Veno‐venous extracorporeal blood phototherapy increases the rate of carbon monoxide (CO) elimination in CO‐poisoned pigs
Authors: Fischbach Anna , Wiegand Steffen B. , Zazzeron Luca , Traeger Lisa , di Fenza Raffaele , Bagchi Aranya , Farinelli William A. , Franco Walfre , Korupolu Sandeep , Arens Jutta , Grassi Luigi , Zadek Francesco , Bloch Donald B. , Rox Anderson R. , Zapol Warren M. 
Published: August 2021

Background and objectives

Carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation is the leading cause of poison‐related deaths in the United States. CO binds to hemoglobin (Hb), displaces oxygen, and reduces oxygen delivery to tissues. The optimal treatment for CO poisoning in patients with normal lung function is the administration of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). However, hyperbaric chambers are only available in medical centers with specialized equipment, resulting in delayed therapy. Visible light dissociates CO from Hb with minimal effect on oxygen binding. In a previous study, we combined a membrane oxygenator with phototherapy at 623 nm to produce a “mini” photo‐ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) device, which improved CO elimination and survival in CO‐poisoned rats. The objective of this study was to develop a larger photo‐ECMO device (“maxi” photo‐ECMO) and to test its ability to remove CO from a porcine model of CO poisoning.

Study design/materials and methods

The “maxi” photo‐ECMO device and the photo‐ECMO system (six maxi photo‐ECMO devices assembled in parallel), were tested in an in vitro circuit of CO poisoning. To assess the ability of the photo‐ECMO device and the photo‐ECMO system to remove CO from CO‐poisoned blood in vitro, the half‐life of COHb (COHb‐t1/2), as well as the percent COHb reduction in a single blood pass through the device, were assessed. In the in vivo studies, we assessed the COHb‐t1/2 in a CO‐poisoned pig under three conditions: (1) While the pig breathed 100% oxygen through the endotracheal tube; (2) while the pig was connected to the photo‐ECMO system with no light exposure; and (3) while the pig was connected to the photo‐ECMO system, which was exposed to red light.

Results

The photo‐ECMO device was able to fully oxygenate the blood after a single pass through the device. Compared to ventilation with 100% oxygen alone, illumination with red light together with 100% oxygen was twice as efficient in removing CO from blood. Changes in gas flow rates did not alter CO elimination in one pass through the device. Increases in irradiance up to 214 mW/cm2 were associated with an increased rate of CO elimination. The photo‐ECMO device was effective over a range of blood flow rates and with higher blood flow rates, more CO was eliminated. A photo‐ECMO system composed of six photo‐ECMO devices removed CO faster from CO‐poisoned blood than a single photo‐ECMO device. In a CO‐poisoned pig, the photo‐ECMO system increased the rate of CO elimination without significantly increasing the animal's body temperature or causing hemodynamic instability.

Conclusion

In this study, we developed a photo‐ECMO system and demonstrated its ability to remove CO from CO‐poisoned 45‐kg pigs. Technical modifications of the photo‐ECMO system, including the development of a compact, portable device, will permit treatment of patients with CO poisoning at the scene of their poisoning, during transit to a local emergency room, and in hospitals that lack HBO facilities.