bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chorus in Comedy
Authors: Jackson Lucy C. M. M.
Published: January 2020

Although greater attention has been paid to the fragments of fourth-century comedy than tragedy, there has been no positive synthesis of what they, and the choral text from Aristophanes’ last two plays, Assemblywomen and Wealth, show about the qualities and variety of comic choral performance during this period. Demonstrating that new conclusions can be drawn from well-known material, this chapter analyses the dramatic, comic, and political impact that these texts manifest. A reading of the chorus in Assemblywomen elucidates the comic effects achieved by their act of double transvestism and their allusions to the civic performance of tribally organized circular choruses. Wealth features a chorus engaged in a high-stakes literary battle. Building on this evidence for continuity of practice, varied choral identities, and interaction with actors, the collection of fragments of comic choruses, including Menander’s, are then shown to provide support for this positive picture of dramatic choral activity.
Priests of the Law
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

Priests of the Law tells the story of the first people in the history of the common law to think of themselves as legal professionals: the group of justices who wrote the celebrated treatise known as Bracton. It offers a new interpretation of Bracton and its authors. Bracton was not so much an attempt to explain or reform the early common law as it was an attempt to establish the status and authority of the king’s justices. The justices who wrote it were some of the first people to work full-time in England’s royal courts, at a time when they had no obvious model for the legal professional. They found one in an unexpected place: the Roman-law tradition that was sweeping across Europe in the thirteenth century. They modeled themselves on the jurists of Roman law who were teaching in Italy and France. In Bracton and other texts they produced, the justices of the royal courts worked hard to establish that the nascent common-law tradition was just one constituent part of the Roman-law tradition. Through their writing, this small group of people, working in the courts of an island realm, imagined themselves to be part of a broader European legal culture. They made the case that they were not merely servants of the king. They were priests of the law.
Introduction
Authors: Blattner Charlotte , Coulter Kendra , Kymlicka Will
Published: January 2020

The question of animal labour has emerged as an important topic in both the academic study of human–animal relations and in public debates about the rights of animals. While the human use of animal labour has been a site of intense instrumentalization and exploitation, some people argue that (good) work can be a site of cooperation, mutual flourishing, and shared social membership between humans and animals, and that recognizing animals as ‘workers’ could have a transformative effect on our relationships with them. This introductory chapter explores some of the developments in animal ethics and animal studies that have informed this new interest in animal labour, and in particular how animal labour can be seen as overcoming the ‘welfarist–abolitionist’ dichotomy that dominates the field. It also explores some of the obvious challenges and dilemmas that animal labour raises, including questions of consent, labour rights, and the link to other social justice movements. The chapter concludes with a summary of the remaining chapters in the volume, and how each contributes to a richer understanding of the potential for animal labour to serve as a frontier of interspecies justice.
Conservation Canines
Authors: D’Souza Renée , Hovorka Alice , Niel Lee
Published: January 2020

For centuries, dogs have played a key role in the lives of humans both as companions as well as working animals. In recent years, the value of dogs in environmental work has been documented in the literature—namely their ability to detect targets more efficiently than humans and equipment. However, the environmental work dogs perform in Canada has been largely understudied in terms of both the specific tasks they are responsible for, as well as their welfare within these roles. This chapter addresses those gaps through an exploration of whether conservation canines could be an example of a humane job—one that is good for people, animals, and the environment. To do so this chapter explores tangible and moral issues related to dogs’ enjoyment of and suffering within conservation work, highlighting the complexity of dogs’ work-lives related to issues of freedom and consent. Findings are presented from two main case studies: Alberta and Ontario. An ethogram was used to assess dog welfare, while semi-structured interviews and participant observations revealed further insights into dogs’ work and work-lives. Ultimately, this chapter offers a discussion regarding how the study’s findings might inform assessment of humane jobs and work-lives, offering enjoyment, control, agency, respect, and recognition for dogs in this sector and for possibilities of fostering interspecies solidarity in other areas.
The Allure of Narrative in Greek Lyric Poetry
Authors: Fearn David
Published: January 2020

This chapter concerns itself with Greek lyric’s attention to its own allure, through an exploration of the tension between absorption into the narrativity of lyric’s worlds, on the one hand, and, on the other, attentiveness to lyric’s exposition of the artifice and ornamentation of language, and of the intertextualities that constitute the building blocks of lyric narrative. Building on accounts of lyric, literary allure, and literary narrative in recent work in comparative literature as well as hin Classics, the chapter explores the experience of narrative across a diverse range of Greek lyric texts—Stesichorus, Bacchylides, Anacreon, and Pindar—and assesses the range of effects produced and complexities entailed while also drawing out what seems to be distinctively lyrical about all these examples of Greek lyric’s attitudes towards narrative.
Asyndeton, Immersion, and Hypokrisis in Ancient Greek Rhetoric
Authors: Vatri Alessandro
Published: January 2020

In the ancient Greek rhetorical tradition asyndeton is often discussed in connection with vivid and emotional language. The primary effects of this figure of speech are those of multiplication and rapidity in the first place. Both effects stem from the iconic character of paratactic sequences and from the cognitive effects that the absence of connectives determines in the comprehension of such linguistic constructions. These properties of asyndeton make it a suitable ‘ingredient’ to be combined with other rhetorical devices in order to induce a variety of psychological effects in the audience or readership of a text. Asyndeton is often presented as a ‘catalyst’ that merely enhances the effects of other figures, but in some cases its very presence is recognized as central to the rhetorical characterization of a passage. The rhetorical effectiveness of asyndeton is boosted by appropriate ‘dramatic’ recitation (hypokrisis), as Aristotle and Ps.-Demetrius observe, and could be lost in plain oral delivery or solitary reading. Unsurprisingly, Greek rhetoricians preferentially draw examples of asyndeton from performing genres. In such contexts, iconic language may effectively produce an immersive experience and, as a consequence, be a powerful instrument of persuasion.
The Emotions of Internationalism
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria
Published: January 2020

By examining a broad range of individuals and institutions engaged in international cooperation in the Alps in the 1920s and 1930s, this book explains how internationalists constructed and used emotions to attain their goals. It undertakes a journey through the most diverse terrains and venues, from the international art exhibitions and congresses organized by the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (also known as UIAA, or the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation), to the summer camps and schools run by transnational bodies such as the League for Open-Air Education, to the international sanatoria for students, workers, and soldiers healing from tuberculosis in the Swiss village of Leysin. Along the way, this study encounters a broad spectrum of state and non-state actors involved a variety of cross-border endeavors, from large-scale infrastructure projects akin to the tunnel under the Mont Cenis, to the League of Nations and its propaganda efforts, to the plethora of smaller international organizations emulating the League’s work in fields as diverse as leisure, health, and education. Through this metaphorical travel, this book thus argues that starting from the nineteenth century and accelerating in the interwar years emotions became a fundamental feature of internationalism, shaped its development, and constitute an essential dimension of international history to this day.
A Deliberative Model of Intra-Party Democracy
Authors: Wolkenstein Fabio
Published: January 2020

This chapter aims to answer the question of how exactly internally democratic parties should look, developing a ‘deliberative model of intra-party democracy’. The main justification of such a model is first, that deliberation can cater better to the demand for political self-expression many citizens share than merely aggregative democratic practices, and second, that deliberation can perform an important critical function within parties, allowing the status quo to be questioned and transformed. The challenge is to devise mechanisms and institutions that can enhance deliberation within parties, and the chapter looks here to the more practice-oriented literature on deliberative democracy and democratic innovations for inspiration. As an instantiation of bottom-up democracy, it is suggested, a deliberative model of intra-party democracy must empower the active members on the ground and offer numerous fora in which they can make their voices heard and bring them to bear on decisions. Chief amongst the institutional design paths suggested are problem-oriented fora, partisan deliberative networks, and larger deliberative conferences. These proposals are discussed in turn, and empirical illustrations of how they could be realised are provided.
Conclusion
Authors: Wolkenstein Fabio
Published: January 2020

This chapter concludes the book. It summarizes the arguments advanced in the book and reflects on three challenges facing the book’s argument: that parties are ultimately unreformable; that the institutional proposals put forward are too vague to be useful for practitioners; and that re-modelling parties with only the participatory preferences of those who seek self-expression and self-actualization in politics in mind risks excluding those who do not hold such ‘post-modern’ participatory preferences. Each of these concerns is warranted and taken seriously but, as the chapter shows, none of them is fatal to the broader argument of the book.
The nouveau roman and Writing in Britain After Modernism
Authors: Guy Adam
Published: January 2020

This book shows the centrality of the nouveau roman to the literary culture of postwar Britain. Emerging in the mid–late 1950s in France, the nouveau roman grouped together a range of writers committed to innovation in the novel, such as Michel Butor, Marguerite Duras, Robert Pinget, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute, and Claude Simon. Transferred to a different national context, the nouveau roman became a focal point for debates in Britain about realism, modernism, and the end of empire. The nouveau roman and the Novel in Britain After Modernism draws on extensive research into archival and periodical sources in order to tell the story of the nouveau roman’s dissemination and reception in Britain. It also looks at postwar writers working in Britain so as to gauge the impact of the nouveau roman in novels of the 1960s and 1970s. Whether in translations of Nathalie Sarraute’s writing by Maria Jolas (one of the founders of the interwar little magazine transition), or in the conservative critiques of the nouveau roman levelled by the circle around C. P. Snow, the question of the legacies of European high modernism is always in view. But equally, for writers like Brian W. Aldiss, Christine Brooke-Rose, Eva Figes, B. S. Johnson, Alan Sheridan, Muriel Spark, and Denis Williams, the nouveau roman also provided the source of aesthetic innovations that could exceed the modernist account of the new. This book uncovers a neglected history of the postwar British literary field, with continuing relevance for contemporary innovative writing.
The Pythagorean theorem
Authors: Danesi Marcel
Published: January 2020

The Pythagorean theorem constitutes one of the first great ideas of mathematics. Its importance is evident in the fact that it has been taught in schools throughout human history; it has had many applications in science and engineering; it has cropped up in numerous other mathematical ideas; it has led to discoveries, such as Fermat’s last theorem; and the list could go on and on. In a phrase, the theorem is one of those ideas that have mattered to mathematics and to human history. This chapter looks at the theorem and at why it is so profoundly important. It also deals with some key concepts that the theorem has introduced, including irrational numbers.
π‎ (Pi)
Authors: Danesi Marcel
Published: January 2020

Pi is defined formally as the ratio of the circumference (C) of a circle to twice the radius (r). This was known in antiquity even before mathematicians tackled this ratio. As such, it is an amazing discovery, which tells us that no matter the size of a circle, the ratio of the circumference to the diameter (twice the radius) never changes. This might strike us as obvious, but the obvious often holds many hidden treasures. Like the Pythagorean theorem, π‎ established something that people knew practically and mathematicians gave this knowledge an abstract form, so that it could be used and studied further. And it has produced incredible results. This chapter deals with π‎, and its appearances in other part of mathematics and in Nature, reminding us that it is there, and defying us to understand why. The more technologically advanced we become and as our picture of π‎ grows ever more sophisticated, the more its mysteries grow.
Rights, Wrongs, and Injustices
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2020

Rights, Wrongs, and Injustices is the first comprehensive account of remedial law’s scope, foundations, and structure. A remedy, it argues, is a judicial ruling, and remedial law is the body of rules governing the availability and content of remedies. Focusing on rulings that are intended to resolve private law disputes (e.g. awards of damages, injunctions, and restitutionary orders), this book explains why remedial law is distinctive, how it relates to substantive law, and what its foundational principles are. Drawing on doctrinal, historical, and philosophical sources, it advances four main arguments. First, the question of what courts should do when individuals seek their assistance (the focus of remedial law) is different from the question of how individuals should treat one another in their day-to-day lives (the focus of substantive law). Second, remedies provide distinctive reasons to perform the actions they command; in particular, they provide reasons different from those provided by either rules or sanctions. Third, remedial law has a complex relationship to substantive law. Some remedies are responses to rights-threats, others to wrongs, and yet others to injustices. Further, remedies respond to these events in different ways: while some remedies replicate substantive duties, others modify duties or create entirely new duties. Finally, remedial law is underpinned by general principles—principles that cut across the traditional distinctions between so-called ‘legal’ and ‘equitable’ remedies. Together, these arguments provide the foundation for an understanding of remedial law that takes the concept of a remedy seriously, classifies remedies according to their grounds and content, illuminates the relationship between remedies and substantive rights, and explains remedial law in terms of general principles, not historical categories.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of a remedy and the associated concept of remedial law. Identifying remedies with ‘judicial orders’, Chapter 1 explains why this definition captures a distinctive and important legal phenomenon—albeit one that common law lawyers have failed to take seriously. In particular, the common law has not clearly distinguished remedial law from substantive law, with the consequence that its understanding of both subjects has been impeded. The chapter identifies four fundamental (but until now largely ignored) questions about remedial law—What is a remedy? Why does the law provide remedies? On what grounds are remedies issued? What kinds of remedies are issued?—and summarizes the book’s answers to these questions. Chapter 1 also describes different kinds of remedies, and briefly discusses the book’s terminology, methodology, and jurisdictional scope.
“Feeling the Beat”
Authors: Judge Jenny
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 argues that the experience of musical meter (distinguished from musical rhythm) is multimodal: it involves the binding to a common sensory individual of auditory and proprioceptive content. Consideration of this multimodal content offers a novel perspective on the experience of musical movement. Some philosophers have suggested that all perceptual experiences of musical movement must be “metaphorical” (which notion is explained in the chapter), given that musical sounds do not move. But if a given type of musical experience involves more than the awareness of sounds, it does not follow that the experience of movement must be metaphorical in that case. The author claims that since the proprioceptive content involved in beat experience is legitimately movement-involving, it is unnecessary to appeal to “metaphorical perception” to explain the experience of movement in musical meter.
Mozart’s “Dissonance” and the Dialectic of Language and Thought in Classical Theories of Rhythm
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: January 2020

Chapter 8 challenges the abstract concept of musical rhythm prevalent in most music theory and philosophy. By contrast, the author argues that rhythm is intrinsically expressive. He supports this claim by introducing the reader to a rich historical tradition of rhythmic theory in the eighteenth century. The classical theory of rhythm was cognitive, written by philosophers and pedagogues who read Leibniz, and in tune with the cognitive qualities of classical music itself. Another of classical rhythm’s expressive aspects was its linguistic character. It imitated the nature of primitive grammar, as imagined by contemporary linguists. The author concludes the chapter by showing how these ideas can enhance our understanding, and hearing, of a piece by Mozart.
Life in a Floodplain Environment
Authors: Saikia Arupjyoti
Published: January 2020

This chapter narrates the growth of human settlement in a floodplain environment. This chapter suggests how the Brahmaputra’s wayward course had militated against any great permanent settlement for centuries. This chapter discusses how the river became receptive to human actions and its floodplains began to be settled. From the first millennium CE, people living in the Brahmaputra valley tried to bring the floodplains under control by introducing cultivation and converting floodplains to agricultural fields. To live in that landscape, they needed to familiarize themselves with the river and its floods. This chapter also shows how the absence of agricultural fields by the river until as recently as a century ago was the hallmark of the floodplain.
Enter the Steamer
Authors: Saikia Arupjyoti
Published: January 2020

The Brahmaputra might have been the artery of transport and communication but movement on it was fraught with difficulties. This chapter narrates how in the 19th century it became a necessity to transform the Brahmaputra to act as a powerful and reliable agent for goods, ideas, and personnel. Steamers were introduced on the Brahmaputra in the middle of the century. They withstood the environmental challenges of the Brahmaputra, except occasional setbacks, and sped up the flow of both goods and humans. This steamer moment was important to pacify the environmental uncertainty of the Brahmaputra. This chapter recounts the anxiety of the introduction of steam-powered ships that was the most significant human influence on the life of the Brahmaputra.
Inventing Indigeneity
Authors: Pandit Mimasha
Published: January 2020

Centered on the texts of performance, the first chapter critically analyses the nature of keywords in the text to understand the processes of influence that were at work in the sphere of print media. A semiotic analysis of the texts and the keywords has helped understand how the stories—historical, social, mythological, as well as contemporary—contributed in the creation of what may be called a collective memory among the audiences.
Community of Felt Emotions
Authors: Pandit Mimasha
Published: January 2020

The third chapter closely reviews how the sensation/passion/emotion invoked by the performances, when stringed together with a series of symbols and motifs that held great significance in the daily lives and belief system of the people, generated a bond that held the people together. The Bengali spectators reacted because their emotions were driven towards the cultural symbols or metaphors that they were familiar with. Described as ‘root metaphors’ or basic analogy (something that anthropologists describe as feelings or understandings specific to a culture), these symbols and motifs were common to all present in the space of performance, thereby joining them in a bond imagined through these motifs/symbols.
Violence and Nationhood
Authors: Pandit Mimasha
Published: January 2020

The fourth chapter reviews the meanings and interpretations that the spectators associated with the keywords and motifs at the moment of their reception in performance. One of the questions examined in the course of investigation is how the process of dissemination of ideas and attempts to awake a national community were juxtaposed with alternatives, often by negatives too, produced in the same space. Swadeshi performance, in its space, attached a new meaning to the notion of nationhood. A modification was introduced in this dissemination, causing the idea of violence to be added to the notion of nationhood. This seeped into the mental habits of the people and became their custom in the long term, thereby engendering a nationhood that had a close nexus with violence.
Analytical Legal Research for Expounding the Legal Wor(l)d
Authors: Bhat P. Ishwara
Published: January 2020

Analytical research aims at exposition of law and legal concepts by looking at its source, the power behind it, the interconnections with norms at different hierarchies, and the force behind it which may reflect social recognition. It is essential to focus on meanings, silences, and relations in order to bring out the meaning. Since language is born in a social context words are to be understood by looking at the social context. Gaps and interstices of law are to be filled up by exploring the hidden ideas by reading between the lines. Relations are also resources of meaning. In order to analyse the law, determining its status in the hierarchy of legal norms is necessary. In international law, constitutional jurisprudence, law of precedents, and common law we come across the norms governing hierarchy. Once law is located, finding its meaning through analysis and synthesis is the step to be taken.
Tools of Data Collection in Empirical or Non-doctrinal Legal Research
Authors: Bhat P. Ishwara
Published: January 2020

This chapter maps the data collection tools employed in empirical legal research: observation, focused group discussions, case study, survey, and questionnaire. Discussing observation, one of the oldest and commonly used tools in social and natural sciences, it points out the benefits of observing the people in their natural setting and actions as is done in ethnographical study: conversation through interview unearths personal perspectives, beliefs, feelings, and attitudes of the interviewee. Focused group discussion is similarly used to amass valuable information from a group of people having specific experience on a topic. Case study through intensive study of individuals, institutions, instances holds the lens to the life of social unit. On the other hand, survey method takes a general view of population or community by door to door data collection, its prominent type being census. Questionnaire is a popular method of data collection by framing and communicating list of relevant questions on research topic, collecting responses and analysing them. The chapter ends by stressing on how the instruments of data collection should be carefully and objectively employed through proper procedure.
Qualitative Legal Research
Authors: Bhat P. Ishwara
Published: January 2020

Qualitative legal research aims to study things in their natural settings, understand and interpret their social realities and provide inputs on various aspects of social life. It focuses on people’s feelings, perceptions, and experiences. It differs from quantitative research in matters of nature of data, theoretical basis, and kinds of tools employed for data collection. The combination of two methods brings synergy. Worthy features of qualitative legal research consist of description of social setting, interpretation of social data, verification of assumptions, and evaluation of policies. Its steps include framing of specific questions, choice of data collection tools, sampling, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. This method allows for a mature understanding of the problematic world.
The Grievance Redress System under the Right to Education Act
Authors: Matthey-Prakash Florian
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 examines the conceptual set-up of the grievance redress system created by the Right to Education Act, and analyses studies on its performance. It highlights the deficiencies of the current system, and compares it to other, more effective systems such as grievance redress under the RTI Act. The different institutions that are part of the grievance redress system are either not sufficiently independent or do not have sufficient competences to enforce their ‘judgments’. These deficiencies, as well as additional implementation issues, also translate into a malfunctioning system ‘on the ground’. The chapter also examines other grievance redress systems for different state services (for instance, the ones created by the Right to Information Act), highlighting that some of the deficiencies found in the right to education system are actually not universal.
On the Nature of Mind
Authors: Rao K. Ramakrishna
Published: January 2020

Mind is the pivotal concept crucial for understanding psychological processes in all their complexity. This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of the concept of mind from Indian and Western perspectives. After presenting a brief review of Western theories of mind, a discussion of the concept of mind in classical orthodox and heterodox Indian systems of thought is offered. An effort is also made to describe the ways in which the Western and Indian perspectives differ and yet complement each other. After discussing cognition, mind, consciousness, self, paranormal phenomena, Karma, Sanskāras, and Jīva, it is argued that these perspectives are mutually complementary and capable of generating reinforcing models. Together, they enable us to have a more complete picture of humans, how they function, and what may be done to harness mind’s full potential for human development and enabling wholesome functioning of the person.
Evolution of Individual and Social Behaviour
Authors: Singh Mewa , Singh Mridula , Nagaranjini H.K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter relates to the emerging field of evolutionary psychology. Building on past research understanding of the mechanisms underlying animal behavior is presented. Current researches in this field offer many insights into the development of social behaviours displayed among humans. The contribution of animal behaviour research to unravel the evolution of individual and social behaviours including foraging strategies, reproductive systems, social behaviour, dominance hierarchies, social communication, parental investment patterns, evolution of eusociality, among others, are highlighted. Finally, the applications of animal behaviour studies in the area of wildlife such as conservation, management of national parks, and zoo management are indicated. It may be noted that the developments in the area of animal behavior are impressive and are perhaps as good as noted in allied disciplines of anthropology and zoology. However, animal behaviour research is currently an underdeveloped field of psychology. India could perhaps rejuvenate its close association with animal world and nature, a main part of its mythology and real life, by developing this area.
The Media Environment
Authors: Nayar Usha S. , Nayar Priya
Published: January 2020

The new media is characterized by the convergence of technologies that allow information to be acquired, sorted, packaged and transmitted in multiple ways. This chapter focusses on how new media use has provided an opportunity to young people and affected their everyday lives. It also draws attention to the risk behaviours among young people associated with excessive television viewing. Some of the examples include physical and mental health issues around aggression, cyberbullying, addiction, violence, obesity, and loss of values. The empowerment potential of new media tools and technologies for adolescent self-identity is also examined. The problem of accessibility to new media and the increasing socio-economic divide are also examined. The issue of media policies for regulation vs. human rights is also discussed. The authors note the paucity of research in this area and indicate the need for further research.
Common Mental Disorders
Authors: Raguram R.
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on common mental disorders (CMDs). These disorders include a wide range of conditions that are frequently noticed in the community. It is essentially a convenient, functional grouping of conditions. The chapter analyses the trends on the basis of researches in this area over the past decade. The classification of CMDs for primary health care, according to ICD-10, includes depression, phobic disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety, mixed anxiety and depression, adjustment disorder, dissociative disorder, and somatoform disorders. Irrespective of the nature of the disorder, these patients often present with somatic complaints: some patients may admit to having emotional symptoms. It was observed that there is a high degree of co-morbidity among them, leading to significant levels of disability and increased health-care costs.
Introduction
Authors: Aronson Amy
Published: January 2020

Crystal Eastman drafted America’s first serious workers’ compensation law. She helped found the National Woman’s Party and is credited as coauthor of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). She helped found the Woman’s Peace Party—today, the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF)—and the American Union against Militarism. She copublished the Liberator magazine. And she engineered the founding the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Yet today, her legacy is ambiguous. She is commemorated, paradoxically, as one of the most neglected feminist leaders in American history. Why? Eastman was an intersectional thinker and activist, who bridged social movements, linking shared experiences of inequality under one emancipatory rubric. Yet politics and interpersonal alliances kept asking her to choose: one issue, one organization, one primary identification. Expansive, straddling, disquieting to dominant perspectives and institutional rank, Eastman fell through the main planks of historical memory.
Discovering Crystal
Authors: Aronson Amy
Published: January 2020

Crystal Eastman entered Vassar’s class of 1903, rooming with Lucy Burns, later the chief lobbyist of the National Woman’s Party. She then attended Columbia University, studying with John Bates Clark and Franklin Henry Giddings and earning a master’s degree in sociology in 1904. After a year teaching high school, she entered New York University Law School in the fall of 1905, finishing her doctor of law in 1907, second in her class. Beginning in her law school years, Eastman lived in Greenwich Village, first supporting herself by working as athletics director at the Greenwich House Settlement. In this downtown bohemia, she met Progressive and “New Woman” leaders including Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley, Mary Simkhovitch, Madeleine Doty, and Ida Rauh. She also enticed her brother Max to follow her to Greenwich Village, launching his career as a suffrage lecturer and into the editorship of The Masses, the work that would make his name.
From Protest to Dissent: Wartime Activism and the Founding of the ACLU
Authors: Aronson Amy
Published: January 2020

In June 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act, suspending basic civil liberties in the name of wartime national security. Suddenly, peace work seemed dangerously untenable, even to some in movement leadership. Nevertheless, the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM) voted to test the new wartime laws, campaigning to prevent a draft and devising a new category of military exemption based on conscience. But continuing tensions threatened to rupture the AUAM from the inside. Lillian Wald and Paul Kellogg wanted to resign. Eastman proposed an eleventh-hour solution: create a single, separate legal bureau for the maintenance of fundamental rights in wartime—free press, free speech, freedom of assembly, and liberty of conscience. The new bureau became the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). However, Eastman’s hopes to shape and oversee that work, keeping it focused on internationalism and global democracy, were not to be. The birth of her child sidelined her while Roger Baldwin, arriving at a critical time for the country and the organization, took charge and made the bureau his own.
Regrouping: The Liberator Years
Authors: Aronson Amy
Published: January 2020

On Lincoln’s Birthday, 1918, Crystal and Max Eastman launched the Liberator: The Journal of Revolutionary Progress. The magazine plainly supported Bolshevism, and also served as watchdog for propaganda and misinformation concerning revolutionary revolts. Eastman’s most important writing was her reporting from inside Communist Hungary in August 1919. However, the lived human experiences of revolution she witnessed put her at odds with the Liberator’s star radical, John Reed, and her brother Max. A pacifist and feminist, as well as a radical, she praised the abolition of private property but deplored the bloodshed and repression under the revolutionary government. The experience brought her to a political impasse. Two elemental goals, once aligned, now appeared to be competing claims: justice or peace? In an era of revolutionary victory, how could she make sense of violence perpetrated to achieve the equality and justice she had long believed was the only recipe for world peace?
“Marriage under Two Roofs”: Feminism and Family Life
Authors: Aronson Amy
Published: January 2020

Crystal Eastman ardently pursued equalitarian feminism but also asserted that feminism must have three parts: politics and public policy; wages and the workplace; and—the distinctive final portion—the private domain of love, marriage, and the family. She believed millions of women like herself experienced acute feminist concerns not merely in the battle for economic opportunity in the workforce, or political representation and voice, but also from conflicts between their desire for the rewards of life beyond the home and for the rewards of family as well. She pursued this missing policy analysis for the rest of her life, advocating birth control in the feminist program, the endowment of motherhood, and feminist child-rearing and education. In unpublished articles, she also explored wages for wives and single motherhood by choice. All the while, Eastman was experimenting with a variety of novel approaches to integrating her feminism in own her marriage and family life.
Immunosuppressive and glucocorticoid therapy for the treatment of ANCA-asssociated vasculitis
Authors: Neumann Irmgard
Published: January 2020

ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic, potentially organ and life threatening chronic autoimmune disease. With current management strategies, such as high-dose glucocorticoids in combination with cyclophosphamide or rituximab, outcomes have progressively improved with overall remission rates of 70–90%. However, relapse rates after discontinuation of therapy are consistently high, and treatment-related toxicity, mainly driven by glucocorticoids, still determines morbidity and quality of life. Prevention of relapses while minimizing adverse events is a major goal of long-term treatment, but the optimal duration of maintenance therapy and the role and utility of glucocorticoids in this context remains controversial. This review of induction and maintenance treatment of AAV aims to offer practical advice on immunosuppressive therapies and patient care, addressing individual risk factors and their therapeutic implications. It will discuss benefits and harms of the use of glucocorticoids, particularly focusing on recent advances in steroid sparing concepts.
INCORPORATING KENAF AND OIL PALM NANOCELLULOSE IN BUILDING MATERIALS FOR INDOOR RADON GAS EMANATION REDUCTION
Authors: Mocktar Farah Aini , Abdul razab Mohammad Khairul Azhar , Mohamed noor An’amt
Published: January 2020

This study aims to reduce radon gas emanations in the indoor environment by incorporating kenaf and oil palm nanocellulose that act as nano-fillers into building materials. Fabrication of composite brick was carried out according to the MS and ASTM standards. In this research, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 ml of nanocellulose were used to replace the usage of sand, stone and cement materials, respectively. Kenaf and oil palm nanocellulose were utilised to reduce the internal and surface porosity as well as to replace the radon resources (stone), which indirectly reduced radon gas emanation. Radon gas emanated from each composite brick was measured within 10 consecutive days in an airtight prototype Perspex room using Radon Monitor Sentinel 1030. A compression test was also carried out to investigate the physical strength of the fabricated composite bricks. The results showed that 40 ml of kenaf and oil palm nanocellulose was the optimum amount in reducing the radon concentration, where the radon readings were 1.4 and 0.93 pCi per l, respectively. Meanwhile, the brick with no nanocellulose exhibited the highest radon reading of 3.77 pCi per l. Moreover, the Young modulus for the composite brick of both kenaf and oil palm nanocellulose was 28.92 and 27.8 N per mm2 compared to the control brick, which was 27 N per mm2. The results proved that radon gas emanations were reduced by 62.86% for kenaf and 75.3% for oil palm by incorporating the organic nanocellulose, which has high potential towards a healthy indoor environment.
Setting aside and rectifying mistakes in respect of trusts relating to tax
Authors: Kapp Natasha
Published: January 2020

The Royal Court of Guernsey has recently handed down two judgments on setting aside and rectifying mistakes in respect of trusts relating to tax. These cases confirm the availability of these remedies under the Trusts (Guernsey) Law, 2007 and the applicable legal principles that will be applied.
m6A Regulates Liver Metabolic Disorders and Hepatogenous Diabetes
Authors: Li Yuhuan , Zhang Qingyang , Cui Guanshen , Zhao Fang , Tian Xin , Sun Bao-Fa , Yang Ying , Li Wei
Published: January 2020

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is one of the most abundant modifications on mRNAs and plays an important role in various biological processes. The formation of m6A is catalysed by a methyltransferase complex containing a key factor methyltransferase-like 3 (Mettl3). However, the functions of Mettl3 and m6A modification in liver lipid and glucose metabolism remain unclear. Here, we show that bothMettl3expression and m6A level increased in the liver of mice with High Fat Diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders, and overexpression ofMettl3aggravated HFD-induced liver metabolic disorders and insulin resistance. Hepatocyte-specific knockout ofMettl3significantly alleviated HFD-induced metabolic disorders by slowing weight gain, reducing lipid accumulation and improving insulin sensitivity. Mechanistically, Mettl3 depletion-mediated m6A loss causes extended RNA half-lives of metabolism-related genes, consequently protects mice against HFD-induced metabolic syndrome. Our findings reveal a critical role of Mettl3-mediated m6A in HFD-induced metabolic disorders and hepatogenous diabetes.
Wolbachiaaffect behavior and possibly reproductive compatibility but not thermoresistance, fecundity, and morphology in a novel transinfected host,Drosophila nigrosparsa
Authors: Detcharoen Matsapume , Arthofer Wolfgang , Jiggins Francis M. , Steiner Florian M. , Schlick-Steiner Birgit C.
Published: January 2020

Wolbachia, intracellular endosymbionts, are estimated to infect about half of all arthropod species. These bacteria manipulate their hosts in various ways for their maximum benefits. The rising global temperature may accelerate species migration and, thus, horizontal transfer ofWolbachiamay occur across species previously not in contact. We transinfected and then cured the alpine flyDrosophila nigrosparsawithWolbachiastrainwMel to study its effects on this species. We found lowWolbachiatiter, possibly cytoplasmic incompatibility, and an increase in locomotion of both infected larvae and adults compared with cured ones. However, no change in fecundity, no impact on heat and cold tolerance, and no change in wing morphology were observed. AlthoughWolbachiaincreased locomotor activities in this species, we conclude thatD. nigrosparsamay not benefit from the infection. Still,D. nigrosparsacan serve as a host forWolbachiabecause vertical transmission is possible but may not be as high as in the native host ofwMel,Drosophila melanogaster.
The developmental changes in intrinsic and synaptic properties of prefrontal neurons enhance local network activity from the second to the third postnatal week in mice
Authors: Kalemaki Katerina , Velli Angeliki , Christodoulou Ourania , Denaxa Myrto , Karagogeos Domna , Sidiropoulou Kyriaki
Published: January 2020

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is characterized by protracted maturation. The cellular mechanisms controlling the early development of prefrontal circuits are still largely unknown. Our study delineates the developmental cellular processes in the mouse medial PFC (mPFC) during the second and third postnatal weeks and characterizes their contribution to the changes in network activity. We show that spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) are increased while spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) are reduced from the second to the third postnatal week. Drug application suggested that the increased sEPSC frequency in mPFC at P10 is due to depolarizing GABAAreceptor (GABAAR) function. To further validate this, perforated patch-clamp recordings were obtained and the expression levels of K-Cl co-transporter 2 (KCC2) protein were examined. The reversal potential of IPSCs in response to current stimulation was significantly more depolarized at P10 compared to P20 while KCC2 expression is decreased. Moreover, the number of parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons increase from P10 to P20 in the mPFC and their intrinsic electrophysiological properties significantly mature. Using computational modeling, we show that the developmental changes in synaptic and intrinsic properties of mPFC neurons contribute to the enhanced network activity in the juvenile compared to neonatal mPFC.
Identification of PIM1 substrates reveals a role for NDRG1 in prostate cancer cellular migration and invasion
Authors: Ledet Russell J. , Ruff Sophie , Wang Yu , Nayak Shruti , Schneider Jeffrey A. , Ueberheide Beatrix , Logan Susan K. , Garabedian Michael J.
Published: January 2020

PIM1 is an oncogenic serine/threonine kinase that promotes and maintains prostate tumorigenesis. To more fully understand the mechanism by which PIM1 promotes oncogenesis, we performed a chemical genetic screen to identify direct PIM1 substrates in prostate cancer cells. The PIM1 substrates we identified were involved in a variety of oncogenic processes, and included N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1), which has reported roles in the suppression of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. NDRG1 is phosphorylated by PIM1 at serine 330 (pS330), and the level of NDRG1 pS330 is associated with high grade compared to low grade prostate tumors. While NDRG1 pS330 is largely cytoplasmic, total NDRG1 is both cytoplasmic and nuclear. Mechanistically, PIM1 phosphorylation of NDRG1 decreases its stability, reducing its interaction with AR, and thereby lowering expression of AR target genes. PIM1-dependent NDRG1 phosphorylation also reduces NDRG1’s ability to suppress prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Our study identifies a novel set of PIM1 substrates in prostate cancer cells using a direct, unbiased chemical genetic screen. It also provides key insights into the mechanisms by which PIM1-mediated phosphorylation of NDRG1 impairs its function, resulting in enhanced cell migration and invasion.
Shared and specific signatures of locomotor ataxia in mutant mice
Authors: Machado Ana S. , Marques Hugo G. , Duarte Diogo F. , Darmohray Dana M. , Carey Megan R.
Published: January 2020

Several spontaneous mouse mutants with deficits in motor coordination and associated cerebellar neuropathology have been described. Intriguingly, both visible gait alterations and neuroanatomical abnormalities throughout the brain differ across mutants. We previously used the LocoMouse system to quantify specific deficits in locomotor coordination in mildly ataxicPurkinje cell degenerationmice (pcd;Machado et al., 2015). Here, we analyze the locomotor behavior of severely ataxicreelermutants and compare and contrast it with that ofpcd. Despite clearly visible gait differences, direct comparison of locomotor kinematics and linear discriminant analysis reveal a surprisingly similar pattern of impairments in multijoint, interlimb, and whole-body coordination in the two mutants. These findings capture both shared and specific signatures of gait ataxia and provide a quantitative foundation for mapping specific locomotor impairments onto distinct neuropathologies in mice.
Synchrony and perturbation transmission in trophic metacommunities
Authors: Quévreux Pierre , Barbier Matthieu , Loreau Michel
Published: January 2020

In a world where natural habitats are ever more fragmented, the dynamics of meta-communities is essential to properly understand species responses to perturbations. If species’ populations fluctuate asynchronously, the risk of their simultaneous extinction is low, thus reducing the species’ regional extinction risk. We propose a metacommunity model consisting of two food chains connected by dispersal to study the transmission of small perturbations affecting populations in the vicinity of an equilibrium. We show that perturbing a species in one patch can lead to asynchrony between patches if the perturbed species is not the most affected by dispersal. Dispersal affects rare species the most, thus making biomass distribution critical to understand the response of trophic metacommunities to perturbations. We further partition the effect of each perturbation on species synchrony when several independent perturbations are applied. Our approach allows disentangling and predicting the responses of simple trophic metacommunities to perturbations, thus providing a theoretical foundation for future studies considering more complex spatial ecological systems.