bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robot-assisted vs laparoscopic bariatric procedures in super-obese patients: clinical and economic outcomes
Authors: Marincola Giuseppe , Procopio Priscilla Francesca , Pennestrì Francesco , Gallucci Pierpaolo , Voloudakis Nikolaos , Ciccoritti Luigi , Greco Francesco , Salvi Giulia , Prioli Francesca , De Crea Carmela , Raffaelli Marco
Published: January 2024

The increased operative time and costs represent the main limitations of robotic technology application to bariatric surgery. Robotic platforms may help the surgeon to overcome the technical difficulties in super-obese (SO, BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2) patients, in which multi-quadrant operations could be challenging. We aimed to evaluate the effect of robot-assisted (R) versus laparoscopic (L) approaches in Single Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy (SADI-S) and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) in SO and Super-Super Obese (SSO, BMI ≥ 60 kg/m2) patients in terms of outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Bariatric procedures performed from 2012 to 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2, primary SADI-S or RYGB. Operative time (OT), early complications, post-operative stay (POS), overall costs and follow-up data were analyzed. A subgroup analysis for surgical procedures and SSO patients was also performed. Among 4596 patients, 174 RYGB and 91 SADI-S in BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2 patients were selected. After Propensity Score Matching analysis, two groups of patients were identified (laparoscopic and robot-assisted), each one composed of 18 RYGB and 26 SADI-S. Intraoperative and post-operative complication rates and POS were comparable. Mean OT was longer in robotic procedures compared with laparoscopy (199.1 ± 65.7 and 109.5 ± 39.1 min, respectively, p < 0.001). The difference in OT was eliminated after only SSO patients were included in the analysis (172.7 ± 24.1 vs 152.6 ± 26.2 min for R-SADI-S and L-SADI-S, respectively, p = 0.107). Robotic surgeries were associated with higher costs (8134.6 ± 1886.7 and 2386.7 ± 388.2 € in R-RYGB and L-RYGB, respectively; 7996.6 ± 873.1 and 3954.6 ± 631.1 € in R-SADI-S and L-SADI-S). Despite increased costs, robotic approach may represent an added value in more complex cases such as SSO patients.
Ethnic disparities and COVID-19 pneumonia in Ireland: a single-centre descriptive study of hospitalised patients in a tertiary university teaching hospital
Authors: O’Regan Rhea , Harnedy Finbarr , Reynolds Bearach , Cormican Liam
Published: January 2024

In this study, we aim to describe the demographic, clinical and imaging characteristics, treatment course and subsequent outcomes of the first 116 cases presenting to a tertiary Dublin hospital with COVID-19 infection and to compare whether ethnic minority background was a risk factor for poorer disease outcomes in this cohort. Of 116 cases analysed, 100 (86%) patients presented from the community, 6 (5%) from care homes and 10 (9%) were existing inpatients. Fifty-four (46%) patients identified as being from an ethnic minority group. One hundred fourteen (98%) patients reported two or more symptoms at time of diagnosis with 81 (70%) patients having confirmed radiological findings of COVID-19 infection. Median duration of symptoms prior to hospital presentation was 6 days (IQR 3–10 days). The median age at presentation was 52 years (IQR 43–65). Co-morbidities recorded included hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, underlying respiratory disease, previous or current malignancy and current smoker. Twenty-six patients (22%) required ICU admission, 20 (76.9%) of these were from all other ethnic groups combined and 6 (10%) from White Irish group. Adjusting for variables of age, ethnicity and gender, all other ethnic groups combined were five times more likely to require ICU admission than White Irish group (Table 5). Patients from all other ethnic groups combined admitted to ICU were significantly younger than patients from White Irish group (OR 50.85 vs 62.83,P = 0.012). Our hospital’s catchment area serves a wide-ranging and diverse population with many ethnic minority groups represented. Our data demonstrated that there was a significant overrepresentation of a younger cohort of patients from ethnic minority groups admitted to ICU with COVID-19 infection with less co-morbidities than that of the White Irish group.
A Review on the State of the Art in Frugivory and Seed Dispersal on Islands and the Implications of Global Change
Authors: Nogales Manuel , McConkey Kim R. , Carlo Tomás A. , Wotton Debra M. , Bellingham Peter J. , Traveset Anna , González-Castro Aarón , Heleno Ruben , Watanabe Kenta , Ando Haruko , Rogers Haldre , Heinen Julia H. , Drake Donald R.
Published: January 2024

We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of island frugivory and seed dispersal and identify knowledge gaps that are important for fundamental research on—and applied conservation of—island ecosystems. We conducted a systematic literature search of frugivory and seed dispersal on islands, omitting large, continental islands. This revealed a total of 448 studies, most (75%) published during the last two decades, especially after 2010. Nearly 65% of them were focused on eight archipelagos. There is a paucity of studies in Pacific archipelagos near Asia and Australia, and in the Indian Ocean. Data on island frugivory and seed dispersal are diverse but highly uneven in geographic and conceptual coverage. Despite their limited biodiversity, islands are essential reservoirs of endemic plants and animals and their interactions. Due to the simplicity of insular ecosystems, we can assess the importance of seed dispersal theory and mechanisms at species and community levels. These include the ecological and biogeographical meaning and prevalence of non-standard mechanisms of seed dispersal on islands; the seed dispersal effectiveness and the relative roles of different frugivore guilds (birds and reptiles being the most important); and patterns of community organization and their drivers as revealed by interaction networks. Island systems are characterized by the extinction of many natives and endemics, and high rates of species introductions. Therefore, understanding how these losses and additions alter seed dispersal processes has been a prevailing goal of island studies and an essential foundation for the effective restoration and conservation of islands.
Interconnected or Disconnected? A Review of Sustainability, Resilience, and Sustainable Business Model Constructs in the Academic Business Literature
Authors: Kassier Liesel
Published: January 2024

The global climate change and resource depletion crisis require rethinking business models that drive the production and consumption of goods and services. This requires transdisciplinary and systemic reconfiguration and a critical evaluation of traditional economic, business, and management constructs. This research provides a systematic literature review of how the constructs of sustainability, resilience, and sustainable business models have been defined and applied in the economic, business, and management academic literature from 1990 until 2022. The key contributions of this paper are (1) a review of how sustainability, resilience, and sustainable business models have been defined in the literature, (2) an identification of the interfaces and lack thereof between these constructs, and (3) an outline of the gaps and limitations and need for further research to address the knowledge gaps.
RF energy harvesters for wireless sensors, state of the art, future prospects and challenges: a review
Authors: Khan Nasir Ullah , Khan Farid Ullah , Farina Marco , Merla Arcangelo
Published: January 2024

The power consumption of portable gadgets, implantable medical devices (IMDs) and wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) has reduced significantly with the ongoing progression in low-power electronics and the swift advancement in nano and microfabrication. Energy harvesting techniques that extract and convert ambient energy into electrical power have been favored to operate such low-power devices as an alternative to batteries. Due to the expanded availability of radio frequency (RF) energy residue in the surroundings, radio frequency energy harvesters (RFEHs) for low-power devices have garnered notable attention in recent times. This work establishes a review study of RFEHs developed for the utilization of low-power devices. From the modest single band to the complex multiband circuitry, the work reviews state of the art of required circuitry for RFEH that contains a receiving antenna, impedance matching circuit, and an AC-DC rectifier. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages associated with various circuit architectures are comprehensively discussed. Moreover, the reported receiving antenna, impedance matching circuit, and an AC-DC rectifier are also compared to draw conclusions towards their implementations in RFEHs for sensors and biomedical devices applications.
Response surface methodology for optimization of biodiesel production by the Penicillium commune NRC 2016 and its mutants
Authors: Abdelhamid Sayeda Abdelrazek , El-Shatoury Einas Hamed , Asker Mohsen Selim , Abd-El-Aal Samir Khalef , Attallah Ashraf Gamil , Abo Elsoud Mostafa M. , Mohamed Sahar Saleh
Published: January 2024

With increasing energy requirements and limited fuel resources, finding cheap renewable sources is essential. The objective of our current economic study is to enhance biodiesel production from the Penicillium commune, NRC 2016. Four mutagenic agents were used to improve the lipid production from P. commune NRC 2016: gamma radiation, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), ethidium bromide (Et Br), and sodium azide (NaN3). The Inter-Simple-Simplece Repeats molecular (ISSR) marker was used to compare the wild type of P. commune NRC 2016 and the resulting mutants. The results showed a major difference between the wild type and its mutants. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the culture conditions for lipid production by P. commune NRC 2016, and the induced mutants used hydrolysate that was produced from bagasse using Bacillus cereus 3SME. The maximum lipid content (g/l) for P. commune NRC 2016, P. commune NRC 2016–1, P. commune NRC 2016–2, and P. commune NRC 2016–3 were 2.01, 2.55, 1.71, and 2.27, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis was used for biodiesel produced from P. commune NRC 2016 wild type, and its mutants were mainly C16–C18, which is suitable for transesterification. The physical properties, such as density, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, and cetane number, of the biodiesel from P. commune NRC 2016 and its mutants were similar to those of standard biodiesel and could be applied on a large scale. The biodiesels produced through P. commune NRC 2016 and its mutants can be utilized on a broad scale as eco-friendly products obtained from a low-cost carbon source.
The use of drone congregation behaviour for population surveys of the honey bee Apis cerana
Authors: Hagan Thomas , Lim Julianne , Buchmann Gabriele , Ding Guiling , Oldroyd Benjamin P. , Gloag Rosalyn
Published: January 2024

Honey bees (Apis spp.) are important pollinators in many natural and agro-ecosystems across the world. Effective means of surveying wild populations are therefore key to their conservation and management. One available survey method infers honey bee colony density from the genotype of drones (males) sampled from sites known as Drone Congregation Areas (DCAs). While this approach has been commonly used for the Western honey bee (A. mellifera), its feasibility for other Apis species is unknown. Here, we investigate drone congregation behaviour in the Asian honey bee Apis cerana in north-east Australia and its suitability for inferring colony density. As this A. cerana population is invasive, surveys in this case can aid in monitoring the population’s growth and spread. Over 5 years, we identified 30 DCAs, many of which were stable across time. DCAs were sheltered areas beside tree-lines or openings in the forest canopy. A. cerana drones joined DCAs during 1–2-h afternoon intervals and could be sampled at heights of 2–24 m via adhesive lines attached to helium balloons carrying lures coated in queen pheromone. Drones were more likely to be present at a DCA as temperature increased, though abiotic factors did not predict overall drone abundance. Drones could be sampled in low numbers even where colony density was extremely low. Based on the genotyping and inferred sibship of drones sampled at DCAs between 2016 and 2021, we estimate population density in Australia’s A. cerana to be in the range 1.1–8.1 colonies/km2. This extrapolates to a total population size in the range 11,000–83,000 colonies, with more refined estimates requiring better knowledge of drone flight distance and the effect of habitat on colony density. We conclude that population surveys based on drones from DCAs are possible for A. cerana and propose that this approach be part of a toolkit of methods used to monitor Asian honey bee populations in both their native and invasive ranges.
A communication-based identification of critical drones in malicious drone swarm networks
Authors: Teng Min , Gao Chao , Wang Zhen , Li Xuelong
Published: January 2024

Accurate identification of critical malicious drones is crucial for optimizing directed energy attacks and maximizing their effectiveness. However, current studies on critical drone identification are still in the preliminary stage and almost rely on the traditional centrality methods that do not address the distributed features of drone swarms. This leads to inaccurate identification of critical drones, resulting in the low efficiency of directed energy attacks. Therefore, this paper proposes a new critical drone identification method based on the distributed features, communication intensity, and communication scale of drones. Specifically, this paper first constructs a dynamic communication prediction network (DCPN) of drone swarms based on the 3D position and interaction range, which predicts the dynamic communication between drones. Then, this paper proposes a new method called dynamic giant connected component (GCC)-based scale-intensity centrality (DGSIC) that combines the local, global, and community structure of DCPN to identify critical nodes with stronger communication capabilities. The dynamic strategy involves the iterative identification of one critical node at each step, considering the evolving network configuration and ensuring the identified node remains the most critical in the present network. Additionally, the prioritization strategy is employed to identify the nodes within the GCC, which can significantly impact the network connectivity and communication. DGSIC optimizes the attack sequence for directed energy attacks, facilitating the rapid dissolution of malicious drone swarms. Extensive experiments in four simulated networks and eight real-world networks demonstrate the superior robustness and cascading failure performance of DGSIC.
Evolution characteristics of fracture volume and acoustic emission entropy of monzogranite under cyclic loading
Authors: Liu Liyuan , Zhang Zhou , Wang Tao , Zhi Sheng , Wang Jiong
Published: January 2024

The volume evolution behavior of rock fissures and the characteristics of acoustic emission under cyclic loading are critical for rock stability analysis. To study the volume change behavior of monzogranite fissures and the characteristics of acoustic emission signals under cyclic loading, we selected samples of monzogranite at − 1600 m from a gold mine located in the Jiaodong Peninsula at a depth of − 1600 m and investigated the samples using triaxial cyclic loading—unloading tests and acoustic emission monitoring. As the volume change behavior of the monzogranite fissures and acoustic emission signals were monitored and recorded, the calculated fracture volume strain ratio coefficient and acoustic emission entropy value were proposed to describe the evolution process of fissures inside the rock. The research results showed that the volume strain ratio curve of the rock fractures exhibited a logarithmic variation characteristic during the cyclic loading and unloading, and the fracture volume strain ratio better reflected the relative scale of the internal fracture strain in the rock to the total volume strain. The acoustic emission entropy value reflected the crack evolution behavior during the loading and failure processes, which was a rapid decline in the initial stage of loading and a rapid upward trend in the failure stage. The observed “V”-shaped change in the acoustic emission entropy can be used as an early warning for rock failure. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for rock stability analysis.
Temporal network compression via network hashing
Authors: Vaudaine Rémi , Borgnat Pierre , Gonçalves Paulo , Gribonval Rémi , Karsai Márton
Published: January 2024

Pairwise temporal interactions between entities can be represented as temporal networks, which code the propagation of processes such as epidemic spreading or information cascades, evolving on top of them. The largest outcome of these processes is directly linked to the structure of the underlying network. Indeed, a node of a network at a given time cannot affect more nodes in the future than it can reach via time-respecting paths. This set of nodes reachable from a source defines an out-component, which identification is costly. In this paper, we propose an efficient matrix algorithm to tackle this issue and show that it outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Secondly, we propose a hashing framework to coarsen large temporal networks into smaller proxies on which out-components are more easily estimated, and then recombined to obtain the initial components. Our graph hashing solution has implications in privacy respecting representation of temporal networks.
Residential location choice: an investigation of transportation, public facilities, and social factors
Authors: Rajabi Hamed , Mirzahossein Hamid , Hosseinian Seyed Mohsen , Jin Xia
Published: January 2024

Residential location choice is a crucial topic in transportation planning research since land use as well as residential land use can significantly affect a city's attractiveness for development and residence. Understanding the factors that influence households in their residential location choice is essential for policymakers to evaluate the effect of their decisions. In this study, the impact of transportation factors on the attractiveness of residential areas was investigated in Qazvin city, Iran, using the stated preference (SP) method and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated that the type of housing and private house preference were significant factors influencing the residential location choice. Additionally, proximity to health centers, low pollution levels, and access to public transportation and taxi stations were the top priorities for residents when choosing a place to live. Notably, households with children in education had a greater emphasis on air pollution and the proximity to taxi stations, as these factors could affect their children's health and education. Overall, the findings suggested that transportation factors played a critical role in the residential location choice and that policymakers should prioritize public transportation and taxi services, as well as reduce pollution levels, to make residential areas more attractive and livable for Qazvin residents.
Assessing ChatGPT's use of person-first language in healthcare conversations
Authors: Hackl Ellen
Published: January 2024

The conversational chatbot ChatGPT has attracted significant attention from both the media and researchers due to its potential applications, as well as concerns surrounding its use. This study evaluates ChatGPT’s efficacy in healthcare education, focusing on the inclusivity of its language. Person-first language which prioritizes the individual over their medical condition, is an important component of inclusive language in healthcare.

The aim of the present study was to test ChatGPT’s responses to non-inclusive, non-patient-first, judgmental, and often offensive language inputs. Provocative phrases based on a list of “do not use” recommendations for inclusive language were selected and used to formulate input questions. The occurrences of each provocative phrase or its substitute(s) within the responses generated by ChatGPT were counted to calculate the Person-First Index, which measures the percentage of person-first language.

The study reveals that ChatGPT avoids using judgmental or stigmatized phrases when discussing mental health conditions, instead using alternative person-first language that focuses on individuals rather than their conditions, both in response to questions and in correcting English grammar. However, ChatGPT exhibits less adherence to person-first language in responses related to physiological medical conditions or addictions, often mirroring the language of the inputs instead of adhering to inclusive language recommendations. The chatbot used person-first language more frequently when referring to “people” rather than "patients."

In summary, the findings show that despite the controversy surrounding its use, ChatGPT can contribute to promoting more respectful language, particularly when discussing mental health conditions.
Progress in mechanism design of functional composites for anti-ice/deicing materials
Authors: Zhao Zhongxian , Li Xiaofeng , Li Wenge , Liu Minghui , Hu Zhaowei , Jiang Tao , Wang Haoran , Zhao Yuantao
Published: January 2024

Icing as a regular natural phenomenon in life poses a serious threat to human production and life, traditional mechanical deicing, chemical deicing, and other methods have the shortcomings of high pollution, high energy consumption, and low efficiency, which limits their applicability and effectiveness of the scene of the above methods. With the expansion of global economic activities in recent years, the solution to the icing problem has become imminent. As a result, researchers have gradually deepened their studies related to anti-icing. Inspired by the lotus leaf effect, hogwash, polar, marine shellfish, and other natural organisms, anti-icing/deicing coatings can be designed functional biomimetic through both surface micro-nano structures and the physicochemical properties of the material. Superhydrophobic design is based on Young’s wetting equations, Wenzel’s wetting equations, and the Cassie-Baxter model of the superhydrophobic behavior of the interface formed by the liquid droplets and the surface, which prevents the droplets from spreading out and penetration to form heat exchange. The physicochemical properties are based on the slow-release behavior of chemical mediators inside the coating with properties such as super-lubrication and anti-freezing, which reduce the residence time and nucleation temperature of droplets on the surface. The coating effectively blocks the occurrence of icing behavior by passive means such as ultra-low interfacial wetting, interfacial slip, and lowering the freezing point of droplets, which has become a hot research direction. Meanwhile, the active anti-icing of photo-thermal, electro-thermal, phase change and other effects with the passive anti-icing to play a synergistic and complementary role for further enhance the anti-icing effect of the coating. To clarity the design mechanism and preparation process of the anti-icing/ice-removing surfaces, the article firstly classifies and introduces the coatings functioned according to the different mechanisms of action, and sums up the biomimetic super-hydrophobic design, the sacrificial type physicochemical characteristic. The article firstly classifies and introduces the functional types of coatings according to different mechanisms of action, and the latest research progress on the mechanism design of anti-icing coatings and their performance modification such as bionic superhydrophobic design, sacrificial physicochemical property design, microregion modulus control design and multifactorial coupling design were summarized. The problems of single-functionality and imbalance of performance of the existing coating mechanism design were analyzed and discussed, the view of the development trend and outlook of the development and application of icephobic coatings were put forward.
Archaeological Collections and the Public—It Isn't All about Us
Authors: Eichner Katrina C. L. , Campbell Renae J. , Warner Mark S.
Published: January 2024

There is much discussion in archaeological circles about challenges associated with the millions of artifacts generated by fieldwork. Most of these discussions are limited to issues within the profession, such as care of collections, accessibility for research, orphaned collections, and shortcomings in training on collections awareness. An underrecognized third party in these discussions is the public. Despite a broadly held ethos of the importance of archaeology for all, archaeologists have paid comparatively little attention to sharing/exposing collections (and the outcomes of excavations) with audiences outside of the profession. This research discusses negative ramifications of not sharing collections with broader audiences and then presents some options for broadening this much-needed engagement through developing more public outreach efforts, providing alternative uses of collections, collaborating with private collectors, and using digital technology to increase access to collections.
Coupling multi-fluid dynamics equipped with Landau closures to the particle-in-cell method
Authors: Lemmerz Rouven , Shalaby Mohamad , Thomas Timon , Pfrommer Christoph
Published: January 2024

The particle-in-cell (PIC) method is successfully used to study magnetized plasmas. However, this requires large computational costs and limits simulations to short physical run times and often to set-ups of less than three spatial dimensions. Traditionally, this is circumvented either via hybrid-PIC methods (adopting massless electrons) or via magneto-hydrodynamic-PIC methods (modelling the background plasma as a single charge-neutral magneto-hydrodynamical fluid). Because both methods preclude modelling important plasma-kinetic effects, we introduce a new fluid-PIC code that couples a fully explicit and charge-conserving multi-fluid solver to the PIC code SHARP through a current-coupling scheme and solve the full set of Maxwell's equations. This avoids simplifications typically adopted for Ohm's law and enables us to fully resolve the electron temporal and spatial scales while retaining the versatility of initializing any number of ion, electron or neutral species with arbitrary velocity distributions. The fluid solver includes closures emulating Landau damping so that we can account for this important kinetic process in our fluid species. Our fluid-PIC code is second-order accurate in space and time. The code is successfully validated against several test problems, including the stability and accuracy of shocks and the dispersion relation and damping rates of waves in unmagnetized and magnetized plasmas. It also matches growth rates and saturation levels of the gyro-scale and intermediate-scale instabilities driven by drifting charged particles in magnetized thermal background plasmas in comparison with linear theory and PIC simulations. This new fluid-SHARP code is specially designed for studying high-energy cosmic rays interacting with thermal plasmas over macroscopic time scales.
The yield of tuberculosis contact investigation on relapsed TB patients and analysis of associated risk factors: Singapore’s experience
Authors: Kyaw Win M. , Lim Leo K.-Y. , Tay Jun Y. , Cutter Jeffery L. , Ng Deborah H. L.
Published: January 2024

The yield of contact investigation on relapsed tuberculosis (TB) cases can guide strategies and resource allocation in the TB control programme. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to review the yield of contact investigation in relapsed TB cases and identify factors associated with TB infection (TBI) among close contacts of relapsed TB cases notified between 2018 and 2022 in Singapore. TB infection positivity was higher among contacts of relapsed cases which were culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex compared to those who were only polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive (14.8% vs. 12.3%). On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age and gender of the index, gender, and existing comorbidities of contacts, factors independently associated with TBI were culture and smear positivity of the index (AOR 1.41, 95%CI 1.02–1.94), higher odds with every 10 years of increase in age compared to contacts below aged 30, contacts who were not Singapore residents (AOR 2.09, 95%CI 1.46–2.97), and household contacts (AOR 2.19, 95%CI 1.44–3.34). Although the yield of screening was higher for those who were culture-positive compared to only PCR-positive relapsed cases, contact tracing for only PCR-positive cases may still be important in a country with moderate TB incidence, should resources allow.
Background commentary on the Researching the Obesogenic Food Environment (ROFE) project
Authors: Annan Reginald Adjetey , Agyapong Nana Ama Frimpomaa , Thow Anne Marie , Swart Elizabeth Catherina
Published: January 2024

Objective:

The objective of this commentary is to provide an overview of the rationale and objectives of the Researching the Obesogenic Food Environment (ROFE) project that was conducted in Ghana and South Africa.

Design:

Narration has been used to describe the main objectives, phases as well as the methods used for the conduct of this project.

Setting:

The project described in this commentary was conducted in Khayelitsha and Mount Frere in South Africa and Ahodwo and Ejuratia for Ghana.

Participant:

Participants of the study described here include households in South Africa and Ghana, stakeholders and policymakers, and various actors within the food chain in both countries.

Results:

The ROFE findings provide a good understanding of the extent of the impact of the food environment on consumption, characteristics of value chains of healthy and unhealthy foods, as well as the potential for improved governance and policy that is relevant to the region. The supplement provides the opportunity to share the extensive findings of the ROFE project. Nine papers that describe the process and findings of the three phases of the ROFE project have been presented. Some of the papers focus on phases of the ROFE, while others cut across different phases and explore the linkages between the phases. Briefly descriptions of key findings of some of the papers in the supplement are provided.

Conclusion:

Together, the findings of the ROFE study presented in this supplement have increased understanding of how communities in SA and Ghana interact with their food supplies and have led to identification of specific opportunities to improve food supply policies, in ways that create incentives for the production and consumption of healthy, relative to unhealthy foods.
Healthcare professionals’ perceptions and experiences of obesity and overweight and its management in primary care settings: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Jeffers Laura , Manner Jillian , Jepson Ruth , McAteer John
Published: January 2024

Aim:

This qualitative systematic review aimed to synthesise existing qualitative research on HCPs’ perceptions and experiences of obesity and its management in primary care settings.

Background:

Healthcare professionals (HCPs), particularly those in primary care, play a key role in policy implementation around weight management. Overweight and obese individuals are subject to weight stigma which has negative health consequences and reduces the likelihood of healthcare service usage. An understanding of HCPs’ perceptions of obesity and weight management in primary care is necessary for the development and delivery of effective initiatives.

Methods:

A search strategy developed using the SPIDER framework was applied to Medline and CINAHL databases. Inclusion criteria were applied, and quality assessment was undertaken using the CASP framework. Fifteen papers meeting the inclusion criteria were analysed thematically.

Findings:

Four themes were identified: conflicting discourses surrounding obesity, medicalisation of obesity, organisational factors, and lack of patient knowledge and motivation. Conflicting discourses around obesity refers to the differing views of HCPs regarding what it means to have and treat obesity. Medicalisation of obesity considers whether obesity should be treated as a medical condition. Organisational factors were identified as knowledge, resources and time that affected HCPs’ ability to provide care to overweight or obese. Finally, the review discovered that patients required their own knowledge and motivation to lose weight. This review has highlighted the need to provide safe, non-judgemental spaces for HCPs and patients to discuss weight and weight loss. This is essential to the therapeutic relationship and the provision of effective obesity management.
Populism and the scales of statehood. Localism and populist attitudes in Western Europe
Authors: Kübler Daniel , Strebel Michael A. , Marcinkowski Frank
Published: January 2024

The rise of populism in Western Europe is often portrayed as a reaction to globalisation and supra-national integration processes. However, the domestic-international divide is only one aspect of the scalar organisation of government. In this article, we explore the relationship between populist attitudes and orientations towards state scales more generally. Drawing on a representative survey of 4033 citizens in Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, we show that populist attitudes are linked to preferences for those state territories viewed as ‘closer to the people’ not only in a metaphorical but also in a scalar sense. The results suggest that the rise of populism should not only be considered a response to a crisis of party government in a context of globalisation but also as a response to a crisis of national statehood.
Moisture Recycling in the Colombian Andes
Authors: Bedoya‐Soto J. M. , Poveda G.
Published: January 2024

The Colombian Andes (CA) are located over the northwestern corner of tropical South America (NW‐TropSA), where land and atmosphere interchange moisture and energy in a complex way owing to the orographic influence on the recycling of moisture over land. We aim to understand where and when water vapor evaporated from land turns into rainfall through moisture recycling, using the Water Accounting Model‐2layers (WAM‐2), an offline model to track atmospheric moisture forced with data from ERA‐5 at its native 0.25° resolution during 1980–2020. We define the spatiotemporal distribution of sources (high evaporation recycle ratios, ϵC) and receptors (high precipitation recycle ratios, ρC) of continental moisture at diverse timescales, including monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual (ENSO). Referring to the regional runs of WAM‐2 over NW‐TropSA (4°S–12°N/80°W–66°W), at elevations above 1,000 m.a.s.l., the CA has a mean annual ρC of 11% (ranging 6%–16%) and a mean annual ϵC of 35% (ranging 27%–40%). Moisture recycling in the CA exhibits a strong annual cycle over the region. The seasonal dynamic of moisture recycling shows two clear‐cut sources of moisture: the eastern foothills of the Eastern and Central ranges of the CA. Both foothills are also regions of high rainfall, although moisture recycling mechanisms differ. Sources of continental moisture grow spatially during September‐October‐November and March‐April‐May. The seasonal availability of moisture recycled coincides with regions where orography interacts with low level jets sourcing humidity. At interannual timescales, sources and receptors of continental moisture in the CA are modulated by the extreme phases of ENSO.
Identification of Rare Multiple Core‐Mantle Boundary Reflections PmKP Up To P7KP With Deep Learning
Authors: Dong Sheng , Chen Yulin , Zhang Baolong , Ni Sidao , Chen Xiaofei , Wang Yi
Published: January 2024

The core‐mantle boundary (CMB) marks the most dramatic changes in physical properties within the Earth, and plays a critical role in the understanding of the Earth's dynamics. PmKP waves are seismic phases that reflect (m − 1) times under the CMB and are useful for studying the complex CMB structure. We present an automated workflow for detecting PmKP phases using multi‐station records from global seismic stations. We employ a novel sampling method to extract PmKP waveforms into a 2‐D matrix. Two deep neural networks are then utilized for initial phase detections and subsequent slowness validations. Numerous PmKPab (3 ≤ m ≤ 7) and their CMB diffracted signals were identified for deep earthquakes (magnitude >6) occurred from 2000 to 2020, including diffracted P7KPab waves with diffraction lengths of nearly 20°. Our approach significantly improves the efficiency of PmKP phase identification and holds the capability to detect other weak core phases, such as PKiKP.
Analysis of the Relationship Between the Morphological Characteristics of Lightning Channels and Turbulent Dynamics Based on the Localization of VHF Radiation Sources
Authors: Li YuRui , Zhang Yang , Zhang YiJun , Krehbiel Paul R.
Published: January 2024

Lightning channel morphology depends on the thunderstorm cloud charge structure, which in turn is influenced by the thunderstorm dynamics. In this paper, based on three‐dimensional radiation source localization data from the Lightning Mapping Array and radar‐based data, our analysis shows that the overall morphology and detailed morphology of the lightning channel correspond to different eddy dissipation rate (EDR) characteristics. Lightning with complex channel morphology occurs in regions with large EDRs. In single lightning events, channels that extend directly within a certain height range without significant bifurcation and turning tend to propagate in the direction of decreasing EDRs, while channel bifurcations and turns usually occur in regions with large radial velocity gradients and large EDRs. This study shows the relationship between channel morphology and thunderstorm dynamics and provides a new method for the direct application of channel‐level localization data to understand thunderstorm dynamics characteristics.
Topography‐Incorporated Adjoint‐State Surface Wave Traveltime Tomography: Method and a Case Study in Hawaii
Authors: Hao Shijie , Chen Jing , Xu Mijian , Tong Ping
Published: January 2024

In this study we recast surface wave traveltime tomography as an inverse problem constrained by an eikonal equation and solve it using the efficient adjoint‐state method. Specifically, recognizing that large topographic variations and high surface wave frequencies can make the topographic effect too significant to ignore, we employ an elliptically anisotropic eikonal equation to describe the traveltime fields of surface waves on undulated topography. The sensitivity kernel of the traveltime objective function with respect to shear wave velocity is derived using the adjoint‐state method. As a result, the newly developed method is inherently applicable to any study regions, whether with or without significant topographic variations. Hawaii is one of the most seismically and magmatically active regions. However, its significant topographic variations have made it less accurate to investigate using conventional surface wave traveltime tomography methods. To tackle this problem, we applied our new method to invert ambient noise Rayleigh wave phase traveltimes and construct a 3D shear wave velocity model. Our results reveal features that are consistent with geological structures and previous tomography results, including high velocities below Mauna Loa Volcano and Kilauea Volcano, and low velocities beneath the Hilina Fault Zone. Additionally, our model reveals a high‐velocity anomaly to the South of Hualalai's summit, which may be related to a buried rift zone. Our findings further demonstrate that including topography can lead to a correction of up to 0.8% in the shear wave velocity model of Hawaii, an island spanning approximately 100 km with volcanoes reaching elevations exceeding 4 km.
Improving Below‐Cloud Scavenging Coefficients of Sulfate, Nitrate, and Ammonium in PM2.5 and Implications for Numerical Simulation and Air Pollution Control
Authors: Yao Liquan , Kong Shaofei , Nemitz Eiko , Vieno Massimo , Cheng Yi , Zheng Huang , Wang Yuanlin , Chen Nan , Hu Yao , Liu Dantong , Zhao Tianliang , Bai Yongqing , Qi Shihua
Published: January 2024

Below‐cloud scavenging (BS) is often underestimated in chemical transport models (CTMs) due to inaccurate parameterizations of BS coefficient for fine particle (Λ) caused by a shortage of high‐time resolution field observations. Rainfall ions and related air pollutants were measured hourly in Central China (CC) during 2019. BS contributed to 37%–68% of wet deposition for , , and (SNA). By a bulk method coupled with brute‐force search, the Λ (10−2–10 hr−1) was parameterized for SNA in PM2.5, which was 1–3 orders of magnitudes higher than theoretical calculations in CTMs. These chemical‐specific Λ parameterizations were validated by EMEP model. Compared to baselines, updated simulations for annual SNA wet deposition increased by 3.3%–20.4% and for mean PM2.5 SNA concentrations reduced by 1.2%–40%, capturing measurements better. The contributions of scavenged gases to wet deposition below cloud were calculated as 9%–73%, exhibiting discrepancies (2%–17% for HNO3 and 19%–90% for SO2) with previous modeling results as different Λ schemes adopted in CTMs. The nonlinearity between Λ and precipitation intensity causes frequency exerting stronger impact on aerosol burden than intensity and duration. Periodic light rain with a precipitation amount of 1–10 mm per event can eliminate 60% of SNA in PM2.5 and is suggested as a routine procedure to improve local air quality. Analyzing a typical washout process after a haze event in CC, BS could reduce PM2.5 SNA concentrations by 44%–54% derived from improved parameterizations.
Discovery of a Dust Sorting Process on Boulders Near the Reiner Gamma Swirl on the Moon
Authors: Rüsch Ottaviano , Hess Marcel , Wöhler Christian , Bickel Valentin T. , Marshal Rachael M. , Patzek Markus , Huybrighs Hans L. F.
Published: January 2024

In a database of lunar fractured boulders (Rüsch & Bickel, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/acd1ef), we found boulders with reflectance features dissimilar to previously known morphologies. We performed a photo‐geologic investigation and determined that the features correspond to a dust mantling on top of boulders with a unique photometric behavior. We next performed a photometric model inversion on the dust mantling using Bayesian inference sampling. Modeling indicates that the dust photometric anomaly is most likely due to a reduced opposition effect, whereas the single scattering albedo is not significantly different from that of the nearby background regolith. This implies a different structure of the dust mantling relative to the normal regolith. We identified and discussed several potential processes to explain the development of such soil. None of these mechanisms can entirely explain the multitude of observational constraints unless evoking anomalous boulder properties. Further study of these boulders can shed light on the workings of a natural dust sorting process potentially involving dust dynamics, a magnetic field, and electrostatic dust transport. The presence of these boulders appears to be limited to the Reiner K crater near the Reiner Gamma magnetic and photometric anomaly. This close spatial relationship further highlights that poorly understood processes occur in this specific region of the Moon.
A Perspective on Probing Coral Resilience to Climate and Environmental Changes Using Stable Isotopes of Bio‐Utilized Metal Elements
Authors: Chen Xuefei , Deng Wenfeng , Xiao Hangfang , Guo Yangrui , Wei Gangjian
Published: January 2024

In the face of diverse challenges like global warming, ocean acidification, and human activities, the world's coral reefs are confronting a severe ecological crisis. Understanding the historical coevolution of corals with their environment and their resilience to current climate change is crucial for protecting these ecosystems and predicting their future. In this context, metal stable isotopes in corals present a novel and alternative methodology. Their significant fractionation during coral biological processes, persistent presence in coral skeletons, and relatively straightforward sources make them a valuable tool. However, the complexity of coral biology necessitates a deeper investigation into the fundamental mechanisms behind the isotopic fractionation of these biologically utilized metal elements. A comprehensive and systematic study of the roles of metal stable elements in coral biological processes is essential. This includes examining the fractionation of metal isotopes across different parts of the corals, such as tissues, zooxanthellae, and skeletons. To achieve these goals, multidisciplinary collaborations are essential. They should focus on several key areas: interpreting metal stable isotopes data in the context of coral physiology and ecology; conducting controlled laboratory experiments on coral cultivation; engaging in comparative studies with inorganically precipitated aragonites; and developing a holistic understanding within the framework of coral biomineralization models.
The Largely Ignored but Important Role of Non‐Rooted, Submersed Vegetation and Small Waterbodies on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Hassett Erin , Morin Timothy H.
Published: January 2024

Small, shallow waterbodies are abundant globally and are associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions disproportionate to their size. One reason for this is the prevalence of non‐rooted, submersed (NRS) macrophytes that often dominate these systems. Despite these plants' significant role in the carbon ecology of their ecosystems, they are often excluded from climate change models due, in part, to the lack of clarity of their effects. Theus et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007758) provides new insights into the role that NRS macrophytes have on GHG emissions, demonstrating that increasing densities of these macrophytes lead to increases in both CO2 and CH4 gas fluxes. Here, we highlight the importance of both shallow waterbodies and NRS vegetation within the context of the field of aquatic ecosystem biogeochemistry. We identify a need for the inclusion of these drivers into climate change models based partly on the findings of Theus et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007758).