bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development‐related biases in factor productivities and the HOV model of trade
Authors: Maskus Keith E. , Nishioka Shuichiro
Published: August 2010

Abstract Past empirical failures of the basic Heckscher‐Ohlin‐Vanek (HOV) model related to the inability of data to meet its restrictive assumptions. Trefler (1993) tried to resuscitate HOV by introducing a simple Hicks‐neutral (HN) factor‐productivity adjustment. In this paper, we re‐examine this question by estimating factor‐specific productivities from the individual technology data of multiple developed and developing countries. We find evidence of factor‐augmenting technological differences. Further, the ratios of factor productivities are strongly correlated with corresponding factor endowments. This systematic bias implies that the ability of HOV to explain North‐South factor trade depends on both relative factor abundance and factor‐augmenting productivity gaps.
International status seeking, trade, and growth leadership
Authors: Valente Simone
Published: August 2010

Abstract We study a two‐country endogenous growth model where the utility of agents in developing countries is affected by consumption gaps with advanced economies. International status seeking tends to revert growth differentials in favour of the developing country. Preferences with endogenous status desire generate convergence in growth rates in the presence of structural gaps and convergence in income levels if productivity differences disappear. This process is driven by declining terms of trade and faster capital accumulation of the status seeker. The model predictions are shown to be consistent with the stylized facts that characterized the growth performance of East Asian economies.
Trade policy and mixed enterprises
Authors: Van Long Ngo , Stähler Frank
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper demonstrates that the degree of state ownership affects neither the level of socially optimal activities nor welfare if the government chooses optimal trade policy instruments. In the case of rivalry in the home market, the optimal import tariff is independent of the degree of state ownership, and the optimal production subsidy decreases with state ownership if the optimal tariff is positive. For the case of Cournot rivalry in a third market, the optimal export subsidy increases with state ownership, while in the case of Bertrand rivalry with differentiated products, the optimal export tax increases with state ownership.
Endogenous enclosure in North‐South trade
Authors: Margolis Michael , Shogren Jason F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract We show that the second‐best case against the optimality of free trade remains valid in the face of a well‐targeted, but costly, policy response. Trade between a North, where property rights can be enforced at relatively low cost, and an otherwise identical South, yields trade patterns and welfare results nearly identical to those previously shown to arise if North and South differ exogenously in the extent of control over resources. Both nations respond optimally to world prices, and the opening of trade leads to the development of property rights in the South. Nonetheless, for a set of world prices bounded by the South's autarky price, the South is better off under autarky and is made worse off by each increase in its export price.
Directed search, unemployment and public policy
Authors: Julien Benoît , Kennes John , King Ian , Mangin Sephorah
Published: August 2010

Abstract We examine the effects of public policy parameters in a simple directed search model of the labour market, and contrast them with those in standard random matching models with Nash bargaining. Both finite and limit versions of the directed search model are considered, and the value of the limit model as an approximation of the finite one is assessed. As with the random matching model, job creation is the key channel through which the policy parameters affect the equilibrium of the directed search model. Both comparative static effects of the policy parameters and optimal configurations are identified.
The voluntary provision of a public good in an international commons
Authors: Vicary Simon
Published: August 2010

Abstract In a global commons, countries contribute to global welfare by limiting the environmental damage they do. Assuming this to be so, we examine the characteristics of equilibrium without international coordination, with particular focus on how control of damaging emissions relates to country size. There is some association between size and burden‐sharing, with larger countries doing more to control emissions, but there remain important differences between this and a conventional ‘subscription’ public good.
Time‐consistent taxation in a dynastic family model with human and physical capital and a balanced government budget
Authors: Davies James B. , Zeng Jinli , Zhang Jie
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper analyzes optimal, time consistent taxation in a dynastic family model with human and physical capital and with a balanced government budget. When tax revenue is used for publicly provided consumption or lump‐sum transfers, leisure would be higher than its social optimum. Pareto optimal taxation requires taxing capital income more heavily than labour income and subsidizing investment at the same rate of the tax. Also, it requires either subsidizing labour at the same rate as a consumption tax or subsidizing consumption at the same rate as a labour income tax, and hence it is not a practical guide to policy. Further, a consumption tax, or equivalently a uniform income tax with investment subsidies at the same rate, can be improved on by taxing capital income more heavily than labour income.
Bank loan portfolios and the Canadian monetary transmission mechanism
Authors: Haan Wouter J. Den , Sumner Steven W. , Yamashiro Guy M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Following a monetary tightening, bank loans to consumers decrease. This is true for both mortgage and non‐mortgage loans, and it is true for a tightening by the Bank of Canada that is, and is not, a response to a tightening by the Federal Reserve System. In contrast, business loans increase following a monetary tightening. The ‘perverse’ response of business loans cannot be explained by an increase in the demand for funds due to a reduction in real activity. These results are consistent with a change in bank portfolio behaviour in favour of business loans in response to a monetary tightening.
Presidential Address: Antitrust restrictions on single‐firm strategies
Authors: Winter Ralph A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This article offers an overview of selected developments in the law and economics of antitrust regulation of single‐firm strategies. The strategy generating the most cases historically is resale price maintenance. Here, the law has moved sharply in both Canada and the U.S. towards more solid economic foundations. Yet a gap between the law and economics remains. The economics of resale price maintenance is reviewed within a framework that is much simpler and more general than the existing literature. The law on a second strategy, predatory pricing, represents in my view a success story for the influence of economic theory in spite of the absence of a single accepted theory of predatory pricing. The remaining single‐firm strategies are concerned largely with the exclusion by a dominant firm of rivals from a market. I review, with application to cases, the two most basic questions concerning exclusionary strategies. Are exclusionary, anticompetitive contracts ever entered into voluntarily by market participants? On the other hand, is complete or substantial foreclosure of a market through exclusionary strategies necessarily anticompetitive?
Do earnings subsidies affect job choice? The impact of SSP subsidies on job turnover and wage growth
Authors: Connolly Helen , Gottschalk Peter
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper explores the impact of earnings subsidies on job duration and wage growth. We develop an analytical framework that predicts that convex subsidies increase job turnover and affect within‐job and between‐job wage growth. This framework is used to analyze the effects of the Canadian Self‐sufficiency Project earnings subsidy. We find that the treatment group had shorter job duration and experienced faster wage growth than controls, which is consistent with the analytical model. Results for between‐job wage growth hold after we correct for compositional bias, but we cannot rule out that within‐job wage growth was not affected by the program.
How well do individuals predict their future life satisfaction? Evidence from panel data following a nationwide exogenous shock
Authors: Frijters Paul , Greenwell Harry , Haisken‐DeNew John P. , Shields Michael A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Using German panel data, we investigate how well individuals predict their own future life satisfaction. The context is the decade following the 1990 reunification of Germany, which provided a large shock to the future prospects of the inhabitants of the former East Germany. We find that the majority of East Germans significantly overestimated the satisfaction gains from reunification in the years immediately after transition, but by 1994 had converged on correct aggregate expectations. Some evidence of micro‐heterogeneity in the prediction errors is found by age and education. For West Germans, we find some initial over‐optimism, although less than for East Germans.
Technology transfer through imports
Authors: Acharya Ram C. , Keller Wolfgang
Published: August 2010

Abstract We study international technology transfer through R&D spillovers in sixteen countries’ manufacturing industries since the early 1970s. The analysis shows that the productivity impact of international technology transfer often exceeds that of domestic technological change, more so in high‐technology industries. Moreover, technology transfer is found to be strongly varying across country‐pairs and tends to decline in geographic distance, pointing to goods trade as the transfer channel. We directly evaluate this hypothesis, and results suggest that trade is crucial for technology transfer from Germany, France, and the UK, while for the US, Japan, and Canada non‐trade channels are more important.
Optimal agenda‐setter timing
Authors: Polborn Mattias K. , Willmann Gerald
Published: August 2010

Abstract We analyze the optimal timing problem of an agenda setter who can propose a project that is then voted on by a committee. The payoff consists of a common stochastic component and an idiosyncratic component that differs among committee members. The agenda setter may be biased for or against the project, relative to the median committee member, and chooses when to call the vote. We analyze how the timing decision depends on the political environment and the bias of the agenda setter. We show that both positively and negatively biased agenda setters can implement decisions that differ from those preferred by the median committee member.
Rent‐seeking activities and the ‘brain gain’ effects of migration
Authors: Peng Baochun
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper studies migration and rent‐seeking activities in a framework of heterogeneous ability. It is shown that, despite the depletion of productive resources known as the ‘brain drain,’ the possibility of migration could sufficiently reduce participation in rent‐seeking activities and increase participation in productive activities such that the net effect of migration is a ‘brain gain.’ Moreover, the possibility of migration that sufficiently enlarges the relative reward to ability in the productive sector could result in qualitative improvements in the allocation of talent.
Socially excessive dissemination of patent licences
Authors: Creane Anthony
Published: August 2010

Abstract Compared with the social optimum, a monopolist usually sells too little. This result seemingly includes the case of a lab that licences its patented cost innovation: Katz and Shapiro (1986) find ‘conditions under which [the lab] will issue fewer than the socially optimal number of licences.’ However, I find instead that its incentives can be socially too high; the monopoly seller may sell too much. For example, it can be profit maximizing to sell several licences, while it is socially optimal that none is sold.
Transfers, the terms of trade, and capital accumulation
Authors: Cremers Emily T. , Sen Partha
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the context of a two‐sector overlapping‐generations model it is demonstrated that a steady‐state transfer paradox may arise under commodity trade with stability and without distortions or bystanders. The existence of the paradox is due to the effect of the transfer on world capital accumulation, which is shown to always (i.e., for any ranking of factor intensities and savings rates) improve the donor's terms of trade. Transfers may also improve steady‐state welfare for both donor and recipient and produce paradoxical welfare results along the transition path.
Structural gravity equations with intensive and extensive margins
Authors: Crozet Matthieu , Koenig Pamina
Published: August 2010

Abstract Recent trade models with heterogeneous firms have changed the interpretation of gravity equations. Chaney (2008) shows that the effect of distance on the number of exporters and average exports depends on key parameters characterizing the elements of market structure. We use firm‐level export data to estimate the structural parameters of Chaney's model. Controlling for the fixed costs of exporting, our estimated parameters match, for 28 out of 34 industries, the model's theoretical predictions. Our industry parameters allow us to evaluate separately the effect of transport costs and tariffs on trade, without having to resort to detailed data on trade frictions.
Trade flows in a spatial oligopoly: gravity fits well, but what does it explain?
Authors: Salvo Alberto
Published: August 2010

Abstract Large distance and border effects on trade flows in some industries may result from the collusive division of geographic markets. In the Brazilian cement industry, traditional gravity equations fit the data well, yet limited regional flows are due to firms' strategic behaviour. Thanks to a unique institutional setting and an unusually rich data set, I directly control for trade costs, which – despite their importance – cannot account for the observed segmentation of local markets at current prices. The paper highlights how collusive behaviour can magnify the effects of distance, as firms use geography to coordinate on higher prices and less cross‐hauling.
Trade diversion from tomato suspension agreements
Authors: Baylis Kathy , Perloff Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Trade barriers can cause output to be diverted to other countries and into other products. We study the effect of a voluntary price restraint (VPR) on Mexican tomatoes entering the United States. The diversion caused by the VPR is statistically and economically significant – representing over four‐fifths of the direct effects of the trade barrier. When the VPR was binding, Mexico exported more tomatoes to Canada, the United States cut back on exports while Canada increased their exports to the United States. The VPR also diverted fresh tomatoes in Mexico into paste production, which was then exported to the United States.
The role of child health and economic status in educational, health, and labour market outcomes in young adulthood
Authors: Contoyannis Paul , Dooley Martin
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Ontario Child Health Study provides the first opportunity in Canada to assess directly the relationship between socio‐economic and health status in childhood and levels of completed schooling, health status, and labour market success in young adulthood. We find that childhood health problems are negatively associated with educational attainment, especially the probability of a university degree, and the health status of young adults. Our results also imply that childhood health problems influence adult labour force outcomes, especially for males, mainly through adult levels of schooling and health.
Erythrocytes as controllers of perfusion distribution in the microvasculature of skeletal muscle
Authors: Sprague R. S. , Bowles E. A. , Achilleus D. , Ellsworth M. L.
Published: August 2010

In 1929, August Krogh identified the matching of oxygen (O2) supply with demand in skeletal muscle as a fundamental physiological process. In the intervening decades, much research has been focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which this important process occurs. For any control system to be effective, there must be a means by which the need is determined and a mechanism by which that information is coupled to an appropriate response. The focus of this review was to highlight current research in support of the hypothesis that the mobile erythrocyte, when exposed to reduced O2 tension, releases ATP in a controlled manner. This ATP interacts with purinergic receptors on the endothelium producing both local and conducted vasodilation enabling the erythrocyte to distribute perfusion to precisely match O2 delivery with need in skeletal muscle. If this is an important mechanism for normal physiological control of microvascular perfusion, defects in this process would be anticipated to have pathophysiological consequences. Individuals with either type 2 diabetes (DM2) or pre‐diabetes have microvascular dysfunction that contributes to morbidity and mortality. DM2 erythrocytes and erythrocytes incubated with insulin at levels similar to those seen in pre‐diabetes fail to release ATP in response to reduced O2 tension. Knowledge of the components of the signal transduction pathway for low O2‐induced ATP release suggest novel therapeutic approaches to ameliorating this defect. Although the erythrocyte may be but one component of the complex O2 delivery process, it appears to play an important role in distributing oxygen within the microvasculature.
EVALUATION OF PALATABILITY AND SELECTED NUTRIENTS OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS GROWN IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT MARICULTURE AND NATURAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Thoroughgood Carolyn A.
Published: August 2010

Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) from the controlled environment system of the Delaware Mariculture Project and from the natural system of the Indian River Bay were selected for comparison of palatability and proximate composition. Sensory evaluations for appearance, texture, flavor and over‐all acceptance were performed on steamed samples from both environmental treatments by eight trained taste panelists. No significant differences for these characteristics were found although there was a slight preference for the flavor of clams produced in the natural system. Analyses for protein, moisture, fat, and ash were made on the raw clams from both environmental treatments, and again there were no significant differences identified. From these data, it was concluded that the clams produced in the controlled environment process equalled the quality of those produced in natural systems.
THE PROBLEMS, ECONOMIC POTENTIALS AND SYSTEM DESIGN OF LARGE FUTURE TROPICAL MARINE FISH CAGE SYSTEMS
Authors: Huguenin John Edward , Rothwell Guy N.
Published: August 2010

Future tropical commercial marine cage culturing systems, for use in exposed coastal sites, are evaluated through a case study approach. Preliminary design options, based on an optimistic extrapolation of present knowledge and capabilities, are developed for projected Hawaiian systems. The effects of different scales of operation on the choices of technical approaches, support activities, and system economics are considered. The resulting designs are also evaluated with respect to economic and bioengineering risks. The problems that must be resolved are indicated in the context of their scientific, technical and economic impacts on such culture systems. It is clear that tropical sea cage culturing of high value food fish has considerable economic potential, even at modest scales of operation.
THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF MASS‐CULTURING Artemia salina IN THE ST. CROIX “ARTIFICIAL UPWELLING” MARICULTURE SYSTEM1
Authors: Tobias William J. , Sorgeloos Patrick , Bossuyt Etienne , Roels Oswald A.
Published: August 2010

Of the various algae grown in the St. Croix Mariculture System, the diatom Chaetoceros curvisetus (clone STX‐167) proved to be an excellent diet for culturing Artemia nauplii and adults.

The minimum cell concentration at which Artemia can efficiently remove cells has been determined and appears to be constant throughout the brine shrimp' life cycle.

The cell stripping efficiency, growth rate, and survival of the different larval instar stages have been studied in function of increased stocking densities and flow rates.

The results obtained in 230‐liter raceway tanks, subsequent to the initial 190‐liter tank studies, and extrapolated to a one m3 system indicate that 15 g of cysts (4/ml animal stocking density) can be converted into 8.7 kg of fresh weight adult Artemia in 14 days.
PROBLEMS WITH THE CULTURE OF TOPMINNOWS (FAMILY POECILIIDAE) AND THEIR USE AS LIVE BAITFISHES1
Authors: Baldwin Wayne J. , McGrenra Michael J.
Published: August 2010

The intensive culture and live bait potential of a topminnow (Poecilia vittata) and shortfin molly (P. mexicana) was investigated in Hawaii, American Samoa, and Palau. Although these baitfishes are unusually hardy, problems were encountered during their culture, handling, shipboard confinement, and use as live bait for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). Principal problems included predation, fouling and nuisance organisms, disease and parasites, cannibalism, slow growth rates, poor water quality, and difficulties during handling and transportation.
A FLOATING LABORATORY APPLIED TO CULTURE OF ABALONE AND ROCK SCALLOPS IN MISSION BAY, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Leighton David L.
Published: August 2010

Application of the floating laboratory concept to hatchery culture of abalones and rock scallops was tested in 1975–76 using a mono‐hull pleasure craft. Successful experiments prompted construction of a larger vessel consisting of a deck and laboratory superstructure supported by pontoons. The facility has been in operation since early 1978, moored in a marina cove near the entrance to Mission Bay. Seawater is delivered to tanks in the laboratory when currents and tides bring offshore water into the cove. Use is made of inexpensive materials and equipment wherever possible.

This paper describes the laboratory, relates successes in spawning and rearing young of the green abalone (Haliotis fulgens) and the purplehinge rock scallop (Hinnites multirugosus), and compares culture conditions and success with those at the nearby La Jolla laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service.
DEVELOPMENT AND POTENTIAL OF NURSERY SYSTEMS IN THE FARMING OF MALAYSIAN PRAWNS, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)1
Authors: Smith Theodore I. J. , Sandifer Paul A.
Published: August 2010

Data from various studies associated with the development of intensive indoor nursery systems in South Carolina are provided. Nurseries permit the production of larger juveniles for stocking in ponds or other grow‐out systems and thus result in increased production of larger prawns, greater crop value, and improved predictability of yields. In climates where year‐round prawn culture is possible the incorporation of a nursery phase should increase profitability. In contrast, in climates with a restricted grow‐out season the use of nurseries may be a basic requirement to establish any level of profitability.

Growth and survival data are presented from 8 nursery trials conducted at approximate population densities of 300, 1,000 and 1,500 prawns m‐2 tank bottom area. Growth was similar at all densities for ˜ one month (mean prawn size, ˜0.2 g) after which time prawn size increased rapidly at the lowest population density (300 m‐2). Growth was similar at densities 1,000 and 1,500 m‐2 for at least 2 months at which time prawns had reached a mean size of ˜0.50 g. For comparison, prawns reared at the lowest density were 1.32 g after 60 days. Survival rates were generally good: after 30 and 60 days they were ˜99, 98, 90% and 91, 91, 82% for densities 300, 1,000 and 1,500 m‐2, respectively.

Based on results of our 1978 pond grow‐out trials, the stocking of small juveniles (mean size, 0.50 g) or a mixture of postlarvae and juveniles (mean size, 0.65 g) resulted in an estimated profit if initial land and seed stock costs are excluded. From our nursery data we projected that one ha of nurseries stocked at a density of 1,500 prawns m‐2 could produce sufficient small juveniles (˜0.5 g) to stock 198 ha of grow‐out ponds.
ENHANCEMENT OF CHILL TOLERANCE IN LARVAI Artemia salina: COOLING REGIMENS AND MULTIPLE TYPE CRYOPROTECTANT EXPOSURE
Authors: Baust J. G. , Lawrence A. L.
Published: August 2010

The enhancements of chill tolerance of Artemia salina to single (glycerol, glucose or sucrose) and double (glucose‐sucrose) component cryoprotectant solutions were determined. Zero, three, six, twelve and twenty‐four hour post‐hatch larvae were immersed in ‐1°C cryoprotectant solutions for periods up to 90 minutes. The ability of different larval stages to survive an instantaneous change from 28° to ‐1° versus a slow cooling regiment (1°C/hr) from 28° to 18° followed by instantaneous cooling to ‐1°C were compared. Most cryoprotectant solutions showed definite enhancement of survival with the multiple better than single component systems. Survival exceeded 200–500% over ‐1°C cryoprotectant free controls. The significance of these results to the development of cryogenic larval banking techniques is discussed.
MATURATION OF WHITE SHRIMP (Penaeus setiferus) IN CAPTIVITY1
Authors: Brown A. , McVey J. , Middleditch B. S. , Lawrence A. L.
Published: August 2010

Penaeus setiferuswas matured and spawned in captivity by using ambient temperature and controlling photoperiod and diet. The experiments were performed at the lagoon laboratory and the seawater laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston, Texas. One‐half of the animals at each site were unilaterally ablated. The photoperiod was initially set at 15 hours light and increased to 16 hours with the onset of spawning; the temperature was 22–29°C, salinity 22–30 ppt and pH 7.5–8.0. The diet consisted of worms, squid, oysters, and mussels. Egg production varied between the two sites, with 534,000 eggs produced at the lagoon facility and 3,800,000 eggs at the seawater laboratory. Spermatophore transfer did not take place, perhaps because of a bacterial infection (Vibriosp.) of the terminal ampoules and the compound spermatophore.
POSSIBLE CLUES TO IMPROVED POND CULTURE OF PENAEID SHRIMP
Authors: Furness Gary N. , Aldrich David V.
Published: August 2010

This study was stimulated by the variability in results of United States shrimp culture in ponds, and the need for improved methods of estimating shrimp populations in ponds prior to harvest.

Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) were cultured in six 0.1 ha earthen ponds receiving thermal effluent from a steam electric generating station near Galveston Bay, Texas, for a 70–71 day culture period between April and July 1978. Two ponds were stocked with 3,500 shrimp each and four with 2,500 shrimp. Only shrimp in two ponds stocked at the lower density did not receive supplemental food. Each pond was treated weekly with 4.5 kg of 45‐0‐0 fertilizer to promote plankton blooms. Survival ranged from 79 to 91%; feeding treatment seemed to correlate with survival as two of the three ponds with 79% survival contained the unfed shrimp. Size of shrimp at harvest and daily growth rates were not correlated with stocking density or feeding treatment. Growth was positively correlated with increasing pond bottom softness.

Based on seine sample data, wind direction strongly affected the distribution of brown shrimp. The greatest populations were usually found near the downwind shore of ponds; this relationship was strongest in ponds containing fed shrimp. The efficiency of seine samples was also affected by the time of day. Samples completed between 1800 and 0600 h caught more shrimp and were less variable than samples taken between 0900 and 1430 h. For improved population estimation, night sampling along downwind shores of culture ponds is recommended.
A HIGH INCIDENCE OF TUMORS IN BUTTERFLY FISH (Chaetodon multicinctus) IN HAWAII1
Authors: Okihiro M. S. , Nakamura R. M. , Quinn B. D. , Chang E. M. L. , Cripps M. C.
Published: August 2010

In scuba dives off the Island of Maui, near Olowalu, a high incidence of tumors was observed in the butterfly fish (Chaetodon multicinctus). Incidences of 25% (January 1976), 22% (June 1976), 22% (August 1977) and 23% (January 1978) were observed over the two‐year period of study. Observations of fish with tumors were localized to an area approximately 180 m wide and from 20–685 m from the shore. Of 11 species of butterfly fish seen in the study area, only the C. multicinctus was involved. C. multicinctus examined in areas adjacent to the study area were free of tumors.

Sixty‐seven fish with tumors were obtained for laboratory study. One to 6 tumors per fish were seen only in the skin, ranging in size from 0.1 to 2.5 cm. Microscopically, smaller lesions were hyperplastic while the larger lesions were diagnosed as benign fibromas. Electron microscopy of a few tumors did not reveal the presence of virus. The cause or causes responsible for the occurrence of these high incidences of tumors in only one species of butterfly fish in a localized site in Hawaii is unknown.
CLAM SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND: A POINT OF VIEW OF THE BORDEN COMPANY
Authors: Snow Harold F.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the overall posture of our company in respect to molluscan bivalve mariculture in general and culture of molluscs which are or could be used in our seafood processing operations in particular.
LARVAL REARING AND SPAT PRODUCTION OF GREEN MUSSEL Mytilus viridis LINNAEUS IN FRENCH POLYNESIA
Authors: AQUACOP
Published: August 2010

To develop mussel culture in the South Pacific and especially in French Polynesia, trials for producing spat of Mytilus viridis were conducted at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique (COP) of the Centre National pour l'Exploitation des Océans (CNEXO) in Tahiti.

Spawning is attained through thermal stimulation. Larval rearing is conducted in 800‐liter cylindroconical tanks. Every two days the water is changed and antibiotics are added as a preventive treatment.

Monochrysis lutheri and an Isochrysis locally isolated are used as food. Metamorphosis and settlement are achieved between the 10th and 17th days. A 15 m3 tank supplied with flowing water from a shrimp rearing pond is used for the pre‐growth. The marketable spat size (7–8 mm, 40 mg) is reached in one month after settlement. The survival rate between D stage and marketable spat size is 10% and 2 million spat were produced. The actual hatchery, with six 800‐liter tanks, should give 2 to 3.106 spat/month.
THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS ON PROTEIN UTILIZATION IN THE AMERICAN LOBSTER (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Capuzzo Judith M. , Lancaster Bruce A.
Published: August 2010

The protein sparing action of dietary carbohydrate levels in formulated feeds for the American lobster has been investigated. The formulated feeds were pelletized shrimp meal based feeds varying in both protein content (16.7–23.3%) and carbohydrate content (22.9–31.3%) and the protein: carbohydrate ratio (0.5‐1.0). Respiration rates, ammonia excretion rates, O:N ratios and protein efficiency ratios of post‐larval lobsters fed the various formulated feeds were compared with lobsters fed brine shrimp (Artemia salina; 51% protein, P:C ratio = 5.1).

Respiration rates measured immediately after feeding were highest among lobsters fed brine shrimp and were ˜37% higher than the standard respiration rates measured 24 hours later. There were no significant differences in respiration rates of lobsters fed the three formulated feeds. Ammonia excretion rates measured in the four groups of lobsters were directly correlated with the protein level of each feed; however, the O:N ratios and protein efficiency ratios for each group were inversely correlated with the protein level of each feed. The increase in these parameters with decreasing protein levels in the formulated feeds is a strong indication of the increased dependence on dietary carbohydrate as an energy source in post‐larval lobsters.
DIETARY PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE RED CRAWFISH, Procambarus clarkii (GIRARD) (DECAPODA, CAMBARIDAE), GROWN IN A CLOSED SYSTEM
Authors: Huner Jay V. , Meyers Samuel P.
Published: August 2010

Isolated juvenile crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), were fed water‐stable, extruded diets that varied in gross protein levels (19.6–46.0%) and gross animal protein substrate levels (15.0–44.0%). Results indicated that gross protein requirements were in the 20–30% range and that gross animal protein substrate requirements were in the 15–20% range. All diets appeared to be deficient in dietary carotenoids as evidenced by the development of an abnormal blue body color by all crawfish.
PRODUCTION TRIALS FOR MONOCULTURE AND POLYCULTURE OF WHITE SHRIMP (Penaeus vannamei) OR BLUE SHRIMP (P. stylirostris) WITH FLORIDA POMPANO (Trachinotus carolinus) IN ALABAMA, 1978–1979
Authors: Trimble W. C.
Published: August 2010

White shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), blue shrimp (P. stylirostris), and Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) were reared in 0.08‐ha, managed nursery and monoculture and polyculture production ponds in coastal Alabama.

In Trial I during 1978, a white shrimp nursery pond culled for production stock then continued for 140 days produced 2,331 kg/ha of shrimp averaging 12.0 g with a feed conversion of 1.2. Yield of white shrimp from 3 monoculture production ponds stocked at 25,000 shrimp/ha and managed for 63 days averaged 193 kg/ha with 63% survival, 3.8 feed conversion, and 11.9 g mean weight. Yield of pompano from 2 monoculture production ponds stocked at 4,925 fish/ha and maintained for 33 days averaged 23 kg/ha with 38% survival, 5.5 feed conversion, and 15 g mean weight. In polyculture, yield of white shrimp and pompano averaged 265 kg/ha with 0.9 feed conversion. The shrimp averaged 11.2 g with 90% survival, and the pompano averaged 14 g with 21% survival.

In Trial II during 1979, a blue shrimp nursery pond stocked at 500,000 postlarvae/ha and managed for 47 days produced 864 kg/ha of shrimp averaging 1.8 g with 96% survival and 2.1 feed conversion. Yield from one nursery pond stocked at 165,025 fish/ha with graded pompano and maintained for 55 days was 601 kg/ha of pompano averaging 5.1 g with 71% survival and 3.0 feed conversion. Yield of blue shrimp from 3 production ponds stocked at 82,813 shrimp/ha and managed for 149 days averaged 904 kg/ha of shrimp averaging 16.0 g with 70% survival and 4.5 feed conversion. Yield of pompano from 3 monoculture pompano ponds stocked at 10,000 fish/ha and managed for 106 days averaged 741 kg/ha with 67% survival, 3.9 feed conversion, and 106 g mean weight. In polyculture, yield of blue shrimp and pompano averaged 1,285 kg/ha with 3.0 feed conversion. The shrimp averaged 14.1 g with 63% survival, and the pompano averaged 75 g with 74% survival. Crops of blue shrimp in monoculture and blue shrimp and pompano in polyculture had positive economic returns.
WATER REUSE AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS IN TWO SOLAR GREENHOUSES IN NORTHERN VERMONT
Authors: Pierce Barry A.
Published: August 2010

Small‐scale aquaculture systems serve the dual functions of winter food production and thermal storage in passive solar greenhouses in north central Vermont, one of the coldest, cloudiest regions in the continental USA. Each system is designed with low‐cost materials, minimal labor and solar technologies applicable to the economics of cold water fisheries in New England. In a hybrid solar greenhouse having both active and passive collectors, two biological filters with gravel substrate planted with vegetables grown hydroponically serve to remove ammonia and some nitrate wastes from a polyculture of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Israeli carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a 4,920 liter septic tank. Productivities of fish and plants grown hydroponically in two preliminary experiments using this system are discussed.

In another passive solar greenhouse a 2,839 liter tank of 1.9 cm plywood is connected to a subgravel biological filter with a stack for foam fractionation removal of organic matter. Productivity and growth rates of a native species polyculture of chain pickerel (Esox niger), pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) as well as a monoculture of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) is discussed. The development of small‐scale aquaculture in northern New England is discussed in terms of these two research models.
REMOVAL OF ORGANICS FROM FISH CULTURE WATER BY FOAM FRACTIONATION1
Authors: Lawson Thomas B. , Wheaton Fredrick W.
Published: August 2010

Foam fractionation is one alternative for purifying water in closed cycle aquacultural systems. The concentration and removal of proteins, enzymes and other dissolved organic materials are examples of foam fractionation application.

Research efforts in recent years have attempted to apply the foam fractionation process to many types of culture systems, both marine and fresh water, with varying success. Although the process appears to function better in marine systems, foam fractionation also has merit as a purification process in fresh water systems.

The parameters affecting fractionator efficiency are many and varied. Fractionator performance appears to be more or less site specific, but a few of the physical parameters, notably flow rate, fractionator dimensions and gas injection technique, may be controlled.

For several years researchers at the University of Maryland have been experimenting with fractionator design in an attempt to optimize efficiency. Orifices and venturi tubes of varying sizes were used to inject air into a fractionator column to study the effects on efficiency. Design equations were developed to express the efficiency changes brought about by several physical parameters. These equations predicted the results of prototype fractionator systems with reasonable accuracy.
ESTIMATION OF SHRIMP POPULATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL PONDS USING MARK‐RECAPTURE AND STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING METHODS
Authors: Hutchins David L. , Chamberlain George W. , Parker Jack C.
Published: August 2010

Reliable estimates of survival of organisms in ponds is essential for efficient management of feeding programs and harvesting schedules. However, accurate population estimates are seldom obtained on a routine basis because of the complexities of most sampling procedures. Two sampling techniques for estimating populations ofPenaeus vannameiin ponds were investigated during the summer and fall of 1978. The Peterson mark‐recapture procedure resulted in a population estimate that was only 5.9% in excess of the actual population number. However, because the number of marked animals rapidly declined due to molting or mortality, sequential population estimates based on the same group of marked animals was not feasible. The second sampling technique, involving simple random sampling with a cast net within specified areas (strata) of the pond, was more streamlined than the mark‐recapture method, because the marking process was avoided. A significant linear relationship (r2= 0.64) was found between the mean catch per cast and the actual population at harvest in 13 ponds tested using the stratified random sampling method. Subsequent use of this relationship as a predictive tool for estimating populations in 7 ponds based on mean catch per cast yielded estimates with an average deviation of 11.6% greater than the actual population.
ECONOMICS OF Artemia NAUPLII USE IN AQUACULTURE
Authors: Prescott S. R.
Published: August 2010

The real cost of Artemia nauplii to the commercial fish farmer is seldom calculated with any precision, so that the price per million of living nauplii fed to the larvae shows variations by a factor up to 10, when objective comparisons are made on a scientific basis. When the results are toward the higher end of this equation, it can make substantial inroads into a company's profit. In addition, the advantages of decapsulation are either not appreciated or in many cases the process is carried out in an imprecise manner with results not properly tabulated leading to negative benefits. This paper will endeavor to set out some of the techniques required for good management and show the potential pitfalls along with the substantial financial benefits which can be obtained by application of good methodology.
COMPARISON OF WIRE CAGES AND NET CAGES FOR THE CULTURE OF BLACK DRUM (Pogonias cromis)
Authors: Ojeda Gabriel M. , Strawn Kirk
Published: August 2010

Black drum (Pogonias cromis) were cultured in 6.0 m3 net cages made of knotless nylon coated with vinyl containing antifouling compounds and in 1.08 m3 floating cylindrical wire cages made of plastic coated wire. The culture site was a cooling lake receiving from a power plant warm brackish effluent in which fouling organisms grow particularly well because of the high temperatures. Black drum grew slightly better in the net cages than in the wire cages. The coating on the net cages prevented fouling without inhibiting growth of the fish. Net cages are recommended for the culture of fish because they are cheaper, foul less, require less labor and better withstand bad weather compared to wire cages.
TOLERANCE AND RESPONSES OF NORMAL AND DISEASED LOGGERHEAD TURTLES (Caretta caretta) TO SOME CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS1
Authors: Leong J. K. , Wheeler R. S. , Lansford L. M.
Published: August 2010

No external injury was observed in early hatchlings of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) when they were bathed for 10 days in seawater containing either of the following chemicals: Potassium permanganate (0.1 to 0.4 ppm), Formalin (25 to 400 ppm), and malachite green (0.1 to 0.4 ppm). The following concentrations produced toxic or irritating effects: Potassium permanganate, 0.4 and 0.8 ppm; Formalin, 800 ppm; and malachite green, 0.8 ppm and 1.6 ppm.

Thirty‐five‐day‐old loggerhead hatchlings survived subcutaneous injections (10 days) of penicillin G (2,500 to 20,000 units/100 g body wt/day) or gentamicin (0.5 to 0.4 mg/100 g/day). Gentamicin appeared toxic at dosages greater than 0.05 mg/100 g.

Coupled with 7‐day Formalin bath treatments, subcutaneous injections of either ampicillin or chloramphenicol for 3 weeks produced survival rates of 87.5% and 62.5% in loggerhead hatchlings afflicted with papillary eruption disease and emaciation. Only 20% of the control (untreated) animals survived, and they were in very poor condition at the conclusion of the experiment. Although injection with chloramphenicol plus bath treatments with methylene blue resulted in a 70% survival of medicated turtles, the overall appearance of the animals was poor. The results indicate that among the 3 drug combinations tested, the ampicillin‐Formalin combination should be the preferred treatment of papillary eruption disease, chloramphenicol‐Formalin a second choice, and chloramphenicol‐methylene blue the last alternative.
PLASMA CORTICOSTEROID AND ELECTROLYTE DYNAMICS OF HYBRID STRIPED BASS (WHITE BASS x STRIPED BASS) DURING NETTING AND HAULING
Authors: Tomasso J. R. , Davis Kenneth B. , Parker Nick C.
Published: August 2010

Striped bass hybrids (Morone chrysops female x Morone saxatilis male) confined in a net for 10 minutes had significantly elevated corticosteroid levels (24.2 † 5.4 μg/100 ml) and significant hyperchloremia (150.02 † 2.7 meq/liter), in comparison with baseline levels of 0.8 † 0.1 μg/100 ml and 132.6 † 1.5 meq/liter, respectively. Hauling hybrids for 2 hours in freshwater significantly elevated corticosteroid levels (12.2 † 1.2 μg/100 ml) and reduced chloride levels (119.8 † 1.4 meq/liter). Corticosteroid levels remained high and hypochloremia developed within 24 hours after both netting and hauling. Although netting and hauling in 25 mg/liter MS‐2223 or 10 g/liter NaC1 prevented chloride depletion during the stress, hypochloremia developed within 72 hours after the fish were transferred to freshwater. The development of hypochloremia several hours after handling indicates that hybrid bass that survive the initial stress do not necessarily recover, but may die in the days following handling. Fish anesthetized in 50 mg/liter MS‐222 for 15 minutes prior to handling followed by hauling in water containing a combination of 25 mg/liter MS‐222 and 10 g/liter NaCl did not develop hypochloremia within 72 hours after hauling; plasma corticosteroids were elevated during transport, but returned to nearly normal levels within 24 hours. This combination of 25 mg/liter MS‐222 and 10 g/liter salt was the most successful handling medium tested.
CANNIBALISM BY CULTURED TOPMINNOWS (FAMILY POECILIIDAE)1
Authors: Baldwin Wayne J.
Published: August 2010

Two topminnows (Poecilia vittata and P. mexicana) were investigated to determine rate of cannibalism and infanticide on conspecific young. Studies demonstrated cannibalism ranged from 0 to 100%. Fry are usually released during hours of darkness, are photonegative, show little color preference, aggregate in aquaria at greatest distance from adults for 24 to 36 hours, and seek cover when available. Use of plastic raffia with submersible screened fry traps significantly improved harvesting success.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DIETARY LIPIDS, TISSUE LIPIDS, AND GROWTH IN JUVENILE LOBSTERS
Authors: D'Abramo L. R. , Bordner C. E. , Daggett G. R. , Conklin D. E. , Baum N. A.
Published: August 2010

The inclusion of oils (6% dry weight) in a purified diet fed to juvenile lobsters for 60 days caused a significant increase in growth. When four purified diets containing tuna, corn, or cod liver oils in various combinations were fed to juvenile lobsters for 120 days, no significant differences in growth were observed. Growth data do suggest that the inclusion of oils rich in ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids could significantly increase growth rates.

Juvenile lobsters fed purified diets stored large amounts of lipid in the hepatopancreas, 21.5 to 25.6% of the hepatopancreatic wet weight. Only 1.01 to 3.23% of the remaining body weight was lipid. The inclusion of marine fish oils in the purified diets affected lipid deposition and metabolism. The lipid extracted from the hepatopancreas had neutral/polar ratios averaging 3.4; lipids extracted from the remaining parts had ratios averaging 0.6. In general the fatty acid composition of the neutral and polar lipids of the hepatopancreas and remaining bodies reflected that of the purified diets. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 derived from the oil ingredients, were accumulated and preferentially incorporated into the polar lipid of the remaining body. Data suggest the presence of a biosynthetic pathway whereby neutral lipids are formed from polar lipids as well as the lobster's poor ability to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids via elongation and desaturation reactions of pre‐existing compounds.
THE EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTING PURIFIED PROTEINS WITH LIMITING ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE LOBSTERS (Homarus americanus)1
Authors: Mason E. G. , Castell J. D.
Published: August 2010

Twelve and 16 week feeding studies were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing casein, and cod fish protein concentrate (FPC) based diets respectively with various pure amino acids. The amino acids added were considered to be potentially limiting when comparing casein or FPC relative to the amino acid composition of juvenile lobster protein. Casein was supplemented with combinations of arginine, glycine, lysine, threonine and tryptophan and FPC with histidine, lysine, and tryptophan. Glutamine was used to adjust the nitrogen levels in the diets. Results indicated that supplementation with glycine, a non‐essential as determined in tracer studies, is not beneficial in casein based diets. Threonine is the limiting amino acid in casein, while histidine and/or tryptophan appear to be limiting in FPC.