altered states of consciousness. From a relational position, it is argued that patient and analyst mutually regulate regressive states in each other, and that this is an important aspect of the analytic process. One of the analyst's roles is to facilitate the patient's shift into the state best suited for the task of the moment and, often, to improve the patient's ability to internally and interpersonally regulate and move between various states of consciousness.The analyst's commitment to state control as a mutual endeavor helps safeguard the patient's autonomy.
Cloacal Anxiety in Female Development
Authors: Gilmore Karen
Published: April 2008

Contemporary psychoanalytic theory about feminine genital anxieties has shifted our focus away from some essential developmental realities of the little girl prior to the oedipal phase. Anal phase experience has recently been reemphasized as contributing significantly to the girl's developing body image, her mastery modes, and her psychological experience of gender. This paper proposes that associated with this phase is a specific anxiety described as the girl's fear that her genital is dirty, messy, and repellent to the love object, and that her sexuality is out of control and dangerously explosive. This is an important anxiety for the girl, a specific feminine version of anxiety around loss of love and approval. It derives from her bodily experience and is typically incorporated into the feminine genital anxieties of the oedipal period.
Female Homosexuality: Classical Psychoanalytic Theory Reconsidered
Authors: Downey Jennifer I. , Friedman Richard C.
Published: April 2008

The psychoanalytic theory of female homosexuality occupies an unusual position in modern psychoanalytic thought because it continues to be influenced by models of the mind that have largely been discarded in other areas of psychoanalytic psychology. Psychoanalytic ideas regarding female homosexuality are considered here from an historical perspective. It is suggested that modern psychoanalytic theory about sexual orientation in women must include recent contributions on the psychological development of women, the psychoanalytic psychology of male homosexuality, and relevant extraanalytic observations.
The Empty Circle: Children of Survivors and the Limits of Reconstruction
Authors: Laub Dori
Published: April 2008

The empty circle symbolizes the absence of representation, the rupture of the self, and the erasure of memory that together constitute the core legacy of massive psychic trauma. A brief case vignette and a more extensive fragment of an analysis are used to illustrate how the unassimilable empty core of trauma may perpetuate itself in the lives of adult children of Holocaust survivors, exerting a dominating force over their identities, memories, fantasies, and transference feelings. Developmental conflict models are often insufficient in explaining these powerful phenomena. The analyst's underlying acknowledgment and acceptance of the realness of an “absence” at the core of the trauma (and the sustaining bond this forges) may provide a counterforce to the rupture of the trauma, and may create a space for patients to come to an awareness of the origin of their particular life themes in the traumatic experience of the parents.
The Effects of Sentence-Combining Instruction on the Writing of Fourth-Grade Students With Writing Difficulties
Authors: Saddler Bruce , Behforooz Bita , Asaro Kristie
Published: April 2008

One area of writing that may be particularly problematic for less skilled writers and writers with learning disabilities is constructing well-formed sentences. In this single-subject design study, sentence-combining practice with a peer-assistance component was used to improve the writing ability of 6 fourth-grade students with and without learning disabilities. The results support the use of sentence-combining practice to increase sentence construction ability. Furthermore, sentence-combining instruction led to gains in story quality and writing complexity.
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Visceral Adipose Tissue
Authors: Hollander Priscilla
Published: April 2008

Overweight and obesity are associated with multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. In a national survey of nearly 200000 adults, the prevalence of hypertension was 28% among adults who were overweight compared with only 16% among normal-weight adults. Other epidemiologic studies have also clearly established the association of increases in body mass index with an increase in the age-adjusted relative risk for the development of type 2 diabetes in both men and women. In men, the relative risk of diabetes has more than doubled in overweight individuals whose body mass index is 25 compared with lean individuals with a body mass index of <23. The risk rises exponentially as body mass index increases: risk is increased 12-fold in obese men with a body mass index of 31 and 42-fold in severely obese men with a body mass index greater than or equal to 35. Even more precipitous increases in the risk of diabetes with increases in body mass index are seen in women. In the Nurses' Health Study, relative risk rose about 8-fold in women with a body mass index of 25 compared with women whose body mass index was less than 22. The risk quintupled to about 40-fold in women with a body mass index of 31. In severely obese women, the relative risk of type 2 diabetes was 93-fold greater than in lean women.
Management Through Risk Factor Modification
Authors: Boyd Steven T.
Published: April 2008

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in recent years. Therapeutic lifestyle change is widely accepted as the best first step for managing cardiometabolic risk factors. Patients, however, find it difficult to adhere to these recommendations, and many ultimately require pharmacotherapy to achieve treatment goals for blood pressure, glucose, and lipids. Although there are many safe and effective agents for managing these 3 cardiometabolic risk factors, pharmacologic options for weight loss are limited. Researchers have shown that dietary counseling helps some patients achieve weight loss, but these improvements diminish over time. The combination of diet with exercise results in greater initial weight loss than diet alone, but this loss is only partially sustained after 1 year. The American College of Sports Medicine/American Heart Association recently published updated recommendations for physical activity for healthy adults that reiterate the value of relatively moderate exercise: as little as 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, can yield substantial health benefits. Unfortunately, most individuals find it just as difficult to adhere to an exercise regimen over the long term as they do to maintain a weight-loss diet. Only 11% to 19% of patients with diabetes who begin an exercise regimen will continue to exercise for an entire year.
Uncovering Design Attitude: Inside the Culture of Designers
Authors: Michlewski Kamil
Published: April 2008

This paper empirically explores what constitutes design attitude. Previous studies have called on managers to adopt such an attitude in creating products, services and processes that are both profitable and humanly satisfying. However, what a design attitude actually is made of has not been researched. In this study I therefore investigate the nature of this attitude, as displayed by professional designers. Interview data from senior designers and managers from four internationally recognized, design-led organizations (IDEO, Nissan Design, Philips Design and Wolff Olins) are collected in order to characterize the likely shape of a work-based attitude promoted by designers themselves. The five theoretical categories characterizing design attitude that arise from the data are: 'Consolidating multidimensional meanings', 'Creating, bringing to life', 'Embracing discontinuity and open-endedness', 'Embracing personal and commercial empathy' and 'Engaging polysensorial aesthetics'. Finally, the implications of these findings for organization research are discussed.
Developing Design Propositions through Research Synthesis
Authors: Denyer David , Tranfield David , van Aken Joan Ernst
Published: April 2008

The field of organization and management studies has a significant and ever increasing published research base, often criticized as fragmented and of limited relevance for practice. A design science approach to management has argued that more room for the development of solution-oriented or prescriptive knowledge would increase its relevance. In this article we discuss prescriptive knowledge cast in the form of design propositions following the so-called 'CIMO-logic', extending previous applications of the design proposition notion. This logic involves a combination of a problematic Context, for which the design proposition suggests a certain Intervention type, to produce, through specified generative Mechanisms, the intended Outcome(s). We discuss how design-oriented research synthesis provides a vehicle for addressing fragmentation and increasing the chances of application. Moreover, we explore how the development of design propositions can result from synthesizing previously published research and illustrate this with the design of high-reliability organizations (HROs).