bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic and Racial Difference in the Hungarian Animated Features Macskafogó/Cat City (1986) and Macskafogó 2/Cat City 2 (2007)
Authors: Gergely Gábor
Published: April 2022

The 1986 animated feature Macskafogó/Cat City (József Nepp) is an endlessly quoted Hungarian cult favourite. This children’s film about a war between mice and cats has become a common reference point for a generation of Hungarians who experienced the transition to multiparty democracy in 1989 while at school. The chapter argues that this beloved pastiche of spy films, with car chases, explosions, erotic thrills, and spectacular musical numbers, is a film that imagines competing social arrangements through the prism of irreconcilable racial difference, and thereby gives evidence of racist and anti-Semitic reflexes in Hungarian popular discourse of the 1980s. The chapter further contends that the same reflexes can be seen at work two decades on, when the sequel, about a satanic cat uprising against the rule of mice, was released. The chapter contends that the film and its sequel make use of crude national and racial stereotypes as they paint the nightmare vision of nemzethalál, or death of the nation, a recurring theme in Hungarian nationalist thinking.
Hollywood and the Baby Boom Audience in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Russell James
Published: April 2022

Between 1946 and 1964, the United States underwent an unprecedented surge in birth-rates, a “baby boom” that resulted in over 75 million children being born over a period of less than twenty years. This chapter explores how the American film industry responded to the sudden presence of a rapidly growing child audience in the 1950s and 1960s. It begins by examining Hollywood’s assumptions about the child audience in the post-war period, and then moves on to looking at the child-oriented movies produced during this period. It argues that despite the massive size of the baby boom audience, industry preconceptions about the economic value of child viewers meant that the majority of children’s films originated with producers who worked outside the established Hollywood studio system, most notably, Walt Disney.
Norwegian Tween Girls and Everyday Life through Disney Tween Franchises
Authors: Sørenssen Ingvild Kvale
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores how Norwegian tween girls incorporated the Disney tween franchises Hannah Montana and High School Musical into their everyday lives in relation to age, gender, and daily practices. Through the lens of domestication theory, the chapter explores how the media content was understood by these girls, how the Disney Channel became “their channel,” how Disney was used to perform age, and how they experienced growing older through Disney. The analysis also relies on actor-network theory to examine different assemblages wherein Disney was a prominent actor coproducing the social. The chapter finds that there was a co-interpretation of the self and Disney as the content was domesticated as part of the girls’ biographical narratives and then incorporated as resources for interpreting the self with respect to both age and gender.
An Empirical Report on Young People’s Responses to Adult Fantasy Films
Authors: Barker Martin
Published: April 2022

Drawing on two substantial databases—from the international Lord of the Rings and Hobbit projects—this chapter explores the ways in which young people’s responses to films are like or unlike adult responses. It analyses, in particular, how a possible transformative moment can occur in their lives, in which particular films play a crucial role in expanding their sense of the self and the world. These empirical findings are set in relation to psychological accounts of the “reminiscence bump,” and sociological accounts of generational memories, and to recent developments in general approaches to “fantasy.”
Alma Taylor, Mary Pickford, and Girlhood in Early British and Hollywood Cinema
Authors: Smith Matthew
Published: April 2022

This chapter uses Mary Pickford and Alma Taylor as a site on which to explore the discursive history of the girl-child on-screen and the changing role of women in Britain and the United States in the early part of the twentieth century. Building on the work of Gaylyn Studler, who positions Pickford as a child-woman, ambiguously inscribed with the characteristics of both and reflective of the Victorian anxiety toward new womanhood and the adolescent girl, the chapter suggests that Pickford’s and Taylor’s tomboyish performances serve a similar function. This tomboyism, absorbs, reflects, and reframes a range of desires and discourses through a figure culturally associated with maturation and growth. The chapter argues that the figure of the tomboy is an important representational apparatus through which early cinema works to ameliorate fears around the changing position of the girl and provides an important transnational link between two of cinema’s first stars.
Craft and Play in Lotte Reiniger’s Fairy-Tale Films
Authors: Ruddell Caroline
Published: April 2022

Although Lotte Reiniger’s films are both animated and often based on fairy tales, her films, perhaps surprisingly, are not often explicitly associated with children. This chapter seeks to interrogate the relationship, or lack thereof, between Reiniger and children’s culture, by focusing on a number of key areas. First, Reiniger is perhaps best known for her animated films based on fairy tales, and this chapter will seek to position Reiniger alongside, or within, a long-held societal and cultural association between fairy tales and children. Second, Reiniger’s films are animated, and despite being extremely wide-ranging and multifaceted, animation is often, like fairy tale, aligned with children’s culture. Finally, the chapter moves beyond these arguments to consider Reiniger and children’s films in relation to notions of craft and play. What sets Reiniger’s animation apart from most other animation associated with children is her method. Reiniger uses the time-consuming technique of silhouette paper cut-outs. Her method is a distinctly “crafty” one. Craft and play are self-evidently also associated with children’s culture in some cases and will provide a lens through which to examine the relationship between Reiniger’s films and/as children’s culture.
History, Forbidden Games, Children’s Play, and Trauma Theory
Authors: Wojcik-Andrews Ian
Published: April 2022

The much-debated categories of children’s film and young-adult film consistently intersect with twentieth-century history; the theme of war; the trope of children’s play; and the unpredictable, lasting effects of trauma. Some critical studies discuss history, war, and film or film and play, but analyses in which history, war, and play overlap with trauma theory are a neglected area of study within children’s cinema. This lack of scholarly attention to how movies starring children interconnect with trauma studies is unsurprising. That film is a medium through which audiences grapple with catastrophic events becomes immensely problematic when discussed in terms of movies starring children, that can’t easily be classified as either a children’s film or an adult film, such as Forbidden Games (Jeux interdits, René Clément, 1952). These are some of the issues this chapter addresses.
Jane Addams’s Democratic Vision
Authors: Nackenoff Carol
Published: April 2022

Addams’s democratic vision applied to the local, national, and international levels. Theory and practice were inextricably intertwined. Democratic citizens were forged through interactions that developed understandings across peoples with different backgrounds and experiences; there was no substitute for creating a social conscience or social ethic that would promote progressive goals. Institutions played an important role in advancing democracy but were not sufficient and should not eclipse participatory democracy. Developments since Addams’s death have challenged some of the heady optimism of that vision, but some aspirations still resonate, and later generations can embrace new democratic visions.
Affect and Emotion in Jane Addams’s Thought
Authors: Fischer Clara
Published: April 2022

Critical theorists, especially feminists, have long been concerned with the affective dimension of our lives and have highlighted its centrality to political analyses. More recently, there has been a renewed interest in affect and emotion, often referred to as an “affective turn,” which has seen contemporary theorists across the disciplines focusing on affect in political, as well as ontological, settings. In light of such recent, renewed interest in affect and emotion, this chapter examines what resources, if any, Jane Addams’s work offers theorists for the present context. The chapter also positions Addams in relation to Dewey’s and James’s theories of emotion and identifies two prominent themes or roles for emotion in Addams’s thought: emotion as the basis of an ethical standard, and emotion as the basis of “perplexity.”
Social Policy and Superdiversity
Authors: Phillimore Jenny
Published: April 2022

This chapter makes the case that many of the research challenges set out by Vertovec in his original invocation of superdiversity are social policy challenges, and that many of the criticisms of superdiversity, particularly those concerning the neglect of racism and inequality, can also be made of social policy scholarship. Although some progress has been made in examining the nature of inequality in superdiverse populations, particularly around the issue of access to welfare services, much work remains. With the critical role of policy in addressing inequality and racism acknowledged, there is a need for social policy as an academic practice concerned with vulnerability and human needs to attend to superdiversity. Building on calls for the importance of focusing on everyday experiences and practices to uncover multifaceted forms of division and racism and to look at diversity as social practice, the chapter calls for a new focus and new approaches in social policy scholarship. The proposed approaches are multi- and interdisciplinary, longitudinal, and comparative endeavors that build up from the everyday through mixed methods studies that move beyond superdiverse “subjects” to micropublics and the elite and that look at patterns and processes across scales, places, borders, and time. The case is made for real world research that interlinks social policy and superdiversity to provide the evidence on which to develop policy capable of meeting the needs of all.
The Ghost of AI Governance Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Stix Charlotte
Published: April 2022

The received wisdom is that artificial intelligence (AI) is a competition between the U.S. and China. This chapter will examine how the European Union (EU) fits into that mix and what it can offer as a “third way” to govern AI. The chapter presents this by exploring the past, present, and future of AI governance in the EU. First, the chapter will explore and evidence the EU’s coherent and comprehensive approach to AI governance. In short, the EU ensures and encourages ethical, trustworthy and reliable technological development. This will cover a range of key documents and policy tools that lead to the most crucial effort of the EU to date: to regulate AI. Then, the chapter will map the EU’s drive towards digital sovereignty through the lens of regulation and infrastructure. This covers topics such as the trustworthiness of AI systems, cloud, compute, and foreign direct investment. Finally, the chapter concludes by offering several considerations to achieve good AI governance in the EU.
The Virtuous Spiral
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: April 2022

Central to Aristotelian ethics is the process of habituation by which agents acquire virtue. Aristotle holds that we become virtuous by performing virtuous actions—but he also holds that in order to perform virtuous actions, one must be virtuous. I explain that the Aristotelian account of habituation is not a closed circle, but rather a positive feedback loop relying on Aristotle’s division of the soul into an affective and intellectual part. When I act virtuously, my intellectual part shapes my affective part, regulating my feelings; and my affective part, thus improved, can act on my intellectual part, making me receptive to increases in my ethical knowledge; increases which in turn improve the ability of my intellect to regulate my feelings; and so on.
Weakness of Will
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: April 2022

This chapter sketches a view about how paradigmatic weak-willed actions are produced that it contrasts with competing views, including some ancient views. Along the way, it explores the entanglement of weakness of will with such issues as how our intentional actions are to be explained, the power of practical reasoning and practical evaluative judgments, the nature of intentions, the motivational strength of desires, decision-making, self-control, and free will. Also discussed are scientific work on the motivational significance of different ways of representing the objects of our desires and of increased subjective proximity of potential desire satisfaction and the relationship between weakness of will and akrasia.
The Moral Psychology of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Rudy-Hiller Fernando
Published: April 2022

In this chapter I survey the two main families of views about the mental capacities that distinguish responsible agents from non-responsible agents. These are self-expression views, which maintain that responsible agency is essentially about being able to express one's practical stance or moral orientation in conduct; and reasons-responsiveness views, according to which responsible agency requires a suite of powers that make their possessors capable of detecting and responding appropriately to the moral considerations relevant to their actions. I explore different contemporary variants of each of these families of views and assess their weaknesses and strengths. Finally, I sketch a methodology for settling this debate, the essence of which is to note that the dispute about the moral psychology of moral responsibility is ancillary to a broader dispute about the nature of moral responsibility itself and, in particular, about the nature of blame and blaming reactions.
Some Potential Philosophical Lessons of Implicit Moral Attitudes
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter , Cameron C. Daryl
Published: April 2022

Traditional theories about moral judgments adopt one side of a dichotomy between beliefs and desires, emotions, or attitudes, but neither side seems adequate. New intermediate possibilities are opened up if implicit moral attitudes are distinguished from explicit moral beliefs. This chapter summarizes some recent empirical work on implicit moral attitudes, and explores potential philosophical lessons and compromise positions, such as that explicit moral assertions and beliefs are cognitive or propositional but implicit moral attitudes are not; that implicit moral attitudes are internally connected to motivation but explicit moral beliefs are not; that moral responsibility requires both explicit moral beliefs and implicit moral attitudes; and that implicit moral attitudes might be able to stop the sceptical regress, if certain further features of implicit moral attitudes are established. Each of these potential lessons requires further development but seems interesting enough to warrant exploration.
Situationism, Moral Improvement, and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Waggoner Maria , Doris John M. , Vargas Manuel
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, we recount some of the most pressing objections to character scepticism, pointing out their limitations and, when appropriate, incorporating their suggestions. From here, we consider what empirically informed moral improvement might look like by turning to the skill analogy. While the skill analogy provides a realistic rubric for becoming a better person, many of the questions concerning the details of how moral improvement might take place remain unanswered. When developing expertise in domains like chess and morality, a wide range of factors will likely be important and it is unlikely than any one individual factor will be especially important. Given this, for any account of moral improvement, our optimism should be bounded: the effect of any particular intervention is likely to be limited, in both magnitude and domain. Lastly, we consider how character scepticism has reshaped the way we think about moral responsibility, whether this is cashed out in reasons-responsiveness or self-expression accounts. While both views face challenges, by distinguishing the possession of the responsibility-making feature from failures to manifest that property in behaviour, we gain a certain degree of wiggle room that allows us to accommodate empirical findings while holding on to notions of responsibility. This chapter highlights that the ‘person-situationism debate’ has expanded far beyond its beginnings, giving way to new accounts of moral improvement and moral responsibility.
Negligence
Authors: Amaya Santiago
Published: April 2022

This chapter considers the moral significance of negligence. It does this by unpacking the complexity of the phenomenon and showing how it illuminates a range of related moral phenomena. Negligence, as I discuss here, is not just a technical legal concept, nor are attributions of it a marginal social and moral phenomenon. Negligence, in fact, is a window into everyday practices behind judgments of culpability, attributions of blame, and allocations of punishment. It is, therefore, a test case for questioning assumptions central to widespread ways of theorizing about moral responsibility. In particular, the chapter argues that, although a general characterization of negligence can be given, a unified account of its culpability is hard to come by. The reason is that negligence comes in a variety of forms that cut across standard criteria to ground culpability for wrongdoing. In the end, some reasons for being sceptical about culpability for negligence behaviour are discussed and found wanting.
Adaptive Preferences and the Moral Psychology of Oppression
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: April 2022

Feminist philosophers argue that close attention to the lives of oppressed individuals can yield important insights about the requirements of autonomous agency. This chapter examines two philosophical questions raised by adaptive preference formation, the phenomenon wherein oppressed individuals endorse, enact, or perpetuate their own oppression. First, in what sense can adaptive preferences be said not to belong to their bearers? To answer this question, the chapter offers a taxonomy of distinct ways adaptive preferences have been thought to impact oppressed people’s capacities for self-direction. Second, what does concern with the adaptive preferences of the oppressed suggest about the type of concept of autonomy we should adopt? In reply, I suggest that relational (or substantively and socially constitutive) conceptions of autonomy that may seem to vindicate the intuition that oppression harms autonomy fall foul of other feminist intuitions.
Empathy and Moral Understanding in Psychopathy
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: April 2022

It is often claimed that psychopaths lack true moral understanding because they cannot empathize with others. But the empirical data do not support such a strong claim. Different studies of moral ability in psychopaths conflict, with some showing good competence and others impairments. Moreover, recent evidence suggests psychopaths can, but often don’t, empathize. We cannot therefore assume that psychopaths are incapable of knowing right from wrong.
A Moral Psychology of Poverty?
Authors: Morton Jennifer M.
Published: April 2022

Should the fact that an agent lives in poverty be relevant to our assessment of her moral psychology? Some social scientists have suggested that the answer is yes. They argue that at least some of the desires, beliefs, and deliberation of those who are in poverty are distinct and that this plays a casual role in their condition, not as a natural consequence of the poor’s failed character, but rather because poverty can itself lead to attitudes and reasoning that are counterproductive. In this chapter I turn to economists, psychologists, and social scientists who have been making progress in understanding this question empirically to argue that philosophers interested in understanding human agency should also have something to say about this critical question.
Forgiveness and Moral Repair
Authors: Norlock Kathryn J.
Published: April 2022

Forgiveness has enjoyed intense scholarly interest since the 1980s. I provide a historical overview, then identify themes in the literature, with an emphasis on those relevant to the moral psychology of forgiveness in the twenty-first century. I conclude with some attention to dual-process theories of moral reasoning in order to suggest that key debates in forgiveness are not at odds so much as they may be aligned with the different moral aims of moral and mental processes that differ in kind. I argue for the view that the moral aims of forgiveness are multiple, following scholars who maintain a multidimensional account of forgiveness with a focus on the functions of forgiveness in relationships and the importance of forgiveness to its practitioners rather than a unified definition or justification that applies to all moral occasions.
Accountability and Implicit Bias
Authors: Rosen Gideon
Published: April 2022

Are we morally blameworthy when we act from implicit bias? The chapter argues that implicit biases generate wrongful action by generating strong normative illusions—vivid false beliefs about what it makes sense to do here and now—and that we are blameworthy for acting on such false beliefs only when we are blameworthy for holding them. The chapter further argues that since implicit biases are often blameless states that impair the agent’s capacity to respond to reasons, we are often blameless for the normative illusions they produce. This implies that in many cases we are not accountable for action from implicit bias. The chapter concludes by arguing that we should withhold blame whenever we cannot exclude the possibility that the agent acted from blameless normative illusion, and that such cases may be common. The result is a limited form of scepticism about responsibility.
Loss of Control in Addiction
Authors: Sripada Chandra
Published: April 2022

Some theorists say that addiction involves loss of control over using drugs, while others say control is preserved. In this chapter, I disagree with both sides, not so much in substance, but rather in epistemic tenor. Both sides, I argue, run well ahead of what the evidence allows. I frame the discussion in terms of a key division in human motivational architecture: We not only have desires, we also have powerful capacities to exercise top-down regulation over these desires. I review a number of influential theories of addiction, both ones that favour loss of control and ones that deny it, and I find that they all have a massive gap: they lack an adequate explanation for when and how top-down regulation over inappropriate desires succeeds and fails. Without this critical piece, we simply cannot have much confidence in these views.
Nietzsche’s Naturalistic Moral Psychology
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: April 2022

Nietzsche is a metaphysical anti-realist about value: there are no objective facts about what is morally right and wrong, good or bad. Nietzsche offers ‘inference to the best explanation’ arguments for anti-realism. Since there are no objective facts about value, it is unsurprising that Nietzsche is also a kind of sentimentalist about evaluative judgment, like Hume and, in the German tradition, Herder. Sentimentalists think the best explanation of our moral judgments is in terms of our emotional or affective responses to states of affairs in the world, responses that are, themselves, explicable in terms of psychological facts about the judger. (In the background here is Nietzsche’s view that our basic emotions of inclination and aversion do not have cognitive content.) The crucial psychological facts about persons for Nietzsche are twofold: (1) they are made up of bundles of drives, i.e. dispositions to have certain kind of affective or emotional responses, that in turn determine the evaluative character of the world as the person experiences it; and (2) consciousness—that part of our mental lives that is linguistically articulable—is relatively unimportant in shaping a person’s beliefs and values (certain kinds of conscious states are in fact epiphenomenal). Our experience of willing is part of this epiphenomenal conscious experience and, as a result, we are neither free nor morally responsible when we act (though Nietzsche occasionally refers to persons as ‘free’ in a revisionary sense when their actions arise from their inner natures rather than from external influences).
Judgment Internalism
Authors: Asarnow Samuel , Taylor David E.
Published: April 2022

The thesis of judgment internalism (also called ‘motivational internalism’) states that there is a necessary connection between an agent’s moral judgments and their motivations or tendencies to act. Judgment internalism is significant for longstanding debates about moral motivation (why be moral?), and plays a pivotal role in contemporary philosophical debates about the nature of moral thought (cognitive or non-cognitive?). The thesis is also relevant to conversations at the intersection of philosophy, psychology, and psychiatry about the mental lives of people with certain psychiatric conditions, such as patients with psychopathy or acquired sociopathy. This chapter clarifies the key concepts used to state the thesis, distinguishes multiple versions of the thesis, and surveys arguments in support of and against it. We pay particular attention to the special role that judgment internalism plays in debates between cognitivists and non-cognitivists about moral judgment.
Gold Rush Archaeology
Authors: Lawrence Susan
Published: April 2022

The archaeology of gold and silver mining around the Pacific Rim in the nineteenth century incorporates the study of industrial technologies, landscapes, and the households and communities that arose in mining regions. Metals mining was a dynamic industry and miners could be both innovative and conservative as they selected technology appropriate for their local context. Evolutionary ecology, settlement pattern analysis, and cultural landscapes are all approaches that have provided insight into the spatial organization of mining. Gold rush communities were cosmopolitan and mobile and these distinct characteristics have provided unique insights into ethnicity, gender, and class. Recent interest in Indigenous involvement in mining and in environmental archaeology provide new directions for future research.
‘A Fruit of the Art of Fire’
Authors: Miller Ian
Published: April 2022

This chapter aims to provide an overview of glass manufacture in Britain, with a focus on its transition from craft-working status in the sixteenth century to the industrial mass production of the nineteenth century. It uses evidence for innovation from archaeological investigations, especially below-ground remains of furnaces, to illustrate the development and progress of the industry not otherwise recorded. This includes the shift from wood to coal to gas as fuel supplies. The remains reviewed include those of the three main types of production: bottle glass, ornamental and table glass, and window glass. Each needed a different type of furnace and ancillary process buildings, and these can be clearly identified in the archaeological record.
Enclosure
Authors: Dalglish Chris
Published: April 2022

Enclosure has long been linked to industrialization as part of a series of material and technical changes in farming which increased supply, enabling industrial development. This chapter argues that we need to move beyond a consideration of supply-and-demand and to see enclosure as a more-than-material process. Through enclosure, the land is privatized and the commons are diminished. Physical change to the landscape is tied to a transformation of the dynamics of power exercised over and through the land. Once this is appreciated, enclosure is evidently both a historical process and a live one. As a still-active process denying people citizenship in the land, enclosure is one of the most important problems addressed by archaeologists of modern society. This argument is developed both in general terms and through the particular case of Britain and, especially Scotland, where the history of enclosure is entangled with the present-day politics of land rights.
Ports and Shipping
Authors: Newman Richard , Steyne Hanna
Published: April 2022

The theme of ports and shipping provides many overlapping and complementary interests for maritime and industrial archaeologists. This chapter aims to present the areas of shared theoretical interest and to introduce sites and features of particular relevance to industrial archaeological research. It examines terrestrial infrastructure, ships, and shipwrecks as industrial archaeological sites within a global context, primarily focused on the 17th to 20th centuries. The theme is explored under topic headings which cover ships as individual industrial sites, landing sites lacking infrastructure, small-scale coastal infrastructure, enclosed harbours, docks, naval dockyards and graving docks. Having dealt with major port infrastructure the chapter examines port related industries and the influence of ports on urban development. Ports and shipping are established as suitable topics for study by industrial archaeologists bringing greater understanding of ports as centres and distributors of technological innovation. An industrial archaeological approach also enables a better understanding of ports and shipping as components in networks facilitating not only trade but the globalization of technologies, and the exchange of social and economic ideas and practices.
Industrial Workers’ Housing in Britain
Authors: Nevell Michael
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on the archaeological and standing buildings evidence for industrial housing directly associated with industry and urbanization in Britain during the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Such housing was a necessary counterpart to the urban, steam-powered factory. Industrial housing encompasses many building types, the primary ones being blind-backs, back-to-backs, court houses, through-houses, tenements, and workshop dwellings. This chapter provides an overview of archaeological work on workers’ housing since the 1990s in Britain. Excavated examples of housing from Birmingham, Glasgow, London, Manchester, Sheffield, and York are discussed, which show how archaeological evidence can throw light on the issues of legislation, household groups and mobility, overcrowding, build quality, sanitation, and disease.
Textiles
Authors: Holden Roger N.
Published: April 2022

The mechanization of the cotton industry was a driver of industrialization. The first form of multistorey mill for spinning was the Arkwright-type mill, but the move from water frame to mule spinning requiring buildings of different dimensions, leading to the large fire-proof spinning mills of the later nineteenth century. Weaving took longer to mechanize and a different building type; the single storey north-light shed was found to be more suited for this purpose. This and other factors led to a split between spinning and weaving industries. This system was exported from Lancashire to Europe and elsewhere in the world, but America followed a different route in developing large integrated mills with both spinning and weaving in multistorey mills of slow-burning construction. By the start of the twenty-first century the industry was still of global importance but production had shifted to Asia.
Slate Production
Authors: Gwyn David
Published: April 2022

The adoption of industrialized processes and the growth of urbanization in the nineteenth century increased the demand for slate, which could be used as a lightweight, practical, and inexpensive roofing material, as well as to produce writing elements (school slates and blackboards), and as architectural components. Though slate is often assumed to be a distinctively Welsh industry, it was quarried and processed in many different parts of the world throughout the industrial period. Its weight-to-cost ratio meant that it could be, and often was, distributed globally, with Welsh slate used, for example, to roof early buildings in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. This chapter focuses on the archaeology of the slate industry in Europe with reference to the Americas, Australia, and China. It provides an overview of the extraction processes, power systems, pumping, transport infrastructure, and associated settlements during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Influence of Expectancies on Pain and Function Over Time After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Carriere Junie S , Martel Marc Olivier , Loggia Marco L , Campbell Claudia M , Smith Michael T , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A , Edwards Robert R
Published: April 2022

Objective

Expectancies have a well-documented influence on the experience of pain, responses to treatment, and postsurgical outcomes. In individuals with osteoarthritis, several studies have shown that expectations predict increased pain and disability after total knee replacement surgery. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of expectancies in clinical settings, few studies have examined the influence of expectancies throughout postsurgical recovery trajectories. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of presurgical expectancies on pain and function at 6-week, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups after total knee arthroplasty.

Design and Participants

Data were collected from patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty 1 week before surgery and then at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Correlational and multivariable regression analyses examined the influence of expectancies on patients’ perceptions of pain reduction and functional improvement at each time point. Analyses controlled for age, sex, body mass index, presurgical pain intensity and function, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression.

Results

Results revealed that expectancies significantly predicted pain reduction and functional improvement at 1-year follow-up. However, expectancies did not predict outcomes at the 6-week and 6-month follow-ups. Catastrophizing and depressive symptoms emerged as short-term predictors of postsurgical functional limitations at 6-week and 6-month follow-ups, respectively.

Conclusions

The results suggest that targeting high levels of catastrophizing and depressive symptoms could optimize short-term recovery after total knee arthroplasty. However, the results demonstrate that targeting presurgical negative expectancies could prevent prolonged recovery trajectories, characterized by pain and loss of function up to 1 year after total knee arthroplasty.
P026 Sugar rush: single-centre audit of screening and counselling for steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, based on the British Society for Rheumatology giant cell arteritis guideline
Authors: Blackmore Lorna J , Devine Kirsty L , Mackie Sarah L
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims

In patients starting steroids for giant cell arteritis (GCA), to evaluate adherence to BSR guideline: HbA1c monitoring, documentation of counselling, and detection of steroid-induced hyperglycaemia.

Methods

Data were gathered from the electronic medical records. Steroid-induced hyperglycaemia was defined as new HbA1c >48 measured 3+ months after beginning steroid treatment. The data were presented at a regional meeting to raise awareness and encourage clinicians to incorporate counselling and monitoring into their practice, and a GCA clinic was set up. Practice was then re-evaluated.

Results

In the baseline dataset, 60 patients with GCA had a mean age of 72; 47 were female; mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 (for the 39/60 with a recorded height and weight). Mean initial dose of prednisolone was 45.9mg. The re-audit cohort were comparable with a mean age of 73.1; 19 females and mean BMI of 27 (for 15/30 with recorded). Mean initial prednisolone dose of 46.3mg. Baseline HbA1c was checked in 32/60 (53%) initially, and 28/30 (93%) on re-audit. 7/60 (12%) had documentation of counselling for steroid-induced hyperglycaemia initially, which increased to 9/30 (30%) on re-audit. Hyperglycaemia was detected in 8/60 (13%) of the initial audit group, compared to 11/30 (36%) in the re-audit. In the initial cohort, 3/10 (30%) of those with diabetes at baseline developed hyperglycaemia and 4/12 (33%) of those with pre-diabetes at baseline developed hyperglycaemia. In the re-audit, 7/9 (78%) of those with diabetes at baseline developed hyperglycaemia and 4/7 (57%) with pre-diabetes at baseline developed hyperglycaemia. Those who developed hyperglycaemia had a higher baseline weight and BMI (Table 1) in both the initial cohort and re-audit.

Conclusion

The intervention improved monitoring for steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, improving detection rates. We identified patient counselling as a priority for future improvement work.

Disclosure

L.J. Blackmore: None. K.L. Devine: None. S.L. Mackie: Consultancies; On behalf of University of Leeds for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Roche. Other; Support from Roche to attend EULAR2019.
P061 Polymyalgia rheumatica following COVID-19 vaccination: presentation of four patients
Authors: Mohareb Marwa , Bharadwaj Anurag , Nandagudi Anupama
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims

Vaccination against coronavirus is a cornerstone in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the safety and efficacy of vaccines was established prior to roll out, long-term data and reports of rare adverse reactions remain inadequate. Literature reviews revealed two cases of PMR-like syndrome, left elbow arthritis and a case of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) flare following COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, a case of new onset RA and case of reactive arthritis was reported with COVID infection.

Methods

We present four patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) following COVID-19 vaccination. The clinical details of the four patients are outlined in the table:

Ultrasound (US) revealed typical finding of bilateral sub deltoid bursitis and biceps tendonitis in the first patient and there was severe right sub deltoid bursitis with biceps tendonitis in the second patient. None of the patients had features to suggest malignancy, giant cell arteritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies or connective tissue disease.

Results

After exclusion of other inflammatory causes of shoulder pain, they were diagnosed with PMR based on clinical judgement and high inflammatory marker at time of presentations, ultrasound findings and significant improvement with prednisolone.

Conclusion

PMR following COVID-19 vaccination is exceptional and cannot be proven. In these patients post vaccination chronology of events favours this diagnosis. It is known that immunological illness may start after viral infection or vaccination (hapten or immune stimulation). The patients have responded well to the prednisolone similar to typical PMR cases. We need further studies to look at possible link between COVID-19 vaccination and PMR.

Disclosure

M. Mohareb: None. A. Bharadwaj: None. A. Nandagudi: None.
P188 Baricitinib effectiveness after a previous inadequate response to an alternative JAK inhibitor: results from the Swiss rheumatoid arthritis register
Authors: Gilbert Benoît T. P , Courvoisier Delphine S , Mongin Denis , Lauper Kim , Guimaraes Vanessa A , Mueller Ruediger B , Finckh Axel
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims

Previous research has suggested that switching between b/tsDMARDs with different mode of action may be more effective than switching agents within the same mechanism of action. Limited data exists about the impact of an inadequate response to a previous JAK-inhibitor (JAKi) on subsequent JAKi effectiveness.

Methods

This is a nested study within the Swiss Clinical Quality Management (SCQM) registry of RA patients. All patients initiating baricitinib treatment courses (BARI) between 01-09-2017 and 01-06-2020, with at least one follow-up visit, were included. We compared the time to treatment discontinuation, as a measure of drug effectiveness, of BARI with a previous history of an inadequate response (IR) to tofacitinib (“BARI-post-TOFA”) or without (“BARI-initial”). Tofacitinib IR was defined as previous tofacitinib treatment discontinuation for adverse events or for ineffectiveness. Baseline characteristics were compared using t-tests or χ2. We used Kaplan-Meier curve to display crude time to discontinuation and a Cox model to estimate adjusted hazard ratio (HR). Cox model was adjusted for potential confounding factors: age, BMI, concomitant csDMARD, concomitant steroid usage, baseline CDAI, disease duration, smoking status, line of therapy, gender and seropositivity to RF/ACPA.

Results

Of the 273 included BARI, 72 were initiated in patients with a history of a previous tofacitinib IR (Table 1). No differences were found between the “BARI-post-TOFA” and the “BARI-initial” groups in terms of time-to-discontinuation, as demonstrated by both the unadjusted Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (Log-rank p = 0.44) and the fully adjusted Cox analysis (Hazard Ratio BARI-post-TOFA vs BARI-initial = 0.76 (95% IC [0.42 - 1.34]; p = 0.34). Other covariates significantly associated with drug maintenance were active smoking (p = 0.03) and CDAI score (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

In this preliminary analysis, a history of prior tofacitinib IR did not appear to significantly impact subsequent drug maintenance of baricitinib.

Disclosure

B.T.P. Gilbert: Other; Invited speaker for Lilly Symposium SGR Congress Lausanne (2021). D.S. Courvoisier: None. D. Mongin: None. K. Lauper: None. V.A. Guimaraes: Other; Clinical Research Scientist Immunology at Eli Lilly (Suisse) S.A. R.B. Mueller: None. A. Finckh: Grants/research support; Invited speaker and consultant for Eli Lilly. Has received research grant from Eli Lilly.
Between Aspirations and Law: Protection Consciousness among Congolese Forced Migrants in Rabat
Authors: Wissing Ruben
Published: April 2022

This article analyses forced migrants’ perceptions of “protection”, coined here as “protection consciousness”. The article is built around the voices and lived experiences of Congolese forced migrants in the Moroccan capital and asks: which aspirations mobilise them?; what does “protection” mean for them?; and do they find it in the law, or elsewhere? Fieldwork data was obtained through observations and 15 interviews with Congolese migrants with self-assessed protection needs in Rabat in 2019. A socio-legal analysis of the data leads to three main findings. First, once they are in Morocco, Congolese forced migrants aspire material subsistence and work rather than “protection”, and do so irrespective of the original reason that forced them to leave the DRC. Second, they understand and experience “protection” not as a strictly legal concept, but as physical safety, freedom of movement and spiritual and religious comfort. Third, they feel alienated from State law, conceive it as protection-inhibiting rather than protection-enhancing, and prefer to rely on more informal normative and social orders instead.
E-Cigarette (E-Cig) Liquid Composition and Operational Voltage Define the In Vitro Toxicity of Δ8Tetrahydrocannabinol/Vitamin E Acetate (Δ8THC/VEA) E-Cig Aerosols
Authors: Marrocco Antonella , Singh Dilpreet , Christiani David C , Demokritou Philip
Published: April 2022

The 2019 United States outbreak of E-cigarette (e-cig), or Vaping, Associated Acute Lung Injury (EVALI) has been linked to presence of vitamin E acetate (VEA) in Δ8tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8THC)-containing e-liquids, as supported by VEA detection in patient biological samples. However, the pathogenesis of EVALI and the complex physicochemical properties of e-cig emissions remain unclear, raising concerns on health risks of vaping. This study investigates the effect of Δ8THC/VEA e-liquids and e-cig operational voltage on in vitro toxicity of e-cig aerosols. A novel E-cigExposure Generation System platform was used to generate and characterize e-cig aerosols from a panel of Δ8THC/VEA or nicotine-based e-liquids at 3.7 or 5 V. Human lung Calu-3 cells and THP-1 monocytes were exposed to cell culture media conditioned with collected e-cig aerosol condensate at doses of 85 and 257 puffs/m2 lung surface for 24 h, whereafter specific toxicological endpoints were assessed (including cytotoxicity, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines). Higher concentrations of gaseous volatile organic compounds were emitted from Δ8THC/VEA compared with nicotine-based e-liquids, especially at 5 V. Emitted PM2.5 concentrations in aerosol were higher for Δ8THC/VEA at 5 V and averagely for nicotine-based e-liquids at 3.7 V. Overall, aerosols from nicotine-based e-liquids showed higher bioactivity than Δ8THC/VEA aerosols in THP-1 cells, with no apparent differences in Calu-3 cells. Importantly, presence of VEA in Δ8THC and menthol flavoring in nicotine-based e-liquids increased cytotoxicity of aerosols across both cell lines, especially at 5 V. This study systematically investigates the physicochemical and toxicological properties of a model of Δ8THC/VEA and nicotine e-cigarette condensate exposure demonstrating that pyrolysis of these mixtures can generate hazardous toxicants whose synergistic actions potentially drive acute lung injury upon inhalation.
How NPs can eliminate practice barriers to intrauterine device use
Authors: Bach Susan , Heavey Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

Barriers to intrauterine device use include cost, absence of qualified providers, the lack of simplified insertion protocols, cultural hesitation, and misconceptions of appropriateness of use. This article outlines how NPs can eliminate practice barriers to intrauterine device use and prevent unintended pregnancy.
Augmented Reality in Supporting Healthcare and Nursing Independent Learning
Authors: Quqandi Ebtehal , Joy Mike , Drumm Ian , Rushton Melanie
Published: April 2022

New advances in technology have brought challenges and opportunities for education and instructional methods. Compared with traditional education, the increased use of technology-enhanced blended learning in healthcare and nursing education requires students to take more responsibility for their learning. The use of advanced technology has resulted in independent learning skills becoming increasingly important. Many studies have reported a positive correlation between independent learning and success rates in an e-learning environment. This paper focuses on the potential contribution of augmented reality, which superimposes layers of virtual content on real physical objects. The paper initially presents a narrative literature review to identify augmented reality's strengths and challenges in facilitating independent learning and highlights several potential approaches for utilizing augmented reality in nursing education. However, it also reveals a lack of studies integrating augmented reality and independent learning theories such as self-regulated learning. The paper then addresses this gap by proposing a new learning approach to support independent learning.